cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Up-regulation of Histone Methyltransferase, DOT1L, by Matrix Hyaluronan Promotes MicroRNA-10 Expression Leading to Tumor Cell Invasion and Chemoresistance in Cancer Stem Cells from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a solid tumor malignancy associated with major morbidity and mortality. In this study, we determined that human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-derived HSC-3 cells contain a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) characterized by a high level of CD44v3 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) expression. Importantly, matrix hyaluronan (HA) induces the up-regulation of stem cell markers that display the hallmark CSC properties. Histone methyltransferase, DOT1L, is also up-regulated by HA in CSCs (isolated from HSC-3 cells). Further analyses indicate that the stimulation of microRNA-10b (miR-10b) expression is DOT1L-specific and HA/CD44-dependent in CSCs. This process subsequently results in the overexpression of RhoGTPases and survival proteins leading to tumor cell invasion and cisplatin resistance. Treatment of CSCs with DOT1L-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) effectively blocks HA/CD44-mediated expression of DOT1L, miR-10b production, and RhoGTPase/survival protein up-regulation as well as reduces tumor cell invasion and enhances chemosensitivity. CSCs were also transfected with a specific anti-miR-10b inhibitor to silence miR-10b expression and block its target functions. Our results demonstrate that the anti-miR-10 inhibitor not only decreases RhoGTPase/survival protein expression and tumor cell invasion, but also increases chemosensitivity in HA-treated CSCs. Taken together, these findings strongly support the contention that histone methyltransferase, DOT1L-associated epigenetic changes induced by HA play pivotal roles in miR-10 production leading to up-regulation of RhoGTPase and survival proteins. All of these events are critically important for the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties, including self-renewal, tumor cell invasion, and chemotherapy resistance in HA/CD44-activated head and neck cancer.
Molecular cloning and salt-tolerance of gene KcTIP1 from Kandelia candel

【Objective】 The study investigated the roles of KcTIP1 cloned from Kandelia candel in salt tolerance of plants.【Method】 Using young leaves of Kandelia candel as material,the KcTIP1 gene was amplified by PCR and its expression vector was constructed.Then it was integrated into tobacco plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems.Transgenic tobacco plants were selected by kanamycin and verified by genomic PCR and RT-PCR analysis.Two transgenic lines and one wild-type were treated with NaCl.Fresh weights of roots,stems and leaf tissues,net photosynthetic rates and transpiration rates were measured in KcTIP1-transgenic and wild-type tobaccos.In addition,Na+ and K+ concentrations in leaves were quantified and steady fluxes of Na+ and K+ in young roots were measured.【Result】 KcTIP1 gene was successfully cloned,and protein amino acid sequence analysis indicated that KcTIP1 contained the signature sequence SGGHVNPAVT of MIP family and two highly conserved sites of NPA(Asn-Pro-Ala) protein.RT-PCR analysis showed that the KcTIP1 gene was successfully over-expressed in transgenic lines.After salt treatment,the fresh weights,net photosynthetic rates and transpiration rates were significantly higher in KcTIP1-transgenic lines than in the wild-type plants.Na+ and K+ concentrations in leaf tissues were highly accumulated and higher influxes of Na+ and K+ in root of KcTIP1-transgenic type were observed,compared to the wild type.【Conclusion】 The protein structure and zymologic function of KcTIP1 gene were similar to that of other aquaporins.The KcTIP1 over-expression enhanced the salt tolerance of tobacco plants.
Superoptimizing Memory Subsystems for Multiple Objectives

We consider the automatic determination of application-specific memory subsystems via superoptimization, with the goals of reducing memory access time and of minimizing writes. The latter goal is of concern for memories with limited write endurance. Our subsystems out-perform general-purpose memory subsystems in terms of performance, number of writes, or both.
The Anatomy of the Surgeon’s Decision-Making

Some of the most important elements of any surgical procedure are the decisions that the surgeon makes before, during, and after the surgery itself. Yet, the process of how surgeons make these decisions has not been studied adequately. Despite its enormous significance and regardless of the implications that this decision-making process has on surgical outcomes, the subject has received minimal attention in the literature. Subsequently, there are only a few studies that investigate how these decisions are made, although these decision-making processes are of great importance both for training and patient safety purposes. Often, surgeons have difficulty in describing exactly how they came to specific decision during surgery. Some describe these decisions as “intuition” or “gut-level” responses. Additionally, many factors affect decision-making abilities of surgeons during operations. These factors are the physiologic state of the surgeon, teamwork, external pressures at work, and the surgeon’s ability to adapt quickly to a changing environment, to name only a few. Yet, the question remains, how to perform an evaluation of the surgical decision and gaining a better understanding of a seemingly gut-level process, which helps surgeons combat the external factors experienced before and during surgery? This chapter will attempt to dissect further multiple factors that may explain further how surgeons make decisions.
Clinical Presentations of Gastroparesis

Gastroparesis is a very heterogeneous syndrome. Patients may present with predominant nausea and vomiting resulting in weight loss, dehydration, and frequent hospitalizations. Some may have symptoms consistent with functional dyspepsia while others may have heartburn and effortless regurgitation suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux disease. In addition to the upper gastrointestinal symptoms, psychological symptoms may need to be considered. In this chapter, the many facets of the clinical presentation of gastroparesis are presented.
Technology considerations for neuromorphic computing

The use of neural nets has been growing rapidly. A variety of computing architectures, such as CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and analog designs have been proposed. This paper will explore how technology options affect design choices, using both digital and analog circuit designs suitable for neural nets.
De Novo Overactive Bladder Symptoms After Sling Placement

Midurethral synthetic slings (MUS) have become the standard of care in the management of stress urinary incontinence. However, they can be associated with the development of de novo overactive bladder symptoms, a leading cause of poor patient satisfaction after sling surgery. The purpose of this review is to focus on the incidence, risk factors, and management of de novo overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms after sling placement. Recent studies have determined risk factors in the identification of patients at the highest risk to develop de novo OAB. Bladder outlet obstruction, urinary tract infections, and foreign bodies need be ruled out prior to the management of de novo OAB. Recent data has focused on specific therapies that may improve de novo OAB results, including onabotulinumtoxinA and oral medications. De novo OAB is a common post-operative complication that may be organic or idiopathic. Further research needs to focus on the etiology and management of this common MUS complication.
Boundaries of Career Calling: the Moderating Roles of Procedural Justice and Psychological Safety

Research on the role of calling in careers has expanded in recent years. While a number of outcomes of calling have been examined, the influence of the organizational context has been largely overl...
A review of micromirror arrays

Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide a review of micromirror array (MMA) technologies (2631 MMA research papers and patents were reviewed for this effort). The performance capabilities of 277 MMA designs from 49 companies and 23 academic research groups are categorized and compared. The designs are categorized according to (i) their array’s dimension (e.g., 2D arrays consisting of mirrors that cover a surface, 1D arrays consisting of mirrors in a row, and 0D arrays consisting of only a single mirror), (ii) the nature of the surface of their mirrors (e.g., continuous or discrete), (iii) what combination of tip, tilt, and/or piston degrees of freedom (DOFs) they achieve, and (iv) how they are actuated. Standardized performance metrics that can be systematically applied to every MMA design (e.g., mirror area, fill factor, pitch, range of motion, maximum acceleration, actuator energy density, and number of uncontrolled DOFs) are defined and plotted for existing designs to enable their fair comparison. Theoretical bounds on what is physically possible for MMAs to achieve are also derived and depicted in these plots to highlight the amount of performance improvement that remains to be achieved by future designs and guidelines are provided to aid in the development of these future designs.
Markov Chain Analysis

A Markov chain is a process that consists of a finite number of states with the Markovian property and some transition probabilities pij, where pij is the probability of the process moving from state i to state j. Andrei Markov, a Russian mathematician, was the first one to study this process. At the beginning of last century, he developed the fundamentals of the Markov chain theory. Markov chains are traditionally used for one-dimensional time series or spatial series analysis in a variety of fields from economics to stratigraphy. Markov chains were extended for multidimensional simulation recently with the proposition of a Markov chain random field theory and its attendant spatial measure – the transiogram. This article focuses on introducing basic one-dimensional Markov chain models and recent progress in Markov chain geostatistics – the multidimensional extension of Markov chains.
Unconditional stability and convergence of Crank–Nicolson Galerkin FEMs for a nonlinear Schrödinger–Helmholtz system

The paper is concerned with the unconditional stability and optimal $$L^2$$ error estimates of linearized Crank–Nicolson Galerkin FEMs for a nonlinear Schrodinger–Helmholtz system in $${\mathbb {R}}^d$$ ( $$d=2,3$$ ). By introducing a corresponding time-discrete system, we separate the error into two parts, i.e., the temporal error and the spatial error. Since the latter is $$\tau $$ -independent, the uniform boundedness of numerical solutions in $$L^{\infty }$$ -norm follows an inverse inequality immediately without any restrictions on time stepsize. Then, optimal error estimates are obtained in a routine way. Numerical examples in both two and three dimensional spaces are given to illustrate our theoretical results.
Spin-triplet supercurrents in Josephson junctions containing strong ferromagnetic materials.

The proximity effect between a superconducting material and a non-superconducting normal metal can extend over distances of the order of micrometres at sufficiently low temperatures. If the normal ...
Chinese nationalism in the twentieth century and the last gasp of foreign imperialism

Bearing mind what contemporaries in any given era foresaw helps us understand their behavior. The first British envoy to China, Lord George Macartney, in 1794 concluded that the Qing Empire was “an...
Juvenile Offender Treatment

This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of juvenile offender treatment programs. It highlights international juvenile justice trends to document basic demographics of the juvenile justice population and the current trend toward community-based supervision and treatment programs. The chapter summarizes the results of recent meta-analyses highlighting the effectiveness of community-based programs. Juvenile offender treatment is an extremely broad term that incorporates a range of delinquency reduction programs and mental health treatment services that are delivered across diverse settings including community-based diversion programs, formal community based court supervision and aftercare programs, and out-of-home placements/residential programs. The Canadian Youth Criminal Justice Act of 2003, amended in 2012, reflects comparable principles of holding youth accountable for crimes and protecting public safety while also stressing timely interventions that promote the rehabilitation of youthful offenders. The Integrated Court Criminal Survey (ICCS) is an annual administrative survey providing statistical information about both youth and adult criminal court proceedings in Canada.
Metaphors on Trademark: A Response to Adam Mossoff, “Trademark as a Property Right”

In his essay, "Trademark as a Property Right," Adam Mossoff argues that trademark "is" a property right, because it can be, has been, and should be conceptualized as analogous to "use-rights" in physical property. This response to Mossoff's essay agrees with his historical claim that courts have analogized trademarks to use-rights, and also agrees with his descriptive claim that trademark doctrine can be analogized to use-rights. But it questions his normative claim that trademarks should be understood in relation to that analogy. While those who accept deontological and specifically Lockean theories of trademark will find Mossoff's normative claim compelling, those who accept consequentialist theories of trademark will not.
Pharmacy Technicians and Improving Onychomycosis Treatment Outcomes

Objective: To provide an overview of onychomycosis and current treatments and to identify opportunities for pharmacy technicians to improve treatment outcomes. Data Sources: A MEDLINE/PubMed search (1966 to October 2018) was performed using search terms designed to identify English-language articles on onychomycosis diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, as well as articles on the impact of pharmacy technicians on onychomycosis outcomes and the use of pharmacy technicians to improve treatment adherence. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Review articles and clinical studies describing onychomycosis, risk factors, treatment efficacy, and prevention of recurrent infections were included. Data Synthesis: Although no articles on the impact of pharmacy technicians in the treatment of onychomycosis were found, the importance of treatment adherence on positive outcomes highlights a potential role of pharmacy technicians. Pharmacy technicians can identify patients with potential onychomycosis based on questions about over-the-counter products and refer patients to the pharmacist for counseling on treatment. Pharmacy technicians can also reinforce treatment adherence at refill visits. Conclusions: Pharmacy technicians can have a positive impact on onychomycosis treatment outcomes by addressing barriers to successful treatment and promoting treatment adherence.
Outcomes of Combined Heart-Liver Transplant: A Systematic Review

Purpose In patients with liver failure who have coexisting heart failure, combined heart-liver transplantation (CHLT) can be performed. Outcomes in terms of survival and freedom from rejection remain largely unknown due to lack of sufficient data. The goal of this study was to pool the existing literature for evaluating outcomes after CHLT. Methods An electronic search was performed to identify all studies on CHLT in the English literature. All identified articles were systematically assessed for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of 1864 articles identified, a total of seven studies were pooled for final analysis. Results A total of 99 patients who underwent CHLT between 1997 to 2014 were included in the analysis. The mean age of CHLT recipients was 52 years (95% CI 40.8 - 57.96) and 67.5% (95% CI 56.5 - 76.9) of patients were male. Amyloidosis was the most common indication for both the heart [65.5% (95% CI 39.0 - 85.0)] and the liver transplant [65.5% (95% CI 39.0 - 85.0)]. Mean follow up period was 31.4 months (95% CI 14.66 - 48.14). Total cardiac allograft rejection within the first year was 24.7% (95% CI 9.5 - 50.7), including antibody mediated [5% (95% CI 1.7 - 15.2)] and T-cell mediated rejection [22.7% (95% CI 8.8 - 47.1)]. Freedom from rejection at five years was 81.8% (95% CI 69.2 - 89.9). Survival after CHLT was 93.3% (95% CI 84.2 - 97.3) at 6 months, 87.5% (95% CI 78.6 - 93.0) at 1 year and 84.3% (95% CI 75.4 - 90.5) at 5 years (Figure). Conclusion CHLT in selected patients with coexisting end-stage heart and liver disease can be a viable treatment option and with acceptable survival and freedom from rejection.
The order of the CNBr peptides from the α1 chain of collagen

Abstract Chemical and electron microscopic evidence has established the order of the CNBr peptides from the al chain of rat skin and tendon collagen and chicken skin and bone collagen. This order is 0-1-2-4-5-8-3-7-6 for the rat. For the chicken, 6 is replaced by 6A-6B as a result of one extra methionyl residue.
An Active Voltage Stabilizer for a Generic DC Microgrid

This paper analyzes the low frequency stability chal-lenges that exist in a generic DC microgrid system. The conditions for system stability are derived from fundamental principles. A capacitive energy storage system based active voltage stabilizer, that handles the power fluctuations within the system during transient conditions, is proposed to stabilize the DC microgrid. The functionality of the active stabilizer, based on a bidirectional DC-DC converter, is elucidated and a suitable control strategy is proposed. The proposed active stabilizer and its associated control system involves only local voltage sensing and does not alter the generic DC microgrid structure. The proposed approach is validated through analytical models and circuit simulations. A dual active bridge (DAB) converter based active stabilizer is implemented and hardware based experimental results from a laboratory test-bench are provided to validate functionality and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The Effect of Gender Composition on Perceptual Accuracy: a Three-Level Approach Using Dyadic Data

Emerging evidence that perceptual measures of peer deviance typically used in criminology may be inaccurate has resulted in recent investigations into the factors that condition misperception. Studies find that lower levels of self-control and lack of time spent with friends contribute to misperception, while friendship closeness increases accuracy. One unexplored factor that has been shown to impact peer-to-peer interactions is gender. Filling in this gap, the current study explores how gender structure in combination with friendship quality and individual levels of self-control, may cause differences in the perceptual accuracy of peer deviance among friendship pairs. Using item-response-based mixed-effects models, results demonstrate that women in female-only friendships produce the most accurate perceptions of peer deviance. Men in male-only friendships produce the least accurate perceptions. Since men are typically self-report greater engagement in deviant behavior than women, this finding highlights that peer deviance perceptions are most flawed among people who are engaging in the most deviance. Additionally, higher quality friendships have more accurate perceptions while those who have less self-control are markedly less accurate. Implications for feminist research and peer deviance measurement are reviewed.
Chapter 159 – Marine Insects

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the marine insects. A marine insect is any insect that spends at least part of its life cycle in the marine environment, which includes any habitat from the upper intertidal to the open ocean. Marine habitats can be divided either by salinity or by their position relative to the tidal level. Three types of saline habitats are generally accepted, based on their salt content (in parts per thousand): brackish (0.5–32), sea (34–37), and inland saline (0.5–250). Marine biologists, on the other hand, have traditionally divided coastal habitats into various zones according to their coverage by seawater or exposure to the sun. Three major zones are recognized: supralittoral, littoral or intertidal, and sublittoral. An additional important habitat for marine insects is the pelagic zone, which comprises the open ocean far from the shore. The majority of marine insects occur in the intertidal zones, which can be further categorized by the types of vegetation associated with them. In taxanomic group, among the five known orders, marine members are found only in Collembola, Microcoryphia, and Thysanura. There are few marine thysanurans. The genus Petrobius has several marine species living on rocky shores in Europe, whereas species of Neomachilis can be found living under rocks or in crevices in the upper intertidal in California and probably elsewhere in North America. Some species in at least six families of Collembola (Onychiuridae, Hypogastruridae, Neanuridae, Isotomidae, Entomobryidae, and Actaletidae) live in various intertidal habitats.
Outcomes of “Brain Breaks”: Short Consistent Meditation and Silent Sessions in the College Classroom Are Associated with Subtle Benefits

We tested the effects of brief intervals of mindfulness on academic, physiological, and affective outcomes. Undergraduate students in psychology and kinesiology courses (N = 181) were assigned to mindfulness meditation (MM) or control (C) conditions. During class twice per week, MM listened to a meditation recording for 3 min; C sat silently. Students measured their heart rates (HR) using a mobile application. We measured trait mindfulness and trait anxiety three times over 10 weeks. Participants also reported their affect before and after each session. No group or time differences were found in mindfulness, anxiety, or HR. Participants had higher final course grades than their nonparticipating classmates. Students in both MM and C showed increases in patience and emotional valence over time, as well as acting with awareness and nonreactivity to inner experience (trait mindfulness facets). More meditation practice or silent time outside of class predicted greater reduction in HR, greater patience, and greater mindfulness. We found small improvements: increased positive affect, reduced HR, and increased mindfulness facets. Together, these data provide support for subtle beneficial effects of short meditation or silence practice in class.
Carbon exchange of a dryland cotton field and its relationship with PlanetScope remote sensing data

Abstract Agricultural systems experience numerous management-associated events during the growing season that can significantly influence seasonal and annual carbon balances. Measurements of carbon fluxes from agricultural fields using micrometeorological techniques such as eddy covariance can improve our understanding of management and weather-driven changes in carbon budgets. In-situ carbon flux data are also valuable in developing remote sensing-based models for extrapolation of biome-specific carbon budgets to higher spatial scales. In this study, net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) was continuously measured for two years (2017 and 2018) from a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) field in College Station, Texas, USA. The measured NEE was partitioned into assimilatory (Gross Primary Production, GPP) and respiratory (Ecosystem respiration, Reco) fluxes. There were substantial differences in carbon fluxes between the two years, which were driven by variations in meteorological conditions and growth of weeds. Due to dry conditions, growing season carbon uptake in 2018 was reduced (883 g C m−2) compared to 2017 (947 g C m−2). While the growing season of 2018 was dry, the post-harvest off-season was remarkably wet with nearly 68% of the annual precipitation occurring after harvest (848 mm). This favored aggressive growth of weeds, resulting in substantial off-season carbon uptake in 2018 (374 g C m−2 in 2018 compared to 100 g C m−2 in 2017). Overall, the site was a net carbon source (175 g C m−2) in 2017, whereas it was a slight carbon sink (-5 g C m−2) in 2018. A significant correlation was found between satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and GPP (R2 0.78 in 2017 and 0.72 in 2018). Given that correlation, it would be possible to broaden these results to the wider region by estimating GPP with satellite data.
When climate change adaptation becomes a “looming threat” to society: Exploring views and responses to California wildfires and public safety power shutoffs

Abstract Communities worldwide will increasingly be called upon to bear the burden of the direct impact of climate change, and also the externalities associated with avoiding the worst. This begs the question: How do we protect the well-being of populations living with climate impacts without causing unintentional harm via poorly planned or managed adaptation actions? This Perspective presenting an exploratory pilot study surveyed populations affected by the historic and unprecedented widespread public safety power shutoffs (PSPS) to mitigate the risk of wildfires by Pacific Gas & Electric (PGE yet without holistic consideration of the consequences of climate adaptation, unintended health impacts may arise.
Occupational Differences by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2007-2018

This study examines the extent and reasons for differences in occupational distributions by race and ethnicity in the U.S. labor market from 2007 to 2018. Using IPUMS data, the study found that racial differences in occupational distributions were lower than ethnic disparities in occupational distributions. Racial disparity in occupational distributions increased slightly, while the ethnic disparity in occupational distributions decreased from 2007 to 2018. In addition, racial and ethnic disparities in occupational distributions were found to be not only due to observed socio-demographic variables of workers but also due to other unexplained factors. The effect of unexplained variables had more pronounced effects on the racial differences in occupational distributions than on the ethnic differences in occupational distributions.
Spatial and temporal comparisons of salt marsh soil fungal communities following the deepwater horizon spill

The unprecedented size of the deepwater horizon oil spill and scope of the subsequent response elicited intense and sustained interest in microbial responses to oiling, especially in salt marshes, which have featured prominently in debates about best practices to prevent and remediate oiling of vulnerable ecosystems. A number of studies have examined salt marsh soil microbial communities following the spill, but most have primarily concentrated on prokaryotes. The extent to which oiling elicited shifts in fungal diversity and community composition remains unclear. Here we present spatial and temporal comparisons of salt marsh soil fungal communities at two southern Louisiana salt marshes with contrasting oiling histories. We profiled fungal communities in 2013 alongside corresponding measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to assess whether and how responses to oiling are distinguishable from natural heterogeneity. Analyses based on high-resolution unbiased spatial sampling demonstrated that fungal communities did not align with shoreline classification of oiling less than three years after initial oiling, despite observable differences in oil residues and secondary oiling. Notably, extensive sampling allowed delineation of benchmark sampling thresholds and illustrated the value of using ranked differentials of relative abundance to characterize soil fungal communities. Our findings highlight the need for combining high-resolution sampling with judgment-based and systematic sampling approaches to accurately capture responses of salt marsh soil fungal community to oiling.
Community Influences on Married Women's Safer Sex Negotiation Attitudes in Bangladesh: A Multilevel Analysis

The influence of disadvantaged or deprived community on individuals' health risk-behaviors is increasingly being documented in a growing body of literature. However, little is known about the effects of community characteristics on women's sexual attitudes and behaviors. To examine community effects on married women's safer sex negotiation attitudes, we analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys on a sample of 15,134 married women in 600 communities. We estimated two multilevel logistic regression models. Model 1, which included only individual-level variables, showed that women's autonomy/empowerment, age, and HIV knowledge had significant associations with their safer sex negotiation attitudes. We did not find any socioeconomic status gradient in safer sex negotiation attitudes at the individual level. Adding community-level variables in Model 2 significantly improved the fit of the model. Strikingly, we found that higher community-level poverty was associated with greater positive safer sex negotiation attitudes. Prevailing gender norms and overall women's empowerment in the community also had significant effects. While research on community influences calls for focusing on disadvantaged communities, our research highlights the importance of not underestimating the challenges that married women in economically privileged communities may face in negotiating safer sex. To have sufficient and equitable impact on married women's sexual and reproductive health, sexual and reproductive health promotion policies and programs need to be directed to women in wealthier communities as well.
How Disgust Influences Health Purity Attitudes

Food and health regulations are increasingly being pushed onto the political agenda, with rising concerns about genetically modified foods, obesity rates, and vaccination. Public beliefs and attitudes on these issues often conflict with the scientific evidence, yet we know relatively little about what influences opinion on these issues. The public lacks clear partisan cues, and many food and health attitudes cut across the ideological spectrum. We argue that these issues represent new ‘purity’ attitudes that are driven by the emotion of disgust. Across three studies, both by measuring individuals’ trait disgust sensitivity and experimentally inducing an emotional state of disgust, we demonstrate the impact of disgust on food and health policy attitudes. Our results show that greater sensitivity to disgust is associated with support for organic foods, opposition to genetically modified foods, and anti-vaccination beliefs. However, we find only limited evidence that experimentally manipulated disgust affects attitudes toward genetically modified and organic foods. Overall, our results demonstrate that disgust plays an important role in attitudes regarding public health and broadens our understanding of purity attitudes.
Development of a Situation Awareness Training Program for Aviation Maintenance

Training to improve situation awareness has become a topic of concern, particularly in safety critical areas such as aviation. This paper describes a training program designed to enhance situation awareness across the multiple, distributed teams found in aircraft maintenance. Problems with poor situation awareness in aircraft maintenance and gaps in situation awareness across the multiple teams engaged in this process have been linked to aircraft accidents, damage and inefficiencies in airline operations. The training program was developed based on an instructional systems design model. A front-end analysis was conducted which resulted in a determination of instructional objectives and goals. Five concepts for training to improve team SA were specified and developed into a deliverable training program: Shared mental models, verbalization of decisions, shift meetings and teamwork, provision of feedback, and individual SA training. The instructional design process used and the Team SA Training Program devel...
THEORY DERIVATION: ADAPTATION OF A CONTEXTUAL MODEL OF HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE TO RURAL CANCER SURVIVORS

For the growing population of cancer survivors, an obvious conceptual framework to guide the inquiry of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in rural cancer survivors has not emerged. In this paper, Walker and Avant’s theory derivation procedures are used to adapt Ashing-Giwa’s Contextual Model of HRQOL, the parent Model, to incorporate rurality into the Model’s contextual dimensions. Rural cancer survivor relevant definitions and refinements are proposed for the macro (system) and micro (individual) level dimensions of the parent Model. This adaptation of the Ashing-Giwa HRQOL Model identifies concepts and components of a contextual model that must be included, measured, and accounted for to fully and deeply understand the HRQOL of rural cancer survivors.
Health Benefits of Singing: A Perspective from Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chi Kung

belonging and shared endeavour. 3 In this article I will present a perspective from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Chi Kung on why singing is such an effective type of “sound” therapy, but first it will be helpful to review some studies that have shown the health benefits of singing from a Western perspective. Barbra Teater and Mark Baldwin found in a case study that a singing-arts program contributed to the participants’ strong sense of self-development, health, and sense of community; Christina Grape, et al. found that singing lessons promoted well-being particularly in amateur singers; Gunter Kreutz, et al. found that “choir singing positively influences both emotional affect and immune competence” (623), with singing leading to an increase in S-IgA (Secretory Immunoglobulin A) and therefore improving the immune system. In addition, listening to music has been shown to have therapeutic benefits. The noted otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat), Dr. Alfred A. Tomatis (1920-2001), developed the Tomatis method or Audio-Psycho-Phonology (APP) to use sound-listening as a medical treatment for a variety of conditions ranging from vocal problems to autism. He theorized that since the fetal ear developed at such an early stage during pregnancy, the ear was a major contributing factor in the whole development of a fetus. Part of his method includes listening to Gregorian Chant and Mozart (not to be confused with “The Mozart Effect”).
Impact of fly ash amendment and incorporation method on hydraulic properties of a sandy soil.

Coal fly ash has physical and chemical characteristics that makeit useful as a soil amendment, one of the more important beingthe potential to permanently improve the soil water relations ofsandy, drought-prone soils. We axemined changes in theinfiltration rate and water holding capacity of a sandy soilafter application of high rates (up to 950 Mg ha-1) of aClass F fly ash. Fly ash was applied to large field plots byeither conventional tillage (CT; moldboard plow-disk) orintensive tillage (IT; chisel plow-rotovate-disk), and tomicroplots using a rototiller. Infiltration rate (i) wasmeasured in both studies with a disk permeameter on threeoccasions over a 12-month period. Ash effects on gravimetric water content (θg) at the 0–40 cm soil depth were measuredduring a 168 hr period following a 2.5 cm rainfall event andwater release curves (33 to 500 kPa) were constructed in thelaboratory using soils from the large plots. In both studiesi was decreased by ∼80% one year after additionof fly ash and θgin ash-amended soil was higher than unamended soil throughoutthe 168 hr monitoring period. Soil water distribution variedwith tillage; the IT treatment had the highest θg increasesin the 0–20 cm depth while the CT treatment had θgincreases throughout the 0–40 cm depth. Soil water content anddistribution in ash-amended microplots were similar to ITtreatments. Fly ash amendment not only increased water holdingcapacity but also increased plant available water by 7–13% inthe 100–300 kPa range. These results suggest fly ash amendmentmay have the potential to improve crop production in excessivelydrained soils by decreasing i and increasing the amountof plant available water in the root zone.
Effect of age on acetylcholinesterase and other hemolymph proteins in Aplysia.

Hemolymph was examined in young (ca. 86 days old), mature (ca. 163 days old), and old (ca. 294 days old) Aplysia for age-related changes in constituent proteins. In young, mature, and old animals protein concentrations were 1.6±0.27, 1.41±0.53, and 1.45±0.43 mg·ml-1, respectively. The copper-containing respiratory protein, hemocyanin, measured by determining the copper concentration, was found to increase significantly from young (0.98±0.51 μg·ml-1) to mature (2.02±0.95 μg·ml-1) Aplysia, with little change between mature and old (1.92±0.43 μg·ml-1) animals. These findings were consistent with the results obtained when hemocyanin was directly measured by spectrophotometric absorption at 340 nm. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was present in the hemolymph of Aplysia. Its activity was highest in mature animals (3121±1627 units·mg-1) and least in old animals (1463±599 units·mg-1). Young animals had intermediate levels (2080±762 units·mg-1). SDS-PAGE revealed a distinct pattern of protein bands for hemolymph from each age group; hemolymph from the young group contained six prominent protein bands with molecular weights (MW) from 13 to 300 kDa. Hemolymph of mature and old animals exhibited four and three prominent protein bands, respectively, with MW between 45 and 300 kDa. A prominent band at 97 kDa was present in samples from the mature group, but was faint in samples from the old group and absent in samples from the young group. Under non-denaturing conditions the hemolymph protein band patterns for each group differed from the others, thereby demonstrating that the age-dependent differences in the protein profiles are intrinsic to hemolymph in vivo. Isoelectric focusing of the hemolymph samples revealed that the proteins were all acidic (pI ca. 3.0–6.5). The hemolymph from the young differed from the other two groups in having an additional acidic protein (pI ca. 4.0). A possible link between age-related changes in hemolymph proteins and age-related changes in the nervous system is proposed.
Intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for locally advanced cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx

Background Limited data evaluate intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for cancers of the hypopharynx and larynx. We report clinical outcomes and failure patterns for these patients. Methods Between September 2001 and December 2007, 42 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the hypopharynx (n = 23) and larynx (n = 19) underwent IMRT, 11 postoperatively and 31 definitively. Thirty-six received systemic therapy. Median follow-up was 30 months among surviving patients. Results Three local failures occurred within the high-dose region and 3 occurred in regional nodes. Seven patients developed distant metastasis as the initial failure. Three-year actuarial estimates of locoregional control, freedom from distant metastasis, and overall survival rates were, respectively, 80%, 72%, and 46%. Conclusions IMRT provides good locoregional control for SCC of the hypopharynx and larynx compared with historical controls. Locoregional relapses occurred in the high-dose volumes, suggesting adequate target volume delineation. Hypopharyngeal tumors, which fare worse than laryngeal tumors, warrant investigation of more aggressive treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Lost in Translation: Challenging (White, Monolingual Feminism's) with Justicia Reproductiva

This essay explores the reproductive rights realities of Spanish-speaking, migrant Latin@s by analyzing the interplay of cultural and linguistic difference, ideology, and translation. Rather than offer another ideographic argument in support of , this study uncovers why the term fails to translate culturally and linguistically and how this incompatibility necessitates a language alternative: reproductive justice (or justicia reproductiva in Spanish). Introduced in 1994 by U.S. Black feminist activists, this term fuses reproductive rights with social justice to provide a framework for communicating the intersecting inequalities encountered by Women of Color and the poor. This essay contends that advances White, monolingual feminism, while eliding and even erasing more precarious positionalities and perspectives. Such a tendency impedes coalition building among Third-World and other feminists. The article concludes by encouraging communication scholars to recognize and resist U.S. monocultur...
An Experimental Investigation Concerning the Nature of Contagious Lymphosarcoma of Dogs

During the early years of the twentieth century the so-called infectious lymphosarcoma of dogs claimed the attention of numerous investigators, many of whom believed the disease to be a true tumor. Others regarded it as an infectious granuloma. The last two decades, however, have added very little to our knowledge concerning this interesting disease, and conflicting opinions regarding its etiology still exist. Because of its contagiousness, further studies of the disease, which take into account the possible virus nature of its causative agent, have been undertaken by us. Should the evidence gained by such investigations favor the opinion that the disease is a true tumor instead of a virus disease, studies of the tumor should be continued with the hope of extending our knowledge of malignant growths in general, as it possesses certain properties which, in some ways, cause it to lend itself more readily to investigation by experimental methods than other mammalian tumors which are being so intensively studied at the present time. Transmissible lymphosarcoma of dogs is generally considered to be a highly contagious venereal disease, world-wide in its distribution. In a review of 585 dog tumors, Auler and Wernicke (1) encountered this tumor eight times. In two instances the primary growth occurred in the vagina, thus accounting for 7 per cent of all vaginal tumors reported in the series. Because of its venereal nature, its incidence in different localities is, no doubt, quite variable. Apparently all breeds of dogs are susceptible, but the natural occurrence of the condition in other animals has not been reported. Transmission occurs during the act of coitus. The primary lesion in spontaneous cases is located either on the glans penis of the male, or in the vaginal wall of the female. The primary lesion in the female usually grows to form a pedunculated, cauliflower-like mass several centimeters in diameter, which often projects from the vagina. In the male the affected glans appears slightly enlarged, and usually much eroded. Often there may be seen on its surface irregular, ulcerated tumor nodules which have a tendency to bleed easily. As a rule, the shaft of the penis remains free of tumor.
The role of mRNA structure in the regulation of protein synthesis: Implications for studies of development

A method is described for the experimental determination of the secondary structure of RNA using enzymatic cleavage data coupled with computer analysis. The structure-specific enzymes S1 nuclease and cobra venom ribonuclease are used to locate nonpaired and basepaired nucleotides, respectively. Computer techniques that utilize the enzymatic susceptibility information to generate a minimum free-energy structure are used to obtain secondary structure models. A second method, using acrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis, is described for the determination of the relative protein synthesis initiation rates of endlabeled eukaryotic mRNAs. These methods are applied to the rabbit globin mRNAs as an example of a general approach for relating mRNA structure and function. A discussion of the role of messenger RNA structure in the regulation of translation is included with an emphasis on studies of development.
Electrical potentials of the cerebral cortex and psychometric intelligence

Abstract Contradictory findings concerning relationships between intelligence-test scores and different EEG evoked-potential (EP) measures have been reported. The positive findings suggest that intelligence is correlated with the number and amplitude of components in the EP waveform. Since there is evidence that both of these parameters are influenced by stimulus intensity, we examined the extent to which an EP/intelligence relationship may depend on stimulus intensity. In a sample of 22 S s a relationship between EP amplitude and intelligence was found and the magnitude of this correlation was related systematically to stimulus intensity. The maximum correlation ( r = 0.69) with scores on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices was obtained at an intermediate level of intensity. These findings may account for some of the inconsistencies in the literature. Moreover, they suggest an explanation for higher general intelligence in terms of greater central activation of neural processes in response to normal levels of stimulation.
Development of a Histomorphologic Scale to Quantify Cutaneous Scars after Burns

Objective: Cutaneous wound healing in adults invariably results in scarring; however, there are few scales to quantify the degree of such scarring. The authors developed a histomorphologic scale for quantifying scarring after cutaneous burn injury. Methods: As part of a randomized trial comparing a variety of burn therapies, 40 partial-thickness burns were created on the backs and flanks of anesthetized pigs and treated with a tissue adhesive, antibiotic ointment, occlusive dressing, or dry gauze. Gross scar appearance was independently assessed by two in- vestigators at 90 days on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) marked ''best appearance'' at the high end. One of the investigators repeated the observa- tion 30 days later. Full-thickness biopsies were taken 90 days after injury and evaluated histologically by a dermatopathologist for the presence of hyperkerato- sis, epidermal hyperplasia, presence and depth of scar (defined as abnormally oriented collagen under polarized light), fibroplasia, vascular proliferation, and absence of adnexa, including hair follicles, apo- crine glands, and smooth muscles. One point was as- signed for each category in the presence of a normal finding, whereas an abnormal finding was assigned a score of zero. The normal dermis (absence of abnor- mal collagen) was given a score of 3, while decreasing scores of 2 to 0 were given for progressively deeper scars (i.e., 2 for papillary dermis, 1 for upper half of reticular dermis, and 0 for deep dermal lower half). The total histomorphologic score was derived by add- ing the scores on the individual items. The score ranges from 0 to 10 from worst scarring to absence of scarring, respectively. A subset of observations was evaluated a second time by one of the observers one month later. Intraobserver reliability of the histomor- phologic scale was assessed with Spearman's corre- lation. Inter- and intraobserver Pearson's correlations for the gross scar VAS were calculated, and the cor- relation between gross and histomorphologic scores was assessed. Results: Intraobserver correlation for individual histomorphologic categories ranged from 0.19 to 1.00. Intraobserver correlation for the total histologic score was 0.95. Inter- and intraobserver correlations for the gross scar VAS were 0.8 each. Correlation between the histomorphologic scale and the gross scar VAS was 0.38. Conclusions: A new re- liable histomorphologic method for quantifying and scoring cutaneous scars is described together with a reliable scar VAS. However, these two scales are not