cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pocket-Sized Ultrasound for Physical Diagnosis

The authors reply— We appreciate Drs. Galen and Schnobrich’s comments on our work. While we acknowledge that studies have shown that internal medicine residents are able to develop the skills necessary to acquire and interpret ultrasound images given sufficient time in training,1,2 it was our desire to design an intervention that could be widely implemented with minimal investment of time and resources. Emergency medicine has well-established ultrasound fellowships, and clinical faculty are in a position to supervise and assist in the development of residents’ skills. Outside of critical care and cardiology, internal medicine largely lacks faculty trained in the use of ultrasound, and thus residents have few opportunities for supervised practice of ultrasound skills. Given that ultrasound use is not currently widespread among internal medicine attending physicians, we felt that studying whether a time-efficient program would provide residents with sufficient training was particularly relevant. The curriculum we tested included a short didactic session followed by independent practice, and could be promptly implemented by internal medicine residency programs without significant redesign of the overall training program. Thus we limited our training to 3 hours, which others have shown to be sufficient for training, albeit for a more limited set of ultrasound skills.3,4 Our trial focused on the evaluation of ambulatory patients rather than critical care patients, where the utility of ultrasound has already been well documented in the literature.5 We agree that some of the clinical findings in our study, such as the assessment of hepatosplenomegaly, are advanced skills, but we chose to include findings that are routinely assessed during a standard physical exam, as such findings are relevant when assessing the incremental benefit of ultrasound over physical diagnosis. Detecting differences in individual exam abnormalities was not a pre-specified outcome of our study, yet when this was performed, significant differences between the ultrasound and physical exam groups were found only for aortic regurgitation and for left ventricular enlargement. These differences were no longer significant when adjusted for multiple testing. We agree with Drs. Galen and Schnobrich that more studies will be needed to determine how best to incorporate point-of-care ultrasound into residency training and which physical exam findings should be emphasized. Our study found that a brief point-of-care ultrasound training session was not sufficient for internal medicine residents to augment their overall diagnostic skills. These results suggest that developing ultrasound competence among internal medicine residents will likely require a substantial investment of both time and resources.
Bacteria-Powered Microrobots

In this work, the methods of actuation and control of microfabricated structures are investigated using bacteria as configurable, scalable actuators. Bacteria offer many benefits as microfluidic actuators. They draw chemical energy directly from their environment, they can be operated in a wide range of temperature and pH, and billions of bacteria may be cultured within hours. In addition, the well-documented responses of individual motile bacterial cells may be expected to scale up to arrays of cells. On this population scale, the cellular responses can be employed en masse, creating controlled forces that actuate inorganic microfabricated elements. For these investigations, the bacterium Serratia marcescens has been chosen. S. marcescens has properties that are particularly appropriate for engineering applications. When cultured on soft agar, the bacteria demonstrate a form of surface motility known as swarming. A technique of biocompatible microfabrication and chemical release of bacteria-driven microstructures is presented. This method is used to pattern surfaces with the rigorous swarming cells by direct blotting. The self-coordinated motion of the cells is investigated for use as arrays of actuators. Control mechanisms are investigated to adjust rotational and translational motions using optical and electrical stimuli, respectively. The fundamentals of the electrokinetics are also investigated and integrated into a system demonstrating controlled manipulation of target objects and chemical sensing.
EUVL back-insertion layout optimization

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is targeted for front-up insertion at advanced technology nodes but will be evaluated for back insertion at more mature nodes. EUVL can put two or more mask levels back on one mask, depending upon what level(s) in the process insertion occurs. In this paper, layout optimization methods are discussed that can be implemented when EUVL back insertion is implemented. The layout optimizations can be focused on improving yield, reliability or density, depending upon the design needs. The proposed methodology modifies the original two or more colored layers and generates an optimized single color EUVL layout design.
Heidegger’s Contributions to Philosophy: The Challenge of Its Translation

This study shows the uniqueness and the philosophical significance of Beitrage, as well as the exactions of the venture to render it into English (1); it explores the language and the way of thinking, the be-ing-historical, enowning perspective, endemic to Heidegger’s second main work, and identifies the “ideal” and the difficulties of its translation as a hermeneutic labor, as well as the inadequacy of “an archival perspective” for guiding the translation and the grasping of this text (2). Based on these insights, this study, then, leads to a critical response to the hyperbolic, acerbic, despairing reactions to Contributions as a work of translation, thus exhibiting the collapse of their gratuitous claims, assertions, and assumptions under their own weight, as well as the failure of the “archival” approach to the translation (and ultimately to the assessment of Heidegger’s thinking) (3); it concludes with showing the nature and the disclosive power of Contributions, as well as its significance for the future of Heidegger studies (4).
The Deep Structure of Group Life: Unconscious Dimensions

There is a reconsideration and renaissance of interest in expanded conceptions of unconscious processes as they affect individuals and groups (Grotstein, 1999). Recent focus on “social unconscious” (Hopper, 1996) and “cultural unconscious” processes (Henderson, 1988) and the nature of intersubjectivity (Harwood and Pines, 1998) raise questions about the location of group analysis. This paper considers the deep structure of group life by examining four functions of the unconscious: repressive, conservative, creative, and mythopoetic (Ellenberger, 1970). On an individual level of analysis, these functions are equated respectively with formative ideas about the: “personal–subjective,” “social–political,” “intersubjective–cultural” and “collective–objective” unconscious. Group level analogs, as they develop and affect groups and their members, are explored as “synthetic,” “shared,” “symbolicy” and “synchronous” unconscious processes.
Commentary: The opioid overdose epidemic: Evidence‐based interventions

Background and objectives Outcome intervention data from Medicare, veteran, prison, and United States' public populations can identify best practices to decrease opioid misuse. Prescription policies for treating pain in the United States and other countries are relevant to preventing overdose. Methods Three strategies are considered: (1) Demand Reduction counsels and educates patients and current or potential opioid users about risks and treatment options to reduce motivation to consume opioids. (2) Supply Reduction limits access and dosage of opioids and co-drugs such as benzodiazepines. It encourages use of safest prescribing practices for treating pain. (3) Harm Reduction reduces opioid deaths through medication-assisted treatment (MAT) combining opioid substitution therapy (OST), provision of opioid antagonists like Naltrexone, and behavioral health services. Results Demand Reduction is often inadequate to treat severe pain or in the presence of major psychopathology like opioid abuse disorder (OUD). Among veterans, lower opioid doses for pain treatment were associated with diminished death rates. Supply Reduction interventions have disadvantages. Banning drugs has poor long-term success with prison inmates, because abstinence is difficult to enforce after discharge. Limiting opioid supplies does not increase survival rates for Medicare patients. Discussion and conclusions Sharp opioid dose restriction in outpatient treatment increases heroin and fentanyl use, explaining why recent years' decrease in United States opioid prescriptions has not reduced national mortality rates. Although Harm Reduction is the safest, most effective single approach, combining three interventions while improving pain and addiction prescribing practices is optimal. Scientific significance Scientific research needs to inform choice of opioid overuse interventions. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1-3).
The Use of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Differentiate Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Impairment

Oxygenated (HBO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HBR) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to determine if PFC activity durin...
A Descriptive Analysis of School and School Shooter Characteristics and the Severity of School Shootings in the United States, 1999-2018.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to determine whether characteristics related to the school, shooter, and guns used are associated with school shooting severity (casualty rates, fatality rates, and likelihood of fatality). Methods We analyzed associations between individual-, school-, gun-level factors and school shooting severity in the United States from April 1999 through May 2018. Results Handguns were used in most school shootings (81%); however, substantially, more fatalities occurred when rifles (relative risk [RR] =14.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] [5.00, 43.41]) or shotguns (RR = 8.84, 95% CI [2.20, 35.54]) were used. Fatal shootings were more likely to happen in schools that were majority white, taught younger students, and were rural or suburban. When shooters were aged ≥20 years, shootings were more likely to be fatal (RR = 2.44, 95% CI [1.18, 5.07]), have more casualties (RR = 5.15, 95% CI [2.06, 12.90]), and more deaths (RR = 20.13, 95% CI [4.86, 83.28]). No significant differences were observed based on the presence of resource officers. Conclusions More severe shootings were associated with shooters who were older and therefore unlikely to be students, whereas the presence of a school resource officer was unassociated with any reduction in school shooting severity. Importantly, the type of gun used was strongly associated with casualties and fatalities. Study findings suggest a need for prevention efforts beyond those commonly used in schools, as well as the need for improved laws.
Prenatal sonography of multicentric infantile myofibromatosis: Case report and review of the literature

Scant literature exists on prenatally diagnosed infantile myofibromatosis (IM). We report a case of multicentric IM, which was first recognized as a soft-tissue paraspinal mass on prenatal sonography and subsequently characterized by MRI with pathological confirmation.
The Effect of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) on Water Quality in Horse Stock Tanks.

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) have been reported as a method to keep water tanks clean; however, little information exists on this approach. The objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of goldfish on maintaining water quality in tanks and to evaluate the frequency that this method is used. The first objective was completed during June through October 2017 in St. Paul, MN, using plastic and metal 379 L stock tanks, each with and without goldfish in a drylot that housed six adult horses. The stocking rate was 5 goldfish per tank. Daily readings of total dissolved solids (TDS) and water turbidity (NTU), and weekly samples to measure chlorophyll a were taken. At the end of each 28-day period, tanks were cleaned and rotated. Plastic tanks had lower TDS than metal tanks (P < .001); however, metal tanks had lower NTU and chlorophyll a (P ≤ .008). Adding goldfish resulted in lower TDS (P < .001); however, there was no effect on NTU or chlorophyll a (P ≥ .097). No parameters had an impact on horse preference (P ≥ .108). The second objective was completed using an online survey that was open from October 31 until December 15, 2018. Of the 672 completed surveys, 56% had not tried using goldfish in water tanks, 26% had utilized goldfish in the past, and 18% currently used goldfish. The inclusion of goldfish in water tanks did not affect all water quality parameters; however, 44% of survey respondents had tried, or were currently using, this management method.
Paediatric ganciclovir dosing in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Is standard dosing good enough?

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Ganciclovir is a first-line antiviral agent to treat cytomegalovirus disease in immunocomprimised patients. Ganciclovir pharmacokinetics in ECMO is unknown. CASE DESCRIPTION A 6-year-old with a stage IV extra-renal rhabdoid tumor with respiratory failure leading to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had increasing serum CMV DNAemia while on ganciclovir. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This is the first case report of ganciclovir pharmacokinetics in either paediatric or adult ECMO populations. Recommended dosing provided a low, subtherapeutic AUC24 with an associated increase CMV viral load. Higher doses of ganciclovir may be required in ECMO patients, especially without concurrent CRRT.
Green chemistry as the inspiration for impactful and inclusive teaching strategies

Abstract Green chemistry courses have been recently described in the chemistry education literature that detail course content, student assessments, and pedagogical style. Current trends in education research and practice have established the importance of essential learning outcomes and the effectiveness of high-impact practices, active learning, and inclusive teaching. In this chapter, several published green chemistry courses for major and nonmajor students are discussed in light of these enduring instructional principles. Following this, a case study of a green chemistry course designed upon these pedagogies is described. Finally, textbooks, journals, supplemental materials, websites, and institutions that have tools for green chemistry educators are presented.
PDL1 Positivity By FISH in Patients Not in Complete Remission at Transplantation

Introduction Failure to achieve morphological complete remission occurs in 30% AML patients resulting in dismal outcomes. Data addressing influence of pre-transplant PDL-1 status on post-transplant outcomes is limited. We hypothesize that PDL-1 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) prior to transplantation may predict a poor outcome. Methods This was a retrospective, observational single center pilot study involving refractory AML patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) at Karmanos Cancer Institute from 01/01/2012 to 01/01/2018. A planned sample size of 24 patients were selected and assigned to two cohorts based on their respective responses to ASCT: a) poor responders: persistent leukemia by bone marrow biopsy within 30 days of ASCT, and b) good responders: no evidence of leukemia at 1-year post-transplant. Descriptive analyses evaluated differences in demographic, disease and treatment variables. FISH assay was used to evaluate PDL-1 alterations in the pre-transplant archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens including frequency and magnitude of 9p24.1 alterations— low-level disomy, polysomy, copy gain, and amplification. The expression of PD-L1 was evaluated by IHC in a semi-quantitative (0 through +3) manner. Results Of the total 24 patients, 12 patients were poor responders and 12 were good responders; among poor responders, median age was 58 years (range, 31- 72) and gender distribution was 1:1. Seven patients (58%) had prior MDS, Myelofibrosis or CMML, while five patients had de-novo AML. Treatment information is provided in table 1. At pre-transplant bone marrow biopsy assessment, median number of bone marrow and peripheral blood blast counts were 8.1% (1.7-37) and 2% (0-37), respectively. Bone marrow cytogenetics assessed prior to transplant included intermediate risk in 2 (17%) and high risk disease in 9 (75%) patients and one patient without cytogenetic evaluation. PD-L1 expression was negative by IHC in all samples, but FISH testing was positive in 3 of 12 (25%) poor responders, characterized by copy gain. In good responders, median age was 59 years (range, 43-70) with a 3:2 male predominance. Four patients (25%) had prior MDS or Myelofibrosis and 8 had de-novo AML. Five patients (42%) had intermediate risk and 7 (58%) had high-risk cytogenetics. At pre-transplant bone marrow biopsy assessment, median number of bone marrow and peripheral blast counts were 6% (1-40) and 1% (0-7), respectively. PD-L1 expression was negative by both IHC and FISH examination in this cohort. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that PDL-1 expression by FISH was specifically detected in 25% of patients with poor responders following ASCT, which could possibly provide an insight into the poor outcome. A larger sample will be required to validate this observation in this population.
Left Atrial Appendage Closure in Patients With Intracranial Hemorrhage and Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.

Abstract Background: Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure is primarily performed in patients who have contraindications to anticoagulants. However, anticoagulants are recommended for the first few weeks after LAA closure to prevent the device related thrombus. Purpose of this study was to evaluate if short term use of anticoagulant is safe and effective after LAA closure in patients with a history of intracranial hemorrhage. Methods: It is a retrospective observational study done at a single center. Baseline characteristics, perioperative, and postoperative complications of patients with a history of intracranial hemorrhage and Watchman device implant were analyzed, and patients were followed for a mean follow-up of 27 months. Results: LAA closure was performed in 16 patients using the Watchman device (Boston Scientific, MA). Mean age was 74.6 ± 5.8 years, median CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.5 (interquartile range of 3), median HAS-BLED score was 4 (interquartile range of 1). Patients received aspirin 81 mg with oral anticoagulant for 45 days, dual antiplatelet therapy for 4.5 months, and thereafter aspirin indefinitely. No perioperative and postoperative complications were noted. Conclusion: Based on our single center experience, we conclude that antithrombotic drugs in the short term appear safe and effective in selected patients after LAA closure in patients with previous intracranial hemorrhage.
Evaluation of the Clinical Utility of Reflex GMS and AFB stains on BAL specimens from Lung Transplant Patients

Introduction Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has a useful role in the detection of infectious diseases. Grocott methenamine silver (GMS) and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) are ancillary stains that aid in the cytologic detection of fungal and mycobacterial organisms. However, the utility of these stains in conjunction with microbiological testing is unclear. Materials and methods BAL specimens from lung transplant patients between January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018, were evaluated. Inclusion criteria included cases with both GMS and AFB stains and concurrent fungal and mycobacterial microbiology testing. The staining findings were correlated with concurrent microbiology findings, including cultures and immunofluorescent smears. Results A total of 231 BAL specimens were identified. GMS stain was positive in 19.5% and AFB in 1.3%. Fungal microbiology was positive in 23.4% and mycobacterial microbiology in 6.1%. A total of 87.9% of cases had concordant findings between cytology stains and microbiology tests and 12.1% had discrepant findings. Notably of the discrepancies, 3.0% had positive GMS and negative fungal microbiology and 6.9% had positive fungal microbiology and negative GMS. No cases had positive AFB with negative mycobacterial microbiology whereas 4.8% had positive mycobacterial microbiology and negative AFB stain. Conclusions We show that staining for AFB on BAL material in lung transplant patients had limited benefit when concurrent microbiology was performed. GMS staining shows a small benefit. We recommend reflex testing for fungal organisms but not mycobacterial organisms in lung transplant patients.
Determining roles and best practices when using academic coaches in online learning

Abstract Introduction As the need for more BSN-prepared nurses continues to grow, so does the impact of online learning as a higher education delivery model. One of the challenges in meeting the demand for more BSN prepared nurses is the nursing faculty shortage. Another challenge is nursing faculty trained in the delivery of online education. One strategy to adequately meet the needs of this growing online student population is the use of academic coaches. Methods A qualitative exploratory methodology was used to acquire insight related to the use of academic coaches in online nursing classrooms and how they were used in similar programs. Results All participant programs utilize 7-week accelerated sessions in online classrooms. The four emerging themes of (1) overall expectations, (2) onboarding and orientation, (3) academic coach oversight and the use of (4) best practices demonstrated how the role of academic coaches was operationalized in online classrooms. Discussion Overall, the programs utilized academic coaches similarly. Well defined communication strategies are necessary for the academic coach model to be effective.
Real-Time and Non-invasive Measurement of 3D Cancer Cell Invasion Process under IL-6 Cytokine Stimulation

Cancer cells possess a broad spectrum of invasion mechanisms. Quantitative analysis of cancer cell invasion process under tested condition is important to precisely study the cellular invasion capability. In this study, a microfluidic device was developed and electrodes were embedded in the microchannel for the impedimetric measurement of cell invasion. Cancer cells were stimulated by interleukin-6 cytokine and invaded along the hydrogel-filled microchannel. The three-dimensional (3D) cell invasion process was monitored by measuring the impedance across the electrodes. The cell invasion speed could be calculated based on the cell invasion distance divided by time. Thus, 3D cell invasion process was demonstrated to be quantitatively monitored in real-time and non-invasive manner. The current development provides a promising and quantitative tool for cell invasion assay.
Anatomy of a rape: Sexual violence and secondary victimization scripts in U.S. film and television, 1959–2019:

The rape law reform movement in the U.S. has made significant progress since the 1970s. All fifty U.S. states and the District of Columbia have now made changes to their rape statutes. Nonetheless,...
HAQ and AQ-MPYS Modulate Fatty Acid Metabolism and Immune Tolerance at Homoeostasis

MPYS/STING senses cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and promotes inflammation. During out-of-Africa early human migration, common human MPYS alleles R71H-G230A-R293Q (HAQ) replaced G230A-R293Q (AQ) suggesting a strong natural selection on human MPYS. Using HAQ and AQ knock-in mice, we found that HAQ mice had more fat mass than the AQ mice on a chow diet supporting the thrifty gene hypothesis. Mechanistically, adult AQ or MPYS-/- mice had more epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) suppressive regulatory T cells and M2-macrophages than HAQ or WT mice at the steady-state. Conditional knockout mice and adoptive cell transfer indicated a cell-intrinsic control of fatty acid metabolism and immune tolerance by MPYS. Unlike the HAQ mice, which are defective in CDNs responses, the AQ mice retain CDNs responses. Finally, MPYS interacts with fatty acid metabolites acyl-CoA, lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, and diglyceride at the steady-state. MPYS/STING ligand ADU-S100 inhibited lipogenesis in white adipocytes. Together, we propose that HAQ has a pro-lipogenesis function that is more important than the CDNs sensing function of AQ in early humans revealing a fundamental function of human MPYS.
Improved bird micro-doppler simulation for bird versus UAV recognition

Birds and UAVs have similar Radar Cross Section and speed, making birds confusers when trying to detect and track UAVs. Birds can have micro-Doppler features in their signatures, but collecting bird data at multiple angles and directions can be expensive. An alternative is using micro-Doppler simulations of birds. Accurate simulations are made of a single bird, but can also be used to produce flocks of birds as potential confusers. The bird simulation was analyzed for its similarity to drone or UAV rotor radar micro-Doppler. Using these simulations, the effect of the flight angle relative to the radar beam was analyzed for the amount of observable micro-Doppler, allowing the analysis of track angles and the enhanced probability of a false alarm from a bird. This paper shows the differences in bird micro-Doppler returns simulated over angles and compares them to a micro-Doppler model of a UAV rotor.
Image Quality Assessment of Fetal Brain MRI Using Multi-Instance Deep Learning Methods

Background Due to random motion of fetuses and maternal respirations, image quality of fetal brain MRIs varies considerably. To address this issue, visual inspection of the images is performed during acquisition phase and after 3D-reconstruction, and the images are re-acquired if they are deemed to be of insufficient quality. However, this process is time-consuming and subjective. Multi-instance (MI) deep learning methods (DLMs) may perform this task automatically. Purpose To propose an MI count-based DLM (MI-CB-DLM), an MI vote-based DLM (MI-VB-DLM), and an MI feature-embedding DLM (MI-FE-DLM) for automatic assessment of 3D fetal-brain MR image quality. To quantify influence of fetal gestational age (GA) on DLM performance. Study type Retrospective. Subjects Two hundred and seventy-one MR exams from 211 fetuses (mean GA ± SD = 30.9 ± 5.5 weeks). Field strength/sequence T2 -weighted single-shot fast spin-echo acquired at 1.5 T. Assessment The T2 -weighted images were reconstructed in 3D. Then, two fetal neuroradiologists, a clinical neuroscientist, and a fetal MRI technician independently labeled the reconstructed images as 1 or 0 based on image quality (1 = high; 0 = low). These labels were fused and served as ground truth. The proposed DLMs were trained and evaluated using three repeated 10-fold cross-validations (training and validation sets of 244 and 27 scans). To quantify GA influence, this variable was included as an input of the DLMs. Statistical tests DLM performance was evaluated using precision, recall, F-score, accuracy, and AUC values. Results Precision, recall, F-score, accuracy, and AUC averaged over the three cross validations were 0.85 ± 0.01, 0.85 ± 0.01, 0.85 ± 0.01, 0.85 ± 0.01, 0.93 ± 0.01, for MI-CB-DLM (without GA); 0.75 ± 0.03, 0.75 ± 0.03, 0.75 ± 0.03, 0.75 ± 0.03, 0.81 ± 0.03, for MI-VB-DLM (without GA); 0.81 ± 0.01, 0.81 ± 0.01, 0.81 ± 0.01, 0.81 ± 0.01, 0.89 ± 0.01, for MI-FE-DLM (without GA); and 0.86 ± 0.01, 0.86 ± 0.01, 0.86 ± 0.01, 0.86 ± 0.01, 0.93 ± 0.01, for MI-CB-DLM with GA. Data conclusion MI-CB-DLM performed better than other DLMs. Including GA as an input of MI-CB-DLM improved its performance. MI-CB-DLM may potentially be used to objectively and rapidly assess fetal MR image quality. Evidence level 4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
Rare bile leak from left triangular ligament

Variations of the biliary system present challenges to abdominal operations and can affect postoperative outcomes. Bile leak is an uncommon complication of total gastrectomy. However, any procedure that involves mobilisation of the left lobes of the liver should be executed with additional caution. A thorough assessment including preoperative imaging for aberrant anatomy should be performed, especially aberrant bile ducts in the left triangular ligament. Ligation or suturing of the left triangular ligament should be considered when the aberrant anatomy suggests, to decrease the risk of postoperative bile leak. In addition, the left lateral segment of the liver should be thoroughly inspected on initial completion of the operation.
Expression of Oligodendrocyte and Oligoprogenitor Cell Proteins in Frontal Cortical White and Gray Matter: Impact of Adolescent Development and Ethanol Exposure.

Adolescent development of prefrontal cortex (PFC) parallels maturation of executive functions as well as increasing white matter and myelination. Studies using MRI and other methods find that PFC white matter increases across adolescence into adulthood in both humans and rodents. Adolescent binge drinking is common and has been found to alter adult behaviors and PFC functions. This study examines development of oligoprogenitor (OPC) and oligodendrocytes (OLs) in Wistar rats from adolescence to adulthood within PFC white matter, corpus callosum forceps minor (fmi), PFC gray matter, and the neurogenic subventricular zone (SVZ) using immunohistochemistry for marker proteins. In addition, the effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure [AIE; 5.0 g/kg/day, intragastric, 2 days on/2 days off on postnatal day (P)25-54], which is a weekend binge drinking model, were determined. OPC markers NG2+, PDGFRα+ and Olig2+IHC were differentially impacted by both age and PFC region. In both fmi and SVZ, NG2+IHC cells declined from adolescence to adulthood with AIE increasing adult NG2+IHC cells and their association with microglial marker Iba1. PFC gray matter decline in NG2+IHC in adulthood was not altered by AIE. Both adult maturation and AIE impacted OL expression of PLP+, MBP+, MAG+, MOG+, CNPase+, Olig1+, and Olig2+IHC in all three PFC regions, but in region- and marker-specific patterns. These findings are consistent with PFC region-specific changes in OPC and OL markers from adolescence to adulthood as well as following AIE that could contribute to lasting changes in PFC function.
Examining properties influencing infectious microbe associations with surfaces of four different thermoplastic radiation therapy masks.

Abstract Background Previous testing revealed that four different microbes applied to face-only masks from Civco, Klarity Medical, Orfit, and Qfix demonstrated variation in the number recovered from each mask type after a 1-hour contact time. In all cases, the Orfit mask demonstrated the largest number of recovered microbes suggesting a preference by tested microbes to create associations with this mask type. Methods The current study evaluated three physiochemical features of these thermoplastic masks to determine why the Orfit mask encouraged greater microbial associations. Measurements including water contact angle (WCA), surface topography, and available contact area were determined for each mask type, where feasible. Results The Orfit mask exhibited the greatest difference in each of the 3 evaluated characteristics. Overall, it showed decreased hydrophobicity, increased surface roughness, and increased surface contact area. The WCA of both Orfit (50.8°) and Klarity (95.6°) masks showed decreased hydrophobicity when compared to native PCL (129.97°). Conclusion The Orfit mask's decreased hydrophobicity, increased roughness, and larger surface contact area appears to have contributed to its ability to support a larger number of microbe associations. The decreased hydrophobicity and altered topography of both Klarity and Orfit masks may have been due to their additional antimicrobial coatings.
Thin viscous films: Thinning driven by surface-tension energy dissipation

Abstract We study the evolution of a thin film of fluid modeled by the lubrication approximation for thin viscous films. We prove existence of (dissipative) strong solutions for the Cauchy problem when the sub-diffusive exponent ranges between 3/8 and 2; then we show that these solutions tend to zero at rates matching the decay of the source-type self-similar solutions with zero contact angle. Finally, we introduce the weaker concept of dissipative mild solutions and we show that in this case the surface-tension energy dissipation is the mechanism responsible for the H 1 -norm decay to zero of the thickness of the film at an explicit rate. Relaxed problems, with second-order nonlinear terms of porous media type are also successfully treated by the same means.
How Early Experiences Shape Attraction, Partner Preferences, and Attachment Dynamics

In this chapter, the authors discuss the impact of early experiences on attraction and attachment in adulthood. First, the authors review three theoretical perspectives that provide potential explanations for how early experiences might shape what people find physically attractive. Specifically, the authors review research and theory on sexual imprinting, mere exposure, and optimal outbreeding. Next, the authors discuss how early experiences may impact the formation of an attachment bond in adulthood, beyond the effects of physical attraction per se. Finally, the authors present a template-matching model that integrates multiple theoretical perspectives to explain how early experiences impact both mate preferences and attachment dynamics in adulthood.
LRRK2 in Parkinson’s disease: function in cells and neurodegeneration

The detailed characterization of the function of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) may provide insight into the molecular basis of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) because mutations in LRRK2 cause a phenotype with strong overlap to typical late-onset disease and LRRK2 mutations are responsible for significant proportions of PD in some populations. The complexity of large multidomain protein kinases such as LRRK2 challenges traditional functional approaches, although initial studies have successfully defined the basic mechanisms of enzyme activity with respect to the putative effects of pathogenic mutations on kinase activity. The role of LRRK2 in cells remains elusive, with potential function in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, protein translation control, programmed cell death pathways and activity in cytoskeleton dynamics. The initial focus on LRRK2-kinase-dependent phenomena places emphasis on the discovery of LRRK2 kinase substrates, although candidate substrates are so far confined to in vitro assays. Here, hypothetical mechanisms for LRRK2-mediated cell death and kinase activation are proposed. As a promising target for neuroprotection strategies in PD, in vitro and in vivo models that accurately demonstrate LRRK2's function relevant to neurodegeneration will aide in the identification of molecules with the highest chance of success in the clinic.
Pion-deuteron elastic scattering and Bakamjian-Thomas transformation theory

It is shown, using the transformation theory of Bakamjian and Thomas, how to introduce potentials into the pion-deuteron elastic-scattering problem without destroying Poincare invariance. Thus the usual difficulties of using potentials in relativistic situations are avoided. A direct numerical comparison of the Bakamjian-Thomas center-of-momentum formulation and a similar Breit-frame analysis is made for πd and pd elastic scattering. Quantitative differences are found in the double-scattering amplitudes in the two formulations.
Mass Incarceration and the Paradox of Prison Conditions Litigation

In this article I examine how prison conditions litigation in the 1970s, as an outgrowth of the civil rights movement, inadvertently contributed to the rise of mass incarceration in the United States. Using Florida as a case study, I detail how prison conditions litigation that aimed to reduce incarceration was translated in the political arena as a court order to build prisons. Drawing on insights from historical institutionalist scholarship, I argue that this paradox can be explained by considering the different historical and political contexts of the initial legal framing and the final compliance with the court order. In addition, I demonstrate how the choices made by policy makers around court compliance created policy feedback effects that further expanded the coercive capacity of the state and transformed political calculations around crime control. The findings suggest how "successful" court challenges for institutional change can have long‐term outcomes that are contrary to social justice goals. The paradox of prison litigation is especially compelling because inmates' lawyers were specifically concerned about racial injustice, yet mass incarceration is arguably the greatest obstacle to racial equality in the twenty‐first century.
Assessment of Drag Models for Geldart A Particles in Bubbling Fluidized Beds

In order to accurately predict the hydrodynamic behavior of gas and solid phases using an Eulerian–Eulerian approach, it is crucial to use appropriate drag models to capture the correct physics. In this study, the performance of seven drag models for fluidization of Geldart A particles of coal, poplar wood, and their mixtures was assessed. In spite of the previous findings that bode badly for using predominately Geldart B drag models for fine particles, the results of our study revealed that if static regions of mass in the fluidized beds are considered, these drag models work well with Geldart A particles. It was found that drag models derived from empirical relationships adopt better with Geldart A particles compared to drag models that were numerically developed. Overall, the Huilin–Gidaspow drag model showed the best performance for both single solid phases and binary mixtures, however, for binary mixtures, Wen–Yu model predictions were also accurate.
In vitro translation of cucumoviral satellites. I. Purification and nucleotide sequence of cucumber mosaic virus-associated RNA 5 from cucumber mosaic virus strain S.

Abstract The satellite cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-associated RNA 5 (CARNA 5) of CMV strain S (CMV-S) which previously had been assigned the capability both to direct the synthesis of two small proteins in vitro ( R. A. Owens and J. M. Kaper, 1977 , Virology , 80 , 196–203) and to induce the tomato necrosis disease in the presence of its helper virus ( J. M. Kaper and H. E. Waterworth, 1977 , Science , 196 , 429–431), has been reinvestigated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses under partially denaturing conditions of CARNA 5 preparations from CMV-S grown in tobacco reveal a mixture of three distinct RNA species which have been isolated and partially characterized. In order of decreasing electrophoretic mobility they have been designated RNA 5, (n)CARNA 5, and (S)CARNA 5, respectively. RNA 5 has been partially sequenced and shown to represent 3′-terminal fragments of the CMV genomic RNAs. (n)CARNA 5 is responsible for the tomato necrosis-inducing properties of the mixture and coelectrophoreses with tomato necrosis-inducing CARNA 5 from CMV strain D. (S)CARNA 5 does not cause tomato necrosis; its complete nucleotide sequence was determined and is compared here to the published sequences of the CARNA 5s of four other CMV strains. A companion paper ( M. J. Avila-Rincon et al. , 1986 , Virology , 152 , 455–458) provides unequivocal evidence that the in vitro translation of nonnecrotic (S)CARNA 5 produces two small polypeptides resembling those described earlier.
Intermetallic formation and its relation to interface mass loss and tribology in die casting dies

Abstract Due to high metal injection velocities typical of die casting process, oxide film on die surface breaks exposing virgin steel surface to liquid aluminum at 680 °C. This paper describes in detail the fundamental tribochemical basis for the soldering and mass loss phenomena related to this steel-cast metal interaction. Cylindrical plain H13 coupons are dipped in hot liquid aluminum, kept for predetermined times, cleaned and characterized for surface and substrate changes. The thermodynamics behind the formation of intermetallic compounds based on Gibb’s free energy calculations are presented. Adhesive strength of soldering layer is determined through pull tests on casting solidified around the test pin. From these results, a dissolution–adhesion wear model is proposed for the growth and dissolution of intermetallics and soldering. In addition, this paper includes the soldering and adhesion behavior of nitrided surfaces. It is seen that the diffusion barrier treatment prevents soldering formation and provides for reduced friction and adhesion at the interface.
Identification and sequence of a fourth human T cell antigen receptor chain.

Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) use clonally distributed antigen receptors to recognize peptide fragments associated with products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (refs 1–4). On most murine and human T cells the T cell receptor (TCR) is composed of disulphide-linked α and β chains (TCRα/β), each of which contains constant and variable domains, and which are associated with the invariant chains of the CD3 complex5,6. It has been demonstrated, however, that a distinct CD3-associated TCR is expressed on a small subset of T cells or immature thymocytes which fail to express either CD4 or CD8 (refs 7–14), the molecules associated with class II or class I MHC antigen recognition. Instead of TCRα/β, these cells express heterodimers of γ and δ chains (TRCγ/δ). The genes encoding α, β, and γ have been isolated and characterized15–17. A new murine T cell receptor (Cx) gene which undergoes rearrangement and expression early during T cell ontogeny has recently been identified 5′ of the murine JαCα gene locus18. Here we isolate and sequence the homologous transcript from PEER, a human cell line that expresses a TCRγ/δ, and show that it encodes a protein with characteristic V, D, J, and C segments. Using probes derived from this transcript, we have shown that both PEER and MOLT-13, another TCRγ/δ-expressing cell line, rearrange this locus and express two sizes of transcripts differing in the 3' untranslated region. Using a synthetic peptide derived from the deduced C region sequence, we have prepared antisera that precipitates the δ chain of the TCR from both PEER and MOLT-13, thus demonstrating that Cx and its human homologue code for the δ chain of the TCR.
Incorporating Ethics and Professionalism into Accounting Education and Research: A Discussion of the Voids and Advocacy for Training in Seminal Works in Business Ethics

From 1999–2002, companies, the stock markets, audit firms, the accounting profession, and federal regulators were shaken with near‐daily revelations in the form of earnings restatements or confessions of financial instability by firms that had been certified as ongoing entities. A guilty plea by one auditor and the criminal conviction of his audit firm have resulted in statutory reform, new policies on financial reporting, and stricter regulatory requirements for audit firms. When all the reform dust settles, however, and the new statutes, regulations, and rules are implemented, auditors and those who educate them will still be left with the same question: why were auditors willing to allow the types of financial reports and reporting decisions that produced fundamentally unfair and inaccurate portraits of the companies they were auditing? The answer to this question requires exploration of ethics education in both business schools and schools of accountancy. While there are voids in that training, there ...
Thermoelectricity: The ugly duckling

Single crystals of tin selenide have been shown to display, along one crystallographic direction of their high-temperature state, the highest thermoelectric efficiency of any bulk material. See Letter p.373
Investigation of backscattering effects on the correlation properties of a He–Ne ring laser

By making provisions for retroreflecting the two emerging counterrotating waves back into the laser cavity with variable amplitudes and phases, we have investigated backscattering effects in a He–Ne ring laser. In particular, we have measured the intensity flucuations and the intensity cross correlation between the two counterpropagating modes as the pump parameter and the phase of the backscattering are varied. We confirm the prediction based on third-order laser theory that equal-time moments depend on backscattering only through the combination R1 + R2*, where R1 and R2 are complex backscattering coefficients. Good agreement between experiment and third-order laser theory is obtained so long as the normalized pump parameter is below approximately 100.
Galaxy clusters: Well of darkness

Galaxy clusters must trap large quantities of dark matter, and we expect it to be sharply concentrated near their centres. But using a new method for interpreting the effects of gravitational lensing, a much smoother and less centrally concentrated distribution of dark matter is inferred in one cluster. This could produce insights into the mechanisms governing galaxy-cluster formation, or even be a clue to the nature of dark matter.
Yersinia enterocolitica Type III Secretion: Mutational Analysis of the yopQ Secretion Signal

Pathogenic Yersinia spp. secrete Yop proteins via the type III pathway. yopQ codons 1 to 15 were identified as a signal necessary and sufficient for the secretion of a fused reporter protein. Frameshift mutations that alter codons 2 to 15 with little alteration of yopQ mRNA sequence do not abolish type III transport, suggesting a model in which yopQ mRNA may provide a signal for secretion (D. M. Anderson and O. Schneewind, Mol. Microbiol. 31:1139-1148, 2001). In a recent study, the yopE signal was truncated to codons 1 to 12. All frameshift mutations introduced within the first 12 codons of yopE abolished secretion. Also, multiple synonymous mutations that changed the mRNA sequence of yopE codons 1 to 12 without altering the amino acid sequence did not affect secretion. These results favor a model whereby an N-terminal signal peptide initiates YopE into the type III pathway (S. A. Lloyd et al., Mol. Microbiol. 39:520-531, 2001). It is reported here that codons 1 to 10 of yopQ act as a minimal secretion signal. Further truncation of yopQ, either at codon 10 or at codon 2, abolished secretion. Replacement of yopQ AUG with either of two other start codons, UUG or GUG, did not affect secretion. However, replacement of AUG with CUG or AAA and initiating translation at the fusion site with npt did not permit Npt secretion, suggesting that the translation of yopQ codons 1 to 15 is a prerequisite for secretion. Frameshift mutations of yopQ codons 1 to 10, 1 to 11, and 1 to 12 abolished secretion signaling, whereas frameshift mutations of yopQ codons 1 to 13, 1 to 14, and 1 to 15 did not. Codon changes at yopQ positions 2 and 10 affected secretion signaling when placed within the first 10 codons but had no effect when positioned in the larger fusion of yopQ codons 1 to 15. An mRNA mutant of yopQ codons 1 to 10, generated by a combination of nine synonymous mutations, was defective in secretion signaling, suggesting that the YopQ secretion signal is not proteinaceous. A model is discussed whereby the initiation of YopQ polypeptide into the type III pathway is controlled by properties of yopQ mRNA.