cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles for Designing Interfaces Compatible With Human Information Processing

Stimulus–response compatibility has been a staple of human factors since the early 1950s, when it was established by Paul Fitts, one of the founders of human factors. The importance of maintaining spatial compatibility is indicated in textbooks, but maintaining compatibility in design is not a simple task, because there are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. This article focuses on spatial compatibility and the more recently investigated affective compatibility, highlighting their implications for human–computer interaction. An overview of other cognitive compatibility principles and examples of their use in human–computer interaction is also provided. Advanced technology has increased the need for systematic consideration of compatibility phenomena in user interface design, and the article ends with a summary of key points for designers.
Mindfulness-based yoga intervention for women with depression.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a 12-week mindfulness-based yoga intervention on depressive symptoms and rumination among depressed women. Design Prospective, randomized, controlled 12 week intervention pilot study. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline, post-intervention (12 weeks), and one-month follow-up. Setting Women with a history of diagnosed depression and currently depressed were randomized to a mindfulness-based yoga condition or a walking control. Interventions The mindfulness-based yoga intervention consisted of a home-based yoga asana, pranayama and meditation practice with mindfulness education sessions delivered over the telephone. The walking control condition consisted of home-based walking sessions and health education sessions delivered over the phone. Main outcome measures The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS). Results Both groups reported decreases in depressive symptoms from baseline to post-intervention, f (1,33)=34.83, p f (1,33)=37.01, p f (1,31)=6.23, p Conclusions These findings suggest that mindfulness-based yoga may provide tools to manage ruminative thoughts among women with elevated depressive symptoms. Future studies, with larger samples are needed to address the effect of yoga on depression and further explore the impact on rumination.
Domains of Organizational Effectiveness in Colleges and Universities

Four major domains of organizational effectiveness in colleges and universities are identified—academic, morale, external adaptation, and extracurricular domains—and four types of institutions are ...
Effects of Valine-5 Angiotensin II on Excretion of Water and Salt in Primary and Secondary Hypertension.

SummaryAngiotensin II was administered at rates of 0.3 to 0.6 μg per minute over 6 to 24 hours to 6 subjects with hypertension of various etiologies under conditions of positive and negative sodium balance. Angiotensin produced hypernatriuresis under condition of positive sodium balance. The effect was most marked in those subjects having a diastolic blood pressure above 110 mm Hg.Miss S. Goodman, Mrs. S. Beacher and Miss M. E. Novotny provided technical assistance. Angiotensin II (Hypertensin Ciba) and aldosterone (d-aldosterone Ciba) were obtained through the courtesy of Dr. W. E. Wagner, Summit, N. J.
Prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

In May 2006, former U.S. Surgeon General Richard H. Carmona, in conjunction with the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, hosted the Surgeon General's Workshop on Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT). The goal of this meeting was to raise awareness about DVT and Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and identify new areas of research related to venous biology, DVT, PE, their complications, and clinical interventions. At the end of the workshop, Dr. Carmona charged the participants with developing a Surgeon General's Call to Action on DVT and PE, with the goal of reaching out not only to all health professionals (including physicians, nurses, paramedics, emergency medical teams, and others involved in treating this multifactorial disease), but also to the public at large to create greater aware ness of and demand for appropriate prevention and treatment of DVT.
Institutionalizing Essentialism: Mechanisms of Intersectional Subordination Within the LGBT Movement

Intersectionality scholars have long argued that the dominant legal interpretations of discrimination — as unidimensional bias based on separable axes of stigmatized identity — have become inscribed in the discourse and political agendas of the most prominent contemporary movements for equality. Drawing on the critical race theory (CRT) view of legal institutions as a tool of racial subordination, these scholars have shown how movements against racism, patriarchy, and homophobia have shoehorned broad-based struggles for social change into rights claims that conceptualize racial, gender, and sexual identities as uniform and monolithic categories of shared experience. Movement activists, hungry for change, have seized upon single-axis identity narratives, which offer both an ingrained political resonance and a legally legible framework with the potential to garner formal recognition. In so doing, these movements obscure the unique forms of oppression that occur at the intersections of these categories, perpetuating inequality among multiply subordinated individuals.In this Article, I draw on the institutional research in sociology to suggest a series of structural dynamics that may further explain the persistence of essentialism in LGBT civil rights agendas and the agendas of similar civil rights movements. Instead of characterizing the marginalization of intersectionally subordinated groups like queers of color as the result of insensitive or strategic decisions made by individual movement leaders, I emphasize the institutional and organizational processes that reinforce patterns of intramovement marginalization. Attributing intersectional subordination to leadership failures, I argue, inaccurately depicts the problem as highly contingent rather than systematic and obscures the structural forces at work. Using specific examples from the context of the LGBT movement, I show how an institutional approach would contribute to current understandings of fundamental aspects of intersectionality theory, including the mechanisms that enable essentialist identity narratives to dominate social movements; how a movement’s institutional context shapes activists’ strategic behavior; and the opportunities for agency that exist for movement actors who hope to create alternative and more intersectionally inclusive movement agendas. I argue that the sociological literature, in addition to adding greater analytical depth to theories of intersectionality, would help to align antiessentialist critiques of identity movements with broader critical race understandings of structural racism.
Investigation of Thermoelectric Properties of P-Type GaN Thin Films

GaN and its alloys are promising candidates for high temperature thermoelectric (TE) materials due to their high Seebeck coefficient and high thermal and mechanical stability. Moreover, these materials can overcome the toxicity concern of current Te-based TE materials, such as Bi2Te3 and PbTe. These materials have recently shown a higher Seebeck coefficient than that of SiGe in high temperature region because their large bandgap characteristic eliminates the bipolar conduction. In this study, we report the room temperature thermoelectric properties of p-type Mg doped GaN, grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire substrate with various carrier concentrations. Undoped and n-type GaN are also incorporated with p-type GaN films to make comparison. The structural, optical, electrical, and thermal properties of the samples were examined by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, van der Pauw hall-effect, and thermal gradient methods, respectively. The Seebeck coefficient ranging from 710-900µV/K at room temperature of Mg: GaN were observed, which further indicated their potential TE applications.
Magnetic excitation spectra of strongly correlated quasi-one-dimensional systems: Heisenberg versus Hubbard-like behavior

We study the effects of charge degrees of freedom on the spin excitation dynamics in quasi-one-dimensional magnetic materials. Using the density matrix renormalization group method, we calculate the dynamical spin structure factor of the Hubbard model at half electronic filling on a chain and on a ladder geometry, and compare the results with those obtained using the Heisenberg model, where charge degrees of freedom are considered frozen. For both chains and two-leg ladders, we find that the Hubbard model spectrum qualitatively resembles the Heisenberg spectrum---with low-energy peaks resembling spinonic excitations---already at intermediate on-site repulsion as small as $U/t\ensuremath{\sim}2--3$, although ratios of peak intensities at different momenta continue evolving with increasing $U/t$ converging only slowly to the Heisenberg limit. We discuss the implications of these results for neutron scattering experiments and we propose criteria to establish the values of $U/t$ of quasi-one-dimensional systems described by one-orbital Hubbard models from experimental information.
Connecting electronic entropy to empirically accessible electronic properties in high temperature systems

AbstractA quantitative theoretical model connecting the thermopower and electronic entropy of molten systems is proposed, the validity of which is tested for semiconductors and metallic materials. The model accurately provides the entropy of mixing for molten semiconductors, as shown for the representative system Te–Tl. Predictions of the electronic entropy of fusion for compounds are in agreement with available data and offer a novel means to identify the correct electrical conductivity model when Hall measurements are not available. Electronic entropy for molten semiconductor and metallic systems is shown to reflect order in the molten and solid state. The model proves accurate at predicting the electronic state entropy contribution to the electronic entropy of mixing.
Microbiota promotes systemic T-cell survival through suppression of an apoptotic factor

Symbiotic microbes impact the severity of a variety of diseases through regulation of T-cell development. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms by which this is accomplished. Here we report that a secreted factor, Erdr1, is regulated by the microbiota to control T-cell apoptosis. Erdr1 expression was identified by transcriptome analysis to be elevated in splenic T cells from germfree and antibiotic-treated mice. Suppression of Erdr1 depends on detection of circulating microbial products by Toll-like receptors on T cells, and this regulation is conserved in human T cells. Erdr1 was found to function as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis through caspase 3. Consistent with elevated levels of Erdr1, germfree mice have increased splenic T-cell apoptosis. RNA sequencing of Erdr1-overexpressing cells identified the up-regulation of genes involved in Fas-mediated cell death, and Erdr1 fails to induce apoptosis in Fas-deficient cells. Importantly, forced changes in Erdr1 expression levels dictate the survival of auto-reactive T cells and the clinical outcome of neuro-inflammatory autoimmune disease. Cellular survival is a fundamental feature regulating appropriate immune responses. We have identified a mechanism whereby the host integrates signals from the microbiota to control T-cell apoptosis, making regulation of Erdr1 a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune disease.
Quantifying the effect of the facemask on helmet performance

Evaluating and improving helmet design play a crucial role in reducing sports-related concussions. Despite widespread use of facemasks by football and hockey players, no helmet standards currently ...
Influence of Light Quality and Quantity on Heterophylly in the Aquatic Plant Nymphaea odorata subsp. tuberosa (Nymphaeaceae)

Heterophylly, the production of different leaf forms on the same plant, is a widespread phenomenon in terrestrial and aquatic plants and provides an opportunity to study how sessile organisms sense and respond to changes in environmental factors. Nymphaea odorata subsp. tuberosa (American White Water Lily) produces 2 distinct leaf forms: a floating surface leaf and an aerial form in which the lamina is held above the water. Previous research suggests that changes in the light environment may be a critical determinant of heterophylly in Nymphaea. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that changes in light quantity and light quality stimulate the production of aerial leaf forms in water lilies. Specifically, shade cloth was used to reduce light intensity (quantity), and varying plant densities were used to increase leaf cover (affecting light quality) in artificial ponds. Aerial leaf production was not stimulated by reduction in light quantity alone but was when leaf cover exceeded 30–40%. We suggest that as the surface of a pond becomes covered with a canopy of leaves, American White Water Lily responds with the production of aerial leaves that rise above the surface of the water to gain access to light. Interestingly, water lilies exhibit an atypical shade response in that aerial leaves have short, thick petioles that allow them to rise above the surface of the water, rather than displaying the elongated phenotype associated with etiolation, which is the typical shade response of other flowering plants.
Deception and Malingering

This chapter describes the evaluation of the possibility of malingering in neuropsychological assessment. Cases with financial incentives will be emphasized—e.g. workers compensation, personal injury litigation, and Social Security disability. Although malingering in criminal forensic and military settings will not be discussed, this material is relevant to those settings. Assessment of the patient who is attempting to feign mental health will not be examined.
Configuring EM2 to Meet the Challenges of Economics, Waste Disposition and Non-Proliferation Confronting Nuclear Energy in the U.S.

General Atomics (GA) is developing a new nuclear concept called Energy Multiplier Module (EM2), which is a helium (He) cooled fast reactor with a net electrical output of 240 MW. It employs a “convert & burn” core design which converts fertile to fissile and burns it in situ over a 30-year core life. It can burn SNF from LWRs with no reprocessing, only refabrication. The core can be recycled using an AIROX-based method to remove a fraction of the fission products (FPs) but no heavy metals. The reactor is passively safe and sited below grade. It can sustain a Fukushima type station blackout or even a station blackout combined with a loss of coolant accident using only passive safety systems without radioactivity release or loss of plant. The afterheat is rejected directly to the air. It is a high temperature reactor and employs a direct closed-cycle gas turbine for 48% net efficiency. The reject heat can be released directly to air so that siting near a large water source is not required. GA is targeting a...
Predicting Human-Targeted Translation Edit Rate via Untrained Human Annotators

In the field of machine translation, automatic metrics have proven quite valuable in system development for tracking progress and measuring the impact of incremental changes. However, human judgment still plays a large role in the context of evaluating MT systems. For example, the GALE project uses human-targeted translation edit rate (HTER), wherein the MT output is scored against a post-edited version of itself (as opposed to being scored against an existing human reference). This poses a problem for MT researchers, since HTER is not an easy metric to calculate, and would require hiring and training human an-notators to perform the editing task. In this work, we explore soliciting those edits from untrained human annotators, via the online service Amazon Mechanical Turk. We show that the collected data allows us to predict HTER-ranking of documents at a significantly higher level than the ranking obtained using automatic metrics.
Reconciling Parent-Child Relationships across US Administrative Datasets

IntroductionPopulation data capture children, parents, relatives, and others moving in and out of households. The U.S. has seen falling marriage rates, and increases in multigenerational households and complex families, young children living with grandparents, and adult children living with parents. Robust parent-child linkages are critical to understand these demographic shifts. Objectives and ApproachWe construct and validate parent-child linkages over a century to observe how U.S. households are changing over time. The three largest person-based datafiles in the U.S. are the decennial censuses, the Social Security Administration transaction file, and individual tax returns from the Internal Revenue Service. These sources operationalize relationships differently, capture data at various frequencies, and gather the data for unique purposes. We use probabilistic matching to observe and reconcile parent-child relationships across these sources. The data include a variety of personal identifiers including name, date of birth, parents’ names, address, and place of birth that support matching and validation. ResultsWe find that understanding the content, consistency, and coverage of the files before matching is critical for high quality linkages. The representativeness of the parent-child relationship file improves over time, with the weakest coverage for the Greatest Generation and the strongest coverage for Millennials. Coverage varies by source: tax data underrepresent non-white children and have duplicate records for SSNs, while names and dates of birth are missing from Census data. Multiple match rates differ among demographic groups and over time. In the matching process, the blocking variables rely on common variables across the population datasets. Our approach provides robust entity resolution for women, despite married-maiden name changes. We describe challenges due to data problems in old census records and validation changes in social security data. Conclusion/ImplicationsWe conduct a successful reconciliation of parent-child relationships in U.S. population level files. The project supports operational and research uses, such as the 2020 Census. We will extend this work using graph matching and will expand the method to validate other relationship links including spouses and siblings.
Sex-based differences in resting MAPK, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle

Abstract Purpose To determine if there is differential expression and phosphorylation of the androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in skeletal muscle at rest between males and females. Methods Ten college-aged males (mean ± SD; age = 22 ± 2.4 yrs, ht = 175 ± 7 cm, body mass = 84.1 ± 11.8 kg) and ten females (mean ± SD; age = 20 ± 0.9 yrs; ht = 169 ± 7 cm; body mass = 67.1 ± 8.7 kg) reported to the laboratory following an overnight fast. Resting muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis and analyzed for total and phosphorylated GR (ser134, ser211, and ser226), total and phosphorylated AR (ser81, ser213, ser515, ser650), and total and phosphorylated MAPK (ERK, JNK, p38) via western blotting. A phosphorylation index (PI) was calculated to determine phosphorylated receptor expression after accounting for differences in total receptor content. Results Males had more total AR compared to females (+42 ± 4%; p Conclusion At rest, ARs and GRs are differentially phosphorylated at some, but not all sites when comparing males and females. Differential regulation of phosphorylated AR, GR, and p38 between males and females may have implications for the degree of muscle adaptations observed following resistance or endurance training.
Aortic Arch Aneurysms

Aortic arch aneurysms present a special challenge to the cardiovascular surgeon because of the complicated anatomy of the aortic arch and critical need to protect the brain from ischemic and embolic injury during aortic arch aneurysm repair. Over the past 30 years, advances in operative technique and neuroprotective strategies have made routine repair of aortic arch aneurysms feasible. The development of endostents to treat aortic arch aneurysms has been delayed by anatomic constraints, such as the curvature of this aortic segment and critical branches to the brain that need to be reconstructed. The initial use of endostents to treat aortic arch pathology has been primarily in the context of hybrid endovascular-open procedures. Ongoing development of branched endografts will add to the therapeutic options for the treatment of the aortic arch aneurysms and improve the safety and outcomes of this procedure.
MONOSYNAPTIC INPUTS TO EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY NEURONS OF THE INTERMEDIATE AND DEEP LAYERS OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS

The intermediate and deep layers of the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) are a key locus for several critical functions, including spatial attention, multisensory integration and behavioral responses. While the SC is known to integrate input from a variety of brain regions, progress in understanding how these inputs contribute to SC-dependent functions has been hindered by the paucity of data on innervation patterns to specific types of SC neurons. Here, we use G-deleted rabies virus-mediated monosynaptic tracing to identify inputs to excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the intermediate and deep SC. We observed stronger and more numerous projections to excitatory than inhibitory SC neurons. However, a subpopulation of excitatory neurons thought to mediate behavioral output received weaker inputs, from far fewer brain regions, than the overall population of excitatory neurons. Additionally, extrinsic inputs tended to target rostral excitatory and inhibitory SC neurons more strongly than their caudal counterparts, and commissural SC neurons tended to project to similar rostrocaudal positions in the other SC. Our findings support the view that active intrinsic processes are critical to SC-dependent functions, and will enable the examination of how specific inputs contribute to these functions.
Humor, Resistance, and Jewish Cultural Persistence in the Book of Revelation: Roasting Rome

Empire-critical and postcolonial readings of Revelation are now commonplace, but scholars have not yet put these views into conversation with Jewish trauma and cultural survival strategies. In this book, Sarah Emanuel positions Revelation within its ancient Jewish context. Proposing a new reading of Revelation, she demonstrates how the text's author, a first century CE Jewish Christ-follower, used humor as a means of resisting Roman power. Emanuel uses multiple critical lenses, including humor, trauma, and postcolonial theory, together with historical-critical methods. These approaches enable a deeper understanding of the Jewishness of the early Christ-centered movement, and how Jews in antiquity related to their cultural and religious identity. Emanuel's volume offers new insights and fills a gap in contemporary scholarship on Revelation and biblical scholarship more broadly.
Field courses narrow demographic achievement gaps in ecology and evolutionary biology.

Disparities remain in the representation of marginalized students in STEM. Classroom-based experiential learning opportunities can increase student confidence and academic success; however, the effectiveness of extending learning to outdoor settings is unknown. Our objectives were to examine (a) demographic gaps in ecology and evolutionary biology (EEB) major completion, college graduation, and GPAs for students who did and did not enroll in field courses, (b) whether under-represented demographic groups were less likely to enroll in field courses, and (c) whether under-represented demographic groups were more likely to feel increased competency in science-related tasks (hereafter, self-efficacy) after participating in field courses. We compared the relationships among academic success measures and demographic data (race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, first-generation, and gender) for UC Santa Cruz undergraduate students admitted between 2008 and 2019 who participated in field courses (N = 941 students) and who did not (N = 28,215 students). Additionally, we administered longitudinal surveys to evaluate self-efficacy gains during field-based versus classroom-based courses (N = 570 students). We found no differences in the proportion of students matriculating at the university as undecided, proposed EEB, or proposed other majors across demographic groups. However, five years later, under-represented students were significantly less likely to graduate with EEB degrees, indicating retention rather than recruitment drives disparities in representation. This retention gap is partly due to a lower rate of college completion and partly through attrition to other majors. Although under-represented students were less likely to enroll in field courses, field courses were associated with higher self-efficacy gains, higher college graduation rates, higher EEB major retention, and higher GPAs at graduation. All demographic groups experienced significant increases in self-efficacy during field-based but not lecture-based courses. Together, our findings suggest that increasing the number of field courses and actively facilitating access to students from under-represented groups can be a powerful tool for increasing STEM diversity.
Multimodality Imaging of Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex, progressive abnormal physiologic and hemodynamic state seen in many conditions. The purpose of this review is to discuss the updated clinical and hemodynamic classification systems and diagnostic criteria of PH, discuss the role of noninvasive imaging for diagnosing PH, and outline a diagnostic pathway to facilitate targeted therapies. PH is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) > 20 mmHg since the sixth World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) in 2018, a lower threshold than the longstanding definition of mPAP > 25 mmHg. Additionally, in 2018, Truong et al. established a four-tier classification for the diagnosis of PH based upon the degree of main pulmonary artery enlargement on computed tomography, whereby the likelihood of PH increases with increasing tier severity. Other noninvasive modalities, particularly echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), aid in prognostication of PH and drive clinical decision-making and treatment strategies. Multimodality imaging is paramount in the screening, diagnosis, and management of PH by providing anatomical, physiologic, functional, and prognostic information. Cumulative findings on echocardiography, ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, computed tomography, and CMR imaging can often identify the etiology of PH and provide insight into pathophysiology and disease stage.
Comparison of equine synovial sepsis rate following intrasynovial injection in ambulatory versus hospital settings.

BACKGROUND Frequency of synovial sepsis in horses following intrasynovial injection has been reported, but not compared with respect to the environment in which the injection was performed. OBJECTIVES To describe occurrence of synovial sepsis following intrasynovial injections performed in ambulatory vs hospital settings. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Records from the Colorado State University were evaluated (2014-2018) and horses receiving intrasynovial injections were identified. Patients presenting for septic synovial structures were excluded. Patient signalment, primary supervising service, medications injected, location (field/hospital), whether synovial sepsis resulted, and at what time sepsis was recognised were recorded. Logistic regression was used to estimate the contributions of covariates to the occurrence of synovial sepsis following injection. RESULTS During the study period, 3866 intrasynovial injections were performed in 1112 horses during 1623 sessions, with 643/1623 sessions performed in the field. The most frequently used medications were hyaluronate (846/1623, 52.1%), triamcinolone acetonide (780 /1623, 48.1%) and amikacin sulfate (684/1623, 42.1%). Four horses developed synovial sepsis (0.2% sessions, 0.1% synovial structures); 3/4 were injected in the field, 2/4 received antibiotics with the injection. The frequency of septic synovitis was 10.4 cases per 10 000 injections, or 1 in 967 injections. All horses recovered following synovial lavage and antibiotic therapy. Performing injections in the field (P = .2) or without antibiotics (P = .7) did not alter the risk of synovial sepsis. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limitations include the retrospective nature of data collection and low rate of infection overall, which prohibited evaluation of individual medication regimes as factors associated with resultant infection. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of synovial sepsis in this population of horses was not higher when injections were performed in the field or without concurrent antibiotic administration. These data may help to inform practitioners and clients regarding the relative potential risk of complications following intrasynovial medication in different environmental settings.
Paley-like graphs for the Ramsey number $r(C_4,K_t)$

An earlier version of this paper constructed a family of $n$-vertex $C_4$-free graphs which we conjectured to have independence number $n^{\frac 12+o(1)}$. This conjecture is false, as pointed out by Michael Tait.
Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase: III. Altered forms of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase from mutant tomato plants☆

Abstract Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase from many mutant forms of the tomato plant have been studied. Enzymes with altered activity indicative of both high and low specific activity forms have been observed. These enzymes differ in their electrophoretic mobilities and also in their kinetic dependences upon substrate concentrations. Two mutant forms of the enzyme with high specific activity and two with low specific activity have been studied. These ezymes also differ in their ability to bind and to be activated by a protein containing light activating factor.
Traditional Leaders and the Implementation of Women's Rights Policies

The dynamic values and practices of African traditional leaders—a term that includes chiefs, kings/queens and headmen/women—often clash with the democratic values underpinning the states in which they reside. Of particular concern to policymakers and women’s groups is many chiefs’ enforcement of patriarchal customs that conflict with the principle of gender equality enshrined in several African constitutions. Namibia is an especially relevant case to the study of traditional leaders’ interaction with gender equality policies. In 2007, despite laws that prohibit chiefs’ participation in politics and governance, the Namibian government began a concerted effort to engage chiefs as key stakeholders in the implementation of several gender equality policies and campaigns. In a country in which nearly 70 percent of the population recognizes the authority of a traditional leader, the government’s decision to use chiefs as stakeholders in women’s rights issues is likely to impact the efficacy of its policies and campaigns. Using archival data, interviews with chiefs and government officials, and a survey of villagers living under traditional leaders, I find that framing women’s rights policies as matters of community welfare increases traditional leaders’ support of these issues.
PRL-3 Mediates the Protein Maturation of ULBP2 by Regulating the Tyrosine Phosphorylation of HSP60

Many malignant cells release the NKG2D ligand ULBP2 from their cell surface to evade immunosurveillance by NK cells and CD8 T cells. Although the shedding mechanism remains unclear, various inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases have been shown to efficiently block the release of soluble ULBP2. The clinical use of these inhibitors, however, is limited because of adverse side effects. Using high-throughput screening technique, we identified a specific inhibitor of phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) that could reduce the level of soluble ULBP2 in the culture supernatant of various cancer cell lines. Inhibition or gene knockdown of PRL-3 did not reduce ULBP2 shedding, but rather suppressed posttranslational maturation of ULBP2, resulting in intracellular retention of immature ULBP2. We then found that ULBP2 was constitutively associated with heat shock protein HSP60. Complete maturation of ULBP2 required tyrosine phosphorylation of HSP60 which was mediated by PRL-3.
An Exploration of School Counselors' Demands and Resources: Relationship to Stress, Biographic, and Caseload Characteristics.

The study in this article examined the relationship of school counselors' reports of demands and resources in their work environment to perceived stress, biographic factors, and caseload characteristics. Participants were 227 school counselors in Texas. Paperwork requirements and size of caseload were rated the most demanding aspects of their job, and other counselors were rated as the most helpful resource by participants. The perceived equality or inequality of work demands and resources also was assessed. School counselors classified in the higher-demand group reported having higher perceived stress, being less likely to remain in the profession the next year, and having higher caseload percentages of students with disabilities, lower academic performance, and poor attendance.
Electroosmotic Fluid Motion and Late-Time Solute Transport for Large Zeta Potentials

Analytical and numerical methods are employed to determine the electric potential, fluid velocity, and late-time solute distribution for electroosmotic flow in a tube and channel at ζ potentials that are not necessarily small. The electric potential and fluid velocity are in general obtained by numerical means. In addition, new analytical solutions are presented for the velocity in a tube and channel in the extremes of large and small Debye layer thickness. The electroosmotic fluid velocity is used to analyze late-time transport of a neutral nonreacting solute. Zero- and first-order solutions describing axial variation of the solute concentration are determined analytically. The resulting expressions contain eigenvalues representing the dispersion and skewness of the axial concentration profiles. These eigenvalues and the functions describing transverse variation of the concentration field are determined numerically using a shooting technique. Results are presented for both tube and channel geometries ove...
River Meandering Dynamics

The Ikeda, Parker, and Sawai river meandering model is reexamined using a physical approach employing an explicit equation of motion. For periodic river shapes as seen from above, a cross-stream surface elevation gradient creates a velocity shear that is responsible for the decay of small-wavelength meander bends, whereas secondary currents in the plane perpendicular to the downstream direction are responsible for the growth of large-wavelength bends. A decay length ${D=H/2C}_{f}$ involving the river depth H and the friction coefficient ${C}_{f}$ sets the scale for meandering, giving the downstream distance required for the fluid velocity profile to recover from changes in the channel curvature. Using this length scale and a time scale T, we explicitly trace the observed length scale invariance to the equations of motion, and predict similar time and velocity scale invariances. A general time-dependent nonlinear modal analysis for periodic rivers reveals that modes higher than the third mode are needed to describe upstream migration of bend apexes just before oxbow cutoff, and are important to accurate calculations of the time and sinuosity at cutoff.
Growth of the bay scallop: The influence of experimental water currents

Abstract The growth of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say), from North Carolina has been investigated in an experimental system which controlled the speed and volume of water flowing past eight series of scallops. Under the influence of rapid current speed (12 cm/sec) the growth of the scallops almost ceased. Growth increased as the current speed decreased and at the slowest speed tested (0.21 cm/sec) reached the maximum observed. At this slowest speed, the low rate of water flow (10 ml/sec) gave a decrease in the growth of the scallops at the end of the series. It is calculated that the concentration of chlorophyll a in the outflow of the slowest current speed was reduced below 30% of the inflow as a result of the removal of suspended phytoplankton by the filtering activity of the scallops. Further calculations suggest that under the experimental conditions (27°C; chlorophyll a = 4.2 μg/l ) the growth of the scallops began to be reduced when the concentration of chlorophyll a dropped below 60% of the inflow and that growth ceased when the concentration dropped below 30%. These data are discussed with reference to the ecology of natural populations of bay scallops and with reference to some of the problems involved in the aquaculture of the species.
Metabotropic glutamate 7 (mGlu7) receptor: A target for medication development for the treatment of cocaine dependence

Abstract Brain glutamate has been shown to play an important role in reinstatement to drug seeking, a behavior considered to be of relevance to relapse to drug taking in humans. Therefore, glutamate receptors, in particular metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, have become important targets for medication development for the treatment of drug dependence. In this review article, we focus on the mGlu7 receptor subtype, and discuss recent findings with AMN082, a selective mGlu7 receptor allosteric agonist, in animal models with relevance to drug dependence. Systemic or local administration of AMN082 into the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical brain region involved in reward and drug dependence processes, inhibited the reinforcing and motivational effects of cocaine, heroin and ethanol, as assessed by the intravenous drug self-administration procedure. In addition, AMN082 inhibited the reward-enhancing effects induced by cocaine, as assessed in the intracranial self-stimulation procedure, and cocaine- or cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. In vivo microdialysis studies indicated that systemic or intra-NAc administration of AMN082 significantly decreased extracellular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and elevated extracellular glutamate, but had no effect on extracellular dopamine in the NAc, suggesting that a non-dopaminergic mechanism underlies the effects of AMN082 on the actions of cocaine. Further, data indicated that AMN082-induced changes in glutamate were the net effect of two actions: one is the direct inhibition of glutamate release by activation of mGlu7 receptors on glutamatergic neurons; another is the indirect increases of glutamate release mediated by decreases in GABA transmission. These increases in extracellular glutamate functionally antagonized cocaine-induced inhibition of NAc-ventral pallidum GABAergic neurotransmission, and therefore, the rewarding effects of cocaine. In addition, elevated extracellular glutamate activated presynaptic mGlu2/3 autoreceptors which in turn inhibited cocaine priming- or cue-induced enhancement of glutamate release and reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Taken together, these findings suggest that the mGlu7 receptor is an important target for medication development for the treatment of drug dependence. AMN082 or other mGlu7 receptor allosteric agonists may have potential as novel pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors’.
Elementary school children's rough-and-tumble play

The intent of this study was to describe elementary school children's rough-and-tumble play (RT it accounted for 11% of children's play behaviors. Aggression rarely occurred (0.3%) and did not vary by age, sex, or playground location. These descriptive results are discussed in terms of providing ecologically valid data on children's R&T vis-a-vis aggression. R&T was also found to lead to games-with-rules and to be positively correlated, for boys, with measures of social competence. These functional results are discussed in terms of the social skills function of R&T.
Is your strategy a duck

Purpose – This article addresses the widespread failure of organizations to turn strategy talk into action. It suggests that underlying this failure is the creation of strategy “ducks” – a term borrowed from the world of architecture for buildings intentionally built as symbols. The author here argues that many corporations, in an effort to appear “strategic,” have inadvertently created strategy ducks – strategies that function as symbols, not roadmaps that remain an abstraction and a mystery to the people in the organization who must make them work. As with architecture's ducks, the connection between symbol and day‐to‐day practice is missing. In creating the appearance of a strategy where none exists, these ducks risk leaving the majority of the organization with little recourse other than to “fake it” – to act as though a meaningful strategy exists, when in fact it doesn't. What organizations need instead are strategies that feel real. The article suggests that, in order to close this gap between rheto...
Formal Spectral Theory for Ideal Sigma-Delta Quantization with Stationary Time-Varying Inputs

Because a ΣΔ modulator is a nonlinear feedback system, its rigorous signal analysis escapes from the standard theories used in signal processing and communications. We introduce mathematical tools that are new to these two areas and that lead to systematic and high-level methods for the spectral error analysis of ΣΔ modulators. They include the use of dynamical system techniques, of the roots of ergodic theory and the spectral properties of unitary operators in a Hubert space. In this paper, we show their application to the case of ideal ΣΔ modulation, thus providing a formal and concise theory for the extensive derivations performed by Gray et al. and He et al. in this special case some 15 years ago. We finally point to the potential extension of these new methods to a substantially larger class of ΣΔ modulators.
Internal Solitary Waves in an Atmosphere with Thermal Inversion

Abstract This paper reports a study of solitary waves in a compressible atmosphere with a layer of cold air underneath a layer of warmer air of infinite height. The temperature of each layer is uniform. Two critical speeds and the first-order solitary wave solutions for both layers are obtained in terms of the temperature and mass flux ratios. The internal solitary wave may be a wave of elevation or depression, or may not appear at all. The amplitude of a wave of elevation (depression) increases (decreases) with the height and reaches a maximum (minimum) at the inversion interface, then stays at the maximum (minimum) value in the upper layer. The wave speed is found greater than the corresponding critical speed, and no solitary wave appears when the temperature of the atmosphere becomes uniform.
Post-brachytherapy tumor endoresection for treatment of toxic maculopathy in choroidal melanoma.

Post-brachytherapy tumor endoresection for treatment of toxic maculopathy in choroidal melanoma
A MEASURE OF FEDERALISM : ASSESSING MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY CENTERS

Abstract This article considers the evaluation of Manufacturing Technology Centers (MTCs) and the possibilities for a new experimental federalism in public administration in the light of the emergence of collaborative learning among firms. Economic volatility is leading to decentralized decision-making authority within and among firms which entails a new understanding of performance measurement and economic coordination. The decentralization of decisions compels that goals and achievement indicators be continuously revised to reflect learning through local autonomy. To achieve this end firms adopt disciplines requiring continuous exchange of information about organizational improvements. MTCs are already encouraging firms to do just this; hence assessment of the MTCs should provide a public setting for the centers to learn why they are good or bad at helping firms monitor themselves. National comparisons are proposed of similar projects at different centers and of different combinations of services provided by centers and their respective regional partners. This makes improvement of the ‘parts’ of the system (the discrete classes of service) independent of improvement of the ‘whole’ (the architecture of the centers as development agencies). The conclusion examines the resulting form of experimental federalism as the analog in governmental organization to collaborative production in firms.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Oligoclonal Bands in Childhood Opsoclonus-Myoclonus

Abstract Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid reflect local B-cell responses associated with various neuroinflammatory disorders. In opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, cerebrospinal fluid B-cell expansion was demonstrated, but no studies of oligoclonal bands are available. In a prospective case-control study of 132 children (103 with opsoclonus-myoclonus, 29 neurologic control subjects), cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands, measured by isoelectric focusing with immunofixation, were observed in 35% with opsoclonus-myoclonus and none of the control subjects, with the highest frequency in severe cases (56%). In oligoclonal band-positive patients, the mean band number was 5 ± 3 S.D. (range, 2-10) and the total severity score was significantly higher than in band-negative patients, whereas the frequency of CD19+ B cells, opsoclonus-myoclonus duration, neuroblastoma detection, and relapse history did not differ. The cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G synthesis rate, immunoglobulin index, and Q albumin were normal. In 17 untreated children receiving adrenocorticotropic hormone, intravenous immunoglobulins, and rituximab, the number of oligoclonal band-positive decreased by 75%, and the mean band count fell by 80%. Oligoclonal band detection adds useful information to neuroimmunologic "staging" in opsoclonus-myoclonus. However, flow cytometry provides a more sensitive measure of B-cell infiltration. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands warrant monitoring in long-term follow-up studies of disease-modifying drugs for opsoclonus-myoclonus.
Neural anomalies during sustained attention in first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients.

Background A deficit in sustained attention might serve as an endophenotype for schizophrenia and therefore be a useful tool in understanding the genetic underpinnings of the disorder. We sought to detail functional brain abnormalities associated with sustained attention (i.e., vigilance) in individuals with genetic liability for schizophrenia. Methods We gathered electrophysiological data from 23 schizophrenia patients, 28 first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients, and 23 nonpsychiatric control subjects while they performed a degraded-stimulus continuous performance task. Inclusion of sensory control trials allowed separation of target detection and vigilance effects on brain potentials. Results Schizophrenia patients, but not relatives, showed a behavioral deficit in sustained attention. During target detection, relatives exhibited diminished late positive amplitudes (P3b, i.e., P300) over parietal brain regions and augmented early posterior (P1) and right frontal (anterior N1) potentials. Electrophysiological anomalies were still evident after the exclusion of three relatives with histories of psychosis. Conclusions Genetic liability for schizophrenia is associated with augmented early and diminished late brain potentials during sustained attention. Electrophysiological anomalies suggestive of right frontal–posterior parietal dysfunction might represent neural expression of genetic liability for schizophrenia. Electrophysiological indices also seem to be more sensitive than behavioral measures in assessing genetic liability for schizophrenia.