cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dislocation emission at fibers. II. Experiments and microstructure of thermal punching

A decoration technique is used to observe dislocations produced by thermal stresses between glass or alumina fibers and silver chloride, used as a model material for metal matrix composites. Fibers ends are found to punch prismatic loop rows, the length of which is compared with a model presented in Part I of this paper as well as another model based on a mismatching spheroid. The geometry of dislocations punched at fiber ends is discussed for the case where the fiber axis is not coaxial with the glide direction. Elongated loops are also observed to be punched radially by the fiber and their number is correlated to the thermal radial mismatch. A simple model is proposed for the nucleation of such loops, which are usually entangled in a plastic zone surrounding the fiber. Rrsum~-Une technique de drcoration est utilisre pour observer les dislocations produites par tensions thermiques dans un modrle de composite ~i matrice ma diese Kombination wird als Modell fiir Verbundmaterialien mit MetaUmatrix angesehen. Die Faserenden stoBen Reihen prismatischer Versetzungsschleifen aus; deren L/inge wird mit dem in Teil I dieser Untersuchung vorgelegten Modell, wei auch mit einem anderen, auf einem fehlpassenden Ellipsoid beruhenden Modell verglichen. Die Geometric der an den Fasereneden ausgestoBenen Versetzungsschleifen wird fiir den Fall diskutiert, dab die Faserachse nicht mit der Gleitrichtung iibereinstimmt. Zus/itzlich wird beobachtet, dab 1/ingliche Versetzungsschleifen yon der Faser radial ausgestoBen werden; ihre Zahl h~ingt mit der thermischen radialen Fehlpassung zusammen. Ein einfaches Modell wird fiir die Bildung solcher Schleifen, die iiblicherweise verschlungen in einer plastischen Zone um die Faser herum verteilt sind, vorgeschlagen.
Erythrasma in a hospital for the mentally subnormal.

Summary— An investigation of the incidence of erythrasma amongst patients in a psychiatric hospital for the mentally subnormal is described. The axillae, groins and toewebs were examined and clinical erythrasma, showing characteristic coral-red fluorescence under Wood's light, was found in 43% of the 874 patients examined. The incidence in the groins was 18%, in the axillae 4% and in the toewebs 30%. Fluorescence of other skin sites was also seen in a small proportion of the patients. Diphtheroids fluorescing on tissue culture medium No. 199 could be cultured from 35% of the fluorescent skin areas and from 25% of non-fluorescing sites. The incidence of erythrasma increased with age but was unaffected by state of personal hygiene, although fewer of the patients with a reasonable level of cleanliness carried fluorescent diphtheroids on non-fluorescent sites.
Could Elevated C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Be Due to Obesity per se?

To the Editor: I read with interest the recent report by Shamsuzzaman et al1 of elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although the patients and control subjects were matched for body mass index (BMI), 36±4 kg/m2 versus 34±4 kg/m2, all were very obese (upper normal BMI=25 kg/m2). Several recent studies have indicated that CRP levels are elevated in obese patients.2–4 Adiposity, in particular visceral adipose tissue, is a key promoter …
Pheromone Regulated Production of Inositol-(1, 4, 5)-Trisphosphate in the Mammalian Vomeronasal Organ

Social behaviors of most mammals are profoundly affected by chemical signals, pheromones, exchanged between conspecifics. Pheromones interact with dendritic microvilli of bipolar neurons in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). To investigate vomeronasal signal transduction pathways, microvillar membranes from porcine VNO were prepared. Incubation of such membranes from prepubertal females with boar seminal fluid or urine results in an increase in production of inositol-(1, 4, 5)-trisphosphate (IP3). The dose response for IP3 production is biphasic with a GTP-dependent component at low stimulus concentrations and a nonspecific increase in IP3 at higher stimulus concentrations. The GTP-dependent stimulation is mimicked by GTPγS and blocked by GDPβS. Furthermore, the GTP-dependent component of the stimulation of IP3 production is sex specific and tissue dependent. Studies with monospecific antibodies reveal a Gαq/11-related protein in vomeronasal neurons, concentrated at their microvilli. Our observations indicate t...
The ICAEW's Recommendations on Accounting Principles and secrecy of process

This article discusses the origin, operation, and impact of the ICAEW's programme of issuing a series of Recommendations on Accounting Principles from 1942 to 1969, and examines in particular the secrecy of process which prevailed in that era.
Surface chemistry and reactivity of well-defined multilayered supported M1Ox/M2Ox/SiO2 catalysts

Abstract A series of group 5–7 transition metal oxides (TMOs) were supported on SiO 2 and surface-modified SiO 2 containing surface AlO x , ZrO x , and TiO x species. The surface reactivity of these silica supported oxides was chemically probed with CH 3 OH-temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) spectroscopy. The selectivity of the model supported MO x catalytic active sites on SiO 2 generally reflect the same product distribution as their corresponding bulk MO x counterparts toward dimethyl ether (DME), formaldehyde (HCHO) and CO 2 from surface acidic, redox, and basic sites, respectively. The reactivity of the surface MO x sites generally was suppressed by anchoring of the surface MO x species onto the SiO 2 support. The general surface chemistry trend followed the known inorganic chemistry of the corresponding bulk MO x TMOs. For the multilayered supported M 1 O x /M 2 O x /SiO 2 , with M 1 representing the group 5–7 TMOs and M 2 representing Al, Zr or Ti, the selectivity of the catalytic active sites was generally comparable to that for the model-supported M 1 O x /SiO 2 catalysts. The reactivity of the surface VO x , MoO x , and ReO x redox sites increased by one to four orders of magnitude with the introduction of the surface modifiers; however, the reactivity of the surface WO x acidic site was mildly suppressed by the presence of the surface modifiers. The reactivity of the basic CrO x site was only mildly perturbed by the surface modifiers. The reactivity trend of the catalytic TMOs sites was related to the electronegativity properties of the anchoring substrate cations (Si > Al > Zr ∼ Ti).
Constitutional Philosophy, Pragmatism, and Economic Regulation*

This article explores the various senses in which the framers of the Constitution were motivated by a pragmatist philosophical framework, and how this pragmatism influenced their vision of the best interests of the American economic system. We argue that, on various grounds, the framers would have disapproved of the excessive regulation that characterizes the current business environment.
Pedicle screw fixation of the C7 vertebra using an anteroposterior fluoroscopic imaging technique

Cervical pedicle screws have been reported to be biomechanically superior to lateral mass screws. However, placement of these implants is a technical challenge. The purpose of this investigation was to use an anatomic and a clinical study to evaluate a technique for placement of the pedicle screws in the C7 vertebra using fluoroscopic imaging in only the anteroposterior (A/P) plane. Ten adult cadaver C7 vertebrae were used to record the pedicle width, inclination and a suitable entry point for placement of pedicle screws. A prospective study of 28 patients undergoing posterior instrumentation of the cervical spine with C7 pedicle screw placement was also performed. A total of 55 C7 pedicle screws were placed using imaging only in the A/P plane with screw trajectory values obtained by the anatomic study. Radiographs and CT scans were performed post-operatively. The average posterior pedicle diameter of C7 vertebra was 9.5 ± 1.2 mm in this study. The average middle pedicle diameter was 7.1 mm and the average anterior pedicle diameter was 9.2 mm. The average transverse pedicle angle was 26.8 on the right and 27.3 on the left. CT scans were obtained on 20 of 28 patients which showed two asymptomatic cortical wall perforations. One screw penetrated the lateral wall of the pedicle and another displayed an anterior vertebral penetration. There were no medial wall perforations. The preliminary results suggest that this technique is safe and suitable for pedicle screw placement in the C7 vertebra.
Regional simulations of deep convection and biomass burning over South America: 1. Model evaluations using multiple satellite data sets

[1] Multiple data sets, mostly from satellite observations, are used to evaluate the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) in simulating the distribution and evolution of aerosol, clouds, precipitation and chemistry during the dry season in South America. A 9-day WRF-Chem simulation with 36 km horizontal resolution is performed from 15 to 24 September 2006, during which frequent biomass burnings were observed. It is shown that the model reproduces the spatial distribution of aerosols produced by biomass burning and approximately captures convective transport of trace gases (e.g., CO and O3) into the upper troposphere. Surface precipitation is also in reasonable agreement with observation. The model simulations overestimate the magnitude of water vapor in the upper troposphere while the magnitude of cloud water content is lower than measurements from satellites, which may indicate problems in the cumulus and microphysical parameterizations. The model simulations capture temporal variations of outgoing longwave radiation at the top of atmosphere and downward shortwave radiation at the surface shown in the NASA GEWEX SRB data set. A sensitivity run at 4 km horizontal resolution shows similar results to the 36 km simulation, with a high bias of precipitation. The uncertainty and weakness in both satellite observations and model simulations are identified. This study demonstrates that satellite data are valuable to the evaluation of regional model simulations for climatologically important processes such as deep convection and biomass burning, especially in regions with little in situ observation.
Flow Boiling of Coolant (HFE-7000) Inside Structured and Plain Wall Microchannels

Flow boiling was experimentally studied using coolant HFE-7000 for two types of parallel microchannels: a plain-wall microchannel and a microchannel with structured reentrant cavities on the side walls. Flow morphologies, boiling inceptions, heat transfer coefficients, and critical heat fluxes were obtained and studied for mass fluxes ranging from G=164 kg/m 2 s to G=3025 kg/m 2 s and mass qualities (energy definition) ranging from x = -0.25 to x = 1. Comparisons of the performance of the enhanced and plain-wall microchannels were carried out. It was found that reentrant cavities were effective in reducing the superheat at the onset of nucleate boiling and increasing the heat transfer coefficient. However, they did not seem to increase the critical heat flux.
Complex apodized Lyot coronagraph for exoplanet imaging with partially obscured telescope apertures

We update the design, performance, and future prospects for the complex apodized Lyot coronagraph. We extend previous design work for off axis telescope with unobscured circular pupils, now to designs for high-contrast exoplanet imaging and spectroscopy with complicated pupil obscurations such as the WFIRST/AFTA telescope. Together with a pair of deformable mirrors for active wavefront control, the complex apodized Lyot coronagraph creates high contrast dark fields of view extending to within angular separations of 3 λ/D from the central star, over spectral bandwidths of 10% or more, and with throughput efficiencies greater than 35%.
Refugee Receptors Switch Sides

Human heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) express two different types of β adrenergic receptor: β1AR and β2AR. Both respond to the same hormones and couple to the same biochemical signaling effectors, yet they elicit different cellular responses. On page 1653 of this issue, Nikolaev et al. ( 1 ) show that β1ARs are widely distributed at the plasma membrane (crest) of a normal cardiomyocyte, whereas β2ARs localize to transverse-tubular (T-tubule) regions at the cell surface, thus segregating their signaling. Remarkably, failing cardiomyocytes exhibit membrane remodeling that disrupts compartmentalization of βARs. This may be a primary mechanism for the pathological effects of βAR signaling in heart failure and disease.
The Cells that Fill the Bill: Neural Crest and the Evolution of Craniofacial Development

Avian embryos, which have been studied scientifically since Aristotle, continue to persevere as invaluable research tools, especially for our understanding of the development and evolution of the craniofacial skeleton. Whether the topic is beak shape in Darwin’s finches or signaling interactions that underlie bone and tooth formation, birds offer advantages for craniofacial biology that uniquely complement the strengths of other vertebrate model systems, such as fish, frogs, and mice. Several papers published during the past few years have helped pinpoint molecular and cellular mechanisms that pattern the face and jaws through experiments that could only have been done together with our feathered friends. Ultimately, such knowledge will be essential for devising novel clinical approaches to treat and/or prevent diseases, injuries, and birth defects that affect the human craniofacial skeleton. Here we review recent insights plucked from avians on key developmental processes that generate craniofacial diversity.
Safety and Efficacy of Everolimus-Eluting Stents Versus Sirolimus-Eluting Stents in Women

Drug-eluting stents have shown promising clinical results in the treatment of coronary artery disease, including in women. Studies with first-generation drug-eluting stents, however, have reported higher rates of stent thrombosis (ST). The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of second-generation everolimus-eluting stents (EES) versus first-generation sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in women. The study included 1,649 women; 1,152 (70%) received SES and 497 (30%) received EES. In-hospital and 1-, 6-, and 12-month clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared. Correlates of major adverse cardiac events and ST were identified. Baseline clinical characteristics were similar between stent types, although more peripheral vascular disease and family history of coronary artery disease were seen in the SES group, while more unstable angina pectoris at initial diagnosis was more prevalent in the EES group. The EES group had more type C and distal lesions. There was a higher rate of target vessel revascularization and major adverse cardiac events in the SES group (14.7% vs 10.8%, p = 0.04) at 1 year. ST tended to be higher in the SES group (1.5% vs 0.4%, p = 0.06) at 6 and 12 months. After adjustment, multivariate analysis indicated that the EES group was less likely to have target vessel revascularization and major adverse cardiac events (hazard ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.95, p = 0.024) and had lower rates of ST (hazard ratio 0.09, 95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.70, p = 0.022) at 1 year. In conclusion, contemporary use of EES in women is associated with improvement in efficacy and safety profiles compared to SES; however, a large randomized trial is needed to confirm this conclusion.
Endometrioid stromal sarcomas of the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 23 cases

The clinical and pathologic features of 23 endometrioid stromal sarcomas of the ovary were analyzed. The patients' ages ranged from 20 to 76 years (average, 54 years). The most common presenting symptom was abdominal swelling or pain. In 12 cases the tumors were unilateral and in 11 cases they involved both ovaries. Four of the tumors were Stage I, nine Stage II, and eight Stage III; two were Stage IV because of the presence of pulmonary metastases. In nine of the cases there was a prior, synchronous or subsequent endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus. Nineteen tumors with less than 10 mitotic figures (MF) per 10 high power fields (HPF) were classified as low grade and the remaining four tumors with 12 to 30 MF per 10 HPF were designated as high grade. Only 2 of the 19 patients with low-grade tumors are known to have died of their disease and 9 of those whose tumor had spread beyond the ovary at the time of presentation were alive one or more years postoperatively. Three of the four patients with high-grade tumors died of their disease within 4 years.
A simple and accurate method to measure the threshold voltage of an enhancement-mode MOSFET

A new, simple method to measure the V T of an enhancement-mode MOSFET has been developed based on the analytical model of the subthreshold current. V T is determined to be the gate voltage at which the I DS reaches the constant threshold current, and this method is accurate over a wide range of device dimensions, bias conditions, and operating temperatures.
Instabilities and self-oscillations in atomic four-wave mixing

The development of integrated, waveguide-based atom optical devices requires a thorough understanding of nonlinear matter-wave mixing processes in confined geometries. This paper analyzes the stability of counterpropagating two-component Bose-Einstein condensates in such a geometry. The steady-state field equations of this system are solved analytically, predicting a multivalued relation between the input and output field intensities. The spatiotemporal linear stability of these solutions is investigated numerically, leading to the prediction of a self-oscillation threshold that can be expressed in terms of a matter-wave analog of the Fresnel number in optics.
Calculations in schrödinger perturbation theory

Abstract The evaluation of second- and higher-order perturbations of the energy by iterative solution of Schrodinger's equation, rather than by evaluation of the well-known matrix formulas, is described and exploited. Several examples are worked out exactly for the hydrogen atom, to point the way for other more practical, but more involved, problems.
Reinterpreting the State of Fisheries and their Management

A series of recent high-profile papers in Science and Nature have led readers to believe that most fisheries worldwide are overexploited and that current fisheries management practices have universally failed. In reality, current fisheries management is working well to achieve the legislated objective of MSY in some countries but is failing in others. Here, I present three interpretations about the status of fisheries management that are widely accepted and for each consider an alternative interpretation of the data. I propose that, rather than abandoning current approaches to fisheries management, we should expand the use of the management tools used in fisheries that currently achieve biological and economic sustainability.
HemeBIND: a novel method for heme binding residue prediction by combining structural and sequence information

Background Accurate prediction of binding residues involved in the interactions between proteins and small ligands is one of the major challenges in structural bioinformatics. Heme is an essential and commonly used ligand that plays critical roles in electron transfer, catalysis, signal transduction and gene expression. Although much effort has been devoted to the development of various generic algorithms for ligand binding site prediction over the last decade, no algorithm has been specifically designed to complement experimental techniques for identification of heme binding residues. Consequently, an urgent need is to develop a computational method for recognizing these important residues.
Cross talk in a fiber-optic Fabry-Perot sensor array with ring reflectors.

We demonstrate a fiber-optic interferometric sensor array based on the in-line Fabry–Perot configuration, which uses fiber ring reflectors to effect the low-reflectivity elements required between each sensor section. The intrinsic optical cross talk that occurs between the sensor sections owing to multiple reflections is analyzed and compared with experimental results obtained with a four-sensor system.
Usefulness of echocardiographic determined tricuspid regurgitation in predicting event-free survival in severe heart failure secondary to idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy or to ischemic cardiomyopathy

Abstract In summary, we reviewed 2-dimensional and color Doppler echocardiographic data from 117 patients with advanced symptomatic heart failure to determine if echocardiographic TR would predict RV function and event-free survival. The presence of echocardiographic TR predicted RV dilation and dysfunction and was associated with worse survival.
Further Validation of the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale:

The psychometric properties of a children's life satisfaction measure (MSLSS; Huebner, 1994) were assessed with a middle school sample of 291 students. Similar to findings with elementary school students, the MSLSS demonstrated preliminary evidence of reliability and validity for research purposes. The results of confirmatory factor analyses supported the five satisfaction domains identified in previous research with younger students, along with a single higher-order general life satisfaction factor. Relationships among life satisfaction domains, demographic variables, and social desirability responses were discussed. Potential uses of the MSLSS and future research needs were also discussed.
Broadband imaging with holographic lenses

Broadband imaging systems that contain holographic lenses can be lightweight and have large apertures. We report a Fresnel diffraction analysis of an imaging system that consists of three lenses of arbitrary dispersion. A general solution is found for the wavelength dependence of the lenses to simultaneously correct the imaging system for both longitudinal and lateral paraxial chromatic aberration. As a special case, we describe an optical system that uses holographic lenses to produce a well-corrected image in broadband light. Experimental results that demonstrate the system performance in both laser and broadband illumination are reported.
Biases in Stratospheric and Tropospheric Temperature Trends Derived from Historical Radiosonde Data

Abstract Temperature trends derived from historical radiosonde data often show substantial differences compared to satellite measurements. These differences are especially large for stratospheric levels, and for data in the Tropics, where results are based on relatively few stations. Detailed comparisons of one radiosonde dataset with collocated satellite measurements from the Microwave Sounding Unit reveal time series differences that occur as step functions or jumps at many stations. These jumps occur at different times for different stations, suggesting that the differences are primarily related to problems in the radiosonde data, rather than in the satellite record. As a result of these jumps, the radiosondes exhibit systematic cooling biases relative to the satellites. A large number of the radiosonde stations in the Tropics are influenced by these biases, suggesting that cooling in the tropical lower stratosphere is substantially overestimated in these radiosonde data. Comparison of trends from stat...
Amino acid-conferred protection against melphalan—Characterization of melphalan transport and correlation of uptake with cytotoxicity in cultured L1210 murine leukemia cells

Abstract The uptake of melphalan by L1210 cells was reduced to one-sixth of controls by physiological concentrations of the l -isomers of leucine and glutamine, and this decrease was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was estimated by treatment of cells with melphalan for 35 min in phosphate-buffered saline containing bovine serum albumin and glucose followed by clonal growth of the surviving cells in soft agar. It was prominent within a critical region of net melphalan uptake of 2–5 pmoles/10 5 cells. Inhibition analysis revealed that at cytotoxic concentrations melphalan is transported by a high-affinity amino acid transport system of the leucine ( l ) type. The values of the Michaelis constants ( K m ) for l -leucine, a protective amino acid, l -valine, a minimally protective amino acid, and melphalan were 6, 58 and 19 μM respectively. These results suggest that the ability of amino acids to protect L1210 cells from melphalan cytotoxicity is related to their affinities for the leucine carrier sites.
T -colorings of graphs: recent results and open problems

Abstract Suppose G is a graph and T is a set of nonnegative integers. A T -coloring of G is an assignment of a positive integer ƒ( x ) to each vertex x of G so that if x and y are joined by an edge of G , then |ƒ(x) - ƒ(y)ƒ| is not in T . T -colorings were introduced by Hale in connection with the channel assignment problem in communications. Here, the vertices of G are transmitters, an edge represents interference, ƒ( x ) is a television or radio channel assigned to x , and T is a set of disallowed separations for channels assigned to interfering transmitters. One seeks to find a T -coloring which minimizes either the number of different channels ƒ( x ) used or the distance between the smallest and largest channel. This paper surveys the results and mentions open problems concerned with T -colorings and their variations and generalizations.
An Evaluation of Short-Term Forecasts of Coffee and Cocoa

Predictive performance of short-term forecasts of production is evaluated using a technique which minimizes the average squared difference between actual and forecast values. Forecasting errors are decomposed into two components reflecting the forecast system and a residual component. Many forecasts resulted in underestimation and contained large but unsystematic errors.
Summation: Assessment of a configural theory

In five experiments, rats were given Pavlovian pairings of auditory and visual stimuli with delivery of food pellets. Experiment 1 found greater responding to an AB compound after training with the individual A and B stimuli, compared with responding both to the A and B elements and to a separately trained CD compound. Experiment 2 found this enhanced responding to depend on the associative strengths of A and B. In Experiment 3, responding was greater to a CD compound than to the other compounds after an AB-, AD+, BC+ training procedure. In Experiment 4, responding to an AB compound was greater than that to the elements after A was reinforced on a 100% schedule and B on a 50% schedule. In Experiment 5, responding to an AC compound was greater than that to either A or C after an AB+, CD+, A-training procedure. A configural theory, such as that proposed by Pearce (1987), anticipates summation in none of these procedures, unless the conditioned context is assumed to have a salience greater than zero. In order to predict summation in Experiments 3, 4, and 5, a context salience greater than that of the elements must be assumed. However, such an assumption also anticipates that extinction of a 100% stimulus should eliminate responding to a 50% stimulus. The results of Experiment 3 contradicted that prediction. These results conform better to the expectations of elemental models of conditioning.
Transforming Growth Factor-α Gene Expression in Late-Gestation Fetal Rat Lung

ABSTRACT: Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) is a structural homologue of epidermal growth factor and competes for binding on a common transmembrane protein receptor/kinase. Although TGF-α appears to be more important than epidermal growth factor in embryogenesis and mammalian organogenesis, there is little information regarding its expression in developing lung. Accordingly, we measured levels of immunoreactive TGF-α and its gene expression in late-term fetal rat lung during the transition from the canalicular (19–20 d) to the saccular (21 d) stage. We report that at 19 d gestation intrapulmonary levels of TGF-a were 1.4 ± 0.3 pmol/mg protein as determined by RIA, but had decreased by 50% at 21 d. To determine if the TGF-α gene is expressed in lung, RNA isolated from fetal rat lung was reverse transcribed, and a 302-bp fragment corresponding to a portion of the TGF-α gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Southern blot hybridization with a 32P-labeled 2.3-kb EcoRI fragment of rat TGF-α cDNA clone showed a pattern of declining expression during late gestation. Therefore, fetal rat lung expresses TGF-α, as is evidenced by the synthesis of both the message and the protein. Because levels of protein were highest in the period of canalicular lung development when the respiratory acinus is formed and vascularized, a potential role for this intrapulmonary growth factor in pulmonary remodeling is suggested.
Multistage time averaging filters for timing measurements with large counters

Abstract A method is described which uses multistage logic circuitry to accurately determine the “true time” that a particle traverses a long counter, essentially independent of the “hit” position. The accuracy increases rapidly with the number of stages used in the circuit. Several channels of the simplest type with about ±70 ps resolution over a total range of 4.2 ns have been built, tested and used successfully in experiment E450 at the ZGS.
An eigenvector orientation approach for detection and control of panel flutter

A basic eigenvector orientation approach has been used to evaluate the possibility of controlling the onset of panel flutter using a flat panel (wide beam) as an illustrative example. The onset of flutter can be defined as the instance when two modes coalesce. Since eigenvectors for two consecutive modes are usually orthogonal, an indication of the onset of flutter condition can be observed earlier when they start to lose their orthogonality. Using eigenvector orientation method for the prediction of the flutter boundary (indicated by a gradual loss of orthogonality between two eigenvectors) was developed in a previous study and thus can provide a 'lead time' for possible flutter control. In this study, a basic simple beam element is used to model the panel (wide beam). As a first step, piezoelectric layers are assumed to be bonded on the top and bottom surface of the panel to provide counter-bending moments at joints between elements. The standard linear quadratic control theory is used for controller design and full state feedback is considered for simplicity. The controllers are designed to modify the system stiffness matrix in such a way to re-stabilize the system at the onset of flutter; as a result, flutter occurrence is offset to higher flutter speed. Controllers based on different control objectives are considered and the effects of control moment locations are studied as well. Potential applications of this basic method can be straightforwardly applied to plates and shells of laminated composites using finite element method.
White noise measurement of squid axon membrane impedance

Abstract The use of white noise techniques for system identification is illustrated by the following characterization of the subthreshold membrane impedance of the squid giant axon, space-clamped in a double sucrose gap. Power spectra were also computed. Depolarization increases the resonance, shifts the resonant frequently upward and decreases the membrane's inductive reactance. Reduced external Ca ++ increases the resonance, shifts the resonant frequency downward and increases the inductive reactance.
Statistical theory of polarized nuclear reactions

Abstract The influence of incident beam polarization on nuclear cross section distributions in the continuum region is investigated on the basis of specific assumptions concerning the statistical properties of the S -matrix. The average polarization of scattered beams induced by unpolarized incident beams is also considered.
Experimental tests of the information-center hypothesis with black vultures ( Coragypsatratus ) and turkey vultures ( Cathartesaura )

In field tests of the information-center hypothesis (ICH) in south Texas with black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), large carcasses were provided and kept under continuous observation. The use vultures made of these bait sites and their patterns of arrival were recorded to evaluate predictions derived from the ICH. Turkey vultures discovered most bait sites (30 of 31) first, but frequently were displaced from the food by later-arriving black vultures. This competitive exclusion by black vultures limited subsequent feeding opportunities for turkey vultures sufficiently that few (27%) returned on subsequent days to bait sites they had previously visited. I found no evidence that those turkey vultures that did return to bait sites acted as leaders for groups of naive birds and led them to bait sites – knowledgeable and naive turkey vultures did not arrive at bait sites together, and groups arriving at bait sites were not larger on subsequent days than on the first days carcasses were available. In contrast, a significantly larger percentage (47%) of knowledgeable black vultures returned to bait sites they had visited on previous days, and the first groups of black vultures arriving at bait sites on subsequent days were significantly larger than the equivalent groups on first days. Nine flocks of black vultures that arrived on subsequent days at bait sites before sunrise (which suggests the birds had commuted directly from a roost) contained knowledgeable birds, and two of these flocks contained both knowledgeable and naive individuals. Overall, 10 of 54 naive tagged black vultures (18.5%) arrived at bait sites under circumstances that suggested they had followed conspecifics to the food from a roost. However, most black vultures apparently found carcasses through independent search or by using local enhancement. Therefore, I conclude that while following from roosts to food sites is a strategy used by black vultures, at this study site it is one they use relatively infrequently.
Rare Autosomal Dominant POLG1 Mutation in a Family With Metabolic Strokes, Posterior Column Spinal Degeneration, and Multi-Endocrine Disease

DNA POLG is the only mitochondrial DNA polymerase and is encoded by nuclear DNA. Depending on the location and inheritance, mutations in POLG1, the catalytic subunit, can cause symptoms including severe infantile epilepsy, metabolic strokes, chronic ataxia, neuropathy, and ophthalmoplegia. We reviewed medical records and conducted extensive interviews with the family of identical twin probands with a mutation in the linker region of DNA polymerase gamma 1 (POLG1) (G517V) and discuss postmortem findings from their grandmother. Both twins developed type I diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and psychiatric problems in addition to neurological difficulties including bilateral basal ganglia infarcts, headaches, and seizures. The maternal grandmother, now deceased, had psychosis and balance problems, and postmortem findings include lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus) and posterior spinal column degeneration. We discuss novel aspects of their presentation and implications for practice.
975 THE RESPONSE OF PO 2 AND PCO 2 TO THE WITHDRAWAL OF CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP) IN INFANTS RECOVERING FROM RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

975 THE RESPONSE OF PO 2 AND PCO 2 TO THE WITHDRAWAL OF CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP) IN INFANTS RECOVERING FROM RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Fast evaluation of logarithms in fields of characteristic two

A method for determining logarithms in GF (2^{n}) is presented. Its asymptotic running time is O(\exp (cn^{1/3} \log^{2/3} n)) for a small constant c , while, by comparison, Adleman's scheme runs in time O(\exp (c^{'}n^{1/2} \log^{1/2} n )) . The ideas give a dramatic improvement even for moderate-sized fields such as GF (2^{127}) , and make (barely) possible computations in fields of size around 2^{400} . The method is not applicable to GF (q) for a large prime q .
Power Measurement of Software Programs on Computers With Multiple I/O Components

This paper presents a tool to measure the power consumption of software programs running on computers with multiple input and output (I/O) components, such as disks and network-interface cards. The tool consists of two parts: 1) a monitor measuring the power of hardware components of the monitored computer and 2) a modified operating-system (OS) kernel in the monitored computer for information of software activities. The information is sent to the monitor for reconstructing the energy consumption of individual programs. This paper focuses on the software problem: How do we accurately assign the power samples to the software processes? A measurement-based method is used to synchronize the monitor and the monitored computer and a set of componentwise techniques to keep track of the programs' usage of each hardware component. Based on our experimental evaluation and comparison with the existing solutions, our tool raises the accuracy of energy assignment by up to 40% for programs with short CPU time slices and up to 90% for programs with I/O activities. This measurement tool can help the developers to analyze the software's energy characteristics more accurately and locate the energy-consuming spots more efficiently.
Orthogonal polynomials (in Matlab)

A suite of Matlab programs has been developed as part of the book ''Orthogonal Polynomials: Computation and Approximation'' Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004, by Gautschi. The package contains routines for generating orthogonal polynomials as well as routines dealing with applications. In this paper, a brief review of the first part of the package is given, dealing with procedures for generating the three-term recurrence relation for orthogonal polynomials and more general recurrence relations for Sobolev orthogonal polynomials. Moment-based methods and discretization methods, and their implementation in Matlab, are among the principal topics discussed.
Experience using the IBM supply chain simulator

The IBM Supply Chain Simulator (SCS) is a software tool that can help a company or a group of companies make strategic business decisions about the design and operation of its supply chain. SCS and its predecessors were originally developed by IBM Research to improve IBM's internal supply chains. The tool has played an important role in the resurgence of IBM over the last six years (1992-8). In 1997 the IBM Industry Solution Units began using the tool to help its clients improve their supply chains. After about a year of business, successful engagements have been completed in a variety of geographies and business segments. SCS deploys a mix of simulation and optimization functions to model and analyze supply chain issues such as site location, replenishment policies, manufacturing policies, transportation policies, stocking levels, lead times, and customer service. The paper reviews the capabilities of SCS and presents experience from practical studies.
Multivessel off-pump revascularization in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of multivessel beating heart revascularization in a high-risk group of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction as well as to provide intermediate survival and quality of life data. Methods: Our prospectively updated database was queried to extract all patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 30% who underwent beating heart revascularization. Standard demographics, clinical profiles and outcomes were collected. Outcomes were compared with Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) benchmarks for all coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients. Telephone interviews were conducted and survival and quality of life data were tabulated. In addition, morbidity and mortality outcomes were compared with a concurrent cohort of patients with similarly impaired left ventricular function who underwent conventional coronary artery bypass. Results: One hundred off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting patients were identified and follow-up was 93% complete in these patients. Mean age was 67 ± 10.5 years and mean ejection fraction was 26 ± 4%. Twenty-one percent were females. Balloon counterpulsation support was used liberally in the perioperative period. Patients received a mean of 3.5 grafts with 83% internal mammary artery use. Observed mortality was 3% with a predicted mortality of 5.3%. Observed to expected ratio was 0.56. Incidence of adverse events compared favorably with both that reported in the STS for all CABG patients regardless of left ventricular function, and also to a concurrent CABG cohort. One-year survival was 85%. Freedom from cardiac readmission was 88% and freedom from angina was 83%. No patient required repeat percutaneous or surgical intervention. Conclusions: We conclude that multivessel off-pump revascularization in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction is a safe and effective alternative to conventional grafting. Long-term follow-up is mandatory to confirm these encouraging intermediate outcomes.
Zebrafish Tsc1 reveals functional interactions between the cilium and the TOR pathway

The cell surface organelle called the cilium is essential for preventing kidney cyst formation and for establishing left-right asymmetry of the vertebrate body plan. Recent advances suggest that the cilium functions as a sensory organelle in vertebrate cells for multiple signaling pathways such as the hedgehog and the Wnt pathways. Prompted by kidney cyst formation in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients and rodent models, we investigated the role of the cilium in the TSC-target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway using zebrafish. TSC1 and TSC2 genes are causal for TSC, and their protein products form a complex in the TOR pathway that integrates environmental signals to regulate cell growth, proliferation and survival. Two TSC1 homologs were identified in zebrafish, which we refer to as tsc1a and tsc1b. Morpholino knockdown of tsc1a led to a ciliary phenotype including kidney cyst formation and left-right asymmetry defects. Tsc1a was observed to localize to the Golgi, but morpholinos against it, nonetheless, acted synthetically with ciliary genes in producing kidney cysts. Consistent with a role of the cilium in the same pathway as Tsc genes, the TOR pathway is aberrantly activated in ciliary mutants, resembling the effect of tsc1a knockdown. Moreover, kidney cyst formation in ciliary mutants was blocked by the Tor inhibitor, rapamycin. Surprisingly, we observed elongation of cilia in tsc1a knockdown animals. Together, these data suggest a signaling network between the cilium and the TOR pathway in that ciliary signals can feed into the TOR pathway and that Tsc1a regulates the length of the cilium itself.
Serum Acetyl Cholinesterase as a Biomarker of Arsenic Induced Neurotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Abstract: Arsenic is an environmental toxicant, and one of the major mechanisms by which it exerts its toxic effect is through an impairment of cellular respiration by inhibition of various mitochondrial enzymes, and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Most toxicity of arsenic results from its ability to interact with sulfhydryl groups of proteins and enzymes, and to substitute phosphorus in a variety of biochemical reactions. Most toxicity of arsenic results from its ability to interact with sulfhydryl groups of proteins and enzymes, and to substitute phosphorus in a variety of biochemical reactions. Recent studies have pointed out that arsenic toxicity is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species, which may cause severe injury/damage to the nervous system. The main objective of this study was to conduct biochemical analysis to determine the effect of arsenic trioxide on the activity of acetyl cholinesterase; a critical important nervous system enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Four groups of six male rats each weighing an average 60 + 2 g were used in this study. Arsenic trioxide was intraperitoneally administered to the rats at the doses of 5, 10, 15, 20mg/kg body weight (BW), one dose per 24 hour given for five days. A control group was also made of 6 animals injected with distilled water without chemical. Following anaesthesia, blood specimens were immediately collected using heparinized syringes, and acetyl cholinesterase detection and quantification were performed in serum samples by spectrophotometry. Arsenic trioxide exposure significantly decreased the activity of cholinesterase in the Sprague-Dawley rats. Acetyl cholinesterase activities of 6895 + 822, 5697 + 468, 5069 + 624, 4054 + 980, and 3158 + 648 U/L were recorded for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, respectively; indicating a gradual decrease in acetyl cholinesterase activity with increasing doses of arsenic. These findings indicate that acetyl cholinesterase is a candidate biomarker for arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats.
One‐dimensional model of the physico‐chemical processes occurring inside a burning coal surface

A one-dimensional model has been developed to account for the physico-chemical processes occurring inside a burning wet coal surface. The model and associated assumptions have been verified with experimental data from the combustion and drying of coal. The results also show that the model prediction of the heat transferred from the coal surface into the coal is much higher than that calculated by the simple heat conduction equation. The fraction of the water in the coal that reacts with char is shown as a function of the linear burn velocity and the surface temperature. In addition, the effect of variations in coal moisture and the thermal conductivity on the thickness of the dry zone are also shown. This work is related to the understanding of the processes involved in underground coal gasification.
14C-eugenol: I. Synthesis, polymerization, and use

The mixture of eugenol and zinc oxide resulted in a lignin-like polymer; this was verified by spectroscopy. 14C-eugenol with high specific activity was synthesized and administered intraperitoneally to rats. 14C-eugenol was subsequently found in all tissues. Chromatography was used for separation and quantitation of this compound.
Kinetic control of oxidation state at thermodynamically buffered potentials in subsurface waters

Dissolved oxygen (DO) and organic carbon (Corg) are among the highest- and lowest-potential reactants, respectively, of redox couples in natural waters. When DO and Corg are present in subsurface settings, other couples are drawn toward potentials imposed by them, generating a bimodal clustering of calculated redox potentials. Which cluster a couple is drawn toward is determined by whether the couple's oxidant or reductant is more concentrated. Generally, reactants 10 -6 M are near equilibrium with their dominant complementary reactant and in a cluster, whereas reactants 10 -6 M are relatively slow to react and diverge from the clusters. These observations suggest that reactions of higher-potential oxidants with lower-potential reductants commonly proceed simultaneously, regardless of the presence of other potential reactants, with the rates of reaction being determined more by concentration than relative potentials. As DO or Corg decreases, the potential gap separating couples diminishes. In waters having quantifiable concentra- tions of higher potential oxidants O2 and NO3 - ,( H 2) was not diagnostic of their presence. In the water we analyzed having no quantifiable O2 or NO3 - , redox potential calculated with (H2) was similar to potentials calculated for SO4 2- reduction and methanogenesis. Composite reactions, NO3 - 3 N2 and O23 H2O, are best characterized in multiple steps due to slow reaction of low-concentration intermediates. The (CO) data we report, among the first for groundwater, are high compared to water equilibrated with the atmosphere. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier Ltd