cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High dose rate electron beam irradiation of heavy alkanes in a multi-phase flow system

Abstract A high energy electron beam (10 MeV, LINAC) was used to irradiate mineral oils in a continuous flow system to study radiation effect on large alkane hydrocarbons at constant temperatures (80 and 150 °C). Oil flows down an open channel with methane or helium bubbling from the bottom. The gas mixes with the oil but also may be reactive. Oil was irradiated with about 300–500 kGy by passing 20–30 times down the channel at 18–24 kGy per pass. Analysis by GC-FID showed 7–12% conversion in treated samples and about 60–70% product selectivity to light hydrocarbons right after the irradiation experiment. Stability of products was tested after two years and showed reduced conversion to light products. Selectivity to light products was nearly 100% and dropped to 72% after two years in sample treated with methane. Initially 63%, after aging product selectivity to lights became 46% in sample irradiated at higher temperature and reduced from 62% to 18% in sample irradiated at lower temperature. Overall conversion yields in the flow system are 4–7 molecules/100 eV higher than typical literature values for batch processing of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Irradiation with methane had higher yields and higher selectivity to lighter products compared to helium. Product selectivity to light products is 72% after two years and total yield to lights is 4.4 molecules/100 eV. Methane gas led to higher yield with no viscosity change. Product instability may cause significant economics loss in irradiation upgrading of heavy oils and needs to be addressed.
Predictive 'biomarker piggybacking': an examination of reflexive pan-cancer screening with pan-TRK immunohistochemistry.

AIMS Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK)-targeted therapies represent an important therapeutic option for patients with advanced solid tumours harbouring neurotrophin receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions. However, NTRK fusions are rare in common adult carcinomas, and systematic approaches to screening for these alterations are lacking. Pan-TRK immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been proposed as one method to screen for NTRK fusion-positive tumours. Reflexive testing strategies have been endorsed for several IHC-based biomarkers, and thus offer a convenient and low-cost entry point to incorporate pan-TRK screening. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, 447 consecutive cases of adult solid tumours undergoing mismatch repair (MMR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and/or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) testing were prospectively stained with pan-TRK IHC. Four cases (0.9%) were pan-TRK positive, including three (1.3% of 223) colonic adenocarcinomas, two of which were MMR-deficient and one (1.4% of 71) was gastroesophageal carcinoma. None of 108 non-small cell lung carcinomas showed pan-TRK expression. NTRK gene fusion was confirmed by DNA sequencing in one MMR-deficient colonic adenocarcinoma. In one MMR-deficient tumour, an alternative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) driver was identified. In the oesophageal (squamous cell) carcinoma, RNA sequencing identified relative NTRK2 transcript overexpression in the absence of a fusion. In one MMR-proficient colonic adenocarcinoma, no MAPK drivers were identified; therefore, a falsely negative sequencing result was favored. None of the patients met clinical criteria for TRK-targeted therapy. CONCLUSION The clinical impact of pan-TRK IHC 'piggybacking' on existing reflexive testing strategies in surgical pathology appears negligible. Carcinomas may rarely show high-level pan-TRK expression in the absence of an underlying NTRK fusion event.
Acquired methemoglobinemia: A systematic review of reported cases.

INTRODUCTION Acquired methemoglobinemia may cause cyanosis and tissue ischemia unresponsive to oxygen supplementation. METHODS We performed a literature search to identify cases of acquired methemoglobinemia published between 1980 and 2020. Clinical, diagnostic, and treatment details were extracted from eligible cases. RESULTS A total of 76 reports involving 87 cases were analyzed. The median age at presentation was 32.5 with male to female ratio of 1.6. Cyanosis and SpO2 1 was not universally present, but always coincided with an [SaO2-SpO2] delta value greater than zero. CONCLUSIONS Cyanosis and hypoxemia were not universal findings of acquired methemoglobinemia in our series. In addition, not all patients had cyanosis at MetHb ≥ 1.5 g/dL or an SaO2:SpO2 ratio of >1. All those with an SaO2:SpO2 >1 did, however, have a delta value greater than zero - a finding not previously reported which we feel holds diagnostic value.
Skewness Preference: Specialized Knowledge, Preference for Lotteries, or Deviations from Rational Expectations Equilibriums?

Suppose Rational Expectations Equilibriums (REE) that are inferred at time t materialize at time t+1. This study provides formal theoretical and empirical evidence that performance effects of skewness preference simultaneously can be evidence for demonstrations of full rationality (expertise), or acceptance of gambles on huge payoffs that have low probabilities of occurrence (preference for lotteries). In presence of incidence of unanticipated realizations of market frictions, market imperfections, or behaviors of alternate economic agents that induce deviations, at time t+1, from REE that are inferred at time t, a strictly concave relation between performance and skewness preference is consistent with investor rationality. A novel result is the finding that skewness preference induces largest benefits for portfolio performance in context of portfolios that are indicative of presence of some specialized knowledge, but yet are relatively diversified. Totality of study findings demonstrates skewness preference is not necessarily evidence for behavioral biases, trade-offs with risk aversion, preference for lotteries, or irrational exuberance; show skewness preference can, in entirety be fully rational, yet in presence of deviations from REE, appear to be less than fully rational.
THE FINER STRUCTURE OF THE MITOTIC APPARATUS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mitotic apparatus as a whole. As the cell enters mitosis, and proceeds through mitosis, several structures interplay in an orderly way and their collective expression is the mitotic apparatus. The chapter discusses the problems of the mitotic apparatus at two levels: (1) its assembly, organization, and disassembly as a large body, which is not seen in cells that are not dividing and represents a considerable volume of the cell when they are dividing, and (2) its very specific operations in engaging and moving the chromosomes with astounding precision. Conventional representations of typical mitosis in animal cells show a double system of polarized fibers: continuous fibers runningfrom centriole t o centriole and chromosomal fibers running from kinetochores t o centrioles. During anaphase, the chromosomal fibers are represented as shortening as sister chromosomes separate, leaving at the equator an interzonal region. T h e pole-to-pole fibers are represented as elongating in conjunction with the elongation of the spindle, which takes place either during or after chromosome-to-pole movement .
Vector Conditional Simulation

The Turning Bands Method, introduced by G. Matheron, produces conditional simulations of a random function defined in n-space. There are difficulties which make it less attractive for simulations in 2-space and for the the extension to the vector or co-regionalization case. The difficulties are both theoretical and computational. The decomposition of the covariance matrix method introduced more recently by M. Davis and F. Alabert is essentially independent of the dimension of the space and results in a straight forward extension to the vector case by using the general formulation of cokriging given by Myers. As an alternative to the Cholesky decomposition, Davis proposed using a minimax polynomial approximation to the square root. The robustness of the simulation algorithm is examined with respect to the approximations for both the univariate and the vector form. Numerical results are given.
H∞-Optimization and System Reduction for MIMO Systems

In this chapter, we study the general theory of H ∞-optimization and problems on systems reduction for discrete-time MIMO linear systems. In Chap. 4, we have discussed the so-called AAK approach for SISO systems. The matrix-valued analog of AAK’s theorem in the study of MIMO systems differs from the SISO setting in that the Hankel matrix Г H corresponding to the matrix-valued proper rational transfer function $$H(z) = H_0 + H_1 z^{ - 1} + H_2 z^{ - 2} + \cdots$$ is a (finite-rank) infinite block-Hankel matrix of the form $$\Gamma _{^H } = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c}{H_1 } & {H_2 } & {H_3 } & \cdots \\ {H_2 } & {H_3 } & \cdots & \cdots \\ {H_3 } & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ \end{array} } \right],$$ see (2.15) and (2.23).
Liposome-Mediated Combinatorial Cytokine Gene Therapy Induces Localized Synergistic Immunosuppression and Promotes Long-Term Survival of Cardiac Allografts

Localized gene transfer has the potential to introduce immunosuppressive molecules only into the transplanted allograft, which would limit systemic side effects, and prolong allograft survival. However, an applicable gene transfer strategy is not available, and the feasible therapeutic gene(s) has not yet been determined. We developed an ex vivo liposome-mediated gene therapy strategy that is able to intracoronary deliver the combination of IL-4 and IL-10 cDNA expression vectors to the allograft simultaneously. We examined the efficiency, efficacy, and cardiac adverse effects of this combinatorial gene therapy protocol using a rabbit functional cervical heterotopic heart transplant model. Although the efficiency was moderate, the expression of both transgenes was long lasting and localized only in the target organ. The mean survival of cardiac allograft was prolonged from 7 to >100 days. Synergism of overexpressed IL-4 and IL-10 in the inhibition of T lymphocyte infiltration and cytoxicity, and modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine production promote long-term survival of cardiac allografts.
Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag

* Preface * Acknowledgments * Part One: Groundings * Chapter 1: Elements * Chapter 2: Social Histories: The Weight of France in Martinique * Part Two: Frameworks * Chapter 3: Cultural Economies: Relating Social Values to Economic Theory in Martinique * Chapter 4: Afro-Caribbean Identities: Postcolonial Tensions and Martinique's Creole Debrouillard * Part Three: Practices * Chapter 5: Adaptations of Cunning: The Changing Forms of Debrouillardism * Chapter 6: Opportunism by Class: The Profit and Status of Undeclared Work * Chapter 7: Women, Men, and Economic Practice: Different Routes to Autonomy and Status * Epilogue: Imagining the Future of Creole Economics * Notes * Glossary * References Cited * Index
Protective immunity by intramuscular injection of low doses of influenza virus DNA vaccines.

Dose-response relationships were investigated between dose of influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) or nucleoprotein (NP) DNA vaccines, and immunogenicity and protective efficacy based on humoral and cellular immunity. In mice, intramuscular (i.m.) injection of HA or NP DNA, at doses of 100 ng to 1 microgram, was found to generate haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, respectively, and provide protection in influenza virus challenge models. A direct correlation between the amount of DNA injected and the level of HI antibody was observed. In non-human primates, high-titre neutralizing antibodies were induced in animals vaccinated with as little as 10 micrograms of HA DNA. These results indicate that low doses of DNA administered by i.m. injection provide protective efficacy against influenza.
Androgen regulation of signaling pathways in late fetal mouse lung development.

During lung development there is tension between positive and negative regulators of fibroblast-epithelial communication controlling type II cell differentiation. A clinical consequence of imbalance of this tension is the increased risk for respiratory distress syndrome in male infants. We hypothesized that chronic intrauterine androgen exposure alters fetal lung fibroblast maturation by down-regulating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) activity and by up-regulating transforming growth factor-β receptor (TGFβ-R) activity, leading to an inhibition of surfactant protein B (SP-B) and -C (SP-C) gene expression in type II cells. We treated pregnant mice with dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 2 mg/day) or vehicle for 7 days, starting on gestational day 11. On day 18, EGF binding, EGF-R phosphorylation, TGFβ-R binding, and TGFβ1-induced cell proliferation were studied in sex-specific fibroblast cultures. SP-B and -C messenger RNA levels were measured in whole lungs. Chronic DHT treatment reduced both EGF binding ...
A Haptic Enabled UML Case Tool

This paper describes a haptic enabled UML CASE tool that enables software engineering developers to physically manipulate and touch the UML modeling elements and feel the force feedback. We propose an architecture and a software design for the tool. The current implementation of the tool uses the Omni Phantom device, a quite common haptic interface among the haptic research community. The CASE tool, from a user perspective, consists of three parts: a drawing area, a palette, and a tool bar. Our preliminary usability study demonstrated the potential of adding the haptic modality to UML development tools.
RMATRX-ION - a program to calculate electron and positron impact ionization within the R-matrix method

Abstract An extension of the standard non-relativistic R-matrix codes is presented which allows for the calculation of total and single differential (with regard to energy loss) electron and positron impact ionization cross sections of atoms and ions. The method uses distorted waves for a “fast” ionizing projectile and an R-matrix (close-coupling) expansion for the “slow” ejected electron. Exchange between outgoing electrons (for electron impact ionization) and positronium formation (for positron impact ionization) is neglected.
Ion focus via microchannels in spherical inertial-electrostatic confinement and its pulsed experiment results

Spherical inertial-electrostatic confinement fusion (IEC) uses spherical electric potential for accelerating and confining ion particles for nuclear fusion reactions. The U. of Il. device consists of two spherical concentric electrodes. The vacuum vessel wall serves as the outer electrode, and the inner electrode is a 85% transparent cathode-grid which is used to accelerate ions extracted from a plasma discharge formed between the wall and grid. Current experiments at the U. of Il. Measured the confining potential well while steady-state D-D fusion reaction rates of 10/sup 6/ reactions/sec have been achieved. At this level, the device already offers an attractive fusion neutron source for diagnostic applications. The current research described here is intended to increase the source strength, hence provide opportunity for new applications. To further increase the neutron yield, theoretical investigations have indicated a nonlinear neutron yield scaling at high current. Unfortunately, electrode heating has limited the current to only 10's mA in steady-state operation. Pulsed experiments are now being explored to increase the current to higher levels while maintaining an average input power compatible with grid heating. In the paper, we describe the high current pulsed experiment results combined with the effect of microchannels on ion focusing. The implications of this results for higher power-density experiments are also presented.
3D flash ladar at Raytheon

Raytheon has recently been funded by DARPA to develop an FPA for single shot eyesafe ladar operation. The goal of the program is to develop new high speed imaging rays to rapidly acquire high resolution, 3D images of tactical targets at ranges as long as 7 to 10 kilometers. This would provide precision strike, target identification from rapidly moving platforms, such as air-to-ground seekers, which would enhance counter-counter measure performance and the ability to lock-on after launch. Also a goal is to demonstrate the acquisition of hidden, camouflaged and partially obscured targets. Raytheon's approach consists of using HgCdTe APD arrays which offer unique advantages for high performance eyesafe LADAR sensors. These include: eyesafe operation at room temperature, low excess noise, high gain to overcome thermal and preamp noise, Ghz bandwidth and high packing density. The detector array will be coupled with a Readout Integrated Circuit, that will capture all the information required for accurate range determination. The two components encompass a hybrid imaging array consisting of two IC circuit chips vertically integrated via an array of indium metal 'bumps'. The chip containing the PAD detector array and the silicon signal processing readout chip are independently optimized to provide the highest possible performance for each function.
NIST and Computer Security

The US National Institute of Standards and Technology's highly visible work in four key areas--cryptographic standards, role-based access control, identification card standards, and security automation--has and continues to shape computer and information security at both national and global levels. This article is part of a special issue on NIST contributions to IT.
Isolation of the lymphocytosis promoting factor-haemagglutinin of Bordetella pertussis by affinity chromatography.

Abstract The lymphocytosis promoting factor-haemagglutinin of Bordetella pertussis was isolated from solutions obtained after cell disintegration by a novel affinity chromatographic method using an adsorbent composed of human haptoglobin covalently attached to a Sepharose 4B matrix. The haemagglutinin was bound to the adsorbent at pH 6.5 and eluted by a stepwise change to a pH 10 buffer. A 300–600-fold purification of the haemagglutinin was achieved by this one-step process. The chemical and biological properties of the haemagglutinin isolated by affinity chromatography were found to be similar to those of the protein isolated by other workers from culture supernatants. The affinity chromatographic method was found to be specific for the purification of the lymphocytosis promoting factor-haemagglutinin and no purification of the fimbrial-haemagglutinin of Bordetella pertussis was achieved by the method.
Optical design and analysis program

An optical design and analysis program structured for operation on a minicomputer has been developed at NRC (National Research Council of Canada). It has been designed to be used interactively giving the user both flexibility and ease of operation. The computer on which it runs at present is a Digital PDP11 with a memory of around 28K, and this represents a great saving in computer costs when compared with those of a large computer upon which most lens design work is carried out. This program has capabilities for optimizing a lens system, for pupil exploration, for fitting the computed wavefront aberration to a polynomial, and for evaluating the diffraction optical transfer function. Although only ten finite rays are traced in the optimization routine, the aberrations computed, together with the Seidel aberrations obtained from the paraxial ray trace, provide the user with adequate control of the aberrations over both aperture and field. A Double Gauss and a Maksutov-Cassegrain system are used as practical examples to illustrate this.
Sorting out light

When light beams become mixed up, can we sort them out again? Some cases are easy. The light from two flashlights on the other side of a room overlaps when it reaches us, but the lens in our eye separates them again as it constructs an image. By turning the flashlights on and off, we could also communicate two independent, spatial channels of information to different detectors at the back of our eyes.
Macroscopic simulations of microtubule dynamics predict two steady-state processes governing array morphology

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? Monte Carlo simulations of microtubule dynamics with templated nucleation. ? Nucleation and polymer extinction form a second, interdependent steady state process in the array. ? Survey of microtubule dynamics parameter shifts shows sensitivity to catastrophe frequency. ? Starting subunit concentration and cell border show significant effects on array morphology. Microtubule polymers typically function through their collective organization into a patterned array. The formation of the pattern, whether it is a relatively simple astral array or a highly complex mitotic spindle, relies on controlled microtubule nucleation and the basal dynamics parameters governing polymer growth and shortening. We have investigated the interaction between the microtubule nucleation and dynamics parameters, using macroscopic Monte Carlo simulations, to determine how these parameters contribute to the underlying microtubule array morphology (i.e. polymer density and length distribution). In addition to the well-characterized steady state achieved between free tubulin subunits and microtubule polymer, we propose that microtubule nucleation and extinction constitute a second, interdependent steady state process. Our simulation studies show that the magnitude of both nucleation and extinction additively impacts the final steady state free subunit concentration. We systematically varied individual microtubule dynamics parameters to survey the effects on array morphology and find specific sensitivity to perturbations of catastrophe frequency. Altering the cellular context for the microtubule array, we find that nucleation template number plays a defining role in shaping the microtubule length distribution and polymer density.
2: Evaluating Parental Effects on Child Development:

Rapid change in social conditions, in housing customs, recreations, social mores . . . makes a demand upon parents for a philosophy and methods based on today, (NSSE Yearbook, p. 67) [while] The community, examining the child at the close of his preschool and most fundamental years, and finding him wanting, consistently lays the responsibility for this lack at the door of the home, [and], further, demands that the home remedy the situation. Forest (1927), p. 231
Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of the irritable bowel syndrome

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex disorder that is associated with altered gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and sensation. Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter and paracrine signalling molecule in the gastrointestinal tract. 5-HT release from enterochromaffin (EC) cells initiates peristaltic, secretory, vasodilatory, vagal and nociceptive reflexes. The enteric nervous system (ENS) comprises a semiautonomous effector system that is connected to the central autonomic network. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves modulate the ENS via afferent and efferent communications. Ongoing, bidirectional brain-gut interactions involving 5-HT pathways occur that significantly influence the effector systems. Altered 5-HT signalling may lead to both intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in IBS. 5-HT directly and indirectly affects intestinal motor and secretory function and abnormalities may lead to either constipation or diarrhea. 5-HT modulates sensation and perception of visceral stimulation at peripheral and central sites. Therapeutic agents targeting altered 5-HT signalling may provide new, effective treatments for patients with IBS.
Copernicus Published as He Perished

Nicholas Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, yet his great work Revolutions was only published in March 1543, two months before he died.
Effects of various compounds on growth of yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum.

A number of compounds were screened for their effects on growth of the yeast cells ofHistoplasma capsulatum. Included were penicillin and related compounds, sulfhydryl inhibitors, various organic sulfur compounds recently synthesized for the first time, and compounds structurally related to the required metabolites, thiamine and cystine or cysteine. Cephalothin was the only one of the penicillin related compounds which inhibited growth. This occurred only when a high concentration (8.3 × 10−4 M) was used. Of the analogues of cystine tested, allylglycine had the greatest inhibitory effect on growth of the yeast cells in the synthetic medium, but it failed to inhibit growth in a complex medium containing peptones and plasma. Among the sulfhydryl inhibitors, the maleimides were the most effective, producing complete inhibition of growth in the peptone medium at 10µg/ml or less. At subinhibitory concentrations the cultures tended to become mycelial. The action of the maleimides was reversed by cystine over a range of concentrations. At low concentrations, some of the disulfide derivatives of thiamine stimulated growth equally as well as thiamine, but at concentrations of 100 to 150µg/ml, they completely inhibited growth. On the basis of results obtained to date, three classes of the new organic sulfur compounds being tested offer promise as sources of potentially useful chemotherapeutic agents. These classes, which differ widely in structure, are as follows: the benzyl decylaminoethyl disulfides, the acyl disulfides, and the trithiopercarbamates.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF MODELLING OF WAVE MOTION IN LAYER-BASED ELASTIC MEDIA

This paper aims to provide some observations on the merits and disadvantages of Cartesian and cylindrical co-ordinate representations (CaCR and CyCR) in modelling of wave propagation in layer-based elastic media and its engineering applications. The observations focus on (1) difference and consistency in solution procedure for wave motion in layer-based elastic media, (2) identification of its fundamental properties, (3) computational efficiency in relation to wave motion synthetics/simulation, and (4) basis for the applications to stochastic wave motion modelling associated with uncertainty in complex medium structure as well as source mechanism. Specifically, modelling of earthquake wave motion in a layer-based elastic half-space is used for illustration. As a foundation for the investigation, CaCR and CyCR for three-dimensional (3-D) wave motion are first constructed in a concise and consistent form. Consequently, some basic characteristics of 3-D wave motion in layered media (e.g., various surface waves) can then be identified in a unified form for the aforementioned different co-ordinate representations. More importantly, the succinct representations for 3-D wave motion provide a stepping stone for further study on wave motion modelling with uncertainty in the Earth medium and source mechanism. These and the other pertinent issues will be investigated in this study from the viewpoint of systematic computer code development and computational efficiency, which is substantial to practical engineering applications.
The principles of obtaining occlusion in occlusal rehabilitation

Abstract The unit area concept in the application of fundamental principles in occlusal rehabilitation provides a good practical approach to restorative treatment. Since the total treatment can be extended over a long period of time while masticatory comfort is being maintained for the patient, an opportunity to observe tissue reaction in the restored region is provided and economic benefits are realized (Fig. 4). Finally, this procedure of restoration may be adapted to the established routines of practice without interfering with appointment scheduling.
Kinetic Analysis of Penicillin Degradation in Acidic Media

Degradation of penicillin in acidic media (pH 2.7) was monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography and UV spectroscopy. The effects of temperature, buffer concentration, and ionic strength were examined. A degradation pathway is proposed, and the apparent first-order rate constant and energy of activation were calculated for each reaction. One or more degradation products containing a sulfhydryl group, a functional group often suggested as having a major role in eliciting allergic responses to penicillin therapy, were present throughout the degradation scheme.
Co-existence of paradigms as a manufacturing management strategy

Abstract In manufacturing management, Goldratt [1] identifies a core conflict between managing according to the cost world (CW) and the throughput world (TW) paradigms. He demonstrates that this conflict is eliminated if operations are managed solely according to the TW paradigm. A current reality tree (CRT) is created for a generic manufacturing system that reflects the chaos associated with managing according to both paradigms. Next, a future reality tree (FRT) is created to ascertain the effect of removing the policies derived from the CW paradigm in reversing the undesirable effects and eliminating the systemic chaos. Although the system is found to be stable as predicted under various simulation runs, chaos returns if the system disturbances are greater than management’s ability to deal with them. A new FRT is then created with both paradigms present and stability returns if TW-derived policies are permitted to take precedence over any corresponding CW-derived policies.
The Role of Water in Gas Hydrate Dissociation

When raised to temperatures above the ice melting point, gas hydrates release their gas in well-defined, reproducible events that occur within self-maintained temperature ranges slightly below the ice point. This behavior is observed for structure I (carbon dioxide, methane) and structure II gas hydrates (methane−ethane, and propane), including those formed with either H2O- or D2O-host frameworks, and dissociated at either ambient or elevated pressure conditions. We hypothesize that at temperatures above the H2O (or D2O) melting point: (1) hydrate dissociation produces water + gas instead of ice + gas, (2) the endothermic dissociation reaction lowers the temperature of the sample, causing the water product to freeze, (3) this phase transition buffers the sample temperatures within a narrow temperature range just below the ice point until dissociation goes to completion, and (4) the temperature depression below the pure ice melting point correlates with the average rate of dissociation and arises from sol...
Heat Loads Due to the Space Particle Environment

Abstract : Analysis of the heat load imposed upon a satellite by the energetic particle population trapped in the magnetosphere indicates that this source of heat can provide as much as 0.5 W/M-sq for short periods. During times of magnetic storms, this value can further increase by half an order of magnitude. This heat source should be considered for any space system with elements designed to run below 100 K and becomes nonnegligible for systems with passively cooled elements (radiators) designed to run below 75 K. Below 60 K, this may be a major concern in the design of the thermal system. In general, the heating due to trapped energetic particles is small in low altitude orbits, moderate in geosynchronous orbits, and severe in intermediate orbits such as the GPS orbit. Average heating in high inclination orbits is lower than in low inclination orbits. Keywords: Space cryogenics, Satellite heating, Particle heating.
The extraction of hydrochloric acid and some metal chlorides by tri-n-butoxyethyl phosphate

Abstract The physical chemistry of the extraction of HCl from aqueous solution by tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) has been studied. In addition to the conventional distribution and water content determination, physical-chemical measurements of electrical conductivity, density and viscosity of the organic layer were carried out. The results indicate the formation of a monosolvate, HCl·TBEP. The extraction of chlorides of Zn2+, In3+ and Cr3+ from aqueous hydrochloric acid into undiluted TBEP and into mixtures of TBEP and benzene has been studied using radioactive tracers. The extraction behaviour of TBEP has been compared with that of tri-n-butyl phosphate.
Acute and chronic tactile sensory testing after spinal cord injury in rats.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.
Open quantum systems with time-dependent Hamiltonians and their linear response

We give a rigorous (Hamiltonian) treatment of a quantum system weakly coupled to an infinite free reservoir and subject to an external time-dependent driving potential varying on the scale of dissipation. The linear response of the system initially in thermal equilibrium is determined and compared with the usual expressions of linear response theory.
Evidence for nonequilibrium proton emission in a low-energy heavy-ion reaction

Correlation functions for $p\ensuremath{-}p,$ $p\ensuremath{-}d,$ $p\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha},$ $d\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha},$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ were measured for the ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}{+}^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ system at a beam energy of 72 MeV. The detector array was centered at laboratory angle of $20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.$ Compared to published data obtained at larger scattering angles, an unexpected dependence on angle is seen for the $p\ensuremath{-}p$ channel. The observed anticorrelation is stronger at more forward angles, which suggests that correlation functions are sensitive to the specific reaction mechanisms producing the light-charged particles.
Diurnal pineal 3-O-sulphotransferase 2 expression controlled by β-adrenergic repression

Abstract The 3-O-sulfotransferases (3OSTs) catalyze the addition of sulfate groups at the 3-OH site of glucosamine in heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which serve as critical mediators of various biological functions. We demonstrate that the3OST2 isoform is expressed at high levels in the rat pineal specifically during the daylight hours. The dramatic diurnal rhythm of 3OST2 is regulated by central clock-controlled activities of the superior cervical ganglion, persists in constant darkness, and is inducible by light at nighttime. Importantly,3OST2 transcription is blocked by β-adrenergic agonists that activate the pineal melatonin formation and is induced by β-adrenergic antagonists, which block melatonin production in vivo. Because of the inverse expression and regulation patterns of 3OST2 with serotonin N-acetyltransferase, the enzyme controlling the melatonin rhythm in the pineal, we tested the effects of forced expression of 3OST2 in the night pineals onN-acetyltransferase gene expression and melatonin production and found that, surprisingly, 3OST2 expression at night fails to interfere with melatonin synthesis. These data suggest 3OST2 may serve a unique function in the pineal that may be independent of melatonin formation.
Explaining choice shift: An effects coded model

This study compared three competing explanations of the choice shift phenomenon in small groups: the tendency of a group to make a more extreme decision than its members have made. The explanations tested were the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis, based upon reduced individual accountability, the social comparison hypothesis, based upon prevailing cultural values, and the persuasive arguments hypothesis, based upon the provision of additional information. Results indicated no support for the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis, minimal support for the social comparison hypothesis, and strong support for the persuasive arguments hypothesis. Suggestions for future research include further attempts to differentiate the social comparison and the persuasive arguments hypotheses.
SP2: exposing ada web services using a service-oriented architecture (SOA)

This tutorial covers the principles of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) including loose coupling, encapsulation, reusability, composibility, etc. The attendee will learn about the Ada Web Server (AWS) and how SOA interfaces, session management, etc. are implemented using AWS. The tutorial will also cover the fundamentals of the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB), a key enabling component of the SOA. Attendees will learn about ESB endpoints, data routing, automatic translations, etc. They will also learn how to connect Ada web services to an ESB, how to expose the web services, and how to use AWS with the ESB through in-class exercises and demonstrations. The tutorial will be very interactive and attendees are encouraged to bring their laptop computers.
Online Ad Auctions

I describe how search engines sell ad space using an auction. I analyze advertiser behavior in this context using elementary price theory and derive a simple way to estimate the producer surplus generated by online search advertising. It appears that the estimated value of online advertising tends to be between 2 and 2.3 times advertising expenditures. JEL: D44 (Auctions), D21 (Firm Behavior)
Identification of chiral selectors from a 200-member parallel combinatorial library.

Selection of chiral selectors for the resolution of racemic N-(1-naphthyl)leucine ester 1 was studied with a 200-member parallel library prepared on polymeric synthesis resin. Through this study, the library screening procedure developed previously is improved and other pertinent issues concerning the screening process are also addressed. The equilibration time required for screening is reduced from 24 h to ∼3 h. Excellent correlation of the outcome between the resin batch equilibration experiment and chromatographic separation is further demonstrated. It is also demonstrated that selectors with separation factors as low as 1.4 could be identified by this batch screening process. In addition, a great deal of information regarding enantioselective interactions was obtained in this parallel library study. Such information should prove useful in improving future library designs.
Viral and cellular oncogene expression during progressive malignant transformation of SV40 transformed human fibroblasts

In vitro investigation of the multistep neoplastic progression which occurs during transformation of human cells has been hindered by resistance of human cells to both immortalization and tumorigenicity (Mut. Res. 199; 273, 1988). Previously our laboratory established a cell line, HSF4-T12, by transfection of normal human foreskin fibroblasts with the plasmid pSV3-neo which contains the early genes of simian virus 40 (SV40). A multistep progression in karyotypic alterations and transformed phenotype occurred resulting in a neoplastic cell line that was immortal, transformed, and tumorigenic. We have examined changes in the SV40 proteins, large T (T-antigen) and small t (t-antigen) antigens, and in the cellular protein, p53, during progressive transformation of these cells. Total viral protein expression relative to total cellular protein increased following immortalization of HSF4-T12 as did the ratio of T-antigen to t-antigen. Interestingly, no significant change in DNA content accompanied immortalization. However, during the progressive in vitro transformation of HSF4-T12 which occurred primarily post-immortalization, DNA index increased to 1.6 but only small additional increases in T-antigen expression were seen. No consistent or critical role for t-antigen in development of the tumorigenic phenotype was found in this system.
Temperature-dependent resonance Raman study of iodine-doped poly(vinyl alcohol) films

Abstract The resonance Raman spectrum of iodine-doped poly(vinyl alcohol) films was studied as a function temperature from 77 t0 290 K. The main bands in the spectrum are assigned to fundamental and overtone bands of linear I 3 − and I 5 − . The presence of combination bands in the spectrum is attributed to exciton coupling between these species in polyiodide chains. The low-temperature measurements allowed us to resolve new spectral features. At 77 K, the spectrum showed evidence for minor amounts of I 2 and isomers of the main polyiodide components. The optical properties of the PVA-iodine complex are not simple and cannot be assigned to any single polyiodide species.
An improved protein binding assay for cyclic AMP.

Abstract A simplified and inexpensive protein binding assay for cAMP has been developed for the rapid measurement of subpicomole quantities of the nucleotide. Conditions of assay were established in which interferences from salts and nucleotides present in biological samples were eliminated. Sodium chloride was demonstrated to reduce cAMP binding by denaturing the regulatory subunit of the protein kinase.
Doing the Hard Work Where it’s Easiest? Examining the Relationships Between Urban Greening Programs and Social and Ecological Characteristics

In this paper we examine the performance of formal programs associated with tree plantings in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, MD to understand the relationships between the implementation of urban greening programs and the social and ecological characteristics of a city. Previous research has examined variations in patterns of existing and possible tree canopy cover relative to different social theories. Less attention has been paid to the processes of how the current patterns of tree canopy cover have developed. The goal of this paper is to address this gap by examining current programs to increase tree canopy. This paper utilizes public records, administrative data, a geodemographic market segmentation database, and high-resolution land cover data to assess where programs work, who participates in these programs, and whom the programs fail to reach. Recruiting households to plant trees can be hard work. In this paper, we find that programs might be most successful where it is easiest but have the lowest need. Free or reduced-cost programs for tree planting on private lands were most effective in the most affluent neighborhoods of Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, MD. These areas tended to also have the most existing tree canopy on both private residential lands and the public right of way. An outcome of this research is a framework for further testing which land management strategies are most effective, where, and with whom in order to improve the ability to plan and enhance urban sustainability and resilience through urban forestry.
Abstract 5496: Mechanisms of anti-tumurogenic activity of the brown seaweed, F. vesiculosus

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction. We previously reported significant anti-estrogenic effects related to the consumption of the brown seaweed, F. vesiculosus. The present study aimed to further characterize the mechanisms involved and to investigate other actions of F. vesiculosus that may be biologically relevant. Methods. Activation of the estrogen receptor was determined using a luciferase reporter assay (CALUX assay) in six breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer cells lines (MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-231, OVCAR-3 and HEC-1-B) treated with an F. vesiculosus extract. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by the MTT assay and the AnnexinV affinity assay, respectively. Gene expression profiling for 248 genes in pathways including tumor suppression, apoptosis, autophagy, hormonal regulation, cell cycling, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress were analyzed using the nCounter Analysis System (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA), and validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. A two-way ANOVA model, with cell line effect and treatment dose effect, was fitted to the normalized expression data for each gene. The permutation based F-test was used to identify genes differentially expressed between treatment doses. Results. In co-treatments with 12.5 pM β-estradiol (EC50), F. vesiculosus reduced ER activity by ∼50% at the 1mg/mL dose, showing a potent ER antagonist effect. All cells showed a progressive decrease in proliferation rates, as measured by the MTT assay over 3 days, with increasing concentrations of the seaweed extract, but the sensitivity of individual cell lines was variable. The two endometrial cell lines were most responsive, with up to a 50% reduction in cell number, whereas the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was least responsive with a 30% overall reduction. Transcription levels of multiple genes were affected by the treatments in all cell lines, with more notable effects in apoptosis, proliferation, and several receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Conclusion. Our results provide new insights into the anti-estrogenic activity of F. vesiculosus through direct inhibition of estrogen receptor activation that may be particularly relevant in the pathogenesis and progression of female cancers. We also found that the F. vesiculosus extract reduced cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and up-regulated genes in signaling pathways that have anti-tumorigenic potential. Citation Format: Jacques E. Riby, Lucia Conde, Xiangqin Cui, Jianqing Zhang, Christine F. Skibola. Mechanisms of anti-tumurogenic activity of the brown seaweed, F. vesiculosus. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5496. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5496
Deletion versus pro-forms: an overly simple dichotomy?

This paper examines an anaphoric construction, British English do, and locates it within the dichotomy in the ellipsis literature between deleted phrases and null pro-forms, concluding that the choice is a false one, in that pro-forms involve deletion as well; the question, then, is how to account for the differential permeability to dependencies that require external licensing of the various deleted constituents. British English do has some characteristics of a fully deleted phrase, and some of a pro-form. The paper proposes that deletion is involved in this construction, but of a smaller constituent than can host wh-movement or long quantifier-raising. Therefore, deletion must occur within the syntax, in order to bleed syntactic processes. It is further shown that, within a phase-based syntax, Voice must be a phase rather than v, but that both functional heads must exist, and offers a new explanation for the incompatibility of passive and British English do, as well as an account of why some languages, like English, lack impersonal passives, while others, such as Dutch, allow them.