cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tankage on The Flavor of Milk

Tankage is not ordinarily fed to dairy cows but during the 1934-35 feeding season many dairymen fed it as a protein supplement because of its relatively low price. We became interested in and organized a trial to determine the effect of tankage on the flavor of milk. We experienced difficulty in getting the cows to eat tankage. Some cows refused their grain when as little as a tablespoonful of tankage was mixed with eight to ten pounds of the concentrate mixture. We selected four cows from 32 which would eat the tankage in large quantities when mixed with the concentrate part of the ration. In the group of four cows was one Jersey, one Ayrshire, one Holstein and one cross-bred cow. All had sound udders free from garget. The cows were in approximately the same stage of lactation. The cows were on the regular herd ration consisting of four parts of oats, four parts of barley, three parts of bran, and two parts of oil meal. Corn silage and a fair grade of alfalfa hay were fed as roughage. The grain ration was fed according to milk production. The four cows produced an average of 14.07, 29.72, 31.40 and 13.62 pounds of milk respectively per day during the test period. The four cows showed no daily variation of any significance during the seven periods. The cows were receiving 5; 7, 8 and 5 pounds of the grain mixture daily. When the tankage feeding was begun 25 per cent by weight of the grain ration was replaced by an equal amount by weight of tankage. This level of tankage feeding was continued for four consecutive days, when the tankage was increased to 331⁄2 per cent of the grain ration and continued for a second four-day period. Tankage was then increased to fifty per cent of the concentrate ration and continued for the third four-day period. The concentrate ration and roughage were fed after milking according to the regular barn procedure. Following the 50 per cent tankage-feedingperiod fed after milkings, the concentrate part of the ration containing 50 per cent tankage was fed one hour before milking for four consecutive days, and then the time of feeding was changed to two hours before milking, and the feeding continued for another period of four days. Armour's Feeding tankage was used. The supply of tankage was secured from the supply purchased by the Animal Husbandry Department for hog feeding. One-half pint sample of milk was taken from each cow at the P.M. milking. The sample was poured directly from the milk pail without cooling or
Critically Refracted Waves in a Spherically Symmetric Radially Heterogeneous Earth Model

Summary A theoretical analysis of acoustic waves refracted by a spherical boundary across which velocity and density increase abruptly and below which velocity and density may either increase or decrease continuously with depth is formulated in terms of waves generated at a harmonic point source and scattered by a radially heterogeneous spherical body. Through the application of an Earth-flattening transformation on the radial solution and the Watson transform on the sum over eigenfunctions, the solution to the spherical problem for high frequencies is expressed as an integral for the corresponding half-space problem in which the effect of boundary curvature maps into an effective positive velocity gradient with depth. The results of both analytical and numerical evaluation of this integral can be summarized as follows for body waves in the crust and upper mantle: (1) In the special case of a critical velocity gradient (a gradient equal and opposite to the effective curvature gradient), waves interacting with the boundary at the critical angle of incidence have the same form as the classical head wave for flat, homogeneous layers. (2) For gradients more negative than critical, the amplitude of waves incident at the critical angle decay more rapidly with distance than the classical head wave. (3) For gradients that are positive, null, and less negative than critical, the amplitude of waves near the critical angle decays less rapidly with distance than the classical head wave, and at sufficiently large distances, the refracted wave field can be adequately described in terms of ray-theoretical diving waves. At intermediate distances from the critical point, the spectral amplitude of the refracted wave is scalloped due to multiple diving wave interference.
Lanchester resurgent? The mathematics of terrorism risk

Purpose – The purpose of this editorial is to consider whether or not the classical “Lanchester equations” of military combat are useful for modeling the financial risks associated with contemporary terrorist attacks.Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins by describing Lanchester's original model and its realm of applicability; then identifies shortcomings of the original equations, which, having been aggravated by differences between classical military combat and modern terrorist engagements, impede the application of the Lanchester paradigm in today's world. Finally, the paper explores whether or not these obstacles can be overcome by appropriate extensions of Lanchester's mathematical theory.Findings – The principal result is that the Lanchester equations may be extended in a very natural way to include stochastic elements, difficult‐to‐quantify components, and various force asymmetries, thereby enabling the modeling of engagements between conventional and terrorist forces. Specifically, a fami...
An intranet-based Environmental Management System to support business operations and mission readiness for the Port Hueneme Division–Naval Surface Warfare Center

The Department of Defense and the Navy have adopted policies to implement Environmental Management Systems (EMS) in accordance with Executive Order 13148 by December 31, 2005. The Navy has published a draft guidance document identifying the content of a compliant EMS structured around five major components and 16 elements within those components. However, the full benefit of an EMS in motivating behaviors that go beyond compliance and directly show environmental contributions to mission accomplishment and readiness will not be achievable with a conventional EMS solely oriented toward management of the four environmental program pillars. We recommend that the EMS interconnect both the compliance and voluntary activities of environmental management with the business cycle (the set of iterative activities an organization uses to develop, deliver, and support its products and services) and the measures of success that characterize both types of processes within the enterprise. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Locomotor response of the goldfish to polarized light and itse-vector

The locomotor orientation of eleven goldfish, 20–25 cm long, was monitored during periods varying between 24 hours and 8 1/2 days, to verify the response to a depolarized and polarized “sky”, 100 cm in diameter, and to abrupt 90 ° degree rotation of thee-vector. The monitor consisted of a cylindrical tank with 16 peripheral compartments (Fig. 1) to which the fish had free access. Entry into and exit from each compartment was electronically recorded. The distribution of entries, which had no cyclical relationship with the compartments in depolarized light, became significantly symmetrical and bimodal in polarized light with the “preferred” compartments oriented parallel with thee-vector. Abrupt 90 ° rotation of the vector counter clockwise maintained this relationship during the entire duration of the recordings (up to 17 hours) (Fig. 2). The mean of the orientation angles of the fish on leaving compartments aligned with thee-vector were significantly higher than those from the remaining compartments (Fig. 3). This behavior tended to keep the locomotor orientation parallel with thee-vector as the fish moved between compartments. A strong cyclical relationship between these orientation angles and the compartments of origin was present in polarized but absent in depolarized light. Counter clockwise 90 ° rotation of thee-vector maintained the cyclic behavior of angles but the relationship between the larger means and thee-vector shifted over one or two compartments. This shift disappeared in clockwise rotation. This phenomenon may be due to one of these directions being “unnatural”. The results demonstrate a pronounced sensitivity and response toe-vector orientation in the goldfish. The sensory mechanism remains unknown.
Development and preliminary testing of a web-based, self-help application for disaster-affected families

Technology-based self-help interventions have the potential to increase access to evidence-based mental healthcare, especially for families affected by natural disasters. However, development of these interventions is a complex process and poses unique challenges. Usability testing, which assesses the ability of individuals to use an application successfully, can have a significant impact on the quality of a self-help intervention. This article describes (a) the development of a novel web-based multi-module self-help intervention for disaster-affected adolescents and their parents and (b) a mixed-methods formal usability study to evaluate user response. A total of 24 adolescents were observed, videotaped, and interviewed as they used the depressed mood component of the self-help intervention. Quantitative results indicated an above-average user experience, and qualitative analysis identified 120 unique usability issues. We discuss the challenges of developing self-help applications, including design considerations and the value of usability testing in technology-based interventions, as well as our plan for widespread dissemination.
Initial Orbit Determination using Short-Arc Angle and Angle Rate Data

The population of space objects (SOs) is tracked with sparse resources and thus tracking data are only collected on these objects for a relatively small fraction of their orbit revolution (i.e., a short arc). This contributes to commonly mistagged or uncorrelated SOs and their associated trajectory uncertainties (covariances) to be less physically meaningful. The case of simply updating a catalogued SO is not treated here, but rather, the problem of reducing a set of collected short-arc data on an arbitrary deep space object without a priori information, and from the observations alone, determining its orbit to an acceptable level of accuracy. Fundamentally, this is a problem of data association and track correlation. The work presented here takes the concept of admissible regions and attributable vectors along with a multiple hypothesis filtering approach to determine how well these SO orbits can be recovered for short-arc data in near realtime and autonomously. While the methods presented here are explored with synthetic data, the basis for the simulations resides in actual data that has yet to be reduced, but whose characteristics are replicated as well as possible to yield results that can be expected using actual data.
Mechanisms of the hygiene hypothesis — molecular and otherwise

The hygiene hypothesis was initially formulated to explain the steep increase in the prevalence of allergies in Western societies observed over the past few decades. It proposes that the microbial environment interfaces with the innate immune system and modulates its ability to impart instructions to adaptive immune responses, particularly when such interactions occur in utero and/or in early life. Recent research on the molecular mechanisms of the hygiene hypothesis highlights the role of Toll-like receptor ligands in modulating allergic inflammation and the importance of bacterial products in directing the development of the host's immune system. Genetic analysis, by contrast, clearly shows that the response threshold of the immune system to environmental stimuli is controlled by natural genetic variation and gene-environment interactions, suggesting that the complex interplay between the organism and the environment might not be regulated by a single mechanism.
Effects of kanamycin ototoxicity and hair cell regeneration on the DC endocochlear potential in adult chickens

Abstract High doses of aminoglycoside antibiotics cause massive damage to the avian basilar papilla. The resulting functional loss could conceivably arise from the reduction in the DC endocochlear potential (EP) due to impairment of the tegmentum vasculosum (TV) or to shunting of current through the damaged sensory epithelium. To test this hypothesis, the EP was measured in adult chickens after destroying hair cells in the basal half of the cochlea with a high dose (400 mg/kg per day for 10 days) of kanamycin (KM). KM treatment caused an increase in the steady-state EP from +18.1 to +23.3 mV and a decrease in the magnitude of the negative EP from −42.0 to −19.2 mV. The EP showed almost no change between 1 and 2 days and 1 week post-KM treatment. After 4 weeks of recovery, most hair cells had regenerated; however, the steady-state EP was still elevated by 13% and the negative EP was depressed by 37%. These results suggest that functional loss as shown by the large reduction in cochlear microphonic (CM) and the elevated thresholds of compound action potential (CAP) following KM treatment is not due to a reduction in the EP but may arise from functional deficits in the hair cells and/or the auditory nerve.
PATTERNS OF SELECTION ON PHYTOPHAGE RESISTANCE IN IPOMOEA PURPUREA.

Adaptive landscapes with multiple peaks have been invoked to explain a variety of evolutionary phenomenona, including the divergence of populations in mean phenotype (Futuyma 1986), the evolution of coadapted gene complexes (Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 1976; Turner 1977) and the rapid spread of favorable gene combinations by group selection and genetic drift (Wright 1932, 1977, 1978). Nevertheless, definitive examples from natural populations of adaptive surfaces with multiple peaks are few (but see Lewontin and White 1960; Smith 1990; Wiggins 1991; Brodie 1992), particularly for suites of quantitative characters (Lande and Arnold 1983). It is thus unclear how commonly natural populations are characterized by multiple adaptive peaks; and hence, in general what the potential is for multiple peaks to influence evolutionary processes in natural populations. Addressing this issue will require estimating the form of the adaptive surfaces of a variety of organisms (Lande and Arnold 1983). In this report we describe the adaptive surface corresponding to a suite of resistance traits in the annual morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. Several investigators have suggested that the evolution of resistance against particular parasites (pathogens, herbivores) may be influenced by the presence of, and the pattern of selection imposed by, other types of parasites (Janzen 1980; Fox 1981; Simms and Rausher 1987; Gould 1988; Pilson 1992). Because little empirical evidence bearing on this issue exists, however, it is far from clear whether, in general, resistances to different parasites evolve independently in natural populations. The presence of multiple adaptive peaks in the adaptive surface associated with resistance traits could generate nonindependence if different combinations of resistance were associated with different peaks (e.g., one favored combination is resistance to one parasite but susceptibility to another, while another favored combination is the opposite). We examined this possibility for one system by quantifying the adaptive surface for resistance to two parasites in Ipomoea purpurea.
Vaso-occlusive painful events in sickle cell disease: impact on child well-being.

Background This study describes how painful events affect the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and determines the responsiveness of a generic HRQL measure in SCD. Our hypotheses were twofold: (1) HRQL is significantly impaired at presentation to the emergency department for a painful event and (2) PedsQL 4.0 Acute Version Generic Core Scales is responsive to change in the evolution of a painful event. Procedure This prospective cohort study included 57 children with SCD. HRQL was measured with the Acute Version of the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales, completed by child (self-report) and caregiver (proxy report) at presentation and 7 days post-discharge. Independent comparisons of HRQL scores were made between children in the study cohort and a published reference sample of children with SCD in baseline health (historical SCD controls). Results Median PedsQL scores at presentation were significantly lower than historical SCD controls in all domains for child self-report and all domains except social and school functioning in parent-proxy. Clinically and statistically significant changes in HRQL between presentation and post-discharge resulted in similar HRQL scores at 7 days post-discharge to historical SCD controls. Conclusions The PedsQL is responsive to change; thus a useful tool to measure the impact of interventions in future SCD clinical trials. Painful events significantly diminish all domains of HRQL and this improves 7 days post-discharge. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:92–97. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Syntheses of Formamidines and Benzimidazoles

Abstract In view of the developing interest in and impor- of formamidines1 and benzimidazoles,2–3 we wish to review recent developments in syntheses applicable to both of these two classes of compounds starting from the appropriate amine or diamine. Although structurally similar in that both formamidines and benzimidazoles contain the group, the formation of benzimidazoles involves ring closure to give an aromatic product, while formation of formamidines does not. One would thus expect formation of benzimidazoles to be thermodynamically more favorable. In fact, syntheses of formamidines outlined below work well for benzimidazoles, although the inverse is not necessarily true. For example, Phillip's4 widely used synthesis of benzimidazoles from aromatic diamines with refluxing formic acid/HC1 is not applicable to formamidines. In addition to a general review of recent synthetic methods, results obtained in this laboratory will be presented where appropriate.
Expansion of Fractionated Montmorillonites Under Various Relative Humidities

Distinction between the non-expanding three-layer clay minerals, illites, and the expanding three-layer clay minerals montmorillonites is accomplished by glycolation treatment. Distinction among the montmorillonites can be accomplished if the interlayer cation, type and amount of adsorbed liquid, and particle size are kept constant. With these variables constant, the expansion of montmorillonites can be correlated with particle size and/or charge on the tetrahedral layer.
Parkinson's disease models: From toxins to genes

The view of Parkinson disease (PD) has changed dramatically in the past years. Neuropathological findings reveal a much broader pathology than the well-documented loss of nigrostriatal neurons, and cues derived from the identification of genes causing rare familial forms of the disease point to mechanisms that might underlie more frequent sporadic cases. A new generation of genetic-based models that complement the traditional toxin-based models of PD has emerged, with distinct advantages but also limitations.
Impact of a pharmacist immunizer on adult immunization rates

Objectives To describe the immunization needs of indigent community-dwelling patients from a primary care center for the medically underserved, evaluate the impact of a pharmacist immunizer on vaccination rates of adults presenting for care, and evaluate the impact of a pharmacist immunizer on the percent of adult patients who are current on immunizations. Methods Prospective, controlled, parallel study among patients aged 18 to 79 years presenting for a medical appointment at a primary health care center located in a metropolitan area and providing care to the medically underserved. An immunization needs assessment (INA) was used to identify patients not current on adult immunizations. The intervention group received an offer to be immunized by a pharmacist using the results from the INA. Vaccination rates and percent of patients current on vaccinations were obtained using electronic medical records. Results Of 101 participants, 82 (81.2%) needed at least one immunization. The availability of a pharmacist immunizer had a significant impact on the number of patients who were current on all immunizations at the completion of the study. The combination of the INA by a pharmacist demonstrated a significant effect on influenza and tetanus–diphtheria–acellular pertussis vaccination rates. The use of an identical tool by other health care providers did not have an impact on individual vaccine rates or the likelihood of patients being brought current on vaccinations. Conclusion A dedicated pharmacist immunizer embedded in an indigent care primary health care clinic had a significant impact on increasing adult immunization rates and bringing patients current on vaccinations.
Exploring Participants' Views of Participatory Coastal and Marine Resource Management Processes

It is generally accepted that stakeholders, including resource users, scientists, conservationists, government and nongovernment organizations, and the general public, can contribute positively to management processes and may even benefit from such processes. However, we continue to struggle with how to design processes that effectively involve these stakeholders. To illuminate potential improvements to traditional processes, this study examines participants’ perceptions of coastal and marine resource management processes. Through semi-structured interviews, respondents describe how they feel about various elements of participatory processes. Responses offer insight into the multiple dimensions of participatory process elements described in the literature, such as influence on decisions, exchange of information, access to the process, transparent decision making, and others. Responses also identify additional elements that have received limited attention in the public-participation literature: hosting mee...
High Temperature Stable Operation of 1.3- $\mu$ m Quantum-Dot Laser Integrated With Single-Mode Tapered Si $_{3}$ N $_{4}$ Waveguide

A photonic-integrated circuit consisting of a 1.3-μm quantum-dot laser and Si3N4 single-mode tapered waveguide, suitable for high temperature operation, is demonstrated. The laser active region incorporates p-doping, tunnel injection, and a superlattice barrier. The temperature dependence of the threshold current of the discrete laser is characterized by T0 ~ ∞ in the temperature range 5°C ≤ T ≤ 60°C and 90 K in the range 60°C <; T ≤ 85°C. The Si3N4 tapered waveguide is monolithically integrated with a 2.1-μm coupling groove. The insertion loss of a 160-μm waveguide in the integrated circuit is 2.47 dB.
Sensitive laser wave-mixing detection methods for biomedical applications

Four-wave mixing is presented as an ultrasensitive detection method for liquid analytes in capillary flow cells and for circular dichroism measurements. A two-input-beam forward- scattering degenerate four-wave mixing optical setup offers simplified optical alignment, effective use of compact low-power lasers, and convenient interface to powerful chemical separation methods using capillary columns. The use of a single focusing lens for both input beams provides very high wave-mixing efficiency and tight focusing inside a small detection probe volume. Attomole or better detection sensitivity levels of this nonlinear laser detector compare favorably to those of many conventional laser-based analytical methods, yet this nonlinear detector can detect both fluorescing and non-fluorescing analytes. One can conveniently interface this multi-wave mixing detector to liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis for on-column detection. Nonlinear wave-mixing as a sensitive `direct' or `indirect' absorbance detection method offers important advantages in many biomedical applications.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Default mode network abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

The default-mode network (DMN) consists of a set of brain areas preferentially activated during internally focused tasks. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the DMN in bipolar mania and acute schizophrenia. Participants comprised 17 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), 14 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 15 normal controls (NC), who underwent 10-min resting fMRI scans. The DMN was extracted using independent component analysis and template-matching; spatial extent and timecourse were examined. Both patient groups showed reduced DMN connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (BD: x=-2, y=54, z=-12; SZ: x=-2, y=22, z=18). BD subjects showed abnormal recruitment of parietal cortex (correlated with mania severity) while SZ subjects showed greater recruitment of the frontopolar cortex/basal ganglia. Both groups had significantly higher frequency fluctuations than controls. We found ventral mPFC abnormalities in BD and dorsal mPFC abnormalities in SZ. The higher frequency of BOLD signal oscillations observed in patients suggests abnormal functional organization of circuits in both disorders. Further studies are needed to determine how these abnormalities are related to specific symptoms of each condition.
Object brightness estimation from multiple coherent image plane irradiance measurements

Sampled irradiance measurement in the image plane of a coherently illuminated object are used to estimate the 2D object brightness profile in a shear beam imaging configuration. A field correlation function is used in a minimum variance irradiance estimation algorithm to optimally estimate the objects 2D brightness from a collection of sampled irradiance measurements on a grid of points in the image plane. The efficacy of the reconstruction method is demonstrated by reconstructing simulated coherently illuminated images of a symmetric extended object, an asymmetric extended object and also a spatially distended point source object. A theoretical error metric is determined and shown to compare favorably with simulated results over a range of object sizes.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transmural gradient of coronary blood flow following dihydropyridine calcium antagonists and other vasodilator drugs

The effects of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, nifedipine, nitrendipine and FR 7534 on the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow (endo/epi) were compared to the structurally unrelated calcium antagonists, verapamil and diltiazem and to the non-calcium antagonist vasodilator drugs, chromonar and dipyridamole in anesthetized dogs. The increase in transmural blood flow produced by diltiazem, verapamil, chromonar and dipyridamole was equally distributed between subendocardium and subepicardium (no change in endo/epi). On the other hand, the increase in myocardial blood flow produced by the dihydropyridine calcium antagonists nifedipine, nitrendipine and FR 7534 was relatively selective for subepicardial regions resulting in a significant and dose-related decrease in endo/epi. This unusual effect of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonists to produce a redistribution of flow within normal myocardium was not shared by the non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists or non-calcium antagonist vasodilators studied. The redistribution of flow was not related to changes in heart rate, aortic blood pressure or to the level of total coronary blood flow. Such an effect may be related to the distribution of dihydropyridine receptors across the left ventricular wall, antagonism of the action of adenosine, or changes in regional intramyocardial tissue pressure and extravascular resistance.
Development of electronic cinema projectors

All of the components for the electronic cinema are now commercially available. Sony has a high definition progressively scanned 24 frame per second electronic cinema camera. This can be recorded digitally on tape or film on hard drives in RAID recorders. Much of the post production processing is now done digitally by scanning film, processing it digitally, and recording it on film for release. Fiber links and satellites can transmit cinema program material to theaters in real time. RAID or tape recorders can play programs for viewing at a much lower cost than storage on film. Two companies now have electronic cinema projectors on the market. Of all of the components, the electronic cinema projector is the most challenging. Achieving the resolution, light, output, contrast ratio, and color rendition all at the same time without visible artifacts is a difficult task. Film itself is, of course, a form of light-valve. However, electronically modulated light uses other techniques rather than changes in density to control the light. The optical techniques that have been the basis for many electronic light-valves have been under development for over 100 years. Many of these techniques are based on optical diffraction to modulate the light. This paper will trace the history of these techniques and show how they may be extended to produce electronic cinema projectors in the future.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermal noise spectrum of a fiber-optic magnetostrictive transducer.

We report the observation of the thermal equilibrium strain fluctuation spectrum in a transducer using a fiber interferometer. The thermal noise power spectrum in the range of 20–30 kHz of the metallic glass cylinder in this experiment is determined by the dynamic elastic susceptibility and has peak value corresponding to approximately 0.8 μrad/Hz at 25.5 kHz. The data are analyzed by using the fluctuation–dissipation theorem and a coupled-mode model for dynamic response in metallic glass.
Enhancement of stimulated Brillouin scattering due to reflection of light from plasma critical surface

We consider the effect of light reflected from the plasma critical surface on stimulated Brillouin scattering. For an expanding plasma, there will be a certain Mach number where the reflected light acts as a noise source for stimulated\char22{}Brillouin-scattering exponentiation. We show calculations and plasma simulations that exhibit significantly enhanced levels of scattering.
A model search for Efimov states

A search for Efimov states is carried out in terms of a one-dimensional model three-body problem. A numerically exact solution is obtained that allows scanning through the resonance condition. No evidence is found for the existence of an infinite number of such bound three-body states. It is deduced from one-dimensional results that such an infinity of bound states should also not arise in a complete three-dimensional calculation.
Production of H-2 class II (Ia.7) antibody is under Ir gene control.

Thus, apparently to produce an E α (Ia.7)-specific antibody between strains differing in E α only, the recipient must carry the A b allele. Even in strain combinations differing in the entire I region, the production of Ia.7-specific antibody seems to be highly restricted, with only two haplotypes, H-2 b and H-2 s , being responders
Intermale relations and troop male membership changes in langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Nepal

Data on intermale social relations and troop membership changes in one Nepalese high-altitude population of free-ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus)are reported here. Data were collected from six troops by three observers and cover 32 months of observations. The predominantly multi-male troops indicate an alternating pattern of exclusions and introductions with gradual adult male replacement. Takeovers and infant killing were not observed. Analysis of adult social behavior records show qualitative and quantitative differences in intrasexual relations, with primarily agonistic social contacts occurring between males. Agonistic encounters between females and between males differ in frequency of occurrence, types of be-haviors used, cause, and consistency in direction of threats between individuals. Individual adult male frequency of interaction with females and immatures varied significantly, with the majority of these interactions occurring between the dominant troop male and other troop members. Data indicate that intermale dominance is a major factor in determining male access to fertile females: This appears to be achieved by either directly excluding males from the troop or effectively “controlling” their inter-actions with troop females. Data from these studies are compared with data from other Presbytis entellusinvestigations. Review of these data suggests that intraspecific variability in intermale social dynamics and type of troop male membership change are correlated with the percentage of nontroop males. It is suggested that environmental pressures resulting in social crowding can be critical in determing the occurrence of takeovers in some populations of Presbytis entellus.
MCSS functionality maps for a flexible protein.

The Multiple Copy Simultaneous Search (MCSS) methodology for finding energetically favorable positions and orientations of small functional groups in a binding site is extended to include flexibility of the target. This makes possible the finding of novel minima not present in a fixed structure and so extends the diversity of inhibitors that can be constructed starting with the MCSS procedure. Quenched molecular dynamics is used to generate energetically favorable positions and orientations of the functional groups in the field of a flexible protein. The method is applied to the viral protein HIV-1 protease with methanol and methyl ammonium as a test case. If the protein is quenched with many copies of functional groups randomly distributed in the binding site, the resulting minima have ligand-protein interaction energies that are, on average, less favorable than those obtained with standard MCSS. This is a consequence of the renormalized potential function employed in the Locally Enhanced Sampling (LES) approximation. However, local optimizations of existing MCSS minima with a flexible protein results in lower energy minima in regions of the protein that are of particular interest. Their use in constructing a consensus protein model for ligand design is discussed. Proteins 1999;37:512–529. ©1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: A Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an uncommon malignancy of the thyroid. Only 1-2% of thyroid cancers are anaplastic, but the disease contributes to 14–50% of the mortality with a median survival of 3 to 5 months. Most patients diagnosed with this disease are 65 years of age or older. The incidence of anaplastic thyroid cancer is decreasing worldwide. Most patients present with a rapidly growing neck mass, dysphagia, or voice change. We performed a comprehensive literature search using PubMed focusing on the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer including historical review of treatment and outcomes and investigations of new agents and approaches. A total of sixteen chart review and retrospective studies and eleven prospective studies and/or clinical trials were reviewed. The current standard therapeutic approach is to consider the disease as systemic at time of diagnosis and pursue combined modality therapy incorporating cytoreductive surgical resection where feasible and/or chemoradiation either concurrently or sequentially. Doxorubicin is the most commonly used agent, with a response rate of 22%. Several new agents are currently under investigation. Referral of patients for participation in clinical trials is needed.
Caregiving as Ministry: Perceptions of African Americans Providing Care for Elders

This article provides qualitative findings from a community-based, mixed-method study of African American caregivers of elders. Using constant comparative analysis of 21 in-depth interviews, investigators explored the reciprocal, interactive influence between caregiving and religion or spirituality. Findings suggested that participants perceived their approach to care as a personal ministry. Analysis of the core category of Caregiving as Ministry identified four characteristics of the participant's care approach: (a) caregiving is an honor and a blessing, (b) caregiving is my identity, (c) caregiving is sustained by a personal relationship with God, and (d) caregiving is a higher calling from God. The article concludes with three implications for direct and community-based social work practice.
Fermi Surface of Arsenic

The Fermi surface of arsenic has been determined by means of a pseudopotential band-structure calculation. Recent experiments on the de Haas-van Alphen effect permit a more accurate determination of the pseudopotential parameters. The surface consists of three electron pieces located at the point $L$ in the Brillouin zone and the holes are distributed in a multiply connected surface around $T$. The hole surface can be thought of as being formed by six pockets joined by thin cylinders. Good agreement with experiment is found throughout.
Fricative Discrimination in Early Infancy

In three separate experiments using controlled natural stimuli and a high-amplitude sucking paradigm, infants' ability to detect differences between /s/ and /v/, /s/ and /∫/, and /s/ and /z/, respe...
Depression and self-esteem in academically gifted and nongifted children: A comparison study

Abstract The present investigation examined depression and self-esteem in a sample of 145 gifted and nongifted fourth and fifth grade children. Self-esteem was assessed by the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Depression was measured by Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory, the Reynolds' Child Depression Scale, and teachers' global ratings of depression. As a group, gifted children did not differ on levels of self-esteem or depression from their nongifted peers. However, when grade and gender differences were examined, it was found that gifted boys tended to report lower levels of self-esteem and more depression than gifted girls. Teachers also judged boys to be more depressed than girls. Furthermore, fifth-graders were rated by teachers to be more depressed than fourth-graders. Overall, this investigation did not find major differences in affective characteristics between gifted and nongifted children.
Assessing Eco-Feedback Interface Usage and Design to Drive Energy Efficiency in Buildings

In response to growing concerns over climate change and rising energy costs, a number of eco-feedback systems are being tested by researchers. Yet, the interface design aspect of these systems has largely been ignored. Therefore, the role that interface design plays at the component level in driving actual energy savings from users is unclear. In this paper, we evaluate the impact interface design has on eco-feedback performance by investigating five established design components. We conducted a six week empirical study with 43 participants using a prototype eco-feedback interface. Analysis of usage data affirmed a statistically significant inverse correlation between user engagement (measured as logins) and energy consumption. Utilizing this relationship as a basis for performance, we expanded our analysis to evaluate the five design components. The study revealed statistically significant evidence corroborating that historical comparison and incentives are design components that drive higher engagement and thus reductions in energy consumption. Results for the normative comparison and disaggregation components were inconclusive, while results for the rewards and penalization component suggest that a revision to the penalization aspect of the component may be necessary. This study raises pertinent questions regarding the efficacy of various eco-feedback components in eliciting energy savings.
Approximate Prediction of Generator Dynamic Coupling Using Load Flow Data

Dynamic coupling occurs when multiple groups of strongly connected generators are tied together through weak or strained transmission lines. Establishing which machines in a system are dynamically coupled has shown to be helpful in identifying coherent area for aggregation, providing insights into system stability, as well as indications of potential stability limits. One of the most significant factors influencing dynamic coupling is the value of the transfer impedance between the machines. Therefore, this paper proposes that a strong indicator of which machines are likely to be electrically coupled can be derived from direct evaluation of the off-diagonal entries of the system impedance matrix. Estimation of the dynamic coupling in this manner not only has the benefit of only requiring readily available machine and load flow data but being computationally simple.
Fractal polyzirconosiloxane cluster coatings

Fractal polyzirconosiloxane (PZS) cluster films were prepared through the hydrolysis-polycondensation-pyrolysis synthesis of two-step HCl acid-NaOH base catalyzed sol precursors consisting of N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole, Zr(OC{sub 3}H{sub 7}){sub 4}, methanol, and water. When amorphous PZSs were applied to aluminum as protective coatings against NaCl-induced corrosion, the effective film was that derived from the sol having a pH near the isoelectric point in the positive zeta potential region. The following four factors played an important role in assembling the protective PZS coating films: (1) a proper rate of condensation, (2) a moderate ratio of Si-O-Si to Si-O-Zr linkages formed in the PZS network, (3) hydrophobic characteristics, and (4) a specific microstructural geometry, in which large fractal clusters were linked together.
Ascites in cirrhosis: a medical or surgical problem?

Fifty-seven cirrhotic patients with intractable ascites had a portosystemic shunt. In 35 patients, a peritoneovenous shunt had previously failed. Forty-six patients were in Pugh's class B and 11 were in class C. There were three operative deaths (5.3%). Fifty-three (98.2%) of the 54 survivors were cleared of ascites. In one patient, ascites persisted because of postshunt heart failure that resulted in a marked increase of caval pressure. Twenty-seven patients (50%) had late encephalopathy, which was severe and disabling in 12 (22%). One-and three-year survival rates were 72% and 36%, respectively. These results suggest that although portosystemic shunts are remarkably effective in dealing with ascites, the high rate of postoperative encephalopathy is a strong argument against their routine use in the management of intractable ascites in cirrhosis.
The secretory granule matrix-electrolyte interface: a homologue of the p-n rectifying junction.

When placed at the tip of a glass micropipette electrode the polymeric matrix of the secretory granule behaves like a diode. The measured current was 100-fold greater at negative potentials compared to positive potentials, and up to sixfold greater than that measured with the pipette alone. By manipulating the geometry of the electric field we show that these electrical properties result from focusing an electric field at the gel-electrolyte interface. We also show, by using pulsed-laser imaging with fluorescein as the ionic probe, that there is a rapid accumulation and depletion of ions at the gel-electrolyte interface. A voltage pulse of -9 V applied to the gel caused a severalfold increase in the fluorescence intensity within 5 ms. This correlated with an increase in the measured current (approximately 1 microA). In contrast, within 5 ms of applying +9 V we recorded a decrease in the fluorescence intensity, which paralleled the twofold decrease in the measured current. This is similar to a p-n junction where an applied voltage causes the accumulation and depletion of charge carriers. Using synthetic gels (diameter 3–6 microns) with different charge characteristics we observed no rectification of the current with neutral gels and confirmed that rectification and amplification of the current were dependent on the fixed charge within a gel. In addition, we modeled the conduction at the gel-electrolyte interface using the Nernst-Planck electrodiffusion equation and accurately fitted the experimental current-voltage relationships. This study provides some insight into how biological interfaces may function. For example, we suggest that neurotransmitter release during exocytosis could be regulated by voltage-induced accumulation and depletion of ions at the interface between the secretory granule and the fusion pore.
Characterization of development and artemisinin biosynthesis in self-pollinated Artemisia annua plants

Artemisia annua L. is the only natural resource that produces artemisinin (Qinghaosu), an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone used in the artemisinin-combination therapy of malaria. The cross-hybridization properties of A. annua do not favor studying artemisinin biosynthesis. To overcome this problem, in this study, we report on selection of self-pollinated A. annua plants and characterize their development and artemisinin biosynthesis. Self-pollinated F2 plants selected were grown under optimized growth conditions, consisting of long day (16 h of light) and short day (9 h of light) exposures in a phytotron. The life cycles of these plants were approximately 3 months long, and final heights of 30-35 cm were achieved. The leaves on the main stems exhibited obvious morphological changes, from indented single leaves to odd, pinnately compound leaves. Leaves and flowers formed glandular and T-shaped trichomes on their surfaces. The glandular trichome densities increased from the bottom to the top leaves. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling analyses showed that leaves, flowers, and young seedlings of F2 plants produced artemisinin. In leaves, the levels of artemisinin increased from the bottom to the top of the plants, showing a positive correlation to the density increase of glandular trichomes. RT-PCR analysis showed that progeny of self-pollinated plants expressed the amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase (ADS) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 71 AV1 (CYP71AV1) genes, which are involved in artemisinin biosynthesis in leaves and flowers. The use of self-pollinated A. annua plants will be a valuable approach to the study of artemisinin biosynthesis.
Etching of LiNbO3 by Laser-Driven Fusion of Salts

Lithium niobate exhibits low reactivity with most chemical etchants. Consequently, etching a LiNbO/sub 3/ surface to produce optical structures such as ridge waveguides or grooves for fiber coupling normally requires relatively slow processses such as ion milling. We have developed a laser-driven chemical etching process for etching highly unreactive ionic solids based on the fusion of salts in the molten phase which can be more than 100 times faster than ion milling rates. This process involves spatially localized melting of LiNbO/sub 3/ by higher-power density laser pulses with photon energies in excess of the band gap of LiNbO/sub 3/. While molten, LiNbO/sub 3/ undergoes reaction with a surface coating of KF to form niobium oxyfluoride anions by fusion of the salts. The resulting solid is highly water soluble. The insolubility of LiNbO/sub 3/ permits subsequent removal of only the irradiated area by rinsing in water. Surface morphology is determined by laser density. The process exhibits a wavelength dependence.
Determination of off-shell t-matrix from pp bremsstrahlung data at 42 MeV

Abstract We search for the best fit to pp bremsstrahlung data at 42 MeV, varying parameters describing the off-shell t -matrix and the internal term. We obtain a χ 2 minimum with internal term small, and t -matrices differing moderately from Hamada-Johnston values.
Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition in Proximity-Coupled Superconducting Arrays

Evidence for the Kosterlitz-Thouless vortex unbinding transition is reported in triangular planar arrays of proximity-coupled Pb-Sn junctions. The temperature dependence of the resistive transition and the nonlinear features of the current-voltage characteristics are consistent with recent theories of topological ordering in two-dimensional superconductors.