cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LAPIS: A new imaging tool for macro-zooplankton

Accurate sampling of macrozooplankton and micronekton has always been challenging. As an alternative sampling approach, camera systems can obtain images of particles or plankton in a quantitative fashion. However, planktonimaging devices built to date operate at too small a spatial scale to be useful for macrozooplankton and micronekton, which range in size from 1 cm to 1 m, with varied shapes, transparency and reflectivity. We have designed and built the Large Area Plankton Imaging System (LAPIS) to address this gap in current imaging capabilities. LAPIS uses hardware and software similar to the Video Plankton Recorder but illuminates much larger volumes in order to image macroplanktonic organisms, including crustaceans, fish and gelatinous animals. This paper briefly describes the current instrument, which was first used on a research cruise in February and March, 2006, and summarizes it capabilities and potential, with examples of image data and their interpretation
Sensory-predominant, painful, idiopathic neuropathy: inflammatory changes in sural nerves

Sensory-predominant, painful, idiopathic neuropathies are a common clinical problem. In this retrospective study of 11 patients with such a neuropathy, we found axonal loss in 9, with multifocal axonal loss in 4 patients; there were large perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates (>50 cells) in 4 and smaller infiltrates (10-20 cells) in 4. These findings suggest that some cases of this neuropathy may be due to autoimmune vasculopathy and therefore may respond to immunotherapy.
Preparation and measurement methods for studying nanoparticle aggregate surface chemistry

Despite best efforts at controlling nanoparticle (NP) surface chemistries, the environment surrounding nanomaterials is always changing and can impart a permanent chemical memory. We present a set of preparation and measurement methods to be used as the foundation for studying the surface chemical memory of engineered NP aggregates. We attempt to bridge the gap between controlled lab studies and real-world NP samples, specifically TiO2, by using well-characterized and consistently synthesized NPs, controllably producing NP aggregates with precision drop-on-demand inkjet printing for subsequent chemical measurements, monitoring the physical morphology of the NP aggregate depositions with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), acquiring “surface-to-bulk” mass spectra of the NP aggregate surfaces with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and developing a data analysis scheme to interpret chemical signatures more accurately from thousands of data files. We present differences in mass spectral peak ratios for bare TiO2 NPs compared to NPs mixed separately with natural organic matter (NOM) or pond water. The results suggest that subtle changes in the local environment can alter the surface chemistry of TiO2 NPs, as monitored by Ti+/TiO+ and Ti+/C3H5+ peak ratios. The subtle changes in the absolute surface chemistry of NP aggregates vs. that of the subsurface are explored. It is envisioned that the methods developed herein can be adapted for monitoring the surface chemistries of a variety of engineered NPs obtained from diverse natural environments.
SU‐GG‐I‐56: Testes and Uterine Dose Measurements from Scout View in Lumbar Puncture Procedure and Regular Pelvic CT Scan

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the dose to testes and uterus from the scout views of lumbar puncture procedure and during a routine pelvic CT scan.Materials and methods: Five high sensitivity MOSFETs (TN‐1002RD, Best Medical, Canada) were placed in the testes (2 dosimeters), uterus (2 dosimeters) and skin (1 dosimeter in lower abdomen area) of an adult anthropomorphic phantom (Model 701‐D, CIRS, Norfolk, VA). A 16‐detector array Lightspeed GECT scanner (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) was used. The phantom was placed in a prone position during the scout views for the lumbar puncture protocol. The scan parameters for anteroposterior (AP) scout were 120 kVp and 10 mA, and for the lateral (LAT) 120 kVp and 80 mA. The doses of the AP and LAT scout views were combined. During the regular pelvic CT scan the phantom was placed in supine position and scanned helically in automatic tube current modulation at 120 kVp and 440 mA (max tube current), the noise index was 11.57 and the CTDIvol was 14.44 mGy. The phantom was scanned three times and the average dose was obtained for each location. Results: The AP and LAT doses to the testes, uterus and skin during the scout views were measured to be 0.02±0.0005,−0.04±0.002 and 0.02±0.007 cGy, respectively. The dose to the testes, uterus and skin during the routine pelvic CT scan was 1.8±0.33, 1.6±0.08, and 2.4±0.50 cGy, respectively. Conclusion: The testes and uterine dose was assessed for the scout view of lumbar puncture procedure. The dose to testes and uterus was on the order of 200–400 microGy, which is, on average, 2% of the pelvic CT scan dose. We conclude that the scout view dose to the testes and uterus is negligible.
Spectral Coherence in Normal Adults: Unrestricted Principal Components Analysis; Relation of Factors to Age, Gender, and Neuropsychologic Data

This paper demonstrates, by means of Principal Components Analysis (PCA), an objective approach to the reduction of large data sets produced by multichannel spectral coherence analyses. Coherence data, gathered from 371 normal healthy adults using Hjorth/Laplacian referencing during waking eyes-open and eyes-closed states, were analyzed by unrestricted PCA where neither spatial nor temporal variance was folded into among subject variance. There was substantial data reduction with our 4416 initial coherence variables for each state reduced to just 150 factors containing approximately 80% of the variance reflecting a 30 fold concentration of information content. Varimax rotation of the first 40 factors, encompassing 50% of the total variance for both states, revealed loading patterns primarily bilateral with no hemispheric bias, relationships primarily between distant single electrode pairs, (although a single electrode to multiple electrode pattern was also observed), and involvement of all spectral bands. Elemental left to right and anterior to posterior coherence patterns, often used on an a priori basis for coherence studies, were not evident among the rotated factor loading patterns. On the basis of high loadings upon extra bipolar artifact channels, 32 factors accounting for approximately 40% of the variance were identified as reflecting artifactual coherence relationships. By multiple regression the 48 non-artifactual factor scores successfully predicted subject age. In general, coherence diminished with age, which may partly explain age-related EEG desynchronization in healthy adults. Coherence factors also predicted 6 of 10 neuropsychologic variables. Gender was successfully predicted by discriminant analysis. No global interpretations about coherence and gender or neuropsychologic function were possible, i.e., almost equal numbers of factors increased as decreased in males as females. PCA derived coherence factor scores are useful for subsequent statistical analyses, but their factor loading plots of cortical coupling may require more experience to fully interpret.
Discharge patterns of single fibers in the pigeon auditory nerve.

Summary and Conclusions (1) The discharge patterns of single fibers in the auditory nerve of ketamine anesthetized pigeons were studied and compared with unit responses in cats studied under similar conditions. (2) All fibers show spontaneous activity; rates of spontaneous activity were generally higher than those in mammalian auditory nerve fibers. (3) Temporal patterns of responses to tones were similar to those of mammalian fibers. Phase-locking of discharges was observed for tone frequencies at least as high as 4 kHz. For frequencies below 100 Hz, two or more spikes could occur per cycle. (4) Tuning curves were similar in shape and sharpness to those of mammalian fibers. Characteristic frequencies were in the range 0.1–6.0 kHz. For CFs below 3.5 kHz, fiber thresholds followed behavioral thresholds quite closely; for higher CFs fiber thresholds were about 10 dB higher than behavioral thresholds. (5) Maximum response rates to single tones were higher in pigeon than in cat. (6) Two-tone inhibition was demonstrated. Spontaneous activity was not inhibited by acoustic stimuli. (7) Click-response histograms showed multiple peaks separated by the reciprocal of fiber CF. Ten or more peaks could be observed in response to a single click. Click latencies were less than 1.4 msec for fibers with CFs greater than 1.8 kHz. For lower CFs, latency increased with decreasing CF. (8) Iso-rate contours for single fibers showed evidence of non-linearity similar to that observed in the vibration patterns of the basilar membrane 24 . (9) We conclude, therefore, that the structurally different avian and mammalian cochleae lead to auditory nerve discharge patterns which are similar in almost all details except average rates of activity.
Calculations of boron trifluoride catalyzed 1,3-dipolar additions of azide ion to organic nitriles

Abstract The boron trifluoride catalyzed 1,3-polar cycloaddition of azide anion to nitriles was studied by AM1 and ab initio methods. A stepwise mechanism was considered because the calculations show that the concerted transition state has a higher energy of activation. In order to determine the steric and inductive effects on the reaction, the calculations were performed with methyl and fluorine substituted acetonitriles. A small effect was detected only in the case of highly sterically demanding groups. On the other hand, the electronic effects of the fluorinated acetonitriles have a profound influence on the activation energy of the reaction. The boron trifluoride catalyst substantially decreases the energy of all molecular species in the reaction scheme. The major effect was calculated to be on the intermediate because the negative charge is mostly on the nitrile nitrogen, whereas the stabilization of the tetrazole anion product is negligible due to distribution of the negative charge over the aromatic tetrazole ring. In the case of the fluorinated acetonitrile a small or even negative activation energy was calculated, which can be explained by better BF3 stabilization of the first transition state than the starting nitriles and by the fact that calculations are performed in the gas phase. The calculated reactivity of the substituted benzonitriles show good correlation with the electron withdrawing ability of the substituents.
Properties of the isoleucyl amino-terminus of α-chymotrypsin

Abstract The pKa(app) and reactivity of the isoleucyl amino-terminus of α-chymotrypsin were determined by the method of competitive labelling. In 0.10N KCl at 10.0°C the pKa(app) is 8.9 and the reactivity towards acetic anhydride is 20% of a normal nucleophile with the same pKa. Below pH 9.8 the data confirms that the ionization state of this group controls the activity and conformation of α-chymotrypsin. However, above pH 9.8 another structural change occurs which is not dependent on this group.
A Multi-Domain Analysis Framework for Product Development

The 21st century brings many new challenges to the product development (PD) community mainly due to a drastic increase in the scale and complexity of engineered systems. This requires the collaboration of various entities and resources within and outside firm boundaries. To address these new challenges, this paper proposes a novel framework for an enterprise-wide PD information management system. The proposed framework provides an integrative view of the various dependencies and information flows that co-exist in three main PD analysis domains (i.e., people, products, and processes) and analysis methods for the discovery of gaps or ‘misalignment’ between them. These gaps could help explain why some organizations are able to provide more competitive products within a given industry. Moreover, the framework suggests that the characteristics of how an organization acquire data, interpret information, and apply knowledge will impact the final architecture of the product. Finally, we demonstrate this framework by analyzing an open source software (OSS) project, which offers some insights and new directions into how the transfer of data, information, and knowledge impacts the final (source code) architecture and design.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A31P NMR study of poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO)(1) resin's hydroxyl end groups

The hydroxyl end groups of PPO resin, made from Cu/di-n-butylamine, 2,6-xylenol and oxygen, were capped with diphenyl chlorophosphate. A31P n.m.r. method was developed to distinguish the 2,6-xylenol and 2-methyl-6-(N,N-di-n-butylamino)methyl phenol end groups, which are directly related to the resin's thermal stability.
Propagation and extinction of downward burning fires

Abstract Measurements are reported on downward burning of PMMA fuel rods in an apparatus similar to that used in the Limiting Oxygen Index flammability test. As the ambient oxygen concentration is reduced the flame propagation rate decreases. The propagation rate V does not go to zero as the oxygen concentration Y ox is reduced, rather extinction occurs at a finite value of V . Although the propagation rate decreases as Y ox is reduced, the surface regression rate is not reduced. In agreement with this finding, the calculated heat flux per unit area to the pyrolysis region does not decrease as Y ox decreases. Thus, extinction is not caused by reduction of heat transfer from the flame to the burning region. To investigate the cause of extinction a previously developed analysis for the effect of surface heat flux on flame propagation is applied to the present problem. It is found that flame propagation is sensitive to the amount of heat transferred to the fuel surface ahead of the flame, and that extinction occurs (at a finite propagation rate) for sufficiently low values of forward heat flux. Comparisons of predicted and measured values of V are made using heat flux distributions measured at values of Y ox for atmospheric and extinction conditions and reasonable agreement is found. A transient measurement near the extinction limit confirms that the Limiting Oxygen Index is a measure of the critical condition for downward flame propagation rather than a more general limit for burning.
Ellipsometric Study of Orientation‐Dependent Etching of Silicon in Aqueous KOH

Ellipsometric measurements (in conjunction with observations of reflectance and cell current and voltage) have been performed in for Si wafers, of various crystallographic orientations and dopant types, during growth of surface films under anodic and cathodic bias and during open‐circuit etch back. The optical effects have been modeled in terms of the formation and removal of thin films on the Si surface, with contributions, in some cases, from surface roughness. Changes in the thickness and stoichiometry of the surface phase during various treatments provide a basis for a model of the Si etching chemistry and for the orientation dependence of the etch rate.
Employing anatomical knowledge in vertebral column labeling

The spinal column constitutes the central axis of human torso and is often used by radiologists to reference the location of organs in the chest and abdomen. However, visually identifying and labeling vertebrae is not trivial and can be timeconsuming. This paper presents an approach to automatically label vertebrae based on two pieces of anatomical knowledge: one vertebra has at most two attached ribs, and ribs are attached only to thoracic vertebrae. The spinal column is first extracted by a hybrid method using the watershed algorithm, directed acyclic graph search and a four-part vertebra model. Then curved reformations in sagittal and coronal directions are computed and aggregated intensity profiles along the spinal cord are analyzed to partition the spinal column into vertebrae. After that, candidates for rib bones are detected using features such as location, orientation, shape, size and density. Then a correspondence matrix is established to match ribs and vertebrae. The last vertebra (from thoracic to lumbar) with attached ribs is identified and labeled as T12. The rest of vertebrae are labeled accordingly. The method was tested on 50 CT scans and successfully labeled 48 of them. The two failed cases were mainly due to rudimentary ribs.
Strong H 2 Binding and Selective Gas Adsorption within the Microporous Coordination Solid Mg 3 (O 2 C-C 10 H 6 -CO 2 ) 3

The synthesis of Mg3(NDC)3(DEF)4 (NDC = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate, DEF = N,N-diethylformamide, 1), the first porous metal−organic framework solid incorporating Mg2+ ions, is reported. Its structure consists of linear Mg3 units linked via NDC bridges to form a three-dimensional framework, featuring one-dimensional channels filled with DEF molecules. Significantly, its framework is fully analogous to that observed within Zn3(NDC)3(CH3OH)2·2DMF·H2O (2), demonstrating that Mg2+ ions can directly substitute for the heavier Zn2+ ions. Compound 1 is readily desolvated by heating at 190 °C to give the microporous solid Mg3(NDC)3, exhibiting a BET surface area of 190 m2/g. Adsorption isotherms measured at 77 and 87 K indicate high H2 adsorption enthalpies in the range 7.0−9.5 kJ/mol, depending on the degree of loading. In addition, the material displays selective adsorption of H2 or O2 over N2 or CO, suggesting possible applications in gas separation technologies.
The devil is in the details: Implementing secular outcome measurement methods in faith-based organizations

Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are now being encouraged to seek federal funding for the purpose of supporting faith-based delivery of social services in local communities (that is, the Compassionate Capital Fund). This shift in the federal perspective has resulted in increased attention to the effectiveness of the services provided by FBOs. Though rigorous demonstrations are needed to determine the relative effectiveness of FBO services, other available alternatives offer a viable avenue to aid FBOs in improving their programs and monitoring their success. One such alternative is the use of outcome measurement techniques, such as those that have been infusing the nonprofit sector in the United States since the mid-1990s, particularly among United Way–funded programs. This chapter discusses how to adapt secular outcomes measurement approaches to faith-based organizations and their programs and the likely pitfalls that FBOs will face.
Optical arbitrary waveform generation

Advances in technology for optical arbitrary waveform generation will be described. Combs spanning two octaves, from 500nm to 2µm, based on GHz modelocked Ti:sapphire and erbium-fiber lasers, have been carrier-envelope stabilized and frequency referenced.
Deformation and failure of ice under constant stress or constant strain-rate

Abstract Fine-grained isotropic ice was tested in uniaxial compression at −5°C. Tests were made under: (1) constant strain rate, and (2) constant stress, with total axial strains up to about 7%. Constant rate tests for the range 10 −7 to 10 −3 s −1 gave stress/strain curves which exhibited two distinct yield points for rates up to about 10 −4 s −1 . The “initial yield point”, at which internal cracks begin to form at a high rate, occurred at strains in the range 0.03–0.6%, the strain for initial yielding increasing with strain rate. A secondary yield point occurred at axial strains close to 1%. However, above 10 −4 s −1 the initial yield point became dominant and the secondary yield point disappeared. At the lowest rates (10 −7 –10 −6 s −1 ), the secondary yield point was distinct, but the initial yield occurred at a stress level equal to, or greater than, that for secondary yield. Constant stress tests for the range 0.8–3.8 MPa gave creep curves which had a minimum strain rate at strains close to 1%. For strains less than 0.2% the resolution and data sampling were inadequate for accurate determination of strain rate as a function of time or strain, but there were fairly clear indications of another strain rate minimum in the range of 0.01%–0.1% axial strain. Direct comparison of the results for constant stress and constant strain rate suggests that the two tests give much the same information when interpreted suitably. Detailed comparisons and interpretations of the data will be given in a subsequent paper.
Characterization of the Hydrodynamically Developing Flow in a Microtube Using Molecular Tagging Velocimetry

There is a need for increased understanding of the momentum transport phenomena in micro-fluidic geometries to aid in the design and optimization of such devices. Micro-molecular tagging velocimetry (μMTV) has been used to characterize the hydrodynamic developing flow in a microtube with an inner diameter of 180 μm. μMTV is a non-intrusive laser-based technique for obtaining detailed measurements of velocity profiles in flows dominated by a single velocity component. μMTV measurements are made by directing an ultra-violet laser beam into a flow containing phosphorescent tracer molecules. The laser beam excites a line of phosphorescence in the flow. Subsequently, two digital images, separated by a short time delay, of the line are captured by a CCD camera. The displacement of the tracer molecules between the images can be determined from the two images and the velocity of the flow is thus calculated. Velocity profile data at ten axial locations within the hydrodynamic developing region of a 180 μm diameter tube were acquired using the μMTV approach. The uncertainty for these measurements ranged from 1.5% to 5.5% of the center line velocity. Data were taken at Reynolds numbers, Re, of 60, 140, 290, and 340. It was observed that a vena-contracta existed in the first few tube diameters for all Re. The velocity profiles obtained very close to the tube entrance exhibited a uniform velocity core flow surrounded by regions of relatively stagnant fluid in the near wall regions. The profiles evolved in the downstream direction until the classical parabolic distribution was observed. The total hydrodynamic entry length agrees well with values published in the literature for macroscale flows, obtained from numerical simulation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Treatment of Geographic Atrophy: What’s on the Horizon?

Currently, there is no treatment to stop the progression of geographic atrophy, the advanced form of non-exudative (dry) age-related macular degeneration. Several promising therapies are being investigated in clinical trials such as antioxidants, neuroprotection agents, complement inhibitors, vascular enhancers, visual cycle modulators, and stem cell therapies. This review discusses the possible treatments that may potentially be available in the future to prevent disease progression.
Sound and the Developing Infant in the NICU: Conclusions and Recommendations for Care

OBJECTIVE: To present the conclusions and associated recommendations for care developed by the Physical and Developmental Environment of the High-Risk Infant Center, Study Group on Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Sound, and the Expert Review Panel. STUDY DESIGN: A multidisciplinary group of clinicians and researchers reviewed the literature regarding the effect of sound on the fetus, newborn, and preterm infant and developed recommendations based on the best evidence. An Expert Review Panel reviewed the data and conclusions. RESULTS: The following recommendations are developed from the review of the literature and are clarified in the body of the article. (1) Women should avoid prolonged exposure to low-frequency sound levels (<250 Hz) above 65 dB(A) during pregnancy. (2) Earphones or other devices for sound production should not be used directly attached to the pregnant woman's abdomen. (3) The voice of the mother during normal daily activities, along with the sounds produced by her body and those present in her usual surroundings, is sufficient for normal fetal auditory development. The fetus does not require supplemental stimulation. Programs to supplement the fetal auditory experience cannot be recommended. (4) Infant intensive care units should incorporate a system of regular noise assessment. (5) Sound limit recommendations are to maintain a nursery with an hourly Leq of 50 dB(A), an hourly L10 of 55 dB(A) and a 1-second Lmax of 70 dB(A), all A-weighted, slow response scale. (6) Infant intensive care units should develop and maintain a program of noise control and abatement in order to operate within the recommended permissible noise criteria. (7) Care practices must provide ample opportunity for the infant to hear parent voices live in interaction between parent and infant at the bedside. (8) Earphones and other devices attached to the infant's ears for sound transmission should not be used at any time. (9) There is little evidence to support the use of recorded music or speech in the environment of the high-risk infant. Audio recordings should not be used routinely or left unattended in the environment of the high-risk infant. CONCLUSION: The recommendations, if followed, should provide an environment that will protect sleep, support stable vital signs, improve speech intelligibility for the infant, and reduce potential adverse effects on auditory development.
Exact approaches for testing non-inferiority or superiority of two incidence rates

Abstract We studied an unconditional approach based on partial maximization using different penalty values for comparing two incidence rates from Poisson distributions. We also consider a full maximization approach and an approach based on estimation and full maximization. Generally, the third approach has good performance.
A gathering of great minds: Designing twenty‐first century education with twentieth century ideas

Imagine that influential thinkers of the past could join with those of the present to design today's college student experiences. Author Kari Taylor envisions the outcomes of such a process.
Management of Vital Customer Priorities in Job Shop Manufacturing Environments

We present a framework for managing vital customer priorities in job-shop manufacturing environments. We introduce the notion of attaining near-perfect on-time delivery service to a small portion of the firm's customers who contribute to a substantial portion of its sales revenue and profits. Consequently we postulate that appropriate order review and release (ORR) policies, along with the dispatching rules used to schedule customer orders, can be combined effectively to achieve the desired customer service results. Several dispatching rules specifically designed for this study are tested under different operating environments in order to derive the recommended set of ORR and dispatching rule policies. Capacity-based ORR procedures, in conjunction with dispatching rules that pace a job's progress through different operations in its route, provide the best overall performance. The nature of trade-offs inherent in managing the priorities of vitally important customers are also identified and presented in the form of managerial recommendations that can be used to enhance a job shop's overall performance.
Development of olfactory and related structures in staged human embryos

The staged sequence of development of the olfactory and related structures has been established from the serially sectioned human embryos of the Carnegie collection, from stage 11 to stage 23.
Response to Challenges and Lessons Learned From Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: A National Perspective

Geographic circumstances: We participated intimately in disaster response after Hurricane Katrina's landfall and other disasters since then. About the lead author (Dr Weiner): I am a pediatric emergency medicine physician at Children's Hospital Boston (CHB)/Harvard Medical School (HMS) and the CHB representative and a charter member of the HMS Section on Disaster Medicine. I have been a National Disaster Medical System member on the Disaster Medical Assistance Team, the International Medical Surgical Response Team, and the Pediatric Specialty Team since 1995. I am a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics Extended Disaster Preparedness Advisory Council Network. I have served as a domestic and international consultant in disaster planning and am developing technology-based resources for disaster training and response. Hurricane Katrina was a disaster unlike others for which the US National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) had been deployed. Never before had the NDMS attempted to provide sustained disaster relief over a geographic area as expansive as the multistate region devastated first by Hurricane Katrina and then by Hurricane Rita. There were challenges we anticipated and those that we did not. Lessons learned from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, and subsequent disasters, have led and continue to lead to strategic conceptual, organizational, and operational modifications to improve care to disaster victims.1 Increased emphasis on the care of children in disasters is an important component of these initiatives, given that for most disasters more than one-third of victims are children.2 As demonstrated by the hurricanes in the Gulf Coast region, and again by the earthquake in Haiti in January 2010, the NDMS remains a critical asset for disaster relief and one of the few US disaster-relief organizations/agencies with the capacity to provide care for critically injured or ill disaster victims including children. Lessons learned from and actions taken since Hurricanes Katrina … Address correspondence to Debra L. Weiner, MD, PhD, Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: debra.weiner{at}childrens.harvard.edu
A Model Fusion Approach to Support Negotiations during Complex Engineering System Design

Abstract Computer models have been playing important roles in modern design, particularly at the component and subsystem levels. As competition increases, the challenge of design has shifted from individual components to overall systems. Alternative paradigms, different models and new approaches for using these models are needed to support system designs. This paper presents a “Model Fusion” approach to enable a new paradigm which views engineering design as a collaborative negotiation process. The “Model Fusion” approach fuses (or integrates) separate design and analysis models into a cohesive set of hierarchical empirical models to allow for explicit trade-off between competing modeling objectives. AIMS (Adaptive and Interactive Modeling System), an integrated empirical modeling tool with multiple learning and decomposition algorithms, is used to implement the “Model Fusion” approach. A real world application example of engine combustion chamber design, drawn from the automotive industry, is included to demonstrate the paradigm, approach, application and impact of this research.
Drug Addiction During Pregnancy Advances in Maternal Treatment and Understanding Child Outcomes

Drug use during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for compromised child development. National statistics reveal that many pregnant women smoke tobacco (18%), drink alcohol (9.8%), and use illicit drugs (4%). Animal and clinical data show that prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure have direct deleterious consequences on child development. Recent large multicenter studies have failed to show that prenatal cocaine or heroin exposure causes devastating child consequences when environmental variables are controlled. However, prenatal exposure to both licit and illicit drug use mostly occurs in the presence of environmental and contextual risk factors that together can impede healthy outcomes. Thus, treating these addiction disorders while addressing other lifestyle factors in a comprehensive way is critical.
Direct Evidence of Swimming Demonstrates Active Dispersal in the Sea Turtle “Lost Years”

Summary Although oceanic dispersal in larval and juvenile marine animals is widely studied, the relative contributions of swimming behavior and ocean currents to movements and distribution are poorly understood [1–4]. The sea turtle "lost years" [5] (often referred to as the surface-pelagic [6] or oceanic [7] stage) are a classic example. Upon hatching, young turtles migrate offshore and are rarely observed until they return to coastal waters as larger juveniles [5]. Sightings of small turtles downcurrent of nesting beaches and in association with drifting organisms (e.g., Sargassum algae) led to this stage being described as a "passive migration" during which turtles' movements are dictated by ocean currents [5–10]. However, laboratory and modeling studies suggest that dispersal trajectories might also be shaped by oriented swimming [11–15]. Here, we use an experimental approach designed to directly test the passive-migration hypothesis by deploying pairs of surface drifters alongside small green ( Chelonia mydas ) and Kemp's ridley ( Lepidochelys kempii ) wild-caught turtles, tracking their movements via satellite telemetry. We conclusively demonstrate that these turtles do not behave as passive drifters. In nearly all cases, drifter trajectories were uncharacteristic of turtle trajectories. Species-specific and location-dependent oriented swimming behavior, inferred by subtracting track velocity from modeled ocean velocity, contributed substantially to individual movement and distribution. These findings highlight the importance of in situ observations for depicting the dispersal of weakly swimming animals. Such observations, paired with information on the mechanisms of orientation, will likely allow for more accurate predictions of the ecological and evolutionary processes shaped by animal movement.
Magnitude and distribution of option value for the Washakie Wilderness, northwest Wyoming, USA

Option value is estimated for the Washakie Wilderness, northwest Wyoming, USA, using the contingent valuation technique. Consumer surplus, the traditional measure of economic value, is estimated separately and compared with option value. Several populations are tested, including Washakie visitors, Yellowstone National Park visitors, and residents from four metropolitan test markets: Salt Lake City, Utah; Portland, Oregon; Nashville, Tennessee; and Orlando, Florida, USA. The average annual preservation option value (consumer surplus) expressed by on-site wilderness visitors is $46.17 ($80.13), by urban residents is $9.70 ($8.97), and by rural residents is $8.43 ($7.80). Four selected attributes are determined to be important in motivating option demand for the Washakie, including existence value, bequest value, the desire for an on-site visit, and interest in securing the visiting privileges of others. The results suggest that option value is important in wilderness valuation and that off-site users account for a large part of the economic value of wilderness.
Interactions of mycophagous collembola and biological control fungi in the suppression of Rhizoctonia solani

Abstract A rhizosphere-inhabiting collembolan, Proisotoma minuta (Insecta: Isotomidae), and three known biocontrol fungi were studied in sterilized and non-sterilized soil for suppression of Rhizoctonia solani on cotton in a greenhouse environment. R. solani in dried oat culture was incorporated into soil at four inoculum densities ranging from 10 to 150mg kg−1. Trichoderma harzianum on wheat bran and Gliocladium virens as dried oatmeal culture were incorporated at 200 and 50 mg kg−1 soil, respectively, and Laetisaria arvalis dried, micromilled mycelium was applied as a seed dressing. Each fungus was applied either alone or with a population of P. minuta at 1000 kg− soil. Most effective biological control occurred in sterilized soil when the fungal biocontrol agents were integrated with the insect population; all combinations provided more effective disease suppression than the fungal agents used alone. In non-sterilized soil, having a natural competitive microflora, only P. minuta used alone and the L. arvalis + P. minuta treatment provided consistently significant disease reduction compared to R. solaniinfested soil without added agents. Moderate disease control in non-sterilized soil was obtained with T. harzianum or G. virens when combined with the insect population. Plant-growth dry weight measurements did not consistently reflect the disease control benefit. The specific mechanisms promoting increased biocontrol capacity of insect + fungus combinations, though not clearly defined here, must lie within a complex of factors including preference of R. solani as a food source for P. minuta, aversion of the insect to the two sporulating Hyphomycetes used for biocontrol, and direct parasitism of R. solani by the fungal agents.
The relationship between longitudinal change in pulmonary function and nonspecific airway responsiveness in children and young adults.

The relationship between airway hyperresponsiveness and longitudinal change in lung function was assessed in a population-based sample of 184 children and young adults observed over a maximum span of 12 yr. Pulmonary function was assessed annually with spirometry, and health and household information was obtained with standardized questionnaires. Nonspecific airway responsiveness to eucapneic hyperventilation with subfreezing air was measured on at least two occasions between the sixth and twelfth annual surveys. At any given survey, a significant bronchoconstrictor response was defined as ([prechallenge FEV1 -postchallenge FEV1/pre-FEV1) ⩾ 0.13, a value that identified 10% of the population. Subjects were classified as “never,” “always,” or “inconsistent” responders according to the consistency of responsiveness determined in different surveys. Subjects were classified further as “labile” if their maximal survey-to-survey difference in ΔFEV1/FEV1 was ⩾ 0.18, and as “nonlabile” otherwise. A Markov-type au...
An approach for determining and measuring network hierarchy applied to comparing the phosphorylome and the regulome

Many biological networks naturally form a hierarchy with a preponderance of downward information flow. In this study, we define a score to quantify the degree of hierarchy in a network and develop a simulated-annealing algorithm to maximize the hierarchical score globally over a network. We apply our algorithm to determine the hierarchical structure of the phosphorylome in detail and investigate the correlation between its hierarchy and kinase properties. We also compare it to the regulatory network, finding that the phosphorylome is more hierarchical than the regulome.
Specific anosmia to trimethylamine: The fishy primary odor

About 7% of human subjects are specifically anosmic to the odor of trimethylamine. Odor threshold measurements on 16 aliphatic amines were made with panels of specific anosmics and normal observers. The anosmia is most pronounced with low-molecular-weight tertiary amines, but is also observed in lesser degree with primary and secondary amines. It is suggested that this specific anosmia corresponds with the absence of a new olfactory primary, the “fishy” odor. Trimethylamine has been reported to occur in human menstrual blood and in the anal gland of the red fox, implying some pheromonal function.
The continuous multiple‐modular design problem

Abstract : In the present paper the authors extend recent work on the continuous single module design problem to the multiple module case. It is assumed that there is a fixed cost associated with each additional module used to solve the problem. The Kuhn-Tucker conditions characterize local optima among which is a global optimum. Modules are associated with partitions and a special class, guillotine partitions, are characterized. Branch and bound, partial enumeration and heuristic procedures for finding optimum or good guillotine partitions are discussed and illustrated with examples.
Ca2+‐ATPase is expressed differentially in phosphate‐starved roots of tomato

The expression of Ca 2+ -ATPase (LCA1) and H + -ATPase (LHA1) genes was analyzed in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants subjected to phosphate (P i ) starvation. The amount of LCA1 transcript increased significantly in tomato roots after 5 days of P i starvation, whereas the transcript levels remained constant during this period in leaves. The LCAI transcript level decreased when the P i -starved plants were resupplied with phosphate. Our data suggest that the accumulation of LCAI transcripts in roots is a response specific to P, starvation. The levels of LHA1 transcript remained relatively constant even after 7 days of P i starvation in both roots and leaves of tomato plants.
Effect of age on compensatory renal growth.

Although it has been known since antiquity that animals and humans can survive and lead a normal life with only one kidney, in part due to compensatory renal growth (CRG) and function of the remaining organ, our major understanding of these remarkable adaptive changes is the result of more recent experimental studies. These studies have shown that CRG is influenced markedly by age—accelerated in young subjects and blunted in old age. My survey reviews the age-related response in renal growth and function to loss of functional renal mass. The first part of the survey describes CRG in the young adult in order to provide a basis for comparison with the adaptive response at the extremes of age.
Gender unconscious in depth psychological qualitative research: Reflections and case examples

This contribution presents a discussion and an illustration of integrating gendered and depth psychological awareness in qualitative research with particular attention given to aspects of the unconscious foundations and experiences in research with and by women. Three case examples, including an autoethnographic study focused on maternal body in psychotherapy, a phenomenological study of military women deployed to combat zones, and a Grounded Theory study of women who mother chronically ill children, illustrate this integration. Specifically, the authors discuss experiences of personal and collective woundedness, interconnection, and transformation.
Relative changes in ankle and hip control during bilateral joint movements in persons with multiple sclerosis.

Objective The purpose of this study was to quantify hip and ankle impairments contributing to movement dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS).
Incorporation of polar Mellin transform in a hybrid optoelectronic correlator for scale and rotation invariant target recognition

In this paper, we show that our proposed hybrid optoelectronic correlator (HOC), which correlates images using spatial light modulators (SLMs), detectors, and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), is capable of detecting objects in a scale and rotation invariant manner, along with the shift invariance feature, by incorporating polar Mellin transform (PMT). For realistic images, we cut out a small circle at the center of the Fourier transform domain, as required for PMT, and illustrate how this process corresponds to correlating images with real and imaginary parts. Furthermore, we show how to carry out shift, rotation, and scale invariant detection of multiple matching objects simultaneously, a process previously thought to be incompatible with PMT-based correlators. We present results of numerical simulations to validate the concepts.
Towards a behavioral theory of systemic hypothesis-testing and the error of the third kind

Scientific ideas neither arise nor develop in a vacuum. They are always nutured against a background of prior, partially conflicting ideas. Systemic hypothesistesting is the problem of testing scientific hypotheses relative to various systems of background knowledge. This paper shows how the problem of systemic hypothesis-testing (Sys HT) can be systematically expressed as a constrained maximimization problem. It is also shown how the error of the third kind (E III) is fundamental to the theory of Sys HT.The error of the third kind is defined as the probability of having solved the ‘wrong’ problem when one should have solved the ‘right’ problem. This paper shows howE III can be given both a systematic as well as a systemic treatment. Sys HT gives rise to a whole host of new decision problems, puzzles, and paradoxes.
Preferential Acceleration of Coherent Magnetic Structures and Bursty Bulk Flows in Earth's Magnetotail

Observations indicate that the magnetotail convection is turbulent and bi-modal, consisting of fast bursty bulk flows (BBF) and a nearly stagnant background. We demonstrate that this observed phenomenon may be understood in terms of the intermittent interactions, dynamic mergings and preferential accelerations of coherent magnetic structures under the influence of a background magnetic field geometry that is consistent with the development of an X-point mean-field structure.
Interaction energies for blends of SAN with methyl methacrylate copolymers with ethyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate

Abstract Isothermal miscibility maps for blends of styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers with methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymers containing ethyl acrylate (EA) and n -butyl acrylate (nBA) have been determined. The miscibility region for MMA-nBA copolymers is larger than that for MMA-EA copolymers. Binary interaction energies for monomer unit pairs were calculated from critical molecular weight experiments and data from the miscibility maps using with the Flory–Huggins theory combined with the binary interaction model. Spinodal temperatures predicted from the lattice-fluid theory of Sanchez and Lacombe, using these experimental interaction energies, are similar to the experimental phase separation temperatures.
Hypothermia induced in mice by enzyme-mediated depletion of serotonin.

Injection of a purified serotonin (and tryptophan)-degrading enzyme into mice produced a pronounced hypothermia when the mice were maintained at 22°C, but not at 30°C. Brain levels of serotonin and tryptophan were strikingly depleted, but concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine remained unchanged.