cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sarasate: a strong representation system for networking policies

Policy information in computer networking today is hard to manage. This is in sharp contrast to relational data structured in a database that allows easy access. In this demonstration, we ask why cannot (or how can) turn network policies into relational data. Our key observation is that oftentimes a policy does not prescribe a single ``definite'' network state, but rather is an ``incomplete'' description of all the legitimate network states. Based on this idea, we adopt conditional tables and the usual SQL interface (a relational structure developed for incomplete database) as a means to represent and query sets of network states in exactly the same way as a single definite network snapshot. More importantly, like relational tables that improve data productivity and innovation, relational policies allow us to extend a rich set of data mediating methods to address the networking problem of coordinating policies in a distributed environment.
SU-E-T-618: Plan Robustness Study of Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy Vs. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: Lack of plan robustness may contribute to local failure in volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to treat head and neck (H&N) cancer. Thus we compared plan robustness of VMAT with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Methods: VMAT and IMRT plans were created for 9 HN (2) dose-volume histograms (DVHs) band (DVHB); and (3) root-mean-square-dose deviation (RMSD) volume histogram (DDVH). DDVH represents the relative volume (y) on the vertical axis and the RMSD (x) on the horizontal axis. Similar to DVH, this means that y% of the volume of the indicated structure has the RMSD at least x Gy[RBE].The width from the first two methods at different target DVH indices (such as D95 and D5) and the area under the DDVH curves (AUC) for the target were used to indicate plan robustness. In these robustness quantification tools, the smaller the value, the more robust the plan is. Plan robustness evaluation metrics were compared using Wilcoxon test. Results: DVHB showed the width at D95 from IMRT to be larger than from VMAT (unit Gy) [1.59 vs 1.18 (p=0.49)], while the width at D5 from IMRT was found to be slightly larger than from VMAT [0.59 vs 0.54 (p=0.84)]. WCA showed similar results [D95: 3.28 vs 3.00 (p=0.56); D5: 1.68 vs 1.95 (p=0.23)]. DDVH showed the AUC from IMRT to be slightly smaller than from VMAT [1.13 vs 1.15 (p=0.43)]. Conclusion: VMAT plan robustness is comparable to IMRT plan robustness. The plan robustness conclusions from WCA and DVHB are DVH parameter dependent. On the other hand DDVH captures the overall effect of uncertainties on the dose to a volume of interest. NIH/NCI K25CA168984; Eagles Cancer Research Career Development; The Lawrence W. and Marilyn W. Matteson Fund for Cancer Research Mayo ASU Seed Grant; The Kemper Marley Foundation
Immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid: Changes during acute viral encephalitis in mice

The development and pathogenesis of immunoglobulin changes in the CSF in acute encephalitis were studied in mice infected with Sindbis virus. Three phases of immunoglobulin changes were noted. 1) During the first 2 days when virus replication in the brain is maximal, few changes were seen in the CSF. 2) At the time of maximal meningeal inflammation, 3 to 5 days after infection, there was a transudation of protein from serum into CSF. 3) During the period of recovery, there was evidence of a local immune response within the CNS. CSF concentrations of all immunoglobulins became increased compared with normal mice and compared with the concentration of albumin, whereas serum immunoglobulin levels remained essentially unchanged. The largest proportionate increase was in IgA. There was no evidence of increased immunoglobulin transfer from serum to CSF by using iodinated immunoglobulins. Comparable amounts of virus-specific IgG and IgA were present in the CSF, whereas serum antibody was primarily IgG. It is concluded that the local immune response to viral encephalitis in mice involves the production of virus-specific IgA as well as IgG.
A Multi-Modal Approach to Trauma Recovery: A Case History

Abstract The details of a non-sport-related traumatic injury to an intercollegiate football player are presented. A multi-modal approach for treating trauma symptoms in this case history consisted of cognitive therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique (REST). Rationale for the treatment choices utilized is provided. A coordinated multi-modal approach effectively relieved trauma symptoms associated with this case.
Testing of packaging materials for improved PV module reliability

A number of candidate alternative encapsulant and soft backsheet materials have been evaluated in terms of their suitability for photovoltaic (PV) module packaging applications. Relevant properties, including interfacial adhesion and moisture transport, have been measured as a function of damp-heat (85/spl deg/C / 85% relative humidity) exposure. Based on these tests, promising new encapsulants with improved properties have been identified. Backsheets prepared by industry and at NREL have been found to provide varying levels of moisture ingress protection. To achieve significantly improved products, further development of these candidates is ongoing. The relative effectiveness of various packaging strategies to protect PV devices has also been investigated.
Differential myelopoietic responsiveness of BALB/c (Itys) and C.D2 (Ityr) mice to lipopolysaccharide administration and Salmonella typhimurium infection.

Inheritance of the Ityr or the Itys allele of the Ity murine gene confers resistance or increased susceptibility, respectively, to Salmonella typhimurium infection. Recent studies have documented that Ity gene expression may determine net intracellular replication of S. typhimurium by modulating macrophage function. The purpose of this study was to determine if Ity gene expression modulated macrophage stem cell proliferation as well. To detect possible Ity-associated alterations in macrophage stem cell proliferation during endotoxin challenge or S. typhimurium infection, the congenic strain pair BALB/c (Itys) and C.D2-Idh-1, Pep-3 N20F8 (Ityr) were injected intraperitoneally with 25 micrograms of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or approximately 10(3) S. typhimurium, and myelopoiesis was evaluated. At 72 h after LPS injection, both BALB/c and C.D2 mice developed comparable degrees of bone marrow hypocellularity and splenomegaly, and cell sizing profiles indicated a normal response to a single injection of LPS in both strains of mice. Although an inhibitor to colony-stimulating factor activity was detected in the sera and plasma of C.D2 mice, the number of myeloid stem cells cultured from the bone marrow and spleen of each mouse strain were comparable. S. typhimurium infection resulted in earlier symptoms, a larger bacterial load, a higher mortality rate, and a greater bone marrow hypocellularity and splenomegaly in BALB/c mice compared with those in C.D2 mice. Despite a dramatic increase in bacterial load, a decrease in both bone marrow and splenic myeloid stem cell numbers was noted in BALB/c mice, while stem cell numbers remained constant in C.D2 mice between days 3 and 5 and increased dramatically at day 7 after infection. These data suggest that BALB/c and C.D2 mice may exhibit a divergent myelopoietic response to S. typhimurium infection. It appears that a paradoxical failure of myelopoiesis in Itys mice during S. typhimurium infection may contribute to the observed increase in mortality.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF “FISHBITE” DAMAGE ON DEEP-SEA MOORING LINES1

Moored deep-sea installations are frequently set adrift when their synthetic fiber mooring lines are bitten by some organism, presumably a fish. Some information on the causative organism has been obtained by mooring buoys in 2,000 m of water near Bermuda with lines sheathed or coated with plastic materials that took dental impressions. The evidence provided by this material suggests that the causative organism is active from 150 to over 1,500 m in depth, with the greatest concentration from 600 to 1,000 m. The jaw ranges from 30 to slightly over 100 mm in width and the teeth are located either in the upper or lower jaw but not both. The teeth are sharp with a fine. band of rounded serrations along the cutting edge.
Ethical Issues Faced by Editors and Reviewers

This essay discusses the sundry ethical considerations confronting editors and reviewers. To begin, journal hierarchy and manuscript lifecycles are reviewed. From there, ethical issues faced by individuals in various editorial roles, who interact with various parties, are discussed. Issues include making fair desk rejections, assigning reviewers ethically, refraining from the promotion of HARKing (hypothesizing after results are known), promoting a holistic view of validity, balancing scientific progress with journal success, providing developmental and actionable feedback, disclosing expertise parameters, and upholding the spirit of double-blind review.
The preservation of unfixed cytological detail by dehydration with "inert" agents.

Remarkable cytoplasmic detail can be preserved without chemical fixation if living tissues are properly dehydrated with increasing concentrations of inert, water-soluble, permeable, organic substances. Success is thought to depend upon adequate stabilization and consequent immobilization of the macromolecular systems before physiologically damaging the cytomembranes, particularly the plasma membranes. Thus, the most critical period is midway in dehydration when the rate and kind of exchange appears to be of great significance. Once immobilization is achieved, the final stages of dehydration can be completed in a variety of ways without importantly altering the end result. The simplest successful procedure is to use ethylene glycol as the dehydrating agent and to transfer the tissue directly from this into prepolymerized hydroxypropyl methacrylate. Glycerol and glucose syrup can be substituted for the first stage of dehydration, and then tissue is transferred to ethylene glycol to complete dehydration and allow subsequent infiltration with the hydroxypropyl methacrylate embedding mixture. If other embedments are desired, Cellosolve can serve as an intermediate solvent. Dimethyl sulfoxide and urea have not so far worked well as primary dehydrating agents. Methanol has been useless. Postdehydration fixation with anhydrous crotonaldehyde adds little or nothing to the final image. Treatment with osmium tetroxide dissolved in anhydrous Cellosolve in general degrades the final pattern. Fixation with glutaraldehyde and/or osmium tetroxide after partial dehydration is possible. The described method of tissue preparation, which may be termed “inert dehydration,” is basically a physical method, presumably leaving proteinaceous systems preserved essentially in their native states. Hopefully, the technique will find histochemical, immunological, and autoradiographic applications. The general method of dehydration is easily performed, and quantities of tissue can be processed reliably. Thus tissue can be stored for long periods in glycol or glycerol, and subsequently be further processed for biochemical or morphological study.
Analysis of calibration-free wavelength-scanned wavelength modulation spectroscopy for practical gas sensing using tunable diode lasers

A novel strategy has been developed for analysis of wavelength-scanned, wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) with tunable diode lasers (TDLs). The method simulates WMS signals to compare with measurements to determine gas properties (e.g., temperature, pressure and concentration of the absorbing species). Injection-current-tuned TDLs have simultaneous wavelength and intensity variation, which severely complicates the Fourier expansion of the simulated WMS signal into harmonics of the modulation frequency (fm). The new method differs from previous WMS analysis strategies in two significant ways: (1) the measured laser intensity is used to simulate the transmitted laser intensity and (2) digital lock-in and low-pass filter software is used to expand both simulated and measured transmitted laser intensities into harmonics of the modulation frequency, WMS-nfm (n = 1, 2, 3,...), avoiding the need for an analytic model of intensity modulation or Fourier expansion of the simulated WMS harmonics. This analysis scheme is valid at any optical depth, modulation index, and at all values of scanned-laser wavelength. The method is demonstrated and validated with WMS of H2O dilute in air (1 atm, 296 K, near 1392 nm). WMS-nfm harmonics for n = 1 to 6 are extracted and the simulation and measurements are found in good agreement for the entire WMS lineshape. The use of 1f-normalization strategies to realize calibration-free wavelength-scanned WMS is also discussed.
Induction of immunoreactive somatomedin C human serum by growth hormone: dose-response relationships and effect on chromatographic profiles.

The induction of somatomedin C (SM-C) was evaluated in 30 hypopituitary patients and in normal subjects using a sensitive, specific RIA for SM-C. Two hypopituitary patients each received an iv bolus of 0.1 U human GH (hGH)⁄kg BW, followed by continuous infusion of 0.01 U hGH⁄kg-h for 12 h. The earliest rise in SM-C was detectable between 6-8 h. In response to the im administration of hGH, hypopituitary patients demonstrated a delay of 8 h before the rise in SM-C, a peak response between 16-28 h, and a fall nearly to basal levels by 48 h. The delay in the serum SM-C response to the administration of hGH suggests that SM is not stored in a readily releasable form and that the effect of GH on SM production may be through the stimulation of de novo synthesis. Graded doses of hGH in a sequence of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 U/kg (im) elicited a stairstep pattern of SM-C response. When the sequence of administration of these doses was altered, however, it was apparent that the magnitude of the SM-C response was dete...
Mirroring, Simulating and Mindreading

: Pierre Jacob (2008) raises several problems for the alleged link between mirroring and mindreading. This response argues that the best mirroring-mindreading thesis would claim that mirror processes cause, rather than constitute, selected acts of mindreading. Second, the best current evidence for mirror-based mindreading is not found in the motoric domain but in the domains of emotion and sensation, where the evidence (ignored by Jacob) is substantial. Finally, simulation theory should distinguish low-level simulation (mirroring) and high-level simulation (involving pretense or imagination). Jacob implies that bi-level simulationism creates an unbridgeable ‘gap’ in intention reading, but this is not a compelling challenge.
The chelometric determination of aluminum, nickel and manganese without prior separation

Summary Hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid is used as a selective reagent for the chelometric determination of Al and Ni in the presence of Mn. Mn is subsequently determined in the same solution by means of a direct EDTA titration. The reagent for the first titrations serves as a masking agent during the manganese determination. Methyl Calcein or Methyl Calcein Blue serves as a metalfluorechromic indicator for the determinations.
Effect of Loading in Soil Slurry-Sequencing Batch Reactors on Biosurfactant Production and Foaming

A soil contaminated with diesel fuel (DF) was treated in 8-L Soil slurry sequencing batch reactors with 10-day retention times and different volumetric loadings: 5, 10, and 50% of the reactor volume per cycle. Concentrations of DF, DF-degrading microorganisms, and bisurfactant were measured, with emulsification capacity (EC), foam thickness, and O\d2 uptake. Foaming coincided with nonzero values of EC, a measure of free (i.e., non-DF-bound) surfactants. Higher surfactant levels increased DF emulsification and foaming and reduced DF stripping. Concentrations of \ICandida tropicalis, Brevibacterium casei, Flavobacterium aquatile, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,\N and \IPseudomonas fluorescens\N were determined. Biosurfactant production and DF degradation increased with increased loading. Biosurfactants exceeded the critical micelle concentration early in the cycle but were completely degraded by the cycle’s end. Orders-of-magnitude differences in effluent concentrations of individual species were observed. Culture-based counts of surfactant-producing species (\IC. tropicalis, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens\N) relative to total counts increased from 21 to 86% as loading increased from 5 to 50%.
Stance posture control in select groups of children with cerebral palsy: Deficits in sensory organization and muscular coordination

This study has focused upon the automatic components of posture and movement in a group of ten cerebral palsy children carefully selected to represent a spectrum of abnormalities relatively pure by clinical standards and ten age-matched normals. Each subject stood unsupported upon a movable platform and within a movable visual surround and was then exposed to external perturbations or was asked to pull with one arm upon a movable handle. In comparing the performance of cerebral palsy children in each clinical category with the age-matched normals and with normal adults assessed in previous studies, the process of maintaining stance was subdivided into two component functions: substrates which determined the onset timing, direction and amplitude of postural actions from somatosensory, vestibular, and visual stimuli were termed “sensory organization”, and those establishing temporal and spatial patterns of muscular contractions appropriate to produce effective movements were termed “muscle coordination”. We found among seven of the ten cerebral palsy children a clear localization of dysfunction within either sensory organization or muscle coordination mechanisms. These results are providing some new insights into the organization of each of these processes as well as suggesting methods for developing a more systematic understanding of the abnormalities of movement control.
Combinatorial structures in loops I. Elements of the decomposition theory

Difference sets have been extensively studied in groups, principally in Abelian groups. Here we extend the notion of a difference set to loops. This entails considering the class of 〈υ, k〉 systems and the special subclasses of 〈υ, k, λ〉 principal block partial designs (PBPDs) and 〈υ, k, λ〉 designs. By means of a certain permutation matrix decomposition of the incidence matrices of a system and its complement, we can isomorphically identify an abstract 〈υ, k〉 system with a corresponding system in a loop. Special properties of this decomposition correspond to special algebraic properties of the loop. Here we investigate the situation when some or all of the elements of the loop are right inversive. We identify certain classes of 〈υ, k, λ〉 designs, including skew-Hadamard designs and finite projective planes, with designs and difference sets in right inverse property loops and prove a universal existence theorem for 〈υ, k, λ〉 PBPDs and corresponding difference sets in such loops.
Biogeochemistry: Earth's redox evolution

The timing and nature of changes in the chemistry of the early oceans are intensely debated. Geochemical analyses show that a prominent transition to sulphidic marine conditions 1.8 billion years ago may have been restricted to near-shore environments.
Assessing risk and harm: The convergence of ethical and empirical considerations

Neurorehabilitation clinicians are frequently asked to make clinical predictions of risk and harm in cases where persons with brain injury are believed to be unable or unsafe to conduct normal activities of daily living. Because predictions of risk and harm may ultimately limit a brain-injured person's autonomy, clinical decision makers should be aware of the ethical and empirical issues involved in such determinations. Constraining autonomy can be an ethical problem even when clinicians are apparently acting in patients' best interests. Clinicians must consider their ability to make accurate risk and harm predictions based on clinical data. Clinicians who are aware of contemporary ethical principles will be most prepared to integrate ethical and empirical considerations when determining risk and harm.
The effect of electric shock on learning by performers and observers

Performers shocked for errors and nonshocked performers explored a multiple-choice bolt-head maze on a first trial. Observers were exposed to confederates who replicated the performance of performers on the first trial. On a second (test) trial, observers made fewer errors than performers and performers exposed to shock committed more errors than performers not exposed to shock.
The Politics of Professionalism in Russia

A political scientist examines the ways in which the word "professional" constructs group identities in the world of politics. Applying discourse analysis to 34 texts generated by interviews with prominent members of Russia's political class in the Gorbachev, first and second Yel'tsin, and Putin administrations as well as the democratic opposition, this article seeks to determine how the word "professional" has been used by past and present members of Russia's political class. Two opposing discourses that constitute its meanings are outlined. The study's results are framed in a dynamic model of change in Soviet and Russian political communication.
Equilibria, stability and bifurcations of rotating columns of fluid subjected to planar disturbances

Long gyrostatically rotating cylindrical drops held together by surface tension are amenable to conventional bifurcation analysis as well as newer, computer-aided methods of analysis, and so are useful prototypes of three-dimensional drops. Instability to Rayleigh's axisymmetric mode is set aside and effects of translationally symmetric (planar) disturbances are investigated. The shapes and stability of drops on and near the family of perfect cylinders are determined by means of the power series method of Millman & Keller. Nonlinearly distorted shapes and their stability are calculated by Galerkin or finite-element analysis, using either (a) a polar or (b) a composite polar and cartesian representation of drop shape. The disadvantage of using single-coordinate representation of drop shapes near break-up is brought out. The new results show that a family of symmetric two-lobed shapes bifurcates from the main family of perfectly cylindrical shapes when the rotation rate attains a critical value, in accord with the linearized hydrodynamic analysis of Hocking. Moreover, a new family of asymmetric two-lobed shapes is uncovered that bifurcates from and rejoins the family of symmetric two-lobed shapes, using a polar representation of drop shape. Plainly, the new shape family is the two-dimensional analog of the family of three-dimensional capillary peanuts discovered by Brown & Scriven, who used a spherical polar representation of drop shape. By way of contrast, the results obtained using a composite polar and cartesian representation of drop shape show that the gyrostatic family of symmetric two-lobed shapes does not exchange stability with a family of asymmetric shapes and eventually breaks up by becoming a family of self-intersecting shapes.
The concept of limited forms of Wegener's granulomatosis.

Four cases that support the concept of a limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis are described. The pathologic and pulmonary findings represent a variant of classic Wegener's granulomatosis, lacking the renal involvement that occurs with the latter. Findings on roentgenograms of the chest in most of our patients were those of multiple, bilateral, frequently cavitating thin-walled lesions, primarily in the lower lung fields. Microscopic evidence of vasculitis and separate necrotizing granulomas in pulmonary biopsy specimens which were culturally negative for microorganisms was a necessary finding for the diagosis of limited Wegener's granulomatosis. No specific pattern of response to prednisone therapy is evident in these cases.
The extra vector abeyance (EVA) mechanism as the origin of the KM matrix

Abstract We examine a general mechanism whereby an extra vector-like quark of mass M eva generates realistic quark mixing angles from otherwise flavor diagonal quark Yukawa matrices. For scales above M eva the vector-like quark is manifest, while the Yukawa matrices are diagonal, i.e., the KM matrix is held in abeyance. Conversely, for scales below M eva the vector-like quark is in an abeyant state, while the KM matrix is manifest. This mechanism is naturally realized in many superstring models. In fact, knowledge of the Yukawa matrices at the string scale, together with suitable renormalization group scaling, unambigously determines the quark mass ratios and the KM angles at low energies. Conversely, these low-energy observables may be used to determine asyet-unknown parameters in the string model. We explicitly apply the EVA mechanism to a toy model inspired by the structure of the flipped SU (5) string model, to illustrate how this mechanism may be used to predict some of the KM angles. We also outline the procedure to be followed in a realistic calculation in the flipped SU (5) string model.
Investigation of metal sulfide optical thin film growth in low-loss IR hollow glass waveguides

In this study, the film growth kinetics for near and mid-IR reflection enhancing CdS and PbS dielectric thin films in HGWs is experimentally established. Crucial fabrication parameters including solution concentrations, pH, and fluid velocity are optimized. The film thickness of these films in HGWs is studied as a function of deposition time and temperature. Through IR spectral response analysis, the dielectric thin film thicknesses were determined and found to have a strong linear time dependence. Accurate metal sulfide film growth models in HGWs were developed, allowing for direct determination of necessary deposition times to yield metal sulfide HGW thin film coatings having a desired response.
Universal parametrization of thermal photon rates in hadronic matter

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation off strongly interacting matter created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions (HICs) encodes information on the high-temperature phases of nuclear matter. Microscopic calculations of thermal EM emission rates are usually rather involved and not readily accessible to broad applications in models of the fireball evolution which are required to compare with experimental data. An accurate and universal parametrization of the microscopic calculations is thus key to honing the theory behind the EM spectra. Here we provide such a parametrization for photon emission rates from hadronic matter, including the contributions from in-medium $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons (which incorporate effects from baryons and antibaryons), as well as bremsstrahlung from $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering. Individual parametrizations for each contribution are numerically determined through nested fitting functions for photon energies from 0.2 to 5 GeV in chemically equilibrated matter of temperatures 100--180 MeV and baryon chemical potentials 0--400 MeV. Special care is taken to extent the parametrizations to chemical off-equilibrium as encountered in HICs after chemical freeze-out. This provides a functional description of thermal photon rates within a 20% variation of the microscopically calculated values.
Variational approximation of Maxwell's equations in biperiodic structures

Consider a plane wave incident on a biperiodic diffractive structure. The diffraction problem may be modeled by Maxwell's equations with transparent boundary conditions and solved by a finite element method. In this paper, a variational approximation is studied. The well-posedness of the continuous and discretized problems is established in the following sense. In the continuous case, it is shown that the model problem attains a unique ${\cal H}^1$ solution for all but possibly a discrete set of frequencies. In the discrete case, error estimates for the variational (finite element) approximation of the model problem with or without truncation of the nonlocal boundary operators are obtained.
Physiological responses to novel carbohydrates as assessed using canine and avian models.

The objective was to quantify in vitro digestion, true metabolizable energy (TMEn) content, glycemic and insulinemic responses, and gastrointestinal tolerance to fructose (Fruc), maltodextrin (Malt), polydextrose (Poly), pullulan (Pull), resistant starch (RS), sorbitol (Sorb), and xanthan gum (Xan). Limited digestion of RS, Poly, and Xan occurred. Fruc, Malt, and Sorb resulted in the highest (P < 0.05) TMEn values, Pull was intermediate, and RS and Poly were lowest. Malt had the highest (P < 0.05) area under the curve for glucose and insulin in the glycemic tests. Gastrointestinal tolerance was examined for diets containing carbohydrates at either 100 or 200% of the adequate intake (AI) value for dietary fiber. At 100% and 200% AI, Malt, RS, and Sorb resulted in ideal fecal scores, while Pull and Xan resulted in looser stools and Poly resulted in diarrhea. The carbohydrates studied varied widely in physiological outcomes. Certain carbohydrates could potentially benefit large bowel health.
Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The loss of these neurons is associated with a glial response composed mainly of activated microglial cells and, to a lesser extent, of reactive astrocytes. This glial response may be the source of trophic factors and can protect against reactive oxygen species and glutamate. Alternatively, this glial response can also mediate a variety of deleterious events related to the production of pro-oxidant reactive species, and pro-inflammatory prostaglandin and cytokines. We discuss the potential protective and deleterious effects of glial cells in the SNpc of PD and examine how those factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease.
HASTE Sequence with Parallel Acquisition and T2 Decay Compensation: Application to Carotid Artery Imaging

T2-weighted carotid artery images acquired using the turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence frequently suffer from motion artifacts due to respiration and blood pulsation. The possibility of using HASTE sequence to achieve motion-free carotid images was investigated. The HASTE sequence suffers from severe blurring artifacts due to signal loss in later echoes due to T2 decay. Combining HASTE with parallel acquisition (PHASTE) decreases the number of echoes acquired and thus effectively reduces the blurring artifact caused by T2 relaxation. Further improvement in image sharpness can be achieved by performing T2 decay compensation before reconstructing the PHASTE data. Preliminary results have shown successful suppression of motion artifacts with PHASTE imaging. The image quality was enhanced relative to the original HASTE image, but was still less sharp than a non-motion-corrupted TSE image.
Laser-treated Parchment Paper: An Inexpensive Microfluidic Platform

In this paper, we report on a method for fabricating an inexpensive microfluidic platform on parchment paper. Parchment paper was selected for this purpose due to its wide availability for culinary applications and hydrophobic silicone-based surface coating. We were able to selectively modify the surface structure and property (hydrophobic to hydrophilic) using a CO2 laser. The modified surface has highly-porous structure which helps to trap chemical and biological reagents for analysis. The treated surface is stable over time and can be used for aqueous droplet assembly. Finally, we demonstrated the applicability of this platform for performing chemical reaction using luminol-based hemoglobin detection.
On the use of sensitivity analysis in model reduction to predict flows for varying inflow conditions

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based model reduction method is more and more successfully used in fluid flows. However, the main drawback of this methodology rests in the robustness of these reduced order models (ROMs) beyond the reference at which POD modes have been derived. Any variation in the flow or shape parameters within the ROM fails to predict the correct dynamics of the flow field. To broaden the spectrum of these models, the POD modes should have the global characteristics of the flow field over which the predictions are required. Mixing of snapshots with varying parameters is one way to improve the global nature of the modes but is computationally demanding because it requires full-order solutions for a number of parameter values in order to assemble atextitrich enough database on which to perform POD. Instead, we have used sensitivity analysis (SA) to include the flow and shape parameters influence during the basis selection process to develop more robust ROMs for varying viscosity (Reynolds number), changing orientation and shape definition of bodies. This study aims at extending these ideas to inflow conditions to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in capturing the effect of varying inflow on the dynamics of the flow over an elliptic cylinder. Numerical experiments show that the newly derived models allow for a more accurate representation of the flows when exploring the parameter space. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of stimulus transiency in a contingent discrimination situation

Correct alternatives were determined by recurrent and/or transient auxiliary stimuli in a two-choice situation administered to humans. One of two transiency treatments proved more difficult than the recurrence treatments.
The Biology of Purpura Lapillus . I. Shell Variation in Relation to Environment

By examination of samples of Purpura lapillus from the whole of their European range, it appears that the species can exhibit quite as wide variation within a relatively small region such as that studied in the Dorset-Devon-Cornwall area, as it can over its whole geographic range. Population samples were taken from seventy-six localities, mostly in the south-west of England, and covering a wide range of environmental conditions, and the variations in these shells were studied in relation to two primary environmental factors, degree of exposure to wave-action and diet.
A method for the measurement of extremely feeble torques on massive bodies

Measurement of torques generated by interaction between magnetic dipole of spacecraft and ambient magnetic field
Max Wertheimer's challenging legacy

Max Wertheimer's past contributions to psychology were recognized, 45 years after his death, by the posthumous award to him in 1988 of the Wilhelm Wundt medal of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Psychologie. The award acknowledged the elegant model of experimental work represented by his original studies of the perception of apparent motion, the development and promulgation of the influential Gestalt theory, and the application of Gestalt thought to significant issues of epistemology, ethics, and social and political science. But Max Wertheimer's contribution is not only of historical interest; it still constitutes a contemporary challenge. First, his seminal book, Productive Thinking, has recently been reissued with a new preface that documents the challenge of its characterization of insight or understanding for the current field of cognitive science. Second, his works, originally in English, on truth, ethics, freedom and democracy are now being published in German as clearly still highly relevant to the current scence. Third, several previously unpublished fragments, dictated by Max Wertheimer, address the nature of genuine explanation; they argue that simply reducing the unfamiliar to the familiar is not enough, but that genuine explanation occurs only if a situation previously not understood becomes clarified, changing from a “murky” to a “transparent” state. Some concrete examples described in these fragments provide a challenge to traditional conceptions of the nature of explanation which is still far from satisfactorily answered today.
Photocrosslinking of poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers containing photoreactive comonomers

Abstract Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) copolymers containing 4,4′-, 3,5-, and 2,4-benzophenone dicarboxylate chromophores have been synthesized by transesterification of PET with benzophenone 4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (4,4′-BDA), dimethyl benzophenone 4,4′-dicarboxylate (4,4′-BDE), dimethyl benzophenone 3,5-dicarboxylate (3,5-BDE) and dimethyl benzophenone 2,4-dicarboxylate (2,4-BDE). The benzophenone segments in the backbone induce photocrosslinking upon UV irradiation in the solid state most probably by a hydrogen atom abstraction mechanism. The crosslinking rate depends upon the concentration and the structure of chromophores as evidenced by gel content measurements. The photocrosslinking efficiency of 4,4′-benzophenone dicarboxylate containing polymers is higher than for 2,4- or 3,5-benzophenone dicarboxylate containing polymers. Photocrosslinked PET copolymers show increased glass transition temperatures and broadening of melting transitions.
A Work-Life Identity Model of Well-Being: Towards a Research Agenda Linking Quality-of-Work-Life (QWL) Programs with Quality of Life (QOL)

QWL is conceptualized in terms of the interface between employee role identities and work resources. QWL programs serve to enhance QOL by (1) providing appropriate work resources to meet the expectations of employee role identities, (2) reducing role conflict in work and non-work life, (3) enhancing multiple role identities, (4) reducing role demands, (5) reducing stress related to work and non-work role identities, and (6) increasing the value of the role identity. We describe a variety of QWL programs related to work life (decentralized organization structures, teamwork, parallel structures, ethical corporate mission and culture, the organization work schedule, etc.) and non-work life (work at home, flextime, compressed work week, part-time work arrangements, job sharing, etc.) and show how they serve to enhance QOL using the language of work-life identity. Doing so helps develop a research agenda based on the work-life identify model.
When can stereotactic core biopsy replace excisional biopsy? — A clinical perspective

Stereotactic core biopsy is becoming increasingly popular as a technique which provides a histologic diagnosis for mammographic abnormalities while avoiding the trauma, deformity, and much of the cost associated with surgical biopsy. This review evaluates the published literature on the diagnostic accuracy of core biopsy for ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer and the ability of core biopsy to characterize malignant lesions sufficiently to allow treatment planning. Issues of cost effectiveness are examined in the context of the degree of suspicion of the mammographic abnormality being sampled by core technique as well as subsequent breast cancer therapy.
Excretion of exogenous creatine by the guinea pig kidney.

SummaryTubular secretion of exogenous creatinine was demonstrated in a wide range of plasma concentrations, by ratios of Ccreat over Cin with a combined average of 1.48 at low plasma levels (< mg/100 ml) with reduction toward unity at elevated concentrations. Tubular secretion averaged ca. 0.1 mg/g of KW, and 25 mg/100 ml GFR, but evidence was obtained that some reabsorption (passive back-diffusion) occurred, complicating the calculation of a secretory. Tm. No sex differences were observed. Combined average values found for Cin were 3.0 ml/min ± 1.18 (SD) per animal; 0.49 ml/min/g of KW ± 0.19 (SD); and 0.35 ml/min/100 g of BW ± 0.13 (SD).
Studies of inelastic molecular collisions using impact parameter methods. II. Exact and high‐energy approximate calculations

Exact quantum mechanical impact parameter methods have recently been extended to include inelastic collisions through the use of an effective Hamiltonian. In this paper the nature of the impact parameter formulation will be explored through specific examples. First we consider the case of a calculation for He–para‐He2 where the exact impact parameter amplitudes have been computed as a Neumann series of transition matrix elements obtained from an effective Hamiltonian close coupling calculation. The purpose of this calculation is to provide a standard of functional behavior for comparison with amplitudes computed by approximate methods. Such approximate calculations were performed for Ar–TlF scattering using both exponential and fractional high‐energy forms for the amplitudes. The two approximations are compared in detail, and it is found that the cross sections resulting from the exponential approximation show reasonable agreement with other calculations for the system using conventional (noneffective) cl...
Didaktik für Profs und Mathetik für Studis

Meine damaligen Leiden, die Professoren im Studium zu verstehen, erlebte ich in meinen Kindern neu. Die Lehre ist schlecht wie damals, die Studenten lernen unprofessionell und auf sich gestellt. Der Stoff ist nach 30 Jahren kaum verandert – mitten in einer Technologie- und Managementrevolution. Ich rege mich auf. Wenn ich diese Kolumne heute, wieder ein paar Jahre spater lese – da kratze ich mich am Kopf. Ich war ganz schon mutig, so etwas zu schreiben, und ich habe bestimmt vielen auf den Fus getreten. Aber bitte: es stimmt doch so!
Pressures on the Critical Isochore of He 4

Measurements are reported of ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}P}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}}$ on the critical isochore of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ very close to the critical temperature. The measurements are well represented by an equation of the form ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}P}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}}=D+{B}^{*}t+{A}^{*}t\mathrm{ln}(t)$, where $t=\frac{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}{{T}_{c}}$ in the interval $\ensuremath{-}0.016ltl0.013$. They are used with Moldover's heat-capacity data to calculate ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}}$, which is found to be a linear function of temperature in the same temperature interval and to be analytic at the critical point. A comparison of the 1958 ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ vapor-pressure temperature scale (${T}_{58}$) with the NBS Provisional Scale 2-20 K (1965) indicates that ${T}_{58}$ is a very unsuitable temperature scale for ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ critical-point work.
The Influence of the Temperature of Calcination on the Surface Fractal Dimensions of Ca(OH)2-Derived Sorbents

Abstract An investigation was carried out on the surface morphological features of two types of mesoporous sorbents derived from fine hydrated lime powder, termed H–CaO and C–CaO. Specifically, the surface fractal dimensions,dSF’s, of the sorbents obtained at various temperatures of calcination have been determined from their respective adsorption–desorption isotherms of nitrogen measured at 77 K, by a recently proposed thermodynamic method of analysis. A definite trend in the variation ofdSFwith the temperature of calcination has been discerned for both sorbents. Moreover, thedSFfor each sorbent attained a maximum at 1273 K. The results of the present work may facilitate our understanding of various phenomena occurring on the irregular interfaces of heterogeneous systems at elevated temperatures.
RECOGNITION AND RECALL: AN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF HEMISPHERIC ALPHA ASYMMETRIES FOR MALES AND FEMALES ON PERCEPTUAL AND RETRIEVAL TASKS

Hemispheric alpha asymmetries of males and females were obtained during the presentation of connected verbal material under instructions of recall or recognition and during the retrieval tasks requiring recall or recognition which were compared to a “vigilance” condition. Significantly more left hemispheric participation was found for the retrieval/recognition tasks than for the perceptual, listening tasks. The notion that brain mechanisms involved in information storage or retrieval for recall and recognition tasks are different was not supported. Asymmetries between the males and females did not differ.
Optimal design of pervaporation systems for waste reduction

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce a systematic approach to the design of pervaporation networks for waste minimization applications. The objective of this design strategy is to synthesize a pervaporation network consisting of pervaporation modules, booster pumps, vacuum pumps, heaters, coolers and condensers that can separate a waste stream containing some undesirable component into a lean (retentate) stream which is essentially free from the undesirable compound, and a rich (permeate stream) in which the undesirable compound is concentrated. A structural representation of the problem is first introduced that is rich enough to embed all potential configurations of the system. The problem is then formulated as an optimization program to minimize the total annualized cost of the entire network subject to environmental, technical and economic objectives. The solution of this program yields the optimal network configuration, the number and sizes of pervaporation modules, booster pumps, vacuum pumps, heaters, coolers and condensers that are required to perform the specified separation task. Finally, the applicability of the design procedure is demonstrated via two case studies on the separation of chlorinated hydrocarbons from wastewater streams.
Constraints on the size of Martian aerosols from Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations

[1] We combine a robust multiple-scattering radiative transfer algorithm with the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) spectral data set in order to characterize the properties of Martian aerosol particles. Because of the importance of accurate model input when performing such retrievals, we include self-consistent and physically plausible treatments of surface emissivity and atmospheric aerosol dielectric functions, as well as gaseous absorption effects. Considerable effort is expended in the identification and discussion of potential sources of error and uncertainty. Significant results stemming from this analysis are a new dust aerosol dielectric function that appears to well represent the IR spectral behavior sampled by TES for a wide range of dust loading conditions, two distinct populations of water ice particles with reff of ∼1–2 μm and ∼3–4 μm; and distinct departures in dust particle sizes during the 2001A global dust storm from the canonical 1.6–1.7 μm values. Very consistent aerosol size distributions are obtained when 9 μm dust and 12 μm ice optical depths retrieved from this analysis are compared to visible optical depths retrieved from TES solar band emission phase function sequences [Clancy et al., 2003]. Direct comparison of our optical depths to those available from the Planetary Data System (PDS) (as provided by the TES science team) reveals a systematic bias toward τ values which are 20–30% (or more) too small. Much of this offset stems from the fact that TES PDS aerosol optical depths are actually an approximation to τabsorption, which is ∼30% lower than τextinction for Mars dust aerosols. Additional biases in TES optical depths arise from assumptions of fixed surface emissivity and temperature.