cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ring resonators as nonlinear phase-shifting elements

The artificial resonance of optical ring resonators can be used to enhance the nonlinear phase shift resulting from a third-order material response. This enhancement results form the interaction of two effects: the internal intensity build up within the resonator which introduces a single pass nonlinear phase shift, and the resulting detuning of the resonance which causes a change in phase at the outputs. Devices consisting of multiple resonators in series can provide additional improvements in terms of allowing a large phase shift of the output. As compared to same material in bulk, devices consisting of single and multiple ring resonators constructed from an absorbing material can provide a much greater nonlinear phase shift, in some case by many orders of magnitude. In addition, these phase shifts exceed the maximum value allowed by absorption in bulk materials.
Evidence of Ductile Tearing Ahead of the Cutting Tool and Modeling the Energy Consumed in Material Separation in Micro-Cutting

Orthogonal cutting experiments using a quick-stop device are performed on A12024-T3 and OFHC copper to study the chip-workpiece interface in a scanning electron microscope. Evidence of ductile tearing ahead of the tool at cutting speeds of 150 m/min has been found. A numerical finite element model is then developed to study the energy consumed in material separation in micro-cutting. The ductile fracture of A12024-T3 in a complex stress state ahead of the tool is captured using a damage model. Chip formation is simulated via the use of a sacrificial layer and sequential elemental deletion in this layer Element deletion is enforced when the accumulated damage exceeds a predetermined value. A Johnson-Cook damage model that is load history dependent and with strain-to-fracture dependent on stress, strain rate, and temperature is used to model the damage. The finite element model is validated using the cutting forces obtained from orthogonal micro-cutting experiments. Simulations are performed over a range of uncut chip thickness values. It is found that at lower uncut chip thickness values, the percentage of energy expended in material separation is higher than at higher uncut chip thicknesses. This work highlights the importance of the energy associated with material separation in the nonlinear scaling effect of specific cutting energy in micro-cutting.
Effects of MDI spray angle on aerosol penetration efficiency through an oral airway cast

Abstract Many parameters affect the penetration efficiency of the metered-dose inhaler (MDI). In this study, we investigate the effect of the MDI spray angle on the aerosol penetration efficiency through a human oral airway. A computer simulation of the fluid flow and the aerosol transport patterns within a three-dimensional human airway model is first conducted to facilitate the understanding of the aerosol deposition mechanisms. The results of the simulation's predictions are then verified by in vitro experiments conducted in the identical oral airway geometry. Expansion balloons are used in the aerosol experiments for generating air flows as well as collecting the penetrated fluorescent particles. Air flow rates of 30, 60, and 90 L/min are examined. Mouthpiece diameters of 16 and 20 mm and aerosol diameter of 7 μ m are used in the experiments. This study shows that the aerosol entrance angle has a strong effect on the MDI penetration efficiency, particularly at the higher flow rate. Aerosol penetration efficiency increases monotonically from 0 ∘ to 20 ∘ degree entrance angle, reaches the maximum value at about 20 ∘ , and then decreases monotonically when the angle further increases. The measured MDI efficiency enhancement ranges between 10% and 194% depending on the mouthpiece diameter and the air flow rate.
Correlation of lung photoscans with pulmonary angiography in pulmonary embolism

Abstract Ten patients with clinical-laboratory evidence suggesting extensive acute or chronic pulmonary thromoboembolism were studied by pulmonary photoscan and by utilizing radiolabeled macroaggregates of human serum albumin (R-MAA) and by angiographic technics. A high degree of correlation between the inactive areas of the radioscan and the nonperfused areas of the angiogram was noted. The radioscan accurately reflected the pattern of arteriolarcapillary blood flow, whereas the angiogram provided precise information regarding the pulmonary vascular anatomy. The two procedures should be considered complementary rather than competitive. Lung radioscanning was found to offer a readily available, safe, rapid and reliable screening technic for definition of nonperfused pulmonary areas. Problems in radioscan interpretation, including “false positives,” lack of anatomic precision and limitations of resolution are discussed. Such problems underscore the basic tenet that accurate evaluation of the radioscan requires that it be viewed in proper clinical context.
Castration, sexual experience, and female urine odor preferences in adult BDF1 male mice

Olfactory preferences between urine odors from estrous and nonestrous female mice were tested using four groups of BDF1 male mice; sexually experienced or sexually naive and intact or castrated. The presence or absence of the testes was a significant factor affecting urine preference, but prior sexual experience was not a significant determinant of discrimination ability. Thus, olfactory preference, by males, for female urine from different stages of the estrous cycle is affected by castration but does not require previous sexual experience.
Cooperative and voluntary wholesale groups: channel coordination and interfirm knowledge transfer

This paper uses survey data to explore the impact of alternative wholesale‐retail structures (voluntary versus cooperative) on interfirm knowledge transfer. The results indicate that, relative to cooperative wholesalers, voluntary wholesalers exhibit more of the mechanisms necessary to facilitate interfirm knowledge transfer, including communication frequency, communication bidirectionality, and interpersonal relationships. The mechanisms of knowledge transfer are also directly related to the level of retailer knowledge attributed to the wholesaler, which is directly related to retailer performance.
Light quality and sporulation in Myxomycetes with special reference to a red, far-red reversible reaction.

The effects of red, blue, green and white light on the sporulation of three slime molds are summarized as follows: 1. Physarum gyrosum (white) andDidymium iridis (brown) fruit in blue and red light but not green. 2. Physarum polycephalum fruits in blue and green light but not red. 3. All three species above fruit in both blue and white light. 4. Blue light supplies the least total energy and red light provides the most total energy prior to fruiting in these three species. 5. The plasmodium ofPhysarum gyrosum changes from white to yellow in white and blue light prior to fruiting, and from white to brown in red light prior to fruiting. In green light, which does not induce fruiting, there was no plasmodial color change. 6. Didymium iridis andPhysarum polycephalum fruit in near-red but not far-red light and far-red prevents the fruiting response promoted by near-red in both species. 7. InDidymium iridis, near-red reverses the inhibition to fruiting imposed by far-red light.
Abstractions and controllers for groups of robots in environments with obstacles

We address the problem of controlling a formation of robots in a cluttered environment. Instead of explicitly controlling the relative positions between the robots and the environment, we construct a lower-dimensional abstraction of the group that establishes a boundary for the group. We then synthesize feedback controllers that allow the abstracted group to navigate a two-dimensional environment to a desired goal position, while automatically adapting the shape of the boundary as well as the position and orientation of the group to avoid collisions between the virtual boundary and the environment. In contrast to previous approaches, we address the planning and control problems concurrently and are naturally able to establish bounds on the positions of the robots through the abstraction. The complexity of the method is independent of the number of robots which promises scalability to large teams.
Fabrication and Operation of the 4 MV 53 MHz RF System for the Fermilab Antiproton Source Debuncher Ring

Design of a 53 MHz 4 MV short duty cycle rf system for bunch rotation in the Fermilab antiproton source has been described previously. Fabrication and installation of the system has been completed. The rf cavities in the system are comletely evacuated welded aluminum structures, each capable of generating 700 kV with a very low duty factor. This report will describe fabrication procedures, multipactor inhibiting techniques, and initial operating experience with the system, Of particular interest is the capability for reduction of the rf voltage to a very small value witin 40 microseconds (25 turns) at the end of the momentum reduction, thus inhibiting further bunch rotation.
Purine metabolism by the avian malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae.

Abstract Extracts of normal duckling erythrocytes catabolized AMP to IMP, inosine and hypoxanthine; adenosine and adenine were not formed from AMP. When erythrocyte-free Plasmodium lophurae , prepared by antibody lysis, were incubated in the presence of [ 14 C]hypoxanthine approximately 60% of the label was recovered as purine nucleotides and there was no evidence for extracellular alteration of added hypoxanthine. However, when adenosine was added to suspensions of antibody- or saponin-prepared parasites extensive conversion to inosine and hypoxanthine occurred. This conversion was found to be the result of parasite lysis with release of cytosolic purine salvage pathway enzymes; plasmodial surface membrane ecto-enzymes were not responsible for adenosine catabolism. It appears that in vivo the intracellular plasmodium utilizes the normal erythrocytic process of purine turnover to avail itself of hypoxanthine, the red cell's end-product, and at the same time the parasite avoids direct competition for adenosine essential to erythrocyte survival. Since the blood plasma of infected ducklings contained increased amounts of hypoxanthine it is possible that P. lophurae also utilizes this as a purine source.
On separation of quadratic forms on the imaginary quadratic field in its Hilbert class field

Let K (1) be the Hilbert class field of the imaginary quadratic field K = Q(√d), d < 0. We derive the product representations of a class of Dirichlet L-series associated with the character group constructed from the Artin map between the ideal class group of K and the Galois group Gal(K (1) /K). The application of the Mellin transform to the product representations of these Dirichlet series yields a family of generating functions for representations of positive integers by the subgroups of the quadratic forms.
A Study of Kinetic Energies of Atomic Ions Formed by Electron Impact in Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Chloride

A study was made of the kinetic energy of the atomic ions formed by electron impact in NO and HCl. Their energy distribution was measured as a function of the electron energies at impact, and their ionization potentials were determined. The most probable values of the heats of dissociation of the molecules and of the molecular ions were calculated. Negative ions possessing up to 2.5 volts kinetic energy were observed in NO, and the electron affinity of oxygen was calculated. Negative ions found in HCl had less than 0.5 volt energy. The following is a summary of the results and the probable processes:
Differential sensitivity of marine infaunal amphipods to tributyltin

Three species of infaunal gammaridean amphipods, Rhepoxynius abronius (Phoxocephalidae), Eohaustorius washingtonianus, and E. estuarius (Haustoriidae) were tested in a water-only system to assess their sensitivity to tributyltin (TBT) without the influence of factors that could affect bioavailability. When mortality (LC50) was the endpoint, the results indicated that R. abronius was ≈20 times more tolerant to tributyltin than either haustoriid species; however, when mortality plus reburial behavior (EC50) was assessed, the difference was only about 10 times. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was also consistently lower in R. abronius (11.1 to 16.5 times) than in the haustoriids; however, when the LD50 was calculated, the concentration in the tissues associated with 50% mortality for each species was not significantly different. The large disparity in species' response is attributed to reduced uptake and a potentially greater ability to metabolize this compound by R. abronius. An analysis of TBT uptake confirmed that R. abronius was able to accumulate less TBT and hence maintain a low body burden for a given water concentration. The results of a separate uptake study were used to formulate a hypothesis for observed differences in reburial behavior. Because the rate of TBT uptake was lower in R. abronius, we propose that the slower rise in toxicant body burden allowed for a gradual response in this species which included a sublethal effect (non reburial), compared to a rapid rise in the body burden for E. estuarius which caused the response to quickly proceed from no effect to death.
The ion transporter superfamily

We define a novel superfamily of secondary carriers specific for cationic and anionic compounds, which we have termed the ion transporter (IT) superfamily. Twelve recognized and functionally defined families constitute this superfamily. We provide statistical sequence analyses demonstrating that these families were in fact derived from a common ancestor. Further, we characterize the 12 families in terms of (1) the known substrates transported, (2) the modes of transport and energy coupling mechanisms used, (3) the family sizes (in numbers of sequenced protein members in the current NCBI database), (4) the organismal distributions of the members of each family, (5) the size ranges of the constituent proteins, (6) the predicted topologies of these proteins, and (7) the occurrence of non-homologous auxiliary proteins that may either facilitate or be required for transport. No member of the superfamily is known to function in a capacity other than transport. Proteins in several of the constituent families are shown to have arisen by tandem intragenic duplication events, but topological variation has resulted from a variety of dissimilar genetic fusion, splicing and insertional events. The evolutionary relationships between the members of each family are defined, leading to predictions of functionally relevant orthologous relationships. Some but not all of the families include functionally dissimilar paralogues that arose by early extragenic duplication events.
Human papillomavirus and cervical neoplasia.

Cervical cancer accounts for about 10% of all newly diagnosed cancers in women worldwide. The association between HPV infection and cervical neoplasia appears to be stronger than the association between smoking and lung cancer. At least 20 oncogenic HPV types have been identified in >95% of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancers, HPV type 16 being the most common. HPV detection is important to identify those patients who may be at high risk for the development of cervical neoplasia. Detection techniques include Hybrid Capture (Digene, Silver Springs, MD) and PCR. Viral integration appears to be one of the necessary steps in malignant transformation. Recently, some of the repeated chromosomal alterations and patterns of integration sites have been identified in cervical cancer specimens. The low rate of HPV-negative cancers implies an effective HPV vaccine might have the ability to eradicate cervical cancer worldwide.
Children's understanding of action lines and the static representation of speed of locomotion

Children's understanding of the static representation of speed of locomotion was explored in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, 20 7-year-olds and 20 9-year-olds drew pictures of 2 people walking and running at different speeds. Children then made judgments about pairs of unambiguous drawings of a person walking or running, as did a sample of 20 adults. The drawings varied according to whether action lines, background lines, or no lines were present. Children were asked to say which figure appeared to be moving faster. In Experiment 2, 20 7-year-olds, 20 9-year-olds, and 21 adults sorted ambiguous drawings of a person walking and running at different speeds. The pictures again contained action lines, background lines, or no lines. In the drawing task, children more frequently used page position and biomechanical information than action lines to represent fast and slow walking and running. In the judgment task, 7- and 9-year-olds offered equivalent judgments of action lines and background lines, whereas adults distinguished between these pictorial devices. In the sorting task, all subjects distinguished between action lines and background lines and judged that pictures containing action lines looked faster than pictures containing background lines and pictures without lines. Taken together, the results indicate that subjects' judgments were influenced by the form of locomotion and degree of ambiguity in the depicted events they saw. The findings are consistent with the view that different categories of pictorial devices exist, but the effectiveness of each device is contingent upon the perceiver's experience with it and the context in which it appears.
Biochemical and genetic characterization of Hmi1p, a yeast DNA helicase involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA.

The HMI1 gene encodes a DNA helicase that localizes to the mitochondria and is required for maintenance of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identified based on its homology with E. coli uvrD, the HMI1 gene product, Hmi1p, has been presumed to be involved in the replication of the 80 kb linear S. cerevisiae mtDNA genome. Here we report the purification of Hmi1p to apparent homogeneity and provide a characterization of the helicase reaction and the ATPase reaction with regard to NTP preference, divalent cation preference and the stimulatory effects of different nucleic acids on Hmi1p-catalysed ATPase activity. Genetic complementation assays indicate that mitochondrial localization of Hmi1p is essential for its role in mtDNA metabolism. The helicase activity, however, is not essential. Point mutants that lack ATPase/helicase activity partially complement a strain lacking Hmi1p. We suggest several possible roles for Hmi1p in mtDNA metabolism. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LARGER FORAMINIFERS OF THE FLORIDA REEF TRACT, USA: DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS ON REEF-RUBBLE HABITATS

Multi-year data sets for benthic populations of any taxa are particularly valuable in present conditions of rapid environmental change. This study examines distribution patterns and population densities of larger benthic foraminifers (LBF) from the Florida reef tract, specifically abundance data collected from reef rubble at offshore (1995–2000, 2006–07) and patch reefs (1996, 2000–02, 2006–07). Six years (1995–2000) of data collected quarterly from two offshore reefs, Conch (at 10, 18, and 30 m) and Tennessee (at 8 and 20 m), reveal that assemblages of LBF primarily vary with habitat depth, reflecting available light, and water motion. Assemblages are dominated by Amphistegina gibbosa and Laevipeneroplis proteus , which tend to occur together, typically making up at least 40–50% of the assemblages. Both overall abundance and evenness of the assemblages exhibit the greatest variability at shallower depths, where environmental conditions tend to be more variable. Interannual variability reveals the resilience of populations of LBF following mortality events caused by bleaching and hurricanes. Across the Keys, location along the reef tract, reef type (offshore-shallow [<10 m], offshore-deep ([10–30 m], or patch reefs [<10 m]), and symbiont type strongly influence assemblages of LBF. At upper Keys sites, assemblages share the highest degree of inter-reef similarity (73%), while Biscayne National Park (BNP) and lower Keys sites have the lowest inter-reef similarity (~60%). This difference likely reflects greater variability of habitats found in the latter areas, especially BNP patch reefs. Foraminiferal taxa hosting chlorophytes are typically more abundant in shallow waters than at offshore-deep sites. Taxa hosting diatoms, primarily A. gibbosa , are always dominant at depths of 10–30 m.
Agricultural R&D and Food Security of the Poor

Agricultural R&D accomplished a great deal in the 20th century, especially during the past 50 years. The resulting innovations have reduced poverty and improved the food security of the poor by helping to make food much more abundant and cheaper and reducing the vulnerability of the poor to food price shocks. Slower agricultural productivity growth, combined with a continuing rise in population and per capita incomes, plus the added demand from biofuels, portends a reversal of the past trend of increasing food abundance, and a corresponding increase in vulnerability of a greater number of poor to price variability and its causes. Enhanced growth in funding for public agricultural R&D in rich and poor countries alike is justified by continuing high rates of return and would also help enhance a restoration of farm productivity growth rates with salutary effects on food security of the poor over the coming decades.
"What's New in the Federalist Papers?"

The Federalist Papers is regarded by both American political theorists and scientists as the ur-text of the polity, an assessment which is derived in large part from the belief in the causal relationship between the essays and the founding act itself. It is this fascination with what is old and new in the Federalist Papers that is the key to interpreting this exceptional text for it is on precisely these terms that Publius himself framed his arguments as did those who opposed the second founding. The thesis of this essay is that these defenses and critiques of things both old and new in the Federalist Papers are explored through a set of "stories" or narratives about America. Thus Publius' success in winning the debate over oldness/newness can be seen in his excellence as a storyteller. His stories are a mixture of historical foundings both ancient and modern, scripts of the convention and the ratification and futuristic scenarios. When we read the Federalist Papers, we participate in his acts of story telling, appreciating and replicating the pairings of old and new he created, as we attempt to add chapters to his narratives. Since as Americans we must all begin with Publius' stories, if only because of his authority as founder, he forces us to (re)conceive America as an exceptional ("new") narrative of old and new The centrality of the Federalist Papers in American political thought is indisputable. Even the most severe critics of Publius grant its monumental importance as a "new explanation of politics, of whose beauty and symmetry the Federalists themselves only gradually became aware" and as a "masterly statement" in support of a literal or at least ideological coup d'etat (Beard 1913; Wood 1969). For others, the Federalist Papers is a sacred text, a text which captured the "thought and intention of those few men who fully grasped what the 'assembly of demi-gods' was doing" and which Americans return to recapture "a level of thoughtfulness about fundamental political alternatives" (Diamond 1983: 88). The uniqueness of the Federalist Papers is thus tethered to an act, the act of founding. The act certainly produced some important incoherences in interpretation (multiple authorship; inability to pursue lengthy philosophical argument; repetition; the frequent use of "quick kill" in argumentation) but it is foremost the source of its power and authority For with
Comparison of 4H-SiC MOSFETs on (0001), (000-1) and (11-20) Oriented Substrates

The effect of using different orientations of 4H-SiC substrates on the performance of 4H-SiC MOSFETs has been evaluated. Three sets of samples with (0001), (000-1) and (11-20) oriented SiC substrates were used to fabricate the MOSFETs, with a gate oxide process consisting of a low- temperature deposited oxide followed by NO anneal at 1175°C for 2hrs. Various device parameters, particularly threshold voltage, subthreshold slope, field-effect mobility, inversion sheet carrier concentration and Hall mobility have been extracted. Temperature characterization up to 225°C was also performed.
Development and Performance of a Calibration System for a Large Calorimeter Array

Experiment 609 at Fermilab is a study of the properties of high-p/sub t/ collisions using a large segmented hadron calorimeter. The calibration and monitoring of such a large calorimeter array is a difficult undertaking. This paper describes the systems developed by E609 for automatic monitoring of the phototube gains and performance of the associated electronics.
Delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization in infants with Hemophilus influenzae type b meningitis

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sterilization after greater than 24 h of intravenous antibiotic therapy (delayed CSF sterilization) was noted in two infants treated with ceftizoxime and ceftazidime for bacterial meningitis. A case-control study was conducted of children between 6 w and 6 y of age treated between 1975 and 1985 at one institution for bacterial meningitis to determine risk factors for delayed CSF sterilization. Hemophilus influenzae type b was isolated from all children (n = 5) with delayed CSF sterilization, compared with only 78% of all children in the study (n = 83). In children with H. influenzae type b disease, children less than 6 mo of age were at higher risk than older children for delayed CSF sterilization (odds ratio = 7.5, 95% confidence limits = 1.4, 40.0). Factors not associated with delayed CSF sterilization included time of follow-up lumbar puncture, CSF total or differential white blood cell count, and CSF protein and glucose concentrations. Despite the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of H. influenzae type b to ceftizoxime and ceftazidime, delayed CSF sterilization may occur in infants receiving these antibiotics for bacterial meningitis.
The residence time of air bubbles <400 μm diameter at the surface of distilled water and seawater

Air bubbles from 50 to 400 μm diameter were produced from a fine capillary tip inserted through the top of a rotating tank of water. Bubble persistence on the surface was measured from the tank geometry and rotation rate, the minimum detectable time being 10 -2 s. In distilled water, nearly all bubbles >200 μm diameter persisted <0.05 s, but smaller bubbles existed for several seconds or more. Opposite results were found in seawater. Bubbles less than about 80 μm diameter existed ≤10 -2 s. For larger bubbles, the residence time increased with size. reaching about 0.3 s for bubble diameters of 300 μm. These results, plus other experiments. suggest that bubble collisions in seawater will produce coalescence if one of the bubbles is less than about 80 μm diameter. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00249.x
Ca2+ release from energetically coupled tumor mitochondria.

A Na + /Ca 2+ exchange activity for Ca 2+ efflux has been identified in isolated Ehrlich ascites tumor mitochondria. Further, under conditions favoring cycling of Ca 2+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane, extramitochondrial [Ca 2+ ] also was shown to be Na + -dependent. The Na + /Ca 2+ exchange showed sigmoidal kinetics with a mean (±SD) [Na + ] required for half maximal stimulation of Ca 2+ efflux of 8.4 ± 3.8 mM and a Hill coefficient of 1.6. Na + /Ca 2+ exchange was very sensitive to inhibition by the Ca 2+ antagonist diltiazem (56% inhibition at 7.5 nmoles · mg protein −1 ) whereas a number of other compounds, including verapamil, nupercaine, and trifluoperazine were less effective in inhibiting Ca 2+ efflux. These data demonstrate for the first time the presence of a pathway in tumor mitochondria for unidirectional Ca 2+ efflux induced by Na + , and provide a mechanism for regulation of tumor intra- and extramitochondrial [Ca 2+ ]. Results of the present study support the need for further study of intracellular Na + and its role in regulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis in tumor cells.
Poliovirus 2C protein forms homo-oligomeric structures required for ATPase activity.

The poliovirus protein 2C plays an essential role in viral RNA replication, although its precise biochemical activities or structural requirements have not been elucidated. The protein has several distinctive properties, including ATPase activity and membrane and RNA binding, that are conserved among orthologs of many positive-strand RNA viruses. Sequence alignments have placed these proteins in the SF3 helicase family, a subset of the AAA+ ATPase superfamily. A feature common to AAA+ proteins is the formation of oligomeric rings that are essential for their catalytic functions. Here we show that a recombinant protein, MBP-2C, in which maltose-binding protein was fused to 2C, formed soluble oligomers and that ATPase activity was restricted to oligomer-containing fractions from gel-filtration chromatography. The active fraction was visualized by negative-staining electron microscopy as ring-like particles composed of 5–8 protomers. This conclusion was confirmed by mass measurements obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Mutation of amino acid residues in the 2C nucleotide-binding domain demonstrated that loss of the ability to bind or hydrolyze ATP did not affect oligomerization. Co-expression of active MBP-2C and inactive mutant proteins generated mixed oligomers that exhibited little ATPase activity, suggesting that incorporation of inactive subunits eliminates the function of the entire particle. Finally, deletion of the N-terminal 38 amino acids blocked oligomerization of the fusion protein and eliminated ATPase activity, despite retention of an unaltered nucleotide-binding domain.
Inverse dependence of search and classification performances in lesion localization tasks

Search involves detecting the locations of potential lesions. Classification involves determining if a detected region is a true lesion. The most commonly used measure of observer performance, namely the area A under the ROC curve, is affected by both search and classification performances. The aim was to demonstrate a method for separating these contributions and apply it to several clinical datasets. Search performance S was defined as the square root of 2 times the perpendicular distance of the end-point of the search-model predicted ROC from the chance diagonal. Classification performance C was defined as the separation of the unit-variance binormal distributions for signal and noise sites. Eleven (11) datasets were fitted by the search model and search, classification and trapezoidal A were computed for each modality and reader combination. Kendall-tau correlations were calculated between the resulting S, C and A pairs. Kendall correlation (S vs. C) was smaller than zero for all datasets, and the average Kendall correlation was significantly smaller than 0 (average = -0.401, P = 8.3 x 10 -6 ). Also, Kendall correlation (A vs. S) was larger than zero for 9 out of 11 datasets and the average Kendall correlation was significantly larger than 0 (average = 0.295, P = 2.9 x 10 -3 ). On the other hand average Kendall correlation (A vs. C) was not significantly different from zero (average = 0.102, P = 0.25). The results suggest that radiologists may learn to compensate for poor search performance with better classification performance. This study also indicates that efforts at improving net performance, which currently focus almost exclusively on improving classification performance, may be more successful if aimed at improving search performance.
Disparities in Charter School Resources--The Influence of State Policy and Community.

Recent findings show that students attending charter schools in the United States achieve at comparable or lower levels to those enrolled in regular public schools, perhaps due to uneven quality and disparities in the levels of resources acquired by charter schools. But little is known as to what state and local factors contribute to disparate levels of resources in the charter school sector. This article examines how local context, the charter school’s organizational form, and state policies may influence material and human resources obtained by charter schools and their capacity to innovate. We find marked differences among charter schools situated in different US states in terms of teacher qualities, student–staff ratios, length of the school day, and the propensity to unionize, drawing on data from the US Schools and Staffing Survey for the 1999/2000 school year. Charter schools rely less on uncredentialed teachers in states that more tightly regulate the sector, and state spending is associated with ...
The Synthesis and Reactions of 1-(2-Propynyl)pyidinium Salts

The synthesis of 1-(2-propynyl)pyridinium salts 3 described. Compounds 3 react with a second pyridine molecule, in the presence of the corresponding hydrochloride, to form products of type 4, Certain bases cause the 1-(2-propynyl)pyridinium salts 3 to rearrange into 1-propadienylpyridinium salts. 5. Diethylamine converts compounds 3 into 1-acetonylpyridinium salts 8. Moreover, treatment of 3 or 5 with sodium methoxide gives enol ether sof type 9, which can be hydrolyzed to teh ketones 8. Addition of bromine to some of teh unsaturated compounds is also reported.
IFNγ Inhibits the Cytosolic Replication of Shigella flexneri via the Cytoplasmic RNA Sensor RIG-I

The activation of host cells by interferon gamma (IFNγ) is essential for inhibiting the intracellular replication of most microbial pathogens. Although significant advances have been made in identifying IFNγ-dependent host factors that suppress intracellular bacteria, little is known about how IFNγ enables cells to recognize, or restrict, the growth of pathogens that replicate in the host cytoplasm. The replication of the cytosolic bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri is significantly inhibited in IFNγ-stimulated cells, however the specific mechanisms that mediate this inhibition have remained elusive. We found that S. flexneri efficiently invades IFNγ-activated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and escapes from the vacuole, suggesting that IFNγ acts by blocking S. flexneri replication in the cytosol. This restriction on cytosolic growth was dependent on interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), an IFNγ-inducible transcription factor capable of inducing IFNγ-mediated cell-autonomous immunity. To identify host factors that restrict S. flexneri growth, we used whole genome microarrays to identify mammalian genes whose expression in S. flexneri-infected cells is controlled by IFNγ and IRF1. Among the genes we identified was the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) retanoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a cytoplasmic sensor of foreign RNA that had not been previously known to play a role in S. flexneri infection. We found that RIG-I and its downstream signaling adaptor mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)—but not cytosolic Nod-like receptors (NLRs)—are critically important for IFNγ-mediated S. flexneri growth restriction. The recently described RNA polymerase III pathway, which transcribes foreign cytosolic DNA into the RIG-I ligand 5′-triphosphate RNA, appeared to be involved in this restriction. The finding that RIG-I responds to S. flexneri infection during the IFNγ response extends the range of PRRs that are capable of recognizing this bacterium. Additionally, these findings expand our understanding of how IFNγ recognizes, and ultimately restricts, bacterial pathogens within host cells.
Management of pediatric intussusception in general hospitals: diagnosis, treatment, and differences based on age

Background Age related differences in the management and outcomes of children with ileocolic intussusception have not been previously published. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in diagnosis and treatment of pediatric ileocolic intussusception based upon age in general hospitals.
Application of Image Intensifiers in Astronomical Observations

Over the last ten years, the application of image intensifiers in astronomical observations has become a routine procedure. This year at Kitt Peak National Observatory, 45% of the time on the 2.1-meter telescope is scheduled for image intensifier work. Most of this is work that requires a dark sky for spectroscopic observa-tions of faint stars and galaxies, and so nearly 90% of the available dark time on the telescope is scheduled for observations with some sort of image intensifier being the primary detector. Similar scheduling of intensifiers can be found at many observatories around the world. I would like to review the current application of some of these devices in astronomy and discuss their advantages and limitations.
The safety of vasopressor-induced hypertension in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with coexisting unruptured, unprotected intracranial aneurysms

OBJECT Vasopressor-induced hypertension (VIH) is an established treatment for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who develop vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). However, the safety of VIH in patients with coincident, unruptured, unprotected intracranial aneurysms is uncertain. METHODS This retrospective multiinstitutional study identified 1) patients with aneurysmal SAH and 1 or more unruptured, unprotected aneurysms who required VIH therapy (VIH group), and 2) patients with aneurysmal SAH and 1 or more unruptured, unprotected aneurysms who did not require VIH therapy (non-VIH group). All patients had previously undergone surgical or endovascular treatment for the presumed ruptured aneurysm. Comparisons between the VIH and non-VIH patients were made in terms of the patient characteristics, clinical and radiographic severity of SAH, total number of aneurysms, number of ruptured/unruptured aneurysms, aneurysm location/size, number of unruptured and unprotected aneurysms during...
p120 nucleolar-proliferating antigen is a direct target of G-CSF signaling during myeloid differentiation.

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is an essential cytokine, which contributes to proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte pre- cursor cells in the bone marrow. Despite recent progress in understanding G-CSF signaling events, the mechanisms that underlie the distinct spectrum of biological functions attributed to G-CSF-mediated gene expression remain unclear. Previous studies have identified a number of genes, which are up- regulated in G-CSF-stimulated myeloid precursor cells. In this study, we sought to identify additional target genes of G-CSF-mediated proliferation and/or differentiation. cDNA representational difference analysis was used with the 32Dcl3 cell line as a model system to isolate genes, which are up-regulated in an immediate-early manner upon G-CSF stimualtion. We isolated p120 nucleolar-proliferation antigen (NOL1), a highly conserved, nucleolar-specific, RNA-binding protein of unknown function, and con- firmed its expression by Northern blot analysis in 4-h, G-CSF-induced 32Dcl3 cells. Isolation of a mouse p120 genomic clone revealed the presence of a signal tranducer and activator of transcription (STAT)- binding site in the first intron of the gene. We dem- onstrate the importance of STAT3 and STAT5 in mediating the G-CSF response with respect to p120 expression by transient transfection analysis, oligonu- cleotide pull-down assays, and the loss of p120 ex- pression in the bone marrow of mice lacking normal STAT3 signaling. In addition, overexpression of p120 in G-CSF-induced 32D cells revealed normal, morphologic maturation and growth characteristics but loss of lactoferrin expression, a marker of nor- mal neutrophil maturation, suggesting that inappro- priate expression of the p120 gene can result in aberrant neutrophil maturation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 79: 1011-1021; 2006.
Food- and health-related correlates of self-reported body mass index among low-income mothers of young children.

Abstract Objective To examine how income-related challenges regarding food and health are associated with variation in self-reported maternal body weight among low-income mothers. Design Cross-sectional design. Setting Two Northeastern cities. Seven day care centers and a Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program outreach project. Participants Sample of 166 mothers; 67% were overweight or obese, 55% were Hispanic, and 42% reported household food insecurity (HFI). Main Outcome Measures Maternal self-reported height and weight to calculate body mass index (BMI). Independent variables were food program participation, supermarket use, 8-item food shopping practices scale, HFI, maternal depressive symptoms, and self-rated health. Analysis Hierarchical multiple regression analysis tested relationships between maternal BMI with the independent variables of interest, adjusting for demographic confounds. Results Shopping practices to stretch food dollars ( P = .04), using community food assistance programs ( P P P = .004). Conclusions and Implications Some strategies low-income mothers use to manage food resources are associated with heavier BMIs. Nutrition educators, public health practitioners, and researchers need to collaboratively address the associations between these strategies, food insecurity, poor health, and unhealthy weight.
Correlation of autologous skeletal myoblast survival with changes in left ventricular remodeling in dilated ischemic heart failure.

Objectives The effect of autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation has not been rigorously studied in the setting of end-stage ischemic heart failure free of concomitant coronary revascularization. The aims of the present study were to determine autologous skeletal myoblast survival and its effects on left ventricular function and remodeling in sheep with dilated ischemic heart failure. Methods Ischemic heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction, 30% ± 2%; left ventricular end-systolic volume index, 82 ± 9 mL/m 2 ) was created in sheep (n = 11) with serial left circumflex coronary artery microembolizations. Instruments were inserted for the long-term determination of left ventricular global and regional dimensions, hemodynamics, and pressure-volume analysis after autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation (approximately 3.0 × 10 8 myoblasts; heart failure plus autologous skeletal myoblast group, n=5) or without (heart failure–control group, n=6). Measurements were performed in conscious animals. Results Autologous skeletal myoblast–derived skeletal muscle was found in all injected animals at 6 weeks. In ischemic heart failure, autologous skeletal myoblast cardiomyoplasty failed to improve systolic (left ventricular ejection fraction, 29% ± 4%; dP/dT max , 2863 ± 152 mm Hg/s; end-systolic elastance, 1.6 ± 0.22) or diastolic (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, 21 ± 2 mm Hg; time constant of relaxation (Tau), 34 ± 4 ms; dP/dT min , −1880 ± 68 mm Hg/s) function. There was, however, attenuation in the left ventricular dilatation after autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation (change in end-systolic volume index, 14% ± 4% vs 32% ± 6%; P R 2 = 0.59, P = .006, n=11). Conclusions Autologous skeletal cardiomyoplasty was able to attenuate left ventricular remodeling in sheep with end-stage ischemic heart failure.
Upwelling source depth in the presence of nearshore wind stress curl

[1] The influence of nearshore wind stress curl on the relative partitioning of bottom boundary layer (BBL) and interior transport within an idealized, two-dimensional coastal upwelling system is studied theoretically and using a numerical model. A nearshore reduction in upwelling favorable wind stress amplitude (1) reduces the width of the inner shelf, (2) reduces the local wind-driven Ekman transport, and (3) increases the cross-shelf momentum flux divergence. Relative BBL transport, defined as the transport entering the surface mixed layer (SML) from the BBL divided by offshore transport in the SML, decreases under reduced nearshore wind stress. This effect is dominated by the reduced local SML Ekman transport and to a lesser degree by local curl of surface and bottom stresses. We consider the quantitative impact for a range of shelf slopes, stratifications, and wind stress curl scales. The relative contribution of bottom boundary layer transport co-varies with upwelling source depth and is therefore expected to alter nutrient fluxes into the euphotic zone as well as the resultant biological response.
Employee Turnover: A Meta-Analysis and Review with Implications for Research

Studies of employee turnover are reviewed using meta-analytic techniques. The findings indicate that almost all of the 26 variables studied relate to turnover. The findings also indicate that study variables including population, nationality, and industry moderate relationships between many of the variables and turnover. It is suggested that future research on employee turnover: (1) report study variables, (2) continue model testing rather than simply correlating variables with turnover, and (3) incorporate study variables into future models.
Highly stable amplification of femtosecond pulses

We have achieved highly stable amplification of femtosecond pulses to the millijoule level with pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuations below those of the pump source. Our Ti:Al2O3 amplifier produces pulses with a root-mean-square fluctuation in pulse energy of 0.42%, which is the lowest value to our knowledge for any optical pulse amplifier reported to date. Pump-noise suppression by a factor of 40 is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. We discuss this high-stability behavior through model simulations.
Theory of physical optics hybrid method (POHM)

Demonstrates that POHM is an approximation of an exact hybrid integral equation solution. This establishes the proper theoretical framework to address fundamental questions such as the continuity of current between the moment method and physical optics regions. In addition, it provides a basis for more refined approximations. The Fredholm series iteration is given as a simple example. The technique has been successfully applied to several radiation and scattering configurations.
KINETICS OF THE PYROLYSIS OF BERYLLIUM HYDRIDE.

Abstract The kinetics of the pyrolytic decompositions of beryllium hydride, BeH 2 has been studied over the temperature range 205–250°C. When the fraction decomposed is planted time the reaction exhibits a sigmond-shaped curve on the processes. The initial portion of the phase (has been correlated with power law which is the result of using a model assuming random formation of beryllium and a linear growth rate of the nuclei. The data indicate that the exponent on in the power law was 7 for 95.6% hydride and about 5 for 93.1% hydride. A contracting-volume model has been to describe the final portion of the acceleratory phase and the deceleratory phase (0.35 0.80. Values of the activation energy were found to be between 23 and 27 kcal mole for the 95.6% hydride and between 23 and 30 kcal mole for the 93.1% hydride for all of the models used. Any rate equation having the general form will produce similar activation energies. The hydride pyrolysis rate was unaffected by beryllium metal addition, by washing in -hexane, ether, and benzene, or by exposure to mercury vapor. X-ray irradiation changed the pyrolysis rate in a way that was consistent with the production of more nucleation sites. Grinding the hydride also increased the decomposition rate but lowered the exponent on in the power law from 7 to about 5.