cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance to Infection with the Gonococcus

I first met Max Finland on February 4, 1948, when I was a research fellow in Wesley Spink's laboratory in Minneapolis. Dr. Finland conducted conferences on infectious diseases, and I still have notes of his lectures. On reading these 33 years later, I am impressed with the wealth of information he gave us and how timely much of it remains. One of his big interests then was infection with the pneumococcus and its treatment with penicillin. He showed us his analysis of the doseresponse to penicillin in patients and why 1,000 units of aqueous penicillin every 8 hr im was plenty for pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. He pointed out that repository penicillin offered little advantage then because the vehicle was beeswax, which released the antibiotic at a dependable rate only during the first 12 hr so that a second injection was needed every day. He also told us about pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, which had already shown some promise in checking threatened epidemics of pneumococcal pneumonia in military camps, homes for the elderly, and other institutions, but emphasized that it could not be considered then for random use in the population at large. The vaccine was clearly at a primitive stage, and penicillin was the great new development for controlling pneumococcal infections. The key to its success, of course, was the exquisite sensitivity of all pneumococci: the standard strain was inhibited by 0.01 Oxford units, and wild strains were inhibited by <0.08 units, a range of drug susceptibility that he also found in j3-hemolytic streptococci. He talked about many other aspects of pneu-
Larval Mine Characteristics of Four Species of Leaf-Mining Lepidoptera in Pecan

The larval mines of Nepticula juglandifoliella Clemens, Lithocolletis caryacfoliella Clemens, L. caryacalbella Chambers, and Coptodisca lucifluella Clemens have characteristics in pecan leaves that can be distinguished on the basis of horizontal and vertical extension in the leaflet, coloration, and area of leaflet in which they occur. The larvae of the 4 lepidopterous species have distinctive methods of frass disposition or disposal and of pupation and escape from the leaf.
Changes in treatment patterns for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer in the United States over the past decade: An analysis from the National Cancer Data Base

BACKGROUND In the United States, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) is widely accepted as the standard of care in the treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. In the current study, the authors attempted to examine patterns of treatment in the United States over the past decade. METHODS Using the National Cancer Data Base, a total of 66,197 patients who were diagnosed with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage II to III rectal adenocarcinoma and treated between 2004 and 2012 were identified. The authors described trends in the receipt of treatment for 3 time periods (2004-2006, 2007-2009, and 2010-2012) and analyzed 5-year overall survival probabilities for 28,550 patients treated between 2004 and 2007. RESULTS Receipt of NACRT increased significantly from 42.9% between 2004 and 2006 to 50.0% between 2007 and 2009, and to 55.0% between 2010 and 2012 (P < .0001). In contrast, the use of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) decreased from 16.7% between 2004 and 2006 to 10.5% between 2007 and 2009, and to 6.7% between 2010 and 2012 (P < .0001). Similarly, the use of surgery alone decreased from 13.1% between 2004 and 2006 to 8.7% between 2010 and 2012 (P < .0001). Older age, the presence of comorbidities, larger primary tumor size, lymph node involvement, not being of non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, lack of private insurance, and treatment at a facility that did not have a high case volume were associated with a significantly lower possibility of receiving NACRT. The 5-year overall survival rates for patients treated with NACRT, surgery and adjuvant CRT, surgery alone, and definitive CRT were 72.4%, 70.9%, 44.9%, and 48.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The use of NACRT before surgery in US patients with rectal cancer has substantially increased over the past decade. However, only approximately one-half of patients currently receive this standard therapy, which could be explained in part by socioeconomic factors. Trimodality therapy is associated with the best outcomes for these patients. Cancer 2016;122:1996–2003. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
An experiment research based on simulating pupillary blocking force to analyze mechanical properties of iris tissue quantitatively

Objective To analyze the mechanical properties of iris tissue based on stimulating pupillary blocking force in order to find the relation between the parameter of the iris property and the differential pressure between the anterior and posterior chamber.Methods We applied simulating pupillary blocking device to simulate the pupillary blocking force and used liquid loading apparatus to simulate the differential pressure between the anterior and posterior chamber.Then we loaded pressure on the integrative iris to quantitatively analyze the relationship between the pressure of the anterior and posterior chamber with the change of the strain of iris surface and the radius of iris curvature under the pupillary blocking force.Results The model was similar with the clinical phenomena.This model was more true to nature than the model that we sutured the pupil before.Using the model,we gained the equation containing the strain of iris surface(δ),the radius of iris curvature(r) and the differential pressure between the anterior and posterior chamber(ΔP).The equation of δ and ΔP was ΔP=b_0e~ b_1δ (b_0=3.337 3,b_1= 30.390 9 ).The equation of r and ΔP was r=e~ (b_0+b_1/ΔP) (b_0=0.476 1,b_1= 21.660 43 ).We realized the quantitative analysis and described the relationship between the different pupillary blocking force and the differential pressure between the anterior and posterior chamber.Conclusion We realize the quantitative measurement for small dynamic parameter of soft tissue.The strain of surface and the radius of curvature of the iris is the property parameter that can be measured.They can reflect the change of the differential pressure between the anterior and posterior chamber sensitively.The radius of curvature of the highest spot of the iris can be measured easily in clinic.So it can help us diagnose and treat the glaucoma early.
Parents face quantity-quality trade-offs between reproduction and investment in offspring in Iceland

How to optimally allocate time, energy and investment in an effort to maximize one's reproductive success is a fundamental problem faced by all organisms. This effort is complicated when the production of each additional offspring dilutes the total resources available for parental investment. Although a quantity–quality trade-off between producing and investing in offspring has long been assumed in evolutionary biology, testing it directly in humans is difficult, partly owing to the long generation time of our species. Using data from an Icelandic genealogy (Islendingabok) over two centuries, I address this issue and analyse the quantity–quality trade-off in humans. I demonstrate that the primary impact of parents on the fitness of their children is the result of resources and or investment, but not genes. This effect changes significantly across time, in response to environmental conditions. Overall, increasing reproduction has negative fitness consequences on offspring, such that each additional sibling reduces an individual's average lifespan and lifetime reproductive success. This analysis provides insights into the evolutionary conflict between producing and investing in children while also shedding light on some of the causes of the demographic transition.
One-year clinical evaluation of an ethanol-based and a solvent-free dentin adhesive.

PURPOSE To analyze the clinical performance of adhesives with various solvents for restoration of non-carious cervical lesions. METHODS The patient pool consisted of a total of 57 patients and 171 teeth (3 teeth per patient), with one non-carious cervical lesion per tooth. For each patient, one tooth was restored with a water-based, two-bottle adhesive (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose - SM), and another tooth with an ethanol-based, one-bottle adhesive (Single Bond - SB), and the other tooth with a solvent-free, one-bottle adhesive (One Coat Bond - OCB), all with resin-based composites (Silux Plus or Synergy). Restorations were assessed by retention, marginal integrity, margin discoloration and air sensitivity, according to modified USPHS criteria. The evaluations were performed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months after initial placement. RESULTS The retention rates at 12 months were 98% for the SM adhesive, 91% for the SB adhesive, and 93% for the OCB adhesive. The differences in retention rates were not statistically significant, with 94% restorations retained overall. Measures of marginal integrity, marginal discoloration and sensitivity also had no statistically significant differences between the three adhesives. Overall, for the restorations still retained after 12 months, 80% had non/slightly detectable margins, 80% had no marginal discoloration and 90% had none/mild sensitivity. All three adhesives performed comparably with excellent outcomes after a 12-month period, with no significant differences between the water-based, ethanol-based and solvent-free adhesives, nor between the one-and two-bottle systems. Retention rate was high, air sensitivity was markedly reduced, and marginal integrity was good. Although superficial marginal discoloration was notable, no deep staining was evident. Certain lesion, tooth and patient characteristics may predispose restorations to retention failure.
Gas exchange, carbon balance and stomatal traits in wild and cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes

Carbon balancing within the plant species is an important feature for climatic adaptability. Photosynthesis and respiration traits are directly linked with carbon balance. These features were studied in 20 wild rice accessions Oryza spp., and cultivars. Wide variation was observed within the wild rice accessions for photosynthetic oxygen evolution or photosynthetic rate (A), dark (Rd), and light induced respiration (LIR) rates, as well as stomatal density and number. The mean rate of A varied from 10.49 μmol O2 m−2 s−1 in cultivated species and 13.09 μmol O2 m−2 s−1 in wild spp., The mean Rd is 2.09 μmol O2 m−2 s−1 and 2.31 μmol O2 m−2 s−1 in cultivated and wild spp., respectively. Light induced Respiration (LIR) was found to be almost twice in wild rice spp., (16.75 μmol O2 m−2 s−1) compared to cultivated Oryza spp., Among the various parameters, this study reveals LIR and A as the key factors for positive carbon balance. Stomatal contribution towards carbon balance appears to be more dependent on abaxial surface where several number of stomata are situated. Correlation analysis indicates that Rd and LIR increase with the increase in A. In this study, O. nivara (CR 100100, CR 100097), O. rufipogon (IR 103404) and O. glumaepatula (IR104387) were identified as potential donors which could be used in rice breeding program. Co-ordination between gas exchange and patchiness in stomatal behaviour appears to be important for carbon balance and environmental adaptation of wild rice accessions, therefore, survival under harsh environment.
Environmental fate and chemistry of a veterinary antibiotic-tylosin and monoterpenoid pesticides- thymol and phenethyl propionate

With increasing utilization of various synthetic chemicals, the adverse impacts of these chemicals and their degradates is of a concern due to their occurrence in the environment. However, for most currently used synthetic chemicals, the fate of their degradates are yet to be elucidated. In this article, general processes and principles of environmental fate of chemical degradates are illustrated; various influential factors such as physiochemical properties of degradates and conditions of the environmental media are described; a mass balance approach used to investigate the environmental fate is discussed.
Individualidade e Igualdade como chaves para a democracia criativa

Inspirado em John Dewey, este trabalho discute a ideia de igualdade democratica como mesmice e padronizacao, e as consequencia dessa ideia. De acordo com Dewey, o autor defende que a pseudodemocracia economica desenvolvida atualmente consiste na derrota da democracia politica e social, bem como da genuina democracia economica, e que a igualdade moral e incomensuravel.
The Theme of Communion in Laudato Si' and Its Implications for Ecclesiology

This article explores the theme of communion in the encyclical Laudato Si’ and in other writings and addresses of Pope Francis. It depicts the connections between Francis’s appeal to this theme in his ecological theology and his employment of it in his descriptions of the church. It describes the way in which communion is foundational for Francis’s theological anthropology, ecological theology, and ecclesiology. The author also adduces recent critiques of communio ecclesiology, especially that of Australian theologian Neil Ormerod. He explores whether the ecclesiology of Pope Francis meets the concerns of these critiques. The article concludes with an affirmation of the significance of communion for contemporary ecclesiology, especially in light of two current pastoral concerns.
Spontaneous resolution of hypercalcemia.

Abstract Background Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a frequently encountered endocrine disorder due to benign neoplastic lesions or gland hyperplasia. It is often discovered incidentally when routine lab work reveals hypercalcemia. Methods This case presents a 55-year-old male with a neck mass and electrolyte irregularities consistent with PHPT. However, his laboratory values suddenly normalized prior to surgery. Results Post-operative pathologic analysis of the specimen demonstrated massive infarction of the affected gland, and explained the spontaneous resolution of the patient's electrolyte derangements. Conclusions The objective of this case study is to demonstrate the importance of further investigation in patients with fluctuating lab values and emphasize the potential dangers of gland infarction.
Differential Interaction of Myoglobin with Select Fatty Acids of Carbon Chain Lengths C8 to C16

Previous studies have shown that palmitic acid (PAM) and oleic acid (OLE) can bind myoglobin (Mb). How fatty acids (FA) with different carbon chain lengths and sulfate substitution interact with Mb remains uncertain. Indeed, C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids do not perturb the intensities of the 1H-NMR MbCN signal intensity at FA:Mb ratios below 2:1. Starting with C12:0, C12:0-C16:0, FA induce a noticeable spectral change. C12:0 and C14:0 FA affect both the 5- and 8-heme methyl signals, whereas the C16:0 FA perturbs only the 8-heme methyl signal. All C12:0–C16:0 saturated FA induce upfield shifts in the –CH2 peak of different FA in the presence of Mb. Increasing the apparent solubility with a sulfate group substitution enhances the FA interaction of lauric sulfate (LAU 1-SO4) but not palmitate sulfate acid (PAM 1-SO4). The detergent (DET) property of FA has no significant contribution. Common positive, neutral, and negative DET at DET:Mb ratio of 1:1 induce no perturbation of the MbCN spectra. The experiment observations establish a basis to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the FA interaction with Mb.
Quality Instruction as a Motivating Factor in Higher Education

The importance of quality instruction in motivating students in higher education cannot be overemphasized. Without quality instruction, students’ motivation to learn recedes. Five focus groups of graduate students aided the data collection for this study. More than one-third of the 119 participating graduate students involved in this study claimed that quality of instruction was the raison d’etre for their motivation in higher education. The implications of quality instruction for practice (i.e., andragogical competency, adequate preparation and organization, content and currency of knowledge, technological competency, resourcefulness, and dispositional attributes), institutional policy, and further research are also discussed.
Exercise and Lifestyle Interventions in Gynecologic Cancer Survivors

In this chapter, we review trials (randomized and non-randomized) involving exercise and other lifestyle components (dietary counseling) in gynecological cancer survivors. In particular, we focus on endometrial and ovarian cancer survivor trials since the majority of studies have been conducted in these cancer populations. To date, only two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two non-randomized trials have been completed in ovarian cancer survivors. In addition, there have been three RCTs and two non-randomized trials in endometrial cancer and two other RCTs are currently underway. There has also been a RCT involving a mixed population of ovarian and endometrial cancer survivors and a RCT involving a mixed population of endometrial cancer survivors and women with endometrial hyperplasia, a precursor to endometrial cancer. Most of the RCTs have involved lifestyle counseling and home-based exercise with walking programs, predominantly.; and, most studies have examined changes in physical activity using self-reported measures. Several, but not all, trials have shown some improvement in quality of life with exercise in gynecologic cancer survivors. Given the limited number of RCTs, there is clearly a need for more lifestyle interventions in gynecological survivors. However, future studies should evaluate supervised exercise programs that include objective measures for evaluating changes in physical activity, cardiopulmonary fitness, physical function and body composition. Given the rising rates of uterine cancer incidence and mortality coupled with the strong associations between obesity and endometrial cancer incidence and mortality, as well as the poor fitness levels in endometrial cancer survivors, there should be a particular focus on providing these programs to endometrial cancer survivors and women with endometrial hyperplasia.
CS+PA 2 : Learning computer science with physical activities and animation — A MathDance experiment

A holistic approach to integrate classroom physical activities and programming to animate the physical activities is presented. The goal of this CS+PA2 program is to introduce an effective learning model to teach computer science, coding, and STEM concepts. As an example of CS+PA2, we taught an experimental “MathDance” program to seventh grade students using the Scratch Programming. The assessment results (one assessment taken before the activities, one after) show that the MathDance program improved students' knowledge in math and computer science significantly. It also increased students' confidence in STEM classes and interest in STEM careers. Students who repeated the MathDance motions did better, though not statistically significant, on a mathematics and computer science test than those students who did not.
TFEB dysregulation as a driver of autophagy dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Molecular mechanisms, cellular processes, and emerging therapeutic opportunities.

Abstract Two decades ago, the recognition of protein misfolding and aggregate accumulation as defining features of neurodegenerative disease set the stage for a thorough examination of how protein quality control is maintained in neurons and in other non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Autophagy, a pathway of cellular self-digestion, has emerged as especially important for CNS proteostasis, and autophagy dysregulation has been documented as a defining feature of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is one of the main transcriptional regulators of autophagy, as it promotes the expression of genes required for autophagosome formation, lysosome biogenesis, and lysosome function, and it is highly expressed in CNS. Over the last 7 years, TFEB has received considerable attention and TFEB dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we delineate the current understanding of how TFEB dysregulation is involved in neurodegeneration, highlighting work done on AD, PD, HD, X-linked spinal & bulbar muscular atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Because TFEB is a central node in defining autophagy activation status, efforts at understanding the basis for TFEB dysfunction are yielding insights into how TFEB might be targeted for therapeutic application, which may represent an exciting opportunity for the development of a treatment modality with broad application to neurodegeneration.
Intravenous Versus Topical Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Both Effective in a Randomized Clinical Trial of 640 Patients.

Background:Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces bleeding and the need for transfusion after total knee arthroplasty. Most literature has focused on intravenous (IV) administration of TXA, with less data available on the efficacy of topically administered TXA. This multicenter randomized clinical trial spec
Four-Coloring and K-Colorability Problems

The computational energy is presented for solving a four-coloring map problem. The map-coloring problem is defined that one wants to color the regions of a map in such a way that no two adjacent regions (that is, regions sharing some common boundary) are of the same color. This Chapter presents a neural network parallel algorithm based on the McCulloch-Pitts binary neuron model. A 4 × n neural array is used to color a map of n regions where each neuron as a processing element performs the proposed motion equation. The capability of the proposed system is demonstrated through a large number of simulation runs. The parallel algorithm is modified for solving the k-colorability problem. This Chapter is based on our paper published in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems (Takefuji and Lee 1991)
Deorbitalized meta-GGA exchange-correlation functionals in solids

A procedure for removing explicit orbital dependence from meta-generalized-gradient approximation (meta-GGA) exchange-correlation functionals by converting them into Laplacian-dependent functionals recently was developed by us and shown to be successful in molecules. It uses an approximate kinetic energy density functional parametrized to Kohn-Sham results (not experimental data) on a small training set. Here we present extensive validation calculations on periodic solids that demonstrate that the same deorbitalization with the same parametrization also is successful for those extended systems. Because of the number of stringent constraints used in its construction and its recent prominence, our focus is on the SCAN meta-GGA. Coded in vasp, the deorbitalized version, SCAN-L, can be as much as a factor of three faster than original SCAN, a potentially significant gain for large-scale ab initio molecular dynamics.
A Review on the Radiation Response of Nanoporous Metallic Materials

High-dose, high-energy particle radiation induces significant microstructural damage in metallic materials. Free surfaces are ideal sinks for radiation-induced defects. Hence, nanoporous materials with abundant free surfaces may have outstanding radiation tolerance. This review summarizes recent studies on the interactions of defect clusters with free surfaces, and the influence of free surfaces and temperature on radiation-induced microstructural changes, such as shrinkage of nanopores, in nanoporous metallic materials. The mechanical properties of irradiated nanoporous metals are also briefly summarized.
Eco-Education: Integrating Nature into Counselor Education

ABSTRACTThis consensual qualitative research study investigated the experiences of 10 counselors-in-training after exposure to nature-based interventions during a semester-long human development cl...
Psychometric Properties of the Medical Mistrust Index (MMI) in Latina Immigrants.

Medical mistrust measures have not been validated in Latino immigrants. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Medical Mistrust Index and its association with health care satisfacti...
Fatigue-Life Prediction for Spotweld Using Neuber's Rule

Neuber's Rule, which states that the theoretical stress concentration factor is equal to the geometric mean of the actual stress and strain concentration factors, is employed to treat the inelastic behavior of material localized around the spotweld. The stress and strain concentrations estimated by the Rule are compared with published results obtained by the finite-element method. Results show that comparable accuracy of stress-strain estimation can be obtained with Neuber's Rule at a negligible cost and effort. Treating residual stress as a prestressing of the spotweld and using Neuber's Rule to estimate the corresponding stress-strain concentration, fatigue life of a spotweld under constant-amplitude cycling is predicted. The predicted life is in agreement with published results.
Rhinosinusitis in Pediatric Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: Impact of Disease.

ObjectivesPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal respiratory cilia ultrastructure and/or function causing defective mucociliary clearance. We investigated ...
Optimum Operation of Radiation-Balanced Lasers

The operation of radiation-balanced lasers (RBLs) is analyzed for practical considerations of cavity losses, optimum out-coupling, and radial distribution of pump and laser modes. We derive expressions for laser efficiency under arbitrary heat loads, discuss the limitations on high-power scaling imposed by thermal gradients in radiation-balanced disk geometries, and propose potential remedies. The effects of parasitic absorption of the pump and fluorescence are evaluated. The analysis is intended primarily for disk lasers but is also applicable to rod laser geometries.
Ezekiel’s classic estimator of the population squared multiple correlation coefficient: Monte Carlo-based extensions and refinements

AbstractEzekiel’s adjusted R2 is widely used in linear regression analysis. The present study examined the statistical properties of Ezekiel’s measure through a series of Monte Carlo simulations. S...
Four-Year Trends in Sleep Duration and Quality: A Longitudinal Study Using Data from a Commercially Available Sleep Tracker.

Background: Population estimates of sleep duration and quality are inconsistent because they rely primarily on self-reported data. Passive and ubiquitous digital tracking and wearable devices may provide more accurate estimates of sleep duration and quality. Objective: This study aimed to identify trends in sleep duration and quality in New York City based on 2 million nights of data from users of a popular mobile sleep app. Methods: We examined sleep duration and quality using 2,161,067 nights of data captured from 2015 to 2018 by Sleep Cycle, a popular sleep-tracking app. In this analysis, we explored differences in sleep parameters based on demographic factors, including age and sex. We used graphical matrix representations of data (heat maps) and geospatial analyses to compare sleep duration (in hours) and sleep quality (based on time in bed, deep sleep time, sleep consistency, and number of times fully awake), considering potential effects of day of the week and seasonality. Results: Women represented 46.43% (1,003,421/2,161,067) of the sample, and men represented 53.57% (1,157,646/2,161,067) of individuals in the sample. The average age of the sample was 31.0 years (SD 10.6). The mean sleep duration of the total sample was 7.11 hours (SD 1.4). Women slept longer on average (mean 7.27 hours, SD 1.4) than men (mean 7 hours, SD 1.3; PPP<.001). Conclusions: Our study of data from a commercially available sleep tracker showed that women experienced longer sleep duration and higher sleep quality in nearly every age group than men, and a low proportion of young adults obtained the recommended sleep duration. Future research may compare sleep measures obtained via wearable sleep trackers with validated research-grade measures of sleep.
Effect of a multimodal multidisciplinary training program on pharmacy residents' knowledge and confidence toward research and biostatistics.

Abstract Introduction The optimal method to increase pharmacy resident knowledge and confidence toward research remains unknown. Objective This study evaluated the impact of a structured curriculum on pharmacy residents' knowledge, confidence and attitude toward biostatistics and research. Methods This prospective, multicenter study included pharmacy residents from 2016 to 2017. Residents underwent research training with (1) 60-hours of online modules delivered by multidisciplinary senior faculty (MD, PhD), (2) a 2-day interactive workshop delivered by experienced pharmacy researchers and (3) a mentored longitudinal research experience. Fifteen residents were invited to complete a questionnaire at baseline and again before graduation to measure knowledge, confidence and attitudes about research. Residents were followed for one additional year to measure peer-reviewed publications. Results Eleven (73%) residents provided complete responses to ≥1survey domain. At baseline, 27% of respondents reported being at least somewhat confident about their biostatistics and research skills (a favorable response for ≥5 of the 9 confidence items). At follow-up, 91% self-reported confidence. Self-reported familiarity with statistical terminology (a score of 4 or 5) increased from 19% at baseline to 82% at follow-up. The mean correct score on the knowledge items at baseline was 15 ± 2.5 (total possible 28) and increased to 20 ± 2.7 after training. By one year after graduation, 53% of residents published at least 1 peer-reviewed manuscript and 20 peer-reviewed publications as first or co-author with a median journal impact factor of 3.16 (IQR: 2.61–4.59). Conclusion This study provides a framework for sustainable, multidisciplinary, multimodal research education that increased confidence and knowledge among pharmacy residents and resulted in tangible contributions to the scientific literature. Future studies should explore long-term knowledge gained and publications.
Chapter 11 – Network Forensics

Today’s cyber criminal investigator faces a formidable challenge: tracing network-based cyber criminals. The possibility of becoming a victim of cyber crime is the number-one fear of billions of people. This concern is well founded. The findings in the annual CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Surveys confirm that cyber crime is real and continues to be a significant threat. Traceback and attribution are performed during or after cyber violations and attacks, to identify where an attack originated, how it propagated, and what computer(s) and person(s) are responsible and should be held accountable. The goal of network forensics capabilities is to determine the path from a victimized network or system through any intermediate systems and communication pathways, back to the point of attack origination or the person who is accountable. In some cases, the computers launching an attack may themselves be compromised hosts or be controlled remotely. Attribution is the process of determining the identity of the source of a cyber attack. Types of attribution can include both digital identity (computer, user account, IP address, or enabling software) and physical identity (the actual person using the computer from which an attack originated). Cyber crime has become a painful side effect of the innovations of computer and Internet technologies. With the growth of the Internet, cyber attacks and crimes are happening every day and everywhere. It is very important to build the capability to trace and attribute attacks to the real cyber criminals and terrorists, especially in this large-scale human-built networked environment. In this chapter, we discuss the current network forensic techniques in cyber attack traceback. We focus on the current schemes in IP spoofing traceback and stepping-stone attack attribution. Furthermore, we introduce the traceback issues in Voice over IP, Botmaster, and online fraudsters.
Hybrid-maize seed certification and smallholder adoption in Zambia

During the 1990s, many Southern African governments liberalized their seed markets. This move initiated an influx of hybrid-maize seeds onto markets through greater involvement of private seed deve...
Fouling mitigation and carbon recovery in nanofiltration processing of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous waste stream

Abstract A significant fraction of the embedded energy, carbon, and nutrients in biomass is lost to the aqueous phase during the hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass to bio-oil. The feasibility of concentrating the aqueous phase to recover and recycle the organics back to the hydrothermal liquefaction reactor using nanofiltration was investigated. The dissolved organic carbon content (~ 1 wt%) of the hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase was mostly comprised of carboxylic acids, phenolics, and ketones. Several pretreatments, including pH adjustment, thermal treatment, ultrafiltration, and adsorption, were conducted prior to the nanofiltration process to mitigate membrane fouling. Adjustment of pH to 8 and higher was observed to improve the permeate flux. Minor amounts of humic-like organic materials were determined to be the major contributor to membrane fouling. Adsorption using coal was especially effective at selectively removing organic foulants and enabled the volume reduction of the hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase by a factor of ~8. The dissolved organic carbon concentration in the retentate increased fourfold and an organic carbon mass recovery of ~50% was achieved. The results show promise as a cost-effective way to the recovery of dissolved organic carbon in the hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase. Further integrated process development is needed to maximize valorization.
Whole-genome screen identifies diverse pathways that negatively regulate ciliogenesis.

A whole-genome RNAi screen has uncovered a novel network of genes linking integrin signaling and cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix with inhibition of ciliation in both normal and cancer...
Age Differences in Preferences for Fear-Enhancing Vs. Fear-Reducing News in a Disease Outbreak

Older adults prefer positive over negative information in a lab setting, compared to young adults (i.e., positivity effects). The extent to which older adults avoid negative events or information relevant for their health and safety is not clear. We first investigated age differences in preferences for fear-enhancing versus fear-reducing news articles during the Ebola Outbreak of 2014. We were able to collect data from 15 young adults (YA) and 13 older adults (OA) during this acute health event. Compared to YA, OA were more likely to read the fear-enhancing article, select hand-sanitizer over lip balm, and reported greater fear of Ebola. We further investigated our research question during the COVID-19 pandemic with 164 YA (18-30 years) and 171 OA (60-80 years). Participants responded to an online survey about the COVID-19 pandemic across 13 days during the initial peak of the pandemic in the United States. Both YA and OA preferred to read positive over negative news about the coronavirus, but OA were even more likely than YA to prefer the positive news article. No age differences in the fear of contraction were found, but OA engaged in more health-protective behaviors compared to YA. Although OA may not always report greater fear than YA or seek out negative information related to a health concern, they still engage in protective health behaviors. Thus, although positivity effects were observed in attention and emotional reports (in the COVID-19 study), OA still modified their behaviors more than YA (give-away in both studies, and health-protective behavior change in the COVID-19 study), suggesting that positivity effects did not hamper OA ability to respond to a health crisis.
Racial ethnic disparities in clinical/pathological features, treatment, and survival among patients with early-onset colorectal cancer.

21Background: Globally, the incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer has risen. Racial disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) are well-described, however data in EO by race/ethnicity is lacking. ...
Reserve Currency Blocs: A Changing International Monetary System?

What is the extent of currency diversification in the international monetary system? How hasit evolved over time? In this paper, we quantify the degree of currency diversification usingregression methods of currency co-movements to determine the extent to which nationalcurrencies across the world belong to a reserve currency bloc. We then use these estimates tocalculate the economic size of each currency bloc. A key contribution of our paper is that wequantify the size of the Chinese renminbi bloc. Our analysis suggests that the internationalmonetary system has transitioned from a bi-polar system - consisting of the U.S. dollar andthe euro - to a tri-polar one that includes the renminbi. The dollar bloc is estimated tocontinue to dominate, having the largest share in global GDP (40 percent), followed by therenminbi (30 percent) and the euro blocs (20 percent). The geographical area of influence forthe RMB bloc appears to be most evident among the BRICS' currencies. The British poundand the Japanese yen blocs appear to play minor roles.
“We’re street dancers!”: Culture and commodification in New York’s salsa scene

This article explores the world of the “on2” salsa dance scene in New York today. Building on long-term participant observation and interviews, I argue that Latinx salsa dancers contest and reconfigure the racialized commodification of salsa dance as a marketable product. They do this by foregrounding Nuyorican and Afro-Caribbean cultural identity and by strategically claiming grassroots urbanity in the hyper-gentrified city. In doing so, dancers step into a nuanced but counter-hegemonic role in power struggles around the right to urban space. In this way, the salsa scene retains its social and political role as a space for Latinx cultural affirmation, community-building, and resistance to cultural erasure in the neoliberal city. The study of salsa dance in late neoliberal New York deepens our understanding of how Latinx creative communities interact with the environment—shaping and being shaped by the changing city while negotiating cultural meaning through on2 salsa as both practice and product.
Combinatorial therapy with immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory and tear substitute eyedrops ("Triple Play") in Recalcitrant Immunological Ocular Surface Diseases.

Abstract Purpose The current paradigm for therapy of recalcitrant ocular surface diseases (OSD) consists of a sequential, step-up treatment approach. A combinatorial topical therapy (anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive [steroid] with immunomodulatory [pooled human immune globulin] and tear substitute [serum]) that simultaneously targets several immunological pathways may be more efficacious. This report evaluates if the combinatorial therapy resulted in clinical benefit in patients with recalcitrant OSD. Methods We performed a retrospective case study of patients receiving topical, preservative-free, compounded formulations of steroids, pooled human immune globulin, and serum tears. Outcome measures included visual acuity, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), ocular discomfort score, subjective global assessment (SGA), corneal staining, conjunctival redness, and slit lamp photographs. Results Patients consisted of one male and 11 females ranging in age from 27 to 87 years old. Pathologies included ocular graft-versus-host disease (n = 4), Sjogren's syndrome (n = 3), ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (n = 1), pemphigus vulgaris (n = 1), peripheral ulcerative keratitis (n = 1), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (n = 1), and giant papillary conjunctivitis (n = 1). All patients were “improved” or “much improved” on SGA after combinatorial therapy. There was a clinically meaningful reduction in OSDI, ocular discomfort, corneal staining, and conjunctival injection. Additionally, three patients had improvement in their visual acuity (one from 20/400 to 20/20). Adverse effects included increased intraocular pressure in two patients, presumably due to topical steroid use. Conclusions Combinatorial therapy provides clinical benefit by reducing the symptoms and signs in recalcitrant OSD. Our study provides the rationale for performing prospective clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of combinatorial therapy for treating recalcitrant OSD.
Antibody-Free Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Using Corona Phase Molecular Recognition to Accelerate Development Time.

To develop better analytical approaches for future global pandemics, it is widely recognized that sensing materials are necessary that enable molecular recognition and sensor assay development on a much faster scale than currently possible. Previously developed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) point-of-care devices are based on the specific molecular recognition using subunit protein antibodies and protein receptors that selectively capture the viral proteins. However, these necessarily involve complex and lengthy development and processing times and are notoriously prone to a loss of biological activity upon sensor immobilization and device interfacing, potentially limiting their use in applications at scale. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for nanoparticle corona interfaces that enables the molecular recognition of SARS-CoV-2 proteins without any antibody and receptor design. Our nanosensor constructs consist of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid heteropolymers adsorbed onto near-infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that recognize the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 using unique three-dimensional (3D) nanosensor interfaces. This results in rapid and label-free nIR fluorescence detection. This antibody-free nanosensor shows up to 50% sensor responses within 5 min of viral protein injections with limit of detection (LOD) values of 48 fM and 350 pM for N and S proteins, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate instrumentation based on a fiber-optic platform that interfaces the advantages of antibody-free molecular recognition and biofluid compatibility in human saliva conditions.
Yersinia enterocolitica Arthritis

Human infections with Yersinia were first recognized and reported in upper New York State almost 40 years ago. Recently, there have been increasing numbers of reports from Scandinavia of episodes of polyarthritis associated with Yersinia infections. A 6-month-old girl from upstate New York had a fever of 40 C for two weeks and green watery diarrhea, and irritability was noted when she was handled. An evanescent rash was most apparent at times of temperature elevations. Her mother and father had had diarrhea during the month preceding the child9s illness. Stool cultures were grown in an effort to identify Yersinia enterocolitica if it was present, and the organism was found. A rise in serum agglutination titer against polyvalent Y. enterocolitica was demonstrated from zero to 1:256 dilutions. Y. enterocolitica is probably a cause of arthritis, mesenteric adenitis, and erythema nodosum in the United States.
Agricultural Systems: Ecology

Agricultural systems have four main inputs, cultivations, nutrients, crops and pest management, all of which are interlinked and influenced by each other. They are affected by land and water and energy availability and soil erosion. To achieve long-term agricultural sustainability, the need for fossil-fuel-based inputs should be minimized and the biological and ecological inputs maximized. Keywords: agricultural systems; agro-ecology; sustainability resources; energy use
Different Stages of Acute Multiple Sclerosis Lesions Demonstrated on R2* and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping derived from Gradient Echo (GRE) MRI (P6.110)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in GRE MRI among multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions demonstrating Gadolinium-enhancement on T1-weighted images (T1w). BACKGROUND: Gadolinium enhancement of early lesions only reflects breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. GRE data provides both R2*(=1/T2*) and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM), which describe the underling microstructure integrity and total susceptibility of a voxel, respectively. During an MS lesion formation, first there is demyelination, which reduces R2*. Then fragmented myelin is cleared by macrophages/microglia, which is an essential step to stimulate remyelination, and iron deposition may also occur to promote further inflammation; both contribute to susceptibility increase. The aim of our study was to capture the differential stages of early MS lesions utilizing GRE. DESIGN/METHODS: This study analyzed all MS patients in past 3yrs in our MS center, whose MRI included multiple echo GRE and T1w. Gd-enhancement pattern on T1w were classified as nodular or shell (ring in 2D). GRE data were processed to generate R2* and QSM and lesion contrasts there were measured. RESULTS: 152 gadolinium-enhancing lesions were identified in 34 RRMS patients. On Gd-enhancement patterns, 136(89.5[percnt]) lesions were nodular, 16(10.5[percnt]) were shell. On R2*, All lesions appeared hypointense relative to adjacent NAWM; On QSM, 129(94.9[percnt]) nodular lesions and 3(18.8[percnt]) of shell lesions appeared isointense, and 7(5.1[percnt]) nodular and 13(81.2[percnt]) shell lesions appeared hyperintense. CONCLUSIONS: According to MS lesion literature, nodular Gd-enhancement may represent an earlier stage than shell Gd-enhancement, which is consistent with the observed R2* reduction and QSM unchanging in nodular lesion. In the later stage of shell Gd-enhancement, microglia/macrophages clear myelin debris and some may also carry iron promoting continued inflammation, which is consistent with the observed susceptibility increase in shell lesions. These results suggest that GRE MRI can capture early stages of lesion activity and provides more tissue specific information than gadolinium enhancement. Study Supported by: NIH Disclosure: Dr. Tu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gupta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nguyen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gauthier has received research support from Biogen Idec, Genzyme Corporation, EMD Serono, and Novartis. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose.
Requirement of Succinate for the Growth of Vibrio succinogenes

Vibrio succinogenes required relatively small amounts of succinate for growth when formate plus nitrate was supplied as the energy source. The requirement for succinate was not apparent when formate plus fumarate was the energy source because fumarate is reduced to succinate. l-Asparagine, fumarate, and malate replaced succinate, and it appears likely that they do so by being converted to succinate. Formate plus l-aspartate or l-asparagine served as energy sources for growth. The stoichiometry of the reduction of aspartate with H(2) by resting cells suggests an aspartase reaction followed by reduction of fumarate to succinate. Oxalacetate or pyruvate plus bicarbonate did not substitute for succinate, nor did many other compounds that were tested. (14)C-succinate was mainly incorporated into the alcohol-soluble fraction of cells, although there was significant incorporation into the hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions.
Dynamics Of Complex Systems

Overview: The Dynamics of Complex Systems-Examples, Questions, Methods and Concepts Introduction and Preliminaries Neural Networks I: Subdivision and Hierarchy Neural Networks II: Models of Mind Protein Folding I: Size Scaling of Time Protein Folding II: Kinetic Pathways Life I: Evolution-Origin of Complex Organisms Life II: Developmental Biology-Complex by Design Human Civilization I: Defining Complexity Human Civilization II: A Complex(ity) Transition.