cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Test of item-response bias in the CES-D scale: experience from the New Haven EPESE Study

We present results of item-response bias analyses of the exogenous variables age, gender, and race for all items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale using data ( N 5 2340) from the New Haven component of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). The proportional odds of blacks responding higher on the CES-D items “people are unfriendly” and “people dislike me” were 2.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.74, 3.02) and 2.96 (95% confidence interval: 2.15, 4.07) times that of whites matched on overall depressive symptoms, respectively. In addition, the proportional odds of women responding higher on the CES-D item “crying spells” were 2.14 (95% confidence interval: 1.60, 2.82) times that of men matched on overall depressive symptoms. Our data indicate the CES-D would have greater validity among this diverse group of older men and women after removal of the crying item and two interpersonal items. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Neopentyl iodide on Pt(111). I. Adsorption and thermal decomposition

Abstract The chemistry of neopentyl iodide on Pt(1 1 1) single-crystal surfaces was characterized by temperature programmed desorption and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy. As with many other halo hydrocarbons, the first thermal reaction observed with neopentyl iodide on the platinum surface is the cleavage of the C–I bond, a step that leads to the formation of neopentyl surface species by 170 K. Hydrogenation of those intermediates is quite facile, taking place by 270 K and removing over 90% of the initial surface species. The remaining neopentyl groups undergo stepwise dehydrogenation to form a number of surface intermediates around 235 K, the identity of which is discussed in the following paper. The selectivity towards a given dehydrogenation reaction at that temperature depends on the regiospecificity of the deuterium labeling of the original molecule. Nevertheless, heating of any of those intermediates to 300 K leads to the formation of neopentylidyne. Small amounts of hydrogenolysis products are also detected at 300 and 430 K, presumably resulting from cracking of neopentylidene and neopentylidyne surface species, respectively.
The Nuclearization Debates: The Cases of Israel and Egypt

Since the early 1960s, the nuclear question has been high on the agenda of both Israel and the Arab states. Studies, reports and statements by academics, governmental agencies and decision-makers have speculated that Israel has been producing nuclear weapons. Indeed, a continuing state of war, the economic burden of the arms race, a pessimistic view of Israel's future capacity to afford and absorb new technologies and to build new generations of conventional weapons systems, and the increased Israeli dependence on the US have encouraged some Israelis to advocate nuclearization. Subsequent Arab acquisition of nuclear weapons, they argued, would create a stable nuclear "balance of terror." Among the Arabs, the acquisition of nuclear weapons offered the prospect of military parity or superiority in order to defeat the Jewish state. Such a capability might then serve as a potential point of political or diplomatic leverage. With this justification in mind and believing Israel's nuclear ambitions left them no choice, the Arabs embarked on their own nuclear program. This article will trace the Israeli and Arab march toward nuclearization. The focus, however, will not be on nuclear hardware but rather on the "software," the debates and perceptions of the actors. The three major component strands of thought in the nuclear debate in Israel will be
Extracellular matrix alterations during endochondral ossification in humans

Immunohistochemical methods were employed to examine alterations in the cartilage extracellular matrix constituents associated with endochondral ossification in humans. The distributions of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate and keratan sulfate proteoglycan (PG) determinants, cartilage PG link protein, collagen types I and II, and fibronectin were determined in iliac crest growth-plate specimens using the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase system. Collagen type II was distributed throughout the growth plate, providing a framework within which chondrocytes divided and formed clusters of differentiating (hypertrophic) cells. The septa between these clusters and their subchondral extensions into underlying bone trabeculae were rich in PG, PG link protein, and collagen type II and resembled the extracellular matrix of reserve cartilage. The territorial matrix associated with the differentiating cells within the clusters contained reduced amounts of collagen type II, PG link protein, and possibly cartilage PG. Collagen type I and fibronectin were detected within the cytoplasm of the maturing and degenerating cells, and fibronectin localized intensely to the pericellular matrix envelopes of these cells. These alterations presumably facilitate the degradation of the matrix associated with the cell clusters by invading vascular tissue, while the septa, which retain the characteristics of more typical cartilage matrix, are not degraded and firmly anchor the cartilage to the subchondral bone.
Pressure studies of 4f and 5f intermetallics with strong electronic correlations

Abstract The pressure response of strongly correlated 4f and 5f intermetallic compounds is reviewed briefly. Special attention is given to the similarities and differences among isostructural U-, Ce- and Yb-based analogues. In general, pressure favors reduced electronic correlations in U- and Ce-based materials, whereas the opposite holds for Yb-based systems. A simple model is discussed that qualitatively accounts for these observations.
Syk expression in peripheral blood leukocytes, CD34+ progenitors, and CD34-derived basophils.

In human basophils from different subjects, maximum IgE-mediated histamine release and the level of syk protein expression correlate well. It is not clear when in the basophil’s lifetime the set-point for syk expression is reached or how expression levels are determined for a given individual. An examination of syk expression in peripheral blood eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, B and T cells, DCs, and NK cells showed that with the exception of T cells, basophils were unique in expressing low levels of syk. No correlations were observed between syk expression in basophils and other types of leukocytes, suggesting a unique mechanism of regulation for basophils. The expression level of syk in CD34+ progenitors was ∼11-fold higher than in peripheral blood basophils, and it remained at this level during maturation of the cells in IL-3 to a cell with characteristics of peripheral blood basophils. Down-regulation of syk expression in the culture-derived basophils was induced by culturing under conditions of chronic aggregation of FceRI. Syk was down-regulated to peripheral blood basophil levels in 50% of the cells. Despite the chronic aggregation of FceRI, the cells retained the same expression of FceRI, histamine content, and morphological staining of granules as cells not experiencing chronic aggregation. These results suggest that chronic stimulation through FceRI during basophil maturation might be a mechanism for down-regulating syk expression, while retaining other characteristics associated with mature peripheral blood basophils.
Access to Space for Technology Validation Missions: A Practical Guide

Space technology experiments and validation missions share a common dilemma with the aerospace industry in general: the high cost of access to space. Whether the experiment is a so-called university cubesat, a university measurement experiment, or a NASA New Millennium Program (NMP) technology validation mission, the access to space option can be scaled appropriately for the particular constraints. A cubesat might fly as one of a number of cubesats that negotiate a flight on an experimental vehicle. A university experiment might do the same. A NASA flight validation might partner with an Air Force experimental mission.
Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model.

UNLABELLED Refractory ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a complication of severe hypothermia. Despite mixed experimental data, some authors view bretylium as the drug of choice in hypothermic VF. Bretylium was removed from Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines, and, to date, efficacy of amiodarone in hypothermia is unknown. OBJECTIVES To compare defibrillation rates from hypothermic VF after drug therapy with amiodarone, bretylium, and placebo. METHODS This was a randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled laboratory experiment. Thirty anesthetized dogs were mechanically ventilated and instrumented to monitor coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), rectal core temperature, and electrocardiogram (ECG). Animals were cooled to 22 degrees C or the onset of spontaneous VF. Ventricular fibrillation was induced as needed with a transthoracic AC current. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initiated and animals were randomized (n = 10 each group) to receive amiodarone 10 mg/kg (A), bretylium 5 mg/kg (B), or placebo (P) intravenously. CPR was continued while monitoring for chemical defibrillation. Rewarming was limited to removal from the cold environment. After 10 minutes, up to three escalating defibrillatory shocks were administered. Hemodynamic monitoring continued after resuscitation. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was defined as a sustainable ECG rhythm generating a corresponding arterial pressure tracing lasting a minimum of 15 minutes. Sample size permitted 80% power to detect a 60% difference in conversion rate between groups. RESULTS CPR was adequate based on CPP > 15 mm Hg in all animals. Mean (+/-SD) CPP was 35.3 +/- 18.8 mm Hg with an overall lower trend in the amiodarone group (p = 0.06). Baseline variables were similar between groups. No instance of chemical defibrillation was noted. There was no significant difference in ROSC rates between groups. Resuscitation rates were: amiodarone = 1/10, bretylium = 4/10, and placebo = 3/10 (p = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS In this model of severe hypothermic VF, neither amiodarone nor bretylium was significantly better than placebo in improving the resuscitation rate.
Renal reabsorption and secretion of σ-aminolevulinic acid in the ratAA

Abstract Renal mechanismsfor handling σ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were investigated in control and lead-exposed rats infused with ALA at a range of rates which produced plasma ALA as high as 2380 ng/mL. The presence of both reabsorption and secretion mechanisms was demonstrated. Reabsorption is the more efficient of the two mechanisms at low plasma ALA concentrations, and masks secretion in this range. Net secretion is observed at very high plasma ALA concentrations. Exposure to up to 2000 μg lead/mL of drinking water for 12 to 18 months had no measurable effect on net ALA excretion at a given plasma ALA level.
Review of critical velocity experiments in the ionosphere

Observations relevant to Alfven's Critical Velocity Effect, of the several shaped-charge releases in the ionosphere are compared with three generations of a macroscopic model of these releases. Good agreement is found with experiments which have reported a low ion yield, but major discrepancies remain with the Porcupine experiment which has the largest yield yet reported.
Why Companies Kill Their Technologies

Several forces at work in most organizations can kill promising technologies before they ever become transformed into marketable products. Here's how to recognize the syndromes and combat them if they have already taken hold in your company.
Microstructure development during final/intermediate stage sintering—I. Pore/grain boundary separation

Abstract The motion of pores attached to two grain interfaces has been analyzed. It is shown that pores exhibit a maximum steady state velocity that varies with the dihedral angle and that the onset of non-steady state pore motion results in grain boundary convergence and the separation of the pore from the grain boundary. The peak steady pore velocity has been compared with grain boundary velocities for several grain configurations, in order to identify a critical condition for the onset of separation. This comparison indicates that the pore size must be maintained below a critical value to ensure attachment.
Convective and interfacial instabilities during unidirectional solidification of a binary alloy

Abstract The onset of coupled convective and constitutional interfacial instabilities during the directional solidification of a single phase binary alloy at constant velocity vertically upwards (positive z -direction) is treated by a linear stability analysis. We consider a system for which the temperature gradient alone would cause a negative density gradient and the solute gradient alone would cause a positive density gradient. The temperature and concentration fields are coupled through the hydrodynamic equations. The solidification boundary conditions at the solid-liquid interface couple the hydrodynamic and interfacial stability phenomena. Specific calculations were made for physical properties appropriate to the solidification of lead containing tin. Results indicate that the stability-instability criterion differs substantially from the criterion of a net neutral density gradient. For a temperature gradient in the liquid of 200 K/cm and for velocities in the range 1–40 μm/s, a convective-like long wavelength instability occurs at a critical concentration that increases with velocity; whereas for V > 40 μm/s, the concentration at which instability occurs decreases as velocity is increased and the values of concentration and wavelength at the onset of instability correspond to the predictions of previous morphological stability theory in which density changes and convection are neglected. Application of a vertical static magnetic field increases the critical concentration for convective instabilities but a field of a tesla (10 4 gauss) is needed to cause an order of magnitude change.
Cuprous Chloride Light Modulators

The theory of the linear electro-optic effect in cubic crystals is extended beyond the treatments of Pockels and Schramm. Differences in the electro-optic behavior and the physical properties of cuprous chloride (CuCl) and the dihydrogen phosphates are discussed, with emphasis on the implications of their use in optical modulators. Techniques for growing CuCl are reviewed, and the design theory of video- and microwave-frequency CuCl light modulators is discussed. Finally, the construction and performance of some experimental microwave light modulators are described.
Liquid−Liquid and Solid−Liquid Equilibria in Systems Containing n-Eicosane, n-Tetracosane, Ethanol, and Water

The partitioning of n-eicosane (C20) and n-tetracosane (C24) between a melt phase (L1) and an aqueous ethanol phase (L2) at 333.2 K, and between a solid phase (S) and an aqueous ethanol phase (L) at 293.2 K was measured. The wax content of aqueous ethanol solutions was greater when the solutions were in equilibrium with a melt wax phase (liquid−liquid equilibrium) than when they were in equilibrium with a solid wax phase (solid−liquid equilibrium). The distribution coefficients of C20 and C24 between the aqueous phase and a wax phase were also significantly higher in the case of liquid−liquid equilibrium than in the case of solid−liquid equilibrium. The data could be modeled satisfactorily using simple thermodynamic expressions based on the UNIFAC activity coefficient approach.
The case for active block layer extensions

Self-managing storage systems have recently received attention from the research community due to their promised ability of continuously adapting to best reflect high-level system goal specifications. However, this eventuality is currently being met by both conceptual and practical challenges that threaten to slow down the pace of innovation. We argue that two fundamental directions will help evolve the state of self-managing storage systems: (i) a standardized development environment for self-management extensions that also addresses ease of deployment, and (ii) a theoretical framework for reasoning about behavioral properties of individual and collective self-management extensions. We propose Active Block Layer Extensions (ABLE), an operating system infrastructure that aids the development and manages the deployed instances of self-management extensions within the storage stack. ABLE develops a theory behind block layer extensions that helps address key questions about overall storage stack behavior, data consistency, and reliability. We exemplify specific storage self-management solutions that can be built as stackable extensions using ABLE. Our initial experience with ABLE and few block layer extensions that we have been building, leads to believe that the ABLE infrastructure can substantially simplify the development and deployment of robust, self-managing, storage systems.
Mapping of pSMB74, a plasmid-encoding bacteriocin, pediocin AcH, production (Pap+) by Pediococcus acidilactici H

Plasmids encoding bacteriocin production phenotype in four Pediococcus acidilactici strains and their derivatives were examined for restriction enzyme cleavage patterns and found to produce similar fragments. A restriction map of this plasmid, pSMB74, has been constructed.
Do ambient noise exposure levels predict hearing loss in a modern industrial cohort

Background: Much of what is known about the exposure–response relationship between occupational noise exposures and hearing loss comes from cross-sectional studies conducted before the widespread implementation of workplace hearing conservation programmes. Little is known about the current relationship of ambient noise exposure measurements to hearing loss risk. Aim: To examine the relationship between rates of high frequency hearing loss and measured levels of noise exposure in a modern industrial workforce. Methods: Ten-year hearing loss rates were determined for 6217 employees of an aluminium manufacturing company. Industrial hygiene and human resources records allowed for reconstruction of individual noise exposures. Hearing loss rates were compared to ANSI 3.44 predictions based on age and noise exposure. Associations between hearing loss, noise exposure, and covariate risk factors were assessed using multivariate regression. Results: Workers in higher ambient noise jobs tended to experience less high frequency hearing loss than co-workers exposed at lower noise levels. This trend was also seen in stratified analyses of white males and non-hunters. At higher noise exposure levels, the magnitude of hearing loss was less than predicted by ANSI 3.44 formulae. There was no indication that a healthy worker effect could explain these findings. The majority of 10 dB standard threshold shifts (STS) occurred in workers whose calculated ambient noise exposures were less than or equal to 85 dBA. Conclusions: In this modern industrial cohort, hearing conservation efforts appear to be reducing hearing loss rates, especially at higher ambient noise levels. This could be related to differential use of hearing protection. The greatest burden of preventable occupational hearing loss was found in workers whose noise exposure averaged 85 dBA or less. To further reduce rates of occupational hearing loss, hearing conservation programmes may require innovative approaches targeting workers with noise exposures close to 85 dBA.
Functional disability predicts total costs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Objective To describe the composition and distribution of total costs of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to identify predictors of high total costs among patients with AS. Methods In a prospective longitudinal study, 241 patients with AS reported information on health status, health care utilization, treatments, and work limitations on biannually mailed questionnaires. Annual direct costs were estimated on the basis of reported ambulatory care visits, hospitalizations, diagnostic tests, medications, assistive devices, nonallopathic treatments, travel to visits, and paid household help. Indirect costs were estimated from the number of work days missed or, for retirees and homemakers, the number of days of activity limitation. A similar analysis was performed for cumulative costs over 5 years in a subset of 111 patients. Results Annual total costs averaged $6,720 (in 1999 US dollars; median $1,495). Indirect costs comprised 73.6% and direct costs comprised 26.4% of total costs, although only 95 patients (39%) contributed to the indirect costs. Functional disability was the most important predictor of high total costs. The likelihood of having high (>$10,000) total costs increased by a factor of 3 with each 1-point increase in the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index modified for the spondylarthropathies (HAQ-S; range 0–3). Results were similar in the subgroup of 111 patients who were followed up for 5 years, among whom the likelihood of high cumulative total costs (>$50,000 over 5 years) increased by >6 times with each 1-point increase in the HAQ-S. Conclusion Functional disability is the most important predictor of total costs in patients with AS. Interventions that maintain or improve patients' functional ability will likely have the greatest potential to decrease the costs of AS.
Predicting hot-spots of land use changes in Italy by ensemble forecasting

In the context of environmental change projections at the regional level, not only the climate but also the land use plays a key role. The limited availability of historical information reduces the possibility to calibrate land use change (LUC) models. Even in case of successful calibration, using it both for diagnostic and prognostic studies does not guarantee the reliability of single future simulations. Through ensemble forecasting, useful LUC predictions are evaluable. In this work, after introducing a modified version of the well-assessed CLUE-S model, we present reasonable hot-spots of LUC in Italy for the end of 21st century, derived from the agreement of a 32 simulation ensemble performed alternating two choices for five model configurations or inputs: (1) two different climate projections (reflecting A2 and B2 emission scenarios by IPCC, respectively); (2) two different degrees (slight and strong) of demographic increase; (3) the conservation (or not) of protected areas; (4) the influence (or not) among adjacent land uses in determining their shift; and (5) the importance (or not) of past/recent LUC trends. Results, in terms of LUC hot-spot distribution, were evaluated at administrative, biogeographical, physiographic, and watershed level. The main findings highlighted that some trends of land use substitution will be likely opposite to the past and that a more detailed spatial scale can detect situations neglected by coarser scale evaluations, and due to different transpositions of directives from high-levels to local scales. Biogeographical and physiographic settings seem strongly influencing LUCs, and administrative and catchment units across Italy show very different developments and a highly fragmented territory in terms of LUC hot-spots, all that to be considered in landscape and resource planning.
A controlled trial of self-nonstress test versus assistednonstress test in the evaluation of fetal well-being

Summary OBJECTIVE : New portable devices have become available for home monitoring of fetal heart rates; thesedevices have the potential to immediately transmit these tracings to a medical facility. The null hypothesis of this study is the inability of mothers to perform their own nonstress tests (self-nonstress tests) and that such tests are not comparable to those performed by professional medical personnel (assisted nonstress tests). STUDY DESIGN : The feasibility of maternal self-testing was established in 50 high-risk patients followedby a controlled clinical trial conducted in 60 patients. The latter study represents the first controlled trial in which patients performed self-nonstress tests at their homes and transmitted the tracings via telecommunication to our perinatal unit. In all cases these patients came to our hospital within 60 minutes after the self-nonstress tests to have a perinatal nurse perform a second nonstress test. The pairs of self and assisted fetal heart rate tracings were independently reviewed by two investigators. RESULTS: The self and assisted tracing pairs were judged satisfactory for interpretation in 100% and90%, respectively; self and assisted were interpreted by each examiner to be nonreactive in 20% and 14%, respectively. However, both examiners were unable to distinguish between tracings generated by assisted nonstress and self-nonstress tests. Furthermore, cost analysis revealed an estimated twofold savings with self-nonstress testing compared with the assisted nonstress test. CONCLUSION : Self-nonstress testing is a reliable and accurate method of antepartum fetal heart ratetesting. This method of fetal assessment not only introduces a new approach to fetal surveillance with added convenience to patients, but may also significantly reduce medical cost without compromising the results of fetal testing
6-31G * basis set for atoms K through Zn

Medium basis sets based upon contractions of Gaussian primitives are developed for the third-row elements K through Zn. The basis functions generalize the 6-31G and 6-31G* sets commonly used for atoms up to Ar. They use six primitive Gaussians for 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p orbitals, and a split-valence pair of three and one primitives for valence orbitals, which are 4s and 5p for atoms K and Ca, and 4s, 4p, and 3d for atoms Sc through Zn. A 6-31G* set is formed by adding a single set of Gaussian polarization functions to the 6-31G set. They are Cartesian d-functions for atoms K and Ca, and Cartesian f-functions for atoms Sc through Zn. Comparison with experimental data shows relatively good agreement with bond lengths and angles for representative vapor-phase metal complexes.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and to assess the morbidity of this illness in pediatric renal transplant patients. The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 135 patients ( P = .02), concomitant liver transplantation ( P = .01), and treatment of acute rejection ( P = .04). In addition, patients who were CMV-seronegative preoperatively and received a graft from a CMV-seropositive donor ( P = .04) or who were CMV-seropositive preoperatively and received a graft from a CMV-seronegative donor ( P = .02) were more likely to have CMV disease. Although all patients with CMV disease required hospitalization and were treated with intravenous ganciclovir, CMV disease was not associated with increased allograft loss or mortality. The authors conclude that age, concomitant liver transplantation, the need for antirejection therapy, and pretransplant donor and recipient serological status may serve to identify the pediatric transplant patients who have a higher risk for the development of CMV disease and who may benefit from prophylactic antiviral agent administration.
Reducing Student Prejudice in Diversity-Infused Core Psychology Classes.

The current quasi-experimental study compared two sections of a course, one that included diversity content and one that did not. The authors obtained pretest and posttest data on students’ attitudes toward a number of different minority groups and on their levels of course content knowledge. The authors also examined two questions: first, whether exposure to diversity would reduce prejudice, and second, whether inclusion of diversity content would reduce the amount of core course content learned by students. At posttest, significant differences were found in terms of positive attitude change; infusing diversity into course content did not affect content knowledge.
Modelling the swelling of crosslinked elastomers by supercritical fluids

Abstract Despite the general knowledge that near-critical and supercritical CO2 will swell elastomers extensively, there has been little work done to date on modelling the phenomenon. We have used the mean-field-lattice-gas model of Kleintjens et al. for the free energy of mixing with an additional elastic term due to Flory, in order to model the swelling of crosslinked silicones by supercritical CO2. Whereas the model reproduces the pressure trends in both volume change and weight fraction fluid absorbed well for the poly(dimethylsiloxane)—CO2 system, the absolute predictions of weight fraction CO2 absorbed are too high in the vicinity of critical pressure.
AN INNOVATIVE RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGE OF FIELD-BASED PROGRAM DESIGN

This paper presents a detailed discussion of the Nova University Master's Program for Child Care Administrators, a uniquely structured, guided study program now serving 150 administrators in locations across the United States and Canada. An important feature of the program is the planned use of the microcomputer for electronic mail. This will form an innovative communications network among students and between students and faculty, a development with the potential for impact beyond this program.
Spectral domain estimation of autoregressive moving-average models using shuttle iterative methods

Abstract An efficient iterative algorithm for the estimation of autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) time series models is presented. The prediction error criterion is transformed into the spectral domain, and the autoregressive (AR) parameters are computed (inner loop) using the Newton iterative steps by fixing the AR parameters. Use of data compression in the form of signal power spectrum (fewer frequency points compared to large data size), application of linear solution methods, and the ease of closed form computation of gradients and Hessian matrix of the optimality criterion result in an efficient estimation algorithm for systems with varied spectral forms. The algorithm is implemented on a PDP 11/35 mini computer, and may be used for on-line monitoring and diagnostics of dynamic processes (nuclear power reactors, chemical industry processes), pattern recognition systems, and evaluation of sensor response time characteristics.
Regulatory and technology lead-time: The case of US automobile greenhouse gas emission standards

The automobile industry and regulatory agencies around the world are coping with the uncertainties of regulatory lead-time and technology deployment for increased vehicle efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The regulation of GHG emissions in the US, with adoption of 2016 standards and ongoing work toward 2025 standards, provides a rich case study to assess questions about the appropriate amount of lead-time to promote sustained long-term investment in vehicle efficiency technology. This analysis examines the milestones, phase-in, lead-time, investments, technology diffusion, and GHG emission progress-to-date toward 2016 standards in the US. The findings suggest that the 2016 rulemaking process establishes a strong model for regulatory lead-time, allowing for ample time for industry to make the necessary investments to meet their GHG reduction commitments by 2016. The 2025 rulemaking continues this strong precedent for extended regulatory lead-time and has led to near unanimous automaker support. The 13-year lead-time for 2025 standards is appropriate to help reduce technology investment risk and sustain long-term capital investments, and it is especially fitting for the difficult task of launching advanced electric-drive technologies for deep long-term GHG emission cuts.
Recognizing Public Goods in WTO Disputes Settlement: Who Participates? Who Decides? The Case of Trips and Pharmaceutical Patent Protection

The question of how to produce 'global public goods' in a world of soveriegn states with divergent norms and preferences, reflecting differences in economic development levels, is increasingly on the international policy agenda. This is an issue not only for political decision-making but also for judicial interpretation of existing international agreements. This article analyzes this fundamental question in the context of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), with particular emphasis on patent protection for pharmaceutical products. The TRIPS Agreement's provisions raise concerns over at least three public (or quasi-public) goods in this area: the generation of new knowledge, the provision of public health, and the maintenance of rules fostering open trade and competition. WTO judicial panels charged with resolving disputes regarding medicines patents must determine whether to defer to national sovereignty, multilateral negotiations, or their own interpretations in balancing among these objectives. This, questions of 'who participates' and 'who decides' will be critical in this determination. The article notes structural weakness in the ability of developing countries to participate meaningfully in this process and offers suggestions for making their participation more meaningful so as to protect their interests.
Characterization of a mixed salt of 1-hydroxy-pyridin-2-one Pu(IV) complexes

Most expert analyses of the projected world energy needs show utilization of nuclear energy will be essential for the next few decades, and hence the need to support this technology grows. But as one measure of the supporting science base of this field, as of December 2006, only 25 Pu containing structures were in the Cambridge Structural Database, as compared to 21,807 for Fe. A comparison of the rate of addition to this knowledge base reveals that approximately 500 Fe structures are registered with the Cambridge Structural Database every year, while in the same period only two or three Pu crystal structures are published. A continuing objective of this laboratory has been the development of new sequestering agents for actinide decorporation and selective extractions. This effort has been based on similarities in the properties of Pu(IV) and Fe(III), and the chelating groups in microbial Fe(III) sequestering agents, siderophores. The HOPO ligands (Figure 1) are one such class of chelating group which have been investigated as selective actinide extractants.
Processing and Fabrication of YBa2Cu4O8 and YBa2Cu4O8/YBa2Cu3Ox Composites

Powders of YBa2Cu4O8 (“124”) were prepared via solid state reaction of Y2O3, BaCO3, and CuO. The mixed precursors were heated in flowing oxygen of reduced total pressure, followed by cooling and annealing at 750°C under ambient pressure oxygen. The procedure produced orthorhombic 124 as the main phase, with YBa2Cu3Ox (“123”) as a minor impurity phase. Phase purity improved, and nearly phase-pure 124 was obtained, upon annealing the as-calcined powder in flowing oxygen at 800°C.
Isozyme patterns and cellular differentiation in Schizophyllum

Isozyme patterns of four enzymes were examined from two types of differentiated cells of Schizophyllum commune. Previous studies (Wang and Raper, 1970) demonstrated dramatically different isozyme patterns for each of these enzymes; however, the studies reported here reveal no isozyme differences for these enzymes previously correlated to cellular differentiation. Possible explanations for thesediscrepancies are discussed. These results illustrate difficulties inherent in ascribing differences in cellular proteins or nucleic acids to differentiation.
Small Cell Lung Cancer: State-of-the-Art Therapy in 1996

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) occurs almost exclusively in smokers and represents 15 to 25% of all lung cancer histologic findings. It is distinguished from non-small cell lung cancer by its rapid tumor doubling time, high growth fraction, and early development of widespread metastases. Since patients with SCLC usually present with disseminated disease, treatment strategies have focused on systemic therapy. Single-agent and combination chemotherapy, as well as combined-modality therapy, have produced high response rates (80 to 100% for limited disease; 60 to 80% for extensive disease), but these tend to be short-lived (median duration, 6 to 8 months). Survival beyond 5 years occurs in only 3 to 8% of all patients with SCLC. At least 15 to 20 different chemotherapeutic agents have shown major activity against SCLC in both the untreated and relapsed settings, including etoposide, teniposide, cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and doxorubicin. This paper reviews state-of-the-art treatment strategies being employed in the treatment of SCLC, including those incorporating high-dose intensive therapy, salvage therapy, new agents, thoracic radiotherapy, prophylactic cranial radiotherapy, surgical resection, and biologic response modifiers.
Emotion skills training for medical students : a systematic review

OBJECTIVE To identify emotion skills training methods and outcomes using a systematic review of medical student curricula studies. METHODS We searched the English language literature listed in the PubMed, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsycINFO and Web of Science databases, from 1980 to the present, using a comprehensive list of emotion skills keywords and subsequent hand searches. A total of 828 articles were initially identified. A manual search yielded 161 articles on broadly defined emotion skills educational programmes for medical students. A more stringent review and hand search of reference lists yielded a final 26 articles that included 'other-directed' emotion skills (i.e. cognitive and behavioural skills intended to manage the emotions of others), a description of the training programme, and assessment data. RESULTS Emotion skills courses varied by total number of contact hours (2-64 hours), session frequency (from 1 session per day to 1 session every 6 months), duration (2 weeks to 2 years), pedagogy, patients targeted and educational outcomes. Student evaluation data were positive. Fifteen of 26 studies used objective emotion skills measures. Only 6/26 studies included a control or comparison condition and 5/26 used a randomised, controlled trial (RCT) design. All 5 RCTs showed positive outcomes with modest improvements in emotion communication skills, empathy, use of emotion words, supportive behaviours and enriched patient understanding. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneity of emotion skills curricular studies makes direct comparisons difficult. However, all controlled trials showed positive outcomes, suggesting the importance and effectiveness of 'other-directed' emotion skills training. No specific recommendations about curricular amount and frequency, timing and pedagogy can be made.
Role of catalase and hydroxyl radicals in the oxidation of methanol by rat liver microsomes

In view of the presence of adventitious catalase in isolated microsomes, and the requirement for H2O2, it has been suggested that NADPH-dependent oxidation of methanol by rat liver microsomes was mediated exclusively by the peroxidatic activity of catalase. However, H2O2 may also serve as a precursor of the hydroxyl radical, and methanol reacts with hydroxyl radicals to produce formaldehyde. Inhibition of H2O2 production should therefore decrease methanol oxidation by either a hydroxyl radical-dependent pathway or a catalase-dependent pathway. To attempt to clarify some of the controversies concerning the roles of H2O2 and catalase in the microsomal pathway of oxidation of short chain alcohols, studies were carried out to determine the nature of the pathway responsible for methanol oxidation by isolated microsomes. In the absence of the catalase inhibitor azide, methanol may be oxidized primarily by the peroxidatic activity of catalase since there was little effect on methanol oxidation by competing hydroxyl radical scavengers. Azide, which inhibited catalase activity greater than 95%, inhibited NADPH-dependent oxidation of methanol by 30-50%. The azide-insensitive (catalase-independent) pathway of methanol oxidation was inhibited by scavengers of hydroxyl radicals. The inhibition of the scavengers reflected the rate constant for interaction with hydroxyl radicals and was greater at lower concentrations of methanol than at higher concentrations, suggesting competition between the scavengers and methanol. The addition of H2O2 stimulated the oxidation of methanol in the presence of azide; H2O2 may serve as a precursor of the hydroxyl radical. Iron-EDTA, which is known to increase hydroxyl radical production, stimulated the oxidation of methanol in the absence and presence of azide. The stimulation by iron-EDTA was blocked by the competing hydroxyl radical scavengers even in the absence of azide, suggesting that the added iron-EDTA favorably with microsomal catalase for H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals (or a species with the oxidizing power of the hydroxyl radical). These results suggest that in microsomes, depending on the absence or presence of azide, methanol may be oxidized by two primary pathways, one involving the peroxidatic activity of catalase, and the other in which hydroxyl radicals, generated from microsomal electron transfer, play a role. In view of the crucial role played by H2O2 in both pathways, inhibition of H2O2 formation should not be interpreted solely as evidence for a role for catalase in the microsomal oxidation of alcohols.
Empowering people, facilitating community development, and contributing to sustainable development: The social work of sport, exercise, and physical education programs

Do sport, exercise, and physical education (SEPE) professionals empower the people they serve and contribute to community development? Do SEPE policies, programs, and practices contribute to sustainable economic and social development, making them worthwhile governmental investments? These questions frame the ensuing analysis. Empowerment-oriented and community-based SEPE programs, and practices may contribute to sustainable development in five related areas. They may enhance human health and well-being across the lifespan; mollify the harms caused by poverty, social exclusion, social isolation, and inter-group conflict; contribute to human capital development, especially in vulnerable youth; develop collective identities, thereby facilitating collective action; and foster social networks and voluntary associations, which animate civil society in strong democracies. To achieve these potential contributions, SEPE professionals will need to develop new capacities and build new institutions. These pervasive changes characterize the social work of SEPE programs, practices, and policies
In vivo bone mineral analysis throughout skeletal growth in rats: differences due to sex or vitamin D deficiency.

This study reports a new technique for the measurements of bone mineral content (BMC) in live rats. A single photon absorptiometric instrument has been adapted for rapid, reproducible measurement of BMC. Four bone sites were selected for use, based on ease of positioning and reproducibility of measurement; these were as follows: proximal femur, midfemur, proximal seventh caudal vertebra, and midseventh caudal vertebra. Significant increases were detected when BMC was measured at biweekly intervals from weaning to 18 weeks of age in normal male rats. Comparison of body growth and changes in BMC of male and female rats with age showed that body weight gain of female rats slowed earlier than that of male rats whereas BMC increased at similar rates in both sexes. Vitamin D deprivation from day 24 of life resulted in decreased BMC at all four measurement sites compared with such measurements in normal control rats. Differences were detectable after 8 weeks of age and occurred despite the maintenance of serum calcium levels within normal range and only slight reduction in body weights of vitamin D deprived rats. These studies demonstrate that single photon absorptiometry can be used to mointor changes in BMC in live rats on a routine basis without harm to the animals. Changes in BMC such as those due to growth or vitamin D deprivation can easily be quantitated using this technique.
Responses of feline medial medullary reticular formation neurons with projections to the C5-C6 ventral horn to vestibular stimulation.

Abstract Prior studies have shown that the vestibular system contributes to adjusting respiratory muscle activity during changes in posture, and have suggested that portions of the medial medullary reticular formation (MRF) participate in generating vestibulo-respiratory responses. However, there was previously no direct evidence to demonstrate that cells in the MRF relay vestibular signals monosynaptically to respiratory motoneurons. The present study tested the hypothesis that the firing of MRF neurons whose axons could be antidromically activated from the vicinity of diaphragm motoneurons was modulated by whole-body rotations in vertical planes that stimulated vestibular receptors, as well as by electrical current pulses delivered to the vestibular nerve. In total, 171 MRF neurons that projected to the C5–C6 ventral horn were studied; they had a conduction velocity of 34±15 (standard deviation) m/sec. Most (135/171 or 79%) of these MRF neurons lacked spontaneous firing. Of the subpopulation of units with spontaneous discharges, only 3 of 20 cells responded to vertical rotations up to 10° in amplitude, whereas the activity of 8 of 14 neurons was affected by electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve. These data support the hypothesis that the MRF participates in generating vestibulo-respiratory responses, but also suggest that some neurons in this region have other functions.
Surgical approach to occult gastrointestinal bleeding.

Abstract In 5% of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, standard evaluation fails to reveal the source of the bleeding. We describe the management of 71 patients treated for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding at the Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, from 1985 to 1991. There were 38 men (54%) and 33 women (46%). The mean age was 60 years. The patients had bleeding episodes for a mean period of 26 months and required an average of 20 units of blood prior to surgical treatment. All had undergone an extensive diagnostic workup including barium contrast studies, endoscopies, and angiographies. Some had multiple bleeding scans, Meckel scans, and surgical explorations. Three patients were found to have “watermelon stomach” on endoscopy and had an antrectomy. Sixty-eight (96%) patients underwent a preoperative small bowel enteroscopy, which revealed the precise diagnosis in 50 (70%) of the patients. All patients underwent surgery. In 30 (42%) patients in whom the bleeding site was not apparent at exploration, intraoperative enteroscopy was performed. Two actively bleeding patients had intraoperative enteroscopy, which failed to localize the bleeding site, and intraoperative scintigraphy was utilized. The bleeding was found to originate in small bowel arteriovenous malformation (AVM) (28 patients), leiomyoma (8 patients), primary small bowel malignancies (11 patients), and other causes (24 patients). Fifty-six patients (80%) had no further bleeding; 9 with multiple small bowel AVM have experienced rebleeding and are alive. Six patients died of recurrent bleeding, and six died of metastatic cancer. An aggressive approach should be applied in patients in whom standard evaluation fails to localize the source of gastrointestinal bleeding. Enteroscopy, surgical exploration with additional intraoperative enteroscopy, and occasional intraoperative scintigraphy can achieve an excellent yield and allow resection and potential cure.