cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering and radiology: implications for education.

T here is considerable common ground between radiology and engineering. The imaging equipment radiologists use each day was designed and is maintained by engineers. Innovation in radiology, such as the development of a new magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequence or a new modality such as positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, requires close collaboration between radiologists and engineers. In fact, with a few notable exceptions such as Godfrey Hounsfield, engineers are frequently the unsung heroes of medical progress. Yet there is more to be learned from the interface between radiology and engineering than merely where credit is due. Specifically, engineers are educated to adopt certain habits of mind that might be of benefit to any practicing radiologists. To be sure, few radiologists are interested in pursuing formal engineering degrees. But looking at health care broadly and medical care specifically through the eyes of an engineer can reveal important insights on how radiologists can better understand their work and improve their performance. Many radiologists studied traditional undergraduate disciplines such as biology and chemistry, fields that emphasize memorization. Such students often find medical school a natural extension of their prior training. They spend 4 years in college memorizing facts, and medical school often simply requires them to shift this approach to learning into a higher gear, committing to memory more facts at a higher rate of speed than ever before. The transition to medical school is often more challenging for an engineering graduate, who is less comfortable with wholesale memorization and more accustomed to problemsolving. A biology or chemistry student has been taught to remember what the textbook or instructor said. An engineering student has been trained to experiment with different possible approaches to a problem. Merely providing the correct answer is insufficient for engineering courses: learners must be capable of explaining their approach. Traditional premedical students tend to focus on retaining what others already know, whereas the engineer is being educated to solve novel problems.
Thought Experiment: What If Justice Kennedy Had Approached Romer v. Evans the Way He Approached Schuette v. BAMN?

In 1996, Justice Kennedy authored a bold — perhaps even revolutionary — opinion protecting the rights of minorities under the Equal Protection Clause. In 2014, Justice Kennedy authored yet another major equal protection decision, but this time refusing to protect minority interests — despite the undeniable factual and legal parallels between the two cases.To emphasize the factual parallels and yet divergent outcomes in these cases, this essay presents an imagined opinion that runs the facts of Romer through the reasoning of Scheutte. The end product is virtually seamless.
Nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae: Emergence and Pathogenesis

While significant protection from pneumococcal disease has been achieved by the use of polysaccharide and polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines, capsule-independent protection has been limited by serotype replacement along with disease caused by nonencapsulatedStreptococcus pneumoniae(NESp). NESp strains compose approximately 3% to 19% of asymptomatic carriage isolates and harbor multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Surface proteins unique to NESp enhance colonization and virulence despite the lack of a capsule even though the capsule has been thought to be required for pneumococcal pathogenesis. Genes for pneumococcal surface proteins replace the capsular polysaccharide (cps) locus in some NESp isolates, and these proteins aid in pneumococcal colonization and otitis media (OM). NESp strains have been isolated from patients with invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal disease, but noninvasive diseases, specifically, conjunctivitis (85%) and OM (8%), are of higher prevalence. Conjunctival strains are commonly of the so-called classical NESp lineages defined by multilocus sequence types (STs) ST344 and ST448, while sporadic NESp lineages such as ST1106 are more commonly isolated from patients with other diseases. Interestingly, sporadic lineages have significantly higher rates of recombination than classical lineages. Higher rates of recombination can lead to increased acquisition of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, increasing the risk of disease and hindering treatment. NESp strains are a significant proportion of the pneumococcal population, can cause disease, and may be increasing in prevalence in the population due to effects on the pneumococcal niche caused by pneumococcal vaccines. Current vaccines are ineffective against NESp, and further research is necessary to develop vaccines effective against both encapsulated and nonencapsulated pneumococci.
Oxidation of Graphene-Edge Six- and Five-Member Rings by Molecular Oxygen.

To gain qualitative and quantitative understanding of oxidation processes of large polycyclic aromatics, soot particles, and graphene edges, a theoretical study is reported for the pyrenyl–O2 reaction system. First, possible reaction pathways and their energetics were investigated using high-level ab initio calculations. The results were utilized in RRKM–master equation calculations of rate coefficients and relative product yields at temperatures and pressures relevant to combustion. Finally, the deduced oxidation mechanisms of six- and five-member rings and the computed rate coefficients were employed in kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of oxidation of a graphene “molecule” evolving in flame-like environments. Among the major findings from the latter simulations are the following: The oxidation system exhibits two basic pathways, thermal decomposition and regeneration of oxyradicals. Their competition is temperature-dependent, with the former dominating at higher and the latter at lower temperatures. The ...
Hepatic catabolism of thyroid hormone studied by radioactive iodine in splenic autotransplants.

SummaryThe role of the liver in the metabolism of endogenous thyroid hormone, labelled by I131 in splenic autotransplants has been studied in rats. Serial observations on the “functional take” of the transplants have been carried out. Data obtained by study of uptake and conversion of I131 and the resultant plasma levels of labelled protein-bound iodine indicate a partial removal or alteration of thyroid hormone by the liver under these experimental conditions.
Use of Lactobacillus in Prevention of Recurrences of Clostridium difficile Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

BackgroundClostridium difficile infection (CDI) can cause severe morbidity in transplant recipients; the effects of probiotic therapy in this population are unknown.MethodsSingle-center, retrospective chart review of lung and liver transplant recipients between January 2003 and December 2009 with po
Improved synthesis of 3-hydroxy- 3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA)

An improved method for the chemical synthesis of HMG-CoA is described. The procedure is designed to prevent the formation of 3-acetoxy-HMG-CoA.
396 A UNIQUE CASE OF CABERGOLINE RESISTANT PROLACTINOMA

Background Dopamine agonists are the first line of therapy for prolactin secreting pituitary micro- and macroadenomas, even in the setting of visual field loss. Dopamine agonist therapy results in both a decrease in prolactin level and a reduction in tumor size. Prolactin is normalized and tumor disappears in approximately 60-70% of patients treated with dopamine agonists alone. Resistance to treatment is more prevalent with bromocriptine compared to the newer agonist carbergoline. When resistance occurs, dopamine agonists are unable to reduce prolactin levels or decrease tumor size. We report a unique case of prolactin secreting macroadenoma resistant to dopamine agonist treatment. Clinical history A 57-year old female was diagnosed with prolactin secreting pituitary macroadenoma following a work up for headaches. She denied visual disturbances and visual fields were normal. MRI of the pituitary gland demonstrated a large macroadenoma with superior displacement of the optic chiasm. Carbergoline 0.5 mg po twice weekly was initiated. After 4 weeks of treatment her prolactin levels normalized However, there was no change in tumor size by repeat MRI at four months despite persistent normalization of prolactin (see table). Discussion We describe a unique case of a prolactin secreting pituitary macroadenoma demonstrating significant reduction in hormone out put with dopamine agonist treatment without a concomitant reduction in tumor burden. According to recent literature approximately 20-30% of prolactinomas are resistant to treatment with dopamine agonists in that neither prolactin nor tumor burden decrease. A discussion of reasons for the discordant response in this patient will follow.
Analysis of behavioral indicators as a measure of satiation.

Providing noncontingent access to a stimulus until an individual displays behavioral indicators of satiation has been used to determine when an abolishing operation is in effect, but there has been variation in its application in the literature. Four males diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder with tangibly maintained challenging behavior participated in this study. Individualized behavioral indicators were identified and verified to determine when each participant was finished playing with his/her preferred item. Three presession conditions were manipulated including restricted access to the tangible stimulus for 30 min, access to the tangible stimulus until the display of one behavioral indicator, and access to the tangible stimulus until the display of three behavioral indicators. Each presession condition was followed by a tangible condition of the functional analysis to measure challenging behavior. Results indicated that presession access to a tangible stimulus until the display of three behavioral indicators produced a greater abative effect on challenging behavior than one behavioral indicator.
The treatment of elevated serum digoxin levels with penicillamine: an experimental study

Abstract This study was undertaken in the search for an agent to dissipate the cardiac effects of digoxin by lowering its concentration in the serum. Digoxin, 0.1 mg. per kilogram, was administered intravenously to two groups of dogs. After two hours, electrocardiograms were recorded and one animal group was treated with penicillamine in the dosage of 1 Gm. per kilogram, given intravenously. This treatment was omitted in the control animals. Two hours after the treatment, venous blood samples were collected and the electrocardiographic recordings were repeated. The average serum digoxin levels in the treated group was 2.60 ± 0.29 ng. per milliliter as compared to 3.73 ± 0.30 ng. per milliliter in the control group. Thus, the serum digoxin levels in the pencillamine-treated animals were significantly lower, P
Reviewing Research on the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction: Mapping the Terrain and Charting a Course to Promote Adoption and Use

Researchers have linked the promotion of self-determination with positive school and post-school outcomes for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities and evidence-based practices, such as the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI), has been developed for use by teachers to enable students to develop self-determination. However, there is an ongoing need to promote the wider adoption of the SDLMI in practice and in teacher education. The purpose of this literature review was to identify how the SDLMI has been implemented to promote academic and non-academic outcomes in order to provide future directions for the increased use of the SDLMI in practice. Twenty-one research studies of the SDLMI and its impact on student outcomes were identified. The evidence suggests that SDLMI offers a successful approach to teaching student self-determination which can lead to success in school and post-secondary life, and in attaining self-selected goals; however, additional research is needed. Implication for practice, teacher education, and culturally and linguistically diverse population of students with disabilities are discussed.
Global Formulation of an Extended Kalman Filter on SE(3) for Geometric Control of a Quadrotor UAV

An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is developed on the special Euclidean group, SE(3) for geometric control of a quadrotor UAV. It is obtained by performing an intrinsic form of linearization on SE(3) to estimate the state of the quadrotor from noisy measurements. The proposed estimator considers all of the coupling effects between rotational and translational dynamics, and it is developed in a coordinate-free fashion. The desirable features of the proposed EKF are illustrated by numerical examples and experimental results for several scenarios. The proposed estimation scheme on SE(3) has been unprecedented and these results can be particularly useful for aggressive maneuvers in GPS denied environments or in situations where parts of onboard sensors fail.
The effects of the spatial pattern of defoliation on regrowth of a tussock grass : I. Growth responses.

The effects of the spatial pattern of defoliation within a tussock grass, Agropyron desertorum, were investigated at a semiarid field site. In the middle of the spring growing season (mid-May), tussocks were clipped in repeatable defoliation patterns, and the regrowth of foliage was monitored. These clipping patterns involved removal of foliage from different locations within the tussock, but the total amount of foliage removed was held constant. Active meristems were left intact in all cases. The spatial pattern of defoliation affected both initial rates of tussock regrowth and total growing-season aboveground biomass production. When leaves were removed low in the tussock (older leaves), regrowth was greater than after removal of the same quantity of foliage high in the canopy (younger leaves). These differences in regrowth were due to differences in the rate of new tissue production rather than differences in the timing of senescence. The results were consistent over two years even though aboveground production differed considerably between years. The interaction of the spatial pattern and timing of defoliation was also studied by clipping additional plants in late May. The timing of defoliation affected the relative influence of different defoliation patterns on regrowth. In those defoliation patterns where active meristems were not removed in the late-May clipping, there were no differences in regrowth of tussocks which had either upper or lower foliage removed. However, because the grass culms had elongated by late May, active meristems were higher and were removed by one of the defoliation pattern treatments (a uniform clipping). This resulted in much less regrowth. Differences in the effects of clipping patterns applied in late May were associated with this removal of active meristems. Whereas, differences among clipping treatments following the earlier mid-May defoliation were probably a result of changes in factors which affected tussock carbon gain (e.g., light interception, foliage age structure). In either case, the spatial pattern of defoliation within a tussock grass clearly had significant effects on aboveground regrowth.
Guidewire electrosurgery-assisted trans-septal puncture.

Objectives Electrifying a coronary guidewire may be a simple escalation strategy when trans-septal needle puncture is unsuccessful. Background Radiofrequency energy to facilitate trans-septal puncture through a dedicated device is costly and directly through a trans-septal needle may be less safe. Our technique overcomes these limitations. Methods The technique was used in patients when trans-septal needle penetration failed despite excessive force or tenting of the atrial septum. A coronary guidewire, connected to an electrosurgery pencil, was advanced through the trans-septal needle, dilator, and sheath to perforate the interatrial septum during a short burst of radiofrequency energy. With the guidewire tip no longer “active,” the dilator and sheath were advanced safely over the wire into the left atrium. In posthoc validation, radiofrequency assisted Brockenbrough needle and coronary guidewire punctures were made in freshly explanted pig hearts and compared under microscopy. Results Eight patients who required trans-septal access for structural intervention were escalated to a guidewire electrosurgery strategy. Six patients had thickened fibrotic septum and two had prior surgical patch repair. Crossing was successful in all patients with no procedure related complications. The size of punctures (1.11 ± 0.40 mm vs 0.37 ± 0.08 mm, P = .009) and blanched penumbra (3.62 ± 1.23 mm vs 0.72 ± 0.29 mm, P = .003) in pig atrial septum were larger with an electrified needle than electrified guidewire. The hole generated by the electrified guidewire was smaller than by the nonelectrified needle. Conclusions When conventional trans-septal puncture fails, a coronary guidewire can be used to deliver brief radiofrequency energy safely and effectively. This technique is inexpensive and accessible to operators.
A probabilistic approach to accurate abundance-based binning of metagenomic reads

An important problem in metagenomic analysis is to determine and quantify species (or genomes) in a metagenomic sample. The identification of phylogenetically related groups of sequence reads in a metagenomic dataset is often referred to as binning. Similarity-based binning methods rely on reference databases, and are unable to classify reads from unknown organisms. Composition-based methods exploit compositional patterns that are preserved in sufficiently long fragments, but are not suitable for binning very short next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads. Recently, several new metagenomic binning algorithms that can deal with NGS reads and do not rely on reference databases have been developed. However, all of them have difficulty with handling samples containing low-abundance species. We propose a new method to accurately estimate the abundance levels of species based on a novel probabilistic model for counting l-mer frequencies in a metagenomic dataset that takes into account frequencies of erroneous l-mers and repeated l-mers. An expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is used to learn the parameters of the model. Our algorithm automatically determines the number of abundance groups in a dataset and bins the reads into these groups. We show that our method outperforms the most recent abundance-based binning method, AbundanceBin, on both simulated and real datasets. We also show that the improved abundance-based binning method can be incorporated into a recent tool TOSS, which separates genomes with similar abundance levels and employs AbundanceBin as a preprocessing step to handle different abundance levels, to enhance its performance. We test the improved TOSS on simulated datasets and show that it significantly outperforms TOSS on datasets containing low-abundance genomes. Finally, we compare this approach against very recent metagenomic binning tools MetaCluster 4.0 and MetaCluster 5.0 on simulated data and demonstrate that it usually achieves a better sensitivity and breaks fewer genomes.
Affective communities and millennial desires: Latinx, or why my computer won’t recognize Latina/o:

There is a tremendous shift in public digital discourse and the academy more broadly, about the use of Latinx, one that may appear, on the surface, as an uncritical, hip way to shift how we talk ab...
Diagnosis and management of Lyme neuroborreliosis

Introduction: The nervous system is involved in 10–15% of patients infected with B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii and B. garinii. This review will address widespread misconceptions about the clinical phe...
DYNAMIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE APICAL MEMBRANE OF LACTATING CELLS VIEWED BY FREEZE-FRACTURE

Publisher Summary The apical plasma membrane of secretory cells undergoes considerable transformations during release of the products of secretion. Secretory vesicles derived from Golgi cisternae contact and fuse with the apical plasma membrane with formation of a small bilayer diaphragm, which separates the vacuolar content from the acinar lumen of the gland. Rupture of this transient diaphragm results in the release of the secretory products and incorporation of the secretory vesicle membrane in the apical segment of the plasma membrane. This process has been investigated in different types of cells. In the lactating cells of the mammary alveolus, the spectrum of transformations observed at the apical surface is wider. In addition to the release of proteins and other secretory products by exocytosis, other events occur at the apical membrane during the secretion of fat droplets. Milk fat droplets are released into the alveolar lumen surrounded by a membrane envelope derived from the cell membrane. The process results in the exportation of plasma membrane, which can be easily isolated from milk. This membrane system represents a useful model to study the dynamics of the apical surface of a secretory cell, as well as other membrane events of wider biological significance. The observation of lactating tissues with freeze fracture techniques provides imaging of the process and allows the analysis of the structural rearrangements of these membranes.
A single nucleotide incorporation step limits human telomerase repeat addition activity

Abstract Human telomerase synthesizes telomeric DNA repeats (GGTTAG) n onto chromosome ends using a short template from its integral telomerase RNA (hTR). However, telomerase is markedly slow for processive DNA synthesis among DNA polymerases. We report here that the unique template‐embedded pause signal restricts the first nucleotide incorporation for each repeat synthesized, imparting a significantly greater K M . This slow nucleotide incorporation step drastically limits repeat addition processivity and rate under physiological conditions, which is alleviated with augmented concentrations of dGTP or dGDP, and not with dGMP nor other nucleotides. The activity stimulation by dGDP is due to nucleoside diphosphates functioning as substrates for telomerase. Converting the first nucleotide of the repeat synthesized from dG to dA through the telomerase template mutation, hTR‐51U, correspondingly shifts telomerase repeat addition activity stimulation to dATP‐dependent. In accordance, telomerase without the pause signal synthesizes DNA repeats with extremely high efficiency under low dGTP concentrations and lacks dGTP stimulation. Thus, the first nucleotide incorporation step of the telomerase catalytic cycle is a potential target for therapeutic enhancement of telomerase activity.
Gender in Political Marketing in the United States

The first chapter serves as an introduction to the book elucidating its purpose and objectives. It specifies philosophical and methodological foundations for the research study. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive review of the research approach and the methods employed for collecting and analyzing the data. Lastly, it presents a historical overview starting from women’s suffrage movement, showcasing the origins of gender in political marketing.
Neurobiology of the Reptile—Bird Transition

Birds evolved from archosaurian reptiles during the Mesozoic era, between 230 and 65 million years ago. The archosaurs, or “ruling” reptiles, dominated the terrestrial fauna throughout the Mesozoic. They include several evolutionary lineages of which the dinosaurs, the pterosaurs or flying reptiles, and the various lineages of crocodilians are the most important. Which particular group of archosaurs gave rise to birds has been a matter of controversy. Heilmann (1926) suggested that birds evolved from the protosuchians, a group of archosaurs related to crocodilians. Ostrom (1976) reexamined the evidence related to the origin of birds and suggested they evolved from small, bipedal dinosaurs. This view now is widely accepted by paleontologists (see Feduccia, 1980; Hecht et al., 1985). The conclusion that birds are derived from some group of archosaurian reptiles comes from detailed comparisons of the skeletal anatomy of the earliest fossil bird, Archaeopteryx lithographica, with members of the various groups of archosaurs. Archaeopteryx was a pigeon-sized bird that lived in a barren or desert environment, as judged by the presence of cacti in the sediments near which some Archaeopteryx specimens were found (Viohl, 1985, 1990). Archaeopteryx is found in the upper Jurassic (the second of the three periods in the Mesozoic era), in sediments about 130 million years old.
The Strength of Binding of the Weakly-Binding Crossbridge Created by Sulfhydryl Modification has very Low Calcium Sensitivity

The acto-subfragment-1*ATP state is an important intermediate in the Ca-activated acto-S1 ATPase reaction, suggesting that the myosin• ATP crossbridge seen in muscle fibers similarly may be an important intermediate in the contractile cycle. Treatment of muscle fibers with either para-phenylenedimaleimide (pPDM) or N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) alters the myosin crossbridges so that they bind to the actin filament with about the same affinity as the myosin•ATP crossbridge. Additionally, the treated crossbridges and the myosin•ATP crossbridge have virtually identical attachment and detachment rate constants. Thus the treated crossbridges appear to be reasonable analogues of the weakly-binding myosin•ATP crossbridges of relaxed fibers and studies of the treated fibers may shed some light on the behavior of the physiologically important myosin•ATP crossbridge. We have examined the influence of Ca2+ on the binding and rate constants of pPDM- and NPM-treated weakly-binding crossbridges. In agreement with earlier solution studies, we found almost no Ca-sensitivity of the binding of pPDM- or NPM-treated crossbridges.
Sino-South Korean economic cooperation: An analysis of domestic and foreign entanglements

One of the most explicit manifestations of post-Mao China’s pragmatic foreign policy has been the significant shift in Beijing’s position vis-a-vis Seoul from a “non-policy” todefacto economic diplomacy. Despite the extent of cooperative endeavors, Sino-South Korean economic relations have been circumscribed by various domestic and external factors. While a further intensification of the cooperative relationship is projected for the second decade of Sino-South Korean economic diplomacy, the actual materialization of such prospects depends on how China and South Korea are going to maintain economic complementarity. More importantly, it also depends on when and how China is going to accommodate politically its economic relations with South Korea by resolving the issue of “two Koreas,” thus maximizing the potential benefits from its ties with Seoul and simultaneously minimizing the negative effects from the entanglements of various domestic and foreign factors.
A Comment on Scientific Writing (1954)

In Science for 23 April 1954 there were articles on the frequent wordy emptiness and awkward style in scientific writings. Most of the examples quoted and discussed, although poorly written, were in correct English, but the matter is more serious than that: In the mathematical field, at least, outright errors are not uncommon.
Proceedings of the 1st international CIKM workshop on Topic-sentiment analysis for mass opinion

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 1st International CIKM Workshop on Topic-Sentiment Analysis for Mass Opinion Measurement -- TSA'09. This workshop seeks to bring together researchers in both computer science and social sciences who are interested in developing and using topic-sentiment analysis methods to measure mass opinion, and to foster communications between the research community and industry practitioners as well. The call for papers attracted 21 submissions from 14 countries. The program committee accepted 12 papers that cover a variety of topics, including topic-sentiment modeling, sentiment classification and retrieval, sentiment corpus construction, and applications of topic-sentiment analysis in text summarization, question answering, and recommender systems. The proposed approaches analyze opinions at all levels of granularity: clause, sub-sentence, sentence, paragraph and document. Most of the approaches combine machine learning and statistical methods and the use of linguistic resources (sentiment lexicons, syntactic rules, etc.) for sentiment identification. User-generated content (UGC) is still the main source of data for topic-sentiment analysis in various domains, like customer reviews, blogs, and discussion boards. In addition to English, corpora of other languages (Chinese, Spanish, and Portuguese) have also been studied. Many authors chose to manually annotate their own sentiment corpora to train machine learning algorithms, or employed automatic methods to acquire the sentiment annotation. This indicates the strong demand for large volume of annotated data in various topics and domains to facilitate topic-sentiment analysis.
The Market as Censor.

In 1920, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner reported the results of an experiment with an eleven-month old infant, “Albert B” (Watson and Rayner, 1920). Their study of this single subject was methodologically flawed and produced ambiguous results. Nevertheless, it became the psychology textbook classic case of conditioned emotional responses. With the exception of Pavlov's dogs, probably no story has been cited more often than that of “Little Albert.” I was led to the Little Albert story as the result of an earlier study of genetics textbooks. Some years ago, I began work on a history of the “nature-nurture” controversy. One aspect of this project involved an analysis of textbook treatments of the genetics of intelligence. I had expected to find a rough continuity of views from the 1920s until the late 1970s, when the effects of the Cyril Burt scandal should have been fully felt in genetics texts. (The claim of a high heritability for I.Q. was supported primarily by Burt's [fabricated] studies of separated identical twins. Leon Kamin identified serious problems with Burt's results in 1974, although actual fraud was not proved until 1979 [see Kamin, 1974; Hearnshaw, 1979].)
Perception of Consonant Place of Articulation

Publisher Summary There is not yet enough information from experiments on or relevant to the perception of consonant place of articulation and from acoustic analyses of speech to form adequate perceptual theories about how acoustic information is processed by the auditory system in making place judgments. This chapter reviews the approaches to place perception that has introduced many of the major problems in attempts to characterize the speech signal in a perceptually appropriate way and also discusses some tentative solutions. It is evident from a review of research conducted on the perception of speech that the available tools for speech analysis and synthesis affect the way that speech is represented and approached. It has been seen, for example, that release bursts and formant transitions are different acoustic properties of the speech signal when seen on a speech spectrogram, but the spectral continuity of the two is much more salient in a running spectral representation. The way in which speech is represented and manipulated affects the models that are developed to explain the way it is perceived. Similarly, whether one approaches speech from a primary focus on perception or from a perspective that emphasizes the acoustic properties of speech, also influences the way in which research is conducted and models are developed.
Building Health Communities: Local Health Care Networks in Maryland:

Combatting chronic disease (prevention and treatment of obesity, diabetes, heart health, and stroke) requires action at the local level, both to educate the public and to provide health services. E...
Facial Nerve Paralysis Due to Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension.

Author(s): Sajjadi, Autefeh; Chang, Irene; Djalilian, Mohsen; Abouzari, Mehdi; Djalilian, Ali R; Djalilian, Hamid R
A GICA-TVGL framework to study sex differences in resting state fMRI dynamic connectivity.

Abstract Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been implemented widely to study brain connectivity. In particular, time-varying connectivity analysis has emerged as an important measure to uncover essential knowledge within the network. On the other hand, independent component analysis (ICA) has served as a powerful tool to preprocess fMRI data before performing network analysis. Together, they may lead to novel findings. Methods We propose a new framework (GICA-TVGL) that combines group ICA (GICA) with time-varying graphical LASSO (TVGL) to improve the power of analyzing functional connectivity (FNC) changes, which is then applied for neuro-developmental study. To investigate the performance of our proposed approach, we apply it to capture dynamic FNC using both the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC) and the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) datasets. Results Our results indicate that females and males in young adult group possess substantial difference related to visual network. In addition, some other consistent conclusions have been reached by using these two datasets. Furthermore, the GICA-TVGL model indicated that females had a higher probability to stay in a stable state. Males had a higher tendency to remain in a globally disconnected mode. Comparison with existing method The performance of sliding window approach is largely affected by the window size selection. In addition, it also assumes temporal locality hypothesis. Conclusion Our proposed framework provides a feasible method to investigate brain dynamics and has the potential to become a widely used tool in neuroimaging studies.
Abstract TP297: Does Use of Telestroke Negatively Impact Family Perceptions of the Local Hospital?

Introduction: While telestroke use is increasing, little is known about its effect on the patient and family perceptions of quality of stroke care. We hypothesized that use of telestroke may negati...
Design of a continuous portable indraft supersonic wind tunnel

Programs in mechanical and aeronautical engineering commonly include courses in compressible fluid flow. As such, learning can be greatly enhanced if theory is taught in conjunction with hands on e...
Introduction to the Special Issue on Marketing Science and Health

This editorial introduces the special issue on marketing science and health. We begin by describing the healthcare ecosystem and its many distinguishing features relative to other markets. With its...
Spatially variable taxation and resource extraction: The impact of state oil taxes on drilling in the US

Abstract We estimate the responsiveness of nonrenewable resource firms to taxes on output using spatially explicit data from the oil sector in the United States. Using a model of resource firm capital allocation over space, we show that responses to spatially-varying taxes differ from responses to equivalent changes in the common output price. A larger response to tax rates occurs because the tax change only affects the returns to drilling in a single state, whereas a price change affects both the returns to drilling in a state and the opportunity cost of not drilling in other states. Econometrically, we estimate the effect of severance taxes on oil drilling. We find that the response to a one dollar increase in tax per unit of production has an effect at least eight times as large as the effect of an equivalent decrease in output price. The tax response is inelastic, implying that an increase in state tax rate would increase revenue. We do not find evidence of spillovers between states in the local areas near state borders.
The Mitigation of Racial Disparities in Cervical Cancer Screening Among U.S. Active Duty Service Women.

Introduction The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends regular cervical cancer screening for women aged 21-65 years. Such screening is key to reducing mortality and morbidity. Despite improvement in the screening rate, cervical cancer still disproportionately affects women of minority groups because of access to quality health care. The Military Health System (MHS) mitigates this barrier through universal healthcare coverage for all active duty service members and their families. However, such racial/ethnic disparities, seen in civilian population, have not been studied in the MHS. Materials and methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study utilizing fiscal years 2011-2016 claims data obtained from the MHS Data Repository for 112,572 active duty service women aged 21-64 years. Study analyses included descriptive statistics on patient demographics, calculations of the proportion of patients who received cervical cancer screenings as well as the proportion of patients in compliance with USPSTF guidelines, and unadjusted odds ratios for the likelihood of compliance by race and military service. Results Of the study population, 50.0% of active duty women were screened for cervical cancer. When compared to White women, Black (1.05 OR, 1.03-1.08 CI), Native American/Alaskan Native (1.26 OR, 1.15-1.39 CI), and Other (1.12 OR, 1.06-1.18 CI) women were significantly more likely to receive cervical cancer screenings. The proportions of 3-year compliance were relatively equal within each race category (ranging from 43% to 45%), with no significant findings for the odds of compliance in any race when compared to White active duty women; however, proportions of 3-year compliance by service ranged from 11.7% in the Marines to 84.4% in the Navy, and active duty women in the Navy were six times more likely to be in compliance with guidelines than women in the Army. When looking at 5-year compliance in active duty women aged 30-64 years, women in the Navy were more likely than women in the Army to meet compliance guidelines (1.24 OR, 1.14-1.36 CI), while women in the Air Force were slightly less likely (0.90 OR, 0.82-0.98 CI). Conclusions The women in our population demonstrated similar or lower compliance than other studies conducted in the U.S. general population, and racial disparities for cervical cancer screening were partially mitigated in active duty service women. While our research demonstrates that universal insurance can help provide equal access and care, investigation into the factors that encourage greater usage among members of different military branches may help to understand and develop policies to improve health care systems.
Differential yield and nutrients of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. genotypes when grown in urban production systems

Abstract Urban agriculture is expanding but faces economic and environmental challenges. One way to mitigate the impact of climate change on food security in cities with a temperate climate is to grow crops adapted to the hotter temperatures expected by the middle of the twenty-first century. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., commonly called red sorrel or roselle, is a hardy shrub widely grown throughout tropical regions of the world that has high economic value as a food crop. Most studies on H. sabdariffa have been conducted in tropical areas and, to our knowledge, none compared genotypes, their nutrients, and suitability for urban production. Therefore, we grew seven genotypes of H. sabdariffa in three production systems (i.e., green roof, field row, high tunnel) in and near Washington, DC to: 1) determine differences in leaf and flower yield between genotypes and production systems; 2) determine nutritional differences of leaves between genotypes and production systems; and 3) determine susceptibility of genotypes to insect pests. Genotype PI 286316 produced copious flowers, especially in the high tunnel. Production of leaves was highest in the field row, despite this system being most frequently attacked by Popillia japonica Newman. PI 273388, PI 275414, and green hibiscus produced the highest mass of leaves. Most minerals were influenced by the production systems, but most notable is that genotypes differed in amounts of some nutrients regardless of the production system. The locally adapted green hibiscus, which was cultivated in the Washington, DC area for many years, produced a moderate number of flowers, was a top producer of leaves in all systems, was least attacked by P. japonica, and had higher levels of nutrients than some other genotypes. Overall, our work demonstrates that H. sabdariffa, a tropical plant, can be grown in temperate, urban systems.
Abstract 2147: Discovering novel targets for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland

Lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare but highly lethal indolent cancer originating in the cells of secretory glands, primarily of the head and neck. With the 10-year survival rate of 20%, the only life extending technique is to remove the eye and surrounding socket contents entirely. Despite radical treatment, ACC is a very slow growing tumor and most patients will present with metastatic disease to the brain, lung, liver, or bones several years out from initial diagnosis and before symptoms are noticeable. Due to the rarity of LGACC, it is not well understood, but extensive genome analysis of ACC of the head and neck has previously uncovered a high mutation rate of MYB and NOTCH in patient samples, though unfortunately neither can be directly targeted by drugs. We have RNA sequencing data for 7 primary LGACC tumors, mass spectrometry data for 12 primary tumors and RNA sequencing for 15 cell lines derived from tumors to discover possible targetable biomarkers in LGACC and to further understand the biology of these tumors. Our analysis has revealed the signatures and drivers of LGACC, most significantly involving extracellular matrix mechanisms including HAPLN1, FABP7, and VCAN. We compared the genes of proteins differentially expressed in the mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing data and discovered 194 genes that were differentially expressed in both analysis types. With this extensive understanding of the molecular signatures, we used iLINCS integrated web-based platform to determine compounds that would target the differentially expressed genes. We have selected compounds based on a rubric we generated and will test them individually and in combination on LGACC cell lines to determine the best specific treatment for primary tumors and metastatic disease. Citation Format: Acadia H. Moeyersoms, Vasileios Stathias, Michelle Zhang, Ryan A. Gallo, David T. Tse, Daniel Pelaez. Discovering novel targets for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2147.
The Economic Implications of Clustering on Hispanic Entrepreneurship in the US

This article assesses the effect of Hispanic clustering on Hispanic self-employment in the US and the extent to which endogenous social factors within a cluster may encourage Hispanics to start a business. We address key identification issues in the clustering literature by applying a series of robust econometric techniques to US census data. The study provides empirical evidence on the role of Hispanic clustering on Hispanic entrepreneurship. This article also tackles the constructs of Hispanic entrepreneurial heterogeneity and suggests the clustering of second-generation Hispanics as a potential indicator of the Hispanic entrepreneurial environment. The study derives insight on the economic implications of Hispanic clustering and its benefits and suggests policy recommendations to promote success among Hispanic entrepreneurs. We propose that generational differences across Hispanics is not merely an ethnic control variable, but rather an important factor for the design of strategies and incentives at the federal, state, and local level.
Controller partitioning for integrated flight/propulsion control implementation

The notion of partitioning a centralized controller into a decentralized, hierarchical structure suitable for integrated flight/propulsion control (IFPC) implementation is discussed. A systematic procedure is developed for determining partitioned airframe and engine subsystem controllers (subcontrollers), with the desired interconnection structure, that approximate the closed-loop performance and robustness characteristics of a given centralized controller. The procedure is demonstrated by application to IFPC design for a Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft in the landing approach to hover transition flight phase.
Ion Bombardment MS: A Sensitive Probe of Chemical Reactions Occurring at the Surface of Organic Solids

Organic chemical reactions occurring in the solid state or at a gas-solid interface are of interest in a number of fields including solid state polymerization and other chemical syntheses, the long-term stability of drugs, the degradation of plastics, catalysis, and a range of analytical chemical procedures. We have recently investigated the use of energetic heavy ion bombardment mass spectrometry as a new technique for monitoring microscale chemical reactions in films of nonvolatile organic solids with thicknesses ranging from submono-layers to ~103 molecular layers. The investigations were performed using a 252Cf fission fragment induced ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer [1] (bombardment with ~100 Mev fission fragments) and a pulsed ion bombardment time-of-flight mass spectrometer [2] (bombardment with ~30 keV ions), both constructed at the Rockefeller University.
Long range effects of amino acid substitutions in the catalytic chain of aspartate transcarbamoylase. Localized replacements in the carboxyl-terminal alpha-helix cause marked alterations in allosteric properties and intersubunit interactions.

A single alpha-helical polypeptide segment of 21 amino acids near the carboxyl terminus of the catalytic chain of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli has been shown recently to be important for the in vivo folding of the chains and assembly of the enzyme (Peterson, C. B., and Schachman, H. K. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 458-462). Calorimetric measurements on purified mutant enzymes showed that single amino acid replacements within this secondary structural element affect the overall thermal stability of the oligomeric enzyme and the energetics of the interactions between polypeptide chains within the holoenzyme. Studies presented here demonstrate that marked changes in cooperativity occur due to single amino acid substitutions. Replacement of Gln288 by either Ala or Glu leads to a striking increase in the Hill coefficient of the holoenzymes and a substantial increase in the aspartate concentration corresponding to one-half Vmax. In contrast, the isolated catalytic trimers harboring these same substitutions were similar in activity to the wild-type subunit, with the same affinity for aspartate as indicated by the values of Km. Substituting Ala for the only charged residue in the helix, Arg296, caused a marked reduction in enzyme activity, as well as a greatly reduced stability of the holoenzyme due to a substantial weakening of the interactions between the catalytic and regulatory subunits. A subunit exchange method was used to demonstrate the changes in interchain interactions resulting from the amino acid substitutions and to show the additional weakening upon the binding of the bisubstrate ligand, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, at the active sites. Taken together, the results on this series of mutant enzymes illustrate how the effects of single amino acid replacements in one element of secondary structure are propagated throughout the molecule to positions remote from the site of the substitution.