cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lecture on the best methods of teaching the living languages

T HE most important characteristic of a living language,-the attribute in which resides its essential power and value,-is, that it is a spoken one; that it serves for that constant and principal bond of union between the different individuals of a whole nation, without which they could not, for a moment, be kept together as a community. This great and prevalent characteristic is, therefore, everywhere visible in its structure, arrangements and expression; hardly less so in books, than in conversation. The main object, indeed, to which every other is sacrificed, in the formation of a language is, to facilitate personal intercourse; to enable one human being, in the easiest and most direct manner, to communicate to another his thoughts and his wants, his feelings and his passions; and to this great object every living language is essentially, and, it may almost be said, is exclusively adapted in its vocabulary, its forms, its inflexions, idioms, and pronunciation. The easiest and best method, therefore, for persons of all ages and all classes to learn a living language is undoubtedly to learn it as a spoken one; since this is not only its paramount characteristic, but is the only foundation on which the written language has been built or can rest. Persons, then, who have the opportunity, should learn the living language they wish to possess, as it is learnt by those to whom it is native. They should reside where it is constantly spoken, and use it as it is used around them. It should be the minister to their hourly wants, and the medium of their constant intercourse. Even the books they read should be chosen with reference to the habits and peculiarities of the spoken idiom that produced them, and in studying the language itself, it should be pursued less as a foreign language than as one which they may claim among their birthrights. This is the natural method, and is, no doubt, the most effectual and the easiest. Only a few persons however are able or willing to avail themselves of it. If we wish to instruct our children in a foreign language, we find it inconvenient and unwise to send them among strangers in a strange land to learn it: and, if we undertake to teach them at home, we shall hardly be disposed, like Montaigne's father, to surround them only with those who speak no other than the one we wish them to acquire. In the vast majority of cases, therefore, we must resort to means somewhat more artificial and indirect; and, while still endeavoring to teach it as a living and a spoken language, use the best method within our power at home.
Photoemission study of direct hole injection into Alq3 by PEDOT:PSS polymer anode

Abstract Combined ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS and XPS) measurements have been performed on the interface between the electron transport material tris-(8-hydroxy quinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 ) and the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), indium tin oxide (ITO) and polycrystalline gold. The estimated hole injection barrier φ h is smallest at the PEDOT:PSS/Alq 3 contact and largest at the Au/Alq 3 contact. In the absence of chemistry at each interface, as indicated by XPS, φ h are attributed to Fermi level pinning by interface states. The relative differences in φ h are helpful in elucidating recent device measurements that show direct hole injection into Alq 3 from PEDOT:PSS [P.A. Lane, G.P. Kushto, Z.H. Kafafi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (2007) 023511].
Structure activity correlations in the inhibition of brain synaptosomal3H-norepinephrine uptake by phenethylamine analogs. The role of α-alkyl side chain and methoxyl ring substitutions

alpha-Ethylphenethylamine proved to be a weaker inhibitor of rat brain synaptosomal [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) uptake than amphetamine, while 2-amino-tetralin and 2-amino-1,2-dihydronaphtalene, compounds in which the alpha-side chain ethyl group is tied to the aromatic ring have a similar inhibiting potency as amphetamine. Hallucinogenic polymethoxy substituted phenethylamine analogs have very low inhibitory potencies indicating that inhibition of NE-reuptake in brain noradrenergic neurons is not associated with the drug-induced hallucinogenic syndrome.
Gap Flows through Idealized Topography. Part II: Effects of Rotation and Surface Friction

Numerical simulations are conducted of geostrophically balanced flow over an isolated mountain cut by a horizontal gap. The relative importance of the along-gap synoptic-scale pressure gradient and terraininduced mesoscale circulations for the generation of gap winds was examined by changing the direction of the synoptic-scale wind relative to the topography. In all cases, the forcing associated with mesoscale circulations generated by the mountain was at least as significant as the synoptic-scale pressure gradient. In the cases where a component of the large-scale flow was directed perpendicular to the ridge, the dynamics were dominated by either the vertical momentum fluxes due to mountain lee waves or by mesoscale pressure gradients associated with upstream blocking or lee troughing. Mesoscale circulations were also important when the large-scale flow was parallel to the ridge because surface friction turned the low-level winds toward the high pressure side of the ridge, partially blocking the flow and enhancing the along-gap pressure gradient. The flow in the interior of a very long uniform gap was also simulated for a case with the synoptic-scale winds parallel to the ridge so that the synoptic-scale pressure gradient was down the gap. The flow in the interior of the long gap was not horizontal and not in a simple dynamical balance between acceleration, the pressure gradient force, and surface friction. Even the flow in the lowest 150 m was gradually subsiding. Subsidence and lateral momentum flux convergence at low levels near the center of the gap were important contributors to the mass and along-gap momentum budgets.
Lysyl oxidase and P-ATPase-7A expression during embryonic development in the rat.

Lysyl oxidase activity is critical for the assembly and cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen and elastin. Moreover, lysyl oxidase activity is sensitive to changes in copper status and genetic perturbations in copper transport, e.g., mutations in the P-type ATPase gene, ATP7A, associated with cellular copper transport. Lysyl oxidase may also serve as a vehicle for copper transport from extracellular matrix cells. Herein, we demonstrate that sufficient lysyl oxidase functional activity is present in the rat embryo at gestation day (GD) 9 to be detected in conventional enzyme assays. Estimation of embryonic lysyl oxidase functional activity, however, required partial purification in order to remove inhibitors. From GD 9 to GD 15, lysyl oxidase activity was relatively constant when expressed per unit of protein or DNA. In contrast, the steady-state levels of lysyl oxidase and ATP7A mRNA, measured by RT-PCR and expressed relative to total RNA and cyclophilin mRNA, increased approximately fourfold from GD 9 to 15. The pattern of temporal expression for ATP7A was consistent with its possible role in copper delivery to lysyl oxidase.
Neurodegenerative Effects of Recombinant HIV-1 Tat(1-86) are Associated with Inhibition of Microtubule Formation and Oxidative Stress-Related Reductions in Microtubule-Associated Protein-2(a,b)

The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protein Trans-activator of Transcription (Tat) is a nuclear regulatory protein that may contribute to the development of HIV-1 associated dementia by disrupting the neuronal cytoskeleton. The present studies examined effects of recombinant Tat(1-86; 1–100 nM) on microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-dependent and MAP-independent microtubule formation ex vivo and oxidative neuronal injury in rat organotypic hippocampal explants. Acute exposure to Tat(1-86) (≥1 nM) markedly reduced MAP-dependent and –independent microtubule formation ex vivo, as did vincristine sulfate (0.1–10 μM). Cytotoxicity, as measured by propidium iodide uptake, was observed in granule cells of the DG with exposure to 100 nM Tat(1-86) for 24 or 72 h, while significant reductions in MAP-2 immunoreactivity were observed in granule cells and pyramidal cells of the CA1 and CA3 regions at each timepoint. These effects were prevented by co-exposure to the soluble vitamin E analog Trolox (500 μM). Thus, effects of Tat(1-86) on the neuronal viability may be associated with direct interactions with microtubules and generation of oxidative stress.
A Production Decision Model for Time‐dependent Elastic Demand

The success of a manufacturing corporation mostly depends on its production decisions. The selection of production levels is a primary responsibility of management who should select production levels that maximize the discounted value of the cash‐flow stream (NPV) resulting from the production projects. As a result, the need to evaluate the cash‐flow stream for various production levels is becoming more frequent. Provides an explicit model for the economic evaluation of various attainable production levels. The model, developed in this study, under the condition of a time‐dependent elastic demand, for each year compares a series of gross incomes G, that results from the various attainable production amounts Q, with a corresponding series of minimum annual revenue requirements R. Based on these comparisons, it identifies the optimal production level and the unit selling price for a particular year where G‐R is a maximum and finally, based on the maximum G‐R values, it determines the NPV value. A computer p...
Department of Psychology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan

(1956). Department of Psychology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 369-378.
Pharmacotherapy of Ischemic Heart Disease

The pharmacotherapy of ischemic heart disease has evolved at a rapid pace during the past several decades. Drug therapy is prescribed for ischemic heart disease to either increase myocardial oxygen supply, decrease myocardial oxygen demand, or both. Although the types and number of drugs to treat ischemic heart disease are increasing and will continue to do so, there are still several major categories of pharmacologic agents that are essential in managing ischemic heart disease. The major drug categories covered are antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, nitrates, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers), calcium channel antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and thrombolytic agents. Current information and recommendations are presented for safe and effective use of these agents.
Analysis of the associations between lung function and clinical features in preschool children with cystic fibrosis.

Objective To analyze cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between lung function measures and clinical features in a cohort of preschool children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods Longitudinal eight-center observational study of children with CF aged 36–60 months at enrollment, who underwent semiannual pulmonary function tests (PFTs) for up to 2 years consisting of spirometry (all 8 sites), forced oscillometry (FO, 5 sites), and measures of thoracoabdominal asynchrony using respiratory inductive plethysmography (IP, 5 sites). Results Ninety-three subjects were enrolled; 181 acceptable spirometry measurements from 71 subjects, 128 FO from 47 subjects, and 142 IP from 50 subjects were available for analysis. Cross sectional analyses did not detect an association between any PFT parameter at enrollment and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) status, CF gene mutation class, Wisconsin cough score, Shwachman score, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, family history of asthma, or nutritional indices. In longitudinal analyses, Pa infection within 6 months preceding enrollment was associated with a significantly greater rate of decline in z-scores for forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25–75) (−1.3 vs. −0.4 Z scores/year, P = 0.024) and greater thoracoabdominal asynchrony measured by IP (mean phase angle difference 4.6°, P = 0.004). No other significant longitudinal associations were observed. Conclusions Prior Pa infection is associated with a greater rate of decline in FEF25–75 z-score and mild thoracoabdominal asynchrony in preschool children with CF. In this multicenter US study, significant associations between other lung function measures and clinical features were not detected. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:574–581. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Doubling Up on Microtubule Stabilizers: Synergistic Functions of Doublecortin-like Kinase and Doublecortin in the Developing Cerebral Cortex

Dynamic regulation of neuronal cytoskeletal machinery in response to extracellular cues enables distinct changes in neuronal development in the cerebral cortex. In this issue of Neuron, three related studies on doublecortin-like kinase, a microtubule-associated protein related to doublecortin, by Shu et al., Koizumi et al., and Deuel et al., provide evidence that doublecortin-like kinase is essential for proper neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axonal wiring.
Mission Impossible? Improving Retention of Science Majors among Minorities and Women

The Merit Workshop is intended to increase the retention of minority students and women in the sciences/math/ engineering programs, and to encourage students to consider graduate study. Since its i...
Synthesis of 1‐pyrenyloxirane‐3,6,8‐3H1

The syntheses of 1-pyrenyloxirane-3,6,8-3H1, 7, and its precursor, pyrene-1,3,6,8-3H1, 4, are described. The synthesis pathway includes a novel preparation of 4 from 1-pyrenyllithium and tritiated water in theoretical yield.
Elicitation and reduction of fear: behavioural and neuroendocrine indices and brain induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos

The elicitation and reduction of fear were indexed with fear-potentiated startle and corticosterone release and induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos as a marker of neural activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Conditioning consisted of pairing one stimulus with footshock, which was withheld when the conditioned stimulus was preceded by a different modality stimulus, the conditioned inhibitor. On the test day, approximately 60% of the rats were used for c-fos in situ hybridization, and were presented with either the conditioned stimulus alone, the conditioned inhibitor alone, a compound of the two stimuli, or no stimuli, and killed 30 min following the presentation of 10 such stimuli. The remaining rats were tested with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. Rats displayed reliable fear-potentiated startle and corticosterone release to the conditioned stimulus, and both measures were reduced when the conditioned stimulus was preceded by the conditioned inhibitor. The ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, septohypothalamic nucleus, some tegmental nuclei, and the locus coeruleus had particularly high c-fos induction in rats that received the conditioned inhibitor, providing one of the first functional indication that these nuclei might be important in behavioural or endocrine inhibition. Conditioning specific c-fos induction in the three groups that received a stimulus on the test day was observed in many hypothalamic areas, the medial geniculate body and the central gray, structures previously involved in fear and anxiety. The cingulate, infralimbic and perirhinal cortex, nucleus accumbens, lateral septum, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, and ventral tegmental area had higher c-fos induction in rats presented with the fearful conditioned stimulus, confirming previous studies. The amygdala and hippocampus of conditioned rats did not show higher c-fos induction than in rats repeatedly exposed to the context. Many regions displayed c-fos messenger RNA induction in the control condition, suggesting that processes other than fear and anxiety participate in c-fos induction.
The use of a multi-separation probe for optical diagnosis of breast cancer

We explored the effects of probe-geometry on UV-VIS fluorescence and diffuse reflectance measurements from breast tissues. It shows that integrated fluorescence intensities measured with a multi-separation probe can be used to discriminate malignant from non-malignant tissues. This has the potential to reduce system complexity for optical diagnosis of breast cancer.
Predicting First-Grade Achievement Through Formal Testing of 5-Year-Old High-Risk Children

The predictive ability of 10 developmental variables measured at age 5 to predict academic achievement at the end of first grade was studied with 40 inner-city Headstart children. While some moderate significant relationships were found between formal tests administered in kindergarten and an achievement test administered at the end of first grade, the value of these formal tests to predict later academic achievement was limited.
Does the Holton–Tan Mechanism Explain How the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Modulates the Arctic Polar Vortex?

Idealized experiments with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) are used to explore the mechanism(s) whereby the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) modulates the NorthernHemispherewintertimestratosphericpolarvortex.Overall,theeffectofthecriticallineemphasized in the Holton‐Tan mechanism is less important than the effect of the mean meridional circulation associated with QBO winds for the polar response to the QBO. More specifically, the introduction of easterly winds at the equator near 50 hPa 1) causes enhanced synoptic-scale Eliassen‐Palm flux (EPF) convergence in the subtropics from 150 to 50 hPa, which leads to the subtropical critical line moving poleward in the lower stratosphere, and2)createsabarriertoplanetarywavepropagationfromsubpolarlatitudestomidlatitudesin the middle andupper stratosphere(e.g., less equatorwardEPF near 508N), whichleads to enhancedplanetary wave convergence in the polar vortex region. These two effects are mechanistically distinct; while the former is relatedtothesubtropicalcriticalline,thelatterisduetothemeanmeridionalcirculationofthe QBO.Allof these effects are consistent with linear theory, although the evolution of the entire wind distribution is only quasi-linear because induced zonal wind changes cause the wave driving to shift and thereby positively feed back on the zonal wind changes. Finally, downward propagation of the QBO in the equatorial stratosphere, upper stratospheric equatorial zonal wind, and changes in the tropospheric circulation appear to be less important than lower stratospheric easterlies for the polar stratospheric response. Overall, an easterly QBO wind anomaly in the lower stratosphere leads to a weakened stratospheric polar vortex, in agreement with previous studies, although not because of changes in the subtropical critical line.
Multisensory guidance of orienting behavior.

We use both vision and audition when localizing objects and events in our environment. However, these sensory systems receive spatial information in different coordinate systems: sounds are localized using inter-aural and spectral cues, yielding a head-centered representation of space, whereas the visual system uses an eye-centered representation of space, based on the site of activation on the retina. In addition, the visual system employs a place-coded, retinotopic map of space, whereas the auditory system’s representational format is characterized by broad spatial tuning and a lack of topographical organization. A common view is that the brain needs to reconcile these differences in order to control behavior, such as orienting gaze to the location of a sound source. To accomplish this, it seems that either auditory spatial information must be transformed from a head-centered rate code to an eye-centered map to match the frame of reference used by the visual system, or vice versa. Here, we review a number of studies that have focused on the neural basis underlying such transformations in the primate auditory system. Although, these studies have found some evidence for such transformations, many differences in the way the auditory and visual system encode space exist throughout the auditory pathway. We will review these differences at the neural level, and will discuss them in relation to differences in the way auditory and visual information is used in guiding orienting movements.
Amsacrine and continuous-infusion high-dose cytosine arabinoside as induction therapy for patients with newly-diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia.

The overall cure rate of adults with newly-diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) treated with continuous infusion high-dose cytarabine (CIHDAC) is comparable to that with standard-dose ara-C plus anthracycline or amsacrine (AMSA). We tested whether the addition of AMSA to CIHDAC improves the outcome of adults with untreated AML. 75 patients with untreated AML were treated with AMSA (75 mg/m2/day x 4) plus CIHDAC (1.5 g/m2/day x 4) for induction and, if in complete remission (CR), early and late intensification. Results were compared to those in 129 patients treated on a previous study with CIHDAC alone. The principal comparison in both groups was between those 117 patients (AMSA/CIHDAC n = 52, CIHDAC n = 65) who met the initial eligibility criteria for the AMSA/CIHDAC study (risk of early mortality ≤. 1) and who were treated at a time when relatively few eligible patients were excluded (19% in the AMSA/CIHDAC group, 34% in the CIHDAC group). There was no difference between regimens in CR rate, remssi...
The Ecology of Games Shaping Telecommunications Policy

A game is an arena of competition and cooperation structured by a set of rules and assumptions about how to act in order to achieve a particular set of objectives. An ecology of games is a larger system of action composed of two or more separate but interdependent games. Defined in this way, the idea of an ecology of games is a sensitizing concept, developed within a participant-observer, case-study mode of inquiry. It helps make sense of the dynamics of communication policy processes. Aspects of an ecology of games—games, rules, strategies, and players—offer a grammar for describing the system of action shaping public policy. As a framework for analysis, it overcomes some limitations of sector-specific policy studies and some weaknesses of other frameworks for the study of public policy, including group, pluralist, and elite theories of decision making. This article develops the concept of an ecology of games as an approach to the study of communication policy. It also illustrates its application by sketching the ecology of games surrounding telecommunications policy in the United States and some of the principal ways it differs from the ecology of games in other nations.
ABSTRACT Internal Migration and Life Satisfaction: Well-Being Effects of Moving as a Young Adult *

Migration typically leads to higher income, but its association with life satisfaction remains unclear. Is migration accompanied by an increase in life satisfaction? If it is, is the increase in income responsible or are other life domains driving the satisfaction changes? These two questions are addressed using longitudinal data from a Swedish Young Adult Panel Study for 1999 and 2009. Comparing migrants to non-migrants, it is found that internal migration is accompanied by an increase in life satisfaction. This increase is observed for both, migrants who move due to work and those who move due to non-work reasons. This finding holds regardless of other life transitions that may accompany migration, such as marriage and joining the labor market. However, different factors account for the increase in life satisfaction for work and non-work migrants. For non-work migrants, it is greater housing satisfaction that leads to an improvement in life satisfaction. Moreover, no increase in income relative to nonmigrants is found for this group. For work migrants, although their income increases compared with non-migrants, this increase does not seem to explain the differential improvement in life satisfaction because of a lack of improvement in their economic satisfaction (compared to non-migrants). Rather, it is the higher relative status arising from occupational advancement that seems to contribute to the higher life satisfaction for work migrants.
Dietary models for root caries

A stepwise multiple logistic regression was computed to assess which of the nutritional variables differentiate the healthy and diseased group of participants in the Forsyth Specialized Caries Center (n = 275). Variables considered as candidates for the model included the consumption per week of sugars, starch, cheese, fruits and fruit juices, noncariogenic foods, and dairy products. Two variables--sugars and cheese--were statistically significant by the stepwise procedure. Increased intake of sugar was associated with being in the root caries group, whereas high intake of cheese was negatively associated with root caries. Thus, cheese seems to have a protective effect after sugar intake is controlled for. Odds ratios were computed to quantify the influence of the variables. An increase of two exposures of sugar per day corresponded with an odds ratio of 1.26. The odds ratio continues to increase with sugar intake so that an increase to five exposures per day gives an odds ratio of 1.79. This model is consistent with past in vitro studies suggesting that cheese protects against caries formation when sugar intake is controlled for and that increasing frequency of sugar intake increases the odds of root caries.
Genetic structure and gene flow among European corn borer populations from the Great Plains to the Appalachians of North America

Earlier population genetic spatial analysis of European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (H¨ ubner) indicated no genetic differentiation even between locations separated by 720 km. This result suggests either high dispersal resulting in high gene flow or that populations are not in migration-drift equilibrium subsequent to their invasion of the central U.S.A. in the 1940s. 2 To discriminate among these two possibilities, samples were collected at 12 locations in eight states from New York to Colorado, a geographic scale that is three- fold greater than previously tested. Eight microsatellite markers were employed to estimate genetic differentiation and gene flow among these populations, and to test for isolation-by-distance. 3 Although pairwise FST estimates were very low, there was a significant isolation- by-distance relationship. 4 Wright's neighbourhood area (i.e. the surface area covered by a panmictic group of individuals within a larger continuous distribution) was calculated as 433 km 2 ,a nd the radius indicates that approximately 13% of O. nubilalis adults disperse a net distance >12 km per generation from their natal source. 5 Analyses indicated significant differentiation between the north-eastern region (New York and Pennsylvania) and the region combining sample locations from Ohio to Colorado, suggesting the potential for isolation of populations by topographic barriers in the Northeast. 6 Taken together, the results suggest that O. nubilalis exhibits substantial gene flow over long distances and that the lack of genetic differentiation between populations across hundreds of kilometres is not simply a result of migration-drift disequilibrium arising from the recent range expansion.
DOE genomics: Applications to in situ subsurface bioremediation

Microbial communities can greatly affect the mobility and fate of subsurface contaminants, yet relatively little is known about the functioning of microorganisms in subsurface environments. Major advances in DNA sequencing capability and the advent of genome-enabled studies have produced key insights into how microorganisms adapt to environmental conditions and/or biotransform subsurface contaminants starting from analyses of genome content. These techniques enable the researcher to detect how an organism responds to its environment and, potentially, to devise better methods to promote specific microbial activity in subsurface environments. The U.S. Department of Energy sponsors genome research through the Genomics:GTL program. One of the applications of this research is to better understand and control biological processes influencing the mobility of contaminants of concern to DOE such as metals and radionuclides. Genome and gene expression techniques have led to new insights into the functioning of subsurface microbial communities, but the true potential of these techniques is still to be revealed. As genome-enabled science progresses, techniques for evaluating gene expression patterns of whole communities will advance the understanding and development of optimized in situ bioremediation and more realistic simulations of microbial contaminant biotransformation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
Clinical and radiographic findings in the patient with Clostridium difficile infection

Though Clostridium difficile can be found in the colon of asymptomatic patients, it is well known to exhibit pathogenic behavior in the setting of an altered colonic bacterial flora. This leads to a broad spectrum of disease states ranging from simple diarrhea to toxic colitis. The focus of this article is to detail the factors associated with the clinical presentation of C. difficile infection and to describe radiographic adjuncts to diagnosing the severity of C. difficile infection.
Intervention tailoring for Chinese American women: comparing the effects of two videos on knowledge, attitudes and intentions to obtain a mammogram

This study utilized data from an ongoing randomized controlled trial to compare a culturally tailored video promoting positive attitudes toward mammography among Chinese immigrant women to a linguistically appropriate generic video and print media. Intervention development was guided by the Health Belief Model. Five hundred and ninety-two immigrant Chinese Americans from the metropolitan Washington, DC, and New York City areas completed telephone interviews before and after intervention. Changes in knowledge, Eastern views of health care (fatalism and self-care), health beliefs (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers) and screening intentions were measured. Results showed that both videos improved screening knowledge, modified Eastern views of health care, reduced perceived barriers and increased screening intentions relative to print media (all P < 0.05). The generic video increased screening intention twice as much as the cultural video, although subgroup analysis showed the increase was only significant in women aged 50-64 years. Only Eastern views of health care were negatively associated with screening intentions after adjusting for all baseline covariates. These data suggest that a theoretically guided linguistically appropriate video that targets women from various ethnic groups is as efficacious in modifying attitudes toward mammography screening as a video that is exclusively tailored for Chinese immigrant women.
LOT: logic optimization with testability—new transformations using recursive learning

Abstract: A new approach to optimize multi-level logic circuits is introduced. Given a multi-level circuit, the synthesis method optimizes its area, simultaneously enhancing its random pattern testability. The method is based on structural transformations at the gate level. New transformations involving EX-OR gates derived based on indirect implications by Recursive Learning have been introduced in the synthesis of multi-level circuits. This method is augmented with transformations that specifically enhance random-pattern testability while reducing the area. Testability enhancement is an integral part of our synthesis methodology. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology can not only realize lower area, but also achieves better testability compared to testability enhancement synthesis tools such as tstfx. Specifically for ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits, it was observed that EX-OR gate-based transformations can yield smaller circuits compared to state-of-the-art logic optimization tools like SIS and HANNIBAL.
ROLE OF CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS FOR THE PREVENTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER

Eicosanoids play an important role in numerous physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in the gastrointestinal tract, including maintenance of mucosal integrity, stimulation of mucus and electrolyte secretion, and inflammation. A rapidly growing body of evidence implicates COX-2 in colorectal carcinogenesis. COX-2 has been shown to alter cellular adhesion, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, contributing to its neoplastic potential. NSAIDs appear to attenuate this potential by mechanisms that are COX-2 dependent and independent. Several advances have been made in understanding the details of COX-2 regulation. The downstream effect of COX-2-dependent metabolites varies with the enzymatic machinery present in a particular cell, the level of COX activity, differences in location and types of prostaglandin receptors, and differences in signal transduction pathways. Further studies are needed to understand better these complex interactions, which may provide insight into the role of COX-2 in pathologic conditions, such as intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer.
Acetaminophen Toxicity and 5-Oxoproline (Pyroglutamic Acid): A Tale of Two Cycles, One an ATP-Depleting Futile Cycle and the Other a Useful Cycle

The acquired form of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) metabolic acidosis was first described in 1989 and its relationship to chronic acetaminophen ingestion was proposed the next year. Since then, this cause of chronic anion gap metabolic acidosis has been increasingly recognized. Many cases go unrecognized because an assay for 5-oxoproline is not widely available. Most cases occur in malnourished, chronically ill women with a history of chronic acetaminophen ingestion. Acetaminophen levels are very rarely in the toxic range; rather, they are usually therapeutic or low. The disorder generally resolves with cessation of acetaminophen and administration of intravenous fluids. Methionine or N-acetyl cysteine may accelerate resolution and methionine is protective in a rodent model. The disorder has been attributed to glutathione depletion and activation of a key enzyme in the γ-glutamyl cycle. However, the specific metabolic derangements that cause the 5-oxoproline accumulation remain unclear. An ATP-depleting futile 5-oxoproline cycle can explain the accumulation of 5-oxoproline after chronic acetaminophen ingestion. This cycle is activated by the depletion of both glutathione and cysteine. This explanation contributes to our understanding of acetaminophen-induced 5-oxoproline metabolic acidosis and the beneficial role of N-acetyl cysteine therapy. The ATP-depleting futile 5-oxoproline cycle may also play a role in the energy depletions that occur in other acetaminophen-related toxic syndromes.
Response of a stably stratified flow to cooling

Abstract The spreading of the low-level cold pool produced by evaporation of precipitation is generally acknowledged to be an important mechanism for the regeneration of moist convection. We show that cooling a stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer produces very different results from the corresponding daytime case in which the boundary layer is neutral. In particular, dynamic behavior is sometimes closer to that of a gravity wave than to a density current. The gravity wave speed defines a minimum propagation speed for a self-regenerating convective system.
Correlated Internal Motions in Left-Handed DNA Double Helices: Z-B Transition Driven by Drug Binding

From molecular model building and fiber diffraction studies, it was earlier shown1 that Z-DNA really represents a family of left-handed zig-zag helices (LZ helices for short). LZ1 and LZ2 helices were designated as two extremes. Although these two types of helices are different in overall topology, they share the following common properties: (i) a dinucleotide repeat with guanine in (C3’-endo, syn) conformation while cytosine in (C2’-endo, anti) conformation, (ii) intrastrand stacking in the GpC sequence and interstrand stacking in the CpG sequence, (iii) oxygen atoms in the successive sugar residues in a given strand pointing in the opposite directions while the oxygen atoms of the sugars across a base-pair pointing in the same direction. The essential difference between the LZ1 & LZ2 helices is in the P-O torsions of the GpC fragment. In the LZ1 helix the P-O torsions in the GpC fragment are g−,t while in the LZ2 helix they are g+,g+. Thus, by correlated internal motions around the P-O bonds in the GpC fragment it is possible to switch from LZ1 to LZ2 helix (and vice-versa) without ever disturbing the base-pairing. This (LZ1 to LZ2) is a local order to order transition achieved by correlated internal motions and hence there is little or no energy barrier. However,the effect of correlated internal motions in the LZ helices can be more dramatic than that. In this paper, we demonstrate that such motions in the LZ helices can also generate breathing modes resulting in the sequence specific drug intercalation.
Neural Network Modeling Approaches for Patient Specific Glycemic Forecasting

Prediction of glucose in patients with diabetes has been a major thrust of research in hopes to develop an artificial pancreas capable of automated and closed-loop glycemic control. Although it is less known, prediction of glucose in the critical care setting has also been the subject of considerable research endeavors. Successful prediction of glucose in both these patient populations requires the analysis of multiple factors and variables many of which are “patient specific” and vary from patient to patient. Thus, a well suited modeling technique for prediction of physiological glucose levels to needs to be adaptive and incorporate the effect of numerous dependent factors or variables to accurately forecast future glucose concentrations. Neural network models are a particularly well suited approach as they have the ability to learn and quantify the effect of various input factors/variables on a desired/predicted output. In this chapter, the application of neural network modeling to the prediction of glucose in diabetic and critical care patients that exhibit a lack of glucose control will be discussed, in addition to, the advantages of neural network modeling for patient specific glycemic forecasting with respect to other modeling techniques.
Analysis of products from regularly occurring asymmetrical exchange in Drosophila melanogaster.

regular occurrence of a deficiency product, apparently resulting from TEssing over within an asymmetrically-paired segment of the Drosophila melanogaster X chromosome was reported by GREEN (1959). JUDD (1961) recovered the complementary duplication and deficiency strands from an asymmetrical exchange occurring within the white locus. Although the recombinant products analyzed by these two investigators are quite different, they are related since both demonstrate recombination in chromosome segments which are not specifically paired in a point-by-point manner. Prior to these investigations, asymmetrical crossover products were, in general, expected only from chromosomes bearing tandem duplications. The regular recovery of duplication and deficiency recombinant products from structurally normal chromosomes allows several questions bearing on the mechanism of crossing over to be raised. First, since the exceptional types appear among the offspring from several different crosses, it is of interest to determine whether the non-homologous pairing is accomplished in precisely the same manner in each case, with subsequent crossing over always occurring at the same point. This would lead to a single type of duplication and the complementary deficiency. On the other hand, if pairing may occur in any one of several ways or if crossing over may take place at one of several places within the noa-homologously paired region, duplication and deficiency products of several different types should be obtained. A related question is whether the asymmetrical pairing involves truly non-homologous chromosome regions or whether seemingly unrelated parts have retained some specific synaptic affinities during their evolution. In other words, how specific must pairing be in order to allow crossing over? Also, since the exceptional products are recovered from some crosses but not from others, a question is raised as to what genetic elements might be involved in determining this process. Unlike the results reported by GREEN (1959) , three different deficiency products and one duplication type have thus far been recovered from various crosses during the course of a study involving the spatial relationships between some white homoalleles and heteroalleles. A detailed genetic and cytological analysis 1This investigation was supported by PHS grant RG-6492 from the National Institutes of
Early Pregnancy Bleeding

1. Evaluation of early pregnancy bleeding should focus initially on identification of ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. 2. The primary concern of initial management is assessment of hemodynamic stability and possible peritonitis. 3. Management of ectopic pregnancy is designed to (a) minimize maternal morbidity and mortality, (b) remove the ectopic pregnancy, and (c) maximize potential future fertility. 4. Management of possible spontaneous abortion begins with ruling out the possibility of ectopic pregnancy.
Respiration mode detection using a wireless instrumented mouthguard

Many ongoing research and commercial efforts seek to develop head-mounted sensor systems primarily intended to measure the severity of impacts to the head and body. The majority of these systems incorporate computational and data acquisition electronics close to the mouth or ears. The prospect of utilizing such devices for health and safety assessment during athletic, occupational, and recreational activities presents a unique opportunity to use these systems for additional physiological monitoring and detection. In particular, instrumented mouthguards provide access to bone, mucosa, arteries, saliva, and inspirated and expirated air. We have developed an instrumented mouthguard with a primary function of inertial measurement of the skull, but present a secondary functionality of measuring respiration using a simple palate impedance measurement capable of identifying respiration rate and respiration mode.
Dispersion stability and electrokinetic properties of intrinsic plutonium colloids: implications for subsurface transport.

Subsurface transport of plutonium (Pu) may be facilitated by the formation of intrinsic Pu colloids. While this colloid-facilitated transport is largely governed by the electrokinetic properties and dispersion stability (resistance to aggregation) of the colloids, reported experimental data is scarce. Here, we quantify the dependence of ζ-potential of intrinsic Pu(IV) colloids on pH and their aggregation rate on ionic strength. Results indicate an isoelectric point of pH 8.6 and a critical coagulation concentration of 0.1 M of 1:1 electrolyte at pH 11.4. The ζ-potential/pH dependence of the Pu(IV) colloids is similar to that of goethite and hematite colloids. Colloid interaction energy calculations using these values reveal an effective Hamaker constant of the intrinsic Pu(IV) colloids in water of 1.85 × 10–19 J, corresponding to a relative permittivity of 6.21 and refractive index of 2.33, in agreement with first principles calculations. This relatively high Hamaker constant combined with the positive ch...
Maximum Norm Regularity of Periodic Elliptic Difference Operators With Variable Coefficients

We prove regularity results for divergence form periodic second order elliptic difference operators on the space of functions of mean value zero, valid in maximum norm. The estimates obtained are discrete analogues of the regularity results for continuous operators. The maximum norms of the inverse of such an elliptic operator and of its first spatial differences are uniformly bounded in the grid spacing, and second spatial differences are uniformly bounded except for a logarithmic factor in the grid spacing.
Anarchy, Authority, Rule

International Relations and Political Science are constituted as disciplines on the Hobbesian opposition of anarchy and authority. We reject this opposition and the paradigms of anarchy and authority it has come to authorize. We propose instead a single paradigm of rule to account for the pervasive asymmetries of international relations. We show that in German social thought from Hegel to Weber political society consists in relations of super- and subordination—relations maintained through rules and obtaining in rule. We reformulate Weber's three ideal types of rule, show their relation to independently established types of rule, and apply them to political society generally. We then examine diverse efforts in the recent literature of International Relations to challenge the assumption of anarchy, using the paradigm of rule to clear up numerous terminological and conceptual confusions. Finally, we show how the paradigm of rule facilitates an understanding of such contemporary asymmetries as Soviet-East European and North-South relations.
RTP801 gene expression is differentially upregulated in retinopathy and is silenced by PF-04523655, a 19-Mer siRNA directed against RTP801.

PURPOSE: The intraocular pharmacodynamics of PF-04523655, a small-interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against RTP801, was characterized using rat models of retinopathy. METHODS: Rat models of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and wet AMD were used to determine the onset, extent, and duration of siRNA inhibition of retinal RTP801 expression by PF-04523655, and this inhibition was characterized by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling. A rat model of wet AMD was also used to examine PF-04523655 dose-dependent effects on the incidence of clinical grade 3 or 4 choroidal neovascularization lesions. Whole homogenate versus laser-capture microdissected (LCM) retinal samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR for RTP801 expression. RESULTS: RTP801 expression in RPE/choroid (RPE/C) increased in diabetic rats by up to 70% above nondiabetic rat levels. Inhibition of retinal RTP801 expression by PF-04523655 began 1 day after intravitreous injection and was observed through day 7 in the neurosensory retina and through day 14 or longer in RPE/C. PF-04523655 inhibition of RTP801 expression was maintained well after clearance of PF-04523655 from the eye and was best characterized by an effect compartment PK/PD model. Moreover, PF-04523655 administration decreased the incidence of clinical grade 3 or 4 lesions by approximately 60% (P = 0.053), and dose-dependently inhibited retinal RTP801 expression (P < 0.01). RTP801 expression was enriched in the outer nuclear layer in LCM samples. CONCLUSIONS: In rodent retinopathy models, administration of the siRNA, PF-04523655, reduced RTP801 expression in the retina, consistent with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) mechanism of action. The pharmacodynamic profile from the animal models could be useful to elucidate dose and exposure dependency of RTP801 expression inhibition by siRNA.
Tunnel-MILP: Path Planning with Sequential Convex Polytopes

This paper focuses on optimal path planning for vehicles in known environments. Previous work has presented mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations, which suer from scalability issues as the number of obstacles, and hence the number of integer variables, increases. In order to address MILP scalability, a novel three-stage algorithm is presented which rst computes a desirable path through the environment without considering dynamics, then generates a sequence of convex polytopes containing the desired path, and nally poses a MILP to identify a suitable dynamically feasible path. The sequence of polytopes form a safe tunnel through the environment, and integer decision variables are restricted to deciding when to enter and exit each region of the tunnel. Simulation results for this approach are presented and reveal a signicant increase in the size and complexity of the environment that can be solved.