cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ernst Wynder: Citation analysis

Ernst Wynder published nearly 800 papers during his lifetime. I used the ISI Web of Science® to analyze his publications and the subsequent literature citing his work. More than half of his papers were published in just ten journals, including Cancer, Preventive Medicine (which he founded and edited), JNCI, and Cancer Research. The 87 papers in Cancer covered all of the major cancer sites including breast, colon, lung, and prostate, and many others. Twenty-five papers and one book were cited in over 200 publications. His publications included 441 co-authors from a broad range of scientific disciplines.
Nosema ceranae, a newly identified pathogen of Apis mellifera in the USA and Asia

Globalization has provided opportunities for parasites/pathogens to cross geographic boundaries and expand to new hosts. Nosema disease is one of the most serious adult honey bee diseases and has high prevalence in honey bee colonies. For years, Nosema apis was thought to be the only microsporidian infecting domestic bee colonies. However, recently it was discovered that N. ceranae could cross the species barrier from Asian honey bees (Apis cerana) to European honey bees (Apis mellifera) that are widely used for crop pollination and honey production. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of Nosema infections in honey bees. This review summarizes previous findings and recent progress in the understanding of Nosema infection of A. mellifera in the USA and Asia, with particular emphasis on the comparative epidemiological, morphological, pathological, and genomic organization of two Nosema species. The prospects of future research and remaining unresolved questions associated with the study of honey bee Nosema diseases are also discussed.
Naming as a Function of Linguistic Form-Class and Object Categories.

We examined whether children rely on linguistic information (i.e. mass vs. count nouns) or object category information (i.e. objects vs. substances) when they name things. A grinder test was used, in which substances (e.g. water) maintain identity through transformation but objects (e.g. a cup) do not. Thirty children aged three through six were asked if the same name could be used for the same item after transformation. The items included pairs of amorphous substances and discrete objects (e.g. water--a cup), perceptually similar discrete objects (e.g. chalk--a crayon), and food items (e.g. corn--a bean). Children accepted the same name for food, ignoring linguistic information, and for objects, relying on linguistic information. In Experiment 2, 32 children aged five through eight were asked if the same name could be used for unfamiliar hardware and food items after transformation when they were labelled by nonsense mass and count nouns. Children tended to use the same name for food, relying on perceptual information. These results are discussed in terms of the active conceptualization about names of objects in relation to object characteristics.
Enhanced Electrical and Thermal Properties of Trench Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor Built on Copper Substrate

Vertical metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (UMOSFETs) were built on silicon substrates thinned to 7 mum and plated with 50- mum copper as drain electrode and mechanical support. Compared to the same devices on silicon substrates of 200 mum thick, the UMOSFET on 7-mum silicon demonstrates at least 16% less channel resistance and two times better device ruggedness. The reduced resistance is due to enhanced carrier mobility caused by increasing biaxial compressive thermal stress in silicon perpendicular to the channel, which is confirmed by a 3-D piezoresistance model. The doubling of ruggedness is attributed to a much improved transient thermal conductance.
DCT/IDCT processor design for HDTV applications

Transform coders, in particular the discrete cosine transform (DCT), have been widely used in the implementation of low-rate codecs for video compression. The DCT has become an integral part of several standards such as MPEG, and CCITT Recommendations H. 261 and H.263. For real time implementation of the DCT at MPEG rates, general purpose DSPs have been proposed. However, with the imminent arrival of high definition television and the considerably higher sample rates (75 MHz sampling frequencies) and higher throughput requirements, processors specific to the DCT (ASICs) with highly parallel and/or pipelined architectures have been reported. The use of such processors can be justified only if they result in a cost effective implementation. We describe a simple but cost effective design of a combined DCT/IDCT processor. The implementation uses a parallel architecture that exploits the symmetry properties in the DCT/IDCT algorithm and requires only simple hardwired multipliers. Clocking at 100 MHz, the processor is capable of handling real-time HDTV signals. The core area of the processor has been minimized while keeping the I/O requirements simple. Finite wordlength and accuracy studies have been carried out to ensure that the resulting implementation conforms to existing standards (H.261).
Presidential Signaling in a Market Economy

Presidential leadership of the economy is vital to presidential success. Although research supports some presidential influence over the economy, consensus holds that presidents do not affect it consistently. Nevertheless, scholars have not examined the impact of the president’s public statements on the economy. From signaling and anticipative reactions theories, I develop expectations for when presidential signals should affect the marketplace. I use impact assessment methodology to test this argument across three dependent variables: the daily price of oil, the daily yield on the thirty-year Treasury bill, and monthly measures of the money supply. Signals tend to influence the market in the short term given the president’s unitary authority and his credibility to affect the economy. The state of the economy is of vast importance to American politics. Election outcomes, policy adoption, and implementation are inextricably tied to it. Economic prosperity is also crucial to a president’s political success. The public expects the president to provide the good life, as presidents are called upon to assure consumers in times of economic strife and encourage continued growth when the economy is strong. More often than not, the president will not be reelected when the country is mired in recession. Despite high public expectations about presidential leadership and economic prosperity, political scientists do not resoundingly endorse presidential influence over monetary policy, fiscal policy, or the business cycle. Beck (1987) and Grier (1989) provide conflicting accounts of the propensity for presidential influence over a purported monetary cycle (see Williams 1990), while Morris (2001) maintains that presidents have some leverage over the Federal Reserve Board when Congress is part of the analysis. The existence of partisan economic cycles in macroeconomic policy and the probability of an electoral cycle in fiscal policy suggest some influence over the economy (see Alesina and Roubini with Cohen 1997; Hibbs 1977; Keech 1995). Yet the president’s influence over
The geometry of random vibrations and solutions by FORM and SORM

The geometry of random vibration problems in the space of standard normal random variables obtained from discretization of the input process is investigated. For linear systems subjected to Gaussian excitation, the problems of interest are characterized by simple geometric forms, such as vectors, planes, half spaces, wedges and ellipsoids. For non-Gaussian responses, the problems of interest are generally characterized by non-linear geometric forms. Approximate solutions for such problems are obtained by use of the first- and second-order reliability methods (FORM and SORM). This article offers a new outlook to random vibration problems and an approximate method for their solution. Examples involving response to non-Gaussian excitation and out-crossing of a vector process from a non-linear domain are used to demonstrate the approach.
Organizational Trustworthiness: Findings from the Population of Organizational Ethnographies

Contemporary workplaces solicit heightened effort and initiative from employees through teams and related forms of participation. Trustworthy behavior on the part of organizations is an important precondition for heightened employee effort and initiative. The current article develops a model of organizational trustworthiness based on: (1) employment practices and (2) managerial competence. Testing such models has been difficult in the past because of the difficulty of gathering data on relevant management and employee behaviors across a broad population of organizations. The current article uses data derived from a content analysis of the population of organizational ethnographies ( N=204) to address this problem. The analysis verifies the existence of employment practices and management competence as separate factors. The effects of these factors on worker citizenship, employee-management conflict, and coworker relations are also evaluated. Supportive employment practices are an important precondition for worker citizenship. Management competence, however, is even more consequential for worker citizenship and for other workplace relations as well. The findings highlight the importance of cross-methods comparisons for advancing organizational theory.
Effect of surface stiffness on the efficiency of surface-induced dissociation

Classical trajectory simulations are performed to study the energy transfer and unimolecular dynamics associated with collisions of Cr(CO)6+ ions with n-hexyl thiolate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and diamond{111} surfaces at a collision energy and angle of 30 eV and 45°. The trajectories are calculated with an analytic potential energy function fit to high-level ab initio calculations and experimental data. The “soft ” SAM and “hard” diamond surfaces have highly different collision dynamics. The average percent energy transfer to Cr(CO)6+ internal degrees of freedom, the surface, and Cr(CO)6+ translation are 10, 60 and 21% respectively, for the SAM surface and 30, 14 and 56% for the diamond surface. The Cr(CO)6+ ions, which collide with the SAM surface, dissociate by intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) and lifetimes in accord with RRKM theory. In contrast, Cr(CO)6+ ions, activated by collision with the diamond surface, dissociate ia direct translation to vibration (T–V) energy transfer and a shattering mechanism.
Amyloid burden, cortical thickness, and cognitive function in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention.

There is a growing interest in understanding how amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation in preclinical Alzheimer's disease relates to brain morphometric measures and cognition. Existing investigations in this area have been primarily conducted in older cognitively normal (CN) individuals. Therefore, not much is known about the associations between Aβ burden, cortical thickness, and cognition in midlife. We examined this question in 109, CN, late to middle-aged adults (mean age = 60.72 ± 5.65 years) from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. They underwent Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) and anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and a comprehensive cognitive examination. Blinded visual rating of the PiB scans was used to classify the participants as Aβ+ or Aβ−. Cortical thickness measurements were derived from the MR images. The Aβ+ group exhibited significant thinning of the entorhinal cortex and accelerated age-associated thinning of the parahippocampal gyrus compared with the Aβ− group. The Aβ+ group also had numerically lower, but nonsignificant, test scores on all cognitive measures, and significantly faster age-associated cognitive decline on measures of Speed & Flexibility, Verbal Ability, and Visuospatial Ability. Our findings suggest that early Aβ aggregation is associated with deleterious changes in brain structure and cognitive function, even in midlife, and that the temporal lag between Aβ deposition and the inception of neurodegenerative/cognitive changes might be narrower than currently thought.
PS2-58: A Survey of HMORN VDW Tumor Data Sources

Background There are currently fifteen HMORN sites that have a VDW tumor table. The VDW tumor specifications standardize this data. However, there is variation in each site’s cancer registry, and hence the types of data that can be accessed.
Teaching with principles: toward more effective pedagogy in ecology

Ecology is a complex and dynamic field and, as communicators of our discipline, faculty should be able to define a set of core principles that underpin and create ecological pattern and process. The pedagogical value of defining and drawing on a concise set of disciplinary principles and concepts is well grounded in research on cognition. Here, we present a set of seven core ecological principles from a graduate-level course in ecology as an example of how a pedagogical approach based on principles can provide students with essential components of a mental model shared by their instructor and classmates, and from which a deeper understanding of ecological pattern and process can be achieved. We also provide a series of recommendations to stimulate faculty to think more deeply about the teaching and learning of ecology so that they can identify a set of concepts and principled reasoning appropriate for their teaching circumstance.
Review of Multiscale Modeling of Detonation

Issues associated with modeling the multiscale nature of detonation are reviewed, and potential applications to detonation-driven propulsion systems are discussed. It is suggested that a failure of most existing computations to simultaneously capture the intrinsic microscales of the underlying continuum model along with engineering macroscales could in part explain existing discrepancies between numerical predictions and experimental observation. Mathematical and computational strategies for addressing general problems in multiscale physics are first examined, followed by focus on their application to detonation modeling. Results are given for a simple detonation with one-step kinetics, which undergoes a period-doubling transition to chaos; as activation energy is increased, such a system exhibits larger scales than are commonly considered. In contrast, for systems with detailed kinetics, scales finer than are commonly considered are revealed to be present in models typically used for detonation propulsion systems. Some modern computational strategies that have been recently applied to more efficiently capture the multiscale physics of detonation are discussed: intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds for rational filtering of fast chemistry modes, and a wavelet adaptive multilevel representation to filter small-amplitude fine-scale spatial modes. An example that shows the common strategy of relying upon numerical viscosity to filter fine-scale physics induces nonphysical structures downstream of a detonation is given.
How three methods for fixing a medial meniscal autograft affect tibial contact mechanics.

We evaluated three methods for fixing a medial meniscal autograft to determine which method restored tibial contact mechanics closest to normal. The contact mechanics (maximum pressure, mean pressure, contact area, and location of the center of maximum pressure) of the medial tibial articular surface were determined using pressure-sensitive film while knee specimens were loaded in compression to 1000 N at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° of flexion. Pressure was measured for the intact knee, the knee after meniscectomy, and the knee with the original meniscus removed and reimplanted as an autograft using three different fixation methods. The contact mechanics of the autograft reinserted with bone plug fixation were closest to normal; however, the maximum pressure was significantly greater than in the intact knee. Adding peripheral sutures neither improved nor worsened the contact mechanics. Fixation with sutures only did not restore normal contact mechanics. We concluded that medial meniscal transplantation requires...
Temporal changes in the relationship between condition indices and proximate composition of juvenile Coregonus artedi

The Fulton-condition factor (K) and per cent whole-body water content were examined to determine whether these indices can estimate the proximate composition of juvenile lake herring Coregonus artedi exposed to a simulated Lake Superior winter over a 225 day laboratory experiment. The K was positively correlated to whole-body crude lipid, crude protein, and gross energy content and negatively correlated to whole-body water content for each sampling period of the experiment (days 75, 150 and 225). In contrast, there was only a weak positive correlation between K and whole-body ash content. While per cent water content was negatively correlated with crude lipid, crude protein and gross energy content for each of the three sampling periods, the correlation between this predictor and ash content was only weakly negative. The indices can be used to accurately estimate temporal changes in proximate composition of juvenile lake herring during winter periods.
Lattice dynamics and thermodynamics of bcc iron under pressure: First-principles linear response study

We compute the lattice-dynamical and thermal equation of state properties of ferromagnetic bcc iron using the first-principles linear response linear-muffin-tin-orbital method in the generalized-gradient approximation. The calculated phonon dispersion and phonon density of states, both at ambient and high pressures, show good agreement with inelastic neutron scattering data. We find the free energy as a function of volume and temperature, including both electronic excitations and phonon contributions, and we have derived various thermodynamic properties at high pressure and temperature. The thermal equation of state at ambient temperature agrees well with diamond-anvil-cell measurements. We have performed detailed investigations on the behavior of various thermal equation of state parameters, such as the bulk modulus $K$, the thermal expansivity $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, the Anderson-Gr\"uneisen parameter ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{T}}$, the Gr\"uneisen ratio $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and the heat capacity ${C}_{\mathrm{V}}$ as function of temperature and pressure. A detailed comparison has been made with available experimental measurements, as well as results from similar theoretical studies on nonmagnetic bcc tantalum.
Adaptive Strassen and ATLAS's DGEMM: a fast square-matrix multiply for modern high-performance systems

Strassen's algorithm has practical performance benefits for architectures with simple memory hierarchies, because it trades computationally expensive matrix multiplications (MM) with cheaper matrix additions (MA). However, it presents no advantages for high-performance architectures with deep memory hierarchies, because MAs exploit limited data reuse. We present an easy-to-use adaptive algorithm combining Strassen's recursion and high-tuned version of ATLAS MM. In fact, we introduce a last step in the ATLAS-installation process that determines whether Strassen's may achieve any speedup. We present a recursive algorithm achieving up to 30% speed-up versus ATLAS alone. We show experimental results for 14 different systems
Comparison of High Aspect Ratio Cooling Channel Designs for a Rocket Combustion Chamber

An analytical investigation on the effect of high aspect ratio (height/width) cooling channels, considering different coolant channel designs, on hot-gas-side wall temperature and coolant pressure drop for a liquid hydrogen cooled rocket combustion chamber, was performed. Coolant channel design elements considered were: length of combustion chamber in which high aspect ratio cooling was applied, number of coolant channels, and coolant channel shape. Seven coolant channel designs were investigated using a coupling of the Rocket Thermal Evaluation code and the Two-Dimensional Kinetics code. Initially, each coolant channel design was developed, without consideration for fabrication, to reduce the hot-gas-side wall temperature from a given conventional cooling channel baseline. These designs produced hot-gas-side wall temperature reductions up to 22 percent, with coolant pressure drop increases as low as 7.5 percent from the baseline. Fabrication constraints for milled channels were applied to the seven designs. These produced hot-gas-side wall temperature reductions of up to 20 percent, with coolant pressure drop increases as low as 2 percent. Using high aspect ratio cooling channels for the entire length of the combustion chamber had no additional benefit on hot-gas-side wall temperature over using high aspect ratio cooling channels only in the throat region, but increased coolant pressure drop 33 percent. Independent of coolant channel shape, high aspect ratio cooling was able to reduce the hot-gas-side wall temperature by at least 8 percent, with as low as a 2 percent increase in coolant pressure drop. The design with the highest overall benefit to hot-gas-side wall temperature and minimal coolant pressure drop cooling can now be done in relatively short periods of time with multiple iterations.
Multiple Modes of Active Center Communication in Thiamin Diphosphate-Dependent Enzymes

Detection of interaction between cofactors at the active centers of homodimeric and homotetrameric enzymes is usually elusive by steady-state kinetic approaches and requires protein variants where such interactions are diminished or exaggerated. In this Account, evidence for active-center interactions will be presented for the following thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymes: yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, benzoylformate decarboxylase, and examples from the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex class. The dissymmetry of active sites is especially evident in the X-ray structures of these enzymes with substrate/substrate analogues bound. Perturbations that reveal active center communication include use of chromophoric substrates and substitutions of active center residues on putative pathways.
The Head Direction Signal: Origins and Sensory-Motor Integration

AbstractNavigation first requires accurate perception of one's spatial orientation within the environment, which consists of knowledge about location and directional heading. Cells within several limbic system areas of the mammalian brain discharge allocentrically as a function of the animal's directional heading, independent of the animal's location and ongoing behavior. These cells are referred to as head direction (HD) cells and are believed to encode the animal's perceived directional heading with respect to its environment. Although HD cells are found in several areas, the principal circuit for generating this signal originates in the dorsal tegmental nucleus and projects serially, with some reciprocal connections, to the lateral mammillary nucleus → anterodorsal thalamus → PoS, and terminates in the entorhinal cortex. HD cells receive multimodal information about landmarks and self-generated movements. Vestibular information appears critical for generating the directional signal, but motor/proprioce...
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON OUTCOME OF PEDESTRIAN VICTIMS

The influence of alcohol consumption on the severity of pedestrian injuries has not been studied extensively. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the cases of 143 pedestrian accident victims admitted to our trauma center during 1982 and 1983. Alcohol consumption was present in 30% of patients; 74% of them had blood alcohol levels of more than 100 mg/dL. There was a significant difference in age distribution (P less than .001); the alcohol-related accidents peaked in the 25- to 34-year-old age group, and the nonalcohol-related accidents peaked in the less than 18- and more than 55-year-old groups. Mean Injury Severity Score (25.0 vs 17.8, P less than .01) and mean length of stay (30.9 vs 17.2 days, P less than .005) were significantly greater in the patients who had consumed alcohol. Those patients with ethanol in their blood had significantly more frequent injuries to the spine (25.6% vs 10%, P less than .05) and the chest (32.6% vs 13%, P = .01). Overall mortality (11.6% vs 20%, P = .23) and mortality excluding emergency department deaths (11.6% vs 11.1%, P = .93) were not significantly different between the drinking and nondrinking groups. However, the ED mortality was higher in the nonalcohol group (0% vs 10%, P = .03). We conclude that pedestrian victims are commonly intoxicated and that chest and spine injuries are more common in this population.
Power and Paradise in Walt Disney's World Cher Krause Knight. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014.

Power and Paradise in Wall Disney's World Cher Krause Knight. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014.In 1976, when Cher Krause Knight was eight years old, she made her first "pilgrimage" to Disney World, an experience she found transformative and often repeated. She writes, "It was never just another family vacation when we went to Disney World, but a journey to be savored and one we continue to share" (xixii). In Power and Paradise in Walt Disney's World, Knight, an art historian, analyzes Walt Disney World through two disparate lenses: (1) as a frequent visitor with deep emotional ties to the park and (2) as an academician drawing on scholarship in "American and cultural studies; sociology; visual, material, and popular culture; urban planning and environmental design; cultural anthropology; critical studies; and theology" (3). It is a tall order, but Knight does a fine job of balancing the perspectives, offering new insights into the park and those who visit it, often time and time again. In Power and Paradise in Walt Disney's World, Knight places Disney World in a historical perspective, explaining how Walt Disney conceived it and how it was influenced by the concept of the World's Fair, especially the 1964-65 World's Fair in New York City, which he participated in. Disney was never interested in creating an amusement park but rather a destination with a theme as "a frame that orders narrative and shapes experience" (5). He did this with Disneyland, which opened in Anaheim, California, in 1955, but he envisioned Disney World as a larger, more utopian site with integrated worlds that drew upon the real but made it better, more emotionally intense, happy, and satisfying. Whereas visitors came to Disneyland for a day, they would come to Disney World for longer periods of time to refuel, reflect, reconnect, and feel special. Disney World promised cleanliness, order, conformity, and fun. In a chapter titled "Keeping the Faith: Disney World as Pilgrimage Center," Knight argues that Disney achieved "some of his loftiest aspirations, including his explicit aim to provide transcendent experiences" (24). Knight compares a modern Disney World journey to a medieval pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, showing how the two places similarly use space, ritual, and function. Knight writes that "Walt and his designers purposefully conceived Disney World as a ritualized space for devout followers, who were conditioned beforehand to participate in rites and recognize the symbols enshrined there" (30). …
Climatic Change: Volcanoes, Man-Made Pollution, and Carbon Dioxide

The causes of climatic change are summarized with emphasis on what appear to be the three most important factors external to atmospheric processes controlling climate on the scale of decades. These are 1) high level stratospheric particles injected by volcanic eruptions, 2) the increase in carbon dioxide due to an increase in industrial activity, and 3) generation of lower atmospheric particles directly caused by man. A historical perspective on each of these begins with the earliest discoveries and ends with current state of the art knowledge. The impact of these factors on climate is examined using the model of Bryson and Dittberner [30]. Results show that these three factors can indeed simulate, remarkably well, the past behavior of hemispheric climate as best we know it. The most important implication to emerge from this study is that climate is affected not only by nature, but also by man through the burning of fossil fuels and the subsequent production of carbon dioxide and particulates.
The Government Deficit and the Long-Term Interest Rate: Application of an Extended Loanable Funds Model to Sweden

Applying and extending the open-economy loanable funds model, this paper finds that more government deficit as a percent of GDP leads to a higher government bond yield and that a higher real Treasury bill rate, a smaller percent change in real GDP, a higher expected inflation rate, a higher U.S. government bond yield, or depreciation of the Swedish krona (SEK) against the euro would increase the Swedish government bond yield. When the standard closed-economy or open-economy loanable funds model is considered, we find similar conclusions for the ratio of the government deficit to GDP, the real Treasury bill rate, and the expected inflation rate whereas the negative coefficient of the percent change in real GDP or the ratio of the net capital inflow to GDP is insignificant at the 10% level. Hence, the incorporation of the world long-term interest rate and the exchange rate would better capture the behavior of the Swedish government bond yield.
Understanding methodological and disciplinary differences in the data practices of academic researchers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to better understand the data practices, influences and needs of researchers at a major public research institution. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on the results of a pre-tested, web-based survey of University of Kansas faculty, staff, researchers and graduate students. Findings – Influences on data practices and data needs vary with the research methodology and academic discipline of the researcher. Practical implications – Academic libraries may need to adjust the services they offer to meet the varying needs of researchers in differing disciplines using differing methodologies. Originality/value – This study adds to the developing literature describing research data management.
A 100 MHz pipelined RLS adaptive filter

Previously, a new pipelinable PSTAR-RLS algorithm was developed. It was shown to be an effective alternative to the QRD-RLS algorithm when high-speeds are required. Using a folding technique, a 4-tap PSTAR-RLS algorithm was implemented on a single VLSI chip. All the operations in the chip are bit-level pipelined. With a 1.2 /spl mu/ CMOS technology this chip is expected to run at 100 MHz. Redundant number system based arithmetic operators were used for performance advantage. Apart from a wafer scale implementation, this is the first ever single chip ASIC implementation of a RLS adaptive filter.
Redistribution under the Social Security benefit formula at the individual and household levels, 1992 and 2004

Studies using data from the early 1990s suggested that while the progressive Social Security benefit formula succeeded in redistributing benefits from individuals with high earnings to individuals with low earnings, it was much less successful in redistributing benefits from households with high earnings to households with low earnings. Wives often earned much less than their husbands. As a result, much of the redistribution at the individual level was effectively from high earning husbands to their own lower earning wives. In addition, spouse and survivor benefits accrue disproportionately to women from high income households. Both factors mitigate redistribution at the household level. It has been argued that with the increase in the labor force participation and earnings of women, Social Security now should do a better job of redistributing benefits at the household level. To be sure, when we compare outcomes for a cohort with a household member age 51 to 56 in 1992 with those from a cohort born twelve years later, redistribution at the household level has increased over time. Nevertheless, as of 2004 there still is substantially less redistribution of benefits from high to low earning households than from high to low earning individuals.
Dramatic Effects of Disorder on Small-Polaron Formation and Motion

Disorder can have a qualitative effect on the electronic states and electronic transport of a solid. In this paper I address three phenomena in which disorder is of primary importance. First, I discuss how modest disorder can trigger small-polaron formation. Several well-characterized examples of this dramatic effect will be described. Second, I explain the physical origin of the “extra” (generally ignored) contribution to the Seebeck coefficient associated with multiphonon hopping between inequivalent sites. An example is presented in which a qualitative alteration of the Seebeck coefficient is observed as well-characterized disorder is imposed on a crystal. Third, the transient motion of a charge injected into a solid is considered. It is explained why the relaxation of the injected carrier1s mobility to its steady-state small-polaron value can require macroscopic times in an ideal molecular solid. However, traps act as relaxation centers. Thus, the presence of traps can reduce the mobility relaxation time from its ideal macroscopic value to essentially the trapping time of a high-mobility carrier. This shows that even with small-polaron motion in the steady-state, transient measurements can show trap-limited high-mobility transport. These topics illustrate how disorder can dramatically affect 1) self-trapping, 2) steady-state transport, and 3) relaxation in transient situations.
Plant Host Species and Geographic Distance Affect the Structure of Aboveground Fungal Symbiont Communities, and Environmental Filtering Affects Belowground Communities in a Coastal Dune Ecosystem

Microbial symbionts inhabit tissues of all plants and animals. Their community composition depends largely on two ecological processes: (1) filtering by abiotic conditions and host species determining the environments that symbionts are able to colonize and (2) dispersal-limitation determining the pool of symbionts available to colonize a given host and community spatial structure. In plants, the above- and belowground tissues represent such distinct habitats for symbionts that we expect different effects of filtering and spatial structuring on their symbiont communities. In this study, we characterized above- and belowground communities of fungal endophytes--fungi living asymptomatically within plants--to understand the contributions of filtering and spatial structure to endophyte community composition. We used a culture-based approach to characterize endophytes growing in leaves and roots of three species of coastal beachgrasses in dunes of the USA Pacific Northwest. For leaves, endophyte isolation frequency and OTU richness depended primarily on plant host species. In comparison, for roots, both isolation frequency and OTU richness increased from the nutrient-poor front of the dune to the higher-nutrient backdune. Endophyte community composition in leaves exhibited a distance-decay relationship across the region. In a laboratory assay, faster growth rates and lower spore production were more often associated with leaf- than root-inhabiting endophytes. Overall, our results reveal a greater importance of biotic filtering by host species and dispersal-limitation over regional geographic distances for aboveground leaf endophyte communities and stronger effects of abiotic environmental filtering and locally patchy distributions for belowground root endophyte communities.
ANTERIOR TIBIAL TENDON TRANSPOSITION IN RECURRENT CONGENITAL CLUB-FOOT

1. The deformity in club-foot does sometimes recur after apparently adequate conservative treatment. 2. The faulty mechanism of the anterior tibial muscle is a mechanical factor in this recurrence. 3. Correction of the equinus is necessary to obtain the best mechanical advantage of the transferred force. 4. End-result studies of fifty-six feet indicate that the continuous influence of the transferred force is an important factor in the correction of resistant cases. 5. No bad effects were noted from the sacrifice of the anterior tibial tendon. 6. Satisfactory end results were obtained in 93 per cent. of the feet so treated.
The occurrence of anencephalic monsters in successive pregnancies

Abstract 1. The birth of anencephalic monsters occurring twice within one year to the same woman. 2. Diagnosis made in each case by roentgen ray. 3. Complication of the first pregnancy by undoubted postmaturity and a large fetus. 4. Complication of the second pregnancy by hydramnios.
Intelligence testing and treatment planning with children

The role of intelligence testing as a central part of treatment planning is reviewed. The specific components identified components of intelligence (such as fluid and crystallized intelligence; simultaneous and sequential intelligence) and how these are used in treatment planning is discussed. Several major intelligence tests are described, and how these are utilized in developing treatment plans for childhood anxiety is discussed.
Empire or Residue: Competing Visions of the Contractual Canon

A lively and on-going scholarly debate centers on whether contract is dead or whether contract principles inform an ever increasing range of legal relationships. In reaching wildly variant conclusions, different scholars have used different definitions of "contract." In this paper, I adopt a weak version of the imperialist view of contract's domain and suggest that an area of law should be considered contractual if parties can privately reorder a substantial portion of their legal relations. This definition, in turn, provides a framework for the evaluation of normative contract issues, including: (1) whether particular rules should be mandatory or merely defaults; (2) and if defaults, which default should be chosen?; and (3) what should be the necessary and sufficient conditions for contracting around the default?
How to measure color using spectrometers and calibrated photographs

The measurement of color in biology has become increasingly common. These measurements are not limited to color vision research, but are also found in studies of communication, signaling, camouflage, evolution and behavior, and in the examination of environmental, artificial and biogenic light. Although the recent availability of portable spectrometers has made it simpler to measure color, guidance on how to make these measurements has not kept pace. Because most biologists receive little training in optics, many measure the wrong thing, or measure the right thing in the wrong way. This Commentary attempts to give biologists a brief overview of how to measure light and color using spectrometers and calibrated photographs. It focuses in particular on the inherent ambiguities of many optical measurements, and how these can be addressed.
Effects of summer drought and winter freezing on stem hydraulic conductivity of Rhododendron species from contrasting climates.

We studied the limits to maximum water transport in three diffuse-porous evergreen shrubs exposed to frequent winter freeze-thaw events (Rhododendron maximum L. and R. catawbiense Michaux from the Appalachian Mountains) and to a severe summer drought (R. macrophyllum G. Don. from the Oregon Cascades). Percent loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC), vulnerability curves to xylem embolism and freezing point temperatures of stems were measured over 2 years. Controlled freeze-thaw experiments were also conducted to determine the effect of thaw rate on PLC. During both years, native PLC was significantly higher in winter than in summer for R. macrophyllum. Seasonal changes in PLC were variable in both R. catawbiense and R. maximum. Only R. maximum plants growing in gaps or clearings showed higher PLC than understory plants. A rapid (2-4 day) natural recovery of high native PLC during the winter was observed in both R. maximum and R. macrophyllum. Compared with the bench-dehydration method, vulnerability curves based on the air-injection method consistently had less negative slopes and greater variation. Fifty percent PLC (PLC 50 ) obtained from vulnerability curves based on the dehydration method occurred at -1.75, -2.42 and -2.96 MPa for R. catawbiense, R. maximum and R. macrophyllum, respectively. Among the study species, R. macrophyllum, which commonly experiences a summer drought, had the most negative water potential at PLC 50 . In all species, stem freezing point temperatures were not consistently lower in winter than in summer. A single fast freeze-thaw event significantly increased PLC, and R. catawbiense had the highest PLC in response to freezing treatments. Recovery to control PLC values occurred if a low positive hydraulic pressure was maintained during thawing. Rhododendron macrophyllum plants, which commonly experience few freeze-thaw events, had large stem diameters, whereas plants of R. catawbiense, which had small stem diameters, suffered high embolism in response to a single freeze-thaw event. Both drought-induced and winter-induced embolism caused a significant reduction in hydraulic conductivity in all species during periods when drought or freeze-thaw events occurred in their native habitats. However, rapid recovery of PLC following freezing or drought maintained the species above their relatively low margins of safety for complete xylem dysfunction.
Rapid Increases In Load Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Correlate With Early Disease Progression and Loss of CD4 Cells in Vertically Infected Infants

The relationship between viral burden, timing of transmission, and clinical progression was investigated in 110 children at risk for vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, coculture, and immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen assay. In a cross-sectional study, the mean HIV DNA copy number in 19 symptomatic children was significantly higher than in 31 infected, asymptomatic children (420 +/- 125 vs. 87 +/- 78; P < .0001). In a second group of 8 vertically infected infants followed prospectively from birth, 4 defined as infected in utero showed a more rapid increase in virus load, an accelerated loss of CD4 cells, and early progression to symptomatic disease (3-12 weeks) compared with 4 children with late in utero or intrapartum transmission (10-31 months). These data suggest that a direct relationship exists between HIV replication, the timing of transmission and onset and progression of HIV disease in vertically infected children.
A GAL4-inducible transgenic tool kit for the in vivo modulation of Rho GTPase activity in zebrafish

Background: Rho GTPases are small monomeric G-proteins that play key roles in many cellular processes. Due to Rho GTPases' widespread expression and broad functions, analyses of their function during late development require tissue-specific modulation of activity. The GAL4/UAS system provides an excellent tool for investigating the function of Rho GTPases in vivo. With this in mind, we created a transgenic tool kit enabling spatial and temporal modulation of Rho GTPase activity in zebrafish. Results: Transgenic constructs were assembled driving dominant-negative, constitutively active, and wild-type versions of Cdc42, RhoA, and Rac1 under 10XUAS control. The self-cleaving viral peptide F2A was utilized to allow bicistronic expression of a fluorescent reporter and Rho GTPase. Global heat shock of hsp70l:gal4+ transgenic embryos confirmed GAL4-specific construct expression. Western blot analysis indicated myc-tagged Rho GTPases were expressed only in the presence of GAL4. Construct expression was confined to proper cells when combined with pou4f3:gal4 or ptf1a:gal4. Finally, transgene expression resulted in reproducible defects in lens formation, indicating that the transgenes are functional in vivo. Conclusions: We generated and validated 10 transgenic lines, creating a versatile tool kit for the temporal-spatial modulation of Cdc42, RhoA, and Rac1 activity in vivo. These lines will enable systematic analysis of Rho GTPase function in any tissue of interest. Developmental Dynamics 245:844–853, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Annular array transducer design for medicine

The dynamic focusing transducer consists of six equal step and width annular elements and the center elements.By changing transmission aperture and adjusting delayed time of electric excitation signal applied to every transmission elements,not only can the variable focal length be obtained,but also the same acoustic power can be kept in every focusing position.Focusing range of system has six focal length between 77 mm and 157 mm. Calcaulated results by computer are in good agreement with the theoretical design.
Mesh simplification with geometry and attribute error based on edge collapse

An triangle mesh simplification algorithm with edge collapse based on attributes has been proposed for quickly rendering virtual scene to use LOD technology.This algorithm controls the process of simplification by quadric error and the edge collapse operation is used to simplify meshes.The quadric error measures both the geometric accuracy of the simplified mesh surface and the fidelity of appearance fields defined on the surface.This algorithm rapidly produces high quality approximations to original mesh model and the mesh simplified model preserved attributes of original mesh model as possible.Lastly,this algorithm is applied to virtual simulation systems for rendering in real-time.
Self-aligned grating couplers on template-stripped metal pyramids via nanostencil lithography

We combine nanostencil lithography and template stripping to create self-aligned patterns about the apex of ultrasmooth metal pyramids with high throughput. Three-dimensional patterns such as spiral and asymmetric linear gratings, which can couple incident light into a hot spot at the tip, are presented as examples of this fabrication method. Computer simulations demonstrate that spiral and linear diffraction grating patterns are both effective at coupling light to the tip. The self-aligned stencil lithography technique can be useful for integrating plasmonic couplers with sharp metallic tips for applications such as near-field optical spectroscopy, tip-based optical trapping, plasmonic sensing, and heat-assisted magnetic recording.
Sentence Recognition in Quiet and Noise by Pediatric Cochlear Implant Users: Relationships to Spoken Language.

Objective We investigated associations between sentence recognition and spoken language for children with cochlear implants (CI) enrolled in the Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation (CDaCI) study. Study design In a prospective longitudinal study, sentence recognition percent-correct scores and language standard scores were correlated at 48-, 60-, and 72-months post-CI activation. Setting Six tertiary CI centers in the United States. Patients Children with CIs participating in the CDaCI study. Intervention (s) Cochlear implantation. Main outcome measure (s) Sentence recognition was assessed using the Hearing In Noise Test for Children (HINT-C) in quiet and at +10, +5, and 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Spoken language was assessed using the Clinical Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL) core composite and the antonyms, paragraph comprehension (syntax comprehension), syntax construction (expression), and pragmatic judgment tests. Results Positive linear relationships were found between CASL scores and HINT-C sentence scores when the sentences were delivered in quiet and at +10 and +5 dB S/N, but not at 0 dB S/N. At 48 months post-CI, sentence scores at +10 and +5 dB S/N were most strongly associated with CASL antonyms. At 60 and 72 months, sentence recognition in noise was most strongly associated with paragraph comprehension and syntax construction. Conclusions Children with CIs learn spoken language in a variety of acoustic environments. Despite the observed inconsistent performance in different listening situations and noise-challenged environments, many children with CIs are able to build lexicons and learn the rules of grammar that enable recognition of sentences.