cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surging Investment and Declining Aid: Evaluating Debt Sustainability in Rwanda

Rwanda is a unique case among its Sub-Saharan African peers in that it has already undergone a large scaling-up of public investment. The Rwandan government has made clear its desire to lower its reliance on foreign aid while still maintaining high public investment levels. We use the model of public investment, growth, and debt sustainability in Buffie et al. (2012) to evaluate the macroeconomic consequences of a possible scaling-down of investment in Rwanda. Using the model, we can gauge the consequences of different financing mechanisms and investment efficiency levels on the economy. We find that with some commercial borrowing and a modest tax adjustment, the authorities may be able to retain their high investment spending while still reducing their reliance on foreign aid.
Simulation-based decision support system for flood damage assessment under uncertainty using remote sensing and census block information

The level of damage of flood events does not solely depend on exposure to flood waters. Vulnerabilities due to various socio-economic factors such as population at risk, public awareness, and presence of early warning systems, etc. should also be taken into account. Federal and state agencies, watershed management coalitions, insurance companies, need reliable decision support system to evaluate flood risk, to plan and design flood damage assessment and mitigation systems. In current practice, flood damage evaluations are generally carried out based on results obtained from one dimensional (1D) numerical simulations. In some cases, however, 1D simulation is not able to accurately capture the dynamics of the flood events. The present study describes a decision support system, which is based on 2D flood simulation results obtained with CCHE2D-FLOOD. The 2D computational results are complemented with information from various resources, such as census block layer, detailed survey data, and remote sensing images, to estimate loss of life and direct damages (meso or micro scale) to property under uncertainty. Flood damage calculations consider damages to residential, commercial, and industrial buildings in urban areas, and damages to crops in rural areas. The decision support system takes advantage of fast raster layer operations in a GIS platform to generate flood hazard maps based on various user-defined criteria. Monte Carlo method based on an event tree analysis is introduced to account for uncertainties in various parameters. A case study illustrates the uses of the proposed decision support system. The results show that the proposed decision support system allows stake holders to have a better appreciation of the consequences of the flood. It can also be used for planning, design, and evaluation of future flood mitigation measures.
A Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3·Nuclear Factor κB (Stat3·NFκB) Complex Is Necessary for the Expression of Fascin in Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells in Response to Interleukin (IL)-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α

IL-6 mediated activation of Stat3 is a major signaling pathway in the process of breast cancer metastasis. One important mechanism by which the IL-6/Stat3 pathway promotes metastasis is through transcriptional regulation of the actin-bundling protein fascin. In this study, we further analyzed the transcriptional regulation of the fascin gene promoter. We show that in addition to IL-6, TNF-α increases Stat3 and NFκB binding to the fascin promoter to induce its expression. We also show that NFκB is required for Stat3 recruitment to the fascin promoter in response to IL-6. Furthermore, Stat3 and NFκB form a protein complex in response to cytokine stimulation. Finally, we demonstrate that an overlapping STAT/NFκB site in a highly conserved 160-bp region of the fascin promoter is sufficient and necessary to induce transcription in response to IL-6 and TNF-α.
Identification of mutant firefly luciferases that efficiently utilize aminoluciferins.

Firefly luciferase-catalyzed light emission from D-luciferin is widely used as a reporter of gene expression and enzymatic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Despite the power of bioluminescence for imaging and drug discovery, light emission from firefly luciferase is fundamentally limited by the physical properties of the D-luciferin substrate. We and others have synthesized aminoluciferin analogs that exhibit light emission at longer wavelengths than D-luciferin and have increased affinity for luciferase. However, although these substrates can emit an intense initial burst of light that approaches that of D-luciferin, this is followed by much lower levels of sustained light output. Here we describe the creation of mutant luciferases that yield improved sustained light emission with aminoluciferins in both lysed and live mammalian cells, allowing the use of aminoluciferins for cell-based bioluminescence experiments.
Psychoanalysis and Marxism: From Capitalist-All to Communist Non-All

Current influential attempts to bring together psychoanalysis and Marxism turn on the question of how to critique and move beyond capitalism without reverting to a utopian notion of communism. Taking this question seriously, the article explores the implications of psychoanalytic categories such as the real, fantasy, jouissance, and the formulae of sexuation, for Marxian economics and politics. Rethinking Marxism in conjunction with Lacanian psychoanalysis, the article aims to formulate a post-phantasmatic relation to the economy of surplus, and from there, to offer a new ethico-political stance around exploitation and communism.
A model of the effects of automatic generation control signal characteristics on energy storage system reliability

Abstract This paper presents a model of a distributed energy storage resource and its actuation signal. Many previous studies of distributed energy storage systems have assumed that the system has no energy storage limitations and that the actuation signal has no net or instantaneous energy content. This model includes these conditions so as to enable the design of automatic generation control signals whose characteristics maximize the device-level and system-level reliability of distributed energy storage systems. Analytical and numerical results show that the reliability of the DES device can be characterized using a set of non-dimensional parameters. These device-level reliability results are then translated into system-level reliability. These results are novel in that they can guide the balancing authority in constructing an automatic generator control signal specific to the capabilities of distributed energy resources.
Micromechanical Modeling of Particulate Composites for Damping of Acoustic Waves

The self-consistent (SC) micromechanical model of a composite containing coated micro-inclusions, originally proposed in the static regime by Cherkaoui et al. (1994, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 116, 274-278), is implemented in the quasistatic regime by the introduction of frequency dependent complex moduli for the matrix material. The original model is improved by using dilute strain concentration tensor (DSCT) formulation. It is shown that these concentration tensors can be used to approximate effective composite behavior of composites containing ellipsoidal inclusions having a known orientation distribution or of composites containing multiple types of coated inclusions. The DSCT formulation is also shown to be capable of modeling the effects of multiple scales (submicron-mesomacro), as well as that of a distribution of inclusion coating thicknesses. Various potential material modeling applications are verified through comparison with experimental data in the literature. Notably, the DSCT SC model is applied in the quasistatic regime for calculation of acoustic transmission loss of a slab of viscoelastic composite submerged in water for the range of frequencies between 0-100 kHz and compared with experimental data of Baird et al. (1999, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 105, 1527-1538).
Molecular Defect in a Gamma-2 (γ2) Heavy Chain

The first gamma-2 (γ2) heavy chain disease protein Gif has pyrroli-dinecarboxylic acid as its amino terminal residue, much of the Fd variable region, and an internal deletion of the heavy chain of about 100 residues corresponding to most of the Fd constant region. Normal sequence resumes with a glutamic acid residue at position 216 in the hinge region. This is the third gamma heavy chain disease protein where normal sequence resumes at the same position after the deletion.
Lasting effects of postnatal hypoxia and saline injection on the striatal dopamine transport and their modification by gangliosides.

Abstract Hypobaric hypoxia (10 h daily, pO2 10 kPa) and saline administration (2.5 μl/g body wt) from the 2nd till the 11th day of life both induced a long-lasting increase of the low-affinity dopamine (DA) uptake capacity in SI-fractions of the rat striatum. Additionally, the potassium-stimulated DA release was enhanced in adult control rats postnatally injected with saline. The administration of a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides (30 μg/g body wt) was found to prevent these effects. However, the kinetic constants of the DA uptake of hypoxic rats treated with gangliosides were reduced in comparison to untreated controls. Thus, the effects of gangliosides appear to differ between hypoxic and control conditions. The modification of the dopaminergic activity during brain development is discussed as a possible mechanism of the preventive effects of gangliosides against long-term cerebral dysfunctions following hypoxia or stress.
Fluvial responses to land-use changes and climatic variations within the Drury Creek watershed, southern Illinois

Abstract Fluvial responses to climatic variation and Anglo-American settlement were documented for the Drury Creek watershed, southern Illinois by examining stratigraphic, geomorphic, climatic, and historical data. Regional analyses of long-term precipitation records document a period of decreasing mean annual precipitation from 1904 to about 1945, and an increasing trend in annual precipitation from 1952 to the present. The period between 1945 and 1951 experienced a large number of intense storms that resulted in high annual precipitation totals. Statistical relationships illustrate that changes in precipitation totals are transferred to the hydrologic system as fluctuations in stream discharge. Historical records of southern Illinois show that a maximum period of settlement and deforestation occurred between the 1860s and 1920s. This era ended in the 1940s when large tracts of land were revegetated in an attempt to curtail erosion which had caused extensive upland degradation. In response to hillslope erosion at least two meters of fine-grained sediments were deposited on valley floors. Average sedimentation rates, determined using decdrochronologic techniques, are estimated to be 2.11 cm/yr for the period between 1890 and 1988; rates that are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater than pre-settlement values calculated for other areas of the midwest. However, botanical data suggest that aggradation was episodic, possibly occurring during three periods characterized by greater annual precipitation. Since the 1940s, sedimentation rates have declined. Reduced rates of sedimentation are related to an episode of channel entrenchment that reduced overbank flooding. Entrenchment coincided with a period of: (1) reduced sediment yields associated with watershed revegetation and the introduction of soil conservation practices, and (2) intense storm activity that resulted in long periods of high discharge. As a result of channel incision and hillslope erosion, newly exposed bedrock in upstream areas currently provides a source of gravel load to the channels. The distribution of coarse bedload material along tributary streams combined with downstream decreases in width:depth ratios and tractive force estimates suggest that channels in the Drury Creek watershed are slowly adjusting their configuration to transport coarse bedload material. The fluvial response to the increased influx of coarse sediment began more than 45 years ago and continues today.
Modification of the nucleon's properties in nuclear matter

The separated structure functions for large--momentum-transfer electron-nucleus scattering in the quasielastic region can be fitted by assuming that the effect of nuclear matter on nucleon structure is to increase the nucleon charge radius some 30%, and to quench the anomalous moments. These effects are consistent with a field-theoretic description of nucleon and nuclear structure.
The Effects of Whirling Disease on Growth and Survival of Snake River Cutthroat and Colorado River Rainbow Trout Fingerlings

Abstract Two sizes of fingerling Snake River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii behnkei and Colorado River rainbow trout O. mykiss were raised at hatcheries testing negative for Myxobolus cerebralis and stocked into the Dolores and Cache la Poudre rivers from 1999 to 2001. Populations were resampled over a 2-year period to determine which species and size combination had the highest growth and survival rates. Fish were tested for M. cerebralis via polymerase chain reaction and pepsin−trypsin digest analyses. Growth and survival rates between the species and size groups were not significantly different in either river. In the Dolores River, annual survival for both species and sizes of fish combined ranged from 0.063 to 0.12. In the Cache la Poudre River, survival for both sizes of rainbow trout was 0.004; survival for cutthroat trout ranged from 0.182 to 0.53. Larger fish had higher growth rates than smaller fish, and cutthroat trout had higher rates than similar sizes of rainbow trout. In both rivers, ...
CBD‐Cd1−xZnxS thin films and their application in CdTe solar cells

Composition, optical properties, structure properties, and surface morphology of thin films of Cd 1-x Zn x S (x ≤ 10%) prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) are reported. The best cell efficiency was 15.7%. It used a Cd 1-x Zn x S window layer, was confirmed by NREL (V oc = 840.1 mV, J sc = 24.81 mA/cm2, and FF = 75.55%), and had a CTO/ZTO/Cd 0.92 Zn 0.08 S/CdTe cell structure. The use of low zinc concentration in the Cd 1-x Zn x S layer and interdiffusion between Cd 1-x Zn x S and CdTe layers were assumed to be the reasons for maintaining high V oc and FF.
A Reorientation of Niche Theory in Human Ecology: Toward a Better Explanation of the Complex Linkages between Individual and Society

Symptomatic of social forces is the character of the relationship between the individual and society; study of that relationship is central to sociology, a part-whole problem shared with other social sciences. A number of sociological concepts have been developed at least in part to examine this relationship. In the past couple of decades, sociologists and other social scientists have borrowed from niche theory in biological ecology, applying niche in a number of ways. In this article, the Hutchinsonian revolution in niche theory is stressed to establish that adaptations of niche into sociological human ecology are based on misleading analogies and are derived from a failure to recognize the implications of changes in niche theory. The difficulties issue in part from “the species problem” and from unclear differentiation between niche and more established sociological concepts, particularly role and status. These differences are specified and clarified prior to a radical reorientation of niche in human ec...
MECHANISMS OF TECHNOLOGY RE-EMERGENCE AND IDENTITY CHANGE IN A MATURE FIELD: SWISS WATCHMAKING, 1970-2008

I examine the processes and mechanisms whereby market demand for a “dying” technology re-emerges at a later date. In 1983, fourteen years after the introduction of the first quartz watch, mechanical watches, along with the Swiss Jura community of watchmakers who built them, were thought to be “dead” (Landes, 1983). Unexpectedly, however, by 2008 the Swiss mechanical watchmaking industry had re-emerged as the world’s leading exporter (in monetary value) of watches. Using qualitative and quantitative analysis, which I apply to a wealth of data, I show how changes in product, organizational, and community identities associated with a legacy technology can be reconstituted to reconfigure a field. My findings highlight that three mechanisms – identity claims, leadership, and framing (i.e., temporal, linguistic, value) – are core to explaining field re-emergence. Although new or discontinuous technologies tend to displace older ones, legacy technologies that are seemingly “dead” can re-emerge, thrive, and even ...
Trends in semiconductor defect engineering at the nanoscale

Defect engineering involves manipulating the type, concentration, spatial distribution, or mobility of defects within a crystalline solid. Defect engineering in semiconductors has become much more sophisticated in recent years, driven by the need to control material properties at small length scales. The present article describes recent trends in defect engineering across several nano-oriented applications, beginning with Si-based integrated circuits and extending into non-Si microelectronics and especially into oxide semiconductors for sensors and photocatalysis. Special focus fixes upon physical mechanisms that have been little exploited up to now, but show significant promise as new means for controlling defect behavior, including low-energy ion bombardment, surface chemistry, and photostimulation. Systems-based methods for parameter estimation offer considerable promise for helping to understand the complex diffusion and reaction networks that characterize defect behavior in most prospective applications.
Fulminant Streptococcal Meningoencephalitis

A 43-YEAR-OLD WOMAN presented to her primary physician with asoreneckonenight and was found comatose within hours of that visit. The patient had a neurologic history significant for autoimmune limbic encephalitis complicated by status epilepticus, but she had been seizure free for several years while takingstableantiepilepticmedications and had not been given immunotherapy for2yearsprior to this event. There was initial concern for recurrent status epilepticus; thus, she was treated with a continuous lorazepam infusion for 18 hours prior to transfer from her local hospital. She was in septic shock on arrival to our medical center.Lumbarpuncture revealed a cerebrospinal fluid formula consistent with bacterial meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid culture results demonstratedgrowthofStreptococcus pneumoniae.Herneurologicexaminationonhospitaladmissionwassignificant for coma (FOUR Score was E1M0B4R1)andabsenceofnuchalrigidity.MagneticresonanceimagefindingsareshownintheFigure. Inspite ofmaximaltreatment,thepatientdemonstratednoneurologicimprovement 1 week into her admission. Coma in meningoencephalitiscanbeduetohydrocephalus,cerebraledema,cerebral thrombophlebitis, or status epilepticus. Herprognosiswasguardedatadmission; in the setting of continued lack of neurologic progress, she died after withdrawal of support.
Nonmagnetic 4 f Shell in the High-Pressure Phase of SmS

The magnetic susceptibility of SmS indicates a discontinuous and hysteretic magnetic transition at 6 kbar. The ground state of the $4f$ shell in the metallic high-pressure "collapsed" phase is nonmagnetic, contrary to Hund's rules. Nonmagnetic behavior of the $4f$ shell is correlated with an intermediate valence in SmS, Sm${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Ce}$. It is suggested that in such intermediate-valence phases at $T=0$ the $4f$ shell is demagnetized in the sense of the Friedel-Anderson model as modified by Hirst.
Understanding recreation activity participants as clientele groups of multi-use recreation areas

The goals of participants in a given type of recreation activity available in a specific recreation area may be in conflict with those of participants in other types of recreation available in the same area, creating difficult challenges for area managers. Moreover, little is known about the characteristics and behaviour patterns of such groups and how they might differ from one another, leaving managers less equipped to communicate effectively with them than would otherwise be the case. This article helps to fill this information void by comparing the characteristics and behaviour patterns of equestrians, hikers, mountain bikers, and runners on a rail-trail in South Dakota, USA. Significant differences across these activity groups emerged. For example, compared to the other groups, equestrians tended to be older visitors who sought an appreciation of history and nature, almost always in the company of others. Runners, on the other hand, tended to be younger visitors who sought to ‘promote health and fitn...
Immunocytochemical localization of the N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) hydrolyzing enzyme N-acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase)

N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) is a membrane bound enzyme that cleaves glutamate from the endogenous neuropeptide N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG). We report the immunocytochemical localization of NAALADase in rat brain and kidney by using specific anti-NAALADase antiserum. NAALADase-immunoreactivity (NAALADase-IR) was widely distributed, abundant in neuropil, absent from neuronal cytoplasm, and displayed regional heterogeneity. Staining was selectively enriched in several structures previously reported to contain NAAG-immunoreactivity (NAAG-IR) including the amygdala, caudate-putamen, central gray, dorsal raphe, globus pallidus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, locus coerulus, medial and lateral geniculate, olfactory bulb, periaqueductal gray, solitary nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and thalamus. Staining within these structures was enriched in neuropil; no intracellular staining was detected, even after colchicine treatment. In addition, NAALADase-IR was observed in some NAAG-containing fiber tracts including the corpus callosum, fornix, habenular commissure, solitary tract, stria medularis, and stria terminalis. The co-localization of NAALADase-IR and NAAG-IR support the hypothesis that NAALADase is responsible for the catabolism of NAAG in vivo. NAALADase-IR was also detected in brain regions that, to date, have not revealed NAAG-IR, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the median eminence. In addition, NAALADase-IR was detected in the rat kidney cortex, specifically in the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules. The observation that NAALADase-IR was more widespread than NAAG-IR suggests that NAALADase may also be involved in the catabolism of other structurally related neural and renal peptides.
Testing for a treatment effect in a heterogeneous population: A modified sign-test statistic and a leapfrog statistic

This paper proposes two non-parametric statistics that test for a treatment effect in a heterogeneous population. In the model considered, data on two examinations for both a control and a treatment group are needed to perform the test. The model allows for individual (fixed) effects that may be correlated with the choice of treatment. In addition, the model allows for an unspecified, monotonic transformation of the response variable. The techniques are illustrated by testing whether high levels of unemploymentbenefit eligibility affect the consumption patterns of unemployed American workers.
Revisiting Structural Adjustment Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Long-Lasting Impact on Child Health

The process of globalization, particularly in developing countries, has been significantly accelerated through the global economic policies implemented by major international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. While the primary goal of these neoliberal policies was geared towards financial stability and economic development, there is evidence of negative impacts of these policies on the health of the population in the countries of the third world. This paper explores this issue by reviewing Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and their impact on child health in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It examines the possible pathways and causal links between SAPs and child health in SSA. We argue that the adoption of SAPs by countries in SSA and the market-driven approach to healthcare has played a detrimental role in worsening indicators of child health in the region. The paper underscores the importance of looking beyond the indicators of purely economic growth when global macroeconomic policies are implemented. Linking specific macroeconomic policies with health opens up avenues for investigation of the conditions required for healthier populations. Besides the general indicators of population health, particular attention should be given to the often neglected, yet too sensitive to the impact of economic policies, indicators of child health. The paper highlights the value of healthy public policy and the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in adding health to the agenda of policymakers across sectors and levels of government. It concludes by promoting the value of effective global action in the face of the global economy and trade.
Ovarian Follicular Changes in Gray Squirrels as Affected by Season, Age, and Reproductive State

Sixty-six adult and 42 subadult female gray squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ) were collected over a period of one year between December 1966 and November 1967 in the vicinity of Blacksburg, Virginia. Differences in ovarian characteristics due to reproductive status, age, and month were analyzed by analysis of variance and a multiple range test. Pregnant adults had significantly ( P < 0.05) greater paired ovarian weights than lactating adults or those with a closed vaginal orifice. Pregnant adults had significantly ( P < 0.05) more tertiary follicles and significantly ( P < 0.05) higher sums of follicular diameters than adults in all other reproductive states. Squirrels with open vaginal orifices had significantly ( P < 0.05) higher average diameters of the four largest follicles than females in all other reproductive states. Significant effects due to age and month were observed for paired ovarian weights ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and the average diameter of the four largest follicles ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Seasonal trends in ovarian characteristics reflected the occurrence of the various reproductive states in the monthly samples.
Strong-field stabilization effect

Intense laser-atom interaction is modeled by placing an atom in a classical electromagnetic field. Computer simulations show new atomic responses to increasing laser intensities, among them are suppression of ionization and localization of the electron.
Finite-particle-size effects in disperse two-phase flows

Three aspects of the finite radius of spherical particles in disperse two-phase flows are described. The first one is the relation between the exact volume fraction and the widely used approximation nv (n is the particle number density and v is the particle volume). The approximation affects the behavior of the effective equations at short wavelengths with possible consequences on stability and hyperbolicity. Secondly, the dilute theory of inviscid suspensions is corrected retaining the next leading order in the particle size and an application of this result to the linear problem is described. Thirdly, it is shown how several important properties of suspensions such as effective thermal conductivity and viscosity depend on the subtle effect of translation of the average fields over distances of the order of the particle size.
Vom Labor zur Klinik: vollsynthetische Antitumor‐Impfstoffe auf Kohlenhydratbasis

Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Uberblick uber die Untersuchungen unserer Arbeitsgruppe zur Synthese von Oligosacchariden und Glycokonjugaten mit dem Ziel der Herstellung und Erprobung von Impfstoffen auf der Basis kohlenhydrathaltiger Tumorantigene. Unser Ausgangspunkt war die bekannte Tendenz transformierter Zellen, auf der Zelloberflache vergleichsweise selektiv Kohlenhydratmotive in Form von Glycoproteinen oder Glycolipiden zu exprimieren. Angeregt wurden diese Untersuchungen dadurch, dass derartige Antitumor-Impfstoffe effektive Targets fur Immunerkennung und -angriff sein konnten; es ist jedoch schwierig, ausreichende Substanzmengen aus naturlichen Quellen zu gewinnen. Nachdem die Totalsynthese tumorassoziierter Kohlenhydratantigene gelungen war, war im klinischen Umfeld zu klaren, ob das menschliche Immunsystem auf solche vollsynthetischen Antigene zielgerichtet und sinnvoll antworten kann. Dafur wurden die Ressourcen von Chemie und Immunologie zu einem gemeinsamen Angriff zusammengefuhrt. Die Synthese von tumorassoziierten Kohlenhydratantigenen sowie die Immunkonjugation und die Ergebnisse der Impfung von Mausen mit solchen Konstrukten werden beschrieben. Hierfur war die Konjugation an einen immunogenen Trager notwendig, wofur sich KLH-Konjugate als geeignet erwiesen. In praklinischen und klinischen Studien mit synthetischen Kohlenhydratkonjugaten als Impfstoffen lies sich die Induktion einer IgM- und IgG-Antikorper-Reaktion zeigen. Eine andere Strategie bestand in der Verwendung von Glycopeptidclustern als Targets fur den Immunangriff. Anfanglich richtete sich unsere Aufmerksamkeit auf mucinahnliche, O-glycosidisch gebundene Glycopeptide. Synthetische trimere Cluster von Glycoepitopen, die sich von den Tn-, TF- und Ley-Antigenen ableiteten, erwiesen sich nach geeigneter Biokonjugation als immunogen. Die Hoffnung ist, dass Patienten, die mit den synthetischen Kohlenhydrat-Impfstoffen in Kombination mit einem Adjuvans immunisiert werden, Antikorper gegen Tumorzellen produzieren und dass die Produktion solcher Antikorper der Ausbreitung des Tumors entgegenwirkt, wodurch die Uberlebenschancen und die Prognose fur die „Lebensqualitat” verbessert werden.
Evaluation of coded wire tags for marking lake trout

Abstract Among hatchery-reared lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of the 1979-1982 year classes stocked in New York waters of Lake Ontario, more than 3 million fish were marked with a coded wire tag (CWT) plus an adipose fin clip, and 1.5 million with only conventional fin clips. Altogether, 7,640 tags were recovered from fish collected with bottom trawls and gill nets or caught by anglers during 1980-1983. One person was able to extract and decipher 200 or more CWTs per day with about a 1% error rate in reading and recording codes. Presence of the CWT did not affect growth. The adipose fin clip did not regenerate. The occurrence of fish with an adipose fin clip but no CWT resulted primarily from the regeneration of paired fins among fish marked with a combination of the adipose fin and a paired fin. Loss of CWTs between marking and stocking (generally 4-5 months for fish stocked in spring and 1-8 d for fish stocked in fall) declined from nearly 11% for the 1979 year class stocked as fall fingerlings to le...
Tribolium Hox genes repress antennal development in the gnathos and trunk.

Evidence from Drosophila suggests that Hox genes not only specify regional identity, but have the additional function of repressing antennal development within their normal domains. This is dramatically demonstrated by a series of Hox mutants in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and is likely an ancient function of Hox genes in insetcs.
Women and modernity: The issue of child marriage in India

Synopsis In less than a century, the legal age at which an Indian female could begin conjugal life has been raised three times. While this has generally been viewed as evidence of concern with women's emancipation, a closer scrutiny of the historical evidence suggests that this particular issue has served as a vehicle to advance an entire set of socio-political attitudes. In 1891, the Age of Consent controversy was diverted from the problem of the helplessness of child wives to the question of whether or not the British government had a right to interfere in Hindu social customs. The Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 was fought for by reformist Hindus and particularly the emerging women's organizations because it illustrated that Indians were deeply concerned with and anxious to change certain social practices. The latest increase in the legal age of marriage (October, 1978) was related to population policy. Favoring a later age of marriage has become synonymous with commitment to modernity but it has not necessarily meant commitment to modifying the social position of women.
Positional vertigo: as occurs across all age groups.

J.W. is a pleasant, articulate 71-year-old man describing motion-provoked, position-dependent vertigo. He states that his symptoms began suddenly 3 weeks ago after spending 2 days supervising landscapers pruning the trees in his yard looking up for hours. He reports that on rolling over in bed to turn off the alarm clock, he became vertiginous and noted that everything in the room was swirling around. He states that he tried to sit up and call to his wife for help, but fell backward onto the bed feeling very dizzy and disoriented. He indicates that he lay still for a few minutes and the symptoms subsided, only to return when he attempted to sit up again. He indicates that his wife did come to his aid and she noticed that his eyes would “jump around” every time she tried to help him sit up. Later that morning, the symptoms improved and he was able to go about his day, but only if he moved very slowly. He notes that since this time he experiences 15 to 30 seconds of true vertigo when he transitions from sitting to supine positions, rolls onto his right side in bed, or bends over. He denies associated auditory symptoms. He states that his medical history is significant for hypertension, cardiac bypass surgery 8 years ago, high cholesterol, arthritis in his knees and hands, frequent heartburn, and seasonal sinus problems.
Cobalt mapping of neurons with processes in pedal nerves in the pulmonate snailMelampus

The central positions of neuron somata with processes in pedal nerves was determined by cobalt chloride backfilling. From six to fourteen, successful backfills were obtained for the paired anterior, medial, posterior and labial-cutaneous pedal nerves. The results, summarized in drawings, revealed the following:
THINKING ABOUT ROMANTIC/EROTIC LOVE

The implications for therapy of the salient characteristics of romantic/erotic love are discussed. 1. We do not have control over our feelings of romatic/erotic love. 2. These feelings occur relatively infrequently during most people's lives. 3. Being with a partner whom one loves is valued and regarded as a good; it sometimes conflicts with other values and goods. There are no clear criteria for resolving this conflict. 4. Love is regarded as one esential basis for marriage. 5. In addition to romantic/erotic love, other qualities and capacities are improtant in sustaining a long-term relationship such as a marriage.
Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in the brackish wetland monocot Scirpus robustus

A tissue culture and plant regeneration protocol for salt marsh bulrush, Scirpus robustus ,w as developed. Callus was induced from seedling mesocotyl on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium plus 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Thirty-one percent of the calli became embryogenic upon transfer to MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D. Limited plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was obtained after transferring the embryogenic callus to MS medium without growth regulators (MS0). The addition of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) to the medium effectively increased the number of regenerated shoots and more shoots were regenerated on 3 mg/l BA medium (HBA) than on 0.1 mg/l BA medium (LBA). Transfer of the plants regenerated from BA-supplemented medium to MS0 medium further enhanced the development of the plants, which subsequently grew vigorously in potting soil in the greenhouse. Having a tissue culture and regeneration protocol for S. robustus makes it possible to take advantage of somaclonal variation for selecting lines of this species with characteristics desirable for wetland creation and restoration.
Flame zone development of monopropellant droplets

Abstract A theoretical investigation is made of the combustion characteristics of a monopropellant droplet during its heat-up period. Both motionless and moving droplets, at low Reynolds numbers, were considered in the analysis under the assumption of adiabatic combustion. For a Lewis number of unity and finite reaction rates, it was found that the Sherwood number was greater than the Nusselt number throughout the heat-up period, favouring a greater degree of gasification during heat-up for monopropellants than is normally the case for bipropellants. Convection was found to interact quite readily with the combustion zone during a large portion of the heat-up period, even in cases where the zone was relatively insensitive to flow when heat-up is complete. A film theory approximation was found to provide a satisfactory correlation of the influence of convection at low Reynolds numbers.
Single ion-channel recordings using glass nanopore membranes.

Protein ion-channel recordings using a glass nanopore (GNP) membrane as the support structure for lipid bilayer membranes are presented. The GNP membrane is composed of a single conical-shaped nanopore embedded in a ∼50 μm-thick glass membrane chemically modified with a 3-cyanopropyldimethylchlorosilane monolayer to produce a surface of intermediate hydrophobicity. This surface modification results in lipid monolayer formation on the glass surface and a lipid bilayer suspended across the small orifice (100−400 nm-radius) of the GNP membrane, while allowing aqueous solutions to fully wet the glass nanopore. The GNP membrane/bilayer structures, which exhibit ohmic seal resistances of ∼70 GΩ and electrical breakdown voltages of ∼0.8 V, are exceptionally stable to mechanical disturbances and have lifetimes of at least 2 weeks. These favorable characteristics result from the very small area of bilayer (10-10−10-8 cm2) that is suspended across the GNP membrane orifice. Fluorescence microscopy and vibrational su...
Characterization of a snake venom neurotoxin which blocks nicotinic transmission in the avian ciliary ganglion.

Abstract Bungarus multicinctus venom was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography and the various fractions were assayed for their ability to block synaptic transmission through the chick ciliary ganglion. α-Bungarotoxin purified from this venom failed to block transmission at 50μg/ml. A second neurotoxin, which we designate Toxin F, blocked transmission at 1–3μg/ml and also blocked ganglionic depolarizations induced by carbachol. Toxin F was clearly distinguishable from α-bungarotoxin on the basis of molecular weight (estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and isoelectric point. Binding assays revealed that 125 I-labeled toxin F bound to two sites in the ciliary ganglion: one site that was shared by α-bungarotoxin and toxin F and another site that was recognized solely by toxin F. Carbachol and d -tubocurarine displaced only that [ 125 I]toxin F bound to the shared site and had no effect on [ 125 I]toxin F bound to the site recognized by toxin F alone. The results suggest that toxin F blocks synaptic transmission in the chick ciliary ganglion by a postsynaptic mechanism. Further study is required to determine whether this effect of toxin F is mediated through a direct interaction with ganglionic nicotinic receptors.
Effect of Neutrals on Alfvén Wave Propagation

Alfven waves are ubiquitous in space plasmas, influencing the dynamics of, for example, solar flares and magnetospheric reconnection. To better understand the role of the waves, in particular in relation to reconnection, we have undertaken a program to study these waves in the laboratory. We present results from the Auburn Linear Experiment for Space Plasma Studies (ALESPI), a two meter device which uses a single helicon source to create the plasma. The high density, highly ionized, quiescent plasma allows detailed study of both shear and compressional waves. Depending on the neutral fraction, the measured dispersion curve changes dramatically. These measurements agree well with theoretical predictions. We present these results and a discussion of the applicability to ionospheric plasmas.
Raman Spectra of Cis- and Trans-2-Butene in the Gaseous and Liquid States*

The Raman spectra of gaseous and liquid cis- and trans-2-butene have been obtained with a three-prism glass spectrograph of linear dispersion 15A/mm at 4358A, together with polarization data for these compounds in the liquid state. For each compound six or seven fundamentals have been added to previous assignments, and one change has been made in the latter. The observed spectra have been interpreted in detail.
Hollow waveguides on planar substrates with selectable geometry cores

We report the fabrication of hollow waveguide structures with various core geometries. These structures are suitable for low-loss anti-resonant reflecting (ARROW) and photonic crystal waveguides, and integration with microfluidic systems.
Reliability-based structural optimization using improved two-point adaptive nonlinear approximations

The objective of this paper is to conduct reliability-based structural optimization in a multidisciplinary environment. An efficient reliability analysis is developed by approximating the limit-state functions using two-point adaptive nonlinear approximation. The nonlinear approximation is constructed by using the function values and the first-order gradients at two points of the limit-state function, and its nonlinearity index is automatically changed for different problems. The reduction in computational cost realized in safety index calculation and optimization are demonstrated through two structural problems. This paper presents the safety index computation, analytical sensitivity analysis of the reliability constraints and optimization using frame and turbine blade examples.
Synthesis of a sulfonamide-Schiff base ligand and its Cu(II), Fe(III) and Co(III) complexes

Abstract An unsymmetric ligand bearing a salicylimine side and a 2-nitrobenzenesufonamide side has been synthesized in two simple steps. Complexations with Cu(II), Fe(III) and Co(II) – which oxidizes to Co(III) once complexed – indicate that the ligand can be either bidentate or tridentate depending on the geometric preferences of the metal ion and whether the sulfonamide is deprotonated. The obtained crystal structures are also stabilized via hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions.
Network routing for insurgency: An adversarial risk analysis framework

Problems in counterterrorism and corporate competition have prompted research that attempts to combine statistical risk analysis with game theory in ways that support practical decision making. This article applies these methods of adversarial risk analysis to the problem of selecting a route through a network in which an opponent chooses vertices for ambush. The motivating application is convoy routing across a road network when there may be improvised explosive devices and imperfect intelligence about their locations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011
Investigation of quantum dot—Quantum dot coupling at high hydrostatic pressure

We performed photoluminescence and radiative lifetime measurements of quantum dots (QDs) showing different carrier dynamic mechanisms at elevated pressures that could reveal the inter-QD coupling as the QDs spacing decreases with increasing hydrostatic pressure.
Circumvention of the tumor membrane barrier to WR-2721 absorption by reduction of drug hydrophilicity.

Abstract In attempting to account for the ability of most solid tumors to restrict the absorption of WR-2721, aminopropylaminoethylphosphorothioate, we examined a number of drug characteristics which might allow for this restriction, and observed that drug hydrophilicity was a major contributing factor. When the highly hydrophilic WR-2721 was dephosphorylated, the drug became less hydrophilic and could readily cross tumor cell membranes. In addition, conventional radio protectants, such as cysteine and mercaptoethylamine, were shown to be less hydrophilic than WR-2721 and also to cross tumor membranes readily. Therefore, drug hydrophilicity would appear to be the factor underlying the abillity of W R-2721 to selectively protect normal tissues while most other protectors alter the radiation resistance of normal and tumor tissue alike. A red blood cell model for studying this problem in greater detail is described.
Measurements and High-Speed Visualizations of Flow Boiling of a Dielectric Fluid in a Silicon Microchannel Heat Sink †

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate flow boiling heat transfer to a dielectric fluid in a silicon chip-integrated microchannel heat sink. Twenty-four microchannels, each 389 μm × 389 μm in cross-section, were fabricated into the 12.7 mm × 12.7 mm silicon substrate. High-speed visualizations (at 12,500 frames per second) were performed simultaneously with heat transfer and pressure drop measurements to investigate the physics of flow boiling in parallel microchannel arrays. At low heat fluxes, bubbly flow is dominant, with the bubbles coalescing to form vapor slugs as the heat flux is increased. At high heat fluxes, the flow regimes in the downstream portion of the microchannels are characteristic of alternating wispy-annular flow and churn flow, while flow reversal is observed in the upstream region near the microchannel inlet. Local heat transfer measurements, obtained at three flow rates ranging from 35 to 60 ml/min, show that at lower heat fluxes, the heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing heat flux. The heat transfer coefficient in fully developed boiling is seen to be independent of flow rate in this range. At higher heat fluxes (exceeding 542, 673, 730 kW/m 2 , respectively, for flow rates of 35, 47 and 60 ml/min), this trend is reversed, and the heat transfer coefficient decreases with further increases in heat flux due to partial dryout in some of the microchannels. Heat fluxes at which fully developed boiling is achieved depend on the flow rate. The pressure drop in fully developed boiling increases with increasing heat flux and is independent of flow rate for the test conditions considered in this work.
Monolayer culture of neonatal pig pancreatic islet cells.

Pancreatic islet cells from pigs (3–12 days old) were maintained in monolayer culture at 37 °C for > 30 days. Cultures were maintained in enriched Medium 199 with 5% fetal calf serum and with the glucose concentration being cycled between 11.10 and 27.75 mmol/l every 2 days. The presence of B cells in the cultures was demonstrated by insulin secretion into the culture medium, cell staining with aldehyde fuchsin and immunofluorescence. A cells in the cultures were monitored by glucagon secretion into the medium. The absence of exocrine cells was determined by the inability to detect α-amylase in the culture medium. Insulin secretion determined over a 34-day period, was found to diminish after 12 days in culture. The fall in levels of extractable B cell insulin with time correlated with the levels of insulin secreted into the medium. Response to short term glucose stimulation (2 h in serum-free medium) was determined on days 6, 10 and 12 in culture. Morphological changes appeared after 25 days in culture, although on day 33 insulin secretion was 62.5 μU · culture-1 · day-1. DNA synthesis (determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and autoradiography) was demonstrated (day 12, 39.4±0.9 labelled cells/culture). These findings suggest that pig islet cell monolayer cultures are a useful tool for morphological and biochemical studies and that neonatal pig islets are a potential source of material for transplantation.