cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propeller blade stress estimates using lifting line theory

OpenProp, an open-source computational tool for the design and analysis of propellers and horizontal-axis turbines, is extended to provide estimates of normal stresses in the blades for both on- and off-design operating conditions. The numerical model is based on propeller lifting theory, and the present implementation of the code includes an analysis capability to estimate the off-design performance of the propeller or turbine and to make blade stress predictions.As an example, we present the design and performance of a two-bladed propeller. Experimental measurements of the propeller performance over a wide range of off-design operating conditions agree with performance predictions. Estimates of the blade stress are given for on-design and off-design operating states of the propeller.
Local structure of feasible sets in nonlinear programming, part I: Regularity

Given a feasible point for a nonlinear programming problem, we investigate the structure of the feasible set near that point. Under the constraint qualification called regularity, we show how to compute the tangent cone to the feasible set, and to produce feasible arcs with prescribed first and second derivatives. In order to carry out these constructions, we show that a particular way of representing the feasible set (as a system of equations with constrained variables) is particularly useful. We also give fairly short proofs of the first-order and second-order necessary optimality conditions in very general forms, using the arc constructions mentioned above.
An “immigrant paradox” for adolescent externalizing behavior? Evidence from a national sample

Recent decades have witnessed a rise in the number of immigrant children in the United States (US) and concomitant concerns regarding externalizing behaviors such as crime, violence, and drug misuse by immigrant adolescents. The objective of the present study was to systematically compare the prevalence of externalizing behaviors and migration-related factors among immigrant and US-born adolescents in the US. Data on 12 to 17 year olds (Weighted N in thousands = 25,057) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) R-DAS between 2002 and 2009 were used. The R-DAS online analytic software was employed. Prevalence estimates and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated adjusting for the complex survey sampling design. Compared to their US-born counterparts, immigrant adolescents—particularly those between the ages of 15 and 17 years—are significantly less likely to be involved in externalizing behaviors. In addition, later age of arrival and fewer years spent in the US were associated with reduced odds of externalizing behavior. Supplementary analyses indicate that the link between nativity and externalizing behavior may be primarily driven by differences between US-born and immigrant youth who self-identify as non-Hispanic black or Hispanic. Immigrant adolescents are also more likely to report cohesive parental relationships, positive school engagement, and disapproving views with respect to adolescent substance use. This study extends prior research on the “immigrant paradox” to externalizing behavior among adolescents using a nationally representative data source. Findings highlight the importance of examining age, age of arrival, duration, and race/ethnicity in the study of nativity and externalizing.
Location of the central sulcus via cortical thickness of the precentral and postcentral gyri on MR.

PURPOSE To determine whether relative cortical thickness measurements of the precentral and postcentral gyri can be used to differentiate the central sulcus from adjacent cortical sulci. METHODS Turbo inversion-recovery MR imaging of the entire brain was done with scans parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Cortical thickness was measured in each hemisphere with a jeweler9s eyepiece with 0.1-mm gradations. Three measurements were obtained perpendicular to the central, precentral, and superior frontal sulci, as determined by means of established anatomic methods. The ratios of cortical thickness on both sides of the central, precentral, and superior frontal sulci were calculated and compared. RESULTS The mean ratio of precentral/postcentral gyri was 1.64 for the right hemisphere and 1.53 for the left hemisphere. The mean cortical thickness ratios were as follows: 1.01 for the right hemisphere and 3.01 for the left hemisphere across the precentral sulcus, and 1.03 for the right hemisphere and 0.99 for the left hemisphere across the superior frontal sulcus. CONCLUSION Cortical thickness measurements across the central sulcus provide a method for locating the primary motor (precentral gyri) and primary somatosensory (postcentral gyri) cortices. The higher mean cortical thickness ratio across the central sulcus corresponds with known cytoarchitectonic relationships.
A Follow-up Program for Suicide Attempters: Evaluation of Effectiveness

Suicide attempters are a high-risk group in relation to ultimately completing suicide and are usually "treated and released" with little or no follow-up care. A 4-month follow-up outreach program for suicide attempters seen in the emergency room was developed with an emphasis on continuity and quantity of "treatment" received. Suicide attempters were randomly assigned to the "follow-up outreach" or "normal" treatment programs. Measures for the evaluation of effectiveness were (a) incidence of suicide reattempts and purposive accidents and (b) prevalence of drug misuse and excessive use of alcohol. The experimental group showed a statistically significant reduction in suicide reattempts and excessive use of alcohol, while the reduction of drug abuse, although not statistically significant, did conform to a trend indicating improvement. Purposive accidents occured at a relatively equal rate among both groups.
Geochemical exploration for mineralized breccia pipes in northern Arizona, U.S.A.

Abstract Thousands of solution-collapse breccia pipe crop out in the canyons and on the plateaus of northern Arizona. Over 80 of these are known to contain U or Cu mineralized rock. The high-grade U ore associated with potentially economic concentrations of Ag, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni in some of these pipes has continued to stimulate mining and exploration activity in northern Arizona, despite periods of depressed U prices. Large expanses of northern Arizona are comprised of undissected high plateaus; recognition of pipes in these areas is particularly important because mining access to the plateaus is far better than to the canyons. The small size of the pipes, generally less than 600 ft (200 m) in diameter, and limited rock outcrop on the plateaus, compounds the recognition problem. Although the breccia pipes, which bottom in the Mississippian Redwall Limestone, are occasionally exposed on the plateaus as circular features, so are unmineralized near-surface collapse features that bottom in the Permian Kaibab and Toroweap Formations. The distinction between these two classes of circular features is critical during exploration for this unique type of U deposit. Various geochemical and geophysical exploration methods have been tested over these classes of collapse features. Because of the small size of the deposits, and the low-level geochemical signatures in the overlying rock that are rarely dispersed for distances in excess of several hundred feet, most reconnaissance geochemical surveys, such as hydrogeochemistry or stream sediment, will not delineete mineralized pipes. Several types of detailed geochemical surveys made over collapse features, located through examination of aerial photographs and later field mapping, have been successful at delineating collapse features from the surrounding host rock: (1) Rock geochemistry commonly shows low level Ag, As, Ba, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn anomalies over mineralized breccia pipes; (2) Soil surveys appear to have the greatest potential for distinguishing mineralized breccia pipes from the surrounding terrane. Although the soil anomalies are only twice the background concentrations for most anomalous elements, traverses made over collapse features show consistent enrichment inside of the feature as compared to outside; (3) B. Cereus surveys over a known mineralized pipe show significantly more anomalous samples collected from within the ring fracture than from outside of the breccia pipe; (4) Helium soil-gas surveys were made over 7 collapse features with discouraging results from 5 of the 7 features. Geophysical surveys indicate that scaler audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) and E-field telluric profile data show diagnostic conductivity differences over mineralized pipes as compared to the surrounding terrane. These surveys, coupled with the geochemical surveys conducted as detailed studies over features mapped by field and aerial photograph examination, can be a significant asset in the selection of potential breccia pipes for drilling.
Mesenchymal metaplasia of the chick chorioallantoic membrane; a non-specific response to selected stimuli.

Abstract The hypothesis that sub-cellular components of chicken muscle homogenates can induce the differentiation of primitive muscle cells within the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been examined. Sterile cell-free homogenates of chicken and mouse skeletal muscle were applied to the CAM utilizing a false air-sac technique. Other experimental groups received, in lieu of muscle homogenate, Cab-O-Sil silica gel, lyophilized albumin, exposure to incubator atmosphere, or Ringer solution. Histological examination five days after treatment revealed the longitudinally oriented elongated mesoderm cells considered primitive muscle by other investigators. However, these cells were noted not only in membranes treated with muscle homogenate but also in all other experimental groups except that receiving only Ringer solution. It is therefore concluded that regardless of the true cellular nature of the longitudinally oriented elongated mesenchymal derivatives described, they do not represent a specific inductive phenomenon but rather a component of the general reaction to injury of an exceptionally labile system. Caution, consequently, is urged in subsequent studies of the chick CAM which utilize present histological techniques.
UV-C Exposure Induces an Apoptosis-Like Process in Euglena gracilis

Euglena gracilis is a unicellular, free-living flagellate that inhabits various freshwater environments. Our research shows that exposure to UV-C light can trigger some form of programmed cell death. Cells exposed to UV-C light underwent delayed changes that were strongly reminiscent of apoptosis in mammalian cells, including cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation that produced the characteristic ladder pattern commonly seen with apoptosis. DNA fragmentation could be inhibited by pretreatment with Z-VAD-FMK and also independently induced by exposure to staurosporine. In addition, Euglena possess proteins that cross-reacted with antibodies raised against human caspases 3 and 9. Given that Euglena are extremely easy to culture and represent a lineage positioned near the base of the eukaryotic tree, they will be an excellent model system for comparative analyses with apoptotic-like death processes in other eukaryotic microbes.
Spatial working memory among middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia and volunteers using fMRI.

Objective: Goldman-Rakic and Selemon (Schizophr. Bull. 23 (1997)) hypothesized that many of the symptoms of schizophrenia can be explained by deficits of working memory (WM) that are, in turn, caused by dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We examined whether older patients with schizophrenia would show an aberrant neural response in the DLPFC or other brain sites when performing a spatial working memory (WM) task adapted from McCarthy et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 (1994)). Method: Middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and healthy volunteers performed a spatial WM task contrasted with two baselines, passive and active viewing (PV and AV, respectively), while blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) images were acquired in a functional magnetic resonance study. Results: Patients did not perform significantly less well on the spatial tasks compared to the volunteers. Although we found no significant group effects in spatial WM activation of DLPFC, we did observe areas in medial frontal cortex including the left anterior cingulate gyrus, parietal areas of the both hemispheres, multiple sites within the basal ganglia of the left hemisphere, and the left superior temporal gyrus where healthy volunteers showed greater BOLD response to WM. In a second pattern, patients showed a greater BOLD response to WM in left fusiform gyrus [Brodmann's Area (BA) 19], peri-rolandic areas, medial frontal area; right anterior cerebellum (culmen), middle occipital lobe, and postcentral/supramarginal gyri (BA 2/40). Conclusions: Middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia display normal or near-normal spatial WM activation of DLPFC when the processing demands of the WM task are within their performance capacity. Nonetheless, even when patients perform nearly normally, they demonstrate an aberrant pattern of brain response.
Cytoplasmic droplets of painted turtle spermatozoa.

Epididymal sperm from the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) possess a cytoplasmic droplet which is located eccentrically on the sperm midpiece. The droplet contains a large quantity of lipid droplets in addition to hollow vesicles and degenerate mitochondrial fragments. Lipid droplets are closely associated with mitochondrial membranes and may function in the formation or degradation of mitochondria. Cytoplasmic droplets become detached from the sperm midpiece in a coordinated manner shortly before the commencement of fall mating and are not observed on sperm recovered from the oviduct of females. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxide implantation for threshold voltage control

Abstract The use of calcium, strontium and aluminum implantation into gate and field oxides for threshold voltage control is investigated. Eliminating conventional boron threshold implants could serve to improve subthreshold and leakage behavior for MOSFETs, eliminate the buried-channel device for P-channel transistors and retain a high breakdown voltage under the field oxides. Theoretical predictions for a positive flatband voltage shift are seen to be experimentally vindicated for Ca and A1, whereas Sr was seen only to provide a negative shift for the doses considered. The technique is limited by charge screening in the oxide, which at higher doses causes the threshold to shift negatively rather than positively.
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’) promotes the translocation of protein kinase C (PKC): requirement of viable serotonin nerve terminals

The metabolic effects of the neurotoxic, ring-substituted amphetamine 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’) were examined in vivo. In this study, we focused on the ability of MDMA to induce a translocation of the calcium and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) from cytosol to the cortical plasma membrane. Two injections of MDMA (20 mg/kg; 10 h apart; s.c.) increased the density of membrane bound PKC sites by 48.0% over saline treated animals without mediating a significant change in ligand ([3H]phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate; [3H]PDBu) affinity. Longer drug treatments (8 × 20 mg/kg) induced a lasting (up to 5 days post-treatment) increase in the density of membrane-bound PKC. Prior destruction of cortical 5-HT nerve terminals with p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) prevents this effect and suggests that viable 5-HT uptake sites are essential for MDMA-induced PKC translocation. These results demonstrate that MDMA-induced PKC translocation to mediated by viable cortical 5-HT nerve terminals, and that prolonged kinase activation may contribute to MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity.
The Impact of Political Control on U.S. Investment Returns 1926-1999

Do small- and large-capitalization stock returns differ when there is Democratic, or Republican, or mixed control of the executive and legislative branches of the United States federal government? Do corporate bonds, intermediate- and long-term government bonds, and Treasury bill returns differ in these cases? The authors test various investment strategies that attempt to capitalize on the effects of control of both executive and legislative branches. The results document the differences in returns in four different holding periods by political control. A strategy based solely on political control of the executive branch has gone out of favor since 1976. The dominant trading rule since then relies on political control of Congress.
The mononuclear metal center of type-I dihydroorotase from aquifex aeolicus

Dihydroorotase (DHO) is a zinc metalloenzyme, although the number of active site zinc ions has been controversial. E. coli DHO was initially thought to have a mononuclear metal center, but the subsequent X-ray structure clearly showed two zinc ions, α and β, at the catalytic site. Aquifex aeolicus DHO, is a dodecamer comprised of six DHO and six aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC) subunits. The isolated DHO monomer, which lacks catalytic activity, has an intact α-site and conserved β-site ligands, but the geometry of the second metal binding site is completely disrupted. However, the putative β-site is restored when the complex with ATC is formed and DHO activity is regained. Nevertheless, the X-ray structure of the complex revealed a single zinc ion at the active site. The structure of DHO from the pathogenic organism, S. aureus showed that it also has a single active site metal ion. Zinc analysis showed that the enzyme has one zinc/DHO subunit and the addition of excess metal ion did not stimulate catalytic activity, nor alter the kinetic parameters. The metal free apoenzyme was inactive, but the full activity was restored upon the addition of one equivalent of Zn2+ or Co2+. Moreover, deletion of the β-site by replacing the His180 and His232 with alanine had no effect on catalysis in the presence or absence of excess zinc. The 2.2 A structure of the double mutant confirmed that the β-site was eliminated but that the active site remained otherwise intact. Thus, kinetically competent A. aeolicus DHO has a mononuclear metal center. In contrast, elimination of the putative second metal binding site in amidohydrolyases with a binuclear metal center, resulted in the abolition of catalytic activity. The number of active site metal ions may be a consideration in the design of inhibitors that selectively target either the mononuclear or binuclear enzymes.
The Intend/Foresee Distinction and the Problem of “Closeness”

The distinction between harm that is intended as a means or end, and harm that is merely a foreseen side-effect of one’s action, is widely cited as a significant factor in a variety of ethical contexts. Many use it, for example, to distinguish terrorist acts from certain acts of war that may have similar results as side-effects. Yet Bennett and others have argued that its application is so arbitrary that if it can be used to cast certain harmful actions in a more favorable light, then it can equally be manipulated to do the same for any kind of harmful action. In response, some have tried to block such extensions of the intend/foresee distinction by rejecting its application in cases where the relation between the plainly intended means and the harm is “too close”. This move, however, has been attacked as vague and obscure, and Bennett has argued that all the plausible candidates for explicating the idea of excessive closeness ultimately fail. In this paper, I develop and defend an account of excessive closeness with the aim of rescuing the intend/foresee distinction from such charges of arbitrariness. The account is based on the distinction between merely causal and constitutive relations among states of affairs, and I show both how it escapes Bennett’s objections to other accounts and how it applies to a variety of cases. Finally, I also examine Quinn’s alternative move of shifting the focus of the intend/foresee distinction in an attempt to sidestep the issue of closeness, and argue that it is not ultimately successful. In fact, Quinn’s view has shortcomings that can be resolved only by returning to an appeal to some notion of closeness, underscoring the need for the sort of account I offer.
Shaping Social Activism in Post-Soviet Russia: Leadership, Organizational Diversity, and Innovation

A political scientist investigates the weakness of civil society in post-Soviet Russia, asking how these limitations manifest themselves in practice and how they influence the ability of social activists to reach out to the public, form coalitions, and advocate for new government policies. In an examination of environmental organizations from the mid-1990s to the present based on interviews with activists, materials produced by the organizations, and social scientists' analyses, three distinct patterns of organizational development are identified. The mechanisms linking political, economic, and cultural characteristics to patterns of organizational development within civil society are analyzed in this case study.
Lithium intercalation via n-Butyllithium of the layered transition metal dichalcogenides

Abstract n -Butyllithium in hexane solution serves as an excellent reagent to effect the intercalation of lithium into the Group IVb and Vb layered dichalcogenides. Under mild conditions, highly crystalline, uncontaminated stoichiometric products are afforded. In addition, the course of the reaction can be monitored by titration of aliquots of the supernatant.
Tissue autofluorescence as an intermediate endpoint in NMBA-induced esophageal carcinogenesis

Abstract The capacity to identify subclinical neoplastic disease of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) using tissue autofluorescent spectroscopy would significantly contribute to cancer screening. Rats received N-nitrosomethyl benzylamine (NMBA), a carcinogen shown to cause esophageal malignancies. Following sacrifice at early weekly intervals, gross assessment of esophageal mucosa of NMBA-exposed rats was indistinguishable from saline-treated controls. Histopathologic evaluation, however, revealed NMBA-induced preneoplastic changes in the epithelium. Concurrent with these changes, the NMBA-exposed rats demonstrated specific alterations in autofluorescence. These results demonstrate that NMBA-induced esophageal premalignancy can be distinguished by autofluorescent properties. The capacity to detect alterations in autofluorescence may allow more sensitive screening of UADT mucosa at risk for cancer development.
Fibroblast growth factors and Hedgehogs: at the heart of the epicardial signaling center

Over the past several years, increasing attention has been focused on understanding signaling pathways that control key events during midgestational heart development. During this period of development, the heart tube transforms into a functioning organ that must maintain its own blood supply and grow and respond to the physiologic needs of the organism. A critical event that occurs during midgestational heart development is the formation of the epicardium, which functions as a source of cells and as a signaling center that regulates myocardial growth and coronary vascular development. This review will describe our understanding of the role and the mechanism by which the epicardium governs these developmental events, primarily as a result of studies in the mouse. We focus on two key growth factor pathways: fibroblast growth factor and Hedgehog signaling.
Insights into the metathesis reaction involving M-M, C-C, and M-C triple bonds from computations employing density functional theory on model compounds M2(OH)6 and M2(SH)6, where M = Mo and W.

Calculations employing density functional theory (Gaussian 98, B3LYP, LANL2DZ, 6-31G*) have been undertaken to interrogate the factors influencing the metathesis reaction involving M−M, C−C, and M−C triple bonds for the model compounds M2(EH)6, M2(EH)6(μ-C2H2), and [(HE)3M(⋮CH)]2, where M = Mo, W and E = O, S. Whereas in all cases the ethyne adducts are predicted to be enthalpically favored in the reactions between M2(EH)6 compounds and ethyne, only when M = W and E = O is the alkylidyne product [(HO)3W(⋮CH)]2 predicted to be more stable than the alkyne adduct. For the reaction M2(EH)6(μ-C2H2) → [(HE)3M(⋮CH)]2, the ΔG° values (kcal mol-1) are −6 (M = W, E = O), +5 (M = Mo, E = O), +18 (M = W, E = S), and +21 (M = Mo, E = S) and the free energies of activation are calculated to be ΔG⧧ = +19 kcal mol-1 (M = W, E = O) and +34 kcal mol-1 (M = Mo, E = O), where the transition state involves an asymmetric bridged structure M2(OH)4(μ-OH)2(CH)(μ-CH) in which the C−C bond has broken; C···C = 1.89 and 1.98 A for W ...
The rotation of magnetic loop systems in the solar atmosphere

Eclipse photographs indicate that large regions of the inner solar corona are confined in various types of closed magnetic configurations and, as a result, do not participate in the general solar wind expansion. In this paper, the rotation of initially poloidal loop configurations of this type, as influenced by differential rotation of the footpoints, is investigated. The analysis is restricted to axially symmetric fields and it is assumed that the toroidal magnetic field induced by differential rotation is small as compared to the initial poloidal field. This restricts the validity of the analysis to times less than about one month.
A flexible simulation model generator

Abstract A flexible simulation model generator for discrete operational systems is presented in this paper. Two discrete system modeling concepts: operations network and operation equations, are introduced. These tools are used to describe the structure of the system to be simulated. The model generator uses a batch input file which contains a list of operation equations and the remaining system specifications to generate the simulation code. Several examples are provided for the construction of operations network and the input file. The generator is written in FORTRAN and generates model and experimental files in SIMAN simulation language.
Retinoic acid induction of stress proteins in fetal mouse limb buds

Retinoic acid (RA) is teratogenic in rodent embryos. Several teratogens have been shown to induce the synthesis of a subset of heat shock proteins (stress proteins) in Drosophila. To determine if RA induces the synthesis of these proteins in rodent embryos, pregnant ICR mice were dosed with 100 mg/kg RA on Day 11 of gestation. Forelimb buds were removed from embryos 2.5 hr post-RA-treatment and nuclei were isolated, stained, and sorted from stages of the cell cycle. Nuclear proteins were extracted and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nuclear proteins with molecular weights of approximately 84 and 25 kDa were synthesized in embryos in the G0 + G1 phase after pregnant dams were treated with RA. Isoelectric points, molecular weights, immunochemical blotting, and polypeptide mapping demonstrated that these proteins are indistinguishable from stress proteins isolated under a variety of conditions from rat submaxillary glands and mouse lymphoma cells. These results suggest that treatment with RA induces the synthesis of a subset of stress proteins; the role of these proteins in the teratogenic effects of RA is not known.
Anatomical abnormalities in gray and white matter of the cortical surface in persons with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND Although schizophrenia has been associated with abnormalities in brain anatomy, imaging studies have not fully determined the nature and relative contributions of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) disturbances underlying these findings. We sought to determine the pattern and distribution of these GM and WM abnormalities. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify the contribution of abnormalities in cortical thickness and cortical surface area to the reduced GM volumes reported in schizophrenia. METHODS We recruited 76 persons with schizophrenia and 57 healthy controls from the community and obtained measures of cortical and WM surface areas, of local volumes along the brain and WM surfaces, and of cortical thickness. RESULTS We detected reduced local volumes in patients along corresponding locations of the brain and WM surfaces in addition to bilateral greater thickness of perisylvian cortices and thinner cortex in the superior frontal and cingulate gyri. Total cortical and WM surface areas were reduced. Patients with worse performance on the serial-position task, a measure of working memory, had a higher burden of WM abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Reduced local volumes along the surface of the brain mirrored the locations of abnormalities along the surface of the underlying WM, rather than of abnormalities of cortical thickness. Moreover, anatomical features of white matter, but not cortical thickness, correlated with measures of working memory. We propose that reductions in WM and smaller total cortical surface area could be central anatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia, driving, at least partially, the reduced regional GM volumes often observed in this illness.
Increases in inotropic state without change in heart rate: Combined use of dobutamine and zatebradine in conscious dogs

The cardiovascular and left ventricular functional effects of dobutamine (5, 10 and 20 μg kg−1 min−1) were examined in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs in the presence and absence of control of heart rate with the specific bradycardic agent, zatebradine. Dobutamine increased heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, diastolic coronary blood flow velocity and pressure-work index (calculated myocardial oxygen consumption) and decreased systemic vascular resistance and diastolic coronary vascular resistance. Mean arterial pressure and left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures were unchanged. Dobutamine-induced increases in heart rate and pressure-work index were attenuated by zatebradine. Dobutamine alone increased preload recruitable stroke work slope (63 ± 6 to 116 ± 11 mmHg) and +dPdt. These positive inotropic effects were unaffected by zatebradine. Dobutamine decreased the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (30 ± 3 to 25 ± 2 ms). Dobutamine-induced decreases in the time constant of isovolumic relaxation were not altered by zatebradine, indicating that changes in the time constant occurred independent of heart rate. Dobutamine also increased the maximal segment lengthening velocity to a similar degree in zatebradine-treated versus untreated dogs. Control of dobutamine-induced tachycardia by zatebradine decreases myocardial oxygen consumption but does not alter the positive inotropic and lusitropic effects of dobutamine.
Free volume and percolation in S-SEBS and fluorocarbon proton conducting membranes

Abstract Electrical conductivity results at a variety of pressures, temperatures and water contents are evaluated for sulfonated styrene/ethylene–butylene/styrene (S-SEBS) triblock polymer, Nafion 117, and Dow 800 proton conducting membranes. In addition, room temperature and atmospheric pressure diffusion coefficients determined from conductivity and 1 H pulsed gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies are considered. While the S-SEBS and fluorocarbons exhibit a percolation threshold at 10 and 4 wt.%, respectively, all materials exhibit this phenomenon at a volume water fraction of C ≈0.05. Above the threshold the conductivity exhibits a power law behavior. When the volume of the hydrophobic portion of the membrane is subtracted the threshold occurs at the adjusted volume fraction of C A ≈0.12 which approaches that expected for continuum percolation. The activation volume results are shown to be consistent with free volume considerations.
Growth Kinetics of Monodisperse Cu−In−S Nanocrystals Using a Dialkyl Disulfide Sulfur Source

Well-defined and monodisperse wurtzite Cu−In−S nanocrystals were synthesized via a solution-based method using di-tert-butyl disulfide as the sulfur source. Reaction control (i.e., coordinating solvent, capping ligand, and sulfur source) proved critical for providing a kinetic pathway to the metastable wurtzite phase. The crystal phase was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction. Quantitative nanocrystal growth kinetics were studied on a Cu−In−S system for the first time, clearly showing that the nanocrystals pass through a size focusing event before undergoing steady-state Ostwald ripening at later stages of growth. The size-focused 6.9 nm Cu−In−S nanocrystals have an optical band gap of Eg = 1.47 eV and an electrochemical band gap of Eg = 1.84 eV.
Empathic Listening as an Expression of Interpersonal Affection

In personal relationships, empathic listening may serve relational functions similar to affectionate communication. Consequently, theories of affectionate communication—such as affection exchange theory—can offer empirically testable predictions and theoretic explanations relevant to empathic listening behavior. This article considers the conceptual fit of empathic listening as a form of affectionate communication and identifies some empirical generalizations for the study of empathic listening.
Total Synthesis of (+/-)-Didehydrostemofoline (Asparagamine A) and (+/-)-Isodidehydrostemofoline

The first total syntheses of (±)-didehydrostemofoline (1) and (±)-isodidehydrostemofoline (3) are reported. The synthesis begins with the Diels−Alder reaction of readily available pyrrole 9 and ethyl (E)-3-nitroacrylate, the latter serving as a regioinverted equivalent of ketene. After hydrogenation to prevent retro-Diels−Alder reaction, the major cycloadduct is transformed to 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanol 14. Aza-Cope−Mannich reaction of the formaldiminium derivative of 14 delivers 1-azatricyclo[5.3.0.04.10]decane 15, which in 15 additional steps is converted to 1 and 3.
Reentry Programming for High-Risk Offenders: Insights From Participants

The mass increase in imprisonment of the last two decades has led to an increasing number of adults released from prison. Scholarly accounts of prisoner reentry have demonstrated that incarcerated individuals face barriers on release from prison and that intervention programs are necessary to assist their transition to the community. Here, we build from the insights of previous research by examining how high-risk offenders perceive a reentry program. Using a qualitative approach, our findings suggest that procedural and substantive justice affect their satisfaction and involvement with the program. This study highlights the importance of providing employment opportunities, social support, and fair and respectful delivery of services to assist incarcerated individuals transitioning to the community.
Fast orthogonalization networks

A numerically efficient and stable algorithm is developed to adaptively filter multiple input channels into desired multiple output channels. The algorithm is a type of adaptive lattice filter that employs a fast orthogonalization network (FON) algorithm for numerical efficiency. Past researchers have concentrated on developing efficient lattice algorithms to process stationary input channels; i.e., the input covariance matrix is Toeplitz in form. The algorithm developed herein is designed to adaptively filter nonstationary input channels. Various implementations of the FON algorithm are given.
Eutectic between wollastonite II and calcite contrasted with thermal barrier in MgO-SiO2-CO2 at 30 kilobars, with applications to kimberlite-carbonatite petrogenesis

In the join CaCO_3-CaSiO_3 at 30 kbars, calcite melts at 1615°C, wollastonite II at 1600°C, and a binary eutectic occurs at 1365°C with liquid composition 43 wt.% CaCO_3, 57 wt.% CaSiO_3. The eutectic liquid quenches to a glass with few quench crystals. In the join MgCO_3-MgSiO_3 at 30 kbars, magnesite melts at 1590°C, enstatite at 1837°C, and the fields for the primary crystallization of magnesite and enstatite are separated by a thermal barrier near 1900°C for the melting of forsterite in the presence of CO_2. Only about 10 wt.% MgSiO_3 dissolves in the carbonate liquid. These data, are considered together with incomplete results for joins CaMgSi2O6-CaMg(CO_3)_2, CaMgSi_2O_6-MgCO_3, CaMgSi_2O_6-CaCO_3, and other published data in the system CaO-MgO-SiO_2-CO_2. A thermal barrier separates the silicate and carbonate liquids in MgO-SiO_2-CO_2 but, in the quaternary system, silicate liquids with dissolved CO_2 can follow fractionation paths around the forsterite field to the fields for the primary crystallization of carbonates. This suggests that fractional crystallization of CO_2-bearing ultrabasic magma at 100 km depth can produce residual carbonatite magma.
Ultrafast fluorescence dynamics of tryptophan in the proteins monellin and IIAGlc.

The complete time-resolved fluorescence of tryptophan in the proteins monellin and IIAGlc has been investigated, using both an upconversion spectrophotofluorometer with 150 fs time resolution and a time-correlated single photon counting apparatus on the 100 ps to 20 ns time scale. In monellin, the fluorescence decay displays multiexponential character with decay times of 1.2 and 16 ps, and 0.6, 2.2, and 4.2 ns. In contrast, IIAGlc exhibited no component between 1.2 ps and 0.1 ns. For monellin, surprisingly, the 16 ps fluorescence component was found to have positive amplitude even at longer wavelengths (e.g., 400 nm). In conjunction with quantum mechanical simulation of tryptophan in monellin, the experimental decay associated spectra (DAS) and time-resolved emission spectra (TRES) indicate that this fluorescence decay time should be ascribed to a highly quenched conformer. Recent models (Peon, J.; et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99, 10964) invoked exchange-coupled relaxation of protein water t...
GOING DOWN: ASCENT/DESCENT

Recall from [D1] that the commutative domain R is a going down domain (or R is GD) if for any extension domain T of R, R ⊆ T satisfies going down, i.e., if Q ∈ Spec T and p ∈ Spec R with p ⊆ Q ∩ R,...
Genre in Three Traditions: Implications for ESL

Within the last two decades, a number of researchers have been interested in genre as a tool for developing L1 and L2 instruction. Both genre and genre-based pedagogy, however, have been conceived of in distinct ways by researchers in different scholarly traditions and in different parts of the world, making the genre literature a complicated body of scholarship to understand. The purpose of this article is to provide a map of current genre theories and teaching applications in three research areas where genre scholarship has taken significantly different paths: (a) English for specific purposes (ESP), (b) North American New Rhetoric studies, and (c) Australian systemic functional linguistics. The article compares definitions and analyses of genres within these three traditions and examines their contexts, goals, and instructional frameworks for genre-based pedagogy. The investigation reveals that ESP and Australian genre research provides ESL instructors with insights into the linguistic features of written texts as well as useful guidelines for presenting these features in classrooms. New Rhetoric scholarship, on the other hand, offers language teachers fuller perspectives on the institutional contexts around academic and professional genres and the functions genres serve within these settings.
Treating Hepatitis C in Lower-Income Countries

With costs that may exceed $90,000 per course, effective new hepatitis C treatments seem beyond the reach of low- and middle-income countries. But the global rollout of HIV treatment teaches us that it's possible to make these agents broadly available and affordable.
SU‐GG‐T‐338: Accuracy of Superficial Dose Calculation for Breast Cancer Treatments on Tomotherapy

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of breathing motion and setup error on the accuracy of treatment planningsurface dose calculation for breast cancertreatments on helical Tomotherapy. Method and Materials: In‐vivo dosimetry with MOSFETdetectors was performed on a cohort of patients treated for breast cancer on helical Tomotherapy. The detectors were placed under the 0.5‐cm tissue‐equivalent bolus used for patient treatments. The pre‐treatment MVCT images were used to localize the MOSFETdetectors. Tomotherapy's Planned Adaptive software was used to compare the measurements against both the planned surface doses at the locations of the dosimeters as well as the recalculated doses based on the MVCT scan. This allowed for evaluation of the combined impact of breathing and setup error on the surface dose contribution, and the quantification of dosimetric accuracy of the Tomotherapy treatment planning system for breast cancer patients. Results: The differences between dose values at the locations of the dosimeters from the plan and those calculated from the MVCT image were on average within 1% of each other. The average dosimetric differences between measured and calculated doses were 7.8 and 8 percent for the planned and adaptive calculated doses, respectively. Overall, the treatment planning system overestimated the dose at the skin/bolus interface. Conclusion: The treatment planning system was previously shown to overestimate dose at a 5‐mm depth by about 4%. The possible setup error is taken into account by the adaptive software since it recalculates the dose distribution based on the MVCT image associated with the treatment for which the measurement was made. Since the setup error was shown to be within 1%, it is therefore estimated that the dosimetric consequence of breathing motion may be as high as 3%. Conflict of Interest: This work was partially supported by a grant from Tomotherapy, Inc.
Replication of O4-methylthymine-containing oligonucleotides: effect of 3' and 5' flanking bases on formation and extension of O4-methylthymine . guanine basepairs.

Four 25-mer oligonucleotides containing m4T(T*) with the 3'-->5' sequences A-T*-A, A-T*-C, G-T*-G and G-T*-C, together with four oligonucleotides containing the same sequences with unmodified T, were studied for the effect of the immediate 5' and 3' bases flanking m4T on in vitro replication. Under enzyme-limiting conditions, all m4T-containing oligomers showed a varying sequence-dependent blockage at the base 3' to m4T. However, with time and high concentrations of dNTP's, full replication beyond m4T did occur with Klenow fragment (Kf), although substantial blockage remained, particularly in the case when the sequence was 3'-A-T*-A-5'. The extent of blockage at the base 3' to m4T, compared to complete replication using Kf, followed the order A-T*-A > A-T*-C >> G-T*-C > or = G-T*-G. Two other DNA polymerases, HIV-RT and Sequenase, which, unlike Kf, do not have 3' proofreading activity differ, agreed with data obtained with Kf. We conclude that the extent of complete replication of m4T-containing oligomers is primarily a function of the 3' flanking base with a lesser effect of the 5' base and requires specific dGTP insertion opposite m4T. These data suggest that a 5' G . C pair favors the formation of the following T*-G and this latter step is rate-limiting. However, once a T*-G pair is formed, rapid elongation to full length transcripts occurs.
Loose Change Making Money Through History

Money has been called the human artifact that confirms the impossibility of disentangling the cultural and the symbolic from the economic. The terms of that entanglement are richly and rewardingly explored in this issue's articles by Helleiner, Curruthers and Espeland, and Siegel. The author assesses the many contributions made by these three articles. The author also considers how ideas about evidence and analysis are pursued in different disciplines. Can social scientists divorce empirical examples from historical contexts in order to substantiate or illustrate analytical strategies? Should they? This is posed primarily by Helleiner, and by Carruthers and Espeland, the latter of which comprises attempts to develop frameworks for subsequent empirical investigations. Siegel offers a useful contrast, in that its empiricism is deliberately sensitive to context.
Depth of intergranular oxygen diffusion during environment-dependent fatigue crack growth in alloy 718

The elevated-temperture fatigue crack growth behavior in alloy 718, when subjected to a loading frequency lower than the transitional frequency of this alloy, is viewed as fully environment dependent. In this process, the crack growth increment per loading cycle is assumed to be equal to the intergranular oxygen diffusion depth at the crack tip during the cycle effective oxidation time. In order to identify the trend of this diffusion depth an experimental program was carried out on compact tension specimens made of alloy 718 at 650 °C in which fatigue crack growth measurements were made for cyclic load conditions with and without hold time periods at minimum load level. This work resulted in establishing a relationship correlating the intergranular oxygen diffusion depth and the value of the stress intensity factor range ΔK. This relationship, when integrated over the cycle effective oxidation time, results in a closed-form solution describing the environment-dependent fatigue crack growth rate. A comparison is made between the results of this solution when applied to different loading frequencies and the corresponding experimental results. This comparison shows good agreement between the two sets of results. Furthermore, by combining the parabolic rate law of diffusion and the equation for the intergranular oxygen diffusion depth, an explicit expression for the oxygen diffusivity of grain boundaries is derived. It is found that this diffusivity is both a ΔK- and a frequency-dependent parameter.
Imaging Spectrometers For Terrestrial And Planetary Remote Sensing: A Progress Report

Attention is given to two major design approaches, the 'whiskbroom' and the 'pushbroom', in the present consideration of imaging spectroscopy for both planetary and terrestrial missions. A near-IR mapping spectrometer has been developed for the Galileo Jupiter Orbiter Mission; on the basis of this design, and incorporating focal plane array technology improvements, a family of imaging spectrometers exemplified by the Visual and IR Mapping Spectrometer is under development for other planetary missions.
Costs of Best Management Practices and Associated Land for Urban Stormwater Control

New methods are used to evaluate stormwater controls and best management practices (BMPs) within a land development context. Costs are developed using published literature and standard cost estimation guides. A method is developed in which costs are determined for each parcel within a development for specific land uses. The effect of including the opportunity cost of land in the analysis is evaluated. Costs attributable to stormwater controls are allocated among purposes. A method is developed in which stormwater control costs are assigned at the parcel level. Data gaps and research needs are then explored to address this complex problem.
SYNERGISTIC EXTRACTION OF Am(III), Th(IV) AND U(VI) BY PMBP AND CROWN ETHERS

The extraction of UO 2 2+ , Am3+, and Th4+ by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzylpyrazolone with crown ethers was studies using 0.1M (NaClO4) aqueous phase and toluene. The crown ethers were 12C4, 15C5, 18C6, DB18C6 and DCH18C6. The synergic equilibrium constant did not show correlation between the cationic radii and the ether cavity size nor did the values follow a simple order of ether basicity. The ether basicity, steric effects, and the number of ether oxygens bound to the cation are the combined factors which seemingly determine the pattern of M(PMBP)n—CE interaction.