cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation Strategies after Spinal Cord Injury: Inquiry into the Mechanisms of Success and Failure.

Abstract Body-weight supported locomotor training (BWST) promotes recovery of load-bearing stepping in lower mammals, but its efficacy in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) is limited and highly dependent on injury severity. While animal models with complete spinal transections recover stepping with step-training, motor complete SCI individuals do not, despite similarly intensive training. In this review, we examine the significant differences between humans and animal models that may explain this discrepancy in the results obtained with BWST. We also summarize the known effects of SCI and locomotor training on the muscular, motoneuronal, interneuronal, and supraspinal systems in human and non-human models of SCI and address the potential causes for failure to translate to the clinic. The evidence points to a deficiency in neuronal activation as the mechanism of failure, rather than muscular insufficiency. While motoneuronal and interneuronal systems cannot be directly probed in humans, the chang...
An Unusual Nayadina (Bivalvia: Malleidae) from the Eocene of South Carolina

Nayadina (Exputens) is a North American, Eocene, warm-water, malleid bivalve with Old World Tethyan affinities. Three species are known, and the one with the most widespread distribution is N. (E.) batequensis Squires, 1990, from northwestern Jamaica, the southern part of Baja California, Mexico, and western Washington. In Jamaica, the age of this species is only generally known as Early to Middle Eocene, but elsewhere its age is considered Early Eocene (Squires, 1990, 1992; Squires and Goedert, in press). The second species is the Early to Middle Eocene N. (E.) llajasensis (Clark, 1934) from southern and central California, central Oregon, and western Washington (Squires, 1990, 1992). The third species is the Middle to Late Eocene N. (E.) ocalensis (MacNeil, 1934) from Florida, Georgia , and North Carolina (Squires, 1990). Specimens of Nayadina (Exputens) sp., recently discovered in South Carolina by D. Campbell (this volume), may also represent N. (E. ) ocalensis.
Stereospecific Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of Pyroglutamic Acid Derivatives at the C3 Position Enabled by 8-Aminoquinoline as a Directing Group.

An efficient and stereospecific Pd-catalyzed protocol for the C–H arylation of pyroglutamic acid derivatives that uses 8-aminoquinoline as a directing group is described. The reaction was shown to proceed efficiently with a variety of aryl and heteroaryl iodides bearing different functional groups, giving C3-arylated cis products in good to high yields. Removal of the 8-aminoquinoline unit from these C–H arylation products enables access to synthetically useful cis and trans pyroglutamic acid-based building blocks.
CROWDING AND LIGHT LIMITATION AFFECT PHYTOPLANKTON COMPETITION FOR NITROGEN

We consider a chemostat model of phytoplankton competing for nitrogen taking into account effects of both intra- and interspecific crowding and the light limitation. We consider crowding as an additive density-dependent mortality rate. Crowding effects may be classified into intra- and interspecific crowding depending on whether the additional mortality is caused by the same or alternate species. We analyze the existence and local and global stability of single species and coexistence equilibria using the linearization and stability method of Lyapunov. We present a numerical example illustrating the fact that the crowding effects may lead to the bistable coexistence of two phytoplankton species. We demonstrate that the crowding effects and the light limitation affect the outcome of exploitative competition for a single resource and promote coexistence. We also show that while the crowding has a stabilizing effect on phytoplankton community, the light limitation may destabilize the system and produce susta...
Development of Carbon Fiber-modified Electrically Conductive Concrete for Implementation in Des Moines International Airport

Abstract This paper reports on the procedures of mix design preparation, production, placement, and performance evaluation of the first electrically conductive concrete (ECON) heated-pavement system (HPS) implemented at a U.S. airport. While ECON has drawn considerable attention as a paving material for multi-functional pavements, including HPS, the majority of ECON HPS applications and studies have been limited to laboratory scale or include materials/methods that do not conform to regulations enforced by airfield construction practices. Carbon fiber-reinforced ECON provides a promising prospective for application in airfield pavements. In this study, ECON mixtures were prepared in the laboratory using varying cementitious materials, aggregate systems, water-to-cementitious ratios, carbon fiber dosages, and admixtures. The results of tests on laboratory-prepared mixes were utilized to find the most suitable ECON mix design for application in an HPS test section at the Des Moines International Airport. The properties of the ECON produced at the concrete plant were measured and compared with equivalent laboratory-prepared samples. The final mix design exhibited electrical resistivity of 115 Ω-cm in the laboratory and 992 Ω-cm in the field, while completely meeting strength and workability requirements. Despite the higher ECON resistivity obtained in large-scale production, the fabricated HPS exhibited desirable performance with respect to deicing and anti-icing operations. The test section was able to generate a 300–350 W/m2 power density and to effectively melt ice/snow with this level of energy.
IDENTIFYING GAPS IN CARE OF DIABETIC PATIENTS: A LOOK AT STATINS

ACC/AHA Guidelines recommend statin therapy for diabetics 40-75 years old, with LDL of 70-189. Statin intensity is guided by the 10 year ASCVD score and presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite the benefit of statins, disparities exist with a marked underutilization/dosing of statins in
Building Critical Thinking One Article at a Time

(2007). Building Critical Thinking One Article at a Time. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 29-34.
Imagery in Science Learning in Students and Experts

In this chapter we review three studies done at the University of Massachusetts which have implications for the role of visualizations in learning. We then identify common themes in these studies and their implications for instructional design. We describe two studies of model-based and imagerybased strategies for teaching conceptual understanding in science. To investigate these issues we have conducted learning studies where students are asked to think aloud while learning from innovative science lessons. The goal of these studies is to describe learning processes and teaching strategies that lead to the construction of visualizable models in science. A third study examines similar processes in scientists thinking aloud about an explanation problem. The studies develop observable indicators for the presence of imagery and use them to support a theory of how imagery is being used. A common theme across the studies is that dynamic imagery from one context could be transferred to a new model being constructed for a new context. In some cases new models can be grounded on runnable prior knowledge schemas (e.g. physical intuitions) that can generate dynamic imagery. We suspect that developing students’ runnable mental models in this way provides a deeper level of conceptual understanding. Describing expert novice similarities in terms of hidden nonformal reasoning processes and the use of intuitive knowledge structures allows us to build a map of the conceptual terrain in students that should have important implications for instructional design.
Cochlear and Non-cochlear Age-Related Hearing Loss and Tinnitus

1. Age-related changes are some of the most common causes of disorders of sensory systems. 2. The most common age-related change in hearing is elevation of the hearing threshold beginning at the highest audible frequencies, progressing toward lower frequencies while deepening. 3. Age-related changes in hearing are often, but not always, accompanied by tinnitus. 4. Age-related changes in hearing function may be caused by: (a) Degeneration of sensory receptor cells, in the cochlea (b) Change in the conduction velocity of sensory nerve fibers (c) Change in the access to neural transmitters, such as gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), and subsequent increases in GABA receptor sites 5. Change in processing of information may also occur, causing deterioration of speech comprehension. 6. Animal studies have shown that the progression of age-related changes in hearing might be affected (slowed down) by exposure to sound (“enhanced sound environment”) indicating expression of neural plasticity plays a role in some age-related changes of sensory functions. 7. The large individual variability in age-related changes in hearing has many causes, such as exposure to loud sounds, environmental factors, genetics, different expression of genes (epigenetics), and unknown factors.
In service of the western World: Global citizenship education within a Ghanaian elite context

This article employs postcolonial perspectives to examine the possibilities and limitations of drawing on Pan-African ideas to establish practices and meanings for global citizenship education at a...
Are Incoming Pediatric Interns Ready to Obtain the Essential Components of an Informed Consent for Lumbar Puncture

Abstract Objective In 2013, the Association of American Medical Colleges created the “Core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for Entering Residency” to more clearly define the set of activities that entering residents should be able to perform on day 1 of residency without direct supervision. EPA #11 is obtaining informed consent for tests and/or procedures. This EPA acknowledges that an entrustable learner should be able to document a complete consent among other components. The aim of this study is to explore whether incoming pediatric interns demonstrated the behaviors of an “entrustable learner” in the domain of documenting informed consent for a common pediatric procedure. Methods All incoming interns in our program (2007–2017) completed a 6-station Objective Structured Clinical Examination during residency orientation. One of the scenarios involves obtaining parental consent for a lumbar puncture (LP). The researchers determined and agreed what components would be important for a complete and accurately documented consent. A retrospective review of the resident's written informed consents occurred looking for accuracy of documented components. Results Of the 258 consents reviewed, 8 were complete and accurate. Incoming interns appear to be skilled when completing the basics of the informed consent form such as documenting names, obtaining signatures, and correctly identifying the procedure. However, detailing all the risks of the LP were areas for which they did not demonstrate proficiency. Conclusions Documenting informed consent is not adequately demonstrated by our learners prior to the beginning of internship. We would recommend specific training before entrusting pediatric interns to obtain LP consent independently.
High Hole Mobility and Nonsaturating Giant Magnetoresistance in the New 2D Metal NaCu 4 Se 4 Synthesized by a Unique Pathway

The new compound NaCu4Se4 forms by the reaction of CuO and Cu in a molten sodium polyselenide flux, with the existence of CuO being unexpectedly critical to its synthesis. It adopts a layered hexagonal structure (space group P63/ mmc with cell parameters a = 3.9931(6) A and c = 25.167(5) A), consisting of infinite two-dimensional [Cu4Se4]- slabs separated by Na+ cations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that NaCu4Se4 is mixed-valent with the formula (Na+)(Cu+)4(Se2-)(Se-)(Se2)2-. NaCu4Se4 is a p-type metal with a carrier density of ∼1021 cm-3 and a high hole mobility of ∼808 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 2 K based on electronic transport measurements. First-principles calculations suggest the density of states around the Fermi level are composed of Cu-d and Se-p orbitals. At 2 K, a very large transverse magnetoresistance of ∼1400% was observed, with a nonsaturating, linear dependence on field up to 9 T. Our results indicate that the use of metal oxide chemical precursors can open reaction paths to new low-dimensional compounds.
Fuzzy systems

In this paper we consider systems whose performance depends on probability distributions and some of the parameters in these probability distributions are to be estimated from data. We argue that all such systems become fuzzy systems whose performance will depend on fuzzy probability distributions and whose measures of performance can be described by fuzzy numbers. Many crisp systems will become fuzzy systems under this procedure.
Pollution, Cancer Risk, and Vulnerable Populations

More than half of cancer patients worldwide reside in low-resource countries, and a greater proportion of these patients die compared to those in developed countries. Vulnerability is the result of limited access to resources relative to health status. In addition to an increased risk of cancer and poorer survival among economically vulnerable populations, many environmental toxicants also disproportionately affect these communities (e.g., air pollution, lead, pesticides). In this chapter we will highlight the impact of pollution on the economically vulnerable as a potentially preventable cause of cancer and present two focus studies on populations in Ecuador and Rwanda.
Assessing the Application of Knowledge in Athletic Training: Extended-Matching Questions.

Context The accuracy of summative assessment scoring and discriminating the level of knowledge in subject matter is critical in fairness to learners in health care professional programs and to ensu...
ALS-Linked Mutations Affect UBQLN2 Oligomerization and Phase Separation in a Position- and Amino Acid-Dependent Manner.

Summary Proteasomal shuttle factor UBQLN2 is recruited to stress granules and undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into protein-containing droplets. Mutations to UBQLN2 have recently been shown to cause dominant X-linked inheritance of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and ALS/dementia. Interestingly, most of these UBQLN2 mutations reside in its proline-rich (Pxx) region, an important modulator of LLPS. Here, we demonstrated that ALS-linked Pxx mutations differentially affect UBQLN2 LLPS, depending on both amino acid substitution and sequence position. Using size-exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation, microscopy, and NMR spectroscopy, we determined that those Pxx mutants that enhanced UBQLN2 oligomerization decreased saturation concentrations needed for LLPS and promoted solid-like and viscoelastic morphological changes to UBQLN2 liquid assemblies. Ubiquitin disassembled all LLPS-induced mutant UBQLN2 aggregates. We postulate that the changes in physical properties caused by ALS-linked Pxx mutations modify UBQLN2 behavior in vivo, possibly contributing to aberrant stress granule morphology and dynamics, leading to formation of inclusions, pathological characteristics of ALS.
Do women with prior obstetrical anal sphincter injury regret having a subsequent vaginal delivery

Most women choose to have another vaginal delivery following one complicated by an obstetrical anal sphincter injury (OASIS). However, little is known about patient satisfaction or regret with this decision. Therefore, our objective was to assess decisional regret with subsequent route of delivery following one affected by an OASIS. A survey study was conducted among women seen in a specialty postpartum perineal clinic at a tertiary teaching hospital following a vaginal delivery with an OASIS between March 2012 and December 2016 who also had a subsequent delivery during that time period. Women were mailed a 13-item questionnaire between June and October 2017 that addressed pelvic floor symptoms and regret with their decision regarding mode of subsequent delivery. Regret was assessed with a modified Decision Regret Scale. Bivariate analyses were used to compare women with no, mild, or moderate/severe regret. Among 115 eligible women, 50 completed the survey. The majority (82%, n = 41) had a subsequent vaginal delivery and 18% (n = 9) had a subsequent cesarean delivery. Over one-third (34.9%, n = 15) reported the counseling they received after the OASIS influenced their decision regarding route of subsequent delivery. Fifty-four percent (n = 27) had no regret regarding their decision about subsequent delivery route, while 18 (36%) had mild, and five (10%) had moderate/severe regret. Regret was associated with older age (none: 36.8 ± 3.6 vs mild: 37.3 ± 3.4 vs moderate/severe: 41.7 ± 3.8 years, p = .03) and prevalence of fecal incontinence after delivery with OASIS (none: 15% vs mild: 17% vs moderate/severe: 80%, p = .01). Most women with an OASIS and a subsequent pregnancy will choose a repeat vaginal delivery, and over half have no regret about this decision. Older age and fecal incontinence following the incident delivery with OASIS were associated with regret regarding subsequent delivery mode.
Adolescent exposure to fluoxetine impairs serial pattern learning in the serial multiple choice (SMC) task in adult rats.

Abstract The effects of chronic adolescent fluoxetine (FLX, Prozac®) exposure on adult cognition are largely unknown. We used a serial multiple choice (SMC) task to characterize the effects of adolescent FLX exposure on rat serial pattern learning in adulthood. Male rats were exposed to either 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg/day FLX for five consecutive days each week for five weeks during adolescence, followed by a 35-day drug-free period. As adults, the rats were trained in a task that required them to learn a highly structured sequential pattern of responses in an octagonal chamber for water reinforcement. In a transfer phase, the terminal element of the pattern was replaced by a violation element that was inconsistent with previously learned pattern structure. Results indicated that adolescent FLX exposure caused differential learning deficits for different types of elements in the serial pattern. Adolescent exposure to 1.0 or 4.0 mg/kg/day FLX, but not 2.0 mg/kg/day FLX, impaired chunk-boundary element learning, which is known to be mediated by stimulus-response (S-R) learning. All three doses of FLX impaired violation element learning, which is known to be mediated by multiple-cue learning. FLX did not impair within-chunk element learning, which is known to be mediated by rule-learning mechanisms. The results indicate that adolescent FLX exposure produced multiple cognitive impairments that were detectable in adulthood long after drug exposure ended.
Fanconi Anemia Mouse Genotype-specific Mitigation of Total Body Irradiation by GS-Nitroxide JP4-039.

Background/aim Radiation mitigator, GS-nitroxide, JP4-039, was evaluated for mitigation of total body irradiation (TBI) in Fanconi anemia (FA) Fancd2-/- (129/Sv), Fancg-/- (B6), and Fanca-/- (129/Sv) mice. Materials and methods JP4-039 dissolved in 30% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was injected intramuscularly 24 h after total body irradiation (9.25 Gy) into Fanca-/-, Fancd2-/- and Fancg-/- mice. Irradiation survival curves were performed in vitro using bone marrow stromal cell lines derived from Fanca-/-, Fancd2-/- and Fancg-/- mice. Results FA mice demonstrate genotype specific differences in TBI mitigation by JP4-039. Radiation effects in derived bone marrow stromal cell lines in vitro were mitigated by drugs that block apoptosis, but not necroptosis or ferroptosis. Conclusion FA mouse models are valuable for elucidating DNA repair pathways in cell and tissue responses to TBI, and the role of drugs that target distinct cell death pathways.
Fate of Pediatric Renal Angiomyolipoma During mTOR Inhibitor Treatment in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

Objective To evaluate the clinical and radiographic follow-up of renal angiomyolipoma (AML) in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) on mTOR inhibitors. Methods We performed retrospective chart review of children who were diagnosed with TSC between 2000 and 2019 and prescribed everolimus at age ≤18 years. Treatment assessment was performed in patients who were medically-compliant by serum drug trough levels and who had at least a baseline and one subsequent renal imaging study. Results Nineteen patients were analyzed. Average age of everolimus initiation was 9 years, and indication was neurologic in 17 (90%). Fourteen patients (73.6%) had AML with average size of 1.9 (0.4-5) cm. Medication was discontinued due to side effects in 3 (16%) patients. Treatment assessment was analyzed for 15 patients with median medication exposure 5.1 (0.8-8.5) years. Among 13 with AML, the dominant lesion decreased in size in 9 (69%) and stayed stable in 4 (31%). Greatest absolute size decrease was seen for lesions ≥2 cm. No new AML lesions formed during treatment. Conclusion Although not currently approved for this indication, everolimus appears to be well-tolerated with similar efficacy for pediatric AML as in adult AML. Use may be most warranted in children with AML ≥2 cm.
Crohn's disease: failure of a proprietary fluorescent in situ hybridization assay to detect M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis in archived frozen intestine from patients with Crohn's disease

Although controversial, there is increasing concern that Crohn’s disease may be a zoonotic infectious disease consequent to a mycobacterial infection. The most plausible candidate is M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) that is unequivocally responsible for Johne’s disease in ruminants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a proprietary (Affymetrix™ RNA view®) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for MAP RNA. Non-identifiable intestine from patients with documented Crohn’s disease was assayed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and with suggested modifications. Probes were custom designed for MAP and human β-actin (as the eukaryotic housekeeping gene) from published genomes. Repetitively, false positive signal was observed in our “No-Probe” negative control. Attempts were made to correct this according to the manufacturer’s suggestions (by modifying wash solutions, using recommended hydrochloric acid titration and different fluorescent filters). None prevented false positive signal in the “No-Probe” control. It is concluded that when performed according to manufactures instruction and with multiple variations on the manufactures recommended suggestions to correct for false positive signal, that the Affymetrix™ RNA view® cannot be used to detect MAP in pre-frozen resected intestine of humans with Crohn’s disease.
Salt Taste Sensitivity and Heart Failure Outcomes Following Heart Failure Hospitalization.

Salt taste sensitivity can change after heart failure (HF) hospitalization, however the relation between changes in salt taste sensitivity with HF symptoms, biomarkers, and outcomes is unknown. We assessed salt taste sensitivity over 12 weeks following HF hospitalization using a validated, point-of-care salt taste test. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: increase or no increase in salt taste sensitivity. HF biomarkers and outcomes were compared using 2-sample t tests and log-transformed t tests for non-normally distributed parameters. Baseline characteristics generally did not differ for subjects with an increase in salt taste sensitivity over 12 weeks compared with those without an increase in salt taste sensitivity. The total number of 12-week hospital days was 60 versus 121 days, with an average number of hospital days of 5.45 [3.88] versus 11.00 [6.74] (p = 0.03) among those hospitalized in the groups with an increase versus no increase in salt taste sensitivity, respectively. In conclusion, changes in salt taste sensitivity occurred in some but not all subjects in a 12-week period following HF hospitalization. Subjects with increased salt taste sensitivity over this time period were rehospitalized for fewer days. Improved salt taste sensitivity may represent a novel prognostic factor in postdischarge patients with HF.
Dynamic Loading of Fiber-reinforced Beams

Abstract This paper describes the results of experiments on the dynamic mechanical response of beams of fiber-reinforced materials when these are subjected to transverse loading. The response both when elastic deformations and plastic deformations are observed is described, and it is shown that the elastic response corresponds very closely to the theoretical predictions of Sayir whose analysis is developed by the methods of limit analysis. The response when plastic deformations take place was found to conform reasonably well with the idealized treatment of Spencer and his group. Spencer models a fiber-reinforced metallic composite as a perfectly plastic metal matrix which is unidirectionally reinforced by completely inextensible fibers. The specimens used in these experiments were generally prepared in the laboratory. They consisted of steel piano wires embedded in metal matrices of lead and lead tin alloys. Some beam specimens were also prepared by embedding steel wires in a rubber matrix and some were made from fiber-reinforced, glass epoxy resin (Scotchply 1002) which is available commericially.
Iron-Mediated C–C Bond Formation via Reductive Coupling with Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide functionalization is a potentially transformative method to enhance the sustainability of carbon-based commercial chemicals. The reductive functionalization of CO2 via C–C bond formi...
The PPR domain of mitochondrial RNA polymerase is a ribonuclease required for mtDNA replication

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and transcription are of paramount importance to cellular energy metabolism. Mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) is thought to be the primase for mtDNA replication. However, it is unclear how POLRMT, which normally transcribes long polycistronic RNAs, can produce short RNA oligos to initiate mtDNA replication. Here we show that the PPR domain of Drosophila POLRMT is a 3’ to 5’ exoribonuclease. The exoribonuclease activity is indispensable for POLRMT to synthesize short RNA oligos and to prime DNA replication in vitro. An exoribonuclease deficient POLRMT, POLRMTE423P partially restores mitochondrial transcription but fails to support mtDNA replication when expressed in POLRMT mutant background, indicating that the exoribonuclease activity is necessary for mtDNA replication. Overexpression of POLRMTE423P in adult flies leads to severe neuromuscular defects and a marked increase of mtDNA transcripts errors, suggesting that exoribonuclease activity may contribute to the proofreading of mtDNA transcription. PPR domain of human POLRMT also has exoribonuclease activity, indicating evolutionarily conserved roles of PPR domain in mitochondrial DNA and RNA metabolism.
Protein Adsorption at a Gas-Aqueous Interface

This chapter will introduce fundamental aspects of molecular adsorption of proteins to a fluid-fluid interface. The focus of the chapter will be on the adsorption to an air-water interface, but several of the concepts can be applied to a liquid-solid or a liquid-liquid interface. Historically, the physical understanding of interfacial adsorption was developed from experiments and theory on small molecule surfactants. More recently, building from this perspective of surfactant adsorption, an understanding of protein-surface interactions has evolved largely based on examining proteins from the food and cosmetic industry. This chapter will highlight the thermodynamics of proteins partitioned into the air-water interface, focusing on the adsorption energy of the molecule as well as the ability of the molecule to change structure once adsorbed. Additionally, the fundamentals of surface hydrophobicity, structural stability and electrostatic interactions between the protein and the surface will be described by comparing the well-studied lysozyme, bovine serum albumin and β-casein proteins. Dynamics and orientation of adsorbed proteins will be discussed based on work that combines pendant bubble tensiometry, Wilhelmy plate methods, spectroscopic tools and scattering techniques. Finally, the chapter combines these experimental findings with theory and simulation-based results to give transport models that can capture the complexity of protein adsorption onto the air-water interface.
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Acellular Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy and Risk of Pertussis in the Newborn in Publicly and Privately Insured Mother-infant Pairs in the United States.

Background In the United States, pertussis circulation persists and primarily infects infants and children, despite routine vaccinations. To minimize infant morbidity and mortality from the disease before the first DTaP dose, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends maternal Tdap vaccination in weeks 27-36 of pregnancy. Methods Cohorts of mother-infant pairs in the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) (2010-2014) and IBM MarketScan (2011-2015) databases were analyzed to estimate the effectiveness of prenatal Tdap vaccination compared to no vaccination to prevent infant pertussis in the first 6 months. Hazard ratios were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted for potential confounders via inverse probability weights. The impact of preterm delivery on the risk of pertussis was analyzed. Results from the 2 databases were pooled. Results In MarketScan, women received Tdap vaccination before delivery in 114,067 (25.6%) of 445,638 pregnancies and in MAX, 33,286 (4.8%) of 695,262 pregnancies. Among pregnancies with preterm delivery, only 21.2% and 3.8% in MarketScan and MAX had been vaccinated. The risk of pertussis in unvaccinated term infants was 3.5 (MarketScan) and 17 (MAX) per 10,000; and in preterm infants, it was 8.4 (MarketScan) and 19.8 (MAX) per 10,000. The pooled hazard ratio for Tdap vaccination any time before delivery versus no vaccination was 0.64 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41-1.00]. The hazard ratio was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.03-0.36) for preterm and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.48-1.29) for term infants vaccinated before 37 weeks. The incidence of pertussis was higher and the protective hazard ratio stronger during pertussis outbreaks. Conclusions Prenatal Tdap vaccination reduces the risk of pertussis infections in the infants' first 6 months by 36%. Vaccination soon after 27 weeks of pregnancy, before when deliveries began, ensures vaccination includes those born preterm, who are at highest risk for pertussis and benefit particularly from this vaccination.
Received Affection and Caregiving in the Grandparent–Grandchild Relationship:

Grounded in Affection Exchange Theory’s assumptions that affectionate communication fosters relational benefits and increases people’s likelihood of survival, this study sought to examine young adu...
Your Photo is so Funny that I don’t Mind Violating Your Privacy by Sharing it: Effects of Individual Humor Styles on Online Photo-sharing Behaviors

We investigate how people’s ‘humor style’ relates to their online photo-sharing behaviors and reactions to ‘privacy primes’. In an online experiment, we queried 437 participants about their humor style, likelihood to share photo-memes, and history of sharing others’ photos. In two treatment conditions, participants were either primed to imagine themselves as the photo-subjects or to consider the photo-subjects’ privacy before sharing memes. We found that participants who frequently use aggressive and self-deprecating humor were more likely to violate others’ privacy by sharing photos. We also replicated the interventions’ paradoxical effects – increasing sharing likelihood – as reported in earlier work and identified the subgroups that demonstrated this behavior through interaction analyses. When primed to consider the subjects’ privacy, only humor deniers (participants who use humor infrequently) demonstrated increased sharing. In contrast, when imagining themselves as the photo-subjects, humor deniers, unlike other participants, did not increase the sharing of photos.
Determination of a Special Case of Symmetric Matrices and Their Applications

This article presents a special case of symmetric matrices, matrices of transpositions (Tr matrices) that are created from the elements of given n-dimensional vector XIRn, n=2m, mIN. Has been proved that Tr matrices are symmetric and persymmetric. Has been proposed algorithm for obtaining matrices of transpositions with mutually orthogonal rows (Trs matrices) of dimensions 2, 4, and 8 as Hadamard product of Tr matrix and matrix of Hadamard and has been investigated their application for QR decomposition and n-dimensional rotation matrix generation. Tests and analysis of the algorithm show that obtaining an orthogonal Trs matrix of sizes 4 and 8 that rotates a given vector to the direction of one of the coordinate axes requires less processing time than obtaining a Housholder matrix of the same size. This makes the Tr and Trs matrices useful in matrix calculations.
Influence of Wind Turbine Design Parameters on Linearized Physics-Based Models in OpenFAST

Abstract. While most physics involved in wind energy are nonlinear, linearization of the underlying nonlinear wind-system equations is often important for understanding the system response and exploiting well-established methods and tools for analyzing linear systems. Linearized models are important for, e.g., eigenanalysis (to derive structural natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes) and controls design (based on linear state-space models). In controls co-design (CCD), whose methods often rely on linearized time-domain models of the physics, the physical structure (often called the plant) and controller are designed and optimized concurrently, so, it is important to understand how changes to the physical design affect the linearized system. This work summarizes efforts done to understand the impact of design parameter variations in the physical system (mass, stiffness, geometry, etc.) on the linearized system using OpenFAST.
Insider Ownership and Stock Price Performance: How Greater Concentration of Management Ownership Affects Returns Across Extreme Levels of Firm Value*

In this paper we hypothesize and find that the observed positive influence of insider ownership on stock price returns, and the negative relationship between price-to-earnings (P/E) multiples and stock price returns, are altered by the interaction of insider ownership and P/E. Entrenched managers interact with firm value to diminish the tendency for firms to experience mean-regressing ex post returns. We find that for firms with very low P/Es, high levels of insider ownership interact to decrease ex post returns, findings that suggest the market may perceive that boards may either be unwilling or unable to remove poorly performing entrenched CEOs. For firms with very high P/Es, we find that high levels of insider ownership interact to increase ex post returns, results that suggest that aligning the interests of managers of high P/E firms with the interests of shareholders mitigates the mean regressing tendency of high P/E firms to under-perform.
Does Water Scarcity Affect Environmental Performance? Evidence from Manufacturing Facilities in Texas

It is well known that manufacturing operations can affect the environment, but hardly any research explores whether the natural environment shapes manufacturing operations. Specifically, we investi...
Molecular Control of Cell Diversification in the Vertebrate Retina

Any discussion of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the generation of cell diversity in the retina requires some consideration of what constitutes neuronal diversity. Traditionally, retinal neurobiologists have classified retinal cell types on the basis of their morphology, in terms both of their laminar position and their dendritic structure, as well as by their electrophysiological properties. While it is generally accepted that there are five basic classes of retinal neurons, photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells, there is a considerable amount of debate as to how these basic classes are subdivided. While there are critical differences in gene expression between the classes of cone photoreceptors that determine the wavelength of light to which they respond, there is little difference in their morphology; by contrast, the various classes of retinal ganglion cells have critical differences in their morphology and connectivity, but as yet few molecules have been identified that are differentially expressed in subsets of ganglion cells, and it is not at all clear whether these differences correspond to the morphological subclasses of ganglion cells. Nevertheless, most retinal neurobiologists place the number of retinal cell types somewhere between “70 and the low hundreds (Cook 1996).”
Morphological variation in Naomichelys (Testudinata: Solemydidae): insights from a new specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Montana

Background. Solemydidae is an enigmatic clade of stem turtles, which is primarily represented by fragmentary shell material found in Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of Europe and North America. Specimens are typically identified by a distinct surface ornamentation comprised of tall, narrow tubercles, which are often incompletely preserved due to taphonomic processes. The only currently recognized North American species of Solemydidae, Naomichelys speciosa was erected in 1908 on the basis of a nearly complete entoplastron from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Montana; however, a far more complete specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Antler Formation of Texas (FMNH PR273) was recently referred to this species and has shed light on the morphology of Naomichelys. Here, I describe a partial skeleton (MOR 941) that was discovered in 1995 near the type locality in Montana, which allows for the first look at variation in many of the skeletal elements of the genus.
Chapter 12 – Assembly

This chapter presents a brief introduction to the process of manual assembly. It introduces us to recognize those features of a part, which affect manual assembly time, hence, cost. A set of qualitative guidelines on Design For Assembly (DFA) and a summary of DFA guidelines are provided. It presents a detailed analysis that derived the relations needed to compare the cost of producing a single, more complex injection molded or die cast part with the cost of producing and assembling multiple parts for the same purpose. Since much of the material on assembly in this chapter is based on data and other information extracted primarily from the works in the list references, readers are encouraged to consult these original references, especially the pioneering work of G. Boothroyd for more detailed information and analysis.
Rapid Access to Multiple Classes of Peptidomimetics from Common γ-AApeptide Building Blocks

Herein we report a highly efficient new method for preparing γ-AApeptides capable of theoretically containing any functionality; the method uses a few common N-alloc γ-AApeptide building blocks. More importantly, using the same approach, new classes of peptidomimetics bearing novel backbone scaffolds can also be readily generated. Our results not only demonstrate the versatility of this new synthetic method, but also highlight the possibility that the resulting novel peptidomimetics may find discrete biomedical/biomaterial applications in the future.
SYMPTOMATIC HYPONATREMIA IN ACUTE INFECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Acute hyponatremia has been noted on seven occasions in five patients with acute infections of the central nervous system. Symptoms were those of water intoxication and the response to the administration of hypertonic saline was prompt and dramatic. The hyponatremia appears to be due to acute expansion of the extracellular fluid volume in association with antidiuresis. Frequent determinations of the concentrations of electrolytes in the serum and prophylactic limitation of water intake are recommended as possible means of reducing mortality in disease of the central nervous system.
Design consideration for lunar based photovoltaic power systems

A survey was made of factors that may affect the design of photovoltaic (PV) arrays for a lunar base. These factors, which include the lunar environment and system design criteria, are examined. A PV power system design with a triangular array geometry is discussed and compared to a nuclear reactor power system and a power system utilizing both nuclear and solar power sources. It is shown that the solar array is a small percentage of the overall PV power system mass. Energy storage for the lunar night is the main mass driver; minimizing the night-time power usage will significantly lower mass. It is further found that a tent array configured in an east/west orientation has advantages over a fixed tilt or horizontal array, due to power generation at dawn and dusk. >
Cranial muscle development in frogs with different developmental modes: Direct development versus biphasic development

Normal development in anurans includes a free swimming larva that goes through metamorphosis to develop into the adult frog. We have investigated cranial muscle development and adult cranial muscle morphology in three different anuran species. Xenopus laevis is obligate aquatic throughout lifetime, Rana (Lithobates) pipiens has an aquatic larvae and a terrestrial adult form, and Eleutherodactylus coqui has direct developing juveniles that hatch from eggs deposited on leaves (terrestrial). The adult morphology shows hardly any differences between the investigated species. Cranial muscle development of E. coqui shows many similarities and only few differences to the development of Rana (Lithobates) and Xenopus. The differences are missing muscles of the branchial arches (which disappear during metamorphosis of biphasic anurans) and a few heterochronic changes. The development of the mandibular arch (adductor mandibulae) and hyoid arch (depressor mandibulae) muscles is similar to that observed in Xenopus and Rana (Lithobates), although the first appearance of these muscles displays a midmetamorphic pattern in E. coqui. We show that the mix of characters observed in E. coqui indicates that the larval stage is not completely lost even without a free swimming larval stage. Cryptic metamorphosis is the process in which morphological changes in the larva/embryo take place that are not as obvious as in normal metamorphosing anurans with a clear biphasic lifestyle. During cryptic metamorphosis, a normal adult frog develops, indicating that the majority of developmental mechanisms towards the functional adult cranial muscles are preserved. J. Morphol. 275:398–413, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex in Development: Science, Sexuality, and Morality in Global Perspective

Sex in Development: Science, Sexuality, and Morality in Global Perspective. Vincanne Adams and Stacy Leigh Pigg, eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 342 pp.
Bettering the lives of patients with end-stage renal disease with HomeChoice Claria with Sharesource: an interview with Dr. Bruce Culleton

Interview with Dr. Bruce Culleton, Vice President, renal therapeutic area lead at Baxter by Tasnim Zahri (Commissioning Editor) I was fortunate enough to meet Dr. Bruce Culleton, Vice President, renal therapeutic area lead at Baxter (Deerfield, IL, USA), during the European Renal Association - European Dialysis and Transplant Association conference in London to discuss Baxter's newest dialysis system; the HomeChoice Claria automated peritoneal dialysis system with the Sharesource web-based connectivity platform. Recently awarded a CE mark, HomeChoice Claria with Sharesource is hoped to better the lives of patients with end-stage renal disease, enable effective connectivity between patients and clinicians and pave the way toward improved individualized care.
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Cumulative Biological Risk Among a Socioeconomically Diverse Sample of African American Adults: An Examination in the Jackson Heart Study.

Neighborhoods characterized by disadvantage influence multiple risk factors for chronic disease and are considered potential drivers of racial and ethnic health inequities in the USA. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and cumulative biological risk (CBR) and the extent to which the association differs by individual income and education among a large, socioeconomically diverse sample of African American adults. Data from the baseline examination of the Jackson Heart Study (2000–2004) were used for the analyses. The sample consisted of African American adults ages 21–85 with complete, geocoded data on CBR biomarkers and behavioral covariates (n = 4410). Neighborhood disadvantage was measured using a composite score of socioeconomic indicators from the 2000 US Census. Eight biomarkers representing cardiovascular, metabolic, inflammatory, and neuroendocrine systems were used to create a CBR score. We fit two-level linear regression models with random intercepts and included cross-level interaction terms between neighborhood disadvantage and individual socioeconomic status (SES). Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood was associated with greater CBR after covariate adjustment (B = 0.18, standard error (SE) 0.07, p < 0.05). Interactions showed a weaker association for individuals with ≤high school education but were not statistically significant. Disadvantaged neighborhoods contribute to poor health among African American adults via cumulative biological risk. Policies directly addressing the socioeconomic conditions of these environments should be considered as viable options to reduce disease risk in this group and mitigate racial/ethnic health inequities.
Performance validation of EMCCD and ICCD based near-infrared fluorescence imaging systems on a fluorescence solid phantom

Near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging has been successfully applied for non-invasive assessment of both lymphatic architecture and function as well as potential disease markers of lymphatic dysfunction in clinical studies with intradermal injection of indocyanine green (ICG). For new "first-in-humans" NIR fluorescence imaging agents that need to be employed at far lower quantities, NIR fluorescence imaging devices with high measurement sensitivity are most favorable. However, the measurement sensitivity of NIR fluorescence imaging devices is limited by various parameters, including quantum efficiency of CCD chip, noise sources in the CCD camera, and the leakage of excitation light through optical filters. In this contribution, we present a quantum dot-based fluorescence solid phantom and its use for characterization of excitation light leakage and measurement sensitivity in both the intensified CCD (ICCD) and Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) based NIR fluorescence imaging devices. The stability of the constructed quantum dot-based fluorescence solid phantom was first demonstrated and used to demonstrate higher measurement sensitivity compared of the ICCD as opposed to the EMCCD based NIR fluorescence imaging device when integration time were maintained less than 1.0 s. The phantom was used to assess the calculated transmission ratio, R, to minimize noise owing to excitation light leakage and show optimized filtering capabilities. The constructed quantum dot based solid phantom and the methodology for measuring parameters of transmission ratio and SNR can be used as a standard and quantifiable metric for installation and operational qualification of all NIR fluorescence imaging devices.