cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors related to sleep disturbance in older adults experiencing knee pain or knee pain with radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the types and frequencies of sleep complaints and the biopsychosocial factors associated with sleep disturbance in a large community sample of older adults experiencing knee pain or knee pain with radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN: Baseline analyses of an observational prospective study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 429 men and women aged 65 years and older experiencing knee pain or knee pain with radiographic evidence of OA enrolled in the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (OASIS). MEASUREMENTS: Demographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education), health (X-rays of knee rated for OA severity, medical conditions, medication use, smoking status, body mass index, self-rated health), physical functioning (self-rated physical functioning, physical performance), knee pain, and psychosocial functioning (social support, depression) were measured. RESULTS: Problems with sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and early morning awakenings occurred at least weekly among 31%, 81%, and 51% of participants, respectively. Bivariate correlates of greater sleep disturbance in those with OA were less education, cardiovascular disease, more arthritic joints, poorer self-rated health, poorer physical functioning, poorer physical performance, knee pain, depression, and less social support. In regression analyses, each set of variables representing the domains of health, physical functioning, pain, and psychosocial functioning contributed to the prediction of sleep disturbance beyond the demographic set. Finally, in a simultaneous model, white race (trend, P = .06), poorer self-rated health, poorer physical functioning, and depressive symptoms were predictive of sleep disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disturbance is common in older adults experiencing knee pain or knee pain with radiographic evidence of OA and is best understood through the consideration of demographic, physical health, physical functioning, pain, and psychosocial variables. Interventions that take into account the multidetermined nature of sleep disturbance in knee pain or knee OA are most likely to be successful.
Synthesis and stability of reactive salts of dodecafluoro-closo-dodecaborate(2-).

The synthesis and characterization of several salts of the B12F122- anion are reported. The potassium salt was prepared in 72% recrystallized yield by treating K2B12H12 with liquid HF at 70 °C for 14 h and 20% F2/N2 in liquid HF at 25 °C for 72 h. The CPh3+, N(n-Bu)4+, NH(n-C12H25)3+, NH4+, and Li+ salts were prepared by metathesis reactions. The [NH(n-C12H25)3]2[B12F12] salt is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. The B12F122- anion is remarkably stable. The salts Li2B12F12 and [NH4]2[B12F12] were stable when heated to 450 and 480 °C, respectively. The B12F122- anion did not react with 98% H2SO4, 70% HNO3, 3 M KOH, a 10-fold excess of Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6 in aqueous solution, or metallic sodium in THF. In addition, B12F122- did not react with metallic lithium in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, was not reduced at 0 V versus Li+/0 in that solvent, and underwent a quasi-reversible oxidation at 4.9 V versus Li+/0. The structure of [CPh3]2[B12F12] was determined by single-crystal X-ray ...
Dynamical magnetic charges and linear magnetoelectricity

A theoretical study of the magnetic charge in two different magnetoelectric materials gives an explanation of the origin of the magnetoelectric effect in each material, and offers insight on the mechanisms that could enhance it.
Sometimes It Is Better to Receive: Ministry in a Long-Term Care Facility

The story of the sinful woman who annoints Jesus with her perfume and tears at Simon the Pharisee's table (Luke 7:36–50) is used as a model for pastoral work in a long-term care setting. Intervention in the depersonalization of institutionalization is seen as an important aspect in such ministries. The focus of intervention is allowing residents to move out of the receiving role into the giving role. A case example of a patient-led Bible class is presented. The difficulties that professional givers encounter in shifting to become recipients are noted.
P450 enzymes of estrogen metabolism

Abstract Endogenous and exogenous estrogens undergo extensive oxidative metabolism by specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. Certain drugs and xenobiotics have been found to be potent inducers of estrogen hydroxylating enzymes with C-2 hydroxylase induction being greater than that of C-16 hydroxylase. Oxygenated estrogen metabolites have different biological activities, with C-2 metabolites having limited or no activity and C-4 and C-16 metabolites having similar potency to estradiol. Pathophysiological roles for some of the oxygenated estrogen metabolites have been proposed, e.g. 16α-hydroxyestrone and 4-hydroxyestron. These reactive estrogens are capable of damaging cellular proteins and DNA and may be carcinogenic in specific cells.
Uncertain lifetime, risk aversion and intertemporal substitution

Abstract This paper describes a simple utility function for dynamic choice problems under uncertain lifetime. Preferences are time consistent and similar to Selden's ordinal certainty equivalent hypothesis. For Yaari's model of consumption/savings decisions, holding intertemporal substitution fixed, the consumption growth rate is increasing (decreasing) in the mortality rate if risk aversion is lower (higher) than under expected utility preferences.
Trends in fog frequencies in the Los Angeles Basin

Abstract Data from throughout the Los Angeles area were examined to determine the horizontal distribution of dense fog (visibility
Synthesis and Analysis of a Cost Effective, Ultrareliable, High Speed, Semiconductor Memory System

This paper provides a detailed synthesis and analysis of a cost effective, ultrareliable, high speed, semiconductor memory system. The memory system has the capability of detecting and correcting over 99% of all single faults. The memory cycle time of 250 ns is not compromised unless a fault is encountered. The increase in circuitry for the fault-tolerent system, over the simplex system, is less than 20%. These results have been achieved through the use of special coding implementations, virtual codes, and selective redundance.
High Ambient Glucose Augments Angiotensin II-Induced Proinflammatory Gene mRNA Expression in Human Mesangial Cells: Effects of Valsartan and Simvastatin

Background: Hyperglycemia may potentiate the adverse renal effects of angiotensin II (AII). In the kidney, the major target of AII action is the glomerular mesangial cell, where its
Object-Oriented Representation of Environmental Phenomena: Is Everything Best Represented as an Object?

Abstract A geographic space must be partitioned into a finite number of discrete pieces, such as points, lines, polygons, and grid cells, to accommodate the finite computing environment. Because these discrete geometric primitives can be implemented as software objects, the object-oriented computing paradigm might have encouraged the tendency to “objectify” spatial phenomena, regardless of whether they are best represented as objects. A critical review is necessary to assess whether object-orientation, a concept first developed outside geography, is suitable for spatial representation. This article reviews object-oriented spatial representation in the context of environmental modeling. The review is organized into four topics: (1) the principles underlying object-orientation, (2) the categorization of environmental phenomena, (3) GIS data models and their object-oriented implementation, and (4) the compatibility between these three sets of concepts. The discussion argues that spatial objects, regions, and...
Vascular repair mechanisms after directional atherectomy or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in atherosclerotic rabbit iliac arteries

Abstract Although directional atherectomy (DA) reduces the plaque burden, successful revascularization is not associated with a reduced restenosis rate when compared with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the vascular response to DA-induced and PTCA-induced injury. Six to 8 weeks after induction of atherosclerosis, PTCA ( n = 34) was performed in one iliac artery and DA in the other ( n = 30). Arteries were obtained at 6 time points: 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days. Eleven arteries that did not undergo an intervention acted as controls. Radiograms obtained before and after intervention and at euthanization were compared. Morphometric, histologic, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Both PTCA and DA resulted in an immediate increase in luminal diameter that subsequently decreased over the ensuing month. PTCA caused deep dissection (7 of 8 arteries), often extending to the adventitia, whereas stand-alone DA resulted in deep cleft formation (4 of 5). Of the 30 arteries that underwent DA, 4 exhibited an increase in luminal diameter in the absence of tissue retrieval. Thrombus was observed in both the dissection planes and the clefts within the first 7 days, and cellular ingrowth was appreciated at 5 to 7 days. By 7 days the artery was repaired, and the histologic appearance of the arteries that had undergone PTCA could not be differentiated from the arteries that had undergone DA. Increased intimal and medial collagen and elastin was noted at 14 and 28 days. An increase in the area bordered by the external elastic lamina was observed in both groups. Although successful DA results in tissue removal and the production of a deep tissue cleft and PTCA causes a dissection, both produce a condition in which the arterial injury exposes the arterial media to blood, causing thrombus formation and inflammation with subsequent cellular accumulation into the thrombotic framework.
Ungated cine first-pass CMR for concurrent imaging of myocardial perfusion defects and wall motion abnormalities

Background Combined assessment of wall motion from cine imaging and perfusion defects from first-pass perfusion (FPP) imaging has been shown to have a high diagnostic performance for detection of acute ischemia. In this setting, a single ungated CMR scan capable of simultaneously capturing perfusion deficits and wall motion abnormality can be useful for rapid diagnosis of ongoing acute ischemia. We propose an accelerated FPP technique with ungated continuous acquisition capable of generating cardiacphase resolved FPP images thereby enabling concurrent imaging of wall motion and perfusion deficits.
Toad and frog rod photocurrents.

Abstract The size of Bufo marinus and Rana pipiens rod photocurrents is similar affected by changes in flash intensity. These species rods produce similar photocurrents during steady illumination, to which they both adapt. Thus, their transduction mechanisms are probably alike. Previous reports that frog and toad rod responses are different may have resulted from the use of an unusual procedure in which the rod outer segment was isolated from its inner segment.
There is More Than One Way to Model an Elephant. Experiment-Driven Modeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton

Mathematical modeling has established its value for investigating the interplay of biochemical and mechanical mechanisms underlying actin-based motility. Because of the complex nature of actin dynamics and its regulation, many of these models are phenomenological or conceptual, providing a general understanding of the physics at play. But the wealth of carefully measured kinetic data on the interactions of many of the players in actin biochemistry cries out for the creation of more detailed and accurate models that could permit investigators to dissect interdependent roles of individual molecular components. Moreover, no human mind can assimilate all of the mechanisms underlying complex protein networks; so an additional benefit of a detailed kinetic model is that the numerous binding proteins, signaling mechanisms, and biochemical reactions can be computationally organized in a fully explicit, accessible, visualizable, and reusable structure. In this review, we will focus on how comprehensive and adaptable modeling allows investigators to explain experimental observations and develop testable hypotheses on the intracellular dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton.
Directional orientation in blue crabs, Callinectes sapidusRathbun: Escape responses and influence of wave direction

Abstract Blue crabs invade the upper intertidal at high tide and exhibit rapid, directed locomotory movements ( i.e. , escape response) which are significantly oriented offshore. The direction of wave surge and beach slope are conservative features of the intertidal, indicating offshore direction and can be used by blue crabs as orientation cues. Temporarily blinded crabs in the intertidal zone oriented down-slope (2–3°) and into the wave approach (up-wave) in experimental field test arenas. Up-wave orientation acuity increased in the presence of larger waves. Experiments in a wave test tank showed that orientation occurred over a wide range of surge velocities dependent upon threshold levels of surge displacement. We believe that the oriented response to wave surge serves as an important adaptation for movements by blue crabs in the nearshore zone.
Issues in the supervision of group psychotherapy: Countertransference and the group supervisor's agenda

Countertransference issues are of particular importance to the beginning group therapist. This paper describes the role of supervision in helping the beginning group therapist deal with counter-transference issues as they effect the formation of a group and the role that the group leader plays in facilitating therapeutic activity within the group. Particular problem areas and the countertransference they evoke and the role of supervision in working through are described.
Factors controlling nutrient availability to the developing fetus in ruminants

Inadequate delivery of nutrients results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in livestock. In ruminants, inadequate nutrition during pregnancy is often prevalent due to frequent utilization of exensive forage based grazing systems, making them highly susceptible to changes in nutrient quality and availability. Delivery of nutrients to the fetus is dependent on a number of critical factors including placental growth and development, utero-placental blood flow, nutrient availability, and placental metabolism and transport capacity. Previous findings from our laboratory and others, highlight essential roles for amino acids and their metabolites in supporting normal fetal growth and development, as well as the critical role for amino acid transporters in nutrient delivery to the fetus. The focus of this review will be on the role of maternal nutrition on placental form and function as a regulator of fetal development in ruminants.
Interactive visibility culling in complex environments using occlusion-switches

We present occlusion-switches for interactive visibility culling in complex 3D environments. An occlusion-switch consists of two GPUs (graphics processing units) and each GPU is used to either compute an occlusion representation or cull away primitives not visible from the current viewpoint. Moreover, we switch the roles of each GPU between successive frames. The visible primitives are rendered in parallel on a third GPU. We utilize frame-to-frame coherence to lower the communication overhead between different GPUs and improve the overall performance. The overall visibility culling algorithm is conservative up to image-space precision. This algorithm has been combined with levels-of-detail and implemented on three networked PCs, each consisting of a single GPU. We highlight its performance on complex environments composed of tens of millions of triangles. In practice, it is able to render these environments at interactive rates with little loss in image quality.
The effect of concanavalin a on bone marrow colony formation in vitro.

It has been shown that nucleated cells from bone marrow of a number of species including humans can give rise in vitro to colonies of mature granulocytic and mononuclear cells in semisolid media (1–3). These colonies arise from either single hemopoietic stem cells or cells committed to granulocytic differentiation which undergo division and maturation to yield colonies of 1000 or more cells (1).In order for the process of maturation and division to occur in vitro, a specific stimulus is required. This stimulus for mouse marrow cells can be extracted from animal (including human) serum and urine, embryonic extracts, and a number of other tissue sources (1). The urinary colony stimulating factor (CSF) has been purified and appears to be a glycoprotein of molecular weight of 35,000 (1). Although there is heterogeneity among the other described CSF, most appear to be similar biochemically to that described in human urine (1).Although factors stimulating human marrow cells are essentially the same, the quantit...
Micro-end-milling—I. Wear and breakage

Unpredictable tool life and premature tool failure are major problems in micro-machining. In this study, the failure mechanisms of micro-end-mills were studied during the machining of aluminum, graphite electrodes and mild steel workpieces. Hundreds of machining operations were performed, and the pictures of cutting edges were taken with a scanning electron microscope to identify fatigue and extensive stress-related failure mechanisms. Also, the cutting force variation was monitored, i.e. the relationship between the utilization-related changes at the tool structure (wear), and the outcomes (increasing cutting force which means raising stress on the tiny shaft). Inspection of the cutting force variation patterns of large numbers of micro-end-mills indicated that tool failure occurs with chip clogging, fatigue and wear-related excessive stress depending on the characteristics of the workpiece. Two tool breakage prediction methods were developed by considering the variation of the static part of the feed direction cutting force. These methods used segmental averages and wavelet transformation coefficients. The accuracy of the proposed approaches were tested with experimental data and the agreement between the predictions and actual observations are reported.
Fishery management under the Magnuson Act

The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, later to be called the Magnuson Act, has been in effect now for about eight years. It established a system for conserving and managing fisheries in the US Fishery Conservation Zone. Sufficient time has now elapsed to permit a preliminary judgment as to whether the Act is meeting the purposes and the expectations of its drafters. This question will be examined in two ways. The first relates to the complex arrangements for managing the AAt. How is this unique and in many ways cumbersome form of government working as a mechanism for regulating our varied and often rapidly changing fisheries? The second, has it changed the conservation and use of our fisheries to meet the objectives of the Act?
Modeling Ethnic Protest: The Case of the Middle East and Central Asia

ABSTRACT Theory: Literature on ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia does not provide empirical measures necessary for rigorous hypothesis testing, nor does it incorporate a comprehensive theoretical foundation needed to identify the conditions for ethnic protest. There is also no consensus on the causes of ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia. Hypotheses: To improve our ability to explain ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia and to identify the necessary conditions for ethnic dissent, we test five hypotheses embodied in grievance and political mobilization. The literature on ethnic protest in the Middle East and Central Asia references both models but does not systematically test their relevance. Methodology: We use Logistic Regression to test the explanatory potential of the five hypotheses of the Grievance and Mobilization models. We use Ted Gurr's Minorities at Risk data set, which presents data on 40 ethnic groups in the Middle East and Central Asia. The dependent variable is protest for 1990-95. Findings: Our research does not lend much empirical support for the grievance model, which dominates the Middle Eastern and Central Asian area study literature. Cultural identity and religious freedom variables of grievance model do not provide sufficient condition for the outbreak of ethnic protest. The mobilization model has better explanatory power. It lends significant support to the three hypotheses associated with the mobilization model and suggests that ethnic protest is more likely to occur under conditions of organizational cohesiveness, low levels of autocracy, and international support.
Observations of Internal and Near-Inertial Oscillations at Drake Passage

Abstract The kinetic energy levels Of horizontal oscillations near and above the inertial frequency are described based on 84 current records made during 5 years at Drake Passage. Instrument depths ranged from 280 to 3600 m. Moorings spanned the passage, though the best depth and time coverage is for a central location. For each variance spectrum of horizontal current, the frequency band above the local inertial and semidiurnal tidal peaks was fitted to the Garrett and Munk internal wave spectrum in the form of The fit is determined by the log-log decay (p) of energy density (NE0) with frequency (ω), where E0 is the energy density at 1 cph (ω0) normalized by stability frequency N. Although these parameters were generally near the “universal” values, there was considerable spatial variability—more than the year-to-year variability. Values of p were found to increase with depth; values of E0 were larger in the northern passage and at the continental slopes suggesting source regions for wave energy. The fitt...
Deletion residuals in the detection of heterogeneity of variances in linear regression

The heterogeneity of error variance often causes a huge interpretive problem in linear regression analysis. Before taking any remedial measures we first need to detect this problem. A large number of diagnostic plots are now available in the literature for detecting heteroscedasticity of error variances. Among them the ‘residuals’ and ‘fits’ (R–F) plot is very popular and commonly used. In the R–F plot residuals are plotted against the fitted responses, where both these components are obtained using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. It is now evident that the OLS fits and residuals suffer a huge setback in the presence of unusual observations and hence the R–F plot may not exhibit the real scenario. The deletion residuals based on a data set free from all unusual cases should estimate the true errors in a better way than the OLS residuals. In this paper we propose ‘deletion residuals’ and the ‘deletion fits’ (DR–DF) plot for the detection of the heterogeneity of error variances in a linear regressi...
The Single Taxers' ‘Invasion’ of Delaware

. In 1895 a group of Single Taxers—members of the ethical democratic social reform movement founded by the American Journalist, Henry George—'invaded’ Delaware in an attempt, by concentrating their efforts, to achieve a demonstration of the efficacy of their theories by putting them into practice. The campaign won adherents but it failed to win adoption of the program because the idealists were not political realists and so they were unaware that Delaware in the mid-90s was a very unlikely place for a third-party movement.
CALCULATION OF ATOMIC PARAMETERS FOR Kα SATELLITE SPECTRA OF HOLLOW ARGON ATOMS

Abstract We present theoretical X-ray wavelengths, X-ray transition rates, fluorescence yields, Auger transition rates, and lifetimes of hollow argon ions with configurations 1 s 1 2 s m 2 p n , m=0–2, n=1–6 . The calculation has been performed using multiconfiguration Hartree–Fock atomic model. Spin-orbit interactions and other relativistic effects are included. These data will permit better analysis of X-ray spectra obtained from hollow argon atoms produced in recent ion–surface interaction experiments.
Anti-Market Research: Piracy, New Media Metrics, and Commodity Communities

Over a decade after Napster’s introduction, file sharing programs still shoulder much of the blame for music and other media’s declining sales. Although labels and industry associations point their fingers at the harm digital piracy and file-sharing cause, they are less likely to admit the extent to which these anti-markets inform everyday decisions. File-sharing technologies create networks of users that serve as profitable data for ratings and metrics agencies. Using a case study of BigChampagne and its relationship to Napster, this article considers how the look, structure, and function of file-sharing software helped turn an economically threatening community into a commodity and how piracy’s disruptive potential is always in tension with processes of commodification.
Loss of the eukaryotic initiation factor 3f in melanoma

Aberrant regulation of the translation initiation is known to contribute to tumorigenesis. eIF3 plays an important role in translation initiation. eIF3f is the p47 subunit of the eIF3 complex whose function in cancer is not clear. Initial studies from our group indicated that eIF3f expression is decreased in melanoma. Overexpression of eIF3f inhibits translation and induces apoptosis in melanoma cells. The eIF3f gene is located at chromosome region 11p15.4. Loss of 11p15.4 is a common event in many tumors including melanoma. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of the decreased expression of eIF3f in melanoma, we performed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis in 24 melanoma specimens using three microsatellite markers encompassing the eIF3f gene. We showed that the prevalence of LOH ranged from 75% to 92% in melanoma. We also performed eIF3f gene copy number analysis using quantitative real-time PCR to further confirm the specific allelic loss of the eIF3f gene in melanoma. We demonstrated a statistically significant decrease of the eIF3f gene copy number in melanoma compared with normal tissues with a tumor/normal ratio of 0.52. To further elucidate the somatic genetic alterations, we carried out mutation analysis covering the entire coding region and 5'UTR of the eIF3f gene in melanoma tissues and cell lines. Despite some polymorphisms, we did not find any mutations. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that eIF3f protein expression is decreased in melanoma compared to benign nevi. These data provide new insight into the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of eIF3f during melanoma tumorigenesis.
Analysis of Gingival Crevicular Fluid as Applied to the Diagnosis of Oral and Systemic Diseases

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), a serum transudate or inflammatory exudate, can be collected from the gingival crevice surrounding the teeth. As such, the fluid reflects the constituents of serum, the cellular response in the periodontium, and contributions from the gingival crevice. The study of GCF has focused on defining the pathophysiology of periodontal disease, and identification of a potential diagnostic test for active periodontitis. The majority of markers that have been identified as potential candidates for such a test are measures of inflammation (i.e., prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), neutrophil elastase, and the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase). Further, analysis of inflammatory markers in GCF may assist in defining how certain systemic disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus) can modify periodontal disease, and how periodontal disease/periodontal inflammation can influence certain systemic disorders (i.e., cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases). Methodological concerns related to the collection and analysis of GCF are important factors that need to be considered when studying GCF. Practical concerns argue against the widespread clinical application of GCF as an adjunct to periodontal diagnosis. Rather, analysis of GCF-derived mediators in saliva may serve as a means of rapid screening for periodontal disease.
Antinociceptive effects of the alkaloid epibatidine: Further studies on involvement of nicotinic receptors

Epibatidine is a potent analgetic agent with high affinity for nicotinic receptors. The antinociceptive effects of epibatidine are blocked by both competitive and noncompetitive nicotinic antagonists. The L-type calcium channel activator Bay K 8644 potentiates the antinociceptive effects of epibatidine, while nifedipine antagonizes the antinociceptive effects. Acute treatment with chlorisondamine leads to long-term blockade of the antinociceptive effects of epibatidine. The antinociceptive effects of epibatidine are reduced in mice rendered tolerant to the behavioral effects of nicotine by chronic nicotine or caffeine treatment. Epibatidine has very high affinity for the major central nicotinic receptor to which [ 3 H]nicotine binds. However, unlike nicotine and cytisine, epibatidine is very potent at ganglionic-type nicotinic receptors. Epibatidine in cultured cells causes desensitization of both ganglionic and neuromuscular nicotinic receptors. Thus, like nicotine, chronic treatment with epibatidine might be expected to lead to tolerance. These studies establish epibatidine as a tool for the study of nicotinic pathways involved in pain perception. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.*
Iritis in Patients With Cutaneous Melanoma and Vitiligo

• Two patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma, vitiligo, and uveitis are described. The occurrence of vitiligo following cutaneous melanoma is not uncommon and has been interpreted to result from cellular and humoral factors directed against melanoma cells that also destroy normal cutaneous melanocytes. The present cases raise the possibility that melanocytes in the eye as well as the skin may be affected.
Modulating the Binding of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Inside a Hexacationic Cage by Anion–π Interactions†

We report the template-directed synthesis of BlueCage(6+), a macrobicyclic cyclophane composed of six pyridinium rings fused with two central triazines and bridged by three paraxylylene units. These moieties endow the cage with a remarkably electron-poor cavity, which makes it a powerful receptor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Upon forming a 1:1 complex with pyrene in acetonitrile, however, BlueCage⋅6 PF6 exhibits a lower association constant Ka than its progenitor ExCage⋅6 PF6. A close inspection reveals that the six PF6(-) counterions of BlueCage(6+) occupy the cavity in a fleeting manner as a consequence of anion-π interactions and, as a result, compete with the PAH guests. This conclusion is supported by a one order of magnitude increase in the Ka value for pyrene in BlueCage(6+) when the PF6(-) counterions are replaced by much bulkier anions. The presence of anion-π interactions is supported by X-ray crystallography, and confirms the presence of a PF6(-) counterion inside its cavity.
Early and Middle High Plains Archaic

Relative Time Period: Follows the Late Paleoindian tradition and precedes the Late High Plains Archaic tradition.
The Rise of Political Protestantism in Nineteenth Century Germany

Prior to the outbreak of the German Revolution of 1848, the liberal publicists Wilhelm Jordan and Robert Prutz complained bitterly about “the foolish absorption of the Germans in theological problems.… when political and economic issues should occupy their full attention.”
Performance Comparison between NEMO BSP and SINEMO

IETF has proposed mobile IPv6-based network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (BSP) to support network mobility. NEMO BSP inherits all the drawbacks of mobile IPv6, such as inefficient routing path, single point of failure, high handover latency and high packet overhead. To address these drawbacks, a new network mobility scheme, called seamless IP-diversity based network mobility (SINEMO), has been proposed. The goal of this paper is to validate with experimental data that SINEMO performs better than NEMO BSP. We show that SINEMO can improve the performance of IP based mobile networks.
Treatment of rumination maintained by automatic reinforcement: a comparison of extra portions during a meal and supplemental post-meal feedings

This study evaluated the effects of two satiation procedures, large portions and supplementary feedings, as interventions for rumination maintained by automatic reinforcement for an individual with developmental disabilities. Results showed that supplemental feedings produced a greater reduction in the rate of rumination than the large portions treatment. Additionally, 30 min supplemental feedings were more effective than 15 min supplemental feedings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparison of Children’s Physical Activity Levels in Physical Education, Recess, and Exergaming

Purpose: To compare young children’s different intensity physical activity (PA) levels in physical education, recess and exergaming programs. Methods: Participants were 140 first and second grade children (73 girls; Meanage= 7.88 years). Beyond the daily 20-minute recess, participants attended 75-minute weekly physical education classes and another 75-minute weekly exergaming classes. Children’s PA levels were assessed by ActiGraph GTX3 accelerometers for 3 sessions in the 3 programs. The outcome variables were percentages of time spent in sedentary, light PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Results: There were significant main effects for program and grade, and an interaction effect for program by grade. Specifically, children’s MVPA in exergaming and recess was higher than in physical education. The 2nd-grade children demonstrated lower sedentary behavior and MVPA than the first-grade children during recess; less light PA in both recess and exergaming than first-grade children; and less sedentary beh...
A level set-based global shape prior and its application to image segmentation

Global shape prior knowledge is a special kind of semantic information that can be incorporated into an image segmentation process to handle the difficulties caused by such problems as occlusion, cluttering, noise, and/or low contrast boundaries. In this work, we propose a global shape prior representation and incorporate it into a level set based image segmentation framework. This global shape prior can effectively help remove the cluttered elongate structures and island-like artifacts from the evolving contours. We apply this global shape prior to segmentation of three sequences of electron tomography membrane images. The segmentation results are evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively by visual inspection. Accurate segmentation results are achieved in the testing sequences, which demonstrates the capability of the proposed global shape prior representation.
Mapping of cytochrome oxidase patches and ocular dominance columns in human visual cortex

The cytochrome oxidase stain was applied to autopsy specimens of human brain. In primary visual cortex patches of darker enzyme staining were present in layers II, III, IV b, V, and VI. The patches were oval, about 400 by 250 µm, with a density of one patch per 0.6-0.8 mm 2 of cortex. They were organized into rows spaced about 1 mm apart, intersecting the 17-18 border at right angles. The patches also stained preferentially for AChE activity. The lateral geniculate body was examined in two patients who died many years after losing one eye as adults. In atrophied laminae cytochrome oxidase activity was severely reduced. In the visual cortex from three cases after monocular enucleation, regular alternating light and dark columns of cytochrome oxidase activity were visible in layer IV c, presumably corresponding to ocular dominance columns. In two cases their pattern was reconstructed over 200-400 mm 2 of striate cortex. The columns appeared as roughly parallel slabs about 1 mm wide, oriented perpendicular to the 17-18 border as in the macaque. In the upper layers light and dark rows of patches were present, which fit in register with the light and dark ocular dominance columns below. In layer IV the ocular dominance columns were also visible in Nissl stained sections as a consequence of secondary anterograde transneuronal degeneration. Darker Nissl stained columns matched lighter cytochrome oxidase stained columns corresponding to the missing eye. Quantitative measurements demonstrated a 10% loss of mean cell area and 35% increase in cell density in ocular dominance columns belonging to the missing eye, which accounts for their darker appearance in the Nissl stain. Patches were not present in a foetus at six months gestation. However, they were clearly formed in a six month old baby, although they appeared smaller and more closely spaced than in the adult. These results show that patches are present in man, in addition to other primates, although they appear proportionately larger. Ocular dominance columns are also present, in common with certain species of primates like the macaque, baboon and galago. Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry promises to be a useful technique for mapping anatomical features of the human brain post mortem .
Development and Cancer of the Cerebellum

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and is thought to arise from genetic anomalies in developmental pathways required for the normal maturation of the cerebellar cortex, notably developmental pathways for granule cell progenitor (GCP) neurogenesis. Over the past decade, a wide range of studies have identified genes and their regulators within signaling pathways, as well as noncoding RNAs, that have crucial roles in both normal cerebellar development and pathogenesis. These include the Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, bone morphogenic proteins (Bmp) and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathways. In this review, we highlight the function of these pathways in the growth of the cerebellum and the formation of MB. A better understanding of the developmental origins of these tumors will have significant implications for enhancing the treatment of this important childhood cancer.
Marangoni instability with an evaporating interface

Abstract The hydrodynamic stability of an evaporating fluid layer is analyzed using a linear model which takes explicit account of the uniform velocity induced by evaporation. From this model a characteristic equation is derived and results of a series of numerical calculations are presented graphically. Translation due to evaporation tends to stabilize the system with respect to surface tension driven convection. Unstable conditions are characterized by much smaller length scales and faster growth rates than when interface translation is absent. No oscillatory modes of instability are found.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Subtypes Differentially Regulate Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype

Objective— The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors in acute vascular injury and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation is not completely resolved. Methods and Results— S1P receptor antagonists were used to test the hypothesis that specific S1P receptor subtypes differentially regulate SMC phenotypic modulation. In response to acute balloon injury of the rat carotid artery, S1P1/S1P3 receptor mRNA levels were transiently increased at 48 hours whereas S1P2 receptor expression was decreased. S1P2 expression was reinduced and increased at 7 to 10 days postinjury. Daily intraperitoneal injection of the S1P1/S1P3 antagonist VPC44116 decreased neointimal hyperplasia by ≈50%. In vitro, pharmacological inhibition of S1P1/S1P3 receptors with VPC25239 attenuated S1P-induced proliferation of rat aortic SMCs. Conversely, inhibition of S1P2 with JTE013 potentiated S1P-induced proliferation. Inhibition of S1P1/S1P3 resulted in S1P-induced activation of the SMC differentiation marker genes SMα-actin and SMMHC, whereas inhibition of S1P2 attenuated this response. S1P2-dependent activation of SMα-actin and SMMHC was shown to be mediated by L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels and subsequent RhoA/Rho kinase–dependent SRF enrichment of CArG box promoter regions. Conclusion— Results provide evidence that S1P1/S1P3 receptors promote, whereas S1P2 receptors antagonize, SMC proliferation and phenotypic modulation in vitro in response to S1P, or in vivo after vascular injury.
A robust linear least-squares estimation of camera exterior orientation using multiple geometric features

For photogrammetric applications, solutions to camera exterior orientation problem can be classified into linear direct and non-linear. Direct solutions are important because of their computational efficiency. Existing linear solutions suffer from lack of robustness and accuracy partially due to the fact that the majority of the methods utilize only one type of geometric entity and their frameworks do not allow simultaneous use of different types of features. Furthermore, the orthonormality constraints are weakly enforced or not enforced at all. We have developed a new analytic linear least-squares framework for determining camera exterior orientation from the simultaneous use of multiple types of geometric features. The technique utilizes 2Dr3D correspondences between points, lines, and ellipse-circle pairs. The redundancy provided by different geometric features improves the robustness and accuracy of the least-squares solution. A novel way of approximately imposing orthonormality constraints on the sought rotation matrix within the linear framework is presented. Results from experimental evaluation of the new technique using both synthetic data and real images reveal its improved robustness and accuracy over existing direct methods. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Fungus-gardening ants prefer native fungal species: Do ants control their crops?

Fundamental features of mutualisms are solutions to conflict. The mutualism between fungus-gardening ants and their fungi is characterized by pronounced evolutionary ant-fungus fidelity. Ant-fungus fidelity is thought to be controlled by the fungus, which secretes somatic incompatibility compounds that suppress incompatible fungal strains that may invade gardens. Accordingly, the ants are thought to perceive incompatibilities and then reject invading cultivars. During cultivar-switch experiments, we discovered that if switched colonies of the ant Trachymyrmex septentrionalis are successful in retaining a minute fragment of their original garden, the ants will gradually co-cultivate the novel and the original fungus strains in a chimeric (polycultural) garden; this chimeric garden will revert after 1–2 weeks completely to a monoculture of the original fungal strain. Experimental examination of worker preference suggests that symbiont rejection behavior seems to be an innate response toward foreign fungi rather than mediated solely by incompatibility compounds secreted by the fungus. These observations suggest that the fungal strain cultivated by a colony imprints the attending ants, and this imprinting modifies ant behavior so that the ants prefer their original cultivar even when experimentally forced to grow a foreign cultivar for several weeks. Fungal monocultures and ant-fungus fidelities in this symbiosis therefore seem to be reinforced by factors intrinsic to both the ants and the fungi. Key words: Attini, chimera, cultivar switch, somatic compatibility, symbiosis. [Behav Ecol]
Thyroxine-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy: Time Course of Development and Inhibition by Propranolol*

To investigate the mechanism of thyroid hormone- induced cardiac hypertrophy, we have studied the in vivo changes in cardiac size and total myocardial content of both membrane and cytoskeletal enzymes in the rat after the administration of excess thyroid hormone. In response to 50 μg T4 day, there is a significant increase in heart rate and heart work associated with an increase in total heart size and protein content. Measurements of the specific activity of Na,K-ATPase and p-nitrophenol phosphatase demonstrate a small but significant increase in specific activity, while the specific activity of myosin ATPase is unchanged. To further probe the mechanism for T4-mediated hypertrophy we studied the in vivo effects of β- adrenergic blockade on rat heart size. When animals were treated with both T4 and propranolol (10 mg/animal · day) cardiac hypertrophy was prevented. Propranolol alone at this dose did not affect heart rate, heart weight, or serum levels of T4 and T3. The present data suggest that 1) the hyp...
ML Estimation of DNA Initial Copy Number in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Processes

Estimation of DNA copy number in a given biological sample is an extremely important problem in genomics. This problem is especially challenging when the number of the DNA strands is minuscule, which is often the case in applications such as pathogen and genetic mutation detection. A recently developed technique, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), amplifies the number of initial target molecules by replicating them through a series of thermal cycles. Ideally, the number of target molecules doubles at the end of each cycle. However, in practice, due to biochemical noise the efficiency of the PCR reaction, defined as the fraction of target molecules which are successfully copied during a cycle, is always less than 1. In this paper, we formulate the problem of joint maximum-likelihood estimation of the PCR efficiency and the initial DNA copy number. As indicated by simulation studies, the performance of the proposed estimator is superior with respect to competing statistical approaches. Moreover, we compute the Cramer-Rao lower bound on the mean-square estimation error.
A practical method to measure GFR in people with type 1 diabetes

Abstract Aims Improved early diagnostic methods are needed to identify risk for kidney disease in people with type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured by iohexol clearance in dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper would be comparable to plasma (gold-standard) and superior to estimated GFR (eGFR) and, second, that adjustment for ambient blood glucose would improve accuracy and precision of GFR measurement. Methods GFR was measured by iohexol clearance in plasma, DBS, and as estimated by the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration equations in 15 adults with type 1 diabetes at two visits, one euglycemic and one hyperglycemic. Results GFR measured by DBS was more comparable and less biased than GFR cystatin C, serum creatinine, and both combined. GFR was higher during hyperglycemia. Correction for between visit glycemia statistically significantly reduced bias and mean squared error for GFR measured by DBS as compared to gold-standard during euglycemia. Conclusions Iohexol clearance measured with DBS performed better than eGFR methods. Correction for ambient blood glucose improved precision and accuracy of GFR measurement. This method is more convenient than the gold-standard GFR method and may improve screening and diagnostic capabilities in people with type 1 diabetes, especially when GFR is >60ml/min/1.73m 2 .
Software design by reusing architectures

Abstraction fosters reuse by providing a class of artifacts that can be instantiated or customized to produce a set of artifacts meeting different specific requirements. The authors propose that significant leverage can be obtained by abstracting software system designs and the design process. The result of such an abstraction is a generic architecture and a set of knowledge-based customization tools that can be used to instantiate the generic architecture. An approach for designing software systems based on this idea is described. The approach is illustrated through an implemented example, and the advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed. >