cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collective responsibilities for research in science education – the tenure process

Why the paranoia over earning tenure in science education? Is it that the bar is so high as to raise the anxiety of all but just a few in our field? Is the bar set at different heights for different people? Do contradictions arise because the peer review process associated with tenure and promotion is fickle and arbitrary? Is there a one-size-fits-all ideology that saturates the field of science education, leaving the impression that what applies across institutions is in some senses generic? None of these questions is answered with a simple yes or no; and the great concern I have is that our practices as senior faculty reproduce mysticism about tenure and promotion. In this editorial I examine some of contradictions I have experienced, and in the spirit of opening up debate about them, suggest that these be the kernels of conversations about our collective roles in creating and sustaining a research-oriented science education. I encounter tenure and promotion in two main ways. As an advisor of doctoral students I ensure that all graduate with a publication record in peer-reviewed journals – so that they are competitive in obtaining jobs, not just with other recent graduates, but also those who have been in employment for a year or two. There are no one-size-fits-all rules about how many publications it takes to be considered competitive for a position – and clearly more is needed than publishing. However, if a person applying for her first position (post PhD) has three to five publications in the leading journals in a field then it will not count against her. Getting several articles through peer review is an important sign that the profession accepts her work. I have discussions with graduate students about where to focus energy and what counts as what. For example, I maintain that a dissertation well done carries about the same weight as each publication from the dissertation. Accordingly, if a doctoral student writes a good dissertation and publishes three papers from it, the potential impact vis a vis earning tenure far exceeds publishing a book. Even so, I am not opposed to publishing a dissertation as a book and encourage junior scholars to rewrite their dissertation with the motive of getting it accepted for publication. The issue is not whether to publish articles or to publish a book
Multiple soft tissue masses in a young female patient presenting six years after radiation therapy for Hodgkin disease

Abstract Desmoid fibromatosis is a rare soft tissue tumor, that while often occurring sporadically, is also thought to be related to tissue trauma, hormonal factors, familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes or a late reaction to radiation treatment. Here, it is presented in a young adult who received radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma. Cross-sectional and sagittal images using plain radiography, CT and MR are shown, demonstrating the heterogeneous appearance of these lesions and locally invasive pattern of growth.
Response and Adaptation to Analogs of Disparlure by Specialist Antennal Receptor Neurons of Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar

Reception and adaptation of antennal receptors in response to (+)-disparlure [(+)-D], the sex attractant pheromone of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)], its enantiomer, (−)-D, and analogs of disparlure in which the epoxide group is replaced with various three-membered rings [(±)-cyclopropyl (2HC), (±)-difluorocyclopropyl (2FC), (±)-dichlorocyclopropyl (2ClC), and (±)-aziridinyl (AZ), (+)-AZ, and (−)-AZ] as well as a mixture of 1,1-epoxy analogs were investigated using electroantennograms. Antennal receptors of male moths were more responsive (5 μg stimulus load) to (+)-D than to (−)-D; while responses to each of the analogs were significantly, less and did not differ from each other. Antennal receptors of female moths did not respond significantly to any of the compounds at this stimulus load. Dose–response curves revealed greater sensitivity of male antennae to (+)-D than (−)-D. Among the cyclopropane analogs and 1,1-epoxy mixture (1,1E), the order of sensitivity was: 2FC > 2ClC > 2HC > 1,1E. Antennae were least sensitive to the aziridinyl analogs; however, (+)-AZ was more active than (−)-AZ, while an intermediate response was elicited by the racemate. Males exposed to (+)-D adapted to (+)-D, while responses to (+)-D were not significantly affected by exposure to (−)-D, 2FC or (+)-AZ. After exposure to hexylacetate, males showed adaptation to (+)-D or (−)-D, but not to the other odorants. Preliminary field data correlate well with knowledge obtained in our electrophysiological studies and demonstrate the usefulness of such studies. These results indicate that novel approaches to the design and synthesis of potential agonists of disparlure receptors are necessary before substantial effects on the activity of disparlure are realized.
The School Psychologist’s Primer on Anorexia Nervosa: A Review of Research Regarding Epidemiology, Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment

The purpose of this article is to provide school psychologists with important information regarding the epidemiology, etiology, assessment, and treatment of anorexia nervosa. A review of the recent research and relevant literature is summarized reflecting the current knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa during childhood and adolescence. In addition, several web sites are included for school psychologists who use the internet as a resource. This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding the multidimensional character of anorexia nervosa. With regard to anorexia and other eating disorders, the developmental perspective explores how these conditions emerge, considering sociocultural, biogenetic, personality, family, emotional, cognitive and behavioral domains. With the increased scope and significance of this disorder, school psychologists are in a critical position to facilitate the academic achievement and healthy development of individuals who are suffering with anorexia. This paper provides school psychologists with the tools and information that are needed to be the most effective advocates and collaborators for students and families facing the challenges of anorexia.
Serum Concentrations of 11 Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999−2000

We measured the concentrations of 11 polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs), including perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in 1562 serum samples collected from a representative U.S. population 12 years of age and older in the 1999−2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants represented both sexes, three race/ethnicities (non-Hispanic blacks, non-Hispanic whites, and Mexican-Americans), and four age categories (12−19 years, 20−39 years, 40−59 years, and 60 years and older). PFCs were extracted from 100 μL of serum using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; limits of detection ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 ng/mL. PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide were detected in all samples analyzed; 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid, and perfluorononanoic acid wer...
Evidence for I = 1 ( A 1 ) and I = 0 ( H ) Axial-Vector Resonances in Charge Exchange

Results are presented from an isobar-model partial-wave analysis of a high-statistics sample of the neutral $3\ensuremath{\pi}$ system produced in forward charge exchange. Large forward phase motions relative to an exotic reference wave are seen for partial waves with the quantum numbers of the ${A}_{1}$ and of the previously unobserved isoscalar companion ($``H''$) of the $B(1235)$.
On the Calculation of Static Bottom-Hole Pressures in Gas Wells

Abstract In “Static Bottom-Hole Pressure in Wells” (Petroleum Science and Technology, 2006, 24:113–116), Hashim and Makola present a method for the calculation of static pressure gradients in vertical wells. In the present discussion, the methodology proposed by Hashim and Makola is examined and alternate guidelines for the calculation of static pressure gradients are provided. In particular, this work examines their proposed mathematical simplifications and practices that could compromise the accuracy of the calculations. References to recommended practices and procedures for calculating static bottom-hole pressure in gas wells are also presented.
Protesting the Decline While Predicting the Demise of Clinical Psychology: Can We Avoid a Total Collapse?

The present article confronts several areas of concern that could undermine the integrity of clinical psychology. A critical review is provided in the hopes of pushing for change, primarily in the way that academic clinical psychologists conduct their work. Six standards are proposed toward which all members of the clinical psychology faculty should aspire. First, it is important for clinical psychologists to integrate the science and practice of psychology. Second, the training and supervision of all applied skills in clinical psychology assumes that the instructor has remained active in the front-lines delivery of clinical services. Third, it is important to conduct research on clinical samples, striving to understand the mind of patients who are struggling with mental illness. Fourth, it is helpful to retain a modest and flexible view about the potential benefits derived from empirically supported treatments. Fifth, even when accepting a bio-psycho-social model, psychologists should maintain a dominant focus on psychological factors. Sixth, ethical issues pervade many aspects of a professor’s work, and it is important to avoid dual relationships that could impair objectivity and professionalism. If these six standards are widely adopted, clinical psychology can remain a strong and vibrant field.
A preloaded, custom-designed implantation device for stage T1-T2 carcinoma of the floor of mouth.

Abstract Implantation using rigid interstitial needles is an excellent treatment for small carcinomas that are confined to the anterior floor of mouth, it provides a high rate of local control. However, the needles must be inserted through the non-involved tongue in order to stabilize needle position. Even the most experienced operator has difficulty performing an implant which maintains proper spacing, and some inhomogeneity must be expected. Bone complications are experienced frequently even with early lesions, and the anterior one-third of the tongue is irradiated needlessly. Thirteen patients have received implants with an individually custom designed aluminum holder which holds the needles in a fixed position. Homogeneity of dose is improved, and the location of needles relative to the gingiva can be tailored to the lesion. It is not necessary to pierce the tongue. Operative trauma is minimized, and patient discomfort is less than with former techniques. The entire implant is completed in an instant with minimal exposure. Details of design and construction are presented.
Drug discovery through industry-academic partnerships.

Translational research in academia is extending beyond the traditional involvement in clinical trials to the early phases of the drug discovery process. Examples of successful academic-industrial partnerships illustrate the ways in which they can enable the discovery of new medicines.
Effect of boundary conditions on the propagation of surface magnetostatic waves in a transversely magnetised thin y.i.g. slab

The letter deals with the theory of propagation of surface magnetostatic waves in a transversely magnetised thin y.i.g. slab. The effect of boundary conditions on the propagation characteristics of these waves are emphasised. Particular attention is paid to the lowest-order (n=0) mode.
Crystal Potential and Energy Bands of Semiconductors. I. Self-Consistent Calculations for Diamond

An approximately self-consistent crystal potential is constructed for Si from a superposition of free-atom core and a sampling of crystal valence band charge densities. Valence-core exchange is calculated directly from core wave functions while valence-valence exchange is included using momentum-independent and momentum-dependent approximations taken from the results for a free-electron gas. The resulting crystal potential is surprisingly similar to one previously obtained by Woodruff from a superposition of free-atom charge densities. The calculated valence wave functions in the core region differ substantially from those of Woodruff because of the variational method used by him to calculate wave functions in that region. As a result the calculated energy gap is changed from Woodruff's value of 4 ev to about 1.5 ev, in substantially better agreement with the experimental value (1.1 ev). The various uncertainties in the calculation are listed; it is concluded that the relative position of levels near the band gap should be correct to within about 1 ev. Effective masses are also calculated and compared with experiment; the agreement is quite good.
A comparison of the stoloniferous octocorallian genera Scyphopodium, Stereotelesto, Bathytelesto and Rhodelinda, with the description of a new species from south eastern Africa (Anthozoa, Chavulariidae)

A new species of stoloniferous octocoral assignable to the genus Bathytelesto Bayer, 1981 is described from the Indian Ocean coast of southern Africa. The new taxon represents the fifth described species of the family Clavulariidae with rigid cylindrical or tubular anthosteles composed of inseparably-fused sclerites. Four genera are currenly in use to accommodate these species. However, only one of these (Scyphopodium) seems to be morphologically well differentiated from the rest. The other three (Stereotelesto, Bathytelesto and Rhodelinda) are here considered as nominal at present until more material representing all of the taxa can be accumulated and a detailed comparative examination made. Of these four genera, the new species is morphologically most closely aligned with the genus Bathytelesto.
Poster: Auto-reduction of features for containing communication costs in a distributed privacy-preserving clinical decision support system

The Distributed ID3-based Decision Tree (DIDT) algorithm provides a basis for Distributed Privacy-preserving Clinical Decision Support Systems. Due to large number of features associated with clinical patient records and iterative nature of distributed algorithms, exchanging information related to all features is expensive. We show that auto-reduction for features can be achieved with significant improvement in communication costs. Auto-reduction was implemented in DIDT and results of experiments using Nationwide Inpatient Sample data sets for 2008 are presented.
Triple helix formation by purine-rich oligonucleotides targeted to the human dihydrofolate reductase promoter.

The ability of oligodeoxynucleotides to form specific triple helical structures with critical regulatory sequences in the human dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) promoter was investigated. A battery of purine-rich oligonucleotides targeted to the two purine.pyrimidine strand biased regions near the DHFR transcription initiation site was developed. The stable triple helical structures formed by binding of the oligonucleotides to the native promoter double helix were dominated by G*G.C triplets, with interspersed C*C.G and A*A.T alignments. Mismatches between the oligonucleotide and the purine-rich strand of the target significantly destabilized third strand binding, and a G*A.T alignment was particularly unfavorable. Formation of a pur.pur.pyr triple helical structure results in a localized limitation of access to the native double helical DNA and produces sequence dependent conformational alterations extending several nucleotides beyond the triplex-duplex boundary. Although they differ only by the insertion of two A.T base pairs, the distal and proximal purine.pyrimidine regions can be targeted individually due to the high degree of sequence specificity of triple helical alignment. Triplex formation overlapping any of three consensus transcriptional regulatory elements and collectively covering 50% of the DHFR core promoter is now possible with this set of oligonucleotides.
Housing unit maintenance and the mode of tenure

Abstract Empirical studies have demonstrated that owner-occupied housing units tend to be better maintained than rental units. This paper presents an economic model which explains the observations. It is shown that, under a set of perfect market assumptions, an owner-occupant will maintain his housing unit at a higher rate than will a landlord. The effects of changing tenure times, of changing incomes, and of transactions costs are analyzed and testable hypotheses are developed. While the model is applied only to housing, it is applicable to a wider class of durable goods which may either be rented or user owned.
Solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of the TyrR protein of Haemophilus influenzae.

The TyrR protein of Haemophilus influenzae is a 36-kD transcription factor whose major function is to control the expression of genes important in the biosynthesis and transport of aromatic amino acids. Using 1H and 15N NMR spectroscopy, we have determined the 3D solution structure of the TyrR C-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD) containing residues from 258 to 318 (TyrR[258–318]). The NMR results show that this segment of TyrR consists of a potential hinge helix at its N terminus (residues 263–270) as well as three well-defined α-helices extending from residues 277–289 (HR-2), 293–300 (HR-1), and 304–314 (HR). Helix HR-1 and HR fold in a typical helix–turn–helix (HTH) motif. The three helices and the hinge helix are tightly bound together by hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds. Several hydrophilic residues whose side chains may directly interact with DNA are identified. A hydrophobic patch that may be part of the interaction surface between the domains of TyrR protein is also observed. Comparisons with the structures of other HTH DNA-binding proteins reveal that in terms of the spatial orientation of the three helices, this protein most closely resembles the cap family.
Receptors for encephalomyocarditis virus on murine and human cells.

Abstract The attachment kinetics of radiolabeled encephalomyocarditis virus were studied using established murine and human cell lines and murine and human erythrocytes. Unlabeled virus completely blocked the binding of labeled virus and virus subjected to pH 6.0 treatment bound at only one-tenth the rate of native virus. The initial rate constant at 0° calculated for human erythrocytes was 3.2 × 10 −10 cm 3 min −1 cell −1 . The rate constants for Friend leukemia cells and HeLa cells were, respectively, 200 and 2000 times faster. In contrast, no binding was observed to murine erythrocytes. The attachment of the virus to HeLa cells was found to be temperature independent over the range 0 to 40°. The attachment to murine cells (L-929 and Friend leukemia), however, was progressively reduced with increasing temperatures (0 to 40°) to about 0.01 of the rate at 0°. The decrease in binding at temperatures greater than 0° appears to be due to an increased rate of dissociation of the virus. It is proposed that both receptor number and viral affinity can influence pathogenicity.
Goniometry of the Proximal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints, Part II: Placement Preferences, Interrater Reliability, and Concurrent Validity

The purposes of this repeated-measures single-case-design study were to describe goniometric placement preferences and their effect on the measurement of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, to determine interrater reliability, and to determine concurrent validity. Thirty-nine therapists measured one patient dorsally and laterally with the DeVore and the 6" clear goniometers. No significant differences were found between the two goniometers used in the study. Comparison of the means of lateral and dorsal measurements revealed that the only joint associated with a significant difference was the contracted index proximal interphalangeal joint (p=0.0347). Preferences did affect the standard deviations and ranges but not the means of the measurements. Interrater reliability was high (ICC 2,1: 0.99 and 0.86). Clinical and radiographic measurements were markedly different from each other (paired-difference t-tests), leading to inconclusive concurrent validity.
Retreating to advance women geoscience faculty

Seventeen women geoscientists from New England, New York, and New Jersey assembled for a writing retreat at Boston College's Connors Family Retreat and Conference Center, set on 80 pastoral acres on the outskirts of Boston. Funded through the National Science Foundation ADVANCE program, the retreat had two objectives: to facilitate writing and to develop a supportive community. It succeeded on both accounts. Although new to science, retreats of this sort have long been a highly sought after experience for writers in other disciplines. The potential benefits for scientists, in particular, women scientists, are great. Writing is a cornerstone of our work, yet we struggle to find time for it, juggling the demands of students, teaching, family, domestic chores, and research.
Medical and psychiatric comorbidities among elderly individuals with bipolar disorder: a literature review.

Introduction: The common comorbid conditions that accompany late-life bipolar disorder (BD) have not been well studied. This is a literature review on psychiatric and medical comorbidities among el...
Upper extremity bone mass and osteoarthritis of the knees: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

To examine the association of upper extremity bone mass with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, bilateral standing knee radiographs, taken between 1985 and 1991, in 430 Caucasian male and 266 Caucasian female subjects aged 40 years and above in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, were read by one investigator for grade of OA using Kellgren-Lawrence scales. Several measures of upper extremity bone mass, size, and density, including combined cortical thickness (CCT), total width and percentage of cortical area of the second metacarpal, and bone mineral content (BMC), width, and density of the distal third of the left radius measured with single photon absorptiometry, were assessed at the same visit. In univariate analyses, men and women with definite knee OA were significantly older, men had significantly greater radial width, and women had significantly lower bone mass as measured by both CCT and BMC. After adjustment for age and body weight, however, men with knee OA had significantly higher BMC and radial width while neither of these measures of upper extremity bone mass and size was significantly associated with the presence of definite knee OA in women. Neither measure of upper extremity bone density was significantly associated with definite knee OA in either sex. These data suggest that, although men (but not women) with definite knee OA have significantly higher levels of adjusted radial bone mass and size, subjects with knee OA do not have significantly higher levels of adjusted bone mineral density at either upper extremity site.
Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia with pleural effusion: Diagnosis by culture

Abstract A case of Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia with pleural effusion in an otherwise healthy 19year-old man is described. Diagnosis was made by serologic means as well as by culture of both the nasopharynx and the pleural fluid.
Deliberation digitized: Designing disagreement space through communication-information services

A specific issue for argumentation theory is whether information and communication technologies (ICTs) play any role in governing argument — that is, as parties engage in practical activities across space and time via ICTs, does technology matter for the interplay of argumentative content and process in managing disagreement? The case made here is that technologies do matter because they are not merely conduits of communication but have a role in the pragmatics of communication and argumentation. In particular, ICTs should be recognized as communication-information services that are delegated degrees of responsibility for managing disagreements arising from practical activities. These services are organized around practical theories for designing disagreement space. However, recognizing this relationship between argument and technology requires accounting for procedures, techniques, or rules (i.e., such as found in technology) and speech acts that are not argumentative propositions in any strict sense but that are consequential for what becomes argumentation in any setting. An account about designing disagreement space, grounded in Jackson and Jacobs’s theory of Disagreement Management, is put forward to address these issues while more generally contributing to understanding argument in context.
p53/56lyn antisense shifts the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3–induced G1/S block in HL60 cells to S phase

p53/56(lyn) is a member of the src family that is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells and is thought to play a role in cellular proliferation. In this study, we demonstrate the participation of p53/56(lyn) in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1, 25D(3))-induced growth arrest in HL60 cells. We show that the mRNA and protein levels of p53/56(lyn) are markedly elevated after 1, 25D(3) treatment, which is accompanied by an increase of p53/56(lyn) kinase activity. We also demonstrate that treatment with p53/56(lyn) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides reverses the 1,25D(3)-induced G1/S block, and results in an accumulation of cells with S-phase DNA content. BrdU pulse-chase experiments reveal that this accumulation results from an increased proportion of cells actively synthesizing DNA, which are inhibited from exiting the S-phase compartment. These results indicate that upregulation of p53/56(lyn) contributes significantly to the G1/S growth arrest induced by 1,25D(3) in HL60 cells and thus its activation may be a desirable outcome of chemotherapeutic regimens.
Relative Depth Position of Fusulinids and Ammonoids in Late Pennsylvanian Regressive Sequences in North Texas: ABSTRACT

Fusulinid foraminifers and ammonoid cephalopods occur in mutually exclusive positions in the regressive portions of Late Pennsylvanian cycles exposed on the eastern shelf of the Midland basin in north Texas. Ammonoids occur consistently in deeper water parts of the cycles than fusulinids do, and are common in phosphate nodule-bearing dark shales that occur immediately over transgressive limestones. Their abundance rapidly decreases upward in the overlying gray shales of the regressive sequence. Fusulinids are absent from ammonoid-rich dark shales, and first appear in overlying gray shales where ammonoids are rare and of small size. Fusulinids found in these strata are small juveniles, and not transported. Full-size fusulinids occur in overlying gray shales containing high diversity biotas. Concentrations of unabraded fusulinids occur in shales located at the margins of limestones and sand sheets in the mid portions of the regressive sequences, and are formed by current winnowing of mud or accumulation in areas of reduced sedimentation. Fusulinids are rare in unequivocal shoal-water deposits, occurring mostly as transported, worn, and fragmented individuals in sandstones capping regressive sequences. These occurrences suggest that fusulinids are indicators of moderate depth, mid-shelf environments in Late Pennsylvanian north Texas sequences, while ammonoids are indicators of deeper water environments. The lack of mature fusulinids in deeper water deposits containing small juveniles lends support to the conclusion that fusulinids contained symbiotic microal ae, and were restricted in life occurrence to the photic zone. End_of_Article - Last_Page 541------------
The IsdC Protein from Staphylococcus aureus Uses a Flexible Binding Pocket to Capture Heme

Staphylococcus aureus scavenges heme-iron from host hemoproteins using iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) proteins. IsdC is the central conduit through which heme is passed across the cell wall and binds this molecule using a NEAr Transporter (NEAT) domain. NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the structure of IsdC in complex with a heme analog, zinc-substituted protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX). The backbone coordinates of the ensemble of conformers representing the structure exhibit a root mean square deviation to the mean structure of 0.53 ± 0.11A. IsdC partially buries protoporphyrin within a large hydrophobic pocket that is located at the end of itsβ-barrel structure. The central metal ion of the analog adopts a pentacoordinate geometry in which a highly conserved tyrosine residue serves as a proximal ligand. Consistent with the structure and its role in heme transfer across the cell wall, we show that IsdC weakly binds heme (KD = 0.34 ± 0.12 μm) and that ZnPPIX rapidly dissociates from the protein at a rate of 126 ± 30 s-1. NMR studies of the apo-form of IsdC reveal that a 310 helix within the binding pocket undergoes a flexible to rigid transition as heme is captured. This structural plasticity may increase the efficiency of heme transfer across the cell wall by facilitating protein-protein interactions between apoIsdC and upstream hemoproteins.
Excitatory transmission from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens facilitates reward seeking

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) has a crucial role in emotional learning irrespective of valence. The BLA projection to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is thought to modulate cue-triggered motivated behaviours, but our understanding of the interaction between these two brain regions has been limited by the inability to manipulate neural-circuit elements of this pathway selectively during behaviour. To circumvent this limitation, we used in vivo optogenetic stimulation or inhibition of glutamatergic fibres from the BLA to the NAc, coupled with intracranial pharmacology and ex vivo electrophysiology. Here we show that optical stimulation of the pathway from the BLA to the NAc in mice reinforces behavioural responding to earn additional optical stimulation of these synaptic inputs. Optical stimulation of these glutamatergic fibres required intra-NAc dopamine D1-type receptor signalling, but not D2-type receptor signalling. Brief optical inhibition of fibres from the BLA to the NAc reduced cue-evoked intake of sucrose, demonstrating an important role of this specific pathway in controlling naturally occurring reward-related behaviour. Moreover, although optical stimulation of glutamatergic fibres from the medial prefrontal cortex to the NAc also elicited reliable excitatory synaptic responses, optical self-stimulation behaviour was not observed by activation of this pathway. These data indicate that whereas the BLA is important for processing both positive and negative affect, the glutamatergic pathway from the BLA to the NAc, in conjunction with dopamine signalling in the NAc, promotes motivated behavioural responding. Thus, optogenetic manipulation of anatomically distinct synaptic inputs to the NAc reveals functionally distinct properties of these inputs in controlling reward-seeking behaviours.
Subtractive processes in light adaptation

Abstract We measured the time course of light adaptation in foveal vision following the onset of an adapting background. Several adaptational steps in the low to mid photoplc range were examined. The time course of multiplicative and subtractive components of the adaptation were extracted from the data. Unlike previous findings there were no subtractive changes for several hundred milliseconds following light onset, and the process took 10–15sec to reach steady state. It seems likely that the fast component previously observed results from effectively instantaneous center-surround antagonism, and that our measurements reflect a second subtractive process involving the slow loss of the d.c. signal over time.
Aqua-planet simulations of the formation of the South Atlantic convergence zone

The impact of Amazon Basin convection and cold fronts on the formation and maintenance of the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) is studied using aqua-planet simulations with a general circulation model. In the model, a circular patch of warm sea-surface temperature (SST) is used to mimic the effect of the Amazon Basin on South American monsoon convection. The aqua-planet simulations were designed to study the effect of the strength and latitude of Amazon Basin convection on the formation of the SACZ. The simulations indicate that the strength of the SACZ increases as the Amazon convection intensifies and is moved away from the equator. Of the two controls studied here, the latitude of the Amazon convection exerts the strongest effect on the strength of the SACZ. An analysis of the synoptic-scale variability in the simulations shows the importance of frontal systems in the formation of the aqua-planet SACZ. Composite time series of frontal systems that occurred in the simulations show that a robust SACZ occurs when fronts penetrate into the subtropics and become stationary there as they cross eastward of the longitude of the Amazon Basin. Moisture convergence associated with these frontal systems produces rainfall not along the model SACZ region and along a large portion of the northern model Amazon Basin. Simulations in which the warm SST patch was too weak or too close to the equator did not produce frontal systems that extended into the tropics and became stationary, and did not form a SACZ. In the model, the SACZ forms as Amazon Basin convection strengthens and migrates far enough southward to allow frontal systems to penetrate into the tropics and stall over South America. This result is in agreement with observations that the SACZ tends to form after the onset of the monsoon season in the Amazon Basin.
Impact of PWR spent fuel variations on back-end features of advanced fuel cycles with tru-fueled VHTR

Abstract Alternative strategies are being considered as management option for current spent nuclear fuel transuranics (TRU) inventory. Creation of transmutation fuels containing TRU for use in thermal and fast reactors is one of the viable strategies. Utilization of these advanced fuels will result in transmutation and incineration of the TRU. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of conventional PWR spent fuel variations on TRU-fueled very high temperature reactor (VHTR) systems. The current effort is focused on prismatic core configuration operated under a single batch once-through fuel cycle option. IAEA’s nuclear fuel cycle simulation system (VISTA) was used to determine potential PWR spent fuel compositions. Additional composition was determined from the analysis of United States legacy spent fuel that is given in the Yucca Mountain Safety Assessment Report. A detailed whole-core 3-D model of the prismatic VHTR was developed using SCALE5.1 code system. The fuel assembly block model was based on Japan’s HTTR fuel block configuration. To establish a reference reactor system, calculations for LEU-fueled VHTR were performed and the results were used as the basis for comparative studies of the TRU-fueled systems. The LEU fuel is uranium oxide at 15% 235U enrichment. The results showed that the single-batch core lifetimes ranged between 5 and 7 years for all TRU fuels (3 years in LEU), providing prolonged operation on a single batch fuel loading. Transmutation efficiencies ranged between 19% and 27% for TRU-based fuels (13% in LEU). Total TRU material contents for disposal ranged between 730 and 808 kg per metric ton of initial heavy metal loading, reducing TRU inventory mass by as much as 27%. Decay heat and source terms of the discharged fuel were also calculated as part of the spent fuel disposal consideration. The results indicated strong potential of TRU-based fuel in VHTR.
A novel proanthocyanidin IH636 grape seed extract increases in vivo Bcl-XL expression and prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed cell death in mouse liver.

Abstract Several molecular events in the apoptotic or necrotic death of hepatocytes induced by acetaminophen (AAP) now appear to be well defined. Recent studies also indicate that select expression of bcl-X l is possibly modified during AAP-induced liver injury. The purpose of this study was several-fold: (i) to examine the hepatoprotective ability of short-term (3-day) and long-term (7-day) exposures of a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on AAP-induced liver injury and animal lethality; (ii) to monitor effects of GSPE on one of the prime targets of AAP, i.e., hepatocellular genomic DNA and associated apoptotic and necrotic death; and (iii) to unravel changes in the pattern of expression of an antiapoptotic gene, bcl-X l in the liver. In order to investigate these events, male ICR mice (30–40 g) were administered nontoxic doses of GSPE (3 or 7 days, 100 mg/kg, po), followed by hepatotoxic doses of AAP (400 and 500 mg/kg, ip), and sacrificed 24 h later. Serum was analyzed for alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT) and the liver for histopathological diagnosis of apoptosis/necrosis. The ability of AAP to promote apoptotic DNA fragmentation and its counteraction by GSPE in the liver was also evaluated quantitatively (by a sedimentation assay) and qualitatively (by agarose gel electrophoresis). Portions of livers were also subjected to Western blot analysis (27,000g fraction of liver homogenates) to examine the pattern of expression of cell death inhibitory gene bcl-X l . Results indicate that 7-day GSPE preexposure induced dramatic protection and markedly decreased liver injury and animal lethality culminated by AAP, when compared to a short-term 3-day exposure. Abrogation of toxicity was also mirrored in DNA fragmentation. Histopathological evaluation of liver sections showed remarkable counteraction of AAP-toxicity by this novel GSPE and substantial inhibition of both apoptotic and necrotic liver cell death. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that 7-day GSPE preexposure prior to AAP administration completely blocked Ca2+/Mg2+-Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent-endonuclease-mediated ladder-like fragmentation of genomic DNA and significantly altered the bcl-X l expression. The most dramatic changes observed in this study were: (i) substantial increase in the expression of bcl-X l in the liver by 7-day GSPE exposure alone; (ii) significant modification bcl-X l expression by AAP alone; and (iii) dramatic inhibition of AAP-induced modification of bcl-X l (phosphorylation?) expression by GSPE. In summary, these observations demonstrate that GSPE preexposure may significantly attenuate AAP-induced hepatic DNA damage, apoptotic and necrotic cell death of liver cells, and, most remarkably, antagonize the influence of AAP-induced changes in bcl-X l expression in vivo.
Identification of microRNAs That Regulate TLR2-Mediated Trophoblast Apoptosis and Inhibition of IL-6 mRNA

While infection-induced placental inflammation is a common mechanism of adverse pregnancy outcome, some pathogens can also trigger placental apoptosis, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate this response. Treatment of human first trimester trophoblast cells with bacterial peptidoglycan (PDG) reduces their constitutive secretion of IL-6 protein and induces apoptosis. This apoptotic response is dependent upon the cell’s expression of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR10, and their lack of TLR6, such that ectopic expression of TLR6 prevents PDG-induced apoptosis and restores IL-6 production. In this current study we have identified three microRNAs (miRs) that regulate TLR2-mediated responses in the human trophoblast. Herein we report that miR-329 plays a pivotal role in mediating PDG-induced trophoblast apoptosis and inhibition of IL-6 mRNA expression by targeting the NF-κB subunit, p65. TLR2 activation by PDG upregulates miR-329 expression and inhibits NF-κB p65 and IL-6 mRNA, and this is reversed by the presence of TLR6. Moreover, inhibition of miR-329 prevents PDG-induced inhibition of NF-κB p65 and IL-6 mRNA expression, and restores cell survival. In addition, we have found miR-23a and let-7c to directly regulate PDG-mediated inhibition of IL-6 mRNA. TLR2 activation by PDG upregulates miR23a and let-7c expression and this is reversed by the presence of TLR6. Furthermore, inhibition of both miR23a and let-7c prevents PDG-inhibition of trophoblast IL-6 mRNA expression. Together, our findings suggest that multiple miRs are involved in the molecular regulation of TLR2-mediated responses in the trophoblast towards gram-positive bacterial components.
cAMP-response Element-binding Protein Mediates Acid-induced NADPH Oxidase NOX5-S Expression in Barrett Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells

Abstract Gastroesophageal reflux disease complicated by Barrett esophagus (BE) is a major risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). The mechanisms whereby acid reflux may accelerate the progression from BE to EA are not known. We found that NOX1 and NOX5-S were the major isoforms of NADPH oxidase in SEG1-EA cells. The expression of NOX5-S mRNA was significantly higher in these cells than in esophageal squamous epithelial cells. NOX5 mRNA was also significantly higher in Barrett tissues with high grade dysplasia than without dysplasia. Pulsed acid treatment significantly increased H2O2 production in both SEG1-EA cells and BE mucosa, which was blocked by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. In SEG1 cells, acid treatment increased mRNA expression of NOX5-S, but not NOX1, and knockdown of NOX5 by NOX5 small interfering RNA abolished acid-induced H2O2 production. In addition, acid treatment increased intracellular Ca2+ and phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Acid-induced NOX5-S expression and H2O2 production were significantly inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca2+ and by knockdown of CREB using CREB small interfering RNA. Two novel CREB-binding elements TGACGAGA and TGACGCTG were identified in the NOX5-S gene promoter. Overexpression of CREB significantly increased NOX5-S promoter activity. Knockdown of NOX5 significantly decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation, which was restored by 10-13 m H2O2. Knockdown of NOX5 also significantly decreased retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and increased cell apoptosis and caspase-9 expression. In conclusion, in SEG1 EA cells NOX5-S is overexpressed and mediates acid-induced H2O2 production. Acid-induced NOX5-S expression depends on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of CREB. NOX5-S contributes to increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis.
Use of superlattices to realize inverted GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunctions with low-temperature mobility of 2×106 cm2/V s

Reproducible realization of high quality inverted interfaces (GaAs on AlGaAs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy is reported. Effective use of thin‐layer GaAs/AlAs superlattices in place of an AlGaAs barrier was made to reduce the number of impurities and the roughness at these interfaces. The low‐temperature (≂4 K) mobility for electrons at these interfaces is as high as 2×106 cm2/V s for an electron density of ≂5×1011 cm−2—a factor of four improvement over the highest mobility reported for inverted interfaces.
How May Children's Development Be Seen Historically?.

The pioneering Soviet developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky argued early in the century that children's development could be understood only in its relationship to history. But he and his followe...
Ovariectomy-induced bone loss and the hematopoietic system.

Abstract To investigate the relationship of the hematopoietic system to the loss of bone due to ovarian hormone deficiency, we examined the effects of ovariectomy and estrogen administration on the thymus, spleen and the bone marrow, and on the proliferation of marrow progenitors of osteoclasts. We also assessed the effects of daily administration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra) on bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency. Ovariectomy resulted in decreased cancellous bone volume, increased trabecular osteoblast and osteoclast numbers, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels that were prevented by 17 β -estradiol treatment. Thymus weight, spleen weight, thymus and spleen lymphocytes, and bone marrow monocytes and lymphocytes also increased significantly following ovariectomy, and the increases were suppressed by 17 β -estradiol. Ovariectomy, in addition, caused a 4-fold increase in the number of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells formed in cultures of marrow cells and the increase was partially inhibited by 17 β -estradiol. IL-1ra administration did not prevent the bone loss due to ovariectomy. Our findings indicate that ovariectomy-induced bone loss in the rat is accompanied by marked changes in the hematopoietic system, and that these changes are modulated by estrogen administration. In spite of the negative finding with IL-1ra, the nature of the involvement of the hematopoietic system in the pathogenesis of bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency merits continued exploration.
Photoionization conductivity detection limits for environmental pollutants with and without chromophores

Abstract The sensitivity of a detector which combines UV photolysis with electrical conductance measurement of the photolysis products was evaluated for determination of common pollutants by high-performance liquid chromatography. Compounds which have both a UV chromophore compatible with either of the photolysing lamps (214 or 254 nm) and a hetero-atom which will produce an ion on photolysis were detected at sensitivity of <10 ng.
Delayed pneumothorax after laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy in a patient without underlying lung disease

We present an unusual case of a delayed pneumothorax occurring approximately 72 h post-operatively in a patient without any underlying lung disease who had undergone laparoscopic sigmoid colon resection. The patient was in her mid-40s with a body mass index of 28.0 and had no history of smoking. Her spontaneous pneumothorax manifested without any precipitating events or complications during recovery. There was no evidence of any infectious process. There were no central line attempts and all ports were placed intra-peritoneally, and there was no evidence of any subcutaneous emphysema. One possible mechanism of injury that we propose is barotrauma from an extended period of time in Trendelenburg position. Notably, the only abnormal finding throughout the entire post-operative period preceding the delayed pneumothorax was a PO2 desaturation the day before. This case highlights the necessity to examine and investigate any desaturation post-operatively and deliberate its possible significance. Furthermore, it demonstrates that, even during a normal recovery period for a patient without any underlying lung disease or risk factors, spontaneous pneumothorax could still develop in a delayed fashion multiple days post-operatively from a laparoscopic procedure.
The Making and Re-making of Winsor McCay’s Gertie (1914)

In addition to creating legendary comics like Little Nemo in Slumberland, Winsor McCay was a pioneer of animation. His Gertie (1914) was the first American masterpiece of animated film. Two versions are known to have existed: the original in which McCay appeared on the vaudeville stage with an animated dinosaur named Gertie projected on screen, and a later one that contained a live-action prologue and epilogue filmed and distributed by William Fox’s Box Office Attractions Company. The Fox version is still extant as original nitrate prints, but McCay’s vaudeville version was lost. However, an examination of 334 of McCay’s original drawings reveals that near the end of the vaudeville version there was a ‘Curtain Call’ sequence not included in the Fox version. Fifteen drawings from the lost segment allowed its reconstruction by the Gertie Project applying digital technology. The authors have dated Gertie’s vaudeville chronology more precisely and have demonstrated McCay’s animation techniques, including his ...