cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The medullary vascular syndromes revisited.

There are two major vascular syndromes of the medulla oblongata: the medial and the lateral. The medial medullary syndrome is characterized by the triad of ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy with contralateral hemiparesis and loss of deep sensation. Lateral medullary infarction commonly presents with Homer's syndrome, ataxia, alternating thermoanalgesia, nystagmus, vertigo and hoarseness. Combinations of the two major syndromes occur as bilateral medial medullary, hemi-medullary and bilateral lateral medullary syndromes. Each of these syndromes frequently manifests with incomplete or atypical findings depending on the extent of the lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging has been useful in the clinical diagnosis of medullary infarctions. The site of the lesion may help predict the arteries involved.
Binding of fractional charges to nuclei

Fractional charges accompanied by unconfined gluon fields will be tightly bound to nuclei because of the strong color polarizability of nuclear matter. Consequently, the threshold for producing fractional charges in nucleus-nucleus collisions may be significantly lower than in pp or e/sup +/e/sup -/ collisions. The signature for this threshold would be the appearance of nuclei with anomalous properties.
Efficacy of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in doses required to achieve the most effective seizure control. There were 2016 patients with partial seizures requiring adjunctive therapy who received gabapentin at doses up to 3600 mg/day in this open-label, multicenter, 16-week study. Of the 1055 patients evaluable for efficacy, 573 received gabapentin 1800 mg/day as the highest dose received. For the overall efficacy evaluable population, the percentage of patients achieving at least a 50% reduction in seizure frequency was 76.0%; 46.4% of the patients were seizure free. Patients whose highest gabapentin dose did not require > 1800 mg/day had, at baseline, fewer seizures and were receiving fewer concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at baseline than those patients requiring > 1800 mg/day. This suggests that patients requiring higher doses of gabapentin were more refractory to drug treatment at the start of the study. Gabapentin was well tolerated at all doses in this study. The results of the study demonstrate that gabapentin is effective as adjunctive therapy in patients with partial seizures whose seizures are inadequately controlled by traditional AEDs.
Women's Voices: Explaining Poverty and Plenty in a Rural Community*

Abstract This paper explores how a multiclass sample of white rural women in an economically depressed, overwhelmingly nonfarm community explain both their own families' economic circumstances and those of the most disadvantaged families in their community. All women in the sample—even those with a history of economic instability and welfare receipt—articulate an ethic of family self-sufficiency. They uniformly believe that anyone who can work should work, although they vary in their definition of who “can work.” In general, the lower the social class, the greater the understanding of the social processes that precipitate and perpetuate poverty. Both working-class and poor women clearly recognize the limitations of the local market for labor. Sample women are ambivalent about welfare receipt and welfare reform. Although they believe that families should be self-supporting, many recognize the necessity of welfare for the survival of some families in the community.
Further studies on carbon catabolite regulation of β-lactam antibiotic synthesis inCephalosporium acremonium

A high glucose concentration (∼6%) interfered with production of β-lactam antibiotics byCephalosporium acremonium. Production rate of the pathway intermediate, penicillin N, by resting cells harvested from a high glucose fermentation, peaked and declined early in the fermentation. When cells were grown in the standard medium (2.7% glucose + 3.6% sucrose), penicillin N productivity was prolonged, showing two peaks, the first during trophophase and the second afterwards. The decline in productivity was not prevented by addition of the amino acid precursors of β-lactam antibiotics. The addition of glucose to resting cells drastically decreased formation of the end product, cephalosporin C, but had only a moderate effect on penicillin N production. Glucose markedly repressed the ring-expansion enzyme (deacetoxy-cephalosporin C synthetase) but had a lesser effect on the tripeptide cyclization enzyme (isopenicillin N synthetase). We conclude that the major effect of a low (∼2%) or a high (∼6%) concentration of a rapidly used carbon source (e.g., glucose, glycerol, maltose) onC. acremonium fermentations is repression of the metabolically unstable ring-expansion enzyme and hence of formation of cephalosporins. On the other hand, the lesser degree of repression of the cyclization enzyme and itsin vivo stability allow penicillin N to accumulate normally or even at increased rates except at high carbon source concentrations.
Radical-translocation Intermediates and Hurdling of Pathway Defects in “Super-oxidized” (MnIV/FeIV) Chlamydia trachomatis Ribonucleotide Reductase

A class I ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) uses either a tyrosyl radical (Y•) or a MnIV/FeIII cluster in its β subunit to oxidize a cysteine residue ∼35 A away in its α subunit, generating a thiyl radical that abstracts hydrogen (H•) from the substrate. With either oxidant, the inter-subunit “hole-transfer” or “radical-translocation” (RT) process is thought to occur by a “hopping” mechanism involving multiple tyrosyl (and perhaps one tryptophanyl) radical intermediates along a specific pathway. The hopping intermediates have never been directly detected in a Mn/Fe-dependent (class Ic) RNR nor in any wild-type (wt) RNR. The MnIV/FeIII cofactor of Chlamydia trachomatis RNR assembles via a MnIV/FeIV intermediate. Here we show that this cofactor-assembly intermediate can propagate a hole into the RT pathway when α is present, accumulating radicals with EPR spectra characteristic of Y•’s. The dependence of Y• accumulation on the presence of substrate suggests that RT within this “super-oxidized” enzyme form is g...
The Sociological Core: Conceptual Patterns and Idiosyncrasies in the Structure and Content of Introductory Sociology Textbooks, 1940-2000

Sociology is often portrayed as an errant discipline, driving forward without any apparent direction or purpose. We contend that these perceptions about the central tenets of our discipline derive from a tack of standardizati on of core material, which reduces the social value of sociotogy as a scientific field and erodes its credibility as a discipline. Insofar as common conceptual knowledge exists in the field of sociology, one ought to find evidence of it in the introductory textbook. To this end, our study examines 35 introductory sociology textbooks published in the 1940s (n=16) and the 1990s (n=19) in search of common concepts that represent cumulative core disciplinary knowledge. White our findings reveal uniformity in the structure of the textbooks' major chapter headings within their respective decades, our analysis of concepts—the language used to introduce disciplinary content—reveals that the vast majority are referenced by only one text, with fewer than three percent of alt concepts shared in common. Moreover, neither the number of concepts introduced only once nor the variability in the total number of concepts referenced declined across the two decades, tn sum, white introductory sociology textbooks are structured in similar ways, we find tittle commonality in the concepts used by texts' authors to frame the discipline, either within the two cross-sections or between them.
On the Periodized Square of L 2 Cardinal Splines

We establish properties of and propose a conjecture concerning ∑ m (S(x+m))2, where S is a piecewise polynomial cardinal spline in .
The Optimism Bias and Traffic Safety

In this study, college students were asked to rate their overall accident likelihood, driving skill, and level of safety relative to other drivers. They also made comparative risk judgements for a ...
Exploring the appeal of socially relevant computing: are students interested in socially relevant problems?

Prior research indicates that today's students, especially women, are attracted to careers in which they recognize the direct benefit of the field for serving societal needs. Traditional college level computer science courses rarely illustrate the potential benefits of computer science to the broader community. This paper describes a curricula development effort designed to embed humanitarian projects into undergraduate computer science courses. The impact of this program was measured through student self-report instruments. Through this investigation, it was found that students generally preferred projects that they perceived as "fun" over the projects that were social in nature. This may, in part, be due to the fact that it was difficult to reduce socially relevant problems to a level that beginning students could easily comprehend. This made it difficult to capitalize on the appeal of socially relevant problems in the early computer science courses.
Mean oscillation, weighted Bergman spaces, and Besov spaces on the Heisenberg group and atomic decompositions

Abstract R. Coifman and R. Rochberg have shown that functions in weighted Bergman spaces on symmetric domains in C n have representations as sums of normalized powers of reproducing kernels. F. Ricci and M. Taibleson used the Coifman-Rochberg decomposition in the upper half plane to show that, on the boundary, functions from these spaces induce functionals on “mean oscillation spaces” (which they introduce and show are Besov spaces) and have atomic decompositions. The mean oscillation definition has been a useful technical tool. In this paper we define mean oscillation spaces on the Heisenberg group and extend some of Ricci and Taibleson's results.
Identification of Small Peptides That Interact Specifically With a Small Organic Dye

Using a "one-bead one-peptide" rombinatorial peptide library method, we have been able to identify peptide ligands that interact specifically with various macromolecular targets such as monoclonal antibodies, streptavidin, avidin, MHC-Class I molecules, proteases, growth factor receptors, and gpllbillla integrin. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that small peptides that interact specifically with a small organic molecule can also be identified using this combina- torial peptide method. Using a small organic dye molecule, indigo carmine, as a color probe to screen a random L-heptapeptide and two D-hexa and octapeptide libraries, we were able to identify a specific peptide binding motif. Potential applications of this technology are described. C 1994 Wilev-Liss, Inr
Genetic reduction of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibits azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice.

High levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been associated with a significant increase in colon cancer risk. Additionally, IGF-1 inhibits apoptosis and stimulates proliferation of colonic epithelial cells in vitro. Unfortunately, IGF-1 knockout mice have severe developmental abnormalities and most do not survive, making it difficult to study how genetic ablation of IGF-1 affects colon tumorigenesis. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of IGF-1 prevents colon tumorigenesis, we utilized a preexisting mouse model containing a deletion of the igf1 gene in the liver through a Cre/loxP system. These liver-specific IGF-1 deficient (LID) mice display a 50–75% reduction in circulating IGF-1 levels. We conducted a pilot study to assess the impact of liver-specific IGF-1 deficiency on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumors. LID mice had a significant inhibition of colon tumor multiplicity in the proximal area of the colon compared to their wild-type littermates. We examined markers of proliferation and apoptosis in the colons of the LID and wild-type mice to see if these were consistent with tumorigenesis. We observed a decrease in proliferation in the colons of the LID mice and an increase in apoptosis. Finally, we examined cytokine levels to determine whether IGF-1 interacts with inflammatory pathways to affect colon tumorigenesis. We observed a significant reduction in the levels of 7 out of 10 cytokines that were measured in the LID mice as compared to wild-type littermates. Results from this pilot study support the hypothesis that reductions in circulating IGF-1 levels may prevent colon tumorigenesis and affect both proliferation and apoptosis. Future experiments will investigate downstream genes of the IGF-1 receptor. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TP53 on trial for cancer gene therapy

Abstract Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer in patients with advanced recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Clayman G.L. et al . (1998) J. Clin. Oncol . 16, 2221–2232 Gene therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: a preliminary report of a phase I trial of adenoviral p53 gene replacement Roth, J.A. et al . (1998) Semin. Oncol . 25, 33–37
Positive integers n which allow non-zero-dimensional, arc-free rim-n separable metric spaces

Abstract Common rim-finite spaces seem to always contain arcs and, in fact, Ward showed [4] that any non-trivial rim-finite continuum must contain an arc. However, the compactness condition cannot be removed completely. In [3] a non-compact non-zero-dimensional, rim-64, arc-free separable metric space is given. Hence there are natural numbers n for which rim-n, non-zero-dimensional, arc-free separable metric spaces exist. In this paper, we determine precisely which values of n allow this. For n ≥ 3 there are separable metric, non-zero-dimensional arc-free spaces which are rim-n (and not rim-( n − 1 )). We also prove that any non-zero-dimensional and rim-2 space must contain an arc, and any rim-1 space must necessarily be zero-dimensional.
Conditions that potentiate the effects of electroconvulsive shock administered 24 hours after avoidance training

Three experiments assessed the conditions that potentiate effects of an electroconvulsive shock (ECS) administered 24 h after avoidance training. Stimuli present immediately prior to the ECS were systematically varied. In Experiment 1, which employed a passive avoidance task, the primary determinant of whether the ECS disrupted retention was whether the situational cues present at the time of ECS delivery were those associated with the initial training experience: ECS disrupted performance only when it was administered in the original training apparatus, regardless of whether or not a footshock was presented immediately prior to ECS. In Experiment 2, which employed an active, shuttlebox avoidance task, both the situational cues from the training apparatus and a footshock were necessary to potentiate the disruptive effects of the ECS. Experiment 3 revealed that ECS effects on performance of the active avoidance task can also be potentiated by a combination of apparatus cues and the warning signal used in initial training. These results are interpreted as indicating that informational functions of stimuli present when an ECS is administered are important determinants of the effects of the ECS.
Robust Stochastic Flow Management for TCP/AQM System

Abstract This paper presents a delay-dependent robust stochastic active queue management (AQM) scheme that can be implemented in the routers for stabilizing queues in transmission control protocol (TCP) communication networks. The linearized TCP/AQM system is modelled as a uncertain time-delay system with stochastic perturbations and time-varying network parameters. In this paper, a new flow management scheme is designed analytically based on the H ∞ theory. This proposed flow management scheme not only asymptotically stabilizes the queue size to the desired operating point, but also guarantees the robust stability of network against the variations in the round-trip time delay and minimize the effects of the external disturbance on the output.
Outpatient use of the feeding jejunostomy catheter

Selected cancer patients can benefit from home use of the jejunostomy catheter. The indications for this technique include chronic inability to meet basal fluid and caloric needs and risk of intestinal obstruction. This report describes the extended use of the jejunostomy catheter in 20 women with gynecologic malignancies and discusses the benefits and risks of this technique.
Finite Element Analysis of a Radioactive Tritium Patch and a Waste Heat Plume Observed Near the Pickering Nuclear Power Generating Station, Lake Ontario

Abstract Effluents from industrial outfalls often form a moving patch or a steady plume in the receiving water, depending on the duration of the release. Empirical studies of coastal diffusion have shown that the eddy diffusivity obeys a power law of the length scale of the patch or plume. By analyzing a moving patch of radioactive tritium concentration and a steady plume of waste heat, the one superimposing over the other as indicated by the observed data, it is found that the cross-flow eddy diffusivity for a given length scale of the patch is about twice as large as that of the plume. The analysis is based on a variable-grid finite element method, which is used to derive the flow field and also to simulate the transport and diffusion processes. The proposed method is found particularly suitable for domains with irregular coastal structures, such as water intakes and outfalls.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Purifying and Sorting Associated Particles According to Length

End-to-end aggregation of tobacco mosaic virus and associated particles during extraction and purification may be prevented by transfer of the virus to 0.001M buffer solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, p H 7.5, as rapidly as practicable. Colored components were removed with charcoal and diatomaceous earth, and salts by rapid passage through a column of granulated 8 percent agar gel. The virus particles were sorted according to length by passage through a 1 percent granulated agar-gel column to isolate the 300- and 200-mµ fractions and through a 5 percent agar gel to isolate the shorter particles.
CONSERVATION OF THE H‐2 BF1 BINDING MOTIF 5′ OF THE H‐2Ds, Ks AND Dq GENES

The biological consequences of radiation leukaemia virus (RadLV) infection include the stimulation of H-2 antigen expression soon after injection of the virus. Early studies demonstrated that resistance to RadLV-induced leukaemia in certain mouse strains is mediated by genes in the H-2D region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Recent studies have shown that elevated H-2D d expression on the thymocyte cell surface of resistant mouse strains results from increased mRNA transcription and is correlated with elevated levels of a DNA-binding activity that recognizes a short DNA sequence 5' of the start of transcription for the H-2D d gene. This binding activity has been termed H-2 binding factor 1 (H-2 BF1) and is found exclusively in the thymus. In an effort to examine the H-2 genes of RadLV-susceptible mice for the presence of the H-2 BF1 binding target, we have cloned class I genes from the highly susceptible B10.S mouse strain and have identified both the D s and the K s genes. The entire genomic sequence for the D s gene has been determined and is reported here. In addition, the 5' regulatory region of the previously cloned D q gene has been sequenced; mice of the D q haplotype are also susceptible to RadLV-induced leukaemia. In this report, we show that the H-2 BF1 DNA binding sequence is present 5' of each of these three class I genes.
Post-stenotic core flow behavior in pulsatile flow and its effects on wall shear stress

Arteries of several species, including man, tend to adjust their diameters such that the mean wall shear stress is in the range of 10-20 dynes cm-2. Additionally, intimal thickening in the human carotid bifurcation correlates well with the reciprocal of wall shear stress as determined in model studies. The correlation indicates that wherever the local mean wall shear stress exceeds approximately 10 dynes cm-2, the artery tends to be spared from intimal thickening. However, it is not known whether mean shear stress, i.e. the time-averaged value, or the instantaneous shear stress is the appropriate correlative variable. Each of these variables suggests different mechanisms for the reaction of the artery wall to its hemodynamic environment. It is therefore important to devise means by which the effects of mean shear and pulsatile shear can be separated in the study of atherogenesis. The present investigation examines the post-stenotic flow field in Plexiglas models under pulsatile conditions approximating those in the aortas of the cynomolgus monkey, an animal often employed in atherogenesis research. Behavior of the core flow and its effects on wall shear stress are studied for stenoses of 75 and 90% area reductions using laser velocimetry. The results show that the post-stenotic field contains regions in which the mean wall shear stress is low, but the pulsatile excursions are large.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
What does “knock and announce” mean? An analysis ofWilson v. Arkansas and its progeny

The U.S. Supreme Court held in Wilson v. Arkansas (1994) that the common law “knock-and-announce” principle formed part of the “reasonableness” inquiry under the Fourth Amendment. However, the Court’s opinion gave little guidance as to what would be unreasonable under these circumstances. Some critics expressed concern that this lack of guidance would lead to many variations among lower courts. Other observers discerned a signal that little should be deemed “unreasonable” in the context of “knock and announce.” These criticisms are analyzed through a review of lower court interpretations of Wilson.
Reliable Adaptive Multipath Provisioning with Bandwidth and Differential Delay Constraints

Robustness and reliability are critical issues in network management. To provide resiliency against network failures, a popular protection scheme against network failures is the simultaneous routing along multiple disjoint paths. Most previous protection and restoration schemes were designed for all-ornothing protection and thus, an overkill for data traffic. In this work, we study the Reliable Adaptive Multipath Provisioning (RAMP) problem with reliability and differential delay constraints. We aim to route the connections in a manner such that link failure does not shut down the entire stream but allows a continuing flow for a significant portion of the traffic along multiple (not necessary disjoint) paths, allowing the whole network to carry sufficient traffic even when link/node failure occurs. The flexibility enabled by a multipath scheme has the tradeoff of differential delay among the diversely routed paths. This requires increased memory in the destination node in order to buffer the traffic until the data arrives on all the paths. Increased buffer size will raise the network element cost and could cause buffer overflow and data corruption. Therefore, differential delay between the multiple paths should be bounded by containing the delay of a path in a range from dmin to dmax. We first prove that RAMP is a NP-hard problem. Then we present a pseudo-polynomial time solution to solve a special case of RAMP, representing edge delays as integers. Next, a (1 + \epsilon)-approximation is proposed to solve the optimization version of the RAMP problem. We also present numerical results confirming the advantage of our scheme over the current state of art.
Ethical Issues Associated with Information and Communication Technology in Counseling and Guidance

For more than 50 years, literature on the use of information and communication technology in counseling and guidance has presented ethical issues related to the development and use of technologies in practice. This paper reviews the ethical issues raised, organizing them into three categories: Social equity, resources, and services. Career professionals’ efforts to address these ethical issues are introduced via a discussion of ethical, credentialing, and accreditation standards. The article concludes with a call for additional standards development, training resources, and research to shape the use of rapidly changing technologies in ways that ethically and effectively enhance client services.
The Effect of Finite Sampling on the Determination of Orientational Properties: A Theoretical Treatment with Application to Interatomic Vectors in Proteins

Second-rank tensor properties such as the overall rotational diffusion tensor and the alignment tensor can be determined by NMR methods measuring orientation of interatomic vectors. Here we examine the effect of incomplete sampling of orientation space by interatomic vectors in a molecule on determination of a second-rank tensor. We have developed a quantitative approach to determine (1) how well orientation space is sampled by a particular protein or substructure, (2) to what extent this particular distribution of bond vectors samples the various components of a second-rank tensor and, (3) the ability of this distribution of bond vectors to completely characterize the tensor. This approach is generally applicable to any second-rank tensor property whose determination relies on the sampling of the angular space by the structure or substructure. The theory permits assessment of the expected degree of accuracy of tensor determination using a selected set of interatomic vectors (e.g., NH or CαHα, etc), for a...
Compatible discretizations of second-order elliptic problems

Differential forms provide a powerful abstraction tool to encode the structure of many partial differential equation problems. Discrete differential forms offer the same possibility with regard to compatible discretizations of these problems, i.e., for finite-dimensional models that exhibit similar conservation properties and invariants. We consider an application of the discrete exterior calculus to approximation of second-order, elliptic, boundary-value problems. We show that there exist three possible discretization patterns. In the context of finite element methods, two of these patterns lead to familiar classes of discrete problems, while the third one offers a novel perspective about least-squares variational principles; namely, it shows how they can arise from particular choices for discrete Hodge-* operators. Bibliography: 30 titles.
1077. Sequences from the Human Type 1α2 Procollagen Promoter Mediate Osteoblast- Specific Plasmid Nuclear Import

Two major problems limiting the use of non-viral gene therapy include the low efficiency of gene transfer seen with non-viral vectors and limited methods for cell-specific targeting and expression. We and others have shown that translocation of plasmid DNA into the nucleus is an important rate-limiting step in gene transfer that affects transgene expression levels in non-dividing cells. Further, we have identified several DNA sequences that mediate the nuclear import of plasmids in non-dividing cells, thereby acting as DNA nuclear targeting sequences. These sequences contain multiple binding sites for transcription factors that allow for the formation of protein- DNA complexes in the cytoplasm that are actively transported into the nucleus of the non-dividing cell using nuclear localization signals present on the transcription factors, and hence the protein-DNA complex. We have previously identified both a universal sequence that acts in all cell types (the SV40 enhancer) and sequences that act in specific cell types based on the property that they bind cell- specific transcription factors (e.g., the SMGA promoter for use in smooth muscle cells). In order to identify a DNA nuclear targeting sequence that is restricted to osteoblast lineage cells, we tested a number of osteoblast-specific promoters for nuclear import activity, including those from osteocalcin, collagen, BSP and Runx2 genes. Although all of these promoters showed robust expression of reporter genes following transfection into dividing osteoblasts, when microinjected into the cytoplasm of human or rat osteoblast cell lines, only the human type I|[alpha]|2 procollagen (hcolI|[alpha]|2) promoter had the ability to mediate nuclear import of the plasmid in the absence of cell division. This sequence did not support DNA nuclear import in chondrocytes, fibroblasts and marrow stromal cells, suggesting that it is osteoblast-specific. Site-directed mutagenesis of putative transcription factor binding sites indicated that multiple response elements were required for osteoblast specific nuclear targeting, including those for AP-1, AP-2, Nkx3, SRF, Krox20, and an E-box binding protein. Taken together, these results suggest that the hCol1|[alpha]|2 promoter contains a novel osteoblast-specific DNA nuclear targeting sequence that can be used to increase nonviral gene transfer and transgene expression uniquely in osteoblasts, thereby increasing the safety profile by specifically targeting osteoblasts in skeletal tissue for gene therapy. The research reported in this abstract was supported by the Dept of the Army Cooperative Agreement |[num]| (DAMD17-97-2-7016). The views and content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the government or NMTB, and that no official endorsement should be inferred.
Acute alcohol effects on plasma estradiol levels in women.

Acute administration of alcohol (0.695 g/kg) to healthy adult women resulted in peak blood alcohol levels between 70 and 75 mg/dl within 50–60 min after initiation of drinking. Alcohol induced a significant increase (x=18 pg/ml) in plasma estradiol levels (P<0.01). In contrast, after placebo ingestion, plasma estradiol levels did not change significantly. After alcohol intake, plasma estradiol levels reached peak values at 25 min following initiation of drinking when blood alcohol levels averaged 34 mg/ml. It is postulated that the alcohol-induced increase in plasma estradiol is due to changes in hepatic redox states associated with the catabolism of ethanol.
Paradoxical locomotor behavior of dopamine D1 receptor transgenic mice.

The behavioral effects of augmenting dopamine D1 receptor expression in the brain were investigated in mice incorporating additional copies of the mouse D1 receptor gene. Two transgenic lines showed increases in brain D1 receptor binding sites, which were greatest in extrastriatal regions. The full D1 agonist SKF 81297, when administered systemically to control animals, stimulated a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity. In contrast, in D1 receptor overexpressing transgenic mice, this drug caused a marked suppression of locomotion due to a decrease in the frequency of movement initiation. Amphetamine and cocaine induced comparable locomotor activation in both transgenic animals and their control littermates. In the transgenic animals, D1 agonist-induced rearing and climbing behaviors were suppressed. However, on rotarod testing, the agonist-treated transgenic and control mice performed comparably, indicating that sensorimotor coordination was unaffected. These studies demonstrate that altering the levels of D1 receptor expression reverses the effects of D1 agonism on locomotor initiation and rearing.
Magnetic fabrics of drumlins of the Green Bay Lobe, southeastern Wisconsin

Abstract To study if the relief of drumlins of the Green Bay Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is dominantly the result of depositional or erosional processes, we measured the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of ∼2500 samples of the Horicon till from five drumlins in southeastern Wisconsin. These drumlins contain no macroscopic heterogeneities that might otherwise help guide interpretation of deformation kinematics. Ring-shear experiments on this till provided the calibration necessary to relate fabrics based on principal susceptibilities of multiple intact samples to patterns of subglacial till deformation. Fabric strengths, based on orientations of maximum susceptibility and measured from samples collected below the zone of pedogenesis, weaken abruptly at depths shallower than 2 m. The till lacks evidence of systematically divergent or convergent shear related to drumlin shape. Most till has been sheared in directions 6–24° to the east of drumlin long axes, with shear-plane orientations that are unrelated to drumlin morphology. An exception is till at shallow depths (≤2 m) where shearing azimuths and shear-plane orientations agree more consistently with drumlin trends and morphologies. The Horicon till was likely deformed in shear during advance of the lobe. Drumlins formed by erosion of this basal till after glacier flow had shifted to the west, when the Johnstown moraine was being built. A supraglacial till, ≤2 m thick, was draped over some of the drumlins during retreat of the lobe. These results do not support models of drumlin formation in which sediment deposition helps amplify drumlin relief.
High Levels of Immunoexpression of the Endothelial Cell Proliferation Marker CD105 Predict for Local Failure in Early-Stage Cervical Cancer

(RT/CT) underwent serial MRI before (1st MRI) and during RT at 2–2.5 weeks (2nd MRI, at 20–25 Gy), at 4–5 weeks of RT (3rd MRI, at 45–50 Gy), and 1–2 months post-RT. Mean follow up was 6.2 (0.2–9.4) years. Tumor volume was measured by MRI 3D volumetry, and plotted as time/tumor volume regression curves. The volume regression parameters were correlated with local tumor control and disease-free survival.
Vector permutation modulation

This article introduces a new class of codes for transmission over a Gaussian channel. The new scheme, named vector permutation modulation (VPM), is an extension of Slepian's (scalar) permutation modulation (SPM) to the case where codeword components are L-dimensional vectors. A method is presented for maximum-likelihood detection in additive white Gaussian noise and fading channels. Since SPM is a special case of VPM, this method can also be used for SPM detection in fading channels. We solve the problem of finding the reference codeword, which maximizes code rate for a given average energy. It is shown that VPM performs significantly better than its scalar counterpart.
Droloxifene inhibits cortical bone turnover associated with estrogen deficiency in rats.

Abstract Droloxifene (DRO), an estrogen antagonist/agonist, has been shown to possess estrogen-like effects in inhibiting bone turnover leading to cancellous bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of DRO on cortical bone turnover in OVX rats. Sprague-Dawley female rats at 5 months of age were sham-operated (sham, n=8) and orally treated with vehicle, or OVX (n=56) and orally treated with either vehicle, DRO at 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day, or 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE) at 3 or 30 μg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Static and dynamic cortical bone histomorphometry was performed on double fluorescent labeled, undecalcified cross sections of tibial diaphyses (proximal to the tibiofibular junction). There were no significant differences in tibial diaphyseal cross sectional area, marrow cavity area, and cortical bone area between groups after 4 weeks of administration. Periosteal mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate-surface referent and endocortical eroded surface increased significantly, while endocortical mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate-surface referent increased nonsignificantly in OVX controls compared to sham controls. Treatment with DRO at doses of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day dose-dependently attenuated the OVX-induced higher bone formation indices in both the periosteal and endocortical surfaces and higher bone resorption index in the endocortical surface. At the highest dose (10 mg/kg/day), DRO completely inhibited the increases in bone formation and resorption indices in OVX rats. Similarly, EE at 30 μg/kg/day inhibited the increase in periosteal and endocorrical bone formation and endocortical bone resorption associated with estrogen deficiency in rats, while 3 μg/kg/day, EE decreased only periosteal mineral apposition rate in OVX rats. Our results indicated that DRO prevented OVX-induced higher bone turnover on endocortical surfaces and higher bone formation in periosteal surfaces of tibial diaphyses in an identical manner to EE. Therefore, we concluded that DRO is an estrogen agonist on cortical bone in ovariectomized rats.
Funds for mathematics: Carnegie Institution of Washington support for mathematics from 1902 to 1921

Abstract This paper examines the role of the CIW in the development of American mathematics from 1902 to 1920, the years from its inception through the conclusion of the term of R.S. Woodward as its second president.
Adult Audiologic Rehabilitation

Joseph J. Montano and Jaclyn B. Spitzer (eds.)ISBN-13:978-1-59756-250-8ISBN-10:1-59756-250-5Plural Publishing, Inc., San Diego, USAThe underlying premise of this book is to present a fresh perspect...
Hypertonic Saline Induces Prostacyclin Production via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) Activation

Abstract Background. Hypertonic saline (HTS) resuscitation exerts protective effects in reperfusion injury including a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance and an increase in microvascular perfusion and cerebral blood flow; however, the mediators of these effects are unknown. Prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) is a paracrine mediator with two main effects, vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. We hypothesized that HTS may induce PGI 2 production by endothelial cells. Methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with varying concentrations of NaCl. After 12 h of incubation, the supernatant was assayed for 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1 , a stable metabolite of PGI 2 , by ELISA. Phospho-specific ERK-1 and ERK-2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) antibody, which recognizes only activated ERK, was used to determine ERK activation status by Western blotting. Results. Addition of 20–100 mM NaCl or endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] induced PGI 2 production by HUVECs. HTS and LPS induced ERK-1 and ERK-2 activation. PGI 2 production was inhibited when the HUVECs were pretreated with PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK phosphorylation. Conclusion. These data suggest that HTS induces PGI 2 production in HUVECs. In addition, HTS and LPS induce activation of ERK which is required for PGI 2 production. HTS resuscitation may improve microvascular circulation and decrease reperfusion injury via induction of PGI 2 production by endothelial cells.
Silk-Based Nanocomplexes with Tumor-Homing Peptides for Tumor-Specific Gene Delivery

Nano-scale complexes of recombinant silk molecules containing tumor homing peptides (THPs) with DNA were designed as less-cytotoxic and highly target-specific gene carriers. We report the preparation and study of these nano-scale silk-based ionic complexes containing pDNA that are able to home specifically to tumorigenic cells due to the presence of THPs, namely, F3 and Lyp1. Genetically engineered silk proteins (MaSp1 monomer) containing poly(L-lysine) domains to interact with pDNA and the THP to bind to specific tumorigenic cells for target-specific pDNA delivery were prepared using Escherichia coli. This process was followed by in-vitro transfection experiments into MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells, highly metastatic human breast tumor MDA-MB-231 cells, and non-tumorigenic MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. The silk-poly(L-lysine) block copolymer containing Lyp1 (ML-Lyp1) showed significant differences from silk-poly(L-lysine) block copolymer containing F3 (ML-F3) in cytotoxicity to MCF10A cells. ML-F3 was the most useful candidate for target delivery into tumorigenic cells. The target specificity of the pDNA complexes to tumorigenic cells was regulated by specific adsorption processes on the cell surface, based on field emission scanning electron microscopy observations.
Implications of Coulomb plasticity for the velocity dependence of experimental faults

Simulated fault gouges often deform more stably than initially bare surfaces of the same composition. It is important to understand why the sliding stability is enhanced because the presence of gouge on natural faults may have the same effect as seen in experiments, and thus explain the absence of earthquakes at shallow depths. Gouge stabilization in experiments has been attributed to positive contributions to velocity dependence within gouge layers from either dilation (Maroneet al., 1990) or grain fracture (Biegelet al., 1989). In this study we test the hypothesis that some aspects of gouge and initially bare surface velocity dependence are identical by measuring the time-dependent constitutive parameterb. An important result follows however from stress analysis: if both sample configurations are frictional in the Mohr-Coulomb sense, each configuration is required to deform on planes of distinctly different orientation. The measured strength and velocity dependence will reflect this geometric difference. Our observed values ofb for simulated granite and quartz gouge are two to two and a half times smaller thanb for initially bare surfaces. This difference is completely accounted for if gouge is represented as a cohesionless-Coulomb plastic material. The analysis demonstrates the following points: 1) gouge deformation is fully consistent with Coulomb plasticity, 2) observed gouge velocity dependence is a function of observed strength and 3) the constitutive parameterb is the same for both bare surfaces and gouge. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is no time-dependent strengthening associated with stabilizing effects in gouge. These observations provide a framework for understanding how slip on initially bare surfaces and gouge deformation are related.
Diazinon(R): Chronic Toxicity to, and Brain Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition in, the Sheepshead Minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus

Abstract We investigated the toxicity of Diazinon to sheepshead minnows continuously exposed in flow-through toxicity tests. In the 96-hour acute test, a measured concentration of 1,400/ μg/liter was lethal to 50% of the juvenile test animals. In the partial life-cycle test, we also investigated uptake of Diazinon by sheepshead minnows and effect of Diazinon on brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Average measured concentrations in the partial life-cycle test were nondetectable (control), 0.47, 0.98, 1.8, 3.5, and 6.5 μg of Diazinon per liter of seawater. Although the number of eggs spawned by continuously exposed fish was significantly reduced (α = 0.05) in all concentrations, no concentration tested significantly affected parental survival or fertility of eggs, nor were survival and growth of progeny affected in a subsequent 28-day test. Fish exposed to 0.47 μg/liter spawned 22.6 eggs/female-day, or 69% of control production (32.8 eggs/female-day). The number of eggs spawned by fish exposed to 6....
Spousal Childcare Involvement and Perceived Support for Paid Work

This study of 76 married or cohabiting two-earner families examined the influence of spouse/partner involvement in childcare and other demand and resource variables on mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of spouse/partner support for paid work. Gender had a significant influence on the relationship between spouse/partner involvement in childcare and support for paid work. Mothers were more likely to report support for paid work when their spouse/partner shared more of the responsibilities associated with childcare. Fathers were more likely to report support for work when their spouse/partner shared fewer of the responsibilities associated with childcare. The findings also suggest that fathers’ perceptions of spouse/partner support for work are more sensitive to ecological factors than are mothers’ perceptions of support for work.
Identifying misconceptions held about the engineering design process

The primary goal of the research presented in this work-in-progress paper is to identify misconceptions held about the engineering design process. Identification is the first step in the development of a concept inventory, an instrument for assessing misconceptions. While there are several methods for assessing misconceptions, concept inventories are an excellent method for assessing a group of students. The distractor questions identify misconceptions and possible causes for them. Misconceptions coded from student responses to incomplete scenarios of the engineering design process include the idea that engineering is solution driven instead of problem/client need driven and that engineering is merely fabrication. Future work will develop, test, and validate a concept inventory for engineering design with questions based on identifying these misconceptions as well as misconceptions identified through follow-up work.
CD40-mediated Activation of NF-κB in Airway Epithelial Cells

We have reported previously that airway epithelial cells (AEC) express CD40 and that activation of this molecule stimulates the expression of inflammatory mediators, including the chemokine RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted). Because NF-κB regulates the expression of many inflammatory mediators, such as RANTES, we utilized CD40-mediated induction of RANTES expression to investigate the mechanisms that underlie CD40-mediated activation of NF-κB in AEC. Results demonstrate that, in AEC, intact NF-κB sites were required for CD40-mediated activation of the RANTES promoter. To examine activation of NF-κB binding directly, electrophoretic mobility shift analyses were performed. These analyses revealed that CD40 ligation stimulated NF-κB binding and that the activated NF-κB complexes were composed of p65 subunits. Additional studies focused on the CD40-triggered signaling pathways that facilitate NF-κB activation. Findings show that CD40 engagement activated the IκB kinases IKK-α and IKK-β and stimulated IκBα phosphorylation. Analyses also examined the role of tumor necrosis factor-associated factor (TRAF) molecules in CD40-mediated NF-κB activation within AEC. Stable transfectants expressing wild-type or mutant forms of the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 suggested that TRAF3, but not TRAF2, binding was essential for CD40-mediated RANTES expression. Further studies indicated that exogenous expression of wild-type TRAF3 enhanced activation of the RANTES promoter, whereas exogenous expression of wild-type TRAF2 inhibited this activation; TRAF3-mediated enhancement was dependent upon NF-κB. Together, these findings suggest that, in AEC, ligation of CD40 regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as RANTES, via activation of NF-κB. Moreover, these results suggest that CD40-mediated signaling in AEC differs with previously reported findings observed in other cell models, such as B lymphocytes.