cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trace elements in the Mississippi River Delta outflow region: Behavior at high discharge

Abstract Samples for dissolved trace element analysis were collected in surface waters of the plume of the Mississippi River during a period of high river discharge. These field data are compared with results of laboratory mixing experiments. The studies show that Cu, Ni, and Mo are largely unreactive in the plume. Surprisingly, Fe also appears to show little reactivity; the pronounced flocculation removal of Fe frequently observed in other estuaries is not seen in this system. This difference may be a consequence of the alkaline nature of the Mississippi which results in low dissolved Fe concentrations in the river (
Effect of flash and field luminance upon human reaction time.

Reaction time is measured from the onset of a signal flash to the manual release of a microswitch. Responses are made by two trained subjects over wide ranges of stimulus intensity and under varying conditions of signal flash and background field luminance. Two types of experimental conditions prevail: (1) variable flash luminance at each of three field levels, and (2) variable field luminance at three constant flash intensities. Thirty-six reactions are collected for every flash-field combination at each of two fixation positions (foveal and peripheral).The results are described by the following equation: T=1B logI/I0+K,where B, I0, and K depend upon the field luminance.
SNAP: Software for Analyzing Structures of Nucleic Acid-Protein Complexes

DNA/RNA-protein interactions underpin fundamental biological processes such as transcription, splicing, and translation. The increasing number of experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of nucleic acid-protein complexes provides unprecedented opportunities to decipher the underlying principles governing the process of DNA/RNA-protein recognition. Existing bioinformatics tools suffer either by scope or usability. We have developed SNAP, a new software for characterizing the Structures of Nucleic Acid-Protein complexes that is consistent, rigorous, robust, and efficient. Here we focus on the analysis of DNA-protein interactions.Starting from a structure of a DNA-protein complex in PDB or PDBx/mmCIF format, SNAP automatically detects double-helical regions consisting of either canonical base-pairs (bp) or non-canonical bps, and categorizes protein into secondary structural units (alpha helices, beta sheets, turns, and loops). The program then characterizes DNA-protein interactions by checking all combinations between the two components: major groove, minor groove, and backbone for DNA, versus each alpha helix, beta sheet, turn, and loop for protein. SNAP recognizes and outputs base-amino-acid H-bonding and stacking interactions. To quantify the relative spatial relationship between interacting amino acids and bases, SNAP defines a local amino-acid reference frame in the side chain, and takes advantage of the standard base reference frame. SNAP calculates all six rigid-body parameters to allow for the analysis of large sets of DNA-protein complexes consistently and rigorously.Implemented in ANSI C as a stand-alone command-line program, SNAP is self-contained and its executables are tiny, with zero runtime dependencies on third party libraries. The program has been checked against all DNA-protein complexes in the PDB, without any known issues. SNAP is a new component of the 3DNA suite of programs (x3dna.org) for the analysis, rebuilding, and visualization of three-dimensional nucleic acid structures. It consolidates, refines, and significantly extends 3DNA's functionality for DNA-protein structural analysis.
The formalin-induced expression of tachykinin peptide and neurokinin receptor messenger RNAs in rat sensory ganglia and spinal cord is modulated by opiate preadministration.

Abstract Tachykinin peptides such as substance P and neurokinin B have been widely studied as mediators of pain transmission. The expression of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptor messenger RNAs in the spinal cord is increased following intense nociception. The opiate ligands morphine and naltrexone alter behavioral responses to formalin-induced pain and alter evoked substance P release. This study investigated whether these opiates similarly alter the expression of substance P-, neurokinin B-, neurokinin-1 receptor- and neurokinin-3 receptor-encoding messenger RNAs in spinal systems following formalin-induced nociception. Expression levels of various messenger RNAs were quantitated using solution hybridization-nuclease protection assays. Six hours after hindpaw treatment, the levels of substance P-encoding preprotachykinin messenger RNA in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia and neurokinin B, neurokinin-1 receptor and neurokinin-3 receptor messenger RNAs in the lumbar dorsal horn were increased by approximately two-fold as compared to sham-treated controls. Pretreatment with naltrexone resulted in a further increase in the nociception-induced substance P messenger RNA expression in the dorsal root ganglia; preprotachykinin messenger RNA expression was not affected by morphine. Nociception-induced neurokinin-1 receptor messenger RNA expression in the dorsal horn was blocked by morphine, but was not affected by naltrexone. Both morphine and naltrexone blocked the formalin-induced increases in neurokinin B and neurokinin-3 receptor messenger RNA levels. Increased neurokinin B messenger RNA expression may reflect increased neurokinin B turnover in spinal interneurons activated by nociception. Neurokinin-3 receptor messenger RNA expression levels varied closely with, and thus may be regulated by, the levels of neurokinin B messenger RNA in the same regions. The results of this study indicate that pretreatment with opiate ligands modulates the expression of tachykinin peptide and neurokinin receptor encoding mRNAs in spinal systems following a peripheral chemogenic inflammatory stimulus. Thus, endogenous opioid systems may be involved in activity-induced changes in the expression of spinal tachykinin peptides and neurokinin receptors.
CANDID: Dynamic candidate evaluations for automatic prevention of SQL injection attacks

SQL injection attacks are one of the top-most threats for applications written for the Web. These attacks are launched through specially crafted user inputs, on Web applications that use low-level string operations to construct SQL queries. In this work, we exhibit a novel and powerful scheme for automatically transforming Web applications to render them safe against all SQL injection attacks.A characteristic diagnostic feature of SQL injection attacks is that they change the intended structure of queries issued. Our technique for detecting SQL injection is to dynamically mine the programmer-intended query structure on any input, and detect attacks by comparing it against the structure of the actual query issued. We propose a simple and novel mechanism, called Candid, for mining programmer intended queries by dynamically evaluating runs over benign candidate inputs. This mechanism is theoretically well founded and is based on inferring intended queries by considering the symbolic query computed on a program run. Our approach has been implemented in a tool called Candid that retrofits Web applications written in Java to defend them against SQL injection attacks. We have also implemented Candid by modifying a Java Virtual Machine, which safeguards applications without requiring retrofitting. We report extensive experimental results that show that our approach performs remarkably well in practice.
A ring imaging Cherenkov telescope for observations of high energy cosmic rays

Abstract We describe a ring imaging Cherenkov counter for high altitude balloon flights designed to measure the energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei above 40 GeV/amu. The instrument has a 3 m long nitrogen gas radiator at 1 atm, a spherical and planar mirror system, and ≈ 2.2 m 2 of TMAE/ethane photon detecting drift chambers with fused silica windows in the focal plane. The mirror system is designed such that cosmic ray particles which trigger the instrument cannot pass through the photon detectors. Cosmic ray trajectories through the instrument are determined by eight low mass drift chambers, each of 2.2 m 2 area, which predict the ring image center to ± 0.76 mm. Ground tests with cosmic ray muons prior to the flight show that the detectors see about two photoelectrons from a high energy singly charged particle. Special efforts were made to ensure stable operation and constant temperatures and pressures under remote control during the balloon flight. In September 1991, this instrument flew for 31 h at an altitude of ∼ 37 km and collected cosmic ray events which were transmitted to a ground station for recording.
Can Mobile Cloudlets Support Mobile Applications

A mobile cloudlet is a set of resource-rich mobile devices—referred to as cloudlet nodes—that an initiator mobile device can connect to for services. In this paper, we examine the fundamental mobile cloudlet properties that unfoldwhether and when a mobile cloudlet can provide mobile application ser- vice. Specifically, we investigate thecloudlet size,cloudlet node's lifetime and reachable time. Traces and mathematical analysis demonstrate that 1) the more frequently mobile devices meet, the larger the pool of computing resources an initiator can access; 2) intermittent connection between devices has little adverse effect on the optimal computing performance of mobile cloudlet in the long run; 3) the ratio E(TC)/(E(TI) + E(TC)) indicates the connection likelihood of an initiator and a cloudlet node (i.e., reachability of the cloudlet node), where TC and TI are their contact and inter-contact time. We further derive upper and lower bounds on computing capacity and computing speed of a mobile cloudlet. An initiator can use both bounds to decide whether to offload its task to remote clouds or local mobile cloudlets for better mobile application services.
Is there value in reasoning about security at the architectural level: a comparative evaluation

We propose to build a benchmark with hand-selected test-cases from different equivalence classes, then to directly compare different approaches that make different tradeoffs to better understand which approaches find security vulnerabilities more effectively (better recall, better precision).
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in inbred guinea pigs: Correlation of decrease in early T cells with clinical signs in suppressed and unsuppressed animals

Abstract Early (active) and late (total) T-cell and B-cell populations have been examined from groups of Strain 13 guinea pigs inoculated for acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), from groups in which EAE was suppressed with bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), and from control animals. The most significant change occurred in the percentages of early T cells ( P
International projects proposal analysis: Risk assessment using radial maps

International projects are very attractive to companies seeking to expand their business horizons, and collaborative networks of international partners have created new work environments that diffe...
The high cost of complexity in experimental design and data analysis: Type I and type II error rates in multiway ANOVA

The availability of statistical software packages has led to a sharp increase in use of complex research designs and complex statistical analyses in communication research. An informal examination of studies from 2 leading communication journals suggests that the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is often the statistic of choice, and a substantial proportion of published research reports using ANOVA employ complex (k ≥ 3) factorial designs, often involving multiple dependent variables. This article reports a series of Monte Carlo simulations which demonstrate that this complexity may come at a heavier cost than many communication researchers realize. As frequently used, complex factorial ANOVA yield Type I and Type II error rates that many communication scholars would likely consider unacceptable. Consequently, quality of statistical inference in many studies is highly suspect. Communication researchers are warned about problems associated with design and statistical complexity and solutions are suggested.
The complexity of equivalence for commutative rings

We study the deterministic time complexity of the equivalence problems for formulas and for straight-line programs on commutative rings. A general theorem is presented, that yields sufficient conditions on a commutative ring, for these problems for the ring to require ''essentially as much deterministic time as the set of satisfiable 3CNF formulas''. As corollaries of this theorem, we characterize the deterministic time complexity of these two equivalence problems, for all finite commutative rings and for all commutative unitary rings of zero or prime characteristic.
A new formalism for discrete event simulation

A new formalism for discrete event simulation is proposed based on the theoretical frameworks used for the formal analysis and specification of the different aspects of computer languages. The major elements of such a formalism are identified, defined, and discussed. This formalism includes the specification and validation of the structural and behavioral aspects of models specified in it. In this formalism, the behavioral specifications can be used to synchronize different components of a model. This enhances the modeling methodology.
Effects of halothane and fentanyl on the rate of CSF production in dogs.

Using the open ventriculocisternal perfusion method, the rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production was examined in dogs anesthetized with either halothane (0.8%) or fentanyl (3.0 micrograms/kg/min for 20 min, then 0.2 micrograms/kg/min, intravenously), and nitrous oxide (60-70%) in oxygen. Halothane decreased the mean rate of CSF production from 0.047 +/- 0.006 ml/min (mean +/- SEM) in controls to 0.033 +/- 0.005 ml/min. This effect persisted throughout 3.0-3.5 h of anesthesia. When the expired concentration of halothane was decreased from 0.8% to less than 0.1%, the mean rate of CSF production returned to control values within 45-50 min. Fentanyl produced no change in the mean rate of CSF production compared to controls. These data suggest that increased CSF volume does not contribute to increased intracranial pressure during prolonged halothane anesthesia. In patients at risk for increased intracranial pressure due to increased CSF volume, either halothane or fentanyl may be preferable to anesthetics that may increase CSF production, e.g., enflurane.
Avoiding aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass grafting reduces postoperative stroke.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether the incidence of postoperative stroke could be reduced by eliminating aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods From 2002 to 2013, 12,079 patients underwent primary, isolated coronary artery bypass grafting at a single US academic institution. Aortic manipulation was completely avoided by using in situ internal thoracic arteries for inflow in 1552 patients (12.9%) (no-touch), a clampless facilitating device for proximal anastomoses in 1548 patients (12.8%), and aortic clamping in 8979 patients (74.3%). These strategies were assessed in a logistic regression model controlling for relevant variables. Results The overall incidence of postoperative stroke was 1.4% (n = 165), with an unadjusted incidence of 0.6% (n = 10) in the no-touch group, 1.2% (n = 18) in the clampless facilitating device group, and 1.5% (n = 137) in the clamp group ( P P P P Conclusions A no-aortic touch technique has the lowest risk for postoperative stroke for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Clamping the aorta during coronary artery bypass grafting increases the risk of postoperative stroke, regardless of the severity of aortic disease.
Reconciliation as a Political Value

[T]he same men who are held so sternly in check interpares by custom, respect, usage, gratitud e...a nd who on theother hand in their relations with one another show themselves so resourceful in consideration, self-control, delicacy, loyalty, pride, and friendship—once they go outside, where the strange, the stranger is found, they are not much better than uncaged beasts of pre y...[ T]hey goback to the innocent conscience of the beast of prey, as triumphant monsters who perhaps emerge from a disgusting procession of murder, arson, rape, and torture, exhilarated and undisturbed of soul, as if it were no more than a students’ prank, convinced they have provided the poets with a lot more material for song and praise. —Friedrich Nietzsche 1 This Constitution provides a historic bridge between the past of a deeply divided society characterised by strife, conflict, untold suffering and injustice, and a future founded on the recognition of human rights, democracy and peaceful co-existence and development for all South Africans, irrespective of colour, race, class, belief or sex. —The Interim Constitution of South Africa 2
The cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of MHC class II β chains deliver distinct signals required for MHC class II-mediated B cell activation

Abstract Class II-mediated signals play potential roles in B cell activation and antigen presentation. The regions of the class II molecule participating in B cell signaling are incompletely defined. Our prior analysis of structural requirements of the cytoplasmic domain of A β revealed that only the eight membrane-proximal residues are required for signaling. Here, we report that the sequence and position of two of these are critical, and present direct evidence that the A β transmembrane domain is also involved in signaling, via a pathway distinct from the cytoplasmic domain. These results demonstrate that specific regions in both the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of the class II molecule have distinct signaling functions.
Gene therapy targeted at calcium handling as an approach to the treatment of heart failure

Abstract Chronic congestive heart failure primarily of ischemic origin remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and other leading countries. The current main stream of therapy is, however, palliative and uses a complex regimen of drugs, the actions of which are not understood completely. On the other hand, unfavorable remodeling after cardiac injuries of multiple causes has been thought to lead to cardiac contractile dysfunction in heart failure, and a body of scientific evidence points to a central role of intrinsic defects in intracellular calcium handling in cardiomyocytes that arise from the distorted functions of several key regulatory molecules on plasma membrane or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a muscle-specific intracellular membrane complex that stores calcium at high concentration. Accordingly, the initial appetite to use gene transfer strategies to modulate calcium regulatory proteins was to validate molecular targets for the development of new pharmaceuticals; however, remarkable therapeutic efficacies found in an initial series of studies using various heart failure animal models immediately promoted us to seek ways to directly apply gene transfer to cure clinical heart failure. The first part of this article reviews our up-to-date knowledge of various functional components to regulate calcium handling in cardiomyocytes, including β-adrenergic receptor, L-type calcium channel, ryanodine receptor (RyR) and its associated proteins, sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), and phospholamban (PLN), and their abnormalities in failing hearts. A series of new somatic gene transfer attempts targeting calcium handling in cardiomyocytes are discussed thereafter.
Aerobic Cometabolism of Chloroform and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane by Butane-Grown Microorganisms

Abstract Aerobic cometabolism of chloroform (CF) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) was observed by subsurface microorganisms grown on butane. Studies performed in batch incubated microcosms were screened for CF transformation potential using the following cometabolic substrates: ammonia, methane, propane, butane, propene, octane, isoprene, and phenol. CF transformation was observed in microcosms fed ammonia, methane, propane, and butane. The butane microcosms achieved the most effective transformation. The transformation of CF and 1,1,1-TCA was strongly correlated with butane utilization and oxygen consumption. CF transformation ceased in the absence of butane or when oxygen was depleted to low concentrations in the microcosms. No transformation of carbon tetrachloride was observed. With successive additions of CF and butane to the microcosms, complete transformation of CF was achieved at solution concentrations as high as 1 mg/L. High CF concentrations appeared to inhibit butane utilization. Maximum ...
Effect of Water Vapor Sorption on Porosity of Dehydrated Dairy Products

Abstract Marked structural alterations in powder granules of dehydrated dairy products were observed to occur as a result of moisture sorption. These effects were manifested in enhanced rates of gas diffusion into the interior of the powder granules after water sorption. The porosities of powders which had been exposed to various humidity conditions were assessed by determination of true and apparent densities by pycnometric techniques, using He and N 2 as the displaced media. When powders were equilibrated against water vapor at 50% relative humidity, their porosities were so altered as to essentially eliminate any molecular sieve properties. The per cent free fat was also considerably increased after equilibration of the powders against water vapor at 50% relative humidity.
Natural convection induced drag forces on spheres at low Grashof numbers: comparison of theory with experiment

(Received 12 hia& 1987 and ~~~a~fo~rn 31 Au~usl 1987) Abstract-When a heated solid sphere is introduced into an ambient fluid, a natural convective flow occurs which results in a drag force on the sphere. For l&250 pm diameter particles, the drag force may be as great as the particle weight. This study involves the experimental measurement and the numerical calculation of both the steady-state and the transient natural convective drag force around spheres at low Grashof numbers. The experimental measurements were performed in an electrodynamic balance for Grashof numbers ranging from 0.002 to 0.03. Numerical solutions, based on techniques used by Geoola and Comish (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 24, 1369-1379 (1981) ; 25, 1677-1687 (1982)), are computed for Grashof numbers ranging from 0.0004 to 0.5. Comparison of the experimental results to the numerical results show good agreement.
The relationship between temporomandibular joint synovitis and adhesions: pathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications for surgical management.

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between arthroscopically diagnosed synovitis and adhesions in a population of patients with significant limitation of mandibular opening and temporomandibular joint pain. Patients and Methods Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy was performed on 126 joints in 80 patients (female:male = 5.7:1; mean age = 35.5 years; mean duration of symptoms = 50 months). All patients were diagnosed with severe temporomandibular joint disease recalcitrant to conservative therapy. Each joint was evaluated arthroscopically for the presence of synovitis and adhesions. Chi-squared analysis was performed to determine if there was a significant relationship between the presence of synovitis and adhesions. Results Diagnostic arthroscopic examination showed the following: no synovitis and no adhesions in 18/126 joints (14%), no synovitis with adhesions present in 33/126 joints (26%), synovitis with no adhesions in 13/126 joints (10%), and synovitis and adhesions present in 62/126 joints (49%). Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between arthroscopically diagnosed synovitis and adhesions. Conclusion Synovitis and adhesions are commonly present in the temporomandibular joints of patients requiring arthroscopic surgery due to painful limitation of mandibular movement. Excessive mechanical stress on the temporomandibular joint leads to maladaptive responses in the articular and synovial tissues, ultimately leading to synovitis, osteoarthritis and the formation of adhesions. An understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to synovitis, osteoarthritis and adhesions has important clinical implications for the nonsurgical as well as surgical management of patients suffering from these disorders.
Natural recovery of soil organic matter in 30–90‐year‐old abandoned oil and gas wells in sagebrush steppe

We addressed the rarely studied issue of how different soil organic matter pools respond to disturbances from historical oil and gas well development in semi-arid Intermountain sagebrush steppe. We selected twenty-nine study well sites in south-central Wyoming that were plugged and abandoned 33–90 years ago. We designed our study to understand the long term impact of oil and gas development for soil organic matter pools on non-reclaimed sites, and evaluate the importance of this disturbance type relative to other major influences on soil organic matter and the fine-scale, shrub-induced heterogeneity of soil organic matter. We compared total, labile, and recalcitrant pools of soil C and N in disturbed sites to adjacent, un-disturbed sites. We found that that natural site-specific conditions such as soil texture and fine-scale heterogeneity associated with shrubs are the most important controls over soil C and N, particulate organic matter C and N, and potential C and N mineralization, and that these older well-pad disturbances did not have a significant effect on any soil organic matter pools. Fine-scale, shrub-induced heterogeneity was higher for those pools that have a fast turnover rate than those with a slow turnover rate. Moreover, fine-scale heterogeneity of total soil C was higher for well sites that were located in loamy sand soils compared to well sites on sandy soils. In addition, heterogeneity of total soil C recovered through time on the finer textured soils. Overall our study suggests that soil organic matter pools were not affected by old oil well development, and that recovery of shrub cover is a key component of soil organic matter recovery in these semi-arid shrublands. A comparison of our work to other work on recent and reclaimed sites suggests that some reclamation procedures may decrease soil organic matter more than the absence of reclamation.
Providing High-Quality Care for Limited English Proficient Patients: The Importance of Language Concordance and Interpreter Use

Background Provider–patient language discordance is related to worse quality care for limited English proficient (LEP) patients who speak Spanish. However, little is known about language barriers among LEP Asian-American patients.
Characterization of a host response to the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), by histology, scanning electron microscopy and immunological techniques

. The tissue response of Salmo gairdneri Richardson, against the myxosporean parasite. Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), was investigated using histological techniques, scanning electron microscopy and immunological methods. The progress of infection in C. shasta-susceptible and resistant steelhead and rainbow trout was examined by standard histological techniques and by indirect fluorescent antibody methods using monoclonal antibodies directed against C. shasta antigens. Trophozoite stages were first observed in the posterior intestine and there was indication that resistance was due to the inability of the parasite to penetrate this tissue rather than to an inflammatory response. Examination of a severely infected intestine by scanning electron microscopy showed extensive destruction of the mucosal folds of the posterior intestine. Western blotting and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the immunological component of the host response. No antibodies specific for C. shasta were detected by either method.
Effects of Acute Methamphetamine on Emotional Memory Formation in Humans: Encoding vs Consolidation

Understanding how stimulant drugs affect memory is important for understanding their addictive potential. Here we examined the effects of acute d-methamphetamine (METH), administered either before (encoding phase) or immediately after (consolidation phase) study on memory for emotional and neutral images in healthy humans. Young adult volunteers (N = 60) were randomly assigned to either an encoding group (N = 29) or a consolidation group (N = 31). Across three experimental sessions, they received placebo and two doses of METH (10, 20 mg) either 45 min before (encoding) or immediately after (consolidation) viewing pictures of emotionally positive, neutral, and negative scenes. Memory for the pictures was tested two days later, under drug-free conditions. Half of the sample reported sleep disturbances following the high dose of METH, which affected their memory performance. Therefore, participants were classified as poor sleepers (less than 6 hours; n = 29) or adequate sleepers (6 or more hours; n = 31) prior to analyses. For adequate sleepers, METH (20 mg) administered before encoding significantly improved memory accuracy relative to placebo, especially for emotional (positive and negative), compared to neutral, stimuli. For poor sleepers in the encoding group, METH impaired memory. METH did not affect memory in the consolidation group regardless of sleep quality. These results extend previous findings showing that METH can enhance memory for salient emotional stimuli but only if it is present at the time of study, where it can affect both encoding and consolidation. METH does not appear to facilitate consolidation if administered after encoding. The study also demonstrates the important role of sleep in memory studies.
Chilling and hastening: The influence of third-party power and interests on negotiation

Abstract This study simulated an organizational dispute to test two hypotheses derived from the strategic choice model of mediation about the influence of third-party power and interests on negotiation. The first hypothesis was that third-party compensation—the capacity to offer negotiators positive benefits—would produce a “chilling effect,” i.e., reduced concessions and greater negotiator hostility, especially when negotiators believed that the third party had a stake in the outcome of negotiation. The second hypothesis was that third-party pressure—the capacity to expunge negotiator benefits—would produce a “hastening effect,” i.e., greater concessions and cooperativeness between negotiators, especially when negotiators believed that the third party had no stake in the outcome. Both hypotheses were supported. The results suggest that negotiators sometimes use concession making as a strategy to affect the behavior of powerful third parties—either to elicit positive benefits or to avoid the loss of benefits—depending on their beliefs about what the mediator has at stake. Also, the results suggest that the strategic choice model of mediation is useful for understanding negotiator behavior as well as mediator behavior.
Hierarchical Semantic Hashing: Visual Localization from Buildings on Maps

In this paper we present a vision-based method for instant global localization from a given aerial image. The approach mimics how humans localize themselves on maps using spatial layout of semantic elements on the map. Unlike other matching and localization methods that use visual appearance or feature matching, our method relies on robust and consistently detectable semantic elements that are invariant to illumination, temporal variations and occlusions. We use the buildings on the map and on the given aerial query image as our semantic elements. Spatial relations between these elements are efficiently stored and queried under a hierarchical semantic version of the Geometric Hashing algorithm that is inherently rotation and scale invariant. We also present a method to obtain building locations from a given query image using image classification and processing techniques. Overall this approach provides fast and robust localization over large areas. We show our experimental results for localizing satellite image tiles from a 16.5 km sq dense city map with over 7,000 buildings.
17O NMR of nucleosides. 3—Chemical shifts of substituted uridines and ribothymidines†‡

Uridine and ribothymidine derivatives, bearing different substituents-at C-5 and enriched (Ca50%) with 17O in the O-4 and O-2 carbonyls, have been studied via 17O NMR in both acetonitrile and aqueous solvents. The solvent shift differences between acetonitrile and water at O-4 (30–42 ppm) and O-2 (13–16 ppm) vary significantly from each other, but the chemical shift changes induced by changing the substituent at C-5 correlated well only with the O-4 shifts and the electron-withdrawing ability of the substituent. Examination of the 17O shifts of model compounds reconfirms the predominance of keto tautomers for both carbonyls. The significance of the solvent shifts and substituent shifts are discussed with respect to the electronie structure of the nucleoside base kings, and with respect to the hydrogen-bonding abilities of the carbonyl groups. Other nucleoside derivatives studied include those in which the 17O enrichment is in the ring linking the base to the sugar moiety in a pyrimidine cyclonucleoside, in the sugar hydroxy groups and in the phosphodiester linkage of a highly strained ring system in a nucleoside cyclic monophosphate.
Behavioral control of medicine compliance.

This study examined the effectiveness of several behavioral techniques on compliance of college students taking vitamin C on q.i.d. regimen. Compliance was assessed by a new technique using a variation of the urine tracer procedure designed specifically for this study. Subjects were provided vitamin C tablets, with three tablets per week containing phenazopyridine, a drug that produces a bright red-orange urine discoloration. Subjects were requested to indicate when urine discolorations occurred, and compliance was assessed by comparing the time of their report to the time predicted on the basis of the scheduled sequence of vitamin C and phenazopyridine tablets. Baseline compliance was assessed for 72 subjects over a three-week period, with the 40 most noncompliant subjects randomly assigned to four groups for Treatment I. The groups were: self-monitoring, taste, taste and self-monitoring, and a no-treatment control group. The self-monitoring procedure involved recording the time medicine was taken; the taste procedure involved providing the subjects with flavored tablets to increase the saliency of tablet taking; and the self-monitoring and taste procedure involved providing subjects with flavored tablets and asking them to record the flavor of each tablet they ingested. At the end of six weeks, half the subjects in each of these groups participated in response-cost procedures while the remaining subjects continued with their previous procedures. Response-cost procedures were implemented by returning a portion of the subjects' deposit only if a preset compliance criterion was met. Treatment II procedures were implemented for an additional three weeks. Results indicated the self-monitoring and taste plus self-monitoring procedures were superior during Treatment I. The implementation of response cost during Treatment II was associated with a marked improvement in compliance, independent of the history of noncompliance. The effects of the taste plus self-monitoring procedure were maintained during Treatment II and results obtained by this procedure were not significantly different from effects of response cost.
A 93% efficiency reconfigurable switched-capacitor DC-DC converter using on-chip ferroelectric capacitors

Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) has become one of the standard techniques for energy efficient operation of systems by powering circuit blocks at the minimum voltage that meets the desired performance [1]. Switched Capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters have gained significant interest as a promising candidate for an integrated energy conversion solution that eliminates the need for inductors [2,3]. However, SC converters efficiency is limited by the conduction loss, bottom plate parasitic capacitance, gate drive loss in addition to the overhead of the control circuit. Reconfigurable SC converters supporting multi-gain settings have been proposed to allow efficient operation across wide output range [2,4]. Also, High density deep trench capacitors with low bottom plate parasitic capacitance have been utilized in [5] achieving a peak efficiency of 90%. In this work, we exploit on-chip ferroelectric capacitors (Fe-Caps) for charge transfer owing to their high density and extremely low bottom plate parasitic capacitance [6]. High efficiency conversion is achieved by combining the Fe-Caps with multi-gain setting converter in a reconfigurable architecture with dynamic gain selection.
Pilot tone aided QPRS systems for digital audio broadcasting

For fast fading channels, a spectrally efficient technique than can achieve more than 2 b/s/Hz with a built-in fade canceler is proposed. Recent studies show that fading in digital mobile communications can be canceled by adding redundant bits to the customer data or with pilot-aided techniques. This concept is extended to a more spectrally efficient class-IV quadrature partial response signaling (QPRS) system. However, in such schemes if the pilot is corrupted by the phase noise caused by the pilot-data interference, the fade cancellation will not effectively remove the error floor. The class-IV system has an inherent advantage in that it has a spectral null at DC and a low energy content at the ends of the band. Such systems also have a higher speed tolerance. It is shown that a small bandwidth around DC can be vacated to insert the pilot. Preliminary results show that residual error floor can be reduced from 10/sup -2/ to 10/sup -5/ in fast fading channels. >
Scrap Irony: An Exhibit Review Essay

RECYCLED, RE–SEEN shows the difficulties of incorporating irony into museum exhibits. Using objects made from materials that museum visitors can identify as “trash”—old tires, cans, pop-tops, and flip–flops—the exhibit presents them as collectable art. These objects are not, however, dada-like commentaries on contemporary aesthetics. They are the products of “making do” by people who have only the most limited economic resources. This essay questions whether the irony perceived by the exhibit creators—art from trash— can enable visitors to establish meaningful connections with the objects' makers. [Museum studies, vernacular art, found art, irony]
Lattice dynamics of Nb3Sn at 300 K

Abstract The phonon dispersion curves have been calculated from a microscopic model for Nb 3 Sn at 300 K and are in good agreement with the available inelastic neutron scattering data. The calculated phonon density of states exhibits the essential features of the experimental results obtained by incoherent inelastic neutron scattering.
RAB26 coordinates lysosome traffic and mitochondrial localization

As they mature, professional secretory cells like pancreatic acinar and gastric chief cells induce the transcription factor MIST1 (also known as BHLHA15) to substantially scale up production of large secretory granules in a process that involves expansion of apical cytoplasm and redistribution of lysosomes and mitochondria. How a scaling factor like MIST1 rearranges cellular architecture simply by regulating expression levels of its transcriptional targets is unknown. RAB26 is a MIST1 target whose role in MIST1-mediated secretory cell maturation is also unknown. Here, we confirm that RAB26 expression, unlike most Rabs which are ubiquitously expressed, is tissue specific and largely confined to MIST1-expressing secretory tissues. Surprisingly, functional studies showed that RAB26 predominantly associated with LAMP1/cathepsin D lysosomes and not directly with secretory granules. Moreover, increasing RAB26 expression – by inducing differentiation of zymogen-secreting cells or by direct transfection – caused lysosomes to coalesce in a central, perinuclear region. Lysosome clustering in turn caused redistribution of mitochondria into distinct subcellular neighborhoods. The data elucidate a novel function for RAB26 and suggest a mechanism for how cells could increase transcription of key effectors to reorganize subcellular compartments during differentiation.
Permissive Hypercapnia in Neonates

Permissive hypercapnia, involving the acceptance of higher values of arterial CO2 tension (Paco2) while using lower tidal volumes, may reduce the risk of lung injury. Animal models and in vitro experimental data suggest that hypercapnia may enhance host defense mechanisms in preterm lungs through anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating mechanisms. Retrospective studies in neonates have documented the association of higher Paco2 with less lung injury. Randomized clinical trials have shown a decreased need for assisted ventilation and a trend toward a lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death with permissive hypercapnia. Continued research is needed to determine the appropriate clinical application of permissive hypercapnia, the optimal level of hypercapnic acidosis, and the safety of the therapy in preterm infants.
Genetic Diversity of the Allodeterminant alr2 in Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus

Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, a colonial cnidarian (class Hydrozoa) epibiont on hermit crab shells, is well established as a model for genetic studies of allorecognition. Recently, two linked loci, allorecognition (alr) 1 and alr2, were identified by positional cloning and shown to be major determinants of histocompatibility. Both genes encode putative transmembrane proteins with hypervariable extracellular domains similar to immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains. We sought to characterize the naturally occurring variation at the alr2 locus and to understand the origins of this molecular diversity. We examined full-length cDNA coding sequences derived from a sample of 21 field-collected colonies, including 18 chosen haphazardly and two laboratory reference strains. Of the 35 alleles recovered from the 18 unbiased samples, 34 encoded unique gene products. We identified two distinct structural classes of alleles that varied over a large central region of the gene but both possessed highly polymorphic extracellular domains I, similar to an Ig-like V-set domain. The discovery of structurally chimeric alleles provided evidence that interallelic recombination may contribute to alr2 variation. Comparisons of the genomic region encompassing alr2 from two field-derived haplotypes and one laboratory reference sequence revealed a history of structural variation at the haplotype level as well. Maintenance of large numbers of equally rare alleles in a natural population is a hallmark of negative frequency-dependent selection and is expected to produce high levels of heterozygosity. The observed alr2 allelic diversity is comparable with that found in immune recognition molecules such as human leukocyte antigens, B cell Igs, or natural killer cell Ig-like receptors.
Butorphanol tartrate induces feeding in rats.

Abstract Peripheral administration of butorphanol tartrate markedly enhanced feeding from 0800 to 1400 hours when compared with vehicle controls. Butorphanol tartrate feeding was not antagonized by doses of naloxone as high as 10 mg/kg. These data support the concept that the kappa or sigma opiate receptors are involved in feeding behavior. It is well recognized that the endogenous opiates play a role in the central regulation of appetite (1, 2, 3, 4). Numerous studies have shown that The endogenous opioid peptides and morphine can initiate feeding under various conditions (5–12) whereas the opiate antagonist, naloxine can reduce food consumption (13–20). Recently, the endogenous opiod peptide, dynorphin, has been reported to enhance food intake (12–25). Much evidence has been accumulated indicating that a number of opiate receptors are present in the brain, each one having a high affinity for a specific endogenous opioid peptide (26, 27). Both the cyclazocine related compounds (28) and the feeding enhancer, dynorphin (29–32), have been reported to be specific kappa receptor agonists. In the present study, we report on the effect of the morphinan congener, butorphanol tartrate (33), on ingestive behaviour.
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Alan L. Bisno, Michael A. Gerber, Jack M. Gwaltney, Jr., Edward L. Kaplan, and Richard H. Schwartz Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida; 2 Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Ohio; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Inova Fairfax Hospital for Children, Falls Church, Virginia; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
Non-saccular vertebrobasilar aneurysms and dolichoectasia: a systematic literature review

Background and objective Treatment of non-saccular vertebrobasilar aneurysms remains highly challenging despite significant recent advances in endovascular techniques. Establishing the natural history of this heterogeneous disease, as best as currently available data allows, is crucial to help guide counseling and management. Methods A review of the literature was conducted to identify publications describing the presentation and natural history of vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia and non-saccular aneurysms. Results Nine studies of 440 patients met the analysis inclusion criteria. The majority of patients presented with ischemia, mass effect, or incidentally; hemorrhage was uncommon and overlapped with the population of vertebrobasilar dissection. Overall mortality was ∼40% after 7 years of follow-up, with 43% of these deaths resulting from non-neurologic causes. Neurologic course was dominated by ischemic stroke rather than hemorrhage. Mass effect prognosis was especially poor, with 40% mortality after ∼4 years. Incidentally discovered lesions which remain morphologically stable have a favorable long term course. Conclusions Initial clinical presentation is a strong predictor of subsequent disease course. Although overall prognosis is poor, nearly half of all deaths resulted from non-neurologic causes, underscoring the importance of comprehensive medical management. Aneurysms characterized by expansion, established mass effect, or hemorrhage have a poor natural history, and may be considered for invasive treatment, which is increasingly endovascular in nature. Lesions presenting with ischemia or incidentally are likely best addressed with aggressive neurologic and overall medical management.