cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eine Einführung in die Auslegung der Dreischichtung der Formalen Logik als Apophantischer Analytik: das Problem

Der vorliegende Text befast sich mit einem bestimmten Problem in dem 1. Kapitel der Logik, namlich mit dem Problem der „transzendental phanomenologischen Deduktion“ der Dreischichtung der formalen Logik als formaler Apophantik bzw. apophantischer Analytik, und sucht, dieses Problem — wie es scheint — auf eine wesentlich neue und richtige Art und Weise zu losen. Dasei wird der Terminus „Deduktion“ — wie im Sinne von Kant bei der „transzendentalen Deduktion“ in der Kritik der reinen Vernunft — nicht in der philosophischen Bedeutung von „deductio“ im Unterschied von „intuitus“, sondern in der juristischen Bedeutung gebraucht, wobei es sich darum handelt, „Befugnisse“ geltend zu machen bzw. „Anmasungen“ zuruckzuweisen. Dazu ist zweierlei notwendig, und zwar zunachst einmal die Feststellung des Tatbestandes und des Streitobjekts (quid facti), und dann aber die Aufweisung dessen, was als begrundete Befugnis zu Recht besteht (quid juris). Diese Aufweisung der rechtlichen Moglichkeit einer Befugnis heist eine „Deduktion“ im juristischen Sinne.1 Den Kern der hier im Mittelpunkt stehenden §§ 12–22 bildet der Versuch von Husserl, zu „begrunden“2 bzw. „nachzuweisen“3 bzw. „evident zu machen“4 usw. — es braucht kaum erwahnt zu werden, das diese starken Formulierungen von dem Verfasser der Logik selbst stammen —, das es sich bei der Struktur der formalen Logik als formaler Apophantik um eine „Dreischichtung der formal-logischen Grundbegrifflichkeit und damit der logischen Disziplinen“5 handelt.
Anger, Revolution, and Romanticism: Towards Romantic anger

The French Revolutionaries did not invent anger, nor did English writers of the Romantic period develop their conceptions of that emotion in isolation from its literary and philosophical past. When Blake writes of “wrath” or Byron of “vengeance,” their language takes as a point of departure its pretexts, from the classical and Biblical periods through to their own. History may well have sculpted anger's articulation for the Romantics, but the clay itself was dug from the accumulated layers of thinking and writing in the Western tradition since Homer– with the eighteenth century and its particular attitudes uppermost. Thus, in order to understand the unique transformations that the events and exchanges of the period enjoined upon anger, we must first glance backward to gather the horizon of possibility within which these took place. Furthermore, if Romanticism is to be more than an historical descriptor roughly equivalent with the revolutionary spirit of the age, we have to attend to the aesthetic concerns that occupied writers even amidst, and sometimes athwart, their political interests and ends. Romanticism is generally acknowledged to have emerged out of two parallel aesthetic movements or ideologies of the second half of the eighteenth century, both of which center on issues of emotional affect and transmission: sensibility and the sublime. Grief and terror were their foundational emotions, and in this chapter, I want to show how this meant that the Romantics inherited a tradition of thinking about (and writing in) anger that led to a seeming aesthetic paradox: how can a poet be filled with fury yet pleasingly terrified, enraged yet in control, angry yet a figure of sympathy to an audience? These dilemmas formed the unstable ground upon which the Romantics found themselves, newly pressurized by the discourse of the Revolution and the Terror.
Adaptive beamforming for weather observations using the atmospheric imaging radar

An advantage of phased-array radars that has not been fully investigated is the application of digital beamforming for weather observations. With adaptive beamforming, the radar can change the beam pattern to reduce the impact of ground clutter and other interference on the estimation of meteorological variables. Many adaptive beamforming methods have been developed for applications involving signals that can be modeled as point sources. However, the received signal by weather radars is from distributed targets, namely the hydrometeors that fill spaces much larger than the radar resolution volume. Thus, direct application of adaptive beamforming methods intended for point sources to weather radars could lead to significant biases in estimated signal parameters. An initial study to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing adaptive beamforming for weather observation was conducted using data collected by the Atmospheric Imaging Radar. These data are the first high-resolution (both temporal and spatial) simultaneous cross-section measurements through rapidly evolving storms.
Seismic and Tectonic Analysis of the 2014–2015 Flagstaff, Arizona, Earthquake Sequence

Abstract The 1 December 2014 moment magnitude ( M w ) 4.7 Arizona earthquake occurred 13 km southwest of the city of Flagstaff, Arizona. Flagstaff is located within the northern Arizona seismic belt and the San Francisco volcanic field. The Flagstaff area is subject to infrequent moderate magnitude earthquakes, such as the 1993 Cataract Creek ( M w 5.3) and the 1912 surface‐wave magnitude ( M s ) 6.2 events. The epicenter of the M w 4.7 earthquake lies 2 km to the east of the Oak Creek normal fault. This is the most proximal event to the fault in the last 40 years since the seismographic networks were first deployed. The earthquake was recorded throughout northern Arizona by stations of the Arizona Integrated Seismic Network. Data were also acquired by the network from two foreshocks of duration magnitude ( M D ) 3.2 and 2.8 and 27 aftershocks ( M D 1.4–3.0). Locations were obtained using HYPOINVERSE 2000, and epicenters were accurate in most cases to within 3.0 km or less. Fault‐plane solutions were obtained from the mainshock and from seven of the other events of the sequence. Analysis of the data indicates that release of the stress was controlled by the presence of pre‐existing structures including the Oak Creek fault and prominent fractures in the hanging‐wall block of the fault. This is the first well‐documented fault‐slip sequence in northern Arizona that has shown (1) active northeast (NE)‐trending fracture and (2) a pattern of alternation of stress release on NE‐ and northwest (NW)‐trending fractures. The alternation of stress release accommodates southeast (SE)‐directed slip on both NE and NW trends. The reactivation of the Oak Creek fault in northern Arizona appears to be the result of the westward motion of the Colorado plateau producing a strain‐rate field that implies NW–SE extension.
Variables Influencing Efficacy of Gateway In-Street Sign Configuration on Yielding at Crosswalks

This study examined the effects of several variables influencing the effectiveness of the in-street sign used in a gateway configuration. This experiment compared the R1-6 gateway treatment with th...
The clutch athlete, choking and personality

The purpose of this work was to investigate personality as a component of “clutch” and “choking” performances of university athletes. The American Psychological Society defined personality as indiv...
Transition Metal Complexes for Hydrogen Activation

Hydrogen activation is a very important industrial process for hydrogenation reactions and ammonia production. The hydrogen splitting and hydride transfer process can be classified as homolytic and heterolytic cleavage of molecular hydrogen on mono- and multinuclear transition metal centers. Hydrogenase enzymes have inspired researchers in the field of organometallic chemistry to develop small molecule structural models of active sites and thus to mimic the biological system to activate molecular hydrogen. Multinuclear cluster complexes, including those containing heavy main group metals, can bind hydrogen molecule under mild conditions in a reversible fashion. This chapter aims at providing introductory review to cover various types of transition metal complexes that can split molecular hydrogen. The interaction between hydrogen molecule and metal centers, which determines the distance between two hydrogen atoms, will affect hydrogen splitting. The mechanism of such interactions will be discussed in details. Hydrogenation reactions catalyzed by transition metal complexes or heterogeneous nanocatalysts derived from metal cluster complexes will also be introduced.
Los Angeles v. Mendez: Proximate Cause Promise for Police Shooting Victims

Los Angeles County v. Mendez, the Supreme Court’s recent decision rejecting shooting victims’ excessive force claims, has been written off as yet another case in which police violence has no civil rights consequences. The Court found that the deputies who shot Jennifer Garcia and Angel Mendez fifteen times used reasonable force because Mendez was holding a BB gun. But the deputies barged in on Garcia and Mendez while they were napping on a futon in their home, and Mendez grabbed his BB gun to stand up and steady himself. The Court remanded the case with instructions to consider whether the defendants’ warrantless entry into the plaintiffs’ home, a constitutional violation not entitled to qualified immunity, was the proximate cause of the deputies’ deadly force. Justice Alito, writing for the Court, advised plaintiffs that “there is no need to dress up every Fourth Amendment claim as an excessive force claim.” The invitation to attempt recovery through an alternative legal theory could prove revolutionary for victims of police-involved shootings. So long as they can rely on common law tort principles to show that their injuries were proximately caused by an earlier constitutional violation, they might avoid excessive force precedent’s insurmountable hurdles, which, in recent cases like Plumhoff v. Rickard and Brosseau v. Haugen, has sanctioned nearly all forms of law enforcement deadly force. If plaintiffs can recover damages for shootings, then 42 U.S.C. § 1983 might once again serve some real deterrent purpose, forcing police officers to think before they shoot.
Abstract 5470: Reversibility of therapy-induced senescence in non-small cell lung cancer as a model of cancer recurrence

Disease recurrence at either primary or metastatic tumor sites arising from dormant tumors is largely responsible for the morbidity and mortality of many cancers. Although cellular quiescence has been proposed as a mechanism of dormancy, the nature of the growth arrest that allows tumor cells to re-emerge months or years after treatment has never been directly determined. The current work was designed to examine the hypothesis that the senescence induced by cancer chemotherapeutic drugs could be reversible, with implications for tumor dormancy and disease recurrence. Studies were performed using etoposide in models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Exposure to etoposide at sublethal concentrations resulted in growth arrest accompanied by the induction of senescence and autophagy. Growth arrest was transient in that proliferative recovery was evident by day 7 post-etoposide exposure. Analysis of senescence based on β-galactosidase activity demonstrated that the restoration of proliferative capacity coincided with a decline in the extent of senescence. Real-time live microscopy demonstrated heterogeneous fates of senescent cells, where the bulk of the cell population remaining in a state of stasis, a subset of cells undergoing apoptosis, and a fraction of the large, flattened, and polyploid cells spontaneously entering into mitosis. Neither genetic nor pharmacological inhibition of autophagy influenced the senescence response to etoposide, the eventual proliferative recovery, or sensitivity to etoposide. These findings indicate that the induction and resolution of senescence is independent of the accompanying autophagy, and that the autophagy induced by etoposide is non-cytoprotective in function. These observations suggest that therapy-induced senescence may ultimately be a transient process in that at least a subpopulation of tumor cells can and will regain proliferative capacity. Consequently, therapy-induced senescence could potentially be studied as a model of tumor dormancy, and the reversibility of senescence as a model of disease recurrence. Citation Format: Tareq Saleh, Emmanuel K. Cudjoe, S Lauren Kyte, Scott C. Henderson, Lynne W. Elmore, David A. Gewirtz. Reversibility of therapy-induced senescence in non-small cell lung cancer as a model of cancer recurrence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5470. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5470
Spiraling Light with Magnetic Metamaterial Quarter-Wave Turbines

Miniaturized quarter-wave plate devices empower spin to orbital angular momentum conversion and vector polarization formation, which serve as bridges connecting conventional optical beam and structured light. Enabling the manipulability of additional dimensions as the complex polarization and phase of light, quarter-wave plate devices are essential for exploring a plethora of applications based on orbital angular momentum or vector polarization, such as optical sensing, holography, and communication. Here we propose and demonstrate the magnetic metamaterial quarter-wave turbines at visible wavelength to produce radially and azimuthally polarized vector vortices from circularly polarized incident beam. The magnetic metamaterials function excellently as quarter-wave plates at single wavelength and maintain the quarter-wave phase retardation in broadband, while the turbine blades consist of multiple polar sections, each of which contains homogeneously oriented magnetic metamaterial gratings near azimuthal or radial directions to effectively convert circular polarization to linear polarization and induce phase shift under Pancharatnum-Berry’s phase principle. The perspective concept of multiple polar sections of magnetic metamaterials can extend to other analogous designs in the strongly coupled nanostructures to accomplish many types of light phase-polarization manipulation and structured light conversion in the desired manner.
Calcium-Dependent O2 Sensitivity of Cat Carotid Body

Mechanisms for the chemosensory response to hypoxia in the carotid body (CB) are not fully known. Two theories have been proposed (see Lahiri, 1994). The metabolic hypothesis states that available energy is reduced when O2 is low, causing depolarization and Ca2+ release, and release of neurotransmitters. The membrane chromophore hypothesis is a possible mechanism involving O2-sensitive ion channels. Through binding to the chromophore (presumably a protein in the cell membrane), a decrease in O2 can decrease K+ conductance, leading to depolarization and activation of Ca2+ channels. Although the proposed mechanisms are different, a common feature to both hypotheses is that neurotransmitter release is mediated by Ca2+.
Gender and Weight Influence Quality of Life in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and bowel dysfunction in the absence of structural abnormality. Diagnosis can be challenging and often leads to extensive medical tests, non-effective therapeutic modalities, and reduced quality of life (QOL). Identifying factors associated with dysfunction have the potential to enhance outcomes. Participants with IBS (n = 41) and healthy volunteers (n = 74) were recruited into this cross-sectional, descriptive, natural history protocol at the National Institute of Health, Clinical Center. Demographic characteristics were self-reported. QOL was assessed with the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) questionnaire. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, factorial ANOVA, and multiple regression. Individuals with IBS reported lower QOL scores across all QOL-subscales compared to healthy controls. Normal-weight women and overweight men with IBS reported the greatest QOL impairment. Body fat percent had confounding effects on the relationship between IBS and QOL. The disparity between QOL scores in participants with IBS by both gender and weight groups may reflect different social pressures perceived by normal and overweight women and men. These findings enhance the recognition of the disparities in patients with chronic symptoms and thereby lead to personalized assessment and interventions to improve their QOL.
The Ghosts of Performance Past: Theatre, Gender, Religion and Cultural Memory

This article studies the phenomenon of ghosting in religious performance through an examination of a famous Yoruba actress, Iyabo Ogunsola (Iya Efunsetan). Ogunsola once played the role of a 19th century historical character, Efunsetan Aniwura, on stage at a remarkable period of Yoruba history thus embedding her life and career trajectory with that of the culture. Iya Efunsetan has currently transited to an Aladura church leader and a gospel performer. Building on works by theatre/performance scholars who have studied how previously staged performances haunt the re-enactment of performances in another place, time, and context, I examine the religious aspect of the phenomenon of ghosting as it relates to Ase, Yoruba concept of metaphysical force. While Iya Efunsetan cannot shake off the ghosts of her theatrical past, I note that she mobilizes the Ase of her embodied theatrical history fame to authenticate herself as a religious leader.
Book Review: The New Americans: How the Melting Pot Can Work. Michael Barone. Washington, DC: Regnery Press, 2001

The proliferation of popular and academic discussions of immigration tend to take one of two positions—a celebration of the recent large scale flows of immigrants as a re-affirmation of America as an immigrant society, or dire warnings of the troubles and problems which will arise from the new immigration. Michael Barone finds a different way to discuss current immigration, and uses a detailed historical discussion of migration to make a case for the similarity of present and past patterns and processes of immigration. Other authors, many of whom are used as the basis for the current synthetic discussion, have examined the historical patterns of Irish, Italian and Jewish migrations. However, in this book the discussions of the historical immigrant experiences of the Irish, Italians, Jews, Hispanics and Asians are used to provide an interesting argument in favor of renewing a commitment to assimilation and the melting pot. The book is a celebration of assimilation but Barone argues that we cannot expect to see assimilation of current immigrants for several decades. The book drives home how long it took for earlier arrivals to become integrated. The Irish, he argues, took 120 years to assimilate and even groups which seemingly are today well integrated, the Italian and the Jewish immigrants took 80 years. The conclusion: Do not look for instant incorporation; it takes time and the process is one of decades not a few short years. The book is also an argument about the means of assimilation. Barone is critical of what he calls the “elite” position on immigration—the position that privileges multi-culturalism and criticizes Americanization and assimilation as unenlightened and demeaning. To Barone the “elites” are standing in the way of a “new melting pot.” He argues too that the extension of civil rights protections to new immigrants was mistaken and counter productive, creat-
Rethinking Critical Editions of Fragmentary Texts by Ontologies

This paper discusses the main issues encountered in the design of a domain ontology to represent ancient literary texts that survive only in fragments, i.e. through quotations embedded in other texts. The design approach presented in the paper combines a knowledge domain analysis conducted through semantic spaces with the integration of well established ontologies and the application of ontology design patterns. After briefy describing the specifc meaning of “fragment” in a literary context, the paper gives insights into the main conceptual issues of the ontology design process. Lastly, it outlines the overall architecture of protocols, services and data repositories which is required to implement a digital edition of fragments based on the proposed ontology.
Principle of Exchange

In this chapter, we use a case study from the pharmaceutical industry to illustrate both the dynamic and structural complexity of the innovation system, as well as the complications arising from the fact that firms rarely work on single projects, but rather on portfolios of projects. Furthermore, firms require not just one, but rather a number of employee capabilities to deliver the portfolio to market. The multiple linkages between these capabilities, product portfolios, and the rest of the innovation system result in structural complexity that causes any “solution” to a local problem to often fail. Worse, if the local solution does work, the dynamic complexity of the innovation system means that the solution will generally create another set of problems somewhere else in the system. An illustration of this principle of exchange is illustrated with a description of river engineering solutions to cope with floods and other problems along the Mississippi. The partial dismantling of levees to prevent floods in urban areas is a good example of this. One area is saved from flooding, but other areas are then flooded.
4 – Nuclear Power and Weapons Proliferation – The Thin Link*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the link between the nuclear power and weapons proliferation. Proliferation is a serious worldwide concern. If any nation, large or small, could threaten its neighbors with massive and rapid destruction, international relations would become more frightening. With the technical capability so widespread, proliferation has been historically very much less than would be the case if the desire to have nuclear weapons was common. Too many nations' nuclear weapons have only a marginal value certainly less than that of a military air force that they all want and have. Of the 100 non-weapon countries that have signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty, about half already have the basic technology to produce weapons materials, and there is no indication that they have done so.
Deep Domain Generalization

Conventional domain adaptation assumes that target data are still accessible in the training stage. However, we would always confront such cases in reality that the target data are totally blind in the training stage. This is extremely challenging since we have no prior knowledge of the target. Most recently, domain generalization has been well exploited to fight off the challenge through capturing knowledge from multiple source domains and generalizing to the unseen target domains. However, existing domain generalization research efforts all employ shallow structures, so it is difficult for them to well uncover the rich information within the complex data. Therefore, it is easy to ignore the useful knowledge shared by multiple sources and hard to adapt the knowledge to the unseen target domains in the test stage.
Loss of TET proteins in regulatory T cells unleashes effector function

Abstract TET enzymes oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and other oxidized methylcytosines, mediating DNA demethylation and serving as new epigenetic marks. Here we examine the role of TET proteins in Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, a distinct lineage of CD4+ T cells that prevent autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis. We report that Tet2/3fl/flFoxp3Cre mice that lack Tet2 and Tet3 specifically in Treg cells develop splenomegaly, leukocyte infiltration into tissues and inflammatory disease. Treg cells from these mice showed altered expression of Treg signature genes, with upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair and cancer. In littermate mice with more severe inflammation, both CD4+ Foxp3+ and CD4+ Foxp3- cells showed strong skewing towards Tfh and/or Th17 phenotypes. Notably, the presence of wild type Treg cells in mixed bone marrow chimeras and Tet2/3fl/flFoxp3WT/Cre heterozygous female mice did not suppress the aberrant phenotype and function of Tet2/3fl/flFoxp3Cre Treg cells. Fate-mapping experiments indicated that Treg cells from Tet2/3fl/flFoxp3Cre mice were more prone to lose Foxp3 expression; moreover, transfer of total CD4+ T cells isolated from Tet2/3fl/flFoxp3Cre mice could elicit inflammatory disease in fully immunocompetent mice. Together, these data indicate that Tet2 and Tet3 are guardians of Treg cell stability and immune homeostasis in mice.
A Closer Look at the Interactive Screening Program (ISP): Trends in Usage of an Online Screening Program

The purpose of this study was to analyze trends in the utilization of the Interactive Screening Program (ISP) with a population of students attending a college in the northeast. By making note of s...
Overuse of early peripheral vascular interventions for claudication.

Abstract Objective Guidelines from the Society for Vascular Surgery and the Choosing Wisely campaign recommend that peripheral vascular interventions (PVIs) be limited to claudication patients with lifestyle-limiting symptoms only after a failed trial of medical and exercise therapy. We sought to explore practice patterns and physician characteristics associated with early PVI after a new claudication diagnosis to evaluate adherence to these guidelines. Methods We used 100% Medicare fee-for-service claims to identify patients diagnosed with claudication for the first time between 2015 and 2017. Early PVI was defined as an aortoiliac or femoropopliteal PVI performed within 6 months of initial claudication diagnosis. A physician-level PVI utilization rate was calculated for physicians who diagnosed >10 claudication patients and performed at least one PVI (regardless of indication) during the study period. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was used to identify physician-level factors associated with early PVI. Results Of 194,974 patients who had a first-time diagnosis of claudication during the study period, 6286 (3.2%) underwent early PVI. Among the 5664 physicians included in the analysis, the median physician-level early PVI rate was low at 0% (range, 0%-58.3%). However, there were 320 physicians (5.6%) who had an early PVI rate ≥14% (≥2 standard deviations above the mean). After accounting for patient characteristics, a higher percentage of services delivered in ambulatory surgery center or office settings was associated with higher PVI utilization (vs 0%-22%; 23%-47%: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.23; 48%-68%: aOR, 1.49; 69%-100%: aOR, 1.72; all P Conclusions Outlier physicians with a high early PVI rate for patients newly diagnosed with claudication are identifiable using a claims-based practice pattern measure. Given the shared Society for Vascular Surgery and Choosing Wisely initiative goal to avoid interventions for first-line treatment of claudication, confidential data-sharing programs using national benchmarks and educational guidance may be useful to address high utilization in the management of claudication.
Determining value of high cost cancer therapies and discussing cost of cancer care: The patient perspective.

6512 Background: A trend in cancer treatment is the growing number of high-priced therapies which offer marginal clinical benefits. This has led ASCO to issue guidelines stressing the importance of...
Active Scattering-Cancellation Cloaking: Broadband Invisibility and Stability Constraints

While great progress has been made in the theory and realization of invisibility devices, the issue of narrow-bandwidth operation remains unsolved. In particular, physical bounds have been recently derived, based on the Bode–Fano theory of broadband impedance matching, that quantify the inherent difficulty in broadening the bandwidth of any linear, causal, and passive cloak. If we relax the passivity restriction, introducing active media into the system, it is then relevant to ask the following questions: 1) Can the Bode–Fano limit on broadband invisibility be surpassed, at least theoretically, and to what extent? 2) Can we guarantee the stability of a broadband active cloak? In this article, we discuss some steps toward answering these general questions. We first offer an intuitive discussion of why a passive cloak cannot be arbitrarily broadband. Then, we use a 1-D example to show, for the first time, that active cloaks have indeed the potential to operate beyond the Bode–Fano bandwidth limit. Finally, we design a simple 3-D active cloak that exhibits a much broader bandwidth than passive scattering-cancellation cloaks. All the designed active cloaks are stable, and we discuss some relevant conditions to ensure stability. Our results may pave the way for ultrabroadband invisibility devices.
Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans

Objective To examine reported experiences of discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes. Data source and study design Data came from a national, probability-based telephone survey of US adults, including 489 LGBTQ adults (282 non-Hispanic whites and 201 racial/ethnic minorities), conducted January-April 2017. Methods We calculated the percentages of LGBTQ adults reporting experiences of discrimination in health care and several other domains related to their sexual orientation and, for transgender adults, gender identity. We report these results overall, by race/ethnicity, and among transgender adults only. We used multivariable models to estimate adjusted odds of discrimination between racial/ethnic minority and white LGBTQ respondents. Principal findings Experiences of interpersonal discrimination were common for LGBTQ adults, including slurs (57 percent), microaggressions (53 percent), sexual harassment (51 percent), violence (51 percent), and harassment regarding bathroom use (34 percent). More than one in six LGBTQ adults also reported avoiding health care due to anticipated discrimination (18 percent), including 22 percent of transgender adults, while 16 percent of LGBTQ adults reported discrimination in health care encounters. LGBTQ racial/ethnic minorities had statistically significantly higher odds than whites in reporting discrimination based on their LGBTQ identity when applying for jobs, when trying to vote or participate in politics, and interacting with the legal system CONCLUSIONS: Discrimination is widely experienced by LGBTQ adults across health care and other domains, especially among racial/ethnic minorities. Policy and programmatic efforts are needed to reduce these negative experiences and their health impact on sexual and/or gender minority adults, particularly those who experience compounded forms of discrimination.
Rabies surveillance identifies potential risk corridors and enables management evaluation.

Intensive efforts are being made to eliminate the raccoon variant of rabies virus (RABV) from the eastern United States and Canada. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wildlife Services National Rabies Management Program has implemented enhanced rabies surveillance (ERS) to improve case detection across the extent of the raccoon oral rabies vaccination (ORV) management area. We evaluated ERS and public health surveillance data from 2006 to 2017 in three northeastern USA states using a dynamic occupancy modeling approach. Our objectives were to examine potential risk corridors for RABV incursion from the U.S. into Canada, evaluate the effectiveness of ORV management strategies, and identify surveillance gaps. ORV management has resulted in a decrease in RABV cases over time within vaccination zones (from occupancy ( ψ ¯ ) of 0.60 standard error (SE) = 0.03 in the spring of 2006 to ψ ¯ of 0.33 SE = 0.10 in the spring 2017). RABV cases also reduced in the enzootic area (from ψ ¯ of 0.60 SE = 0.03 in the spring of 2006 to ψ ¯ of 0.45 SE = 0.05 in the spring 2017). Although RABV occurrence was related to habitat type, greater impacts were associated with ORV and trap-vaccinate-release (TVR) campaigns, in addition to seasonal and yearly trends. Reductions in RABV occupancy were more pronounced in areas treated with Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) compared to RABORAL V-RG®. Our approach tracked changes in RABV occurrence across space and time, identified risk corridors for potential incursions into Canada, and highlighted surveillance gaps, while evaluating the impacts of management actions. Using this approach, we are able to provide guidance for future RABV management.
Cyclophilin D: An Integrator of Mitochondrial Function.

Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a mitochondrial peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, well known for regulating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), a non-specific large conductance pore whose opening leads to cell death and has been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury in multiple organs, in neurodegenerative disorders and in muscular dystrophies. While the main target of CypD is a matter of ongoing research, inhibiting CypD protects in models of those diseases making it an interesting therapeutic target. The present review focuses on post-translational modifications of CypD that have been identified by recent studies, which can alter the regulation of the PTP, and contribute to understanding the mechanisms of action of CypD.
School meals matter: federal policy can improve children’s nutrition and health (Jia et al. 2020)

[ ]we should make school meals available to all students as an integral part of the school day – without additional charge – like all other school services [ ]instead of allowing less nutritious foods to creep back into school meals as the USDA has proposed(34), we should provide more funding to enable schools to serve higher quality meals USDA reimbursement rates for school lunch did not cover the full costs of meals before the pandemic(27) Since March 2020 when schools began closing to reduce the spread of the virus, the USDA has approved waivers allowing schools to safely distribute meals to children(35) According to a survey of school nutrition directors conducted in May, nearly all (99·4 %) have continued to provide school lunch(36)
The evolution of health care in the Texas correctional system and the impact of COVID-19

Health care under the jurisdiction of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice has evolved over time to provide prisoners greater access to medical care, including psychiatric care and substance abuse assistance. Mental illness and chronic conditions, such as hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and heart disease, are common in prisoners in Texas and across the nation and increase the cost of health care. The average annual health care cost per prisoner in Texas was $4077 in 2015. Although the Texas prison system has undergone changes, such as the use of telemedicine and protocols for preventive measures, to address the varying medical needs of prisoners in correctional facilities, there is still considerable criticism regarding prison policies and incomplete access to medical care. In addition, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has added significant stress to correctional health care in Texas and highlights the importance of organized health care for prisoners. This report reviews the history and evolution of health care delivery in Texas's correctional facilities, outlines ongoing efforts to improve medical care in prison facilities, and describes current policies to limit COVID-19 infections in Texas prisons.
IG Farben's Entrepreneurial Collaboration With Nazi Germany

IG Farben was a German chemicals combine that was formed early in the 1920's and that later became infamous for its collaboration with Nazi Germany in the '30s and '40s. IG Farben produced synthetic fuel and rubber that enabled Nazi Germany to rearm at an aggressive pace and then fight the Second World War into 1945, despite having little access to those strategic resources from the global market. By thee end of that war, IG Farben had largely morphed into a criminal enterprise, having participated in some of the Third Reich's most atrocious crimes. In this paper, I examine the history of IG Farben and its collaboration with Nazi Germany from an economic point of view, by examining its principal decision makers as entrepreneurs. I argue that IG Farben collaborated with Nazi Germany and its bellicose ends because coordinating its synthetic-fuel technology with NSDAP's ends offered a profit opportunity that could not be rivaled on the free market. Although entrepreneurship is a sine qua non for the evolution of wealth, the cause of IG Farben's entrepreneurial collaboration with Nazi Germany demonstrates that entrepreneurship can have destructive consequences outside of a free market and therefore helps economic theory improve its empirical understanding of non-market entrepreneurship.
Information Relaxation Bounds for Evaluating Ambulance Dispatch and Allocation Policies

In EMS, due to the complexity of spatial queuing modeling frameworks, operators are often struggle to understand if prioritized dispatch, improved location, or improved fleeting can improve system performance; because each of these individual models are complex to implement. I build performance bounds that enable policymakers to evaluate EMS operators’ proposals for fleeting and staffing requirements, and understand whether EMSs should focus on improved dispatch frameworks or location optimizations. This work solves an open problem (stated in Maxwell et al (2014)) of constructing penalized information-relaxation for EMS. We present information relaxation bounds by penalizing the excess information known to an omniscient planner. We expand the theory of penalized information relaxations and model the penalty function components as integer programs using a parameterized cut that overcomes the difficulty stated in Maxwell et al (2014). Exploiting the equivalence of dynamic programming and integer programming, we model the penalty functions as several nested integer programs, that can still be combined and solved as a single-step IP. Our reformulation allows tighter and computationally tractable bounds to be constructed, avoiding the curse of dimensionality.
The "Black Fungus" in India: The Emerging Syndemic of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis.

A surge in cases of mucormycosis occurred during India's catastrophic “second wave” of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes actions that are urgently needed to prevent and treat this life-...
Breakout Rooms, Polling, and Chat, Oh My! The Development and Validation of Online COPUS

We developed and validated a new classroom observation protocol, Online COPUS (E-COPUS), to measure teaching and learning practices in the online learning environment. We collected COPUS and E-COPUS data from 40 STEM courses before, during the transition, and continuation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Through weekly discussions among observers, we adjusted six of the original instructor COPUS code descriptions and six of the original student code descriptions to fit the online learning environment. We trained 23 observers to conduct E-COPUS utilizing both in-person and online lecture recordings. To validate E- COPUS, we consulted an expert panel of science educators and education researchers to provide feedback on our code descriptions and complete a matching activity with our E-COPUS code descriptions. We further examined E-COPUS by analyzing the teaching and learning practices of 6 instructors across in-person and online instruction and found that the online functions of breakout rooms, polling, and the chat were utilized to promote active learning activities in the online learning environment. As we prepare for teaching in the future, it is important to have formative assessment tools designed for all course formats to support assessment and improvement of teaching practices in college STEM classrooms.
Derivation of a Levelized Cost of Coating (LCOC) metric for evaluation of solar selective absorber materials

A new metric, the Levelized Cost of Coating (LCOC), is derived in this paper to evaluate and compare alternative solar selective absorber coatings against a baseline coating (Pyromark 2500). In contrast to previous metrics that focused only on the optical performance of the coating, the LCOC includes costs, durability, and optical performance for more comprehensive comparisons among candidate materials. The LCOC is defined as the annualized marginal cost of the coating to produce a baseline annual thermal energy production. Costs include the cost of materials and labor for initial application and reapplication of the coating, as well as the cost of additional or fewer heliostats to yield the same annual thermal energy production as the baseline coating. Results show that important factors impacting the LCOC include the initial solar absorptance, thermal emittance, reapplication interval, degradation rate, reapplication cost, and downtime during reapplication. The LCOC can also be used to determine the optimal reapplication interval to minimize the levelized cost of energy production. As a result, similar methods can be applied more generally to determine the levelized cost of component for other applications and systems.
Regulatory role of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dock180 phosphorylation on Tyr/Ser in mediation of gastric mucosal Rac1 activation in response to Helicobacter pylori and ghrelin

A small GTPase, Rac1, is recognized as an important modulator of the inflammatory responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by affecting the processes of phospholipase C activation. The activation of Rac1 involves the exchange of GDP for GTP and is catalyzed by the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Here, we report on the gastric mucosal GEF, Dock180, activation in response to H. pylori PS, and the hormone, ghrelin. We show that stimulation of gastric mucosal cells with the LPS leads to up-regulation in Dock180 phosphorylation on Tyr and Ser that is accompanied by a massive rise in Rac1-GTP level, while the effect of ghrelin, manifested by a drop in Dock180 phosphorylation on Ser, is associated with a decrease in Rac1-GTP formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phosphorylation on Tyr remains under the control of the Src family protein tyrosine kinases (SFK-PTKs), and is accompanied by Dock180 membrane translocation, while phosphorylation of the membrane-localized Dock180 on Ser represents the stimulatory contribution of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) to Dock180 activation. Moreover, we reveal that the interaction between Dock180 and PKCδ is dependent on Dock180 Tyr phosphorylation as well as the activity of PKCδ. Thus, our findings point to the involvement of PKCδ in the LPS-induced up-regulation of Dock180 activation, and suggest the modulatory mechanism of ghrelin influence on the gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to H. pylori.
Playful programming: introductory computer science using the Luwak Ludic Toolkit

This workshop introduces the Luwak Ludic Toolkit (Luwak), a game-building extension of the ACM Java Task Force's acm.jar package.Luwak, taking the term ludic seriously, supports CS1 students in writing their own computer games on day one. It also addresses the "learning to program the toolkit" problem by being extremely lightweight; students learn enough to look under the hood in a single semester. This workshop provides an introduction to Luwak through a variety of assignments drawn from across a typical CS1 semester. These assignments, as well as the complete Luwak toolkit, will be available during the workshop on CD-R (or before at luwak.simplecomputergames.com). The primary goal of the workshop is to give participants enough information and material that they can start teaching with Luwak as soon as they wish.
Legal Scholarship Symposium: The Scholarship of Lawrence M. Friedman

Lawrence M. Friedman has achieved a singular preeminence as a legal historian for articulating a new vision of legal history as a discipline in his 1973 work entitled A History of American Law. This book treats American law as a mirror of society. At the time, Friedman's vision was still something quite new in American legal historiography. James Willard Hurst's notions of legal history as a sociolegal inquiry would heavily influence Friedman, helping to move the field into new and often surprising precincts. Friedman's approach to legal history is one that introduced us to previously unexamined actors and institutions.Whether looking at criminal justice in the limited context of late nineteenth-century Alameda County or giving us a broad overview of criminal law and its administration across the broad sweep of the nation's history, Friedman makes an important contribution precisely because of his ability to integrate the legal and the social. Crime and society's responses to crime involve law with the society's broader culture in a way that no other area of the law can. At its base, criminal law and its administration involve fundamental questions of a society's moral vision and the mobilization of the public behind that vision. It also deeply involves questions of social hierarchy and power. These are legal questions, but behind those legal questions stand powerful questions concerning a society and its culture. The history of American criminal law has benefited greatly from having Friedman apply his skilled law and society lens to a once neglected field in legal history.
Correlating alerts with a data mining based approach

In monitoring anomalous network activities, intrusion detection systems tend to generate a large amount of alerts, which greatly increase the workload of post-detection analysis and decision-making. In this paper, we propose a correlation approach based on sequential pattern mining techniques to fuse related alerts for the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. By mining the alert sequences and iteratively consolidating the matching sequential alert patterns, our approach is able to greatly reduce the related alerts and identify their DDoS membership. The alert reduction and fusing mechanism allow us to concentrate on a higher level of abstraction and thus save much extra efforts spent on analyzing a big volume of trivial raw alerts. Experimental comparisons of our method with hidden Markov model (HMM), a powerful stochastic process for sequence analysis, show that our algorithm is slightly better than HMM in terms of DDoS alert sequence identification.
Cross-talk between protein kinase C and multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

Protein kinase C (PKC) exhibits both negative and positive cross-talk with multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) in PC12 cells. PKC effects negative cross-talk by inhibiting the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores and by inhibiting Ca2+ influx through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. In the absence of cross-talk, Ca2+ influx induced by depolarization with 56 mM K+ stimulates CaM kinase and its autophosphorylation and converts up to 50% of the enzyme to a Ca(2+)-independent or autonomous species. Acute treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) elicits a parallel reduction in depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx and in generation of autonomous CaM kinase. Negative cross-talk also occurs during stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol signaling system with bradykinin, which activates both PKC and CaM kinase. The extent of CaM kinase activation is attenuated by the simultaneous activation of PKC; it is enhanced by prior down-regulation of PKC. PKC also exhibits positive cross-talk with CaM kinase. Submaximal activation of CaM kinase by ionomycin is potentiated by concurrent activation of PKC with PMA. Such PMA treatment is found to increase the level of cytosolic calmodulin. Enhanced activation of CaM kinase by PKC may result from PKC-mediated phosphorylation of calmodulin-binding proteins, such as neuromodulin and MARCKS, and the subsequent increase in the availability of previously bound calmodulin for activation of CaM kinase.
Outcomes with FOLFIRINOX for borderline resectable and locally unresectable pancreatic cancer

Background Trials examining FOLFIRINOX in metastatic pancreatic cancer demonstrate higher response rates compared to gemcitabine-based regimens. There is currently limited experience with neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX in pancreatic cancer.