cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal dominance rank and lifetime survivorship of male and female rhesus monkeys

The longitudinal survivorship of a group of free-ranging male and female rhesus monkeys from La Parguera, Puerto Rico, was analyzed. Males had lower age-specific survivorship than females. There were no differences in the survivorship of daughters of high- and low-ranking mothers and there was no correlation between total number of offspring born and maternal rank for females. However, the sons of low-ranking mothers had lower survivorship than the sons of high-ranking females. This sex-related difference in survivorship, in conjunction with other evidence, indicates that the average lifetime reproduction of sons of low-ranking females is lower than that of daughters and vice versa for offspring of high-ranking females.
A Clean Slate: Designing a Mechanical Systems Concentration Within a New Engineering Program

In July of 2003, a feasibility assessment and preliminary planning process began for creation of a new engineering program at Arizona State University’s Polytechnic campus. The process began with a blank slate and gave the founding faculty team, composed of civil, electrical, industrial and mechanical engineers, unprecedented freedom and flexibility in the design. The team adapted an engineering design process to develop the program’s curricular structure and content. A novel, flexible curriculum addressing the needs of engineering graduates in the modern, global workplace resulted. In this paper, we describe briefly the design process, the resulting curriculum structure, and, in more depth, the program’s mechanical systems concentration.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
HST/ACS Hα imaging of the Carina Nebula: outflow activity traced by irradiated Herbig–Haro Jets★

We report the discovery of new Herbig-Haro (HH) jets in the Carina Nebula, and we discuss the protostellar outflow activity of a young OB association. These are the first results of an Hα imaging survey of Carina conducted with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Advanced Camera for Surveys. Adding to the one previously known example (HH 666), we detect 21 new HH jets, plus 17 new candidate jets, ranging in length from 0.005 to 3 pc. Using the Hα emission measure to estimate jet densities, we derive jet mass-loss rates ranging from 8 x 10- 9 to ~10 -6 M ⊙ yr -1 , but a comparison to the distribution of jet mass-loss rates in Orion suggests that we may be missing a large fraction of the jets below 10- 8 M ⊙ yr -1 . A key qualitative result is that even some of the smallest dark globules with sizes of ≲1 arcsec (0.01 pc) are active sites of ongoing star formation because we see HH jets emerging from them, and that these offer potential analogues to the cradle of our Solar system because of their proximity to dozens of imminent supernovae that will enrich them with radioactive nuclides like 60 Fe. Although most proplyd candidates identified from ground-based data are dark cometary globules, HST images now reveal proplyd structures in the core of the Tr 14 cluster, only 0.1-0.2 pc from several extreme O-type stars. Throughout Carina, some HH jets have axes bent away from nearby massive stars, while others show no bend, and still others are bent toward the massive stars. These jet morphologies serve as 'wind socks'; strong photoevaporative flows can shape the jets, competing with the direct winds and radiation from massive stars. We find no clear tendency for jets to be aligned perpendicular to the axes of dust pillars. Finally, even allowing for a large number of jets that may escape detection, we find that HH jets are negligible to the global turbulence of the surrounding region, which is driven by massive star feedback.
Extraterrestrial optical microscopy.

An examination of the literature concerned with the use of microscopy for planetary investigation reveals a serious deficiency of current efforts. Many scientists have recommended the use of a microscope for planetary investigation [Biology and the Exploration of Mars, C. S. Pittendrigh, W. Vishniac, and J. P. T. Pearman, Eds. (National Academy of Science-National Research Council, Washington, D. C., 1966), (a) D. Mazia, p. 31; (b) J. Lederberg, p. 137; (c) S. Fox, pp. 219, 226; (d) D. Glaser, p. 326; (e) D. Glaser, J. McCarthy, and M. Minsky, pp. 333, 341; (f) D. G. Rea, pp. 347-426; (g) P. G. Conger, pp. 409-414; (h) M. H. Fernandez, pp. 414-425; (i) D. Schwartz, pp.425-426 . H. P. Klein, Some Biological Problems in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life (American Astronautical Society, Washington, D. C., 1968).] but few are involved in developing the experiment. Since this is a particularly timely period for the preparation of planetary lander experiments, the reasons for this lack of effort would appear to be limited resources or an unclear course of action, rather than lack of interest. Microscopy used for planetary investigation is chiefly the interest of the biologist and the mineralogist. In both cases the desire to use magnifying optics in order to observe objects of submillimeter size is based upon the rich body of knowledge we have acquired from observing the terrestrial microcosm. In addition to purely imaging, certain special optical techniques, e.g., polarimetry, colorimetry, phase contrast, etc., can be used to enhance the interpretation of microscopic imaging data. This interaction of the optical with the chemical or structural aspects of nature can be used to great advantage in the exploration of extraterrestrial biology and mineralogy.
W3MAMCAT: A world wide web based tool for mammillary and catenary compartmental modeling and expert system distinguishability

W^3MAMCAT is a new web-based and interactive system for building and quantifying the parameters or parameter ranges of n-compartment mammillary and catenary model structures, with input and output in the first compartment, from unstructured multiexponential (sum-of-n-exponentials) models. It handles unidentifiable as well as identifiable models and, as such, provides finite parameter interval solutions for unidentifiable models, whereas direct parameter search programs typically do not. It also tutorially develops the theory of model distinguishability for same order mammillary versus catenary models, as did its desktop application predecessor MAMCAT+. This includes expert system analysis for distinguishing mammillary from catenary structures, given input and output in similarly numbered compartments. W^3MAMCAT provides for universal deployment via the internet and enhanced application error checking. It uses supported Microsoft technologies to form an extensible application framework for maintaining a stable and easily updatable application. Most important, anybody, anywhere, is welcome to access it using Internet Explorer 6.0 over the internet for their teaching or research needs. It is available on the Biocybernetics Laboratory website at UCLA: www.biocyb.cs.ucla.edu.
Mechanisms of salt and water transport in proximal tubule as measured by split drop

A mathematical analysis of split drop experiments indicates that the isosmotic flow assumption is naturally embedded in the system equations. The analysis is applied to the experimental data reported by Maude (1970), who used a polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000) and sodium chloride perfusate in rat proximal tubule. In addition to a value of the permeability coefficient of the slowly permeating species (PEG 1000) which is in accord with Maude's findings, upper limits for the values of sodium and water permeability coefficients are calculated. In particular, it was found that the sodium permeability coefficient is, at most, three times larger than that of PEG 1000. A good fit to the data is provided by a passive transport model.
Intuitive knowledge of linguistic co-reference.

Abstract The research reported here is a systematic investigation of what competent, native speakers of English, naive to contemporary syntactic theory, judge to be grammatically acceptable patterns of co-reference involving names and pronouns. Its central goal is the specification of syntactic factors that influence co-reference within and between sentences. The results show that naive subjects have consistent intuitions of grammaticality that agree with some principles of contemporary binding theory. The results also show that naive subjects diverge substantially from syntactic theorists in other judgments of grammaticality. In particular, subjects have strong intuitions that reflexives and pronouns are in complementary distribution, a fact that supports contemporary syntactic theory. Beyond that domain, subjects' judgments of co-reference in name-pronoun, name-name, and pronoun-name sequences are systematically influenced by syntactic structure in ways that are not consistent with syntactic theory. Co-reference in name-pronoun sequences is generally quite acceptable but becomes more acceptable as the syntactic prominence of the name increases. Co-reference in name-name sequences is only moderately acceptable and becomes less acceptable as the syntactic prominence of the first name increases. Co-reference in pronoun-name sequences is generally unacceptable and is only weakly influenced by the kinds of syntactic prominence that affect other relations of co-reference. We account for these results through the elaboration of a model of the process by which syntactic representations are mapped onto a representation of discourse capable of expressing generalizations about co-reference both intra-sententially and inter-sententially. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Effect of proximal axotomy on GAP-43 expression in cortical neurons in the mouse

Abstract As an approach to understanding why central neurons fail to regenerate, we have studied the response to proximal axotomy of transcallosal neurons of the cerebral cortex of the mouse. Anatomical studies have indicated only very slight regenerative responses by this population of cortical neurons. To further examine the regenerative response of these cells, we have looked by in situ hybridization at the expression of GAP-43 mRNA following axotomy caused by a stab wound delivered within about 200 μm to 1.25 mm of the cell body. Axotomized transcallosal neurons were compared with near-by unaxotomized transcallosal neurons, as well as with distant unaxotomized cortical neurons in the contralateral hemisphere. All three populations of neurons had been pre-labeled with Fluoro-Gold to allow identification. No up-regulation of GAP-43 mRNA above background levels was detected for axotomized cortical neurons at 1, 3 or 7 days after injury. In contrast, increases in mean silver grain density of up to 8-fold were measured in axotomized spinal cord motor neurons used as positive controls. Thus, as a population, the transcallosal cortical pyramidal neurons did not show a significant regenerative response, as monitored by GAP-43 upregulation, even with very close axotomy. These results identify this population of neurons as among the least regenerative studied, and suggest that, on a molecular level, inherent neuronal properties play a role in the limited regenerative response to brain injury.
Does body mass index affect infection-related outcomes in the intensive care unit?

Background: Obesity is a worldwide healthcare concern, but its impact on critical care (intensive care unit; ICU) outcomes is not well understood. The general hypothesis is that obesity worsens ICU...
On the rate of messenger decay during amino acid starvation

Abstract In arginine auxotropic strains of Escherichia coli the rate of decay of functional ornithine transcarbamylase messenger is the same in the presence and absence of arginine. The relevance of this observation to the rate of ribosome travel in the presence and absence of arginine is discussed. Data showing the absence of translational repression by arginine are presented.
Direct-write metallization of Silicon MOSFET's using laser photodeposition

Gate electrodes of enhancement-mode silicon MOSFET's have been written directly using a new, mask-free laser photodeposition technique. Transistor transconductances and threshold voltages were systematically tuned by varying the gate geometry with the laser beam. The new metallization process is potentially useful for tuning and optimizing the characteristics of individual devices in integrated circuits.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Fumonisin B1 from Grain Dust

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was extracted from corn, corn dust, and Fusarium moniliforme culture samples using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ). The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions were optimized regarding the use of different SC-CO 2 modifiers, modifier volume, pressure, temperature, and static extraction time. The addition of the modifier both in the extraction cell (prior to the static extraction step) and on-line with liquid carbon dioxide (during the dynamic SFE step) was found to significantly increase the recovery of FB1. Under the optimized SFE conditions (15 mL of liquid CO 2 , 750 μL of 5% acetic acid per gram of sample, 1200 psi, 20 min static extraction time), the recovery of FB1 was found to be approximately 40 times greater than the recovery using conventional solvent extraction. SFE was faster and more reproducible (RSD = 3-5%) compared to the solvent extraction (RSD = 6.5%). The calculated detection limit was approximately 150 ppb, on the basis of the HPLC analysis of FB 1 -fluorescamine derivatives with UV detection.
Bilingual children with primary language impairment: issues, evidence and implications for clinical actions.

Abstract A clear understanding of how to best provide clinical serves to bilingual children with suspected or confirmed primary language impairment (PLI) is predicated on understanding typical development in dual-language learners as well as the PLI profile. This article reviews general characteristics of children learning two languages, including three that challenge the diagnosis and treatment of PLI; uneven distribution of abilities in the child's two languages, cross-linguistic associations within bilingual learners, and individual variation in response to similar social circumstances. The diagnostic category of PLI (also referred to in the literature as specific language impairment or SLI) is described with attention to how language impairment, in the face of otherwise typical development, manifests in children learning two languages. Empirical evidence related to differential diagnosis of PLI in bilingual children is then reviewed and issues related to the generalization of treatment gains in dual-language learners with PLI are introduced. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity, the careful reader will be able to (1) describe general characteristics of typically developing dual-language learners, (2) explain how primary language impairment (PLI) manifests in bilingual children, and (3) identify key clinical issues and approaches to assessment and treatment on bilingual PLI.
Integrated concentrations of growth hormone correlated with plasma testosterone and bone age in preadolescent and adolescent males.

ABSTRACT The integrated concentration of growth hormone (ICGH) was studied in 17 normal preadolescent and adolescent boys and 16 normal adult males. The ICGH was determined over a 16–24 hour period under normal ambulatory conditions without the use of exogenous stimuli. The mean ± SD ICGH of 5.6 ± 3.6 ng/ml for the boys is significantly higher than the mean of 1.8 ± 1.0 for adult males. There is not an increase in ICGH associated with increase in bone age, progression of puberty, or increase in plasma testosterone. ICGH is markedly elevated in some boys prior to onset of puberty or elevation of plasma testosterone. This is in contrast to earlier reports that both exogenous and endogenous androgens may stimulate the growth hormone response to arginine and/or insulininduced hypoglycemia.
Safe Seats, Seniority, and Power in Congress.

The president's difficulties in inducing Congress to pass his legislative program are usually ascribed to the different constituencies of the two institutions. This difference would make for disharmony under any circumstances, but it is said to be particularly important because the seniority system bestows the most power on congressmen whose constituencies are most unlike the president's. His policy commitments are responses to the needs of a heterogeneous, industrialized, urban society. The occupants of the most influential congressional positions come from districts that re-elect them regardless of national political trends. The representative from such a district “views with alarm the great issues that sweep the nation and threaten to disrupt the familiar and comfortable politics of his district,” which is usually characterized as a rural backwater. Both political parties are described this way. Because the Democrats have controlled Congress for all but four of the past 36 years, most illustrations of this thesis are drawn from conflicts between Democratic presidents and Democratic congresses. More specifically, the focus of attention is usually on the refusal of southern Democratic congressional leaders to support presidential legislative requests.
Studies on shell regeneration. I. Matrix and mineral composition of the normal and regenerated shell of Pomacea paludosa.

Abstract 1. 1. The normal shell of Pomacea paludosa was all aragonite whereas regenerated shell was found to be calcite and aragonite. The calcite content was high (55–60%) in earlier stages of regeneration but was present only in traces after 15 days. 2. 2. In normal shell, the periostracum had a higher glycine and lower acidic amino acid content as compared with the matrix of the calcified layer. 3. 3. The regenerated shell had no periostracum-type protein, a very low glycine and a high acidic amino acid content. The ratio of acidic to basic amino acid residues decreased progressively with the increase of time of regeneration.
Failure modes of the lineaments on Jupiter's moon, Europa: Implications for the evolution of its icy crust

Lineaments referred to as ridges, troughs, bands, and faults on the icy surface of Jupiter's moon, Europa, have long been interpreted as extensional structures due to brittle fracturing of ice and intrusion of mobile materials from the interior of the satellite. Based on detailed mapping and possibly analogous structures present on Earth, we propose that the kinematics and failure mechanisms of these structures are variable and more complex than previously thought. A dense network of structures of multiple generations, forming the background on the surface of the planet, is here interpreted as localized zones of volumetric strain, likely compaction and/or dilation bands. The next class of linear failure structures is shear bands with significant offset of pre-existing markers. A few additional phases of less pervasive but more prominent volumetric deformation bands overprint the shear zones and background network. The mode of younger features can be characterized as sharp, dilational, brittle fracturing and subsequent shearing, thereby producing comminution and fragmentation in various sizes, leading to a series of younger faults with detectable lateral, as well as vertical, offset. This rich variability in the nature of the distribution, localization, kinematics, and formation mechanisms, if true, suggests that the conditions prevailing within the crust of Europa must have changed dramatically over time. The implication of this conclusion is that structures interpreted to be compaction/dilation bands and shear bands on Europa are composed of deformed materials similar to the surrounding ice, whereas only the younger faults, developed by brittle fracturing and fragmentation, may be conduits for mobile substrate to reach the surface and thus offer the highest potential for recovering evidence for life in the satellite.
Differences among 'serotonergic' anorectics in a cross-tolerance paradigm: do they all act on serotonin systems?

Abstract Rats on a 4 h/day feeding schedule showed anorexia after i.p. injections of several ‘serotonergic’ agents. Tolerance developed within a few days of daily administration of all drugs except fluoxetine. The tolerant animals were then given a cross-tolerance test with a different agent, either the next day or after a drug free washout period. Rats which were tolerant to quipazine or MK 212 showed no cross-tolerance to fenfluramine or norfenfluramine. In contrast, rats which were tolerant to fenfluramine showed good cross-tolerance to quipazine or MK 212. However, after a washout period between the end of the chronic fenfluramine regimen and the cross-tolerance test, quipazine regained its full anorectic potency. The development of tolerance to fenfluramine was dependent upon the number of injections, not on their spacing. Fenfluramine-tolerant animals showed a partial decay of tolerance after a 3 day washout, but still retained some tolerance after 12 days. These findings imply that the mechanisms underlying the development of tolerance may differ from those which mediate its maintenance. Our data further suggest that not all of the agents act on the same neural system(s), and raise the possibility that non-serotonergic and/or non-cerebral systems may be involved in the mode of action of these agents.
Multivariate statistics applications in phase analysis of STEM-EDS spectrum images.

Abstract Spectrum imaging (SI) methods are displacing traditional spot analyses as the predominant paradigm for spectroscopic analysis with electron beam instrumentation. The multivariate nature of SI provides clear advantages for qualitative analysis of multiphase specimens relative to traditional gray-scale images acquired with non-spectroscopic signals, where different phases with similar average atomic number may exhibit the same intensity. However, with the improvement in qualitative analysis with the SI paradigm has come a decline in the quantitative analysis of the phases thus identified, since the spectra from individual pixels typically have insufficient counting statistics for proper quantification. The present paper outlines a methodology for quantitative analysis within the spectral imaging paradigm, which is illustrated through X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of a multiphase (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O 3 ceramic in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Statistical analysis of STEM-EDS SI is shown to identify the number of distinct phases in the analyzed specimen and to provide better segmentation than the STEM high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) signal. Representative spectra for the identified phases are extracted from the segmented images with and without exclusion of pixels that exhibit spectral contributions from multiple phases, and subsequently quantified using Cliff–Lorimer sensitivity factors. The phase compositions extracted with the method while excluding pixels from multiple phases are found to be in good agreement with those extracted from user-selected regions of interest, while providing improved confidence intervals. Without exclusion of multiphase pixels, the extracted composition is found to be in poor statistical agreement with the other results because of systematic errors arising from the cross-phase spectral contamination. The proposed method allows quantification to be performed in the presence of discontinuous phase distributions and overlapping phases, challenges that are typical of many nanoscale analyses performed by STEM-EDS.
Measured performance of matched dielectric lenses

Two microwave lenses whose surfaces have been matched respectively by embedded capacitive walls and by simulated quarter-wave transformers were built and compared experimentally to an unmatched lens of identical aperture and focal length. At the design frequency, the matched lenses exhibited reductions in side-lobe level of 14 and 10 db with respect to the unmatched lens, and increases in over-all gain of 0.35 and 0.1 db. The input vswr of the feed horn was reduced from 1.6 for the unmatched case to 1.02 and 1.05 for the matched cases. The bandwidth of good performance for the two lenses ranged from lo per cent to at least 44 per cent
Molecular imaging of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and casein kinase-1α kinases

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase-1α (CK1α) are multifunctional kinases that play critical roles in the regulation of a number of cellular processes. In spite of their importance, molecular imaging tools for noninvasive and real-time monitoring of their kinase activities have not been devised. Here we report development of the bioluminescent GSK3β and CK1α reporter (BGCR) based on firefly luciferase complementation. Treatment of SW620 cells stably expressing the reporter with inhibitors of GSK3β (SB415286 and LiCl) or CK1α (CKI-7) resulted in dose- and time-dependent increases in BGCR activity that were validated using Western blotting. No increase in bioluminescence was observed in the case of S37A mutant (GSK3β inhibitors) or S45A mutant (CKI-7), demonstrating the specificity of the reporter. Imaging of mice tumor xenograft generated with BGCR-expressing SW620 cells following treatment with LiCl showed unique oscillations in GSK3β activity that were corroborated by phosphorylated GSK3β immunoblotting. Taken together, the BGCR is a novel molecular imaging tool that reveals unique insight into GSK3β and CK1α kinase activities and may provide a powerful tool in experimental therapeutics for rapid optimization of dose and schedule of targeted therapies and for monitoring therapeutic response.
Do More Cardiac Rehabilitation Visits Reduce Events Compared With Fewer Visits

A major goal after a cardiovascular event, whether a myocardial infarction, exacerbation of heart failure, or revascularization procedure, is return to the community and resumption of normal health and functioning. This process has a number of components. They include making sure that there is adequate social support, that patients understand what medications to take, that patients understand what activities to begin and when, that appropriate disease management programs have been engaged, and that patients have appointments or a least a well-explained path to reestablishing care with their family doctor, internist, or cardiologist. Another component is helping patients who have become debilitated to various degrees because of their illnesses regain sufficient strength and well-being to function as well as possible. Cardiovascular rehabilitation is a critical part of this process. Article see p 63 The ability to function well in society is a difficult goal that is hard to measure. Thus, evaluating outcomes of cardiovascular rehabilitation can be challenging. Mortality is often used as a metric for outcome because it is easy to measure, but it might well be argued that, for rehabilitation, reducing mortality and future events does not address what rehabilitation is principally for and that a decrease in events adds to the overall benefit. It is in this complicated environment concerning rehabilitation that we must consider the article by Hammill et al.1 They considered the relationship between the number of rehabilitations sessions and subsequent events in a …
Stereospecific liquid chromatographic analysis of racemic adrenergic drugs utilizing precolumn derivatization with (—)-menthyl chloroformate

In this paper, application of (-)-menthyl chloroformate to HPLC analysis of enantiomers of certain β-adrenoceptor agents is reported: 1-isopropylamino-3-phenoxypropan-2-ol hydrochloride (IPP), atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, toliprolol, sotalol, metaproterenol
Transitory expression of Thy-1 antigen in skeletal muscle development

A CELL surface differentiation antigen known as Thy-1 (formerly called theta1) is expressed during development of brain and thymocytes in both rat and mouse (see ref. 2 for review). Thy-1 is present in brain and on thymocytes throughout adult life, as well as on a subpopulation of peripheral lymphocytes. Both rat and mouse fibroblasts, and some fibroblastic cell lines, express Thy-1 in vitro3 and mouse Thy-1 has been reported on epidermal cells (see ref. 2 for review) and a mammary tumour4. The Thy-1 antigen has been reported lacking in other adult tissues, including muscle1. We present here evidence for an antigen with the serological specificity of Thy-1 on rat myogenic cell lines and embryonic rat muscle differentiating in vitro. The presence of the antigen was transitory, being expressed on myoblasts and newly developed myotubes, but disappearing as myotubes differentiated.
Pre-reforming of propane for low-temperature SOFCs

Abstract Lowering the operation temperature and effectively utilizing practical fuels are two critical issues facing the development of economically competitive solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems. Although steam reforming or partial oxidation is effective in avoiding carbon deposition of hydrocarbon fuels, it increases the operating cost and reduces the energy efficiency. In this communication, we report our preliminary findings in developing catalyst (1 wt.% Pt dispersed on porous Gd-doped ceria) for pre-reforming of propane with relatively low steam to carbon (S/C) ratio (∼0.5), coupled with direct utilization of the reformate in low-temperature SOFCs. Propane was converted to smaller molecules during pre-reforming, including H 2 , CH 4 , CO and CO 2 . A peak power density of 247 mW/cm 2 was observed when pre-reformed propane was directly fed to an SOFC operated at 600 °C. No carbon deposition was observed in the fuel cell for a continuous operation of 10 h at 600 °C. These results imply that pre-reforming could greatly enhance the performance of low-temperature SOFCs that run on higher hydrocarbon fuels.
Macneill's Sootywing (Hesperopsis gracielae) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) Behaviors Observed Along Transects

Three transects were monitored to determine frequencies of behaviors of Hesperopsis gracielae (MacNeill) (MacNeill's sootywing) at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge from spring through fall 2006. Based on 1,620 observations, sootywings were observed most frequently flying in Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats. shrubs (largely mate searching by males), followed by dispersing, chasing or being chased, landing on flowers, basking (with wings open), perching (with wings closed), and ovipositing. Most sootywing behaviors correlated slightly better with sun position than with temperature, while landing on flowers and perching with wings closed correlated best with sun height. Sootywings were observed flying closer to the ground in A. lentiformis shrubs as the day progressed. They were observed feeding on the nectar of inflorescences of six plant species in six families, which changed through the season.
Social, ethical and legal barriers to E-health

Abstract Background and purpose Information technology such as electronic medical records (EMRs), electronic prescribing and decision support systems are recognized as essential tools in Europe, the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. But significant barriers impede wide-scale adoption of these tools, especially EMR systems. Objectives The objectives of this study were to investigate the present status of information technology in health care, the perceived benefits and barriers by primary care physicians. Methods Literature analysis and survey data from primary care physicians on adoption of information technology are reviewed. Results The U.S. trails European countries as well as Canada, Australia and New Zealand in the use of information technology in primary care. The results of the study indicate that physicians in general perceive benefits to information technology, but also cite major barriers to its implementation in their practices. These barriers include lack of access to capital by health care providers, complex systems and lack of data standards that permit exchange of clinical data, privacy concerns and legal barriers. Conclusions Overcoming these barriers will require subsidies and performance incentives by payers and government; certification and standardization of vendor applications that permit clinical data exchange; removal of legal barriers; and greater security of medical data to convince practitioners and patients of the value of EMRs.
Solution NMR structure of the C-terminal EF-hand domain of human cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5

The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.5 is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential in cardiac tissue. Levels of intracellular calcium modulate inactivation gating of NaV1.5, in part through a C-terminal EF-hand calcium binding domain. The significance of this structure is underscored by the fact that mutations within this domain are associated with specific cardiac arrhythmia syndromes. In an effort to elucidate the molecular basis for calcium regulation of channel function, we have determined the solution structure of the C-terminal EF-hand domain using multidimensional heteronuclear NMR. The structure confirms the existence of the four-helix bundle common to EF-hand domain proteins. However, the location of this domain is shifted with respect to that predicted on the basis of a consensus 12-residue EF-hand calcium binding loop in the sequence. This finding is consistent with the weak calcium affinity reported for the isolated EF-hand domain; high affinity binding is observed only in a construct with an additional 60 residues C-terminal to the EF-hand domain, including the IQ motif that is central to the calcium regulatory apparatus. The binding of an IQ motif peptide to the EF-hand domain was characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The peptide binds between helices I and IV in the EF-hand domain, similar to the binding of target peptides to other EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. These results suggest a molecular basis for the coupling of the intrinsic (EF-hand domain) and extrinsic (calmodulin) components of the calcium-sensing apparatus of NaV1.5.
Effect of diffusion on the steady-state magnetization with pulsed field gradients

Abstract Steady-state free precession with pulsed field gradients in the presence of spin diffusion is investigated. The exact effect of diffusion on SSFP magnetization and its dependence on the pulsed field gradient amplitudes and timing, the relaxation and repetition times, and the flip angle are established theoretically. A relatively simple form is given for the average transverse magnetization when we assume that the precession angles within each voxel range from 0 to 2π uniformly, which is likely to be true in most imaging situations. Some illustrative numerical results are presented to show the different effects of diffusion in two common types of steady-state fast imaging pulse sequences: those which use the coherent transverse magnetization after the RF pulse as the signal for imaging and those which use the coherent magnetization just before the RF pulse for imaging. The magnitude of the effects calculated with this theoretical expression is compared with two approximate solutions proposed by other investigators.
Learning to transform natural to formal languages

This paper presents a method for inducing transformation rules that map natural-language sentences into a formal query or command language. The approach assumes a formal grammar for the target representation language and learns transformation rules that exploit the non-terminal symbols in this grammar. The learned transformation rules incrementally map a natural-language sentence or its syntactic parse tree into a parse-tree for the target formal language. Experimental results are presented for two corpora. one which maps English instructions into an existing formal coaching language for simulated RoboCup soccer agents, and another which maps English U.S.-geography questions into a database query language. We show that our method performs overall better and faster than previous approaches in both domains.
An Insurgent Path to Democracy Popular Mobilization, Economic Interests, and Regime Transition in South Africa and El Salvador

In El Salvador and South Africa, mobilization by the economically and socially marginalized impelled the transition to democracy, forcing the initial liberalization of the regime and eventually laying the political and economic foundations for democratizing compromise. These cases thus provide an opportunity to analyze one mechanism by which mobilization “from below” impels some regime transitions. In this insurgent path to democracy, sustained mobilization by poor and working-class people transformed key interests of economic elites, leading to pressure on the state to compromise with the insurgents, thereby strengthening regime moderates over hard-liners with the result that negotiated transitions to democracy followed. The dramatis personae of these transitions were not contending elite factions, as in most Latin American and southern European transitions, but representatives of distinct classes whose conflict of economic interest propelled the conflict and whose economic interdependence contributed to...
Geography and Foreign Policy, II

“La politique de toutes les puissances est dans leur geographie,” conceded the man whose famous retort, “Circonstances? Moi, je fais les circonstances,” indicates his contempt for any agency but the human will as the arbiter of human destiny. But since the Red Sea parted for Moses and the sun obligingly paused for Joshua, the human will has been unable to recapture the control over topography and climate exhibited by those forceful gentlemen, and it is probably safe to say that it was by Russian geography rather than by men that the diminutive Corsican was finally defeated. If he is still living, there is at Waterloo even today a loyal guide who asserts with unshakable conviction that neither genius nor skill but a swampy ditch gave that victory to Wellington.Unfortunately for the political scientist with a fondness for simplification, but fortunately for the statesman striving to overcome the geographic handicaps of his country, neither does the entire foreign policy of a country lie in geography, nor does any part of that policy lie entirely in geography. The factors that condition the policy of states are many; they are permanent and temporary, obvious and hidden; they include, apart from the geographic factor, population density, the economic structure of the country, the ethnic composition of the people, the form of government, and the complexes and pet prejudices of foreign ministers; and it is their simultaneous action and interaction that create the complex phenomenon known as “foreign policy.”
Intermediate Filaments in Motion: Observations of Intermediate Filaments in Cells Using Green Fluorescent Protein-Vimentin

In the movies presented in this essay we have demonstrated that IFs are dynamic in nature. Movements of IFs include both extension and retraction and are dependent on the presence of intact MTs. Furthermore, we have characterized a possible intermediate of IF turnover, IF fragments. These fragments are also dynamic and can be visualized moving at the leading edge of cells migrating into a wound edge. Interestingly, the movement of these fragments is also dependent on intact MTs, suggesting that MTs may play a role in turnover of IFs.
Simulation of Transistor Switching Circuits on the IBM 704

When the configuration of a circuit and the equivalent representations of the transistors are known, a computer program can be written to yield the performance of the circuit and the mean values of the circuit parameters. Nonlinearity of the transistors is accounted for by piece-wise linearization of an equivalent circuit. Rules of interconnection have been devised to combine this procedure efficiently with the manipulation of the matrix equations that define the linear extemal circuitry. The general method can be extended to combinations of basic circuits.
P78–1 satellite status

The P78–1 satellite was launched on February 24, 1979, into a 580-km sun-synchronous polar orbit. This U.S. Air Force Space Test Program mission is currently operational and continues to collect important earth and solar-related data. Gamma ray spectrometers supplied by Lockheed (Palo Alto) measure sources with excellent spatial (≈100 km), spectral (3.5 keV FWHM at 511 keV), and temporal resolution (32 ms). Characteristics of energetic particle fluxes in the vicinity of the satellite are also monitored by Lockheed. Cosmic γ ray bursts have been observed with fine energy resolution. Mappings have been made of several bremsstrahlung X ray events resulting from electron precipitation, events which varied strongly with time (flux changes by 1–2 orders of magnitude in 5–10 s) and which extended coherently over distances of several hundred kilometers. Energy spectra of precipitating electrons have been observed with peaks as narrow as 20 keV, suggesting wave-particle interactions with waves of very narrow bandwidth (<1 kHz).
The Singapore Gold Circle: Perceptions of local customers of travel agencies

The Singapore Tourism Board has created an ambitious service quality programme, the Singapore Gold Circle (SGC), for the local tourism industry. To date, the Board has made the programme available to the retail, travel agent and tour operator, and spa sectors. This study looks at the SGC to determine, from a travel consumer perspective and with a focus on the travel agency sector, the value and effectiveness of the programme. In addition to the value of the findings to the local tourism community, if successful, such a programme may serve as a blueprint for other national tourism organisations or regional associations seeking to raise the quality of their product. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insectivorous activities of spiders in United States field crops

A survey of average spider numbers in U.S. field crops (considering a geographic range from the east to the west coast) gave an overall mean density of ≅ 1 plant-dwelling spider/m2(± 0.18 SEM). This value is more than 100 times lower than Turnbull's famous ‘overall mean value’ (= 130.8/m2) computed from 37 published censuses of spider numbers in a wide variety of environments from all over the world. Crop fields are disturbed systems whose spider numbers are drastically reduced by agricultural practices such as pesticide use, cultivation, harvest, etc. Small sized spider individuals (including large percentages of immatures) numerically dominate the faunas of U.S. field crops, and these feed primarily on tiny prey organisms ( 99% of total prey). In contrast, the ‘hunters’ (nonweb-building spiders) that actively search the plant surface for prey, exhibit a mixed strategy of araneophagic and insectivorous foraging patterns (insects constituting ≅ 90% of total prey). The aggressive ‘active searchers’ are highly polyphagous (compared to the small web-weavers), but can narrow their feeding niche significantly when a suitable prey species reaches high numbers relative to other prey groups. The numerically dominant spider predators in U.S. field crops feed heavily on small plant-sucking insects such as plant bugs (Miridae), fleahoppers (Miridae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), treehoppers (Membracidae), planthoppers (Delphacidae), and aphids (Aphididae), which is of interest from a biocontrol point of view. A typical agroecosystem spider (i.e., striped lynx spider) may capture an average of ≅ 1 prey per rainfree day in the field (by multiplying this value with the overall mean spider density of 1/m2, it follows that the average prey kill may be in the order of magnitude of ≅ 1 prey/m2/day). At prey densities of 100–300/m2 (as recorded in literature), spiders kill perhaps ≅ 0.3-1 % of the potential prey per day. Extensive field and laboratory observations, experiments, and computer models conducted by research groups in different parts of the U.S. indicate that the collective predation impact of spiders may contribute significantly to lower pest levels in some crop fields.
Hin recombinase mutants functionally disrupted in interactions with Fis.

A previous genetic screen was designed to separate Hin recombinase mutants into distinct classes based on the stage in the recombination reaction at which they are blocked (O. Nanassy, Zoltan, and K. T. Hughes, Genetics 149:1649–1663, 1998). One class of DNA binding-proficient, recombination-deficient mutants was predicted by genetic classification to be defective in the step prior to invertasome formation. Based on the genetic criteria, mutants from this class were also inferred to be defective in interactions with Fis. In order to understand how the genetic classification relates to individual biochemical steps in the recombination reaction these mutants, R123Q, T124I, and A126T, were purified and characterized for DNA cleavage and recombination activities. Both the T124I and A126T mutants were partially active, whereas the R123Q mutant was inactive. The A126T mutant was not as defective for recombination as the T124I allele and could be partially rescued for recombination both in vivo and in vitro by increasing the concentration of Fis protein. Rescue of the A126T allele required the Fis protein to be DNA binding proficient. A model for a postsynaptic role for Fis in the inversion reaction is presented.
The economic effect of storage in systems with high penetration of renewable sources

Power system operational and economic challenges are raised from increasing penetration of variable energy sources. Reliable operation of transmission and distribution systems with high penetration of renewable resources can be achieved using storage. In this paper, a flexible AC-OPF dispatch algorithm (F-OPF) is presented and two different types of storage devices are considered to address the problem: battery storage and pumped hydro storage. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are located in the transmission level and Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) batteries in the distribution level. Different percentage scenarios of storage devices and renewable sources are tested on the IEEE 24 bus system. Wind and solar sources and storage devices are considered in specific buses in the standard 24 bus system. The impact of different penetration levels of renewables and storage is examined and the total operational cost of the system is calculated by the F-OPF. A predetermined day-ahead schedule is used for all generation units and storage devices and kept constant for all different scenarios of penetration for comparison purposes.
CD45‐associated protein is a lymphocyte‐specific membrane protein expressed in two distinct forms

CD45-AP is a recently identified CD45-associated protein. The two proteins interact specifically through their respective transmembrane segments. Northern hybridization analysis of CD45+ T lymphocytes and their CD45- variants demonstrated that the production of CD45-AP and CD45 mRNA is regulated independently. On the other hand, Western blotting analysis indicated that the CD45-AP protein has a shorter half-life in the absence of CD45 in three out of four variants. Similar analysis of various types of leukocytes demonstrated that CD45-AP is expressed in T, B, and pre-B cells, but not in plasma cells or cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Two forms of CD45-AP mRNA exist in all types of CD45-AP-expressing lymphocytes analyzed. One form corresponds to the previously reported CD45-AP cDNA and the other form encodes an additional 12 amino acids at the N terminus. The two CD45-AP proteins are identical in their capacity for specific binding to CD45, but employ different mechanisms for endoplasmic reticulum membrane translocation.