cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of In Vitro Murine Embryo Development by Recombinant Leukemia Inhibitory Factor

Human recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor (rLIF) has been shown to stimulate hatching of murine and ovine embryos in vitro. The temporal and dose-dependent effects of murine rLIF (mrLIF) and human rLIF (hrLIF) on embryo development in two different mouse strains were investigated in this work. Two-cell embryos were recovered from the fallopian tubes of superovulatedlmated females and cultured in Krebs medium plus bovine serum albumin in microdroplets under oil. In the B6CBF1 strain, mrLIF significantly stimulated blastocyst formation and decreased embryo fragmentation/degeneration when added simultaneously at the initiation of culture or 24 hours thereafter. Human rLIF also had a positive effect on development. In the CD1 strain (lower fecundity), mrLIF dose-dependent effects were observed, with enhanced developmental stimulation achieved with higher doses. These findings confirm that hrLIF stimulates mouse embryo development in vitro and that different mouse strains show distinct responses to the cytokine. In addition, mrLIF enhances blastocyst formation and decreases embryo fragmentation when added to the embryo culture as early as the two-cell stage.
Predicting effects of ocean warming, acidification, and water quality on Chesapeake region eelgrass

Although environmental requirements of seagrasses have been studied for years, reliable metrics for predicting their response to current or future conditions remain elusive. Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) populations of the Chesapeake region lie near the southern limit of their range in the Western North Atlantic, exposing them to increasing thermal stress as the climate warms. However, CO2 stimulated photosynthesis may offset some of the negative effects of temperature stress. The combined effects of temperature, CO2, and light availability controlled by water quality and epiphytes were explored using GrassLight, a bio-optical model that provided a predictive environment for evaluating the interaction of multiple stressors on eelgrass distribution and density across the submarine landscape. Model predictions were validated against in situ measures of spectral diffuse attenuation, eelgrass density, and distribution. The potential for photosynthesis stimulated by ocean acidification to mitigate the effects of high temperature on eelgrass populations growing near the southern limit of their distribution was explored. The model accurately reproduced the submarine light environment from measured water quality parameters, and predicted their impacts on eelgrass distribution. It also reproduced the negative effects of warm summer temperatures on eelgrass distributions, and demonstrated that CO2 increases projected for the next century should stimulate photosynthesis sufficiently to offset the negative effects of thermal stress on eelgrass growing in the Chesapeake region, even in the presence of epiphytes. Thus, improved water quality should facilitate the survival of eelgrass populations in Chesapeake region, even in the face of a warming climate.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PARENTAL HISTORY OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN

Among 121,964 women aged 30-55 years in 1976, 117,156 who were initially free from coronary heart disease provided information on a number of coronary risk factors including parental history of myocardial infarction and were followed prospectively. In 1976, 31,101 (26.5%) reported that at least one parent had suffered a myocardial infarction. Questionnaires in 1978 and 1980 identified women who had developed nonfatal myocardial infarction (n = 132) and angina pectoris (n = 101). Fatal coronary heart disease cases (n = 42) were ascertained by searches of state vital records. The age-adjusted relative risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction for women with a parental history of myocardial infarction less than or equal to 60 years of age compared with women with no family history was 2.8 (95% confidence limits (CL) 1.8, 4.3). For those with a parental history of myocardial infarction greater than 60 years of age, the age-adjusted relative risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction was 1.0 (CL 0.5, 1.8). The age-adjusted relative risks of fatal coronary heart disease were 5.0 (CL 2.7, 9.2) for parental history before age 61 and 2.6 (CL 1.1, 5.8) for parental history after age 60. The corresponding relative risks of angina pectoris were 3.4 (CL 2.2, 5.2) and 1.9 (CL 1.2, 3.2), respectively. These associations were only slightly altered by adjustment for history of hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, use of oral contraceptives, menopause, postmenopausal hormone use, obesity, or smoking, in individual stratified analysis or in multivariate analyses. These data support the hypothesis that parental history of myocardial infarction has an independent effect on risk that is not explained solely by individual risk factors.
Long-Period Variables and Planetary Nebulae

The occasional appearance of a red giant or long-period variable in planetary nebulae poses a problem for theoretical astrophysics. Such a cool nuclear star would not ordinarily provide a source of ultraviolet radiation necessary for the excitation of the spectrum of a gaseous nebula.
Programmed Cell Death in Terminally Differentiating Keratinocytes: Role of Endogenous Endonuclease

Mammalian epithelium is a tissue with a very high turnover rate. It consists of a rapidly proliferating compartment comprising basal and suprabasal keratinocytes, from which cells move upwards while differentiating into granular keratinocytes. The end product is shed as an enucleate corneocyte, which has a mechanically rigid, chemically resistant cross-linked keratinous envelope. The loss of the nucleus occurs specifically in the granular keratinocyte layer; here, cells with the classical apoptotic morphology of clumped and marginated condensed chromatin may be observed. This morphology is characteristic of "programmed" cell death in other systems, of which the lymphocyte has been most extensively studied, and is associated with the cleavage of nuclear DNA into nucleosome-sized fragments. In the present investigation we separated newborn mouse skin into basal and granular keratinocyte fractions and examined the state of the DNA in each fraction. Our results indicate that cells in the basal layer, while their DNA is perfectly intact, are preparing to die. DNA fragmentation is initiated in the granular keratinocyte layer and is identical in pattern to that seen in other examples of programmed cell death.
Ethanol, Morphine and Barbiturate Alter the Hemodynamic and Cerebral Response to Cocaine in Newborn Pigs

Newborns delivered to cocaine-abusing mothers are often exposed to other concurrently consumed illicit drugs, which may alter the hemodynamic and cerebral response to cocaine. This study examined the interaction of ethanol, morphine or barbiturate with cocaine on mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in newborn pigs. CBF, CMRO2 and cerebral O2 extraction (CEO2) were measured before and 4 and 10 min after cocaine (1.5 mg/kg i.v.) was administered in piglets that were awake, or pretreated with morphine, ethanol or pentobarbital. In awake piglets, cocaine increased CMRO2 and CEO2 while it had no significant effect on CBF. Conversely, in morphine- and ethanol-pretreated piglets, cocaine decreased CMRO2, decreased CBF and had not effect on CEO2. In awake piglets, cocaine increased MAP, whereas in morphine- or ethanol-pretreated piglets, cocaine decreased MAP. In the pentobarbital group, cocaine had no effect. These data demonstrate that other drugs of abuse alter the hemodynamic and cerebral effects of cocaine in the immature animal and may contribute to the central nervous system abnormalities in 'crack babies'.
Nucleotide-dependent Domain Movement in the ATPase Domain of a Human Type IIA DNA Topoisomerase.

Type IIA DNA topoisomerases play multiple essential roles in the management of higher-order DNA structure, including modulation of topological state, chromosome segregation, and chromatin condensation. These diverse physiologic functions are all accomplished through a common molecular mechanism, wherein the protein catalyzes transient cleavage of a DNA duplex (the G-segment) to yield a double-stranded gap through which another duplex (the T-segment) is passed. The overall process is orchestrated by the opening and closing of molecular "gates" in the topoisomerase structure, which is regulated by ATP binding, hydrolysis, and release of ADP and inorganic phosphate. Here we present two crystal structures of the ATPase domain of human DNA topoisomerase IIα in different nucleotide-bound states. Comparison of these structures revealed rigid-body movement of the structural modules within the ATPase domain, suggestive of the motions of a molecular gate.
Measuring software misinterpretation

Abstract In practice, when assessing the understandability of a software-related product, one is often concerned not only with the degree to which the information is comprehended but also with the degree to which it is misinterpreted. For example, because requirements specifications are used during the planning phase of the software life-cycle, how much the specification is misinterpreted is often as important as how much of it is comprehended. Low comprehension can be recognized before design proceeds. However, misinterpretations can easily go unnoticed until later in the life-cycle, when they are more expensive to resolve. This distinction between comprehension and misinterpretation is difficult to address experimentally because of measurement difficulties. Construction of an operational definition of the degree to which information is misinterpreted is difficult to achieve using traditional methods. In this paper a technique is described that can be used to measure both software misinterpretation and comprehension. The results of an experiment are presented in which the measurement technique was used to assess misinterpretation and comprehension of requirements specifications. The impact of specification language on misinterpretation was different from its impact on comprehension in the experiment, underscoring the value of measuring both misinterpretation and comprehension.
Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy

Purpose Respiratory acidosis during carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation has been suggested as a cause of spontaneous abortion and preterm labour following laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Capnography may not be adequate as a guide to adjust pulmonary ventilation during laparoscopic surgery and hence arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) monitoring has been recommended. We report the feasibility and benefits of transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring (PtcCO2) as an approach to optimise ventilation during laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy.
A new model Gondwanan taxon: systematics and biogeography of the harvestman family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi), with a taxonomic revision of genera from Australia and New Zealand

The phylogeny of the temperate Gondwanan harvestman family Pettalidae is investigated by means of a new morphological matrix of 45 characters, and DNA sequence data from five markers, including two nuclear ribosomal genes (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA), one nuclear protein coding gene (histone H3), and two mitochondrial genes–one protein coding (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and one ribosomal (16S rRNA). Phylogenetic analyses using an array of homology schemes (dynamic and static), criteria (parsimony and maximum likelihood), and sampling strategies (optimal trees versus Bayesian phylogenetics) all agree on the monophyly of Pettalidae as well as several of its subclades, each of which is restricted to a modern landmass. While most genera as traditionally defined are monophyletic, Rakaia and Neopurcellia, distributed across Queensland (Australia) and New Zealand, are not. Instead, the species from Queensland, previously described under three genera, constitute a well-supported clade, suggesting that in this case biogeography prevails over traditional taxonomy. A taxonomic emendation of the genera from Queensland and New Zealand is presented, and the new genus Aoraki is erected to include the species of the New Zealand denticulata group. A biogeographical hypothesis of the relationships of the former temperate Gondwana landmasses (with the exception of Madagascar) is presented, although ambiguity in the deep nodes of the pettalid tree renders such inference provisional. The data suggest that neither the South African fauna, the New Zealand fauna nor the Australian fauna is monophyletic but instead monophyly is found at smaller geographic scales (e.g., Western Australia, Queensland, NE South Africa). © The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Improving Radiator Design Through Shape Optimization

The current emphasis by auto manufacturers on improving the quality and fuel economy of their vehicles requires enhancements in the efficiency and operation of all engine components, including those in the engine cooling system. Improvements in the pressure drop and flow homogeneity in the water tank of a radiator are needed to reduce the power demands on the vehicle water pump and increase the lifetime of the radiator. The latter criterion is particularly important in the reduction of premature fouling and failure of heat exchangers. Rather than relying on ad hoc geometry changes with the goal of improving the performance of radiators, the coupling of CFD flow simulations with numerical shape optimization methods could assist in the design and testing of automotive heating and cooling components. This paper describes ongoing efforts to develop a fully automated suite of virtual tools to aid in the design and testing of automotive heating and cooling components. The development and validation of optimization criteria for pressure drop and mass flow rate distribution in a water-to-air automotive heat exchanger are discussed, as well as the methodology used to automate the mesh generation, CFD simulation, and shape optimization procedures using the GAMBIT® and FLUENT® software combined with an in-house code.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Parallel motor pathways from thoracic interneurons of the ventral giant interneuron system of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.

The data described here complete the principal components of the cockroach wind-mediated escape circuit form cercal afferents to leg motor neurons. It was previously known that the cercal afferents excite ventral giant interneurons which then conduct information on wind stimuli to thoracic ganglia. The ventral giant interneurons connect to a large population of interneurons in the thoracic ganglia which, in turn, are capable of exciting motor neurons that control leg movements. Thoracic interneurons that receive constant short latency inputs from ventral giant interneurons have been referred to as type A thoracic interneurons (TIAs). In this paper, we demonstrate that the motor response of TIAs occurs in adjacent ganglia as well as in the ganglion of origin for the TIA. We then describe the pathway from TIAs to motor neurons in both ganglia. Our observations reveal complex interactions between thoracic interneurons and leg motor neurons. Two parallel pathways exist. TIAs excite leg motor neurons directly and via local interneurons. Latency and amplitude of post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) in motor neurons and local interneurons either in the ganglion of origin or in adjacent ganglia are all similar. However, the sign of the responses recorded in local interneurons (LI) and motor neurons varies according to the TIA subpopulation based on the location of their cell bodies. One group, the dorsal posterior group, (DPGs) has dorsal cell bodies, whereas the other group, the ventral median cells, (VMC) has ventral cell bodies. All DPG interneurons either excited postsynaptic cells or failed to show any connection at all. In contrast, all VMC interneurons either inhibited postsynaptic cells or failed to show any connection. It appears that the TIAs utilize directional wind information from the ventral giant interneurons to make a decision on the optimal direction of escape. The output connections, which project not only to cells within the ganglion of origin but also to adjacent ganglia and perhaps beyond, could allow this decision to be made throughout the thoracic ganglia as a single unit. However, nothing in these connections indicates a mechanism for making appropriate coordinated leg movements. Because each pair of legs plays a unique role in the turn, this coordination should be controlled by circuits didicated to each leg. We suggest that this is accomplished by local interneurons between TIAs and leg motor neurons.
Analysis of protein homeostatic regulatory mechanisms in perturbed environments at steady state.

Nine different protein homeostatic regulatory mechanisms were analysed for their ability to maintain a generic protein P within a specified range of a set-point steady-state concentration while perturbed by external processes that altered the rates at which P was produced and/or consumed. Steady state regulatory effectiveness was defined by the area within a rectangular region of "perturbation space", where axes correspond to rates of positive and negative perturbations. The size of this region differed in accordance with the regulatory elements composing the homeostatic mechanism. Such elements included basic negative feedback control of transcription (in which P, at some high concentration relative to its set-point value, binds to the gene G that encodes it, thereby inhibiting transcription), multiple sequential binding of a feedback effector (two P's bind sequentially to G), and dimerization of a feedback effector (a P(2) dimer binds to G). Two homeostatic mechanisms included a cascade structure, one with and one without translational feedback control. Another mechanism included feedback control of P degradation. Finally, two mechanisms illustrated the limits of regulatory systems. One lacked all regulatory elements (and included only an invariant rate of P synthesis and degradation) while the other assumed perfect (Boolean) regulation, in which transcription is completely inhibited at [P]>[P](sp) and is fully active at [P]<[P](sp). All of the systems evaluated are known, but the analytical expressions developed here allow quantitative comparisons between them. These expressions were evaluated at values typical of the average protein in Escherichia coli. A method for building regulatory networks by linking semi-independent regulatory modules is discussed.
Black cohosh acts as a mixed competitive ligand and partial agonist of the serotonin receptor.

Extracts of the rhizome of black cohosh [Actaea racemosa L., formerly called Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.] were evaluated for potential mechanisms of action in the alleviation of menopausal hot flashes. Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a 40% 2-propanol extract of black cohosh [4, 40, and 400 mg/(kg.day)] by gavage for 2 weeks with or without estradiol [50 microg/(kg.day)] to determine if black cohosh could act as an estrogen or antiestrogen on the basis of an increase in uterine weight or vaginal cellular cornification. No effects were observed on uterine weight or on vaginal cellular cornification in rats treated with black cohosh alone or in combination with 17beta-estradiol, indicating this black cohosh extract had no estrogenic or antiestrogenic properties in the ovariectomized rat model. To evaluate other potential pathways by which black cohosh might reduce menopausal hot flashes, serotonin activity was first assessed by the inhibition of radioligand binding to cell membrane preparations containing recombinant human serotonin receptor (5-HT) subtypes. A 40% 2-propanol extract of black cohosh was tested against 10 subtypes of the serotonin receptor, revealing the presence of compounds with strong binding to the 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1D), and 5-HT(7) subtypes. Subsequent binding studies were carried out using 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(7) receptors because of their association with the hypothalamus, which has been implicated in the generation of hot flashes. The black cohosh 40% 2-propanol extract inhibited [(3)H]lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) binding to the human 5-HT(7) receptor (IC(50) = 2.4 +/- 0.4 microg/mL) with greater potency than binding of [(3)H]-8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin to the rat 5-HT(1A) receptor (IC(50) = 13.9 +/- 0.6 microg/mL). Analysis of ligand binding data indicated that components of a black cohosh methanol extract functioned as a mixed competitive ligand of the 5-HT(7) receptor. In addition, a black cohosh methanol extract elevated cAMP levels in 293T-5-HT(7)-transfected HEK cells, suggesting the extract acted as a partial agonist at the receptor. The elevation in cAMP mediated by the black cohosh extract could be reversed in the presence of the antagonist methiothepin, indicating a receptor-mediated process. These data suggest that reductions in hot flashes in some women taking black cohosh may not be due to estrogenic properties. This study identifies other possible biological targets of black cohosh that could account for reported biological effects.
Cancers in normal mice exposed to cell phone radiation [Health Effects]

From 19 to 78 weeks, and two-year or life-long study of cancer in normal (nontransgenic) CD-1, ODC, CBA/S, and B6C3F1 mice exposed to cellphone fields like the personal digital cellular (PDC) phone, digital advanced mobile phone system (DAMPS) fields, global system for mobile communications (GSM-900) fields, digital cellular system (DCS), and time division multiple access (TDMA) fields are presented. Results reveal that: exposure to DAMPS and TDMA in 19 and 58 weeks, respectively, did not indicate cocarcinogenic effect on skin tumorigenesis; the two year study on the carcinogenic potential in female and male B6C3F1 exposed to GSM-900 and DCS-1800 fields did not show any overall increase in the incidence of tumours; and the specific absorption rate (SAR) in restrained mice are varied widely (by as much as 85-fold) for both GSM and DCS exposure.
Applicant Attraction to Firms: Influences of Organization Reputation, Job and Organizational Attributes, and Recruiter Behaviors.

Abstract We develop and then empirically test a model of how organization reputation, job and organizational attributes, and recruiter behaviors influence applicant attraction to firms using data from 361 campus recruitment interviews in which applicants completed surveys before and after the interview. Results indicate that recruiter behaviors did not have a direct effect on applicant attraction, but influenced attraction indirectly through influencing perceptions of job and organizational attributes. As hypothesized, job and organizational attributes positively influenced attraction, and organization reputation positively influenced applicant perceptions of job and organizational attributes and recruiter behaviors. Contrary to our hypotheses, however, organization reputation had a negative direct effect on applicant attraction. We discuss implications of our findings and suggest directions for future research.
Radiation tolerance in polymeric dielectrics by small-molecule doping, Part I: Dopant uptake as a function of temperature, time, and chemistry

The doping of Mylar® film (composed of semi-crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate)) with small-molecule electron traps results in a high-quality dielectric film with excellent radiation tolerance. This paper, the first of two, investigates the doping process as small molecules are implanted into the film from a solution of ethylene glycol over time. A series of fluorenone-based dopants are investigated, functionalized by nitro or cyano groups. The concentration of dopant in the Mylar® is a strong function of time, temperature, and solution concentration. Doping is ineffective below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The chemical functionality of the dopant had a strong effect on the doping process, with additional nitro or cyano groups leading to enhanced film concentrations.
On the Delay of a CNTFET with Undeposited CNTs by Gate Width Adjustment

This paper deals with the performance of a Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) in the presence of undeposited CNTs as defects. A simulation-based analysis of delay degradation due to different features (such as chirality and defective CNT distribution) is initially pursued. Two solutions to mitigate the change in delay are proposed; these approaches are based on adjusting the gate width of the CNTFET by lithography (and removing CNTs) as part of the fabrication process. These two methods reduce the average delay and its deviation, respectively. A probabilistic delay analysis is then presented. The performance of the proposed two adjustment methods is evaluated by considering CNT features (such as chirality and defect distribution) deterministically and probabilistically. By deterministic (probabilistic) simulation, the first method reduces on average the delay by 6.968 % (7.811 %) while the deviation is increased (decreased) by 32.444 % (9.788 %). The second method reduces deterministically (probabilistically) on average the deviation by 44.159 % (47.476 %) with 2.166 % (4.409 %) delay reduction.
Protein Kinase C Protects Preconditioned Rabbit Hearts by Increasing Sensitivity of Adenosine A2b-Dependent Signaling During Early Reperfusion

Although protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in ischemic preconditioning (IPC), the actual mechanism of that protection is unknown. We recently found that protection from IPC requires activation of adenosine receptors during early reperfusion. We, therefore, hypothesized that PKC might act to increase the heart's sensitivity to adenosine. IPC limited infarct size in isolated rabbit hearts subjected to 30-min regional ischemia/2-h reperfusion and IPC's protection was blocked by the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine given during early reperfusion revealing involvement of PKC at reperfusion. Similarly chelerythrine infused in the early reperfusion period blocked the increased phosphorylation of the protective kinases Akt and ERK1/2 observed after IPC. Infusing phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, during early reperfusion mimicked IPC's protection. As expected, the protection triggered by PMA at reperfusion was blocked by chelerythrine, but surprisingly it was also blocked by MRS1754, an adenosine A(2b) receptor-selective antagonist, suggesting that PKC was somehow facilitating signaling from the A(2b) receptors. NECA [5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido) adenosine], a potent but not selective A(2b) receptor agonist, increased phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreating hearts with PMA or brief preconditioning ischemia had no effect on phosphorylation of Akt or ERK1/2 per se but markedly lowered the threshold for NECA to induce their phosphorylation. BAY 60-6583, a highly selective A(2b) agonist, also caused phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt. MRS1754 prevented phosphorylation induced by BAY 60-6583. BAY 60-6583 limited infarct size when given to ischemic hearts at reperfusion. These results suggest that activation of cardiac A(2b) receptors at reperfusion is protective, but because of the very low affinity of the receptors endogenous cardiac adenosine is unable to trigger their signaling. We propose that the key protective event in IPC occurs when PKC increases the heart's sensitivity to adenosine so that endogenous adenosine can activate A(2b)-dependent signaling.
Yancey's speech education

This article examines the early speech education of William Lowndes Yancey and his unusual relationship with his abolitionist stepfather in the North.
A dual-channel reactor protection system for nuclear power plants

A dual-channel reactor protection system similar to the one that was developed for the Dresden Nuclear Power Station is described. This protection system utilizes commercially available components in coincidence circuits to achieve the system reliability that is required for power plant service.
Learning to be a consultant: what should be taught.

consultant : “a hospital doctor of the highest rank who is an expert in a particular area of medicine”1 As noted in earlier articles and editorials in this series on education and training in pathology and laboratory Medicine,2–6 we look more and more for evidence as to what should be taught, how it should be taught, and when it should be taught. Education and training are entering a new era that is driven by better research, careful analysis of research findings, and new approaches for applying those findings. One of the most important parts of this new approach is the issue of what should be taught. Although it may seem obvious that students and trainees should be taught what they need to know to advance in the next stages of their careers, most content has been focused on preparing students and trainees to complete their education or training; there has been much less emphasis on career development. More recently, resident training has seen a major shift towards standardization, primarily through efforts of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and individual residency review committees …
Choledochal cysts: a clinicopathologic study of 36 cases with emphasis on the morphologic and the immunohistochemical features of premalignant and malignant alterations ☆

Choledochal cysts (CDCs) are believed to represent a risk factor for the development of neoplasia. However, the frequency and morphology of neoplastic changes have not been systematically studied, especially in North America. Our aims were to study the frequency and morphology of preneoplastic/neoplastic changes of CDCs. Thirty-six cysts were subjected to clinicopathological analyses. Metaplasia was found in 14 of 35, of which 9 had biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN). Of the 14 with metaplasia, 13 showed pyloric gland; 5, intestinal; and 2, squamous. BilINs included 6 BilIN-1, 2 BilIN-2, and 2 BilIN-3. Carcinoma was identified in 5 cases of which 3 were associated with metaplasia and BilIN. Only 1 of 18 cases without metaplasia had BilIN, and none had carcinoma (P = .0008). There was a trend toward more BilIN and carcinoma with intestinal rather than with pyloric gland metaplasia. All cases with metaplasia or/and BilIN were negative for MUC1. All cases with intestinal metaplasia were positive for CK20, CDX2, and MUC2, whereas cases with pyloric gland were positive for MUC6. MUC1, CEA, and B72.3 were positive only in carcinoma. There was a trend toward increasing p53 and Ki-67 from metaplasia to BilIN to carcinoma. Four of 5 patients with carcinoma died, and one was alive with disease. All others were free of disease except for one who developed new cysts. CDCs are associated with a high rate of BilIN (28.5%) and carcinoma (14.3%). CDCs show a sequence of tumor progression from metaplasia to BilIN and carcinoma.
MOEMS pressure sensors for propulsion applications

Pressure sensors utilizing MEMS technology for fabrication of the sensing element, interrogation by fiber optics, and which are suitable for propulsion applications are described. Devices utilizing micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) technology are often better suited for harsh environments than electrically interrogated MEMS devices, so with sturdy packaging these optical devices may be useful to many propulsion applications. MOEMS pressure sensors can also be incorporated into arrays for detailed spatial characterization along with inherent high speed temporal characterization. Such characterization is expected to be very useful for propulsion systems. This presentation will first review optical-MEMS pressure sensor configurations. We will then concentrate on configurations most suitable for high speed applications in harsh environments. Examples of experimental results for static pressure test as well as for dynamic pressure test carried out in a shock tube demonstrating good linearity, sensitivity and time response will then be presented. Hybrid and monolithic array configurations will be presented. A discussion of the use of wavelength division multiplexing for efficient accessing of array elements will also be included.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pharmacokinetics of Estrogen and Progesterone in Chronic Kidney Disease

Estradiol, estrone, and estrone sulfate are the primary circulating estrogens in women; the relative amounts depend on the menopausal status of the women. Administration of oral estradiol or conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) results in a high ratio of estrone to estradiol, whereas use of nonoral routes (dermal, vaginal, or parenteral) results in approximately equal plasma concentrations of estradiol and estrone. Although estradiol and estrone are predominately eliminated by metabolism, and little is excreted unchanged in the urine, evidence indicates that chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters the pharmacokinetics of estradiol. Free and total estradiol plasma concentrations are higher in women with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after an oral estradiol dose, but no change occurs in estrone concentrations. Neither estradiol nor estrone is removed in the dialysate. These studies suggest that women with CKD should receive a least a 50% reduction in oral estradiol doses. No information is available on the pharmacokinetics of any of the progestins in CKD. In the future, knowledge of the concentration effect relationship for the treatment of symptoms of menopause, as well as prevention of osteoporosis, will benefit all postmenopausal women who choose to use hormone replacement therapy.
Comparison of strontium-induced and oxygen-induced holes in La2CuO4.

The Hall coefficient, dc conductivity, and hence the mobility, as well as the ac conductivity and the dielectric constant in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes are reported for single crystals of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ containing \ensuremath{\sim}0.2 mole % holes introduced by doping with oxygen or strontium. In general, the transport properties are quite similar for the two kinds of acceptors. A smaller value of the binding energy is found for the Sr acceptor than the oxygen acceptor. In addition, the in-plane dielectric constant is found to be larger in the Sr-doped sample, and the characteristic temperature for variable-range hopping is smaller. The latter observations indicate that the radius of the hole's orbit when bound to the acceptor is larger for Sr than for O, consistent with the smaller binding energy. Despite these differences in the bound states of the acceptors, the holes introduced by O and Sr appear to affect the antiferromagnetic order in the same way since the two crystals have the same N\'eel temperature. The temperature dependencies of the in-plane mobility for the two systems are very similar, and are well-described by a simple model combining polar optical phonon scattering and the scattering of charged impurities. The quantitative agreement with theory for the optical phonon scattering confirms the polaronic nature of the charge carriers.
Effects of moisture and temperature on the osteoinductivity of demineralized bone matrix

Abstract Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is a well established osteoinductive bone graft material. It has been mixed with a variety of carriers to adjust to different forms of handling for a variety of applications. The impact of the various carriers on osteoinductivity remains largely unknown. Using an in vitro cell culture assay and in vivo intramuscular implantations into nude rats, the effects of moisture from water-based carriers and the storage temperature on osteoinductivity were studied. In the dry state, DBM can preserve its osteoinductive activity when temperatures reached 65 °C, but in the presence of moisture, the activity decreases with incubation time. Nearly 90% of the DBM activity is lost when maintained for 5 weeks at 65 °C. This study further indicates that the structure and stability of the collagen network in DBM not only provide a scaffold for osteogenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, but also controls the release rate of osteoinductive growth factors.
Understanding How Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Progresses to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

12. Isenberg DA, Rahman A, Allen E, et al. BILAG 2004: Development and initial validation of an updated version of the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group’s disease activity index for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(7):902-906. 13. Yee CS, Farewell V, Isenberg DA, et al. British Isles Lupus Assessment Group 2004 index is valid for assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(12): 4113-4119. 14. Yee CS, Cresswell L, Farewell V, et al. Numerical scoring for the BILAG-2004 index. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(9):1665-1669.
Phosphate-hydrolysis, antioxidant, DNA binding, and nuclease activities promoted by heteroleptic nickel(II) phenolate complexes

Eight heteroleptic nickel(II) complexes of the type [NiL1–4(co-ligand)] 1–8, where L1–4 = N 1,N 2-bis(5-substituted-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2-ethylene/phenylene diimine and co-ligand = 2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), have been synthesized and fully characterized by analytical and spectral methods. The six-coordinated octahedral geometry around the nickel(II) center was inferred from the electronic spectra of the complexes. Cyclic voltammetric studies of the complexes evidenced one-electron irreversible nature of reduction and oxidation process. The observed rate constant (k) values for the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenylphosphate are in the range of 0.24–2.53 × 10−2 min−1. The obtained room temperature magnetic moment values (2.96–3.31 BM) lies within the range observed for octahedral nickel(II) complexes. Antioxidant studies suggest the considerable radical-scavenging potency of the complexes against DPPH radical. The DNA-binding studies of complexes with calf thymus DNA revealed intercalation with minor-groove mode of binding. The nuclease activity on supercoiled pBR322 DNA revealed the involvement of hydroxyl radical and singlet-oxygen as reactive oxygen species and complexes encourage binding to minor-groove.
LES calculation for uniform flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder

Abstract Two- and three-dimensional computations of flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder are carried out at Re=150 and 1.5 × 10 4 , respectively, to study the effectiveness of drag reduction through rotary oscillation of a cylinder. The turbulent wake is modeled by an LES technique. Two forcing amplitudes Ω = 0.5 and 2 with a wide range of forcing frequency fe are considered. The mean drag has a sharp increase during the lock-on range, and then decreases continuously to a minimum value. Up to 57% of drag reduction is achieved at Re = 1.5 × 10 4 . As the forcing frequency further increases, the effect of cylinder oscillation diminishes and the mean drag approaches the value of flow past a stationary cylinder. Several different wake patterns, due to the variation of forcing frequency fe, are observed by computational streaklines.
Asperger Syndrome and Medication Treatment

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a neurobiological disorder Whose core clinical symptoms include impairment in social interaction, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted, repeti...
A Study of the Ripening of Dariworld and Cheddar Cheese with Special Emphasis on Proteolysis

Summary Smooth, waxy consistency and desirable processing characteristics develop more rapidly in Dariworld than in Cheddar cheese. Measurements of soluble nitrogen and formol nitrogen were made of both varieties during 5 mo. of ripening to learn if rates of proteolysis might explain these differences in consistency. Observations were made at five different stages of ripening on two lots of each variety, one lot of which was normal and the other abnormally high in pH. Rates of proteolysis were essentially alike in the normal lots of both varieties and in the Cheddar with high pH. The sweet Dariworld which, unlike the sweet Cheddar, retained its high pH during ripening, showed the most rapid and extensive protein decomposition. Both of the sweet lots, however, were hard and woody in consistency and did not improve as amounts of soluble nitrogen and formol nitrogen increased during ripening. Acidity developed in making the sweet modifications evidently was insufficient to effect normal partition of minerals between whey and curd, and the resulting abnormal composition of curd apparently caused the defects in body. Rapid loss of curdiness in the ripening of normal Dariworld was not caused by unusually fast protein breakdown. Physico-chemical changes caused by the prolonged exposure of the curd to sodium chloride brine during the making operation of this cheese and the relatively high moisture content evidently account for its characteristic consistency.
19F NMR and conductivity of Ba1−xLaxF2+x solid solutions

Abstract A combination of experimental techniques, viz., 19 F NMR relaxation, electrical conductivity, and Ionic Thermocurrent (ITC) has been employed to study the dynamical behavior of fluorine in Ba 1−x La x F 2+x (1×10 −3 19 F relaxation times T 1 and T 2 , ΔH(T i ), decrease with solute content. For large concentrations ΔH(T i ) values are much smaller than the ΔH(σ) values. ITC spectra of the concentrated solutions reveal a broad distribution of dipolar relaxations. Using fractional polarizations activation enthalpies for dipole reorientations in the range 0.15 to 0.45 eV are obtained. The dynamical behavior is described in terms of localized and diffusive F-interstitial jumps, the former being predominat in 19 F NMR relaxation and ITC.
Laser waveform control of electron dynamics

We have studied the waveform control of the non-sequential double ionization and dissociative ionization of molecular targets using few-cycle near-infrared and mid-infrared laser pulses.
Theory of the stereoscopic shadow-caster: an instrument for the study of binocular kinetic space perception.

Abstract The stereoscopic shadow-caster is a simple and versatile instrument for the study of binocular stereopsis under kinetic viewing conditions, for objects in the stereoscopic scene can be easily moved, either by the experimenter or the observer, and the observer can move and interact with them. Thus the instrument is suitable for use with human infants and animals as well as adult subjects. This paper presents the theory of the instrument necessary for its research use, discusses the application of this theory to photographic stereoscopic projection and describes the perceptual effects of the stereoscopic transformation. In addition, some current research applications and modifications of the instrument are described.
LUDWIG SENFL AND THE JUDAS TROPE: COMPOSITION AND RELIGIOUS TOLERATION AT THE BAVARIAN COURT

O du armer Judas, was hastu getan? Das du deinen Herren also verrathen han,Darumb mustu leiden in der helle peinLucifers gesellen mustu ewig sein,Kyrieleison.ldquo;O wretched Judas, what have you done? / You have betrayed your Lord! / For that you must suffer torment in Hell, / You must be Lucifer's companion eternally. / Kyrie eleison”. Text from P. Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der altesten Zeit bis zum Anfang des XVII. Jahrhunderts, 5 vols. (Leipzig, 1864-77; repr. Hildesheim, 1964), ii, pp. 615-18; translation mine.Rooted in Catholic folk piety, the song ‘O du armer Judas’ became one of the most common expressions of religious and political belief in the popular culture of sixteenth-century Germany. The Judaslied was the ideal vehicle for musical propaganda in the Reformation, and it turned the Catholic notion of the eternally damned betrayer of Christ on its ear. Protestant polemicists rewrote the song to equate Catholic authorities with Judas, and their contrafacta forged unbreakable links between the Judaslied melody and the idea of Catholic corruption. The very strong political associations the song would come to have with the Lutheran movement might well have been reason enough for a composer to avoid setting such a controversial work polyphonically, but at least four chose it as a model.Other than Senfl, Arnold von Bruck, Matthias Eckel and Cosmas Alder also arranged the Judaslied polyphonically, and a number of anonymous settings exist. See Das Tenorlied: Mehrstimmige Lieder in deutschen Quellen, 1450-1580, ed. N. Boker-Heil, H. Heckmann and I. Kindermann, 3 vols. (Catalogus musicus, 9-11; Kassel, 1979-86), iii, p. 105. Among these was Ludwig Senfl, court composer to the Catholic Wittelsbach dukes in Bavaria. Senfl's setting raises interesting questions about his position at the court, his music and religious toleration in the early days of the Reformation.
Application of ANSYS to the stress relaxation of articular cartilage in unconfined compression

The purpose of this paper is to establish a poroelastic model of cartilage for stress relaxation using the new elements in ANSYS version 12. Articular cartilage was modeled as a fluid-saturated solid because of its high water content and biphasic property. The biphasic theory for cartilage, which is capable of investigating the essential mechanical features of articular cartilage, was developed by Mow et al. (1980). In order to calibrate the material properties of the tissue-engineered cartilage, which is now emerging as a potential alternative treatment of osteoarthritis, the capacity of commercial software for modeling the cartilage needs to be verified. The aim of this research is to evaluate the porous elements available in ANSYS software and to promote the expanded application of the finite element method for analyzing soft tissues. By creating cartilage models using the fluid–solid coupling finite element analysis of porous media, ANSYS has been used in this paper to demonstrate the unconfined compr...
Nucleation Site Density in Forced Convection Boiling

Measurements of nucleation site density, n/A, have been obtained for forced convection boiling of refrigerant R113 in a horizontal 25 × 25 mm i.d. square transparent test section with a nichrome heating strip. It has been found that the behavior of the nucleation site density is significantly different from that found in pool boiling. The mean vapor velocity, heat flux, and system pressure appear to exert a strong parametric influence. It is demonstrated that although the nucleation site density is dependent on the critical cavity radius, rc , it is not sufficient for correlating n/A.
The physiology of the lymphatic system

This paper presents an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and biology of the lymphatic system specifically relevant to lymphatic drug delivery. We will briefly review the classic fluid and solute transport literature, and also examine the current research in lymphatic endothelial cell biology and tumor metastasis in the lymphatics because of the increasing potential for targeted delivery of immunomodulators, chemotherapeutics, and genetic material to specific lymph nodes (Refs. [1-7]).
fMRI: Applications in Epilepsy

Functional MRI (fMRI) methods use currently standard MRI scanning hardware to detect changes in regional blood flow and metabolism that accompany regional brain activation. Major applications of fMRI in epilepsy include the localization of task-correlated language and memory function, and the localization of ictal and paroxysmal phenomena. Language lateralization by fMRI provides comparable results to intracarotid amobarbital testing, and memory lateralization by fMRI also shows promise. The recent development of methodologies to allow interpretable electroencephalographic data to be recorded during MRI scanning has opened up new opportunities for combining the spatial resolution of imaging with the temporal resolution of electrophysiology in seizure localization.
Trial: A computer technique for retrieving information from abstracts of literature

Information retrieval has been discussed in this journal by Stone and others in October, 1962 and October, 1965; by Olsti in October, 1964; by Iker and Harway in April, 1965. Here is another description of a working system: a trial of TRIAL.