cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical fiber reliability in subsea monitoring

Fiber optic cables have been successfully deployed in ocean floors for decades to enable trans-oceanic telecommunication. The impact of strain and moisture on optical fibers has been thoroughly studied in the past 30 years. Cable designs have been developed to minimize strain on the fibers and prevent water uptake. As a result, the failure rates of optical fibers in subsea telecommunication cables due to moisture and strain are negligible. However, the relatively recent use of fiber optic cables to monitor temperature, acoustics, and especially strain on subsea equipment adds new reliability challenges that need to be mitigated. This paper provides a brief overview of the design for reliability considerations of fiber optic cables for subsea asset condition monitoring (SACM). In particular, experimental results on fibers immersed in water under varying accelerated conditions of static stress and temperature are discussed. Based on the data, an assessment of the survivability of optical fibers in the subsea monitoring environment is presented.
Baroreflex Control of Heart Rate in Mice Overexpressing Human SOD1: Functional Changes in Central and Vagal Efferent Components

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) (such as the superoxide radical) are commonly associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunctions. Though superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) overexpression may protect against ROS damage to the autonomic nervous system, superoxide radical reduction may change normal physiological functions. Previously, we demonstrated that human SOD1 (hSOD1) overexpression does not change baroreflex bradycardia and tachycardia but rather increases aortic depressor nerve activity in response to arterial pressure changes in C57B6SJL-Tg (SOD1)2 Gur/J mice. Since the baroreflex arc includes afferent, central, and efferent components, the objective of this study was to determine whether hSOD1 overexpression alters the central and vagal efferent mediation of heart rate (HR) responses. Our data indicate that SOD1 overexpression decreased the HR responses to vagal efferent nerve stimulation but did not change the HR responses to aortic depressor nerve (ADN) stimulation. Along with the previous study, we suggest that SOD1 overexpression preserves normal baroreflex function but may differentially alter the functions of the ADN, vagal efferents, and central components. While SOD1 overexpression likely enhanced ADN function and the central mediation of bradycardia, it decreased vagal efferent control of HR.
Online or Face-to-Face: Do Mission-Related Student Learning Outcomes Differ?

This study investigated how an authentic assessment program was used to examine student learning outcomes within the context of a Christian university’s institutional mission, core values, and dist...
New and Revised Mechanism Classifications: Proposal and Motivation

Twenty textbooks on Mechanism and Machine Theory (MMT) have been analyzed, revealing, for the most part, a reduced number of figures of practical machines and mechanisms. Also noted is a de-emphasis of MMT in engineering curricula, and reduced funding of Mechanical Engineering research, while industry-academia collaboration is hindered by bureaucracy and intellectual-property ownership issues. It is believed that Mechanism and Machine Science (MMS) can regain of its importance by extending mechanism classification to include categories such as: Motion transformers, Repetitive mechanisms, Deployable structures, Motion structures, Controllable motion generators, Controllable path generators etc. It is also suggested to distinguish between topologic and kinematic inversions, and to use the term “isomer” for identical mechanisms having prismatic joints arranged either slider-guide or guide-slider.
Fetal Hemoglobin-Containing Cells Have the Same Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin as Cells Without Fetal Hemoglobin: A Reciprocal Relationship Between Gamma- And Beta-Globin Gene Expression in Normal Subjects and in Those With High Fetal Hemoglobin Production

We have developed methodology that allows comparison of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) of fetal hemoglobin (HbF)-containing red cells (F cells) with the MCH of non-F cells from the same individual. To do this, suspensions of peripheral blood erythrocytes and their internal contents are fixed with an imidodiester, dimethyl-3,3′- dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride (DTBP). Thereafter fixed cells are made permeable to antisera by treatment with Triton X-100 and isopropanol, reacted with a mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against HbF, and then with fluorescein-conjugated antimouse IgG. No appreciable hemoglobin is lost during such manipulation. Red cells from a diversity of subjects were thus treated and examined microscopically, first by transmitted light and then by epifluorescence. A direct correlation between Coulter-derived MCH and mean absorbance of 415 nm transmitted light was found for 100 unfixed (r = 0.96) and for 100 antibody-treated fixed-permeabilized red cells (r = 0.99) among individuals selected so as to provide a range of Coulter MCH values between 20 and 35. Comparisons of microscopically derived MCH of F cells and non-F cells were statistically nondistinguishable (P greater than 0.05) in all subjects. Such comparisons included normal individuals (less than 1% F cells), SS patients (7% to 48% F cells), subjects with congenital anemia (22% to 65% F cells), individuals with heterocellular hereditary persistence of HbF (HPFH) (12% to 21% F cells), and heterozygotes for beta + thalassemia (11% to 31% F cells). We conclude that gamma- and beta-globin production within F cells is regulated in a reciprocal fashion both among normal individuals and among individuals with elevated HbF production.
Atopic Dermatitis Is a Barrier Issue, Not an Allergy Issue

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that typically manifests in childhood and improves with age. Studies have demonstrated that the presence of AD increases the risk of developing food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma later in life. Although children with AD are more likely to produce allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, there is conflicting evidence that allergen avoidance improves disease severity. Furthermore, food-elimination diets in patients with AD may increase the risk of developing immediate, life-threatening reactions to the removed food. The most effective treatments of AD aim to repair and protect the skin barrier and decrease inflammation.
Polycythemia Vera-Associated Complications: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, And Effects On Outcomes

Polycythemia vera is a Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm, characterized by erythrocytosis, which is unique, compared to essential thrombocytosis and primary myelofibrosis. Though longevity can usually be expected, vascular morbidity is associated with this condition, as well as a propensity to evolve into myelofibrosis (post-PV MF) and acute myeloid leukemia. In addition, patients can have a pronounced symptom burden. Herein, contributors to the symptomatic burden, as well as the thrombotic and transformative tendencies are reviewed. From a symptom perspective, some are explained by cytokine release, others by microvascular complications, whereas certain symptoms can herald disease evolution. Thrombosis has multifactorial contributors, including but not limited to gender, and inflammatory stress; investigators have recently hypothesized that microparticles and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formations may add to thrombotic burden. Finally, we examine the progression to post-PV MF as well as leukemic transformation, highlighting well-established risk factors including age and leukocytosis, certain treatments, and the presence of "non-driver" mutations.
Supplementing a yeast-derived product to feedlot cattle consuming monensin: Impacts on performance, physiological responses, and carcass characteristics

Abstract Feed additives are included into finishing diets to improve cattle growth and feed efficiency, resulting in enhanced productivity and profitability in feedlot systems. Yeast-derived products and monensin have analogous and complementary benefits to rumen function and cattle production. Hence, this experiment evaluated the impacts of supplementing a yeast-derived product (Celmanax; Church & Dwight Co., Inc.; Princeton, NJ, USA) during the finishing period on performance, physiological responses, and carcass quality of feedlot cattle consuming monensin. Eighty-nine Angus steers (13 months of age) were housed in a feeding facility 15 days prior to the beginning of the experiment, which was equipped with Calan gates for individual feed delivery. Steer BW was collected on days -3, -2, and -1, averaged, and represented steer initial BW (446 ± 5 kg of BW). On day 0, steers were ranked by initial BW to receive a finishing diet containing (CEL) or not (CON) 16 g/steer daily (as-fed basis) of the yeast-derived product. The finishing diet was a total-mixed ration (TMR) including (DM basis) 22% corn silage, 70.2% ground corn, 5% soybean meal, 1.8% mineral and vitamin mix, and 1% urea. Monensin was included in the TMR at 30 mg/kg of DM. The yeast-derived product was mixed with 100 g of soybean meal and top-dressed daily into the TMR of CEL steers, whereas 100 g of soybean meal was top-dressed daily into the TMR of CON cohorts. Steers received TMR and treatments until slaughter, after 132.5 ± 1.2 days on feed. Intake of the TMR was recorded daily from day -15 until slaughter. Steer BW was also recorded for 3 consecutive days prior to slaughter, and averaged for final BW. Feed efficiency was calculated from each steer according to TMR intake and BW gain during the experiment. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 64, and the day prior to slaughter, and analyzed for plasma glucose, haptoglobin, insulin, leptin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. Carcass parameters were recorded upon slaughter. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.25) for BW gain, TMR intake, feed efficiency, and carcass quality traits. No treatment effects were also detected (P ≥ 0.39) for plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, leptin, and IGF-I, whereas mean plasma haptoglobin concentrations tended (P = 0.09) to be less in CON vs. CEL steers. Collectively, including a yeast-derived product into a finishing diet containing monensin did not improve performance, physiological responses, and carcass quality of feedlot cattle.
Massive bladder inguinal hernia leading to acute urinary retention

Bladder inguinal hernias are infrequently encountered in clinical practice. When present, the patient's main concern may be urinary difficulties such as retention. Careful history and physical examination will reveal the diagnosis in most cases, however, advanced imaging may be required. Emergent surgical consultation is required and urological consultation may be needed for preoperative planning and assistance. We present a case of a patient with almost complete herniation of bladder into left inguinal canal into the left hemiscrotum.
Advanced diffusion-weighted MRI metrics detect sex differences in aging among 15,000 adults in the UK Biobank

ABSTRACT The brain’s white matter microstructure, as assessed using diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), changes significantly with age and also exhibits significant sex differences. Here we examined the ability of a traditional diffusivity metric (fractional anisotropy derived from diffusion tensor imaging, DTI-FA) and advanced diffusivity metrics (fractional anisotropy derived from the tensor distribution function, TDF-FA; neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging measures of intra-cellular volume fraction, NODDI-ICVF; orientation dispersion index, NODDI-ODI; and isotropic volume fraction, NODDI-ISOVF) to detect sex differences in white matter aging. We also created normative aging reference curves based on sex. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) applies a single-tensor diffusion model to single-shell DWI data, while the tensor distribution function (TDF) fits a continuous distribution of tensors to single-shell DWI data. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) fits a multi-compartment model to multi-shell DWI data to distinguish intra- and extra-cellular contributions to diffusion. We analyzed these traditional and advanced diffusion measures in a large population sample available through the UK Biobank (15,394 participants; age-range: 45-80 years) by using linear regression and fractional polynomials. Advanced diffusivity metrics (NODDI-ODI, NODDI-ISOVF, TDF-FA) detected significant sex differences in aging, whereas a traditional metric (DTI-FA) did not. These findings suggest that future studies examining sex differences in white matter aging may benefit from including advanced diffusion measures.
Dosing Heat: Expected Core Temperature Change with Warmed or Cooled Intravenous Fluids

Emergent modification of a patient's body temperature is crucial in certain disease or injury states. Advanced targeted temperature management techniques such as central venous catheter devices are...
Rates of Operative Management of Midshaft Clavicle Fracture in Adolescents

Purpose: Treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures in adolescents remains controversial. The adult literature suggests more favorable outcomes with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), and it is unknown how this has influenced the management in the adolescent population over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally evaluate the rates of operative management of midshaft clavicle fractures in adolescent patients. Methods: The Healthcare …
Tunable lattice distortion in MgCoNiCuZnO 5 entropy-stabilized oxide

Lattice distortion in high-entropy alloys is postulated to have major effects on their thermophysical properties. There are limited studies that have looked at the effect of lattice distortion on entropy-stabilized oxides. In this study, lattice distortion in the entropy-stabilized oxide, MgCoNiCuZnO5, is explored as a function of temperature. This work uses molecular dynamics (MD) to identify the explicit distances that each atom and atom type distorts from its parent rocksalt crystal structure. Our goal in this work is to understand how the manipulation of the interatomic potential parameters used to define the structure can effectively change the lattice distortion in this system. The results show that lattice distortion increases with temperature and that it can be increased or decreased by changing the atomic composition, the equiatomic ratio, or by judiciously replacing some atoms with alternative elements. Such optimization can potentially modify thermophysical properties of the alloy.
Clinical findings influencing time to menarche post gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy in central precocious puberty.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the time interval to menarche after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment in females with central precocious puberty (CPP) and to identify factors contributing to timing of menarche. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 39 females with CPP who reached menarche after GnRHa treatment (leuprolide or histrelin). CPP diagnostic criteria were breast development at l8 years old, measurable pubertal luteinizing hormone and/or estradiol concentrations, and bone age advancement. Indications to treat were advanced bone age and psychosocial concerns. Descriptive summaries were reported as frequency and proportion for categorical variables and mean and standard deviation for continuous measures. Linear regression models were developed to evaluate the associations of clinical factors with the time interval to menarche. Results Mean age was 9.4±1.6 years at treatment onset, and treatment duration was 2.2±1.4 years. Menarche occurred at 12.6±1.1 years, which was 1.04±0.5 years after treatment discontinuation. This was negatively associated with Tanner stage of breast development and bone age at treatment onset and change in bone age during treatment. No association was seen between time interval to menarche and treatment duration, medication, or body mass index. Conclusion We found the average time interval to menarche after GnRHa treatment in our population of female patients with CPP to be 1.04±0.5 years; this is in agreement with other reports. Tanner stage of breast development, bone age at treatment onset, and change in bone age were negatively associated with time interval to menarche. These data provide clinical correlates that assist providers during anticipatory guidance of patients with CPP after GnRHa treatment.
Derivational Morphology in Urdu: A Lexical Morphology Approach

From the theoretical perspective of lexical morphology (LM), this paper analyzes neutral and non-neutral affixes and their general organizational position in the morphology of derived words in Urdu. It explores the properties and behavior thatUrdu affixes exercise during their attachment or insertion intoroots/bases to producenew words, to questionthe assumptions of LM. Nine hundred and eighty sample words wererandomlyselectedfrom our observations, articles in Urdu newspapers, and Urdu news television channels inPakistan. While LM helps a lot regarding the analysis of neutral and non-neutral affixes, its assumptions concerning the hierarchical organization of affixes in derived word-formationsdo not correspond with the morphology of words in Urdu. This paper contributes as an initial step toward formulating a theory of themorphology of derived words in Urdu –alanguage rarely theoretically analyzed regarding the morphology of its derived words
Debond propagation in composite-reinforced metals

Strain energy release rates were used to correlate cyclic debonding between metal sheets and composite reinforcement. An expression for the strain energy release rate was derived and applied to fatigue test results for three material systems: graphite bonded to aluminum with both a room temperature and an elevated temperature curing adhesive; and, S-glass bonded to aluminum with an elevated temperature curing adhesive. For each material system, specimens of several thicknesses were tested with a range of fatigue loads. Cyclic debonding was monitored using a photoelastic technique. A close correlation was found between the observed debond rates and the calculated strain energy release rates for each material system.
Muscle Force Modulation with Subfascial Monopolar and Bipolar Electrodes

Abstract Muscle forces as a function of stimulus current, recruitment characteristics, of cat muscles (Soleus and Tibialis Anterior) were studied using subfascial superficial monopolar and bipolar electrodes. Recruitment was evaluated as a function of muscle length and electrode position relative to (case A) motor nerve entrance into the muscle (if the electrode was placed on the side of nerve entrance) or relative to (case B) the motor point of the muscle (if the electrode was on the side opposite to nerve entrance). The length dependence of recruitment was minimal for a monopolar electrode positioned close to nerve entrance (case A) or slightly proximal to the motor point of the muscle (case B). The selectivity of stimulation (minimizing spread of the stimulation to adjacent muscles) was also studied: the highest selectivity was obtained for an electrode placed close to the nerve entrance. It was also found that the recruitment rate was highest in that electrode position. The effect of the pulse width and of the pulse shape (monophasic vs biphasic) has been measured: the recruitment rate decreased with decreasing pulse width. An additional decrease could be obtained with biphasic pulses with a zero delay between primary and secondary pulses. Placing the anode and cathode along the length of the muscle (side opposite to nerve entrance) for bipolar activation provided increased selectivity and more gradual recruitment as compared to the results obtained for a monopolar electrode in the same position. Larger stimulus currents were required for bipolar electrical activation than for monopolar electrode.
PREDICTION OF DOMINANT WAVE PROPERTIES AHEAD OF HURRICANES

A method is proposed for predicting properties of dominant waves in the forward region of hurricanes where the waves are found to propagate predominantly in the direction of hurricane forward travel. An extended fetch concept is used in which each wave component is exposed to the action of wind over a fetch length that is determined by wave group speed, hurricane forward speed, and location with respect to eye. Maximum extended fetches are found to the right of the eye (with respect to direction of hurricane travel) in the northern hemisphere. The method correctly predicts dominant wave frequencies and significant wave heights. The prediction method utilizes recently developed concepts in wave generation and energy transfer among wave spectral components; the predicted values are compared favorably with observations.
A group quorum system of degree 1+√1+ n/m

The group mutual exclusion problem is a generalization of the ordinary mutual exclusion problem where each application process can be a member of different groups and members of the same group are allowed simultaneous access to their critical sections. Members of different groups must access their critical sections in a mutually exclusive manner. In 2003, Joung proposed a especially designed group quorum system for group mutual exclusion named the surficial system. Given the total number of manager processes in the system n and the number of groups sought m, the degree of the surficial system is , which means that up to k processes can be in their critical section simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a new group quorum system for group mutual exclusion of degree , which is much higher than k. Also, when k= k′, our system produces quorums of smaller size. This makes our system far more efficient and practical.
Understanding the agricultural input landscape in Sub-Saharan Africa : recent plot, household, and community-level evidence

Conventional wisdom holds that Sub-Saharan African farmers use few modern inputs despite the fact that most growth-inducing and poverty-reducing agricultural growth in the region is expected to come largely from expanded use of inputs that embody improved technologies, particularly improved seed, fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, machinery, and irrigation. Yet following several years of high food prices, concerted policy efforts to intensify fertilizer and hybrid seed use, and increased public and private investment in agriculture, how low is modern input use in Africa really? This paper revisits Africa's agricultural input landscape, exploiting the unique, recently collected, nationally representative, agriculturally intensive, and cross-country comparable Living Standard Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture covering six countries in the region (Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda). The study uses data from more than 22,000 households and 62,000 plots to investigate a range of commonly held conceptions about modern input use in Africa, distilling the most striking and important findings into 10 key takeaway descriptive results.
Teen pregnancy and confidentiality.

Confidential care for adolescents supports their emerging autonomy, engagement in health care decision making, and access to and use of reproductive health services.
Attribute-sets: a practically motivated enhancement to attribute-based encryption

In distributed systems users need to share sensitive objects with others based on the recipients' ability to satisfy a policy. Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) is a new paradigm where such policies are specified and cryptographically enforced in the encryption algorithm itself. Ciphertext-Policy ABE (CP-ABE) is a form of ABE where policies are associated with encrypted data and attributes are associated with keys. In this work we focus on improving the flexibility of representing user attributes in keys. Specifically, we propose Ciphertext Policy Attribute Set Based Encryption (CP-ASBE) - a new form of CP-ABE - which, unlike existing CP-ABE schemes that represent user attributes as a monolithic set in keys, organizes user attributes into a recursive set based structure and allows users to impose dynamic constraints on how those attributes may be combined to satisfy a policy. We show that the proposed scheme is more versatile and supports many practical scenarios more naturally and efficiently. We provide a prototype implementation of our scheme and evaluate its performance overhead.
What Cornell Veterinary School Taught Me About Legal Education

I’m Sue Payne, the executive director of the Center for Transactional Law and Practice. Before we begin, I want to make sure that I do something important – and that is to thank a few people. The first person is Edna Patterson – she makes this conference tick. I don’t see Edna here right now, but I hope she’ll hear that I said it and I will pass along all of the nice things that you have said about her as well. I also want to acknowledge and thank our sponsors of this conference: Bloomberg Law, LexisNexis, West Academic, and Wollters Kluwer. You don’t realize how difficult it is to get sponsors until you’re the one who has to ask. I asked and some people said no. And, I want to thank Transactions, the Tennessee Journal of Business Law, which will be publishing much of this in their special issue of the journal.
Urinary phytoestrogens and cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Experimental studies suggest that phytoestrogen intake alters cancer and cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the associations of urinary phytoestrogens with total cancer (n = 79), cardiovascular (n = 108), and all-cause (n = 290) mortality among 5179 participants in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2004). Urinary phytoestrogens were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for each of the three outcomes in relation to urinary phytoestrogens. After adjustment for confounders, higher urinary concentrations of total enterolignans were associated with a reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.48; 95 % CI 0.24, 0.97), whereas higher urinary concentrations of total isoflavones (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 2.14; 95 % CI 1.03, 4.47) and daidzein (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 2.05; 95 % CI 1.02, 4.11) were associated with an increased risk. A reduction in all-cause mortality was observed for elevated urinary concentrations of total enterolignans (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.65; 95 % CI 0.43, 0.96) and enterolactone (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.65; 95 % CI 0.44, 0.97). Some urinary phytoestrogens were associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the US population. This is one of the first studies that used urinary phytoestrogens as biomarkers of their dietary intake to evaluate the effect of these bioactive compounds on the risk of death from cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Importance of inclusive service for corporate use of university research infrastructure in Japan

Abstract Research infrastructure, especially research equipment is essential to perform R&D activities. To promote innovation, universities are increasingly expected to make their research equipment available as shared core facilities not only on campus but also to other universities or private companies. However, private companies' current utilization of Japanese universities' research equipment is very low. Therefore, this study aims to identify hidden barriers to corporate utilization of core facilities in Japan, and proposes ways to overcome them. To accomplish this, an online questionnaire survey was conducted to R&D personnel (n = 926) in 2012. Results revealed that purpose of use, respondent age, and price of research equipment in daily use, differed significantly depending on whether or not the respondent used neighboring universities' research equipment in the workplace. Further, on-site interviews with core facility management staff, indicated that corporate users often needed technological advice that facilities could not provide due to skilled staff shortages. These results indicated that universities cannot attract corporate users without provide more inclusive service according to users' needs.
A corpus-based analysis of potential linguistic indicators of corporate deception in tobacco industry documents

Abstract Introduction: To more fully understand the impact of specific language attributes on deception in corporate communication, we used a stratified random sample of tobacco industry documents to test a small number of individual potential automated linguistic indicators of corporate deception: cognitive-emotional verbs, allness and superlative terms, nonbinding verbs, and group mentality. Methods: Texts from the Tobacco Documents Corpus were categorized by audience addressed (industry internal/external) and company of origin, and compared for incidence of the deceptive language indicators. Results: Cognitive-emotional verbs were strongly associated with likely deception and most prevalent for external audiences and documents produced by the Tobacco Institute, an industry front group. Cognitive-emotional verbs include believe, think, seem, feel and realize, in opposition to action verbs (e.g. throw). Discussion: Linguistic measurements of cognitive-emotional verbs may help pinpoint deceptive and misleading corporate communication. Verb choice and the use of different classes of verbs may reflect corporate linguistic deception.
Analysis of factors affect high speed train ridership in the united states —The acela express case study

In this study, we focus on the Acela Express, and try to find out how selected internal and external factors affect the Acela Express’s ridership. A two-stage least square regression model is introduced in order to eliminate the endogeneity problem caused by price and ridership. Also the Cochrane-Orcutt Procedure is adopted to solve autocorrelation. The result shows that ticket price and train on-time performances, which are used to being thought as important factors affect ridership become insignificant, while other factors like employment of business and professional in the Northeast Corridor areas have higher influence on high speed train ridership. The broader objective of this research is to provide policy suggestions for building of an efficient high-speed rail network that can both be profitable and solve practical problems that the contemporary transportation system faces.
Critical heat flux maxima during boiling crisis on textured surfaces

Enhancing the critical heat flux (CHF) of industrial boilers by surface texturing can lead to substantial energy savings and global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, but fundamentally this phenomenon is not well understood. Prior studies on boiling crisis indicate that CHF monotonically increases with increasing texture density. Here we report on the existence of maxima in CHF enhancement at intermediate texture density using measurements on parametrically designed plain and nano-textured micropillar surfaces. Using high-speed optical and infrared imaging, we study the dynamics of dry spot heating and rewetting phenomena and reveal that the dry spot heating timescale is of the same order as that of the gravity and liquid imbibition-induced dry spot rewetting timescale. Based on these insights, we develop a coupled thermal-hydraulic model that relates CHF enhancement to rewetting of a hot dry spot on the boiling surface, thereby revealing the mechanism governing the hitherto unknown CHF enhancement maxima.
Enabling private continuous queries for revealed user locations

Existing location-based services provide specialized services to their customers based on the knowledge of their exact locations. With untrustworthy servers, location-based services may lead to several privacy threats ranging from worries over employers snooping on their workers' whereabouts to fears of tracking by potential stalkers. While there exist several techniques to preserve location privacy in mobile environments, these techniques are limited as they do not distinguish between location privacy (i.e., a user wants to hide her location) and query privacy (i.e., a user can reveal her location but not her query).This distinction is crucial in many applications where the locations of mobile users are publicly known. In this paper, we go beyond the limitation of existing cloaking algorithms aswe propose a newrobust spatial cloaking technique for snapshot and continuous location-based queries that clearly distinguishes between location privacy and query privacy. By this distinction, we achieve two main goals: (1) supporting private location-based services to those customerswith public locations, and (2) performing spatial cloaking on-demand basis only (i.e., when issuing queries) rather than exhaustively cloaking every single location update. Experimental results show that the robust spatial cloaking algorithm is scalable and efficient while providing anonymity for large numbers of continuous queries without hiding users' locations.
Cultural Values and Behavior in Dictator, Ultimatum, and Trust Games: An Experimental Study

Abstract Culture is a central concept broadly studied in social anthropology and sociology. It has been gaining increasing attention in economics, appearing in research on labor market discrimination, identity, gender, and social preferences. Most experimental economics research on culture studies cross-national or cross-ethnic differences in economic behavior. In contrast, we explain laboratory behavior using two cultural dimensions adopted from a prominent general cultural framework in contemporary social anthropology: group commitment and grid control. Groupness measures the extent to which individual identity is incorporated into group or collective identity; gridness measures the extent to which social and political prescriptions intrinsically influence individual behavior. Grid-group characteristics are measured for each individual using selected items from the World Values Survey. We hypothesize that these attributes allow us to systematically predict behavior in a way that discriminates among multiple forms of social preferences using a simple, parsimonious deductive model. The theoretical predictions are further tested in the economics laboratory by applying them to the dictator, ultimatum, and trust games. We find that these predictions are confirmed overall for most experimental games, although the strength of empirical support varies across games. We conclude that grid-group cultural theory is a viable predictor of people’s economic behavior, then discuss potential limitations of the current approach and ways to improve it.
Optical correlator using photorefractive polymers for credit card validation

Summary form only given. Using optical phase masks is a promising solution for validation of a credit cards. To summarize, we have shown that new highly efficient photorefractive (PR) optical polymers are very convenient to use in optical correlators for security applications.
SERVICE SCIENCE: DESIGN FOR SCALING AND TRANSFORMATION

Service, Knowledge Economy, and the Transformation of the Digitally Connected World Defining the Interdisciplinary Nature of Service Science and Its Research Paradigms: Some Research Problems Exploring the New Frontiers: The Digital Connections Scaling Model Exploring the New Frontier: The Population Orientation Paradigm and Cyber-Enabled Knowledge System Design Quintessential Digitally Connected Service: New Business Designs on the Web A Design Methodology for Service Cocreation Enterprise Information Systems: The DCS Contributions Instrumentation of the Environment: A Design for Connecting the Cyberspace with the Physical Infrastructure for Intelligent Network Flows Management and Applications Collaboration of Independent, Massively Distributed Information Resources: A Market Paradigm Service-Led Revolution: Empowerment of the Person and Collaboration of the Society.
Dependence of multiple filamentation on beam ellipticity

We experimentally investigate the effects of beam ellipticity on multiple filamentation. For high ellipticities the beam breaks into bands and filaments as the power is increased, and numerical simulations are in qualitative agreement.
Property Checking via Structural Analysis

This paper describes a structurally-guided framework for the decomposition of a verification task into subtasks, each solved by a specialized algorithm for overall efficiency. Our contributions include the following: (1) a structural algorithm for computing a bound of a state-transition diagram's diameter which, for several classes of netlists, is sufficiently small to guarantee completeness of a bounded property check; (2) a robust backward unfolding technique for structural target enlargement: from the target states, we perform a series of compose-based preimage computations, truncating the search if resource limitations are exceeded; (3) similar to frontier simplification in symbolic reachability analysis, we use induction via don't cares for enhancing the presented target enlargement. In many practical cases, the verification problem can be discharged by the enlargement process; otherwise, it is passed in simplified form to an arbitrary subsequent solution approach. The presented techniques are embedded in a flexible verification framework, allowing arbitrary combinations with other techniques. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the described methods at solving and simplifying practical verification problems.
Ultra-arithmetic: the digital computer set in function space

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the ultra-arithmetic computer set in function space. It discusses synopsis of the data types, roundings as well as digital versions of ultra-arithmetic operations. Methods of numerical analysis require a computational environment in which a variety of data types and associated arithmetic operations are available as computer primitives. The operations and constructs of mathematics that can be implemented directly in digital computers are far greater in number than those that are currently implemented. In a sense, the digital computer can be made to appear as a deeper and somewhat more accurate image of mathematical constructs and operations than it is at present. This is the viewpoint of ultra-arithmetic where the structures, data types, and operations corresponding to functions are developed for direct digital implementation. A digital computer designed or equipped with ultra-arithmetic will be a far more congenial tool for scientific computation. The point of view of ultra-arithmetic is to develop the numerical treatment of these problems in such a manner that their numerical solution may be reduced to computer operations in a direct sense.
Variational representations of Varadhan functionals

Motivated by the theory of large deviations, we introduce a class of non-negative non-linear functionals that have a variational "rate function" representation.
The Crystal and Electronic Structures of Cd3As2, the Three-Dimensional Electronic Analogue of Graphene

The structure of Cd3As2, a high-mobility semimetal reported to host electrons that act as Dirac particles, is reinvestigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It is found to be centrosymmetric rather than noncentrosymmetric as previously reported. It has a distorted superstructure of the antifluorite (M2X) structure type with a tetragonal unit cell of a = 12.633(3) and c = 25.427(7) A in the centrosymmetric I41/acd space group. The antifluorite superstructure can be envisioned as consisting of distorted Cd6□2 cubes (where □ = an empty cube vertex) in parallel columns, stacked with opposing chirality. Electronic structure calculations performed using the experimentally determined centrosymmetric structure are similar to those performed with the inversion symmetry absent but with the important implication that Cd3As2 is a three-dimensional (3D)-Dirac semimetal with no spin splitting; all bands are spin degenerate and there is a 4-fold degenerate bulk Dirac point at the Fermi energy along Γ–Z in the Brill...
Preface for SemWAT 2006

The Semantic Web has been proposed as the next generation of the existing Web. Semantic Web-enabled applications can potentially produce better results for semantic integration, interoperability and search. Ontologies have been utilized for interoperability among various data sources. The role of ontology is one of the central points in Semantic Web-enabled applications. Semantics in ontologies and conceptual modeling play central roles in achieving interoperability among Semantic Web applications.
Optimal classifier combination rules for verification and identification systems

Matching systems can be used in different operation tasks such as verification task and identification task. Different optimization criteria exist for these tasks - reducing cost of acceptance decisions for verification systems and minimizing misclassification rate for identification systems. In this paper we show that the optimal combination rules satisfying these criteria are also different. The difference is caused by the dependence of matching scores produced by a single matcher and assigned to different classes. We illustrate the theory by experiments with biometric matchers and handwritten word recognizers.
Selective 17α-Alkylation of Cortienic Acid Derivatives in a Solid-Liquid Biphasic System

Abstract 11β,17α-Dihydroxy-3-oxoandrost-4-ene 17β-carboxylic acid (cortienic acid), or its methyl ester, are efficiently and selectively alkylated at the 17α-position using methyl iodide in a solid-liquid biphasic system consisting of potassium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfoxide. When a higher alkyl halide homolog is used, it is necessary to protect the α-enone function.
Charters Without Lotteries: Testing Takeovers in New Orleans and Boston

Charter takeovers are traditional public schools restarted as charter schools. We develop a grandfathering instrument for takeover attendance that compares students at schools designated for takeover with a matched sample of students attending similar schools not yet taken over. Grandfathering estimates from New Orleans show substantial gains from takeover enrollment. In Boston, grandfathered students see achievement gains at least as large as the gains for students assigned charter seats in lotteries. A non-charter Boston turnaround intervention that had much in common with the takeover strategy generated gains as large as those seen for takeovers, while other more modest turnaround interventions yielded smaller effects.
Housing, Illiquidity, and Wealth

This article develops a model of asset allocation relevant for the representative consumer. Consumption is composed of two items: housing, and other goods and services. The representative household's balance sheet consists largely of a house and a mortgage. Its income statement is dominated by labor earnings, constraining cash expenditures. Housing-market behavior thus underlies intertemporal wealth and consumption allocation. With a housing-dominated portfolio and a maximizing plan, a plausible bound on the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution in consumption can be estimated for a typical household. The model takes account of idiosyncratic characteristics of housing returns and finance. Underwriting standards oblige borrowers to secure mortgage debt with a housing asset and with cash flow, usually from labor income. Access to the mortgage market depends on the loan-to-value ratio, or leverage and debt size, and the debt-coverage ratio, or cash solvency. If there are seasonals or predictable patterns in house returns, their magnitude is amplified for the typical liquidity-constrained household. Empirical results for the aggregate U.S. market confirm predictability and serial correlation in house capital gains. There are seasonals in housing returns. While there is no January effect, above-average returns are obtained during the summer months.
The Legal Meaning of Commerce in the Commerce Clause

I. CONTENDING DEFINITIONS OF “COMMERCE” 790 II. THE EFFECT OF NEW NECESSARY AND PROPER CLAUSE SCHOLARSHIP 796 III. SOURCES OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LEGAL MEANING......801 IV. FOCUS OF THIS STUDY 805 V. THE MEANING OF “COMMERCE” IN THE FOUNDERS’ LEGAL SOURCES 806 A. Cases Reports 806 B. Legal Dictionaries 817 C. Treatises 820 1. Blackstone’s Commentaries 820 2. Other Treatises 826 D. Abridgments and Digests 829
Microwave heating of ceramic laminates

The microwave heating of a ceramic laminate composed of three layers is modeled and analyzed. Two materials with widely disparate effective electrical conductivities comprise the laminate. The ratio of these conductivities is exploited as a small parameter in the development of an asymptotic theory. Two physically distinct situations are considered. In the first, a low-loss ceramic is surrounded by lossy material. Here, the asymptotic theory yields simplified equations which are reduced to a nonlinear Volterra integral equation. The integral equation is amenable to analysis, and the results are physically interpreted. In the second situation, a lossy material is surrounded by a low-loss material. In this case the asymptotic theory yields simplified equations which are analyzed through numerical techniques. Again, the results are physically interpreted to attain insight into the dynamics and parameter dependence of the microwave heating of ceramic laminates.
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS: A PROFILE OF AMERICAN CONSUMERS

A telephone survey was conducted on genetically modified foods in the U.S. Consumers' attitudes are studied using a multiple correspondence analysis, and typology constructed through the use of a cluster analysis. Five distinct behaviors are extracted.
Analysis of Fruit Consumption in the U.S. with a Quadratic AIDS Model

The Quadratic AIDS model was estimated to analyze the U.S. fruit consumption using annual per capita consumption data and prices for a demand system consisting of fresh fruit, fruit juice and other processed fruit. All Marshallian own price elasticities are found to be negative and the demand system is dominated by complementarity relationships. Both own and cross price Marshallian elasticities are less than one. Fruit juices are found to be expenditure elastic conditional on the total expenditure on fruits while fresh fruits and other processed fruits are found to be expenditure inelastic. However, fresh fruit is close to being unitary expenditure elastic. After allowing for curvature in the Engel function, U.S. fresh fruit demand is found to be more responsive to changes in income than in previous studies.