cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensor-based controller tuning of indirect drive trains

This paper presents a sensor-based controller tuning method for indirect-drive trains. In the standard control practice of the indirect-drive trains, the variable for control feedback (motor position) is different from the variable for performance evaluation (load position). In order to improve the performance of such standard controllers, it is suggested to use additional load-side sensor measurements in the controller tuning process. The load-side acceleration is utilized in this paper due to the easy installation of MEMS accelerometers. The additional load- side acceleration measurement is included in the performance index of the controller tuning. The iterative feedback tuning (IFT) method is utilized to adjust the controller gains to minimize the performance index based on the sensor measurements. The effectiveness of the controller tuning method is demonstrated by experiments.
Intestinal metabolism of sulfur amino acids

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a metabolically significant site of sulfur amino acid (SAA) metabolism in the body and metabolises about 20 % of the dietary methionine intake which is mainly transmethylated to homocysteine and trans-sulfurated to cysteine. The GIT accounts for about 25 % of the whole-body transmethylation and trans-sulfuration. In addition, in vivo studies in young pigs indicate that the GIT is a site of net homocysteine release and thus may contribute to the homocysteinaemia. The gut also utilises 25 % of the dietary cysteine intake and the cysteine uptake by the gut represents about 65 % of the splanchnic first-pass uptake. Moreover, we recently showed that SAA deficiency significantly suppresses intestinal mucosal growth and reduces intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, and increases intestinal oxidant stress in piglets. These recent findings indicate that intestinal metabolism of dietary methionine and cysteine is nutritionally important for intestinal mucosal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, methionine and cysteine are precursors of important molecules. S-adenosylmethionine, a metabolite of methionine, is the principal biological methyl donor in mammalian cells and a precursor for polyamine synthesis. Cysteine is the rate-limiting amino acid for glutathione synthesis, the major cellular antioxidant in mammals. Further studies are warranted to establish how SAA metabolism regulates gut growth and intestinal function, and contributes to the development of gastrointestinal diseases. The present review discusses the evidence of SAA metabolism in the GIT and its functional and nutritional importance in gut function and diseases.
Rational Ignorance versus Rational Irrationality

The paper presents a model of "rational irrationality," to explain why political and religious beliefs are marked not only by low information (as the notion of rational ignorance highlights), but also by systematic bias and high certainty. Being irrational--i.e. deviating from rational expectations--is modeled as a normal good. The reason that irrationality in politics and religion is so pronounced is that the private repercussions of error are virtually nonexistent. The consumption of irrationality can be efficient, but it will usually not be when the private and the social cost of irrationality differ--for example, in elections. Copyright 2001 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
Torsades de pointes: a rare complication of temporary pacing for permanent ventricular pacemaker failure.

Torsades de pointes, a dislinctive type of polymorphous ventricular lachycardia, may be induced by critically timed ventricular stimulation during electrophysiologic studies or, rarely, in patients with temporary or permanent ventricular pacemakers. The following case illustrates how, when temporary ventricular pacing is instituted to maintain heart rate in a patient with a defective permanent ventricular pacemaker, this potentially fatal arrhythmia may occur as a complication of interaction between the two pacemakers.
Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Genomic Fingerprinting of Hospital Escherichia Coli Bacteraemia Isolates

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), because of the increased sensitivity it affords over other methods of bacterial genotyping, represents a potentially powerful tool for the characterisation of isolates from hospital infections. Genomic fingerprinting by PFGE was applied to all clinical isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from blood during a 6-month period (78 isolates, 58 patients) at the University of Michigan Medical Center. The rare-restriction patterns of these isolates, in contrast to those of isolates from the E. coli reference collection (ECOR), were not randomly distributed through the E. coli species. Four related clusters, which represented c. 21% of the blood isolates, were identified. Two of these genotypic clusters were also clustered temporally, their members all being isolated within the same 2-week period, while the other two clusters spanned the study period. These observations indicate in-hospital endemic vectors or the occurrence of specialised E. coli lineages that are capable of invading the bloodstream and exploiting in-hospital vectors, or both.
Social Learning (Cognitive) Theory and Implications for Human Resource Development

The problem and the solution. The complexity of the domains of human resource development (HRD) requires knowledge of learning theories that can inform the development of HRD theory building, research, and practice. Social learning (cognitive) theory (SLT/SCT) identifies learning as a dynamic interplay between the person, the environment, and behavior. This article explores the elements of SLT/SCT that are most relevant to HRD and identifies theory-building, research, and practice arenas in HRD that have incorporated one or more SLT/SCT propositions. Implications for future HRD theory, research, and practice are proposed. SLT/SCT is shown to have high potential use for HRD due to the comprehensive nature of this theory for explaining learning and behavior.
Activated ALK Collaborates with MYCN in Neuroblastoma Pathogenesis

Amplification of the MYCN oncogene in childhood neuroblastoma is often accompanied by mutational activation of ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), suggesting their pathogenic cooperation. We generated a transgenic zebrafish model of neuroblastoma in which MYCN-induced tumors arise from a subpopulation of neuroblasts that migrate into the adrenal medulla analog following organogenesis. Coexpression of activated ALK with MYCN in this model triples the disease penetrance and markedly accelerates tumor onset. MYCN overexpression induces adrenal sympathetic neuroblast hyperplasia, blocks chromaffin cell differentiation, and ultimately triggers a developmentally-timed apoptotic response in the hyperplastic sympathoadrenal cells. Coexpression of activated ALK with MYCN provides prosurvival signals that block this apoptotic response and allow continued expansion and oncogenic transformation of hyperplastic neuroblasts, thus promoting progression to neuroblastoma.
Popliteal venous aneurysm

A 22-year-old white female suffered a left knee dislocation while playing soccer. She subsequently noted sharp pain in the left knee with weight-bearing activities, leg weakness upon climbing stairs, and tightness and fullness in the left popliteal fossa. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a torn median cruciate ligament and meniscus with some bone bruising. An ultrasound (Panels A-1 and A-2) and subsequent venogram (Panel A-3) revealed a moderate-sized left popliteal venous aneurysm. The 2.2 cm saccular popliteal venous aneurysm was successfully repaired surgically (Panel B) by
Ocular findings in low birthweight and premature babies in the first year: Do we need to screen?

PURPOSE. There is no standardized approach for the ophthalmic care follow-up of children screened for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The authors report the ocular findings at 12 months in preterm and low birthweight babies screened for ROP over a 5-year period (1998–2003). METHODS. The case notes of 211 babies were retrospectively reviewed for birth details, maternal details, presence of ROP, and findings at follow-up screening which included visual acuity, refraction at 12 months, presence of squint, and any other ocular problems. RESULTS. At 1 year follow-up, 16.6% of ROP positive children failed a screening visit because of squint (6.66%), refractive error (6.66%), and optic nerve abnormalities (3.33%). At 1 year follow-up, 10% of ROP negative children had failed a screening visit because of squint (3.75 %), refractive error (3.75%), and other pathology (2.5%). C ONCLUSIONS. The authors recommend screening all babies with ROP at 12 months to identify amblyogenic factors such as squint and refractive error. Parents of infants who do not develop ROP should be advised of the increased risk of visual problems in their children and to have their child examined in the preschool period. (Eur J Ophthalmol 2008; 18: 104-11)
Exploring the "dark matter" of a mammalian proteome by protein structure and function modeling

Background A growing body of evidence shows that gene products encoded by short open reading frames play key roles in numerous cellular processes. Yet, they are generally overlooked in genome assembly, escaping annotation because small protein-coding genes are difficult to predict computationally. Consequently, there are still a considerable number of small proteins whose functions are yet to be characterized.
Ongoing First-Line Studies of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Select Patient Populations

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, despite its almost universal presence in NSCLC tumors, therapeutic inhibition of EGFR has resulted in significant tumor regressions in only 10% to 20% of patients. Several investigations over the last 12 months have uncovered somatic mutations in EGFR that underlie the sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. Somatic mutations in EGFR are found more frequently in patients with adenocarcinomas, nonsmokers, patients of Asian ethnicity, and in females. These same subgroups of patients have previously been identified as those most likely to respond to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Information to date suggests that patients with EGFR mutations will derive the greatest benefit as measured by response rate, time to progression, and survival from EGFR inhibitors. In addition, data on EGFR amplification as a predictor of outcome with EGFR TKI therapy is also emerging. These therapeutic approaches are now being introduced as initial therapy for specific subgroups of patients defined by either clinical or molecular characteristics that predict for response to EGFR TKIs. The rationale and design of these trials will be reviewed.
Large area formation of self-aligned crystalline domains of organic semiconductors on transistor channels using CONNECT (Presentation Recording)

The electronic properties of solution-processable small molecule organic semiconductors (OSCs) have rapidly improved in recent years, rendering them highly promising for various low-cost large area electronic applications such as active matrix displays, radio frequency identification tags, and integrated logic circuits. However, practical applications of organic electronics requires patterned and precisely registered OSC film within the transistor channel region with uniform electrical properties over a large area, a task that remains a significant challenge. Here we present a novel technique known as CONNECT (Controlled OSC NucleatioN and Extension for CircuiTs), which utilizes differential surface energy and solution shearing to simultaneously generate self-patterned and self-registered OSC film within the channel region and with aligned crystalline domains, resulting in low device-to-device variability. We have fabricated transistor density as high as 840 dpi, with a yield of 99%. We have successfully built various logic gates and a 2-bit half adder circuit, demonstrating the practical applicability of our technique for large-scale circuit fabrication. CONNECT was expanded to use with inkjet printed silver electrodes, showing the versatility of our method to accommodate various solution deposition and fabrication methods.
Distinctions between Overemployment, Overwork, Workaholism and Heavy Work Investment

The purpose of this chapter will be to consider why at least some people are driven to work hours beyond either their initially preferred extent of commitment toward work or beyond their own capacity that is sustainable in terms of physical or mental health or well-being. It aims to build a comprehensive model of work hours determination that employs the recent behavioral economics’ emphases on relative incomes, aspirations, preference adaptation and happiness. It considers that work hours may be both a forward-looking and a backward-looking form of investment, and the role of such incentives, explicit and implicit, in determining a worker’s preferred number of hours. It then makes the subtle but importance distinctions between overwork, overemployment and workaholic, and between the intrinsic, extrinsic and institutional motivations for working longer hours, even to the point of becoming overworked or addicted to work. will explore potential returns to investment in “nonwork” or leisure time, by distinguishing five types of time use, at least two of which have investment-type properties that working hours have. These will be referred to as “productive leisure” and “recuperative leisure.” It provides recent estimates of the incidence of overwork and overemployment. It will contrast the demographic and work characteristics of workers who express apparent satisfaction with their number of work hours and those who maintain a preference for reduced hours of work even if accompanied by reduce earnings. The former includes gender and age, for example, and the latter includes whether they are paid hourly or salary, their current duration of hours, and occupation type.
Tomorrow’s Energy: Power from Inner and Outer Space

The only two solar energy systems having base load capability (i.e., no energy storage or backup requirement) are space-based solar power plants and ocean thermal energy conversion systems. Although both appear costly in today’s economic environment, they are both fundamentally practical concepts for serious consideration now, in preparation for early 21st-century deployment.
On Quantizer Design for Distributed Estimation in Bandwidth Constrained Networks

We consider the problem of distributed estimation of an unknown zero-mean Gaussian random variable in a bandwidth constrained network, when only partial information of observation model is available. Sensors employ uniform quantizers with variable rates and transmit their quantized observations to a fusion center (FC). Assuming the FC employs the linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) estimator, we provide a closed-form expression for the corresponding MSE, and propose a rate allocation scheme that minimizes the MSE, subject to a total bandwidth constraint (measured in quantization bits). Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed scheme over uniform bit allocation scheme.
Modeling the Effects of Positive and Negative Feedback in Kidney Blood Flow Control

Blood flow in the mammalian kidney is tightly autoregulated. One of the important autoregulation mechanisms is the myogenic response, which is activated by perturbations in blood pressure along the afferent arteriole. Another is the tubuloglomerular feedback, which is a negative feedback that responds to variations in tubular fluid [Cl(-)] at the macula densa.(1) When initiated, both the myogenic response and the tubuloglomerular feedback adjust the afferent arteriole muscle tone. A third mechanism is the connecting tubule glomerular feedback, which is a positive feedback mechanism located at the connecting tubule, downstream of the macula densa. The connecting tubule glomerular feedback is much less well studied. The goal of this study is to investigate the interactions among these feedback mechanisms and to better understand the effects of their interactions. To that end, we have developed a mathematical model of solute transport and blood flow control in the rat kidney. The model represents the myogenic response, tubuloglomerular feedback, and connecting tubule glomerular feedback. By conducting a bifurcation analysis, we studied the stability of the system under a range of physiologically-relevant parameters. The bifurcation results were confirmed by means of a comparison with numerical simulations. Additionally, we conducted numerical simulations to test the hypothesis that the interactions between the tubuloglomerular feedback and the connecting tubule glomerular feedback may give rise to a yet-to-be-explained low-frequency oscillation that has been observed in experimental records.
Investigation of Cyclic Behavior and Structure-property Relations of a 304 Stainless Steel

In this research, we investigated the microstructure properties and its effects on the cyclic behavior of a rolled 304 stainless steel alloy. Fully reversed, strain control fatigue tests were conducted on specimens over a wide strain amplitude range to evaluate the fatigue properties of this alloy. Scanning electron and optical microscopy was employed to establish structureproperty relations between microstructure and cyclic damage. The scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that fatigue cracks predominantly initiated at cracked intermetallic particles. It is important to note that heterogeneities found on the material microstructure correlate well with variations observed in total fatigue life. Finally, fatigue lives were predicted based on microstructure properties.
The Role of Statistics in Research

AbstractAt present, too many research results in education are blatantly described as significant, when they are in fact trivially small and unimportant. There are several things researchers can do to minimize the importance of statistical significance testing and get articles published without using these tests. First, they can insert statistically in front of significant in research reports. Second, results can be interpreted before p values are reported. Third, effect sizes can be reported along with measures of sampling error. Fourth, replication can be built into the design. The touting of insignificant results as significant because they are statistically significant is not likely to change until researchers break the stranglehold that statistical significance testing has on journal editors.
Femoral-Popliteal Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

In an unselected series of 93 autopsies, femoral-popliteal vessels were removed by means of a new technic and were evaluated by gross morphologic and histologic studies. The origin and manner of propagation of venous thrombi were evaluated and the relations of such thrombi to pulmonary embolism, disease states, and clinical features of the patients were studied. Thrombi in thigh veins were noted in 26.9% of the cases and 49.1% of the thrombi were situated in the sinuses of venous valves. A large percentage (82.4%) of the thrombi were primary in the thigh veins; 40% were bilateral. Thrombi that totally occluded thigh veins usually originated in the involved veins, often from the sinus of a valve, with subsequent retrograde thrombosis; propagation from thrombi in the calf veins was infrequent. Inflammation was associated infrequently with thrombosis. Thrombosis of the thigh veins was related to the length of confinement to bed. A statistically significant increase in frequency of thrombosis in thigh veins was found in women. In patients who had had congestive heart failure and in those who had had nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, increased frequencies of such thrombi were not statistically significant. Pulmonary embolism was present in 22.6% of the total series and in 3.2% it was fatal. Pulmonary emboli were found in 60 % of the cases having thrombi in the thigh, but in only 9 % of the other cases.
Evaluation of methods for human nuclear DNA extraction from free margins of finger nail and hair samples

Objective To evaluate three different assays,including the phenol-chloroform method,the Chelex-100 method,and the QIAamp DNA Investigator Kit method(kit method) for extracting nuclear DNA(nDNA) from free margins of finger nail and hair samples.Methods 30 samples of free nail clipping margins,hair roots and hair stems were obtained from 5 healthy Chinese volunteers.All samples were washed by 100% ethanol and sterile water to remove extraneous DNA from the surface.For nail samples,3 mg clippings were contented in each sample and were further cut into small pieces.For both hair roots and hair stems,3 pieces of 0.3-0.5 cm segments were in each sample.Nuclear DNA was extracted using phenol-chloroform method,Chelex-100 method,and kit method respectively,according to published or commercial protocols.To evaluate the reliability of the three methods for nDNA extraction,polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was conducted by using four pairs of primers located in different chromosomes with product lengths of 188 bp,248 bp,300 bp and 741 bp,respectively.PCR products were detected by 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis.In order to determine the optimal sample quantity for each kind of material,parallel extractions with altered sample amount of 1 mg,3 mg and 5 mg of nails,or 1 piece,3 pieces and 5 pieces of either hair roots or hair stems were carried out and the results were summarized comparatively.A preliminary study of the eliminating effect on melanin inhibition by increasing Taq polymerase concentration was performed.Results PCR results showed that amplification of 248 bp product revealed the highest successful rate among all three kinds of extractions.For nail samples,the successful nDNA extraction rate by kit assay was significantly higher than that in phenol-chloroform and Chelex-100 methods(P0.05);and successful rate with phenol-chloroform method was significantly higher than that of Chelex-100 assay(P0.05).For hair stem samples,successful rate of kit assay was significantly higher than phenol-chloroform assay(P0.05).However,successful rates of nDNA extraction from hair root samples using the three assays were not statistically significant(P0.05).Among all three kinds of samples,nail sample yielded the highest successful rate(P0.05),but there was no significant difference between hair root and hair stem samples.With the sample amount increasing,successful rate of kit method increased while successful rates of phenol-chloroform and Chelex-100 methods decreased,suggesting the possibility of PCR inhibition.Conclusions ①All three methods could be used to extract nDNA successfully from the given samples,while the kit method was recommended.②All three kinds of samples could be used for nDNA extraction,while free margins of finger nail could be extracted most effectively.
Treatment of Stress Fractures

Stress fractures and soft tissue overuse injuries are common among endurance athletes. They are not a single consistent injury. They occur along a spectrum of severity which can impact treatment and prognosis. When treating overuse injuries, it should be borne in mind that no two stress fractures behave exactly alike. Treatment protocols should be individualized to the patient or athlete, the causative activity, the anatomical site, and the severity of the injury. As athletes become more competitive and focus solely on one sport, the incidence of stress fractures and other overuse injuries has continued to increase. A wholistic approach to the treatment of these injuries should be taken by orthopedists and sports medicine specialists in order to obtain optimal outcomes and minimize loss of fitness and time away from sports participation.
IL-15 enhances the antitumor effect of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by cellular senescence delay

Optimal expansion protocols for adoptive human T-cell therapy often include interleukin (IL)-15; however, the mechanism by which IL-15 improves the in vivo antitumor effect of T cells remains to be elucidated. Using human T cells generated from HLA-A2+ donors against novel T-cell epitopes derived from the human U266 myeloma cell line Ig light chain V-region (idiotype) as a model, we found that T cells cultured with IL-15 provided superior resistance to tumor growth in vivo, compared with IL-2, after adoptive transfer into immunodeficient hosts. This effect of IL-15 was associated with delayed/reversed senescence in tumor antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells mediated through downregulation of P21WAF1, P16INK4a, and P53 expression. Compared to IL-2, IL-15 stimulation dramatically activated JAK3-STAT5 signaling and inhibited the expression of DNA damage genes. Thus, our study elucidates a new mechanism for IL-15 in the regulation of STAT signaling pathways and CD8+ T-cell senescence.
1.21 – Navigation and Episodic-Like Memory in Mammals

Navigation and episodic memory are two of the most studied cognitive abilities in behavioral research. The capacity for efficient navigation is crucial to the survival of mammals; it allows them to optimally forage, search for mates, find shelter, and defend their territory, while conserving their energy and avoiding unnecessary exposure to predators. Episodic memory, the capacity to remember personal experiences, has unquestionably also increased the survival fitness of humans and of other mammals as well. In fact, as animals live in a continuously changing environment, the capacity for memory for unique experiences has presumably evolved to complement other types of memories specialized in extracting generalities from multiple experiences. For instance, the general knowledge that tigers are dangerous is adaptive, but remembering having seen a tiger near the river at dawn further benefits a potential prey. Navigation has been primarily studied in rodents, while episodic memory research has focused predominantly on humans. Although the two lines of research evolved rather independently for years, accumulating evidence indicates that both abilities share fundamental features and neural circuitry across mammalian species. The objectives of the present chapter are to review the behavioral approaches used to investigate navigation and episodic memory in different mammalian species, and to provide insight into the specific brain structures and potential neuronal mechanisms underlying both abilities.
A two-component Matched Interface and Boundary (MIB) regularization for charge singularity in implicit solvation

Abstract We present a new Matched Interface and Boundary (MIB) regularization method for treating charge singularity in solvated biomolecules whose electrostatics are described by the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) equation. In a regularization method, by decomposing the potential function into two or three components, the singular component can be analytically represented by the Green's function, while other components possess a higher regularity. Our new regularization combines the efficiency of two-component schemes with the accuracy of the three-component schemes. Based on this regularization, a new MIB finite difference algorithm is developed for solving both linear and nonlinear PB equations, where the nonlinearity is handled by using the inexact-Newton's method. Compared with the existing MIB PB solver based on a three-component regularization, the present algorithm is simpler to implement by circumventing the work to solve a boundary value Poisson equation inside the molecular interface and to compute related interface jump conditions numerically. Moreover, the new MIB algorithm becomes computationally less expensive, while maintains the same second order accuracy. This is numerically verified by calculating the electrostatic potential and solvation energy on the Kirkwood sphere on which the analytical solutions are available and on a series of proteins with various sizes.
How do mentoring rewards influence experienced auditors

Abstract The benefits of mentoring are well documented, and include lower employee turnover, heightened employee success, and higher employee satisfaction. In an effort to acquire these benefits, audit firms are structuring rewards for mentoring. However, we predict that rewarding mentors can prove problematic, leaving needy young auditors without a mentor or perhaps receiving advice that might prove detrimental. We test our expectations in an experiment with 111 Big 4 auditor participants. As expected, we find that in the presence of mentoring rewards, experienced auditors are less willing to mentor the young auditors who likely would benefit the most. We also find that in the presence of mentoring rewards, experienced auditors are more likely to provide advice that might be counterproductive. Yet interestingly, in our study, when rewards are absent, experienced auditors are more willing to mentor and more likely to provide beneficial advice. Our results inform the audit mentoring literature though our focus on mentor behavior, as opposed to protege behavior. Our results also have implications for audit firms as they consider the structure of mentoring rewards, training on mentoring advice, and the effects of this advice.
Simulation of KTP Laser–Based Zenker Diverticulotomy with a Porcine Model and Laryngeal Dissection Station:

Zenker's diverticulum is a rare cause of progressive dysphagia that is treated surgically. KTP laser-based diverticulotomy is one effective treatment. Developing a simulation model is helpful for rare conditions. Pigs have a natural hypopharyngeal pouch similar to a diverticulum. We present a model for performing rigid endoscopic KTP laser diverticulotomy in a porcine model using a laryngeal dissection station. Eleven pigs were examined to confirm presence of the hypopharyngeal pouch. A specimen was mounted on the modified laryngeal dissection station and a KTP laser-based diverticulotomy was performed. Novel aspects include use of the laryngeal dissection station and application of the model for simulating rigid endoscopic KTP laser diverticulotomy. This model allows trainees to practice equipment setup, positioning of the laryngoscope to isolate the cricopharyngeal bar, tissue handling, laser safety techniques, and use of the KTP laser through the laryngoscope under microscopic visualization.
The number of prior lines of systemic therapy as a prognostic factor for patients with brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery: Results of a large single institution retrospective analysis.

Abstract Objectives It is presently unknown whether patients with brain metastases from heavily pre-treated cancers have a significantly different prognosis than those with less pre-treatment. In this study we sought to identify whether the number of prior lines of systemic therapy are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with brain metastases who received stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Patients and Methods Between July 2000 and July 2017, 377 patients with brain metastases were treated with upfront SRS. We performed a large, single institution retrospective analysis of these patients. Kaplan Meier analysis was used to estimate survival times. Competing risk analysis was used to estimate times to local failure (LF) and distant brain failure (DBF). Multivariate analysis was performed to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS), neurologic and non-neurologic death for patients with 1, 2 and 3+ lines of prior systemic therapy. Results Of the 1077 patients with brain metastases treated with SRS, 377 received prior systemic therapy with a median of 1 (range: 1–9) lines of prior therapy. Median OS was 8.70 months (95% CI, 7.9–9.5). Median OS for patients with 1 prior line of therapy, 2 prior lines of therapy and 3 or greater lines of therapy were 9.93-, 9.05-, and 6.18-months, respectively (log rank p = .04). Lines of therapy as a continuous variable was not associated with LF or DBF on competing risk analysis. The percentage of patients that died of neurological death was 36%. Greater prior lines of therapy (1 vs. 2 vs. 3 and greater) was associated with a greater likelihood of dying of non-neurologic death (gray’s p = .01), but was not associated with likelihood of dying of neurologic death (p = .57). Conclusion Lines of therapy are associated with OS and non-neurologic death but are not associated with neurologic death, LF or DBF.
Quantitative in vivo mapping of myocardial mitochondrial membrane potential.

BACKGROUND Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) arises from normal function of the electron transport chain. Maintenance of ΔΨm within a narrow range is essential for mitochondrial function. Methods for in vivo measurement of ΔΨm do not exist. We use 18F-labeled tetraphenylphosphonium (18F-TPP+) to measure and map the total membrane potential, ΔΨT, as the sum of ΔΨm and cellular (ΔΨc) electrical potentials. METHODS Eight pigs, five controls and three with a scar-like injury, were studied. Pigs were studied with a dynamic PET scanning protocol to measure 18F-TPP+ volume of distribution, VT. Fractional extracellular space (fECS) was measured in 3 pigs. We derived equations expressing ΔΨT as a function of VT and the volume-fractions of mitochondria and fECS. Seventeen segment polar maps and parametric images of ΔΨT were calculated in millivolts (mV). RESULTS In controls, mean segmental ΔΨT = -129.4±1.4 mV (SEM). In pigs with segmental tissue injury, ΔΨT was clearly separated from control segments but variable, in the range -100 to 0 mV. The quality of ΔΨT maps was excellent, with low noise and good resolution. Measurements of ΔΨT in the left ventricle of pigs agree with previous in in-vitro measurements. CONCLUSIONS We have analyzed the factors affecting the uptake of voltage sensing tracers and developed a minimally invasive method for mapping ΔΨT in left ventricular myocardium of pigs. ΔΨT is computed in absolute units, allowing for visual and statistical comparison of individual values with normative data. These studies demonstrate the first in vivo application of quantitative mapping of total tissue membrane potential, ΔΨT.
Epilepsieforschung und Epilepsiechirurgie in Detmold 1950–1952

Die moderne Epilepsieforschung begann zwischen 1860 und 1870 in Berlin mit den Stimulationsversuchen von Eduard Hitzig und Gustav Theodor Fritsch am Hundekortex. Otfrid Foerster ubertrug zwischen den Weltkriegen diese Erfahrungen auf epilepsiechirurgische Operationen am Menschen. Der Neurologe Foerster war neurochirurgischer Autodidakt. Er grundete 1934 in Breslau ein neurologisches Forschungsinstitut, das nach seinem Tod in „Otfrid-Foerster-Institut“ umbenannt wurde und bis zum Ende des 2. Weltkrieges bestand. Friedrich-Wilhelm Kroll, ein Schuler Foersters, grundete 1950 am Landeskrankenhaus II in Detmold ein neues „Otfrid-Foerster-Hirnforschungsinstitut“. Dort wurden in einer kurzen, bis 1952 dauernden Episode Epilepsieforschung und Epilepsiechirurgie (Elektrokortikographie-gestutzte erweiterte Lasionektomie) betrieben. Als Kroll 1952/53 Detmold wieder verlies, wurden auch das Institut und die neurologisch-neurochirurgische Abteilung des Landeskrankenhauses II in Detmold geschlossen. Erst uber 30 Jahre spater kam die operative Epilepsiebehandlung aus Nordamerika wieder nach Deutschland.
Clinical Diagnosis of Lyme Disease Frequently Misses the "Bull's Eye".

For children with suspected Lyme disease but without a classic bull's-eye lesion (erythema migrans of at least 5 cm), check serology rather than rely on your clinical impression. In this study, 12% of the children not suspected of having Lyme disease did have Lyme disease, and 31% of children thought to have Lyme disease did not have serologic findings at that time or within 30 days.
Patricia Werhane’s Response to the Works on Her Contributions to Business Ethics and Beyond

This chapter comments on all the chapters in this volume with added introductory discussions on what Rorty called the “linguistic turn,” social construction, mental models and moral imagination.
Use of a combined SVD-Kalman filter approach for induction motor broken rotor bars identification

This paper describes a new parametric spectral estimator for the identification of rotor bar fault of an induction motor using stator current analysis. This approach combines two methods: The first one, the Singular Value Decomposition method which allows the accurate detection and location of the fault's signature frequency. The second method allows the estimation of the fault amplitude. To this end, the Kalman filter is used for its efficient estimation of both amplitude and phase estimation using the frequencies estimated by the first method. This combination of both methods gives a better frequency resolution for a very short acquisition time, which cannot be obtained using the conventional method of the Periodogram. Moreover, in order to reduce the significant computation time resulting from the use of the Kalman filter, the proposed approach is applied only to the frequency band where the fault signature is able to appear. A series of tests will be carried out on real signals representing rotor faults.
Hookah Use Among US Youth: A Systematic Review of the Literature From 2009 to 2017.

Introduction Given the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s authority to regulate hookah, more research is needed to inform regulations intended to prevent youth from using hookah. This systematic review summarizes and assesses the literature related to hookah use among adolescents (11 to ≤18 years of age) in the United States from 2009 to 2017. Methods Database searches yielded 867 peer-reviewed articles. After duplicates were removed, authors reviewed 461 articles for inclusion. Included articles (n = 55) were coded for study themes, study quality, and their relevance to FDA's research priorities. A qualitative synthesis is presented. Results The following themes were identified: (1) prevalence of hookah use (n = 42), (2) tobacco use transitions (n = 7), (3) sociodemographic correlates (n = 35), (4) psychosocial risk factors (n = 21), (5) concurrent use of other tobacco products (n = 31), (6) concurrent use of other substances (n = 9), and (7) other (n = 15)-which includes low prevalence themes. The qualitative synthesis showed increasing rates of hookah use. Older age, male gender, positive social normative beliefs, higher peer use, as well as lower perceived risk were associated with hookah use. Longitudinal studies of youth hookah use showed bidirectional relationships between use of hookah and other tobacco products. All articles fell within FDA's research priority related to "behavior," and three priorities ("impact analysis," "health effects," and "toxicity") have not been explored for hookah use among US youth since 2009. Conclusions The prevalence of hookah use among youth in the United States is increasing, thus more research is needed to inform policies targeted to protect this vulnerable population. Implications This study represents a novel contribution to our understanding of hookah use among youth in the United States from 2009-the year that the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act was passed-to 2017. In recent years, hookah has become a more popular tobacco product among US youth; however, to date, no systematic reviews of hookah use among this population exist. Results highlight implications for future US FDA regulatory policy and identify gaps in research to be addressed in future studies.
The Baroreceptor Reflex: Novel Methods and Mechanisms

The baroreceptor reflex is a key blood pressure regulatory mechanism. This chapter provides an overview of recent advances focusing on novel experimental approaches and mechanisms that determine baroreflex sensitivity. Gene discovery and technological advances now enable molecular mechanisms essential to baroreflex function to be defined. Recent discoveries include: mechanosensitive DEG/ENaC ion channels that mediate baroreceptor mechanoelectrical transduction, the complementary roles of voltage-gated ion channels and autocrine/paracrine factors in modulation of baroreceptor sensitivity, and novel molecular determinants of parasympathetic efferent control of heart rate. Mechanisms contributing to decreased baroreflex sensitivity in pathological states associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, platelet activation, and neurohumoral activation are discussed, and future directions for research are suggested.
The Method of Orthogonal Projections

The concept of the orthogonal projection of a function vector on a subspace was already discussed in Chapter 9. We now wish to proceed with the development of a fruitful method employing this concept, known as the method of orthogonal projections.
Topological Modular Forms, the Witten Genus, and the Theorem of the Cube

There is a rick mathematical structure attached to the cobordism invariants of manifolds. In the cases described by the index theorem, a generalized cohomology theory is used to express the global properties of locally defined analytic objects. Hirzebruch’s theory of multiplicative sequences gives an expression for these invariants in terms of characteristic classes, and brings to focus their remarkable arithmetic properties. Quillen’s theory of formal groups and complex oriented cohomology theories illuminates the generalized cohomology theories themselves.
Dark Side Leaders: Are their Intentions Benign or Toxic?

The research will assess and evaluate dark side leadership, including an overview on leadership spectrum, potential causes, derailment, and options for minimizing unethical leadership in organizations. Based on current research, dark side leaders can possess destructive traits that result in toxic and negative consequences with employee morale, productivity, and organizational cultures. These traits can range from low risk to high risk and are manageable. Another aspect of this research is to explore inherent genes that may trigger personality disorders based on internal and external pressures within organizations. Personality disorder traits are extreme risk and result in dysfunctional maladaptive behaviors that may not be resolved. Based on the range of dark traits, proposed approaches will provide options for dark side leaders with unethical behaviors, including best practices, recommendations, therapy, and medications. The benefit of this research is to identify, assess, and provide solutions for minimizing destructive behaviors in dark side leaders.
Designing importance samplers to simulate machine learning predictors via optimization

We study the problem of designing good importance sampling (IS) schemes to simulate the probability that a sophisticated predictor, built for instance from an off-the-shelf machine learning toolbox, gives a prediction that exceeds a large threshold. This problem is motivated as a step towards building good learning algorithms that takes into account the extremal risks of the prediction. We provide a framework to design IS for two common machine learning models, namely random forest and a basic neural network. Our approach utilizes some available mathematical programming formulations to optimize over these models and a simple "cutting plane" idea to look for dominating points under Gaussian input distributions.
OVARIAN GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR IN A PATIENT WITH A PATHOGENIC VARIANT IN THE CDC73 GENE (HYPERPARATHYROIDISM-JAW TUMOR SYNDROME).

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a patient with the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT) who was found to have a rare ovarian tumor (granulosa cell tumor [GCT]). HPT-JT is caused by pathoge...
Legacies and Lessons: The Manhattan Project

Seventy-five years after its still-controversial success, the World War II Manhattan Project, which oversaw the development and use of the first generation of nuclear weapons, is an outstanding example of how scientific developments can have enormous societal impacts. There are still many lessons to be learned from it.
Targeted Re-Instruction for Hearing Aid Use and Care Skills

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if re-instructing a hearing aid (HA) user on the specific skill(s) they could not successfully perform on the Practical Hearing Aid Skills Test–Re...
Economics training and hyperbolic discounting: training versus selection effects

This paper contributes to the literature on the effects of economics training on behavior by examining the link between hyperbolic discounting and the number of economics classes taken by a sample ...
Endolumenal Therapies for Bleeding and Obstructing Colorectal Malignancy

Regardless of its stage, symptomatic colorectal cancer should undergo treatment via a multidisciplinary care team. Surgical, endoscopic, interventional radiologic, and medical oncologic options exist for bleeding and obstructing colon malignancies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Endolumenal therapies are advantageous as endoscopy is noninvasive, is readily available, and can be used as sole treatment or in conjunction with other therapies. Notably, endoscopic therapies can act as a bridge to surgery, temporizing an urgent situation to prevent the need for an emergent, unplanned surgical intervention in a patient who has not had proper staging or oncologic evaluation. In this chapter we will review the most commonly used modalities for endoscopic palliation of bleeding (argon plasma coagulation and endoscopic laser therapy) and obstructing (self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) and laser therapy,) colorectal malignancies.
Implementing Compassion Fatigue Prevention for Lay Employees Conducting Naloxone Training: An Example from Rural Arizona

ABSTRACTAs the opioid epidemic sweeps the nation, an increasing number of agencies are beginning to provide naloxone kits to the public. A rural county health department in Arizona that distributes...
Chemical vapor transport synthesis, characterization and compositional tuning of ZrSxSe2−x for optoelectronic applications

Abstract ZrS2, ZrSe2 and mixed alloy ZrSxSe2−x materials were achieved through chemical vapor transport. The incongruent melting system of Zr-S-Se formed crystalline layered flakes as a transport product that grew up to 2 cm in lateral size with cm-scale flakes consistently obtained for the entire compositional range exhibiting visible hexagonal features. Bulk flakes of the series ZrSxSe2−x (x = 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.05, 1.14, 1.51, 1.8 and 2) were analyzed through Raman spectroscopy revealing significant convolution of primary bonding modes and shifting of Raman features as a function of increasing sulfur composition. Additionally, activation of new modes not present in the pure compounds are observed as effects which result from disorder introduced into the crystal due to the random mixing of S-Se in the alloying process. Further structural characterization was performed via x-ray diffraction (XRD) on the layered flakes to evaluate the progression of layer spacing function of alloy composition which was found to range between 6.24 A for ZrSe2 and 5.85 A for ZrS2. Estimation of the compositional ratios of the alloy flakes through energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) large-area mapping verified the relation of the targeted source stoichiometry represented in the layered flakes. Atomic-resolution high angle annular dark field (HAADF)-scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging was performed on the representative Zr(S0.5Se0.5)2 alloy to validate the 1T atomic structure and observe the arrangement of the chalcogenide columns stacks. Additionally, selected area diffraction pattern generated from the [0 0 0 1] zone axis revealed the in-plane lattice parameter to be approximately 3.715 A.