cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaborative product conceptualization tool using web technology

Abstract A product concept can be considered to be an approximate description of the working principles, overall form and technology of the product and can be expressed as a rough sketch or a 3D model, with accompanying notes to support the visual representation. Generation of concept ideas and selection of the best concept are two activities involved in any product conceptualization stage of the design process. Whereas generation of concepts is both a creative as well as an exploratory activity, the selection process requires general agreement or a methodology among the participating members. This paper presents an approach to develop and implement an architecture to support geographically dispersed designers, to effectively develop and select the product concept, through a collaborative effort. A tool based on the World Wide Web (WWW), which allows designers to represent their concepts and also aids them to search existing ideas on similar products is developed. The issue of selection of the best concept is tackled by adopting the `gallery method', through a module, which computes ratings for individual drawings for a pre-discussed set of criteria.
Nanophotonics technology and applications

This paper explores the role of nanotechnology with focus on nanophotonics in dielectric, metal, semiconductor inhomogeneous composition materials, as well as devices and subsystems for optical communications, information and signal processing, and sensing.
Indirect spectroscopic detection of singlet oxygen during photodynamic therapy

Chemiluminescence (CL) and optical upconversion (OU) are used to measure photosensitizer singlet oxygen production indirectly. Both methods produce light that is blue-shifted relative to the normal photosensitizing wavelength. The emission intensity is proportional to the concentration of singlet oxygen generated and is the result of either decomposition (CL) or energy transfer (OU) processes occurring inside a thin polymer film. Techniques for fabrication and characterization of CL and OU polymer films are discussed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Configuration of the self-trapped exciton in alkali halides☆

Abstract Vinti sum-rule analysis of the optical absorption of self-trapped excitons (STEs) in alkali halides reveals two STE classes: (1) Large excitons with electron orbits encompassing many ions. The STE radii correlate roughly with the dielectric constant as in the Wannier model. (2) Small excitons with orbits less than the lattice spacing. The radii are of the same size as F centers and show the same linear dependence on lattice spacing. This absorption-based classification mirrors the luminescence-based scheme of Kan'no et al. The classes correspond to on-center and off-center STEs, respectively.
Infra-red spectra of water in tributyl phosphate containing dissolved salts, and the effects of solutes on the trialkyl phosphate spectrum

Abstract Data are presented on shifts of infra-red spectral peaks for the phosphoryl group of tributyl phosphate when various salts are co-ordinated. The effects of dissolved salts on the spectrum of water present in the phosphate are also pointed out.
DNA repair deficiency and neurological disease

The ability to respond to genotoxic stress is a prerequisite for the successful development of the nervous system. Mutations in various DNA repair factors can lead to human diseases that are characterized by pronounced neuropathology. In many of these syndromes the neurological component is among the most deleterious aspects of the disease. The nervous system poses a particular challenge in terms of clinical intervention, as the neuropathology associated with these diseases often arises during nervous system development and can be fully penetrant by childhood. Understanding how DNA repair deficiency affects the nervous system will provide a rational basis for therapies targeted at ameliorating the neurological problems in these syndromes.
Moderately heavy, heavy-fermion compound YbPd2Si2 at low temperatures.

The available experimental data on the specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, valence, NMR Knight shift and relaxation rate, and the quadrupolar moment of YbPd{sub 2}Si{sub 2} are examined within the framework of the single-ion Anderson model. Such an analysis has previously given excellent agreement between theory and experiment for numerous other light heavy-fermion compounds, where crystalline fields do not play a dominant role. For YbPd{sub 2}Si{sub 2}, substantial crystalline-field splittings make difficult a quantitative comparison with existing exact solutions of the Anderson model. Inconsistencies with the interpretation that a nearly degenerate ground quadruplet determines the low-temperature thermodynamics are pointed out. It is concluded that at least three of the four Kramers doublets participate in the low-{ital T} properties. These three doublets should have a splitting of the order of the Kondo temperature, i.e., about 100 K. A simple resonant-level model parametrizing the NMR relaxation rate at low {ital T} is presented. Finally, hydrostatic-pressure experiments are suggested to study the nature of the faint, ordered phase at very low temperatures.
A comparison of micellar aggregation numbers as determined by dye solubilization and light scattering

Abstract Micellar aggregation numbers of a series of alkylpyridinium bromides containing 9 to 16 carbons in the alkyl chains in 0.5 m NaBr and in 0.5 m NaC1 and aggregation numbers of decyl-, dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, and hexadecylpyridinium chloride in 0.5 m NaCl were determined by light scattering and dye solubilization. The sets of aggregation numbers obtained with the dyes Orange OT and dimethylaminoazobenzene disagree markedly with each other and with the set provided by light scattering. There appears to be no merit in the assumption employed in the dye solubilization procedure that at saturation all micelles of a given surfactant solubilize the same number of molecules of a particular dye.
The converse‐McGuire model of attitude change and the gulf war opinion rally

Abstract This article uses the Converse‐McGuire model of attitude change to analyze the surge in public support for national leaders and their policies at the start of the Gulf War. From data collected just before and just after fighting began, the article finds substantial support for the basic tenets of the model, namely that attitude change depended on a two‐step process in which the most aware citizens were most likely to receive change‐inducing messages at the start of the war, but were also most able to reject messages that were inconsistent with their partisan or ideological orientations.
Development and validation of a survey for quality of life assessment by owners of healthy dogs.

Abstract Assessing and maintaining quality of life (QOL) is a growing concern in companion animal practice, as improved nutrition and healthcare have extended canine longevity. The objective of this study was to develop a validated survey for evaluating QOL in healthy dogs for use in clinical and research settings. A total of 174 dog owners completed an initial QOL survey containing 21 items grouped into seven domains (CHQLS-21). After factor analysis of the responses, a final survey was constructed containing 15 items grouped into four domains (happiness, physical functioning, hygiene and mental status), plus two questions on general health and an item asking for a direct QOL assessment (CHQLS-15). Psychometric analysis indicated that the CHQLS-15 had good validity, reliability, and internal consistency and was able to detect QOL changes affecting several domains across age groups in healthy dogs. The CHQLS-15 therefore provides a basis for dialog between clinicians and dog owners regarding the health of their pets, particularly in tracking changes in health status, evaluating response to treatment, and guiding end-of-life decisions. A validated QOL survey could be particularly useful in recognizing and managing functional decline as the healthy canine patient ages.
Ultra-low magnetic field apparatus for a cryogenic gyroscope

An ultralow magnetic field apparatus for earth-based testing of a cryogenic gyroscope system designed for a satellite test of general relativity is described. The magnetic field apparatus makes use of a superconducting lead shield while also maintaining sufficient mechanical stability to obtain a gyroscope readout sensitivity of one arcsec over a limited range. A gyroscope environment of 2.3 times 10 to the minus seventh power gauss has been attained with the magnetic field shielding technique. The magnetic field apparatus is to be used with a three-axis London moment readout system.
Laparoscopic diagnosis and resection of a bleeding meckel’s diverticulum in a thirteen year old female

Laparoscopy has been described as being safe and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of Meckel’s Diverticulum(1-4). We describe the use of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and resection of a Meckel’s diverticulum in a 13 year old girl.
Modifying food purchases in supermarkets with modeling, feedback, and goal-setting procedures.

We compared several procedures designed to modify consumer food purchases with the objectives of reducing fat and increasing carbohydrate content, and reducing dollar expenditures on food. Participants were 126 volunteer community households which, after a 7-week baseline period, were randomly assigned to video-modeling, video-modeling-feedback, video-lecture, video-lecture-feedback, participant-modeling, video-modeling-discussion, and control conditions. The main dependent measure was a weekly record of food purchases, convertible to percentages of nutrients and dollar expenditures. Results indicated that modeling-feedback and participant-modeling procedures were most effective (e.g., 6% reduction of total fat consumption, 19% dollar savings). Strategies to refine and automate modeling and feedback in supermarkets that may benefit consumers, corporations, and government are discussed.
Parallel strategies for four-atom quantum dynamics calculations

A parallel method for computing the action of the Hamiltonian operator for a four-atom system is presented. In this algorithm, the data is distributed to the processors according to the value of one of the radial coordinates. While most of the work is local to each processor, for each iteration of the Hamiltonian, a series of parallel matrix multiplications must be performed. The topology of the data communication is a simple ring. Timings are presented and the scaling of the algorithm is discussed. Finally, more sophisticated extensions of this simple algorithm are outlined.
A Fast Semi-Lagrangian Contouring Method for Moving Interfaces

Abstract General moving-interface problems are solved by a new approach: evaluating an explicit semi-Lagrangian advection formula with efficient geometric algorithms and extracting the moving interface with a fast new contouring technique. The new approach decouples spatial and temporal resolutions, and grid-free adaptive refinement of the interface increases accuracy dramatically. A modular implementation, with a fast new intrinsic geometry module, computes highly accurate solutions to geometric moving-interface problems involving merging, anisotropy, and faceting; with a high-order embedded geometry module, it solves second-order problems involving curvature, dynamic topology, and nonlocal interactions.
Defect formation in InSb nanowires and its effect on stoichiometry and carrier transport

This paper presents a study of point defects that exist as a result of non-stoichiometry in InSb nanowires. Using thermodynamics, equilibrium defect concentrations are estimated as a function of antimony vapor pressure. The point defects under study are indium and antimony mono-vacancies and charged versions of these. The magnitude of the defect concentrations is determined by estimating the equilibrium constant for each of the reaction equations, and their values are in agreement with experimental data. At 526 °C, corresponding to the temperature of formation of stoichiometric InSb crystals, the approximate defect concentration is estimated to be of the order of 1018 cm−3. To validate the defect model, InSb nanowires that were ≈10 μm long and had diameters in the range of 40–80 nm, were synthesized by direct antimonidization of In droplets. The nanowire stoichiometry was studied as a function of growth temperature and antimony partial pressure. Our experimental results show that it was essential to maintain an overpressure of antimony-rich vapor for the growth of stoichiometric InSb nanowires. Transport measurements on a single near-stoichiometric InSb nanowire show an electron concentration of ≈2.7 × 1018 cm−3, while the indium-rich InSb nanowires were found to have a higher electron concentration of ≈4 × 1019 cm−3. Metallic In nanowires grown at 600 °C had an electron concentration of ≈1.4 × 1021 cm−3.
On Modular Elliptic Curves

Abstract The number of isogeny classes of elliptic curves E / Q p , having potentially good reduction at p , and which are quotients of the jacobian J 0 ( p 2 ), is bounded by ( p /4 + 4).
Response to Professor Ghanem's Letter to Editors on the article entitled: "Varus-producing osteotomy for patients with lateral pillar type B and C Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease followed to skeletal maturity" by Pablo Castañeda et al.

Dear Editors, We have read the letter by Professor Ghanem and appreciate the interest shown in the article entitled: “Varus-producing osteotomy for patients with lateral pillar type B and C Legg-Calve-Perthes disease followed to skeletal maturity”; we are grateful for the insight provided. It is true that there are numerous preoperative variables that must be taken into account when deciding on a particular treatment, and in the case of patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease the range of motion, presence of hinge abduction, extrusion or subluxation are very important factors to be considered. We reviewed a large series of patients who were very similar both demographically and clinically; range of motion was similar preoperatively in both groups with abduction averaging 43.3° for the patients undergoing a varus osteotomy and 41.4° for the group undergoing physical therapy; the percentage of patients with extrusion or subluxation was similar in both groups, and none of our patients had documented hinge abduction. In our review, we only included the lateral pillar involvement as this system carries the best interobserver reliability of all current classification methods. In the question of deciding not to operate on patients with type C lateral pillar involvement, it was deemed that surgery would have an insignificant or negative influence on the outcome in these patients; however, this does represent the changing philosophy at our institutions. We do no attempt to be pragmatic in stating that no patients should undergo surgical treatment; in fact, our conclusion is that no statistical difference could be found between the two groups, but it may well be the case that the patients who underwent a varus osteotomy would have presented a worse outcome had they only undergone physical therapy. Our current stance is to perform containment treatment in patients over 6 years of age with type-B lateral pillar involvement. We believe that our position may not differ significantly from that of Professor Ghanem as we do believe that when faced with a patient of these characteristics, one must individualise the treatment based on the best available evidence. We would like to congratulate Professor Ghanem on his interest and having analysed our results in depth. We hope that this kind of discussion on such a controversial topic will enhance our understanding and ultimately improve the care of patients with the disease. Sincerely, Pablo Castaneda, MD; Richard Haynes, MD; Jorge Mijares, MD; Hector Quevedo, MD, and Nelson Cassis, MD.
Adsorption of PMDM, the adduct of pyromellitic dianhydride with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, on hydroxyapatite☆

Abstract Adsorption of an isomeric mixture of the adduct of pyromellitic dianhydride with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, PMDM, from ethanolic solutions onto synthetic hydroxyapatite was studied at 23°C. This was done to determine if PMDM adsorbs on synthetic hydroxyapatite surfaces and to elucidate its role in a procedure for bonding composites with dentin and enamel. The adsorption isotherm of PMDM is reversible (and Langmuirian) from ethanol (99.8%). The saturation amount obtained from the Langmuir plot in conjunction with the surface area of the adsorbent showed that the adduct molecules adsorb with the aromatic ring and carboxylate groups flat on the surface and with the methacrylate groups curled on top of the ring. The tensile strength of a BIS-GMA polymer with the adsorbate-covered apatite is approximately equal to the composite filled with untreated apatite.
Saprotrophic ability of Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora on host and non-host plants, and on abiotic substrates

Four single-spore isolates of Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora originating from diverse, soybean-growing locations in the United States were investigated for their saprotrophic ability and production of perithecia on host, non- host and abiotic substrates. Stem pieces of the host, Glycine max; non-hosts Triticum aestivum, Euphorbia heierophylla, Aeschynomene americana, Xanthium strumarium and Sesbania macrocarpa; toothpicks; and capillary glass tube were used as substrates. Autoclaved substrates were placed on acidified potato-dextrose agar and the medium was seeded with the four isolates of D. phaseolorum var. caulivora and incubated at 24 ± 1 °C. All isolates formed perithecia on substrates of plant origin. The pattern of perithecial arrangement was either clustered, solitary or both. Optimum carbon : nitrogen ratios for the production of perithecia were between 1:1 and 10:1. Ratios of 50:1, 100:1 and 500:1 supported either abundant, poor or no mycelial growth, respectively. Some isolates produced perithecia on acidified potato-dextrose agar without any plant substrates, suggesting that fertile isolates exist in the homothallic Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora.
Detection of TiO2 nanoparticles in cells by flow cytometry

Evaluation of the potential hazard of man-made nanomaterials has been hampered by a limited ability to observe and measure nanoparticles in cells. In this study, different concentrations of TiO(2) nanoparticles were suspended in cell culture medium. The suspension was then sonicated and characterized by dynamic light scattering and microscopy. Cultured human-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were incubated with TiO(2) nanoparticles at 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 microg/ml for 24 hours. Cellular reactions to nanoparticles were evaluated using flow cytometry and dark field microscopy. A FACSCalibur flow cytometer was used to measure changes in light scatter after nanoparticle incubation. Both the side scatter and forward scatter changed substantially in response to the TiO(2). From 0.1 to 30 microg/ml TiO(2), the side scatter increased sequentially while the forward scatter decreased, presumably due to substantial light reflection by the TiO(2) particles. Based on the parameters of morphology and the calcein-AM/propidium iodide viability assay, TiO(2) concentrations below 30 microg/ml TiO(2) caused minimal cytotoxicity. Microscopic analysis was done on the same cells using an E-800 Nikon microscope containing a xenon light source and special dark field objectives. At the lowest concentrations of TiO(2) (0.1-0.3 microg/ml), the flow cytometer could detect as few as 5-10 nanoparticles per cell due to intense light scattering by TiO(2). Rings of concentrated nanoparticles were observed around the nuclei in the vicinity of the endoplasmic reticulum at higher concentrations. These data suggest that the uptake of nanoparticles within cells can be monitored with flow cytometry and confirmed by dark field microscopy. This approach may help fulfill a critical need for the scientific community to assess the relationship between nanoparticle dose and cellular toxicity Such experiments could potentially be performed more quickly and easily using the flow cytometer to measure both nanoparticle uptake and cellular health.
Metabolism of acrylonitrile by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

A gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium capable of utilizing acrylonitrile as the sole source of nitrogen was isolated from industrial sewage and identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolate was capable of utilizing aliphatic nitriles containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms or benzonitrile as the sole source of nitrogen and either acetamide or propionamide as the sole source of both carbon and nitrogen. Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analyses of culture filtrates indicated that K. pneumoniae was capable of hydrolyzing 6.15 mmol of acrylonitrile to 5.15 mmol of acrylamide within 24 h. The acrylamide was hydrolyzed to 1.0 mmol of acrylic acid within 72 h. Another metabolite of acrylonitrile metabolism was ammonia, which reached a maximum concentration of 3.69 mM within 48 h. Nitrile hydratase and amidase, the two hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the sequential metabolism of nitrile compounds, were induced by acrylonitrile. The optimum temperature for nitrile hydratase activity was 55°C and that for amidase was 40°C; both enzymes had pH optima of 8.0.
The Mixed Mode Crack Problem in a FGM Layer

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are multiphase composites whose composition, microstructure and properties vary gradually. They can be tailored to meet the requirements encountered in practice through the design of their constituents. In this paper, analytical expressions for stress intensity factors off mixed-mode cracks in a FGM strip have been derived for the first time. A parametric study, by varying both the geometric and material parameters, is conducted to determine their effects on the stress intensity factors.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Pseudomonas siderophores: A mechanism explaining disease-suppressive soils

The addition of either fluorescentPseudomonas strain B10, isolated from a take-all suppressive soil, or its siderophore, pseudobactin, to bothFusarium-wilt and take-all conducive soils inoculated withFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lini orGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, respectively, rendered them disease suppressive. Our findings suggest that disease suppressiveness is caused in part by microbial siderophores which efficiently complex iron(III) in soils, making it unavailable to pathogens, thus inhibiting their growth. Amendment of exogenous iron(III) to disease-suppressive soils converted them to conductive soils presumably by repressing siderophore production.
Large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of the isotropic three-dimensional Heisenberg spin glass

We study the Heisenberg spin glass by large-scale Monte Carlo simulations for sizes up to ${32}^{3}$, down to temperatures below the transition temperature claimed in earlier work. The data for the larger sizes show more marginal behavior than that for the smaller sizes, indicating the lower critical dimension is close to, and possibly equal to, 3. We find that the spins and chiralities behave in a quite similar manner.
Lethal mutation rate in Drosophila exposed to LSD-25 by injection and ingestion.

ALTHOUGH attempts have been made to assess the effect of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) on human chromosomes, it has yet to be unequivocally determined when and in what circumstances this chemical is mutagenic. From karyotype analyses of individuals who have ingested LSD-25 some investigators have concluded that it is not mutagenic1,2 while others have reported a high incidence of chromosome aberrations among such individuals3,4 as well as among human leucocytes treated in vivo3. Because of its long standing utility in the detection of induced mutations Drosophila seems to be a likely organism with which to investigate this problem further. Reports have recently appeared which indicate that while LSD-25 is not apparently mutagenic when injected directly in D. melanogaster males in amounts as great as 500 µg/ml. (ref. 5) it is capable of producing X-linked recessive lethal mutations when doses some twenty times larger are used6.
The role of the grain boundaries in hot pressing silicon carbide

Silicon carbide is difficult to sinter without the aid of additives and/or pressure. Additions of boron carbide, boron or alumina were made to obtain dense materials. This is explained in terms of surface free energy modifications taking place in the grain boundaries. An expression of the chemical potential over the grain boundaries is developed to show that there is no theoretical limitation for the sintering of covalent ceramics if the grain size of the starting powder is small enough.
Balancing dynamic and nondynamic correlation for diradical and aromatic transition states: a renormalized coupled-cluster study of the cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene.

Single-reference coupled-cluster calculations employing the completely renormalized CCSD(T) (CR-CCSD(T)) approach have been used to examine the mechanism of the Cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene. In agreement with multireference perturbation theory, the CR-CCSD(T) method favors the concerted mechanism of the Cope rearrangement involving an aromatic transition state. The CCSD(T) approach, which is often regarded as the “gold standard” of electronic structure theory, seems to fail in this case, favoring pathways through diradical structures.
Interaction of NH3 with adsorbed oxygen and sodium on Ru(OO1): Evidence for both local and long-range interactions

Abstract The bonding geometry of adsorbed molecular NH 3 on Ru(001) is changed in different ways by interaction with adsorbed oxygen or sodium atoms. Evidence for both local interactions and long-range electronic effects is found.
Accident involvement and crash injury rates: An investigation by make, model and year of car☆

Abstract Accident involvement and crash injury rates per million miles of vehicle travel are estimated by make, model and year of car. The accident and injury information was obtained from the North Carolina accident files, while exposure data were derived from paired odometer readings recorded on a statewide sample of motor vehicle inspection receipts. The resulting estimates show a steady decrease in annual mileage with vehicle age. For the newer model years, large cars have generally higher annual mileages than small cars, and station wagons higher mileages than sedans or hardtops. The accident involvement and injury rates decline for the newer model cars, especially for larger-sized cars. Full-sized cars have the lowest overall accident and injury rates. Among standard-sized cars, two-door cars have higher accident and injury rates than four-door cars, and hardtops higher than sedans or station wagons.
Digitalis in experimental, surgically induced heart block.

SUMMARY In dogs with surgically induced heart block, the effect of digitalis has been studied. In a dosage of 0.03 mg./kg. digitalis further slows the blocked heart by 2 to 8 beats per minute. This slowing could be abolished by atropine. Increasing the dosage of digitalis above 0.03 mg./kg. resulted in progressively increasing ventricular rates, with tachycardia of 180-200/min. occurring with doses of 0.08 - 0.10 mg./kg. Electrical pacing of the canine heart is effective in increasing cardiac output. The addition of digitalis to electrical pacing further increased cardiac output in five of ten instances. In no instance did it decrease cardiac output.
Stimulation by dolichol phosphate-mannose of N-acetylglucosaminyl-lipid biosynthesis by membranes from class E Thy-1-negative mutant mouse lymphoma cells which are defective in dolichol phosphate-mannose biosynthesis.

Abstract Dolichol phosphate-mannose has been shown previously to stimulate the biosynthesis of N -acetylglucosaminyl-diphosphate-dolichol (E. L. Kean (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260 , 12561–12571) . Although the class E Thy-1-negative mutant mouse lymphoma cells are unable to synthesize dolichol phosphate-mannose, the addition of this compound exogenously to membranes from the mutant cells brought about a stimulation of N -acetylglucosaminyl-lipid synthesis similar to that obtained with membranes from wild type cells. The retention of this activity by the mutant cells supports the suggestion of a regulatory role for dolichol phosphate-mannose as an intrinsic property of the glucosaminyltransferase which catalyzes the initial reaction of the dolichol pathway.
Interviews with Japanese FLES Students: Descriptive Analysis

Three different analyses were conducted on the data from oral interviews with six child learners of Japanese, using a newly developed interview procedure called Pro-I. The first analysis to assess the effectiveness of different tasks suggested that tasks sensitive to the students' understanding of certain critical syntactic structures and tasks manageable for children appropriate to their level of cognitive development were effective in discriminating students' language development levels. Also, free-form tasks were effective to elicit ability of students with higher proficiency to its fullest, and tasks with motivating topics could generate drastically better, more expressive performance. This suggests that Japanese FLES assessments should include different types of tasks. In the second analysis, in which each student's language behavior was closely examined, it was observed that high-level students tried to produce a greater quantity of Japanese with more complexity rather than more appropriate sentences, while most other students used one-word answers extensively. Also, a high-level student's performance exhibited monitoring and control over his own Japanese production. The third analysis found that young learners' phrase particle use was characterized by scarcity of misuse, omission, and pauses, suggesting children's tendency to learn multiwords as formulaic chunks. Repeatedly revealed characteristics unique to child foreign language learning throughout three analyses imply that we should not simply apply the instruction and/or assessment designed for adults to young learners and should accumulate knowledge necessary to develop instruction and assessment appropriate for children.
Bioluminescence imaging reveals inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by Alzheimer's amyloid β protein

Cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two seemingly distinct diseases and rarely occur simultaneously in patients. To explore molecular determinants differentiating pathogenic routes towards AD or cancer, we investigate the role of amyloid β protein (Aβ) on multiple tumor cell lines that are stably expressing luciferase (human glioblastoma U87; human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB231; and mouse melanoma B16F). Quantification of the photons emitted from the MDA-MB231 or B16F cells revealed a significant inhibition of cell proliferation by the conditioning media (CM) derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) over-expressing cells. The inhibition of U87 cells was observed only after the media was conditioned for longer than 2 days with APP over-expressing cells. Our results suggest that Aβ plays an inhibitory role in tumor cell proliferation; this effect could depend on the type of tumor cells and amount of Aβ.
Asthma Beliefs Are Associated with Medication Adherence in Older Asthmatics

BACKGROUND Empirical research and health policies on asthma have focused on children and young adults, even though asthma morbidity and mortality are higher among older asthmatics.
Resonant dark forces and small-scale structure.

A dark force can impact the cosmological history of dark matter (DM), both explaining observed cores in dwarf galaxies and setting the DM relic density through annihilation to dark force bosons. For GeV ‐ TeV DM mass, DM self-scattering in dwarf galaxy halos exhibits quantum mechanical resonances, analogous to a Sommerfeld enhancement for annihilation. We show that a simple model of DM with a dark force can accommodate all astrophysical bounds on self-interactions in halos and explain the observed relic density, through a single coupling constant. I. Introduction: The paradigm of cold, collisionless dark matter (DM) has been extraordinarily successful in explaining astrophysical observations of structure, from the recombination epoch to the present large scale structure of the Universe. Although all evidence for DM is from its gravitational influence, it is expected that DM possesses some type of interactions beyond gravity. Non-gravitational interactions are required to produce DM particles in the early Universe, and ultimately determine the DM density observed today. Despite its great success, it is unclear whether cold, collisionless DM can successfully account for the small scale structure of the Universe, which may indicate other interactions besides gravity play a role in structure formation. Precision observations of dwarf galaxies by THINGS show DM mass distributions with flat cores, compared to steep cusps predicted by collisionless DM simulations [1]. The gravitational effect of massive baryonic outflows from supernovae can potentially flatten central DM cusps [2], but it is unknown whether this effect can explain the observed cores in other less luminous (more DM-dominated) dwarf galaxies [3]. Another discrepancy is the apparent underabundance of Milky
Nonlinear optics above the power threshold for relativistic self-focusing

Due to recent advances in laser technology, there is much current interest in the nonlinear optical interactions of high-intensity and ultrashort duration laser pulses with plasmas. In these interactions, electrons are accelerated by plasma waves, which are driven by the displacement of plasma electrons by the longitudinal ponderomotive force of the laser light. Due to their greater mass, the ions remain stationary during an electron oscillation period, providing an electrostatic restoring force. The oscillating electrons thus create regions of net positive and negative charge. This forms an electrostatic wakefield that propagates with the laser pulse at nearly the speed of light, which can trap and accelerate electrons. It is shown that the field gradient of a plasma wave exceeds that of an RF linac by four orders of magnitude and accelerates a picosecond bunch of electrons in a low-emittance beam. We also demonstrate electron acceleration over distances exceeding the Rayleigh range, which currently limits the acceleration length of laser-plasma accelerators. At high-laser power, the index of refraction of a Gaussian beam in a plasma varies significantly with the radius. Under these conditions, the plasma acts like a positive lens and focuses the beam (relativistic self-focusing). When this effect balances diffraction, relativistic self-guiding occurs, which is found to increase the laser propagation distance, decrease the electron beam divergence, and increase the energy of the accelerated electrons. Due to the enormous pressure exerted radially by the self-focused laser pulse on the plasma, a hollow density cavity is observed to form in the wake of the laser pulse along the laser axis. This density channel is shown to act as a waveguide, capable of guiding a second collinear intense laser pulse well beyond the Rayleigh range. These results are relevant not only to nonlinear optics and compact ultrahigh-gradient electron accelerators, but to astrophysics, the fast-ignitor concept for inertial confinement thermonuclear fusion, advanced high-resolution medical X-ray sources, and ultrafast science.
8S-Lipoxygenase Products Activate Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor {{alpha}} and Induce Differentiation in Murine Keratinocytes

To determine the function and mechanism of action of the 8S-lipoxygenase (8-LOX) product of arachidonic acid, 8S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8S-HETE), which is normally synthesized only after irritation of the epidermis, transgenic mice with 8-LOX targeted to keratinocytes through the use of a loricrin promoter were generated. Histological analyses showed that the skin, tongue, and stomach of transgenic mice are highly differentiated, and immunoblotting and immunohistochemistries of skin showed higher levels of keratin-1 expression compared with wild-type mice. The labeling index, however, of the transgenic epidermis was twice that of the wild-type epidermis. Furthermore, 8S-HETE treatment of wild-type primary keratinocytes induced keratin-1 expression. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) was identified as a crucial component of keratin-1 induction through transient transfection with expression vectors for PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and a dominant-negative PPAR, as well as through the use of known PPAR agonists. From these studies, it is concluded that 8S-HETE plays an important role in keratinocyte differentiation and that at least some of its effects are mediated by PPARalpha.
Does staying in school (and not working) prevent teen smoking and drinking

Previous work suggests but cannot prove that education improves health behaviors. We exploit a randomized intervention that increased schooling (and reduced working) among male students in the Dominican Republic, by providing information on the returns to schooling. We find that treated youths were much less likely to smoke at age 18 and had delayed onset of daily or regular drinking. The effects appear to be due to changes in peer networks and disposable income. We find no evidence of a direct impact of schooling on rates of time preference, attitudes towards risk or perceptions that drinking or smoking are harmful to health, though our measures of these factors are more limited.
Inhaled nitric oxide in neonates and children with pulmonary hypertension

Fourteen critically ill neonatal and paediatric intensive care patients with various primary diagnoses and signs of associated pulmonary hypertension received inhaled nitric oxide (NO), 20-80 ppm, after failure of conventional therapy to improve oxygenation. NO administration was found to be associated with a significant improvement in postductal arterial oxygen tension (pre-NO: 3.75 (SD 1.39) kPa; post-NO: 6.05 (SD 1.70) kPa; p = 0.004). In 10 patients, NO was found to increase arterial oxygen tension with more than 1 kPa. In 2 of these patients, ECMO treatment could be avoided due to the pronounced improvement in gas exchange seen after the initiation of NO administration. The remaining 4 patients failed to respond to NO administration. One patient developed methaemoglobinaemia (13.9%) which required treatment with methylthionine. Since we were unable to produce any beneficial effect of NO in the late phase of the pulmonary disease process, we believe that, in order to be successful, inhaled NO should be instituted when conventional treatment has failed and the administration of an iv vasodilator is usually considered.
Post-processing approach for radiometric self-calibration of video

We present a novel data-driven technique for radiometric self-calibration of video from an unknown camera. Our approach self-calibrates radiometric variations in video, and is applied as a post-process; there is no need to access the camera, and in particular it is applicable to internet videos. This technique builds on empirical evidence that in video the camera response function (CRF) should be regarded time variant, as it changes with scene content and exposure, instead of relying on a single camera response function. We show that a time-varying mixture of responses produces better accuracy and consistently reduces the error in mapping intensity to irradiance when compared to a single response model. Furthermore, our mixture model counteracts the effects of possible nonlinear exposure-dependent intensity perturbations and white-balance changes caused by proprietary camera firmware. We further show how radiometrically calibrated video improves the performance of other video analysis algorithms, enabling a video segmentation algorithm to be invariant to exposure and gain variations over the sequence. We validate our data-driven technique on videos from a variety of cameras and demonstrate the generality of our approach by applying it to internet video.
Propagation of the Fourth-Order Coherence Function in a Random Medium*

In this paper we consider propagation of the fourth-order coherence function in a homogeneous isotropic random medium. The treatment is restricted to light with small angular spread about a principal propagation direction. In addition, the index-of-refraction fluctuations in the random medium are assumed to be small. Using the method of small perturbations, a solution is obtained for the coherence function if the wave is quasimonochromatic and initially plane. The correlation of irradiance fluctuations, a contracted form of the fourth-order coherence function, may then be calculated and in this case is shown to yield the same result as that given by Tatarski. The solution for the fourth-order coherence function may be used to check the measurement procedure recently proposed by Beran, DeVelis, and Parrent.
Genetic relationships of Amaurobioides (Anyphaenidae) spiders from the southeastern coast of New Zealand

Members of the genus Amaurobioides construct silk retreats in rock crevices of the marine spray zone, a harsh and unusual habitat for spiders. This study expands the distribution records of three morphological species of Amaurobioides found on the eastern and southern coasts of New Zealand’s South Island and uses mitochondrial DNA to examine their relationships and characterize their dispersal capabilities. Both 16S and ND1 sequences distinguish A. pletus found on the northeastern coast from a complex of two southern species comprised of A. maritimus from the mainland and A. picunus from Stewart Island. Neither 16S DNA nor ND1 protein separates these southern species. However, ND1 parsimony and likelihood analyses place 10 of 11 Stewart Island specimens in a clade of low support that nests deeply within A. maritimus. A nested haplotype analysis characterizes A. maritimus and A. picunus populations as having restricted gene flow/dispersal but with some long distance dispersal. Genetic distances between A. pletus and the A. maritimus-A. picunus complex indicate a Pliocene origin, whereas distances between A. maritimus and A. picunus suggest a Pleistocene divergence.
The Origin of Monsoons

Abstract The monsoon is interpreted as an intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) substantially away (more than 10°) from the equator and the existence of the ITCZ does not have to rely on land–sea contrast. Land–sea contrast can provide a favorable longitudinal location for the ITCZ but this role can be replaced by sea surface temperature contrast in the longitudinal direction. Thus, the interpretation of the monsoon presented herein differs from the long-held fundamental belief that its basic cause is land–sea thermal contrast on the continental scale in the sense that the existence of landmass is not considered a necessary condition for monsoons. Through general circulation model experiments, support has been found for this interpretation. The Asian and Australian summer monsoon circulations are largely intact in an experiment in which Asia, maritime continent, and Australia are replaced by ocean with sea surface temperature (SST) taken from that of the surrounding oceans. Thus, in these areas land–sea c...
Biased Brownian ratcheting leads to pre-mRNA remodeling and capture prior to first-step splicing

Single-molecule FRET studies of pre-mRNA dynamics within the spliceosome offer new insights into the mechanism of splicing by showing that Prp2 juxtaposes the 5' splice site and branch point elements, and that splicing factor Cwc25 enhances first step catalysis by stabilizing this proximal conformation.
Theory of the Excitation and Propagation of Lamb's Atmospheric Edge Mode from Nuclear Explosions

Summary A relatively simple theoretical model of near-surface pressure pulse propagation from nuclear explosions is developed from the hypothesis that the early portion of the pulse travels in the real atmosphere's counterpart of Lamb's edge mode. Various concepts of geometrical acoustics are used in the construction of the model. The pulse travels along horizontal ray paths which may be refracted by horizontal variations in the height-averaged effective sound speed and wind velocity. The dispersion of the pulse as it propagates along such paths is governed by a one- dimensional wave equation similar to that derived by Korteweg & de Vries in 1895. Coefficients are found by comparison with the dispersion relation derived by Garrett in 1969 as an expansion in terms of a parameter e describing deviations of the atmospheric profile from isothermal. The method of incorporation of terms governing accumulative far-field non-linear effects is indicated. Height variations in propagating variables are approximated to zeroth order in δ. Variations along horizontal ray paths are governed by the principle of conservation of modal wave action. The excitation of the edge mode is found by matching the general form of the far-field quasi-geometrical solution to the near-field solution for a point energy source in an isothermal atmosphere. Explicit expressions are given for the far-field pressure disturbance. Computations agree favourably with those based on a multimode theory for the first few cycles of the waveform. The edge mode theory leads to a number of implications, which may be compared with existing data. These include the prediction that the energy of the explosion yield may be estimated from a knowledge of the first peak-to-peak period and first peak-to- trough pressure amplitude in far-field records with very little information concerning atmospheric structure, and the prediction that anomalous azimuthal variations in waveform amplitudes may be caused by focusing or defocusing of horizontal ray paths for the edge mode.
Multimodal frontostriatal connectivity underlies individual differences in self-esteem

A heightened sense of self-esteem is associated with a reduced risk for several types of affective and psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety and eating disorders. However, little is known about how brain systems integrate self-referential processing and positive evaluation to give rise to these feelings. To address this, we combined diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test how frontostriatal connectivity reflects long-term trait and short-term state aspects of self-esteem. Using DTI, we found individual variability in white matter structural integrity between the medial prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum was related to trait measures of self-esteem, reflecting long-term stability of selfesteem maintenance. Using fMRI, we found that functional connectivity of these regions during positive self-evaluation was related to current feelings of self-esteem, reflecting short-term state self-esteem. These results provide convergent anatomical and functional evidence that self-esteem is related to the connectivity of frontostriatal circuits and suggest that feelings of self-worth may emerge from neural systems integrating information about the self with positive affect and reward. This information could potentially inform the etiology of diminished self-esteem underlying multiple psychiatric conditions and inform future studies of evaluative self-referential processing.