cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Productive Tensions in Interdisciplinary and Mixed-Methods Research on Youths’ Livelihoods

This chapter examines the challenges and possibilities involved in conducting interdisciplinary and mixed-methods research based on a six-year longitudinal study of youths’ livelihoods in East Africa. The project involved researchers trained in and drawing on a variety of disciplines and research paradigms. Interdisciplinary projects can produce productive tensions as the participants grapple with their different approaches, measures, and meanings. This chapter discusses points of tension faced by the team engaged in researching youths’ complex lives. These tensions pushed the researchers to work to understand each other—to take into account their own subject positions as researchers—across different disciplines and paradigms; if they had not done so, the research process would not have been so productive. The particular tensions discussed include: measuring and describing youths’ livelihoods; and conducting and interpreting interviews about youths’ lives. These tensions are particularly salient to research conducted in cross-cultural projects, where researchers are challenged to consider how they know what they know about youth.
A veteran-focused art therapy program: co-research to strengthen art therapy effectiveness

Veterans experience a transition when they return home from military service and resume life as a civilian citizen. Transition refers to service members’ passage from military life to civilian life...
Active control for adaptive origami structures undergoing damage

Abstract Origami structures, such as those with a Miura-Ori fold pattern, have one principle direction of kinematic freedom where rigid foldability holds true. However, motions such as twisting and curling, and bending require that origami panels bend, thus adding complexity to the system. The goal of this work is to study the actuation of Miura-Ori structures for damage detection. The combination of form-finding for large displacements and finite element model for dynamic characterization is successful to capture the kinematic properties of the Miura-Ori origami structure movements of folding and curling. Simulations and experimental tests are useful as a starting point for determining the behavior of mid-scale actuated origami structures. Stiffness values for folding of creases and bending of panels must be considered when modeling shape change of Miura-Ori origami structures using dynamic relaxation. Energy produced by the folding and bending stiffness values activated in the structure through actuation is a useful measure to rank elements in terms of their potential for damage.
Investigating Exercise Readiness and Life Stress among Undergraduate Students at an Historically Black University

Given the disparity of research regarding Historically Black College and University (HBCU) students’ health and chronic disease risk, investigation of exercise readiness and life stress is warrante...
Who needs a health librarian? Ethical reference transactions in the consumer health library

Abstract In the increasingly consumer-driven world of health care, individuals are called upon to share decision-making with health care providers regarding their own health or the health of someone they love. These consumers may have limited health literacy, and lack the resources needed to communicate with medical professionals effectively. As a result, many take advantage of the free access to an ever-growing amount of health information (with varying degrees of accuracy and reliability) on the Internet, often without the skills needed to find and evaluate the information they seek. Consumer health librarians can be instrumental in helping patients and their families navigate the maze of medical decision-making though ethical reference transactions, enabling these consumers to become active participants in their own medical care. Accurately identifying patient information needs through a reference interview, and locating reliable usable resources to meet those needs are key features of the librarian's role. However, a number of ethical dilemmas can surface during reference transactions in the consumer health library, challenging the fiduciary relationship between librarian and patron. Patients attempting to self-diagnosis illness is a common, but risky, venture, and librarians asked to participate must decide how best to proceed. Patrons seeking information about nonconventional and/or experimental treatments look to the librarian to ensure the safety and efficacy of these options, when existing sources of related information are limited or questionable. When facing these dilemmas, the consumer health librarian can help health care consumers to avoid the wrong answers and develop purposeful questions to ask their health care providers.
Physical Conditions in Nearby Molecular Clouds

In this chapter we describe properties of the nearest star-forming complexes, and physical processes which lead to, and are associated with, star formation. We present basic ideas and recent results, primarily from an observational viewpoint, with emphasis on spectroscopy. We present in §3 properties of dense cores, in §4 the role of turbulent cores in forming star clusters, in §5 evidence for inward motion in dense cores, and in §6 some models of inward motion.
The influence of aperture shape on the enhanced transmission properties of a periodic array of subwavelength apertures

We demonstrate that the enhanced transmission properties of metal foils perforated with periodic arrays of subwavelength apertures depend critically upon the aperture shape. We demonstrate this dependence using rectangular apertures of varying aspect ratios. The variation is explained in terms of the geometrical properties of the apertures.
Infectivity and Sedimentation of Rhinovirus Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract Ribonucleic acid extracted from the virions of two human rhinoviruses is infective and is similar in size to poliovirus ribonucleic acid.
Applications of the mode locked near uv output from a krypton ion laser in chemical analysis

The ever increasing demand for spectroscopic information on a subnanosecond time scale has motivated the development of picosecond sources. The two principle requirements for any excitation source are tunability and repetition rate. Many applications in chemistry and biology require tunability in order to optimize sample excitation and distinguish mixtures. The use of a picosecond excitation source greatly augments the number of compounds which can be studied by time resolved fluorescence and hence increases the ability to use the powerful techniques developed for fluorescence in mixture analysis.
The development of adipose tissue

The sections in this article are: 1 Embryonic and Postembryonic Histogenesis of Adipose Tissue 1.1 Occurrence and Appearance of the Primitive Organs of the White Adipose Tissue 1.2 Storage of Fat in the Primitive Organs 1.3 Histogenesis of the Primitive Organs and Their Reticuloendothelial Nature 1.4 Blood Cell Formation in Primitive Organs 1.5 Persistence of the Fat Organ After Loss of the Fat 1.6 Development of the Brown Adipose Tissue 2 Growth and Spreading of Adipose Tissue
Mammographic features of malignancy found during screening.

The great strength of mammography is its ability to detect breast cancers before they grow large enough to be palpable. With the current increased use of mammography screening, it has become more and more important for radiologists to recognize the earliest presenting features of carcinomas. Some nonpalpable cancers demonstrate conventional mammographic features of malignancy, albeit on a smaller than usual scale, whereas others present with mammographic signs that are far from characteristic of malignancy. Success in mammography screening requires not only excellent radiographic technique but also full knowledge of the subtle features with which very small cancers can present.
BER performance of continuous phase digital angle modulation in aeronautical mobile radio channels

The bit error rate (BER) performance of continuous phase digital angle modulation is theoretically analyzed in the aeronautical mobile radio channel by applying the Pawula theorem to the channel stochastic model that was developed by the author (42nd IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf., 1992). These digital angle modulation techniques include M-ary frequency shift keying (FSK), M-ary differential phase shift keying (DPSK), and constant envelope partial response continuous-phase modulation (PRCPM) techniques such as Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). The BER results show that multipath fading and Doppler shifts in the aeronautical mobile radio channel degrade the probability of error. >
Endoscopic surgery in the treatment of contaminated and infected synovial cavities.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Contamination and infection of synovial cavities are a common occurrence in clinical practice and, if inadequately treated, may have career or life threatening consequences for affected horses. Hypothesis: The objectives in treating contamination and infection of joints, tendon sheaths and bursae are most effectively met by endoscopic surgery. Methods: Over a 6 year period, cases of synovial contamination and infection admitted to a referral clinic were evaluated and treated endoscopically. The horses received local and systemic antimicrobial drugs with minimal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication but no other medical or surgical treatment. All arthroscope and instrument portals and, when ever possible, all traumatic wounds were closed. Diagnostic information, endoscopic observations and results of treatment were evaluated retrospectively. Results: A total of 140 affected animals were referred and 121 cases were treated endoscopically. These involved 70 joints, 29 tendon sheaths, 10 bursae and in 12 cases a combination of synovial cavities. The most common aetiologies were open wounds (n = 54) and self-sealing punctures (n = 41). Foreign material was identified endoscopically in 41 but predicted prior to surgery in only 6 cases. Osteochondral lesions were evident at surgery in 51 and recognised before surgery in 25 cases; 32 horses had intrathecal tendon or ligament defects. Follow-up information was obtained for 118 animals; 106 (90%) survived and 96 (81%) returned to their preoperative level of performance. The presence of osteitis/osteomyelitis, other osteochondral lesions and marked deposits of pannus were associated with nonsurvival. For those animals which survived, non-Thoroughbred horses, a combination of synovial structure involvement and regional i.v. antimicrobial administration were associated with reduced post operative performance. Marked pannus, regional i.v. antimicrobial administration and duration of systemic antimicrobial administration were associated with a group combining nonsurviving animals and those with reduced post operative performance. Conclusions: Endoscopic surgery makes a valuable contribution to the management of synovial contamination and infection. Potential relevance: The information obtained from and therapeutic options offered by endoscopy justify its early use in cases of synovial contamination and infection.
Stereotyped Pruning of Long Hippocampal Axon Branches Triggered by Retraction Inducers of the Semaphorin Family

Like naturally occurring neuronal cell death, stereotyped pruning of long axon branches to temporary targets is a widespread regressive phenomenon in the developing mammalian brain that helps sculpt the pattern of neuronal connections. The mechanisms controlling stereotyped pruning are, however, poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that semaphorins, activating the Plexin-A3 receptor, function as retraction inducers to trigger-stereotyped pruning of specific hippocampal mossy fiber and pyramidal axon branches. Both pruning events are defective in Plexin-A3 mutants, reflecting a cell-autonomous requirement for Plexin-A3. The distribution of mRNAs for Sema3F and Sema3A makes them candidates for triggering the pruning. In vitro, hippocampal neurons respond to semaphorins by retracting axon branches. These results implicate semaphorins as retraction inducers controlling stereotyped pruning in the mammalian brain.
Experimental study of a reversed jet flameholder

Abstract Experiments and analyses were performed to contribute to a basic understanding of the holding of flame in a stream of a combustible gas mixture by a small gas jet directed upstream. The main stream, a mixture of natural gas and air, entered a cylindrical transparent test section at uniform velocity. A flameholding jet of air was directed counter to the stream along the axis of the test section. Observations of the flow field and flame behaviour were made by means of time-exposure photographs, high-speed motion pictures, and spark shadowgraphs. A pilot flame was delineated, and its significant time-averaged dimensions were noted as a function of jet and main-stream velocities. New evidence was obtained indicating the occurrence of recirculation. Transmission of flame from the pilot to the main stream is accomplished through a mixture continuously shedding from the pilot flame. Rough burning near a stability limit occurs when significant portions of the shedding mixture are not inflammable. The influence of non-uniform fuel concentration patterns in the main stream on flame stability limits was also investigated. Interpretation of the data leads to conclusions which conflict with a currently held mechanism for reversed-jet flame stabilization. A mechanism is proposed which is plausible in the light of current observations.
Solution-deposited CdTe nanocrystal thin-films for heterojunction solar cells

In this work, we develop a heterojunction solar cell using solution-based CdTe and CdSe deposition techniques. For the p-type absorber layer, CdTe thin-films were made using a layer-by-layer deposition process consisting of spin or spray coated colloidal CdTe nanocrystals followed by a sintering step. Among various buffer materials, we focus on CdSe nanocrystal thin-films due to excellent compatibility with solution processing. For the CdSe/CdTe heterojunction devices (Glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au) fabricated through spray processing, an improved open-circuit voltage of 549±8 mV with a fill factor of 50.1±1.3% was obtained under simulated one sun illumination, compared to the device with spin coating of CdTe. While the efficiency of the spray deposited device needs to be further improved, we demonstrate that spray-deposition has a potential to produce high junction quality for an efficient heterojunction solar cell.
The Use of Oat Flour Combined with Salmon Meal in the Diet of Fingerling Silver Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Abstract Summary and Conclusions Beef liver, salmon meal, and mixtures of salmon meal and oat flour were fed experimentally to young silver salmon fingerlings. In the feeding tests of 24 weeks duration the lots of fish that received liver combined with air dried salmon meal or salmon meal to which oat flour had been added before or after drying increased in weight at a faster rate, required less food, at a materially lowered cost, to produce a pound of fish than the control lot fed on a diet of 100 percent beef liver. The addition of oat flour to the fish pulp before drying, in amounts equal to 5 percent of the final product, resulted in a food that when mixed with liver and fed to young silver salmon was superior to those meals that contained no oat flour. Amounts of oat flour in the final salmon meal product, in excess of 5 percent (9.1% to 28.6%), reduced the rate of weight increase and resulted in an increased cost of producing the fish. Cooking the oat flour before adding it to the salmon meal and li...
The peripheral hemodynamics of exogenously administered prostaglandin E1 during major venous occlusion in the dog.

Abstract The effects of femoral artery infusion of saline or prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ) on femoral artery flow, mean arterial pressure, peripheral venous pressure, femoral bed vascular resistance, venous capacitance, and capillary filtration during femoral vein occlusion (FVO) were determined in the dog. FVO during femoral artery infusion of saline decreased femoral artery flow and concomitantly increased peripheral venous pressure, femoral bed vascular resistance, and capillary filtration. Intraarterial infusion of PGE 1 (3.8–5.6 ng/kg/min) during FVO attenuated the decrease in femoral artery flow and increase in femoral bed vascular resistance. The administration of PGE 1 augmented the increases in peripheral venous pressure and capillary filtration associated with FVO. Hindlimb venous capacitance was also increased by the intraarterial administration of PGE 1 during FVO. These results suggest that PGE 1 may be a useful agent in diminishing limb ischemia associated with major venous hypertension.
An open-plus-closed-loop (OPCL) control of complex dynamic systems

A new method of contmlfing arbitrary nonlinear dynamic systems, dx/dt = F(x, t) (x C N'), is presented. It is proved that there exists solutions, x(t), in the neighborhood of any arbitrary 'goal' dynamics g(t) that are entrained to g(t), through the use of an additive controlling action, K(g,x,t) = H(dg/dt, g) + C(g,t)(g(t) - x), which is the sum of the openloop (H~ibler) action, H(dg/dt, g), and a suitable linear closed-lo0p (feedback) action C(g, t). Examples of some newly obtained entrainment capabilities are given for the During and Van der Pol systems. For these and the Lorenz, and Rtssler systems proofs are given for global basins of entrainment for all goal dynamics that can be exponentially bounded in time. The basin of entrainment is also established for the Chua system, as well as the possibility of a coexisting basin of attraction to another fixed point.
Targeted Disulfide Cross-Linking of the MotB Protein of Escherichia coli: Evidence for Two H+ Channels in the Stator Complex†

Bacterial flagella are turned by rotary motors that obtain energy from the membrane gradient of protons or sodium ions. The stator of the flagellar motor is formed from the membrane proteins MotA and MotB, which associate in complexes that contain multiple copies of each protein. The complexes conduct ions across the membrane, and couple ion flow to motor rotation by a mechanism that appears to involve conformational changes [Kojima, S., and Blair, D. F. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 13041-13050]. Structural information on the MotA/MotB complex is very limited. MotA has four membrane-spanning segments, and MotB has one. We have begun a targeted disulfide-cross-linking study to probe the arrangement of membrane segments in the MotA/MotB complex, beginning with the single membrane segment of MotB. Cys residues were introduced in 21 consecutive positions in the segment, and disulfide cross-linking was studied in MotA/MotB complexes either in membranes or detergent solution. Most of the Cys-substituted MotB proteins formed disulfide-linked dimers in significant yield upon oxidation. The yield of dimer varied regularly with the position of the Cys substitution, following the pattern expected for a parallel, symmetric dimer of alpha-helices. In a structural model based on the cross-linking experiments, critical Asp32 residues that are believed to facilitate proton movement are positioned on separate surfaces of the MotB dimer and so probably function within two distinct proton channels. Regions accessible to solvent were mapped by measuring the reactivity of introduced Cys residues toward N-ethyl maleimide and a charged methanethiosulfonate reagent. Positions near the middle of the segment were inaccessible to sulhydryl reagents. Positions within 6-8 residues of either end, which includes residues around Asp32, were accessible.
Docosahexaenoic Acid Ester Degradation Measured by FTIR-ATR with Correlation Spectroscopy

Highly unsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid and linolenic acid are prone to oxidation with a resulting loss of bioactivity and generation of malodorous degradation compounds. Degradation proceeds by formation of the corresponding hydroperoxyl free radical with subsequent oxidative cleavage at the double bond site. FTIR-ATR was used to detect degradation through spectral changes that were correlated to oxidative degradation. The spectrometer was equipped with a heated stage so that a series of spectra could be collected while the sample was exposed to elevated temperatures. The appearance of new bands at 972.8 cm﹣1, 2934 cm﹣1, and 3498 cm﹣1 with the disappearance of bands at 703.6 cm﹣1 and 3013 cm﹣1 were observed after heating and these spectral changes were evaluated by correlation spectroscopy analysis. These results provide a method to quickly detect the oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fats. This approach is expected to be applied for the quality assessment of feed formulations fortified with omega-3 fatty acids.
Resolving intergovernmental conflicts in marine resource management: The US experience

Abstract Intergovernmental conflict in US marine resource management programs has its source in the federalist system of separate but unequal political sovereigns. The Constitution, however, establishes several principles to guide federal and state governments and the courts in resolving such conflict. Under the supremacy and commerce clauses, the federal government may ‘preempt’ state authority to manage marine resources. But Congress, representing constitutionally-protected sovereign states, may limit the federal role in marine resource management programs, establish hoint federal-state programs, or delegate such authority to the states. This paper examines intergovernmental conflict in four marine resource management areas (coastal resources, fisheries, offshore oil and gas, and marine mammals) and argues that, within this constitutional and political context, intergovernmental conflict in the United States tends to be resolved by expanding the policy and decision-making process to include states, local governments, and organizations whose interests have been insufficiently accommodated in an existing resource management scheme.
Effect of salt on reversibility of glucocorticoid receptor binding.

Abstract Previous studies with [3H]-triamcinolone acetonide indicated that the initial glucocorticoid-receptor interaction in the cytoplasm of a flbroblast cell is an essentially irreversible reaction. The reaction has now been shown reversible at 0°, but observation of reversibility depends upon the salt concentration. When the binding reaction is studied in vitro at low ionic strength (0.05 M KCl), the association rate constant at 0° is 6.0 × 105 M−1 min−1, the dissociation rate constant is 2.4 × 10−3 min−1 and the equilibrium constant is 2.5 × 108 M−1. Bound receptor examined in hypotonie extracts of cytosol obtained from cells prebound with steroid at 37° demonstrates an exchange of about 50% of the binding with an unlabeled chase (non-radioactive TA at 10−5 M) over a period of 4 days at 0°, yielding a dissociation rate constant of 1.2 × 10−4 min−1. Increasing the ionic strength of the incubation to 0.15 M or higher masks the chase effect by an effect of salt alone, such that the rate of degradation of the bound complex approaches and equals the rate of dissociation seen in the presence of a chase. Under these conditions no rebinding occurs and there is therefore no chase effect over and above the apparent degradation rate. The unbound receptor is less stable in high salt than at 0.05 M KCl, largely accounting for this phenomenon. The nuclear extractable form of the receptor complex cannot be shown to rebind steroid under any salt condition, and therefore seems to be a further modified form of the steroid-receptor complex.
Urinary biomarkers of exposure to jet fuel (JP-8)

Benzene, naphthalene, and 1- and 2-naphthol were measured in urine samples obtained from 322 U.S. Air Force personnel categorized a priori as likely to have low, moderate, or high exposure to jet fuel [jet propulsion fuel-8 (JP-8)]. In postexposure samples, levels of these analytes in the high-exposure group were 3- to 29-fold greater than in the low-exposure group and 2- to 12-fold greater than in the moderate-exposure group. Heavy exposure to JP-8 contributed roughly the same amount of benzene and more than three times the amount of naphthalene compared with cigarette smoking. Strong correlations were observed among postexposure levels of naphthalene-based biomarkers in urine and naphthalene in air and breath. We conclude that urinary naphthalene and the naphthols can serve as biomarkers of exposure to jet fuel. Of these, the naphthols are probably more useful because of their greater abundance and slower elimination kinetics.
A Revision of the Neotropical Genus Erilophodes (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Erilophodes Warren, 1894, is redefined and its type species, E. colorata Warren, 1894 = Ischnopteryx wagneri Le Moult, 1911, n. syn.) is redescribed and illustrated; lectotypes are named for these two synonymic nominal species. Other new synonymy and generic reassignments are: Ischnopteryx indistincta (= Erilophodes i. Warren, 1904); Neodesmodes semialbata Warren, 1905 (= Erilophodes marmorinata Bastelberger, 1908); and Neodesmodes arana (= Caripeta a. Dognin, 1895, transferred to Erilophodes by Warren, 1905). Erilophodes spinosa and E. toddi are described from southeastern Brazil; a key is given to the males of these two species and E. colorata , which is known from Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. No life history information is available on any of the three recognized species of Erilophodes .
Fifth Vaccine Renaissance introduction.

The Fifth Vaccine Renaissance took place in Providence Rhode Island in October 2011. This annual conference celebrates regional vaccine research and provides vaccine developers with an important op...
Dielectric response of solids for contactless detection of stresses and strains

The dielectric response of any dielectric material varies with deformations. This effect, called dielectrostriction, can be utilized for monitoring stresses and strains in elastic solids. This article introduces the concept of a planar capacitor sensor and sensor rosettes detecting deformations without mechanical contact with the monitored part. Outputs of two-sensor and four-sensor rosettes attached to isotropic material are directly proportional to the principal directions and the difference of in-plane principal strains or stresses. In this work a linearity of the stress- and strain-dielectric response is experimentally verified for uniaxially loaded specimens. The principal strains and their principal directions are measured using a four-sensor rosette. The agreement between applied and measured values is demonstrated. The developed sensing technology provides a novel approach for stand-alone sensors and a suitable solution for implementation of self-sensing stresses and strains in load-bearing structures.
The preparation of carbon‐14 labelled 1‐[4‐(2‐diethylamino‐ethoxy) phenyl]‐1, 2‐diphenyl‐2‐chloroethene (clomiphene) and 1‐[4‐(2‐(N‐pyrrolidinyl) ethoxy) phenyl]‐2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐nitro‐2‐phenylethene (CI‐628, nitromiphene)

The preparation of [14C] clomiphene and [14C] nitromiphene from [methylene-14C] benzyl chloride is described. The overall radio-chemical yield and specific activity of the former are 53% and 0.53 mCi/mmol and those of the latter are 26% and 0.23 mCi/mmol. The method described is of micromolar scale designed for maintaining cost economy while yielding final products of sufficient radioactivity for in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies.
The bureaucracy of deterrence

To remake U.S. nuclear weapons policy, the next president will need to overcome entrenched interests. How arduous a task will this be? Ask Bill Clinton.
Conformity with large speculators: A test of efficiency in the grain futures market

The results prove fairly conclusively that the market is efficient in the semi-strong form, and use of the kind of publicly available information that has been considered does not generate abnormal returns. Houthakker [1957] and Rockwell [1967], in the separate studies mentioned previously, have both reported substantial returns to large speculators. Thus, it appears that the time lag of 11 days is sufficient to remove any benefits that might otherwise accrue to the positions taken.
A Specialized Program for Preschool Children With Autism

In this paper, the work being conducted at the Douglass Developmental Disabilities Center of Rutgers University is described. Specifically, the recent results of research supporting the value of gr...
Long-term efficacy of a fractional resurfacing device.

Background and Objective: Recently, there has been much debate regarding the long-term efficacy of fractional resurfacing devices. While pulsed CO2 laser resurfacing is considered a highly effective treatment, fractionated resurfacing is a newer modality and its long-term efficacy has yet to be assessed. We report the long-term outcomes of subjects previously treated with fractional CO2 resurfacing for photodamaged skin and acne scars. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Ten subjects from our previous studies who received fractional resurfacing for the treatment of acne scarring and photodamage returned for long-term follow-up visits at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Investigators graded maintenance of improvement on a quartile scale based on clinical photography. Results: Subjects maintained 74% of their overall improvement at their long-term visits compared to 3-month follow-up visits. While clinical improvement was maintained long-term, the results were not as remarkable as those seen at 3-month visits. The authors speculate that results seen at 3 months may be enhanced by persistent inflammatory changes, as evidenced by heat shock protein 47 activity and ongoing collagen remodeling seen in previous histologic studies. Relaxation of tightening is to be expected with any procedure along with the natural progression of aging. However, patient satisfaction was upheld long-term. Conclusion: Fractional CO2 laser resurfacing does have long-term efficacy and persistence of improvement of acne scarring and photodamage compared to baseline. However, additional treatments may be necessary to enhance longterm results. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:168–170, 2010. 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
True Cost of Hurricanes: Case for a Comprehensive Understanding of Multihazard Building Damage

AbstractThis paper explores the importance of a holistic, multihazard understanding of building and community performance by discussing the interplay of mitigation practices, insurance coverage, engineering and building codes, and policy-making involved in understanding damage and loss in the aftermath of hurricanes. In the past 6 years alone, hundreds of thousands of engineered and nonengineered buildings have been destroyed by hurricanes, demonstrating an imperative to better understand building performance during these storm events. A separation exists in our capability to understand the impact of wind and flood hazards, especially when acting simultaneously, as in hurricane events; this separation has had a profound impact on our ability to model building damage, loss, and community resilience to hurricane events. The recent release of the combined wind and coastal storm surge loss model in the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s HAZUS 2.0 is a step in the right direction; however, much more attenti...
Spontaneous synaptic potentials from afferent terminals in the guinea pig cochlea.

Abstract Records of spontaneous activity from units likely to be radial afferents were analyzed to find the origin of spontaneous action potentials in single auditory nerve fibers. Single synaptic events (excitatory postsynaptic potentials or EPSPs) nearly all triggered action potentials (spikes). An abrupt increase in slope during the rising phase of the EPSP often signalled the initiation of an action potential. Synaptic potentials that did not trigger spikes occurred frequently during the refractory period. These events sometimes appeared to be composed of subunits. Refractoriness appears to be the primary reason these EPSPs were ineffective. Distributions of the onset slopes of postsynaptic potentials were highly skewed. Skewing was not a consequence of refractories, but most likely because the amplitude distribution of spontaneous potentials is not gaussian.
Living Precisely in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna

Vienna’s Institute of Experimental Biology, better known as the Vivarium, helped pioneer the quantification of experimental biology from 1903 to 1938. Among its noteable scientists were the director Hans Przibram and his brother Karl (a physicist), Paul Kammerer, Eugen Steinach, Paul Weiss, and Karl Frisch. The Vivarium’s scientists sought to derive laws describing the development of the individual organism and its relationship to the environment. Unlike other contemporary proponents of biological laws, however, these researchers created an explicitly anti-deterministic science. By “laws” they meant statistical regularities or “patterns.” They interpreted their experimental results in ways that forged a “third way” between determinism and pure spontaneity, aiming to capture the complexity of the interaction between the organism and its environment. This common feature of their research was made possible by the availability at the Vivarium of the latest in climate-control technology and of methods borrowed from statistical physics. The deeper roots of this search for a “third way” lay, I suggest, in the shared educational, social, and aesthetic experiences of the laboratory’s workers.
Locomotor activity of the genetically inbred Balb/c mouse strain is suppressed by a socially salient stimulus

The genetically inbred Balb/c mouse strain shows behavioral hypersensitivity to MK-801 (dizocilpine), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. In the current study, the locomotor activity of male Balb/c mice was more severely reduced in the presence of a "stimulus" mouse, compared with the outbred Swiss-Webster mouse strain; reduced locomotor activity of the Balb/c mouse was observed when the stimulus mouse was enclosed and when the two mice were allowed to interact freely. The Balb/c mouse strain with altered endogenous tone of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission may lend itself to the identification of candidate compounds targeting impaired sociability, an important dimension of psychopathology in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Reduced locomotor activity in the presence of a stimulus mouse is a sensitive behavioral outcome measure of impaired sociability.
Low-energy solar electron bursts and solar wind stream structure at 1 AU

[1] The solar wind experiment on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) has detected at least 328 impulsive solar electron bursts at energies below 1.4 keV that exhibited energy and angle dispersion in the interval from 1 January 1998 through 30 September 2003. Some of these bursts could be detected down to energies as low as 73 eV, the lowest energies yet reported for such events. The study interval encompassed the rise to and initial decline from the most recent solar activity maximum. We find that the average rate of occurrence of these electron bursts, which were strongly associated with intense type III radio bursts that extended down close to the local plasma frequency, did not vary significantly as a function of solar activity as measured by smoothed monthly sunspot numbers. The bursts were observed within all types of solar wind flows, including recurrent low-speed and high-speed solar wind and transient disturbances driven by coronal mass ejections; however, the bursts were observed predominantly within low-density solar wind, particularly those bursts that could be detected at the very lowest energies. This preferred association with low-density solar wind suggests the possibility that energy losses to Coulomb collisions in the very inner heliosphere play a significant role in determining which low-energy burst electrons are transmitted to 1 AU. Few low-energy electron bursts were observed in the near-vicinity of the heliospheric current sheet, which indicates that if the bursts are a result of magnetic reconnection in the solar atmosphere the reconnection must usually occur at current sheets that do not extend out into the solar wind. The occurrence of some of the more intense bursts within recurrent high-speed streams, which are thought to originate from coronal holes or their boundary regions, is something of a puzzle. We suggest four possible explanations of this puzzle.
A biography of Darius Dhlomo: transnational footballer in the era of apartheid

This biographical study of Darius Dhlomo begins to uncover the sporting past of a transnational and iconoclastic South African footballer. Based on the author’s interviews with Dhlomo, archival documents, articles from the black press, and a wide range of secondary sources, this essay deepens our understanding of broader processes of change in South African football between the 1940s and the 1960s. In striking, even surprising, ways Dhlomo’s career brings to life key aspects of South African football’s transformation from a local racially segregated amateur game to an increasingly mixed semi‐professional sport linked to trends such as international tours and labour migration. This work contributes to the ongoing democratization of South Africa’s historical record and highlights South Africans’ active role in the cultural and economic globalization of the world’s game.
Orientation ofMicroplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to green leaf volatiles: Dose-response curves

FemaleMicroplitis croceipes wasps were tested in a wind tunnel for their ability to orient to various concentrations of eight different green leaf volatile (GLV) substances [hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl propionate, and (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate]. Overall, the esters elicited the greatest percentage of successful orientation flights, the alcohols elicited an intermediate response, and the aldehydes elicited a low response. The semilog dose-response curves were generally hill-shaped with high responses at medium release rates and low responses at high or low release rates. For the aldehydes, positive responses occurred at all GLV release rates between 0.01 and 100 nl/min. For some alcohols and esters, positive responses occurred at release rates as low as 1 pl/min and as high as 1μl/min. These data show thatM. croceipes wasps are strongly attracted to GLVs and are capable of orienting to GLV concentrations that would occur in nature when a caterpillar feeds on a green leaf. Hence, in nature, GLVs may be important clues, enablingM. croceipes to locate their hosts.
Chromatin and beyond: the multitasking roles for SIRT6.

In recent years there has been a large expansion in our understanding of SIRT6 biology including its structure, regulation, biochemical activity, and biological roles. SIRT6 functions as an ADP-ribosylase and NAD + -dependent deacylase of both acetyl groups and long-chain fatty-acyl groups. Through these functions SIRT6 impacts upon cellular homeostasis by regulating DNA repair, telomere maintenance, and glucose and lipid metabolism, thus affecting diseases such diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and cancer. Such roles may contribute to the overall longevity and health of the organism. Until recently, the known functions of SIRT6 were largely restricted to the chromatin. In this article we seek to describe and expand this knowledge with recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of SIRT6 action and their implications for human biology and disease.
Military operations research: presentations at ORSA/TIMS meetings

This paper highlights the methodologies, organizations, and applications of military operations research in practice as evidenced by presentations at ORSA/TIMS meetings over the last seven and a half years. Cross-tabulations address the questions of who does what kind of military OR, what methodologies are used in what applications, and what trends are evident.
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I

Michael Jackson, 19952 CDs, Epic 59000 With the best-selling album of all time under his belt by 1984, there was perhaps nowhere for Michael Jackson to go but down. Yet even from within Thriller's ...
Factors affecting the effectiveness of reward power

A simulated promisor was given the capability of sending promises and providing rewards to 180 male and female Ss during the course of a mixed-motive conflict interaction. Promises were of either high or low reward value and were fulfilled 10%, 50%, or 90% of the time; the promisor behaved totally, partially, or not at all accommodatively. When the promisor used his power exploitatively, Ss complied more often to promises of high than to promises of low reward values; but when the promisor was totally accommodative, the magnitude of the reward did not affect compliance, suggesting that normative considerations overrode expected value considerations in the latter conditions. Postgame impressions of the promisor were affected by all of the independent variable manipulations.
Electrocyclic ring opening reaction of a 1,3,4-oxadiazin-6-one into its azaketene tautomer

Abstract 5-Methyl-2-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazin-6-one undergoes cycloaddition with 2-methylpropenylpyrrolidine. One of the cycloadducts is derived from the Diels-Alder reaction of a transient azaketene tautomer.
Hypothalamic regulation of the daily rhythm in hepatic tyrosine transaminase activity.

THERE is a daily rhythm in the activity of tyrosine transaminase in rat liver1 which is characterized by a three-fold rise in enzyme activity from low daytime values to a peak several hours after dark. The oscillation persists in the absence of the pituitary or adrenal glands2–4 and during fasting5,6. Noradrenaline seems to play a role in the regulation of the enzyme and thereby contributes to the generation of the daily rhythm of activity7, but elevation of tissue noradrenaline in vivo suppresses the circadian enzyme rhythm at basal levels8. Noradrenaline inhibits tyrosine transaminase activity in vitro by competing with enzyme for binding with the pyridoxal-5′-phosphate co-factor7, and recent observations suggest that noradrenaline regulates tyrosine transaminase turnover in vivo by the same mechanism.
Determination and evaluation of the sequence and textural effects of the puroindoline a and puroindoline b genes in a population of synthetic hexaploid wheat

Aegilops tauschii (2n=2 x=14, DD) is a rich source of genetic variability for hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2n=6 x=42, AABBDD) improvement. This variability can be accessed through utilizing synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, which contain genomes from Ae. tauschii and T. turgidum (2n=4 x=28, AABB). Numerous desirable characteristics can and have been introgressed into common hexaploid wheat with this germplasm. In this work, the genetic variability in the two puroindoline genes (a and b) contained on the D genome, and the relationship that sequence polymorphisms in these genes have on endosperm texture among a population of 75 CIMMYT synthetic hexaploid accessions is described. Kernel texture was evaluated using the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). Kernel texture differed significantly (P≤0.0001) among the synthetic hexaploid accessions (range 2.6–40.9) and the parent types, durum or Ae. tauschii. The interaction term between parent types was also a significant effect (P≤0.0001). In addition to the ‘wild-type’ protein sequences of the puroindoline genes (those present in ‘Chinese Spring’ and all other soft wheats), three other translated sequences were identified in puroindoline a and two others in puroindoline b. These protein sequences were associated with significantly (P≤0.0001) softer endosperm textures than the wild-type protein sequences. As the softer alleles are expressed in a hexaploid background, they are immediately available to wheat breeding programs.
Synthetic elements for moving line arrays

Beamformed line arrays are limited in frequency coverage by both the Nyquist rate imposed by temporal sampling and by the spatial separation of the individual sensors of the array. The spatial limitation, analogous to the Nyquist rate, is imposed by the necessity of adequately sampling the waveform in space in order to distinguish one arrival angle from another. A moving line array effectively samples the space more densely than a stationary array, and, thus, with an adequate temporal sampling rate, meets the sampling criterion for higher frequency coverage than does the stationary array. This paper explores methodology for exploiting array motion to process higher frequency regions at all steered directions in order to use the full frequency capability of the array.
Metabolism of sulfonic acids and other organosulfur compounds by sulfate‐reducing bacteria

This article presents a short review of recent research that established the ability of sulfate‐reducing bacteria to utilize sulfonic acids as terminal electron acceptors (TEA) for anaerobic respiratory growth. Newer studies of the bacterium most intensively investigated, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, strain ICI, are also reported. When either of two sulfonic acids examined—isethionate (2‐hydroxyethanesulfonate) or cysteate (alanine‐3‐sulfonate)—served as sole TEA, key changes in the cells’ enzymo‐logical profile occurred: decreased production of two enzymes involved in sulfate reduction, namely, ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase. Similar reduction in content of these enzymes was seen when either sulfite or fumarate served as TEA. Protein profiles (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of extracts of cells grown with different TEA revealed the presence of a 97‐kD polypeptide apparently unique to isethionate‐grown cells; a different polypeptide was noted in extracts of cysteate‐grown cells. The absence of such stained bands in extracts of sulfate‐grown cells suggests that these polypeptides are involved in utilization of sulfonic acids as TEA. H2 threshold values of cells growth with isethionate as TEA were significantly lower than for cells growing with sulfate or sulfite, suggesting that energy may be conserved in the cleavage of isethionate's C‐S linkage. A survey of the distribution of sulfonic acids in diverse habitats combined with the ability of other anaerobic bacteria to respire these compounds leads to the suggestion sulfonate reduction is likely to be significant in the sulfur cycle.
Thanks!--Final policy brief.

1429 Jonathan Sunshine (senior director, research; American College of Radiology) and Vijay Rao (professor and chair, department of radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital) will serve as assistant editors of the health policy section of the journal and will assist in achieving these goals. They have both proven to be gracious mentors and advisors to me and many of my colleagues and I hope that, through this editorial role, they will expand their reach even further in developing future radiologists with an interest in health policy and health services research. The future of radiology rests on our ability to demonstrate to all payers, public and private, that we add substantial value to the care of our patients. Over the last 60 months you’ve read about the financing issues facing the Medicare program, the reimbursement issues challenging our practitioners, and the turf battles that we have and continue to wage, in attempting to provide the best health care policy. Through the understanding of financing and delivery, we each can contribute to quality patient care. By demonstrating, via hypothesis-driven research, the nuances of our contributions and challenges, we will retain and grow our importance in health improvement and health care delivery. I hope you will help us meet this challenge and look forward to working with many of you and receiving feedback about our new direction. I also thank those of you who have served as guest editors of the Policy Brief and those who have provided positive feedback over the years. Thanks!—Final Policy Brief