cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vasoactive intestinal peptide efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in anterior hypothalamic transplants: Correlation with functional restoration of circadian behavior

Circadian rhythmicity can be restored by transplantation of fetal anterior hypothalamic (AH) tissue containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) into hosts rendered arrhythmic by SCN ablation. However, the nature of the SCN effector pathways mediating functional recovery has remained elusive. To examine implant-derived SCN innervation of the host, AH homografts (hamster-to-hamster) and heterografts (mouse- or rat-to-hamster) were employed and the distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) within the SCN terminal fields was evaluated. A comparison was made between cases where circadian locomotor activity was restored and cases where circadian rhythmicity remained disrupted following AH transplantation. A dense aggregation of VIP neurons and processes was identified in each transplant that restored behavioral rhythmicity in the host. In these cases, SCN-derived VIP fibers were integrated with the host brain and could be identified in host terminal fields typically innervated by SCN-VIP fibers. A correlation was noted between VIP innervation of the host paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) and restoration of circadian rhythmicity. Neither qualitative nor quantitative differences in transplant VIP projections were noted between AH homografts and heterografts. These results demonstrate that SCN VIP neurons in AH transplants send an appropriately restricted set of efferent projections to the host brain and suggest that SCN efferent projections to the PVT may participate in mediating the functional recovery of circadian locomotor activity.
Adenomas of the esophagus: a case report and review of the literature.

A 20 year old man presenting with heartburn was found to have a pedunculated mass lesion of the lower esophagus. This tumor was found to be a benign esophageal adenoma. To date, only 5 such lesions have been reported. The majority occurred in men and 4 were in the lower third of the esophagus. Most have been asymptomatic and found at autopsy or were removed incidentally at the time of surgery for a concomitant condition.
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNT): An Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study

To assess the range of differentiation of the cells comprising dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT), particularly the oligodendrocyte-like cells (OLC), 14 DNT were immunochemically studied with a spectrum of neuronal and glial markers. Eight tumors were also studied ultrastructurally. Neurofilament protein, class III beta-tubulin, and synaptophysin preparations stained a few OLC in two, six and one lesion, respectively. In addition, many OLC within a single cortical nodule were reactive for class III beta-tubulin. The vast majority of OLC were strongly S-100 protein positive. Glial fibrillary acidic protein labeled a fair number of OLC in two cases and one nodule consisted almost entirely of immunoreactive astrocytes. Ultrastructurally, many OLC resembled oligodendrocytes in exhibiting microtubules, prominent Golgi and short cell processes; pericellular lamination of cell processes, a characteristic of oligodendroglia, was noted in only one tumor. In two cases, OLC with astrocytic features were seen to contain small numbers of intermediate filaments. In four cases, a few OLC resembled immature neurons with scant dense-core granules or synapses. This study confirms the glioneuronal nature of DNT, a lesion composed of heterogeneous cells, many resembling oligodendrocytes and a few showing early astrocytic and neuronal differentiation. Although their relation to OLC is unclear, the presence and peculiar distribution of mature neurons is nonetheless an integral diagnostic feature of the lesion.
Treatment of neoplastic meningeal xenografts by intraventricular administration of an antiganglioside monoclonal antibody, 3F8.

Leptomeningeal (LM) neoplastic metastases are painful, debilitating and inevitably lethal. Intrathecal (IT) anti-tumor antibodies may have therapeutic potential. We evaluated 3F8, an anti-G(D2) murine IgG(3) monoclonal antibody (MAb) in the treatment of human melanoma (SKMEL-1) and neuroblastoma (NMB7) xenografts in athymic rats. Both tumors were lysed efficiently in vitro by 3F8 in the presence of rat neutrophils or rat complement. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was not augmented by recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF), rhG-CSF, recombinant rat MIP-2 (rrMIP-2) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vivo, continuous intraventricular administration of 3F8 and LPS prevented tumor engraftment, retarded tumor growth and eradicated 3-day-old established xenografts whereas 3F8 alone, LPS alone or F(ab)'(2) plus LPS had no or only marginal effects. Tumor establishment in brain was completely prevented in 36% of animals implanted with SKMEL-1 and 65% of animals implanted with NMB7. Twenty percent of established xenografts around the brain were eradicated but all animals had persistent tumor in the lumbosacral meninges despite treatment. Continuous intraventricular infusion of LPS produced a variable polymorphonuclear (PMN) pleocytosis that was dose-dependent. Continuous intraventricular infusion of 3F8 produced immunohistochemically detectable attachment to 86% of persistent brain deposits of tumor but <1% of spinal lumbosacral deposits. We conclude that regional therapy with anti-G(D2) MAb could target neutrophils to inhibit LM tumor growth. However, optimal activation and mobilization of neutrophils into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and improved penetration of MAb to tumor sites remain critical variables.
Ontogeny of the secretory immune system: maturation of a functional polymeric immunoglobulin receptor regulated by gene expression.

In the rat, secretion of polymeric IgA from serum into bile is dependent upon the presence of a functional polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) that acts as a hepatocyte plasma membrane receptor for ligand binding and as a transcellular transport molecule. The objective of this study was to document the developmental maturation and regulation of functionally intact rat liver pIgR. An adult pattern of IgA secretion was not detected until after day 23 postpartum (dPP), by using intravenously injected 125I-labeled dimeric IgA. Radioactive dimeric IgA was not detectable in hepatocyte transport vesicles until 21 dPP by electron microscopy autoradiographic analysis. By using a rabbit polyclonal antibody against the rat secretory component domain of the pIgR, Western blot analysis demonstrated that the plasma-membrane-bound pIgR levels in hepatocytes from rats aged 19-22 dPP increased 10-fold during this period. To determine whether or not this increase in membrane-bound pIgR reflected increased pIgR gene expression, we probed Northern blots of total cellular RNA extracted from neonatal rat liver with pIgR cDNA [GORF-1; Banting, G., Brake, B., Braghetta, P., Luzio, J.P. & Stanley, K. K. (1989) FEBS Lett. 254, 177-183]. The pIgR RNA levels between 19 and 22 dPP rose more than 20-fold and paralleled the increased membrane-bound pIgR protein during this same interval. These data demonstrate a developmentally regulated process that controls the ontogeny of biliary dimeric IgA secretion at the termination of the third week postpartum. The process appears to depend on the up-regulation of pIgR gene expression.
Stimulus and Motivational Determinants in Temporal Perception

(1964). Stimulus and Motivational Determinants in Temporal Perception. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 243-248.
Middle Management and Quality Control: Strategies for Obstructionism

Quality control as developed in Japan is diametrically opposed to the traditional American corporate practices stemming from the so-called "Taylor scientific methods" which is based on a clearly defined hierarchy. American corporations attempting to implement quality control programs often run into difficulties with managers who perceive the democratic principles of quality control as a threat to their authority. This situation is particularly acute when full participation by middle and lower level managers has not been enlisted prior to implementation of the program and neither procedures nor goals have been clearly spelled out. In this study, the responses of middle and lower level managers under these conditions were observed. Several strategies emerged that were designed to minimize the perceived threat of quality control, including control of program activities and restricting employees' access to these activities. These covert and overt obstructionist tactics demonstrate the importance of careful pl...
What Is Motor Development: Where Does It Belong?

Four questions are presented: What are the historical roots of motor development; How can motor development be characterized; How should motor development be conceptualized; and How should motor development be organized? A brief history presents the psychological roots of motor development and emphasizes the individual researchers who have created the area of motor development since the 1960s. Motor development is characterized as a composite of the researchers, knowledge, application of knowledge, systems for delivering knowledge, and graduate programs in motor development. Motor development should be a perspective rather than a structure or subdiscipline. All courses in human movement should be taught from a developmental perspective, research should be done within the appropriate subdiscipline, and some of that research should be developmental. Motor development will be best served if researchers align with scientists within the subdisciplines and share developmental information in cross-disciplinary g...
A Novel Technique for Measuring Pedicle Screw Forces In Situ

Long posterior fusion constructs in the lumbar spine cause substantial posteriorly directed loading of the supporting pedicle screws, particularly during patient bending activities. Although there are numerous documented accounts of clinical failure at the pedicle screw-bone interface [1,2], the in situ pull-out strength of pedicle screws in long surgical constructs has not been characterized. Previous biomechanical studies have quantified pedicle screw pull-out force in cadaveric models through destructive testing or in nondestructive cases, through the use of custom-machined pedicle screws instrumented with strain gages [3–6]. However, these techniques involve altering screw geometry and may fail to properly simulate in vivo mechanical loading conditions. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a sensor system for measuring pedicle screw pull-out forces in long posterior constructs in situ during multi-segmental cadaveric testing.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A universal ankle-foot prosthesis emulator for human locomotion experiments.

Robotic prostheses have the potential to significantly improve mobility for people with lower-limb amputation. Humans exhibit complex responses to mechanical interactions with these devices, however, and computational models are not yet able to predict such responses meaningfully. Experiments therefore play a critical role in development, but have been limited by the use of productlike prototypes, each requiring years of development and specialized for a narrow range of functions. Here we describe a robotic ankle‐foot prosthesis system that enables rapid exploration of a wide range of dynamical behaviors in experiments with human subjects. This emulator comprises powerful off-board motor and control hardware, a flexible Bowden cable tether, and a lightweight instrumented prosthesis, resulting in a combination of low mass worn by the human (0.96kg) and high mechatronic performance compared to prior platforms. Benchtop tests demonstrated closedloop torque bandwidth of 17Hz, peak torque of 175 Nm, and peak power of 1.0kW. Tests with an anthropomorphic pendulum “leg” demonstrated low interference from the tether, less than 1 Nm about the hip. This combination of low worn mass, high bandwidth, high torque, and unrestricted movement makes the platform exceptionally versatile. To demonstrate suitability for human experiments, we performed preliminary tests in which a subject with unilateral transtibial amputation walked on a treadmill at 1.25ms � 1 while the prosthesis behaved in various ways. These tests revealed low torque tracking error (RMS error of 2.8 Nm) and the capacity to systematically vary work production or absorption across a broad range (from � 5 to 21J per step). These results support the use of robotic emulators during early stage assessment of proposed device functionalities and for scientific study of fundamental aspects of human‐robot interaction. The design of simple, alternate end-effectors would enable studies at other joints or with additional degrees of freedom. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026225]
Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models

1: Introduction.- 2: The Scope of Spatial Econometrics.- 3: The Formal Expression of Spatial Effects.- 4: A Typology of Spatial Econometric Models.- 5: Spatial Stochastic Processes: Terminology and General Properties.- 6: The Maximum Likelihood Approach to Spatial Process Models.- 7: Alternative Approaches to Inference in Spatial Process Models.- 8: Spatial Dependence in Regression Error Terms.- 9: Spatial Heterogeneity.- 10: Models in Space and Time.- 11: Problem Areas in Estimation and Testing for Spatial Process Models.- 12: Operational Issues and Empirical Applications.- 13: Model Validation and Specification Tests in Spatial Econometric Models.- 14: Model Selection in Spatial Econometric Models.- 15: Conclusions.- References.
A comparison of the antimicrobial effect of 0.5% chlorhexidine (Hibistat) and 70% isopropyl alcohol on hands contaminated with Serratia marcescens.

Summary Two antimicrobial preparations for handwashing were compared by the‘gloved handwash method’ in seventy-two subjects. The test preparation was 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate alcoholic-emollient handwash (Hibistat®); the reference agent was 70% isopropyl alcohol. The hands were contaminated with Serratia marcescens and disinfected with each antiseptic twenty-five times over an 8 h day. Bacterial counts were obtained for each hand after initial contamination, and after 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 contamination treatment procedures. There was a statistically significant reduction in recovery of S. marcescens after chlorhexidine treatment compared to alcohol (P < 0.01). When recovery of organisms was plotted against the number of handwashes, there was a significant linear reduction in transient flora for chlorhexidine treated hands (P < 0.01) but not for alcohol treated hands (P < 0.20).
From Backwater to Center Stage: Using Electronegativity as a Central Concept for Understanding Chemical Principles in Biology Classes

Understanding basic chemical concepts, including bonding, polar and nonpolar molecules, and hydrogen bonds is difficult for many biology students, who often have minimal chemistry backgrounds. The concept of electronegativity is introduced at the beginning of the chemical foundations part of a biology course as a central integrative concept. By using the electronegativity concept and an associated line graph, students gain an understanding of why ionic and covalent bonds form and which atoms form them, why atoms form polar and nonpolar covalent bonds, and what chemical groups can form hydrogen bonds. Positive student reviews indicate that this is an effective method for introducing chemical principles.
Experimental evidence of continuous melting of ethylene on graphite.

Heat-capacity measurements of ethylene on graphite in both the submonolayer and monolayer regions reveal a weak and broad anomaly relating to the melting transition of the overlayer. The findings in the submonolayer are in contrast to all previous studies in physisorbed systems, where sharp heat-capacity signals were observed. These results suggest that the melting of ethylene on graphite is a continuous transition for submonolayer as well as monolayer coverages.
Quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase is not the oxygen-sensitive site of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis.

Abstract Quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPT) 1 activity was not affected when Escherichia coli were treated with hyperbaric oxygen. This result is not in accord with a previous report ( Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 91 :982–990; 1979) in which the enzyme was shown to be rapidly inactivated in E. Coli exposed to 4.2 atmospheres of oxygen. Our data rule out QPT as a site of oxygen toxicity and suggest other mechanisms for the inhibitory effects of hyperbaric oxygen on pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis.
Colloidal association and biological activity of some related quaternary ammonium salts

Abstract Two series of cationic surface-active agents, benzyldimethylalkylammonium chlorides and 4-nitrobenzyldimethylalkylammonium chlorides, where the alkyl group varies from a 6-carbon-atom straight chain to an 18-carbon-atom straight chain, have been prepared. The critical concentration for the formation of micelles has been measured by the dye method for each member of each series. As has been discovered in other cases of long-chain compounds (9, 10), here too there exists a linear relation between the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group and the logarithm of the critical micelle concentration. A third series of cationic surface-active agents has been prepared, similar to the series above save that the variation in structure is obtained by varying the nature or position of the substituent in the benzyl group, while the alkyl group is lauryl throughout. The critical micelle concentration of each member of the series has been measured by the dye method. The critical micelle concentration thus obtained varies with the polarity of the benzyl portion of the molecule. Measures of this polarity are provided by the boiling points, melting points, dielectric constants, or dipole moments of the toluene compounds that correspond to the benzyl portions of the quaternary ammonium salts. It is found that the critical micelle concentrations of the quaternary ammonium salts are proportional to the square of the dipole moment of these corresponding substituted toluenes. Correlations with microbiological activities of these quaternary salts have been attempted.
Post‐conflict Social Events in Wild Mountain Gorillas (Mammalia, Hominoidea). I. Social Interactions between Opponents

Researchers have documented elevated rates of affinitive interaction between opponents shortly after aggressive conflicts, or reconciliation, in many primate species. Reconciliation may ameliorate the immediate negative effects of aggression by reducing the chance of further aggression between opponents and thus reducing tension, and may avert or repair damage to long-term social relationships important to the animals' fitness. Data on post-conflict interactions between opponents in two groups of wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) fail to show reconciliation after conflicts between females, between males, or between immatures, but females seem to commonly reconcile themselves with males after receipt of male aggression. Females and subordinate males often avoid same-sex opponents after conflicts. Females commonly retaliate against female aggressors, and post-conflict rates of aggression between females are higher than baseline levels. Females may not need to achieve reconciliation with each other because relationships between co-resident relatives are resiliant, while those between non-relatives are mostly neutral to antagonistic. Males are, however, important social partners and protectors of females, and female transfer is common. Thus, the results strongly support the ‘important relationships’ hypothesis for the function of reconciliation.
Concept Cartesianism, Concept Pragmatism, and Frege Cases

This paper concerns the dialectal role of Frege Cases in the debate between Concept Cartesians and Concept Pragmatists. I take as a starting point Christopher Peacocke’s argument that, unlike Cartesianism, his ‘Fregean’ Pragmatism can account for facts about the rationality and epistemic status of certain judgments. I argue that since this argument presupposes that the rationality of thoughts turn on their content, it is thus question-begging against Cartesians, who claim that issues about rationality turn on the form, not the content, of thoughts. I then consider Jerry Fodor’s argument that ‘modes of presentation’ are not identical with Fregean senses, and argue that explanatory considerations should leads us to reject his ‘syntactic’ treatment of Frege cases. Rejecting the Cartesian treatment of Frege cases, however, is not tantamount to accepting Peacocke’s claim that reasons and rationality are central to the individuation of concepts. For I argue that we can steer a middle course between Fodor’s Cartesianism and Peacocke’s Pragmatism, and adopt a form of Pragmatism that is constrained by Fregean considerations, but at the same time denies that concepts are constitutively tied to reasons and rationality.
Breakdown and partial discharge behavior of enamel-insulated copper conductors

During the manufacturing of the windings of an electric motor, enamel-insulated copper conductors are subjected to mechanical strain. This strain may adversely affect the electrical performance of the enamel insulation. Partial discharge inception voltage is useful for comparing the performance of insulations. Therefore, experiments were done in evaluating partial discharge inception voltages in order to determine the effect of different levels of tensile-strain on the electrical properties of the insulation system. Within the scope of this study, unstrained and tensile-strained, enamel-insulated, copper conductors with rectangular cross-section were investigated and compared for their breakdown voltages and partial discharge behavior.
Implementation of a non-deterministic loop

Dijkstra's calculus of guarded commands incorporates nondeterminism into the branch and the loop statements. I argue in this paper that the course CS8, Organization of Programming Languages, is an appropriate place to introduce this semantics for a language control structure into the undergraduate curriculum. In section IV I present a short implementation for the Dijkstra do... od command as a function in Mathematica. The paper concludes with the application of this function to random walks.
SU-E-T-372: Quality Assurance Plan Veto (QAPV): Reincarnation of Record and Verify System and Its Potential Value

Purpose: To quantify the potential impact of implementation of IHE‐RO Quality Assurance Plan Veto (QAPV) profile on patient safety of external beam radiation therapy operations. Methods: An institutional database of events (errors and near misses) was used to evaluate the ability of QAPV to prevent the clinically observed events.. We analyzed those reported events which were related to inconsistencies between DICOM RT plan parameters between the intended treatment (treatment planning system) and the delivered treatment (treatment machine). Critical DICOM RT plan parameters were identified. Each event was scored for importance using the Failure Mode & Effects Analysis (FMEA) methodology. Potential error occurrence (frequency) was derived based on the collected event data, along with the potential event severity, and probability of detection with and without the theoretical implementation of QAPV plan comparison check. FMEA Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs) with and without QAPV were compared to quantify the potential benefit of clinical implementation of QAPV. This analysis considered the highest risk parameters with RPN>200. Results: The clinical implementation of the IHE‐RO QAPV reduced RPN scores to below 200 for 7 (out of 8) high‐risk parameters. For example, RPN values reduced from 324 to 108 for ‘beam MU's’ inconsistencies, 288 to 96 for ‘treatment machine’ inconsistencies, 200 to 40 for ‘beam limiting device type’ inconsistencies, and 252 to 72 for ‘wedge’ inconsistencies. Conclusion: This analysis quantifies the value of the IHE‐RO QAPV implementation in clinical workflow. We demonstrate that although QAPV does not provide a comprehensive solution for error prevention in radiation therapy, it can have a significant impact on a subset of the most severe clinically observed events.
Diagonalization, uniformity, and fixed-point theorems

Abstract We derive new fixed-point theorems for subrecursive classes, together with a theorem on the uniformity of certain reductions, from a general formulation of the technique of delayed diagonalization. This formulation extends the main theorem of U. Schoning (Theoret. Comput. Sci. 18 (1982), 95–103) to cases which involve infinitely many diagonal classes C k, and which allow each C k to contain uncountably many members. The main technical work ties the familiar concept of a witness function directly to the often-studied Cantor-set topology on languages, and provides a “delay construction” which refines those due to Schoning, S. Breidtbart, and D. Schmidt. Our “a.e.” fixed-point theorems do not require that the “programming system” for the subrecursive class in question be well-behaved; we compare them to results which do. The other theorem is similar to the “uniform boundedness theorem” of classical analysis, and extends work of J. Grollmann and A. Selman.
Where are we in Infrastructure Education

Recent articles in PublicWorks Management& Policy have explained how societal and technological changes are placing new requirements on managers of civil infrastructure systems. One author proposed a curriculum of core courses, primarily for engineering students, and suggested that the market for such courses should be tested. Another author outlined a plan to reexamine the curriculum in infrastructure management. This dialogue reports on experiences with courses in infrastructure management over three decades and on experiments in related programs. The dialogue suggests that real needs in infrastructure education go well beyond these courses, and that the more urgent issue is to integrate skill training in areas such as problem formulation, systems analysis, and public involvement into ongoing educational programs.
Landau parameters for nuclear matter using the Skyrme interaction

Abstract Landau parameters for nuclear matter are calculated for several Skyrme interactions. Resulting values of G o and G ′ o are in disgreement with empirical values and lead to instability against spin collapse in several cases. A suitable generalization of the interaction is suggested to overcome these difficulties.
New gammaproteobacteria associated with blood-feeding leeches and a broad phylogenetic analysis of leech endosymbionts

Many monophagous animals have coevolutionary relationships with bacteria that provide unavailable nutrients to the host. Frequently, these microbial partners are vertically inherited and reside in specialized structures or tissues. Here we report three new lineages of bacterial symbionts of blood-feeding leeches, one from the giant Amazonian leech, Haementeria ghilianii, and two others from Placobdelloides species. These hosts each possess a different mycetome or esophageal organ morphology where the bacterial cells are located. DNA sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fluorescent in situ hybridization placed these symbionts in two separate clades in the class Gammaproteobacteria. We also conducted a broad phylogenetic analysis of the herein-reported DNA sequences as well as others from bacterial symbionts reported elsewhere in the literature, including alphaproteobacterial symbionts from the leech genus Placobdella as well as Aeromonas veronii from the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, and a Rickettsia sp. detected in Hemiclepsis marginata. Combined, these results indicate that blood-feeding leeches have forged bacterial partnerships at least five times during their evolutionary history.
INSTABILITIES, OSCILLATIONS, AND CHAOS

A variety of pictures for the onset of turbulence are discussed and contrasted. Models that exhibit different types of aperiodic behaviour are exhibited and classified. Some numerical studies that bear on these pictures are presented and compared with experimental studies of weakly turbulent fluids in the Rayleigh-Benard configuration.
Russian chemistry in the 1850s: A failed attempt at institutionalization

Summary This paper examines the efforts of two young Russian chemists during the late 1850s and early 1860s to establish a professional chemistry journal and a public laboratory for chemistry research in Russia. These two, N. N. Sokolov and A. N. Engel' gardt, were important participants in the early efforts to institutionalize and professionalize chemistry in Russia. However, both the chemistry laboratory and the chemistry journal ended after only a few years. The chemistry journal was curtailed not because of Government interference, as is sometimes asserted, but because of a conflict over editorial policy and independence. The chemistry laboratory was closed and the equipment donated to St Petersburg University when Sokolov was appointed to the position of adjunct there.
An adaptive approach to facilitating research productivity in a primary care clinical department.

Efforts to foster the growth of a department’s or school’s research mission can be informed by known correlates of research productivity, but the specific strategies to be adopted will be highly context-dependent, influenced by local, national, and discipline-specific needs and resources. The authors describe a multifaceted approach—informed by a working model of organizational research productivity—by which the University of Minnesota Department of Family Medicine and Community Health (Twin Cities campus) successfully increased its collective research productivity during a 10-year period (1997–2007) and maintained these increases over time. Facing barriers to recruitment of faculty investigators, the department focused instead on nurturing high-potential investigators among their current faculty via a new, centrally coordinated research program, with provision of training, protected time, technical resources, mentoring, and a scholarly culture to support faculty research productivity. Success of these initiatives is documented by the following: substantial increases in the department’s external research funding, rise to a sustained top-five ranking based on National Institutes of Health funding to U.S. family medicine departments, later-stage growth in the faculty’s publishing record, increased research capacity among the faculty, and a definitive maturation of the department’s research mission. The authors offer their perspectives on three apparent drivers of success with broad applicability—namely, effective leadership, systemic culture change, and the self-awareness to adapt to changes in the local, institutional, and national research environment.
Core needle biopsy is a safe and accurate initial diagnostic procedure for suspected lymphoma

Abstract Background Excisional biopsy is currently recommended for the analysis of lymphadenopathy suspicious for lymphoma. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of image-guided core needle biopsy (IGCNB) for the diagnosis of lymphoma using a standard protocol for tissue acquisition and analysis. Methods All IGCNBs from 2008 to 2014 performed under the study protocol were included in analysis. Demographics, pathology results, additional studies, and follow-up information were recorded. Results Seventy-three IGCNBs were performed in 71 consecutive patients. Lymphoma was diagnosed in 37 patients (51%). All 37 patients (100%) were subtyped and treated based on IGCNB results. The remaining 36 IGCNBs in 34 patients did not have subsequent diagnosis of lymphoma in a mean follow-up of 15 months (range, 0 to 54 months). There were no complications. Conclusions IGCNB performed under a standard protocol is effective and safe and should be considered as an initial diagnostic tool for the evaluation of lymphadenopathy suspicious for lymphoma.
A Ca2+-Binding Domain in RyR1 that Interacts with the Calmodulin Binding Site and Modulates Channel Activity

A fragment of RyR1 (amino acids 4064–4210) is predicted to fold to at least one lobe of calmodulin and to bind Ca2+. This fragment of RyR1 (R4064–4210) was subcloned, expressed, refolded, and purified. Consistent with the predicted folding pattern, R4064–4210 was found to bind two molecules of Ca2+ and undergo a structural change upon binding Ca2+ that exposes hydrophobic amino acids. R4064–4210 also binds to RyR1, the L-type Ca2+ channel (Cav1.1), and several synthetic calmodulin binding peptides. Both R4064–4210 and a peptide representing the calmodulin-binding region of RyR1 (R3614–3643) alter the Ca2+ dependence of (3H)ryanodine binding to RyR1, suggesting that they may both be interfering with an intramolecular interaction between amino acids 4064–4210 and amino acids 3614–3643 in the native RyR1 to alter or regulate the response of the channel to changes in Ca2+ concentration. The finding that a domain within RyR1 binds Ca2+ and interacts with calmodulin-binding motifs may provide insights into the mechanism for calcium- and calmodulin-dependent regulation of this channel and perhaps for its regulation by the L-type Ca2+ channel.
Mood Swings and Creativity

ABSTRACT: This article evaluates recent evidence for an association between creativity and bipolar mood disorders. Eminent creativity and everyday creativity are distinguished, with high rates of major mood disorders‐particularly bipolar disorders— appearing among eminent creators in the arts. However, among everyday persons, including the 4–5% of the population that may develop a bipolar “spectrum”; disorder and their relatives, it is those with relatively milder mood disorders and normalcy who may show the greatest creative advantage. These seemingly conflicting results are reconciled through comparison of research designs and the creativity and diagnostic variables studied. Evidence regarding mood states that enhance creativity is also considered, both for eminent and everyday creators, and some preliminary results from a study of patients are presented. Here, milder mood elevations were tied most closely to the experience of creativity, although other patterns can exist. Three patterns are examined in...
The two ATPase 6 mRNAs of Leishmania tarentolae differ at their 3' ends.

Abstract We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of ATPase 6 mRNA from Leishmania tarentolae . RNA editing occurs only in the 5′ one-third of the mRNA and is the most extensive observed to date in this species. We have identified a potential gRNA sequence, encoded in a minicircle, for a portion of the edited sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence is about 85% homologous to that predicted from the more extensively edited Trypanosoma brucei ATPase 6 mRNA. The edited L. tarentolae mRNA exists as two distinct size classes which differ in the size of their 3′ ends. Although variation in the length of the 3′ untranslated region cannot be excluded, the size difference is probably to be due to variation in the length of the poly(A) tail.
The use of scaled moments of inertia in experimental structure determinations of polyatomic molecules

Recently developed procedures for determining near-r e structures (r m p )from scaled ground-state moment of inertia data have been extended to general polyatomic molecules. A simple and general empirical method for correctingl m p moments for the large vibration-rotation effects of deuterium substitution has been proposed and illustrated for a variety of polyatomic molecules. The correction requires utilization of a bond elongation parameter,δr D ,whose experimental value is found to be approximately 0.003 A. A theoretical justification of the approximation has been provided for linear triatomic molecules.
Active ankerite cementation in the subsurface Eocene of southwest Texas

In subsurface samples of Wilcox (Eocene) sandstones, calcite cements occur above 2315 m depths, whereas ankerites occur at depths from 2560 m (temperatures 125 ° C) to at least 4650 m (temperatures 210 ° C). Microprobe analyses indicate that some shallow ankerites have appreciable excess calcium, analogous to protodomites. Ankerites at depths greater than 3200 m have compositions of about CaMg0.5Fe0.5(CO3)2.
Cognitive Enhancement with Amphetamine: History Repeats Itself

Those who follow the cognitive enhancement literature will have noticed a shift of late. A decade ago, discussions of cognitive enhancement displayed the assumption that stimulants such as amphetam...
Differential gene expression in the human ciliary epithelium.

The generation of expression and subtractive libraries from the ocular ciliary body and cultured ciliary epithelial cells has been instrumental in the cloning, identification and characterization of many genes which, overall reflect a representative profile of transcripts expressed in ciliary nonpigmented, ciliary pigmented and ciliary muscle cells. The cell-specific expression of some of these genes (i.e. a neurotrophic factor, a gene associated with juvenile open glaucoma, and a visual component) reveal a degree of cell differentiation with a diversity of functions and properties higher than previously thought. The protection from light-induced oxidative reactions, free radicals and detoxification, may be partially attributed to the high level of expression in the ciliary epithelium of antioxidative enzymes (i.e., glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidases, selenoprotein-P). The expression of genes encoding plasma proteins (i.e., complement component C4, alpha2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein D) is in contrast with the view that plasma proteins in aqueous humor are synthesized outside the eye (i.e., liver). The identification of neuropeptide-processing enzymes (i.e., prohormone convertases, carboxypeptidase E, peptidyl-glycine-alpha-amidating monoxigenase), neuropeptides (i.e., secretogranin II, neurotensin) and regulatory peptides (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide and angiotensinogen) with hypertensive and hypotensive activities provide the molecular basis to support the view that the ciliary epithelium is a neuroepithelium with neuroendocrine functions. We propose a working model to demonstrate that aqueous humor and intraocular pressure are under neuroendocrine control through regulatory peptides synthesized and released by the ciliary epithelium and targeting the peptide producing cells at the inflow system by an autocrine mechanism and/or cells at the outflow system (i.e., trabecular meshwork cells) by a paracrine mechanism. Finally, we hypothesize that these mechanisms could be entrained in the light-dark cycle following the circadian rhythm of aqueous humor and intraocular pressure.
Expression of the carboxypeptidase E gene: Characterization of the initiator-binding proteins

Abstract Several of the genes for enzymes involved in peptide hormone processing, such as carboxypeptidase E (CPE), do not contain a TATA box. The region surrounding the major transcription initiation site of the CPE gene has sequence homology with the ‘initiator’ (Inr) elements of the TATA-less terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) gene, and the adenovirus major late (AdML) and other promoters. To investigate the promoter region of the CPE gene, GH 4 C 1 cells were transiently transfected with constructs containing the luciferase reporter gene attached to various portions of the rat CPE gene (−395 to +45). Positive regulator elements were detected in positions −84 to −12 and +30 to +47. However, the Inr-like element of the CPE gene (−12 to +20) produced detectable luciferase activity in the absence of upstream and downstream sequences. This region of the CPE gene was much more active when expressed in the normal (sense) orientation than when expressed in the antisense orientation. A mutation within the consensus sequence between CPE and other Inr elements was much less active than the wild-type sequence. Interestingly, deletion of the Inr and surrounding sequences produced a large increase in the transcription from upstream sites, suggesting that proteins which bind at, or near, the Inr sequence suppress transcription from other sites. To characterize GH 4 C 1 nuclear proteins which bind to the CPE gene, Southwestern blotting, UV cross-linking, and gel shift analyses were performed. The Southwestern analysis showed that the CPE and AdML Inr sequences labeled several proteins of similar sizes which are distinct from the transcription factor USF; this factor has been previously reported to bind to the AdML Inr sequence. A CPE Inr-binding protein co-purifies with an AdML Inr-binding protein on a CPE Inr affinity column. Gel shift assays showed that with some binding conditions, the proteins that bind to the CPE sequence also bind to the TdT and AdML Inr elements. Taken together, these results indicate that the −12 to +20 region of the CPE gene has the properties of an Inr element which binds some, but not all, of the factors which bind to other Inr elements.
Commitment and Critical Inquiry

We are called together here to mark the beginning of a new school year with a symbolic act—a convocatio. As cultural anthropologists tell us, such ritual symbolic acts function simultaneously to induct participants into the common lifeworld of a community and to hold up to them shared values and visions. The convocation address provides an opportunity to reflect critically on the ritual act itself and on the shared visions and values it embodies. Such exploration can uncover tensions and contradictions in how the community sees itself and the world, contradictions that provide openings and challenges for change. By reflecting on these tensions I seek to display the first step in a feminist theological practice. The inclusion of the previously excluded as theological subjects, I argue, calls for a paradigm shift from a value-detached scientism to a public rhetoric, from a hermeneutical model of conversation to a practical model of collaboration.
The proinsulin C-peptide--a multirole model.

The C-peptide links the insulin A and B chains in proinsulin, providing thereby a means to promote their efficient folding and assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum during insulin biosynthesis. It then facilitates the intracellular transport, sorting, and proteolytic processing of proinsulin into biologically active insulin in the maturing secretory granules of the β cells. These manifold functions impose significant constraints on the C-peptide structure that are conserved in evolution. After cleavage of proinsulin, the intact C-peptide is stored with insulin in the soluble phase of the secretory granules and is subsequently released in equimolar amounts with insulin, providing a useful independent indicator of insulin secretion. This brief review highlights many aspects of its roles in biosynthesis, as a prelude to consideration of its possible additional role(s) as a physiologically active peptide after its release with insulin into the circulation in vivo.
Reconceptualizing of the overjustification effect: A template-matching approach

The paper reviews traditional attributional explanations for the over-justification effect in task motivation, isolates their weaknesses, and proposes an alternative account based on the notion that individuals process task information schematically. It is proposed that task information relating to motivation is interpreted by cognitive schema or “templates,” which identify tasks as being either instrumental or expressive in nature. When the expressive template is evoked, the task is perceived to be playlike and is experienced as inherently motivating. When the instrumental template is evoked, the task is perceived as a means to an end and task motivation results from the perceived value of the task for attaining intrinsic and/or extrinsic rewards. Structural characteristics of these templates are proposed. According to this account, overjustification effects occur when the perceived characteristics of tasks change such that the expressive template is replaced by the instrumental template and expressive motivation is transformed into instrumental motivation.
Metal-organic frameworks: Putting the squeeze on hydrogen.

One of the challenges facing the hydrogen economy is how to store and release the gas controllably. Although the large internal volumes of metal–organic frameworks offer promise, how can you keep the hydrogen inside?
ASPARTAME EFFECTS ON TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS1

The effect of aspartame (1-aspartyl-1-phenylalanine, methyl ester) was studied using the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis. Aspartame at levels up to 2500 ppm in a protease peptone —- yeast extract medium neither changed the growth rate nor rate of synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, lipids or glycogen. Cells exposed to as much as 2500 ppm aspartame had a normal morphology. The dipeptide was adsorbed at a level of 0.0353 mg/105 cells when (14C) aspartame was added at 2000 ppm to early log cultures and allowed to incubate for 45 min.
A Comparison of Cryotherapy Versus Diode Laser Retinopexy in 100 Consecutive Infants Treated for Threshold Retinopathy of Prematurity

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present a series of patients who were treated for threshold retinopathy of prematurity with either cryotherapy or diode laser. Complications and unfavorable outcomes during the first year after treatment will be compared for the two procedures. Methods: The clinical courses of a consecutive series of 100 infants (192 eyes) were reviewed. All infants had their threshold status confirmed by a second examiner. Infants were treated with cryotherapy through 1993 and with diode laser thereafter. One hundred two eyes of 54 patients were treated with cryotherapy. Ninety eyes of 46 patients were treated with laser retinopexy. Two of the patients who were treated with laser (4 eyes) did not survive to the 3-month follow-up visit, and their results are not included here. The two groups of infants were comparable in their birth weight, adjusted gestational age at treatment, and severity of disease as determined by zone and sectors of stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity. Results: Unfavorable outcome (total retinal detachment) was seen in 25.4% of eyes treated with cryotherapy (26 of 102), as compared with 15% of eyes treated with laser (13 of 86). Two cataracts were seen in our patients: one patient 22 weeks after cryotherapy, and the other 7 months after diode laser. Conclusions: No statistically significant difference was found in the rate of retinal detachments in the two groups ( χ 2 = 3.05; P = .08).
The Gender Equity Gap in Top Corporate Executive Positions

Although Corporate America has expended great efforts to shrink the gender equity gap at all levels, there is persistent evidence in the financial press that the gap still exists. This study focuses on the gender equity gap in the most highly compensated positions within corporations. Using Standard & Poor’s Compustat ExecuComp database for 1992‐1997, we find that only 3 percent of the most highly compensated executives are female, that these positions are held disproportionately by men, and that female executives are more likely to be clustered in particular industry groups. In a sample matched by job title, company size and industry, male executives earn significantly higher salaries and bonuses, though total compensation is not significantly different. However, these compensation differences may be explained by differences in human capital characteristics such as age and tenure within a particular job title. Thus, the gender equity gap at top executive positions may be due more to a lack of opportunity than to wage discrimination.