cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic structure and solid characteristics determine reactivity of phenolic compounds with synthetic and reclaimed manganese oxides

Manganese (Mn) oxides have been proposed for in situ treatment of organic (e.g., phenolic) contaminants, although little is known about the reactivity of reclaimed solids that might be used as alternatives to synthetic oxides. In this study, we investigate the impacts of phenol substituents and manganese oxide properties (e.g., surface area, iron substitution) on the kinetics and mechanism of this reaction. Reclaimed solids from acid mine drainage and drinking water treatment systems contain Mn(IV) and are capable of oxidizing phenolic contaminants, although their reactivity is 1–3 orders of magnitude slower than that of synthetic δ-MnO2. Both electron transfer-limited and sorption-limited mechanisms occur in 29 phenols reacted with the three manganese oxide materials. This finding contrasts with the common assumption that the first one-electron transfer from the phenol to the manganese oxide is rate-limiting. The occurrence of both mechanisms has implications for the rates and products of phenol oxidation. Interestingly, the mechanism for a given phenol changes between solids. We attribute this observed mechanism shift primarily to phenolic substituent effects, with influences from the pHpzc, surface area, and iron substitution of the manganese oxide materials. In addition, we investigate the predictive utility of quantitative structure–activity relationships, as these models have not been tested using complex reactants and non-synthetic manganese oxides. In-depth analysis and external validation measures indicate these common QSAR models are ineffective at predicting the behavior of complex contaminants or reactions with non-synthetic manganese oxides, and therefore have limited application for predicting contaminant oxidation by manganese oxides in environmental and engineered systems.
Femtosecond Excited State Dynamics and Nitric Oxide Photorelease in a Prototypical Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complex

Excited-state relaxation of a prototypical ruthenium nitrosyl complex (pentachloronitrosylruthenate) in water is studied by means of ultrafast dispersed, broadband transient absorption spectroscopy...
Evaluation of vortex of left ventricular by noninvasive vector flow mapping with Doppler echocardiography

Objective To evaluate the human left ventricular flow field structure by vector flow mapping (VFM),and to seek the formation rules and description parameters of swirl vortex in the human left ventricular.Methods Sixty heathy adults were involved.The velocity distribution images on the section plane of the flow in the left ventricular were obtained bv VFM,and series parameters of vortex including vortex diameter(transverse and vertical diameter),vortex position(transverse and longitudinal position),vortex maximum flow velocity (Vmax)and density number of vortex ring(N)were measured with the software named DSA-RS1.Results A pair of similar vortex showed by VFM in the left ventricle of the heart during the early and late diastole period which were formed by a strong jet flow through the mitral valve were small vortex,and Vmax and N in former were bigger than that in latter(P＜0.05),while a bigger vortex ring continued during the middle diastolic and isovolumic contraction period with a trailing jet in the left ventricle were large whirlpool,and Vmax and N in former were bigger than that in latter(P＜0.05).Conclusions Changes of the intraventricular blood flow field structure can be showed by VFM,and description parameters of vortex concluded from the study can reflect the changes,which can be used as a preliminary quantitative study of the complex flow field structure in heart chamber. Key words: Echocardiography; Ventricular function,left; Hemodynamic phenomena; Vector flow mapping
Impact on Nonfirearm Deaths of Firearm Laws Affecting Firearm Deaths: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background. There is debate whether policies that reduce firearm suicides or homicides are offset by increases in non–firearm-related deaths.Objectives. To assess the extent to which changes in fir...
Transforming Interactive Multi-objective Metamodel/Model Co-evolution into Mono-objective Search via Designer’s Preferences Extraction

The simultaneous evolution of metamodels and models is called the meta-models/models co-evolution problem. While some Interactive/automated metamodel/model co-evolution techniques have been proposed using multi-objective search, designers still need to explore a large number of possible revised models. In this paper, we propose an approach to convert multi-objective search into a mono-objective one after interacting with the designer to identify a set of model changes based on his/her preferences. The first step consists of using a multi-objective search to generate different possible model edit operations by finding a trade-off between three objectives. Then, the designer may give feedback on some proposed solutions. The extracted preferences are used to transform the multi-objective search into a mono-objective one by generating an evaluation function based on the weights for the existing fitness functions that are automatically computed from the feedback. Thus, the designer will just interact with only one solution generated by the mono-objective search. We evaluated our approach on a set of metamodel/model co-evolution case studies and compared it to existing fully automated and interactive meta-model/model co-evolution techniques. The results show that the mono-objective search after the interaction with the users significantly improved the co-evolution changes for several widely used metamodels.
Modelling future usage and cost of factor and emicizumab to treat haemophilia A for the US Western States Region IX haemophilia treatment centres.

Introduction Increased usage of emicizumab in the United States will affect standard half-life (SHL) and extended half-life (EHL) products usage and cost. Aim To model the usage and cost of SHL and EHL products, and emicizumab to treat haemophilia A (HA) in the 13 Western States Region IX haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs.) (California, Nevada, Hawaii and Guam). Methods We modelled product usage and cost using decision analysis methods. Variables epidemiology/demographics, treatment and product cost. Data were from the US Western States Region IX, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network and the literature. Results Prior to EHL products and emicizumab, the usage of SHL products was ~300 million international units (IUs) or 6.8 IUs/capita and a cost of $430 million. With the uptake of EHL and emicizumab, the 2025 estimated usage of factor (SHL and EHL) was 270 million IUs (5.4 IU per capita) and 1,993 grams (40 micrograms/capita) for emicizumab and a cost of $532 million. As the number of HA patients in the region increases by 59%, factor usage increases by 20%, emicizumab usage increases by 26%, and cost increases to $650 million. Conclusion The entrance of emicizumab into the market may radically change the use of SHL and EHL products. Our model suggests that emicizumab use will likely increase total product costs. While our estimates are most useful for the United States, the effect of emicizumab on factor use will likely be similar in other parts of the world.
Inorganic salts and organic matter effects on nanorod, nanowire, and nanoplate MoO3 aggregation, dissolution, and photocatalysis

Use of visible light photocatalytic nanomaterials in water treatment can be promising in treating contaminants. However, little research has been conducted examining the effects of more complex chemistries in the nanomaterial's performance. In this work, the effects of inorganic salts (NaCl and CaCl2) and natural organic matter (NOM) such as humic acid (HA) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on nanoparticle aggregation, dissolution, and ultimately on the photocatalytic properties of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), i.e. nanorods, nanowires, and nanoplates were examined. In the presence of NaCl, nanorod, nanowire, and nanoplate MoO3 had similar critical coagulation concentrations, while the nanorods showed higher instability in CaCl2. Overall, the presence of inorganic salts caused high colloidal instability in the MoO3 nanostructures in terms of aggregation behavior, but greatly aided in the reduction of MoO3 dissolution. NOM presence decreased aggregation rates, albeit dissolution was not similarly affected in all three structures. Only the dissolution of the nanowire structures was reduced in the presence of HA or EPS. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the nanowires and nanoplates was overall reduced when inorganic salts or natural organic matter were present. While the presence of natural organic matter alone did reduce photocatalytic effectiveness of the nanorod MoO3, the presence of salts seemed to negate the effects from the organic compounds. Furthermore, the presence of CaCl2 resulted in a highly enhanced photocatalytic activity regardless of the presence of natural organic matter. The structural and chemical differences of the nanomaterials played a significant role in their aggregation, dissolution, and ability to photocatalytically degrade methylene blue in solution. This study demonstrates that a better understanding of water chemistry effects on nanomaterials is essential prior to their intended applications.
Right Renal Pelvis Renal Cell Carcinoma Mimicking Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Case Report.

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) originates from the renal parenchyma, whereas transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) originates from the renal urothelium. Although renal pelvis TCC is relatively rare in terms of urologic malignancies, it is the most common tumor originating in renal pelvis. Case presentation: A 75-year-old woman presented with gross hematuria found to have a filling defect in the renal pelvis with retrograde pyelogram and cytology showed clusters of urothelial cells, with imaging suspicious for TCC. Patient underwent robotic nephroureterectomy with partial cystectomy. Pathology analysis revealed RCC. Conclusion: RCC may occur in the renal pelvis mimicking TCC. Extensive preoperative evaluation to accurately diagnose tumor is key to avoid unnecessary procedures. Intraoperative pathologic evaluation is emphasized with inconclusive preoperative results.
Mediating Medical Marijuana: Exploring How Veterans Discuss Their Stigmatized Substance Use on Reddit.

This paper uses SIDE theory and an information seeking lens to examine the types of information and support messages (N = 126,977 posts) veterans seek on the social networking site Reddit regarding...
The Effects of Precipitation Shocks on Rural Labor Markets and Migration

The welfare of both agrarian and non-agrarian workers in rural areas is highly affected by agricultural output volatility caused in part by weather shocks. This paper examines the impact of precipitation shocks on labor supply and out-migration in rural Iran. We use individual-level panel data combined with low-resolution gridded precipitation data at a rural-agglomeration level to study the intensive and extensive margins of employment. Our results indicate different types of responses to positive and negative shocks. Using a fixed effects model, we find that individuals affected by negative shocks reduce their farm and off-farm hours of work, while those affected by positive shocks increase only off-farm hours. We observe heterogeneity in responses based on gender and the roles of individuals in the household. At the extensive margin, we find that negative shocks reduce the labor market participation of men. Our estimates for the probability of migration indicate that positive shocks reduce the probability of migration for low-educated young men. We show that labor-migration of young men is also affected by positive shocks, but the impact could be explained by the local unemployment rate, implying the labor market is a channel through which precipitation shocks affect migratory decisions.
Genetic and Demographic Predictors of Latent Reading Ability in Two Cohorts

Abstract Reading ability is a complex skill requiring multiple proficiencies (e.g., phonological awareness, decoding, and comprehension). Reading ability has genetic and environmental components that create the potential for significant gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, but the evidence for these interactions is limited. We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and the Genes, Reading and Dyslexia Study to assess the contributions of genetic and demographic features to a continuous latent reading ability score. We then used this score as the phenotype on which to predicate genome-wide single nucleotide polymorph screening, followed by feature selection using an elastic net analysis. Results from the elastic net models showed that genetic and demographic features predicted reading ability for both cohorts. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with latent reading in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, as well as in the Genes, Reading and Dyslexia cohorts. For both cohorts, larger vocabularies were positively associated with latent reading ability. Genes within the neuron migration pathway were overrepresented in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. We provide support that genes involved in early brain development have an impact on latent reading ability performance. Our findings also indicate high generalizability of genetic findings between cohorts, using our approach.
Biology and freedom: An emergent stakeholder imperative

This article offers a critical assessment of a recent report by the U.S. "Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (2010)". The critique particularly notes that the principles, recommendations, language and scope of the report are all in profound tension with investor capitalism and hypercompetitive global business strategy. They are, however, quite consistent with an alternative stakeholder "model" of management and governance. Several implications of this political point are developed. These include the near-total overlap of business ethics, politics and economics, as well as the (classically) pragmatic notion that the products of the synthetic biology industry will eventually co-create their own ethics, or future-ethics. The commission's report also recommended urgent "ethics education", essentially the deployment of a program based upon top-down ethical principles and moral theories. An alternative view, however, sees that the main focus of any such education should be upon the science and practice of DNA sequencing and synthesis in the wider context of human co-evolution with technology.
Proximate composition of milk of the bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) in comparison to other African bovids and to hand‐rearing formulas

African bovids represent a highly diverse group with divergent neonatal care strategies. The extent to which their milks reflect this diversity is poorly understood. We analyzed milk of the bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) to compare its composition to milks of other African bovids and to evaluate bongo milk replacement formulas. Milk samples from three individuals (0 through 300 days postpartum, n = 28) were assayed for dry matter (total solids), crude fat, crude protein, total sugar, ash, calcium, and phosphorus; gross energy was assayed on a subset of samples and compared to calculated values. Nutrient composition changed very little over the lactation period except for day 0 (colostrum) and the last sample (day 300). Bongo milk (days 6–286) contained (mean ± SEM): 28.1 ± 0.7% dry matter (71.9 ± 0.7% water), 12.3 ± 0.6% fat, 10.6 ± 0.3% crude protein, 3.6 ± 0.1% sugar, 1.05 ± 0.03% ash, 0.26 ± 0.01% calcium, 0.16 ± 0.01% phosphorus, and a GE of 1.88 ± 0.06 kcal/g. The protein content of bongo milk accounts for 33% of energy. High protein energy appears to be typical of Tragelaphines and of African bovids that utilize a “hider” system of postnatal care. The stability of milk composition until day 300 suggests complete weaning may not occur until 9 months rather than at 6 months of age, as commonly assumed. None of the milk replacement formulas previously used for bongos was well matched to bongo milk composition; therefore, a new milk replacement formula is proposed. Zoo Biol. 33:305–313, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mind–Body Problem

The mind–body problem is the problem of explaining the relation between the mental and the physical, especially the question of whether the mind is something over and above the physical or just a special part of it. Keywords: dualism; Cartesian; consciousness; physicalism; supervenience; panpsychism; dual-aspect theories
Oliver Cromwell : Man of Force

Oliver Cromwell was not born a genius like Napoleon and was well into the latter half of his unimpressive and quiet life by the time he was elected to the Long Parliament. Despite this, in slightly over a decade Cromwell became the strongest person in England. His rise to the top involved many steps and Cromwell never seemed to lose momentum on his way up. Yet he was not a political mastermind. He was not always successful in bringing about his desired results, and he did not show consistently great political abilities that one would think would be necessary to become Lord Protector of England. This raises the question of why Cromwell was able to rise to the top from obscurity in merely thirteen years, and how much of this was because of his abilities, and how much was through luck and position. This article is available in Constructing the Past: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol9/iss1/10
Ethnographic Termini: Of Moments and Metaphors

Crossing and erasing the boundaries between art and anthropology, the installations organized by the Ethnographic Terminalia curatorial collective evoke both the social instability and the sense of possibility embodied in the present historical moment. Constructing a bricolage of aesthetic and scientific viewpoints while instigating public art interventions grounded in critical social inquiry, this wide-ranging group of artists, anthropologists, and curators is creating a series of mobile, transnational multimedia environments which are equally global and local, virtual, and site-specific. The concatenation of distance and presence felt in the emplacement of the works reflects the linkages of contemporary networked cybercommunications. At the same time, the activist aims and productive methods used by the participants situate the Ethnographic Terminalia project within the context of a lineage of historical art movements informed by, and often in uneasy dialogic tension with, the traditional subject matter of ethnography.
2‐Aminoethanol Extraction as a Method for Purifying Sc3N@C80 and for Differentiating Classes of Endohedral Fullerenes on the Basis of Reactivity

Extraction with 2-aminoethanol is an inexpensive method for removing empty cage fullerenes from the soluble extract from electric-arc-generated fullerene soot that contains endohedral metallofullerenes of the type Sc3N@C2n (n = 34, 39, 40). Our method of separation exploits the fact that C60, C70, and other larger, empty cage fullerenes are more susceptible to nucleophilic attack than endohedral fullerenes and that these adducts can be readily extracted into 2-aminoethanol. This methodology has also been employed to examine the reactivity of the mixture of soluble endohedral fullerenes that result from doping graphite rods used in the Kratschmer-Huffman electric-arc generator with the oxides of Y, Lu, Dy, Tb, and Gd. For example, with Y2O3, we were able to detect by mass spectrometry several new families of endohedral fullerenes, namely Y3C108 to Y3C126, Y3C107 to Y3C125, Y4C128 to Y4C146, that resisted reactivity with 2-aminoethanol more than the empty cage fullerenes and the mono- and dimetallo fullerenes. The discovery of the family Y3C107 to Y3C125 with odd numbers of carbon atoms is remarkable, since fullerene cages must involve even numbers of carbon atoms. The newly discovered families of endohedral fullerenes with the composition M4C2n (M = Y, Lu, Dy, Tb, and Gd) are unusually resistant to reaction with 2-aminoethanol. Additionally, the individual endohedrals, Y3C112 and M3C102 (M = Lu, Dy, Tb and Gd), were remarkably less reactive toward 2-aminoethanol.
Examining The Relationship Between Diversity And Firm Performance

There is a heated debate taking place in the between those who think firms should be more diverse because it is the right thing to do and those who think firms should be more diverse because it actually enhances shareholder value. This study establishes a solid business case for managing diversity as a bottom line initiative. I find a positive and significant relationship between firm diversity and long-term firm performance. These findings forecast an increase in the employment opportunities for educators, students and recent graduates from diverse backgrounds.
Enhancing Asthma Self-Management in Rural School-Aged Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose To test the effects of 2 modes of delivering an asthma educational intervention on health outcomes and asthma self-management in school-aged children who live in rural areas. Methods Longitudinal design with data collected 4 times over 12 months. The target sample was composed of children in grades 2-5 who had a provider diagnosis of asthma. Elementary schools were stratified into high or low socioeconomic status based on student enrollment in the free or reduced-cost lunch program. Schools were then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment arms: in-school asthma class, asthma day camp, or the attention-control group. Findings Sample retention was good (87.7%) and equally distributed by study arm. Improvements in emergency department visits and office visits were related to attending either the asthma class or asthma day camp. Asthma severity significantly decreased in both asthma treatment groups. Other factors such as hospitalizations, parent asthma management, and child asthma management improved for all groups. Conclusions Both asthma class and asthma day camp yielded significant reductions in asthma severity. There were reductions in the emergency department and office visits for the 2 asthma arms, and hospitalizations declined significantly for all groups. Asthma self-management also improved in all groups, while it was somewhat higher in the asthma arms. This may be due to the attention being drawn to asthma management by study participation and the action of completing questionnaires about asthma management, asthma symptoms, and health outcomes.
Regional Myocardial Blood Flow in Patients with Residual Anterior and Inferior Transmural Infarction

Regional myocardial perfusion rates were estimated in ten patients with a residual transmural anterior wall infarction and ten patients with a residual transmural inferior infarction. The results in these two groups of patients were compared to the regional myocardial perfusion patterns obtained in 25 patients with normal coronary arteriograms who failed to demonstrate any electrocardiographic evidence of a myocardial infarction. Clearance rates of xenon-133 from multiple areas of the heart were monitored externally with a multiple-crystal scintillation camera following selective injection of the isotope into either coronary artery. Local myocardial blood flow rates were calculated by the Kety formula. In patients with normal coronary arteriograms, mean myocardial perfusion rates in the left ventricle (62 ml/l00g/min) exceeded flow rates in the right ventricle and atrium. There was slight inhomogeneity of local perfusion rates but no significant differences among major subregions (anterior descending, diagonal, or circumflex) within the left ventricle. In the group with an anterior transmural infarction, myocardial blood flow rates were significantly depressed (44 ml/l00g/min) and asynergy was present in the region of the left ventricle supplied by the anterior descending artery, which was >80% narrowed. Diminished capillary blood flow was found in the right ventricular region in the patients with an inferior transmural infarction and right coronary artery narrowing of >80%. There was no evidence of nutrient flow to the inferior surface of the left ventricle after right coronary 133 Xe injection. The data indicate that myocardial perfusion was reduced in regions of the heart which correspond to the electrocardiographic and angiographic location of residual transmural infarction. The perfusion rates observed in areas showing electrocardiographic evidence of transmural infarction and regional ventricular asynergy, although subnormal, were surprisingly high and suggested the presence of residual viable myocardial cells.
Generation of intra-oral-like images from cone beam computed tomography volumes for dental forensic image comparison.

UNLABELLED Identification of unknown individuals using dental comparison is well established in the forensic setting. The identification technique can be time and resource consuming if many individuals need to be identified at once. Medical CT (MDCT) for dental profiling has had limited success, mostly due to artifact from metal-containing dental restorations and implants. DESCRIPTION The authors describe a CBCT reformatting technique that creates images, which closely approximate conventional dental images. METHOD Using a i-CAT Platinum CBCT unit and standard issue i-CAT Vision software, a protocol is developed to reproducibly and reliably reformat CBCT volumes. The reformatted images are presented with conventional digital images from the same anatomic area for comparison. CONCLUSION The authors conclude that images derived from CBCT volumes following this protocol are similar enough to conventional dental radiographs to allow for dental forensic comparison/identification and that CBCT offers a superior option over MDCT for this purpose.
Compact jam‐resistant capillary dispenser for automation systems

A compact capillary dispenser has been designed that reliably stores fragile glass capillaries [fn1]in a known orientation and positively inserts one on demand into a robotic gripper head. A unique feature of the design keeps the capillaries from jamming. A successful prototype was built that stores 3800, 5 μL glass capillaries (55 mm length, 838 μm outside diameter) in an 8 cm cube, excluding the space required for two small pneumatic cylinders. The fundamental design of this dispenser can be scaled to dispense virtually any size round cylindrical objects. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 10: 15–17, 1998
Albumin activates astrocytes and microglia through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

Following acute brain injury, albumin may gain access to the brain parenchyma. Clinical studies indicate a protective role for albumin in stroke but an increase in mortality associated with albumin administration following traumatic brain injury. We investigated the effects of albumin on astrocyte and microglial activation, and the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in these responses. Albumin activated ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways in astrocytes, and induced the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, the NO metabolite nitrite, and the chemokine CX3CL1 while reducing the level of S100B. The release of inflammatory markers by astrocytes was partially dependent on p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways, but not JNK. In microglia, albumin exposure activated all three MAPK pathways and produced an increase in IL-1β and nitrite. Inhibition of p38 MAPK in microglia leads to an increased level of IL1β, while inhibition of all three MAPKs suppressed the release of nitrite. These results suggest that albumin activates astrocytes and microglia, inducing inflammatory responses involved both in the mechanisms of cellular injury and repair via activation of MAPK pathways, and thereby implicate glial activation in the clinical responses to administration of albumin.
The effect of dietary mercury on vanadate toxicity in the chick

Three experiments were conducted investigating the interaction of dietary vanadate and mercury on the growth of chicks. The growth-retarding effect of 30 mg vanadium/kg diet was completely overcome by the inclusion of 500 mg mercury/kg diet. Restricting the feed intake of the mercury-supplemented animals to approximately those receiving vanadate alone still resulted in an amelioration of the growth retarding effect of vanadate. Analyses of femurs and kidneys revealed that mercury added to a vanadium-containing diet increased the vanadate concentration of the femur and had no effect on the vanadium concentration in the kidney. As little as 25 mg mercury/kg diet significantly reduced the growth retarding effect of vanadium. The inclusion of 100 mg mercury/kg in the diet resulted in a significant increase in renal glutathione concentration.
Modulators of macrophage transferrin or transferrin-like protein.

The effects of endotoxin or testosterone on the amount of transferrin 59Fe (or like protein) in the murine macrophages was investigated. The mouse peritoneal macrophages were laden with 59Fe tagged red cells following the injection of mice with either agent. After harvesting the cells, they were lysed and the transferrin iron was released with 40% trichloroacetic acid. The supernatant (extract transferrin iron) and the pellet (other iron proteins iron) were separated by centrifugation and their radioactivities counted. The results were expressed in percentage. The endotoxin group had a geometric mean of transferrin 59Fe of 0.14% compared to 0.28% for the control, p < 0.001. The geometric mean for transferrin 59Fe of the testosterone treated group was 0.51% compared to 0.35% for the control, p < 0.05. Therefore, the endotoxin seems to contract the transferrin pool whereas testosterone seems to expand it.
Ca2+-dependent protein switches in actomyosin based contractile systems

Abstract Myosin is an ATPase enzyme with the unique property that the hydrolysis and release of Pi and ADP is coupled to movement via a cyclic interaction between myosin and actin filaments. Recent evidence indicates that for all myosin and myosin-like molecules, from slime mould and spinach vacuole to man, the mechanism of the molecular motor is essentially the same. It is now appropriate to ask general questions about how these motors are regulated by Ca2+. Is regulation the same throughout nature or are there different proteins in different phyla independently evolved? It is possible to define two basic mechanisms. Myosin may be regulated by EF hand Ca2+ binding proteins interacting with the regulatory domain or the thin filament activity may be regulated by accessory proteins. In this review I have analysed examples of myosin and actin-linked regulatory systems in order to determine the basic principles of the mechanism of these protein switches. I propose three principles common to all myosin-linked regulatory systems: (1) the regulatory proteins inhibit the cycling of a constitutively active myosin motor domain; (2) a regulatory domain in the myosin molecule has several special motifs (“IQ motif”) which form binding sites for regulatory proteins; and (3) the regulatory proteins bound to the heavy chain are “EF hand” proteins related to calmodulin. I also propose a common set of principles for actin-linked regulatory systems: (1) the actin filament is normally capable of interacting with myosin to produce movement and the regulatory proteins inhibit the interaction; (2) inhibitory proteins are controlled by interaction with Ca2+-binding “EF hand” proteins; and (3) regulation is cooperative; the inhibitory proteins act as allosteric effectors of actin-tropomyosin state. The elongated tropomyosin propagates signals over many actins. It seems likely that myosin-linked regulation is of ancient origin. The origin of thin filament regulation is not clear. Such regulation has only been detected in animals but tropomyosin, which is a prerequisite for thin filament based regulation, is also found in protozoa and fungi, perhaps even in plants.
Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development

The first extension of the biopsychological view to social development. Addressing the question of how children became like-minded members of their cultural groups, James Baldwin identified mechanisms of social adaptation underlying the enculturation process.
Registration Of Rotated Images

The automatic determination of local similarity between two images (image registration) is one of the most fundamental problems of image processing and pattern recognition. A two-stage registration algorithm that is reasonably efficient and robust for rotational and translational displacement has been considered to determine relative shift between reference and search images. A new method of calculation for zero-order moment on a circular window is described, Based upon this measure, a computationally efficient first stage algorithm is obtained. On the second stage, Modified Circular Symmetric Autoregressive Random (MCSAR) model and invariant moments are used to determine a robust feature vector associated with the reference and subsearch images. Simulation results on real images are presented to evaluate rotation invariancy of the features and the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Levels of cerebral cortical glycolytic and citric acid cycle metabolites during hypoglycemic stupor and its reversal.

— Blood glucose, cerebral cortical glucose, and eight metabolites of the glycolytic pathway and citric acid cycle were measured during insulin hypoglycemic stupor and during the first 100s after glucose administration. In hypoglycemic mice that had lost righting ability, blood and brain glucose were decreased 89% and 96% respectively, but glucose-6-phosphate fell only 23%. Other glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates were decreased 31–77%. Fructose bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphopyruvate fell more than glucose-6-phosphate, but less than pyruvate and lactate. Citrate fell less than a-ketoglutarate and malate. These results suggest that in severe hypoglycemia there is a decrease in brain glucose utilization, mediated by phosphofructokinase, but probably caused by decreased neuronal activity. An intravenous injection of glucose restored brain glucose to 75% of normal within 10s and caused return of righting ability within 60s. Glucose-6-phosphate, fructose bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and phosphopyruvate rose to normal or near normal levels within 60s, whereas pyruvate, lactate, citrate, a-ketoglutarate, and malate changed little in this period. This suggests that although glucose given to hypoglycemic animals rapidly enters the glycolytic pathway in brain (and behavior is almost normal), total neuronal activity, and hence overall glucose metabolism, remains subnormal for several minutes.
A β-γ coincidence system for environmental 131

A β-γ coincidence system using a thin plastic scintillator and a NaI(Tl) well crystal has been constructed for 131I environmental measurements. A background of 0.01 cpm with a system efficiency of 11% has been achieved. The detection limit is 0.08 pCi/l for a 100-minute counting period and otherwise usual conditions.
Nonlinear signal processing using integration of fluid dynamics equations

Here, we describe a new and unique image sharpening method based on computational techniques developed for CFD. Our preliminary experience with this method shows its capability for nonlinear enhancement of image edges as well as deconvolution of an image with random noise. This indicates a potential application for image deconvolution from sparse and noisy data resulting from measurements of backscattered laser-speckle intensity.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Montaigne and the Cannibals: Toward a Redefinition of Exoticism

He ties a rope to one of the prisoner's arms, by the end of which he holds him, a few steps away, for fear of being hurt, and gives his dearest friend the other arm to hold in the same way; and these two, in the presence of the whole assembly, kill him with their swords. This done, they roast him and eat him in common and send some pieces to their absent friends. This is not, as people think, for nourishment, as of old the Scythians used to do; it is to betoken an extreme revenge.
WE‐D‐BRE‐05: Prediction of Late Radiation‐Induced Proctitis in Prostate Cancer Patients Using Chromosome Aberration and Cell Proliferation Rate

Purpose: Chromosome damage and cell proliferation rate have been investigated as potential biomarkers for the early prediction of late radiationinduced toxicity. Incorporating these endpoints, we explored the predictive power for late radiation proctitis using a machine learning method. Methods: Recently, Beaton et al. showed that chromosome aberration and cell proliferation rate could be used as biomarkers to predict late radiation proctitis (Beaton et al. (2013) Int J Rad Onc Biol Phys, 85:1346–1352). For the identification of radiosensitive biomarkers, blood samples were collected from 10 patients with grade 3 late proctitis along with 20 control patients with grade 0 proctitis. After irradiation at 6 Gy, statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups, using the number of dicentrics and excess fragments, and the number of cells in metaphase 2 (M2). However, Beaton et al. did not show the usefulness of combining these endpoints. We reanalyzed the dataset to investigate whether incorporating these endpoints can increase the predictive power of radiation proctitis, using a support vector machine (SVM). Results: Using the SVM method with the number of fragments and M2 endpoints, perfect classification was achieved. In addition, to avoid biased estimate of the classification method, leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) was performed. Themore » best performance was achieved when all three endpoints were used with 87% accuracy, 90% sensitivity, 85% specificity, and 0.85 AUC (the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve). The most significant endpoint was the number of fragments that obtained 83% accuracy, 70% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 0.82 AUC. Conclusion: We demonstrated that chromosome damage and cell proliferation rate could be significant biomarkers to predict late radiation proctitis. When these endpoints were used together in conjunction with a machine learning method, the better performance was obtained. However, evaluation for other late radiation toxicities is necessary to elucidate these observations.« less
Detailed balance limit of silicon nanowire and nanohole array solar cells

In this proceeding, we use optical modeling and detailed balance analysis to predict the limiting efficiency of nanostructured silicon solar cells based on vertically-aligned nanowire and nanohole arrays. We first use the scattering matrix method to study broadband optical absorption. By incorporating the calculated optical absorption into a detailed balance analysis, we obtain the limiting short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and power conversion efficiency of nanowire and nanohole solar cells. Results show that optimized nanowire and nanohole arrays of 2.33 microns in height have 83% and 97% higher power conversion efficiencies than a thin film with the same height, respectively. Furthermore, we find that the limiting power conversion efficiency is mainly determined by the short circuit current density, which is proportional to the broadband optical absorption.
Tensile fracture of rock at high confining pressure: implications for dike propagation

Field observations indicate that zones of inelastic deformation produced at the tips of propagating dikes can be much larger than those produced at the tips of tensile cracks in laboratory experiments. This is in direct conflict with the concept that fracture toughness and fracture energy are rock properties, independent of crack size and loading configuration. A Barenblatt model that treats fracture resistance as an internal cohesive stress acting at the crack tip is used to investigate the effect of confining pressure on rock tensile failure. When the confining pressure exceeds the cohesive strength of the rock, as it does at depths greater than several hundred meters, Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics is inapplicable and the near-tip stress field of a propagating crack is determined by the crack size and loading configuration as well as by rock properties. As inelastic deformation depends upon the near-tip stress field, it follows that fracture energy may also depend upon crack size and loading configuration. For a propagating dike, the near-tip stress field is dominated by the large suction acting within a small (∼several meter) cavity at the tip generated by viscous flow of magma within the dike. Perturbations to the ambient stress are on the order of the cavity suction and act over regions on the order of the cavity length. The tip cavity pressure may be maintained by exsolution of magmatic volatiles or by influx of host rock pore fluids; inelastic deformation is enhanced by the latter. For a tip cavity pressure maintained by influx of pore fluids, the pore pressure exceeds the least compressive stress off the dike plane, even while it equals the least compressive stress at the dike tip. This can lead to tensile failure off the dike plane and the formation of observed dike-parallel joints. Shear stresses scale with the cavity suction and may produce shear failure off the dike plane; such deformation is generally enhanced if the dike is intruded perpendicular to the least compressive stress. For sills intruded parallel to bedding, shear failure in the form of bedding plane slip can lead to the observed blunting and fingering of the intrusion front. Because the tip cavity grows with dike size, the energy consumed by rock fracture also increases with dike size and is potentially as significant for large dikes as for small dikes, a view not adopted by existing fluid mechanical models of dike propagation.
New circulating-water devices warm more quickly than forced-air in volunteers.

BACKGROUND Newer circulating-water systems supply more heat than forced-air, mainly because the heat capacity of water is much greater than for that of dry warm air and, in part, because they provide posterior as well as anterior heating. Several heating systems are available, but three major ones have yet to be compared directly. We therefore compared two circulating-water systems with a forced-air system during simulation of upper abdominal or chest surgery in volunteers. METHODS Seven healthy volunteers participated on three separate study days. Each day, they were anesthetized and cooled to a core temperature near 34 degrees C, which was maintained for 45-60 min. They were then rewarmed with one of three warming systems until distal esophageal core temperature reached 36 degrees C or anesthesia had lasted 8 h. The warming systems were 1) energy transfer pads (two split torso pads and two universal pads; Kimberly Clark, Roswell, GA); 2) circulating-water garment (Allon MTRE 3365 for cardiac surgery, Akiva, Israel); and 3) lower body forced-air warming (Bair Hugger #525, #750 blower, Eden Prairie, MN). Data are presented as mean +/- sd; P < 0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS The rate of increase of core temperature from 34 degrees C to 36 degrees C was 1.2 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C/h with the Kimberly Clark system, 0.9 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C/h with the Allon system, and 0.6 degrees C +/- 0.1 degrees C/h with the Bair Hugger (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The warming rate with the Kimberly Clark system was 25% faster than with the Allon system and twice as fast as with the Bair Hugger. Both circulating-water systems thus warmed hypothermic volunteers in significantly less time than the forced-air system.
Application of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) Techniques to Temperature Data in a Conventional Data Center

Data centers are the computational hub of the next generation. Rise in demand for computing has driven the emergence of high density datacenters. With the advent of high density, mission-critical datacenters, demand for electrical power for compute and cooling has grown. Deployment of a large number of high powered computer systems in very dense configurations in racks within data centers will result in very high power densities at room level. Hosting business and mission-critical applications also demand a high degree of reliability and flexibility. Managing such high power levels in the data center with cost effective reliable cooling solutions is essential to feasibility of pervasive compute infrastructure. Energy consumption of data centers can also be severely increased by over-designed air handling systems and rack layouts that allow the hot and cold air streams to mix. Absence of rack level temperature monitoring has contributed to lack of knowledge of air flow patterns and thermal management issues in conventional data centers. In this paper, we present results from exploratory data analysis (EDA) of rack-level temperature data collected over a period of several months from a conventional production datacenter. Typical datacenters experience surges in power consumption due to rise and fall in compute demand. These surges can be long term, short term or periodic, leading to associated thermal management challenges. Some variations may also be machine-dependent and vary across the datacenter. Yet other thermal perturbations may be localized and momentary. Random variations due to sensor response and calibration, if not identified, may lead to erroneous conclusions and expensive faults. Among other indicators, EDA techniques also reveal relationships among sensors and deployed hardware in space and time. Identification of such patterns can provide significant insight into data center dynamics for future forecasting purposes. Knowledge of such metrics enables energy-efficient thermal management by helping to create strategies for normal operation and disaster recovery for use with techniques like dynamic smart cooling.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Sociology and computing: introduction to this special issue

The goal of this special issue was to include high-quality articles covering the complete spectrum of computing in sociology. The result is nine creative articles from three continents addressing a wide range of issues, including inequality in the form of the so-called digital divide, the use of computers in qualitative research and in teaching sociology, the relationship between research methods and the technologies of the Internet, and a historical analysis of the early use of computing machines in sociology.
Statistical modelling of coincidence counting

Abstract A compound Poisson distribution model is used to describe neutron coincidence counting in a multiplying sample. The number of initiating events in a time t is assumed to follow a Poisson distribution, and a model previously developed is used to describe the ensuing neutron detection, absorption and multiplication. Expressions for the factorial moments of various orders are derived. In particular, the expected value of coincidence pairs is shown to be the sum of the pairs generated within each initiating event and the accidental coincidences between pairs from different initiating events. Due to the Poisson nature of the underlying initiating distribution, the accidental coincidence counts are proportional to the square of the total counts. Statistical parameters including variances of several measurable physical quantities are also derived.