cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image representation by compressed sensing

This paper addresses the image representation problem in visual sensor networks. We propose a new image representation scheme based on compressive sensing (CS) because compressive sensing is capable of reducing computational complexity of an image/video encoder. In our scheme, the encoder first decomposes the input image into two components, i.e., dense and sparse components; then the dense component is encoded by the traditional approach while the sparse component is encoded by a CS technique. To improve the rate distortion performance, we leverage the strong correlation between dense and sparse components. Given the measurements and the prediction of the sparse component, we use projection onto convex set (POCS) to reconstruct the sparse component. Our method considerably reduces the number of random measurements needed and decoding computational complexity, compared to the existing CS methods.
Preparing future pediatricians: making time count.

At the 2011 annual meeting of the Pediatric Academic Societies participants debated whether the duration of pediatric residency should be extended. Those favoring a longer residency argued that there is more to learn now than 30 years ago and, because of regulations curtailing resident work hours, less time in which to learn it. Their opponents argued that the purpose of residency is basic competence, not mastery, and there is still sufficient time and flexibility for residents to achieve basic competence. Moreover, adding time to the residency would be prohibitively expensive. A proposal to extend residency is a simple (and simplistic) solution to complex issues. In addition to the increase in medical knowledge in recent decades, the scope of pediatrics has widened, and subspecialization has progressed; learners' exposure to various aspects of pediatrics is now occurring, if at all, in distinct and separate silos. Although setting basic competence, rather than mastery, as the outcome measure may seem reassuring, defining “basic competence” is challenging: does the term refer to a basic level of competence in the vast breadth of pediatrics or to competence in a narrow basic “core” of pediatrics? This is a fundamental distinction for educators, future pediatricians, and the public, and there are implications for length of medical school and residency training and breadth of experiences required or necessary during training. The Association of American Medical Colleges is undertaking a pediatrics redesign project for students interested in pediatrics that begins in the second year of medical school and progresses to the end of residency.1 Transition from medical school to residency and residency to practice will be based on competence rather than time. This effort is an exciting opportunity to create a true … Address correspondence to Kenneth B. Roberts, MD, 3005 Bramblewood Drive, Mebane, NC 27302. E-mail: kenrobertsmd{at}gmail.com
Recent Advances in Design for Low- and Medium-Energy Heavy Ion Accelerators

Recent developments in the technology of electrostatic accelerators, linear accelerators, and cyclotrons for the acceleration of heavy ions are reviewed. (GHT)
Reynolds Number Dependence, Scaling, and Dynamics of Turbulent Boundary Layers

The past two decades (approximately 1990 to 2010) have witnessed an ever-quickening pace of new findings pertaining to the Reynolds number dependencies, scaling, and dynamics of turbulent boundary layer flows (and wall-bounded turbulent flows in general). Given this, an important objective of the present effort is to provide a review that enables researchers new to the field (e.g., graduate students) to gain an appreciation for, and an understanding of, the prevalent research themes currently under investigation. Thus, the emphasis is more on laying a contextual foundation rather than, for example, comprehensively reporting all of the research findings of the past 20 years. The review begins with a brief exposition of scaling concepts and the normalizing parameters used in exploring Reynolds number dependence. An overall focus of the effort is to describe the scaling problem in relation to the underlying behaviors of the governing transport equations. For this reason, a number of relevant equations are concisely presented. The technical challenges associated with reliably exploring Reynolds number dependence are nontrivial and are of central importance. Thus, a separate section is devoted to this topic. Similarly, since they factor importantly relative to understanding and organizing the data trends, the attributes, strengths, and weaknesses of the various theoretical approaches and models (both physical and mathematical) are briefly reviewed. The statistical data presented primarily focus on means and variances since these quantities most directly relate to the time-averaged equations. Recent results pertaining to the spatial structure of turbulent boundary layers provide a useful context for describing instantaneous dynamics, often involving coherent vortical motions and including the so-called inner/outer interaction. Overall, the cumulative evidence increasingly supports a paradigm in which the scaling behaviors of the statistical profiles stem from the existence of an internal hierarchy of motions that approach a dynamically self-similar state as the Reynolds number becomes large.
Ornamentation of Isoetes (Isoetaceae, Lycophyta) Microspores

More than any other taxonomic character, megaspores have been used in the genusIsoetes (known by the English common name of “quillwort”), despite the fallacy of a single-character taxonomy. Microspores, on the other hand, have been largely neglected in taxonomic schemes. Like megaspores, terms for microspore ornamentation (also known as “sculpturing”) have not been standardized. I examined microspore ornamentation, including both macroornamentation and microornamentation, of 52 taxa from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, and South America with the scanning electron microscope. Macroornamentation is discernible with light microscopy; microornamentation requires scanning electron microscopy. Ornately sculptured spores were much more frequent than were laevigate or psilate patterns: 21 taxa had an echinate pattern; 19 had an aculeate pattern; 6 were cristate; 5 were psilate; and 1 was laevigate. The proximal and distal ridges and surfaces may vary in both the type and density of ornamentation. Distinct macroornamentation patterns characterize certain species groups. Microornamentation types include granulate, bacillate, fimbriate, and filamentose: of the microspores I examined, virtually all were partially granulate; 11 were bacillate; 4 were fimbriate; and 1 was filamentose. Based on this limited sampling, species with a higher ploidy level often have larger microspores, but no clear relationship between microspore ornamentation and ploidy level was established, nor were any geographical or ecological trends clear. Like megaspores, microspore ornamentation is strongly convergent. Although microspores are often attached to megaspores, the role of spore ornamentation in coordinated dispersal remains unclear.
Role of K+ channels in arteriolar vasodilation mediated by integrin interaction with RGD-containing peptide.

Integrins are transmembrane adhesion receptors found on most cells, including vascular smooth muscle cells. Several integrins bind to the conserved amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), and synthe...
PKC, p42/p44 MAPK, and p38 MAPK are required for HGF-induced proliferation of H441 cells.

In this paper, we studied the signaling pathway used by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) to stimulate mitosis. We show, using H441 cells, that 1) HGF activates membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC); the activity is transient and peaks within 30 min; 2) HGF activates p42/p44 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs); maximum activity in both is within 10 min; and 3) the activation of neither p38 nor p42/p44 MAPK is dependent on PKC, indicating that HGF uses separate and nonintersecting pathways to activate these two classes of kinase. However, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also activates both MAPKs as well as PKC, but this activation is abolished in cells pretreated with the PKC inhibitor GF-109203X. HGF was found to significantly increase [(3)H]thymidine incorporation within 5 h; peak thymidine incorporation was observed at 16 h. However, when cells were pretreated with inhibitors of p42/p44 (PD-98059), p38 (SB-203580), or PKC (GF-109203X, Go-6983, or myristoylated inhibitor peptide(19-27)), HGF-induced thymidine uptake was diminished in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HGF activates PKC and both MAPKs simultaneously through parallel pathways and that the activation of the MAPKs does not depend on PKC. However, p38 and p42/p44 MAPKs and PKC may all be essential for HGF-induced proliferation of H441 cells.
The Gulabi Gang, Violence, and the Articulation of Counterpublicity

This essay analyzes the resistive tactics of the Gulabi Gang in rural India between approximately 2006 and 2013, asserting the Gulabi Gang as a counterpublic that used violence to negotiate and achieve its counterpublicity. The Gulabi Gang represents a nodal point in a rich and complex history of resistance against gender- and caste-related violence in India. Through this analysis, I contend the group implicitly challenges the prearranged distinction between violence and legitimacy, which undergirds popular discourses, orientalist stereotypes, and much of rhetorical theory.
Learning semantic features for fMRI data from definitional text

(Mitchell et al., 2008) showed that it was possible to use a text corpus to learn the value of hypothesized semantic features characterizing the meaning of a concrete noun. The authors also demonstrated that those features could be used to decompose the spatial pattern of fMRI-measured brain activation in response to a stimulus containing that noun and a picture of it. In this paper we introduce a method for learning such semantic features automatically from a text corpus, without needing to hypothesize them or provide any proxies for their presence on the text. We show that those features are effective in a more demanding classification task than that in (Mitchell et al., 2008) and describe their qualitative relationship to the features proposed in that paper.
Anger Proneness and Prognostic Pessimism in Men With Prostate Cancer.

Aim:Anger is a common reaction to cancer diagnosis which may impact patients’ perceptions of their prognosis and goals of care. This study tested the hypothesis that men with prostate cancer who are anger prone are pessimistic regarding their cancer prognosis.Methods:Two hundred and twelve men with a history of prostate cancer completed measures of personality traits, their prostate cancer prognosis, and their perception of their doctor’s assessment of their prognosis. Anger proneness was operationally defined by the presence of high levels (ie, above the medians) of neuroticism and disagreeableness.Results:One in 4 men with prostate cancer disagreed with their doctor about prognosis. Anger-prone participants endorsed more pessimistic perceptions of prognosis (P = .041). This significant association was maintained after accounting for potential confounders.Conclusion:Greater attention paid to patient anger regulation style and pessimistic perceptions will improve discussions about prognosis and goals of c...
Equilibrium and Steady State Calculations

Much of molecular biology and biophysics deals with the equilibrium and dynamics of biochemical reactions. These will be the topics of this chapter and the next. In this chapter we focus on three important types of reactions: ligand binding, helixcoil transitions in oligonucleotides, and steady-state enzyme kinetics. These serve as test beds for showing how to use the plotting and data analysis capabilities of R.
Introduction to PET Instrumentation

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to introduce technologists to the basic principles of PET imaging and to the instrumentation used to acquire PET data. PET imaging is currently being done on a variety of imaging system types, and the technologist will be introduced to these systems and learn about the basic physical image-degrading factors in PET. After reading this article, the technologist should be able to describe the basics of coincidence imaging, identify at least 3 physical degrading factors in PET, and describe 2 different types of PET scanning systems.
A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the genera of Spirorchinae (Digenea: Spirorchidae) parasitic in freshwater turtles.

Cladistic analysis of the freshwater genera of Spirorchinae (Schistosomatoidea: Spirorchidae sensu Yamaguti, 1971) plus Haematotrema Stunkard, 1923, and Aphanospirorchis Platt, 1990, was completed. The Spirorchinae were considered monophyletic based on synapomorphies of the esophagus. Three lineages, Spirhapalum (Europe/Asia), Plasmiorchis+Hemiorchis (India), and Spirorchis + Henotosoma + Haematotrema + Aphanospirorchis (North America), were identified. Nelsen consensus analysis was used as the basis for recognizing 3 valid monophyletic genera: Spirhapalum, Plasmiorchis, and Spirorchis. Hapalotrematinae sensu Smith, 1972 (e.g., Hapalorhynchus/Coeuritrema), is considered the most plesiomorphic group of spirorchids. Freshwater representatives of the hapalotrematines have been reported from 7 of 12 extant turtle families, including the relatively primitive Pelomedusidae (Pleurodira) and exhibit a worldwide distribution. It is hypothesized that this group arose in the early Triassic period, prior to the breakup of Pangea. Thus, it represents a primitive lineage that was present during the diversification of turtle lineages in the mid-Mesozoic era. Spirorchinae arose later (late Cretaceous period) as a Laurasian component parasitic in the more recent pond turtles (Emydidae + Bataguridae). Species of Spirhapalum retained a relatively plesiomorphic distribution, and they are found in emydids (Europe) and batagurids (Asia). Species of Spirorchis arose and diversified with North America emydids following the separation of North America and Europe in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary periods. Species of Plasmiorchis are hypothesized to be derived from Asian ancestors that accompanied the colonization of India by Asian batagurids during the early Tertiary period. The presence of Spirorchis species in snapping turtles (Chelydridae/North America) and of Plasmiorchis species in Indian soft-shelled turtle (Trionychidae) are considered independent colonization events.
Hyperparasites of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): field attack patterns on Cotesia melanoscela (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at different host densities and on different-sized host clumps

Laboratory-reared cocooned larvae of Cotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) were exposed in the field in two ways. First, 50 cocoons in five clumps of 10 per clump were placed on trees at nine sites in different areas of Connecticut to relate hyperparasite attack frequency to natural population levels of C. melanoscela. Second, clumps of cocoons having 1, 5, and 10 individuals per clump were exposed at one site to see if differences in attack frequency occurred on different-sized clumps. Hyperparasites from six hymenopteran families were recovered. Results suggest that populations of the two most abundant groups of hyperparasites sampled, Dimmockia sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Gelis spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), were not noticably influenced by C. melanoscela abundance, probably because these hyperparasites have many alternate hosts. These same hyperparasites tended to attack several cocoons per clump of those found, and at east Gelis spp. attacked more clumps with 10 cocoons per clump than those with 1 cocoon per clump. However, for both hyperparasites, average parasitization of individual cocoons was not significantly different for different-sized clumps. Evidently the hyperparasites have low reproductive potentials or long handling times that may limit their ability to fully exploit aggregated hosts.
Models of the Distribution of Subterranean Stages of Vitacea polistiformis in Concord Grape Vineyards

The distribution of the subterranean life stages of the grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), were estimated by sampling 2 habitat units; a unit of the soil surface for pupae and a unit of the grape root system for larvae. Pupae were distributed evenly around the trunk base with no significant angular orientation. Pupal density decreased exponentially from the trunk base to the periphery of the sample unit. The mean distance of the pupae from the trunk base ranged from 12.8–17.1 cm at 4 sites with no significant difference between male and female pupae. The sex ratio (♂/♀) ranged from 0.62–1.27 at these sites. The distribution of larvae in 3 size classes was modeled by multiple regression equations which related larval density to concomitant values of depth in the soil, distance from the trunk base and diam of the inhabited root. Small larvae were distributed evenly throughout the sample unit, whereas medium and large larvae had distributions skewed toward the larger roots and the trunk base of the vine.
Impact of Technique-Specific Operative Videos on First-Year Dental Students’ Performance of Restorative Procedures

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of psychomotor operative video demonstrations on first-year dental students who are performing specific procedures for the first time in a preclinical setting. The class was randomly divided into two groups, and three restorative procedures were selected. On the date on which each procedure was to be performed in the preclinical laboratory for the first time, one group (experimental, n=50) was shown a technique video for that specific procedure immediately before commencing the exercise; the control cohort (n=50) did not view the video. Technical performance on procedures was evaluated by students and two calibrated and blinded examiners. The students' perceptions of the experience were also collected in a survey. All first-year students participated in the study, for a 100% response rate. A Mann-Whitney U test did not show any group differences in technical performance (mean values on preparation: 77.1 vs. 77.8; amalgam: 82.7 vs. 82.8; composite: 79.7 vs. 78.0). A Spearman rho test revealed a significantly higher correlation in 13 out of 25 evaluation categories between student self-assessment and blinded examiner assessment for the experimental group. A chi-square test of questionnaire responses revealed a positive student perception of administering these videos for the preparation (X(2)=4.8, p<0.03), the amalgam restoration (X(2)=12.4, p<0.001), and the composite restoration (X(2)=11.3, p<0.001). The psychomotor video demonstrations did not immediately improve student performance on preclinical operative procedures, but they were well received by students and augmented self-assessment ability. These findings suggest that videos can be a useful teaching aid in a preclinical environment, especially regarding comprehension of concepts.
Racial Suffering as Human Suffering: An Existentially-Grounded Humanity Consciousness as a Guide to a Fourteenth Amendment Reborn

This essay further explores the author's proposed Humanity Consciousness approach -- a jurisprudential, methodological and pedagogical tool to assist in reinterpreting and reconstructing law and public policy and deconstructing its structural alignment with white supremacy and racism. The focus of this essay is on the links between critical race theory, the philosophy of existence (i.e., existentialism) and a liberation-focused Humanity Consciousness. The author demonstrates the important but still underappreciated role to be played by the analysis of lived-experience and personal inquiry narrative (what anthropologists call "autoethnography") in understanding the full nature of racial harm. Grappling with the nature of racial harm by analyzing all our stories supports an alternative approach to post-slavery Constitutional theory - and specifically in this essay, to Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence: one that embodies a commitment to law and politics aimed at fulfilling the full promise of the Reconstruction Amendments to uplift, liberate and create the conditions for a post-racist America.
313 OXLATE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN HUMAN RENAL EPITHELIAL CELLS: IDENTIFICATION OF GENES INDUCED BY OXALATE.

Kidney stones affect about 10% of the US population and have an economic impact of 2 to 4 billion US$ anually. The majority (≈80%) of kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate crystals. Increased urinary oxalate is an established risk factor for nephrolithiasis. Our laboratory was the first to demonstrate that oxalate is nephrotoxic, and oxalate interactions with the renal ells result in a plethora of changes, including cell growth, death, and altered gene expression. Recently, we evaluated oxalate-induced global changes in gene expression in the renal epithelial (HK2) cells by DNA microarray chip that represented 11 independent replicate probe sets for each message. These studies identified several genes whose expression was either up- or down-regulated by oxalate. In the present study, the most strongly up- and down-regulated genes were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in new experiments, where renal epithelial cells (HK2) were exposed to oxalate. We also extended our studies to define time course (1-24 h) of gene expression changes upon oxalate exposure. Results of our current studies confirmed that oxalate-induced time dependent expression of the beta-adrenergic receptor, beta subunit of the IL-2 receptor, and the transcript of a protein whose function is currently unknown. These exciting observations suggest that oxalate may regulate its actions by turning on additional (previously unknown) intracellular pathways that may be involved in stone pathogenesis. Additional studies into these pathways may provide the key to unlocking a biochemical target in stone disease and are currently under way in our laboratory.
Design of fuzzy trending law based on saturation function in sliding mode control for robotic manipulators

In order to weaken chattering phenomenon of robotic manipulators,a method of fuzzy trending law is presented.It applies fuzzy controller to adjust the parameters of trending law of sliding mode control timely,while saturation function is introduced into trending law design,and then a new trending law is proposed.This method can not only ensure the speediness and robustness of the control system,but also weaken chattering effectively.In addition,the design of the control system is simple,so it can be easily applied to engineering.The simulation results show that the scheme can not only control the chattering effectively but also achieve a fast and accurate tracking,thus enhancing the operational performance of robot manipulators.
Analysis of the Etiology of Blindness in the New Blind Sufferers from 2002-2005 in Huangpu District of Shanghai

OBJECTIVE In order to investigate the causes of blindness based on the new blind sufferers.METHODS We statistically analyze the primary causes of the blindness in the 704 new blind from 2002-2005 in Huangpu District of Shanghai.RESULTS The top three causing factors are cataract,the diseases of ocular fundus,glaucoma.Of the patients with the diseases of ocular fundus,the complications of high myopia is the main cause for blindness.CONCLUSION The blind with cataract can be treated successfully so far,which is also publicly emphasized.The blindness caused by the complications of high myopia in ocular fundus can not be ignore.
Reduplication across Categories in Cantonese

This paper investigates the formal semantics of reduplication in Cantonese, i.e. how the meaning of reduplicated forms are encoded and computed with the given meaning from the base forms. In particular, this paper argues that reduplication denotes a summation function that adds up arguments (be they object-, eventor degreearguments) and return a collection of the elements. The surface difference across categories is accounted for in terms of cumulativity and quantization (Krifka, 1998; Krifka, 2001; Rothstein, 2004). The present approach makes use of scalar structure and summation as formal tools to model the cross-categorial behaviour of reduplication. It provides the advantage of a unified theory for lexical composition across categories nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Central Nervous System Complications in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

This article reviews the various neurologic complications from coronary artery bypass graft surgery, discussing the incidence of stroke and encephalopathy. The pathophysiologic mechanisms are explored, including the role of intraoperative hypotension and microembolic events. The utility of transcranial Doppler in detecting intraoperative microemboli is discussed as is the relationship that exists between extracorporeal circulation and brain damage.
Acute epididymitis in boys: a 5-year retrospective study.

AbstractA retrospective study was undertaken of 25 children with epididymitis seen at our pediatric hospital during the last 5 years. The symptoms and signs in these patients were evaluated, as well as the results of urinalysis, urine culture, excretory urogram, scrotal scan, exploration and white blood count. The presence of underlying urological problems was particularly sought for and found to be rare prior to epididymitis. The treatment and results are reviewed.
Temperature Measurement and Control in Microfluidic Systems

We describe a technique for the measurement of fluid temperatures in microfluidic systems based on temperature-dependent fluorescence. The technique is easy to implement with a standard fluorescence microscope and CCD camera. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by measuring temperature distributions resulting from Joule heating in a variety of microfluidic circuits that are electrokinetically pumped. Fluid temperatures ranging from room temperature to 70 °C were measured. Simultaneous spatial and temporal resolutions of 1 µm and 33 ms were achieved.
Elastic Wave Scattering from Rough Surfaces and Cracks

The scattering from rough surfaces and cracks in the high frequency regime is analyzed via a scattering formula based on the reciprocity relation. Scattering from the smooth cracks is investigated first to rederive the “flash point” concept by Fourier transform methods. Based on this analysis, an inversion procedure is proposed for obtaining the characteristic function of the crack, which, for the case of rough cracks, gives information about the roughness as well as the dimensions and shape of the crack. The theory is applicable to both 2-D and 3-D scattering problems, as well as surface wave scattering from surface breaking cracks. Elastodynamic ray theory predicts that scattering from cracks can be described in terms of discrete source points on the contour of the crack.1 These points are generally called the “flash points”, and their positions depend on the transmitter and receiver locations as well as the crack shape. For instance, for 2-D scattering problems, (or for deep surface breaking cracks under surface wave excitation), the two edges of the crack act as the flash points.
Drug Discovery, Design, and Development

This chapter presents an overview of drug discovery, drug design and developments, quantitative structure-activity relationships, and molecular graphics-based drug design. Drug discovery is a time-consuming and expensive process. Estimates of the average time required to bring a drug to the market ranges from 12 to15 years at an average cost of about $800 million. Rational approaches to drug design are the major routes to leaddiscovery. It is impossible to foretell the toxicity and side effects of a drug, anticipate its transport characteristics, or predict the metabolic fate of a drug. An important physicochemical parameter in lead discovery/lead optimization lies in steric effects, particularly for receptor binding. As a lead is identified, its structure is modified until an effective drug is obtained. Only a small part of the lead compound is involved in receptor interactions. The relevant groups on a molecule that interact with a receptor and are responsible for the activity are collectively known as the pharmacophore. A medicinal chemist tinkers the drug design parameters to augment the potency, selectivity, and duration of the drug's action and to reduce the toxicity of the drug. The concept of quantitative drug design is based on the fact that the biological properties of a compound are a function of its physicochemical parameters.
Adaptor protein CD2AP and L-type lectin LMAN2 regulate exosome cargo protein trafficking through the Golgi complex.

Abstract Exosomes, 40-150 nm extracellular vesicles, transport biological macromolecules that mediate intercellular communications. While exosomes are known to originate from maturation of endosomes into multivesicular endosomes (MVEs; also known as multivesicular bodies, MVBs) with subsequent fusion of the MVEs with the plasma membrane, it remains unclear how cargos are selected for exosomal release. Using an inducible expression system for the exosome cargo protein GPRC5B and following its trafficking trajectory, we show here that newly synthesized GPRC5B protein accumulates in the Golgi complex prior to its release into exosomes. The L-type lectin LMAN2 (also known as VIP36) appears to be specifically required for the accumulation of GPRC5B in the Golgi complex and restriction of GPRC5B transport along the exosomal pathway. This may occur due to interference with the adaptor protein GGA1-mediated trans Golgi network (TGN)-to-endosome transport of GPRC5B. The adaptor protein CD2AP-mediated internalization following cell surface delivery appears to contribute to the Golgi accumulation of GPRC5B, possibly in parallel with biosynthetic/secretory trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Our data thus reveal a Golgi-traversing pathway for exosomal release of the cargo protein GPRC5B, in which CD2AP facilitates the entry and LMAN2 impedes the exit of the flux, respectively.
Summary of Research on Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment

Over the past several decades, studies have examined ITCM using varying methods, variables, and samples. This chapter presents an organized and coherent description of these studies, both narratively and visually through a table to provide readers with an overview of research conducted on ITCM. The description of the studies includes type(s) of maltreatment examined; measurement of maltreatment; transmission rates of ITCM; and presence of risk, protective and contextual factors.
Soft Decision Directed Dual-Layer Channel Estimation for Time-Varying MIMO Channels

In this paper, we study soft decision directed channel estimation algorithms for joint data detection and channel estimation over time-varying multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. The optimal Wiener filter (OWF) channel estimator is data dependent, and requires high complexity due to the computation of matrix inversion at each time instance. We develop a low-complexity, dual-layer channel estimation algorithm aiming to achieve the performance of OWF with a significantly reduced complexity. Excellent performance of the proposed design is achieved for both the soft minimum mean square error (soft-MMSE) MIMO detector and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) MIMO detector. The MCMC detector is shown to be significantly more robust to channel estimation error than the soft- MMSE detector.
Linking Delay Announcements, Abandonment, and Staffing: A Behavioral Perspective

Using field data from a bank's call center, we study the behavioral determinants of customers' queue abandonment decisions in the presence of delay announcements. We relax traditional behavioral assumptions on how customers should make abandonment decisions and empirically explore how customers actually behave. Our flexible model can account for multiple delay announcements, reference-dependent behavior, sunk costs in time, and heterogeneity in customer patience. We show that customers exhibit loss aversion with respect to time losses in queue, becoming much more likely to abandon if forced to wait longer than the announced waiting time. We also find that customers may fall for the sunk cost effect, becoming less likely to abandon with more time sunk waiting in queue. Additionally, we find that longer announced wait times increase customer abandonment behavior and that customers are often strategic in their arrival decisions, with impatient customers avoiding the busy time of day. In a counterfactual study, we show that, by accounting for our behavioral insights, firms may significantly reduce their staffing levels without increasing customers' overall waiting time.
Cognitive and motor functioning in elderly glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers

Abstract Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are a strong genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy Bodies. However the penetrance of GBA mutations is low for these diseases in heterozygous carriers. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between mutation status and cognitive and motor functioning in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. Using linear mixed effects models, we examined the effect of heterozygous mutation status on 736 community-dwelling older adults (≥70 years) without dementia or Parkinson's disease assessed over an average of 6 years, 28 of whom had a single GBA mutation (primarily N370S). Verbal memory was measured using the picture version of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, and carriers showed significantly (p
Internetplattformen von WeChat

WeChat ist nicht nur ein reiner IM-Dienst. Es bietet Unternehmen und Organisationen auch Internetplattformen an, die sie fur verschiedene Marketingaktivitaten nutzen konnen. In diesem Kapitel werden die verschiedenen Internetplattformen von WeChat und deren Nutzen vorgestellt.
Behavioral Treatment Methods for Alcoholism

This chapter offers a review of the behavioral methodology directed to the treatment of alcoholism. Beginning with an outline of the theoretical bases of behavior therapy and assessment, a review with some historical perspective is undertaken of the chemical, electrical, and covert aversion treatments of alcoholism. Thereafter, the procedures of the social skills-training strategies (including marital skills and assertiveness training) are presented, followed by a discussion of the relaxation and desensitization techniques. The operant methodologies are illustrated by contingency contracting and the community-reinforcement approaches. Within the broad-spectrum procedures, a description of self-control training and an example of a broad-spectrum treatment study are offered. It is noted that although the merits of these various techniques are becoming widely recognized in the alcoholism treatment literature, the behavior therapeutic approaches to alcoholism have yet to receive widespread public acceptance. It is anticipated that future studies of treatment effectiveness will contribute to an increasing appreciation of the advantages of behavioral therapies to the management of alcohol abuse and dependence.
Convergence on dental simplification in the evolution of whales

The fossil record of mammal dentition provides crucial insight into key ecological and functional transitions throughout mammalian evolutionary history. For cetaceans, both extant clades differ markedly from their stem ancestors; neither retains the differentiated dentition or the tribosphenic molars characteristic of Mammalia. We used quantitative measures of dental complexity across fossil and living cetaceans to identify a trend toward dental simplicity through the Neogene. Both extant cetacean clades depart from the ancestral mammalian condition and concurrently converge upon a reduced and simplified dentition; modern mysticetes all have become entirely edentulous (at birth), and living odontocetes possess teeth as single-rooted, conical pegs. These two parallel trends accompany major shifts in feeding strategy (i.e., filter feeding in mysticetes and echolocation in odontocetes), suggesting that these evolutionary innovations for prey acquisition are enabling factors for the loss of prey processing and subsequent convergence on dental simplification.
Free Margin Distortion

Surgical complications are a function of host factors, surgical skill, and other considerations that are sometimes obscure. Complications are unavoidable even in the best hands and adverse events should always be anticipated. To minimize future adverse events, a skilled surgeon should know how to manage complications and learn from mistakes. Understanding the consequences of the various options in wound reconstruction and management is essential to minimize the incidence of adverse events. In addition, a thorough discussion of the procedure, risks, benefits, and possible complications with the patient will minimize unnecessary misunderstanding or anger should the reconstruction have a suboptimal outcome. In this regard, it is important to inform the patient that more than one procedure may be required to achieve the best result. Otherwise, the patient may presume that the initial surgery has produced the best and only possible result, which is often not the case. It is critical for the surgeon to have a sense of the patient’s expectations in order to anticipate the problematic patient and explain the probable outcome in advance. The patient must be prepared so that surgical outcome matches patient’s expectations.
Enantioselective Allylic Substitutions in Natural Product Synthesis

Enantioselective transition metal-cataylzed allylic substitution reactions constitute a broad and deep methodology that has expanded to incorporate ever more metals and ligands. The utility of these processes is reflected in the wide range of natural product and drug target total syntheses that incorporate asymmetric allylic alkylations as the key step or steps.
Safety of lumbar puncture performed on dual antiplatelet therapy (S28.003)

Objective: To assess the risks of performing a lumbar puncture in the setting of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. Background: Practice guidelines generally recommend delaying lumbar puncture in patients on dual antiplatelet therapy, with these recommendations often citing an increased risk of hemorrhagic complications, specifically the development of epidural hematomas. However, no data exists about the risks of performing an LP in the setting of dual antiplatelet therapy and conclusions are often based on data from spinal anesthesia literature. Design/Methods: We reviewed the medical records of one hundred patients that underwent lumbar puncture while taking dual antiplatelet therapy. We recorded the number of traumatic and bloody cerebrospinal fluid results as well as the presence of any complications occurring within 3 months of the procedure. Complications requiring imaging or hospitalization were considered serious. Results: The most common complication was back pain which was reported by two patients, only one of which was ultimately found to be attributable to the procedure. No serious complications occurred. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was consistent with a traumatic tap, defined as having at least 100 red blood cells per microliter, in 8% of cases, with 50% of those meeting criteria for a bloody tap, defined as having 1000 red blood cells per microliter. The percentage of traumatic or bloody taps was within the range reported previously for lumbar punctures performed in any setting. Conclusions: Although this is a small study, performing lumbar punctures in the setting of dual antiplatelet therapy may not necessarily pose an increased risk of serious complications. Continued review of the current practice is reasonable because withholding antiplatelet agents increases the short term risk of thromboembolic complications, causes diagnostic delays, and in some cases impedes ultimate diagnostic certainty, particularly when the lumbar puncture is requested emergently. Disclosure: Dr. Carabenciov has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hawkes has nothing to disclose. Dr Hocker has nothing to disclose.
A Simplified Calibration Methodology for On-Chip Couplers

In this paper, we propose a simplified calibration methodology for on-chip couplers to de-embed the unwanted but unavoidable parasitics introduced by the probing pads as well as the effects originating from redundant feeding lines. The traditional TRL (Thru, Reflect, Line) calibration technique for single-ended two-port device is extended and applied to symmetrical 4-port devices that can be decomposed as the odd- and even-mode equivalent circuits. Accordingly, the TRL calibration standards in the balanced format are designed as well. As a final step, single-ended 4-port S-parameters of device under test (DUT) are reconstructed through its de-embedded odd- and even-mode 2-port S-parameters. To validate the efficacy of our proposed calibration methodology in extracting S-parameters of DUT, models in HFSS, such as a branch-line coupler and a coupled-line coupler with probing pads, and balanced TRL calibration standards are generated. After performing the de-embedding procedures proposed in this paper, the extracted S-parameters agree well with the simulated S-parameters of DUT without adding any pads and feeding lines for measurement.
Development of an Architecture for a Cyber-Physical Emulation Test Range for Network Security Testing

Although a number of network emulation tools exist, they vary on the level of fidelity of the emulation. Furthermore, most of all emulate a network completely virtually, not allowing for hardware-in-the-loop as part of the emulation. This paper presents an architecture for a cyber-physical emulation test range that operates at high fidelity and allows for incorporation of hardware-in-the-loop with no customization required. The system, which is built on top of VMware, allows for emulation of any network providing that all nodes can either be virtualized or physically attached to the system. Network testing, including penetration testing, can be performed at a high level of fidelity.
Surgery for shoulder impingement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.

Background Shoulder impingement is one of the most common nontraumatic upper limb causes of disability in adults. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of surgical intervention in comparison with nonoperative or sham treatments in patients with shoulder impingement in terms of both pain and functional outcomes. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Two reviewers independently screened MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane databases for randomized controlled trials published from 1946 to July 19, 2018. A risk-of-bias assessment was conducted for all included studies, and outcomes were pooled using a random effects model. The primary outcome was improvement in pain up to 2 years. Secondary outcomes were functional outcome scores reported in the short term (≤ 1 yr) and long term (≥ 2 yr). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic. Functional outcome scores were presented along with minimal clinically important differences to provide clinical context for findings. Results Thirteen randomized controlled trials (n = 1062 patients) were included in this review. Eligible patients had a mean age of 48 (standard deviation ± 4) years and 45% were men. The pooled treatment effect of surgical intervention for shoulder impingement did not demonstrate any benefit to surgery with respect to pain relief (mean difference -0.07, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.26) or short-term functional outcomes (standardized mean difference -0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.27 to 0.08). Surgical intervention did result in a small statistically significant but clinically unimportant improvement in long-term functional outcomes (standardized mean difference 0.23, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.41). Interpretation Evidence suggests surgical intervention has little, if any, benefit for impingement pathology in the middle-aged patient. Further research is required to identify those patients who will reliably benefit from surgical intervention as well as optimal conservative treatment strategies.
Total synthesis of the Kopsia lapidilecta alkaloid (+/-)-lapidilectine B.

The total synthesis of Kopsia lapidilecta alkaloid (±)-lapidilectine B is described. Notable elements of this synthesis include the first natural products application of the Smalley azido−enolate cyclization to form the 1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-one (indoxyl) core and installation of the pyrrolidine ring by a 2-azaallyllithium [3+2] cycloaddition with the acetylene equivalent phenyl vinyl sulfide. Closure of the eight-membered perhydroazocine ring is accomplished via the intramolecular SN2 substitution of a mesylate. This constitutes the first synthesis of a member of the 5,6,12,13-tetrahydro-11a,13a-ethano-3H-pyrrolo[1‘,2‘:1,8]azocino[5,4-b]indole class of alkaloids.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Glial Tumors

The prognosis for patients with gliomas has not substantially improved, even with advances in imaging, neurosurgery, and neuro-oncology. Although resection remains the initial treatment of choice for most gliomas, the gross total resection is not always possible. These tumors often recur needing other forms of therapy to control the tumor growth. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) offers a precise, local administration of radiation. SRS is well tolerated and is associated with a relatively low risk of adverse radiation effects (ARE) in glial tumor patients who otherwise have relatively few options. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been offered as a primary option for unresectable low-grade gliomas (LGG) and adjuvant therapy for partially resected LGG. SRS is used as salvage therapy in patients with recurrent or residual malignant gliomas. Although randomized controlled studies are lacking, preliminary data suggest that radiosurgery may be a viable alternative for low-grade gliomas, with improved survival and a low rate of complications. Although the prognosis for malignant gliomas is poor even after radiosurgery, the radiosurgical treatment allows the surgeon more flexibility in terms of operative planning which leads to better quality of life for patients postoperatively.
Introduction: Disentangling Language and the Social Determinants of Latinx Health in the United States

This book comes at a critical time in U.S. history. Currently, more than 18% of the U.S. population is Latinx, and by the year 2050, it is estimated that nearly 30% of the population will be Latinx. In our introduction, we first provide definitions and clarifications of the nomenclature used throughout this volume, particularly the use of the pan-ethnic label and identifier, “Latinx”. Next, we describe some of the recent major demographic shifts within the Latinx population in the United States, focusing on the year 2000 to the present, and the implications these shifts have for Latinx health. Third, we outline major cross-cutting themes within this edited volume. We also demonstrate that this volume serves as a critical resource designed to enrich dialogue around the multilevel determinants of Latinx health. We conclude with a call to action for both increased culturally congruent and sound Latinx-focused research and the mentorship of Latinx early-career investigators.