cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance to Overturning of Single, Short Piles

Practical aids for stress analysis and lateral force design of short piles that will effectively reduce labor required in their solution; foundation design in refineries and chemical plants, where short bored piles have been successfully used to transmit to ground all forces and couples acting on supports for elevated horizontal vessels, heat exchanger equipment, pipe supports and miscellaneous light structures.
Securing singular thought about merely hypothetical entities

Although we are still in the dark when it comes to giving necessary and jointly sufficient criteria for what it takes to be thinking a singular thought, the paradigm cases are just ones where an agent is thinking about some particular object. When we erroneously think that Vulcan is a planet, our thought appears to be singular since it is, after all, about Vulcan. A promising way to explain this is to claim that there is something, a merely hypothetical entity, that is Vulcan. There have been notable supporters for positing hypothetical entities for some time now, but the account of how we create hypothetical entities is still underdeveloped. In fact, we face a puzzle if we assume: (1) hypothetical entities are created by us; (2) we create a given hypothetical entity only when we falsely hypothesize something to be the unique F; (3) we create the hypothetical entity long before we learn that there is no unique F. How can we possibly manage to conditionally and unknowingly create some entity when there is no unique F? In showing how this is possible, it will become clear that we have good reason for preferring a view that posits hypothetical entities over the alternative ways of accounting for our apparently singular thoughts about Vulcan, Pegasus, the Fountain of Youth, and so on.
Disagreement All Around: The Role of Dissents to Denials of Certiorari

Scholars have long debated the extent to which the Supreme Court responds to the whims of public opinion. Do the Justices push public opinion forward, or do they take current public opinion into account when writing their opinions? Brown vs. Board of Education was an instance in which the Court pushed public opinion forward, perhaps faster than the American public might have wanted. But the Court also experienced some push-back from Congress and the American public as a result, with evidence suggesting that the Court became more conservative in the drafting of its opinions in the immediate aftermath as a result of legitimacy concerns. The question rather quickly becomes one of agenda setting within the Court; at what point do the Justices decide they are ready to hear a controversial case? One way that Supreme Court Justices might signal to the lower courts, and the public at large, that they are ready to hear a controversial issue is through dissents to cert denials. To what extent do these signals exist, and do they predict the Court's later decision to hear controversial issues? In my paper, I examine a sample of cert denial dissents, evaluate the signals that exist within them, and show the extent to which these signals can explain future cert acceptances.
Changes in metal distribution of the avian oviduct during the ovulation cycle.

SummaryA study was made of the metal distribution in certain functional segments (magnum, isthmus, and shell gland) of the oviduct of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) in an effort to detect patterns of metal flux in these tissues which might be associated with calcium transport. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc were determined by spectra] emission analysis of tissue ash from birds sacrificed at various phases of the ovulation cycle. Ash content was highest in the shell gland; calcium and copper concentrations were elevated in the isthmus and magnesium was elevated in the magnum. There appears to be a relationship between the metal concentrations and the known metabolic functions of the oviduct segment analyzed. The data also indicate that 1) the movement of trace amounts of the metals, zinc, manganese and magnesium, to the egg occurs in particular segments; 2) high copper levels are present in the isthmus; 3) the isthmus transports calcium for deposition on the ...
Priming of human alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes for superoxide anion release by interferons and lipopolysaccharide.

Biological agents such as the interferons (IFNs) or lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) can prime phagocytic cells to generate increased amounts of oxygen metabolites upon exposure to various stimuli. The priming of human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages (AM) by recombinant IFN-βser (rIFN-βser) and rIFN-γ for an enhanced respiratory burst was compared. Both rIFN-βser and rIFN-γ increased phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated Superoxide anion generation by AM in a dose-dependent fashion. rIFN-βser was capable of priming AM for an enhanced superoxide anion release nearly as well as rIFN-γ. In contrast, rIFN-γser was much less effective as a priming agent for monocytes when compared to either its effect on AM or to the priming effect of rIFN-γ on monocytes. The respiratory burst of IFN-exposed AM was not inhibited by co-incubation with low concentrations of LPS. However, the ability of IFN to augment Superoxide anion release by cells simultaneously exposed to LPS in comparison to superoxide anion ge...
Effect of Miscibility and Percolation on Electron Transport in Amorphous Poly(3-Hexylthiophene)/Phenyl- C 61 -Butyric Acid Methyl Ester Blends

Recent evidence has demonstrated that amorphous mixed phases are ubiquitous within mesostructured polythiophene-fullerene mixtures. Nevertheless, the role of mixing within nanophases on charge transport of organic semiconductor mixtures is not fully understood. To this end, we have examined the electron mobility in amorphous blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and phenyl-${\mathrm{C}}_{61}$-butyric acid methyl ester. Our studies reveal that the miscibility of the components strongly affects electron transport within blends. Immiscibility promotes efficient electron transport by promoting percolating pathways within organic semiconductor mixtures. As a consequence, partial miscibility may be important for efficient charge transport in polythiophene-fullerene mixtures and organic solar cell performance.
An Interactive Session with Top Reviewers

This session will address the complexities of getting your work accepted by major marketing journals, with special attention on ways that reviewers read, think about, and assess manuscripts. Three of the profession’s top reviewers will give short presentations on their approaches – while distinct in detail, there are critical overlaps. Their diversities and their commonalities need to be understood by faculty who want to publish in A-level (or even B-level) journals, for reviewers are the “first line of defense” against poor scholarship appearing in print. (As humans, we prefer to review well-written, insightful manuscripts that we can help polish to a publishable form. Hopefully this session will get all of us closer to our preferences.)
The Effectiveness of Inter-institutional Collaboration: Designing and Conducting Effective Simulation of an ASEAN Plus Three Meeting

Consensus exists among scholars on student simulations that these exercises ultimately improve student interaction and increase overall effectiveness of learning. Most of the studies, however, are based on simulations conducted by a single mostly large academic institution and there is limited scholarship on how partnerships among several institutions of higher education can improve the quality of these interactive learning exercises. This paper uses evidence from inter-institutional collaboration between two colleges in Kentucky—Morehead State University and Georgetown College—in the spring of 2011 to assess the challenges and opportunities of such cooperation. Specifically we focus on the preparation, the conduct and conclusion of a simulation of Model ASEAN Plus Three Summit. Our observations and the data collected from the anonymous student satisfaction survey confirmed that the benefits of such cooperation significantly outweigh the costs associated with it. Furthermore, we also offer general conclusions and practical recommendations for inter-institutional collaboration between different institutions of higher education in organizing such interactive exercises.
Evidence for a Site Specific Genomic Rearrangement in the slo Region of Streptococcus pyogenes

Regulation of bacterial genes and operons in most cases occurs by regulatory molecules which modulate either transcription initiation or transcription progression. However, an increasing number of examples show that programmed or targeted DNA rearrangements can also alter gene expression (1–3). Here we present a case of a chromosomal rearrangement in the slo-has region of Streptococcus pyogenes which might affect expression of the slo gene.
The role of calcium antagonists in the management of renal warm ischemia

AbstractEighty dogs with solitary kidneys were used to investigate the effects of calcium antagonists on the functional capacity and structural integrity of kidneys subjected to sixty minutes of warm ischemia by transient vascular occlusion under general anesthesia. Treated dogs were compared with control animals who had normal or untreated ischemic kidneys (group 1 and 2) and also with saline-flushed ischemic kidneys without or with heparinization (group 3 and 4).Verapamil and nicardipine were used independently as local (group 5 and 7) or systemic treatment (group 6 and 8).Functional and structural studies revealed that calcium antagonists improved animal survival, renal hemodynamics, renal functional capacity, cellular adenine nucleotides, and reduced the ischemic structural damage. Local treatment of ischemic kidneys with 0.15mg. nicardipine afforded the best protection against the deleterious effects of renal warm ischemia.
Composite rhytidectomy and the nasolabial fold

In composite rhytidectomy, all of the deep aging anatomic components of the midface are elevated in the skin flap. The platysma muscle, cheek fat, and orbicularis oculi muscle are repositioned in this bipedicled musculocutaneous flap, which very effectively improves the nasolabial fold. Repositioning of all of the deep elements of the aging face and forehead is obligatory in creating a harmonious rejuvenation.
Dating Casas Grandes

ABSTRACTLeBlanc's revision of Di Peso's dating of Casas Grandes is critically reviewed. A date for the end of the Medio Period about one century later than LeBlanc's is supported by reference to ceramic assemblages in southwestern New Mexico, and to absolute dates and ceramic assemblages at Casas Grandes.
The Confessional Idea of a University and its Fall, 1550–1750

Once there were fine, resplendent times when Europe was a Christian land, when one Christendom occupied this humanly constituted continent. One great common interest united the remotest provinces of this broad spiritual realm. Without worldly possessions, one Head guided and unified the great political forces. A numerous guild, to which everyone had access, stood directly beneath him and carried out his behests and strove with zeal to confirm his beneficent power.1
Can we predict the blood pressure response to renal denervation

Renal denervation (RDN) is a new therapy used to treat drug-resistant hypertension in the clinical setting. Published human trials show substantial inter-individual variability in the blood pressure (BP) response to RDN, even when technical aspects of the treatment are standardized as much as possible between patients. Widespread acceptance of RDN for treating hypertension will require accurate identification of patients likely to respond to RDN with a fall in BP that is clinically significant in magnitude, well-maintained over time and does not cause adverse consequences. In this paper we review and evaluate clinical studies that address possible predictors of the BP response to RDN. We conclude that only one generally reliable predictor has been identified to date, namely pre-RDN BP level, although there is some evidence for a few other factors. Experimental interventions in laboratory animals provide the opportunity to explore potential predictors that are difficult to investigate in human patients. Therefore we also describe results (from our lab and others) with RDN in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Since virtually all patients receiving RDN are taking three or more antihypertensive drugs, a particular focus of our work was on how ongoing antihypertensive drug treatment might alter the BP response to RDN. We conclude that patient age (or duration of hypertension) and concomitant treatment with certain drugs can affect the blood pressure response to RDN and that this information could help predict a favorable clinical response.
Growth Synergy in India: a Challenge

India, today, is facing a challenge: her history versus her expectations. India’s past history with its regulations and lack of openness in trade has faced the challenge of policy reform. The information technology (IT) sector of today has given India a jolt. It has catapulted the country to a new economy. Economic reforms have set up new expectations: more openness, more liberalization and a new demand for growth like the NICs (newly industrializing countries) in Asia.
Mapping of the resistance of a superconducting transition edge sensor as a function of temperature, current, and applied magnetic field

We have measured the resistance R ( T , I , B ext ) of a superconducting transition edge sensor over the entire transition region on a fine scale, producing a four-dimensional map of the resistance surface. The dimensionless temperature and current sensitivities ( α ≡ ∂ log R / ∂ log T | I and β ≡ ∂ log R / ∂ log I | T) of the TES resistance have been determined at each point. α and β are closely related to the sensor performance, but show a great deal of complex, large amplitude fine structure over large portions of the surface that is sensitive to the applied magnetic field. We discuss the relation of this structure to the presence of Josephson “weak link” fringes.
A cognitive stressor for event-related potential studies: the Portland arithmetic stress task.

AbstractIn this experiment, we developed and evaluated the Portland Arithmetic Stress Task (PAST) as a cognitive stressor to evaluate acute and sustained stress reactivity for event-related potential (ERP) studies. The PAST is a titrated arithmetic task adapted from the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST), with added experimental control over presentation parameters, improved and synchronized acoustic feedback and generation of timing markers needed for physiological analyzes of real-time brain activity. Thirty-one older adults (M = 60 years) completed the PAST. EEG was recorded to assess feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the magnitude of the stress response through autonomic nervous system activity and salivary cortisol. Physiological measures other than EEG included heart rate, respiration rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure and salivary cortisol. These measures were collected at several time points throughout the task. Feedback-related negativity evoked-potential responses were elicited an...
Estimating relationships between snow water equivalent, snow covered area, and topography to extend the Airborne Snow Observatory dataset

Abstract. A new spatio-temporal dataset from the ongoing Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) provides an unprecedented look at the spatial and temporal patterns of snow water equivalent (SWE) over multiple years in the Tuolumne Basin, California, USA. We found that fractional snow covered area (fSCA) significantly improves our ability to model the distribution of SWE based on relationships between SWE, fSCA, and topography. Further, the broad availability of satellite images of fSCA facilitates the transfer of these relationship to different years with minimal degradation in performance (r2 = 0.85, % MAE = 33 %, % Bias = 1 %) compared with models fit on the same day, by considering variations in SWE depth as expressed by differences in fSCA between years. The crux of this proposition is in selecting the model to transfer. We offer a method with which to select a model from another year based on the similarity in SWE distribution at existing snow pillows in the area. Comparison of the best transferred predictions and the selected predictions results in a mild decrease in r2 (0.02) and moderate increases in % MAE (15 %) and % Bias (10 %). The results motivate further refinement in the technique used to select the best model because if these dates can be identified then SWE can be modeled at accuracy levels equivalent to models generated from ASO data collected on the day of interest. Lastly, we found that models from ASO observations of anomalously low snowpacks in 2015 still transferred to other years, although the same cannot be said for the reverse. This research provides a first attempt at extending the value of ASO beyond the observations and we expect ASO will continue to provide insights for improving water resource management for years to come.
The Media Syndrome and Reflexive Mediation

Communication and social performances are guided and evaluated in popular culture terms and criteria as our media have become more instant, visual, and personal. The media syndrome (MS) refers to the prevalence of media logic, communication formats, and media content in social life. The media syndrome might include individual personas and identities, social issues, and political actions that are situated in entertainment oriented public and popular culture scenarios. As these experiences and events are shaped by new technologies and formats they become gateways to other mediated events and are a resource for another level of mediated experience. Accordingly, a reflexive mediated culture refers to a second order experience and familiarity with media and information technology. These lenses can be helpful in addressing some contemporary issues.
Media Exposure Predicts Body Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Appearance Comparison

Physical appearance comparison may make individuals more susceptible to the detrimental effects of brief media exposure on body satisfaction. However, it is unclear whether these findings would also extend to chronic media exposure in everyday life. In addition, it is unknown whether the role of appearance comparison relative to media and body dissatisfaction differs between genders. This study examined trait physical appearance comparison as a moderator of the relationships between television and Internet exposure and appearance evaluation and body area satisfaction. Male (n = 137) and female (n = 335) undergraduates completed self-report measures of trait physical appearance comparison, television and Internet consumption, appearance evaluation, and body area satisfaction. Among women, appearance comparison moderated the relationship between television exposure and appearance evaluation, such that those who engaged in more appearance comparison and viewed more television had a more negative evaluation of their appearance. Among men, appearance comparison moderated the relationship between Internet use and body area dissatisfaction, such that those who engaged in more appearance comparison and spent a significant amount of time on the Internet had greater body area dissatisfaction. These results suggest that appearance comparison represents a vulnerability for experiencing body dissatisfaction from media exposure, contingent on media format and gender.
Complications of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

While RYGB persists as the gold standard for weight loss procedures, complications are not infrequent. Adverse events can be categorized by their timing postoperatively, generally occurring in the perioperative setting within 72 h, acutely within the first 8 weeks, or late postoperatively after 8 weeks as acute or chronic events. Expeditious diagnosis and management of life-threatening complications, like gastrointestinal bleed, leak, or small bowel obstruction, are essential, and bariatric surgeons must maintain a low index of suspicion for these events on patient presentation. Furthermore, patients may endorse vague symptoms associated with a variety of possible chronic complications to which the surgeon must be keenly attuned. This chapter provides a framework to identify potential complications after RYGB and aid in establishing a treatment strategy for these patients.
SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY PURIFIED ANTIBODY TO IgD

Publisher Summary Although immunoglobulin of the D class is found in only minute amounts in serum, it is a major membrane-bound immunoglobulin of human B-lymphocytes. When cultured in vitro, human B-lymphocytes differentiate into cells, synthesizing and secreting each of the three major serum immunoglobulins—IgG, IgM, and IgA. This chapter presents the effect of antibody to IgD on immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro. Anti-IgD suppresses the synthesis of IgG, IgM, and IgA. The degree of suppression is found to be dependent on the amount of antibody added to the cultures. Suppressive activity is greatly reduced by prior absorption of antibody to IgD on IgD–sepharose but remains unaffected following prior absorption on IgG–sepharose columns. IgD-specific regions of the antibody molecule are responsible for the suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis and the Fc portion of the molecule is not required. The purified antibody to IgD suppresses IgM, IgG, and IgA synthesis by human blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro in the presence of fetal bovine serum.
ANALGESIC PROPERTIES OF D-PHENYLALANINE, BACITRACIN AND PUROMYCIN IN MICE: RELATIONSHIP TO INHIBITION OF ENKEPHALINASE AND BETA ENDORPHINASE

D-Phenylalanine (DPA), bacitracin and puromycin produce analgesia in mice which is very slow in onset, of long duration and naloxone reversible. Analgesia is correlated with inhibition of enkephalinase but not β-endorphinase. DPA is highly effective as an anti-inflamrratory agent in rats.
Two New Species of Wamalchitamia (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) from Oaxaca, Mexico

Two new species of Wamalchitamia are described from Oaxaca, Mexico: W. serboana and W. yautepecana. Photographs of their holotypes are provided and their relationships to yet other species in the genus are discussed. A key to the accepted taxa in Wamalchitamia is provided, along with maps showing their distributions.
A Standard Artificial Lung for System Calibration in Physiological Gas Exchange Measurement

The measurement of metabolic gas exchange in bags or balloons is direct and obvious; mixed expired gas is collected as the entire alveolar ventilation combined with the dead space ventilation. Recent approaches to automation of gas exchange measurement1,2,5,7,8,9 have in common the elimination of bags for collection of the entire expired sample; the approaches vary, but each method is susceptible to error in determination of the mixed expired gases or measurement of the entire volume or both. The typical calibration procedure is to calibrate the individual analyzers and transducers in the system separately using large calibration syringes, precision gases, etc. It is assumed that if the individual components have been calibrated, the system is calibrated. This paper describes a Standard Artificial Lung (SAL) for system calibration of metabolic measurements devices, and it presents the results of testing some of these systems.
Serratia Marcescens Mutations in the Elevated Ultraviolet Radiation Conditions of the Stratosphere

Serratia marcescens grown on agar plates were transported to the stratosphere in a high altitude balloon in order to view mutations resulting from elevated exposure to ultraviolet radiation. A control was left on the ground collecting a moderate amount of UV radiation. S. marcescens was used because it changes pigment when there is a mutation present. Since the ultraviolet radiation is greater in the stratosphere than in our control at ground level, then the plates being sent with the balloon should have a higher mutation rate than the plates located on the ground.The scientific research conducted resulted in the bacteria sent in the balloon not producing as many colonies as well as the control. This could have been due to the harsh conditions of the stratosphere.
Introduction: Abiola Irele, critical master, master critic

The following cluster of articles on the intellectual legacies of Professor Francis Abiola Irele (1936-2017) started as contributions to a memorial seminar during the 44th annual meeting and confer...
O8C.1 A probabilistic bias-analysis method for evaluating disease misclassification in a historical cohort mortality study of trichlorophenol workers

Occupational epidemiologists have long considered death certificate inaccuracies a critical issue when conducting historical cohort mortality (HCM) studies. However, the vast majority of these types of studies do not include a quantitative assessment of the impact of disease misclassification on study results. We developed a probabilistic bias-analysis method to evaluate the effect of disease misclassification using ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality data from a cohort study of New Zealand trichlorophenol workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The sensitivity and specificity of IHD death certificate diagnoses in high income countries, as described in 14 peer-reviewed validation studies, were used to construct bias parameter distributions for nine simulation scenarios. We defined the parameter distributions for a non-differential disease misclassification scenario first, using a beta distribution for the sensitivity parameters and a maximum extreme distribution for the specificity parameters. To evaluate the potential effects of differential misclassification, we also varied the distribution peaks for the highest and lowest exposure categories. As before, a beta distribution was used for all the sensitivity parameters. However, both maximum and minimum extreme distributions were used for specificity parameters in these scenarios. For each scenario, the specified sensitivity and specificity distributions were sampled using Monte Carlo techniques. The inverse matrix of the sampled classification proportions was then multiplied by the vector of observed cell counts to generate a vector of cell counts adjusted for disease misclassification, which were used to calculate an adjusted odds ratio. When misclassification was differential, the geometric mean adjusted odds ratio ranged from 1.9 to 4.9 with study error resulting in bias both away from and toward the null. Under the assumption of non-differential misclassification, the geometric mean adjusted odds ratio was slightly smaller than the unadjusted estimate. Probabilistic bias analysis can be a useful tool for evaluating study error in historical cohort mortality studies.
Widespread inhibitory projections from the interposed cerebellar nucleus

The cerebellum consists of parallel parasagittal modules that contribute to diverse behaviors, spanning motor to cognitive. Recent work illustrating a role for the anterior interposed nucleus (IntA) in reach control in mice raised questions of its anatomical organization that could confer functional specificity. We employed intersectional cell- and projection- specific labeling methods to map IntA inputs and outputs. In contrast to long-standing dogma of primarily excitatory outputs and restricted inferior olive targeting inhibitory output, we found that inhibitory IntA neurons ramified widely within the brainstem, targeting both motor- and sensory-related nuclei, suggesting potential functional roles in disinhibitory control or predictive sensory cancellation. Using monosynaptic rabies tracing, we then found that excitatory output neurons receive fewer and more precisely organized inputs than inhibitory neurons, which may set them up for distinct computations. Together these data suggest IntA contains at least two distinct output circuits and promise advances in identifying parallel computations of the cerebellum.
Sexual Consent Communication among Sexual and Gender Minority College Students.

Sexual scripts and consent communication methods are seldom explored outside of heterosexual, cisgender relationships. To date, little research has been conducted to determine how sexual and gender minority (SGM) students conceptualize and communicate consent. This study explored SGM undergraduate students' (n = 81) sexual consent communication scripts using open-ended survey items. We conducted a thematic freelisting analysis to assess the domains of consent and non-consent scripts using Smith's Salience Score (S). Salient indicators of consent were verbal communication (S = .31; 38%); however, more specific forms of verbal communication were listed as a spectrum, including: asking (a request, S = .16; 23%), saying (a statement, S = .16; 20%), and telling (a command, S = .10; 13%). The most salient indicators of verbal non-consent were on a similar spectrum: saying no (S = .42; 9%), verbal communication broadly (S = .23; 27%), and telling no (S = .06; 7%). Salient physical indicators of both consent and non-consent also followed a spectrum in their descriptions. Future research among SGM college students should explore the meanings, patterns, and differences in consent communication and sexual scripts.
Why Matter of De Vera Matters: Universal Pre-K, Quality, Oversight, and the Need to Restore Public Values in New York Statutory Interpretation

New York City is a recognized leader in providing high-quality universal pre-kindergarten (UPK) as a strategy to reduce educational inequity. Matter of DeVera v. Elia, a recent decision by New York State’s highest court, dealt a blow to New York City and State efforts to require a powerful charter entity to abide by the UPK law’s quality standards when providing pre-kindergarten services by contract. This article argues that the outcome in Matter of DeVera calls for clarifying the court’s statutory interpretation canons and recommitting to what former Chief Judge Judith Kaye called “common-sense and substantial justice” to achieve the legislature's purpose consistent with important public values. It also calls for a renewed commitment to public law norms, including accountability for quality standards in public education applied equally to public and private providers, where relevant statutes require harmonization to achieve complex legislative and public policy goals.
State Policymaking and Stated Reasons: Prenatal Care for Undocumented Immigrants in an Era of Abortion Restriction.

Policy Points States can create policies that provide access to publicly funded prenatal care for undocumented immigrants that garner support from diverse political coalitions. Policymakers have used a wide range of moral and practical reasons to support the expansion of care to this population, which can be tailored to frame prenatal policies for different stakeholder groups. Context Even though nearly 6% of citizen babies born in the United States have at least one undocumented parent, undocumented immigrants are ineligible for most public health insurance. Prenatal care is a recommended health service that improves birth outcomes, and some states, including both traditionally "blue" and "red" states, have opted to provide publicly funded coverage for prenatal services for people who are otherwise ineligible due to immigration status. This article explores how courts and legislatures in three states have approached the question of publicly funded prenatal care for undocumented immigrants and its relationship to the abortion debate, with a particular focus on the moral and practical justifications that policymakers employ. Methods We employed a review and qualitative analysis of the documents that comprise the legislative histories of prenatal policies in three case states: California, New York, and Nebraska. Findings This review and analysis of policy documents identified moral reasons based on appeals to different conceptions of moral status, respect for autonomy, and justice, as well as prudential reasons that appealed to the health and economic benefits of prenatal care for US citizens and legal residents. We found that much of the variation in reasons supporting policies by state can be traced to the state's position on the protection of reproductive rights and whether the policymakers in each state supported or opposed access to abortion. Interestingly, despite these differences, the states arrived at similar prenatal policies for immigrants. Conclusions There may be areas where policymakers with different political orientations can converge on health policies affecting access to care for undocumented immigrants. Future research should explore the reception of various message frames for expanding public health insurance coverage to immigrants in other contexts.
Invited Review: Water consumption, and drinking behavior of beef cattle, and effects of water quality

ABSTRACT Purpose This review describes water intake, drinking behavior, and water quality for beef cattle during the cow-calf, stocker, and feedlot phases of beef production. Sources Results from published scientific literature investigating water quality and factors effecting water intake and drinking behavior in cattle are summarized in this manuscript. The authors relied on their beef cattle research and production experiences to interpret the results of this literature search and reach the conclusions described within this review. Synthesis Water intake predictions of Winchester and Morris (1956) are likely adequate for water budgeting purposes for groups of cattle, provided DMI is estimated accurately. Factors that potentially limit water intake, such as limited water availability and excessive total dissolved solids should be avoided. Cattle can tolerate, although frequently with reduced performance, total dissolved solids concentrations in water up to 7,000 mg/L provided the salts in question do not include significant nitrates or sulfates. Ruminal water turnover rate, rumen bypass, frequency of water consumption, and environmental factors that influence water consumption likely contribute to the variation in the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate required to induce a toxicity. Conclusions and Applications Providing cattle ad libitum access to clean fresh drinking water is imperative to optimize animal health and production efficiency. Routine water analysis in conjunction with feed analysis is critical for appropriate water quality management. When water contaminants exceed maximum tolerable concentrations, blending water from various sources to reduce the effect of contaminants or reducing the dietary concentration of the contaminant (e.g., sulfur) may be beneficial.
Gold–Copper Film Electrode for Voltammetry Determination of Mercury in Water

Gold-copper film electrode prepared in situ on carbon paste solid disk substrate (Au–CuF/CPE) was studied as a working electrode. The factors influencing mercury stripping peak currents, such as CA...
Lumbar Skin Lesion in a Term Infant

1. Shannon E. Brockman, MD*,† 2. Katherine M. Ottolini, MD†,‡ 3. Elizabeth V. Schulz, MD†,‡ 1. *United States Navy Medicine Readiness and Training Command Okinawa, Okinawa, Japan 2. †Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 3. ‡Department of Neonatology, 18th Healthcare Operations Squadron, Kadena AB, Okinawa, Japan A newborn girl is noted to have a midline lumbar depression at birth. She is twin A born by uncomplicated vaginal delivery at 38 weeks and 5 days of gestation to a 31-year-old gravida 2, now para 3 mother after dichorionic/diamniotic twin pregnancy via in vitro fertilization. The pregnancy was otherwise complicated by diet-controlled gestational diabetes and maternal history of herpes simplex virus without lesions or prodromal symptoms at the time of delivery. Maternal medications during pregnancy included prenatal vitamins and valacyclovir prophylaxis. The infant transitions well and requires only routine care at the time of delivery. Her initial physical examination reveals a circumferential 1 × 0.5-cm punched-out, skin-covered lesion overlying the midline spine at the level of L4-L5 vertebrae with surrounding dermal melanocytosis extending from the midline to the left flank (Fig 1). The examination findings are otherwise normal, with appropriate tone for age, symmetrical movement of all extremities, and intact neonatal reflexes. Spinal ultrasonography is performed on the second day after birth because of the cutaneous findings and is notable for a low-lying spinal cord with conus termination at the level of L3-L4 with a thickened appearance of the filum terminale. Head ultrasonography is also performed, and findings are normal. Figure 1. Photograph demonstrating a punched-out lesion with a melanocytic area overlying lumbar and sacral region skin. This photograph has not been enhanced or altered in any way. ### Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis of a punched-out skin lesion overlying the lumbar region includes, but is not limited to, a lumbosacral dimple, vascular malformation, skin atrophy, cutis aplasia, dermal sinus, and ulcerative or necrotizing skin infection. A sacral dimple is a depression in the skin of the lower back, typically occurring just above the crease between the buttocks. Lumbosacral dimples are common in newborn infants and are usually normal anatomic variants when solitary …
High-Frequency Stimulation of the Rat Entopeduncular Nucleus Does Not Provide Functional or Morphological Neuroprotection from 6-Hydroxydopamine

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most common neurosurgical treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Whereas the globus pallidus interna (GPi) has been less commonly targeted than the subthalamic nucleus (STN), a recent clinical trial suggests that GPi DBS may provide better outcomes for patients with psychiatric comorbidities. Several laboratories have demonstrated that DBS of the STN provides neuroprotection of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopamine neurons in preclinical neurotoxin models of PD and increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, whether DBS of the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), the homologous structure to the GPi in the rat, has similar neuroprotective potential in preclinical models has not been investigated. We investigated the impact of EP DBS on forelimb use asymmetry and SNpc degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and on BDNF levels. EP DBS in male rats received unilateral, intrastriatal 6-OHDA and ACTIVE or INACTIVE stimulation continuously for two weeks. Outcome measures included quantification of contralateral forelimb use, stereological assessment of SNpc neurons and BDNF levels. EP DBS 1) did not ameliorate forelimb impairments induced by 6-OHDA, 2) did not provide neuroprotection for SNpc neurons and 3) did not significantly increase BDNF levels in any of the structures examined. These results are in sharp contrast to the functional improvement, neuroprotection and BDNF-enhancing effects of STN DBS under identical experimental parameters in the rat. The lack of functional response to EP DBS suggests that stimulation of the rat EP may not represent an accurate model of clinical GPi stimulation.
Prospective Serial Evaluation of Myocardial Perfusion and Lipids During the First Six Months of Pravastatin Therapy Coronary Artery Disease Regression Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Monitoring Trial

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to assess prospectively changes in serum lipid profile and myocardial perfusion with serial radionuclide single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) during the first six months of pravastatin therapy. Background Morbid coronary events occur despite statin therapy and lipid-lowering in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A reliable strategy to identify responders with effective treatment from nonresponders on statin therapy before clinical events is needed. Methods Rest and stress SPECT MPI and lipids were assessed serially in 25 patients (36% women) with CAD and dyslipidemia during the first six months of pravastatin therapy. Results Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides declined (26%, 32%, and 30%, respectively) by six weeks and remained reduced at six months. Mean stress perfusion defect (summed stress score [SSS]) was severe (13.3 ± 6.0) at baseline, showed no change at six weeks, and improved significantly at six months (10.3 ± 7.3, p Conclusions Serial SPECT MPI demonstrated improved stress myocardial perfusion in 48% of patients treated for six months with pravastatin. Time course of improved myocardial perfusion during pravastatin therapy is delayed compared to lipids. Direction and magnitude of changes in the myocardial perfusion vary and do not correlate closely with improvements in lipids.
How Management's Expressions of Confidence Influence Auditors’ Testing

We examine how management’s expressions of confidence in a critical accounting estimate influence auditors’ reliance on inquiry evidence, measured by extent and nature of audit testing. Understanding whether, and how management confidence can influence auditor’s reliance on management’s explanations is important because client provided evidence, particularly inquiry evidence, is highly susceptible to management bias and manipulation. Further, recent research finds that managers tend to be overconfident in their ability and estimates, and that managerial overconfidence is associated with biased financial reporting. Consequently, auditors should exercise caution when considering management explanations accompanied with high levels of confidence. However, psychology research suggests that high levels of confidence could cause auditors to over-rely on management’s explanations. We conduct an experiment to examine how auditors respond to management’s statement of confidence in a critical accounting estimate under varying levels of client control risk. We find that although auditors intend to discount management’s expressions of confidence, in actuality, they decrease testing when management’s explanations are accompanied with expressions of high confidence compared to low confidence in high client risk scenarios. This result is troublesome because auditors’ reliance on management’s high confidence explanations makes them more likely to apply an ineffective audit procedure in a high control risk setting. Thus, our study is the first to document that management confidence is a potential cause of auditor over-reliance on management explanations as observed by regulators and documented in research findings.
Acid-Base Exchanges in Mitochondria and Suspending Medium during Respiration-linked Accumulation of Bivalent Cations

Abstract When rat liver mitochondria accumulate Ca++ during succinate-linked respiration in the absence of permeant anions, there is ejection of H+ into the suspending medium and an apparent alkalinization of the mitochondria. The alkalinization is estimated by direct pH measurements and microtitration of suspensions of Ca++-loaded mitochondria in distilled H2O or in dilute Lubrol solutions, in which their dissociating groups become accessible to measurement. The increase in pH of Ca++-loaded mitochondria suspended in this way may exceed 1.5 pH units following uptake of 80 nmoles of Ca++ per mg of protein. From such measurements it is concluded that for each pair of electrons passing each energy-conserving site, about 2 Ca++ ions are accumulated, 2 H+ ions are ejected into the medium, and an increase of titratable alkalinity that is equivalent to 2.0 OH- ions occurs in the mitochondria, in the absence of permeant anions. Alkalinization of the mitochondria is inhibited by antimycin A, 2,4-dinitrophenol, gramicidin in the presence of NaCl, and valinomycin in the presence of KCl but not by oligomycin. The increase in titratable alkalinity of the mitochondria is linear with the amount of Ca++ accumulated over a wide range; alkalinization also occurs during accumulation of Sr++ and Mn++. Permeant anions such as phosphate and acetate diminish mitochondrial alkalinization during Ca++ uptake in proportion to the decrease in H+ ejected. The alkalinization is also diminished when β-hydroxybutyrate and α-ketoglutarate are present, due to internal acidification of the mitochondria by side reactions associated with these substrates. Exposure of Ca++-loaded mitochondria to Lubrol or to sonic irradiation in the absence of respiratory substrates caused loss of Ca++ to the medium, accompanied by alkalinization of the latter. However, when a respiratory substrate was present during sonic treatment, the separated membrane fraction retained all the accumulated Ca++, and no titratable alkalinity appeared in the soluble fraction. It is concluded that there may be no intrinsic alkalinization of mitochondria following Ca++ uptake; titratable alkalinization becomes manifest only in experimental conditions, such as interruption of electron transport or the presence of permeant anions, that cause loss of bound Ca++ from the membrane with corresponding stoichiometric uptake of H+ from the aqueous phase, leaving it alkaline. These properties are best explained by occurrence of a reversible Ca++-H+ exchange diffusion carrier in the membrane.
Chromatin aggregation depends on the anion species of the salts.

The effects of anions on chromatin aggregation may be classified into three categories. First, monovalent anions, glutamate, acetate, chloride, and thiocyante, follow the lyotropic series in their effects on both H1 histone displacement and chromatin aggregation. Second, alkyl carboxylates and dicarboxylates differ in their ability to induce chromatin aggregation depending on charge density, suggesting possible interference by bulky alkyl chains with neutralization (screening) of closely spaced positive protein charges. Third, the multivalent anions, citrate3- and SO42-, bind tightly to histone and disrupt nucleosomes and thus interfere with chromatin aggregation. Substantial differences in chromatin aggregation were observed with different species of anions. At salt concentrations of 0-500 mN and pH 7.0, as much as 70% of the chromatin could be induced to aggregate by monosodium glutamate and sodium acetate, whereas only 10% or less was precipitated by NaSCN, Na2SO4, and Na3citrate. The physiological anion composition of the nucleus is not known; however, the anion effects discussed in the present work suggest a potential for regulation of chromatin condensation in higher eukaryotes.
Operations comparison of deep space ranging types: Sequential tone vs. pseudo-noise

NASA's Deep Space Network currently has a ranging system that uses a sequence of square wave tones to determine spacecraft distance. This ranging system correlates tones received from the spacecraft with those it transmitted. The phase shift that maximizes the correlation value is then related to the round trip light time distance. A new ranging system is being developed that can be configured to use sequential square wave tones or to use repeating pseudonoise tones. This allows more flexibility and possibly better performance. The tradeoffs between the two types of ranging are presented. A detailed derivation of the ranging performance as a function of configuration, signal strength, and other variables is given. The ranging performance for the two ranging types is compared. A configuration for pseudo-noise ranging that provides better performance is provided. Operational issues and simplifications resulting from using pseudo-noise ranging are also discussed.