cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urinary 17-ketosteroids and estrogens in a case of feminizing adrenal tumor.

ABSTRACT Analysis of the urine for 17-ketosteroids and estrogens in a patient with a feminizing adrenal tumor revealed that etiocholanolone accounted post-operatively for over 90 per cent of the recognizable 17-KS. This, coupled with the virtual absence of androsterone and the increased excretion of estrogens, provides an explanation for the feminization that occurred in the face of high 17-KS production. Only 2 preoperative 24-hour specimens of urine were analyzed, but in them androsterone excretion was higher than it was post-operatively. Estrone constituted over 80 per cent of the recognizable estrogens. Estriol and 16-epiestriol occurred in small amounts, and estradiol-17β and equilenin were not detectable. It is suggested that “feminizing adrenal carcinoma” may not be a single entity.
Standardized Playroom Measures as Indices of Hyperactivity.

A group of 16 children from a normal community population was compared with two groups of 16 children referred for clinical evaluation of hyperactivity. These three groups were matched on age, sex, and race. One of the clinic groups was matched with the community sample on IQ and social class as well, while the children in the other clinic group were mentally retarded and of somewhat lower social class. All children were observed in a standardized playroom for two 15-minute sessions, one under free play instructions and the other under instructions restricting activity and toy-changing behavior. The two groups of children referred for evaluation of hyperactivity had significantly higher playroom activity scores than controls under both instructional conditions and significantly higher toy-change scores under restrictive instructions. Parental ratings of activity were also significantly higher in both clinic groups than in the community group. The mentally retarded clinic sample did not differ from the other clinic sample on any of the measures of activity or toy switching.
Increased Susceptibility of Splenectomized Rats to Infection with Diplococcus pneumoniae

An experimental model in the rat has been studied to determine the relationship of the spleen and immunization to challenge with Diplococcus pneumoniae virulent for the rat. An LD50 dose (105 bacteria) for normal rats of D. pneumoniae type 25, administered intravenously, caused 100% mortality in splenectomized rats. After inoculation, about 10 times as many D. pneumoniae were cultured from the blood of these rats as from normal controls. Immunization with homologous vaccine protected normal rats from challenge with the LD50. When splenectomy preceded immunization, all animals died after challenge. Mortality after injection of viable pneumococci decreased from about 80% to zero when the interval between immunization and subsequent splenectomy was lengthened from two to eight days. Immunization of normal rats caused a prompt and sustained clearance of bacteria from the bloodstream. It is hypothesized that, in the rat, the spleen is crucial for early clearance and for the initial immunologic response to bloodborne pneumococci, but becomes less important as the antibody response progresses.
LIABILITY OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS FOR STUDIES ORDERED IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: COURT CASES AND LEGAL DEFENSES

Abstract Background: Laboratory tests are frequently ordered in the Emergency Department (ED), with results returning at a later time. Emergency physicians (EPs) are frequently held liable when the test results are not followed-up. Methods: Recent legal malpractice cases are presented to provide examples of the medical-legal risks encountered when poor patient outcomes occur because the results of laboratory tests and other studies done in the ED are not followed-up and communicated to the patient. Discussion: Emergency physicians are obligated to follow-up with patients when the results of laboratory and radiographic studies ordered in the ED are returned at a later time, and EPs are liable for any poor outcome if there is no follow-up. Appropriate follow-up mechanisms must be in place to improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk for the physician. Knowledge of the legal concepts of contributory negligence and comparative fault allows EPs to place themselves in an optimal position for a legal defense if a challenge is raised. Conclusion: It is imperative that abnormal results of tests done for ED evaluation and orders must be properly noted and followed-up. Optimal communication and relay of information to both the patient and the primary physician will reduce physician liability and enhance patient outcomes.
Solid State NMR Characterization of Sn-Beta Zeolites that Catalyze Glucose Isomerization and Epimerization

High resolution, multi-nuclear solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterizations are carried out in order to obtain insights into the structural features of Sn-beta zeolites that catalyze glucose isomerization or epimerization reactions in water and methanol solvents. In particular, we focus on investigating the local structural changes to catalytically-active framework Sn sites of different ^(119)Sn-labeled beta zeolites, including the calcined, dehydrated, rehydrated, and post-sugar isomerization catalysis forms. Magic angle spinning (MAS) and cross polarization MAS (either from ^1H or ^(19)F) ^(119)Sn NMR spectra provide evidence for changes to the local framework Sn coordination in the presence of water and sugar molecules, and provide insights into structural features of adsorbed intermediates that may be relevant in sugar isomerization reaction pathways.
Fission Product tin in sediments

Abstract We describe a method for the determination of long-lived tin isotopes arising from nuclear fission. The isotopes are extracted from sediments with hydrochloric acid and separated by methylisobutylketone extraction, ion-exchange chromatography, precipitation of cesium hexachlorostannate and ferric hydroxide coprecipitation. The 100 000-year 126 Sn was not detected but beta activity consistent with 121m Sn (55 year) was found in sediment samples from a location known to be contaminated with fission products.
John Horne Burns and Tennessee Williams's “Hard Candy”

What Tennessee Williams read (and which presumably influenced his writing) has been of interest to scholars. 1 A good case may be made that John Horne Burns (1916–53) and his works provided somethi...
A TRANSMISSIBLE SUBACUTE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY IN A VISITOR TO THE EASTERN HIGHLANDS OF NEW GUINEA

A Caucasian male, clinically ill with a respiratory disease, visited the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea (endemic for kuru in the Fore people) and developed subacute spongiform encephalopathy (Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease) ten weeks later, from which he subsequently died. Brain material was inoculated intracranially into squirrel monkeys, and several of them developed a spongiform encephalopathy. Monkeys that received control material (normal brain) were normal. Electronmicroscopic features in affected brain tissue are described, and the question of a relationship between Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease and kuru is considered.
A question of character: A life of John F. Kennedy

Questioning how the less than exemplary life of JFK related to the actions and decisions of his public career, Thomas Reeves probes the bewildering vagaries of Kennedy's character. He shows in particular the effects of his father's ruthless political tutelage and follows JFK through a career marked by an ever widening gap between the public image of a courageous and caring intellectual leader and the private reality of indifference to those values of fidelity, compassion, and concern he extolled. Drawing extensively on both published and archival materials, Reeves shows how "the best and the brightest" whom Kennedy attracted in life glorified him in death and transformed a man personally and politically ambivalent about such issues as civil rights into the fallen champion of the subsequent reforms of the Great Society.
Influence of grain size and stacking-fault energy on deformation twinning in fcc metals

This article investigates the microstructural variables influencing the stress required to produce deformation twins in polycrystalline fcc metals. Classical studies on fcc single crystals have concluded that the deformation-twinning stress has a parabolic dependence on the stacking-fault energy (SFE) of the metal. In this article, new data are presented, indicating that the SFE has only an indirect effect on the twinning stress. The results show that the dislocation density and the homogeneous slip length are the most relevant microstructural variables that directly influence the twinning stress in the polycrystal. A new criterion for the initiation of deformation twinning in polycrystalline fcc metals at low homologous temperatures has been proposed as (σ tw −σ 0)/G=C(d/b)A, where σ tw is the deformation twinning stress, σ 0 is the initial yield strength, G is the shear modulus, d is the average homogeneous slip length, b is the magnitude of the Burger’s vector, and C and A are constants determined to have values of 0.0004 and −0.89, respectively. The role of the SFE was observed to be critical in building the necessary dislocation density while maintaining relatively large homogeneous slip lengths.
Kinetics of the ClO Self-Reaction and 210 nm Absorption Cross Section of the ClO Dimer

The kinetics of the dimerization of ClO radicals, ClO + ClO + M → Cl2O2 + M (1a), and the 210 nm absorption cross sections of the ClO dimer have been studied using the technique of flash photolysis with UV absorption spectroscopy, over the temperature range 183−245 K and pressure range 25−700 Torr. ClO radicals were generated following the photolysis of Cl2/Cl2O/N2 mixtures and were quantified via their differential absorption between the peak of the (12,0) band of the (A ← X) transition at 275.2 nm and the adjacent minimum to higher wavelengths, while Cl2O2 formation was simultaneously monitored at 210 nm. ClO differential absorption cross sections were measured under identical conditions to the kinetic experiments by four separate calibration schemes. The rate coefficient measured at the lower temperatures studied (T < 200 K) was found to be up to 40% faster than extrapolation of previous results would suggest, with the limiting low- and high-pressure rate coefficients for reaction 1 in nitrogen determ...
D-factor: modulation of expression in fibroblasts.

Abstract Differentiation inducing factor (D-factor) is a recently described protein. The gene has been cloned, but little is known concerning regulation of expression of the gene. Our study showed that fibroblasts from a variety of tissues (lung, bone marrow, gingiva, foreskin) constitutively expressed D-factor RNA. Levels of expression of this gene increased in fibroblasts of each of the tissues after exposure to several stimuli including products of activated macrophages and lymphocytes (tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 and lymphotoxin). Other stimuli were those capable of activating either protein kinase C (12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and teleocidin), G-binding proteins (NaF) or those inhibiting protein synthesis (cycloheximide). Accumulation of D-factor RNA by TNF may in part be explained by stabilization of D-factor transcripts; TPA and cycloheximide clearly stabilized D-factor transcripts. We and others have shown that these same signals similarily stimulated fibroblasts to express RNAs coding for a variety of cytokines including three colony-stimulating factors as well as interleukins 1 and 6. Taken together, D-factor probably is a participant in the cascade of cytokines that are produced in mesenchymal cells after various stimuli such as bacterial invasion.
Inner shell ionization of copper, silver and gold by electron bombardment

Abstract Total K-shell ionization cross sections by electron bombardment have been measured for copper silver and gold at various energies up to 140 keV. Total L III -shell ionization cross sections have also been measured for gold.
MMPI-2 Profile Code Types and Measurement Error

We studied simulated MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) code type stability and change expected with measurement error for 12 MMPI-2 well-defined mean code type profiles. Profile scores for the 2 scales defining the code type were systematically varied to represent target code type profiles at 9 different levels of T-score profile definition. We randomly generated samples of 50 simulated, estimated true score profiles at each level of profile definition for each code type around the estimated true scores for each scale at each level of profile definition. Two sets of simulated profiles were developed. The first simulation was based on the reported means, test-retest reliabilities, and the standard errors of measurement for the MMPI-2 normative group. The second simulation was based on the means, standard deviations, and estimated retest stability for a clinical group of psychiatric patients. We calculated frequencies and percentages of simulated profiles with the highest estimated true scores on the same 2 scales as the original code type profile. Percentages of simulated profiles with the same 2 highest scales as the original code type profiles increased from 27% to 37% for the 3-point level of definition, 37% to 49% for the 5-point definition, 46% to 61% for 7-point definition, 63% to 78% for 10-point definition, 78% to 89% for 13-point definition, 83% to 93% for 15-point definition, and greater than 90% for profile definition greater than 15 points.
The influence of environmental variables on amphetamine-induced activity in the preweanling rat

Abstract The present experiments investigated how environmental stimuli influence a behavioral response to amphetamine treatment in preweanling rats. In the first experiment, 15-day-old rats received either 1 mg/kg d-ampethamine or saline and were observed in the presence of their home shavings or in a novel cage. Results showed that although familiar cues from the home bedding decreased activity of the saline treated pups, these cues did not influence the activity-enhancing effect of amphetamine. In Experiment 2, 15-day-old pups were placed in a cage with an anesthetized adult conspecific and non-directed activity, around the cage, as well as directed activity on top of the adult were recorded. Following amphetamine treatment, animals tested with a conspecific showed no increase in non-directed activity, a finding which replicates previous observations. In the present experiment, however, a significant increase was seen in the activity directed towards or on top of the anesthetized adult. These experiments reveal that familiar cues per se are not sufficient to influence amphetamine-induced activity in young rats. Activity is influenced, specifically if familiar cues are associated with a discrete object. In the presence of a familiar stimulus, non-directed activity is decreased and directed activity is enhanced. These data are discussed in terms of clinical findings which slow that amphetamine acts to focus, or direct activity of the hyperactive child, and further underlines the importance of environmental variables in influencing the amphetamine response.
Analysis of Aromatic Delocalization: Individual Molecular Orbital Contributions to Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts

Individual molecular orbital (MO) contributions to the magnetic shielding of atoms as well as to the nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) of aromatic compounds can be computed by the widely used gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) method. Detailed analyses of magnetic shielding MO-NICS contributions provide interpretive insights that complement and extend those given by the localized MO (“dissected NICS”, LMO-NICS) method. Applications to (4n + 2) π-electron systems, ranging from [n] annulenes to Dnh S3, S5, and N6H62+ rings as well as to D2h cyclobutadiene, show the extent to which their diatropic character results from the σ framework and from the π orbitals. The diatropicity of both these contributions decreases with the number of nodes of the wave function around the ring. The highest-energy orbitals can become paratropic. This is generally the case with the σ orbitals, but is found only for “electron-rich” π systems such as sulfur rings. MO-NICS contributions, which can be interpreted using L...
5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes: molecular, biochemical and physiological characterization

Abstract Since the introduction of radioligand binding techniques in the 1970s, the number of sites identified for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has proliferated at a brisk rate. This trend has been disturbing to many investigators in the field despite the fact that radioligand studies have been remarkably accurate in their ability to identify binding sites that are eventually proved to be functional 5-HT receptors. At present, a state of equilibrium has been achieved in which most of the 5-HT binding sites have been successfully correlated with multiple physiological, biochemical and behavioral effects of 5-HT. Future studies are likely to identify even more 5-HT binding site subtypes and, ultimately, 5-HT receptors. Attempts to classify 5-HT receptor subtypes definitively should await the results of forthcoming molecular biological studies.
Pathologic fracture due to severe osteomalacia following low-dose diphosphonate treatment of Paget's disease of bone.

: Ethane-l-hydroxy-l, l-diphosphonate (EHDP) 5 mg/kg body weight/day was administered to a patient suffering from Paget's disease of bone. After 150 days of treatment, when the plasma alkaline phosphatase was 40% of initial, he suffered a pathologic fracture of his Pagetic right patella, which was found to have osteomalacia of extreme severity. An iliac crest bone biopsy, following double tetracycline labels, also showed severe osteomalacia of Pagetic bone. Osteoclast acid phosphatase activity was reduced, as occurs in diphosphonate-treated rats. The patient's history included two previous pathologic fractures of Pagetic bone and unusual sensitivity to EHDP. It might be prudent to perform needle bone biopsy in order to exclude osteomalacia in EHDP-treated _ patients with these clinical manifestations.
XX T cells and XY B cells in two patients with severe combined immune deficiency

Immunologic evaluation of two unrelated male infants with clinical and laboratory evidence of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) revealed T cells with a mature phenotype in the peripheral circulation of both patients although both had biopsy evidence of thymic alymphoplasia. Both had a normal number of T cells with a cytotoxic/suppressor surface marker (OKT8) but very few T helper cells (OKT4). Lymphocyte stimulation with the mitogens PHA, Con A, and pokeweed or with allogeneic cells resulted in no proliferation. However, addition of T cell growth factor, plus the phorbol ester TPA, to lymphocytes cultured with the T cell mitogen PHA did result in some proliferation of T cells. In both cases these T cells demonstrated an XX female karyotype and were probably of maternal origin. In contrast, proliferating B cells stimulated with Epstein-Barr virus demonstrated a normal XY male karyotype. The possibility that severe combined immune deficiency in these patients was the result of graft-versus-host disease induced by maternal lymphocytes is discussed.
Descending facilitatory pathways from the RVM initiate and maintain bilateral hyperalgesia after muscle insult.

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is involved in facilitation of spinal nociceptive processing and generation of hyperalgesia in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. We hypothesized that the bilateral hyperalgesia that develops after repeated intramuscular injections of acidic saline is initiated and maintained by activation of descending facilitatory pathways from the RVM. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with intracerebral guide cannulae into the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) or the nucleus gigantocellularis (Gi). Two injections of acidic saline into one gastrocnemius muscle 5 days apart leads to robust hyperalgesia after the second injection. Either ropivacaine (local anesthetic) or vehicle (control) was microinjected into the RVM prior to the first intramuscular acid injection, prior to the second injection, or 24h after the second injection. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the paw (von Frey filaments) and the muscle (tweezer) were measured before and 24h after induction of hyperalgesia. The withdrawal thresholds for both the paw (cutaneous secondary hyperalgesia) and muscle (primary hyperalgesia) were decreased 24h after the second intramuscular acid injection in the vehicle control groups. Administration of ropivacaine prior to the first intramuscular acid injection had no effect on development of either cutaneous or muscle hyperalgesia that develops after the second injection. However, neither cutaneous nor muscle hyperalgesia developed in the group treated with ropivacaine prior to the second intramuscular injection. Ropivacaine also significantly reversed the hyperalgesia in the group treated 24h after the second intramuscular acid injection. Thus, the RVM is critical for both the development and maintenance of hyperalgesia after muscle insult.
Clinical effectiveness of mechanical-chemical tissue displacement methods

The following conclusions were made after statistical analysis. There was no significant difference between racemic epinephrine cord and aluminum sulfate cord. Both racemic epinephrine cord and aluminum sulfate cord were more effective than nonmedicated cord. There was no difference between dry cord and water-saturated cord. Hemorrhage control with a cord saturated in Hemodent was more effective than water-saturated or dry cords. The racemic epinephrine cord was not superior to the aluminum sulfate cord, so the dentist could eliminate a cord with potential systemic effects and substitute the more innocuous cord. Hemodent approximately doubled the hemostasis success of any cord used in this study.
Microanalysis of the antiretroviral nevirapine in human hair from HIV-infected patients by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Sufficient drug exposure is crucial for maintaining durable responses to HIV treatments. However, monitoring drug exposure using single blood samples only provides short-term information and is highly subject to intra-individual pharmacokinetic variation. Drugs can accumulate in hair over a long period of time, so hair drug levels can provide drug exposure information over prolonged periods. We now report on a specific, sensitive, and reproducible liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for measuring nevirapine (NVP), a widely used antiretroviral drug, levels in human hair using even a single short strand of hair. Hair samples are cut into small segments, and the drug is extracted in methanol/trifluoroacetic acid (v/v, 9:1) shaken at 37 °C in a water bath overnight, followed by liquid–liquid extraction under alkaline conditions. The extracted samples are then separated on a BDS-C18 column with a mobile phase composed of 50% acetonitrile containing 0.15% acetic acid and 4 mM ammonium acetate with an isocratic elution for a total run time of 3 min and detected by triple quadrupole electrospray multiple reaction mode at precursor/product ion at 267.0 > 225.9 m/z. Deuterated nevirapine-d5 was used as an internal standard. This method was validated from 0.25 to 100 ng/mg using 2 mg hair samples. The accuracies for spiked NVP hair control samples were 98–106% with coefficients of variation (CV) less than 10%. The CV for incurred hair control samples was less than 7%. The extraction efficiency for incurred control hair samples was estimated at more than 95% by repeated extractions. This method has been successfully applied to analyze more than 1,000 hair samples from participants in a large ongoing cohort study of HIV-infected participants. We also showed that NVP in human hair can easily be detected in a single short strand of hair. This method will allow us to identify drug non-adherence using even a single strand of hair.
Reliability of radiographic measures for infantile idiopathic scoliosis.

Background: Radiographic measures such as the rib vertebral angle difference (RVAD), Cobb angle, and space available for the lung (SAL) help to guide treatment and measure treatment effects in patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis. This study aimed to evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of these radiographic measures. Methods: Forty-five spine radiographs of skeletally immature patients (age, two months to four years) with infantile idiopathic scoliosis were measured with use of Surgimap software. Three pediatric orthopaedic surgeons and a pediatric orthopaedic fellow identified the major curve apex, rib-vertebra phase, Cobb angle, and end vertebrae and calculated the RVAD and SAL values at two separate time points. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the RVAD, Cobb angle, and SAL values were assessed with use of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Fleiss kappa coefficients were calculated for categorical variables. Results: The RVAD (ICC = 0.86 to 0.92) and Cobb angle (ICC = 0.99) measurements had high reliability. The SAL value had substantial interobserver reliability (ICC = 0.66) and moderate intraobserver reliability (ICC = 0.73). Despite the high agreement for the Cobb angle, the choice of the major curve vertebrae (kappa = 0.19 to 0.39) and apical vertebra varied (kappa = 0.57 to 0.62). Observers were more likely to choose the same apical vertebra in large curves (r = 0.483, p = 0.001). The agreement for the apical rib-vertebra phase was substantial (kappa = 0.67). Paired RVAD measurements fell within ≤10° of each other in 82% of cases, but the remaining 18% of the RVAD measurements showed >10° of variation. Conclusions: Measurements used to guide treatment of infantile idiopathic scoliosis curves were reliable despite standard radiographic measurement error and the difficulty in obtaining quality images in young patients. Clinicians are dependent on seemingly objective radiographic data. The reliability of the Cobb angle and RVAD measurements in infantile scoliosis was high but not devoid of variability that could skew the ability to accurately and reliably suggest the best course of treatment. The SAL value was a less reliable measure. Treatment recommendations for infantile idiopathic scoliosis should rely on the synthesis of objective and clinically subjective data, as variations in radiographic measurements can lead to inconsistencies in management and to inconsistent treatment outcomes.
BioMolQuest: integrated database-based retrieval of protein structural and functional information.

Motivation: Information about a particular protein or protein family is usually distributed among multiple databases and often in more than one entry in each database. Retrieval and organization of this information can be a laborious task. This task is complicated even further by the existence of alternative terms for the same concept. Results: The PDB, SWISS-PROT, ENZYME, and CATH databases have been imported into a combined relational database, BioMolQuest. A powerful search engine has been built using this database as a back end. The search engine achieves significant improvements in query performance by automatically utilizing cross-references between the legacy databases. The results of the queries are presented in an organized, hierarchical way. Availability: http://bioinformatics.danforthcenter.org/yury/ public/home.html. Unavailable for commercial users.
An optimal production/maintenance planning under stochastic random demand, service level and failure rate

this paper deals the combination between production and maintenance plan for a manufacturing system satisfying a random demand. A jointly optimization is made in order to establish an optimal production planning and scheduling maintenance strategy showing the machine degradation. The key of this study is to consider the influence of the production rate on the degradation degree. We prove simultaneously, with a constrained stochastic productionmaintenance planning problem under hypotheses of inventory and failure rate variables, an optimal production plan and maintenance scheduling which minimizes the average total holding, production and maintenance costs. A numerical example is studied in order to apply the developed approach.
A note on "A methodology for supply base optimization"

Supply base optimization is a critical issue facing firms that are striving to achieve an efficient sourcing strategy. While several decision models have effectively been utilized for evaluating and selecting potential suppliers, methodologies for supply base optimization have not received significant attention in the literature. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a quantitative methodology for supply base optimization. This involves reconfiguring the buying firm's supply base by evaluating and selecting potential suppliers with respect to the strengths of existing suppliers and excluding underperforming suppliers from the firm's supply base. We compare our methodology, which is anchored in data envelopment analysis (DEA), with traditional and advanced DEA models for supplier evaluation in highlighting its relative advantages. We test our models on an actual dataset of suppliers from a large, multinational, telecommunications company.
Alterations in the Reproductive Patterns of Female Mice Exposed to Xenobiotics

Chemicals, by virtue of their varied interactions with biological molecules, are expected to differ in the way they may alter female reproduction. Reproductive toxicity may reflect effects either on the female germ cells or on various maternal processes such as ovulation, implantation, pregnancy, and parturition. In either case, the ultimate manifestation of chemical toxicity on female reproduction is a decrease in the number of normal young born. Very little information is available on the effects of chemicals that are nonhormonal in nature on the long-term ability of treated females to produce offspring. This report presents the results of long-term female total reproductive capacity (TRC) tests on 29 chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and alkylating and industrial agents. For each chemical, the minimum test involved an evaluation of the maximum tolerated dose administered as a single intraperitoneal injection. Females were single-pair mated with an untreated male for most of the female's reproductive life span (a minimum of 347 days posttreatment) and scored for the number of live births produced during this period. Confirmatory dominant lethal experiments or histological examinations for numbers of small follicles were carried out when mutagenic effects or cytotoxicity, respectively, were suspected as the basis for reduced fertility. Of the 29 chemicals studied, 17 had reproductive effects which may be grouped into one of three classes: (1) those that reduced the total number of young and litters per female, (2) those that reduced the total number of young but not of litters, and (3) those that had no significant effect on the total number of young produced but reduced the size of the first and/or second litters. The TRC provides a capacity for detecting a range of toxic insults upon female reproduction. Many of the chemicals were indeed shown to affect the reproductive performance of females through mutagenic and/or cytotoxic effects on follicles. In some cases, however, no causative mechanism could be identified for the observed reduction in reproductive performance. Nevertheless, with this report the number of chemicals tested by this TRC procedure has been quadrupled and the categories of chemicals tested have been substantially broadened.
Ethnicity at Work: Divided Labor on a Central American Banana Plantation

Ethnicity at Work: Divided Labor on a Central American Banana Plantation. Philippe I. Bourgois. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. xviii + 311 pp., notes, bibliography, index. $38.50 (cloth). ISBN 0–8018–3693-x.
SOLUBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASSES BASICALLY DIFFERENT IN COMPOSITION

Comparative results are given using the American Ceramic Society No. 1 powder method on several glasses representing lime, lead, and borosilicate compositions. The effect of temperature on the rate of attack and some comparisons of surface attack to the powder method are given.
Targets for Our Aims: The Role of World Languages in Secondary Education

A good aim is of little use without a target or ammunition. We must beware of pricing ourselves out of the market, or of locking ourselves up in our own walls—in isolation wards of our own creation.
Identification of highly conserved domains in hemagglutinin associated with the receptor binding specificity of influenza viruses: 2009 H1N1, avian H5N1, and swine H1N2

The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses facilitates receptor binding and membrane fusion, which is the initial step of virus infection. Human influenza viruses preferentially bind to receptors with α2-6 lin- kages to galactose (SAα2,6Gal), whereas avian influenza viruses prefer receptors with α2-3 linkages to galactose (SAα2,3Gal). The current 2009 H1N1 pandemic is caused by a novel influenza A virus that has its genetic materials from birds, humans, and pigs. Its pandemic nature is characterized clearly by its dual binding to the α2-3 as well as α2-6 receptors, because the seasonal human H1N1 virus only binds to the α2-6 receptor. In a previous study, the informational spectrum method (ISM), a bioinformatics technique, was applied to uncover one highly conserved region in the HA protein associated with receptor binding preference in each of various influenza subtypes. In the present study, we extended the previous work by discovering multiple such domains in HA of 2009 H1N1 and avian H5N1 to expand our repertoire of known key regions in HA responsible for receptor binding affinity. Three such domains in HA of 2009 H1N1 were found at residue positions 106 to 130, 150 to 174, and 191 to 221, and another three domains in HA of avian H5N1 were located at residue positions 46 to 65, 136 to 153, and 269 to 286. These identified domains could be utilized as therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the prevention and treatment of influenza infection.
ICSE 97 Doctoral Consortium

INTRODUCTION The ICSE 97 Doctoral Consortium is a one day workshop prior to the regular ICSE technical conference. The goal of the doctoral consortium is to publicly discuss research goals, methods, and results at an early enough stage in Ph.D. research to provide useful guidance in completion of the dissertation research and initiation of a research career. The consortium and ICSE also provide an opportunity for student participants to interact with established researchers and others in the wider software engineering community. Ten student participants were selected from among thirty-nine complete submissions. Selection criteria included the stage of the research and its appropriateness to ICSE, in addition to technical strength of the submitted research abstract.
Understanding of Emotions and Reasoning During Consumer Tradeoff Between Function and Aesthetics in Product Design

In this work we investigate how consumers make preference judgments when taking into account both product form and function. In prior work, where aesthetic preference is quantified using visual conjoint methods, aesthetic preference and functional preference were handled separately. Here we introduce a new methodology for testing the hypothesis that when consumers make decisions taking into account both a product’s form and its function they employ a more complex decision making strategy than when basing their decision on form or function alone. We believe that this strategy will involve both cognitive and emotional processes. We used a two stage conjoint analysis to develop a preference function that takes both form and function into account. When compared with participant ratings of form and function combinations across 14 subjects, the model is shown to have a correlation of approximately 0.56, p < 0.001. Next we developed a novel paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine what parts of the brain are primarily involved with any given tradeoff between form and function. While in the scanner, study participants were asked to make decisions between options where only form varied, where only function varied, and where form and function both varied. Results from 7 participants suggest that choices based on products that vary in both form and function involve some unique and some common brain networks as choices based on form or function alone; most important, emotion-related regions are activated during these complex decisions where form and function are in conflict. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using fMRI to address questions about the mental processes underlying consumer decisions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evaluation of the Dating Skills Program for Improving Heterosocial Interactions in People with Mental Retardation

The effectiveness of a social skills training program for improving heterosocial interactions in persons with mental retardation was examined. Moderate to borderline mentally retarded subjects were selected based on problems with social anxiety and social skill deficits. Subjects were then randomly assigned to either a 12-session Dating Skills Program (DSP) or a wait list control (WLC) group. Assessments of social skills in a role-play test, knowledge about social/sexual situations, and social anxiety were obtained for all subjects at baseline, posttreatment, and at an 8-week follow-up. In addition, naturalistic observations were made of interactions of subjects in the DSP group. Subjects who participated in the DSP showed improvements in social skill and social/sexual knowledge at posttest and at follow-up compared to subjects in the WLC group. Social anxiety did not change over time for either group of subjects. Subjects who received the DSP increased interactions with persons of the opposite gender over time, while same-gender interactions decreased. The results replicate and extend previous research on the Dating Skills Program, and suggest that social skills training interventions may improve the heterosocial interactions of adults with mental retardation.
On Being ‘Too Crazy’ to Sign into a Mental Hospital: The Issue of Consent to Psychiatric Hospitalization

This article examines the notion of informed consent to psychiatric hospitalization. While dicta in a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision, Zinermon v. Burch, has stimulated considerable interest in applying informed consent to psychiatric hospitalization decisions, there are no extant cases that define the contours of the doctrine in the hospitalization context. The potential scope of disclosure and the level of decision-making capacity sufficient for valid consent are examined. A model of consent to admission recommended by the American Psychiatric Association Task Force on Consent to Voluntary Hospitalization is critiqued.
Development of CO2 for polymer foam applications

Abstract Polymer foams created using supercritical carbon dioxide as a processing solvent have garnered much interest in recent years. The properties of supercritical CO 2 make it ideally suited to replace organic solvents such as chlorofluorocarbons that are being phased out for environmental reasons. A number of processes and products are already being used in industry, and we provide several examples of these developments. Yet, despite all that is now known about polymer/CO 2 systems, a complete understanding of the foaming process, particularly nucleation, is lacking. In this article, we give an overview of the state of the art in polymer foaming with CO 2 and highlight the challenges that remain to be overcome.
Kant on Punishment

Unlike that of most liberal thinkers, Kant's theory of punishment is unabashedly retributive. For classical liberals punishment is justified only by the harms it can prevent, not by any allegedly intrinsic good served by making the guilty suffer. Here Hobbes' blunt insistence that the aim of punishment ‘is not a revenge, but terror’ is prototypical in substance, if not in style. Hobbes, Locke, Mill, Bentham and Beccaria, for all their differences, agree that punishment must look to future good rather than to avenging past wrongs. This attitude on the part of classic liberalism toward retribution is not surprising, given its association with the kind of theocratic politics liberalism arose to combat.
Modeling Metacognition: Making Thinking Visible in a Content Course for Teachers.

Helping students develop their ability to use the mathematical practices relies on their awareness of and ability to share their thinking to be used as part of classroom instruction. This type of instruction tends to be different from most teachers mathematics learning experiences thus requiring teachers to rethink what it means to teach mathematics without a model for reference. This pre-service geometry content course was designed specifically for future elementary teachers with the intent of modeling effective non-traditional methods of instruction. Unfortunately, analysis of classroom observations suggested that even in this carefully designed inquiry -based course, there is a lack of cognitive and metacognitive thoughts being made visible for use as part of instruction. Content courses, such as this one, are the final opportunities to help students learn mathematics content in an environment supported by positive research findings, thus teacher education is missing an opportunity to provide a potentially powerful learning experience for future teachers.
Incomplete Longitudinal Fracture of the Proximal Palmar Cortex of the Third Metacarpal Bone in Horses

Seven horses, 2 to 4 years of age, were examined because of moderate-to-severe forelimb lameness, mild effusion of the middle carpal joint (3 horses), and pain on palpation of the origin of the suspensory ligament (4 horses). The lameness was abolished by anesthetic infiltration of the middle carpal joint in six horses. In four of them, a high palmar nerve block also abolished the lameness. A linear radiolucency in the proximal end of the third metacarpal bone (McIII) was interpreted as an incomplete longitudinal fracture. In one horse, distinct intramedullary sclerosis limited to the palmar cortex was indicative of an incomplete fracture confined to the palmar cortex. No osteoproliferative lesions were identified on the dorsal cortex of any of the horses. Surgical treatment with cortical screws in lag fashion accompanied by a rest period was successful in one horse. In four horses, rest for at least 3 months resulted in clinical soundness. In two horses, a shorter rest period resulted in recurrence of the lameness even though the horses were sound when put back into training. Careful clinical and radiographic examinations helped differentiate incomplete longitudinal fractures from lesions involving the carpus and proximal aspect of the suspensory ligament.
Improved Pharmacokinetics of AMG 517 Through Co-Crystallization Part 2: Analysis of 12 Carboxylic Acid Co-Crystals

ABSTRACT: Intrinsic dissolution, powder dissolution, and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of 12 carboxylic acid co-crystals of AMG 517 were determined and compared. Dissolution studies were performed in fasted simulated intestinal fluid (FaSIF). A control dissolution experiment was conducted with the free base in FaSIF plus sorbic acid to compare with the AMG 517 sorbic acid co-crystal ( SRA ). Suspension formulations in 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone K25 in water were administered orally at 100 mg/kg to rats. All co-crystals were found to have faster intrinsic and powder dissolution rates in FaSIF as well as higher area under the concentration–time curves (AUC) in rat PK investigations compared with the free base. The control dissolution experiment indicates that the increase in dissolution rate of SRA over the free base is not due to the presence of sorbic acid in the dissolution medium. Linear correlation of dissolution rate and AUC among the 12 co-crystals was moderate, indicating that in vitro dissolution is a valuable method to predict whether a co-crystal will improve the exposure of a poorly soluble pharmaceutical ingredient; however, in vivo testing may be required to determine the extent.
Steel Activation in Concrete Following Interruption of Long Term Cathodic Polarization

Abstract A set of partially immersed reinforced concrete columns with mature corrosion patterns was used to demonstrate that corrosion macrocell currents provided “cathodic prevention” to parts of the steel assembly that remained passive even though it was exposed to high chloride concentrations (up to ∼4.7% of the cement weight) by the end of nine years of testing. The potential of that steel increased following macrocell decoupling, and instances of depassivation were observed 15 days to 75 days after decoupling. The results are contrasted with previous observations of potential dependence of the chloride corrosion threshold in concrete, and an approximate functional relationship between the threshold value and the potential is proposed.
Foot and Ankle

The foot and ankle function together in an extremely complex network of structures, each of which can be affected by injury. Multiplanar movement is achieved by interactions between the ankle, hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. Stability is provided primarily by the medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments. The mobility and repetitive stress on the foot and ankle make them susceptible to injury. The bones and their cartilaginous articulations are subject to degeneration, fracture, and inflammation. The muscles, tendons, and ligaments can suffer from acute or chronic tearing or overuse. Peripheral neuropathy and vascular disease can lead to injury and impair healing.
How am I Supposed to Know What to Do If You Don’t Tell Me?

In early-December, I ran a lab on density. It was mostly traditional, but I thought this particular lab would work reasonably well and be educational. Students were given explicit instructions on how to measure volume (put water in graduated cylinder, measure the level of the water, put pennies in the water,). There was some confusion, such as students putting the entire graduated cylinder on the triple beam balance,1 but eventually most were able to follow the steps. Later in the lab, immediately after measuring the volume of two pennies, students were directed to measure the volume of four pennies. Hands went up. “How do I do that?” There was no spontaneous connection to the steps that they had just completed a few minutes earlier. They were shown explicitly how to measure the volume of two pennies.
Agent Based Decomposition for Service Change Request Analysis

Service requirement and change request analysis is critical important for the project, whose result directly affects the implementation planning. They are often raised from business perspective and need much more effort to drill down to IT system details from implementation perspective. Current practice is mainly depends on expert's involvement, and has a very high entry barrier, which cause the analysis effort is labor intensive, costly, and error-prone. In order to facilitate the service change request analysis, a computer-aided approach is proposed in this paper. The approach leverages the understanding of the IT artifacts in the target system and the change request's details, and uses the applicable predefined decomposition agent to generate a plurality of sub-change requests with the correlation of IT artifacts. With this approach, change request decomposition may be performed automatically or semi-automatically. Thus, the efficiency of change request analysis may be improved.