cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorine Compounds, Organic, Direct Fluorination

The development, methodology, and applications of direct fluorination technology to produce organofluorine compounds and fluorocarbon polymers is discussed in detail, including historic difficulties with direct fluorination. Techniques such as use of metal fluorides as an alternative to direct fluorination and the use of hydrogen fluoride electrochemical cell methods to affect direct fluorination are covered. The thermochemistry and kinetic control of direct fluorination are discussed. Fluorocarbon materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polycarbon monofluoride and their excellent high temperature properties are described. The experimental techniques that have led to the successful control of direct fluorination are described as are modern direct fluorination methods now practiced on a commercial scale by 3M Co. and Exfluor Research Corp. Examples of important direct fluorination processes such as synthesis of simple and complex organic molecules, new fluorocarbon polymers from hydrocarbon polymers, new polymeric materials with inert surfaces produced by surface fluorination, and technology for blow-molding polymeric objects during fluorination are discussed. Keywords: Direct fluorination; Metal fluoride method; Hydrogen fluoride; Electrochemical cell; Elemental fluorine; Steric factors; Experimental techniques; Organic molecules; Crown ethers; Polymers; Hydrocarbons; Surface fluorination; Rubber; Blow-molded containers; Aerosol-based direct fluorination; Modern direct fluorination
Storage management issues for Cray Research

The issues facing Cray Research as a supercomputer vendor resulting from the availability of high-speed networks (100 MB/s) connected to high-capacity storage devices (>1 TB) are discussed. Current capabilities in the area of storage management in the UNICOS operating system are reviewed. Operational requirements stemming from the changing environment along with functional extensions to the UNICOS operating system are discussed. >
Status of the SLC damping ring kicker systems

The damping ring kickers for the SLAC Linear Collider (SLC) must meet extreme requirements on rise and fall time, flatness, time and amplitude jitter and drift, voltage, repetition rate, and reliability. After several generations of improvements to the pulsers, magnets, and controls and evolution in the understanding of the requirements, the kicker systems are no longer a serious constraint on SLC performance. Implications for future linear colliders are discussed. >
Algorithms for end-to-end scheduling to meet deadlines

In a multiprocessor or distributed system, jobs may need to be executed on more than one processor. When all the jobs execute on different processors in turn in the same order, the problem of end-to-end scheduling on the processors is known as the flow-shop problem. The paper describes two optimal polynomial-time algorithms for scheduling jobs in flow shops to meet deadlines, for two special cases where the scheduling problem is tractable. For the general case, where an optimal polynomial-time algorithm is unlikely to be found, a heuristic algorithm is presented. >
Illuminating the Circadian Clock in Monarch Butterfly Migration

Migratory monarch butterflies use a time-compensated Sun compass to navigate to their overwintering grounds in Mexico. Here, we report that constant light, which disrupts circadian clock function at both the behavioral and molecular levels in monarchs, also disrupts the time-compensated component of flight navigation. We further show that ultraviolet light is important for flight navigation but is not required for photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. Tracing these distinct light-input pathways into the brain should aid our understanding of the clock-compass mechanisms necessary for successful migration.
Usage model considerations for future distributed computing systems

Mass user adoption is often a good indication of a technology's success. We argue that the vision laid out by some distributed computing system (DCS) pioneer that "almost everyone who uses a pencil will use a computer" is still unrealized. We review the past and present DCS usage models and call for explicit attention to the end user's need. In particular, manageability, mobility, security, privacy, and ease of use demand attention from the research community. In addition to providing suggestions for addressing these requirements, we attempt to illustrate a "digital ink and paper" usage model technology which provides a good bridge between DCS users and those who still conduct their work solely on pencil and paper. We believe that this technology will bring us one step closer to realizing the vision of making the widely distributed computing system the universal vehicle for thinking and communications.
Roles of dispersal, stochasticity, and nonlinear dynamics in the spatial structuring of seasonal natural enemy–victim populations

Natural enemy–victim systems may exhibit a range of dynamic space–time patterns. We used a theoretical framework to study spatiotemporal structuring in a transient natural enemy–victim system subject to differential rates of dispersal, stochastic forcing, and nonlinear dynamics. Highly mobile natural enemies that attacked less mobile victims were locally spatially segregated from each other when governed by approximate linear dynamics. In contrast, in nonlinear dynamical systems, such as cyclic populations, interacting species achieved local aggregation with each other regardless of dispersal rates, and aggregation was enhanced specifically when highly mobile enemies attacked less mobile victims. These patterns of spatial aggregation held under varying levels of stochastic forcing. This work thus shows a range of dynamic spatial patterns in interacting-species models, and how spatial aggregation between natural enemies and victims can be achieved in locally unstable populations that are linked through dispersal.
Budgetary Practices in Smaller Units of Government

Budgetary practice in smaller units of local government has not been the subject of systematic examination. A survey of 122 towns, villages, and cities less than 25,000 population in upstate New York was conducted in spring 1987. This survey indicates that most key policymakers are satisfied with current practices and have been involved with budgeting for more than three years. Budgetary innovation has affected smaller governmental units, and the actual application is related to the educational levels of the official charged with budget preparation.
Protection of probiotic bacteria in a synbiotic matrix following aerobic storage at 4 °C

The survival of single strains of Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus reuteri was investigated in synbiotics that included 10 mg/ml of fructo-oligosaccharides, inulin and pectic-oligosaccharides in an alginate matrix under refrigerated (4 °C) aerobic storage conditions. When the matrices were cross-linked with calcium (45 mM), 102-103 cfu/ml of L. acidophilus and L. reuteri, and 0-103 cfu/ml of B. breve and B. longum survived refrigerated aerobic storage for 28 days. Following refrigerated storage, acetic (3-9 mM), butyric (0-2 mM), propionic (5-16 mM) and lactic acids (1-48 mM) were produced during the growth of probiotics in BHI broth at 37 °C, suggesting their metabolic activity after storage was stressed. When calcium cross-linking was not used in synbiotics, the matrix remained more gel-like after inoculation when compared to the calcium cross-linked matrix. At least 107 cfu/ml of probiotic bacteria survived after 21 days of storage within these gel-like alginate matrices. Significantly higher levels of B. breve, L. acidophilus and L. reuteri were obtained from the synbiotic matrices supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharides, inulin and pectic-oligosaccharides compared to alginate alone. B. longum survival was the same (~7 logs) in all gel-like synbiotic matrices. These results show that synbiotics protected probiotic bacteria and extended their shelf-life under refrigerated aerobic conditions. Synbiotics represent a viable delivery vehicle for health-promoting bacteria.
Faceting and Wetting Transitions of Anisotropic Interfaces and Grain Boundaries

A three-dimensional construction is presented that illus-trates conditions under which anisotropic interfaces will be fully wetted, partially wetted, or not wetted by a second phase. Recent experimental observations on the equili-brated morphologies of solid or fluid “wetting” phases along anisotropic interfaces and grain boundaries reveal features that are predicted—and, in some cases, required—by the construction. Theory distinguishes between cases where surfaces are smoothly curved and where there are facets, edges, and corners. In the latter case, the conven-tional comparison of the surface energy of the original sur-face with the sum of the surface energy of the two surfaces of the wetting layer leads to erroneous predictions. The correct predictions are obtained by comparing the Wulff shape of the original surface with a carefully defined “sum” of Wulff shapes of the surfaces of the wetting layer. Where orientations that are wetted join with those that are not, an abrupt change of orientation usually is present. Faceting on two hierarchical levels can occur. Microscopic morphology changes along macroscopically curved surfaces follow well-defined rules that are predicted by the theory. The anal-ogy between the thermodynamics of surface faceting and phase transformations allows the well-known concepts of phase equilibria to be used to understand the predicted structures.
“Graffiti Taught Me Everything I Know about Space”: Urban Fronts and Borders

This essay on the spatial poetics of urban graffiti and the concept of the frontier is conceived as a series of explorations—first of the text I have taken for my title and the frontier spaces of the wall, the slum, and the cemetery, then of the essentially modern American space of property, and finally of the postmodern nonterritories constructed by computers. In conclusion, I question the problematic superimposition of these different types of spaces in our lives today.
Shoaling decisions in female swordtails: how do fish gauge group size?

Summary Little is known about the mechanisms individuals might use to compare group sizes when making decisions about group membership. One possibility is that animals use ratio to determine differences in group sizes. Weber’s Law states that the ease of any numerical comparison is based on the ratio between the stimuli compared; as the ratio becomes smaller the comparison becomes more difficult. We set out to test this prediction by offering female green swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, dichotomous choices between different shoal sizes, varying both in ratios and absolute numbers of fish. Swordtails attended to the ratio of group size between stimulus shoals, rather than the numerical difference between shoals, when making shoaling decisions. Where group size ratio was 2:1, subjects showed a significant preference for the larger shoal, independent of the numerical difference between the shoals. When the ratio was 1.5:1, subjects showed no preference. The ratio between group sizes may, thus, be an important factor in shoaling decisions. More broadly, ratio could prove to be a widespread mechanism for animals to make numerical comparisons in group assessments.
Multiple Factors Influence Glomerular Albumin Permeability in Rats

Different laboratories recently reported incongruous results describing the quantification of albumin filtration using two-photon microscopy. We investigated the factors that influence the glomerular sieving coefficient for albumin (GSCA) in an effort to explain these discordant reports and to develop standard operatingproceduresfordeterminingGSCA.MultiplefactorsinfluencedGSCA,includingthekidneydepth of image acquisition (10–20 mm was appropriate), the selection of fluorophore (probes emitting longer wavelengths were superior), the selection of plasma regions for fluorescence measurements, the size and molecular dispersion characteristics of dextran polymers if used, dietary status, and the genetic strain of rat. Fasting reduced the GSCA in Simonsen Munich Wistar rats from 0.03560.005 to 0.01660.004 (P,0.01).FromterMunichWistarratshadamuchlowerGSCAinboththe fedand the fasted states. Finally, we documented extensive albumin transcytosis with vesicular and tubular delivery to and fusion with the basolateral membrane in S1 proximal tubule cells. In summary, these results help explain the previously conflicting microscopy and micropuncture data describing albumin filtration and highlight the dynamic nature of glomerular albumin permeability.
A Mutant of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Deficient in Binding α-Helix Partners Displays Reduced Oncogenic Potential In Vivo

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA tumor viruses that are the causative agent of warts and are associated with many anogenital cancers. The viral gene encoding the E6 protein has been found to be involved in HPV oncogenesis. E6 is known to inactivate the cellular tumor suppressor, p53. In addition, E6 has been shown to bind to a variety of other cellular proteins. The focus of this study was to determine what role the interactions of E6 with a subset of cellular proteins which contain a common alpha-helical domain in their E6 binding region (alpha-helix partners) play in E6-mediated phenotypes. We generated transgenic mice expressing a mutant of E6, E6(I128T), which is defective for binding at least a subset of the alpha-helix partners, including E6AP, the ubiquitin ligase that mediates E6-dependent degradation of the p53 protein, to determine whether binding of alpha-helix partners plays a role in E6-mediated activities in vivo. Unlike mice expressing the wild-type E6 (strain K14E6(WT)), the mice expressing E6(I128T) lacked the ability to alter the radiation-induced block to DNA synthesis and promote the formation of benign skin tumors in conjunction with chemical carcinogens. Additionally, they displayed reduced levels of skin hyperplasia, spontaneous skin tumors, and tumor progression activity compared to those of the K14E6(WT) mice. From these results, we conclude that a domain in E6 that mediates alpha-helix partner binding is critical for E6-induced phenotypes in transgenic mice.
Toxicity and transport of three synthesized mercury-thiol-complexes in isolated rabbit renal proximal tubule suspensions.

ABSTRACTPrevious work has suggested that endogenous sulfhydryls, such as glutathione (GSH) and cysteine, are involved in the uptake and toxicity of HgCh2- To study this possibility, uptake and toxicity of synthesized Hg(SG)2, Hg(cysteinylglycine)2 [Hg(CYS-GLY)2] and Hg(CYS)2 were investigated in rabbit renal proximal tubule suspensions (RPT). The intracellular K+ was used as a toxicity indicator, and the mercury content in the tubules was measured by proton induced x-ray emission analysis. The toxicity rank order of the three synthesized mercury-thiol-complexes from the highest to the lowest was: Hg(CYS)2 > Hg(CYS-GLY)2 > Hg(SG)2- However, no significant difference among the mercury contents in the tubules exposed to these synthesized mercury-thiol-complexes was detected. Acivicin (0.25mM), an inhibitor of γ -glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), decreased the toxicity of Hg(SG)2 in a manner that did not decrease the uptake of mercury in the tubules. This suggests that the toxicity of Hg(SG)2 requires processing ...
Near-bottom magnetic anomalies, asymmetric spreading, oblique spreading, and tectonics of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near lat 37°N

A detailed study of the magnetic anomalies of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest near lat 37 °N (FAMOUS) was conducted using a deeply towed instrument package. The most recent expression of the accreting plate boundary in rift valley 2 is an alternating series of linear central volcanoes and depressions that are marked by a sharp maximum in crustal magnetization only 2 to 3 km wide. Spreading in the FAMOUS area is highly asymmetric, with rates of 13.4 mm/yr to the east and 7.0 mm/yr to the west. At 1.7 m.y. B.P., the sense of asymmetry reverses in direction, with spreading faster to the west; this results in a gross symmetry when averaged through time. The change in spreading asymmetry occurred in less than 0.15 m.y. Spreading in the FAMOUS area is 17° oblique. Even on a fine scale there is no indication of readjustment to an orthogonal plate-boundary system. Spreading has been stably oblique for at least 8 m.y., even through a change in spreading direction. The presence of negative polarity crust within the Brunhes normal epoch in the inner floor has been observed and may be due to old crust left behind or to recording of a geomagnetic field event. Crustal magnetization decays to 1/e its initial value in less than 0.6 m.y. The rapid decay may be facilitated by very intense crustal fracturing observed in the inner floor. Crustal magnetic sources may be approximated (mathematically) by a uniformly magnetized layer 700 m thick. Magnetic studies indicate that over 90 percent of the extrusive volcanism occurs within the rift inner floor and is extremely rare in the rift mountains. Magnetic anomaly transition widths vary from 1 to 8 km with time and appear to reflect a time-varying median-valley structure. The valley has either a wide inner floor and narrow terraces, in which case the volcanic zone is wide and magnetic anomalies are poorly recorded (wide transition widths), or it has a narrow inner floor and wide terraces — the volcanic zone is then narrow and anomalies are clearly recorded (narrow transition widths). The median valley of any ridge segment varies between these two structures with time. At present rift valley 2 has a narrow inner floor and volcanic zone (1 to 3 km), whereas rift valley 3 is at the opposite end of the cycle with a wide inner floor and volcanic zone (9 to 11 km).
Asymptotically-optimal path planning for manipulation using incremental sampling-based algorithms

A desirable property of path planning for robotic manipulation is the ability to identify solutions in a sufficiently short amount of time to be usable. This is particularly challenging for the manipulation problem due to the need to plan over high-dimensional configuration spaces and to perform computationally expensive collision checking procedures. Consequently, existing planners take steps to achieve desired solution times at the cost of low quality solutions. This paper presents a planning algorithm that overcomes these difficulties by augmenting the asymptotically-optimal RRT* with a sparse sampling procedure. With the addition of a collision checking procedure that leverages memoization, this approach has the benefit that it quickly identifies low-cost feasible trajectories and takes advantage of subsequent computation time to refine the solution towards an optimal one. We evaluate the algorithm through a series of Monte Carlo simulations of seven, twelve, and fourteen degree of freedom manipulation planning problems in a realistic simulation environment. The results indicate that the proposed approach provides significant improvements in the quality of both the initial solution and the final path, while incurring almost no computational overhead compared to the RRT algorithm. We conclude with a demonstration of our algorithm for single-arm and dual-arm planning on Willow Garage's PR2 robot.
People perception: Social vision of groups and consequences for organizing and interacting ☆

A B S T R A C T An enormous amount of research on person perception exists. This literature documents how people form impressions of one another and how these impressions influence behavior. However, this literature surprisingly has not been extended to people perception—how people visually perceive and judge groups (e.g., teams, classrooms, boards, crowds) rather than individuals. We propose a model of people perception processes, including three stages of Selection, Extraction, and Application (the SEA model). We integrate this model with literature from organizational, social, cognitive, and visual sciences to describe the important role of people perception in organizational and social behavior. We focus our discussion on organizational and social phenomena such as group tone, group hierarchy, and group evaluation.
Integrating code generation and optimization

This paper describes a compiler with a code generator and machine-directed peephole optimizer that are tightly integrated. Both functions are performed by a single rule-based rewriting system that matches and replaces patterns. This organization helps make the compiler simple, fast, and retargetable. It also corrects certain phase-ordering problems.
Influences of ENSO SST Anomalies and Winter Storm Tracks on the Interannual Variability of Upper-Troposphere Water Vapor over the Northern Hemisphere Extratropics

Abstract This study examines the interannual variability of winter upper-troposphere water vapor over the Northern Hemisphere using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Water Vapor Project, the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting reanalysis. The El Nino–Southern Oscillation related tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies dominate the upper-troposphere water vapor anomalies south of the climatological jet. The anomalies of baroclinic instability in the storm track regions, which relate to the Pacific–North American and the North Atlantic oscillation patterns, dominate those north of the climatological jet. The upper-troposphere water vapor increases in the eastern tropical Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico, and some areas of the North Atlantic with warmer tropical SST. It decreases in the subtropical and extratropical northeastern Pacific. Deep convection and vertical moisture fluxes dominate these changes. To ...
Remote Sensing of Land Surface Phenology: A Prospectus

The process of observing land surface phenology (or LSP) using remote sensing satellites is fundamentally different from ground level observation of phenophase transition of specific organisms. The scale disparity between the spatial extent of the organisms and the spatial resolution of the sensor leads to an ill-defined mixture of target and background or signal and noise. Much progress has been made in the monitoring and modeling of land surface phenologies over the past decade. The chapter first provides a brief overview of land surface phenology, starting with the Landsat 1 in 1972, and then proceeds to a survey of current LSP products. The problem of indistinct phenometrics in remote sensing data is considered and the alternative phenometrics derived from the convex quadratic model are presented with an application in the North American Great Plains using MODIS data from 2001 to 2012. The chapter concludes with a view forward to outstanding challenges for LSP research in the coming decade.
Evaluating Cognitive Radio Networks an agent based modeling approach

Recent moves by regulatory bodies indicate that Cognitive Radios (CR) and Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) Networks are on the verge of becoming a deployed reality. However, it is unclear whether the evaluation mechanisms for proposed architectures and protocols are adequate. Traditional modeling approaches cannot capture key aspects of these next generation technologies. To capture the interplay between different actors and the behavioral aspects of these systems, we propose the use of an Agent based modeling approach. We also present a comprehensive set of Dimensions that we consider critical for the evaluation of CR/DSA systems. Preliminary results using the ABMS tool Netlogo are presented.
Human resources and industrial relations

Abstract A diversity of opinion exists about the definition, intellectual boundaries, and major premises of the fields of human resources management (HRM) and industrial relations (IR). To help provide a common frame of reference for discussion and debate on the symposium topic, I endeavor in this paper to flesh out a consensus position on these matters. The method used is largely historical. Based on a review of the origins and evolution of the two fields from the early 20th century to the present day, I show that human resources (HR) up to the early 1960s was typically considered to be a subfield of IR. In more recent years, however, HR has largely severed its links with IR and now is widely regarded as a separate, sometimes competing and sometimes complementary field of study. In the last part of the paper I use this historical analysis, together with a review of the literatures in the two fields and the findings and conclusions of the other papers in this symposium, to identity both the commonalities and differences that distinguish the two fields in terms of their approach to science building (research) and problem solving (policy/practice).
Humidity response of adult male Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) with special reference to the effect of carbon dioxide

The behavioral response of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), to moisture gradients has been studied in some detail, but the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2), alone and in combination with low humidity, has never been reported. The effect of CO2 is of some interest because CO2 levels in stored grain are often elevated well above normal atmospheric levels by the metabolism of insects, fungi, and the grain itself. Also, CO2 is sometimes applied to bulk grain to control stored-product insects. The response of adult male O. surinamensis to humidity alternatives of 60 or 100% RH was determined in 2-way choice chambers after various treatments. Beetles removed from laboratory cultures and held at 60% RH with food for 4 h showed a strong avoidance of the higher humidity (hygronegative response). Beetles held without food in a dry atmosphere (<5% RH) with an elevated level of CO2 (39%) for 4 h showed a reversal of the response from hygronegative to hygropositive. The same period of exposure, again without food, to dry air (<5% RH), or to a moist atmosphere (80% RH) with an elevated level of CO2 did not produce a reversal. The failure of CO2 to produce a reversal when exposure occurred in a moist atmosphere suggests that the gas acts indirectly on the humidity response by increasing the rate of moisture loss. Elevated levels of CO2 are known to cause prolonged opening of the spiracular regulatory apparatus that controls moisture loss in insects.
Confidence intervals for a product of proportions: application to importance values

Importance values (proportional use × proportional availability of a resource) add a useful component to studies of resource selection. The merit of the metric is that it identifies commonly available resources that are nonetheless critical components in the ecology of an organism. Such resources would not be identified as being selected in comparisons of use relative to availability (e.g., use/availability). Importance values have received limited use in the ecological literature because they have been descriptive in nature and lack a framework for hypothesis testing. In this paper we present a simple asymptotic one- and two-tailed method for calculating confidence intervals for the product of proportions. The approach is easily extended to importance values. Results from simulations indicate that our method is effective across a wide range of sample sizes, but performs poorly when designs are unbalanced. As a result, we recommend rarifying availability data in matched-case designs for determining resour...
A Logical View of Assignments

Imperative lambda calculus (ILC) is an abstract formal language obtained by extending the typed lambda calculus with imperative programming features, namely references and assignments. The language shares with typed lambda calculus important properties such as the Church-Rosser property and strong normalization. In this paper, we describe the logical symmetries that underlie ILC by exhibiting a constructive logic for which ILC forms the language of constructions. Central to this formulation is the view that references play a role similar to that of variables. References can be used to range over values and instantiated to specific values. Thus, we obtain a new form of universal quantification that uses references instead of variables. The essential term forms of ILC are then obtained as the constructions for the introduction and elimination of this quantifier. While references duplicate the role of variables, they also have important differences. References are semantic values whereas variables are syntactic entities and, secondly, references are reusable. These differences allow references to be used in a more flexible fashion leading to efficiency in constructions and algorithms.
Healthy Aging in North Carolina

The “longevity revolution” is here. Regardless of whether any North Carolinians born today will live to the 120 to 150 years projected by Dr. Robert Butler at the International Longevity Center, North Carolina’s current older population is nevertheless growing in size and in age. By 2030, North Carolina’s older adult population (aged 65 and older) will more than double to over 2 million and the very old population (aged 85 and older) will increase 150% to about 250,000. Life expectancy, or the number of years the average person can expect to live, has been increasing, especially at older ages. For example, in 1990 an individual aged 75 could expect to live another 10.9 years, but in 2005 that projection grew to another 12 years. But are those added years healthy years? What can be done to ensure that North Carolinians age healthily?
Image Variables as Discriminating Factors: a Comparative Study of Credit Unions Versus Banks

Deregulation has created a very competitive financial services industry. Of particular concern to the dominant banking sector has been the growth in the number of credit union members and their economic potential. In an effort to understand this trend, this paper seeks to identify which image factors significantly discriminate bank patrons from credit union members. Factor scores generated by a Principal-axis factor analysis of twenty image variables are used as input into a Multiple Discriminant Analysis. Results indicate that three factors significantly discriminant bank patrons from credit union members.
Restyling the Humanities Curriculum of Higher Education for Posthuman Times.

ABSTRACTThe future viability of the humanities in higher education has been broadly debated. Yet, most of these debates are missing an important consideration. The humanities' object of study is the human, an object that some would argue has been replaced in our onto-epistemological systems by the posthuman. In her 2013 book, The Posthuman, Rosi Braidotti addresses and furthers this posthuman shift by explicating both her critical posthumanism and how the humanities curriculum can use it to restyle itself in its time of “crisis.” In this paper, I put Braidotti's text in conversation with John Dewey's 1929 Experience and Nature, prompting a reconsideration of the nature of experience as it manifests in a posthuman vital materialist form, and how posthuman empiricism may require a return to a new kind of sense experience; a reconsideration of the embodiment of subjectivities, and how they are to be articulated in a posthuman curriculum; and, correspondingly, a reconsideration of how one might come to enact ...
Propofol Combined with Halothane or with Fentanyl/Halothane Does Not Alter the Rate of CSF Formation or Resistance to Reabsorption of CSF in Rabbits

Summary:A previous study of the cerebral effects of propofol reported that the propofol caused an initial decrease of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and cerebral blood flow, followed by a return of CSF pressure to control values despite continued administration of propofol and continued decrease
Separating Spandrels from Phenotypic Targets of Selection in Adaptive Molecular Evolution

There are many examples of adaptive molecular evolution in natural populations, but there is no existing method to verify which phenotypic changes were directly targeted by selection. The problem is that correlations between traits make it difficult to distinguish between direct and indirect selection. A phenotype is a direct target of selection when that trait in particular was shaped by selection to better perform a function. An indirect target of selection, also known as an evolutionary spandrel, is a phenotype that changes only because it is correlated with another trait under direct selection. Studies that mutate genes and examine the phenotypic consequences are increasingly common, and these experiments could estimate the mutational accessibility of the phenotypic changes that arise during an instance of adaptive molecular evolution. Under indirect selection, we expect phenotypes to evolve toward states that are more accessible by mutation (i.e., states with high mutational entropy). Deviation from this null expectation (evolution toward a phenotypic state rarely produced by mutation) would be compelling evidence of adaptation and could be used to distinguish direct selection from indirect selection on correlated traits. To be practical, this molecular test of adaptation requires phenotypic differences that are caused by changes in a small number of genes. These kinds of genetically-simple traits have been observed in many empirical studies of adaptive evolution. Here, we describe how to use mutational accessibility to separate spandrels from direct targets of selection and thus verify adaptive hypotheses for phenotypes that evolve by molecular changes at one or a few genes.
Driving the Paradigm (Failing to Teach) Methodological Ambiguity, Fluidity, and Resistance in Qualitative Research

In this article, I explore my fantasy qualitative classroom, one that promotes “paradigm driving,” rather than paradigm-driven research. I discuss how paradigm essentialism, ontologization, and idolization, although important to learning qualitative research, get in the way of creative, flexible, and ambiguous approaches to research design. I share strategies for disrupting these forces in the classroom. My exploration highlights the challenges of teaching with multiple epistemologies in mind. I conclude by welcoming failure as necessary to revise my ideals and to stave off the fascism involved in imposing a utopian fantasy and looking forward to how I will work with failure the next time.
Cell Substrates: PDA Journal Special Issue.

In this special issue of the PDA Journal, we are pleased to bring our readers the latest developments on cell substrates. The compilation of articles in this issue are analogous to conference proceedings, but use the visibility and on-line convenience of our journal to provide the greatest benefit
The Sierra Club and Immigration Policy: A Critique

In 1998, the Sierra Club membership voted in a contentious referendum to refrain from including restriction of U.S. immigration as part of its official club population policy. Club proponents of immigration reduction had declared the problem was simply the environmental impact of greater numbers of people; however, they failed to distinguish themselves from groups with much broader immigration-reduction agendas, leaving themselves open to charges of racism. The club faction calling for the exclusion of immigration issues from the policy, on the other hand, failed to acknowledge the demographic reality of the contribution of immigration (30%) to the growth of the U.S. population. As a result, current club policy is not credible, as it calls for a reduction in the U.S. population but ignores immigration. The Sierra Club's complex organizational structure and open, democratic political process make it particularly vulnerable to internal conflict during periods of changing perspectives within the organization.
Archaeological Geophysics Biases

This chapter describes some of the more glaring biases in contemporary archaeological geophysics (AGP) and AGP publishing. It also addresses the need for hunter-gatherer (h/g) AGP explicitly focused on the research agendas of h/g archaeologists as opposed to focus on large sites and materials.
Empirical evaluation of the anisoplanatic bispectrum transfer function for extended objects

In contrast to theory, speckle imaging has proven an effective tool for scene recovery over long horizontal paths where imaging distortions are highly anisoplanatic. One possible explanation for this efficacy is that the atmospheric bispectrum transfer function is less attenuated at higher spatial frequencies when the object is extended and not a pair of point sources, as examined by theory. In this work, I empirically evaluate the speckle, cross-spectrum, and bispectrum transfer functions by comparing these quantities as derived from both field and simulation data to a simulated diffraction-limited reference image. The empirical transfer function relationships are found by comparing turbulence quantities to those of their diffraction-limited counterparts.
Teaching Cell Biology through Stories: Marvels of the (Squabbling) Cell

Abstract Like a fissionable isotope, knowledge has a half-life. Fortunately, teachers can craft information in ways that can change the nuclear heart of subject matter to ensure interest, linkage, and retention, all through the telling of a good story. Taking students' existing knowledge and background into account to carefully craft appropriate analogy-integrated stories, key concepts and information can be rendered familiar, accessible, engaging, and enjoyable. “The Marvels of the (Squabbling) Cell” is an example story that employs anthropomorphosis to convey general cell biology in a lighthearted manner in which personal experience and social rules enable a deeper understanding of complex biological subject matter. Equally important, the story lives in students as a conceptual landmark that remains in view during instruction.
Urological Complications of the Renal Graft

Urological complications represent the most common surgical problems encountered after renal allograft transplantation. These can be categorized into occurring in the early versus the late postoperative period. In either scenario, major open reconstructive procedures have historically been the mainstay for tending to these complications. Fortunately, improvements in technology over time have provided minimally invasive techniques and opportunities for management yielding good outcomes. Nevertheless, the treatment paradigm for addressing urological complications must be tailored to the individual case. This chapter reviews the major urological complications after renal transplantation, reporting on treatment options available.
Targeted Annotation of S-Sulfonylated Peptides by Selective Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Mass Spectrometry

Protein S-sulfinylation (R–SO2–) and S-sulfonylation (R–SO3–) are irreversible oxidative post-translational modifications of cysteine residues. Greater than 5% of cysteines are reported to occupy these higher oxidation states, which effectively inactivate the corresponding thiols and alter the electronic and physical properties of modified proteins. Such higher oxidation states are reached after excessive exposure to cellular oxidants, and accumulate across different disease states. Despite widespread and functionally relevant cysteine oxidation across the proteome, there are currently no robust methods to profile higher order cysteine oxidation. Traditional data-dependent liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods generally miss low-occupancy modifications in complex analyses. Here, we present a data-independent acquisition (DIA) LC/MS-based approach, leveraging the high IR absorbance of sulfoxides at 10.6 μm, for selective dissociation and discovery of S-sulfonated peptides. Acros...
Angular Effects in Toroidal Diffusion

Analytic estimates are given for the angular dependence of the neutron (or photon) flux in toroidal geometry arising from the toroidal character of the configuration. The model used in the analysis...
Incivility and Professional Comportment in Critical Care Nurses.

Background Civility among critical care nurses is important for achieving positive patient outcomes. Professional comportment refers to nurse behaviors that are respectful, knowledgeable, deliberate, and compassionate. Objective To examine the relationship between perceptions of nurse-to-nurse incivility and professional comportment among critical care nurses, and the extent to which nurse characteristics influence their perceptions. Methods Data were collected from nurses in 14 critical care units. Correlational analysis examined the relationship between nurses' perceptions of nurse-to-nurse incivility and professional comportment. Regression analysis was used to identify predictors of nurse-to-nurse incivility. Results Decreased perceptions of nurse-to-nurse incivility were associated with increased perceptions of professional comportment. Nurses' reports of receiving education about professional comportment was a significant predictor of increased nurse perceptions of professional comportment. Conclusion Professional comportment education for critical care nurses is important and may provide an option to decrease incivility and promote healthy work environments for nurses.
Designing a 1kW GaN PFC stage with over 99% efficiency and 155W/in 3 power density

Stringent requirements on higher power density and efficiency for power electronics converters in applications such as server/telecom power systems and industrial motor drives necessitate transformative changes in power electronic architecture as well as replacement of Si based FETs with wide bandgap devices. For power-factor-correction (PFC) circuits, the path for greater power density necessitates the transition from Si based dual-boost to GaN based totem pole (TP) structure, which enables designers to reach over 99% efficiency at twice the power density of Si based converters. This paper compares GaN based TP PFC with conventional Si based topologies, and details design steps for above 99% efficiency and 155W/in3 power density in the switching network.
Postsecondary Education, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Crime: An Examination of Life Course Relative Deprivation:

The growing importance of a college degree for economic stability, coupled with increasing educational inequality in the United States, suggest potential criminogenic implications for downward educational mobility. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), this article examines the associations between intergenerational educational mobility, neighborhood disadvantage in adulthood, and crime. Drawing on the few extant studies of educational mobility and crime, as well as social comparison theory, it tests whether the consequences of downward educational mobility are moderated by neighborhood contexts. Results suggest that downward mobility is associated with increases in crime, and most strongly in more advantaged neighborhoods. The implications of these findings for future research on social mobility, education, and crime are discussed.
Acute phase proteins and their clinical use in the adult horse

Inflammatory markers in the peripheral circulation are commonly evaluated in horses and are altered in systemic inflammation. They often provide useful information to assess the presence, severity and chronicity of disease. Acute phase proteins (APPs), white blood cell count and platelet concentration are all affected by inflammation. Analysis of these markers is helpful for monitoring clinical progress and for determining the success and end-point of treatment. Means of obtaining this information are now widely available, with virtually all veterinary practices now having a basic haematology machine and biochemistry machines on site. In the era of the development of stable-side machines, measurement of certain inflammatory markers, such as serum amyloid A (SAA), is easily and rapidly accessible to ambulatory practitioners. Obtaining a full inflammatory profile is easily performed by sending a blood sample to a veterinary hospital or commercial laboratory, with multiple options available for measurement o...
Deletion of muscle IGF-I transiently impairs growth and progressively disrupts glucose homeostasis in male mice.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are essential for local skeletal muscle growth and organismal physiology, but these actions are entwined with glucose homeostasis through convergence with insulin...
Nursing Perspective on Childhood Obesity

Publisher Summary With the growing epidemic of childhood obesity, nurses are uniquely positioned to positively impact obesity prevention and treatment. Nurses come into contact with children in many settings, including schools, primary care offices, and hospitals. They have a responsibility in all settings to identify children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese and ensuring that families are well educated regarding health promotion strategies to prevent further progression of obesity into the adult years. The challenge is to make sure nurses are, themselves, educated on the current obesity trends in children and recommendations available so they are as effective as possible in addressing this issue with families. Understanding the screening tools used to identify overweight and obese children is critical to early intervention, in hopes of reducing the likelihood of developing comorbidities related to the obesity. Nurses need to be aware of barriers to treatment, and they need a method of overcoming these obstacles in order to have a positive impact on health outcomes. Finally, nurses should take an active role in public health policy to focus more attention on the need for obesity prevention and treatment in children.
Interstitial Cystitis: Increased Sympathetic Innervation and Related Neuropeptide Synthesis

AbstractTo investigate the possibility of a neural deterioration of the bladder wall in interstitial cystitis, bladder tissue from 10 patients with interstitial cystitis was compared with that from 10 control subjects by means of immunohistochemistry. An enhanced innervation of the bladder in the submucosa and detrusor muscle was found to represent an increase of sympathetic but not cholinergic neurons. In interstitial cystitis the number of neurons positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y was higher and carried a larger number of axonal varicosities, whereas the number of neurons positive for substance P and calcitonin-gene-related peptide was not significantly different in both groups. We conclude that interstitial cystitis is associated with increased sympathetic outflow into the bladder and altered metabolism of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y. Since similar changes have been observed in other inflammatory diseases of a presumably autoimmune nature, such a...
Authentic pedagogy: examining intellectual challenge in social studies classrooms

ABSTRACTThis paper reports results from a six-state study of 62 USA social studies classrooms. We examined the extent to which intellectually challenging authentic pedagogy was present in study classrooms, the characteristics of classroom practice at different levels of authentic pedagogy, and how those characteristics may promote or inhibit high levels of authentic intellectual work (AIW). Like earlier AIW studies, we found generally low levels of AIW in observed classes. However, we did find several cases of classrooms scoring in the highest AIW range. We examined characteristics of practice that typified teaching of exemplar lessons at four different levels of authentic pedagogy and identified noteworthy differences in teacher purpose, the ways teachers structured and enacted lessons to accomplish their purposes, and the ways that the structures of the lessons encouraged different lesson narratives that communicated different epistemological assumptions about the complexity of social reality and the pr...