cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topological Analysis of Large-scale Biomedical Terminology Structures

Abstract Objective To characterize global structural features of large-scale biomedical terminologies using currently emerging statistical approaches. Design Given rapid growth of terminologies, this research was designed to address scalability. We selected 16 terminologies covering a variety of domains from the UMLS Metathesaurus, a collection of terminological systems. Each was modeled as a network in which nodes were atomic concepts and links were relationships asserted by the source vocabulary. For comparison against each terminology we created three random networks of equivalent size and density. Measurements Average node degree, node degree distribution, clustering coefficient, average path length. Results Eight of 16 terminologies exhibited the small-world characteristics of a short average path length and strong local clustering. An overlapping subset of nine exhibited a power law distribution in node degrees, indicative of a scale-free architecture. We attribute these features to specific design constraints. Constraints on node connectivity, common in more synthetic classification systems, localize the effects of changes and deletions. In contrast, small-world and scale-free features, common in comprehensive medical terminologies, promote flexible navigation and less restrictive organic-like growth. Conclusion While thought of as synthetic, grid-like structures, some controlled terminologies are structurally indistinguishable from natural language networks. This paradoxical result suggests that terminology structure is shaped not only by formal logic-based semantics, but by rules analogous to those that govern social networks and biological systems. Graph theoretic modeling shows early promise as a framework for describing terminology structure. Deeper understanding of these techniques may inform the development of scalable terminologies and ontologies.
Active Heroin Abuse

A 21 year old heroin addict continues his habit by repeated injections of heroin into his arteriovenous access used for maintenance hemodialysis. Heroin addiction began during a three year prison term for armed robbery, his seventh felony arrest and fourth conviction. His dialysis course of two years has been complicated by bacterial endocarditis and multiple skin abscesses, the result of continue use of “dirty” needles and syringes. Neither his family — from which he is estranged — nor his parole officer have been able to “reason” with the patient. Over the preceding five months, the addiction has intensified and the patient has infected and destroyed three surgically created accesses in his arms. Dialysis is currently performed by repeated femoral vein cannulation. The responsible vascular surgeon refuses any further access surgery so long as the patient continues to inject heroin into any available vein.
Urban Slums: A Supportive Ecosystem for Typhoidal Salmonellae

The typhoidal Salmonellae were controlled in cities in North America and Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century by development of centralized water treatment systems. In the early 21st century, large urban centers where drinking water routinely mixes with human feces have the highest burden of typhoid fever. Although improving municipal drinking water quality is the most robust approach to reduce enteric fever burden, the high costs and managerial capacity that such systems require and decreasing per capita water availability requires new approaches to reach the highest risk communities. The spread of antimicrobial resistance threatens to increase the burden of enteric fever much sooner than the extension of safe reliable water service delivery can be implemented. Thus, vaccination is an important interim measure.
Comparison of 4D Flow MRI and Particle Image Velocimetry Using an In Vitro Carotid Bifurcation Model

Four-dimensional (4D) Flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the acquisition and assessment of complex hemodynamics in vivo from different vascular territories. This study investigated the viability of stereoscopic and tomographic particle image velocimetry (stereo- and tomo-PIV, respectively) as experimental validation techniques for 4D Flow MRI. The experiments were performed using continuous and pulsatile flows through an idealized carotid artery bifurcation model. Transverse and longitudinal planes were extracted from the acquired velocity data sets at different regions of interest and were analyzed with a point-by-point comparison. An overall root-mean-square error (RMSE) was calculated resulting in errors as low as 0.06 and 0.03 m/s when comparing 4D Flow MRI with stereo- and tomo-PIV, respectively. Quantitative agreement between techniques was determined by evaluating the relationship for individual velocity components and their magnitudes. These resulted in correlation coefficients (R2) of 4D Flow MRI with stereo- and tomo-PIV, as low as 0.76 and 0.73, respectively. The 3D velocity measurements from PIV showed qualitative agreement when compared to 4D Flow MRI, especially with tomo-PIV due to the addition of volumetric velocity measurements. These results suggest that tomo-PIV can be used as a validation technique for 4D Flow MRI, serving as the basis for future validation protocols.
Use of Hospital-Based Rehabilitation Services and Hospital Readmission Following Ischemic Stroke in the United States.

Abstract Objective To examine the association between hospital-based rehabilitation service use and all-cause 30-day hospital readmission among patients with ischemic stroke. Design Secondary analysis of inpatient Medicare claims data using Standard Analytical Files. Setting Acute hospitals across the United States. Participants From nationwide data, Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries (N=88,826) aged 66 years or older hospitalized for ischemic stroke between January to November 2010. Interventions Hospital-based rehabilitation services were quantified using Medicare inpatient claims revenue center codes for evaluation (occupational therapy [OT] and physical therapy [PT]), as well as the number of therapy units delivered. Therapy minutes for both OT and PT services were categorized into none, low, medium, and high. Main Outcome Measures All-cause 30-day hospital readmission. A generalized linear mixed model was used to examine the effect of hospital-based rehabilitation services on 30-day hospital readmission, after adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics. Results In fully adjusted models, compared to patients who received no PT, we observed a monotonic inverse relationship between the amount of PT and hospital readmission. For low PT (30 minutes), the odds ratio (OR) was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-0.96). For medium PT (>30 to ≤75 minutes), the OR was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.82-0.95). For high PT (>75 minutes), the OR was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80-0.93). Conclusion Hospital-based PT services were associated with lower risk of 30-day hospital readmission in patients with ischemic stroke.
Socially Responsible Supply Chain Management for a Competitive Advantage

Supply chain operations create a multitude of social and environmental challenges for organisations. Many of these challenges have a significant impact on the organisation’s stakeholders. Any corporate CSR strategy must address these issues to ensure that all stakeholders’ needs are addressed. Organisations often view these CSR efforts through the prism of cost minimisation or risk avoidance. Many of these activities, however, can add value and enhance a firm’s competitive position in the marketplace. Value-added initiatives can be justified in any organisation, even those that have no stated altruistic or social goals. This chapter’s missing link focuses on these value-added CSR strategies that can provide a competitive advantage for an organisation. Specific strategies to address the missing link include supplier development, local sourcing, collaborative distribution, closed-loop supply chain design, and increasing operational efficiency.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of hormone structure and function.

Publisher Summary Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of the abundant isotope of hydrogen, 1H, has been of great utility in elucidating the conformations of a wide variety of compounds of biological interest. The high resolving power of 13C NMR makes it a useful technique for the identification of complex compounds. In some cases, 13C NMR may be the only analytical method to detect with certainty the nature and amount of impurities in drug preparations. Such was the case with the ophthalmic drug pilocarpine (I). In most analytical techniques, it is extremely difficult to identify the isomer isopilocarpine (II). The 13C chemical shifts of the common amino acids are quite characteristic. In addition, they undergo changes upon incorporation into peptides. This chapter explains the effect on the α-carbon chemical shift of glycine on incorporation into di- and tripeptides, and also describes the 13C NMR spectrum of oxytocin and the tautomeric forms of histidine in peptide hormones.
Tumors and Related Lesions of the Retinal Pigmented Epithelium

There are a variety of pigment epithelial tumors, including benign and malignant types. Some are considered congenital such as congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) (solitary and multifocal), congenital simple hamartoma, and torpedo maculopathy. Some are presumed acquired such as adenoma and adenoma of the pigment epithelium. These lesions can clinically simulate malignant tumors, particularly malignant melanoma of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid (Shields and Shields 2015; Shields and Shields 2017a, b, c).
Phase Transition across Anisotropic NbS3 and Direct Gap Semiconductor TiS3 at Nominal Titanium Alloying Limit.

Alloying selected layered transitional metal trichalcogenides (TMTCs) with unique chain-like structures offers the opportunities for structural, optical, and electrical engineering thus expands the regime of this class of pseudo-one-dimensional materials. Here, the novel phase transition in anisotropic Nb(1-x) Tix S3 alloys is demonstrated for the first time. Results show that Nb(1-x) Tix S3 can be fully alloyed across the entire composition range from triclinic-phase NbS3 to monoclinic-phase TiS3 . Surprisingly, incorporation of a small concentration of Ti (x ≈ 0.05-0.18) into NbS3 host matrix is sufficient to induce triclinic to monoclinic transition. Theoretical studies suggest that Ti atoms effectively introduce hole doping, thus rapidly decreases the total energy of monoclinic phase and induces the phase transition. When alloyed, crystalline and optical anisotropy are largely preserved as evidenced by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and angle-resolved Raman spectroscopy. Further Raman measurements identify Raman modes to determine crystalline anisotropy direction and offer insights into the degree of anisotropy. Overall results introduce Nb(1-x) Tix S3 as a new and easy phase change material and mark the first phase engineering in anisotropic van der Waals (vdW) trichalcogenide systems for their potential applications in two-dimensional superconductivity, electronics, photonics, and information technologies.
Studies of ApoD −/− and ApoD −/− ApoE −/− mice uncover the APOD significance for retinal metabolism, function, and status of chorioretinal blood vessels

Apolipoprotein D (APOD) is an atypical apolipoprotein with unknown significance for retinal structure and function. Conversely, apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a typical apolipoprotein with established roles in retinal cholesterol transport. Herein, we immunolocalized APOD to the photoreceptor inner segments and conducted ophthalmic characterizations of ApoD-/- and ApoD-/-ApoE-/- mice. ApoD-/- mice had normal levels of retinal sterols but changes in the chorioretinal blood vessels and impaired retinal function. The whole-body glucose disposal was impaired in this genotype but the retinal glucose metabolism was unchanged. ApoD-/-ApoE-/- mice had altered sterol profile in the retina but apparently normal chorioretinal vasculature and function. The whole-body glucose disposal and retinal glucose utilization were enhanced in this genotype. OB-Rb, both leptin and APOD receptor, was found to be expressed in the photoreceptor inner segments and was at increased abundance in the ApoD-/- and ApoD-/-ApoE-/- retinas. Retinal levels of Glut4 and Cd36, the glucose transporter and scavenger receptor, respectively, were increased as well, thus linking APOD to retinal glucose and fatty acid metabolism and suggesting the APOD-OB-Rb-GLUT4/CD36 axis. In vivo isotopic labeling, transmission electron microscopy, and retinal proteomics provided additional insights into the mechanism underlying the retinal phenotypes of ApoD-/- and ApoD-/-ApoE-/- mice. Collectively, our data suggest that the APOD roles in the retina are context specific and could determine retinal glucose fluxes into different pathways. APOD and APOE do not play redundant, complementary or opposing roles in the retina, rather their interplay is more complex and reflects retinal responses elicited by lack of these apolipoproteins.
Delayed ionization and excitation dynamics in a filament wake channel in a dense-gas medium

A unified theoretical description is developed for the formation of an ionized filament channel in a dense-gas medium and the evolution of electronic degrees of freedom in this channel in the laser pulse wake, as illustrated in an example of high-pressure argon. During the laser pulse, the emerging free electrons gain energy via inverse Bremsstrahlung on neutral atoms, enabling impact ionization and extensive collisional excitation of the atoms. A kinetic model of these processes produces the radial density distributions in the immediate wake of the laser pulse. After the pulse, the thermalized electron gas drives the system evolution via impact ionization (from the ground and excited states) and collisional excitation of the residual neutral atoms, while the excited atoms are engaged in Penning ionization. The interplay of these three processes determines the electron-gas cooling dynamics. The local imbalance of the free-electron and ion densities induces a transient radial electric field, which depends critically on the electron temperature. The evolving radial profiles of the electron, ion, and excited-atom densities, as well as the profiles of electron temperature and induced electric field, are obtained by solving the system of diffusion-reaction equations numerically. All these characteristics evolve with two characteristic time scales, and allow for measuring the electronic stage of the wake-channel evolution via linear and nonlinear light-scattering experiments.
Media supplementation for targeted manipulation of monoclonal antibody galactosylation and fucosylation

Monoclonal antibodies are critically important biologics as the largest class of molecules used to treat cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic diseases. Antibody glycosylation is a critical quality attribute that has ramifications for patient safety and physiological efficacy-one that can be modified by such factors as media formulation and process conditions during production. Using a design-of-experiments approach, we examined the effect of 2-F-peracetyl fucose (2FP), uridine, and galactose on cell growth and metabolism, titer, and gene expression of key glycosylation-related proteins, and report how the glycoform distribution changed from Days 4 to 7 in a batch process used for IgG1 production from Chinese hamster ovary cells. We observed major glycosylation changes upon supplement addition, where the addition of 2FP decreased antibody fucosylation by up to 48%, galactose addition increased galactosylation by up to 21%, and uridine addition decreased fucosylation and increased galactosylation by 6% and 2%, respectively. Despite having major effects on glycosylation, neither galactose nor 2FP significantly affected cell culture growth, metabolism, or titer. Uridine improved peak cell densities by 23% but also reduced titer by ∼30%. The supplements caused significant changes in gene expression by Day 4 of the cultures where 2FP addition significantly reduced fucosyltransferase 8 and nucleotide sugar transporter gene expression (by ∼2-fold), and uridine addition significantly increased expression of UDP-GlcNAcT (SLC35A3) and B4GALT1-6 genes (by 1.5-3-fold). These gene expression data alongside glycosylation, metabolic, and growth data improve our understanding of the cellular mechanisms affected by media supplementation and suggest approaches for modifying antibody glycosylation in antibody production processes.
Non-catalytic and Catalytic Supercritical Water Oxidation of Phenol in the Wastewaters of Petroleum and Other Industries

Phenol can be one of the main toxic pollutants in wastewater streams from the petroleum industry and other industries such as coal processing, textiles, pharmaceuticals, plastics, wood production, and paint which can be difficult to decompose and can resist to biodegradation. Direct biological treatment cannot be feasible for wastewaters with higher concentration of phenol. Therefore, it is necessary to find an efficient treatment technique to degrade phenol in wastewaters to comply with standards.
Why the Rule of Law? Experimental Evidence from China

Similar to many developing countries, the government of China has publicly committed itself to the rule of law. As part of the campaign to strengthen the rule of law, the government, media and acad...
High-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL6 rearrangements presenting as a cervical mass

Lymphoid malignancies represent 0. 008% of all cervical tumours. While uncommon, lymphoid malignancies of the gynaecological tract require careful diagnosis and classification to ensure appropriate treatment. We present a case of a 54-year-old woman with HIV who presented with urinary and faecal incontinence for 2 weeks, associated with the feeling of a mass in her vagina. A smooth flesh-coloured pelvic mass was seen on physical examination, and a transvaginal biopsy revealed infiltration of atypical lymphoid cells with fluorescence in situ hybridisation positive for MYC and BCL6, and negative for IGH/BCL2. Bone marrow and cerebral spinal fluid analysis also showed involvement by atypical lymphocytes. She was diagnosed with stage IV high-grade B-cells lymphoma (HGBLs) with MYC and BCL6 rearrangements. She was given R-CODOX-M plus IVAC with no evidence of disease at 4-month follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first literature report of a HGBL with MYC and BCL6 rearrangement presenting as a cervical mass.
Exploratory analysis of noise reduction solutions in a psychiatric ward using beamforming techniques

The world health organization recommendations related to a psychiatric ward for sound pressure level measurements overtime are not to exceed 30 and 35 dBA, respectively. However, no published study results since 1975 have reported full compliance within a hospital. Hospitals are a stressful work environment regardless of the noise level that averages between 53 and 58 dBA. Unique working solutions offered by design architects and insurance companies to reduce noise conditions in a physiological health facility are not transferable to psychiatric units that are operating as a behavioral health facility. This study reports on an exploratory analysis of the noise reduction strategies within a psychiatric ward. Architecturally and electronically implemented noise mitigation solutions are used to minimize noise annoyance, which is related to the noise sensitivity of the patient and staff. Sound mapping and noise source localization are conducted utilizing beamforming techniques. Onsite noise measurements in time and frequency domain provide design opportunities for isolating patient rooms from noise by the public and staff working areas. The impact of working solutions on speech privacy and annoyance is determined. The results contribute to a more extensive database and opportunities toward improvement in design guidelines for psychiatric wards and a positive influence on the hospital soundscape.
Principal-Agent Problems in Health Care: Evidence from Prescribing Patterns of Private Providers in Vietnam

The principal-agent problem in health care asserts that providers, being imperfect agents for patients, will act to maximize their profits at the expense of the patients’ interests. This problem applies especially where professional regulations are lacking and incentives exist to directly link providers’ actions to their profits, such as a fee-for-service payment system. The current analysis tests for the existence of the principal-agent problem in the private health market in Vietnam by examining the prescribing patterns of the private providers. We show that: 1. private providers were able to induce demand by prescribing more drugs than public providers for a similar illness and patient profile; 2. private providers were significantly more likely to prescribe injection drugs to gain trust among the patients; and 3. patients’ education as a source of information and empowerment has enabled them to mitigate the demand inducement by the providers.Our hypotheses were supported with evidence from Vietnam National Health Survey 2001 and 2002, the first and, so far, only comprehensive health survey in the country.
The Education Trap: Schools and the Remaking of Inequality in Boston

In his 1963 A talk to teachers, James Baldwin keenly noted, “The paradox of education is precisely this—that as one begins to become conscious one begins to examine the society in which he is being...
Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with FIGO stage IB grade 3 endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma treated with surgery and post-operative radiotherapy.

Background The optimal treatment of patients with FIGO stage IB grade 3 endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma remains unknown. Objective To compare overall survival following treatment with a hysterectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in this group of patients. Methods Patients diagnosed between January 2004 and January 2016 with FIGO stage IB grade 3 endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma treated with hysterectomy and postoperative radiotherapy with or without adjuvant concurrent chemotherapy were identified in the National Cancer Database. Overall survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier curves. A Cox model was constructed to evaluate survival after controlling for confounding variables. A logistic regression model was used to reveal predictors of chemotherapy use. Results A total of 2173 patients were included. The receipt of chemotherapy was associated with an increased 5-year overall survival from 67.6% to 75.6% (p=0.0313). This association trended toward statistical significance on multivariate analysis (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.80; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.01; p=0.0653). Other factors associated with improved survival were undergoing a lymphadenectomy, absence of lymphovascular space invasion, younger age, smaller tumor size, non-black race, and absence of comorbidities. Patients who underwent brachytherapy, had lymphovascular space invasion, were younger, were diagnosed in the more recent years, and were treated in higher volume centers were more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy were associated with an increase in survival in patients with FIGO stage IB grade 3 endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma compared with those treated with adjuvant radiotherapy alone.
Atomic layer deposition of TiN/Ru gate in InP MOSFETs

InP channel planar and vertical MOSFETs utilizing atomic layer deposition of a TiN/Ru gate are fabricated. The performance of the TiN/Ru gate is compared to a Ru-only gate based on the C–V characteristics of MOS (metal–oxide–semiconductor) capacitors and peak transconductance ( gm) and subthreshold swing ( SS) in planar MOSFETs. Compared to devices with the conventional Ni/Au gate metal, these have a 70 mV/dec SS [Tseng et al., in Device Research Conference (IEEE, 2019), pp. 183–184.] and a long gate length; TiN/Ru gate devices exhibit an average 68 mV/dec SS, a record low value of InP, suggesting a high quality, low-damage high-k/InP interface. A record high peak gm of 0.75 mS/μm at VDS = 0.6 V on an InP channel is achieved in a planar gate length ( Lg)= 80 nm device. A vertical MOSFET shows a reasonably conformal Ru coverage of the vertical fin and a high 0.42 mS/μm peak gm for a Lg = 50 nm device. The results of planar and vertical MOSFETs show that TiN/Ru gate metallization via atomic layer deposition is promising for non-planar III–V MOS devices.
Use of an endoscopic flexible grasper as a traction tool for excision of polyps: preclinical trial

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is challenging in the right colon. Traction devices can make it technically easier. In this study, we evaluated a flexible grasper with articulating tip and elbow-like bending (IgE) through a double-balloon surgical platform (DESP), compared with an earlier generation grasper without elbow-like bending (Ig). The reach of Ig/IgE was investigated at eight locations using a synthetic colon within a 3D model. Using a fresh porcine colorectum, 4 cm pseudo-polyps were created at the posterior wall of the ascending colon. Fifty-four ESD procedures were performed using three techniques: standard ESD (STD), ESD using Ig (DESP + Ig), and ESD using IgE (DESP + IgE). IgE was able to reach the full circumference at all the locations, whereas the medial walls proximal to the descending colon were out of Ig’s reach. Compared with the STD, both DESP + Ig and DESP + IgE showed significantly shorter procedure time (STD vs. DESP + Ig vs. DESP + IgE = median 48.9 min vs. 38.6 vs. 29.9) and fewer injuries (1.5 vs. 0 vs. 0). Moreover, the DESP + IgE had a shorter procedure time than the DESP + Ig (p = 0.0025). The IgE with DESP increased instrument reach compared to Ig, and likely represented a traction tool for excision of large pseudo-polyps in the right colon.
DmCK2: Casein kinase II (D. melanogaster)

Casein kinase II (CK2) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase of broad substrate specificity that is widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms. Both the structure and the function of the enzyme are highly conserved. The physiological role of CK2 is poorly understood, but the enzyme is essential for viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae(S. cerevisiae). DmCK2 behaves similarly to its vertebrate counterpart in vitro and is able to substitute for the yeast enzyme in vivo. DmCK2 consists of a catalytic α subunit and a regulatory β subunit. An a isoform similar to that found in vertebrates or S. cerevisiae has not been identified. The product of the Dm Stellate locus is 38% identical to DmCK2 β and may or may not represent a β subunit isoform. The native form of the enzyme is an α2β2 tetramer. Although expressed DmCK2 α subunit exists as a catalytically active monomer in vitro, free catalytic subunit has not been observed in vivo. The native tetrameric form polymerizes into linear filaments under physiological conditions in vitro.
Microparticle levels after arterial injury and NO therapy in diabetes.

Abstract Background Little is known about how arterial injury, nitric oxide (NO), or the diabetic milieu impact microparticle (MP) levels in the vasculature. We hypothesized that MP levels would increase following local arterial injury, and that NO would modify MP levels differently based on the metabolic environment. Materials and methods Type 1 diabetes was induced in male Lean Zucker (LZ) rats with streptozotocin, and type 2 diabetes was induced in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats through diet. Lean Zucker rats served as nondiabetic controls. The rat carotid balloon injury was performed ± NO ( n > 4/group). Blood was obtained at intervals from baseline to 14 d after injury and analyzed for platelet MP (PMP), leukocyte MP (LMP), and endothelial MP (EMP) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Results At baseline, type 1 diabetic rats had the highest EMP levels ( P P P Conclusions These data demonstrate that the diabetic milieu impacts MP levels at baseline, after arterial injury and with NO treatment.
Effect of Antiserum to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Growth and Function of Choriocarcinoma in Vivo and in Vitro

The effects of antiserum to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on growth and endocrine function of human choriocarcinoma serially transplanted in the cheek pouch of the hamster and maintained in tissue culture were examined. Anti-HCG serum given in amounts sufficient to neutralize the biological effect of the HCG secreted by the tumor significantly reduced tumor size. Since tumor growth was not enhanced by HCG administration or by ovariectomy, the antitumor effect could not be attributed to neutralization of the hormonal effects of the HCG. Anti-HCG serum had no effect on the growth of choriocarcinoma cells in vitro , suggesting that a host factor was required for the in vivo effect of the antiserum on tumor growth.
To Sleep, Perchance to Dream …

“Sleep? What's that?” asked Ed with feigned surprise. A Vietnam era combat veteran, he had seen war at close range and was haunted by the things he had been forced to do to stay alive. He had taken...
Word-Order Change and Grammaticalization in the History of Chinese

1. Grammaticalization and the history of Chinese syntax 2. Word-order change in prepositional phrases 3. The BA construction and the grammaticalization of BA 4. The history of LE 5. The history of DE 6. The historical syntax and the history of Chinese.
1323 VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION AND RICKETS IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

Infants weighing below 1500 gms admitted to our NICU between January-June 1980 were prospectively randomized in two groups. Group A was placed on 400 units of Vitamin D daily and Group B on 600 units. Calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were measured bi-weekly. Chest x-ray was taken, looking for evidence of poor bone mineralization every 3-4 weeks. Vitamin D (25-Hydroxycholecalciferol) was measured in those with elevated alkaline phosphatase. Diagnosis of rickets was made in those infants with alkaline phosphatase of 450 units or more, decreased Vitamin D level, and radiological or clinical signs. We had 43 infants admitted to our study. 20 died (11 were in the 500 gms range) and 9 did not complete the required length in the protocol, so we were left with 14 infants, 8 in Group A and 6 in Group B. 2 babies in Group A developed biochemical and radiological evidence of rickets (25%). Group B had 1 baby (17%) with similar findings. This is preliminary data but it seems that the requirements of Vitamin D in VLBW are higher than 600 units daily.
Cardiac function and metabolism after chronic alcohol consumption: adaptation, reversibility, and effects of verapamil.

Abstract Hamsters were fed 50% alcohol instead of drinking water for up to 42 weeks (average serum alcohol levels were 0.12 ± 0.06 gm/dl during the 42 weeks). One group of hamsters (28 weeks) was given verapamil 3 days before they were killed. Two groups were withdrawn from alcohol acutely (3 days before they were killed) at 14 and 28 weeks. High-energy phosphate compounds were studied in isolated hearts with 31 P-MRS standardized by freeze clamping the tissue. Hemodynamics of the heart were monitored throughout the study. After 7 and 14 weeks of alcohol ingestion, developed pressure and the phosphorylation potential were depressed in the hearts of chronically treated hamsters. At 28 and 42 weeks developed pressure increased but was significantly below baseline values; however, the phosphorylation potential and [pH] i returned to baseline values at 28 and 42 weeks. Throughout the 7 to 42 weeks of alcohol ingestion the alcohol-treated hamsters had a significantly higher end-diastolic pressure as compared with control animals. Withdrawal of alcohol (3 days before the hamsters were killed) reversed the depression of developed pressure and the phosphorylation potential. Acute administration of verapamil (therapeutic dose 3 days before they were killed) to hamsters given alcohol for 28 weeks reversed the depressed hemodynamic values. Overall the data suggest an adaptation of the heart to continuing alcohol consumption, which was related to normalization of the phosphorylation potential and [pH] i and partial alleviation of functional depression.
Paroxysmal sympathetic storm.

Introduction: Paroxysmal sympathetic storm (PSS) is a rare syndrome characterized by episodic hypertension, hyperhydrosis, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and extensor posturing. Case reports: This article describes two cases of PSS: one following traumatic brain injury and the other following cardiac arrest. Discussion: The first responded to labetalol, morphine, and codeine, whereas the second responded to labetalol. Conclusion: These observations underscore the importance of central opioid receptors and nonselective β-adrenergic antagonists in modulating catecholamine pathways
Spectrum of sensitivity to acyclovir of herpes simplex virus clinical isolates

Abstract HSV-1 and HSV-2 clinical isolates were tested for their in vitro sensitivity to acyclovir. The median ID 50 for 32 genital HSV-2 isolates was 0.215 μg/ml and this was not significantly higher than a median value of 0.125 μg/ml for 28 oral HSV-1 isolates (p = 0.08). A wider range of ID 50 s was observed with the HSV-2 isolates compared with the HSV-1 isolates. The concentration of drug required to inhibit virus replication by 90 and 99 percent was approximately 10- and 100-fold greater than that producing 50 percent inhibition.
Computational studies of formal theories of natural language: Oregon State University

This research is oriented towards the development of process versions of descriptive theories of natural language. Present investigations are concentrating on the family of formal theories known as Montague Grammar, and especially on those derived from PTQ [4]. These theories are the subject of active investigation by both linquists and philosophers, and the fundamental characteristics of these theories make them computationally attractive.
Perturbation of solitons with non-Kerr law nonlinearity

Abstract This paper studies solitons and its perturbations with non-Kerr law nonlinearity that is governed by the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger's equation. The parameter dynamics of the soliton is obtained using the soliton perturbation theory. A couple of special cases of the non-Kerr law nonlinearity are considered as examples with the nonlinear damping type perturbation.
Managing conflict during an organizational acquisition

Conflict frequently arises during an organizational acquisition, and how a company manages that conflict has an impact on the success of the acquisition. Software developers, testers, and managers of a recently acquired organization reported profound changes in organizational culture and numerous potential sources of conflict. Conflict was generally well managed by effectively handling economic rewards, the balancing of power, cultural changes, and emotional reactions to the acquisition.
Capturing an accurate measure of success—Outcomes and endpoints in endovascular aneurysm repair☆

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to utilize an objective endpoint analysis of aneurysm treatment, which is based on the primary objective of aneurysm repair, and to apply it to a consecutive series of patients undergoing open and endovascular repair. Method: Aneurysm-related death was defined as any death that occurred within 30 days of primary aneurysm treatment (open or endovascular), within 30 days of a secondary aneurysm or graft-related treatment, or any death related to the aneurysm or graft at any time following treatment. We reviewed 417 consecutive patients undergoing elective infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair: 243 patients with open repair and 174 patients with endovascular repair. Results: There was no difference between the groups (open vs endovascular) with regard to mean age ± standard deviation (73 ± 8 years vs 74 ± 8 years) or aneurysm size (64 ± 2 mm vs 58 ± 10 mm) (P = not significant [NS]). The 30-day mortality for the primary procedure after open repair was 3.7% (9/243) and after endovascular repair was 0.6% (1/174, P <.05). The 30-day mortality for secondary procedures after open repair was 14% (6/41) compared to 0% after endovascular repair (P <.05). The aneurysm-related death rate was 4.1% (10/243) after open surgery and 0.6% (1/174) after endovascular repair (P <.05). Mean follow-up was 5 months longer following open repair (P <.05). Secondary procedures were performed in 41 patients following open surgery and 27 patients following endovascular repair (P = NS). Secondary procedures following open repair were performed for anastomotic aneurysms (n = 18), graft infection (n = 6), aortoenteric fistula (n = 5), anastomotic hemorrhage (n = 4), lower extremity amputation (n = 4), graft thrombosis (n = 3), and distal revascularization (n = 1). Secondary procedures following endovascular repair consisted of proximal extender cuffs (n = 11), distal extender cuffs (n = 11), limb thrombosis (n = 3), and surgical conversion (n = 2). The magnitude of secondary procedures following open repair was greater with longer operative time 292 ± 89 minutes vs 129 ± 33 minutes (P <.0001), longer length of stay 13 ± 10 days vs 2 ± 2 days (P <.0001) and greater blood loss 3382 ± 4278 mL vs 851 ± 114 mL (P <.0001). Conclusions: The aneurysm-related death rate combines early and late deaths and should be used as the primary outcome measure to objectively compare the results of open and endovascular repair in the treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. In our experience, endovascular aneurysm repair reduced the overall aneurysm-related death rate when compared to open repair. Secondary procedures are required after both open and endovascular repair. However, the magnitude, morbidity, and mortality of secondary procedures are reduced significantly with endovascular repair.
Gas chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of volatile fluoroether anesthetics using derivatized cyclodextrin stationary phases. Part I

The capacity factors and chiral selectivity factors were determined as a function of temperature for the enantiomers of desflurane, enflurane and isoflurane on nine commercially available cyclodextrin derivative-coated GC capillary columns. The enantiomers could be separated with the trifluoroacetylcyclodextrin stationary phases which show good chiral selectivities coupled with modest column efficiencies. Very rapid enantiomeric trace determinations of desflurane, isoflurane and enflurane could be achieved with a trifluoroacetyl γ-cylodextrin-coated capillary column.
Routes and Reasons Out, Paths Back: The Influence of Push and Pull Reasons for Leaving School on Students' School Reengagement.

Dropout is a major issue facing our country’s schools; however, many students who drop out of school later go on to finish their degree either by returning to high school or by earning a General Education Development (GED) credential. Despite this, there has been relatively little research on these students who “stopout” of high school. Drawing on a sample of high school dropouts, we build on research conceptualizing dropouts as having been “pushed” or “pulled” out of school by examining how routes out of school influence the process of return. Our analysis reveals that being either pushed or pulled has little differential impact on the reengagement process. But, particular reasons within the categories have strong effects on keeping students out of school and on the pathways that they take if they return. Implications are suggested for both school practice and for how researchers should best conceptualize dropouts.
Customers First - EVI Improving Driver Information

The use of automatic number plate recognition to supply real-time traffic condition information is discussed. The development of variable message signs to relay live journey delay times to travelling public is presented. How real-time journey time information was published via Webpage and to mobile devices is also discussed.
Rank Jumps in Codimension 2A-hypergeometric Systems

The holonomic rank of the A -hypergeometric systemHA (s) is shown to depend on the parameter vector s when the underlying toric ideal IAis a non-Cohen?Macaulay codimension 2 toric ideal. The set of exceptional parameters is usually infinite.
Separation and Stall of an Impulsively Started Elliptic Cylinder

Separation and stall of an impulsively started elliptic cylinder at an angle of attack are investigated through the method of inner and outer expansions. The assumptions are large Reynolds numbers and small times. The interactions between the boundary layer and the outer inviscid flow are taken into consideration. Uniformly valid solutions are obtained for general two-dimensional cylinders. The movements of the separation points on an elliptic cylinder are calculated. Stall is found to be strongly dependent on the thickness ratio and the angle of attack of the cylinder but to be weakly dependent on the Reynolds number.
Increased Water Activity Reduces the Thermal Resistance of Salmonella enterica in Peanut Butter

Increased water activity in peanut butter significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the heat resistance of desiccation-stressed Salmonella enterica serotypes treated at 90°C. The difference in thermal resistance was less notable when strains were treated at 126°C. Using scanning electron microscopy, we observed minor morphological changes of S. enterica cells resulting from desiccation and rehydration processes in peanut oil.
An electronic model of neuroelectric point processes.

Eine umfassende Darstellung der Nervenzellmembran wird durch eine Kombination von Hodgkin-Huxley-Beschreibung der elektrisch erregbaren Leitwerte und Eccles-Beschreibung der synaptisch induzierten Leitwerte wiedergegeben. Diese Darstellung wird in einem elektronischen Modell veranschaulicht. Nichtlineare aktive Schaltungen werden benutzt, um Leistungen zu entwickeln, die in ihrer Form mit den zeit- und spannungsabhangigen Leitwerten der Beschreibungen ubereinstimmen. Die Leistungen werden mit Hilfe von Multiplikatoren in aquivalente Leitwerte umgewandelt. Das elektrische Modell enthalt 24 kontrollierbare Parameter, von denen jeder mit einem in der Beschreibung ubereinstimmt. Zur Einstellung der Parameter sollte man eine Strategie benutzen, die soweit wie moglich die Werte von Hodgkin und Huxley (s. Tafel) als Parameter verwendet. Kleine Abweichungen von diesen Werten werden als mindere Storungen der grundliegenden Zusammenstellung betrachtet. Als Beispiel einer systematischen Untersuchung des Einflusses einer Veranderung verschiedener Parameter wurden die Spannungsschwingungen gewahlt. Die Frequenz der ungedampften Schwingungen betragt ungefahr 50 Hertz. Verschiedene andere kleine Anderungen der Parameter konnen Schwingungsfrequenzen von 4 Hertz hervorrufen. Mit grosen Storungen der Grundwerte kann man auch Schwingungsfrequenzen im Werte l Hertz erlangen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, das die kombinierten Eccles- und Hodgkin-Huxley-Beschreibungen die Mehrzahl der neuroelektrischen Vorgange einzelner Nervenzellen darstellen konnten. Dieser Vorschlag wird durch weitere Ergebnisse bestatigt. Die Beobachtung wird jedoch ausgedruckt, das die zusammenfassende Darstellung in wenigstens einem Falle, den Nervenzellen des Hummer-Herznervenknotens, nicht zulanglich ist.
Toward a Selection Theory of Molecular Evolution

The Neutral Theory Models describing the dynamics of genetic variants with no effect on fitness—so-called neutral models—have been around almost as long as the field of population genetics (Fisher 1922; Wright 1931). Decades after the first models were introduced Motoo Kimura gave a complete description of the dynamics of neutral mutations in finite populations, using mathematical tools borrowed from particle physics (Kimura 1955). Although the elegance of this and other results from Kimura and colleagues were uncontested, their applicability to data seemed remote until experiments revealed enormous amounts of molecular genetic variation, both within and between species (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1965; Harris 1966; Lewontin and Hubby 1966). The observed levels of variation appeared inconsistent with models that proposed selective effects for all or most mutations, and what has become known as the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution was born (Kimura 1968; King and Jukes 1969; Kimura and Ohta 1971). Despite contentious argument over the validity of the Neutral Theory (Kimura 1983; Gillespie 1991), it has become the predominant framework for research in population genetics and molecular evolution for almost 40 years. Increasingly complex models describing the expected patterns of variation within and between species allow researchers to ask about the evolutionary processes acting in nature, both at single loci and in increasingly large datasets encompassing all or most genes in a genome. The Neutral Theory provides a theoretical basis for understanding DNA variation with clear, testable hypotheses and an array of statistical tools that distinguish natural selection from random genetic drift (Kreitman 2000; Nielsen 2001; Hahn 2007). However, the recent paper by Begun and colleagues (Begun et al. 2007) should finally begin to change people’s view of this scientific paradigm. Although results inconsistent with the Neutral Theory have been mounting for some time (see below), the field has continued to use it as a foundation for understanding the molecular world. As the first true “population genomic” dataset, the results of Begun et al. force us to see that the central predictions of the Neutral Theory do not hold in natural populations. Far from just the half-caught glimpses of nonneutral evolution afforded by studies of limited numbers of loci, by sequencing the whole genomes of multiple lines of Drosophila simulans this work should cause a major shift in how we interpret DNA variation within populations and among species. As the conclusions of this article are appropriately cautious with respect to the implications of the work, I will use this essay to provide a wider view of the importance of these results and a synthesis with previous results. To do this I will address the two major tenets of the Neutral Theory, and how increasing amounts of data are showing that these claims and their attendant predictions do not hold for the vast majority of genes and species. I also argue that the implications of our continued use of neutral models are dire—at
Timing and intensity variability in the metronomic speech of stuttering and nonstuttering speakers

The timing and intensity variability of 8 adults who stutter and 8 age-matched fluent speakers was investigated under metronomic conditions. Participants were required to produce double or triple-s...