cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shared Perspectives from Cytology and Microbiology

Abstract Cytology, also known as cytopathology, and microbiology laboratories reside in hospitals, clinics, or free-standing laboratories, in which scientists are employed to diagnose many medical conditions, including infection, inflammation, or cancer. There is overlap in the types of clinical samples shared by cytology and microbiology laboratories. Specimens include swabs, sputum, and fine-needle biopsy specimens or aspirates. When laboratories share clinical samples, there can be similarities and differences in the proper transport media and preservatives used. When specimens or functions are shared, there is an opportunity for each laboratory to learn from each other. Increased awareness of the roles and processes in cytology and microbiology can decrease the number of lost or improperly preserved specimens. Improved communication and collaboration between laboratory sections can increase diagnostic accuracy and reduce patient harm. This review summarizes laboratory career choices, sample collection devices, shared specimens, and preservatives associated with shared specimens. Cytology and microbiology laboratories can work together to improve pre-analytic processes and diagnostic accuracy.
Wild silks: their entomological aspects and their textile applications

Abstract Wild silks are those that are not mulberry silk, based on Bombyx mori. Use of wild silks to make textiles dates back millennia. A small number of moths in the families Saturniidae, Lasiocampidae, and Notodontidae are exploited today for their silk in Asia and Africa. These are tussah silk in China and Korea, tasar, muga and eri silks in India, the latter also produced in several other countries, Attacus and Cricula silks in Java, tensan silk in Japan, Kalahari wild silk in southern Africa, landibe silk in Madagascar, sanyan silk in West Africa, Epiphora silk in Sudan and West Africa, and Rothschildia silk in Argentina. Most textiles composed of wild silk are ethnographic, associated with tribes of indigenous peoples. Some wild silk industries are associated with entomophagy. The notion of peace silk is generally invalid.
At the Intersection: Examining Teacher and Administrator Perceptions of ELs and Special Education

As the population of students identified as English learners (ELs) with disabilities grows, schools need to be preparing educators to serve this vulnerable population. This paper presents findings ...
Preclinical studies of a pan PI3K inhibitor (SF1126) in renal cell carcinoma

2378 The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase /PTEN/AKT pathway is an important pathway that regulates a wide spectrum of tumor-related biological processes. These processes include cell proliferation, cell migration, invasion, survival and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated effect of a novel PI-3K inhibitor, SF1126, which is an RGD targeted, water soluble prodrug of LY294002. We sought to determine if SF1126 has antitumor and/or antiangiogenic activity in Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) models in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrate that SF1126 markedly suppresses pathways downstream of PI-3 kinase including p-AKT and p-ERK in the RCC cell line (786-0) at 5 µM and 10 µM concentration. The 786-0, RCC cell line has been reported to show high levels of hypoxia induced HIF2α expression (VHL mutated cell line). Interestingly, SF1126 treatment under hypoxic conditions abrogates the hypoxic stabilization of HIF2α in these cells. Moreover, SF1126 administrated to RCC xenografted mice at 25 mg/kg/dose administered three times per week for three weeks results in marked inhibition of tumor growth (>90% inhibition) (p
Modeling user concerns in Sharing Economy: the case of food delivery apps

Sharing Economy apps, such as Uber, Airbnb, and TaskRabbit, have generated a substantial consumer interest over the past decade. The unique form of peer-to-peer business exchange these apps have enabled has been linked to significant levels of economic growth, helping people in resource-constrained communities to build social capital and move up the economic ladder. However, due to the multidimensional nature of their operational environments, and the lack of effective methods for capturing and describing their end-users’ concerns, Sharing Economy apps often struggle to survive. To address these challenges, in this paper, we examine crowd feedback in ecosystems of Sharing Economy apps. Specifically, we present a case study targeting the ecosystem of food delivery apps. Using qualitative analysis methods, we synthesize important user concerns present in the Twitter feeds and app store reviews of these apps. We further propose and intrinsically evaluate an automated procedure for generating a succinct model of these concerns. Our work provides a first step toward building a full understanding of user needs in ecosystems of Sharing Economy apps. Our objective is to provide Sharing Economy app developers with systematic guidelines to help them maximize their market fitness and mitigate their end-users’ concerns and optimize their experience.
Derivative-free optimization of combinatorial problems – A case study in colorectal cancer screening

Abstract In the US, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant burden on society as the 2nd most deadly cancer. This burden can be mitigated by early detection or prevention via screening asymptomatic individuals using a screening strategy. The progression of CRC is not known with certainty, exhibiting a challenge for determining an optimal screening strategy for populations. A microsimulation model is utilized to incorporate this uncertainty within a population to estimate the benefits of a given screening strategy. The optimization problem for determining CRC screening strategies is formulated as a combinatorial problem, a challenging problem type for derivative-free optimization (DFO) solvers. We assess ten DFO solvers’ ability to handle combinatorial problems using a test problem. Then, a simulation-optimization approach is used to determine the optimal strategy for the population. The best-identified screening strategies were shown to reduce the societal impact of CRC more so than the currently recommended screening strategies.
A New Way to Identify Promising Therapies for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Despite the plethora of therapies approved for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), there are few treatment options with demonstrated efficacy for progressive MS. Challenges in developing therapies for progressive MS include uncertain disease pathophysiology, lack of validated treatment response biomarkers, and insensitive clinical outcomes. These challenges hamper trial design because phase II trials rely on dynamic, disease-relevant biomarkers and phase III trials require thousands of patients to make definitive efficacy claims. With numerous potential therapies to evaluate, the latter is logistically challenging and prohibitively expensive. Many other neurologic disorders face similar challenges.
AI-Mediated Communication: Language Use and Interpersonal Effects in a Referential Communication Task

AI-Mediated Communication (AI-MC) is interpersonal communication that involves an artificially intelligent system that can modify, augment, or even generate content to achieve communicative and relational goals. AI-MC is increasingly involved in human communication and has the potential to impact core aspects of human communication, such as language production, interpersonal perception and task performance. Through a between-subjects experimental design we examine how these processes are influenced when integrating AI-generated language in the form of suggested text responses (Google's smart replies) into a text-based referential communication task. Our study replicates and extends the impacts of a positivity bias in AI-generated language and introduces the adjacency pair framework into the study of AI-MC. We also find preliminary yet mixed evidence to suggest that AI-generated language has the potential to undermine some dimensions of interpersonal perception, such as social attraction. This study contributes important concepts for future work in AI-MC and offers findings with implications for the design of AI systems in human-to-human communication.
Searching and Making Meaning of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of African Immigrants in the United States

African immigrants continue to be disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear how they are searching for and finding meaning in the face of this adversity. This study sought...
Alkaline mine drainage drives stream sediment microbial community structure and function.

Abstract With advances in eDNA metabarcoding, environmental microbiomes are increasingly used as cost-effective tools for monitoring ecosystem health. Stream ecosystems in Central Appalachia, heavily impacted by alkaline drainage from mountaintop coal mining, present ideal opportunities for biomonitoring using stream microbiomes, but the structural and functional responses of microbial communities in different environmental compartments are not well understood. We investigated sediment microbiomes in mining impacted streams to determine how community composition and function respond to mining and to look for potential microbial bioindicators. Using 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we found that mining leads to shifts in microbial community structure, with the phylum Planctomycetes enriched by 1-6% at mined sites. We observed ~51% increase in species richness in bulk sediments. In contrast, of the 31 predicted metabolic pathways that changed significantly with mining, 23 responded negatively. Mining explained 15-18% of the variance in community structure and S, Se, %C and %N were the main drivers of community and functional pathway composition. We identified 12 microbial indicators prevalent in the ecosystem and sensitive to mining. Overall, alkaline mountaintop mining drainage causes a restructuration of the sediment microbiome, and our study identified promising microbial indicators for the long-term monitoring of these impacted streams.
The Extent of Protection of the Individual's Personality Against Commercial Use: Toward a New Property Right

The purpose of this Article is to explore the extent of an individual's right of privacy, vis-a-vis the concepts of commercial use and appropriations, which compromise rights of publicity. The deceptively simple, yet complex, conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that a delicate balance of interests must be struck, either legislatively or judicially, between recognizing a full right of privacy, and its permutations in the right of publicity, with the press and news media. A definitive balancing test may be elusive, but at a minimum, a framework for principled decision making must be attempted. It is imperative that an individual be able to protect the economic interest built up in his name. The wrongful appropriator ensures that the aggrieved celebrity cannot guarantee protection from infringement to a prospective licensee. Moreover, the celebrity himself is denied the economic benefit of the commercial value of his identity. There is also the risk of misleading the public into thinking that the celebrity, whose persona has been appropriated, approves of the product. As a result, the public may be deceived into buying a product of inferior quality. The celebrity in turn has to bear the stigma of association with an inferior product. Effective protection of the right of publicity demands balancing it against whatever value society may derive from the so-called appropriations. What is called for is a test that properly evaluates the pertinent First Amendment concerns involved in right of publicity cases, and affords necessary protection against consumer deception and unauthorized association of the celebrity with the items being advertised.
Climate, Extreme Heat, and Electricity Demand in California

Climate, Extreme Heat, and Electricity Demand in California Norman L. Miller 1* , Katharine Hayhoe 2 , Jiming Jin 1 , Maximilian Auffhammer 3 Earth Sciences Division, Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 Agricultural and Resource Economics Department, University of California, Berkeley * Atmosphere and Ocean Sciences Group, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 phone: 510.495.2374, fax: 510.486.5686, email: nlmiller@lbl.gov Submitted to the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology on 17 April 2006 Revised and resubmitted on 25 October 2006
"Always Look at the Bright Side of Life?": “Positive” Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Pastoral Theology

Psychoanalysis and pastoral theology raise serious concerns about the field termed “positive psychology” by its proponents. The field’s construction of psychoanalysis as the “negative” straw person against which it claims to have developed a strength- and virtue-based approach is refuted. Evidence is given that schools of psychoanalysis pioneered a positive focus on strengths, albeit without the dangerous splitting widespread in the field of “positive” psychology. What the field calls “positive” can have “negative” consequences for individuals and communities. The renaming of the field as “virtue psychology” is proposed. Despite its good intentions, “positive” psychology is revealed as a neocolonial psychology of empire that tends to rationalize social injustice away. Its “positive theology” is shown to be an illusory attempt to counter existential despair by playing God through an omnipotent justification-by-works mentality. Psychoanalysis could serve the field as a treasure trove for a more balanced focus on the whole spectrum of human experience.
eFlow: a platform for developing and managing composite e-services

Today, companies are using the Web to connect with their back-end systems and perform e-commerce transactions. The next chapter of the Internet story is the evolution of today's access/content focused portals into e-services hubs. While many traditional services become available on the Internet as e-services, almost all of them are single point services. In order to offer higher value, end-to-end services, it should be possible to compose, customize, and deploy e-services in a very flexible and efficient way. To support e-service delivery, we have developed a platform, called eFlow, that provides the service developer with a simple, easy to use, yet powerful mechanism for defining the composite service starting from basic services. Composite services can be preassembled or created on the fly, and can dynamically adapt to changes in the business environment, such as the introduction of new basic services. In addition, eFlow includes components that allow users to monitor, analyze, and modify a service while in execution.
A Review of “The Mis-Education of the Negro”

I have chosen to review this book because, even though it qualifies as an important foundations text, it falls outside the purview of foundations books generally recommended by foundations instruct...
IPCC++: a C++ extension for interprocess communication with objects

Presents the language model InterProcess Communication with C++ (IPCC++), which is C++ extended with interprocess communication objects that support distributed memory models. The model represents an extension of the C++ programming language that introduces primitives of concurrency to C++ as objects. The model supports: the principle of orthogonality, explicit concurrency, C++'s inheritance feature, inter-object concurrency, static and dynamic process creation, a socket-based application program interface, and synchronous and asynchronous communication utilizing a typed message passing system which supports selective waiting. Features of concurrency are introduced as complete objects using the primitives of object-oriented programming languages as the primary vehicle for introduction. The underlying implementation of the components utilizes PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine), a software system that provides an abstraction of UNIX interprocess communication system calls.
Associations between multiple chronic conditions and cancer-related fatigue: an integrative review.

Problem identification To summarize the current state of nursing knowledge related to the association of multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) and cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in patients with solid tumors during chemotherapy. Literature search A systematic literature search of PubMed, CINAHL®, EMBASE, Cochrane, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses for primary nursing research from January 2000 to June 2012 that examined the prevalence and/or severity of CRF with MCCs or a single comorbidity.Data Evaluation: The studies were appraised for the clarity and focus of the research question and the appropriateness of the method and research design. A 13-item quality criteria checklist evaluated the data from each article on a 0-2 scale (0 = poor, 1 = fair, 2 = good). Data analysis Of 329 abstracts, 21 studies were included in the analysis. The association of MCC and CRF was mostly reported in aggregate, with a mean of three MCCs per patient.Presentation of Findings: Having one or more other comorbidities was significantly associated with the prevalence and severity of CRF. Specifically, arthritis, hypertension, and cardiac disease, although not consistently or clinically defined across studies, are associated with an increased prevalence and severity of CRF. The association of MCC and CRF prevalence and severity was inconsistent because of the variability in the measures used and the time span identified to measure changes. Implications for nursing practice Awareness of the prevalence of MCCs is essential to support patients experiencing CRF. Holistic nursing assessment of the patient's symptoms-with an awareness of MCCs-would help improve symptom management to limit the effect of CRF.
Separable coupled channels method for nucleon-nucleus scattering

Abstract A method is presented for the solution of coupled channels for neutron-nucleus scattering assuming a separable form for the coupling potentials. This method, which may be extended to charged particle or heavy ion scattering, should be of use when the number of coupled partial wave channels becomes large. In order to show the utility of the method, potentials were derived by approximating the one phonon exchange potential obtained from the weak coupling vibrational model of the target, and tests were made with 208 Pb, 76 Se and 82 Se as targets. The test with 208 Pb included up to ten target vibrational states and 78 coupled partial wave channels. A method is also presented for construction of the equivalent single channel optical which may be used to describe scattering in a given channel of the coupled channels system. A complex local single channel potential centered at the nuclear surface emerges when the energy of the incident neutron is greater than the first inelastic threshold energy. It is possible to fit this potential using a derivative of a surface peaked Gaussian.
Metric groups attached to skew-symmetric biextensions

Let G be a commutative, unipotent, perfect, connected group scheme over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0 and let E be a biextension of G × G by the discrete group \(\mathbb{Q}_{p}/\mathbb{Z}_{p}\). When E is skew-symmetric, V. Drinfeld defined a certain metric group A associated to E (when G is the perfectization of the additive group \(\mathbb{G}_{a}\), it is easy to compute this metric group, cf. Appendix A). In this paper we prove a conjecture due to Drinfeld about the class of the metric group A in the Witt group (cf. Appendix B).
P-WAVE RESONANCE IN PION-PION SCATTERING

It has been suggested that there is more than one solution to the integral equations for pi - pi partial wave scattering. The possible source of such a multiplicity of solutions is pointed out from the viewpoint of conventional Lagrangian field theory, and an examination is made of the significance of the fact that the p-wave phase shift remains small throughout the physically acceptable range of the pi - pi coupling constant tn the "s-wave dominant solution." It is crucial for the discussion to realize that the form of the double dispersion representation is uniquely determined by the masses of participating particles and the selection rules. Assuming the existence of a vector boson of isotopic spin one and insisting that the renormalized mass of the postulated particle be larger than twice the pion mass, then the particle will become unstable and the selection rules of the theory have not changed from those of conventional pseudoscalar meson theory. These assumptions are extended to predict p-wave resorance in pi - pi scattering. (B.O.G.)
Electronic decoherence for electron transfer in blue copper proteins

We present a molecular dynamics investigation of the electronic decoherence rate for electron transfer (ET) in a solvated protein molecule. We find that decoherence occurs on an ultrafast time scale of 2.4 fs, considerably faster than fluctuations in the electronic coupling. Both protein and solvent dynamics play important roles. Solvent alone would give rise to a decoherence time of 3.0 fs, as compared to 4.1 fs from the protein matrix alone. This implies that both solvation and protein dynamics can strongly affect both the rate and mechanism of ET.
Transport Properties of Bi 2 Te 3

Measurements of the low-field magnetoresistance coefficients for both $n$- and $p$-type ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ have been made at 77 and 4.2 K as a function of carrier concentration. Results for samples with low carrier densities are satisfactorily interpreted in terms of a previously proposed multiellipsoidal model of the valence- and conduction-band minima. Comparison of the observed galvanomagnetic coefficients with those predicted from de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) experiments indicates that the relaxation time is anisotropic for both holes and electrons. Formulas which allow for anisotropic scattering are presented and the results combined with dHvA data to determine the relaxation-time tensor as a function of carrier concentration. For $n$-type samples with a carrier density greater than 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, the observed behavior is explained in terms of a simple two-band model and the anisotropy of the second band is shown to be relatively small. The presence of the second band appears to affect the scattering rates for the lower conduction band. A similar analysis is carried out for $p$-type ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$, but the results are less satisfactory.
Running energetics of the North American river otter: do short legs necessarily reduce efficiency on land?

Abstract Semi-aquatic mammals move between two very different media (air and water), and are subject to a greater range of physical forces (gravity, buoyancy, drag) than obligate swimmers or runners. This versatility is associated with morphological compromises that often lead to elevated locomotor energetic costs when compared to fully aquatic or terrestrial species. To understand the basis of these differences in energy expenditure, this study examined the interrelationships between limb morphology, cost of transport and biomechanics of running in a semi-aquatic mammal, the North American river otter. Oxygen consumption, preferred locomotor speeds, and stride characteristics were measured for river otters (body mass=11.1 kg, appendicular/axial length=29%) trained to run on a treadmill. To assess the effects of limb length on performance parameters, kinematic measurements were also made for a terrestrial specialist of comparable stature, the Welsh corgi dog (body mass=12.0 kg, appendicular/axial length=37%). The results were compared to predicted values for long legged terrestrial specialists. As found for other semi-aquatic mammals, the net cost of transport of running river otters (6.63 J kg −1 min −1 at 1.43 m s −1 ) was greater than predicted for primarily terrestrial mammals. The otters also showed a marked reduction in gait transition speed and in the range of preferred running speeds in comparison to short dogs and semi-aquatic mammals. As evident from the corgi dogs, short legs did not necessarily compromise running performance. Rather, the ability to incorporate a period of suspension during high speed running was an important compensatory mechanism for short limbs in the dogs. Such an aerial period was not observed in river otters with the result that energetic costs during running were higher and gait transition speeds slower for this versatile mammal compared to locomotor specialists.
Acute Laryngeal Dystonic Reactions to Neuroleptics

Two cases of acute laryngeal dystonia (laryngospasm), a rarely reported extrapyramidal reaction to neuroleptics, occurred in a public psychiatric hospital. A review of the literature revealed only seven well-documented case reports. This article discusses the clinical significance of this rare, alarming, and probably underreported phenomenon. Factors related to recognition, prediction, and management are also discussed. The review strongly advocates immediate intravenous administration of anticholinergic drugs to relieve dystonia.
The behavior of sensitized 309S stainless steel in hydrogen

Abstract 309S was examined in the solution treated and quenched condition and after heat treatment at 975 K for either 15 or 300 min. Material was carbide free in the water-quenched condition, but 15 min at 975 K produced a sensitized microstructure of small, discontinuous grain boundary carbides. The 300-min treatment produced larger and essentially continuous carbides; that structure was not sensitized. Depletion of Cr near boundaries in the sensitized material was demonstrated by a stacking fault energy value of about 22 mJ/m 2 . The matrix value was about 35mJ/m 2 . Such a change implies a reduction in Cr from 23% to about 12%. Smooth and notched bars were tested in all three conditions; tests were made in air, or in high-pressure hydrogen, or after hydrogen charging to supersaturation. Ductility (RA) was decreased only by the hydrogen charging, independent of microstructure, and that decrease was slight. These results could not be explained by a martensite embrittlement mechanism, but were consistent with a rationale based on hydrogen accumulation at inclusion interfaces.
Evolution by Example

Prefer the specific to the general, the definite to the vague, the concrete to the abstract. . . .The greatest writers—Homer, Dante, Shakespeare—are effective largely because they deal in particulars and report the details that matter. Their words call up pictures. If the experiences of Walter Mitty, of Molly Bloom, of Rabbit Angstrom have seemed for the moment real to countless readers. . . it is because the details used are definite, the terms concrete. . . .[A]ll the significant details are given, and with such accuracy and vigor that readers, in imagination, can project themselves into the scene (Strunk and White 2000, 21–22).
An examination of the "hot hand" in professional golfers.

A study investigated the “hot hand” among professional golfers. Hole-to-hole scores within 747 tournaments from a randomly chosen group of 35 players on the 1997 PGA Tour were analyzed. Contingency...
Another look at the relationship between socioeconomic factors and the black-white health benefit inequality.

Abstract This paper illustrates the black-white disparity in health benefit coverage and the socioeconomic variables—unemployment, income, and education. The health benefit disparity is strongly related to the disparity in underlying socioeconomic variables. Moreover, the time-series examination reveals that the change in white workers' health insurance coverage is largely determined by its year-to-year persistence and the labor market tightness (or the business cycle), while that of black workers is largely determined by the change in their earnings with a slight persistence. The effect of the change in annual earnings seems to dominate the effect of the labor market condition (unemployment rate) and other variables. Finally, although marginally significant, an increase in the attainment of higher education (college) has a positive effect on the black-white health benefit disparity.
External Auditory Canal Wall Cholesteatoma: A Complication of Ear Surgery

Primary external auditory canal wall cholesteatomas are usually present in the inferior portion of the canal lateral to the tympanic membrane. Small inclusion cysts are a common finding along incision lines after ear surgery. This report details 5 cases of large canal wall cholesteatomas after prior ear surgery. The middle ear or mastoid was not directly involved in any of the cases. The largest of these presented 8 years after the initial procedure and eroded in the middle and temporal fossae. A common feature among these patients was an extended period in which the patient was lost to follow-up after surgery. This experience reinforces the need for vigilant long term follow up even in the asymptomatic postoperative patient.
Default taxonomy: Ernst Mayr’s view of the microbial world

This perspective is a response to a taxonomic proposal by E. Mayr ["Two empires or three?" (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9720-9723]. Mayr has suggested that the now accepted classification of life into three primary domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya-originally proposed by myself and others--be abandoned in favor of the earlier Prokaryote-Eukaryote classification. Although the matter appears a taxonomic quibble, it is not that simple. At issue here are differing views as to the nature of biological classification, which are underlain by differing views as to what biology is and will be--matters of concern to all biologists.
On the architecture of secure software defined radios

This paper examines the rationale, properties and shortcomings of the prevailing ldquored-blackrdquo architecture for secure software defined radios (SDR). To address shortcomings, a computer security process is formalized that leads to a provably secure SDR architectural framework. Although an example of a secure architecture is discussed, the focus is to explore an architectural design strategy to achieve guaranteed secure operation. The result is more of an architectural framework with remarkable potential relative to previous approaches, including enabling deterministic development, operational friendliness, high performance, and affordability through strategic use of hardware to strengthen and simplify the enforcement of the security policy instead of simply trusting software.
Overlapping neural circuitry for narrative comprehension and proficient reading in children and adolescents

Abstract Narrative comprehension is a perinatal linguistic ability which is more intuitive than reading activity. Whether there are specific shared brain regions for narrative comprehension and reading that are tuned to reading proficiency, even before reading is acquired, is the question of the current study. We acquired fMRI data during a narrative comprehension task at two age points, when children are age 5–7 (K-2nd grade) and later when the same children were age 11 (5th–7th grade). We then examined correlations between this fMRI data and reading and reading comprehension scores from the same children at age 11. We found that greater frontal and supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) activation in narrative comprehension at the age of 5–7 years old was associated with better word reading and reading comprehension scores at the age of 11. A shift towards temporal and occipital activation was found when correlating their narrative comprehension functional data at age 11, with reading scores at the same age point. We suggest that increased reliance on executive functions and auditory–visual networks when listening to stories before reading is acquired, facilitates reading proficiency in older age and may be a biomarker for future reading ability. Children, who rely on use of imagination/visualization as well as auditory processing for narrative comprehension when they reach age 11, also show greater reading abilities. Understanding concordant neural pathways supporting auditory narrative and reading comprehension might be guide for development of effective tools for reading intervention programs.
Resurrecting Nannie Minor and Orie Hatcher Emergence of Professional Social Work Education in One Southern City

In this article, we raise two feminists (Minor and Hatcher) from erasure by recognizing the importance of their roles in the development of professional social work education. First, we tell a story of how emerging semiprofessions were intertwined, only to become separate over time. Next we focus on the influence of two feminists who came from other semiprofessions than social work and were instrumental in cocreating a School of Social Work. Minor and Hatcher’s erasure in the formal histories of the School demonstrates the gendered nature of the professional education process.
An objective definition of open standards

There is much debate among IT executives and policy-makers as to whether Open Standards, Open Source, and/or something else, are necessary and sufficient to ensure that their software procurements add long-term value to their IT systems. However, a lack of definition of Open Standards makes debate on their meaning, let alone their merits, challenging. This lack of objective definition provides a convenient loophole for vendors to make claims which sound good in theory while protecting bad practices. Given the size of the world-wide software market, and the significant investment that it therefore represents, it is time to define what the software industry (vendors, customers, and users) all claim to want: Open Standards. This paper defines the lower limit of what can be called an Open Standard and then defines a framework for grading Open Standards that exceed that minimum. This framework is then extended to the subject of file formats. This paper does not take the position that Open Source is intrinsically good, nor that Open Source in and of itself is a de facto Open Standard. But it does evaluate the role that Open Source can play to make a good Open Standard better, and argues forcefully that Open Standards without Open Source implementations offer little protection from vendor lock-in.
Nonequilibrium experiments on self-diffusion in silicon at low temperatures using isotopically enriched structures

Abstract Self-diffusion in silicon has been studied using epitaxially grown isotopically enriched structures under nonequilibrium concentrations of native point defects created by thermal oxidation and nitridation. Comparing identical anneals for phosphorus, antimony, and self-diffusion in Si, we obtain experimental evidence for a dual vacancy–interstitial mechanism of self-diffusion with the possibility of a small substitutional exchange component. We determine that in the temperature range 800–1100°C, the interstitial-mediated fraction of self-diffusion is confined between 0.50 and 0.62. The corresponding activation enthalpies are 4.68 and 4.86 eV for the interstitial and vacancy mechanisms, respectively. Furthermore, both mechanisms exhibit large activation entropies. This constitutes direct experimental evidence of the remarkable similarity between the energetics of these native point defects in silicon.
Application of solenoid focusing in a superconducting heavy-ion linear accelerator

Abstract When the resonators of a heavy-ion linear accelerator are operated in the phase-stable region, their inherent radial-defocusing property makes external radial focusing elements necessary for preventing beam blow-up. Although quadrupoles are generally chosen for room-temperature ion linacs for reasons of space and power efficiency, solenoid focusing is superior in superconducting heavy-ion linacs in the energy range of present interest. Since power and cooling requirements are low, for equal beam-optical properties, superconducting solenoids are cheaper and simpler focusing elements than the corresponding quadrupoles. Calculations made for a superconducting-helix linac for heavy ions show that with resonators containing five 1 2 λ sections, the solenoids required are small and use magnetic fields readily attainable in commercial construction. Calculations made with the computer code TRIM show that a relatively small iron shield can be built which reduces the leakage field to negligible values in a relatively short space.
Integrating epidemiology and toxicology in neurotoxicity risk assessment

Neurotoxicity risk assessments depend on the best available scientific information, including data from animal toxicity studies, human experimental studies and human epidemiology studies. There are several factors to consider when evaluating the comparability of data from studies. Regarding the epidemiology literature, issues include choice of study design, use of appropriate controls, methods of exposure assessment, subjective or objective evaluation of neurological status, and assessment and statistical control of potential confounding factors, including co-exposure to other agents. Animal experiments must be evaluated regarding factors such as dose level and duration, procedures used to assess neurological or behavioural status, and appropriateness of inference from the animal model to human neurotoxicity. Major factors that may explain apparent differences between animal and human studies include: animal neurological status may be evaluated with different procedures than those used in humans; animal studies may involve shorter exposure durations and higher dose levels; and most animal studies evaluate a single substance whereas humans typically are exposed to multiple agents. The comparability of measured outcomes in animals and humans may be improved by considering functional domains rather than individual test measures. The application of predictive models, weight of evidence considerations and meta-analysis can help evaluate the consistency of outcomes across studies. An appropriate blend of scientific information from toxicology and epidemiology studies is necessary to evaluate potential human risks of exposure to neurotoxic substances.
Risk of mortality following widowhood: age and sex differences by mode of death.

Abstract This study examines how spouses’ deaths from sudden or lengthy illnesses differentially affect the mortality risks of surviving widows and widowers by age. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find the mortality risk differs by gender, age, and type of widowhood. For nonelderly (< 65) widowers, there is an elevated risk when their wives died suddenly. For older (≥65) widows, the mortality risk is lower than that of comparably aged married women when their husbands died after a long‐term illness. These gender, age, and mode‐of‐death differences are consistent with role theory and theories of social support.
Morphology and characteristics of ultrathin Au films with ultraviolet transparency and conductivity deposited by dual ion beam sputtering

Abstract Au films with Ar bombardment were deposited by dual ion beam sputtering. The voltage for Ar ion acceleration V A was varied in the range between 80 and 800 V. The V A dependence of the morphology, the resistivity ρ and the transmittance T of the films was investigated. The grain size of the films increased with an increase of V A and was more uniform and smaller than that without Ar bombardment. At V A of 200 V, ρ of the films took the minimum value of 12 μΩ cm and T took the maximum value. Next, two kinds of Au films, without Ar bombardment [ B NON ], and with Ar bombardment at V A of 200 V [ B DUR ], were deposited as a function of thickness t F . The t F dependence of the morphology and characteristics was investigated. The conductive films in layer structure at t F above 8.0 nm for B NON and 2.8 nm for B DUR were deposited. T for ultraviolet rays of the conductive films was higher than 62% for B NON and 75% for B DUR , respectively. These results indicate that Ar bombardment can suppress the initial growth in island structure and is effective to deposit the conductive ultrathin Au films with high transparency.
3 Laparoscopic anatomy and dissection of the pelvis

All anatomically important pelvic structures lie embedded in the fatty-fibrous connective tissue of the retroperitoneum from which they can be freed by blunt dissection in the correct tissue planes. By relying on fixed laparoscopic landmarks, the correct surgical planes of dissection can be found, and all vital structures freed and identified by a systematic dissection consisting of a precise sequence of operative steps. Once the retroperitoneal dissection has been completed and all vital structures identified, most gynaecological operations can be carried out safely and without much difficulty laparoscopically. A non-anatomical approach to laparoscopic pelvic surgery may be easier to learn, but it is neither very versatile nor very safe except in the simplest of cases.
QTc prolongation, torsades de pointes, and psychotropic medications.

Background Prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval is a key issue for patients who receive psychotropic medications. Such patients may have baseline clinical risk factors for QTc prolongation, and many psychotropic medications may further prolong this interval. This has great clinical relevance, as QTc prolongation is linked with dangerous arrhythmias, especially torsades de pointes (TdP). Methods We summarize current literature regarding appropriate methods of calculating the QTc interval, the association of the QTc interval with TdP, and risk factors for QTc prolongation. We then review connections between psychiatric medications and QTc prolongation, with a specific focus on antidepressants and antipsychotics. Results QTc interval prolongation is an established, though imperfect, risk marker for TdP. There are no well-controlled studies that assess the risk of TdP associated with psychotropic agents. There are limited data that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as a class are linked to QTc prolongation; citalopram appears more likely than others to induce this phenomenon. Among antipsychotics, thioridazine remains the agent most associated with QTc prolongation; intravenous haloperidol also appears to carry an increased risk. Of the atypical antipsychotics, ziprasidone appears most likely to prolong the QTc interval. Conclusions The majority of patients in need of psychotropic medications display few risk factors for QTc prolongation and should be considered to be at low risk for TdP. The frequency of cardiac monitoring for patients receiving psychiatric medications should be individually determined, based on the prescribed agent(s) and additional risk factors for TdP.
Acquisition, Image Stacking, And Autoguiding With The MMT

The Multiple Mirror Telescope uses six 1.8 m diameter folded Cassegrain telescopes to achieve the collecting area equivalent to that of a single 4.5 m telescope. However, for some applications, this capability is realized only if the images are brought to a common focus and coaligned in such a way that the overlapping images appear to result from a single primary. The method of adjustment used at the MMT to coalign the six images does not involve the primaries or the tertiaries; instead, the cassegrain secondary mirrors are tilted in orthogonal axes. Since the SPIE Conference on Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes in March 1982, the MMT has rebuilt the optical configuration used to sense image positions at the focal plane (the top box) so that image stacking, automatic guiding, and star acquisition can be made fully operational procedures. This report describes the coalignment system and the results of tests to date.
Remote sensing algorithms for castor bean nitrogen and pigment assessment for fertility management

Abstract Judicial management of nitrogen (N), a major nutrient affecting several facets of crop development, growth, and finally yield, require developing tools to monitor N and pigment status in the field. An experiment was conducted under out-door pot-culture conditions to determine N deficiency effects on castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), cv. ‘Hale’ leaf N, pigments and reflectance properties, and to identify N- and pigment-specific wavebands for N management in the field. Castor bean plants were grown in 12-L pots with complete Hoagland's solution from emergence to 34 days after sowing (DAS). Then, the treatments imposed were complete Hoagland's nutrient solution (control, 100N), reduced N to 20% of the control (20N) and withheld N from the solution (0N) from 34 to 66 DAS. Leaf N, pigments and reflectance properties were measured twice weekly. Plant height, total leaf area, and above-ground dry matter were measured at the end of the experiment, 66 DAS. Even though, all plant growth parameters declined in the 20 and 0N treatments compared to 100N, the reduction in leaf area was greater than reductions in stem lengths and above-ground biomass at the end of N treatments. Leaf N, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations declined linearly over time in all treatments except for leaf N in the 100N treatment. The variations in leaf N ranged from 3.3 to 1.2 g N m−2 while the concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoids declined from 0.427 to 0.256 g m−2, and 0.094 to 0.055 g m−2, respectively during the course the experiment. The reductions in pigments increased leaf reflectance at 555 and 715 nm, and caused a red-edge (680–750 nm) shift to shorter wavelengths. Reflectance ratios of 455/605 and 505/605 nm were highly correlated with leaf N on dry matter (r2 = 0.93) and area-based (r2 = 0.90) estimations, respectively. Similarly, reflectance ratios of 715/505 and 705/675 were highly correlated with total chlorophyll (r2 = 0.94) and carotenoid (r2 = 0.80) concentrations, respectively. The N- and pigment-specific wavebands provide rapid, non-destructive estimation of leaf N and pigments for N management strategies of castor bean plants in the field.
Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication: What Does Theory Tell Us and What Have We Learned so Far?

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have not had the predicted effect of substantially altering work and work-based travel patterns. Some researchers argue that one of the reasons may be the inability of ICT to effectively replicate characteristics of face-to-face communication. To examine the differences between computer-mediated and face-to-face communication, this article explores theories of face-to-face communication and synthesizes lessons from studies of virtual and face-to-face teams and groups. Findings on the comparative production outcomes and performance of virtual versus face-to-face teams are mixed, suggesting that it is not clear whether face-to-face communication is necessarily superior to computer-mediated communication for many collaborative processes. Planning can gain from a better understanding of the advantages and limitations of computer-mediated communication so that it may more effectively implement virtual strategies.
Are cells viable at gigapascal pressures

Sharma et al . ([1][1]) claimed that Shewanella oneidensis , which lives in habitats at pressures of around 0.1 megapascals (MPa), is viable at pressures well above 100 MPa. This result stands in marked contrast to all previous studies, which have found viability, defined ([2][2]) as growth and