cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A linguistics-based framework for modeling spatio-temporal occurrences and purposive change

We present a linguistics-based approach for modeling spatio-temporal change and in particular, purposive change, as in the change in land uses. We extend Talmy's theory of force dynamics in language by means of the Aristotelian distinction between constitutive, agentive, and telic dimensions in things, to derive a framework for describing different kinds of occurrences and changes, both purposive and not. The framework, which can span any number of spatio-temporal scales and granularities, may be seen as a tentative ontology of change that highlights the role of goal-directed action. We illustrate our argument by means of excerpts from a historic text detailing a cattle-ranching operation.
Associated injuries in traumatic sternal fractures: a review of the National Trauma Data Bank.

Sternal fractures occur infrequently with blunt force trauma. The demographics and epidemiology of associated injuries have not been well characterized from a national trauma database. The National Trauma Data Bank was queried for patients with closed sternal fractures. The demographics were analyzed by age, gender, mechanism and indicators of anatomic and physiologic injuries. Types of commonly associated injuries were also determined. A total of 23,985 records were analyzed. Males accounted for 68.3 per cent and whites 70.9 per cent. Motor vehicle crash was the leading mechanism. More than 56 per cent had severe injuries based on Injury Severity Score (greater than 15) and 17 per cent with Glasgow Coma Score 8 or less. Crude mortality was 7.9 per cent. The majority (57.8%) and approximately one-third (33.7%) of the patients had rib fractures and lung contusions, respectively, 22.0 per cent with closed pneumothorax, 21.6 per cent had a closed thoracic vertebra fracture, 16.9 per cent with lumbar spine fracture, 3.9 per cent with concussion, and blunt cardiac injury in 3.6 per cent. Sternal fractures are usually associated with severe blunt trauma. Lung contusion remains the leading associated injury followed by vertebral spine fractures. Cardiac injuries are less frequent and vascular injuries less so. Mechanism of injury and presence of sternal fractures should alert providers to these potential associated injuries. Language: en
Some Broader Implications of Behavior Settings for the Social Sciences

Chapters 1 through 8 have been concerned with the two major problems facing social system accounting: how to measure and account for nonmarket activities and how to combine social and economic indicators. These chapters developed various aspects of our proposed solution--accounts based on behavior settings--including the merging of eco-behavioral data with data on industries and occupations in a comprehensive time-allocation framework. This framework could be implemented consistently at the national level, at the level of a town and its trade area (under favorable geographical conditions), and at the levels of successively larger urban-centered regions including BEA Economic Areas which constitute an exhaustive partitioning of the United States.
Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation Increases Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Nigrostriatal System and Primary Motor Cortex

The mechanisms underlying the effects of long-term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) as a therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) remain poorly understood. The present study examined whether functionally effective, long-term STN DBS modulates glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and/or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in both unlesioned and unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Lesioned rats that received two weeks of continuous unilateral STN DBS exhibited significant improvements in parkinsonian motor behaviors in tests of forelimb akinesia and rearing activity. Unilateral STN DBS did not increase GDNF in the nigrostriatal system, primary motor cortex (M1), or hippocampus of unlesioned rats. In contrast, unilateral STN DBS increased BDNF protein 2-3 fold bilaterally in the nigrostriatal system with the location (substantia nigra vs. striatum) dependent upon lesion status. Further, BDNF protein was bilaterally increased in M1 cortex by as much as 2 fold regardless of lesion status. STN DBS did not impact cortical regions that receive less input from the STN. STN DBS also was associated with bilateral increases in BDNF mRNA in the substantia nigra (SN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi). The increase observed in GPi was completely blocked by pretreatment with 5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), suggesting that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was involved in this phenomenon. The upregulation of BDNF associated with long term STN DBS suggest that this therapy may exert pronounced and underappreciated effects on plasticity in the basal ganglia circuitry that may play a role in the symptomatic effects of this therapy as well as support the neuroprotective effect of stimulation documented in this rat model.
Transformative Learning: Teaching Vocabulary To Disadvantaged Non-Native Language Learners

Teaching English as a foreign language to students from disadvantaged situations requires focus on vocabulary building through contextualization, development of student-teacher relationships, and building the curriculum around collaborative activities.
Randomized single-blinded clinical trial on effects of nursery songs for infants and young children's anxiety before and during head computed tomography

Abstract Objective The objective of this clinical trial was to determine if an intervention of listening to nursery songs with integrated heartbeat sounds resulted in changes in anxiety levels in infants and children younger than 4 years in an emergent setting. Methods This is a randomized single-blinded controlled trial. The study included 62 children younger than 4 years who were deemed by the emergency physician to need a computed tomographic (CT) scan. The experimental group (Exp) (n = 30) listened to recorded children's songs with integrated heartbeat sounds ( Baby Go To Sleep compact disc) before and during the head CT. The controls (Con) (n = 32) had no music. Two scales to measure agitation were completed by a trained research associate: (1) a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) and (2) the Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale (MRSS). The research associate wore headphones blocking out all music. The research associate recorded agitation levels preintervention and postintervention on the 2 scales, whether there was successful completion of the head CT without pharmacologic intervention, and the frequency of medication use. Mann-Whitney U , t test, and logistic regression were used for analysis, and P Results There were no differences between groups in the age, sex, initial vital signs, diagnostic category, ethnicity, insurance status, rate of completion of head CT, rate of medication use, hospital admissions, or initial VAS or MRSS score. There was improvement on the VAS score in 53% of the Exp group subjects and 25% of the Con group subjects. The VAS score in the Exp group improved by 1.6 cm, whereas the Con group worsened by 0.8 cm after the intervention (difference = 2.4 cm, P = .03). There were no significant changes in MRSS scores. Accounting for age, sex, and admission status, the adjusted odds of having an improved sedation score were 3.2 (1.0-9.7) in the Exp group. Conclusion Measured on a VAS, there was a significant decrease in agitation in children undergoing a head CT when children's songs with integrated heartbeat sounds were played before and during the procedure.
Alterations in Substrate Specificity and Physicochemical Properties of Deoxythymidine Kinase of a Drug-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Mutant

The deoxythymidine kinase (dTK) activity of a 5-methoxymethyldeoxyuridine-resistant mutant (MMdU(r)-20) of herpes simplex virus type 1 was compared with that of the parental wild-type (WT) virus. The dTK activity induced by the mutant was consistently less than that induced by the WT virus, was inhibited by antibody specific for herpes simplex virus dTK, and was more thermostable than the WT dTK. Further, it was inhibited to a lesser degree than the WT dTK by the nucleoside analogs MMdU and arabinosylthymine (araT), which suggests that one of the effects of the mutation was a selective alteration in substrate recognition by the dTK. The loss of ability to inhibit the mutant dTK by E-(2)-5-bromovinyldeoxyuridine was not as great as that seen with araT and MMdU. This agrees well with our previous observation that the MMdU(r)-20 mutant of herpes simplex virus is only partially resistant to this analog, as compared with araT and MMdU (V. Veerisetty and G. A. Gentry, Virology 114:576-579, 1981). [2-(14)C]araT was used to explore further the resistance to araT. Extracts of cells infected with the mutant, although producing a small amount of [(14)C]araTMP, were unable to produce [(14)C]araTTP, in contrast to extracts of cells infected with the WT virus. Both extracts, however, produced [(14)C]dTTP from [(14)C]deoxyribosylthymine. Finally, the ability of the extracts to phosphorylate [(14)C]dTMP was examined. It was found that this activity was greatly reduced relative to dTK activity in the case of the mutant. These findings suggest that a mutation in the dTK polypeptide has affected recognition not only of nucleoside substrates but of the nucleotide substrate dTMP as well, which agrees with the suggestion of Chen et al. that both activities are located on the same polypeptide (M. S. Chen and W. H. Prusoff, J. Biol. Chem. 253:1325-1327, 1978; M. S. Chen, J. Walker, and W. H. Prusoff, J. Biol. Chem. 254:10747-10753, 1979; M. S. Chen, W. P. Summers, J. Walker, W. C. Summers, and W. H. Prusoff, J. Virol. 30:942-945, 1979).
Wireless laptop-based phonocardiograph and diagnosis

Auscultation is used to evaluate heart health, and can indicate when it's needed to refer a patient to a cardiologist. Advanced phonocardiograph (PCG) signal processing algorithms are developed to assist the physician in the initial diagnosis but they are primarily designed and demonstrated with research quality equipment. Therefore, there is a need to demonstrate the applicability of those techniques with consumer grade instrument. Furthermore, routine monitoring would benefit from a wireless PCG sensor that allows continuous monitoring of cardiac signals of patients in physical activity, e.g., treadmill or weight exercise. In this work, a low-cost portable and wireless healthcare monitoring system based on PCG signal is implemented to validate and evaluate the most advanced algorithms. Off-the-shelf electronics and a notebook PC are used with MATLAB codes to record and analyze PCG signals which are collected with a notebook computer in tethered and wireless mode. Physiological parameters based on the S1 and S2 signals and MATLAB codes are demonstrated. While the prototype is based on MATLAB, the later is not an absolute requirement.
The Failures of Privatization: A Comparative Investigation of Tuberculosis Rates and the Structure of Healthcare in Less-Developed Nations, 1995–2010

Tuberculosis remains a persistent global health problem and key threat to development in poor countries. While many nations pursue privatization of healthcare, some accounts suggest that private health services are inadequate in addressing the TB burden. We utilize panel regression to empirically investigate data from 99 less-developed nations from 1995 to 2010. The results illustrate private health expenditures do not significantly impact TB rates, while public health expenditures reduce TB rates in developing nations over time. Thus, we caution against international development strategies which promote cuts in public spending and encourage privatization of healthcare as a means to stimulate growth or efficiency.
Modeling the relationship between extractable chlorophyll and SPAD-502 readings for endangered plant species research

Summary Handheld chlorophyll meters have proven to be useful tools for rapid, non-destructive assessment of chlorophyll and nutrient status in various agricultural and arborescent plant species. We proposed that a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter would provide valuable information when monitoring life cycle changes and intraspecific variation in endangered plant populations, whereby, destruction of plants to obtain this information is impractical. Further, use of this instrument would augment leaf morphometric measurements collected during controlled studies, circumventing the need for leaf harvest. We developed a regression model relating foliar chlorophyll concentration and content to SPAD chlorophyll content indices for a genetically diverse population of the federally listed Lindera melissifolia. Application of the regression to four additional L. melissifolia populations, and to the ecologically widespread congener L. benzoin, proved the SPAD-502 to be an effective tool for non-destructive estimation of total foliar chlorophyll concentration (r2=0.8230) and content (r2=0.9029) across a range of plant ages, growing conditions, and genotypes.
Introduction to a Symposium on The Case for Greatness

In a recent notable study, Robert Faulkner seeks to examine the “case for greatness.” The greatness that concerns him is “great political ambition,” “statesmanlike ambition.” He qualifies his theme...
Simulation of quantum many-body systems by path-integral methods

Computational techniques allowing path-integral calculations of quantum many-body systems are introduced and applied to liquid and solid helium. The computations presented in this paper do not include exchange effects. The range and limitations of the method are demonstrated by presenting thermodynamic properties, radial distribution functions, and, for the solid phase, the single-particle distribution and intermediate scattering function for imaginary times.
NIR spectroscopy of adult human brain: continuous-light and pulse-light spectroscopy

The years of research and clinical study of brain oximetry using continuous light has brought to the attention of medical scientists and clinicians the great advantage of simple, economical, portable, optical methods, on the one hand, and the need for precision, reliability of calibration, and absolute quantitation, on the other. As the usefulness of the device increases, so do the demands for reliability and precision.
The present status of the volcano‐gas problem

Prior to 1911 my notions of volcanoes were determined by textbook diagrams, fire insurance calendars, and the conventional Neapolitan postcards. In that year I visited Kilauea under the guidance of F. A. Perret, and found some revision of my ideas necessary. I am still revising them. At that time, and during my stay, Kilauea was entirely normal; that is, there was a circular pool of lava about a hundred meters, in diameter some thirty meters below the rim of Halemaumau. Nothing happened except an occasional rise of a few meters with overflow, or drop of a few meters with some falling in of the lake wall. Otherwise the lake bubbled away with quite regular fountaining, flow, and hissing cracks. Since it was generally accepted that beneath the lake there was an unimpeded conduit leading down to a convenient magma chamber, and also that the lake had no outlet, a chemist would instinctively deduce that the energy supply must come from the gases, since these were the only products evolved. In 1912 I accompanied Dr. A. L. Day on another expedition, with the object of collecting some of these gases and determining their composition. The results of that expedition are familiar to you.
Importance of isotope measurements in marine organic geochemistry

Abstract We present here some specific areas of research, prefaced by brief and selected reviews, that address the cycling of organic matter in the marine environment. These are areas in which isotopic signatures will provide vital answers or clues.
The immunogenicity of pyridine-extracted, alum-precipitated ragweed

Abstract The immunogenicity of pyridine-extracted ragweed, and pyridine-extracted, alumprecipitated ragweed was determined and compared with that of aqueous ragweed extract by several immunologic techniques. The results indicated that either the extraction of ragweed with pyridine alone or extraction of ragweed with pyridine and subsequent precipitation with alum may alter this allergen's reactivity in human beings and immunogenicity in animals.
Response of cricopharyngeus muscle to esophageal stimulation by mechanical distension and acid and bile perfusion.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to identify the response of the cricopharyngeus muscle (CPM) to esophageal stimulation by intraluminal mechanical distension and intraluminal acid and bile perfusion.Methods:In 3 adult pigs, electromyographic (EMG) activity of the CPM was recorded at baseline and after esophageal stimulation at 3 levels: Proximal, middle, and distal. The esophagus was stimulated with 20-mL balloon distension and intraluminal perfusion of 40 mL 0.1N hydrochloric acid, taurocholic acid (pH 1.5), and chenodeoxycholic acid (pH 7.4) at the rate of 40 mL/min. The EMG spike density was defined as peak-to-peak spikes greater than 10 μV averaged over 10-ms intervals.Results:In all 3 animals, the spike density at baseline was 0. The spike densities increased after proximal and middle distensions to 15.2 ± 1.5 and 5.1 ± 1.2 spikes per 10 ms, respectively. No change in CPM EMG activity occurred after distal distension. The spike density following intraluminal perfusion with hydrochloric acid at th...
Statistical analysis of spacecraft replenishment

A statistical analysis of the number of launches required to establish and maintain a system of several spacecraft is made, based on the assumption that replenishment launches can be effected immediately after failure.
Does Speed Matter? A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Fluency and Discrete Trial Training for Teaching Noun Labels to Children with Autism.

This study used an alternating-treatment design to compare the efficacy of discrete trial training (DTT) with fluency training (FT) for the acquisition, stimulus generalization, and retention of noun labels in children with autism. Four elementary-age students diagnosed with autism were taught to expressively label nouns using a DTT format and a FT format. A between-treatments comparison of the total number of nouns retained at 6 weeks post intervention was also conducted to compare retention. The results of this study showed that FT was superior to DTT in all of these areas. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abdominal trauma imaging: imaging choices and appropriateness.

Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood resulting in over 1.5 million injuries, 500,000 hospital admissions and 20,000 deaths per year [1]. Approximately 80% of injuries are due to blunt force trauma. The clinical evaluation of children with potential blunt abdominal injury presents a difficult and challenging task. Therefore diagnostic imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of injured children.
Constructively well-posed approximation methods with unity inf-sup and continuity constants for partial differential equations

Starting from the generalized Lax-Milgram theorem and from the fact that the approximation error is minimized when the continuity and inf– sup constants are unity, we develop a theory that provably delivers well-posed approximation methods with unity continuity and inf–sup constants for numerical solution of linear partial differential equations. We demonstrate our single-framework theory on scalar hyperbolic equations to constructively derive two different hp finite element methods. The first one coincides with a least squares discontinuous Galerkin method, and the other appears to be new. Both methods are proven to be trivially well-posed, with optimal hpconvergence rates. The numerical results show that our new discontinuous finite element method, namely a discontinuous Petrov-Galerkin method, is more accurate, has optimal convergence rate, and does not seem to have unphysical diffusion compared to the upwind discontinuous Galerkin method.
Pair-production of Higgs bosons via heavy quark annihilation

Abstract Upper bounds on the cross section for production of Higgs boson pairs via heavey quark fusion are determined for various masses. The rates are compared with the contribution to Higgs pair-production from gauge boson fusion.
Amino acid sequence environment modulates the disruption by osteogenesis imperfecta glycine substitutions in collagen-like peptides

Ostoegenesis imperfecta (OI) or "brittle bone" disease is associated with mutations in the genes for type I collagen chains and produces variable phenotypes, ranging from lethal cases at birth to mild cases with increased bone fractures. The most common OI mutations are single base substitutions leading to replacement of Gly by another residue, breaking the typical (Gly-X-Y)n repeating sequence pattern of the collagen triple-helix. Triple-helical peptides were designed to focus on residues 892-921 of the alpha1 chain of type I collagen, where two OI Gly-->Ser mutations are found in close proximity, a mild mutation at site 901 and a lethal mutation at site 913. Peptides were designed to include amino acid sequences around these mutation sites, and were synthesized with the normal sequence or with the Gly-->Ser mutated sequence. The peptide including the normal sequence residues 892-909 with four Gly-Pro-Hyp triplets at the C-terminus formed a stable triple-helix, and introduction of a Ser residue for Gly at the 901 mutation site led to a 50% loss of triple-helix content and a decrease in thermal stability, with little effect on folding. A peptide including residues 904-921 again formed a stable triple-helix, but the introduction of the Gly-->Ser substitution at site 913 led to a much greater decrease in thermal stability. These studies demonstrate the impact of local sequences flanking the Gly substitution on structural consequences and support the concept of variability and regional effects along the collagen molecule.
Demons are everywhere: The effects of belief in pure evil, demonization, and retribution on punishing criminal perpetrators

Do preconceived beliefs about evil influence perceptions and punishments of those who harm others? We examined the effects of belief in pure evil (BPE), demonization, and belief in retribution on punishment of a stereotypically (vs. non-stereotypically) evil criminal. Participants punished the stereotypically evil perpetrator more (i.e., greater recommended jail time, opposition to parole, and support for his execution) because of increases in demonization (i.e., greater perceptions of the criminal as wicked, evil, and threatening), but not increases in retributive feelings. However, regardless of the criminal’s exhibited stereotypically evil traits, greater BPE predicted harsher punishment of the perpetrator; both greater demonization and stronger retributive feelings mediated the relationship between BPE and severe punishments. Further, effect sizes indicated BPE (vs. the evilness manipulation) more strongly predicted demonization and punishment. Thus, some individuals naturally see perpetrators as demons, and retributively punish them, whether or not there is more explicit stereotypic evidence of their evil dispositions.
Constituents of soybean cultivars differing in insect resistance

Abstract Leaf samples of two insect-resistant plant introductions (PI 227687 and PI 229358) and two susceptible (Ransom and Coker Hampton 266A) cultivars of soybeans, Glycine max , were analyzed at different growth stages for their contents of total nitrogen, carbohydrates, organic acids, and sterols. The two susceptible cultivars accumulated more total nitrogen and at a faster rate than did the two resistant plant introductions. At pod-filling, the two resistant cultivars had equivalent soluble carbohydrates and 33% more than the susceptible cultivars. The quantity of organic acids was essentially the same for the two susceptible cultivars. The resistant cultivars had distinctly different quantities from each other as well as from the susceptible cultivars. The quantity of total sterol of these soybean cultivars varied during the growth of the plant. The resistant cultivars accumulated sterol faster and by pod-filling contained from 20 to 50% more sterol than did the susceptible cultivars.
New strategies for the construction of macrolide antibiotic subunits using organoiron precursors

Abstract Tricarbonyldienyliron complexes 6 , 7 and 17 are used as precursors to a range of dienylacetic acid derivatives which are not readily available from other sources. The phenylselenolactonization of these dienes occurs in a regio- and stereocontrolled manner with conjugate attachment of a PhSe group anti to the lactone moiety in the case of cyclohexadiene derivatives. Oxidation of the allylic selenium compounds occurs with concomitant selenoxide (2,3)-sigmatropic rearrangement to give hydroxylactones.
Protein Metabolism in the Developing Brain: Influence of Birth and Gestational Age

Incorporation of carbon-14-labeled phenylalanine into brain protein of newborn pigs falls sharply within 24 hours after birth. This decrease is related to the time of birth rather than the gestational age of the piglets, although the latter is also associated with a gradual decrease in brain protein synthesis.
Microtubule Depolymerization Normalizes In Vivo Myocardial Contractile Function in Dogs With Pressure-Overload Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

BACKGROUND: Because initially compensatory myocardial hypertrophy in response to pressure overloading may eventually decompensate to myocardial failure, mechanisms responsible for this transition have long been sought. One such mechanism established in vitro is densification of the cellular microtubule network, which imposes a viscous load that inhibits cardiocyte contraction. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, we extended this in vitro finding to the in vivo level and tested the hypothesis that this cytoskeletal abnormality is important in the in vivo contractile dysfunction that occurs in experimental aortic stenosis in the adult dog. In 8 dogs in which gradual stenosis of the ascending aorta had caused severe left ventricular (LV) pressure overloading (gradient, 152+/-16 mm Hg) with contractile dysfunction, LV function was measured at baseline and 1 hour after the intravenous administration of colchicine. Cardiocytes obtained by biopsy before and after in vivo colchicine administration were examined in tandem. Microtubule depolymerization restored LV contractile function both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: These and additional corroborative data show that increased cardiocyte microtubule network density is an important mechanism for the ventricular contractile dysfunction that develops in large mammals with adult-onset pressure-overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
Esterase heterogeneity in the oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea say (Prosobranchia: Muricidae)☆

1. 1. Four regions of Urosalpinx cinerea foot muscle esterases were differentiated electrophoretically and partially characterized with the use of inhibitors and substrates. 2. 2. The isozymes of Esterase II are inferred to be that of a dimeric molecule, each subunit encoded at a different locus, on the basis of their electrophoretic variants, tissue distributions and selective inhibition by PMSF. 3. 3. Esterase IV, probably a diallelic polypeptide, is significantly heterogeneous for allele frequencies among the Connecticut and Virginia populations examined; this is probably associated with the limited larval dispersal pattern in this species.
An Existential-Dialectical-Phenomenological Approach to Understanding Cultural Tilts: Implications for Multicultural Research and Practice

An existential-dialectical-phenomenological approach is applied to the understanding of the universal tensions between multicultural and transcultural value-laden modalities of existence. Differences in cultural comportments are described as variations in local human ways in dealing with universal and bipolar existential modalities, values, or needs, such as freedom versus limitation, independence versus (inter)dependence, and connectedness versus separateness. Cultures are described as being organized around and as providing their members with ways of dealing with these value-laden dialectical dilemmas. Cultures are further depicted as legitimating one dialectical pole to the detriment of the other dialectical pole. Some cultures, for example, legitimate the dialectical poles of freedom, independence, and separateness, while deemphasizing or denying the dialectical poles of limitation, (inter)dependence, and connectedness. Other cultures legitimate the opposite. These one-sided value orientations of cultures are referred to as cultural tilts . The implications for the practice of multicultural counseling and phenomenologically-based qualitative research are delineated.
Cellular STAT3 Functions via PCBP2 To Restrain Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Activation in B Lymphocytes

ABSTRACT A major hurdle to killing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected tumor cells using oncolytic therapy is the presence of a substantial fraction of EBV-infected cells that does not support the lytic phase of EBV despite exposure to lytic cycle-promoting agents. To determine the mechanism(s) underlying this refractory state, we developed a strategy to separate lytic from refractory EBV-positive (EBV+) cells. By examining the cellular transcriptome in separated cells, we previously discovered that high levels of host STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) curtail the susceptibility of latently infected cells to lytic cycle activation signals. The goals of the present study were 2-fold: (i) to determine the mechanism of STAT3-mediated resistance to lytic activation and (ii) to exploit our findings to enhance susceptibility to lytic activation. We therefore analyzed our microarray data set, cellular proteomes of separated lytic and refractory cells, and a publically available STAT3 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) data set to identify cellular PCBP2 [poly(C)-binding protein 2], an RNA-binding protein, as a transcriptional target of STAT3 in refractory cells. Using Burkitt lymphoma cells and EBV+ cell lines from patients with hypomorphic STAT3 mutations, we demonstrate that single cells expressing high levels of PCBP2 are refractory to spontaneous and induced EBV lytic activation, STAT3 functions via cellular PCBP2 to regulate lytic susceptibility, and suppression of PCBP2 levels is sufficient to increase the number of EBV lytic cells. We expect that these findings and the genome-wide resources that they provide will accelerate our understanding of a longstanding mystery in EBV biology and guide efforts to improve oncolytic therapy for EBV-associated cancers. IMPORTANCE Most humans are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a cancer-causing virus. While EBV generally persists silently in B lymphocytes, periodic lytic (re)activation of latent virus is central to its life cycle and to most EBV-related diseases. However, a substantial fraction of EBV-infected B cells and tumor cells in a population is refractory to lytic activation. This resistance to lytic activation directly and profoundly impacts viral persistence and the effectiveness of oncolytic therapy for EBV+ cancers. To identify the mechanisms that underlie susceptibility to EBV lytic activation, we used host gene and protein expression profiling of separated lytic and refractory cells. We find that STAT3, a transcription factor overactive in many cancers, regulates PCBP2, a protein important in RNA biogenesis, to regulate susceptibility to lytic cycle activation signals. These findings advance our understanding of EBV persistence and provide important leads on devising methods to improve viral oncolytic therapies.
Current Ratings of Aircraft Cable

This paper presents the results of an investigation conducted to determine the continuous and short-time current ratings of copper aircraft cable, using visual indication of smoke as the limiting factor. Tests were made on several wire sizes at various ambient temperatures, using six types of aircraft cable. Curves were obtained showing the highest current which can be carried continuously by each size of cable at different ambient temperatures without evolvement of smoke. Thermal curves, with smoking and delayed smoking values, were obtained for various current overload applications. Procedure is given for interpolating smoking and delayed smoking curves for wire sizes not experimentally obtained. Results of this investigation indicate that present continuous current ratings are too high for most of the cable used during this investigation.
Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine Strains ts-11 and 6/85 from Commonly Used Mycoplasma gallisepticum Challenge Strains by PCR

SUMMARY. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen causing significant economic losses within the poultry industry. In an effort to develop tools to aid in MG research and diagnostics, we have compared sequences of the attenuated MG vaccine strain ts-11 to those of commonly used pathogenic challenge strains in search of a simple means of differentiation. Via gapA sequence alignments and comparisons, we have identified and designed primers facilitating strain differentiation. When applied to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay at low annealing temperature, the primer sets allow for the differentiation of MG attenuated vaccine strains ts-11 as well as the attenuated MG vaccine strain 6/85 from the commonly utilized MG challenge strains Rlow, R, and S6. Conventional PCR differentiation is based on the visualization of sole products with the attenuated MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 and the lack of the corresponding products from MG strains Rlow, R, and S6. When applied to MG strain F, product visualization varies with the applied primer set. The differentiation of MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 from the pathogenic challenge strains was also accomplished via real-time analyses, however, the primer sets were not able to differentiate MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 from selected MG field isolates.
UV-induced intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber sensors

In this paper, we present a novel point-wise laser writing method that utilizes a focused ultraviolet (UV) laser beam and metallic masks to write local Fresnel reflectors and intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (IFPI) sensors in photosensitive fibers. These UV-induced IFPI sensors have features of low reflectance and low power loss and have the potential to be densely multiplexed. We also present a sweeping laser based measurement system that measures the interference spectra and estimates the optical path distances (OPD) of IFPI sensors. We also demonstrated IFPI sensors for temperature, strain and pressure measurement. Laboratory test results show that these UV-induced IFPI sensors can have a resolution of 0.1°C for temperature measurement and 0.5 micro-strain for strain measurement, and can be used in a temperature environment as high as 600°C.
Synthesis of cis‐4,5‐dihydroxy‐[3,6‐14C]‐1,2‐dithiane‐1,1‐dioxide

cis-4,5-Dihydroxy-[3,6-14C]-1,2-dithiane-1,1-dioxide ([14C]-12) was synthesized in eleven steps from [1,4-14C]fumaric acid ([14C]-1) in 10% overall yield. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pituitary and Hypothalamic Somatostatin Receptor Subtype Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in the Food-Deprived and Diabetic Rat

Prolonged food deprivation (FD) and streptozocin-induced diabetes (STZ diabetes) in the rat result in abolition of GH secretory episodes. We have previously shown that hypothalamic prepro-GRF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is markedly reduced in the hypothalamus of FD and STZ diabetic rats, with no change in prepro-somatostatin (SRIF) mRNA and suggested that reduced GRF and increased SRIF tone explained the loss of GH secretion in FD and STZ diabetes. Altered SRIF peptide expression has been implicated in many physiological and pathological states; however, information on the regulation of SRIF receptor (SSTR) expression is lacking. Therefore, we examined the expression of mRNA for the five recently cloned SSTR subtypes in the pituitary and hypothalamus of FD and STZ diabetic rats. In addition, we measured SRIF binding to pituitary membranes of FD rats. SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR3 mRNA expression was reduced 80% in the pituitary of FD rats vs. fed controls, whereas pituitary levels of SSTR4 and SSTR5 mRNA we...
Management of skull base fractures

Frontal sinus fractures have long been considered controversial and, to this day, no absolute guidelines exist for management. However, it is generally agreed that complications are more likely to occur when there is either blockage of active outflow from the frontal sinus or when there is communication between the anterior cranial fossa and the sinonasal cavities. The following discussion will focus on the latter problem when fractures involve the anterior skull base in addition to frontal sinus and cranial fractures.
Analogous behavior of rotating and stratified fluids

The prsent paper continues an investigation on the analogy between fluids which are rotating and fluids which are stratified. The analysis has been extended to include rotation in the stratified system and stratification in the rotating system. Even though the basic equations are the same we differentiate between the two systems on the basis of the forces which drive the motion. System S? corresponds to adding rotation to the stratified system S, in a foregoing paper where the flow is driven by differential heating at the side boundaries. In system ? s stratification is added to the rotating fluid, ?, which is driven by differential vertical vorticity at the top and bottom boundaries. It is shown that an exact analogy continues to hold when the flow is two-dimensional and when certain variables are identified with each other in the two systems. Combining rotation and stratification of the same order inhibits the outflow from the boundary layers which was found to be necessary in the simple systems, and the buoyancy and Ekman boundary layers play no role in two-dimensional flow. The entire fluid is dominated by diffusive processes. In system S? three-dimensional flows have significant buoyancy layers. When the added process (rotation in system S? or stratification in system ? s ) is introduced as a higher-order correction, it can lead to zero-order changes in two-dimensional flows but has only higher-order effects in the three-dimensional S? system. It is also shown that the rotating, stratified fluid has no boundary layers of the type found by Stewartson (1957) for rotating homogeneous fluids. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01512.x
Repair of osteochondral defects with hyaluronan- and polyester-based scaffolds.

Summary Objective The natural repair of osteochondral defects can be enhanced with biocompatible, biodegradable materials that support the repair process. It is our hypothesis that hyaluronan-based scaffolds are superior to synthetic scaffolds because they provide biological cues. We tested this thesis by comparing two hyaluronan-based scaffolds [auto cross-linked polysaccharide polymer (ACP™) and HYAFF ® -11] to polyester-based scaffolds [poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)] with similar pore size, porosity and degradation times. Design Fifty-four rabbits received bilateral osteochondral defects. One defect received a hyaluronan-based scaffold and the contralateral defect received the corresponding polyester-based scaffold. Rabbits were euthanized 4, 12 and 20 weeks after surgery and the condyles dissected and processed for histology. Results Only ACP™-treated defects presented bone at the base of the defect at 4 weeks. At 12 weeks, only defects treated with rapidly dissolving implants (ACP™ and PLGA) presented bone reconstitution consistently, while bone was present in only one third of those treated with slowly dissolving scaffolds (HYAFF ® -11 and PLLA). After 20 weeks, the articular surface of PLGA-treated defects presented fibrillation more frequently than in ACP™-treated defects. The surface of defects treated with slowly dissolving scaffolds presented more cracks and fissures. Conclusions The degradation rate of the scaffolds is critical for the repair process. Slowly dissolving scaffolds sustain thicker cartilage at the surface but, it frequently presents cracks and discontinuities. These scaffolds also delay bone formation at the base of the defects. Hyaluronan-based scaffolds appear to allow faster cell infiltration leading to faster tissue formation. The degradation of ACP™ leads to rapid bone formation while the slow degradation of HYAFF ® -11 prolongs the presence of cartilage and delays endochondral bone formation.
Simulation studies of a recorder in three dimensions

The aeroacoustics of a recorder are explored using a direct numerical simulation based on the Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions. The qualitative behavior is studied using spatial maps of the air pressure and velocity to give a detailed picture of jet dynamics and vortex shedding near the labium. In certain cases, subtle but perhaps important differences in the motion of the air jet near the edge of the channel as compared to the channel center are observed. These differences may be important when analyzing experimental visualizations of jet motion. The quantitative behavior is studied through analysis of the spectrum of the sound pressure outside the instrument. The effect of chamfers and of changes in the position of the labium relative to the channel on the tonal properties are explored and found to be especially important in the attack portion of the tone. Changes in the spectrum as a result of variations in the blowing speed are also investigated as well as the behavior of the spectrum when the dominant spectral component switches from the fundamental to the second harmonic mode of the resonator tube.
New Resources for Audiologists Working With Hispanic Patients: Spanish Translations and Cultural Training

Purpose Hispanics comprise over 16% of the U.S. population (Humes, Jones, & Ramirez, 2011). Cultural and language differences may negatively affect services audiologists provide to Hispanic patient...
Differences in vaginal sensitivity of mice of inbred strains; localization in the vagina.

THE vaginal mucosa of mice of different inbred strains differs in responsiveness to exogenous estrogen (1, 2, 3, 4). More than four times as much estrogen was required to induce cornification in 50% ± 10% of the vaginas of mice of some strains than was required by mice of other strains (4, 5). The differences in vaginal sensitivity were not correlated with susceptibility to mammary cancer (1, 3, 4, 6). The strain differences in susceptibility of the vaginal mucosa may be due to the genetic constitution of mice of the different strains which result in (a) differences in the rate of inactivation or excretion of injected estrogen, (b) differences in the production of estrogen or substances that might antagonize or augment their action, or (c) differences in the responsiveness of the end organ. The possibility that differences in inactivation or excretion of the hormones might occur was excluded largely when the topical application of the hormones to the vaginal mucosa revealed a similar order of the response...
Hydrogen peroxide lethality is associated with a decreased ability to maintain positive DNA supercoiling

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide is more toxic to mammalian cells at 37 °C than 0 °C at all concentrations studied. Histone-free nuclei (nucleoids) extracted from treated cells have a reduced ability to maintain positive DNA supercoiling, with the maximum effect at the higher temperature. Prior exposure of cells to sodium ascorbate at 0 °C increased both toxicity and the inhibition of nuclear supercoil rewinding. After exposure at 0 °C, normal levels of supercoiling returned with both a fast and a slow component, kinetics characteristic of DNA single-strand break repair; the fast component was eliminated when cells were exposed at 37 °C due to in situ rejoining. At least a portion of the lethal lesions induced by hydrogen peroxide are DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) because the dsb repair-deficient mutant, xrs-5, is approximately two to three times more sensitive than wild-type cells over the initial portion of the survival curve. However, the increased toxicity found after exposure at 37 °C is observed equally in both cell lines, indicating that temperature-dependent cell killing is not directly linked to DNA dsb. It is suggested that cell killing at 37 °C is mediated through two linked processes. First, hydrogen peroxide may disrupt cation-stabilized nuclear supercoiling by direct ion oxidation. Second, as a part of the oxidation process, hydrogen peroxide will produce potentially cytotoxic free radicals close to the DNA-linked metal site, limited in extent only by the presence of chemicals capable of reducing metal ions prior to reoxidation.
Using manual tracking performance to tune a specified-negative-amplitude input shaper

This paper proposes a method for optimizing a control system that includes a human in the loop. The method uses human-operator testing to measure the system's performance for a given value of a control parameter. Root-mean-squared (RMS) tracking error is used to quantify performance. The optimum control parameter value is found using a one-dimensional search algorithm. As an example application, the golden-section search method is used to find the optimal form of a specified-negative-amplitude (SNA) input shaper. Results from an operator experiment show that the method was able to identify an optimal range of parameter values using a relatively small number of iterations.
Affinity of Neutral Red for Cells with Basophilic Cytoplasm

IN earlier studies1,2 it was found that within half an hour of mice being injected with the dye neutral red, the cytoplasm of the exocrine cells of the pancreas became diffusely and homogeneously pink. A short time later, small reddish granules, the so-called ‘neutral red granules’, appeared. Shortly after injection these granules were discrete, but later took the form of aggregates immiscible with the cytoplasm. The single granules were about 0.7µ in diameter, the aggregates 2.5–3µ, and both were confined to the basophilic portion of the cell between the zymogen granules and the basement membrane. They did not occur among the zymogen granules and were never intranuclear. Vacuoles with these characteristics which might have been coloured by entrance of the dye into the cell were never observed in pancreas exocrine cells from animals not given the dye and it was concluded that the neutral red granules were ‘new’ formations. By the application of two techniques, Janus green3 in living cells and Altmann4 in fixed tissue, it was possible to distinguish the neutral red granules from apparently normal mitochondria.
Contributions of the Kölliker–Fuse nucleus to coordination of breathing and swallowing

Herein we compare the effects of perturbations in the Kolliker–Fuse nucleus (KFN) and the lateral (LPBN) and medial (MPBN) parabrachial nuclei on the coordination of breathing and swallowing. Cannula was chronically implanted in goats through which ibotenic acid (IA) was injected while awake. Swallows in late expiration (E) always reset while swallows in early inspiration (I) never reset the respiratory rhythm. Before cannula implantation, all other E and I swallows did not reset the respiratory rhythm, and had small effects on E and I duration and tidal volume (VT). However, after cannula implantation in the MPBN and KFN, E and I swallows reset the respiratory rhythm and increased the effects on I and E duration and VT. Subsequent injection of IA into the KFN eliminated the respiratory phase resetting of swallows but exacerbated the effects on I and E duration and VT. We conclude that the KFN and to a lesser extent the MPBN contribute to coordination of breathing and swallowing.