cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gaia Hypothesis: Conjectures and Refutations

The uncertainties surrounding global climate change provide ample evidence, if any were necessary, of the need for a whole-system view of the Earth. Arguably the most visible - and controversial - attempt to understand Earth as a system has been Lovelock's Gaia theory. Gaia has been a fruitful hypothesis generator, and has prompted many intriguing conjectures about how biological processes might contribute to planetary-scale regulation of atmospheric chemistry and climate. In many important cases, however, these conjectures are refuted by the available data. For example, Gaia theory predicts that the composition of the atmosphere should be tightly regulated by biological processes, but rates of carbon uptake into the biosphere have accelerated by only about 2% in response to the 35% rise in atmospheric CO2 since pre-industrial times. Gaia theory would predict that atmospheric CO2 should be more sensitively regulated by terrestrial ecosystem uptake (which is biologically mediated) than by ocean uptake (which is primarily abiotic), but both processes are about equally insensitive to atmospheric CO2 levels. Gaia theory predicts that biological feedbacks should make the Earth system less sensitive to perturbation, but the best available data suggest that the net effect of biologically mediated feedbacks will be to amplify, not reduce, the Earth system's sensitivity to anthropogenic climate change. Gaia theory predicts that biological by-products in the atmosphere should act as planetary climate regulators, but the Vostok ice core indicates that CO2, CH4, and dimethyl sulfide - all biological by-products - function to make the Earth warmer when it is warm, and colder when it is cold. Gaia theory predicts that biological feedbacks should regulate Earth's climate over the long term, but peaks in paleotemperature correspond to peaks in paleo-CO2 in records stretching back to the Permian; thus if CO2 is biologically regulated as part of a global thermostat, that thermostat has been hooked up backwards for at least the past 300 million years. Gaia theory predicts that organisms alter their environment to their own benefit, but throughout most of the surface ocean (comprising more than half of the globe), nutrient depletion by plankton has almost created a biological desert, and is kept in check only by the nutrient starvation of the plankton themselves. Lastly, where organisms enhance their environment for themselves, they create positive feedback; thus Gaia theory's two central principles - first, that organisms stabilize their environment, and second, that organisms alter their environment in ways that benefit them - are mutually incon- sistent with one another. These examples suggest that the further development of Gaia theory will require more deliberate comparison of theory and data.
Nonlinear behavior of pultruded FRP composites

Abstract Coupon tests are investigated and used to calibrate three-dimensional (3D) micromechanical models and to verify their prediction for the nonlinear elastic behavior of pultruded fiber reinforced plastic composites. The tested composite material system is made from E-glass/vinylester pultruded composite plate with both glass roving and continuous filament mat (CFM) layers. Tension, compression, and shear tests were performed, using off-axis coupons cut with different roving reinforcement orientations. The overall linear elastic properties are identified along with the nonlinear stress–strain behavior under in-plane multi-axial tension and compression loading. The tests were carried out for coupons with off-axis angles: 0, 15, 30,45, 60, and 90°, where each test was repeated three to five times. Finite element analyses are used to simulate the off-axis tests and examine the effects of coupon geometry, end-clamping condition, and off-axis orientation, on the spatial distribution of the axial strains at the center of the coupons. Lower initial elastic modulus and a softer nonlinear stress–strain responses were consistently observed in the tension tests compared to those in compression, for all off-axis (roving) orientations. The nonlinear behavior can be attributed to the relatively low overall fiber volume fractions (FVFs) in pultruded composites and the existence of manufacturing defects, such as voids and microcracks. It is also shown that the end-clamping effects for the tested geometry are relatively small at the center and allow extracting the nonlinear stress–strain response of the anisotropic material. The analytical part of this study includes two (3D) micromechanical models for the roving and CFM layers. Shear tests are used to calibrate the in situ nonlinear elastic properties of the matrix. Good prediction ability is shown by the proposed micromodels in capturing the stress–strain behavior in the off-axis tests.
cld and lec23 are disparate mutations that affect maturation of lipoprotein lipase in the endoplasmic reticulum.

The mutations cld (combined lipase deficiency) and lec23 disrupt in a similar manner the expression of lipo- protein lipase (LPL). Whereas cld affects an unknown gene, lec23 abolishes the activity of a -glucosidase I, an enzyme es- sential for proper folding and assembly of nascent glyco- proteins. The hypothesis that cld , like lec23 , affects the fold- ing/assembly of nascent LPL was confirmed by showing that in cell lines homozygous for these mutations (Cld and Lec23, respectively), the majority of LPL was inactive, dis- played heterogeneous aggregation, and had a decreased af- finity for heparin. While inactive LPL was retained in the ER, a small amount of LPL that had attained a native con- formation was transported through the Golgi and secreted. Thus, Cld and Lec23 cells recognized and retained the majority of LPL as misfolded, maintaining the standard of quality control. Examination of candidate factors affecting protein maturation, such as glucose addition and trimming, proteins involved in lectin chaperone cycling, and other abundant ER chaperones, revealed that calnexin levels were dramatically reduced in livers from cld/cld mice; this finding was also confirmed in Cld cells. We conclude that cld may affect components in the ER, such as calnexin, that play a role in protein maturation. Whether the reduced calnexin levels per se contribute to the LPL deficiency awaits confir- mation. —Briquet-Laugier, V., O. Ben-Zeev, A. White, and M. H. Doolittle. cld and lec23 are disparate mutations that affect maturation of lipoprotein lipase in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 2044-2058.
Impact of sleeve gastrectomy on gastroesophageal reflux disease in a morbidly obese population undergoing bariatric surgery

Abstract Background Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has established popularity as a weight loss procedure based on its success. However, LSG's effect on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is unknown. Objectives To analyze the incidence of GERD after LSG and to compare the results in patients with preexisting and de novo GERD. Setting Tertiary Medical center. Methods The authors performed a retrospective review of primary LSG from 2005 to 2013 and compared patients with pre-existing and de novo GERD who underwent LSG. Results A total of 919 patients underwent LSG. GERD was present in 38 (4%) of the LSG cohort. We identified 2 groups: Group A consisted of 25 (3%) patients with de novo GERD, and Group B consisted of 13 (1%) patients with pre-existing GERD. Diagnosis of GERD in both groups was determined by symptoms and history of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and pH manometry. In Group A, 1 (4%) patient was managed with over-the-counter drugs, 17 (68%) patients were treated with low-dose PPI, 6 (24%) patients were treated with high-dose PPI, and 1 (4%) patient was lost to follow-up. Group B consisted of 9 (69%) patients treated with low-dose PPI and 4 (31%) patients treated with high-dose PPI. Medical treatment failed in 4 patients (10.5%) who subsequently required conversion to laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). In Group A, 1 patient (4%) required LRYGB, and in Group B, 3 patients (23%) required LRYGB. The outcome of conversion for Group A was incomplete resolution of symptoms in the 1 patient, whereas in Group B, all 3 patients (100%) had complete resolution of GERD symptoms after LRYGB. Conclusions In this study, 3% of patients developed de novo GERD, but most responded to either low- or high-dose PPI, with 4% requiring conversion to LRYGB.
A trajectory generation framework for modeling spacecraft entry in MDAO

Abstract In this paper a novel trajectory generation framework was developed that optimizes trajectory event conditions for use in a Generalized Entry Guidance algorithm. The framework was developed to be adaptable via the use of high fidelity equations of motion and drag based analytical bank profiles. Within this framework, a novel technique was implemented that resolved the sensitivity of the bank profile to atmospheric non-linearities. The framework׳s adaptability was established by running two different entry bank conditions. Each case yielded a reference trajectory and set of transition event conditions that are flight feasible and implementable in a Generalized Entry Guidance algorithm.
Stable isotope evaluation of population‐ and individual‐level diet variability in a large, oligotrophic lake with non‐native lake trout

Non-native piscivores can alter food web dynamics; therefore, evaluating interspecific relationships is vital for conservation and management of ecosystems with introduced fishes. Priest Lake, Idaho, supports a number of introduced species, including lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, brook trout S. fontinalis and opossum shrimp Mysis diluviana. In this study, we used stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) to describe the food web structure of Priest Lake and to test hypotheses about apparent patterns in lake trout growth. We found that isotopic niches of species using pelagic-origin carbon did not overlap with those using more littoral-origin carbon. Species using more littoral-origin carbon, such as brook trout and westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, exhibited a high degree of isotopic niche overlap and high intrapopulation variability in resource use. Although we hypothesised that lake trout would experience an ontogenetic diet shift, no such patterns were apparent in isotopic signatures. Lake trout growth rates were not associated with patterns in δ15N, indicating that variation in adult body composition may not be related to adult diet. Understanding trophic relationships at both the individual and species levels provides a more complete understanding of food webs altered by non-native species.
Abstract TP400: Racial Differences in the Recovery from Ischemic Stroke after tPA.

Racial minorities are at a disadvantage with regards access to acute stroke therapies. We tested the hypothesis that differences between races would result in disparate recovery from ischemic stroke in patients who receive tPA. Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2001 through 2009 were analyzed. The data represents a 20% sample of all inpatient hospitalizations in the United States. Patients discharged with a diagnosis of Ischemic stroke were identified using ICD-9 codes. The code 99.10 was used to identify patients who received tPA. Patients with self reported races: white, black and hispanic who received tPA for ischemic stroke were included. Outcomes of hospitalization including death and discharge destination were assessed. Racial subgroups by age and gender were also analyzed. In the NIS, 15,279 patients received tPA for ischemic stroke between 2001 and 2009. This included 75.3% white, 12.8% black and 6.3% hispanic. In-hospital death rates were not significantly different: 12.8% for white, 10.9% for black and 6.9% for Hispanic; p=0.07. Death rates remained similar even after adjustments for age. In-hospital death was also analyzed in racial subgroups of men, women, young(≤45), middle age (46-70) and elderly(>70); and there was no difference between races. Discharge destination was used as a surrogate for recovery. Blacks and hispanics had about 25% greater odds of being discharged home. However, when adjusted for age, there was no true difference between the races. Considering a home discharge or discharge to a short term rehabilitation facility as a good outcome, blacks were at a significant disadvantage compared to whites; age adjusted OR 0.88(0.80-0.98). This disparity was noted among black men only, and not in black women. As a minority, Hispanic patients had similar rates of home or rehabilitation discharge as whites. In conclusion, in-hospital death rates and the likelihood of home discharge were similar among races. The mechanisms driving disparate access to acute rehabilitation services among black men are probably biological and social. Reasons for differential access to tPA should be explored and addressed, as minorities receiving tPA have similar survival potential and likelihood for home discharge.
Spatially Explicit Model of Transposon-Based Genetic Drive Mechanisms for Displacing Fluctuating Populations of Anopheline Vector Mosquitoes

To evaluate the prospect of transposon-based genetic drive mechanisms for replacing African vectors of malaria with nonvector anopheline mosquitoes, we developed a spatially explicit simulation model that determined the likelihood that released transgenic mosquitoes may proceed to fixation or extinction under diverse conditions. We compared the effect on fixation of long breeding seasons with relatively subtle population fluctuations to short breeding seasons with severe bottlenecks. Assuming 100% transposition efficiency among heterozygotes with fitness varying between 50 and 100% of that of wild-type mosquitoes, we simulated releases of 1, 10, 50, 90, and 99% of transposon-bearers in relation to wild mosquitoes as well as 1 and 10% releases that were repeated annually. We also evaluated diverse patterns of release including linear, marginal, focused, and scattered distribution. Random dispersal provided the most rapid fixation of transposons within populations. More massive releases allowed longer persistence of transposon-bearers but did not promote fixation, especially when breeding seasons were long. Relative fitness of transposon-bearers, however, proved more powerful than pattern or number of releases in determining whether a construct will become fixed or extinct. Even when fitness approaches that of the wild-type, fixation of a construct may require 150 generations or more.
Design and Implementation of the Flood Operation Decision Support System of Intelligent Hydropower Station

Flood operation decision support system is an important part of expert decision support system in the intelligent hydropower plant. Through the deep analysis in the related standards in the water sector and electric power industry of China,the paper design and implement the flood operation decision support system suitable for hydropower plant based on the some key technology,such as system framework based on the SOA,the WeGIS design based on the Ajax and the emergency preparedness and response technique base on the work flow. The system has been applied successful in the SongJiangHe intelligent hydropower plant in the JiLin province. The Design and implement of the system can provide a reference for similar system in the related intelligent hydropower plant.
Chronic Absenteeism in the Classroom Context: Effects on Achievement.

Although educational policy makers uphold that chronic absenteeism (missing 10% or more of the school year) is damaging to students’ schooling outcomes, there is little empirical research to match. This study considers the role of spillover effects of chronic absenteeism on classmates’ achievement. It does so by utilizing a large-scale administrative urban district data set of elementary schoolchildren—a sample of students where the rates of chronic absenteeism are expected to be higher compared with the national average. The results show that students suffer academically from having chronically absent classmates—as exhibited across both reading and math testing outcomes. Chronic absenteeism not only had a damaging effect on those individuals missing excessive school days but also has the potential to reduce outcomes for others in the same educational setting.
Application of Data Compression to Remote Communication of Electric Energy Data Acquisition

This paper discusses the importance and feasibility of data compression in remote data communication of electric energy data acquisition system,and points out the existing information redundancy in the communication datagram from the aspect of information theory,and then proposes a method of applying data compression before transmitting data to reduce the transmission time and increase the transmission efficiency.Moreover,under circumstances that public wireless communication techniques such as GPRS or CDMA are the dominant data transmission approaches,data compression can not only reduce the cost of data transmission,but also save communication cost for electric enterprises.Simulation experiments with the classic lossless compression algorithm LZ77 show that fairly good performance can be achieved for common long datagram such as electric energy data and electric energy quality data.Furthermore,for low-voltage household residential electric energy data acquisition,data compression will greatly reduce the data transmission time,which provides a guarantee for fast electric energy data acquisition,and improves the efficiency of the electric energy data acquisition system.
Improved transfer of the leukocyte integrin CD18 subunit into hematopoietic cell lines by using retroviral vectors having a gibbon ape leukemia virus envelope

Leukocyte adherence deficiency (LAD) is an inherited immunodeficiency disease caused by defects in the CD18 leukocyte integrin subunit. Transduction of CD18 into hematopoietic cells from children with LAD represents a potential therapy for this disorder. In an attempt to maximize transfer and expression of CD18, we evaluated retroviral vectors with and without the neomycin selectable marker, with a modified tRNA primer binding site designed to prevent inhibition of gene expression, and with two different viral envelope proteins produced by using the amphotropic retrovirus packaging cell line PA317 or the gibbon ape leukemia virus packaging cell line PG13. The vectors were tested using transducing K562/CD11b cells and LAD Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) B cells and measuring levels of cell-surface CD11/CD18 expression by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. The best results were obtained with vectors made using PG13 packaging cells, for which about 25% of the K562 cells exposed once to the vectors expressed surface CD11b/CD18 and about 25% of the LAD EBV B cells exposed three times over a 3-day period to the vectors expressed surface CD11a/CD18. In contrast, transduction of cells under similar conditions with retroviral vectors produced using PA317 producer cells yielded less than 2% of the K562 cells and less than 4% of the LAD EBV B cells expressing the CD11/CD18 heterodimer on the cell surface. The presence or absence of the neomycin resistance gene or the modified tRNA primer had no effect on CD18 gene transfer rate or expression level. The increase in transduction with PG13 vectors correlated with Northern blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction studies that indicated that both K562 cells and the LAD EBV B cells express transcripts for the gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor at higher levels than for the amphotropic virus receptor. These findings indicate that the transduction efficiency of retroviral packaging cell lines correlates with receptor gene expression in the target cells and that vectors made using PG13 cells may be efficacious for gene therapy for LAD and other diseases in which gene transfer to hematopoietic cells is required.
Solubility of Iron, Manganese, and Magnesium Sulfates and Glucoheptonates in Two Alkaline Soils

Sulfate and glucoheptonate forms of Fe, Mn, and Mg are commonly applied to horticultural and agricultural crops. Once these metals enter the soil solution, their solubility may be limited. Glucoheptonate may prolong soil solubility, but its influence in alkaline soils has not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine the solubility of Fe, Mn, and Mg sulfates and glucoheptonates in two alkaline soils. A Tavares sand (a hyperthermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamment) and a Fuquay loamy sand (a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudult) were incubated with soluble Fe, Mn, or Mg applied as either the sulfate or the glucoheptonate. At 1 h, 4 h, 1 d, and 1, 2, and 3 wk, soils were extracted with 0.01 mol L⁻¹ CaCl₂ and analyzed for Fe, Mn, or Mg. At 1 h, approximately 98 and 93% of applied Fe was insoluble in the Tavares sand and Fuquay loamy sand, respectively. The greatest differences between soils occurred with Mn solubility, with 54 and 20% rendered insoluble in Tavares sand and Fuquay loamy sand, respectively, at 1 h. Soluble Mg declined at 1 h by 10%, with no further reductions throughout the 3-wk incubation. Soil applications of Fe as sulfate or glucoheptonate should be avoided. Applications of Mn sulfate or glucoheptonate may lead to increased soil solubility immediately following the application but may rapidly decline. Magnesium, however, remains soluble for as much as 3 wks. Glucoheptonate did not increase the solubility of Fe, Mn, or Mg compared with sulfate in either soil.
Atmospheric deposition of organic carbon via precipitation

Abstract Atmospheric deposition is the major pathway for removal of organic carbon (OC) from the atmosphere, affecting both atmospheric and landscape processes. Transfers of OC from the atmosphere to land occur as wet deposition (via precipitation) and as dry deposition (via surface settling of particles and gases). Despite current understanding of the significance of organic carbon inputs with precipitation to carbon budgets, transfers of organic matter between the atmosphere and land are not explicitly included in most carbon cycle models due to limited data, highlighting the need for further information. Studies regarding the abundance of OC in precipitation are relatively sparse, in part due to the fact that concentrations of organics in precipitation and their associated rates of atmospheric deposition are not routinely measured as a part of major deposition monitoring networks. Here, we provide a new data synthesis from 83 contemporary studies published in the peer reviewed literature where organic matter in precipitation was measured around the world. We compiled data regarding the concentrations of organic carbon in precipitation and associated rates of atmospheric deposition of organic carbon. We calculated summary statistics in a common set of units, providing insights into the magnitude and regional variability of OC in precipitation. A land to ocean gradient is evident in OC concentrations, with marine sites generally showing lower values than continental sites. Our synthesis highlights gaps in the data and challenges for data intercomparison. There is a need to concentrate sampling efforts in areas where anthropogenic OC emissions are on the rise (Asia, South America), as well as in remote sites suggesting background conditions, especially in Southern Hemisphere. It is also important to acquire more data for marine rainwater at various distances from the coast in order to assess a magnitude of carbon transfer between the land and the ocean. Our integration of the recent published information on OC in precipitation provides a unique data set (shared here as supplemental information) and a regional perspective that will be useful in carbon budgets, environmental modeling, and ecosystem studies. This can be used for comparison with past conditions and as a baseline toward exploring future changes, since changes in emissions, land use, and climatic variability are reflected in the amount and quality of OC deposited to ecosystems.
What should the blood pressure treatment goal be in adults with hypertension in 2016

On the basis of randomized clinical trial data including the Hypertension in the Very Elderly (HYVET) trial (1) and the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly (SHEP) trial (2-4), the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association 2011 hypertension guidelines (5), the European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology 2013 hypertension guidelines (6), the 2014 American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension guidelines (7), and the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Society of Hypertension 2015 guidelines on treatment of hypertension in adults with coronary artery disease (8) recommended that the blood pressure be lowered to less than 140/90 mmHg in adults younger than 80 years and to less than 150/90 mmHg in adults aged 80 years and older. Data from 9,787 adults in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study also supported these recommendations (9).
Analyses of mode filling factor of a laser end-pumped by a LD with high-order transverse modes

Although the concept of the mode filling factor (also named as “mode-matching efficiency”) has been well discussed decades before, the concept of so-called overlap coefficient is often confused by the laser technicians because there are several different formulae for various engineering purposes. Furthermore, the LD-pumped configurations have become the mainstream of solid-state lasers since their compact size, high optical-to-optical efficiency, low heat generation, etc. As the beam quality of LDs are usually very unsatisfactory, it is necessary to investigate how the mode filling factor of a laser system is affected by a high-powered LD pump source. In this paper, theoretical analyses of an end-pumped laser are carried out based on the normalized overlap coefficient formalism. The study provides a convenient tool to describe the intrinsically complex issue of mode interaction corresponding to a laser and an end-pumped source. The mode filling factor has been studied for many cases in which the pump mode and the laser mode have been considered together in the calculation based on analyses of the rate equations. The results should be applied for analyses of any other types of lasers with the similar optical geometry.
Resistive RAM-Centric Computing: Design and Modeling Methodology

Memory-centric computing with on-chip non-volatile memories provides unique opportunities for native and local information processing in an energy-efficient manner. Design and modeling methodology based on resistive random access memory (RRAM) is presented in this paper. A hierarchical RRAM SPICE model having different levels of physics realism is described, where the incorporated stochasticity provides a more accurate representation of RRAM operations. Three in-memory operation schemes are developed and experimentally verified for reconfigurable in-memory logic, using RRAM built in 3-D vertical structure (i.e., 3-D RRAM). As a case study for RRAM-centric computing systems, we evaluate the Please note that there were discrepancies between the accepted pdf [TCAS_R1_combined.pdf] and the [TCAS_RRAM-centric computing_hli_FINAL_submit.docx] in the lines 12 and 70. We have followed [TCAS_RRAM-centric computing_hli_FINAL_submit.docx]. use of 3-D RRAMs for a language recognition system using the hyperdimensional (HD) computing model. Utilizing the inherent properties of 3-D RRAM, we demonstrate, using fabricated 3-D RRAM integrated with FinFET, the essential kernels for HD operations: multiplication, addition, and permutation (MAP). RRAM-centric HD systems exhibit strong resilience to hard errors induced by RRAM endurance failures, making a promising case for using various types of RRAM for memory-centric HD systems.
Toward a just policy on healthcare rationing. Ethical principles must inform the debate concerning the distribution of services.

Perceptions of inequity and excess have given rise to a debate over whether policymakers should consider some form of rationing as a means of achieving a more just healthcare system. Three factors will be critical in determining whether the policies ultimately developed will be just and equitable. First, participants must grasp relevant facts involving the current distribution of healthcare services in the United States. Second, the debate must be based on a clear understanding of who has ultimate responsibility for making decisions regarding healthcare rationing. Finally, those committed to implementing a just approach to the issue must ensure that ethical principles relevant to policy-making are clear to everyone and affect the debate's outcome. The controversy over whether to ration healthcare services obscures the fact that healthcare is, in reality if not in policy, rationed now. A key advantage of promoting formal public policy decisions about the provision and limitation of healthcare services is that it shifts responsibility for these decisions from providers to society. Applying four classic bioethical principles to the question of rationing can also help ensure implementation of an appropriate public policy on healthcare rationing. For the debate on rationing to be meaningful, it must be conducted in a way that respects and promotes participants' autonomy. Policymakers should also observe the principle of nonmaleficence, which dictates that their policies not harm those they affect. A proper rationing policy should also fulfill the criterion of beneficence (i.e., actively promote the good of others). Last, such a policy should conform to the principle of justice by being fair and impartial.
Delivery of Allogeneic Adipose Stem Cells in Polyethylene Glycol-Fibrin Hydrogels as an Adjunct to Meshed Autografts After Sharp Debridement of Deep Partial Thickness Burns.

Harvesting of autografts results in donor site morbidities and is limited in scenarios such as large total body surface area burns. In these instances, coverage is increased by meshing grafts at the expense of delayed biologic closure. Moreover, graft meshing increases the likelihood of contraction and hypertrophic scarring, limits range of motion, and worsens cosmesis. Many tissue engineering technologies have touted the promise of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) for burn wounds. The primary objective of the current study was to determine feasibility and efficacy of in situ ASC delivery via PEGylated fibrin (FPEG) hydrogels as adjuncts to meshed split thickness skin grafts in a porcine model. Deep partial thickness burns were created on the dorsum of anesthetized Yorkshire pigs, and subsequently debrided on post-burn day 4. After debridement, wounds were treated with: split thickness skin grafts (STSG); meshed STSG (mSTSG); and mSTSG + FPEG with increasing doses of ASCs. We show that FPEG hydrogels can be delivered in situ to prevent the contraction seen after meshing of STSG. Moreover, ASCs delivered in FPEG dose-dependently increase blood vessel size which significantly correlates with CD31 protein levels. The current study reports a dual-action adjunct therapy to autografting administered in situ, wherein FPEG acts as both scaffolding to prevent contraction, and as a delivery vehicle for ASCs to accelerate angiogenesis. This strategy may be used to incorporate other biologics for generating tissue engineered products aimed at improving wound healing and minimizing donor sites or scarring. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:360-372.
Demography in the Big Data Revolution: Changing the Culture to Forge New Frontiers

Despite the widespread and rapidly growing popularity of Big Data, researchers have yet to agree on what the concept entails, what tools are still needed to best interrogate these data, whether or not Big Data’s emergence represents a new academic field or simply a set of tools, and how much confidence we can place on results derived from Big Data. Despite these ambiguities, most would agree that Big Data and the methods for analyzing it represent a remarkable potential for advancing social science knowledge. In my Presidential address to the Southern Demographic Association, I argue that demographers have long collected and analyzed Big Data in a small way, by parsing out the points of information that we can manipulate with familiar models and restricting analyses to what typical computing systems can handle or restricted-access data disseminators will allow. In order to better interrogate the data we already have, we need to change the culture of demography to treat demographic microdata as Big. This includes shaping the definition of Big Data, changing how we conceptualize models, and re-evaluating how we silo confidential data.
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease: From Bench to Bedside

The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), which is an aortic valve with two functional leaflets instead of the normal three, is the most common congenital heart valve abnormality accounting for a large number of valve replacements in the United States. Although bicuspid aortic valve disease (BAVD) is more common with age, it is not an inevitable consequence of aging. Tricuspid aortic valve disease (TAVD) (Rajamannan et al. 2003) appears to be an actively regulated disease process that cannot be characterized simply as “senile” or “degenerative.” BAVD covers a spectrum of disease from initial changes in the cell biology of the valve leaflets, through early calcification, tissue remodeling and aortic sclerosis, to outflow obstruction and aortic stenosis (Rajamannan 2011a). The later stages are characterized by fibrotic thickening of the valve leaflets and the formation of new blood vessels and calcium nodules – often including the formation of actual bone – throughout the valve leaflets but concentrated near the aortic surface. Epidemiological studies show that some of the risk factors for BAVD are similar to those for vascular atherosclerosis. Age, gender, and certain clinical factors are all associated with an increased risk of BAVD and TAVD. Clinical risk factors associated with the presence of BAVD include elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, but the association is relatively weak in those over 65 years old, the group at greatest risk of progressing to aortic stenosis. Other factors include smoking, hypertension, shorter height, lipoprotein (a) level, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes, end-stage renal disease (but not mild to moderate renal disease), and imbalances in calcium or phosphate metabolism. However, the factors associated with disease initiation may differ from those that promote disease progression. Although aortic stenosis may occur in individuals with otherwise anatomically normal tricuspid aortic valves, congenital valve abnormalities markedly increase the risk as shown in Fig. 3.1. Nearly half of the individuals with aortic stenosis have a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV).
The Perfect Shot: Angiographic Views for the Interventionalist

The most important function of coronary angiography is to accurately define coronary anatomy and obtain optimal and comprehensive angiographic views of the entire course of the main epicardial coronary arteries and their branches to aid in the diagnosis of and the therapeutic interventions for coronary artery disease. The key is to maintain a fine balance between harmful radiation and dye exposure to both the patient and the physician and essential number of images obtained to clearly define the anatomy. Inadequate knowledge of the best views and suboptimal angiographic images can lead to serious consequences of either missing disease or inappropriate interventions and wasteful healthcare expenditure.
Progressive ambulation (mobility).

Understanding the geriatric patient's premorbid and current function on the mobility spectrum and analyzing his physical and social environment are essential in planning his therapy program and evaluating his degree of independence. Training, exercise, and instruction in technics and use of assistive equipment, along with modifications of social and physical environment, effect a balance between performance and environmental demands.
Exploring suicide-related disclosure motivation and the impact on mechanisms linked to suicide

Suicide-related disclosure enables improved risk management but disclosure motivations are understudied. This study identified reasons for and against disclosing suicidal thoughts and examined their link to future disclosure and interpersonal needs among 44 people receiving psychiatric care. The most endorsed reasons for disclosure (approach-motivations) included help-seeking, shared background, and catharsis. The most endorsed reasons against disclosure (avoidance-motivations) included fear of rejection, shame, and hospitalization. Higher mean approach motivation was associated with more disclosure intent and less burdensomeness. No associations with avoidance motivation were observed. Programming that seeks to orient people toward approach motivation holds promise for attenuating suicide risk.
Rapid Road Friction Estimation using Independent Left/Right Steering Torque Measurements

AbstractSensing the friction coefficient between the tyres of an automobile and the road surface is a key challenge in automotive control. Accurate estimation of this parameter enables higher perfo...
Prediction of survival with combining quantitative 18 F-FDG PET/CT and DW-MRI parameters in sinonasal malignancies.

BACKGROUND We aimed to establish the prognostic value of 18 F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission/CT (18 F-FDG PET/CT) and diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI in determining overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) of sinonasal malignancies. METHODS Sixty-eight patients with sinonasal cancer who underwent both pretreatment 18 F-FDG PET/CT scan and head-neck MRI from January 2009 through August 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of 18 F-FDG PET/CT and DW-MRI parameters were performed for OS, PFS, and DMFS. RESULTS Cox regression analysis determined that all the quantitative 18 F-FDG PET/CT and DW-MRI parameters were independently correlated with PFS, DMFS, and OS (P < .05). After controlling for imaging variables, perineural invasion (P = .02) and ill-defined margin (P = .02) were found to be significantly correlated with shorter OS; while the perineural invasion was significantly correlated with shorter PFS (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS The pretreatment DW-MRI and 18 F-FDG PET/CT parameters could be substantial surrogate markers for sinonasal malignancies.
The Molecular Genetics of the Arsonate Idiotypic System of A/J Mice

Publisher Summary To understand something of the contribution of germline and somatic events in the generation of a defined immune response, this chapter focuses on the antibodies produced by A/J mice in response to immunization with the hapten p-azophenylarsonate. The germline elements that give rise to this response have been isolated and structurally characterized. The contribution of junctional diversity, N-segment diversity, and somatic mutation are analyzed in the expressed antibodies. Additionally, the major idiotopes of these molecules have been correlated with the classically defined heterologous idiotype. The regulation of the response has been studied by idiotypic manipulation and the structure of molecules so induced has been characterized. The results of these studies, along with information derived from other model systems, provide important insights into the strategies employed by vertebrates for information storage and retrieval. The strain-specific system is the predominant response of A/J mice to immunization with the hapten p-azophenylarsonate coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (Ars-KLH). Because Ars-KLH is an artificial immunogen, it can be viewed as a random probe into the variable region repertoire. As such, it has provided the means with which to study specific mechanisms that contribute to the acquisition of both germline and expressed diversity in both V and V genes.
Descriptive epidemiology of meningiomas in the United States.

2099 Background: Although meningioma is the most common tumor in the central nervous system (CNS), the incidence, epidemiology, and clinical outcomes have historically been poorly defined. Our anal...
Simultaneous evaluation of wind flow and dust emissions from conveyor belts using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling and experimental measurements

Abstract Conveyor belts are widely used in industries for the transport of particulate material, and particles from the surface can be entrained by air motion and cause health problems. An advantage of the application of continuum modelling within a Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD environment is the ability to couple the granular flow region directly to the airflow region. In the first stage, the wind flow around a conveyor belt is studied by experimental tests in a mine. Four turbulence models and three types of mesh independence are studied, and the turbulence model k-epsilon and an intermediate mesh are selected. In a second stage, the CFD methodology simulation is extrapolated to study dust emissions. Particles PM10 and PM50 are studied because of their importance in people's health. Likewise, the effect of dust emissions on the loss of treated product and on the maintenance of equipment and facilities is analysed. All the simulations are validated by experimental measurements.
The Post-War Dilemma: War Outcomes, State Capabilities, and Economic Development after Civil War

This paper examines the determinants of economic growth in countries emerging from civil war. While there is substantial evidence that economic growth is a key factor in maintaining peace after civil war, the existing literature has not explained the unique factors that may account for the large variation in growth across post-civil war countries. I argue that war outcomes affect the ability of the state to effectively implement policies conducive to economic growth. Using a statistical analysis of 114 cases of civil war between 1944 and 1997, my preliminary findings strongly suggest that states whose wars end in negotiated peace agreements experience lower levels of economic growth than states whose wars end in military victory by one side. I explain this finding by suggesting that the war outcomes condition the ability of a state to balance the political and economic demands of the population. Negotiated settlements force the state to prioritize political demands, which are frequently a condition of settlement, while perhaps sacrificing economic goals and hindering growth. However, because economic growth is an essential factor for sustained peace, this presents policy makers with a difficult post-war dilemma.
Temporal analysis of displacement: Racial capitalism and settler colonial urban space

Abstract Researchers have often called for micro-scale analyses of residential displacement, and more recently, for work that acknowledges the importance of temporal and spatial relationships that influence current iterations of residential displacement. Relying on grounding in urban political ecology, and work in gentrification, racial capitalism, and settler colonialism, this paper highlights the historic relationships between development interests and resident groups in Gowanus, Brooklyn to examine how historic context shapes the development of displacement patterns. Relying on historic texts and images found in New York City archives, this work documents the developmental history of Gowanus, which has held a prominent place in New York City history since before the 1600s, when European settler colonists began to create farms and mills based on existing local knowledge of the landscape held by the Canarsee, a Munsee speaking Indigenous group of Lenape people who lived in the area now known as Gowanus. Over time, several groups of developers and industrialists dominated this space by morphing the tidal wetland into an industrial waterway, capitalizing on the waterfront as a commodity. Most recently, residents who can afford luxury rentals with views of waterfront have moved into the area. At the same time, city plans and the United States Environmental Protection Agency are addressing the legacy of contamination in the area. The varying access and attitude toward the canal over time continues to impact the development in the area, with some people being forced out, while others are moving in. This work builds on the growing literature on residential displacement to argue that even with embedded silence in archival materials, investigating the long-range historic patterns of development can be a useful method for understanding current iterations of development and displacement, including the most recent shift towards high-end waterfront living.
Introduction to Racial Disproportionality and Disparities in Child Welfare

This chapter provides an overview to the concepts of racial disproportionality and disparities in the child welfare system, including definitions of racial disproportionality and disparities, and current data on the existence of racial disproportionality and disparities in this system. The chapter then reviews the organization of this volume which includes our current understanding of racial disproportionality and disparities, why they exist, the consequences of their existence, and strategies to address them. Foundational to this volume is an understanding and acknowledgment of racism as the overarching contributing factor to racial disproportionality and disparities. This understanding and acknowledgement is explored throughout this text.
Climate Knowledge and Community Ritual: Miami Weathercasters as Climate Change Communicators:

This paper investigates television weather forecasters’ role in leading discussions about climate change. It focuses on Miami, a city that has become a symbol of climate change’s effects in local, ...
Relook on the Linear Free Energy Relationships Describing the Partitioning Behavior of Diverse Chemicals for Polyethylene Water Passive Samplers.

Over the past 3 decades, low-density polyethylene (PE) passive sampling devices have been widely used to scout organic chemicals in air, water, sediments, and biotic phases. Experimental partition coefficient data, required to calculate the concentrations in environmental compartments, are not widely available. In this study, we developed and rigorously evaluated linear free energy relationships (LFERs) to predict the partition coefficient between the PE and the water phase (log Kpe-w). Poly-parameter (pp) LFERs based on Abraham solute parameters performed better (root-mean-square error, rmse = 0.333-0.350 log unit) in predicting log Kpe-w compared to the two one-parameter (op) LFERs built on n-hexadecane-water and octanol-water partition coefficients (rmse = 0.41-0.42 log unit), indicating that one parameter is not able to account for all types of interactions experienced by a chemical during PE-water exchange. Dimensionality analyses show that the calibration dataset used to train pp-LFERs fulfills all the requirements to obtain a robust model for log Kpe-w. Van der Waals interactions of the molecule tend to favor the PE phase, and polar interactions of the molecule favor the water phase. The PE phase is the most sensitive to polarizable chemicals compared to other commonly used passive sampling polymeric phases such as polydimethylsiloxane, polyoxymethylene, and polyacrylate. For op-LFERs, the PE phase is better represented by the hexadecane phase than by the octanol phase. A computational method based on the conductor-like screening model for real solvents theory did good job in estimating log Kpe-w for chemicals that were neither very hydrophobic nor very hydrophilic in nature. Our models can be used to reliably predict the log Kpe-w values of simple neutral organic chemicals. This study provides insights into the partitioning behavior of PE samplers compared to other commonly used passive samplers.