cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strength development of solidified/stabilized organic waste and optimum treatment design.

Artificially contaminated (spiked) natural soils were solidified/stabilized using various combinations of commonly used additives, such as lime, cement, fly ash, activated carbon, and silica fume. The effectiveness of the solidification/stabilization (S/S) processes was evaluated based on experimental findings from compaction testing, unconfined compressive shear strength, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Correlations of limited reliability between unconfined compressive strength and penetrometer and torvane measurements were derived. Results from XRD experiments indicated that certain organic contaminants (i.e., naphthalene and pyrene) might impact the S/S processes for a given combination of additives. The type and amount of organic contaminants also affected the pozzolanic reactions. Specifically, the absence or small peak intensity of pozzolanic product XRD patterns for a given combination of additives was a good indication that the type and the amount of organic contaminant present inhibited pozzolanic reactions. This phenomenon was tested and confirmed for actual field-contaminated samples.
Failure during thermal cycling of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

The thermal cycling behavior of plasma-sprayed ZrO2-12 wt pct Y2O3 coatings was studied. Coatings were produced with and without bond coats of Ni-Cr-Al-Zr and in some cases the substrates were heated to above the optimum temperature prior to spraying. The coatings (attached to the substrate) were thermal cycled to 1200 C and their cracking behavior was followed by acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It was possible to examine the failure mechanisms by statistical analysis of the AE data and to evaluate the influence of preheating and bond coating. It is shown that the AE spectrum changes when a bond coat is used because of the presence of microcracks which, in turn, dissipate energy and improve the coating integrity. The preheating effect is reflected by a decrease in the peak count rate and an increase in the temperature at which AE activity is initiated.
The metabolism of tartaric acid by Penicillium charlesii

Abstract It was found that Penicillium charlesii metabolized 60–80% of all carbon atoms in dl -tartaric acid to carbon dioxide by 19 days after inoculation into a growth medium containing 32 m m l -tartaric acid, 278 m m d -glucose, and a mineral salts solution. A large fraction (80–90%) of the 14 C-labeled substances derived from tartrate, present in the mycelia after a 19-day growth period, was extracted into trichloracetic acid. Less than 1% of the labeled tartaric acid taken up by the organism was incorporated into protein. It was concluded that tartaric acid was not metabolized via a tartaric acid dehydratase-catalyzed reaction because aspartic acid derived from dl -tartrate-2,3- 14 C had slightly more than twice the specific activity of aspartic acid derived from dl -tartrate-1,4- 14 C. No tartrate dehydratase could be detected in any of the enzyme extracts. However, the organism contained enzymes capable of converting l -tartrate to glyceric acid, while an NAD-specific l -tartrate oxidoreductase and an NADPH-specific hydroxypyruvate oxidoreductase activity were demonstrated.
Properties of P-glycoprotein with Mutations in the “Catalytic Carboxylate” Glutamate Residues

It is known from earlier work that two conserved Glu residues, designated "catalytic carboxylates," are critical for function in P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Here the role of these residues (Glu-552 and Glu-1197 in mouse MDR3 Pgp) was studied further. Mutation E552Q or E1197Q reduced Pgp-ATPase to low but still measurable rates. Two explanations previously offered for effects of these mutations, namely that ADP release is slowed or that a second (drug site-resetting) round of ATP hydrolysis is blocked, were evaluated and appeared unsatisfactory. Thus the study was extended to include E552A, -D, and -K and E1197A, -D, and -K mutants. All reduced ATPase to similar low but measurable rates. Orthovanadate-trapping experiments showed that mutation to Gln, Ala, Asp, or Lys altered characteristics of the transition state but did not eliminate its formation in contrast e.g. with mutation of the analogous catalytic Glu in F1-ATPase. Retention of ATP as well as ADP was seen in Ala, Asp, and Lys mutants. Mutation E552A in nucleotide binding domain 1 (NBD1) was combined with mutation S528A or S1173A in the LSGGQ sequence of NBD1 or NBD2, respectively. Synergistic effects were seen. E552A/S1173A had extremely low turnover rate for ATPase, while E552A/S528A showed zero or close to zero ATPase. Both showed orthovanadate-independent retention of ATP and ADP. We propose that mutations of the catalytic Glu residues interfere with formation and characteristics of a closed conformation, involving an interdigitated NBD dimer interface, which normally occurs immediately following ATP binding and progresses to the transition state.
Negative Multinomial Regression Models for Clustered Event Counts

In this paper, I consider a negative multinomial regression model for clustered count data. One example of such data is quarterly counts of a surgical procedure performed from 1988 through 1991 in a national sample of 175 US. hospitals. In this data set, each hospital contributes a number of quarterly counts. The quarterly counts contributed by the same hospital form a cluster. The potential problem for clustered count data is that the multiple counts in the same cluster may not be independent. When they are not independent, Poisson and mixed Poisson models for overdispersed count data including negative binomial models are inappropriate. In contrast, the negative multinomial regression model makes explicit allowance for correlated observations by subjecting the multiple counts in the same cluster to a cluster-specific random effect. A gamma-distributed cluster-specific effect in this formulation leads to the negative multinomial regression model. I describe maximum likelihood estimation and illustrate the model through examples.
Bouveret's syndrome

A 63-YEAR-OLD MALE patient presented with a history of epigastric pain and postprandial emesis. There was no history of an abdominal surgical procedure. Physical examination disclosed mild epigastric tenderness in response to palpation but no palpable mass. Findings on plain radiographs of the abdomen were normal. A nasogastric tube was placed and returned 400 mL of blood-tinged fluid that cleared with normal saline lavage. Upper endoscopy revealed a 3 × 3 cm, pigmented gallstone impacted in the pylorus (Fig 1). Multiple attempts to dislodge and remove the stone with endoscopic forceps and baskets were unsuccessful. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen also showed the 3 × 3-cm gallstone with surrounding inflammatory changes in the region of the pylorus (Fig 2). At exploration, the gallbladder was found to be adherent to the pylorus and proximal duodenum, and the large gallstone impacted at the pylorus was palpable. No other stones were palpable in the small or large intestine. The fistula between the gallbladder and the duodenum was taken down, and the large gallstone was removed. The gallbladder was separated from the duodenum, and a cholecystectomy was performed. The duodenum was closed transversely and patched with omentum. Drains were placed in Morison’s pouch and Bouveret’s syndrome
Multiple instance learning for hidden Markov models: application to landmine detection

Multiple instance learning is a recently researched learning paradigm in machine intelligence which operates under conditions of uncertainty. A Multiple Instance Hidden Markov Model (MI-HMM) is investigated with applications to landmine detection using ground penetrating radar data. Without introducing any additional parameters, the MI-HMM provides an elegant and simple way to learn the parameters of an HMM in a multiple instance framework. The efficacy of the model is shown on a real landmine dataset. Experiments on the landmine dataset show that MI-HMM learning is effective.
Indocyanine-green-loaded microballoons for biliary imaging in cholecystectomy

We encapsulate indocyanine green (ICG) in poly[(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)-co-PEG] diblock (PLGA-PEG) microballoons for real-time fluorescence and hyperspectral imaging of biliary anatomy. ICG-loaded microballoons show superior fluorescence characteristics and slower degradation in comparison with pure ICG. The use of ICG-loaded microballoons in biliary imaging is demonstrated in both biliary-simulating phantoms and an ex vivo tissue model. The biliary-simulating phantoms are prepared by embedding ICG-loaded microballoons in agar gel and imaged by a fluorescence imaging module in a Da Vinci surgical robot. The ex vivo model consists of liver, gallbladder, common bile duct, and part of the duodenum freshly dissected from a domestic swine. After ICG-loaded microballoons are injected into the gallbladder, the biliary structure is imaged by both hyperspectral and fluorescence imaging modalities. Advanced spectral analysis and image processing algorithms are developed to classify the tissue types and identify the biliary anatomy. While fluorescence imaging provides dynamic information of movement and flow in the surgical region of interest, data from hyperspectral imaging allow for rapid identification of the bile duct and safe exclusion of any contaminant fluorescence from tissue not part of the biliary anatomy. Our experiments demonstrate the technical feasibility of using ICG-loaded microballoons for biliary imaging in cholecystectomy.
Estimating the cost of epilepsy.

Increasing interest in the economic evaluation of epi- lepsy prompted us to prepare this overview of epilepsy- related cost-of-illness research. New diagnostic tech- niques, drug treatments, and surgical procedures are rap- idly changing treatment for the illness, and there is a need to understand the economic implications of these changes. In addition, the health-care environment in which treatment is provided is rapidly changing, with increasing emphasis on cost containment and managed care in health-care delivery. Estimates of the cost of epi- lepsy are increasingly required by government agencies, advocacy groups, and health-care payers concerned with the allocation of research and treatment resources among disease conditions. These estimates also are increasingly needed as an input for cost-effectiveness analysis in which relative changes in cost and outcomes are used to evaluate new treatments. We describe the variety of approaches, techniques, and data sources that are used in cost-of-illness (COI) research. General methodologic approaches are re- viewed, assessing their conceptual foundations. Specific measurement issues that must be addressed in designing an epilepsy cost study are then discussed. Finally, several studies on the cost of epilepsy are reviewed. The overall purpose of the article is to give guidance to researchers and other professionals in the epilepsy field who are interested in conducting and/or critically evaluating re- search on the cost of epilepsy.
Obstacle avoidance during walking in real and virtual environments

Immersive virtual environments are a promising research tool for the study of perception and action, on the assumption that visual--motor behavior in virtual and real environments is essentially similar. We investigated this issue for locomotor behavior and tested the generality of Fajen and Warren's [2003] steering dynamics model. Participants walked to a stationary goal while avoiding a stationary obstacle in matched physical and virtual environments. There were small, but reliable, differences in locomotor paths, with a larger maximum deviation (Δ = 0.16 m), larger obstacle clearance (Δ = 0.16 m), and slower walking speed (Δ = 0.13 m/s) in the virtual environment. Separate model fits closely captured the mean virtual and physical paths (R2 > 0.98). Simulations implied that the path differences are not because of walking speed or a 50p distance compression in virtual environments, but might be a result of greater uncertainty about the egocentric location of virtual obstacles. On the other hand, paths had similar shapes in the two environments with no difference in median curvature and could be modeled with a single set of parameter values (R2 > 0.95). Fajen and Warren's original parameters successfully generalized to new virtual and physical object configurations (R2 > 0.95). These results justify the use of virtual environments to study locomotor behavior.
Collective uncertainty in partially polarized and partially decohered spin-1/2 systems

It has become common practice to model large spin ensembles as an effective pseudospin with total angular momentum $J=\mathit{Nj}$, where $j$ is the spin per particle. Such approaches (at least implicitly) restrict the quantum state of the ensemble to the so-called symmetric Hilbert space. Here, we argue that symmetric states are not generally well preserved under the type of decoherence typical of experiments involving large clouds of atoms or ions. In particular, symmetric states are rapidly degraded under models of decoherence that act identically but locally on the different members of the ensemble. Using an approach [Phys. Rev. A 78, 052101 (2008)] that is not limited to the symmetric Hilbert space, we explore potential pitfalls in the design and interpretation of experiments on spin-squeezing and collective atomic phenomena when the properties of the symmetric states are extended to systems where they do not apply.
Carbon/ceramics composites — Preparation and properties

Abstract Fabrication methods for carbon/ceramics composites were established by using two different processes of hot-pressing and pressureless sintering without any binder phase. In the hot pressing method, some boron compounds were found to be an effective aid for sintering and graphitization of coke powder above 2000°C under some pressure. When the content of boron compound such as B4C was high, graphite/B4C composites could be fabricated. If some other ceramic powder such as NbC, TiC or TaC was mixed in addition to the B4C, three component composites with graphite matrix could be obtained. In pressureless sintering method, raw coke carbon powder was ground for a long time to be transformed in to a sinterable and non-graphitizing-type carbon powder. From a mix of ceramic powders such as SiC or B4C with the ground coke powder, the composites of carbon/SiC or carbon/SiC/B4C systems could be fabricated by heat-treatment under normal pressure. Some properties of the graphite samples and carbon/ceramic composites were investigated. It was found that their mechanical properties were much better than those of conventional graphite samples and the resistance to oxidation and corrosion was also excellent. It is suggested that the composites could be applied as bearing or mechanical seals both for use in high temperature environments and as machine parts in contact with some molten metals.
The snowball effect

Abstract Many economists think that dominant positions unprotected by strategic or operating advantages will tend to decay. I demonstrate that that intuition is flawed by devising a model of noncooperative duopoly in which the initially larger competitor monopolizes all investment opportunities - even though it is no more efficient than its smaller rival - as part of an effort to push up output prices. I also present an apparent example of this mechanism at work and discuss the implications for public policy.
A 0.38THz fully integrated transceiver utilizing quadrature push-push circuitry

The first fully integrated transceiver operating at 0.38THz has been demonstrated in 0.13µm SiGe BiCMOS with ƒ T =230GHz. Quadrature push-push circuitry using transformer-coupled stages and Coplanar Strip (CPS) lines are used to realize a terahertz (THz) subharmonic mixer, a quadrature generator, and a quadrupler from a strong fundamental LO quadrature signal generated at the W-band. The measured Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) is −13dBm and the noise figure (NF) is 35dB, while dissipating a power of 364mW.
“It's Like a Family” Caring Labor, Exploitation, and Race in Nursing Homes

This article contributes to carework scholarship by examining the nexus of gender, class, and race in long-term care facilities. We draw out a family ideology at work that promotes good care of residents and thus benefits nursing homes. We also found that careworkers value fictive kin relationships with residents, yet we uncover how the family model may be used to exploit these low-income careworkers. Reflecting a subordinate and racialized version of being “part of the family,” we call for an ethic of reciprocity and for concrete change toward valuing equally the humanity of those who need and those who give care.
Investigation of Thermal Performance of Primary and Secondary Thermoelectric Modules

This paper reports the findings of an investigation on application of secondary thermoelectric (TE) module as a heat exchanger for the primary TE module. The experimental system consists of two commercially available thermoelectric modules arranged thermally in series with a heat sink and an integrated circuit (IC) chip. Heat produced from the IC chip is transferred to the heat sink via the TE modules. A total of nine experimental setups were analyzed using measured temperature data to assess the efficacy of the setups. Experimental evidence shows that the secondary TE module provides additional cooling advantage. The cooling capacity for a system with secondary TE module is 10.95W compared to 3.5W for systems where secondary modules are non-existent. The respective coefficient of performance, COP = Qc /Qp are 2.43 and 0.78. The use of a secondary TE module as a heat exchanger for the primary thermoelectric module is ineffective when compared with liquid-cooled heat exchanger. Results further showed that during early stages of heating and cooling processes, there exists lag in response time between the integrated circuits chip. This could result in over-heating or under-cooling the IC chip.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Prostaglandin E 2 is crucial in the response of podocytes to fluid flow shear stress

Podocytes play a key role in maintaining and modulating the filtration barrier of the glomerulus. Because of their location, podocytes are exposed to mechanical strain in the form of fluid flow shear stress (FFSS). Several human diseases are characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The response of podocytes to FFSS at physiological or pathological levels is not known. We exposed cultured podocytes to FFSS, and studied changes in actin cytoskeleton, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 (COX-1, COX-2). FFSS caused a reduction in transversal F-actin stress filaments and the appearance of cortical actin network in the early recovery period. Cells exhibited a pattern similar to control state by 24 h following FFSS without significant loss of podocytes or apoptosis. FFSS caused increased levels of PGE(2) as early as 30 min after onset of shear stress, levels that increased over time. PGE(2) production by podocytes at post-2 h and post-24 h was also significantly increased compared to control cells (p < 0.039 and 0.012, respectively). Intracellular PGE(2) synthesis and expression of COX-2 was increased at post-2 h following FFSS. The expression of COX-1 mRNA was unchanged. We conclude that podocytes are sensitive and responsive to FFSS, exhibiting morphological and physiological changes. We believe that PGE(2) plays an important role in mechanoperception in podocytes.
Unannounced Quizzes Raise Test Scores Selectively for Mid-Range Students

To test the idea that unannounced quizzes improved performance on later hour exams, I collected test scores from 4 classes over 2 semesters. I compared course segments with quizzes to segments without quizzes in a counterbalanced design. Test scores following quizzes averaged half a letter grade higher than scores from segments without quizzes. Mid-range students benefitted the most, with C students gaining 84% of a letter grade. Attitude surveys revealed a high level of student acceptance for the quizzes.
Operation of an LSGMC electrolyte-supported SOFC with composite ceramic anode and cathode

An all-perovskite-based intermediate-temperature fuel cell was fabricated from materials synthesized using glycine-nitrate process (GNP) combustion synthesis and modified Pechini synthesis routes. Yttrium-doped strontium titanate (SYT) was chosen as the conductive ceramic anode component to avoid problems associated with Ni-based anodes. La0.8 Sr0.2 Ga0.8 Mg0.1 Co0.1 O3-δ electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with composite ceramic anode and cathode exhibit a relatively high power density of 0.246 Wcm at 800°C at 0.5 V. © 2007 The Electrochemical Society.
Biochemical and physiological characterization of fut4 and fut6 mutants defective in arabinogalactan-protein fucosylation in Arabidopsis

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins present in plant cell walls. AGPs are characterized by arabinose-/galactose-rich side chains, which define their interactive molecular surface. Fucose residues are found in some dicotyledon AGPs, and AGP fucosylation is developmentally regulated. We previously identified Arabidopsis thaliana FUT4 and FUT6 genes as AGP-specific fucosyltransferases (FUTs) based on their enzymatic activities when heterologously expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY2 suspension-cultured cells. Here, the functions of FUT4 and FUT6 and the physiological roles of fucosylated AGPs were further investigated using Arabidopsis fut4, fut6, and fut4/fut6 mutant plants. All mutant plants showed no phenotypic differences compared to wild-type plants under physiological conditions, but showed reduced root growth in the presence of elevated NaCl. However, roots of wild-type and fut4 mutant plants contained terminal fucose epitopes, which were absent in fut6 and fut4/fut6 mutant plants as indicated by eel lectin staining. Monosaccharide analysis showed fucose was present in wild-type leaf and root AGPs, but absent in fut4 leaf AGPs and in fut4/fut6 double mutant leaf and root AGPs, indicating that FUT4 was required for fucosylation of leaf AGPs while both FUT4 and FUT6 contributed to fucosylation of root AGPs. Glycome profiling of cell wall fractions from mutant roots and leaves showed distinct glycome profiles compared to wild-type plants, indicating that fucosyl residues on AGPs may regulate intermolecular interactions between AGPs and other wall components. The current work exemplifies the possibilities of refinement of cell wall structures by manipulation of a single or a few cell wall biosynthetic genes.
One-Dependent Regenerative Processes and Queues in Continuous Time

Motivated by the study of queues in continuous time, a "one-dependent" regenerative process is defined and its ergodic properties are given. We show that a continuous time Harris recurrent Markov process HRMP is of this type and give a different proof of the ergodic properties of HRMP's based on this fact. We next introduce the new notion of a marked point process mpp governed by a HRMP and by doing so obtain a class of mpp's that are one-dependent regenerative. This class is shown to include the superposition of independent renewal processes, the departure process from a FIFO GI/GI/c queue, Markov modulated arrivals and the loss stream overflow from a GI/GI/1/0 queue. We also present a general framework for representing queues in continuous time as HRMP's when the input is a mpp governed by a HRMP and thus obtain a continuous time analogue of [20]. In this context we consider a single server queue with feedback and a tandem queue. Finally, due to the potential for regenerative type simulation, we state a CLT for one-dependent regenerative processes.
Neural and genetic markers of vulnerability to post-traumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the World Trade Center attacks

Although recent research has begun to describe the neural and genetic processes underlying variability in responses to trauma, less is known about ho wt hese processes interact. We addressed this issue by using functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS), a common genetic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter [5-HTT (5-hydroxy tryptamine)] gene and neural activity in response to viewing images associated with the 9/11 terrorist attack among a rare sample of high-exposure 9/11 survivors (n ¼ 17). Participants varied in whether they carried a copy of the short allele in the promoter region of the 5-HTT gene. During scanning, participants viewed images of the 9/11 attack, non-9/11 negative and neutral images. Three key findings are reported. First, carriers of the short allele displayed higher levels of PTSS. Second, both PTSS and the presence of the short allele correlated negatively with activity in a network of cortical midline regions (e.g. the retrosplenal and more posterior cingulate cortices (PCCs)) implicated in episodic memories and self-reflection when viewing 9/11 vs non-9/11 negative control images. Finally, exploratory analyses indicated that PCC activity mediated the relationship between genotype and PTSS. These results highlight the role of PCC in distress following trauma.
A topology-independent shape modeling scheme

Shape modeling is an important constituent of computer vision as well as computer graphics research. Shape models aid the tasks of object representation and recognition. This dissertation presents a new approach to shape modeling which retains the most attractive features of existing methods, and overcomes their prominent limitations. Our technique can be applied to model arbitrarily complex shapes, which include shapes with significant protrusions, and to situations where no a priori assumption about the object's topology is made. A single instance of our model, when presented with an image having more than one object of interest, has the ability to split freely to represent each object. This method is based on the ideas developed by Osher and Sethian to model propagating solid/liquid interfaces with curvature-dependent speeds. The interface (front) is a closed, nonintersecting, hypersurface flowing along its gradient field with constant speed or a speed that depends on the curvature. It is moved by solving a "Hamilton-Jacobi" type equation written for a function in which the interface is a particular level set. A speed term synthesized from the image is used to stop the interface in the vicinity of the object boundaries. The resulting equation of motion is solved by employing entropy-satisfying upwind finite difference schemes. We also introduce a new algorithm for rapid advancement of the front using what we call a narrow-band updation scheme. This leads to significant improvement in the time complexity of the shape recovery procedure in 2D. An added advantage of our modeling scheme is that it can easily be extended to any number of space dimensions. The efficacy of the scheme is demonstrated with numerical experiments on low contrast medical images. We also demonstrate the recovery of 3D shapes.
Continuing Medical Education: Vulvovaginal Atrophy: Current and Future Therapies (CME)

Introduction Vulvovaginal atrophy results from estrogen deficiency and affects a large number of postmenopausal women. Symptoms include vaginal dryness, itching, irritation, and dyspareunia.
First-order algorithm with O(ln(1/ε )) convergence for ε -equilibrium in two-person zero-sum games

We propose an iterated version of Nesterov's first-order smoothing method for the two-person zero-sum game equilibrium problem minx∈Q1 maxy∈Q2 xT Ay = maxy∈Q2 minx∈Q1 xTAy. This formulation applies to matrix games as well as sequential games. Our new algorithmic scheme computes an E-equilibrium to this min-max problem in O(κ(A) In(1/E)) first-order iterations, where κ(A) is a certain condition measure of the matrix A. This improves upon the previous first-order methods which required O(1/E) iterations, and it matches the iteration complexity bound of interior-point methods in terms of the algorithm's dependence on E. Unlike the interior-point methods that are inapplicable to large games due to their memory requirements, our algorithm retains the small memory requirements of prior first-order methods. Our scheme supplements Nesterov's algorithm with an outer loop that lowers the target E between iterations (this target affects the amount of smoothing in the inner loop). We find it surprising that such a simple modification yields an exponential speed improvement. Finally, computational experiments both in matrix games and sequential games show that a significant speed improvement is obtained in practice as well, and the relative speed improvement increases with the desired accuracy (as suggested by the complexity bounds).
Adoption of Big Push hypothesis: evidence from the case of Botswana

Rosenstein-Rodan proposed that if expansionary and developmental policies have to be pursued, the small changes in fiscal and monetary policy make minor changes in economic growth. So, if a meaningful economic development is the objective carrying out Big Push is necessary for the policy makers. This hypothesis is in line with Keynesian advice that 'a somewhat comprehensive socialisation of investment is the only means of approximation to the full employment', which was adopted diligently by many economies especially in the developing world. This paper is an attempt of applying the Big Push hypothesis for the policies of Botswana. It reviews the relevant literature in early sections and summarises the argument of Big Push hypothesis. In later sections, it applies the hypothesis to Botswana case and concludes that the Big Push hypothesis has in fact made an impact on the economy's development.
A model-based extensible framework for efficient application design using FPGA

For an FPGA designer, several choices are available in terms of target FPGA devices, IP-cores, algorithms, synthesis options, runtime reconfiguration, degrees of parallelism, among others, while implementing a design. Evaluation of design alternatives in the early stages of the design cycle is important because the choices made can have a critical impact on the performance of the final design. However, a large number of alternatives not only results in a large number of designs, but also makes it a hard problem to efficiently manage, simulate, and evaluate them. In this article, we present a framework for FPGA-based application design that addresses the aforementioned issues. This framework supports a hierarchical modeling approach that integrates application and device modeling techniques and allows development of a library of models for design reuse. The framework integrates a high-level performance estimator for rapid estimation of the latency, area, and energy of the designs. In addition, a design space exploration tool allows efficient evaluation of candidate designs against the given performance requirements. The framework also supports extension through integration of widely used tools for FPGA-based design while presenting a unified environment for different target FPGAs. We demonstrate our framework through the modeling and performance estimation of a signal processing kernel and the design of end-to-end applications.
Extrapolation and spectral estimation with iterative weighted norm modification

An algorithm is developed to define, from the data samples themselves, a frequency-weighted norm to use in minimum-weighted-norm extrapolation. The iterative procedure developed consists of using a periodogram spectrum estimate obtained from some samples of the signal estimate/extrapolation found at one iteration to define the weight that is used to estimate at the next iteration. This algorithm usually converges in less than 10 iterations to an extrapolation which is characterized as a nonparametric frequency-stationary extension of the data. The frequency resolution and extrapolation length are controlled by the length of a time-domain window used to obtain smooth spectral estimates between iterations. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of the algorithm for interpolation/extrapolation. The examples give comparable results to nonadaptive extrapolation methods without the need for a priori knowledge. For a certain spectral estimation example, the algorithm provides comparable resolution to the parametric methods with more accurate values of the relative strengths of the narrowband components. >
Luther and Contemporary Preaching: Narrative and Anthropology

Exhaustive studies of Martin Luther's preaching are few, and for good reason. The persistence of his scribes has resulted in a corpus of more than 2,000 sermons — and a tangle of questions concerning their authenticity and integrity. His theological program was such that in matters of content he did not maintain a rigid distinction between treatise and sermon. Everything we have from Luther ‘preaches’. Complicating the picture are the various postils, which are usually identified as ‘sermons’. The postils were not intended to do more than set a standard for others; yet they probably were delivered verbatim from some pulpits, and in The German Mass Luther says they should be!
Melanocortin Control of Energy Balance: Evidence from Rodent Models

Regulation of energy balance is extremely complex, and involves multiple systems of hormones, neurotransmitters, receptors, and intracellular signals. As data have accumulated over the last two decades, the CNS melanocortin system is now identified as a prominent integrative network of energy balance controls in the mammalian brain. Here, we will review findings from rat and mouse models, which have provided an important framework in which to study melanocortin function. Perhaps most importantly, this review attempts for the first time to summarize recent advances in our understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways thought to mediate the action of melanocortin neurons and peptides in control of longterm energy balance. Special attention will be paid to the roles of MC4R/MC3R, as well as downstream neurotransmitters within forebrain and hindbrain structures that illustrate the distributed control of melanocortin signaling in energy balance. In addition, distinctions and controversy between rodent species will be discussed.
Teaching General Chemistry Through Materials Science

We have developed a new Materials Chemistry course for freshmen with the goal of improving retention in the engineering program. This Materials Chemistry course is fundamentally different from other introductory materials courses in that it does not cover the standard introductory materials curriculum (diffusion, strengthening mechanisms, eutectic phase diagrams, etc.). Rather, its goal is to teach engineering applications of fundamental chemistry concepts. This course consists of four basic units: atomic, molecular and supermolecular structures; chemical reactions; physical chemistry; and biological materials. Each of these units consists of topics designed to show how fundamental concepts in chemistry can be applied to engineering problems. For example, liquid crystal display technology is used to teach the concept of molecular shape. The course also contains a laboratory section. This paper will describe the detailed contents of the course and its relation to the engineering curriculum.
The Dynamic Roles of Interstitial and Surface Defects on Oxidation and Reduction Reactions on Titania

Defect sites in titania have a substantial effect on many thermal and photochemical reactions. Three common types of defects are titanium interstitials, oxygen vacancies and oxygen adatoms—all of which can react with organic molecules adsorbed on the surface. We look broadly at thermal reduction and photochemical oxidation reactions of oxygenates. In particular, we focus on the reductive coupling of benzaldehyde, the photo-oxidation of butyrophenone, the photostability of benzoic acid, and the photo-oxidative coupling of methanol to methyl formate. Methods used include temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory.
Drugs, gangs and vigilantes: How to tackle the new breeds of Mexican armed violence

Since 2007 Mexico has experienced a steady increase in lethal and non-lethal forms of violence, including kidnappings, extortion, extra-judicial killings and forced disappearances. This spiral of violence has been driven by the consolidation and expansion of non-conventional armed actors operating in an institutional and political climate characterised by pervasive levels of corruption, impunity and criminal collusion. Public indignation over this state of affairs reached a high after the disappearance of 43 trainee teachers in the town of Iguala in September 2014. This report analyses the objectives, structures and impact of non-conventional armed actors in Mexico, focusing on drug-trafficking organisations, street gangs and so-called self-defence forces. It examines the pitfalls and lessons learned from the country’s past and present security strategies, and lays out the basis for an alternative approach to understanding and tackling non-conventional armed violence. Based on a careful analysis of the dynamic and hybrid character of these groups, the report argues for an approach that prioritises the fight against corruption and the protection of embattled communities through localised prevention, geographic sequencing and knowledge-based policing.
The Potential for Virtual Work to Enhance Value in Financial Services Firms

In the past people knew that before they could initiate a financial transaction, they first had to have a physical meeting with their potential partners to exchange ideas about mutual interests and possibilities Similarly in the past, firms kept their records at specific locations and employees knew they had to visit these sites to access this information. Recent advances in information processing technology have removed these location constraints. Financial transactions today can be initiated, executed and recorded no matter where the participating parties are located. Equipped with a computer and a modem, people can also access information records from anywhere (Sproull and Kiesler, (1991); Raghuram, (1996)). This ability has introduced massive flexibility and new organizing options for financial services firms. The way firms exploit this flexibility is an important but complex source of value creation.
Programming A Molecular Relay for Ultrasensitive Biodetection through (129) Xe NMR.

We reported a supramolecular strategy for detecting specific proteins in complex media by using hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR. A cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6])-based molecular relay was programmed for three sequential equilibrium conditions by designing a two-faced guest (TFG) that initially binds CB[6] and blocks the CB[6]–Xe interaction. Moreover, the protein analyte recruits the TFG and frees CB[6] for Xe binding. TFGs containing CB[6]- and carbonic anhydrase II (CAII)-binding domains were synthesized in one or two steps. X-ray crystallography confirmed TFG binding to Zn2+ in the deep CAII active-site cleft, which precludes simultaneous CB[6] binding. The molecular relay was reprogrammed to detect avidin by using a different TFG. Finally, Xe binding by CB[6] was detected in buffer and in E. coli cultures expressing CAII through ultrasensitive 129Xe NMR spectroscopy.
In vitro effect of low dose resveratrol and tri-acetyl resveratrol on Wnt signaling in colon-derived and colon cancer cell lines

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 5534 BACKGROUND: Resveratrol (RES) is a bioflavonoid found in the skin of dark grapes and red wine which has antioxidant and pro-apoptotic activity, has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation at high dosages (> 100uM) in vitro, and has cancer prevention activity in animal models. It has been proposed for use in colon cancer prevention in humans. However, it is unclear if a biologically equivalent concentration could be achieved in humans when considering dosages utilized in vitro and in animal models. We have examined the activity of low dose RES on cell proliferation and on Wnt signaling in vitro and compared this to a chemically modified derivative, tri-acetyl resveratrol (TAR). TAR has increased hydrophobicity which would facilitate cellular uptake of the compound both in vitro, and in vivo by colonic mucosa. METHODS: The effects of low dose (< 40uM) RES and TAR on proliferation and Wnt signaling were examined in a normal-derived colon cell line (NCM460) and a colon cancer cell line lacking intrinsic Wnt pathway activation (RKO) by MTT assay and a luminescence-based LEF/TCF reporter assay respectively. RESULTS: Neither RES nor TAR affected proliferation of NCM460 at concentrations from 2.5uM to 40uM. Proliferation of RKO was inhibited by both RES and TAR at 20uM and 40uM, with TAR exhibiting a slightly greater inhibitory effect at each concentration. The effects of RES and TAR on Wnt throughput were measured following treatment of cells with Wnt3a conditioned medium (CM) to augment basal Wnt signaling. Both NCM460 and RKO had significantly increased Wnt throughput following Wnt3a CM. At 20uM, neither RES nor TAR inhibited Wnt throughput in NCM460. 20uM TAR, but not RES, significantly inhibited the Wnt3a CM induced increase in Wnt throughput in RKO (p=0.025). A non-significant trend toward inhibition was seen with RES in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that low concentrations of RES and TAR can inhibit proliferation of colon tumor-derived cells. TAR, but not RES, inhibited Wnt signaling in RKO colon cancer cells but had no effect on the normal-derived colonic mucosal cells, NCM460. This is the first report demonstrating activity of a chemically modified analog of RES on Wnt signaling. The increased efficacy of TAR may be related to improved cellular uptake. Further research on chemically modified analogs of RES on Wnt signaling and on colon cancer is indicated.
Surface Energy and Wettability Study of Flip Chip Packaging Materials

The surface energy of solid surfaces and surface tension of liquids are important parameters in the IC package assembly process. Wettability analyses have been completed for various materials used in the assembly process of flip chip packages, including underfills, substrates, fluxes, and lead free solders. We will highlight some of these results in this paper. We will focus our discussion on substrate surface energy analysis. A brief discussion of different surface energy methods and the liquid selection criteria will be given. The advantage and limitation of the surface energy calculation methods will be discussed. The data from several case studies will be presented. Our results show that contact angle and surface energy measurements are very useful for quality control and product development where interfacial properties are important.
Lemon v. Kurtzman: The Parochial-School Crisis and the Establishment Clause

This chapter in the Law and Religion volume of Aspen's forthcoming "Cases in Context" series traces the background and implications of Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), the case that is famous for its 3-part Establishment Clause test and that also inaugurated a series of decisions in the 1970s and early 1980s striking down state efforts to assist parochial schools and the children attending them. In addition to summarizing the arguments, holding, and general implications of Lemon, the chapter draws attention to background and nuances: the parochial-school financial crisis that triggered these laws, the vigorous but unsuccessful attempt of the NAACP and other plaintiffs to challenge the laws for allegedly promoting white flight from urban neighborhoods, and factors (including changes in religious and racial demographics) that contributed first to the rise of Lemon's no-aid approach and then to its decline in recent decisions such as the Cleveland voucher case.
Exploring Your Environmental Risks: A Community Perspective

(2004). Exploring Your Environmental Risks: A Community Perspective. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 369-372.
Abstract 441: Sex Differences in Microglia Activation During Subpressor Dose of Angiotensin (Ang) II Sensitization of Subsequent Pressor Dose of Ang II

In previous studies using the Induction-Delay-Expression (I-D-E) experimental design we have shown that there are sex differences in the effects of one-week Ang II pre-treatment to sensitize the brain to produce an enhanced hypertensive response to subsequent Ang II. In other studies, we have shown that females are protected from hypertension and brain infiltration of T lymphocytes during Ang II infusion. The purpose of the present study was to test whether there is a sex difference in brain microglia activation on the sensitizing effects of Ang II. The present studies followed an I-D-E experimental design. Three male and three female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to each of the following experimental groups: 1) Control ( I saline + D) ; 2) I-Ang II+D ( I with subpressor dose of Ang II, 10 ng/kg/min); 3) I-saline+D+E-Ang II (I with saline plus E with a pressor dose of Ang II, 120 ng/kg/min); 4) I-Ang II+D+E-Ang II (I with subpressor dose of Ang II plus E with pressor dose of Ang II). At the end of the experiment, animals were anesthetized and perfused with formalin. Thirty-micron frozen slices of the area postrema (AP), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and subfornical organ (SFO) were processed for IHC staining with IBa-1 microglia antibody (WAKO, 1:200). The number of IBa-1+ activated microglia (MG) in each region were counted in an approx 3 consecutive brain slices from 3 separate animals. The subpressor dose of Ang II resulted in a significant increase in NTS activated microglia in males (MG 19.2 vs. 5.1) but not in females (MG 1.5 vs 2.3) when compared to control. In females, the pressor dose of Ang II did not increase the activated microglia in the NTS. The numbers of activated microglia in the AP was similar in males and females in the I-Ang II+D+E-Ang II group, but in the I-Sal+D+E-Ang II, males had greater number of MG in the AP as compared to females (21.5 vs 11.8, P=0.05). The number of MG in the SFO were low across all groups compared to the number of MG in other regions examined (males I-Ang II+D+E-Ang II group averaged 3.9 MG vs females averaged 2.3 MG). These results suggest that sex differences observed in the brain sensitization to Ang II may involve differential induction of microglia activation in selective brain regions important for Ang II generation of hypertension.
Type 2 diabetes in the Hispanic or Latino population: challenges and opportunities.

Purpose of reviewTo describe how type 2 diabetes affects the Latino orHispanic population in the United States, and identify themultiple challenges and opportunities to improve diabetescare in this rapidly growing group.Recent ﬁndingsThree compelling reasons justify the work in this area. First,this group has become the largest minority in the country,representing 13.7% of the total population. Based oncurrent growth rates, one in four individuals will be ofHispanic origin by the year 2050. Second, this populationsuffers from very high rates of type 2 diabetes, obesity, themetabolic syndrome and their multiple vascularcomplications. A genetic tendency to develop insulinresistance and abdominal obesity, along with multiplenutritional, lifestyle, socio-economic and cultural factors,inﬂuence the development and course of type 2 diabetesamongLatinos.Third,Hispanicshavelaggedbehindintheirdiabetes care when compared with the predominant non-Hispanic White population.SummaryUnderstanding the challenges and opportunities in Latinoswith diabetes is necessary to develop and implementcomprehensiveculturallyorienteddiabetescare,education,outreach and research programs. Some of these strategiesmay also be beneﬁcial for other groups and can contributeto better integrate our societies.Keywordsculture, diabetes, disparities, Hispanic, Latino