cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What’s in a Label? The Relationship between Feminist Self-Identification and “Feminist” Attitudes among U.S. Women and Men

Although scholars and media critics have suspected a disconnect between feminist self-identification and attitudes among the U.S. public, little is known empirically about this relationship. This article examines the relationships between feminist self-identification, sociodemographics, political orientation, and a range of gender-related attitudes using data from the 1996 General Society Survey. Results suggest that feminists are most likely to be highly educated, urban women who self-identify as liberals and Democrats. Feminist self-identification significantly relates to views about the impact of the women’s movement and to core causes of gender inequality. It links less well, particularly for women, to more specific causes and attitudes about what should be (e.g., those implicating working mothers, biology, and God’s will). This suggests the importance of analyzing clusters of attitudes regarding ideal gender arrangements and of examining and differentiating between other attitude clusters. These find...
Minding the gap: Elucidating the disconnect between arts participation metrics and arts engagement within immigrant communities

A growing gap between national metrics of arts participation and the many, evolving ways in which people participate in artistic and aesthetic activities limits the degree to which such data can usefully inform policy decisions. The National Endowment for the Arts’ Survey of Public Participation in the Arts (SPPA) is the primary source of arts participation data in the USA, but this instrument inadequately evaluates how members of minority and immigrant communities participate in the arts. As the USA nears a historic demographic shift to being a majority–minority nation – non-Hispanic White individuals will no longer be a demographic majority by about 2041 – obtaining more accurate measures of artistic activities that are meaningful to a more diverse population will be of increasing importance for public policy-making. To better understand the extent to which the SPPA's questions capture the range of artistic activities engaged in by members of immigrant communities, we cognitively tested a subset of the ...
Wavenumber transition and wavenumber vacillation in Eady-type baroclinic flows

Wavenumber transition and wavenumber vacillation are studied numerically in a maximum simplification Eady-type model with uneven Ekman dissipation. The spectral wave solution for the model contains three waves with adjacent zonal wavenumbers and the gravest meridional mode. The model only allows for wave-mean-flow interaction. The model is used to obtain the main characteristics of the process of wavenumber transition at various stratifications and the flow regime of wave-number vacillation at specific parameter settings. It is found that wavenumber vacillation is a flow regime observed at some parameter settings when the flow has at least two spatial and three temporal degrees of freedom. It is suggested that the balance between baroclinic forcing and damping adjusted by wave-mean-flow interaction is a basic mechanism for wavenumber transition and wavenumber vacillation.
Rapid in vivo detection of isoniazid-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis by breath test.

There is an urgent need for rapid point-of-care tools for tuberculosis diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity analysis. Here, the authors describe a breath test that, within minutes, detects isoniazid-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis in infected animals.
Integrating UX with scrum in an undergraduate software development project

We report our experiences using the Scrum agile software development method in an undergraduate user-centered web development project. Our chief contributions are to report on using Scrum in a summer research setting as distinct from academic-year coursework and to consider the integration of Scrum and user experience (UX) development methods in a learning environment. Our experience with combining Scrum and UX was positive: this methodology gave our project a clear structure, kept us motivated, and focused us on developing a usable final product. We discuss our adaptations of Scrum to UX development and to the summer research setting, along with challenges we faced and lessons learned, to inform students and faculty who wish to apply such methods in future projects.
The paradox of healing pain

Abstract Pain may be seen as a problem to be healed or as a means for healing. The secular biomedical view of pain is that it is to be avoided and alleviated; its only meaning is as a symptom of underlying disease. In contrast, there have been throughout history other views of sufferingdas redemptive or as transformative, for example. This paper considers the disparity between these perspectives, examining the role of the emotions and the underlying neurobiological processes though which pain and suffering come to be experienced as meaningful, then analyzes interview material exploring how religion and religious beliefs help people cope with suffering or with pain. The experience of pain is subjective, enculturated experience; the meaning that pain or suffering holds within a given cultural context affects the experience of pain and suffering. In a context where pain and suffering are understood to be valuable, those experiences can be used for spiritual transformation and integrated within a meaningful i...
Kinesin's Biased Stepping Mechanism: Amplification of Neck Linker Zippering

A physically motivated model of kinesin's motor function is developed within the framework of rectified Brownian motion. The model explains how the amplification of neck linker zippering arises naturally through well-known formulae for overdamped dynamics, thereby providing a means to understand how weakly-favorable zippering leads to strongly favorable plus-directed binding of a free kinesin head to microtubule. Additional aspects of kinesin's motion, such as head coordination and rate-limiting steps, are directly related to the force-dependent inhibition of ATP binding to a microtubule bound head. The model of rectified Brownian motion is presented as an alternative to power stroke models and provides an alternative inter- pretation for the significance of ATP hydrolysis in the kinesin stepping cycle.
Tacit knowledge in patent applications: observations on the value of models to early US Patent Office practice and potential implications for the 21st century

Abstract Scientist-philosopher Michael Polanyi has observed that tacit knowledge––knowledge that we know but cannot tell––is an essential part of scientific genius and the ability to innovate. He also observes that physical embodiments, particularly in combination with other means of communicating, provide one important means for transmitting tacit knowledge about an invention. Early in the history of the US Patent Office, a patent application to that Office reflected the need to capture unarticulated aspects of an invention: the application included models as well as text and diagrams. Used in disputes about the content and nature of an invention, models were a vital means for communicating about inventions to the public. This article considers the historical relationship among the various types of “texts”––drawings, texts, and models––that were once required for patent applications. It describes Patent Office arguments for and against eliminating models as evidence of invention, and concludes by raising questions about the potential value of computer models to contemporary patent activity.
A Transformer-neutralized 0.6 V VDD 17---29 GHz LNA and its application to an RF front-end

A low-noise (LNA) amplifier that combines transformer-neutralization with bandwidth enhancement is introduced to enable a compact design capable of operating from a widely scalable supply voltage. A supply-voltage scalable 17---29 GHz ultra-wideband (UWB) multi-stage LNA prototype employing a single transistor between V DD and ground in all stages, and using the aforementioned techniques, is fabricated in 130 nm CMOS. The LNA achieves 15.4 dB (18 dB) peak gain, 5.5 dB (4.7 dB) minimum NF and ?12 dBm (?11 dBm) worst case IIP3 while consuming 6 mW (15 mW) power while operating with a 0.6 V (1.2 V) supply voltage. A 17---27 GHz quadrature receiver prototype employing a modified version of this LNA is also fabricated, with potential applications in wireless sensor and vehicular radar applications. The receiver achieves 22.2 dB (25.4 dB) of peak conversion gain, 8.7 dB (5.7 dB) minimum NF and ?17 dBm (?15 dBm) worst case IIP3 while consuming 10.2 mW (24 mW) power from a 0.6 V (1.2 V) V DD .
LPS-induced systemic inflammation is more severe in P2Y12 null mice

Thienopyridines are a class of antiplatelet drugs that are metabolized in the liver to several metabolites, of which only one active metabolite can irreversibly antagonize the platelet P2Y12 receptor. Possible effects of these drugs and the role of activated platelets in inflammatory responses have also been investigated in a variety of animal models, demonstrating that thienopyridines could alter inflammation. However, it is not clear whether it is caused only by the P2Y12 antagonism or whether off-target effects of other metabolites also intervene. To address this question, we investigated P2Y12 KO mice during a LPS-induced model of systemic inflammation, and we treated these KO mice with a thienopyridine drug (clopidogrel). Contrary to the reported effects of clopidogrel, numbers of circulating WBCs and plasma levels of cytokines were increased in LPS-exposed KO mice compared with WT in this inflammation model. Moreover, both spleen and bone marrow show an increase in cell content, suggesting a role for P2Y12 in regulation of bone marrow and spleen cellular composition. Finally, the injury was more severe in the lungs of KO mice compared with WT. Interestingly, clopidogrel treatments also exerted protective effects in KO mice, suggesting off-target effects for this drug. In conclusion, the P2Y12 receptor plays an important role during LPS-induced inflammation, and this signaling pathway may be involved in regulating cell content in spleen and bone marrow during LPS systemic inflammation. Furthermore, clopidogrel may have effects that are independent of P2Y12 receptor blockade.
Central processor scheduling using I/O behaviour models

An I/O based approach for task scheduling on the central processing unit (CPU) of computer systems is presented. Two queuing network models are analysed and scheduling policies to optimize or improve CPU utilization are derived. Since operating systems can easily keep track of the I/O activities of tasks, the approach presented in this paper can easily be incorporated into system schedulers without much overhead. The effectiveness and ease of implementation of this approach make it particularly appealing to many practical applications and real-time systems.
The Source Equivalence Acceleration Method

Abstract Fine-group whole-core reactor analysis remains one of the long sought goals of the reactor physics community. Such a detailed analysis is typically too computationally expensive to be realized on anything except the largest of supercomputers. Recondensation using the Discrete Generalized Multigroup (DGM) method, though, offers a relatively cheap alternative to solving the fine group transport problem. DGM, however, suffered from inconsistencies when applied to high-order spatial methods. While an exact spatial recondensation method was developed and provided full spatial consistency with the fine group problem, this approach substantially increased memory requirements for realistic problems. The method described in this paper, called the Source Equivalence Acceleration Method (SEAM), forms a coarse-group problem which preserves the fine-group problem even when using higher order spatial methods. SEAM allows recondensation to converge to the fine-group solution with minimal memory requirements and little additional overhead. This method also provides for consistency when using different spatial methods and angular quadratures between the coarse group and fine group problems. SEAM was implemented in OpenMOC, a 2D MOC code developed at MIT, and its performance tested against Coarse Mesh Finite Difference (CMFD) acceleration on the C5G7 benchmark problem and on a 361 group version of the problem. For extremely expensive transport calculations, SEAM was able to outperform CMFD, resulting in speed-ups of 20–45 relative to the normal power iteration calculation.
Controversies in behavioral neurology: the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs to treat neurobehavioral symptoms in dementia.

Abstract“Atypical” antipsychotic drugs are widely used in patients with neurobehavioral disturbances related to dementia. Recent reports have highlighted the risks of these agents, including increased mortality, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued black-box warnings concerning their use. Studies of efficacy have shown only limited evidence that these drugs are more effective than placebo in controlling abnormal behaviors or improving the lives of patients with dementia and their caregivers. Recent evidence suggests that the older, “typical” antipsychotic drugs have at least as much risk as the atypical agents, and FDA warnings have been extended to these agents. In managing the behavioral disturbances of demented patients, clinicians must weigh the benefits and risks of these agents, use them only for severely disruptive behaviors, discontinue medications when ineffective, and inform families of the benefits and risks of treatment.
Novel molecular targets for the therapy of urothelial carcinoma.

Introduction: First-line platinum-based combinations are active in locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma; however, long-term outcomes including disease-specific and overall survival remain suboptimal. In addition, approximately 40 – 50% of patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma have coexisting medical issues that preclude the use of cisplatin-based therapy. Improvements in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of urothelial tumorigenesis have led to first-generation clinical trials evaluating novel agents targeting molecular pathways. These are particularly relevant in regard to subpopulations. Novel trial designs warrant consideration to accelerate accrual. Areas covered: In this review, novel molecular targets for the therapy of urothelial carcinoma, as well as recently completed and ongoing clinical trials utilizing novel targeted agents, are discussed. A Medline search with key words, abstracts reported at national conferences on urothelial carcinoma and NCI clinical trial ...
The application of multiple factorial methods to the study of motor abilities

A battery of thirteen tests of motor abilities are analyzed by means of the Thurstone factor methods. Interpretations of the nature of the six factors extracted are offered, with reservations. The high degree of specificity of motor abilities results in very narrow group factors.
Production of optically active 2,3‐butanediol by Bacillus polymyxa

Bacillus polymyxa produces (R, R)-2,3-butanediol from a variety of carbohydrates. Other metabolites are also produced including acetoin, acetate, lactate, and ethanol. The excretion of each metabolite was found to depend on the relative availability of oxygen to the culture. When the relative oxygen uptake rate was high, enhanced yields of acetate and acetoin were noted. At an intermediate oxygen availability, the butanediol yield was maximal. When the availability of oxygen was more restricted, higher yields of lactate and ethanol occurred. The cells appeared to regulate themselves such that energy generation is optimal subject to the constraint that the cells do not produce more reducing equivalents than can be oxidized by the electron transport system. The dependence of each product yield on the relative oxygen availability was determined, and this knowledge was used to carry out a fed-batch fermentation that attained a final butanediol concentration of over 40 g/L in 50 h.
Electronic Band Structure of Gray Tin

The electronic energy band structure including spin-orbit coupling effects has been calculated for semiconducting gray tin. The orthogonalized plane-wave method has been used to obtain the energy eigenvalues at the symmetry points $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, $X$, and $L$ in the Brillouin zone and to compute the spin-orbit splittings at these points. It is found that both the conduction and valence band edges are at the center of the zone. The effective masses for electrons and holes are calculated using our crystal wavefunctions and the experimental value for the energy gap. The effect of pressure on the energy band structure is also investigated.
Separation of Cells and Cell-Sized Particles by Continuous SPLITT Fractionation Using Hydrodynamic Lift Forces

Abstract The use of hydrodynamic lift forces for the separation of particles according to size by continuous SPLITT fractionation is explored. The mechanism for particle separation in the transport mode of SPLITT fractionation is first explained. This is followed by a discussion of the hydrodynamic lift forces that act upon particles entrained in fluid flow between the parallel bounding walls of the SPLITT cell. The effect of the bounding walls on particle motion both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of flow is explained. Computer simulations of particle trajectories are presented that predict extremely high size selectivity for the method. A parallel experimental study was carried out using both polystyrene latex particles and red blood cells. The experimental selectivity was found to be smaller than that predicted theoretically. This discrepancy is attributable to nonidealities in the construction of the SPLITT cell. Nonetheless, the results are promising. Suspensions of polystyrene particle ...
Combining multivariate analysis and monosaccharide composition modeling to identify plant cell wall variations by Fourier Transform Near Infrared spectroscopy

We outline a high throughput procedure that improves outlier detection in cell wall screens using FT-NIR spectroscopy of plant leaves. The improvement relies on generating a calibration set from a subset of a mutant population by taking advantage of the Mahalanobis distance outlier scheme to construct a monosaccharide range predictive model using PLS regression. This model was then used to identify specific monosaccharide outliers from the mutant population.
Older People and Attachment to Things, Places, Pets, and Ideas

A model of older adult to environment interactions is proposed that moves beyond the perspective of environment as safety hazard to environment as supportive resource the framework encourages health professionals to look for ways to incorporate positive environmental influences into individualized plans of care with older adults. Research is reviewed on the attachments formed by older adults to things, places, companion animals, ideas, and beliefs— which alongside people-to-people attachments comprise the “attachment structure.” Research on attachments of older people to environmental objects identifies important sources of security, belonging, and self-identity. Further research is needed to define the nature of environmental connections in later life, their developmental characteristics, and their potential to influence the health of older people.
Permeability of polymer membranes to dissolved oxygen

Abstract : The permeation of dissolved oxygen through membranes is an important phenomenon in many biological systems. The polarographic method of measuring oxygen provides a quick and accurate means of measuring the permeability of oxygen through many membranes, both in the gas phase and as dissolved oxygen. The oxygen permeability can be utilized as a means of estimating changes in the structure of hydrated membranes, especially hydrophilic polymer membranes and hydrated polymer gels.
OptiImal l/sup 1/ Estimation

In this paper we consider the problem of finding a filter that minimizes the worst case magnitude (l/sup /spl infin//) of the estimation error in the case of linear time invariant systems subjected to unknown but magnitude bounded (l/sup /spl infin//) inputs. These inputs consist of process and observation noise, as well as initial conditions; also, the optimization problem is considered over an infinite time horizon. Taking a model matching approach, suboptimal solutions are presented which stem from the resulting l/sup /spl infin// -induced norm minimization problem.
Evaluation of axial DC offsets during scanning of a quadrupole ion trap for sensitivity improvements.

In the normal operation of quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometers, approximately half of the trapped ions are ejected through the source endcap during a mass-selective instability scan. This reduces the sensitivity of the instrument by approximately 50%. In this preliminary study, a circuit was constructed that produced a dipolar DC offset on the axial modulation waveform to recover this lost ion current. A variable (0 to 10 V DC), positive and negative offset was applied to the source and detector endcap, respectively. This DC offset axially displaced the ion cloud toward the detector endcap increasing the probability of detection. Several compounds, including 11 pesticides, were evaluated. Sensitivity enhancements ranged from 13 to 97% (theoretical 100%). No spectral resolution problems were observed; however, a compound-dependent mass discrimination was observed in several cases. This mass discrimination problem is currently under investigation.
Dynamic Mechanical Signals Delivered by Ultrasound Generate Site Specific Mediation of Bone Loss

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone mass and progressive erosion of the microstructure. As a result, bone is at higher risk for developing chronic and traumatic fractures at key skeletal sites. Therapeutic ultrasound may offer a potential non-pharmacologic, site-specific intervention for treatment of osteoporotic bone loss.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The choice of organizational form: Vertical financial ownership versus other methods of vertical integration

Vertical integration is a fundamental corporate strategy of interest to the fields of strategic management and organizational economics. This paper synthesizes theoretical arguments and empirical findings from this literature to identify the underlying advantages and disadvantages of choosing vertical financial ownership relative to vertical contracts. It then suggests that in the absence of agency and transaction costs, vertical financial ownership and vertical contracting are equivalent governance structures for achieving corporate objectives. However, given a world of positive agency and transaction costs, the key theoretic question then becomes predicting when market mechanisms are sufficient, when intermediate forms of vertical contracting become necessary, and when vertical financial ownership becomes the preferred governance structure. The concluding section of the paper provides a framework for making this analysis based on a synthesis of agency and transaction costs perspectives.
The Cultural and Religious Background of Sexual Vampirism in Ancient China

This paper considers sexual macrobiotic techniques of ancient China in their cultural and religious milieu, focusing on the text known as Secret Instructions of the Jade Bedchamber, which explains ...
OVIPOSITION RESPONSE OF PIERIS RAPAE TO ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED VARIATION IN BRASSICA NIGRA

Oviposition preferences of field collected Pieris rapae (L.) adults were tested on Brassica nigra (Koch) plants which had been grown under four nutrient treatments. Each oviposition trial tested the preference between two treatments. In some oviposition preference tests females demonstrated a clear preference for one treatment, but in other trials, no preferences were observed. Leaf water content was implicated as a phenotypic characteristic associated with oviposition preference. Demonstrated oviposition preferences were always accompanied by statistically different water contents of treatment plants. No oviposition preferences were observed when the water contents of the treatment plants were similar. RESUME PONTE DE PIERIS RAPAE EN REPONSE A DES MODIFICATIONS INDUITES PAR L'ENVIRONNEMENT CHEZ BRASSICA NIGRA Des pieds de Brassica nigra se sont developpes dans quartre situations nutritives differentes (solution nutritive de base: BNS, solution pauvre en soufre: low S; solution pauvre en azote: low N et solution nutritive de base abaissee: low BNS). Des femelles de Pieris rapae ont pu choisir leur lieu de ponte entre les plantes de ces differentes categories. Un schema de comparaison a ete mis au pont en utilisant les pieds BNS comme temoins. Les femelles pondent de preference sur les plantes BNS en competition avec des plantes low N ou low BNS, mais ne font aucune difference entre BNS et plantes low S. Les teneurs en eau et en allylisothiocyanate (AITC) des feuilles isolees des plantes traitees ont ete examinees. La teneur en AITC des plantes low S est plus faible que celle des plantes BNS; les plantes low N ont une teneur en AITC superieure a celle des plantes BNS; il n'y a pas de difference significative dans la teneur en AITC des plantes BNS et low BNS. Les teneurs en eau des plantes BNS et low S sont semblables, tandis que les plantes BNS ont une teneur en eau superieure a celles des plantes low N et low BNS. Une analyse des distributions des pontes entre les differents types de plantes, et des ceufs sur une plante, montre qu'elles sont liees a la teneur en eau des feuilles. Il n'y a pas de relation apparente entre la distribution des œufs et la concentration en AITC.
Quantization error in regular grids: triangular pixels

Quantization of the image plane into pixels results in the loss of the true location of features within pixels and introduces an error in any quantity computed from feature positions in the image. We derive closed-form, analytic expressions for the error distribution function, the mean absolute error (MAE), and the mean square error (MSE) due to triangular tessellation, for differentiable functions of an arbitrary number of independently quantized points, using a linear approximation of the function. These quantities are essential in examining the intrinsic sensitivity of image processing algorithms. Square and hexagonal pixels were treated in previous papers. An interesting result is that for all possible cases 0.99<D~/sub T//D~S<1.13, where D~/sub T/ and D~/sub S/ are the MAE in triangular and square tessellations.
Human neutrophils permeabilized with digitonin respond with lysosomal enzyme release when exposed to micromolar levels of free calcium

We have recently reported that human neutrophils can be permeabilized with the cholesterol complexing agent saponin and that these cells can be induced to secrete the granule enzyme lysozyme in response to micromolar levels of free calcium. We now report that digitonin can be used in place of saponin and that it has several advantages. Permeabilization of human neutrophils was accomplished with 10 micrograms/ml digitonin in a high potassium medium. Normally impermeant solutes such as [14C]sucrose and inulin [14C]carboxylic acid gained access to one half of the intracellular water space marked with [3H]H2O. Between 30 and 100% of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, leaked from the intracellular space. The permeabilization process and calcium-triggered granule secretion were critically dependent upon temperature, time and digitonin concentration. Permeabilized neutrophils secreted beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme and vitamin B-12 binding-protein, constituents of both azurophil and specific granules, when exposed to micromolar levels of free calcium. Release of specific granule constituents appeared to be more sensitive to free calcium than release from azurophil granules. Although the amount of permeabilization varied considerably with each batch of cells, release of these granule markers was a consistent finding. Release of granule markers was accompanied by resealing of the cells to high-molecular-weight (Mr greater than 5000) solutes. Electron microscopic evidence also suggested that granule and plasma membranes were intact following digitonin treatment and that fusion of these membranes occurred in response to calcium. These results suggest that elevation of intracellular free-calcium levels is a sufficient condition for lysosomal enzyme release.
Accelerated Fluid Bed Drying Using NIR Monitoring and Phenomenological Modeling

A “fast-drying” method to accelerate the fluid bed drying process is presented. It relies on concepts of heat and mass transfer with real-time near-infrared (NIR) monitoring of moisture. Triplicate trials show that fast drying can reduce granulation drying time by half over single-temperature cycles. The product is equivalent in every way tested to material made using a conventional cycle even though the inlet temperature throughout the constant-rate stage was higher than the melting point of the compound. Tablets made from the fast-dried granulation exhibit equivalent physical characteristics to tablets made from granulations dried at a single, lower temperature.
Irish Stage Censorship in the 1950s

At the end of the 1940s, individuals and groups, as well as the government in Ireland, recognized the need for and benefits of arts enterprises. The Inter-Party coalition, which came to power in early 1948 (under John Costello), recognized the importance of tourism as an industry and the potential of theatre to attract foreign visitors to Ireland. In 1949, the Cultural Relations Committee of Ireland, operating under the auspices of the Minister for External Affairs, undertook production of a series of pamphlets designed “to give a broad, vivid, and informed survey of Irish life and culture.”1 In 1951, the Republic of Ireland established the Arts Council; the first National Fleadh (Festival) for traditional music was held in Mullingar; Liam Miller founded the Dolmen Press; and Comhaltas Ceoltoiri Eireann (Traditional Irish Music Advisory) was established. Even after the 1951 election returned de Valera and Fianna Fail to power, organizational infrastructures to support the arts continued to appear: the Irish tourist board (Bord Failte) and Gael-Linn (an organization to promote Irish language, literature, and culture) both debuted in 1952. Cork held its first International Choral and Folk Dance Festival and its first International Film Festival in 1953. Some of these developments may have anticipated the imminent inauguration of regular air passenger service to North America, but all responded to cultural opportunities precluded during what Ireland knows as the Emergency and other nations as World War II. These agencies and events all sought to project a positive, progressive image of Ireland. Most important, they all mark a departure from the isolationism that prevailed in Ireland before and during the Emergency and that characterized de Valera's tenure as Taoiseach in the 1930s and 1940s.
Continual computation policies for utility-directed prefetching

People accessing documents via the Internet typically experience latencies in retrieving content. We discuss continual-computation policies that dictate strategies for prefetching into cache portions of documents that a user may wish to review later. These utility-directed prefetching strategies maximize the expected utility of idle network resources that are available frequently, yet sporadically during the review of documents accessed from the World Wide Web. We present policies based on alternate utility models for assigning value to having immediate access to content and discuss means for coupling the methods with probabilistic models that predict a user’s interests and access behavior.
Global Software Enterprise: A New Software Constructing Architecture

Based on current Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), this paper introduces a consumer-oriented SOA software constructing architecture: the Global Software Enterprise (GSE) architecture. In this architecture, the software construction starts from the consumers publishing their requirements in the form of application or service specification which they exactly want. The consumer also publishes the expectation for the services the application needs in the form of collaboration specification and test scripts. The service providers then produce services that meet the needs of the applications. This new approach reduces the workload for the consumer and the communication between the consumer and provider. It also extends the design and code sharing, and thus further improves the software productivity.
Crystal oscillators in communication receivers

The application of crystal oscillators to communications receivers is considered and the problems encountered are enumerated and separately analyzed. In regard to crystal oscillator operation, two typical circuits are cited for illustration and are analyzed in regard to the type of feedback used to produce oscillation. The analysis concludes that for maximum oscillator reliability in obtaining the inherent stability a crystal is capable of; regenerative feed-back which is present irrespective of the crystal impedance should be avoided and that these effects are largely determined by the type of crystal oscillator circuit used in a particular application. Over the temperature range normally encountered in communication receiver applications the reversals in the frequency vs. temperature characteristics for a typical close tolerance un-heated crystal is shown in Fig. #1. This data shows that for this type of crystal the total drift for temperature extremes is less rather than maximum due to the curvature of the frequency vs. temperature characteristic. Typical spurious responses of crystals normally used for oscillator purposes are also shown and the possibility of operation on spurious of the crystal is considered from a circuit viewpoint. Preferred methods for crystal oscillator injection and frequency trim are also discussed.
Urban media: a design process for the development of sustainable applications for ubiquitous computing for livable cities

Urban centers worldwide are now facing major challenges in almost every arena; population, health and public safety, environment, information access, housing, employment, security, banking, government and global economic competition. To effectively overcome these hurdles cities need to incorporate a broader design approach to understand, plan and shape new facets of urban growth and in the process, redefine the urban experience. As part of this effort, cities today are looking at new technologies to be incorporated into the urban fabric at different levels of intervention. Ubiquitous computing has the potential to be a key factor in these technologies and can be applied to reflect the nature of being human and the urban condition - on an individual level as well as recording the evolution of our society and the communities we live in.
Probing the Aglycon Promiscuity of an Engineered Glycosyltransferase

Sugars appended to pharmaceutically important natural products influence key pharmacological properties and/or molecular mechanism of action.[1] However, studies designed to systematically understand and/or exploit the role of carbohydrates in drug discovery are often limited by the availability of practical synthetic and/or biosynthetic tools.[2] Among the contemporary options to address this limitation,[3–4] chemoenzymatic glycorandomization utilizes a set of flexible enzymes consisting of an anomeric kinase, sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidylytransferase, and natural product glycosyltransferase (GT).[4–6] While chemoenzymatic glycorandomization has been successfully applied to alter the natural sugar moieties of numerous natural products,[4–8] the process remains primarily restricted by enzyme specificity and availability of suitable GTs for the target of interest. Thus, although there is precedent for improving non-glycosylated therapeutics via glycoconjugation, including colchicine,[9] mitomycin,[10] podophyllotoxin,[11] rapamycin,[12] isophosphoramide mustards,[13] or taxol,[14] such targets remain beyond chemoenzymatic strategies. Recent studies on OleD, the oleandomycin (1) GT from Streptomyces antibioticus (Scheme 1a), revealed an enhanced triple mutant (A242V/S132F/P67T, referred to herein as ‘ASP’) that displayed marked improvement in proficiency and substrate promiscuity.[4] To probe the synthetic utility of this enhanced catalyst and expand upon previous reports of acceptor promiscuity for wild-type (WT) OleD,[15] we report a comparison of the aglycon specificities of the WT and ‘ASP’ OleD variants toward 137 drug-like acceptors. This study highlights the ability of OleD variants to glucosylate a total of 71 diverse acceptors, catalyze iterative glycosylation with numerous substrates, and establishes OleD as the first multifunctional GT capable of generating O-, S- and N-glycosides.
Structure of Haemophilus influenzae HslV protein at 1.9 A resolution, revealing a cation-binding site near the catalytic site.

The structure of the Haemophilus influenzae HslV protease of the HslUV `prokaryotic proteasome' has been solved by molecular replacement and refined with data to 1.9 A resolution. The protease is a `double donut' of hexameric rings; two alternative sets of intermolecular interactions between protomers in the rings result in `quasi-equivalent' packing within the assembly. Anomalous scattering data from crystals with potassium present in the mother liquor reveal a K+ ion bound with octahedral coordination near the active-site Thr1 residue. The site also binds Na+ ions and is likely to bind Mg2+, suggesting that monovalent and divalent metal ions may influence the catalytic activity of the protease.
Observation of palatine shelves in living rabbit embryos

Rabbit embryos were removed from the uterus just prior to the time of palate closure, submerged in saline, and observed for evidence of shelf movement. When the tongue was displaced from between the palatine shelves the latter were not seen to move. After fixation and sectioning, the angle of the shelves to the sagittal plane was measured. This angle progressively approached that of embryos fixed in utero prior to shelf transposition when the tongue, or both tongue and lower jaw, were removed during manipulation in vivo. When the tongue was released it either returned to a position between the shelves or remained ventral to the shelves and forced them into a horizontal position. Thus there was no evidence of a pronounced intrinsic shelf force in rabbit embryos under the conditions of this experiment.
Delineating and Reviewing the Role of Newcomer Capital in Organizational Socialization

In this article, the organizational socialization literature is reviewed through the lens of newcomer capital. We give an overview of the socialization literature and examine established and proposed linkages among four components of newcomer personal capital: human, social, psychological, and cultural capital. Then, we theoretically explore and discuss how the socialization adjustment process, consisting of newcomer experience, role clarity, social acceptance, and self-efficacy, is affected by these types of capital for newcomers, veteran employees, and organizations. We hope that identifying and summarizing these links in one review article will help to advance research in both the capital and organizational socialization literatures.
Assessment of Three Human in Vitro Systems in the Generation of Major Human Excretory and Circulating Metabolites

An early understanding of key metabolites of drugs is crucial in drug discovery and development. As a result, several in vitro models typically derived from liver are frequently used to study drug metabolism. It is presumed that these in vitro systems provide an accurate view of the potential in vivo metabolites and metabolic pathways. However, no formal analysis has been conducted to validate their use. The goal of the present study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis to assess if the three commonly used in vitro systems, pooled human liver microsomes, liver S-9 fraction, and hepatocytes, adequately predict in vivo metabolic profiles for drugs. The second objective was to compare the overall capabilities of these three systems to generate in vivo metabolic profiles. Twenty-seven compounds in the Pfizer database and 21 additional commercially available compounds of diverse structure and routes of metabolism for which the human ADME data was available were analyzed in this study to assess the performance of the in vitro systems. The results suggested that all three systems reliably predicted human excretory and circulating metabolite profiles. Furthermore, the success in predicting primary metabolites and metabolic pathways was high (>70%), but the predictability of secondary metabolites was less reliable in the three systems. Thus, the analysis provides sufficient confidence in using in vitro systems to reliably produce primary in vivo human metabolites and supports their application in early discovery to identify metabolic spots for optimization of metabolic liabilities anticipated in humans in vivo. However, the in vitro systems cannot solely mitigate the risk of disproportionate circulating metabolites in humans and may need to be supplemented with metabolic profiling of plasma samples from first-in-human studies or early human radiolabeled studies.
Specificity and functional analysis of the pH-responsive element within renal glutaminase mRNA.

The specificity and the functional significance of the binding of a specific cytosolic protein to a direct repeat of an eight-base AU sequence within the 3′-nontranslated region of the glutaminase ...
Purification and Immune Phenotyping of B-1 Cells from Body Cavities of Mice

B-1 cells are fetal-origin B lymphocytes with unique developmental and functional characteristics that can generate natural, polyreactive antibodies with important functions in tissue homeostasis and immune defense. While B-1 cell frequencies in bone marrow and secondary lymphoid tissues are low, relative high frequencies exist within peritoneal and pleural cavities of mice, including both CD5+ and CD5- B-1 cells. These cells represent B-1 reservoirs that, when activated, migrate to lymphoid tissues to secrete antibodies and/or cytokines. Here, we outline efficient methods for the extraction and magnetic isolation of CD5+ B-1 cells from the peritoneal and pleural cavities as well as the separation and phenotypic characterization of CD5+ and CD5- B-1 cells by flow cytometry.
Abstract LB-340: Inhibition of autophagy enhances the anticancer activity of the retinoic acid derivative VN/12-1 in endocrine resistant human breast cancer cell lines

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths among women in the United States. Although endocrine therapies such as anti-estrogens and aromatase inhibitors have improved the overall survival, resistance to this therapy remains a major concern. Autophagy is a unique, regulated mechanism of cell survival by catabolism of proteins under nutrient deprivation or chemotherapeutic stress. It is an important cause of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. VN/12-1, a novel 4-imidazolyl methyl ester of retinoic acid synthesized in our laboratory, showed excellent anti-proliferative activity (as shown by MTT assay) in endocrine resistant human breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231. Its IC 50 in SK-BR-3 cells was 5.2 μ M compared to 15.2 μ M (all-trans retinoic acid-ATRA) and 45.6 μ M (letrozole). For MDA-MB-231 cells, IC 50 of VN/12-1 was 7.3 μ M compared to 53.7 μ M (ATRA) and 74.3 μ M (letrozole). At low micromolar concentrations of VN/12-1 treatment on these cells, western blot analysis and imaging studies confirmed the presence of autophagosomes. This was associated with up-regulation of proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, markers for DNA damage and downregulation of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated Akt. Co-treatment with chloroquine (an autophagy inhibitor) resulted in increased sensitivity of cells to VN/12-1 as indicated by decrease in cell viability from 71.22% for VN/12-1 (3 μM) alone, 90.18% chloroquine (3 μM) alone to 34.31% for the combination of VN/12-1 (3 μM) and chloroquine (3 μM) in SK-BR-3 cells. It also resulted in induction of apoptosis which was caspase mediated. In summary, ER stress and DNA damage induced by VN/12-1 resulted in cell cycle arrest and induction of autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine overwhelmed this cellular stress and resulted in apoptotic cell death in endocrine resistant breast cancer cell lines. Significance: VN/12-1 and its combination with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine is a novel therapeutic alternative to treat endocrine resistant breast cancer and hence warrants further pre-clinical and clinical development. This is the first in vitro study which showed an enhancement of anti-cancer activity of a retinoic acid derivative by an autophagy inhibitor in endocrine resistant human breast cancer cell lines. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-340.
An intent based trajectory prediction algorithm for air traffic control

Air traffic control operations would require advanced methods for aircraft tracking, intent inference and trajectory prediction. These methods are useful to increase the capacity of the National Airspace System (NAS), without sacrificing its safety. In this paper we propose an algorithm that performs these three tasks accurately. The algorithm utilizes a hybrid estimation algorithm to estimate the aircraft’s state and flight mode. These estimated quantities are then combined with knowledge about the flight plan, the environment and ATC regulations, to estimate the pilot’s intent. Trajectory predictions are computed using the aircraft motion (state and mode estimates) and the inferred intent. The result is an algorithm that provides, in real-time, accurate intent and trajectory predictions for aircraft.
Identification of Phosphotyrosine-Containing Proteins in Untransformed and Rous Sarcoma Virus-Transformed Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts

Abstract Phosphorylation on tyrosine residues mediated by pp60src appears to be a primary biochemical event leading to the establishment of the transformed phenotype in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-infected cells. To identify the cellular proteins that undergo tyrosine phosphorylation during transformation, a 32P-labeled RSV-transformed chicken embryo cell extract was analyzed by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel. After slicing the gel into approximately 60 slices, phosphoamino acid analyses were carried out on the protein recovered from each gel slice. Phosphotyrosine was found in every gel slice, with two major peaks of this phosphoamino acid around Mr's of 59 and 36 kilodaltons. When the same analysis was performed with cells infected with a transformation-defective src deletion mutant of RSV (tdNY101), significant and reproducible peaks of phosphotyrosine were found in only 2 of 60 gel slices. These gel slices corresponded to Mr's of 42 and 40 kilodaltons. Identical results were obtained with normal uninfected chicken embryo fibroblasts. We conclude from these observations that pp60src or the combined action of pp60src and pp60src -activated cellular protein kinases cause the tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of a very large number of cellular polypeptides in RSV-transformed cells. In addition, untransformed cells appear to possess one or more active tyrosine-specific protein kinases which are responsible for the phosphorylation of a limited number of proteins. These proteins are different from the major phosphotyrosine-containing proteins of the transformed cells.