cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bombyxin/Akt signaling in relation to the embryonic diapause process of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

Abstract Our previous study showed that phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β is related to the embryonic diapause process in Bombyx. However, the upstream signaling pathway was not clearly understood. In the present study, we examined bombyxin/Akt signaling in relation to the embryonic diapause process of B. mori. Results showed that GSK-3β phosphorylation stimulated by dechorionation was blocked by LY294002, a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, indicating involvement of PI3K in GSK-3β phosphorylation in dechorionated eggs. Direct determination of Akt phosphorylation showed that dechorionation stimulated Akt phosphorylation. The Akt phosphorylation was blocked by LY294002. Temporal changes in Akt phosphorylation showed that different changing patterns exist between diapause and developing eggs. Relatively higher phosphorylation levels of Akt were detected between days 3 and 5 after oviposition in non-diapause eggs compared to those at the same stages in diapause eggs. Upon treatment with HCl, which prevents diapause initiation, Akt phosphorylation levels exhibited a later and much broader peak compared to diapause eggs. Examination of expression levels of the bombyxin-Z1 gene showed that in diapause eggs, a major peak occurred 1 day after oviposition, and its level then sharply decreased on day 2. However, in both non-diapause and HCl-treated eggs, a major broad peak was detected between days 1 and 4 after oviposition. These temporal changes in bombyxin-Z1 gene expression levels during embryonic stages coincided with changes in Akt phosphorylation, indicating that bombyxin-Z1 is likely an upstream signaling component for Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, our results indicated that PI3K/Akt is an upstream signaling pathway for GSK-3β phosphorylation and is associated with the diapause process of B. mori eggs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the potential correlation between bombyxin/Akt signaling and the embryonic diapause process.
Versatile strategy for oligonucleotide derivatization. Introduction of lanthanide(III) chelates to oligonucleotides.

Novel nucleosidic phosphoramidite blocks were synthesized by a Mitsunobu reaction between 2‘-deoxy-5‘-O-(4,4‘-dimethoxytrityl)uridine and a primary alcohol containing a conjugate group in its struc...
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, Heart Failure and the Heart as an Endocrine Organ

Featured Article: Burnett JC Jr, Kao PC, Hu DC, Heser DW, Heublein D, Granger JP, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide elevation in congestive heart failure in the human. Science 1986;231:1145–7.3 Thirty-three years ago, we reported the increase of circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)4 in human heart failure (HF). This report, which is featured here, was published 5 years after the landmark work of de Bold that established the heart as an endocrine organ with the discovery of ANP, which he originally named atrial natriuretic factor (1). Indeed, what followed has been a transformational journey that has changed our thinking of the heart as more than a pump and has contributed to the clinical development of a second cardiac natriuretic peptide, b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), as the gold standard in HF diagnosis. The work of Waldman and Murad importantly established that ANP activated the particulate guanylyl cyclase A receptor resulting in the production of the second messenger, 3′,5′ cyclic guanosine …
Inappropriate Testing for Clostridioides difficile in Long-Term Care: Implications Highlight the Need for an Algorithm

This article provides clear guidance related to appropriate testing for Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) and identifies the negative implications of inappropriate testing, repeat testing, and testing for cure. Residents of long-term care (LTC) facilities are at increased risk for developing C. diff. Complications can arise if a resident does not have an active C. diff infection (colonization) and has a positive C. diff laboratory test result. The authors share a fictional bedside story illustrating the negative consequences that can result from inappropriate C. diff testing, and present an algorithm that promotes mindful application of testing, which may result in cost savings and prevent adverse resident outcomes.
Consequences of agricultural total factor productivity growth for the sustainability of global farming: accounting for direct and indirect land use effects

Most of the growth in agricultural output in the last thirty years comes from increases in the efficiency with which both land and non-land inputs are used. Recent work calls for a better understanding of whether this efficiency, known as total factor productivity (TFP), contributes to a more sustainable food system. Key to this understanding is the documented phenomenon that, instead of saving lands, the introduction of technologies that improve agricultural productivity encourage cropland expansion. We extend the results of a recently published econometric model of cross-country cropland change and TFP growth to explore the extent to which improvements in technology were associated with lower greenhouse emissions from land conversion to agriculture as well as with lower land conversion pressures in biodiversity-rich biomes. We focus on the decade of 2001-2010, a period in which our sample of 70 countries ($\approx$75\% of global croplands) experienced net land contraction. Except in sub-Saharan Africa and South and East Asia, regional TFP growth was associated with regional land expansion, thus confirming the existence of Jevons paradox in most regions of the world. However, such expansion was more than offset by indirect land use effects stemming from increases in productivity somewhere else. These indirect effects are far from trivial. In the absence of TFP growth, our estimates suggest that $\approx$ 125 Mha would have been needed to satisfy demand, half of which are in the four most biodiverse biomes of the world; estimated land use emissions from the ensuing changes in land use range from a lower bound of 17 Gt CO2eq to an upper bound of 84 Gt CO2eq, depending on whether the expansion would have occurred on pasturelands or forest, in contrast to the $\approx$ 1 to 15 Gt CO2eq imputed to observed cropland expansion. Our projections of the land needed to satisfy projected growth in TFP per capita during 2018-2023 indicate that current rates of TFP growth are insufficient to prevent further land expansion, reversing in most cases the in-sample trends in land contraction observed during 2001-2010.
THE MISSING LINK'S MISSING LINK

If educational reform is to succeed, the twin goals of intellectual and moral development must be championed in every classroom in America. This paper calls not only for the restoration of character education in the public schools but also for the preparation of character educators teachers ready to forge enduring habits of the heart and of the mind. It details the attributes of successful character educators and offers suggestions about ways in which teacher education programs can prepare teachers for their work as character educators.
Computational Study of Fatigue in Sub-grain Microstructure of Additively Manufactured Alloys

Additively manufactured (AM) materials experience shorter fatigue lives compared to their wrought form. Shorter fatigue life can be related to different effects like defects, residual stresses, surface finish, geometry, size, layer orientation, and heat treatment. One of the main contributors to the shorter fatigue life of AM alloys is their unique and complex microstructure. In this paper, we study this challenge from a novel perspective in which the interaction between the microstructure and fatigue life is explored. Among different microstructural features in the AM alloys, here we focus on the cells which form inside the grains during fabrication. While this microstructural feature is not always the prominent site for the fatigue initiation, it always has a significant role in the fatigue failure, particularly in high cycle fatigue because it occupies a high percentage of the volume in the material. A fatigue damage model is developed and verified to predict the life of cellular microstructures present in the AM metal microstructure. It is shown that the life of a cellular microstructure, which is composed of an arrangement of cells and cell boundaries is lower than a single-phase material without such an arrangement. We investigate how the arrangement if cells can govern the fatigue life, and analyze different cellular geometries to find the best performing cellular microstructure. By changing the geometrical parameters, the considerable variation in life can be as high as 95% in some strain amplitudes. Since the microstructure of cells in AM alloys can be tailored by changing the processing parameters, our results can be used as a guide to additively manufacture alloys with improved fatigue-resistance.
Unmet Social Needs and Adherence to Pediatric Weight Management Interventions: Massachusetts, 2017–2019

Objectives. To examine effects of unmet social needs on adherence to pediatric weight management intervention (PWMI).Methods. We examined individual associations of positive screens for parental st...
Doxycycline preserves chondrocyte viability and function in human and calf articular cartilage ex vivo

Prolonging chondrocyte survival is essential to ensure fresh osteochondral (OC) grafts for treatment of articular cartilage lesions. Doxycycline has been shown to enhance cartilage growth, disrupt terminal differentiation of chondrocytes, and inhibit cartilage matrix degradation. It is unknown whether doxycycline prolongs chondrocyte survival in OC grafts. We hypothesized that doxycycline protects against chondrocyte death and maintains function of articular cartilage. To test this hypothesis, we employed human and calf articular cartilages, and incubated chondrocytes isolated from cartilage or cartilage plugs with doxycycline (0, 1 or 10 μg/ml) at either 37°C or 4°C. Chondrocyte viability, apoptosis, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen, and mechanical test in cartilage plugs were measured. We found that reduced chondrocyte viability, increased chondrocyte apoptosis, reduced GAG contents, and impaired equilibrium modulus in cartilage plugs were observed in a time-dependent manner at both 37°C and 4°C. Chondrocyte viability was further reduced when the plugs were cultured at 4°C as compared to 37°C. Doxycycline prolonged viability and reduced apoptosis of chondrocytes during culture of cartilage plugs. Functionally, doxycycline protected against reduced production of GAG and collagen II as well as impaired mechanical properties in cartilage plugs during culture. Mechanistically, doxycycline increased mitochondrial respiration in cultured chondrocytes. In conclusion, preservation at 37°C is beneficial for maintaining chondrocyte viability in cartilage plugs compared to 4°C. Incubation of doxycycline protects against chondrocyte apoptosis, reduced extracellular matrix, and impaired mechanical properties in cartilage plugs. The findings provide a potential approach using doxycycline at 37°C to preserve chondrocyte viability in fresh OC grafts for treatment of articular cartilage lesions.
Modeling the effectiveness of olfactory testing to limit SARS-2-CoV transmission

Abstract A central problem in the COVID-19 pandemic is that there is not enough testing to prevent infectious spread of SARS-CoV-2, causing surges and lockdowns with human and economic toll. Molecular tests that detect viral RNAs or antigens will be unable to rise to this challenge unless testing capacity increases by at least an order of magnitude while decreasing turnaround times. Here, we evaluate an alternative strategy based on the monitoring of olfactory dysfunction, a symptom identified in 76-83% of SARS-CoV-2 infections—including those that are otherwise asymptomatic—when a standardized olfaction test is used. We model how screening for olfactory dysfunction, with reflexive molecular tests, could be beneficial in reducing community spread of SARS-CoV-2 by varying testing frequency and the prevalence, duration, and onset time of olfactory dysfunction. We find that monitoring olfactory dysfunction could reduce spread via regular screening, and could reduce risk when used at point-of-entry for single-day events. In light of these estimated impacts, and because olfactory tests can be mass produced at low cost and self-administered, we suggest that screening for olfactory dysfunction could be a high impact and cost effective method for broad COVID-19 screening and surveillance.
Poly(ADP-ribose) potentiates ZAP antiviral activity

Abstract Zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP), also known as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 13 (PARP13), is an antiviral factor that selectively targets viral RNA for degradation. ZAP is active against both DNA and RNA viruses, including important human pathogens such as hepatitis B virus and type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). ZAP selectively binds CpG dinucleotides through its N-terminal RNA-binding domain, which consists of four zinc fingers. ZAP also contains a central region that consists of a fifth zinc finger and two WWE domains. Through structural and biochemical studies, we found that the fifth zinc finger and tandem WWEs of ZAP combine into a single integrated domain that binds to poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), a cellular polynucleotide. PAR binding is mediated by the second WWE module of ZAP and likely involves specific recognition of iso(ADP-ribose), a repeating structural unit of PAR. Mutation of the putative iso(ADP-ribose) binding site in ZAP abrogates the interaction in vitro and diminishes ZAP activity against a CpG-rich HIV-1 reporter virus. In cells, PAR facilitates formation of non-membranous sub-cellular compartments such as DNA repair foci, spindle poles and cytosolic RNA stress granules. Our results suggest that ZAP-mediated viral mRNA degradation is facilitated by PAR, and provides a biophysical rationale for the reported association of ZAP with RNA stress granules.
Childhood in the age of digital culture

For many, childhood is a time when they have a certain capacity to make independent choices and decisions. If socialized in communal spaces, children begin to create their own peer cultures. A less...
Abstract 17094: A New Grading of Tricuspid Regurgitation Beyond Severe and Its Clinical Importance

Introduction: Recently a new grading system for tricuspid regurgitation (TR) beyond severe has been proposed. However, few studies assessing the validity of the new grade of TR has been conducted. ...
POST control of Italian ryegrass in hazelnut orchards

Italian ryegrass has become a problematic weed in hazelnut orchards of Oregon because of the presence of herbicide-resistant populations. Resistant and multiple-resistant Italian ryegrass populations are now the predominant biotypes in Oregon; there is no information on which herbicides effectively control Italian ryegrass in hazelnut orchards. Six field studies were conducted in commercial orchards to evaluate Italian ryegrass control with POST herbicides. Treatments included flazasulfuron, glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, rimsulfuron, and sethoxydim applied alone or in selected mixtures during early spring when plants were in the vegetative stage. Treatment efficacy was dependent on the experimental site. The observed range of weed control 28 d after treatment was 13% to 76% for glyphosate, 1% to 72% for paraquat, 58% to 88% for glufosinate, 16% to 97% for flazasulfuron, 8% to 94% for rimsulfuron, and 25% to 91% for sethoxydim. Herbicides in mixtures improved control of Italian ryegrass compared to single active ingredients based on contrast analysis. Herbicides in mixture increased control by 27% compared to glyphosate, 18% to rimsulfuron, 15% to flazasulfuron, 19% to sethoxydim, and 12% compared to glufosinate when averaged across all sites, but mixture did not always improve reduction of ground coverage or of biomass. This complex site-specific response highlights the importance of record-keeping for efficient herbicide use. Glufosinate is an effective option to manage Italian ryegrass. However, the glufosinate-resistant biotypes documented in Oregon may jeopardize this practice. Nonchemical weed control options are needed for sustainable weed management in hazelnuts.
A case of reactivation of varicella-zoster virus after BNT162b2 vaccine second dose?

We report a case of itchy papulovesicular rash consistent with varicella-zoster virus reactivation after Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine second dose administration. While there have been cases of varicella-zoster virus reactivation due to COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccine inoculation in older individuals with pre-existing conditions, this case report describes the first case of varicella-zoster virus reactivation on a healthy, young male in the absence of pre-existing conditions. The mechanisms underlying varicella-zoster virus reactivation in patients with COVID-19 are unknown and should be further characterized.
Streamlined Tuning Procedure for Stable PID Control of Flexible-Base Manipulators

The successful control of robotic manipulators mounted on flexible bases such as suspended mobile robots requires more sophisticated controllers than those employed for fixed-based manipulators. Solutions proposed in the literature often require expert knowledge to tune control parameters or lack stability guarantees when the dynamics of the flexible base lie close to those of the manipulator in the frequency domain. This letter addresses these issues by introducing a tuning procedure for the linear PID gains of a manipulator mounted on a flexible base that guarantees stability. A publicly available Python library implementing this procedure is also introduced to streamline the process for a wide array of user-defined models. The performance of a controller generated using this procedure is shown in simulations for a 3DOF manipulator mounted on an 8-legged tracked vehicle.
Character of the Avalon Shale (Bone Spring Formation) of the Delaware Basin, West Texas and Southeast New Mexico: Effect of Carbonate-rich Sediment Gravity Flows

Character of the Avalon Shale (Bone Spring Formation) of the Delaware Basin, West Texas and Southeast New Mexico: Effect of Carbonate-Rich Sediment Gravity Flows Dustin J. Stolz, KICC, Department of Geology, University of Kansas (present: Samson Resources); Evan K. Franseen*, KICC, Department of Geology, University of Kansas, and Robert H. Goldstein, KICC, Department of Geology, University of Kansas
Review of the oxidation rate of zirconium alloys.

The oxidation of zirconium alloys is one of the most studied processes in the nuclear industry. The purpose of this report is to provide in a concise form a review of the oxidation process of zirconium alloys in the moderate temperature regime. In the initial ''pre-transition'' phase, the surface oxide is dense and protective. After the oxide layer has grown to a thickness of 2 to 3 {micro}m's, the oxidation process enters the ''post-transition'' phase where the density of the layer decreases and becomes less protective. A compilation of relevant data suggests a single expression can be used to describe the post-transition oxidation rate of most zirconium alloys during exposure to oxygen, air, or water vapor. That expression is: Oxidation Rate = 13.9 g/(cm{sup 2}-s-atm{sup -1/6}) exp(-1.47 eV/kT) x P{sup 1/6} (atm{sup 1/6}).
Liquid chromatographic determination of benzo[a]pyrene in total particulate matter of cigarette smoke.

The benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) delivery of reference and commercially available tobacco cigarettes, as well as reference and placebo marijuana cigarettes, is determined using a sequential liquid chromatographic/liquid chromatographic procedure. The total particulate matter of sample cigarette smoke is collected using a Cambridge filter pad, which is ultrasonically extracted with acetone. The resulting extract is filtered, then fractionated using semipreparative-scale normal phase liquid chromatography (LC). Quantitative determination is achieved using analytical-scale reverse phase LC equipped with a fluorescence detector. The method is precise (+/- 10-15% relative standard deviation) and yields 85% or better BaP recovery at the ng/cig. level. A single pad may be analyzed in 8 person-hours, while a more typical lot of 12 pads (6 pads each for 2 cigarette brands) may be analyzed in 10 person-days.
Type I Diabetes Mellitus (Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

The sections in this article are: 1 Pathogenesis of Type I Diabetes 2 Effect of Type I Diabetes on Carbohydrate Metabolism 2.1 Insulin Secretion and Action 2.2 Postabsorptive and Postprandial Carbohydrate Metabolism 3 Effects of Type I Diabetes and Its Treatment on Fatty Acid Metabolism 3.1 Adipose Tissue 3.2 Postabsorptive FFA Metabolism 3.3 Postprandial FFA Availability 3.4 Effects of Exercise on Adipose Tissue Lipolysis 3.5 Regulation of Lipolysis During Hypoglycemia 4 Effects Of Type I Diabetes on Protein Metabolism 4.1 Regulation of Body Protein Mass, Amino Acid Levels and Nitrogen Balance 4.2 Effect of Insulin on Protein Balance and Interaction of Insulin with Other Hormones and Substrates 4.3 Effects of Insulin on Whole-Body Protein Dynamics 4.4 Effect of Insulin on Amino Acid Transamination 4.5 Effect of Insulin on Regional Protein Dynamics 4.6 Effect of Insulin on the Synthesis Rates of Specific Proteins 4.7 Impact of Type I Diabetes on Protein Metabolism
19th Century Latin America Imperialism from a Global Perspective

19th century Latin America was subjected to imperialist aggression from both the European nations and the United States. The form of imperialism, however, changed over the course of the century, with the ‘traditional’ imperialism of the colonial period giving way to the ‘gentlemanly’ imperialism of the early to mid-19th century. By the century’s end, a ‘new’ imperialism emerged noted for its association with the growing world capitalist economy, especially the need for the capitalist nations of Europe and the United States to acquire new markets for their goods, cheaper sources of labor, and greater access to raw materials.
Teaching Mediation Theory and Skills in an Interdisciplinary Classroom

Leaders in the mediation field have debated the best method of training practitioners and whether mediation should have a professional education/training program. The author supports arguments for professionalization of mediation and elaborates the role of educators in developing a curriculum by presenting a model for teaching the principles of family mediation in an interdisciplinary classroom. Student comments are interspersed to illustrate the changes students experienced through the course of a semester.
Virtually free groups with finitely many outer automorphisms

Let G be a finitely generated virtually free group. From a presentation of G as the fundamental group of a finite graph of finite-by-cyclic groups, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the outer automorphism group of G to be finite. Two versions of the characterization are given, both effectively verifiable from the graph of groups. The more purely group theoretical criterion is expressed in terms of the structure of the normalizers of the edge groups (Theorem 5.10); the other version involves certain finiteness conditions on the associated G-tree (Theorem 5.16). Coupled with an earlier result, this completes a description of the finitely generated groups whose full automorphism groups are virtually free.
Evaluating Usage of Monographs: Is It Feasible and Worthwhile?

Usage is an increasingly important factor in decisions about the funding of library resources. Data for electronic resources and print serials is more likely to be gathered and analyzed than monographic use data. This situation poses a threat to the appropriate funding for monographic acquisitions. A pilot project was designed at the Medical College of Wisconsin Libraries to develop and test a method of producing use reports for monographs purchased in recent years. Despite some unusual challenges, the pilot project proved that retrieval and analysis of data could be performed with readily available software. While the results from the analysis cannot be the sole or main foundation for changes in the collection development of monographs, the use reports provided new insights into the utilization of recent acquisitions and pinpointed weaknesses or strengths of acquisition patterns.
Considerations in the Design of an Inexpensive Hydrogen-Fueled Engine

Present research efforts are pursuing the development of complex fuel delivery systems in an effort to successfully incorporate existing combustion chambers and coolant systems designed for hydrocarbon fuels into a hydrogen-fueled engine design. This paper presents the hypothesis that fundamental redesign of the combustion chamber shape and coolant passages can solve the hydrogen engine design problems more economically than redesign of the fuel delivery system.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage: An Update

Although the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has decreased in recent years, the increasing survival rates for the smallest premature infants indicate that the lesion will continue to...
The Ten Thousand Questions Project: Towards a Better Understanding of Consumer Health Vocabulary

ABSTRACT The “consumer vocabulary problem” has been called a fundamental issue in health information provision. It is the problem of a mismatch between the terms used by health care professionals and those used by consumers. Studying consumer health vocabulary in order to address the problem requires that researchers understand the terms that consumers actually use. This article reports on the design and early data analysis from a large consumer health vocabulary study funded by the Medical Library Association and called the Ten Thousand Questions (TTQ) Project. TTQ is the first study funded by MLA's Donald A.B. Lindberg Research Fellowship.
Successful international initiatives promoting gender equity in engineering

There are several examples of best practices and strategies worldwide that have been successful in increasing women's participation in science and engineering; however, only a few efforts have been made to share these practices worldwide. Despite their successes, no nation has found the "magic formula" to reach gender parity. This paper highlights both exemplary and promising practices in research, programs, and policies in most regions of the world. Examples from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and North America will be highlighted. To understand the full impact of diversity initiatives, a methodological assessment needs to be conducted. A new approach to advancing gender diversity is to address it as a human resources issue to further the dialogue among broader audiences, such as national engineering societies.
Red Blood Cell Motion and Hematocrit Distribution in a Deforming Capillary

Based on the relation between the red blood cell velocity and the blood velocity of the Fahraeus effect, we analyze the motion of a red blood cell in a deforming capillary to investigate how the ventilatory induced deformation affects the transit of the red blood cell through the pulmonary capillary and changes the hematocrit discharged from the capillary. An analytical solution is also obtained for the case of an infinitesimal deformation. The numerical and analytic solutions demonstrate that the variation in discharge hematocrit is proportional to the change of pulmonary capillary blood volume between the time that the red cell enters and the time that it exits the capillary. We also find that this hematocrit variation could be regarded, in terms of transport, to originate from the mid-section of the capillary.
HEMIPARASITES GENERATE ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY AND ENHANCE SPECIES COEXISTENCE IN SALT MARSHES

Tidal inundation and salinity are considered to be controlling factors in salt marsh species distributions. Parasitic plants may also influence community organization as parasite-host interactions may play a functional role in stress amelioration due to physiological mechanisms for salinity tolerance and resource acquisition. Endangered root hemiparasites (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. palustris and Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis) occupy unique habitat within fragmented northern California tidal wetlands. My objective was to examine the effects of these root hemiparasites on soil salinity, aeration, and community composition. I compared experimentally established bare patches, shaded and unshaded, and parasite removal patches to controls with hemiparasites across intertidal elevation gradients. Plant community composition, soil salinity, and redox potential were measured as response variables. In this field removal experiment, I demonstrated that parasite-host associations can enhance the amelioration of physical stress conditions in the salt marsh exceeding the passive role of shading by vegetation. Consumer-driven reduction of physical stress resulted in increased plant species richness, and the effect was most pronounced with elevated salinity and hypoxia stress. Although previous studies have demonstrated that removal of dominant plant biomass by herbivores can increase physical stress in salt marshes, this is one of the first examples of a positive indirect effect of a consumer on community diversity through physical stress relief. Greater understanding of biological interactions coupled with abiotic factors may improve rare plant conservation and salt marsh restoration success.
Wayfinding in libraries

In recent years, librarians, as a profession, have attempted to identify individual users' needs. Librarians in the past have served their communities with people, rather than the storage of books and materials, as their top priority; however, in library and information science literature, user‐centered theory is new. It offers a psychological/sociological depth that the practical literature, as late as 1990, fails to touch.
Changes in MIF and thyroxine, in a clinically relevant large animal model of sepsis

Critically ill patients often have abnormally low plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations even in the absence of thyroidal illnesses, with the lowest T4 values being observed in patients (particularly older individuals) with sepsis. Staphylococcal infection of the lung is the most common presentation of sepsis in the medical ICU setting, and is associated with a much higher mortality in older individuals than in younger. In studies where the lungs of rats are challenged with staphylococcal components lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan, we have noted negative correlations between plasma MIF and T4.
Costs and Benefits of Defying the Crowd in Science.

Abstract Scientists, mirroring the societies in which they live, have devised numerous ways of rewarding conformity and punishing defiance. Some of the mechanisms are reviewed. Scientists who defy the crowd can gain extrinsic reinforcement, but often from sources that promote irresponsibility on the part of these scientists. For the most part. Arthur Jensen has spent his career in defiance of the scientific crowd. Some of this work has made an outstanding contribution to the science of intelligence, other work, I believe, has been regressive. What kind of system might appropriately reward that work which has made a contribution?
The Paired Box-8/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Oncogene in Thyroid Tumorigenesis

The American Cancer Society estimates 30,180 new cases of thyroid cancer in the United States in 2006. Of all thyroid cancers, 15-20% are follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), making this the second most common thyroid malignancy (after papillary carcinoma). A proportion of FTC has been found to be associated with a chromosomal translocation, t (2, 3)(q13;p25), which fuses the thyroid-specific transcription factor paired box-8 with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma nuclear receptor, a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor. This fusion event causes expression of a paired box-8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma fusion protein (PPFP). PPFP is detected in approximately 30% of FTC. In this report we review data on the role of PPFP in FTC, its mechanism of oncogenesis, and PPFP targeting as a strategy in thyroid cancer treatment.
The Role of Policy Attributes in the Diffusion of Innovations

Studies of policy diffusion have given insufficient attention to the role that characteristics of the policies themselves play in determining the speed of policy diffusion and the mechanisms through which diffusion occurs. We adopt Everett Rogers’ (1983, 2004) attribute typology from the diffusion of innovations literature and apply it to a sample of 27 policy innovations from the sphere of criminal justice policy in the U.S. states between 1973 and 2002. We find that policy attributes, ranging from the relative advantage of the policy over its predecessors to its complexity to its compatibility with past practices, affect the likelihood of adoption. Furthermore, policy attributes shape the extent to which spatial adoption patterns and learning mechanisms are relevant to the policy’s diffusion.
Assessment of metal halide lamp for the illumination of LCD-based projection display

Apparatus consists of a short-arc metal halide lamp and a dichroic mirror in parabolic-like shape has been widely employed in portable projection TV (PTV) as the light source to illuminate liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. Advantages include high luminous efficacy, near-daylight color temperature, and superior color rendering index. At MRL or ITRI we have successfully developed such light sources of 150 W input power, using Dy-Nd-Cs iodides in appropriate amount. Nominal efficiency exceeds 73 lm/w with color temperature of 6500 K. Higher efficiency better than 80 lm/w was possible at the cost of color temperature. Continuous lifetime test has been conducted for 3000 hours, compared to effective `ON' history in ON/OFF start-ups longer than 2300 hours. Luminous decay in the ON/OFF test was observed lower than 35%. A 70% reduction of the initial value is estimated around 2000 hours, better than most of the commercial counterparts. Quality of image in display is improved by matching illumination spectrum to the characteristics of flat panel devices. Monochromes after being projected are compared using (u,v) coordinates against NTSC data. Computer simulation was integrated to resolve the brightness distribution on a 3.6-inch (diagonal) LCD panel, with which lamp fixture was precisely determined. Know-hows leading to more favorable PTV systems lie in the combination of lamp spectra and color filters that comprises of the core interests in lamp assessment.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Overcoming Interpersonal Offenses: Is Forgiveness the Only Way to Deal With Unforgiveness?

Almost everyone is unforgiving at times. Many people seek to deal with the revenge and avoidance of unforgiveness by forgiving. The authors explore potential predictors of unforgiveness and forgiveness for a specific offense in 91 undergraduates. Positive feelings of forgiveness were uniquely predicted by dispositional forgivingness and by the participants' deliberate attempt to forgive the offense. Different patterns of predictors suggest that unforgiveness and forgiveness are not necessarily reciprocally related. This implies that interventions might be developed to reduce unforgiveness without attempting to promote forgiveness. This may be crucial in situations where forgiveness is not desirable.
The Gastric Hunger Mechanism. II. The Effect of Diet.

Conclusions(1) The response of the stomach to Insulin hypo-glucemia by hypermotility is dependent upon the presence in the diet of a sufficient amount of a yeast or vegetable factor, probably vitamin B. (2) A diet lacking this factor increases the resistance of the animal to the hypoglucemic effects of insulin, and to the convulsive effects of hypoglucemia. (3) The observation of Simici, Guirea and Dimitriu,' that insulin injected intravenously depresses the stomach of man, is confirmed for the dog.
A SMOKER'S PARADOX IN HEART TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS: FINDINGS FROM THE NATIONWIDE INPATIENT SAMPLE 2003-2010

Paradoxical association of smoking and in-hospital mortality among heart failure patients is well known. We aimed to ascertain the relationship between smoking and clinical outcomes among heart transplant recipients from a national database. Of 13,961 heart transplant recipients within the
Combined effects of nitric oxide and oxygen during acute pulmonary vasodilator testing

Abstract OBJECTIVES We compared the ability of inhaled nitric oxide (NO), oxygen (O 2 ) and nitric oxide in oxygen (NO+O 2 ) to identify reactive pulmonary vasculature in pulmonary hypertensive patients during acute vasodilator testing at cardiac catheterization. BACKGROUND In patients with pulmonary hypertension, decisions regarding suitability for corrective surgery, transplantation and assessment of long-term prognosis are based on results obtained during acute pulmonary vasodilator testing. METHODS In group 1, 46 patients had hemodynamic measurements in room air (RA), 100% O 2 , return to RA and NO (80 parts per million [ppm] in RA). In group 2, 25 additional patients were studied in RA, 100% O 2 and 80 ppm NO in oxygen (NO+O 2 ). RESULTS In group 1, O 2 decreased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (mean ± SEM) from 17.2 ± 2.1 U·m 2 to 11.1 ± 1.5 U·m 2 (p 2 to 11.7 ± 1.7 U·m 2 (p 2 to 14.3 ± 1.9 U·m 2 in O 2 (p 2 in NO+O 2 (p 2 compared with 16/25 in O 2 alone (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Inhaled NO and O 2 produced a similar degree of selective pulmonary vasodilation. Our data suggest that combination testing with NO+O 2 provides additional pulmonary vasodilation in patients with a reactive pulmonary vascular bed in a selective, safe and expeditious fashion during cardiac catheterization. The combination of NO+O 2 identifies patients with significant pulmonary vasoreactivity who might not be recognized if O 2 or NO were used separately.
Broadband klystron input and output cavities

A report is given on a method of design of individually broad-banded input and output circuits for use on an experimental broad-band klystron. Multiple-cavity filter design techniques are applied to achieve a bandwidth of seven percent in L-band. The input circuit is comprised of a low Q coaxial cavity tightly coupled to the input cavity. It has a double humped response of ± one db amplitude variation across the band. The output circuit consists of three direct-coupled synchronously tuned cavities and produces a triple-peaked response with less than ± 0.5 db variation in the band. A refined cold-test procedure, using simulated beam loading in the output interaction gap, insures a proper impedance match between beam and load. An output coupler of this type has been used on a tube of known characteristics and hot test data indicate no degradation of efficiency compared to a tunable output cavity. The output power response of the output coupler agree within ± 0.3 db.
Hydrogen autoignition in a turbulent jet with preheated co-flow air

The autoignition of hydrogen in a turbulent jet with preheated air is studied computationally using the stand-alone one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model. The simulations are based on varying the jet Reynolds number and the mixture pressure. Also, computations are carried out for homogeneous autoignition at different mixture fractions and the same two pressure conditions considered for the jet simulations. The simulations show that autoignition is delayed in the jet configuration relative to the earliest autoignition events in homogeneous mixtures. This delay is primarily due to the presence of scalar dissipation associated with the scalar mixing layer in the jet configuration as well as with the presence of turbulent stirring. Turbulence plays additional roles in the subsequent stages of the autoignition process. Pressure effects also are present during the autoignition process and the subsequent high-temperature combustion stages. These effects may be attributed primarily to the sensitivity of the autoignition delay time to the mixture conditions and the role of pressure and air preheating on molecular transport properties. The overall trends are such that turbulence increases autoignition delay times and accordingly the ignition length and pressure further contribute to this delay.
Comparison of gluteal and hamstring activation during five commonly used plyometric exercises

Abstract Background Anterior cruciate ligament injuries occur frequently in athletics, and anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs may decrease injury risk. However, previous prevention programs that include plyometrics use a variety of exercises with little justification of exercise inclusion. Because gluteal and hamstring activation is thought to be important for preventing knee injuries, the purpose of this study was to determine which commonly used plyometric exercises produce the greatest activation of the gluteals and hamstrings. Methods EMG (Electromyography) amplitudes of the hamstring and gluteal muscles during preparatory and loading phases of landing were recorded in 41 subjects during 5 commonly used plyometric exercises. Repeated measures ANOVAs (Analysis of Variance) were used on 36 subjects to examine differences in muscle activation. Findings Differences in hamstring (P Interpretation Single-leg sagittal plane hurdle hops may be the most effective exercise to activate the gluteals and hamstrings and may be important to include in anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs, given the importance of these muscles for limiting valgus loading of the knee. Because 180° jumps do not produce greater gluteal and hamstring activation than other plyometric exercises, their removal from injury prevention programs may be warranted without affecting program efficacy.
Fractionation of fats, oils, and waxes on thin layers of silicic acid

Adsorption chromatography on thin layers of silicic acid or alumina provides a new and highly efficient analytical tool for the rapid separation of lipids according to classes of compounds.
Competing technologies, the learning curve, and rational expectations

Abstract The problem of choice between several variants of a technology subject to dynamic learning economies is examined in a rational expectations model with overlapping adopters. It is shown that even with rational expectations, the long-term market outcome depends sensitively on the pattern of early chance events, and that only one variant of the technology will come to dominate the market in the long run. This variant need not be the one which is socially optimal or most promising technically.
Abstract 5487: Anti-proliferative, apoptotic and immunological effects of ganoderic acid DM on prostate cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Natural extracts have been the focus of recent investigation in the design of novel chemotherapeutics. One potential natural therapeutic agent is ganoderic acid DM (GA-DM), an extract from the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom previously shown to inhibit 5-α-reductase activity and prevent binding of dihydrotestosterone to the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Studies in our laboratory used nonradioactive cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays to investigate GA-DM's effect on both androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer cell lines, revealing dose dependent killing and inhibition of proliferation by this natural extract. Microscopic analysis using Hoechst staining showed DNA breakdown consisted with apoptosis in GA-DM-treated prostate cancer cells. Annexin V staining confirmed low levels of apoptotic cell death when treated with GA-DM. Western blotting and biochemical analysis revealed that GA-DM induced apoptotic cell death that was independent of caspase activation, cytochrome c release, and Bax induction. Further investigation showed that GA-DM treatment activated HLA protein expression, implying some immunological involvement contributing to GA-DM-induced cell death. This study outlines a novel mechanism of GA-DM-induced inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis and immune components in both androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer cells, the implications of which support GA-DM's potential use in multimodal chemoimmunotherapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5487. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5487
Assessing the impacts of nuclear desalination and geoengineering to address China's water shortages

Abstract Critical assessment of mega-projects is emerging as a much-needed discipline in an era when, in many places, resource demands exceed environmental capacity. This techno-economic study, using the Desalination Economic Evaluation Program developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency, shows that by 2030, China will have the capacity to produce 23.1 billion m 3 of water annually, at $0.86/m 3 , as a co-product of electricity generation through nuclear power, provided that the country favors desalination over water diversion. We calculate that the resulting water production and supply chain needed to eradicate absolute scarcity for 0.16 billion people will cost between $0.99/m 3 and $1.79/m 3 , and we prove that this will be affordable, even for the poorest inhabitants. We then compare both coal and nuclear desalination with the currently planned South–North Water Transfer Mega-Project and show that, while the short-run cost of water diversion is lower, critical vulnerabilities and future resource demands favor nuclear desalination.
Access to Information on the Web

Y. Poumay's letter of 22 May, (p. [1173][1]) raises an important and often discussed question about the persistence of scientific and technical information on the World Wide Web. What is often forgotten is that one of the early motivations for developing the Web was to provide easy access to
Use of Acid‐Insoluble Ash as a Marker in Absorption Efficiency Studies with the Lemon Shark

Abstract The suitability of acid-insoluble ash as a marker in digestive efficiency studies with the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) was investigated. Acid-insoluble ash concentration in the experimental diet was increased by adding celite (diatomaceous earth). Acid-insoluble ash was palatable to test animals, mixed homogeneously within the experimental diet, could be easily and precisely quantified in feces and food, and was not produced by lemon sharks. However, acid-insoluble ash content in feces was significantly lower during the first 24 h of fecal production than during subsequent collection periods, and the marker may not have remained uniformly mixed in digesta. Differential passage rates for this marker and food may influence estimates of absorption efficiency. Passage rate of acid-insoluble ash should be investigated in future studies of digestive efficiency when this marker is used.
The optical properties of a polyetherimide

The optical properties of polyetherimide resin as described by the complex index of refraction, N = n - ik, are derived by Kramers-Kronig analysis of experimental absorption and reflectance data obtained in the range 40 μm ≥ λ ≥105 nm. Potential uses of this polymer as a printed circuit board material and as a packaging medium for microelectronic circuitry and the relevance of optical data in laser-assisted processing schemes used in these and other applications are briefly discussed.