cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the Current Era, Heart-Liver Transplantation May Not Protect Against Acute and Chronic Rejection

Purpose Heart-liver transplant (HLvTx) has been demonstrated to show an immune protective effect with the transplanted liver protecting the heart. There are several reports suggesting less rejection in the HLvTx group. It has not been established whether this benefit is present in the current era. Methods Between 2007 and 2017, we assessed 13 HLvTx patients compared to heart alone patients (HATx, n=758). Patients were assessed for freedom from 1-year rejection [acute cellular rejection (ACR) and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR)] and donor-specific antibodies (DSA). Other endpoints included 5-year survival and freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV, stenosis ≥30% by angiography) and non-fatal major adverse cardiac event (NF-MACE: myocardial infarction, new congestive heart failure, percutaneous coronary intervention, implantable cardioverter defibrillator/pacemaker implant, stroke). Results HLvTx compared to HATx showed similar freedom from 1-year rejection (ACR, AMR) and DSA. 5-year survival, freedom from CAV and NF-MACE were also similar between the two groups (see table). Conclusion In the current era, HLvTx does not appear to provide immune protection in either rejection or CAV. A larger number of heart-liver transplant patients will be needed to confirm these findings.
Reuniting Archaeology and Archives through the Smithsonian Institution’s Ralph S. and Rose L. Solecki Papers and Artifacts Project

The Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History recently conducted a two-year project to process and connect the archives and artifacts of archaeologists Ralph and Rose Solecki, most famous for their work at the sites of Shanidar Cave and Zawi Chemi Shanidar in northern Iraq. Through a collaboration between the archivally-focused National Anthropological Archives and the object-focused Department of Anthropology collections management group, the Ralph S. and Rose L. Solecki Papers and Artifacts Project sought to set an example for archaeological collections and archives stewardship by preserving the association between archaeological specimens and archival records through an integrative methodology of archival processing and specimen cataloging to increase their value to future researchers. Further, the project provides a case study intended to contribute to interdisciplinary conversations about the enduring legacy of archaeologists and their collections within archives and museums through collaborative collections and archives management.
Migration, Remittances, and Politics in Postwar El Salvador

Remittances have become an important source of income for many people in the developing world. How do governments respond to the increasing inflow of remittances from abroad? Previous studies have argued formally and empirically that remittances incentivize governments to distribute less and consume more. As governments see that households receive additional income from family abroad, then there may be no perceived benefit in distributing transfers and subsides or spending on public goods. The aim of this paper is to test the hypothesis that remittances decrease the probability a municipality participates in a conditional cash transfer program in El Salvador. I will use municipal-level Salvadoran data to investigate the political influence of remittances. Furthermore, to get around potential endogeneity, data from the American Community Surveys and the geographic distribution of Salvadoran migrants in the United States will be used to instrument for remittances. The use of American data will take into account the exposure a Salvadoran municipality has to migration and remittances. Using both American and Salvadoran data, a municipality’s emigrant population and estimated income abroad can only affect the likelihood that a municipality is selected for the poverty-reduction program through remittances. This study on distributive politics will account for the transnational dynamic that plays a vital role in Salvadoran society as it does in other countries around the world.
A graph game model for software tamper protection

We present a probabilistic program-transformation algorithm to render a given program tamper-resistant. In addition, we suggest a model to estimate the required effort for an attack.Wemake some engineering assumptions about local indistinguishability on the transformed program and model an attacker's steps as making a walk on the program flow graph. The goal of the attacker is to learn what has been inserted by the transformation, in which case he wins. Our heuristic estimate counts the number of steps of his walk on the graph. Our model is somewhat simplified, but we believe both the constructions and models can be made more realistic in the future.
Apologia for the Double Tax of Corporation Income

One of the most controversial aspects of the U.S. income tax system is the double taxation of corporate income. Such income is taxed both when it is earned by the corporation and when it is distributed to the shareholders. Most other kinds of income are taxed only once. It is generally thought that treating corporate income less advantageously than other income distorts investment incentives and reduces economic productivity. This article draws upon the fundamental insight that a properly structured income tax encourages investment in risky assets to argue that a second layer of tax on corporate income can be a very efficient way of raising revenue and can possibly improve economic productivity. The article also shows how this insight helps to justify the difference in tax treatment between debt and equity which is generally thought indefensible. It also analyzes how the U.S. income tax could be restructured to take advantage of this phenomenon.
Differential Resistance Among Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia) Species, Hybrids, and Cultivars to Foliar Feeding by Adult Flea Beetles (Altica litigata)

Field (choice) and laboratory (no choice) studies were conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of 12 crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia) cultivars, representing two species and their interspecific hybrids, to feeding damage by the flea beetle (Altica litigata Fall). The results indicate that as a group, the L. indica L. cultivars were more susceptible to attack and significant herbivory damage by Altica beetles, whereas all the L. fauriei Koehne cultivars and most of the interspecific L. indica · fauriei hybrids were resistant. Significant differences in feeding damage were observed between the new and older leaves in the susceptible hybrid 'Biloxi' and L. indica 'Whit IV', but not in the rest of the cultivars. Mineral nutrient content differences were observed between species with L. indica cultivars having a significantly contrasting nutrient status profile compared with the L. fauriei and interspecific hybrid cultivar groups. The results indicate that the factors influencing Altica flea beetle-feeding preferences and damage are inherited and therefore will allow the implementation of pest management practices that minimize damageandoptimizechemicalcontrolstrategies. Inaddition,opportunitiesmay existfor breeding and selection efforts that could lead to superior cultivars with insect resistance.
Neurofibromin is enriched in the endoplasmic reticulum of CNS neurons

NF1 patients display CNS abnormalities including learning disabilities, clumsiness, astrocytomas, and abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging exams. To determine whether the cellular and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibromin reveals possible function for neurofibromin in the brain, we stained rat brain tissue sections with anti-neurofibromin antibodies. Neurofibromin is highly enriched in large projection neurons, such as cortical and hippocampal pyramidal cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neurofibromin is present in cell bodies and in axons, but is highly enriched in dendrites. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis demonstrates that NF1 is associated with smooth vesiculotubular elements and cisternal stacks and with multivesicular bodies in the cell body and dendrites, but not with the plasma membrane, nucleus, nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, or rough endoplasmic reticulum. The preferential localization of neurofibromin to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, together with evidence that neurofibromin modulates ras GTPase activity, suggests that some, if not all, of the CNS manifestations of NF1 might result from the altered expression of neurofibromin in neurons, perhaps through disruption of Ca2+ signaling, translocation of organelles, or endocytic pathways.
A Neighborhood Shopping Street and the Making of Urban Cultures and Economies in Germany

This paper examines the cultural, social, and economic contributions of multi–ethnic neighborhood businesses to the transformation of German cityscapes. The diversity on N–Street in Stuttgart has b...
The effect of baclofen on nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux and measures of sleep quality: a randomized, cross-over trial

Background Baclofen, a GABAb agonist, has been shown to reduce episodes of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). To determine if baclofen would significantly reduce reflux during sleep, and also improve objective and subjective measures of sleep. Methods Twenty-one individuals with complaints of nighttime heartburn at least twice a week and a Carlsson GERD score of at least 5 were studied. Patients underwent polysomnography (PSG) and simultaneous esophageal pH monitoring on two occasions separated by approximately 1 week in a cross-over design. The night of each polysomnographic study, patients consumed a refluxogenic meal. Baclofen (40 mg) or placebo was given in random order 90 min prior to the start of the PSG. Key Results Baclofen significantly reduced the number of reflux events compared with placebo. Upright and recumbent acid contact times were both reduced by baclofen vs placebo, but the differences were not significant. Regarding sleep outcomes, several variables were significantly improved by baclofen. Total sleep time and sleep efficiency increased, and wake after sleep onset decreased in the baclofen condition compared with placebo. Proportion of Stage 1 sleep was also significantly decreased on baclofen. Conclusions & Inferences In addition to reducing the number of reflux events during sleep, baclofen significantly improved several measures of sleep in patients with documented GER and sleep disturbances. Baclofen could therefore be considered as a useful adjunct therapy to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients with nighttime heartburn and sleep disturbance who continue to have heartburn and/or sleep complaints despite PPI therapy.
Q, Break-even and the n{tau{sub E}} Diagram for Transient Fusion Plasmas

Q, break-even and the Lawson diagram are well defined and understood for steady-state fusion plasma conditions. Since many fusion experiments are transient, it is necessary to clarify the definitions for instantaneous Q values and break-even so that the Lawson diagram can be interpreted for transient plasma conditions. This discussion shows that there are two mathematically correct methods to describe the Lawson diagram for a transient plasma: the Lawson/TFTR method and the JET/JT-60 method. These methods are discussed in detail in this paper.
Nucleic Acid Blotting: Southern and Northern

E.M. Southern invented blotting of DNA in 1975; the method was extended to RNA and named northern blotting in 1977. Southern blotting includes limited depurination, denaturation, and neutralization of the DNA in gels (where they have been separated in size by electrophoresis) and capillary transfer of the DNA onto nitrocellulose or nylon blotting membranes. For northern blotting, RNA is guarded from basic pH and RNase, denatured, separated by electrophoresis, and then blotted on to nylon blotting membranes. Either type of blot is then blocked to prevent nonspecific binding, hybridized with probe, and washed. Next, the sequences of interest are located by detecting labeled probes. One alternative method involves dot/slot blotting when the size of the nucleic acid being probed is not of interest. Also, electrophoretic transfer from polyacrylamide gels can be used when the nucleic acid fragments of interest are too small to be resolved on agarose gels. Artifacts in Southern blot can result from incomplete digestion, overloading the blotting membrane, incomplete blocking, damaged blot media, and air bubbles. In northern blotting, RNA quality must be monitored, and RNA that is degraded or contaminated with excess DNA should be avoided. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 6:8.2.1-8.2.26. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: RNA blotting; DNA blotting; electrophoresis; capillary transfer; hybridization; vacuum blotting; dot blotting
Characterization of bicrystals using kikuchi patterns

Three parameters, the misorientation angle, misorientation axis, and boundary normal, have been used to describe a general bicrystal,e.g., two adjacent grains, subgrains, or twins. An analysis developed to determine these parameters is presented. The angle and axis of misorientation are calculated from a misorientation matrix obtained from two Kikuchi patterns, one taken from each of the two crystals. To obtain the boundary normal, a specimen tilt is made inside the electron microscope. A rotation matrix specifying the actual specimen tilt is formulated from two Kikuchi patterns taken from the same crystal before and after tilt. With this rotation matrix and the change of projected boundary images before and after tilt, the boundary normal can be calculated. It is demonstrated that 1) for high-angle bicrystals, the misorientation angle may be determined to within ±0.2 deg, and the misorientation axis to within 0.1 deg; 2) for low-angle bicrystals, the misfit angle can be obtained to within ±0.1 deg, and the misfit axis to within 4 deg; and 3) the boundary normals so determined are generally accurate to 2 deg if suitable correction is made for the magnification change resulting from the specimen tilt.
Adam Smith's concept of the social system

This essay will postulate that Adam Smith's view of society was formulated out of historical influences far broader than generally conceded by many commentators in economic thought. Smith's basic behavioral concepts of sympathy and self-interest are significant contributions to economic thought as are his philosophy of human nature being based on liberty and freedom and not simply the creation of wealth. The vectors of influence that converged on Adam Smith were of varied and even contradictory natures. Yet the result of this collision of philosophical forces was clearly an event of significance in the history of philosophical and economic thought.
Adaptive coarse-graining for transient and quasi-equilibrium analyses of stochastic gene regulation

Intracellular populations of genes, RNA and proteins are often described by continuous-time, discrete-state Markov processes, whose time-varying probability distributions evolve according to the large or infinite dimensional linear ordinary differential equation known as the chemical master equation (CME). Numerical integration and stochastic simulation of the CME are often impossible or time consuming. We introduce new methods to project the full CME onto a lower dimensional space, while retaining the transient and equilibrium statistics of the original process. First, we investigate three complementary sets of coarse-graining rules: (i) The previously described finite state projection approach; (ii) A modification of existing coarse-graining approaches to reduce the system dimension while capturing the processes equilibrium distribution; and (iii) New time-scale correction terms to recapture transient dynamics of the original system. Next, we explore different iterative algorithms that automatically adapt the projection resolution to improve accuracy and efficiency of the CME solution. We test these projection and refinement strategies on several gene regulatory processes, and we comment on the efficiency and accuracy of the coarse-graining rules and refinement strategies.
Clinical evaluation of a new alkylating agent, Azetepa, in one hundred and twenty‐five cases of malignant tumors

A new alkylating agent, Azetepa, is described. Our clinical experience in 125 patients with a variety of solid tumors is presented. Azetepa is useful chiefly in the treatment of lymphomas, mammary carcinoma, and carcinomas of the female genital tract. Its effectiveness in carcinomas of the digestive tract and accessory organs is comparable to that of the fluorinated pyrimidines. It can be administered via all conventional routes. Toxicity was very low; no deaths due to hematologic causes occurred. There was no hepato-renal toxicity. Tentative recommendations are made for dosages and routes of administration.
Adverse childhood experiences: towards a clear conceptual meaning

Aim To report an analysis of the concept of adverse childhood experiences. Background Adverse childhood experiences have been associated with negative physical and psychological health outcomes, but this phenomenon lacks the clear, consistent meaning necessary for use in nursing research, theory development and practice. Design Concept clarification. Data Sources The literature search was not limited a priori by date and included publications with abstracts in English from PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Social Abstracts. The search retrieved 128 articles published from 1970–2013. The search term ‘adverse childhood experiences’ was used, with similar terms permitted. A snowball approach was used to expand the search to relevant literature. Methods The articles were read and analysed following Norris's five steps for concept clarification to refine, elucidate and operationally define the concept and the context in which it occurred. Results Adverse childhood experiences were defined operationally as childhood events, varying in severity and often chronic, occurring in a child's family or social environment that cause harm or distress, thereby disrupting the child's physical or psychological health and development. Conclusion This concept clarification should raise awareness and understanding of the diverse nature and shared characteristics of adverse childhood experiences that are believed to influence the health of individuals as they age. This clarified concept will help expand research on health consequences of adverse childhood experiences and interventions to improve health. We recommend promoting a model of primary care that pays attention to the social and familial influences on the health of individuals worldwide.
Growth-Promotant Implants: Managing the Tools

Great contemplation, conversation, and controversy have surrounded the use of growth-promotant implants since their inception in the 1950s. Since the very beginning, the purpose of growth promotants has been to enhance production efficiency, reduce the cost of production, and improve profitability. Changes in our understanding of the physiologic mechanisms involved in growth promotion have not altered this fundamental purpose. With enhanced knowledge of the impact of various compounds and doses on different classes of animals, and with the introduction of numerous products providing those compounds and doses, planning implant programs has become difficult. However, the net return from a well-designed implant program may mean the difference between profit and loss on a given set of cattle.
The Effects of Extrinsic Rewards of Differential Value on High and Low Intrinsic Interest.

McLoYD, VONNIE C. The Effects of Extrinsic Rewards of Differential Value on High and Low Intrinsic Interest. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1979, 50, 1010-1019. This study examined the effects of a high-value versus low-value reward on intrinsic interest in reading a high-interest versus low-interest storybook in 54 secondand third-grade children. Both reward value and storybook interest were inferred on the basis of individual choices made by each child. Children in the high-interest group received their first-choice storybook to read, while children in the lowinterest group received their last-choice storybook. In each of these interest groups, children received either their first-choice reward for reading a portion of the storybook (high value), their last-choice reward (low value), or no reward. Results indicated that, during a 10-min free-choice period, children in the high-interest group spent significantly more time with and read more words from the respective storybook than children in the low-interest group, except those who received a high-value reward. Of children in the high-interest group, those in the no-reward condition spent significantly more time with and read more words from the storybook than children in both the highand low-value reward conditions, which did not differ significantly from each other. In contrast, of children in the low-interest group, those in the high-value reward condition spent significantly more time with and read more words from the storybook than children in both the low-value and no-reward conditions, which did not differ significantly from each other.
(γ, n) cross sections for O16 and Si28

The photoneutron cross sections were measured using nearly monochromatic photons obtained from the annihilation-in-flight of fast positrons and a 4 pi paraffin-moderated neutron counter. The energy levels and fractional dipole strengths were determined. Previously unreported levels appeared in the O/sup 16/ data, while no ( gamma ,2n) cross section was observed for either nuclide up to 30 Mev. The measured dipole strengths for O/sup 16/ disagree with theoretical values. (D.C.W.)
Neurotrophin signal transduction in medulloblastoma

The members of the neurotrophin family play key biological roles in the development of the nervous system. Based on studies initially in cell lines (e.g., the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells), neurotrophins have been found to be important mediators of proliferation, differentiation, and survival in the normal brain, but their role in brain tumors remains unclear. Since neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors are frequently detected in biopsy samples of central nervous system medulloblastomas, efforts have been undertaken in several laboratories to elucidate the potential effects of neurotrophins on the growth and differentiation of these tumors. Results from these studies may have both basic and clinical implications because medulloblastomas resemble embryonic neuroectodermal stem cells and/or their immature neuronal and glial progeny. This review focuses on recent developments in our understanding of the role of neurotrophins in medulloblastomas, especially the ability of nerve growth factor to induce apoptosis in vitro in medulloblastomas. J. Neurosci. Res. 49:522–527, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infection by anisakid nematodes contracaecum spp. in the Mayan cichlid fish 'Cichlasoma (Nandopsis)' urophthalmus (Gunther 1862).

Larval nematodes that parasitize the Mayan cichlid fish ‘Cichlasoma (Nandopsis)’ urophthalmus (Gunther 1862) in southern Florida were identified as Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae, Anisakinae). The objective of this study was to determine whether infection intensity and prevalence of these parasites differ between a brackish water and freshwater habitat or through ontogeny in the freshwater habitat only. The nematodes were removed from the abdominal cavity of the fishes and counted. Infection intensity was compared between habitats using analysis of covariance and evaluated through ontogeny using Spearman rank order correlation. Prevalence was compared between habitats and between adults and juveniles from the freshwater habitat using a z-test. Although infection intensity did not differ between habitats, infection prevalence was greater at the freshwater site (FWS). Both the prevalence and intensity of nematode infection increased through ontogeny at the FWS, and no nematode was found in fishes t...
Historical perspectives of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Herbert Sloan.

Herbert Sloan, the 60th president of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), was born on October 10, 1914, in Clarksburg, WV, the sixth of the 7 children of Luella Dye and Dr Herbert E. Sloan, also a surgeon. He earned an AB degree fromWashington and Lee University in 1936, where he was a varsity wrestler. He graduated summa cum laude and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He received his medical degree from the Johns Hopkins University in 1940 and was elected to Alpha Omega Alpha. Dr Sloan stayed on at Hopkins and spent a war-shortened 4 more years there, rising to the resident surgeon level. He recalled the World War II years when he was a second-year house officer in a reflection in 2002:
A methodology for knowledge management implementation

This article describes research work which was directed towards providing the automotive industry with a practical methodology that translates the conceptual ideas of knowledge management (KM) into a working programme with defined objectives, using industry terminology. The research also developed a supporting analysis methodology that enables an effective analysis of the influences on employee activities when creating and sharing valuable corporate knowledge, that spans technical and cultural boundaries. This happens through identifying the factors that impact on defined KM metrics. The analysis identifies the key influencing factors within a working environment. The research benefits are felt when the ground‐level drivers of KM behaviour are improved through links to an appropriate KM strategy. KM strategy may emphasise organisational cultural changes or IT changes or both in an endeavour to improve innovation, reduce business costs and reduce time to market of new products. An industrial case study was undertaken to validate the research.
Characterization of the stochastic median queue trajectory in a plane with generalized distances

We characterize the trajectory of the Stochastic Queue Median SQM location problem in a planar region with discrete demands and a general Lp travel metric 1 <p < ∞. The location objective is to minimize expected response time to customers i.e., travel time plus queue delay. We use an e-perturbed version of the SQM objective function to account for points of nondifferentiability to show that for the e-perturbed problem the optimal SQM location occurs in a region bounded by the point minimizing the first and second moments of service time s*â£e and s2*â£e, respectively; all optimal locations can be characterized by a simple ratio condition relating the derivatives of the first and second moments of service time; and the trajectory as a function of the customer call rate moves monotonically along a path from s*â£e toward s2*â£e, then turns and retraces the same path back to s*â£e. Finally, we establish convergence of the e-optimal solution to an optimal SQM solution as e approaches zero, as well as a general condition under which we can solve the SQM problem directly, with no perturbation.
Flare cue symbology and EVS for zero-zero weather landing

When flying an airplane, landing is arguably the most difficult task a pilot can do. This applies to pilots of all skill levels particularly as the level of complexity in both the aircraft and environment increase. Current navigational aids, such as an instrument landing system (ILS), do a good job of providing safe guidance for an approach to an airfield. These aids provide data to primary flight reference (PFR) displays on-board the aircraft depicting through symbology what the pilot's eyes should be seeing. Piloting an approach under visual meteorological conditions (VMC) is relatively easy compared to the various complex instrument approaches under instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) which may include flying in zero-zero weather. Perhaps the most critical point in the approach is the transition to landing where the rate of closure between the wheels and the runway is critical to a smooth, accurate landing. Very few PFR's provide this flare cue information. In this study we will evaluate examples of flare cueing symbology for use in landing an aircraft in the most difficult conditions. This research is a part of a larger demonstration effort using sensor technology to land in zero-zero weather at airfields that offer no or unreliable approach guidance. Several problems exist when landing without visual reference to the outside world. One is landing with a force greater than desired at touchdown and another is landing on a point of the runway other than desired. We compare different flare cueing systems to one another and against a baseline for completing this complex approach task.
The effects of confinement on neuronal growth cone morphology and velocity

Optimizing growth cone guidance through the use of patterned substrates is important for designing regenerative substrates to aid in recovery from neuronal injury. Using laser ablation, we designed micron-scale patterns capable of confining dissociated mouse cerebellar granule neuron growth cones to channels of different widths ranging from 1.5 to 12 μm. Growth cone dynamics in these channels were observed using time-lapse microscopy. Growth cone area was decreased in channels between 1.5 and 6 μm as compared to that in 12 μm and unpatterned substrates. Growth cone aspect ratio was also affected as narrower channels forced growth cones into a narrow, elongated shape. There was no difference in the overall rate of growth cone advance in uniform channels between 1.5 and 12 μm as compared to growth on unpatterned substrates. The percentage of time growth cones advanced, paused, and retracted was also similar. However, growth cones did respond to changes in confinement: growth cones in narrow lanes rapidly sped up when encountering a wide region and then slowed down as they entered another narrow region. Our results suggest that the rate of neurite extension is not affected by the degree of confinement, but does respond to changes in confinement.
Hydrophobic but Hygroscopic Polymer Films – Identifying Interfacial Species and Understanding Water Ingress Behavior

The hydrophobic but hygroscopic nature of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with quaternary ammonium cationic side chains adsorbed on a SiO(2) surface was investigated with sum frequency generation vibration spectroscopy (SFG) and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). PDMS with cationic side chains, named cationic polymer lubricant (CPL), forms a self-healing boundary lubrication film on SiO(2). It is interesting that CPL films are externally hydrophobic but internally hydrophilic. The comparison of SFG and ATR-IR data revealed that the methyl groups of the PDMS backbone are exposed at the film/air interface and the cationic side groups and counterions are embedded within the film. The hydrophobicity must originate from the surface CH(3) groups, while the ionic groups inside the film must be responsible for water uptake. The surface hydrophobicity can alleviate the capillary adhesion while the hygroscopic property enhances the mobility and self-healing capability of the CPL boundary lubrication film.
Effects of increasing response requirement on choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys.

Rhesus monkeys were trained in a discretetrials choice procedure and allowed to choose between intravenous injections of cocaine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg/injection) and food presentation (1 or 4 pellets; 1 g/pellet) during daily 7-h experimental sessions. When each reinforcer was available under a fixed-ratio (FR) 30 schedule, the frequency of cocaine choice and the total drug intake increased in a dose-related manner for all monkeys. When the FR for cocaine was differentially increased, the frequency of cocaine choice decreased, shifting the cocaine dose-response function to the right and/or downward. When the FR for cocaine was at least 480, cocaine preference could not be recovered up to doses of 1.0 mg/kg/injection. In a second experiment, when the response requirement for food was differentially increased, the frequency of cocaine choice increased. These results demonstrate that altering the response requirement for cocaine or for alternative reinforcers that are available can substantially affect cocaine self-administration.
GAPNA 30th conference: improving lives of older adults--practice & policy.

GAPNA celebrated its 30th annual conference in beautiful Washington, DC, September 14e18, 2011. The conference was opened by Evelyn Duffy, presiding president who welcomed the largest attendance in GAPNA’s historyd430 advanced practice nurses (APNs) and students. There were two preconference sessions, one focused on geriatric pharmacology and the other on research, and both were well attended. All sessions of the conference were recorded, allowing attendees to potentially attend all presentations virtually via GAPNA’s online library. MaryWakefield PhD, RN, Administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), delivered the keynote address with a passionate discussion about how APNs will play a key role in the health of our nation as well as participate as key players in health care reform. APN’s importance will increase in all types of practice in caring for the growing geriatric population. Our profession will be important in the delivery of quality care, assurance of safety in practice, and impact the overall health of the geriatric population, our nation’s most vulnerable people. The nursing profession has shown a commitment to excellence in care and shares many of the same goals that HRSA has for our nation’s health care. There are tremendous opportunities for APNs in the evolving Affordable Care Act (ACA), but there are many challenges ahead as nursing as well as our nation moves forward on this agenda. HRSA has a large portfolio with a tremendous impact on health care. The agency uses its $9.7 billion annual budget to manage 80-plus grant programs in partnership with state, local, and community organizations across the country. HRSA’s Community Health Centers Program supports more than 1100 grantees at more than 8100 sites dotted across our country’s landscape. This
Synchronized division of growing cultures of Escherichia coli

Abstract Some of the conditions which lead to the state of synchronous division in cultures of E. coli B have been investigated. Two reproducible methods for the achievement of this state are the chilling and rewarming of a growing culture, and the addition of glucose to a culture which has been incubated for at least 4 hours after depletion of glucose from the medium. During the period of depletion the RNA DNA ratio dropped. After addition of glucose this ratio rose.
Controlling Nonlinear Resonances in Superconducting Storage Accelerators

There is reason to expect that nonlinear imperfection resonances may be stronger in a high field superconducting storage accelerator than in a storage accelerator using conventional magnets. A rough study is done to estimate the minimum correction magnets required to correct for resonances up to and including the fifth order. It may be sufficient to have roughly one correction magnet in each cell of the storage ring, with each correction magnet having 12 different coils which are independently excited, and with about 36 independent power supplies. It is also suggested that these correction magnets may be used as all purpose correction magnets and correct for the linear resonances, central orbit displacements, and move the working point ?r, ?z as well. In this case, about two correction magnets are required per cell, each correction magnet having 21 different windings, and with about 132 independent power supplies required.
Delaunay triangulation and 3D adaptive mesh generation

Abstract Delaunay triangulation and its complementary structure the Voronoi polyhedra form two of the most fundamental constructs of computational geometry. Delaunay triangulation offers an efficient method for generating high-quality triangulations. However, the generation of Delaunay triangulations in 3D with Watson's algorithm, leads to the appearance of silver tetrahedra, in a relatively large percentage. A different method for generating high-quality tetrahedralizations, based on Delaunay triangulation and not presenting the problem of sliver tetrahedra, is presented. The method consists in a tetrahedra division procedure and an efficient method for optimizing tetrahedral meshes, based on the application of a set of topological Delaunay transformations for tetrahedra and a technique for node repositioning. The method is robust and can be applied to arbitrary unstructured tetrahedral meshes, having as a result the generation of high-quality adaptive meshes with varying density, totally eliminating the appearance of sliver elements. In this way it offers a convenient and highly flexible algorithm for implementation in a general purpose 3D adaptive finite element analysis system. Applications to various engineering problems are presented
Initiation-promotion skin carcinogenesis: inhibition by cyclic and non-cyclic nucleotides.

Summary The effect of nucleotides on initiation-promotion skin carcinogenesis in Swiss mice was investigated. Cyclic AMP was given before initiation with DMBA, between initiation and promotion, and at the same time as promotion with croton oil. Cyclic AMP was more effective in inhibiting tumor development when injected at the same time as promotion with croton oil. 5′-adenosine-monophosphate (5′-AMP) and cyclic GMP were as effective as cyclic AMP in inhibiting tumor development under these conditions. However, adenosine, dibutyryl-cyclic AMP and 5′-guanosine-monophosphate (5′-GMP) were ineffective.
Visual similarity between manual and printed alphabet letters

This study examined the visual similarity of American manual alphabet letters to their graphic counterparts. Forty-five nondisabled undergraduate college students, who were unfamiliar with the manual alphabet, viewed each of the manual alphabet letters from three angles. Eleven of the 26 manual letters (42%) were correctly identified at one or more viewing angles by more than 50% (23/45) of the subjects. Perhaps more importantly, all of the manual letters were perceived to have some positive degree of similarity to their corresponding graphic letters, and for 65% (17/26) of the manual letters, the subjects perceived a moderate to a very strong degree of similarity. These findings suggest that with minimal training, manual alphabet letters may potentially provide a visual cue for phonologically segmenting and sequencing oral and written language. Implications on the instructional use of fingerspelling to facilitate phonemic awareness for high-risk or reading-impaired children and augmented communicators le...
Effects of insoluble surfactants on dip coating

Dip coating flow at a low capillary number has been studied in which a flat plate is withdrawn from a large liquid trough covered with an insoluble surfactant. If the surface concentration of the surfactant is relatively high, the coating flow may be relevant to the process of preparing Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. If it is low, on the other hand, the flow may correspond to a situation of inadvertent surface contamination by a small amount of impurities. By the method of matched asymptotic expansions, the thickness of the liquid film entrained onto the plate as affected by the surfactant and the surfactant concentration along the surface is determined. The spatial distribution of the surfactant is of particular interest from the viewpoint of the LB film deposition process as it determines the amount of the surfactant transferred from the trough surface to the plate (i.e., transfer efficiency). It is shown that the influence of surfactant on the flow mechanics is significant for a specific range of capillary numbers. When the capillary number is within the range, surface elasticity increases liquid entrainment, thus forming a thicker film compared with the Landau-Levich solution for a clean liquid surface. The increase in film thickness is shown to be limited by a maximum factor of 422 in the limit of large surface elasticity or small surfactant diffusivity. If the capillary number is outside the range, either the viscous stress or the surface diffusion is dominant and the Landau-Levich solution is recovered.
Nonlinear dynamics of atomic force microscope with PI feedback

Frequency modulation of an atomic force microscope is based on a PI control law, which keeps the amplitude equal to a desired value. This paper analyses the stability and performance of the closed-loop nonlinear dynamics of AFM. Numerical results are presented to corroborate the validity of theoretical analysis.
High resolution ADC spectral test with known impure source and non-coherent sampling

Spectral testing is important to measure the frequency characteristics of an Analog to Digital Converter. It is an expensive and challenging task to perform coherent sampling and to acquire highly pure signal generators for spectral testing. For the first time, a method that can eliminate the requirements of both coherent sampling and highly pure signal generators to perform accurate spectral test is proposed. Simulation results show the ability of the proposed method to accurately test a 15-bit ADC using a non-coherently sampled input signal with SFDR of 39dB. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed method over the whole range of non-coherency is presented. The method can be applicable for ADC production test.
Prediction of NO(x) production in a turbulent hydrogen-air jet flame

A major concern in the numerical study of turbulent nonpremixed flames is the accurate prediction of trace species. The production of pollutants such as NOx during unsteady combustion needs to be understood and predicted accurately so that the design of the next generation's combustion systems can meet the forthcoming stricter environmental restrictions. Numerical studies using steady-state methods cannot account for the unsteady phenomena in the mixing region, and therefore, fail to accurately predict the NOx production that could occur. A novel unsteady mixing model is demonstrated here that accounts for all the length scales associated with mixing and molecular diffusion processes. Finite-rate kinetics in the form of a reduced mechanism have been used to study hydrogen-air nonpremixed jet flames. NOx production in these jet flames was also predicted. Comparisons with experimental data and pdf calculations show good agreement, thereby, providing validation of the mixing model.
Characterization of Distortion in Polarimetric Radar Systems

Polarimetric radar measurements are corrupted by numerous error sources which limit the ability to derive true scattering coefficient information. The coupling between the polarimetric channels, gain imbalance between channels, and the influence of the system noise floor may all have detrimental impact on the measurement accuracy. These error sources and the relative impact of each of them will differ from radar to radar. Also, the impact of the error sources is dependent on the true scattering properties that are being measured. The importance of each of the error sources is examined by a perturbation study. Then the error effects are quantified by determining the worst-case error as a function of radar parameters and scatterer parameters. These worst-case distortion errors will be discussed along with the practical limits for removing the various sources of error.
SBE-Type Metal-Substituted Aluminophosphates: Detemplation and Coordination Chemistry

The detemplation process in Me-SBE (Me = Co^2+, Mg^2+, and Mn^2+) aluminophosphates was studied to elucidate materials stability and framework characteristics. In addition, the hydrothermal synthesis conditions were optimized to obtain materials with minimal phase impurities. This was accomplished by means of decreasing reaction temperature and increasing aging periods. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the Mg- and Mn-SBE as-synthesized samples revealed square plates with truncated corner morphologies grown in aggregated fashion and contrasting with the previously reported hexagonal platelike morphology of Co-SBE. Cautious detemplation in vacuum, using an evacuation rate of 10 mmHg/s and a temperature of 648 K, resulted in surface areas of about 700, 500, and 130 m^2/g for Mg-, Co-, and Mn-SBE, respectively. Thermal gravimetric analysis and in situ high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction analyses indicate the frameworks for all of the SBE variants experienced collapse upon treatment with helium at temperatures above 700 K and subsequently formed an aluminophosphate trydimite dense phase. Detemplation in air at all times resulted in framework destruction during detemplation. In situ differential scanning calorimetry−powder X-ray diffraction data showed that the SBE frameworks experience breathing modes related to specific endothermic and exothermic scenarios during air treatment. Decomposition and elimination of the organic template during vacuum treatment was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that most of the Co atoms in vacuum-treated samples are in tetrahedral coordination, while the Mn atoms exhibit various coordination states. Ultraviolet-visible, electron paramagnetic resonance, and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy corroborated the latter result in addition to providing evidence for the formation of Mn extra framework species. ^(27)Al MAS NMR spectra for vacuum-detemplated Mg-SBE samples prior to and after dehydration confirmed the reversible formation of aluminum octahedral sites. This, however, did not affect the porous nature of detemplated Mg-SBE samples as these are capable of adsorbing 19 water molecules per super cage at 298 K.
Differential regulation of nitrate reductase induction in roots and shoots of cotton plants.

The induction of nitrate reductase activity in root tips of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was regulated by several amino acids and by ammonium. Glycine, glutamine, and asparagine strongly inhibited induction of activity by nitrate and also decreased growth of sterile-cultured roots on a nitrate medium. Methionine, serine, and alanine weakly inhibited induction, and 11 other amino acids had little or no effect. Ammonium also decreased induction in root tips, but was most effective only at pH 7 or higher. The optimum conditions for ammonium regulation of induction were identical to those for growth of sterile-cultured roots on ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. Aspartate and glutamate strongly stimulated induction, but several lines of evidence indicated that the mechanism of this response was different from that elicited by the other amino acids. The effects of amino acids on induction appeared to be independent of nitrate uptake.In green shoot tissues, all attempts to demonstrate regulation of induction by amino acids failed. The great difference in observed responses of root and shoot to amino acids suggests that their nitrate reductase activities are regulated differently. Differential regulation of this enzyme is consistent with the responses of root and shoot nitrate reductase activity to nitrate.
The Relationship Between the Clinical Orientation of Substance Abuse Professionals and Their Clinical Decisions

In this study, the authors examined the relationship between the clinical orientations of substance abuse professionals (SAPs) and their clinical decisions. Cluster analysis grouped a sample of 245 SAPs on two clinical orientations that differed in their relative endorsement of traditional versus contemporary substance abuse counseling processes and beliefs. Logistic regression revealed that SAPs' clinical orientations, labeled neo-traditional and precontemporary, could be predicted by their clinical decision-making tendencies and education level. Implications for rehabilitation counselor education, supervision, and research are discussed.