cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operative Treatment of Post-Traumatic Proximal Radioulnar Synostosis*

The results of operative resection of a post-traumatic proximal radioulnar synostosis performed by one surgeon in eighteen limbs of seventeen consecutive patients during an eight-year period were reviewed retrospectively. The resection was performed an average of nineteen months after the injury; eight limbs had the resection less than twelve months after the injury. A free fat graft was used in the first eight patients. No adjuvant non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication or low-dose radiation was used postoperatively as prophylaxis against heterotopic ossification. We classified the proximal radioulnar synostoses into three subgroups: A indicated a synostosis at or distal to the bicipital tuberosity (four limbs), B indicated a synostosis involving the radial head and the proximal radioulnar joint (seven limbs), and C indicated a synostosis that was contiguous with bone extending across the elbow to the distal aspect of the humerus (seven limbs). The patients were followed for an average of thirty-four months (range, twenty-four to sixty months). The synostosis recurred in one patient, the only patient in the series who had sustained a closed head injury at the time of the initial injury. Additional complications included a fracture of the ulna, a broken pin on a hinged elbow distractor, and dislodgment of a free non-vascularized fat graft in one patient each. The seventeen limbs that did not have a recurrence regained an average of 139 degrees of rotation of the forearm. With the number of patients available, we could not detect a significant relationship between subsequent rotation of the forearm and the size of the synostosis, the use of interpositional fat, or the concomitant use of a hinged elbow distractor. The eight limbs that had resection of the synostosis less than twelve months after the injury regained an average of 144 degrees of rotation compared with 134 degrees in the nine limbs that had resection at least twelve months after the injury. This difference could not be shown to be significant. In this series, operative resection of a post-traumatic proximal radioulnar synostosis led to good results despite the lack of adjuvant radiation therapy or anti-inflammatory medication.
Is Two Really Better Than One? Examining the Superiority of Dual Modality Neurophysiological Monitoring During Carotid Endarterectomy: A Meta-Analysis.

Background Periprocedural stroke after carotid endarterectomy increases long-term mortality. Intraoperative monitoring with electroencephalography (EEG) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) helps predict perioperative stroke risk. However, the sensitivity of each technique when used independently still remains low. The aim of this study is to determine whether multimodal monitoring leads to an increase in sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy. Methods Relevant literature was obtained through a search of Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases and data were extracted. Data from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center hospital records for the 2000-2012 period were included. Pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were obtained for single and multimodality neurophysiologic monitoring. A McNemar test was used to evaluate for any statistically significant differences in the sensitivities and false-positive rates. Results The diagnostic odds ratio of dual modality monitoring was found to be 17.4. The specificity of concurrent EEG and SSEP changes in predicting perioperative strokes was calculated to be 96.8% (95% confidence interval 94.1%–98.3%). The sensitivity of combined monitoring with a change in either modality designated as significant was 58.9% (95% confidence interval 41.2%–74.7%). Multimodality monitoring with a change in either EEG or SSEP as the alarm criteria was 1.32 times more sensitive than EEG alone and 1.26 times more sensitive than SSEP alone. Conclusions The odds of having a change in either EEG or SSEP are 17 times more in patients with perioperative strokes. Dual modality monitoring is more sensitive at predicting perioperative deficits than EEG or SSEP used independently.
The Hidden Side of Zero Tolerance Policies: The African American Perspective

Several papers have documented the disproportionate representation of African Americans in school discipline and incarceration settings as a result of zero tolerance policies. In 2009, a federal study of the Chicago Public School system found African American boys represented 23 percent of the school age population, 44 percent of students who were suspended, and 61 percent of students who were expelled within the 2007 school year. Twenty years after the implementation of the Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988, studies show African Americans comprised a startling 74 percent of those incarcerated for drug offenses despite being only 15 percent of America's drug users. Despite overwhelming evidence that suggests African Americans are adversely affected by zero tolerance policies, African American perceptions of zero tolerance policies remain relatively hidden in the literature. The current review seeks to explore a seemingly bidirectional process that involves how zero tolerance impacts African Americans and how African Americans perceive zero tolerance policies.
Online Course Delivery: Issues of Faculty Development

An exciting option for distance education programs is to incorporate the use of computer conferencing. Yet, the adoption of this format has implications for course delivery. Two essential factors need to be taken into consideration: the increased flexibility provided by the format and the opportunity for student-student interaction. Increased flexibility comes from the ability to introduce new material through the conference that complements the contents of the accompanying text and course guide. Opportunity for increased interaction brings the challenge to make this interaction effective and beneficial. As more faculty move to use online delivery, they need assistance so they can make the most of the advantages of this environment. The Center for Distance Learning of SUNY Empire State College has been offering online courses for a number of years and has recently been developing workshops and materials to facilitate faculty development in this area.
Cross-lingual Semantic Relatedness Using Encyclopedic Knowledge

In this paper, we address the task of crosslingual semantic relatedness. We introduce a method that relies on the information extracted from Wikipedia, by exploiting the interlanguage links available between Wikipedia versions in multiple languages. Through experiments performed on several language pairs, we show that the method performs well, with a performance comparable to monolingual measures of relatedness.
Pheochromocytoma: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects

This review provides current understanding of the pathophysiology of pheochromocytoma and the wide range of associated clinical manifestations that have led to earlier recognition of the disease. In addition, it reviews optimal screening methods and localization techniques that have enhanced the clinician's ability to make the diagnosis with greater certainty. This article will also discuss alternative antihypertensive regimens and innovative anesthetic and surgical procedures that have made successful management more promising than ever before. Areas requiring further development include additional clinical experience with the measurement of plasma metanephrines that have been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of sporadic and familial pheochromocytoma, optimizing cost effectiveness of diagnostic imaging, improving the ability to predict and treat malignant pheochromocytoma, and elucidating not only the surgical approach but, perhaps with rapid advances in molecular genetics, ways of preventing familial pheochromocytoma.
The violence of hate: confronting racism, anti‐Semitism, and other forms of bigotry, 3rd ed., by Jack Levin and Jim Nolan

Boston, Allyn & Bacon, 2010, 224 pp., US $39.80 (paperback), ISBN 0‐205‐71084‐0 In the updated version of The Violence of Hate, Jack Levin and Jim Nolan assert that ‘hate is normal, expected, and, ...
Would You Share?: Examining Knowledge Type and Communication Channel for Knowledge Sharing Within and Across the Organizational Boundary

Advances in computer-mediated communication technologies have increased the variety of choices individuals have when sharing knowledge both within and across organizational boundaries. This paper extends prior research by comparing face-to-face and computer-mediated communication channels email, online communities, and knowledge repositories/wikis for different knowledge types computer program and expertise in intra-and inter-organizational knowledge sharing contexts. Using vignettes, this study determines whether individuals adjust their knowledge sharing behaviors based on the different knowledge types, communication channels, and boundary conditions. Results suggest individuals are more likely to share expertise intra-organizationally via face-to-face and share a computer program intra-organizationally via knowledge repositories/wikis. Also, results suggest individuals are more likely to share expertise or a computer program inter-organizationally via face-to-face.
Estimation of extreme slamming pressures using the non-uniform Fourier phase distributions of a design loads generator

Abstract Slamming pressures are predicted using a nonlinear ship motion program whose input is an ensemble of short wave trains tailored to produce a large, linear pitch response. These short wave trains are calculated via a design methodology that first creates short time series containing a specified, large ship response and then back-calculates the incident wave trains using linear systems theory. The background simulations and theory used to create these short time series are presented here. Monte Carlo simulation of moderately rare events of a random process indicate the random Fourier component phase PDFs are non-uniform, non-identically distributed, and dependent on the rarity of the target event. These PDFs are modeled using a single parameter, Modified Gaussian distribution and used to generate design time series with a given expected value at a specific time. To predict rare events without resorting to Monte Carlo simulation, the parameters of the Modified Gaussian distributions are calculated via characteristic function comparison. The characteristic functions compare a target PDF calculated from extreme value theory to a PDF based on a discrete Fourier representation of the stochastic process with non-uniform component phases. The comparison to extreme value theory helps to quantify the risk associated with rare events.
Effect of growth location in the United States on amylose content, amylopectin fine structure, and thermal properties of starches of long grain rice cultivars.

ABSTRACT Starch was isolated from kernels of 27 rice samples consisting of nine U.S. long grain rice cultivars grown in three different locations (Missouri, Arkansas, Texas). Amylose (AM) content of the starches and the fine structure of the respective amylopectin (AP) were determined and used to explain differences observed in gelatinization properties. The AM content of rice cultivars grown at the lower temperature Missouri location increased 0.4–3% and 0.5–4% when compared with the same rices grown in Arkansas and Texas, respectively. AP values of the rice samples were isolated, debranched, and separated by low-pressure size-exclusion chromatography. The eluted AP linear chains were divided into three fractions to represent extra long (FrI), long (FrII), and short chains (FrIII). The corresponding average degree of polymerization (DPn) at the peaks of fractions FrI, FrII, and FrIII were 100, 39, and 16, respectively. Total carbohydrate analysis of the fractions indicated that cultivars grown in Missour...
Role of Colonoscopy and Roentgenology in the Detection of Polypoid Colonic Lesions

Since development of the modern fiberoptic colonoscope, large numbers of patients with suspected or known polypoid colonic lesions are being evaluated by colonoscopy. Some reports suggest that colonoscopy is a much more accurate method for detecting polypoid lesions than roentgen examination (13), whereas other reports present evidence that the roentgen method compares favorably with colonoscopy, especially for lesions a centimeter or larger in size (4--6). Consequently, several important questions await clarification: What is the relative diagnostic yield of the two respective examinations? What significance would differences in diagnostic yield, if present, have in terms of optimal cancer detection and patient management? Which examination should be utilized as the primary screening method for detecting polypoid colonic neoplasms?
The Gravitational S-matrix

We investigate the hypothesized existence of an S matrix for gravity and some of its expected general properties. We first discuss basic questions regarding the existence of such a matrix, including those of infrared divergences and description of asymptotic states. Distinct scattering behavior occurs in the Born, eikonal, and strong gravity regimes, and we describe aspects of both the partial wave and momentum space amplitudes, and their analytic properties, from these regimes. Classically the strong gravity region would be dominated by the formation of black holes, and we assume its unitary quantum dynamics is described by corresponding resonances. Masslessness limits some powerful methods and results that apply to massive theories, though a continuation path implying crossing symmetry plausibly still exists. Physical properties of gravity suggest nonpolynomial amplitudes, although crossing and causality constrain (with modest assumptions) this nonpolynomial behavior, particularly requiring a polynomial bound in complex s at fixed physical momentum transfer. We explore the hypothesis that such behavior corresponds to a nonlocality intrinsic to gravity, but consistent with unitarity, analyticity, crossing, and causality.
Growth of the earthworm Eisenia foetida on microorganisms and cellulose.

Abstract The growth of Eisenia foetida (Savigny) (200–300 mg live weight) was measured on mixtures of inorganic salts, vitamins, and cellulose upon a base of ashed loam or sand. High concentrations of inorganic salts, exceeding an ionic conductivity of about 8mS cm −1 were detrimental, and lower concentrations failed to promote growth. Hatchlings (5 mg live wt) grew to 233 ± 14 mg (SE) on 22 species of bacteria (100 mg dry wt) at 24±1°C, in 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in growth on Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteria. Human pathogens were no less nutritive than non-pathogenic species. There was no growth on 6 of 19 species of fungi. Only 31% weight (70 ± 16 mg) was gained per unit weight of fungi as per unit weight of bacteria (100 mg dry microbial biomass). Worms grew as well (274 ± mg) on three species of protozoa as on 22 bacterial species. Growth on any microorganisms tested was less than on activated sludge. E. foetida doubled in weight on the fungus Coriolus hirsutus with the addition of sand or ashed loam. With either of these two forms of grit and microorganisms there was no growth. For growth, a combination of carbohydrate (cellulose), microorganisms and grit appeared necessary. Lyophilized microorganisms had to be washed free of ionic conductivity (and presumably organic residues) from their culture medium for earthworms to grow favorably.
A neural network model with bounded-weights for pattern classification

A new neural network model is proposed based on the concepts of multi-layer perceptrons, radial basis functions, and support vector machines (SVM). This neural network model is trained using the least squared error as the optimization criterion, with the magnitudes of the weights on the links being limited to a certain range. Like the SVM model, the weight specification problem is formulated as a convex quadratic programming problem. However, unlike the SVM model, it does not require that kernel functions satisfy Mercer's condition, and it can be readily extended to multi-class classification. Some experimental results are reported.
Masked rearrangements in the triethylsilane-boron trifluoride reduction of trans-stilbene oxide to 1,2-diphenylethane

Cyclohexenoxid (I) reagiert mit Triethylsilan in Gegenwart von Bortrifluorid zum Cyclohexan (III).
Climate change already altering Earth, IPCC Says

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has confirmed what many scientists had suspected: anthropogenic climate change is already altering the Earth. Ice is melting, water patterns are changing, and a host of organisms are being affected in a variety of ways. More changes are expected as temperatures rise, and the world's poor will be affected the most. The report from IPCC Working Group II, I “Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability,” is the second of three parts of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (see Eos 88(6) and 88(7), 2007). The full 1572-page report, which will be published in book format in September, was compiled over the last few years by 174 lead authors and 222 contributing authors and included the participation of 1183 experts. A 23-page Summary for Policymakers, which was negotiated by government representatives during a plenary held in Brussels, Belgium, was finalized and released on 6 April (see http://www.ipcc.ch).
The relationships between childhood sexual abuse, social anxiety, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in women

The relationships between childhood sexual abuse, social anxiety, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were examined in a sample of 313 undergraduate women. Thirty-one percent of the women reported some form of sexual abuse in childhood. Women with a history of sexual abuse reported more symptoms of anxiety, distress in social situations, and posttraumatic stress disorder than other women. Women who experienced attempted or actual intercourse reported more avoidance than women with no history of abuse and women with exposure only, and more PTSD symptoms than all other groups of women. Women who experienced fondling reported more PTSD symptoms than women with no history of abuse. Pressure, age of onset of abuse, abuse by a family friend, and abuse by other perpetrators were all significant abuse characteristics in predicting adult social anxiety. Implications of these results for research and interventions are discussed.
Processes Affecting the Fate of Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons in an Aquifer Contaminated by Crude Oil

Crude oil spilled from a subsurface pipeline in north-central Minnesota has dissolved in the groundwater, resulting in the formation of a plume of aliphatic, aromatic, and alicyclic hydrocarbons. C...
Transition from transpiration to film cooling

Abstract Heat transfer characteristics of transpiration cooling devices encompass Stanton numbers and the temperature increase in the transpired wall. These were calculated for ideal transpiration cooling and for transpiration cooling of a permeable or perforated wall with a turbulent boundary layer covering its surface and compared with experimental results for full coverage film cooling.
Phospholipase D (PLD) is Present in Leishmania donovani and its Activity Increases in Response to Acute Osmotic Stress

Abstract We report here that the signaling molecule phospholipase D (PLD) is present in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania donovani. In vitro enzymatic activity is dependent on Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, its basal activity is stimulated by phosphatidyl-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and its pH optima are pH 8.0 and pH 6.0. PLD activity increases 3-fold about 5 min after an abrupt decrease in osmolality from 317 mOsm (isosmotic) to 155 mOsm and increases 1.5-fold in response to an abrupt increase in osmolality to 617 mOsM. Cells grown for > 24 h under the anisosmotic conditions showed only marginal changes in activity compared to the controls grown under isosmotic conditions, indicating an adaptation to long-term exposure to hypo- or hyper-osmolarity. Immunologically, two isoforms, PLD1 and PLD2, are present. An analysis of in vitro PLD activity in anti-PLD immunocomplexes revealed that either hypotonic (cell swelling) or hypertonic stress (cell shrinking) causes an increase in PLD1 activation but a reduction ...
Variable selection for dynamic measures of efficiency in the computer industry

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) measures of efficiency are very sensitive to the choice of variables for two reasons: the number of efficient firms is directly related to the number (n) of variables and the selection of the n variables greatly affects the measure of efficiency. A methodology is proposed which identifies the optimal number of variables, and which identifies the contribution of each variable to the measure of efficiency. The computer industry is used as an example to illustrate the method.
Utility of Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring in Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1-Associated Primary Hyperparathyroidism Undergoing Initial Parathyroidectomy

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IOPTH) is a widely used adjunct for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). However, the benefit of IOPTH in familial pHPT, such as in multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1), remains unclear. We performed a retrospective analysis of 52 patients with MEN1-associated pHPT undergoing initial parathyroidectomy with IOPTH monitoring at our institution. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured before skin incision and 10 min after resection of the last parathyroid gland. Variables analyzed included percent drop of PTH from baseline and the final PTH level compared to the normal reference range (RR). A total of 52 patients underwent initial subtotal parathyroidectomy with IOPTH. An IOPTH decrease cutoff of ≥75 % from baseline had the highest biochemical cure rate (87 %). In the remaining 13 % who met this cutoff, all had persistent pHPT, with ≥90 % drop of PTH from baseline. The remaining patients, who did not meet the ≥75 % cutoff, were cured. Follow-up was available for three of four patients with final IOPTH levels above the RR: one had persistent pHPT, two had hypoparathyroidism (50 %). When a postresection PTH level was within the RR, 88 % of patients were cured. While considered cured from pHPT, 7 % of patients in this group developed permanent hypoparathyroidism. When the final PTH level dropped below the RR, 28 % developed permanent hypoparathyroidism. A cutoff in IOPTH decrease of ≥75 % from baseline has the highest biochemically cure rate in patients with pHPT associated with MEN1. However, a 75 % cutoff in IOPTH decrease does not exclude persistent pHPT. The absolute IOPTH value does not accurately predict postoperative hypoparathyroidism.
A Lesson in Assigning Homework: Therapist, Client, and Task Characteristics in Cognitive Therapy for Depression.

The majority of professional psychologists use homework in clinical practice, at least on occasion. Are there ways of assigning and reviewing homework that contribute to better treatment outcomes? If so, are these strategies being incorporated into clinical practice? To help answer these questions, the authors used data from S. D. Hollon et al.'s (1992) Cognitive-Pharmacotherapy Treatment Project. Trained coders rated aspects of discussions between therapists (delivering cognitive therapy) and clients (N = 24) during the assignment and review of homework. The authors found that better treatment outcome was associated with specific therapist behaviors (i.e., setting concrete goals and discussing barriers to completing the homework), characteristics of the homework task (i.e., using written reminders of the homework), and client involvement in the discussion.
Hymenolepis diminuta: Mitochondrial NADH → NAD Transhydrogenation and the Lipoamide Dehydrogenase System

Abstract The occurrence of NADH → NAD transhydrogenation and lipoamide dehydrogenase activities was demonstrated for cysticercoids of the intestinal cestode,Hymenolepis diminuta. In addition, both activities were catalyzed by the mitochondria of 6-, 10-, and 14-dayH. diminutaand by the mitochondria from immature, mature, and pregravid/gravid regions of the adult cestode. A developmentally related increase in NADH → NAD activity was suggested and the levels of both activities in the immature region of the helminth were consistent with it being a region of high metabolic activity. AdultH. diminutamitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity. The native enzyme was a homodimer with a monomeric and dimeric molecular mass of 47 and 93 kDa, respectively. Spectral analyses revealed that the enzyme contained flavin. More importantly, the purified enzyme catalyzed appreciable NADH → NAD transhydrogenation activity, a premier finding for the phylum Platyhelminthes. The ratio of NADH → NAD transhydrogenation to lipoamide reduction was 1:5. Both activities were inhibited by Cu2+and Cd2+with the NADH → NAD activity being more resistant to inhibition. Interestingly, aside from NADH diaphorase activity, the cestode enzyme displayed NADH-ferricyanide reductase and, to a lesser degree, NADPH → NAD transhydrogenation activities. The partial amino acid sequence ofH. diminutalipoamide dehydrogenase indicated that this enzyme was most similar to the corresponding enzymes of other parasitic helminths. Moreover, the phenylalanine for leucine substitution found in the redox-active disulfide site of the lipoamide dehydrogenases of some anaerobic systems was noted for theH. diminutaenzyme.
The relationship of marital status, spouse’s career status, and gender to salary level

The relationship of marital status, spouse’s career status, and gender to salary was examined from five different theoretical perspectives for a sample of managers and professionals in one large organization. Results showed that married individuals whose spouses did not have careers earned more than anyone except those who were divorced, controlling for age, education, type of position, job location, organizational tenure, and job tenure. Results also showed that individuals who had never been married earned the least, women earned less than men, and men with children at home earned more than men with no children at home. These findings are discussed in terms of the different theoretical perspectives, within a changing social content.
Substrate effects onto complex modes and optical properties of 2D arrays of linear trimers of plasmonic nanospheres

We first introduce the formulation of 2D periodic dyadic Green's function to account for all the field contributions required to thoroughly describe the physics of a 2D array of nanospheres on top of a multilayered substrate. Then, we analyze substrate effects onto complex modes and optical properties of 2D arrays of linear trimers of plasmonic nanospheres and show that Fano resonant features appear for oblique TM-polarized plane wave incidence illumination. These features are attributed to the forced excitation of free modes supported by the array, here computed via modal analysis. We observe strengthened Fano features due to the presence of the multilayered substrate.
Formation of aflatoxin in cheddar cheese by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus.

Abstract Three-month-old Cheddar cheeses were inoculated on one freshly cut surface with spore suspensions of Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus (toxigenic strains) and incubated at room temperature. Cheeses were sampled after 10 and 52 days of incubation and samples were examined by thin-layer chromatographic procedures for their content of aflatoxins B 1 and G 1 . When A. flavus served as the test organism, the mold mycelium, top 0.64-cm layer of cheese, and second 0.64-cm layer of cheese contained 49,600, 2,900, and 4.8 μ g toxin B 1 per kg, respectively, and 49,600, 14,400, and 9.6 μ g toxin G 1 per kg. After 52 days of incubation the contents of B 1 and G 1 toxins in samples (same sequence as above) were 7,700, 1,960, and 120 μ g/kg. A. parasiticus , after 10 days of incubation, produced 9,780, 2,930, and μ g toxin B 1 and 48,900, 7,340, and 9.6 μ g toxin G 1 per kg of sample in the sequence listed above. Forty-two days later, the content of B 1 and G 1 toxins, each, in a similar series of samples was 35,000, 15,600, and 312 μ g per kg. No aflatoxin was detected in cheese more than 1.3cm from the surface.
OLS is AOK for ACE: A Regression-Based Approach to Synthesizing Political Science and Behavioral Genetics Models

There is a growing interest in empirically exploring the biological underpinnings of political attitudes and behavior. Heritability studies are a primary vehicle for conducting such investigations and data sets rich in political phenotypes are becoming broadly accessible. A bottleneck exists, however, in exploiting these opportunities because they involve a statistical re-tooling for political scientists and require a conceptual shift that has substantial implications for the field’s traditional theoretical models. Methodologically, most twin studies rely on structural equation models unfamiliar to political scientists. We show this methodological bottleneck is easily navigable; it is the lesser discussed shift in theoretical assumptions poses the larger problem to integrating biological elements into the study of political attitudes and behavior. To address these issues we provide a detailed introduction to a regression-based method for analyzing genetic influence on political attitudes and behaviors that will be methodologically intuitive to political scientists with even minimum quantitative training. In doing so, we provide a platform for bridging important conceptual divides between political science and behavioral genetics.
Free-solution isoelectric focusing for the purification of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C1.

Abstract A free-solution isoelectric focusing protocol was developed for the preparative purification of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C 1 (SEC 1 ). A toxin consisting of a single isoelectric species, pi 8.8, was purified. Thirty-nine milligrams of SEC, was recovered from 3 liters of culture supernatant. This significantly improved purification scheme utilized ammonium sulfate precipitation and the Bio-Rad Rotofor isoelectric cell to complete isolation in 2 days, thereby avoiding the protein degradation prevalent when published procedures are used. The purification protocol developed here for SEC 1 is used to illustrate the utility of Rotofor fractionation in the general purification of bacterial exotoxins.
Controllable Transport of Particulate Materials for In-situ Characterization

A non-mechanical technique is presented for transporting micron-sized lunar or Martian soil simulant particles in a controllable manner to an instrument for subsequent analysis. The particles move across a surface in response to multi-phase, high-voltage waveforms that are applied to sets of line-electrodes of constant spacing, which are embedded under an insulating surface. The direction of particle motion is found to be perpendicular to the electrode axis. As a simple demonstration of the technique, results of net charge measurements are presented for particles in the lunar soil simulant JSC-1a (<25 mum), and the Martian soil simulant JSC Mars-1 (20-25 mum) that were transported into a Faraday cup under ambient conditions. The results are presented using three-phase Moesner-Higuchi waveforms and for several line-electrode spacings. The results indicate that the technique is a potentially viable, non-mechanical method of collecting and transporting regolith particles for in-situ characterization during robotic planetary missions.
Spatially resolved temperature diagnostic for the chemical oxygen-iodine laser based on a variant of saturation spectroscopy

The Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL) depends upon a supersonic mixing nozzle to produce optical gain on the 2P1/2 - 2P3/2 atomic iodine transition at l equals 1.315 mm. The translational temperature in the gain generator is particularly important, as the yield of singlet oxygen required to reach lasing threshold decreases from 17 percent at room temperature to 6 percent at T equals 150K. We have demonstrated an optical technique for measuring the gas temperature in the COIL supersonic expansion region with a spatial resolution of less than 12 mm3 using a novel variant of saturated laser spectroscopy. The sub-Doppler hyperfine spectrum of the visible I 2 (Chi) 1 (Sigma) g + yields B 3 (Pi) (O u + ) transition exhibits 15 or 21 transitions and has been recorded using laser saturation spectroscopy with a resolution of about 10 MHz. Pressure broadening of the hyperfine components and cross-relaxation effects have been studied and depend significantly on rotational level. By altering the saturation spectroscopy apparatus so that the pump and probe beams are nearly co-propagating, a Doppler profile, limited to the iodine sample in the volume of the overlapped beams, is obtained. Temperature, as derived from the Doppler profile, is spatially resolved and used to examine the flow from a small supersonic nozzle assembly.
Epilepsy surgery in children

The practice of operating on children with chronic epilepsy is rapidly gaining acceptance as an important therapeutic modality. This review summarizes some of the recent advances in pediatric epilepsy surgery in relation to the natural history of chronic childhood seizures, surgical treatment, and o
Purification of alkaline phosphatase from extracellular vesicles of fracture callus cartilage.

Extracellular matrix vesicles from fracture callus cartilage were isolated by differential centrifugation and resolved by equilibrium centrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient into two bands. The phosphohydrolytic activity towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate and adenosine triphosphate was distributed similarly after differential and equilibrium centrifugation suggesting the association of this activity with the matrix vesicles. The two bands isolated by equilibrium centrifugation of the partially purified vesicular preparation demonstrated high levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. Observed with an electron microscope, the 1.07–1.14 g/cm3 band from the gradient was enriched in electron luscent matrix vesicles while the 1.27 g/cm3 band contained electron dense matrix vesicles. Enzymatic analysis of the 1.27 g/cm3 band indicated a slight contamination due to the presence of mitochondria and lysosomes while the 1.07–1.14 g/cm3 band gave no enzymatic indication of subcellular contamination. A phosphohydrolytic enzyme active towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate and adenosine triphosphate was purified from the 1.07–1.14 g/cm3 fraction by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Electron micrographs of callus cartilage sections demonstrated densification of the plasma membrane and matrix vesicles following substrate incubation withβ-glycerophosphate or tetrasodium pyrophosphate. The histochemical and biochemical data indicate that a phosphatase, with multiple substrate specificity, is a component of fracture callus cartilage matrix vesicles.
Virtual models of indoor-air-quality sensors

Abstract A data-driven approach for modeling indoor-air-quality (IAQ) sensors used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is presented. The IAQ sensors considered in the paper measure three basic parameters, temperature, CO 2 , and relative humidity. Three models predicting values of IAQ parameters are built with various data mining algorithms. Four data mining algorithms have been tested on the HVAC data set collected at an office-type facility. The computational results produced by models built with different data mining algorithms are discussed. The neural network (NN) with multi-layer perceptron (MLP) algorithms produced the best results for all three IAQ sensors among all algorithms tested. The models built with data mining algorithms can serve as virtual IAQ sensors in buildings and be used for on-line monitoring and calibration of the IAQ sensors. The approach presented in this paper can be applied to HVAC systems in buildings beyond the type considered in this paper.
Adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate binds only to the inner surface of human erythrocyte membranes

Abstract The binding of adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to each surface of the isolated human erythrocyte membrane was measured. Unsealed ghosts, in which both membrane faces are accessible, and sealed inside-out vesicles, which expose only the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, both bound approximately 6,000 cyclic AMP molecules per cell membrane equivalent with a dissociation constant, K ⋍ 2.5 × 10−9. The binding of this nucleotide by preparations rich in sealed ghosts and right-side-out vesicles, which sequester the inner surface, was limited and could be correlated precisely with small amounts of exposed cytoplasmic surface. We conclude that these binding sites for cyclic AMP are confined to the cytoplasmic side of the erythrocyte membrane.
The context distinction: controversies over feminist philosophy of science

The “context of discovery” and “context of justification” distinction has been used by Noretta Koertge and Lynn Hankinson Nelson in debates over the legitimacy of feminist approaches to philosophy of science. Koertge uses the context distinction to focus the conversation by barring certain approaches. I contend this focus masks points of true disagreement about the nature of justification. Nonetheless, Koertge raises important questions that have been too quickly set aside by some. I conclude that the context distinction should not be used to block feminist philosophy of science because the use of the context distinction is deeply ambiguous, masking underlying debates about naturalism and the nature of justification.
Prenatal and postnatal fluoride and dental caries experience in deciduous teeth

Results of the study reported here indicate that prenatal ingestion of fluoridated water has no significant effect in reducing dental caries in deciduous teeth. Further evidence indicates a difference in the response of deciduous and permanent teeth to fluoride.
Four Characteristics and a Model of an Effective Tear Film Lipid Layer (TFLL)

It is proposed that a normal, effective tear film lipid layer (TFLL) should have the following four characteristics: 1) high evaporation resistance to prevent water loss and consequent hyperosmolarity; 2) respreadability, so it will return to its original state after the compression-expansion cycle of the blink; 3) fluidity sufficient to avoid blocking secretion from meibomian glands; 4) gel-like and incompressible structure that can resist forces that may tend to disrupt it. These characteristics tend to be incompatible; for example, lipids that form good evaporation barriers tend to be disrupted by compression-expansion cycles. It is noted that clues about the function and organization of the TFLL can be obtained by comparison with other biological lipid layers, such as lung surfactant and the lipid evaporation barrier of the skin. In an attempt to satisfy the conflicting characteristics, a "multilamellar sandwich model" of the TFLL is proposed, having features in common with the skin evaporation barrier.
Ability of MBP or RBP signal peptides to influence folding and in vitro translocation of wild-type and hybrid precursors

Maltose-binding protein (MBP), whose export in E. coli is dependent upon the chaperone SecB, and ribose-binding protein (RBP), whose export is SecB-independent, have been used to generate hybrid secretory proteins. Here, in vitro techniques were used to analyze MBP, RBP, RBP-MBP (RBP signal and MBP mature), and MBP-RBP (MBP signal and RBP mature). In protease-protection experiments, RBP folded considerably faster than MBP, RBP-MBP, or MBP-RBP. Only the folding properties of proteins containing the MBP mature moiety were influenced by SecB. In post-translational translocation assays, MBP exhibited the highest translocation efficiency. The hybrids RBP-MBP and MBP-RBP showed intermediate levels, and RBP translocation was not detected in these assays. These experiments demonstrate the influence of the signal peptide in determining folding properties and translocation efficiency of precursor secretory proteins.
Causal pathways between impulsiveness, cocaine use consequences, and depression

Aims The present study examined whether lifetime cocaine use consequences mediate the relationship between trait impulsiveness and current depression symptoms among regular cocaine users.
The discovery of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (the harden-young ester) in the molecularization of fermentation and of bioenergetics

Early in the twentieth centuryHarden andYoung extended the work ofBuchner on cell-free alcoholic fermentation by the observation that salts of orthophosphoric acid stimulate that fermentation.Wroblewski had made a similar observation beforeHarden andYoung. By concerning themselves with the intermediate fate of phosphate rather than with the “buffering” capacity of phosphate as hadWroblewski to explain the stimulation,Harden andYoung were led to the discovery of a sugar diphosphate in the system. That compound, which became known as theHarden-Young ester and which later was shown to be fructose-1,6-diphosphate, was the first chemical intermediate discovered in fermentation. Its discovery let to the ultimate description of fermentation in terms of molecular intermediates, i.e., to the “molecularization” of fermentation.
Cell adhesion molecules in the early developing mouse retina: Retinal neurons show preferential outgrowth in vitro on L1 but not N-CAM

Both L1 and N-CAM are present on optic axons early in the developing mouse retina and optic nerve. In in vitro assays on substrates of purified cell adhesion molecules cells derived from E13 mouse retinae showed vigorous neurite extension on L1 but not on N-CAM. Although retinal neurons on N-CAM showed only limited attachment to the substrate, they were able to form lamellipodia immediately around the cell perimeter. In contrast, similarly derived cortical cells showed extensive neurite outgrowth on both substrates. Under these culture conditions, nearly all of the L1 and N-CAM present in the cell membrane appeared to be sequestered on the lower surface of the growth cones and neurites, indicating that most of these cell adhesion molecules were involved in homophilic interactions. Our results suggest differential roles for L1 and N-CAM in intitiation and establishment of the optic pathway. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SU-GG-T-366: Hyperthermia Treatment for a Patient with Two Shank Sarcomas Treated by a Fast Pre-Treatment Optimization Method

Purpose:Cancerous cells are infiltrative and can invade neighborhood and/or distant body. While hyperthermia shows promising synergistic effects being used with radiation and/or chemotherapy, current microwave/radiofrequency power focusing techniques only focus one target at a time. Therefore, patients with multi‐sarcoma need to perform multi‐treatment in different days since a hyperthermia treatment requires maintaining tumor temperature >= 43°C for 60 minutes. Thus we investigate the feasibility of determining an optimal antenna setting that simultaneously elevates temperatures at two near‐by shank sarcomas so that patient comfort is enhanced and treatment times and costs are reduced. Method and Materials: A patient with two sarcomas was chosen to numerically validate our approach. Patient shank was surrounded by a 10‐antenna mini‐annual‐phased‐array (MAPA) operating at 138 MHz. A water bolus was placed between patient and MAPA to provide electric coupling and thermal cooling. A set of antenna settings were determined with a goal of maximizing averaged tumor temperature and were determined from the patient. The first few best antenna settings were chosen as virtual source (VS) basis vectors to span the reduced subspace. Magnitudes and phases of all 10 antennas were projected into this reduced subspace and then a set of temperature response functions for tumor and normal tissues were determined in this subspace. Numerical optimization was conducted to determine the optimal antenna setting that simultaneously elevates tumor temperatures and maintains safe normal tissue temperatures. Results: Results showed that we can use the 10‐antenna MAPA to simultaneously heat two sarcomas, and leave normal tissue undamaged. Furthermore, by comparing optimized temperatures when all 10 antennas were activated with that when only 4 VSs were used, we found these optimized temperatures are very comparable. Conclusion: Therefore, we presented an algorithm that allows physicians to treat patients with multi‐sarcoma and it also improves treatment planning efficiently.
Tall Fescue Performance Influenced by Irrigation Scheduling, Cultivar, and Mowing Height

Prudent water management on turfgrass is an important issue. There is a need to define best management practices (BMPs), including optimal irrigation frequency for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) when irrigated at a level that would be less than a typical industry practice of ET crop /irrigation uniformity, where ET crop = crop evapotranspiration = reference evapotranspiration (ET o ) × crop coefficient (K c ). A 2-yr field study was conducted in Riverside, CA, to determine if the visual quality of tall fescue could be improved during the warm season by altering irrigation frequency (two, three, or four irrigation events per week), cultivar selection (a dwarf cultivar, 'Short-stop' or a turf-type cultivar, 'Jaguar III'), and mowing height (3.8 or 6.4 cm) when irrigated at 80% ET crop /irrigation uniformity. Volumetric soil water content at the 30-, 61-, and 91-cm depths was also measured on each Jaguar III sub-subplot. During the first year, visual quality was significantly higher for Jaguar III and the lower mowing height. During the second year, overall visual turfgrass quality was significantly highest for plots irrigated twice per week. Visual turfgrass quality was significantly correlated with soil water content. In summary, data from this study support recommendations for deeper, less frequent irrigation of established tall fescue grown on sandy loam soils in southern California interior valleys with an irrigation budget of 80% ET crop /irrigation uniformity.
Modulation of methylene carbon response intensity in long-range heteronuclear 2D NMR chemical shift correlation spectra

Several recent papers have dealt with the modulation of protonated carbon response intensities in long-range heteronuclear 2D NMR chemical shift correlation spectra. Expressions describing the one-bond modulation of the response intensity of the C-3 methylene resonance of 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, and the decoupling of this modulation afforded by a BIRD pulse located midway through the Δ2 refocusing delay, are presented with experimental confirmation. Long-range response intensities are related to the conventional heteronuclear chemical shift correlation spectrum optimized for transfer from the directly attached proton.
CORRELATION OF PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES AT INFINITE DILUTION OF SALTS IN WATER

Salt partial molar volumes at infinite dilution show the unusual behavior of increasing with pressure while at higher temperatures becoming large and negative, reaching negative infinity at the critical point of water. A simplified method for estimating the infinite dilution partial molar volumes for fully ionized aqueous salts up to 350°C and all pressures has been developed using generalized expressions based on fluctuation solution theory. Tabulations of parameters are given for several salts made from 10 different cations and 9 different anions that can be used to predict V∞ s for many solutions of practical interest.