cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications and suggested directions of transition research

The term transition as used herein consists of the various processes leading from laminar to turbulent flow. A distinction is generally made between the behavior leading to the “transition point”, or the location of significant deviation from molecular transport, and the behavior occurring between this “transition point” and “fully turbulent” flow (transitional region). Transition location and transitional processes are important and often vital features of viscous flows of all types, i.e., boundary layers, free-shear layers, separated flows and organized vortices. However, the transitional behavior and state of knowledge in these flows varies tremendously. In general, the boundary-layer case has received the most attention [316] and transition in separated [317] and organized vortical flows has received the least. Reynolds numbers of interest for the transition problem vary from O(104) to O(108), depending upon speed range and type of flow.
Discriminatory price auctions in electricity markets: low volatility at the expense of high price levels

A “pay-as-offered” or discriminatory price auction (DPA) has been proposed to solve the problem of inflated and volatile wholesale electricity prices. Using the experimental method we compare the DPA with a uniform price auction (UPA), strictly controlling for unilateral market power. We find that a DPA indeed substantially reduces price volatility. However, in a no market power design, prices in a DPA converge to the high prices of a uniform price auction with structural market power. That is, the DPA in a no market power environment is as anti-competitive as a UPA with structurally introduced market power.
Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes in African Americans

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global health problem showing substantial ethnic disparity in disease prevalence. African Americans have one of the highest prevalence of T2D in the USA but little is known about their genetic risks. This review summarizes the findings of genetic regions and loci associated with T2D and related glycemic traits using linkage, admixture, and association approaches in populations of African ancestry. In particular, findings from genome-wide association and exome chip studies suggest the presence of both ancestry-specific and shared loci for T2D and glycemic traits. Among the European-identified loci that are transferable to individuals of African ancestry, allelic heterogeneity as well as differential linkage disequilibrium and risk allele frequencies pose challenges and opportunities for fine mapping and identification of causal variant(s) by trans-ancestry meta-analysis. More genetic research is needed in African ancestry populations including the next-generation sequencing to improve the understanding of genetic architecture of T2D.
The Institution of Justice. Solidarity as the Obligation of the Moderns according to Durkheim

This essay is dedicated to Durkheimian conception of justice. The Hobbesian polarization between law and justice is considered paradigmatic for modern political thought. The Durkheim contribution is a significant reformulation of Hobbes’ alternative, able to highlight differently the constitutive tension between law and justice. Durkheim’s criticism against contract theories reframes the juridical order trough the concept of solidarity, considered by Durkheim as the unthought premise to modern obligation. The contract theory, has to been considered as the modern way to think the relation between society, individual, property and work. Thus, contract theory becomes the claim allowing the emergence of a new conception of justice able to call into question - by the way of the notion of fair contract – the formal premises on which contract itself is grounded. So characterized, social justice join the notion of solidarity reframing the concept of obligation itself.
Positive Development in a Disorderly World

Adolescents need to develop competencies to navigate an adult world that is complex and disorderly: a world of heterogeneous macro- to microecological systems containing contradictions and catch-22s. This exploratory essay examines adolescents' conscious processes of developing pertinent competencies for pursuing goals (agency) in these kinds of “real-world” settings. It draws on qualitative longitudinal research on youth's experiences working on arts and community projects in which they encounter the irregular dynamics of complex human systems. I describe how youth develop “strategic thinking”: executive skills for formulating strategies based on forecasting dynamics in navigating these systems. I also describe how youth learn to manage emotions (in self and others) that arise in these real-world transactions and how they develop motivation that sustains their work toward goals. Even as we learn more about the biological hardware of development, I argue that we must study youth's conscious, proactive processes in developing their own “software” to navigate complex and disorderly human worlds.
Significance of poor patient participation in physical and occupational therapy for functional outcome and length of stay.

Abstract Lenze EJ, Munin MC, Quear T, Dew MA, Rogers JC, Begley AE, Reynolds CF III. Significance of poor patient participation in physical and occupational therapy for functional outcome and length of stay. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1599–601. Objectives To determine the frequency of poor patient participation during inpatient physical (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) sessions and to examine the influence of poor participation on functional outcome and length of stay (LOS). Design Prospective observational study. Setting University-based, freestanding acute rehabilitation hospital. Participants Two hundred forty-two inpatients, primarily elderly (age range, 20–96y), with a variety of impairment diagnoses (eg, stroke), who were admitted for inpatient rehabilitation. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures The Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale, the 13 motor items from the FIM instrument (FIM motor), LOS, and discharge disposition. Results We categorized the sample into 3 groups: "good" participators were those for whom all inpatient PT and OT sessions were rated 4 or greater (n=139), "occasional poor" participators were those with less than 25% of scores rated below 4 (n=53), and "frequent poor" participators were those with 25% or more of scores rated below 4 (n=50). Change in FIM motor scores during the inpatient rehabilitation stay was significantly better for good and occasional poor participators, compared with frequent poor participators (mean FIM improvement: 23.2, 22.8, and 17.6, respectively; repeated-measures analysis of variance group by time interaction, P P Conclusions Poor participation in therapy is common during inpatient rehabilitation and has important clinical implications, in terms of lower improvement in FIM scores and longer LOS. These results suggest that poor inpatient rehabilitation participation and its antecedents deserve further attention.
Solid model compounds and the thermodynamics of protein unfolding.

Analysis of thermodynamic data on the dissolution of solid cyclic dipeptides into water in terms of group additivity provides a rationale for the enthalpy and entropy convergence temperatures observed for small globular protein denaturation and the dissolution of model compounds into water. Convergence temperatures are temperatures at which the extrapolated enthalpy or entropy changes for a series of related compounds take on a common value. At these temperatures (TH* and TS*) the apolar contributions to the corresponding thermodynamic values (delta H degrees and delta S degrees) are shown to be zero. Other contributions such as hydrogen bonding and configurational effects can then be evaluated and their quantitative effects on the stability of globular proteins assessed. It is shown that the denaturational heat capacity is composed of a large positive contribution from the exposure of apolar groups and a significant negative contribution from the exposure of polar groups in agreement with previous results. The large apolar contribution suggests that a liquid hydrocarbon model of the hydrophobic effect does not accurately represent the apolar contribution to delta H degrees of denaturation. Rather, significant enthalpic stabilizing contributions are found to arise from peptide groups (hydrogen bonding). Combining the average structural features of globular proteins (i.e. number of residues, fraction of buried apolar groups and fraction of hydrogen bonds) with their specific group contributions permits a first-order prediction of the thermodynamic properties of proteins. The predicted values compare well with literature values for cytochrome c, myoglobin, ribonuclease A and lysozyme. The major thermodynamic features are described by the number of peptide and apolar groups in a given protein.
The storm and stress of adolescence: Insights from human imaging and mouse genetics

The characterization of adolescence as a time of "storm and stress" remains an open debate. Intense and frequent negative affect during this period has been hypothesized to explain the increased rates of affective disorders, suicide, and accidental death during this time of life. Yet some teens emerge from adolescence with minimal turmoil. We provide a neurobiological model of adolescence that proposes an imbalance in the development of subcortical limbic (e.g., amygdala) relative to prefrontal cortical regions as a potential mechanism for heightened emotionality during this period. Empirical support for this model is provided from recent behavioral and human imaging studies on the development of emotion regulation. We then provide examples of environmental factors that may exacerbate imbalances in amygdala-ventrofrontal function increasing risk for anxiety related behaviors. Finally we present data from human and mouse studies to illustrate how genetic factors may enhance or diminish this risk. Together, these studies provide a converging methods approach for understanding the highly variable stress and turmoil experienced in adolescence.
Fast DSC applied to the crystallization of polypropylene

In an effort to find the limit of crystallization of polypropylene, a series of quantitative and semiquantitative DSC experiments at rates up to 10,000 deg/min are described. Even at these fast rates polypropylene crystallized on cooling between 350±15 K and 280±6 K. No “fully amorphous” polypropylene was produced. No initial stage crystallization to the condis state could be proven by quenching after partial crystallization.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSIAL LESIONS ON MATING BEHAVIOR IN FEMALE GUINEA PIGS1

LESSIONS THAT ARE PROPERLY PLACED in the hypothalamus of female guinea pigs may be followed by sterility due to an abolition of mating activities. This sterile condition may or may not be associated with changes in the reproductive organs (1, 2). The majority of the animals show normal ovarian cyclic changes following the operation which indicates that in these the loss of mating activity is not due to a disturbance of hypophysial function. Moreover, properly timed injections of ovap ian hormones, of hypophysial extracts and of mixtures of ovarian hormones and hypophysial extracts fail to induce estrous behavior in these animals, although they do so in normal animals (3). On the basis of these experiments it has been concluded that, although the genital changes that may follow hypothalamic lesions are due to a disturbance of hypophysial function, the loss of mating activity is due to a destruction of a part of the central nervous system that is essential for the integration of this complex behavioral pattern.
Determinants of home ownership in a developing economy : the case of Korea

The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical analysis of the determinants of home-ownership in a developing economy by employing a methodological framework that overcomes some of the deficiencies of existing studies. First, an analysis of household tenure decision behavior in developing countries provides a basis for making observations on major similarities and differences in household tenure choice between developed and developing countries. Second, the study offers an analysis of the relative importance of current income and permanent income. Third, a long-run price of housing services for an individual household and an indicator of housing shortage provide an explicit consideration of the effect of market conditions on individual decision units. Finally, the study includes a measure of household mobility to analyze its relationship to tenure choice.
Design and Usability: Beginner Interactions with Complex Software

The software for a military command and control (C2) system presents an information space in which the C2 operator must manipulate a complex set of information in order to maintain the common tactical picture. A usability test of C2PC, a C2 system currently used by the U.S. Marine Corps, was performed with 13 Marines as participants. They were given problems designed to require actions similar to what they would encounter during real-world Combat Operations Center (COC) operation. The observations revealed an interesting disconnect between the underlying design assumptions and how beginner C2 operators interacted with the system. They were able to perform simple tasks, but could not combine those simple tasks into realistic tasks. These differences highlight the need for using complex scenarios when testing complex systems.
Renormalization group theory of nematic ordering in d -wave superconductors

We examine the quantum theory of the spontaneous breaking of lattice rotation symmetry in $d$-wave superconductors on the square lattice. This is described by a field theory of an Ising nematic order parameter coupled to the gapless fermionic quasiparticles. We determine the structure of the renormalization group to all orders in a $1/{N}_{f}$ expansion, where ${N}_{f}$ is the number of fermion spin components. Asymptotically exact results are obtained for the quantum critical theory in which, as in the large ${N}_{f}$ theory, the nematic order has a large anomalous dimension, and the fermion spectral functions are highly anisotropic.
Molecular-engineered stimuli-responsive thin polymer film: a platform for the development of integrated multifunctional intelligent materials

The area of stimuli-responsive thin polymer films (brushes, layer-by-layer multilayered structures, networks, and hybrid systems with inorganic particles) is discussed in this article with the major focus on the properties and potential applications for sensors, smart coatings, miniaturized devices, and hierarchically assembled multifunctional systems. We suggest directions for further expansion of this area using all aspects of the mechanism of response (transduction, dynamics, selectivity, sensitivity, and amplifications) and combinations of different thin film structural designs.
Tailoring of interfaces in glass fiber reinforced polymer composites: a review

Abstract An overview of research on the characterization of interfaces in glass fiber and particulate silica reinforced organic polymers is presented. Descriptions of the chemical and mechanical nature of the siloxane interphases that bond the polymer matrix to the reinforcing phase and their effects on the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites are described. While protection of the reinforcement from environmental damage and improvement of adhesion between phases have been well documented, neither the characterization of the properties of the interphase nor its consequences on the durability of a composite material have been definitively resolved. It is generally agreed, however, that synthetically created interphases are often mechanical weak links and a potential source for the initiation of defects in a structure. Recent research has focused on the attainment of monomolecular, reactive surface layers that form strong chemical bonds with both constituents. In this case, the polymeric ‘interphases’ are reduced in dimension to as close to a true ‘interface’ as molecular dimensions allow. Recent work in this area and speculation on the properties required are presented.
Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Diesel Combustion Chamber

Abstract Results have been reported recently suggesting that the use of a platinum-coated combustion chamber would significantly reduce gaseous and particulate emissions in a diesel engine. To examine these claims, a single-cylinder version of a conventional automotive diesel engine was tested with and without a platinum coating. For all conditions tested, application of the coating resulted in no significant changes in NOx, CO, HC or particulate emissions.
Lestaurtinib: a multi-targeted FLT3 inhibitor

Internal tandem duplication mutations of FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) have been associated with poor outcomes in acute myelogenous leukemia. Over the course of the last several years, multiple agents have been developed and studied as potential inhibitors of FLT3 with the hope of providing clinical benefit for these patients. Lestaurtinib, a multi-targeted indolocarbazole derivative that potently inhibits FLT3 autophosphorylation in vitro, has been the most extensively studied agent in clinical trials to date. Multiple late-phase trials are underway to study this agent in adult and pediatric leukemia. This article will summarize the historical development of the pharmacology of lestaurtinib, as well as the ongoing investigation of the agent in preclinical and clinical studies.
Corn grain yield, early growth, and early nutrient uptake as affected by broadcast and in-furrow starter fertilization

In-furrow starter fertilization for corn (Zea mays L.) is being preferred to alternative starter application methods by farmers in the U.S. Corn Belt. This study assessed corn grain yield, early growth (V5 to V6), and early P and K uptake responses to in-furrow P-K starter fertilization with or without broadcast P-K fertilization for 2-yr corn-soybean [Glycine Max (L.) Merr.] rotations. Sixteen trials were conducted on Iowa fields managed with no-till or chisel-plow tillage. Soil-test P (STP) was 5 to 77 mg P kg - 1 (Bray-P 1 ), and soil-test K (STK) was 88 to 237 mg K kg - 1 (ammonium acetate). Treatments replicated four times were a control, 3-8-15 (N-P-K) liquid starter at 5 to 7 kg P ha - 1 and 10 to 14 kg K ha - 1 , granulated P-K fertilizer broadcast at 49 to 66 kg P ha - 1 and 112 to 140 kg K ha - l , and broadcast plus starter. Nitrogen was applied across all treatments. Fertilization increased grain yield at nine sites (0.80 to 2.11 Mg ha - 1 ). Starter fertilization produced less yield than broadcast fertilization at five sites (0.30 to 1.48 Mg ha - 1 less), four of which tested low in STP (≤15 mg P kg - 1 ). Starter fertilization in addition to broadcast fertilization did not increase yield further at any site. Starter fertilization increased corn early growth and P and K uptake more than broadcast fertilization did at most sites. In-furrow starter P-K fertilization for corn is not an effective practice when applied in addition to 2-yr broadcast P-K fertilization rates for corn-soybean rotations.
Predicting Glaze or Rime Ice Growth on Airfoils

A droplet trajectory analysis model is combined with calculations of heat transfer to provide predictions of glaze or rime ice during e ight. Such a prediction is not currently available and could prove useful for e ight planning. The droplet trajectory model is used to determine the collection efe ciency of various sized cloud droplets on representative airfoils. This information is included in ice accretion and growth calculations to determine whether wet (usually glaze or mixed icing ) or dry (rime icing) growth is expected for combinations of outside air temperature, liquid water content, and impinging droplet size. The calculations produced critical liquid water contentsfortherimeto glazetransitionthatvariedfrom0 .15 § 0.051g/m 3 foraCessnaT-37Bto 0 .38 § 0.154g/m 3 for a Beechcraft Queen Air at their typical airspeeds and for atmospheric conditions 700 hPa, i 10 ± C, and 15-πm impinging droplets. For larger droplets, lower atmospheric pressure, and higher airspeeds these critical values decreased, making glaze more likely. Suggestions for adaptation of the calculations as guidelines for forecasting icing type are presented. Nomenclature
Improvement of organic solar cell efficiency by solution-processed doping of pentacene in PEDOT:PSS layer

In the current research, organic solar cells (OSCs) with various concentrations of pentacene in Poly(ethylenedioxythiopene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) interface layer were investigated for better hole extraction. The ITO/Pentacene + PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al-fabricated solar cell fabricated via brush coating provides superior photovoltaic, electrical and optical characteristics when compared with the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al solar cell. The ITO/Pentacene + PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al solar cells deliver a VOC ~350 mV and 2.57% efficiency. It is observed that the optimized concentration of pentacene doping in PEDOT:PSS layer, along with an active layer of P3HT and PC60BM, doubles the efficiency of the device, when compared with pristine PEDOT:PSS layer. The degradation studies of the fabricated bulk heterojunction OSCs reveal that the degrading abilities of ITO/Pentacene + PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al solar cells are 60% more better than those of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al devices. Thus, this work will ultimat...
Gender and Voting Decisions in the US Court of Appeals: Testing Critical Mass Theory

Although a wide body of research examines whether gender influences judicial decisions, past studies do not analyze whether a critical mass of female judges affects the voting behavior of the US court of appeals. To address this gap in the existing literature, I examine whether a critical mass of female judges influences the voting decisions of court of appeals judges in civil rights and economic activity cases. Providing support for critical mass theory, I find that female judges are more likely to vote liberally in civil rights and economic activity cases when there is a critical mass of female judges.
Computational Study on the Thermochemistry of Cyclopentadiene Derivatives and Kinetics of Cyclopentadienone Thermal Decomposition

The enthalpies of formation were determined for 15 intermediate species of cyclopentadiene oxidation under combustion conditions by ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the G2(MP2,SVP) and G2(B3LYP/MP2,SVP) levels of theory and with the use of isodesmic reactions. The G2(B3LYP/MP2,SVP) method, a hybrid of G2(MP2,SVP) and the density-function-based G2(B3LYP/MP2), was devised in the present study. The devised method is less demanding computationally, but it provides atomization energies with accuracy comparable with G2(MP2) and G2(B3LYP/MP2). In addition, the pathways and reaction rate coefficients for the thermal decomposition of cyclopentadienone were studied with molecular orbital and RRKM calculations. The computational results show that at high temperatures the decomposition of cyclopentadienone leads primarily to cyclobutadiene. An analysis of the chemically activated reactions of the cyclopentadienyl radical suggests that cyclopentadienylidene may potentially be an important intermediate speci...
Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Studies of Bilayers Self-Assembled onto a Germanium Prism

Linoleic acid (LIA)/octadecylsilane(ODS) bilayers anchored through the silane moiety to the surface of a Ge internal reflection element (IRE) have been constructed using self-assembly techniques and the kinetics for their formation followed using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IRS). Evidence that the acid layer is well-packed was obtained from the acid−base properties of the bilayer extracted from ATR-IRS measurements in aqueous solutions of different pH, yielding an effective pKa in the high-pH region of approximately 8.5.
Primary malignant lymphoma of the rectum with distant metastasis to the stomach: Report of a case

Primary extranodal malignant lymphoma frequently occurs in the gastrointestinal tract: however, it is rarely encountered in the rectum. We report herein the case of an 85-year-old man who underwent abdominoperineal resection for primary malignant lymphoma of the rectum, and 1 year later, developed hematemesis caused by gastric metastasis. To our knowledge this is the first case report of such distant metastasis developing from malignant lymphoma of the rectum.
Light-Induced Dynamics in Photosystem I Electron Transfer

Protein dynamics are likely to play important, regulatory roles in many aspects of photosynthetic electron transfer, but a detailed description of these coupled protein conformational changes has been unavailable. In oxygenic photosynthesis, photosystem I catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of plastocyanin or cytochrome c and the reduction of ferredoxin. A chlorophyll (chl) a/a' heterodimer, P(700), is the secondary electron donor, and the two P(700) chl, are designated P(A) and P(B). We used specific chl isotopic labeling and reaction-induced Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to assign chl keto vibrational bands to P(A) and P(B). In the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the chl keto carbon was labeled from (13)C-labeled glutamate, and the chl keto oxygen was labeled from (18)O(2). These isotope-based assignments provide new information concerning the structure of P(A)(+), which is found to give rise to two chl keto vibrational bands, with frequencies at 1653 and 1687 cm(-1). In contrast, P(A) gives rise to one chl keto band at 1638 cm(-1). The observation of two P(A)(+) keto frequencies is consistent with a protein relaxation-induced distribution in P(A)(+) hydrogen bonding. These results suggest a light-induced conformational change in photosystem I, which may regulate the oxidation of soluble electron donors and other electron-transfer reactions. This study provides unique information concerning the role of protein dynamics in oxygenic photosynthesis.
Hurricane activity and the large-scale pattern of spread of an invasive plant species.

Disturbances are a primary facilitator of the growth and spread of invasive species. However, the effects of large-scale disturbances, such as hurricanes and tropical storms, on the broad geographic patterns of invasive species growth and spread have not been investigated. We used historical aerial imagery to determine the growth rate of invasive Phragmites australis patches in wetlands along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. These were relatively undisturbed wetlands where P. australis had room for unrestricted growth. Over the past several decades, invasive P. australis stands expanded in size by 6–35% per year. Based on tropical storm and hurricane activity over that same time period, we found that the frequency of hurricane-force winds explained 81% of the variation in P. australis growth over this broad geographic range. The expansion of P. australis stands was strongly and positively correlated with hurricane frequency. In light of the many climatic models that predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of hurricanes over the next century, these results suggest a strong link between climate change and species invasion and a challenging future ahead for the management of invasive species.
The effect of experimentally induced triploidy on the lethal expression of the t12 mutation in mouse embryos

Diploid embryos which are homozygous for the t12 mutation die at the morula stage. In the current studies, ova from heterozygous (+t12) females were fertilized in vitro with spermatozoa from +t12 males. The fertilized ova were immediately placed into media containing cytochalasin B to prevent second polar body formation, producing +/+/+, +/+/t12, +/t12/t12, and t12/t12/t12 embryos. The subsequent development of these triploid embryos was compared with that of diploid +/+, +t12, and t12t12 embryos developing from ova which were also fertilized in vitro with spermatozoa from +t12 males but which were not treated with cytochalasin B immediately following gamete coincubation. The data show that those triploid embryos which possess a wild-type allele and two mutant alleles are phenotypically wild type while those possessing three mutant alleles are not phenotypically distinguishable from their diploid (t12t12) counterparts. Like t12t12 embryos, t12/t12/t12 embryos die at the morula stage, prior to blastocoelic cavity formation.
On the contact homology of the first exotic contact form of J. Gonzalo and F. Varela

This paper contains a detailed study of the behavior of the first exotic contact structure of J. Gonzalo and F. Varela on S3 along a remarkable vector field v in its kernel found by Martino (Adv Nonlinear Stud, 2011). All contact forms are assumed to verify the condition that reads as follows: d(θ α)(v,.) is a contact form with the same orientation than α. α is the first exotic contact form of Gonzalo and Varela (Third Schnepfenried Geometry Conference, vol 1, Asterisque no 107–108, pp 163–168. Societe Mathematique de France, Paris, 1983). We also prove in this paper that the contact homology (via dual Legendrian curves) is non-zero for a sequence of indexes tending to infinity for the contact forms θα of the first exotic contact structure of J. Gonzalo and F. Varela on S3, under the assumption that they can be connected to the first contact form of this contact structure through a path along which a special pseudo-gradient which we build in this paper is assumed to verify a Fredholm condition (see the Sect. 1 and Bahri in Morse relations and Fredholm deformations of v-convex contact forms, 2014 for the definition of this notion). We do not know whether this assumption is verified for the pseudo-gradient which we use here. Open image in new window
ACTIVE IMMUNICATION OF GUINEA PIGS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS : I. QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH VARIOUS PREPARATIONS OF ACTIVE VIRUS.

Active Eastern or Western equine encephalomyelitis virus in three forms,—chemically untreated but simply passaged through series of mice; adsorbed on alumina Gel C, and precipitated by tannin,—yielded practically the same results when employed for the immunization of guinea pigs. The virus is not inactivated by the process of adsorption or precipitation : guinea pigs and mice inoculated in the brain with these materials develop lethal encephalomyelitis in the same manner as when chemically untreated mouse passage virus has been used. Moreover, there is no difference in the rate of absorption in vivoof the chemically treated and untreated virus preparations. After storage of the three immunizing preparations—the longest periods thus far studied being 2 to 3 months for mouse passage and for precipitated suspensions, and 6 months for adsorbed material—each was found to contain an amount of virus sufficient to produce immunity in animals against the usual intracerebral test inoculation. Finally, the protection afforded by the three preparations is apparently durable, as is true of many active viruses utilized in preventive treatments. The amount of the virus necessary to confer protection may be defined as that which immunizes (a) with the least number of antigenic units and (b) with the minimum of febrile reaction and blood infection. In proportion as this amount is exceeded, the incidence of fever and of circulating virus increases and, on the other hand, as this amount is decreased, the degree of induced immunity is diminished. We have thus shown that for this particular virus and in the guinea pig, one or two subcutaneous doses of I cc. of any of the different virus preparations, each containing 3 x 103 to 3 x 104 mouse infective units, bring about protection regularly against experimental infection by way of the nose or subcutis. The results are irregular when the test is made by way of the brain. By three injections, resistance is invariably obtained against as many as 103 to 104 lethal doses, given intracerebrally. No matter in what form the virus is given, as mouse passage, or adsorbed, or precipitated material, in certain instances fever occurs and virus circulates. With the amount of virus adequate for immunization (3,000 to 30,000 m.i.u.) a mild or subclinical infection may occur in the guinea pig without other manifestation of disease. Lesser quantities of virus apparently fail to gain a foothold in the animal and thus fail to bring about resistance. To conclude, a quantitative basis has been established for the comparison of the immunizing capacities of preparations employed in experimental equine encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs.
A correlational comparison of the Wolpe-Lang fear survey schedule and Taylor manifest anxiety scale.

Abstract The Wolpe-Lang Fear Survey Schedule (FSS) and Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) were given to 203 male and 302 female college students. The correlation of 0.46 between Total FSS and MAS indicated that while both tests appear to be measuring certain behavioral characteristics in common, they could not be used interchangeably. Intercorrelations among MAS and the six FSS subscales are presented, along with their means and standard deviations.
Fiscal Policy and Economic Inequality in the U.S. States: Taxing and Spending from 1976 to 2006

To what extent can state governments influence economic inequality? How do state fiscal policies of redistribution affect families in different economic situations? Using a large database of state fiscal policymaking tools (taxing and spending) between 1976 and 2006, we examine the effect of these tools on state-level inequality as well as the average incomes of families in different economic groups. We find that state taxing and spending efforts can influence these indicators of economic inequality, though these fiscal policy tools can have differential effects. Spending on unemployment compensation and cash assistance as well as revenue from taxes on corporations is found to reduce state-level inequality. We also find unemployment compensation to positively benefit the bottom 10th percentile of income earners, whereas the inheritance tax helps all income groups. Corporate tax revenue is associated with higher middle-class incomes, whereas income tax revenue benefits both middle and upper incomes. Sales ...
Buyer symmetry in monopoly

Abstract For a price-setting monopolist, the aggregate demand curve sufficiently summarizes the demand environment. The distribution of demand, namely how the demand is distributed among the buyers, is not relevant. But intuitive notions of strong versus weak buyers suggest that the distribution of demand should be relevant to a monopolist. This paper provides a formal justification for such notions. Using cooperative game theory to model monopoly without an a priori assumption of price-setting power, the paper shows that a seller will always prefer unitary demand, thus implying that the demand distribution does affect how a monopolist assesses the demand environment. Furthermore, if the number of buyers is kept fixed, a seller always prefers that, when feasible, the buyers be symmetric, namely that they have the same individual demand curves. This result holds for all capacity choices of the seller, implying that buyer symmetry is always the most preferred distribution of demand.
An information driven hybrid evolutionary algorithm for optimal design of a Net Zero Energy House

Abstract Building Performance Simulation (BPS) is a powerful tool to estimate and reduce building energy consumption at the design stage. However, the true potential of BPS remains unrealized if trial and error simulation methods are practiced to identify combinations of parameters to reduce energy use of design alternatives. Optimization algorithms coupled with BPS is a process-orientated tool which identifies optimal building configurations using conflicting performance indicators. However, the application of optimization approaches to building design is not common practice due to time and computation requirements. This paper proposes a hybrid evolutionary algorithm which uses information gained during previous simulations to expedite and improve algorithm convergence using targeted deterministic searches. This technique is applied to a net-zero energy home case study to optimize trade-offs in passive solar gains and active solar generation using a cost constraint.
Skull Key to Adult Land Mammals of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia

An artificial key to the skulls of adults of the land mammals reported from Delaware, Maryland and Virginia is presented for use not only by wildlife and professional biologists, but also by those lay persons interested in identifying skulls they might find in this region.
Implications of the fit between organizational structure and ERP: A structural contingency theory perspective

Despite the tremendous popularity and great potential, the field of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) adoption and implementation is littered with remarkable failures. Though many contributing factors have been cited in the literature, we argue that the integrated nature of ERP systems, which generally requires an organization to adopt standardized business processes reflected in the design of the software, is a key factor contributing to these failures. We submit that the integration and standardization imposed by most ERP systems may not be suitable for all types of organizations and thus the ''fit'' between the characteristics of the adopting organization and the standardized business process designs embedded in the adopted ERP system affects the likelihood of implementation success or failure. In this paper, we use the structural contingency theory to identify a set of dimensions of organizational structure and ERP system characteristics that can be used to gauge the degree of fit, thus providing some insights into successful ERP implementations. Propositions are developed based on analyses regarding the success of ERP implementations in different types of organizations. These propositions also provide directions for future research that might lead to prescriptive guidelines for managers of organizations contemplating implementing ERP systems.
A Pharmacologic Guide to the Clinical Use of Amphotericin B

A decade of experience has shown amphotericin B to be the most useful broad-spectrum antifungal antibiotic. Yet many practical questions concerning its use have remained unanswered. One such question has been the relative efficacy of intravenous infusion every day (QD) versus every other day (QOD). Early investigations with amphotericin B employed intravenous injections once each day. Gradually, it became apparent that a double dose QOD often was better tolerated. The patient ate better on the day without infusion and could be ambulated more readily on that day. Depletion of usable peripheral veins by phlebitis was slowed and the physician's time in starting infusions was halved. Renal toxicity was approximately the same on both regimens. Although QOD therapy has now received wide usage, no comparison of therapeutic effect of QD and QOD amphotericin B has been reported. Concentrations of amphotericin B in serum have been reported for either regimen alone, but differences among laboratories in techniques of assay have made comparison of reports difficult. A study of 2 patients receiving amphotericin B intravenously QOD at a dose of 1.2 mg/kilogram of body weight did show that serum concentrations of amphotericin B remained above the minimal concentrations required to inhibit many fungi in vitro [1]. Another practical question has concerned the frequency and dosage of intrathecally administered amphotericin B in the therapy of fungal meningitis. Although intrathecal injections frequently have been given once or twice a week, data on the relative efficacy or concentrations ob-
Controlling the Properties of n-Alkanethiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold by Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide−Ethanol Mixtures as Solvents

We report the use of ethanol−supercritical carbon dioxide mixtures as solvents in the formation of n-alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. Results from reflectance−absorption infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveal that the SAMs formed from these environmentally friendly solvent mixtures are highly crystalline and exhibit large resistances against the diffusion of redox probes. Increasing the percentage of ethanol in the solvent results in SAMs with larger average cant angles and lower charge-transfer resistances, consistent with a greater density of defect sites within the film. The ability to control the defect density within the SAM by simply altering the ethanol−carbon dioxide solvent composition represents a straightforward and environmentally friendly strategy for tuning the properties of these molecular films.
The case for a location metasystem

Microsoft has proposed an identity metasystem to standardize identity services and the principles behind them. A location metasystem can support interoperation between location services, protect users' privacy and handle issues of granularity. The simple OAuth protocol may be a good model for working towards a location metasystem.
Modeling the Effect of Summertime Heating on Urban Runoff Temperature1

: The summertime heating of runoff in urban areas is recognized as a common and consistent urban climatological phenomenon. In this study, a simple thermal urban runoff model (TURM) is presented for the net energy flux at the impervious surfaces of urban areas to account for the heat transferred to runoff. The first step in developing TURM consists of calculating the various factors that control how urban impervious areas absorb heat and transfer it to moving water on the surface. The runoff temperature is determined based on the interactions of the physical characteristics of the impervious areas, the weather, and the heat transfer between the moving film of runoff and the impervious surface common in urban areas. Key surface and weather factors that affect runoff temperature predictions are type of impervious surface, air temperature, humidity, solar radiation before and during rain, rainfall intensity, and rainfall temperature. Runoff from pervious areas is considered separately and estimated using the Green-Ampt Mein-Larson rainfall excess method. Pervious runoff temperature is estimated as the rainfall temperature. Field measurements indicate that wet bulb temperature can be used as a surrogate for rainfall temperature and that runoff temperatures from sod average just 2°C higher than rainfall temperatures. Differences between measured and predicted impervious runoff temperature average approximately 2°C, indicating that TURM is a useful tool for determining runoff temperatures for typical urban areas.
Energy of infinite vortex lattices.

An expression is derived for the energy density of a lattice of point vortices (or other logarithmic objects) having an arbitrary number of vortices of arbitrary strengths in an arbitrary unit cell. The result is expressed in the form of a rapidly convergent series well suited for numerical evaluation. The effects of separately changing the shape and dimensions of the unit cell are shown for simple cases, and the energy of the triangular lattice is calculated as a function of slip displacement.
Production rate of synchronous transfer lines using Monte Carlo simulation

In this paper, we consider unpaced synchronous transfer lines producing a single product. The transfer line stations are arranged in a series conﬁguration, have no buffers, and are subject to operation-dependent failures. Throughput is an important performance measure for transfer lines, and we have adopted that measure. Analytical methods for determining capacity of such transfer lines are available only for the simplest systems, but we show Monte Carlo simulation to be a fast, flexible, easy, and accurate method of estimating throughput in lines of any length and having a wide range of operating characteristics.
A coproofreading Zn(2+)-dependent exonuclease within a bacterial replicase.

The proofreading exonucleases of all DNA replicases contain acidic residues that chelate two Mg2+ ions that participate in catalysis. DNA polymerase III holoenzymes contain their proofreading activity in a separate subunit, e, which binds the polymerase subunit, α, through α's N-terminal php domain. Here we demonstrate that the α php domain contains a novel Zn2+-dependent 3′ → 5′ exonuclease that preferentially removes mispaired nucleotides, providing the first example of a coediting nuclease.
In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Compounds against Selected Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates

We describe the activity of RX-P763, RX-P766, RX-P770, RX-P792, RX-P793, and RX-P808 against strains of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These compounds target the large subunit of the bacterial ribosome and have broad-spectrum activity against multi-drug resistant pathogens. All compounds demonstrated in vitro activity against P.aeruginosa with MIC 90 (range, μg/mL) values of 4-8μg/mL (0.5-64). These novel compounds had narrow MIC distributions and maintained activity despite resistant phenotypes to other commonly utilized agents.
The rapid determination of the early 99mTc pertechnetate thyroid uptake using a multichannel analyzer

Abstract Our experience has shown that the usual period of 45–60 min necessary for the determination of 99 m Tc pertechnetate thyroidal uptake as outlined in the literature, (5) could be shortened to 10–15 min when the present modification is applied without “tying up” the gamma camera.
Comparison of computational efficiency of flow simulations with multimode constitutive equations: integral and differential models

Abstract A decoupled finite-element method (INT/FEM) is presented for calculation of two-dimensional viscoelastic flows with integral constitutive models. The momentum and continuity equations are solved by Galerkin's method with the viscoelastic stress treated as a fixed body force. The viscoelastic stress is computed by using the stream function to track fluid particles upstream, integrating a system of ordinary differential equations that govern the displacement-gradient tensor, and evaluating the integral constitutive equation by numerical quadrature. The quasi-linear upper-convected Maxwell and Oldroyd-B models, as well as the nonlinear model of Papanastasiou, Scriven and Macosko (PSM), are used in the simulations. The efficiency of the integral method is compared to that of the recently developed finite-element method (EVSS/FEM) for differential constitutive models. Convergence and accuracy of the INT/FEM are shown by calculations for flow between eccentric cylinders. The upper limit in De attainable by using the INT/FEM is comparable to values for the EVSS/FEM only for constitutive models with a shear-thinning ratio of the first normal stress difference to the shear stress and a large solvent contribution to the solution viscosity. The INT/FEM becomes the more efficient technique for simulation with this type of constitutive equation when three or more relaxation modes are included in the memory function.
Low-power MRAM for nonvolatile electronics: Electric field control and spin-orbit torques

We review recent results and discuss challenges and prospects of nonvolatile magnetic random access memory (MRAM). In particular, we will focus on recent developments in magnetoelectric memory (MeRAM), where electric field control is used to replace existing current-controlled write mechanisms to achieve lower power dissipation and higher density. We will discuss scaling trends and prototype crossbar MeRAM demonstrations. We will also discuss the use of spin-orbit torque (SOT) effects for writing with reduced switching currents.