cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hopfield model and its role in the development of synthetic biology.

Neural network models make extensive use of concepts coming from physics and engineering. How do scientists justify the use of these concepts in the representation of biological systems? How is evidence for or against the use of these concepts produced in the application and manipulation of the models? It will be shown in this article that neural network models are evaluated differently depending on the scientific context and its modeling practice. In the case of the Hopfield model, the different modeling practices related to theoretical physics and neurobiology played a central role for how the model was received and used in the different scientific communities. In theoretical physics, where the Hopfield model has its roots, mathematical modeling is much more common and established than in neurobiology which is strongly experiment driven. These differences in modeling practice contributed to the development of the new field of synthetic biology which introduced a third type of model which combines mathematical modeling and experimenting on biological systems and by doing so mediates between the different modeling practices.
Recent advances in high-speed planar Rayleigh scattering in turbulent jets and flames: increased record lengths, acquisition rates, and image quality

In this manuscript, we describe recent advances made within our research group to obtain long-record-length, high-speed (10–40 kHz), two-dimensional planar Rayleigh scattering image sequences in turbulent non-reacting and reacting flows with high image quality. Specifically, high-speed planar Rayleigh scattering is used to obtain the time-varying mixture fraction field in non-reacting turbulent jets and the time-varying temperature field in turbulent non-premixed flames. This study highlights the significant improvements obtained with the use of a new, high-energy pulse burst laser system (HEPBLS). The HEPBLS, which can output ultra-high pulse energies at 10–50 kHz (e.g., >500 mJ/pulse at 532 nm and 10 kHz in this study) and long burst durations (e.g., up to 25 ms), allows for high-resolution, long-duration imaging of two-dimensional, time-correlated scalar fields using planar Rayleigh scattering in turbulent flows and flames. The combination of the high-energy output from the HEPBLS and an optimized optical collection system allows for the use of an un-intensified CMOS camera for all measurements, which greatly improves the spatial resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as compared to previous high-speed, two-dimensional mixture fraction and temperature imaging (Patton et al. in Appl Phys B 106:457, 2012; 108(2):377, 2012). Resolution and SNR tests are presented quantifying the benefits of the new HEPBLS/optical collection system. The improved spatial resolution and SNR allow detection of smaller-scale turbulent features (e.g., turbulent fluctuations) as well as improved measurements of scalar gradients as demonstrated in sample mixture fraction and temperature image sequences in highly turbulent flows. Improvements in SNR of a factor of seven are demonstrated in the turbulent non-reacting jets, and results from non-premixed flames demonstrate “single-shot” SNR of 90 in air and 35 at 2,000 K, which represents a 3.5 times improvement as compared to previously published work. Beyond visualization, the potential of the time-correlated, two-dimensional mixture fraction and temperature data is discussed in terms of new, multi-point, multi-time statistics.
Phosphorothyoate oligodeoxynucleotides block nonspecific binding of Cy5 conjugates to monocytes.

Abstract Cy5-based monoclonal antibody conjugates, including those containing PE-Cy5 and Cy5 alone, are used widely for multi-color flow cytometry in both research and clinical applications. One problem with these conjugates is they bind to monocytes and macrophages irrespective of antibody specificity. This effect, which is thought to be due to binding of the Cy5 itself to the human high affinity receptor for IgG (FcγRI, CD64), can complicate interpretion of flow cytometric results. In the present study we demonstrate that phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (PS-ODN) suppress this nonspecific binding in a manner that is independent of PS-ODN sequence. Binding of FITC-labeled PS-ODN to monocytes was blocked by CD64-specific monoclonal antibodies, suggesting CD64 is a PS-ODN-binding protein. We conclude PS-ODN can be used as an effective, simple and low-priced reagent to prevent nonspecific binding of Cy5-based immunoconjugates to monocytes. This effect appears to be mediated by PS-ODN binding to CD64 thereby blocking the binding of Cy5 to this receptor.
Abstract 2345: Amplification of mouse chromosome 4 in chemically induced and invasive mouse lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and is ranked second only to bladder cancer in proportion of cases due to past occupational exposures. Though the genetic changes associated with lung cancer are not well understood, the pattern of mutations observed in lung adenocarcinoma from tobacco exposed patients is distinct from that of lung adenocarcinoma from unexposed patients. We used Spectral Karyotyping (SKY), mapping with fluorescently labeled genomic clones (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), expression array, real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot to analyze 15 primary adenocarcinoma and 9 pairs of high and low invasive cell cultures to detect molecular changes. The medial portion of chromosome 4 was deleted in 67% of all of the cell strains. Duplication of the proximal region of chromosome 4 occurred in 22% of the spontaneously-occurring high-invasive cells strains and 83% of the chemically-induced high-invasive cell cultures. Mouse chromosome 1 and 15 were amplified in 90% of the high-invasive cell strains. FISH mapping further narrowed the region of deletion of chromosome 4 to 39.6 centimorgans (cM) and the region of duplication to 10-35 cM. Expression array and real time PCR analysis demonstrated increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitory factor p16 and the apoptotic factor Cathepsin D in all of the tumor cell strains. The expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), Kruppel like factor-4 (KLF4), Cyclin E and c-myc was significantly higher in the high-invasive cells strains compared to the low-invasive cell strains. Western blotting showed increased Cox-2, Cyclin E, KLF4 and c-myc proteins and decreased expression of Cathepsin D. In addition, the KLF4 protein was higher in the chemically-induced cell strains compared to the spontaneously-occurring cell strains while COX-2 was higher in the spontaneously-occurring cell strains. The KLF4 protein was identified in the tumor cell strains at the expected size of 55 KD as well as a smaller 45 KD form. Coordinated expression of KLF4 and c-myc is important in the induction of a stem cell phenotype and may be important in chemical carcinogenesis. The higher COX-2 in the spontaneous tumors indicates the importance of inflammation in spontaneous tumor induction. The homologous linkage groups on human chromosomes 9p21, 1p36, 9q and 8q are altered in asbestos-induced human lung adenocarcinoma. Alteration in copy number and expression of these genes may play a functional role in lung cancer development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2345. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2345
Nonobstetric Surgery During Pregnancy

Women who require nonobstetric surgery during their pregnancy, regardless of the date of gestation, present a complicated and enigmatic clinical picture for the nurse. The clinical picture is challenging by virtue of the existence of pregnancy, compounded by the implications of surgical disease. The impact of surgery on the mother and fetus is described. Information on how the physiologic changes of pregnancy interact with surgical processes and nursing interventions to improve the outcome of surgery are presented.
Fluorescence polarization measurement of the hormone-binding site interaction.

Fluorescence polarization methodology has been applied to the binding of fluorescentlabeled prolactin, growth hormone and estradiol to subcellular fractions prepared from rabbit mammary and uterine tissue. Equilibrium measurements treated by Scatchard plots have shown that there are high affinity sites (K ∼ 109 1 mol−1), as well as lower affinity sites (K ∼ 108 1 mol−1) for both hormones. The binding of the fluorescent labeled hormone to microsomal or cytosol fractions has been shown to be inhibited by the prior addition of native, unlabeled hormone. Kinetic results on the interaction of prolactin with the microsomal fraction are consistent with a bimolecular reaction involving significant structural rearrangements during the reaction (not diffusion controlled). The forward rate constant calculated from data on initial rates was found to be 1.7 × 105 1 mol−1 sec−1. Stopped flow kinetic measurements on the reaction between fluorescent-labeled estradioJ and cytosol binding sites show that at low temperature...
Alpha hydroxy acid oxidation by peroxisomes

Abstract Peroxisomes from liver and kidney of rats and pigs were isolated by isopynic sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Alpha hydroxy acid oxidase was shown by electrophoresis to be a single liver peroxisomal protein which catalyzed the oxidation of glycolate and α-hydroxyisocaproate. With glycolate the Km was 2.4 × 10−4 m in rat liver and 1.3 × 10−3 m in pig liver, and V varied among peroxisomal preparations from 20–50 nmoles min−1 mg−1 protein. With α-hydroxyisocaproate the Km was 3.4 × 10−3 m , and V ranged from 20 to 30 nmoles min−1 mg−1 protein. The oxidase also catalyzed at a slower rate the oxidation of lactate, α-hydroxycaproate, and α-hydroxyvalerate. Peroxisomes from rat kidney contained one α-hydroxy acid oxidase which utilized α-hydroxyisocaproate and, to some extent, longer chain α-hydroxy acids, but did not oxidize glycolate or lactate. Peroxisomes from pig kidney contained two α-hydroxy acid oxidases, one for the short chain and the other for the long chain α-hydroxy acids, and both oxidized α-hydroxyisocaproate. The peroxisomal fraction, as isolated from rat liver homogenates, contained about 0.6% of the total lactate dehydrogenase, which may be as much as 1.5% if corrected for particle breakage. Less, but still substantial, lactate dehydrogenase was present in the rat kidney peroxisomal fraction. The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern was the same for the peroxisomal and cytosol fractions in the rat, but not in the pig. The specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase from rat liver peroxisomes was 30% of that in the cytosol. No peak of lactate dehydrogenase was found in other fractions, such as the mitochondria. The results are inconclusive as to whether peroxisomes contain lactate dehydrogenase. However, as currently isolated on sucrose gradients, the peroxisomal fraction is so rich in lactate dehydrogenase activity, measured as pyruvate reductase, that it exceeds by 60- to 70-fold the α-hydroxy acid oxidase activity. Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate equally well. Mammalian peroxisomes do not contain a specific d -glycerate dehydrogenase or hydroxypyruvate reductase.
Religious Education, A Factor In Mental Health

(1958). Religious Education, A Factor In Mental Health. Religious Education: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 307-310.
Mechanism of action of disodium cromoglycate--mast cell calcium ion influx after a histamine-releasing stimulus.

Abstract Rat peritoneal mast cells release histamine and accumulate 45 Ca in a dose-dependent manner when concentrations of compound 48/80 ranging from 0·1 to 1·0 μg/ml are incubated with suspensions of the cells for 5 min at 37°. Influx of 45 Ca stimulated by compound 48/80 can be inhibited to varying degrees by prior addition of disodium cromoglycate. Inhibition was dependent on the concentration of both disodium cromoglycate and compound 48/80. The electrokinetic properties of intact rat mast cells are described; disodium cromoglycate caused a plasma membrane alteration possibly related to Ca 2+ influx. Cromoglycate increased mast cell electrophoretic mobility but decreased the electrophoretic mobility of rat erythrocytes. The net electrophoretic mobility was a function of terminal sialic acid residues, ionic strenght, and pH. Binding of disodium cromoglycate to Ca 2+ could not be demonstrated by a variety of sensitive physical techniques. The data support the theory that secretion of mast cell histamine is coupled to Ca 2+ influx. It is suggested that disodium cromoglycate prevents mast cell histamine release by a plasma membrane alteration which prevents an increase in membrane permeability to Ca 2+ stimulated by compound 48/80.
Adaptation of a multicomponent treatment for irritable bowel syndrome to a small-group format.

We evaluated a multicomponent treatment program for IBS that had been adapted to a small-group format. Patient acceptance was satisfactory with 14 of 17 potential patients completing treatment. No reductions of GI symptoms were noted in a 12-week symptom-monitoring baseline phase; diarrhea became significantly worse. Treatment led to significant (p<.05) reductions in abdominal pain and diarrhea. Nine of 14 (64.3%) patients were clinically improved.
Digital transmitter design for mobile devices

The advancement of the process technology, especially CMOS technology, has played a major role in the miniaturization of the mobile device as well as extending its battery life. As digital logic continues to shrink in size and increase in density, implementing RF/analog functions digitally becomes increasingly more attractive. RF/analog digitization not only allows the design blocks to benefit from process scaling, but also enables a more complete system-on-chip integration. In this article, several digitally enhanced CMOS transmitter implementations are discussed, and their trade-offs are analyzed. A digital quadrature transmitter that is process-scaling-friendly and multimode-capable is presented at the end. The chip is implemented in 40 nm CMOS process and can easily be integrated with digital baseband processors.
Perinatal High Reliability: Doing the Right Thing for Every Patient, Every Time

Professional Issues Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program High‐reliability organizations operate highly complex and hazardous systems, essentially without mistakes. Safety is the hallmark of a high‐reliability unit (HRU) and is understood to be the responsibility and duty of every team member. The purpose of this project is to implement the clinical and cultural changes required to establish our Women Infant Services units as HRUs. Proposed Change All clinicians have an obligation to speak up for safety. This project creates the environment and mechanisms that support team efforts to achieve safety. Activities are geared toward ensuring that quality issues are exposed to provide opportunities for prevention. Project activities include daily check‐in meetings, increased leadership presence, implementing a process for timely and open review of safety incidents, and communicating findings and solutions to team members. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Daily check‐in (DCI) : DCI reviews the past 24 hours, looks ahead at the next 24 hours, and asks, “Are there any safety concerns?” The team includes charge nurses from the departments of labor and delivery, mother–baby (M/B), gynecology (GYN), antepartum, and neonatal intensive care unit; nurse management; physicians; social work; pharmacy; and anesthesiologists. In the first 10 weeks of DCI, 55 safety concerns were verbalized; 66% resolved the same day and 88% within 5 days. Rounding to influence : Obstetric leaders round twice per month. Bedside nurses verbalize safety concerns and safety behaviors. STAR (stop, think, act, review) and ARCC (ask a question, make a request, voice a concern, and use the chain of command) behaviors are reinforced. Patient interviews give further opportunity to verbalize safety concerns. High‐Reliability Committee structure : • High‐Reliability Committee : Accountability and transparency of safety, quality, and patient satisfaction measures. • Incident Report Committee (ISIS) : Monthly meetings; bedside nurses review incident reports and make action plans. Debrief/cause analysis : Critical safety events are brought forward within a week of occurrence. Participants assess the event from every angle looking for opportunities to improve and make action plans. Safety newsletter : Monthly updates on action plans and safety concerns close the loop of communication. Evaluation : Fall 2012 safety culture survey. Implications for Nursing Practice Within the safe culture of an HRU, the authority gradient is lessened and nurses experience decreased stress and increased respect for their contribution to the team. When unusual or unexpected events occur, nurses are empowered to improve bedside practice through the debriefing process and support from the team. Job satisfaction is increased on units where practice is based on evidence and professional standards.
Structure of the 21–30 fragment of amyloid β-protein

Folding and self-assembly of the 42-residue amyloid β-protein (Aβ) are linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 21–30 region of Aβ, Aβ(21–30), is resistant to proteolysis and is believed to nucleate the folding of full-length Aβ. The conformational space accessible to the Aβ(21–30) peptide is investigated by using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent. Conformations belonging to the global free energy minimum (the “native” state) from simulation are in good agreement with reported NMR structures. These conformations possess a bend motif spanning the central residues V24–K28. This bend is stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds involving the side chain of residue D23 and the amide hydrogens of adjacent residues G25, S26, N27, and K28, as well as by a salt bridge formed between side chains of K28 and E22. The non-native states of this peptide are compact and retain a native-like bend topology. The persistence of structure in the denatured state may account for the resistance of this peptide to protease degradation and aggregation, even at elevated temperatures.
Airway obstruction in adults with recurrent respiratory infections and IgG deficiency.

In 42 adults with recurrent respiratory infections (RRI) and common variable immunodeficiency or immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass deficiency, the results of pulmonary function tests were related to factors apt to produce airway obstruction: serum concentration of IgG and IgG subclasses, various features of acute RRI (number/year, time from onset to diagnosis, episodes of pneumonia, etc) and type of chronic lung disease (smoking and nonsmoking related chronic bronchitis, episodic wheezing, and bronchiectasis). Compared with nonsmokers, usually less than 40 years of age, the patients above 40 had smoking-related chronic bronchitis and had obstruction (%FEV1/forced vital capacity [FVC] 55.3 ± 8.1 vs 80.1 ± 4.5), hyperinflation (residual volume 182.7 ± 22.7 percent vs 109.7 ± 8.8 percent of pred) hypoxemia (66.6 ± 5.8 vs 83.4 ± 4.2 mm Hg) and impaired carbon monoxide transfer (65.5 ± 9.1 percent vs 93.3 ± 5.8 percent). The features of acute or chronic RRI, the time from onset to diagnosis (
Partonic Equation of State in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Recent results on chemical freeze-out, elliptic flow v2 and multi-strange hadron transverse momentum distributions are discussed and compared with model predictions. The idea of heavy flavor collectivity and light flavor thermalization is presented in the light of recent heavy flavor measurement at RHIC.
The Making of Monastic Demonology: Three Ascetic Teachers on Withdrawal and Resistance

Although in recent years fourth- and fifth-century Egyptian monasticism has received much scholarly attention of increasing methodological and theoretical sophistication, conflict with demons, a primary metaphor for the ascetic life in the literature of the period, has been left relatively unexplored. One reason for this lack of attention is a shift in the intellectual paradigms through which scholars approach ascetic literature: as they have moved from psychological and theological models to social and performative ones in interpreting ascetic theory and practice, seemingly subjective or theological themes such as demonological theory have given way to more cultural topics, such as constructions of the body and formations of ascetic institutions and practices, with their accompanying politics. But the neglect of demons is a function also of the weighty influence exercised by two fourth-century demonologists, Athanasius of Alexandria and Evagrius of Pontus, and of the powerful modern explications of monastic demonology based on these important sources. Together the Life of Antony and the works of Evagrius construct, it seems, the monastic demonology, upon which later sources only elaborate.
A systematic approach for cell-phone worm containment

Cell phones are increasingly becoming attractive targets of various worms, which cause the leakage of user privacy, extra service charges and depletion of battery power. In this work, we study propagation of cell-phone worms, which exploit Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and/or Bluetooth for spreading. We then propose a systematic countermeasure against the worms. At the terminal level, we adopt Graphic Turing test and identity-based signature to block unauthorized messages from leaving compromised phones; at the network level, we propose a push-based automated patching scheme for cleansing compromised phones. Through experiments on phone devices and a wide variety of networks, we show that cellular systems taking advantage of our defense can achieve a low infection rate (e.g., less than 3% within 30 hours) even under severe attacks.
Sulfur isotopic compositions of individual sulfides in Martian meteorites ALH84001 and Nakhla: implications for crust–regolith exchange on Mars

Atmospheric chemical reactions on Mars have been invoked to explain non-mass-dependent Δ33S anomalies (Δ33S=δ33S−0.516δ34S) reported from bulk analyses of Martian meteorites. To explore this signature in detail, a new ion microprobe multi-collector technique was developed to obtain precise in situ 32S, 33S and 34S measurements of individual sulfide grains from Martian meteorites ALH84001 (>4.0 Ga) and Nakhla (1.3 Ga). This technique permits high-precision simultaneous measurement of multiple isotopes to uniquely evaluate Δ33S at the grain scale (<30 μm). Our data reveal resolvable non-mass-dependent Δ33S anomalies in two separate ALH84001 pyrite grains (Δ33S=−0.74±0.39‰ and −0.51±0.38‰, 2σ); none were detectable in Nakhla pyrrhotite (total range in Δ33S=−0.4±0.5‰ to −0.07±0.5‰, 2σ). Our results might reflect a difference in how these meteorites exchanged sulfur with the Martian regolith and/or differences in their sources (atmospheric versus meteoritic) of anomalous sulfur. Nebular heterogeneities in sulfur isotope composition are indicated by Δ33S anomalies preserved in, for example, the ureilites. The Δ33S anomalies in ALH84001 pyrite could suggest that early (pre-4 Ga) additions of a meteoritic component carried isotopically anomalous sulfur to the Martian regolith, and was stored there as seen in the detection of Δ33S anomalies from bulk measurements of Nakhla. Therefore, meteoritic contributions should also be considered in addition to atmospheric effects when explaining the large non-mass-dependent anomalies seen in Martian meteorites. These studies provide insight into how hydrothermal systems have facilitated exchange between volatile reservoirs on Mars, a planet that lacks efficient crustal recycling mechanisms and preserves ancient (and anomalous) Δ33S signatures.
The Relationship Between Structural Brain Imaging and Histopathologic Findings in Schizophrenia Research

The suggestion that schizophrenia may involve a neurodegenerative process has emanated from the highly replicated finding of ventricular enlargement in brain images of patients with this disorder. These investigations have provided a direct impetus for recent histopathologic studies seeking evidence of a neurodegenerative process in the brains of subjects with schizophrenia. Whereas most postmortem studies have reported the presence of atrophy and/or neuronal loss in several corticolimbic regions of subjects with schizophrenia, no quantitative study, to date, has detected an increase in the number of glial cells. For this reason the changes observed in postmortem schizophrenic brain are not consistent with a typical adult pattern of neuronal degeneration, such as that seen in Huntington's disease. Because several studies have reported various changes in layer II of the anterior cingulate, prefrontal, and entorhinal cortices, the histopathologic findings described are compatible with the idea that schizoph...
Surface Charge Determines the Aggregation of Hemoglobin Subunits as Predicted by the Surface Free Energy

There are many observations in the literature which suggest that the surface charge is an important factor in controlling the interactions between proteins. Thus, oligomeric proteins exist in many different shapes and sizes, but they all tend to disaggregate as the pH is further away from the isoelectric point, or the ionic strength increases. A good example is the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which has long been studied as a model for protein aggregation reactions. The virus, a hollow cylinder about 3000A long and 180A in outside diameter, is made up of 2130 copies of the same 18,000 molecular weight protein, arranged in a helix. An RNA chain containing 6400 residues is wound along the inner face of the helix. The TMV protein will “self-assemble” into aggregates containing different numbers of subunits, and at the isoelectric point, pH = 4.7, the predominant form is the fully assembled multi-subunit helix. As the protein is progressively charged, it exists in smaller and smaller aggregates of subunits until it becomes a monomer at pH = 9. However, even at pH = 9 there can still be appreciable aggregation at high ionic strength, presumably due to the charge screening effect of high salt. These observations are consistent with accepted ideas of electrostatic repulsion, but this explanation does not include other contributions to the interaction energies.
Cost Effectiveness of Routine Duodenal Biopsy Analysis for Celiac Disease During Endoscopy for Gastroesophageal Reflux

Background & Aims Some patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) actually have undiagnosed celiac disease. These patients often undergo an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to determine the etiology and severity of GERD. Performing routine duodenal biopsy analysis during an EGD could identify patients with celiac disease. We evaluated the cost effectiveness of this approach. Methods We performed a systematic search of the MEDLINE database to identify publications through March 2014 on patients who underwent a duodenal biopsy analysis during an EGD for GERD. Data collected were used to construct a decision tree to calculate the cost effectiveness of an EGD with and without celiac disease tests. Results Among 10,000 patients with refractory GERD who underwent an EGD, we predicted a biopsy strategy would detect 70% of patients with celiac disease if the prevalence of celiac disease was 1% in this cohort. Biopsy analysis at the start of the EGD procedure would increase the remaining quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) by 0.0032, and increase the lifetime cost by $389/patient. Compared with no biopsy, the biopsy strategy cost $55,692.86/case of celiac disease detected, and $121,875/QALY gained. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the biopsy strategy met the threshold of less than $50,000/QALY when 1 of the following parameters was met: when the utility of living with GERD was less than 0.88, when the prevalence of celiac disease in patients with refractory GERD was greater than 1.8%, when biopsy analysis detected celiac disease with more than 98.1% specificity, when the cost of a gluten-free diet was less than $645.85/y, or if the cost of proton pump inhibitor therapy was more than $5874.01/y. Conclusions Based on base-case values, it is not cost effective to perform a biopsy analysis to detect celiac disease in patients undergoing an EGD for refractory GERD. However, the approach becomes cost effective when the prevalence of celiac disease in this population is 1.8% or greater.
THE PERKINS SEMIGROUP HAS CO-NP-COMPLETE TERM-EQUIVALENCE PROBLEM

A semigroup term is a finite word in the alphabet x1, x2,…. The length of a term p, denoted by |p|, is the number of variables in p, including multiplicities. The term-equivalence problem for a finite semigroup S has as an instance a pair of terms {p,q} with size |p| + |q| and asks whether p ≈ q is an identity over S. It is proved here that $\mathbf{B^1_2}$, the six-element Perkins semigroup, has co-NP-complete term-equivalence problem, a result which leads to the completion of the classification of he term-equivalence problems for monoid extensions of aperiodic Rees matrix semigroups. From the main result it follows that there exist finite semigroups with tractable term-equivalence problems but having subsemigroups and homomorphic images with co-NP-complete term-equivalence problems.
Returns of the Living Dead: Therapeutic Action of Irradiated and Mitotically Inactivated Embryonic Stem Cells

From the time of their initial isolation, scientists have been fascinated by one particular characteristic of pluripotent stem cells: their ability to differentiate into specific cell types. Initially, this property was exploited to explore the changes in gene expression that accompany cell fate choices, and a vast amount of knowledge was added to the developmental biology literature, based both on in vitro studies and the generation of mice with specific alterations in crucial loci. With the advent of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), an additional possibility arose: the chance that these cells might be the source of a new type of therapy, one in which absent or diseased cells were replaced by healthy versions derived from human ESCs. Cardiovascular disease presented an appealing target; the shortage of donor hearts, coupled with the tantalizing possibility of generating unlimited supplies of new myocytes, attracted a great deal of attention. Article, see p 1286 Of course, there were always other possible candidate cells to be used in this type of therapy. Skeletal myoblasts,1 which are readily obtainable from both allogeneic and autologous sources, as well as cells isolated from the bone marrow,2 bone marrow stroma,3 and other tissue sources,4 were evaluated as possible therapeutic cells. In many cases, these cells were isolated and injected into various types of preclinical models of heart damage with the hope that something about the damaged heart environment would trigger a fundamental change in the nature of the input cells. In fact, in many cases, the injected cells quickly vanished from the injected animals, likely because of immune rejection or the simple stress of transplantation. The observed impermanence of these transplanted cells created a puzzle: why did so many of these cells actually improve heart function …
Characterization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor function in socially housed cynomolgus monkeys self-administering cocaine

Social rank has been shown to influence dopamine (DA) D2 receptor function and vulnerability to cocaine self-administration in cynomolgus monkeys. The present studies were designed to extend these findings to maintenance of cocaine reinforcement and to DA D1 receptors. Examine the effects of a high-efficacy D1 agonist on an unconditioned behavior (eyeblinking) and a low-efficacy D1 agonist on cocaine self-administration, as well as the effects of cocaine exposure on D2 receptor function across social ranks, as determined by positron emission tomography (PET). Effects of the high-efficacy D1 agonist SKF 81297 and cocaine (0.3–3.0 mg/kg) on spontaneous blinking were characterized in eight monkeys during 15-min observation periods. Next, the ability of the low-efficacy D1 agonist SKF 38393 (0.1–17 mg/kg) to decrease cocaine self-administration (0.003–0.1 mg/kg per injection, IV) was assessed in 11 monkeys responding under a fixed-ratio 50 schedule. Finally, D2 receptor levels in the caudate and putamen were assessed in nineteen monkeys using PET. SKF 81297, but not cocaine, significantly increased blinking in all monkeys, with slightly greater potency in dominant monkeys. SKF 38393 dose-dependently decreased cocaine-maintained response rates with similar behavioral potency and efficacy across social rank. After an extensive cocaine self-administration history, D2 receptor levels did not differ across social ranks. These results suggest that D1 receptor function is not substantially influenced by social rank in monkeys from well-established social groups. While an earlier study showed that dominant monkeys had higher D2 receptor levels and were less sensitive to the reinforcing effects of cocaine during initial exposure, the present findings indicate that long-term cocaine use changed D2 receptor levels such that D2 receptor function and cocaine reinforcement were not different between social ranks. These findings suggest that cocaine exposure attenuated the impact of social housing on DA receptor function.
Redox signaling between DNA repair proteins for efficient lesion detection

Base excision repair (BER) enzymes maintain the integrity of the genome, and in humans, BER mutations are associated with cancer. Given the remarkable sensitivity of DNA-mediated charge transport (CT) to mismatched and damaged base pairs, we have proposed that DNA repair glycosylases (EndoIII and MutY) containing a redox-active [4Fe4S] cluster could use DNA CT in signaling one another to search cooperatively for damage in the genome. Here, we examine this model, where we estimate that electron transfers over a few hundred base pairs are sufficient for rapid interrogation of the full genome. Using atomic force microscopy, we found a redistribution of repair proteins onto DNA strands containing a single base mismatch, consistent with our model for CT scanning. We also demonstrated in Escherichia coli a cooperativity between EndoIII and MutY that is predicted by the CT scanning model. This relationship does not require the enzymatic activity of the glycosylase. Y82A EndoIII, a mutation that renders the protein deficient in DNA-mediated CT, however, inhibits cooperativity between MutY and EndoIII. These results illustrate how repair proteins might efficiently locate DNA lesions and point to a biological role for DNA-mediated CT within the cell.
Design and analysis of lunar lander manual control modes

All Apollo landings were performed by the crew, manually commanding the lunar module (LM) attitude and rate-of-descent (ROD). In future missions, the astronauts will again need manual control of the flight path and attitude. Crew interaction mechanisms have been proposed to re-designate a landing aimpoint during the approach phase. However, manual control modes, crew control capability, and resulting vehicle performance during terminal descent have not been thoroughly investigated. A rate-control attitude hold (RCAH) mode was ultimately used in the LM for lateral flight and descent rate was controlled incrementally (P66), although other modes were considered and evaluated. These modes, as well as others proposed during Apollo, are reviewed and discussed in terms of their applicability to Altair. The ALHAT guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) algorithms for autonomous precision lunar landing were modified to include two manual flight control modes: RCAH with incremental ROD (A66) and incremental lateral velocity control with incremental ROD (A68) using Altair LDAC1-Delta vehicle parameters. Crew interactions with the ALHAT GNC system are described throughout the mission phases from lunar orbit to touchdown, focusing on manual control of flight path and attitude during terminal descent. These ALHAT manual attitude control modes are described and vehicle performance is discussed in terms of its estimated impact on handling quality ratings.
A Mobile, Collaborative, Real Time Task List for Inpatient Environments.

Background: Inpatient teams commonly track their tasks using paper checklists that are not shared between team members. Team members frequently communicate redundantly in order to prevent errors. Methods: We created a mobile, collaborative, real-time task list application on the iOS platform. The application listed tasks for each patient, allowed users to check them off as completed, and transmitted that information to all other team members. In this report, we qualitatively describe our experience designing and piloting the application with an inpatient pediatric ward team at an academic pediatric hospital. Results: We successfully created the tasklist application, however team members showed limited usage. Conclusion: Physicians described that they preferred the immediacy and familiarity of paper, and did not experience an efficiency benefit when using the electronic tasklist.
R-LINE

A randomized on-line algorithm is given for the 2-server problem on the line, with competitiveness less than 1.901 against the oblivious adversary. This improves the previously best known competitiveness of 155 78 ? 1.987 for the problem. The algorithm uses a new approach and defines a potential in terms of isolation indices from T-theory.
Traumatic vascular injuries: who are repairing them and what are the outcomes?

Abstract Background Traumatic vascular injuries are infrequent but can be devastating. This study characterized their incidence and the need for vascular surgeons in their repair. Outcomes for patients repaired by vascular and trauma surgeons were compared. Methods Patients age ≥14, needing operations for acute traumatic vascular injuries from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2013 were included. Results Of the 27,224 adult trauma patients, 1.4% had vascular injuries needing operations. Trauma surgeons treated 40% of them. The need for repair by vascular surgeons varied based on mechanism, transfer status, injury location, time of injury, trauma staff practice, and experience (P Conclusions Approximately 3% of trauma patients had vascular injuries. Trauma surgeons treated a significant portion of them; using less resources and achieving similar outcomes in select patients when compared with vascular surgeons.
A Rose by Any Other Name: Why a Parens Patriae Action Can Be a 'Mass Action' Under the Class Action Fairness Act

The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 confers federal diversity jurisdiction over a “mass action,” defined as “any civil action in which monetary relief claims of 100 or more persons are proposed to be tried jointly.” Despite this plain language, courts are divided on whether CAFA applies to lawsuits brought by state attorneys general on behalf of state citizens, called parens patriae actions, where those actions seek monetary relief for hundreds of consumers in the state. Several courts uphold CAFA jurisdiction over such actions on the ground that consumers, who are not named plaintiffs, are nonetheless real parties in interest who constitute the one-hundred or more “persons” of a mass action and whose citizenship establishes the minimal diversity required by CAFA. Other courts reject jurisdiction on the ground that the State, which has no citizenship for diversity purposes, is the only real party in interest. Such divergent analysis is the basis of a growing circuit split. This article endorses the former approach of courts upholding CAFA jurisdiction because that approach comports with CAFA’s plain language, applies the correct real-party-in-interest analysis, and recognizes these parens patriae actions not for what they are called but for what they are: mass actions.
Bubble growth and departure trajectory under asymmetric temperature conditions

Abstract The sudden expansion of an evaporating mass during a phase change process like boiling causes the liquid–vapor interface to experience a reactionary force known as evaporation momentum force. Previous publications have illustrated that by creating a non-uniform liquid temperature distribution around a bubble, the resultant evaporation momentum force acting on the nucleating bubbles can be used to generate separate liquid–vapor pathways during boiling. This paper presents an analytical investigation on the distribution of evaporation momentum force experienced by a nucleating bubble, its effect on bubble growth rate and its role in determining the bubble departure trajectory. An analytical model is developed by incorporating evaporation momentum force into a widely accepted bubble growth model (Mikic et al., 1970) to determine the effect of evaporation momentum force on bubble growth rate. Furthermore, the horizontal displacement of a bubble when the liquid around the bubble is superheated in an asymmetric manner is determined. Experiments are designed to produce an asymmetric temperature condition around a nucleating bubble by creating a temperature gradient over the heater surface and the departure trajectory of the bubbles is observed using a high speed camera. The results indicate that the bubble departure trajectory is significantly altered under asymmetric temperature conditions and the analytical model developed shows good agreement with the experimental observations.
Does Fracture Care Make Money for the Hospital? An Analysis of Hospital Revenues and Costs for Treatment of Common Fractures.

Objectives:To determine the relative profitability for a hospital of treatment of common fractures within a state-regulated reimbursement system.Design:Retrospective cohort.Setting:Regional trauma referral center with state-regulated hospital reimbursement system.Methods:We reviewed hospital medical
Automation Failures on Tasks Easily Performed by Operators Undermines Trust in Automated Aids

Automation users often distrust diagnostic aids that are imperfectly reliable. The extent to which users' trust in automation is influenced by the simplicity of automation errors was explored. Participants (n = 30) performed 200 trials of a target-detection task using an imperfectly reliable automated aid. For the “easy-miss” group (n = 15) the automated aid missed targets only on easy trials and was accurate on difficult trials. For the “difficult-miss” group (n = 15) the aid missed targets only on difficult trials and was accurate on easy trials. A control group (n = 15) performed the task unaided. The easy-miss group trusted the aid less, was less accurate, and contradicted the aid more than the difficult-miss group, even on trials when the easy-miss aid was more reliable than the difficult-miss aid. Results suggest that the “easiness” of the aid's errors for the easy-miss group undermined automation trust and reliance. Potential future directions include examining whether easy false alarms affect user...
Dynamics of erythropoietin receptor expression on erythropoietin-responsive murine cell lines.

We examined erythropoietin receptor expression in two murine cell lines, B6SUtA and DA-1, that respond to erythropoietin in different ways. While B6SUtA cells undergo erythroid differentiation with limited proliferation after addition of erythropoietin, DA-1 cells show only a proliferative response. Equilibrium binding experiments with 125I- erythropoietin revealed that both B6SUtA and DA-1 cells express a single class of erythropoietin receptors. In the absence of erythropoietin, B6SUtA cells exhibited 145 receptors per cell with a dissociation constant (kd) of 380 pmol/L. Six days after induction with erythropoietin, the B6SUtA cells displayed 310 receptors per cell without a change in binding affinity; exposure to erythropoietin also increased cellular hemoglobin content. DA-1 cells adapted to erythropoietin-dependent growth over a period of months and exhibited a progressive increase in erythropoietin receptor expression, from 85 per cell (kd = 540) to 550 per cell (kd = 530), although the cells remained uniformly benzidine-negative. We interpret the data with B6SUtA cells to indicate that early erythroid differentiation stages are attended by an increase in erythropoietin receptor display, coordinate with the initiation of expression of erythroid-specific genes. In contrast, the results with DA-1 cells are most compatible with clonal selection as the mechanism underlying enhanced receptor expression. Thus, display of the erythropoietin receptor is dynamic and can be modulated during the course of erythropoietin-induced differentiation.
The Effect of Dietary Change in a Patient With Ichthyosis Vulgaris: A Case Report

Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) is a genetic skin condition of autosomal dominant inheritance. The main symptom associated with IV is scaling of the skin. Traditional treatment involves the application of various topical creams or ointments. The current case study documents significant improvement in the symptoms of a 20-y-old female patient with IV through use of dietary change based on food-sensitivity testing and supplement use- fish oil, vitamin D, and probiotics. She had previously used traditional topical therapies with less than optimal results. More research is required to substantiate the changes documented in this report.
Data Bases and Statistical Systems: Law

The breadth of information across a variety of jurisdictions makes subscription databases necessary to complete effective legal research. This article analyzes the utility of subscribing to one or more of the leading vendors and also suggests additional databases for anyone doing substantial American legal research. Particular emphasis is paid to the two leading vendors, Lexis and Westlaw.
Geospatial Contributions to Watershed-Scale Surface Water Quality Modeling

First recognized in Section 208 of the 1972 Clean Water Act as a national issue, non-point source (NPS) pollution is the nation’s largest water quality problem. NPS reduction is a major challenge facing society today. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that agriculture is by far the single largest contributor of NPS pollution (Table 92.1), responsible for the impairment of 25 percent and 19 percent, respectively, of the nation’s surveyed river miles and lake acreage (EPA 2000).
Tigres workflow library: supporting scientific pipelines on HPC systems

The growth in scientific data volumes has resulted in the need for new tools that enable users to operate on and analyze data on large-scale resources. In the last decade, a number of scientific workflow tools have emerged. These tools often target distributed environments, and often need expert help to compose and execute the workflows. Data-intensive workflows are often ad-hoc, they involve an iterative development process that includes users composing and testing their workflows on desktops, and scaling up to larger systems. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Tigres, a workflow library that supports the iterative workflow development cycle of data-intensive workflows. Tigres provides an application programming interface to a set of programming templates i.e., sequence, parallel, split, merge, that can be used to compose and execute computational and data pipelines. We discuss the results of our evaluation of scientific and synthetic workflows showing Tigres performs with minimal template overheads (mean of 13 seconds over all experiments). We also discuss various factors (e.g., I/O performance, execution mechansims) that affect the performance of scientific workflows on HPC systems.