cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sperm displacement after remating in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract We examined sperm displacement in a fruitfly species in which females remate, D. melanogaster . Wildtype females were mated to males carrying dominant mutations, then given an opportunity to remate with wildtype males 6 h after the initial mating. The progeny were scored as first or second male progeny by the presence or absence of dominant mutations. Females that remated (about 40%) produced only about 25% of first male progeny that were expected on the basis of comparisons with control females not given a chance to remate, but produced about the same number of total progeny (first male and second male). Similar results were obtained using females with dominant mutations, but the total progeny for remating females was lower than for controls. Frequency distributions of progeny production for control, remating and nonremating wildtype females indicated that lowered first male productivity was not due to either preferential remating by females that initially stored few first male sperm or excessive depletion of first male sperm before remating. These results provide evidence that a large proportion of first male sperm are displaced by second male sperm when females remate within 6 h.
Differential translation and fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the transcriptional silencing of the Fmr1 gene, which encodes a protein (FMRP) that can act as a translational suppressor in dendrites, and is characterized by a preponderance of abnormally long, thin and tortuous dendritic spines. According to a current theory of FXS, the loss of FMRP expression leads to an exaggeration of translation responses linked to group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Such responses are involved in the consolidation of a form of long-term depression that is enhanced in Fmr1 knockout mice and in the elongation of dendritic spines, resembling synaptic phenotypes over-represented in fragile X brain. These observations place fragile X research at the heart of a long-standing issue in neuroscience. The consolidation of memory, and several distinct forms of synaptic plasticity considered to be substrates of memory, requires mRNA translation and is associated with changes in spine morphology. A recent convergence of research on FXS and on the involvement of translation in various forms of synaptic plasticity has been very informative on this issue and on mechanisms underlying FXS. Evidence suggests a general relationship in which the receptors that induce distinct forms of efficacy change differentially regulate translation to produce unique spine shapes involved in their consolidation. We discuss several potential mechanisms for differential translation and the notion that FXS represents an exaggeration of one ‘channel’ in a set of translation-dependent consolidation responses.
Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for the antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the influence of intravenous immunoglobulin on pregnancy outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnancy outcomes were evaluated in five patients with 17 unsuccessfu previous pregnancies. Each patient received 400 mg/kg immunoglobulin for 5 days monthly beginning in the first or early second trimester. Four patients with previous thromboembolic events were treated with concomitant heparin prophylaxis. Four patients received 81 mg of aspirin daily. RESULTS: Short- and long-term decreases of anticardiolipin immunoglobulin G were noted in three patients. Four patients were delivered of healthy infants at term, one at 32 weeks' gestation with a diagnosis of fetal distress. Neither preeclampsia nor fetal intrauterine growth retardation were observed. The immunoglobulin therapy was not associated with major side effects. Significant placental histologic anomalies were not identified. CONCLUSIONS: The observations suggest that immunoglobulin therapy may improve pregnancy outcomes beyond that observed with heparin and aspirin. A prospective trial is encouraged.
Effects of chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat midbrain dopamine neurons: an electrophysiological assessment

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), the principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana elicits a variety of physiological effects in animals and humans, and with repeated exposure tolerance develops to most of its effects. However, studies in humans found that tolerance did not occur to the pleasurable marijuana "high". Since ventral tegmental dopamine neurons play a pivotal role in drug reinforcement and reward, and possibly in the euphorigenic quality of marijuana, the present study sought to determine whether tolerance develops to the neurophysiological response elicited in these neurons by delta9-THC. Using single-unit extracellular recordings the activity of midbrain ventral tegmental (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopamine neurons was measured in animals that had received twice-daily injections of 5 mg/kg delta9-THC for 14 days. Cannabinoid-induced changes in body temperature, locomotion, and catalepsy were also assessed in the same animals. After 2 weeks tolerance had developed to delta9-THC-induced hypothermia, catalepsy and reduction in locomotor activity. In naive animals and in animals that had received twice-daily vehicle injections for 14 days, delta9-THC increased VTA neuronal firing by 52% and 46%, respectively, while SNpc neurons showed increases of 23% and 30%, respectively. Following chronic cannabinoid treatment, however, SNpc neurons were significantly less responsive to delta9-THC with a maximum increase in rate of only 3%, while VTA neurons continued to show a robust increase in firing rate (+45%) when challenged with THC. These results suggest that VTA and SNpc dopamine neurons develop a differential response to delta9-THC following long-term cannabinoid exposure. This finding may be relevant to the observation that in humans tolerance occurs to many of marijuana's physiological effects but not to its euphorigenic actions.
Frictional Forces in Liquid Surfaces

WHILE working with a suspended system in which the bottom of the system consisted of a fine wire dipping into a solution of salt in water, it was found that frictional forces existed which resisted rotation of the wire. The suspending fibre was of phosphorbronze, 0.0015 cm. in diameter and 1 m. long. On this was hung a disc, 4 cm. in diameter, and weighing 10 gm. Fastened to the bottom of the disc was a short piece of No. 30 copper wire dipping a few millimetres below the liquid surface. The liquid was 4 cm. deep.
Early Detection of Melanoma

18. Edman RL, Wolfe JT. Prevention and early detection of malignant melanoma. Am Fam Physician. In press. 19. MacKie RM, McHenry P, Hole D. Accelerated detection with prospective surveillance for cutaneous malignant melanoma in high-risk groups. Lancet. 1993; 341:1618-1620. 20. Kang S, Barnhill RL, Mihm MC Jr, et al. Melanoma risk in individuals with clinically atypical nevi. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:999-1001. 21. Schneider JS, Moore DH, Sagebiel RW. Risk factors for melanoma incidence in prospective followup: the importance of atypical (dysplastic) nevi. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:1002-1007. 22. Rigel DS, Rivers JK, Kopf AW, et al. Dysplastic nevi: markers for increased risk for melanoma. Cancer. 1989;63:386-389. 23. Koh HK, Geller AC, Miller DR, et al. Who is being screened for melanoma/ skin cancer? characteristics of persons screened in Massachusetts. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:271-277.
The effects of caffine on panic patients: Response components of anxiety

Using a double-blind placebo design, the present investigation explored the effects of caffeine on specific response components of anxiety with 21 Panic Disorder (PD) patients and 18 matched normal controls (NC). Three physiological measures (blood pressure, skin conductance, and heart rate), subjective anxiety, and panic symptom ratings were taken: preceding caffeine and 45 min. following intake of caffeine (250 mg.) or placebo. Four PD patients reported panic during the procedure, with 3 requesting termination prior to completion. Data from the 18 PD patients and NC subjects who completed the procedure indicated that the effects of caffeine on physiological arousal were small and, with the exception of skin conductance, equivalent for the PD and NC samples. In contrast, between-group and between-condition effects were observed on subjective anxiety and panic symptom reports. Although PD patients in both Caffeine and Placebo conditions endorsed a significant number of panic symptoms and reported greater symptom severity relative to the NC sample, only the PD/Caffeine sample reported a significant increase in subjective anxiety. Results are discussed in light of current theories of panic, particularly emotional hypersensitivity to somatic sensations and biological models. Emphasis is placed upon the lack of covariation between panic symptom reports and subjective anxiety in the PD/Placebo sample, with implications for understanding maintaining factors in panic.
Generalized van der waals theory: a classical perspective

Abstract Generalized van der Waals theory is a powerful instrument for deriving and applying equations of state. Normally, the basis for the theory is a particular factorization of the canonical-ensemble partition function. We present here an alternative formulation--clean and classical--which allows one to postpone molecular considerations until they are needed.
Caytaxin deficiency causes generalized dystonia in rats

Abstract The genetically dystonic rat (SD-dt:JFL) is an autosomal recessive model of generalized dystonia. Without cerebellectomy, the dt rat dies prior to Postnatal Day 40. The dt locus was mapped to a 4.2 Mb region on Chr 7q11 and candidate genes were screened with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Then, Southern blotting and genomic DNA sequencing identified the 3′-long terminal repeat portion of an intracisternal A particle element inserted into Intron 1 of Atcay, the gene which encodes caytaxin. Northern and Western blotting and quantitative real-time RT-PCR defined the Atcay allele in dt rats (Atcaydt) as hypomorphic. To establish a framework for functional studies of caytaxin, the developmental expression of rat Atcay transcript was analyzed with Northern blotting, relative quantitative multiplex real-time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. With a multiple tissue Northern blot, three Atcay transcripts were identified in brain but none were present in heart, spleen, lung, liver, muscle, kidney or testis. With a multiple time-point Northern blot, the same three transcripts were present in cerebellum at Embryonic Day (E15), Postnatal Day 1 (P1), P7, P14, P36 and 8 months. During early development (E15 to P14), the relative proportion of the smallest transcript was increased. QRT-PCR was performed with total RNA from cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum. Transcript levels peaked at P7 in hippocampus, increased linearly from P1 to P36 in cerebellum, and showed minimal developmental regulation in cerebral cortex. Radioactive in situ hybridization localized Atcay transcript to seemingly all neuronal populations in brain. In cerebellum, Atcay transcript was present in the molecular, Purkinje and granular layers; transcript density in the molecular layer peaked at P14. In the background of previous biochemical, behavioral and electrophysiological studies in the dt rat, our data are compatible with a vital role for caytaxin in the development and neurophysiology of cerebellar cortex.
Interferon Gamma Induced Oncolysis: An Effect on Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cultures

• We have measured an oncolytic effect of recombinant human interferon gamma on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue cultures. The decrease in viable cells from an established culture was visually observed directly and measured by the loss of cell protein mass as determined by the staining of cultures with naphthol blue-black dye. We avoided confusion with tumor necrosis factor effects by using recombinant human interferon gamma cloned from a single gene as opposed to natural human interferon gamma. Oncolysis induced by recombinant human interferon gamma requires four days after exposure for a significant loss of total cellular protein to be measured, although changes can be observed visually after one day. This sensitivity to recombinant human interferon gamma was observed in SCC cultures obtained from head and neck mucosa, in addition to those from cervix and skin. Several head and neck cultures are sensitive to the oncolytic effect of recombinant human interferon gamma at less than 30 U/mL concentration. The actual time of treatment observations dictates changes in current recombinant human interferon gamma treatment regimens if the oncolytic effect is desired. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:432-437)
Depreciation Policies in Regulated Companies: Which Policies are the Most Efficient?

Decisions of firms such as whether to purchase new equipment frequently rather than better maintain and purchase less frequently are influenced by the accounting depreciation policies they use if they are rate-regulated. It is shown that basing decisions on depreciation policies, while uneconomic without regulation, might become rational under regulation. Regulators can mandate depreciation policies for these firms. This paper identifies a class of depreciation rules which will eliminate management incentives to make uneconomic capital replacement and maintenance decisions under regulation.
Longitudinal Growth in Hospitalized VLBW Infants: Identification of Patient Characteristics and Inter-NICU Differences. † 1422

Growth during early postnatal life may have longterm consequences for health and development of preterm infants. Little information is available on the influence of clinical characteristics and practices upon growth in VLBW( 1000g infants. These findings suggest that, despite case mix adjustments, NICUs perform differently in terms of growth. Differential growth for VLBWs may reflect variations in nutritional practices and/or management of energy expenditures.
MRI volume of the medial frontal cortex predicts financial capacity in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease

Persons with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have significant deficits in financial abilities. This study examined the relationship between brain structure volumes, cognition, and financial capacity in patients with mild AD. Sixteen mild AD patients and 16 older adult comparisons completed the Financial Capacity Instrument (FCI), a psychometric measure of financial abilities, and also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to obtain volumes of the bilateral hippocampi, angular gyri, precunei, and medial and dorsolateral frontal cortices. Mild AD patients performed significantly below comparisons on the FCI and had significantly smaller hippocampi. Among mild AD patients, FCI performance was moderately correlated with frontal (medial and dorsolateral frontal cortex) and posterior (angular gyri and precunei) cortical volumes. Stepwise regression demonstrated that medial frontal cortex volume predicted FCI score. The relationship between medial frontal cortex volume and overall FCI score was partially mediated by two measures of simple attention (DRS Attention, DRS Construction). The findings suggest that medial frontal cortex atrophy and associated declines in simple attention play an increasingly important role in declining financial skills in patients with mild AD.
A 26-year experience with surgical management of tetralogy of fallot: risk analysis for mortality or late reintervention

Abstract Background . Over the past decade repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in infancy has gained favor. It is still uncertain what effect early complete repair will have on survival or late reoperation on the right ventricular outflow tract. Methods . To assess these outcomes, we reviewed our experience (1971–1997) with 294 patients undergoing operation at one institution. Median follow-up was 10.6 years (range, 0.1 to 26 years), and was complete for 90.2% patients. Results . Primary complete repair was done in 199 patients (68%), and a staged repair in 62 patients (21%). Thirty-three patients had only a palliative procedure. Sixty-eight patients (23.1%) had complex pathologic processes, including pulmonary atresia in 53. Hospital mortality for primary repair was 11.1% (22/199), for staged repair was 17.7% (11/62), and for palliative procedures was 15.5% (16/103 procedures). Since 1990 mortality has been 2.1%, 11.8%, and 0% respectively ( p p p = 0.09). Reintervention on the right ventricular outflow tract was needed in 14.1% (37/261) patients. Freedom from reintervention on the right ventricular outflow tract at 20 years was 86% ± 4% for TOF with pulmonary stenosis and 43% ± 16% for TOF with pulmonary atresia ( p = 0.001). For the subgroup TOF with pulmonary stenosis, this was 85% ± 5% after primary repair and 91% ± 8% after staged repair (not significant). At 15-year follow-up, this was 78% ± 10% for patients not older than 1 year at operation compared with 88% ± 4% for older patients (not significant). Conclusions . Early mortality after primary repair of TOF has significantly improved and late survival is excellent. Primary repair in infancy does not increase risk for reintervention on the right ventricular outflow tract.
Philosophical Issues in Psychotherapy

This article aims to demonstrate the importance and inevitability of nonscientific issues in psychotherapy and psychopathology by addressing four closely related topics: the presence of a priori factors such as tacit assumptions and narrative forms; the inescapable presence of values; the way in which psychotherapy and psychopathology are partly defined by, and in turn shape, current societal and cultural outlooks; and the status of clients as agents independent of their status as objects of scientifically based healing. The way in which these factors operate is illustrated in the case of a 45-year-old woman suffering from depression, physical illnesses, and family problems. Implications for quantitative and qualitative research are suggested.
The proton affinity of H2Se, SeCO and H2CSe and reactions of positive ions with H2Se

Abstract The proton affinities of SeCO and H2CSe were determined by pulsed ICR techniques and found to be 157±3 and 186±1 kcal/mol, respectively. The proton affinity of H2Se and of H2CS were found to be 171.2±0.2 and 184.7±1.0 kcal/mol, respectively, in agreement with earlier determinations. The gas-phase ion chemistry of H2Se greatly resembles that of H2S.
Personnel Dosimetry at Accelerator Laboratories

Three complementary topics are covered: the various rationales for personnel monitoring practices at accelerator laboratories, current monitoring practices at these laboratories, and some possible future developments. The discussion is based largely on a number of conference proceedings and review articles. Many of the points made apply equally well to other types of facilities; accelerators are unique primarily in regard to the types of radiation present and the rapidity with which operating conditions change.
Quasi-steady deformation and drag of uncontaminated liquid drops

Abstract Over 3000 fully resolved numerical simulations have been performed of axisymmetric liquid drops in a uniform gaseous stream. By applying a body force, the drops were held at a fixed velocity relative to the gas in order to determine their quasi-steady deformation response. The solutions were obtained using a new two-fluid spectral/hp finite element method which, as determined by validation tests, is accurate to within 1% for the conditions studied. Liquid-to-gas density ratios between 5 and 500, viscosity ratios between 5 and 15, Weber numbers between 0.1 and 50, and Ohnesorge numbers between 10 −4 and 10 were studied, enabling us to better understand the droplet behavior. Three distinct drop shapes (prolate, oblate, and dimpled) were observed, and the conditions that cause the appearance of these shapes were determined. This allowed a correlation to be developed for predicting the drop shape as a function of the dimensionless parameters governing the system. In addition, a simple criterion predicting the onset of a three-dimensional instability associated with a tumbling motion of the drops was determined. In investigating the drag force on the drops, we found that the current correlations for estimating the effect of internal circulation on the drag for spherical drops were inaccurate and therefore proposed a new correlation. Using this and the deformation correlation, we created a drag model for deforming liquid drops. This model predicts the correct trends in all cases and is usually within 5% of the numerical results. Near break-up, the error becomes larger due to the large deformations in drop shape.
Changes in the effects of stimulation of locus coeruleus and nucleus raphe magnus following dorsal rhizotomy

The effects of stimulating locus coeruleus (LC) and nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) on lumbar dorsal horn cells that had been denervated by dorsal rhizotomy were studied. Both LC and NRM stimulation inhibited the responses of dorsal horn cells from the side of the cord with intact dorsal roots. However, when cells from the side of the spinal cord that had had prior rhizotomies were studied, half of the units were shown to be activated by either LC or NRM stimulation.
Commercially viable resolution of ibuprofen

Ibuprofen belongs to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) family known as profens. Studies demonstrate that (S-ibuprofen is 160 times more potent than (R-ibuprofen in vitro, while the accumulation of (R-ibuprofen can cause serious side effects such as gastrointestinal pain. Candida rugosa lipase was used to enantioselectively esterify racemic ibuprofen with decan-1-ol and butan-1-ol in cyclohexane with an enantiomeric ratio (E) of 130 and 46, respectively, in up to 46% conversion. Separation by bulb-to-bulb distillation of (R)-ibuprofen and unreacted alcohol from the corresponding (S)-alkyl ibuprofen ester was possible for the decyl but not the butyl case. The enantioselective hydrolysis of (S)-alkyl ibuprofen esters with the same biocatalyst in aqueous phosphate buffer was twice as slow for the decyl alcohol versus the butyl example. The combined environmentally friendly enantioselective esterification and hydrolysis of ibuprofen insured the isolation of (S)-ibuprofen with a greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.
Critical Role of Amyloid-like Oligomers of Drosophila Orb2 in the Persistence of Memory

A long-standing question in the study of long-term memory is how a memory trace persists for years when the proteins that initiated the process turn over and disappear within days. Previously, we postulated that self-sustaining amyloidogenic oligomers of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein (CPEB) provide a mechanism for the maintenance of activity-dependent synaptic changes and, thus, the persistence of memory. Here, we found that the Drosophila CPEB Orb2 forms amyloid-like oligomers, and oligomers are enriched in the synaptic membrane fraction. Of the two protein isoforms of Orb2, the amyloid-like oligomer formation is dependent on the Orb2A form. A point mutation in the prion-like domain of Orb2A, which reduced amyloid-like oligomerization of Orb2, did not interfere with learning or memory persisting up to 24 hr. However the mutant flies failed to stabilize memory beyond 48 hr. These results support the idea that amyloid-like oligomers of neuronal CPEB are critical for the persistence of long-term memory.
Marginal Analysis, Multi-Plant Firms, and Business Practice: An Example

I. Introduction, 253. — II. Allocation of output among plants, neglecting transmission losses, 254. — III. Practical solution of this problem, 258. — IV. Allocation of output, making allowances for transmission losses, 261. — V. Practical solution, making allowances for transmission losses, 265. — VI. Conclusion, 268.
Turning brownfields into green space in the City of Toronto

Abstract Since the mid-1980s, policy makers and planners in North America and Europe have been paying significantly more attention to measures designed to foster sustainable development and improve the quality of life in urban areas. One issue that has received widespread political support has been the cleanup and redevelopment of under-utilized brownfield sites in urban areas. In Canada and the US, the focus of policy-making and redevelopment efforts has been on redeveloping brownfield sites for industrial, commercial, or residential uses that provide economic benefits through tax revenues and/or jobs. However, there has been a growing recognition among community groups and environmental organizations that brownfields hold enormous potential for “greening” city environments, through the implementation of parks, playgrounds, trails, greenways, and other open spaces. The objectives of the current research are to examine the issues, obstacles and processes involved in remediating potentially contaminated urban brownfield sites and converting them into green spaces, to identify the benefits that these green spaces can bring to the community and culture, and to understand the specific planning processes that it involves. Data for this study were collected through a review of 10 pertinent “greening” case studies and personal interviews with relevant stakeholders. Toronto’s brownfield-to-green space redevelopment experience has implications for cities across North America undergoing brownfield planning and seeking to enhance urban quality of life.
The Effects of Resistance Training on Physical Function and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors

Breast cancer survivors (BCS) exhibit decreased physical function and quality of life (QOL) following cancer treatments. Resistance training (RT) may elicit positive changes in physical and mental well-being. This study assessed 27 BCS, pre-and post-intervention (six months) on the following variables: muscular strength (via one repetition maximum (1RM) of chest press and leg extension), physical function (via the Continuous Scale-Physical Functional Performance test) and QOL (via the Short Form-36 survey). RT consisted of two days/week of ten exercises including two sets of 8–12 repetitions at 52%–69% of their 1RM. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed BCS significantly (p < 0.05) increased upper (71 ± 22 to 89 ± 22 kg) and lower body (74 ± 18 to 93 ± 24 kg) strength, total physical function (65.5 ± 12.1 to 73.6 ± 12.2 units) and the subcomponents of physical function: upper body strength (63.5 ± 16.3 to 71.2 ± 16.8 units), lower body strength (58.5 ± 14.9 to 68.6 ± 16.3 units), balance and coordination (66.5 ± 12.2 to 74.6 ± 11.6 units), and endurance (67.2 ± 12.0 to 75.0 ± 11.6 units). No changes were observed over time for subjective measures of physical function and QOL. Results showed RT could be an effective means to improve objective physical function in BCS. Further research is needed to clarify the effects of RT on subjective physical function and QOL.
Synergism between Airborne Singlet Oxygen and a Trisubstituted Olefin Sulfonate for the Inactivation of Bacteria

The reactivity of a trisubstituted alkene surfactant (8-methylnon-7-ene-1 sulfonate, 1) to airborne singlet oxygen in a solution containing E. coli was examined. Surfactant 1 was prepared by a Strecker-type reaction of 9-bromo-2-methylnon-2-ene with sodium sulfite. Submicellar concentrations of 1 were used that reacted with singlet oxygen by an “ene” reaction to yield two hydroperoxides (7-hydroperoxy-8-methylnon-8-ene-1 sulfonate and (E)-8-hydroperoxy-8-methylnon-6-ene-1 sulfonate) in a 4:1 ratio. Exchanging the H2O solution for D2O where the lifetime of solution-phase singlet oxygen increases by 20-fold led to an ∼2-fold increase in the yield of hydroperoxides pointing to surface activity of singlet oxygen with the surfactant in a partially solvated state. In this airborne singlet oxygen reaction, E. coli inactivation was monitored in the presence and absence of 1 and by a LIVE/DEAD cell permeabilization assay. It was shown that the surfactant has low dark toxicity with respect to the bacteria, but in t...
Evaluation of very low-dose subcutaneous vitamin K during postoperative warfarin therapy.

Study Objective. To determine the effect of very low-dose subcutaneous vitamin K (SCVK) compared with witholding warfarin for above-target international normalized ratio (INR) values after joint surgery. Design. Historical controlled study. Setting. University hospital. Subjects. One hundred thirty-nine patients beginning warfarin after total joint surgery. Intervention. For a high INR, warfarin was either withheld or SCVK 100, 300, or 400 tag was administered, depending on INR value. Measurements and Main Results. The primary outcome was change in INR from the day of intervention (day 1) to the next day (day 2) Adjusting for day 1 INR, the mean day 2 INR was 2.10 (95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.86-2.33) after SCVK, compared with 2.73 (95% Cl 2.50-2.96) in controls. This corresponded to declines of -0.72 and -0.08, respectively (p=0.001). Conclusion. In orthopedic patients starting warfarin therapy, very low-dose SCVK was more effective than withholding warfarin in reducing high 1NRs. Investigations in other populations and assessment of the effect of low-dose SCVK on postoperative bleeding are indicated.
Cognitive radio-based OFDM sidelobe suppression employing modulated filter banks and cancellation carriers

In this paper, we propose a novel sidelobe suppression approach for cognitive radio systems employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. OFDM is a promising solution for future overlay wireless access due to its high data rate and flexibility. However, OFDM and its variants employ sinc-type pulses in representing the symbols transmitted over all subcarriers during one time instant. Consequently, large sidelobes can occur that could potentially interfere with the signal transmissions of the neighboring legacy systems or with the transmissions of other rental users. To mitigate this source of interference, both cancellation carriers (CCs) and modulated filter banks (MFB) can be employed. In this paper, raised-cosine filter is chosen without loss of generality as the prototype filter for the modulated filter banks. The power spectrum density of the OFDM signal after employing different CC algorithms, different number of CCs and different parameters of raised-cosine filters, such as the roll off factor, are analyzed and compared. Simulation results show that this combination approach can achieve significant reduction for OFDM out-of-band radiation and the sidelobe can be suppressed down to −70 dBm.
Smoothing of Crank-Nicolson Method for 2-D Inhomogeneous Parabolic Problems with Nonlocal Boundary Conditions

Parabolic partial differential equations with nonlocal boundary conditions have important applications in chemical diffusion, thermoelasticity, heat conduction process, control theory and medicine science. This paper is concerned with the smoothing of Crank-Nicolson numerical scheme for two-dimensional parabolic partial differential equations with nonlocal boundary conditions. The graphs of smoothing of the Crank-Nicolson scheme are presented. The absolute relative error before and after smoothing show that this smoothing scheme is quite accurate for inhomogeneous parabolic problems with nonlocal boundary condition.
The Barricades and the Ivory Tower

JEL Classifications: A13, H11, H50, I30, J52, N32, Z13Through the lens of four recent books, this article considers the obstacles faced by those who undertake engaged or activist scholarship in the...
An fMRI Analysis of the Human Hippocampus: Inference, Context, and Task Awareness

The hippocampus is critical for encoding and retrieving semantic and episodic memories. Animal studies indicate that the hippocampus is also required for relational learning tasks. A prototypical relational learning task, and the one investigated in this experiment, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, is the transitive inference (TI) task. In the TI task, participants were to choose between A and B (A?B) and learned by trial and error to choose A (A > B). There were four such premise pairs during a training (A > B, B > C, C > D, D > E). These can be acquired distinctly or can be organized into a superordinate hierarchy (A > B > C > D > E), which would efficiently represent all the learned relations and allow inferences (e.g., B > D). At test there was no reinforcement: In addition to premise pairs, untrained pairings were introduced (e.g., A?E, B?D). Correctly inferring that B > D is taken as evidence for the formation of a superordinate hierarchy; several alternatives to the superordinate hierarchy hypothesis are considered. Awareness of the formation of this hierarchy was measured by a postscan questionnaire. Four main findings are reported: (1) Inferential performance and task awareness dissociated behaviorally and at the level of hemodynamic response; (2) As expected, performance on the inferred relation, B > D, corresponded to the ability to simultaneously acquire B > C and C > D premise pairs during training; (3) Interestingly, acquiring these “inner pairs” corresponded to greater hippocampal activation than the “outer pairs” (A > B, D > E) for all participants. However, a distinct pattern of hippocampal activity for these inner pairs differentiated those able to perform the inferential discrimination, B > D, at test. Because these inner premise pairs require contextual discrimination (e.g., C is incorrect in the context of B but correct in the context of D), we argue that the TI task is hippocampal-dependent because the premise pair acquisition necessary for inference is hippocampal-dependent; (4) We found B > D related hippocampal activity at test that is anatomically consistent with preconsolidation recall effects shown in other studies.
Protegen: a web-based protective antigen database and analysis system

Protective antigens are specifically targeted by the acquired immune response of the host and are able to induce protection in the host against infectious and non-infectious diseases. Protective antigens play important roles in vaccine development, as biological markers for disease diagnosis, and for analysis of fundamental host immunity against diseases. Protegen is a web-based central database and analysis system that curates, stores and analyzes protective antigens. Basic antigen information and experimental evidence are curated from peer-reviewed articles. More detailed gene/ protein information (e.g. DNA and protein sequences, and COG classification) are automatically extracted from existing databases using internally developed scripts. Bioinformatics programs are also applied to compute different antigen features, such as protein weight and pI, and subcellular localizations of bacterial proteins. Presently, 590 protective antigens have been curated against over 100 infectious diseases caused by pathogens and non-infectious diseases (including cancers and allergies). A user-friendly web query and visualization interface is developed for interactive protective antigen search. A customized BLAST sequence similarity search is also developed for analysis of new sequences provided by the users. To support data exchange, the information of protective antigens is stored in the Vaccine Ontology (VO) in OWL format and can also be exported to FASTA and Excel files. Protegen is publically available at http://www.violinet.org/protegen.
Issues and Approaches in Evaluating Managed Mental Health Care

Data on the ways in which alternative forms of managed care affect the costs, quality, and outcomes of mental health are needed to inform health policy and clinical care decisions. Such evaluations, however, are difficult to implement for conceptual and practical reasons. The definition of managed mental health care is reviewed, alternative forms are described, and the activities and procedures that constitute managed care are identified. Examples from existing studies are used to describe the common roadblocks to implementing evaluations and to suggest methods for dealing with these barriers.
Sorting with linear speedup on a pipelined hypercube

The authors formally define a distributed-memory parallel architecture called the pipelined hypercube. A coarse-grained parallel sorting algorithm that can be mapped efficiently on such an architecture is also presented. The pipelined hypercube has a more powerful communication mechanism than the traditional binary code architecture, in that it permits communication of blocks of data between processing elements (PEs) to be performed in a pipelined manner. Certain data communication problems which would probably be serialized on the binary code architecture, can be performed optimally on the pipelined hypercube. The sorting algorithm can be mapped efficiently onto a pipelined hypercube of P PEs. It sorts N data items, initially distributed among the PEs, in time O((N log N/P)+log/sup 2/ P), thereby achieving linear speedup when P is O(N/log N). >
Case Report: Pineocytoma in a Male Fischer 344 Rat:

An enlarged pineal gland was observed in a 112-wk-old male Fischer 344 rat from the low-dose treatment group in a 2-yr bioassay. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the gland were stained with hematoxylin and eosin along with the immunohistochemical biomarkers synaptophysin, placental alkaline phosphatase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and vimentin. Based on its histomorphological features and on positive staining with synaptophysin, the lesion was diagnosed as a malignant pineal gland parenchymal cell tumor or pineocytoma of incidental origin.
A Survey of Network Design Problems and Joint Design Approaches in Wireless Mesh Networks

Over the last decade, the paradigm of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) has matured to a reasonably commonly understood one, and there has been extensive research on various areas related to WMNs such as design, deployment, protocols, performance, etc. The quantity of research being conducted in the area of wireless mesh design has dramatically increased in the past few years, due to increasing interest in this paradigm as its potential for the "last few miles", and the possibility of significant wireless services in metropolitan area networks. This recent work has focused increasingly on joint design problems, together with studies in designing specific aspects of the WMN such as routing, power control etc. in isolation. While excellent surveys and tutorials pertaining to WMNs exist in literature, the explosive growth of research in the area of specific design issues, and especially joint design, has left them behind. Our objective in this paper is to identify the fundamental WMN design problems of interference modeling, power control, topology control, link scheduling, and routing, and provide brief overviews, together with a survey of the recent research on these topics, with special stress on joint design methods. We believe this paper will fulfill an outstanding need in informing the interested student and researcher in getting familiar with this abundant recent research area, and starting research.
Low‐Fat, High‐Moisture Frankfurters: Effects of Temperature and Water during Extended Mixing

Frankfurters containing 15% fat and 25% added water were produced using conventional practice or minced meat batters were mixed for 30 min (extended mixing, EM) at 2 or 16°C with all or 30% of the formulation water. EM had minimal effects on yield, purge, and texture. Products were darker and less yellow than non-EM frankfurters. The lower mixing temperature resulted in firmer (P < 0.05) frankfurters. However, mixing temperature did not affect other properties. Time of water addition affected most properties. Frankfurters from treatments mixed with 100% of formulation water were firmer, darker, redder, less yellow, and required more extension to fracture.
Lethal Mutations in the Isoprenoid Pathway of Salmonella enterica

Essential isoprenoid compounds are synthesized using the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in many gram-negative bacteria, some gram-positive bacteria, some apicomplexan parasites, and plant chloroplasts. The alternative mevalonate pathway is found in archaea and eukaryotes, including cytosolic biosynthesis in plants. The existence of orthogonal essential pathways in eukaryotes and bacteria makes the MEP pathway an attractive target for the development of antimicrobial agents. A system is described for identifying mutations in the MEP pathway of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Using this system, point mutations induced by diethyl sulfate were found in the all genes of the essential MEP pathway and also in genes involved in uptake of methylerythritol. Curiously, none of the MEP pathway genes could be identified in the same parent strain by transposon mutagenesis, despite extensive searches. The results complement the biochemical and bioinformatic approaches to the elucidation of the genes involved in the MEP pathway and also identify key residues for activity in the enzymes of the pathway.
Aspirin Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene Expression in Murine Tissue Macrophages

Aspirin has been reported to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through stabilization of inhibitor κB (IκB). This observation led us to investigate the role of aspirin in suppressing the activation of the NF-κB-regulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression in primary macrophages. We now report that therapeutic doses of aspirin suppress lipopolysaccharide-inducible NF-κB binding to an NF-κB binding site in the TNF-α promoter, lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α mRNA accumulation, and protein secretion. IκB is also stabilized under these conditions. The aspirin-initiated stabilization of IκB, suppression of induced TNF-α mRNA, and NF-κB binding to the TNF-α promoter are blocked by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. These studies suggest that aspirin may exert significant anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the production of macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators.
Socially Excessive Dissemination

Assigning monopoly power to an inventor is usually viewed as a static efficiency cost needed to obtain the dynamic benefit of increased research and development; public dissemination is considered to be superior. For example, Katz and Shapiro (1986) find that when a monopolist licenses an innovation to competing downstream firms, "[its] incentives to disseminate the innovation typically are [socially] too low." I find that in contrast dissemination can be excessive even if there was monopoly dissemination. For example, it can be profit maximizing for the lab to issue several license while it is socially optimal that no licenses are issued.
Effects of Component Properties on the Accuracy of a Joint-Dominated Deployable Mast

Jointed-dominated deployable masts are used in space applications, including telescopes, where there is a demand for a long, slender structure that can be packed into a conventional launch shroud. Depending on the application, there may be stringent demands on the stiness and shape accuracy of the mast. This paper presents a parametric study of the signicance of a number of mast part properties for a precision deployable mast’s performance under quasi-static shear load. The mast’s cable preload, latching system behavior, and joint friction are explored as candidates for parts requiring detailed characterization for accurate mast performance prediction.
Judged Similarity and Brand-Switching Data as Similarity Measures:

This article discusses a procedure for building a perceptual map of a market based on revealed preference data. Specifically, it suggests how the transition matrix, which is central to many stochastic models in marketing [2, 5, 7, 8, 14, 15], can be used as a similarity matrix for input to multidimensional scaling or cluster analysis in place of the more widely used judged similarity measures [3, 4, 18]. This article thus attempts to demonstrate a conceptual link between stochastic models of market share and individual choice models.
Demonstration of gamma globulin in vascular lesions of experimental necrotizing arteritis in the rat.

SummaryExperimental necrotizing arteritis was produced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by administration of large doses of DOCA and NaCl after unilateral nephrectomy. Presence of RGG in damaged vessel walls was demonstrated by fluorescence antibody technic of Coons. Gamma globulin is deposited in smooth muscle of damaged small arteries, especially in early phases of vascular damage, suggesting that antibody may not be required for this process.
An Exertional Heat Stroke Survivor's Return to Running: An Integrated Approach on the Treatment, Recovery, and Return to Activity.

Context:Evidence-based best practices for the recognition and treatment of exertional heat stroke (EHS) indicate that rectal thermometry and immediate, aggressive cooling via cold-water immersion ensure survival from this medical condition. However, little is known about the recovery, medical follow-up, and return to activity after an athlete has suffered EHS. Objective:To highlight the transfer of evidenced-based research into clinical practice by chronicling the treatment, recovery, and return to activity of a runner who suffered an EHS during a warm-weather road race. Design:Case study. Setting:Warm-weather road race. Participant:53-y-old recreationally active man. Intervention:A runner’s treatment, recovery, and return to activity from EHS and 2014 Falmouth Road Race performance. Main Outcomes:Runner’s perceptions and experiences with EHS, body temperature, heart rate, hydration status, exercise intensity. Results:The runner successfully completed the 2014 Falmouth Road Race without incident of EHS. F...
Particulate organic matter higher concentrations, terrestrial sources and losses in bottom waters of the turbidity maximum, Delaware Estuary, U.S.A.

Abstract The pathway and fate of land-derived suspended particulate organic matter (POM) as it passes through estuaries remains a poorly constrained component of coastal carbon dynamics. The δ13C of bulk POC (particulate organic carbon; δ13C-POC) and n-alkane biomarkers were used to assess the proportion of algal- and land- (vascular plant) derived POM through the Delaware Estuary, on five cruises in 2010–2011. We found that POC was highly correlated with suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). Higher SSC was present in bottom waters, causing bottom waters to have consistently higher concentrations of POC than surface waters, with the bottom waters of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) exhibiting maximum POC concentrations for all seasons and flow regimes. Algal-derived POM seasonally affected the δ13C-POC and n-alkane geochemical signatures of surface waters, whereas bottom waters were dominated by vascular plant-derived POM. δ13C-POC results suggested a gradual loss in vascular plant-derived POM between the riverine and marine endmember stations. In contrast, n-alkane concentrations peaked in bottom waters of the ETM at 2–5 times surface water concentrations. Indices of the relative proportions of n-alkanes and n-alkanes as a proportion of total POC had their levels decrease considerably downstream of the ETM. These biomarker analyses suggest enhanced loss of land-derived material across the ETM and that the ETM acts as a geochemical filter for vascular plant-derived POM in a classic well mixed estuary.
Saturation in solar cells from ultra-fast pulsed-laser illumination

We investigate the potential saturation of a silicon solar cell in response to excitation from continuous-wave and ultra-fast pulsed lasers of equivalent average optical power. Because ultra-fast pulsed sources, such as the super-continuum laser, have very high peak powers, they may be expected to cause solar cells to exhibit nonlinear and saturation effects at much lower irradiance levels compared to continuous-wave lasers and solar simulator lamps. Our experimental results strongly suggest that this is not the case, and that ultra-fast lasers do not intrinsically give rise to enhanced nonlinearities caused by their pulsed nature.