cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helicopter load signal and fatigue life estimation using low dimensional spaces

The accurate estimation of helicopter component loads is an important goal for ensuring safe operation as well as for life cycle management and life extension efforts. In this research, the use of computational intelligence, neural network, and machine learning techniques is explored to estimate helicopter component loads and their fatigue life, in particular the main rotor yoke load of the CH-146 Griffon helicopter. This paper describes efforts to reduce the number of dimensions of the input data using feature generation techniques in the load estimation methodology, beginning with intrinsic dimension analysis to determine the number of intrinsic dimensions in the data. The data set is then mapped using different implicit methods to a low-dimension representation of the original data, which is then used for load estimation and fatigue life analysis for comparison with the results of the original 26-dimension input data. The resulting load signal and fatigue life estimates from the low-dimension representations are in most cases equally if not more accurate than those for the original input data. These promising results show that the low-dimension representations retain the relevant data from the original input data set and perhaps discard spurious data resulting in more accurate estimates.
Covert Co-Activation of Bilinguals' Non-Target Language: Phonological Competition from Translations.

Abstract When listening to spoken language, bilinguals access words in both of their languages at the same time; this co-activation is often driven by phonological input mapping to candidates in multiple languages during online comprehension. Here, we examined whether cross-linguistic activation could occur covertly when the input does not overtly cue words in the non-target language. When asked in English to click an image of a duck, English-Spanish bilinguals looked more to an image of a shovel than to unrelated distractors, because the Spanish translations of the words duck and shovel (pato and pala, respectively) overlap phonologically in the non-target language. Our results suggest that bilinguals access their unused language, even in the absence of phonologically overlapping input. We conclude that during bilingual speech comprehension, words presented in a single language activate translation equivalents, with further spreading activation to unheard phonological competitors. These findings support highly interactive theories of language processing.
Finding near-optimum and diverse solutions for a large-scale engineering design problem

Optimization problems in real-world usually involve a large number of variables and constraints. Moreover, practitioners also need to find a reasonable solution quickly, despite the fact that solution evaluation can be expensive. In addressing such optimization tasks, practitioners often have a completely different set of objectives than the usual trend of finding a single and accurate optimal solution. First, with the limited computational time availability and large dimension, it is not accepted (and in most occasions, not possible) to find the exact optimum solution of the problem, rather the focus must be spent to identify a near-optimal solution in a quick computational time. Second, instead of concentrating on a single solution, practitioners are often interested in evaluating a diverse set of solutions from the search space having similar objective values. Third, when a solution is finally chosen, practitioners are interested in exploring its vicinity to understand the trade-off between objective value and constraint violation, so that a more informed description of the problem can be ascertained. We highlight all these practicalities through a large-scale engineering design problem and present a suitable evolutionary-cum-classical, single-cum-multi-objective optimization method. The methods are generic and can be applied to other complex optimization tasks.
Crisis Intervention in Practice

A review of the literature on crisis intervention in practice settings supports the view that, when an individual or a family is in a state of crisis, this mode of treatment is often the most effec...
Elements Involved in the Physical Evaluation of Urine

With respect to the metabolic diseases of the kidney characterized in Chap. 7, attention to the physical characteristics of a urine specimen is in order. The physical characteristics may be, but are not always evidenced, in the initial examination of the urine. The first rudimentary urine evaluations were the smell, color, consistency and overall appearance of the urine. Other evaluations that occurred over the subsequent centuries advanced at a glacial pace, and it was in the mid-twentieth century that simplified and readily available chemistry tests were developed to determine a number of disease states that were correlated with the physical appearance of the sample.
Knowledge utilization in handwritten zip code recognition

The process of recognizing the postal codes or zip codes in a handwritten address can be aided by many sources of external knowledge. City and state names are obvious examples that can be used in conjunction with a city-state-zip directory to provide evidence about digits in a zip code. This paper describes an extension of this methodology that uses knowledge about legal street names and subfixes to constrain the digits in a zip code. The technique does not require complete recognition of all characters in words. Rather, a feature description of words is used to index a set of possible zip codes. Some preliminary experiments with the ZlP+4 database are discussed. It is shown that even a relatively simple description of two words in the street line of an address can significantly reduce the number of zip codes that could appear on a piece of mail.
Vasomotor Control and the Regulation of Blood Pressure

The vascular system is the great transport mechanism of the body. It serves as the link between the tissue fluid bathing the cells and the external environment. For the vascular system to fulfill its purpose, the blood supply to the tissues must be adapted to their metabolic needs. This flexibility is accomplished by changes in vascular caliber and in the output of the heart.
Two-, three- and four-breed rotational crossbreeding of beef cattle: reproductive traits

Reproductive data were collected on 4,596 cow exposures in a rotational crossbreeding study that spanned four generations (1970 through 1988). Angus (A), Brahman (B), Charolais (C) and Hereford (H) breeds were included in three two-breed (A-B, C-B and H-B), three three-breed (A-B-C, A-B-H and C-H-B) and one four-breed (A-B-C-H) rotational mating system. Contemporary straightbreds were produced each generation. Reproductive traits of interest were calving rate, calf survival, weaning rate, calf birth date and calving assistance. Overall means and standard errors for calving rate, calf survival, weaning rate, calf birth date and calving assistance were 82.1 +/- .6%, 92.8 +/- .4%, 76.2 +/- .6%, 50.4 +/- .3 d and 4.2 +/- .3%, respectively. Rotational mating systems had similar calving and calf survival rates that were greater (P less than .01) than those of straightbreds. Three- and four-breed rotation systems had similar weaning rates (81.5 +/- 1.1 and 80.8 +/- 2.0%) that were higher than those for two-breed rotations (77.1 +/- 1.2%). Two- and three-breed rotation systems had fewer assisted births (3.5 +/- .6 and 2.2 +/- .6%) than straightbreds (5.5 +/- .6%) and the four-breed rotation (5.4 +/- 1.0%). Three-breed rotation calves were born earlier in the calving season (46.8 +/- .6 d; P less than .05) than straightbred, two-breed or four-breed rotation calves (51.8 +/- .6, 52.1 +/- .6 and 51.1 +/- 1.0 d). Hereford-Brahman two-breed rotation cows had higher (P less than .05) calving and weaning rates than A-B or C-B two-breed rotation cows (87 +/- .4 vs 81.9 +/- 1.9 and 81.5 +/- 1.8%; 81.7 +/- 2.0 vs 76.4 +/- 2.1 and 74.1 +/- 2.0%). All three-breed rotation combinations had similar calving, calf survival and weaning rates, assistance at calving and calf birth dates. Rotational combinations tended to be more superior (P less than .05) to weighted purebred means for calving, calf survival and weaning rates than for calf birth date and calving assistance.
Longitudinal Analysis of Associations between 3-D Mental Rotation and Mathematics Reasoning Skills during Middle School: Across and within Genders

ABSTRACTThe development of math reasoning and 3-d mental rotation skills are intertwined. However, it is currently not understood how these cognitive processes develop and interact longitudinally a...
Outcomes of lenalidomide in diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) and high-grade NHL (HGBCL): A single-center retrospective analysis.

7547Background: Outcomes remain poor for patients with relapsed refractory DLBCL and HGBCL, especially those ineligible for a stem cell transplant or CAR T-cell therapy. Lenalidomide has efficacy i...
Understanding Cohesion in Writings and Speech of Schizophrenia Patients

Schizophrenia is one of the mental disorders that impacts a person's thinking, speech, and actions. It can reduce a person’s ability to process auditory information and make decisions. Analyzing this disorder correctly is important because it might help with different ways of reducing its negative effects on its patients. Linguists and psychiatrists have been investigating language impairments and speech disorder in people with schizophrenia disorder which can be challenging. In this study, we attempt to address this issue by analyzing linguistic features i.e. cohesion in the writings and speech scripts of schizophrenia patients. Our results show that using referential cohesion with text easability or situation model features provides the best performance for speech whereas for writing dataset, readability or a combination of situation model and readability yield the best performance.
[Simultaneous determination of insecticide in tea samples using QuEChERS-based clean up and ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE To develop a method for determination of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, chlorobenzamide and indoxacarb in tea samples using Qu ECh ERS-based pretreatment method and ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry( UFLC-MS/MS). METHODS Tea samples were firstly extracted by acetonitrile-water solution( 4∶ 1, V/V) by vortex and ultrasound, and then 1 g Na Cl and 4 g Mg SO4 were added into the mixture, following by vortex and centrifugation at 8500 r/min for 5 min. Finally the supernatant was purified by Mg SO4 and PSA power, and then the chromatographic separation process was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column( 2. 1 mm × 100 mm, 1. 7 μm) with a linear gradient elution procedure ofacetonitrile and 0. 1%( V/V) formic acid-5 mmol/L ammonium acetate in water as elution solvent. The multiple reaction monitoring( MRM) in positive mode was used for quantification by internal standard method. RESULTS The four insecticides including imidacloprid, acetamiprid, chlorobenzamide, and indoxacarb showed good linearity in the range of 0. 20-50. 0 μg/L with coefficients( r) higher than 0. 9998. The limits of detection( LODs) varied from 0. 1 μg/kg to 0. 3 μg/kg. The recoveries of spiked tea samples in the range of 88. 4%-98. 8% at the three concentrations of 1. 0 μg/kg, 40. 0μg/kg and 80. 0 μg/kg, while the relative standard deviations( RSD) were all less than10%. CONCLUSION The proposed method is simple, fast, sensitive and accuracy, and can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, chlorobenzamide, andindoxacarb in tea samples.
Streptokinase led to higher 10-day and 6-month case fatality rates in acute stroke

Source Citation Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-I) Group. Randomised controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1...
#HappyAnniversary: Gender and Age Differences in Spouses’ and Partners’ Twitter Greetings

Research and theory suggest that men, on average, are inhibited from expressing vulnerable emotions such as love, whereas women do so more readily. Based on theories of gender socialization and social media uses and gratifications, we conducted a content analysis of gender differences in the domain of wedding and other relationship anniversary greetings delivered on Twitter (N = 414 tweets). We tested for gender as well as age differences in three areas: symbolic (emoji), photographic, and verbal content. As hypothesized, women were more likely to use emojis than were men. Most tweeters who included photographs in their greetings used photos of themselves and their partners today, although some subgroups of men and women preferred photos from their weddings. Age-related differences were clear: young-adult tweeters preferred symbolic emojis to deliver their anniversary greetings, whereas older/middle-aged adults opted for verbal/textual communication, particularly in the areas of tribute and inspirational statements and humor. Results are discussed in terms of gender-role socialization, social and cultural norms, and modes of communication (e.g., written letters and notes, smartphone texts) during different historical eras.
Bias decomposition and estimator performance in respondent-driven sampling

Abstract Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) is a method of network sampling that is used to sample hard-to-reach populations. The resultant sample is non-random, but different weighting methods can account for the over-sampling of (1) high-degree individuals and (2) homophilous groups that recruit members more effectively. While accounting for degree-bias is almost universally agreed upon, accounting for recruitment-bias has been debated as it can further increase estimate variance without substantially reducing bias. Simulation-based research has examined which weighting procedures perform best given underlying population network structures, group recruitment differences, and sampling processes. Yet, in the field, analysts do not have a priori knowledge of the network they are sampling. We show that the RDS sample data itself can determine whether a degree-based estimator is sufficient. Formulas derived from the decomposition of a ‘dual-component’ estimator can approximate the ‘recruitment component’ (RC) and ‘degree component’ (DC) of a sample’s bias. Simulations show that RC and DC values can predict the performance of different classes of estimators. Samples with extreme ‘RC’ values, a consequence of network homophily and differential recruitment, are better served by a classical estimator. The use of sample data to improve estimator selection is a promising innovation for RDS, as the population network features that should guide estimator selection are typically unknown.
ARCSnake: An Archimedes’ Screw-Propelled, Reconfigurable Serpentine Robot for Complex Environments

This paper presents the design and performance of a new locomotion strategy for serpentine robots using screw propulsion. The ARCSnake robot comprises serially linked, identical modules, each incorporating an Archimedes’ screw for propulsion and a universal joint (U-Joint) for orientation control. When serially chained, these modules form a versatile serpentine robot platform which enables the robot to reshape its body configuration for varying environments, typical of a snake. Furthermore, the Archimedes’ screws allow for novel omni-wheel drive-like motions by speed controlling their screw threads. This paper considers the mechanical and electrical design, as well as the software architecture for realizing a fully integrated system. The system includes 3N actuators for N segments, each controlled using a BeagleBone Black with a customized power-electronics cape, a 9 Degrees of Freedom (DoF) Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and a scalable communication channel over ROS. This robot serves as the first proof-of-concept demonstration of the NASA-JPL Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor (EELS) program that aims to deliver scientific instrumentation deep within the plume vents, caves, and ice sheets of Enceladus and Europa in search for extant lifeforms*.
On Existence and Regularity for a Cahn-Hilliard Variational Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The Cahn-Hilliard reaction model, a nonlinear, evolutionary system of PDEs, was introduced to model phase separation in lithium-ion batteries. Using Butler-Volmer kinetics for electrochemical consistency, this model incorporates a nonlinear Neumann boundary condition $\partial_\nu \mu = R(c,\mu)$ for the chemical potential $\mu$, with $c$, the lithium-ion density. Importantly, $R$ depends exponentially on $\mu$. In arbitrary dimension, existence of a weak solution for the Cahn-Hilliard reaction model with elasticity is proven using a generalized gradient structure. This approach is, at present, restricted to polynomial growth in $R$. Working to remove this limitation, fixed point methods are applied to obtain existence of strong solutions of the Cahn-Hilliard reaction model without elasticity in dimensions $2$ and $3.$ This method is then extended to prove existence of higher regularity solutions in dimension $2$, allowing for recovery of exponential boundary conditions as in the physical application to lithium-ion batteries.
Solar Fusion and The Coulomb Dissociation of 8B; What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go From Here?

The much needed nuclear input to the Standard Solar Model, $S_{17}(0)$, has now been measured with high precision ($\pm$5% or better) by different groups and good agreement is found, even when very different methods are employed. We review the decade long research program to measure the cross section of the $^7Be(p,\gamma)^8B$ reaction using the Coulomb dissociation method, including the pioneering RIKEN1 experiment carried out during March 1992, followed by RIKEN2, GSI1, GSI2 and an MSU experiment. Our RIKEN and GSI data allow us to rule out the much tooted large E2 contribution to the Coulomb dissociation of $^8B$. Specifically recent results of the MSU experiment are not confirmed. The GSI1 and GSI2 high precision measurements are in good (to perfect) agreement with the newly published high precision measurements of direct capture with $^7Be$ targets. From these GSI-Seattle-Weizmann high precision data we conclude that the astrophysical cross section factor, $S_{17}(0)$, is most likely in the range of 20 - 22 eV-b. We point out to an additional large uncertainty (-10% +3%) that still exists due to uncertainty in the measured slope of the S-factor and the theoretical extrapolation procedure which may still lower $S_{17}(0)$ down to approximately 18.5 eV-b. For quoting $S_{17}(0)$ with an uncertainty of $\pm$5% or better, yet another measurement needs to be performed at very low energies, as recently discussed by the UConn-Weizmann-LLN collaboration for the CERN/ISOLDE facility.
Generative and Generous.

I am grateful to my colleague and friend, Editor-in-Chief Sherwood Brown, for this opportunity to extoll Dr. Alan Green, MD (1953–2020) as a humanitarian and as a clinician scientist. For those of ...
Critical Control Points in Beef Heifer Development

Critical control points (CCPs) are the important thresholds that provide opportunities to measure the success of a process. The appropriate application of CCP in a heifer development program will provide insight as to the success or failure of management's efforts to introduce productive females into the herd. The first CCP occurs at breeding and reflects how appropriately the heifer's growth and phenotype have satisfied the physiologic demands of reproduction. Breeding management and breeding efficiency rates are examined at the second CCP, which is measured at the first pregnancy examination. The third CCP, measured at calving, gives an indication of the success of the nutritional plan and losses associated with pregnancy and the perinatal period. The fourth CCP, measured at the second season pregnancy exam, is a critical evaluation of how the heifer has fared with the cumulative stress of reproduction and lactation.
Revelation in Islam

In this chapter’s discussion of revelation in Islam it is observed that for the Islamic tradition the Qur’an is revealed through the angel Gabriel to Muhammad over a twenty-year period. Some of the themes of the Qur’an are noted, including the Qur’anic presentation of the nature of God. It is further noted that within Islam in the centuries following the revelation of the Qur’an to the Prophet Muhammad mystics in the Sufi tradition, such as Abū Hāmid al Ghazali, experienced revelations of God and absorption in God.
Soft IK with Stiffness Control

Building robots using soft materials comes with numerous advantages, including inherent safety and natural compliance with the environment. However, it is quite challenging to match the strength and precision of rigid robots. In this work we ask how to get the best of both worlds, and make soft robots capable of acting stiff on demand. This would expand the capabilities of soft robots, and work towards the vision of using them to accomplish complex and variable tasks. We extend the open loop control method called Soft IK (soft robot inverse kinematics) to simultaneously control a cable-driven soft robot’s stiffness along with its deformed shape. Our method is an interactive multi-objective optimization, which reasons about stiffness by considering an ensemble of load cases. We show that by harnessing redundant actuation, our method is able to hit IK targets with controllable stiffness.
Ovarian Metastasis from Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a high propensity for systemic dissemination. Ovarian metastases are rare and poorly described. We identified PDAC cases with ovarian metastasis from a prospectively maintained registry. We reported on the association between outcomes and clinicopathologic factors. Recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Twelve patients with PDAC and synchronous or metachronous ovarian metastases were identified. Nine patients (75%) underwent pancreatectomy for localized PDAC and developed metachronous ovarian recurrence. The median OS for all patients was 25.4 (IQR:15.4–82.9) months. For the nine patients with metachronous ovarian metastasis, the median RFS and OS were 14.2 (IQR:7.2–58.3) and 44.6 (IQR:18.6–82.9) months, respectively. Nodal disease, poor grade, vascular invasion in the pancreatic primary, and bilateral ovarian disease tended to confer worse outcomes. Patients with resected PDAC and ovarian recurrence tend to have a comparable disease course to more common patterns of recurrence. Primaries with nodal disease, poorer grade, vascular invasion, and bilateral ovarian disease were indicative of more aggressive disease biology. The ideal management remains largely unknown, and future collaborative efforts should optimize therapeutic strategies.
Shock-induced combustion of aluminum particle clusters investigated with resolved sharp-interface two-dimensional simulations

The combustion of aluminum particle clusters in shocked flows is studied with two-dimensional numerical simulations. These simulations examine, for the first time, aspects of the vaporization and burning of molten aluminum particle clusters that are markedly different from an isolated burning aluminum particle. The flame-structure around a particle within a cluster is found to vary along the flow direction: particles at the cluster front end undergo kinetically limited combustion with the formation of a wake flame, while particles located downstream in the cluster burn with an envelope flame indicating combustion limited by transport and mixing.
Nuclear systems for Mars exploration

This paper identifies breakpoints for various power and propulsion technologies, with a special focus on fission-based sources in support of NASA's Mars exploration program. Transportation, orbital, and surface missions are addressed through an assessment architecture developed for this study. This architecture is based on three key considerations; decomposition of generic Mars missions into phases, a lumped parameter approach, and a bounding case analysis. With these simplifications breakpoints are identified beyond which new technologies, such as nuclear fission power, are required to achieve mission objectives. It is found that in-space propulsion and power generation are sized by launch vehicle delivery limits and trajectory options. Similarly, power levels for surface-based reactors are affected by transportation system and EDL limits imposed by current technologies. After summarizing the breakpoints for today's state of the art, development targets are identified to enable space-based nuclear power and propulsion systems to perform at their full potential.
Some Astrophysical Aspects of Pulsars

In principle the formation rate can be obtained on the basis of a knowledge of a spatial densities and lifetimes. Extreme care is needed, however because of the incompleteness of the available sample because of luminosity effects. Since luminosity and age are correlated it is essential that densities and lifetimes be evaluated for the same sample. Incompleteness affects the very faint pulsars most strongly, but because of their long lifetime the effect on the formation rate is comparatively small. We shall assume that the lifetime of a pulsar in our sample is on the average equal to twice its age. Further we estimate distances (r) from dispersion measures on the basis of a mean electron density ne of 0.05 cm-3 near the Sun. The fluctuations in ne again may cause systematic errors, but no information is available for an estimate of the magnitude of these.
Verification of individuals from accelerometer measures of cardiac chest movements

Biometric verification is gaining popularity particularly for personal security during internet and mobile device usage. A novel approach for verification of individuals is proposed to measure mechanical cardiovascular activity through an accelerometer sensor placed on the surface of the chest above the sternum. Time frequency analysis methods are employed to evaluate biometric performance. Accelerometer measurements were acquired on two different sessions from ten subjects after delays ranging from 1 to 2 weeks. For individual subject verification, Gaussian mixture models were built per each individual and a background model was created for the remaining impostors. A likelihood ratio test with background model was employed for testing. In this study we found preliminary evidence for the use of the cardiovascular signal measured with an accelerometer placed on the sternum as a biometric sensor to verify individuals. Verification testing using this approach obtained a mean EER rate of 0.06 for inter-session testing.
12 Reaction mechanisms : Part (i) Radical and radical ion reactions

This chapter provides an overview of the 2003 literature pertaining to the mechanism and kinetics of reactions involving neutral free radicals and radical ions in solution. This overview begins by highlighting significant contributions to our understanding of fundamental classes of reactions: atom abstraction, addition, and fragmentation. Afterwards, rearrangement reactions, which are generally intramolecular variants of these fundamental classes, are examined. Quite noteworthy is the fact that a significant number of papers in 2003 involved the use of computational chemistry, density functional theory (B3LYP) in particular, to examine mechanisms of free radical and radical ion reactions. The ability of these methods to reproduce experimental data is impressive, giving workers in this area the confidence to make some intriguing predictions. A few examples of the use of radical reactions in synthesis are interspersed throughout this report. However, the coverage of this important area is very much limited to truly unusual transformations (from a mechanistic perspective).
New perspective on cancer of the contralateral breast: a marker for assessing tamoxifen as a preventive agent.

For most of this century, when a woman has had a primary breast cancer, issues have been raised regarding her opposite (contralateral) breast. One major and persistent consideration relates to how frequently a contralateral breast cancer might be expected to occur. Vigorous debate questions whether a woman's risk for such an event might be considered great enough to justify a prophylactic mastectomy or, at least in some circumstances (e.g., when the primary tumor is a lobular invasive cancer), whether a random biopsy of the contralateral breast should routinely be done. Deliberations have also taken place regarding how to distinguish between a metastatic lesion and a second primary tumor in the contralateral breast; whether the prognosis of a patient who has had a breast cancer is altered when a new primary tumor appears in the opposite breast; whether the first and second primary tumors were synchronous in origin but metachronous in expression or whether they were metachronous from their inception; and whether radiation therapy after removal of a primary tumor by mastectomy or lumpectomy increases the incidence of contralateral breast cancer. Most of these issues have been either fairly well resolved or supplanted by more important ones. The contralateral breast of a woman with breast cancer has recently taken on new significance: It has assumed importance as a marker for assessing the worth of a putative breast cancer preventive agent. Because a patient with breast cancer is at increased risk for developing a primary tumor in the opposite breast, an agent that can decrease the incidence of second primary cancers deserves consideration for evaluation in a trial to test the hypothesis that the agent can prevent breast cancer in a "normal" woman at increased risk for such an event. This strategy is analogous to selecting for testing, in the adjuvant therapy setting, agents that have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of systemic disease.
Microleakage in MOD resin composite with three dentin bonding agents.

Abstract The extent of microleakage under MOD composites was studied when an aluminum oxalate dentin bonding agent (Tenure), a phosphonated resin bonding agent (Bondlite), and a glass-ionomer cement (Ketac Silver) were used. Three groups of 10 extracted molars were prepared with MOD cavities; one box ended on enamel, the other on cementum. In Group 1, Bondlite was applied to dentin and etched enamel before the sample was restored with a light-cured hybrid composite. In Group 2, a 2-mm increment of Ketac Silver was placed in each box before Bondlite and composite. In Group 3, Tenure was applied to dentin before being restored. Teeth were thermal-cycled, stained in silver nitrate, sectioned, and scored for microleakage. Microleakage along the gingival floor was significantly less at enamel margins than at cementum margins in all three groups. All groups showed severe marginal microleakage on cementum.
Framing the discussion on regulatory liberalisation: a stakeholder analysis of Open Skies, ownership and control

This paper provides a framework for the ongoing debate over regulatory liberalisation in air transportation. With a focus on the US debate surrounding the Stage 2 negotiations of US-EU Open Skies, we present a stakeholder analysis of foreign ownership restrictions and the implications of change for those air transportation stakeholders with the most direct impacts. Literature from academic journals and trade publications is reviewed to reinforce the stakeholder analysis. The stakeholder analysis concludes with a discussion of vehicles for regulatory liberalisation and the competitive environment looking beyond the first stage of US-EU Open Skies.
Synthesis and Structure of Large Optically Clear Crystals of Gallogermanate Sodalite

Large transparent crystals (up to 800 μm) of a hydroxy-sodium gallogermanate sodalite have been prepared at between 100 and 150 °C in aqueous sodium tetramethylammonium hydroxide solutions. Single-crystal structure analysis gave the expected space group (P43n) but an unexpectedly small unit cell (8.951 A) in which the longer (Ga,Ge)−O bond lengths are compensated by T−O−T bond angles of ∼110°. The crystals provide a readily made framework for structure studies of encapsulated chemical species.
Improved method of nasojejunal feeding in low-birth-weight infants.

To verify the simplicity and safety of nasojejunal feeding and to evaluate its adaptability for routine use, 25intubations were performed. There were no failures and only minor complications.
The dynamics of technology and strategy

Abstract This paper considers the evolution of strategies pursued by established and emerging firms as they attempt to commercialize radically new industrial technology. A general framework is proposed to relate strategic options and choices to the evolution of technologies, organizations and industry positions following a technological discontinuity. Empirical evidence from the emerging biotechnology field is presented to illustrate these patterns of evolution. The framework is then used to examine the roles played by strategic alliances in the evolving strategies of participants in biotechnology.
The design and implementation of distributed Smalltalk

Distributed Smalltalk (DS) is an implementation of Smalltalk that allows objects on different machines to send and respond to messages. It also provides some capability for sharing objects among users. The distributed aspects of the system are largely user transparent and preserve the reactive quality of Smalltalk objects. Distributed Smalltalk is currently operational on a network of Sun workstations. The implementation includes an incremental distributed garbage collector and support for remote debugging, access control, and object mobility. This paper concentrates on the important design issues encountered and some of the more interesting implementation details. Performance measurements of the current implementation are included.
Aromatic ring destruction in complexes of dipositive metal cations

Abstract Singly charged metal cations do not normally activate the π-ring in monoaromatic ligands. Here pyridine complexes of six dipositive metal cations (Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu) are probed using collisional dissociation. Except for Cu, species with one–three ligands (depending on the metal) exhibit two significant aromaticity-destroying ligand cleavage processes. One proceeds with charge reduction yielding singly charged bare or ligated metal cyanide cations and C 4 H 5 + , and the other retains the double charge eliminating one or two small neutrals such as NH 2 or CH 3 . The previously reported cluster-to-metal charge transfer producing charged ligand clusters is shown to not occur.
Research Spotlight: Determining a relevant measure of hydrologic connectivity

[1] One of the biggest challenges in hydrology is to determine how rainwater moves through a landscape and feeds river flows. Water can circulate in underground channels, flow across the surface, or slowly permeate soil; it can either end up stored in the soil or wend its way to a stream. Representations of how water goes from one part of a landscape to another can be described by the concept of hydrologic connectivity. Unfortunately, there is no standard measure used by the research community to determine whether two wet areas are hydrologically connected. Hydrologists do not agree on how to combine soil water information and topography into a single number that would reflect a catchment's ability to rapidly transfer water from any point to a river. (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2010WR009442, 2010)
Tricarbonylmanganese(I) derivatives of [Di(pyrazolyl)(2-pyridyl)methyl]aryl scorpionates

Abstract The cobalt(II) chloride catalyzed Peterson rearrangement reactions between sulfinyldi-(pyrazolyl) and aryl(pyridyl)methanone derivatives yield di(pyrazolyl)(pyridyl)hetero-scorpionate ligands. Reaction of these ligands with Mn(CO) 5 Br in the presence of a silver salt produces the monometallic complexes {[κ 3 -PhC(pz) 2 (2-py)]Mn(CO) 3 }(O 3 SCF 3 ) ( 1a ), {[κ 3 -PhC(pz) 2 (2-py)]Mn(CO) 3 }(PF 6 ) ( 1b ), {[κ 3 -PhC( 4-Me pz) 2 (2-py)]Mn(CO) 3 }(PF 6 ) ( 2 ), {[κ 3 - p -BrC 6 H 4 C(pz) 2 (2-py)]Mn(CO) 3 }(PF 6 ) ( 3 ), and the bimetallic complexes [(CO) 3 Mn{ m -C 6 H 4 [C(pz) 2 (2-py)] 2 }Mn(CO) 3 ](BF 4 ) 2 ( 5a ) and { m -C 6 H 4 [C(pz) 2 (2-py)Mn(CO) 3 ] 2 }(PF 6 ) 2 ( 5b ) (pz = pyrazolyl ring, py = pyridyl ring). These octahedral manganese complexes show interesting structural diversity, with the complexes being organized in the solid state into complex supramolecular structures by an array of non-covalent forces.
Two seawater reverse osmosis plants operating at high pressure and 50% conversion

Abstract At the Second World Congress on Desalination and Water Re-Use (Bermuda) an evaluation was made on a Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant operating at high pressures (1100-1500 psig) using Middle East conditions; it was concluded that such an RO plant could obtain 50 percent conversion of the feedwater and incur lower capital and operating costs. Two RO seawater plants using DuPont B-10T hollow fiber permeators were studied; these plants, one a 400m 3 /day facility and the other a 115m 3 /day facility, were designed for 50% conversion at a maximum 1200 psig operating, pressure. The plants used direct one to one brine staging and have operated at 1140 psig since their start-up. These plants have continually exceeded design specifications for both productivity and salt rejection. Both the first and second stage permeators combined have maintained 50% conversion with a TDS of the product water less than 350 ppm. These hollow fiber aramid permeators have maintained excellent performance at high pressure despite the fact that the feedwater possessed a very high concentration of organics (humic acid). The capital and operating costs of this plant have been significantly less than that of a comparable RO plant using lower pressure (900 psig). The performance data and cost analysis of this high pressure RO plant support the hypothesis that high pressure RO can provide excellent performance at a lower cost.
Sex differences in elaborative strategies: A developmental analysis

The present study examined sex differences in the use of elaboration in paired associate learning in adolescence and young adulthood. In Experiment 1, 48 eighth grade and 48 tenth grade students were asked to recall 24 word pairs, half of which were high frequency pairs, and half low frequency pairs. After recall, students reported the type of strategy used for each word pair (reading the pairs carefully, rehearsing the words, using imagery or constructing a verbal connection). Females used elaborative strategies more often, were more likely to recall elaborated pairs, and recalled more word pairs than males at both ages. These effects were observed in both high and low frequency word pairs. There was also a main effect of frequency, with elaboration more common with high frequency word pairs. In Experiment 2, college students performed the same paired-associates learning task, but with the added instruction to describe their elaborations in a sentence. At this age, there was a sex by materials interaction, with sex differences in strategy use only present with low frequency word pairs. These findings indicate that sex differences diminish under more favorable task conditions that encourage strategy use (high frequency word pairs) as males and females become more proficient strategy users, but remain under less favorable circumstances. An examination of the types of elaborations generated by college students indicated although males and females produced similar types of elaborations to the word pairs, sex differences in the recallability of low frequency words appeared with less interactive and more idiosyncratic elaborations.
Balancing chemical equations: The role of developmental level and mental capacity

Why are some students able to learn to use the trial and error method to balance chemical equations while others are not? To test the hypothesis that formal reasoning is required to balance even simple one-step equations, while formal reasoning and a sufficiently large mental capacity are required to balance more complex many-step equations, a sample of science students was tested to determine level of intellectual development, mental capacity, and degree of field dependence/field independence. Students were then given classroom instruction in using trial and error to balance equations. As predicted, a posttest revealed significant correlations between developmental level and equation balancing ability for both simple and complex equations. Also, as predicted, mental capacity correlated significantly with complex equations but not with simple equations. Field dependence/field independence played no significant role in performance. Educational implications are drawn.
A reevaluation of intraarterial thrombolytic therapy for acute lower extremity ischemia

Abstract Purpose: This study was performed to clarify the role of intraarterial thrombolytic therapy (IATT) in the management of acute lower extremity ischemia. Methods: A retrospective review of 77 patients undergoing 84 courses of high-dose regional urokinase IATT from July 1981 to June 1991 was performed. The group included patients with acute thrombosis of lower extremity bypass grafts ( n = 48) or native arteries ( n = 36), presenting with ischemic but viable limbs, minimal or no motor dysfunction, and an absence of muscle rigor or compartment syndrome. The data were then examined individually by site of thrombosis to evaluate patient selection for IATT. Results: Complete lysis, complications (either distal thromboembolism or bleeding), and early limb loss occurred in 59.5%, 11%, and 6% of infusions, respectively. IATT precluded the need for operative intervention in 49% of acutely ischemic limbs. When surgery was required, successful IATT precisely localized responsible lesions and reduced the magnitude of operation. A subset of 13 patients were identified in whom either no intrinsic abnormality or poor runoff were evident after lysis and were treated with anticoagulation alone. Conclusions: These data show IATT to be especially suitable for thrombosis of native iliac or femoropopliteal arteries and infrainguinal vein grafts. IATT serves primarily as an adjunct in management of acute lower extremity ischemia. After successful IATT, subsequent therapy can be tailored to the anatomic cause of thrombosis. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:888-95.)
Idiopathic bladder hyperactivity and ditropan: an efficacy and compliance issue

Abstract Objective: To assess the compliance and effectiveness of oxybutynin chloride in treating idiopathic bladder hyperactivity. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 34 patients seen in our urogynecology clinic over a period of 18 months was conducted. In all patients, the diagnosis of idiopathic hyperactive bladder was made by multichannel urodynamics. The charts were reviewed with an emphasis on compliance and subjective improvement of symptoms. Results: Of 34 patients, 12 were lost to follow-up and were excluded from the study. The compliance of the remaining 22 patients was evaluated at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year. At 3 months follow-up, the rate of compliance was 20/22 (91%); 6 months, 12/22 (55%); 9 months, 7/22 (32%); and at 1 year, 4/22 (18%). Side effects of the medication are the most common patient complaint and reason for discontinuation of the medication. Complete subjective improvement was observed in 12/22 (55%) patients, partial improvement in 6/22 (27%) patients, and no improvement in 2/22 (9%) of patients. Two patients were noncompliant. Conclusions: Our study suggests a higher compliance initially; however, over a period of time, there is a dramatic decline in continuation of use. The benefits of oxybutynin chloride seem to be offset by its side effects.
On the practicability of submaximal exercise testing.

THIS paper reports a statistical study of the comparability of certain maximal and submaximal data from a number of work capacity tests. The results indicate that submaximal tests may be expected to yield information which is reasonably comparable to that from maximum tests in specific respects. In consequence of this finding epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease may be encouraged to use modified work capacity tests (with no hazard to subjects) to look for a possible inverse relationship between risk of the disease and cardiovascular fitness. This so far unexplored avenue of investigation would appear indicated by the findings of numerous studies of differential risk in occupationally defined classes of physical activity [l-18]. Maximum work capacity tests, as described by BALKE [19], represent a relatively short experimental procedure for stimulating a subject to his maximal functional capacity for physical work. The subject works on a treadmill or electrically braked bicycle ergometer at a measured, gradually increasing work load until specified physiological criteria are reached. Pulse frequency, blood pressure, respiratory volume, concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the expired air, respiration frequency, and ECG are monitored and recorded throughout the test. BALKE [19-201 found that his subject’s response to the test conditions follow a distinct course or pattern. In the long first segment, all measured functional values increase in an approximately linear way with increasing work load. In the following short segment before test termination, the linear relationships are disturbed. The heart rate at this juncture for young healthy male subjects was about 180 beats per minute. Analysis of the changes occurring here indicated that the physiologic limits of effective circulatory and respiratory adaptation to increasing oxygen demand had been exceeded; further increase of work was possible only by exploiting oxygen debt capacity. A heart rate in the neighborhood of 180 thus appears to represent aerobic crest load for the population of young healthy men. The design of the specific work capacity test used is such that time in minutes on the treadmill and work load for an individual are equivalent, except for a proportionality factor. This is shown in the next section. Time to heart rate equals 180 thus provides a
Efficacy of a novel educational curriculum using a simulation laboratory on resident performance of hysteroscopic sterilization.

Objective To assess whether a novel educational curriculum using a simulation teaching laboratory improves resident knowledge, comfort with, and surgical performance of hysteroscopic sterilization. Design An educational prospective, pretest/posttest study. Setting The Montefiore Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery Laboratory. Patient(s)/Subject(s) Thirty-four OB/GYN residents in an academic medical center. Intervention(s) Hysteroscopic sterilization simulation laboratory and a brief didactic lecture. Main Outcome Measure(s) Differences in scores on validated skill assessment tools: Task specific checklist, Global Rating Scale (GRS), pass fail assessment, and a multiple-choice examination to evaluate knowledge and attitude. Result(s) In the entire cohort improvements were observed on all evaluation tools after the simulation laboratory, with 31% points (SD ± 11.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 27.3–35.3) higher score on the written evaluation; 63% points (SD ± 15.7, 95% CI 57.8–68.8) higher score on the task specific checklist; and 54% points (SD ± 13.6, 95% CI 48.8–58.3) higher score on the GRS. Higher PGY status was correlated with better pretest performance, but was not statistically significant in posttest scores. Residents reported an improvement in comfort performing the procedure after the laboratory. Conclusion(s) Simulation laboratory teaching significantly improved resident knowledge, comfort level, and technical skill performance of hysteroscopic sterilization.