cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Instrumental Techniques and Their Application to Electron Microprobe Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper reviews several applications of new instrumentation which have been developed for the electron microprobe analyzer and the scanning electron microscope. By using signal modulation techniques and phase sensitive detection, the information from the scanning electron microscope is made more quantitative. Digital techniques applied to photomultiplier outputs allow more sensitive and quantitative measurements of cathodoluminescence intensities and secondary electron emission. The technique of pulse rate analysis is used to enhance the information contained in x-ray scanning micrographs from an electron microprobe analyzer. Several examples of these techniques are discussed.
Comparing the utility of microwave and thermal remote-sensing constraints in two-source energy balance modeling over an agricultural landscape

Abstract A two-source (soil + vegetation) energy balance model using microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture as a key boundary condition (TSM SM ) and another scheme using thermal-infrared (radiometric) surface temperature (TSM TH ) were applied to remote sensing data collected over a corn and soybean production region in central Iowa during the Soil Moisture Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX)/Soil Moisture Experiment of 2002 (SMEX02). The TSM SM was run using fields of near-surface soil moisture from microwave imagery collected by aircraft on six days during the experiment, yielding a root mean square difference (RMSD) between model estimates and tower measurements of net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flux ( G ) of approximately 20 W m − 2 , and 45 W m − 2 for sensible ( H ) and latent heating (LE). Similar results for H and LE were obtained at landscape/regional scales when comparing model output with transect-average aircraft flux measurements. Flux predictions from the TSM SM and TSM TH models were compared for two days when both airborne microwave-derived soil moisture and radiometric surface temperature ( T R ) data from Landsat were available. These two days represented contrasting conditions of moderate crop cover/dry soil surface and dense crop cover/moist soil surface. Surface temperature diagnosed by the TSM SM was also compared directly to the remotely sensed T R fields as an additional means of model validation. The TSM SM performed well under moderate crop cover/dry soil surface conditions, but yielded larger discrepancies with observed heat fluxes and T R under the high crop cover/moist soil surface conditions. Flux predictions from the thermal-based two-source model typically showed biases of opposite sign, suggesting that an average of the flux output from both modeling schemes may improve overall accuracy in flux predictions, in effect incorporating multiple remote-sensing constraints on canopy and soil fluxes.
The Loss of Illusions: The Potent Legacy of Trauma

Abstract The loss of illusions is a powerful consequence of traumatic life events. Fundamental assumptions about benevolence, meaning, and self-worth are illusions that are shattered by the traumatic experience. The illusory nature of these assumptions is understood in terms of over generalization of positive beliefs about the self and the world. Ultimately, survivors “correct” this overgeneralization in response to their traumatic victimization. In the process of exploring the loss of illusions, this article addresses the nature of traumatic versus ordinary change and the nature of coping and “recovery” in the aftermath of trauma.
Onset‐rhyme temporal structure of Mandarin syllables

In order to determine whether rhymes of Mandarin Chinese syllables can be said to have the status of a temporal invariant in some sense, the durations of onsets, rhymes, and nasal codas were measured. The effects of different onsets and vowel qualities, as well as the presence or absence of high‐vowel onglides or offglides or a final nasal consonant were considered. The syllables were spoken at normal and fast tempos in sentence frames by six speakers. The main result is that vowel + nasal rhymes and vowel + high offglide rhymes (e.g.,/ai/, /au/) are not appreciably longer than rhymes with simple vowels (confirming an earlier claim by Ou Yah, 1980), although a longer onset does in general make a syllable longer. Finer temporal compensations help further characterize the status of the rhyme as a quasiinvariant.
First Report of Stubby Root Caused by Trichodorus obtusus on Zoysiagrass and Bermudagrass in South Carolina

In September 2011, diagnostic samples were taken from ‘Tifway’ Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) tees and from ‘Emerald’ Zoysia (Zoysia japonica) roughs of a golf course in Charleston, SC. Additional samples were taken from a sod farm located near Charleston, SC from a field of ‘Empire’ Zoysia. The soil was sandy loam and the samples were taken at a depth of 10 to 15 cm from symptomatic turf. Symptoms on bermudagrass and zoysiagrass included stubby roots and lightly to severely chlorotic or dead patches of irregular sizes and shapes. Nematodes were extracted by sugar centrifugal-flotation and counted. The predominant nematode species recovered was Trichodorus obtusus Cobb, 1913: syn. T. proximus Allen, 1957, n.syn. (3). Nematode densities (per 100 cm3 of soil) were 30 to 170 (average 94, n = 5) at the sod farm, and 30 to 230 (average 107, n = 7) at the golf course. This nematode has been reported as a pathogen of bermudagrass in Florida, where it is more damaging than Paratrichodorus min...
Adaptive robust optimization for daily power system operation

Robust optimization, as a powerful paradigm for optimization under uncertainty, has recently attracted increasing attention in power system operations. In particular, adaptive robust optimization models have been proposed for the day-ahead unit commitment as well as real-time economic dispatch problems in power systems with a high penetration level of renewable energy sources. In this paper, we review the recent advances in this area and propose some new ideas in uncertainty modeling and robust optimization formulations.
Thawing and processing of cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa at various temperatures and their effects on sperm viability, osmotic shock and sperm membrane functional integrity.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of thawing and processing temperatures on post-thaw sperm viability, occurrence of osmotic shock and sperm membrane functional status. The occurrence of osmotic shock, characterized by increased spermatozoa with coiled tails, eventually results in reduced sperm viability and sperm membrane integrity. The effects of different thawing temperatures were assessed by thawing frozen specimens at 37, 21 or 5 °C for 1 to 2-min, followed by processing at these temperatures. A subset of frozen specimens were thawed at 37 °C for 10 to 15-sec and transferred to a water bath at 21 or 5 °C for 1 to 2-min to complete thawing, followed by processing at these temperatures. Sperm processing (washing) consisted of dilution, centrifugation and resuspension to remove glycerol from the medium and to gradually return the spermatozoa to isotonic conditions. Post-thawed specimens (0.5 mL) were slowly diluted 1:1 (v/v) at a rate of 0.1 mL/min, centrifuged, and resuspended to 0.5 mL (37 °C). Diluted specimens were equilibrated for 1 to 2-min after dilution and for 5-min after resuspension. The specimens were then incubated for 2-h (37 °C) and assessed at 60-min intervals for the percentage of motility, for progressive motility (Grades 0 to 4), for the percentage of spermatozoa with coiled tails, and for the percentage of swollen spermatozoa. The percentage of swollen spermatozoa (measurement of sperm membrane integrity) was assessed by exposing spermatozoa to a modified hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test. The results obtained seem to indicate that physiological thawing and processing temperatures (37 °C) are required to maintain sperm motility. However, thawing and processing at lower temperatures (
Nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss.

Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder in humans. About one in every 1000 children is affected by severe deafness at birth or during early childhood. A further one in 1000 children becomes deaf before adulthood.More than 50% of all cases are due to genetic cause. These latter forms are usually less severe and progressive. In adults, the prevalence of hearing loss increases with age. By the eighth decade, approximately half of the population has a hearing loss severe enough (>25 dB) to compromise their ability to communicate. These late onset forms are generally considered result from a combination of genetic and environmental causes. Tremendous progress has been made during the last few years in mapping and cloning genes responsible for hearing loss. In this article, we focus on nonsyndromic hearing impairment, since a dramatic progress has been made in this area recently.
Cloning and characterization of the rat multidrug resistance-associated protein 1

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) was originally shown to confer resistance of human tumor cells to a broad range of natural product anticancer drugs. MRP1 has also been shown to mediate efflux transport of glutathione and glucuronide conjugates of drugs and endogenous substrates. An ortholog of MRP1 in the mouse has been cloned and characterized. Significant functional differences between murine and human MRP1 have been noted. Since drug disposition and pharmacology studies often are conducted in rats, there is a need to clone and characterize the rat ortholog of MRP1. We isolated a rat MRP1 (rMRP1) cDNA from rat brain astrocytes, characterized its coding sequences, and verified the transport activity of the protein expressed in MRP1 cDNA-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Our results showed that rMRP1 has a coding sequence of 4599 bp, which predicts a polypeptide of 1533 amino acids with an apparent molecular weight of 190 kd by Western immunoblot analysis. rMRP1-transfected MDCK cells are capable of efflux transport of a fluorescent MRP1 marker-calcein-that is inhibitable by known MRP1 inhibitors, indomethacin, and MK571. Sequence analysis indicates that rMRP1 is more closely related to mouse MRP1 than human MRP1.
Static to Dynamic: Professional Identity as Inventory, Invention, and Performance in Classrooms and Workplaces

Although self-assessment is an important genre in both the academy and the workplace, it is often static. The resulting fixed identities are problematic in a creative economy that requires fluidity. Drawing on the work of Carruthers and Goffman, among others, we argue that memory and meditation, encompassing inventory and invention and coupled with rhetorical performance, constitute dynamic self-assessment.
Relaxation training and single-item desensitization in the group treatment of insomnia

Abstract Twenty-four sleep-disturbed subjects were assigned to one of three group therapy conditions: relaxation-alone, desensitization with relaxation practice, and desensitization without relaxation practice. After three sessions, significant improvement occured in reported latency of sleep onset, rated difficulty in falling asleep, and number of awakenings during the night. While no differences between therapy conditions were found in the main analyses, there was case evidence suggesting a possible superiority of desensitization plus relaxation practice in the more severe cases of insomnia.
Explaining the gap between ASIC and custom power: a custom perspective

Power dissipation is now both a key constraint and an application driver in VLSI systems. For a specific application, the energy efficiency of different implementations can differ by multiple orders of magnitude. This work surveys a range of techniques available to improve energy efficiency and highlights their cumulative benefit. Understanding, adopting and adapting selected techniques from full-custom solutions can help bridge the efficiency gap for the ASIC designs. Architecture and micro-architecture choices yield multiple-order of magnitude improvements in power dissipation by matching the structure of the design to the structure of the application and by providing multiple operating and power-down modes. The combination of methodology and full-custom circuit techniques and libraries provide benefits primarily due to reduced parasitic loading enabling the improved performance to be translated into the potential for factor-of-3 to factor-of-10 improvements in power.
A model of flagellar and ciliary functioning which uses the forces transverse to the axoneme as the regulator of dynein activation

Ciliary and flagellar motion is driven by the dynein-tubulin interaction between adjacent doublets of the axoneme, and the resulting sliding displacements are converted into axonemal bends that are propagated. When the axoneme is bent in the normal beating plane, force develops across the axoneme in the plane of the bend. This transverse force (t-force) has maximal effect on the interdoublet spacing of outer doublets 2-4 on one side of the axoneme and doublets 7-9 on the opposite side. Episodes of sliding originates as the t-force brings these doublets into closer proximity (allowing dynein bridges to form) and are terminated when these doublets are separated from each other by the t-force. A second factor, the adhesive force of the dynein-tubulin attachments (bridges), also acts to pull neighboring doublets closer together. This force resists termination of a sliding episode once initiated, and acts locally to give the population of dynein bridges a type of excitability. In other words, as bridges form, the probability of nearby bridges attaching is increased by a positive feedback exerted through the interdoublet spacing. A conceptual working hypothesis explaining the behavior of cilia and flagella is proposed based on the above concepts. Additionally, the feasibility of this proposed mechanism is demonstrated using a computer simulation. The simulation uses a Monte Carlo-type algorithm for dynein attachment and adhesive force, together with a geometric evaluation of the t-force on the key microtubule pairs. This model successfully develops spontaneous oscillations from any starting configuration (including a straight position). It is compatible with the physical dimensions, mechanical properties and bridge forces measured in real cilia and flagella. In operation, it exhibits many of the observed actions of cilia and flagella, most notably wave propagation and the ability to produce both cilia-like and flagella-like waveforms.
Integration issues for pressure sensors

This paper looks at the issues related to the integration of pressure sensors with the control circuit necessary to achieve the demands of increased performance measured by such parameters as linearity, resolution, accuracy and temperature sensitivity. In addition, the media in which these devices are used can influence the performance considerably with attendant offsets and drifts. Results of the effects of the media exposure on capacitive pressure sensors are presented. The motivation for integrating the sensor with the control circuit is then discussed with respect to these experimental results.
NOVADIB: a novel architecture for asynchronous, distributed, real-time banking modeled on loosely-coupled parallel processors

The payment-processing system in the banking industry consists of deposits, withdrawals, and transfers of monies through the use of cash, checks, magnetic tapes, and electronic transactions. Most transactions are realized by batch-mode processing. Batch-mode processing suffers from many limitations, the principal ones being that 1) users are denied real-time access to their money and that 2) a user's banking privileges cannot be extended anywhere in the USA-a facility that is increasingly being demanded by users. It is observed that the banking process may be mathematically mapped to a discrete-event simulation system with feedback loops wherein deposits, withdrawals, and transfers may be modeled as events that are introduced into the system asynchronously, i.e. at irregular intervals of time. A new architecture, NOVADIB, is proposed for the check processing subsystem of the Federal Reserve System that distributes the processing operations to multiple, concurrent, cooperating geographically distributed computers, i.e. at many sites, to achieve real-time transaction processing. NOVADIB utilizes the principles of asynchronous, distributed, discrete-event simulation algorithm for cyclic circuits, YADDES, and mathematically guarantees the accuracy of every transaction. >
Nearshore circulation during upwelling inferred from the distribution of dissolved cadmium off the Oregon coast

The effectiveness of dissolved cadmium (Cd) as a tracer of coastal upwelling is demonstrated by comparing its water column distribution to that of traditional upwelling indicators, in particular phosphate (P) and salinity, as well as equatorward wind forcing at the Oregon coast. Cd and P concentrations in samples collected on board ship on 17‐27 August 1995 between 3 and 100 km from the coast offshore of Cape Blanco, Oregon, ranged between 0.2 and 0.9 nmol kg 21 and ,0.1 and 2.5 mmol kg 21 , respectively. Both tracers behaved conservatively during onshore transport at depth; linear Cd-salinity and P-salinity relations in offshore source waters were preserved in bottom waters over the shelf. Following upwelling to the surface, however, Cd and P distributions diverged, with Cd remaining essentially constant while P was taken up by phytoplankton, predominantly diatoms. The Cd content of nearshore water collected from the beach inshore of the cruise area was very similar to that of upwelling source waters sampled from the ship, suggesting efficient exchange of waters between the shelf bottom layer and the very nearshore region, including the surfzone. A simple box model, in which onshore Ekman transport occurs through a well-mixed bottom layer extending from the edge of the continental shelf to the very nearshore region, illustrates a close link between upwelling-favorable wind forcing and very nearshore Cd concentrations. The close agreement between Cd time series generated by the model and surfzone Cd sampled every 2‐4 weeks during 1994‐1996 suggests that the effectiveness of Cd as a tracer of wind-driven coastal upwelling off the Oregon coast is due in large part to conveyor-like circulation and the remarkably efficient mixing of newly upwelled water into the very nearshore region.
Drug therapy and the prevention of atherosclerosis in humans.

Abstract The results of the World Health Organization Cooperative Trial, the Coronary Drug Project, the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and the Helsinki Heart Study indicate that clinical expression of coronary artery disease can be delayed with pharmacologic modification of plasma lipoproteins. Change in coronary artery disease can be semiquantitated by repeat arteriograms. Three randomized clinical trials indicate that rate of progression of atherosclerosis, as defined by arteriography, can be reduced, and existing lumen obstruction decreased. Tendon xanthomas occur in hypercholesterolemia, and reduction in xanthoma size with drug therapy suggests an improved atherosclerotic disease state. The clinician has a variety of pharmacologic therapies available. The role of bile acid-binding resins, fibric acid derivatives, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, nicotinic acid and antioxidants is each unique. Understanding the role of lipoproteins in atherosclerosis will help in selecting the most appropriate therapy for each individual patient. Medications not designed for their lipoprotein effects can significantly alter lipoproteins. Medications, such as nonselective β blockers, can alter low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclass distribution with no change in LDL cholesterol content. Such changes may eradicate part of the beneficial cardiovascular effect of β blockade therapy. In the future, therapeutic choices may depend in part on lipoprotein abnormalities such as lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein E isoforms, hyperapobetalipoproteinemia, or small, large and modified LDL.
Twenty Years of Feminist Counseling and Therapy From Naming Biases to Implementing Multifaceted Practice

This article summarizes the history and current status of feminist counseling and psychotherapy. It describes the formation and development of feminist therapy during the 1970s, compares early commitments with aspects of change and maturation during the second decade, and reviews areas of agreement and disagreement during the 1980s and early 1990s. Initial feminist efforts resulted in the creation of an overarching philosophical framework for feminist psychotherapy. The second decade was marked by rapid expansion and the application of feminist therapy to diverse populations and problems as well as the integration of feminist philosophy with mainstream psychotherapeutic systems. Feminist therapists developed more complex models of personality, diagnosis, and ethical behavior and engaged in the examination and revision of early commitments. This review draws on the literatures of both social work and psychology and discusses the contribution of counseling psychologists to feminist therapy. It also addresse...
The effects of hypoxia on three sympatric shark species: physiological and behavioral responses

Behavioral and physiological responses to hypoxia were examined in three sympatric species of sharks: bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus, and Florida smoothhound shark, Mustelus norrisi, using closed system respirometry. Sharks were exposed to normoxic and three levels of hypoxic conditions. Under normoxic conditions (5.5–6.4 mg l −1 ), shark routine swimming speed averaged 25.5 and 31.0 cm s −1 for obligate ram-ventilating S. tiburo and C. acronotus respectively, and 25.0 cm s −1 for buccal-ventilating M. norrisi. Routine oxygen consumption averaged about 234.6 mg O2 kg −1 h −1 for S. tiburo, 437.2 mg O2 kg −1 h −1 for C. acronotus, and 161.4 mg O2 kg −1 h −1 for M. norrisi. For ram-ventilating sharks, mouth gape averaged ∼1.0 cm whereas M. norrisi gillbeats averaged 56.0 beats min −1 . Swimming speeds, mouth gape, and oxygen consumption rate of S. tiburo and C. acronotus increased to a maximum of 37–39 cm s −1 , 2.5–3.0 cm, and 496 and 599 mg O2 kg −1 h −1 under hypoxic conditions (2.5–3.4 mg l −1 ), respectively. M. norrisi decreased swimming speeds to 16 cm s −1 and oxygen consumption rate remained similar. Results support the hypothesis that obligate ram-ventilating sharks respond to hypoxia by increasing swimming speed and mouth gape while buccal-ventilating smoothhound sharks reduce activity.
A multi-objective tabu search for a single-machine scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times

Abstract An m -objective tabu search algorithm for sequencing of n jobs on a single machine with sequence-dependent setup times is proposed. The algorithm produces a solution set that is reflective of the objectives’ weights and close to the best observed values of the objectives. We also formulate a mixed integer linear program to obtain the optimal solution of a three-objective problem. Numerical examples are used to study the behavior of the proposed m -objective tabu search algorithm and compare its solutions with those of the mixed integer linear program.
ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS OF PURE LEPTONIC Ds DECAYS AND fDs DECAY CONSTANT FROM BABAR

I present the measurements and limits of the branching fractions of leptonic decays of the Ds meson, and the subsequent estimation of the decay constant fDs, using the complete BaBar dataset (530 fb-1). we measure , , , , and fDs = (258.6±6.4±7.5)MeV, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second uncertainties are systematic.
Challenges of linking chronic dehydration and fluid consumption to health outcomes

The purpose of this article is to review the effects of chronic mild dehydration and fluid consumption on specific health outcomes including obesity. The electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant literature published from the time of their inception to 2011, with results restricted to studies performed on human subjects and reports in the English language. Key words included the following: dehydration, hypohydration, water intake, fluid intake, disease, and the names of specific disease states. Strength of evidence categories were described for 1) medical conditions associated with chronic dehydration or low daily water intake, and 2) randomized-controlled trials regarding the effects of increased water consumption on caloric intake, weight gain, and satiety. This process determined that urolithiasis is the only disorder that has been consistently associated (i.e., 11 of 13 publications) with chronic low daily water intake. Regarding obesity and type 2 diabetes, evidence suggests that increased water intake may reduce caloric intake for some individuals. Recommendations for future investigations include measuring total fluid intake (water + beverages + water in solid food), conducting randomized-controlled experiments, identifying novel hydration biomarkers, and delineating hydration categories.
Cerebrovascular and neurologic disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: 48 cases

Lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies are antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAb) with related antigenic specificities and are newly recognized markers for an increased risk of thrombosis. We studied 48 patients who presented with cerebral or visual dysfunction associated with APLAb to help clarify the diagnostic, clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and pathologic features in these patients. Most patients presented with transient cerebral ischemia or cerebral infarction. Recurrent and stereotypic events were frequent. Visual disturbances resulted from amaurosis fugax, retinal arterial or venous occlusion, occipital ischemia, diplopia, and migraine-like disturbances. Three patients presented with severe atypical classic migraine. Recurrent infarcts of brain and eye were significantly associated with the presence of cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, and a positive antinuclear antibody. During 44.4 patient-years of prospective follow-up, the combined stroke and systemic thrombotic event rate was 0.27 events per patient-year and was 0.54 events per patient-year if TIA and death were included. Forty (83%) of the patients did not have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Thrombocytopenia was present in 15 (31%) and a false-positive VDRL in 11 (23%) of the patients. Cerebral angiography was normal or revealed large-vessel occlusion or stenosis without changes suggestive of vasculitis. Patients with only transient dysfunction generally had normal radiologic studies, including angiography. Organs and arterial vessels studied pathologically revealed thrombotic occlusive disease without vasculitis. APLAb are strongly associated with an immune-mediated thrombotic tendency, generally in the absence of SLE. Other stroke risk factors may add to the risk of recurrent ischemic events in patients with APLAb.
Incorporating electro-optics fundamentals into an undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum

Various facets of the subject of electro-optics are described and ways in which the fundamental concepts of this field may be incorporated into an undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum are suggested. The topics considered to be fundamental material are: (1) the nature of the photon, (2) black body radiation, (3) the electromagnetic spectrum, (4) basic geometrical optics, (5) basic physical optics, (6) optical detection, (7) basic concepts of laser operation, (8) propagation of light in free space and optical waveguides, (9) linear and nonlinear electrooptic effects, (10) linear electro-optical system analysis, (11) basic principles of holography, (12) optical materials, and (13) fundamental principles of optical signal processing. The approach suggested to incorporate electro-optics into an undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum is to modify the required core courses to illustrate fundamental principles with optical examples. >
Tracing Three-Dimensional Acoustic Wavefronts in Inhomogeneous, Moving Media

We present a numerical implementation of an alternative formulation of the geometrical, or ray, acoustics, where wavefronts rather than rays are the primary objects. Rays are recovered as a by-product of wavefront tracing. The alternative formulation of the geometrical acoustics is motivated, first, by the observation that wavefronts are often more stable than rays at long-range sound propagation, and, second, by a need for computationally efficient modeling of high-frequency acoustic fields in three-dimensionally inhomogeneous, moving or motionless fluids. Wavefronts are found as a finite-difference solution to a system of partial differential equations, which is equivalent to the eikonal equation and is a direct implementation of the intuitive Huygens' wavefront construction. The finite-difference algorithm is an extension of the approach originally developed in the framework of an open source Madagascar project. Benchmark problems, which admit exact, analytic solutions of the eikonal equation, are formulated and utilized to verify the finite-difference wavefront tracing algorithm. Huygens' wavefront tracing (HWT) is applied to modeling sound propagation in three-dimensionally inhomogeneous ocean and atmosphere.
A microscale model of bacterial swimming, chemotaxis and substrate transport.

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a mathematical and computational model at the microscale level of bacterial motility and chemotaxis coupled with the advection and diffusion of a biologically reacting substrate. The hydrodynamic interaction of a small bacterial population is explicitly modelled through the use of discrete representations of individual microbes. We use the immersed boundary method to couple microbial motion and the advection-diffusion of substrate with the full incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Simulations using a preliminary two-dimensional model are presented, demonstrating the mutual dependence through the fluid media of several swimming bacteria. A run and tumble mechanism is introduced for simulating the chemotaxis of swimming bacteria.
Gender Differences in the Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Cravings in Alcoholism

This study examines the clinical correlates of alcohol craving in men and women self-referred for addiction treatment. Admission clinical data from patients participating in the Mayo Clinic 1-month Intensive Addictions Program were evaluated. Women had higher BDI and PACS scores compared with men in both the entire cohort and Dual Diagnoses group. Alcohol-dependent females had the most marked correlation between BDI and PACS (rho= .78). Further prospective study is encouraged to evaluate whether depressive symptoms and concomitant alcohol cravings in women are a marker for relief cravings and, as such, a target symptom for treatment intervention.
New Approaches to Limiting

Of these, artificial viscosity was first employed by von Neumann and Richtmyer. It has been adopted in a sophisticated form by Jameson, but the general experience is that the adjustable parameters are not universal. We do not consider this possibility. Flux Corrected Transport was introduced by Boris and Book. The idea is to have available two different schemes, one that is accurate and another that is believed not to introduce spurious features, but is necessarily first-order and diffusive. For efficiency it should be very similar to the accurate scheme in its structure. If we were to take one step with the cautious scheme and then add back in the missing terms everywhere we would of course obtain the accurate result. Flux Corrected Transport adds back the missing terms in full only when it is safe to do so according to some criterion. Because they are added to the flux, they take from one cell and add to another in such a way as to sharpen existing gradients. Gradient limiting originated with the MUSCL scheme proposed by van Leer In a finite volume scheme the data consists solely of cell average values, and in order to obtain better than first-order results, more than this is needed. In the original version only a gradient was added, by constructing two more or less equally plausible candidate gradients and then taking a nonlinear average, such as the harmonic mean, that is biased toward the smaller alternative. van Leer gave an appealing graphical interpretation of this, allowing a visual proof that this procedure could not create overshoots. This results in a reconstruction that is generally discontinuous across cell boundaries. Most writers, including van Leer, have taken these discontinuities literally, introducing Riemann solvers to resolve them. This is not harmful in one dimension, because it simply results in waves that travel either left or right, not differently from other waves in the solution. However, in more than one dimension, taking the discontinuous reconstruction to be genuine, introduces strong one-dimensional waves that travel perpendicular to the arbitrary cell boundary, and may have no counterpoint in the actual flow. Various authors have generalized this procedure to include higher-order reconstructions, in which the higher derivatives are also evaluated in a way that is biased toward caution. A further classification of limiting turns on how much information is available about constraints on the solution. For example, neither density nor pressure may be negative, and speeds may not exceed the speed of light. In one-dimensional hyperbolic systems, if they are linear, the Riemann invariants may not take on new values. In pure advection problems, the value at (x, t) is bounded by the values along the particle path
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis (PCA)

It has been shown that during antigen-antibody interactions, vasoactive substances are liberated, the most important among them being histamine. Histamine increases capillary permeability. This increase is a transient reaction of relatively short duration, therefore its observation is difficult, and even semi-quantitative evaluation is impossible. A much more permanent result of the permeability increase can be achieved if large molecular weight dyes are injected into the circulation together with the antigen. Due to the increased permeability of the capillary walls, these dyes may enter the tissues and remain for a relatively long time in those areas where histamine has been liberated through the antigen-antibody interaction.
Immunochemical studies of organ and tumor lipids: VIII. Comparison of human tumor and ox spleen cytosides.

Preparations of cytolipin H, a human tissue lipid hapten containing fatty acid, sphingosine, glucose, and galactose in equimolar proportions (cytoside), have been compared with preparations of similar composition isolated from ox spleen. The iodine number and the specific rotation of preparations derived from human tumor are significantly larger than those from ox spleen. Results of other chemical analyses (based on the carbohydrate and sphingosine portions of the molecule) as well as immunochemical reactions are indistinguishable for both.
Differences in Social Class Among Psychotic Patients at Inpatient Admission

A cross-sectional assessment of differences in social class and other sociodemographic variables at hospital admission for patients with psychotic disorders was carried out through a systematic survey of psychotic patients admitted to greater Baltimore psychiatric facilities between 1983 and 1989. Female patients, first-admission patients, and patients with bipolar disorder or other, nonschizophrenic psychosis were more likely to have been admitted to community, university, and private hospitals than to state hospitals. Patients in medium and higher social class categories were 1.29 to 2.57 times more likely to be admitted to community, university, and private hospitals than to state hospitals.
Career expectancy of physicians active in patient care: evidence from Mississippi.

INTRODUCTION Physician shortages in the USA, an issue that has been particularly challenging in Mississippi, have been a concern among health scholars and policy makers for several decades. Physician shortages hinder residents from easily obtaining routine care, potentially magnifying health disparities. This study examines physician career life expectancy, or how long physicians typically practice, in Mississippi. METHODS Data on Mississippi's physician population actively involved between 2007 and 2011 were obtained from the Mississippi State Board of Medical Licensure. Abridged career life tables were constructed for all Mississippi physicians and population subgroups based on practice specialty, gender, race, urban-rural practice, and health professional shortage area status. RESULTS Upon entry into practice in Mississippi, physicians practiced for about 14.4 years. Rural physicians, primary care physicians, minority physicians, physicians practicing in health professional shortage areas, and men had the longest career expectancies. Physicians who are women or who practice in urban counties were substantially more likely to exit practice compared to all other subgroups examined. The odds of remaining in practice were significantly different based on gender, race, urban-rural practice county, and health professional shortage area status. CONCLUSIONS The first 5 years of practice are the most critical regarding retention for all physicians, regardless of practice specialty, gender, race, urban-rural status, or health professional shortage area status.
The Impact of Minimally Invasive Surgery on Major Iatrogenic Ureteral Injury and Subsequent Ureteral Repair During Hysterectomy: A National Analysis of Risk Factors and Outcomes

Objective To identify risk factors for ureteral injury during hysterectomy and to assess outcomes of concurrent minimally invasive vs converted to open repairs. Methods We queried the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database between 2005 and 2013 to identify abdominal hysterectomy (AH), minimally invasive hysterectomy (MIH), or vaginal hysterectomy. Ureteral injury was identified based on intraoperative or delayed management. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of hysterectomy approach on risk of ureteral injury while controlling for covariates. For patients with ureteral injury during MIH, we compared 30-day outcomes following minimally invasive vs converted open repairs. Results There were 302 iatrogenic ureteral injuries from 96,538 hysterectomies, with 0.18%, 0.48%, and 0.04% from AH, MIH, and vaginal hysterectomy, respectively. Patients who underwent MIH were younger and had decreased comorbidities compared to patients who underwent AH (all P P P P Conclusion Using a large national series, we show that the minimally invasive approach for hysterectomy is an independent risk factor for iatrogenic ureteral injuries. During MIH, concurrent minimally invasive ureteral repairs resulted in comparable 30-day outcomes compared to converted to open repairs.
Launching a Theatre Career: ‘Five Finger Exercise’

Once Peter Shaffer’s plays found their way onto the stage, success followed quickly. Five Finger Exercise, premiered on 16 July 1958 at the Comedy Theatre in London’s West End, attracted handsome reviews in both the British and the American press. The magazine Stage and Television Today considered Five Finger Exercise ‘the best play in the West End in a long time’; Punch noted that ‘Shaffer has something to say and says it skilfully’. The Times commented prophetically that ‘Mr Shaffer may easily become a master of the theatre’, while the Illustrated London News announced, ‘Shaffer writes with a feeling for phrase demonstrated by few recent playwrights.’ The first London production ran for 610 performances — an unusually long run for a serious drama in the West End.
Regional Differences in Communication Process and Outcomes of Requests for Solid Organ Donation.

Although federal mandate prohibits the allocation of solid organs for transplantation based on “accidents of geography,” geographic variation of transplantable organs is well documented. This study explores regional differences in communication in requests for organ donation. Administrative data from 9 partnering Organ Procurement Organizations and interview data from 1,339 family decision makers (FDMs) were compared across 8 geographically distinct US donor service areas (DSA). Authorization to organ donation ranged from 60.4% to 98.1% across DSAs. FDMs from the three regions with the lowest authorization rates reported the lowest levels of satisfaction with the time spent discussing donation and with the request process; discussion of the least donation-related topics; the highest levels of pressure to donate; and, the least comfort with the donation decision. OPO region predicted authorization (Odds Ratios ranged from 8.14 to 0.24), as did time spent discussing donation (OR = 2.11), the number of donation-related topics discussed (OR = 1.14), and requesters’ communication skill (OR = 1.14). Standardized training for organ donation request staff is needed to ensure the highest quality communication during requests, optimize rates of family authorization to donation in all regions, and increase the supply of organs available for transplantation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation Suppresses Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation and Inflammation : A Randomized Study

Abstract Objectives This study sought to examine the efficacy of low-level vagus nerve stimulation (LLVNS) in suppressing post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) and inflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Background POAF often complicates cardiac surgery. Methods Patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomized to active or sham LLVNS. In all patients, a bipolar wire was sutured to the vagus nerve pre-ganglionic fibers alongside the lateral aspect of the superior vena cava. High-frequency (20 Hz) stimulation, 50% below the threshold for slowing the heart rate, was delivered for 72 h in the LLVNS group. The development of POAF was monitored continuously during the entire hospital stay by use of telemetry. Blood was collected on arrival in the intensive care unit and at 24 and 72 h for measurement of inflammatory cytokines. Patients were followed up within 1 month after cardiac surgery. Results A total of 54 patients were randomized to either active LLVNS (n = 26) or sham control (n = 28). The baseline characteristics of the patients were balanced in the 2 groups. POAF occurred in 3 patients (12%) in the LLVNS group and 10 patients (36%) in the control group (hazard ratio: 0.28; 95% confidence interval: 0.10 to 0.85; p = 0.027). None of the patients developed any complications as a result of wire placement. At 72 h, serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels were significantly lower in the LLVNS group than in the control group. Conclusions These data suggest that LLVNS suppresses POAF and attenuates inflammation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Further studies are warranted.
Children with hearing loss: developing listening and talking, birth to six, 3rd edition

Children with Hearing Loss: Developing Listening and Talking Birth to Six (Third Edition) is written by Elizabeth B. Cole and Carol Flexer. This book was written for undergraduate and graduate stud...
In-situ curvature monitoring and X-ray diffraction study of InGaAsP/InGaP quantum wells

Abstract The use of InGaAsP/InGaP quantum well structures is a promising approach for subcells in next generation multi-junction devices due to their tunable bandgap (1.50–1.80 eV) and for being aluminum-free. Despite these potentials, the accumulation of stress during the growth of these structures and high background doping in the quantum well region have previously limited the maximum number of quantum wells and barriers that can be included in the intrinsic region and the sub-bandgap external quantum efficiency to less than 30.0%. In this paper, we report on the use of in-situ curvature monitoring by multi-beam optical stress (MOS) sensor measurements during the growth of this quantum well structure to monitor the stress evolution in these thin films. A series of In0.32Ga0.68AsP/In0.49Ga0.51P quantum wells with various arsine to phosphine ratios have been analyzed by in-situ curvature monitoring and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to obtain nearly strain-free lattice matched structures. Sharp interfaces, as indicated by the XRD fringes, have been achieved by using triethyl-gallium and trimethyl-gallium as gallium precursors in InGaAsP and InGaP, respectively, with constant flows of trimethyl-indium and phosphine through the entire quantum well structure. The effect of the substrate miscut on quantum well growth was compared and analyzed using XRD, photoluminescence and time resolved photoluminescence. A 100 period quantum well device was successfully grown with minimal stress and approximately flat in-situ curvature.
Distinct 238 U/ 235 U ratios and REE patterns in plutonic and volcanic angrites: Geochronologic implications and evidence for U isotope fractionation during magmatic processes

Angrites are differentiated meteorites that formed between 4 and 11 Myr after Solar Systemformation, when several short-lived nuclides (e.g., ^(26)Al-^(26)Mg, ^(53)Mn-^(53)Cr, ^(182)Hf-^(182)W) were still alive. As such, angrites are prime anchors to tie the relative chronology inferred from these short-lived radionuclides to the absolute Pb-Pb clock. The discovery of variable U isotopic composition (at the sub-permil level) calls for a revision of Pb-Pb ages calculated using an “assumed” constant ^(238)U/^(235)U ratio (i.e., Pb-Pb ages published before 2009–2010). In this paper, we report high-precision U isotope measurement for six angrite samples (NWA 4590, NWA 4801, NWA 6291, Angra dos Reis, D’Orbigny, and Sahara 99555) using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry and the IRMM-3636 U double-spike. The age corrections range from −0.17 to −1.20 Myr depending on the samples. After correction, concordance between the revised Pb-Pb and Hf-W and Mn-Cr ages of plutonic and quenched angrites is good, and the initial (^(53)Mn/^(55)Mn)_0 ratio in the Early Solar System (ESS) is recalculated as being (7 ± 1) × 10^(−6) at the formation of the Solar System (the error bar incorporates uncertainty in the absolute age of Calcium, Aluminum-rich inclusions – CAIs). An uncertainty remains as to whether the Al-Mg and Pb-Pb systems agree in large part due to uncertainties in the Pb-Pb age of CAIs. A systematic difference is found in the U isotopic compositions of quenched and plutonic angrites of +0.17‰. A difference is also found between the rare earth element (REE) patterns of these two angrite subgroups. The δ^(238)U values are consistent with fractionationduring magmatic evolution of the angrite parent melt. Stable U isotope fractionation due to a change in the coordination environment of U during incorporation into pyroxene could be responsible for such a fractionation. In this context, Pb-Pb ages derived from pyroxenes fraction should be corrected using the U isotope composition measured in the same pyroxene fraction.