cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining career shadowing in genetic counseling: Perspectives of shadowees, program directors, and genetic counselors

Career shadowing can be a valuable opportunity for individuals to experience the daily activities of a working professional. However, there is no published research regarding the impact of shadowing for individuals hoping to pursue a career as a genetic counselor (GC) (termed 'shadowees'). Additionally, little is known about the impact of shadowing on practicing GCs, nor the value of shadowing in the application and admission process for genetic counseling graduate programs. For this study, three independent surveys were developed and sent to three stakeholder groups: shadowees in the Minnesota Genetic Counseling Experience Program, program directors within the Association of Genetic Counseling Program Directors, and members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on responses. The survey of shadowees (n = 55) found that the majority believed that shadowing had either a 'very' or 'somewhat positive' impact on their decision to become a GC and on their application to a genetic counseling graduate program (81.8% and 91.3%, respectively). Of the participating program director respondents (n = 43), the majority indicated that having shadowing experience was either 'moderately' or 'extremely important' in offering an interview or for acceptance into a graduate program (63% and 56%, respectively). While programs differ in evaluation of shadowing experiences, most program directors indicated that an applicant's ability to speak to their shadowing experience was the most important factor in admissions consideration (71%). Among the GCs surveyed (n = 325), 69.2% have hosted shadowees; of these, 82.7% indicated that hosting a shadowee decreases their efficiency at work. Despite this drawback, the majority of respondents expressed a willingness and motivation to host shadowees to help the shadowee (64.8%) and to promote the genetic counseling profession (32.6%). These findings suggest the need for additional research and the development of resources for GCs to increase access of career shadowing.
Freedom from the Law: From Luther to Agamben

This essay examines how Giorgio Agamben employs a secular, non-theological, reading of Pauline messianism in his political theory to make law inoperative, such that law can be restored to its common use in the plane of social and political praxis. It begins with an investigation of what “freedom from the law” means for Agamben’s philosophical project by contrasting it with Martin Luther’s theological understanding of “freedom from the law.” Then, it investigates Simon Critchley’s critique of Agamben’s radically antinomian understanding of faith and its relationship to law. Finally, it contrasts the passive righteousness that Luther finds in Christian freedom with the freedom Agamben finds in law that has been made inoperative. For Luther and Agamben the way to genuine freedom is not through action, but through inaction.
p38 MAPKs - roles in skeletal muscle physiology, disease mechanisms, and as potential therapeutic targets

p38 MAPKs play a central role in orchestrating the cellular response to stress and inflammation and in the regulation of myogenesis. Potent inhibitors of p38 MAPKs have been pursued as potential therapies for several disease indications due to their antiinflammatory properties, although none have been approved to date. Here, we provide a brief overview of p38 MAPKs, including their role in regulating myogenesis and their association with disease progression. Finally, we discuss targeting p38 MAPKs as a therapeutic approach for treating facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and other muscular dystrophies by addressing multiple pathological mechanisms in skeletal muscle.
COURTS Juvenile Proceedings, Parental Rights: Provide for Appointment of Counsel or Court Appointed Special Advocate as Guardian Ad Litem for a Minor in Deprivation Cases

The Act authorizes the appointment of counsel or a court appointed special advocate to act as a guardian ad litem for a minor in deprivation cases. The Act defines a court appointed special advocate as a carefully selected and trained volunteer whom a juvenile court appoints to serve as the guardian ad litem for a child in a deprivation case. The Act also neutralizes, in terms of gender, the former language of Code section 15-11-55.
An End Effector for Robotic Drilling

Industrial robots have been used for welding, painting, assembling, and material handling where the required accuracy is usually not very crucial. For drilling processes in the aerospace industry where individual part accuracy and hole quality are important, today’s industrial robots have limitations. There are several difficulties in applying the robot to the drilling process. First, no available drilling machine is suitable for use by a robot. Second, the accuracy or rigidity of present industrial robots is not good enough for hole positioning and is not able to cope with the dynamics of the drilling process. Third, the cutting tool, i.e., drill bit, is subject to tool wear and breakage. At present, a commercially available drilling tool was fitted with the robot, but those existing drill tools were designed for use in manual operation and did not yield satisfactory results. Much effort was put into modifying and augmenting these drilling tools to improve their performance with robots. The knowledge gained in the modification of these manual drills has led us to conclude that a special end effector exclusively designed for robot application is necessary to meet all the needs of robot-controlled drilling.
Learning approximate control rules of high utility

Abstract One of the difficult problems in the area of explanation based learning is the utility problem; learning too many rules of low utility can lead to swamping, or degradation of performance. This paper introduces two new techniques for improving the utility of learned rules. The first technique is to combine EBL with inductive learning techniques to learn a better set of control rules; the second technique is to use these inductive techniques to learn approximate control rules. The two techniques are synthesized in an algorithm called approximating abductive explanation based learning (AxA-EBL). AxA-EBL is shown to improve substantially over standard EBL in several domains.
Weight change in the first 2 months of a lifestyle intervention predicts weight changes 8 years later

Objective Examine the relationship between 1- and 2-month weight loss (WL) and 8-year WL among participants enrolled in a lifestyle intervention.
What some thoughtful engineering students say about engineering education

Summary form only given, as follows. On the weekend of October 26 and 27, 1996, six students from four schools in the Gateway Engineering Education Coalition attended the first meeting of the Gateway Coalition Student Council. The purpose of the meeting was to get students��� reactions to and suggestions for projects conducted by the Gateway Coalition. All students attending were seniors in engineering, and all had participated in Gateway projects, often first as students and later as tutors or laboratory assistants. In eight hours of meetings, students discussed their observations and opinions on Gateway projects and engineering education in general. The faculty member facilitating the meeting had outlined topics to be addressed in an agenda sent to the students a week before the meeting. Topics included strengths and weaknesses of Gateway Programs, strengths and weaknesses of engineering education in general, observations on teaching and course content, and observations on climate and retention. The students had obviously given the topics a great deal of though and were quite articulate. The faculty member ma& no attempt to guide or constrain the conversations, and the students��� enthusiastic, but surprisingly focused, discussions often ran beyond the allotted time. While the meeting was originally designed to gather information about Gateway projects, the conversations quickly broadened to engineering education in general. Detailed notes from the meeting contain dozens of observations that engineering educators may want to keep in mind when planning curriculum revisions or simply preparing to teach a well-established course. Students offered carefully considered, constructive, and specific comments on effective teaching techniques, course and lab content (and integration of the two), skills students need to learn but often are not taught, why students enroll in engineering, and why they leave. The paper is an organized presentation of the students comments.
The Creation of American Common Law, 1850-1880: Technology, Politics, and the Construction of Citizenship

Part I: 1. Introduction Part II: 1. North and South 2. Illinois. 'We were determined to have a rail-road' 3. 'The memory of man runneth not to the contrary': cases involving damage to property 4. 'Intelligent beings': cases involving injuries to persons 5. The North: Ohio, Vermont, and New York 6. Virginia in the 1850s: the last days of planter rule 7. The Common Law of Antebellum Virginia: old wine in new bottles 8. Virginia's version of American Common Law: old wine in new bottles 9. The South: Georgia, North Carolina, and Kentucky 10. Legal change and social order.
Nociceptive Sensory Fibers Drive Interleukin-23 Production from CD301b+ Dermal Dendritic Cells and Drive Protective Cutaneous Immunity

Innate resistance to Candida albicans in mucosal tissues requires the production of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by tissue-resident cells early during infection, but the mechanism of cytokine production has not been precisely defined. In the skin, we found that dermal γδ T cells were the dominant source of IL-17A during C. albicans infection and were required for pathogen resistance. Induction of IL-17A from dermal γδ T cells and resistance to C. albicans required IL-23 production from CD301b(+) dermal dendritic cells (dDCs). In addition, we found that sensory neurons were directly activated by C. albicans. Ablation of sensory neurons increased susceptibility to C. albicans infection, which could be rescued by exogenous addition of the neuropeptide CGRP. These data define a model in which nociceptive pathways in the skin drive production of IL-23 by CD301b(+) dDCs resulting in IL-17A production from γδ T cells and resistance to cutaneous candidiasis.
Accurate Non-Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation

A principal weakness of conventional (i.e., non-hierarchical) phrase-based statistical machine translation is that it can only exploit continuous phrases. In this paper, we extend phrase-based decoding to allow both source and target phrasal discontinuities, which provide better generalization on unseen data and yield significant improvements to a standard phrase-based system (Moses). More interestingly, our discontinuous phrase-based system also outperforms a state-of-the-art hierarchical system (Joshua) by a very significant margin (+1.03 BLEU on average on five Chinese-English NIST test sets), even though both Joshua and our system support discontinuous phrases. Since the key difference between these two systems is that ours is not hierarchical---i.e., our system uses a string-based decoder instead of CKY, and it imposes no hard hierarchical reordering constraints during training and decoding---this paper sets out to challenge the commonly held belief that the tree-based parameterization of systems such as Hiero and Joshua is crucial to their good performance against Moses.
Developmental change in condom use self efficacy, sexual control, and sexual communication among adolescent women

Conclusions: Increased condom use self-efficacy and sexual control suggest an influence of age or of experience and learning in sexual relationships. The initial increase in sexual communication suggests increased levels of communication earlier in relationships that then remain unchanged or decrease over time. These findings provide a developmental perspective on factors that influence key behaviors for prevention of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. (excerpt)
Two-channel model of image processing in the human retina

AbstractA model describing the decomposition of imagery in the human retina is developed basedon the retina's cellular structure. Two types of retinal cells, horizontals and amacrines,perform spatial averaging across the retina to form a low -pass image channel. This lowspatial frequency information is fed back to the retina's receptor cells to form a differ-ence channel of high- passed spatial frequencies. Such a model is suggested by electro-physiological as wll as psychophysical evidence. Analysis of the model characterizes thelow -pass channel as a constrast channel and the difference channel as an edge detection channel. Application of the model to image quality assessment suggests a two factorapproach involving metrics in the model's eye domain.IntroductionBecause of its great importance to our perception of the outside world, human vision hasbeen seriously studied for centuries and is being studied today by many scientists in avariety of disciplines. Each line of vision research is aided by the dictates of itsdiscipline, but in the process becomes limited by them as well. An experimental psycholo-gist, for instance, studies vision by presenting light stimuli and recording the observers'responses, but he is then limited to input /output descriptions of visual behavior.
Degassing of molten aluminum A356 alloy using ultrasonic vibration

This article addresses ultrasonic degassing in aluminum A356 alloy. An experimental setup has been built for the degassing of aluminum using ultrasonic vibration at a frequency of 20 kHz and vibration intensities up to 1500 W. Ultrasonic degassing has been tested in different volumes of aluminum melt for various processing temperatures and durations. The efficiency of degassing is evaluated by a density measurement for reduced pressure samples. Experimental results indicate that a steady-state hydrogen concentration can be obtained within a few minutes of ultrasonic vibration, regardless of the initial hydrogen concentration in the melt. The dynamics of hydrogen evolution as a function of processing time, melt temperature, and initial hydrogen concentration have been investigated. The mechanism of ultrasonic degassing is discussed. It is suggested that ultrasonic vibration can be used to reduce porosity formation in aluminum alloys.
Upper pleistocene loess stratigraphy and paleolithic site chronology on the Russian plain

Loess stratigraphy provides the best existing means of establishing an accurate geochronology for the Paleolithic of the Russian Plain, especially for time periods beyond the range of radiocarbon dating. Loess/paleosol sequences in adjoining regions, particularly Central Europe where correlation with oxygen-isotope stratigraphy has been achieved, represent a useful standard for the correlation and dating of loess deposits on the Russian Plain. However, better control is needed over local paleoenvironmental conditions and colluvial redeposition. Correlation is facilitated by two key marker horizons: buried soils of the Last Interglacial (127,000-116,000 B.P.) and the terminal Middle Pleniglacial (30,000-25,000 B.P.); assignment of paleosols and loess beds between these markers to time-stratigraphic units in the Upper Pleistocene sequence is sometimes problematic. Paleolithic remains on the Russian Plain are typically contained in colluvial loam, but can often be related to primary loess stratigraphy. Analysis of the latter suggests sharp contrasts with Western and Central Europe in the timing and distribution of Paleolithic settlement, apparently reflecting the harsher environments of the Russian Plain.
Three-dimensional CT angiography of the thorax: Clinical applications

Spiral CT with three-dimensional (3D) display can provide a rapid noninvasive examination of the vascular system and has been shown to have a wide range of clinical applications in the thorax, including imaging of the aorta, pulmonary vasculature, and venous abnormalities. Three-dimensional images can provide views of the imaging volume from innumerable viewing angles for both the radiologist and referring clinician, and potentially obviate invasive procedures such as angiography. In this article, we will review many of these applications of spiral CT angiography with 3D displays. Emphasis is placed on study design, protocol selection, and display of pathology.
Phylogeny of ulotrichalean algae from extreme high-altitude and high-latitude ecosystems

Photosynthetic microbes are the dominant primary producers in plant-free high-elevation and high-latitude ecosystems, but we know very little about the terrestrial algae that are found in these systems. Here, we show that terrestrial algae in the Ulotrichales are the dominant 18S algal phylotypes (in terms of relative abundance) in culture-independent studies of geologically similar but geographically distant periglacial sites in the mountains of Central Alaska and the high Himalayas. We further show that these ulotrichalean algae are closely related (using 18S, ITS/5.8S data sets) to several cultured algae from Antarctica and to the dominant ITS algal phylotypes in a recent study of newly deglaciated sediments near the Damma Glacier in Switzerland. Our results further indicate that ulotrichalean algae may play a previously unrecognized role in rock weathering during the earliest stages of primary succession following glacial retreat, but ecological and physiological studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
Mycobacterium wolinskyi: a case series and review of the literature

Mycobacterium wolinskyi is an uncommonly encountered rapidly growing mycobacterium. To date, only 12 clinical cases have been reported in the literature. In this report, we describe 5 additional cases of M. wolinskyi infection seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, since 2009. The clinical manifestations were sternal wound infections (n = 2), a surgical site wound infection, a cardiac-device pocket site infection, and a vascular graft infection with bacteremia. The infections occurred in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, including a lung transplant recipient. Treatment of M. wolinskyi infections required a prolonged course of combination antimicrobial treatment and surgical debridement.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute resources and programs for cell-based therapies.

For more than three decades the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has supported research and sponsored programs in basic cell biology and stem cell research. Many NHLBI-funded investigators contributed to the characterization of the hematopoietic stem cell, which has served as a prototype for other stem cell systems. This research has led to successful clinical applications of bone marrow stem cell harvests, umbilical cord blood units, and peripheral blood cell apheresis products for the treatment of genetic and malignant blood diseases, and the evaluation of new hematopoietic cell-based therapies by an NHLBI/NCI-sponsored transplant network.1 This experience provided the framework for the institute’s current programs and resources for exploring potential application of novel cell-based therapies to a wide array of heart, lung, and blood diseases. This includes more recent clinical testing to determine whether bone marrow cells are useful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases2 and a program beginning in the fall of 2007 for collaborative studies on lung stem cell biology and cell-based therapy.3 This article outlines the programs in stem cell research and cell-based therapies that have led to these new opportunities as well as current research opportunities, available resources, and training programs. Future directions for regenerative medicine at NHLBI will include these strategies and integrate “advances in regenerative biology to develop clinically feasible applications” (Goal 2.1a).4 ### NHLBI Cell-based Therapy Group To promote a coordinated approach to stem cell research leading to cell-based therapies, NHLBI established its own cell-based therapy group in August 2001. The NHLBI group, composed of program officers from the Heart, Lung, and Blood Divisions, convened a 2-day meeting of 24 experts in May 2002 to define state-of-the-science, identify opportunities and roadblocks, and assist in formulating a strategic NHLBI plan for new cell-based therapies. The working group’s top recommendation advocated continued, strong basic research …
Invariant Polymorphism in Virus Capsid Assembly

Directed self-assembly of designed viral capsids holds significant potential for applications in materials science and medicine. However, the complexity of preparing these systems for assembly and the difficulty of quantitative experimental measurements on the assembly process have limited access to critical mechanistic questions that dictate the final product yields and isomorphic forms. Molecular simulations provide a means of elucidating self-assembly of viral proteins into icosahedral capsids and are the focus of the present study. Using geometrically realistic coarse-grained models with specialized molecular dynamics methods, we delineate conditions of temperature and coat protein concentration that lead to the spontaneous self-assembly of T = 1 and T = 3 icosahedral capsids. In addition to the primary product of icosahedral capsids, we observe a ubiquitous presence of nonicosahedral yet highly symmetric and enclosed aberrant capsules in both T = 1 and T = 3 systems. This polymorphism in assembly products recapitulates the scope and morphology of particle types that have been observed in mis-assembly experiments of virus capsids. Moreover, we find that this structural polymorphism in the end point structures is an inherent property of the coat proteins and arises from condition-dependent kinetic mechanisms that are independent of the elemental mechanisms of capsid growth (as long as the building blocks of the coat proteins are all monomeric, dimeric, or trimeric) and the capsid T number. The kinetic mechanisms responsible for self-assembly of icosahedral capsids and aberrant capsules are deciphered; the self-assembly of icosahedral capsids requires a high level of assembly fidelity, whereas self-assembly of nonicosahedral capsules is a consequence of an off-pathway mechanism that is prevalent under nonoptimal conditions of temperature or protein concentration during assembly. The latter case involves kinetically trapped dislocations of pentamer-templated proteins with hexameric organization. These findings provide insights into the complex processes that govern viral capsid assembly and suggest some features of the assembly process that can be exploited to control the assembly of icosahedral capsids and nonicosahedral capsules.
WHEN: A Conversation about Culture

For decades now culture has been a topic anthropologists argue about: WHAT it does or does not mean, IF it should or should not constitute a central concept of the discipline. This essay steps outside these arguments to rephrase the issue and our approach to it. It explores WHEN it makes sense to use the cultural concept: Should we proceed inductively or deductively in constructing connections between the concept and our data? And instead of assertions by one author, it utilizes a debate format to collectively raise possibilities to ponder, [culture, induction, deduction, anthropological analysis]
Another dodo bird verdict? revisiting the comparative effectiveness of professional and paraprofessional therapists

We examine major criticisms of studies comparing paraprofessionals' and professionals' therapeutic effectiveness. Such analysis does not support the contention that methodological weaknesses of the studies produced systematic biases against professional therapists. Thus, despite common beliefs to the contrary, the finding that formal training does not predict successful therapy appears sound. We discuss the implications of this finding for research, training, and clinical practice.
IMM algorithm for tracking targets that maneuver through coordinated turns

The interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm uses multiple models that interact through state mixing to track a target maneuvering through an arbitrary trajectory. However, when a target maneuvers through a coordinated turn, the acceleration vector of the target changes magnitude and direction, and the maneuvering target models commonly used in the IMM (e.g., constant acceleration) can exhibit considerable model error. To address this problem an IMM algorithm that includes a constant velocity model, a constant speed model with the kinematic constraint for constant speed targets, and the exponentially increasing acceleration (EIA) model for maneuver response is proposed. The constant speed model utilizes a turning rate in the state transition matrix to achieve constant speed prediction. The turning rate is calculated from the velocity and acceleration estimates of the constant speed model. The kinematic constraint for constant speed targets is utilized as a pseudomeasurement in the filtering process with the constant speed model. Simulation results that demonstrate the benefits of the EIA model and the kinematic constraint to the IMM algorithm are given. The tracking performance of the proposed IMM algorithm is compared with that of an IMM algorithm utilizing constant velocity and constant turn rate models.
Recurrence of chronic venous ulcers on the basis of clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic criteria and air plethysmography.

Abstract Introduction: Leg ulcers associated with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) frequently recur after healing. The risk of recurrence has not been well defined for patients in different anatomic and hemodynamic groups. We reviewed the risk of ulcer recurrence on the basis of clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic criteria and hemodynamic characteristics of the affected limb as assessed with air plethysmography (APG). Methods: Ninety-nine limbs with class 6 CVI were assessed clinically and with standing duplex ultrasound scanning and APG for the definition of clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic criteria. Leg ulcers were treated with high-pressure compression protocols. Surgical correction of venous abnormalities was offered to patients with appropriate conditions. After ulcer healing, the limbs were placed in compressive garments and followed at 6-month intervals for ulcer recurrence. Results: The mean patient age was 54.3 years, and 46% of the patients were female. Corrective venous surgery was performed in 37 limbs. The mean follow-up time for all 99 limbs was 28 months. The ulcer recurrence rate with life table was 37% ± 6% at 3 years and 48% ± 10% at 5 years. The patients who underwent venous surgery had a significantly lower recurrence rate (27% ± 9% at 48 months) than did those patients who had not undergone surgery (67% ± 8% at 48 months; P =.005). The patients with deep venous insufficiency (DVI; n=51) had significantly higher recurrence rates (66% ± 8% at 48 months) than did the patients without DVI (n = 48; 29% ± 9% at 48 months; P =.006). This difference was significant even after accounting for the effects of surgery ( P =.03).The hazard ratio of ulcer recurrence increases by 14% for every unit increase in the venous filling index (VFI; P =.001). This remains significant even after accounting for the effects of surgery ( P =.001). The combination of DVI and a VFI of more than 4 mL/s yields a risk of ulcer recurrence of 43% ± 9% at 1 year and 60% ± 10% at 2 years. Conclusion: Leg ulcers associated with CVI have a high rate of recurrence. Ulcer recurrence is significantly increased in patients with DVI and in patients who do not have venous abnormalities corrected surgically. The VFI obtained from APG is useful in the prediction of increased risk for recurrence, particularly in association with anatomic data. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:723-8.)
The effects of temperature and buffer on fibrinogen adsorption from blood plasma to glass

[125I]-Fibrinogen was used to measure the adsorption of fibrinogen from baboon plasma to two types of glass (Pyrex and a borosilicate glass) at 25 and 37 degrees C using two different buffers to dilute the plasma, the first being citrate-phosphate buffered saline (CPBSz) and the second isotonic Tris-saline (TRIS), both pH 7.4. In addition, the effects of hydration conditions, rinsing techniques, and glass-cleaning treatments on fibrinogen adsorption were evaluated. The data reveal that lower temperatures and the use of TRIS to dilute the plasma significantly enhance fibrinogen adsorption to both types of glass. As has been observed in the past, fibrinogen adsorption peaked at intermediate plasma concentrations on both Pyrex and borosilicate glass (the so-called Vroman effect), but almost twice as much fibrinogen adsorbed to glass when TRIS was used to dilute the plasma instead of CPBSz. Moreover, up to five times as much fibrinogen adsorbed to both types of glass at 25 degrees C compared with 37 degrees C. No effects of the rinsing technique or glass-cleaning treatment were observed.
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation via the Mouth as an Alternative to Tracheostomy for 257 Ventilator Users

Despite wider application of the use of nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) via nasal access for the management of nocturnal hypoventilation, there continues to be a lack of familiarity with the use of IPPV via the mouth for ventilatory support. Unlike nasal IPPV, which is generally practical only for nocturnal use, up to 24-h mouth IPPV was the key method of noninvasive ventilatory support that permitted the avoidance or elimination of tracheostomy for 257 individuals with acute or chronic ventilatory failure. Mouth IPPV was delivered via commercially available mouthpieces for daytime aid and mouthpiece with lip seal or custom orthodontic interfaces for nocturnal support. The use of mouth IPPV alone or in a regimen with other noninvasive ventilatory aids was reviewed for these 257 individuals. Mouth IPPV was used for nocturnal aid by 163 individuals, 61 of whom had little or no measurable vital capacity or significant ventilator-free breathing time, for more than 1,560 patient-years with few complications. It was also the predominant method of daytime ventilatory support for 228 individuals for more than 2,350 patient-years. We conclude that for individuals with adequate bulbar muscle function but chronic respiratory muscle insufficiency, mouth IPPV can be an effective alternative to tracheostomy. It can significantly prolong survival while optimizing convenience, safety, and communication.
The Case for Audience Isolation: Language and Culture as Predictors of Advertiser Investment

In what has become an increasingly multilingual United States, growing numbers of television advertisers have begun targeting foreign language speakers. Because of the increased cost and effort in crafting unique ad campaigns, however, the factors behind this investment decision are explored. Using an online survey, advertisers (N = 1,150) were asked how they valued various demographic audience traits as they considered potential target markets. T tests revealed significant differences between foreign language and non-foreign language advertisers' audience preferences. Logistic regression showed that, contrary to previous audience valuation findings, household income was not a primary factor in foreign language audience investment decisions. Rather, advertisers who valued household income more were less likely to invest in foreign language audiences in the United States, with language dependency and cultural traits predicting a greater likelihood of investment. The Audience Investment by Isolation Model is offered, which can help explain the investment decision-making process by advertisers as they weigh demographic audience traits, audience isolation strategies, and costs. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Relationship of urinary serotonin excretion to cigarette smoking and respiratory symptoms. The Normative Aging Study.

The relationship of 2-h urinary excretion of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) to cigarette smoking and respiratory symptoms was examined among 631 male participants in the Normative Aging Study (age range, 44 to 85 years). The amount of serotonin excreted in urine was inversely related to age (p
Effects of 25-azasteroids on development and reproduction of the southwestern corn borer Diatraea grandiosella Dyar

Abstract 25-Azacholesterol and 25-azacoprostane significantly increased the larval period of southwestern corn borer in a dose dependent fashion from 1 to 300 ppm in the diet. Male larvae were much more resistant than female larvae to the growth-inhibiting effects of the azasteroids. Both azasteroids caused melanization of larvae and inhibited moulting, but did not produce larval-pupal intermediates. The azasteroids caused a reduction in pupal and adult weight at higher concentrations, more so in females than in males. Pupal periods and adult longevity were shortened, and adult wing malformation occurred with the highest azasteroid concentrations. Egg production and hatchability decreased with increasing azasteroid concentrations in larval diets.
Smoke exposure and outcome of endoscopic sinus surgery in children.

Abstract Objective: The study goal was to determine whether cigarette smoke exposure in children who are undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic sinusitis will have an impact on the outcome. Design: We conducted a cohort study in a tertiary care children's hospital setting. Patients and methods: The study population consisted of 118 patients who underwent ESS between January 1994 and June 1999. The mean age was 6.5 (range, 2 to 13 years). The outcome of ESS was measured ≥1 year after the operation. A questionnaire was mailed to the caretakers to measure success. Those who required revision subsequently were considered as failures. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with smoke exposure as an independent variable and outcome measured as success of procedure. The overall success rate was 83%. Univariate analysis of smoke exposure and outcome of surgery revealed that children exposed to smoke in household had a 70% success rate compared with children not exposed to smoke, who had a 90% success rate (P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis revealed smoke exposure continued to be an independent predictor of success. Conclusion: ESS in children with cigarette smoke exposure predisposes to a poorer outcome. This needs to be taken into consideration when recommending ESS for those children. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;546-8.)
MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTIONS OF GAS AND AEROSOL TRANSPORT IN THE HUMAN LUNG

This article discusses the validity of describing single-breath, gas or aerosol bolus transport processes in terms of effective Gaussian characteristics. This is done in the context of a comparison between the predictions of a recent macrotransport model or pulmonary transport phenomena and predictions based upon the numerical solution of a so-called ‘exact’ microtransport problem, in addition, comparison is made with the predictions of a former network model of convective dispersion in the conducting airways of the lung. For conditions of physiological interest, the macrotransport model is shown to predict to within reasonable accuracy the mode (i.e., time of exit of the peak of an inspired bolus) as well as the dispersion of gas or aerosol for the case of an impulsive introduction of the gas/aerosol bolus (varying the shape and size of the bolus). The relative merits of micro- and macroscopic descriptions of lung transport problems are discussed. Comparisons with experimental data, as well as a discussi...
Zur Phänomenologie der Leuchtverteilungen in elektrolumineszierenden, hexagonalen ZnS-Kristallen

Anhand von Mikrophotographien wird die Leuchtverteilung von elektrolumineszierenden ZnS-Kristallen beschrieben und mit der strukturbedingten Schichtung dieser Kristalle in Verbindung gebracht. Elektrolumineszenz im Kristallinnern tritt nur dann auf, wenn sich ein Stromfaden bzw. ein Netzwerk von Stromfaden ausbilden kann. Diese Stromfaden, in denen die Elektrolumineszenz entsteht, sind durch die Versetzungen des Gitters vorgezeichnet. Zu ihrer endgultigen Ausbildung ist eine feldbedingte Veranderung zwischen den Teilabschnitten einer Versetzungslinie notwendig. Nicht alle lumineszenzfahigen, durch Versetzungslinien vorgezeichneten Gebiete werden elektrisch angeregt. Es erfolgt insofern eine Auswahl unter ihnen, als ihre Elektrolumineszenz-Intensitat durch ihre Zeitkonstante (RC-Wert), ihre Lage relativ zur Richtung des elektrischen Feldes und ihre Entfernung zu den benachbarten Stromfaden bestimmt wird.
Crystal and EM Structures Reveal a Mechanism for Long-Range Allosteric Communication in the Yeast Dynein Motor Domain

Dynein, a member of the AAA family of ATPases, “walks” toward the minus end of microtubules using energy from ATP hydrolysis. Recent atomic structures of the dynein motor domain with no nucleotide (apo; yeast) or ADP (Dictyostelium) in the main hydrolytic site (AAA1) have begun to yield insights into how this fascinatingly complex machine may work. Here, we have solved the crystal (3.5 A) of the yeast dynein motor domain with a nonhydrolyzable nucleotide (AMPPNP) bound at AAA1. By comparison to the prior apo structures of yeast dynein, the new structure reveals that AMPPNP causes a large conformational change of AAA domains in the dynein ring in which AAA2 moves closer to AAA1. The linker, the proposed mechanical element of dynein, remains largely in a similar conformation with its N-terminal docked onto AAA5, but new interactions are made with AAA2. Further EM analysis of dynein bound to several ATP analogs showed that the linker remains docked on the ring in all states, with a small conformational change observed when bound to the analog ATP-vanadate. Mutagenesis studies show that disruption of a single salt-bridge between the linker and AAA2 blocks microtubule stimulation of AAA1 ATPase activity and nucleotide-induced changes in microtubule binding affinity. Collectively, our data reveal a new nucleotide triphosphate bound state of the dynein motor domain and suggest that the linker serves not only in dynein mechanics but also plays a critical role in the long range allosteric communication between dynein's main ATPase site and the microtubule binding domain.
Information asymmetry, pricing strategy and firm's performance in the retailer- multi-channel manufacturer supply chain

Abstract In this research paper, we assume a retailer-multi-channel manufacturer (with online and traditional retail channels) supply chain where both the multi-channel manufacturer and the retailer have private information about the state of consumer demand. In this setting, we examine the effect of an information sharing strategy on both firms' performance. Our results show that the multi-channel manufacturer always benefits from an information sharing strategy. When the product is highly compatible with the online channel, information sharing becomes much more valuable to the multi-channel manufacturer. On the other hand, the retailer's performance is not impacted by an information sharing strategy. Thus, a bargaining model is utilized to implement profit sharing for the multi-channel manufacturer and retailer so that an information sharing equilibrium can be reached. Based on our results, we derive optimal market strategies and identify probable paths of future research.
Introduction to the special series on integrating personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy using interpersonal assessment.

The interpersonal paradigm in personality assessment employs multiple models, measures, and methods to examine the interpenetration of personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. Its organizing framework is the nomological net of agency and communion, which are fundamental metaconstructs that can be conceptualized and measured at multiple levels ranging from broad interpersonal motives to stable interpersonal dispositions to specific interpersonal behaviors. This Special Series presents diverse research and clinical applications of interpersonal theory and assessment to (a) enhance diagnosis, case conceptualization, and treatment planning; (b) identify developmental catalysts of and current influences on psychopathological symptoms; and (c) articulate different ways in which personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy are interrelated. Each article demonstrates the integrative nature of interpersonal assessment while concurrently exemplifying the unique assumptions and methods of contemporary int...
Intrinsic toughness of interfaces between SiC coatings and substrates of Si or C fibre

The critical energy release rate for separation of SiC coatings from single crystal Si substrates or surfaces of carbon fibres, along their well-defined interfaces can be determined quite accurately from analysis of the spontaneous delamination of coatings under bi-axial stress, when such coatings exceed a critical thickness. Direct evaluations have been made of the specific work of delamination along the interface for SiC coatings from single crystal Si substrates, for both the case of coatings under bi-axial compression, as well as under bi-axial tension. The critical energy release rate for coatings in tension was 5.1 J m2, and that for coatings under compression was 5.9 J m2. The higher value of the latter is attributed to relative slippage between coating and substrate before lift-off of the former. Corresponding determination of the critical energy release rate for delamination of SiC coatings under bi-axial tension from surfaces of anisotropic Pitch-55 carbon fibres gave an answer of 5.5 J m2. These values compare very well with expectations from surface energies of strong solids.
The Pesel system

Today, I have the honour of presenting some information about the concept and the present state of the implementation of a project called the Home Computer Network of the Governmental Computer Centre.
Turbulence measurements in a rectangular jet

The paper deals with hot-wire measurements in a rectangular incompressible jet issuing into a medium at rest. The flow field of the jet was found to be characterized by the presence of three distinct regions with respect to the mean axial velocity on the center line, referred to as potential core region, two-dimensional type region, and axisymmetric type region. The onset of the second region appears to be at downstream locations where the shear layers from the short dimension of the nozzle meet. Similarly, the center line velocity decay is first of axisymmetric nature at a downstream location where the two shear layers from the long dimension of the nozzle meet. The conditions for the existence of a rectangular jet of an aspect ratio of 16.7 with the laminar tophat profile at the exit are identified.
The effect of growth temperature on the heat stability of a bacterial pyrophosphatase.

Abstract A change in heat stability has been demonstrated for an inorganic pyrophosphatase obtained from a thermophilic bacterium grown at 70 °, 60 °, 50 °, and 40 °C. The enzyme was dependent upon the presence of magnesium ions for activity and had an optimum magnesium-pyrophosphate ratio of 2. The presence of magnesium ions increased the heat resistance of the enzyme. This was true regardless of the growth temperature of the organism. A PPase from a mesophile showed no increase in heat stability with the addition of magnesium ions. Higher concentrations of protein also promoted heat stability of the enzyme. With concentrations of protein below 1–2 mg./ml., no protective effect could be detected. While the heat stability of the enzyme varied with growth temperature, the optimum temperature remained constant within the normal growth temperature range of the organism.
IMG 4 version of the integrated microbial genomes comparative analysis system

The Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) data warehouse integrates genomes from all three domains of life, as well as plasmids, viruses and genome fragments. IMG provides tools for analyzing and reviewing the structural and functional annotations of genomes in a comparative context. IMG’s data content and analytical capabilities have increased continuously since its first version released in 2005. Since the last report published in the 2012 NAR Database Issue, IMG’s annotation and data integration pipelines have evolved while new tools have been added for recording and analyzing single cell genomes, RNA Seq and biosynthetic cluster data. Different IMG datamarts provide support for the analysis of publicly available genomes (IMG/W: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/w), expert review of genome annotations (IMG/ER: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/er) and teaching and training in the area of microbial genome analysis (IMG/EDU: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/edu).
Stimulation of intralysosomal proteolysis by cysteinyl-glycine, a product of the action of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase on glutathione

Abstract The mechanism of the stimulatory effect of glutathione on proteolysis in mouse kidney lysosomes and a lack of an effect in lysomes from the liver was investigated. The stimulation in kidney lysosomes was inhibited by serine plus borate, a reversible inhibitor of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Treatment of mouse kidney lysosome suspensions with l -(αS,5S)-α- amino -3- chloro -4,5- dihydro -5- isoxazoleacetic acid (acivicin), an irreversible inhibitor of the transpeptidase, also inhibited the effect of glutathione, but this inhibition was completely relieved by washing and addition of freshly prepated kidney membranes or purified γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to the incubation mixtures. Cysteinyl-glycine, a product of the action of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, stimulated proteolysis in acivicin-inhibited kidney lysosome preparations similarly to glutathione, and cysteine had no effect at equivalent concentrations. Glutathione also stimulated proteolysis in liver lysosomes in the presence of washed kidney membranes or γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, but the effect was similar to that produced by equivalent concentrations of cysteine. These results suggest that the stimulatory effect of glutathione was mediated by the action of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase present in contaminating cell membrane fragments in the lysosome preparations, and that glutathione does not take part in intralysosomal proteolysis. However, the possibility that cysteinyl-glycine is a physiological intralysosomal disulfide reductant in kidney lysosomes has not been excluded.