cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absorption-enhanced imaging through scattering media using carbon black nano-particles: from visible to near infrared wavelengths

Imaging through scattering media can be improved with the addition of absorbers, since multiply-scattered photons, with their longer path length, are absorbed with a higher probability than ballistic photons. The image resolution enhancement is substantially greater when imaging through isotropic scatterers than when imaging through an ensemble of strongly forward-scattering particles. However, since the angular scattering distribution is determined by the size of the scatterers with respect to the wavelength of incident light, particles that are forward scatterers at visible wavelengths can be isotropic scatterers at infrared (IR) wavelengths. Here, we show that substantial image resolution enhancement can be achieved in the near-infrared wavelength regime for particles that are forward scattering at visible wavelengths using carbon black nanoparticles as a broadband absorber. This observation provides a new strategy for image enhancement through scattering media: by selecting the appropriate wavelength range for imaging, in this case the near-IR, the addition of absorbers more effectively enhances the image resolution.
Loneliness in the Modern Age: An Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness (ETL)

Abstract We describe the Cacioppo Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness (ETL) and its manifestations in contemporary society. The early conceptualizations of loneliness were as an individual difference characterizing a relatively small subset of the population. The ETL characterizes loneliness as not simply addressing an individual difference, but also as addressing the effects of loneliness on people generally. The progression motivated by the ETL to animal models and comparative analyses broadens the focus further to periods long before hominids evolved. The premise underlying our ETL is that an organism's perception of being socially isolated (i.e., lonely) automatically signals an environment in which the likelihood is low of encountering social behaviors categorized in terms of evolutionary fitness as mutual benefit or altruism. As a result, the likelihood is high of the organism exhibiting behaviors categorized in terms of evolutionary fitness as selfish. This shift in the fitness consequences of behavior is posited to be evolutionarily old and to operate in humans in part through nonconscious processes. The ETL addresses the adaptive functions of loneliness that foster short-term survival but that in the modern world can have deleterious long-term consequences. In doing so, the ETL places the social level of organization front and center in scientific investigations of the human brain and behavior. The centrality of the social world highlighted by the ETL is not attributed to social construction but to social and biological processes, including evolutionary forces operating across social species long before humans walked the earth.
Quinone C–H Alkylations via Oxidative Radical Processes

A brief survey of radical additions to quinones is reported. Carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and unprotected amino acids are compared as alkyl radical precursors for the mono- or bis- C–H alkylation of several quinones. Two methods for radical initiation are discussed comparing inorganic persulfates and Selectfluor as stoichiometric oxidants. Kinetic analysis reveals dramatic differences in the rate of radical initiation depending on the identity of the radical precursor and oxidant. Synthetic strategies for efficiently producing alkyl-quinones are discussed in the context of selecting optimum radical precursors and initiators depending on quinone identity and functional groups present.
Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Nicotine in Humans

Behavioral discrimination procedures clearly demonstrate that nicotine elicits interoceptive stimulus effects in humans that are malleable by various pharmacological manipulations as well as by some behavioral manipulations. The parameters of nicotine discrimination and both chronic and acute factors that may alter discrimination behavior are addressed in this chapter, which emphasizes research by the author involving nicotine delivered by nasal spray. Human discrimination of nicotine is centrally mediated, as the central and peripheral nicotine antagonist mecamylamine blocks discrimination but the peripheral antagonist trimethaphan does not. The threshold dose for discrimination of nicotine via spray appears to be very low in smokers as well as nonsmokers. Because smoked tobacco delivers nicotine more rapidly than spray, the threshold dose of nicotine via smoking is probably even lower. In terms of individual differences, smokers may become tolerant to the discriminative stimulus effects of higher nicotine doses but not of low doses. Men may be more sensitive than women to nicotine's discriminative stimulus effects, consistent with other research suggesting that nicotine is more reinforcing in men than in women. Other potential individual differences in nicotine discrimination have not been clearly tested, but may include genetics, obesity, and dependence on other drugs. Acute environmental factors that alter nicotine discrimination include the specific training and testing conditions, pointing to the need for careful control over such conditions during research. Other factors, such as concurrent acute use of alcohol or caffeine, do not appear to alter nicotine discrimination, suggesting that changes in nicotine discrimination are not likely explanations for the association of smoking behavior with use of those drugs. Concurrent physical activity also does not appear to alter nicotine discrimination, indicating that results from studies of discrimination in subjects at quiet rest, the standard approach in this research, generalize well to discrimination in subjects engaged in various activities, as often occurs in the natural environment. Future research should more clearly examine the potential role of nicotine's discriminative stimulus effects in nicotine reinforcement and determine the generalizability of these findings to nicotine delivered by other means, particularly tobacco smoking.
COBAS Bact: The Centrifugal Approach to Clinical Bacteriology

In the past few years, interest in developing and applying automation for use in the clinical microbiology laboratory has risen considerably. Such advances are necessary if laboratories are to provide physicians with timely, standardized, and reproducible laboratory test results. With the attainment of this goal, it should be possible for clinical microbiology to become more relevant and useful and for the microbiologist to provide the required support for rapid diagnosis and therapy. This applies particularly to in vitro results of antibiotic susceptibility testing and identification of the etiological agent. Additionally, because of cost constraints, it has become important to relieve laboratory personnel of many routine tasks and thus make it possible to increase productivity without increasing staff.
Development of apratoxin S10 (Apra S10) as an anti-pancreatic cancer agent and its preliminary evaluation in an orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model

Despite the significant progress in the field of cancer therapeutics, the incidence of pancreatic cancer (PC) has continuously increased. One possible mechanism for this increasing burden is impaired drug delivery and drug resistance resulting from a unique tumor microenvironment and genetic mutations. Apratoxins are potent anticancer agents and cotranslational translocation inhibitors with potential therapeutic applications to treat cancers with active secretory pathways. Here, we developed apratoxin S10 (Apra S10) as an anti-pancreatic cancer agent which potently inhibited the growth of both established and patient-derived primary pancreatic cancer cells. We validated its mechanism of action on pancreatic cancer cells by demonstrating the downregulation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and inhibition of growth factor and cytokine secretion. Apra S10 also inhibited a number of cytokines secreted by stromal cells, suggesting that Apra S10 not only inhibited pancreatic cancer cell secretion, but also reduced the level of factors secreted by other cell types active within the tumor microenvironment. As Apra S10 tissue distribution indicated its high enrichment in pancreas tissue, an orthotopic pancreatic patient-derived xenograft mouse model that closely mimics the human pancreatic tumor microenvironment was for the first time used in apratoxin studies. Apra S10 showed promising antitumor effect in this pancreatic cancer model and this effect was mediated through anti-proliferation properties.
Protection of the Natural Environment

International Humanitarian Law (IHL) establishes limitations on warfare to protect the natural environment from extremely serious damage and to prevent unnecessary or wanton harm. IHL protection of the environment developed from the principle of protection of civilians, and it has similar motives and goals. This chapter describes a legal regime that is undergoing development. Protection of the environment during armed conflict as a specific legal obligation is a sufficiently recent international norm that its status as binding law has been more contested than early humanitarian commitments like neutrality of medical personnel. This reflects the tension between recognition of the importance of ecological integrity to peace and the interests of States in retaining freedom in their conduct of military operations.The continuing development of international law in many specialised areas means that legal advisers will be obliged to regularly review the continuing application of the UN Charter, international security law, IHL, international criminal law, human rights law, international environmental law, international economic law, and other bodies of international law. These bodies of law must be taken into account as they may constitute binding legal obligations, norms informing special rules effective during armed conflict as stated in the Law of Armed Conflict, international standards, non-binding norms, guidelines and/or state practice, including practice integrated into rules of engagement, status of forces agreements, and military manuals, handbooks and training guides.
A Privacy-Preserving Concurrent Query-Answering Protocol for Selfish Knowledge-Based Systems

This paper shows a distributed implementation of concurrent query-answering protocol among agents with objective to answer their individual query by means of logical inference from the integrated private knowledge bases (KBs) owned by each agent. Agents may misreport some contents of their KB as long as it will not affect the correctness of the answer they are looking, and such a misreport is not verifiable by others. Our proposed protocol is intended to prevent agents from misreporting and, more importantly, to protect their privacy, so that all answers obtained from the integrated KB are truthfully derived and no party knows the knowledge of individual others other than its own.
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction through School and Community Partnerships

Program Goals In recognition of the escalating childhood obesity epidemic, Project Healthy Schools (PHS) was founded in 2004. The PHS partnership between the community and University of Michigan delivers middle school-based education and environmental change to decrease childhood obesity and long-term cardiovascular risk factors. PHS has reached over 51,000 students in over 70 schools. Programming includes ten educational lessons that address five main goals: (1) eat more fruits and vegetables, (2) choose less sugary food and beverages, (3) eat …
High Performance IT-MSn Sequencing of Glycans (Spatial Resolution of Ovalbumin Isomers)

This report outlines and applies a high performance sequencing technology to evaluate the glycome of a common model glycoprotein, ovalbumin. The targets were the N-linked glycans enzymatically released from the protein, the N-glycoproteome. These product glycans were reduced, methylated and directly infused into the MS using a chip-based nanoelectrospray with the ions structurally characterized by sequential disassembly. Ten major ions were selected for detailed analysis. Isomer topologies (glycan connectivity) were determined from ion pathways of disassembly. Linkage information was revealed by specific cross-ring cleavage fragments within smaller oligomers. Both connectivity and linkage features were assisted with described bioinformatic tools and details confirmed with a standards library of fragments. The number of isomeric structures found within these 10 parent ions were 37, more than double earlier reports, and setting a new goal for developing technology. In this non-chromatographic, high performance spatial approach, the focus has been patterned to be comprehensive, and stay within the bounds of a plausible high throughput strategy consistent with automation. Selective structures are described in the text to appraise readers of the general approach; a more comprehensive coverage has been included in supplemental material.
Hepcidin Inhibits Erythroid Colony Formation In Vitro at Decreased Erythropoietin Concentrations.

The anemia of chronic disease (ACD) results from three major processes: slightly shortened red cell survival, impaired reticuloendothelial system iron mobilization, and impaired erythropoiesis. Hepcidin is an acute phase protein with specific iron regulatory properties, which, along with the anemia seen with increased hepcidin expression, have led many to consider it the major mediator of ACD. However, if hepcidin is the major factor responsible for ACD, then it should also contribute to the impaired erythropoiesis observed in this syndrome. In this study, the effects of hepcidin on erythroid colony formation in vitro are examined. At the standard recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) concentration used for erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E) assays in vitro (1 U/mL), hepcidin had no significant effects on colony formation. However, ACD is a syndrome associated with relative reductions in EPO concentration. The effects of hepcidin 100 ng/mL on CFU-E colony formation were evaluated at lower rhEPO concentrations (0.1 _ 0.5 U/mL). Colony formation was significantly decreased in the presence of hepcidin. The regulatory pathways controlling apoptosis and proliferation of HCD57 erythroleukemia cells replicate those observed in primary human erythroid progenitors. This cell line was studied in order to more fully define the effects of hepcidin on erythropoiesis. HCD57 cells were incubated in Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium with 10% fetal calf serum with 0.3 U/mL rhEPO at 37°C for 24 hrs, with or without hepcidin 100 ng/mL. No difference in cell proliferation was seen. Apoptosis in HCD57 cells is regulated by the Bad/Bcl-x L pathway. Total Bad and Bcl-x L protein expression were unchanged by exposure to hepcidin; however, the proportion of the anti-apoptotic protein pBad was decreased approximately 50%. A recent report has demonstrated that hepcidin reduces macrophage iron efflux by binding to the iron transporter ferroportin, causing its internalization and subsequent degradation. It is unlikely that the inhibition of CFU-E colony formation reported here results from this effect: although macrophages are present in the marrow cell population, and iron is required for erythropoiesis in vitro, the amount of iron-saturated transferrin contributed to the culture medium by FCS is comparable to the amount required for maximal CFU-E colony formation in serum-free medium. CONCLUSION: At reduced rhEPO concentrations, CFU-E colony formation is inhibited by hepcidin. Short-term exposure to hepcidin induces a pro-apoptotic pattern in HCD57 erythroleukemia cells. The studies reported here do not disprove the possibility that hepcidin-induced impairment of iron flow to erythroid cells contributes to ACD: rather, they suggest an additional mechanism by which hepcidin can inhibit erythropoiesis.
Intensive care unit rounding checklists to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

Objective:To assess whether the implementation of an intensive care unit (ICU) rounding checklist reduces the number of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).Design:Retrospective before-and-after study that took place between March 2013 and February 2017.Setting:An academic community hospital 16-bed, mixed surgical, cardiac, medical ICU.Patients:Participants were all patients admitted to the adult mixed ICU and had a diagnosis of CAUTI.Intervention:Initiation of an ICU rounding checklist that prompts physicians to address any use of urinary catheters with analysis comparing the preintervention period before roll out of the rounding checklist versus the postintervention periods.Results:There were 19 CAUTIs and 9,288 urinary catheter days (2.04 CAUTIs per 1,000 catheter days). The catheter utilization ratio increased in the first year after the intervention (0.67 vs 0.60; P = .0079), then decreased in the second year after the intervention (0.53 vs 0.60; P = .0992) and in the third year after the intervention (0.53 vs 0.60; P = .0224). The rate of CAUTI (ie, CAUTI per 1,000 urinary catheter days) decreased from 4.62 before the checklist was implemented to 2.12 in the first year after the intervention (P = .2104). The CAUTI rate was 0.45 in the second year (P = .0275) and 0.96 in the third year (P = .0532).Conclusions:Our study suggests that utilization of a daily rounding checklist is associated with a decrease in the rates of CAUTI in ICU patients. Incorporating a rounding checklist is feasible in the ICU.
2x2 convexifications for convex quadratic optimization with indicator variables

In this paper, we study the convex quadratic optimization problem with indicator variables. For the bivariate case, we describe the convex hull of the epigraph in the original space of variables, and also give a conic quadratic extended formulation. Then, using the convex hull description for the bivariate case as a building block, we derive an extended SDP relaxation for the general case. This new formulation is stronger than other SDP relaxations proposed in the literature for the problem, including Shor's SDP relaxation, the optimal perspective relaxation as well as the optimal rank-one relaxation. Computational experiments indicate that the proposed formulations are quite effective in reducing the integrality gap of the optimization problems.
Nonreligious Employees’ Perceptions of Microaggressions and Their Relationship With Job Satisfaction as Moderated by Calling:

Workplace microaggressions are related to person–organization fit (P-O fit) and job satisfaction. Additionally, P-O fit and calling predict job satisfaction. Given the religious connotations of cal...
Regulation of Olfactory Associative Memory by the Circadian Clock Output Signal Pigment-Dispersing Factor (PDF)

Dissociation between the output of the circadian clock and external environmental cues is a major cause of human cognitive dysfunction. While the effects of ablation of the molecular clock on memory have been studied in many systems, little has been done to test the role of specific clock circuit output signals. To address this gap, we examined the effects of mutations of Pigment-dispersing factor (Pdf) and its receptor, Pdfr, on associative memory in male and female Drosophila. Loss of PDF signaling significantly decreases the ability to form associative memory. Appetitive short-term memory (STM), which in wild-type (WT) is time-of-day (TOD) independent, is decreased across the day by mutation of Pdf or Pdfr, but more substantially in the morning than in the evening. This defect is because of PDFR expression in adult neurons outside the core clock circuit and the mushroom body (MB) Kenyon cells (KCs). The acquisition of a TOD difference in mutants implies the existence of multiple oscillators that act to normalize memory formation across the day for appetitive processes. Interestingly, aversive STM requires PDF but not PDFR, suggesting that there are valence-specific pathways downstream of PDF that regulate memory formation. These data argue that the circadian clock uses circuit-specific and molecularly diverse output pathways to enhance the ability of animals to optimize responses to changing conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT From humans to invertebrates, cognitive processes are influenced by organisms9 internal circadian clocks, the pace of which is linked to the solar cycle. Disruption of this link is increasingly common (e.g., jetlag, social jetlag disorders) and causes cognitive impairments that are costly and long lasting. A detailed understanding of how the internal clock regulates cognition is critical for the development of therapeutic methods. Here, we show for the first time that olfactory associative memory in Drosophila requires signaling by Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), a neuromodulatory signaling peptide produced only by circadian clock circuit neurons. We also find a novel role for the clock circuit in stabilizing appetitive sucrose/odor memory across the day.
Acquisition-Related Provision-Taking and Post-Acquisition Performance in the UK Prior to FRS 7

This paper examines the association between acquisiton-related provision-taking behaviour and post-acquisition performance for a sample of UK firms that undertook large acquisitions between 1989 and 1995. We find evidence that provision-taking was associated with declining accounting and market-adjusted stock price performance over the three-year period following the fiscal year of the acquisition. This relationship exists after controlling for a variety of factors, including method of payment in the acquisition and post-acquisition cash flow performance. By implication, post-acquisition abnormal returns appear to have been predictable based on publicly available information about the magnitude of the provisions. These findings are consistent with the following scenario: The management of the high provisioners used the provisions to insulate accounting earnings from the effects of declining cash flows. The market belatedly reacted to these firms' declining fortunes when net income was no longer inflated by provision reversals.
Differential Associations of SLCO Transporters with Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness between African Americans and European Americans.

Background:Androgen receptor signaling is crucial to prostate cancer aggressiveness. Members of the solute carrier family of the organic anion transporting peptides (SLCOs) are potential regulators of androgen availability in prostate tissue. It remains unknown whether genetic variations in SLCOs contribute to the differences in prostate cancer aggressiveness in African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs). Methods:Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 SLCO members were selected with addition of 139 potentially functional SNPs and 128 ancestry informative markers. A total of 1045 SNPs were genotyped and analyzed in 993 AAs and 1057 EAs from the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project. Expression and cellular localization of SLCOs were examined using quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ RNA hybridization in independent sets of prostate cancer cases. Results:Significant associations with prostate cancer characteristics were found for SNPs in SLCO2A1 and SLCO5A1. The associations differed by race (P for interaction <0.05). SNPs in SLCO2A1 were associated with reduced tumor aggressiveness and low Gleason score in AAs; whereas, SNPs in SLCO5A1 were associated with high clinical stage in EAs. In prostate tissue, SLCO2A1 and SLCO5A1 were the most expressed SLCOs at the mRNA level and were expressed predominantly in prostate endothelial and epithelial cells at the protein level, respectively. Conclusions:SLCO2A1 and SLCO5A1 play important but different roles in prostate cancer aggressiveness in AAs versus EAs. Impact:The finding calls for consideration of racial differences in biomarker studies of prostate cancer and for investigations on functions of SLCO2A1 and SLCO5A1 in prostate cancer.
Intracardiac Thrombus Following Pediatric Heart Transplant: New Heart, New Problem?

Introduction Development of an intracardiac thrombus (IT) has been reported following pediatric heart transplantation (HT), however the incidence and risk factors are unknown. Pre-HT ventricular assist device (VAD) support can result in a hypercoagulable state and can be associated with the development of anti-phospholipid (APL) antibodies. Over 200 transplants have been performed at our institution in the last 10 years with 2 cases of IT post-HT identified. Case Report Case 1: A 9 year old female was bridged to HTx with VAD. She developed cardiac allograft vasculopathy and recalcitrant arrhythmias 7 years post-HT. She underwent a repeat HTx with total ischemic time 236 minutes. She had normal biventricular function without arrhythmia. On post-operative day (POD) 8, an echocardiogram revealed 3 IT in the left atrium (LA) as seen in figure 1. She was emergently taken to the OR. Her previously normal coagulation profile prior to initial transplant was now notable for + IgM anti-cardiolipin, an antibody that is detected in APL syndrome. She never developed any neurological sequelae. No additional thrombotic compilations have occurred over 3 months on enoxaparin. Case 2: A 15 year old male with failing Fontan physiology was supported on VAD for 5 months prior to a technically challenging HT with total ischemic time 366 minutes. He had ventricular tachycardia and junctional rhythm treated with antiarrhythmics and pacing with normal biventricular function by POD 4. On POD 7, he developed altered mental status. Brain MRI showed multiple small ischemic infarcts and an IT extending from the LA appendage was found on echocardiogram. His IT was medically managed, and while no hypercoagulable workup was completed at the time, he was subsequently continued on enoxaparin as an outpatient without recurrence. Summary We postulate that each patient may have developed an acquired thrombophilia. These cases highlight the importance of future studies to risk stratify post-HTx patients who may warrant a pre-emptive hypercoagulable workup.
Lack of Surgeon Standardization on Implant Selection in Ankle Fracture Fixation May Increase Costs and Decrease Contribution Margin.

BACKGROUND Surgical standardization has been shown to decrease costs without impacting quality; however, there is limited literature on this subject regarding ankle fracture fixation. Methods. Between October 5, 2015 and September 27, 2017, a total of 168 patients with isolated ankle fractures who underwent open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) were analyzed. Financial data were analyzed across ankle fracture classification type, implant characteristics, and surgeons. Bivariate analyses were conducted. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare hardware costs across all 5 surgeons. Linear regression analysis was used to determine if hardware cost differed by surgeon when accounting for fracture type. RESULTS The mean contribution margin was $4853 (SD $6446). There was a significant difference in implant costs by surgeon (range, lowest-cost surgeon: $471 [SD $283] to $1609 [SD $819]; P < .001). There was no difference in the use of a suture button or locking plate by fracture type (P = .13); however, the cost of the implant was significantly higher if a suture button or locking plate was used ($1014 [SD $666] vs $338 [SD $176]; P < .001). There was an association between surgeon 3 (β = 200.32 [95% CI 6.18-394.47]; P = .043) and surgeon 4 (β = 1131.07 [95% CI 906.84-1355.30]; P < .001) and higher hardware costs. CONCLUSIONS Even for the same ankle fracture type, a wide variation in implant costs exists. The lack of standardization among surgeons accounted for a nearly 3.5-fold difference, on average, between the lowest- and highest-cost surgeons, negatively affecting contribution margin. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
Stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes toward covalent bonding between the zigzag edges

Abstract Edges of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have unique electronic structure and chemical reactivity that have not been fully explored yet. With help of the DFT and GFN2-xTB electronic structure calculations, we demonstrate for the first time that the zigzag edges of carbon nanotubes are capable of forming direct interlinking covalent bonds between the SWCNTs. The interlinking bond formation is predicted to be feasible for SWCNTs of different length, diameter, and chirality vectors. Covalent linking of SWCNTs might have implications in chemical and mechanical applications of SWCNTs.
Toward a psychology of knowledge: hypotheses regarding Rorschach movement and creativity.

Can we say that scholars, scientists, and other intellectuals are free—apart from ideological and motivational constraints—to choose their professional and personal Weltanschauungen? This essay cla...
The Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Adult Suicidal Behavior Among Rural Former Mental Health Patients

SUMMARY This article explores the relationship between childhood abuse and adult suicidal behavior among former mental health patients in a rural area. Historical data from 1999-2005 were used and analyzed from an outpatient mental health center. Suicidal ideation and attempts were found to be significantly correlated to all types of childhood abuse, such as mental, physical, and sexual. We conclude with recommendations for future research and implications for future social work practice.
The influence of a magnetic field on free convection in a finite vertical channel

An approximate analytical solution is presented for developing free convection flows of electrically conducting fluids between finite vertical channels which are subjected to a uniformly applied transverse magnetic field. Specifically, the basic approximation lies in the linearization of the governing boundary layer type of equations. It is demonstrated that the application of a transverse magnetic field reduces the induced flow rate in the channel and the heat transfer to the fluid.
Chief Justice Rehnquist, Religious Freedom, and the Constitution

It might not have been foreseen that William Rehnquist would have a marked influence on the Supreme Court’s interpretation, construction, and application of the First Amendment’s Religion Clauses. And yet, he certainly did. Kent Greenawalt wrote that Rehnquist – or, more precisely, the “Rehnquist Court” – “turned the constitutional law of religion upside down.” “[W]e have moved,” he reported, “from expansive readings of both of the religion clauses to narrow readings of the Free Exercise Clause and of very important aspects of the Establishment Clause.” It is suggested in this paper that in facilitating and guiding the “move[s]” identified by Greenawalt, Rehnquist for the most part “turned the constitutional law of religion” right-side up, rather than “upside down.” He left the Court’s Religion Clauses doctrine better than it was before, that is, better rooted in the Constitution’s text, history, structure, and values than it was when he joined the Court. In any event, that the “move[s]” happened, and that they happened in no small part because of him, seems beyond dispute.Rehnquist was able, for the most part, to exercise both judicial humility in the face of politically accountable actors’ attempts to deal with debatable questions of policy and morality – including most of the questions that arise in free-exercise and non-establishment cases – and careful review of measures and actions that might compromise the structural integrity of our Constitution. This paper’s appreciative review of his contributions to the Court’s Religion Clauses doctrine will, it is hoped, serve as a reminder that cases involving tension or collision between political and religious authority implicate the “first principles” of our constitutional experiment no less than those involving federal interference with the states’ appropriate functions or regulatory overreach by Congress.
Attributes of Fertile Spermatozoa: An Update

The process of fertilization can be imagined as an elegant pas de deux, with its success being dependent upon the precise timing and accuracy of a well-choreographed series of steps between male (spermatozoa) and female (oocytes) gametes. Arguably, perhaps the greatest performer in the fertilization process is the spermatozoon. The spermatozoon must actively overcome numerous obstacles and undergo many dynamic changes in order to achieve its destiny, whereas the oocyte assumes a fairly passive role in events leading to and culminating in fertilization. Some of the prefertilization processes that a mammalian spermatozoon must undergo have been revealed only in the last 10-15 years (e.g., Yanagimachi, 1994; Aitken, 1997), while other aspects still remain somewhat enigmatic. In 1989, Amann published his view of parameters that are requisite for the spermatozoon to be considered fertile, and they are as follows: 1) normal structure of vital functional components; 2) fully functional metabolic pathways for production of sperm motion and for maintenance of membrane potentials, ionic microenvironment, pH, or other cellular functions; 3) motility, to penetrate the cervix and the utero-tubal junction, for departure from storage sites, and to contact and penetrate the oocyte and its vestments; 4) presence of peripheral and/or integral proteins that serve as “survival proteins” to protect the spermatozoa from the hostile environment of the female reproductive tract; 5) appropriate responses to the microenvironment and stimuli provided by the female reproductive tract; 6) proteins essential for recognition and binding of the spermatozoon to the zona pellucida and the vitelline membrane; 7) acrosomal enzymes maintained in proenzyme or inhibited form until the appropriate time for assisting in oocyte vestment penetration; 8) fusible plasma and acrosomal membranes; 9) precise tim-
Hybrid System Modeling and Autonomous Control Systems

Hybrid control systems contain two distinct types of systems, continuous state and discrete-state, that interact with each other. Their study is essential in designing sequential supervisory controllers for continuous-state systems, and it is central in designing control systems with high degree of autonomy.
The effect of abo phenotypic expression on ribosomal DNA instabilities in Drosophila melanogaster.

The recessive maternal-effect mutation, abnormal oocyte (abo:2–38), reduces viability in the offspring of homozygous mutant females. Zygotes lacking specific heterochromatic segments of the X or Y chromosomes are most severely affected. We have shown that abo/abo lines can lose the capacity to express the mutant phenotype, and that elevated rDNA redundancies can be observed in such stocks (Krider and Levine 1975). In this study, we describe a microhybridization procedure that facilitates the measurement of rDNA redundancy, using a small number of adult Drosophila. We show that instability of the rDNA content persists in an abo/abo line after loss of the capacity to express the phenotype, and that changes in rDNA amounts occur between successive generations of the stock. Further, we show that the rDNA content of XO progeny from abo/abo females is elevated. The effect is directly correlated with the expression of the abo phenotype, and it is not observed in the XO progeny of abo heterozygous females or abo homozygotes from lines that do not show abo expression.
Estimating bioconcentration factors and half-lives in humans using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling: 2,3,7,8-TCDD

Abstract A bioconcentration factor and a half-life of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in 70 kg reference humans are estimated from a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. The system of differential equations is solved using eigenvalue methods. The results are approximated using a standard first-order bioconcentration equation.
C4 Photosynthesis: Need a Gene? Borrow One!

Horizontal gene transfer has been increasingly documented between eukaryotes, but a new study suggests a much larger role for horizontal gene transfer in physiological adaption through the transfer of photosynthetic pathway genes.
The effect of blood contamination on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets with the use of a new self-etch primer

The success of bonding brackets to enamel with resin bonding systems is negatively affected by contamination with oral fluids such as blood and saliva. The new self-etch primer systems combine conditioning and priming agents into a single application, making the procedure more cost-effective. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of blood contamination on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets with a new self-etch primer. The brackets (precoated brackets APC II, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were bonded to 52 extracted human molars according to 1 of 4 protocols. Group I: A self-etch acidic primer, Angel I (3M/ESPE, St. Paul, Minn), was placed on the enamel for 15 seconds, gently dried with air, and light cured for 10 seconds. Brackets were bonded and light cured for 20 seconds. Group II: The enamel surface was contaminated with human blood for 10 seconds, and the blood was blown off with an air syringe for 5 seconds. Angel I was applied on the contaminated surface; the brackets were then bonded and light cured as in group I. Group III: Angel I was applied as described in group I. The surface was then contaminated with human blood for 10 seconds, and the blood was blown off with an air syringe for 5 seconds. Precoated brackets were then bonded as in groups I and II. Group IV: The enamel surface was contaminated with human blood for 10 seconds and blown off with an air syringe for 5 seconds. The self-etch primer, Angel I, was applied as described earlier, and the surface was recontaminated with human blood for 10 seconds, and the blood was blown off with an air syringe for 5 seconds. The brackets were then bonded as in groups I, II, and III. The results of the analysis of variance (F = 13.31) indicated that the shear bond strengths of the 4 groups were significantly different (P =.001). Tukey HSD posterior tests indicated that the uncontaminated control group had a significantly stronger (mean = 6.0 +/- 3.5 megapascal [MPa]) shear bond strength than the groups that had blood contamination, regardless of whether this occurred before (mean = 2.7 +/- 2.4 MPa), after (mean = 1.1 +/- 0.6 MPa), or before and after (mean = 0.5 +/- 0.2 MPa) the application of the self-etch primer. Blood contamination at any stage of the bonding procedure results in a significant and drastic drop in the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.
Solvent‐Annealed Crystalline Squaraine: PC70BM (1:6) Solar Cells

It is demonstrated that squaraine:PC70BM blends can result in solar cells with high efficiency and fill factor when the nano­structure scale is increased to lead to conduction of photogenerated carriers to the electrodes. Morphological control occurs by a combination of thermal and solvent annealing of these small molecule, solution-processed bulk heterojunction cells. Peak efficiencies of a population of devices is 5.2% at fill factors of 0.5 are achieved under optimized conditions.
Adaptive routing in underwater delay tolerant sensor networks

Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) has attracted significant attention from both academia and industry. Different from terrestrial sensor nodes, underwater sensor nodes are usually mobile, much bigger, more energy-consuming, harder to recharge and suffer from more severe environmental conditions. Thus, an UWSN can be easily partitioned and no persistent routes from a source to a destination are available. Therefore, an UWSN can be viewed as a Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN). Moreover, an UWSN is always supposed to work for a long time to accomplish multiple tasks with various application requirements, such as delay and delivery ratio. Although many routing protocols have been proposed for DTNs, they are not suitable for UWSNs and cannot handle various application requirements. In this paper, we propose redundancy based adaptive routing (RBAR) for underwater DTNs. Through analysis and simulation, we demonstrate RBAR can achieve the best energy efficiency while satisfying different delay requirements of various packets by explicitly controlling the replication process.
Ultrastructure of the pre-implantation shark yolk sac placenta

During ontogeny, the yolk sac of viviparous sharks differentiates into a yolk sac placenta which functions in gas exchange and hematrophic nutrient transport. The pre-implantation yolk sac functions in respiration and yolk absorption. In a 10.0 cm embryo, the yolk sac consists of six layers, viz. (1) somatic ectoderm; (2) somatic mesoderm; (3) extraembryonic coelom; (4) capillaries; (5) endoderm; and (6) yolk syncytium. The epithelial ectoderm is a simple cuboidal epithelium possessing the normal complement of cytoplasmic organelles. The endoplasmic cisternae are dilated and vesicular. The epithelium rests upon a basal lamina below which is a collagenous stroma that contains dense bodies of varying diameter. They have a dense marginal zone, a less dense core, and a dense center. The squamous mesoderm has many pinocytotic caveolae. The capillary endothelium is adjacent to the mesoderm and is delimited by a basal lamina. The endoderm contains yolk degradation vesicles whose contents range from pale to dense. The yolk syncytium contains many morphologically diverse yolk granules in all phases of degradation. Concentric membrane lamellae form around yolk bodies as the main yolk granules begin to be degraded. During degradation, yolk platelets exhibit a vesicular configuration.
Effect of ultrastructural changes on the toughness of bone

Abstract The ultrastructure of bone can be considered as a conjunction between the biology and the biomechanics of the tissue. It is the result of cellular and molecular activities of bone formation, and its organization dominates the mechanical behavior of bone. Following this perspective, the objective of this review is to provide a current understanding of bone ultrastructure and its relationships with the toughness of the tissue. Therefore, we first provide a discussion on the organization of bone constituents, namely collagen, mineral, and water. Then, we present evidence on how the toughness of bone relates to its ultrastructure through the formation of microdamage. In addition, attention is given to how damage accumulation serves as a toughening mechanism. Finally, we describe how changes in the ultrastructure-caused by osteogenesis imperfecta, gamma irradiation, fluoride treatment, and aging affect the toughness and competence of bone.
The American Pulp and Paper Industry, 1900-1940: Mill Survival, Firm Structure, and Industry Relocation

Tables Introduction Trends in Pulp and Paper Production Industry Relocation Industry Structure Vertical Integration in the Pulp and Paper Industry Regression Analysis of Pulp and Paper Integration Mill Survival to 1940 Conclusion Appendix A: Papermaking Technology Appendix B: Methodology of Data Collection Appendix C: Concentration Ratios in Regional Product Markets Bibliography Index
Acetaminophen: antipyretic or hypothermic in mice? In either case, PGHS-1b (COX-3) is irrelevant.

Abstract Acetaminophen (AC) reduces the core temperatures (Tc) of febrile and non-febrile mice alike. Evidence has been adduced that the selectively AC-sensitive PGHS isoform, PGHS-1b (COX-3), mediates these effects. PGHS-1b, however, has no catalytic potency in mice. To resolve this contradiction, AC was injected intravenously (i.v.) into conscious PGHS-1 gene-sufficient (wild-type (WT)) and -deficient (PGHS-1−/−) mice 60 min before or after pyrogen-free saline (PFS) or E. coli LPS (10 μg/kg) i.v. Tc was monitored continuously; brain and plasma PGE2 levels were determined hourly. AC at
The influence of thyrotropin releasing hormone on in vivo prolactin release and in vitro prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone release from dispersed pituitary cells of the young turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)☆

Intravenous administration of 0.025, 0.25, or 2.5 μg/kg thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) to 4-week-old female turkeys induced a dose-dependent increase (P = 0.004) in serum prolactin (PRL) 15 min post-treatment. Dispersed anterior pituitary cell cultures were utilized to determine the effect of TRH on cellular release of PRL, luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (GH). In the first experiment, cells from 13-week-old male turkeys were initially incubated for 24 hr in Medium 199 (M-199) plus 10% turkey serum and then placed in M-199 plus 10−10 to 10−4 M TRH for 5 hr. Incubation with TRH produced no change in PRL release from that of spontaneous release (P = 0.854). However, 10−5 and 10−4 M TRH induced LH release (P 0.162), although hypothalamic extract induced a large release (P < 0.0001) of PRL each time. Both 10−6 and 10−4 M TRH induced a LH release on Day 3 while only 10−4 M did so on Day 5, and none of the doses elicited a release on Day 7. The parabolic GH response generally persisted in all tests. In vivo, administration of the serotonin antagonist methysergide to 6-week-old female turkeys failed to diminish the TRH-induced PRL release. TRH induces PRL release in the young turkey, although it fails to act directly on the PRL-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary. In contrast, TRH acts directly on the pituitary GH-secreting cells.
Methods for Investigating the Characteristics of Reactive Coatings

Abstract Characteristics of iron, zinc and manganese phosphate treatments are described. Methods are given for preparing standards whose content of reaction coatings can be used for comparison in determining the weight of reaction coatings on specimen coupons, through the use of emission spectroscopy. The role of the so-called metal accelerators is defined. Greater thicknesses can be obtained by using ultrasonic waves, especially on parts of intricate cross-section. Data are given for zinc and manganese conversion coatings, and tests are described whereby the thicknesses of these coatings can be determined with a high order of accuracy. A method of determining volume of conversion coating through use of the decreasing resistance of a wash water is described. Investigation showed that the function of a dichromate sealer is to release chromate ions, which are inhibitive. Coatings containing chromic compounds apparently have no inhibitive effect. The investigation showed that a reaction product formed undern...
Lectures, murder, and a phony terrorist: managing “Jewish power and danger” in 1960s communist Czechoslovakia

The Slanský Affair of 1952 introduced a specific matrix of ideas about Jewish power and the danger that Jews posed to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. These ideas, with roots in earlier discourses, conditioned Jewish–state relations for decades, providing party-state officials and even Jewish functionaries with a language for articulating demands of the government and a framework for understanding the place of Jewish citizens in the socialist nation. Inter- and intra-ministerial conflicts reveal that differences in purview and philosophy often led officials to prioritise different aspects of the Jewish power–danger matrix. The paternalistic responsibility to protect domestic Jewry from the negative influences of foreign “Zionists” frequently clashed with the objective of appeasing Western Jewry, whose influence in the US Czechoslovak communists overestimated. While the latter consideration – and others – often moved the Ministry of Culture to advocate in favour of the Czechoslovak Jewish communities, ...
Sadi Carnot, `Founder of the Second Law of Thermodynamics'

Sadi Carnot was one of the giants of physics. Although he used the incorrect caloric theory of heat in his Reflexions, nevertheless he may rightfully be considered to be `the Founder of the Second Law of Thermodynamics'.