cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct phenomenal beliefs, cognitive significance, and the specious present

Chalmers (The character of consciousness, 2010) argues for an acquaintance theory of the justification of direct phenomenal beliefs. A central part of this defense is the claim that direct phenomenal beliefs are cognitively significant. I argue against this. Direct phenomenal beliefs are justified within the specious present, and yet the resources available with the present �now� are so impoverished that it barely constrains the content of a direct phenomenal belief. I argue that Chalmers�s account does not have the resources for explaining how direct phenomenal beliefs support the inference from �this E is R� to �that was R.�
An array of processors for the real-time estimation of fourth- and lower-order moments

Abstract In order to estimate higher-order statistics in real time it is necessary to use parallel processing and pipelining. We present a triangular VLSI architecture that can provide in real time estimates of all the nonnegative lags of all the moments, up to the fourth order. The array computes the moments of a one-dimensional data sequence in an sorder-recursive fashion and it can be extended to provide real-time estimates of the higher-order cumulants and the associated polyspectra. A systematic algorithm-to-architectures direct mapping methodology using linear space-time transformations as employed, in order to explore all the valid solutions that meet the VLSI design constraints and the performance specifications. The array achieves minimum latency and maximum processor utilization.
A LEED study of structures produced by H2 on (100) W

Abstract The LEED structures resulting from hydrogen adsorption on (100)W are studied as functions of hydrogen coverage and surface temperature for temperatures above 78 °K. Coverages are determined by flash desorption. Diffraction beam intensity profiles are also examined. It is found that at 300°K the maximum intensity of the c(2 × 2) pattern occurs at 0.16 monolayer and that these beams vanish at a coverage of 0.35. Splitting of the half-order beams begins at the maximum intensity and attains a maximum distance of 1 4 of the lattice spacing at both 300 and 195 °K. At 78 °K half-order beams are observed, but no splitting occurs. When a surface which has been heated to ~2500°K is allowed to cool below 300°K in ultrahigh vacuum, sharp and intense beams characteristic of a c(2 × 2) configuration are observed even though no more than .01 monolayer of adsorbed gases can be detected by flash desorption. The intensity of these extra beams decreases with increasing temperature and appears to be a function of the crystal temperature alone. Treatment of the crystal in oxygen reduces the intensity of this structure on the clean surface, but after heating briefly in hydrogen, the c(2 × 2) pattern is again observed on the clean surface. It is suggested that this structure on the “clean” surface may be due to structural rearrangement of tungsten or an adsorbed state of hydrogen which goes into solution upon heating. Since hydrogen solution is endothermic its solubility decreases with decreasing temperature, and hydrogen may therefore migrate to the surface upon cooling and accumulate there. The implications of these results in regard to the adsorption states of hydrogen on tungsten are discussed.
Interaction of 13C-enriched folate with dihydrofolate reductase studied by carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract In the presence of dihydrofolate reductase the carbon magnetic resonance spectrum of folate labeled at the benzoylcarbonyl carbon with 13 C contains two broadened peaks arising from free and enzyme-bound folate, the latter appearing over 2 ppm upfield from free folate. Addition of TPN + causes sharpening of both peaks indicating formation of a single folate-TPN + -enzyme ternary complex. Methotrexate specifically displaces folate from the ternary complex regenerating a single sharp resonance at 170.4 ppm characteristic of free folate. Line width changes show that folate is bound more tightly in the ternary than in the binary complex. Increased shielding of this carbonyl upon binding is inconsistent with its participation in a H-bond.
Recent Developments In Solid State Optical Gyroscopes: An Overview

Passive optical "gyros" as well as active optical "gyros" (i.e. ring laser gyros or RLG) are based on the Sagnac effect. The Sagnac effect is the non-reciprocal phase difference experienced by light propagating along opposite directions in a rotating frame. The active technique for measuring the phase difference consists of placing a gain medium within a ring cavity, i.e. a ring laser. In the presence of rotation, the non-reciprocal phase difference that is generated is automatically transformed to a difference in the laser frequencies along the counterpropagating directions in the ring laser. In the passive optical gyros, the non-reciprocal phase shift generated by rotation must be measured using external techniques. There are two types of passive gyros. One type is based on an interferometer approach in which two light beams propagate along opposite directions around a closed path and the phase shift difference generated by rotation is measured. The sensitivity is enhanced considerably by confining the light propagation within a single mode fiber that is wrapped many times around a cylinder. The other type of passive gyro is based on a ring resonator approach in which an external light source is used to measure the difference in the resonance frequency of the cavity along opposite directions. This resonance frequency difference is proportional to the rotation-induced Sagnac phase difference. Optical cavities may be constructed using bulk-optical, fiber-optical or integrated-optical components. At present there is considerable research in progress that is aimed at the development of passive gyros for a variety of applications from precision navigation to robot control. The performance of such gyros at present are very encouraging. The early emphasis on short term noise is now shifting to dynamic range, scale factor stability, light sources, and integrated optic components. In addition, there has been immense progress in the development of low loss fuzed couplers for both the multiturn interferometer gyro and the resonator gyro. The following references will give a good starting point for the interested reader. The references also include the results of recent work mentioned either individually or included in the listed conference proceedings. Futuristic, novel ideas are discussed in references 16 and 17.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Treatment of an incest victim with implosive therapy: A case study

A 22-year-old single female victim of incest trauma was treated via implosive therapy during five inpatient therapy sessions. Treatment consisted of repeated exposure through imagery to the incest scene and real or hypothesized thoughts and events related to the incest trauma. Results indicated that, by a follow-up session, behavioral, physiological, and self-report measures were all decreased from previous levels. Moreover, there was a generalization of extinction effect such that self-report and physiological responding to an imaginally presented current life stressor were markedly reduced. Self-monitoring of incest-related thoughts, dreams, and negative heterosexual relations also showed a significant decrease which was maintained at a 6-month follow-up. At a 12-month follow-up, the patient continued to report maintenance of treatment gains with respect to the incest trauma.
Patient control and end-of-life care part I: the advanced practice nurse perspective.

Purpose/objectives To explore understanding of preferences of adult patients with cancer for control in the context of end-of-life care and to explore strategies that oncology advanced practice nurses (APNs) use to assist patients in achieving personal control at the end of life. Research approach Descriptive, naturalistic using Denzin's model of interpretive interactionism. Setting A variety of settings throughout the state of Texas. Participants 9 oncology APNs. Methodologic approach Participants were recruited via a mailed invitation to APN members of the Oncology Nursing Society who resided in Texas. Interviews were recorded on audiotape and analyzed via Denzin's interpretive process of data analysis. Main research variables Patient control. Findings APNs' descriptions of patient preferences for control at the end of life included engagement with living, turning the corner, comfort and dignity, and control over the dying process. APN roles included presenting bad news in a context of choices, managing physical care and emotional needs, and facilitating care services and systems. Conclusions Patient desire for control manifests in a wide variety of actions and desires to live fully and remain actively involved in personal decision making in the context of an advanced cancer diagnosis. APNs play a pivotal role in determining and facilitating patient preferences for control. Interpretation Academic programs to prepare oncology APNs must include attention to communication skills, clinical care needs, and care management strategies for the end-of-life continuum of care. APNs may need to increase efforts to dispel patient and family misperceptions about value and timing of palliative care and hospice services.
Characterization of the three-dimensional kinematic behavior of axons in central nervous system white matter

Traumatic injury to axons in white matter of the brain and spinal cord occurs primarily via tensile stretch. During injury, the stress and strain experienced at the tissue level is transferred to the microscopic axons. How this transfer occurs, and the primary constituents dictating this transfer must be better understood to develop more accurate multi-scale models of injury. Previous studies have characterized axon tortuosity and kinematic behavior in 2-dimensions (2-D), where axons have been modeled to exhibit non-affine (discrete), affine (composite-like), or switching behavior. In this study, we characterize axon tortuosity and model axon kinematic behavior in 3-dimensions (3-D). Embryonic chick spinal cords at different development stages were excised and stretched. Cords were then fixed, transversely sectioned, stained, and imaged. 3-D axon tortuosity was measured from confocal images using a custom-built MATLAB script. 2-D kinematic models previously described in Bain et al. (J Biomech Eng 125(6):798, 2003) were extended, re-derived, and validated for the 3-D case. Results showed that 3-D tortuosity decreased with stretch, exhibiting similar trends with changes in development as observed in the 2-D studies. Kinematic parameters also displayed similar general trends. Axons demonstrated more affine behavior with increasing stretch and development. In comparison with 2-D results, a smaller percentage of the populations of 3-D axons were predicted to follow pure non-affine behavior. The data and kinematic models presented herein can be incorporated into multi-scale CNS injury models, which can advance the accuracy of the models and improve the potential to identify axonal injury thresholds.
Confronting traumatic experience and immunocompetence: a reply to Neale, Cox, Valdimarsdottir, and Stone.

In their comment, Neale, Cox, Valdimarsdottir, and Stone (1988) argued that one should not conclude, based on our findings, that there is any positive effect of a brief psychotherapeutic writing treatment on immunocompetence. We disagree. Our experimental technique of ha~ing subjects write about the most traumatic experiences of their lives has now been shown to reduce health center visits for illness in three studies in two laboratories. In the Pennebaker, Kiecolt-Glaser, and Glaser (1988) stud)" we found that those subjects who wrote about traumatic experiences showed an improvement in one immunological assay (blastogenesis with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin) relative to control subjects who wrote about trivial topics. Furthermore, theoretically meaningful internal analyses demonstrated similar effects with another mitogen, concanavalin A. Although it is not possible to pinpoint the exact physiological links, consideration ofall of the data indicate that confronting traumatic experience is, in all probability, physically beneficial.
Complexity: Toward an empirical measure

Complexity is a significant concern to managers and can undermine operational performance if not managed well, or if managed well could be used to strategic advantage. However, the quantification of complexity is requisite to managing and exploiting it. To date, an easily employable quantitative measure has not been introduced. This has hampered the ability of researchers to conduct large empirical studies and to gain a fuller understanding of the impacts of complexity on organizations. This has in turn impeded the ability of researchers to inform managers about how to manage complexity. This article presents one such measure, the Generalized Complexity Index (GCI), and illustrates it using publicly available data from the cruise line industry. The GCI employs the product structure diagram to create a geometric structure from which the level of the three dimensions of complexity (multiplicity, diversity, and interconnectedness) can be computed. The GCI is a function of these three dimensions. A significant advantage of the GCI is that it can be applied at multiple levels of analysis including product, portfolio, and supply chain. Implications for business diversification research and marketing strategy are introduced and future research topics are identified.
Representation of figures by labeled graphs

Abstract Figures of arbitrary shape (not necessarily “thin line”) can be approximated by polygons which are represented as unions of some of their convex subsets. Such representations can be considered as graphs whose nodes correspond to convex subsets and whose branches connect nodes corresponding to intersecting subsets. The nodes of such graphs are labeled with information related to the structure of the convex set they represent. The paper discusses various properties of such graphs including grammars which may generate them. It is also shown that their analysis can provide information about topological properties of the figure and its shape in general.
Anti-Social Debts

The current student debt burden is an unsustainable outcome of the government’s abdication of responsibility to secure access to higher education. Andrew Ross analyses the factors behind the fundin...
On the solution of some forms of the korteweg-de vries equation

In this paper, a modified version of Adomian's decomposition algorithm is introduced. The modified algorithm is adapted for solving the Korteweg-de Vries equation. Severa1 special cases of the KdV equation me solved using the technique. It is shown that the method yields a highly accurate and rapidly converging scheme. Most of the symbolic and the numerica1 computations are performed using the Computer Algebra System-Maple.
Natural resources and the environment: the challenge of economic and social development.

In a global society committed to ever-expanding economic and social development, natural resource professionals must adopt an enlarged perspective of their professions—a truly global perspective. The objective, professional-as-scientist concerned only with a single discipline in a limited region, is no longer adequate to the task. It is no longer enough to limit the focus of our "professional" concern to traditional natural resource management issues. World population pressures, the growing dangers of global air pollution and nuclear war threaten the entire global environment we have sought to conserve. It is time to bring some passion to the service of reason. It is time to understand worldwide air pollution and issues of war and peace as environmental problems. It is time to recognize that population policy is natural resource policy writ large.
Feminism and the Evolution of Sex Differences and Similarities

Distrust between most evolutionary psychologists and most feminist psychologists is evident in the majority of the articles contained in this Special Issue. The debates between proponents of these perspectives reflect different views of the potential for transforming gender relations from patriarchal to gender-equal. Yet, with respect to the overall prevalence of sex differences or similarities, the articles in the Special Issue show that neither feminist psychologists nor evolutionary psychologists have uniform positions. Questions about how and if women and men differ are still under negotiation in the articles in this Special Issue as well as in other research related to evolutionary and feminist psychology. Clearer conclusions would be fostered by standardized metrics for representing male–female comparisons, more varied research methods for assessing both psychological and biological processes, greater diversity in populations sampled, and more researcher openness to taking into account findings that challenge their theories. Theoretical growth also is needed, especially to develop and integrate the many individual feminism-influenced theories represented in this Special Issue. To this end, we propose an integrative evolutionary framework that recognizes human culture in both ultimate and proximal causes of female and male behavior.
Hsp104 Drives ‘Protein-Only’ Positive Selection of Sup35 Prion Strains Encoding Strong [PSI+]

Summary Structurally distinct, self-templating prion "strains" can encode distinct phenotypes and amplify at different rates depending upon the environment. Indeed, prion strain ensembles can evolve in response to environmental challenges, which makes them highly challenging drug targets. It is not understood how the proteostasis network amplifies one prion strain at the expense of another. Here, we demonstrate that Hsp104 remodels the distinct intermolecular contacts of different synthetic Sup35 prion strains in a way that selectively amplifies prions encoding strong [ PSI + ] and simultaneously eliminates prions encoding weak [ PSI + ]. Hsp104 has reduced ability to fragment prions encoding weak [ PSI + ], but readily converts them to nontemplating forms. By contrast, Hsp104 readily fragments prions encoding strong [ PSI + ], but has reduced ability to eliminate their infectivity. Thus, we illuminate direct mechanisms underpinning how the proteostasis network can drive prion strain selection.
The public relations philosophy of John W. Hill: bricks in the foundation of issues management

This paper contends that John W. Hill, founding partner of Hill and Knowlton, based his philosophy of public relations on four signal elements of issues management: strategic business planning sensitive to the threats and opportunities of public policy; high standards of corporate responsibility; issues monitoring; and issues communication. His philosophy, now nearly one-half century old, was enlightened in that it fares well against the standards of ethics, symmetry and sensitive relationship management championed in public relations literature today. This analysis is based on the philosophy Hill expressed in his two books, which establish him as one of the founders of modern issues management. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Photo-induced mid-gap absorption and transient photoconductivity in the a-Si:H system

Abstract Experimental results on the intensity dependence of photo-induced mid-gap absorption (PA) and transient photoconductivity (PC) are presented.
Some aspects of the decay of convective turbulence

The decay of temperature and velocity fluctuations in a convective turbulent boundary layer over a heated surface in response to cooling at the surface was studied using a laboratory experiment. The time scale associated with cooling was greater than the relaxation time scale of turbulence, whereupon the convective layer responds to the changes of thermal forcing in a series of quasi-stationary steps. It was found that, when the cooling rate |dTs/dt| is maintained constant, the decay times of turbulent velocity and temperature fields, from the initiation of cooling, scale with ΔT0/|dTs/dt|, where ΔT0 is the temperature difference between the cooling surface and the mixed layer, irrespective of the Prandtl number. Mechanistic explanations are provided to describe the experimental observations. Geophysical relevance of the results is also discussed by considering the dissolution of the atmospheric convective boundary layer.
A dynamic concentration model for lubrication with oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract A variety of models for lubrication by emulsions are compared with film thickness measurements made by Dow for elastohydrodynamic lubrication contacts lubricated by oil-in-water emulsions. The results of conventional elastohydrodynamic analysis with effective viscosity models tend to under-estimate the lubricant film thickness. A simplified dynamic concentration model shows much better agreement with the experiments.
Shape selective adsorption in atomistic nanopores : a study of xylene isomers in silicalite

Abstract Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations are used to predict single component and binary mixture adsorption of p- and m-xylene in the ORTHO and PARA phases of silicalite. These predictions are compared with experimental results. Both phases adsorb p-xylene selectively, the ORTHO phase manifesting stronger p-selectivity than the PARA. p-Xylene is able to access the pore space of silicalite relatively easily while m-xylene is able to access the pore space only with difficulty; this seems to be the primary reason for p-selectivity. To contrast with situations where both isomers can access the pore space with relative ease, simulations of adsorption of xylene isomers in a larger pore structure are also performed. Under such conditions we observe that the ability of each component to form ordered clusters in the pore space influences selectivity. Oscillations in selectivity are observed and are attributed to competition between energetic and entropic contributions to adsorption. In all cases, sorbate–sorbate interaction between the components influences selectivity.
An ω1-band-selective, ω1-homonuclear decoupled ROESY experiment: application to the assignment of 1H NMR spectra of difficult-to-assign peptide sequences

Application of an ω1-band-selective, ω1-homonuclear decoupled ROESY (BASHD-ROESY) experiment to the assignment of 1H NMR spectra of peptides is demonstrated. Band selection in the ω1 dimension is achieved with the double pulsed field gradient spin echo (DPFGSE) technique; homonuclear decoupling in the ω1 dimension is achieved by placing a non-selective 180° pulse together with the first half of the DPFGSE in the middle of the evolution period. Application of the BASHD-ROESY experiment is demonstrated with the complete assignment of the proton resonances of the synthetic 19 amino acid peptide N-Ac–Ala–Glu–Ala–Ala– Ala–Arg–Ala–Ala–Ala–Arg–Arg–Ala–Ala– Arg–Arg–Ala–Ala–Ala–Arg–NH2. Critical to making the assignments was the significantly increased resolution in the CαH–NH region of the ROESY spectrum measured with the BASHD-ROESY pulse sequence with band selection and homonuclear decoupling in the CαH region. NOEs observed for the peptide indicate it has a helical secondary structure in solution. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theta and delta band activity explain N2 and P3 ERP component activity in a go/no-go task

Objectives: Recent work indicates that the feedback negativity and P3 components from gambling feedback tasks can be understood as mixtures of functionally distinct processes occurring separately in theta and delta frequency bands. The current study was conducted to assess whether dissociable processes occurring in the theta and delta bands would similarly account for activity underlying N2 and P3 components in a go/no-go task. Methods: The current study measured EEG signals from 66 participants during a go/no-go task, and a time–frequency principal components analysis decomposition approach was used to extract theta and delta measures from condition averages. Results: Theta and delta measures separately increased in relation to response inhibition, and were uniquely related to the N2 and P3 components, as predicted. Conclusions: Findings support the view that the theta and delta measures indexed separable processes related to response inhibition, and better indexed the processes underlying N2 and P3 components in this go/no-go task. Significance: Theta and delta measures may index separable functional processes across other common ERP tasks, and may represent an improved target for research relative to standard time-domain components.
H-type tracheoesophageal fistula with type III laryngotracheoesophageal cleft

H-type tracheoesophageal fistula and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft are both rare anomalies. Laryngotracheoesophageal clefts are identified as a part of Opitz-Frias syndrome. We report a neonate with this combination of rare congenital anomalies. These associated malformations can have major implications in terms of resuscitation, diagnosis and surgical management, which are discussed.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in liver transplantation: a matched controlled study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections on transplant recipients. Methods. Liver and kidney recipients with MRSA infections were retrospectively identified and compared to an age, gender, UNOS status, organ transplanted, and transplant date matched (2:1) non-MRSA-infected recipient control group. All MRSA infections were initially treated with vancomycin, and four (33%) liver recipients were converted to linezolid therapy after failing to improve with vancomycin. Results. The overall MRSA infection incidence was 1.4% (24/1770) with MRSA more common in liver (3.75%; 12/320) than kidney transplants (0.8%; 12/1450) (P <.001). The most common sites of MRSA infection were blood (42%), lung (38%), and abdomen (29%). The MRSA group had a greater percentage of prior antibiotic usage (79% vs 40%; P <.0015). The MRSA group experienced more posttransplant complications (52% vs 19%; P <.011)), and exhibited a trend toward greater length of stay in the intensive care unit (7.8 vs 4.6 days; P =.09), but not overall length of stay. Survival was similar in MRSA and non-MRSA groups (75% vs 88%; P =.17). No significant differences in mortality were noted between liver and kidney recipients infected with MRSA (P =.6). Conclusion. MRSA infection is associated with a higher incidence of posttransplant complications and antibiotic usage in both liver and kidney recipients compared to patients with MRSA infection.
The Effect of Differential Item Functioning in Anchor Items on Population Invariance of Equating

Invariant relationships in the internal mechanisms of estimating achievement scores on educational tests serve as the basis for concluding that a particular test is fair with respect to statistical bias concerns. Equating invariance and differential item functioning are both concerned with invariant relationships yet are treated separately in the psychometric literature. Connecting these two facets of statistical invariance is critical for developing a holistic definition of fairness in educational measurement, for fostering a deeper understanding of the nature and causes of equating invariance and a lack thereof, and for providing practitioners with guidelines for addressing reported score-level equity concerns. This study hypothesizes that differential item functioning manifested in anchor items of an assessment will have an effect on equating dependence. Findings show that when anchor item differential item functioning varies across forms in a differential manner across subpopulations, population invar...
Observables and moments of cooperative resonance fluorescence

The moments of the fluorescent radiation of a ${J}^{2}$-invariant, cooperative fluorescent group of atoms are calculated exactly. Both photon bunching and antibunching can occur in the fluorescent radiation. All finite-order moments have a critical-point behavior at ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{c}=J\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in the cooperative limit of $J\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. The maximum normalized intensity correlation is 6/5 which shows greatly reduced intensity fluctuations compared to noncooperative resonance fluorescence. Enhanced antibunching in all the fluorescent correlation functions occurs in the threshold region.
The use of a silicone gel prosthesis in the treatment of post‐prostatectomy incontinence

Eighty-three patients with post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence were treated by silicone gel prostheses implanted over the bulbous urethra. The prosthesis provides continence by passively increasing the urethral resistance. Successful results were achieved in 72% of patients. The mechanism of post-prostatectomy incontinence and the development of anti-incontinence surgery is briefly reviewed.
Quantum Information, Laser Frequency Stabilization, and Optical Signal Processing with Rare-Earth Doped Materials

Rare earth ions in solids offer optical linewidths rivaling those of trapped single atoms. We design and characterize rare-earth-doped crystals for applications requiring long optical decoherence times (4.2 ms) and ultranarrow spectral holes (75 Hz).
Partial Phase Diagrams in the System Water/Formamide/Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/Decanol

Abstract The phase regions were determined in the systems of sodium dodecyl sulfate, decanol and a polar solvent. The latter was a) water, b) water and formamide (1/1 weight ratio) and c) formamide The water system showed an aqueous micellar solution, a decanol solution with inverse micelles as well as a lamellar and a hexagonal liquid crystal. The formamide system gave a formamide solution, a lamellar liquid crystal and a decanol solution while the system with water plus formamide in a 1/1 ratio still retained the hexagonal liquid crystal.
Visible/near-infrared spectra and two-layer modeling of palagonite-coated Basalts

Fine-grained dust coatings on Martian rocks and soils obscure underlying surfaces and hinder mineralogic interpretations of both remote sensing and in-situ observations, We investigate laboratory visible/near-infrared spectra of various thicknesses of palagonite coatings on basalt substrates. We develop a two-layer Hapke scattering model incorporating porosity, grain size, and derived absorption coefficients of palagonite and basalt that reproduces the observed spectra only when the single scattering particle phase function is varied with wavelength.
Chromosome walking in Dictyostelium: an application of the single specific primer PCR

Abstract We describe here an application of the polymerase chain reaction that sidesteps the necessity of knowing sequence information at both ends of a desired fragment of genomic DNA. The methodology is straightforward and works efficiently in organisms with relatively simple genomes. We have used it to walk more than 8 kb in six steps from a `starter' DNA sequence that was identified in a cDNA library screen. This technology complements existing procedures to walk in either direction along chromosomes, but because of the multiple levels of selection employed, it may prove to be more effective. Its primary utility will probably lie in extending sequence information in simple organisms that do not have pre-existing cDNA or genomic libraries, or for rapidly isolating genomic sequences that flank a cDNA clone.
The rotating gas toroid surrounding the K3-50A ionized bipolar outflow

We present high spatial resolution, aperture synthesis images of K3-50A as part of an ongoing study of high-mass star formation regions. Maps in the HCO+ (J = 1 → 0), H13CO+ (J = 1 → 0), and SiO (v = 0, J = 2 → 1) emission lines at ~25 resolution reveal both a flattened cloud of dense molecular gas ~1.1 pc in extent and a newly discovered inner torus ~0.5 pc in extent. The axis of the inner torus is tilted ~20° with respect to the outer cloud. The inner torus surrounds a bright continuum source, associated with the origin of a bipolar ionized gas outflow, and has HCO+(J = 1 → 0) optical depth greater than 14. Chemical abundances in the inner torus are azimuthally asymmetric, possibly due to differential impact of the ionized outflow on the inner region of the torus. Comparison with a kinematic radiative transfer model confirms that the torus is rotating and the rotation axis of the inner torus is aligned with the ionized outflow. While the cloud is not in solid body rotation, the rotational velocity of material in the cloud increases with radius. We estimate molecular abundance ratios by comparison with high-resolution dust extinction maps previously obtained at the same spatial resolution. The abundance ratio [HCO+]/[H2] = 3.9 × 10-8 is enhanced and falls in the upper range of typically measured values for star formation regions. SiO is likewise enhanced relative to both H2 and to HCO+. The ratio [SiO]/[H2] = 3.9 × 10-10 is within the range observed toward shock-excited regions. The cloud mass is estimated to be 2600 M☉.
Transverse plane kinetics during treadmill walking with and without a load.

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of wearing a backpack on transverse plane upper and lower body torque. Background. During unloaded walking the upper and lower body counter-rotate to reduce the net angular momentum of the body. There is less counter-rotation while carrying a load, suggesting a more rigid link between the upper and lower body. We predicted that load carriage would result in an increase in upper body torque. Because the upper and lower body may be more rigidly linked during load carriage, we also predicted an increase in lower body torque. Methods. Twelve subjects (5 male, 7 female, mean age=26) walked with and without a backpack containing 40% of their body mass on a treadmill at speeds from 0.6 to 1.6 m s −1 . Kinematic data were sampled for 30 s at each speed, upper and lower body torque were calculated from angular acceleration and moment of inertia. Results. Higher levels of upper and lower body torque were observed during load carriage than during unloaded walking. However, the increase in upper body torque was 225%, while upper body moment of inertia increased by 400%. Conclusions. The differences in torque between loaded and unloaded walking suggest that a goal of loaded walking is to minimize upper body torque, which may reduce the likelihood of injury. Relevance Knowledge of the effects of load carriage on upper and lower body torque, and related changes in coordination may provide insight into injury reduction mechanisms during load carriage.
Characterization of a novel eukaryal nick-sealing RNA ligase from Naegleria gruberi

The proteome of the amoebo-flagellate protozoan Naegleria gruberi is rich in candidate RNA repair enzymes, including 15 putative RNA ligases, one of which, NgrRnl, is a eukaryal homolog of Deinococcus radiodurans RNA ligase, DraRnl. Here we report that purified recombinant NgrRnl seals nicked 3'-OH/5'-PO4 duplexes in which the 3'-OH strand is RNA. It does so via the "classic" ligase pathway, entailing reaction with ATP to form a covalent NgrRnl-AMP intermediate, transfer of AMP to the nick 5'-PO4, and attack of the RNA 3'-OH on the adenylylated nick to form a 3'-5' phosphodiester. Unlike members of the four known families of ATP-dependent RNA ligases, NgrRnl lacks a carboxy-terminal appendage to its nucleotidyltransferase domain. Instead, it contains a defining amino-terminal domain that we show is important for 3'-OH/5'-PO4 nick-sealing and ligase adenylylation, but dispensable for phosphodiester synthesis at a preadenylylated nick. We propose that NgrRnl, DraRnl, and their homologs from diverse bacteria, viruses, and unicellular eukarya comprise a new "Rnl5 family" of nick-sealing ligases with a signature domain organization.
PEDIATRIC URORADIOLOGY UPDATE

These are interesting times in the world of pediatric uroradiology. Whereas prior update articles have emphasized new and exciting methods of imaging the pediatric genitourinary (GU) tract, 14 the present focus in pediatric uroradiology is a healthy reappraisal of the indications for and clinical use of the numerous modalities that are available for evaluating the child with a urinary tract infection (UTI). In other words, there are perhaps too many tools in the GU imaging toolbox, and the present task is to decide when, how, and in what sequence to use them in a cost-effective manner. Although dollar or managed care considerations are a driving force behind this reappraisal, urologists, as physicians caring for children, have a real opportunity for productive interdisciplinary communication in the interest of improved patient care. Many physicians (including family practitioners, general pediatricians, pediatric infectious disease specialists, pediatric nephrologists, neonatologists, general radiologists, pediatric radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and urologists, general and pediatric) now participate in the diagnosis and management of the child with a UTI. Recent symposia by the Society of Pediatric Radiology and the American Academy of Pediatrics and recent pediatric urologic literature have been devoted to discussions concerning what information is required to treat the child with a UTI appropriately. The purpose of this article is to update the urologist about these discussions and to clarify or at least to reveal some of the problems involved in discussing the diagnosis and imaging of the pediatric UTI.
Thermo-electro-mechanical shakedown response of conditioned shape memory alloy wires

The shakedown response of conditioned shape memory alloy wires (Flexinol® ) is examined experimentally during constant tension thermal cycles, at several load levels. Strain, temperature, and electrical resistivity are measured simultaneously using a specialized experimental setup that enables a relatively rapid temperature rate (1 °C/s) while preserving the temperature uniformity along the gauge length to less than 1.5 °C. Both elongation and electrical resistance are measured from the same local gauge length, allowing strain-corrected electrical resistivity to be inferred. The most repeatable behavior (least shakedown) occurs at the intermediate load of 191 MPa (consistent with the supplier’s maximum stress recommendation), with a small amount of shakedown (and some loss of two-way shape memory) at lower loads and progressively larger shakedown (strain ratcheting and reduction in hysteresis) at higher loads.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Quantitative high-speed imaging of entire developing embryos with simultaneous multiview light-sheet microscopy.

Simultaneous multiview light-sheet microscopy using two illumination and two detection arms with one- or two-photon illumination is coupled to a fast data acquisition framework and analysis pipeline for quantitative imaging and tracking of individual cells and the developing nervous system throughout a living fly embryo. A related paper by Krzic et al. is also in this issue.
The MER3 Helicase Involved in Meiotic Crossing Over Is Stimulated by Single-stranded DNA-binding Proteins and Unwinds DNA in the 3′ to 5′ Direction *

The meiosis-specific MER3 protein ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae is required for crossing over, which ensures faithful segregation of homologous chromosomes at the first meiotic division. The predicted sequence of the MER3 protein contains the seven motifs characteristic of the DExH-box type of DNA/RNA helicases. The purified MER3 protein is a DNA helicase, which can displace a 50-nucleotide fragment annealed to a single-stranded circular DNA. MER3 was found to have ATPase activity, which was stimulated either by single- or double-stranded DNA. The turnover rate,kcat, of ATP hydrolysis was ∼500/min in the presence of either DNA. MER3 was able to efficiently displace relatively long 631-nucleotide fragments from single-stranded circular DNA only in the presence of the S. cerevisiaesingle-stranded DNA-binding protein, RPA (replication protein A). It appears that RPA inhibits re-annealing of the single-stranded products of the MER3 helicase. The MER3 helicase was found to unwind DNA in the 3′ to 5′ direction relative to single-stranded regions in the DNA substrates. Possible roles for the MER3 helicase in meiotic crossing over are discussed.
Surveillance for work-related skull fractures in Michigan.

Abstract Objectives : The objective was to develop a multisource surveillance system for work-related skull fractures. Methods : Records on work-related skull fractures were obtained from Michigan's 134 hospitals, Michigan's Workers' Compensation Agency and death certificates. Cases from the three sources were matched to eliminate duplicates from more than one source. Workplaces where the most severe injuries occurred were referred to OSHA for an enforcement inspection. Results : There were 318 work related skull fractures, not including facial fractures, between 2010 and 2012. In 2012, after the inclusion of facial fractures, 316 fractures were identified of which 218 (69%) were facial fractures. The Bureau of Labor Statistic's (BLS) 2012 estimate of skull fractures in Michigan, which includes facial fractures, was 170, which was 53.8% of those identified from our review of medical records. The inclusion of facial fractures in the surveillance system increased the percentage of women identified from 15.4% to 31.2%, decreased severity (hospitalization went from 48.7% to 10.6% and loss of consciousness went from 56.5% to 17.8%), decreased falls from 48.2% to 27.6%, and increased assaults from 5.0% to 20.2%, shifted the most common industry from construction (13.3%) to health care and social assistance (15.0%) and the highest incidence rate from males 65 + (6.8 per 100,000) to young men, 20–24 years (9.6 per 100,000). Workplace inspections resulted in 45 violations and $62,750 in penalties. Conclusions : The Michigan multisource surveillance system of workplace injuries had two major advantages over the existing national system: (a) workplace investigations were initiated hazards identified and safety changes implemented at the facilities where the injuries occurred; and (b) a more accurate count was derived, with 86% more work-related skull fractures identified than BLS's employer based estimate. Practical Applications : A more comprehensive system to identify and target interventions for workplace injuries was implemented using hospital and emergency department medical records.
Assessment and modeling of indoor fungal and bacterial bioaerosol concentrations

In recent years, potentially harmfulmicroorganisms such as Stachybotryschartarum have garnered national attentionwhen implicated with indoor air problems. However, accurate assessment of biologicallycontaminated indoor air has proven to beprohibitively labor, time, cost, and trainingintensive. The model developed in this studyaccurately predicts the levels of biologicalindoor air contaminants for the GreaterCincinnati area using a number of independentvariables that can be quickly calculatedwithout expensive, time-consuming methods. Thirty-nine single-family residences in theGreater Cincinnati area were sampled usingAndersen two-stage viable microbial particlesizing sampler instruments loaded with MaltExtract Agar, Trypicase Soy Agar, Czapek'sCellulose Agar, and Corn Meal Agar. After airsampling, the Petri dishes were incubated, thenumber of colonies from each plate wereenumerated, and the total number of viablecolony forming units per cubic meter of airwere calculated. Independent variables (indoorrelative humidity, indoor temperature, outdoormold, season, water damage, visible mold,damaged materials, home age, remediationfactors, health questionnaire, number ofoccupants, and indoor pets) were then compared tothe dependent variable (fungal and bacterialbioaerosol counts) by multiple linearregression using Analyze-it® for Microsoft Excel®. The final air model predicted thetotal number of viable colony forming units percubic meter with 97% accuracy; the goal forthis model was 90% accuracy.
Effect of Anharmonic Libron Interactions on the Single-Libron Spectrum of Solid H 2 and D 2

The effects of interactions between the elementary excitations (librons) in the orientationally ordered phase of solid ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ are studied using diagrammatic perturbation theory. This formulation leads naturally to the construction of a renormalized dynamical matrix which includes all anharmonic effects. The cubic anharmonic interactions are by far the dominant ones, and we have calculated the energy shifts of each of the zero-wave-vector libron modes self-consistently to lowest order in the expansion parameter $\frac{1}{z}$, where $z=12$ is the number of nearest neighbors. We find the libron energies (in units of the electrostatic quadrupole-quadrupole coupling constant $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$) to be 11.29 (13.66), 14.07 (17.72), and 19.55 (29.04) with the corresponding harmonic values in parentheses. In contrast to the harmonic theory, these anharmonic results provide a striking fit to the observed Raman spectrum of solid ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ with reasonable values of $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, e.g., $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=0.59$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=0.83$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. We develop an expression for the Raman intensities in terms of the single-libron spectral weight function. The group-theoretical simplifications in our calculations are discussed in detail in the appendices. The cubic anharmonicity is shown in the accompanying paper to lead to a two-libron spectrum which explains the appearance of "extra" high-energy lines in the Raman spectrum of solid hydrogen. These effects are shown to be included in the renormalized dynamical matrix in the present approximation. Sum rules for the Raman intensities are derived and are used to check the calculations.