cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of BD Phoenix to Vitek 2, MicroScan MICroSTREP, and Etest for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Streptococcus pneumoniae

The performance of the BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System (BD Diagnostic Systems) was compared to those of the Vitek 2 (bioMerieux), the MicroScan MICroSTREP plus (Siemens), and Etest (bioMerieux) for antibiotic susceptibility tests (AST) of 311 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The overall essential agreement (EA) between each test system and the reference microdilution broth reference method for S. pneumoniae AST results was >95%. For Phoenix, the EAs of individual antimicrobial agents ranged from 90.4% (clindamycin) to 100% (vancomycin and gatifloxacin). The categorical agreements (CA) of Phoenix, Vitek 2, MicroScan, and Etest for penicillin were 95.5%, 94.2%, 98.7%, and 97.7%, respectively. The overall CA for Phoenix was 99.3% (1 very major error [VME] and 29 minor errors [mEs]), that for Vitek 2 was 98.8% (7 VMEs and 28 mEs), and those for MicroScan and Etest were 99.5% each (19 and 13 mEs, respectively). The average times to results for Phoenix, Vitek 2, and the manual methods were 12.1 h, 9.8 h, and 24 h, respectively. From these data, the Phoenix AST results demonstrated a high degree of agreement with all systems evaluated, although fewer VMEs were observed with the Phoenix than with the Vitek 2. Overall, both automated systems provided reliable AST results for the S. pneumoniae-antibiotic combinations in half the time required for the manual methods, rendering them more suitable for the demands of expedited reporting in the clinical setting.
Performance of a plastic-wrapped composting system for biosecure emergency disposal of disease-related swine mortalities

A passively-ventilated plastic-wrapped composting system initially developed for biosecure disposal of poultry mortalities caused by avian influenza was adapted and tested to assess its potential as an emergency disposal option for disease-related swine mortalities. Fresh air was supplied through perforated plastic tubing routed through the base of the compost pile. The combined air inlet and top vent area is ⩽∼1% of the gas exchange surface of a conventional uncovered windrow. Parameters evaluated included: (1) spatial and temporal variations in matrix moisture content (m.c.), leachate production, and matrix O2 concentrations; (2) extent of soft tissue decomposition; and (3) internal temperature and the success rate in achieving USEPA time/temperature (T) criteria for pathogen reduction. Six envelope materials (wood shavings, corn silage, ground cornstalks, ground oat straw, ground soybean straw, or ground alfalfa hay) and two initial m.c.'s (15-30% w.b. for materials stored indoors, and 45-65% w.b. to simulate materials exposed to precipitation) were tested to determine their effect on performance parameters (1-3). Results of triple-replicated field trials showed that the composting system did not accumulate moisture despite the 150kg carcass water load (65% of 225kg total carcass mass) released during decomposition. Mean compost m.c. in the carcass layer declined by ∼7 percentage points during 8-week trials, and a leachate accumulation was rare. Matrix O2 concentrations for all materials other than silage were ⩾10% using the equivalent of 2m inlet/vent spacing. In silage O2 dropped below 5% in some cases even when 0.5m inlet/vent spacing was used. Eight week soft tissue decomposition ranged from 87% in cornstalks to 72% in silage. Success rates for achievement of USEPA Class B time/temperature criteria ranged from 91% for silage to 33-57% for other materials. Companion laboratory biodegradation studies suggest that Class B success rates can be improved by slightly increasing envelope material m.c. Moistening initially dry (15% m.c.) envelope materials to 35% m.c. nearly doubled their heat production potential, boosting it to levels ⩾silage. The 'contradictory' silage test results showing high temperatures paired with slow soft tissue degradation are likely due to this material's high density, low gas permeability and low water vapor loss. While slow decomposition typically suggests low microbial activity and heat production, it does not rule out high internal temperatures if the heat produced is conserved. Occasional short-term odor releases during the first 2weeks of composting were associated with top-to-bottom gas flow which is contrary to the typical bottom-to-top flow typically observed in conventional compost piles. In cases where biosecurity concerns are paramount, results of this study show the plastic-wrapped passively-ventilated composting method to have good potential for above-ground swine mortality disposal.
Violence and Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review

Context Violence, experienced in either childhood or adulthood, has been associated with physical health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease. However, the consistency of the existing literature has not been evaluated. Evidence acquisition In 2013 , the authors conducted a PubMed and Web of Science review of peer-reviewed articles published prior to August 2013 on the relation between violence exposure, experienced in either childhood or adulthood, and cardiovascular outcomes. To meet inclusion criteria, articles had to present estimates for the relation between violence exposure and cardiovascular outcomes (e.g., hypertension, blood pressure, stroke, coronary disease, or myocardial infarction) adjusted for demographic factors. Articles focusing on violence from television, video games, natural disasters, terrorism, or war were excluded. Evidence synthesis The initial search yielded 2,273 articles; after removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected for review. A consistent positive relation was noted on the association between violence experienced during childhood and cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood (i.e., hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction). Associations across genders with varying types of violence exposure were also noted. By contrast, findings were mixed on the relation between adult violence exposure and cardiovascular outcome. Conclusions Despite varying definitions of violence exposure and cardiovascular endpoints, a consistent relation exists between childhood violence exposure, largely assessed retrospectively, and cardiovascular endpoints. Findings are mixed for the adult violence−cardiovascular health relation. The cross-sectional nature of most adult studies and the reliance of self-reported outcomes can potentially be attributed to the lack of findings among adult violence exposure studies.
Cross-shelf life-stage segregation and community structure of the euphausiids off central Oregon (1970–1972)

Abstract Community structure and zonal distribution of euphausiids along the Newport Hydrographic line (44°39.1′N) off central Oregon, USA, were examined from bi-weekly oceanographic surveys ( n = 48 ) carried out from January 1970 through July 1972. We explored the associations among the euphausiid community composition (14 species) and changes in sea-surface temperature (SST), sea-surface salinity (SSS), coastal upwelling index (CUI), sigma-t, day vs. night sampling time, and distance from the coast. This period included the 1970–1971 La Nina and, at low latitudes, the 1972 El Nino events; this study shows that this El Nino event did not reach the Oregon coast as have most other most recent events. Multivariate analyses were done to identify the cross-shelf environmental gradients that most influence temporal changes in the euphausiid community structure. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) indicated that the euphausiid community separates into coastal and oceanic assemblages, with a species-richness gradient located about 45 km from shore, over the shelf-break. In the inshore zone, positive CUI (upwelling) was associated with Thysanoessa spinifera, while negative CUI (downwelling) was associated with the presence of the oceanic species assemblage during October–November. Indicator species analysis (ISA) showed that two species were good indicators for the oceanic environment: Thysanoessa longipes and Nematoscelis atlantica. Three species (Thysanoessa gregaria, Nematoscelis difficilis, and Tessarabrachion oculatum) were moderate indicators for the oceanic environment because, during fall and winter downwelling events, they may be transported over the continental shelf. High densities of larvae and juveniles of T. spinifera were found nearshore ( 18–108 km from the coast). Euphausia pacifica was relatively homogeneously distributed in shelf and offshore waters, but its larvae were recorded chiefly inshore in mid-summer and offshore during the rest of the year. Our data showed a strong cross-shelf gradient in euphausiid assemblages and life-stage-segregated distributions for T. spinifera and E. pacifica, suggesting active population maintenance strategies within this upwelling region.
Petitions to Empire: The South African Indian Community and Multiracial Cooperation in the 1930s and 1940s

This paper examines the role of imperial networks in the formulation of multiracial political thought and activism in early twentieth-century British South Africa. It focuses on: first, the consolidation of a shared South African identity across Indian communities with distinct languages and faiths; and, second, their appeals to the universal language of imperial citizenship and human rights, which laid the groundwork for multiracial cooperation. Liberal conceptions of nationhood, citizenship, and democracy also drew upon this same language of inclusion and solidarity. Indeed, the 1930s and 1940s were a period of great upheaval and opportunity, but even as Britain began its imperial dissolution, the theoretical dynamics of empire – and the position of non-white South Africans therein – endured and were sublimated into bodies like the United Nations. This analysis draws upon a range of sources to capture both elite and popular petitions to empire, including personal correspondence, formal petitions, delegations, conference proceedings, and open letters to the foreign and national press. Focusing on continuities in political language and ideas invoked by early advocates of multiracial democracy, the paper traces empire’s role in the possibilities of multiracial kinship during a foundational period in South Africa’s political development.
Ceccarelli, Leah. On the Frontier of Science: An American Rhetoric of Exploration and Exploitation

Leah Ceccarelli’s On the Frontier of Science provides a provocative account of the prevalence of a frontiersman’s myth in rhetoric that promotes scientific advancement and discovery. Her account is...
Thermally Brightened CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots as Noncontact Probes for Surface Chemistry Studies of Dark Nanoparticles Trapped in the Gas Phase

Charged CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) trapped in the gas phase are transformed by CO2 laser heating, resulting in brightening of their photoluminescence intensities by more than 2 orders of magnitude. The transformation is shown to be thermally driven, and self-limiting, i.e., once the QDs have been fully brightened, they are unaffected by further CO2 laser irradiation at intensities up to 1 kW/cm2. The transformation clearly involves loss of the 10.6 μm chromophore, which appears to be the ligand layer. The thermally brightened QDs are tested for use as noncontact probe particles, allowing dark nanoparticles to be detected by cotrapping them with a brightened QD. We show that cotrapping has negligible effect on the secular frequency of the cotrapped particles, and that it is possible to simultaneously monitor changes in the mass and charge of up to three cotrapped nanoparticles for hours, allowing the rate of surface reactions to be measured. Application to studying the surface chemistry of free nanopartic...
The Chair, the Area Rug, and the Astroid

(1995). The Chair, the Area Rug, and the Astroid. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 229-231.
Detonation Initiation from Spontaneous Hotspots Formed During Cook-Off Observed in Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Hotspots that form spontaneously during cook-off (a process in which an explosive is annealed) have been observed in 3D molecular dynamics simulations of a model energetic material. Hotspots that a...
Mono- and Dinuclear Manganese Carbonyls Supported by 1,8-Disubstituted (L = Py, SMe, SH) Anthracene Ligand Scaffolds

Presented herein is a synthetic scheme to generate symmetric and asymmetric ligands based on a 1,8-disubstituted anthracene scaffold. The metal-binding scaffolds were prepared by aryl chloride activation of 1,8-dichloroanthracene using Suzuki-type couplings facilitated by [Pd(dba)2] as a Pd source; the choice of cocatalyst (XPhos or SPhos) yielded symmetrically or asymmetrically substituted scaffolds (respectively): namely, Anth-SMe2 (3), Anth-N2 (4), and Anth-NSMe (6). The ligands exhibit a nonplanar geometry in the solid state (X-ray), owing to steric hindrance between the anthracene scaffold and the coupled aryl units. To determine the flexibility and binding characteristics of the anthracene-based ligands, the symmetric scaffolds were complexed with [Mn(CO)5Br] to afford the mononuclear species [(Anth-SMe2)Mn(CO)3Br] (8) and [(Anth-N2)Mn(CO)3Br] (9), in which the donor moieties chelate the Mn center in a cis fashion. The asymmetric ligand Anth-NSMe (6) binds preferentially through the py moieties, aff...
Introduction: Private Investment Flows and Institutional Investors

The nineteenth-century ideal of erecting a world based on the unencumbered operation of a free market has reemerged and has permeated the public policies and politics at the turn of the millennium. Akin to its role in the nineteenth century, international finance is playing a central role in the promulgation of the free market norm. The developing countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa are perhaps the most affected by this resurgence of liberalism and the demands of international finance. The conventional means of attracting capital into developing countries shifted rapidly from pledging allegiances to one of the cold war rivals to marketing the nation-state to the world’s financiers. Once a strategic geopolitical position could have ensured a consistent flow of assistance; now an economic policy, based on deregulation, privatization, and stabilization, is the path to equity. Instead of catering to the governments and international institutions of industrialized countries, leaders in developing countries realize that the power of the purse lies with private institutional investors. The political and social ramification of this change in finance sourcing for developing countries has yet to be explored fully. The goal of this book is to further the on-going debate about the relationship between liberalization and democratization, and to challenge some convenient assumptions about markets that do not hold in the current emerging financial markets.
Active Dendritic Properties and Local Inhibitory Input Enable Selectivity for Object Motion in Mouse Superior Colliculus Neurons.

Neurons respond to specific features of sensory stimuli. In the visual system, for example, some neurons respond to motion of small but not large objects, whereas other neurons prefer motion of the entire visual field. Separate neurons respond equally to local and global motion but selectively to additional features of visual stimuli. How and where does response selectivity emerge? Here, we show that wide-field (WF) cells in retino-recipient layers of the mouse superior colliculus (SC) respond selectively to small moving objects. Moreover, we identify two mechanisms that contribute to this selectivity. First, we show that input restricted to a small portion of the broad dendritic arbor of WF cells is sufficient to trigger dendritic spikes that reliably propagate to the soma/axon. In vivo whole-cell recordings reveal that nearly every action potential evoked by visual stimuli has characteristics of spikes initiated in dendrites. Second, inhibitory input from a different class of SC neuron, horizontal cells, constrains the range of stimuli to which WF cells respond. Horizontal cells respond preferentially to the sudden appearance or rapid movement of large stimuli. Optogenetic reduction of their activity reduces movement selectivity and broadens size tuning in WF cells by increasing the relative strength of responses to stimuli that appear suddenly or cover a large region of space. Therefore, strongly propagating dendritic spikes enable small stimuli to drive spike output in WF cells and local inhibition helps restrict responses to stimuli that are both small and moving. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How do neurons respond selectively to some sensory stimuli but not others? In the visual system, a particularly relevant stimulus feature is object motion, which often reveals other animals. Here, we show how specific cells in the superior colliculus, one synapse downstream of the retina, respond selectively to object motion. These wide-field (WF) cells respond strongly to small objects that move slowly anywhere through a large region of space, but not to stationary objects or full-field motion. Action potential initiation in dendrites enables small stimuli to trigger visual responses and inhibitory input from cells that prefer large, suddenly appearing, or quickly moving stimuli restricts responses of WF cells to objects that are small and moving.
Information Management in New Motherhood: Does the Internet Help or Hinder?

BACKGROUND: Women are faced with the task of gathering information and making subsequent decisions for themselves and their families as they are often the primary caregivers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose...
Lift ing the Veil: France's New Crusade

France is home to the largest Muslim population in Europe, comprising six percent of the French population, making Islam the second most practiced religion in France. With an influx of Muslim immigrants, France struggles with concerns over its national identity and culture. In 2009, the French government began to consider a ban on the face veil, or burqa, in public. Critics accused France of discrimination and Islamophobia, while officials calling for such a ban defended it on constitutional grounds: secularism and a belief that the burqa represents gender discrimination. On September 14, 2010, the French Senate approved the bill to ban women from wearing the veil in public and with the approval of the Constitutional Council, the law will go into effect in the Spring of 2011. This Note calls on the European Court of Human Rights to depart from its history of deference to Member State governments regarding issues of religious expression; instead, the court should ensure that any decision to restrict religious expression in France through a burqa ban does not violate the European Convention on Human Rights. [A]s long as women are in shrouds[,] . . . [h]alf the nation is not alive.
Hippocampal GABAB(1a) Receptors Constrain Generalized Contextual Fear

Many anxiety disorders are characterized by generalization of fear responses to neutral or ambiguous stimuli. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms contributing to generalized fear is essential for formulating successful treatments for anxiety disorders. Previous research shows that GABA-mediated presynaptic inhibition has a critical role in cued fear generalization, as animals with genetically deleted presynaptic GABAB(1a) receptors cannot discriminate between CS+ and CS− tones. Work from our laboratory has further identified that GABAB(1a) receptors are necessary for maintaining contextual memory precision, thereby constraining generalized contextual fear. We previously found that GABAB(1a) KO mice show generalized fear to a neutral context 24 h after training, but not 2 h after training. A similar pattern was observed with object location and recognition, suggesting that this receptor subtype affects consolidation and/or retrieval of precise contextual and spatial memories. Here we sought to specifically examine the involvement of GABAB(1a) receptors in consolidation or retrieval of a precise fear memory. To do so, we infused a selective GABAB(1a) receptor antagonist, CGP 36216, intracerebroventricularly (ICV), or locally into the dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, or anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), during consolidation and retrieval of context fear training. Blockade of GABAB(1a) receptors through ICV, dorsal hippocampal, or ventral hippocampal infusions ‘after’ training (consolidation) resulted in fear generalization to the neutral context when mice were tested 24, but not 6 h after training. Post-training infusions of CGP into the ACC, however, did not promote generalized fear. In addition, ICV, dorsal hippocampal, ventral hippocampal, or ACC infusions immediately ‘before’ testing (retrieval) did not result in context fear generalization. These data suggest that GABA-mediated presynaptic inhibition is not critical for retrieval of precise contextual memory, but rather has an important role in the long-term consolidation of precise contextual memories and constrains generalized fear responses.
The connection between BRG1, CTCF and topoisomerases at TAD boundaries

The eukaryotic genome is partitioned into topologically associating domains (TADs). Despite recent advances characterizing TADs and TAD boundaries, the organization of these structures is an important dimension of genome architecture and function that is not well understood. Recently, we demonstrated that knockdown of BRG1, an ATPase driving the chromatin remodeling activity of mammalian SWI/SNF enzymes, globally alters long-range genomic interactions and results in a reduction of TAD boundary strength. We provided evidence suggesting that this effect may be due to BRG1 affecting nucleosome occupancy around CTCF sites present at TAD boundaries. In this review, we elaborate on our findings and speculate that BRG1 may contribute to the regulation of the structural and functional properties of chromatin at TAD boundaries by affecting the function or the recruitment of CTCF and DNA topoisomerase complexes.
Motivating news audiences: Shock them or provide them with solutions?

Despite the well-established power of the media to shape public perceptions of social problems, compassion fatigue is believed to remain prevalent. So what does it take for someone to be compelled to act after reading a story or seeing an image of a prominent issue? This study, a 3-by-2 between subjects experiment, examined the effects of two journalistic techniques — shocking audiences into action with offensive stories or inspiring them to act with solution-based stories – in the context of sex trafficking. Results revealed that neither shock nor solutions stories led to increased empathy for trafficked individuals, greater understanding of the issue, increased desire to share the story or increased desire to act, but that readers of solutions stories felt more positive and were more likely to read similar stories about the issue. This suggests that solution-focused news stories might be at least somewhat more engaging than shocking and offensive stories.
A Systems Approach to the Platelet Signaling Network and the Hemostatic Response to Injury

An essential part of the hemostatic response to injury is a well-calibrated accumulation of activated platelets. Here we will consider, first, how individual signaling and regulatory pathways in platelets combine to produce a flexible signaling network that can respond appropriately to injury under conditions that range from the macro- to the microcirculation and, second, how the piling up of platelets at a site of injury reshapes the local environment in ways that help to limit continued platelet accumulation. Using a systems biology perspective, we will examine the interrelationships between the platelet signaling network, the distribution of platelet agonists, and thrombus structure. The model that this produces moves beyond the behavior of any single platelet to consider the emergent properties of the platelet mass, thereby helping to explain why a multiplicity of agonists and signaling pathways are needed to produce an optimal hemostatic response.
Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes

Attachment theory has been proposed as one explanation for the relationship between childhood maltreatment and problematic mental and physical health outcomes in adulthood. This study seeks to determine whether: (1) childhood physical abuse and neglect lead to different attachment styles in adulthood, (2) adult attachment styles predict subsequent mental and physical health outcomes, and (3) adult attachment styles mediate the relationship between childhood physical abuse and neglect and mental and physical health outcomes. Children with documented cases of physical abuse and neglect (ages 0-11) were matched with children without these histories and followed up in adulthood. Adult attachment style was assessed at mean age 39.5 and outcomes at 41.1. Separate path models examined mental and physical health outcomes. Individuals with histories of childhood neglect and physical abuse had higher levels of anxious attachment style in adulthood, whereas neglect predicted avoidant attachment as well. Both adult attachment styles (anxious and avoidant) predicted mental health outcomes (higher levels of anxiety and depression and lower levels of self-esteem), whereas only anxious adult attachment style predicted higher levels of allostatic load. Path analyses revealed that anxious attachment style in adulthood in part explained the relationship between childhood neglect and physical abuse to depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, but not the relationship to allostatic load. Childhood neglect and physical abuse have lasting effects on adult attachment styles and anxious and avoidant adult attachment styles contribute to understanding the negative mental health consequences of childhood neglect and physical abuse 30 years later in adulthood.
An increasing, potentially measles-susceptible population over time after vaccination in Korea.

Abstract Background In Korea, measles occurs mainly in infants Methods Age-specific measles seroprevalence was evaluated by performing enzyme immunoassays and plaque reduction-neutralization tests on 3050 subjects aged 0–50 years (birth cohort 1964–2014) and 480 subjects aged 2–30 years (birth cohort 1984–2012). Results The overall seropositivity and measles antibody concentrations were 71.5% and 1366 mIU/mL, respectively. Progressive decline in antibody levels and seropositivity were observed over time after vaccination in infants, adolescents, and young adults. The accumulation of potentially susceptible individuals in the population was confirmed by comparing data from 2010 and 2014 seroprevalence surveys. The statistical correlation between measles incidence and measles seronegativity was determined. Conclusions Waning levels of measles antibodies with increasing time post-vaccination suggests that measles susceptibility is potentially increasing in Korea. This trend may be related to limitations of vaccine-induced immunity in the absence of natural boosting by the wild virus, compared to naturally acquired immunity triggered by measles infection. This study provides an important view into the current measles herd immunity in Korea.
TEXT TYPES AND THE PROBLEM OF TRANSLATABILITY

В статье с новых позиций рассматриваются возможности текстоцентрического подхода к процессу и результату переводческой деятельности и подтверждается незыблемость текста как основной категории переводоведения. В результате исследования было показано, что многогранный характер перевода требует учета самых разнообразных факторов, однако конечный набор параметров, релевантных для процесса перевода зависит именно от текста, поскольку именно текст детерминирует первичную и вторичную коммуникативные ситуации.
Fast prediction of MRI RF-induced heating for implantable plate devices using neural network

In this paper, a fast prediction method using a 3-layer feed-forward neural network was proposed to estimate the radiofrequency (RF) — induced heating for generic implantable plate devices under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The peak local specific absorption rate averaged over 1 gram (SAR1g) was calculated to represent the heating level. A total number of 130 plate devices have been numerically studied with various length, width, thickness, number of screws, length of screws, etc. Among the 130 devices, 91 were used to train the neural network, while 39 were utilized to examine the validity of the SAR1g values predicted by the neural network. The results have shown that the correlation between the estimation and the target values was larger than 0.995 and the mean square error was less than 2.9 W/kg with a mean peak SAR of 93.3 W/kg.
Electron Multi-Beams (Electron Grids, Electron Lattices and Electron Grates): New Elements for Accelerators

Since the initial proposal in 1990s, the method of electron lenses has been successfully developed and employed at the high energy particle colliders, like Tevatron and RHIC. Here we propose a new set of electron multi beam elements (electron grids, electron lattices, electron grates and other) which employ many beams in various spatial configurations, with possible time varying currents. We present major principles of operation and generation of such systems and briefly discuss a set of possible applications in accelerators.
Low-cost assistive robot for mirror therapy rehabilitation

This paper presents a low-cost assistive-robotic device that can facilitate rehabilitative therapy for stroke victims. Specifically, the device is designed for a 1-degree-of-freedom mirror therapy technique. First, the electromechanical design of the device is described in detail, followed by a description of the implemented control system. Finally, to understand the limitations of the device, a human-in-the-loop analysis is performed. Testing with an able bodied user showed a 1.25 Hz bandwidth for the closed loop system, and a 1.0 Hz bandwidth for the human internal system. Consequently, the device has sufficient bandwidth to track typical human movement.
Role stress and alcohol use on restaurant server’s job satisfaction: Which comes first?

Abstract The relationship between work stressors and alcohol consumption has been extensively researched, and two premises have emerged: (1) work stressors precede employee alcohol use and (2) alcohol use precedes work stressors. Despite the continuous call for a paper to address hospitality employees’ alcohol use, no study in hospitality has compared these two premises. Using role stress, a specific type of work stressor commonly found among frontline employees, this study was designed to confirm which of the two premises best encompasses the role stress-alcohol use relationship among front-of-house restaurant servers in the United States. Using structural equation modeling, it was found that role ambiguity had a significant positive impact on alcohol use and a negative impact on job satisfaction. Alcohol use significantly increased job satisfaction, and had a positive indirect effect on the relationship between role ambiguity and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction had a significant negative impact on turnover intentions.
Posterior Mediastinal Tumors

The posterior mediastinum begins at the posterior pericardium and ends at the anterior longitudinal ligament. The thoracic inlet and diaphragm, respectively, form the superior and inferior extent, and the pleural reflections comprise the lateral margins. Within this space lies the oesophagus, descending thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygos veins, nerve roots, sympathetic nerves, and proximal intercostal nerves and vessels [1]. The pathologic processes found in the posterior mediastinum vary according to age; 50–75% of posterior mediastinal tumors are of neurogenic origin in infants and adults (up to 95%), while lymphoma is more common in adolescents. Most tumors found in adults originate from the peripheral nerve sheath and are benign [2]. In the pediatric population, posterior neurogenic tumors comprise a greater proportion of all thoracic tumors, and up to 60% are malignant [1, 3].
Transnational Partners in Commercial Class Aircraft Manufacturing: Why and How

This article identifies variables that have impelled the creation of transnational joint ventures in commercial-class aircraft manufacturing despite the latter’s strategic value to individual nations. It demonstrates that policy-maker choices are influenced by a complex combination of international and domestic-level political, economic, and technology factors. Finally, it describes four alliance structures which firms have adopted—namely, vertical, horizontal, vertical-horizontal combination, and supplier-driven.
Relational Perception and Knowledge

Features of relationships such as love and closeness are not post hoc conceived of in response to a primary, material experience that does not contain them inherently. Instead, these existential elements can be perceived and known directly from the relational experience. With materialism and other human/nature dualisms accounted for, the ways in which one comes to know about these kinds of relational elements expands. The methods can include American pragmatist Charles Peirce’s notion of synechism of feeling, which is the relational continuity or sharing of feeling as an existential phenomenon surrounding and subsuming relational partners. Other forms of relational knowing include the sensory-emotional notion of poetic knowledge, the idea of “personal acquaintance knowledge” as knowledge about the “other” through the lens of the relationship between Knower and Known, and propositional knowledge once it has been cleansed of human/nature dualistic elements like detachment-promoting scientific objectivity and reliability.
Project Accelerate: Bringing AP ¯ Physics 1 to Underserved Students

Economically disadvantaged and underrepresented high school students in many urban, rural, and small suburban communities don’t have access to Advanced Placement® (AP®) courses either because of a lack of trained teachers, limited or no AP program, or a school history of low participation. Physics is often a “gate keeper” course to entry into physical science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers and academic programs. Lacking opportunity to access rigorous physics courses in high school, these demographic groups are hard pressed to compete in STEM fields and academic programs with their peers from more affluent communities. Project Accelerate is a partnership program between Boston University (BU) and the nation’s high schools combining the supportive infrastructures from the students’ traditional school with a highly interactive private edX online instructional tool to bring a College Board accredited AP Physics 1 course to schools not offering this opportunity. During the 2015-16 academic year, Boston University piloted this model with four Boston Public School (BPS) high schools and three small suburban high schools. During the first year of the pilot, students enrolled in Project Accelerate outperformed their peer groups enrolled in traditional AP Physics 1 classrooms.
The weWomen and ourCircle randomized controlled trial protocol: A web-based intervention for immigrant, refugee and indigenous women with intimate partner violence experiences

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV), including homicides is a widespread and significant public health problem, disproportionately affecting immigrant, refugee and indigenous women in the United States (US). This paper describes the protocol of a randomized control trial testing the utility of administering culturally tailored versions of the danger assessment (DA, measure to assess risk of homicide, near lethality and potentially lethal injury by an intimate partner) along with culturally adapted versions of the safety planning (myPlan) intervention: a) weWomen (designed for immigrant and refugee women) and b) ourCircle (designed for indigenous women). Safety planning is tailored to women's priorities, culture and levels of danger. Many abused women from immigrant, refugee and indigenous groups never access services because of factors such as stigma, and lack of knowledge of resources. Research is, therefore, needed to support interventions that are most effective and suited to the needs of abused women from these populations in the US. In this two-arm trial, 1250 women are being recruited and randomized to either the web-based weWomen or ourCircle intervention or a usual safety planning control website. Data on outcomes (i.e., safety, mental health and empowerment) are collected at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months post- baseline. It is anticipated that the findings will result in an evidence-based culturally tailored intervention for use by healthcare and domestic violence providers serving immigrant, refugee and indigenous survivors of IPV. The intervention may not only reduce risk for violence victimization, but also empower abused women and improve their mental health outcomes.
Mitochondrial translation, dynamics, and lysosomes combine to extend lifespan

In this issue, Liu et al. (2019. J. Cell. Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201907067) find that the inhibition of mitochondrial ribosomes in combination with impaired mitochondrial fission or fusion increases C. elegans lifespan by activating the transcription factor HLH-30, which promotes lysosomal biogenesis.
Utilizing Valley-Spin Hall Effect in WSe 2 for Low Power Non-Volatile Flip-Flop Design

By virtue of the broken inversion symmetry and preserved time-reversal symmetry in monolayer WSe 2 , electrons from K and K’ valleys exhibit opposite spins [1] . Thus, when charge current ( I C ) flows, transverse spin currents ( I S ) are generated perpendicular to I C with up/down spins ( I S↑ /I S↓ ) flowing in opposite directions due to valley-spin hall effect (VSHE) [1] , [2] ( Fig. 1(a) ). The generated spins are out-of-plane and can be coupled with ferromagnets (FMs) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) to control their magnetizations [2] . Hence, magnetization switching energy can potentially be reduced compared to Giant Spin Hall Effect (GSHE) based switching of FMs with in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) [3] . To effectively harness VSHE for circuit applications, careful device-circuit co-design is needed.
Benefit of Endoscopic Surgery in the Management of Acute Invasive Skull Base Fungal Rhinosinusitis.

Objective This article aims to characterize 14 patients who underwent purely endoscopic surgical debridement of acute invasive skull base fungal rhinosinusitis, and to evaluate postoperative outcomes and risk for recurrence. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary single-institution neurosurgery department. Participants We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with skull base fungal infections treated with a purely endoscopic surgical approach at Mount Sinai Hospital from 1998 to 2018. Main Outcome Measures Clinical presentation, number of recurrences, and mortality rate. Results The most common underlying medical comorbidities were hematologic malignancy in 8 (57.1%) patients and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in 7 (50%) patients. Presenting symptoms included headache (50%), eye pain (35.7%), facial pain (28.6%), visual changes (21.4%), and nasal congestion (14.3%). The fungal organisms identified on culture were Aspergillus (42.9%), Mucorales (28.6%), Fusarium (14.3%), Penicillium (7.1%), and unspecified (7.1%). Eight (57.1%) patients developed recurrence and required multiple surgical debridements. Patients who had only a hematologic malignancy were more likely to require multiple surgical debridements compared with those who did not have a hematologic malignancy or those who had both hematologic malignancy and underlying diabetes mellitus ( p = 0.03). The mortality rate from surgery was 42.9%. Conclusion Surgical endoscopic intervention is an option for definitive management of acute invasive skull base fungal rhinosinusitis; however, postoperative mortality and risk of recurrence requiring additional surgical interventions remains high. Patients with hematologic malignancy may be more susceptible to recurrent infection requiring multiple surgical debridements. We recommend early aggressive multimodal treatment. Multiple debridements may be warranted in most cases; close clinical surveillance is needed during neurosurgical intervention.
Are misinformation, antiscientific claims, and conspiracy theories for political extremists?:

Extremist political groups, especially “extreme” Republicans and conservatives, are increasingly charged with believing misinformation, antiscientific claims, and conspiracy theories to a greater e...
Age-dependent heterogeneity of lymph node metastases and survival: A population-based study

Abstract Background For several cancers, including those of the breast, young age at diagnosis is associated with an adverse prognosis. Although this effect is often attributed to heritable mutations such as BRCA1/2, the relationship between pathologic features, young age of onset, and prognosis for breast cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we highlight links between age of onset and lymph node metastasis (NM) in US women with breast cancer. Methods Case listings from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) 18 registry data for women with breast cancer, which include information on race, were used. NM and its associated outcomes were evaluated for a subset of women with receptor subtype information and then compared against a larger, pre-subtype validation set of data from the same registry. Age of diagnosis was a 5-category variable; under 40 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years and 70+ years. Univariate and adjusted multivariate survival models were applied to both sets of data. Results As determined with adjusted logistic regression models, women under 40 years old at diagnosis had 1.55 times the odds of NM as women 60-69 years of age. The odds of NM for (HR = hormone receptor) HR+/HER2+, HR-/HER2+, and triple-negative breast cancer subtypes were significantly lower than those for HR+/HER2-. In subtype-stratified adjusted models, age of diagnosis had a consistent trend of decreasing odds of NM by age category, most noticeable for HR+ subtypes of luminal A and B. Univariate 5-year survival by age was worst for women under 40 years, with NM attributable for 49% of the hazard of death from cancer in adjusted multivariate models. Conclusions Lymph node metastasis is age-dependent, yet not all molecular subtypes are clearly affected by this relationship. For
Barriers to follow-up after an abnormal cervical cancer screening result and the role of male partners: a qualitative study.

Introduction Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Malawi, but preventable through screening. Malawi primarily uses visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for screening, however, a follow-up for positive screening results remains a major barrier, in rural areas. We interviewed women who underwent a community-based screen-and-treat campaign that offered same-day treatment with thermocoagulation, a heat-based ablative procedure for VIA-positive lesions, to understand the barriers in accessing post-treatment follow-up and the role of male partners in contributing to, or overcoming these barriers. Methods We conducted in-depths interviews with 17 women recruited in a pilot study that evaluated the safety and acceptability of community-based screen-and-treat programme using VIA and thermocoagulation for cervical cancer prevention in rural Lilongwe, Malawi. Ten of the women interviewed presented for post-treatment follow-up at the healthcare facility and seven did not. The interviews were analysed for thematic content surrounding barriers for attending for follow-up and role of male partners in screening. Results Transportation was identified as a major barrier to post-thermocoagulation follow-up appointment, given long distances to the healthcare facility. Male partners were perceived as both a barrier for some, that is, not supportive of 6-week post-thermocoagulation abstinence recommendation, and as an important source of support for others, that is, encouraging follow-up attendance, providing emotional support to maintaining post-treatment abstinence and as a resource in overcoming transportation barriers. Regardless, the majority of women desired more male partner involvement in cervical cancer screening. Conclusion Despite access to same-day treatment, long travel distances to health facilities for post-treatment follow-up visits remained a major barrier for women in rural Lilongwe. Male partners were identified both as a barrier to, and an important source of support for accessing and completing the screen-and-treat programme. To successfully eliminate cervical cancer in Malawi, it is imperative to understand the day-to-day barriers women face in accessing preventative care.
Kant, Vice, and Global Poverty

In this paper, I argue that within Kantianism, widespread indifference of the global rich to the suffering of the global poor should be understood as resulting at least partly from vice. Kant had much more to say about vice than is often recognized, and it forms a crucial part of his moral anthropology. Kantians should thus attend to the ways in which vice functions as a practical obstacle to fulfilling duties of beneficence. In vice-fueled indifference, inclinations associated with self-love and self-conceit work their way into our wills, interfering with our moral commitments by impeding our ability to recognize moral requirements and our motivation to act on them. Vice distorts our reasoning in ways that promote self-deception and rationalization about the extent to which we are fulfilling moral demands. Kantian vice also has social dimensions. I argue that widespread indifference exacerbates our individual vices through social norms and practices that legitimize ignoring the needs of others. I conclude by offering some potential remedies to indifference within the Kantian framework.
Locality Domains in the Spanish Determiner Phrase

Preface.- chapter 1: introduction.1 scope of the book.2 on the parallelism between clauses and nominal phrases.3theoretical framework.4. overview of the book.-chapter 2: on the structure of nominal expressions.1. introduction.2. basic properties of spanish nominal expressions.3. structural relations within nominal constructions.4. the structure of nominal expressions in spanish.appendix: genitive pronouns.-chapter 3: specificity, definiteness and the definite article in spanish nominal expressions.1. introduction.2. fundamentals: definiteness and specificity.3. extraction, definiteness and specificity.4. a syntactic analysis.5. summary and further research.-chapter 4: adjective placement.1. introduction.2. description.3. towards an analysis.4. previous and further lines of research.5. summary of the chapter.-chapter 5: nominal ellipsis.1. introduction.2. nominal ellipsis.3. putting together the analysis.4. agreement and focus in ellipsis processes.5. summary of the chapter.-chapter 6: conclusions and further research.1. introduction.2. major findings of the book.3. further research.-references.-index of subjects.