cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First-principles thermoelasticity of transition metals at high pressure: Tantalum prototype in the quasiharmonic limit

The thermoelastic properties of tantalum have been investigated over its theoretical high-pressure bcc solid phase (up to $26\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ at $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Mbar}$) using an advanced first-principles approach that accurately accounts for cold, electron-thermal, and ion-thermal contributions in materials where anharmonic effects are small. Specifically, we have combined ab initio full-potential linear-muffin-tin-orbital electronic-structure calculations for the cold and electron-thermal contributions to the elastic moduli with phonon contributions for the ion-thermal part calculated using model generalized pseudopotential theory. For the latter, a summation of terms over the Brillouin zone is performed within the quasiharmonic approximation, where each term is composed of a strain derivative of the phonon frequency at a particular $\mathbf{k}$ point. At ambient pressure, the resulting temperature dependence of the Ta elastic moduli is in excellent agreement with ultrasonic measurements. The experimentally observed anomalous behavior of ${C}_{44}$ at low temperatures is shown to originate from the electron-thermal contribution. At higher temperatures, the main contribution to the temperature dependence of the elastic moduli comes from thermal expansion, but inclusion of the electron- and ion-thermal contributions is essential to obtain quantitative agreement with experiment. In addition, the pressure dependence of the moduli at ambient temperature compares well with recent diamond-anvil-cell measurements to $1.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Mbar}$. Moreover, the calculated longitudinal and bulk sound velocities in polycrystalline Ta at higher pressure and temperature in the vicinity of shock melting $(\ensuremath{\sim}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Mbar})$ agree well with data obtained from shock experiments. However, at high temperatures along the melt curve above $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Mbar}$, the ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ shear modulus becomes negative, indicating the onset of unexpectedly strong anharmonic effects. Finally, the assumed temperature dependence of the Steinberg-Guinan strength model obtained from scaling with the bulk shear modulus is examined at ambient pressure.
Treatment with omega-3 fatty acid ethyl-ester alters fatty acid composition of lipoproteins in overweight or obese adults with insulin resistance

Abstract Introduction The effects of dietary fatty acid supplementation on lipoprotein fatty acid composition have rarely been described. Patients and methods Sixty-one overweight and obese adults with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance were randomized to placebo, 2 g/day extended-release nicotinic acid (ERN), 4 g/day prescription omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester (P-OM3), or combination therapy for 16 weeks. Lipoprotein fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography pre- and post-treatment. Results Treatment with P-OM3 or combination, but not ERN, increased proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid, and reduced those for arachidonic acid in all lipoprotein fractions, with greatest impact in the high-density lipoprotein fraction. P-OM3-induced changes in eicosapentaenoic acid within low-density lipoproteins and very low-density lipoproteins were associated with beneficial effects on mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. Conclusions P-OM3 supplementation, with or without ERN, was associated with differentially altered lipoprotein fatty acid composition and improved blood pressure parameters.
Experiment on pattern recognition for the undergraduate laboratory using overhead transparencies

Character recognition by matched filtering is almost impossible to accomplish without the use of a liquid gate when the object to be recognized is on a transparency. This paper suggests a simple method to overcome this problem. A practical application to fingerprint recognition is discussed.
Pancyclicity in claw-free graphs

In this paper, we present several conditions for K1,3-free graphs, which guarantee the graph is subpancyclic. In particular, we show that every K1,3-free graph with a minimum degree sum δ2 > 2 √3n+1 - 4; every {K1,3P7}-free graph with δ2 ≥ 9; every {K1,3Z4}-free graph with δ2 ≥ 9; and every K1,3-free graph with maximum degree Δ, diam(G) ≤ (Δ + 6)/4 and δ2 ≥ 9 is subpancyclic.
Development and evaluation of procedures to encourage teacher affectionate behavior in day care centers

Although support for the importance of developing procedures to encourage adults to express affection to children can be found in the child development and behavior modification literatures, little attention has been devoted to either measuring or encouraging such behavior. The present study developed and evaluated procedures to encourage day care teachers to be more affectionate with children. The intervention consisted of the sequential implementation of group affection activities, prompt cards, and graphic feedback at two community day care centers in a multiple baseline design. The group affection activities were conducted by the teachers with the children and involved discussions, role-playing, songs, and games. Prompt cards with suggestions for expressing affection throughout the day were then written for the teachers to promote generalization to the daily routines. Small increases in affectionate behavior occurred at both centers during the intervention. The results suggest that affectionate behavior can be increased in group care settings using procedures that take advantage of naturally occurring events.
Features of an Interactive Writing Discourse: Conversational Involvement, Conventional Knowledge, and Internalization in "Morning Message"

This study describes how meaning potentials were constructed in the literacy event known as Morning Message. Morning Message provided teachers and students with opportunities to construct a written text around the experiences of one student. This discourse of writing allowed for the examination of how meaning was orchestrated and scaffolded between the teacher and her students. Three findings are discussed, including the function of a series of conversational involvement moves utilized by the teacher, the specific writing conventions and metamessages afforded in the Morning Message dialogue, and an examination of how the social dialogues of Morning Message may have come to guide independent action as internalized processes on several transfer measures.
Comparative analysis of Lake Periphyton communities using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and light microscope counts

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and light microscope counts were used to characterize the taxonomic composition of epiphyton and epipelon at seven locations in a subtropical lake. Both methods indicated that algae were dominated by diatoms and cyanobacteria. However, the methods often gave dramatically different estimates of relative biomass among algal divisions, and there was no consistent pattern of co-variation. Large differences in underwater irradiance may have caused variation in accessory pigment to chlorophyll a ratios, invalidating application of the generic HPLC-based model. In large heterogeneous lakes, it may be necessary to use a suite of models, tailored to site-specific environmental conditions, if HPLC is to be used for evaluation of algal community structure.
Strain, sex, and open-field behavior: Factors underlying the genetic susceptibility to helplessness

Learned helplessness represents a failure to escape after exposure to inescapable stress and may model human psychiatric disorders related to stress. Previous work has demonstrated individual differences in susceptibility to learned helplessness. In this study, we assessed different factors associated with this susceptibility, including strain, sex, and open-field behavior. Testing of three rat strains (Holtzman, Long-Evans, and Sprague-Dawley) revealed that Holtzman rats were the most susceptible to helplessness. Holtzman rats not only had the longest escape latencies following inescapable shock, but also showed spontaneous escape deficits in the absence of prior shock when tested with a fixed-ratio 2 (FR2) running response. Moreover, when tested with fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) running - an easy response normally unaffected by helplessness training in rats - inescapable shock significantly increased the escape latencies of Holtzman rats. Within the Holtzman strain, we confirmed recent findings that females showed superior escape performance and therefore appeared more resistant to helplessness than males. However, regression and covariance analyses suggest that this sex difference may be explained by more baseline ambulatory activity among females. In addition, some indices of novelty reactivity (greater exploration of novel vs. familiar open-field) predicted subsequent helpless behavior. In conclusion, Holtzman rats, and especially male Holtzman rats, have a strong predisposition to become immobile when stressed which interferes with their ability to learn active escape responses. The Holtzman strain therefore appears to be a commercially available model for studying susceptibility to helplessness in males, and novelty-seeking may be a marker of this susceptibility.
Induction of SM-α-actin expression by mechanical strain in adult vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated through activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinase

Mechanical forces have direct effects on the growth and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of cyclic mechanical strain on expression of smooth muscle-α-actin (SM-α-actin), a marker for the differentiated state of vascular smooth muscle, in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Cells grown on dishes coated with either laminin or pronectin were subjected to mechanical strain and effects on expression of SM-α-actin were evaluated using the Flexercell Strain Unit. Application of mechanical strain to cells in full media increased SM-α-actin protein expression and promoter activity. This was not associated with any effect on growth. Mechanical strain increased activity of all three members of the MAP kinase family (ERKs, JNKs, and p38 MAP kinase), with similar kinetics. Inhibition of either JNKs or p38 MAP kinase blocked the strain-induced increase in SM-α-actin promoter activity, and expression of constitutively active forms of JNK or MKK6, a p38 kinase, increased promoter activity. These studies indicate that in adult VSMC, mechanical strain leads to increased expression of smooth muscle markers, resulting in a more contractile phenotype.
Peroxidase activities in cucumber pickle products.

Peroxidase (POD) activities were determined in brines and tissues of eight retail and four food service pickle products from several commercial sources. Also, activities were examined in different locations within containers of spears. Large variations in POD activities were found between products and between sources of a given product. POD was detected in every product category. All sources of refrigerated dills, fresh pack dills and spears had activity. Activities in product brines paralleled at a lower level the activities in tissue extracts. Gradients of POD activities were observed in jars of fresh pack spears. Spear tissues located in the center and bottom portions of jars had the highest POD activity.
Potential changes in tree species richness and forest community types following climate change

Potential changes in tree species richness and forest community types were evaluated for the eastern United States according to five scenarios of future climate change resulting from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). DISTRIB, an empirical model that uses a regression tree analysis approach, was used to generate suitable habitat, or potential future distributions, of 80 common tree species for each scenario. The model assumes that the vegetation and climate are in equilibrium with no barriers to species migration. Combinations of the individual species model outcomes allowed estimates of species richness (from among the 80 species) and forest type (from simple rules) for each of 2100 counties in the eastern United States. Average species richness across all counties may increase slightly with climatic change. This increase tends to be larger as the average temperature of the climate change scenario increases. Dramatic changes in the distribution of potential forest types were modeled. All five scenarios project the extirpation of the spruce–fir forest types from New England. Outputs from only the two least severe scenarios retain aspen–birch, and they are largely reduced. Maple–beech–birch also shows a large reduction in area under all scenarios. By contrast, oak–hickory and oak–pine types were modeled to increase by 34% and 290%, respectively, averaged over the five scenarios. Although many assumptions are made, these modeled outcomes substantially agree with a limited number of predictions from researchers using paleoecological data or other models.
Olfactory bulbectomy disrupts the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference

The role of the olfactory sense in the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was examined in adult male rats (n = 35) of the N/Nih strain. Consistent with the scientific literature, rats were observed to significantly (p < 0.05) increase (double) the seconds spent in their least-preferred chamber following cocaine-chamber pairings. Subsequently, groups of rats underwent one of three treatments: 1) olfactory bulbectomy (BULBX), 2) sham surgery (SHAM), or 3) sham surgery plus intranasal zinc sulfate perfusion (ZnSO4). Zinc sulfate was used to produce a temporary loss of olfaction. In a separate behavioral measure of olfactory acuity, both BULBX and ZnSO4-treated rats performed at an equally deficient level, in contrast to SHAM-treated rats that were not rendered anosmic. A second conditioned place preference test revealed that the ZnSO4-perfused and SHAM groups did not differ from their original postcocaine preference measurements. In contrast, the BULBX group spent significantly fewer seconds in the cocaine-paired chamber. After a 14-day interval, a third preference test revealed that SHAM and ZnSO4-treated rats displayed an equivalent preference for the cocaine-paired chamber (at 2.7 times above baseline). Interestingly, the seconds spent in the cocaine-paired chamber by BULBX rats did not differ from their baseline (e.g., precocaine exposure). These results suggest that bulbectomy disrupts the expression of cocaine-induced place preference. Interpretations of data from BULBX rats involving the production of an anhedonic condition and the relevance of olfactory bulbectomy as an animal model of anhedonic depression are discussed.
The sending and receiving of sexually explicit cell phone photos (Sexting) while in high school

Display Omitted Previous reports of prevalence rates of sexting by teens vary greatly.We surveyed college students regarding their sexting while in high school.Over 19% of students acknowledged having sent nude cell phone picture of themselves.Over 38% reported having received a nude cell phone picture of someone else.Despite the psychosocial and legal risks of sexting, many teens engage in the behavior. The sending and receiving of sexually explicit photographs via cell phone, sexting has received much publicity in the popular media and increasing attention in the scientific literature. The research is being fueled, in part, by the several potentially problematic psychosocial and legal consequences of sexting, particularly when the person pictured in the photograph is a minor. Despite the surveys (those published in peer-reviewed journals and elsewhere) that have been conducted, their methodological limits have left us without a clear sense of even how many male and female teens are sending, receiving, and forwarding these sexually explicit photos via cell phone. The present study surveyed over 1100 undergraduate students from a single university regarding their experience with sexting while in high school. Results revealed that over 19% of the students reported having sent nude picture of themselves to others via cell phone (i.e., sexting), over 38% reported having received such a picture from someone else, and nearly 7% admitted to having forwarded such a picture to one or more others. Sex differences regarding sexting as well as its targets and its relationship to religiosity were also explored.
Dairy products, yogurts, and bone health

Fracture risk is determined by bone mass, geometry, and microstructure, which result from peak bone mass (the amount attained at the end of pubertal growth) and from the amount of bone lost subsequently. Nutritional intakes are an important environmental factor that influence both bone mass accumulation during childhood and adolescence and bone loss that occurs in later life. Bone growth is influenced by dietary intake, particularly of calcium and protein. Adequate dietary calcium and protein are essential to achieve optimal peak bone mass during skeletal growth and to prevent bone loss in the elderly. Dairy products are rich in nutrients that are essential for good bone health, including calcium, protein, vitamin D, potassium, phosphorus, and other micronutrients and macronutrients. Studies supporting the beneficial effects of milk or dairy products on bone health show a significant inverse association between dairy food intake and bone turnover markers and a positive association with bone mineral content. Fortified dairy products induce more favorable changes in biochemical indexes of bone metabolism than does calcium supplementation alone. The associations between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of hip fracture are less well established, although yogurt intake shows a weakly positive protective trend for hip fracture. By consuming 3 servings of dairy products per day, the recommended daily intakes of nutrients essential for good bone health may be readily achieved. Dairy products could therefore improve bone health and reduce the risk of fractures in later life.
Lack of improvement in fistulizing radiation enteritis after infliximab therapy: a case report

Lack of improvement in fistulizing radiation enteritis after infliximab therapy: a case report
The Classroom of the Future and Emerging Educational Technologies: Introduction to the Special Issue

When discussing emerging educational technologies, the complaint around the globe is common enough: we may be outfitting schools with classrooms of the future, but teaching methods remain mired in the past. In this special issue of the International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, fresh perspectives for choosing and applying emerging educational technologies are presented as a result of the efforts of this investigation. Many well-respected experts have addressed the need for new methodologies. Instead, we have chosen to focus on the process of choosing the technologies themselves. We set out to determine how to evaluate the individual promise an educational technology may hold and to provide guidelines to those who choose and use the technologies for teaching and learning.
Photoinduced and Thermal Radical Conversions in γ‐Irradiated Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene as Studied by Electron Spin Resonance

It was found that a perfluorinated tertiary‐carbon radical ···CF2–Ċ(CF3)–CF2··· formed in γ‐irradiated copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene is converted into the radical ···CF2–CF(ĊF)2–CF2··· by illumination of uv light at 77°K and the process is reversed by thermal annealing. This may be the first example of the photoinduced conversion of fluorocarbon radicals. The uv absorption spectra of perfluorinated tertiary‐carbon radicals were also measured and a strong absorption was found at 2650 A. The wavelength dependence of the radical conversion indicates that the photoisomerization of the tertiary‐carbon radical is induced by the absorption of this light. The tentative assignment of the ESR spectra to the radical ···CF2–Ċ(CF3)–CF2··· in a previous paper was further confirmed by this experiment. In addition, it was found that γ irradiation at 77°K gives the radical ···CF2–CF(ĊF2)–CF2··· as a forerunner radical of the tertiary‐carbon radical found in room‐temperature irradiation.
Gamma and heavy ion radiolysis of ionic liquids: A comparative study

Abstract A variety of imidazolium, quaternary ammonium, and phosphonium cation based ionic liquids were irradiated with γ-rays, 2–15 MeV protons and 5–20 MeV helium ions in order to examine their relative radiation stability and potential hazards for application in advanced nuclear fuel cycles. Molecular hydrogen production can be taken as an overall indicator of radiation stability, and was found to be considerably lower for the γ-irradiated aromatic imidazolium based compounds when compared to the other aliphatic based media. Increasing the length of the aliphatic side chain increases the H 2 yields for all the compounds examined. Little difference is found in the production of H 2 between the quaternary ammonium and phosphonium based ionic liquids with similar length side chains. Yields of H 2 increase substantially from γ-rays to 5 MeV He ions for the imidazolium based ionic liquids, but little variation with radiation type is observed for the quaternary ammonium and phosphonium based ionic liquids. The imidazolium based ionic liquids show a darkening with increasing dose and the UV–Visible spectra show an increase in absorption from 240 to 400 nm that is probably due to induced changes in the cation. FTIR spectra show little variation with radiolysis, which is consistent with the low H 2 yields. The formation of a new peak at 1658 cm −1 is attributable to the formation of acyclic disubstituted alkene bonds in the irradiated imidazolium based compounds.
Differential effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 22-oxacalcitriol on phosphate and calcium metabolism

Differential effects of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 and 22-oxacalcitriol on phosphate and calcium metabolism. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 has been used with success in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure. However, frequently 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 induces hypercalcemia, especially in those patients ingesting large doses of calcium carbonate, precluding the administration of therapeutic doses of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 . In addition, control of serum phosphorus is a persistent problem in patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis and 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 treatment can aggravate the hyperphosphatemia. Thus, ideally an analog of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 that can suppress PTH with minor effects on calcium (Ca) and phosphate (PO 4 ) metabolism would be an ideal tool to control secondary hyperparathyroidism. We have shown that 22-oxa-1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (OCT), an analog of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 with little calcemie activity, can suppress PTH mRNA in normal rats and in cultured bovine parathyroid cells with equipotency to 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 . To further characterize the differential effects of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 and OCT on Ca and PO 4 metabolism we performed several experiments in intact and parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats. In metabolic studies in four groups of normal rats 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 treatment (8 ng/day) significantly increased the intestinal Ca absorption from 15.2 ± 2.68% to 30.5 ± 2.85% (P 2 D 3 , from 10.6 ± 2.49% to 24.8 ± 2.35% (P 4 absorption were similar to those for Ca. Eight ng/day of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 increased intestinal PO 4 absorption from 21.8 ± 1.94 to 32.6 ± 2.70% (P 4 absorption in a manner comparable to the 8 ng/day dose of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 , from 20.3 ± 1.92 to 29.2 ± 1.74% (P 2 D 3 and OCT, studies were performed in three groups of PTX rats fed a PO 4 -deficient diet. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 (200 ng/day) increased plasma phosphorus to 6.09 ± 0.26 mg/dl as compared to 2.41 ± 0.33 mg/dl in vehicle-treated animals. On the other hand, plasma phosphorus increased to only 3.55 ± 0.23 mg/dl in OCT-treated animals. We conclude that in normal rats OCT is much less active than 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 in stimulating both intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of Ca and phosphorus. Also as shown in PTX rats fed a PO 4 -deficient diet, OCT is much less effective in raising plasma phosphorus most likely by bone resorption. Thus, OCT, an analog of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 , can suppress PTH without significant changes in plasma Ca and phosphorus making it an ideal drug for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Tacit Collusion Under regulation in the Pricing of Interstate Long‐Distance Telephone Services

Analysis of seven wholesale and retail markets for long-distance telephone services since the AT & T divestiture indicates that service provider concentration declined in the later 1980s and then stabilized in the 2990–1993 period. In addition to this stability in market shares, a number of other conditions established since 1990 have been conducive to the development of market sharing rather than significant price competition. The most important of these conditions has been the tarifing process of the Federal Communications Commission by which MCI and Sprint replicate ATGT's price announcements. As market shares stabilized and became more equal, and as regulation formalized the price-setting process, the price-cost margins of the three large carriers increased and became more nearly identical. These results are consistent not with price competition but rather with emerging tacit collusion among AT&T, MCI, and Sprint.
A Calmodulin-Related Protein That Suppresses Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing in Plants

Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is an ancient eukaryotic regulatory mechanism in which a particular RNA sequence is targeted and destroyed. The helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) of plant potyviruses suppresses PTGS in plants. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified a calmodulin-related protein (termed rgs-CaM) that interacts with HC-Pro. Here we report that rgs-CaM, like HC-Pro itself, suppresses gene silencing. Our work is the first report identifying a cellular suppressor of PTGS.
Microemulsion Phase Behavior Observations, Thermodynamic Essentials, Mathematical Simulation

A mathematical framework is presented for modeling phase behavior in a manner consistent with the thermodynamically required critical tie lines and plait point progressions from the critical endpoints. D.B. Hand's scheme for modeling binodals and G.A. Pope and R.C. Nelson's approach to modeling the evolution of the surfactant-rich third phase are extended to satisfy these requirements. An examination of model-generated progressions of ternary phase diagrams enhances understanding of the experimental data and reveals correlations of relative phase volumes (volume uptakes) with location of the mixing point (overall composition) relative to the height of the three-phase region and the locations of the critical tie lines (critical endpoints and conjugate phases). The correlations account, on thermodynamic grounds, for cases in which the surfactant is present in more than one phase or the phase volumes change discontinuously, both cases being observed in the study. This work is pertinent to oil well flooding. 39 refs.
Non-classical problems of optimal feedback control

Abstract The paper is concerned with problems of optimal feedback control with “non-classical” dynamics x ˙ = f ( t , x , u , D u ) , where the evolution of the state x depends also on the Jacobian matrix D u = ( ∂ u i / ∂ x j ) of the feedback control function u = u ( t , x ) . Given a probability measure μ on the set of initial states, we seek feedback controls u ( ⋅ ) which minimize the expected value of a cost functional. After introducing a basic framework for the study of these problems, this paper focuses on three main issues: (i) necessary conditions for optimality, (ii) equivalence with a relaxed feedback control problem in standard form, and (iii) dependence of the expected minimum cost on the probability measure μ .
Overproduction of CcmG and CcmFH(Rc) fully suppresses the c-type cytochrome biogenesis defect of Rhodobacter capsulatus CcmI-null mutants.

Gram-negative bacteria like Rhodobacter capsulatus use intertwined pathways to carry out the posttranslational maturation of c-type cytochromes (Cyts). This periplasmic process requires at least 10 essential components for apo-Cyt c chaperoning, thio-oxidoreduction, and the delivery of heme and its covalent ligation. One of these components, CcmI (also called CycH), is thought to act as an apo-Cyt c chaperone. In R. capsulatus, CcmI-null mutants are unable to produce c-type Cyts and thus sustain photosynthetic (Ps) growth. Previously, we have shown that overproduction of the putative heme ligation components CcmF and CcmHRc (also called Ccl1 and Ccl2) can partially bypass the function of CcmI on minimal, but not on enriched, media. Here, we demonstrate that either additional overproduction of CcmG (also called HelX) or hyperproduction of CcmF-CcmHRc is needed to completely overcome the role of CcmI during the biogenesis of c-type Cyts on both minimal and enriched media. These findings indicate that, in the absence of CcmI, interactions between the heme ligation and thioreduction pathways become restricted for sufficient Cyt c production. We therefore suggest that CcmI, along with its apo-Cyt chaperoning function, is also critical for the efficacy of holo-Cyt c formation, possibly via its close interactions with other components performing the final heme ligation steps during Cyt c biogenesis.
Polymerization Online Monitoring

Online monitoring of polymerization reactions is not only important due to the high exothermic nature of most polymerization systems; the data gained also provides information on product composition and quality and control possibilities thereof. Many inline and online methods are still in development and are better suited for application on the laboratory or pilot-plant scale. Industrial polymerization plant environments pose additional technical and financial challenges and constraints for the use of such systems. Available methods and current developments are reviewed with regard to their practicability and usefulness under these aspects.
Thermophysical properties of mixed oxide fuel and stainless steel type 316 for use in transition phase analysis

Abstract For use in transition phase analysis, we have obtained thermodynamic and transport properties of mixed oxide fuel and stainless steel type 316, over a very wide range of temperatures. The majority of the thermodynamic properties for these materials in their solid and liquid states are based on either actual experimental data or extrapolation of low temperature data. However, a number of properties for these materials in the vapor state are based on very limited and scarce data. These properties include saturation vapor pressure, latent heat of vaporization and specific volume of saturated vapor. Due to complete lack of experimental data, a number of other properties such as specific heats, heat of vaporization (especially for stainless steel), transport properties, and the properties at the critical state had to be estimated by use of generally reliable empirical relations. It is recommended that efforts be initiated to obtain experimental data for these materials in the vapor state to verify both existing empirical relations and the relationships that are obtained here based on theoretical analyses.
Reinterpreting Jornada Mogollon Prehistory

The prehistory of the Jornada branch of the Mogollon culture has traditionally been interpreted narrowly, using a framework that emphasizes the high visibility portion of the archaeological record. Recently, some archaeologists have broadened this focus to include lower visibility archaeological remains. Proponents of this new approach have reached conclusions quite different from, and often times in conflict with, traditional interpretations. This new perspective provides a theoretical foundation that guides analysis of key issues in Jornada prehistory—settlement patterns, chronology, and processes of change. The integration of new ideas with the older, descriptive data allows for a reinterpretation of Jornada prehistory. Implications of such a reinterpretation go beyond the Jornada area and affect our understanding of Southwestern prehistory.
Pathogen-induced programmed cell death in plants, a possible defense mechanism

As much as the definition of life may be controversial, the definition of death also may prove problematic. In recent years it became apparent that the death of a living cell may follow more than one possible scenario: it may result from an externally applied physical injury (an accidental death), or it may be the outcome of activating an internal pathway for cell suicide (a programmed death). That cells can participate in their own execution may indicate that certain types of cell deaths that were previously considered to be caused by foreign agents such as pathogens or drugs may actually result from the activation of a programmed cell death pathway that is normally latent in cells. Here, we describe the activation of such a cell suicide pathway in plant cells upon the recognition of an invading pathogen. We discuss the possible use of this pathway as a defense mechanism against infection and the possibility that in many ways the use of this type of cell death in plants is functionally analogous to that used by mammalian cells in response to infection by pathogens. Dev. Genet. 21:279–289, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol with Ru/Pd, Ru/Pt, and Ru/Au Heterobimetallic Complexes

The heterobimetallic complexes CpRu(PPh3)(μ-Cl)(μ-dppm)PdCl2 (1) [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane], CpRu(PPh3)Cl(μ-dppm)AuCl (2), and CpRu(PPh3)(μ-Cl)(μ-dppm)PtCl2 (3) were synthesized by the reaction of CpRu(PPh3)Cl(η1-dppm) (4) with Pd(COD)Cl2, AuPPh3Cl, and Pt(COD)Cl2, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical oxidation of CH3OH in the presence of 1, 2, or 3 leads to considerable enhancement of the oxidative currents and formation of the organic products CH2(OCH3)2 and HCOOCH3. Addition of water increases both the current and the proportion of the more highly oxidized product, HCOOCH3. Current efficiencies obtained with heterobinuclear complexes 1−3 were significantly higher than those obtained using the model compound CpRuCl(η2-dppm) (5) as catalyst.
The Nixon Administration and Middle East Crises: Theory and Evidence of Presidential Management of Foreign Policy Decision Making:

This article examines how the Nixon administration attempted to structure and manage advisory groups during two foreign-policy crises that erupted in the Middle East. It focuses on the crises management structures and decision-making processes found during the 1970 Jordanian civil war and the 1973 October War, and discusses the process of decision making during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war. The broader goal is to explore the links that exist between structure and process in foreign policy-crisis decision mak ing. The research reported here provides evidence of the Nixon crisis ad visory structures and the processes they produced which suggest some lessons about crisis management that can be explored in future research that will need to draw on more cases and presidents.
Comparing images using joint histograms

Color histograms are widely used for content-based image retrieval due to their efficiency and robustness. However, a color histogram only records an image's overall color composition, so images with very different appearances can have similar color histograms. This problem is especially critical in large image databases, where many images have similar color histograms. In this paper, we propose an alternative to color histograms called a joint histogram, which incorporates additional information without sacrificing the robustness of color histograms. We create a joint histogram by selecting a set of local pixel features and constructing a multidimensional histogram. Each entry in a joint histogram contains the number of pixels in the image that are described by a particular combination of feature values. We describe a number of different joint histograms, and evaluate their performance for image retrieval on a database with over 210,000 images. On our benchmarks, joint histograms outperform color histograms by an order of magnitude.
Posterior wall velocity: An unreliable index of total left ventricular performance in patients with coronary artery disease☆

Abstract Posterior wall velocity determined by use of echocardiography has been proposed as an index of total left ventricular performance in patients with ischemic heart disease. Accordingly, in 9 normal subjects and 39 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease, we compared mean endocardial posterior wall velocity determined by echocardiography with echocardiographic and biplane cineangiographic calculations of ejection fraction and the mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening (mean V CF ), and with externally recorded systolic time intervals. All studies were performed on the same day in each patient. Mean endocardial posterior wall velocity averaged 4.6 cm/sec (range 2.9 to 8.7) and correlated poorly with echocardiographic ejection fraction ( r = 0.47), cineanglographic ejection fraction ( r = 0.26), cineangiographic mean V CF ( r = 0.47), the ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time ( r = −0.35) and the preejection period corrected for heart rate ( r = −0.30). Substitution of maximal for mean endocardial posterior wall velocity did not improve the separation of normal from depressed left ventricular performance. Epicardial posterior wall velocity, a measurement more easily obtainable than endocardial posterior wall velocity, also did not correlate well with systolic time intervals or with ejection fraction or mean v cf derived from the echocardiogram and cineangiogram. Both endocardial and epicardial posterior wall velocity values were poorly reproducible on a day to day or a beat to beat basis. We conclude that neither endocardial nor epicardial posterior wall velocity, whether derived as a mean or a maximum, provides an accurate measure of total left ventricular performance in patients with coronary artery disease.
Rhetorical coherence: An exploration into Thomas Farrell's theory of the synchrony of rhetoric and conversation

The concept of rhetorical coherence is central to the notion that rhetoric and conversation are interdependent discursive arts having a synchronic relationship. This essay presents basic research on the concept, an analysis of an actual welfare interview emersed in controversy. The research suggests a pentad of criteria necessary for the achievement of rhetorical coherence.
Comparison of the effects of bicuculline and strychnine on brain stem auditory evoked potentials in the cat

Abstract 1 Experiments were performed to determine the effects of intravenously applied bicuculline and strychnine on the click-evoked brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) of cats. 2 The BAEP was not affected by bicuculline (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) administration. Strychnine (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.) administration caused a significant increase in the amplitude of peak 4, which is thought to be produced by potentials in the superior olive, lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus. 3 These results suggest that strychnine blocks glycinergic inhibitory inputs to these auditory structures.
Innate immune DNA sensing pathways: STING, AIMII and the regulation of interferon production and inflammatory responses

The early detection of microbes is the responsibility of the innate immune system which has evolved to sense pathogen derived molecules such as lipopolysaccharides and non-self nucleic acid, to trigger host defense countermeasures. These sensors include the RIG-I-like helicase (RLH) family that specifically recognizes viral RNA, as well as the cytoplasmic, nucleotide binding oligermerization domain (NOD)-like receptor and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways that sense a variety of microbial derived molecules. Comprehending how the cell senses foreign DNA, generated by certain viruses, bacteria and possibly parasites has proven elusive but is of significant importance since such information could shed insight into the causes of microbial related disease, including viral associated cancers and autoimmune disorders. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are known to utilize TLR9 to detect pathogen-associated DNA and to trigger the production of type I interferon (IFN), as well as other cytokines, although alternate key DNA detecting sensors remain to be identified. Recently however, a molecule referred to as AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) was found to be essential for mediating inflammatory reactions triggered by cytoplasmic DNA. In addition, an endoplasmic reticulum associated protein referred to as STING (for stimulator of interferon genes) was demonstrated as being pivotal for facilitating IFN production in response to intracellular DNA and a variety of DNA pathogens. Here, we review recent discoveries relating to the detection of foreign DNA, including the importance of the STING and AIM2 and the activation of innate signaling pathways.
Mitochondrial Genetics and Disease

Mitochondrial disease resulting in reduced bioenergetic output can be due to mutations in either nuclear DNA–encoded or mitochondrial DNA–encoded gene products. We summarize some of the underlying principles of mitochondrial genetics that impact the diagnosis and pathogenesis of mitochondrial disorders. In addition, we present a brief overview of a new frontier in the field, namely, mitochondrial “dynamics,” which controls organellar fusion, fission, trafficking, and positioning, and exerts mitochondrial “quality control” by maintaining organellar integrity and viability. Analysis of mutations in gene products associated with this latter area has opened up new vistas in the study of disorders associated with compromised energy production.
The Conditional Relation between Beta and Returns

Unlike previous studies, this paper finds a consistent and highly significant relationship between beta and cross-sectional portfolio returns. The key distinction between our tests and previous tests is the recognition that the positive relationship between returns and beta predicted by the Sharpe-Lintner-Black model is based on expected rather than realized returns. In periods where excess market returns are negative, an inverse relationship between beta and portfolio returns should exist. When we adjust for the expectations concerning negative market excess returns, we find a consistent and significant relationship between beta and returns for the entire sample, for subsample periods, and for data divided by months in a year. Separately, we find support for a positive payment for beta risk.
A histochemical method for localizing cholinesterase activity.

SummaryA histochemical method is presented for localizing ChE activity by incubating tissue sections in a medium containing acetylthiocholine, copper glycinate and copper thiocholine. Results obtained with several tissues containing specific ChE are described and illustrated.
Cold injury of the skin. The pathogenic role of microcirculatory impairment.

(1965). Cold Injury of the Skin. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 484-497.
Development of a Novel Fluorimeter Based on Superluminescent Light-Emitting Diodes and Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter and Its Application in the Determination of Chlorophylls a and b

A novel, compact, inexpensive fluorimeter that has high sensitivity and no moving parts has been developed by using superluminescent (bright-blue) light-emitting diodes (SLEDs) and an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). In this instrument, the recently developed gallium nitride SLEDs were used in a counterpropagating configuration to provide excitation light. These SLEDs provide not only high intensity (several milliwatts) but also wide spectral bandwidth in the blue region (from 370 to 570 nm). The AOTF can be placed before the sample to facilitate the measurements of excitation spectra or after the sample for the emission spectra measurements. This fluorimeter is suitable for the sensitive and general fluorescent analysis of a variety of compounds. It has been used, as an example, for the sensitive and simultaneous determination of chlorophylls a and b. Detection limits of 2.30 X 10 -9 and 1.10 X 10 -9 M have been achieved for chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, respectively.
Blind Cyclostationary Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radios

We propose a blind spectrum sensing method using signal cyclostationarity. Often, signal characteristics of the primary user (PU), such as carrier frequency, data rate, modulation and coding may not be known to cognitive users. This uncertainty introduces difficulties in searching for spectrum holes in cognitive radios. At a low signal-to-noise ratio, it has been understood that monitoring the presence of the PU's signal is hardly possible without knowing its cycle frequencies. The proposed sensing method makes it possible to detect the PU's signal without the relevant information of the signal attributes. Blind spectrum sensing is also much simpler than the conventional cyclostationary spectral correlation detection.
The Effect of Audit Committee Characteristics and Non-Audit Fees on Audit Fees

This study examines the association between audit committee characteristics and audit fees, using data gathered under the recent SEC fee disclosure rules. We hypothesize that audit fees will be higher in the presence of an active and independent audit committee. Our base our hypothesis upon two premises. First, we argue that independent and active audit committees demand a higher level of audit quality due to concerns about monetary or reputational losses arising from financial misstatements. This higher audit quality demand may manifest itself in a higher amount of audit coverage, which, in turn should result in a concomitantly higher audit fee. Second, independent and active audit committees may give rise to greater auditor fee bargaining power. We examine a sample of 262 non-regulated, Big 5-audited firms that filed both 10-K and proxy forms with the SEC in the period from 2/5/2001 to 3/23/2001. Audit committees comprised solely of independent directors that meet at least four times annually are significantly, positively associated with audit fees. This evidence is consistent with audit committee members taking actions within their span of control to ensure a higher level ofaudit coverage, as well as facilitating auditor independence. Finally, we also examine the impact of non-audit fees on audit fees. We document a significantly positive association between audit fees and non-audit fees, consistent with prior research from the early 1980's.
Predictors of Perpetration of Verbal, Physical, and Sexual Violence: A Prospective Analysis of College Men

The current study utilized a prospective design to explore the relationship between alcohol use, athletic participation, fraternity membership, early sexual experiences, and the perpetration of verbal, physical, and sexual aggression among college men over a 3-month interim (N = 425). A series of hierarchical logistic regressions explored the relationship between these risk factors and subsequent perpetration of violence. Previous perpetration of verbal, physical, or sexual aggression was the only predictor of perpetrating that form of aggression over the follow-up. Given that the study of aggression is typically retrospective, and rarely encompasses various types of violence, implications for future preventative efforts among college populations are discussed.