cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gift of education: Joseph Kamiru Gikubu and the development of Kenyan youth education from 1957 to the present

Although individuals shape history they are also shaped by history. Their biographical studies illuminate complex dialectical, social, cultural, political, and economic contexts of their communities, their challenges, and future prospects. To effectively understand the historical forces that have shaped the growth of Kenyan youth education, an examination of individual educators who have contributed to it is vital. An in-depth study of such individuals illuminates specific contexts that have been significant to the process. It is in this regard that this article examines the role of Joseph Gikubu in the growth of Kenyan youth education in both colonial and post-colonial periods. But why do we need to appraise Gikubu's role in the development of Kenyan youth education? This article is cognizant of the fact that Gikubu is an important figure to students of Kenyan education history. It argues that as the longest serving Kenyan educator, for 55 years he has played an active role in shaping its youth education...
ATTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDESIRABLE LIFE EVENTS, TYPE A BEHAVIOR AND DEPRESSION

This investigation examined attributions for life events and Type A behavior of 22 undergraduate women. It was expected that Type A students would make attributions associated with learned helplessness for undesirable life events. As hypothesized, Type A students engaged in more self-blame for important undesirable life events and also rated their desirable life events as less important than Type B students. Differences in attributional strategies of the two groups might mediate the relationship between Type A, helplessness, and heart disease.
Real-time imaging using a 4.3-THz quantum cascade laser and a 240×320 element focal-plane array

A real-time reflection/transmission imaging system is demonstrated using a 50-mW, 4.3-THz quantum cascade laser source in a closed-cycle cryorefrigerator, with a 240times320 pixel microbolometer detector. A signal-to-noise ratio of 340 is achieved with a 20-frame/sec acquisition rate.
Payment Schemes in Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: The Case of 4Ps in the Davao Region, Philippines

This paper evaluates current payment schemes employed by the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the Philippines using six assessment criteria: transaction cost, security/risks, speed and timeliness, acceptability, resilience and flexibility. Employing data collected at the regional level, we establish four main findings: (1) all 4Ps payment conduits present trade-offs; (2) a payment approach that uses mainstream financial infrastructure is beneficial if cost, speed and simplicity of the payment system are critical; (3) competition for 4Ps contracts for Payment Service Providers (PSPs) has improved the quality of payment services and minimized costs; and (4) the efficiency of the program is greatly influenced by the commitment of the PSP to deliver the cash benefits to the recipients in a timely manner rather than by maximizing conduit branches.
Cloning and characterization of a phosphopantetheinyl transferase from Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003, the producer of the hybrid peptide–polyketide antitumor drug bleomycin

Background: Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) catalyze the posttranslational modification of carrier proteins by the covalent attachment of the 4P-phosphopantetheine (P-pant) moiety of coenzyme A to a conserved serine residue, a reaction absolutely required for the biosynthesis of natural products including fatty acids, polyketides, and nonribosomal peptides. PPTases have been classified according to their carrier protein specificity. In organisms containing multiple P-pant-requiring pathways, each pathway has been suggested to have its own PPTase activity. However, sequence analysis of the bleomycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003 failed to reveal an associated PPTase gene. Results: A general approach for cloning PPTase genes by PCR was developed and applied to the cloning of the svp gene from S. verticillus. The svp gene is mapped to an independent locus not clustered with any of the known NRPS or PKS clusters. The Svp protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and shown to be a monomer in solution. Svp is a PPTase capable of modifying both type I and type II acyl carrier proteins
Exchange Relationships at Work An Examination of the Relationship Between Team-Member Exchange and Supervisor Reports of Organizational Citizenship Behavior

The authors investigate how perceptions of the exchange relationships among coworkers in traditional work group settings are related to supervisor evaluations of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Perceptions of coworker relationships were collected from employees at six companies representing a range of industries, with the employee's supervisor completing a measure of OCB for each employee. Using matched data for 235 respondents, the regression analyses showed that team-member exchange (TMX) was related to supervisor ratings of an aggregate measure of OCB. In addition, TMX was related to four of the five subdimensions of OCB: altruism, conscientiousness, civic virtue, and courtesy. The results indicate the strong influence of social exchange and the norm of reciprocity for engaging in OCB.
On the Wilson tests

A general critical analysis of the median tests proposed by Wilson for certain analysis of variance hypotheses is presented. Specifically, discrepancies between the purported and actual approximate distributions of some of the test statistics are noted. Validity and power of the resulting tests are discussed.
The Role Of Activity-Base Costing In The Development Of Segmented Financial Statements: An Examination

The recent financial crisis has brought into question a number of the qualities and characteristics of current financial reporting practices. One of the areas in question is that of reporting segmental information in relation to “paper” gains and losses. In this paper, Activity is divided between economic and financial activities. We bring to the fore some of the historical sources of the principles on which segmental reporting is based, and then propose an alternative reporting scheme along the lines of activity-based costing. The advantages and shortcomings of the proposed system are examined and the implications of the use of the system are discussed.
The scientific legacy of Sydney Chapman

[1] Sydney Chapman (1888–1970) was arguably one of the greatest scientists of the twentieth century. His comprehensive work on the kinetic theory of gases and solar-terrestrial physics, as well as on the mechanisms behind the formation of Earth's ozone layer, has inspired a wide swath of research spanning several generations [Van Allen, 1970]. Chapman, a member of the Royal Society, in London, and president of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), also was a recipient of AGU's William Bowie Medal. Young AGU members today may recognize Chapman from the topical conferences that carry his name. Although his biography has so far not been published, he gave three talks on his life: two at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., in 1965 and 1966, and one at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in 1967 (see Figure 1). All three are transcribed and included in a book, Sydney Chapman, Eighty: From His Friends [Akasofu et al., 1968]. These talks, combined with other sources, shed light on this insightful and discerning scientist.
Solvent isotope effect on the fluorescence of azoalkanes

Abstract A study of fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes of the cyclic azoalkanes I and II reveals a striking dependence of Φ F and τ F on solvent and on isotopic substitution (OH a OD). A mechanism involving specific deactivation of the fluorescent state from a hydrogen bonded complex is proposed to rationalize the data. The observation that the quantum yield for decomposition of I does not correlate with the variation of fluorescence parameters with solvent and isotopic change leads to the conclusion that the state responsible for photoreaction proceeds the fluorescent state.
Network-centric MFA tracking architectures

Multiple frame association (MFA) based on multiple dimensional assignment problems has been developed for a centralized communication and tracking architecture, but such an architecture suffers from communication overloading, single-point failure, and data latency over the network of platforms. Thus, one must turn to decentralized architectures with the objectives being to affordably preserve the quality of MFA attained on a centralized architecture while managing communication loading and achieving a consistent air picture across the multiple tracking platforms. Such objectives present some of the most challenging tracking research problems. Thus, the goal of this work is to develop and test some initial architectures developed for network centric (decentralized) multiple frame association (Network MFA), namely, MFA Centralized, Replicated MFA Centralized, Network MFA on Local Data and Network Tracks, and Network MFA on All Data and Network Tracks. Based on well-established performance metrics, the relative merits of the architectures are also discussed.
Mutations that Reduce Aggregation of the Alzheimer's Aβ42 Peptide: an Unbiased Search for the Sequence Determinants of Aβ Amyloidogenesis

The primary component of amyloid plaque in the brains of Alzheimer's patients is the 42 residue amyloid-beta-peptide (Abeta42). Although the amino acid residue sequence of Abeta42 is known, the molecular determinants of Abeta amyloidogenesis have not been elucidated. To facilitate an unbiased search for the sequence determinants of Abeta aggregation, we developed a genetic screen that couples a readily observable phenotype in E. coli to the ability of a mutation in Abeta42 to reduce aggregation. The screen is based on our finding that fusions of the wild-type Abeta42 sequence to green fluorescent protein (GFP) form insoluble aggregates in which GFP is inactive. Cells expressing such fusions do not fluoresce. To isolate variants of Abeta42 with reduced tendencies to aggregate, we constructed and screened libraries of Abeta42-GFP fusions in which the sequence of Abeta42 was mutated randomly. Cells expressing GFP fusions to soluble (non-aggregating) variants of Abeta42 exhibit green fluorescence. Implementation of this screen enabled the isolation of 36 variants of Abeta42 with reduced tendencies to aggregate. The sequences of most of these variants are consistent with previous models implicating hydrophobic regions as determinants of Abeta42 aggregation. Some of the variants, however, contain amino acid substitutions not implicated in pre-existing models of Abeta amyloidogenesis.
Less-energy-dense diets of low-income women in California are associated with higher energy-adjusted diet costs

Background: US-based studies are needed to estimate the relation, if any, between diet quality and estimated diet costs. Objective: We hypothesized that lower cost diets among low-income women in California would be energy dense but nutrient poor. Design: Energy and nutrient intakes for 112 women aged 18–45 y living in California were obtained with a food-frequency instrument. Dietary energy density (in MJ/kg or kcal/g) and energyadjusted diet costs (in $/10 MJ or $/2000 kcal) were calculated with local food prices. Tertile splits of energy density and energy cost were analyzed with one-factor analysis of variance. Results: Mean daily energy intake excluding all beverages was 7.1 MJ (1699 kcal), and mean dietary energy density was 6.5 kJ/kg (1.54 kcal/g). Lower dietary energy density was associated with significantly higher intakes of dietary fiber (P ¼ 0.004), vitamin A( P , 0.001), and vitamin C (P , 0.001) and with significantly lower intakes of total fat (P ¼ 0.003) and saturated fat (P , 0.001). Higher diet cost was associated with significantly lower dietary energy density (P , 0.001), total fat (P ¼ 0.024), and saturated fat (P ¼ 0.025) and with significantly higher intakes of vitamins A (P ¼ 0.003) and C (P , 0.001). Each additional dollar in estimated diet costs was associated with a drop in energy density of 0.94 MJ/ kg (0.225 kcal/g). Conclusions: The finding that higher quality diets were more costly for these low-income women has implications for the food assistance and education programs of the US Department of Agriculture. Policy interventions may be required to allow low-income families in the United States to improve the quality of their diets given their food budget constraints. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1220–6.
Rho, Tyrosine Kinase, Ca2+, and Junctions in Endothelial Hyperpermeability

Increased microvascular permeability is a central hallmark of inflammation and the basis of edematous tissue injury in many acute and chronic pathological conditions, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.1 2 3 4 Increased microvascular leakage may occur in any region of the vasculature, but it is most familiar in the microvasculature, especially the postcapillary venule. Ultrastructurally, anatomists recognize at least 3 types of endothelial cells: continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous, which can all exhibit altered barrier in response to environmental and chemical factors. Early studies by Majno and Palade5 and later studies by Simionescu et al6 suggested that inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, thrombin, and serotonin, increase solute permeability in microvessels by enlarging interjunctional spaces and allowing the extravasation of fluid, protein, and leukocytes into the tissues. It is widely held that many inflammatory mediators (eg, thrombin, histamine, and bradykinin) use a common mechanism to control junctional exchange through a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)–regulated actomyosin contraction, which generates cytoskeletal tension. In theory, this tension promotes separation of junctional clefts and allows equilibration of solutes into the interstitium.7 8 9 10 Many recent studies have demonstrated that this contractile response is regulated to a large extent through the activity of several members of the small GTPase family that includes Rho, Rac, and Cdc42.7 8 11 12 The study by van Nieuw Amerongen et al13 in this issue of Circulation Research is the most recent of several studies that describe features of Rho-dependent endothelial permeability produced by mediators, especially thrombin. While Rho is thought to play a critical role in altered permeability, van Nieuw Amerongen et al13 propose 4 main targets in barrier disruption: RhoA, calcium, tyrosine kinase, and cell junctions. The present study shows that thrombin …
Toxicity Profiles in Mice Treated with Hepatotumorigenic and Non-Hepatotumorigenic Triazole Conazole Fungicides: Propiconazole, Triadimefon, and Myclobutanil

Conazoles comprise a class of fungicides used in agriculture and as pharmaceutical products. The fungicidal properties of conazoles are due to their inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Certain conazoles are tumorigenic in rodents; both propiconazole and triadimefon are hepatotoxic and hepatotumorigenic in mice, while myclobutanil is not a mouse liver tumorigen. As a component of a large-scale study aimed at determining the mode(s) of action for tumorigenic conazoles, we report the results from comparative evaluations of liver and body weights, liver histopathology, cell proliferation, cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity, and serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels after exposure to propiconazole, triadimefon, and myclobutanil. Male CD-1 mice were treated in the feed for 4, 30, or 90 days with triadimefon (0, 100, 500, or 1800 ppm), propiconazole (0, 100, 500, or 2500 ppm) or myclobutanil (0, 100, 500, or 2000 ppm). Alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylation (AROD) assays indicated that all 3 chemicals induced similar patterns of dose-related increases in metabolizing enzyme activity. PROD activities exceeded those of MROD, and EROD with propiconazole inducing the highest activities of PROD. Mice had similar patterns of dose-dependent increases in hepatocyte hypertrophy after exposure to the 3 conazoles. High-dose exposures to propiconazole and myclobutanil, but not triadimefon, were associated with early (4 days) increases in cell proliferation. All the chemicals at high doses reduced serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels at 30 days of treatment, while only triadimefon had this effect at 4 days of treatment and only myclobutanil and propiconazole at 90 days of treatment. Overall, the tumorigenic and nontumorigenic conazoles induced similar effects on mouse liver CYP enzyme activities and pathology. There was no specific pattern of tissue responses that could consistently be used to differentiate the tumorigenic conazoles, propiconazole, and triadimefon, from the nontumorigenic myclobutanil. These findings serve to anchor other transcriptional profiling studies aimed at probing differences in key events and modes of action for tumorigenic and nontumorigenic conazoles.
Radiohomogeneity of H3- and C14-labeled linoleic acid in vivo

A mixture of linoleic acid-1-C14 and linoleic acid labeled with H3 in the chain was administered to rats, and the H3/C14 ratio in the linoleic acid recovered from liver and adipose tissue of the rat was compared with that in the administered mixture. Agreement in the H3/C14 ratios was taken as evidence that the H3-labeled linoleic acid was biologically indistinguishable from the C14-labeled. These findings establish the in vivo stability of the H3 label in the fatty acid chain and the inability of the rat to discriminate between fatty acids labeled with H3 in the side chain and with C14 in the carboxyl group.
Feedback Control Law for Variable Speed Control Moment Gyros

Variable speed control moment gyroscopes (CMG) are single-gimbal gyroscopes where the fly wheel speed is allowed to be variable. The equations of motion of a generic rigid body with several such variable speed CMGs attached are presented. The formulation is such that it can easily accommodate the classical cases of having either control moment gyros or reaction wheels to control the spacecraft attitude. A globally asymptotically stabilizing nonlinear feedback control law is presented. For a redundant control system, a weighted minimum norm inverse is used to determine the control vector. This approach allows the variable speed control moment gyroscopes to behave either more like classical reaction wheels or more like control moment gyroscopes, depending on the local optimal steering logic. Where classical control moment gyroscope control laws have to deal with singular gimbal angle configurations, the variable speed control moment gyroscopes are shown not to encounter any singularities for many representative examples considered. Both a gimbal angle velocity and an acceleration-based steering law are presented. Further, the use of the variable speed CMG null motion is discussed to reconfigure the gimbal angles to preferred sets. Having a variable reaction wheel speed allows for a more general redistribution of the internal momentum vector
Effects of rapid infusion with high pressure and large-bore IV tubing on red blood cell lysis and warming

A prototype large-bore intravenous tubing was developed and tested. Mean flow rates for blood (Hct 45%) and tap water were determined for several catheters at 600 mm Hg, 300 mm Hg, and gravity flow and were statistically analyzed by calculating the 95% confidence intervals. The degree of hemolysis during high pressure and flow was determined by measuring the plasma free hemoglobin using the spectrophotometric method. To determine if cold banked blood can be adequately warmed at high flow rates, thermocouples were used to measure the blood temperature before and after rapid infusion through a bloodwarmer. Results included maximum flow rates of 1,764 mL/min for tap water, and 1,714 mL/min for blood (Hct 45%) at 600 mm Hg through the large-bore tubing and an 8.5-F catheter. Flow rates for other pressure and catheter combinations were tabulated. The plasma-free hemoglobin increased slightly compared to controls with high pressure (⩽ 600 mm Hg) and flow rates. The increase correlated with less than 1% red blood cell lysis in all trials. When 13 C blood was infused through a warmer, blood temperature increased to 25.3 C at the maximum flow rate of 732 mL/min. Slightly higher heat gain resulted with slower infusion rates. We conclude that the prototype large-bore tubing and up to 600 mm Hg pressure provide rapid flow rates without significant hemolysis. Blood warming may be inadequate at higher flow rates.
Dry gangrene of the ear in white mice

Sporadic dry gangrene of the ears of white mice, and conditions conducive to its occurrence, are described. The incidence of ear necrosis increased markedly when the mice were subjected to cold and when their ears were traumatized by grooming to rid themselves of lice. Louse infestation alone is not a causative factor in the production of ear lesions. Age and breed of mice were other factors which affected incidence. The lesion is usually not important in the maintenance of colonies but might occur in situations where mice are subjected to stress.
Mixed progress against lung cancer

Although tobacco smoking causes many diseases and affects most of the organ systems in the body, lung cancer is typically the first condition that comes to mind when one considers the health impact of smoking. Lung cancer is also one of the most important and devastating illnesses caused by smoking, given its high incidence in populations where smoking is common, its high fatality rate, and the difficulty in detecting the disease when it is still localised. Therefore we commissioned an update on lung cancer and smoking from Dr Michael Thun of the American Cancer Society, which appears below. Shown on the cover of this issue of “Tobacco Control” are four false-colour scanning electron micrographs of lung cancer, obtained from the Science Photo Library in London ( http://www.sciencephoto.com ). The upper left image shows cancer of the human bronchus, the most common form of lung cancer. Until the 1970s, such cancers usually occurred near the division of the trachea or large bronchi into smaller bronchi, because this area suffers from heavy deposition of the carcinogenic tars from high tar cigarettes. However, squamous carcinomas in large airways have now become less common than adenocarcinomas in small, peripheral airways, paralleling the shift from “high” to “medium” and “lower” yield cigarettes, the smoke from which is inhaled more deeply. The disorganised region of malignant tumour cells at the bottom right of this image is seen invading the normal, ciliated epithelium (or lining) of the bronchus at the left and top. Cancers consist of primitive cells which have not developed any function, such as the cilia of normal, bronchial epithelial cells. (The cilia are small, hair-like projections used to sweep mucus, debris, and microorganisms out of the lung.) The upper right image shows a tiny lung cancer (orange) filling an alveolus (one of the blind-ended air sacs …
No increase in mortality and morbidity among carriers of the C282Y mutation of the hereditary haemochromatosis gene in the oldest old: the Leiden 85‐plus Study

Background The C282Y mutation in the gene for haemochromatosis (HFE) has been associated with various diseases at middle age. However, recent studies indicate that penetrance of the C282Y mutation is low. We explored the association between the C282Y mutation, iron metabolism, and morbidity and mortality in participants of the Leiden 85-plus. Study design A cross-sectional comparison and prospective follow-up was conducted in two unselected cohorts of 661 and 552 subjects. All subjects were aged 85 years and over. We determined the prevalence of C282Y homozygous and heterozygous subjects, and the association between the C282Y mutation and iron metabolism, all-cause and specific causes of death.
Comparison of use of an infrared anesthetic gas monitor and refractometry for measurement of anesthetic agent concentrations

Objective—To assess agreement between anesthetic agent concentrations measured by use of an infrared anesthetic gas monitor (IAGM) and refractometry. Sample—4 IAGMs of the same type and 1 refractometer. Procedures—Mixtures of oxygen and isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, or N2O were used. Agent volume percent was measured simultaneously with 4 IAGMs and a refractometer at the common gas outlet. Measurements obtained with each of the 4 IAGMs were compared with the corresponding refractometer measurements via the Bland-Altman method. Similarly, Bland-Altman plots were also created with either IAGM or refractometer measurements and desflurane vaporizer dial settings. Results—Bias ± 2 SD for comparisons of IAGM and refractometer measurements was as follows: isoflurane, −0.03 ± 0.18 volume percent; sevoflurane, −0.19 ± 0.23 volume percent; desflurane, 0.43 ± 1.22 volume percent; and N2O, −0.21 ± 1.88 volume percent. Bland-Altman plots comparing IAGM and refractometer measurements revealed nonlinear relations...
Analysis of genes coding for small-subunit rRNA sequences in studying phylogenetics of dematiaceous fungal pathogens.

Because of their ability to display yeast-like growth forms in various environmental conditions, dematiaceous (melanized) hyphomycetes of the form-genera Exophiala, Rhinocladiella, and Wangiella have been informally termed "black yeasts." Cladistic analysis of 1,050 bp of the genes coding for small-subunit rRNA (SSU rDNA) supported a close relationship among species of these black yeasts with other dematiaceous hyphomycetes in the form-genera Fonsecaea, Phialophora, and Ramichloridium. The conventional categories of these fungi based on asexual states are not supported by phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences. Isolates exhibiting annellidic modes of blastic conidiogenesis (e.g., Exophiala spp.) were not monophyletic and were placed as sister taxa to isolates that produce phialides or sympodulae. The results indicated very close relationships between isolates of Wangiella dermatitidis and Exophiala mansonii and between Rhinocladiella aquaspersa and Exophiala jeanselmei. This clade of dematiaceous hyphomycetes was a sister group to a clade comprising members of two orders of cleistothecial ascomycetes, Eurotiales and Onygenales. The etiological agents of chromoblastomycosis were found to be a closely related group (clade), while the agents of phaeohyphomycosis displayed a broader distribution on the SSU rDNA tree.
The roles of PKCδ and ϵ isoenzymes in the regulation of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury

Reperfusion of ischaemic cardiac tissue is associated with increased apoptosis and oncosis, resulting in diminished heart function. Short bouts of ischaemia before the prolonged ischaemic event (ischaemic preconditioning) protect the heart from injury mediated by reperfusion. The PKC (protein kinase C) family of serine/threonine kinases are involved in many different signalling processes. Two calcium-insensitive isoforms of the novel PKC subfamily, PKCδ and ϵ, play opposing roles in ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Activation of PKCδ during reperfusion induces cell death through the regulation of mitochondrial function and induction of apoptosis and oncosis. In contrast, activation of PKCϵ before ischaemia protects mitochondrial function and diminishes apoptosis and oncosis. How can two highly homologous PKC isoenzymes play such opposing roles through the regulation of mitochondrial function? This review will highlight what is known about PKCδ and ϵ function during ischaemia/reperfusion injury and will suggest a novel regulatory pathway which determines the fate of the cell following ischaemic stress.
Precise and rapid costal cartilage graft sectioning using a novel device: clinical application.

ImportanceThe use of costal cartilage as a graft in facial reconstructive surgery requires sectioning the cartilage into a suitable shape. ObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of a novel mechanical de...
Solidarity and Hierarchy in Cross‐Sex Friendships

The gender dynamics of cross-sex friendships provide information about two fundamental aspects of all social relationships: solidarity and hierarchy. This article analyzes how gender stereotypes activated in cross-sex friendships produce interpretations of behavior that, in turn, affect the solidarity, hierarchy, and ultimate viability of cross-sex friendships. Given that females' behaviors are more likely to be interpreted in terms of gender stereotypes about women's prosociability, their behavior is less likely to produce hierarchy. In contrast, given that males' behaviors are more likely to be interpreted in terms of gender stereotypes about men's instrumentality, their behavior is more likely to produce hierarchy. Because hierarchy is an impediment to solidarity, the operation of gender stereotypes in cross-sex friendships builds into such relationships the potential for their demise. The role of the broader social context in lessening the destructive impact of gender stereotypes is discussed.
Age and Growth of the Knobbed Whelk Busycon carica (Gmelin 1791) in South Carolina Subtidal Waters

Knobbed whelk, Busycon carica (Gmelin, 1791), age and growth were estimated using tagged and recaptured individuals (n ¼ 396) from areas off South Carolina coastal islands. Recaptured whelks were at large an average of 298 d (4-2,640 d). Growth, an increase in shell length (SL), was evident in 24% of the recaptured whelks, whereas 29% of recaptured individuals were the same size as when released and 47% were smaller than the released size. Mean growth rate was<0.001 mm SL/d and 0.022 mm SL/d if decreases in SL were assumed to be zero. Smaller whelks (#90 mm SL) at large for over one year grew seven times faster than larger whelks. The von Bertalanffy growth model: SLt ¼ 159.5(1 - e -0.0765(t+0.4162) ), was developed from the mark—recapture whelks exhibiting growth. Based on a South Carolina minimum legal size of 102 mm SL, whelks recruit into the fishery at 13 y of age. The longevity, large size at maturity and slow growth suggest the potential for over harvest of knobbed whelk. Future whelk management plans may wish to consider whether economically viable commercial harvest can be sustainable.
Further Experience with Two Intraperitoneal Vancomycin Loading Doses for Treatment of Gram-positive or Sterile Peritonitis in CAPD Patients

We present a new protocol for treatment of peritonitis in con tinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. In this protocol, episodes of gram-positive or "sterile" peritonitis are treated with two intraperitoneal (i.p.) doses of vancomycin (30 mg{kg with 6 h of i.p. dwell) which are given one week apart. Patients whose initial peritoneal fluid Gram stain does not reveal any organisms receive an intramuscular (i.m.) loading dose of t obramycin or gentamycin in addition, until the culture result becomes available at 48 h. Those with a negative peritoneal fluid culture ("sterile" peritonitis) receive maintenance i.p. gentamycine or tobramycin. We report our experience with 24 episodes of gram -positive or "sterile" peritonitis. Except for 1 of the 24 episodes that was followed with two successive relapses, all the other episodes responded well (cure rate of 96%).In only 15% of the instances patients were hospitalized to be assisted with their CAPD exchanges. We conclude this new approach remarkably simplifies treatment of peritonitis in CAPD patients, and based on our preliminary results it seems to be as effective, if not superior to, the currently employed treatment protocols. Further studies with this therapeutic regime with careful audiometric evaluation of those who receive both vancomycin and aminoglycoside are necessary in future.
Automatic Navigation Based on Navigation Map of Agricultural Machine

This article mainly studies automatic navigation control methods for agricultural machinery. The navigation system takes RTK-DGPS and inertial measurement unit as positioning sensors. The preview control mode was researched for curve path tracking. The preview control model is to determine the aiming point and calculate the lateral deviation. Automatic turning was realized by fuzzy control method based on genetic algorithm. This control method can online adjust the parameters of fuzzy control using the genetic algorithm, in order to realize adaptive control. Thus the navigation control precision can be improved by the methods studied. The navigation control methods can meet the demand of agricultural machinery operating.
RAND-WALK: A Latent Variable Model Approach to Word Embeddings

Semantic word embeddings represent the meaning of a word via a vector, and are created by diverse methods. Many use nonlinear operations on co-occurrence statistics, and have hand-tuned hyperparameters and reweighting methods. This paper proposes a new generative model, a dynamic version of the log-linear topic model of~\citet{mnih2007three}. The methodological novelty is to use the prior to compute closed form expressions for word statistics. This provides a theoretical justification for nonlinear models like PMI, word2vec, and GloVe, as well as some hyperparameter choices. It also helps explain why low-dimensional semantic embeddings contain linear algebraic structure that allows solution of word analogies, as shown by~\citet{mikolov2013efficient} and many subsequent papers. Experimental support is provided for the generative model assumptions, the most important of which is that latent word vectors are fairly uniformly dispersed in space.
Continuum, Macroscopic Modeling of Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells

In this chapter, the modeling equations and approaches for continuum modeling of phenomena in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells are introduced and discussed. Specific focus is made on the underlying transport, thermodynamic, and kinetic equations, and how these can be applied towards more complex fuel-cell issues such as multiphase flow. In addition, porous-media models including impact of droplets and pore-network modeling are introduced, as well methodologies towards modeling reaction rates in fuel-cell catalyst layers including physics-based impedance modeling. Finally, future directions for fuel-cell modeling are discussed.
Ellacuría y Foucault en los márgenes

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No.142, 2014: 535-548
Corporate Political Activity and Regulatory Capture How Some Companies Blunt the Knife of Socially Oriented Investor Activism

Socially oriented shareholder activism is an increasingly important mechanism through which social movement organizations seek to influence the private sector by exerting pressure on corporate activities in areas such as human rights, environmental protection, and labor policies. This activism challenges the status quo of targeted firms and potentially their institutional field, disrupting “business as usual” and often drawing negative attention to the firms. We theorize that some firms might use corporate political activity (CPA) as an indirect, nonmarket strategy aimed at regulatory capture to reduce the impact of such disruptions. We focus on one popular avenue of shareholder activism—the proxy proposal mechanism—and the role the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) plays in allowing omission of socially oriented shareholder proposals from the proxy ballot. Using two distinct data sources, we find evidence that for S&P 500 firms, the SEC allows for the omission of the proposals from proxy ballots m...
Physiologic assessment and surgical management of diffuse esophageal spasm.

The physiologic abnormalities and management of patients with diffuse esophageal spasm are controversial. We evaluated the symptomatic and functional results of surgical therapy in 19 patients with diffuse esophageal spasm who were incapacitated with dysphagia and chest pain and unresponsive to conservative management. A long esophageal myotomy with an antireflux procedure was performed in 15 patients, and four patients with multiple previous esophageal procedures had an esophagectomy. Eleven patients had increased esophageal exposure to gastric juice on preoperative 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. The severity of dysphagia, chest pain, regurgitation, and heartburn was scored on a scale of 0 to 3 before and a mean of 24 months (range 8 months to 13 years) after the operation. After myotomy, each of these symptoms and the overall symptom score improved significantly (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:859-69)
Thoughts on Computational Creativity

There is a close relationship between computational creativity in the arts and generative art. Prior work is summarized here as to how complexity theory can serve as a theoretical context for generative art. This is extended to show how complexity theory can also illuminate discussions regarding computational creativity. Another prior proposal is also summarized. It suggests that a world-view called “complexism” can reconcile the current differences between the modern culture of science and the postmodern culture of the humanities. This line is also extended to considerations regarding computational creativity. Particular attention is extended here to the issues of authorship, progress, and aesthetic measurement in computational creativity. Finally, under artistic license, I discuss some very speculative ideas regarding computational creativity that I explore in my current artwork.
Relationship between atrioventricular arrhythmias and the concentration of K+ ion in cardioplegic solution.

The use of potassium cardioplegia during cardiac operation is associated with various types of arrhythmias such as complete heart block or junctional rhythm following the resumption of coronary blood flow. The purpose of this study was twofold: (I) to determine if a relationship exists between the atrioventricular (AV) dissociation arrhythmias and the quantity of potassium used in cardioplegic solutions and (2) to determine whether reducing the quantity of potassium ion infused would result in depletion of high-energy phosphates (HEPs) during the period of cardioplegic arrest. Patients undergoing myocardial revascularization made up the study group, which consisted of three groups of 20 patients each. Group I was perfused with 20 mEq/L K+ cardioplegic solution both initially and after each distal anastomosis. Group II was perfused with 5 mEq/L K+ both initially and after each distal anastomosis. Group III was perfused initially with 20 mEq/L K+ and then with 5 mEq/L K+ for subsequent anastomoses. There was a statistical difference in the incidence of arrhythmias both at hypothermic (28° C) and normothermic temperatures among the groups. In Group I an average of 29 mEq K+ was infused and an 85% incidence of arrhythmias was noted at 28° C. In Group II 8 mEq K+ was infused and a 15% incidence of arrhythmia (p
Animal Models for Salmonellosis: Applications in Vaccine Research

Salmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. While there are several licensed vaccines for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against other Salmonella serovars. Vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars are very much in need. Preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. Many different animal models exist for various Salmonella serovars, from whole-animal models to smaller models, such as those recently established in insects. Here, we discuss various mouse, rat, rabbit, calf, primate, and insect models for Salmonella infection, all of which have their place in research. However, choosing the right model is imperative in selecting the best vaccine candidates for further clinical testing. In this minireview, we summarize the various animal models that are used to assess salmonellosis, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their value in vaccine development.
Q-Methodology in the Study of Child Phenomenology

Phenomenological research Is difficult with young children who may lack the requisite verbo-vocal skills to faithfully communicate their experience. This study explored the applicability of Q-methodology as a way of overcoming this problem. Eight preschool children performed Q sorts of 18 pictorial stimulus objects under 8 conditions of instruction. Principal components analysis and Varimax rotation of the extracted factors yielded 3–4 factors for each child, and the factor structures varied over children. This indicates that each child’s experience was organized (not random) and that the children sorted the pictures in different ways under the different conditions of instruction; that is, the children’s experiences were unique. Furthermore, the limited number of significant factors suggests that the sorts shared common variance, that is, commonalities of experience among children. We discussed several commonalities between Q-methodology and phenomenological psychology and the descriptive advantages of Q-methodology for yielding phenomenal data under conditions of minimal researcher-imposed constraints.
Development of high-lift laminar wing using steady active flow control

Fuel costs represent a large fraction of aircraft operating costs. Increased aircraft fuel efficiency is thus desirable. Laminar airfoils have the advantage of reduced cruise drag and increased fuel efficiency. Unfortunately, they cannot perform adequately during high-lift situations (i.e. takeoff and landing) due to low stall angles and low maximum lift caused by flow separation. Active flow control has shown the ability to prevent or mitigate separation effects, and increase maximum lift. This fact makes AFC technology a fitting solution for improving high-lift systems and reducing the need for slats and flap elements. This study focused on experimentally investigating the effects of steady active flow control from three slots, located at 1%, 10%, and 80% chord, respectively, over a laminar airfoil with 45 degree deflected flap. A 30-inch-span airfoil model was designed, fabricated, and then tested in the Bill James 2.5’x3’ Wind Tunnel at Iowa State University. Pressure data were collected along the mid-span of the airfoil, and lift and drag were calculated. Five test cases with varying injection locations and varying Cμ were chosen: baseline, blown flap, leading edge blowing, equal blowing, and unequal blowing. Of these cases, unequal blowing achieved the greatest lift enhancement over the baseline. All cases were able to increase lift; however, gains were less than anticipated.
Radiative Recombination Dominated Monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe Double-Heterostructures

Monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe double-heterostruc-tures (DHs) grown on lattice-matched InSb substrates have achieved remarkable carrier-lifetimes up to 3.6 μs recently. In this paper, external luminescence quantum efficiencies ${\eta _{{\rm{ext}}}}$ of CdTe/MgCdTe DHs are determined using photoluminescence quantum efficiency measurements. The external luminescence quantum efficiency of a 1-μm-thick CdTe/MgCdTe DH with indium-doped n-type at 1 × 1017 cm−3 is measured to be 3.0% under one-sun condition, i.e., a carrier injection current density of ∼30 mA/cm2, which corresponds to a spontaneous emission quantum efficiency ${\eta _q}$ of 90 ± 4%. Such a high efficiency gives an implied open-circuit voltage V oc, or quasi-Fermi-level splitting of 1.13 V. The ${\eta _q}$ of unintentionally doped DH samples with optimum barrier layers can be over 95% at one-sun injection level.
Risk factors and prevalence of cognitive deficits in women with gynecologic malignancies.

9601 Background: Cognitive impairment has implications in counseling, treatment, and survivorship for women with gynecologic malignancies. The purpose of our study was to evaluate prevalence and ri...
Metabolomic Bioinformatic Analysis

Metabolomics allows for the investigation of the small molecules found within living systems. Based on the design of the experiments, it is not uncommon for these analyses to include matrices of thousands of variables. In order to handle such large datasets, many have turned to multivariate statistical analyses to analyze and understand their data. Herein, we present protocols for using R to analyze metabolomic data using some of the more common multivariate statistical techniques.
Dynamics, energy transfer, and the B-states of carbon monoxide in myoglobin

Molecular dynamics simulation is used to study the photodissociation of the ligand carbon monoxide from the protein myoglobin with particular emphasis on the dynamics of the unbound ligand. The study seeks to interpret experimental data on the presence of binding sites in the heme pocket (corresponding to three shifts in the ligand vibrational frequency) which are reached by the ligand soon after dissociation, remain stable for upwards of 50 ps, and whose relative populations are strongly dependent on pH. The stochastic boundary approximation is employed to isolate the protein’s heme pocket in the presence of solvent at two effective pH states. A new three-site model for carbon monoxide is presented. The affect of the protonation state model for carbon monoxide is presented. The affect of the protonation state of the distal histidine on the ligand dynamics is examined. Analysis of the center-of-mass, rotational, and vibrational dynamics of the ligand agrees well with the experimental data of Anfinrund, Han and Hochstrasser [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8387 (1989)1. The role of the protonation state of the distal histidine and its effect on the dynamics and conformation of the unbound ligand is discussed. The possibility that hydrogen bonding of the ligand to the distal histidine may account for ligand vibrational frequency shifts observed experimentally is explored thorough ab initio frequency calculations.
Infectious diseases: Predictions of virus spillover across species

Most human infectious diseases are initially transmitted from animals. An analysis of all known mammalian viruses improves our understanding of such cross-species spillover, with potential benefits for public health. See Letter p.646 Zoonotic viruses, many originating in wild mammals, pose a serious threat to global public health. Peter Daszak and colleagues create a comprehensive database of mammalian host–virus relationships, which they analyse to determine patterns of virus and zoonotic virus distribution in mammals. They identify various factors that influence the number and diversity of viruses that infect a given species as well as factors that predict the proportion of zoonotic viruses per species. In doing so, they identify mammalian species and geographic locations where novel zoonoses are likely to be found.