cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel bilayer resist approach using radiation sensitive organometalics precursors

A novel negative-tone bilayer scheme has been developed using organometallic imaging materials in conjunction with organic planarizing layers. Precursor films containing the radiation sensitive organometallics are spin coated and converted to a metal oxide through electron beam exposure to form an etch mask for pattern transfer. After exposure, the unexposed regions are washed away using an appropriate developer solution and the etch mask pattern is transferred through the organic planarizing layer by an oxygen reactive ion etch (RIE). In this work, a multicomponent organometallic precursor Ba(Sr,Ti) [Ba(2-ethylhexanote), Sr(2-ethylhexanote), Ti(IV)(diisopropoxide) (bisacetylacetonate)] is evaluated as a possible imaging material for bilayer lithography applications. The sensitivity of the 1:1:2 (molar ratio of metals) Ba(Sr,Ti) precursor was found to be 56.5 (mu) C/cm 2 with a contrast of 16.1 at 10keV accelerating potential. In order to enhance the sensitivity, partial conversion of the precursor to the metal oxide prior to electron beam exposure through thermal baking was investigated. It was found that a 30 second thermal bake at 150 degree(s)C enhanced the sensivity to 23.3 (mu) C/cm 2 but decreased the contrast to 4.2. Also, blanket etch studies on exposed samples found that the remaining organic ligands in the precursor are further converted to the metal oxide upon exposure to the O 2 plasma causing shrinkage of the etch mask. After shrinkage, the precursor offers excellent etch selectivity as compared to hard baked novolac. This bilayer process is demonstrated by printing 200 nm line and space patterns using electron beam patterning.
Synthesis and structural characterization of a silver complex of a mixed-donor N-heterocyclic carbene linked cyclophane

The synthesis of a dicationic imidazolium-linked cyclophane and a dimeric silver–N-heterocyclic carbene complex, that is the first silver complex with a N-heterocyclic carbene ligand involved in a π-bonding interaction, is reported.
An ab Initio Study on the Oxidative Coupling of Methane over a Lithium-Doped MgO Catalyst: Surface Defects and Mechanism

We present a study on the catalytic cycle responsible for coupling of methane by molecular oxygen over a lithium-doped magnesium oxide catalyst. To elucidate the mechanism by which methyl radicals are produced and the active sites are regenerated, geometries and energies of relevant reaction intermediates were determined using an ab initio embedded cluster model. Our results suggest a new mechanism that requires only one active site and does not involve the energetically costly process of creating lattice vacancies. This mechanism is more consistent with the available experimental data than the Ito−Lunsford mechanism proposed earlier.
Expression of maspin in prostate cells is regulated by a positive Ets element and a negative hormonal responsive element site recognized by androgen receptor

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. The molecular mechanisms leading to its development are poorly understood. Maspin is a tumor-suppressing serpin expressed in normal breast and prostate epithelium. We have found that expression of maspin in normal and carcinoma-derived prostate epithelial cells is differentially regulated at the transcriptional level. We have identified two different kinds of cis elements, Ets and hormonal responsive element (HRE), in the maspin promoter. The Ets element is active in regulating maspin expression in normal prostate epithelial cells but inactive in tumor cells. The HRE site is a negative element that is active in both cell types. This negative DNA sequence can repress a heterologous promoter recognized by the androgen receptor. We conclude that expression of maspin is under the influence of both a positive Ets and a negative HRE element. Loss of maspin expression during tumor progression apparently results from both the absence of transactivation through the Ets element and the presence of transcription repression through the negative HRE element recognized by androgen receptor.
Characterization of Defect Nucleation and Propagation in Fe2O3+FCC-Al Nanocomposites During Uniaxial Tensile and Compressive Deformations

The objective of this research is to analyze uniaxial tensile and compressive mechanical deformations of α-Fe2 O3 + fcc Al nanoceramic-metal composites using classical molecular dynamics (MD). Specifically, variations in the nucleation and the propagation of defects (such as dislocations and stacking faults etc.) with variation in the nanocomposite phase morphology and their effect on observed tensile and compressive strengths of the nanocomposites are analyzed. For this purpose, a classical molecular dynamics (MD) potential that includes an embedded atom method (EAM) cluster functional, a Morse type pair function, and a second order electrostatic interaction function is developed, see Tomar and Zhou (2004) and Tomar and Zhou (2006b). The nanocrystalline structures (nanocrystalline Al, nanocrystalline Fe2 O3 and the nanocomposites with 40% and 60% Al by volume) with average grain sizes of 3.9 nm, 4.7 nm, and 7.2 nm are generated using a combination of the well established Voronoi tessellation method with the Inverse Monte-Carlo method to conform to prescribed log-normal grain size distributions. For comparison purposes, nanocrystalline structures with a specific average grain size have the same grain morphologies and the same grain orientation distribution. MD simulations are performed at the room temperature (300 K). Calculations show that the deformation mechanism is affected by a combination of factors including the fraction of grain boundary (GB) atoms and the electrostatic forces between atoms. The significance of each factor is dependent on the volume fractions of the Al and Fe2 O3 phases. Depending on the relative orientations of the two phases at an interface, the contribution of the interface to the defect formation varies. The interfaces have stronger effect in structures with smaller average grain sizes than in structures with larger average grain sizes.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Possible existence of a second minimum in elastic pp scattering

Comparing new elastic $\mathrm{pp}$ data at 200 and 1500 GeV, it is suggested that at higher energies $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}$ "caves in" at an intermediate $t$ value. Comparison with predictions of a geometrical picture leads to the speculation of the existence of a second minimum and a third maximum in the elastic differential cross section.
Content, object, and phenomenal character

The view that perceptual experience has representational content, or the content view, has recently been criticized by the defenders of the so-called object view. Part of the dispute, I claim here, is based on a lack of grasp of the notion of content. There is, however, a core of substantial disagreement. Once the substantial core is revealed, I aim to: (1) reject the arguments raised against the content view by Campbell (2002), Travis (2004), and Brewer (2006); (2) criticize Brewer�s (2006, 2007, 2008, 2011) attempts to defend the object view; (3) refine Pautz� (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) arguments against the object view, which mainly resort to the fact that it cannot account for the grounding role of hallucinatory experiences; (4) and finally adjudicate in favor of the content view and against the overestimation of the naive intuition.
Minimally Invasive Thymectomy and Open Thymectomy: Outcome Analysis of 263 Patients

Background An open thymectomy is a morbid procedure. If a minimally invasive thymectomy is performed without compromising the tenets of thymic surgery, it has the potential for decreasing morbidity and may offer similar clinical and oncologic results. Methods This is an institutional review board–approved, retrospective study of a single center's experience with both open (transsternal) and minimally invasive (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery) thymectomy. Survival estimates and statistical comparisons were calculated using standard software. Results From 2000 to 2011, 263 patients (93 men; median age, 49 years; interquartile range, 37 to 60 years) underwent thymectomy for indications including myasthenia gravis (n = 139) and mediastinal mass (n = 108). Seventy-seven thymectomies were performed by minimally invasive approach. Both groups were equally stratified by sex, body mass index, World Health Organization and Masaoka-Koga staging, incidence of myasthenia gravis, and comorbidities except hyperlipidemia and diabetes. The minimally invasive thymectomy cohort had significantly shorter hospital ( p p p p = 0.60). There was no difference in terms of operative room times ( p = 0.88) or volume of blood products transfused ( p = 0.16) between the two groups. Higher estimated blood loss was associated with higher intensive care unit admission rates ( p Conclusions Minimally invasive thymectomy is safe and achieves a comparable resection and postoperative complication profile when used selectively for all indications, including myasthenia gravis and small thymomas without vascular invasion.
The redox potential of liver cytochrome P-450

Abstract The redox potential of phenobarbital-induced rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 has been measured, within microsomes, using dyestuff reduction under anaerobic conditions, and optical and ESR spectrophotometric techniques for determining the ratios of oxidants and reductants in the system. An apparent midpoint potential of about −0.41 volt at pH 7.0 was found. The uncertainty concerning the exact E′o resulted from inability to achieve titration potentials by the dye-stuff technique, below −0.44 volt.
Myeloid Infiltrations Occurring in the Adrenals of Animals Bearing Certain Tumors

In my studies on dibenzanthracene tumors in mice of pure inbred strains it was found that the presence of growing malignant tissue brought about an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear cells in the peripheral blood and blood-forming organs of the host, the severity of the resultant neutrophilia being characteristic for the particular tumor (Lewis, 1937). Of the 80 tumors induced in pure inbred strains of mice by means of one injection of 0.8 mg. of 1:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene, 14 proved to be of the type whose growth throughout many serial passages was always accompanied by a pronounced neutrophilic leukocytosis and a myeloid hyperplasia of the spleen and bone marrow of the host. Repeated grafting of these tumors into mice of an alien strain brought about in some of the animals an alteration that permitted the growth of some of the grafts (a total of 174) of tumors to which they had previously been resistant, and also brought about some change in ten of the tumors, by which they became thereafter transplantable into mice of more than one strain (Lewis and Lichtenstein, 1936; Lewis, 1937). The growth of these experimentally altered tumors was accompanied by an exceedingly severe myeloid hyperplasia in their alien-strain hosts. The hematopoietic disturbance increased with the growth of the tumor and subsided in those animals in which the tumors regressed.
Assessment of the Ability of the Bioelectric Effect To Eliminate Mixed-Species Biofilms

Microbes have been able to persist in water distribution systems through the development of multicellular communities known as biofilms. This study evaluated the usefulness of the bioelectric effect for the elimination of water distribution system biofilms from annular reactors. The bioelectric effect did not have any bactericidal action either alone or when coupled with free chlorine.
Heart Valve Tissue Engineering: Concepts, Approaches, Progress, and Challenges

Potential applications of tissue engineering in regenerative medicine range from structural tissues to organs with complex function. This review focuses on the engineering of heart valve tissue, a goal which involves a unique combination of biological, engineering, and technological hurdles. We emphasize basic concepts, approaches and methods, progress made, and remaining challenges. To provide a framework for understanding the enabling scientific principles, we first examine the elements and features of normal heart valve functional structure, biomechanics, development, maturation, remodeling, and response to injury. Following a discussion of the fundamental principles of tissue engineering applicable to heart valves, we examine three approaches to achieving the goal of an engineered tissue heart valve: (1) cell seeding of biodegradable synthetic scaffolds, (2) cell seeding of processed tissue scaffolds, and (3) in-vivo repopulation by circulating endogenous cells of implanted substrates without prior in-vitro cell seeding. Lastly, we analyze challenges to the field and suggest future directions for both preclinical and translational (clinical) studies that will be needed to address key regulatory issues for safety and efficacy of the application of tissue engineering and regenerative approaches to heart valves. Although modest progress has been made toward the goal of a clinically useful tissue engineered heart valve, further success and ultimate human benefit will be dependent upon advances in biodegradable polymers and other scaffolds, cellular manipulation, strategies for rebuilding the extracellular matrix, and techniques to characterize and potentially non-invasively assess the speed and quality of tissue healing and remodeling.
Adaptive Immune System TH1/TH2 Differentiation Mechanism Inspired Perimeter Patrol Control Strategy

This brief investigates a perimeter patrol control problem in which multiple agents travel back and forth defending a border. A decentralized control inspired from the adaptive immune system TH1/TH2 differentiation mechanism has been proposed. The resulting patrol control exhibits robustness under adversarial conditions. This is primarily because the motion period can be arbitrary, which makes it difficult for intruders to find weak spots for attack. Moreover, this immuno-inspired control can avoid collision and automatically recover from agent failure.
The genomics revolution and development studies: Science, poverty and politics

The genomics revolution in biology has enabled technologies with unprecedented potential; genetic engineering is changing the terrain of development studies. Societies have reacted with indifference or appreciation to genetically engineered pharmaceuticals, beginning with insulin; yet for food and agriculture, a globally contentious politics and unprecedented policy dilemmas have arisen. Transgenic organisms raise questions of property, ethics and safety unimaginable a generation ago: what can be owned and with what responsibility? Much turns on science: how one conceptualizes evidence, knowledge, uncertainty and risk. Both opponents and proponents of frontier applications in biotechnology have a poverty story to tell, but with divergent implications. The balance in this global debate has perceptibly shifted; a new developmentalist consensus concludes that the world's poor may benefit from genetic engineering: the question is 'under what conditions'? This essay introduces a collection of scholarly treatments that begin with the needs of the poor - for income, nutrition, environmental integrity - and evaluate theory and evidence for contributions from transgenic crops. The new consensus assumes much about biosafety, bioproperty and biopolitics that is contrary to ground realities - the actual capacity of firms and states to monitor and control biotechnology - but raises new questions at the frontiers of development studies.
Inter- and independent effects of region and race/ethnicity on variety of fruit and vegetable consumption in the USA: 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

Objective: (i) To estimate the independent and combined effects of race/ethnicity and region on the variety of fruits and vegetables consumed in the USA in 2011; and (ii) to assess whether and to what extent race/ethnicity and region may synergistically influence variety of fruit and vegetable consumption. Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Multivariate logistic regression predicted the likelihood of meeting fruit and vegetable variety indicators independently and in combination for each race/ethnicity and region. Interaction effects models were used to test for interaction effects between race/ethnicity and region on fruit and vegetable variety. Setting: The 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Subjects: The sample consisted of 275 864 adult respondents. Results: Fewer than half of respondents consumed fruit and all vegetable subcategories at least once weekly. The adjusted likelihood of meeting fruit and vegetable variety indicators varied significantly by race/ethnicity and region (P<0·05). Significant interactions between race/ethnicity and region were found for at least once weekly consumption of beans, orange vegetables, all vegetables, and fruit and all vegetables (P<0·05). Conclusions: Our results reinforce previous findings that the variety of vegetable consumption is lacking and is particularly evident among some population subgroups, such as non-Hispanic blacks in the Midwest USA, who may benefit from targeted dietary interventions.
A Novel On-Chip Active Dispersive Delay Line (DDL) for Analog Signal Processing

In this letter, we report the first on-chip design of an active dispersive delay line (DDL) based upon the distributed amplification structure. This distributed amplifier DDL exhibits nanosecond delay variation in the frequency band from 11 to 15 GHz. An on-chip temporal imager is implemented with this active DDL and a linear chirp generator, realized by ramping the control voltage of a voltage controlled oscillator. The experimental data exhibits pulse stretching as well as pulse compression with this system.
Observed characteristics of dust storm events over the western United States using meteorological, satellite, and air quality measurements

Abstract. To improve dust storm identification over the western United States, historical dust events measured by air quality and satellite observations are analyzed based on their characteristics in data sets of regular meteorology, satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD), and air quality measurements. Based on the prevailing weather conditions associated with dust emission, dust storm events are classified into the following four typical types: (1) The key feature of cold front-induced dust storms is their rapid process with strong dust emissions. (2) Events caused by meso- to small-scale weather systems have the highest levels of emissions. (3) Dust storms caused by tropical disturbances show a stronger air concentration of dust and last longer than those in (1) and (2). (4) Dust storms triggered by cyclogenesis last the longest. In this paper, sample events of each type are selected and examined to explore characteristics observed from in situ and remote-sensing measurements. These characteristics include the lasting period, surface wind speeds, areas affected, average loading on ground-based optical and/or air quality measurements, peak loading on ground-based optical and/or air quality measurements, and loading on satellite-based aerosol optical depth. Based on these analyses, we compare the characteristics of the same dust events captured in different data sets in order to define the dust identification criteria. The analyses show that the variability in mass concentrations captured by in situ measurements is consistent with the variability in AOD from stationary and satellite observations. Our analyses also find that different data sets are capable of identifying certain common characteristics, while each data set also provides specific information about a dust storm event. For example, the meteorological data are good at identifying the lasting period and area impacted by a dust event; the ground-based air quality and optical measurements can capture the peak strength well; aerosol optical depth (AOD) from satellite data sets allows us to better identify dust-storm-affected areas and the spatial extent of dust. The current study also indicates that the combination of in situ and satellite observations is a better method to fill gaps in dust storm recordings.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Friends' and Parents' Influence on Aspects of their School Adjustment

Junior high school students' perceptions of their friends' influence on their attitudes, behavior, and performance in school were examined in two studies. In the first study, adolescents' perceptions of friends' influence were also compared with their perceptions of parents 'influence. Only a minority of the students in each study perceived their friends as influencing the various aspects of their adjustment to school. The adolescents in Study 1 perceived parents as more influential than friends. Students' reports on their own adjustment to school were positively correlated, in both studies, with their perceptions of their friends' adjustment. There were no significant relations, however, between the measures of perceived influence and of students' own adjustment. That is, students who were better adjusted to school did not consistently report either more or less influence of friends. The reasons that students gave for an absence of friends' influence clarify potentially important constraints on the actua...
The Excretion and Formation of Aminoacetone and δ-Aminolevulinic Acid in Man

The excretion of the aminoketones, aminoacetone (AA) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been studied in 7 children. One of the children had ketotic hyperglycinemia and one had nonketotic hyperglycinemia. The formation of these aminoketones has been studied in vivo using 14C-labeled glycine and threonine. The amounts of AA in the urine were slightly smaller than those of ALA in the subjects studied. Neither was increased by the infusion of large amounts of glycine. The amounts of aminoketone were independent of the concentrations of glycine in the plasma and did not differ from control in patients with disordered glycine metabolism. The amounts of aminoketone excreted varied directly with the weight of the child. The injection of labeled glycine did not yield labeled urinary AA but small amounts of labeled ALA were found. Significant labeling of urinary AA was found after the administration of labeled threonine. It is concluded that the metabolic precursor of urinary AA is threonine. Conversion to aminoketones, either AA or ALA, is not a major catabolic pathway for glycine in man. These pathways are not involved in either the etiology or the adaptation to hyperglycinemia.
PENILE ANATOMY UNDER THE PUBIC ARCH: RECONSTRUCTIVE IMPLICATIONS

ABSTRACTPurpose: We have previously defined the anatomy of the neurovascular bundle in the normal and hypospadiac penis. These studies were based on analysis of the fetal penis distal to the pubic arch without total inclusion of the crural bodies. To our knowledge the neuroanatomy beneath the pubic arch has not been well described. We defined the nerve distribution under the pubic arch and the relationship of the nerves to the crural bodies, corporeal bodies and urethra of the penis.Materials and Methods: Eight normal human fetal penile specimens (at 17.5 to 29 weeks of gestation and 1 hypospadiac specimen at 32 weeks were serially sectioned and stained with Masson’s trichrome, and the neuronal markers protein gene product 9.5 and S-100. These specimens were unique in that they contained the whole penis from the glans to the crural bodies beneath the pubic arch. Older specimens were decalcified before fixation. Computer reconstruction with commercially available graphics software allowed 3-dimensional ana...
Single-molecule RNA science

The development of single-molecule detection and manipulation has allowed us to monitor the behavior of individual biological molecules and molecular complexes in real time. This approach significantly expands our capability to characterize complex dynamics of biological processes, allowing transient intermediate states and parallel kinetic pathways to be directly observed. Exploring this capability to elucidate complex dynamics, recent single-molecule experiments on RNA folding and catalysis have improved our understanding of the folding energy landscape of RNA and allowed us to better dissect complex RNA catalytic reactions, including translation by the ribosome.
Analyzing gene regulation in ascidian embryos: New tools for new perspectives

Ascidians are marine protochordates at the evolutionary boundary between invertebrates and vertebrates. Ascidian larvae provide a simple system for unraveling gene regulation networks underlying the formation of the basic chordate body plan. After being used for over a century as a model for embryological studies, ascidians have become, in the past decade, an increasingly popular organism for studying gene regulation. Part of the renewed appeal of this system is the use of electroporation to introduce transgenic DNAs into developing embryos. This method is considerably more efficient than conventional microinjection assays and permits the simultaneous transformation of hundreds of embryos. Electroporation has allowed the identification and characterization of cis-regulatory DNAs that mediate gene expression in a variety of tissues, including the notochord, tail muscles, CNS, and endoderm. Electroporation has also provided a simple method for misexpressing patterning genes and producing dominant mutant phenotypes. Recent studies have used electroporation to create “knock-out” phenotypes by overexpressing dominant negative forms of particular proteins. Here we review the past and present uses of electroporation in ascidian development, and speculate on potential future uses.
Earth stewardship: a strategy for social–ecological transformation to reverse planetary degradation

A century ago, stewards were responsible for managing estates or for keeping order at public events. Today, the Earth is one global estate, and improved stewardship is vital for maintaining social order and for preserving life on Earth. In this paper, we describe Earth Stewardship, a social–ecological framework for sustaining life in a rapidly changing world. The paper defines the components of Earth Stewardship, characterizes the scientific needs for its agenda, and discusses initial efforts to engage multiple disciplines and segments of society in its application. As a beginning, new knowledge for global stewardship must be generated by teams of physical, biological, and social scientists. However, other stakeholders are needed for generating and applying such knowledge, including people in communities of faith, professions involved in design, planning and restoration, and policymakers and managers. Communicating environmental problems and solutions must take into account the psychology of how people perceive problems, promoting positive stances toward the actions needed for an adaptive approach to Earth Stewardship. Successful long-term stewardship of the Earth will require a global partnership linking researchers, managers, policymakers, and citizens.
Improving the drug quality and safety net.

When large quantities of contaminated, subpotent, or superpotent drugs are introduced into the medical supply pipeline, injury or death of hundreds or thousands of patients can occur. Tracing the origin of substandard and dangerous products and tracking across regions and countries where shipped is quite costly in both money and time. From patients’ perspective, timely access to quality product is paramount. Receiving deficient product threatens their survival and creates huge sums of financial cost to both them and the medical system. With the passage of HR 3204 the FDA must now find a way to be proactive in policing the global medical product supply line without restricting market availability. Without a comprehensive, world-focused implementation plan these new regulations will fail to protect the public.
Classification of cotton foreign matter using color features extracted from fluorescent images

The presence of foreign matter affects the quality and ultimately the monetary value of cotton lint. Current methods, such as the High Volume Instrument, compute the overall area of the foreign mat...
Child dialect acquisition: New perspectives on parent/peer influence1

Regardless of the variability and complexity in the linguistic environment around them, children begin constructing stable linguistic identities at a young age. Prior research has effectively modeled child dialect acquisition in terms of parent influence versus peer influence, and peer influence has often been shown to be the key determiner. The present study takes the next step by showing that the parent/peer group contrast in prior studies should be viewed as a special case of a more general pattern: children learn and construct dialect identity as a process of group distinction. Using data the author collected among exogamous Sui clans in rural southwest China, the present study shows how diverse cultures can lend new perspectives to the issue of parent/peer influence; Sui children's linguistic worlds are not divided along parent/peer lines but rather along clan lines, yet a similar process of group distinction occurs.
Asymptotic Analysis of Upwind Discontinuous Galerkin Approximation of the Radiative Transport Equation in the Diffusive Limit

We revisit some results from M. L. Adams [Nucl. Sci. Engrg., 137 (2001), pp. 298-333]. Using functional analytic tools we prove that a necessary and sufficient condition for the standard upwind discontinuous Galerkin approximation to converge to the correct limit solution in the diffusive regime is that the approximation space contains a linear space of continuous functions, and the restrictions of the functions of this space to each mesh cell contain the linear polynomials. Furthermore, the discrete diffusion limit converges in the Sobolev space $H^1$ to the continuous one if the boundary data is isotropic. With anisotropic boundary data, a boundary layer occurs, and convergence holds in the broken Sobolev space $H^s$ with $s<\frac{1}{2}$ only.
Interleukin-18: recent advances.

Purpose of review Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has potent immunomodulatory effects. It is the only cytokine with a unique capacity to induce T helper 1 or T helper 2 polarization, depending on the immunologic context. Serum levels of IL-18 are increased in many human diseases and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated processes. Some of the recent key advances in the immunobiology of IL-18 are discussed in this review. Recent findings Recent data from several laboratories have shed light on the structure of IL-18; the signaling cascades that are initiated; and its role on modulating T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cell function. Several new reports have expanded and delineated the role of IL-18 in a multitude of diseases, but only recent advances in the role of IL-18 in three disease processes (acute graft-versus-host disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, and sepsis), where it appears to play paradoxic roles are discussed. Summary Although emerging data shed more light on the complex role of IL-18 in immune reactions, they also pose more questions. Given the pleiotropic, complex, and at times paradoxic effects of IL-18 in various disease processes, better understanding of its immunobiology might lead to the development of IL-18 and/ or its antagonists as therapeutic agents against immune-mediated diseases.
Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Modulus Switching from Classical GapSVP

We present a new tensoring technique for LWE-based fully homomorphic encryption. While in all previous works, the ciphertext noise grows quadratically $$B \rightarrow B^2\cdot \text {poly}n$$ with every multiplication before "refreshing", our noise only grows linearly $$B \rightarrow B\cdot \text {poly}n$$. We use this technique to construct a scale-invariant fully homomorphic encryption scheme, whose properties only depend on the ratio between the modulus q and the initial noise level B, and not on their absolute values. Our scheme has a number of advantages over previous candidates: It uses the same modulus throughout the evaluation process no need for "modulus switching", and this modulus can take arbitrary form. In addition, security can be classically reduced from the worst-case hardness of the GapSVP problem with quasi-polynomial approximation factor, whereas previous constructions could only exhibit a quantum reduction from GapSVP.
Abstract 4048: Histological image profiling identifies aggressive glioblastoma phenotype with poorer survival

The stratification of glioblastoma (GBM) patients into clinically relevant subtypes is an essential step in the direction of personalized genomic medicine. In contrast to currently employed time- and cost-intensive genomic methodologies, we describe here a novel cost-effective approach capable of detecting predictors of invasive disease in GBM based on profiling of histological images. Unsupervised statistical analysis of imaging feature data first distinguishes two major clusters with strikingly different phenotypes. The subsequent Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of these two clusters shows that patients who had tumors in cluster 2 (which we refer to as aggressive subtype for the purpose of clarity) had poorer overall survival. Among the differentially varied features, the aspect ratio parameter, which is a strong indicator of cell movement, exhibits larger values in the aggressive subtype, suggesting greater invasiveness of this subset. Based on the initial dataset, a predictive model comprised of informative features was constructed using a weighted voting algorithm. Cross-validation of this sample set revealed a predictive accuracy of over 90% in correctly classifying these two groups, with specificity of ∼94% and sensitivity of ∼90% as determined by the receiver operating characteristic curves method. In a manner similar to gene biomarkers, some of imaging features can be used as diagnostic and prognostic factors in GBM. To identify the molecular events underlying the identified phenotypes, we performed genome-wide expression data analysis of the same sample set. Among the marker genes identified as overexpressed in the aggressive subtype were CHI3L1, CD44 and TNFRSF1A, which have been previously associated with poorer survival in GBM. In addition, pathway analysis of differentially-expressed genes indicates significant activation of the glioma invasiveness signaling and NF-κB signaling pathways; most of the altered genes in both pathways are more highly expressed in the aggressive GBM subtype and are thus potentially linked to the poorer survival of this group. Our novel approach has the potential to unify the imaging and genomic dimensions of GBM for clinical stratification. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4048. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4048
The economics of non-human societies Gordon Tullock Pallas Press, 1994, 87 pp.

In this book, Gordon Tullock offers a general theory of society, i.e., a theory encompassing both human and non-human societies. His strategy is to apply to non-human societies the tools that have evolved in economics. Specifically, Tullock's thesis says that the behavior of the social insects can be thought of as the interaction of preference functions and the environmental consequences of individual behavior. Thus, a theory evolves that, in principle, is capable of predicting whether a given species will survive in a particular niche. Mixed in with the theoretical discussion is an engaging description of several non-human species. Given Tullock's success in applying economic tools to political problems, it will be interesting to see if bioeconomics attains the stature of public choice.
The Psychological Characteristics of Leadership

T HE problem of traits of leadership is of great significance in our society today. The current training programs to develop leadership are all based on the assumption that the personality factors of the individual can be molded to produce what we have conceived to be successful leadership. During the course of this program the question is often raised: "What are the traits of the individual distinguishing the leader in society from the follower?" In another context the problem of leadership is equally important. Political leadership abounds with different types of personality types. Their diversity raises the question of what there is in these various types, which, despite the apparent differences, makes for leadership. Actually the information of the traits distinguishing leadership from follower-ship is of a distinctly limited nature at this point. This cursory study will analyze the various approaches made to this problem in recent years. It will not undertake to support or defend from attack any one thesis, but will, instead, point out the possible avenues that might lead to further fruitful investigation in this area.
Effect Evaluation on Health Education and Health Promotion of Oral Hygiene among Middle School Students in Gaotang County

[Objective]To study the influence of health education on knowledge,attitude and behavior of oral health care among middle school students,provide scientific basis for making policies and measures of oral hygiene.[Methods]With the stratified cluster sampling,139 middle school students were chosen from the Gaotang First Experimental Middle School,and health education of oral hygiene was performed for 3 months among them.The questionnaire survey was conducted before and after health education,and the changes of knowledge,attitude and behavior of oral health care were compared.[Results]The correct rates of 19 questions about knowledge,attitude and behavior of oral health care after health education were higher than that before health education,and the differences were significant (all P0.01).[Conclusion]The systematic health education of oral health care among middle school students is helpful to increase the knowledge level of oral hygiene,improve methods of oral health care and train good oral hygiene habits among middle school students.
Tunable Polyaniline-Based Porous Carbon with Ultrahigh Surface Area for CO2 Capture at Elevated Pressure

Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel source. However, natural gas wells typically contain considerable amounts of CO2, with on-site CO2 capture necessary. Solid sorbents are advantageous over traditional amine scrubbing due to their relatively low regeneration energies and non-corrosive nature. However, it remains a challenge to improve the sorbent's CO2 capacity at elevated pressures relevant to natural gas purification. Here, the synthesis of porous carbons derived from a 3D hierarchical nanostructured polymer hydrogel, with simple and effective tunability over the pore size distribution is reported. The optimized surface area reaches 4196 m2 g−1, which is among the highest of carbon-based materials, with abundant micro- and narrow mesopores (2.03 cm3 g−1 with d < 4 nm). This carbon exhibits a record-high CO2 capacity among reported carbons at elevated pressure (i.e., 28.3 mmol g−1 total adsorption at 25 °C and 30 bar). This carbon also shows good CO2/CH4 selectivity and excellent cyclability. Molecular simulations suggest increased CO2 density in micro- and narrow mesopores at high pressures. This is consistent with the observation that these pores are mainly responsible for the material's high-pressure CO2 capacity. This work provides insights into material design and further development for CO2 capture from natural gas.
Analysis of synthetic aperture radar data collected over the southwestern Greenland ice sheet

Analyses of the first aircraft multi-frequency, Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired over the southwestern Greenland ice sheet are presented. Data were collected on 31 August 1989 by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory SAR using the NASA DC-8 aircraft. Along with curvilinear patterns associated with large-scale morphologic features such as crevasses, lakes and streams, frequency and polarization dependencies are observed in the P-, L-and C-band image products. Model calculations that include firn grain-size and volumetric water content suggest that tonal variations in and between the images are attributable to large-scale variations in the snow-and ice-surface characteristics, especially snow wetness. In particular, systematic trends in back-scatter strength observed at C-band across regions of changing snow wetness are suggestive of a capability to delineate boundaries between snow facies. Ice lenses and ice pipes are the speculated cause for similar trends in P-band back-scatter. Finally, comparison between SEASAT SAR data collected in 1978 and these airborne data collected in 1989 indicate a remarkable stability of surface patterns associated with the locations of supraglacial lake and stream systems.
El Concurso De Belenes De Córdoba Como Elemento Potenciador Del Turismo Cultural En La Ciudad (The Belenes Competition of Córdoba as Enhancer Element of the Cultural Tourism in the City)

Spanish Abstract: Cordoba, ciudad cuyo casco historico fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1994, gestiona el turismo cultural como una de las fuentes principales de ingresos de su economia. No obstante, al igual que ocurre con otras ciudades con un importante patrimonio historico, dicho desarrollo turistico esta muy focalizado al patrimonio monumental y especialmente ligado a la Mezquita Catedral y su entorno mas cercano. Es por ello que las autoridades turisticas de la ciudad se esten planteando desarrollar productos turisticos que,dentro del ambito del turismo cultural, vayan minimizando la dependencia del turismo monumental. El concurso de Belenes de Cordoba es una muestra de cultura popular que se viene desarrollando ininterrumpidamente desde, al menos,mediados del siglo XX, que tiene gran arraigo entre los habitantes de la ciudad, pero cuya difusion como producto turistico es minima. El presente trabajo analiza la potencialidad de dicho concurso como recurso turistico, asi como sugiere lineas de actuacion y recomendaciones a las autoridades turisticas en el caso de su implementacion.English Abstract: Cordoba, city which historic center was stated as Humanity Heritage by UNESCO at 1994, manages the cultural tourism as one of the main income sources of its economy. However, as is the case with other cities with an important historic heritage, such touristic development is highly focused at the monumental heritage and especially at the Mezquita Catedral and its near surroundings. That is why the city tourism authorities are raising to develop tourism products that, inside the cultural tourism scope, go minimizing reliance of the monumental tourism. The Cordoba Belenes competition is a sample of popular culture that has been developing continuously since, at least, mid of the XX century, which has deeply rooted among the city inhabitants, but its release as tourism product is minimal. The present paper analyses the potential of such competition as tourism resource, as well as suggest the action guidelines and recommendations to the tourism authorities in the case of their implementation.
Edge Act and Agreement Corporations

In the first two decades of this century American banks depended on their international banking affiliates as the major vehicle for expanding their foreign banking activities. Until 1925 these corporations operated more overseas branches than did the banks themselves.1Thereafter, as U.S. international banking activities declined, less emphasis was given to the use of this means of conducting foreign operations. More recently, attention has focused on the international banking corporation for at least two reasons. First, these corporations permit their parent banks to undertake international banking activities across state lines. Second, these corporations have the power to purchase and hold the stock of foreign companies.
Individual Differences in Dynamic Multitasking Performance

The current study examined whether individual differences in memory, attention, and visuospatial ability are significant predictors of multitasking ability (multitasking performance baseline level)...
The History of Aspirin: from Willow Bark to Thomas Edison in the 20th Century (P2.391)

OBJECTIVE: Examine the history of Aspirin in the 20th century. BACKGROUND: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), derived from willow bark, is a mainstay of neurologists for prevention of stroke. Commonplace today, the history of Aspirin portrays a fascinating story of drug discovery among historical events. DESIGN/METHODS: Pubmed review and texts: “Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug” (Jeffreys 2005), and “The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine, and 100 Years of Rampant Competition.” (Mann, Plummer 1991). RESULTS: The discovery of ASA at Bayer Laboratories in 1897 was initially attributed to chemist Felix Hoffman. Historical review since credited the leadership of Arthur Eichengrun, Jewish chemist and head of Bayer’s pharmaceutical research division; including a letter sent by Eichengrun from a concentration camp during WWII. In 1899, ASA was first branded as Aspirin - taken from the “acetyl” derivative and its synthesis from Spiraea ulmaria (meadowsweet). Aspirin soon became a profitable over-the-counter antipyretic and treatment for “rheumatism,” bolstered by the Spanish Flu Pandemic. Aspirin’s U.S. patent expired in 1917 and competition heightened. A WWI conspiracy known as the “Great Phenol Plot,” involved German spies surreptitiously dealing with Thomas Edison to divert excess phenol, used to produce his phonograph, to the production of salicylic acid. In 1950, general practitioner Lawrence Craven published initial observations of ASA as an antithrombotic, having observed excessive bleeding in tonsillectomy patients chewing Aspergum for pain relief. His observations that daily Aspirin prevented MI remained obscure until confirmed years later. The first multicenter “Controlled Trial of Aspirin in Cerebral Ischemia” led by neurologist, WS Fields, was published in 1977. By the 1990s, the Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration definitely established Aspirin in the prevention of stroke. CONCLUSION: The evolution of Aspirin in the 20th century aligned with historical events leading to its place as one of the most widely used drugs in history. Disclosure: Dr. Southerland has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology podcast.
The Design of an FPGA-Based MIMO Receiver: Algorithmic and Architectural Interactions

A research team at Brigham Young University is currently developing a high-performance, FPGA-based demodulator for detecting a space-time coded signal. The project timeline required that the algorithm be concurrently developed, to a certain extent, with the hardware implementation. Thus, from the outset both algorithm and hardware implementation researchers worked closely together in contrast to the, all too common, three-step development approach (algorithm development, ment, throw-algorithm-over-wall, hardware implementation). In this paper we outline the unique characteristics of the system and then discuss the interaction between algorithm design and architectural implementation. In particular, we focus on two blocks from the system: the carrier frequency offset estimation block and the pilot detector block and show their evolution from their original mathematical formulations to equivalent but greatly simplified hardware implementations.
Can Acute and Chronic Postsurgical Pain Be Decreased with Perioperative Neuropathic Agents

A 55-year-old nurse presents for a bilateral mastectomy with reconstruction for breast cancer. She failed treatment with chemoradiation and is now here for surgery. After developing chronic tenderness from her radiation therapy, she did some research on PubMed.