cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Processing of PEEK for Surgical Implants

Abstract Polyaryletheretherketone (PEEK) is a challenge to synthesize and convert into surgical implants. The polymer is chemically inert and insoluble in all conventional solvents at room temperature. PEEK can only be completely dissolved using fairly esoteric solvents, such as diaryl sulfones. Although inertness and insolubility are desirable for a biomaterial, these attributes constrain the synthesis and manufacture of PEEK. There are various synthetic routes involved in the production of polyketone-based materials. These routes have been developed to overcome the initial challenges in relation to polyketone manufacturing, resulting in the consistent production of polymers for medical applications. The synthetic chemistry used in polyaryletherketone (PAEK) manufacture has a major influence on the thermal stability of the polymer in processing operations and on the leachable and volatile content of these polymers. Therefore, the manufacturing route has the potential to alter the biocompatibility of PAEK materials. The progress in manufacturing has been extended to processing where established methods have been developed to allow the production of reproducible components from a range of production techniques such as injection molding or machining of stock shapes. The relatively recent addition of a biomedical focus to manufacturing and supply offers device companies an opportunity to use these PEEK-based materials, in implants, with confidence in the quality and security of supply.
The Deep Sea

The deep sea, or abyssal zone, is the largest single environmental zone in the world. The enormity of this zone is illustrated by the following comparative figures: 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by oceanic waters while approximately 94% of the ocean bottom and 86% of the ocean's area is in excess of depths of 2,000 meters (Bruun, 1957). In general, the physical parameters are constant at depths below 2,000 meters. The temperature variation in the principal oceans is small; from latitude of 50°N to 58°S the maximum range is only 3.6°C to 0.6°C (Sverdrup et al., 1942). At any one geographical location little seasonal variation is observed; however, there is some thermal variation with depth below 2,000 meters, since the waters immediately above the sea floor are slightly warmer (Bruun, 1957). Salinities average 34.8 ± 0.2 0/00 and vary little with the seasons either at one location or between oceans with the exception of smaller accessory seas (Bruun, 1957). The concentration of oxygen is both constant and high. Between 2,000–4,000 meters, oxygen content ranges from 6.30 to 6.34 ml/liter. Twenty to 50 meters above the bottom, down to approximately 1 meter from the bottom, oxygen concentration values range downward from 4.1 to 3.6 ml/liter (Koczy, 1954). The only light present in this region is produced by bioluminescent organisms, since light striking the ocean’s surface penetrates only a relatively short distance.
Teaching Spanish to veterans with psychiatric disabilities: A creative approach to rehabilitation and recovery.

Topic A Spanish course was heuristically designed to serve as a context to bring together components of various therapies and was offered to veterans with psychiatric disabilities enrolled in a psychosocial rehabilitation and recovery center. Purpose Bilingualism has been associated with enhanced cognitive function and deserves more attention in psychiatric rehabilitation research. Developing opportunities for language instruction to potentially improve cognitive and community integration is explored. Sources used Relevant studies were reviewed to inform the design of the Spanish course and feedback was elicited from veterans who took the course. Conclusions and implications for practice Dialoguing with veterans can yield innovative and recovery-oriented changes to services, and may increase consumer satisfaction. Since leisure, social, and educational activities can draw from a person's interests and strengths, incorporating elements of therapies into these activities may create less stigmatizing and more engaging forms of treatment.
ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES IN WATER QUALITY

The needs for mathematical models that are susceptible to multiple objective functions in their noncommensurable format and units are presented. Several water quality objectives and goals, classified as primary and secondary objectives, are introduced. The concepts of noninferior (Parento optimum) solution, indifference band, and prefered solution are defined. A general multiobjective model for water quality planning and management is developed. Specific multiple objectives and constraints associated with biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, thermal pollution, and algae bloom are introduced and examined. The Surrogate Worth Tradeoff (SWT) method is reviewed and its application to water quality model is analyzed. In particular, basics in the derivation of the trade-off functions and the surrogate worth functions are given.
Abstract T P332: Despite Differences in Device Design, Anticoagulation, and Duration of Use, Pulsatile- and Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices Share Similar Stroke Rates and Outcomes

Background: Stroke is the primary adverse outcome in Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs), not well-described in current literature. We hypothesized that pulsatile-flow devices would have worse stroke rates and outcomes than continuous devices. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study of all adult LVADs from 1999-2013 at the University of Utah utilizing the internal LVAD and Stroke Center databases. Complete chart review included review of all relevant outside records with no case loss. Categorical variables were computed using a χ2 test; ordinal variables via the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Among 52 pulsatile (47 patients) and 91 continuous (81 patients) devices, 17.3% of pulsatile and 18.7% of continuous devices had at least one stroke/TIA (p=0.84). Stroke subtypes and LVAD-specific outcomes did not vary by device. Stroke severity was higher at first stroke/TIA with a median (IQR) NIHSS of 4 (2, 11) vs. 1 (1, 2) in continuous vs. pulsatile devices (p=0.03). Despite continuous devices having nearly twice the number of overall days on device (DOD), there was no difference in median DOD until first stroke/TIA: 170 in pulsatile; 165 in continuous; p=0.56. Stroke outcomes by device were good with mRS≤2 in 71% of pulsatile and 53% of continuous devices (p=0.42). All-cause 1-year mortality was high but with only the minority due to stroke (Table 1). Neither sepsis nor pump thrombus were associated with stroke/TIA. Conclusions: Continuous devices provide longer DOD without increased stroke risk or significantly worse outcomes. First AIS/TIA events were more severe in continuous devices, with non-significantly worse mRS scores. In this study, we did not replicate previous findings of infection predisposing to stroke. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
The Economic Benefits of Credit Card Merchant Restraints: A Response to Adam Levitin

Adam Levitin's article, "Priceless?: The Economic Costs of Credit Card Merchant Restraints," 55 UCLA L. Rev. 1321 (2008), argues that credit card systems violate the U.S. antitrust laws by prohibiting merchants from surcharging credit card transactions and refusing to accept high-priced reward cards. If merchants could engage in these practices, Levitin contends, they would effectively combat credit card system market power and drive down acceptance fees. In this Essay, Steven Semeraro criticizes Levitin's proposal, arguing that surcharging and selective refusal would be ineffective tools in the fight against anticompetitive credit card acceptance fees, because merchants are unlikely to increase their prices by the amount necessary to counteract anticompetitive overcharges without also stifling efficient card use.
Research in XML (extensible markup language)

As the volume of data on the Internet dramatically increases, a standardized structure for handling this data becomes essential. The World Wide Web Consortium has called for just such a standard and XML has answered their calling.The Extensible Markup Language is defined as the universal format for structured documents and data on the Internet. XML's platform independence and extensibility allow it to easily read and generate structured documents in any environment. Thus, XML has become the language of choice for managing, creating and distributing data in all digital media.XML as a programming language is verbose by its nature. Although this increases file-size, it is compensated for by the increased readability of the coding logic. Perhaps one of the most valuable features is the modular aspect of XML. This allows for a new document to be formed by piecing together various elements and formats from previously existing documents.The project portion of our research deals with the implementation of a web-based XML application that allows for the management of local and remote data. The application also serves as conduit between the local and remote sources creating an application data subnet.
Guidance of neuronal growth cones in the grasshopper embryo. IV. Temporal delay experiments

In the previous 3 papers, we demonstrated that neuronal growth cones display selective affinities for both specific axonal and glial pathways in the grasshopper embryo; for example, the pCC growth cone selectively recognizes the MP1/dMP2 axons, while the aCC growth cone selectively recognizes the U axons and a specific glial cell (the segment boundary cell). We were interested in further testing the temporal specificity of these affinities. To address this issue, we performed specific temporal transplant experiments by using a laser microbeam in ovo to ablate the neuronal precursor cell, neuroblast (NB) 1-1, that generates the aCC and pCC neurons. Neighboring ectodermal cells regulate and replace the ablated NB 1-1; the new NB 1-1 then generates the aCC and pCC neurons with a temporal delay of 10-20 hr (2-4% of development), depending upon the experimental paradigm. The results of these temporal delay experiments further demonstrate the selective affinities of the aCC and pCC growth cones for specific axonal and glial surfaces and confirm that these specificities are absolute and not hierarchical. Furthermore, they suggest that precise timing is not important; both the pCC and aCC growth cones are able to selectively recognize their appropriate axonal and glial pathways after delays of 10-20 hr despite being confronted with the surfaces of many additional axons and pathways.
Is seeing believing?: Expectant parents’ outlooks on coparenting and later coparenting solidarity

This study examined short- and longer-term sequelae of parents' prenatal expectations of their future family process, and traced subsequent stability in coparenting solidarity from infancy through the toddler years. One hundred and ten couples expecting a first child participated in prenatal assessments of coparenting expectations and differences, and in 3-month post-partum evaluations. Forty-five couples completed subsequent assessments at 12 and 30 months. At each time point multi-method evaluations of coparental adjustment were obtained. Men's and women's expectancies during the pregnancy and the degree of difference between their self-reported beliefs about parenting predicted post-baby coparental adjustment, with latent class analyses suggesting aftereffects of prenatal expectancies up through 30 months for some couples. Coparental solidarity was also stable from 3 to 12 and from 12 to 30 months. Data indicate that the lens parents bring to bear on their emerging family system is not immaterial, and that early-emerging coparenting dynamics portend longer term coparenting adjustment.
A Primer on Tribal Court Contempt Power

Supreme Court doctrine bars tribal courts from exercising criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians, but tribal courts often are the only practical mechanism available to protect Indian women from non-Indian domestic violence. Congress recognized this fact in the Violence Against Women Act by noting that tribal courts may use their civil contempt power to enforce personal protection orders originating in foreign jurisdictions.This short paper describes the civil contempt power of tribal courts, and how tribal courts have used this power. The paper concludes with a short analysis of the implications of federal Indian law on tribal court authority to issue civil contempt citations to non-Indians.This is a paper prepared for the Michigan Indian Judges Association quarterly meeting, held on May 16, 2008, at the Bay Mills Indian Community.
Transnational Baha’i Print Culture: Community Formation and Religious Authority, 1890–1921

Persian and Arabic Baha'i publishing emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when printing was becoming increasingly widespread in Muslim societies. This article examines how Baha'is employed printing in community consolidation, scriptural canonization, and apologetic encounters. It first considers the role of Baha'i leadership in promoting and defining the parameters of print activities. It then discusses the transnational commercial, travel and pilgrimage routes facilitating the preparation and distribution of printed materials throughout India, Egypt, Palestine, Russian Turkistan and Iran. Specific attention will be paid to individual Baha'is as cultural middlemen across geographical boundaries.
Spatially-interactive biomolecular networks organized by nucleic acid nanostructures.

Living systems have evolved a variety of nanostructures to control the molecular interactions that mediate many functions including the recognition of targets by receptors, the binding of enzymes to substrates, and the regulation of enzymatic activity. Mimicking these structures outside of the cell requires methods that offer nanoscale control over the organization of individual network components. Advances in DNA nanotechnology have enabled the design and fabrication of sophisticated one-, two- and three-dimensional (1D, 2D, and 3D) nanostructures that utilize spontaneous and sequence-specific DNA hybridization. Compared with other self-assembling biopolymers, DNA nanostructures offer predictable and programmable interactions and surface features to which other nanoparticles and biomolecules can be precisely positioned.The ability to control the spatial arrangement of the components while constructing highly organized networks will lead to various applications of these systems. For example, DNA nanoarray...
A Numerical Study of the Initiation of Cumulus Clouds over Mountainous Terrain

Abstract The initiation of cumulus clouds over mountainous terrain is investigated by means of a numerical model. Two-dimensional motion is simulated over a mountain and valley. Changes at the mountain surface of both temperature and water vapor initiate the motion. The equations are similar to Ogura's (1963) but include an extra buoyancy term due to water vapor. Five cases have been numerically integrated. Cases 1 and 4 are included to demonstrate the dynamic effect of water vapor by comparison with a previously integrated “dry model.” Case 1, which allows evaporation at the mountain surface, causes the upslope motion to develop at a 20 per cent faster rate than the dry case. Case 4, which allows no evaporation at the surface, augments the motion over that of the dry case by approximately 10 per cent. A comparison of the results with Braham and Draginis' (1960) observation of potential temperature and water vapor over the Santa Catalinas shows some similarities but indicates that the numerical model has ...
Senescent pathology of cerebellum: Purkinje neurons and their parallel fiber afferents.

Abstract Two groups of naive male Sprague-Dawley rats, 5–7 and 24–26 months of age, were anesthetized with continuous intraperitoneal infusion of 4% chloral hydrate. Stimulation of the cerebellar vermis molecular layer permitted measurements of 12 different electrophysiological properties of parallel fiber/Purkinje cell circuitry: parallel fiber conduction velocity, refractory period, threshold, and current dependent volley amplitude; slow negative wave threshold and current dependent amplitude; Purkinje cell activation threshold, latency, and current dependent spike driving; and Purkinje cell inhibitory threshold, latency, and current dependent duration of inhibition. Old subjects demonstrated deficits on all parameters except Purkinje cell inhibitory threshold. The relevance of these findings to our previous research on senescent changes in cell number, lipofuscin deposition, and spontaneous firing of Purkinje cells is discussed.
Translational read-through of a nonsense mutation in ATP7A impacts treatment outcome in Menkes disease

Protein translation ends when a stop codon in a gene’s messenger RNA transcript enters the ribosomal A site. Mutations that create premature stop codons (nonsense mutations) typically cause premature translation termination. An alternative outcome, read-through translation (or nonsense suppression), is well known in prokaryotic, viral, and yeast genes but has not been clearly documented in humans except in the context of pharmacological manipulations. Here, we identify and characterize native read-through of a nonsense mutation (R201X) in the human copper transport gene, ATP7A. Western blotting, in vitro expression analyses, immunohistochemistry, and yeast complementation assays using cultured fibroblasts from a classical Menkes disease patient all indicated small amounts of native ATP7AR201X read-through and were associated with a dramatic clinical response to early copper treatment.
“Frozen” dynamic dimer model for transmembrane signaling in bacterial chemotaxis receptors

The crystal structures of the ligand binding domain of a bacterial aspartate receptor suggest a simple mechanism for transmembrane signaling by the dimer of the receptor. On ligand binding, one domain rotates with respect to the other, and this rotational motion is proposed to be transmitted through the membrane to the cytoplasmic domains of the receptor.
Do price ceilings abroad increase U.S. drug prices

Abstract For a monopolist who price-discriminates between two markets, how does the imposition or lowering of a binding price-ceiling in one market affect the price in the other unregulated market? Our analysis reveals that the imposition or lowering of the price-ceiling may actually lower the price in the unregulated market.
Contributions to the theory of imitative behavior

The imitation effects in a social group depend both on the size of the group and on the distribution of a certain psychobiological quantity ϕ which measures the tendency of an individual towards a given behavior. The distribution function of ϕ determines the ratio μ of the individuals in the society who adopt a given behavior. When the size of the social group is not too large, the actual distribution of ϕ will deviate from the most probable one, and therefore communities of the same size and having the same parameters may have different values of μ. Approximate equations are developed which give the probability of a given μ for a group of a given size. Possible effects of interactions of communities of different sizes are briefly discussed. A generalization of the theory of imitative behavior to any number of mutually exclusive behaviors is given, and its possible sociological implications are discussed.
Microbial process for preparation of glucuronides of raloxifene

Raloxifene, also known as Evista®, has recently been approved for the prevention of osteoporosis. Three glucuronidated compounds: raloxifene-6-glucuronide, raloxifene-27-glucuronide, and raloxifene-6,27-diglucuronide are known metabolites of raloxifene in man. Reference standards of the three glucuronides were needed for clinical trials. Although chemical routes exist to make the two mono-glucuronides, these routes were unable to provide material to meet the needs of clinical trial standards. No chemical route existed to synthesize the di-glucuronide. A bioconversion process using the microorganism Streptomyces sp NRRL 21489 was identified and scaled up. The biotranformation products were prepared in a tank fermentation, purified, and characterized by UV, LC/MS and NMR spectroscopy.
Stochastic Models for the Kinematics of Moisture Transport and Condensation in Homogeneous Turbulent Flows

The transport of a condensing passive scalar is studied as a prototype model for the kinematics of moisture transport on isentropic surfaces. Condensation occurs whenever the scalar concentration exceeds a specified local saturation value. Since condensation rates are strongly nonlinear functions of moisture content, the mean moisture flux is generally not diffusive. To relate the mean moisture content, mean condensation rate, and mean moisture flux to statistics of the advecting velocity field, a one-dimensional stochastic model is developed in which the Lagrangian velocities of air parcels are independent Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (Gaussian colored noise) processes. The mean moisture evolution equation for the stochastic model is derived in the Brownian and ballistic limits of small and large Lagrangian velocity correlation time. The evolution equation involves expressions for the mean moisture flux and mean condensation rate that are nonlocal but remarkably simple. In a series of simulations of homogeneous two-dimensional turbulence, the dependence of mean moisture flux and mean condensation rate on mean saturation deficit is shown to be reproducible by the one-dimensional stochastic model, provided eddy length and time scales are taken as given. For nonzero Lagrangian velocity correlation times, condensation reduces the mean moisture flux for a given mean moisture gradient compared with the mean flux of a noncondensing scalar.
Electromagnetic scattering by a perfectly conducting patch array on a dielectric slab

The scattering characterization of an infinite and truncated periodic array of perfectly conducting patches on a dielectric slab is discussed. In particular, an approximate solution for the truncated array scattering that is based on the exact solution for the corresponding infinite array is presented. The latter is obtained numerically by solving for the patch currents using a conjugate-gradient fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, eliminating the need to generate and store the usual square impedance matrix. The scattering pattern of the finite array is then computed approximately by integrating the infinite-period-array currents over the given finite array. Numerical results are presented for the infinite and finite arrays, and the accuracy of the approximate solution for the finite array is examined and discussed in relation to some available exact data. It is found that the approximate solution is of reasonable accuracy in predicting the scattering by the truncated array. >
Daily associations between anxiety and alcohol use: variation by sustained attention, set shifting, and gender.

Many theories of emotion regulation and alcohol use posit that alcohol is consumed as a way to regulate negative mood. However, the literature has conflicting evidence on mood-alcohol use associations. Understanding how individual differences affect mood-alcohol use associations remains an important area of study. Previous research has suggested that cognitive abilities may affect the relationship between mood and alcohol. The current ecological momentary study examined associations between daytime anxious and positive mood and both (a) the likelihood of alcohol use and (b) the intensity of use on drinking nights as a function of sustained attention, set shifting, and gender. Participants (n = 100) completed assessments of sustained attention and set shifting, then carried palmtop computers for 21 days, reporting mood and alcohol use up to 8 times per day. RESULTS showed that positive mood was consistently associated with both likelihood and intensity of alcohol use, but the association between positive mood and alcohol outcomes was not affected by cognitive abilities. Anxious mood was positively associated with the likelihood of drinking for men with high cognitive abilities. Anxious mood was positively associated with intoxication on drinking nights for men with high sustained attention, but inversely associated with intoxication on drinking nights for women with high sustained attention. RESULTS suggest that variation in mood, executive functioning, and gender interact to contribute to observed differences in drinking behavior. These differences may be the result of gender-specific coping strategies in response to negative emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
RESPONSE OF ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL STOMATA TO LIGHT

Summary The response to light by adaxial and abaxial stomata was measured with an aspirated diffusion porometer in normal and inverted leaves of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The adaxial stomata, normally exposed to bright light, closed at 2000 ft-candles in both sorghum and tobacco whereas the abaxial stomata, normally in dim light, closed at approximately 1000 ft-candles in sorghum and 200 ft-candles in tobacco. The greater sensitivity of the abaxial stomata to light in both the monocotyledon, sorghum and the dicotyledon, tobacco, indicates that the phenomenon is widely distributed and occurs irrespective of differences in stomatal density. Further, the narrowing of the adaxial stomata which occurred upon leaf inversion suggests that the level of carbon dioxide within the intercellular spaces of the leaf does not control stomatal apertures.
Religious Marginality and the Free Exercise Clause

This article offers a measure of judicial legitimation of marginal religious groups in litigation involving the free exercise of religion clause of the First Amendment. Throughout the greater part of history, marginal religious faiths have found the path to acceptance filled with legal obstacles. Pfeffer (1974) noted that legitimation of marginal groups occurs either when the secular norms change or when such groups change their religious doctrines. The Pfeffer thesis is generally consistent with the sect-church continuum defined by sociologists of religion. In the research reported below, we examined an alternative thesis, namely that official legitimation by the judiciary of marginal religions is a function of their marginality. We compared the results of the universe of all reported state and federal judicial opinions from 1946 through 1956 and 1970 through 1980. We found substantial increases in the percentage of successfully litigated free exercise claims, and furthermore, that success in litigating these claims is closely associated with those factors that distinguish these groups as marginal.
Progressive hedging innovations for a class of stochastic mixed-integer resource allocation problems

Numerous planning problems can be formulated as multi-stage stochastic programs and many possess key discrete (integer) decision variables in one or more of the stages. Progressive hedging (PH) is a scenario-based decomposition technique that can be leveraged to solve such problems. Originally devised for problems possessing only continuous variables, PH has been successfully applied as a heuristic to solve multi-stage stochastic programs with integer variables. However, a variety of critical issues arise in practice when implementing PH for the discrete case, especially in the context of very difficult or large-scale mixed-integer problems. Failure to address these issues properly results in either non-convergence of the heuristic or unacceptably long run-times. We investigate these issues and describe algorithmic innovations in the context of a broad class of scenario-based resource allocation problem in which decision variables represent resources available at a cost and constraints enforce the need for sufficient combinations of resources. The necessity and efficacy of our techniques is empirically assessed on a two-stage stochastic network flow problem with integer variables in both stages.
Calcium-dependent binding of mouse epididymal spermatozoa to the zona pellucida

Abstract The minimal requirements and characteristics of epididymal sperm binding to the zona pellucida of the mouse egg were investigated using a new stop-fix centrifugation technique. This assay provided a precise physical definition of the association between the spermatozoon and the zona and permitted quantitation of the binding reaction at short time intervals. The results demonstrated that Ca 2+ is an essential physiological component required for binding to occur. Sperm preincubated for 60 min in a simplified medium lacking Ca 2+ did not acquire the ability to bind to eggs. In contrast, if sperm preincubation occurred in this medium supplemented with 1.7 m M Ca 2+ , binding was identical to that observed following sperm preincubation in the complete culture medium which supports both capacitation and fertilization in vitro . The Ca 2+ -dependent binding reaction was rapid, reversed by EGTA, specific for Ca 2+ , and did not require the transport of Ca 2+ into the cell. Sperm bound to the zona surface following preincubation with Ca 2+ were capable of fertilization in vitro when the eggs were subsequently transferred to the culture medium. It is proposed that this binding reaction represents a part of capacitation and not the acrosome reaction.
Systematics of the Genus Heterothera Inoue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae: Larentiinae)

sized geometrid moths in the subfamily Larentiinae, which are widely spread in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. The genus was erected by Inoue (1943) based on the following characters: the absence of uncus, long anal tube, stout and flat saccus, weakly sclerotized costa and a well developed sacculus. The monophyly of the genus Heterothera s.s. was first defined by Viidalepp (1980). He listed seven apomorphies for the genus: the bifid saccus, the absence of an uncus, the membranous ductus and corpus bursae without signum, the simple sterigma, the distinct sacculus, the presence of cornuti on the vesica, and the filiform male antenna. Two synapomorphies out of seven, the bifid saccus and the absence of uncus, were unique to Heterothera s.s. However, the character ‘absence of uncus’ was found to be incorrect. Inoue (1982) proposed a new genus Viidaleppia for the species of Asaphodes sensu Viidalepp (1980). Later, he (Inoue 1986) described the characters of the genus Viidaleppia as: doubly bipectinated male antenna, strongly sclerotized costa and pointed apex of forewing, sclerotized and plate-like sacculus, well developed apical projection of the sacculus, numerous spinular cornuti, well developed sterigma, and a broad ductus bursae. However, the genus Heterothera s.s. was found to be paraphyletic in relation to Viidaleppia and the latter was synonymized with Heterothera in a cladistic analysis of the Cidariini sensu Herbulot (Choi 1997; see ‘Diagnosis and monophyly’ for synapomorphies).
A description and analysis of agonistic behavior patterns in an opisthobranch mollusc, Hermissenda crassicornis.

Observation of the encounters which occurred among pairs of Hermissenda crassicornis demonstrated the following: 1. Twenty percent of the encounters are agonistic, involving lunging or biting or both. 2. Agonistic behavior more often follows when the animals meet anterior-to-anterior than when they meet in any other configuration. 3. Initiators of encounters are more likely to win than non-initiators. They are larger than non-initiators and enter encounters head-first more frequently. Knowledge of either the position of the animals or the initiator allows relatively accurate predictions of the eventual winner. Additional knowledge of the size difference does not contribute to improved predictability. 4. The behavior patterns were recorded using I.5 second sampling periods. The sequence of behavior patterns is consistent with a first order Markovian model; this is primarily due to the strong tendency to repeat a pattern just displayed. One can predict the following behavior pattern with an accuracy of 1/3 to 1/4. 5. After removal of the repeated behavior patterns, the transitions between patterns are still consistent with a first order Markovian model. One can now predict the following behavior pattern with an accuracy of 1/5 to 1/6. There exists a greater possibility than before that higher orders of dependency might contribute to the sequence of behavior patterns. 6. The sequence of behavior patterns of agonistic encounters are more rigidly organized than the sequence of non-agonistic encounters. 7. It appears that winners and losers of encounters react in a similar manner to a given behavior pattern of the other.
Optimal guessing: Choice in complex environments

In this paper, we extend the analysis of our earlier work on boundedly rational learning in an i.i.d. setting [Easley and Rustichini, Econometrica 67 (1999) 1157–1184] to complex decision problems. We show that the axioms from our earlier analysis can be applied in this more complex setting, and along with some new axioms, they asymptotically yield expected utility maximization. Perhaps most important is our demonstration of a simple procedure that insures expected payoff maximization no matter what Markov process the underlying process on states follows. We view this result as providing a positive learning result for all worlds in which learning is possible.
A Five-Zone Simulated Moving Bed for the Isolation of Six Sugars from Biomass Hydrolyzate

A five-zone simulated moving bed (SMB) process was developed in this study to recover sugars from corn-stover hydrolyzate. The sugars can serve as fermentation feedstock for ethanol production. The major hydrolyzate components are six sugars (arabinose, mannose, xylose, galactose, glucose, cellobiose) and four impurities (sulfuric acid, acetic acid, furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural). An eight-zone SMB based on Dowex99 and a five-zone nonisocratic SMB based on poly-4-vinyl pyridine (PVP) were designed with pseudolinear standing wave design and then optimized. Cost analysis and fermentation tests indicated that the PVP SMB is the most cost-effective. The design was tested using VErsatile Reaction and SEparation (VERSE) simulations and SMB experiments. Two different feed compositions, two different feed flow rates, and two different regenerants were tested in three PVP SMB experimental runs. All runs had 99+% yields. The sugars purities ranged from 93% to 95%, because some sulfate and acetate co-eluted wi...
Challenging the Gaze: The Subject of Attention and a 1915 Montessori Demonstration Classroom.

The child's attention, how this attention is reasoned about, and how attention works as a surface for pedagogical intervention are central to understanding modern schooling. This article examines “attention” as an object of knowledge related to the organization and management of individuals. I address what we might learn about attention by studying one specific Montessori classroom, the glass-walled public demonstration set up at the 1915 San Francisco World's Fair. The pedagogy of attention on display and the spectatorship of the classroom provide an opportunity to rethink how power and subjectivity play in the formation of human attractions. I argue that thinking through Montessori offers important and relevant suggestions for present-day examinations of attention. The 1915 demonstration classroom can help us theorize the relation of attention to normalizing and governmentalizing practices. This specific study of how attention operates in one locale has implications for tactile learning theories and for the analytics of power to be used in studies of attention.
Oral Delivery of Proteins: Progress and Prognostication

The delivery of proteins has gained momentum with the development of biotechnology sector that provided large-scale availability of therapeutic proteins. The availability is mostly due to the advances in recombinant DNA technology. The low oral bioavailability, however, continues to be a problem for several proteins because of their large molecular size, low permeation through biological membranes, and susceptibility to molecular changes in both biological and physical environments. The demand for effective delivery of proteins by the oral route has brought a tremendous thrust in recent years both in the scope and complexity of drug delivery technology. The important therapeutic proteins and peptides being explored for oral delivery include insulin, calcitonin, interferons, human growth hormone, glucagons, gonadotropin-releasing hormones, enkephalins, vaccines, enzymes, hormone analogs, and enzyme inhibitors. This article reviews the progress in oral delivery of these proteins, provides comments on the strategies to improve their oral bioavailability, and highlights their current market trends.
Management of oral Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions on HIV-positive patient using highly active antiretroviral therapy: Case report and a review of the literature

Summary This article reports an unusual presentation of an oral KS lesion in an HIV-positive HAART-naive patient three years after diagnosis. The lesions gradually decreased in size subsequent to the initiation of HAART. KS lesions may regress after HAART begins, suggesting that the recovery of the immune system and a direct antiviral effect against human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) may largely cause this improvement.
Patterns of reporting health-related quality of life across racial and ethnic groups.

The National Institute of Health and the US FDA have regulations on the inclusion of minorities in research, and guidelines on how to conduct and report subgroup analyses among each racial and ethnic group. Although health-related quality of life (HRQL) has enjoyed increased popularity as an important end point in clinical research, the literature lacks a comprehensive review on whether or not racial and ethnic groups report HRQL differently, particularly among patients with specific disease states. HRQL is different from most other end points in clinical research in that it is reported by patients and thus is affected by patients’ racial and ethnic background in a special way. This paper summarizes the existing literature on patterns of reporting HRQL across racial and ethnic groups. It begins with a summary of general HRQL patterns and subsequently covers HRQL related to renal disease, breast cancer and prostate cancer. This paper is not intended to be exhaustive, but to inform researchers of good pract...
Tribological Properties of Carbon Coatings Produced by High Temperature Chlorination of Silicon Carbide

The tribological properties of highly disordered graphitic carbon layers formed on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates by reaction with chlorine and chlorine-hydrogen gas mixtures at 1000 °C were studied. Si was selectively removed from the near surface of SiC by chlorine gas, leaving behind a layer of carbon having high structural density and strong bonding characteristics. Tribological tests showed that the carbon films were highly adherent and able to reduce friction coefficients of the base SiC by factors of up to seven. There was little or no change in the factional behavior of carbon layers when sliding velocity and load were increased. Low friction coefficients (∼0.1) could be obtained under wet, dry, polished, and rough conditions. The initially rough carbon surface underwent plastic flow producing a smooth, self-adjusting carbon layer. Structural morphology and the amount of disorder in the carbon layers were correlated with the friction and wear performance of the resultant films. Presented as a So...
Multi-metric model-based structural health monitoring

ABSTRACT The inspection and maintenance of bridges of all types is critical to the public safety and often critical to the economy of a region. Recent advanced sensor technologies provide accurate and easy-to-deploy means for structural health monitoring and, if the critical locations are known a priori, can be monitored by direct measurements. However, for today’s complex civil infrastructure, the critical locations are numerous and often difficult to identify. This paper presents an innovative framework for structural monitoring at arbitrary locations on the structure combining computational models and limited physical sensor information. The use of multi-metric measurements is advocated to improve the accuracy of the approach. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed hybrid monitoring framework, particularly focusing on fatigue life assessment of steel structures.
Effects of education on cognition at older ages: Evidence from China's Great Famine

This paper explores whether educational attainment has a cognitive reserve capacity in elder life. Using pilot data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we examined the impact of education on cognitive abilities at old ages. OLS results showed that respondents who completed primary school obtained 18.2 percent higher scores on cognitive tests than those who did not. We then constructed an instrumental variable (IV) by leveraging China's Great Famine of 1959-1961 as a natural experiment to estimate the causal effect of education on cognition. Two-stage least squares (2SLS) results provided sound evidence that completing primary school significantly increases cognition scores, especially in episode memory, by almost 20 percent on average. Moreover, Regression Discontinuity (RD) analysis provides further evidence for the causal interpretation, and shows that the effects are different for the different measures of cognition we explored. Our results also show that the Great Famine can result in long-term health consequences through the pathway of losing educational opportunities other than through the pathway of nutrition deprivation.
Development of a two-dimensional model of a compliant non-pneumatic tire

Abstract An analytical model for a compliant non-pneumatic tire on frictionless, rigid ground is presented. The tire model consists of a thin flexible annular band and spokes that connect the band to a rigid hub. The annular band is modeled using curved beam theory that takes into account deformations due to bending, shearing and circumferential extension. The effect of the spokes, which are distributed continuously in the model and act as linear springs, is accounted for only in tension, which introduces a nonlinear response. The quasi-static, two-dimensional analysis focuses on how the contact patch, vertical tire stiffness and rolling resistance are affected by the stiffness properties of the band and the spokes. A Fourier series representation of the shear strain in the annular band and the complex modulus of the material were used to predict rolling resistance due to steady state rolling. From the analysis point of view, when the wheel is loaded at its hub, the following three distinct regions develop: (1) a support region where the hub hangs by the spokes from the upper part of the flexible band, (2) a free surface region where the spokes buckle and have no effect, and (3) a contact region where the flexible band is supported by the ground without the effect of the spokes. The angular bounds of these three regions are determined by the spoke angle and the contact angle, which are respectively the angle at which the spokes start to engage in tension and the angle that defines the edge of contact. Closed-form expressions of contact stress, stress-resultants and displacements at the centroids of the cross-sections of the flexible band are expressed in terms of these angles, which must be determined numerically. A thorough parametric analysis of quantities of interest for the tire is presented, which can be used to help support the optimal and rational design of compliant non-pneumatic tires. The model was validated by comparison with two computational models using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS and by experimental rolling resistance data.
Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients.

ObjectiveTo examine neuropsychological function, depression, and quality of life 6 months after discharge in patients who received mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingTertiary care, medical and coronary intensive care unit of a university-based med
Purification of sour cherry necrotic ringspot and prune dwarf viruses.

Abstract Sour cherry necrotic ringspot and prune dwarf viruses were purified from cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons harvested 3–6 days after inoculation. Infected tissue was homogenized in 0.02 M pH 8.0 phosphate buffer containing 0.01 M sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and 0.02 M sodium thioglycolate. After low speed centrifugation the supernatant was mixed with hydrated calcium phosphate. This adsorbed chloroplastic material and cell debris, which then was removed by low speed centrifugation. Two cycles of low and high speed centrifugation of the clarified homogenate produced clear glassy pellets which were highly infectious. Suspensions of necrotic ringspot virus were composed of round particles about 23 mμ in diameter; prune dwarf virus particles were about 22 mμ in diameter. Purifed preparations had ultraviolet absorption spectra typical of nucleoproteins. Healthy cucumber cotyledons processed in the same manner as infected tissue yielded no visible material. Both infectivity and typical particles adsorbed to hydrated calcium phosphate in 0.002 M buffer and failed to adsorb in 0.03 M buffer. Purified virus in 0.02 M phosphate buffer was much more stable than virus in crude extracts. Purified necrotic ringspot virus lost infectivity rather rapidly in distilled water and was quickly inactivated by vigorously shaking the suspension.
A negative permeability material at red light

A negative permeability in a periodic array of pairs of thin silver strips is demonstrated experimentally for two distinct samples. The effect of the strip surface roughness on negative permeability is evaluated. The first sample, Sample A, is fabricated of thinner strips with a root mean square roughness of 7 nm, while Sample B is made of thicker strips with 3-nm roughness. The real part of permeability, mu', is -1 at a wavelength of 770 nm in Sample A and -1.7 at 725 nm in Sample B. Relative to prototypes simulated with ideal strips, larger strip roughness acts to decrease |mu| by a factor of 7.8 in Sample A versus a factor of 2.4 decrease for Sample B.
The dynamics of transboundary industrial location decisions: industrial flight or global strategy?

With a heightening of public environmental awareness caused by the burgeoning problems of hazardous waste disposal throughout the world, the environment as a political issue has become more visible in Korea during the 1980s. Is Du Pont trying to escape more stringent environmental laws? This study explores the question of industrial flight by examining Du Pont's decision to locate its titanium dioxide plant involving hazardous wastes in Korea.
THINKING AND SLACKING OR DOING AND FEELING? GENDER AND THE INTERPLAY OF COGNITION AND AFFECT IN NEW VENTURE PLANNING

Studies of the relationship between gender and entrepreneurship have shown that men are significantly more likely to start a new business than women. Because an individual's entrepreneurial intentions are shaped by the perceived feasibility and desirability of an entrepreneurial opportunity, these results have generally emphasized how men perceive themselves as more capable of pursuing entrepreneurial opportunities than women. In this study, men have a higher level of self-efficacy than do women regarding entrepreneurial abilities. At the same time, the higher levels of involvement in business planning processes caused women to have a higher sense of ownership in the plan than did men. This sense of ownership is positively and significantly related to the perceived likelihood of success of the new venture. The findings of this study suggest women adopt certain roles and affects in the development of entrepreneurial opportunities that provide alternative explanations to the beliefs-attitudes-intentions-behavior model of intentionality. The roles and affects women adopt during new venture planning may give them superior insights into the likelihood of success of the new venture.