cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building models of values

Abstract To achieve a set of objectives, whether they are made explicit or not, is the entire intent of decisionmaking. When they are explicitly stated, the objectives are often quantified with an objective function. Because of its critical role for decisionmaking, the objective function should be developed from first principles, sound logic, reasoned judgments, and carefully acquired consistent data. Unfortunately, in practice many objective functions are hastily chosen from a process that can at best be described as arbitrary. This paper presents a better alternative for developing the objective function, namely to construct it from a quality modelling effort.
On the symmetric character of the thermal conductivity tensor

In this paper, the symmetric character of the conductivity tensor for linear heterogeneous anisotropic material is established as the result of arguments from tensor analysis and linear algebra for Fourier’s heat conduction. The non-singular nature of the conductivity tensor plays the fundamental role in establishing this statement.
Iron and fibroblast growth factor 23 in X-linked hypophosphatemia.

Background Excess fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) causes hypophosphatemia in autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Iron status influences C-terminal FGF23 (incorporating fragments plus intact FGF23) in ADHR and healthy subjects, and intact FGF23 in ADHR. We hypothesized that in XLH serum iron would inversely correlate to C-terminal FGF23, but not to intact FGF23, mirroring the relationships in normal controls.
Benzylation of Nitroalkanes Using Copper-Catalyzed Thermal Redox Catalysis: Toward the Facile C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes

The C-alkylation of nitroalkanes under mild conditions has been a significant challenge in organic synthesis for more than a century. Herein we report a simple Cu(I) catalyst, generated in situ, that is highly effective for C-benzylation of nitroalkanes using abundant benzyl bromides and related heteroaromatic compounds. This process, which we believe proceeds via a thermal redox mechanism, allows access to a variety of complex nitroalkanes under mild reaction conditions and represents the first step toward the development of a general catalytic system for the alkylation of nitroalkanes.
Two musical orderings

Orderings of one sort or another arise naturally whenever there is a notion of size or precedence among objects in a musical space. Paying attention to the order properties of the space can lead to new musical insights. In this paper, we study two musical orders that illustrate this point. In the first, we show that many of the most familiar chord and scale types in Western music appear as extremal elements in certain partial orders induced by set inclusion on pitch class sets of Tn-type. In the second, we propose a family of partial orders for making timbral comparisons between musical tones. The ordering principle used is ‘unanimous agreement among informed listeners’. We make this idea rigorous, and then study some of the basic properties of the partial orders that arise from it. Finally, we use these orders to compare the timbres of 10 orchestral wind instruments in terms of their ‘brightness’ and ‘flute-likeness’. Our results show that these partial orders enable rigorous and fine-grained comparisons...
Automorphism groups on tropical curves: some cohomology calculations

Let X be an abstract tropical curve and let G be a finite subgroup of the automorphism group of X. Let D be a divisor on X whose equivalence class is G-invariant. We address the following question: is there always a divisor D′ in the equivalence class of D which is G-invariant? Our main result is that the answer is “yes” for all abstract tropical curves. A key step in our proof is a tropical analogue of Hilbert’s Theorem 90.
A New System of Parallel Isolated Nonthermal Filaments near the Galactic Center: Evidence for a Local Magnetic Field Gradient

We report the discovery of a system of isolated nonthermal filaments approximately 05 northwest (75 pc in projection) of Sgr A. Unlike other isolated nonthermal filaments which show subfilamentation, braiding of subfilaments, and flaring at their ends, these filaments are simple linear structures and more closely resemble the parallel bundled filaments in the Galactic center radio arc. However, the most unusual feature of these filaments is that the 20/90 cm spectral index uniformly decreases as a function of length, in contrast to all other nonthermal filaments in the Galactic center. This spectral gradient may not be due to simple particle aging but could be explained by a curved electron energy spectrum embedded in a diverging magnetic field. If so, the scale of the magnetic gradient is not consistent with a large scale magnetic field centered on Sgr A* suggesting that this filament system is tracing a local magnetic field.
An analysis of the vertical structure equation for arbitrary thermal profiles

The vertical structure equation is a singular Sturm-Liouville problem whose eigenfunctions describe the vertical dependence of the normal modes of the primitive equations linearized about a given thermal profile. The eigenvalues give the equivalent depths of the modes. The spectrum of the vertical structure equation and the appropriateness of various upper boundary conditions, both for arbitrary thermal profiles were studied. The results depend critically upon whether or not the thermal profile is such that the basic state atmosphere is bounded. In the case of a bounded atmosphere it is shown that the spectrum is always totally discrete, regardless of details of the thermal profile. For the barotropic equivalent depth, which corresponds to the lowest eigen value, upper and lower bounds which depend only on the surface temperature and the atmosphere height were obtained. All eigenfunctions are bounded, but always have unbounded first derivatives. It was proved that the commonly invoked upper boundary condition that vertical velocity must vanish as pressure tends to zero, as well as a number of alternative conditions, is well posed. It was concluded that the vertical structure equation always has a totally discrete spectrum under the assumptions implicit in the primitive equations.
Causal discourse in a game of incomplete information

Notions of cause and effect are fundamental to economic explanation. Although concepts such as price effects are intuitive, rigorous foundations justifying causal discourse in the wide range of economic settings remain lacking. We illustrate this deficiency using an N-bidder private-value auction, posing causal questions that cannot be addressed within existing frameworks. We extend the frameworks of Pearl (2000) and White and Chalak (2009) to introduce topological settable systems (TSS), a causal framework capable of delivering the missing answers. Particularly, TSS accommodate choices belonging to general function spaces. Our analysis suggests how TSS enable causal discourse in various areas of economics.
A potentially pure test of cosmic geometry: galaxy clusters and the real space Alcock-Paczyński test

We investigate the possibility of probing dark energy by measuring the isotropy of the galaxy cluster autocorrelation function (an Alcock-Paczynski test). The correlation function is distorted in redshift space because of the cluster peculiar velocities, but if these are known and can be subtracted, the correlation function measurement becomes in principle a pure test of cosmic geometry. Galaxy cluster peculiar velocities can be measured using the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect. Upcoming cosmic microwave background (CMB) surveys, for example, Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), South Pole Telescope (SPT), Planck, are expected to do this with varying levels of accuracy, dependent on systematic errors due to cluster temperature measurements, radio point sources, and the primary CMB anisotropy. We use the Hubble volume N-body simulation and the hydrodynamic simulation results of Nagai, Kravtsov & Kosowsky to simulate various kSZ surveys. We find by model fitting that a measurement of the correlation function distortion can be used to recover the cosmological parameters that have been used to generate the simulation. However, the low space density of galaxy clusters requires larger surveys than are taking place at present to place tight constraints on cosmology. For example, with the SPT and ACT surveys, Ω Λ could be measured to within 0.1 and 0.2, respectively, at la, but only upper limits on the equation of state parameter ω will be possible. Nevertheless, with accurate measurements of the kSZ effect, this test can eventually be used to probe the dark energy equation of state and its evolution with redshift, with different systematic errors than other methods.
Factors Associated with the Early Adoption of the SEC's Revised Auditor Fee Disclosure Rules

Corporate disclosures of auditor fees (beginning in February 2001) caused considerable concern among regulators and investors about auditor independence because they revealed that nonaudit fees were a substantial proportion of total auditor fees. However, in 2003 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) introduced revised disclosure requirements, specifying a broader definition of audit fees, and additional fee categories (SEC 2003). About 31 percent of our sample firms adopted the new rules in advance of the required date. We investigate the pattern of early adoption of the new fee disclosure rules by companies. Our results indicate that companies with greater nonaudit fee ratios during the prior year, companies that could show a greater decline in nonaudit fee ratios due to reclassification under SEC (2003), and companies that had greater audit‐related fees after the reclassification were likely to adopt the new rules early. We conjecture that companies that had the most to gain from reclassifying f...
Thermal Crack Development and Wheel Useful Life

The impact of thermal crack development on the wheel useful life was investigated. The actual data from the “Railroad” has been actively and intensely reviewed. Initial efforts were concentrated on the wheel metallurgy, thermal crack development mechanism and maximum allowable operating speeds on each line. Recent efforts have concentrated on the braking control and associated equipment configuration. The effect of worn wheel and repetitive braking was also investigated. However, it is difficult to postulate alternative approaches to managing wheel useful life without completely identifying existing operating policies and maintenance procedures, and without establishing measurable results of such policies/procedures. It is also crucial to understand the physical process involved. This process will be repeated with every brake application in combination with the residual compressive stress (due to rolling and battering of the wheel on the rail and by rim-quenching) causing the cyclic stressing of the material due to thermal expansion, i.e., “thermal fatigue”. Higher brake rate and higher tread to disc brake ratio lead to higher temperature gradient and higher compression stresses (higher portion of stress in plastic range). In addition, the microstructure change in the surface zone material involves additional uncertainty, i.e., the existence of material of unknown physical properties (perlite transformation in to spheroidite). The presence of spheroidite is a good indication that a wheel tread has been subjected to direct thermal damage. It is a common conclusion based on two completely independent research projects that the combination of heat and compression increases hardness and yield strength. The maximum wheel temperature has a major impact on microstructure changes of the wheel surface layer. Also a smaller wheel diameter yields to higher maximum tread temperature. Various studies relating new and worn wheel clearly show the impact.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Fixed-Dimensional Stochastic Dynamic Programs: An Approximation Scheme and an Inventory Application

We study fixed-dimensional stochastic dynamic programs in a discrete setting over a finite horizon. Under the primary assumption that the cost-to-go functions are discrete L -convex, we propose a pseudo-polynomial time approximation scheme that solves this problem to within an arbitrary prespecified additive error of e > 0. The proposed approximation algorithm is a generalization of the explicit-enumeration algorithm and offers us full control in the trade-off between accuracy and running time. The main technique we develop for obtaining our scheme is approximation of a fixed-dimensional L -convex function on a bounded rectangular set, using only a selected number of points in its domain. Furthermore, we prove that the approximation function preserves L -convexity. Finally, to apply the approximate functions in a dynamic program, we bound the error propagation of the approximation. Our approximation scheme is illustrated on a well-known problem in inventory theory, the single-product problem with lost sales and lead times. We demonstrate the practical value of our scheme by implementing our approximation scheme and the explicit-enumeration algorithm on instances of this inventory problem.
Space Sciences Data Processing

Spacecraft carrying large numbers of scientific instruments are presently transmitting data at the rate of approximately 100 million data points per day. The outputs of the sensors are partially processed on the spacecraft and transmitted to the ground. These data must then be converted from raw digital form into a conceptually meaningful form which the experimenters can analyze and from which they can draw valid conclusions about the phenomena being measured. At present the ground processing is done in several steps. The first includes conversion of the raw data acquisition station tapes into computer tapes and includes signal clean-up, establishment of synchronization, and time decoding. In the newest processing lines this first step also includes a moderate amount of editing and quality control. The rest of the steps involve large scale computers and include further editing, establishment of accurate timing, computation of the spacecraft attitude, and sorting, to provide data tapes for the individual experimenters. The experimenters have the responsibility for the further reduction to more meaningful form. These operations include further sorting, storage, compilation, computation, and display. There is at present a great need for additional development of analysis and display programs, techniques, and equipment to assist in this work.
The Effect of Derivative Assets on Information Acquisition and Price Behavior in a Rational Expectations Equilibrium

This article shows that introducing derivative assets increases incentives to collect information about asset payoffs. The increase in information collection makes the price of the underlying asset more informative and causes the expected price to increase. Extending the model to a dynamic setting with multiple risky assets, we find the introducing derivative assets for one asset increases the expected prices of positively correlated assets and reduces price reaction to future earnings announcements. These findings are consistent with the bulk of the empirical evidence on the relationship between the introduction of derivative assets and the behavior of asset prices. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
High-Resolution Spectroscopy Of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars In The Least Evolved Galaxies: Ursa Major II And Coma Berenices

We present spectra of six metal-poor stars in two of the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way (MW), Ursa Major II, and Coma Berenices obtained with the Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES). These observations include the first high-resolution spectroscopic observations of extremely metal-poor ([Fe/H] -3.0. Not only are our results broadly consistent with a galaxy formation model that predicts that massive dwarf galaxies are the source of the metal-rich component ([Fe/H]> - 2.5) of the MW halo, but they also suggest that the faintest known dwarfs may be the primary contributors to the metal-poor end of the MW halo metallicity distribution.« less
a New Method for Cross Polarized Delay Calibration of Radio Interferometers

Radio interferometers can measure the full polarization state of incoming waves by cross-correlating all combinations of two orthogonal polarizations at each antenna. The independent sets of electronics used to detect the two polarization states will introduce a differential instrumental delay between the two data streams. The usual technique of separate calibration of the parallel-hand sets of visibilities still allows for an arbitrary offset in group delay and phase between the two parallel systems. In order to use the cross-polarized visibilities, this instrumental offset must be determined and removed. This paper describes one such technique and explores its application in the Obit package. The technique is successfully applied to some EVLA data using both strongly and weakly polarized calibrators.
Hexasubstituted benzenes by alkyne cyclotrimerization

Abstract Rhodium octanoate is shown to be an effective catalyst for the cyclotrimerization of a disubstituted alkyne.
Disclosure Standards and Market Efficiency: Evidence from Analysts' Forecasts

Abstract This paper studies whether recent international transparency initiatives affect information accuracy and dispersion. I show that the impact of these initiatives is limited because public disclosure crowds out private investments in information. I first develop a theoretical model of the incentive to invest in information and the impact of public disclosure. I then analyze stock market analysts' forecasts for thirty developing economies for the period 1990–2004. I find that disclosure standards enhance forecast accuracy directly but at the same time reduce the number of analysts per stock (proxy for private information investments). The net effect of disclosure standards thus ranges from weak to nonexistent.
The Time Constant Vanishes Only on the Percolation Cone in Directed First Passage Percolation

We consider the directed first passage percolation model on $\mathbb{Z}^2$. In this model, we assign independently to each edge $e$ a passage time $t(e)$ with a common distribution $F$. We denote by $\vec{T}(0,(r,\theta))$ the passage time from the origin to $(r,\theta)$ by a northeast path for $(r,\theta)\in\mathbb{R}_+\times[0,\pi/2]$. It is known that $\vec{T}(0,(r,\theta))/r$ converges to a time constant $\vec{\mu}_F(\theta)$. Let $\vec{p}_c$ denote the critical probability for oriented percolation. In this paper, we show that the time constant has a phase transition at $\vec{p}_c$, as follows: (1) If $F(0) 0$ for all $0 \leq \theta \leq \pi/2$. (2) If $F(0) = \vec{p}_c$, then $\vec{\mu}_F(\theta) > 0$ if and only if $\theta\neq \pi/4$. (3) If $F(0)=p > \vec{p}_c$, then there exists a percolation cone between $\theta_p^-$ and $\theta_p^+$ for $0\leq \theta^-_p 0$ if and only if $\theta\not\in[\theta_p^-, \theta^+_p]$. Furthermore, all the moments of $\vec{T}(0, (r, \theta))$ converge whenever $\theta\in[\theta_p^-,\theta^+_p]$. As applications, we describe the shape of the directed growth model on the distribution of $F$. We give a phase transition for the shape at $\vec{p}_c$
VARIABLE EXPECTATIONS AND THE DEMAND FOR MONEY IN HIGH‐INFLATION COUNTRIES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses variable expectations and the demand for money in high inflation countries. The purpose is to formulate and estimate a demand for money function for three countries that have undergone periods of high inflation, namely, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. The basic difference between the approach and that taken by previous studies of the same group of countries is that the coefficient of expectations is allowed to be variable over the estimation period. More precisely, the coefficient is postulated to vary directly with the rate of inflation and the way the hypothesis is farmed allows one explicitly to accept or reject this hypothesis empirically. The motivation for making this change stems essentially from observing the actual behavior of this coefficient over time in countries undergoing high inflation. Not making explicit allowance for the varying coefficient can involve a mis-specification of the model and result in biased estimates and possibly serial correlation in the residuals.
Screening by the Company You Keep: Joint Liability Lending and the Peer Selection Effect

We look at an economic environment where borrowers have some information about the nature of each other's projects that lenders do not. We show that joint-liability lending contracts, similar to those used by credit cooperatives and group-lending schemes, will induce endogenous peer selection in the formation of groups in a way that the instrument of joint liability can be used as a screening device to exploit this local information. This can improve welfare and repayment rates if standard screening instruments such as collateral are unavailable.
On the Nuclear Rotation Curve of M31

The currently favored model for the double nucleus of M31 consists of an eccentric disk with an off-center density concentration caused by stars lingering at the apocenters of their orbits about the central black hole. If such a disk is to be in equilibrium, the requirement that it precess uniformly because of self-gravity imposes a characteristic radial structure on the orbits that comprise it, creating an observable feature in the rotation curve. The sequence of closed orbits through the densest part of the disk must follow a steep eccentricity gradient, which reverses the arrangement of pericenter and apocenter with respect to the central mass. Stars making up the inner part of the density concentration are at apocenter, while stars making up the outer part are at pericenter, producing a steep local velocity gradient and a distinctive "wiggle" in the projected rotation curve near the eccentric density peak. This wiggle closely resembles a feature seen near the off-center brightness peak (P1) in the nuclear rotation curve observed by the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Camera Spectrograph. If confirmed by upcoming Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph observations, this feature will lend further strong support to the eccentric disk picture and provide important constraints for more realistic dynamical models.
A new high pressure equation of state for seawater

(1982). A new high pressure equation of state for seawater. Marine Geodesy: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 367-370.
In Situ Anterior Vaginal Wall Sling Formation With Preservation of the Endopelvic Fascia for Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence

The indications for sling procedures have evolved and encompass patients with either intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD), anatomic incontinence or both. We have refined a technique that can be performed in a minimally invasive fashion with low attendant morbidity to provide a reproducible method of sling formation. Twenty patients with stress urinary incontinence underwent the in situ sling (ISS) with bone fixation. Subsequent evaluation at 24–29 months (mean =26.2 months) revealed that 95% of patients were cured. No recurrent cystoceles, paravaginal defects or significant detrusor instability have been noted. Urinary retention appeared transiently in only 3 patients and resolved in under 3 weeks. We feel the in situ sling with bone fixation provides a safe and effective means of management for stress urinary incontinence. Furthermore, the reduced surgical dissection may minimize the incidence of postoperative ISD and recurrent paravaginal defects that may accompany more traditional needle suspension procedures.
Stabilization and Modulation of Laser Oscillators by Internal Time-Varying Perturbation

The paper reviews the application of internal time-varying perturbation to the problem of laser mode control and stabilization. The spectral characteristics and time domain behavior obtained by means of phase type and loss type perturbations are considered. Two techniques which allow the attainment of high single frequency output powers from normally multimode lasers are described. A method for the absolute frequency stabilization of an FM laser is considered, and a brief discussion of an efficient method of internal modulation, termed coupling modulation, is given.
X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Accreting Millisecond Pulsar XTE J0929–314 in Outburst

We present the high-resolution spectrum of the accretion-powered millisecond pulsar XTE J0929-314 during its 2002 outburst, measured using the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The 1.5-25.3 A (0.5-8.3 keV) Chandra spectrum is well fitted by a power-law+blackbody model with photon index Γ = 1.55 ± 0.03, blackbody temperature kTbb = 0.65 ± 0.03 keV, and blackbody normalization Rbb,km/d10 kpc = 7.6 ± 0.8. No emission or absorption features are found in the high-resolution spectrum, with a 3 σ equivalent width upper limit of less than 0.007 A at 1.5 A and less than 0.12 A at 24 A. The neutral absorption edge depths are consistent with the estimated interstellar absorption along the line of sight to the source. We found no orbital modulation of the 2-10 keV X-ray flux, to a 3 σ upper limit of 1.1%, which implies an upper limit on the binary inclination angle of i 85° for a Roche lobe-filling companion. We also present the broadband spectrum measured over the course of the outburst by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The RXTE spectrum of XTE J0929-314 is also well fitted with a power-law+blackbody model, with average values of Γ = 1.76 ± 0.03, kTbb = 0.66 ± 0.06 keV, and Rbb,km/d10 kpc = 5.9 ± 1.3 in the 2-50 keV energy range. The blackbody flux remained constant over the course of the outburst, while the power-law flux was strongly correlated to the (decreasing) flux of the source. We find that the difference in power-law photon indices measured from Chandra and RXTE spectra can be explained by a change in the power-law photon index at low energies.
Intracytoplasmic Lumina in Ependymomas: An Ultrastructural Study

Intracytoplasmic lumina (ICL) are rarely described in tumors of the central nervous system. The morphogenesis of ICL remains incompletely characterized. Ultrastructural features of ICL in six ependymomas (one from lateral ventricle, three from fourth ventricle, and two from spinal cord) and three myxopapillary ependymomas of the filum terminale were analyzed. Two types of ICL were identified: ICL with both microvilli and cilia, and ICL with only microvilli. Some ICL also contained granulofibrillary or condensed material. Ciliated ICL were common in ependymomas of the ventricles, whereas nonciliated ICL were frequently seen in the myxopapillary variant. Various stages of formation and development were observed in ciliated ICL. They seemed to originate from distended periciliary cisterns, to enlarge by fusion with cytoplasmic vesicles or other ICL, and subsequently to open into the intercellular space. The last process may be the mechanism by which the intercellular microrosettes are formed. Ciliated ICL ha...
Plant regulation of microbial enzyme production in situ

Abstract Soil extracellular enzymes regulate the rate at which complex organic forms of nitrogen (N) become bio-available. Much research has focused on the limitations to heterotrophic enzyme production via lab incubations, but little has been done to understand the limitations to enzyme production in situ . We created root and symbiotic mycelia exclusion treatments using mesh in-growth bags in the field to isolate the effect of roots and other portions of the microbial community on enzyme production. When fertilized with complex protein N we found increases in N-degrading enzyme concentrations only when root in-growth was allowed. No response was observed when complex N was added to root-free treatments. Expanding on economic rules of microbial element limitation theory developed from lab incubation data, we suggest this is due to active transport of labile carbon (C) from roots to associated microbial communities in root bags. Roots alleviate C limitation of microbial enzyme synthesis, representing a tradeoff between plants and microbes–plant C for microbially-derived N.
The excitation of the Chandler wobble

The Chandler wobble is an excited resonance of the Earth's rotation having a period of about 14 months. Although it has been under investigation for more than a century, its excitation mechanism has remained elusive. Here, the angular momentum of the atmosphere computed from the products of a numerical weather prediction analysis system and the angular momentum of the oceans computed from a global oceanic general circulation model driven by observed surface winds and fluxes are used to show that during 1985.0–1996.0 the Chandler wobble was excited by a combination of atmospheric and oceanic processes, with the dominant excitation mechanism being ocean-bottom pressure fluctuations.
Characterizing Galaxy Clusters with Gravitational Potential

We propose a simple estimator for the gravitational potential of cluster-size halos using the temperature and density profiles of the intracluster gas based on the assumptions of hydrostatic equilibrium and spherical symmetry. Using high-resolution cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters, we show that the scaling relation between this estimator and the gravitational potential has a small intrinsic scatter of similar to 8%-15%, and it is insensitive to baryon physics outside the cluster core. The slope and the normalization of the scaling relation vary weakly with redshift, and they are relatively independent of the choice of radial range used and the dynamical states of the clusters. The results presented here provide a possible way for using the cluster potential function as an alternative to the cluster mass function in constraining cosmology using galaxy clusters.
Lipase-catalyzed irreversible transesterification using enol esters: Resolution of cyanohydrins and syntheses of ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate and (S)-propranolol

Abstract Procedures for the resolution of several cyanohydrins of synthetic value via lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution using enol esters as irreversible transesterification reagents are developed and the syntheses of ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate and (S)-propranolol from enantiomerically pure cyanohydrins are demonstrated.
Singular Operators with Antisymmetric Kernels, Related Capacities, and Wolff Potentials

We consider a generalization of the Riesz operator in $\mathbb R^d$ and obtain estimates for its norm and for related capacities via the modified Wolff potential. These estimates are based on the certain version of T1 theorem for Calderon–Zygmund operators in metric spaces. We extend two versions of Calderon–Zygmund capacities in $\mathbb R^d$ to metric spaces and establish their equivalence (under certain conditions). As an application, we extend the known relations between s-Riesz capacities, 0<s<d, and the capacities in Nonlinear Potential Theory, to the case s=0.
Characterization of p-Type CdTe Electrodes in Acetonitrile/Electrolyte Solutions. Nearly Ideal Behavior from Reductive Surface Pretreatments.

Abstract : Single crystal p-CdTe (Eg equal 1.4 eV) electrodes have been characterized in CH3CN/electrolyte solutions. Deliberate modification of the p-CdTe surface by etching in strongly oxidizing (Cr2072-/HNO3) or reducing (S2042-/OH-) solutions alters the p-CdTe surface to give rise to large differences in the electrochemical response in the dark and under illumination. The oxidative pretreatment apparently yields a p-CdTe surface that is Fermi level pinned, whereas the reductive pretreatment yields nearly ideal response. The pretreated electrodes were characterized by XPS, impedance measurements, and cyclic voltammetry in the presence of a number of reversible, one-electron redox couples. XPS indicates the presence of a number of reversible, one-electron redox couples. XPS indicates the presence of a Te-rich surface overlayer, composed of Te0 and Te02, on CdTe etched in oxidizing media. Electrodes etched in reducing solutions yield XPS spectra nearly identical to those of an Ar ion-sputtered CdTe sample, in terms of stoichiometry (1:1) and chemical state (Cd2+ and Te2-) of cadmium and telluride.
Auditor Changes and the Pricing of Seasoned Equity Offers

While prior literature examines the role of auditors in the pricing of initial public offerings, little is known about the effect of auditor changes on the pricing of seasoned offers. Our examination of seasoned equity offerings shows that companies switching auditors prior to the offerings underprice their offers more than do companies without changes. While we provide evidence of issuers' opportunistic accounting decisions that are consistent with their opinion‐shopping behavior, the positive association between underpricing and auditor changes suggests that switchers bear a net cost compared to non‐switchers. From a practical standpoint, our findings alert a company considering a change of its auditor prior to a new equity issue.
A Direct and Mild Conversion of Tertiary Aryl Amides to Methyl Esters Using Trimethyloxonium Tetrafluoroborate: A Very Useful Complement to Directed Metalation Reactions

Abstract The scope and generality of a direct process for the conversion of tertiary amides directly to methyl esters has been investigated. The process involves a two-step, one pot procedure in which a tertiary amide is first treated with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate to generate an imidate intermediate which is then hydrolyzed, generally by the addition of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. Although this process fails for aliphatic amides, very good yields are realized for a variety of amides derived from aromatic carboxylic acids. Steric hindrance at the N-alkyl group is well tolerated; thus N,N-dimethyl, -diethyl, and -diisopropyl amides can all be utilized successfully.
Gauge theory and string theory; An introduction to the AdS/CFT correspondence

In this talk, I would like to show you some of the recent developments in superstring theory, in particular the relation between gauge theory and string theory. String theory was originally invented as a theory of hadrons, but it was superseded by the gauge theory. It then found its employment in quantum gravity. Now it seems that string theory and gauge theory are meeting again, and I hope this new direction will provide an interesting arena where lattice gauge theorists and string theorists can interact and exchange ideas, benefiting both.
Frequency Domain Stability Criteria for Distributed Parameter Systems

Frequency domain stability criteria for open and closed loop distributed parameter linear time invariant systems
Directed flow of neutral strange particles at AGS

The directed flow of neutral strange particles in heavy-ion collisions at the alternating gradient synchrotron (AGS) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory is studied in the ART transport model. Using a lambda mean-field potential that is (2/3) of the nucleon potential as predicted by the constituent quark model, lambdas are found to flow with protons but with a smaller flow parameter as observed in experiments. For kaons, their repulsive potential, which is calculated from the impulse approximation using the measured kaon-nucleon scattering length, leads to a smaller antiflow than that shown in the E895 data. The implications of this discrepancy are discussed.
Automated generation of layout and control for quantum circuits

We present a computer-aided design flow for quantum circuits, complete with automatic layout and control logic extraction. To motivate automated layout for quantum circuits, we investigate grid-based layouts and show a performance variance of four times as we vary grid structure and initial qubit placement. We then propose two polynomial-time design heuristics: a greedy algorithm suitable for small, congestion-free quantum circuits and a dataflow-based analysis approach to placement and routing with implicit initial placement of qubits. Finally, we show that our dataflow-based heuristic generates better layouts than the state-of-the-art automated grid-based layout and scheduling mechanism in terms of latency and potential pipelinability, but at the cost of some area.
More Precise Pair Correlation of Zeros and Primes in Short Intervals

Goldston and Montgomery proved that the strong pair correlation conjecture and two second moments of primes in short intervals are equivalent to each other under the Riemann hypothesis. The paper obtains the second main terms for each of the above, and it is shown that they are almost equivalent to each other.
Asymmetric synthesis of 1,1,2- and 1,2-substituted dihydronaphthalenes via a chiral naphthyl imine

Abstract The imine of 1-naphthaldehyde and O-t-butylvalinol is transformed, in > 95% ee, to the title compounds on treatment with organolithium reagents followed by proton or methyl iodide quench.
The Leray spectral sequence is motivic

Our goal is to prove that the Leray spectral sequence associated to a map of algebraic varieties is motivic in the following sense: If the singular cohomology groups of the category of quasiprojective varieties defined over a subfield of C can be canonically endowed with some additional structure, such as its mixed Hodge structure or its motive (in Nori's sense or as a product of realizations). Then the Leray spectral sequence for a projective map in this category is automatically compatible with this structure. As byproduct, we get a relatively cheap construction of a mixed Hodge structure on the cohomology of variation of Hodge structure of geometric origin.
A Comparison of Self-Reported Symptoms and DSM-III-R Criteria for Cocaine Withdrawal

The frequencies of 15 self-reported symptoms of cocaine withdrawal were compared in 75 subjects to the symptoms listed as criteria by DSM-III and DSM-III-R for either amphetamine or cocaine withdrawal. Three of the four most frequently reported symptoms, depression (75%), sleep disturbance (71%), and fatigue (69%), corresponded to DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria. The only other DSM-III symptom, increased dreaming (33%), was infrequently reported, lending support to its deletion by DSM-III-R. Physical withdrawal symptoms, which are generally unappreciated in cocaine withdrawal, were reported by 64% of the sample. Neither the DSM-III criteria nor the new DSM-III-R criteria include other frequent symptoms which might contribute to relapse and impaired functioning, such as craving (69%), apathy/amotivation (67%), and restlessness (64%). Thus, these criteria may be too narrowly defined for treatment purposes.
Measurement of intake valve/cylinder boundary flows using a multiple orientation hot-wire technique

Etude de l'ecoulement dans la zone intermediaire entre la soupape d'admission et le cylindre d'un moteur a l'aide d'anemometres a fils chauds multidirectionnels
High-gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches for impulse sources

A high peak power impulse pulser that is controlled with high gain, optically triggered GaAs Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches (PCSS) has been constructed and tested. The system has a short 50 (Omega) line that is charged to 100 kV and discharged through the switch when the switch is triggered with as little as 90 nJ of laser energy. We have demonstrated that the GaAs switches can be used to produce either a monocycle or a monopulse with a period or total duration of about 3 ns. For the monopulse, the voltage switched was above 100 kV, producing a peak power of about 48 MW to the 30 (Omega) load at a burst repetition rate of 1 kHz. The laser that is used is a small laser diode array whose output is delivered through a fiber to the switch. The current in the system has rise times of 430 ps and a pulse width of 1.4 ns when two laser diode arrays are used to trigger the switch. The small trigger energy and switch jitter are due to a high gain switching mechanism in GaAs.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A convenient synthesis of chiral succinic acid-d2 by catalytic asymmetric reduction using a ruthenium BINAP catalyst

Abstract The synthesis of (2R,3R) and (2S,3S) dideuteriosuccinic acid in 63 ± 10% enantiomeric excess by reduction of the half acid ester of ethyl fumarate from (R) and (S) BINAP ruthenium (II) diacetate complex, respectively, is reported. (2R,3R) and (2S,3S)-Dideuteriosuccinic acid has also been prepared from (R)-BINAP ruthenium (II) dicarboxylate complex directly in similar optical purity by reversing the sequence of introduction of the isotopic label.
Nonlinear effects in the TGB A phase

We study the nonlinear interactions in the TGBA phase by using a rotationally invariant elastic free energy. By deforming a single grain boundary so that the smectic layers undergo their rotation within a finite interval, we construct a consistent three-dimensional structure. With this structure we study the energetics and predict the ratio between the intraboundary and interboundary defect spacing, and compare our results with those from linear elasticity and experiment.
Anodic stripping voltammetry at ultramicroelectrodes for metal speciation studies in aqueous solutions of low ionic strength

Abstract The minimization of resistance effects at ultramicroelectrodes is shown to offer substantial improvement in the reliability of speciation studies performed by stripping voltammetry in aquatic systems of low ionic strength. Because ohmic losses have a pronounced effect upon the peak characteristics used for obtaining the speciation data, stripping voltammetry at conventional-sized electrodes has been limited mainly to marine samples. The use of microelectrodes therefore opens the way for speciation studies in numerous systems of environmental concern. Several common stripping/speciation experiments, including various titrimetric stripping methods or the construction of pseudopolarograms, performed at the micro- and conventional electrodes, are described. Defined systems containing different supporting electrolyte levels and known concentrations of model ligands and metals are employed. Different changes and trends in the stripping peak characteristics are observed at the micro- and conventional electrodes. Besides the ability to perform speciation experiments in fresh water samples, the unique hydrodynamics and geometry of ultramicroelectrodes can alter the fraction of the metal detected in the natural waters system.
HOW MUCH OF COMMODITY PRICE BEHAVIOR CAN A RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS STORAGE MODEL EXPLAIN

A rational expectations competitive storage model was applied to the U.S. corn market, to assess the aptness of this framework in explaining monthly price behavior in an actual commodity market. Relative to previous models, extensive realism was added to the model, in terms of how production activities and storage costs are specified. By modeling convenience yield, “backwardation” in prices between crop years did not depend on the unrealistic assumption of zero ending stocks. Our model generated cash prices that were distributed with positive skewness and kurtosis, and mean and variance that increased over the storage season, comparable to the persistence and the occasional spikes observed in commodity prices. Futures prices were generated as conditional expectations of cash prices at contract maturity, and the variances of futures prices exhibited realistic time–to-maturity and seasonal patterns. Model realizations of cash and futures prices over many “years” were used to demonstrate the wide variety of price behaviors that could be observed in an efficient market with a similar market structure, implying that economic and policy implications drawn from short, historical samples of prices could be misleading.
Lagrange formalism of memory circuit elements: Classical and quantum formulations

The general Lagrange-Euler formalism for the three memory circuit elements, namely, memristive, memcapacitive, and meminductive systems, is introduced. In addition, mutual meminductance, i.e., mutual inductance with a state depending on the past evolution of the system, is defined. The Lagrange-Euler formalism for a general circuit network, the related work-energy theorem, and the generalized Joule's first law are also obtained. Examples of this formalism applied to specific circuits are provided, and the corresponding Hamiltonian and its quantization for the case of nondissipative elements are discussed. The notion of memory quanta, the quantum excitations of the memory degrees of freedom, is presented. Specific examples are used to show that the coupling between these quanta and the well-known charge quanta can lead to a splitting of degenerate levels and to other experimentally observable quantum effects.
Existence of Multi-Pulses of the Regularized Short-Pulse and Ostrovsky Equations

The existence of multi-pulse solutions near orbit-flip bifurcations of a primary single-humped pulse is shown in reversible, conservative, singularly perturbed vector fields. Similar to the non-singular case, the sign of a geometric condition that involves the first integral decides whether multi-pulses exist or not. The proof utilizes a combination of geometric singular perturbation theory and Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction through Lin’s method. The motivation for considering orbit flips in singularly perturbed systems comes from the regularized short-pulse equation and the Ostrovsky equation, which both fit into this framework and are shown here to support multi-pulses.
A Readily Available and User-Friendly Chiral Catalyst for Efficient Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis.

No glove box required! A new chiral catalyst for olefin metathesis is prepared from commercially available materials and is equally or more effective and selective than the previous systems. The new user-friendly catalyst can be prepared in situ (see scheme, Ar=aryl, Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl), isolation not needed, outside of a glove box, and delivers reactivity and enantioselectivity levels formerly available only through multiple catalysts.
“I Know What Love Means”: Qualitative Descriptions From Mexican American and White Adolescents

A qualitative approach was used to explore the meaning of being in love for Mexican American and White adolescents. Adolescents' written descriptions were coded using inductive content analysis. Five broader love themes encompassing five additional subthemes emerged: commitment (sacrifice and time); intimacy (friendship, trust, and caring); reciprocity; unconditional acceptance; and unsure/unknown. Mexican American adolescents mentioned intimacy components, White adolescent boys mentioned commitment components, and White adolescents and girls mentioned unconditional acceptance components in their self-definitions of love more than their counterparts. Understanding the meaning of love has implications for prevention efforts targeted at reducing the health risks associated with romantic relationships in adolescence.
The Bar-Natan skein module of the solid torus and the homology of ( n , n ) Springer varieties

This paper establishes an isomorphism between the Bar-Natan skein module of the solid torus with a particular boundary curve system and the homology of the (n, n) Springer variety. The results build on Khovanov’s work with crossingless matchings and the cohomology of the (n, n) Springer variety. We also give a formula for comultiplication in the Bar-Natan skein module for this specific three-manifold and boundary curve system.
Microscopic origin of collective exponentially small resistance states

Abstract The formation of ‘zero’ (exponentially small) resistance states (ESRS) in high mobility two-dimensional electron systems (2DES) in a static magnetic field B and subjected to strong microwave (MW) radiation has attracted great theoretical interest. These states appear to be associated with a new kind of energy gap Δ . Here I show that the energy gap Δ is explained by a microscopic quantum model that involves the Prime Number Theorem, hitherto reserved for only mathematical contexts. The model also contains the zeroes of the zeta function, and explains the physical origin of the Riemann hypothesis.