cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deploying speech interfaces to the masses

Speech systems are typically deployed either over phones, e.g. IVR agents, or on embodied agents, e.g. domestic robots. Most of these systems are limited to a particular platform i.e., only accessible by phone or in situated interactions. This limits scalability and potential domain of operation. Our goal is to make speech interfaces more widely available, and we are proposing a new approach for deploying such interfaces on the internet along with traditional platforms. In this work, we describe a lightweight speech interface architecture built on top of Freeswitch, an open source softswitch platform. A softswitch enables us to provide users with access over several types of channels (phone, VOIP, etc.) as well as support multiple users at the same time. We demonstrate two dialog applications developed using this approach: 1) Virtual Chauffeur: a voice based virtual driving experience and 2) Talkie: a speech-based chat bot.
Characterization of a microdialysis approach to prepare polymerase chain reaction products for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using on-line ultraviolet absorbance measurements and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy

The desalting efficiencies for microdialysis have been quantitatively determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) by analyzing samples which mimic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. Desalting efficiencies for the removal of Mg2+ from samples containing oligonucleotides were typically 99.94% for a single dialysis experiment and 99.98% for a tandem-dialysis experiment. The determination of the molecular weight selectivity of a microdialysis fiber with a 13,000 Da molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) employing a 10 mM NH4OAc countercurrent buffer was accomplished using on-line ultraviolet (UV) absorbance. Results revealed an insensitivity to molecular weight over a broad range represented by dNTPs (ca. 490 Da), PCR primers (ca. 5100 Da), and PCR products (extending to ca. 100 kDa) thus showing the inability of microdialysis to remove unincorporated deoxyribonucleotide 5′-triphosphates (dNTPs) and primers from PCRs. A comparison study conducted utilizing proteins ranging from ca. 1 to 29 kDa produced recoveries dictated by the MWCO of the microdialysis fiber. Recoveries were zero for the smallest proteins tested (ca. 1.3 and 2.9 kDa), but increased to 98% for the largest protein (ca. 29 kDa). The ability of microdialysis to convert double-stranded DNA to single-stranded DNA due to a rapid decrease in the ionic strength was examined along with the effects of buffer concentration, temperature, pH, tandem dialysis, and a denaturing additive, formamide. Melting temperature curves showed that microdialyzed samples remain double stranded while utilizing NH4OAc buffer concentrations of 0 (i.e. pure water) to 10 mM. Adjustment of the buffer up to pH 10.98, temperature increases to 51 °C, tandem dialysis, and the addition of formamide were also unable to produce the conversion of ds-DNA to ss-DNA in detectable amounts. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2,3-Ethylene- and 2,3-trimethylene-bridged analogues of the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand 2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid

The racemic trans- and cis-isomers of 1-amino-2-phosphonomethyl-cyclobutanecarboxylic acid (5 and 6) and 1-amino-2-phosphonomethyl-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (7 and 8) were synthesized as extensions of the mGluR4 agonists trans- and cis-1-amino-2-phosphonomethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (3 and 4). Although the methylene bridge in 3 and 4 allows for retention of affinity toward the mGluR4 receptor, increasing the bridging unit to the ethylene group as in 5 and 6 or to the trimethylene group as in 7 and 8 introduces sufficient steric hindrance to eliminate affinity for the mGluR4 receptor.
Carbonyl- and sulfur-containing analogs of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid: Potent inhibition of histone deacetylases

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, is used in clinical trials for a variety of advanced cancers. Twelve new analogs of SAHA were synthesized and tested as in vitro inhibitors of isolated histone deacetylases (HDACS) and in vivo inhibitors of interferon regulated transcriptional responses (a marker for HDAC activity). The analogs containing an α-mercaptoketone or an α-thioacetoxyketone were more potent than SAHA in both assays.
Confidence interval estimation of partial area under curve based on combined biomarkers

In diagnostic studies, we often need to combine several markers to increase the diagnostic accuracy. This paper addresses the problem of confidence interval estimation of partial area under receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the combined marker based on the optimal linear combination proposed by Su and Liu (1993). The proposed approach is developed using the concepts of generalized inference. Numerical study demonstrates that the proposed approach generally can provide reasonable confidence intervals via a few straightforward simulation steps.
GUT FLORA METABOLITE TRIMETHYLAMINE N-OXIDE PREDICTS INCIDENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISKS IN BOTH STABLE NON-DIABETICS AND DIABETIC SUBJECTS

Recent animal studies show a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of dietary phosphatidylcholine and coronary artery disease (CAD) pathogenesis. Levels of the pro-atherosclerotic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide, TMAO, are elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), but
Wave properties near the subsolar magnetopause : Pc 3-4 energy coupling for northward interplanetary magnetic field

Strong slow mode waves in the Pc 3-4 frequency range are found in the magnetosheath close to the magnetopause. We have studied these waves at one of the ISEE subsolar magnetopause crossings using the magnetic field, electric field, and plasma measurements. We use the pressure balance at the magnetopause to calibrate the Fast Plasma Experiment data versus the magnetometer data. When we perform such a calibration and renormalization, we find that the slow mode structures are not in pressure balance and small scale fluctuations in the total pressure still remain in the Pc 3-4 range. Energy in the total pressure fluctuations can be transmitted through the magnetopause by boundary motions. The Poynting flux calculated from the electric and magnetic field measurements suggests that a net Poynting flux is transmitted into the magnetopause. The two independent measurements show a similar energy transmission coefficient. The transmitted energy flux is about 18 percent of the magnetic energy flux of the waves in the magnetosheath. Part of this transmitted energy is lost in the sheath transition layer before it enters the closed field line region. The waves reaching the boundary layer decay rapidly. Little wave power is transmitted into the magnetosphere.
Decision and control in army air defense: The AN/TSQ-73 missile minder

As the date for fielding the U. S. Army AN/TSQ-73 Missile Minder air defense system approaches, the Army is anticipating significant gains in faster reaction time. improved accuracy, enlarged portrayal of the air battle situation, and greater overall interoperability with interfacing command, control, and communication systems of all the services. The hardware packaging will permit the equipment to move and deploy as rapidly as the Surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) with which it is employed. A very important feature of the system is the benefits obtained using sophisticated electronics to enable the Army to use fewer operators and lower skilled maintenance personnel than the past systems. Incorporating advances in defense electronics and computer technology, the AN/TSQ-73 represents the fifth in a line of air defense command and control systems. This paper describes the forthcoming Missile Minder system and the benefits anticipated from its introduction to the field.
Propargyl radical: an electron localization function study

Abstract Bonding in the C 3 H 3 radical has been determined using the topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) calculated with various wavefunctions (HF, LSDA, MP2, CASSCF, QCISD, BLYP, B3LYP). Not only is ELF independent of quantum chemical approximation, but also produced topologically equivalent molecular partitions. The ELF partition of space into localization domains provides an objective characterization of bonding in C 3 H 3 , supporting a resonance description of almost equal contributions of propargyl and allenyl forms. Moreover, it explains the reported difference between the frequencies of the in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes (∠C (2) C (3) H (3) ) arising from the topology of the C (2) C (3) bonding region.
Optimal placement of PMUs with limited number of channels

The Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) will enable the state estimation of a power distribution network provided the network is observable. So far in solving the Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem, it was assumed that the PMUs have sufficient number of channels such that a PMU placement on any node would make all the neighboring nodes observable. This paper presents a method in which the OPP problem has been solved using PMUs with limited number of channels. The problem of combining various types of PMUs with varying costs and different channel capacity for measurement in the OPP problem has been developed and presented in this paper. Finally, the zero injection buses are included in the network when the OPP problem is solved with PMUs having limited number of channels.
Simulations of Spontaneous Phase Transitions in Large, Deeply Supercooled Clusters of SeF6

The crystallization and subsequent solid-state transitions in a series of large clusters of SeF6 of two sizes have been studied by molecular dynamics simulations at constant temperature. Several diagnostic methods were applied to monitor molecular details of the clusters' structures and their evolution with time. The behavior of 12 liquid clusters with 725 molecules and 10 with 1722 molecules was examined at 140 and 130 K. During the nanosecond runs of the simulations all of these clusters froze, initially to the bcc or a related but distorted structure. At the higher temperature all but one of the larger clusters underwent a transition to the monoclinic structure whereas all but one of the smaller clusters remained bcc. At the lower temperature all of the smaller clusters ultimately transformed, usually quite abruptly, to the monoclinic structure. In the case of the larger clusters a transition to the monoclinic phase was observed at 140 K whereas at 130 K, besides the monoclinic structure, the orthorhom...
The maintenance of evolutionary equilibrium in Late Ordovician benthic marine invertebrate faunas

An upper evolutionary limit on species equilibrium number (S of MacArthur & Wilson) has been postulated but never demonstrated. Results of the present study indicate that an S of about 10 was attained very rapidly in a Late Ordovician benthic marine invertebrate faunal succession. This S value was then maintained for perhaps five million years within a marine environment that did not remain uniform but changed progressively from relatively deep to shallow water. Most importantly, significant taxonomic and presumed trophic changes that accompanied the gradual habitat alteration seem to have had a negligible effect on the plateau-like limit to species equilibrium number. We conclude from these preliminary results that the maintenance of evolutionary equilibrium in an open ecosystem strongly suggests a long-term component of biotic resiliency, at least within this one marine ecosystem, and perhaps in many others. The reasons for this resiliency remain to be explored.
Comparison of ultra-low-frequency waves at Mercury under northward and southward IMF

[3] The orbital trajectories for M1 and M2 were both nearly in the X-Y plane in Mercury solar orbital (MSO) coordinates. (In MSO coordinates, X is directed from the center of the planet toward the Sun, Z is normal to Mercury’s orbital plane and toward the north celestial pole, and Y is in the direction opposite to orbital motion.) The primary difference is that during M1 the spacecraft entered (exited) the magnetosphere at a radial distance of 3.53 (1.87) Mercury radii (RM) and at a sub-solar angle adjusted for aberration of 132 (87), while for M2 the spacecraft entered (exited) the magnetosphere at a radial distance of 4.14 (1.67) RM and at a sub-solar angle of 148 (72). The similarity in the trajectories coupled with the contrast in magnetic activity during these two encounters provides a unique opportunity to compare ULF wave activity under distinctly different conditions. Here we present ULF wave observations made by the MESSENGER Magnetometer [Anderson et al., 2007] during M2, and we compare these observations with those made during M1.
Spouses, Homogamy, and Social Networks

A partir des donnees de 1985, les AA. etudient dans un premier temps les facteurs qui soulignent la propension chez les Americains maries a inclure leur epouse comme membre de leurs reseaux de discussion et dans un deuxieme temps les facteurs qui montrent leur propension a nommer leur epouse comme la premiere, et probablement la plus importante, personne de leur reseau
Effect of film thickness on auto-oxidation in cobalt-catalyzed 1,4-polybutadiene films

Oxygen mass uptake was measured in 1,4-polybutadiene (PB) films undergoing cobalt-catalyzed oxidation in air. Films thicker than approximately 50 μm showed an increase in oxygen uptake per unit polymer mass as film thickness increased, while oxygen uptake per unit film area remained independent of thickness, suggesting that oxidation was heterogeneous and proceeded essentially as an oxidized front penetrating into the film from the surfaces exposed to oxygen. In contrast, oxidation in films thinner than about 28 μm proceeds homogeneously, with oxygen uptake per unit mass being essentially independent of thickness. In oxidized samples, oxygen and nitrogen permeability decreased by more than two orders of magnitude relative to permeability values in unoxidized samples. In thicker films, a two-phase model, based upon high levels of oxidation in a thin skin at the surface of PB and relatively low levels of oxidation in the core of the films, was used to describe gas permeability data and estimate the oxygen and nitrogen permeability in fully oxidized PB.
Metamorphoses of the Jesuits: Sexual Identity, Gender Roles, and Hierarchy in Catholicism

Since the Second Vatican Council opened in 1962, several changes have occurred in the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits have suffered a drop in manpower: Membership in the international order peaked at over 36,000 men in 1965 and had fallen by 1988 to below 25,000. Another change has been ideological: The Jesuits seem to have shifted from a conservative or disengaged posture toward a progressive and occasionally radical stance on social and political matters, and they have struggled to implement this orientation by abandoning some of their routine commitments and taking on new ventures in “faith and justice.” Finally, the Society of Jesus has deregimented its procedures in the areas of training and governance. It would appear that the liberalization that took place in mainline Protestant denominations over several decades was recapitulated by the Jesuits in a shorter period.
Interactive effects of humidity and temperature on water loss in the lubber grasshopper Romalea guttata

Abstract Water loss rates (WLR) at various combinations of temperature and relative humidity were measured in the lubber grasshopper Romalea guttata . WLR increased at higher humidities when rates were corrected for saturation deficit and with increasing temperature when the saturation deficit was held constant (17 mmHg). The higher rates with rising humidity may reflect an increase in cuticular permeability caused by the grasshopper altering or relaxing barrier mechanisms that operate in dry air.
Regional Comparison of the Shapes of Later Acheulean Handaxes

This article documents an unexpected regional difference in the shapes of later Acheulean hand-axes. Almost 1,200 handaxes from 17 sites located in Europe, East Africa, India, and the Near East were measured using a polar coordinate technique and compared using discriminant analysis and analysis of variance. One group of handaxes, those from Israel, clearly stood apart. The reasons for this distinction are unclear but may relate to raw material, time, or, perhaps, cultural tradition.
Combination of Butterworth and variable conductance diffusion approach for filtered back-projection reconstructions

This study investigates the differences in both image texture and numerical performance among various filtering methods used in filtered back-projection reconstructions, including Butterworth, variable conductance diffusion (VCD), and a combination approach of the two. A (chi) 2 Butterworth method is proposed to be used for 2-D prefiltering on the projection data and a 3-D VCD method is then applied post-reconstruction. The combination approach has the smooth boundaries a VCD method cannot normally obtain while minimizing the severe ringings normally incurred by a Butterworth with low cut-off. Use of (chi) 2 criterion in Butterworth provides a reasonably good starting point for VCD, which then only needs a few iterations to reach a desirable degree of smoothness. The use of Butterworth filtering before VCD also results in less noisy estimates of the parameters which control VCD. Thus, the combination of global smoothing with the Butterworth, and local smoothing with VCD is much faster than VCD alone and preserves the desirable properties of each.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Validation of a clinical prediction rule for the differential diagnosis of acute meningitis.

Objective: To attempt to validate a previously reported clinical prediction rule derived to assist in distinguishing between acute bacterial meningitis and acute viral meningitis.
A Stereoselective Approach to Juvabione

Abstract The stereoselective total synthesis of juvabione (1), a substance that shows high juvenile hormone activity in Pyrrhocosis apterus 2, presents the challenging synthetic goal of controlling the relative stereochemistry of two adjacent chiral centers (4R,1 S) which are remote from other functionality and one of which is located in the acyclic position of the molecule. The initial solution3 to this problem utilized hydroboration of (+)-4R-limonene (2) to give the desired juvabione precursor (4R,8R) p-menth-1-en-9-ol (3) and its diastereomer (4R,8S) limenol 4 in a ratio of ca. 3:2. More recently two stereoselective solutions to this problem
Unusual base composition of the ribonucleic acid of wild cucumber mosaic virus.

AT the present time the small viruses containing ribonucleic acid (RNA-containing viruses) seem to be useful test objects for discovering the relationship between the amino-acid sequence of proteins and the structure of the RNA which is presumed to code that sequence. It is believed that the RNA of the virus specifies the virus coat protein. In addition, it perhaps carries the code for other proteins and/or plays some structural part. We wish to point out that the RNA from wild cucumber mosaic virus has an unusual base composition, that relatively small pieces of it are obtainable and that these attributes may be useful in the solution of the coding problem.
The role of the microbiome in exacerbations of chronic lung diseases

Summary Culture-independent microbiological techniques have shown a previously unappreciated complexity to the bacterial microbiome of the respiratory tract that forces reconsideration of the interactions between host, bacteria, and the pathogenesis of exacerbations of chronic lung disease. The composition of the lung microbiome is determined by microbial immigration, elimination, and relative growth rates of its members. All these factors change dramatically in chronic lung disease and further during exacerbations. Exacerbations lack the features of bacterial infections, including increased bacterial burden and decreased diversity of microbial communities. We propose that exacerbations are occasions of respiratory tract dysbiosis—a disorder of the respiratory tract microbial ecosystem with negative effects on host biology. Respiratory tract dysbiosis provokes a dysregulated host immune response, which in turn alters growth conditions for microbes in airways, promoting further dysbiosis and perpetuating a cycle of inflammation and disordered microbiota. Differences in the composition of baseline respiratory tract microbiota might help to explain the so-called frequent-exacerbator phenotype observed in several disease states, and might provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Genetic Algorithm Optimization of an HPT Vane Pressure Side Film Cooling Array

The following work is an in-depth investigation of the heat transfer characteristics and cooling effectiveness of a full-scale fully-cooled modern high-pressure turbine (HPT) vane as a result of genetic algorithm (GA) optimization, relative to the baseline cooling configuration. Individual designs were evaluated using 3-D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that modeled film cooling injection using a transpiration boundary condition. 1,800 total different film cooling arrays were assessed for fitness within the optimization where film cooling parameters such as axial and radial hole location, hole size, injection angle, compound angle, and custom-designed row patterns were varied in the design space. The GA was able to find a unique pressure side (PS) cooling array after only 13 generations. The fitness functions prescribed for the problem successfully lowered the PS average surface temperature, lowered the maximum temperature, and increased the average overall effectiveness. Results clearly show how the optimized design redistributed flow from over-cooled areas on the vane PS to under-cooled areas near the shroud. Methods used in substantially improving pressure side film cooling performance here are promising in terms of eliminating durability problem areas for individual HPT components in their proper operating environments as well as increasing the potential to use less air from the compressor for cooling purposes in a gas turbine engine.© 2012 ASME
Use of mtDNA to Identify Genetic Introgression among Related Species of Catfish

Brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) are known to hybridize naturally with closely related black (Ameiurus melas) and yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis) species. The presence of hybrid specimens may obscure accurate ecological and toxicological studies, which may in turn influence evaluations of aquatic ecosystem health. Thus, there is a need for a reliable method to detect introgression in bullheads from tissue samples collected in the field. Specimens from each bullhead species were identified using taxonomic keys and descriptions of morphological characteristics. The morphological identifications were compared with molecular characters from a 431 bp of mtDNA control region sequences. The results identified a single possible A. melas × A. nebulosus hybrid individual out of 11 fish identified as having A. nebulosus morphology from Presque Isle Bay, Erie, PA. Four additional fish revealed possible gene introgression from A. melas to A. nebulosus. We suggest that future studies making toxicological and ecological comparisons examine possible introgression within the bioindicator population.
Boys Don't Cry, a Movie Review: Implications for Counseling Persons Who Are Transgendered

People who fall under the umbrella of transgender belong to one of the most marginalized groups within society. Many who do not pass within the gender binary categories imposed by social norms experience discrimination and marginalization. In this article, the author discusses the film Boys Don't Cry and introduces the reader to the varieties of discrimination faced by people who are transgender, transsexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Implications for using relational-cultural theory when counseling clients who fall under the transgender umbrella are also discussed.
A Minicomputer System for Direct High Speed Analysis of Cardiac Arrhythmia in 24 h Ambulatory ECG Tape Recordings

A minicomputer system for the analysis of 24 h ambulatory ECG tapes at 60 times real time is presented. The unique aspect of the system is its implementation entirely in software on a single standard minicomputer system. The high scanning speed is achieved by a very efficient ectopic beat detection algorithm and a partition of the software into two phases. An on-line phase builds a reduced file of ectopic beats, which is then submitted to an off-line phase for beat classification and report generation. The entire analysis of a 24 h tape is completed in less than 30 min and requires only initialization by an operator.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CELLULASE AND CHITINASE OF HELIX POMATIA

Specimens of the snail Helix pomatia were fed for 2 days at room temperature after emergence from hibernation at 4° and total soluble protein, total units of cellulase activity towards carboxymethy...
SYSTEMS CONCEPT OF STIMULUS

The concept of stimulus has had a long history and is clearly very useful despite the recognized difficulty in establishing its rigorous definition. We suggest that general systems theory provides ...
Trimethaphan (arfonad) control of hypertension and tachycardia during electroconvulsive therapy: A double-blind study

Abstract Study objective: To ascertain the optimal dose of trimethaphan camsylate administered by intravenous (IV) bolus injection for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Design: Prospective, double blind, within-subject study. Setting: Treating room of the psychiatric unit of the University Hospital at Stony Brook, NY. Subjects: Patients undergoing ECT for major psychiatric illnesses. Measurements and Main Results: Fifteen ASA status I or II patients received in a random sequence placebo, or 5, 10, or 15 mg boluses of trimethaphan during their second to fifth treatments. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded every 30 seconds by automated oscillometric recorder. Recordings taken before administration, during seizure, 5, and 20 minutes after seizure were examined. All doses ameliorated BP (systolic, diastolic, and mean), HR, and rate pressure product (RPP) increases during the seizure, compared with placebo. The group that received 15 mg exhibited smaller increases in RPP, i.e., 67.7% increase compared with 155.4%, 110.9%, and 98.7% increases for the placebo, 5, and 10 mg, respectively. The 10 mg and 15 mg doses caused a faster return to baseline than did the 5 mg dose or placebo. No rebound hypertension, prolonged hypotension, arrhythmias, or other side effects were noted. Trimethaphan did not alter seizure duration. Conclusions. Trimethaphan is safe, practical, and effective in the management of the hyperdynamic response to ECT. An IV bolus injection of 15 mg is more effective than 10 mg or 5 mg.
Turning a reference inside‐out: Commentary on an article by Stevens and Arkin entitled: “Are membrane proteins ‘inside‐out’ proteins?” (Proteins 1999;36:135–143)

Douglas C. Rees* and David Eisenberg Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Department of Energy Laboratory of Structural Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
Meld: A declarative approach to programming ensembles

This paper presents Meld, a programming language for modular robots, i.e., for independently executing robots where inter-robot communication is limited to immediate neighbors. Meld is a declarative language, based on P2, a logic- programming language originally designed for programming overlay networks. By using logic programming, the code for an ensemble of robots can be written from a global perspective, as opposed to a large collection of independent robot views. This greatly simplifies the thought process needed for programming large ensembles. Initial experience shows that this also leads to a considerable reduction in code size and complexity. An initial implementation of Meld has been completed and has been used to demonstrate its effectiveness in the Claytronics simulator. Early results indicate that Meld programs are considerably more concise (more than 20times shorter) than programs written in C++, while running nearly as efficiently.
Right‐Wing Authoritarianism, Party Identification, and Attitudes Toward Feminism in Student Evaluations of the Clinton‐Lewinsky Story

This study explored the relationship among undergraduates' right-wing authoritarianism (as measured by the RWA scale), attitudes toward feminism, party identification, gender, and attitudes about the Clinton-Lewinsky relationship. Factor analysis yielded three subscales, reflecting participants' evaluations of Clinton's morality, the affair, and Kenneth Starr (the independent counsel). Republican identification was related to each subscale and also mediated the relationship between RWA and two subscales, which illustrates how party identification channels the expression of personality variables in partisan contexts. In addition, RWA—especially those items tapping aggression—was directly related to negative evaluations of Clinton, which suggests a punitiveness going beyond the mere channeling of opinions by party identification. Attitudes toward feminism were unrelated to the subscales, possibly because feminism supporters viewed Clinton's policies positively but his behavior negatively. However, females did give significantly lower evaluations of Clinton and the affair.
Serious Asthma Exacerbations in Asthmatics Treated With High-Dose Formoterol

Objective To review three prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical studies of formoterol (Foradil Aerolizer; Novartis Pharmaceuticals; Basel, Switzerland) at dosages of 12 μg and 24 μg bid for the treatment of patients with asthma. Data sources Clinical studies submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration in support of the approval of Foradil Aerolizer for marketing in the United States. Results More patients treated regularly with formoterol, 24 μg bid, had a serious asthma exacerbation than did patients who had been treated with placebo. In the first study, 4 of 135 adult patients (3%) who had been treated with formoterol, 24 μg bid, had a serious asthma exacerbation compared to none of 136 placebo-treated patients. In the second study, 5 of 136 patients (3.7%) treated with formoterol, 24 μg bid, had a serious asthma exacerbation compared to 2 of 141 placebo-treated patients (1.4%). In the third study, 11 of 171 pediatric patients (6.4%) treated with formoterol, 24 μg bid, had a serious asthma exacerbation compared to none of 176 placebo-treated patients. Conclusion Regular use of high-dose inhaled formoterol (24 μg bid) may be associated with more frequent serious asthma exacerbations.
Targeted Deletion of the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding Protein Gene Leads to Profound Suppression of LPS Responses Ex Vivo, whereas In Vivo Responses Remain Intact

Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates phagocytic leukocytes by interacting with the cell surface protein CD14. Cellular responses to LPS are markedly potentiated by the LPS-binding protein (LBP), a lipid-transfer protein that binds LPS aggregates and transfers LPS monomers to CD14. LBP also transfers LPS to lipoproteins, thereby promoting the neutralization of LPS. LBP present in normal plasma has been shown to enhance the LPS responsiveness of cells in vitro. The role of LBP in promoting LPS responsiveness in vivo was tested in LBP-deficient mice produced by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Whole blood from LBP-deficient animals was 1,000-fold less responsive to LPS as assessed by the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Blood from gene-targeted mice was devoid of immunoreactive LBP, essentially incapable of transferring LPS to CD14 in vitro, and failed to support cellular responses to LPS. These activities were restored by the addition of exogenous recombinant murine LBP to the plasma. Despite these striking in vitro findings, no significant differences in TNF-α levels were observed in plasma from wild-type and LBP-deficient mice injected with LPS. These data suggest the presence of an LBP-independent mechanism for responding to LPS. These LBP knockout mice may provide a tool for discovering the nature of the presumed second mechanism for transferring LPS to responsive cells.
The Pollination of Hexastylis naniflora in Cleveland County, North Carolina

ABSTRACT Research regarding the pollination mechanism of federally endangered Hexastylis naniflora was conducted during spring and summer 2009 in Cleveland County, North Carolina. Research focused on the possible role of insect pollinators in pollination success. Caging was used to exclude insects from 30 flowers, from 30 different plants, in order to examine differences in a final percent seed set of fruits developed from both caged and open flowers. Though caged flowers did show partial seed set, a significant difference in percent seed set was found between the control and experimental groups (t = 3.678, df = 26.482, p = 0.001, n = 29 flowers) indicating pollination is the result of a compound, facultative mechanism, which includes both entomophily and some other, undetermined, self-pollinating capability.
Model Analysis for Growth Response of Corn

Abstract The expanded growth model was developed to describe accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients with time for annual and perennial crops. It incorporates an environmental driving function and an intrinsic growth function. Previous analysis has shown that the model applies to the annual corn (Zea mays L.) and the warm-season perennial bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.). In this article the model is used to describe accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)] by corn. The model describes dry matter accumulation by the vegetative component of the plant followed by accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients with time by ears. The time lag between planting and full vegetative growth is 14 − 9.3 = 4.7 wk, followed by a lag of 20 − 14 = 6 wk between vegetative and ear growth. After 20 wk there is a rapid decline in plant N in the vegetative component of the plant. During ear formation plant N, P, and Mg concentra...
Forensic Entomology: International Dimensions and Frontiers

Forensic Entomology contains 31 chapters written by 68 scientists from around the world. Although chapters in the first half of the book were written principally by entomologists, the second half of the book has chapters written by statisticians, soil scientists, population ecologists, parasitologists, and microbiologists, to name just a few. The book is separated into 5 sections. View this article in BioOne
Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus: Pathogenesis and Host Immune Response

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 or HHV-8 is a member of the family of gammaherpesviruses. The virus was first discovered by Drs. Yuan Chang and Patrick Moore in 1994 in Kaposi sarcoma lesions from HIV-infected individuals. This virus is also associated with two lymphoproliferative diseases, named primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease. In this chapter, we describe aspects of the latent and lytic phases of the KSHV lifecycle. We also discuss the function of different viral genes that help the virus survive in the infected host.
Who Has the Right to Say What the Body Means

Who has the right to say what the body means? This is one of the questions those concerned with the power of media – and of access to media – frequently consider. The multiple forms of media (traditional and new) that we experience can have a profound influence on how we consider the body. Those myriad voices frequently dictate (or try to dictate) what we as communities believe it means to be beautiful, what it means to be a man, what it means to be a woman, what it means to be “normal,” even what it means to be human. Increasingly democratic possibilities of new media and media distribution have given forum to many new voices to give their own take on these questions. There have increasingly been more ways to expand and interrogate sacred notions of the body, whether the sacred cultural scripts of gender, race, or those of what it means to have a disability.
Crafting the Nuclear World Order (1950-1975): The Dynamics of Legal Change in the Field of Nuclear Nonproliferation

This paper opens the analysis of treaties in the security field to sociological and hermeneutic analyses of international lawmaking practices. In a legal world where tensions exist between legal regimes, it claims that the interpretive quality of past treaties determines which legal rules survive and which ones disappear when new treaties with overlapping jurisdiction are introduced. The article demonstrates this thesis by using the dynamics of legal change in the field of nuclear proliferation from 1950 to 1975. It first shows that instrumentalist theories of international law, which see in some aspects of the nonproliferation regime a) attempts by strong states to freeze the status quo, and b) attempts by all state parties to solve coordination and cooperation problems, fail to explain how the global nonproliferation regime was articulated with prior regional regimes, in particular, the transatlantic regime. To explain why discrepancies existed between the two regimes, and why certain rules evaporated, while others survived the paradigm shift, this paper then moves to field and hermeneutic theories of international law. It shows that only by paying attention to the interpretive quality of the constitutive treaties of each regime (whether they are clear, ambiguous, or opaque), can one explain the evolution of the nonproliferation regimes.
Diagnosis and analysis for a typical defect of partial discharge in GIS

GIS equipment is widely used in electric power system, however, partial discharge affect the normal operation of the equipment. The paper introduces the principle of ultra-high frequency and acoustic emission partial discharge living detection methods and SF6 gas decomposition detection. And this pa per introduces typical defect cases of partial discharge in GIS equipment using different living detection method, combined with on-line monitoring. The living detection result is verified correctly after dismantlement, and analyses the reason of partial discharge. The final conclusion is that combined with ultra-high frequency on-line monitoring and a variety of living detection methods can improve the detection efficiency for insulation defects such as partial discharge in GIS equipment.
Ethnic Inequality in Mexican Education

Since the emergence of Mexico’s secretariat for public education following the revolution (1910–1920), reducing indigenous inequality in educational mobility has been a state objective. Recently, findings have been mixed, with some finding that indigeneity no longer limits educational mobility and others showing evidence of persistent in equality net of socioeconomic background. We draw from modernization theory and the theory of Maximally Maintained Inequality (MMI) to assess six decades of education policy. Using the Mexican Family Life Survey ( n = 88,547), we find that indigenous disadvantage in terms of educational mobility, which marked cohorts immediately after the revolution, shifts to near parity in more recent cohorts. Contrary to what MMI would predict, indigenous disadvantage declines for lower secondary transitions, despite nearly a third of eligible students failing to transition. Rather than a single, targeted policy period, we observe a somewhat monotonic decline in inequality by indigeneity across all levels of schooling, even if saturation has yet to be attained. Modernization theory, rather than MMI, is a more reasonable match for the observed pattern. Although not the case in earlier decades, for recent cohorts we conclude that socioeconomic inequality rather than ethnicity per se has become the main source of indigenous inequality in educational mobility.
The opponent process theory of leadership succession

Groups are increasingly conceptualized as self-regulating, adaptive social systems, where time and history play central explanatory roles. Despite this, concepts related to opponent processes, which are central to theories of self-regulation, have been absent from discussions of leadership of groups. In this paper, we introduce the opponent process theory of leadership succession, and argue that the impact of leadership on current outcomes can be fully appreciated only by complementing the understanding of the current leader’s behaviors and style with the behaviors and styles of his or her predecessor. We outline both the process and content of opponent processes highlighting their potential to explain both adaptive and maladaptive behavior in groups.
CONSTRUCTING A MULTIPLE-VEHICLE, MULTIPLE-CPU SIMULATION USING OBJECT-ORIENTED C++

The object-oriented features of C++ simplify the design of multi-CPU, multi-vehicle simulations. Classes package data and the methods that act on the data. This packaging enables easy multiplication of objects. C++ supports inheritance and polymorphism. Polymorphism allows derived classes to redefine the methods that they inherit from their base class. Thus, client code can act on a collection of heterogeneous objects as a collection of their common base class; yet the behavior that each object exhibits is defined by its derived class type. These object features directly support the creation of heterogeneous , multi-vehicle simulations. To extend this design to multiple CPUs, developers must enable object sharing among processes or threads. Without guards, concurrent object access can lead to data corruption or program failure. This paper introduces several techniques for handling concurrent object access. Also discussed are the unique challenges to using multiple processes versus using multiple threads for multi-CPU operation. This paper uses the Langley Standard Real-Time Simulation in C++ (LaSRS++) as a successful example of applying these design techniques. LaSRS++ is an object-oriented framework for creating simulations that support multiple, heterogeneous vehicles on multiple CPUs.
An Online Alcohol and Oral Health Curriculum for Dental Students

Regular heavy alcohol use can cause or worsen several oral health disorders and is associated with complications during and after dental procedures. Dental student education should provide detailed knowledge of these issues together with skills needed to detect and counsel patients with unhealthy drinking patterns. This project was designed to develop and evaluate a five-module, online program to teach dental students about alcohol and oral health, systemic and oral biological effects of heavy drinking, required changes to treatment protocols for heavy drinkers, reliable methods of alcohol screening, and ways to provide heavy drinkers with brief interventions. Results indicated that the online program resulted in significant changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. This online format could easily be incorporated into an already crowded dental school curriculum, with students learning the material at their own pace and in their own available time.
ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF SEVERE DIARRHEA IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN.

Severe diarrhea in infants and young children is discussed in terms of etiology, specific drug therapy, and correction of acid- base and fluid-electrolyte imbalance. Details of initial hydration therapy and of subsequent replacement and maintenance are presented. Also included is a discussion of hypertonic dehydration, which may be associated with diarrhea and requires a special therapeutic approach.
Why don't we have a vaccine against.? Part 3. Bacteria, too

AbstractDespite the large number of vaccines, this review asks the question “Why don't we have vaccines for all infectious diseases?” The first and second parts of this series discussed basics of vaccine immunology and new approaches and outlined some of the difficulties and approaches that are bein
Dirac Equation for a Particle In an Electromagnetic Field

The electromagnetic scalar and vector potentials, Φ and , combine to form a Lorentz four-vector. (See J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, New York: John Wiley, 1975.)
A small RNA in neutrophils protects against acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver injury.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver injury worldwide.1 ,2 Clinically, jaundice and liver failure are hallmark presentations of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH) who typically have been drinking up to the time of admission or have stopped drinking within 4–6 weeks of their presentation of symptoms. The liver histology of AH has features of steatohepatitis, hepatic neutrophil infiltration, cholestasis and florid inflammation.3 Among patients with ALD, liver-related mortality is much higher in patients with AH than those with only simple steatosis.3 Current recommended treatments for AH include corticosteroids or pentoxifylline and nutritional supplements, but they only have moderate therapeutic effects.3 A major barrier preventing drug development against AH is our lack of understanding of the regulatory pathways involved in the pathogenesis of AH despite decades of research on ALD. One reason for this knowledge gap is a lack of proper animal models that reflect the exact pathogenesis of human ALD. The commonly used rodent models, including mice or rats administered with acute oral gavage, ad libitum oral alcohol in drinking water or chronic Lieber–DeCarli ethanol diet feeding, only show mild elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and increased hepatic levels of triglyceride (TG). These models only mimic early pathogenic changes in human ALD, and neutrophil infiltration in the liver is not evident. Dr Bin Gao's group recently developed a mouse model in which mice were fed with the Lieber–DeCarli ethanol diet for 10 days followed by an acute gavage of alcohol (hereafter referred to as Gao-binge model).4 Mice administered with Gao-binge have elevated serum ALT levels, increased hepatic TG, and more importantly, increased circulating and hepatic infiltrated neutrophils, making it possible to determine the mechanisms and role of neutrophils in AH. Indeed, using this Gao-binge model, Dr Gao's group demonstrated …
Neurological Complications and Sequelae of Ebola Virus Disease.

The recent 2014–2016 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) has led to many discoveries regarding Ebola. Although neurological symptoms during EVD had been previously described, many reports since this outbreak have made clear that EVD can lead to neurological issues. This article will review the various neurological manifestations of EVD. Recently, many neurological symptoms have been described during acute EVD, including altered mental status, seizures, and meningoencephalitis, among others; survivors of EVD also may develop neurological sequelae, such as persistent headache and memory loss and can exhibit abnormalities on neurological exam. Additionally, it is now evident that in rare cases, survivors may experience relapses of EVD months after recovery, including the central nervous system (CNS). EVD can result in many clinical neurological manifestations, both acutely and after recovery. Research is ongoing to further clarify the nature of Ebola in the CNS.