cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of streptomycin aerosol on Friedländer's pneumonia in rats.

SummaryStreptomycin, administered to white rats by intramuscular injection or by inhalation, following intrabronchial inoculation of mucin-suspended Friedlander's bacilli, is highly effective in preventing a consequent pneumonia. Of 10 rats infected with 100,000 lethal doses and treated by intramuscular injection of 1,000 μg of streptomycin 4 times a day for 3 days, all survived, while 10 control, untreated rats died within 2 days. Similarly, injections of 500 μg 4 times a day for 4 days saved all of 5 rats inoculated with 17,000 lethal doses, while 8 of 10 control rats died within 4 days.When the drug was given at similar intervals by inhalation of streptomycin aerosol to 30 rats infected intrabronchially with from 30,000 to 100,000 lethal doses, 60 to 70% of the treated animals survived following estimated dosages of from 1,000 to 1,600 μg per treatment. All of the 30 untreated control rats died. To the foregoing data it may be added that, when the dosage was reduced to 5,000,000 organisms, which consti...
Water, place, and equity

Many predict that by the end of this century water will dominate world natural resources politics as oil does today. Access to water is widely regarded as a basic human right, and was declared so by the United Nations in 1992. And yet the water crisis grows: although the total volume of water on the planet may be sufficient for our needs, much of it is misallocated, wasted, or polluted, and the poorest of the poor live in arid areas where water is scarce. The coming decade will require new perspectives on water resources and reconsideration of the principles of water governance and policy. Water, Place, and Equity argues that fairness in the allocation of water will be a cornerstone to a more equitable ands secure future for humankind. With analyses and case studies, it demonstrates that considerations of equity are more important in formulating and evaluating water policy than the more commonly invoked notions of efficiency and markets. The case studies through which the book explores issues of water equity range from cost and benefit disparities that result from Southern California's storm water runoff policies to the privatization of water in Bolivia. In a final chapter, Water, Place, and Equity considers broader concerns--the impact of global climate change on water resources and better ways to incorporate equity into future water policy. Contributors: Thomas Clay Arnold, Madeline Baer, Amy Below, David Feldman, Paul W. Hirt, Helen Ingram, Sheldon Kamieniecki, Maria Carmen Lemos, Stephen P. Mumme, Richard Warren Perry, Ismael Vaccaro, John M. Whiteley, Margaret Wilder
The structure and properties of time-optimal discrete linear control

In this correspondence the geometric structure and matrix properties of the time-optimal control for the general linear discrete systems are discussed in terms of eigenvectors, Jordan canonical form, and nilpotency.
Punctate epiphyseal dysplasia, another cause of leg length inequality.

Summary A case of punctate epiphyseal dysplasia which was followed for 8 years and 3 months is presented. The course of the disease in this instance was relatively benign, but the patient displayed residual shortening of the involved extremity, for which surgical therapy was instituted. This entity can be added to the list of causes of inequality of leg length. Since the distinctive signs may disappear before the inequality of development becomes evident, this disease may be the cause of such inequality more often than is realized.
Playware: augmenting natural play to teach sign language

We discuss PlayWare--a system of augmented dress-up clothes, toys, and a digital environment that teaches simple ASL vocabulary to young children. We present a preliminary evaluation of the system in a school setting and plans for improving the PlayWare system for future deployment.
Dielectric Properties of the Fast-Ion Conductor Na3Sc2P3O12

Dielectric properties of granular crystallites of the fast-ion conductor Na3Sc2P3O12 are measured in the frequency range 0.05 to 26 MHz and the temperature range − 70 to + 125 °C. Plots of the loss tangent, at fixed frequency, vs. temperature show a very sharp change in tan δ accompanying a structural phase change at about 63 °C. These plots show two loss maxima in the low temperature phase which indicate the occurrence of two relaxation processes with activation energies of 0.49 and 0.77 eV. These relaxation processes are probably distinct from the process of fast-ion conduction which occurs at temperatures above the phase change at 63 °C. The existence of the structural phase change is substantiated by heat capacity measurements. Die dielektrischen Eigenschaften von Granular-Kristalliten des Superionenleiters Na3Sc2P3O12 werden im Frequenzbereich 0,05 bis 26 MHz und Temperaturbereich −70 bis 125 °C gemessen. Die Kurven des Verlustfaktors bei fester Frequenz uber der Temperatur zeigen einen sehr starken Sprung fur tg δ, der eine strukturelle Phasenanderung bei etwa 63 °C begleitet. Diese Kurven zeigen zwei Verlustmaxima in der Tieftemperaturphase, die auf zwei Relaxationsprozesse mit Aktivierungsenergien von 0,49 bzw. 0,77 eV hinweisen. Diese Relaxationsprozesse unterscheiden sich wahrscheinlich von Prozes der Superionenleitung, der oberhalb der Phasenanderung bei 63 °C auftritt. Die Existenz von strukturellen Phasenanderungen wird mittels Messungen der Warmekapazitat festgestellt.
Direct enantiomeric resolution of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen by packed column SFC

Packed column SFC is used to resolve the enantiomers of two nonsteroidal antiinflammatories. A Chiralpak AD column is used with a binary mobile phase of carbon dioxide/methanol to achieve resolution. The effects of composition, pressure, temperature, and flow on ibuprofen enantiomer separation are examined. In this instance, temperature affords the greatest change in resolution followed by pressure and composition. Baseline resolution of ibuprofen is achieved in less than 7 min and fluibiprofen is baseline resolved in less than 4 min. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relationship between carcinoma of the breast and acne

Some persons develop acne secondary to endocrine therapy for cancer; it is thought that acne may represent an end-organ response of the pilosebaceous apparatus to the hormonal changes occurring at this period. Because of the multiglandular effect of the steroid hormones a study was done to determine if patients with mammary carcinoma had a smaller incidence of acne in their youth than other individuals. 4 groups were studied: 84 patients with mammary carcinoma 182 of 276 patients with mammary carcinoma who responded to questionnaires inquiring whether they had had acne 133 patients hospitalized for conditions other than carcinoma of the breast and 166 female high school students whose faces were inspected to determine the incidence of acne by examination. There was great difficulty in determining the incidence of acne by history but the results do suggest that individuals who do not have acne in their youth are twice as likely to develop mammary cancer than those with acne. However more study is needed.
A study of methods of analysis for boric acid. II. Polarimetric analysis of boric acid.

Abstract A simple, accurate, and reliable method is desired for the assay of boric acid. A polarimetric analysis has been devised as a solution to this problem. It is easy to determine the angle of rotation of a complex compound formed by boric acid and an optically active substance. The amount of boric acid present can be determined from a standard graph. Polarimetric studies were made of the effect of boric acid on the optical rotation of optically active amino acids, and certain active sugars and hydroxy acids. Tartaric acid and d ‐tartaric acid were found to exert the greatest effect when mixed with boric acid. These two substances are utilized for the polarimetric assay of boric acid.
Medically and surgically treated coronary patients in cardiovascular rehabilitation: a comparative study.

Mood and physical performance were assessed in medically and surgically treated patients with coronary artery disease referred to a cardiovascular rehabilitation program early in convalescence. Sur...
Depression After Myocardial Infarction

Depression is an important disease state that requires significant time and resources to manage properly. The presence of depression in patients with cardiovascular disease has been strongly associated with detrimental effects in terms of morbidity and mortality. Although several large-scale and small studies have evaluated various interventions in the management of depression after myocardial infarction, a significant portion of these data have provided more questions than answers. Although limited, the randomized prospective clinical trial data evaluating interventions for the management of depression after myocardial infarction in patients with ischemic heart disease continue to produce promising findings for progressive and improved management of these devastating diseases.
Studies on the possible regulation of plasma sodium by prolactin in amphibia.

Abstract 1. 1. Prolactin, which has sodium-retaining activity in some teleost fishes in fresh water, was examined for similar activity in leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens ) and California newts ( Taricha torosa ). 2. 2. Adenohypophysectomy of R. pipiens and T. torosa causes a fall in plasma sodium levels of about 10 per cent, which is not corrected by prolactin treatment. Aldosterone and corticosterone are also ineffective in restoring blood sodium in Taricha . 3. 3. Placing intact Taricha in a hypo-osmotic (75 per cent) saline solution results in an increase in plasma sodium concentrations of about 20 per cent. Treatment with prolactin, aldosterone or corticosterone does not cause further increase. 4. 4. Prolactin does not appear to regulate plasma sodium in these anuran and urodele species.
Comparison of 12-hour Urine Protein and Protein: Creatinine Ratio with 24-hour Urine Protein for the Diagnosis of Preeclampsia

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the 12-hour urine protein >165 mg and protein:creatinine ratio >0.15 for the prediction of 24-hour urine protein of ≥300 mg in patients with suspected preeclampsia. Study Design We performed a prospective observational study of 90 women who had been admitted with suspected preeclampsia. Protein:creatinine ratio and 12- and 24-hour urine specimens were collected for each patient. Test characteristics for the identification of 24-hour urine protein ≥300 mg were calculated. Results A 12-hour urine protein >165 mg and protein:creatinine ratio of >0.15 correlated significantly with 24-hour urine protein ≥300 mg (r = 0.99; P P 165 mg performed better than protein:creatinine ratio as a predictor of a 24-hour urine protein ≥300 mg (sensitivity, 96% and 89%; specificity, 100% and 49%; positive predictive value, 100% and 32%; negative predictive value, 98% and 91%, respectively). Conclusion The high correlation of a 12-hour urine protein >165 mg with a 24-hour urine protein ≥300 mg (with the benefit of a shorter evaluation time) and the high negative predictive value of protein:creatinine ratio suggest that the use of both these tests have a role in the evaluation and treatment of women with suspected preeclampsia.
Laboratory Susceptibility of Wyeomyia smithii (Diptera: Culicidae) to Ascogregarina taiwanensis (Apicomplexa: Lecudinidae)

Gregarines in the genus Ascogregarina are not known to develop in sabethine mosquitoes, but we successfully infected larvae of Wyeomyia smithii with Ascogregarina taiwanensis in the laboratory. Ascogregarina taiwanensis is a natural parasite of the exotic Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Only 18% to 70% of the W. smithii larvae had visible trophozoites, with a range of 1-92 per larva. Trophozoites persisted in the midgut for more than 37 d, and one adult female W. smithii had gametocysts in its Malphigian tubules, which indicated that A. taiwanensis might fully develop in W. smithii. After 50 d, gregarines were not found in W. smithii larvae.
Phosphorylation is not required for dynamin-dependent endocytosis of a truncated mutant opioid receptor.

Opioid receptors are regulated within minutes after activation by G protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. We addressed the question of whether phosphorylation is required for opioid receptor endocytosis by examining a functional, truncated mutant δ opioid receptor (DOR344T), which is missing phosphorylation sites located in the carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic domain. DOR344T receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells remained predominantly in the plasma membrane, even in the presence of saturating concentrations of agonist, consistent with previous studies demonstrating strongly inhibited endocytosis of truncated receptors in this cell type. In marked contrast, DOR344T receptors expressed at similar levels in human embryonal kidney (HEK) 293 cells exhibited rapid, ligand-induced internalization either in the presence of peptide (DADLE) or alkaloid (etorphine) agonist. Quantitative assays using ELISA and flow cytometric techniques indicated that DOR344T receptors were endocytosed in HEK293 cells with similarly rapid kinetics as full-length DOR (t½
Transient absorption changes in vivo during photodynamic therapy with pulsed-laser light.

High intensity pulsed-laser light can be used to excite absorbing molecules to transient states in large proportions. The laser-induced spectral changes can be characterized by transient changes in light propagation; through the tissue provided the excited states of these molecules have altered absorption spectra. Characterization of these transient changes may then be used to exploit new mechanisms in photosensitization and/or to optimize photobiological effects. In this study, transmittance and reflectance were measured as a function of laser pulse energy, from tissue-simulating media as well as in rat muscle and liver slices, both with and without the photosensitizer benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD-MA) present. There was a transient decrease in absorption from the photosensitizer at peak pulse irradiance in the range of 100–1000 W cm–2. The depth of photodynamic treatment-induced tissue necrosis was measured in a subcutaneous prostate cancer model in Copenhagen rats. A comparison between continuous wave irradiation and pulsed irradiation with the same average incident irradiance showed no statistically significant difference in the depth of necrosis at 48 h after irradiation. These results indicate that photosensitizer population-state changes are measurable in tissues and may provide a method for measuring triplet-state properties of photosensitizer in vivo, but for BPD-MA at clinically used concentrations these changes do not significantly affect the depth of photodynamically-induced tissue damage. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
Effects of L-DOPA on the excretion of alcoholic metabolites of catecholamines and trace amines in rat and human urine.

We have utilized chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring to measure the concentrations of various alcoholic amine metabolites in rat and human urine. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol (DHPE) was found to be the major alcoholic metabolite of dopamine excreted by both species; whereas, the concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol (MHPE) were much lower. The metabolite of norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), was excreted in amounts of about 16 and 34% of the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in the rat and man, respectively. p-Hydroxyphenylglycol, the alcoholic metabolite of octopamine, was detected in both rat and human urine, in amounts of 2 and 62 μg24 hr, respectively. Treatment of rats with Ro4–4602, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, decreased the excretion of MHPG and pHPG by 57 and 43%, respectively. l-DOPA (150 mg/kg ip) given to rats caused a 3-fold elevation in the excretion of DHPG but no significant effect on MHPG excretion. The excretion of MHPE was increased by 23-fold, m-hydroxyphenylethanol (a metabolite of m-tyramine) was increased 8-fold, while pHPG was unaffected. In patients with Parkinson's disease, MHPG, DHPG, and DHPE excretion was 3.6-, 4.6-, and 11-fold higher, respectively, in patients treated with Sinemet (l-DOPA plus a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor) than in untreated patients. We conclude that l-DOPA has a significant effect on norepinephrine metabolism in both man and rat.
Recommended Practices: Cultivating a Culturally Responsive Learning Environment for Chinese Immigrants and Chinese American Students

Designing a learning environment that is culturally responsive to meet the needs of students from diverse backgrounds requires school professionals to view each student and his or her family as an individual entity. Cultural disposition consists of attributes exclusive to each student and should not be adopted as a blanket definition in characterizing individuals under the same cultural umbrella. To assist with such differentiations for students of Chinese heritage, three area topics with recommended practices will be discussed: (a) parent/family influence of participation and collaboration in schools, (b) considerations for academic instruction/learning and classroom management, and (c) structuring the learning environment to facilitate social-emotional development.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Bryostatins 1–12

Abstract A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-8; acetonitrile-water gradient) separation procedure was developed for detecting bryostatins 1–12, using a photodiode array detector system. While bryostatins 6 and 9 were found to co-elute they were easily separated using a silica gel column with 9:1 n-hexane-n-propanol as eluent.
Antibody-based validation of CNS ion channel drug targets.

Target validation and selection are critical early steps in the drug discovery process as they trigger substantial activity and investment to identify potential drug candidates. Antibodies play a crucial role in target selection as they provide powerful tools to explore the distribution and subcellular location of candidate molecules and can also be used to explore function. For studies of ion channel targets, antibodies are indispensable as they allow for direct exploration of the subunit composition of channel complexes in native tissues using biochemical and anatomical methods. This perspective summarizes the application of antibodies to target characterization and validation within the context of a CNS therapeutic discovery program targeting voltage-gated K+ channels. We also discuss a strategy for the development, characterization, and validation of high-quality antibody reagents to support key activities in drug discovery.
The effects of gender, age, and parental attachment on delinquency: A test for interactions

A recent interest in juvenile delinquency is the effect of parental attachment on delinquency for males and females. This study contributes to this research by demonstrating that the effect of gender on the relationship between parental attachment and delinquency depends on age. The inverse effect of virtual supervision on delinquency is significantly greater for males at age 15 than at age 11, and significantly greater for males than for females at age 15. The inverse effect of intimacy of communication on delinquency is significantly greater for males at age 11 than at age 18, and significantly greater for females than for males at age 18. The implications of these results for Hirschi's theory and future research comparing male and female delinquency are discussed.
Helping Left-Handed Children Adapt to School Expectations

(2004). Helping Left-Handed Children Adapt to School Expectations. Childhood Education: Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 25-31.
Surgical Management of a Giant Plexiform Neurofibroma of the Lower Extremity

The authors review their experience with the management of a giant 49-kg (108 lb) neurofibroma of the lower extremity in a 37-year-old male with NF1. The patient presented with right thigh pain, paresthesias, increasing edema, and accelerated growth of the mass. The patient was taken to the operating room, where approximately 39 kg (86 lb) of tumor and 10 L (22 lb) of interstitial fluid was removed. The postoperative course was complicated by cellulitis, delayed wound closure, and recurrent lymphedema. Complications were managed with antibiotics, ultrasound-guided drainage, surgical revision of closure, compressive dressings, passive drainage, and vacuum-assisted wound closure. Giant neurofibromas similar to this tumor require complex intraoperative and postoperative management strategies. Surgical closure is best managed with local flaps, and postoperative lymphedema is best managed with passive drainage and compressive dressings.
The thermosphere as a sink of magnetospheric energy: A review of recent observations of dynamics

The study of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the earth’s upper atmosphere has made significant progress over the past few years owing to the availability of new global—scale data sets from the Dynamics Explorer satellites. The thermospheric wind and temperature fields at high latitude have been observed to depend strongly on forcing processes of mag— netospheric origin. A key momentum source is due to the drag effect of ions convecting in response to electric fields mapped down on the ionosphere from magnetospheric boundary regions. Likewise, an important heat source derives from Joule or frictional dissipation due to ion/neutral difference velocities governed, in turn, by magnetospherio forcing. In this paper we discuss the progress made over the last 2—3 years initiated by the new satellite measurements and we review published data on ion and neutral motions in the context of the energy and momentum coupling between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere/neutral upper atmosphere. The observations indicate the existence of a “flywheel effect” which implies direct feedback from the neutral thermosphere to the magnetosphere via the release of energy and momentum previously “stored” in the neutral thermosphere.
Min and max functions, Bochner-Radon-Nikodym approximations, and a representation characterization

By means of basic properties of the functions min{x, y} and max{x, y} andsum supremum and sum infimum functionals, an elementary argument for a nonintegrable form of the Lipschitz portion of the Bochner-Radon-Nikodym Theorem is obtained. It is also shown that if a 0, if a (h(s)−h(r))/(s−r)> (h(t)−h(s))/(t−)>0
Academic capitalism in the Pasteur’s quadrant

Based on previous empirical studies, in this work the author presents an analysis of the role of context in academic capitalism. In particular, she argues that the literature on academic capitalism fails to properly acknowledge disciplinary and institutional differences, which results in an oversimplification of the effects of industry‐academia collaborations on the academic profession in science and engineering.
Effect of nanoparticle dispersion on specific heat capacity of a binary nitrate salt eutectic for concentrated solar power applications

Abstract In this study we investigate nanoparticle dispersions in a molten binary nitrate salt eutectic. It has been recently reported that nanoparticle dispersions in molten salt mixtures can significantly enhance the specific heat capacity of the salt mixtures. These molten salt mixtures can be used as heat transfer fluid (HTF)/thermal energy storage (TES) in a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant and enhancing their specific heat capacity can significantly reduce the cost of electricity produced by CSP. However, the mechanism for the enhanced specific heat capacity is still under investigation and has not been clearly explained. In this paper, we investigate the effect of nanoparticle size on the specific heat capacity of nanoparticle/molten salt eutectic mixture. Four different sizes of nanoparticles (5 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm, and 60 nm) were dispersed in a molten nitrate salt eutectic at 1% concentration by weight. The molten nitrate salt eutectic consisted of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) at compositions of 60% and 40% by weight. A modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC) was employed to measure the specific heat capacity of the pure molten salt eutectic and the nanomaterials (pure molten salt eutectic mixed with nanoparticles). The specific heat capacity of the nanomaterials was enhanced with increase of nanoparticle size. The observed enhancement was found to be 8% for 5 nm, 12% for 10 nm, 19% for 30 nm and 27% for the 60 nm. Material characterization analyses were carried out to investigate microstructural change of the nanomaterials. It was observed that special nanostructures were formed by molten salt mixtures in the nanomaterial samples and the amount of observed nanostructures was increased with the measured specific heat capacity. This indicates that nanostructures formed in the nanomaterials may be responsible for the enhanced specific heat capacity of the nanomaterials.
A system for the continuous directed evolution of biomolecules

Laboratory evolution has generated many biomolecules with desired properties, but a single round of mutation, gene expression, screening or selection, and replication typically requires days or longer with frequent human intervention. Because evolutionary success is dependent on the total number of rounds performed, a means of performing laboratory evolution continuously and rapidly could dramatically enhance its effectiveness. Although researchers have accelerated individual steps in the evolutionary cycle, the only previous example of continuous directed evolution was the landmark study of Wright and Joyce, who continuously evolved RNA ligase ribozymes with an in vitro replication cycle that unfortunately cannot be easily adapted to other biomolecules. Here we describe a system that enables the continuous directed evolution of gene-encoded molecules that can be linked to protein production in Escherichia coli. During phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE), evolving genes are transferred from host cell to host cell through a modified bacteriophage life cycle in a manner that is dependent on the activity of interest. Dozens of rounds of evolution can occur in a single day of PACE without human intervention. Using PACE, we evolved T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) variants that recognize a distinct promoter, initiate transcripts with ATP instead of GTP, and initiate transcripts with CTP. In one example, PACE executed 200 rounds of protein evolution over the course of 8 days. Starting from undetectable activity levels in two of these cases, enzymes with each of the three target activities emerged in less than 1 week of PACE. In all three cases, PACE-evolved polymerase activities exceeded or were comparable to that of the wild-type T7 RNAP on its wild-type promoter, representing improvements of up to several hundred-fold. By greatly accelerating laboratory evolution, PACE may provide solutions to otherwise intractable directed evolution problems and address novel questions about molecular evolution.
Muscle imbalance and back pain related through muscle fatigue

Describes a back analysis method which is based on measuring the myoelectric signal from the back musculature. Initial tests indicate that the method is a potentially useful assessment tool for revealing the presence or absence of back pain. >
The Production of Identity and the Negotiation of Intimacy in a `Gentleman's Club'

This paper problematizes the concept of `true' intimacy by examining a particular commodified relationship - that between a female dancer and her regular male customers in a heterosexual strip club in the US. Participant observation is used to describe and examine the relationships developed between dancers and their `regular customers' and the mutual manufacture of identities and intimacy which is involved in these relationships. First, it is argued that an illusion of intimacy is produced within the strip club to make an interaction between a dancer and her regular seem more `real' and desirable. Next, it is shown how even such a commodified relationship can generate a high degree of emotional involvement, using the concept of `emotional labor' (Hochschild, 1983) to help break down the barriers between real and manufactured intimacy. Finally, there is a discussion on how an intimate experience draws upon private self-representations that are both real and imaginary, and upon sexual self-identities that ...
The ecological energies of growth, respiration and assimilation in the intertidal American oyster Crassostrea virginica

Seasonal variations in the growth, respiration and assimilation of the intertidal oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) of different sizes were determined. The instantaneous growth rates for intertidal oysters decreased with increasing size and with lower temperatures. Q10 values computed from instantaneous growth rates were approximately 2 during the warm growing season, but were higher in the colder months. Oxygen consumption increased with temperature and body size. A model was developed to predict oxygen consumption at any environmental temperature from 10° to 30°C for oysters ranging in weight from 0.1 to 100.0 g. Q10 values computed from oxygen-consumption rates decreased with increasing temperature and increasing body size. Intertidal oysters utilize a large proportion of their assimilated energy in growth.
Role of endotoxin in the response to experimentally induced bacteremia in chronically prepared rats

Chronically prepared rats were injected intravenously with live Escherichia coli in doses from approximately 10(5) to approximately 10(9) colony-forming units (CFU). Significant dose-related increase in plasma adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone occurred after approximately 10(7) CFU. Fever occurred after approximately 10(7) CFU but not after approximately 10(9) CFU. These responses changed significantly but were not blocked completely when > 94% of the viable E. coli was removed from the inoculates. The remaining endotoxin activity in the inoculates resembled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from the same strain of E. coli on electrophoretic gels. Plasma endotoxin increased for > or = 240 min to 5.1 +/- 0.9 endotoxin units (EU)/ml after approximately 10(7) CFU and to 440 +/- 59 EU/ml after approximately 10(9) CFU. Endotoxin at approximately 10(9) CFU caused death within 24 h that was not predicted by the total activity of endotoxin that was injected. In contrast, extracted LPS with its strain and total activity matched to approximately 10(7) CFU mimicked the responses to this nonfatal dose. The total endotoxin activity of the injected bacteria appears to account for the effects of nonfatal doses of E. coli but not for the effects of fatal doses.
Trapping effects in GaN and SiC microwave FETs

It is well known that trapping effects can limit the output power performance of microwave field-effect transistors (FETs). This is particularly true for the wide bandgap devices. In this paper we review the various trapping phenomena observed in SiC- and GaN-based FETs that contribute to compromised power performance. For both of these material systems, trapping effects associated with both the surface and with the layers underlying the active channel have been identified. The measurement techniques utilized to identify these traps and some of the steps taken to minimize their effects, such as modified buffer layer designs and surface passivation, are described. Since similar defect-related phenomena were addressed during the development of the GaAs technology, relevant GaAs work is briefly summarized.
Developmental Patterns of Organizational Task Groups: A Preliminary Study

The lack of research on organizational task group development is considered in the light of methodological difficulties, including group availability, threats to internal and external validity, and limitations of the existing research technology. Possible benefits from such research are compared to the difficulties. From this discussion a design for preliminary research more closely approaching the conditions of the organizational task group is developed and executed. This research tests and confirms a previously published model of task group development through the use of a Developmental Rating Scale. Clinical observations of the groups are used to supplement the conclusion of the study. The need for continued research in successive approximations of organizational task groups is suggested.
GENOMIC INSIGHTS INTO EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HETEROKONT LINEAGES EMPHASIZING THE PHAEOPHYCEAE

Heterokonts comprise a large and diverse group of organisms unified by the heterokont biflagellate condition. Monophyly of many of these lineages is well established, but evolutionary relationships among the various lineages remain elusive. Among these lineages, the brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are a monophyletic, taxonomically diverse, and ecologically critical group common to marine environments. Despite their biological and scientific importance, consensus regarding brown algal phylogeny and taxonomic relationships is missing. Our long-term research goal is to produce a well-resolved taxon-rich phylogeny of the class to assess evolutionary patterns and taxonomic relationships among brown algal lineages and their relationship to other closely related heterokont groups. To accomplish this goal and augment existing loci for phaeophycean-wide systematic studies, we generated expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from several major brown algal lineages and from the heterokont lineage representing the closest sister group to brown algae. To date, we have successfully constructed cDNA libraries for two lineages (Choristocarpus tenellus Zanardini and Schizocladia ischiensis E. C. Henry, Okuda et H. Kawai) and in the library test phase obtained up to 1,600 ESTs per organism. Annotation results showed a gene discovery rate of 45%-50% for each library revealing 500-700 unique genes from each organism. We have identified several potential genes for phylogenetic inference and used these loci for preliminary molecular clock analyses. Our molecular clock analysis suggests that the basal divergence in brown algae occurred around the time of the pennate-centric diatom divergence. Here we report this analysis and other uses of ESTs in brown algal phylogenomics and the utility of these data for resolving the phylogeny of this group.
Hoo Optimality Criteria for LMS and Backpropagation

We have recently shown that the widely known LMS algorithm is an H∞ optimal estimator. The H∞ criterion has been introduced, initially in the control theory literature, as a means to ensure robust performance in the face of model uncertainties and lack of statistical information on the exogenous signals. We extend here our analysis to the nonlinear setting often encountered in neural networks, and show that the backpropagation algorithm is locally H∞ optimal. This fact provides a theoretical justification of the widely observed excellent robustness properties of the LMS and backpropagation algorithms. We further discuss some implications of these results.
Hurricane-induced motions and interaction with ocean currents

Hurricanes produce mixing and flow divergences (and convergences) that alter the upper-ocean heat content (OHC), which in turn affects the storm. Ocean observations under a hurricane are rare, making it difficult to validate forecast models. Past research have mainly focused on OHC-changes by vertical mixing and tacitly assumed that horizontal transports are slowly varying. Moreover, effects of coastal boundaries on ocean responses to hurricanes are generally omitted. This work uses satellite data to detect and verify forecast isopycnal motions under hurricane Wilma (Oct/16–26/ 2005) in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The model is then used to show that Wilma-induced convergences in northwestern Caribbean Sea produce increased Yucatan-Channel transport into the Gulf ahead of the storm, and the Yucatan–Loop Current front diverts most of this heat around the Loop. This response is distinct from that of an ocean without the Loop, for which warming is widespread north of the channel. These intricate ocean responses can impact hurricane predictions. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dichotic perception of Mandarin tones by Chinese and American listeners.

The dichotic perception of Mandarin tones by native and nonnative listeners was examined in order to investigate the lateralization of lexical tone. Twenty American listeners with no tone language background and 20 Chinese listeners were asked to identify dichotically presented tone pairs by identifying which tone they heard in each ear. For the Chinese listeners, 57% of the total errors occurred via the left ear, indicating a significant right ear advantage. However, the American listeners revealed no significant ear preference, with 48% of the errors attributable to the left ear. These results indicated that Mandarin tones are predominantly processed in the left hemisphere by native Mandarin speakers, whereas they are bilaterally processed by American English speakers with no prior tone experience. The results also suggest that the left hemisphere superiority for native Mandarin tone processing is similar to native processing of other tone languages.
Comparative reactivities of non-fibrous and fibrous forms of desoxyribonucleoprotein with lupus erythematosus serum.

SummaryThe comparative reactivities of the non-fibrous and fibrous forms of desoxy-ribonucleoprotein were studied in the complement fixation test with LE sera. On the basis of “antigen” dilution experiments the non-fibrous DNP was shown to be between 10 and 100 times more reactive than fibrous DNP.
Online structure learning for Markov logic networks

Most existing learning methods for Markov Logic Networks (MLNs) use batch training, which becomes computationally expensive and eventually infeasible for large datasets with thousands of training examples which may not even all fit in main memory. To address this issue, previous work has used online learning to train MLNs. However, they all assume that the model's structure (set of logical clauses) is given, and only learn the model's parameters. However, the input structure is usually incomplete, so it should also be updated. In this work, we present OSL--the first algorithm that performs both online structure and parameter learning for MLNs. Experimental results on two realworld datasets for natural-language field segmentation show that OSL outperforms systems that cannot revise structure.
Can the Focus of Attention Accommodate Multiple, Separate Items?.

Researchers of working memory currently debate capacity limits of the focus of attention, the proposed mental faculty in which items are most easily accessed. Cowan (1999) suggested that its capacity is about 4 chunks, whereas others have suggested that its capacity is only 1 chunk. Recently, Oberauer and Bialkova (2009) found evidence that 2 items could reside in the focus of attention, but only because they were combined into a single chunk. We modified their experimental procedure, which depends on a pattern of switch costs, to obtain a situation in which chunking was not likely to occur (i.e., each item remained a separate chunk) and still obtained results consistent with a capacity of at least 2 items. Therefore, either the focus of attention can hold multiple chunks or the switch cost logic must be reconsidered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Objective Tropical Cyclone Center Tracking Using Single-Doppler Radar

AbstractThis study presents an extension of the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD)-simplex tropical cyclone (TC) circulation center–finding algorithm to further improve the accuracy and consistency of TC center estimates from single-Doppler radar data. The improved center-finding method determines a TC track that ensures spatial and temporal continuities of four primary characteristics: the radius of maximum wind, the maximum axisymmetric tangential wind, and the latitude and longitude of the TC circulation center. A statistical analysis improves the consistency of the TC centers over time and makes it possible to automate the GBVTD-simplex algorithm for tracking of landfalling TCs. The characteristics and performance of this objective statistical center-finding method are evaluated using datasets from Hurricane Danny (1997) and Bret (1999) over 5-h periods during which both storms were simultaneously observed by two coastal Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) units. Independent sin...
Dicer controls CD8+ T-cell activation, migration, and survival

The RNaseIII enzyme Dicer is required for mature microRNA production. Although extensive investigation has been carried out to determine the role of Dicer/miRNAs in the immune system, their function in mature CD8+ T cells has not been examined. We deleted Dicer in mature polyclonal and TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells using either tat-cre or the distal lck promoter, which drives cre expression after the stage of positive selection. Following antigenic challenge by a pathogen infection in vivo, Dicer-deleted CD8+ T cells failed to accumulate at the usual peak of the response. Surprisingly however, we found that deletion of Dicer in mature CD8+ T cells allowed them to respond more rapidly than control cells to TCR stimuli in vitro. In response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 stimulation, Dicer-deleted T cells up-regulated CD69 faster and entered the first mitosis earlier than control T cells. In addition, activated Dicer−/− cells failed to rapidly down-regulate CD69 when removed from the TCR stimulus. As a probable consequence of this sustained CD69 expression, Dicer−/− T cells showed defective migration out of the central lymphoid organs in vivo. We identify miR-130/301, which are dramatically up-regulated following T-cell activation, as able to down-regulate CD69 expression via binding to a conserved site in the 3′UTR of CD69 mRNA. Thus, cellular functions dependent on Dicer expression are not required for the early steps in CD8+ T-cell activation, but are essential for their survival and accumulation.
Multiple myeloma-associated solitary epidural amyloidoma of C2-C3 without bony connection or myelopathy: case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND A large solitary amyloidoma in the cervical epidural space without bony connection and with minimal spinal cord compression and no myelopathy, as a first manifestation of disseminated amyloidosis in a multiple myeloma patient, has not been reported previously; this case is thereby distinct from the seven prior reports in the world literature, of a solitary amyloidoma of the cervical spine. CASE DESCRIPTION A 72-year-old male, recently diagnosed with multiple myeloma, presented with a neuropathy that prompted a screening MRI of the cervical spine. This disclosed a large mass in the upper cervical epidural area felt to pose a high morbidity/mortality risk, leading to successful surgical removal of the amyloidoma mass. This then led to further testing that showed previously unsuspected widespread amyloidosis, which was subclinical up to that time. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a newly discovered amyloidoma, whether or not in the setting of known multiple myeloma, further evaluation should be done to detect the presence of amyloidosis. If the mass is discovered de novo, then an investigation should be carried out to determine if multiple myeloma, as well as amyloidosis, is present.
Impact of ground delay program rationing rules on passenger and airline equity

The discrepancy between the demand for arrival slots at an airport and the available arrival slots on a given day is resolved by the ground delay program (GDP). The current GDP rations the available arrival slots at the affected airport by scheduled arrival time of the flights with some adjustments to balance the equity between airlines. Current rationing rules do not take into account passenger flow efficiency in the rationing assignment tradeoff. This paper examines the tradeoff between flight delays and passenger delays as well as airline equity and passenger equity in GDP slot allocation. A GDP rationing rule simulator (GDP-RRS) is developed to calculate efficiency and equity metrics for all stakeholders. A comparison of alternate GDP rationing rules identified that passenger delays can be significantly decreased with a slight increase in total flight delays. Compared to the traditional ration-by-schedule, ration-by-aircraft size (RBAc) decreased the total passenger delay by 10% with 0.4% increase in total flight delay, and Ration-by-Passengers (RBPax) decreased total passenger delay by 22% with only 1.1% increase in total flight delay. The disutility of implementing a GDP is minimized with ration-by-passengers (RBPax) when passengers as well as airlines are considered in the decision. the current scheme, Ration-by-Schedule (RBS), is preferred only when the system solely focus on airlines. The tradeoffs between airline and passenger equity, and the implications of these results are discussed.
Smaller lungs in women affect exercise hyperpnea

We subjected 29 healthy young women (age: 27 ± 1 yr) with a wide range of fitness levels [maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 max): 57 ± 6 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1; 35–70 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1] to a progressive trea...
Modeling and characterization of a microplasma source

Summary form only given. A microwave powered microplasma source is developed tested for materials processing on spatially localized areas by applying a small discharge to only the region being processed. The paper focuses on the modeling and characterization of this microplasma. A small diameter stream of plasma (less than 2 mm in diameter) is created by focusing microwave energy inside a discharge tube. The discharge then flows out the end of the tube onto the surface being processed delivering ions and reactive radicals. The diameter of the plasma stream from the tube to the material being processed is controlled by an aperture mounted at the end of the tube. The spot size of the localized plasma stream ranges from 2 mm down to 10's micrometers depending on the aperture size. The discharge is created by using 2.45 GHz microwave energy that is coupled into the discharge using a small re-entrant cavity that has a hollow inner conductor and a small capacitive gap at the end of the cavity. A processing gas mixture is fed through a 2 mm inner diameter quartz tube which is located inside the hollow inner conductor of the cavity. This tube is exposed to a high electric field at the small gap of the cavity thus generating the surface wave plasma. The length of the surface wave discharge in the tube can be extended by increasing the microwave power to the discharge so that the plasma reaches the aperture. The operating pressures range from 0.5 Torr to 10 Torr and the microwave power utilized ranges from a few Watts to 10's Watts. This paper specifically reports on measurements of the plasma power density and the plasma density of argon discharges operated in the microplasma source. Plasma density measurements are performed using a double Langmuir probe placed in the materials processing area. This paper also reports on computational modeling of the plasma discharge and the microwave excitation of the discharge. A self-consistent model of the re-entrant cavity and plasma discharge is presented with results compared to the experimental measurements.