cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise in Patients With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.

Background Blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise, which already has shown promise in the able-bodied population, may be a novel method for improving muscle function in the incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) population. However, the feasibility and tolerance for BFR exercise in this population is unknown. Objective To determine the feasibility and safety of BFR exercise in the iSCI population, with special attention paid to acute hemodynamic changes and the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Design Within-subjects repeated measures design. Setting Outpatient SCI rehabilitation unit in a Veterans Affairs medical center. Participants Nine individuals with varying levels of iSCI and varying functional abilities. Methods Subjects performed a trial of unilateral BFR knee extension (3 × 10) with, and without, BFR (125% of venous occlusion pressure) in a counterbalanced order. Main Outcome Measurements Acute autonomic dysreflexia risk, total work, pain, perceived difficulty, muscle activation, lactate, hemodynamics, and tissue oxygenation were compared between conditions. Each subject was screened for a DVT at baseline and returned for a quantitative D-dimer assessment 3-4 days after the protocol. Results All subjects were able to complete each BFR trial without showing signs of autonomic dysreflexia or DVT formation. No differences were observed for pain, perceived effort, muscular activation, or lactate between BFR and control exercise. Mean arterial pressure and systolic pressure both increased with exercise (18.8% and 17.6% in BFR, and 19.4% and 19.6% in control, respectively; P Conclusions Results suggest that controlled BFR exercise can be safely performed by individuals with iSCI without added cardiovascular strain or heightened pain. Level of Evidence IV
Genome Editing Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Abstract Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a degenerative muscle disease caused by mutations in the DMD gene, which encodes the dystrophin protein. Recent advances in genome editing open doors for the development of potential “permanent” therapeutics. Today’s hottest genome editing tool, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has recently been used to restore dystrophin reading frame and thus, its expression by deleting one or more exons encompassing the mutations in patient cells and in a mouse model of DMD. These approaches to restore dystrophin expression are highly promising, but many hurdles remain. This chapter summarizes the current state of genome editing therapeutic strategies for DMD and considerations for future development.
Determinants of Summer Nitrate Concentration in a Set of Adirondack Lakes, New York

Following reductions in the emission and deposition of sulfur compounds in the past decade, atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has become a focus of concern. Identification of watershed characteristics that mediate the effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition can help evaluate the sensitivity of lakes to chronic and episodic nitrogen addition. Twenty four lakes in the southwestern portion of the Adirondack Park, New York, U.S.A., were classified into three N classes by cluster analysis of lakewater NO3- N concentration [N] during the summers of 1994–1996. The lake-N classes were best characterized as having (1) low [N] throughout the summer, (2) high [N] in early- but low [N] in late-summer, and (3) high [N] throughout the summer. The three lake-N classes were reconstructed perfectly by canonical discriminant analysis based mainly on lake average depth (AD), and lakewater concentrations of chlorophyll a [Chla] and SO4-S [S] in mid-summer. Increases in AD and [S], but decrease in [Chla] corresponded with a transition from low- to high-N classes.
Constraint satisfaction with delayed evaluation

This paper describes the design and implementation of a constraint satisfaction system that uses delayed evaluation techniques to provide greater representational power and to avoid unnecessary computation. The architecture used is a uniform model of computation, where each constraint contributes its local information to provide a global solution. We demonstrate the utility of the system by formulating a real-world scheduling problem as a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP).
Producing Power with Precision

Most golf courses are designed to challenge the golfer. Usually, the distance between the tee and the cup is chosen such that each shot must be well hit if the golfer hopes to par the hole. There is, of course, much more to golf than just the swing of a club. The three- and four-putt greens, the bunker shot that became necessary through misjudging the effect of the wind, the foolish idea that you can hit from deep rough with enough precision to thread the ball through the small opening between two trees, the errors in the choice of clubs, these and the intangible effects of your particular mental attitude of the moment make the game of golf something a great deal more than just swinging the club. Everyone knows that you cannot play a satisfactory round of golf without being able to hit the ball hard and with precision. How far must a golfer be able to hit the ball in order to hope to play par golf? Where is he to find the needed energy?
Rapid alignment of functional trait variation with locality across the invaded range of Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii).

PREMISE OF STUDY Mechanisms by which invasive species succeed across multiple novel environmental contexts are poorly understood. Functional traits show promise for identifying such mechanisms, yet we lack knowledge of which functional traits are critical for success and how they vary across invaded ranges and with environmental features. We evaluated the widespread recent invasion of Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii) in the southwestern United States to understand the extent of functional trait variation across the invaded range and how such variation is related to spatial and climatic gradients. METHODS We used a common garden approach, growing two generations of plants in controlled conditions sourced from 10 locations across the invaded range. We measured variation within and among populations in phenological, morphological, and physiological traits, as well as performance. KEY RESULTS We found nine key traits that varied among populations. These traits were related to phenology and early growth strategies, such as the timing of germination and flowering, as well as relative allocation of biomass to reproduction and individual seed mass. Trait variation was related most strongly to variation in winter precipitation patterns across localities, though variations in temperature and latitude also had significant contributions. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify key functional traits of this invasive species that showed significant variation among introduced populations across a broad geographic and climatic range. Further, trait variation among populations was strongly related to key climatic variables, which suggests that population divergence in these traits may explain the successful colonization of Sahara mustard across its invaded US range.
Effects of Notable Natural Disasters of 2017 on Information and Communication Networks Infrastructure

This paper discusses the effects of hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, that affected the U.S. and the earthquake that affected central Mexico in 2017 on information and communication networks (ICNs) infrastructure. The discussion is based on data and information collected at the time of these natural disasters and on field damage assessments conducted in the affected areas. Hence, the description of the effects of these events is presented through extended photographic evidence collected during these damage assessments.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract “Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder” (ADHD) is commonly diagnosed in children. The core symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity are pervasive in neurological conditions affecting cerebrum and cerebellum and likely are generated through a large variety of perturbations in neural function. Using various neurophysiological techniques, many researchers have attempted to better understand “what is going on” in the brains of children with ADHD. The focus of this chapter is research using various transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques for this purpose. This chapter contains practical information about safety, study design, challenges for working with hyperactive and impulsive children, techniques, results, pitfalls, and future directions for ADHD research.
The association between neighborhood factors and physical activity and screen-time among youth with visual impairments.

Abstract Background Youth with visual impairments tend to be at an elevated risk for developing health-related conditions. A thorough understanding of factors associated with health-related behaviors is crucial for the development of effective interventions. Little research has examined the importance of neighborhood factors for physical activity and screen-time behaviors of individuals with visual impairments. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between neighborhood factors and physical activity and screen-time among youth with and without visual impairments. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), which is composed of a cross-sectional probability sample of noninstitutionalized youth aged 0–17 years in the United States, were utilized for this study. This study included 1536 youth aged 6–17 with visual impairments. Behavioral variables and environmental factors were recorded via parent report. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVAs and multiple regression models were computed to examine the research questions. Results Youth with severe visual impairments had lower levels of physical activity compared to youth with without visual impairments, as well as those with mild or moderate visual impairments. Among youth with mild visual impairments and those without visual impairments, perceiving the neighborhood to be safe was associated with greater amounts of physical activity. For youth with moderate visual impairments, perceiving the neighborhood to be less safe was associated with increased screen-time. No environmental factors were associated with physical activity or screen time for youth with severe visual impairments. Conclusions Neighborhood safety appeared to be an important factor associated with health behaviors among youth without visual impairments, as well as those with mild or moderate visual impairments. Interestingly, no relationship existed between environmental factors and youth with severe visual impairment, suggesting that further research is needed to identify factors that influence physical activity and screen-time among youth with more severe visual impairments.
Analysis of a Stochastic Switching Model of Freeway Traffic Incidents

This paper introduces a model for freeway traffic dynamics under stochastic capacity-reducing incidents, and provides insights for freeway incident management by analyzing long-time (stability) properties of the proposed model. Incidents on a multicell freeway are modeled by reduction in capacity at the affected freeway sections, which occur and clear according to a Markov chain. We develop conditions under which the traffic queue induced by stochastic incidents is bounded. A necessary condition is that the demand must not exceed the time-average capacity adjusted for spillback. A sufficient condition, in the form of a set of bilinear inequalities, is also established by constructing a Lyapunov function and applying the classical Foster–Lyapunov drift condition. Both conditions can be easily verified for realistic instances of the stochastic incident model. Our analysis relies on the construction of a globally attracting invariant set, and exploits the properties of the traffic flow dynamics. We use our results to analyze the impact of stochastic capacity fluctuation (frequency, intensity, and spatial correlation) on the throughput of a freeway segment.
The representation of plural inflectional affixes in English: Evidence from priming in an auditory lexical decision task

The representation of inflection is controversial: theories of morphological processing range from those that treat all inflectional morphemes as independently represented in memory to those that deny independent representation for any inflectional morphemes. Whereas identity priming for stems and derivational affixes is regularly reported, priming of inflectional affixes is understudied and has produced no clear consensus. This paper reports results from a continuous auditory lexical decision task investigating priming of plural inflectional affixes in English, in plural prime-target pairs such as crimes→trees. Our results show statistically significant priming facilitation for plural primes relative to phonological (cleanse→trees) and singular (crime→trees) controls. This finding indicates that inflectional affixes, like lexical stems, exhibit identity priming effects. We discuss implications for morphological theory and point to questions for further work addressing which representation(s) produce the priming effect.
El valor del bosque de quercíneas y pastizales en régimen de propiedad privada al sur de California

Este articulo analiza hasta que punto el mantenimiento de los bosque de quercineas y pastizales en una zona de rapida urbanizacion en el sur de California tiene influencia en los precios de mercado del bosque nativo y de las viviendas. Este estudio de caso ha sido realizado en la meseta de Santa Rosa en la provincia de Riverside. Las informaciones de los precios de las viviendas y de la tierra se refieren a 4.800 parcelas urbanizadas para viviendas y 8.300 acres de monte abierto de quercineas pertenecientes a propietarios privados. Estos datos se superpusieron con datos espaciales de mapas de vegetacion utilizando sistemas de informacion geografica (SIG). Se calcularon las distancias entre las parcelas y los limites lejanos del monte abierto, los senderos forestales y las superficies de quercineas mas cercanos. Una regresion hedonica muestra que tanto el valor del bosque de quercineas como de las viviendas decrecen, al incrementarse las distancias del monte abierto de quercineas con referencia a las viviendas. Los resultados del modelo se extrapolaron a todas las viviendas y parcelas de tierras en el area de estudio. Una reduccion del 10 por ciento en la distancia de las viviendas a las superficies de quercineas mas cercanas, resulta en un incremento de 4 millones de dolares en el valor total de las viviendas y de 16 millones de dolares en el valor total de la tierra en toda la comunidad. Esto demuestra que los beneficios externos de los pastizales y bosques abiertos de quercineas californianas incrementan simultaneamente los valores de las tierras forestales y viviendas de la comunidad. Existe un valor economico de conservacion de los habitats del bosque mediterraneo californiano. Este prometedor metodo de analisis facilitara en un futuro la caracterizacion de la influencia de diferentes configuraciones de espacios forestales abiertos en los valores de mercados de la tierra y de la vivienda.
Can Prehospital Personnel Accurately Triage Patients for Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes

Abstract Background The Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination (FAST-ED) score was developed in the hospital setting to be used in the prehospital setting. It has been shown to have higher predictive value than comparable stroke scales, including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, for identifying large vessel occlusion strokes. Objective We sought to determine whether prehospital FAST-ED scores are comparable with FAST-ED scores determined by emergency physicians. Methods Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel were trained to calculate a FAST-ED score for any patient suspected of having a stroke in the field. When the patient arrived at our ED, an emergency physician generated a FAST-ED score. Results One hundred and thirty-five patients were studied and large vessel occlusions were detected in 23.7%. There was no significant difference between median FAST-ED scores from EMS personnel (3; interquartile range [IQR] 1–5) and emergency physician (2; IQR 1–6). The difference between paired scores was not significantly different from 0 (median of paired differences was 0). In addition, prehospital FAST-ED scores were significantly and positively correlated with physician FAST-ED scores (r2 = 0.26). Comparable receiver operator curve area under the curve values were obtained for EMS FAST-ED (0.727; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.638–0.816) and ED FAST-ED (0.769; 95% CI 0.669–0.868). Conclusions The findings validate that prehospital FAST-ED scores are comparable in predictive value to FAST-ED scores calculated in the ED for prediction of large vessel occlusion strokes.
CHAPTER XIV – Temporal Response

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the measurement of the temporal response of a sensor, which is simple and involves the use of modulated sources—either luminescent diodes or chopped thermal sources. The ability of an electro-optical sensor to detect faint levels of incident flux depends on the time taken to make an observation. However, the source may be changing with respect to time or the instrument may be moving with respect to the source with a limitation to the amount of time available for a measurement. The goal of the measurement of a remote radiant source with respect to time is to obtain a measurement of the flux at a specific time or as a function of position for moving targets or sensors. The chapter discusses the characteristics and evaluation of the sensor design. The integration time of a sensor is the amount of time available to obtain a measurement during which there is essentially no change in the level of the signal. The integration time for a sequentially scanning spectrometer is the dwell time, which is defined as the time during which the spectrometer dwells on a single resolution element. The time constant is set at a value equal to or less than the dwell time divided by 5. This results in a loss of instrument sensitivity.
Increased Firearm Injury During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Hidden Urban Burden.

Background Public health measures were instituted to reduce COVID-19 spread. A decrease in total emergency department volume followed, but the impact on injury is unknown. With lockdown and social distancing potentially increasing domicile discord, we hypothesized that intentional injury increased during COVID-19, driven primarily by an increase in penetrating trauma. Study Design A retrospective review of acute adult patient care in an urban Level I trauma center assessed injury patterns. Presenting patient characteristics and diagnoses from 6 weeks pre to 10 weeks post statewide stay-at-home orders (March 16, 2020) were compared, as well as with 2015-2019. Subsets were defined by intentionality (intentional vs nonintentional) and mechanism of injury (blunt vs penetrating). Fisher exact and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare proportions and means. Results There were 357 trauma patients that presented pre stay-at-home order and 480 that presented post stay-at-home order. Pre and post groups demonstrated differences in sex (35.6% vs 27.9% female; p = 0.02), age (47.4 ± 22.1 years vs 42 ± 20.3 years; p = 0.009), and race (1.4% vs 2.3% Asian; 63.3% vs 68.3% Black; 30.5% vs 22.3% White; and 4.8% vs 7.1% other; p = 0.03). Post stay-at-home order mechanism of injury revealed more intentional injury (p = 0.0008). Decreases in nonintentional trauma after adoption of social isolation paralleled declines in daily emergency department visits. Compared with earlier years, 2020 demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of intentional violent injury during the peripandemic months, especially from firearms. Conclusions Unprecedented social isolation policies to address COVID-19 were associated with increased intentional injury, especially gun violence. Meanwhile, emergency department and nonintentional trauma visits decreased. Pandemic-related public health measures should embrace intentional injury prevention and management strategies.
Integration time adjusted completeness

Future large-scale exoplanet direct-imaging missions will be capable of discovering and confirming Earth-Like exoplanets. The community has traditionally used the fraction of planets occurring within the visible limits of a telescope to evaluate these telescope designs. However, using only the instrument's geometric constraints and assuming a limiting planet magnitude ignores integration time requirements and can lead to overly optimistic performance predictions. In this paper, we present a new method for evaluating the fraction of observable planets that accounts for integration time. We also provide analytical methods for calculating the planet-star separation extrema for any given planet and analytical methods describing the true anomaly values at which a planet has a given planet-star separation. This new completeness calculation method explains some of the differences in the HabEx final report between EXOSIMS exoplanet yield numbers and completeness based yield estimates and attributes them to the lacking capabilities of current completeness based telescope performance evaluations. Our methods demonstrate that traditional completeness methods used in the final report and other exoplanet yield estimates overestimate yield between 32% and 141% compared to integration time adjusted completeness depending on the instrument capabilities and target.
ABCL-407: Daratumumab, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone (DRD), an Active Regimen in the Treatment of Sirolimus-Associated Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL) in the Setting of Gorham's Lymphangiomatosis: A Case Report

Introduction/Background: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare variant of diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma characterized by an aggressive course with a poor overall survival. Gorham-Stout Disease (GSD) is a rare skeletal condition of unknown etiology characterized by progressive bone loss and non-malignant proliferation of vascular and lymphatic channels within the affected bone. There is currently no standard of care treatment for either disease. We present a case of PBL induced by sirolimus in a patient with GSD who achieved complete response to treatment with daratumumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (DRD). Case Presentation: A 23-year-old Hispanic female with past medical history of GSD manifesting as lymphedema of left upper extremity, resorption of the left clavicle, and scapular head and humerus, as well as history of chylothoraces, was treated with sirolimus and octreotide. She was admitted for hypoxic respiratory failure requiring intubation. A CT scan showed diffuse lymphadenopathy and a large mediastinal mass. Biopsy showed plasmablastic lymphoma. HIV, EBV, and HHV8 were negative. Sirolimus was discontinued. Dose-adjusted V-EPOCH was initiated but complicated by neutropenic fever and small bowel obstruction. Follow-up CT showed progression of the disease, and the patient was started on DRD. A repeat PET-CT scan after two cycles showed improvement or resolution of previously hypermetabolic lesions and lymph nodes, consistent with complete response (Deauville 2). She underwent evaluation for stem cell transplant but was not a candidate. She continued dose-adjusted DRD but relapsed at 8 months and expired with a total overall survival of 12 months. Discussion: PBL is a difficult condition to treat with a poor overall survival of approximately 15 months and no official recommended treatment regimens at this time. V-EPOCH is often utilized. Our patient had multiple complications while undergoing V-EPOCH. Given the strong CD38+ expression and reported efficacy of lenalidomide in PBL, as well as its antiangiogenic effect for GSD, DRD was selected for treatment in our patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case of PBL treated with DRD achieving complete response. Conclusion: DRD is an active regimen in PBL. Clinical investigations of a DRD regimen in PBL in conjunction with other agents to improve both depth and durability of response is warranted.
The Political Economy of the Anti-Chinese Movement in California in the Nineteenth Century

The passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 painted one of the most unsettling themes in the history of discrimination against ethnic minorities in the nineteenth century. The enactment marked the first federal legislation to prevent the immigration of laborers of a specific ethnic group. This paper develops a model to study the anti-Chinese movement in California by drawing on the previous literature. The model suggests that adverse economic conditions in the labor market, direct competition between Chinese workers and native workers, well-organized native labor, and durable legislation can explain why there was a three-decade time lag between the first wave of Chinese agitation and the passage of the exclusion act. It can also explain why organized labor could influence politics in California.
Model-Based and Machine Learning Approaches for Designing Caching and Routing Algorithms

In this paper, we compare and contrast model-based and machine learning approaches for designing caching and routing strategies to improve cache network performance (e.g., delay, hit rate). We first outline the key principles used in the design of model-based strategies and discuss the analytical results and bounds obtained for these approaches. By conducting experiments on real-world traces and networks, we identify the interplay between content popularity skewness and request stream correlation as an important factor affecting cache performance. With respect to routing, we show that the main factors impacting performance are alternate path routing and content search. We then discuss the applicability of multiple machine learning models, specifically reinforcement learning, deep learning, transfer learning and probabilistic graphical models for the caching and routing problem.
Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a highly aggressive tumor of plasmacytoid dendritic cells that commonly presents with involvement of the skin, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and lymph nodes. This diagnosis portends a dismal prognosis. BPDCN has previously been referred to in the literature as blastic NK lymphoma, agranular CD4+ NK-cell leukemia, blastic NK leukemia/lymphoma, and CD4+ CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm, reflecting the initial incorrect belief that the neoplastic cells are derived from NK cells [1].
Reintegrating Essential Child Life Programs During the COVID-19 Pandemic to Optimize Development and Normalization of Hospital Experiences for Pediatric Patients

Background The COVID-19 pandemic halted all in person and group Child Life Programs (CLP) for pediatric patients at a high acuity children's hospital. Play therapy and social development is interwoven with medical care for pediatric patients to normalize the hospital experience. We determined a safe way to provide these programs during the long-term pandemic management could be established by following guidelines established by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), local public health guidelines, and our hospital infection control policies. Methods The CDC and local county guidelines provided guidance for managing and limiting COVID-19 exposure to patients and staff. Using these guidelines of masking, social distancing, limiting in person interactions to essential personnel only, daily health screening of staff and visitors, and the use of standard infection control policies, the Infection Preventionist and Director of Child Life services created reactivation plans for Pet Therapy, Playrooms, and the hospital Studio. Results Using a three-phase approach, reactivation plans were developed for Pet Therapy, Playrooms, and the hospital Studio. Pet Therapy had designated areas and days while the dogs were attended by a hand hygiene champion when working. Playrooms and Studio sessions were one patient, one caregiver, and one Child Life Specialist/staff member at a specified interval of time; all toys and furniture were cleaned and prepped between patients. These reactivation plans have successfully begun transitioning into their second phase. Conclusions CLP play a vital role in the care of pediatric patients. With COVID-19 guidelines in place, some activities can be reactivated while other activities can go digital/online. While modifications to routine CLP are required during the COVID-19 pandemic, some programs can be safely implemented. These programs provide enhanced play therapy and help pediatric patients adjust to the hospital environment. No COVID-19 exposures have occurred since the activation of these plans.
Automatic Hierarchy Expansion for Improved Structure and Chord Evaluation

Partitioning a recording into non-overlapping time intervals comes in many forms. There is the structural segmentation task which labels structures either syntactically as A and B, or structurally as verse or chorus. The chord annotation task is similar, labeling segments by their chords. While many of these annotations are flat, this article extends the method by McFee and Kinnaird (2019) for automatically enhancing structural annotations by inferring (and expanding) hierarchical information from the segment labels. One of our extensions adds new rules that allow for structural labels with a wider vocabulary than the syntactical ones in the SALAMI dataset. Using this first extension, we compare annotations from the Beatles-TUT and Isophonics datasets to investigate similarities between these annotations. Our second extension creates a multi-level annotation for chords that addresses a number of current challenges in chord evaluation. Using a large collection of chord annotations (manually and automatically generated), we investigate how and where the multi-level hierarchies can enhance (or detract from) comparing chord annotations.
eFAST exam errors at a level 1 trauma center: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Objectives Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (eFAST) ultrasound exams are central to the care of the unstable trauma patient. We examined six years of eFAST quality assurance data to identify the most common reasons for false positive and false negative eFAST exams. Methods This was an observational, retrospective cohort study of trauma activation patients evaluated in an urban, academic Level 1 trauma center. All eFAST exams that were identified as false positive or false negative exams compared with computed tomography (CT) imaging were included. Results 4860 eFAST exams were performed on trauma patients. 1450 (29.8%) were undocumented, technically limited, or incomplete (missing images). Of the 3410 remaining exams, 180 (5.27%) were true positive and 3128 (91.7%) were true negative. 27 (0.79%) exams were identified as false positive and 75 (2.19%) were identified as false negative. Of the false positive scans, 7 had no CT scan and 8 had correct real-time trauma paper documentation of eFAST exam results when compared to CT and were excluded, leaving 12 false positive scans. Of the false negative scans, 11 were excluded for concordant documentation in real-time trauma room paper documentation, 20 were excluded for no CT scan, and 2 were excluded as incomplete, leaving 42 false negative scans. Pelvic fluid, double-line sign, pericardial fat pad, and the thoracic portion of the eFAST exam were the most common source of errors. Conclusion The eFAST exams in trauma activation patients are highly accurate. Unfortunately poor documentation and technically limited/incomplete studies represent 29.8% of our eFAST exams. Pelvic fluid, double-line sign, pericardial fat pad, and the thoracic portion of the eFAST exam are the most common source of errors.
Forschungsstand zu den Positionierungsweisen von Arbeiternehmern

Wie aber vermag es die kapitalistische Produktionsweise der Gesellschaft, diejenigen Menschen zu ‘produzieren’, die sie notwendigerweise fur das Funktionieren benotigt? Karl Marx antwortet darauf, dass die okonomischen Strukturen einer Gesellschaft als Basis einen Uberbau mit einer herrschenden Ideologie erzeugen, die das Bewusstsein der Subjekte so zu strukturieren vermag, dass sie sich der ‘kapitalistischen Maschinerie’ fugen. Max Webers (1988a, 1988b) Verdienst war es nun, zu zeigen, dass eine bestimmte okonomische Struktur nicht aus sich heraus das ‘Subjekt fur den Gegenstand’ erzeugen kann, vielmehr bedarf es kulturell verankerter Begrundungen, die dem im Grunde unwahrscheinlichen, da auf unendlichem Gewinnstreben beruhenden und daher unmoralischen Wirtschaftssystem zum Durchbruch verhelfen.
Stability of evoked potentials during auditory attention

Click-evoked potentials were recorded from the round window (cochlear microphonic and auditory nerve), cochlear nucleus, and auditory cortex of unanesthetized cats during periods of auditory attention and nonattention. The clicks (irrelevant stimuli) of increasing intensity were presented continuously as background before, during, and after the presentation of a warning stimulus (SI) followed by an imperative (relevant) stimulus (S2) to which the cats made a behavioral response. At all electrode sites, when the cats were attentive to S2, the mean amplitudes of background irrelevant click-evoked potentials within the S1-S2 interval were not significantly different from those of the pretest and posttest control sessions. During auditory attention, no evidence was obtained for peripheral gating at the auditory nerve by the olivocochlear bundle. The dissociation observed between the amplitudes of background irrelevant click-evoked potentials and behavioral performance may reflect overlearning of the S1-S2 response task.
The design and performance of a high-speed silicon diode

With the increasing use of high-speed switching techniques a need has arisen for diodes with a fast transient response. The paper first considers the various methods by which the speed of semiconductor diodes may be improved by reducing carrier storage. In the silicon device described, this is accomplished by a reduction of the lifetime of the basic material. Of the two methods investigated, neutron bombardment and heat treatment, the latter was found to be the more effective. The heat treatment involves quenching the silicon from a temperature in excess of 1000°C. The paper then discusses the effect on the static characteristics of diodes made from silicon quenched in this manner. As a consequence of the reduction in lifetime the conductivity modulation of the base region is decreased, resulting in an inferior forward characteristic. In general, the reverse currents and breakdown voltages found are somewhat higher than in devices made with untreated material. A typical diode fabricated from silicon quenched from 1150°C passes a forward current of 10 mA at 1 volt, and has a reverse current of 0.1 ?A at ?100 volts. The methods of measuring the transient response of the device are discussed, and a comparison is made between them. A typical device has a switching time less than 0.2 microsec and a total recovered charge of 10?10 coulomb.
A /spl plusmn/5-V CMOS analog multiplier

A four-quadrant CMOS analog multiplier is presented. The device is nominally biased with /spl plusmn/5-V supplies, has identical full-scale single-ended x and y inputs of /spl plusmn/4 V, and exhibits less than 0.5% nonlinear error at 75% of full-scale swing. Operation with supplies as low as /spl plusmn/2.5 V is also possible. A comparison of theoretical and experimental results obtained from fabrication of the multiplier in a 3-/spl mu/m p-well CMOS process is made.
3D design of self-assembled nanoporous colloids

Recently discovered synthesis of unusual curved nanoporous silica shapes, such as rods, discoids, spheres, tubes, and hollow helicoids, have brought forth the problem of understanding the formation mechanism. Knowledge of such mechanism may lead to the ability to control the nanoporous shapes. This is important in a variety of applications and new technologies where nanostructure and geometry determine function. In this work the problem of morphogenesis of nanoporous silica shapes is analyzed. A theoretical basis is outlined to describe the variety of forms and surface designs that result from the liquid crystal stage, silicification and rigidification of shapes. Further experimental evidence in favor of the suggested mechanisms is presented.
The Deep State: An Emerging Concept in Comparative Politics

Over the the past two decades there has emerged a new term in the discussion of authoritarian and illiberal regimes, one known as the deep state. In spite of its increasing use, the utility of this concept is limited by its lack of clarity, often appearing to mean little more than tenacious military rule. This paper is an attempt to delineate the concept of the deep state and assess its value in understanding certain aspects of authoritarian and illiberal politics. I define the deep state as a set of coercive institutions, actors and relationships beyond those formally charged with defense, intelligence and policing. Driven politically by a logic of tutelage and exercising a high degree of autonomy, the deep state justifies itself through the need to defend the nation against purported existential threats. I begin the paper by expanding on the term, discussing which elements are central to the concept of the deep state and which are not. Second, I relate the deep state to a number of other concepts in comparative politics. Third, I briefly consider these elements to address the contexts in which a deep state may emerge. Fourth, I look at cases of deep states in Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran. Finally, I conclude the paper by discussing political transition and the deep state, and how the latter can prove a particular obstacle to democratization.
Biology of Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are the most common human adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases. They are characterized by prominent age-related neurodegeneration in selectively vulnerable neural systems. Some forms of AD, PD, and ALS are inherited, and genes causing these diseases have been identified. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of the neuronal degeneration in these familial diseases, and in the more common idiopathic (sporadic) diseases, are unresolved. Genetic, biochemical, and morphological analyses of human AD, PD, and ALS, as well as their cell and animal models, reveal that mitochondria could have roles in this neurodegeneration. The varied functions and properties of mitochondria might render subsets of selectively vulnerable neurons intrinsically susceptible to cellular aging and stress and the overlying genetic variations. In AD, alterations in enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial binding of Aβ and amyloid precursor protein have been reported. In PD, mutations in mitochondrial proteins have been identified and mitochondrial DNA mutations have been found in neurons in the substantia nigra. In ALS, changes occur in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and mitochondrial programmed cell death proteins. Transgenic mouse models of human neurodegenerative disease are beginning to reveal possible principles governing the biology of selective neuronal vulnerability that implicate mitochondria and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This chapter reviews several aspects of mitochondrial biology and how mitochondrial pathobiology might contribute to the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in AD, PD, and ALS.
Chromosomal Location of a Gene Involved in Potassium Ion Uptake in Escherichia coli B

A chromosomal lesion responsible for defective potassium ion uptake in Escherichia coli B has been mapped by use of standard interrupted-mating crosses. The mutation, kac-1, is in strain RD-2, which is deficient in K+ intake, exchanges cell K+ for extracellular isotope at a reduced rate, and has an abnormality of phosphorus metabolism associated with its potassium deficiency. This report places kac-1 at about 4 min clockwise from pro, close to gal. The locus of kac-1 is distinctly different from the potassium retention mutant in strain B-207, the only other potassium accumulation mutant mapped in E. coli so far. In this study, two other potassium accumulation mutations, kac-2 and kac-3, whose particular type of accumulation defects have not yet been determined, were mapped. These mutations are in the same region of the chromosome as kac-1.
Program for training staff pharmacists in total parenteral nutrition

A staff development program in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is described. A 12-week education and training program was developed at a community hospital to enable staff pharmacists (those with B.S. degrees) to become involved in the pharmacy-based TPN service that has been in effect at the institution since 1978. Before 1987, the TPN pharmacist had always held a Pharm.D. degree. In the first four weeks of the program the trainee is allotted two hours per day for required reading. During the final eight weeks, the trainee accompanies a TPN pharmacist on daily rounds. A proficiency examination is given after week 10. Upon successful completion of the program, the pharmacist serves as a nutritional support therapy consultant to physicians who wish to have their patients evaluated, treated, and monitored by the TPN service. A quality assurance program was developed to enable the clinical coordinator in charge of the service to identify areas where further inservice education might be indicated and to satisfy requirements of the Joint Commission. Six staff pharmacists have completed the training program and are allowed to write TPN orders and conduct TPN rounds. The program has expanded the clinical roles of the staff pharmacists and has been well received by the medical staff. The quality assurance monitoring indicates that the service is excellent. A staff development program was successful in training staff pharmacists to participate in TPN therapy.
Distribution of Fe3+ in iron‐doped MgO single crystals

Alterations of the intensity of electron-magnetic-resonance spectra of Fe3+ ions in different configurations in MgO single crystals are measured as a function of iron content, quench rates, and anneal temperatures. In addition to the well-known spectra of dissolved Fe3+, three spectra, not previously described, are attributed to clusters of two Fe3+ ions in Mg2+ sites and a magnesium vacancy and to two types of ferrimagnetic precipitates. The variation of spectral intensities of Fe3+ in the various configurations leads to the following conclusions: cooling rates provided by quenching in air, liquid nitrogen, or water are not fast enough to quench in the high-temperature (800 to 1600°C) distribution of Fe3+. The Fe3+ ion is sufficiently mobile at temperatures as low as 350°C to aggregate. This mobility is much higher than that predicted by extrapolation of the high-temperature diffusivity. The present measurements, together with other results, also show that the 285-nm charge-transfer band of Fe3+ in MgO is proportional to the total Fe3+ concentration regardless of its distribution.
Ethical and professional issues in the changing practice of epidemiology

New ethical and professional issues are affecting epidemiology today as a result of the changing social and scientific context in which epidemiology is practiced. These issues arise in interpreting the findings of epidemiologic studies, dealing with potential conflicts of interest, fulfilling obligations to the people studied, publishing study results and providing others access to the data after studies have been completed. The epidemiologist is also faced with new challenges including the need to communicate new information on health risks to non-epidemiologists, and to apply her epidemiologic expertise and study findings to the development of public policy.
Itch as a patient-reported symptom in ambulatory care visits in the United States

Background European studies have shown that itch is a widespread symptom, yet little is known about its frequency in the United States. Objective We sought to describe ambulatory care visits to clinicians in the United States for which itch was coded as a patient symptom. Methods This study uses retrospective data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1999 through 2009. Results Itch was coded as a symptom for an average of 7 million visits per year or approximately 1% of all outpatient visits, which was nearly 40% of the number of visits for the symptom of low back pain. Patients seen in visits for itch were more likely to be black or Asian than other patients (20% vs 14%). They were also more likely than other patients to receive a new medication (68% vs 36%) and were over twice as likely to receive 2 or more new medications (31% vs 14%). Limitations Secondary data sets may not optimally capture patient reports and some of the procedures or medications may have been ordered for reasons other than itch. Conclusion Visits to clinicians for itch represent a sizeable proportion of ambulatory care visits in the United States, and research on the epidemiology, treatments, and causes of itch should be a priority.
Renal handling of high-density lipoproteins by isolated perfused kidneys

Recent studies show that the normal and diseased kidney is an important organ in the catabolism of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). However, little is known about the renal handling of HDL. To investigate this aspect, kidneys were isolated from normal rats and rats made nephrotic with puromycin aminonucleoside. They were perfused in a chamber at 37°C with a modified Krebs-Hensleit Bicarbonate Buffer containing 1%, 3%, 6%, and 10% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Presence of 10% BSA in the perfusate prevented glomerular filtration and urine formation. Thus, the filtering and the nonfiltering kidney perfusion models distinguish the renal parenchymal function independently of luminal events that follow filtration. 125I-labeled rat HDL was injected into the perfusate and radioactivity in perfusate, urine, and kidney was examined. At the end of perfusion (30 minutes or four hours), each kidney was flushed with 125I-HDL-free perfusate and kidney radioactivity was measured. At four hours, 1.9% ± 0.5% of injected radioactivity was present in urine from kidneys perfused with 6% BSA. Kidneys with intact glomerular filtration sequestered significantly more radioactivity (1.1% ± 0.2% of injected radioactivity) than nonfiltering kidneys (0.7% ± 0.2%); P < 0.05. Radioactivity in filtering kidneys was significantly higher than in nonfiltering kidneys (33.9 ± 7.8 v 15.6 ± 2.6 cpm/mg kidney tissue protein, respectively; P < 0.001). Nephrotic kidneys (filtering and nonfiltering) sequestered two to four times more 125I-HDL than normal kidneys. These data support the hypothesis that prior to urinary excretion, partial reabsorption of filtered HDL (or subfractions) occurs in the normal kidney. In the nephrotic kidney, increased filtration (and reabsorption) may account for the enhanced uptake of HDL by the diseased kidney.
Not Too Excited? Thank Your Endocannabinoids

Endocannabinoids can mediate neuroprotection, but it is not known how. In this issue of Neuron, Monory et al. use mutant mice and localized viral targeting to produce conditional knockouts of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. They show that protection against kainic acid-induced seizures and cell death is conferred by CB1Rs on hippocampal glutamatergic nerve terminals.