cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic integration and structural adjustments in North America, Central America and the Caribbean

Abstract The articles in this special issue are part of the results of an multinational research project entitled: “Regional Integration in Greater North America: A Research, Training and Policy Program.” It would have been impossible to undergo this multinational task without the economic support so kindly granted by the Ford Foundation and the continuous support of Dr. Norman Collins and Dr. Michael Conroy, both of whom worked for the Ford Foundation in Mexico City. The project also benefited from the institutional support of El Colegio de Mexico (COLMEX), the Fundacion Nacional de Desarrollo (FUNDE), from the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of California, Davis, as well as from the Inter–American Development Bank and the governments of the countries included in this study. This volume is the result of intense and collective work, not only by the authors of the articles, but also from other researchers and from officials belonging to various institutions in Central America, the Caribbean, Mexico and the United States. We wish to give our special thanks to Alfonso Goitia, Ph.D., Executive Director of FUNDE, El Salvador, for his support as well as his researchers, Mario Lungo and Sonia Baires. We also wish to thank Mr. Oscar Rene Cardona for his help during the first stages of our research for Guatemala. We would like to thank Professor Victor Bulmer Thomas for his support as well as the authorities from the Banco Central de Guatemala for their help in building the database used in our investigation of this country’s economy.
A Comprehensive Guide to Sleeping Beauty-Based Somatic Transposon Mutagenesis in the Mouse

Recent advances in whole genome analyses made possible by next-generation DNA sequencing, high-density array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH), and other technologies have made it apparent that cancers harbor numerous genomic changes. However, without functional correlation or validation, it has proven difficult to determine which genetic changes are necessary or sufficient to produce cancer. Thus, it is still necessary to perform unbiased functional studies using model organisms to help interpret the results of whole genome analyses of human tumors. To this end, a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-based mutagenesis technology was developed to identify genes that, when mutated, can cause cancer. Herein a detailed methodology to initiate and carry out an SB transposon mutagenesis screen is described. Although this system might be used to identify genes involved with many cellular phenotypes, it has been primarily implemented for cancer. Thus, SB transposon somatic cell screens for cancer development are highlighted. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:347-368 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli, F' episomes at transfer, and bacteriophage lambda by psoralen plus 360-nm light: significance of deoxyribonucleic acid cross-links.

We have investigated some biological consequences of light-induced psoralen-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts and find that for several Escherichia coli functions (killing of strain AB2480 recA13 uvrA6, inactivation of phage lambda plaque-forming ability in wild type and uvrA6 hosts, loss of ability to transmit intact Flac+ episomes), a light exposure sufficient for production of a single cross-link per DNA molecule correlates well with the biological consequence. Although one cross-link per genome is apparently lethal to recA13 uvr− strains, mutants carrying the recA13 or uvrA6 markers survive light exposures producing 6.7 and 16 cross-links per genome, respectively, and wild-type cells recover from 65 psoralen cross-links. Evidently, the excision and recombinational repair systems complement one another in reconstructing an intact genome from cellular DNA containing psoralen photoproducts. The above bacterial and phage strains, in which DNA repair processes are minimized, are also extremely sensitive to pyrimidine dimer-forming 254-nm UV light (without psoralen), and were expected to respond similarly to formation of psoralen-pyrimidine base monoadducts in their DNA. Since the biological inactivation by psoralen correlates well with cross-link formation, we suggest that the sensitizing action of this drug primarily derives from its ability to form DNA cross-links.
Empowering Settlors: How Proper Language Can Increase the Enforceability of a Mandatory Arbitration Provision in a Trust

With hostile trust litigation reaching epidemic proportions, many people within the trust industry are interested in identifying new and less expensive ways to resolve trust-related disputes. Arbitration is often proposed as a possible alternative, although questions exist about whether and to what extent a mandatory arbitration provision found in a trust will be considered enforceable by a court.Up until now, most commentary in this area of law has focused on purely jurisprudential issues, with little attention being paid to the practical efforts that settlors can make to increase the enforceability of arbitration provisions found in trusts. This Article takes a slightly different approach to the question of trust arbitration in that it analyzes the extent to which a settlor can overcome the various legal challenges facing mandatory trust arbitration through appropriate use of language in the trust. In so doing, this Article not only discusses the opinions of both courts and commentators, it also analyzes the effectiveness of various model arbitration clauses specially drafted by two of the world’s leading arbitral institutions, the American Arbitration Association (AAA) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), for use in trusts. Although these provisions have been in existence since 2003 and 2008 respectively, no commentator has yet discussed them in any depth. This Article fills that gap, providing settlors and trustees with practical, yet theoretically sound, advice on how to draft an enforceable arbitration provision in a trust. In so doing, the Article also introduces a number of relevant judicial opinions that have not yet entered the legal literature.
Numerical Simulation of the Overlapping Generations Models with Indeterminant Equilibria

In this paper we explorer the computation and simulation of stochastic overlapping generation (OLG) models. To do so we compute all Markovian equilibria adopting a recently developed numerical algorithm. Among the models we studied, the inde- terminacy in deterministic OLG model results in many di erent equilibrium paths corresponding to the initial condition that all asymptotically converge to the same steady state. The introduction of uncertainty brings at least two type of indetermi- nacies. First, there exists numerous selections of transition and policy functions from the equilibrium set. Each of them generates a competitive equilibrium sequence with distinct statistics and quite sizable di erence in welfare. Second, the possibility of switching between these transition and policy functions will support a continuum of competitive equilibrium paths starting with the same initial conditions.
Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle

The sections in this article are: 1 Glucose Phosphorylation by Hexokinase 2 Glycogen Metabolism 2.1 Enzymes of Glycogen Metabolism 2.2 Structural Organization of Glycogen Metabolism 2.3 Coordinate Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism 2.4 Signaling Pathways for Hormonal Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism 3 Regulation of Glycolysis 4 Metabolism of Pyruvate 5 Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Glucose Oxidation 6 Regulation of Glucose Oxidation 6.1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase 6.2 Control of Flux Through the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 6.3 Glucose Fatty Acid Cycle 7 Metabolism of Glucose via the Hexosamine Pathway 8 Summary
Moving from Assessment to Institutional Improvement.

This chapter describes strategies developed from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education to help institutions shift their focus from gathering assessment data to using it to improve student learning.
Manganese-oxide-supported iron Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts: Physical and catalytic characterization

Abstract It has been claimed that catalysts containing iron and manganese are especially selective for production of low molecular weight olefins in the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. In this study a new system, manganese-oxide-supported iron, Fe MnO , was prepared, subjected to various calcination and reduction treatments, and then employed as a FT catalyst. Reaction studies were run with approximately 1 1 : CO H 2 feed at 515 and 540 K and 7.8 and 14.8 bar pressure. Although low conversions were employed, the synthesis rate decreased strongly with increasing conversion. Compared to conventional Fe catalysts, the Fe MnO was more active for water-gas shift and less selective for methane and alcohols, especially at higher conversions, lower temperature, and higher pressure. Olefin selectivity was high, hydrogen chemisorption was depressed, and secondary hydrogenation was not apparent. In general it is concluded that the manganese-supported iron does promote FT selectivity for low molecular weight olefins, but at the expense of high CO2 formation.
Random-walk model for equilibrium resistance fluctuations

The Voss-Clarke relation between the fluctuations of the band-limited Johnson noise power and the nonequilibrium steady-state current fluctuations is investigated for a continuous time random walk (CTRW). The equivalence between the CTRW and a multistate trapping model (MSTM), as shown by Kehr and Haus, is exploited to calculate the higher-order current correlation functions using the Markovian property of the MSTM description. The Voss-Clarke relation is found to be obeyed provided the trapping and release times are long compared to the microscopic correlation time of a carrier in the conduction state. The equilibrium resistance fluctuations are shown to arise physically from equilibrium fluctuations in the number of carriers in the conduction state. It is suggested that the results obtained here should hold for more general trapping models under the same physical conditions.
Factors related to bridge employment participation among private sector early retirees

Abstract Many retirees choose to participate in some form of bridge employment—part time, self-employment or temporary work that follows an individual’s long-term or career job and precedes permanent retirement ( Feldman, 1994 ). In this study, correlates of bridge employment participation were examined using a sample of 133 early retirees from an oil and gas services firm. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that organizational tenure, certainty of retirement plans, and career-related pull factors accounted for a significant portion of the variance in overall participation in bridge employment after controlling for the effects of age, gender, and marital status. At the same time, the significance of organizational tenure, career-related pull factors, and entrepreneurial orientation, varied as a function of the category of bridge work performed by retirees, that is, whether retirees were employed within the same industry or a different industry. Differences between these results and those of previous studies using public sector employees are discussed.
Isospin dependence of nucleon-nucleon interactions and its effect on the cross section σ(ν̄ e +d-->n+n+e + )

The cross section for the reaction ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n+n+{e}^{+}$ was calculated for ten values of the $n\ensuremath{-}n$ scattering length from - 15.0 to - 23.7 fm and for three very different fission antineutrino spectra. The maximum effect is to change the conclusion of Reines, Sobel, and Pasierb from $Rl0.63$ to $Rl0.71$ where $R\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{exp}}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{theor}}}$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=\frac{〈\ensuremath{\sigma}({\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n+n+{e}^{+})〉}{〈\ensuremath{\sigma}({\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n+p+{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e})〉}$.
Instability of the neonatal hip: the role of early or late splintage

From January 1992 to December 1997, 59 dislocatable hips (37 children), confirmed by ultrasound, were splinted by Pavlik bracing within 2 weeks of birth. The majority were splinted within 1 week. From January 1998 to December 1999, 16 dislocatable hips (11 children) were evaluated by ultrasound and were not initially splinted but were followed up by serial ultrasound. They were splinted if they did not spontaneously stabilise on ultrasound. None of those patients treated by immediate splintage between 1992 and 1997 have subsequently required surgical intervention. Two of the infants treated between 1998 and 1999 (12% of the hips) later required a surgical procedure on the hip joint or proximal femur (p=0.049, Fisher’s exact test). Nine out of 16 hips required splintage at a later date. We would not advocate delayed observation by ultrasound of unstable hips after 2 weeks of age. A clinically unstable hip should be assessed by ultrasound within 2 weeks of birth. If it is unstable on ultrasound, it should be splinted for 6 weeks. There is no need to wean off the splint.
Design considerations in making a broad-range fiber optic pH sensor

The general background and theoretical aspects involved in making a broad-range fiber-optic pH sensor will be discussed. A dye-indicator-based pH measurement depends on the equilibrium position between two or more colored forms of a dye--the ratio of the colored forms is a function of pH.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ask Not What You Can Do for Yourself: Cartesian Chaos, Neural Dynamics, and Immunological Cognition

This paper focuses on the disparate phenomena we psychologize as “selfhood”. A central argument is that, far from being a deus ex machina as required in the Cartesian schema, our felt experience of self is above all a consequence of data compression. In coming to this conclusion, it considers in turn the Cartesian epiphany, other traditional and contemporary perspectives, and a half-century’s empirical work in the Freeman lab on neurodynamics. We introduce the concept of consciousness qua process as a force.
Staging the Superstitions of Early Modern Europe

Contents: Foreword: something of the night, Darren Oldridge Introduction: Superstitions, literature, history, and the creative imagination, Verena Theile and Andrew D. McCarthy. Part 1 Early Modern Superstitions: Religion, Reformation, and the History of Fear: Popular magic, witchcraft, and Lutheran religious literature, Peter A. Morton 'Let not phantasies misgouerne you': entertainment as religious polemic (The Case of Barnabe Riche), Adam H. Kitzes Early modern engagements with fear, witchcraft, the devil, and that damned Dr Faustus, Verena Theile. Part 2 Witchcraft on Trial: The supernatural on the stage: an analysis of early modern literary and theatrical representations of Lancashire's witches and demons, Deborah Lea Vision on trial in The Late Lancashire Witches, Meg F. Pearson The joint stool on the early modern stage: witches, wives, and murderers in Macbeth and Arden of Faversham, Kristina E. Caton The medicalization of 'midnight hags': perverting post-menopausal and political motherhood in Macbeth, Hilda H. Ma. Part 3 Stage Dissections: 'Such a sinner of his memory': Prospero, Bruno, and the failures of neo-Platonic memory magic, Liberty Stanavage Prophecies, dreams, and the plays of John Lyly, Per Sivefors Travelers' tales: magic and superstition on early modern European and London stages, M.A. Katritzky Bibliography Index.
Effect of Reinforcement on Resilient and Permanent Deformations of Base Course Material

Deformational response of base course material under traffic loading is characterized by resilient (recoverable) and permanent (irrecoverable) deformation. A series of repeated load triaxial tests was conducted on unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced crushed limestone samples to evaluate the effects of the geogrid stiffness, location, number of layers, and crushed limestone moisture content and state of stress on the resilient and permanent deformations of these samples at different number of load cycles. Three types of geogrids were used. For each geogrid type, three reinforcement arrangements were investigated. The effect of the moisture content of the crushed limestone was investigated by conducting repeated load triaxial tests on samples prepared at three different moisture contents: optimum moisture content and ±2.5% of the optimum moisture content. Statistical analyses were conducted on the collected data. Results indicated that the geogrid inclusion within crushed limestone samples significantly reduced permanent deformations but did not show appreciable effect on resilient deformations. Improvement was significantly affected by the geogrid stiffness and arrangement. However, the effect of the geogrid stiffness was found to be smaller than the effect of the geogrid arrangement. For stress levels less than the plastic shakedown stress limit, the geogrid had a minimum contribution to the permanent deformation resistance during primary postcompaction stage; however, it significantly increased the permanent deformation resistance during the secondary stage. In addition, the geogrid reinforcement was found to have a small effect on the permanent deformation resistance mechanisms when the imposed stress level was greater than the plastic shakedown stress limit. Results illustrate that change in the moisture content of the crushed limestone material alters the material state of stress and this significantly affects the geogrid improvement.
Measurement of dipole-coupled lineshapes in a many-spin system by constant-time two-dimensional solid state NMR with high-speed magic-angle spinning

Abstract A two-dimensional solid state NMR technique for measurements of dipole–dipole couplings in many-spin systems under high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) is described. The technique, called constant-time finite-pulse radio-frequency-driven recoupling (fpRFDR-CT), uses the fpRFDR pulse sequence to generate non-zero effective homonuclear dipole–dipole couplings under high-speed MAS that have the same operator symmetry as static dipole–dipole couplings. By incorporating fpRFDR into a multiple-pulse cycle based on the Waugh–Huber–Haeberlen (WAHUHA) homonuclear decoupling cycle, a constant-time t1 evolution period is created. The constant-time t1 period minimizes distortions of the experimental data due to various pulse sequence imperfections. The fpRFDR-CT technique is demonstrated experimentally in 13C NMR spectroscopy of carboxylate-labeled, polycrystalline l -alanine. 2D fpRFDR-CT spectra correlate the dipole-coupled lineshape of the 13C carboxylate groups with their isotropic chemical shift. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental second and fourth moments of the dipole-coupled lineshapes and calculated moments based on the l -alanine crystal structure and an average Hamiltonian analysis of the fpRFDR sequence. Applications in structural investigations of biologically relevant systems are anticipated. This technique illustrates many of the important concepts in modern multi-dimensional solid state NMR.
Lens-less quantum ghost imaging: New two-photon experiments

Abstract New types of lens-less two-photon ghost imaging experiments are described that can also be useful for 3D X-ray imaging. In these experimental setups, a CCD array is placed facing a chaotic light source and gated by a photon counting detector that simply counts all randomly reflected photons from an object. A “ghost” image of the object is then observed from the gated CCD. A ghost image of an object can even be observed when the photon path to the photon counting device is obscured. These interesting demonstrations are not only useful for practical applications, such as X-ray lens-less imaging, but are also important from a fundamental point of view. These demonstrations lead to insight regarding the nonclassical two-photon interference nature of thermal light ghost imaging.
Tonalites in Crustal Evolution

Tonalites, including trondhjemite as a variety, played three roles through geological time in the generation of Earth’s crust. Before about 2.9 Ga ago they were produced largely by simple partial melting of metabasalt to give the dominant part of Archaean grey gneiss terranes. These terranes are notably bimodal; andesitic rocks are rare. Tonalites played a crucial role in the generation of this protocontinental and oldest crust 3.7- 2.9 Ga ago in that they were the only low-density, high-SiO 2 rocks produced directly from basaltic crust. In the enormous event giving the greenstone-granite terranes, mostly 2.8-2.6 Ga ago, tonalites formed in lesser but still important proportions by partial melting of metabasalt in the lower regions of down-buckled greenstone belts and by remobilization of older grey gneisses. Tectonism in the Archaean (3.9- 2.5 Ga ago) perhaps was controlled by small-cell convection (McKenzie & Weiss 1975). Little or no ophiolite or eclogite formed, and only minor andesite. Plate tectonics of modern type (involving large, rigid plates) commenced in the early Proterozoic. Uniformitarianism thus goes back one-half of the age of the earth. Tonalites compose about 5-10 % of crust generated in Proterozoic and Phanerozoic time at convergent oceanic-continental margins. They occur here as minor to prominent members of the compositionally continuous continental-margin batholiths. A simple model of generation of these batholiths is offered: mantle-derived mafic magma pools in the lower crust above a subduction zone reacts with and incorporates wall-rock components (Bowen 1922), and breaches its roof rocks as an initial diapir. This mantle magma also develops a gradient of partial melting in its wall rocks. This wall-rock melt accretes in the collapsed chamber and moves up the conduit broached by the initial diapir, the higher, less siliceous fractions of melting first, the lower, more siliceous (and further removed) fractions of melting last. The process gives in the optimum case a mafic-to-siliceous sequence of diorite or quartz diorite through tonalite or quartz monzodiorite to granodiorite and granite. The model implies that great masses of cumulate phases and refractory wall rock form the roots of continentalmargin batholiths, and that migmatites overlie that residuum and underlie the batholiths.
Identification of an arylalkylamine N‐acyltransferase from Drosophila melanogaster that catalyzes the formation of long‐chain N‐acylserotonins

Arylalkylamine N-acyltransferase-like 22 (AANATL2) from Drosophila melanogaster was expressed and shown to catalyze the formation of long-chain N-acylserotonins and N-acydopamines. Subsequent identification of endogenous amounts of N-acylserotonins and colocalization of these fatty acid amides and AANATL2 transcripts gives supporting evidence that AANATL2 has a role in the biosynthetic formation of these important cell signalling lipids.
Synthesis of Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) via Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization

Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) with a low polydispersity was prepared via stable free radical polymerization (SFRP) using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperdinyloxy nitroxide (TEMPO). PDMA with a polydispersity of 1.55 (Mn = 10 600) was obtained for [TEMPO]/[AIBN] = 1.0 with quantitative monomer conversion; higher [TEMPO]/[AIBN] ratios decreased conversion. The polydispersity of PDMA was higher and polymerization times were shorter compared to SFRP of styrene or n-butyl acrylate. Attempts to prepare higher molecular weight PDMA with low polydispersity were unsuccessful. When polystyrene-TEMPO was used as a macroinitiator, N,N-dimethylacrylamide could be polymerized, but the conversion was low. Unlike styrene or acrylate polymerization, SFRP of N,N-dimethylacrylamide is not a living process, as evidenced by an unsuccessful incremental-monomer-addition experiment.
Theory of quadrupole interaction in the ground state of 67 Zn nucleus in zinc metal

The calculated field gradient in zinc metal with antishielding effects included by an ab initio procedure is shown, in conjunction with observed quadrupole-coupling data from M\"ossbauer and nuclear-quadrupole-resonance measurements, to give a quadrupole moment of 0.13 barns for zinc nuclear ground state, $^{67}\mathrm{Zn}$ $\frac{5}{{2}^{+}}$, in satisfactory agreement with the atomic beam value of 0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015 barns.
Stability of imidacloprid (Premise® 75) in a tank-mixed aqueous solution when stored in shade or sunlight.

Polyethylene tanks are commonly used by pest management professionals to mix and apply termiticides. These termiticides are susceptible to rapid photolysis and the ability of application tanks to filter sunlight has been questioned. We investigated the stability of imidacloprid (Premise® 75) in aqueous solutions stored in polyethylene tanks under shade or sunlight. Chemical analysis of aqueous solutions sampled at 0, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 336 h revealed that imidacloprid was relatively stable. Our results indicate that polyethylene tanks are adequate to protect imidacloprid from photo degradation.
Antiplatelet and Statin Treatment Is Not Associated With Reduced Myocardial Infarction After High-Risk Vascular Procedures

Medical management (MM) with antiplatelet (AP) and statin therapy is recommended for most patients undergoing vascular surgery. We evaluated the preoperative use of these on postoperative myocardial infarction (MI) in patients undergoing high-risk procedures within the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI).
Neuronal damage after hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion in the pig.

Background. Antegrade and retrograde cerebral perfusion during hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) has been reported to provide better brain protection during operation than hypothermic circulatory arrest alone. However, the efficacy of these techniques remains to be fully determined, especially when used for prolonged periods. We used a pig model to evaluate the histophathologic consequences of HCA and the potential benefit of cerebral perfusion during HCA. Methods. Twenty-two pigs were divided into four groups and exposed to either anesthesia alone, 120 minutes of HCA (15°C), 120 minutes of retrograde cerebral perfusion at 15°C during HCA, or 120 minutes of antegrade cerebral perfusion at 15°C during HCA, and then reperfused for 60 minutes under cardiopulmonary bypass at 37°C. The brains were perfusion fixed at the end of the experiments and examined by light microscopy. Results. There were no morphologic changes in any areas of the brains in the anesthesia group, and very minor changes in some areas of the brains in the antegrade cerebral perfusion group. Varying severity of neuronal damage was found in the brains of all the pigs in the HCA and retrograde cerebral perfusion groups. The severity of ischemic damage in the brain showed the following descending order: hippocampus (CA4), caudate nucleus, cerebral cortex, putamen, thalamus, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, pons, and mesencephalic gray matter. In the hippocampus the order of damage was CA4, CA3, polymorphous layer of the dentate gyrus, prosubiculum, CA2, CA1, and granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. The damage in the retrograde cerebral perfusion group was less severe relative to the HCA group in many areas (no significance except mesencephalic gray matter). Conclusions. These results demonstrate that the pattern of neuronal damage in pigs subjected to HCA and retrograde cerebral perfusion differs from the traditional pattern in that the caudate nucleus and hippocampal CA4 region are the most vulnerable to ischemia-hypoxia. Our results also suggest that antegrade cerebral perfusion prevented ischemic damage to the brain and retrograde cerebral perfusion provided some protection but moderately severe damage occurred.
Gravitational Convection from a Boundary Source

Elementary analyses of the mean patterns of free convection from a line source and a point source are presented without regard to the specific means by which the gravitational action is produced. The derived functional relationships are then verified and completed through use of velocity and temperature measurements above sources of heat, the generalized form of the results permitting characteristics of the mean flow to be determined over a considerable range of the primary variables. These results should enable meteorologists to evaluate the role of the basic convective process in the more complex movements of the atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1952.tb01005.x
Frequency Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis on the Rotor System

Multispan rotor system(H858 compressor) is studied in this paper. Based on the rotor dynamic theory, complex rotor system is simplified reasonably, and finite element model is established using finite element software(MSC.Patran&Nastran). The natural frequencies are obtained in the condition of bending vibration, and the functions of frequencies and variables are matched on the basis of the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. With the criterion that the absolute value of the difference between the natural frequency and forcing frequency, the reliability mode and the systems safety probability are defined, then the frequency reliability sensitivity analysis method is presented. And the equations of the related sensitivity with respect to mean values and variances are mathematically expressed. The reliability and sensitivity of rotor system are analyzed, which demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.
"…is it normal to be this sore?":: using an online forum to investigate barriers to physical activity

The importance of regular physical activity to overall health has been well established, yet U.S. adults are leading increasingly sedentary lives. Research suggests that lowering perceived barriers to physical activity is a critical part of interventions that encourage physical activity. In this paper, we describe the top five barriers---two of which have not been reported as principle barriers in the literature---that emerged from our systematic qualitative coding of an online forum used to support a three-month healthy lifestyle intervention. Based on our analysis, we identify design considerations for technologies that encourage and support physical activity. Understanding the needs of a population is a critical step in the design process, and this paper offers unique insights for those working in this growing domain.
Autoradiographic evidence for self-fertilization in Tetrahymena thermophila

Abstract Conjugation in Tetrahymena thermophila consists of a sequence of nuclear events, including meiosis and reciprocal cross-fertilization, which result in biparental genetic endowment of the sexual progeny. Genetic evidence was recently provided that the normal exchange of gametic nuclei between conjugating cells can be efficiently blocked by hyperosmotic shock. In this paper we confirm this finding autoradiographically. We also report that the inhibitor of microtubule assembly, vinblastine, also blocks this step, as well as the subsequent fusion of gametic nuclei. The ability of conjugating cells to survive and continue more or less normally after blocks of self-fertilization and pro-nuclear fusion demonstrates a surprisingly high degree of developmental regulation during conjugation. Self-fertilization has proven useful for the isolation of recessive mutants in T. thermophila.
Crack-Free 3D Hybrid Microstructures from Photosensitive Organosilicates as Versatile Photonic Templates

We fabricated diamond-like microstructures from epoxy-functionalized cyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) through four-beam interference lithography. The 3D structure was maintained when calcined at a temperature up to 1100 °C, and crack-free samples over a large area (∼5 mm in diameter) were obtained when the POSS films were heated at 500 °C under an Ar environment or treated with a low intensity oxygen plasma. In the latter, the volume fraction of the 3D porous structures could be fine-tuned by plasma etching time and power. Both Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis suggested that the presence of carbon materials in the films enhanced the crack resistance of 3D POSS structures treated under Ar or oxygen plasma. Since POSS and its derivatives could be easily removed by HF solution at room temperature, we demonstrated high fidelity replication of the 3D porous structures to biocompatible poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA...
Effects of adrenalectomy on thyroid function in starved rats.

Abstract Adrenalectomy caused a significant increase in the 24-hour radioiodine uptake and the PBI of starved rats. Increased pertechnetate uptake and an increased serum iodide level confirmed that the higher radioiodine uptake signified increased total iodine incorporation into the thyroid. However, failure to observe the expected changes in thyroid weight, epithelial cell height and iodoamino acid pattern made it unlikely that increased TSH levels played a major role in the adrenalectomy effect. The increased PBI appeared due to a major shift of extrathyroidal thyroxine from the tissues into the circulation. Total thyroxine degradation was unchanged, while the half-life of serum thyroxine was increased. The liver:serum thyroxine ratio was lower in starved adrenalectomized rats than in their starved controls. The effects of adrenalectomy upon 131 I uptake and PBI were not suppressed by corticosterone administration and could not be produced by adrenal demedullation.
Clinical Perspectives on Xenobiotic‐Induced Hepatotoxicity

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is an important cause of liver disease with significant medical, economic, legal, and regulatory implications. Clinically, it presents a diagnostic challenge to health care professionals since drug-induced liver disease can mimic the clinicopathologic features of all other acute and chronic liver diseases. However, individual drugs tend to have a characteristic clinical signature. Early identification of hepatotoxicity by either laboratory monitoring or patients' awareness as a result of education may avert serious liver injury in delayed idiosyncratic toxicity. Most adverse hepatic reactions require metabolism of the drug to reactive metabolites and free radicals, which then either lead to direct overwhelming lethal insult, nonlethal sensitization to the lethal effects of the innate immune system, or haptenization eliciting an immunoallergic response of the adaptive immune system. Besides licensed drugs, herbal and natural supplements are recognized as causing hepatotoxicity with increasing frequency as patients turn more and more to alternative medicine.
Effects of Temperature and Body Size on the Swimming Speed of Larval and Juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua): Implications for Individual-based Modelling

The routine swimming speed (S) of three groups of 4, 9 and 32 cm total length (LT) juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) was quantified in the laboratory at 6 – 10 different temperatures (T) between 3.2 and 16.7°C. At temperatures between 5 and 15°C, mean group S increased exponentially with increasing T (S=a ebT) and the effect of temperature (b = 0.082, Q10 = 2.27) was not significantly different among the groups (over the 8-fold difference in fish sizes of early- and post-settlement juveniles). Differences in mean S among individuals within each group were quite large (coefficient of variation = 40 – 80%). Swimming data for juveniles and those collected for groups of 0.4, 0.7 and 0.9 cm standard length (LS) larvae were combined to assess the effect of body size on S. At 8°C, S (mm s−1) increased with LS (mm) according to: S = 0.26LSΦ−5.28LS−1, where Φ = 1.55LS−0.08. Relative S (body lengths s−1) was related to LS by a dome-shaped relationship having a maximum value (0.49 body lengths s−1) at 18.5 – 19 mm LS corresponding to the sizes of fish at the end of larval-juvenile metamorphosis. Previous larval cod IBM’s using a cruise-predator mode likely overestimated rates of foraging (prey searching and encounters) by a factor of ~2, whereas foraging rates in pause-travel models are closer to estimates of swimming velocities obtained in this and other laboratory studies.
Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients

Abstract:Objective:Pain-relieving effects of lidocaine/bupivicaine local anesthetic (LA) and saline (S) block of sympathetic ganglia (stellate block, 4 patients; lumbar sympathetic block, 3 patients) were compared in 7 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients on a double-blind crossover basis
Relationships between spacing behavior and growth rates: A field study of lizard feeding territories

Relationships between spacing behavior and growth rates were investigated in a field experiment with juvenile lizards, Anolis aeneus. The behavioral variable most closely related to juvenile growth was distance moved per unit time. This variable had a curvilinear relationship with growth, such that juveniles moving approximately 400 cm/h grew more rapidly than those traveling either larger or shorter distances per unit time. Daily fluctuations in arthropod abundance were also related to growth rates, with restricted growth during periods of low food availability. Temporal fluctuations in prey and distance traveled per unit time had independent effects on growth; together these two variables accounted for 43% of the variance in growth rate for the juveniles in this study. Territory size, overlap and social status appeared to affect growth indirectly, by influencing distance traveled per unit time. Optimal travel distances of around 400 cm/h were most likely when a juvenile had a relatively exclusive territory of about 0.5 m2. High ranking juveniles were more apt to achieve this spacing pattern than were low ranking juveniles, but some high ranking juveniles had very large territories, extensive overlap with subordinates, supraoptimal travel distances and relatively low growth rates. Low ranking juveniles tended to fall into two groups: subordinates, with a small home range overlapping that of a more dominant individual and low travel distances, and floaters, with a large home range overlapping several more dominant individuals and high travel distances. Although a few low ranking juveniles achieved travel distances permitting high growth rates, most had either supra or suboptimal travel distances and relatively low growth rates.
A two-dimensional approach for simulation of hydroforming expansion of tubular cross-sections without axial feed

Abstract A new two-dimensional numerical method is developed based on membrane analogy to tube-sheet deformation with the concept of finite elements for sheet discretization, while utilizing a kinematically admissible approach to derive explicit expressions for relating loads and deformation. Typical tube cross-sections can be modeled using this approach. A new concept of controlling region and direction is proposed to track the deformation in different regions of the cross-section. Sticking friction is considered and a power-law model is used to express the deformation behavior of material. The new method is verified using commercially available FEA packages. The results show that it is computationally efficient and would prove to be an important tool for the process designer to interactively study the parameters on the process. The current formulation can predict the pressure load requirements and final thickness distribution for most polygon shaped tubular cross-sections.
Analysis of DNA restriction fragments greater than 5.7 Mb in size from the centromeric region of human chromosomes.

Pulsed electrophoresis was used to study the organization of the human centromeric region. Genomic DNA was digested with rare-cutting enzymes. DNA fragments from 0.2 to greater than 5.7 Mb were separated by electrophoresis and hybridized with alphoid and simple DNA repeats. Rare-cutting enzymes (Mlu I, Nar I, Not I, Nru I, Sal I, Sfi I, Sst II) demonstrated fewer restriction sites at centromeric regions than elsewhere in the genome. The enzyme Not I had the fewest restriction sites at centromeric regions. As much as 70% of these sequences from the centromeric region are present in Not I DNA fragments greater than 5.7 and estimated to be as large as 10 Mb in size. Other repetitive sequences such as short interspersed repeated segments (SINEs), long interspersed repeated segments (LINEs), ribosomal DNA, and minisatellite DNA that are not enriched at the centromeric region, are not enriched in Not I fragments of greater than 5.7 Mb in size.
Observation and collection of deep-reef fishes off the coasts of Jamaica and British Honduras (Belize)

Over 60 species of reef fishes were observed from submersibles between 50 and 305 m depth, and 25 species were collected from the same depth range using fish traps and submersibles. Short transects gave relative abundance of some species with depth. Many shallow-water coral-reef fishes reach depths far below the lower growth limits of reef-building corals. A true “deep-reef” fauna exists, but the juveniles of some of these species are found at depths of less than 50 m.
Human Resource Management: The Importance of Getting It Right

Human Resource Management: The Importance of Getting It Right DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v32i4_dunn
Corking nano test tubes by chemical self-assembly.

There is tremendous current interest in using nanoparticles to deliver biomolecules and macromolecules (e.g., drugs and DNA) to specific sites in living systems. Release of the biomedical payload from the nanoparticle can be accomplished by chemical or enzymatic degradation of the nanoparticle or of the link between the payload and the nanoparticle. We are exploring an alternative payload-release strategy that builds on our work on template-synthesized nano test tubes. These are hollow nanotubes that are closed on one end and open on the other, and the dimensions can be controlled at will. If these nano test tubes could be filled with a payload and then the open end corked with a chemically labile cap, they might function as a universal delivery vehicle. We show here that silica nano test tubes can be covalently corked by chemical self-assembly of nanoparticles to the tubes. We also show that the nanoparticle corks remain attached to the mouths of the nano test tubes after liberation from the alumina temp...
Incorporating convection into one-dimensional solute redistribution during crystal growth from the melt II. The initial transient solution

Abstract Using the Laplace transform technique, a solution to the initial transient one-dimensional solute profile in a liquid under steady state convective flow and solidified at constant velocity has been developed. As the flow velocity approaches zero, the solution asymptotically approaches that for the no mixing case while, at the opposite extreme, the solution approaches the complete mixing limit. The length of the initial transient period scales inversely with the magnitude of the flow velocity. Possible uses of the present result are also discussed.
Hydrogen storage properties of nanosized MgH2-0.1TiH2 prepared by ultrahigh-energy-high-pressure milling

Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is an attractive candidate for solid-state hydrogen storage applications. To improve the kinetics and thermodynamic properties of MgH2 during dehydrogenation−rehydrogenation cycles, a nanostructured MgH2−0.1TiH2 material system prepared by ultrahigh-energy−high-pressure mechanical milling was investigated. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning TEM analysis showed that the grain size of the milled MgH2−0.1TiH2 powder is approximately 5−10 nm with uniform distributions of TiH2 among MgH2 particles. Pressure−composition-temperature (PCT) analysis demonstrated that both the nanosize and the addition of TiH2 contributed to the significant improvement of the kinetics of dehydrogenation and hydrogenation compared to commercial MgH2. More importantly, PCT cycle analysis demonstrated that the MgH2−0.1TiH2 material system showed excellent cycle stability. The results also showed that the ΔH value for the dehydrogenation of nanostructured MgH2−0.1TiH2 is signifi...
Seasonal Volatility Dependence of Ambient Particle Phase Amines

During the summer and fall of 2005 in Riverside, California, the seasonal volatility behavior of submicrometer aerosol particles was investigated by coupling an automated thermodenuder system to an online single-particle mass spectrometer. A strong seasonal dependence was observed for the gas/particle partitioning of alkylamines within individual ambient submicrometer aged organic carbon particles internally mixed with ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate. In the summer, the amines were strongly correlated with nitrate and sulfate, suggesting the presence of aminium nitrate and sulfate salts which were nonvolatile and comprised ∼6−9% of the average particle mass at 230 °C. In the fall, 86 ± 1% of the amines volatilized below 113 °C with aminium nitrate and sulfate salts representing less than 1% of the particle mass at 230 °C. In the summer, a more acidic particle core led to protonation of the amines and subsequent formation of aminium sulfate and nitrate salts; whereas, in the fall, the particles contained mo...
The Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plant 1,3-β-D-Glucanases and 1,3;1,4-β-D-Glucanases

Abstract This review covers the physiology and molecular biology of the plant β-glucanases possessing either endo-1,3-β-D-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) or endo-1,3;1,4-β-D-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.73) activity. These β-glucanases are structurally related enzymes that are believed to be involved in many important aspects of plant physiology and development, such as germination, growth, defense against pathogens, flowering, cellular and tissue development and differentiation, and probably other roles. They also are regulated by numerous plant hormones, biotic and abiotic elicitors and stresses, and they exhibit complex tissue- and developmental-specific gene expression.
An Ink Transfer Mechanism,Hardware And Material Considerations For A Resistive-Ribbon High Quality Thermal-Transfer Printing Process

This report describes R2T2, a dynamic thermal printing process. Print quality is dependent on many printing parameters interacting with each other during ink transfer. The entire transfer process can be divided into five stages: heat, melt, adhesion, separation, and solidification. The report deals with the ink and printing parameters most pertinent to print quality. The ink transfer temperature determines the printing power as well as the ribbon stability. The viscoelasticity and adhesive property of the ink-melt influences the actual print quality. Contact pressure, heat transfer, ink adhesion, and separation also play important roles. The effects of all these factors and the limitations of print speed arc discussed as well.
Concentration/density shocks in an inertially-coupled two-phase dispersion

Abstract We analyze a plane shock wave propagating into a homogeneous two-phase mixture in which the gas density is small compared with the liquid density. Inertial effects are assumed to govern the mechanics and “added mass” effects are represented by the methods of Geurst and Wallis. Expressions are obtained for the shock speed, as well as void fraction, pressure and density jumps across small-amplitude shocks. A method is presented for predicting the behavior of large-amplitude shocks; their characteristics and conditions for their existence are discussed.
Spectral sum rules based on the Wilson expansion in the (3, 3) ⊕ (3, 3) model of chiral symmetry☆

Abstract A new set of sum rules relating symmetry breaking parameters in the pseudoscalar meson sector is derived. These results, combined with previously derived sum rules, completely determine the symmetry breaking parameters. Good agreement with K l 3 results is obtained along with predictions of Γ ( η ' → 2 γ ) and Γ ( η ' → 3 π ) which are consistent with experiment.