cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discipline-specific literature bases: A view of the APS model

Abstract Librarians see the large quantities of literature and the complete writing/publishing/world as a complete system. Changes to one piece (e.g., making publishing or reading electronic) will not fundamentally change the process. The pieces of the system are there, not for technological reasons, but for reasons of authority, validation, and self-correction in the process of scholarly communication. Electronic publishing will cause great changes, but the changes will not eliminate roles that now exist. The changes will be to enhance our abilities to better do that which we do now, whether that be to edit, review, referee, write, or manage the information flow.
Nitrogen Regulation of the codBA (Cytosine Deaminase) Operon from Escherichia coli by the Nitrogen Assimilation Control Protein, NAC

Transcription of the cytosine deaminase (codBA) operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by nitrogen, with about three times more codBA expression in cells grown in nitrogen-limiting medium than in nitrogen-excess medium. β-Galactosidase expression from codBp-lacZ operon fusions showed that the nitrogen assimilation control protein NAC was necessary for this regulation. In vitro transcription from the codBA promoter with purified RNA polymerase was stimulated by the addition of purified NAC, confirming that no other factors are required. Gel mobility shifts and DNase I footprints showed that NAC binds to a site centered at position −59 relative to the start site of transcription and that mutants that cannot bind NAC there cannot activate transcription. When a longer promoter region (positions −120 to +67) was used, a double footprint was seen with a second 26-bp footprint separated from the first by a hypersensitive site. When a shorter fragment was used (positions −83 to +67), only the primary footprint was seen. Nevertheless, both the shorter and longer fragments showed NAC-mediated regulation in vivo. Cytosine deaminase expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae was also regulated by nitrogen in a NAC-dependent manner. K. pneumoniae differs from E. coli in having two cytosine deaminase genes, an intervening open reading frame between the codB and codA orthologs, and a different response to hypoxanthine which increased cod expression in K. pneumoniae but decreased it in E. coli.
The synthesis of dopaminergic radioligands labelled with tritium and iodine‐125

The preparation of dopaminergic ligands radiolabelled with either tritium or iodine-125 has been an extremely important undertaking to advance understanding of this critical receptor class and the topic is reviewed from 1976 through 2006. Although not an exhaustive compilation of references, the cited examples highlight the many methods employed to prepare these useful reagents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive wavefront control algorithms for closed loop adaptive optics

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology for correcting the optical effects of atmospheric turbulence in real time, and greatly enhancing the performance of ground-based optical systems beyond the limits previously imposed by the atmosphere. Optimal control algorithms for AO systems can in theory provide significant additional improvements beyond the standard control approaches presently in use, but these methods depend upon accurate knowledge of atmospheric conditions. Since these conditions vary on time scales of minutes, it becomes necessary to constantly update the control algorithm so that it adjusts to the changing atmospheric statistics. This paper presents a method for adaptively optimizing the reconstructor of a closed-loop AO system in real time. The method relies on recursive least squares techniques to track the temporal and spatial correlations of the turbulent wave-front. The performance of this method is examined for a sample scenario in which the AO control algorithm attempts to compensate for signal processing latency by reconstructing the future value of the wave-front from a combination of past and current wave-front sensor measurements. For this case, the adaptive reconstruction algorithm yields Strehl ratios within a few percent of those obtained by an optimal reconstructor derived from a priori knowledge of the strength of the turbulence and the velocity of the wind. This level of performance can be a dramatic improvement over the Strehls achievable with a conventional least squares reconstructor.
IGF-1 and IGF-binding proteins and bone mass, geometry, and strength: relation to metabolic control in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes.

Children and adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at risk for decreased bone mass. Growth hormone (GH) and its mediator, IGF-1, promote skeletal growth. Recent observations have suggested that children and adolescents with T1DM are at risk for decreased bone mineral acquisition. We examined the relationships between metabolic control, IGF-1 and its binding proteins (IGFBP-1, -3, -5), and bone mass in T1DM in adolescent girls 12-15 yr of age with T1DM (n = 11) and matched controls (n = 10). Subjects were admitted overnight and given a standardized diet. Periodic blood samples were obtained, and bone measurements were performed. Serum GH, IGFBP-1 and -5, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), glucose, and urine magnesium levels were higher and IGF-1 values were lower in T1DM compared with controls (p or=0.45, p < 0.01). We conclude that poor metabolic control alters the GH/IGF-1 axis, whereas greater urine magnesium excretion may reflect subtle changes in renal function and/or glucosuria leading to altered bone size and density in adolescent girls with T1DM.
Acquired Tolerance of Leaves to Heat.

When bean, cowpea, cucumber, fig and tobacco leaves were heated 15 to 30 seconds at 50°C, 12 to 48 hours later they tolerated a temperature of 55°C up to three times as long for the same degree of heat injury as did leaves which were not previously heated.
Sovereign Trade as Historically Practiced among Indian Tribes in the Western United States

American Indian tribes today assert their inherent political sovereign rights recognized in the United States Constitution. Tribal gaming has been a very visible expression of tribal sovereign rights. A much less visible and empirically examined aspect of economic sovereignty is private entrepreneurship. An initial expectation from tribal gaming was spillover into entrepreneurial ventures by tribal members. However barriers exist inhibiting private business practice by individuals on some Indian reservations today, one barrier being a perception that private entrepreneurship contradicts egalitarian tribal values assuming that American Indians have never practiced capitalism, and thus businesses should be owned and managed collectively by tribal governments. This paper presents a historical examination of trade as practiced in North America before and after European and American incursions into what is today's U. S. northwest and southwest. This paper reveals that, contrary to assumptions, trade practiced ...
Meaning of Illness and Spirituality in Ovarian Cancer Survivors

Purpose/objectives To describe spirituality and meaning of illness in survivors of ovarian cancer. Design Ethnographic study based on seven years of natural correspondence among survivors of ovarian cancer and a support newsletter. Sample 21,806 letters, cards, and e-mails received from survivors of ovarian cancer from 1994-2000. Methods Analysis was based on the Quality of Life (QOL) Ovarian Cancer Instrument. Data were bracketed and assigned within a table according to QOL themes. Main research variables Spirituality, meaning, QOL, and cancer survivorship. Findings Spirituality was relied on heavily as a coping mechanism, as well as a method of deriving meaning from the cancer experience. Data from survivors of ovarian cancer validated previously established meaning in cancer themes and identified eight new themes specific to meaning in ovarian cancer survivorship. Conclusions The nature of ovarian cancer implicates specific characteristics that alter the meaning of QOL and survivorship. Spirituality is an important component of QOL and contributes to the process of deriving meaning from the ovarian cancer experience. Implications for nursing Knowledge of the unique survivorship issues of patients with ovarian cancer can enable nurses to improve their care for these women.
Sensitivity enhancement and reduction of Gibbs artifact in T2-weighted imaging using variable tip angle excitation

Introduction of a Gaussian weighting function into the phase encoding of the spin-echo imaging method via variable tip angle excitation, with concomitant optimization of the recycle delay, is shown to increase the sensitivity of T2-weighted imaging by up to 40%. In addition, the Gibbs artifact associated with sharp boundaries is reduced considerably without the need for postprocessing of the data. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Effects of an active pectoral-pulse generator shell on defibrillation efficacy with a transvenous lead system

Transvenous lead systems have become routine for defibrillator implantation. A reduction of pulse generator size has made pectoral placement possible and enabled the pulse generator shell to become an active part of the defibrillation pathway. To directly assess the effect of the addition of an active generator on defibrillation thresholds to a transvenous lead system, we prospectively measured paired, randomized defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) in 21 patients undergoing defibrillator implantation. A dual coil lead (Endotak C, Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc., Guidant Corp., St. Paul, Minnesota) was used with the distal coil as the cathode for all shocks. The DFT was 8.4 +/- 3.2 J with the active shell, compared with 13.1 +/- 6.9 J with the lead alone (p < 0.01). This reduction was greatest in those patients with higher thresholds with the lead-alone configuration and resulted in DFT < or = 15 J with the active shell configuration in all patients. Shock impedance was reduced from 49 +/- 5 to 42 +/- 4 ohms (p < .001), but peak current at defibrillation threshold was unaffected by the addition of the active pectoral shell. We conclude that the addition of an active pectoral shell to a 2-coil transvenous lead system resulted in a marked reduction of defibrillation energy requirements. The uniformly low DFT ( < or = 15 J) observed suggests that an active pulse generator with a 25 J maximum output could be implanted in most patients while maintaining an adequate defibrillation safety margin.
Lack of cross-reactivity between IgE to salmon and protamine sulfate.

Immediate type-generalized reactions to protamine sulfate are uncommon but may be fatal. The mechanisms of severe or fatal reactions are unknown in most cases. One theory is that contaminating fish (salmon) proteins present in protamine solutions induce anaphylaxis in salmon-sensitive subjects. A second hypothesis is that protamine interacts with anti-salmon IgE to cause anaphylaxis. We assessed these hypotheses by establishing an indirect amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgE to salmon. Sera obtained from two subjects anaphylactically sensitive to salmon demonstrated high binding to salmon that was not inhibited by preincubation of sera with 500 or 1000 μg of protamine or Aspergillus fumigatus. Serum from a patient who experienced anaphylactic shock from protamine was indistinguishable from control sera in the ELISA for IgE to salmon. Anti-protamine IgE could not be demonstrated in separate experiments. The assays prove that 1) serum IgE to salmon is not inhibited by protamine and 2) serum from a patient experiencing a severe reaction to protamine did not contain IgE to salmon or protamine. The experiments do not support the notion that there is cross-reactivity between IgE to salmon and protamine sulfate in the cases evaluated.
Still alluring and hard to predict at 100

Superconductivity has gone from a rare event to a ground state that pops up in materials once considered improbable, if not impossible. Although we cannot predict its occurrence yet, recent discoveries give us some clues about how to look for new — hopefully more useful — superconducting materials.
Investigation of discharge uniformity in helium dielectric barrier discharge jets

Summary form only given. This study investigated the discharge uniformity in helium dielectric barrier discharge jets (DBD jets) with various operation parameters. The significant reduction of the discharge uniformity was found to be induced by various operation modes in the DBD jets, in which concentrated plasma channels with relatively high intensity are created. This may lead to non-uniform treatment if the DBD jets are used as surface processing tools. It has been shown that the applied voltage, tube dimension, driving frequency, and helium flow rate significantly influence the plasma channel formation.1 However; few reports have presented detailed studies on the plasma propagation and the formation of the plasma channels.
Nanosecond pulsed laser color marking of Titanium: Analysis of oxide layer phase

Nanosecond-pulsed, infrared laser irradiation has been used to create metal oxide coatings on the surface of polished Ti for application as unique tags/identifiers. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy demonstrate that coatings are titanium monoxide.
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE OF ALOPECIA CONGENITA WITH KERATOSIS PALMO-PLANTARIS

The syndrome complex of congenital (total) alopecia, keratosis of palms and soles and dystrophy of nails is a rare mutation with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Only one other report could be found (Stevanovic, Acta Genet. 9:127, 1959). In the previously described kindred, as well as in the present one, there was variable expression of the listed traits. In the present kindred there were three individuals with the full syndrome and five with partial or no alopecia, yet exhibiting keratosis of palms and soles and nail dystrophy. The proposita had total alopecia, including absence of eyebrows, eyelashes and sexual hair. She perspired normally and had no dental abnormalities. Nails were ridged and dystrophic, and palms and soles were covered with heavy keratosis having an opalescent orange-pink color. Intelligence was normal. Karyotype on peripheral leucocytes was 46, XX. Banding studies are incomplete. Similar variability in expression of traits is seen in other vertically inherited syndromes such as pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism and Gardner's syndrome, and may represent unequal crossing over with duplication or triplication of loci in subsequent generations. An animal model is represented by the situation at the Bar locus in Drosophila (region 16-A of the X-chromosome). Unequal crossing over results in duplication or triplication of region 16-A, with triple-Bar presenting a more abnormal phenotype than double Bar. Whether present banding techniques are sensitive enough to test this hypothesis in man remains to be seen.
In vitro growth properties of Xenopus retinal neurons undergo developmental modulation.

Abstract To determine whether Xenopus retinal neurons undergo intrinsic developmental changes in growth properties, retinal explants from embryos and tadpoles of different stages were grown on laminin, fibronectin, and collagen I in serum-free media. Growth was assayed in terms of a neurite growth index (NGI) and the appearance of clockwise bundles, or a clockwise growth index (CGI). The first neurites from stage 25 optic vesicles are pioneers and display a unique growth phenotype; they emerge rapidly, survive for a short time, show little substrate preferences for growth (they grow almost as well on BSA as they do on laminin and fibronectin), and form no clockwise bundles under any conditions. Neurites from progressively older retinas (stages 32–37) share with stage 25 neurites the rapid outgrowth pattern, but begin to show substrate preferences and clockwise growth. From stage 40 to 50, the mature growth pattern is expressed; a lag in initial outgrowth, long-term survival, distinct substrate preferences (they grow 10 times better on laminin and fibronectin than on BSA) and display robust clockwise growth patterns on laminin and fibronectin. The acquisition of clockwise growth is independent of optic fiber contact with the tectum or exposure to diffusible factors from mature brain tissues. The results suggest that retinal neurons undergo developmental modulation of surface adhesive properties and/or cytoskeletal organization.
Liquidity and interest rates

Abstract This paper analyzes a series of models in which money is required for asset transactions as well as for transactions in goods. In these models, government open-market operations induce liquidity effects that lead to interest rate behavior quite different from the behavior one would predict on the basis of Fisherian fundamentals. The paper characterizes these effects under various assumptions about the nature of securities traded and the behavior of shocks.
An optimization framework for workplace charging strategies

Abstract The workplace charging (WPC) has been recently recognized as the most important secondary charging point next to residential charging for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The current WPC practice is spontaneous and grants every PEV a designated charger, which may not be practical or economic when there are a large number of PEVs present at workplace. This study is the first research undertaken that develops an optimization framework for WPC strategies to satisfy all charging demand while explicitly addressing different eligible levels of charging technology and employees’ demographic distributions. The optimization model is to minimize the lifetime cost of equipment, installations, and operations, and is formulated as an integer program. We demonstrate the applicability of the model using numerical examples based on national average data. The results indicate that the proposed optimization model can reduce the total cost of running a WPC system by up to 70% compared to the current practice. The WPC strategies are sensitive to the time windows and installation costs, and dominated by the PEV population size. The WPC has also been identified as an alternative sustainable transportation program to the public transit subsidy programs for both economic and environmental advantages.
Whole abdominopelvic radiotherapy for desmoplastic small round-cell tumor.

Abstract Purpose: Desmoplastic small round-cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare, recently described intraperitoneal malignancy occurring predominantly in adolescent boys. Our objective was to evaluate the feasibility and outcome of whole abdominopelvic irradiation (WAPI) as part of a combined modality protocol for patients with DSRCT. Methods and Materials: The records of all 21 patients treated with WAPI for DSRCT at our institution from 1992 to 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were treated on an institutional protocol with 7 cycles of an alkylator-based chemotherapy. After maximal surgical debulking, patients were treated with external beam radiotherapy to the whole abdomen and pelvis to a dose of 30 Gy. Results: All 21 patients completed the prescribed treatment. The median follow-up was 28 months. The overall survival and relapse-free survival rate at 3 years was 48% and 19%, respectively. The median survival was 32 months, and the median time to relapse was 19 months. Most relapses were intraperitoneal and/or hepatic. Acute toxicities included Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 2 upper and lower gastrointestinal toxicity in 81% and 71% of patients, respectively. All patients experienced acute hematologic toxicity, with Grade 4 thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and anemia in 76%, 29%, and 33%, respectively. The major long-term toxicity was small bowel obstruction, which occurred in 7 patients (33%) after surgery and WAPI. Conclusion: DSRCT is a rare and highly lethal disease, requiring aggressive multimodality therapy. WAPI is feasible in conjunction with intensive chemotherapy and surgery. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities are expected but manageable with diligent supportive care. The long-term efficacy of this therapy remains disappointing, thus novel approaches are being investigated.
Growth of silver nanowires on GaAs wafers

Silver (Ag) nanowires with chemically clean surfaces have been directly grown on semi-insulating gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers through a simple solution/solid interfacial reaction (SSIR) between the GaAs wafers themselves and aqueous solutions of silver nitrate (AgNO3) at room temperature. The success in synthesis of Ag nanowires mainly benefits from the low concentration of surface electrons in the semi-insulating GaAs wafers that can lead to the formation of a low-density of nuclei that facilitate their anisotropic growth into nanowires. The resulting Ag nanowires exhibit rough surfaces and reasonably good electric conductivity. These characteristics are beneficial to sensing applications based on single-nanowire surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and possible surface-adsorption-induced conductivity variation.
Ballistocardiography II. The Normal Ballistocardiogram

In this study, the normal ballistocardiogram is interrelated with various cardiac events in order to establish the origin of its component waves. It is apparent that the ballistic F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M and N waves bear a definite relationship to known cardiac events, although in some cases the temporal positioning of the complexes is shifted by uncontrollable forms of distortion. When calculated correction factors are introduced, the ballistic waves tend to assume their correct temporal relationship. A composite pictorial sketch is presented which shows the temporal relationships of the phonocardiogram, the apex cardiogram, two commonly observed forms of the normal ballistocardiogram, the electrocardiogram, and the carotid pulse.
Extended Eliassen‐Palm fluxes associated with the Madden‐Julian oscillation in the stratosphere

[1] Links are sought between Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO)-related variations in the troposphere and stratospheric circulation. Tropospheric variations of equatorial MJO-filtered 200 hPa zonal winds define indices of MJO activity for two equatorial regions in the Indian and western Pacific oceans. These indices are used to define composite means of MJO-filtered Extended Eliassen-Palm (E-P) fluxes for eight height levels from the upper troposphere well into the stratosphere. Evidence is presented for significant and coherent MJO departures throughout the lower stratosphere. Significant departures of the vertical component of E-P flux flow into the lower stratosphere both in the tropics and at higher latitudes, especially over Canada. These are accompanied by horizontal flux departures in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from the central tropical Pacific into northern Canada. In this region, there is a divergence of Extended E-P flux, piling up wave energy leading to the observed increased cyclonic motion. Evidence supports the hypothesis that these high-latitude circulation variations in the stratosphere are due to a combination of two quite distinct mechanisms. In the first, poleward propagation occurs in the upper troposphere with vertical propagation at higher latitudes. In the second, upward propagation occurs in low latitudes into the lower stratosphere. This is followed by poleward propagation into higher latitudes and then farther upward propagation.
An electrical resistance network

A network of ten resistors in series and parallel is stated. The network has five switches. The problem is to find the resistor values such that when the switches are set in five different positions, the resistance requirements for the circuit are satisfied. The resultant system of five non‐linear equations in ten unknowns is solved using multi‐stage Monte Carlo.
Pleistocene Climates in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: A Reevaluated Comparison Based on Deep-Sea Sediments

Variations of the Globorotalia menardii complex in cores from the Indian Ocean can be interpreted as indicating climatic changes that are opposite to trends exhibited by the total planktonic fauna. The questionable value of correlations between different water masses based on a single species can be shown by Neogloboquadrina dutertrei subcretacea in cores obtained off the coast of California and Baja California. This information, in addition to previous correlations between Quaternary cores of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, indicates that the Pleistocene history of the two oceans was parallel.
Rural Opportunities: Minimalist Policy and Community‐Based Experimentation

Rural America's experiences with federal policies provide lessons on both the benefits and liabilities of minimalist policy attention and community-based policy experimentation. Prior to the New Deal federal rural policies promoted incentives to settle vast territories, subsidize private development of internal market structures, and invest in the benefits of higher education. The New Deal redirected rural policies to more narrow foci on the farm economic and environmental crises. These new, more centralized policies were built upon the rapid expansion of the Department of Agriculture into the first modern federal bureaucracy, politically legitimized on the basis of community-based policy experimentation. The seemingly unintended consequence of these emergency efforts to rescue farming was the marginalization of most non-farm policy concerns. The resulting minimalist federal approach to rural America was due to the absence of a unified national constituency for rural concerns. Understanding rural America's inadvertent experimentation in minimalist policy attention and in community-based policy structures can inform current policy initiatives to decentralize federal authority.
Leptomeningeal myelomatosis presenting with mental status changes and other neurologic findings.

Background. Leptomeningeal myelomatosis is a rare complication of multiple myeloma. Methods. The authors identified and studied three patients with leptomeningeal myelomatosis and reviewed previous case reports of this condition. Results. The patients described here had intermittent abnormalities in mental status or cranial nerve and brain stem abnormalities. Two of the patients responded dramatically, though transiently, to treatment. In one patient, the clinical findings correlated with lesions visualized by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions. These patients are typical of those reported previously. Patients with leptomeningeal myelomatosis often have a good response to treatment initially, but long-term survival is rare. Cancer 1992; 70:1899-1904.
Low temperature metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of aluminum nitride with nitrogen trifluoride as the nitrogen source

Depot chimique en phase vapeur utilisant NF 3 en tant que source d'azote, de couches de nitrure d'aluminium. Caracterisation structurale de couches preparees
Central cholinomimetic actions of 3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐butanol carbamate

The action of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol carbamate on the CNS was studied to determine the mechanism of its convulsant activity. Dimethylbutanol carbamate penetrated into the brain with maximum levels at 15 min. after intraperitoneal injection. The LD60 of dimethylbutanol carbamate in mice was 21 mg./kg., and atropine pretreatment protected animals against the toxic effects of dimethylbutanol carbamate, whereas physostigmine enhanced dimethylbutanol carbamate toxicity. Dimethylbutanol carbamate potentiated nicotine-induced convulsions in mice and had no effect on brain cholinesterase activity. Therefore, it appears that dimethylbutanol carbamate is a centrally active agent that produces convulsions via a mechanism similar to that postulated for nicotinic agents, although it produces antinicotinic actions peripherally.
Analysis of Shrink Fit Interface Stresses for Rotating Circular Disks

This paper presents an analysis of the stresses and radial deformations in three elastic disks shrink fitted together to form a rotating assembly. The analytical results derived from this paper assume the three disks to be perfectly circular. The stress distribution as well as the displacement is assumed to be functions of radial coordinate and rotational speed. The thickness of disks is also assumed to be small as compared to their diameters. The results include the radial and tangential stress distribution at the interface for both static disks and for rotating motion of the assembly. The interference fit between the disks is also seen to be a function of rotational speed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Cardinium is associated with reproductive incompatibility in the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Cardinium, a bacterium from the Bacteroidetes group, is associated with reproductive manipulations such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, and feminization in some arthropod species. We, and others, have shown that Cardinium, but not Wolbachia, is an endosymbiont in some populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis, a phytoseiid mite that is an important predator of spider mite pests of agricultural crops. However, the precise biological effects that Cardinium may have on M. occidentalis remain unclear. In this study we show, in two sets of crosses between different colonies of Cardinium-free (C−) M. occidentalis females and Cardinium-containing (C+) males, that fecundity was reduced in parental females, F1 progeny survival rates were reduced, and fewer female progeny were produced when compared to the reciprocal and control crosses. There were no differences in these attributes in the reciprocal and two control crosses. Cardinium was transmitted maternally but there was no observed paternal transmission. Finally, Cardinium did not cause asexual (thelytoky) reproduction in M. occidentalis. Thus, Cardinium is associated with nonreciprocal reproductive incompatibility in M. occidentalis and our results support the hypothesis that Cardinium is a reproductive parasite in this agriculturally important predator. Cardinium may therefore affect the evolution and ecology of M. occidentalis and biological control efforts using this mite.
Elder Abuse: Ethical and Related Considerations for Professionals in Psychology

Elder abuse presents difficult ethical considerations that the field of psychology has yet to sufficiently address. As demographics and sociocultural factors shift in the coming decade, this deficit in ethical competence may become an increasingly serious problem. Although legal definitions of elder abuse lack uniformity and clarity, there is much room for improvement in the field of psychology. Ethical considerations most relevant to professionals in psychology draw heavily on the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence and respect for people's rights and dignity. Professional standards of competence, discrimination, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, and cooperation with other professionals are also critical in these considerations. A number of recommendations are made, centering around the needs for more education, frank discussion, and empirical examination of the complexities of elder abuse.
JPEG-based image compression for low-bit-rate coding

JPEG, an international standard for still-image compression, is a widely used technique for compressing natural images. Popularity of JPEG stems from its flexibility, reasonable compression rate and ease of implementation. In baseline and progressive modes of JPEG, transform coding based on 8 X 8 block discrete cosine transform (DCT) is used. At high compression ratios (i.e. low bit rates), however, JPEG typically causes blockiness in the reconstructed image. In this paper, we highlight key factors that limit baseline JPEG's performance at low bit rates. Simple modifications within the JPEG construct are studied to improve the overall quality of images at low bit rates. In addition, a multiresolution-like organization of the 2 X 2 block DCT coefficients is considered and is shown to represent the Haar-based subband/wavelet transform.
New cw Optically Pumped Far-Infrared Laser Emissions Generated with a Transverse or ‘Zig-Zag’ Pumping Geometry

This work reports the observation of several novel far-infrared laser lines obtained through optical pumping of a gaseous medium using a transverse or zig-zag excitation scheme. In total, about 160 laser emissions with wavelengths up to 1.1 mm have been observed. This includes nine new laser lines detected from CH3OD, CH2 F2, and CD3 I which are reported with their operating pressure, relative power, and wavelengths measured to ± 0.5 μm.
Recent progress in the application of wavelets in surveillance systems

We briefly discuss two approaches for enhancing the resolution enhancement of range-Doppler images (including synthetic aperture radar and inverse synthetic aperture radar images). The first approach can be used in conjunction with current radar systems that use a fixed narrowband waveform to acquire target data. It measures Doppler shifts more accurately than the traditional fast Fourier transform based techniques. It performs well in low signal-to-clutter regimes regardless of the statistical structure of the clutter. The second technique assumes that the radar can transmit different waveforms that are matched to the imaging task under consideration. It is based on the fact that the most accurate reconstruction of a range-Doppler target density function from N waveforms and their echoes is obtained by transmitting the singular functions corresponding to the N largest singular values of two kernels derived from the target density. We discuss two strategies for selecting the radar waveforms. The first strategy uses fixed waveforms that act as approximate singular functions for the kernels corresponding to wide classes of target densities. The second strategy adaptively selects the transmitted waveforms by solving a simultaneous target classification and image reconstruction problem.
Toy-oriented changes in hand and joint kinematics during the emergence of purposeful reaching

Infants first consistently reach for objects between 3 and 5 months of age. In the months before reaching, infants produce a variety of arm movements. The relationship between these early arm movements and the emergence of purposeful reaching is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine how groups of non-reaching, nearly reaching, and newly reaching infants changed the kinematics of their spontaneous arm movements in the presence of a toy. Five infants in each of these groups were observed with a high-speed motion capture system during trials with and without a toy present. Kinematic analyses examined 3D hand, shoulder, and elbow motions. Our results suggest that with a toy present, non-reachers altered their movement quantity whereas near- and new-reachers altered their movement quality through spatio-temporal dissociation and reorientation of the arm. When comparing the changes across groups we observed three preliminary patterns of toy-oriented changes. Our results join other studies to strengthen the relationship between early arm movements and purposeful reaching. Future longitudinal studies are now required to begin to fully understand the complex process by which infants adapt their early arm movements for purposeful behaviors.
Plasma cell differentiation and multiple myeloma

Microarray analyses and gene targeting have recently enhanced the understanding of factors involved in normal plasma cells and multiple myeloma. Plasma cells develop from marginal zone or germinal center B cells following stimulation by antigen, microbial products, TNF family signals and cytokines. Transcription factors, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) are required for plasma cell development. They regulate sets of genes that induce immunoglobulin secretion, halt proliferation and block alternative B-cell fates. In multiple myeloma, transforming events lead to proliferation and survival, but programs for plasma cell differentiation and the inhibition of B-cell genes appear to be largely intact.
Experimental Investigation of Unstart in an Inlet/Isolator Model in Mach 5 Flow

DOI: 10.2514/1.40966 The dynamics of unstart of a floor-mounted inlet/isolator model in a Mach 5 flow are investigated experimentally. The inlet section contains a 6-deg compression ramp, and the isolator is a rectangular straight duct that is 25.4-mm high by 50.8-mm wide by 242.3-mm long. Measurements made include 8-kHz schlieren imaging and simultaneous fast-response wall pressures along the length of the inlet/isolator. Unstart is initiated by deflecting a flap at the downstream end of the isolator. The shock system, induced by unstart, initially propagates upstream through the isolator at a velocity of about 35 m=s (in the laboratory frame of reference), then decelerates to about 20 m=s near the isolator entrance, and then accelerates to a velocity of about 74 m=s within the inlet. Throughout the isolator, unstart is seen to be strongly associated with boundary-layer separation. Once the inlet has unstarted, a highamplitudeoscillatory(periodic)unstarted flowensues,forwhichtheoscillationfrequencyisabout124Hz.However, under some conditions, an 84-Hz oscillatory unstarted flow mode, with lower pressure fluctuations, is observed. Under other conditions, a nonoscillatory unstarted flow, with much lower pressure fluctuations, is observed.
Metadata Best Practices in Web Content Management Systems

The author reports the results of a survey of cataloging, metadata, and Web content specialists across a spectrum of libraries, regarding their application of metadata to content within their Web Content Management Systems. Practices, workflows, and barriers to successful implementation of metadata strategies are addressed. The text concludes with potential strategies for overcoming these barriers and linking the often uncataloged deep content in these systems to the linked open Web.
Modernizing Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: from Batch to Continuous Production

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates pharmaceutical drug products to ensure a continuous supply of high-quality drugs in the USA. Continuous processing has a great deal of potential to address issues of agility, flexibility, cost, and robustness in the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Over the past decade, there have been significant advancements in science and engineering to support the implementation of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing. These investments along with the adoption of the quality-by-design (QbD) paradigm for pharmaceutical development and the advancement of process analytical technology (PAT) for designing, analyzing, and controlling manufacturing have progressed the scientific and regulatory readiness for continuous manufacturing. The FDA supports the implementation of continuous manufacturing using science- and risk-based approaches.
Computer science for teachers

As computing systems in general, and timesharing systems in particular, are becoming less expensive and more reliable, a number of small colleges, junior colleges, and secondary schools are in a position to use computers in the classroom. Immediately this presents the problem of training and education, since many teachers may not have had the opportunity to learn about computers and computer programming when they were in school themselves, or if they had, a lapse of several years would have made much of their knowledge out of date. If a school is obtaining its own computer, the manufacturer may provide training in operation and programming, but this may have several drawbacks. There may be a cost associated with the training, the courses may be at a time prohibiting the attendance of the teacher, and, most importantly, the courses are probably not precisely what the teacher needs to use the computer in the classroom.If the teacher is fortunate enough to be close to a university offering computer science courses, the same drawbacks mentioned above may apply. Many university computer science courses are either pure programming courses or highly theoretical courses. Courses in computer-assisted instruction (lesson design) also do not meet the teacher's needs.With this in mind, and with a growing population of secondary school and small college users, the University of Texas Computer Science department offered a special course, specifically for teachers, in the 1971 summer session.
Unique ureteropelvic junction obstruction in father and daughter

Abstract The cases of a father and daughter with a unique ureteropelvic junction obstruction which suggested genetic transmission are presented. The previously reported pedigrees of patients with a familial occurrence of ureteropelvic junction obstruction are presented.
Notch tensile response of mini-regions in AA2024 and AA2524 friction stir welds

Abstract For the first time, experiments are conducted on solid-state FSW joints in a pair of aerospace alloys to determine how the process affects notch–strength and notch sensitivity. In this study, AA2524 and AA2024 FSW welds using notched tensile specimens are used to evaluate the notch tensile strength (NTS) of specific regions with different hardness values in the weld process zone. For the FSW process parameters used in this study, the response of the unnotched weld nugget specimen incurs a 4% loss in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) while retaining good ductility in comparison to the base metal. However, when a notch is introduced, the nugget experiences a reduction of ∼13% in the NTS while notch fracture strain (NFE) decreased by 40%. Fractographic results show that the existence of a banded microstructure in the nugget region is a primary factor affecting the reduction in NTS and NFE in the weld nugget. For notched specimens located at both the nugget–HAZ boundary and at the minimum hardness (HAZ), the measured reduction in NTS is directly correlated to a greater amount of inter-granular fracture in these regions due to over-aging in the welding process. Finally, when comparing local mechanical properties for both notched and unnotched specimens, the notch–strength ratio for all FSW zones in the AA2024 and AA2524 FSW joints, NSR FSW zone = (NTS/UTS) FSW zone > 1.00, demonstrating that the entire FSW process zone in AA2024 and AA2524 is notch insensitive.
Rotational atherectomy in anomalous coronary arteries

We describe two cases of high speed rotational atherectomy performed in patients with anomalous coronary anatomy. These procedures are performed with standard equipment requiring no modifications using a percutaneous femoral approach. We feel these cases clearly illustrate the facile application of this new technology to unusual anatomical situations.
Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy as a Maintenance Treatment for Chronic Depression.

Although the efficacy of maintenance pharmacotherapy for the prevention of recurrence in major depressive disorder (MDD) is well documented, few studies have tested the efficacy of psychotherapy as a maintenance treatment. The authors examined the efficacy of the cognitive-behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) as a maintenance treatment for chronic forms of MDD. Eighty-two patients who had responded to acute and continuation phase CBASP were randomized to monthly CBASP or assessment only for 1 year. Significantly fewer patients in the CBASP than assessment only condition experienced a recurrence. The 2 conditions also differed significantly on change in depressive symptoms over time. These findings support the use of CBASP as a maintenance treatment for chronic forms of MDD.
The Pure Compensation Problem: Egalitarianism Versus Laissez-Fairism

A binary choice problem with side-payments and quasi-linear utilities is considered. We study two compensation rules, called social choice functions. The egalitarian rule divides equally the surplus above the average utility level. The laissez-faire rule chooses an efficient decision but performs no transfer. Egalitarianism is characterized by a monotonicity axiom called Agreement: no two agents ever disagree in comparing two distinct preferences of a third one. Laissez-fairism is characterized by the No Subsidy axiom: a coalition would not be worse off if the other agents were not present.
Use of excitotoxins to lesion the hippocampus : update

Although many of the problems associated with the use of conventional lesion techniques (aspiration, electrolytic, radiofrequency) can be avoided by employing focal injections of excitotoxins, experience gained over the past 12 years has shown that considerable care must be exercised with this newer method, to limit the cell loss to the intended area or structure. Of the toxins that have been used most often to selectively destroy the cells that comprise the hippocampus, ibotenic acid (IBO) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) have proved to be nonspecific in their effects on different cell types and these toxins do not cause seizures. In contrast, focal injections of kainate (KA) and quisqualate result in damage that centers primarily in the CA3 pyramidal cell field and hilar cells in the dentate gyrus. In addition, there are obvious seizures and secondary distant damage involving a number of structures and areas associated with mediating seizure activity. Intrahippocampal injections of the toxin colchicine result in a preferential destruction of dentate granule cells but usually also lead to additional cell loss in adjacent areas. Attempts to limit cell loss to specific hippocampal subfields, using different toxins, have met with mixed success. Both the dosage of the agent and the volume injected are important in determining the extent of cell loss, but the volume of the toxin injected has been shown to be especially important in limiting the damage to the intended area. With the development of newer procedures (e.g., immunotoxins, gene knockouts, antisense) that permit more selective cell loss, it should be possible in the future to achieve a level of lesion control that has been lacking in the past. As with the use of excitotoxins, these newer approaches will require special care to limit the damage to the intended area and interpret the results obtained properly. Hippocampus 2002;12:405–414. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.