cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPECT/CT imaging in children with papillary thyroid carcinoma

SPECT/CT improves localization of single photon-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. To determine the utility of SPECT/CT in children with papillary thyroid carcinoma. 20 SPECT/CT and planar studies were reviewed in 13 children with papillary thyroid carcinoma after total thyroidectomy. Seven studies used I-123 and 13 used I-131, after elevating TSH by T4 deprivation or intramuscular thyrotropin alfa. Eight children had one study and five children had two to four studies. Studies were performed at initial post-total thyroidectomy evaluation, follow-up and after I-131 treatment doses. SPECT/CT was performed with a diagnostic-quality CT unit in 13 studies and a localization-only CT unit in 7. Stimulated thyroglobulin was measured (except in 2 cases with anti-thyroglobulin antibodies). In 13 studies, neck activity was present but poorly localized on planar imaging; all foci of uptake were precisely localized by SPECT/CT. Two additional foci of neck uptake were found on SPECT/CT. SPECT/CT differentiated high neck uptake from facial activity. In six studies (four children), neck uptake was identified as benign by SPECT/CT (three thyroglossal duct remnants, one skin contamination, two by precise anatomical CT localization). In two children, SPECT/CT supported a decision not to treat with I-131. When SPECT/CT was unable to identify focal uptake as benign, stimulated thyroglobulin measurements were valuable. In three of 13 studies with neck uptake, SPECT/CT provided no useful additional information. SPECT/CT precisely localizes neck iodine uptake. In small numbers of patients, treatment is affected. SPECT/CT should be used when available in thyroid carcinoma patients.
Workplace Characteristics and Work-to-Family Conflict: Does Caregiving Frequency Matter?

Many workers can expect to provide care to an elder relative at some point during their tenure in the workforce. This study extends previous research by exploring whether caregiving frequency (providing care on a regular, weekly basis vs. intermittently) moderates the relationship between certain workplace characteristics and work-to-family conflict. Utilizing a sample of 465 respondents from the National Study of the Changing Workforce (Families and Work Institute, 2008), results indicate that access to workplace flexibility has a stronger effect on reducing work-to-family conflict among intermittent caregivers than among those who provide care regularly.
Consolidation of motor memory.

An issue of great recent interest is whether motor memory consolidates in a manner analogous to declarative memory – that is, with the formation of a memory that progresses over time from a fragile state, which is susceptible to interference by a lesion or a conflicting motor task, to a stabilized state, which is resistant to such interference. Here, we first review studies that examine the anatomical basis for motor consolidation. Evidence implicates cerebellar circuitry in two types of associative motor learning – eyelid conditioning and vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation – and implicates primary motor cortex in skilled finger movements. We also review evidence for and against a consolidation process for adaptation of arm movements. We propose that contradictions have arisen because consolidation can be masked by inhibition of memory retrieval.
Psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students.

ABSTRACT Objective To delineate the degree to which various levels of problematic alcohol use are associated with psychiatric disorders in adolescents. Method The lifetime occurrence of psychiatric disorders was examined in a community sample of 1,507 older adolescents (aged 14 through 18 years) who were categorized according to their alcohol use (i.e., abstainers, experimenters, social drinkers, problem drinkers, and abuse/dependence group). Results Increased alcohol use was associated with the increased lifetime occurrence of depressive disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, drug use disorders, and daily tobacco use. There was a trend for increased alcohol use in girls to be associated with anxiety disorders. More than 80% of adolescents with alcohol abuse/dependence had some other form of psychopathology. Alcohol disorders, in general, followed rather than preceded the onset of other psychiatric disorders. Comorbidity was associated with an earlier age of alcohol disorder onset and with greater likelihood of mental health treatment utilization. Conclusion Rates of psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in adolescents are striking and represent an important therapeutic challenge.
Severe hypoglycemia while on intensive insulin therapy is not an independent predictor of death after trauma.

BACKGROUND Fear of the adverse effects of hypoglycemia has limited the widespread application of intensive insulin therapy (goal, 80-110 mg/dL) in the trauma population. We hypothesized that severe hypoglycemia (SH; <or=40 mg/dL) was not an independent predictor of mortality in the trauma population. METHODS An analysis of critically ill trauma patients treated with intensive insulin therapy from November 2005 to May 2008 was performed. The primary outcomes of interest were any episode of SH (<40 mg/dL) and all-cause inhospital mortality. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the independent relationship between hypoglycemia and death. RESULTS : Fifty-seven thousand two hundred eighty-four data entries (1,824 patients) from the euglycemia protocol were analyzed (mortality = 16.0%). Median glucose was 119 mg/dL, with 43% of values between 80 mg/dL and 110 mg/dL, 81% between 80 mg/dL and 150 mg/dL, and 0.3% <40 mg/dL. There were 126 severe hypoglycemic episodes in 111 patients (6.1% of the patients). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that SH was not independently associated with death after adjusting for other known risk factors (odds ratio, 1.244; 95% confidence interval, 0.853-1.816; p = 0.257). CONCLUSION Hypoglycemia may be an unavoidable byproduct of tight glucose control with 6.1% of the patients experiencing a severe hypoglycemic event (<40 mg/dL). Hypoglycemia is not an independent predictor of death. Hypoglycemia is a statistical probability of time spent on protocol rather than an event leading to death. These data suggest that lower glucose ranges should be targeted in the trauma population without fear of hypoglycemia's adverse effect on mortality.
Multidisciplinary teamwork in a robotics course

Real-world systems are comprised of interdependent components creating integrated systems. These systems are developed by multidisciplinary teams. The goal of this project is the development of a comprehensive undergraduate course in robotics that encompasses various fields that are integral to robotic systems: Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. A main pedagogical goal of the course is to teach group dynamics and the skills necessary for interaction with people in different disciplines in multidisciplinary teams. Descriptions of the course and the hands-on lab assignments are presented along with course assessment.
Return to duty rate of amputee soldiers in the current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq

BACKGROUND:: The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of amputee soldiers who sustained their injury during the current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq and have returned to duty. In addition, the authors plan to identify the factors that influence the amputee's likelihood to return to duty. METHODS:: The computerized records of amputee soldiers who presented to the Physical Evaluation Board between October 1, 2001 and June 1, 2006 were reviewed. This data were cross-referenced with the Military Amputee Database. The following variables were extracted: age, gender, pay grade, amputation level, and final disposition. RESULTS:: During the period reviewed, there were 395 major limb amputees that met inclusion criteria. Of those, 65 returned to active duty (16.5%). The average age of amputees returning to duty was more than 4 years older than those who separated from the service (31.4 vs. 27.2), p Language: en
A Comparison of Local and Regional Trends in Surface and Lower-Tropospheric Temperatures in Western North Carolina

Temperature time series for stations in western North Carolina are used to evaluate the potential for an urban signal in the local temperature trend, and to compare a homogeneous temperature record from a mountain-top station to two versions of the lower-tropospheric, satellite-derived temperatures from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU). Results regarding the urban signal are in agreement with the conclusion from previous investigations that after a location is urbanized, the local temperature trend is consistent with trends derived from surrounding, more rural stations. With respect to the mountain top and lower-tropospheric temperature comparison, the magnitudes of the two MSU-derived trends for the western North Carolina area are closer to the average annual minimum temperature trend than to the annual average maxi- mum temperature trend.
Formation of the low-lying electronic states of CrO in highly exothermic reactive oxidation. Assessment of new states and partial resolution of previous observations

Abstract The highly exothermic reactions of chromium atoms with O 3 and N 2 O have been studied over a pressure range extended in a controlled manner from a single collision bimolecular reactive environment (Cr + XO→CrO* + X(O 2 , N 2 )) with P total ⩽ 10 −4 Torr to multiple collision conditions (Cr + XO + Ar→Cr O* + X + Ar) with P total (Ar)≈ 2000 μ. The multipole collision environment promotes rotational relaxation and allows the study of strong couplings and rapid energy transfer among CrO excited states. The combination of these studies provides further information on the CrO electronic state manifold. Emission is observed from two and possibly three different excited states of CrO including the well-known 600 nm system (B 5 Π-X 5 Π), a system at ≈ 850 nm ( T 0 = 11800 cm −1 , Δ′ 1 2 =820) cm −1 ) tentatively associated with an A′ 5 -Δ-X 5 Π transition, and a newly observed blue system in the range λ = 510–420 nm ( E onset ≈ 22163, Δ G ≈ 575 cm −1 ) which emanates either from a new electronic state or from higher vibrational levels of a strongly inflected B 5 Π state. Features associated with the ν′ =2, 3, 4, and 5 levels of the CrO B 5 Π state display an apparent doubling into two components (bands) whose average frequency corresponds closely to that anticipated vibrational level structure for the B 5 Π state. This dual level structure is attributed to the interaction between two closely lying excited electronic states of CrO, one being B 5 Π, the mixing being of such a magnitude that perturbations of the B 5 Π state extend across a large manifold of rotational levels leading to an apparent shift of this bundle of levels due to the interaction with a perturber state. The perturber state which borrows intensity from B 5 Π becomes the second component of the doublet structure.
474 THE ROLE OF CLIMATOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE BACTERIO-LOGY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

The relationship of environmental temperature (T) and humidity (H) in the prevalence of urinary tract pathogens is unknown. 1123 consecutive UTIs encountered over 5 years, in 404 pediatric patients (average age 4.5 years) were included. Etiologies included 723 E. coli, (EC), 184 proteus mirabilis (PM), 94 Klebsiella (KL), 54 gram positive (GP) and 68 others. Their monthly prevalence compared with the average monthly T (lowest, left of table) and H was as follows: PM varied negatively with T (-0.7, P <0.002) and H (-0.58, P <0.002). KL varied positively with T (+ 0.56, P < 0.002) only. EC and GP were not affected. During the 3 coldest months PM comprised 25% of UTI as compared with 11% in the 3 warmest months (P <0.001); for KL proportions was 3% and 13% respectively (P<0.01). Environment apparently influences the prevalence of PM and KL. The findings for PM are consistent with its increased occurrence in colder geographic areas. (J. Ped. 94:851, 1979). Relationship of KL with T correlates with its occurrence in epidemics during the summer season.
Stasis in venous ulcers: a misnomer that should be abandoned.

Leg ulcerations secondary to chronic venous insufficiency have been termed ‘stasis ulcers.’ This is based on an original idea proposed by Homans in 1917. However, since then data has been generated suggesting in fact ‘stasis’ does not occur. In this paper, we review the information that has accumulated, refuting the concept of stasis. We suggest that the term ‘stasis ulcer’ is a misnomer, and should be abandoned.
Twinship in mythology and science: ambivalence, differentiation, and the magical bond.

Abstract This article has attempted to show parallels and continuities between mythological traditions dealing with twinship and modern scientific approaches that either study twinship itself or use twin studies to answer more general questions. We do not mean to imply that modern research on twins is just a continuation of mythological concepts. What we have tried to show is the continuity in some of the questions being asked and in some of the answers being given. The explanation we would like to offer here for these parallels is that there are common psychological elements in both mythological and scientific approaches to twinship. The two major elements are fascination and ambivalence. Fascination with twin births has always been combined with a great deal of apprehension and ambivalence. In both primitive and modern societies, multiple births have been viewed as a potential source of familial and social conflict and complication. The Old Testament mythological tradition, which emphasized competition and individuation in twin pairs, and the Greek mythological tradition, which emphasized fusion and intimacy, are both reflected in modern approaches to the study of twinship.
Prospective political analysis for policy design: Enhancing the political viability of single-payer health reform in Vermont

Abstract Background In 2011 the state of Vermont adopted legislation that aims to create the nation's first state-level single-payer health care system, a system that would go well beyond national reform efforts. Objectives To conduct a prospective, institutional stakeholder analysis to guide development of a politically viable, universal health care reform proposal, as commissioned by Vermont's legislature in July 2010. Methods A total of 64 semi-structured stakeholder interviews with nearly 120 individuals, representing 60 different groups/institutions, were conducted between July and December 2010. Interviews probed stakeholders regarding five major design components: financing options, decoupling insurance from employment, organization/governance, comprehensiveness of benefits, and payment reform. Results There was a range of opposition and support across stakeholder groups and components, and more remarkably a diversity of views within groups often believed to be unwavering supporters or detractors of comprehensive health reform. Given the balance of conflicting views, relative power, and acceptable trade-offs, the research team proposed a single-payer health care system financed through payroll taxes, decoupled from employment, with a generous benefit package, governed by a public–private intermediary. Conclusions Prospective political analysis can assist in choosing among a range of technically sound policy options to create a more politically viable health reform package.
Aztreonam lysine for inhalation: new formulation of an old antibiotic.

Purpose The pharmacology, safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, current place in therapy, and potential future therapeutic uses of inhaled aztreonam are reviewed. Summary Inhaled aztreonam, a newly formulated lysine salt of the original monobactam antibiotic, is approved for the treatment of respiratory symptoms in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who are colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Its spectrum of activity is limited to susceptible gram-negative organisms, including P. aeruginosa . Lyophilized aztreonam lysine is diluted with 0.17% sodium chloride and administered using the Altera nebulizer system, which produces appropriate-sized particles for proper deposition in the lungs to achieve high sputum and low systemic concentrations. Mean sputum drug concentrations are highest 10 minutes after dose administration, and plasma concentrations peak one hour after inhalation. Aztreonam is excreted via active tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. Caution is advised in patients with renal or hepatic impairment, breastfeeding women, and patients age 65 years or older. Like the older i.v. formulation, inhaled aztreonam displays time-dependent killing. Phase III clinical trials have shown improvements in respiratory symptoms, decreased P. aeruginosa sputum density, prolonged time intervals between antibiotic treatments, and efficacy without the development of resistance in the face of repeated exposures. This formulation is available only from select specialty pharmacies and should only be used with the Altera nebulizer system. Conclusion Inhaled aztreonam has shown efficacy and safety in patients seven years of age or older with CF who have P. aeruginosa airway infections. This product may complement existing therapies and offers the advantage of a new inhaled formulation to aid in treatment regimens.
Chondrule textures and precursor grain size: an experimental study

Chondrule formation appears to have been a major event in the early solar system, but chondrule properties do not allow us to distinguish between several possible formation mechanisms. The physical nature of the precursors, especially grain size, must affect the textures of the chondrules they yield when heated. We melted precursors of different grain sizes, including extremely fine-grained crystalline aggregates analogous to nebular condensates, to see whether objects resembling most natural chondrules can be crystallized. With one-minute heating and moderate cooling rates, the grain size of the charges depends directly on the grain size of the starting material, for temperatures up to very close to the liquidus temperature. A single rapid heating of condensate-like material thus produces very fine-grained chondrules, like dark-zoned chondrules, for a very wide range of peak temperatures. It is incapable of generating the observed textural distribution of chondrules, which are predominantly porphyritic. The simplest model for chondrules, a single heating of unmodified condensate material, therefore appears unrealistic. Coarse-grained chondrules might be formed from fine-grained precursors by extended heating with evaporation leading to coarsening, or by multiple reheating events, with higher temperatures in subsequent events. Otherwise an origin from annealed condensates, planetary rocks, or by condensation of liquid and crystals is required.
Effects of guinea pig serum on 6C3HED and AKRL1 lymphoma cells implanted in various hosts.

SummaryIn the experiments here given, serum from normal guinea pigs acted regularly and powerfully against cells of Lymphoma 6C3HED when these were implanted in mice of various breeds (C3H, AKR, A, DBA, and hybrid C3H x AKR). But it did not inhibit the cells of Lymphoma AKRL1 in hosts of the above mentioned sorts, and it likewise failed to inhibit growth of cells of 2 additional lymphomas (AKR13 and AKR17) in C3H mice. The findings make it plain that guinea pig serum does not act against the 3 types of AKR lymphoma cells even when these are implanted in alien hosts; indeed in some of the experiments guinea pig serum seemed to enhance the growth of AKRL1 cells in alien hosts. Considered together the observations weigh heavily against the supposition that the mouse host provides natural or induced isoantibodies which act in conjunction with guinea pig serum in killing the cells of I ymphoma 6C3HED in vivo, and they support the inference that cells of Lymphoma 6C3HED differ intrinsically from those of Lympho...
The Role of Explicit and Implicit Standards in Visual Speed Discrimination

Five experiments were designed to investigate visual speed discrimination. Variations of the method of constant stimuli were used to obtain speed discrimination thresholds in experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5, while the method of single stimuli was used in experiment 3. The observers' thresholds were significantly influenced by the choice of psychophysical method and by changes in the standard speed. The observers' judgments were unaffected, however, by changes in the magnitude of random variations in stimulus duration, reinforcing the conclusions of Lappin et al (1975 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1 383 394). When an implicit standard was used, the observers produced relatively low discrimination thresholds (7.0% of the standard speed), verifying the results of McKee (1981 Vision Research 21 491-500). When an explicit standard was used in a 2AFC variant of the method of constant stimuli, however, the observers' discrimination thresholds increased by 74% (to 12.2%), resembling the high thresholds obtained by Mandriota et al (1962 Science 138 437-438). A subsequent signal-detection analysis revealed that the observers' actual sensitivities to differences in speed were in fact equivalent for both psychophysical methods. The formation of an implicit standard in the method of single stimuli allows human observers to make judgments of speed that are as precise as those obtained when explicit standards are available.
The "brave new world" of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (infectious cerebral amyloidosis).

The story of transmissible human spongiform encephalopathy, from its origins to the present time, enjoys the commentary of a cast of characters from Shakespeare's imaginary island inThe Tempest, with a brief visit to the real island of Tasmania for a bird's eye view of the prion, and some concluding thoughts about the current state of research in the netherworlds of molecular biology and physical chemistry.
Role of the medial septum and hippocampal theta rhythm in exploration-related synaptic efficacy changes in rat fascia dentata.

Abstract Animals transferred from their home cages to a different environment exhibited an increase in exploratory behavior which was accopanied by a substantial increase in perforant path-evoked population excitatory postsynaptic potentials and decreases in both the areas and the onset latencies of population spikes. As reported previously, these changes substantially outlasted the exploratory behaviors that induced them. Electrolytic lesions of the medial septum severely attenuated the theta rhythm of the hippocampal EEG, but had no significant effect on the exploration related changes in the synaptic and postsynaptic components of the evoked response. In urethane-anesthetized animals, long trains of hippocampal theta produced by sensory stimulation failed to affect the amplitude of evoked responses. These results show that the information critical for the exploration-related alterations in dentate evoked responses does not originate in or pass through the medial septum, and that the changes are not linked to hippocampal EEG states.
The Wisdom of Multiple Guesses

The "wisdom of crowds" dictates that aggregate predictions from a large crowd can be surprisingly accurate, rivaling predictions by experts. Crowds, meanwhile, are highly heterogeneous in their expertise. In this work, we study how the heterogeneous uncertainty of a crowd can be directly elicited and harnessed to produce more efficient aggregations from a crowd, or provide the same efficiency from smaller crowds. We present and evaluate a novel strategy for eliciting sufficient information about an individual's uncertainty: allow individuals to make multiple simultaneous guesses, and reward them based on the accuracy of their closest guess. We show that our multiple guesses scoring rule is an incentive-compatible elicitation strategy for aggregations across populations under the reasonable technical assumption that the individuals all hold symmetric log-concave belief distributions that come from the same location-scale family. We first show that our multiple guesses scoring rule is strictly proper for a fixed set of quantiles of any log-concave belief distribution. With properly elicited quantiles in hand, we show that when the belief distributions are also symmetric and all belong to a single location-scale family, we can use interquantile ranges to furnish weights for certainty-weighted crowd aggregation. We evaluate our multiple guesses framework empirically through a series of incentivized guessing experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk, and find that certainty-weighted crowd aggregations using multiple guesses outperform aggregations using single guesses without certainty weights.
Oral versus postingestive origin of polysaccharide appetite in the rat

Previous studies have revealed that rats consume substantial amounts of polysaccharide solutions, even if the solutions are made bitter with the addition of sucrose octa acetate (SOA). The present experiment used the gastric sham-feeding preparation to determine if it is the orosensory or postingestive properties of polysaccharides that motivate rats to consume polysaccharide (Polycose) solutions. In Experiment 1, food deprived rats sham fed less of a 0.05% SOA + 32% Polycose solution than they did of a 32% glucose solution, but their SOA-Polycose intake was still considerable (44 ml/hr). The same rats refused to sham feed SOA-gum and SOA-sugar solutions that were similar to the SOA-Polycose solution in bitter taste, viscosity and free sugar content. In Experiment 2, rats sham fed as much of a 32% Polycose solution as they did of a 32% sucrose solution. Despite the gastric fistula, some of the ingested Polycose was absorbed as evidenced by an increase in the rats' blood glucose levels. The addition of acarbose, a drug that inhibits polysaccharide digestion, to the Polycose solution blocked the increase in blood glucose, but did not reduce the rats' sham feeding of the solution. These findings indicate that it is the orosensory (presumably taste) properties of polysaccharide solutions, not their postingestive effects, that initially attract rats to the solutions. The results question the assumption that polysaccharides are “tasteless” to animals.
Prolyl-hydroxylase 3: evolving roles for an ancient signaling protein

The ability of cells to sense oxygen is a highly evolved process that facilitates adap- tations to the local oxygen environment and is critical to energy homeostasis. In vertebrates, this process is largely controlled by three intracellular prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHD) 1-3. These related enzymes share the ability to hydroxylate the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF), and therefore control the transcription of genes involved in metabolism and vascular recruitment. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that PHD controls much more than HIF signaling, with PHD3 emerging as an exceptionally unique and functionally diverse PHD isoform. In fact, PHD3-mediated hydroxylation has recently been purported to function in such diverse roles as sympathetic neuronal and muscle development, sepsis, glycolytic metabolism, and cell fate. PHD3 expression is also highly distinct from that of the other PHD enzymes, and varies considerably between different cell types and oxygen concentrations. This review will examine the evolution of oxygen sensing by the HIF family of PHD enzymes, with a specific focus on the complex nature of PHD3 expression and function in mammalian cells.
Structural elucidation of a nickel boryl complex. A recyclable borylation Ni(II) reagent of bromobenzene.

The first nickel complex bearing a boryl moiety, (PNP)Ni[B(catechol)] (PNP = N[2-P(CHMe2)2-4-methylphenyl]2−), has been prepared, structurally characterized, and analyzed by DFT; this rare species is shown to be a recyclable reagent for the borylation of bromobenzene, via an unusual cycle, by applying the ingredients catecholborane and NaBH4.
Women and Mentoring: A Review and Research Agenda

Mentoring provides career guidance and psychological support to employees. However, women may have difficulty establishing a mentoring relationship. This paper describes the individual and organizational factors that may inhibit the development of mentorships for women. An agenda for research on the development and dynamics of mentoring relationships is proposed.
25-OHD3-26,23 lactone: demonstration of kidney-dependent synthesis in the pig and rat.

Summary Plasma concentrations of polar metabolites of vitamin D 3 were measured in intact and bilaterally nephrectomized pigs and rats receiving large doses of vitamin D 3 and undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Plasma concentrations of 25-OHD 3 were increased one day after the vitamin D 3 injections. Bilaterally nephrectomized pigs had higher plasma concentrations of 25-OHD 3 and 25,26-(OH) 2 D 3 throughout the experiment than control pigs had. Bilaterally nephrectomized rats, however, had lower concentrations of 25-OHD 3 and 25,26-(OH) 2 D 3 than the control rats had. Both bilaterally nephrectomized pigs and rats were unable to produce 25-OHD 3 -26,23 lactone (lactone) after a challenge of massive I.M. injections of vitamin D 3 . Intact animals of both species had elevated concentrations of lactone (30–50 ng/ml) at the end of the experiment. Our results show that lactone, like 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 , requires the kidney for its production.
Envy and the dark side of alienation

It may be that the process of socialization is generally thought to depend upon the development of the slave consciousness. It appears that at present the type of indoctrination a child receives when he or she is socialized by parents and teachers is the general way in which a society makes sure it transmits its values from one generation to the next. If this is so, the analysis of the slave consciousness we have been pursuing would fundamentally call into question the benefits that are to be expected from this most pervasive and fundamental social practice. The development of the heteronomous conscience does not simply guarantee that the citizen will comply with the standards of society; it also guarantees that individuals will develop (some to a greater extent than others) such socially disruptive attitudes as a revengeful sense of justice and a psychological predisposition toward envy. Furthermore, given the massive amounts of social inequality and injustice characterizing many contemporary societies, the combination of economic and psychological factors almost guarantees a tacit or explicit level of frustration which will often erupt into violence. This violence is senseless, repeated, and pervasive because it is nothing but the nourishment needed by the slave consciousness to maintain itself in power. Exploitation, murder, rape, war, the nuclear weapons contest, the polarization of groups against each other, etc., are manifestations of a consciousness that always has to outdo itself vis-a-vis the other. As Nietzsche (1966, p. 140) observed, “Thus the will, the liberator, took to hurting; and on all who can suffer, it wreaks revenge for its inability to go backward [to a condition of autonomy].” With the liberation of imagination and memory, and a combined dedication to fighting all forms of social injustice, however, one can begin to transform society in ways that will confirm rather than deny the human aspiration for harmony and freedom.
Density separation of combustion-derived soot and petrogenic graphitic black carbon: Quantification and isotopic characterization

The black carbon continuum is composed of a series of carbon-rich components derived from combustion or metamorphism and characterized by contrasting environmental behavior and susceptibility to oxidation. In this work, we present a micro-scale density fractionation method that allows isolating the small quantities of soot-like and graphitic material usually found in natural samples. Organic carbon and δ13C mass balance calculations were used to quantify the relative contributions of the two fractions to thermally-stable organic matter from a series of aquatic sediments. Varying proportions of soot-like and graphitic material were found in these samples, with large variations in δ13C signatures suggesting important differences in their origin and/or dynamics in the environment.
Baryon magnetic moments

Abstract We discuss the baryon magnetic moments using the chiral bag model. The pion cloud contributes significantly to the moments and we point out that pion-pion interactions which enhances this contribution together with an isoscalar part is sufficient to explain the deviation of the baryon magnetic moments from their broken SU(6) values.
Short time-series measurements of particulate organic carbon flux and sediment community oxygen consumption in the North Pacific

Abstract Sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC), a measure of organic carbon demand, and particulate organic carbon flux (POCF), a measure of organic carbon supply to the benthic boundary layer, were measured concurrently for short time intervals (2–14 days) over periods up to 49 days at two abyssal mud-bottom stations in the North Pacific. One station was located in the eutrophic eastern North Pacific off southern California (Sta. F, 4400 m depth) and the other in the oligotrophic central gyre (Sta. CNP, 5800 m depth). Measurements were conducted during two seasons: spring, which was previously characterized by higher and variable rates of SCOC and POCF, and autumn, which was characterized by lower, more consistent rates at both stations. SCOC was measured with a 4-chambered free vehicle grab respirometer, and POCF was determined from sinking particulate matter collected with sediment traps moored at 600 m above the bottom. There was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between SCOC rates measured at the same station in the same season. Fluctuations in POCF were not reflected in SCOC at either station, and the intra-deployment variability in SCOC was as great as the interdeployment variability. Rates of SCOC were higher than POCF during both seasons at Sta. F but only in the spring at Sta. CNP. There was no appearance of synchronous or phased fluctuations in POCF and SCOC to suggest pelagic-benthic coupling on these time scales. Either long-term time-series measurements of SCOC and POCF or timedmeasurements to coincide with surface-water blooms are needed to identify coupling between passively sinking particulate organic carbon and the mineralization of organic matter by the deep-sea sediment community.
Association Rule Discovery Has the Ability to Model Complex Genetic Effects

Dramatic advances in genotyping technology have established a need for fast, flexible analysis methods for genetic association studies. Common complex diseases, such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis, are thought to involve an interplay of multiple genes working either independently or together to influence disease risk. Also, multiple underlying traits, each its own genetic basis may be defined together as a single disease. These effects - trait heterogeneity, locus heterogeneity, and gene-gene interactions (epistasis) - contribute to the complex architecture of common genetic diseases. Association rule discovery (ARD) searches for frequent itemsets to identify rule-based patterns in large scale data. In this study, we apply Apriori (an ARD algorithm) to simulated genetic data with varying degrees of complexity. Apriori using information difference to prior as a rule measure shows good power to detect functional effects in simulated cases of simple trait heterogeneity, trait heterogeneity and epistasis, and moderate power in cases of trait heterogeneity and locus heterogeneity. Also, we illustrate that bootstrapping the rule induction process does not considerably improve the power to detect these effects. These results show that ARD is a framework with sufficient flexibility to characterize complex genetic effects
Intraoperative ultrasound-guided breast biopsy.

Abstract Background: Biopsy of nonpalpable lesions has increased during the last decade. Commonly these lesions are excised using preoperative wire localization. We describe a technique of intraoperative ultrasound-guided breast biopsy that allows easier excision and aids in obtaining surgical margins in breast cancer. Methods: Intraoperative ultrasound was performed on 81 lesions. Ultrasound was used in an attempt to approximate a 1 cm margin on malignant lesions. Results: All attempts to localize lesions with ultrasound in surgery were successful (81 of 81). Ultrasound-guided surgery was accurate in predicting margins in 24 of 25 malignant lesions. No complications resulted. Conclusions: Ultrasound proved to be an effective technique for localizing and excising breast lesions. Benefits may include improving patient comfort, avoiding complications of needle localization breast biopsy, and simplifying the scheduling of surgical procedures. Additionally, this procedure may be used to obtain adequate surgical margins and thus reduce the recurrence rate of breast cancer.
Evaluation of a Chromogenic Agar under Development To Screen for VRE Colonization

BBL CHROMagar VanRE (CVRE) was compared with bile esculin azide agar plus vancomycin to screen for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) colonization. CVRE distinguishes Enterococcus faecalis (green colonies) from Enterococcus faecium (mauve colonies) on the basis of chromogenic substrate use. CVRE sensitivity and specificity were 98.6% and 99.1%. Positive and negative predictive values were 95.9% and 99.7%.
Spring over muscle (SOM) actuator for rehabilitation devices

For people affected by stroke, frequent physical therapy has been shown to be an effective form of rehabilitation. To this goal, several home therapy devices have been developed. Many of these devices may benefit from the use of a bidirectional pneumatic muscle actuator. This work presents the concept and design of the double-acting, compliant, spring over muscle (SOM) actuator. The principle design uses a spring in parallel with a pneumatic muscle actuator. This concept is economical, and easily scalable. Additionally, a design proposal for an ankle rehabilitation device, which incorporates the SOM actuator, is discussed.
Developments in epidermal growth factor receptor-targeting therapy for solid tumors: focus on matuzumab (EMD 72000).

Expression of epidermal growth factor and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR) stimulates tumor growth. Matuzumab is a humanized anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody that blocks EGFR activation and downstream signaling, inhibits tumor growth, and provides a clinical benefit for some patients. The plasma half-life (6–10 days) and pharmacodynamic activity allow flexible dosing on weekly, every-2-week, and every-3-week schedules. Matuzumab has shown single-agent antitumor activity in heavily pretreated patients with a variety of tumors, with a favorable safety profile. Skin rash is the most common toxicity, but is severe (Grade 3) in < 1 percent. This article describes preclinical and clinical development of matuzumab.
Thoughts on the complex relation between linked data, semantic annotations, and ontologies

The relation between data, annotations, and schemata seems straightforward at first: Data are annotated with additional meta information according to some schemata in order to expose additional non-intrinsic characteristics relevant to the meaningful interpretation of said data. However, on closer examination, things are not as simple. Focusing on geo-information retrieval, we will try to disentangle the aforementioned relations. We will report from our own experience and from observations gathered by editing papers about ontologies and Linked Data for the Semantic Web journal.
Noise limitations of system identification techniques

Three practical identification techniques are analyzed, and the time required by each of these techniques to estimate, in the presence of noise, the impulse response of an unknown system, within a specified accuracy, is determined. The identification time can be expressed in each case as the product of twice the gain-bandwidth product of the system being identified, divided by the variance of the estimate times the output SNR. The equivalence of the three methods is discussed and it is shown that the identification time of these methods represents the minimum identification time when a priori knowledge about the unknown system is not available.
Medical tort falls short in court.

Consider you were named in a malpractice lawsuit as part of a shotgun strategy; the lawsuit included every physician whose name appeared in the medical record. The hospitalist, who consulted you, did, in your opinion, engage in malpractice, having administered the fatal therapy you warned against. Your attorney's request for your dismissal from the suit was refused because the plaintiff's expert, a nonsurgeon, assured the plaintiff's attorney you did the wrong operation, at the wrong time, for the wrong reasons. But you did not operate on that patient; the procedure was aborted when anesthetic problems developed in the OR. Because of your excellent rapport with the family, they asked you to take charge when they dismissed the hospitalist. The defense attorney is trying to settle and hopes that he can get you off the hook as part of a pretrial settlement, but there are no guarantees. What should you do?.
Neural networks applied to the collagenous disease Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a serious disease which causes bones to be abnormally brittle, and thus, easily broken. It occurs when there is a mutation in the primary sequence of type I collagen. It varies in clinical representation including lethal and non-lethal forms. Severity of the disease appears to be dependent on the type of mutation in the genes COL1A1 and COL1A2. In an attempt to understand the clinical phenotypes of Osteogenesis imperfecta, the authors began an examination of the tertiary structure and primary sequence of collagen type I. The primary sequence of collagen type I was examined to look for neighborhood differences which might lead to specific phenotypes of the disease. Simple patterns were derived and tested. Representation schemes for use with a neural network were found and tested to try to discern the difference between the simplest classification of lethal and non-lethal clinical phenotypes. >
Long‐term potential ecosystem responses to greenhouse gas‐induced thermohaline circulation collapse

Abrupt climate change, such as could occur with significant thermohaline circulation (THC) weakening, appears throughout the palaeoclimate record and in many model experiments. We examine potential responses of ecosystem structure and function to the combined influence of THC collapse and greenhouse gas increase in Central England using a broad range of temperature scenarios. We demonstrate that biological communities in the North Atlantic region could be heavily influenced by THC collapse, but that the pattern of ecosystem responses depends upon the seasonal pattern of temperature changes. Plausible THC collapse scenarios threaten the remnant habitat fragments, upon which much of England's remaining biodiversity depends, by causing shifts away from the currently dominant temperate broadleaf cold deciduous tree type. Furthermore, some ecosystem responses, particularly of energy partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes, constitute potentially substantial feedbacks to the local climate system. However, accurate assessment of biotic responses to THC collapse requires far better confidence of the resulting seasonal temperature cycle than climate models currently provide.
The inclusion of set theoretical concepts in Prolog

Set-theoretical concepts, including the notion of intensional and extensional sets, are implemented in Prolog. Infinite as well as finite sets can be represented, and sets can be nested. This implementation allows for sets of lists and lists of sets. Users can specify the value of sets in a high-level sublanguage which corresponds closely to conventional logical notion, and the system automatically converts the specification to an efficient internal format. Set operations take intensional, extensional, or a mixture of intensional and extensional sets as inputs and return, if anything, a valid intensional or extensional set as output. >
All-Inside, Physeal-Sparing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Does Not Significantly Compromise the Physis in Skeletally Immature Athletes A Postoperative Physeal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in skeletally immature patients can result in growth disturbance due to iatrogenic physeal injury. Multiple physeal-sparing ACL reconstruction techniques have been described; however, few combine the benefits of anatomic reconstruction using sockets without violation of the femoral or tibial physis.Purpose:To utilize physeal-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify the zone of physeal injury after all-inside ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature athletes.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:Twenty-three skeletally immature patients (mean chronologic age 12.6 years; range, 10-15 years) were prospectively evaluated after all-inside ACL reconstruction. The mean bone age was 13.2 years. There were 8 females and 15 males. Fifteen patients underwent an all-epiphyseal (AE) ACL reconstruction and 8 patients had a partial transphyseal (PTP) ACL reconstruction, which spared the femoral physis but crossed the tibial physis....
Cell cycle control of cell morphogenesis in Caulobacter

In Caulobacter crescentus, morphogenic events, such as cytokinesis, the establishment of asymmetry and the biogenesis of polar structures, are precisely regulated during the cell cycle by internal cues, such as cell division and the initiation of DNA replication. Recent studies have revealed that the converse is also true. That is, differentiation events impose regulatory controls on other differentiation events, as well as on progression of the cell cycle. Thus, there are pathways that sense the assembly of structures or the localization of complexes and then transduce this information to subsequent biogenesis or cell cycle events. In this review, we examine the interplay between flagellar assembly and the C. crescentus cell cycle.
Right ventricular function and pulmonary hemodynamics during dopamine infusion in burned patients.

Right ventricular (RV) function and pulmonary hemodynamics were studied in burned patients during dopamine infusion. The dopamine dose varied between 0 to 9.0±0.7, (mean ± SE) μg/kg/mm. No significant improvement in RV hemodynamics was observed as measured by RV end-diastolic volume index and RV ejection fraction. However, with infusion of dopamine, significant elevation in mean pulmonary artery pressures were noted, particularly in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension. Dopamine, in the doses administered, does not improve RV or systemic hemodynamics; in some burned patients, dopamine may have deleterious effects on the pulmonary circulation.