cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics, safety, and effects on exercise performance of l-arginine α-ketoglutarate in trained adult men

Abstract Objective We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of l -arginine α-ketoglutarate (AAKG) in trained adult men. Methods Subjects participated in two studies that employed a randomized, double-blind, controlled design. In study 1, 10 healthy men (30–50 y old) fasted for 8 h and then ingested 4 g of time-released or non–timed-released AAKG. Blood samples were taken for 8 h after AAKG ingestion to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of l -arginine. After 1 wk the alternative supplement was ingested. In study 2, which was placebo controlled, 35 resistance-trained adult men (30–50 y old) were randomly assigned to ingest 4 g of AAKG (three times a day, i.e., 12 g daily, n = 20) or placebo ( n = 15). Participants performed 4 d of periodized resistance training per week for 8 wk. At 0, 4, and 8 wk of supplementation the following tests were performed: clinical blood markers, one repetition maximum bench press, isokinetic quadriceps muscle endurance, anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, total body water, body composition, and psychometric parameters tests. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. Results In study 1, significant differences were observed in plasma arginine levels in subjects taking non–timed-release and timed-release AAKG. In study 2, significant differences were observed in the AAKG group ( P Conclusion AAKG supplementation appeared to be safe and well tolerated, and positively influenced 1RM bench press and Wingate peak power performance. AAKG did not influence body composition or aerobic capacity.
A parallel Schur complement solver for the solution of the adjoint steady-state lattice Boltzmann equations: application to design optimisation

We study the numerical performance of a parallel Schur complement method towards the solution of the steady-state lattice Boltzmann equations on large meshes as needed for parametric design optimisation problems, in particular topology optimisation. For the gradient-based topology optimisation framework a porosity model is used to continuously transition from fluid to solid. Deriving the sensitivity equations for the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), we identify the Jacobian of the LBM fixed-point formulation, which poses the key computational challenge in LBM topology optimisation due to its large size. We show that the Schur complement method can be used to decompose the fixed-point Jacobian, making the solution of the LBM sensitivity equations more memory efficient, in particular for 2D problems. The effectiveness of the overall lattice Boltzmann based topology optimisation framework is illustrated with the optimal design of a micro valve, posted by a dual-objective optimisation problem.
A simpler, safer programming and execution model for intermittent systems

Energy harvesting enables novel devices and applications without batteries, but intermittent operation under energy harvesting poses new challenges to memory consistency that threaten to leave applications in failed states not reachable in continuous execution. This paper presents analytical models that aid in reasoning about intermittence. Using these, we develop DINO (Death Is Not an Option), a programming and execution model that simplifies programming for intermittent systems and ensures volatile and nonvolatile data consistency despite near-constant interruptions. DINO is the first system to address these consistency problems in the context of intermittent execution. We evaluate DINO on three energy-harvesting hardware platforms running different applications. The applications fail and exhibit error without DINO, but run correctly with DINO’s modest 1.8–2.7× run-time overhead. DINO also dramatically simplifies programming, reducing the set of possible failure- related control transfers by 5–9×.
Cell Proliferation Without Neurogenesis in Adult Primate Neocortex

A recent assertion that new neurons are continually added to the neocortex of adult macaque monkeys has profound implications for understanding the cellular mechanisms of higher cognitive functions. Here we searched for neurogenesis in adult macaques by using immunofluorescent triple labeling for the DNA-replication indicator, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and neuronal and glial cell markers. Although numerous BrdU-labeled cells were distributed throughout the cerebral wall, including the neocortex, these were identified as nonneuronal cells; evidence for newly generated neurons was limited to the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. Thus, our results do not substantiate the claim of neurogenesis in normal adult primate neocortex.
The effect of gynecologic algorithm pathways on emergency department visit times.

Abstract Background The use of multidisciplinary algorithmic pathways is one strategy to improve efficiency and quality of care in Emergency Departments (EDs). To this end, in the fall of 2005, we implemented algorithmic pathways for evaluation of ED patients with common gynecologic complaints. Objectives The goals of this initiative were to improve length of stay as a marker for operational efficiency and to reduce health care disparities by ensuring consistent management regimens for all patients. Methods A retrospective observational comparison study was performed through a review of consults in the year preceding and the year after implementation of the pathways. The length of stay was calculated based on time of initial triage until discharge. The length of stay from both groups was compared using an unpaired Student's t-test analysis. Results There was an 85-min decrease in the mean visit time between the pre-intervention group (108 patients, 610 min, SD 345.4) and the post-intervention group (105 patients, 525 min, SD 251.5), p = 0.04. Conclusions Algorithmic pathways had a positive impact on patient care as measured by the average amount of time our patients spent in the ED. Gynecologic care in the ED was standardized, and length of stay for patients with gynecologic complaints decreased. The implementation of algorithms resulted in more consistent care with earlier initiation of pertinent studies, while facilitating more rapid critical decision-making by providers from both departments. Further analysis is required to examine cost-effectiveness as well as patient safety and provider satisfaction issues.
A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data

This paper reviews the necessary considerations and available techniques for assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed data. Included in this review are the classification system, the sampling scheme, the sample size, spatial autocorrelation, and the assessment techniques. All analysis is based on the use of an error matrix or contingency table. Example matrices and results of the analysis are presented. Future trends including the need for assessment of other spatial data are also discussed.
Use of mild, whole body hyperthermia in cancer therapy.

(2000). Use of Mild, Whole Body Hyperthermia in Cancer Therapy. Immunological Investigations: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 139-142.
A comparison of the elasticity of live, dead, and fixed brain tissue.

Abstract The opposition to the intracranial expansion of a thin elastic cylinder in live, dead, and fixed brain tissue has been measured and compared. An analysis of the data, assuming an elastic material, indicates that the elastic modulus increases concavely upward with strain and varies between 1·0 × 103 and 3·5 × 103 dyn/cm2 for the range of strain tested. Death and fixation of brain tissue increases the modulus but does not appear to change the manner in which it varies with strain.
Protecting health care workers from tuberculosis in China: a review of policy and practice in China and the United States

Tuberculosis causes >1.7 million deaths worldwide each year and is frequently transmitted in hospitals. Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have led to illness and death among health care workers (HCWs) in many countries. Some countries, such as the United States, implemented occupational health policies that substantially reduced tuberculosis rates among HCWs. Inadequate tuberculosis infection control in China may contribute to its high burden of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, which are both the second highest worldwide. Occupational health policies in China for tuberculosis control can be strengthened. We reviewed the development and content of tuberculosis infection control policies in the United States and China. Sources included published academic literature, Chinese Ministry of Health policies, US government agency reports, legal databases, personal observations of hospitals, review of internet discussion sites, and discussions with HCWs and health care and law experts. In the United States, slow acceptance of the tuberculosis problem in HCWs resulted in decades of inaction. Tuberculosis infection control policies, based mostly on expert opinion, were implemented only after tuberculosis resurged in the 1980s. Effective evidence-based policies were developed only after multiple cycles of policy implementation, evaluation and revision. These policies have now substantially reduced occupational tuberculosis. In China, tuberculosis has not been formally recognized as an occupational disease, and data regarding the burden in HCWs are sparse. Vagueness of current labour laws and suboptimal alignment of infection control authority and expertise result in varied and sometimes absent protection of HCWs against tuberculosis. Formal evaluations of occupational tuberculosis policies have not been reported. By collecting data on its current HCW tuberculosis burden and infection control practices, refining policies, continually evaluating its policies based on accumulated evidence and rapidly identifying unsuspected tuberculosis cases, China can develop a more comprehensive strategy to ensure the health of HCWs and reduce transmission of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Quantifying spatial patterns of tree groups and gaps in mixed-conifer forests: Reference conditions and long-term changes following fire suppression and logging

Fire suppression and past logging have dramatically altered forest conditions in many areas, but changes to within-stand tree spatial patterns over time are not as well understood. The few studies available suggest that variability in tree spatial patterns is an important structural feature of forests with intact frequent fire regimes that should be incorporated in restoration prescriptions. We used a rare dataset consisting of mapped locations for all trees P10 cm in three 4-ha plots in 1929 before logging and in 2007/2008, 78 and 79 years after logging, to assess changes in three spatial components of forest structure: individual trees, tree clusters and gaps. Comparing 1929 old growth to modern conditions, area in gaps decreased from 20% to zero, the percentage of stems that were single trees from 6% to 2% and in small or medium clumps (2–9 trees) from 28% to 9%, while trees in large clumps (P10 trees) increased from 66% to 89%. Concurrent with these changes, canopy cover increased from 45% to 62%, and the average number of trees in a clump increased from 11 to 26, resulting in much more homogenous conditions across the stand. These changes also altered tree size and species associations within different structural groups (i.e., single tree, small, medium and large clumps). In an effort to account for the alteration of the fire regime that had already taken place in 1929 (the last fire recorded in tree rings was in 1889) we also analyzed spatial patterns of 1929 conditions removing all trees
Tradeoffs in building a generic supply chain simulation capability

Building a simulation model for any large complex system requires high expertise and effort. These requirements can be reduced through building generic simulation capability that includes artifacts for facilitating the development of the simulation model. The artifacts can have a range of capabilities depending on the design goals for the simulation. This paper focuses on issues to be considered in building a generic simulation capability for supply chains. A number of approaches used in recent years for building generic supply chain simulation capability are discussed. Such approaches include data-driven simulators, interactive simulators, and sub-models for supply chain components. Tradeoffs are identified that should be considered in selecting an approach for building a generic supply chain simulation capability.
Consequences of Cultivar Diffusion

Consequences of Cultivar Diffusion. Leonard Plotnicov and Richard Scaglion. eds. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh, 1999. 151 pp.
Tissue transglutaminase-induced alterations in extracellular matrix inhibit tumor invasion.

Background: Alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM) can affect host-tumor interactions and tumor growth and metastasis. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2, EC 2.3.2.13), a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes covalent cross-linking of proteins, can render the ECM highly stable and resistant to proteolytic degradation. So we determined whether TG2 expression in a tumor or nontumor (stroma) environment could affect the process of metastasis. Two hundred archived samples from patients with breast cancer were studied for the TG2 expression. Also, in an in vitro model the invasive behavior of MDA-MB-231 cells in the presence or absence of exogenous TG2 was determined. Results: Tumors associated with negative nodes showed significantly higher expression of TG2 in the stroma (P < 0.001). TG2 in the stroma was catalytically active, as revealed by the presence of isopeptide cross-links. Pretreatment of Matrigel with catalytically active TG2 resulted in strong inhibition of invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells through the Matrigel Transwell filters. Conclusion: TG2-induced alterations in the ECM could effectively inhibit the process of metastasis. Therefore, selective induction of catalytically active TG2 at the site of tumor may offer promising approach for limiting the metastasis.
The heater probe: a new endoscopic method for stopping massive gastrointestinal bleeding.

Abstract We have developed a heater probe which can be passed via an endoscope and which can apply pressure and heat simultaneously to a bleeding vessel. A 6.4-mm diameter prototype and a 3.2-mm diameter working model of this device have been tested for efficacy in stopping massive bleeding in experimental canine gastric ulcers. Randomized, internally controlled experiments were carried out at laparotomy in heparinized dogs using standard-sized gastric ulcers made and treated via an ample gastrotomy. In acute experiments the heater probe stopped bleeding from all treated ulcers, whereas all untreated control ulcers continued bleeding. In chronic studies performed at sterile laparotomy the depth of injury produced by heater probe coagulation was systematically evaluated; dogs were killed at intervals from 1 week to 1 month. No perforations occurred, but histological injury was evident extending from the ulcer base to the serosa in 7 of the 18 ulcers treated with the 6.4-mm probe and in 2 of the 30 ulcers treated with the 3.2-mm probe. In a preliminary endoscopic experiment the 3.2-mm probe stopped bleeding in 18 of 19 acute experimental ulcers. Histological evidence of injury extending to the serosa occurred in six instances; no perforations occurred. The efficacy in stopping bleeding with this method is satisfactory, but the depth of injury should be reduced before considering application to human beings.
Repellency of Ginger Oil to Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Tomato

The whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring is an economically important pest of tomatoes, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., inducing an irregular ripening disorder of fruit and transmitting plant pathogenic viruses. With the goal of investigating ginger oil as a protectant for tomato plants, we tested the effects of concentration of ginger oil and application methods on repellency to whitefly in a vertical still-air olfactometer. In choice and no-choice experiments conducted in a greenhouse, we evaluated whether ginger oil would protect tomato seedlings from whitefly settling and oviposition. Ginger oil repelled whitefly adults in the vertical olfactometer. The repellency of ginger oil was attributed to its odor, effective at the concentrations used over a distance of 1-2 mm. Tomato leaf disks dipped in ginger oil repelled whiteflies at concentrations of 0.5, 0.75, and 1%, but not at concentrations <0.5%, in a dose-response experiment conducted in the olfactometer. Repellency increased with increasing ginger oil concentration when leaf disks were dipped in ginger oil but not when ginger oil was sprayed onto the leaf disks. Higher quantities of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were deposited on leaf disks dipped in ginger oil than on sprayed leaf disks according to gas chromatographic quantification. In the greenhouse, both choice and no-choice tests were conducted with tomato seedlings dipped in 0.25% ginger oil solution or 2% Tween 20, as treatment and control, respectively. In the choice test, 35-42% fewer whitefly adults settled and 37% fewer eggs were laid during the 24-h exposure period on tomato plants dipped in ginger oil solution than on plants dipped in 2% Tween 20. In the no-choice test, 10.2-16.7% fewer whiteflies settled on treated plants compared with control plants but no significant differences were detected in the number of eggs laid. Higher concentrations of ginger oil could not be used without causing severe wilting of tomato leaves. Ginger oil has potential as a protectant of tomato seedlings against B. argentifolii, but issues of phytotoxicity and coverage need to be addressed.
Test Your Basic Equipment Knowledge

paper and pen to answer the questions below, and then grade yourself at the end. Good luck. 1. A Resistor is.... A) A component which resists A.C. current B) A component which resists D.C. current C) A component which resists A.C. Voltage D) A component which resists D.C. Voltage E) All of the above F) B and D Above G) A and B Above 2. A Basic Diode... A) Is used to pass current in one direction B) Can be used to amplify a signal C) Will be damaged if it is reverse biased D) None of the above E) A and C above 3. A Thermistor... A) Changes capacitance when temperature changes B) Changes resistance when temperature changes C) Cannot be used in A.C. circuits D) A and C above E) B and C above 4. Linear Amplification... A) Is often used in the final stages of R.F. transmitters B) Is required when reproducing clear audible information C) Is obtained with a class C amplifier D) All of the above E) A and B above 5. Voltage leads current in which of the following situations? A) In a resistive circuit B) In a capacitive circuit C) In an inductive circuit D) Never E) Voltage is always slightly ahead of current in a timing chart 6. What is the period time of a 10 KHz sine wave? A) 0.0001 seconds B) 0.001 seconds C) 0.0005 seconds D) 0.005 seconds 7. What does a local oscillator do in a radio circuit? A) Mixes the R.F. carrier and the I.F. signal to produce an audible frequency B) Beats with the changing R.F. signal to produce an audible frequency C) Mixes with the R.F. signal to produce the IF frequency D) None of the above 8. What does the Audio Amp do in a radio circuit? A) Amplifies the signal from the I.F. amplifier to produce sound in the speakers B) Amplify the signal from the Discriminator to produce sound in the speaker C) Amplify the signal from the R.F. amplifier section D) None of the above E) A and C above 9. What is the purpose of filament in a CRT? A) To illuminate when electrons strike it B) To control the current in the electron beam C) To heat up and allow the release of electrons D) To absorb static electricity surrounding the tube and short it to ground. E) None of the above. 10. What is the purpose of phosphor in a CRT? A) To illuminate when electrons strike it BMET RESOURCE FILE
Spin waves in superfluid He 3 : Collisionless regime

Spin waves in superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ are studied in the collisionless regime by introducing a canonical transformation in the kinetic equation for the distribution-function matrix. This transformation is a space-time\char22{}dependent spin rotation, which takes into account the fluctuations of the direction of the order parameter which are coupled to the spin-density fluctuations. After the transformation, the order parameter is invariant. The kinetic equation is then expanded to lowest order in $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$ and diagonalized. Fermi-liquid effects are taken into account. The result is a set of equations describing the coupled motion of the superfluid parameters and the quasiparticle distribution. In the axial state, only two degenerate spin-wave modes exist. These have their spin polarization perpendicular to the direction of the order parameter in spin space. In the isotropic state, one longitudinal and two transverse modes are obtained. Equations giving the velocity of these modes are written.
Dynamical Simulation of the Motion of Curved Grain Boundaries Composed of Pyramidal-Shaped Ledges

A dynamical simulation of curved grain boundaries composed of pyramidal-shaped ledges has shown that the boundaries can move by local conservative shuffles of atoms or groups of atoms such that one adjoining crystal grows at the expense of the other. In the model system studied, the shuffles often take the form of correlated rotational displacements about the axis normal to the boundary. The simulations provide support for the atomic mechanism proposed by Babcock and Balluffi to explain their observation of grain boundary migration without the participation of SGBDs.
Activation of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla increases bronchomotor tone in dogs.

Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated that the chemical activation of cell bodies in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of chloralose-anesthetized dogs decreased bronchomotor tone by wi...
Clarifying vets' role in food safety

Debate about vets' role in meat hygiene gets confused by considering the inspection and audit functions together when they should really be considered separately, says Kenneth Clarke THE article on modernisation of meat inspection by Robert Huey ( VR , January 21, 2012, vol 170, pp 68–70) and the polarised views subsequently expressed by Peter Hewson ( VR , February 18, 2012, vol 170, p 186) and Bill Cashman ( VR , March 10, 2012, vol 170, p 266) are indicative of the complexity of the on-going debate about the role of vets in meat hygiene specifically and in food safety in general. I believe this debate is confused by the conflation of the two main duties that legislation places on veterinarians, namely inspection and audit, and that rational analysis requires these to be considered separately. The historical role of vets in abattoirs in ante- and postmortem inspection has, in effect, been one of end-product testing for public health purposes. There is now general agreement that these procedures are out-dated and do not address the meatborne microbiological hazards of current concern, and it is tempting to dismiss postmortem inspection as ‘in reality, quality control with little public health benefits’, as suggested by Peter Hewson. But there remains an important role for ante- and postmortem inspection: to monitor the controls on both public and animal health, applied throughout the entire production chain, that the modern, ‘farm-to-fork’ approach to food safety requires, and to record and communicate the results along the chain. Since most food animals (other than those that die or are killed on farm) are slaughtered for human consumption, abattoirs are significant pinch points in animal production where surveillance for disease and welfare can be efficiently carried out. > ‘There is a …
Impacts of flare emissions from an ethylene plant shutdown to regional air quality

Critical operations of chemical process industry (CPI) plants such as ethylene plant shutdowns could emit a huge amount of VOCs and NOx, which may result in localized and transient ozone pollution events. In this paper, a general methodology for studying dynamic ozone impacts associated with flare emissions from ethylene plant shutdowns has been developed. This multi-scale simulation study integrates process knowledge of plant shutdown emissions in terms of flow rate and speciation together with regional air-quality modeling to quantitatively investigate the sensitivity of ground-level ozone change due to an ethylene plant shutdown. The study shows the maximum hourly ozone increments can vary significantly by different plant locations and temporal factors including background ozone data and solar radiation intensity. It helps provide a cost-effective air-quality control strategy for industries by choosing the optimal starting time of plant shutdown operations in terms of minimizing the induced ozone impact (reduced from 34.1 ppb to 1.2 ppb in the performed case studies). This study provides valuable technical supports for both CPI and environmental policy makers on cost-effective air-quality controls in the future.
A TSC-based Planning Method on Construction Order of Feeder Links for Distribution Networks

This paper presents a method of optimizing distribution networks based on the total supply capability(TSC). Firstly,this paper defines the optimal construction order of feeder links.Secondly,a mathematical model of optimal construction order of feeder links is proposed which is simplified depending on actual circumstances.Finally,based on the balance degree,the optimal position of feeder links and the method of calculating the optimal scale of feeder links are given. The process of optimal construction orders is summarized.The advantages of the method proposed are verified by test on an actual system.
Research and Application of Set Pair Situation in the Set Pair Analysis

The paper analyses the definition of set pair situation,studies its change laws,and on the basis of the absolute pessimistic situation,puts forward the concept and calculation method of the optimistic situation,which enriches content of set pair analysis,and when linked with safety and danger,it is objective and comprehensive.The set pair analysis is applied in system risk assessment.The coal mine ventilation management regulation is evaluated from the conversion of same,opposite and uncertain with the related model of set pair,and a variable range of set pair analysis is given by the analysis of the pessimistic and optimistic situation,which provides a new path for management in enterprises.
Current Status and Perspectives of Studies on Dryland Rice in Jilin Province

The history of studies on dryland rice in Jilin Province was reviewed in this paper.It may be briedfly summarized in three stages.Current status of studies on dryland rice was introduced.For water-saving,present situation of water resoures in Jilin province and character of water demand of dryland rice was analyzed.Problems and perspectives of dryland rice in Jilin Province were put forward at last.
Comparison of microelectrode, DMO, and methylamine methods for measuring intracellular pH

The intracellular pH (pHi) of giant barnacle muscle fibers was measured with glass microelectrodes and also calculated from the distribution of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) and methylami...
Clinical, immunologic, and genetic definitions of primary and secondary recurrent spontaneous abortions.

Fifty couples with repeated pregnancy failures were grouped by clinical history as being primary (no children) or secondary (abortions subsequent to having children or stillbirths) aborters. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sharing between husband and wife and maternal antipaternal immunity were studied in both groups. Analyses showed significantly more HLA-A, B, and DR locus antigens shared in the primary abortion group than in the secondary abortion group ( P =0.01). The number of couples sharing two to five HLA antigens was higher for those couples with primary abortions than for secondary abortions ( P =0.009). Antipaternal immunity as measured by visual complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity (CDCE), by 51 Cr release (CDC 51 Cr), and by complement-independent, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) assays was different between the two groups. CDCE was not present in the primary aborters' sera but was found in 13 of the 15 secondary aborters' sera ( P =0.0001). Similarly, ADCC was not apparent in primary aborters but was present in 14 of the 15 secondary aborters ( P =0.0001). CDC 51 Cr was detected in 3 of the 11 primary aborters and in 13 of the 15 secondary aborters ( P =0.008). Such differences in HLA sharing and immune reactivities between these two groups strengthen the idea that either inadequate or inappropriately vigorous maternal antipaternal immunity can be related to spontaneous abortions. These results uphold a central role for immunology in human reproduction and provide further support for the use of immunotherapy to prevent pregnancy losses in certain abortion-prone women.
Model Comparison for Energy Policy and Planning

Debates on any important policy or planning issue in either the public or private sector require utilization of much complex information. This generalization is no less true for energy policy and planning, where good decision making necessitates a vast array of information on resources, technology, existing policies, laws and regulations, political forces, economic forces, and behavioral response patterns. Organization, manipulation, and utilization of this extensive knowledge base, to say nothing of its creation, always require models. These models invariably include the mental models of the policymakers, planners, and analysts and increasingly are including the highly formalized mathematical models built by teams of researchers.
Dynamic clamping: on-chip dynamic shielding and termination for high-speed RLC buses

This paper presents a novel approach called dynamic clamping for minimizing crosstalk noise and inductive effects in global buses. A simple circuit is shown that can be used to dynamically shield and terminate high-speed RLC buses. Unlike traditional passive shielding and parallel termination, dynamic clamping has no area overhead and no static power dissipation. Dynamic clamping enables significant reductions in noise (/spl sim/35%) and inductive overshoot (/spl sim/90%) with a small delay penalty (/spl sim/10%). We also propose using bus-invert coding with our approach as dynamic clamping is seen to give excellent results for low to moderate bus activity.
"We the People," Constitutional Accountability, and Outsourcing Government

The ubiquitous outsourcing of federal functions to private contractors, although benign in the main, raises the most fundamental of constitutional questions: What institutions and actors comprise the "federal government" itself? From Abu Ghraib to Blackwater, a string of scandals has heightened public awareness that highly sensitive federal powers and responsibilities are routinely entrusted to government contractors. At the same time, the American populace seems vaguely aware that, when it comes to ensuring accountability for errors and abuses of power, contractors occupy a special space. The fact is that myriad structural and procedural means for holding traditionally government actors accountable do not apply to private contractors exercising identical powers. This accountability vacuum is not remedied by prevailing constitutional doctrine, which ignores the realities of modern government by drawing an artificial line between the public and private spheres. I have thus argued previously that all private contractors should be viewed as anatomically related to other quasi-government entities such as independent agencies, residing along a single continuum of constitutional accountability. This Article builds on that premise by positing that private-public relationships be structured to ensure accountability as a matter of constitutional law.
Behavior analysis and psycholinguistics

The field of psycholinguistics became prominent during the 1950s and 1960s, when cognitive psychologists and others began to criticize existing behavioral approaches to language and to offer their own alternative explanations. Two criticisms were prominent. One criticism was developmental in nature. According to this criticism, there was no evidence to support the behaviorist claim that “feedback” from the environment played a significant and meaningful role in the development of linguistic processes in children, in contrast to the “independent contribution of the organism.” Particular points of contention concerned stimulus control and any reinforcement that caregivers provided to children’s verbal responses. The second criticism was theoretical in nature. According to this criticism, the appeal to empirical factors in general, and theoretical behavioral mechanisms in particular, such as covert associative mediators, cannot adequately explain such linguistic phenomena as grammar and syntax. Psycholinguis...
Can monetary policy survive policy model mis-specification? Model uncertainty and the perils of “policy model complacency”

The question addressed in this paper is: can monetary policy succeed in stabilizing the economy even when the policy model on which it is predicated is mis-specified? Using variants of the 3-equation macroeconomic model, it is shown that this question can be answered in the affirmative. The purpose of the paper is not to encourage indifference toward model uncertainty, however, but rather to warn against the perils of “policy model complacency.” This arises if the success of policy is misinterpreted as successful understanding of the workings of the economy, which makes the policy maker vulnerable to surprises: events with systematic origins in the “true” model of the economy that are not anticipated by the (mis-specified) policy model. To safeguard against this problem, policy makers should always entertain eclectic views of the workings of the economy. This task is easily accomplished by paying attention to heterodox macroeconomics, which frequently makes predictions that are very much at variance with those of the dominant policy model.
Black organs and optics: gazing at viscera in the work of Doreen Garner

Between Doreen Garner’s performance The Observatory and sculpture Black Ocean/Big Black, a significant divergence in gazes and spaces emerges. On the one hand, The Observatory arguably evokes a met...
Computational Study of the Malonic Acid Tautomerization Products in Highly Concentrated Particles

Knowing the tautomeric form of malonic acid (MA) in concentrated particles is critical to understanding its effect on the atmosphere. Energies and vibrational modes of hydrated MA particles were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level and the effective fragment potential (EFP) method. Visualization of the keto and enol isomer vibrational modes enabled the assignment of keto isomer peaks in the 1710–1750 cm–1 range, and previously unidentified experimental IR peaks in the 1690–1710 cm–1 can now be attributed to the enol isomer. Comparison of calculated spectra of pure hydrated enol or keto isomers confirm recent experimental evidence, presented by Ghorai et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2011, 115, 4373−4380) of a shift in the keto–enol tautomer equilibrium when MA exists as concentrated particles.
How does perception of nearby nature affect multiple aspects of neighbourhood satisfaction and use patterns

AbstractNeighbourhood satisfaction and use of outdoor green spaces play a significant role in life satisfaction and well-being of urban residents. This study enhances our understanding of these factors by examining specific attributes of the nearby outdoor environment that pertain to planning and design recommendations. A random sample of 434 residents from four Chicago communities participated in a survey incorporating perception of various aspects of environmental attributes as well as multiple dimensions of neighbourhood satisfaction and use patterns. Using multiple regression modelling, the results demonstrated that satisfaction with quality of public spaces, amount of affordances provided by them and neighbourhood comfort are strongly influenced by the physical attributes and content of walking-distance outdoor spaces. Understanding residents' perception of planning and design-related attributes of the environment through an evidence-based approach can significantly contribute to more effective decis...
Condensed-matter science: Five-fold symmetry in liquids

A complete description of the structure of simple liquids is missing from our understanding of matter. But new observations show that liquids contain many configurations with five-fold symmetry.
The Cerro Purico Shield Complex, North Chile

Cerro Purico is a 1.3 Ma old ignimbrite shield volcano. The first erupted unit was the rhyolitic Toconao ignimbrite (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7100), followed after an erosional interval by the dacitic Purico ignimbrite with the same radiometric age (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7085). Andesitic to dacitic lavas and extrusive domes were later emplaced in the summit region. The upper part of the Purico ignimbrite contains banded and mafic (andesitic) pumices isotopically indistinguishable from the host. The youngest dome (Chascon) contains basaltic xenoliths characterized by Sr isotope ratios (0.7059) lower than the host dacite (0.7073). While the major and trace element chemistry of the suite is unexceptional, a complex magmatic history is required to explain the origin of mafic pumice clasts and isotopically contrasted mafic xenoliths. Simple crustal anatexis cannot account for the range of compositions observed.
Scaffolded Academic Conversations: Access to 21st-Century Collaboration and Communication Skills

Communication and collaboration are essential components of 21st-century learning skills. In response, national standards have increased attention on these competencies through rigorous speaking an...
Looking Ahead: Future Research in Psychological Ownership

While interest in psychological ownership in consumer behavior has been growing, there are many research opportunities remaining. This chapter provides a brief summary of the book chapters and also delineates broad areas for future research. Included are seven sections beginning with the measurement of psychological ownership in consumer research and potential new directions. Next are questions and opportunities related to the characteristics of the owner, and the characteristics of the target, or what is owned. Following this, types of ownership are discussed as well as time dimensions related to psychological ownership. Then, the downstream consequences of psychological ownership are detailed including current work and potential extensions. Finally, the dark side of psychological ownership is acknowledged, and situations where feelings of ownership can be counterproductive are delineated. The intention of this chapter is to spark new ideas for further work in psychological ownership and consumer behavior.
Thermal Effects and the Environment

This chapter reviews the physical basis for the waste energy release, and describes the available mechanisms for dealing with thermal discharges. The chapter also reviews ways of turning energy to beneficial purpose. The generation of electrical power by consumption of any fuel is accompanied by the release of large amounts of waste heat. As the demand for power grows, the potential effect on the environment is a matter of increasing concern. The effect on the environment of discharging thousands of megawatts of waste heat from a generating station is intimately related to the manner in which the energy is dissipated. For reactor sites at the sea coast or next to a large inland lake, the waste heat can be readily removed by circulation and dilution. On discharge from a power plant, heated water mixes with and is diluted by the water of the stream, lake, or ocean, and a negligible temperature rise is observed at large distances. It is recognized that there must be a mixing zone, but it is recommended that the zone be made as small as possible and not block passage for migration.
Herpes Simplex Virus as a Gene-Delivery Vector for the Central Nervous System

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the biological features of herpes simplex virus (HSV) that are important in vector design and highlights the experiments that demonstrate foreign gene delivery by HSV. Effective vector design can be achieved by capitalizing upon the latent state of the virus within neurons to serve as a scaffold to support foreign gene expression and by modifying the virus to remove the cytotoxic features of virus infection. The adaptation of HSV as a tool to deliver genes to the nervous system is based on its natural nonpathogenic long-term persistence within neurons. To be effective for in vivo gene therapy, the virus must also provide correct levels of therapeutic gene expression. To meet this goal, several laboratories have engineered a variety of viral recombinants by placing the foreign gene at different locations within the HSV genome under the direction of both viral and nonviral promoters and analyzing these recombinants for their ability to support transgene expression over time. HSV is particularly well suited for gene delivery to the brain because, unlike adenovirus, it is naturally neurotropic and has evolved a mechanism to remain latent and persist within neurons without expression of viral proteins or apparent brain damage. Genetic modifications of HSV would ensure that the virus could not express lytic functions and would endow it with the capacity to efficiently express transgenes during this latent phase. Appropriately engineered HSV vectors should be effective for gene therapy approaches to treat central nervous system disorders.
Prospects for permanent mechanical circulatory support

In the United States heart failure remains a common cause of death and disability and is the single largest hospital discharge diagnosis. Some 3 to 4 million U.S. citizens suffer this condition and the age-adjusted death rate for both men and women has doubled over the last two decades. The risk of premature death for all heart failure patients is 60–70% at 5 years. For patients with advanced heart failure the 1-year survival is 40–50%. Cardiac transplant is a desirable treatment for many of these patients but is application is limited (1).
RSV-associated hospitalizations in Alaska Native infants.

PURPOSE Retrospective reviews for 1986-1992 suggested that Alaska Native children experience high rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospitalization; however, the epidemiology of RSV infections has been poorly characterized. METHODS A prospective hospital-based surveillance study was undertaken to determine rates of RSV-associated hospitalization in Alaska Native children < 36 months from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. RESULTS During the first study year, October 1993 to September 1994, there were 40 RSV cases (hospitalization rate, 53/1,000 infants < 1 year of age); however, during the second year, October 1994 to September 1995, there were 251 RSV cases (hospitalization rate, 294/1,000 infants). An unusually high proportion, 12%, of RSV cases were < 1 month of age. Disease severity was higher for children with a history of prematurity, heart, or lung disease (p = .001, X2 analysis). Of 255 cell cultures during 1994-1995, 190 were RSV-positive, 11 were positive for influenza, 4 for adenovirus, and 1 for parainfluenza. This study demonstrates wide seasonal variation in a population with an extremely high RSV hospitalization rate; increased disease severity associated with young age and pre-existing medical conditions; and co-circulation of RSV with other viruses.
Social apocalypse in contemporary Hollywood film

Os filmes proporcionam importantes insights sobre o carater psicologico, sociopolitico e ideologico de uma sociedade e de uma cultura. Analisar o cinema diagnosticamente permite-nos obter esclarecimentos sobre problemas e conflitos sociais e avaliar crises e problemas sociopoliticos dominantes da atualidade. Este artigo aborda filmes de Hollywood que contem alegorias de catastrofe no contexto da era Bush-Cheney. Como pretendo mostrar, filmes de horror, fantasia e outros generos populares expressam temores do momento atual relacionados ao Estado e aos militares, crises ecologica e social, e outros fenomenos, e podem, portanto, oferecer imagens criticas e experiencias que levantem questoes sobre a sociedade vigente
Mental Health Clinician and Community Clergy Collaboration to Address Moral Injury in Veterans and the Role of the Veterans Affairs Chaplain

Moral injury in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder includes symptoms of guilt and shame, and these symptoms are often not responsive to evidence-based mental health treatments. Clergy provide a pathway for relieving the guilt and shame. However, there is a long history of mistrust between clergy and mental health clinicians and not enough Veterans Health Administration chaplains to meet this need. The goal of this study was to gather qualitative interview data from relevant stakeholders regarding whether and how Veterans Affairs (VA) mental health clinicians and community clergy could collaborate to address moral injury issues such as guilt and shame in veterans being treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. The stakeholders for this study were veterans, mental health clinicians, and clergy. Qualitative data were organized into three domains: barriers, facilitators, and intervention suggestions. These data were used to develop a new intervention for moral injury that includes a central role for the Veterans Affairs chaplain.
Osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint and increase of the horizontal condylar angle: a longitudinal study.

Objective Our previous study of patients with unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) showed that the affected joints had greater horizontal condylar angle (HCA) compared with the contralateral unaffected joints. However, it was unclear whether the HCA changes preceded or were the result of OA changes. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the relationship between HCA and OA progression. Study Design In total, 127 patients (with or without TMJ disorders) completed baseline and follow-up examinations (average time to follow-up 7.9 years). Generalized estimating equation models were used to account for correlation of observations within the same patients. Results (1) HCA was greater in OA-affected joints than in unaffected joints (P = .04). (2) Increased HCA at follow-up was associated with change in joint status from no OA to OA. (P = .001). (3) Baseline HCA value alone did not predict future OA diagnosis. (4) All OA changes in fossa/articular eminence morphology, and some combinations of condylar changes, were associated with a greater HCA. (5) OA diagnosis was associated with pain during maximum opening (P = .005) and pain history (P = .002). (6) Aging alone was not correlated with increased HCA. Conclusions Clinical progression of OA preceded increases in HCA. HCA alone did not predict OA development.