cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplified Calibration of Instrument Response Function for Raman Spectrometers Based on Luminescent Intensity Standards

Published Raman spectra are rarely corrected for variations in spectrometer sensitivity across the Raman spectrum, which leads to often severe distortion of relative peak intensities that impede calibration transfer and library searching. A method was developed that uses the known luminescence of standards which fluoresce in response to laser irradiation. Since the standards are observed with the same sampling geometry as the Raman sample of interest, their spectra are subject to the same instrumental response function. After one-time calibration of the standards' fluorescence output against a known tungsten source, the unknown Raman spectrum may be corrected for instrumental response by a simple formula. In practice, the user need only run the standard under the same conditions as the Raman sample, then apply a short GRAMS algorithm. The approach is demonstrated for coumarin 540a and Kopp 2412 glass standards, with 514.5- and 785-nm laser light, respectively. Once the corrected spectrum is in hand, the absolute Raman cross section of a given Raman feature may be determined by comparison to known scatterers such as benzene.
The Use of Novel Stimuli as Indicators of Aggressive Behavior in Dogs

To test the predictive value of a doll and an artificial hand, reactions of dogs (n=100) were compared to histories of behavior toward children. Each dog’s reaction to the doll and the hand was categorized as normal, fearful, fearfully aggressive, or offensively aggressive. Sixty-five percent (n=37) of the dogs that had a normal or no reaction to the stimuli had a history of being good with children. Eighty-eight percent (n=34) of the dogs that had an aggressive reaction to the doll had a history of aggressive behavior toward a child. Dogs that were fearfully aggressive were significantly more likely to show fearful responses to the doll, and dogs that were either dominant or fearfully aggressive were more likely to exhibit aggression of the same type to the hand. The results of this study indicate that the doll and, to a lesser extent, the hand may be useful components in determining the aggressive tendencies of dogs. The results also point out the major limitations, because the false positives and false...
The Role of Place and Ideology in the Career Choices of Missionary Children Who Grew Up in Tanzania

Two major themes dominate the lives of missionary families: religion and place. They coalesced in the lives of missionaries as they felt a call to a religiously designated place: the mission field. In contrast, their children seldom saw this place as a religiously designated place, but as homes that they chose to explore. This chapter examines how this connection to place and the work of their parents influenced the lives and careers of children of missionaries as they moved into adulthood. It is based on research he conducted with members of his own missionary community. He conducted extensive interviews with more than 80 members of about 15 Lutheran missionary families; they were asked to share their life stories centered on themes of religion and place.
The Nossa Senhora Da Nazare Parish Death Certificates: New Light on the Social and Religious Landscapes of a Slave Port City (Luanda, Angola)

My talk explores slave death certificates produced at the Nossa Senhora da Nazare parish in Luanda to understand the social and religious dynamic of Luanda between 1795 and 1816. The city of Luanda was deeply involved in the transatlantic slave trade, providing approximately one quarter of the captives taken across the Atlantic to the Americas. It hosted an extensive bureaucratic apparatus, in addition to a significant presence of religious institutions, including several churches and convents. The Nossa Senhora da Nazare parish slave death certificates are significant because they provide crucial information about the structure of the slave trade and about Africans victimized by the slave trade. In addition to registering names of the slave owners and the ships that would have taken enslaved Africans to the Americas, they shed light on names of slaves and causes of their deaths. They sometimes also registered names of Brazil-based merchants who acquired slaves in Luanda, providing invaluable information about the transatlantic networks fueling the Angolan trade in the late eighteenth century. Apart from discussing the nature of the slave trade, my talk will use these records to analyze the importance of Catholicism in Luanda and burial practices in the city at the time.
Magnetic resonance imaging of DNP enhancements in a rotor spinning at the magic angle.

Abstract Simulations performed on model, static, samples have shown that the microwave power is non-uniformly distributed in the magic angle spinning (MAS) rotor when using conventional dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) instrumentation. Here, we applied the stray-field magic angle spinning imaging (STRAFI–MAS) experiment to generate a spatial map of the DNP enhancements in a full rotor, which is spun at a low rate in a commercial DNP–MAS NMR system. Notably, we observed that the enhancement factors produced in the center of the rotor can be twice as large as those produced at the top of the rotor. Surprisingly, we observed that the largest enhancement factors are observed along the axis of the rotor as opposed to against its walls, which are most directly irradiated by the microwave beam. We lastly observed that the distribution of enhancement factors can be moderately improved by degassing the sample and increasing the microwave power. The inclusion of dielectric particles greatly amplifies the enhancement factors throughout the rotor. The STRAFI–MAS approach can provide useful guidance for optimizing the access of microwave power to the sample, and thereby lead to further increases in sensitivity of DNP–MAS NMR.
A general approach to one-pot fabrication of crumpled graphene-based nanohybrids for energy applications.

Crumpled graphene oxide (GO)/graphene is a new type of carbon nanostructure that has drawn growing attention due to its three-dimensional open structure and excellent stability in an aqueous solution. Here we report a general and one-step approach to produce crumpled graphene (CG)–nanocrystal hybrids, which are produced by direct aerosolization of a GO suspension mixed with precursor ions. Nanocrystals spontaneously grow from precursor ions and assemble on both external and internal surfaces of CG balls during the solvent evaporation and GO crumpling process. More importantly, CG–nanocrystal hybrids can be directly deposited onto various current-collecting substrates, enabling their tremendous potential for energy applications. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the use of hybrid electrodes of CG–Mn3O4 and CG–SnO2 in an electrochemical supercapacitor and a lithium-ion battery, respectively. The performance of the resulting capacitor/battery is attractive and outperforms conventional flat graphene-based...
Longevity, oviposition, and fertility of several strains of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

When 5 strains of screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were studied in the laboratory, the long-term laboratory-adapted strains had shorter lifespans (with 1 exception) and required less time to oviposit after stimulation. However, they produced more egg masses containing larger numbers of eggs that had a higher percentage of hatch than short-term colonized strains. No differences were ddpcted betwppn meat-reared flies and those reared on a synthesized spmiliquid diet without meat.
Abstract 310: Oncogene-specific regulation of immune responses during tumorigenesis

Oncogenes can induce inflammatory signaling, leading to the recruitment of immune cells to tumor site. Immune cells can further influence tumor development by either restraining or facilitating tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated how distinct oncogenes shape the immune responses during tumorigenesis in vivo. We utilized several established mouse models of liver cancer in which tumorigenesis is driven by the overexpression of MYC, MET, or AKT+RAS oncogenes. We evaluated the immune cells at early vs. late stages of tumor development by immunohistochemical staining of liver tissues using lineage-specific immune cell markers. In addition, we assessed activation of the pro-inflammatory NFκB pathway by immunoblot detection of IkBα and phospho-Ser(536)-NFκB levels in liver lysates, as well as by immunohistochemical analysis of NFκB (p65) nuclear localization. Histological analysis revealed leukocytic clustering around hepatocytes in pre-neoplastic livers in MYC and AKT+RAS, but not in the MET liver tumor model. Moreover, the leukocyte profiles identified in pre-neoplastic livers and liver tumors were different in MYC vs. AKT+RAS model. Finally, we found that the NFκB pathway was inactive in MYC and AKT+RAS tumors, but hyperactivated in MET tumors. In summary, our results suggest that the type of tumor-initiating oncogenic lesion profoundly influences the identity of recruited immune cells and activation of NFκB pathway in the course of tumorigenesis. We are currently in the process of elucidating the mechanisms behind oncogene-mediated regulation of immune responses, which may reveal novel targets for anti-cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 310. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-310
Strategic Adaptability and Firm Performance: A Market-Contingent Perspective:

The authors test the proposition that the effectiveness of a particular strategic orientation—reactor, defender, analyzer, and prospector—is contingent upon the dynamics of the market. In mildly vo...
Nitric oxide attenuates H2O2-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction: mechanisms of protection

Nitric oxide (·NO) attenuates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated injury in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and modulates intracellular levels of cGMP and cAMP. We hypothesized tha...
Enhanced Immunogenicity of Altered Encephalitogenic Protein

The immunogenicity, in rabbits, of homologous encephalitogenic brain basic protein (BP) can be enhanced by conjugating BP with three to five diazotized arsanilic or sulfanilic acid groups per molecule.
Computational Ideal Theory

In the previous chapter, we saw that an ideal in a Noetherian ring admits a finite Grobner basis (Theorem 2.3.9). However, in order to develop constructive methods that compute a Grobner basis of an ideal, we need to endow the underlying ring with certain additional constructive properties. Two such properties we consider in detail, are detachability and syzygy-solvability. A computable Noetherian ring with such properties will be referred to as a strongly computable ring.
Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Meter for Quantitating Forward and Reverse Blood Flow Velocities

In most present ultrasonic blood flow velocity meters, received ultrasonic signals are phase detected in quadrature producing two voltages that are phase shifted with respect to each other by 90 degrees (4). Which of the two voltages leads the other depends solely on the sign of the Doppler shift. Subsequent voltage comparators produce a short pulse in each channel during each zero crossing and a logic circuit in each channel will permit only the leading pulse to pass through. Thus, if only unidirectional flow is present all pulses in one channel will lead the corresponding ones in the other and the pulse rate will be directly proportional to flow velocity. However, if flow exists in both directions simultaneously, the total number of pulses must be shared between both channels according to the amount of flow in each direction. Hence, the flow velocity signal produced by, for example, the forward channel will not be directly proportional to forward velocity but will also be a function of the amount of flow in the reverse direction, and vice versa. Separation between advancing and receding flow velocities is therefore not achieved, only a signal proportional to differential flow velocity can be produced. In order to obtain two signals, one proportional to the magnitude of reverse and the other to the magnitude of forward flow velocity, flow direction separation must be completed prior to frequency to voltage conversion.
The Concept of Evidence: A Critical Review.

Empirical research on the use of evidence in argument has produced ambiguous and contradictory findings. In part, the confusion results from failure to provide precise conceptualizations and operat...
Low-Level Westerly Winds, Topography, and Tropical Cyclogenesis of Arlene (2005): Observations and Model Simulations

The evolution process of the low-level westerly winds over the eastern North Pacific is investigated to understand the tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) of Tropical Storm Arlene (2005) over the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS). Also considered are the influences of the topography of the Central American mountain region interacting with the low-level westerly winds on Arlene's TCG by comparing results from a modified-topography simulation of Arlene's TCG with those from a simulation with the original topography in the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. Interactions among large-scale circulations associated with subtropical highs in both hemispheres and an anticyclone over the warm eastern North Pacific produced low-level westerly winds into the IAS. WRF model experiments with a virtually elevated terrain filling in mountain passes in Central America resulted in the delayed and suppressed development of the incipient storm. The model experiments suggest that the low-level winds and moisture fluxes from the easter...
A Review of Fixed-Income Indexing and Index Investing

This article reviews recent issues, developments, and advances in fixed-income (FI) indexing and index investing. In particular, the authors provide an introduction to major U.S. and global families of FI indices, review key return and risk characteristics of broad-market FI indices along with their stock index counterparts, discuss various index weighting methods, and characterize the emergence of FI exchange-traded products as an important channel to execute FI index investing strategies.
Experimental studies of puerperal infection: I. The susceptibility of pregnant mice to intraperitoneal inoculations of hemolytic streptococci II. A study of the survival of hemolytic streptococci in the vagina of rabbits during pregnancy

Abstract Pregnant, white mice were found to be more susceptible to intraperitoneal inoculation of streptococci than were nonpregnant mice. However, in the vagina of the normal rabbit, a virulent streptococcus was eliminated in a remarkably short time. This elimination apparently was not dependent upon the P H of the vaginal secretion. When, after repeated implantations, virulent, hemolytic streptococci established themselves in the vagina, they were degraded in pathogenicity and hemolytic activity. They recovered both of these properties after artificial cultivation and animal passage.
Infrared Spectroscopy of the Entrance Channel Complex Formed Between the Hydroxyl Radical and Methane in Helium Nanodroplets

The entrance channel complex in the exothermic OH + CH4 → H2O + CH3 reaction has been isolated in helium nanodroplets following the sequential pick-up of the hydroxyl radical and methane. The a-type OH stretching band was probed with infrared depletion spectroscopy, revealing a spectrum qualitatively similar to that previously reported in the gas phase, but with additional substructure that is due to the different internal rotation states of methane (jCH4 = 0, 1, or 2) in the complex. We fit the spectra by assuming the rotational constants of the complex are the same for all internal rotation states; however, subband origins are found to decrease with increasing jCH4. Measurements of deuterated complexes have also been made (OD–CH4, OH–CD4, and OD–CD4), the relative linewidths of which provide information about the flow of vibrational energy in the complexes; vibrational lifetime broadening is prominent for OH–CH4 and OD–CD4, for which the excited OX stretching state has a nearby CY4 stretching fundamenta...
Unveiling Active Sites for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Monolayer MoS2

Here, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities at the edge and basal-plane sites of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are studied using a local probe method enabled by selected-area lithography. Reaction windows are opened by e-beam lithography at sites of interest on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-covered monolayer MoS2 triangles. The HER properties of MoS2 edge sites are obtained by subtraction of the activity of the basal-plane sites from results containing both basal-plane and edge sites. The catalytic performances in terms of turnover frequencies (TOFs) are calculated based on the estimated number of active sites on the selected areas. The TOFs follow a descending order of 3.8 ± 1.6, 1.6 ± 1.2, 0.008 ± 0.002, and 1.9 ± 0.8 × 10-4 s-1 , found for 1T'-, 2H-MoS2 edges, and 1T'-, 2H-MoS2 basal planes, respectively. Edge sites of both 2H- and 1T'-MoS2 are proved to have comparable activities to platinum (≈1-10 s-1 ). When fitted into the HER volcano plot, the MoS2 active sites follow a trend distinct from conventional metals, implying a possible difference in the reaction mechanism between transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and metal catalysts.
Acoustoplastic Metal Direct-write: Towards Solid Aluminum 3D Printing in Ambient Conditions

Abstract In this work the process of Acoustoplastic Metal Direct-write (AMD) is introduced for the first time. Millimeter-scale 3D aluminum articles were printed to demonstrate the process feasibility. Evidence of process-induced inter-layer and intra-layer mass transport resulting in metallurgical bonding across voxels was obtained. During voxel formation, a process temperature rise of 5 ° Celsius from a process ambient temperature of 25 ° Celsius was recorded. In addition, acoustic energy-induced microstructural changes during process were observed in the material. The work presented here not only demonstrates the feasibility of a new non-melt fusion room temperature metal 3D printing approach—capable of producing metals with more than 99 percent density—but also presents both observational study and an initial theoretical basis upon which a new athermal microstructural transformation process may be understood
Bayesian Network Construction and Genotype-Phenotype Inference Using GWAS Statistics

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have received increasing attention to understand how genetic variation affects different human traits. In this paper, we study whether and to what extent exploiting the GWAS statistics can be used for inferring private information about a human individual. We first provide a method to construct a three-layered Bayesian network explicitly revealing the conditional dependency between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits from public GWAS catalog. The key challenge in building a Bayesian network from GWAS statistics is the specification of the conditional probability table of a variable with multiple parent variables. We employ the models of independence of causal influences which assume that the causal mechanism of each parent variable is mutually independent. We then formulate three inference problems based on the dependency relationship captured in the Bayesian network, namely trait inference given SNP genotype, genotype inference given trait, and trait inference given known traits, and develop efficient formulas and algorithms. Different from previous work, the possible target of these inference problems we study may be any individual, not limited to GWAS participants. Empirical evaluations show the effectiveness of our proposed methods. In summary, our work implies that meaningful information can be inferred from modeling GWAS statistics, and appropriate privacy protection mechanisms need to be developed to protect genetic privacy not only of GWAS participants but also regular individuals.
Albrecht Dürer’s Celestial Geometry

Albrecht Durer (1471–1528), noted Renaissance printer and painter, twice left his native Germany for sojourns to Italy, once from 1494 to 1495 and again from 1505 to 1507. During those years his wi...
Diverse inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms shape temporal tuning in transient OFF α ganglion cells in the rabbit retina.

KEY POINTS Neurons combine excitatory and inhibitory signals to perform computations. In the retina, interactions between excitation and inhibition enable neurons to detect specific visual features. We describe how several excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms work together to allow transient OFF α ganglion cells in the rabbit retina to respond selectively to high temporal frequencies and thus detect faster image motion. The weightings of these different mechanisms change with the contrast and spatiotemporal properties of the visual input, and thereby support temporal tuning in α cells over a range of visual conditions. The results help us understand how ganglion cells selectively integrate excitatory and inhibitory signals to extract specific information from the visual input. ABSTRACT The 20 to 30 types of ganglion cell in the mammalian retina represent parallel signalling pathways that convey different information to the brain. α ganglion cells are selective for high temporal frequencies in visual inputs, which makes them particularly sensitive to rapid motion. Although α ganglion cells have been studied in several species, the synaptic basis for their selective temporal tuning remains unclear. Here, we analyse excitatory synaptic inputs to transient OFF α ganglion cells (t-OFF α GCs) in the rabbit retina. We show that convergence of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs within the bipolar cell terminals presynaptic to the t-OFF α GCs shifts the temporal tuning to higher temporal frequencies. GABAergic inhibition suppresses the excitatory input at low frequencies, but potentiates it at high frequencies. Crossover glycinergic inhibition and sodium channel activity in the presynaptic bipolar cells also potentiate high frequency excitatory inputs. We found differences in the spatial and temporal properties, and contrast sensitivities of these mechanisms. These differences in stimulus selectivity allow these mechanisms to generate bandpass temporal tuning of t-OFF α GCs over a range of visual conditions.
Yes, and … : continuing the scholarly conversation about mental health stigma in higher education

Yeah, but … it really isn't my job to counsel students who have issues … Yeah, but … I have too much content to cover, I can't fit in material on mental wellbeing … Yeah but … college is hard for...
Amplitude analysis of πN scattering at 6 GeV/c

Abstract We have extracted the amplitudes for πN scattering at 6 GeV/c from the available experimental data in the angular range 0 > t > −1.5 (GeV/c)2 using methods of analytic data analysis. Our results for T = 0 exchange are consistent with s-channel helicity conservation at the 90% level, and indicate structure in the s-channel non-flip amplitude at small t. Our T = 1 flip amplitude does not have the behavior characteristic of a nonsense wrong-signature zero at t ≈ −0.6 (GeV/c)2. The Fourier-Bessel transforms of the T = 1 amplitudes show strong evidence of non-peripherality, both at large and at small impact parameters.
Wiener-Hopf Techniques in Queueing Theory

In queueing theory Wiener-Hopf techniques were first used in a non-probabilistic context by W. L. Smith, and later in a probabilistic context by F. Spitzer. The specific problem considered by these authors was the solution of the Lindley integral equation for the limit d.f. of waiting times. The more general role played by these techniques in the theory of random walks (sums of independent and identically distributed random variables) is now well known; it has led to considerable simplification of queueing theory.
A view-based approach to registration: theory and application to vascular image registration.

This paper presents an approach to registration centered on the notion of a view — a combination of an image resolution, a transformation model, an image region over which the model currently applies, and a set of image primitives from this region. The registration process is divided into three stages: initialization, automatic view generation, and estimation. For a given initial estimate, the latter two alternate until convergence; several initial estimates may be explored. The estimation process uses a novel generalization of the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) technique that simultaneously considers multiple correspondences for each point. View-based registration is applied successfully to alignment of vascular and neuronal images in 2-d and 3-d using similarity, affine, and quadratic transformations.
Variability in choriocapillaris blood flow distribution.

Purpose. To investigate variability of choriocapillaris blood flow patterns. Methods. After the intravenous injection of indocyanine green, angiograms were recorded at 30 images per second in rhesus monkey eyes using a fundus camera equipped with a pulsed laser diode light source, synchronized with a gated (5 msec), intensified charge-coupled device, or CCD, video camera. Images of choriocapillaris filling alone were extracted. Plastic corrosion casts were made of two of the monkey's choroidal vasculatures for subsequent scanning electron microscopy examination. Results. Pulsed laser indocyanine green fluorescence excitation produced better definition of choriocapillaris filling than had been achieved using continuous illumination. No correlation was found between the choriocapillaris plexus architecture revealed by the plastic corrosion casts and the observed choriocapillaris lobular filling. Overall posterior pole choriocapillaris dye-filling patterns were relatively stable for periods of days, but they changed gradually for periods of weeks. Localized minor pattern changes occurred on a much shorter time scale. Choriocapillaris filling patterns were altered by acutely elevating intraocular pressure, by O 2 and CO 2 breathing, and by argon laser retinal photocoagulation of adjacent areas. Conclusions. Choriocapillaris filling patterns appear to be determined by the network of perfusion pressure gradients that exist among the interspersed feeding arterioles and draining venules connected to the choriocapillaris plexus. Changes in intraocular pressure and in blood PO 2 and PCO 2 levels can produce marked changes in the distribution of choriocapillaris blood flow. Retinal laser photocoagulation of adjacent fundus areas alters choriocapillaris blood flow to the extent that the altered flow might be an important factor in the beneficial results attributed to retinal laser treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1247-1258.
Careers in Medical Education

Working in medical education will make you a better doctor and enable you to serve better a number of key constituencies (patients, institutions, and the public at large). There are numerous roles – formal and informal – for you to play if you are interested in medical education. You can obtain a background in medical education with or without a formal graduate degree in education.
Systematic variation in evapotranspiration trends and drivers across the Northeastern United States

The direction and magnitude of responses of evapotranspiration (ET) to climate change are important to understand, as ET represents a major water and energy flux from terrestrial ecosystems, with consequences that feed back to the climate system. We inferred multidecadal trends in water balance in 11 river basins (1940–2012) and eight smaller watersheds (with records ranging from 18 to 61 years in length) in the Northeastern United States. Trends in river basin actual ET (AET) varied across the region, with an apparent latitudinal pattern: AET increased in the cooler northern part of the region (Maine) but decreased in some warmer regions to the southwest (Pennsylvania–Ohio). Of the four small watersheds with records longer than 45 years, two fit this geographic pattern in AET trends. The differential effects of the warming climate on AET across the region may indicate different mechanisms of change in more‐ vs. less‐energy‐limited watersheds, even though annual precipitation greatly exceeds potential ET across the entire region. Correlations between AET and time series of temperature and precipitation also indicate differences in limiting factors for AET across the Northeastern U.S. climate gradient. At many sites across the climate gradient, water‐year AET correlated with summer precipitation, implying that water limitation is at least transiently important in some years, whereas correlations with temperature indices were more prominent in northern than southern sites within the region.
ASSESSMENT, EVALUATION, AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNICAL TRAINING TO ENHANCE LEARNING BY ADULT LEARNERS

Incumbent and displaced workers with outdated skills may require remedial training to become a fit for new jobs. Workers often have diverse level of background, training, education and experience. Engaging these workers in one classroom bring new challenges for the instructor. A majority of industries require workers to have a background in basic electricity, rotating machinery, logics, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and safety. Purdue University Calumet (now-Northwest) College of Engineering Technology has secured a $2.74 million Department of Labor (DOL) grant for “Assisting Workforce by Advancing Knowledge for Employment” (AWAKE). The purpose of this grant is to train workers with new skills for job opportunities in advanced manufacturing. Course topics are broken into several modules. A module concentrates on a specific subject and is usually taught in 16 to 20 hours of classroom time. Each module is accompanied with several hands-on experiments for the participants to implement the theory and to practically observe the result. Several modules have been developed and delivered to train such workers. In collaboration with several manufacturers, three laboratories for mechanical, power, and industrial programming have been established. Several modules such as mechanical components, basic dc and ac circuits, rotating machinery, transformers, programmable logic controllers and electrical safety have been developed. This paper describes preparing a skilled work force for a fast changing industry along with its assessment, evaluation, and continuous improvement.
Minimalist de Novo Design of Protein Catalysts

The field of protein design has grown enormously in the past few decades. In this review we discuss the minimalist approach to design of artificial enzymes, in which protein sequences are created with the minimum number of elements for folding and function. This method relies on identifying starting points in catalytically inert scaffolds for active site installation. The progress of the field from the original helical assemblies of the 1980s to the more complex structures of the present day is discussed, highlighting the variety of catalytic reactions which have been achieved using these methods. We outline the strengths and weaknesses of the minimalist approaches, describe representative design cases and put it in the general context of the de novo design of proteins.
"Invisible Work" as a Lens for Understanding Humanware's Role in Research Cloud Computing: Evidence from an interview-based study

Researchers in various scientific disciplines are leveraging cloud computing resources to enhance the scale, speed, and portability of research processes and products. Like any other cyberinfrastructure, cloud computing deployment in scientific research requires arrangements of technologies, people, organizations, and institutions to ensure smooth functioning and sustainability. To date, published discussions of cloud computing's promise have often placed technological capabilities and financial benefits front-and-center. These accounts are in line with traditional return-on-investment models for assessing a new technology's viability. The attention to ROI, however, has left assessment of the "invisible" work (and costs) placed on human actors in reaching cloud computing's promise relatively unexplored. In this paper, I report on the findings of 45 interviews with career researchers, research support staff, and student researchers engaged in cloud vendor-enabled research. The purpose of conducting the interviews was to identify commonalities in the labor required to start, maintain, or migrate research processes to the cloud via vendors (e.g., AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud). Two central types of "invisible" labor emerged as themes across the interviews: absorbing the time costs of learning new skills to migrate research to the cloud and managing billing for multiple, decentralized projects. In the discussion, I contextualize these two types of seemingly mundane work in broader debates about the burden new cloud computing technologies might place on scientists and research support staff. I conclude by suggesting that continued documentation and analysis of cloud research-enabling labor is needed to ensure that these invisible costs are understood and, perhaps in the future, shared appropriately among vendors, universities, and researchers.
Where We Fail: Location and Timing of Failure to Rescue in Trauma.

Failure to rescue (FTR) is an outcome metric that reflects a center's ability to prevent mortality after a major complication. Identifying the timing and location of FTR events could help target ef...
StingRayCave: ray-based volume rendering for virtual reality

Volume datasets play a crucial role in our quest for discovery in medicine, geophysics, science and engineering. More specifically, they are being used in applications such as medical diagnosis, surgical planning, sonar systems, non-destructive testing, and seismic interpretation, to name a few. However, understanding the structure of a volumetric dataset can be difficult. Therefore rendering techniques that support 3D and immersive displays are becoming increasingly important because immersive environments allow the user a better chance to explore the dataset than on 2D displays.
Validation and Optimization of qPCR Method for Identification of Actaea racemosa (Black Cohosh) NHPs.

Background Actaea racemosa (black cohosh) herbal dietary supplements are commonly used to treat menopausal symptoms in women. However, there is a considerable risk of contamination of A. racemosa herbal products in the natural health product (NHP) industry, impacting potential efficacy. Authentication of A. racemosa products is challenging because of the standard, multi-part analytical chemistry methods that may be too costly and not appropriate for both raw and finished products. Objective In this paper, we discuss developing and validating quick alternative biotechnology methods to authenticate A. racemosa herbal dietary supplements, based on the use of a species-specific hydrolysis PCR probe assay. Methods A qPCR-based species-specific hydrolysis probe assay was designed, validated, and optimized for precisely identifying the species of interest using the following analytical validation criteria: (1) specificity (accuracy) in determining the target species ingredient, while not identifying other non-target species; (2) sensitivity in detecting the smallest amount of the target material; and (3) reliability (repeatability and reproducibility) in detecting the target species in raw materials on a real-time PCR platform. Results The results show that the species-specific hydrolysis probe assay was successfully developed for the raw materials and powders of A. racemosa. The specificity of the test was 100% to the target species. The efficiency of the assay was observed to be 99%, and the reliability of the assay was 100% for the raw/starting and powder materials. Conclusion The method developed in this study can be used to authenticate and perform qualitative analysis of A. racemosa supplements.
Frequency Separation in Architected Structures using Inverse Methods

A major goal in the design of architected structures for low frequency vibration applications (also called mechanical metamaterials, metastructures, elastic metamaterials, auxetic structures) is the creation of regions in the frequency domain where vibration amplitudes are minimal, regardless of the source of excitation. The idea is to provide vibration suppression in manmade structures. The proposed effort is to examine approaches to produce straightforward methods of designing a given mechanical metamaterial to have a specified gap in the frequency spectrum by adjusting its local mass and stiffness values of the individual cells. Previous work in mechanical metamaterial design has focused on using optimization procedures concerned with global vibration suppression. Here our efforts are focused on frequency separation using two direct approaches by interpreting techniques from the areas of model updating and inverse eigenvalue solutions. Rather than examining the overall suppression of vibration, creating specific bandgaps eliminates the possibility of resonance occurring in a given range of excitation frequencies.
Fast linear response algorithm for differentiating chaos.

We devise the fast linear response algorithm for differentiating fractal invariant measures of chaos with respect to perturbations of governing equations. We first derive the first computable expansion formula for the unstable divergence, then a `fast' formula by renormalized second-order tangent equations. The algorithm's cost is solving only one orbit and $u$, the unstable dimension, many first-order and second-order tangent equations; the main error is the sampling error of the orbit. We demonstrate it on an numerical example which is difficult for previous methods.
Comparative analysis of Dipodomys species indicates that kangaroo rat hindlimb anatomy is adapted for rapid evasive leaping.

Body size is a key factor that influences antipredator behavior. For animals that rely on jumping to escape from predators, there is a theoretical trade-off between jump distance and acceleration as body size changes at both the inter- and intraspecific levels. Assuming geometric similarity, acceleration will decrease with increasing body size due to a smaller increase in muscle cross-sectional area than body mass. Smaller animals will likely have a similar jump distance as larger animals due to their shorter limbs and faster accelerations. Therefore, in order to maintain acceleration in a jump across different body sizes, hind limbs must be disproportionately bigger for larger animals. We explored this prediction using four species of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.), a genus of bipedal rodent with similar morphology across a range of body sizes (40-150 g). Kangaroo rat jump performance was measured by simulating snake strikes to free-ranging individuals. Additionally, morphological measurements of hind limb muscles and segment lengths were obtained from thawed frozen specimens. Overall, jump acceleration was constant across body sizes and jump distance increased with increasing size. Additionally, kangaroo rat hind limb muscle mass and cross-sectional area scaled with positive allometry. Ankle extensor tendon cross-sectional area also scaled with positive allometry. Hind limb segment length scaled isometrically, with the exception of the metatarsals, which scaled with negative allometry. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that kangaroo rat hind limbs are built to maintain jump acceleration rather than jump distance. Selective pressure from single-strike predators, such as snakes and owls, likely drives this relationship.
Midterm Follow-Up of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children From Pakistan

Background: There is very limited data on the follow-up of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We aim to describe the early and up-to 16 months follow-up of MIS-C, with special reference to cardiac involvement. Methods: This cohort non-interventional descriptive study included patients < 18years admitted between May 2020 and April 2021. Based on underlying similarities children were classified as post-COVID MIS-C with overlapping Kawasaki Disease, MISC with no overlapping Kawasaki Disease and MIS-C with shock. Post-discharge, patients were followed at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 16 months. Findings: Forty-one patients predominantly males (73%), at a median age of 7(0.2-16) years fulfilled the World Health Organisation criteria for MIS-C. Cardiac involvement was seen in 15 (36.5%) patients; impaired left ventricle (LV) function in 5 (12.2%), coronary artery involvement in 10 (24.4%), and pericardial effusion in 6 (14.6%) patients. No arrhythmia was noted in any case. There were 2 hospital deaths (4.9%), both in MIS-C shock subgroup (20%). At one-month there was persistent LV dysfunction in 2/5, coronary artery abnormalities in 7/10 and pericardial effusion resolved completely in all patients. By 6-months LV function returned to normal in all but coronary abnormalities persisted in 2 patients. At last follow-up [median 9.8 (interquartile range, 2-16) months], in 36/38 (94.7%) patients, coronary artery dilatation was persistent in 2 (20%) patients. Interpretations: Children with MIS-C have a good early outcome although MIS-C with shock, if diagnosed late, has a high mortality. On midterm follow-up, there is normalisation of LV function in all and recovery of coronary abnormalities in 80% of patients. Longer-term follow-up will define the extended natural history of coronary artery involvement in MIS-C. Funding Information: None. Declaration of Interests: No potential conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The institutional review board of the Children’s Hospital approved the study and an informed consent was taken from the parents.
Real Learning Connections: Questioning the Learner in the LIS Internship

The focus of literature on the role of internship has been on whether and how such activity benefits the student. A model is proposed that examines what happens for both the practitioner supervisor and the LIS educator during an internship experience. Is it possible that all participants learn from the experience and how can that learning be characterized? The results from a three year-long case study are shared.
Harrison, Ross Granville

1870–1959Americanembryologist who devised the method of tissue culture. Keywords: embryology; tissue culture
Saving redundant messages in BnB-ADOPT

We have found that some messages of BnB-ADOPT are redundant. Removing most of those redundant messages we obtain BnB-ADOPT+, which achieves the optimal solution and terminates. In practice, BnB-ADOPT+ causes substantial reductions on communication costs with respect to the original algorithm.
A Prospective Clinical Trial of Telecytopathology for Rapid Interpretation of Specimens Obtained During Endobronchial Ultrasound-Fine Needle Aspiration.

Background Cytopathologic interpretation of endobronchial ultrasound with fine needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA) samples by a pathologist can be time-consuming and costly, and an onsite cytopathologist may not always be readily available. A telecytopathology system was instituted and evaluated to examine the effect on operative time for EBUS. Methods A prospective study was performed of sequential patients undergoing EBUS-FNA for the evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Specimens for the control group were transported to the pathology laboratory, followed by remote cytologic interpretation. In a subsequent cohort, a telecytopathology system was used with intraoperative transmission of real-time live video microscopy to a remote cytopathologist (TCP group). The primary outcome was time to confirmation of cytology results. Results Of 46 patients entered into the study, 23 underwent traditional analysis (control group), and 20 were analyzed using telecytopathology (TCP group). Lung cancer was the most common malignancy in both groups (12 TCP, 12 control). There was no difference in mean number of lymph node stations sampled (1.3 TCP vs 1.8 control, p = 0.76). Use of TCP was associated with fewer needle passes (4.9 vs 7.3, p = 0.02) and fewer slides for interpretation (8.4 vs 13.5, p = 0.01) per procedure. Time to result confirmation was significantly shorter in the TCP group (19.0 vs 46.7 minutes, p p = 0.5). False-negative rates in patients undergoing EBUS-FNA and mediastinoscopy were similar between the two groups (0 in TCP vs 2 in control, p = 0.49). Mean procedural costs (excluding cost of the telecytology system and operating room time) were equivalent between the two groups ($888 TCP vs $887 control). Conclusions Telecytopathology provides rapid interpretation of EBUS-FNA samples with diagnostic accuracy comparable to traditional methods, shortens procedure time, and is a more efficient model for delivery of on-site EBUS-FNA interpretation.
Loevinger, Jane (1918–2008)

Jane Loevinger (1918–2008) made significant contributions to psychometrics, personality theory, and developmental psychology. Trained as a psychometrician, she developed a technique for constructing homogeneous tests, challenged traditional theories of reliability and validity, and proposed that objective tests should be used as instruments of psychological theory rather than mere expressions of “psychotechnology.” She developed a series of measures that eventually led to the construction of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT) of ego development and, more importantly, the development of an empirically constructed scoring manual. Loevinger made major contributions to the study of maturity and character development using her technique of microvalidation to continually refine both the WUSCT scoring manual and the underlying developmental model. Her use of microvalidation represents a rare example of the continual interplay between theory, measurement, and data. Keywords: ego development; homogeneous tests; individual differences; personality; psychometrics; test theory; WUSCT; assessment
The Indian Software Industry and Its Prospects

India's emergence as a major exporter of software services in less than a decade and a half has excited debate about the causes of its success and ignited hopes for similar success in other industries. The subsequent growth of exports of other business services appears to validate the belief of some observers (including myself) that India's software success would have broader benefits for the Indian economy. Despite this, there is a perennial undercurrent of concern about the prospects of the Indian software industry. Wages for software professionals have risen year over year and employee attrition remains a persistent problem. Indian exports continue to be mostly services with a modest technology content and there is little evidence of successful product development. In this paper, I shall briefly describe its growth and evolution. Next, I shall identify the major factors that contributed to its success, and some possible ones that were not important. The prospects of the industry are next and in this context I shall summarize the available evidence on the extent to which India and Indian firms are participating in software innovation. This will lead to an assessment of whether the industry has and can provide higher value added products and services. Finally, I shall comment on the direct and indirect impacts on the Indian economy.