cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservative management of typical pediatric postauricular dermoid cysts.

Abstract Objective Congenital dermoid cysts of the skull and face frequently arise in embryonic fusion planes. They may follow these planes to extend intratemporally or intracranially. Advanced imaging and operative techniques are generally recommended for these lesions. Postauricular temporal bone dermoid cysts seem to form a distinct subgroup with a lesser tendency toward deep extension. They may be amenable to more conservative management strategies. Methods With IRB-approval, we queried a prospectively-accrued computerized patient-care database to find all postauricular temporal dermoid lesions surgically managed by a single pediatric otolaryngologist from 2001 to 2014. We reviewed the English-language literature to identify similar series of surgically treated pediatric temporal bone dermoid cysts. Results Ten postauricular temporal dermoid cysts with pathological confirmation were identified in our surgical series. The average size of the lesions was 1.5 cm (0.3–3 cm). The average age at time of surgery was 4 years (6 months–17 years). No intracranial extension was observed at surgery. There were no recurrences noted on last follow-up (mean 65 months, range 10–150 months). A computerized literature review found no examples of intracranial extension among typical postauricular dermoid cysts. Conclusion There was no intracranial or temporal extension in our series or among postauricular lesions described in the literature. Given the low incidence of deep extension we advocate neither advanced imaging nor routine neurosurgical consultation for typical postauricular lesions. Dissection in continuity with cranial periosteum facilitates intact removal of adherent lesions. Surgery is curative if the dermoid is removed intact.
Hepatitis D virus RNA editing: specific modification of adenosine in the antigenomic RNA.

RNA editing plays a central role in the life cycle of hepatitis D virus (HDV), a subviral human pathogen. Previous studies (J.L. Casey, K.F. Bergmann, T.L. Brown, and J.L. Gerin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 89:7149-7153, 1992; H. Zheng, T.-B. Fu, D. Lazinski, and J. Taylor, J. Virol. 66:4693-4697, 1992) had concluded that the genomic RNA of HDV was the target for RNA editing and that the editing reaction was a conversion of U to C. However, we show here that the antigenomic RNA of HDV is in fact the target for HDV RNA editing, which is therefore a conversion of A to G. This result is verified by using an assay specific for editing on the antigenomic RNA and by analyzing the editing of site-directed mutant RNAs in transfected cells and in cell extracts. Because editing occurs in the absence of viral antigens and the specificity for the HDV editing target site is present even in extracts from Drosophila cells, it is likely that HDV RNA is edited by one or more cellular factors that are conserved among higher eukaryotes. These results raise the likelihood that double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase specifically edits HDV antigenomic RNA.
Racial Pedagogy of the Oppressed: Critical Interracial Dialogue for Teachers of Color

Brazilian education activist Paulo Freire (1970) argues that to create social change, oppressed people must have critical consciousness about their conditions, and that this consciousness is developed through dialogue. He theorizes that dialogue allows for reflection and unity building, tools needed to transform society. When considering racial oppression in K-12 schools, racial minority teachers have an often-untapped insight and power to transform classrooms and schools (Kohli, 2009). Connected through a commonality of racial oppression, it is important for teachers of color to engage in cross-racial dialogues about manifestations of racial injustice in K-12 schools and to develop strategies for change. Utilizing Freire's conceptual lens and a critical race theory (CRT) framework, this article highlights critical race dialogue about the educational experiences and observations of 12 black, Latina, and Asian American women enrolled in a teacher education program. Through cross-racial discussions, the wom...
Survey of methodologies for developing media screening values for ecological risk assessment

This review evaluates the methodologies of 13 screening value (SV) compilations that have been commonly used in ecological risk assessment (ERA), including compilations from state and U.S. federal agencies, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Canada, The Netherlands, and Australia. The majority of surfacewater SVs were primarily derived for the protection of aquatic organisms using 2 approaches: (1) a statistical assessment of toxicity values by species groupings, such as “ambient water quality criteria,” or (2) extrapolation of a lowest observed adverse effect level determined from limited toxicity data using an uncertainty factor. Sediment SVs were primarily derived for the protection of benthic invertebrates using 2 approaches: (1) statistical interpretations of databases on the incidence of biological effects and chemical concentrations in sediment, or (2) values derived from equilibrium partitioning based on a surfacewater SV. Soil SVs were derived using a diversity of approaches and were usually based on the lowest value determined from soil toxicity to terrestrial plants or invertebrates and, less frequently, from modeled, incidental soil ingestion or chemical accumulation in terrestrial organisms. The various SV compilations and methodologies had varying levels of conservatism and were not consistent in the pathways and receptors considered in the SV derivation. Many SVs were derived from other compilations and were based on outdated values, or they relied on only older toxicity data. Risk assessors involved in ERA should carefully evaluate the technical basis of SVs and consider the uncertainty in any value used to determine the presence or absence of risk and the need for further assessment.
Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Uteroplacental and Fetal Circulation

The effects of hyperbaric oxygen (at 3 atmospheres absolute) on uteroplacental and fetal circulations were studied in pregnant ewes near term. The ewe was given spinal anesthesia, the fetus was marsupialized to the abdominal walls to protect the umbilical circulation, and the fetal head was covered with a saline-filled glove to prevent breathing. During hyperbaric oxygenation, maternal arterial blood Po 2 rose to 1,300 mm Hg while umbilical vein blood Po 2 rose to 300 mm Hg; umbilical arterial Po 2 rose to only 50 mm Hg. Maternal and fetal arterial pressures did not change significantly, but uteroplacental and umbilical flows decreased slightly. Ductus arteriosus blood flows decreased strikingly when the oxygen tension of the pulmonary blood rose; net pulmonary blood flow increased markedly because of a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance produced by oxygen. Ascending aortic flow increased, but effective fetal cardiac output (aortic plus ductus arteriosus flows) decreased. These studies indicate that the fetal pulmonary vascular bed is sensitive to oxygen in that it undergoes vasodilatation when the oxygen tension of the blood passing through it rises; the ductus arteriosus responds to the same stimulus by constricting. Hyperbaric oxygenation seems to establish a circulatory pattern in the fetus similar to that of the early neonatal period.
RPD-based Hypothesis Reasoning for Cyber Situation Awareness

Intelligence workers such as analysts, commanders, and soldiers often need a hypothesis reasoning framework to gain improved situation awareness of the highly dynamic cyber space. The development of such a framework requires the integration of interdisciplinary techniques, including supports for distributed cognition (human-in-the-loop hypothesis generation), supports for team collaboration (identification of information for hypothesis evaluation), and supports for resource-constrained information collection (hypotheses competing for information collection resources). We here describe a cognitively-inspired framework that is built upon Klein’s recognition-primed decision model and integrates the three components of Endsley’s situation awareness model. The framework naturally connects the logic world of tools for cyber situation awareness with the mental world of human analysts, enabling the perception, comprehension, and prediction of cyber situations for better prevention, survival, and response to cyber attacks by adapting missions at the operational, tactical, and strategic levels.
Pollen ontogeny in Brasenia (Cabombaceae, Nymphaeales)

Brasenia is a monotypic genus sporadically distributed throughout the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is one of eight genera that comprise the two families of Nymphaeales, or water lilies: Cabombaceae (Brasenia, Cabomba) and Nymphaeaceae (Victoria, Euryale, Nymphaea, Ondinea, Barclaya, Nuphar). Evidence from a range of studies indicates that Nymphaeales are among the most primitive angiosperms. Despite their phylogenetic utility, pollen developmental characters are not well known in Brasenia. This paper is the first to describe the complete pollen developmental sequence in Brasenia schreberi. Anthers at the microspore mother cell, tetrad, free microspore, and mature pollen grain stages were studied using combined scanning electron, transmission electron, and light microscopy. Both tetragonal and decussate tetrads have been identified in Brasenia, indicating successive microsporogenesis. The exine is tectate-columellate. The tetrad stage proceeds rapidly, and the infratectal columellae are the first exine elements to form. Development of the tectum and the foot layer is initiated later during the tetrad stage, with the tectum forming discontinuously. The endexine lamellae form during the free microspore stage, and their development varies in the apertural and non-apertural regions of the pollen wall. Degradation of the secretory tapetum also occurs during the free microspore stage. Unlike other water lilies, Brasenia is wind-pollinated, and several pollen characters appear to be correlated with this pollination syndrome. The adaptive significance of these characters, in contrast to those of the fly-pollinated genus Cabomba, has been considered. Brasenia does not produce pollenkitt nor develop tectal microchannels as does Cabomba. Instead, the discontinuity of the tectum reduces the amount of sporopollenin in the wall, which may allow for more effective wind dispersal. The importance of reassessing palynological characters in light of new ontogenetic data and the phylogenetic implications of this reevaluation are also discussed.
P25: Effect of distal heme pocket mutations on neuroglobin nitrite reduction rates

Neuroglobin is a highly conserved hemoprotein of uncertain physiological function that evolved from a common ancestor to hemoglobin and myoglobin. Unlike hemoglobin or myoglobin, which show a five-coordinate heme iron, neuroglobin shows a six-coordinate heme with proximal and distal histidines in the heme pocket directly bound to the heme iron. Previous work from our lab has shown that neuroglobin can reduce nitrite to nitric oxide. In order to assess the role in this reaction of the distal Histidine His64(E7) and other heme pocket residues-Phe28 (B10) and Val68 (E11), we studied the nitrite reductase activity of wild-type neuroglobin and mutations of the three aforementioned residues. The mutants H64Q, H64L, H64A, H64W, F28W, F28L, F28V, F28H, V68A, V68F and V68I were studied in terms of nitrite reductase activity, redox potential and autoxidation rates. All mutants except Val68Ala showed increases in nitrite reductase rates (1.5 to 25-fold increases for F28/V68 mutants; 60- to 10,000-fold increases for H64 mutants). Most His64 and Val68 mutations caused modest decreases in the autoxidation, except the V68A mutants which shows very fast autoxidation rates (half life of the oxy complex 26 s). The Phe28 mutations caused marked increases in the autoxidation rates (with half life of the oxy complexes below 1 min), indicating that only the Phe residue in the position B10 can stabilize the oxy-complex against autoxidation. His64 and Phe28 mutations caused a small decrease (10–20 mV) in the redox potential, with the exception of the H64Q mutation that increased the potential by about 45 mV. Val68 mutants showed slight increases. Nitrite reductase activity of neuroglobin appears to be more related to nitrite access to the heme than to other factors such as redox potential. It must be noted that the redox potentials of wt and mutant neuroglobins are in all cases significantly lower than those of hemoglobin or myoglobin. The similarities and differences between myoglobin and neuroglobin mutants will be discussed. Disclosure Supported by the Institute for Transfusion Medicine and the Hemophilia Center of Western Pennsylvania and grants from NIH (R01 HL096973-02 to M.G.) and the Competitive Medical Research Fund of the UPMC Health System (to J.T.).
The safety, efficacy, and durability of lung-volume reduction surgery: A 10-year experience

Abstract Objectives The National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) validated the efficacy of lung-volume reduction surgery (LVRS) in selected patients with emphysema; however, concerns about the safety and durability of the operation have limited its clinical application. We evaluated our experience with LVRS, for the time period since approval was given by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, with respect to surgical morbidity and mortality, early and late functional outcomes, and long-term survival. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on 91 patients for whom consent was obtained for bilateral LVRS at our institution between January 2004 and June 2014. Primary outcomes analyzed were 6-month surgical mortality and overall survival at 1, 2, and 5 years. Secondary outcomes (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV 1 ], residual volume, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, a 6-minute walk test, exercise capacity, and a shortness-of-breath questionnaire) were analyzed for mean change from baseline at 1, 2, and 5 years after LVRS. Results The 6-month surgical mortality rate was 0%. At the 1- and 5-year follow-up, 69% and 36% of the patients had an improvement in FEV 1 . The 1-, 2-, and 5-year FEV 1 change in % predicted of the FEV 1 , compared with baseline after LVRS, respectively, was 11.1% (95% CI: 8.6%, 13.6%); 8.7% (95% CI: 6.1%, 11.4%); and 11.1% (95% CI: 7.1%, 15.0%); and the maximal workload (in watts [W]) had an average increase of: 10.7 W (95% CI: 6.9, 14.6); 7.6 W (95% CI: 2.8, 12.4); and 10.24 W (95% CI: 4.4, 16.1). Overall survival (95% CI) for the group was: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.00) at 1 year; 0.97 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.00) at 2 years; and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.89) at 5 years. Conclusions Given proper patient selection, LVRS is a safe operation. Early functional measurements are consistent with significant clinical benefit. Long-term results demonstrate that improvements can be durable. Surgical LVRS continues to represent the standard for lung-volume reduction therapy.
MY APPROACH to chest pain with normal coronary arteries.

Angina-like chest pain in patients whose coronary angiograms show no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease continues to be a common occurrence for cardiologists. Many features of this patient population have remained constant with successive reports over several decades: a female pre-dominance, symptoms that are not reliably effort-provoked, pain that is severe and sometimes disabling, and inconsistent responses to conventional anti-ischemic therapy. Because patients may have had abnormal non-invasive testing that led to performance of coronary angiography, investigators have sought to demonstrate an association of this syndrome with myocardial ischemia. Abnormalities in coronary flow and metabolic responses to stress have been reported by several groups, findings consistent with a microvascular etiology for ischemia and symptoms, but others have questioned the presence of ischemia, even in patients selected for abnormal non-invasive testing. Despite considerable efforts by many groups over many decades, the syndrome remains controversial with regard to pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
Risking Life and Limb: Estimating a Measure of Medical Care Economic Risk and Considering its Implications.

This paper considers the risk of incurring future medical expenditures in light of a family's resources available to pay for those expenditures as well as their choice of health insurance. We model non-premium medical out-of-pocket expenditures and use the estimates from our model to develop a prospective measure of medical care economic risk estimating the proportion of families who are at risk of incurring high non-premium out-of-pocket medical care expenses in relation to its resources. We further use the estimates from our model to compare the extent to which different types of insurance mitigate the risk of incurring non-premium expenditures by providing for increased utilization of medical care. We find that while 21.3% of families lack the resources to pay for the median expenditures for their insurance type, 42.4% lack the resources to pay for the 99th percentile of expenditures for their insurance type. We also find the mediating effect of insurance on non-premium expenditures to outweigh the associated premium expense for expenditures above $1804 for employer-sponsored insurance and $4337 for direct purchase insurance for those younger than age 65; and above $12 118 of expenditures for Medicare supplementary plans for those aged 65 or older. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
VIDalizer: An energy efficient video streamer

Recent years have witnessed a significant rise in the number, duration and variety of video contents, which contribute to the bulk of internet traffic. With increase in smartphone and tablet users, watching videos on mobile devices has become one of its most popular use cases. These devices live on limited battery energy which is still a major bottleneck and a source of user dissatisfaction during video playback. In this paper we introduce an intermediate framework called VIDalizer for power efficient video delivery to smartphones and tablets. This almost transparent to the user, battery aware framework takes away some of the video processing overhead from the device and intelligently tunes its parameters customized for the mobile device while delivering the video using a novel transport protocol. Our preliminary results show that this framework can significantly reduce energy consumption up to 45%-55% of a mobile device without compromising user experience.
Crofting in the Outer Hebrides

economy is crofting. Crofting is a system of hereditary tenure of small patches of cultivated land combined with rights on common grazing land. The physical conditions in the Hebrides are so restrictive and the density of population so great, that the crofts of the islands are incapable in themselves of supporting the population. The crofters normally engage, therefore, in some complementary activity such as fishing, spinning, weaving of Harris Tweed, kelp-gathering, or lobster fishing. Such strength as the economy has, and considerable has been developed in the past half-century, results from the flexibility and complementary nature of the dual occupation pattern. OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN
Delayed High Dose Contrast CT: Identifying Patients at Risk of Massive Hemorrhagic Infarction

A prospective clinical study was done on 20 patients referred for computed tomography within 28 hr of a cerebral ischemic event. The patients were scanned before, immediately after, and 3 hr after a high dose of intravenous contrast medium was administered to produce prolonged high blood iodine levels. In seven patients the delayed scan demonstrated a heretofore undescribed type of contrast enhancement which represents the early massive vasogenic edema seen in experimental animals before confluent hemorrhagic infarction. Four of the seven patients developed hemorrhagic infarction. None of the remaining 11 patients with cerebral infarctions and conventional postenhancement CT patterns showed hemorrhage on follow-up CT scans or at autopsy. Two patients with transient ischemic attacks had normal CT scans. It may now be possible to predict patients in whom there is high probability of hemorrhagic infarction before blood appears on CT. Treatment of these patients should probably be aimed at preventing the devastating effects of the vasogenic edema. We speculate that heparinization or bypass surgery to reestablish circulation may be contraindicated in this group.
Simulation Analyse of Modification Effect of Nonlinear Composites on Nonuniform Electrical Fields

In order to improve the electrical field distribution of insulating medium, we proposed a simulation model of the nonuniform electrical fields of needle-plate electrodes widely used in high voltage experiments and composite insulators applied in the 330 kV power systems, and discussed effect of improving electric field distribution by using nonlinear composites and its mechanism. Our calculation result indicates that, by partially replacing the insulation material in an area of extremely high electrical field intensity with nonlinear composite, the ratios between the maximum value and the average value of the axial electrical field decreased from 9.06 and 5.22 to 1.03 and 1.77 under DC voltage and AC voltages, respectively. It is concluded that using nonlinear composites can effectively improve the electrical field distribution of insulating medium, and partially replacement with nonlinear composite can further keep the lower dielectric loss and leakage current.
Prevalence of periodontal disease by recorded indices among low income discount dental school patients.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease among the patient population at the University of Pittsburgh who receive the Low Income Discount (LID) financial obligation reduction based on family income in relation to federal poverty guidelines. Study design This was a retrospective study examining the Electronic Health Record at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (axiUm, Exan Group) from August 2008 to April 2013 (N = 7936). Records of the complete periodontal examination, income, age, gender, race, and other variables were collected and analyzed. Results Logistic regressions were performed, controlling for patients' age, ethnicity, smoking status, BMI, and diabetes. The odds of having periodontal disease for patients receiving the low income discount (LID) was higher (1.055), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.35). Significance Patients receiving the low income discount did not have a higher prevalence of periodontal disease. Factors other than income appear to be more important to predict greater prevalence of periodontal disease, but this insight requires further investigation.
Pyrimidine Metabolism in Man. II. Studies of Leukemic Cells

1. The activities of three enzymes involved in pyrimidine synthesis— aspartate carbamyltransferase, dihydro-orotase and dihydro-orotic dehydrogenase—were studied in sonicates of circulating leukocytes from 5 patients with myelocytic leukemia, 2 with lymphocytic leukemia, 2 with myeloproliferative disorders and 5 with infection. The erythrocytes from one patient with the Di Guglielmo syndrome were studied. 2. Neoplastic cells showed increased activities of all three enzymes tending to parallel the cytologic evidence of immaturity. The increase of dihydroorotic dehydrogenase was the most striking abnormality. Leukocytes from patients with infection or with myeloproliferative disorders showed similar but much less marked alterations in the enzyme pattern. 3. Dihydro-orotic dehydrogenase, absent from mature erythrocytes, was present in the nucleated erythrocytes in the Di Guglielmo syndrome. 4. The enzyme 5 carboxymethylhydantoinase, previously found in some bacteria, was absent from normal and abnormal hemic cells.
Spectral distribution of gravity wave momentum fluxes over the Antarctic Peninsula from Concordiasi superpressure balloon data

Gravity waves generated by flow over the steep topography of the Antarctic Peninsula transport significant amounts of zonal and meridional momentum into the stratosphere. Quantitative determination of this transport has been carried out for wave periods of 1 h or greater using data from a previous Antarctic superpressure balloon campaign in austral spring 2005 (VORCORE). The present study uses data from the later Concordiasi campaign (2010) to extend the momentum flux determination to shorter periods. Maps of the vertical fluxes of meridional and zonal momentum are presented for periods down to 12 min. We find that the momentum fluxes for periods below 1 h are comparable to those at longer periods, despite larger variances at longer periods. The momentum fluxes in the vicinity of the peninsula provide a significant zonal acceleration of the lower stratosphere, confirming a conclusion from the VORCORE data. The geographical distribution of fluxes around the peninsula has peaks both leeward and windward of the main terrain features. Numerical simulations suggest that the separate peaks may be related to wave transience caused by unsteady winds over the peninsula. Momentum fluxes comprise a main distribution maximizing at moderate flux values and a secondary distribution maximizing at high values exhibiting a high degree of intermittency. The high flux events account for the largest part of the average flux and suggest that drag parameterizations should take them into account. It is found that waves generated by the jet stream are also a significant source of momentum flux.
Tacrolimus-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in a pediatric heart transplant recipient

HUS is a well-known entity primarily associated with bacterial infection and is characterized by a classic triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and kidney injury. Its atypical form has been associated with calcineurin inhibitors and has been extensively discussed in renal transplantation. We present a case of tacrolimus-associated HUS in a pediatric heart transplant recipient, which we believe to be previously unreported in the literature.
Enhanced norepinephrine sensitivity in renal arteries at elevated transmural pressure

The electrical and mechanical responses of vascular smooth muscle to norepinephrine were compared at three different levels of transmural pressure (60, 100, and 140 mmHg) in cannulated small arteri...
SU-G-JeP1-14: Respiratory Motion Tracking Using Kinect V2

Purpose: Investigate capability and accuracy of Kinect v2 camera for tracking respiratory motion to use as a tool during 4DCT or in combination with motion management during radiotherapy treatments. Methods: Utilizing the depth sensor on the Kinect as well as code written in C#, the respiratory motion of a patient was tracked by recording the depth (distance) values obtained at several points on the patient. Respiratory traces were also obtained using Varian's RPM system, which traces the movement of a propriety marker placed on the patient's abdomen, as well as an Anzai belt, which utilizes a pressure sensor to track respiratory motion. With the Kinect mounted 60 cm above the patient and pointing straight down, 11 breathing cycles were recorded with each system simultaneously. Relative displacement values during this time period were saved to file. While RPM and the Kinect give displacement values in distance units, the Anzai system has arbitrary units. As such, displacement for all three are displayed relative to the maximum value for the time interval from that system. Additional analysis was performed between RPM and Kinect for absolute displacement values. Results: Analysis of the data from all three systems indicates the relative motion obtained from the Kinect is both accurate and in sync with the data from RPM and Anzai. The absolute displacement data from RPM and Kinect show similar displacement values throughout the acquisition except for the depth obtained from the Kinect during maximum exhalation (largest distance from Kinect). Conclusion: By simply utilizing the depth data of specific points on a patient obtained from the Kinect, respiratory motion can be tracked and visualized with accuracy comparable to that of the Varian RPM and Anzai belt.
Uganda's Road to Peace May Run through the River of Forgiveness: Designing Playable Fictions to Teach Complex Values

While gaming technologies are typically leveraged for entertainment purposes, our experience and aspiration is to use them to encourage engagement with global, politically-sensitive issues. This chapter focuses on our game design concerning the struggle of Uganda, a design that allows players to experience the atrocities and inhumane conditions and, by illuminating such values as peace and justice, helps them more generally to appreciate the moral complexity of a humane intervention. Rather than theoretical constructs to be debated in the abstract, the ethical struggles involved in determining a humane intervention in the game setting are grounded in different Non-Player Characters’ perspectives and operationalized within the underlying game dynamics. Beyond reporting on the designed game, the chapter draws the reader into the struggles of designing such an ethically contentious game.
Higher Education's Faustian Bargain?Bright Satanic Mills: Universities, Regional Development and the Knowledge Economy, edited by LaskeStephan, HardingAlan, ScottAlan, and BurtscherChristian. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2007. 242 pp. $99.95 cloth. 0754645851.Universities in the Age of Corporate Science: The UC Berkeley-Novartis Controversy, by HarrisCraig, RudyAlan P., CoppinDawn, KonefalJason, ShawBradley T., EyckToby Ten, and BuschLawrence. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2007. 236 pp. $54.50 cloth. 1592135331.

volumes of research findings accumulated over the past four or five decades. Research and activism and sometimes heated debate among well-informed, intelligent people, all dedicated to understanding and eliminating the problem, has led to the establishment of protective services and agencies for abused and battered children, intimate partners, and elderly family members. Scientific debate and heartfelt activism has resulted in the passage of myriad laws at the local, state, and federal levels. As the authors suggest, some laws and policies have been misguided. They are, with out a doubt, correct. Despite these mistakes, however, our greatest advances have come from scholars taking small pieces of the puz zle, studying them closely, and making their best contributions. Miller and Knudsen are as stunning in their ability to explain what we know about family violence as they are in identifying the gaps in our knowledge. There is no question that they are leading scholars on this issue. Yet the question that is central to their book is how we might best advance our understanding of the causes of family violence and abuse so that more effective interventions can be cre Review Essays 535
Conversion of Sn to Lg at a continental margin

abstract Examination of the seismic phase Sn from earthquakes in the West Indies as recorded by numerous stations in eastern North America reveals that a substantial fraction of the short-period energy carried by Sn across the suboceanic lithosphere of the Atlantic is fed into the continental crust near the continental margin and travels into North America as the crustal phase Lg . As distance within the continent increases, the Lg part of the short-period wave train becomes predominant, and can be identified at stations in northern Canada as far as 58° from the sources. Several estimates of the average Q for the attenuation of Lg in eastern North America agree upon values in the range of 600 to 1,400. Hydrophone recordings at Bermuda indicate an average Q as high as 4,000 for the attenuation of Sn in the suboceanic lithosphere. Conversion of Sn to Lg also appears to occur near the margin between the continental U.S. and the Gulf of Mexico. In this case, Sn travels northward across the Gulf from earthquakes located near the border between Mexico and Guatemala.
What Should Be Done with Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico has been classified as one of the worldâ€™s most beautiful islands. Its sandy, white beaches entertain thousands of tourists each year. It is commonly known as the â€œHawaii of the East Coast.â€ Statehood arguably should be a simple issue, but it is not. Because the political future of millions of Puerto Ricans is at stake, this decision cannot be taken lightly. This essay attempts to answer some of the political and economic questions that surround the future status of the island. Is there a way that the island can preserve its Latin-American culture and still be part of the United States? Could Puerto Rico survive as an independent country? Are the islanders content as a stagnant commonwealth? The answers to these difficult questions reveal possible solutions to the century-old question of â€œwhat should be done with Puerto Rico?â€
Therapeutic Targeting of Nuclear Export Inhibition in Lung Cancer.

Abstract Intracellular compartmentalization and trafficking of molecules plays a critical role in complex and essential cellular processes. In lung cancer and other malignancies, aberrant nucleocytoplasmic transport of tumor suppressor proteins and cell cycle regulators results in tumorigenesis and inactivation of apoptosis. Pharmacologic agents targeting this process, termed selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE), have demonstrated antitumor efficacy in preclinical models and human clinical trials. Exportin-1 (XPO1), which serves as the sole exporter of several tumor suppressor proteins and cell cycle regulators, including retinoblastoma, adenomatous polyposis coli, p53, p73, p21, p27, forkhead box O, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, inhibitor of κB, topoisomerase II, and protease activated receptor 4—is the principal focus of development of SINE. The most extensively studied of the SINE to date, the exportin-1 inhibitor selinexor (KPT-330 [Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., Newton Centre, MA]), has demonstrated single-agent anticancer activity and synergistic effects in combination regimens against multiple cancer types, with principal toxicities of low-grade cytopenias and gastrointestinal effects. SINE may have particular relevance in KRAS -driven tumors, for which this treatment strategy demonstrates significant synthetic lethality. A multicenter phase 1/2 clinical trial of selinexor in previously treated advanced KRAS- mutant NSCLC is under way.
CHAPTER 1 – Tetrapod Feeding in the Context of Vertebrate Morphology

Despite huge strides in the understanding of gene structure and function, little is known about how phenotypes evolve. This paradox arises from the fact that phenotypes embody emergent properties not directly codified in the genes. Hence, these properties are unknowable even with an exact and complete knowledge of the genetic system. It is possible to deduce them only from direct study of the phenotype itself. Knowledge of such properties is essential because it is the phenotype, and not the genotype, that performs in an environmental context and it is this phenotype–environment interaction that determines lifetime reproductive success. A comprehensive view of organismal evolution and diversity must, therefore, integrate gene-based (bottom–up) and phenotype-based (top–down) approaches. Because morphology and function are the direct objects of selection, their study can contribute uniquely to the formulation of such a comprehensive view. Despite extreme variation in form and function, tetrapod feeding systems are amenable to comparative analysis because they represent modifications of the same basic apparatus, comprising, for the most part, a set of unequivocally homologous parts. The characteristics of tetrapod feeding systems outlined earlier—ample variation, homology of parts, reasonable presumption of fitness consequences for variation, large impact on body form, and integration with other systems—promote the utility of feeding systems for comparative, evolutionary studies. Specific insights will emerge from detailed analyses of clade-specific patterns and cross-clade comparisons.
Low‐Cost Noninvasive Real‐Time Imaging for Tubular Continuous‐Flow Crystallization

A key design limitation to the effective monitoring and control of continuous crystallization processes is the ability to characterize crystals in real time. A low-cost system composed of a basic stereomicroscope and video camera for the in situ imaging of sub-millimeter crystals through curved walls of millifluidic tubular crystallizers is described. Real-time videos taken for millimeter-size slurry slugs are used to guide the experimental design for a recently developed multiphase-flow crystallization process, including the improvement of the slug aspect ratio, visualization of crystal shapes, and observation of the extent of aggregation. Design considerations are also discussed for the use of multiple stereomicroscopes in other continuous-flow tubular experiments.
Effects of chemical and physical heterogeneity on confined phase behavior in nanopores

Abstract It is well known that fluids confined within nanoporous media often experience drastic and unexpected changes in thermodynamic properties. Recent research has focused on uncovering the mechanisms as well as pore size dependent effects. Unfortunately, very little insight is available for how pore wall chemistry and heterogeneity affect the fluid phase behavior. In this study, grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations were employed to investigate the effects of three different pore types on the fluid phase behavior and thermodynamic properties of ethane. Pores were created in sizes ranging from 3 nm to 6 nm and composed of either carbon or amorphous silica. Thermodynamic properties were calculated using particle number fluctuations, energy, and the grand canonical partition function. Results showed that ethane experienced a notable reduction in entropy due to layering effects within the carbon pores composed of a face centered cubic lattice structure. This layering effect was not observed in the amorphous silica pores. The combination of atomic disorder, chemical dissimilarity and lessened pore-fluid potential resulted in less reduction of the critical temperature within confinement. The results concluded that the pore structure leads to distinct shifts in the confined critical temperature depending upon the level of pore material disorder and surface chemistry. Both higher levels of atomic disorder and increasing chemical differences between the surface and adsorbate resulted in less critical point depression as compared to the ordered carbon pores which are commonly used in the literature. This paper showed that the effects of surface chemistry and atomic disorder are non-negligible factors when considering adsorption at the nanoscale.
Misaligned Priorities: How Disconnect between Donors and Citizens Doomed AIDS Intervention in Africa

Even the group that is looking after sick people in this village do not really know everyone who has HIV … I feel it is important that the village headman and other people should know because say if you want to marry someone, you have an idea of what is going on with them. If you get sick, other people will have an idea of how to address your sickness. Headman Interview #155, Balaka District, August 27, 2009 He repeated his question, “Why won't you list the names of everyone who tests positive?” He went on, suggesting the list could be kept by a respected elder in the village who would advise others on how to avoid infection. Glory, my Tanzanian teaching partner, retranslated the question, trying even simpler English words the second time to convey what the mzee (elder) at this community meeting in a rural village in Arumeru District was asking. But I understood his question perfectly the first time he asked it. My silence was not because I did not understand the question. My silence was a manifestation of my not understanding how we had failed to convince the most powerful people in this community of the importance of confidentiality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing. After completing my first year in graduate school in 2004, I volunteered with a small nongovernmental organization (NGO) that coordinated partnerships between American university students and recent graduates of Tanzanian secondary schools to provide HIV awareness education in schools, and at large community gatherings. The village meeting where this mzee asked his question was a culmination of our efforts in the area following weeks of working in the local schools teaching HIV epidemiology and the current best practices for avoiding HIV infection. Previous volunteers were positive about these village meetings, characterizing them as celebrations marked with community acceptance of the knowledge imparted by well-trained volunteers. Of course, it is easy today to see the warts of this NGO's approach to HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) intervention and the naivete of its volunteers, myself included.
Risk score identifies patients who will benefit from prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy

Commentary on : Piccolo R, Gargiulo G, Franzone A, et al . Use of the dual-antiplatelet therapy score to guide treatment duration after percutaneous coronary intervention. Ann Intern Med 2017;167:17–25. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin is standard of care following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), though optimal duration remains uncertain. The DAPT Score was developed using the DAPT Study to help decide between 12 months or 30 months of therapy in patients without major bleeding or ischaemic events 1 year after PCI.1 This study by Piccolo et al 2 evaluated whether the DAPT Score would be similarly helpful for patients 6 months after PCI using data from the Prolonging Dual-Antiplatelet Treatment After Grading Stent-Induced Intimal Hyperplasia (PRODIGY) clinical trial. Investigators evaluated 1970 patients undergoing PCI in the PRODIGY trial. Patients were randomly assigned to one of four stent types …
Tracking Progress in Improving Diagnosis: A Framework for Defining Undesirable Diagnostic Events

Diagnostic error is a prevalent, harmful, and costly phenomenon. Multiple national health care and governmental organizations have recently identified the need to improve diagnostic safety as a high priority. A major barrier, however, is the lack of standardized, reliable methods for measuring diagnostic safety. Given the absence of reliable and valid measures for diagnostic errors, we need methods to help establish some type of baseline diagnostic performance across health systems, as well as to enable researchers and health systems to determine the impact of interventions for improving the diagnostic process. Multiple approaches have been suggested but none widely adopted. We propose a new framework for identifying "undesirable diagnostic events" (UDEs) that health systems, professional organizations, and researchers could further define and develop to enable standardized measurement and reporting related to diagnostic safety. We propose an outline for UDEs that identifies both conditions prone to diagnostic error and the contexts of care in which these errors are likely to occur. Refinement and adoption of this framework across health systems can facilitate standardized measurement and reporting of diagnostic safety.
Vitamin B12 deficiency in a child presenting with epileptic spasms

Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause a wide variety of signs and symptoms such as macrocytic anemia, neurodevel- opmental delay or regression, cerebral atrophy, polyneuropathy, paresthesias, degeneration of spinal cord, ataxia, irritability, weakness, hypotonia, apathy, tremor, seizures, and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and dementia. However, its association with epileptic spasms has been reported in only one patient before. Thus, the role of coincidence or association remains controversial. This article presents a 10-month-old girl with B12 deficiency presenting with epileptic spasms, psy- chomotor regression, and suppression-burst pattern on electroencephalography. After exclusion of other causes of epileptic spasms such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, cortical malformations, or neurodegenerative diseases through extensive neuroimaging and laboratory investigations, epileptic spasms were regarded as the presenting clinical picture of underlying vitamin B12 deficiency. Epileptic spasms may be a neurologic manifestation of underlying vitamin B12 deficiency.
Asymmetric tribimaximal texture

We construct a texture where the seesaw matrix is diagonalized by the tribimaximal (TBM) matrix with a phase. All angles of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix and Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix are consistent with particle data group values, and the mass relations of quarks and charged leptons extrapolated to the grand unified theory scale are satisfied, including the Gatto relation. The novel ingredient is the asymmetry of the down-quark and charged lepton Yukawa matrices. Explaining the reactor angle requires a $\overline{)\mathrm{CP}}$ phase in the TBM matrix, resulting in the Jarlskog-Greenberg invariant at $|J|=0.028$, albeit with an undetermined sign. While $SO(10)$ restrains the right-handed neutrino Majorana matrix, the neutrino masses are left undetermined.
Insect Immune Defense System, Part II: The Recognition of Nonself

The cellular theory of immunity was first proposed in 1884 by Ilya Metchnikoff, who also is well-known among insect pathologists for his studies on the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (see Chapter 10). Basically, Metchnikoff proposed that the mechanisms for intracellular digestion which function in nutrition and self-defense in protozoans have survived in the amoeboid phagocytes of higher forms. In addition, he suggested that such phagocytic cells, which serve primarily in the uptake and digestion of nonself substances and cellular debris (e.g., damaged and senescent cells), constitute the first line of defense against invasion of potentially pathogenic organisms.
Corrosion Of Metals In Contact With Treated Wood: Developing Test Methods

With the voluntary withdrawal of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) for use in residential construction in January 2004, the corrosiveness of treated wood has become a concern. Preliminary research has shown the replacements for CCA, which include copper azole (CuAz) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) are more corrosive than CCA. Since rapid tests cannot easily be run in solid wood, an electrochemical method has been developed that measures the corrosiveness of water-extracts of wood. Corrosion rates of steel and galvanized steel fasteners measured in the extract of ACQ treated wood correlate well with gravimetric data in solid wood.
Neutron Inelastic Scattering Cross Sections for States Above 700 keV in 232Th

Fast neutron inelastic scattering cross sections for levels between 700- and 1400-keV excitation energy in /sup 232/Th have been measured using the (n,n') time-of-flight (TOF) technique. Measurements of 125-deg differential cross sections were made using neutrons with a typical energy spread of 8 to 10 keV, generated by the /sup 7/Li(p,n)/sup 7/ Be reaction. The incident neutron energies covere three regions: (a) 950 to 1550 keV in 50-keV intervals with the TOF spectrometer optimized to detect 200 to 600-keV scattered neutrons, (b) 1200 to 2000 keV in 100-keV intervals with the spectrometer optimized to detect 400- to 800-keV scattered neutrons, and (c) 1700 to 2100 keV in 100-keV steps with the spectrometer optimized for 800- to 1300-keV scattered neutrons. Throughout the experiment, an overall energy resolution of <15 keV was maintained. Level cross sections were deduced from the 125-deg differential scattering cross sections and are compared with (n,n'..gamma..) measurements and the ENDF/B-V evaluation. Angular distributions for states in the 700- to 900-keV region have been measured at 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0 MeV.