cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive mesh refinement with an enhanced velocity mixed finite element method on semi-structured grids using a fully coupled solver

We describe a novel approach for performing adaptive mesh refinement using mixed finite elements for flow in porous media applications. The enhanced velocity (EV) mixed finite element method is used to construct a strongly flux-continuous velocity approximation between non-matching subdomain grids. In this work, the original EV implementation was generalized to allow interfaces in the interior of subdomains adjacent to inactive cells and to allow dynamic adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). In the new implementation, subdomains with different spatial resolutions are stacked on top of each other to produce a very general semi-structured grid. The decomposition is non-overlapping, but now the subdomains can have holes, have ragged edges, and be nested within each other. Several examples with adaptive mesh refinement are demonstrated in two and three spatial dimensions; a priori indicators are used to adapt the grid for a multiphase compositional flow model, and a posteriori indicators are used to adapt the grid for a single-phase flow model. Moreover, a new fully coupled linear solver for the EV method is also implemented in this work, which shows a dramatic reduction in the number of Newton iterations versus the previously implemented nonlinear block Jacobi solver, especially when systems have a strong elliptic component.
Explicit teaching and authenticity in L2 listening instruction: University language teachers' beliefs

Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand university language teachers' beliefs about explicit teaching and authentic materials in second language (L2) listening instruction. Data were collected from language teachers in Spanish and English departments at eight universities in Pennsylvania, United States, through an online questionnaire (N = 60) and semi-structured interviews (N = 6). The results indicated that teachers believe explicit listening instruction is essential for learners to develop competence in L2 listening, but conflate direct strategy instruction, listening practice, and listening assessment. Furthermore, very few reported the implementation of metacognitive strategy instruction. Secondly, most instructors believe that authenticity is a valuable construct for L2 teaching; however, generally instructors considered either linguistic features of the listening text or features of the L2 learning context when selecting materials, not both, illustrating differing conceptualizations of authenticity and varied approaches to authentic material selection. These results imply a need for more attention to listening pedagogy in L2 teaching environments and teacher training, especially with regard to explicit strategy and metacognitive instruction and the selection and use of authentic listening texts.
Chapter 8 – Integration of Combined Heat and Power Systems

The integration of thermal energy through the synthesis of heat-exchange networks is a key element of an effective energy management strategy. As discussed in Chapter 7, Heat Integration, substantial savings in heating and cooling utilities can be achieved via the implementation of heat integration in industrial facilities. In addition to heating and cooling, other forms of energy should also be considered. Therefore, in addition to heat integration, it is also important to consider the more general concept of energy integration. One way of defining energy integration is that it is a holistic approach to the design and operation of energy systems involving the generation, allocation, transformation, and exchange of all forms of energy including heat and work (or heat rate and power when the system is studies on a per unit-time basis). The objective of this chapter is to present the principal aspects of energy integration with focus on the integrated design of heat and power systems, which is commonly referred to as combined heat and power. First, the concepts of heat engines and heat pumps are discussed. Key thermodynamic cycles are also described and integrated with the thermal pinch analysis. Then, design rules are given for the placement of heat pumps and heat engines. Next, a systematic approach is given for the targeting of cogeneration systems dispensing process heating and power.
A Cost Analysis of the 1-2-3 Pap Intervention.

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer places a substantial economic burden on our healthcare system. The three-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series is a cost-effective intervention to prevent HPV infection and resultant cervical cancer. Despite its efficacy, completion rates are low in young women aged 18 through 26 years. 1-2-3 Pap is a video intervention tested and proven to increase HPV vaccination completion rates. PURPOSE To provide the full scope of available evidence for 1-2-3 Pap, this study adds economic evidence to the intervention's efficacy. This study tested the economies of scale hypothesis that the cost of 1-2-3 Pap intervention per number of completed HPV vaccine series would decrease when offered to more women in the target population. METHODS Using cost and efficacy data from the Rural Cancer Prevention Center, a cost analysis was done through a hypothetical adaptation scenario in rural Kentucky. RESULTS Assuming the same success rate as in the efficacy study, the 1-2-3 Pap adaptation scenario would cover 1000 additional women aged 18 through 26 years (344 in efficacy study; 1346 in adaptation scenario), and almost three times as many completed series (130 in efficacy study; 412 in adaptation scenario) as in the original 1-2-3 Pap efficacy study. IMPLICATIONS Determination of the costs of implementing 1-2-3 Pap is vital for program expansion. This study provides practitioners and decision makers with objective measures for scalability.
Public mental health without the health? Challenges and contributions from the Mad Pride and neurodiversity paradigms

Abstract In this chapter, my first objective is to answer a fundamental question at the heart of the field of public mental health: what is the field's proper ultimate aim? Although this question has clearly been addressed before, my approach differs significantly insofar as it incorporates two heretofore overlooked perspectives—namely, those of the Mad Pride and neurodiversity movements. My second objective, then, is to demonstrate the importance of these perspectives for scrutinizing fundamental questions within public mental health. Traditionally, the Mad Pride and neurodiversity paradigms deny the illness-status of so-called psychiatric conditions. However, these paradigms arguably contain a subclass that grants the illness-status of such conditions, while maintaining that these conditions can be worthy of acceptance and positive regard. If correct, this subclass provides examples of cases where decreased health (due to the presence of a mental illness) links to increased well-being (due to the positive regard), introducing the possibility of the separation of health from well-being. This possibility, in turn, sparks the need to re-evaluate the widely accepted ultimate aim of public mental health, which conflates health and well-being. Thus, to address the first objective of this chapter, I argue that the proper ultimate aim of the field of public mental health is to increase well-being—not, counterintuitively, to increase public mental health. And I believe that the considerations supporting my first objective also support my second objective: namely, they illuminate the importance of including Mad Pride and neurodiversity perspectives in answering one of public mental health's fundamental questions.
Introduction: Forum on Reproducibility and Replicability in Geography

This introduction provides a brief review of the motivation, background, and context of the Forum. It explains the roles of the six papers in the Forum and the importance of reproducibility and rep...
Fostering spirituality and psychosocial health through mind-body practices in underserved populations.

Abstract Background This study examined changes in spirituality and psychosocial outcomes among African American and rural adults participating in a culturally-adapted mind-body intervention. Methods African American (n = 22) and rural (n = 38) adults in Harmony & Health attended mind-body sessions twice a week for eight weeks and completed questionnaires on spirituality and psychosocial distress at baseline and post-intervention. Linear regression and repeated measures analyses were used to examine associations between intervention attendance and spirituality. Results Attendance was significantly associated with increased spirituality (β=0.168, p = 013). Repeated measures analyses revealed a significant three-way interaction between attendance, spirituality, and study site (F(9,31)=2.891, p = 013). Urban African American participants who attended ≥75% of sessions reported greater increases in spirituality. Conclusion Findings suggest that mind-body practices may foster spirituality in urban African American adults. Additional adaptations are needed to strengthen spirituality in rural residents and to improve psychosocial health and wellbeing in this underserved population.
Effect of Anionic Detergents on the Optical Rotatory Dispersion of Proteins

The ultraviolet Cotton effects of a group of proteins were investigated. Conformational transitions were effected by treating the proteins with decyl and dodecyl sodium sulfates and acid. Whereas the Cotton effects of aldolase, growth hormone, and myoglobin were not significantly altered by the treatment with detergent, considerable changes were observed in the rotatory dispersion curves of alcohol dehydrogenase, deoxyribonuclease, β-lactoglobulin, acid solutions of ovalbumin, histone Fractions F1 and F2b, and soybean trypsin inhibitor. The curves of native alcohol dehydrogenase, deoxyribonuclease, and β-lactoglobulin had negative minima at 228 to 230 mµ and positive maxima at 202 to 205 mµ, indicating the presence of the β conformation. Upon treatment with detergents, the positive maxima were shifted to 198 to 200 mµ, and the amplitudes of both the positive and negative Cotton effects were increased. Changes of a somewhat similar nature were observed upon treating acid solutions of lysozyme and ovalbumin with detergents. In the instance of glutamic dehydrogenase, the changes were complex. The histones and soybean trypsin inhibitor, when in the native state, displayed curves indicating primarily disorganized polypeptide chains; these were converted by the detergents into partial α-helical conformation, as judged from the rotatory dispersion curves.
Assess, enhance, repeat: fostering a culture of continuous improvement in document delivery

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the launch of the Yale University Library's Scan and Deliver electronic document delivery service and provide an initial assessment of its first full academic year of operations. Design/methodology/approach – The author outlines how the service functions and how it is assessed both from the perspective of the library patron and the service provider. Findings – The author demonstrates how assessment, when incorporated from the very start of a new service, can be utilized as a tool for continuous improvement. Originality/value – This case study will be of value to any ILL practitioners who are considering launching a similar service, or who wish to incorporate assessment or continuous improvement into existing library services.
Evidence of Mode Coupling on Periodic Traveling‐Wave Dipole Arrays

Measurements of the distribution of electric field intensity along a periodic radiating structure consisting of a dipole array coupled to a balanced transmission line reveal a standing-wave pattern that is formed at the driven end of the structure. We propose that this standing wave is formed by the interference of two normal modes of the coupled structure. These modes are found to possess conjugate wave functions exp [−αx±jβx], and to carry energy in opposite directions on the transmission line. They are identified with transmitting and receiving modes of the infinite, periodic structure; both are excited on a finite model to satisfy boundary conditions on both the transmission line and the dipole array at its driven end. These conjugate normal modes arise from coupling of the TEM mode of the unloaded transmission line with the complex, radiating mode of an undriven, periodic array of dipoles. The determinantal equation of the coupled array can be cast in a form that displays the mode coupling.
Vision-based intelligent control of transportation systems

In response to the overcrowding of transportation systems, there has been an increase in the emphasis placed upon intelligent vehicle/highway systems (IVHS). Whether the application is keeping a safe distance between vehicles on highways or allowing a pedestrian to safely cross a street, environmental sensing and control play a crucial role in IVHS applications. In this paper we present robust visual detection and tracking techniques for IVHS applications, where computer vision may be the only sensor used or a part of a larger multi-sensor system. We have selected the application of pedestrian detection and tracking to demonstrate that the controlled active vision framework can provide precisely the type of information required to effectively manage traffic situations.
Detection of Tissue Culture-Adapted Theiler's Virus RNA in Spinal Cord White Matter Cells Throughout Infection

Abstract The appearance of histological lesions and the localization of viral RNA in the central nervous system of mice infected with tissue culture-adapted Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (WW strain) (TMEV-WW) was studied. Viral RNA was detected by autoradiography after in situ hybridization, using a 3H-labeled DNA probe complementary to virion RNA, which was applied to deparaffinized sections of central nervous system tissues from infected mice. Subjacent histological sections of tissues were used to assess the location and extent of lesions. Lesions were first observed at 20 days post-inoculation and appeared to enlarge throughout infection. They consisted of infiltrates of mononuclear cells and lymphocytes in spinal cord white matter and leptomeninges; at 78 days post-inoculation severe necrotizing and demyelinative myelitis and gliosis were observed. In contrast to the pathogenesis of brain-derived TMEV-WW-infected mice, no lesions were found in the central nervous system gray matter of mice infected with tissue culture-adapted TMEV-WW at any time post-infection. Tissue culture-adapted viral RNA was found in the cells of spinal cord white matter throughout infection; only one neuron in close proximity to the injection site was found to contain viral RNA shortly after infection. At early times after infection, spinal cord white matter cells containing viral RNA were found before development of inflammatory lesions; at later days post-inoculation, positive cells were found within, at the periphery of, or at a distance from lesions. The number of infected cells and the amount of viral RNA per cell appeared to remain constant from 20 to 78 days post-inoculation despite the increasing intensity of the inflammatory response. The nearly exclusive spinal cord white matter tropism of tissue culture-adapted TMEV-WW appeared to directly correlate with the disease-inducing potential of this virus.
Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety evaluation of azithromycin in adult horses

Azithromycin is widely used in foals but has not been studied in adult horses. The goals of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic profile and to make a preliminary assessment of the safety of azithromycin in adult horses. Azithromycin was administered intravenously (5 mg/kg) and intragastrically (10 mg/kg) to six healthy mares in a crossover design. Serial plasma samples, blood neutrophils, and pulmonary macrophages were collected for the measurement of azithromycin concentrations. Azithromycin was also administered orally (10 mg/kg) once a day for 5 days to five healthy mares for preliminary evaluation of safety in adult horses. The bioavailability of azithromycin following intragastric administration was 45 ± 12%. Concentrations within peripheral neutrophils and bronchoalveolar macrophages were several fold higher than that of plasma. Mild decreases in appetite (n = 3) and alterations in fecal consistency (n = 3) were noted following repeated oral administration. The pharmacokinetic profiles of azithromycin in adult horses, especially the slow elimination rate and intraneutrophil and intrapulmonary macrophage accumulation, demonstrate that it is conducive to use in this age group. Because of the gastrointestinal alterations noted, further studies are warranted before azithromycin can be recommended for use in adult horses.
Relations of body fat distribution and height with cataract in men

Background: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) is a risk factor for cataract, but other anthropometric measurements may also be important, Objective: We tested relations of alternative measures of body size, including height and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), as well as BMI, with cataract. Design: This was a prospective follow-up study. We analyzed data from 20271 participants in the Physicians' Health Study who did not have cataract at baseline and for whom there was complete information on weight, height, and other risk factors. For analyses concerning WHR, we excluded 3121 additional men for whom we did not have these measurements, assessed at the ninth year of follow-up. The main outcome measures were incident cataract and cataract surgery. Results: Among the 17150 men for whom there were complete data, we confirmed an incident cataract in 1727 during an average of 14 y of follow-up. In proportional hazards regression models that adjusted for many known or suspected risk factors, higher BMI [rate ratio (RR) = 1.25 for ≥ 27.8 compared with < 22, P for trend = 0.03], height (RR = 1.23 for ≥ 184 cm compared with ≤ 170 cm, P for trend = 0.02), and WHR (RR = 1.31 for top compared with bottom quintile, P for trend = 0.003) were each independently associated with incident cataract. Conclusions: In addition to BMI, both height and abdominal adiposity are independent risk factors for cataract. These relations are biologically plausible and, if causal, suggest that prevention of obesity and beneficial lifestyle changes resulting in weight loss and reduction of central obesity would lessen the incidence and costs of cataract.
Anti-Immunoglobulins and Their Idiotypes: Are They Part of the Immune Network?

The anti-gamma globulins represent a very heterogeneous group of proteins with widely different specificities that might be considered a portion of the immune network. The hypothesis is presented that at least some of these proteins have other specificities, with the anti-gamma globulin reactivity being a secondary property. Anti-idiotypic antibodies are possible candidates. This is based on the low binding affinity for gamma globulin of many of these proteins and the results of CRI and sequence studies. All the proteins of the major CRI group have VKIIIb light chains, and these have a dominant but not total influence on this CRI. This has been evident from studies with rabbit antibodies and recently also with monoclonal hybridoma antibodies. Sequence studies have also demonstrated the similarity in light chains that, however, are not greater than with other VKIIIb chains; the heavy chains show little similarity except possibly in the J segment. The possibility is discussed that antibodies with secondary anti-gamma globulin binding properties might have selective advantages.
The impact of small bowel resection on the incidence of stomal stenosis and marginal ulcer after gastric bypass.

Background: Stomal stenosis (SS) and marginal ulcer (MU) are reported to occur in 9-20% and 2-13%, respectively, of patients undergoing gastric bypass for morbid obesity. It is hypothesized that decreasing tension on the gastrojejunostomy by performing limited small bowel resection (SBR) would decrease ischemia, thereby decreasing the likelihood of SS and MU. Methods: A retrospective review of 150 consecutive gastric bypass patients operated by one surgeon from 1993 to 1996 was performed. The incidence of SS and MU was compared in patients with and without SBR. Results: The overall rate of SS was 24.0% and that of MU was 9.3%: the incidence of both was 2.0%. The incidence of SS in patients without SBR was 26.9% and with SBR was 19.6%. The incidence of MU in patients without SBR was 8.9% and with SBR was 9.8%. Neither result was statistically significant by Fisher's exact test. Conclusion: There is a trend towards a decrease in the incidence of SS in gastric bypass patients with concomitant SBR although this did not reach clinical significance.
High-dose methotrexate with cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum in treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma

Abstract This study was done to see if the efficacy of high-dose methotrexate with Leucovorin rescue + cyclophosphamide combination as second-line therapy could be enhanced by the addition of cis -platinum. A 10% response rate was obtained when the combination was given as second-line therapy. There were no responders when this combination was used as third-line therapy.
Frequencies of interspecific shell exchanges between hermit crabs

Abstract Frequencies of interspecific shell exchange due to shell fighting were determined for a number of species pairs of hermit crabs from several different locations. Frequencies were determined in the laboratory using a standardized experimental design. Results suggest that most individuals of most species are able to retain adequate or good quality shells in the presence of members of another species occupying poor quality shells. High frequencies of shell exchange always seem to be associated with very asymmetric relationships in which one member of the species pair is clearly dominant over the other. Dominant species usually attain larger sizes than subordinates, are found lower in the intertidal habitat, and are less abundant.
Approaches to piezoelasticity and elasticity in mixed ionic covalent compounds

The problems of calculating the elastic and piezoelectric responses of mixed ionic covalent compounds are reviewed using the sphalerite and wurtzite structures as examples. Most of the discussion centers around the piezoelectric constant. A brief survey of the experimental situation is followed by a simple demonstration of the origin of piezoelectricity via Jaffe's model for sphalerite. The various lattice dynamical models of piezoelectricity in sphalerite are discussed in detail. The situation in wurtzite and the relations between the constants in sphalerite and wurtzite are discussed briefly. The roles of piezoelectricity and elasticity as just two facets of lattice dynamics are emphasized. It is concluded that the presently available experimental data on lattice dynamical properties and the lattice dynamics analysis does not allow unique values of important parameters such as the ionic charge to be determined. A number of suggestions are made for detailed quantum mechanical calculations of elastic and piezoelectric constants.
The measurement of cytochrome b559 in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in the presence of hemoglobin or mitochondrial cytochromes.

Abstract A cyanide-insensitive b-type cytochrome (cytochrome b559) is involved in the respiratory burst of phagocytes. Spectroscopic measurement of its content in polymorphonuclear leukocytes or macrophages is complicated by signals arising from contaminating Hb or mitochondrial cytochromes upon reduction by dithionite. These interferences can be overcome by reducing the sample with dithionite, aerating it, and reducing it a second time with dithionite, in the presence of 10 μ m cyanide. Cyanide suppresses the response of the interfering proteins to the second dithionite reduction. This modified method allows an accurate determination of the content of cytochrome b559 using smaller numbers of cells than previously feasible.
Quantitative morphometry measurements of transitional cell bladder cancer nuclei as indicator of tumor aggression.

Abstract Superficial transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder in 30 patients were studied by quantitative morphometry of the initial and subsequent tumor occurrences. Nuclear histograms were constructed and demonstrated narrow base and single modal peak in 9 of 10 patients not exhibiting tumor recurrence or invasion. In contrast, broad-based multimodal nuclear histograms were present in 15 of 20 patients in whom tumor invasion of carcinoma in situ subsequently developed. Nuclear histograms may provide an accurate means of determining invasive/ recurrence potential of transitional cell carcinoma.
Treatment of Depressed Methadone Maintenance Patients With Nefazodone: A Case Series

The authors presented four consecutive case studies in which depressed methadone-maintained patients previously treated with other drugs, such as sertraline, risperidone, and bupropion, and who did not respond and/or suffered various side effects, responded well to nefazodone.
A kinetic study of vesicle fusion on silicon dioxide surfaces by ellipsometry

Ellipsometry and a mass transport model were used to investigate the kinetics of lipid bilayer formation on silicon dioxide surfaces from 100 nm diameter 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) vesicles. For the range of concentrations studied, 0.025 to 0.380 mg/mL, the rate of the process was found to be concentration dependent and adsorption limited. Further experiments, particularly at concentrations > 0.380 mg/mL, presented evidence of net mass desorption as an intermediate step to supported lipid bilayer formation. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Gender and Select Committee Elections in the British House of Commons

While significant attention has been dedicated to explaining women's election to office, fewer studies have assessed female politicians' access to positions of power within legislatures. This latter topic became particularly salient in the British House of Commons following the 2010 general election, when recently adopted reforms introduced intracameral elections for select committee members and chairs. This article outlines three hypotheses concerning the influence of candidate sex on election outcomes: a gender bias against female candidates, a gender advantage favoring female candidates, and gender-neutral outcomes. Drawing on two original data sets, the results not only fail to support the gender-bias hypothesis but also demonstrate that women were advantaged in the interparty elections for committee chairs. These findings offer new insights into both the position of female legislators in the UK Parliament and gender and the allocation of power within national assemblies more generally.
Distortion analysis of severely flattened rings

The NMR spectra of the nonaromatic protons in several benzo-substituted five- and six-membered rings have been analyzed at 60- and 90-MHz. The vicinal coupling constants from theCH2CH2fragments give a quantitative assessment of the degree of ring flattening. The distortions are discussed in terms of the structural components of the molecules.
Management control of new product development projects

Management control systems that are used to control new product projects and the characteristics of effective management control systems are identified. Results of a study of the management control systems used in twelve new product development projects indicate that the systems used in successful new product projects were different than those used in less successful projects. It was also found that on all projects individual rewards were not directly tied to project performance or to a product's commercial success. Implications of the findings for managers of development departments are discussed.
Effect of α-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on neurotransmission in the rat anococcygeus muscle

Abstract The isolated rat anococcygeus muscle was found to be a sensitive preparation for the study of the pre- and postsynaptic actions of α-adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The pre- and postsynaptic actions of α-agonists were characterized by comparing the order of potency (1) for directly contracting smooth muscle, (2) for inhibiting the field-stimulated release of tritium ( 3 H) or 3 H-norepinephrine, following labelling of adrenergic stores with 3 H-NE and (3) for inhibiting twitch contractions elicited by field-stimulation. Clonidine, oxymetazoline tetrahydrozoline and naphazoline, listed in their order of potency, inhibited field-stimulated 3 H-release and twitch contractions. With the exception of clonidine, a clear separation of pre- and postsynaptic α-mediated effects was not achieved with the other imidazolines tested. In contrast, methoxamine and phenylephrine did not inhibit twitch response or 3 H-release, but did cause a direct contraction of the smooth muscle. The α-antagonists, phentolamine, yohimbine and phenoxybenzamine increased the stimulated release of 3 H in a concentration dependent manner. At 10 −7 M, yohimbine preferentially blocked presynaptic α-receptors. Phentolamine was the most potent antagonist at pre- or postsynaptic α-receptors, but like phenoxybenzamine showed no selectivity for pre- or postsynaptic α-receptors. The percent inhibition of neurotransmitter released produced by the α-agonists was found to be inversely proportional to the train lenght, frequency of stimulation and extracellular calcium. Because of the differential effects of α-agonists at pre- and postsynaptic sites, α-receptors on nerve varicosities may have different structural requirements for blockade and activation than the α-receptors on smooth muscle.
An elegant price flexibility modification to the widely used linear expenditure system

Abstract Despite the linear expenditure system's wide use, especially in forms accounting for dynamics and demographics, it is too insensitive to cross-price effects to survive without generalization. A price flexibility modification of the model is presented and empirically demonstrated.
Synthesis and characterization of some long-chain diesters with branched or bulky moieties

Several novel fatty diesters with bulky moieties were synthesized by esterification of mono- or bifunctional fatty acids or with mono- or bifunctional alcohols using p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst. They were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance as well as positive chemical ionization (PCl) mass spectrometry. The PCl mass spectra of the resulting diol diesters and diacid diesters are discussed and compared. The compounds were investigated as potential additives for improving the cold flow properties of vegetable oil esters used as biodiesel.
The importance of polarization for electron scattering in the intermediate energy region

Abstract The angular dependence of electron scattering from the helium atom and the hydrogen molecule for small scattering angles in the 34 – 100 eV impact energy range is explained in terms of the first Born approximation and the polarized Born approximation. The theoretical results compare favorably with the experimental data for both elastic and inelastic scattering. New experimental and theoretical results are presented.
Longer time to peak flow predicts better arterial flow parameters on penile Doppler ultrasound.

Objectives To review the associations between measured variables in Penile Doppler ultrasound procedures. Penile Doppler ultrasound is useful in the evaluation of erectile dysfunction, but there is no uniform standard of performing the procedure. It is generally believed that a peak systolic velocity > 30 cm/s, minimal venous leak, and resistive index > 0.8 are essential for adequate erection. While the arterial parameters are well studied, data on the predictive value of time to peak flow are lacking. Methods Penile duplex Doppler ultrasounds performed for either erectile dysfunction or Peyronie's disease evaluation were reviewed. Clinical records, International Index of Erectile Function scores, and ultrasound variables were examined. “Fast” responders reached maximal peak systolic velocity (PSV) ≤ 10 minutes, whereas “slow” responders reached maximal PSV between 15 and 25 minutes. Results Of 146 total patients, 36 (25%) were fast responders and 110 (75%), slow responders. No preprocedural characteristics, including the Erectile Function domain score of the International Index of Erectile Function, predicted time to peak flow. Compared with the fast responders, slow responders had higher mean PSV (left: 33.9 ± 19.5 vs 25.0 ± 11.7 cm/s, P = .01; and right: 36.4 ± 21.3 vs 25.0 ± 13.3 cm/s, P = .002). There was also a higher percentage of patients with average PSV > 30 cm/s in slow responders (58% vs 36%, P = .02). Conclusions There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between slow and fast responders. However, slow responders did seem to have significantly better arterial flow parameters, although penile dimensions, cavernosal artery diameter, Erectile Function domain scores, and subjective rigidity were similar.
Maternal predictors of early adolescent achievement-related outcomes: Adolescent gender as moderator

Investigated in the present study was the association between maternal parenting practices and school and developmental achievements among early adolescents. Guided by theories and previous research on gender differences, of special interest in the present study was whether and how adolescent gender would moderate the association between individual parenting practices (warmth, monitoring, psychological autonomy giving) and adolescent school and developmental achievements (school grades and psychosocial maturity). Fifty-eight early adolescents participated in the study; all adolescents were attending or had just completed eighth grade. Results indicated that monitoring made the largest individual contribution to school grades and psychosocial maturity and that gender moderated the association between two of the three parenting practices and adolescent psychosocial maturity. Specifically, the associations between warmth and psychological autonomy giving and psychosocial maturity were stronger for girls than...
Does Frederick Taylor’s Ghost Still Haunt the Halls of Government? A Look at the Concept of Governmental Efficiency in Our Time

Since the Progressive Era, efficiency has been a cherished administrative value and a key concept in the study of public administration. Despite contemporary attention to other criteria, such as responsiveness and equity, efficiency remains a guiding governmental value and a focus of scholarly writing. Although efficiency is often considered an apolitical value, this article argues that public sector efficiency receives meaning through a political framework. The analysis explores changing definitions of transit efficiency to propose a revitalized, politically attuned concept.
Etch characteristics of various materials in ethanolamine etchants

Abstract Data for the etch rates of passivating and non-passivating films are presented for the anisotropic etchant ethanolamine-gallic acid-water. Thesedataidentifyusefulmasking and conductive layers for
Reaction time as a measure of suprathreshold grating detection.

Abstract Simple reaction time measurements were made for a wide range of contrast values and spatial frequencies of sinusoidal gratings. For every spatial frequency, reaction time increased as the grating contrast decreased; however, over a range of spatial frequencies the contrast vs reaction time function was biphasic. Manipulations of stimulus duration, retinal location, and field size are consistent with two separate mechanisms for detecting gratings at high and low contrast levels within a mid-range of spatial frequencies. Perceptual “isocontrast” functions derived from the reaction time data show a consistent peak shift and shape change with variations in criterion reaction time.
GIS-based spatial precipitation estimation: a comparison of geostatistical approaches.

Abstract: As one of the primary inputs that drive watershed dynamics, the estimation of spatial variability of precipitation has been shown to be crucial for accurate distributed hydrologic modeling. In this study, a Geographic Information System program, which incorporates Nearest Neighborhood (NN), Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Simple Kriging (SK), Ordinary Kriging (OK), Simple Kriging with Local Means (SKlm), and Kriging with External Drift (KED), was developed to facilitate automatic spatial precipitation estimation. Elevation and spatial coordinate information were used as auxiliary variables in SKlm and KED methods. The above spatial interpolation methods were applied in the Luohe watershed with an area of 5,239 km2, which is located downstream of the Yellow River basin, for estimating 10 years’ (1991-2000) daily spatial precipitation using 41 rain gauges. The results obtained in this study show that the spatial precipitation maps estimated by different interpolation methods have similar areal mean precipitation depth, but significantly different values of maximum precipitation, minimum precipitation, and coefficient of variation. The accuracy of the spatial precipitation estimated by different interpolation methods was evaluated using a correlation coefficient, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, and relative mean absolute error. Compared with NN and IDW methods that are widely used in distributed hydrologic modeling systems, the geostatistical methods incorporated in this GIS program can provide more accurate spatial precipitation estimation. Overall, the SKlm_EL_X and KED_EL_X, which incorporate both elevation and spatial coordinate as auxiliary into SKlm and KED, respectively, obtained higher correlation coefficient and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, and lower relative mean absolute error than other methods tested. The GIS program developed in this study can serve as an effective and efficient tool to implement advanced geostatistics methods that incorporate auxiliary information to improve spatial precipitation estimation for hydrologic models.
Transient heterosynaptic depression in the hippocampal slice

Two independent, excitatory, monosynaptic afferent fiber systems projecting onto basal and apical dendritic layers of the CA1 sub-field of the hippocampus were tested for interactive effects. Long-term potentiation of either of the pathways was accompanied by a transient depression in the other pathway. Similar transient depression could be elicited by antidromic stimulation of the CA1 cells. No long-term heterosynaptic effects were observed.
Strategies for Integrating Mental Health into Schools via a Multitiered System of Support

To fully realize the potential of mental health supports in academic settings, it is essential to consider how to effectively integrate the mental health and education systems and their respective resources, staffing, and structures. Historically, school mental health services have not effectively spanned a full continuum of care from mental health promotion to treatment, and several implementation and service challenges have evolved. After an overview of these challenges, best practices and strategies for school and community partners are reviewed to systematically integrate mental health interventions within a school's multitiered system of student support.
Assassinations: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Israeli Counterterrorism Policy Using Stock Market Data

Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, the Israeli government has extensively employed a policy of assassinating members of Palestinian terrorist organizations. Theoretically, the net effect of an assassination on future terrorism is indeterminate because it embodies two conflicting effects: the assassination of a terrorist hurts his organization's capabilities, but may increase the motivation for future attacks. Our indirect, empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of assassinations for Isreali counterterrorism is based on Israeli stock market reactions to news of such operations. We rely on the fact that terrorism has had significant adverse effects on the Israeli economy and claim that the stock market should react positively to news about effective counterterrorism measures but negatively to news about counterproductive ones. We find that the market does not react to assassinations of low-ranked members of Palestinian terrorist organizations. The market does react strongly, however, to the assassinations of senior leaders of terrorist organizations: it declines following assassinations targeting senior political leaders but rises following assassinations of senior military leaders. To the extent that these reactions reflect expectations regarding future levels of terrorism they imply that the market perceives the first type of assassinations as counterproductive, but the second as an effective measure in combating terrorism.
A Combined Stress Model for the Elasto-Plastic Analysis of Clamp Loads in Bolted Joints Under a Cyclic Separating Force

In this paper, a nonlinear combined stress model is established for a typical bolted joint for the purpose of studying its behavior under a separating service load. The combined effect of axial and torsional stresses in the tightened threaded fastener is considered. A new approach for the analysis of the clamping force loss is proposed under different pre-tightening with different thread friction coefficient and different separating loading. The_nonlinear model is established based on the elasto-perfectly plasticity in order to describe the fastener behavior over the yielding of its material, and to determine the relationship between the axial bolt force and elongation under tightening and the separating loading with specific twist angle, and to predict the clamp force loss due to the permanent set in the fastener after the separating force has been removed. The nonlinear relationship between the bolt axial force and the bolt elongation depends on the initial twist angle and the tightening preload. Finally, the effects_of the fastener pre-tightening, the initial twist angle and the bolt and joint members' elastic properties on the amount of clamp load loss are investigated.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Handle positions and angles in a dynamic lifting task. Part 2. Psychophysical measures and heart rate.

This paper continues the results of the experiment on handle positions and angles in lifting described in Part 1. Heart rate rated perceived exertion, and body-part discomfort were measured on 30 subjects lifting boxes from floor to waist, waist to shoulder and floor to shoulder. Movement distance had a large effect on all measures. A handle angle of 70° between box and horizontal was found better than an angle of 35°. Handle position differences were minimal. The design for cut-out handles on a box, presented in Part 1, was confirmed by these results.
An Assessment of the Incremental Value of the ABCD2 Score in the Emergency Department Evaluation of Transient Ischemic Attack

Study objective We study the incremental value of the ABCD2 score in predicting short-term risk of ischemic stroke after thorough emergency department (ED) evaluation of transient ischemic attack. Methods This was a prospective observational study of consecutive patients presenting to the ED with a transient ischemic attack. Patients underwent a full ED evaluation, including central nervous system and carotid artery imaging, after which ABCD2 scores and risk category were assigned. We evaluated correlations between risk categories and occurrence of subsequent ischemic stroke at 7 and 90 days. Results The cohort consisted of 637 patients (47% women; mean age 73 years; SD 13 years). There were 15 strokes within 90 days after the index transient ischemic attack. At 7 days, the rate of stroke according to ABCD2 category in our cohort was 1.1% in the low-risk group, 0.3% in the intermediate-risk group, and 2.7% in the high-risk group. At 90 days, the rate of stroke in our ED cohort was 2.1% in the low-risk group, 2.1% in the intermediate-risk group, and 3.6% in the high-risk group. There was no relationship between ABCD2 score at presentation and subsequent stroke after transient ischemic attack at 7 or 90 days. Conclusion The ABCD2 score did not add incremental value beyond an ED evaluation that includes central nervous system and carotid artery imaging in the ability to risk-stratify patients with transient ischemic attack in our cohort. Practice approaches that include brain and carotid artery imaging do not benefit by the incremental addition of the ABCD2 score. In this population of transient ischemic attack patients, selected by emergency physicians for a rapid ED-based outpatient protocol that included early carotid imaging and treatment when appropriate, the rate of stroke was independent of ABCD2 stratification.
Preparation of Side-Chain 18-e Cobaltocenium-Containing Acrylate Monomers and Polymers

The synthesis and radical polymerization of an 18-e cobaltocenium vinyl monomer, 2-acryloyloxyethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate hexafluorophosphate (AECoPF6), are reported. The side-chain cobaltocenium-containing polymer, poly(acryloyloxyethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate hexafluorophosphate) (PAECoPF6), is a water-soluble hydrophilic polyelectrolyte. Through an effective ion-exchange process, this polymer was transformed into a hydrophobic poly(acryloyloxyethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate tetraphenylborate) (PAECoBPh4) polymer, soluble in strong polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. Electrochemical studies showed that both polymers have reversible redox processes in dimethylformamide. These polymers exhibited high thermal stability.
Atomic force microscopy of soil and stream fulvic acids

Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image fulvic acid (FA) deposited from aqueous solution on to the basal-plane surfaces of freshly cleaved muscovite, and allowed to air dry. Two fulvic acid samples were used: a soil fulvic acid (SFA) prepared by NaOH extraction from a muck soil underlying a freshwater fen in the New Jersey Pinelands and the IHSS standard Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA). The use of tapping-mode AFM (TMAFM), a relatively new technique which reduces the lateral frictional forces generally associated with contact-mode AFM, allowed excellent images of delicate FA structures to be obtained with minimal sample disturbance. Four main structures were observed on SFA. At low concentrations, sponge-like structures consisting of rings (∼ 15 nm in diameter) appeared, along with small spheres (10–50 nm). At higher concentrations, aggregates of spheres formed branches and chain-like assemblies. At very high surface coverage, perforated sheets were observed. On some samples, all of these structures were apparent, perhaps owing to concentration gradients on drying. SRFA samples were only imagined at higher concentrations. Spheres, aggregated branches, and perforated sheets were apparent. The results agree with previous work by Stevenson and Schnitzer [Soil Sci., 133(1992) 179], who applied TEM to soil FAs freeze-dried on muscovite. However, the TEM images did not detect the smaller spheres and sponge-like structures observed by AFM at low concentrations. The relevance of imaging dried samples remains questionable; hence, it is hoped in the future to use new in situ TMAFM to image FAs sorbed to surfaces in solution. Although TMAFM provided excellent images, a variety of artifacts and potential problems were encountered, as discussed.