cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imagery as Rhetoric in the Early Presidency

The field of presidency studies has operated within the paradigm of the rhetorical presidency for quite some time. One of the implicit assumptions of that paradigm is that presidential rhetoric is composed of policy speeches. From that perspective, the use of visual imagery by presidents is understood to be a phenomenon of the electronic age and a new element in presidential behavior. I argue that the use of visual persuasion as a rhetorical strategy has a long history. This paper will discuss the rhetorical imagery of three early presidents – George Washington, William Henry Harrison and William McKinley – to illustrate the use of visual rhetoric over time. There are several implications of this approach to presidential rhetoric. First, it suggests that the prevailing understanding of rhetoric as speech should be expanded. Second, it demonstrates that the differences and similarities between early and modern presidential rhetoric cannot be measured simply by comparing speeches. Finally, it shows that images were important prior to the electronic age.
Block Prediction Vector Quantization for Grayscale Image Compression

This paper presents a new image compression scheme based on vector quantization (VQ) that exploits the inter-block and intra-block correlations in grayscale images. The similar block prediction technique is designed to encode the image blocks by their similar neighboring encoded blocks. Besides, two codebooks are used in the proposed scheme to exploit the intra-block correlation within each image block. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme not only provides good image qualities but also cuts down the required bit rates.
Robust character recognition in FA

In FA, the character with a crack or dirt cannot be recognized by pattern matching. Then, we have studied a robust character recognition with template matching and SVM (Support Vector Machine). After classifying some similar characters by template matching, one character is determined by SVM (Support Vector Machine) that is a set of related supervised learning methods. As a result, we achieved the detection margin and adjustment Time shortening.
Novel route guidance displays

The problem of how a computer-based system could visually communicate to a driver how to proceed through a succession of intersections is addressed. Two different types of displays are compared: a traditional map display is used that shows the route to follow from a bird's eye view and in a global coordinate system; and a novel perspective display is developed that represents the driving instructions in a driver-centered coordinate system. Three related experiments are conducted, and the results indicate that a display that provides the driving instructions in a driver-centered framework performs best. These results lead to the proposal of a further display that combines the attractive features of both the map and the perspective display, thereby providing drivers with both a driver-centered and a global perspective.
The evolving role of dabigatran etexilate in clinical practice.

Introduction: Stroke and venous thromboembolism (VTE) affect millions of patients. The vitamin K antagonist, warfarin, has been the main oral anticoagulant used to treat these conditions despite many limitations associated with its use. Recently, multiple novel oral anticoagulants have been approved and are reshaping how patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) at risk of stroke and patients with VTE are treated. The direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, is among these novel agents that have been developed to overcome limitations with warfarin.Areas covered: In this article, authors describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of dabigatran etexilate and summarize the clinical evidence and controversy surrounding its use in the US, Canada and Europe.Expert opinion: Dabigatran has demonstrated similar efficacy and safety to enoxaparin for VTE prevention in patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty, and to warfarin for the treatment of VTE. Dabigatran (110 mg) is noninferior and ...
Parathyroid Hormone and Polyhormones: Production and Export

The sections in this article are: 1 Role of Extracellular Calcium–Sensing and Extracellular Calcium–Regulated Parathyroid Hormone Secretion in Mineral ion Homeostasis 2 The G Protein–Coupled, Extracellular Calcium–Sensing Receptor 2.1 Structure and Function 2.2 Inherited Diseases Resulting from Receptor Mutations 2.3 Mice with Targeted Disruption of the Receptor 2.4 Are There Additional Receptors or Other Ion-Sensing Receptors? 3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Parathyroid Cell 3.1 Morphology 3.2 Secretory Pathway 4 Physiological Control of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by Extracellular Calcium and Other Factors 4.1 Acute Regulation 4.2 Additional Ionic Agonists Regulating Parathyroid Hormone Secretion via the Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor 4.3 Other Ions Modulating Parathyroid Hormone secretion 4.4 Rapid Actions of Vitamin D on Parathyroid Cells 4.5 Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by Catecholamines and Other Biogenic Amines 4.6 Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by Lipid Metabolites 4.7 Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by Peptides and Peptide Hormones 4.8 Miscellaneous Factors Regulating Parathyroid Hormone Secretion 4.9 Mechanisms Underlying the Acute Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by Extracellular Calcium 5 Regulation of Intracellular Degradation of Parathyroid Hormone 6 Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Gene Expression 6.1 Chromosomal Localization and Organization of the Parathyroid Hormone Gene 6.2 Effects of Extracellular Calcium 6.3 Effects of Extracellular Phosphate 6.4 Effects of Vitamin D Metabolites 6.5 Parathyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression by Steroids and Other Hormones 6.6 Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Gene Expression by Agents that Increase Intracellular Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate 6.7 Regulation of Overall Biosynthetic Activity of the Parathyroid Cell 7 Regulation of Parathyroid Cellular Proliferation 7.1 Effects of Extracellular Calcium 7.2 Effects of Vitamin D Metabolites 7.3 Effect of Extracellular Phosphate 7.4 Effect of Growth Factors 8 Circadian and Pulsatile Control of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion 8.1 Circadian Variation 8.2 Pulsatility 8.3 Alterations in Circadian Rhythm and Pulsatility in Patients with Abnormal Parathyroid Function 9 Secretion of Factors Other Than Parathyroid Hormone: Possible Autocrine/ Paracrine Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion 9.1 Evidence for Autocrine Control of Parathyroid Function 9.2 Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone–Related Protein 9.3 Secretion of Chromogranin A-Derived Peptides 9.4 Secretion of Other Peptides 9.5 Secretion of Prostaglandins
Cloning and functional analysis of the swine eNOS promoter.

We have cloned the swine eNOS promoter and analyzed its function in newborn swine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). Analysis of the 2.1 kb 5′ flanking region revealed that the swine eNOS promoter is, like its counterparts in human and other species, a TATA-less promoter. The transcription start site, determined by 5′ RLM-RACE, was located 62 bp upstream of the translation start codon. Promoter activity was demonstrated by transient transfection of 5′ deletion promoter/luciferase constructs into swine PAECs, and indicated that the proximal region from − 227 to − 82 was necessary for basal promoter activity. Positive cis-regulatory elements were present from − 227 to − 1290, while negative cis-regulatory elements may be present from − 1290 to − 1926 bp. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) of the proximal region demonstrated that multiprotein complexes were formed in the conserved proximal region of the swine eNOS promoter and a novel Spl site at − 68/ − 59 was involved in the formation of ...
Alumina nanotemplate fabrication on silicon substrate

Alumina nanotemplates integrated on silicon substrate with pore diameters of 12?100?nm were prepared by galvanostatic (constant current) anodization. High current density (e.g.?100?mA?cm?2) promoted a highly ordered hexagonal pore structure with fast formation rate independent of anodizing solution. Alumina formation rates of 2000 and 1000?nm?min?1 were achieved at current densities of 100 and 50?mA?cm?2, respectively. These rates were approximately two orders of magnitude greater than other reports in the literature. Different electrolytes of sulfuric acid (1.8?7.2?M), oxalic acid (0.3?M) and mixed solutions of sulfuric and oxalic acids were evaluated as anodizing solutions. At fixed current density, sulfuric acid promoted smaller pore diameter with lower porosity than mixed acids and oxalic acid. The I?V characteristics of aluminium anodization show the measured voltages at given current densities strongly depend on solution composition, operating temperature, and bath agitation. The pore diameter of the silicon-integrated alumina nanotemplate varied linearly with measured voltage with a slope of 2.1?nm?V?1, which is slightly smaller than reported data.
A Case Study on Course-Based Outcomes Assessment to Enhance Student Learning and Course Delivery in the Engineering Sciences Core Curriculum

A formal two-loop learning outcomes assessment process has been implemented in the mechanical engineering department at Rochester Institute of Technology. The outer loop establishes high-level outcomes and objectives for the program, while the inner loop provides assessment of achievement and feedback for improvement. Planning for the two-loop assessment process was initiated in academic year 2005–06 with the establishment of four faculty workgroups, with each group assigned responsibility for conducting outcomes assessment on a subset of the ME core curriculum. The engineering science core curriculum inner loop assessment process was initiated in AY2006–07 and continues today. Results of a three year longitudinal study of the engineering science course learning outcomes assessment and the details of the assessment and continuous improvement process are described herein. The three year study period encompassed 83 sections of five courses, with a cumulative student enrollment of 2,853 individuals. Sample data from the longitudinal study of the fluid mechanics course (reviewing 19 sections with a cumulative enrollment of 619 students) is presented, to illustrate improvement of student learning through refinement of the course delivery. A discussion of the assessment process, lessons learned, and conclusions are presented.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Severe dysmenorrhea due to obstructive anomaly.

The patient is a 13-yr-old girl who presented to a local hospital with severe abdominal pain. Menarche had been 6 months ago and she had three periods each lasting about 5 days. She had pain with her periods initially but after her last period it persisted. She denied nausea or vomiting or changed bowel habits. She went to her local doctor who ordered a CT scan which revealed a large pelvic mass and enlarged right kidney. Pelvic exam was not possible because the patient was too uncomfortable. Otherwise she was a healthy teenager with no prior admissions or medical problems. (excerpt)
Structural and functional analyses of activating amino acid substitutions in the receiver domain of NtrC: Evidence for an activating surface

Abstract The bacterial enhancer-binding protein NtrC activates transcription when phosphorylated on aspartate 54 in its amino (N)-terminal regulatory domain or when altered by constitutively activating amino acid substitutions. The N-terminal domain of NtrC, which acts positively on the remainder of the protein, is homologous to a large family of signal transduction domains called receiver domains. Phosphorylation of an aspartate residue in a receiver domain modulates the function of a downstream target, but the accompanying structural changes are not clear. In the present work we examine structural and functional differences between the wild-type receiver domain of NtrC and mutant forms carrying constitutively activating substitutions. Combinations of such substitutions resulted in both increased structural changes in the N-terminal domain, monitored by NMR chemical shift differences, and increased transcriptional activation by the full-length protein. Structural changes caused by substitutions outside the active site (D86N and A89T) were not only local but extended over a substantial portion of the N-terminal domain including the region from α-helix 3 to β-strand 5 (“3445 face”) and propagating to the active site. Interestingly, the activating substitution of glutamate for aspartate at the site of phosphorylation (D54E) also triggered structural changes in the 3445 face. Thus, the active site and the 3445 face appear to interact. Implications with respect to how phosphorylation may affect the structure of receiver domains and how structural changes may be communicated to the remainder of NtrC are discussed.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a man with prolonged cotton dust exposure

A 59-year-old man presented with severe paroxysms of cough associated with dyspnea. His CT scan showed diffuse bilateral ground glass opacifications. His bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was consistent with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Transbronchial biopsy, microbiological studies, and cytology did not identify any alternative diagnosis. The patient had a history of working as a textile loom technician for thirty-one years and had significant exposure to cotton dust. He responded well to whole lung lavage with improvement of symptoms, gas exchange, and CT scan. This patient represents the third reported case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with cotton dust exposure. We suggest that cellulose might be useful in animal models of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
Bioinformation editorial erratum.

An error was detected in the article, NRF2 molecule of the month [1]. This error is subsequent to the confusion in a few databases that do not distinguish between capital and lower case letters. For the interested reader, it is important to note that there are two different genes termed NRF2 and Nrf2. One NRF2 gene is also known as NFE2L2 that is not a GA binding protein. The other Nrf2 gene is nuclear respiratory factor 2 that is related to GABPA, a different protein. There was a distinction between the two genes that should have been indicated in the publication [1]. The first reference in the publication [1] was reexamined http://www.sabiosciences.com/pathwaymagazine /minireview/oxidativestress.php?utm_content=PR120906+Oxi dative+Stress+Review_us&utm_campaign=PR120906+Oxidativ e+Stress&utm_source=iPost&utm_medium=email. This reference was searched for; however, it is no longer accessible as of 11-15-2012. Moreover, not all databases clearly distinguish between the two NRF2 and Nrf2 labels. There is also a typographical error in the 7th line of the article text where NFR2 should be stated as NRF2 [1]. In addition, similar information should be pointed out in regards to the two figures [1]. Searches at the SABiosciences,STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins),HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), and GeneCards web sitesdid not distinguish between NRF2 and Nrf2 as of 11-18- 2012 [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Searches for both NRF2 and Nrf2 at the SABiosciences web site revealed the following information [2]. NFE2L2 (Human) Gene Name: NRF2 Refseq IDs: {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NM_006164","term_id":"372620346","term_text":"NM_006164"}}NM_006164, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NM_001145412","term_id":"926657643","term_text":"NM_001145412"}}NM_001145412, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NM_001145413","term_id":"926657644","term_text":"NM_001145413"}}NM_001145413 Description: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 And GABPA (Human) Gene Name: E4TF1-60, E4TF1A, NFT2, NRF2, NRF2A Refseq IDs: {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NM_002040","term_id":"163644305","term_text":"NM_002040"}}NM_002040, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NM_001197297","term_id":"308818208","term_text":"NM_001197297"}}NM_001197297. Description: GA binding protein transcription factor, alpha subunit 60kDa Additionally, some literature correctly portrays the information on Nrf2 in the publications [7]. For example, in this paper, the protein Nrf2 is defined as Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)- like 2 (Nrf2) which is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-regulated transcription factor involved in the inductionof Phase II detoxifying proteins.
X-ray flares, neutrino-cooled discs and the dynamics of late accretion in gamma-ray burst engines

We compute the average luminosity of X-ray flares as a function of time, for a sample of 10 long-duration gamma-ray burst afterglows. The mean luminosity, averaged over a timescale longer than the duration of the individual flares, declines as a power-law in time with index � 1.5. We elaborate on the properties of the central engine that can produce such a decline. Assuming that the engine is an accreting compact object, and for a standard conversion factor between accretion rate and jet luminosity, the switch between a neutrino-cooled thin disk and a non-cooled thick disk takes place at the transition from the prompt to the flaring phase. We discuss the implications of this coincidence under different scenarios for the powering of the GRB outflow. We also show that the interaction of the outflow with the envelope of the progenitor star cannot produce flares out of a continuous relativistic flow, and conclude that it is the dynamics of the disk or the jet-launching mechanism that generates an intrinsically unsteady outflow on timescales much longer than the dynamical timescale of the system. This is consistent with the fact that X-ray flares are observed in short-duration GRBs as well as in long-duration ones.
Regulation and Economic Analysis in the U.S. Department of Agriculture

We in the Department of Agriculture (USDA) are proud to co-sponsor this conference with the Farm Foundation, the American Agricultural Economics Association and the Food System Research Group (NC-117). I understand that the proceedings of this workshop will be presented as a special issue of the American Journal of Agricultural Ecoinomics. This is as it should be. The topic for discussion at this session is important. Given the policy setting, it is essential that we talk about the need for objective assessments of regulatory actions. Your conference program reflects a broadened view of the regulatory process. It evidences a recognition of the legal and political aspects of policy decision making. It establishes a challenging research agenda-one that, as accomplished, will help to shape the regulatory process. There was a time when food system research economists interested in regulation thought primarily of measuring the costs of rules that somehow interfered with market
Disruption of Lateral Efferent Pathways: Functional Changes in Auditory Evoked Responses

The functional consequences of selectively lesioning the lateral olivocochlear efferent system in guinea pigs were studied. The lateral superior olive (LSO) contains the cell bodies of lateral olivocochlear neurons. Melittin, a cytotoxic chemical, was injected into the brain stem using stereotaxic coordinates and near-field evoked potentials to target the LSO. Brain stem histology revealed discrete damage to the LSO following the injections. Functional consequences of this damage were reflected in depressed amplitude of the compound action potential of the eighth nerve (CAP) following the lesion. Threshold sensitivity and N1 latencies were relatively unchanged. Onset adaptation of the cubic distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) was evident, suggesting a reasonably intact medial efferent system. The present results provide the first report of functional changes induced by isolated manipulation of the lateral efferent pathway. They also confirm the suggestion that changes in single-unit auditory nerve activity after cutting the olivocochlear bundle are probably a consequence of disrupting the more lateral of the two olivocochlear efferent pathways.
Patterning hydrogels in three dimensions towards controlling cellular interactions

The 3-dimensional (3D) interaction between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes a dynamic regulatory system for directing tissue formation and homeostasis, as well as regeneration in response to injury. As such, significant progress has been made in the field of tissue engineering to develop 3D hydrogels capable of promoting cell viability and many of these important ECM interactions. However, the spatial patterning of hydrogels in 3D, motivated by the microscale heterogeneity of native tissue architectures, has only recently been a focus. Here, we review efforts to date to engineer structurally and/or biochemically patterned 3D hydrogels to control cellular behavior for regenerative medicine applications. Such techniques can be separated into two categories: stereolithographic “bottom-up” methods that pattern structures during layer-by-layer fabrication and post-gelation techniques involving modification of a uniform, pre-formed hydrogel. Many techniques in each group are further compatible with cell encapsulation, providing a valuable set of models for studying cell-cell signaling or for the engineering of new tissues.
Dissection of an antibody-catalyzed reaction

Abstract Antibody 43C9 accelerates the hydrolysis of a p-nitroanilide by a factor of 2.5 x 10(5) over the background rate in addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of a series of aromatic esters. Since this represents one of the largest rate accelerations achieved with an antibody, we have undertaken a series of studies aimed at uncovering the catalytic mechanism of 43C9. The immunogen, a phosphonamidate, was designed to mimic the geometric and electronic characteristics of the tetrahedral intermediate that forms upon nucleophilic attack by hydroxide on the amide substrate. Further studies, however, revealed that the catalytic mechanism is more complex and involves the fortuitous formation of a covalent acyl-antibody intermediate as a consequence of complementary side chain residues at the antibody-binding site. Several lines of evidence indicate that the catalytic mechanism involves two key residues: His-L91, which acts as a nucleophile to form the acyl-antibody intermediate, and Arg-L96, which stabilizes the anionic tetrahedral moieties. Support for this mechanism derives from the results of site-directed mutagenesis experiments and solvent deuterium isotope effects as well as direct detection of the acyl-antibody by electrospray mass spectrometry. Despite its partial recapitulation of the course of action of enzymic counterparts, the reactivity of 43C9, like other antibodies, is apparently limited by its affinity for the inducing immunogen. To go beyond this level, one must introduce additional catalytic functionality, particularly general acid-base catalysis, through either improvements in transition-state analog design or site-specific mutagenesis.
Polymerization of phenolic intermediates of pesticides by a fungal enzyme.

The fungusRhizoctonia praticola produces an extracellular phenol oxidase (laccase) which polymerizes phenolic intermediates of various pesticides. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of oligomeric products from halogenated phenolic intermediates of phenoxyalkanoate herbicides and from naphtholic products derived from carbamate insecticides. These findings permit further investigations into the mechanism and role of oxidative coupling leading to the incorporation of xenobiotic compounds into soil organic matter.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in African American Youth

This article examines attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in African American youth. Tackling the myths and misinformation surrounding ADHD in the African American community can be one of the most difficult issues in mental illness circles. There is a lot of conflicting information about how African Americans are diagnosed, examined, and treated. This article clarifies some of the misconceptions and offers some comprehensibility to the issue of ADHD in African American youth. The incidence of ADHD is probably similar in African Americans and Caucasians. However, fewer African Americans are diagnosed with and treated for ADHD. That reality flies in the face of some perceptions in many African American communities. Reasons for this disparity have not been fully clarified and are most likely complex and numerous. Some barriers to treatment are driven by the beliefs of patients and their families, while others are the result of limitations in the health care system. Patient-driven obstacles to care include inadequate knowledge of symptoms, treatment, and consequences of untreated ADHD and fear of overdiagnosis and misdiagnosis. System-driven limitations include a lack of culturally competent health care providers, stereotyping or biases, and failure of clinicians to evaluate the child in multiple settings before diagnosis.
Use of imprint cytology for assessment of surgical margins in lumpectomy specimens of breast cancer patients

In the past several years, breast-conservation therapy has provided an alternative to mastectomy. In order to reduce the subsequent local tumor recurrence, it is critical that all the measures are in place to find the residual foci of occult microscopic tumor at the time of the initial lumpectomy procedure. An accepted method to evaluate the lumpectomy margins for presence of residual tumor is the use of imprint cytology (also called touch-prep), which is assessment of the presence or absence of the tumor cells by cytological preparation. This is a rapid, cost effective, and easy to use procedure with added advantage of saving tissue for permanent sectioning and rendering a definitive diagnosis. In this report, we present our experience using intraoperative imprint cytology for evaluation of the status of lumpectomy specimens in breast cancer patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative imprint cytology for assessment of surgical resection margins in lumpectomy margins of patients with breast carcinoma. This is a retrospective study of 100 cases of breast lumpectomy specimens, which had undergone intraoperative imprint cytology. The cases were retrieved from the archived files of the University of Florida, Department of Pathology at Shands Jacksonville. The results of intraoperative imprint cytology were compared with the histological findings of the corresponding permanent sections of the same cases as the gold standard. Overall, we reviewed 510 cytology imprint slides, which were obtained from 100 lumpectomy specimens. Among these cases, 37 slides from 22 cases were reported positive and the remaining were negative. Only eight slides from six cases of lumpectomy showed discrepancy between the result of intraoperative imprint cytology and the permanent sections of the same cases. In our study, intraoperative imprint cytology showed a sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 99%, with positive predictive value of 84%, and negative predictive value of 99%. This study demonstrates that intraoperative imprint cytology can be used as a reliable diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of the status of lumpectomy margins in breast cancer patients.
Silencing the controversy in LTP

Why has there been such long-term controversy (LTC) over the mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation (LTP)? The inability to resolve this debate may have many sources, including intrinsically empirical as well as sociological factors. Certainly, the regulatory mechanisms underlying modification of transmission in the brain are likely to be complex, and the tools we posses are relatively coarse. In this light, the fact that scientists generally are clever enough to think of mechanistic scenarios that cannot be disproved by existing empirical tools complicates the search. Furthermore, the imbalanced impact of positive results over negative results, or the natural bias of scientists to champion their own point of view, can prolong the discourse. Whatever the source, the field of LTP has been mired with LTC to the point that most consider it a long-term tar pit (LTTP). How does one escape eternal fossilization? It can only be hoped that over time different groups, using different techniques and asking questions related to different aspects of synaptic transmission modulation, will provide the cleansing solvent.
Bromide space studies in infants of low birth weight.

Extract: The present study reports measurements of the corrected bromide space (CBS) in 74 neonates delivered vaginally and studied within 24 h of birth. The results in 37 normally grown (NG) infants ranging in birth weight from 960 to 3,450 g with gestational intervals of 27–43 weeks are contrasted with findings in 37 intrauterine growth-related infants (IGR) ranging from 1,000 to 2,460 g in birth weight with gestational intervals of 35–44 weeks. Although a direct relation exists between CBS (liters) and a varicty of variables of fetal maturity in both NG and IGR infants, the CBS in both groups would appear best related to birth weight. The corrected bromide space of IGR was virtually identical with that of their weith peers, there being no significant difference in the regression for CBS versus birth weight in the two groups. Log-log plot of this relation yields a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.98, and may be expressed as: log CBS (liters) = 0.92 × log wt (kg) - 0.371 Closer inspection of this relation revealed that an unequal distribution, with preponderance of values below the regression line at higher birth weights, was apparent. That ‘tail off’ suggested a curvilinear relation of CBS with increasing birth weitht, and was even more apparent when the CBS data were expressed as percentage of bedy weight (m1/kg). The mean CBS/kg in NG prematures (424±SE 7.5 m1/kg) was clearly higher (p <0.001) than in mature study infants (376±SE 8.4 m1/kg). Likewise, the average CBS/kg in the mature IGR (419±SE 11.3 m1/kg) was significantly higher (p <0.025) than the mean for the NG infants (376±SE 8.4 m1/kg). Conparison of data from NG and IGR infants revealed that 3 of 10 premature infants and 10 of 27 mature IGR infants have a CBS/kg more than 2 SD above the mean in NG infants; a CBS in excess of 476 m1/kg was observed in 11 study infants, all but 1 of whom were IGR. Speculation: Characteristically, expansion of body water compartments accompanies postnatal malnutrition. In intrauterine growth retardation, similar changes in body fluid compartments suggest an etiologic role for ‘fetal malnutrition’ in the disorder.
Ethics consultation: high ideals or unrealistic expectations?

In this issue, the Society for Health and Human Values–Society for Bioethics Consultation Task Force summarizes its report on core competencies for health care ethics consultation. Although this re...
Comment on ``Absence of Correlation between the Solar Neutrino Flux and the Sunspot Number''

A Comment on the Letter by Guenther Walther, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4522 (1997). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Convergence Axioms for Topology

: We obtain axioms for a topology using filter convergence as the basic construct, and two very simple axioms for a topology in terms of ultrafilter convergence.
Studies of gold, platinum and palladium indicating electrodes in strongly oxidizing aqueous solutions

Abstract A comparison of the behavior of gold, platinum and palladium indicating electrodes in various strongly oxidizing solutions with the behavior observed when these electrodes are oxidized anodically reveals that the same reaction are occurring at the electrodes These reactions are attributed to oxide (or hydroxide) film formation because the potentials at which these various reactions occur agree reasonably well with the potential of known oxide-metal transitions The present study emphasizes the transient potential-time response of an indicating electrode when immersed in a strongly oxidizing solution It is concluded that all “inert” indicating electrodes undergo stepwise chemical oxidation in strongly oxidizing media.
Canonicity for 2-dimensional type theory

Higher-dimensional dependent type theory enriches conventional one-dimensional dependent type theory with additional structure expressing equivalence of elements of a type. This structure may be employed in a variety of ways to capture rather coarse identifications of elements, such as a universe of sets considered modulo isomorphism. Equivalence must be respected by all families of types and terms, as witnessed computationally by a type-generic program. Higher-dimensional type theory has applications to code reuse for dependently typed programming, and to the formalization of mathematics. In this paper, we develop a novel judgemental formulation of a two-dimensional type theory, which enjoys a canonicity property: a closed term of boolean type is definitionally equal to true or false. Canonicity is a necessary condition for a computational interpretation of type theory as a programming language, and does not hold for existing axiomatic presentations of higher-dimensional type theory. The method of proof is a generalization of the NuPRL semantics, interpreting types as syntactic groupoids rather than equivalence relations.
Prolonged duration of transbrachial intra-aortic balloon pump as bridge to heart transplantation

We describe a case demonstrating the quality of life (QOL) benefit and safety of using a transbrachial approach for insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) in a patient awaiting cardiac transplantation. A 68-year-old man with ischaemic cardiomyopathy was admitted to our cardiac intensive care unit to await the availability of a suitable donor organ for orthotopic heart transplant. An IABP was needed for haemodynamic support due to cardiogenic shock. Since the patient did not want to be committed to lying supine in bed for multiple days, as would have been the case had the IABP been placed using the conventional femoral route, we inserted a 7.5 Fr ‘sheathless’ IABP via the transbrachial approach. The patient9s haemodynamics improved and the device was left in place for 240 h without vascular compromise. He was subsequently successfully transplanted and is doing well on follow-up.
Animal-sediment relations in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts II. Reworking by Molpadia oolitica (Holothuroidea)

Populations of Molpadia oolitica (Holothuroidea) were sampled over an area of 440 km2 in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, USA. This species occurs in silt-clay muds in densities of 2 to 6/m2, and is limited to depths greater than 22 m where the highest annual temperature does not exceed 10°C. M. oolitica lives within the mud, with its anterior end located approximately 20 cm below the surface. This species ingests only fine-grained particles at depth in the sediment, and deposits uncompacted feces at the surface, producing a fecal mound around the anal opening. This reworking produces vertical sediment sorting, high sediment-water content, and topographic relief of the sea floor. The fecal cones of M. oolitica provide a relatively stable surface for settlement and growth of the suspension feeders Euchone incolor (polychaete), Aeginina longicornis (amphipod), and Thyasira gouldi (bivalve) Uncompacted feces, accumulated in depressions between the mounds, form an unstable substratum frequently resuspended by tidal flow. Suspension feeders are absent from intercone areas.
Synthesis and HPLC evaluation of carboxylic acid phases on a hydride surface

Three organic moieties containing carboxylic acid functional groups are attached to a particulate silica surface through silanization/hydrosilation. Two compounds (undecylenic acid and 10-undecynoic acid) have 11 carbon chains and the other is a five-carbon acid (pentenoic acid). Bonding is confirmed through carbon elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy, and carbon-13 and silicon-29 CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The bonded phases are tested by HPLC using PTH amino acids, nucleic acids, theophylline-related compounds, anilines, benzoic acid compounds, choline, and tobramycin. The latter two compounds are used to investigate the aqueous normal phase properties of the three bonded materials.
Additional evidence for veridicality of perceptions based on physiognomic cues.

This study was designed to determine whether veridical interpersonal perceptions can be formed on the basis of physiognomic cues. 21 male and female college students attempted to identify the correct social category [honor student, active or inactive in extracurricular events, and beauty queen (for female stimulus persons) or athlete (for male stimulus persons)] of 44 photographed male and female stimulus persons. Results demonstrated considerable veridicality, especially by male judges and of stimulus persons occupying categories which imply physical attributes.
Compact complex manifolds with the DOP and other properties

We point out that a certain complex compact manifold constructed by Lieberman has the dimensional order property, and has U-rank different from Morley rank. We also give a sufficient condition for a Kahler manifold to be totally degenerate (that is, to be an indiscernible set, in its canonical language) and point out that there are K3 surfaces which satisfy these conditions.
Additional evidence that l-5-hydroxytryptophan discrimination models a unique serotonin receptor

The purpose of the present studies was to investigate further the role of central serotonin (5-HT) in mediating the l-5-hydroxytryptophan (l-5-HTP) discriminative cue. Rats were trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of 35 mg/kg l-5-HTP combined with RO 4-4602, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Considering that several 5-HT antagonists were unable to block the l-5-HTP discriminative cue in our earlier studies, we extended these studies to include the two other presumed 5-HT antagonists mianserin and BC-105 (pizotyline). Only BC-105 completely blocked the training dose of l-5-HTP. Furthermore, the blockade of the l-5-HTP cue was both graded and surmountable by increasing the dose of l-5-HTP, suggesting a competitive antagonism. In neurochemical studies, the regional brain levels of 5-HT, norepinephrine and dopamine were determined after the injection of the training dose of l-5-HTP. Marked changes in the levels of 5-HT were found, while the levels of the catecholamines were changed only slightly or not at all. Furthermore, dose-response studies of l-5-HTP demonstrated an orderly dose-related increase in the levels of 5-HT in brain and in the percent responding on the l-5-HTP lever, while no such relationship was found for brain catecholamines. These results agree with previous pharmacological studies and suggest that the l-5-HTP discrimination is mediated by a central 5-HT receptor that has pharmacological properties distinct from those receptors identified in previous behavioral models of 5-HT receptor stimulation.
Modeling and analysis of miniaturized methanol reformer for fuel cell powered mobile applications

In this paper a miniaturized packed bed reactor is analyzed, in which autothermal reforming of methanol occurs to produce sufficient hydrogen for generating 100 W of power. Mass balance equations are developed for each species in the reactor and an energy balance is developed for modeling non-isothermal operation. The pressure drop is modeled via the Ergun equation. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to determine the effect of process parameters (e.g. steam to methanol ratio, inlet pressure, inlet temperature) on the production of hydrogen. It is shown that the pressure drop is negligible. Simulation results are compared with experimental results from the literature and it shown that there is excellent agreement between the simulation results and experimental results. Process conditions that lead to the generation of sufficient hydrogen for generating 100 W of power are developed.
Experiments of sea surface currents estimation with space and airborne SAR systems

In order to retrieve information about the sea surface velocity in coastal Mediterranean regions from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, in this work we exploit spaceborne as well as airborne data. In particular, we apply two different processing techniques. The first one exploits a single SAR image, whereas the second one, referred to as Along-Track SAR Interferometry, exploits SAR data pairs. The first technique has been applied to spaceborne ENVISAT-1 SAR data, whereas the second one has been applied to airborne data acquired by the Italian InSAeS4 X-band SAR system.
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory pulsed-field Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is the home institution of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Pulsed-Field Facility (NHMFL-PFF). NHMFL-PFF is the only pulsed-field facility in the US (among a few worldwide) to host qualified users whilst running a strong in-house science program on high magnetic field research. State-of-the-art experimental capabilities and pulsed magnets are used to examine the frontiers of condensed matter physics at extremes of high magnetic field, low temperature and high pressure. This paper describes current facilities and science and future developments at NHMFL-PFF.
Morbidity and mortality of UNOS status 1B cardiac transplant candidates at home.

Abstract Background: On January 20, 1999, UNOS listing regulations changed, allowing stable patients on inotropic support (Status IB) to be discharged home until cardiac transplant. The outcome, morbidity and cost savings of this new strategy has not been evaluated. Methods: From 1/20/99 through 1/1/01, 155 patients were classified as UNOS Status 1B at our institution; 64 patients were never discharged and 91 were discharged home. Criteria for discharge were hemodynamic stability on low-dose, single-agent parenteral inotropic infusion, defined as dobutamine at a dose n = 38). Results: Total Status I time to transplant for the 91 discharged patients was 139 ± 91 days, with 87 ± 67 days spent at home. Inpatient time to transplant was still high, with a mean of 51 ± 45 days. The in-hospital time was comparable to that of the 64 patients who were never discharged (51 ± 41 days). Fifty-nine percent of discharged patients were re-admitted, with 37% of patients requiring more than 1 admission. Sixty-six percent of admissions were for worsening heart failure (CHF), and 34% for infection or occlusion of the indwelling intravenous line. No significant arrhythmic events were recorded in the 38 patients who had internal or external cardiodefibrillators. Two patients died suddenly at home. One patient had declined to wear the external cardiodefibrillator. The other patient was not wearing the defibrillator at the time of the event, and in 634 hours of previous monitoring he had had no events. Conclusions: In UNOS Status 1B patients awaiting cardiac transplant on home inotropic therapy, mortality remains low but the re-admission rate was high. There appeared to be a low incidence of complex ventricular arrhythmias.
Effectiveness of a Hospice Community Bereavement Program

The purpose of this longitudinal pilot study was to assess the extent of unresolved grief in bereaved individuals attending two programs offered by St. Mary's Hospice, to assess their spiritual perspectives, and to describe the relationship between them. The differences in individuals attending the programs at two time periods were also examined. Fifty-six individuals completed two questionnaires at Time 1 and forty-two individuals completed the same questionnaires three months later. The results indicated that these individuals manifested initial reactions to the death and that these reactions were somewhat lessened three months later. Participants who expressed some belief in a spiritual perspective used this to assist them in their bereavement. That the programs were of benefit to the participants were evident by their comment.
Water and Boating Activity as Dispersal Vectors for Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper) Seeds in Freshwater and Estuarine Habitats

Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper), a native of South America, is currently naturalized in 20 countries worldwide and can alter native systems by displacing flora and forming monotypic stands. The primary described mechanism of seed dispersal is through consumption of fruits by birds and mammals. We evaluated an alternative dispersal method by evaluating the potential for S. terebinthifolius growing in freshwater and estuarine environments to disperse via water currents. Specifically, we: (1) determined the duration fruits remained buoyant in three salinities, (2) estimated the viability of seeds after 7 days in water, (3) estimated the dispersal rate of floating solitary fruits, and (4) examined the role of boat wakes in moving seeds above mean high water at the shoreline. The length of time fruits floated in 0 ppt water (4.9 days) was significantly less than 15 ppt saltwater (6.2 days), and 30 ppt saltwater (6.9 days). After 7 days, over 13% of seeds remained viable in 0 ppt, 15 ppt, and 30 ppt water. By combining mean dispersal rates and the mean number of days fruits floated, we calculated individual fruits could be transported 16.9 km in 0 ppt and over 22 km in 15 and 30 ppt water. To increase germination, seeds must be stranded above the intertidal zone. Wind wakes alone never achieved this result; however, boat wakes plus wind wakes significantly increased the movement of fruits above the intertidal region into drier soils. The use of both vertebrate dispersal vectors and water dispersal may potentially increase the rate of invasion, establishment, and survival of S. terebinthifolius in freshwater and estuarine environments.
Statistical downscaling of precipitation on a spatially dependent network using a regional climate model

We present a detailed downscaling simulation methodology for generating precipitation events, conditioned on external climate covariates, on a network of meteorological stations. These events can be input to hydrological models. To simulate an event on a future day t, the method uses the K-nearest neighbor algorithm to identify close neighbors from the historical record, and resamples a past event with resampling probabilities determined from external covariates. This preserves the spatial dependence of precipitation on the network, and other important distributional features of precipitation. Large numbers of arbitrary tuning parameters and model assumptions are reduced through the use of a multivariate Gaussian model relating climate covariates to historical precipitation. The approach is demonstrated by simulating daily precipitation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature on a network of 93 locations in North Carolina, all conditioned on climate model output. The downscaling is based on a regional climate model (RCM) embedded within a global NCEP reanalysis model. The method is demonstrated using precipitation in North Carolina with the Canadian climate RCM as an NCEP driven RCM.