cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collisional Stability of Double Bose Condensates

This paper presents quantitative calculations of collisional loss rates for pure {sup 23}Na or {sup 87}Rb atoms in a binary mixture of hyperfine states {vert_bar}F,M{r_angle}. We find that the recent observation of a dual Bose condensate consisting of {sup 87}Rb {vert_bar}1,-1{r_angle} and {vert_bar}2,2{r_angle} atoms is unique and will not occur in Na. We attribute this to the unexpectedly small inelastic spin-exchange rate associated with {sup 87}Rb {ital s}-wave hyperfine collisions. This fortuitous result arises from nearly equal (5.45{plus_minus}0.26 nm) scattering lengths for two colliding {sup 87}Rb atoms in their {vert_bar}1,-1{r_angle} or {vert_bar}2,2{r_angle} states. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Comment on Pampel and Pillai's "Patterns and determinants of infant mortality in developed nations, 1950-1975".

The authors critically examine an article by Fred C. Pampel and Vijayan Pillai on the determinants of infant mortality in developed countries. A reply by Pampel and Pillai is included (pp. 159-61). The focus of the debate is on the extent to which teenage fertility raises infant mortality rates. (ANNOTATION)
Participatory Cohort group Health Fairs: a new approach to an old Standby

Abstract Health fairs, a component of health education programming for many years, generally offer an unstructured opportunity for participants to gather health information. This manuscript describes an alternative approach to a “traditional” health fair, which involves working with previously assessed and specifically targeted groups of people who move as a cohort cluster through a series of focused health fair booths receiving both in-depth information and skill-oriented opportunities.
Long-range guanine oxidation in DNA restriction fragments by a triplex-directed naphthalene diimide intercalator.

Naphthalene diimide (NDI), a powerful oxidant that binds avidly to DNA by intercalation, is seen to damage the 5‘ guanine of 5‘-GG-3‘ sites by photoactivated charge transport through DNA. When covalently tethered to the center of a triplex-forming oligonucleotide and delivered by triplex formation within a pyrimidine·purine-pyrimidine motif to a specific site on a restriction fragment, NDI can photooxidize guanine over at least 25−38 bp in each direction from the site of binding. Charge migration occurs in both directions from the NDI intercalator and on both DNA strands of the target, but the oxidation is significantly more efficient to the 3‘ side of the triplex. NDI and octahedral rhodium intercalators, when tethered directly to the 5‘ terminus of the triplex-forming strand as opposed to the center, generate significant amounts of oxidative damage only in the immediate vicinity of the intercalation site. Given that long-range charge transport depends on DNA stacking, these results suggest that the base stack is distorted at the 5‘ end of the triplex region in the duplex−triplex junction. Targeting of photooxidative damage by triplex formation extends our previous studies of long-range charge transport to significantly longer DNA sequences through a strategy that does not require covalent attachment of the photooxidant to the DNA being probed. Moreover, triplex targeting of oxidative damage provides for the first time a typical distance distribution for genomic charge transport of ∼200 A around the oxidant.
The Distribution of DMSP in Green Macroalgae from Northern New Zealand, Eastern Australia and Southern Tasmania

The sulphonium compound dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) is commonly found in temperate green macroalgae. To examine taxonomic and regional and local geographical patterns of DMSP production in Australasian algae, I collected 30 species of green algae from 14 sites in three regions, eastern Australia, Tasmania, Australia, and the North Island of New Zealand. The distribution of DMSP content was similar to that seen from other areas of the world. DMSP was found in high concentrations in Ulva and Codium spp. It tended to be undetectable or in lower concentrations in other members of the orders Bryopsidales and Cladophorales. There was no evidence for differences in concentrations among the three regions in the genera Codium and Ulva; however, the invasive subspecies of Codium fragile, C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides, had significantly higher concentrations of DMSP than the non-invasive subspecies. The herbivorous sea slug Elysia maoria had whole body concentrations that were not significantly different from those of its host alga C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides. The distribution patterns of DMSP in Codium spp. do not support the hypothesis that DMSP is used as an antioxidant in this genus. Based on the data collected here and previous reports from the literature, I speculate that one function of DMSP in these algae may be to deter herbivores.
An empirical shear stress equation for general solid-fluid mixture flows

Abstract Shear stress in non-cohesive solid-fluid mixture flow is due to impact among solid particles, viscous interaction between the solid and the fluid and turbulence in the interstitial fluid. Bagnold, based on analogy with the kinetic theory of gas, derived an equation for the shear stress due to the impact of solid particles. It includes a coefficient which should change with different coefficients of restitution of solid materials. However, Bagnold's equation has difficulties in correlating with experiments by other investigators. A new equation for the viscous interaction between solid and fluid is presented here. The new equation and the modified impact coefficient compare well with several sets of experiments by different investigators covering a wide range of physical variables of the mixture flow.
Correlations between access to mammography and breast cancer stage at diagnosis

BACKGROUND There is a lack of data on the access to mammography and its relation to the incidence of early breast cancer. In this study, the authors evaluated access by correlating geographically the number of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-certified mammography facilities and the AJCC stage of breast cancer at diagnosis by county. METHODS Breast cancer incidence rates and stage at diagnosis were compared with the number of FDA-certified mammography facilities by county in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results reporting areas. The objective was to determine whether the number of certified facilities was associated with the percent of breast cancers diagnosed at the in situ stage. This was a multiple-group ecologic study, and counties were used as the units of analysis. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between the number of mammography facilities and the population of a county, whereas there was no correlation between the number of mammography facilities and the land area of a county. A correlation existed between the percent of incident breast cancers that were diagnosed as in situ disease and the number of mammography facilities per 10,000 women among both whites and African Americans. CONCLUSIONS There was an association between the number of mammography facilities and population. In counties with ≥ 30,000 black and white females, 1) the percent of in situ breast cancers in black women and white women was correlated with the number of facilities per 10,000 women, indicating that population density is a factor in access for both racial groups; 2) except for 2 counties with ≥ 30,000 black women, the percent of incident in situ cases was similar in both black women and white women, indicating equal access in both groups; and 3) there was a correlation between the percent in situ incidence and number of facilities per 1000 square miles in white women, but not in black women. There was a direct correlation of statewide mammography rates with the number of facilities per 1000 square miles, indicating that the rate of screening depends on availability. Maximum rates of statewide screening were achieved when there were > 15 mammography facilities per 1000 square miles. Cancer 2005;103:1571–80. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The complexity of optimizing finite-state transducers

Abstract An optimizing finite-state transducer is a nondeterministic finite-state transducer in which states are either maximizing or minimizing. In a given state, the optimal output is the maximum or minimum — over all possible transitions — of the transition output concatenated with the optimal output of the resulting state. The ranges of optimizing finite-state transducers form a class in NL which includes a hierarchy based on the number of alternations of maximizing and minimizing states in a computation.
Aberrant expression of deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferases DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B in women with endometriosis.

Objective Since endometriosis is a persistent disease with substantial gene dysregulation, there must be cellular memory of some sort that constitutes a unique cell identity for endometriotic cells. Epigenetic regulation, especially through DNA methylation, is a flexible, yet stable, mechanism for maintaining such a cellular memory. The aim of this study was to determine gene expression levels of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B, the three genes coding for DNA methyltransferases that are responsible for methylation. Design Cross-sectional measurements of gene expression levels of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B on endometriotic tissue. Setting Academic. Patient(s) Seventeen patients with laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and 8 healthy women who underwent tubal sterilization who were free of endometriosis were recruited for the study. Intervention(s) Epithelial cells were harvested from tissue samples by laser capture microdissection and messenger RNA abundance was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Main Outcome Measure(s) The expression levels of these genes in epithelial cells from 13 ectopic endometrial tissue samples, 10 eutopic endometrial tissue samples taken from women with endometriosis, and 8 normal endometrial tissue samples from women without endometriosis. Result(s) The genes DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B were over-expressed in the ectopic endometrium as compared with normal control subjects or the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis, and their expression levels were correlated positively with each other. Conclusion(s) The aberrant expression of these genes suggests that aberrant methylation may be rampant in endometriosis. This also provides a strong piece of evidence that endometriosis ultimately may be an epigenetic disease.
Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy characterization of heterogeneities in solid-state blended polymers

Immiscible polymers, including polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), were blended in the solid state via mechanical attrition, the first step of a near net-shape manufacturing (NNSM) technique. Subsequent analysis via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) with synchrotron radiation successfully distinguished between blend components. Characteristic absorbance peaks for each polymer allowed both qualitative and quantitative mapping within prepared samples. Reproducible area maps were created for 50/50 blends of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/PET and PET/PS, which exhibited areas of macroscopic phase separation. Fluctuations in blend concentration were particularly evident for PS/PMMA. However, spatial resolution was shown to limit the detection of heterogeneities. Further modifications with the synchrotron IR apparatus will improve resolution and allow for the direct comparison of NNSM-processed and melt-blended polymers.
Peer reactions to early childhood aggression in a preschool setting: Defenders, encouragers, or neutral bystander

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of the current study was to determine if peer reactions to aggression among preschool youth were consistent with those conceptualized in the adolescent bullying literature as defenders, encouragers, and neutral bystanders. Research design: Direct observations were used to document patterns for types of peer-directed aggression in early childhood settings to ascertain interaction differences between individuals involved within the bullying dynamic. Methods and procedures: Observations of 50 students in preschool were conducted over 5.5 months. Event recording procedures were used to document aggressive behaviors and reactions from peers and teachers. Results: Results indicated that the majority of aggression was physical. Additionally, peer reactions, as described in the bullying literature for school-aged youth, occurred very infrequently. Conclusion: Peer aggression tended to be more physical, suggesting that early childhood educators should attend to these physical interacti...
Burrow Dispersion of Central Florida Armadillos

Abstract The recent invasion of Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) into the southeastern United States has brought it into contact with a native burrowing chelonian, Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise), whose burrows it usurps. Because the Gopher Tortoise is listed as vulnerable by IUCN (1996), baseline data on burrows of armadillos might improve our understanding of the impact of this introduced mammal on this reptile. Armadillo burrows were counted in a stratified random sample of 4 major habitats at Avon Park Air Force Range, FL. Data on spatial distributions of the burrows in all habitats fit the negative binomial distribution, indicating clumping. Burrow density in pine habitats was more than twice that of oak hammock, sand pine, or oak scrub. Likelihood-ratio tests combined with Akaike's Information Criteria showed that the best model was one in which the dispersion parameter (k) did not vary but the parameter for the arithmetic mean (m) did.
CoPE: Democratic CSCW in Support of e-Learning

Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW), and e-learning have overlapping, but not identical design and use profiles. We suggest that democratically organized CSCW systems provide an ideal platform for organizing and encouraging group interactions in e-learning situations where physical meetings are not feasible. Few attempts at democratic CSCW systems have been made, we argue, largely because the necessary development resources are concentrated in large hierarchical organizations which have little apparent use for such systems. The CoPE CSCW system does seem to provide a promising platform for extension to e-learning environment, and there is an ongoing effort to do this.
On Crabtree's BQSP technique for significant reduction of integration points in analyzing reflector antennas

Physical optics (PO) is commonly used for reflector antenna analysis. This is primarily due to the inherent simplicity in the PO formulation and the accuracy of PO, especially with reference to large reflectors. However, PO is computationally demanding since it involves, in general, a two dimensional numerical integration with a highly oscillatory integrand. This radiation integral can be evaluated using various numerical integration techniques which are based on either brute force approaches (Simpson's rule, Gaussian quadrature, etc.) or modified approaches (Ludwig's linear surface patch and Crabtree's (1991) biquadratic surface patch (BQSP)). In the modified approach, the number of integration points are drastically reduced compared to brute force integration leading to greater efficiency in terms of computer storage and time. The application of optical path length correction, which is vital for obtaining the full computational advantage of the BQSP technique, is discussed. >
Infants' Suckling Responses to the Flavor of Alcohol in Mothers' Milk

Contrary to medical folklore, previous research has demonstrated that alcohol consumption by lactating women diminished milk intake by their infants during breast feeding. To determine whether this decrease in milk consumption was due to the infants responding to the altered flavor of the milk that also resulted, we evaluated the infants' intake and sucking responses to alcohol-flavored human milk outside of the context of breast feeding, thereby separating the changes due to the infants response to the flavor from any other changes that could also result from acute maternal alcohol consumption such as alterations in milk ejection or the composition of milk. The testing procedure consisted of a two-bottle preference test that was composed of four, 60-sec trials in which the mother's milk flavored with alcohol was alternated with the mother's milk alone in an ABBA or BAAB design. Attached to the nipple of each bottle was a transducer that responded to pressure changes produced by the infants' suckling. There was no suppression of sucking or intake in response to the ethanol-flavored milk. Rather, the infants consumed significantly more and sucked more frequently when drinking the alcohol-flavored milk compared with the unaltered milk. That experience with the flavor of alcohol in mothers' milk modified the infants' responses to alcohol flavor is suggested by the relationship between the reported frequency of mothers' drinking during lactation and the infants' rhythm and frequency of sucking when feeding the alcohol-flavored milk. These findings indicate that infants can readily detect the flavor of alcohol in mother's milk but that the decrease in consumption at the breast after maternal alcohol consumption is apparently not due to the infants rejecting the flavor of alcohol in their mothers' milk.
Design-Oriented Analysis of Aircraft Fuselage Structures

A design-oriented analysis capability for aircraft fuselage structures that utilizes equivalent plate methodology is described. This new capability is implemented as an addition to the existing wing analysis procedure in the Equivalent Laminated Plate Solution (ELAPS) computer code. The wing and fuselage analyses are combined to model entire airframes. The paper focuses on the fuselage model definition, the associated analytical formulation and the approach used to couple the wing and fuselage analyses. The modeling approach used to minimize the amount of preparation of input data by the user and to facilitate the making of design changes is described. The fuselage analysis is based on ring and shell equations but the procedure is formulated to be analogous to that used for plates in order to take advantage of the existing code in ELAPS. Connector springs are used to couple the wing and fuselage models. Typical fuselage analysis results are presented for two analytical models. Results for a ring-stiffened cylinder model are compared with results from conventional finite-element analyses to assess the accuracy of this new analysis capability. The connection of plate and ring segments is demonstrated using a second model that is representative of the wing structure for a channel-wing aircraft configuration.
Feature-based localization using fixed ultrasonic transducers

Describes an approach for mobile robot localization based on geometric features extracted from ultrasonic data. In previous work the authors (1994) proposed a multi-stage approach to sonar data clustering which extracts planar surface features in real time using transducers fixed relative to the mobile platform. The method is efficient, precise, and robust in the face of both measurement noise and significant dead-reckoning error. In this work the authors apply the feature extraction algorithm to the problem of localization in a partially known environment. The authors describe an approach for establishing correspondences between extracted and map features. A least-squares approach to mobile robot pose estimation is delineated which is linear in the number of extracted features. The decoupling of the correspondence-matching and pose-estimation stages offers advantages in speed and precision. There are no constraints on the trajectory to be followed for localization except that sufficiently large portions of features be ensonified to allow clustering. Preliminary experiments indicate the utility of the approach, especially for accurate orientation estimation.
Education in HIV risk screening, counseling, testing, and referral: survey of U.S. dental schools.

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates, thousands of Americans are infected with HIV but are unaware of their infection status. National disease prevention goals to identify and treat these individuals will benefit from HIV risk screening, counseling, testing, and referral services conducted in nontraditional settings and the use of alternative diagnostic methods such as oral fluid-based HIV antibody testing. Using a mail survey of the fifty-four U.S. dental schools (85 percent response rate), this study assessed the teaching and practice of HIV risk screening, as well as the opinions of dental educators regarding HIV counseling and testing and a possible role for oral fluid-based HIV antibody testing in dental offices. All responding dental schools have curriculum and clinical education training regarding HIV behavioral risks, medical history, and use of oral manifestations as indicators of HIV Educators felt risk screening and referral for HIV counseling and testing was part of a dentist's professional role. One-third of respondents indicated they might include HIV counseling and testing using a rapid oral fluid-based HIV antibody test in their clinics. However, these respondents lacked confidence that graduating dentists have the skills and willingness to conduct HIV counseling and testing in dental practice. Lack of training in prevention counseling was seen as a primary barrier.
LPA induces osteoblast differentiation through interplay of two receptors: LPA1 and LPA4

The bioactive phospholipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), acting through at least five distinct receptors LPA1-LPAS, plays important roles in numerous biological processes. Here we report that LPA induces osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells hMSC-TERT. We find that hMSC-TERT mostly express two LPA receptors, LPA1 and LPA4, and undergo osteoblastic differentiation in serum-containing medium. Inhibition of LPA1 with Ki16425 completely abrogates osteogenesis, indicating that this process is mediated by LPA in the serum through activation of LPA1. In contrast to LPA1, down-regulation of LPA4 expression with shRNA significantly increases osteogenesis, suggesting that this receptor normally exerts negative effects on differentiation. Mechanistically, we find that in hMSC-TERT, LPA induces a rise in both cAMP and Ca 2+ . The rise in Ca 2+ is completely abolished by Ki16425, whereas LPA-mediated cAMP increase is not sensitive to Ki 16425. To test if LPA signaling pathways controlling osteogenesis in vitro translate into animal physiology, we evaluated the bones of LPA4-deficient mice. Consistent with the ability of LPA4 to inhibit osteoblastic differentiation of stem cells, LPA4-deficient mice have increased trabecular bone volume, number, and thickness.
Resilient distributed objects: Basic results and application to shared tuple spaces

Given a shared, atomic read-modify-write register r with deterministic operations, Herlihy (1991) has defined an interference condition on the operations of r and shown that this condition must be satisfied for r to support wait-free consensus. We extend this interference condition to general linearizable shared objects with nondeterministic operations. The extension is applicable to the entire set of objects shared by a parallel programming system, so long as there exists a linearizable implementation of the system. We illustrate this by applying it to Tuple Space, the shared data structure implemented by the Linda coordination language, and show that the standard set of Tuple Space operations cannot support wait-free consensus. This result holds even if the underlying architecture does support consensus, and establishes that previous efforts to construct resilient implementations of Tuple Space are incapable of solving consensus in the face of application-level process failures. Finally, we extend Linda with a new Tuple Space operation that supports consensus, and discuss efficient wait-free and non-wait-free implementations of the new operation and the architectural features required to support them.
Boundary Vortices for Thin Ferromagnetic Films

We consider a simplified version of the micromagnetic energy for ferromagnetic samples in the shape of thin films. We study (a) stationary, stable critical points, and (b) solutions of the corresponding Landau-Lifshitz equation under a stability condition. We determine the asymptotic behaviour of solutions of these variational problems in the thin film limit. A characteristic property of the limit is the development of Ginzburg-Landau-type vortices at the boundary.
NWSLite: a light-weight prediction utility for mobile devices

Computation off-loading, i.e., remote execution, has been shown to be effective for extending the computational power and battery life of resource-restricted devices, e.g., hand-held, wearable, and pervasive computers. Remote execution systems must predict the cost of executing both locally and remotely to determine when off-loading will be most beneficial. These costs however, are dependent upon the execution behavior of the task being considered and the highly-variable performance of the underlying resources, e.g., CPU (local and remote), bandwidth, and network latency. As such, remote execution systems must employ sophisticated, prediction techniques that accurately guide computation off-loading. Moreover, these techniques must be efficient, i.e., they cannot consume significant resources, e.g., energy, execution time, etc., since they are performed on the mobile device.In this paper, we present NWSLite, a computationally efficient, highly accurate prediction utility for mobile devices. NWSLite is an extension to the Network Weather Service (NWS), a dynamic forecasting toolkit for adaptive scheduling of high-performance Computational Grid applications. We significantly scaled down the NWS to reduce its resource consumption yet still achieve accuracy that exceeds that of extant remote execution prediction methods. We empirically analyze and compare both the prediction accuracy and the cost of NWSLite and a number of different forecasting methods from existing remote execution systems. We evaluate the efficacy of the different methods using a wide range of mobile applications and resources.
Reflection-mode multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy.

Compared with single-focus optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), multifocal OR-PAM utilizes both multifocal optical illumination and an ultra- sonic array transducer, significantly increasing the imaging speed. A reflection-mode multifocal OR-PAM system based on a microlens array that provides multiple foci as well as an ultrasonic array transducer that receives the excited photo- acoustic waves from all foci simultaneously is presented. Using a customized microprism to reflect the incident laser beam to the microlens array, the multiple optical foci are aligned confocally with the focal zone of the ultrasonic array transducer. Experiments show the reflection-mode multifocal OR-PAM is capable of imaging microvessels in vivo, and it can image a 6 × 5 × 2.5 mm 3 volume at 16 μm lateral resolution in ∼2.5 min, which was limited by the sig- nal multiplexing ratio and laser pulse repetition rate. © 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) (DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO .18.3.030501)
Gender and geopolitics in ‘secular time’

This article argues that gender must be central to our theorisations of emergent religious geopolitics. It does so through an engagement with Butler's reflections upon secular time (Butler J 2008 Secular politics, torture, and secular time The British Journal of Sociology 59 1–23), and the ‘cultural reanimation’ of Roman Catholic cultural underpinnings of French culture in the defence of the torture and maltreatment of Islamic bodies. Drawing from both the broader, tactical gender geopolitics of the Catholic Church and the embodied experiences of Catholic faithful in Latin America, the paper argues that the concept of cultural reanimation fails to capture the skilful way in which the Holy See asserts a gender theology that transcends the individual faithful body, through to the body of humanity. The ambiguous position of religious institutions in contemporary geopolitics as both cultural and political facilitates the construction of boundaries and territories that transcend and cut through the politics of the state.
Thrombin-antithrombin levels are associated with survival in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest.

Background Following successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest, a prothrombotic state may contribute to end-organ dysfunction. We examined whether the level of serum thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) in patients hospitalized after cardiac arrest was associated with survival or the development of multiple organ failure (MOF).
Resource presence and operational sex ratio as determinants of copulation duration in the fly Rhagoletis juglandis.

The effects of the interaction between the operational sex ratio (OSR) and a resource (i.e. oviposition site) on mating dynamics have rarely been considered. We examined the effect of the resource presence and its interaction, with the effect of OSR on copulation duration in Rhagoletis juglandis, a tephritid fly species characterized by a resource-defence mating system in which males defend territories on walnut fruit. In this species, copulation duration varies from 30 s to over 1 h and was shown previously to respond strongly to changes in OSR. In the field, short copulations tended to begin and end on fruit, whereas most long copulations generally began on fruit but ended in the foliage, suggesting a possible effect of resource presence on the copulation duration. In laboratory assays of isolated pairs, copulations were significantly shorter in the presence of a surrogate fruit, confirming the effect of resource presence. In another laboratory assay, in which we manipulated OSR independently of resource presence, resource presence and OSR were additive in their effects. Results are discussed in the context of sperm competition theory. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Gender, migration and the organisation of work under economic devolution: Ecuador, 1982-90.

This study examined the impact of economic deficits due to structural adjustment processes on shifts in the organization of work by gender and migration status in Ecuador. Work is organized according to Lawsons social hierarchy scheme: ownership; authority and control over employees; autonomy in ones own work; and the nature and range of skills used in production. After a brief review of the related empirical literature the author describes the concepts categories of and study area of work and then begins the empirical analysis. Data were obtained from 1884816 individual records of economically active persons in 1982 and 2946547 persons in 1990 from the censuses of 1982 and 1990 for the entire nation and from fieldwork observations by Lawson. Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) associated with devolution tend to further aggravate inequities especially among the disadvantaged. Findings are presented for male and female nonmigrants migrants and female migrants. During the 1980s female migrants experienced primary economic activity especially as self-employed family or low skilled employees; and declines in high skilled public sector employment and service activity especially in wage labor. The economic impact was greater by gender than by migration status. The shifts only improved the relative position of women in self-employed and ownership jobs. Females lost public-sector employment to males; overall wage declines were more severe in the informal sector. Down-sizing in the public sector and shifts toward capital-intensive production marginalized female migrants. Fieldwork operationalizes losses among females/female migrants.
Non-linear Structural Analysis as Real-Time Animation

The paper describes a computational method commonly used in interactive computer graphics and games, and demonstrates its application to structural engineering problems, using a prototype program called Arcade. The method enables a new model of interaction in structural analysis, where the simulated structure responds to user input in real time, in the same way that computer games respond. The method shows good engineering accuracy in simple verification problems involving the non-linear phenomena of buckling and beam yielding. The method offers the potential to make non-linear, time-history analysis a much more common method in engineering practice, and to bring a greater emphasis on non-linear, dynamic structural behaviour in structural education.
Secondary Dispersal by the Wind of Winged Pine Seeds Across the Ground Surface

Abstract It has been assumed that secondary dispersal of winged pine seeds across the ground occurs, but the process has been little studied. We monitored the fates of 287 inedible pine seeds that differed in size (lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, mean fresh seed mass with wing 9 ± 2 mg; ponderosa pine, P. ponderosa, 62 ± 11 mg; and Jeffrey pine, P. jeffreyi, 185 ± 23 mg) to determine the effects of wind and gravity on secondary dispersal across the ground. Animals largely ignored the seeds. Most seeds moved 1 m. Nineteen seeds disappeared, but rodents and birds probably took many of these. Seeds placed on mineral soil moved significantly farther than those placed on pine needle litter, and, on needle litter, large seeds moved significantly farther than small seeds. Except during an initial windy period, most seeds moved <5 cm/day. Most seeds became immobile after about 8 days because they became entrapped in plant litter...
Technology Gap and International Knowledge Transfer: New Evidence from the Operations of Multinational Corporations

Multinational corporations have long been recognized as both major creators of technology and as conduits of technology transfer. Technology transfer can happen directly, when the affiliate licenses the technology from the parent, or indirectly, when the affiliate imports intermediate goods with embodied technology. This paper estimates the effect of the affiliates’ productivity relative to the frontier—the technology gap—on the choice of licensing the technology or importing it through intermediate goods. A novel measure of multinational technology transfer is employed using data on technology licensing payments versus imports from U.S. multinationals across many countries and industries. The main finding of this paper is that a large technology gap of an affiliate favors indirect knowledge transfer through imports. On average, a 10% increase in the technology gap decreases the share of licensing versus importing inputs embodying the technology by 1.5%. Considering that access to ideas and generation of new ones are crucial for long-run economic growth, and convergence of a country, this study highlights the policy implications for countries to raise their productivity levels.
Polyvictimization and youth violence exposure across contexts

Abstract Purpose The current research used latent class analysis to uncover groups of youth with specific victimization profiles and identify factors that are associated with membership in each victimization group. Methods This study used data from National Survey of Children Exposure to Violence II. Random digit dialing and address-based sampling were used to obtain a nationally representative sample of 2,312 youth ages 10–17 years. Phone interviews, averaging 55 minutes in length, were conducted with caregivers to obtain both consent and background information and then with youths themselves. Results Six groups of youth emerged: (1) nonvictims (26.4%), (2) home victims (8.4%), (3) school victims (20.8%), (4) home and school victims (21.3%), (5) community victims (5.4%), and (6) polyvictims (17.8%). Polyvictims were likely to have been victimized in multiple settings by multiple perpetrators and experienced the most serious aggravating characteristics, including incidents involving a weapon, injury, or a sexual component. Youth in the polyvictim class experienced the highest number of different victimizations types in the past year and had the most problematic profile in other ways, including greater likelihood of living in disordered communities, high probabilities of engaging in delinquency of all types, elevated lifetime adversity, low levels of family support, and the highest trauma symptom scores. Conclusions The study supports the contention that a core basis of the particularly damaging effects of polyvictimization is the experience of victimization across multiple domains of the child's life.
Toward an Integrated Theory of Relational Youth Violence: Bridging a Gap among the Theory, Research, and Practice of Bullying Prevention

Despite an increased interest in bullying prevention programming over the last 10 years, significant gaps remain among theory, research, and practice in this critical area of school psychology. This article argues that the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of bullying does not fully capture the experiences of many US youth, making it difficult for practitioners to apply theory and research from the field to their everyday work. As an alternative, we introduce the idea of relational youth violence—behaviors (physical, relational, sexual, verbal, or psychological) and policies (formal or informal) that are intentionally or unintentionally harmful to a young person or group of young people, based on real or perceived power imbalances that reflect larger social structures of equity and power. This framework pushes back against a simple categorization of behaviors as bullying, discrimination, and harassment, and asks that educators pay attention to the overlaps in students’ lived experiences with these phenomena. In addition, the framework demands that educators consider factors across ecological levels, including larger organizational and sociocultural influences. Finally, by allowing for multiple perspectives and attributions, relational youth violence gives prominence to the role of intersectionality in shaping young peoples’ interpretations of harmful experiences. After describing the new construct in detail, we describe how it might help to bridge the gap among research, policy, and practice.
Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Biomarkers At Presentation More Precisely Define The Clinical Diagnosis Of aHUS

Introduction Recent studies demonstrating the effectiveness of eculizumab in the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) have increased the need for more rapid and objective diagnostic tests to help confirm the diagnosis of aHUS over other thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA). Methods We performed a retrospective study of all patients enrolled in the Ohio State University TTP/aHUS Registry since 2003. From this cohort of patients diagnosed with an acute TMA (platelets 2.25 mg/dL and measureable ADAMTS13 activity (>10%) were analyzed. The clinical and demographic data for these 19 patients are shown in [Table 1][1]. Banked plasma samples from these study subjects were used to measure complement activation factors Bb (alternative pathway (AP)), C4d (classical pathway), C3a, (generalized complement activation), C5a, and C5b-9 complex (terminal complement pathway (TCP)). These complement biomarker data were analyzed in the context of a documented mutation in complement regulatory proteins and response to therapy with PEX and/or eculizumab. Response was defined as a normal platelet count and improved serum creatinine (at 6 months) independent of PEX therapy or with continued eculizumab therapy. View this table: Table 1 Results The median complement biomarker data at presentation are shown in [Table 2][2]. Complement activation products are generally sensitive biomarkers for aHUS patients. Notably, elevation of the AP (Bb) and the TCP (C5b-9) biomarkers were more prominent and were seen in 16/19 and 19/19 patients respectively. This is in contrast to previously published data from acquired TTP patients from our group that demonstrated less pronounced activation of the AP and TCP at presentation ( accepted for publication, JTH ). Similar levels of alternative, classical and terminal complement activation were seen among patients regardless of mutation status or response to PEX. In a preliminary analysis using a one sample T-test model, (Bb) activation was shown to be significantly lower in the non-responder to eculizumab compared to the 8 responding patients. TCP activation was also lower in the non-responder but did not show statistical significance. View this table: Table 2 Conclusions Complement biomarkers of the alternative and terminal complement pathway may more precisely define the diagnosis of aHUS. These hypothesis generating data suggest that pre-treatment complement biomarkers provide valuable information in the diagnosis of aHUS and could be useful in the prediction of response to eculizumab Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #T1 [2]: #T2
Tobramycin pharmacokinetics in patients with cystic fibrosis preceding and following lung transplantation.

Summary: The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis before and after lung transplantation were evaluated. Twenty-nine lung transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis who received at least one course of tobramycin pre- and posttransplantation were included in this study. Pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, volume of distribution, elimination rate and half-life) were calculated using a one-compartment Bayesian method. Comparisons were made both between and within pre- and posttransplant periods for patients receiving multiple courses. Significant differences were noted. Clearance was decreased 40%, volume of distribution increased 20%, elimination rate increased 52%, and half-life increased 141%, respectively, posttransplant as compared to pretransplant. There were no differences within each time period between each tobramycin course. The results indicate that tobramycin pharmacokinetics are significantly altered in patients with cystic fibrosis after lung transplantation. Patients with cystic fibrosis require early and close monitoring of tobramycin after lung transplantation.
Josiah Strong and American Nationalism: A Reevaluation

J OSIAH Strong, whose career as a Congregationalist minister spanned the period 1869-1916, was recognized as a pioneer social reformer who devoted his efforts to awakening the church and the nation to the challenge of the city. Strong had witnessed the tremendous economic growth of the nation following the Civil War, experienced the enthusiasm and optimism of the settlement of the West as a missionary in Cheyenne, anticipated the nation's limitless potential as a home missionary in the Ohio Valley in the 1880s, and developed an ardent spirit of nationalism. His fervor was a part of the larger resurgence of nationalism in the United States in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Strong's contemporaries characterized his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis as having been "the Uncle Tom's Cabin" of social reform and referred to the movement for applied Christianity which he sought to inspire. At the time of his death in 1916, Strong won praise as "a great seer" who escaped national parochialism and who "had seen this process of world unification through interdependence long before the wisdom of mere politics had gotten its eyes open."" Historians, however, termed Strong's Our Country "a post-Appomattox expression of manifest destiny," jingoistic, and "prophetic of imperial expansionism."2 The volume, because of its tremendous circulation of
Environmental Conditions Associated with Elevated Vibrio parahaemolyticus Concentrations in Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire

Reports from state health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that the annual number of reported human vibriosis cases in New England has increased in the past decade. Concurrently, there has been a shift in both the spatial distribution and seasonal detection of Vibrio spp. throughout the region based on limited monitoring data. To determine environmental factors that may underlie these emerging conditions, this study focuses on a long-term database of Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in oyster samples generated from data collected from the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire over a period of seven consecutive years. Oyster samples from two distinct sites were analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus abundance, noting significant relationships with various biotic and abiotic factors measured during the same period of study. We developed a predictive modeling tool capable of estimating the likelihood of V. parahaemolyticus presence in coastal New Hampshire oysters. Results show that the inclusion of chlorophyll a concentration to an empirical model otherwise employing only temperature and salinity variables, offers improved predictive capability for modeling the likelihood of V. parahaemolyticus in the Great Bay Estuary.
Highly specific colorimetric detection of DNA oxidation biomarker using gold nanoparticle/triplex DNA conjugates.

Abstract DNA oxidation causes a variety of diseases including cancer. The oxidized DNA nucleobases are excised by cellular repair enzymes and released into extracellular fluids. Specifically, the excised DNA oxidation product, such as 8-oxoGua, has been suggested as a biomarker for early cancer diagnosis. We previously developed an artificial receptor for the free base of 8-oxoGua on a triplex DNA backbone. The receptor contained a pre-organized cavity, which bounded 8-oxoGua with strong affinity and excellent selectivity over other nucleobases. However, accurate detection of 8-oxoGua in urine samples was affected by the presence of a large excess of guanine. Herein, we report a strategy to convert our receptor to a colorimetric biosensor by conjugating DNA strands to gold nanoparticles (GNP), specifically for 8-oxoGua. By simply incubating our sensor with a urine sample, 8-oxoGua can be detected at submicromolar concentrations with UV–vis spectrometer or even by naked eye.
The Process of Diagnosis

In the last chapter we considered the elements of diagnosis: history, physical examination, and various types of diagnostic tests. Out of these elements come the data used to construct diagnoses. In this chapter I will examine how these data are used in the construction project.
Principles of Spin-Resonance Spectroscopy

The group of spectroscopic methods that are based on the spin-resonance effect has in common with those discussed in the previous chapters that it is due to true resonance absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation, albeit under the additional action of external (laboratory) or internal (molecular) magnetic fields. Continuing the nonmagnetic absorption spectroscopy beyond the fIR into the microwave region would lead to the relaxation spectra of polymers (the rotations typical of this spectral regions are irrelevant to macromolecules) which are due to slow movements of the polymer chains or parts of it. These non-resonance spectra, however, have been excluded from the scope of this book (see Part A).
Intraventricular Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma: A Case Report

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is a histologic diagnosis based on cell morphology. These tumors are found throughout the body. They are rarely found in the central nervous system and almost never occur as a primary intraventricular tumor. We present the unusual case of a 68-year-old woman with an intraventricular undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. We go on to discuss the clinical presentation, radiographic characteristics, and management paradigm for these rare lesions. Our patient presented with acute confusion, inability to balance a checkbook, and gait imbalance. CT and MRI demonstrated a 4 x 3.6 x 3.6 cm enhancing lesion in the left lateral ventricle abutting the foramen of Monro. Pathology revealed an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.