cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Performance and Yield of Four Pigeonpea Varieties in Middle Tennessee

Published in Agron. J. 106:2202–2208 (2014) doi:10.2134/agronj14.0280 Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ABSTRACT As the demand in the United States for legume crops such as pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] increases, it becomes increasing important to improve yield and extend the area where pigeonpea may suitably be grown. To understand the effect of agricultural management on the leaf physiology, growth, and yield of pigeonpea, a 3-yr (2010–2012) field experiment was conducted in Nashville, TN. A split-split-plot experimental design with two planting dates in years 2010 and 2012, and one late planting in 2011 were used (main plot factor, early and late planting). Four pigeonpea varieties (subplot factor, GA1, GA2, W1, and W3) at three plant densities (sub-subplot factor, 295,500, 145,250, and 96,833 plants/ha) were planted. Maximum leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, plant height, plant stem diameter, leaf area index (LAI), and seed yield were measured. There were significant differences in leaf physiology, growth and yield among varieties, between planting dates, and between years. Leaf transpiration (5.4 mmol H2O/m 2/s) and yield (1048 kg/ha) were higher at early planting than at late planting (4.8 mmol H2O/m 2/s, 2.64, and 629 kg/ha), but height (138 cm) was lower at early planting than at late planting (150 cm). Among varieties, GA2 plants were shorter (131 cm) and had lower LAI (1.61), but produced higher seed yield (1263 kg/ha). Plant density did not show significant influence on leaf physiology, LAI, or yield. All variables measured showed remarkable variation between years. Our results indicated that variety selection and early planting may improve pigeonpea growth and yield in middle Tennessee.
Receptive fields and dendritic structure of directionally selective retinal ganglion cells

We studied the relationship between the receptive fields of directionally selective retinal ganglion cells and the dendritic arbors of the same cells. The cells were recorded from extracellularly under visual control and then injected with Lucifer yellow. The arbor of Lucifer-filled dendrites could then be directly compared with the properties of the receptive field. A large population of on-off directionally selective cells was injected and drawn. The directionally selective ganglion cells had bistratified receptive fields similar to those previously described by others in the central retina. In the periphery, the dendritic fields became larger, rounder, and sparser than centrally. The diameters of the dendrites were measured in living or lightly fixed retinas; they were found to be somewhat larger than previously estimated by electron microscopy. The local structure of the dendritic arbor bore no obvious relation to the directional properties of the cell. The receptive fields of most cells were centered symmetrically around their dendritic fields. For about 10% of the cells, however, the receptive field was displaced. The displacement was always toward the preferred direction, relative to the dendritic field. The meaning of these shifts is not clear. In both cases, the diameter of the receptive field exceeded the diameter of the dendritic field only slightly; in our sample, the diameters of the receptive fields averaged 6% larger than the dendritic fields. This means that the neurons afferent to the directionally selective ganglion cells must either have narrow dendritic fields or, if they are wide spreading, have dendrites that do not conduct effectively along their length. It also means that the observed spread of neurobiotin between DS ganglion cells (Vaney, 1991) must be due to a very few gap junctions, or to some mechanism other than a gap junction.
Field Experimental Work on Political Institutions

A nascent but growing research area examines political institutions through the use of field experiments. I consider why field experimentation has been used infrequently in the study of political institutions and note that some research questions are not amenable to field experimentation. I review areas of research inquiry where field experimentation has enhanced scholarly knowledge about political institutions and representation. These areas include the study of race, representation, and bias in legislatures and courts; and policy responsiveness and legislative accountability. I synthesize this research by examining puzzles that emerge between the field experimental and observational work. I conclude with suggestions for promising research avenues, including the use of field experiments to study the bureaucracy. The discipline's understanding of political institutions could be improved with a greater emphasis on field experimental work.
Reference Groups and Local-Cosmopolitanism.

This article reports the results of an empirical study to investigate the reference group orientations of industrially employed professionals. Sample personnel included 128 engineers and 51 scientists, who were divided into four personnel types: locals, cosmopolitans, local cosmopolitans, and uncommitted. Through a questionnaire survey, sample respondents provided data reflecting their level of commitment to a variety of groups in which they held membership. Primary findings of the study include the following: (a) among engineers, both cosmopolitans and local/cosmopolitans exhibit stronger orientations toward their internal work groups and external professional engineering groups than locals, and (b) among scientists, locals possess a stronger orientation toward their internal departments than cosmopolitans.
Are Schools Improvable? A Rumination on Positionality

What makes so many people think improving schools is an achievable goal? What gives them hope that all schools can be effective and equal? Many observers have commented on how schools are slow to change, but almost everyone is still hopeful they can and should change. What if contemporary schooling is an intractable institution? What if its very premise prevents us from providing equal and good educational opportunities to all children? I am not entertaining this thought because it is very satisfying or very likely to be true, but we are obligated to consider it nevertheless. What if the repeated failures of our educational reforming do not result from sinister intentions, political gridlock, and sheer incompetence? We must explore the possibility that schools are not improvable in any significant way. What education reformers chronically fail to do is a feasibility study.
Time domain characteristics of RF environments

Radio frequency (RF) environments have conventionally been characterized by frequency domain techniques. The presentation given takes a different approach and discusses time domain methods and various associated features of interest. It has been observed that these methods are useful not only for the simplicity with which they can characterize RF environments, but also for their application in electromagnetic compatibility testing. >
Parasites in the food web: linking amphibian malformations and aquatic eutrophication

Emerging diseases are an ever-growing affliction of both humans and wildlife. By exploring recent increases in amphibian malformations (e.g. extra or missing limbs), we illustrate the importance of food web theory and community ecology for understanding and controlling emerging infections. Evidence points to a native parasite, Ribeiroia ondatrae, as the primary culprit of these malformations, but reasons for the increase have remained conjectural. We suggest that the increase is a consequence of complex changes to aquatic food webs resulting from anthropogenic disturbance. Our results implicate cultural eutrophication as a driver of elevated parasitic infection: (1) eutrophication causes a predator-mediated shift in snail species composition toward Planorbella spp., (2) Planorbella are the exclusive first intermediate hosts of R. ondatrae and (3) Ribeiroia infection is a strong predictor of amphibian malformation levels. Our study illustrates how the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on epidemic disease can be mediated through direct and indirect changes in food web structure.
A questionnaire for the assessment of biliary symptoms

Abstract Objectives Gallstone disease is common and causes high health care costs, but a measure of symptomatic biliary disease for outcome studies is lacking. We aimed to develop a reproducible, valid, discriminative, disease-specific measure of biliary symptoms. Methods We created the self-report Biliary Symptoms Questionnaire (BSQ) by combining possible biliary symptoms with validated items for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and other disorders. We developed the final version through an iterative process and assessed reproducibility by the test–retest method, concurrent validity by comparing BSQ responses with symptoms obtained by structured interview, and discriminative validity by comparing BSQ-based diagnoses of biliary symptoms, GERD, and IBS with patients’ final diagnoses. A shortened version (sBSQ) also underwent reproducibility testing. Results A total of 245 outpatients (mean age, 55.2 yr; 61% female) participated. Median completion times for the BSQ and sBSQ were 36 and 10 min, respectively. For the BSQ, median κ values were 0.65 (range −0.03 to 0.95) for reproducibility and 0.61 (range 0.15–0.95) for concurrent validity. Using BSQ responses, investigators distinguished IBS and GERD 79–90% of the time. For the sBSQ, the median κ value for reproducibility was 0.72 (range 0.32–0.86). Conclusions The BSQ is reproducible and has good concurrent and discriminative validity for biliary symptoms. The abridged sBSQ has good reproducibility. These instruments may be useful in future outcome studies.
L/sub p/-complex approximation using iterative reweighted least squares for FIR digital filters

This paper examines the use of the iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) error algorithm to obtain an L/sub p/-approximation for the design of FIR digital filters with a complex-valued desired frequency response. The algorithm presented, introduced by Burrus and Barreto (see IEEE Proceed. ISCAS 92, p.545, 1992) for the design of 1-D linear-phase FIR filters, considers the case of 2 >
Lindane-Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Depletion of Glutathione do not Result in Necrosis in Renal Distal Tubule Cells

Lindane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide, currently used in prescription shampoos and lotions to treat scabies and lice infestations. Lindane is known to be nephrotoxic; however, the mechanism of action is not well understood. In other organ systems, lindane produces cellular damage by generation of free radicals and oxidative stress. Morphological changes were observed in lindane-treated Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells indicative of apoptosis. Lindane treatment induced time-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Onset of ROS generation correlated with an initial increase in total glutathione (GSH) levels above control values, with a subsequent decline in a time-dependent manner. This decline may be attributed to quenching of free radicals by GSH, thereby decreasing the cellular stores of this antioxidant. Necrotic injury was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage from the cell after lindane exposure. No significant LDH leakage was noted for all concentrations ...
Active Flow Control of Low-Pressure Turbine Separation

Operating low-pressure turbines (LPT) at off-design conditions or considering more aggressive designs can lead to laminar separation on the suction side of the LPT blades resulting in significant turbine and overall engine performance losses. In these instances, performance improvements may be achieved with active flow control (AFC). In an extensive experimental research program at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at Wright-Patterson AFB, Dr. R.B. Rivir and co-workers systematically investigated the benefits of AFC with steady and pulsed vortex generator jets (VGJs) for a linear PakB LPT cascade. Pulsed VGJs were found to be very effective in mitigating separation. We are employing two in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research codes for investigating the physical mechanisms associated with AFC for LPT geometries. For simulations of the entire LPT blade, a high-order-accurate finite volume code based on the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is used. Data from direct numerical simulations (DNS) with up to 19.4 million grid points of a PakB blade at Re=25,000 are compared with experimental data. For our fully resolved DNS that focus exclusively on the separated flow region, we are employing a high-order-accurate compact finite difference code based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity-velocity formulation. Here, we study a separation bubble on a flat plate and on a curved wall model-geometry under LPT conditions. These simulations enable us to identify the intricate physical mechanisms associated with unsteady separation, transition, flow instabilities, and active control using VGJs. In particular, our simulation results provide an explanation for the stunning effectiveness of pulsed VGJs for separation control.
Neptunium Substitution into the Structure of Alpha-U3O8

We synthesized powder samples of NpxU3-xO8 with x between 0 and 0.33. Analyses of solids by x-ray absorption spectroscopy indicate that Np occupies U sites and is predominantly tetravalent. Lattice parameters vary smoothly as a function of Np concentration. The a and b parameters (parallel to structural sheets in U3O8) depend strongly on Np concentration below x = 0.3; however, extrapolation of a least-squares fit up to x = 1 (the maximum value of x if Np is tetravalent) suggests little expected change in a or b for values of x greater than approximately 0.5. The c cell parameter (perpendicular to the plane of the sheets) shows relatively small dependence on Np concentration for all values of x. The a and b cell parameters vary in a complementary fashion, such that the a-b plane and unit-cell volumes remain nearly constant for small x (below ~0.2). The projected volume increase at higher x may be accommodated by expansion along c; the maximum volume expansion for NpxU3-xO8 is projected to be less than 0.2% up to x = 1. Our results demonstrate that NpxU3-xO8 forms a homogeneous solid solution up to (at least) x = 0.33, and that a complete solid solution may exist between α-U3O8 and NpU2O8; however, the structure of NpU2O8 may resemble that of β-U3O8.
Security estimation in Streaming Protocols

Streaming media protocol-based applications share communication resources with regular Network/Internet traffic. So, they are exposed to any existing security attacks. In the present paper, we measure this relationship between attacks and applications by introducing a probabilistic verification evaluation. Our approach is novel in that, it is based on the concurrency between models. In addition, the performance of these new models are qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by using the PRISM model checker. The results are promising and characterized by a fairly short evaluation delay and automatic security measurement.
ABA and the Development of Meaningful Social Relations for Young Children with Autism.

Meaningful social relations should be a primary outcome of educational programs for young children with autism. A number of instructional strategies derived from applied behavior analysis are reviewed, with particular attention paid to the social validity and sustainability of behavior change. More intensive, comprehensive, and ecologically valid intervention methods must be used in order to produce the level of behavior change desired by consumers and demanded by the complexity of the social world.
Anatomical and physiological localization of visual and infrared cell layers in tectum of pit vipers.

Visual and infrared cell layers were identified in the tectum of the pit vipers Crotalus viridis and Sistrurus melitus. Histologic reconstructions of 48 lesions utilizing the Prussian Blue technique were correlated with micrometer depth readings for 251 visual, infrared and bimodal single unit recordings. The visual cell layer extends caudally from approximately the level of the habenula to the rostral border of the posterior corpora quadrigemina. Neurons responding to visual stimulation are generally contained within zones 7b-13, i.e., the superficial 600--700 micrometer of the optic tectum (stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale and the superficial sublayer of stratum griesum centrale). The infrared cell group is found in layer 7 (a and b; stratum griseum centrale) throughout the optic tectum. Eighty percent of the infrared neurons are found within 500--1,200 micrometer of the surface. In layer 7b the visual and infrared cell groups are mixed; bimodal neurons that respond to a combination of visual and infrared input are located predominantly in this sublamina. The lamination pattern for visual and nonvisual cell groups in the rattlesnake tectum appears to more closely resemble the colubrid tectum and mammalian superior colliculus than the tecta of other reptiles.
PLASQ: a generalized linear model-based procedure to determine allelic dosage in cancer cells from SNP array data

SUMMARY Human cancer is largely driven by the acquisition of mutations. One class of such mutations is copy number polymorphisms, comprised of deviations from the normal diploid two copies of each autosomal chromosome per cell. We describe a probe-level allele-specific quantitation (PLASQ) procedure to determine copy number contributions from each of the parental chromosomes in cancer cells from single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray data. Our approach is based upon a generalized linear model that takes advantage of a novel classification of probes on the array. As a result of this classification, we are able to fit the model to the data using an expectation-maximization algorithm designed for the purpose. We demonstrate a strong model fit to data from a variety of cell types. In normal diploid samples, PLASQ is able to genotype with very high accuracy. Moreover, we are able to provide a generalized genotype in cancer samples (e.g. CCCCT at an amplified SNP). Our approach is illustrated on a variety of lung cancer cell lines and tumors, and a number of events are validated by independent computational and experimental means. An R software package containing the methods is freely available.
Chirped-pulse adiabatic control in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for imaging of biological structure and dynamics

Two novel control methods based on adiabatic passage are proposed to be implemented in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for noninvasive imaging of biological structure and dynamics. The first method provides optimal pulse-area control of the resonant vibrational transitions by using a pair of equally linear-chirped pulses. The second method, named the 'roof' method, utilizes the chirp sign variation at the central time and gives robust adiabatic excitation of the resonant vibrational mode. Both methods are robust with respect to suppression of the off-resonant transitions. The methods allow one to achieve chemical sensitivity with high resolution and can be used to obtain CARS spectra of biological molecules with efficiently suppressed background.
A transgenic approach to enhance phosphorus use efficiency in crops as part of a comprehensive strategy for sustainable agriculture.

Concerns about phosphorus (P) sustainability in agriculture arise not only from the potential of P scarcity but also from the known effects of agricultural P use beyond the field, i.e., eutrophication leading to dead zones in lakes, rivers and coastal oceans due to runoffs from fertilized fields. Plants possess a large number of adaptive responses to Pi (orthophosphate) limitation that provide potential raw materials to enhance Pi scavenging abilities of crop plants. Understanding and engineering these adaptive responses to increase the efficiency of crop capture of natural and fertilizer Pi in soils is one way to optimize Pi use efficiency (PUE) and, together with other approaches, help to meet the P sustainability challenge in agriculture. Research on the molecular and physiological basis of Pi uptake is facilitating the generation of plants with enhanced Pi use efficiency by genetic engineering. Here we describe work done in this direction with emphasis on the up-regulation of plant proton-translocating pyrophosphatases (H+-PPases).
Productivity tools in simulation: SIMSCRIPT 11.5 and SIMGRAPHICS

The SIMSCRIPT II.5 simulation language with its integrated dynamic graphics package, SIMGRAPHICS, substantially reduces the time and effort to produce a simulation when compared to general-purpose languages. Its structured English syntax improves readability and reduces some of the need for documentation. This syntax is supported by powerful libraries to relieve the programmer of substantial amounts of work by pushing it onto the computer. SIMGRAPHICS adds graphics to a program to display results dynamically. Graphics in most programs takes thousands of lines of code. SIMGRAPHICS reduces this task to a few lines of code with mouse-and-menu graphics editors. All of this adds up to major improvements in productivity in programming. Rapid prototypes with dynamic graphics can be written in a few days. Code is open to inspection by non-prograrnmers. Results are faster and more reliable.
On effective sampling techniques in host-based intrusion detection in tactical MANET

A tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Network MANET demands a robust, diverse and resilient communication and computing infrastructure which enables network-centric operation with minimal downtime. Nevertheless, tactical MANET poses great security risks because mobile nodes are deployed in open hostile environments and wireless communication makes the information accessible to an adversary attacking the tactical MANET. Cyber attack monitoring and detection in the tactical MANET is challenging because of limited resources and its infrastructure-less network environment. To address these issues, we first introduce the host-based detection architecture to monitor and detect cyber attacks against the tactical MANET. We then develop two sampling techniques and discuss other techniques to balance trade-offs between detection accuracy and consumption of network resources. We also analyse the impact of detection accuracy versus sampling techniques and associated parameters. We conduct extensive real-world experiments and simulation studies. Our data validates our theoretical findings well.
The Learning Virus: An Affective, Constructivist Movement Shaped by Ultrasociality in the Age of Social Media

Redefining the discourse toward a “better fit” cultural framework of beliefs, thought, language, and action through ultrasociality, a constructivist meme can help nurture an epistemological break (or rupture) from the traditional objectivist paradigm in education.
Phenotypic Correlates of Genome Size in Lepidoptera

ABSTRACT. Body size, developmental rate, and metabolic rate were examined as potential phenotypic correlates of genome size using all 51 named species of Lepidoptera with recorded genome sizes. Genome sizes ranged 0.29–1.94 pg. Because no direct comparative measures were available, surrogates were used: wingspan for body size, voltinism for developmental rate, and grades of adult diel activity and adult feeding for metabolic rate. Analyses consisted of plotting genome size on surrogate values and fitting least-squares trend lines. At the order level, empirical - correlates of genome size with wingspan and voltinism were essentially null or flat. At family and subfamily levels, striking associations were found for wingspan and voltinism, but not for surrogates of metabolic rate, for which data were limited and surrogate validity uncertain. Geometrid species, nearly all of which were ennomiines, showed a sharp positive association between genome size and wingspan, Arctiidae a sharp negative association, and...
The Starter Kit

Mastering a complex field like dermatology can initially be intimidating. I recommend trusting your own past methods of studying while focusing on learning the essential building blocks of our field. You must be able to describe clinical dermatologic conditions and key features in dermatopathology. Then you are ready to construct a differential diagnosis.
CORRELATION BETWEEN HOST-FUNGAL SURFACE AREAS AND PERCENT COLONIZATION IN VA MYCORRHIZAE

In physiological studies of vesicular-arbuscu? lar (VA) mycorrhizae where phosphorus (P) up? take is measured, degree of root colonization often is determined. However, values for colonization are rarely detailed or related to the rates of P transport to the host. An early attempt to relate P uptake to the total surface area of cortical cells showed that P transport across the plasmalemma was within the normal physiological range (Cox and Tinker, 1976). The study involved a com? bination of morphometric ultrastructure, calculations of root tissue occupied by cells with ar? buscules, and P concentrations in plants and fungi. Such an extensive investigation would be impractical in a study primarily concerned with plant growth. A simple method of determining hostarbuscule contact surface area would be very use? ful. This would encourage researchers to relate physiological data (P uptake, growth etc.) to an anatomical parameter, in this case surface area. Based on studies ofthe rates of change of sev? eral VAM fungal structures over time, Bennett (1986) showed that the rates of intercellular hy? phae and arbuscule development are linear. The rate of arbuscule formation keeps pace with the development of intercellular hyphae. To esti? mate the percent colonization of roots by VAM fungi, investigators often employ the line-intersect method (Giovannetti and Mosse, 1980) on whole root systems. In this method, a line (probe) will most often "contact" a root with fungus as intercellular hyphae or a group of cortical cells with arbuscules in an "infection area." Since the
The Classification of the Tremellales

The classification of the Tremellales cannot be considered without reference to that of the Basidiomycetes as a whole, since the limits of the order, its presumed relationships with other orders and the interrelationships between its subdivisions are all parts of the larger problem. It seems desirable, therefore, to review briefly the varying concepts of the Basidiomycetes which have found more or less acceptance during the past two generations. The treatment of the fungi in the earlier editions of Sachs's Lehrbuch (27) may be regarded as representing the viewpoint widely held at the beginning of the modern period. Sachs divided the fungi into four major groups, the Phycomycetes, the Hypodermiae (rusts and smuts), the Basidiomycetes and the Ascomycetes. In Goebel's adaptation of the Sachs text (18) the major groups were increased to six by the addition of the Chytridieae and the separation of the smuts and rusts, the former relegated to a place between the chytrids and the Phycomycetes; the latter put between the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes. In both, the lichens are included in the Ascomycetes and the Myxomycetes are set apart from the other groups.
Emotionally charged: the prosecutorial charging decision and the innocence revolution

Efforts to rectify wrongful convictions in the United States arguably represent a new civil rights movement for the twentieth-first century. Since 1989, post-conviction DNA testing has exonerated over two hundred inmates, their innocence proven beyond a shadow of a doubt through science, and at least three hundred other innocent prisoners have gained their freedom in cases lacking the magic bullet of DNA. Studies of these cases reveal that specific factors tend to cause wrongful convictions in the first place. Misbehavior by prosecutors - especially involving the suppression of exculpatory evidence - has emerged as one of those factors. This Symposium directly (and commendably) tackles the problem of under-disclosure of evidence by prosecutors. Encouraging prosecutors to adhere more closely to existing disclosure rules advances the ends by fairness by boosting the capacity of the defense to prepare for trial. Increased disclosure can also bolster the accuracy of criminal adjudications by minimizing the risk that innocent criminal defendants will be wrongfully convicted; armed with exculpatory and other evidence, the innocent are better positioned to reject plea offers and mount solid defenses at trial. In short, more disclosure in more cases in a more timely fashion is a good idea. Yet any discussion about prosecutorial disclosure is incomplete without paying some attention to an equally vital moment in the pretrial process: the initial decision to charge a suspect with a crime whatsoever. The mere decision to charge tends to set in motion a sequence of events that inexorably lead to either a plea offer or a trial - even where the case is weak and where the prosecution has complied fully with its disclosure duties. This Essay grapples with the topic of prosecutorial charging decisions in light of the “Innocence Revolution.” Part I of the Essay explores the rules and practices surrounding prosecutorial charging decisions, pointing out some of the flaws in this regime that may accidentally lead to charging innocent suspects with crimes. Next, Part II proposes a series of modest reforms to the charging process designed to reduce the possibility that the innocent will face criminal charges at all.
Neutrophil-rich subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn: A potential mimic of infection.

Background The inflammatory infiltrate seen in biopsy specimens obtained from patients with subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SCFN) has classically been described as consisting mostly of histiocytes. However, we encountered patients with SCFN whose biopsy specimens revealed mostly neutrophils, prompting infection to be an initial consideration. Objectives We sought to describe cases of SCFN in which neutrophils formed the majority of the infiltrate at our institution and in the literature. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with SCFN reported at our institution and a literature review of SCFN. Results Thirteen cases of SCFN were identified at our institution. In 2 of 13 cases, neutrophils composed >75% of the inflammatory infiltrate, and both lesions were 1 day old. From the literature review, neutrophils were mentioned as a component of the infiltrate in 10 of 124 cases, but in none were neutrophils described as forming the majority of the infiltrate. Limitations This study is limited by its retrospective nature and small sample size. Conclusions Neutrophils can comprise most of the inflammatory cells in patients with SCFN, especially early in the course of the disease. This variant of SCFN can be easily mistaken for infection.
Quinine-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Every drug comes with some side effect. It is the benefit/risk ratio that determines the medical use of the drug. Quinine, a known antimalarial drug, has been used for nocturnal leg cramps since the 1930s; it is associated with severe life-threatening hematological and cardiovascular side effects. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), albeit rare, is a known coagulopathy associated with Quinine. It is imperative to inquire about the Quinine intake in medication history in patients with coagulopathy, as most patients still consider it a harmless home remedy for nocturnal leg cramps. In this report, we present a case of coagulopathy in a middle-aged woman, who gave a history of taking Quinine for nocturnal leg cramps, as her home remedy. Early identification of the offending agent led to the diagnosis, prompt discontinuation of the medication, and complete recovery and prevented the future possibility of recurrence.
Pilot Evaluation of the Medication Integration Protocol for Adolescents with ADHD in Behavioral Care: Treatment Fidelity and Medication Uptake.

Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is prevalent among adolescents in outpatient behavioral care, one of the few evidence-based treatment options, stimulant medication, is sign...
Science and technology convergence: with emphasis for nanotechnology-inspired convergence

Convergence offers a new universe of discovery, innovation, and application opportunities through specific theories, principles, and methods to be implemented in research, education, production, and other societal activities. Using a holistic approach with shared goals, convergence seeks to transcend existing human limitations to achieve improved conditions for work, learning, aging, physical, and cognitive wellness. This paper outlines ten key theories that offer complementary perspectives on this complex dynamic. Principles and methods are proposed to facilitate and enhance science and technology convergence. Several convergence success stories in the first part of the 21st century—including nanotechnology and other emerging technologies—are discussed in parallel with case studies focused on the future. The formulation of relevant theories, principles, and methods aims at establishing the convergence science.
Substituting systolic blood pressure with shock index in the National Trauma Triage Protocol.

INTRODUCTION The National Trauma Triage Protocol (NTTP) is an algorithm that guides emergency medical services providers through four decision steps to identify the patients that would benefit from trauma center care. The NTTP defines a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than 90 mm Hg as one of the criteria for trauma center need. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of substituting SBP of less than 90 mm Hg with shock index (SI) on triage performance. METHODS A 2-year (2011–2012) retrospective analysis of all trauma patients 18 years or older in the National Trauma Databank was performed. Transferred patients, patients dead on arrival, and those with missing data were excluded. Our outcome measure was trauma center need defined by Injury Severity Score greater than 15, need for emergent operation, death in the emergency department, and intensive care unit stay of more than 1 day. Area under the characteristic curve and triage characteristics were compared between SBP of less than 90 mm Hg and SI of more than 1.0. Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the mortality between patients triaged under current protocol of SBP of less than 90 mm Hg and patients triaged using the new defined protocol (SI >1.0). RESULTS A total of 505,296 patients were included. Compared with SBP of less than 90 mm Hg, SI of more than 1.0 had a higher sensitivity (44.4% vs. 41.7%) but lower specificity (80.2% vs. 82.4%). The area under the curve was significantly higher for SI of more than 1.0 (0.623 [95% confidence interval, 0.622–.625] vs. 0.620 [95% confidence interval, 0.619–0.622]). Substituting SBP of less than 90 mm Hg with SI of more than 1.0 resulted in a decrease in undertriage rate of 30,233 patients (5.9%) but an increase in overtriage of only 6,386 patients (1.3%). CONCLUSION Substituting the current criterion of SBP of less than 90 mm Hg in the NTTP with an SI of more than 1.0 results in significant reduction in undertriage rate without causing large increase in overtriage. Because of simplicity of use, better discrimination power, and minimal effect on overtriage rates, future studies should consider exploring the possibility of replacing the current SBP of less than 90 mm Hg criterion with SI of more than 1.0 in the NTTP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, level III; therapeutic study, level IV.
Informed Consent in Right-To-Try Cases.

There has been a surge since 2014 in state legislation addressing the topic of access to investigational treatments for persons who are terminally ill and have exhausted standard medical management. These laws, commonly called “right-to-try” laws (a play on “right to die”), are intended to
Expectation-maximization Bernoulli-Gaussian approximate message passing

The approximate message passing (AMP) algorithm originally proposed by Donoho, Maleki, and Montanari yields a computationally attractive solution to the usual l 1 -regularized least-squares problem faced in compressed sensing, whose solution is known to be robust to the signal distribution. When the signal is drawn i.i.d from a marginal distribution that is not least-favorable, better performance can be attained using a Bayesian variation of AMP. The latter, however, assumes that the distribution is perfectly known. In this paper, we navigate the space between these two extremes by modeling the signal as i.i.d Bernoulli-Gaussian (BG) with unknown prior sparsity, mean, and variance, and the noise as zero-mean Gaussian with unknown variance, and we simultaneously reconstruct the signal while learning the prior signal and noise parameters. To accomplish this task, we embed the BG-AMP algorithm within an expectation-maximization (EM) framework. Numerical experiments confirm the excellent performance of our proposed EM-BG-AMP on a range of signal types.12
Learning programming from tutorials and code puzzles: Children's perceptions of value

Tutorials and code puzzles are commonly used in today's novice programming environments to introduce computer programming to children. While research has explored the effectiveness of each instructional format at teaching different kinds of information independently, little work has explored learners' perceptions of value in each or the strategic decisions users make around the instructional format when learning to program. We present a study in which learners selected from a set of tutorials and puzzles with an identical set of programming content. We explore the reasoning behind their choices and the potential implications for the learning support available in future programming environments.
Lipids Cooperate with the Reovirus Membrane Penetration Peptide to Facilitate Particle Uncoating.

Virus-host interactions play a role in many stages of the viral lifecycle, including entry. Reovirus, a model system for studying the entry mechanisms of nonenveloped viruses, undergoes a series of regulated structural transitions that culminate in delivery of the viral genetic material. Lipids can trigger one of these conformational changes, infectious subviral particle (ISVP)-to-ISVP* conversion. ISVP* formation releases two virally encoded peptides, myristoylated μ1N (myr-μ1N) and Φ. Among these, myr-μ1N is sufficient to form pores within membranes. Released myr-μ1N can also promote ISVP* formation in trans. Using thermal inactivation as a readout for ISVP-to-ISVP* conversion, we demonstrate that lipids render ISVPs less thermostable in a virus concentration-dependent manner. Under conditions in which neither lipids alone nor myr-μ1N alone promotes ISVP-to-ISVP* conversion, myr-μ1N induces particle uncoating when lipids are present. These data suggest that the pore-forming activity and the ISVP*-promoting activity of myr-μ1N are linked. Lipid-associated myr-μ1N interacts with ISVPs and triggers efficient ISVP* formation. The cooperativity between a reovirus component and lipids reveals a distinct virus-host interaction in which membranes can facilitate nonenveloped virus entry.
Activation of CdTe solar cells using molecular chlorine

There has been renewed interest in developing alternatives to CdCl2 activation, a critical but expensive step in CdTe manufacturing. A common element among the alternative agents that have been explored is chlorine, which facilitates recrystallization, passivates grain boundaries, and leads to enhanced efficiency. In this paper we present an evaluation of molecular chlorine (Ch) for CdTe activation. The broad process space was first screened by evaluating the change in the (111) texture coefficient. It is shown that recrystallization occurs quite quickly (∼1 minute), and the required concentration of Cl2 is quite low ( 11%.
The global distribution and dynamics of surface soil moisture

Surface soil moisture has a direct impact on food security, human health and ecosystem function. It also plays a key role in the climate system, and the development and persistence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and heatwaves. However, sparse and uneven observations have made it difficult to quantify the global distribution and dynamics of surface soil moisture. Here we introduce a metric of soil moisture memory and use a full year of global observations from NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive mission to show that surface soil moisture—a storage believed to make up less than 0.001% of the global freshwater budget by volume, and equivalent to an, on average, 8-mm thin layer of water covering all land surfaces—plays a significant role in the water cycle. Specifically, we find that surface soil moisture retains a median 14% of precipitation falling on land after three days. Furthermore, the retained fraction of the surface soil moisture storage after three days is highest over arid regions, and in regions where drainage to groundwater storage is lowest. We conclude that lower groundwater storage in these regions is due not only to lower precipitation, but also to the complex partitioning of the water cycle by the surface soil moisture storage layer at the land surface. Soils have the capacity to store water at the land–atmosphere interface. Analysis of global satellite data suggests that significant precipitation can be retained by soils, leading to even less groundwater storage in water-starved regions.
The development of all-polymer-based piezoelectrically active photocurable resin for 3D printing process (Conference Presentation)

We present in this work the development and experimental validation of a new piezoelectric material (V-Ink) designed for compatibility with projection stereolithography additive manufacturing techniques. Piezoelectric materials generate a voltage output when a stress is applied to the material, and also can be actuated by using an external voltage and power source. This new material opens up new opportunities for functional devices to be developed and rapidly produced at low cost using emerging 3D printing techniques. The new piezoelectric material was able to generate 115mV under 1N of strain after being polled at 80°C for 40 minutes and the optimal results had a piezoelectric coefficient of 105x10^(-3)V.m/N. The current iteration of the material is a suspension, although further work is ongoing to make the resin a true solution. The nature of the suspension was characterized by a time-lapse monitoring and through viscosity testing. The potential exists to further increase the piezoelectric properties of this material by integrating a mechanical to electrical enhancer such as carbon nanotubes or barium titanate into the material. Such materials need to be functionalized to be integrated within the material, which is currently being explored. Printing with this material on a “continuous SLA” printer that we have developed will reduce build times by an order of magnitude to allow for mass manufacturing. Pairing those two advancements will enable faster printing and enhanced piezoelectric properties.
High temperature comparison of the HITRAN2012 and HITEMP2010 water vapor absorption databases to frequency comb measurements

Abstract The HITEMP2010 and HITRAN2012 databases are important tools for predicting molecular absorption under various environmental conditions. At room temperature, the databases can be quite accurate, owing to their development using room temperature absorption data. However, at elevated temperatures common to combustion and planetary research, their broadband accuracy is largely unexplored. We utilize a dual frequency comb spectrometer and a high temperature optical cell to assess the capability of these databases to accurately predict water vapor absorption for over 600 transitions at conditions up to 1300 K from 6800 cm−1 to 7200 cm−1. We demonstrate that at 1300 K, HITEMP2010 and HITRAN2012 accurately predict the existence and position (within 0.033 cm−1) of >99% of transitions with an intensity greater than 1E−28 (cm−1/molecule cm−2), which is the approximate minimum detectable intensity for our absorption spectra. Of the slightly less than 1% of transitions that are misreported, all have linestrengths below 1E−23 (cm−1/molecule cm−2). HITEMP more often predicts transitions that are not observed in the absorption spectra, while HITRAN more often fails to predict an observed line. Updated temperature-scaling coefficients for air-broadening and updated line assignments improve the high temperature performance of HITRAN compared to HITEMP for lineshapes and positions. Our analysis also shows that adding simple temperature-scaling relationships for air-pressure shift and self-broadening half width increase the predictive accuracy of simulations using both databases, and should be employed whenever transition-specific information is unavailable.
Deterministic object tracking using Gaussian ringlet and directional edge features

Abstract Challenges currently existing for intensity-based histogram feature tracking methods in wide area motion imagery (WAMI) data include object structural information distortions, background variations, and object scale change. These issues are caused by different pavement or ground types and from changing the sensor or altitude. All of these challenges need to be overcome in order to have a robust object tracker, while attaining a computation time appropriate for real-time processing. To achieve this, we present a novel method, Directional Ringlet Intensity Feature Transform (DRIFT), which employs Kirsch kernel filtering for edge features and a ringlet feature mapping for rotational invariance. The method also includes an automatic scale change component to obtain accurate object boundaries and improvements for lowering computation times. We evaluated the DRIFT algorithm on two challenging WAMI datasets, namely Columbus Large Image Format (CLIF) and Large Area Image Recorder (LAIR), to evaluate its robustness and efficiency. Additional evaluations on general tracking video sequences are performed using the Visual Tracker Benchmark and Visual Object Tracking 2014 databases to demonstrate the algorithms ability with additional challenges in long complex sequences including scale change. Experimental results show that the proposed approach yields competitive results compared to state-of-the-art object tracking methods on the testing datasets.
A new method to simultaneously measure local heat transfer and visualize flow boiling in plate heat exchanger

Abstract This paper presents the development of a novel method to combine measurement of local heat transfer coefficient and flow visualization in frame-and-plate heat exchanger (FPHE) simultaneously. A heat flux plate is built using two original chevron plates and clay as thermal infills. Thermocouples are deployed on the inner surfaces of both plates. With the known thickness and thermal conductivity of the clay, the instrumented plate functions as a heat flux sensor. After initial calibration, this plate is installed to measure fluid heat transfer from one side, while leaving visual access from the other. Preliminary results of water-water single-phase heat transfer and R245fa-water flow boiling are presented. Combined with visualization, the method provides a viable solution to relate local heat transfer with flow regime within a plate channel, while preserving the real geometry and operating condition.