cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complete development of Cryptosporidium in cell culture

Protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium cause a short-term, flu-like, gastrointestinal illness in immunocompetent persons and severe, persistent, life-threatening diarrhea in immunodeficient individuals. No effective therapy is available for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in the immunodeficient host. Complete development (from sporozoite to sporulated oocyst) of a human isolate of Cryptosporidium was achieved in cultured human fetal lung cells and primary chicken kidney and porcine kidney cells. The growth of this newly recognized zoonotic agent in cell culture now provides a means of studying its behavior, development, and metabolism, and a mechanism for evaluation of potentially useful therapeutic agents.
Cysteine protects Na,K-ATPase and isolated human lymphocytes from silver toxicity.

Abstract Metal-binding proteins are important components of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, metals could be used as antiviral agents. However, most metals are toxic for humans with the exception of silver which is toxic only to prokaryotic cells and viruses. In addition, HIV infection causes a decrease in body cysteine. We formed a complex of silver and cysteine, named silver-cysteine. Healthy human lymphocytes were incubated with silver-nitrate or silver-cysteine. Negligible cell survival was seen at 50 μM silver-nitrate. However, in presence of 1 mM cysteine, the viability remained unaffected up to 1 mM of silver. Further, silver inhibition of isolated Na,K-ATPase was easily reversed by cysteine. Thus, non-toxic silver-cysteine could be used as an anti-viral and cysteine-replenishing agent.
Nonparametric inference on bivariate survival data with interval sampling: association estimation and testing

In many biomedical applications, interest focuses on the occurrence of two or more consecutive failure events and the relationship between event times, such as age of disease onset and residual lifetime. Bivariate survival data with interval sampling arise frequently when disease registries or surveillance systems collect data based on disease incidence occurring within a specific calendar time interval. The initial event is then retrospectively confirmed and the subsequent failure event may be observed during follow-up. In life history studies, the initial and two consecutive failure events could correspond to birth, disease onset and death. The statistical features and bias of observed data in relation to interval sampling were discussed by Zhu & Wang (2012). Here we propose nonparametric estimation of the association between bivariate failure times based on Kendall's tau for data collected with interval sampling. A nonparametric estimator is given, where the contribution of each comparable and orderable pair is weighted by the inverse of the associated selection probability. Analysis methods for bivariate survival data with interval sampling rely on the assumption of quasi-independence, i.e., that bivariate failure times and the time of the initial event are independent in the observable region. This paper develops a nonparametric test of quasi-independence based on a bivariate conditional Kendall's tau for such data. Simulation studies demonstrate that the association estimator and testing procedure perform well with moderate sample sizes. Illustrations with two real datasets are provided.
The Growth of the OPAC Literature.

Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs), despite their recent arrival in the library and information science world, have had a great impact because they have to be designed for the library user. In the few years of their existence the body of literature created cannot be regarded as insignificant. The analysis of the 1970–1985 OPAC literature shows that it could be a very good example of logistic growth. The literature had an initial growth rate of b = .556 (or 74.4% per year), with a corresponding doubling time of 1.25 years, which was probably due to the prolific CLR study. Then, approximate point of inflection in 1984, it started levelling off. © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dyskeratosis Congenita Associated with Elevated Fetal Hemoglobin, X‐Linked Ocular Albinism, and Juvenile‐Onset Diabetes Mellitus

An 11-year-old boy had dyskeratosis congenita, elevated fetal hemoglobin level, X-linked ocular albinism, and juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. A review of the international literature revealed that elevated fetal hemoglobin has been noted in 15 reported cases of dyskeratosis congenita. It is a previously unrecognized, commonly associated finding in dyskeratosis congenita that may provide insight into the location and function of the gene for dyskeratosis congenita.
Scaling of Efficiency with Applied Magnetic Field in Magnetoplasmadynamic Thrusters

was then calculated using the voltage data along with a semi-empirical thrust formula derived and veried previously for the same thruster. The non-useful voltage component (the voltage associated with the thruster’s power losses) was found to scale linearly with current and applied magnetic eld and inversely with mass ow rate. This behavior was attributed to electrode sheath eects and decreased conductivity with increasing applied magnetic eld. The eciency was found to increase with applied magnetic eld for all current and mass ow rate values and the enhancement of the eciency by the applied magnetic eld was found to be greater when the mass ow rate is reduced. The observed minimum in the eciency vs current curve was related to interplay between the components of the thrust and was shown experimentally and analytically to increase with increasing applied eld and decreasing mass ow rate.
Multielement techniques for determination of Inorganics in Watert

Abstract Several analytical techniques offer the capability of simultaneously determining 5–40 elements. Of those techniques available, two are receiving extensive attention for analysis of water samples. Optical emission spectrometry utilizing plasma excitation has now evolved to a status in which 20–40 elements can be simultaneously determined on a routine basis. Instrumentation which relies on ion exchange chromatography separations is available which allows the routine determination of several cationic and/or anionic species. The present discussion will briefly describe each of the above multielement analysis systems, summarize their respective capabilities and limitations with respect to water analysis, and project areas of future development.
Landscape Ecology and Its Potential Application to Planning

Landscape ecology is a relatively new science at the intersection of the social and biological sciences, based largely on theories from ecology and geography. Because of its emphasis on people and their environments, this emerging discipline has many possible planning applications. This review summarizes the characteristics and concepts of landscape ecology and the existing approaches of its application for planning. Even though the theories of landscape ecology and the concepts of landscape ecological planning are not yet well established, they show potential to change the traditional environmental planning approach toward a true synthesis of people and nature.
Self-Disclosure in Everyday Life:

Descriptions of naturally occurring episodes of self-disclosure were obtained from a sample of thirty-one subjects, all college students, aged 20-23 years. Subjects were asked to describe a recent situation in which they told their best female or male friend something personal about themselves. Content analysis of the episodes revealed that the majority of the self-disclosures involved the subject describing some aspect of his or her relationships with an intimate, a friend or a family member. Although most of the subjects reported that they revealed this information in order to share their feelings with their friend, to release their feelings or to seek advice and reassurance, several subjects described their self-disclosure as an attempt to strengthen and improve their relationship with their friend. Subjects, on the average, reported that their self-disclosure was very helpful in bringing about the kind of relationship that they would ideally like to have with the person with whom they shared their per...
A behavior-based system for off-road navigation

We describe a core system for autonomous navigation in outdoor natural terrain. The system consists of three parts: a perception module that processes range images to identify untraversable regions of the terrain, a local map management module that maintains a representation of the environment in the vicinity of the vehicle, and a planning module that issues commands to the vehicle controller. We illustrate our approach by an experiment in which a vehicle travelled autonomously for one kilometer through unmapped cross-country terrain. >
Fracture mode transition of iron in hydrogen as a function of grain boundary sulfur

Embrittlement of iron of variable impurity levels and identical thermal histories was shown to be dependent on the sulfur enrichment at grain interfaces and the applied cathodic potential. A fracture mode transition from transgranular ductile rupture to brittle intergranular failure was observed as a function of the grain boundary sulfur concentration. This mode change causes a dramatic loss in ductility at a threshold sulfur content of about 13% of monolayer on the fracture surface. A relationship is suggested between the roles S and H play in reducing boundary strength in iron.
Disposable soft contact lenses.

Abstract Disposable soft lenses are now available for extended wear. These lenses were designed to provide a more acceptable margin of safety than conventional extended wear soft lenses. Disposable lenses, which are intended to be discarded after 1–2 weeks of continuous wearing time, do offer a number of theoretical advantages. The short wearing schedule minimizes deposit formation which has been implicated in the development of giant papillary conjunctivitis and infectious keratitis. Lens disinfection systems, which are expensive and time consuming, and may become contaminated, are rarely needed if the manufacturer's guidelines are followed. Careful longterm follow-up of disposable soft lens patients will be needed to establish actual patient compliance and the safety of these lenses.
Origin of product ions in the MS/MS spectra of peptides in a quadrupole ion trap.

Stored waveform inverse Fourier transform and double resonance techniques have been used in conjunction with a quadrupole ion trap to study the dissociation patterns of peptide ions. These experiments provide insight into the origin of individual product ions in an MS/MS spectrum. Results show for a series of leucine enkephalin analogues with five amino acid residues that the b4 ion is the main product ion through which many other product ions arise. It was also observed that the percentage of the a4 product ions that are formed directly from the protonated molecule (M+H)+ depends on the nature of the fourth amino acid residue. In addition, it was determined that in the peptides studied here lower series b ions (e.g., b3 arise from direct dissociation of higher series b ions (e.g., b4 only about 50% of the time.
Post mortem changes in the content and specific radioactivity of several amino acids in four areas of the rat brain.

The contents of alanine, aspartate, GABA, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, serine, and lactic acid were measured in the cerebral hemispheres, midbrain, cerebellum, and pons-medulla of rats killed by immersion into liquid nitrogen or by decapitation. The head of each decapitated rat was frozen as described. Only in the cases of lactic acid, alanine and GABA were marked post-mortem changes observed within a few minutes after death. In rats killed 7 and 15 min after an intraperitoneal injection of (U−14C) glucose, there was a post-mortem increae in the specific activity of GABA relative to glutamate. These post-mortem changes in GABA support the idea that of the carbon units oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle approximately 10% pass through the GABA bypath. These data are also consistent with the view that multiple pools of both glutamate and GABA exist in brain tissue.
A unique case of combined pituitary hormone deficiency caused by a PROP1 gene mutation (R120C) associated with normal height and absent puberty

We report a 28-year-old-female who presented with primary amenorrhoea, absence of puberty, obesity and normal stature. The subject was clearly short as a child, with a height more than 2 SD below normal until the age of 15 years. The pubertal growth spurt failed to develop. She continued growing at a prepubertal rate until growth ceased at the age of 20 years, reaching her final adult height of 157 cm (SDS −0.86) without hormonal treatment. A combined pituitary hormone stimulation test of anterior pituitary function showed deficiencies of GH, LH and FSH, and low normal serum levels of TSH and PRL. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hypoplastic pituitary with markedly reduced pituitary height. In addition, a whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan showed high levels of body fat (54%). Combined pituitary hormone deficiencies with a hypoplastic pituitary suggested the diagnosis of a Prophet of Pit-1 (PROP1) gene mutation. Normal stature in this case, however, confounded this diagnosis. Sequencing of PROP1 revealed homozygosity for a single base-pair substitution (C to T), resulting in the replacement of an Arg by a Cys at codon 120 (R120C) in the third helix of the homeodomain of the Prop-1 protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with a mutation in the PROP1 gene that attained normal height without hormonal treatment, indicating a new variability in the PROP1 phenotype, with important implications for the diagnosis of these patients. We suggest that this can be explained by (i) the presence of low levels of GH in the circulation during childhood and adolescence; (ii) the lack of circulating oestrogen delaying epiphyseal fusion, resulting in growth beyond the period of normal growth; and (iii) fusion of the epiphyseal plates, possibly as a result of circulating oestrogens originating from peripheral conversion of androgens by adipose tissue.
The application of isotopic dilution analysis to the fluori-metric determination of selenium in plant material

Abstract A method has been developed for the fluorimetric determination of selenium in plant material using the reagent 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. Oxygen-flask combustion is used to oxidize plant material. Isotopic dilution techniques are incorporated to account for loss in different stages of the procedure. Measurements are also included on the suitability of several other amines as reagents for selenium.
Loci Related to Metabolic-Syndrome Pathways Including LEPR,HNF1A, IL6R, and GCKR Associate with Plasma C-Reactive Protein: The Women's Genome Health Study

Although elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) independently predict increased risk of development of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke, comprehensive analysis of the influence of genetic variation on CRP is not available. To address this issue, we performed a genome-wide association study among 6345 apparently healthy women in which we evaluated 336,108 SNPs as potential determinants of plasma CRP concentration. Overall, seven loci that associate with plasma CRP at levels achieving genome-wide statistical significance were found (range of p values for lead SNPs within the seven loci: 1.9 × 10−8 to 6.2 × 10−28). Two of these loci (GCKR and HNF1A) are suspected or known to be associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young, one is a gene-desert region on 12q23.2, and the remaining four loci are in or near the leptin receptor protein gene, the apolipoprotein E gene, the interleukin-6 receptor protein gene, or the CRP gene itself. The protein products of six of these seven loci are directly involved in metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, beta cell function, weight homeostasis, and/or premature atherothrombosis. Thus, common variation in several genes involved in metabolic and inflammatory regulation have significant effects on CRP levels, consistent with CRP's identification as a useful biomarker of risk for incident vascular disease and diabetes.
Resolutions of determinantal ideals: The submaximal minors

For many years there has been considerable interest in finding a resolution of the ideal generated by the minors of order p of a generic m x n matrix. To put the problem more precisely, suppose R, is a commutative ring and X, are variables with 1 < i < m and 1 < j Q n. If we let R = R, [X,] be the polynomial ring over R,, then we have the “generic” matrix (X,) and we may form the ideal ZP in R generated by the p X p minors of this matrix. The problem, then, is to find an explicit free resolution of the ideal ZP over the ring R. It was proved by Eagon and Hochster [lo] that R/I, has a resolution of length (m-p + l)(n -p + l), but their proof consisted in showing that the ideal ZP is perfect; it did not provide a construction of the resolution. In fact, it is not known whether the Betti numbers of the ideal ZP depend on the characteristic of the ground ring R,. In [ 121, Lascoux succeeded in giving an explicit resolution provided that the ground ring R, contained the field, Q, of rational numbers. His construction rests heavily on the theory of Schur functors and the fact that in characteristic zero the Schur functors are the irreducible representations of the general linear group. Over the integers, however, the construction breaks down despite the fact that one can define the Schur functors over an arbitrary commutative ring (see [ 1,2, 14, 151 for various constructions of Schur functors). In analyzing the work of Lascoux and its subsequent reworking by Nielsen [ 131, some basic facts seemed to clamor for attention. One was that within a resolution of R/Z,, there appeared to be two types of boundary maps: one of degree 1 and one of degree p. The maps of degree 1 were maps between sums of Schur functors of fixed Durfee square k (see Section 2 for definitions), while the maps of degree p were from sums of Schur functors of
Optical 4x4 hitless Silicon router for optical Networks-on-Chip (NoC): erratum

An erratum is presented to add the proper acknowledgements for this work. ©2008 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.4250) Fiber optics and optical communications: Networks; (130.4815) Integrated optics: Optical switching devices; (230.3990) Optical devices: Micro-optical devices. References and links 1. N. Sherwood-Droz, H. Wang, L. Chen, B. G. Lee, A. Biberman, K. Bergman, and M. Lipson, "Optical 4x4 hitless slicon router for optical networks-on-chip (NoC)," Opt. Express 16, 15915-15922 (2008). Acknowledgments This work was performed in part at the Cornell NanoScale Facility, a member of the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network, which is supported by the National Science Foundation. This work is also partly funded by the Center for Nanoscale Systems, supported by the NSF and the New York State Office of Science, Technology and Academic Research. The authors also thank the Interconnect Focus Center Research Program (IFC) which is supported in part by the Microelectronics Advanced ResearchCorporation (MARCO), and its participating companies, for the partial support of this work. [1] (C) 2008 OSA 10 November 2008 / Vol. 16, No. 23 / OPTICS EXPRESS 19395 #103706 $15.00 USD Received 5 Nov 2008; published 7 Nov 2008
The `Dative' Chemical Bond

WAVE mechanics notwithstanding, the electronic conception of valence in chemistry is serving a useful purpose. It is true that we know little in regard to what we symbolise by a shared pair of electrons, but even less was ever known of the inner meaning of the single bond of organic chemistry, although nobody would deny that the conception of such a bond has been a useful one.
Investigation of cAMP microdomains as a path to novel cancer diagnostics.

Understanding of cAMP signaling has greatly improved over the past decade. The advent of live cell imaging techniques and more specific pharmacologic modulators has led to an improved understanding of the intricacies by which cAMP is able to modulate such a wide variety of cellular pathways. It is now appreciated that cAMP is able to activate multiple effector proteins at distinct areas in the cell leading to the activation of very different downstream targets. The investigation of signaling proteins in cancer is a common route to the development of diagnostic tools, prognostic tools, and/or therapeutic targets, and in this review we highlight how investigation of cAMP signaling microdomains driven by the soluble adenylyl cyclase in different cancers has led to the development of a novel cancer biomarker. Antibodies directed against the soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) are highly specific markers for melanoma especially for lentigo maligna melanoma and are being described as “second generation” cancer diagnostics, which are diagnostics that determine the ‘state’ of a cell and not just identify the cell type. Due to the wide presence of cAMP signaling pathways in cancer, we predict that further investigation of both sAC and other cAMP microdomains will lead to additional cancer biomarkers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
Ab initio studies of structural features not easily amenable to experiment: the molecular structures of some hydrogenfluoride clusters

Abstract The completely relaxed ab initio structures of some forms of H2F2 and H3F3 reflect the cooperative nature of hydrogen bonding and can be used to estimate the order of magnitude of the variations in local geometry which are neglected when interactive potentials for HF in clusters or in the liquid state are evaluated with constrained geometries.
Identification of the minimal intracellular vacuolating domain of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin.

Helicobacter pylori secretes a cytotoxin (VacA) that induces the formation of large vacuoles originating from late endocytic vesicles in sensitive mammalian cells. Although evidence is accumulating that VacA is an A-B toxin, distinct A and B fragments have not been identified. To localize the putative catalytic A-fragment, we transfected HeLa cells with plasmids encoding truncated forms of VacA fused to green fluorescence protein. By analyzing truncated VacA fragments for intracellular vacuolating activity, we reduced the minimal functional domain to the amino-terminal 422 residues of VacA, which is less than one-half of the full-length protein (953 amino acids). VacA is frequently isolated as a proteolytically nicked protein of two fragments that remain noncovalently associated and retain vacuolating activity. Neither the amino-terminal 311 residue fragment (p33) nor the carboxyl-terminal 642 residue fragment (p70) of proteolytically nicked VacA are able to induce cellular vacuolation by themselves. However, co-transfection of HeLa cells with separate plasmids expressing both p33 and p70 resulted in vacuolated cells. Further analysis revealed that a minimal fragment comprising just residues 312–478 functionally complemented p33. Collectively, our results suggest a novel molecular architecture for VacA, with cytosolic localization of both fragments of nicked toxin required to mediate intracellular vacuolating activity.
Attitudes Toward the Protection and Restoration of Natural Areas Across Three Geographic Levels: An Examination of Interattitude Consistency1

In addition to large, rural, pristine natural areas, urban open space is increasingly viewed as harboring small pockets of indigenous flora and fauna that need to be protected. We examined the consistency of attitudes toward protecting the natural environment among tropical rainforests, regional natural areas of the midwestern United States, and local open space within the Chicago metropolitan region. We also examined the moderating effects of issue importance, environmental ideology, and objective knowledge on attitude consistency. When environmental protection was rated as important, attitudes toward protecting tropical rainforests, regional forests, and local open space were more consistent with each other than when the issue was unimportant. Persons with distinct environmental ideologies differed in the extent to which their attitudes toward environmental protection at the three geographic levels were consistent.
Nutritional and medicinal aspects of D-amino acids

This paper reviews and interprets a method for determining the nutritional value of d-amino acids, d-peptides, and amino acid derivatives using a growth assay in mice fed a synthetic all-amino acid diet. A large number of experiments were carried out in which a molar equivalent of the test compound replaced a nutritionally essential amino acid such as l-lysine (l-Lys), l-methionine (l-Met), l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), and l-tryptophan (l-Trp) as well as the semi-essential amino acids l-cysteine (l-Cys) and l-tyrosine (l-Tyr). The results show wide-ranging variations in the biological utilization of test substances. The method is generally applicable to the determination of the biological utilization and safety of any amino acid derivative as a potential nutritional source of the corresponding l-amino acid. Because the organism is forced to use the d-amino acid or amino acid derivative as the sole source of the essential or semi-essential amino acid being replaced, and because a free amino acid diet allows better control of composition, the use of all-amino-acid diets for such determinations may be preferable to protein-based diets. Also covered are brief summaries of the widely scattered literature on dietary and pharmacological aspects of 27 individual d-amino acids, d-peptides, and isomeric amino acid derivatives and suggested research needs in each of these areas. The described results provide a valuable record and resource for further progress on the multifaceted aspects of d-amino acids in food and biological samples.
Spatial mental models from descriptions

Spatial language is widely used, both literally to describe space and figuratively to express a broad range of ideas. This article reviews two projects studying the nature of mental representations of space induced entirely by language. The first project investigates perspective in descriptions of large-scale (e.g., convention center, town) space. People typically describe environments using a route or survey perspective, or a mixture of both. Route perspectives take a view from within the environment and describe the locations of landmarks with respect to a moving observer in terms of the observer's left, right, front, and back. Survey perspectives take a view from above the environment and describe locations of landmarks with respect to each other in terms of north, south, east, and west. Features of the environment, such as having a single or multiple path, affect choice of perspective. In comprehension, readers seem to form the same perspective-free mental representation irrespective of description perspective. They respond with equal speed and accuracy to inference questions from either perspective regardless of read perspective. The second project investigates mental representations of the objects located immediately around the body. Readers seem to form mental spatial frameworks, extensions of the three body axes, associating objects to the frameworks. The accessibility of the three axes depends on characteristics of the body, characteristics of the perceptual world, and posture of the observer. For example, for an upright observer, times to access objects along the head/feet axis are fastest because it is an asymmetric axis of the body and is correlated with the only asymmetric axis of the world, that created by gravity. Times to access objects along the front/back axis are next fastest as it is an asymmetric axis of the body, and times to the left/right axis are slowest as it is an axis with few asymmetries. Evidence for the spatial framework hypothesis was obtained in a variety of situations, varying posture, perspective, number of observers, and cause of reorientations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bubble Departure and Convection in Large Aspect Ratio Microchannels

The growth and departure of vapor bubbles governs pressure drop and thermal resistance of two-phase microchannel heat sinks. Little data is available for the growth, departure, and convection of bubbles in microchannels. The current study uses isothermal air injection to simulate the nucleation and growth of bubbles in high aspect microchannels with Dh ≈48μm and aspect ratios from 20 to 40 with 1 < ReH < 10. Liquid pressure drop and flow rate are measured during bubble growth along with the time history of the bubble geometry obtained from a high speed video imaging system at rates up to 50,000 frames per second. Bubble departure is found to vary linearly with aspect ratio divided by inlet Reynolds number, while the convection velocity depends on the normalized bubble width and normalized liquid film thickness. A scaling analysis identifies the increase in axial pressure drop due to bubble confinement as the driving force for both bubble departure and convection.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Regulation of RIP1 kinase signalling at the crossroads of inflammation and cell death

Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase has emerged as a key upstream regulator that controls inflammatory signalling as well as the activation of multiple cell death pathways, including apoptosis and necroptosis. The ability of RIP1 to modulate these key cellular events is tightly controlled by ubiquitylation, deubiquitylation and the interaction of RIP1 with a class of ubiquitin receptors. The modification of RIP1 may thus provide a unique 'ubiquitin code' that determines whether a cell activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to promote inflammatory signalling or induces cell death by apoptosis or necroptosis. Targeting RIP1 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of both acute and chronic human diseases.
A simple non-classical equation of state for fluids and fluid mixtures

Abstract A method for improving the behavior of classical equations of state (EOS) in the critical region, originally proposed by Fox [J.R. Fox, Fluid Phase Equilibria 14 (1983) 45–53], has been modified in this work for the Patel–Teja (PT) EOS [N.C. Patel, A.S. Teja, Chem. Eng. Sci. 37, 463–473]. The application of the new equation (NPT) for predicting PVT and vapor pressure behavior of pure substances, as well as vapor–liquid equilibrium behavior of binary mixtures, is demonstrated. The NPT equation is simple to use and requires the same input information as the original PT equation. However, it reproduces the correct PVT behavior in the critical region. Limitations of both the PT and NPT equations in calculating the isochoric heat capacity are discussed.
The Effect of Server Posture on the Tips of Whites and Blacks

This study examined the effects on tips left by Black and White restaurant patrons of having a White waitress sit down or lean over at the table during the service encounter. A significant server posture by patron race interaction was obtained. Sitting at the table significantly increased the tips left by White patrons and marginally significantly decreased the tips left by Black patrons. Potential explanations for this interaction are discussed along with its practical implications.
Structural and physiologic studies in experimentally induced epilepsy

Abstract In 11 cats recurrent clinical and electrographic seizures were induced for long periods of time to determine if such repeated seizures would result in morphologic changes in the hippocampal cortex, and thus form the basis for the development of new seizure-sensitive cortex. In 4 cats given unilateral intrahippocampal cobalt that resulted in repeated bilateral clinical seizures totaling 60 to 144 8 h , no ultrastructural changes were detected in the contralateral hippocampus. This indicated that such repeated synaptic driving of the contralateral hippocampus during the clinical seizures did not produce a so-called mirror focus, as judged by electrographic recordings and electron microscopy. In 6 cats given intravenous bicuculline-HCl sufficient to induce EEG evidence of generalized seizures (status epilepticus) for as long as 300 min, no evidence of ischemic or metabolic damage to neurons of either hippocampi or neocortex was found by light or electron microscopic analysis. In all 6 animals given bicuculline, blood pH, oxygen, and temperature were maintained by either paralysis with artificial ventilation and/or by intravenous fluids. These results also indicate that repetitive synaptic driving during generalized seizures may not lead to cellular necrosis if metabolic homeostasis is maintained.
Accommodation and apparent distance.

The ability to judge egocentric distance was assessed in sixteen normal observers under conditions where monocular blur-driven accommodation provided the only source of information regarding changes in target dioptric distance. Accommodation and apparent distance were measured over an optical range of 2 to 6 D for each of three targets which differed in their effectiveness as accommodative stimuli (excellent, moderate, and poor). For the excellent and moderate accommodative targets, apparent distance decreased as accommodation increased, with both targets sharing a common linear function. Apparent distance, however, tended to exceed accommodative distance and was relatively compressed in scale. As expected, accommodative response and apparent distance diminished in range as target effectiveness was reduced. The poor accommodative target represented the limiting case wherein accommodation failed to deviate from the tonic level, and apparent distance remained constant. There were considerable intersubject d...
Hemopexin of human and rabbit: molecular weight and extinction coefficient.

Abstract The molecular weights of rabbit and human hemopexin were investigated by sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The apparent isopotential specific volume (φ′) of rabbit hemopexin was found to be 0.702 ± 0.003 ml/g which is very similar to the partial specific volume of 0.705 ml/g calculated from the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of both rabbit and human hemopexin. With φ ′ = 0.702 ± 0.003 ml/g, the molecular weight of rabbit and human hemopexin is 57,000 ± 3,000. The extinction coefficients ( E 1cm 1% ) for rabbit hemopexin containing 1 mole of heme per mole of protein are 21.8 at 280 nm and 19.2 at 414 nm; the apoprotein has an E 1cm 1% of 19.7 at 280 nm.
Interfacial differences in enhanced schottky barrier height Au/n-GaAs diodes deposited at 77 K

Abstract The use of cryogenic temperatures (∼77 K) during Au Schottky contact deposition onto n-GaAs produces an increase in barrier height from 0.73 eV for room temperature diodes to 0.82 eV. Not all Schottky metals show this enhancement—for example Pt and Ti do not show any significant change in barrier height whereas Au, Pd and Ni show increases between 7 and 18%. We used X-ray reflectivity to show that the main difference between Au deposited at 77 K and room temperature is a decreased metal roughness while the interfacial roughness between the Au and GaAs is basically the same. As the diodes are annealed to 300 °C both the difference in barrier height and interfacial roughness is lost. This is a simple method with potential for improving the performance of GaAs metal-semiconductor-field-effect-transistors (MESFETs).
Multiple and Infraductal Coarctations of the Aorta

Reports of multiple and infraductal coarctations are appearing more frequently in the literature as interest in the treatment of cardiovascular disease grows. A case with 4 distinct coarctations is presented.
Some useful statistical properties of position-weight matrices☆

Abstract Position-weight matrices (or profiles) are simple mathematical objects traditionally used to capture the information about local sequence patterns (or motifs) characteristic of a given structure or function. Although weight matrices can lead to fast database scanning algorithms their usage has been limited, due to the lack of a reliable method to assess the statistical significance of the matching scores. In this article I first review 3 different computation scheme for designing weight matrices from a block-alignment of any (small or large) number of sequences. I then show that, for patterns spanning 10 positions or more, the best scores expected from matching random sequences are distributed according to the extreme value (Gumbel) distribution. The threshold of statistical significance assessed from this distribution perfectly delineate the range of scores characterizing “true positive” sequences (biological significant matches). This result allows weight matrices to be used to scan an entire protein database for patterns in a highly sensitive way. MODEST (MOtif DEsign and Search Tools), a suite of programs in Unix/C, implements these statistical improvements and is available upon E-mail request.
Toward deterministic compressed sensing

During the past decade, compressed sensing has delivered significant advances in the theory and application of measuring and compressing data. Consider capturing a 10-megapixel image with a digital camera. Emailing an image of this size requires an unnecessary amount of storage space and bandwidth. Instead, users employ a standard digital compression scheme, such as JPEG, to represent the image as a 64-kb file. The compressed image is completely recognizable even though the dimension of the compressed version is a tiny fraction of the original 10 million dimensions. Compressed sensing takes this mathematical phenomenon one step further. Is it possible to capture the pertinent information, such as the 64-kb image, without first measuring the full 10 million pixel values? If so, how should we perform the measurements? If we capture the important information, can we still reconstruct the image from this limited number of observations? Compressed sensing exploded in 2004 when Donoho (1, 2) and Candes and Tao (3) definitively answered these questions by incorporating randomness in the measurement process. Because engineering a truly random process is impossible, a major open problem in compressed sensing is the search for deterministic methods for sparse signal measurement that capture the relevant information in the signal and permit accurate reconstruction. In PNAS, Monajemi et al. (4) provide a major step forward in understanding the potential for deterministic measurement matrices in compressed sensing.
Determinants of U.S. Television Fiction Imports in Western Europe

Our primary hypothesis is that a country having a larger gross domestic product (GDP) or broadcast television economic infrastructure (BTEI) will import a lower proportion of its programming from the United States than a country with lower GDP or BTEI. Results support our primary hypothesis but also indicate that the percentage of private stations may be a more important predictor. Contrary to our expectations, the existence of program quotas is unrelated, and English fluency negatively related, to the proportion of U.S. imports.
Electrorheological Modeling of the Permeabilization of the Stratum Corneum: Theory and Experiment

Experimentally observed changes in the conductivity of skin under the influence of a pulsing electric field were theoretically analyzed on the basis of a proposed electrorheological model of the stratum corneum (SC). The dependence of relative changes in conductivity on the amplitude of electric field and timelike parameters of applied pulses or pulse trains have been mathematically described. Statistical characteristics of phenomena of transient and long-term electroporation of SC were taken into consideration. The time-dependent decreases of skin resistance depicted by the models were fitted to experimental data for transient and long-term skin permeabilization by electric pulses. The results show two characteristic times and two spectra of characteristic energies for transient and long-term permeabilizations. The rheological parameters derived from the fittings agreed with those reported elsewhere for biological membranes.
Fundamental mechanistic understanding of electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on Pt and non-Pt surfaces: Acid versus alkaline media

Complex electrochemical reactions such as Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) involving multi-electron transfer is an electrocatalytic inner-sphere electron transfer process that exhibit strong dependence on the nature of the electrode surface. This criterion (along with required stability in acidic electrolytes) has largely limited ORR catalysts to the platinum-based surfaces. New evidence in alkaline media, discussed here, throws light on the involvement of surface-independent outer-sphere electron transfer component in the overall electrocatalytic process. This surface non-specificity gives rise to the possibility of using a wide-range of non-noble metal surfaces as electrode materials for ORR in alkaline media. However, this outer-sphere process predominantly leads only to peroxide intermediate as the final product. The importance of promoting the electrocatalytic inner-sphere electron transfer by facilitation of direct adsorption of molecular oxygen on the active site is emphasized by using pyrolyzed metal porphyrins as electrocatalysts. A comparison of ORR reaction mechanisms between acidic and alkaline conditions is elucidated here. The primary advantage of performing ORR in alkaline media is found to be the enhanced activation of the peroxide intermediate on the active site that enables the complete four-electron transfer. ORR reaction schemes involving both outer- and inner-sphere electron transfer mechanisms are proposed.
The effect of heparin on chemotactic and migration inhibitory lymphokines

Abstract Heparin was studied in a dose range of 1 to 100 units/ml for its ability to interfere with migration inhibitory or chemotactic activity of lymphokine preparations. Heparin was found to inhibit macrophage and neutrophil chemotaxis but not macrophage migration inhibition. The dose range for these effects is similar to the in vivo concentrations necessary to suppress cutaneous reactions of delayed hypersensitivity. These results, taken in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that macrophage chemotactic factor may play a more significant role than macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the expression of cutaneous reactivity.
Spatial and temporal controls of the Aspergillus brlA developmental regulatory gene

Summary The Aspergillus nidulans brlA gene encodes a transcriptional regulator of central importance in controlling conidiophore development. I have determined the effects of mutations in other developmental regulatory genes on expression of a brlA-lacZ fusion gene. Deletion of brlA reduced s;-galactosidase levels by half and led to delocalization of enzyme accumulation. The medA 26 and abaA2 developmental mutations led to overexpression of the fusion gene without altering spatial specificity. In contrast, the stuA1 mutation did not affect the timing or levels of brlA expression during induction, but Instead resulted in spatial derangement of expression. These results and the phenotypes of the mutants suggest a model in which subsets of morphogenetic loci are controlled by differing levels and combinations of regulatory gene products, which are themselves determined by interactions among the regulatory genes.
Non Debye Relaxation Process of Hopping Ionic Conduction in Lattice Gas Models : An Application of the Path Probability Method

Statistical treatments of the relaxation process of hopping ionic conduction in lattice gas models generally lead to a linear relaxation process. This situation was investigated critically by means of the pair approximation of the Path Probability method of irreversible statistical mechanics for the purpose of understanding the strong non Debye relaxation process in the ionic conduction in disordered solid electrolytes known as «the universal dynamic response.» It is found that the formalism of these treatments is to follow quantities in the ensemble average and that the usage of such treatments for flow which requires the time correlation of the motion of particles is responsible for the above results independent of the degree of approximation
On‐Demand Ambient Ionization of Picoliter Samples Using Charge Pulses

Relay electrospray ionization (rESI) from a capillary containing a sample solution (or from an array of such capillaries) is triggered by charge deposition onto the capillary. Suitable sources of primary ions, besides electrosprays, are plasma ion and piezoelectric discharge plasma sources. With no requirement for physical contact, high-throughput sample screening is enabled by rapidly addressing individual secondary (sample) capillaries. Sub-pL sample volumes can be loaded and sprayed. Polar analytes, including neurotransmitters, phosphopeptides, oligonucleotides, illicit drugs, and pharmaceutical compounds are successfully ionized by rESI with concentration sensitivities (0.1 ppb for acetylcholine) which are similar to nanoESI but absolute sensitivities are orders of magnitude better. Nonpolar analytes (steroids, alkynes) are ionized by rESI using an open-tube secondary capillary and injecting electrolytically generated metal cations from the primary electrospray.
Performance of Cryptographic Protocols for High-Performance, High-Bandwidth and High-Latency Grid Systems

Grid security solutions address critical requirements and are constructed from building blocks comprising cryptographic algorithms and protocols. Choosing the most appropriate algorithms and protocols requires an ongoing evaluation of performance and security properties, given continuing advances in system performance, optimizations, security analyses, and cryptographic techniques. Today, the Globus Toolkit's grid security infrastructure (GSI) is a leading provider of security solutions based on the RSA cryptosystem. Recently, cryptosystems based on bilinear pairings have been proposed as an alternative with the promise of increased efficiency and scalability. In this work we evaluate this alternative compared to elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and RSA in terms of their computation and communication overheads for today's grid systems. Our analysis and experiments lead us to conclude that RSA continues to be a good choice for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, our results are intuitively aligned with the high-performance, high-bandwidth, and high-latency nature of grid systems.
High school students’ levels of thinking in regard to statistical study design

The study describes levels of thinking in regard to the design of statistical studies. Clinical interviews were conducted with 15 students who were enrolled in high school or were recent high school graduates, and who represented a range of mathematical backgrounds. During the clinical interview sessions students were asked how they would go about designing studies to answer several different quantifiable questions. Several levels of sophistication were identified in their responses, and are discussed in terms of the Biggs and Collis (1982, 1991) cognitive model.
Caution on the Interpretation of Plasma Fatty Acid Composition as a Proxy Marker for SCD1 Activity: Particular Implications for Using the 16:1/16:0 Ratio in QTL Studies Involving Hyperlipidemic Patients

In response: The justification of using the desaturation index as a measure of SCD was based primarily on studies with mouse models, including a …