cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovering the Human Connectome

Crucial to understanding how the brain works is connectivity, and the centerpiece of brain connectivity is the connectome, a comprehensive description of how neurons and brain regions are connected. The human brain is a network of extraordinary complexity--a network not by way of metaphor, but in a precise and mathematical sense: an intricate web of billions of neurons connected by trillions of synapses. How this network is connected is important for virtually all facets of the brain's integrative function. In this book, Olaf Sporns surveys current efforts to chart these connections--to map the human connectome. Sporns, a pioneer in the field who was the first to define and use the term "connectome," argues that the nascent field of connectomics has already begun to influence the way many neuroscientists collect, analyze, and think about their data. Moreover, the idea of mapping the connections of the human brain in their entirety has captured the imaginations of researchers across several disciplines including human cognition, brain and mental disorders, and complex systems and networks. Sporns describes the biological and conceptual foundations of the connectome; the many research challenges it faces; the many cutting-edge empirical strategies, from electron microscopy to magnetic resonance imaging, deployed to map brain connectivity; the relationship between structure and function; and the wide array of network computational approaches to connectomics. Discovering the Human Connectome offers the first comprehensive overview of current empirical and computational approaches in this rapidly developing field.
Methods and Challenges for Assessing Heterogeneity

The widely acknowledged homogeneity assumption limits progress in refining clinical diagnosis, understanding mechanisms, and developing new treatments for mental health disorders. This homogeneity assumption drives both a comorbidity and a heterogeneity problem, where two different approaches tackle the problems. One, a unifying approach, tackles the comorbidity problem by assuming that a single general psychopathology factor underlies multiple disorders. Another, a multifactorial approach, tackles the heterogeneity problem by assuming that disorders comprise multiple subtypes driven by multiple discrete factors. We show how each of these approaches can make useful contributions to mental health-related research and clinical practice. For example, the unifying approach can develop a rapid assessment tool that may be clinically valuable for triaging cases. The multifactorial approach can reveal subtypes that are differentially responsive to treatments and highlight distinct mechanisms leading to similar phenotypes. Because both approaches tackle different problems, both have different limitations. We describe the statistical frameworks that incorporate and adjudicate between both approaches (e.g., the bifactor model, normative modeling, and the functional random forest). Such frameworks can identify whether sets of disorders are more affected by heterogeneity or comorbidity. Therefore, future studies that incorporate such frameworks can provide further insight into the nature of psychopathology.
Resilient synchronization of distributed multi-agent systems under attacks

Abstract In this paper, we first address adverse effects of attacks on distributed synchronization of multi-agent systems, by providing conditions under which an attacker can destabilize the underlying network, as well as another set of conditions under which local neighborhood tracking errors of intact agents converge to zero. Based on this analysis, we propose a Kullback–Libeler divergence based criterion in view of which each agent detects its neighbors’ misbehavior and, consequently, forms a self-belief about the trustworthiness of the information it receives. Agents continuously update their self-beliefs and communicate them with their neighbors to inform them of the significance of their outgoing information. Moreover, if the self-belief of an agent is low, it forms trust on its neighbors. Agents incorporate their neighbors’ self-beliefs and their own trust values on their control protocols to slow down and mitigate attacks. We show that using the proposed resilient approach, an agent discards the information it receives from a neighbor only if its neighbor is compromised, and not solely based on the discrepancy among neighbors’ information, which might be caused by legitimate changes, and not attacks. The proposed approach is guaranteed to work under mild connectivity assumptions.
A Systematic Review of Wellness in Plastic Surgery Training.

Background Physician and resident wellness has been increasingly emphasized as a means of improving patient outcomes and preventing physician burnout. Few studies have been performed with a focus on wellness in plastic surgery training. Objectives The aim of this study was to systematically review what literature exists on the topic of wellness in plastic surgery training and critically appraise it. Methods A PubMed search was performed to identify journal articles related to wellness in plastic surgery residency. Seventeen studies (6 cohort and 11 cross-sectional) met inclusion criteria and were appraised with the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOQAS) to determine the quality of the studies based on selection, comparability, and outcome metrics. Results Critical assessment showed that the studies were highly variable in focus. Overall, the quality of the data was low, with an average NOQAS score of 4.1. Only 2 studies focused on plastic surgery residents, examining work hours and social wellness, respectively; they were awarded NOQAS scores of 3 and 4 out of 10. Conclusions The results of this systematic review suggest that little research has been devoted to wellness in surgery training, especially in regard to plastic surgery residents, and what research that has been performed is of relatively low quality. The available research suggests a relatively high prevalence of burnout among plastic surgery residents. Evidence suggests some organization-level interventions to improve trainee wellness. Because outcomes-based data on the effects of such interventions are particularly lacking, further investigation is warranted.
Impedance Analysis and PHIL Demonstration of Reactive Power Oscillations in a Wind Power Plant Using a 4-MW Wind Turbine

This paper presents impedance-based analysis, mitigation, and power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) demonstration of reactive power oscillations in a wind power plant using a 4-MW Type III wind turbine. Because such oscillations result from interactions among slower control loops of wind turbines regulating the phasor quantities—such as active power, reactive power, and the magnitude of voltages at the point of interconnection (POI)—we propose a new type of admittance called power-domain admittance for the analysis. The power-domain admittance of a wind turbine gives the transfer function from the frequency and magnitude of the voltages at the POI to the active and reactive power outputs of the turbine. The power-domain admittance responses of the 4-MW wind turbine are measured using a 13.8-kV/7-MVA grid simulator to identify the source of the reactive power oscillations. The power-domain impedance analysis and PHIL experiments are performed to explain how a resonant mode inside the wind turbine manifests as turbine-to-turbine and plant-to-grid reactive power oscillations. It is discovered that higher grid impedance during weak grid conditions improves damping of reactive power oscillations between a wind power plant and the grid; however, a higher grid impedance also increases coupling among wind turbines and the risk of turbine-to-turbine reactive power oscillations. The efficacy of a simple droop-based solution in mitigating reactive power oscillations is demonstrated using power-domain impedance measurements and PHIL experiments. The paper presents power-domain impedance measurement as a powerful tool for the analysis and mitigation of reactive power oscillations in wind power plants.
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Neuroticism, and Ethnic Identity in Young Latina Adults:

Rates of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are elevated among Latinas; however, few studies have examined patterns of NSSI and associated risk in this population. The purpose of this study was to exa...
A Shared Diagnostic Stewardship Approach toward Improving Autoimmune Encephalopathy Send-out Testing Utilization.

Background For many laboratories, autoimmune encephalopathy (AE) panels are send-out tests. These tests are expensive, and ordering patterns vary greatly. There is also a lack of consensus on which panel to order and poor understanding of the clinical utility of these panels. These challenges were presented to our newly formed, multidisciplinary, diagnostic stewardship committee (DSC). Through this collaboration, we developed an algorithm for ordering AE panels; combining diagnostic criteria with practice guidelines. Methods We analyzed test-ordering patterns in 2018 and calculated a true-positive rate based on clinical presentation and panel interpretation. An evidence-based approach was combined with input from the Department of Neurology to synthesize our algorithm. Efficacy of the algorithm (number of panels ordered, cost, and true positives) was assessed before and after implementation. Results In 2018, 77 AE-related panels were ordered, costing $137 510. The true-positive rate was 10%, although ordering multiple, similar panels for the same patient was common. Before implementing the algorithm (January 1-July 31, 2019), 55 panels were ordered, costing $105 120. The total true-positive rate was 3.6%. After implementation, 23 tests were ordered in a 5-month period, totaling $50 220. The true-positive rate was 13%. Conclusion With the DSC-directed mandate, we developed an algorithm for ordering AE panels. Comparison of pre- and postimplementation data showed a higher true-positive rate, indicating that our algorithm was able to successfully identify the at-risk population for AE disorders. This was met with a 43% decrease in the number of tests ordered, with total cost savings of $25 000 over 5 months.
The Road Not Taken: How Early Landscape Learning and Adoption of a Risk-Averse Strategy Influenced Paleoindian Travel Route Decision Making in the Upper Ohio Valley

To evaluate a model of the travel-route selection process for upper Ohio Valley Paleoindian foragers (13,500–11,400 cal BP), this study investigates archaeological data through the theoretical framework of landscape learning and risk-sensitive analysis. Following initial trail placement adjacent to a highly visible escarpment landform, Paleoindians adopted a risk-averse strategy to minimize travel outcome variability when wayfaring between Sandy Springs, a significant Ohio River Paleoindian site, and Upper Mercer–Vanport chert quarries of east-central Ohio. Although a least-cost analysis indicates an optimal route through the lower Scioto Valley, archaeological evidence for this path is lacking. Geomorphic and archaeological data further suggest that site absence in the lower Scioto Valley is not entirely due to sampling bias. Instead, evidence indicates that Paleoindians preferred travel within the Ohio Brush Creek–Baker's Fork valley despite its longer path distance through more rugged, constricted terrain. Potential travel through the lower Scioto Valley hypothesizes high outcome variability due to the stochastic nature of the late Pleistocene hydroregime. In this case, perceived outcome variability appears more influential in determining travel-route decisions among Paleoindians than direct efforts to reduce energy and time allocation.
Exploring Hybrid MPI+Kokkos Tasks Programming Model

Most current parallel applications use data parallelism with a combination of MPI and threads. There has been growing interest in task-based programming models, but little work has been done on hybrid MPI+task codes. In this paper, we describe our experiences implementing a hybrid MPI+Kokkos tasks programming model for two applications. The first application is a general matrix multiplication code and the second application is a breadth-first search.
Microbiota restoration for recurrent Clostridioides difficile: Getting one step closer every day!

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is an urgent health threat being the most common healthcare-associated infection, and its management is a clinical conundrum. Over 450 000 infections are seen in the United States with similar incidence seen in the rest of the developed world. The majority of infections seen are mild-moderate with fulminant disease and mortality being rare complications seen in the elderly and in those with comorbidities. The most common complication of CDI is recurrent infection with rates as high as 60% after three or more infections. A dilemma in the management of primary and recurrent CDI is testing due to the high sensitivity of the nucleic acid amplification tests such as the polymerase chain reaction, which leads to clinical false positives if patients are not chosen carefully (with symptoms) before testing. A newer testing regimen involving a 2-step strategy is emerging using glutamate dehydrogenase as a screening strategy followed by enzyme immunoassay for the C. difficile toxin. Microbiota restoration therapies are the cornerstone of management of recurrent CDI to prevent future recurrences. The most common modality of microbiota restoration is faecal microbiota transplantation, which has been tainted with heterogeneity and adverse events such as serious infectious transmission. The success rates for recurrence prevention from microbiota restoration therapies are over 90% compared with less than 50% of recurrence prevention with courses of antibiotics. This has led to development and emergence of standardized microbiota restoration therapies in capsule and enema forms. Capsule-based therapies include CP101 (positive phase II results), RBX7455 (positive phase I results), SER-109 (positive phase III results) and VE303 (ongoing phase II trial). Enema-based therapy includes RBX2660 (positive phase III data). This review summarizes the principles of management and diagnosis of CDI and focuses on emerging and existing data on faecal microbiota transplantation and standardized microbiota restoration therapies.
Delivery Modes: Learning Effectiveness and Student Satisfaction

We use objective and subjective measures of learning outcomes to compare learning effectiveness and student perceptions across three different delivery modes, traditional (face-to-face), hybrid, an...
A Bibliography of William Wordsworth 1787–1930: The Number of Printings and Sets of Stereo Plates of the 1828 Galignani Edition of The Poetical Works

As noted A40, one, and a rare, example of a printing error in Galignani's edition of Wordsworth is that while the title word “INDIGNATION” on p. 152 is complete in the large paper copies seen, in both kinds of small paper copies seen the initial “I” is absent and its space blank. As the blank space can scarcely have been set there by the compositor, that letter must have been a piece of type lost after the printing of the large paper copies seen and before the printing of the small paper copies seen. In the large paper copies the two letters of page number “xi” are very slightly misaligned; and in one copy (only) seen of the standard small paper issue the “i” has been seen off line straight down (MLR) while the rule border just above and beside it is in perfect order as in all other copies – a near-impossibility had the lowering of the “i” been caused by damage to a stereo plate. So at least a portion of printing was from set type. Other evidence, however, might suggest use of stereotype at some point as well. On this subject final conclusions await amassment of evidence on a scale beyond the reach of the present study. This much may be said now: Generations of stereo plates taken by the soon-to-be-common method of casting in impermanent matrices would be expected to show shrinkage on a scale of 1 mm per generation.
The Encyclopedia of Psychology

ABSTRACT This article reviews a major new subject encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia of Psychology, jointly published by the American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press. This comprehensive and scholarly reference tool encompasses the discipline's theory, research, practice, and history. All of the articles are signed and include bibliographies. The author describes important features of the set, including biographies, articles about psychology in various countries, entries for major psychological instruments, and the dual approach to indexing. Treatment of current topics in the field is also examined.
Approaches to conceptual clustering

Methods for Conceptual Clustering may be explicated in two lights. Conceptual Clustering methods may be viewed as extensions to techniques of numerical taxonomy, a collection of methods developed by social and natural scientists for creating classification schemes over object sets. Alternatively, conceptual clustering may be viewed as a form of learning by observation or concept formation, as opposed to methods of learning from examples or concept identification. In this paper we survey and compare a number of conceptual clustering methods along dimensions suggested by each of these views. The point we most wish to clarify is that conceptual clustering processes can be explicated as being composed of three distinct but inter-dependent subprocesses: the process of deriving a hierarchical classification scheme; the process of aggregating objects into individual classes; and the process of assigning conceptual descriptions to object classes. Each subprocess may be characterized along a number of dimensions related to search, thus facilitating a better understanding of the conceptual clustering process as a whole.
Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress Tolerance

Temperature stress is a major factor that determines the distribution of plants in nature. In addition temperature extremes limit the yields of crop plants in many agricultural regions of the world (1). Both high and low temperatures affect plant growth and development. This chapter is however, restricted to a discussion of high temperature stresses. The tolerance of plants to temperature stresses is obviously genetically determined, but relatively little is known about the genetic factors i.e. genes that are directly responsible for high temperature tolerance, and hence the breeding and selection of crop plants for heat tolerance has not been as successful as for other genetically better characterized traits (2). Most plants have an optimal temperature for growth which varies depending on the species or strain (3). Above the optimum the plant is under increasing stress until a heat killing temperature is reached. Heat killing temperatures for vegetative tissues of higher plants range from about 40°C to >65°C (3). For example, when exposed for 10 min, the heat killing temperature for potato leaves is 42.5°C, whereas, it is 49–51°C for Zea mays and in succulents this temperature is much higher.
Modified Linear Theory Sonic Booms Compared to Experimental and Numerical Results

Sonic boom pressure profiles calculated by modified linear theory are evaluated. These methods transform parametric descriptions of aircraft into F-functions, which are used to predict the pressure profiles after propagation through the atmosphere. Although Whitham’s F-function equation is the most widely used method, it cannot be applied to aircraft that have discontinuities in their area profiles. Lighthill’s F-function is explored as an alternative. Procedures are presented to adapt Lighthill’s method so that it can be used for numerical calculations. Sonic boom pressure profiles from wind tunnel experiments, computational fluid dynamics, and flight tests are compared to profiles from Lighthill’s method to explore its accuracy. In general, Lighthill’s method is able to predict the sonic boom shape, magnitude, and duration within 10% and account for variations in lift, Mach number, and propagation angle. Sonic boom predictions are presented for the XB-70 to demonstrate limitations in modified linear the...
Light Charged Particles from Spontaneous Fission of Cf 252

A semiconductor $\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{-}E$ counter telescope was used to identify light charged particles spontaneously emitted from ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$. From the measured partial-energy spectra of the particles, it was possible to estimate by extrapolation the following total yields of the various particle types observed. These are (in number per fission): ${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$(g1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$), (${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$)(5.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$), ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$(2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$), ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$(1.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$), ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$(\ensuremath{\lesssim}2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$), ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$(3.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$), ${\mathrm{He}}^{6}$(7.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$), ${\mathrm{He}}^{8}$(5.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$), ${\mathrm{He}}^{10}$(3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$), Li(3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$), Be(g3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$). The ${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$ energy spectrum is qualitatively different from the spectra of the other particles in that it contains a large component that appears to increase greatly with decrease in energy at the lowest energies. The smaller component that remains after subtraction of this apparent background is denoted (${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$), and it is speculated that these are the "scission" protons. The yields were all obtained relative to the ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ yield, the value for which was taken from Thomas and Whetstone. The energy spectra of (${\mathrm{H}}^{1}$), ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$, ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{6}$, and ${\mathrm{He}}^{8}$ were found to have maxima at 9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, 7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, 8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, 17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, 16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5, 13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, and \ensuremath{\lesssim}13 MeV and full widths at half-maximum of 6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, 7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, 6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, 9.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5, 11.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5, 8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, and 8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, respectively. The yields correlate more or less as expected with Halpern's estimates of the energy required for release of the particles into the region between the fission fragments, and the dependence of the energy spectra on mass can be understood in terms of the Halpern model.
Future Humanitarian Crises: Challenges for Practice, Policy, and Public Health

After more than three decades of preoccupation with wars and internal political conflicts, the humanitarian community has the opportunity to reevaluate what humanitarian crises will dominate both policy and practice in the future. In reality, these crises are already active and some are over the tipping point of recovery. These crises share the common thread of being major public health emergencies which, with a preponderance of excess or indirect mortality and morbidity dominating the consequences, requires new approaches, including unprecedented improvements and alterations in education, training, research, strategic planning, and policy and treaty agendas. Unfortunately, political solutions offered up to date are nation-state centric and miss opportunities to provide what must be global solutions. Public health, redefined as the infrastructure and systems necessary to allow communities, urban settings, and nation-states to provide physical and social protections to their populations has become an essential element of all disciplines from medicine, engineering, law, social sciences, and economics. Public health, which must be recognized as a strategic and security issue should take precedence over politics at every level, not be driven by political motives, and be globally monitored.
EFFECT OF SELECTED SOLUTES ON GROWTH AND RECOVERY OF A RADIATION‐RESISTANT Moraxella SP.

A highly radiation-resistant Moraxella sp. from beef was more resistant to gamma radiation in frozen beef than Clostridium botulinum 33A spores. Even though the Moraxella sp. was extremely radiation-resistant, its recovery after irradiation was markedly influenced by the plating medium. Fewer colony-forming units were recovered in Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) than in Plate Count Agar (PCA), and differences in recovery became more pronounced with increasing radiation dose. Growth studies of the nonirradiated Moraxella sp. suggested the presence of dialyzable inhibitory factor(s) in Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) and TSA. The low (0.5 percent) concentration of NaCl in TSA was shown to be mainly responsible for the slow growth and reduced recovery after irradiation. Reduced recovery was also obtained by plating the Moraxella sp. in PCA plus 0.5 percent NaCl or PCA plus 6 percent glucose after irradiation. It was noted that 2 other highly radiation-resistant isolates identified as Moraxella sp. gave similar results. Sensitivity to low solute concentrations, therefore, appeared to be a general phenomenon for this group.
Correction of concomitant gradient artifacts in experimental microtesla MRI

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suffers from artifacts caused by concomitant gradients when the product of the magnetic field gradient and the dimension of the sample becomes comparable to the static magnetic field. To investigate and correct for these artifacts at very low magnetic fields, we have acquired MR images of a 165-mm phantom in a 66-μT field using gradients up to 350 μT/m. We prepolarize the protons in a field of about 100 mT, apply a spin-echo pulse sequence, and detect the precessing spins using a superconducting gradiometer coupled to a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Distortion and blurring are readily apparent at the edges of the images; by comparing the experimental images to computer simulations, we show that concomitant gradients cause these artifacts. We develop a non-perturbative, post-acquisition phase correction algorithm that eliminates the effects of concomitant gradients in both the simulated and the experimental images. This algorithm assumes that the switching time of the phase-encoding gradient is long compared to the spin precession period. In a second technique, we demonstrate that raising the precession field during phase encoding can also eliminate blurring caused by concomitant phase-encoding gradients; this technique enables one to correct concomitant gradient artifacts even when the detector has a restricted bandwidth that sets an upper limit on the precession frequency. In particular, the combination of phase correction and precession field cycling should allow one to add MRI capabilities to existing 300-channel SQUID systems used to detect neuronal currents in the brain because frequency encoding could be performed within the 1–2 kHz bandwidth of the readout system.
Effect of nonmagnetic impurities on the residual electron-spin-resonance linewidth of Er: Ag dilute alloys

We have undertaken a systematic investigation of the effect of nonmagnetic impurities on the residual ({ital T}{r arrow}0 K) electron-spin-resonance linewidth of erbium in dilute (200 parts per million atomic (ppm)) Er:Ag alloys. The nonmagnetic impurities used were In, Sn, Sb, Y, and Lu in the concentration range of 500--4600 ppm. The linewidth broadening caused by these impurities was found to be 0.2{plus minus}0.11, 0.49{plus minus}0.1, 0.51{plus minus}0.11, 1.4{plus minus}0.18, and 1.37{plus minus}0.32 G/1000 ppm atomic frequency (GHz) for In, Sn, Sb, Y, and Lu, respectively. The most reasonable source of the Er line broadening is the mixing of the crystal-field levels of the Er by the Kohn-Vosko oscillations in the charge density. The broadening of the Er resonance line due to In, Sn, and Sb doping is consistent with the expected form of the oscillations. Also, Y and Lu are equivalent in the broadening of the Er line, as expected. However, the scaling of the Y and Lu broadening compared to that due to the In, Sn, and Sb is not consistent. The reasons for this are not understood.
Texture and irradiation growth in EBR-II driver fuel

Abstract Preferred-orientation studies of centrifugally bonded EBR-II fuel pins showed that the pins have an axial texture characterized by a preponderance of [001] and [110] poles and a deficiency of [021] poles. This texture is responsible for their diametrical growth and shortening in length during irradiation. The growth indices calculated from the texture data correlate well with the observed diametrical irradiation growth rate of the pins and give a single crystal growth rate, g , of 430% per percent burnup, which is in the range measured for uranium and uranium alloys. The texture is shown to be caused by compressive stresses from centrifuging during the γ → α transformation of the fuel pin at 500°C. Atomistic mechanisms for the texture formation produced by the compressive stress are discussed.
Influence of Intimal Thickening on Coronary Blood Flow Responses in Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipients A Combined Intravascular Doppler and Ultrasound Imaging Study

Background Intravascular ultrasound imaging detects epicardial intimal thickening in the majority of heart transplant recipients with angiographically normal epicardial coronary arteries. Although coronary artery vasoreactivity is abnormal after cardiac transplantation, intimal thickening does not appear to affect conduit vessel responses. However, the effect of intimal thickening on both conduit and resistance vessel responses, as measured by changes in volumetric coronary blood flow (CBF), is unknown. Methods and Results Epicardial coronary artery conductance and microvascular resistance vessel responses were studied after intracoronary adenosine and nitroglycerin administration in 36 orthotopic heart transplant recipients 1 month to 7 years after transplantation. Sequentially measured coronary flow average peak velocity ([APV, cm/s] 0.018 in Doppler guide wire) and epicardial luminal cross-sectional area ([CSA, mm2] 4.3F 30-MHz ultrasound catheter) data were obtained at baseline and during peak hyperem...
Short- and long-term flammability of biochars.

Biochar is becoming a commercial biomass-derived product that is transported, stored, and applied to land for environmental management. However, no information is available about its flammability that significantly affects how biochar can be handled. Given that biochar can have very different properties depending on how and from what it is produced, flammability may also vary significantly. The flammability of biochar and its dependency on biochar properties were quantified for a range of biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures and as a function of time after production. None of the studied biochars (34 samples stored for at least two years under argon gas) qualified as flammable substances, assessed using the applicable UN method. The majority of biochars (67%) had no combustion front propagation distance at all. Almost all of the studied fast pyrolysis biochars (71%) had higher combustion distances, whereas most slow pyrolysis samples (80%) did not combust. The combustion of stored biochars increased with the amount of volatiles (r2 = 0.27, p < 0.05, n = 11; dominated by fast pyrolysis biochars: r2 = 0.62, p < 0.05, n = 5), typical of biochars produced at lower temperatures. In contrast, the combustion of biochars within minutes of production was higher for biochars made at 723 K (450 °C) than 623 K (350 °C), but decreased to negligible levels within 1 h. Short-term flammability may be a function of the amount of free radicals and surface areas that can react with oxygen, whereas long-term flammability after storage may be a result of the potentially flammable volatile matter and some still weakly explained mechanisms for high-ash dairy feedstock.
Vibrational free energy, entropy, and temperature factors of DNA calculated by a helix lattice approach.

The vibrational contribution to the free energy, entropy, and the temperature factors of the different atoms in the unit cell are calculated using the method of helix lattice dynamics for the DNA homopolymer poly(dG · poly(dC)) in the B conformation. These results are compared to other theoretical calculations and the temperature (B) factors are compared to experiment as well. The problems encountered in using small molecule approximations to describe B factors in DNA like long chain molecules are discussed and a corrected estimate of the temperature factors are presented. Significant differences are found between the different theoretical approaches as reflected in the results of temperature factor calculations.
Vibration Analysis of a Multispan Tube in a Bundle

Nuclear and process industry has seen tube bundle failures more frequently in recent years. There is some concern that the practice of structural configuration has not advanced as rapidly as thermal design of heat exchangers. Catastrophic vibration of tube in a bundle can be avoided if the tube natural frequency is kept well above the estimated existing turbulent buffeting frequencies. Flow distribution and partial admission in to the tube bundle due to upstream piping further complicates the system. In this paper, tube in a bundle has been modeled as a beam on multiple supports. Effects of damping and motion of boundaries have also been considered. Governing equations have been solved analytically for natural as well as forced vibrations. The model has been extended for a bundle of tubes by developing and implementing a computer code. Subsequent experimental verification of results on a research heat exchanger bundle has been carried. The proposed model is expected to prove a useful guide in predicting the vibration behavior of tube bundles.© 2002 ASME
A model for water uptake in plants

A model is developed to describe water flow through soil containing roots. The governing equation is Richard's equation with a sink term representing extraction of water by the root system. Radial and axial flow in the root system is modeled as a resistance network, with radial resistances obtained approximately from a single root radial model and axial resistances obtained using the Hagen-Poisuille law. The analysis leads to a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation coupled with a second order two-point boundary value problem. A maximum principle is proved for the system, giving uniqueness and continuous dependence on the data. Results of simulations are presented.
Isotope choice and the effect of edema on prostate brachytherapy dosimetry.

In prostate brachytherapy, post implant dosimetry quality parameters may be strongly affected by edema brought on by the trauma of the implant procedure since the amount of edema and the time course of its resolution are highly variable from patient to patient. Edema was simulated from preplans on three prostates which had ultrasound prostate volumes of 18.7, 40.7 and 60.2 cm3 expanded to planning volumes of 32.9, 60.0 and 87.8 cm3, respectively. The preplans were designed so that identical seed distributions for a given prostate gave virtually identical target dose coverage of 99.7±0.3% of the planning volume when using either 125 I or 103 Pd . Simulated CT edema volume expansions of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% were imposed anisotropically in accordance with clinical observations so that the expansion in the superior–inferior direction was twice that of the transverse dimensions. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were analyzed for each prostate as a function of isotope and degree of edema. The 103 Pd implants were more greatly affected by fixed amounts of edema than 125 I implants, and the slopes of the DVH curves indicate less homogeneity from 103 Pd implants. The DVHs were then weighted according to the portion of the isotope decay curve occupied by each edema step for half-lives of edema resolution of 5, 10 and 20 days which are within the range of clinically observed resolution times. The weighted DVHs were summed to give a net DVH corresponding to the overall dynamic effect of edema. A greater fraction of the defined prostate volume received doses in the range of likely therapeutic significance, from 75% to 125% of the prescribed minimal peripheral dose (mPD), from 125 I implants than from 103 Pd implants. These differences in dosimetric quality arise from two differences in the physical properties of the isotopes: more rapid attenuation of 103 Pd photons with distance creates cool spots in an edematous prostate, and the shorter half-life of 103 Pd causes a greater fraction of the isotope decay to consist of the prostate in an edematous state. An increase in 103 Pd seed strength by about 10% beyond that required to achieve equal coverage with an identical seed distribution using 125 I should minimize the differences brought on by edema.
MODERATE CHANGES IN PLASMA PHENYLALANINE CONCENTRATIONS AFFECT BRAIN ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE

We previously demonstrated that large changes in blood phenylalanine (phe) concentrations (500 - 2000 pM) decreased plasma L-DOPA, slowed brain electrical discharge and prolonged performance (Fed. Res. 20:112, 1986). In this study we ask whether moderately elevated plasma phe affects brain function. Six heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU) and 2 normal controls were studied in a crossover, blinded protocol of 4, 2-week intervals. Volunteers ingested a constant diet of 40-50 mg/kg/day phe supplemented either with 100 mg/kg/day phe or placebo. On the last three days of each period the mean power frequency of three electroencephalograms (MPF) were measured. Plasma phe rose in both heterozygotes and controls on ingesting supplemental phe from a mean placebo phe concentration of 99 ± 20 to 140 ± 166 μM. The range of changes was from −200 to +400 μM. There was an inverse relationship between changes in plasma phe above 50 μM and changes in the MPF. By regression analysis 100 μM change in plasma phe produced an inverse change of 0.12 CPS in MPF. We conclude that plasma phe concentrations are raised by phe ingestion in both PKU heterozygotes and homozygous normal, and that alterations in brain electrical discharge are induced by intermediate changes in blood phe concentrations supporting a linear rather than threshold relationship to altered brain function.
Aspects of the Epidemiology of Fibromyalgia

Most information about fibromyalgia derives from the clinic, and it is not known how persons with fibromyalgia in the community might differ from clinic patients, and whether their illness syndromes might be more or less severe. Additionally, the outcome of fibromyalgia in the community as well as the clinic is not known. Findings: The prevalence of fibromyalgia in the general population appears to around 2%, with more than 90% of those being female. Fibromyalgia occurs more frequently in the elderly than previously supposed. Fibromyalgia in the clinic is associated with self-reported disability, but little is known about fibromyalgia disability in the community. Conclusions: Fibromyalgia can be identified in the community at rates in excess of the rheumatoid arthritis, and constitutes a significant public health concern. Additional studies of fibromyalgia disability and outcome are required.
Slow parallel flows of a water-granule mixture under gravity, part II: Examples of free surface and channel flows

Using the continuum equations for an isothermal flow of water-granule mixture, proposed in Part I [6], we examine two classes of parallel gravity flows with low velocity. The first class is distinguished by a free surface, as may occur in a mud slide or river bed flows. The case of a single layer of saturated mixture driven by gravity is first studied. The effect of a layer of flowing water on top is then investigated. Velocity profiles and granular discharges are plotted. In the second class the top is bounded by a rigid wall along which there is no slipping. When the entire channel is filled with the mixture the velocity profile is found to contain a plug flow region which is asymmetric due to gravity. A layer of clear water flowing over the mixture has some lubricating effect which increases the granular discharge.
Circular dichroism of the O-specific polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1 and some related derivatives.

Abstract The O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) of Vibrio cholerae O1 is a homopolymer of α-(1 → 2)-linked 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy- d -mannopyranose whose amino group is acylated with 3-deoxy- l -glycero-tetronic acid [ N-(3- deoxy - l -glycero- tetronyl )-α- d - perosamine ] . The circular dichroism (CD) of the O-SP as well as of a number of N-acyl (formyl, acetyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 3-deoxy- l and d -glycero-tetronyl) derivatives of methyl α-glycosides of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy- d -mannopyranose (methyl α- d -perosaminide) has been studied for solutions in water, acetonitrile and 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol. The strong solvent dependence of the sign and intensity of the CD observed for the monosaccharide amides bearing achiral acyl groups is explained by solvent-mediated change of the orientation of the amido group relative to the proximal hydroxyl group at C-3. A change in the population of the nonplanar conformers with a pyramidal arrangement of bonds at the amido nitrogen has also been considered. The effect of solvents upon the CD spectra of compounds bearing chiral N-acyl substituents is less pronounced than that of their counterparts bearing achiral N-acyl substituents. The sign of the CD for the O-SP was found negative in all solvents used. This result is in agreement with the negative sign of the CD of the n → π electron transition observed, independent of solvent, for the monosaccharide derivative containing the l -glycero-3- deoxytetronamido group, and the positive sign found for its d -glycero-counterpart.
Self-reported sleep duration, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in Finland.

Abstract Objective The U-shaped association of self-reported sleep duration with all-cause mortality is generally accepted. Findings on cardiovascular (CVD) mortality and morbidity are inconsistent. We aimed to further clarify the associations of the self-reported sleep duration with CVD mortality and morbidity. Methods In two population based surveys in 1972 and 1977 the levels of coronary risk factors in Finland and habitual sleep duration were measured; 25,025 individuals were followed-up until 2006 by the national register data. The outcome variables were death (for any reason), CVD death, and non-fatal CVD event (non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke). Participants with former non-fatal CVD event at baseline were excluded from CVD analyses, and socio-demographic and health-related confounders were considered in the final Cox proportional hazard models for both genders. Results The U-shaped association of total mortality with self-reported sleep duration was confirmed in both genders. The association of CVD mortality with self-reported sleep duration was independent of pertinent cardiovascular risk factors in women. The highest CVD mortality risk was found in both extreme ends of sleep duration distribution (⩽5 and ⩾10 h sleepers). Conclusions Sleep duration is an independent risk factor for CVD mortality and morbidity in women but not in men. The highest CVD mortality risk is associated with the extreme ends of sleep duration distribution. Thus, in epidemiological studies, combining adjacent (6 and 9 h) sleep duration groups with the extreme groups may partly mask the mortality risks, especially in the long run.
Automating Hazard Checking in Transaction-Level Microarchitecture Models

Traditional hardware modeling using RTL presents a time-stationary view of the design state space which can be used to specify temporal properties for model checking. However, highlevel information in terms of computation being performed on units of data (transactions) is not directly available. In contrast, transaction-level microarchitecture models view the computation as sequences of (data-stationary) transactions. This makes it easy to specify properties which involve both transaction sequencing and temporal ordering (e.g. data hazards). In RTL models, additional book-keeping state must be manually introduced in order to specify and check these properties. We show here that a transaction-level microarchitecture model can help automate checks for such properties via the automated creation of the book-keeping structures, and illustrate this for a simple pipeline using SMV. A key challenge in model-checking the transactionlevel microarchitecture is representing the dynamic transaction state space. We describe an encoding as well as a fixed point computation for this.
ClpXP-dependent Proteolysis of FNR upon Loss of its O2-sensing [4Fe–4S] Cluster

The global regulator FNR from Escherichia coli controls the transcription of genes required for an anaerobic lifestyle. While previous studies have demonstrated that FNR activity is regulated by O 2 through loss of dimerization upon destruction of its [4Fe–4S] 2+ cluster, the present study reveals that monomeric FNR protein is also a target of proteolysis. We have found that turnover of FNR protein is increased selectively under aerobic growth conditions, when FNR is not active as a transcription factor and is primarily a metal-free, monomeric form (apo-FNR). This degradation of monomeric FNR was dependent on the ClpXP protease and required the presence of two amino acid sequences within FNR that resemble known ClpX recognition motifs. By measuring the turnover rates of various FNR mutants that have unique properties with respect to dimerization and Fe–S cluster stability, we have shown that loss of dimerization upon [4Fe–4S] 2+ cluster destruction by O 2 targets FNR for degradation by the ClpXP protease. In addition, by measuring the differential rate of FNR degradation upon switching aerobic cultures to anaerobic growth conditions, we provide evidence that pre-existing FNR apo-protein can be converted to [4Fe–4S] 2+ -FNR. Finally, we address the physiological significance of FNR proteolysis by demonstrating that varying FNR protein levels over a small range under aerobic growth conditions has a direct effect on the function of FNR in O 2 sensing.
Magneto-optical properties of metallic colloids in insulators

Magnetic-circular-dichroism spectra are reported for Na colloids in NaCl and Ca colloids in CaF/sub 2/. The spectra are interpreted by applying Mie theory and by taking account of the perturbation of the magnetic field. The theory gives a good explanation of the spectra and implies values for cyclotron masses that agree with values predicted for the metallic colloids. Interband contributions to the magnetic circular dichroism are significant for the Ca colloids and unimportant for the Na colloids.