cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yield per effort for additions to crude oil reserves in the lower 48 United States, 1946-1989

Annual additions to proven oil reserves are used to analyze yield per effort (YPE) between 1946 and 1989 in the lower 48 United States. YPE is the amount of oil added to reserves per foot of oil well drilled. The YPE data are used in a regression model that shows YPE is determined by long-term factors such as depletion and technical change, and short-term factors such as changes in the drilling rate, changes in the importance of revisions to oil reserves, and shifts between the intensive and extensive margin of exploration and development. When the short-term determinants of YPE are accounted for, YPE shows a significant exponential decline during the past 45 years. If the rate of drilling remains at the level it was in the late 1980s, the model projects about 21 billion bl of oil will be added to proven reserves from 1990 to 2010 in the lower 48 United States. Maintaining a drilling rate twice that of the late 1980s will add 29 billion bbl of oil to the proven reserves. Those projections suggest that proven oil reserves in the lower 48 United States will decrease sharply, with the magnitude of the decrease dependent also on the rate of oil production. The results also show that the expansion of exploration in the Gulf of Mexico did not alter significantly the overall decline in YPE for the entire lower 48 United States.
Measuring the Impact of Sense Similarity on Word Sense Induction

Word Sense Induction (WSI) is an unsupervised learning approach to discovering the different senses of a word from its contextual uses. A core challenge to WSI approaches is distinguishing between related and possibly similar senses of a word. Current WSI evaluation techniques have yet to analyze the specific impact of similarity on accuracy. Therefore, we present a new WSI evaluation that quantifies the relationship between the relatedness of a word's senses and the ability of a WSI algorithm to distinguish between them. Furthermore, we perform an analysis on sense confusions in SemEval-2 WSI task according to sense similarity. Both analyses for a representative selection of clustering-based WSI approaches reveals that performance is most sensitive to the clustering algorithm and not the lexical features used.
The Kidney in Systemic Disease

Our understanding of the mechanisms by which systemic diseases lead to alterations in renal function must rest on profound knowledge of normal physiology. In Volume 1 of this series, an attempt was made to employ three schemes which would allow us to predict, treat, or correct the renal manifestations of systemic illness. The schemes were based on the idea that composition changes in blood or alterations in the volume of the fluid compartments of the body inevitably affect the kidney. The schemes also took into consideration that the clinical manifestations of vascular and tubular disease will have their genesis depending on which part of the kidney (cortex versus medulla) is principally involved.1
Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Principles of Productivity in Food and Nutrition Services: Applications in the 21st Century Health Care Reform Era

Abstract Food and nutrition services, along with the health care organizations they serve, are becoming increasingly complex. These complexities are driven by sometimes conflicting (if not polarizing) human, department, organization, and environment factors and will require that managers shift how they think about and approach productivity in the context of the greater good of the organization and, perhaps, even society. Traditional, single-factor approaches to productivity measurements, while still valuable in the context of departmental trend analysis, are of limited value when assessing departmental performance in the context of an organization's goals and values. As health care continues to change and new models of care are introduced, food and nutrition services managers will need to consider innovative approaches to improve productivity that are consistent with their individual health care organization's vision and mission. Use of process improvement tools such as Lean and Six Sigma as strategies for evaluating and improving food and nutrition services efficiency should be considered.
Space-variant descriptor sampling for action recognition based on saliency and eye movements

Algorithms using "bag of features"-style video representations currently achieve state-of-the-art performance on action recognition tasks, such as the challenging Hollywood2 benchmark [1,2,3]. These algorithms are based on local spatiotemporal descriptors that can be extracted either sparsely (at interest points) or densely (on regular grids), with dense sampling typically leading to the best performance [1]. Here, we investigate the benefit of space-variant processing of inputs, inspired by attentional mechanisms in the human visual system. We employ saliency-mapping algorithms to find informative regions and descriptors corresponding to these regions are either used exclusively, or are given greater representational weight (additional codebook vectors). This approach is evaluated with three state-of-the-art action recognition algorithms [1,2,3], and using several saliency algorithms. We also use saliency maps derived from human eye movements to probe the limits of the approach. Saliency-based pruning allows up to 70% of descriptors to be discarded, while maintaining high performance on Hollywood2. Meanwhile, pruning of 20-50% (depending on model) can even improve recognition. Further improvements can be obtained by combining representations learned separately on salience-pruned and unpruned descriptor sets. Not surprisingly, using the human eye movement data gives the best mean Average Precision (mAP; 61.9%), providing an upper bound on what is possible with a high-quality saliency map. Even without such external data, the Dense Trajectories model [1] enhanced by automated saliency-based descriptor sampling achieves the best mAP (60.0%) reported on Hollywood2 to date.
Intelligent Traffic Signal System for Isolated Intersections: Dynamic Pedestrian Accommodation

One critical issue of traffic control is the optimization of signalized intersections for improved multimodal safety and operations. Accommodating pedestrian traffic at intersections is challenging because the demands of multimodal service compete fiercely on limited green time resources. The Highway Capacity Manual prescribes that the parallel vehicle green must exceed "Walk" plus pedestrian clearance interval (PCI) timed by a design walking speed. This static PCI timing is unsafe because seniors and children are likely to be slower than the design pedestrian. Furthermore, a vehicle-flow issue arises when the prolonged PCI exceeds the operationally efficient parallel green: additional vehicle right-of-way, unnecessary for operational efficiency, preempts green time from conflicting phase(s) and increases intersectionwide queuing delays. Queuing delays necessitate a trade-off between competing multifaceted traveler needs. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) proves effective, flexible, and robust in handling competi...
Smart point landmark distribution for thin-plate splines

Landmark placement is crucial in manual demarcation and registration of anatomical structures, registration of different image modalities (i.e. MRI/CT), labeling training data for lip and face principal component models, training for neural networks, and signal interpolation to name some applications. Although landmark placement at curvature and coordinate extrema (e.g. corners of the mouth, lowest point on the lower lip) is fairly unambiguous, the placement of point landmarks along a linear contour is subjective. Unfortunately the user's choice of landmark placement determines the quality of the resulting registration. In this paper, we present an algorithm to remove these undesired degrees of freedom by re-placing landmarks along the contour. Ambiguous landmarks are moved so as to minimize a thin plate spline energy while constraining the landmarks to the originally specified contour. The resulting landmark placement results in a smoother registration while still interpolating the contours and fixed landmarks. The results show that the ambiguity of manual landmark placement along contours does affect the smoothness of the interpolated registration, and that significantly smoother interpolations can be achieved using our approach. This procedure may also benefit other applications employing landmarks by eliminating unintended curvature (variation) from the landmark data.
An Investigation of the Correctness of Item Assignment on the Subscales of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire and its Temporal Stability

The Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) was administered to first year students during the fifth week of their first semester and then again at the end of the semester. The primary purpose was to examine item—remainder correlations to determine if the items are placed correctly into their respective domains. A secondary aim was to assess the temporal stability of the scores. The most suspicious are items 9, 14, 21, 23, 49, 32, and 56, but the major concern with the SACQ is the multidimensional nature of the majority of items rather than improper assignment of items to domains. Domain temporal stability (Pearson r) was: Social Adjustment = .60, Attachment = .50, Personal-Emotional Adjustment = .43, and Academic Adjustment = .35; the stability of the Total Score was r = .44. Suggestions are offered for revising the scale and for proper use of the current version given the identified issues.
Social, Intellectual, and Cultural Spaces: Creating Compelling Library Environments for the Digital Age

Transformation of research library space to address the changing environment of scholarship, teaching, and learning is a common occurrence. The transformations are a result of the migration from print to digital, the opportunity to leverage campus partnerships, and adoption of more user-centered approaches for space planning. This paper will explore a collaborative transformation process for creating new physical and virtual spaces to support the changing needs of twenty-first-century students and scholars.
Will people work hard on a task they choose? Social-eyes priming in different cultural contexts

Abstract Although previous work shows that people are strongly motivated to work on a task they choose, little is known on the boundary conditions for this effect. Here, we hypothesized that European Americans work hard on a task they choose in private so as to achieve their independence. In support of this hypothesis, we found that performance in an alleged IQ test increased when the test was chosen in the absence of social-eyes priming for European Americans and, moreover, this effect was more pronounced for independently oriented individuals. We also hypothesized that Asians work hard on a task they choose in public so as to establish their interdependence. In support of this hypothesis, we found that performance in the IQ test increased when the choice was made in the presence of the social-eyes priming for Asians and, moreover, this effect tended to be more pronounced for interdependently oriented individuals. Implications for theories of culture and motivation are discussed.
Heartburn (HB) relief and relapse with acid suppression in primary care: a symptom-driven meta-analysis

Heartburn (HB) relief and relapse with acid suppression in primary care: a symptom-driven meta-analysis
Analysis of file usage in personal computer environments

This paper discusses collection, analysis and interpretation of data pertaining to files in personal computer (PC) environments. We developed programs to collect and analyze data from PCs running the OS/21 operating system and using the High Performance File System (HPFS). The data collection program gathers the information about file sizes, the times and dates of file creation, the last file access, and the last file update by scanning the contents of disk storage devices. The gathered information is used to analyze the distributions of file sizes, functional file lifetimes, and functional lifetimes of file's data. The analysis shows that: most files are small (more than 60% of files on a system are smaller than 8 Kbytes), about 60% of files on a system have never been accessed again after being created and very few files are ever modified.
Improving preservice middle grades science teachers’ understanding of the nature of science using three instructional approaches.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in preservice teachers’ understanding of the nature of science (NOS) as a result of four activity-based interventions that represent three instructional approaches used in a middle grades science methods course. Ten participants’ understanding of NOS and their perceptions about the activity-based interventions were investigated. Data were collected using open-ended questionnaires and in-depth interviews before and after the interventions. Written artifacts and recorded group discussions were collected during the interventions. The results of this study showed that inclusion of various approaches to teaching NOS can contribute to developing preservice teachers’ understanding of NOS. The activities complemented each other in the teaching of the NOS components. In addition, the preservice teachers perceived that the four interventions were helpful in improving their understanding of NOS and in preparing them for future teaching.
The Persistence of Traditional Gender Roles in the Information Technology Sector: A Study of Female Engineers in India

As women in India enter the rapidly expanding Information Technology (IT) workforce, it could be predicted that their active participation in this sector will change their socio-economic status within the employing organization and the communities in which they reside. It is often expected that women's participation in the professional realm will contribute to a breakdown of traditional gender roles. And indeed, the data illustrate that women are working in the IT sector in India in increasing numbers. However, data collected in 1992 and again in 2002 by the Indian Institute of Technology suggest that not only does women's participation fail to occur at the same speed as IT expansion, but that their participation is based on a continuation of traditional gender roles, which places women on the periphery of an employing organization. Questioning the paradigm of technological determinism, this paper examines how technology and its development can adapt to the existing social structure. The persistence of such gender divides perpetuate the notion of gender segregation and do not enhance women's socio-economic and political status, nor provide equal participation in the information economy.
Perspectives on data compression for estimations from sensors

Data compression methods have mostly focused on achieving a desired perception quality for multi-media data for a given number of bits. However, there has been interest over the last several decades on compression for communicating data to a remote location where the data is used to compute estimates. This paper traces the perspectives in the research literature for compression-for-estimation. We discuss how these perspectives can all be cast in the following form: the source emits a signal - possibly dependent on some unknown parameter(s), the i th sensor receives the signal and compresses it for transmission to a central processing center where it is used to make the estimate(s). The previous perspectives can be grouped as optimizing compression for the purpose of either (i) estimation of the source signal or (ii) the source parameter. Early results focused on restricting the encoder to being a scalar quantizer that is designed according to some optimization criteria. Later results focused on more general compression structures, although, most of those focus on establishing information theoretic results and bounds. Recent results by the authors use operational rate-distortion methods to develop task-driven compression algorithms that allow trade-offs between the multiple estimation tasks for a given rate.
Rhinovirus-induced modulation of gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells from subjects with asthma

Rhinovirus (RV) infections trigger asthma exacerbations. Genome-wide expression analysis of RV1A-infected primary bronchial epithelial cells from normal and asthmatic donors was performed to determine whether asthma is associated with a unique pattern of RV-induced gene expression. Virus replication rates were similar in cells from normal and asthmatic donors. Overall, RV downregulated 975 and upregulated 69 genes. Comparisons of transcriptional profiles generated from microarrays and confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and cluster analysis showed some up- and downregulated genes in asthma cells involved in immune responses (IL1B, IL1F9, IL24, and IFI44) and airway remodeling (LOXL2, MMP10, FN1). Notably, most of the asthma-related differences in RV-infected cells were also present in the cells before infection. These findings suggest that differences in RV-induced gene expression profiles of cells from normal and mild asthmatic subjects could affect the acute inflammatory response to RV, and subsequent airway repair and remodeling.
Grain boundary segregation and intergranular fracture in a gamma-based titanium aluminide intermetallic

The ongoing interest in the development of gamma-based titanium aluminides has stimulated renewed efforts to improve the understanding of fracture mechanisms in the possible application temperature range between 700 and 1,000 C. The early work by Lipsitt and co-workers established the occurrence of a transition from cleavage to intergranular fracture at temperature in the ductile-to-brittle-transition-temperature (DBTT) range between 650 and 700 C. They attributed this transition to the nucleation of grain boundary microcracks by interacting dislocations near the grain boundaries. However, no clear evidence of grain boundary microcracking was presented in their paper. Their dislocation-based arguments also do not explain the occurrence of intergranular fracture in the DBTT regime where increased grain boundary compatibility is expected as a result of the thermal activation of multiple slip systems. Experimental evidence of the role of grain boundary segregation in the inducement of intergranular fracture in Ti-48Al is presented in this paper. This includes in-situ Auger data that reveals the presence of S on intergranular and interlamellar facets on the fracture surfaces of impact specimens that were fractured under high vacuum in an Auger chamber of 700 C, i.e., in the absence of possible contamination by the test environment. The occurrence of intergranularmore » fracture at 700 C, i.e., in the absence of possible contamination by the test environment. The occurrence of intergranular fracture at 700 C is thus attributed to the reduced cohesion of the grain boundaries by S atoms that segregate to the grain boundaries as a result of thermally activated diffusion. The implications of the results are discussed for the future processing of gamma-based titanium aluminides.« less
Marine reserve design theory for species with ontogenetic migration.

Models for marine reserve design have been developed primarily with ‘reef fish’ life histories in mind: sedentary adults in patches connected by larval dispersal. However, many fished species undertake ontogenetic migrations, such as from nursery grounds to adult spawning habitats, and current theory does not fully address the range of reserve options posed by that situation. I modelled a generic species with ontogenetic migration to investigate the possible benefits of reserves under three alternative scenarios. First, the fishery targets adult habitat, and reserves can sustain yields under high exploitation, unless habitat patches are well connected. Second, the fishery targets the nursery, and reserves are highly effective, regardless of connectivity patterns. Third, the fishery targets both habitats, and reserves only succeed if paired on adjacent, well-connected nursery and adult patches. In all cases, reserves can buffer populations against overexploitation but would not enhance fishery yield beyond that achievable by management without reserves. These results summarize the general situations in which management using reserves could be useful for ontogenetically migrating species, and the type of connectivity data needed to inform reserve design.
Representations of unbounded optimization problems as integer programs

Any optimization problem in a finite structure can be represented as an integer or mixed-integer program in integral quantities.
Comment on "Computation of the Fast Walsh-Fourier Transform"

The matrix form of the Walsh functions as defined in the above-mentioned short note [1] can be generated by the modulo-2 product of two generating matrices: the natural binary code, and the transpose of the bit-reversed form of the first. As a result, the coefficients of the Walsh transform occur in bit-reversed order. By simply reordering the Walsh functions themselves to correspond to generation by the product of two such code matrices, neither or both in bit-reversed form, the Walsh coefficients occur in their natural order.
Calcium-ion transport by intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells at 0°C

Abstract At 0°C, where Ca 2+ efflux is not observed, the uptake of Ca 2+ by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells consists of four components: 1) An energy-dependent mitochondrial component, which is inhibited by uncouplers, respiratory inhibitors, and mitochondrial ATP-ase inhibitors. 2) Binding to the cell surface, which can be displaced by an EGTA wash. 3) An electrochemical gradient-dependent component, which is inhibited by agents which dissipate these gradients, such as proton ionophores, metabolic uncouplers, and valinomycin. The valinomycin inhibition of this transport component is dependent on K + concentration. 4) Passive diffusion, which is dependent on Ca 2+ concentration and is observed in the presence of inhibitors of the other components. The uptake of Ca 2+ at 0°C is sensitive to ruthenium red presumably due to its competition with Ca 2+ for cell binding sites.
Histologic follow-up of atypical endocervical cells. Liquid-based, thin-layer preparation vs. conventional Pap smear.

OBJECTIVE To review the histologic findings in patients diagnosed with "atypical glandular cells of uncertain significance, endocervical cell type" (AGUS-EC) by ThinPrep Pap Test (TPPT) or conventional Pap smear (CPS) and to evaluate the clinical value of subclassifying AGUS-EC as "favor reactive" or "favor neoplastic." STUDY DESIGN All TPPT and CPS diagnosed as AGUS-EC (favor reactive, unspecified and favor neoplastic) from January 1998 through December 1999 and all available histologic follow-up (defined as endocervical curettage, cervical biopsy, cervical conization or hysterectomy obtained within six months of the time of an AGUS-EC diagnosis) were obtained from a computerized database. RESULTS AGUS-EC was diagnosed in 0.77% of CPS (683 of 88,825) and 0.59% of TPPT (183 of 30,968) (P = NS). There was no statistically significant difference in any of the follow-up histologic diagnoses between the CPS and TPPT groups. The majority of the follow-up biopsies demonstrated benign processes in both groups. Patients with a diagnosis of AGUS-EC "favor neoplastic" had a greater proportion of true glandular pathology as compared with AGUS-EC "unspecified" or "favor reactive" (P < .001). None of the patients with a diagnosis of AGUS-EC "favor reactive" were found to have true glandular pathology; however, a minority of them proved to have squamous pathology. CONCLUSION In this study there was no difference in CPS and TPPT in regard to the specificity of a diagnosis of AGUS-EC for true glandular pathology. Subclassifying AGUS-EC as "favor reactive" or "favor neoplastic" may provide valuable information for directing patient follow-up.
Quantum criticality and stability of three-body Coulomb systems

We present quantum phase transitions and critical phenomena of three-body Coulomb systems with charges $(Q,$ q, $Q)$ and masses $(M,$ m, $M).$ Full numerical results, using the finite-size scaling method, for an arbitrary mass ratio $0l~\ensuremath{\kappa}{=(1+m/M)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}l~1$ over the range $1l~\ensuremath{\lambda}=|Q/q|l~1.25,$ show that there exists a transition curve ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}(\ensuremath{\kappa})$ through which all systems undergo a first-order phase transition from stable to unstable. Particularly, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}(\ensuremath{\kappa})$ has a minimum at ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{m}=0.35,$ which leads to a new proposed classification of the three-body Coulomb systems: moleculelike systems, $\ensuremath{\kappa}g{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{m},$ such as ${\mathrm{Ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ $(\ensuremath{\kappa}=0.5)$ and atomlike systems, $\ensuremath{\kappa}l{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{m},$ such as $\overline{p}\overline{p}d$ $(\ensuremath{\kappa}=0.33).$
Testimony, simulation, and the limits of inductivism

(2000). Testimony, simulation, and the limits of inductivism. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 269-274.
Conditioned medium promotes the attachment ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens strain NT 1 to carrot cells

Wild-typeAgrobacterium tumefaciens bind to carrot suspension culture cells. Avirulent strain NT 1 did not bind to carrot cells when they were incubated together in Murashige and Skoog medium. Conditioned medium was prepared by incubatingA. tumefaciens virulent strain C 58 with carrot cells and removing the bacteria and carrot cells using filter sterilization. This conditioned medium promoted the binding of NT 1 to carrot cells. Conditioned medium did not promote the nonspecific attachment ofEscherichia coli to carrot cells. These results suggest that when wild-typeA. tumefaciens are incubated with plant host cells, some substance(s) involved in bacterial attachment are released into the medium. Filter-sterilized medium from the incubation of the nonattachingchvB mutant A 1045 with carrot cells promoted the attachment of strain NT 1 even though A 1045 bacteria did not bind to the carrot cells. However, filter-sterilized medium from the incubation of the non-attachingatt mutant Att-B 123 with carrot cells was unable to promote the binding of strain NT 1. This suggests that nonattaching mutants ofA. tumefaciens can be divided into two groups on the basis of the properties of the substances released into the medium when the bacteria are incubated with carrot cells.
Iron Transport-Mediated Drug Delivery: Practical Syntheses and In Vitro Antibacterial Studies of Tris-Catecholate Siderophore–Aminopenicillin Conjugates Reveals Selectively Potent Antipseudomonal Activity

An artificial tris-catecolate siderophore with a tripodal backbone and its conjugates with ampicillin and amoxicillin were synthesized. Both conjugates exhibited significantly enhanced in vitro antibacterial activities against Gram-negative species compared to the parent drugs, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The conjugates appeared to be assimilated by an induced bacterial iron transport process as their activities were inversely related to iron concentration. The easily synthesized tris-catecolate siderophore has great potential for future development of various drug conjugates to target antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
Modeling Multilayered Packages Using the Parallel Finite Difference Time Domain (PFDTD) Approach

The objective of this paper is to present an alternative to matrix-based techniques, namely the Parallel Finite Difference Time Domain (PFDTD) method, which enables us to solve large (in terms of Degrees of Freedom or DOFs) and complex packaging problems. A test structure provided by IBM is analyzed using the PFDTD to illustrate its application to such problems.
Shadowed Type-2 Fuzzy Sets -Type-2 Fuzzy Sets with shadowed secondary membership functions

General Type-2 Fuzzy Sets (GT2 FSs) have been originally proposed to allow for modeling uncertainty associated with the membership grades of Type-1 (T1) FSs. However, because of the computational complexity associated with the processing of GT2 FSs, only their constrained version, the Interval T2 (IT2) FSs, have been widely used. While IT2 FSs allow for fast processing, they lack the expressive power of GT2 FSs when modeling various kinds of uncertainties. In order to combine the best of both types, this paper proposes a novel class of T2 FSs - the Shadowed Type-2 (ST2) FSs. The ST2 FS is a T2 FS with secondary membership functions represented as Shadowed Sets (SSs). Shadowed sets, originally proposed by Pedrycz, are directly induced by the T1 fuzzy membership functions and they are designed to conserve the amount of uncertainty in the original T1 FS. In a similar manner, an ST2 FS is directly induced by a GT2 FS via transforming all the T1 fuzzy secondary membership functions into Shadowed Sets. The resulting ST2 FSs can thus better capture the uncertainty in the original GT2 FSs when compared to the constrained IT2 FSs. Additionally, ST2 FSs offer very efficient computational framework since the secondary membership grades can only attain three values of 0, 1, or completely uncertain (shadowed) grade of [0,1]. This paper introduces the representation, the elementary set-theoretic operations and several methods for type-reduction and defuzzification of ST2 FSs. The modeling capability of ST2 SS was demonstrated on several examples.
Progress in new ultraviolet reflective coating techniques

Current FUV instrumentation is seriously compromised by poor reflectivity. The best existing coatings for the 90 – 115 nm range are SiC (30% reflectivity across the band) and LiF/Aluminum (60% reflectivity from 100 nm to 115 nm). An improved coating therefore would enable the production of vastly more sensitive instruments in the 90 – 200 nm range. An additional goal in the development of an alternate FUV coating is to overcome the well-documented hygroscopic behaviors of LiF coatings, which currently impose handling concerns that in turn drive cost and schedule. The coatings we will develop in this effort must also function well through the conventional silicon-based detector bandpass (200 nm to 1100 nm). By ensuring that these new coatings are usable at many wavelengths, we will make it possible to incorporate ultraviolet instruments into future large missions without compromising the science capability of other instruments or increasing cost and risk due to handling issues. We present new results of the coating process and discuss our new ALD processes.
Graphics input tools for interactive motion analysis

Abstract The use of Galatea, an interactive animated graphics system for analyzing dynamic phenomena recorded on movie film, is discussed. An analyst views a film with a stop-motion projector and uses a digitizing pen to transcribe features of interest, for example, by following a wandering amoeba. Simultaneously, an animated graphics image corresponding to the data entries is generated and, using a projection kinescope, is superimposed on the film image, synchronized with it as it runs. The system acts like “dynamic tracing paper” for the film and provides a set of real-time hand-eye input tools and graphical data types useful for motion analysis. After a brief overview of Galatea and a discussion of the advantages of interactive motion analysis systems, the paper lists the input tools and data types that have been used. An accuracy experiment is described. The use of the system to solve a number of different motion analysis problems is discussed, illustrated by applications in cell biology, anatomy, and radiology.
Product code vector quantizers for waveform and voice coding

Memory and computation requirements imply fundamental limitations on the quality that can be achieved in vector quantization systems used for speech waveform coding and linear predictive voice coding (LPC). One approach to reducing storage and computation requirements is to organize the set of reproduction vectors as the Cartesian product of a vector codebook describing the shape of each reproduction vector and a scalar codebook describing the gain or energy. Such shape-gain vector quantizers can be applied both to waveform coding using a quadratic-error distortion measure and to voice coding using an Itakura-Saito distortion measure. In each case, the minimum distortion reproduction vector can be found by first selecting a shape code-word, and then, based on that choice, selecting a gain codeword. Several algorithms are presented for the design of shape-gain vector quantizers based on a traning sequence of data or a probabilistic model. The algorithms are used to design shape-gain vector quantizers for both the waveform coding and voice coding application. The quantizers are simulated, and their performance is compared to that of previously reported vector quantization systems.
A local composition model for multicomponent liquid mixture thermal conductivities

Abstract A local composition model for multicomponent, liquid mixture thermal conductivity has been developed and tested. Only binary equilibrium thermodynamic information is used in the model to obtain local compositions. No mixture thermal conductivity data are required and no adjustable parameters are used. Predictions based on this model agreed, within experimental uncertainty, with the experimental results for eighteen different binary mixtures at 1 atm and various temperatures. An average absolute percent deviation from experiment of 1.0% was obtained over the entire composition range for the eighteen systems. The maximum deviation at any of the tested compositions was 3.5%. Thermal conductivities for ternary systems have also been computed.
Vein graft patency and intimal proliferation after aortocoronary bypass: Early and long-term angiopathologic correlations

To determine the clinical significance of intimal proliferation as a cause of aortocoronary bypass vein graft obstruction, 492 vein grafts from 281 patients were studied 0 to 75 months postoperatively. All grafts had been inserted between 1968 and 1975 by one surgeon using one technique. The graft patency rate was 92 percent (55 to 60) in the first month; 91 percent (49 of 54) at 1 to 3 months; 84 percent (37 to 44) at 4 to 6 months; 77 percent (33 of 43) at 7 to 12 months; 81 percent (113 of 140) at 13 to 24 months; 82 percent (59 of 72) at 25 to 36 months; and 84 percent (66 of 79) at 37 to 75 months. Vein graft samples were obtained from 41 patients: In 27 patients with 51 grafts (early group), they were obtained 0 to 30 days (mean 14 days) postoperatively; in 14 patients with 27 grafts (late group) they were obtained 7 to 75 months (mean 34 months) postoperatively. Intimal proliferation was graded 1 to 4 corresponding to an intima/media thickness ratio of 1,2,3 or 4, respectively. In the early group, all 51 vein grafts howed grade 1 to 2 intimal proliferation; 5 of these grafts were occluded, all as a result of recent thrombosis. In the late group, 17 of the 27 grafts were studied histologically. All patent vein grafts showed grade 2 to 3 intimal prolferation. Four vein grafts were occluded but only one as a result of grade 4 intimal proliferation. In 14 patients in the late group, angiograms performed shortly before vein graft samples were obtained revealed 14 patent and 4 occluded vein grafts. Ten of the 14 patent vein grafts showed grade 2 to 3 intimal proliferation but were of uniformly good caliber angiographically (graft/artery ratio more than 1.5).
Miniemulsion polymers as solid support for transition metal catalysts

Abstract A pentadentate salen-type ligand was immobilized in a poly[(styrene)]- co -(butyl acrylate)] matrix by miniemulsion polymerization. The obtained polymer beads revealed a particle size of 50 nm in the dry state by transmission electron microscopy. Dynamic light scattering experiments in methanol and water showed a solvent-dependent average particle size with a mean particle diameter of up to 233 nm in methanol. These results provide valuable insights for the optimization of macromolecular oxidation catalysts and their future use as enzyme-like entities in aqueous media. The particle stability was demonstrated over a wide pH range (3–11) by gel permeation chromatography, and initial results for the metal ion binding ability were obtained.
Schizophrenia, Poetic Imagery and Metaphor

Poetic imagism and metaphor illustrate important similarities and differences to schizoid uses of figurative language. Both seem to come from similar causes to assuage similar needs, but the poetic...
Fundamental Aspects of the Science and Engineering of Oil Spill Dispersant Systems: An Overview of Recent Research Activities of the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative-funded CMEDS Project

ABSTRACT Upon consideration of dispersant-related research, both before and after the Macondo Well oil release, it can be divided into two general categories: (1) the fundamentals of how dispersants work and the effects that may result from their use (e.g., physicochemical and transport characteristics of drops, bubbles, hydrates, surfactants), and (2) an applied focus that has emphasized the design of new dispersants or an enhancement of the performance of those products that are currently available. While there is an extensive amount of data relating to dispersants, a main focus has been on the demonstration of their effectiveness in bench tests and examination of the toxicity of dispersants and dispersed oil. As a result, there is a need for an enhanced understanding of dispersant and dispersed oil thermodynamics and their fate and transport, with a goal to translate the science and engineering to the development of new, effective dispersant systems. The focus of the work to be discussed addresses the ...
Microfluidic Separation of Cells by Rolling on Patterned Receptors

Cell separation based on markers present on the cell surface has extensive biological applications. However, current separation methods involve labeling and label removal steps which are often slow and intrusive. We envisioned that the ability to control the direction of transport of cells based on specific receptors on the cell surface without labeling and label removal steps would enable simple continuous-flow microfluidic cell separation systems with minimal processing steps and active components. We therefore explored whether receptor patterning could be used to direct the transport of cells in a label-free manner through the formation of transient receptor-ligand bonds that result in cell rolling.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Glomerular hemodynamics in mercury-induced acute renal failure.

Glomerular hemodynamics in mercury-induced acute renal failure. As manifest by tubular collapse and the virtual absence of flow into the glomerulotubular junction (GTJ), filtration in most nephrons (SNGFR) of rats poisoned with 9 mg/kg body wt HgCl 2 16 to 28 hours earlier was virtually absent. Arterial colloid osmotic pressure (COP A ) and Bowman's space pressure (P BS ) were modestly depressed (P g ), 25.6 ± 1.3 mm Hg was some 24 mm Hg lower than control (P net ) of 4.1 ± 1.2 mm Hg. Excluding three rats with values greater than 10 mm Hg, P net averaged 2.0 ± 0.9 mm Hg (N = 17 rats) versus 20.0 ± 1.8 mm Hg in controls (N = 10, P g was caused by a major increase in preglomerular resistance (R A ) and a reciprocal fall in efferent arteriolar resistance (R E ), the R A /R E ratio of 7.2 ± 0.8 being fourfold higher than control (P 0.2). A wide spread of P g values in individual glomeruli and the absence of tubular flow despite the appearance of i.v. injected lissamine green in a quadrant of surface glomeruli suggested the possibility of a greatly increased, glomerular capillary resistance. It is concluded that reciprocal changes in R A and R E are the immediate cause of filtration failure in this form of ARF and that, in the virtual absence of filtration, tubular leakage can play no important role. Since P BS was depressed in both the developmental and established phases of ARF, tubular obstruction appears to play no direct role in the pathogenesis of this particular model of murine acute renal failure.
meta-Benzyne Reacts as an Electrophile

Examination of gas-phase reactions of various nucleophiles with meta-benzyne analogues that carry a positively charged substituent has revealed that the meta-benzyne moiety is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Addition of nucleophiles to the meta-benzyne moiety occurs rapidly without energy-demanding uncoupling of the singlet biradicals' formally unpaired electrons. The resulting zwitterionic intermediate may undergo fragmentation either by a homolytic bond cleavage to yield net-radical type products or by a heterolytic bond cleavage that generally leads to replacement of the original charged group with the incoming nucleophile. The intermediate was characterized experimentally and computationally and found to be a low-energy species. The nonradical reactivity reported here is common for meta-benzynes with positively charged substituents, and is predicted also to dominate the chemistry of anionic and neutral meta-benzynes.
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults with congenital heart disease: can we prognosticate and improve prognosis?

The primary task of the cardiopulmonary system is to provide blood flow and oxygen in quantities sufficient to support the individual's metabolic needs. The cardiopulmonary system is maximally stressed when an individual's metabolic rate is increased, a condition that occurs most commonly during physical activity or exercise. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) quantitatively assesses a patient's capacity to adapt to the hemodynamic demands of exercise. Those who are found to have a cardiopulmonary system incapable of supporting normal amounts of exercise are likely to be less resilient, more vulnerable to illnesses, and more predisposed to health complications when confronting the inevitable challenges of life. A weakened cardiopulmonary system is also likely to be more susceptible to further damage or injury. It is therefore not surprising that data from CPX has been found to carry powerful and important prognostic implications. Article see p 250 Indeed, past studies have found that the peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) is one of the best predictors of morbidity or mortality in a variety of cardiovascular conditions including congestive heart failure,1,2 pulmonary hypertension,3 tetralogy of Fallot,4 transposition of the great arteries,5 and Fontan circulations.6 The article by Inuzuka et al7 is the latest contribution to this literature. These investigators have collected a large and diverse cohort of patients with congenital heart disease and have used novel, sophisticated statistical analyses to …
Metabolic cold adaptation in Antarctic fishes: evidence from enzymatic activities of brain

To evaluate the concept of metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) in fishes, we compared – in brain, red muscle, and white muscle of Antarctic notothenioid fishes and tropical/subtropical fishes – the activities of two enzymes of ATP-generating pathways, citrate synthase (CS), an indicator of citric acid cycle activity (aerobic metabolism), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an indicator of potential for ATP production through anaerobic glycolysis. Brain was chosen because, unlike locomotory muscle, its metabolic activity is not likely to be influenced by a species' level of activity or nutritional status, so MCA should be readily observed if present. CS and LDH activities in brain exhibited a high level of MCA, but compensation to temperature was not complete (48% for CS; 46% for LDH). CS and LDH activities in red and white muscle varied widely among species, according to the general level of locomotory activity. The 'mode of life'-related enzymatic activities in locomotory muscle show that study of MCA at the level of whole organism metabolism is fraught with difficulties and experimental ambiguities. In contrast, the low variation among species within each group in enzymatic activities in brain, and the large differences between groups in CS and LDH activity, show that brain is an excellent study system for evaluating metabolic compensation to temperature.
THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC POLICY ON THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES

THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE of this study is to quantify the effects of monetary, fiscal, and debt-management policies on the level and term structure of interest rates. The informational content of the expectations hypothesis is evaluated as a by-product of the analysis. The analysis involves the specification and estimation of an "unrestricted" general model for the determination of interest rates based on demand and supply equations for each maturity classification of debt. The study is limited to interest rates on three maturity classifications of U.S. government securities: 3-month bills, 3-5 year issues, and long-term bonds. Second, the restrictions on the relationships among rates implied by the expectations hypothesis are imposed on the model. The usefulness of the expectations hypothesis is thus evaluated in terms of contribution to goodness-offit and forecasting efficiency, and policy implications are compared to those of the unrestricted model. The unrestricted model used in analysis is based on a specification of the bond market rather than the money market. Changes in the money stock derive their significance from the associated increase in bank credit and in the supply of loanable funds; the role of the public's tastes for demand deposits, time deposits, and currency is solely to determine the extent to which bank credit can be created as a multiple of the reserve base. The model consists of thirteen equations, including three demand equations; three supply equations; a definition of bank earning assets; an equation (and a subsystem of seven equations) determining the reserves multiplier; two equations expressing relationships between the rates on government securities in the model and rates on two close-substitute assets; and finally, the three equilibrium conditions. The reduced-form equations implied by this model contain income, bank earning assets, the three maturity classifications of government debt, the discount rate, the ceiling rate on time deposits, and the rate of return on stockholders' equity. The restricted model focuses on the possibility that certain relationships exist among interest rates, specifically those implied by the expectations hypothesis. The most successful of the expectational models has been that of Modigliani-Sutch and it is used as the representative restricted model. Our conclusions are: