cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV-2 infection in Providence, Rhode Island from 2002 to 2011.

Objectives In contrast to HIV-1 infection, little is known about the natural disease course of HIV-2 and its response to antiretrovirals (ARVs). We describe a cohort of HIV-2-infected patients, focusing on the method of diagnosis, ARV treatment and complications. Methods Through a retrospective review of medical records at our centre, we identified 12 patients with HIV-2 infection in our clinic population (1400 active patients) who received care between 2002 and 2011. We summarized clinical characteristics, ARV treatment and outcomes. Results Seven of the patients were male and five were female. All patients were born in West African countries. The mode of transmission was heterosexual intercourse in 11 patients, and injecting drug use in one patient. The median CD4 count at the time of diagnosis was 668 cells/μL (range 23 to 1546 cells/μL). HIV-2 quantitative viral load measurements were not uniformly available to clinicians. Four patients were treated with protease inhibitor-based regimens, with a mean increase in CD4 count of 183 cells/μL (range 43 to 341 cells/μL). The other eight patients have been observed off ARVs. Two patients experienced complications from HIV, one patient had HIV encephalopathy and molluscom contagiosum, and another had microsporidiosis infection in the setting of AIDS. Conclusion Our results support those of previous studies indicating that HIV-2 has a more indolent disease course than HIV-1, with a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic to AIDS. Development of a reliable quantitative HIV-2 viral load assay to guide management is needed. Further research studies are needed to establish the best time to start ARV treatment in HIV-2-infected patients.
On the persistence of supplementary resources in biomedical publications

Providing for long-term and consistent public access to scientific data is a growing concern in biomedical research. One aspect of this problem can be demonstrated by evaluating the persistence of supplementary data associated with published biomedical papers. We manually evaluated 655 supplementary data links extracted from PubMed abstracts published 1998–2005 (Method 1) as well as a further focused subset of 162 full-text manuscripts published within three representative high-impact biomedical journals between September and December 2004 (Method 2). For Method 1 we found that since 2001, only 71 – 92% of supplementary data were still accessible via the links provided, with 93% of these inaccessible links occurring where supplementary data was not stored with the publishing journal. Of the manuscripts evaluated in Method 2, we found that only 83% of these links were available approximately a year after publication, with 55% of these inaccessible links were at locations outside the journal of publication. We conclude that if supplemental data is required to support the publication, journals policies must take-on the responsibility to accept and store such data or require that it be maintained with a credible independent institution or under the terms of a strategic data storage plan specified by the authors. We further recommend that publishers provide automated systems to ensure that supplementary links remain persistent, and that granting bodies such as the NIH develop policies and funding mechanisms to maintain long-term persistent access to these data.
The development of science-based food safety regulations in the United States.

The safe production, processing, distribution, and marketing of foods in the United States is overseen by several Federal regulatory agencies, as well as their counterparts in each of the individual states. While somewhat confusing at first glance, the responsibilities of each agency reflects its specific jurisdiction and mission. State agencies provide oversight for food products produced and consumed within that state, whereas Federal regulatory agencies have responsibility for the interstate and international commerce. At the Federal level, responsibilities are divided on the basis of commodity and/or activity lines. The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service is responsible for the inspection of meat, poultry, and egg products, where as the DHHS Food and Drug Administration has jurisdiction of virtually all other products including fruits, vegetables, shell eggs, and seafood. The FDA also has primary responsibility for the pre-market approval of food additives and the development of the 'Food Code' for retail food operations. The EPA is responsible for the pre-market approval of pesticides and related antimicrobials for use with raw agricultural commodities. While there are differences in how each of these agencies approach their responsibilities, the goal of each is to ensure food manufacturers meet their responsibility for producing safe foods, and that the US consumer has confidence in the safety of the US food supply.
Long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine prevents age-related reduction in renal function

Aging is associated with loss of nephron function and reductions in serum L-arginine and excretion of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites. The present study was performed to determine if long-term dietary treatment with L-arginine, the NO synthase substrate, could prevent age-related renal injury. Studies were performed in four groups of rats, aged 12-13 mo, for 8 mo: group 1 received L-arginine (2% in 2.5% corn syrup, n = 5); group 2 received sodium nitrite, an NO donor (0.1%, in 2.5% syrup, n = 7); group 3 was an untreated control group (n = 7); group 4 was treated with 2.5% corn syrup (n = 5). Urinary protein increased and urinary nitrate/nitrite decreased with age in controls, but, during L-arginine treatment, urinary protein decreased and nitrate/nitrite increased. Two weeks after L-arginine was stopped, urinary protein had increased and nitrate/nitrite had decreased to the same level as in controls. L-Arginine treatment increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 50% compared with untreated controls. In contrast, nitrite had no effect on GFR. Morphologically, L-arginine protected against aging injury by reducing the number of sclerotic glomeruli. In summary, we found that L-arginine prevented the age-related glomerular injury and reduction in GFR. The mechanism of protection, however, may be independent of NO.
An interface for numerical analysis of convective heat transfer from printed circuit boards

A geometrically-based user interface has been developed as a preprocessor for a numerical model of convective heat transfer from printed circuit boards (PCB). The physical problem is specified in a natural way as a collection of the control parameters and the objects that exist within the computational domain. Complicated configurations of discrete electronic components on a circuit board is represented by several simple physical objects with specified boundary conditions and heat-generating status. No reference to node or element number is needed and the input order of the objects can be arbitrary. The preprocessor program automatically sorts the coordinates of each object, subdivides the computational domain, eliminates the redundant coordinates and generates an object grid system that is consistent with the physical configurations of PCBs. This three dimensional geometrically-based object grid system is integrated to the main analysis codes for solving flow and temperature distribution. The geometrically-based model specification provides the hooks for a graphical user interface (GUI) which could be added later. >
Expanding developmental and behavioral services for newborns in primary care; Effects on parental well-being, practice, and satisfaction.

Abstract Background Healthy Steps (HS) for Young Children strengthens the healthcare system as a source of developmental and behavioral support for parents. This series of papers presents a study of HS as implemented within a large health maintenance organization that tested the benefit of beginning intervention services during pregnancy with an extension program called "PrePare" (PP). Methods The design was a quasi-experimental comparison of intervention families with families receiving usual care. Within the intervention, families were assigned randomly to begin receiving Healthy Steps services prenatally (PP+HS) or shortly after birth (HS). We used a systems model, PRECEDE/PROCEED, for planning, implementation, and process evaluation. Outcomes examined when the infants were aged 3 months included changes in family social support and capacity for parenting, parenting behaviors, and satisfaction and loyalty to the health plan. Results The sample of 439 families was distributed as follows: usual care ( n =136), prenatal initiation of services (PP+HS; n =151), and postnatal Healthy Steps (HS; n =152). Information about program implementation, including provider satisfaction, is provided for the early phases of the study (through age 3 months). The intervention was delivered with fidelity and with minimal disruption to the practice styles of pregnancy providers, most of whom considered the program valuable to their patients. Relative to families in the comparison group, families in the intervention group received more usual care services and more intervention-specific services. Conclusions The pregnancy and newborn phases of the intervention were embedded successfully within the existing healthcare delivery system. The program was considered valuable for parents by providers and parents. Participating families received more services and a greater variety of services than families in usual care. Whether these differences result in beneficial outcomes for families or the health plan are topics of the subsequent papers.
Nanoparticle Stability in Polymer Melts As Determined by Particle Second Virial Measurement

The stability of 44 nm diameter silica particles in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) melts is assessed through the experimental measurement of particle second virial coefficients, B 2 = B 2,cc /B HS 2 , where B 2,cc is the particle second virial coefficient and B HS 2 is the excluded volume second virial coefficient of the particles. Measurements are made using side bounce ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (SBUSAXS) of dilute filled PEG melts of variable molecular weight. Results show B 2 values to be equal to or greater than one for the molecular weights investigated. Experimental results are compared to recent PRISM theory adaptations to filled polymer melts.
Characteristics associated with early and late melanoma metastases

BACKGROUND: Differences in risk factors for metastases at different time intervals after treatment have been described in several malignancies; however, to the authors' knowledge, no extensive study examining this issue in melanoma has been conducted to date. METHODS: The authors performed a nested case-control study of patients with melanoma who presented with only local disease. Patients in the case group included 549 patients who developed metastases ≥6 months after surgery. Of these, 320 patients developed metastasis within 3 years after undergoing definitive surgery (early metastases [EM]), and 70 patients developed metastasis ≥8 years after undergoing definitive surgery (late metastases [LM]). For each case, a control patient was chosen who had melanoma but who did not develop metastases in the same interval. Univariate and conditional multivariate logistic regression were used in the analysis of 34 clinical and tumor characteristics. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis confirmed previously established risk factors for metastases, such as increasing tumor thickness. In addition, the authors discovered that a personal history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (P = .006) and a history of cancer other than skin cancer (P = .020) also were associated with metastasis. In comparing the 320 EM patients with the 70 LM patients, EM patients were more likely to have thicker lesions (P < .001), ulcerated lesions (P = .016), and a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (P = .024). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, 2 potentially novel risk factors for melanoma metastases were identified, and different profiles of risk factors were constructed for EM versus LM. These differences may be important in future risk identification and stratification for clinical trials and for the management and treatment of patients with melanoma. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Stimulation of microtubule assembly by recombinant human interferon-α and interferon-γ

Interferon-α (IFN-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) have been demonstrated to stimulate microtubule assembly measured in the in vitro assembly system. The process is substoichiometric occurring when the interferon concentrations are below that of tubulin. IFN-γ is a more potent effector than IFN-α. The critical tubulin concentration describing microtubule assembly decreases from 1.5 mg/ml measured in the absence of added effector to 1.05 mg/ml and 1.3 mg/ml when measured in the presence of 2.16·10 −6 M IFN-γ and 3.06·10 −6 M IFN-α, respectively.
Design, synthesis, and in vivo characterization of a novel series of tetralin amino imidazoles as γ-secretase inhibitors: discovery of PF-3084014.

Abstract A novel series of tetralin containing amino imidazoles, derived from modification of the corresponding phenyl acetic acid derivatives is described. Replacement of the amide led to identification of a potent series of tetralin-amino imidazoles with robust central efficacy. The reduction of brain Aβ in guinea pigs in the absence of changes in B-cells suggested a potential therapeutic index with respect to APP processing compared with biomarkers of notch related toxicity. Optimization of the FTOC to plasma concentrations at the brain Aβ EC50 lead to the identification of compound 14f (PF-3084014) which was selected for clinical development.
Electroretinogram and the spectral sensitivity of the compound eyes in the firefly Photuris versicolor (Coleoptera-Lampyridae): A correspondence between green sensitivity and species bioluminescence emission☆

Abstract ERGs were recorded from the dorsal sector of dark- and chromatic-adapted compound eyes in the dark-active firefly Photuris versicolor ♀ and ♂ at different wavelengths across the spectrum ranging from 320 nm to 700 nm over 4.5 log units of change in the stimulus intensity. ERG elicited by white light stimulus was an on-negative monophasic wave typical of scotopic eyes. ERGs elicited by chromatic stimuli differed in their waveform characteristics in the short (near-u.v. and violet) and long (green-yellow) wavelengths. The slope of the intensity-response curves at different stimulus wavelengths were similar for phasic response and differed for the plateau component of the ERG. The spectral sensitivity curves obtained under dark- and chromatic-adapted conditions revealed peaks in the near-u.v. (λ max , 380 nm) and in the green (λ max 550 nm), suggesting the presence of at least two receptor types in the dorsal sector of the compound eyes of P. versicolor . The green (550 nm) peak corresponds with the species bioluminescence emission peak (552 nm).
Elemental sulfur: A novel inhibitor of adenylate kinase

Elementary sulfur (S-8) is a novel, highly specific and potent inhibitor of adenylate kinase (AK). The inhibition of AK by S-8 is completely reversed by dithiothreitol and is accompanied by several fold increases in enzymatic activity. Sulfhydryl group interaction with S-8 does not appear to be the mechanism of AK inhibitor and the results of comparative inhibition studies with N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) indicates that NEM also does not interact with the sulfhydryl group of AK.
DIABETES MANAGEMENT IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS

Extraordinary advances have been made during the past decade in our ability to treat diabetes in the ambulatory care setting. These improvements in care are based on new technologies and pharmaceutical agents tested in outpatient environments. The use of these new tools and strategies of care for less common but important clinical situations has not been well-tested. For example, little is written about inpatient diabetes management despite the fact that the total number of hospitalizations that mentioned diabetes as a primary or secondary health condition increased 12% during the 1980s and remained stable until 1990. 20 Similarly, glucocorticoid therapy, which dramatically affects glucose and protein metabolism, is required for a large variety of medical conditions. 11 One recent report noted that 0.5% of a general population and 1.4% of those persons aged more than 55 years were receiving continuous glucocorticoids. 68 Certain populations require more frequent steroid use. For individuals with diabetes, this often includes the transplant population. Information regarding the best way to manage diabetes during the use of steroids is scarce. This article reviews current strategies for the treatment of diabetes during special situations. Clinicians should be familiar with the treatment of diabetes during the perioperative period, an interval of time during which patients are vulnerable to a metabolic crisis. Related to this is a discussion of tactics for transfering a hospitalized individual from an intravenous insulin infusion to a subcutaneous insulin regimen. The clinical management of patients with diabetes receiving glucocorticoid therapy or hyperalimentation is also discussed.
BLACK HOLES AND REVELATIONS: MICHEL HENRY AND JEAN‐LUC MARION ON THE AESTHETICS OF THE INVISIBLE

This essay examines how Michel Henry's and Jean-Luc Marion's continuation of phenomenology's turn to the invisible relates to painting, aesthetics, and theology. First, it discusses Henry and Marion's redefinition of phenomenality. Second, it explores Henry's “Kandinskian” description of abstract painting as expressing “Life.” Third, it explicates Marion's “Rothkoian” rehabilitation of the idol and renewed zeal for the icon—both phenomena exemplify “givenness.” Fourth, it unpacks my thesis: Henry's phenomenology, theologically applied, exercises an inadequate Kantian apophasis, characterized by a sublime sacrifice of the imagination; although Marion's work sometimes evidences a similar tendency, its prevailing momentum offers theology a fully catholic scope.
Methylazoxymethanol Acetate Ablation of Mouse Cerebellar Granule Cells: Effects on Synaptic Neurochemistry

Mice whose cerebella were rendered granuloprival by neonatal injection of methylazoxymethanol had decreased cerebellar adult levels of glutamic acid (GA) (–29%), decreased GA presynaptic uptake (–45%)
Abstract 2281: Molecular mechanisms by which cFLIP overexpression regulates TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation and lymphoma survival

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Although recombinant TRAIL and agonistic antibodies directed against TRAILR1/2 are considered potential anti-cancer agents, their anti-cancer response in clinical trials was poor with the vast majority of patients showing no remission. In addition, TRAIL has been found to act as tumor promoters in certain contexts, increasing metastasis in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells by activating NF-κB. Therefore, defining the mechanism that permits TRAIL to activate NF-κB is critical for the development of strategies that maximize the potential effectiveness of TRAIL in clinical applications. We found that cFLIP-mediated and caspase-8-dependent cleavage of RIP1 at two sites, D180 in the kinase domain (KD) and D324 in the intermediate domain (ID), determines the activation state of the IKK/NF-κB pathway in response to TRAIL treatment. In apoptosis sensitive cells, caspase-8 cleaves RIP1 at KD and ID domains immediately after its recruitment to the receptor complex, impairing IKK recruitment and activation. In cFLIP-overexpressing cells, cFLIP restricts caspase-8 activity and RIP1 cleavage, generating a KD-cleaved RIP1 fragment that is capable of activating the NF-κB but not the apoptotic pathway. Of note, cFLIP expression, caspase-8 activity and RIP1 cleavage in KD per se are not directly involved in IKK activation; instead, they suppress RIP1-dependent activation of the apoptotic and necrotic cascades, and thereby ensure the integrity of the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, inflammatory ligands such as CD40L deplete cytoplasmic pool of TRAF2 and cIAP1/2, and promote RIP1 cleavage in lymphomas. Inhibition of RIP1 cleavage in KD suppresses NF-κB activation, and significantly increases TRAIL-induced cell death even in cFLIP-overexpressing lymphomas. Importantly, a portion of RIP1 is constitutively cleaved in many types of human and mouse B-cell lymphomas. These data suggest that, in addition to TRAF2- and cIAP1/2-mediated ubiquitination, cFLIP-regulated and caspase-8-dependent limited cleavage of RIP1 is a new layer of mechanism that promotes NF-κB activation and cancer cell survival. Citation Format: Hasem Habelhah, Lauren Workman, Laiqun Zhang. Molecular mechanisms by which cFLIP overexpression regulates TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation and lymphoma survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2281. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2281
Electrical Conductivity in Doped Polyacetylene.

Doped polyacetylene forms a new class of conducting polymers in which the electrical conductivity can be systematically and continuously varied over a range of eleven orders of magnitude. Transport studies and far-infrared transmission measurements imply a metal-to-insulator transition at dopant concentrations near 1%.
Profiles of Successful Women Managers

The first female executives adhered to many of the rules of conduct that spelled success for men. Women were told that in order to succeed, they must play the corporate game the way men play it. Up to now, women's ways of thinking, doing and feeling did not have much place in the business world. However, according to Fortune Magazine, less than 0.5 percent of the highest paid officers and directors in America's largest public companies are women.(2) Could it be that this first wave of thought was wrong?
Temperature Dependence of Domain Kinetics in Two Dimensions

Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to study the effect of temperature on the growth kinetics of a circular grain. As predicted by $d=3$ theories of domain kinetics, the circular domain shrinks linearly with time as $A(t)={A}_{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}t$, where ${A}_{0}$ and $A(t)$ are the initial and instantaneous areas, respectively. However, in contrast to $d=3$, the slope $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is strongly temperature dependent for $Tg~0.6{T}_{c}$. An analytical theory which considers the thermal fluctuations agrees with the $T$ dependence of the Monte Carlo data in this regime.
A Pilot Community'Based Screening Program for Gestational Diabetes

A pilot community-based screening program for gestational diabetes has been in operation in Cleveland, Ohio, since April 1, 1977. A socioeconomic and racially heterogeneous group of pregnant women are being routinely tested at approximately 24-28 wk of gestation by a capillary whole blood glucose determination, 2-h after a 75-g oral challenge. The results of the first 2225 screenings are analyzed in terms of the variables of maternal race, age, and stage of gestation. The overall incidence of positive screenings (greater than or equal to 120 mg/dl) is shown to be 11.5%, with significantly more positive tests among the whites than the nonwhites. Follow-up oral glucose tolerance testing results in an overall detection rate for abnormal carbohydrate metabolism of 3.1%. The data suggest that a 2-h screening procedure is more efficient than a 1-h procedure in that fewer confirmatory glucose tolerance tests need to be performed in order to yield this rate of detection. It may soon be feasible to introduce such a program on a wider community basis in concert with regionalized perinatal care.
Rational Design of a New Hammerhead Ribozyme Configuration: Lariat Hammerhead Ribozymes as Improved Antisense Therapeutics

We have previously shown that circular I/II-format hammerhead ribozymes have faster catalytic rates and a reduced divalent metal-ion requirement.1,2 The enhanced rate and reduced metal-ion dependence are an asset for in vivo use of hammerhead ribozymes as antisense therapeutics. However, circular hammerheads suffer two disadvantages. Their Km for substrate is increased relative to the wild-type hammerhead, and as I/II-format hammerheads they place greater constraints on the sequences that can be targeted, relative to I/III-format hammerheads. Here we show that these disadvantages can be eliminated in a novel hammerhead configuration, the lariat. The lariat is a I/III-format hammerhead that was constructed by combining chemical and enzymatic methods. The lariat hammerhead ribozyme possesses the same reduced magnesium-ion requirement and enhanced activity of our circular hammerheads. Additionally, the lariat possesses no natural 5‘- or 3‘-termini and is therefore expected to be of greater resistance to nucl...
Ocean-floor magnetotelluric sounding over North Central Pacific

Observations on the sea floor of naturally occurring electromagnetic signals reveal information on the deep structure of the Earth. Recent magnetotelluric soundings on the North Central Pacific have produced conductivity measurements which may relate to the partially molten zone or asthenosphere on which the well lubricated oceanic plates slide.
Protective Factors for Depression Among African American Children of Predominantly Low-Income Mothers with Depression

Maternal depression has a deleterious impact on child psychological outcomes, including depression symptoms. However, there is limited research on the protective factors for these children and even less for African Americans. The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of positive parenting skills on child depression and the potential protective effects of social skills and kinship support among African American children whose mothers are depressed and low-income. African American mothers (n = 77) with a past year diagnosis of a depressive disorder and one of their children (ages 8–14) completed self-report measures of positive parenting skills, social skills, kinship support, and depression in a cross-sectional design. Regression analyses demonstrated that there was a significant interaction effect of positive parenting skills and child social skills on child depression symptoms. Specifically, parent report of child social skills was negatively associated with child depression symptoms for children exposed to poorer parenting skills; however, this association was not significant for children exposed to more positive and involved parenting. Kinship support did not show a moderating effect, although greater maternal depression severity was correlated with more child-reported kinship support. The study findings have implications for developing interventions for families with maternal depression. In particular, parenting and child social skills are potential areas for intervention to prevent depression among African American youth.
A comparison of exchange rate regime choice in emerging markets with advanced and low income nations for 1999–2011

Abstract The recent global financial crisis has sparked a renewal of debate on the choice of exchange rate regimes. Creating a tripartite regime classification, the present study examines their determinants for 137 nations spanning the period 1999–2011. I find that trade openness, economic development, foreign-currency liabilities, and foreign exchange reserve holdings increase the likelihood of choosing a fixed-type regime in emerging markets while economic size, export concentration ratios and financial development lower such a chance. Capital controls, inflation differential with an anchor nation and land size significantly influence regime-choice in advanced and low income countries, but are largely insignificant in emerging markets.
904-51 Long-term Outcome in Fontan Patients with Pacemakers

To further examine the outcome of Fontan pts with pacemakers we evaluated our database of 500 consecutive pts who underwent a Fontan operation at Children's Hospital in Boston between April, 1973 a...
Application of avidin-ferritin and peroxidase as contrasting electron-dense markers for simultaneous electron microscopic immunocytochemical labelling of glutamic acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat arcuate nucleus.

A pre-embedding immunostaining procedure was developed using ferritin and peroxidase to enable simultaneous electron microscopic localization of two antigens in the same tissue section. This method was used to study the anatomic relationship between glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactive axons and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) — containing neurons of the rat arcuate nucleus. The findings provide ultrastructural evidence that GAD-immunoreactive terminals establish symmetric (Gray II) synapses on TH-reactive neurons.
Neonatal ethanol exposure results in dose-dependent impairments in the acquisition and timing of the conditioned eyeblink response and altered cerebellar interpositus nucleus and hippocampal CA1 unit activity in adult rats

Exposure to ethanol in neonatal rats results in reduced neuronal numbers in the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei of juvenile and adult animals. This reduction in cell numbers is correlated with impaired delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC), a simple motor learning task in which a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; tone) is repeatedly paired with a co-terminating unconditioned stimulus (US; periorbital shock). Across training, cell populations in the interpositus (IP) nucleus model the temporal form of the eyeblinkconditioned response (CR). The hippocampus, though not required for delay EBC, also shows learningdependent increases in CA1 and CA3 unit activity. In the present study, rat pups were exposed to 0, 3, 4, or 5 mg/kg/day of ethanol during postnatal days (PD) 4e9. As adults, CR acquisition and timing were assessed during 6 training sessions of delay EBC with a short (280 ms) interstimulus interval (ISI; time from CS onset to US onset) followed by another 6 sessions with a long (880 ms) ISI. Neuronal activity was recorded in the IP and area CA1 during all 12 sessions. The high-dose rats learned the most slowly and, with the moderate-dose rats, produced the longest CR peak latencies over training to the short ISI. The low dose of alcohol impaired CR performance to the long ISI only. The 3E (3 mg/kg/day of ethanol) and 5E (5 mg/kg/day of ethanol) rats also showed slower-than-normal increases in learning-dependent excitatory unit activity in the IP and CA1. The 4E (4 mg/kg/day of ethanol) rats showed a higher rate of CR production to the long ISI and enhanced IP and CA1 activation when compared to the 3E and 5E rats. The results indicate that binge-like ethanol exposure in neonatal rats induces long-lasting, dose-dependent deficits in CR acquisition and timing and diminishes conditioning-related neuronal excitation in both the cerebellum and hippocampus.
Substituting new details for old? Effects of delaying postevent information on infant memory.

How that which we remember is selectively distorted by new information was studied in 3-monthold infants who learned to move a particular crib mobile by operant foot kicking. Infants who were passively exposed to a novel mobile 1, 2, or 3 days later subsequently treated the novel mobile as if they had actually been trained with it. Also, after the longest exposure delay, they no longer recognized the original mobile. Likewise, when the novel mobile was exposed after the longest delay, it could prime the forgotten training memory in a reactivation paradigm, but the original mobile no longer could. These data reveal that what we remember about an event is selectively distorted by what we encounter later. Moreover, the later in the retention interval we encounter new postevent information, the greater is its impact on retention.
Status of the Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) in South Alabama with Comments on Its Distribution

Abstract Historic commercial collecting of the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) appears to have severely reduced populations throughout much of its range. In this study, we analyze 8 seasons of turtle-trapping data from 11 major rivers in southern Alabama and provide the first report on the status of the species in the state. During 1332 trap nights, we captured 93 M. temminckii in 7 rivers in south Alabama. We recorded relatively low overall catch per unit effort (CPUE; 0.062 using paired hoop nets connected by a lead net, 0.081 using single-baited hoop nets) compared with recent studies from other states. By evaluating relative abundances, size distributions, and sex ratios, we document variation in abundance among independent river populations as well as unexpected sex ratios. In particular, the Fowl River population is characterized by unexpectedly high abundance (0.478 CPUE) and may represent historic population conditions prior to commercial trapping. We discuss distribution and ab...
Phototaxis in Drosophila: R1–6 input and interaction among ocellar and compound eye receptors

Abstract All 3 photoreceptor types in the compound eye of Drosophila can evoke positive phototaxis. Here we describe input from R1–6 receptors which are very sensitive. Previous reports in this series of studies described input from R7 and R8, the other less sensitive receptors. Here we studied fast-walking phototaxis using extremely dim stimuli. We also studied input from the simple ocellar eyes. Thus, we can now summarize a complete synthesis of inputs and interactions among all compound eye and ocellar receptor types. Receptor-deficient mutants were used to establish receptor-specific input. Two other findings are presented: (1) eye colour pigments affect the spectral sensitivity for phototaxis; and (2) the ocelli interact to facilitate input from the compound eye receptor types. Possible mechanisms of receptor interaction are discussed in the light of these findings of positive input from all photoreceptor types in Drosophila.
Resonance fluorescence and absorption measurements of transition strengths in odd-mass nuclei

Abstract Partial widths of nuclear levels between 0.8 and 3.0 MeV in 55 Mn, 59 Co, 63 Cu, 69 Ga, 75 As and 89 Y are reported using resonant scattering and self-absorption measurements of electron bremsstrahlung. Multipole mixing is deduced in cases where Γ(E2) has been previously measured.
Epigenetic silencing of maspin gene expression in human breast cancers.

Maspin is a tumor suppressor whose expression is lost in many advanced breast cancers. Maspin has been shown to inhibit cell motility, invasion and metastasis; however, its precise role in normal mammary epithelium remains to be elucidated. Although expression of maspin mRNA is low or absent in most human breast cancer cells, the maspin gene is rarely re-arranged or deleted. We hypothesized that aberrant cytosine methylation and chromatin condensation of the maspin promoter participates in the silencing of maspin expression during neoplastic progression. To test this hypothesis, we compared cultured normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) to 9 cultured human breast cancer cell lines. HMECs expressed maspin mRNA and displayed a completely non-methylated maspin gene promoter with an open chromatin structure. In contrast, 7 of 9 breast cancer cell lines had no detectable maspin expression and 6 of these 7 maspin-negative breast cancer cell lines also displayed an aberrant pattern of cytosine methylation of the maspin promoter. Interestingly, the maspin promoter was completely methylated in maspin-negative normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. This indicates that the maspin promoter is not a functional CpG island and that cytosine methylation of this region may contribute to normal tissue-restricted gene expression. Chromatin accessibility studies with MCF-7 cells, which lack maspin expression and have a methylated maspin promoter, showed a closed chromatin structure compared with HMECs. Moreover, maspin gene expression could be re-activated in MCF-7 cells by treatment with 5-aza-2;-deoxycytidine, a DNA demethylating agent. Thus, aberrant cytosine methylation and heterochromatinization of the maspin promoter may silence maspin gene expression, thereby contributing to the progression of human mammary cancer.
Finite-amplitude, neutral baroclinic eddies and mean flows in an internally heated rotating fluid: 1. Numerical simulations and quasi-geostrophic ‘free modes’

Abstract A series of numerical simulations of steady wave flows in a rotating fluid annulus, subject to internal heating and various thermal boundary conditions, is examined to characterise their structures, energetics and potential vorticity transport properties. The last of these characteristics, together with more conventional scaling considerations, indicate the possibility of applying quasi-geostrophic theory to the interior flow in a formulation similar to the inviscid, adiabatic models of Kuo and White. The analytical model of White, describing finite amplitude, neutral baroclinic eddies and mean flows as illustrations of the Charney-Drazin non-acceleration theorem, is then extended to include uniform diabatic heating and the effects of different forms of lateral shear in the background mean zonal flow. Like the solutions discussed by White, those obtained in the present paper consist of steady, internal jet, mean zonal flows, and baroclinic and barotropic Rossby wave components, all having the same three-dimensional wavenumber. Provided the diabatic heating is proportional to the stratification of the background flow, measured by the square of the Brunt-Vaisala frequency N , the potential vorticity equation remains homogeneous. All the solutions are then characterised by zero net transfer of potential vorticity despite the possibility of non-zero eddy fluxes of heat or momentum and non-trivial Lorenz energy cycles. A series of particular three-component solutions (which, like some of the solutions discussed by White, do not obey conventional lateral boundary conditions) is examined as possible theoretical analogues of the steady waves observed in the numerical simulations of the laboratory flows, and is found to agree encouragingly well in the spatial variations of their mean flows, eddy stream function (pressure) and eddy fluxes of heat and momentum. Potential vorticity fluxes in the numerical simulations are relatively small (though crucially non-zero), supporting the possible analogy with the analytical model and exposing some limitations of the latter in not accounting for weak dissipation and forcing processes present in the laboratory flows. Further implications of the results are discussed, including possible analogies between the laboratory experiments and certain features in planetary atmospheres and oceans.
Experimental Spike and Wave Responses and Petit Mai Epilepsy

SUMMARY 1 The experimental studies elucidating the physiological properties of the spike and wave response produced by stimulation of the intralaminar system of the thalamus have been reviewed and discussed. The anatomy of the fiber systems subserving these responses have also been discussed. 2 In reviewing the human studies of spike and wave epilepsy it is emphasized that these studies have indicated a consistent congruence between the presence of spike and wave patterns in limbic, frontal granular, and neocortical areas and those areas which are either direct or indirect dependencies of the midline intralaminar system or project back to the intralaminar nuclei. 3 The functional significance of the thalamic intralaminar system both under resting conditions and during alertness is discussed as well as its relation to the concept of the centrencephalic system. RESUME 1 On a passe en revue et etudie les donnees experimentales elucidant les proprietes physiologiques des reponses a type de pointes-ondes provoquees par la stimulation du systeme intra-laminaire du thalamus. On a aussi discute l'anatomie des systemes empruntes par ces reponses. 2 En faisant la revue des etudes de l'epilepsie a pointes-ondes chez l'Homme on souligne que ces etudes ont demontre l'existence d'une relation etroite entre la presence du pattern pointes-ondes dans les aires limbiques, frontales granulaires et neocorticales et celles qui sont sous la dependance, directe ou indirecte, du systeme intra-laminaire de la ligne mediane, ou qui projettent a ces noyaux intra-laminaires. 3 On a discute la signification fonctionnelle du systeme thalamique intra-laminaire soit en condition de repos, soit en condition d'alerte et ses relations avec les theories du systeme centrencephalique.
Development and use of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic test for the causal mutation of progressive retinal atrophy in Cardigan Welsh Corgis.

Objective—To develop an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR)-based diagnostic test for the mutation in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase alpha subunit gene (PDE6A) that causes the rcd3 form of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in Cardigan Welsh Corgis. Animals—1 affected homozygote, 1 unaffected carrier, 1 genotypically normal dog, and 500 unknown- PRA status Cardigan Welsh Corgis. Procedure—Control blood samples were collected from Cardigan Welsh Corgis of known PRA status (ie, affected homozygote, unaffected carrier, and a genotypically normal dog) for test development. Test blood samples were collected from 500 Cardigan Welsh Corgis of unknown PRA status. Genomic DNA was used as a template in ASPCR. One pair of primers was designed to specifically amplify only the mutant allele, and another set to amplify only the wildtype allele. The PCR conditions were adjusted to ensure each reaction was 100% specific. Results—The PCR conditions were identified so that each ASPCR only...
Forecasting the failure of component parts in computer systems: A case study

Abstract This paper is an applied study in forecasting the failure of component parts in computer systems to aid in production planning and inventory control. The aim is to develop a reasonably simple forecasting system that can be operated by managers rather than statisticians. Monthly failures of components are shown to be related to cumulative shipments from the factory after a time lag of several months. This relationship is modelled using discounted-least-squares regression, a methodology that appears to be rare in practice. Simulated forecast accuracy is then compared with two alternatives, exponential smoothing and a combination of regression and smoothing forecasts. Discounted regression proves to be the most accurate and is therefore implemented.
Incorporation of texture in multispectral synthetic image generation tools

The digital imaging and remote sensing synthetic image generation (DIRSIG) model emphasizes quantitative prediction of the radiance reaching sensors with bandpass values between 0.28 and 20.0 micrometers . The model embodies a rigorous end-to-end spectral modeling of radiation propagation, absorption and scattering, target temperatures based on meteorological history, extensive directional target-background interactions, and detector responsivities. This paper describes texture quantification, the spectral-spatial correlation of textures, texture collection and generation methods. Finally, we describe how DIRSIG generates texture on a pixel by pixel basis and maintains the spectral correlation of targets between bands.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analytic closed-form solutions for suboptimal trajectory planning of single-link flexible-joint robot arms

A suboptimal trajectory planning problem for single-link flexible-joint robot arms is studied. A global feedback-linearization technique is first applied to reformulate the nonlinear constrained optimization as a suboptimal interpolation problem. Then the unique analytic suboptimal solution for the problem is obtained in closed form. Simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the method. >
Prelacteal feeding patterns in the Philippines

The neonatal period is one of great importance for infant survival in low income countries. Breast‐feeding, particularly feeding of colostrum, is recommended to be initiated as quickly as possible during this period. Much has been written about breast‐feeding patterns in low income countries. Nevertheless, few quantitative descriptions on feeding of the neonate are available. This study describes in detail patterns in the consumption of colostrum, prelacteal feeds and breast‐milk substitutes in the first two days of life. A prospective survey of 3080 infants representative of rural and urban areas in the Metropolitan Cebu region of the Philippines comprises the sample. There was considerable heterogeneity of feeding in this sample, particularly in urban areas. Feeding of prelacteal foods was the dominant pattern in the first day, while exclusive breast‐feeding was the major pattern in the second day. Proportions of women feeding prelacteal foods and breast‐milk substitutes were higher among urban women an...
The Prognostic Implications of Obstructing Left Colonic Cancers

Obstructing colonic cancers pose a difficult problem from the points of pathology and prognosis. There are many reports in the literature pertaining to the management and treatment of patients with left-sided colonic obstruction. This study documents the more advanced state of cancers with acute obstruction
Instability of periodic capillary-gravity waves on deep water

Abstract Pure gravity waves of finite amplitude in infinitely deep water are unstable to small disturbances in the form of modulated side-bands (Benjamin-Feir instability). These disturbances will undergo unbounded magnification if the parameter Ω associated with the frequency of the side-bands lies in the range 0 , where k and a are the wavenumber and amplitude of the basic wavetrain. The present paper is devoted to studying the situation for capillary-gravity waves. It is shown that the corresponding range of Ω, for which instability can arise, is smaller, see eq. 4.17, than for the pure gravity wave situation. Even pure capillary waves admit instabilities.
DYNAMICS AND BIFURCATIONS OF A FAMILY OF RATIONAL MAPS WITH PARABOLIC FIXED POINTS

We study a family of rational maps of the Riemann sphere with the property that each map has two fixed points with multiplier -1; moreover, each map has no period 2 orbits. The family we analyze is Ra(z) = (z3 - z)/(-z2 + az + 1), where a varies over all nonzero complex numbers. We discuss many dynamical properties of Ra including bifurcations of critical orbit behavior as a varies, connectivity of the Julia set J(Ra), and we give estimates on the Hausdorff dimension of J(Ra).
Chest Pain Without Coronary Artery Disease: An Exploratory Comparison with Panic Disorder

Recent reports have indicated similarities between patients with persistent chest pain of nonorganic origin and patients with panic disorder. In order to explore this association further, we administered a structured interview and three self-report measures (State-Trait Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and SCL90-R) to three subject groups: (1) a sample with persistent chest pain (CP; n=14) who had been screened and found to have normal coronary arteries, (2) a sample of patients with panic disorder (PD; n=14), and (3) a sample of matched normals (n=14). CP patients were considered to be free of coronary artery disease (CAD) following normal cardiac catheterization and/or normal thallium stress tests and were not diagnosed initially with panic disorder. PD patients were diagnosed with a standardized psychiatric interview and were free of organic causes of panic. Using an exploratory data analytic approach, the results indicated that both CP and PD samples reported increased levels of state and trait anxiety (p <.0001), depression (p <.01), and somatization (p <.0001) compared with normals. CP patients differed from PD patients in their less frequent use of anxiolytic medication (p <.01) and lower levels of reported panic anxiety and phobic avoidance (p <.0001). These data suggest that persistent chest pain in the absence of CAD shares some features with panic disorder, yet differs from panic in key ways as well. The results are discussed in light of the role of anxiety in contributing to symptom labeling.