cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity to drug effects on prepulse inhibition in inbred and outbred rat strains.

Abstract Genetic differences in the neurochemical regulation of PPI in rats may help clarify the neural basis of inherited PPI differences in neuropsychiatric disorders. We reported and characterized substantial heritable differences in sensitivity to PPI-disruptive effects of DA agonists in outbred Sprague Dawley (SDH) versus Long–Evans (LEH) rats. Other strains might yield large group separations and facilitate studies of the neural basis for these strain differences; inbred strains might also allow us to map genes associated with differential PPI sensitivity. Sensitivity to the PPI-disruptive effects of the DA agonist apomorphine (APO) and the NMDA antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) were compared across inbred and outbred strains. APO sensitivity was greatest in SDH and buffalo rats, but the effect in buffalo rats was complicated by significant APO-induced startle suppression. PPI APO sensitivity was least in ACI and LEH rats; F344s exhibited intermediate sensitivity and Lewis rats showed a nonlinear dose response (sensitivity at low but not higher doses). PPI APO insensitivity in ACI rats developed over time, with ACI pups exhibiting robust sensitivity. Substantial strain differences were observed in short-interval (10–30 ms) prepulse effects, and APO-induced increases in short-interval PPI occurred in SDH, LEH, and Lewis rats, but not in F344, ACI, or buffalo rats. Sensitivity to PPI-disruptive effects of PCP was generally greater in outbred than inbred rats. These findings identify strains suitable for comparisons of PPI neural circuitry and others for whom such comparisons would be complex and perhaps less informative.
Nondimensional frequency scaling of aerodynamically-tensioned membranes

Abstract Membrane wings have applications that involve low Reynolds number flyers such as micro air vehicles. The time-averaged and time-dependent deformations of the membrane affect the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing, primarily in the region beyond the maximum aerodynamic efficiency of the wing. This paper investigates an appropriate nondimensional vibration frequency scaling of a spanwise tensioned membrane with free (unattached) leading and trailing edges at low Reynolds numbers relative to nondimensional aeroelastic parameters. Silicone rubber membranes with varying spanwise pre-tension, aerodynamic tension (due to wing angle-of-attack and flow dynamic pressure), modulus of elasticity, span, and thickness are studied. Experimental results are compared to a proposed scaling that simplifies the aerodynamic loading as a uniform pressure distribution acting on the membrane. Data is further compared and discussed relative to previous published results of membrane wings with finite wing spans (three-dimensional flow) and fixed (rigid) leading edges.
Electronic information literacy for the criminal justice student

Computerization of libraries and information sources has radically changed the amount of information available to researchers and has created new ways to access this information. This “explosion,” although exciting and invaluable, can make library research bewildering and overwhelming for students. This article discusses new information sources and formats, and the skills, knowledge, and judgement needed by criminal justice students to use them most effectively and most widely. Educators must not underestimate the value, for students, of a solid foundation in the nature of information, how information is produced and organized, the forms in which it can be presented, and how it can be evaluated.
Direct Measurement of Aspirin

A fluorometric procedure for the direct measurement of aspirin in which interference due to salicylic acid and its conjugates was eliminated by reaction with ceric ammonium nitrate was modified, improving recovery of aspirin from 57 to 93%.
Antifouling ability of polyethylene glycol of different molecular weights grafted onto polyester surfaces by cold plasma

Different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 200, 400, 600, 2000, and 4600) were grafted onto silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) plasma functionalized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) surfaces. Dramatic increase of the C–O peak in the C1s high-resolution spectra determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis suggests that PEG was successfully grafted. PEG-grafted PET showed significant inhibition of attachment and biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium compared to unmodified PET. The antifouling ability of PEG-grafted PET surfaces was affected by the molecular weight of PEG and PEG2000 was the most effective. Both PEG600- and PEG2000-grafted PET also significantly inhibited biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes. Stability tests showed that over 2-month storage under ambient conditions PEG2000-grafted PET demonstrated reduced antifouling ability, but still significantly reduced biofilm formation by S. enterica sv. Typhimurium.
In the blink of an electronic eye: A prospectus

Some potential uses of computers for education and training paradigms are discussed. These capitalize on the capabilities to provide analog feedback about ongoing “real-time” events. In particular, we examine the use of computers to detect nuances and subtleties in rhythm and timing. Examples are suggested, including new controls for interactive computers and ways of using such machines for training in motor skills.
Numerical simulation of microparticles penetration and gas dynamics in an axi-symmetric supersonic nozzle for genetic vaccination

Abstract This paper describes two phase (solid particles/gas) flow in a supersonic nozzle that is part of a device for micromolecular vaccine/drug delivery. It accelerates micro solid particles to high speeds sufficient to penetrate the viable epidermis layer to achieve the pharmaceutical effect. Helium is used as the driving gas for the solid particles because of its high compressibility factor. A numerical parametric study was performed for gas pressures ranging between 3 and 6 MPa and gold particles of diameters 1.8 μm and 5 μm. The computed results show that uniform particle velocity was achieved at standoff distance of 2 exit diameters (D e ) downstream of the device exit with particles concentrated on the supersonic core jet. Increasing the helium pressure from 3 to 6 MPa caused an increase in the particle velocity of 24% for particles with a diameter of 1.8 μm and 7% for particles of diameter 5 μm at the standoff distance. Furthermore increased gas pressure has adverse effect on particles concentration. As the inlet pressure increases, the particles are concentrated more at the core of the nozzle. Semi-empirical particle penetration calculation confirms the numerical results that the 5 μm particles penetration distance is 45–135 μm and the 1.8 μm diameter penetration is 35–95 μm beneath the skin. Comparison of different geometries has been done in order to understand each section function and to gain optimum performance.
A stabilized stochastic finite element second-order projection method for modeling natural convection in random porous media

We consider natural convection in flow saturated porous media with random porosity. The porosity is treated as a random field and a stochastic finite element method is developed. The stochastic projection method is considered for the solution of the high-dimensional stochastic Navier-Stokes equations since it leads to the uncoupling of the velocity and pressure degrees of freedom. Because of the porosity dependence of the pressure gradient term in the governing flow equations, one cannot use the first-order projection method. A stabilized stochastic finite element second-order projection method is presented based on a pressure gradient projection. A two-dimensional stochastic problem with moderate and large variation in the random porosity field is examined and the results are compared with Monte-Carlo and sparse grid (Smolyak) collocation approaches. Excellent agreement between these results indicates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methodology.
Evidence for GABAergic projections from the tegmental nuclei of Gudden to the mammillary body in the rat

Abstract Immunochemical studies have demonstrated the presence of large numbers of cells immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) within the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of gudden. Following injections of Fluoro-Gold into the medial mammillary nucleus, a substantial proportion of the retrogradely labeled neurons within the ventral tegmental nucleus displayed GAD-like immunoreactivity. Conversely, electrolytic or excitotoxic lesions of the ventral tegmental nucleus produced a large decrease in the number of fibers and terminals immunoreactive for GAD within the medial mammillary nucleus. In contrast, electrolytic lesions of the dorsal tegmental nucleus were found to produced a large decrease in GAD-like immunoreactivity which was restricted to the lateral mammillary nucleus. Control lesions placed caudal to the dorsal tegmental nucleus were without effect. These findings suggest that the dorsal and ventral nuclei send a substantial, topographically organized, GABAergic input to the mammillary body.
THE THICKNESS OF THE HELIUM FILM

It is suggested that the change in thickness of the helium film at the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point is not caused by any essential change in the thermodynamic relation between film thickness, pressure, and temperature. It can be a result of the onset of superfluidity below the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point which causes a great change in the rate of approach to equilibrium and consequently of the average of the film thickness during the experimental fluctuation of pressure and temperature.
Intracellular electrolyte regulation in freshwater- and seawater-adapted coho salmon

Abstract Concentrations of sodium and potassium were analyzed in liver tissue taken from freshwater- and seawater-adapted coho salmon smolts, and from seawater stunts. Total potassium, related to dry weight, was significantly higher in the stunts than in either the freshwater or seawater smolts. Tissue slices incubated in Ringer solution under 100% oxygen showed a similar trend, although statistical significance was only marginal. Tissue sodium was not significantly different among the three groups of fish.
Disability determination and the social conscience

The unfit and the unneeded! The miserable and despised and forgotten, dying in the social shambles. The progeny of prostitution–of the prostitution of men and women and children, of flesh and blood, and sparkle and spirit; in brief the prostitution of labor. If this is the best that civilization can do for the human, then give us howling and naked savagery. Far better to be a people of the wilderness and desert, of the cave and the squatting-place, than to be a people of the machine and the Abyss. (1).
A view from the other side

Abstract Physicians who are being sued for alleged negligence sometimes have little knowledge about the legal system. Over the years, there have been many articles and books written for physicians that explain various aspects of the legal system. However, a somewhat different view can be obtained by reading a book written by and for plaintiffs' attorneys. Winning Medical Negligence Cases, a Guide for the Plaintiffs' Lawyer provides information on many of the steps involved in pursuing a lawsuit, from deciding to work on the case through questioning witnesses in court. Along with much other information, methods of causing the jury to see the physician in an unfavorable light are presented.
The theory of value and earnings, and an introduction to the Ball‐Brown analysis*

Abstract. The paper develops a simple and parsimonious model that relates earnings and unexpected earnings to market returns. The analysis emphasizes that any model under uncertainty must be consistent with the theory of value, earnings, and dividends under certainty (i.e., Hicksian income theory). An extension of this theory exists such that the model subsumes uncertainty. The Hicksian approach is useful because it embeds key dividend irrelevancy concepts due to Modigliani and Miller (1961), and these can be retained under uncertainty. An interesting empirical proposition can be inferred from the model: earnings, rather than the change in earnings, ought to serve as a premier exploratory variable of returns. This contention is consistent with some recent empirical findings due to Easton and Harris (1991). Resume. L'auteur elabore un modele simple et parcimonieux qui relie les benefices, et les benefices imprevus, aux rendements du marche. L'analyse met en relief le fait que tout modele en situation d'incertitude doit etre conforme a la theorie de la valeur, des benefices et des dividendes en situation de certitude (c'est-a-dire la theorie hicksienne des benefices). Cette theorie peut etre elargie de telle sorte que le modele tienne compte de l'incertitude. L'utilite de l'approche hicksienne tient au fait qu'elle englobe les concepts cles de non-pertinence relatifs au dividende que l'on attribue a Modigliani et Miller. et que ces concepts peuvent etre appliques en situation d'incertitude. Ce modele permet de formuler une proposition empirique interessante: les benefices, plutot que l'evolution des benefices, doivent servir de premiere variable exploratoire des rendements. Cette affirmation est conforme aux resultats empiriques recemment obtenus pas Easton et Harris.
Update in HIV Medicine for the Generalist

This update examines and summarizes the most recent data on prevention, testing, and treatment of HIV infection for the general internist. Our aims were: (1) to describe the most recent data on HIV prevention; (2) to discuss the recommendations and emerging evidence for routine HIV screening, particularly in community-based settings; (3) to interpret the most recent data on initiation and selection of antiretroviral therapy; and (4) to facilitate the application of these findings to the clinical practice of the generalist. We performed a PUBMED search of from March 2008 through April 2010, using the Medial Subject Heading (MeSH) term “HIV,” limited to English language articles focusing on human subjects. Additionally, the authors each reviewed studies published between March 2008 and April 2010 in the major internal medicine and HIV journals. We also performed targeted searches using the search terms “HIV prevention” and “HIV testing.” Articles were included after review by consensus among a group of experts, all practicing HIV clinicians and researchers, if they met the following criteria: (1) offered novel findings in HIV prevention, HIV testing, or initiation of antiretroviral therapy; and (2) had the potential for direct clinical relevance to the practicing generalist. We narrowed down our selection by group consensus with the goal of presenting the eight to ten most relevant papers published since March 2008.
Electron Correlations in Plasma Line Broadening

A method of including electron correlations in the relaxation theory for spectral line broadening in plasmas is presented. The effect of these correlations in the relaxation theory is compared with the analogous results in the impact theory; numerical comparisons are made for the Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ line of hydrogen. In particular, it is shown that the impact-parameter cutoff used in the impact theory constitutes a very good approximation to the effect of these correlations.
Gli1 enhances migration and invasion via up-regulation of MMP-11 and promotes metastasis in ERα negative breast cancer cell lines

Gli1 is an established oncogene and its expression in Estrogen Receptor (ER) α negative and triple negative breast cancers is predictive of a poor prognosis; however, the biological functions regulated by Gli1 in breast cancer have not been extensively evaluated. Herein, Gli1 was over-expressed or down-regulated (by RNA interference and by expression of the repressor form of Gli3) in the ERα negative, human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and SUM1315. Reduced expression of Gli1 in these two cell lines resulted in a decrease in migration and invasion. Gli1 over-expression increased the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells with a corresponding increase in expression of MMP-11. Silencing MMP-11 in MDA-MB-231 cells that over-expressed Gli1 abrogated the Gli1-induced enhancement of migration and invasion. Sustained suppression of Gli1 expression decreased growth of MDA-MB-231 in vitro by increasing apoptosis and decreasing proliferation. In addition, silencing of Gli1 reduced the numbers and sizes of pulmonary metastases of MDA-MB-231 in an in vivo experimental metastasis assay. In summary, Gli1 promotes the growth, survival, migration, invasion and metastasis of ERα negative breast cancer. Additionally, MMP-11 is up-regulated by Gli1 and mediates the migration and invasion induced by Gli1 in MDA-MB-231.
Modeling and Verification of Steady State Operational Changes on the Performance of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer many potential benefits as an energy conversion device. This paper addresses experimental validation of a numerical SOFC model that has been developed. Results are compared at steady state operation for temperatures ranging from 1073 K to 1173 K and for H 2 gas concentrations fuel supplies of 10-90% with a balance of N 2 . The results agree well with a maximum of 13.3% difference seen between the numerical and experimental results, which is within the limit of the experimental uncertainties and the material constants that are measured, with most comparisons well below this level. It is concluded that since the model is very sensitive to material properties and temperature that for the best results they should be as specific as possible to the experiment. These specific properties were demonstrated in this paper and a validation of a full fuel cell model, with a concentration on the anode, was presented.
Online Parameter Estimation for Temporal Spectrum Sensing

We develop a computationally efficient online parameter estimation algorithm for temporal spectrum sensing of a cognitive radio channel using a hidden bivariate Markov model. The online estimator is based on a block-recursive parameter estimation algorithm developed by Ryden for hidden Markov models. This approach requires the score function only. We develop an efficient method for computing the score function recursively and extend Ryden's approach to hidden bivariate Markov models. The advantage of the hidden bivariate Markov model over the hidden Markov model is its ability to characterize non-geometric state sojourn time distributions, which can be crucial in spectrum sensing. Based on the hidden bivariate Markov model, an estimate of the future state of the primary user can be obtained, which can be used to reduce harmful interference and improve channel utilization. Moreover, the online estimator can adapt to changes in the statistical characteristics of the primary user. We present numerical results that demonstrate the performance of temporal spectrum sensing using the proposed online parameter estimator.
Modeling interdependent infrastructures for sustainable counterterrorism

If the adage ‘‘to manage risk, one must measure it’’ constitutes the compass for risk management, then risk models provide the roadmaps that guide the analyst throughout the journey of risk assessment. The process of risk assessment and management may be viewed through many lenses, depending on the perspective, vision, values, and circumstances. This forum addresses the complex problem of developing tactical and strategic responses to the risks of terrorism. As a vehicle with which to communicate a framework for modeling, we focus on the risks facing the United States, while recognizing that a more complete analysis would include the entire world community.
Plasminogen activator is associated with the extracellular matrix of ovarian granulosa cells.

Abstract Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increases the activity of a cell-associated, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) during the initial hours of granulosa cell development. In order to determine the cellular localization of tPA, granulosa cells were labeled with [ 35 S]methionine for 4 h and detergent-solubilized proteins were immunoprecipitated and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. FSH stimulated the synthesis of a M r 70000 PA in granulosa cells that was specifically immunoprecipitated by tPA antibodies. Subcellular fractionation of granulosa cells indicated that the newly biosynthesized tPA was present in a 100000 × g membrane fraction with minimal tPA in the cytosolic, nuclear, and secreted compartments. Isolation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesized by granulosa cells revealed that the membrane-associated tPA induced by FSH was present in the basement membrane. Deposition of tPA into the ECM increased with time and the enzyme exhibited a low turnover rate of > 4 h at this site. The ECM-associated tPA was functionally active as determined by fibrin autography and approximately 95% of the PA activitiy observed in intact, plated cells was localized to the ECM. When the attachment of cells and deposition of ECM were reduced by maintaining granulosa cells in suspension culture, 40% of the newly synthesized tPA was released instead of being cell-associated. The addition of increasing quantities of anti-tPA IgG or unlabeled tPA minimally depleted the biosynthesized enzyme from the cells, indicating that tPA tightly interacted with the ECM. These results indicate that FSH regulates the biosynthesis of a tPA that is preferentially localized to the ECM region of granulosa cells. The presence of tPA in the ECM may be important in establishing the epithelial phenotype of granulosa cells during differentiation.
On the Quantitative Use of the Foucault Knife-Edge Test

The work described in the foregoing paper made the development of a quantitative method of surveying surfaces necessary, that could be used for local measurements and on nonsymmetric surfaces. The theory of the method and the experimental technique are described. The accuracy of the survey is better than 1/20 wave-length with visual subjective observation and could be carried up to 1/100 wave-length with objective photographic measurements. The errors of the Foucault knife-edge test, especially the one produced by parallax, are discussed. Ways of reducing or eliminating them are described.
Evaluation of azithromycin resistance in Treponema pallidum specimens from madagascar

Treponema pallidum resistance to azithromycin has been documented in the US, Canada, and Ireland. We found no evidence of resistance to azithromycin in specimens from 141 patients with syphilitic lesions in Madagascar suggesting resistance is geographically isolated and supporting use of azithromycin as alternative treatment for early syphilis in Madagascar.
Risk of neutropenia with clopidogrel

Dr. Berger et al. presented a cogent comparison of ticlopidine and clopidogrel after intracoronary artery stent placement [(1)][1]. However, they present misleading information regarding the side effects of clopidogrel. They state, “Clopidogrel does not cause neutropenia … ” [(1)][1]. The
TWO MICRODYNAMIC MODELS OF EXCHANGE

Abstract Two models are presented of real-time exchange and price adjustment for a system of interrelated markets mediated by trade specialists. The first (MBM) features partially decentralized barter exchange in which specialists continuosly maintain inventories and periodically adjust prices. A ‘correspondence principle’ yields existence and efficiency of (steady-state) equilibrium. Local stability follows from a direct argument. The second model (MMM) features fully decentralized money-mediated exchange as well as specialists. Existence, approximate-efficiency, local-stability and asymptotic-neutrality results are derived.
Fulton's body condition factor K correlates with survival time in a thermal challenge experiment in juvenile Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)

Abstract Thermal tolerance was measured in an experimental setting using seven full-sibling family groups of hatchery reared Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Oncorynchus clarki henshawi ). Body weight and fork length were measured and Fulton's body condition factor ( K ) was estimated for each individual. Heritabilities were moderately high for body weight (0.50), upper temperature tolerance (0.44), and K factor (0.50). Estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations between upper temperature tolerance and K factor were 0.53 and 0.41, respectively. K factor may be an indicator as to the ability of an individual to survive periods of increased water temperature during the summer months.
Sparse reconstruction of visual appearance for computer graphics and vision

A broad range of problems in computer graphics rendering, appearance acquisition for graphics and vision, and imaging, involve sampling, reconstruction, and integration of high-dimensional (4D-8D) signals. For example, precomputation-based real-time rendering of glossy materials and intricate lighting effects like caustics, can involve (pre)-computing the response of the scene to different light and viewing directions, which is often a 6D dataset. Similarly, image-based appearance acquisition of facial details, car paint, or glazed wood, requires us to take images from different light and view directions. Even offline rendering of visual effects like motion blur from a fast-moving car, or depth of field, involves high-dimensional sampling across time and lens aperture. The same problems are also common in computational imaging applications such as light field cameras. In the past few years, computer graphics and computer vision researchers have made significant progress in subsequent analysis and compact factored or multiresolution representations for some of these problems. However, the initial full dataset must almost always still be acquired or computed by brute force. This is often prohibitively expensive, taking hours to days of computation and acquisition time, as well as being a challenge for memory usage and storage. For example, on the order of 10,000 megapixel images are needed for a 1 degree sampling of lights and views for high-frequency materials. We argue that dramatically sparser sampling and reconstruction of these signals is possible, before the full dataset is acquired or simulated. Our key idea is to exploit the structure of the data that often lies in lower-frequency, sparse, or low-dimensional spaces. Our framework will apply to a diverse set of problems such as sparse reconstruction of light transport matrices for relighting, sheared sampling and denoising for offline shadow rendering, time-coherent compressive sampling for appearance acquisition, and new approaches to computational photography and imaging.
Candidate quality and the congressional vote: A causal connection?

Abstract Anecdotal evidence and correlational studies provide consistent evidence that the skill and integrity of legislative incumbents strongly affect those representatives' prospects for reelection. What is less clear, however, is why these effects occur. In particular, previous research fails to establish that voters incorporate objective information pertaining to candidate quality in the decision calculus. We address this issue through use of a laboratory experiment in which objective descriptions of the skill and integrity of US. House candidates were varied. Results reveal that both feeling thermometer scores and the vote choice were influenced by the information concerning candidate quality. The effects of skill and integrity were not attenuated by our participants' partisan attachments or political knowledge, nor by variance in the information format or the candidates' issue positions. Collectively, these results suggest that candidate quality may exert broad influence on the vote choice, and that this influence operates independently from other conventional predictors of the vote.
Adrenocorticosteroid excretion in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract Two strains of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) differ in their susceptibility to the hypertensive effects of dietary NaCl. One strain exhibits a significant elevation of blood pressure after dietary NaCl loading (SHR-S), whereas the other does not (SHR-R). Since differences in adrenocortical steroid production may contribute to NaCl sensitivity, we compared 19-nordeoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18-OH-DOC, aldosterone, and corticosterone excretion in 6-week-old male rats from the SHR-S (n = 24) and SHR-R (n = 24) strains. The rats were housed in metabolic cages (two rats per cage) and given either basal (1%) or high (8%) NaCl diet. Urinary steroids were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography and radioimmunoassay methods. The high NaCl diet elevated the urinary excretion of the four corticosteroids in both rat strains. 19-nor-DOC decreased with time in both the SHR-S and SHR-R strains, and was not different between strains on either diet. Aldosterone was increased in the SHR-S strain compared with the SHR-R strain on the low NaCl diet, but aldosterone was not different between the two strains on the high NaCl diet. Corticosterone and 18-OH-DOC did not differ between strains. These data confirm that 19-nor-DOC is higher in young prehypertensive SHRs and decreases with age. Aldosterone excretion is higher in the SHR-S strain compared with the SHR-R strain on the low NaCl diet. Aldosterone levels are not different in the SHR-S strain compared with the SHR-R strain on the high NaCl diet, but these levels may be inappropriately high in the SHR-S strain, which has excess blood pressure elevation. The failure of aldosterone to suppress appropriately in the SHR-S strain may contribute to the susceptibility of these rats to the hypertensive effects of dietary NaCl.
Comparison from Radiotracking of Movements and Denning Habits of the Raccoon, Striped Skunk, and Opossum in Northeastern Kansas

A comparative study of spatial relationships of the opossum ( Didelphis marsupialis ), raccoon ( Procyon lotor ), and striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis ) was made on the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation, an area of deciduous woodland, brush and grassland. Thirty-nine animals, including 27 opossums, eight raccoons and four skunks, were each equipped with small radio transmitters and were trailed to their dens over periods ranging from 2 to 239 days. Each animal was found to use a series of dens and each well-situated den was used by many different individuals. Sometimes two or several different animals used a den simultaneously; on one occasion an opossum and a skunk were known to have used the same den simultaneously over a period of days. Whereas raccoons and skunks are somewhat social, opossums are generally solitary and instances of known co-occupancy could be attributed either to chance or to sexual attraction. Average occupancy of a den was 1.5 days for the raccoons and 2.2 days for both skunks and opossums. The average shift between successive dens was 1430 feet for the raccoon, 1359 feet for the skunk and 990 feet for the opossum. The most used dens were underground and were situated along a hilltop limestone outcrop. Raccoons often spent the day in trees, sometimes in cavities but more often in exposed situations such as on top of the platform of an old squirrel nest. Sign indicated that the underground dens used by all three species were chiefly the work of the striped skunk.
Detection of antibodies against therapeutic proteins in the presence of residual therapeutic protein using a solid-phase extraction with acid dissociation (SPEAD) sample treatment prior to ELISA

The evaluation of the potential immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins in nonclinical safety studies has become complicated by the development of biopharmaceuticals that are dosed at high concentrations and/or have long half lives. These products remain in the circulation of the test system for extended periods of time, resulting in samples containing high concentrations of drug that interfere with standard immunogenicity assays. This protocol describes a novel solid-phase extraction with acid dissociation (SPEAD) sample treatment that removes the interfering therapeutic protein "drug" from the sample prior to performance of a direct immunoassay for detection of anti-drug antibodies (ADA). A biotin-avidin capture technique is used to physically separate ADA and ADA:Drug complexes from the drug and the sample matrix. The acid dissociation step removes the ADA from the biotin-avidin complex, and detection is performed by simple direct enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The SPEAD treatment allows for detection of ADA in an ELISA format and results in a >10-100-fold increase in residual drug tolerance as compared to an immunoassay without the sample treatment. The method can be used for serum samples from all species, but is presented here as an assay for detection of anti-drug antibodies in cynomolgus monkey serum.
Properties and structure of concentrated polystyrene solutions

The properties of concentrated solutions of polystyrene have been examined as a function of solvent compatibility. Phase contrast microscopy, differential thermal analysis and visco-elastic measurements support the idea that miscible solvents can give rise to molecular plasticization and hence a truly homogeneous solution while partially miscible solvents result in something more complicated, perhaps a system containing heterogeneities on the molecular level.
The beat-to-beat blood pressure response to postural change in young and elderly healthy adult males.

Heart rate and blood pressure were studied with the beat-to-beat tracking cuff system in two groups (n=20 per group) of healthy, unmedicated males, one between 60 and 75 years of age and the second between 18 and 29 years of age. The study confirms the previously reported blunted heart rate response to standing and the fact that, when blood pressure is recorded by conventional means, the response exhibited during orthostasis does not differ in healthy groups of young and elderly subjects. With the tracking cuff system, however, the elderly exhibited a smaller immediate systolic and diastolic drop in response to the change to upright posture and less variability in beat-to-beat blood pressure changes. The results have implications for cardiovascular studies, where age and posture can influence both blood pressure and heart rate.
The inhibition of guinea pig complement by human serum fractions

Abstract The pseudoglobulin fraction of human serum inhibits the following reaction of guinea pig complement: EAC ′1,4,2+ C ′ EDTA → E ∗ . During chromatography on DEAE cellulose at pH 7·5 one fraction (peak A) was eluted at 0·05 ionic strength and another fraction (peak B) at 0·16 ionic strength. Inhibitor A inactivates EAC′1,4,2,3,5,6,7 and inhibitor B inactivates the same cellular intermediate in addition to EAC′1,4,2,3,5,6,7,8; i.e. the ability of these intermediates to react with subsequent components in the complement scheme is greatly diminished. The possibility is discussed that these inhibitors are components of human complement, and that their reaction with a cellular intermediate is inhibitory due to species incompatibility.
Speaking and writing: comparisons of two psycholinguistic siblings

An identical composition and recall task was used to compare writing and speaking in terms of their temporal organization. A common cutoff point of 0.1 sec was used for minimum duration of pauses. Speakers took only a fourth of the time taken by writers, but spoke more than half again as many syllables as writers wrote. Mean durations of pauses for writing and speaking were equivalent (110 and 0.97 sec, respectively), but the respective distributions of pauses differed dramatically: In writing, a far greater number of pauses per syllable led to shorter phrases (segmentation between and even within individual words), whereas speaking was characterized by fewer pauses per syllable and consequently longer phrases (segmentation between syntactic units). Pauses at syntactic positions (i.e., after punctuation) were the least frequent pauses in writing, although they were the longest in mean duration.
A note on the general social survey's ersatz network density item

Abstract Data obtained with the GSS ersatz network density item are compared to density data obtained with the more traditional, more costly, GSS sociometric network items. The inexpensive ersatz density data are not independent of network density, but they are almost completely unreliable. The full range of possible densities occurs at each level of ersatz density and only 1 to 2 percent of variation in network density can be described with ersatz density. Hypotheses operationalized with the ersatz density variable specified as a predictor will be biased toward the null hypothesis. Given this GSS experiment, the reliability of conclusions from studies replacing sociometric network items with inexpensive items purposing to measure network structure directly should be interpreted with caution.
Introduced Parasites of the Brown-Tail and Gipsy Moths Reared from Native Hosts

In connection with the introduction of beneficial parasites it is of considerable value to rear field-collected native material for the recovery of such parasites and to learn the extent to which they attack our native species. Some of the parasites having more than one generation each year require alternate hosts and some must find suitable hosts for hibernation. The availability of satisfactory types of alternate and hibernating hosts and their presence in sufficient numbers have an important bearing on the success of such parasites in their new environment. A parasite that can exist on hosts other than the one for vhich it was introduced may spread beyond the limits of infestation of that pest, and also it may be of importance in the control of some of our native species. There is no doubt that the failure of some of the important European parasites of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth to become established in New England was due to the scarcity or absence of species suitahle for such hosts.
Heme oxygenase-1: unleashing the protective properties of heme

Abstract Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 catabolizes heme into three products: carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin (which is rapidly converted to bilirubin) and free iron (which leads to the induction of ferritin, an iron-binding protein). HO-1 serves as a ‘protective' gene by virtue of the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-proliferative actions of one or more of these three products. Administration of CO, biliverdin, bilirubin or iron-binding compounds is protective in rodent disease models of ischemia–reperfusion injury, allograft and xenograft survival, intimal hyperplasia following balloon injury or as seen in chronic graft rejection and others. We suggest that the products of HO-1 action could be valuable therapeutic agents and speculate that HO-1 functions as a ‘therapeutic funnel', mediating the beneficial effects attributed to other molecules, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2; iNOS) and prostaglandins. This Review is the third in a series on the regulation of the immune system by metabolic pathways .
Acousto-optic bistability with fluctuations

A newly developed numerical method of solving nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations is applied to study an acousto-optic bistability with additive noise. The time evolution of the probability distribution for the transmitted light is calculated for a double-well potential. The time-dependent moments are calculated.
Neurodegenerative changes in the guinea pig brainstem after intratympanic injection of gentamicin

Gentamicin (4%) was injected intratympanically into the middle ear of guinea pigs and the effects on the brainstem evaluated 28 days later by immunohistochemistry with an antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein to detect astrocytes, and by cytochrome oxidase staining to detect metabolic activity. Astrocytes were observed in the cochlear nucleus indicating the possible presence of anterograde degeneration. Deficiencies in the intensity of cytochrome oxidase staining up to the level of the superior olivary complex indicated the presence of abnormal metabolic activity. Both of these observations support the conclusion that a single intratympanic injection of gentamicin may lead to neuronal degeneration along the central auditory pathway.
Cytochemical Localization of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Muscular Dystrophy of the Mouse

By use of phenazine methosulfate and the "ncubation mixture film method," lactate dehydrogenase activity has been demonstrated in the dystrophic muscle fibers of strain 129 mice. The results indicate that for demonstration of lactate dehydrogenase activity in dystrophic muscle fibers phenazine methosulfate is necessary. This finding is typical for the "white" muscle fibers in the normal muscle and suggests that the dystrophy affects primarily the "white" muscle fibers.
Turbulent time scales in a nonpremixed turbulent jet flame by using high-repetition rate thermometry

High-repetition-rate (10-kHz), single-point laser Rayleigh scattering thermometry was used to measure temperature and thermal dissipation rate fluctuations in a turbulent nonpremixed jet flame at a Reynolds number of 15,200. The measurements were made along the jet-flame centerline for downstream locations in the vicinity of the flame tip and were aimed at obtaining one-dimensional (1D) energy and dissipation spectra and estimates of the integral and Batchelor scales. The signal-to-noise ratios of the measured correlations, energy spectra, and dissipation spectra were significantly improved by using two detectors to measure redundant scattering signals from the same point, followed by computing the cross-correlation of these signals. Measurements of the integral scales show good agreement with measurements in isothermal jets except near the stoichiometric flame length, where the flame scales are smaller. These smaller scales are attributed to the state relationship between temperature and mixture fraction. The cutoff frequency of the dissipation range (i.e., the Batchelor frequency) is determined from the 1D thermal dissipation spectra. The experimentally determined cutoff frequencies agree with those estimated using nonreacting jet scaling laws, provided an appropriate local Reynolds number is used that is significantly smaller than the jet exit Reynolds number. The resulting 1D energy and dissipation spectra at all downstream stations collapse when properly normalized and fit well to model spectra at a Taylor Reynolds number near 55. This Reynolds number is considerably smaller than the corresponding nonreacting jet value of 150. The measured energy and dissipation spectra exhibit significant overlap at intermediate frequencies, which indicates that the largest scales of the dissipation range may be significantly influenced by the large, energy containing scales. The time-series data are also used to determine the influence of the probe resolution on the temperature variance and mean 1D thermal dissipation rate. It is shown that the resolution requirements are similar to those in nonreacting jet flows, provided the difference in the local Reynolds number is considered.
Modification of guard cell properties in advanced lines of Pima cotton bred for higher yields and heat resistance

Abstract Recent studies have shown that increases in yield and heat resistance in successively released, commercial lines of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) are positively correlated with increases in stomatal conductance. In the present study, we used a recently developed method to isolate guard cells from cotton leaves to compare guard cell properties in low and high yielding Pima lines. Measurements of oxygen consumption of guard cell suspensions showed that guard cells from a high-yielding, high-conductance Pima line had higher respiration rates than guard cells from a low-yielding, low-conductance line. A third, intermediate line had guard cells with intermediate rates of oxygen consumption. Inhibition of oxygen consumption by KCN and sodium azide implicated oxidative phosphorylation. Rates of CCCP-sensitive proton extrusion, measured as medium acidification of the guard cell suspensions, were also higher in the high-yielding, high-conductance line. The temperature-dependence of respiration and proton extrusion paralleled the temperature-dependence of stomatal conductance in the intact leaves. These results indicate that the conductance increases ensuing from selection for higher yields and heat resistance in Pima cotton are associated with modifications of some key guard cell properties.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in cultured normal and RCS rat pigment epithelium: kinetics of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP hydrolysis.

Kinetically distinct classes of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) phosphodiesterase activities (PDEs) were detected in homogenates of cultured pigment epithelium (PE) from both normal and Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. PDE activities with apparent low Michaelis constants (Low K m cAMP-and cGMP-PDEs) were associated with the supernatant, while PDE activities with apparent high Michaelis constants (high K m cAMP-and cGMP-PDEs) were slightly higher in the pellet than in the supernatant after ultracentrifugation (100000 g ). Activity of the low K m PDEs was significantly reduced while that of high K m PDEs was not affected by known inhibitors of PDE. In both normal and RCS rat PE low K m PDEs required calcium and magnesium ions for optimal activity while the high K m PDEs required neither. In homogenates of cultured RCS rat pigment epithelium (PE), the kinetic parameters for cAMP-and cGMP-PDEs were comparable to normal, with the exception of the K m value of the low K m cGMP-PDE. This K m value was two-fold higher in the RCS compared with the normal (indicative of a reduced affinity for cGMP). It remains to be determined if the reduced affinity for cGMP in the RCS PE is related to the genetic defect which is expressed as a deficiency in the phagocytosis of outer segments by these cells.
Efficient SAT-based bounded model checking for software verification

This paper discusses our methodology for formal analysis and automatic verification of software programs. It is applicable to a large subset of the C programming language that includes pointer arithmetic and bounded recursion. We consider reachability properties, in particular whether certain assertions or basic blocks are reachable in the source code, or whether certain standard property violations can occur. We perform this analysis via a translation to a Boolean circuit representation based on modeling basic blocks. The program is then analyzed by a back-end SAT-based bounded model checker, where each unrolling is mapped to one step in a block-wise execution of the program. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) Use of basic block-based unrollings with SAT-based bounded model checking of software programs. This allows us to take advantage of SAT-based learning inherent to the best performing bounded model checkers. (2) Various heuristics customized for models automatically generated from software, allowing a more efficient SAT-based analysis. (3) A prototype tool called F-Soft has been implemented using our methodology. We present experimental results based on multiple case studies including a C-based implementation of a network protocol, and compare the performance gains using the proposed heuristics.
A highly-compliant asymmetric 2D guided-mode resonance sensor for simultaneous measurement of dual-axis strain

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of a high-resolution biaxial strain sensor based on guided-mode resonance (GMR) in a two-dimensional, asymmetric titanium dioxide nanograting embedded at the surface of a polydimethylsiloxane slab. The highly-compliant strain sensing technique used in this 2D GMR sensor relies on the shifting of the reflected resonant wavelengths, demonstrating a sensitivity of 4.8 nm/percent strain (%e), which can be detected accurately by a high resolution spectrometer, thus providing exceptionally accurate strain measurements. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a 2D deformable GMR device, and the first demonstration of a 2D photonic strain sensor of this kind.