cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competitors or Complements? Comparing Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Projects Produced by For-Profit and Non-Profit Developers

Since the rise of the hollow state, understanding public-private collaboration has been an essential aspect of public management scholarship. In particular, scholars continue to differ on whether government contracts should favor nonprofit organizations over for-profit entities and vice versa. To address these ambiguities, this study pursues this basic research question: To what extent does nonprofit or for-profit status matter to public service outcomes? More specifically, do for-profit providers of government services systematically benefit an easier-to-serve segment of the population then their nonprofit counterparts? Or, if no differences in outcomes exist based on contractor type, should nonprofit providers continue to enjoy favored status and tax benefits? This study pursues these questions by applying them to the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program. The LIHTC program is a public-private partnership that leverages government funding with private investment as a means to develop housing for disadvantaged families and individuals. Since its inception in 1986, the LIHTC program has funded over 2.2 million housing units making it the largest source of federally-funded low-income housing. Project outcomes can vary in many ways, including income limits for residents, target populations for housing, and cost of construction. This study uses a database of LIHTC-funded housing projects from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Using multivariate analysis, the study compares the 5,961 projects known to have been developed by nonprofit organizations with the 21,398 projects known to have been developed by for-profit organizations. The study findings indicate that the nonprofit/for-profit distinction has systematic implications for a variety of public service outcomes.
Seasonal Position Variations and Regional Reference Frame Realization

Many GPS sites show significant seasonal position variations (especially in the vertical), resulting from a combination of geophysical loading and systematic errors. It is common to realize a regional reference frame or align a time series with a model by transforming each epoch solution into ITRF (or a local or regional frame) using a regional set of sites, where these reference frame sites are assumed to move linearly with time. Seasonal variations in the frame sites can bias this frame realization and the seasonal variations are then aliased into the site coordinates.
Chapter 35 – Case History: Repair Applications on DC-10/MD-11 Aircraft

Publisher Summary The pilot program installations on FedEx aircraft allowed the FAA Long Beach Aircraft Certification Office to properly direct the use of DC-10/MD-11 commercial aircraft repairs. Six composite repairs were installed on DC-10/MD-11 aircraft. The repairs are being closely monitored for one year and inspections occurred every D-check thereafter. During the first year of operation, the doublers are being inspected at 60 day, six month, and one year intervals. A quality assurance inspection was also conducted immediately after each doubler was installed. In preparation for these aircraft repairs, appropriate installation and nondestructive inspection training was conducted with FedEx's composite and NDT shops. All aspects of the composite doubler fabrication, installation, and quality assurance measures were incorporated into a Federal Express engineering order (EO). The EO generates all job cards needed to build, install, and inspect the repairs at the FedEx maintenance depot. The pilot program and associated manual revisions represent a major milestone in the evolution and application of composite doublers. This effort is validating composite doublers for a number of high use applications. It is also streamlining the design-to-installation process to make the technology more amenable to wide scale use.
Motion Detection and Directional Selectivity in the Crayfish Visual System

The detection of movement by visual systems begins with the time varying signals of the photoreceptor array and critically depends upon a neuronal integrative step that compares the output of at least two sampling points of the receptor array. The receptors are approximately linear for continuously modulated illumination. Their response to a moving point of light may be calculated from the convolution of a dynamic transfer function( with constant τ)and the spatial receptive field profile (a Gaussian with acceptance angle O). The ratio O/τdetermines the relative velocity sensitivity. The tangential cells of the distal medulla externa (second optic neuropile) are the most peripheral elements in the visual pathway exhibiting directional selectivity (DS). Certain receptive field properties and antagonistic synaptic inputs from cholinergic and GABAergic pathways provide a basis for simulating DS. Our simulation is based upon an asymmetric lateral inhibition model that requires a delays in the inhibitory pathway and a separation ep between sampling stations. For a single bar with a Gaussian intensity profile DS is maximal when the velocity is Δp/ τ.For sinusoidal gratings a correct DS requires that the spatial wavelength exceed 2x Δp and that the contrast frequency CF<0.5/τ.
Gene Expression in Muscle

It has been proposed1 and a great deal of evidence has accumulated that gene expression in eukaryotes may result from the use of a variety of regulatory mechanisms ranging from the recognition of specific DNA sequences to differential turnover rates of proteins. Such a cascade of controls ultimately defines the phenotype of any given cell type. Likewise, muscle cells will utilize a particular set of regulatory mechanisms to synthesize, assemble, and maintain the proteins that constitute the contractile apparatus. This, of course, must involve a sequential and tissue-specific expression of the various isoforms of these muscle-specific proteins during development.
Microbiome and Diseases: Neurological Disorders

An increasing amount of evidence implicates that the gastrointestinal microbiota affects a vast range of neuronal functions from neurodevelopment and synaptic signaling to behavior. This microbe-host interplay occurs at the level of the peripheral and central nervous system and is commonly referred to as “microbiome-gut-brain axis.” Preclinical and clinical data also highlight the significant association of gut microbiome dysbiosis and the development and progression of psychiatric and neurological disorders. The present chapter will outline how the gut microbiota signals to the brain and how it affects brain development and function describing representative examples. Finally, it will discuss the complex interaction of intestinal microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor control of dopamine dynamics: Implications for negative affective states and psychiatric disorders.

Abstract Negative affective states are prevalent symptoms in a plethora of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and drug addiction. Dysfunction of mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems has been implicated in negative affective states in neuropsychiatric disorders. The dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor system is a powerful effector of stress-related behavior and is highly enriched within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Dysfunction of dynorphin/KOR signaling within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system is implicated in promoting symptoms in neuropsychiatric disorders. As such, the kappa-opioid receptor system provides an important therapeutic target to treat negative affective states associated with psychiatric disorders. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor system and its role in regulating the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, motivation, and emotional behavior. Furthermore, we highlight unresolved issues in the field and offer some insights for future research.
Examining ways to meaningfully support students in STEM

A strong, positive science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) identity is a predictor of future career choice in a STEM field. In this commentary, major concepts are explored within and among four different research studies with implications regarding STEM or science identity. This commentary describes ways in which one can view STEM identity as its own construct—and how different experiences affect positive or negative influences upon the formation and continuation of STEM identity. A summary of external and internal factors is included with discussion of the pertinent points regarding facilitation and development of STEM identity within educational settings.
THE FANTASY OF EXTERNAL ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION FOR TREATMENT OF INTRACTABLE DRUG REFRACTORY HICUPPS

The intractable hiccups not responding to medications may be treated by interventions that target the diaphragms such as vagus nerve stimulator, phrenic nerve block, or others. Herein, we describe an unexpected resolution of intractable hiccups in a patient after undergoing electrical cardioversion
Structure and Activation Mechanism of GPCRs

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate a wide variety of physiological functions and are a rich source of drug targets. In response to activation by extracellular stimuli, GPCRs trigger cytoplasmic signalling pathways through intracellular partners such as G-proteins and arrestins. This chapter provides a general overview of the molecular mechanisms of GPCR activation gleaned from crystal structures, biophysical experiments, and computational analyses. Furthermore, existing challenges and unresolved mechanistic questions about GPCR signalling are highlighted.
Promoting Self-Management of Chronic Medical Problems

This chapter provides information concerning methods that have been found to be effective in the self-management of four common chronic medical problems: (a) diabetes, (b) arthritis, (c) headache and low back pain, and (d) asthma. While these four chronic conditions are the focus of this chapter, research has shown that self-management can be effective for a wide variety of chronic conditions, and for a variety of demographics, including age, culture, and language spoken (Ritter et al., Chronic Illness, 7:162–172, 2011). In addition, information is provided concerning effective components of self-management programs, which may be helpful to social workers in designing patient education and self-management programs.
An investigation of speaker height and weight identification by means of direct estimations

Abstract The purposes of this investigation were: (1) to determine if listeners were capable of making accurate direct estimations of speakers’ heights and weights from recorded speech samples, and (2) to determine the importance of the sex of the speaker and listener on the speaker height and weight identification tasks. A standard prose passage was recorded by 30 speakers, 15 females and 15 males. A master tape containing the randomly arranged recorded readings of all speakers was played to a group of 40 judges, 20 females and 20 males, for speaker height and weight identification. All subjects participated in two experimental sessions, one for height judgments and one for weight judgments. The judges were asked to estimate the height and weight of each of the speakers on the master tape. Results indicate that listeners are capable of accurately identifying the approximate heights and weights of speakers. Moreover, the sex of the speaker and listener did not significantly affect speaker height and weight identification judgments. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Transfer function replacement of phenomenological single-mode equations in semiconductor microcavity modeling.

Semiconductor microcavities are frequently studied in the context of semiconductor lasers and in application-oriented fundamental research on topics such as linear and nonlinear polariton systems, polariton lasers, polariton pattern formation, and polaritonic Bose–Einstein condensates. A commonly used approach to describe theoretical properties includes a phenomenological single-mode equation that complements the equation for the nonlinear optical response (interband polarization) of the semiconductor. Here, we show how to replace the single-mode equation by a fully predictive transfer function method that, in contrast to the single-mode equation, accounts for propagation, retardation, and pulse-filtering effects of the incident light field traversing the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors, without substantially increasing the numerical complexity of the solution. As examples, we use cavities containing GaAs quantum wells and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs).
The surveillance on soil-transmitted nematode infections in Zhejiang Province during 2005-2010

Objective To analyze the current status and trends of the soil-transmitted nematode infections in Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2010 and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control strategy.Methods Stool samples were collected from local residents recruited from Qujiang,Pinghu,Jingning,Kai hua and Songyang in Zhejiang Province.Modified Kato-Katz method was used to examine eggs of Ascaris,hookworm,Trichuris trichiura,and the method of cellaphane analswab was used to examine eggs of Enterobius for 3-12years old children.The surveillance data of soil-transmitted nematodes from 2005 to 2010 were collected and analyzed.Results Fecal smears examination was conducted on 7 442 people cumulatively,the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes was 1.30％,2.36％,6.07％,8.08％,4.80％ and 1.19％ from 2005 to 2010,respectively.The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes was significantly lower in 2010 than those from 2006 to 2009(x2=4.553,P ＜ 0.05;x2=58.023,P ＜ 0.01;x2=94.399,P ＜ 0.01;x2=45.855,P ＜ 0.01).The infection rate in Kaihua was significantly lower in 2010 than those from 2007 to 2009 (x2=108.957,P ＜ 0.01;x2=116.892,P ＜0.01;x2 =43.394,P ＜ 0.01),and the infection rate in Jingning was significantly higher in 2008 than the results of 2006 and 2007 (x2 =4.376,P ＜ 0.05;x2 =4.858,P ＜ 0.05).The infection of hookworm was the main type of infection in the two areas.Conclusion The overall infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes showed a decline trend in Zhejiang Province,but the infection rate of hookworm was still high in some areas.The epidemic situation of soil-transmitted nematodes has been controlled basically in Zhejiang Province. Key words: Nematode infection; Soil-transmitted nematodes; Infection; Surveillance
Immediate reinforcement increased duration of time riding the stationary bicycle in children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study

The necessity of promoting physical activity in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been emphasized for decades. One of the barriers to participate in physical activity for individu...
Dielectrophoresis of Proteins in Solution

A nonionic particle placed in the gradient of an electric field experiences the dielectrophoretic force which scales linearly with the gradient of the electric field squared. The proportionality constant is the dielectrophoretic susceptibility, that is, a linear transport coefficient. For proteins in solution, it is mostly affected by the following two parameters: the squared dipole moment and the cavity susceptibility accounting for cross-correlations of the protein dipole with the hydration shell (protein-water Kirkwood factor). Both of these parameters enter the dielectric increment of the solution which fully specifies the dielectrophoretic susceptibility. The link between these two measurable properties is proven here to hold using molecular dynamics simulations of solvated proteins. The dielectrophoretic susceptibility for proteins is in the range of 104, significantly exceeding traditional estimates limiting it to values below unity. Part of this large magnitude of the dielectrophoretic response is the cavity susceptibility of the protein-water interface, which significantly exceeds dielectric estimates. The study analyzes local fields inside the protein in terms of the reaction-field and directing-field components. We find that the local field exceeds the external field by a substantial factor described by the local field susceptibility. The electric field produced by water inside the protein is retarded by 3-4 orders of magnitude compared to the bulk.
Are We More Reactive to Persuasive Health Messages When They Appear in Our Customized Interfaces? The Role of Sense of Identity and Sense of Control

Online users today are provided with a variety of customization tools to build their own information environment. A growing number of public health messages reach their target audiences via these d...
A Reply to Hardman

This essay responds to Jonathan Hardman who wrote a critique of “The Informal Norms of HIV Prevention: The Emergence and Erosion of the Condom Code” by the author. The main concern discussed below is that Hardman does not adequately define collective action problems and address the particular problems discussed in the original article.
Explicating the Tension Between State Sovereignty and the New Challenges Facing the International Community

This project’s significance is grounded in the belief that a tension exists between sovereignty and the practical and moral demands generated by the new and emerging challenges facing the international community. As such, understanding this project requires that one understand the bases for, and nature of, this perceived tension. In addition, it is by exploring this tension and its underlying assumption about the legitimate zone of sovereign discretion that we come to a better understanding of sovereignty and sovereign discretion.
Persistent infections and immunological aspects of BVD virus in beef cattle

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was first described in 1946 in New York dairy cattle. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a common infection of cattle with serum neutralizing antibody present in 50 to 90 percent of the world population. BVD has manifested itself in a wide variety of clinical entities. This variability has perplexed producers, veterinary practitioners and researchers for years. Recent findings associated with persistent infections have further demonstrated the complexity of the disease. An understanding of these findings is important in assessing the effects of clinical BVD. This paper summarizes for the practitioner, the current information about persistent infections and other immunological aspects of BVD.
Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm in a Patient with COVID-19 Infection

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 may cause vasculitis and thromboembolic events. We report on an unusual case of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and delayed cerebral vasospasms in a patient with COVID-19. Case Presentation: A 65-year-old male was transferred to the emergency department due to a short period of unconsciousness. Twenty-two hours prior to presentation, the patient had a 39.5°C fever with breathing difficulties. Initial COVID-19 PCR was positive. While conscious and without any neurological impairment, a large right frontal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was detected. A preoperative angiogram showed no pathological blood vessels or vasospasm. The patients had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure due to ICH progression, which led to an immediate microsurgical ICH removal. Thirteen days thereafter, the patient became unconscious again. Angiography revealed severe cerebral vasospasm (CV) that required repetitive percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and intra-arterial nimodipine treatment. Conclusions: We present the first case of ICH and delayed vasospasm associated with COVID-19. In these patients, combined maximum surgical and endovascular therapy is needed.
Judaism and Violence: A Historical Analysis with Insights from Social Psychology

This Element explores the potential in Judaism to incite Jews to engage in violence against non-Jews. The analysis proceeds in historical fashion, with sections devoted to the Hebrew Bible, rabbinic Judaism, medieval and early modern Judaism, and modern Zionism. The last topic is given special attention because of its relevance to the current Middle East conflict. This Element also draws on insights from social psychology to explain Jewish violence - particularly Social Identity Theory.
Myosin from dystrophic and control chicken muscle. I. Preparation and preliminary characterization.

Abstract Myosins have been isolated from superior pectoralis muscle of control and dystrophic chickens. Various extraction procedures were used, all followed by DEAES-ephadex chromatography. Myosins from either source showed the same chromatographic elution patterns (KCl-gradient in pyrophosphate buffer). Variation in ATPase activity was without regard to muscle type; values ranged from 4.7 to 7.0 units (μmoles P i /mg protein/5 minutes). Loss of activity on aging at 4 ° was similar for both types. Sedimentation coefficients for both types of myosin were determined over a wide concentration range. All values fitted a straight line plot of s 20, w versus concentration. Extrapolation to zero concentration showed s o 20, w values of 5.94 S for both myosins. Ultraviolet spectra of myosins from both sources coincided. All measurements suggest that myosins from control and dystrophic muscle are identical. However, there are substantial differences in extractability (i.e., yield) of myosin from the two types of muscle. About 25% as much crude myosin was obtained from dystrophic as from control muscle (wet weight basis; water content of both types about 75%).
Incidence of Vibrio alginolyticus and Bacteria of Sanitary Significance in the Bering Sea

The incidence of bacteria of sanitary significance and isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus during a subtidal clam assessment study in the Bering Sea are described. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not detected in clams, sediment, or seawater.
Interleukin-3 and bryostatin-1 mediate hyperphosphorylation of BCL2 alpha in association with suppression of apoptosis.

Using murine myeloid factor-dependent FDC-P1/ER cells, we demonstrate that the hematopoietic growth factors interleukin-3 and erythropoietin and bryostatin-1, a macrocyclic lactone natural product and potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), suppress apoptosis and induce the rapid serine phosphorylation of Bc12 alpha. Expression of recombinant wild type Bc12 alpha in NFS/N1.H-7 cells confirms that murine Bc12 alpha is phosphorylated following PKC activation. The PKC inhibitors H-7 and staurosporine, but not the protein kinase A inhibitor HA1004, block not only interleukin-3- and bryostatin-1-induced hyperphosphorylation of Bc12 alpha but also their anti-apoptotic effect on growth factor-dependent cells, suggesting a role for activated PKC in both processes. A potential direct role for a classic isoform of PKC is indicated by the Ca(2+)-dependent nature of phosphorylation of Bc12 alpha mediated by purified PKC in vitro. Comparative phosphopeptide maps confirm that Bc12 alpha phosphorylation occurs on identical serine site(s) whether phosphorylation occurs in cells following agonist treatment or directly by PKC in vitro. These findings strongly support a role for activated PKC in growth factor-induced Bc12 alpha phosphorylation as well as suppression of apoptosis.
The Predictive Nature of Financial Ratios

This paper will attempt to systematically relate financial ratios to short term stock performance. In this study I hope to succeed where others have failed. Using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, I will attempt to find a robust model for the prediction of short term stock prices. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol14/iss1/19 The Park Place Economist, Volume XIV 96 Introduction I of the American economy. Each day, 1.46 billion shares of stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange. The average daily value of shares traded is roughly $46.1 billion markets for their jobs, their livelihoods, and their retirements. For some households, the only source Because these instruments are so important, they are studied on a regular basis. Each day, people decide to take risks by entering the securities market. Some investors rely on public information to choose which securities they should buy; others use sophisticated models that they hope will give them a money-making edge in this strictly competitive market. Using their models, these investors continually evaluate securities and the companies they represent. With these strategies, some people become rich; many more lose everything. “About two-thirds of all active investors will under perform index investors’ stock portfolio choices will perform more poorly as a whole, than a market basket, or selection of stock from across the market. because all advantageous information will already Historically, there are few comparative vary in size, purpose, and industry. However, the ratios that have proved quite valuable in not only determining a company’s relative performance; they have also proved valuable in predicting future performance. This paper will attempt to stock performance. In this study I hope to succeed where others have failed. Using an ordinary least robust model for the prediction of short term stock prices. I. Literature Review For as long as people have been able to buy who have attempted to analyze the market in order to gain a competitive advantage over other investors. comparative tool for banks to assess their short term that they could predict a company’s success with the same ratios. Unfortunately, due to exogenous general theory for predicting company success. In fact, their value has been somewhat lost in the literature. Financial ratios have been somewhat taken for granted as an aspect of analysis that everyone knows how to use effectively (Horrigan, attempts to bring analysts back to their roots. He proves through an empirical study that ratios and While Horrigan proves his thesis about against three problems that may arise with their use. company in a given industry tend to have high cash holdings? If this is the case, selection bias may be a The Predictive Nature of Financial Ratios Adam Turk
The 21-kDa protein is a transformation-sensitive metalloproteinase inhibitor of chicken fibroblasts

We report the electrophoretic purification and characterization of the 21-kDa protein, an extracellular matrix component synthesized during the early stages of transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with Rous sarcoma virus (Blenis, J., and Hawkes, S. P. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 80, 770-774; Blenis, J., and Hawkes, S. P. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 11563-11570). The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein is greater than 60% identical to a consensus sequence of mammalian tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP). It shares several biochemical properties with other metalloproteinase inhibitors, including evidence of intrachain disulfide bonds and resistance to cleavage by trypsin. An electrophoretic assay employing a metal ion-dependent gelatinase from conditioned cell culture medium demonstrates inhibitor activity for purified 21-kDa protein. The 21-kDa protein is the major inhibitor in the extracellular matrix and appears unique in solubility properties among inhibitors with a TIMP-like sequence. Statistical analysis of amino acid composition data for these inhibitors defines two distinct groups (TIMP and TIMP-2) and supports a close relationship for the 21-kDa protein with the TIMP group. However, the apparent size and lack of glycosylation align it more closely with the TIMP-2 group of proteins. Therefore, it is possible that the 21-kDa protein is a variant of TIMP or, alternatively, represents a third protein within the metalloproteinase inhibitor family. This report provides the first evidence that avian metalloproteinase inhibitors are similar in sequence to their mammalian counterparts.
Supporting Software Development in Virtual Enterprises

This paper presents recent developments in a distributed semantic hypertext framework called DHT that supports software development projects within virtual enterprises. We show how hypertext functionality embodied in DHT solves the practical problems of project coordination. These include collaborative data sharing in a virtual enterprise of distributed teams, integrating existing tools and environments, and enacting software processes to coordinate development activities for teams across wide-area networks.In particular, we describe how software process enactment can be achieved within a virtual enterprise without centralized mechanisms. This is when the process description is represented as a user-navigable hypertext graph the nodes of which associate process steps, staff roles and associated tools with designated software products. Overall, these capabilities provide support for coordinating software development projects across a virtual enterprise of teams connected via the Internet.
Assessment of personnel accessibility in the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator facility PBFA-II

The dose during and after fusion shots around the PBFA-II facility and the line-of-sight (LOS) beam penetration has been calculated. The dose above the 6" thick concrete ceiling of the high bay was found to be excessive and additional shielding is required. On the other hand, the water and oil tanks provide significant radiation attenuation yielding a very low dose level in the screen room. No access during shots should be allowed in the building housing PBFA-II unless 6" thick concrete shield is used around the LOS. In the space between buildings, one should stay at least 2 m away from the LOS axis. In the building housing the neutron measurements laboratory (NML), access during shots should be limited to the area behind the 8" thick wall. A beam dump design with a cylindrical trap having an aspect ratio of 3 significantly reduces the reflected secondary neutrons. Access during shots is allowed anywhere at the back and side of the dump. The total activity in air, glass windows and concrete walls immediately following a DT shot is only 5 Ci and drops by two orders of magnitude in 10 minutes. Access to areas in front of the beam dump should be restricted for at least 15 minutes after shots.
Geometric Manipulation of Flexible Ligands

In recent years an effort has been made to supplement traditional methods for drug discovery by computer-assisted “structure-based design.” The structure-based approach involves (among other issues) reasoning about the geometry of drug molecules (or ligands) and about the different spatial conformations that these molecules can attain. This is a preliminary report on a set of tools that we are devising to assist the chemist in the drug design process. We describe our work on the following three topics: (i) geometric data structures for representing and manipulating molecules; (ii) conformational analysis—searching for low-energy conformations; and (iii) pharmacophore identification—searching for common features among different ligands that exhibit similar activity.
Peripheral Glutamate Receptors: Molecular Biology and Role in Taste Sensation

Glutamate is the most widespread excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. Two classes of glutamate receptor have been cloned, the ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and the metabotropic (G protein-coupled receptors). Three subclasses of ionotropic glutamate receptors are known; they are named after selective agonists, i.e., α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate receptors. Fifteen functional subunits assemble together in heteromultimeric complexes to form these receptors as follows: GluR1-GluR4 for AMPA; GluR5-GluR7 and KA1-KA2 for kainate; and NR1, NR2A-NR2D and NR3 for NMDA receptors. Within a subclass, the subunit composition strongly influences the pharmacologic and biophysical properties of the receptors. The metabotropic glutamate receptors fall into the following three groups, each containing two or more individual receptor proteins: group I (mGluR1, mGluR5), group II (mGluR2, mGluR3), and group III (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7 and mGluR8). In contrast to the ionotropic receptors, the metabotropic glutamate receptors appear to act as monomers or homodimers rather than heteromers. Messenger RNAs encoding several ionotropic subunits and a mGluR4-like receptor have been identified in taste buds. Although controversial, the evidence is consistent with an NMDA receptor serving as a primary taste transducer for monosodium glutamate (MSG), and a metabotropic glutamate receptor modulating the flavor-enhancing effect of MSG. Thus the neurotransmitter glutamate is intimately involved in the central processing of taste information.
Two new species of Esterhazya (Scrophulariaceae) from Brazil

Barringer, Kerry (Department of Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605). Two new species of Esterhazya (Scrophulariaceae) from Brazil. Brittonia 37: 195–198. 1985.—Esterhazya petiolata is a distinctive species with ovate, petiolate leaves, spreading brances, and broadly tubular-campanulate flowers. It is known from the Serra Dourada of Goias. Esterhazya eitenorum has narrow, lanceolate leaves, acute calyx lobes, and purple-pink flowers and is known from the planalto of Mt. Itatiaia.
Minimally invasive congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: a 7-year review of one institution's experience.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been described for the repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH) in neonates, infants, and children. This report evaluates patient selection, operative technique, and clinical outcomes for MIS repair of CDHs from a single center’s experience. All cases of CDH at a tertiary care pediatric hospital with an initial attempt at MIS repair from January 2001 to December 2007 were reviewed. A total of 22 children underwent an initial attempt at MIS repair of their CDH (5 Morgagni and 17 Bochdalek hernias). The children ranged in age from 1 day to 6 years (mean, 13.9 ± 23 months) and weighed 2.2 to 21 kg (mean, 7.4 ± 5.50 kg) at the time of the operation. All five Morgagni hernias were managed successfully with laparoscopic primary repair. Six of the Bochdalek hernias were found in infants and children (age range, 6–71 months). All these were managed successfully with primary repair by an MIS approach (2 by laparoscopy and 4 by thoracoscopy). The remaining 11 Bochdalek hernias were found in neonates (age range, 1 day to 8 weeks). Four of the Bochdalek hernias were right-sided. Nine of the Bochdalek hernias in neonates were repaired thoracoscopically. One neonate required conversion to laparotomy, and another underwent conversion to thoracotomy. Four of the neonates with Bochdalek hernias required a prosthetic patch. Two of the neonates also had significant associated congenital cardiac defects. Overall, there were two recurrences involving one 3-day-old who underwent a primary thoracoscopic repair and another 3-day-old who underwent a thoracoscopic patch repair. The follow-up period ranged from 5 months to 5 years. Morgagni hernias can be managed successfully by laparoscopy, whereas thoracoscopy is preferred for neonatal Bochdalek hernias. Either approach can be successful for infants and children with Bochdalek hernias. Additionally, patients with congenital cardiac defects and those requiring prosthetic patches can undergo a MIS CDH repair with a successful outcome.
Chromosomal differentiation in two species of Aedes and their hybrids revealed by giemsa C-banding

Giemsa C-banding patterns in two species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes mascarensis, their hybrids and backcross progeny revealed differences in the sex chromosome pair. In A. aegypti, the female determining or the m chromosome in both males and females shows a conspicuous band in the centromere region and another band in one arm. The male determining or the M chromosome is devoid of any bands. Progeny of crosses involving A. aegypti females and A. mascarensis males showed interesting albeit unexpected results. The intercalary band was suppressed in both sons and daughters. When such F1 sons were backcrossed to A. aegypti females, a proportion of males developed into intersexes. These intersex progeny differed from the normal males in terms of their banding pattern. In the reciprocal cross (A. mascarensis female × A. aegypti male), the F1 and the backcross progeny yielded the expected C-banding patterns. The implications of the reversible expression of the intercalary band on the A. aegypti m chromosome and its relevance to genetic regulation are discussed.
Neutron diffraction analysis of myoglobin: structure of the carbon monoxide derivative

The locations of hydrogen and deuterium atoms and water molecules have been investigated in carbon monoxide myoglobin using neutron diffraction, and the results are compared with earlier work on metmyoglobin. Parallel real space refinements on the two molecules show relatively few changes, but do show the carbon monoxide molecule with the iron atom moving into the heme plane.
USING BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES TO DETECT HUMAN SATISFACTION IN HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION

This article discusses the use of a brain–computer interface (BCI) to obtain emotional feedback from a human in response to the motion of humanoid robots in collaborative environments. The purpose of this study is to detect the human satisfaction level and use it as a feedback for correcting and improving the behavior of the robot to maximize human satisfaction. This article describes experiments and algorithms that use human brains activity collected through BCI in order to estimate the level of satisfaction. Users wear an electroencephalogram (EEG) headset and control the movement of the robot by mental imagination. The robots responds to the mental imagination may not be the same as human mental command and this will affect the emotional satisfaction level. The headset records brain activity from 14 locations on the scalp. Power spectral density of each EEG frequency band and four largest Lyapunov exponents of each EEG signal form the feature vector. The Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test is then used to rank all the features. The highest rank features are then selected to train a linear discriminant classifier (LDC) to determine the satisfaction level. Our experimental results show an accuracy of 79.2% in detecting the human satisfaction level.
Development of a Technical Services Department in IBM

To develop the highly complex products required of industry today, it is necessary to provide the research and engineering personnel developing these products with an array of highly specialized supporting services. Since these supporting skills are not required by any one engineering group 100 per cent of the time, economics dictates that these services be centralized. Thus, a Technical Services Department is born. The supporting skills provided by such an organization may vary, for example, from the analytical ability of highly-specialized Ph.D.s, to the manipulative ability of highly trained tool and die makers. IBM has a particular need for such specialized services because of the number of engineering groups which it has working simultaneously on different projects. In this article, it is not possible to cover the develomment of Technical Services in all the IBM Laboratories. Therefore, the discussion is limited to the IBM General Products Division Development Laboratory at Endicott, N. Y. This is appropriate, as Endicott is typical of other IBM Commercial Laboratories.
Correlating Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in a Stirred-Tank Reactor

A correlation is developed for the volumetric gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient (kLa) in stirred-tank reactors (STRs) using results from the literature. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient is correlated on the basis of the relative dispersion parameter (N/NCD) for similar impeller hydrodynamics and operating regimes. Using a bench-top STR of diameter T= 0.211 m, gas–liquid mass transfer data are also obtained and found to follow the proposed correlation when the appropriate hydrodynamic conditions are satisfied. A STR scale-up technique from bench-scale (T= 0.211m and D/T= 0.35) to industrial-scale (up to T= 2.7 m) is proposed using a normalized hydrodynamic flow regime map and shown to be useful in understanding the range of operational conditions for the successful scale-up of STRs.
Fusospirochetal superinfection of pre-existing oral lesion in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Three patients with AIDS presented with nonbleeding, painful, fetid, oral ulcers overlaid with a grayish-black semiadherent membrane at the sites of a pre-existing lesion. These lesions persisted despite treatment directed toward the primary etiology (cytomegalovirus, Kaposi's sarcoma). Gram- and Giemsa-stained smears of teased membrane fragments revealed an impressive bacterial flora with fusiforms and Borrelia-type spirochetes. Prompt treatment with penicillin brought amelioration of symptoms and sloughing of the overlaying membrane.
Influence of Voice Similarity on Talker Discrimination in Children With Normal Hearing and Children With Cochlear Implants

The perception of voice similarity was examined in 5-year-old children with normal hearing sensitivity and in pediatric cochlear implant users, 5–12 years of age. Recorded sentences were manipulate...
Imaginary Pilgrimages: Felicia Hemans, Dead Poets, and Romantic Historiography

If William Godwin shows us literary tourism’s political functions—making the nation old and admirable, fortifying it with the fiction of the dead—Felicia Hemans highlights tourism’s role in aiding readers’ personal incorporation of literary heritage. In Hemans’s poetry, literary history emerges as a series of intimate interpersonal relationships, felt in the blood and along the heart, carried on in texts and in special spaces. Hemans shows us poems conversing with one another in defiance of time, but she also shows us personal, bodily encounters at the sites of memory. What more vivid figure could be envisioned for a conversation between a living poet and a dead precursor than a confrontation at the dead poet’s grave? Hemans offers readers this graveside picture repeatedly. Her own literary pilgrimages inspired her writing, and no doubt her writing inspired the pilgrimages of others. Yet sometimes her pilgrimage was purely notional and visionary. She writes of places she has never visited. Often she imagines, in print, traveling to the graveside of an admired precursor, and thus she calls attention to the interplay between actual tourism and mental travel, revealing both as forms of revisionary reading and literary history. To demonstrate, this chapter unfolds three characteristic lyrics by Hemans, discussing their place in literary historiography as well as some of cautionary messages they may offer for critics; but I need to begin at some distance from the poems, outlining contexts in which they should be framed.
Ionic conduction of Ba3Y4O9

Abstract The compound Ba3Y4O9 is stable in dry air. However, in moist air it decomposes below 1200°C into Y2O3+BaCO3. The fast ionic conduction observed in the range 370°C
A Möbius-Invariant Power Diagram and Its Applications to Soap Bubbles and Planar Lombardi Drawing

We use three-dimensional hyperbolic geometry to define a form of power diagram for systems of circles in the plane that is invariant under Mobius transformations. By applying this construction to circle packings derived from the Koebe---Andreev---Thurston circle packing theorem, we show that every planar graph of maximum degree three has a planar Lombardi drawing (a drawing in which the edges are drawn as circular arcs, meeting at equal angles at each vertex). We use circle packing to construct planar Lombardi drawings of a special class of 4-regular planar graphs, the medial graphs of polyhedral graphs, and we show that not every 4-regular planar graph has a planar Lombardi drawing. We also use these power diagrams to characterize the graphs formed by two-dimensional soap bubble clusters (in equilibrium configurations) as being exactly the 3-regular bridgeless planar multigraphs, and we show that soap bubble clusters in stable equilibria must in addition be 3-connected.
Supercritical extraction of taxol from the bark of Taxus brevifolia

Abstract Taxol has been found to be an effective drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer. However, the only current source of this compound is from trees of the Taxus genus and methods need to be developed for its separation from the natural plant source. The extraction of taxol from the ground bark of Taxus brevifolia using supercritical carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide + ethanol mixtures was studied in this work. The extractions were preformed at 318 K and at pressures ranging from 18.07 to 25.79 MPa. It was demonstrated that supercritical carbon dioxide is able to extract taxol from the ground bark, especially at the higher pressures and with the addition of ethanol. The supercritical extractions of taxol were also found to be more selective than a conventional liquid ethanol extraction. Furthermore, a significant portion of the taxol present in the bark could be removed in the supercritical process.
A Note on the Symplectic Integration of the Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation

Numerically solving the nonlinear schroedinger equation and being able to treat arbitrary space dependent potentials permits many application in the realm of quantum mechanics. The long-term stability of a numerical method and its conservation properties is an important feature since it assures that the underlying physics of the solution are respected and it ensures that the numerical result is correct also for small time spans. In this paper we describe symplectic integrators for the nonlinear schroedinger equation with arbitrary potentials and perform numerical experiments comparing different approaches and highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Experimental evaluation of the water ingression mechanism for corium cooling

Abstract Experiments were performed to assess the significance of water ingression cooling in the quenching of molten corium. Water ingression is a mechanism by which water penetrates into cracks and pores of solidified corium to enhance cooling that would otherwise be severely limited by the low thermal conductivity of the material. Quench tests were conducted with 2100 °C melts weighing ∼75 kg composed of UO2, ZrO2 and chemical constituents of concrete. The amount of concrete in the melts was varied between 4% and 23%. The melts were quenched with an overlying water layer; three tests were conducted at a system pressure of 1 bar and four tests at 4 bar. The measured cooling rates were found to decrease with increasing concrete content and, contrary to expectations, are essentially independent of system pressure. For the lower concrete content melts, cooling rates exceeded the conduction-limited rate with the difference being attributed to the water ingression mechanism. Measurements of the permeability of the corium “ingots” produced by the quench tests were used to obtain a second, independent set of dryout heat flux data, which exhibits the same trend as the quench test data. The data was used to validate an existing dryout heat flux model based on corium permeability associated with thermally induced cracking. The model uses the thermal and mechanical properties of the corium and coolant, and it reproduces the very particular data trend found for the dryout heat flux as a function of concrete content. The model predicts that water ingression cooling would be most effective for concrete-free corium mixtures such as in-vessel type melts. For such a melt the model predicts a dryout heat flux of ∼400 kW/m2 at a pressure of 1 bar. The results of this study provide an experimental basis for a water ingression model that can be incorporated into computer codes used to assess accident management strategies.
Asymptotically Simple Does Not Imply Asymptotically Minkowskian.

An example is given of a space-time which satisfies the conditions for an asymptotic region which is not '' as large'' as that of Minkowski space-time.