cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Represented But Unequal: The Contingent Effect of Legal Representation in Removal Proceedings

Substantial research and policymaking have focused on the importance of lawyers in ensuring access to civil justice. But do lawyers matter more in cases decided by certain types of judges than others? Do lawyers matter more in certain political, legal, and organizational contexts than others? We explore these questions by investigating removal proceedings in the United States—a court process in which immigration judges decide whether to admit noncitizens into the United States or deport them. Drawing on over 1.9 million removal proceedings decided between 1998 and 2020, we examine whether the representation effect (the increased probability of a favorable outcome associated with legal representation) depends on judge characteristics and contextual factors. We find that the representation effect is larger among female (than male) judges and among more experienced judges. In addition, the representation effect is larger during Democratic presidential administrations, in immigration courts located in the Ninth Circuit, and in times of increasing caseload. These findings suggest that the representation effect depends on who the judge is and their decisional environment, and that increasing noncitzens’ access to counsel—even of high quality—might be insufficient under current circumstances to ensure fair and consistent outcomes in immigration courts.
Mobiware: QOS-aware middleware for mobile multimedia communications

Next generation wireless communications system will be required to support the seamless delivery of voice, video and data with high quality. Delivering hard Quality of Service (QOS) guarantees in the wireless domain is complex due to large-scale mobility requirements, limited radio resources and fluctuating network conditions. To address this challenge we are developing a QOS-aware middleware platform called mobiware which contains the complexity of supporting multimedia applications operating over wireline and wireless ATM networks. Mobiware is a software middleware platform based on xbind and CORBA technology that is designed to operate between the application and radio-link layers of future wireless media systems. Mobiware provides value-added QOS support by allowing mobile multimedia applications to operate transparently during handoff and periods of persistent QOS fluctuation.
Glaucoma-Related Adverse Events in the First 5 Years After Unilateral Cataract Removal in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study.

Importance Glaucoma-related adverse events constitute major sight-threatening complications of cataract removal in infancy, yet their relationship to aphakia vs primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation remains unsettled. Objective To identify and characterize cases of glaucoma and glaucoma-related adverse events (glaucoma + glaucoma suspect) among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study by the age of 5 years. Design, Setting, and Participants A multicenter randomized clinical trial of 114 infants with unilateral congenital cataract in referral centers who were between ages 1 and 6 months at surgery. Mean follow-up was 4.8 years. This secondary analysis was conducted from December 23, 2004, to November 13, 2013. Interventions Participants were randomized at cataract surgery to either primary IOL or no IOL implantation (contact lens). Standardized definitions of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect were created for the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study and applied for surveillance and diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures Development of glaucoma and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect in operated on eyes for children up to age 5 years, plus intraocular pressure, visual acuity, and axial length at age 5 years. Results Product limit estimates of the risk for glaucoma and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect at 4.8 years after surgery were 17% (95% CI, 11%-25%) and 31% (95% CI, 24%-41%), respectively. The contact lens and IOL groups were not significantly different for either outcome: glaucoma (hazard ratio [HR], 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.0; P = .62) and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-2.5; P = .58). Younger (vs older) age at surgery conferred an increased risk for glaucoma (26% vs 9%, respectively) at 4.8 years after surgery (HR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2-8.3), and smaller (vs larger) corneal diameter showed an increased risk for glaucoma + glaucoma suspect (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-5.0). Age and corneal diameter were significantly positively correlated. Glaucoma was predominantly open angle (19 of 20 cases, 95%), most eyes received medication (19 of 20, 95%), and 8 of 20 eyes (40%) underwent surgery. Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that glaucoma-related adverse events are common and increase between ages 1 and 5 years in infants after unilateral cataract removal at 1 to 6 months of age; primary IOL placement does not mitigate their risk but surgery at a younger age increases the risk. Longer follow-up of these children may further characterize risk factors, long-term outcomes, potential differences between eyes having primary IOL vs aphakia, and optimal timing of unilateral congenital cataract removal. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00212134
Whither Dr. Miles

This essay analyzes the June 2007 Supreme Court decision of Leegin v. PSKS. That case overruled a 96 year old Supreme Court case, Dr. Miles v. Park & Sons. The Leegin case eliminated Dr. Miles' per se rule in antitrust for minimum resale price maintenance between manufacturers and retailers. The essay examines the history and controversy of Dr. Miles, acts of Congress to circumvent and then restore Dr. Miles, the controversy over the Leegin case, and likely outcomes in the future.
AN OUTBREAK OF URINARY TRACT AND OTHER INFECTIONS DUE TO E. COLI.

In a premature infant nursery 3 infants died of E. coli infections and 5 babies contracted urinary tract infection due to E. coli within a 5-month period. The causative organisms were found to be resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and sulfisoxazole, and sensitive to kanamycin, polymyxin B, and nitrofurantoin. From throat and stool cultures of 25 infants in the nursery, E. coli with this susceptibility pattern were recovered from 13. Of these, 9 were serotype 04:H5 and one was group 04 but nonmotile. Isolates from the urine of 3 infants with urinary tract infection and meninges of one fatal case were serotype 04:H5. Stool cultures revealed group 04 E. coli only in infants with that organism in the throat. The findings indicate that an outbreak of infections due to E. coli 04:H5 had occurred as a consequence of widespread colonization with that organism in a premature infant nursery. The unusual incidence of urinary tract infection due to a specific E. coli serotype indicates that urosepsis in the newborn can occur in epidemic form.
Chapter 8 Self-Assembled Computer Architectures

Abstract This chapter summarizes current work on DNA-based self-assembly of computing systems. Section 2 presents a technology overview, specifically a discussion of nanoelectronic devices and desirable characteristics. It also describes two forms of DNA-based self-assembly (DNA-guided and DNA-scaffolded). Section 3 then discusses the limitations of the technology and the challenges this presents to the design of computer systems. Three case studies of computer architectures are presented in Section 4. A particular emphasis is placed on articulating how the architectures overcome the challenges of the self-assembly technology. We conclude in Section 5.
Compensation technique for impairments of wideband quadrature demodulators for direct conversion receivers

This paper describes a compensation technique for the gain/phase imbalance of quadrature demodulators for direct conversion receivers. In this compensation method, the power measurements for the imbalance estimation can be done in less than ten symbol periods of the test signals. This means that our compensation method does not need as many iterative cycles using the least mean square method or discrete Fourier transformation required by previous methods. Experimental results show that the differences between the estimated and actual values are small: the gain imbalance was less than 0.35 dB, and the phase imbalance was less than 1.2/spl deg/.
Perseverators are "Stuck" on a Concrete Dimension: Individual Differences in Achieving Dual Representation

Although numerous researchers have found that young children have difficulty perceiving both a concrete and an abstract dimension of a symbol (i.e., achieving dual representation), few researchers have examined the reasoning behind this difficulty. In this study, individual differences in cognitive flexibility as they relate to achieving dual representation are examined. Participants (children at 30, 36 and 42 months) completed a standard scale model task (to assess dual representation) and a Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task (to assess cognitive flexibility). It was expected that children with good cognitive flexibility would perform better on a task of dual representation than would children with poor cognitive flexibility. Although hypotheses were not supported, findings from this data warrant future investigations on this topic. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Resistencia a la cosificación desde las representaciones heredadas. El caso del documental La mujer, cosa de hombres

Resumen El presente articulo analiza el documental de Isabel Coixet La mujer, cosa de hombres (2009), el cual refleja la publicidad emitida en televisiones espanolas en los ultimos 50 anos y su impacto en la audiencia. Se examina a continuacion como la directora: invita a plantearse la conexion entre la distribucion de roles tradicionales (diseminados por spots publicitarios) y el abuso domestico; explora el tratamiento de este asunto en la television y, finalmente, dota de visibilidad a un tema tradicionalmente tabu, invitando al dialogo y a la reflexion y sugiriendo el replanteamiento de presupuestos sociales profundamente enraizados. Abstract This article analyzes Isabel Coixet’s documentary La mujer, cosa de hombres (2009), which reflects the advertising broadcast in Spanish televisions in the last 50 years and its impact in the audience. It is then examined how the director invites to think about the connection between the distribution of traditional roles (conveyed by advertisements) and domestic abuse; explores the treatment of this matter on television, and finally gives visibility to a traditionally taboo theme, encouraging dialogue and reflection and proposing the reconsideration of deeply rooted social assumptions.
Knowledge Sharing in the Online Social Network of Yahoo! Answers and Its Implications

Question and Answer (Q&A) websites such as Yahoo! Answers provide a platform where users can post questions and receive answers. These systems take advantage of the collective intelligence of users to find information. In this paper, we analyze the online social network (OSN) in Yahoo! Answers. Based on a large amount of our collected data, we studied the OSN’s structural properties, which reveals strikingly distinct properties such as low link symmetry and weak correlation between indegree and outdegree. After studying the knowledge base and behaviors of the users, we find that a small number of top contributors answer most of the questions in the system. Also, each top contributor focuses only on a few knowledge categories. In addition, the knowledge categories of the users are highly clustered. We also study the knowledge base in a user’s social network, which reveals that the members in a user’s social network share only a few knowledge categories. Based on the findings, we provide guidance in the design of spammer detection algorithms and distributed Q&A systems. We also propose a friendship-knowledge oriented Q&A framework that synergistically combines current OSN-based Q&A and web Q&A. We believe that the results presented in this paper are crucial in understanding the collective intelligence in the web Q&A OSNs and lay a cornerstone for the evolution of next-generation Q&A systems.
Teasing, depression and unhealthy weight control behaviour in obese children

Summary What is already known about this subject Overweight children are teased more than normal weight children. Weight-related teasing can come from a variety of sources. Weight-related teasing is associated with depression and disordered eating. What this study adds Overweight children who experience peer teasing have higher levels of depression and unhealthy weight control behaviours than those who are not teased by peers. Overweight children who are bothered by weight-related teasing have higher levels of depression than those who are not bothered by weight-related teasing. Background Data were taken from 80 obese children (mean age = 10.03 years; mean body mass index = 27.37; %white = 29.37%; %female = 58.8%). Self-report surveys were used to collect data on rates of depressive symptoms, unhealthy weight control behaviours (UWCBs), teasing, sources of teasing and how much the teasing bothered the child. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate relationships between weight-related teasing and UWCBs and depression in obese children. Teasing by peers and/or family, negative feelings due to teasing, frequency of teasing, and number of teasing sources reported and associations with UWCBs and depression were analysed. Methods Logistical and linear regressions were used to evaluate relationships between the teasing variables, depression and UWCBs, controlling for age and gender. Results Results indicated that children teased by other children have significantly higher levels of depression (B = 6.1 [SE = 2.3]) and are five times more likely to engage in UWCBs (OR = 5.1 [CI = 1.5–17.4]). Children who endorsed that teasing by peers bothered them had significantly higher levels of depression (B = 2.3 [SE = 0.8]). The frequency of weight-related teasing was significantly associated with depression (B = 2.5 [SE = 0.8]), as was the number of teasing sources (B = 4.6 [SE = 1.5]). No significant relationships were found between familial teasing and depression or UWCBs. Conclusions Weight-related teasing, especially by other children, was associated with negative psychosocial measures in these obese children. Interventions are needed to reduce teasing, and longitudinal studies are recommended to understand the impact of teasing over time.
A review of "city cycling"

City Cycling, an edited volume on the state of cycling and city planning across the globe by John Pucher and Ralph Buehler, is a valuable, multifaceted, and evidence-based snapshot of the state of ...
Structural analysis of the human pro-apoptotic gene Bik: chromosomal localization, genomic organization and localization of promoter sequences.

Abstract The human Bik gene codes for a strong pro-apoptotic protein BIK. We have used fluorescent in-situ hybridization to establish the chromosomal localization of the Bik gene to 22q13.3. Genomic clones of the Bik gene were identified from a cosmid library of chromosome 22. Detailed analysis of the Bik gene revealed that it spans a region of about 19 kb and comprises of five exons. Sequence analysis indicated that the 5′ flanking region of Bik lacks canonical TATA and CAAT boxes but directs transcriptional initiation from a single site. A 1.9 kb region containing the promoter elements of the Bik gene was identified and was found to direct expression of the reporter cat gene in transient transfection studies. By mutational analysis, the minimal Bik promoter was localized to a region between −211 to +153. Northern blot analysis showed a ubiquitous expression profile of the Bik mRNA with elevated levels of expression in heart and skeletal muscle.
Somatostatin 2A receptor is expressed by enteric neurons, and by interstitial cells of Cajal and enterochromaffin‐like cells of the gastrointestinal tract

Somatostatin exerts multiple effects by activating distinct G protein-coupled receptors. Here we report the cellular sites of expression of the somatostatin subtype 2A (sst2A) receptor in the rat enteric nervous system by using a C-terminus-specific, affinity-purified antiserum and immunohistochemistry. Antibody specificity was confirmed by the cell surface staining of human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the sst2A receptor, the lack of staining of cells expressing the somatostatin subtype 2B receptor, and the abolition of staining by preincubating the antiserum with the C-terminus peptide used for immunization, SSt2A(361-369). The SSt2A receptor antibody recognized a broad 80 kDa band on Western blots of membranes prepared from cells transfected with sst2A receptor cDNA; following receptor membrane deglycosylation, the antibody detected an additional 40 kDa band. In the enteric nervous system, the sst2A antibody primarily stained neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, and abundant fibers distributed to the muscle, mucosa, and vasculature. Immunoreactive staining was also observed in non-neuronal cells, including presumed interstitial cells of Cajal of the intestine and enterochromaffin-like cells of the stomach. Fibers expressing sst2A receptor immunoreactivity were often in close proximity to D cells of the gastric and intestinal mucosa. Colocalization of somatostatin and sst2A receptor immunoreactivities was not observed in endocrine cells nor in enteric neurons. Double-label immunohistochemistry revealed colocalization of sst2A and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivities in enteric neurons. The multiple types of cells expressing the sst2A receptor, including enteric neurons and non-neuronal structures, in addition to the relationship between somatostatin and sst2A receptor elements, provide evidence that the sst2A receptor mediates somatostatin effects in the gastrointestinal tract via neuronal and paracrine pathways.
Lithium-manganese-nickel-oxide electrodes with integrated layered-spinel structures for lithium batteries

Abstract A series of lithium–manganese–nickel-oxide compositions that can be represented in three-component notation, xLi[Mn1.5Ni0.5]O4 · (1 − x){Li2MnO3 · Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2}, in which a spinel component, Li[Mn1.5Ni0.5]O4, and two layered components, Li2MnO3 and Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2, are structurally integrated in a highly complex manner, have been evaluated as electrodes in lithium cells for x = 1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and 0. In this series of compounds, which is defined by the Li[Mn1.5Ni0.5]O4–{Li2MnO3 · Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2} tie-line in the Li[Mn1.5Ni0.5]O4–Li2MnO3–Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2 phase diagram, the Mn:Ni ratio in the spinel and the combined layered Li2MnO3 · Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2 components is always 3:1. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the end members and the electrochemical profiles of cells with these electrodes are consistent with those expected for the spinel Li[Mn1.5Ni0.5]O4 (x = 1) and for ‘composite’ Li2MnO3 · Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2 layered electrode structures (x = 0). Electrodes with intermediate values of x exhibit both spinel and layered character and yield extremely high capacities, reaching more than 250 mA h/g with good cycling stability between 2.0 V and 4.95 V vs. Li° at a current rate of 0.1 mA/cm2.
The significance and prevention of air emboli with the total artificial heart.

: Embolism remains a significant complication of the total artificial heart (TAH). The ineffectual deairing of the TAH can allow embolization of the retained air. The standard needle aspiration of TAH air (Group A) was compared with a new protocol (Group B) that included standard needle TAH aspiration plus simultaneous pumping of the TAH against an occluded ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery with vacuum applied to a needle in the proximal aorta and pulmonary artery. There were 4 calves in each group. There was no premortem evidence of systemic or pulmonary emboli. Both groups of animals were electively terminated less than 2 weeks postoperatively. Postoperative mean aortic and pulmonary artery pressures were recorded for each animal. Animals in Group B had a significant decline in pulmonary artery pressures (43 ± 12 vs. 33 ± 8 mm Hg) 1 h after TAH implantation when compared with Group A. All other aortic and pulmonary artery pressure differences between Groups A and B were not statistically significant within 24 h of the operation. Group A animals had a 75% incidence, and Group B animals had 100% incidence of TAH thrombus. This very small thrombus was found exclusively at the inflow valve-TAH housing interface. Evaluation of the kidneys postmortem was used to identify embolic injury. All animals in Group A had evidence of acute, hemorrhagic injury, but none of the Group B animals had similar injury. Half of the animals in each group had small, fibrotic chronic renal cortical injury, which did not develop during TAH implantation. The more vigorous deairing protocol (Group B) significantly decreased early postoperative pulmonary hypertension. The absence of acute hemorrhagic renal injuries appeared to be associated with improved TAH deairing. Chronic renal injuries were not associated with the TAH, which makes them poor indicators of TAH emboli. Improved TAH deairing can provide beneficial effects for the recipient.
Realizing ecosystem services: wetland hydrologic function along a gradient of ecosystem condition

Wetlands provide numerous ecosystem services, from habitat provision to pollutant removal, floodwater storage, and microclimate regulation. Delivery of particular services relies on specific ecological functions, and thus to varying degree on wetland ecological condition, commonly quantified as departure from minimally impacted reference sites. Condition assessments are widely adopted as regulatory indicators of ecosystem function, and for some services (e.g., habitat) links between condition and function are often direct. For others, however, links are more tenuous, and using condition alone to enumerate ecosystem value (e.g., for compensatory mitigation) may underestimate important services. Hydrologic function affects many services cited in support of wetland protection both directly (floodwater retention, microclimate regulation) and indirectly (biogeochemical cycling, pollutant removal). We investigated links between condition and hydrologic function to test the hypothesis, embedded in regulatory assessment of wetland value, that condition predicts function. Condition was assessed using rapid and intensive approaches, including Florida's official wetland assessment tool, in 11 isolated forested wetlands in north Florida (USA) spanning a land use intensity gradient. Hydrologic function was assessed using hydrologic regime (mean, variance, and rates of change of water depth), and measurements of groundwater exchange and evapotranspiration (ET). Despite a wide range in condition, no systematic variation in hydrologic regime was observed; indeed reference sites spanned the full range of variation. In contrast, ET was affected by land use, with higher rates in intensive (agriculture and urban) landscapes in response to higher leaf area. ET determines latent heat exchange, which regulates microclimate, a valuable service in urban heat islands. Higher ET also indicates higher productivity and thus carbon cycling. Groundwater exchange regularly reversed flow direction at all sites in response to rainfall. This buffering effect on regional aquifer levels, an underappreciated service of isolated wetlands, was provided regardless of condition. Intensive landscapes may benefit most from the hydrologic services that wetlands provide because that is where certain services (floodwater storage, microclimate regulation) are realized. While the portfolio of wetland services clearly changes with disturbance, our results support a revised approach to wetland valuation that recognizes the services that accrue from sustained or enhanced functions in these "working wetlands."
Field meeting: Coastal Suffolk Crag weekend, 23–25 April 2004

The Coralline, Red and Chillesford Crags were studied in coastal Suffolk, paying particular attention to the depositional environments indicated by the sedimentology and fauna. Building materials and the historical aspects of local geology were also considered.
Automated Dynamic Headspace/GC-MS Analyses Affect the Repeatability of Volatiles in Irradiated Turkey

Although a dynamic headspace/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DH/GC-MS) method is an effective tool for determining volatiles of irradiated turkey meat, the profile of volatiles may be changeable depending upon the availability of oxygen in the sample vial and sample holding time before purge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of helium flushing and sample holding time before purge on the volatiles profiles of irradiated raw and cooked turkey breast meat. Vacuum-packaged turkey breasts were irradiated at 2.5 kGy, and the volatiles of irradiated raw and cooked samples were analyzed using a DH/GC-MS with different holding times up to 280 min. The amounts of dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide decreased as sample holding time in an autosampler (4 °C) before purge increased, whereas those of aldehdyes increased as holding time increased due to lipid oxidation. Helium flush of sample vials before sample loading on an autosampler retarded lipid oxidation and minimized the changes of sulfur volatiles in raw meat but was not enough to prevent oxidative changes in cooked meat. Although DH/GC-MS is a convenient method for automatic analysis of volatiles in meat samples, the number of samples that can be loaded in an autosampler at a time should be limited within the range that can permit reasonable repeatabilities for target volatile compounds.
Synthesis of a new fluorine-18-labeled bexarotene analogue for PET imaging of retinoid X receptor.

Abstract The reference standard 2-fluoro-4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)vinyl)benzoic acid was synthesized from 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol and 2-fluoro-4-methylbenzoic acid in 10 steps with 3% overall chemical yield. The precursor 2-nitro-4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)vinyl)benzoic acid was synthesized from 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol and dimethyl-2-nitroterephthalate in seven steps with 2% overall chemical yield. The target tracer 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)vinyl)benzoic acid was synthesized from its nitro-precursor by the nucleophilic substitution with K[ 18 F]F/Kryptofix 2.2.2 and isolated by HPLC combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification in 20–30% radiochemical yield with 37–370 GBq/μmol specific activity at end of bombardment (EOB).
Evidence of Multiple Zoonotic Agents in a Wild Rodent Community in the Eastern Sierra Nevada

This study aimed to describe the occurrence of Yersinia pestis, Rickettsia rickettsii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and ectoparasites in a wild rodent community in the eastern Sierra Nevada. From May to September 2006, rodents were live-trapped, examined for ectoparasites, and blood was collected. All rodents were serologically tested for antibodies to Y. pestis, R. rickettsii, and A. phagocytophilum; in addition, blood samples and ectoparasites were tested by PCR to detect the presence of these zoonotic agents. Overall, 89 rodents, 46 fleas, and four ticks were collected. Antibody prevalence rates observed for rodents were 14% for R. rickettsii or antigenically related spotted-fever group rickettsiae, and 8% for A. phagocytophilum. No samples were positive for antibodies to Y. pestis. Positive PCR results included one yellow-pine chipmunk for Y. pestis (CT=32.8), one golden-mantled ground squirrel for R. rickettsii (CT=33), and one flea found to be co-infected with both R. rickettsii (CT=17) and A. phagocy...
Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography, Winter 2011

This Bibliography is brought to you for free and open access by Iowa Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review by an authorized administrator of Iowa Research Online. For more information, please contact lib-ir@uiowa.edu. Recommended Citation Folsom, Ed. "Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography, Winter 2011." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 28 (2011), 147-152.
The Partially Collisional CPK Algorithm: What is Tis, How it Works, and Recent Applications

Summary form only given. A new type of "smart PIC" algorithm, intended to bridge the gap between Eulerian fluid and kinetic regimes, is now being used for a variety of applications in ICF and weapon effects. The CPK method (complex particle kinetic) concept [Hewett, 2003] uses an ensemble of small, fluid-like macro-particles to represent particle distributions in phase space. These macro-particles are Gaussian-shaped in both position and velocity with internal parameters such as width, thermal velocity, total mass and charge in addition to the traditional PIC like Lagrangian location and drift velocity. Time evolution is modeled by a combination of Lagrangian motion and internal evolution within each individual macro-particle. In regions of "high activity", macro-particles are aggressively fragmented in phase space to probe for emerging kinetic features and aggressively merged, for economy, if interesting features fail to materialize. Exploiting the shape of the CPK particle, fragmentation in both position and velocity space can be accomplished without loss of significant phase space information. Fragmentation preserves the kinetic capabilities of PIC; merging dramatically shrinks the number of particles in non-kinetic or collisional regions. In collision-dominated regimes, merging naturally produces a few Lagrangian particles that act much as nodes in free-Lagrangian hydrodynamics. Recent improvements [Larson, 2003], allow inter-particle interactions between those particles within a mean-free-path, thus naturally including partially-collisional effects that go over to collision-dominated physics, as the mean-free-path becomes less that the particle width. Applications relevant to our principal applications will be presented
Surface assisted intermolecular interactions in self-assembled coumarin submonolayers

Spectroscopic characterization of chemically immobilized coumarin molecules on a silica surface at different concentrations and in a variety of solvents is presented. The characterization involves surface concentration and orientation of coumarin molecules with different linkers. Due to high surface concentration (up to 1014 cm-2), the immobilized molecules exhibit intermolecular interactions, which compete with solvation. The molecular orientation with respect to the surface and intermolecular interaction varies with the solvent, the linker, and the surface concentration of coumarin, but as a first approximation the data can be simplified as nearly random molecule orientation with respect to the surface.
Considerations of the stopped rotor V/STOL concept.

Stopped and stowed rotor V/STOL transport aircraft designs, discussing results of full scale wind tunnel tests of start-stop process
Laminated composite open profile sections: non-uniform torsion of I-sections

Abstract A general theory proposed earlier (Muddur SS, Chaturvedi SK. Composite Structures 1999;45:105–14) is simplified to analyse the deformation response of I-sections made of laminated fiber-reinforced composite materials. The resulting field equations are further simplified and solved to determine the rotational and warping deformations of I-beams subjected to only non-uniform torsional loads. The numerical results for a cross-ply laminated graphite–epoxy cantilever I-beam subjected to a torsional load at the free-end show good correlations with the available experimental and theoretical results. The restraining of warping deformation amounts to a significant increase in the torsional stiffness of the beam. Some additional results for cross-ply glass–epoxy and steel beams are also consistently good.
Publication rate of abstracts from the annual ASTRO meeting: Comparison with other organizations

Purpose One of the explicit goals of the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) is to promote research and disseminate research results. In the past few years, ASTRO has required that manuscripts be submitted for publication for all papers accepted for oral presentation at its annual meeting. The purpose of this study was to determine the publication rate of abstracts accepted for oral presentation at ASTRO's 1999, 2000, and 2001 annual meetings. Materials and methods The authors reviewed the proceedings of ASTRO's annual meetings in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to identify all abstracts accepted for oral presentation. The following information was collected: year of presentation, study design (phase I or II, phase III, or retrospective), country of origin (domestic or foreign), abstract category (clinical or nonclinical), disease site (if applicable), publication (yes or no), publication date, and publishing journal. A computer-based search using Medline was used to determine whether the full publication of each abstract had occurred. The computer search included publication up to November 1, 2003. Results The publication rate was 56% (452 of 802). There was no difference in publication rate according to country of origin (domestic 56%, foreign 57%; p = NS), abstract category (clinical 59%, nonclinical 48%; p = NS), or study design. Half of the published abstracts were published within 1 year of the meeting, and 90% were published within 2 years. The 452 publications were distributed among 54 different journals. The majority of papers were published in the International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics (62%), followed by the Journal of Clinical Oncology (8%) and Radiotherapy and Oncology (3%). Conclusions Slightly more than one-half of the abstracts accepted for oral presentation at the annual ASTRO meeting are published within 2 years. This rate is similar to those of other specialties and suggests that ASTRO is succeeding in its mission to promote and disseminate research.
Ultra Cold Neutrons at a Spallation Source

Abstract Ultra Cold Neutrons (UCN) can be produced at spallation sources using a variety of techniques. To date the technique used has been to Bragg scatter and Doppler shift cold neutrons into UCN from a moving crystal. This is particularly applicable to short-pulse spallation sources and is the method planned for a UCN source that is under construction at LANSCE. However, large gains should be possible using cryogenic UCN sources. Spallation sources are particularly well suited for such sources given the lower heat loads and simpler engineering requirements than are possible at a reactor. The most attractive cryogenic source appears to be a frozen deuterium source and research is under way at Gatchina to demonstrate technical feasibility. If successful, a source of this type could be implemented at future spallation sources with a UCN density that may be two orders of magnitude higher than that presently available at reactors.
A comparison of DDT and its biodegradable analogues tested on ATPase enzymes in cockroach

Abstract Analogues of DDT (ethoxymethyl and methoxymethio derivatives) compared with DDT for their inhibitory action on the ATPase system from tissues of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana show similar, but less inhibitory effects. The mitochondrial (oligomycin-sensitive) Mg2+ ATPase activity from coxal muscle preparations was more sensitive to DDT than the two analogues; whereas, the muscle and nerve cord homogenates showed about equal sensitivity to the biodegradable analogues. The mitochondrial Mg2+ ATPase from nerve cord preparation was more sensitive to the three compounds than the Na+K+ ATPase activity. The significance of these results in relation to recent reports on the effect of DDT on Na+K+ ATPase is discussed.
Hydroperoxide-induced diacylglycerol formation and protein kinase C activation in vascular endothelial cells

Abstract We examined the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and other hydroperoxides on endothelial cell protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) were grown to confluent monolayers and PKC activity was determined in an in vitro assay by measuring phosphorylation of H1 histone. In control unstimulated BPAEC, PKC was primarily localized in the cytosol and treatment of BPAEC with H 2 O 2 resulted in a concentration (10 −5 M-10 −3 M) and time (15 min-60 min.) dependent translocation of the enzyme from the cytosol to the membrane fraction. In addition to H 2 O 2 , linoleic acid hydroperoxide treatment of BPAEC also resulted in PKC activation while tert -butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide were not effective. In addition to causing an increase in membrane-associated PKC activity, H 2 O 2 treatment also resulted in the partial loss of cytosolic PKC activity. As diacylglycerol (DAG) is a critical endogenous activator of PKC, we evaluated whether H 2 O 2 exposure resulted in the increased production of DAG. Exposure to 1.0 mM H 2 O 2 resulted in biphasic accumulation of DAG (two- to threefold). The first phase of DAG formation occurred within 5 min of H 2 O 2 exposure while the second phase of accumulation began at 15 min of treatment and plateaued at about 45 min. The metal ions Cu 2+ and Fe 3+ augmented the H 2 O 2 -induced loss of total (cytosolic and particulate) PKC activity in BPAEC. These studies suggest that oxidants modulate PKC activity and increase DAG levels in vascular endothelial cells.
Steroid withdrawal in the mouse results in anxiogenic effects of 3α,5β-THP: a possible model of premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Rationale 3α-OH-5α[β]-pregnan-20-one (THP) is a positive modulator of the GABAA receptor (GABAR), which underlies its reported anxiolytic effect. However, there are conditions such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) where increases in THP levels can be associated with adverse mood.
Evolving Gene Targets and Technology in Influenza Detection

Influenza viruses cause recurring epidemic outbreaks every year associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research and surveillance efforts to control influenza outbreaks, the primary mitigation treatment for influenza is the development of yearly vaccine mixes targeted for the most prevalent virus strains. Consequently, the focus of many detection technologies has evolved toward accurate identification of subtype and understanding the evolution and molecular determinants of novel and pathogenic forms of influenza. The recent availability of potential antiviral treatments are only effective if rapid and accurate diagnostic tests for influenza epidemic management are available; thus, early detection of influenza infection is still important for prevention, containment, patient management, and infection control. This review discusses the current and emerging technologies for detection and strain identification of influenza virus and their specific gene targets, as well as their implications in patient management.
Healing the orphaned heart: heart failure in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are not represented in clinical trials for heart failure. Moreover, many of the recommended medications can cause haemolysis in this group of patients. We present the case of a 71-year-old woman with G6PD deficiency admitted for acute non-ischemic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Our experience showed that a combination of ethacrynic acid and spironolactone is safe and effective for relief of volume overload in this group of patients. Studies are needed to determine whether the morbidity and mortality benefits of established heart failure regimens extend to patients with G6PD deficiency.
The aortic arch syndrome (pulseless disease); a report of ten cases with three autopsies.

Ten patients are presented in whom absent arterial pulsations were noted in 1 or both arms. Six patients also had absent carotid arterial pulsations on 1 or both sides. The blood pressure was determined satisfactorily by a machine devised to record the Korotkov vibrations. This indicates feeble arterial pulsation in spite of inability to palpate them clinically. Three autopsied cases showed severe atherosclerosis with superimposed thrombosis. Long-term anticoagulation used in 2 patients for as long as 3 years seemed to result in some clinical improvement.
The Introduction of Nonnative Fish into Wilderness Lakes: Good Intentions, Conflicting Mandates, and Unintended Consequences

Because they have the potential to provide the best remaining standards of relatively unmodified landscapes, protected areas in North America (such as wilderness areas and national parks) have tremendous ecological and scientific value (Cole and Landres 1996). Although the montane ecosystems of western North America are particularly well represented in this complex of protected lands, aquatic habitats within these protected areas are often subject to management practices that are inconsistent with the goal of maintaining natural processes. The most prevalent of these practices is the introduction of salmonid fishes (such as trout) into historically fishless ecosystems to create recreational fisheries. These montane landscapes are the result of repeated glaciation during the Pleistocene epoch. The recession of glaciers 10,000 years ago created thousands of lakes, most of which were separated from downstream fish populations by impassible barriers on rivers and streams. These extensive fishless habitats were subsequently colonized by a diversity of aquatic species, many of which required fishless habitats for their persistence. Starting in the mid1800s, Euro-American settlers began introducing salmonid fishes into these lakes and streams. By the mid-1900s, these fish-stocking efforts had been largely subsumed by the various agencies responsible for the management of fish and wildlife. Trout stocking was halted in most national parks in western North America during the 1970s and 1980s (Knapp 1996; Parker and others 2001), but the practice continues in other protected areas, such as wilderness areas in the western United States managed by the US Forest Service (Landres and others 2001). These stocking programs have dramatically transformed the formerly fishless aquatic ecosystems within protected areas of western North America. For example, of the estimated 16,000 naturally fishless mountain lakes in the western US, the majority of which are located within national parks and wilderness areas, 60% of all lakes and 95% of larger, deeper lakes now contain nonnative trout (Oncorhynchus spp., Salmo spp., Salvelinus spp.) (Bahls 1992). Many of these introduced fish populations persisted even after the termination of stocking (Donald 1987; Boiano 1999). In the western US, trout are still stocked into more than 7000 mountain lakes on a regular basis, usually with the use of aircraft (Bahls 1992). The purpose of this ongoing stocking is generally not to introduce trout into the remaining fishless lakes, but instead to supplement nonnative trout populations maintained by natural reproduction or to maintain nonnative trout popuReceived 28 March 2000;: accepted 12 April 2000. *Corresponding author; e-mail: knapp@lifesci.ucsb.edu
Reorganizing the "Organic" Disorders

Thirteen workgroups and their advisers bear the major responsibiity for developing the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) by 1993. A work group has been appointed for each major category of disorders and for multiaxial issues. This second DSM-IV in Progress column presents the first of ongoing reports from various work groups about theoretical and practical issues they are trying to resolve.
The role of maintenance therapy and novel taxanes in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives. Despite several studies reporting various degrees of success, the role of maintenance chemotherapy in ovarian cancer remains controversial. This article reviews the available data and the controversy surrounding maintenance therapy. In addition, the role of novel taxanes, which may offer an improved therapeutic index and reduced toxicity relative to conventional therapies in this setting, is discussed. Methods. The available randomized clinical data on extended or maintenance therapy in ovarian cancer are reviewed. Results. Available data indicate that patients with ovarian cancer undergoing taxane maintenance chemotherapy exhibit a reduced recurrence rate and a longer progression-free survival. Conclusions. While an additional randomized trial is needed to confirm these benefits and establish maintenance therapy as the standard of care, the authors conclude that maintenance therapy is a valuable option that should be discussed with patients until further data are available. The Gynecologic Oncology Group 212 trial is a randomized clinical trial that is designed to answer whether taxane maintenance therapy offers a survival advantage as well as to determine the impact of such a therapeutic regimen on a patient's quality of life. This trial is also designed to address some of the questions regarding the role of a novel taxane in maintenance therapy in ovarian cancer.
A search for lunar tides in the thermosphere

A search for lunar tides in densities derived from satellite drag has yielded spurious oscillations with the period of one lunar day, caused by the '27-day' variation connected with the solar rotation. The real tides remain undetected, with an amplitude smaller than 1 or 2%.
Exact path integrals by equivariant localization

Abstract It is a common belief among field theorists that path integrals can be computed exactly only in a limited number of special cases, and that most of these cases are already known. However recent developments, which generalize the WKBJ method using equivariant cohomology, appear to contradict this folk wisdom. At the formal level, equivariant localization would seem to allow exact computation of phase space path integrals for an arbitrary partition function! To see how, and if, these methods really work in practice, we have applied them in explicit quantum mechanics examples. We show that the path integral for the 1D hydrogen atom, which is not WKBJ exact, is licalizable and computable using the more general formalism. We find however considerable ambiguities in this approach, which we can only partially resolve. In addition, we find a large class of quantum mechanics examples where the localization procedure breaks down completely.
COMPARISON of FOUR LATEX AGGLUTINATION KITS to RAPIDLY IDENTIFY LANCEFIELD GROUP D ENTEROCOCCI and FECAL STREPTOCOCCI

Enterococci isolated from water (50 strains), clinical material (50 strains), pork products (25 strains), and other foods (25 strains) as well as 50 known strains were used to compare the abilities of four latex streptococcal grouping kits to correctly identify group D isolates. the Streptex kit (Wellcome Diagnostics) was 98.5% accurate and easiest to interpret. the Slidex Strepto kit (Vitek Systems) and Strepslide kit (NCS Diagnostics) also were acceptable; they were 96.5% and 96.0% accurate, respectively. When the Bacto Strep Grouping kit (Difco Laboratories) was used, 99% of the group D isolates were positive for both group D and group B, including enterococcal strains that are group D-negative.
Ethics and transparency in the field: lessons from the Arab Gulf

This viewpoint draws from feminist scholarship to critically examine an academic partnership between two universities based in the USA and in the Arab Gulf. In particular, feminist geography is used to inform cross-cultural projects such as this academic exchange among Arabs and Americans by focusing on ethics and transparency in the field. The complexity of cultural and institutional dynamics in this and related projects impacts our work with participants and in places where we conduct research. This analysis is based on collaboration between a public university in the USA and an all-women's university located in Bahrain, an Arab Gulf monarchy that has experienced violence stemming from socio-economic disparities and political tensions between the ruling Sunnis and the majority Shiite population. The project exemplifies a growing trend among Western universities to participate in academic partnerships that will generate financial resources while educating students in regions with limited access to higher...