cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyberbullying Among High School Students: Cluster Analysis of Sex and Age Differences and the Level of Parental Monitoring

Bullying, a typical occurrence in schools, has gone digital. As a result, cyberbullying has become ever more present among youth. The current study aimed to classify high school students into four groups based on their cyberbullying experiences and to examine the characteristics of these groups based on the sex and age of the participants and the level of parental monitoring. Participants were 133 high school students located in central Texas. A cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups of students who were â€œhighly involved both as bully and victim,â€ â€œmore victim than bully,â€ â€œmore bully than victim,â€ or â€œleast involved.â€ Significantly more girls and more students in lower grades were classified into the â€œmore victim than bully groupâ€ while older students were more likely to be classified into the â€œmore bully than victimâ€ group. No significant differences were found between cluster membership and the degree of parental monitoring.
Sluggish light for radio-frequency true-time-delay applications with a large time-bandwidth product

A new radio-frequency (RF) photonic technique for achieving large RF time delays has been experimentally demonstrated using femtosecond pulses modulated by an acousto-optic tunable filter in a frequency-mapped and Doppler-shifted modulation scheme. A short optical delay line with length of 240 μm produces nearly 3 μs RF time delay after optical heterodyne detection, resulting in an effective slow-light velocity of 86 m/s. A delay-to-pulse-width ratio of 20 based on this technique has been observed, with a larger fractional delay foreseeable.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-I (ICAM-I, CD54) deficiency segregates the unique pathophysiological requirements for generating idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) versus graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic murine bone marrow transplantation

Following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT), idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) caused by donor cell alloreactivity remain major obstacles to a successful outcome. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is an adhesion molecule that is involved in regulating lymphohematopoietic cell migration and facilitating T-cell responses. To determine whether ICAM-1 expression in the host would affect IPS or GVHD tissue injury responses, ICAM-1(-/-) mice were compared with ICAM-1(+/+) controls. ICAM-1(-/-) recipients did not exhibit the manifestations of IPS injury such as an increase in lung weights nor decreased lung function. The influx of T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils was dramatically dampened as was the production of the inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha and the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and lymphotactin, normally upregulated in the lung during IPS. In contrast, systemic levels of these mediators were unaffected and GVHD-induced lesions in the liver and colon did not differ in severity regardless of ICAM-1 expression. GVHD-mediated mortality was accelerated in ICAM-1(-/-) recipients at doses of allogeneic spleen cells that are otherwise not uniformally lethal. These data implicate ICAM-1 as playing a critical role in the generation of IPS; therefore, ICAM-1 may be a discerning element, segregating IPS from GVHD injury post-alloBMT.
Abdominal ultrasound in advanced ovarian carcinoma.

The ultrasonic appearance of pelvic tumor and intra-abdominal dissemination is reported in 57 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. The primary pelvic tumor was found to be solid or mixed solid-cystic. In no case was the primary malignancy exclusively cystic. In 23 patients, intra-abdominal extrapelvic tumor was detectable, and in eight patients there were solid liver metastases. The usefulness of both static and real-time ultrasound scanning in detecting stage III and IV disease is discussed.
Baroreceptor involvement in the immobility reflex.

Denervation of the carotid sinus in rabbits resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of the immobility reflex. When the immobility reflex was obtained, it was not different in duration from that of controls. The results suggest that the initiation of the immobility reflex may be related to an increase in blood pressure in the sinoaortic area and that the response may function as a homeostatic mechanism.
Decomposition in ordered semigroups

A certain type of partial orderings of positive measures has recently attracted attention in connection with Choquet's theorem. It had been known in special cases for a long time that these orderings have the property: If a measure v is “more diffuse” than a sum of measures ∑ μi, then v can be written as a sum v = ∑ vi such that each summand vi is more diffuse than the corresponding μi. A similar problem of decomposition can be formulated for instance for convex functions on some convex set: Let l be convex with l ⩾ ∑ ki where the ki are convex. Do there exist convex li with ∑ li = l and ki ⩽ li ? The present paper gives a systematic account on problems of this type. It develops a fairly general method of finding inequalities for the given quantities (v, μ1,…, μn, respectively, l, k1,…, kn) which are necessary and sufficient for decomposability. A powerful generalization of the Hahn-Banach theorem plays the crucial part in the proof of existence. It seems to be of importance in other contexts too and is discussed in some detail. Measure theoretic extensions of the existence arguments suggested in particular by V. Strassen's work are not treated in the present paper. However, some results along these lines obtained before by ad hoc methods are listed in the introduction, to give an idea of the relevance of decomposition problems. The paper is completely self-contained.
A new mechanism of small-scale transition in a plane mixing layer: core dynamics of spanwise vortices

We present a new mechanism of small-scale transition via core dynamics instability (CDI) in an incompressible plane mixing layer, a transition which is not reliant on the presence of longitudinal vortices (‘ribs’) and which can originate much earlier than ribinduced transition. Both linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulation are used to describe CDI growth and subsequent transition in terms of vortex dynamics and vortex line topology. CDI is characterized by amplifying oscillations of core size non-uniformity and meridional flow within spanwise vortices (‘rolls’), produced by a coupling of roll swirl and meridional flow that is manifested by helical twisting and untwisting of roll vortex lines. We find that energetic CDI is excited by subharmonic oblique modes of shear layer instability after roll pairing, when adjacent rolls with out-of-phase undulations merge. Starting from moderate initial disturbance amplitudes, twisting of roll vortex lines generates within the paired roll opposing spanwise flows which even exceed the free-stream velocity. These flows collide to form a nearly irrotational bubble surrounded by a thin vorticity sheath of a large diameter, accompanied by folding and reconnection of roll vortex lines and local transition. We find that accelerated energy transfer to high wavenumbers precedes the development of roll internal intermittency; this transfer, inferred from increased energy at high wavenumbers and an intensification of roll vorticity, occurs prior to the development of strong opposite-signed (to the mean) spanwise vorticity and granularity of the roll vorticity distribution. We demonstrate that these core dynamics are not reliant upon special symmetries and also occur in the presence of moderate-strength ribs, despite entrapment of ribs within pairing rolls. In fact, the roll vorticity dynamics are dominated by CDI if ribs are not sufficiently strong to first initiate transition; thus CDI may govern small-scale transition for moderate initial 3D disturbances, typical of practical situations. Results suggest that CDI constitutes a new generic mechanism for transition to turbulence in shear flows.
Retirement planning guidelines: a Delphi study of financial planners and educators

Abstract Retirement planning guidelines were determined using a Delphi research design among 188 financial planners and educators. Consensus was found for using a 4% inflation rate, an 8.5% rate of return on investments, and a replacement ratio of 70–89% of current income when making retirement projections. Nine-tenths of the experts agreed that families should have achieved 50–60% of their retirement savings goal by age 50 and 85–90% by age 60. Regarding asset allocation, over 60% felt it was prudent to start moving toward more conservative investments about 3–5 years before retirement. Recommendations were developed on the proportion of growth-oriented equities to hold at various points prior to and after retiring. While the level of consensus was high, occupational and gender differences were noted.
Comparison of High-end and Low-end Receivers for RF-DNA Fingerprinting

The widespread adoption of ZigBee devices in critical infrastructure applications has justifiably heightened security concerns. Attack methods exist that allow unauthorized rogue devices to insert themselves into established networks. Radio Frequency (RF) fingerprinting provides one countermeasure to spoofing attacks by identifying hardware devices by their unique RF characteristics. To make such methods more practical, this paper compares RF fingerprinting performance of a low-cost software defined radio receiver with that of a high-cost receiver using six like-model ZigBee devices of the same manufacturer, representing the most challenging scenario for RF fingerprinting. Comparable discrimination performance is achieved across a range of SNR using a random forest classifier and observations from both receivers. Network intrusion detection performance was comparable as well, with the high-cost receiver identifying on average 10% more rogue devices than the low-cost receiver. The viability of using low-cost receivers for RF fingerprinting is demonstrated, improving the practicality of RF-based antispoofing countermeasures.
Ethanol decreases natural killer cell activation but only minimally affects anatomical distribution after administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid: role in resistance to B16F10 melanoma.

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are critical in resistance to B16F10 lung metastases in B6C3F1 mice. Activation of NK cells by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C; 0.1 mg, intraperitoneally) increases resistance to B16F10 cells. This effect is reduced after administration of ethanol (EtOH; 6 g/kg by oral gavage). The present study was conducted to determine whether decreased resistance is due to alteration of the distribution and/or the activation of NK cells. Methods: These parameters were measured in the spleen, lungs, and peripheral blood 4 and 12 hr after EtOH and poly I:C administration. For assessing the time after poly I:C administration during which NK cells are important in resistance to B16F10 cells, anti-NK1.1 antibody was used to deplete NK cells in vivo 48 hr before and 0, 6, 12, and 24 hr after intravenous injection of B16F10 tumor cells. Results: Depletion of NK cells at any time up to 12 hr after B16F10 administration significantly increased the number of tumor nodules in the lungs, but depletion at 24 hr had a smaller effect. Flow cytometry revealed that there was a small but significant increase in the percentage of NK cells in the lungs at 12 hr, which was not changed by EtOH. Corresponding NK cell lytic function in the lungs was increased significantly at both 4 and 12 hr by poly I:C. However, the increase was not significantly different from the naive control value at 4 hr in mice treated with poly I:C plus EtOH, indicating that EtOH decreased activation of NK cells in the lungs at 4 hr. In the spleen, no treatment significantly altered the percentage of NK cells at 4 or 12 hr. However, poly I:C significantly enhanced lytic function, and this enhancement was suppressed by EtOH (by ∼50%). In the blood, the only significant change in NK cell percentage or lytic activity was an increase in the percentage of NK cells at 12 hr, which was equivalent in the poly I:C and the poly I:C plus EtOH groups. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that EtOH partially abrogates the poly I:C–induced enhancement of resistance to B16F10 cells and that decreased activation of NK cells in the lungs at a critical time early in the response to poly I:C may contribute to this effect. Other parameters could also contribute, but there was little support for an important role for changes in NK cell distribution.
Comparison of stable-carbon isotope composition in the growth rings of Isorberlinia doka, Daniella oliveri, and Tamarindus indica and West African climate

Abstract Inter-ring variations in stable-carbon isotope composition of cellulose in Daniella oliveri , Isoberlinia doka , and Tamarindus indica stumps were analyzed for nine trees in the Soudan-Sahel zone of West Africa. This pioneer isotopic study is a contribution to on-going efforts to evaluate the feasibility of extracting proxy climatic records from tree-rings in this area. Our aim is to investigate trends in individual floating δ 13 C time series to assess if patterns in variability within and between rings are consistent with those in other climatically sensitive tree-ring δ 13 C series. Samples were collected primarily from tree stumps but kill dates were unknown. Tree age was estimated from stump condition and shoot regrowth. This approach, combined with low sample replication, hindered the establishment of absolute dates. Nevertheless, δ 13 C and discrimination (Δ 13 C), absolute values and variability in the time series are similar to those often seen in tree-rings. Average δ 13 C values for individual series range from −25.90‰ to −23.72‰ and average Δ 13 C values from 16.56‰ to 18.99‰. It is well known that seasonal rainfall is inversely related to the δ 13 C in growth-season-dry environments and positively covaries with Δ. We investigate the possibility of using this relationship to temporally anchor the time series and to identify missing and false rings in wood segments with indistinct growth. The variability in these time series is consistent with expected patterns and shows promise for facilitating the development of stable carbon isotope tree-ring chronologies for West Africa.
Structure of the cauliflower mosaic virus genome. II. Variation in DNA structure and sequence between isolates.

Abstract The DNA genomes of four different cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) isolates (Cabbage B-Davis, Cabbage B-John Innes, CM4–184, and Australian) have been mapped using the restriction endonucleases, Eco RI, Sal GI and Bam HI, and S 1 nuclease. The differences between maps of the isolates indicate that one region of the CaMV genome is subject to considerable change while the rest is more highly conserved. Eco RI digestion patterns of the DNA from five other CaMV isolates correspond to two of the described isolates, Cabbage B-Davis and Cabbage B-John Innes. Minor DNA fragments (in less than molar amounts) appearing in restriction patterns of CaMV DNAs could be attributed to: (i) the presence of linear DNA molecules which appear to arise by double-strand breaks at specific points in the circular genome, (ii) heterogeneity within some of the viral ioslates, indicated by the appearance of a faint, underlying DNA restriction pattern characteristic of another isolate type, and (iii) the occurrence of a few “difficult” restriction sites in the genomes of some isolates.
Carbon cycle studies based on the distribution of O2 in air

(1999). Carbon cycle studies based on the distribution of O2 in air. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 165-169.
Gentrification and the Rent Gap

(1987). Gentrification and the Rent Gap. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 462-465.
The Role of Adjuvant Therapy in the Elderly

Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer and second commonest cancer killer in the USA. With a median age at diagnosis of 72 years, it largely affects the elderly population. However, there is a lack of objective data with which to answer clinically relevant questions regarding adjuvant therapy in the geriatric patient population because mainly younger patients are enrolled in clinical trials. Elderly patients are undertreated in the adjuvant setting owing to multiple factors, including physician decision and patient preference. Older patients have different tumor biology, physiologic factors, and social situations to consider in comparison with younger patients. Thus, geriatric patients require more thorough assessment of their functional status and existing medical conditions as they are at risk of increased toxicities from chemotherapy and their ongoing treatment requires vigilance. Elderly patients do benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, although subgroup analyses show that many do not derive incremental benefit from the addition of oxaliplatin to 5-fluorouracil therapy.
20 μs Photocurrent Response from Lithographically Patterned Nanocrystalline Cadmium Selenide Nanowires

Lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) provides a method for patterning nanowires composed of nanocrystalline cadmium selenide (nc-CdSe) over wafer-scale areas. We assess the properties of (nc-CdSe) nanowires for detecting light as photoconductors. Structural characterization of these nanowires by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveals they are composed of stoichiometric, single phase, cubic CdSe with a mean grain diameter of 10 nm. For nc-CdSe nanowires with lengths of many millimeters, the width and height dimensions could be varied over the range from 60 to 350 nm (w) and 20 to 80 nm (h). Optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra for nc-CdSe nanowires were both dominated by band-edge transitions. The photoconductivity properties of nc-CdSe nanowire arrays containing approximately 350 nanowires were evaluated by electrically isolating 5 microm nanowire lengths using evaporated gold electrodes. Photocurrents, i(photo), of 10-100 x (i(dark)) were observed with a spectral response characterized by an onset at 1.75 eV. i(photo) response and recovery times were virtually identical and in the range from 20 to 40 micros for 60 x 200 nm nanowires.
Redo Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair Due to Endoleak With Celiac Artery Snorkeling

Reintervention due to endoleak of aortic endograft repair is often challenging. Herein, we report endovascular endoleak repair in a patient with previous thoracic and abdominal endovascular grafts with extensive coverage of the aorta. The present technique included snorkeling of the celiac trunk to preserve antegrade flow in the celiac artery and to maintain future options for reintervention.
Hebb and Darwin

Abstract It is proposed that vertebrate brains, especially those of mammals, operate according to an algorithm subsumable as “synaptic Darwinism”. The key postulate is that genes and synapses follow the same rules, because they act as autocatalytic, hypercyclic, units of selection. Synapses replicate by quantally strengthening, and mutate by connecting new cells. Because synapses relate pre- and post-synaptic firing, they perform a translation operation. Furthermore the product of this operation, conjoint firing, favors replication (by Hebb's Rule). The result is that variants are selected and patterns of connection automatically adopt optimal configurations. These configurations are determined by scalar neuromodulatory “reward” signals applied globally to layers of neurons, which reduce spike frequency adaptation and enhance Hebbian replication. Global or local control of mutation rates provides further improvements in the Darwinian algorithm. All the processes and circuits postulated have plausible, and often obvious, implementations. The result is that brains evolve and adapt like large ecosystems.
Development of hypertension during chronic mecamylamine administration in dogs.

Abstract Dogs receiving mecamylamine on chronic oral administration were found to develop consistently and significantly high blood pressure, following tolerance to the initial hypotensive action of the drug. It is suggested that the feedback mechanisms might be involved in this effect.
Safety engineering and the value of life

It has been argued that any realistic approach to safety engineering must countenance setting a monetary value on human life. This is taken to be a consequence of the fact that most practical engineering designs involve tradeoffs between safety considerations and costs. Usually either it is impossible to produce a design that carries no risk to human life or the costs of implementing such a design would be prohibitive. The engineer often must decide what risks are acceptable. But to say that certain risks to human life are too expensive to reduce is to imply that the value of human life itself is not infinite, for if it were, the costs of preserving it could never be too great. However, if the value of human life is not infinite then it is finite and, at least in principle, it is possible to assign a dollars-and-cents figure to it.
Synaptic Mechanisms for Auditory‐Vocal Integration and the Correction of Vocal Errors

A central goal of neuroscience is to understand the cellular mechanisms enabling the cultural transmission of behaviors, such as speech and music. Birdsong is a rare non-human instance of a culturally transmitted vocal behavior. The songbird's brain provides a powerful system in which to study the cellular mechanisms underlying auditory-guided vocal learning. Identifying those mechanisms requires an analysis of synaptic function, because the synapse is the fundamental organizational unit of the neuronal networks that mediate behavior. Intracellular recordings provide a powerful method for simultaneously probing the activities of a single neuron and the synaptic networks in which that cell is embedded. This chapter details initial steps in the in vivo intracellular analysis of the synaptic connectivity of neurons important to singing and song learning. Our analysis is focused upon HVC and involves studies of interneurons as well as projection neurons of the two major output pathways of HVC. We test predictions derived from several models of how such learning may take place, including contributions from "comparator" and "corollary discharge" auditory feedback cancellation mechanisms. Our studies in anesthetized animals and brain slices provide insight into the synaptic properties of HVC that might be well suited for these mechanisms, although extrapolation to synaptic behavior in the awake, singing bird must be made with caution. We suggest that future work must extend the analysis of synaptic properties into the intact brain of the songbird, preferably as the bird learns to sing.
Carbon black thin films with tunable resistance and optical transparency

Layer-by-layer assembly was used to produce highly conductive thin films of carbon black and polymer. Positively and negatively-charged polyelectrolytes, polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), were used to stabilize carbon black in aqueous mixtures that were then deposited onto a PET substrate. The effects of sonication and pH adjustment of deposition mixtures on the conductivity and transparency of deposited films was studied, along with drying temperature. Sonication and oven drying at 70 °C produced films with the lowest sheet resistance (∼1500 Ω/sq), which is a bulk resistivity below 0.2 Ω cm for a 14-bilayer film that is 1.3 μm thick. These two variables improve packing and connectivity amongst carbon black particles that results in increased electrical conductivity. Increasing the pH of the PAA-stabilized mixture and decreasing the pH of the PEI-stabilized mixture resulted in transparent films due to increased polymer charge density. These pH-adjusted films have much higher sheet resistance values than their non-adjusted counterparts due to their reduced thickness and patchy deposition. Varying the number of bilayers allows both sheet resistance and optical transparency to be tailored over a broad range. Carbon black-filled thin films able to achieve these levels of resistivity and transparency may find application in a variety of optoelectronic applications.
Important Considerations For Successful Fabrication Of Offshore Structures

Several key issues that affect the successful and sound fabrication of offshore structures are discussed. The issues include project planning and organisation; steel and fabrication specifications; quality assurance procedures; and causes, prevention, and resolution of fabrication problems.
Model-theoretic framework for sensor data fusion

The main goal of our research in sensory data fusion (SDF) is the development of a systematic approach (a methodology) to designing systems for interpreting sensory information and for reasoning about the situation based upon this information and upon available data bases and knowledge bases. To achieve such a goal, two kinds of subgoals have been set: (1) develop a theoretical framework in which rational design/implementation decisions can be made, and (2) design a prototype SDF system along the lines of the framework. Our initial design of the framework has been described in our previous papers. In this paper we concentrate on the model-theoretic aspects of this framework. We postulate that data are embedded in data models, and information processing mechanisms are embedded in model operators. The paper is devoted to analyzing the classes of model operators and their significance in SDF. We investigate transformation abstraction and fusion operators. A prototype SDF system, fusing data from range and intensity sensors, is presented, exemplifying the structures introduced. Our framework is justified by the fact that it provides modularity, traceability of information flow, and a basis for a specification language for SDF.
Distributed Sequential Auctions for Multiple UAV Task Allocation

Allocating tasks efficiently to multiple UAVs with limited sensor and communication ranges is a difficult problem. In this paper, we present a distributed sequential auction scheme that takes the UAV limitations into account and provides a systematic procedure for the auction process. The task allocation scheme first validates the targets using neighbor's knowledge and then, depending on the decisions obtained from neighbors, an agent decides to auction or forfeit the target. The targets detected within a sensor range are validated and auctioned sequentially. A simulation study was conducted for different sensor and communication ranges to evaluate the performance of the sequential auction scheme which was compared with a greedy strategy and a simple distributed auction scheme. The results show that the sequential auction scheme performs better than the simple distributed auction and greedy strategy.
Algorithms to Quantify Impact of Congestion on Time-Dependent Real-World Urban Freight Distribution Networks:

Urban congestion presents considerable challenges to time-definite transportation service providers. Package, courier, and less than truckload operations and costs are severely affected by growing congestion levels. With congestion increasing at peak morning and afternoon periods, public policies and logistics strategies that avoid or minimize deliveries during congested periods have become crucial for many operators and public agencies. However, in many cases these strategies or policies can introduce unintended side effects, such as higher labor costs, shorter working hours, and tighter customer time windows. Research efforts to analyze and quantify the impact of congestion are hindered by the complexities of vehicle routing problems with time-dependent travel times and the lack of networkwide congestion data. Research used real-world road network data to estimate travel distance and time matrices, land use and customer data to localize and characterize demand patterns, congestion data from an extensive...
Ionized form of acetaminophen with improved compaction properties

The most widely used antipyretic and analgesic drug, acetaminophen, has the long standing problem of extremely poor tableting properties and has been considered as non-ionizable. Here we report the synthesis of the first ionized solid-state structure, acetaminophen HCl monohydrate, and demonstrate its excellent tableting properties.
PMaC's green queue: a framework for selecting energy optimal DVFS configurations in large scale MPI applications

This article presents Green Queue, a production quality tracing and analysis framework for implementing application aware dynamic voltage and frequency scaling DVFS for message passing interface applications in high performance computing. Green Queue makes use of both intertask and intratask DVFS techniques. The intertask technique targets applications where the workload is imbalanced by reducing CPU clock frequency and therefore power draw for ranks with lighter workloads. The intratask technique targets balanced workloads where all tasks are synchronously running the same code. The strategy identifies program phases and selects the energy-optimal frequency for each by predicting power and measuring the performance responses of each phase to frequency changes. The success of these techniques is evaluated on 1024 cores on Gordon, a supercomputer at the San Diego Supercomputer Center built using Intel Xeon E5-2670 Sandybridge processors. Green Queue achieves up to 21% and 32% energy savings for the intratask and intertask DVFS strategies, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced inorganic phosphorus in the natural environment: significance, speciation and determination

Abstract It is commonly assumed that phosphorus occurs almost exclusively in the environment as fully oxidized phosphate (primarily H 2 PO 4 − and HPO 4 2− , where the oxidation state of phosphorus is +V). Recent developments in the field of microbiology and research on the origin of life have suggested a possibly significant role for reduced, inorganic forms of phosphorus in bacterial metabolism and as evolutionary precursors of biological phosphate compounds. Reduced inorganic forms of phosphorus include phosphorus acid (H 3 PO 3 , P(+III)), hypophosphorus acid (H 3 PO 2 , P(+I)) and various forms of phosphides (P(−III)). Reduced phosphorus has been detected in anaerobic sediments, sewage treatment facilities and in industrial and agricultural processes. Microbiological evidence suggests a significant role for reduced phosphorus species in metabolic processes and raises interesting questions regarding the biogeochemistry of this nutrient in the environment. However, the paucity of data on the presence and cycling of reduced phosphorus compounds in the environment requires attention in order to elucidate the role of these compounds in natural systems. This paper discusses the significance of reduced phosphorus in the natural environment, its speciation and methods of detection.
A Multiscale Ensemble Filtering System for Hydrologic Data Assimilation. Part II: Application to Land Surface Modeling with Satellite Rainfall Forcing

Part I of this series of studies developed procedures to implement the multiscale filtering algorithm for land surface hydrology and performed assimilation experiments with rainfall ensembles from a climate model. However, a most important application of the multiscale technique is to assimilate satellite-based remote sensing observations into a land surface model—and this has not been realized. This paper focuses on enablingthemultiscaleassimilationsystemtouseremotelysensedprecipitation data.Themajorchallengeisthe generation of a rainfall ensemble given one satellite rainfall map. An acceptable rainfall ensemble must contain a proper multiscale spatial correlation structure, and each ensemble member presents a realistic rainfall process in both space and time. A pattern-based sampling approach is proposed, in which random samples are drawn from a historical rainfall database according to the pattern of the satellite rainfall and then a cumulative distribution function matching procedure is applied to ensure the proper statistics for the pixellevelrainfallintensity.TheassimilationsystemisappliedusingTropicalRainfallMeasuringMissionreal-time satellite rainfallover the Red‐Arkansas River basin. Resultsshow that the ensembles so generated satisfy the requirements for spatial correlation and realism and the multiscale assimilation works reasonably well. A number of limitations also exist in applying this generation method, mainly stemming from the high dimensionality of the problem and the lack of historical records.
Semisimple symplectic characters of finite unitary groups

Abstract Let G = U ( 2 m , F q 2 ) be the finite unitary group, with q the power of an odd prime p. We prove that the number of irreducible complex characters of G with degree not divisible by p and with Frobenius–Schur indicator −1 is q m − 1 .
Mobilizing the latino youth vote : Some experimental results

Objectives. The objectives of this article are to test whether Latino canvassers are more effective than non-Latino canvassers at increasing voter turnout among young Latinos, and to test whether young Latinos are more receptive to a mobilization message that stresses ethnic group solidarity or one that emphasizes civic duty. Methods. A randomized field experiment, conducted in Fresno, California in the fall of 2002, is the basis for the results reported here. Results. Young Latino voters targeted by Latino canvassers are more likely to be contacted. However, once contacted, Latinos reached by non-Latino canvassers are just as likely to turn out to vote as are those reached by non-Latino canvassers. The mobilization effect is particularly strong among voters who have participated in at least one prior election. Conclusions. The importance of using Latino canvassers to get out the Latino vote is confirmed, but should not be overemphasized. More importantly, this experiment demonstrates that door-to-door canvassing can have a substantively large and statistically significant effect on turnout among young Latinos, a demographic group often overlooked by parties and campaigns.
Linear Logic Proof Games and Optimization

§ 1. Introduction . Perhaps the most surprising recent development in complexity theory is the discovery that the class NP can be characterized using a form of randomized proof checker that only examines a constant number of bits of the “proof” that a string is in a language [6, 5, 31, 3, 4]. More specifically, writing ∣ x ∣ for the length of a string x , a language L in the class NP of languages recognizable in Nondeterministic polynomial time is traditionally given by a polynomial p and a polynomial-time predicate P such that a string x is in L iff there is some string y satisfying P (x, y), where ∣ y ∣ ≤ p (∣ x ∣). Intuitively, we can think of a string y as a possible proof that x ϵ L , with the predicate P some kind of proof checker that distinguishes good proofs from bad ones. A string x is therefore in a language L ϵ NP if there is a short proof that x ϵ L , and not in L otherwise. The surprising discovery is that the deterministic proof checker that reads the entire input and proof can be replaced by a probabilistic verifier that on input x and possible proof y , where y is presented in a certain way, flips at most O (log ∣ x ∣) coins and reads at most a constant number of bits of x and y . Obviously, a probabilistic verifier that does not read the whole proof will sometimes make mistakes. However, the surprising and essentially non-intuitive mathematical fact is that for each language L in NP, it is possible to find a polynomial q and verifier V flipping a logarithmic number of coins and reading a constant number of bits such that, for any x ϵ L , there exists y with ∣ y ∣ ≤ q(∣ x ∣) and with V (x, y) accepting with probability 1 and, for x ∉ L , there is no y with ∣ y ∣ ≤ q (∣ x ∣) and with V (x, y) accepting with probability ≥ 1/4. This idea canalsobeextended to PSPACE [10, 9], using a game that alternates between two players instead of a proof presented by a “single player.”
Cross-Layer Based Anomaly Detection in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networking has been a cost-effective technology that provides wide-coverage broadband wireless network services. However, security and privacy in this proliferated network environment have not been widely studied. In this work, we propose a cross-layer based anomaly intrusion detection system (IDS) to accommodate the integrated property of routing protocols with link information in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). An IDS software prototype over a wireless mesh network testbed has been implemented and evaluated. By comparing the performance of the cross-layer approach with that of single-layer based intrusion detection, especially an IDS at network layer, we validate the effectiveness of cross-layer based anomaly detection in WMNs.
CPAs' Perceptions of the Emerging Multidisciplinary Accounting/Legal Practice

This paper reports the results of a survey of 219 American Institute of Certified Public Accountant members about legal services their public accounting firms currently offer and plan to offer in the future, and how they would organize their firm to deliver these services to clients. The survey is motivated by the legal profession's current investigation of whether to allow nonattorneys to share fees and become partners with nonattorneys and by the American Bar Association's call for evidence on the current existence of multidisciplinary practice (MDP). Forty‐four states established MDP committees to recommend whether legal ethics rules should be relaxed to allow MDP. Relaxed ethics rules allow public accounting firms to employ attorneys to offer a full array of legal services to their clients. We find that public accounting firms already offer a number of legal services to their clients and are interested in increasing the offering of these services if allowed. The results also indicate that the size of ...
Hybrid dynamic simulation of rigid-body contact with Coulomb friction

This paper introduces a hybrid scheme for simulating rigid bodies in contact. We use an adaptive strategy for handling two different contact situations, 'bouncing' and 'steady'. To handle contact for rigid bodies, we use two impulse-based methods to explicitly or implicitly compute impulses due to collision impact. These two methods are used so that different impulse methods are applied adaptively depending on the contact situations. Our experiments show that our simple adaptive simulation scheme enables efficient and physically-correct dynamic simulation involving rigid-body contacts with Coulomb friction. This adaptive scheme was incorporated into our dynamic simulator, called I-GMS, which supports various types of simulations. We demonstrate the simulation results of our scheme using a ball falling on a flat surface in three dimensions.
Nonsense mutations in the hairless gene underlie APL in five families of Pakistani origin.

Summary Background Atrichia with papular lesions (APL) is a rare autosomal recessive form of inherited alopecia. Affected individuals present with a distinct pattern of total hair loss on the scalp, axilla and body shortly after birth and are essentially devoid of eyelashes and eyebrows. This form of hair loss is irreversible and the histology is consistent with an absence of mature hair follicles. In addition to total atrichia, APL patients also present with papules and follicular cysts filled with cornified material. Mutations in the Hairless ( HR ) gene have been shown to underlie APL. Objective Here, we studied five unrelated large Pakistani families with clinical manifestations of APL. Methods Based on previous reports of HR mutations in APL, we performed direct DNA sequencing analysis. Results DNA sequencing of the HR gene in APL patients revealed three novel nonsense mutations in five unrelated families. All affected individuals were homozygous for a nonsense mutation due to C-to-T transitions at different positions in the amino acid sequence. Two families carry the mutation Q323X (CAG-TAG) in exon 3, two families harbor the mutation Q502X (CAG-TAG) in exon 6, and one family had a mutation at R940X (CGA-TGA) in exon 14. Haplotype analysis revealed that all affected individuals of both APL1 and APL16 families were homozygous for the same haplotype, and likewise, the mutation in families APL2 and APL19 was on the same haplotype. Conclusions We report three novel nonsense mutations in the HR gene in APL. Two of the newly identified mutations, Q323X and Q502X, were found to be shared between unrelated families and marker analysis confirmed an identical homozygous haplotype for APL1 and APL16, and for APL2 and APL19. These findings suggest that Q323X and Q502X did not arise independently, but instead appear to have been propagated in the population. Collectively, these findings contribute further evidence for the involvement of hairless mutations in papular atrichia.
Convergence of adaptive control schemes using least-squares estimates

An examination is made of the stability, convergence, asymptotic optimality, and self-tuning properties of stochastic adaptive control schemes based on least-squares estimates of the unknown parameters, when the additive noise is i.i.d. and Gaussian, and the true system is of minimum phase. The author exploits the normal equations of the least-squares method to establish that all stable control law designs used in a certainty-equivalent (i.e. indirect) procedure generally yield a stable adaptive control system. Four results that characterize the limiting behavior precisely are obtained. These general results are specialized to establish the convergence, asymptotic optimality, and self-tuning properties of a variety of proposed adaptive control schemes. >
Health-related quality of life and functional outcome following arterial reconstruction for limb salvage.

Abstract Vascular surgery outcomes have traditionally been measured by limb salvage and graft patency. However, as health care resources are rationed, the patient's functional outcome and quality of life will require assessment. The in situ saphenous vein graft has proven successful in achieving long-term limb salvage for patients with critical ischemia, with the expectation of preserving a life-style and sense of well-being that would be lost with limb amputation. This study was conducted to measure functional capacity and quality of life in these patients. Seventy patients with successful in situ saphenous vein bypass grafts constructed for limb-threatening ischemia, followed for a mean of 45.6 months in a surveillance program with normal graft flow characteristics, were compared with a group of age and gender-matched controls with normal limb pressures and no history of vascular occlusive disease. A questionnaire was designed from standardized health status scales and administered to the two groups to assess symptoms, health perceptions, physical functioning and life quality. When comparing the groups of revascularized and control patients, symptoms and perceptions about their health were similar. However, the revascularized patients had significantly decreased functional capacity in their ability to walk various distances ( P ≤0.005), perform household tasks ( P ≤0.001) and bathe ( P ≤0.001). The patient group with vascular grafts functioned as well as the controls only in activities of dressing and using the toilet. Indicators of life quality that rate independence and mobility, including the ability to procure groceries ( P ≤0.001), prepare meals ( P ≤0.005) participate in social activities ( P ≤0.001) and drive an automobile ( P ≤0.01), were also significantly limited in the patients with successful vascular reconstructions. Although achieving long-term limb salvage and graft patency, the patients in this group of successful vascular reconstructions retain functional disabilities that require significant care. Despite these physical handicaps, these patients have a remarkably similar sense of well-being and lack of somatic complaints compared with the control group. This medical outcome study identifies the functional capacity and lifetime needs for vascular surgery patients that will provide useful data for those responsible for allocating health care resources.
On-wafer facet processing for low cost optoelectronic components

Strained multiquantum well Inp/InGaAsP buried heterostructure lasers were prepared using a novel etched facet/on-wafer facet coating process. Facet trenches were etched using a methane/hydrogen based RIE process. The dielectric and metal layers conventionally used for passivation and electrical contact in a standard laser structure were also used as AR and HR coatings in these devices. DFB laser devices showed lasing thresholds of 8 mA and a front-back power ratio of 10:1 for devices with etched and AR/HR coated facets.
An EBV recombinant deleted for residues 130-159 in EBNA3C can deregulate p53/Mdm2 and Cyclin D1/CDK6 which results in apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gamma herpes virus is associated with B-cell malignancies. EBNA-3C is critical for in vitro primary B-cell transformation. Interestingly, the N terminal domain of EBNA3C which contains residues 130-159, interacts with various cellular proteins, such as p53, Mdm2, CyclinD1/Cdk6 complex, and E2F1. In the current reverse genetics study, we deleted the residues 130-159 aa within EBNA3C open reading frame (ORF) by BACmid recombinant engineering methodology. Our experiments demonstrated that deletion of the 130-159 aa showed a reduction in cell proliferation. Also, this recombinant virus showed with higher infectivity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared to wild type EBV. PBMCs- infected with recombinant EBV deleted for 130-159 residues have differential expression patterns for the p53/Mdm2, CyclinD1/Cdk6 and pRb/E2F1 pathways compared to wild type EBV-infected PBMCs. PBMCs infected with recombinant virus showed increased apoptotic cell death which further resulted in activation of polymerase 1 (PARP1), an important contributor to apoptotic signaling. Interestingly, cells infected with this recombinant virus showed a dramatic decrease in chromosomal instability, indicated by the presence of increased multinucleation and micronucleation. In addition infection with recombinant virus have increased cells in G0/G1 phase and decreased cells in S-G2M phase when compared to wild type infected cells. Thus, these differences in signaling activities due to 29 amino acid residues of EBNA3C is of particular significance in deregulation of cell proliferation in EBV-infected cells.
Recessed ring-disk nanoelectrode arrays integrated in nanofluidic structures for selective electrochemical detection.

Arrays of recessed ring–disk (RRD) electrodes with nanoscale spacing fabricated by multilayer deposition, nanosphere lithography, and multistep reactive ion etching were incorporated into nanofluidic channels. These arrays, which characteristically exhibit redox cycling leading to current amplification during cyclic voltammetry, can selectively analyze electroactive species based on differences in redox reversibility, redox potential, or both. Using Ru(NH3)63+ and ascorbic acid (AA) as model reversible and irreversible redox species, the selectivity for electrochemical measurement of Ru(NH3)63+ against a background of AA improves from ∼10, for an array operated in a fluidically unconstrained geometry, to ∼70 for an array integrated within nanofluidic channels. RRD arrays were also used for the detection of dopamine in the presence of AA by cyclic voltammetry. A linear response ranging from 100 nM to 1 mM with a detection limit of 20 nM was obtained for dopamine alone without nanofluidic confinement. In na...