cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Transactional Law

In order to answer the question whether or under what conditions law schools teach transactional law classes, I designed and sent a questionnaire to 193 associate deans and professors at American law schools. The data offer interesting insights into modern legal curricula and influence our answer to the question whether law schools should teach transactional law courses. For over 100 years, law schools have used the case method to teach legal theory and litigation-oriented courses. From civil procedure in the first year to federal courts and trial advocacy in the third year, our law schools' curricula devote most of their resources to litigation theory and trial practice. Yet many graduating law students pursue careers in transactional law and, once they are sworn into the bar, never see the inside of a courtroom. Law schools should offer courses in transactional law to expose law students to the theory, concepts, problem-solving paradigms, and techniques that will qualify them to represent and counsel clients while negotiating and documenting legal transactions. I leave to others to answer the critics who contend, erroneously, that transactional law cannot be taught, but can only be learned by doing and training at a law firm. What do and should law schools teach their students to prepare them for careers as transactional lawyers? In this article, I begin to answer that question both from my perspective as a teacher and as an empiricist.
Ca II H and K Photometry on the uvby System. III. The Metallicity Calibration for the Red Giants

New photometry on the uvby Ca system is presented for over 300 stars. When combined with previous data, the sample is used to calibrate the metallicity dependence of the hk index for cooler, evolved stars. The metallicity scale is based upon the standardized merger of spectroscopic abundances from 38 studies since 1983, providing an overlap of 122 evolved stars with the photometric catalog. The hk index produces reliable abundances for stars in the [Fe/H] range from -0.8 to -3.4, losing sensitivity among cooler stars due to saturation effects at higher [Fe/H], as expected.
An examination of fitness costs of glyphosate resistance in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea

Fitness costs are frequently invoked to explain the presence of genetic variation underlying plant defense across many types of damaging agents. Despite the expectation that costs of resistance are prevalent, however, they have been difficult to detect in nature. To examine the potential that resistance confers a fitness cost, we examined the survival and fitness of genetic lines of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, that diverged in the level of resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. We planted a large field experiment and assessed survival following herbicide application as well as fitness of the divergent selection lines in the absence of the herbicide. We found that genetic lines selected for increased resistance exhibited lower death compared to control and susceptible lines in the presence of the herbicide, but no evidence that resistant lines produced fewer seeds in the absence of herbicide. However, susceptible lines produced more viable seeds than resistant or control lines, providing some evidence of a fitness cost in terms of seed germination, and thus potential empirical support for the expectation of trait trade-offs as a consequence of adaptation to novel environments.
Use of biomarkers in epidemiologic studies: minimizing the influence of measurement error in the study design and analysis

The inclusion of biomarkers measured on the continuous scale, such as endogenous sex hormones or antioxidant levels, has become common in epidemiologic studies, and introduces additional sources of error that are specific to biomarkers. This includes error associated with specimen collection, processing, and storage; laboratory error (both within and between batch); and variability in the biomarker levels over time within an individual. In this review, we discuss and recommend study design and analytic strategies to deal with these sources of measurement error. In particular we describe methods to prevent or minimize some sources of error through appropriate sample collection and storage, communication with the laboratory, proper batching of samples, and participant matching. We also discuss how to quantify error related to biomarkers, focusing on issues of quality control, pilot studies, and how to measure within-person stability over time. Further, we discuss analytic issues for dealing with laboratory and within-person variability. Finally we recommend that journals standardize the reporting of biomarker assays in scientific manuscripts.
Fluorescence enhancement in noncontact and dynamic-force apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy

ABSTRACT The fluorescence of single ZnS overcoated CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and dye doped polystyrene spheres (PSs) embedded in the evanescent optical field has been studied using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscope (ANSOM) operating in non-contact and dynamic-force modes. The fluorescence intensity of an individual QD can be enhanced 5 times when an HF etch-cleaned silicon probe is located over the QD and spatially resolved with ~30 nm full width at half maximum when the ANSOM is operating in non-contact mode. Furthermore, we show that the fluorescence contrast in ANSOM is typically 5 times greater than the above enhancement coefficient. In the case of ANSOM dynamic-force mode, the fluorescence of QDs and PSs depends on the pressure applied by the probe to the sample. Keywords: ANSOM, fluorescence, quantum dots, dye doped polystyrene spheres 1. INTRODUCTION For a better understanding of the processes in solid state physics, biology, and biochemistry optical spatial resolution below diffraction limit is advantageous although not possible with conventional confocal microscopes. Nevertheless, confocal microscopes are widely used for single molecule detection, due to high optical collection efficiency, when the structure of the sample is well known or when it is unnecessary for the understanding of an optical signal.
Use of multiwavelength transmission spectroscopy for the characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: quantitative interpretation.

Combined scattering and absorption properties of suspended particles can be obtained as a function of wavelength by measuring the complete ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) spectrum. This research reports on the quantitative interpretation of measured UV−vis spectra of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst suspensions obtained from several commercial sources and evaluated using two different purification techniques. The reproducibility of the measured spectral data was assessed, and the quantitative interpretation of the oocyst spectra in terms of the particle size and the chemical composition of the particles are reported herein. The interpretation model of the spectra is based on light scattering theory, spectral deconvolution techniques, and on the approximation of the wavelength-dependent optical properties of the basic constituents of living organisms. A characteristic set of optical properties for C. parvum oocysts has been determined as a function of wavelength and used for the quantitative interpretation of UV...
Olfactory dysfunction in allergic rhinitis.

Background: Olfactory dysfunction in patients with allergic rhinitis has long been thought to be secondary to coexisting chronic rhinosinusitis and polyposis with obstruction of airflow over the olfactory epithelium. Recent evidence suggests that the allergic inflammatory infiltrate may itself affect olfaction in the absence of mucosal hypertrophy. Objective: We undertook a study to determine olfactory function in patients with allergic rhinitis in the presence and absence of chronic sinusitis. Methods: Fifty-one subjects with symptoms of rhinitis who presented for allergy testing were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. In addition each patient underwent computed tomography (CT) scanning of the sinuses. Results: Eighty percent of subjects were allergic. Subjects with allergic rhinitis and no evidence of sinusitis scored on average in the 30th percentile (95% CI 20–40th percentile) on objective olfactory testing compared to age- and gender-specific norms. Half the allergic patients were classified as normosmic, while half had some degree of hyposmia. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that even in the absence of mucosal disease on CT scan, a significant subset of patients with allergic rhinitis will exhibit hyposmia, mostly to a mild or moderate degree. The pathophysiology and potential treatments for olfactory loss in these patients should be further explored.
Functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) analogs via reactivity ratio controlled polycondensation

Abstract A route for the introduction of functional groups to poly(ether ether ketone) analogs, via a reactivity ratio controlled polycondensation process, has been developed. The reactivity differences, toward nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, of the three electrophilic sites in 3,4′,5-trifluorobenzophenone, 1 , affords the opportunity to prepare functionalized B 2 -type monomers in situ , followed by polycondensation with the appropriate bisphenol to prepare the corresponding linear polymer. The reactivity differences in 1 were probed via a combination of 13 C and 19 F NMR spectroscopy along with model reactions using m -cresol as the nucleophile. Reaction of 1 with 1.03 molar equivalents of a series of phenols provided the desired B 2 -type monomers in high selectivity. The B 2 -type monomers were then converted to the linear polymers by reaction with Bisphenol-A and their structures were confirmed via NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties were evaluated by a combination of thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.
Non‐nested hypothesis testing of theories of inflation in Latin America

There is a lively debate among the monetarists and the structuralists in explaining the persistence of inflation in Latin American countries. The monetarists point out the role of excess demand in generating inflation. On the other hand, the structuralists point out the role of structural factors; agricultural bottleneck, foreign trade bottleneck, and public sector bottlenecks in causing inflation. In this paper we conduct non-nested hypothesis testing of the structuralist and the monetarist theories of inflation using data for a set of Latin American countries. No general pattern emerges from the tests. In the case of individual country studies the results are mixed. For some countries the tests rank the monetarist model over the structuralist model, while for some others they either accept or reject both models. In the pooled sample there is even less variation in the results. In most of the cases the tests accept both models, suggesting that it is not possible to differentiate between the models. The results of the paper casts serious doubt on the applicability of monetarist and structuralist theories in explaining inflation in Latin America. The conclusion of the paper may be able to explain why in the past stabilization programmes based either on monetarist or structuralist ideas have failed miserably in controlling inflation in Latin America.
Local directional pattern of phase congruency features for illumination invariant face recognition

An illumination-robust face recognition system using Local Directional Pattern (LDP) descriptors in Phase Congruency (PC) space is proposed in this paper. The proposed Directional Pattern of Phase Congruency (DPPC) is an oriented and multi-scale local descriptor that is able to encode various patterns of face images under different lighting conditions. It is constructed by applying LDP on the oriented PC images. A LDP feature is obtained by computing the edge response values in eight directions at each pixel position and encoding them into an eight bit binary code using the relative strength magnitude of these edge responses. Phase congruency and local directional pattern have been independently used in the field of face and facial expression recognition, since they are robust to illumination changes. When the PC extracts the discontinuities in the image such as edges and corners, the LDP computes the edge response values in different directions and uses these to encode the image texture. The local directional pattern descriptor on the phase congruency image is subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction for fast and effective face recognition application. The performance evaluation of the proposed DPPC algorithm is conducted on several publicly available databases and observed promising recognition rates. Better classification accuracy shows the superiority of the LDP descriptor against other appearance-based feature descriptors such as Local Binary Pattern (LBP). In other words, our result shows that by using the LDP descriptor the Euclidean distance between reference image and testing images in the same class is much less than that between reference image and testing images from the other classes.
Management of riparian buffers: upslope thinning with downslope impacts

We examined the potential of using upslope density management to influence growth and drought tolerance of trees in untreated downslope riparian forests. Increment cores from Douglas-fir trees in three mature stands in western Oregon, USA, were collected and measured. Trees responded to an apparent edge effect up t o1 5 m downslope of thinned areas but not downslope of gaps. Growth responses in riparian trees were not affected by slope or potential solar radiation (as a function of location and topography). In addition, in a retrospective analysis of tree growth and allocation patterns (represented by the ratio of earlywood to latewood) and climate after treatment over a 12-year period, trees in our study area did not appear to be water limited and did not show a strong correlation with regional drought metrics. We hypothesize that vegetation layers in these riparian forest stands responded differentially to additional resources becoming available as a result of thinning, with overstory trees in riparian areas responding downslope of thinned uplands and subdominant canopy layers responding downslope of gaps. Our study demonstrates that managers can affect riparian forests with upland treatments to a limited spatial extent, which may be the only option in areas where direct riparian management is restricted due to concerns for other ecosystem services.
De novo arteriovenous malformations: case report and review of the literature.

Intracerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are traditionally recognized as congenital lesions. However, with the advent of frequent, noninvasive imaging of the brain, that notion has been challenged. We describe another patient with a de novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation and evaluate the reported literature for trends in the development of these lesions. Cases were selected from the English literature using the PUBMED database using the search term “acquired or de novo cerebrovascular arteriovenous malformations”. A total of seven patients (including the one reported in this study) with de novo arteriovenous malformations are reported. Majority of patients were female, and mostly diagnosed as children. Their mean age at diagnosis was 18 years (6–32), and the mean time from the initial intracranial study to the diagnosis of an AVM was 8 years (3–17). De novo formation of AVMs is being increasingly reported, especially in young females. We present only the seventh such case reported in the literature and challenge the traditional view that all arteriovenous malformations are congenital in nature.
Development Theories and Development Strategies: An Alternative Theoretical Framework

The study of economic development in the Third World has been dominated by the comparison of import-substitution industrialization (ISI) and export-led industrialization as two "alternative strateg...
Dynamic ventilatory responses in rats: normal development and effects of prenatal nicotine exposure.

Abstract Infants of smoking mothers are at increased risk of SIDS, one cause of which is thought to be due to impaired ventilatory responses. We tested the hypotheses that prenatal nicotine exposure impairs the development of dynamic carotid chemoreceptor-driven ventilatory responses, and reduces the ability to lower metabolic rate in hypoxia. Osmotic minipumps were implanted into 20 pregnant rats at day 3 of gestation to deliver nicotine (6 mg/kg per day free base) or saline for 4 weeks. Minute ventilation was recorded breath by breath in rat pups at 3, 8 and 18 days (n=6, 8 and 6) postnatal in response to 5-sec challenges of 100% O2 (Dejours test) and 5% O2+5% CO2. Carotid sinus nerve (CSN) responses to hypoxia and CO2 were recorded from 22 control and 17 nicotine-exposed preparations at ages between 3–20 days. Oxygen consumption ( V O 2 ) was measured in groups of pups at 3 days (n=7 each for nicotine and control) and 8 days (n=5 each for nicotine and control) in room air and 10% O2. There was no detectable effect of nicotine exposure on the development of CSN responses. Ventilatory responses to 5% O2–5% CO2 increased with age but did not differ between nicotine and control groups. Ventilatory responses to 100% O2 were unaffected by nicotine exposure at 8 and 18 days. However, the 3-day nicotine group showed no significant response to 100% O2 whereas V e was significantly reduced in the control group by 100% O2. There was no significant effect of nicotine exposure on the ability to reduce oxygen consumption in hypoxia at 3 or 8 days, but at 3 days, baseline (room air) variability in oxygen consumption was greater in the nicotine group. We conclude that nicotine exposure appears to result in abnormal ventilatory responses to withdrawal of baseline peripheral chemoreceptor drive during a period of early postnatal life. We speculate that a transient abnormality could contribute to a period of instability and increased vulnerability to challenges.
How useful is methylglucamine diatrizoate solution in patients with small-bowel obstruction?

How useful is methylglucamine diatrizoate solution in patients with small-bowel obstruction?
Predictability Characteristics of Landfalling Cyclones along the North American West Coast

AbstractThe predictability of North Pacific cyclones can vary widely, from highly accurate prediction of storm intensity and location to forecast position errors of hundreds of kilometers and central pressure errors of tens of hectopascals. In this study, a Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) ensemble Kalman filter is used to investigate predictability of landfalling cyclones on the west coast of North America over two winter seasons (2008/09 and 2009/10). Predictability is defined as the ensemble spread of cyclone central pressure at the final forecast time (24 h) where large spread means low predictability. Both ensemble spread and ensemble initial-condition sensitivity are examined for a wide variety of cyclones that occurred during the two seasons. Storms that are deepening and track from the southwest exhibit the largest ensemble initial-condition sensitivity and highest ensemble spread compared to decaying storms and storms that track from other directions. Storms that end south of 40°N, ty...
Using Paired Comparisons to Assess Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Based on Maslow's motivational theory, a self-report inventory utilizing a modified paired-comparison format was developed to assess need potencies within individuals. This method permits both mult...
Palliative care consults in oncology: what are we waiting for? A case report

Palliative care focuses on symptom management and decreased suffering in all aspects of health. Although it has been shown that palliative care improves emotional and clinical outcomes for patients and families, it remains an underutilized specialty particularly in the field of oncology. Involving cancer patients in palliative care can sometimes be confused with the idea of giving up, or losing hope. This is especially true when patients are young. The following case report provides an example of a patient who may have benefited from palliative specialists’ involvement early in his disease, potentially sparing him and his family prolonged, physical, and emotional suffering.
Characterization and Electrical Properties of Individual Au–NiO–Au Heterojunction Nanowires

High-definition metal-oxide-metal (MOM) heterojunction nanowires in the Au-NiO-Au system have been synthesized using a template-based method. These nanowires are 70 nm in diameter and in total length, with a 100 to 300 nm wide NiO segment sandwiched between the Au nanowires axially. Detailed electron-microscopy characterization studies of these nanowires show that the oxide segment is primarily cubic NiO and nanocrystalline, and that both the Au-NiO interfaces are well-defined. These Au-NiO-Au nanowires have been incorporated into high-quality single-nanowire devices, fabricated using a direct-write method. The current-voltage responses of individual Au-NiO-Au nanowires have been measured as a function of temperature in the range 298 to 573 K. While the - response at room temperature has been found to be nonlinear, it becomes more linear and less resistive with increasing temperature. These types of MOM nanowires are likely to offer certain advantages over all-oxide nanowires in fundamental size-effect studies, and they could be potentially useful as nanoscale building blocks for multifunctional nanoelectronics of the future.
Aerodynamics of a Burning Turbulent Gas Jet in a Crossflow

Abstract A theoretical treatment is presented of the motion of a turbulent gas jet burning in an oxidizing crossflow. The study represents a significant extension of the entrainment theory for weak plumes, through the incorporation into its framework of the influences of radiative thermal-energy transfer, large density variations, and thermal-energy generation through chemical reaction. Numerical calculations are presented for the variation of bulk temperature and species concentrations along the plume trajectory. The concentrations are shown to be strongly coupled with the temperature, suggesting a possible simplification of the problem of calculating the production rates of pollutants formed in secondary reactions. Thermal radiation is found to be of secondary importance to plume dynamics. Comparisons are made between exact (numerical) and approximate (asymptotic) calculations of plume trajectory, with and without thermal energy release. These calculations show that for conditions typical of those encou...
A behavior systems view of responding to probe stimuli during an interfood clock

Two experiments used a behavior systems approach to relate the form of responses during an interfood clock to the temporal distance of the individual clock stimuli to food. Stimuli proximate to food should better control a focal search mode and related responses, whereas stimuli temporally distant from food should better control a general search mode and related responses. Experiment 1 conditioned two groups of rats with a sequence of four equal-length 12-sec clock stimuli that terminated with food and then tested for the conditioning of a general search mode by presenting an unconditioned moving probe stimulus (either a rolling ball bearing or a rotating mechanical door) during each of the clock stimuli. Consistent with a behavior systems view, contact with the ball bearing was markedly greater during a clock stimulus distant from food. The absence of similar differential contact of the door across the clock stimuli showed that the effect was specific to the ball bearing rather than a general response to stimulus dimensions of movement and sound. Experiment 2 showed that the general search mode was controlled by the clock stimulus rather than the passage of time.
Lateral Pharyngeal Space Abscess as A Consequence of Regional Anesthesia

Trismus may be a complication from local anesthesia. Patients with trismus of unknown cause after dental treatment should be evaluated thoroughly. The dentist should perform a complete examination and establish a differential diagnosis to avoid missing a serious or life-threatening infection. A right lateral pharyngeal space infection developed after a general restorative procedure that involved an inferior alveolar nerve injection on the same side. The patient's severe trismus required awake intubation, incision and drainage while the patient was under general anesthesia, treatment with antibiotics and ten days of hospitalization.
A two-, three-, and four-year follow-up of a clinical study of the effect of trituration on amalgam restorations

A study was conducted to compare the characteristics of a thoroughly triturated and an undertriturated lathe-cut alloy. A study was conducted with 16 patients to test the clinical performance of a thoroughly triturated and an undertriturated lathe-cut alloy. The criteria were those of the US Public Health Service. Although the undertriturated amalgam held up well, this technique is not recommended to achieve better amalgam restorations.
Spatial variations in phytoplankton pigment ratios, optical properties, and environmental gradients in Oregon coast surface waters

[1] In situ optics and hydrographic measurements, along with discrete samples for calibration, were used to assess spatial variations in phytoplankton characteristics and taxonomic composition (pigment ratios, relative particle size distribution, and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration) in Oregon coast surface waters during August 2001. The relationships between environmental parameters (nutrients, light, temperature), photoprotective:photosynthetic carotenoid (PPC:PSC) ratios, and in situ spectral absorption and beam attenuation from ac-9 measurements were also evaluated. We computed a “slope” index to evaluate changes in shapes of the phytoplankton absorption (aph) spectra: aph slope = (aph488 − aph532)/[aph676 · (488–532 nm)]. Significant linear relationships were seen between PPC:PSC ratios and the aph slope parameter for surface samples grouped by location, date, and water mass characteristics. We observed high spatial variability in the phytoplankton photophysiological and taxonomic indicators derived from our optical measurements. Lower PPC:PSC ratios and larger particle size distributions were seen near the coast in colder upwelled water compared to locations farther offshore with warmer, more nutrient deplete water. Temperature and photosynthetic available radiation explained 42% of the variability in PPC:PSC ratios for all surface samples and 61% for surface samples with <2 μM dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Temperature alone explained 87% of the variability in PPC:PSC ratios (estimated from ac-9 absorption data) and 72% of the variability in relative particle size distribution (estimated from ac-9 beam attenuation data) for Heceta Bank samples collected over 4 days, inshore and offshore of an upwelling front.
A Multilevel Method for Image Registration

In this paper we introduce a new framework for image registration. Our formulation is based on consistent discretization of the optimization problem coupled with a multigrid solution of the linear system which evolves in a Gauss--Newton iteration. We show that our discretization is $h$-elliptic independent of parameter choice, and therefore a simple multigrid implementation can be used. To overcome potential large nonlinearities and to further speed up computation, we use a multilevel continuation technique. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method on a realistic highly nonlinear registration problem.
Bioassay and Radioimmunoassay of Serum Luteinizing Hormone in the Male Rat

Measurements of immunoactive and bioactive serum LH in the rat were performed after optimization of both RIA and rat interstitial cell-testosterone (RICT) assay to measure the low circulating LH levels of intact male rats. The effective sensitivity of the RIA was increased 3- to 5-fold to 6.2 or 4.7 ng RP1/ml by extraction of 1--1.5 ml serum, respectively. Serum LH levels of adult male rats were 48.5 +/- 16.3 ng RP-1/ml (n = 50), became undetectable after hypophysectomy, and were suppressed 50% after estrogen treatment. For RICT assay of serum rat LH, sensitivity was increased 5-fold by reduction of the incubation volume to 0.35 ml containing 2--4 x 10(6) interstitial cells/tube, with a detection limit of 3 ng RP-1 or 0.1 ng pure LH. The within-assay coefficient of variation for measurement of a pool of control male rat serum (126 +/- 19l6 ng RP-1) WAS +/- 12.5% and the between-assay variation was +/- 15%. Bioactive serum LH levels in adult male rats were 124.8 +/- 32.3 ng RP-1/ml or 2.74 +/- 0.71 ng rat LH/ml, with biopotency to immunopotency (B:I) ratios of 2.8 +/- 0.2 and 1.1 +/- 0.1, respectively, that were unchanged during elevations of serum LH by LHRH administration. Pituitary LH content was 726 +/- 183 micrograms RP-1 or 16.4 micrograms rat LH/gland, with B:I ratios of 2.3 +/- 0.4 and 1.0 +/- 0.2, respectively. The difference between B:I ratios in assays employing pure rat LH and assays using the RP-1 preparation was attributable to the presence of alpha-subunit and biologically inactive material in the RP-1 standard. Precise measurements of immunoactive and bioactive rat LH in male rat plasma can not be performed by these modified RICT and RIA procedures. The sensitive RICT assay can also be applied to the measurement of low levels of LH in the serum of primates and other species.
Making rights from what's left of Darwinism

The legal, political, and social meaning of the work of Charles Darwin has been claimed as resident to conservative and liberal homes alike. Peter Singer’s unique admixture of per
Cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside and TBI as a conditioning regimen for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukemia.

Cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside and TBI as a conditioning regimen for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukemia
Delayed pulmonary phosphatidylglycerol synthesis and reversal by prenatal dexamethasone in fetal rats of streptozotocin-diabetic mothers.

Lung slices from fetal rats of streptozotocin-diabetic mothers incorporated [3H]glycerol and [3H]choline into phosphatidylglycerol and disaturated phosphatidylcholine, respectively. When compared to age-matched fetuses from nondiabetic mothers, lung phosphatidylglycerol synthesis of 21-day fetuses of diabetic mothers was significantly diminished, although [3H]glycerol incorporation into other phospholipids was not impaired. Synthesis of disaturated phosphatidylcholine was not diminished in lungs of 20-, 21-, or 22-day fetuses of diabetic mothers.Prenatal dexamethasone partially reversed the diminished phosphatidylglycerol synthesis at 21 days of gestation; the degree of stimulation was the same as that seen in 21-day fetuses of normal mothers but the maximal rate of [3H]glycerol incorporation was about 60% of that in 21-day fetuses of normal mothers. Fetal lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis was not stimulated by dexamethasone in diabetic pregnancies, in contrast to that seen in nondiabetic pre...
Chemical cotton stalk destruction for maintenance of host-free periods for the control of overwintering boll weevil in tropical and subtropical climates.

In the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas, cotton regrows and produces fruit from undestroyed stalks throughout the winter, and in spring weevils from such locations become a serious threat. The success of the boll weevil eradication program, which was reintroduced in the LRGV in 2005, will be dependent on thorough stalk destruction following harvest. However, adverse weather conditions and conservation tillage often impede immediate and complete stalk destruction using typical tool implements, and alternative stalk control methods are needed. This study provides an examination of the efficacy for cotton stalk destruction of different herbicides (thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl, dicamba-diolamine, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, flumioxazin, 2,4- DB-dimethylammonium and carfentrazone-ethyl) and their rates, spray volumes and application timings on shredded or standing cotton stalks after stripper or picker harvest. None of the tested herbicides, except 2,4- D-dimethylammonium, stopped post-harvest cotton regrowth and fruiting. 2,4-D-dimethylammonium sprayed once (0 or 7days) after cotton was harvested at 1lb AE acre −1 (1.12kg ha −1 ), in a spray volume of 10gal water acre −1 (93.5L ha −1 )w ith 5mL L −1 surfactant, was highly effective in stalk destruction (72-90%). The best results were achieved when the herbicide was applied immediately after the cotton was shredded, followed by standing stripper-harvested and standing picker-harvested cotton. 2,4-D-dimethylammonium applied twice, 0 and 14 (or 21) days after cotton harvest, was 100% effective in killing stalks, regardless of whether they were shredded or standing, or whether harvest was by stripper or picker. These findings showed that 2,4-D-dimethylammonium cotton stalk destruction eliminated food and reproductive opportunities for managing overwintering boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)). Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general equilibrium analysis of health-consumption externalities

A general equilibrium analysis of health consumption externalities is solved numerically using Scarf's algorithm. In the example explored consumers or patients are worse off with market internalization which shifts the physicians work-leisure decisions toward leisure. The full wealth effects are determined and indicate how more specific analyses of welfare issues can be performed using the techniques employed. The relevance for research on National Health Insurance is indicated.
Contributions of Cell Metabolism and H+ Diffusion to the Acidic pH of Tumors

The tumor microenvironment is hypoxic and acidic. These conditions have a significant impact on tumor progression and response to therapies. There is strong evidence that tumor hypoxia results from inefficient perfusion due to a chaotic vasculature. Consequently, some tumor regions are well oxygenated and others are hypoxic. It is commonly believed that hypoxic regions are acidic due to a stimulation of glycolysis through hypoxia, yet this is not yet demonstrated. The current study investigates the causes of tumor acidity by determining acid production rates and the mechanism of diffusion for H+ equivalents through model systems. Two breast cancer cell lines were investigated with divergent metabolic profiles: nonmetastatic MCF-7/s and highly metastatic MDA-mb-435 cells. Glycolysis and acid production are inhibited by oxygen in MCF-7/s cells, but not in MDA-mb-435 cells. Tumors of MDAmb-435 cells are significantly more acidic than are tumors of MCF-7/s cells, suggesting that tumor acidity is primarily caused by endogenous metabolism, and not the lack of oxygen. Metabolically produced protons are shown to diffuse in association with mobile buffers, in concordance with previous studies. The metabolic and diffusion data were analyzed using a reaction-diffusion model to demonstrate that the consequent pH profiles conform well to measured pH values for tumors of these two cell lines.
Effect of Electrical Stimulation and Steak Temperature at the Beginning of Cooking on Meat Tenderness and Cooking Loss

Six steaks from each of 24 loins (from electrically stimulated and control sides of each of 12 steers) were thawed to produce steak temperatures of 2, 7,13,14,18 or 26°C just prior to cooking. After cooking to 70°C steaks with a starting temperature of 26°C were 30% more tender than those with a starting temperature of 2°C. Electrical stimulation increased tenderness of steaks from all treatments (an average of 23%), and no interaction was found between electrical stimulation and starting steak temperature. Tenderness and cooking loss can be optimized by electrically stimulating carcasses and by starting cookery when steaks have high internal temperatures.
Pressure broadening of deuterium hydride lines in the 5-0 vibrational band between 77 and 295 K

Abstract Self-braodening measurements have been made for the R (0) and R (1) lines of the 5-0 the vibration-rotation band of deuterium hydride. Pressure broadening coefficients and temperature-dependence indices have been determined from measurements over the temperature range of 77 to 295 K. A temperature-dependent index, n , of 0.31 was derived for the HD lines studied. A provisional temperature-dependence index for H 2 vibrational-rotational line broadening as small or smaller that the HD index is suggested. A small temperature-dependence index significantly reduces the derived H 2 abundances in the outer planets and correspondingly increases the D/H ratios.
Pathologic anatomy of Ebstein's anomaly of the heart revisited

The typical textbook description of Ebstein's anomaly of the heart usually singles out and emphasizes the downward displacement of septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve. An anatomic reappraisal of this uncommon anomaly suggests that other structural abnormalities of import should be equally stressed. Among the 15 well preserved autopsy specimens in this series, enlargement of the right atrioventricular (A-V) junction and malalignment of the giant and sometimes muscularized anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve were consistently found. In addition, massive aneurysmal dilation of the right ventricle was present in almost two thirds (9 of 15) of the hearts. Our observations raise the possibility that abnormal embryonic development of the right A-V junction may be the primary event that leads to malformation of the tricuspid valve apparatus.
Characteristics of barium magnesium fluoride (BMF) based MIS capacitors and mfsfets

Abstract BaMgF4 (BMF) films was deposited on p-Si by vacuum evaporation with substrate temperature in the range of 100–400 C. Films deposited at 100 C were amorphous and became polycrystalline at an annealing temperature of 600 C, whereas films deposited above 300 C were polycrystalline. X-ray diffraction shows the formation of orthorombic phase with a = 4.130 A, b = 5.189 A, and c = 14.510 A. The deposited BMF films have been encapsulated with various materials like ZrO2 and amorphous Si. The capacitance-voltage characteristics of MFS capacitors show hysteresis and the direction of hysteresis corresponds to ferroelectric polarization. The current-voltage characteristics of the MOSFETs show a threshold voltage shift which confirms the non-volatile memory behaviour.
Linear unmixing-based feature extraction for hyperspectral data in a high performance computing environment

A method of incorporating the multi-mixture pixel model into hyperspectral endmember extraction is presented and discussed. A vast majority of hyperspectral endmember extraction methods rely on the linear mixture model to describe pixel spectra resulting from mixtures of endmembers. Methods exist to unmix hyperspectral pixels using nonlinear models, but rely on severely limiting assumptions or estimations of the nonlinearity. This paper will present a hyperspectral pixel endmember extraction method that utilizes the bidirectional reflectance distribution function to model microscopic mixtures. Using this model, along with the linear mixture model to incorporate macroscopic mixtures, this method is able to accurately unmix hyperspectral images composed of both macroscopic and microscopic mixtures. The mixtures are estimated directly from the hyperspectral data without the need for a priori knowledge of the mixture types. Results are presented using synthetic datasets, of multi-mixture pixels, to demonstrate the increased accuracy in unmixing using this new physics-based method over linear methods. In addition, results are presented using a well-known laboratory dataset.
Failure of indicator bacteria to reflect the occurrence of enteroviruses in marine waters.

The results of several studies conducted along the upper Texas Gulf coast, where a substantial amount of quantitative virological data were collected, are compared to bacteriological indicators and other environmental factors on a statistical basis. Variables common to all these studies were anlayzed by multivariate regression. Although multivariate analysis indicated that the number of viruses detected in water was related to rainfall, salinity, and total coliforms in the water, the amount of variation in the number of viruses accounted for by these factors was not large enough to make them good predictors. Enteroviruses were detected 43 per cent of the time in recreational waters considered acceptable as judged by coliform standards, and 44 per cent of the time when judged by fecal coliform standards. Enteroviruses were detected 35 per cent of the time in waters which met acceptable standards for shellfish-harvesting. Our failure to correlate the occurrence of enteroviruses in marine waters with indicat...
Tuning the Temperature Response of Branched Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Prepared by RAFT Polymerization

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in the presence of a compound capable of both reversible chain transfer through a thiocarbonylthio moiety and propagation via a vinyl group led to highly branched copolymers by a method analogous to self-condensing vinyl copolymerization. An acryloyl trithiocarbonate prepared by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was copolymerized with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in ratios selected to tune the distribution and length of branches in the resulting thermoresponsive polymers. The degree of branching increased with chain transfer agent (CTA) concentration, as proven by NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and viscometry. Retention of the thiocarbonylthio compound during the polymerization was evidenced by successful chain extension of a branched N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) macroCTA by RAFT polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide. The branched polymers led to reduced lower critical solution temperatures as compared...
Hardware estimation of a process' primary memory requirements

A minor hardware extension the Honeywell 6180 processor is demonstrated to allow the primary memory requirements of a process in Multics to be approximated. The additional hardware required for this estimate to be computed consists of a program accessible register containing the miss rate of the associative memory used for page table words. This primary memory requirement estimate was employed in an experimental version of Multics to control the level of multiprogramming in the system and to bill for memory usage. The resulting system's tuning parameters display configuration insensitivity, and it is conjectured that the system would also track shifts in the referencing characteristics of its workload and keep the system in tune.
Habitat Characteristics of Black Crappie Nest Sites in an Illinois Impoundment

Abstract Ten nest colonies of black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus were visually located and verified by angling in Campus Lake, a small urban impoundment in southern Illinois. Habitat characteristics were measured at these nest sites and compared to habitat measurements obtained from 45 unused sites. Seven habitat characteristics (substrate firmness, temperature, dissolved oxygen, distance to deep water [3.8-m depth contour], substrate type, vegetation height, and vegetation density) were significantly different between nest sites and unused sites. Although temperature and dissolved oxygen were significantly different between nest sites and unused sites, all values were within the suitable range for black crappie spawning to occur. Black crappies selected nest sites close to deep water with firm substrates and low vegetation height and density. Our results present insight on habitat characteristics of black crappie spawning locations in a small urban impoundment. Interestingly, we located several black c...
Effect of routine pulse oximetry measurements on ED triage classification

Pulse oximetry is commonly used to rapidly determine oxygen saturation and is incorporated in emergency triage as a screening for potential cardiopulmonary complications. This study examined the effect of routine pulse oximetry measurements on emergency department (ED) triage classification. Using a portable pulse oximeter, oxygen saturation of 1,235 adults presenting to a university-based, urban ED was obtained and each patient was assigned a classification of severity based on a standard 1-to-4 scale before and after the measurement. According to data obtained, a small but statistically significant group (2.8%) benefitted from the routine use of pulse oximetry in an emergency triage system and only 40% of these patients required admission or extended care. Although this group is small in number, the potential consequences of missing a hypoxic condition could be devastating for the individual patient. Since pulse oximetry is presently an inexpensive technology, it would seem to be a worthwhile screening tool for emergency triage.
A harmony in three parts: Utopian treatment for schizophrenia.

If help were provided early; if professionals were well trained, knowledgeable, and made the right referrals; if insurance paid for the help that is needed; if people with mental illness had a quiet, safe, gentle place to regroup when they were in crisis ... how different the outcomes of mental health services would be.
Fourfold anisotropy of an electrodeposited Co/Cu compositionally modulated alloy

Abstract A compositionally modulated alloy of 3 nm layers each of Cu and Co was electrodeposited on a (100) oriented Cu single crystal substrate. Anisotropy with fourfold symmetry in the plane of the film was investigated using ferromagnetic resonance, vector VSM techniques, and measurements of magnetic viscosity. This anisotropy is thought to be the first such effect to be observed in multilayered samples produced by either sputtering or electrodeposition. The anisotropy energy, K 1 , is roughly consistent with values published for fcc cobalt.
Pressure dependence of copper laser output characteristics.

Output characteristics of a large-bore (8-cm-diameter) copper laser were analyzed at different neon pressures. Radial delay decreased from ~ 40 ns at 30 Torr to ~ 10 ns at 110 Torr because of increased plasma impedance. When the laser was running as an amplifier, the best power was achieved at approximately 80 Torr (small-bore copper lasers normally optimize at 30–40 Torr). This occurs because a more pronounced reduction of radial delay at higher pressures can be achieved in large-bore devices. As a result, a more uniform beam profile was obtained at higher pressures because of more efficient axial pumping. The improved coupling between the laser head and the pulse modulator at higher pressures also translates to a substantial improvement in laser efficiency (>50%) as the pressure rises from 30 to 100 Torr. The same laser optimizes at a much lower pressure (30–40 Torr) when its energy is extracted with a flat–flat resonator, because resonator loss increases with increasing gas pressure because of faster gain rise time at higher pressures.
A semi-analytic technique to integrate the radiative transfer equation over optical depth.

Abstract A method of fitting polynomials to the intensity distribution as a function of optical depth is described for use with the Gauss-Seidel iterative technique for solving the equation of radiative transfer. This technique enables the τ integration to he performed analytically, thus permitting accurate and rapid solutions for optically thick atmospheres. Results are shown for values of τ up to 50, and various cheeks indicate that the method maintains an accuracy of better than 1%.