cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective Decentralization of a Pharmacy Technician to Facilitate Delivery of Medications Prior to Discharge in a Community Hospital

Background: There are many benefits to a well-designed prescription process and delivery service at the time of discharge from the hospital. However, the discharge prescription delivery service in our hospital has historically been infrequently utilized. Objective: To assess the number of patients with prescriptions in hand prior to discharge, the number of prescriptions filled, the duration of time to get discharge prescriptions to the floor, and the motivation patients had for declining the service. Methods: This single-center, quality improvement project was initiated as a pilot program from March through December 2015, utilizing a certified pharmacy technician (CPhT) on a 56-bed cardiovascular floor from Monday through Friday, 9:00 am to 5:30 pm. All patients discharged during the pilot time period were included in the analysis. The CPhT was responsible for collecting, inputting, processing, delivering, and charging for discharge prescriptions. Results: The number of patients utilizing the service increased from an average of 68 to 132 per month, pre- and postintervention, respectively. Total prescriptions increased from 296 preintervention to 456 postintervention per month. Prescription delivery time to the patient was decreased by 28 minutes. Conclusions: The utilization of a decentralized CPhT in a 56-bed cardiology unit at a large community hospital increased both the number of patients and total number of prescriptions filled prior to discharge. Future studies are warranted to evaluate medication interventions at discharge and readmission rates in patients who have prescriptions in hand prior to discharge versus those that do not.
Improving Clinical Performance by Analyzing Surgical Skills and Operative Errors

Operative errors play a major role in the safety and quality for surgical patients. This chapter looks at the operative errors in relation to skills performance by first reviewing previously developed and commonly used surgical skills assessments. Observation-based methods such as OSATS, performance checklists, and global rating scales are discussed along with technology-based performance methods including motion analysis, as well as attention and physiologic stress monitoring. Secondly, this chapter reviews error analysis methods utilized in the fields of aviation, mining, and anesthesia. In addition, current approaches to operative error analysis employing closed malpractice claims, video-recorded surgical procedures, and simulation are discussed. This chapter culminates with a discussion on the future directions for skill performance and assessment and the role the surgical community must play in order to achieve optimal levels of safety and quality in the operating room.
Examining Differential Item Functioning: IRT-Based Detection in the Framework of Confirmatory Factor Analysis

ABSTRACTThis article offers an approach to examining differential item functioning (DIF) under its item response theory (IRT) treatment in the framework of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The approach is based on integrating IRT- and CFA-based testing of DIF and using bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals with a syntax code in Mplus.
Altered Associations between Pain Symptoms and Brain Morphometry in the Pain Matrix of HIV-Seropositive Individuals

Pain remains highly prevalent in HIV-seropositive (HIV+) patients despite their well-suppressed viremia with combined antiretroviral therapy. Investigating brain abnormalities within the pain matrix, and in relation to pain symptoms, in HIV+ participants may provide objective biomarkers and insights regarding their pain symptoms. We used Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) pain questionnaire to evaluate pain symptoms (pain intensity, pain interference and pain behavior), and structural MRI to assess brain morphometry using FreeSurfer (cortical area, cortical thickness and subcortical volumes were evaluated in 12 regions within the pain matrix). Compared to seronegative (SN) controls, HIV+ participants had smaller surface areas in prefrontal pars triangularis (right: p = 0.04, left: p = 0.007) and right anterior cingulate cortex (p = 0.03) and smaller subcortical regions (thalamus: p ≤ 0.003 bilaterally; right putamen: p = 0.01), as well as higher pain scores (pain intensity-p = 0.005; pain interference-p = 0.008; pain-behavior-p = 0.04). Furthermore, higher pain scores were associated with larger cortical areas, thinner cortices and larger subcortical volumes in HIV+ participants; but smaller cortical areas, thicker cortices and smaller subcortical volumes in SN controls (interaction-p = 0.009 to p = 0.04). These group differences in the pain-associated brain abnormalities suggest that HIV+ individuals have abnormal pain responses. Since these abnormal pain-associated brain regions belong to the affective component of the pain matrix, affective symptoms may influence pain perception in HIV+ patients and should be treated along with their physical pain symptoms. Lastly, associations of lower pain scores with better physical or mental health scores, regardless of HIV-serostatus (p < 0.001), suggest adequate pain treatment would lead to better quality of life in all participants.
Evolution of Grenville Tectonic Provinces, Southeastern Llano Uplift, Central Texas

Grenville-aged orogenesis along the southern margin of Laurentia as recorded in the Llano uplift of central Texas includes extensive plutonism, regional polydeformation, and dynamothermal and static metamorphism that occurred from 1.32 to 1.07 Ga. Multidisciplinary geologic studies in the southeastern Llano uplift have delineated the following tectonic domains: a polydeformed, highly transposed supracrustal sequence (Packsaddle domain) that is situated between a lesser deformed tonalitic to dioritic island arc terrane (Coal Creek domain) and a polydeformed granitic gneiss terrane (Valley Spring domain).
Abstract 132: Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Toxicity Following Benzene Exposure

Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant abundant in plastics, petroleum products and cigarette smoke. Although hematopoietic and hepatic toxicity of benzene has been extensively studied, little is known about the effect of benzene on cardiovascular health. In this study, we assessed benzene exposure in a cohort of 210 participants with moderate to high CVD risk by measuring urinary benzene metabolite - trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA). After adjusting for confounding variables we observed a 9% decrease in circulating levels of both early (AC133+) and late (AC133-) angiogenic cells for every 0.1mg t,t-MA/g creatinine increase in the urine. Uriniary t,t,MA levels were also positively associated with hyperlipidemia (P
Capacities and Harmonic Measures for Uniformly Elliptic Operators of Nondivergence Form

In this note, we consider uniformly elliptic operators of nondivergence form {Equ1 453-1} where A is symmetric, bounded and continuous in a domain {Equ1 453-1} , and satisfies{Equ2 453-2} for all {Equ2 453-1} and some constantΛ ≥ 1.
Aqueous humor flow in sleeping humans is unaffected by norepinephrine infusion.

PURPOSE Intravenous administration of the catecholamine epinephrine is known to have a stimulatory effect on aqueous humor flow in sleeping human subjects, an effect that is augmented by plasma corticosteroids. This study was performed to determine whether the closely related catecholamine norepinephrine has a similar effect on aqueous humor flow. METHODS Twenty normal subjects were studied. Aqueous flow was measured by fluorophotometry. At night during sleep, norepinephrine or placebo was infused intravenously (i.v.) between midnight and 6 AM. The rate of aqueous flow during the norepinephrine infusion was compared with the rate of flow during placebo infusion, with each subject serving as his/her own control. The urinary excretions of epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured at the end of each infusion period. RESULTS The norepinephrine infusion caused an 8% increase in systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), a 15% increase in diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), and a 9% decrease in heart rate (P=0.003) compared with the placebo. The rate of aqueous humor flow during sleep from 12 AM to 6 AM was unchanged by norepinephrine. The rate was 1.27+/-0.31 microl/min (mean+/-SD) during i.v. infusion of placebo and 1.30+/-0.27 microl/min during infusion of norepinephrine (P=0.63). CONCLUSIONS An infusion of norepinephrine during sleep that causes measurable changes in cardiovascular parameters has no measurable effects on the rate of aqueous humor flow. The lack of a measurable effect of a norepinephrine infusion contrasts to the stimulatory effect of an epinephrine infusion.
Inhibition of the autoxidation of ascorbate and norepinephrine by extracts of Clostridium butyricum, Megasphaera Elsdenii and Escherichia Coli

The autoxidation of ascorbate and of norepinephrine in Krebs Ringer phosphate medium, pH 7.4, was studied. The autoxidation of the two substances was determined spectrophotometrically at 265 and 480 nm respectively. The effect of dialyzed extracts (m.w. greater than 12,000) from Escherichia coli (aerobe), Megasphaera elsdenii, and Clostridium butyricum (obligate anaerobes) was examined and compared to similarly prepared extracts from rat serum and cerebral cortex. The assay medium contained cellular components diluted 10(3)-10(6)-fold. Up to 10(4)-fold dilution there was a substantial reduction in the rate of both autoxidation reactions, but the preparations from M. elsdenii and C. butyricum were conspicuously less effective. After 5 min heat treatment at 100 degrees C the anaerobic preparations produced less than 20% inhibition, while the activity of the other preparations remained unchanged at 75-95% inhibition. These and earlier experiments involving additional mammalian species (Mishra and Kovachich, Neurosci. Lett., 43: 103-108, 1983) and plants (Mishra and Kovachich, Life Sci., 34: 2207-2212, 1984) suggest that a high level of heat-stable antioxidant activity in one or both of these autoxidation tests (denatured plant extracts only inhibit ascorbate autoxidation) is a general characteristic of organisms that thrive in oxygen-rich atmosphere.
Incidence of mental health hospitalizations, treated self-harm, and emergency room visits following new anxiety disorder diagnoses in privately insured U.S. children

Background Anxiety disorders are one of the most common mental illnesses in children and associated with high healthcare utilization. We aimed to estimate 2-year cumulative incidence of mental health-related hospitalizations, treated self-harm, and emergency room (ER) visits in children newly diagnosed with anxiety disorders and, for context, in children without anxiety disorders. Methods We identified commercially insured treatment naive children (3-17 years) with a new office-based anxiety disorder diagnosis (ICD-9-CM) from 2005-2014 in the MarketScan claims database. We followed children for up to 2 years after diagnosis for the first of each event: mental health-related hospitalization, inpatient, treated self-harm, and ER visits (any, anxiety-related, injury-related). Children without anxiety diagnoses were included as comparators, matched on age, sex, date, and region. We estimated cumulative incidence of each event using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results From 2005-2014, we identified 198,450 children with a new anxiety diagnosis. One-year after anxiety diagnosis, 2.0% of children had a mental health-related hospitalization, 0.08% inpatient, treated self-harm, 1.4% anxiety-related ER visit, and 20% any ER visit; incidence was highest in older children with baseline comorbid depression. One-year cumulative incidence of each event was lower in the comparison cohort without anxiety (e.g., mental health-related hospitalizations = 0.5%, treated self-harm = 0.01%, and ER visits = 13%). Conclusions Given the prevalence of anxiety disorders, 2-year incidence estimates translate to a significant number of children experiencing each event. Our findings offer caregivers, providers, and patients information to better understand the burden of anxiety disorders and can help anticipate healthcare utilization and inform efforts to prevent these serious events.
Ground-Penetrating Radar for Karst Detection in Underground Stone Mines

This work focuses on the operational and safety issues associated with karst voids in large opening underground mines. Issues include water inrush, structural instability, and engineering uncertainty in these environments. Coupled with the fracturing prevalent in folded sedimentary rocks, karst voids are complex and challenging ground-control risks. Traditional methods of predicting karst void locations, such as probe drilling, are impeded by the inconsistent spatial distribution and variable sizes of the features as reported by Li et al. (J Rock Mechan Geotech Eng:232–242, 2010) and Hassan et al. (Procedia Chem 19:737–742, 2016). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique that transmits radio waves into a medium and subsequently detects reflected waves via a receiver. The travel time and energy of received signals are then processed and interpreted. The difference in conductivity and dielectric permittivity between limestone and open karst cavities causes strong reflections. GPR is frequently used as a geophysical surveying technique in several industries; however, there is a lack of published research on underground mining GPR applications as reported by Zhao et al. (2015a; Geophys J Int:62–71, 2015b) and Eskelinen and Pellinen (Constr Build Mater:888–898, 2018). The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the use of GPR in an underground stone mine and to discuss the importance of karst void detection ahead of mining.
The Enforcement of Campaign Finance Rules: A System in Search of Reform

In the wake of the savings and loan crisis, the so-called "Keating Five" scandal, and increasing disillusionment with the electoral system, campaign finance reform is once again an issue of major national concern. As has often occurred in the past,1 Congress appears poised to enact major campaign reform legislation as a response to these latest political scandals. Indeed, the United States Senate passed a campaign finance reform bill in May of this year,2 and the House of Representatives is currently considering campaign finance reform legislation.3 While there have been many proposals to make substantive changes to the campaign finance laws, historically, these proposals have overlooked the need to improve procedures for enforcement of these laws. If this round of reforms is to be effective, particular attention must be devoted to the enforcement provisions in light of the critical inadequacies of the current enforcement scheme.
Intergenerational maltreatment and child emotion dysregulation

Abstract Background Childhood maltreatment has been related to adverse outcomes on social, cognitive, and biological development with sequelae present throughout the lifespan. As such, caregivers maltreated in childhood may face a different set of challenges and interpersonal stressors in rearing their children. Parental history of maltreatment has the potential to increase the risk of parental depression and exposure to maltreatment in the next generation, both of which can have a negative effect on children’s development. Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate maternal depression and child experiences of maltreatment as mediators of the relationship between mothers’ own maltreatment experiences and child emotion dysregulation in children aged 10–12. Participants and setting 378 low-income mothers and their children were recruited to participate in a research summer camp from 2004–2007. Method Mothers self-reported on their experiences of maltreatment in childhood and current depressive symptoms. Current generation child maltreatment information was coded from Child Protective Services records. Child emotion dysregulation (rated by camp counselors) was the outcome measure in this study. Structural equation modeling was employed to test associations between maternal maltreatment and child emotion dysregulation. Results Maternal history of maltreatment related to both child maltreatment (β = .24, SE = .052, p Conclusions In this low-income sample, the rate of intergenerational maltreatment is high and represents a pathway of influence that increases risk for maladaptive socioemotional child development.
Use of Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Testing to Assess Gynecologic Surgeons: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 10-Years Experience.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) exam scores between obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) and general surgery (GS) providers. DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study at a single institution from July 2007 to May 2018. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed with χ2 test, t test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. SETTING Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA, a tertiary care academic medical center. PATIENTS All providers who took the FLS exam at the Carl J. Shapiro Simulation and Skills Center at BIDMC. INTERVENTIONS FLS certification. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 205 BIDMC trainees and faculty took the FLS exam between July 2007 and May 2018, of which 176 were identified to be OBGYN or GS providers. The FLS certification pass rate was high for both specialties (97.0% OBGYN vs 96.1% sGS, p = .76). When comparing all providers, no significant difference was found in the mean manual skill test scores between surgical specialties (594.9 OBGYN vs 601.0 GS, p = .59); whereas, a significant difference was noted in the mean cognitive scores, with GS providers scoring higher than OBGYN providers (533.8 OBGYN vs 583.4 GS, p <.001). However, when adjusting for several variables in a multivariate linear regression model, surgical specialty was not a predictor for cognitive scores. In the multivariate analysis, age, sex, and test year were predictors for cognitive scores, with higher scores associated with younger age, male sex, and advancing calendar year. None of the variables were significant predictors of manual scores. CONCLUSION Both OBGYN and GS providers had extremely high FLS pass rates. In the multivariate analysis, surgical specialty was not a predictor for higher FLS test scores for either manual or cognitive test scores. Although OBGYN residency programs offer fewer years of training, OBGYN trainees demonstrate the capacity to perform well on the FLS exam.
Development of methylcellulose‐based sustained‐release dosage by semisolid extrusion additive manufacturing in drug delivery system

The objective of this study is to fabricate customized dosage forms using extrusion-based 3D printing for the sustained delivery of theophylline. The therapeutic paste was prepared by combining various doses of theophylline (0, 75, 100, and 125 mg) with different concentrations of methylcellulose (MC) A4M (8, 10, and 12%). The paste was then 3D printed into semisolid tablets under optimized printing conditions. The rheological properties of printing pastes were related to the 3D printability. Our results indicated that to be 3D printed using the current platform, the storage modulus (G') of the printing paste should be higher than the loss modulus (G″) during the frequency sweep (0.1-600 rad/s), and the tan δ should fall in the range of 0.25-0.27 at 0.63 rad/s. The printed tablets formulated with 10% MC showed the highest overall quality, considering the aspects of resolution, texture, and shape retention regardless of the dosage. The scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the cross-linked structure of MC A4M formed the microscale porous microstructure, which has the potential to embed the theophylline, thus delayed the release through the barrier effect. The in vitro dissolution test revealed that the 3D printed tablets exhibited a sustained release during the first 12 hr. The findings in this study will support the development of customized, personalized medicine with improved efficacy.
Evolution of oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization in the choroid and retina in a subretinal lipid induced age-related macular degeneration model.

Oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization are the key pathological events that are implicated in human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There are a limited number of animal models available for evaluating and developing new therapies. Most models represent late exudative or neovascular AMD (nAMD) but there is a relative paucity of models that mimic early events in AMD. The purpose of this study is to characterize the evolution of oxidative stress, inflammation, retinal degeneration and neovascularization in a rat model of AMD, created by subretinal injection of human lipid hydroperoxide (HpODE) that found in the sub-macular region in aged and AMD patients. Subretinal HpODE induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal degeneration resulting in loss of RPE cells, photoreceptors and retinal thinning. RPE degeneration and atrophy were detected by day 5, followed by neural tissue degeneration at day 12 with robust TUNEL positive cells. Western blot analysis confirmed an increase in pro-apoptotic Bak protein at day 12 in retinal tissues. Oxidative damage biomarkers (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and nitrotyrosine) increased in retinal tissue from days 5-12. Muller glial activation was observed in the HpODE injected area at day 5 followed by its remodeling and migration in the outer retina by day 20. RT-qPCR analysis further indicated upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) both in retinal and RPE/choroidal tissue as early as day 2 and persisted until day 12. Upregulation of oxidative stress markers such as NADPH oxidase (NOX and DOUX family) was detected early in retinal tissue by day 2 followed by its upregulation in choroidal tissue at day 5. Neovascularization was demonstrated from day 12 to day 20 post HpODE injection in choroidal tissue. The results from this study indicate that subretinal HpODE induces advanced AMD phenotypes comprising many aspects of both dry/early and late) and neovascular/late AMD as observed in humans. Within 3 weeks via oxidative damage, upregulation of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory genes, pro-apoptotic Bak and pro-angiogenic VEGF upregulation occurs leading to CNV formation. This experimental model of subretinal HpODE is an appropriate model for the study of AMD and provides an important platform for translational and basic research in developing new therapies particularly for early/dry AMD where currently no viable therapies are available.
Politics as a Polycentric Order in Practice: The U.S. Federal Budget System

Civics students from time immemorial have been taught that there is a strict hierarchy within legislative bodies. In the case of the United States, this view would suggest that Congress is at the center of all legislative decisions and that Congress is responsible for all legislative decisions made. This monocentric view, however, obfuscates much detail regarding the true nature of political decision-making. Abandoning this simplistic view in favor of a richer, polycentric model that emphasizes the role of committees and legislative processes removes this obfuscation and sheds light on the source of the disconnect between the observed outcomes and the stated preferences of the American public. This paper develops such a model, particularly with respect to budgeting and spending processes in the U.S. Senate.
The Internet and Changes in Media Industry Structure: An International Comparative Approach

In this study, we examine the economic effects of the Internet on the overall transition of traditional media industries. Specifically, we empirically investigate whether (1) the development of Internet affected established traditional media in terms of aggregate revenues, and (2) the shift in the balance of advertising vs. direct payment support changed as Internet penetration grew. Based on industry and government sources, we constructed a country-level dynamic panel of 39 countries from 2007 to 2011. The data set includes the individual nation trends of media industries in terms of % GDP, country-specific economic status, unique characteristics of media industries, and broadband Internet penetration. The results show that 1) the Internet negatively affects aggregate revenue of established media industry in terms of % of GDP and 2) the development of the Internet may lead the shift of the balance from advertising, toward direct payment revenue. These findings correspond to the trends that Waterman and Ji (2012) previously found in the U.S. media industry.
Longitudinal Assessment of Quality of Life Following Molecular Testing for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules.

Molecular testing can refine the risk of malignancy in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules and can reduce the need for diagnostic thyroidectomy. However, quality of life (QOL) in patients mananged with molecular testing is not well studied. We aimed to assess the QOL of patients undergoing surveillance after a benign molecular test result, or thyroidectomy after a suspicious molecular test result. This prospective longitudinal follow-up of the Effectiveness of Molecular Testing Techniques for Diagnosis of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules randomized trial utilized the Thyroid-Related Patient-Reported Outcome, 39-item version (ThyPro-39) to assess the QOL of patients with indeterminate cytology on thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. All patients underwent molecular testing at the time of initial FNA. A mixed-effect model was used to determine changes in QOL over time. Of 252 eligible patients, 174 completed the assessment (69% response rate). Molecular test results included 72% (n = 124) benign and 28% (n = 50) suspicious. ThyPro-39 scores of benign molecular test patients were unchanged from baseline (following initial FNA and molecular test results) to 18 months of ultrasound surveillance. Baseline symptoms of goiter, anxiety, and depression were more severe for patients with suspicious compared with benign molecular test results. At a median of 8 months after thyroidectomy, suspicious molecular test patients reported improved symptoms of goiter, anxiety, and depression. A benign molecular test provides sustained QOL throughout ultrasound surveillance, without worsening anxiety or depression relating to the risk of malignancy. Definitive surgery results in improvement of QOL in patients with suspicious molecular tests.
Atmospheric Dispersion in the Coastal Zone

The increasing coastal population and intensive industrial, transportation, residential, and recreational land use in the coastal zone cause many environmental impacts. The dispersion of pollutants can be described qualitatively simply by looking at the plume and categorizing it as looping, coning, fanning, lofting, fumigating, or trapping. However, it is often necessary to estimate plume dispersion features quantitatively, such as by using Briggs (1973) equation. Many dispersion models assume that dispersion occurs three-dimensionally, in a statistically normal distribution, also known as a bell curve, or in Gaussian fashion, in both the crosswind and the vertical directions. The turbulent structure of the atmosphere and wind speed are considered in the Pasquill stability types covered previously, and these could also be inferred from the gradient Richardson number (or vice versa). The case of stable layers aloft should also be considered when estimating dispersion features.
A Student's Guide to Waves

Introduction 1. Wave fundamentals 2. The wave equation 3. Wave components 4. The mechanical wave equation 5. The electromagnetic wave equation 6. The quantum wave equation References Index.
Fibrosing Pancreatitis—An Obscure Cause of Painless Obstructive Jaundice: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report a 3-year-old asymptomatic patient who had obstructive jaundice. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram showed total obstruction of the distal common bile duct. At laparotomy, fibrosing pancreatitis was found. Sphincteroplasty and choledochoduodenostomy relieved his symptoms. A review of the literature disclosed ten patients, nine of whom had abdominal pain. Fibrosing pancreatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in children, even in the absence of abdominal pain.
A taxonomy for enterprise architecture framework

This paper exposes Enterprise Architecture (EA) taxonomy work in process in support of research in the use of EA Frameworks (EAFs) to address complexity in enterprise design.
Observations on Molecular Weight Determinations on Polyacrylamide Gel

Abstract 1. A simple internal calibration technique was used to construct accurate molecular weight-mobility profiles on polyacrylamide gels with well characterized proteins, and the existence of a "critical point" was observed for small polypeptides. The useful size range limits were determined for several gel concentrations. Apparent molecular weights generally fell within 5 to 6% of literature values, although a few "anomalous" proteins, notably ribonuclease, considerably exceeded this margin of error. 2. The effects of intrinsic molecular charge and conformation on electrophoretic behavior in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, evaluated by studies on a set of model proteins, were found to be small. 3. The results are in accord with a model in which the protein somehow organizes the sodium dodecyl sulfate anions into a micellar complex of definite size. Although the stoichiometry of the complex is apparently governed not only by the size of the molecule, but also by its state of foldedness, the interplay of anion binding and frictional resistance to passage through the gel is such as to produce a relatively constant log size to mobility ratio. 4. The apparent molecular weights of the five polypeptide chains of Mouse-Elberfeld virus were determined.
Internal Friction Study of Point Defects in Boron-Implanted Silicon

Four well-resolved internal friction peaks have been observed in boron-implanted silicon, with characteristics which suggests that each peak originates from a separate species of point defect. From information on the Symmetry, reorientation kinetics and annealing behavior of the defects, it is concluded that the defects consist of boron and silicon interstitials. Specific assignments are proposed for the atomic configuration and charge state of the defects.
Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling

Bis-acetylene synthesis from alkynyl halides and alkynyl copper reagents. Cf. Castro–Stephens reaction.
Knowledge Management and Transfers between North and South Korea at the Kaesong Industrial Complex

The countries of North Korea and South Korea entered into an agreement in 2002 to develop a Special Economic Zone in the Kaesong Industrial Region of North Korea. The resultant Kaesong Industrial Complex, or KIC, was designed to attract South Korean investment and supply South Korean firms with inexpensive North Korean labor to be directed with South Korean management, in return for hard currency payment of land rents and employment for North Korean workers. Other KIC competitive advantages include proximity to the Seoul consumer market and a workforce that speaks a common language. However, North Korean labor had little experience with high-technology machinery, and initially began manufacturing very low-technology, labor intensive goods such as cookware and watches. North Korean governmental concerns slowed management’s efforts at knowledge management and transfers, placing barriers between management-worker interactions. Recently, the North relaxed many of these restrictions, and by several anecdotal accounts, knowledge transfers is increasing at many firms. This paper looks at the knowledge management and transfers at the KIC and its future as knowledge management is implemented.
Product definition in a case of myoepithelioma

Abstract One case of myoepithelioma was studied by immunohistochemical and histochemical methods to identify the cell products of this tumor. The myoepithelioma had two cell types: plasmacytoid cells and spindle cells. The tumor myoepithelial cells produced the same cell products as did the normal myoepithelial cells but in variable amounts, possibly related to stages of differentiation. As no exocrine cell products could be identified in this neoplasm, it is considered a “true” myoepithelioma.
Concerning the surgical physiology of duodenal ulcer

Abstract The pyloric sphincter is composed of constrictor and dilator muscle fibers, the former under the control of the sympathetic nerves and the latter under the parasympathetic or vagus nerves. The sphincter plays a part in the emptying of the stomach and also in the regurgitation of duodenal contents into the stomach. Its mechanism may be disturbed by local or reflex irritation. Many of the clinical features of duodenal ulcer can be explained by the activity of the pyloric sphincter. It may cause the typical symptoms of ulcer when no ulcer is present, since the ulcer itself does not cause the symptoms which identify its presence. Dysfunction of the pyloric sphincter is one of the two main factors in the etiology of duodenal ulcer. The other factor is hyperacidity. The normal stomach regulates its own acidity. In certain individuals hypersecretion is a fixed constitutional fault and its control rests on the mechanism of duodenal regurgitation. Failure of this control means the development and maintenance of a duodenal ulcer. The pyloric sphincter because of spasm or failure to relax becomes a potent hindrance to the regurgitation of alkaline duodenal contents into the stomach. Successful treatment of duodenal ulcer depends on the control of hypersecretion. The administration of antacids and the use of sedative measures to slow up the cerebral stimulus constitute the accepted medical treatment, but failure is common. Surgical measures have been designed to utilize the patient's own control mechanism. Failure means the development of a new ulcer. Of the two factors concerned in the etiology and maintenance of duodenal ulcer, dysfunction of the pyloric sphincter alone is amenable to direct attack. Its function can be abolished permanently by a simple operation which removes the anterior half of the sphincter without opening into the duodenum or stomach. This procedure has been carried out with enduring success in cases of duodenal ulcer.
Visualizing movement in the tumor microenvironment landscape

The local microenvironment influences tumor progression in several important ways. A recent study by Nguyen-Ngoc and colleagues used explants of primary human and mouse mammary tumors to examine how the composition of the extracellular matrix modulates tumor cell invasion. Culture in the presence of a three-dimensional laminin-rich basement membrane, similar to the mammary basement membrane in vivo, resulted in minimal invasion. In contrast, identical tumor fragments in a collagen I matrix which resembles the interstitial breast stroma exhibited a pronounced protrusive migration and local dissemination. These data emphasize the importance of the laminin-rich basement membrane in constraining tumor cell invasion.
Structural Basis for the Species-specific Activity of TFIIS

Many proteins involved in eukaryotic transcription are similar in function and in sequence between organisms. Despite the sequence similarities, there are many factors that do not function across species. For example, transcript elongation factor TFIIS is highly conserved among eukaryotes, and yet the TFIIS protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot function with mammalian RNA polymerase II and vice versa. To determine the reason for this species specificity, chimeras were constructed linking three structurally independent regions of the TFIIS proteins from yeast and human cells. Two independently folding domains, II and III, have been examined previously using NMR (). Yeast domain II alone is able to bind yeast RNA polymerase II with the same affinity as the full-length TFIIS protein, and this domain was expected to confer the species selectivity. Domain III has previously been shown to be readily exchanged between mammalian and yeast factors. However, the results presented here indicate that domain II is insufficient to confer species selectivity, and a primary determinant lies in a 30-amino acid highly conserved linker region connecting domain II with domain III. These 30 amino acids may physically orient domains II and III to support functional interactions between TFIIS and RNA polymerase II.
Connectionist and neural net implementations of a robotic grasp generator

This paper presents two parallel implementations of a knowledge-based robotic grasp generator. The grasp generator, originally developed as a rule-based system, embodies a knowledge of the associations between the features of an object and the set of valid hand shapes/arm configurations which may be used to grasp it. Objects are assumed to be unknown, with no a priori models available. The first part of this paper presents a `parallelization' of this rule base using the connectionist paradigm. Rules are mapped into a set of nodes and connections which represent knowledge about object features, grasps, and the required conditions for a given grasp to be valid for a given set of features. Having shown that the object and knowledge representations lend themselves to this parallel recasting, the second part of the paper presents a back propagation neural net implementation of the system that allows the robot to learn the associations between object features and appropriate grasps.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MALDI FTICR IMS of Intact Proteins: Using Mass Accuracy to Link Protein Images with Proteomics Data

MALDI imaging mass spectrometry is a highly sensitive and selective tool used to visualize biomolecules in tissue. However, identification of detected proteins remains a difficult task. Indirect identification strategies have been limited by insufficient mass accuracy to confidently link ion images to proteomics data. Here, we demonstrate the capabilities of MALDI FTICR MS for imaging intact proteins. MALDI FTICR IMS provides an unprecedented combination of mass resolving power (~75,000 at m/z 5000) and accuracy (<5ppm) for proteins up to ~12kDa, enabling identification based on correlation with LC-MS/MS proteomics data. Analysis of rat brain tissue was performed as a proof-of-concept highlighting the capabilities of this approach by imaging and identifying a number of proteins including N-terminally acetylated thymosin β4 (m/z 4,963.502, 0.6ppm) and ATP synthase subunit e (m/z 5,636.074, –2.3ppm). MALDI FTICR IMS was also used to differentiate a series of oxidation products of S100A8 (m/z 10,164.03, –2.1ppm), a subunit of the heterodimer calprotectin, in kidney tissue from mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus. S100A8 – M37O/C42O3 (m/z 10228.00, –2.6ppm) was found to co-localize with bacterial microcolonies at the center of infectious foci. The ability of MALDI FTICR IMS to distinguish S100A8 modifications is critical to understanding calprotectin’s roll in nutritional immunity.
Self-disclosure and two kinds of trust.

63 (37 male and 26 female) undergraduate students were Ss in a study of the relationship between two kinds of trust and self-disclosure. As predicted, self-disclosure (Jourard scale) was related to trust as measured with the Prisoners' Dilemma Game, but not to Interpersonal trust, as measured with Rotter's scale. No relationship was found between the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale and the Prisoner's Dilemma. In line with previous findings: (a) the Rotter Scale correlated with a self-report trust scale, and (b) the Prisoners' Dilemma with authoritarianism (F scale).
The Brittle Fracture of Amorphous Thermoplastic Polymers

The brittle fracture properties of polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone, polycarbonate, and poly(methyl methacrylate) thermoplastic polymers were investigated over a wide range of temperatures. Fracture energy measurements were made using double edge-notched tensile samples. Tensile strength, tensile strain, and initial elastic modulus were measured for calculation of the fracture energy and further analysis of the polymer behavior. It was found that mechanical transitions in the tensile properties corresponded reasonably well with transitions in the fracture energy in the temperature range investigated. Fracture surface photographs permitted visual analysis of the fracture process. It was found that the roughest fracture surface corresponded to the maximum in the fracture energy for a given polymer. A theory for prediction of polymer tensile yield strain is presented, based on the volume dilation concept. The implications of this theory are discussed in terms of the crack tip flow process leading to brittle fracture.
Monomer-addition growth with a slow initiation step: A growth model for silica particles from alkoxides

A simplified monomer-addition model with a first-order activation step is developed to describe the dynamics of growth of silica particles from alkoxides. In the fimit of slow hydrolysis, we obtain expressions for the evolution of the particle mass and particle polydispersity, as well as an expression for the particle size as a function of the hydrolysis rate constant, the polymerization rate constant, and the initial concentration of the orthosilicate. We find that the formation of the particles is adequately modeled by a reaction limited growth. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. By Jeff Goodwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 428p. $60.00 cloth, $23.00 paper.

“Do we need yet another comparative study of revolutions?” (p. 5; emphasis in original), Jeff Goodwin asks in this eagerly (and long) anticipated and important new book, which is destined to influence scholars in several disciplines and fields. The answer, as this volume makes abundantly clear, is “yes,” and few will be disappointed with this well-written, accessible, and compelling volume, the most nuanced and sophisticated argument yet for the state-centered (but, pace Goodwin, not structuralist; see p. 53) approach, and worthy heir to Theda Skocpol's (1979) still paradigmatic States and Social Revolutions. But therein lies the rub: Rather than the first book of the (putative) emergent fourth generation of scholars of revolution(s), this is likely the last of the third generation. Goodwin concedes he has “largely moved beyond” (p. xvi) the perspective he articulates here, and he, along with John Foran, is one of the most likely suspects to produce the next paradigmatic statement on revolutions. This, then, would seem the third generation's crowning glory; given the long gestation period and the prolific Goodwin's many and impressive contributions to matters revolutionary, this is almost more a legend than a book.
First Spark Spectrum of Thorium—Classification and Zeeman Effect Data of Th II

Five sets of exposures to the thorium arc in silver, burning in a Bitter electromagnet at fields up to 93,000 oersteds, have given resolved Zeeman patterns for more than 800 lines of Th II. Data obtained from these plates, measured with an automatic comparator and used in connection with improved wave-length measurements, have made possible classification of 1091 lines of Th II as arising from 219 levels. These levels belong to two groups of terms between which no combinations have been found. Group A contains even terms arising from d2s (with a4F112 lying lowest), from d3, and from ds2, and odd terms from d2p, dsp, and fds. About half of all terms expected from these configurations have lceen identified. Group B contains odd terms expected from fs2 (with a2F°212 lying lowest), and fds, and even terms from fsp and fdp. g values are given for all levels, in many cases to within 0.002 unit, which makes available a large amount of fairly exact experimental data for evaluation of perturbations. Partial tests of the g sum rule show good agreement with theory, though all terms are not yet available for inclusion. Perturbations of even those terms which lie low are rather large.
Accumulation of organochlorine pesticides in man.

Abstract It is generally known that organochlorine pesticides are slowly eliminated and that they accumulate in humans. By using pharmacokinetic relationships, these properties were quantitated to make them more meaningful. Repeated dosing causes the average level of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at equilibrium to rise to 500 times that following a single dose. The degree of accumulation of dieldrin is about three times as great.
On utilizing variables for specifying FDs in data-centric XML documents

We are interested in specifying functional dependencies (FDs) for data-centric XML documents (XML documents that are used mainly for data storage). FDs are a natural constraint. Specifying FDs for XML documents is more difficult because unlike relational databases, XML documents do not have uniform structures. This paper introduces XML Template Functional Dependencies (XTFDs), which are able to specify FDs for XML documents. This paper also presents a necessary and sufficient condition for an XTFD to cause data redundancy in XML documents. Further, we propose Attribute Rule and Text String Rule as two procedures that can be repeatedly applied to remove redundancy caused by XTFDs. In addition, we prove that if an XML document has data redundancy with respect to an FD specified by using the tree tuple approach, it would have data redundancy with respect to an XTFD and show by example that XTFDs can specify some FDs for XML documents that the tree tuple approach cannot.
NONLEPTONIC DECAYS OF THE INTERMEDIATE VECTOR MESON

The nonleptonic decay modes of the intermediate vector meson are discussed using $S{U}_{3}$ symmetry. The decay rates into two pseudoscalar mesons and two baryons are calculated, estimating the effects of the strong interactions. It is found that for a $W$ mass of 2.5 and 3.0 BeV the baryon decay rate is comparable to the leptonic decay rate whereas the meson decays are negligible.