cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Evaluation of Cell Compatibility of Dental Cements Used with Titanium Implant Components

Purpose To evaluate the biocompatibility of five dental cement compositions after directly exposing human gingival fibroblast (HGF) and MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells to cement alone and cement applied on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) specimens. Materials and methods Nanostructurally integrated bioceramic (NIB), resin (R), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGIC), zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), and zinc phosphate (ZP) compositions were prepared according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. Samples were prepared in cylindrical Teflon molds or applied over the entire surface of polished cpTi discs. All samples were cured for 0.5, 1, 12, or 24 hours post-mixing. Direct contact testing was conducted according to ISO 10993 by seeding 6-well plates at 350,000 cells/well. Plates were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 for 24 hours before individually plating samples and cpTi control discs. Plates were then incubated for an additional 24 hours. Microtetrazolium (MTT) cell viability assays were used to measure sample cytotoxicity. Results For samples that cured for 24 hours prior to direct contact exposure, only NIB and ZP cements when cemented on cpTi demonstrated cell viability percentages above the minimum biocompatibility requirement (≥70%) for both the investigative cell lines. R, RMGIC, and ZOE cements exhibited moderate to severe cytotoxic effects on both cell lines in direct contact and when cemented on cpTi specimens. For HGF cells, ZOE cemented-cpTi specimens exhibited significantly decreased cytotoxicity, whereas RMGIC cemented-cpTi specimens exhibited significantly increased cytotoxicity. Conclusions Despite previous studies that showed enhanced cpTi corrosion activity for fluoride-containing compositions (NIB and ZP), there was no significant difference in cytotoxicity between cement alone and cemented-cpTi. In general, the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells were more sensitive than HGF cells to cement composition. Ultimately, cement composition played a significant role in maintaining host cell compatibility. Results of this work help illustrate the impact of different cement formulations on host cell health and emphasize the need for understanding material properties when selecting certain formulations of dental cements, which can ultimately influence the survival of dental implant systems.
PTEN: Tumor Suppressor and Metabolic Regulator.

Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a dual phosphatase with both protein and lipid phosphatase activities. PTEN was first discovered as a tumor suppressor with growth and survival regulatory functions. In recent years, the function of PTEN as a metabolic regulator has attracted significant attention. As the lipid phosphatase that dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol-3, 4, 5-phosphate (PIP3), PTEN reduces the level of PIP3, a critical 2nd messenger mediating the signal of not only growth factors but also insulin. In this review, we introduced the discovery of PTEN, the PTEN-regulated canonical and nuclear signals, and PTEN regulation. We then focused on the role of PTEN and PTEN-regulated signals in metabolic regulation. This included the role of PTEN in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, lipid metabolism as well as mitochondrial metabolism. We also included how PTEN and PTEN regulated metabolic functions may act paradoxically towards insulin sensitivity and tumor metabolism and growth. Further understanding of how PTEN regulates metabolism and how such regulations lead to different biological outcomes is necessary for interventions targeting at the PTEN-regulated signals in either cancer or diabetes treatment.
Bis(arene) Actinide Sandwich Complexes, (η6-C6H3R3)2An: Linear or Bent?

The syntheses of the sandwich complexes ferrocene, (n5-C5H5)2-Fe, in 1951 and uranocene, (n8-C8H8)2U, in 1968 ushered in the modern eras of organotransition metal and organoactinide chemistry, respectively. Ferrocene and uranocene are examples of linear sandwich complexes, that is, those in which the (ring centroid)-M-(ring centroid) angle (denoted 0) is 180 degrees. In the case of (n5-C5H5)2M chemistry, a number of bent (0 < 180 degrees) complexes are known when M is a main-group or rare-earth element. The explanation for the bent structures of these complexes has been the subject of some debate concerning the relative importance of covalent, electrostatic, and steric interactions.
Left Ventricular Non-compaction

Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is the third most common primary cardiomyopathy among children (5–9.2% of cases) [1] while adult prevalence is 0.017–0.26% in observational echocardiographic studies with a 3:1 male:female ratio [2,3]. See Table 29.1 for historical background.
Building a Theoretically Grounded Curricular Framework for Successful Interprofessional Education.

Experts in the field of interprofessional education (IPE) have called for the use of theory in curriculum design to produce better results with measurable outcomes. While evidence of this practice is growing in the IPE literature, publications about using theoretical approaches to inform curricular design in pharmacy education is nonexistent. This paper describes the process used at the University of Washington for developing a theoretically grounded framework to anchor and guide curriculum design. Faculty charged with implementing IPE at other institutions may learn from our team’s approach to co-creating an inclusive framework, developing a common philosophy, and applying appropriate theory in building a framework to guide curriculum development and IPE implementation.
Rapid Plasticity of Higher-Order Thalamocortical Inputs during Sensory Learning.

Summary Neocortical circuits are sensitive to experience, showing both anatomical and electrophysiological changes in response to altered sensory input. We examined input- and cell-type-specific changes in thalamo- and intracortical pathways during learning using an automated, home-cage sensory association training (SAT) paradigm coupling multi-whisker stimulation to a water reward. We found that the posterior medial nucleus (POm) but not the ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus drives increased cortical activity after 24 h of SAT, when behavioral evidence of learning first emerges. Synaptic strengthening within the POm thalamocortical pathway was first observed at thalamic inputs to L5 and was not generated by sensory stimulation alone. Synaptic changes in L2 were delayed relative to L5, requiring 48 h of SAT to drive synaptic plasticity at thalamic and intracortical inputs onto L2 Pyr neurons. These data identify the POm thalamocortical circuit as a site of rapid synaptic plasticity during learning and suggest a temporal sequence to learning-evoked synaptic changes in the sensory cortex.
Condorcet Optimal Clustering with Delaunay Triangulation: Climate Zones and World Happiness Insights

Condorcet clustering methods have the attractive features of producing clusterings which place similar points in the same cluster and dissimilar points in different clusters as well as not requiring a priori specification of the number of clusters. They have the disadvantages of being combinatorially hard and the method produces only convex clusters. We propose a novel modification to this method, which improves it significantly on both accounts and works particularly well when applied to social network type data sets. Specifically, we reduce the domain of the clustering to be over a Delaunay triangulation, whose size scales as \(O(n^{\lfloor m/2 \rfloor })\) where n is the number of records and m is the number of attributes used for the clustering. The triangulation also limits focus to local structure, which allows for non-convex clusterings. We demonstrate its use in comparison to other well-known heuristic methods using several constructed datasets, then use it to cluster real-world datasets.
Accuracy of the Babolat Pop sensor for assessment of tennis strokes in structured and match play settings

The Babolat Pop sensor (POP) detects tennis stroke types (forehand, backhand, overhead, serve, volley) and spins (topspin, flat, slice), but it has not yet been validated for use. Therefore, this study’s purpose was to validate the POP in structured and match play settings. Seventeen collegiate tennis players (9 women, 8 men) wore the POP on their dominant wrist while participating in 2 sessions. Session 1 (structured) consisted of 10 drills of 5-10 shots each, each focusing on a specific shot type (forehands, backhands, serves, overheads, volleys) and spin (topspin, flat, slice). In session 2 (match play), participants played 6 games against an opponent. For both sessions, researchers observed and recorded the number and type of shot and spin hit for comparison to those recorded by the POP. Mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and bias were calculated to assess accuracy, with sub-analyes by sex and player ranking. The POP underestimated most shots and spins during the structured session, with MAPE averaging 32.0% and ranging 5.3-93.5%. MAPE was 9.4% overall but ranged 11.3-223.9% in the match play setting. MAPE and bias were significantly lower for males than females for most shots in the structured setting but only 2 shot/spin types in the match play setting. Player ranking did not affect sensor accuracy. In conclusion, the POP had lowest error for detecting major stroke types, with similar or better accuracy during match play than in structured drills.
High-Risk Asthma Clinic: Putting It All Together

Severe asthma makes up for less than 10% of all asthma but is associated with disproportionately high healthcare costs. In 2019, asthma is not a one-size-fits-all disease. Heterogeneity in asthma is becoming increasingly evident. Not every patient with severe asthma has the same underlying pathophysiology or responds in a similar manner to targeted therapy. Keeping this in mind, a multidimensional and interdisciplinary approach to the management of severe asthma is desired. The role of patient-care teams in management of chronic diseases has become increasingly accepted, and this is particularly true for difficult or severe asthma. A high-risk asthma service can provide patients with state-of-the-art, evidence-based clinical management. This chapter provides an overview of complexities of “difficult-to-control” asthma and a practical systematic approach to its management.
NICMOS observations of luminous & ultraluminous infrared galaxies

HST NICMOS observations of a sample of 24 luminous (LIGs: LIR[8-1000 μm] = 1011.0-11.99 L⊙) and ultraluminous (ULIGs:LIR ≳ 1012.0 L⊙) infrared galaxies are presented.The observations provide, for the first time, high resolution HST imagingof the imbedded 1.1 - 2.2 μm nuclear regions of these mergers. Allbut one of the ULIGs are observed to have at least one compact (50-200 pc)nucleus, and more than half contain what appear to be blue star clusters.The warm infrared galaxies (i.e., the transition sources) are observed tohave bright nuclei which account for most of the light of the galaxy.This, combined with the tendency for the light of ULIGs to become morecentrally concentrated as a function of increasing wavelength, impliesthat most of their energy is generated within a region 50-200 pcacross.
The IgA system

Patients with cystic fibrosis were found to have elevated levels of immune globulin A (IgA) in serum but normal levels in parotid saliva. Similar findings in other patients with chronic infection demonstrates the dissociation of the IgA levels in the secretions from those in the blood. In three other patients an increased level of IgA in secretions from infected surfaces, without effect on the serum level, suggests local production of IgA, under local stimulus and control. These findings are interpreted as evidence for a local immunoglobulin system involving IgA.
Preparing For the Next Pandemic: Learning Wild Mutational Patterns At Scale For Analyzing Sequence Divergence In Novel Pathogens

As we begin to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, a key question is if we can avert such disasters in future. Current surveillance protocols generally focus on qualitative impact assessments of viral diversity. These efforts are primarliy aimed at ecosystem and human impact monitoring, and do not help to precisely quantify emergence. Currently, the similarity of biological strains is measured by the edit distance or the number of mutations that separate their genomic sequences, e.g. the number of mutations that make an avian flu strain human-adapted. However, ignoring the odds of those mutations in the wild keeps us blind to the true jump risk, and gives us little indication of which strains are more risky. In this study, we develop a more meaningful metric for comparison of genomic sequences. Our metric, the q-distance, precisely quantifies the probability of spontaneous jump by random chance. Learning from patterns of mutations from large sequence databases, the q-distance adapts to the specific organism, the background population, and realistic selection pressures; demonstrably improving inference of ancestral relationships and future trajectories. As important application, we show that the q-distance predicts future strains for seasonal Influenza, outperforming World Health Organization (WHO) recommended flu-shot composition almost consistently over two decades. Such performance is demonstrated separately for Northern and Southern hemisphere for different subtypes, and key capsidic proteins. Additionally, we investigate the SARS-CoV2 origin problem, and precisely quantify the likelihood of different animal species that hosted an immediate progenitor, producing a list of related species of bats that have a quantifiably high likelihood of being the source. Additionally, we identify specific rodents with a credible likelihood of hosting a SARS-CoV2 ancestor. Combining machine learning and large deviation theory, the analysis reported here may open the door to actionable predictions of future pandemics.
You Liar! Attributions of Lying:

Language is vastly important in shaping cognitions. The word “liar” is used in a variety of social contexts and deception literature, eliciting numerous images, and is rarely the object of research...
Aloe Vera extract-based composite nanofibers for wound dressing applications.

Abstract Natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable composite nanofibers made of Aloe vera extract, pullulan, chitosan, and citric acid were successfully produced via Forcespinning® technology. The addition of Aloe vera extract at different weight percent loadings was investigated. The morphology, thermal properties, physical properties, and water absorption of the nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The developed nanofiber membranes exhibited good water absorption capabilities, synergistic antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and promoted cell attachment and growth. Its porous and high surface area structure make it a potential candidate for wound dressing applications due to its ability to absorb excessive blood and exudates, as well as provide protection from infection while maintaining good thermal stability.
Revisiting the “Decline” in Asian American and Pacific Islander Teachers:

More than two decades since the first study to document the shortage of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) teachers, this paper examines recent trends and factors related to AAPI teacher ca...
Who Gains from Place-Based Tax Incentives? Exploring Apartment Sales Prices in Qualified Opportunity Zones

Qualified opportunity zones, or o-zones, were established by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. This new place-based community development program encourages the investment of private capital into economically depressed areas through the use of tax incentives. With significant tax-induced demand, a small “investment box,” and a closing (now closed) window of opportunity for full tax benefits, conditions have been ripe for accelerating o-zone property prices. This study examines the policy’s effect on transaction prices for existing market-rate apartment properties located in census tracts that were designated as o-zones. It finds that certain segments of the apartment investment pool located in o-zones experienced significant price increases between 2017 and 2019. With material sales price increases, the benefits related to tax savings, at least in part, have effectively been transferred to the sellers of these properties. This finding acts as a cautionary reminder to taxable investors. While tax benefits are alluring, investment decisions should not rely on tax incentives alone. TOPICS:Real estate, legal/regulatory/public policy, performance measurement Key Findings ▪ Qualified opportunity zones, or o-zones, were established by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. This new place-based community development program encourages the investment of private capital into economically depressed areas through the use of tax incentives. ▪ With significant tax-induced demand, a small “investment box,” and a closing (now closed) window of opportunity for full tax benefits, conditions have been ripe for accelerating o-zone property prices. ▪ This study finds that segments of the apartment pool located in o-zones experienced significant price increases between 2017 and 2019, suggesting that the policy’s tax benefits, at least in part, have effectively been transferred to the sellers of these properties.
Plasma and Flow Dynamics in Gliding- and Transferred-ARC Reactors for Hydrogen Production from Polyethylene

Hydrogen, due to its high energy density and sustainability potential, is considered a leading chemical energy storage alternative to fossil fuels. Given the absence of natural sources of hydrogen, hydrogen has to be procured from substances such as water, fossil fuels, biomass, or plastics. Nonthermal plasma-based hydrogen production approaches have the potential to be more energy efficient, selective, and environmentally-benign than thermochemical methods. In this study, gliding arc and transferred arc nonthermal plasma reactors have been designed, built, and characterized through the production of hydrogen from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using nitrogen as auxiliary gas at atmospheric pressure and temperature conditions. These reactors have complementary operational characteristics, making their parallel evaluation compelling to reveal the mechanisms by which nonthermal plasma enables the extraction of hydrogen from solid feedstock. In both reactors, the dynamic characteristics of the plasma affect its interaction with the solid LDPE feedstock, and hence the production of hydrogen. Concurrently, the interaction between the hydrogen emanating from LDPE and the impinging nitrogen flow can significantly affect the plasma dynamics, affecting its stability and the gas and particulate flows throughout the reactors. Visualization of the plasma and gas flow are conducted using long-exposure photography, high-speed photography, and high-speed Schlieren imaging. Visualization results together with current and voltage signals and gas chromotography analyses are used to correlate the plasma and flow dynamics to the production of hydrogen as function of the reactors’ main operation parameters, namely inflow rate, driving voltage, and electrode-feedstock spacing. The experimental diagnostics are complemented with Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations to assess flow and thermal characteristics across the reactors. Residence time, arc stability, gliding velocity, plasma volume, and plasma-feedstock interaction area as function of the operational parameters are also determined and analyzed.
Effects of Outdoor Exposure on Properties of I-Joists

Wood I-joists are often left uncovered and exposed to the weather during construction, allowing the oriented strandboard and laminated veneer lumber in these systems to be adversely affected by water absorption. Manufacturers typically specify that these materials be protected from wetting, but this can be difficult in wetter climates. There are few studies examining the potential effects of wetting on these building elements. In this study, flexural properties and ultimate tensile strength of I-joists exposed for extended periods of time during the rainy winter months in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon were evaluated. I-joists were removed from the field each month, dried, and then tested in static bending (flexure) using a six-point bending test. I-joist strength decreased as a function of exposure time and rainfall. Twenty-seven da of external exposure was associated with a significant increase in flexural variability. Further exposure was associated with significant decreases in I-joist strength (modulus of rupture). Although most I-joists never experience this degree of wetting, they can when construction is delayed. The results illustrate the detrimental effects of exposure to wetting during construction and support improved efforts to limit wetting.
Consumer Confidence Surveys: Can They Help Us Forecast Consumer Spending in Real Time?

In “Consumer Confidence Surveys: Can They Help Us Forecast Consumer Spending in Real Time?,” Dean Croushore uses the Philadelphia Fed’s real-time data set to investigate an important question: Does using data available to forecasters at the time — that is, real-time data — make measures of consumer confidence more valuable for forecasting?
Change in Knowledge of and Adherence to the Low-Sodium Diet after Nutrition Education with a Registered Dietitian (LB344)

While a low-sodium diet is recommended for heart failure (HF) patients, many lack both knowledge of and adherence to this diet. It is unknown if education from a registered dietitian (RD) will improve knowledge or adherence. Therefore, 33 HF patients 蠅 18 years old completed a sodium knowledge questionnaire, as well as a questionnaire to assess adherence to a low-sodium (2,000 mg) diet before and after education by an RD. The time between repeat assessments was (mean ± SD) 3.9 ± 2.3 months. The sample was middle-aged (57 ± 15 years), 64% male, and 61% Black. Following RD education, 18 patients (54.5%) increased knowledge (increase in median score from 7 to 10, maximum score of 10), and 14 had decreased sodium intake (>500 mg/day from a baseline intake of 3,085 ± 1,276 mg). More patients knew the sodium guideline after education (increase from 30% to 55%, p<0.05). In addition, significantly more HF patients were compliant to the 2,000 mg/day guideline after education (24.2% and 45.5% pre-and post-education...
Thymosin α1 antagonizes dexamethasone and CD3-induced apoptosis of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes through the activation of cAMP and protein kinase C dependent second messenger pathways

It is well established that glucocorticoid hormones and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies induce apoptosis in immature developing thymocytes. This process can be modulated by soluble factors, anti-oxidants and adhesion receptors. Previously we have demonstrated that thymosin alpha 1 (T alpha 1), a 28-amino acid thymic peptide hormone, is a dose and time dependent antagonist of dexamethasone (DEX) and CD# induced DNA fragmentation of murine thymocytes in vitro. To further investigate the mechanism of T alpha 1 action we determined a T alpha 1 sensitive thymocyte population and examined some of the molecular events associated with T alpha 1 anti-apoptotic activity. Phenotypic analysis of the sub-populations of thymocytes, based on CD4 and CD8 expression, revealed that T alpha 1 exerts its effect on CD4+ CD8+ immature thymocytes. T alpha 1 treatment of thymocytes delays the production of free radicals and the subsequent consumption of glutathione, that is observed during both DEX and CD3 induced apoptosis. We further demonstrate that T alpha 1 stimulates the production of cAMP and activates PKC in thymocytes. These data suggest that T alpha 1 exerts an influence on the development of a population of immature T-cells in the thymus by effecting the sensitivity of thymocytes to apoptosis during the pre-selection stages of thymic development. Our studies also suggest that the mechanism of T alpha 1 action involves the induction of both cAMP and PKC dependent second messenger pathways.
Tactical Lines in Three Black Women's Visual Portraits, 1773–1849

This essay explores power dynamics and aesthetic negotiations between artists and sitters in the production of pre-photographic portraits created as frontispiece author images for books with title ...
Diaphragm and Body Cavities

COELOM FORMATION: Isolated spaces appearing in the embryonic mesoderm lateral to the developing notochord and paraxial mesoderm represent the first indication of embryonic coelom formation. Extension and coalescence of these spaces divide the lateral plate mesoderm into somatic and splanchnic layers.
Improvement on ride and handling performance in HMMWV suspension control using dual acting semi-active suspension system

In suspension controller design, the ride comfort and handling characteristic of a vehicle reveal conflicting compromises. Due to the difference in working frequencies between the body and the wheel of the vehicle, the controller parameters are constrained by the performance of either ride or handling dynamic performance. In this paper, a newly proposed dual acting semi-active suspension system is presented to overcome the conflict in the suspension control design. A pair of concentrically arranged piston-cylinder in the dual acting semi-active suspension system can be controlled by individual damping values respectively for dissipating the unwanted body and wheel motion. The results from this study proves that the proposed dual acting semi-active suspension system shows better improvement in the vehicle body performance compared to single acting semi-active suspension system. Also, the performance of the proposed system in improving the performance of wheel dynamics is also significantly better than single acting semi-active suspension system.
Bounded policy iteration for decentralized POMDPs

We present a bounded policy iteration algorithm for infinite-horizon decentralized POMDPs. Policies are represented as joint stochastic finite-state controllers, which consist of a local controller for each agent. We also let a joint controller include a correlation device that allows the agents to correlate their behavior without exchanging information during execution, and show that this leads to improved performance. The algorithm uses a fixed amount of memory, and each iteration is guaranteed to produce a controller with value at least as high as the previous one for all possible initial state distributions. For the case of a single agent, the algorithm reduces to Poupart and Boutilier's bounded policy iteration for POMDPs.
Verapamil modulates interleukin‐5 and interleukin‐6 secretion in organotypic human sinonasal polyp explants

Background Verapamil is an L-type calcium channel blocker (CCB) that has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties in a variety of tissues. The goal of this study was determine whether verapamil is capable of regulating cytokine secretion in sinonasal polyps and to compare this effect to dexamethasone, an established immunosuppressive corticosteroid. Methods This was an institutional review board (IRB)-approved study in sinonasal polyp explants derived from 8 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Polyps were incubated with dexamethasone or verapamil for 24 hours followed by an additional 24 hours with Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Concentrations of secreted cytokines over each exposure period were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and are expressed as a percent. Results were compared using a 2-tailed Student t test. Results The percent of SEB-stimulated interleukin-5 (IL-5) secretion (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 339.94% ± 315.48%) between the second and first treatment periods was significantly reduced following exposure to dexamethasone (74.08% ± 26.77%, p < 0.05) and verapamil (119.99% ± 69.32%, p < 0.05). The percent of SEB-stimulated IL-6 secretion (217.53% ± 89.51%) was also significantly reduced following exposure to verapamil (148.82% ± 79.15%, p < 0.05) but not dexamethasone (148.86% ± 145.24%). Finally, the percent of SEB-stimulated thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) secretion (37.86% ± 18.88%) demonstrated a nonsignificant trend toward reduction with both dexamethasone (31.15% ± 35.28%) and verapamil (20.14% ± 12.10%). Conclusion Although the mechanism has yet to be fully understood, L-type CCBs are capable of reducing inflammation in multiple tissues. Verapamil was specifically found to reduce airway goblet cell hyperplasia and eosinophilic infiltration in a murine asthma model. Our data support these findings suggesting that verapamil can modulate T-helper cell type 2 (Th2)-associated cytokine secretion in sinonasal polyp explants. This data points to a possible therapeutic role for CCBs in the management of CRSwNP.
Legal Perspectives on Family Violence

If privacy has any physical locale in modem society, it is in the home, properly renowned as a haven in the heartless world. If privacy has any social focus, it is in the family, a set of intimate relationships that can only flourish when sufficiently protected from public scrutiny. But privacy can metastasize into a Hobbesian arena where the strong prey on the weak and the weak on the weaker still. Life's greatest moments occur behind closed doors. So too do some of modem life's most outra-
Reading Faces: Window To The Soul?

Do we read character in faces? What information do faces actually provide? What are the social and psychological consequences of reading character in faces? Zebrowitz unmasks the face and provides the first systematic, scientific account of our tendency to judge people by their appearance. Offering an in-depth discussion of two appearance qualities that influence our impressions of others—“baby-faceness” and “attractiveness”—and an analysis of these impressions, Zebrowitz has written an accessible and valuable book for professionals and general readers alike.
Comparison of Hybrid III and THOR dummies in paired small overlap tests.

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) is investigating small overlap crash test procedures for a possible consumer information program. Analysis of real-world small overlap crashes found a strong relationship between serious head and chest injuries and occupant compartment intrusion. The main sources of serious head injuries were from the A-pillar, dash panel, or door structure, suggesting head trajectories forward and outboard possibly bypassing the airbag. Chest injuries mainly were from steering wheel intrusion and seat belt loading. In developing this program, two test dummies were evaluated for predicting occupant injury risk: midsize male Hybrid III and THOR. In the collinear small overlap crash tests conducted here, results from the two dummies were similar. Both predicted a low risk of injury to the head and chest and sometimes a high risk of injury to the lower extremities. Head and torso kinematics also were similar between dummies. Other test scenarios might show larger differences between the dummies. Language: en
Antibiotic efficacy and microbial virulence during space flight

Human space flight is a complex undertaking that entails numerous technological and biomedical challenges. Engineers and scientists endeavor, to the extent possible, to identify and mitigate the ensuing risks. The potential for an outbreak of an infectious disease in a spacecraft presents one such concern, which is compounded by several components unique to an extraterrestrial environment. Various factors associated with the space flight environment have been shown to potentially compromise the immune system of astronauts, increase microbial proliferation and microflora exchange, alter virulence and decrease antibiotic effectiveness. An acceptable resolution of the above concerns must be achieved to ensure safe and efficient space habitation. To help bring this about, scientists are employing advances in biotechnology to better characterize the relevant variables and establish appropriate solutions. Because many of these clinical concerns are also relevant in terrestrial society, this research will have reciprocal benefits back on Earth.
Cr Stable Isotopes As Indicators of Cr(VI) Reduction in Groundwater: A Detailed Time-Series Study of a Point-Source Plume

Chromium stable isotope ratios show promise as indicators of Cr(VI) reduction in groundwater, but no published study has yet demonstrated that expected relationships between 53Cr/52Cr and Cr(VI) concentration, position, and time occur in an actual groundwater plume. We present an extensive data set from a point-source plume in Berkeley, CA; data extend over 5 years and 14 locations covering the entire plume. We interpret the data using a Rayleigh distillation model with an effective fractionation factor that incorporates an intrinsic fractionation factor determined from incubations of site sediments and accounts for reservoir effects in the restricted subsurface zones where Cr(VI) reduction is thought to occur. The groundwater 53Cr/52Cr and Cr(VI) concentration data are consistent with a scenario where the system has reached a steady state: Cr(VI) reduction continues, the extent of reduction at any point is constant over time, reduction proceeds to completion at the downgradient edge of the plume, and the...
The availability and fall-out of an insecticidal aerosol dispersed from aircraft during operations for control of tsetse fly in Zimbabwe

Abstract Droplet availability (numbers and volume crossing unit vertical area) has been measured by means of rotary slide samplers and the measurements have been converted to estimates of the most likely dose received by a tsetse fly using collection efficiency data for samplers and flies derived from laboratory wind tunnel study. The resulting dosage levels indicate high probability of effective fly control, except that in the centre of the block the parting effect of change of wind direction between sorties which occurred during the first two cycles of application has left a narrow band uncovered by spray. Deposition to the ground at points within the block and up to 4 km beyond the downwind margin has been measured to provide data for correlation with environmental effects to be observed by an independent biological study team.
Managerial Values Across Functions: A Source of Organizational Problems

This study examined how organizational difficulties might be traced to differences in managerial values across functions. Managers in personnel, marketing, finance, and manufacturing were surveyed regarding their values. Several significant differences were found that could relate to organizational problems, but there were also numerous similarities on which to bridge these differences.
Up to equimorphism, hyperarithmetic is recursive

Two linear orderings are equimorphic if each can be embedded into the other. We prove that every hyperarithmetic linear ordering is equimorphic to a recursive one. On the way to our main result we prove that a linear ordering has Hausdorff rank less than if and only if it is equimorphic to a recursive one. As a corollary of our proof we prove that, given a recursive ordinal α, the partial ordering of equimorphism types of linear orderings of Hausdorff rank at most α ordered by embeddablity is recursively presentable.
Recruitment bias in twin research: the rule of two-thirds reconsidered.

A review of recent studies of adult volunteer twins confirms an earlier report that, in such studies, male and dizygotic twin pairs are underre-presented. The Martin and Wilson [(1982). Behav. Genet.12:467–472] model of recruitment bias assumes that individuals who are twins respond to recruitment in the same way that singletons do. It is argued that twins recruited for twin studies may be influenced by additional factors, and evidence in support of this view is presented. The consequences of the augmented model. illustrated by Monte Carlo methods, suggests the following conclusions: (1) recruitment bias can have unpredictable and sometimes large effects in the form of under- or, more likely, overestimation of the true twin correlations; (2) these effects will tend to be larger among dizygotic, than among monozygotic, twins; and (3) differential recruitment bias is likely to be accompanied by monozygotic (MZ): dizygotic (DZ) differences in the total variance of the traits measured. Showing that the dependent variable has as large a variance in the twin sample as in the reference population, or that the means and variances of the MZ and DZ samples are similar, provides considerable reassurance that the sample statistics may be representative.
Degrees-of-freedom of a robotic exoskeleton and human adaptation to new gait templates

This paper addresses an important question in the field of rehabilitation robotics that can help engineers to develop and optimize future gait training robotic exoskeletons. This question can be posed as follows: Do the exoskeleton's degrees-of-freedom at the pelvis affect human adaptation to new gait templates? More specifically, would additional degrees-of-freedom in the exoskeleton that allow the human trunk to translate and rotate, and the hips to abduct/adduct increase human gait adaptation with an exoskeleton?
DSC studies of new energy storage materials. Part 3. Thermal and flammability studies

Abstract Investigations of the thermal properties of fatty acids as energy storage materials (ESMs) have been proceeding for some time. Several of these, when incorporated into building materials such as wallboard, have proved efficacious for absorbing and releasing heat as ambient temperature rises and falls. This makes them potentially useful for supplemental cooling and heating applications. Unfortunately other properties of these materials such as flammability, odor and smoke production make them undesirable for construction use. This study using DSC and flammability testing describes some new candidates for ESMs which avoid some of these inherent problems; in addition to providing greater energy storage capacity.
Diffusion in slurries and in non‐Newtonian fluids

Diffusivities in slurries and in non-Newtonian solutions are predicted by means of an extension of the general Eyring rate theory. The fluid is considered as consisting of a number of discrete regions, each with its own contribution to the overall diffusion process. This model overcomes the unrealistic effects of fluid viscosity predicted by the conventional (empirical) equations. Whereas diffusivities predicted by means of prior art correlations were as much as 230 times lower than the experimental values in the systems, the maximum error in diffusivities predicted with the equations developed in this work was about 40%. Experimental data are provided on two kinds of fluids: slurries and a polymer solution. Both were highly non-Newtonian (flow behavior indexes as low at 0.15). Benzoic acid and β napthol were employed as the diffusing solutes. The principal limitation of the experimental data is that only aqueous systems were investigated. Much further experimental work will be required to provide a truly adequate test of the theory and to evaluate the several unknown parameters in sufficient detail to enable highly accurate predictions. Additionally the model used suggests a possible mechanism for increasing diffusion rates in these systems which is worthy of exploration. It may also be applied to an analysis and prediction of diffusion rates in viscous Newtonian fluids, for which no adequate method is presently available.
Development of a Questionnaire Identifying Factors Responsible for Successful Self-management of Insulin-treated Diabetes

Education and psychosocial factors are widely believed to contribute to diabetes control. However, there is no systematic way of measuring or recording these factors, or for transfer of information to future care-givers. We developed a 41-question questionnaire to measure the skills and contributory factors to self-management in diabetes, and examined the relationship between these factors and glycaemic control. The questionnaire was assessed for construct validity, and for content validity by independent diabetes health professionals, and easily completed by 128 insulin-treated diabetic patients (mean age 42 +/- 13 (SD) yr, diabetes duration 17 +/- 9 yr, HbA, 10.5 +/- 1.8%). Principle Components Factor analysis revealed nine factors explaining 63% of variance (Eigen values 1.2-5.8). Five of these were significantly related to HbA1. These were: practical self-management skills, p < 0.001; emotional adjustment, p < 0.002; perceived goals, p < 0.01; perceived self-efficacy, p < 0.005; and costs-benefit analysis, p < 0.01. Multiple regression revealed that these five predictor variables (factors) explain 21% of variance in HbA1, combined r = 0.46. The questionnaire also distinguished between patients with good and poor control (HbA1 8.2 vs 13.4%, p < 0.001), p for differences in question responses, 0.014-0.001. Four factors (lifestyle, influence of other people, diet concerns, and weight concerns) were unrelated to HbA1. In conclusion, we have developed a single, patient-completed questionnaire of high content and construct validity, which identifies alterable factors (in contrast to fixed demographic variables) which may be specifically targeted in individual patients on the one hand to improve glycaemic control and, on the other, to enable more satisfactory adjustment to life with diabetes. It may be used in day-to-day practice to identify patient needs, and their barriers to effective self-management, and to transfer this information to future care-givers.
Effect of furosemide on glucose metabolism.

Abstract The administration of furosemide, a benzothiadiazine analogue, to rats results in elevation of the initial and 2-hour postglucose loading blood glucose levels. Furosemide given to rats causes a decrease in the rate of glucose utilization by their adipose tissue in vitro. Furosemide added directly to the incubational medium also decreases the rate of glucose utilization of normal rats' fat tissue in vitro. These effects of furosemide are similar to those produced by chlorothiazide and other benzothiadiazine compounds.
The Relationship Between Psychological Identification with Instructors and Student Ratings of College Courses.

Drawing upon Freud's seminal discussion of psychological identification vis-a-vis group psychodynamics, this study investigated the relationship between degree of student identification with an instructor and students' ratings of instructional effectiveness. Specifically, it was hypothesized that students who highly identify with their instructor will rate the course more favorably, perceive greater progress on their part toward course related objectives, and report higher motivation to learn than students who do not identify with their instructor. Using a 50 item personality trait Q-sample, 96 undergraduates from eight different courses taught by three different instructors were asked to describe the instructor, their “actual” self, and their “ideal” self; Q-sorts for the instructor and “ideal” self were correlated separately for each student as the measure of identification. Instructional effectiveness was assessed using the Kansas State IDEA form. Correlational and path analyses of the data provided support for the hypothesis. Results are discussed in light of the unique contribution made by the traditional notion of identification to instructional outcomes and evaluation.
Quantifying Macropore Recharge: Examples from a Semi‐Arid Area

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the significantly increased resolution of determining macropore recharge by combining physical, chemical, and isotopic methods of analysis. Techniques for quantifying macropore recharge were developed for both small-scale (1 to 10 km2) and regional-scale areas in arid and semi-arid areas. The Southern High Plains region of Texas and New Mexico was used as a representative field site to test these methods. Macropore recharge in small-scale areas is considered to be the difference between total recharge through floors of topographically closed basins and interstitial recharge through the same area. On the regional scale, macropore recharge was considered to be the difference between regional average annual recharge and interstitial recharge measured in the unsaturated zone. Stable isotopic composition of ground water and precipitation was used as an independent estimate of macropore recharge on the regional scale. Results of this analysis suggest that in the Southern High Plains recharge flux through macro pores is between 60 and 80 percent of the total 11 mm/y. Between 15 and 35 percent of the recharge occurs by interstitial recharge through the basin floors. Approximately 5 percent of the total recharge occurs as either interstitial or matrix recharge between the basin floors, representing approximately 95 percent of the area. The approach is applicable to other arid and semi-arid areas that focus rainfall into depressions or valleys.
Active specific immunotherapy in malignant melanoma

We have recently initiated clinical trials of active specific immunotherapy evaluating a new polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine in patients with high-risk and/or recurrent melanoma. The vaccine has been administered alone, or in combination with low-dose cyclophosphamide, as an immunomodulator of suppressor cells. Cyclophosphamide is effective in lowering suppressor cell activity in some patients undergoing active specific immunotherapy. This is not associated with an enhanced humoral immune response to melanoma-associated antigens, nor is the clinical course of those patients receiving cyclophosphamide favorably influenced. We are hopeful that other immunomodulators, alone or in combination with lower doses of cyclophosphamide, may be effective in some patients, particularly in those patients whose suppressor cell activity remains high. The optimization of the vaccine and the use of immunomodulators will enhance humoral and cellular immune responses to antigens in the allogenic vaccine that cross react with those present in the autologous melanoma, which should more favorably influence the prognosis of melanoma patients.
Calcium regulated chloride permeabilities in primary cultures of rabbit colonocytes

To determine if calcium-dependent secretagogues directly act on epithelial cells to elicit Cl- secretion, their effects on Cl- transport and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were determined in primary cultures of rabbit distal colonic crypt cells. The Cl- sensitive fluorescent probe, 6-methoxyquinolyl acetoethyl ester, MQAE and the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent probe, fura-2AM were used to assess Cl- transport and [Ca2+]i, respectively. Basal Cl- transport (0.274 +/- 0.09 mM/sec) was inhibited significantly by the Cl- channel blocker diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC, 50 microM, 0.068 +/- 0.02 mM/sec; P F- > or = Cl- > Br-. DPC inhibited l- influx by approximately 50%, F- influx by 80%, Cl-influx by 85%, and Br- influx by 90%. Furosemide significantly inhibited influx of Br- (84%) and Cl- (81%) but not of F- and l-. The effects of agents known to alter biological response by increasing [Ca2+]i in other epithelial systems were used to stimulate Cl- transport. Cl- influx in mM/second was stimulated by 1 microM histamine (0.58 +/- 0.05), 10 microM neurotensin (2.07 +/- 0.32), 1 microM serotonin (1.63 +/- 0.28), and 0.1 microM of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (2.05 +/- 0.40). The Cl- permeability stimulated by neurotensin, serotonin, and A23187 was partially blocked by DPC or furosemide added alone or in combination. Histamine-induced Cl- influx was significantly inhibited by only furosemide. Indomethacin blocked histamine-stimulated Cl- permeability but had no effect on the actions of the other agents. These studies, focusing on isolated colonocytes without the contribution of submucosal elements, reveal that (1) histamine stimulates Cl- transport by activating the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter via a cyclooxygenase-dependent pathway; (2) neurotensin, serotonin, and A23187 activate both Cl- channels and the cotransporter, and their actions are cyclooxygenase-independent.