cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bones, Muscles and Visceral Organs of Protein-Malnourished Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Grow More Slowly but for Longer Durations to Reach Normal Final Size

Starting at weaning (22 d), Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control diet high in protein (CT, 24% protein) or an isocaloric low protein diet (LPT, 4% protein) to determine how protein malnutrition alters the rate and timing of limb bone growth. Length and width measurements were taken from longitudinal radiographs to provide complete growth trajectories of both treatments. Data collection continued until rats reached adult size, which varied among diet-sex groups. The rats were then killed and five muscles and eight organs were weighed. A nonlinear Gompertz model was then fit to each trajectory for 13 skeletal measurements, producing parameters that described the rate and timing of growth for each rat, the unit of analysis. Parameter differences due to diet, sex and litter were tested by using a mixed-model, three-way ANOVA. For most measurements, the LPT rats were not significantly smaller than the CT rats, for the model's prediction of final size. Bone length was significantly less affected than width. The instantaneous initial growth rate, maximum rate of growth and rate of growth decay were significantly higher in the control rats for all measurements. The rats fed the low protein diet grew for significantly longer periods of time. For all muscles and most organs relative to body size, there was no difference between rats fed the two diets. The exceptions, eyes and brains, were proportionally larger in the LPT rats, suggesting that these organs receive nutritional priority during growth. For the systems in this study, structures that grow or have the potential for extended growth are less affected by the nutritional insult.
Mechanism of Auxiliary Beta-Subunit-Mediated Membrane Targeting of Cav1.2 Channels

Ca2+ influx via CaV1 and 2 channels drives essential physiological processes ranging from synaptic transmission to muscle contraction. Membrane-targeting of CaV1 and 2 channels is requisite for their physiological function. Association of a pore-forming α1 with a cytosolic β is necessary for trafficking CaV1 and 2 channels to the cell surface, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. One prevalent idea is that β binds to the intracellular I-II loop of α1 and masks an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal, while other work suggests a critical, but undefined role for the α1 C-terminus. We hypothesized that major determinants of CaV1.2 channel ER retention and β-dependent export reside within the five intracellular loops and termini of the pore-forming α1C subunit. We generated 31 chimeric channels featuring a systematic swap of all possible permutations of intracellular loops/termini of α1C into analogous positions in the β-independent, low-voltage-activated CaV3.1 channel α1G subunit, and studied functional reconstitution of β-dependence using electrophysiological recordings in HEK 293 cells. Surprisingly, functional analyses of chimeras yielded a pattern consistent with α1C I-II loop possessing a net ER export capability that was opposed by discrete ER retention signals in the other cytoplasmic domains. Alanine scanning mutagenesis identified a cluster of acidic residues responsible for the ER export function of the α1C I-II loop. Reconstitution of β-dependent increase in current required at least four α1C intracellular domains, with both the I-II loop and C-terminus being essential. The results support a new model of CaV1.2 trafficking where β binding to α1C I-II loop causes a C-terminus-dependent rearrangement of intracellular domains that shifts the balance of power between export signals on the I-II loop and retention signals elsewhere on the protein.
Case study: a distributed concurrent system with AspectJ

This paper presents a simple three-tier client/server application using two prototypes. The first prototype makes the use of a traditional OOP language, Java. The second prototype uses the Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) language AspectJ. The advantages and disadvantages of developing a concurrent system using the AOP paradigm are evaluated, as well as the potential of the AOP paradigm.
Kinetics and mechanism of free fatty acid formation on the surface of milled rice.

The presence of free fatty acid (FFA) is an important factor in determining rice quality for brewing. FFA formation in milled rice during storage was monitored, and a two-parameter semiempirical kinetic model giving product concentration as a function of time is proposed to describe FFA formation on milled rice during storage. The model was tested using sets of data obtained from partially milled rice samples stored at 24, 37, and 50 °C and fully milled rice stored at 37 °C and 70% relative humidity. The predicted values provide very good fits (R 2 ≥ 97%) of the experimental data at all storage temperatures. A two-substrate reaction mechanism representing a two-phase process is also presented. Milled rice FFA at a given storage time varied with storage temperatures. The kinetic model and mechanisms proposed could be useful in describing and predicting FFA contents of milled rice during storage and transportation. Keywords: Free fatty acid; milled rice; kinetics; mechanisms
Business Schools' Policies Regarding Publications in Electronic Journals

Perhaps the most obvious example of innovation in faculty performance is the adoption of new technologies for research. Both administrators and faculty have expressed concern about the role that electronic publications play in their research evaluation processes, particularly in business schools, where scholarly publication is often emphasized over other activities. Yet, there appears to be no empirical evidence for the way that electronic journals are evaluated compared to printed paper versions. Therefore, in this study, the authors sought to determine how business school deans regard the formats in which their faculty is publishing.
Seemings and the possibility of epistemic justification

I provide an account of the nature of seemings that explains why they are necessary for justification. The account grows out of a picture of cognition that explains what is required for epistemic agency. According to this account, epistemic agency requires (1) possessing the epistemic aims of forming true beliefs and avoiding errors, and (2) having some means of forming beliefs in order to satisfy those aims. I then argue that seeming are motives for belief characterized by their role of providing us with doxastic instructions guided by our epistemic aims. Understanding the nature of seemings allows us to underwrite recent epistemological work by Michael Huemer, and shows why he was right to claim that seemings are the source of all justification. I then look at some objections both to my arguments regarding the connection between seemings and justification, and to Huemer’s related “Principle of Phenomenal Conservatism”.
The Effect of Ethnicity on Juvenile Court Decision Making in Hawaii.

Delinquency referrals to family courts in the state of Hawaii were analyzed to examine whether ethnic disparity existed in juvenile court processing. Drawing on conflict theory, it was hypothesized that socially disadvantaged ethnic groups (Hawaiian, Filipino, and Samoan) would experience more severe outcomes than White and East Asian youth with similar backgrounds and legal histories. The findings show that Hawaiian and Samoan youth experienced different treatment compared to White youth. Although the ethnic effects diminished when additional extralegal and legal factors were included, it was found that Hawaiian and Samoan youth were significantly more likely than White youth to receive more severe court outcomes. The implications ofthis research for understanding the general issue of ethnic disparity in an increasingly diverse juvenile justice system are discussed.
Actor semantics of PLANNER-73

Work on PLANNER-73 and actors has led to the development of a basis for semantics of programming languages. Its value in describing programs with side-effects, parallelism, and synchronization is discussed. Formal definitions are written and explained for sequences, cells, and a simple synchronization primitive. In addition there is discussion of the implications of actor semantics for the controversy over elimination of side-effects.
Performance of Petroleum Reservoirs Containing Vertical Fractures in the Matrix

A study has been made to determine the effects of random vertical fractures existing in a reservoir matrix on the effective matrix properties and producing characteristics of a well. The study indicated that short vertical fractures may distort the isopotentials by 1% in the vicinity of the fracture. A correlation was developed which showed the effect of fracture density on the producing capacity of a well. The correlation indicated that fracture shape had little effect on producing capacity, but that total fracture length was closely correlated with the producing capacity. Effective values of reservoir permeability were found to correlate closely with fracture density when measured parallel to the direction of flow. (13 refs.)
Optimal Hedging Under Forward-Looking Behaviour

The study focuses on the production and hedging behaviour of forward-looking risk-averse competitive firms. It is shown that there is separation between production and hedging. Optimal productin for a forward-looking firm is identical to that of an otherwise equivalent myopic firm. However, the optimal forward-looking hedge differs from the optimal myopic hedge. If forward prices are unbiased, full hedging is suboptimal when the firm is forward looking and output and material input prices are contemporaneously related. Furthermore, under certain conditions, the optimal forward-looking hedge under unbiased forward prices is strictly smaller than the full hedge.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates and targets inducible cAMP early repressor to ubiquitin-mediated destruction.

Inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) is an important mediator of cAMP antiproliferative activity that acts as a putative tumor suppressor gene product. In this study, we examined the regulation of ICER protein by phosphorylation and ubiquitination in human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 and mouse pituitary AtT20 cells. We found that cAMP stabilized ICER protein by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Activation of the MAPK pathway increased ICER phosphorylation. ICER phosphorylation was abrogated by inhibition of the MAPK pathway either by cAMP or directly by the MAPK inhibitor PD098059. The MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 physically interact with ICER and mediated the phosphorylation of ICER on a critical serine residue (Ser-41). A mutant form of ICER in which Ser-41 was substituted by alanine had a half-life 4–5 h longer than its wild-type counterpart. This alteration in stability was due to the inability of the Ser-41-mutant ICER to be efficiently ubiquitinated and degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. These results present a novel cell signaling cross-talk mechanism at the cell nucleus between the MAPK and cAMP pathways, whereby MAPK targets a repressor of the cAMP-dependent gene expression for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.
Effects of multiple alcohol deprivations on operant ethanol self-administration by high-alcohol-drinking replicate rat lines.

Abstract Previously, we reported that the expression of an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) under 24-h free-choice alcohol-drinking access in high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) replicate lines of rats is dependent upon repeated cycles of alcohol access and forced abstinence. In the present study, operant techniques (including progressive ratio measures) were used to examine the effects of initial deprivation length and number of deprivation cycles on the magnitude and duration of the ADE in HAD rats to test the hypothesis that repeated deprivations increase the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Adult male HAD-1 and HAD-2 rats were trained in two-lever operant chambers to concurrently self-administer 15% ethanol (v/v) on a fixed-ratio (FR)-5 schedule and water on an FR-1 schedule of reinforcement in daily 1-h sessions. Following 10 weeks of daily 1-h sessions, the HAD-1 and HAD-2 rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups ( n =6–8/group/line): nondeprived, or deprived of alcohol for 2, 5, or 8 weeks. Following this initial period, the deprived groups were given 15% ethanol again in the operant chambers for a 2-week period, following which they were deprived again for 2 weeks (all three deprived groups). Following the fifth deprivation, the rats underwent a progressive ratio test to determine the breakpoints for the nondeprived and deprived groups. The expression of an ADE under operant conditions in HAD rats was dependent upon exposure to repeated cycles of ethanol access and abstinence. Additionally, repeated deprivations increased both the magnitude and the duration of the ADE as indicated by increased responding on the ethanol lever for more sessions. Breakpoint values for the deprived groups were 1.5-fold and twofold higher than the value for the nondeprived group for the HAD-1 and HAD-2 rats, respectively. The results suggest that repeated alcohol deprivations increased the expression of an ADE and the reinforcing effects of ethanol in both HAD replicate lines of rats, and these effects were more pronounced in the HAD-2 line than the HAD-1 line.
Quantitative morphometry of conjunctival microcirculation in diabetes mellitus

Abstract The minute vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva were examined by vital microscopy in diabetics and age-matched nondiabetics in order to establish a quantitative index of the vascular changes reported to accompany diabetes mellitus. Photographic enlargements were analyzed by the use of stereological techniques. Initially, microvascular density was approximated by using grid analysis to measure the total length of given-sized microvessels per unit area of conjunctival tissue ( L A ). The microscopic blood vessels ranged in diameter from 10 to about 100 μm and were separated into three general categories: total L A of all visible vessels; L A for vessels over 30 μm in diameter (primarily venules); and L A for vessels from 10 to 30 μm in diameter (primarily capillaries and postcapillaries). The patient pool was subdivided into four cohorts, each covering an age span of 15 years. In both diabetics and nondiabetics, the total L A or vascularity increased progressively with age, the primary factor being an increase in the number of venules. An important distinction, however, was that in each of the four age cohorts, diabetics had substantially fewer small vessels.
Topical 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of vaginal carcinoma-in-situ

Abstract Carcinoma-in-situ of the vagina is a relatively uncommon lesion, but recent reports indicate an increase in the incidence of this neoplasm. Currently the surgical and radiation techniques available for treating this lesion are characterized both by their failure to prevent recurrences and by their tendency to reduce vaginal function. If other less traumatic and less psychologically disturbing modes of therapy could be devised, they would be well accepted. This report records the results of the treatment of nine original cases of vaginal carcinoma-in-situ using topical 5-fluorouracil.
Endocrine Disorders During Pregnancy

In the present issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, Dr. Mandel has compiled articles by experts on a topic involving endocrine disorders during pregnancy. In the article on the gestational diabetes, Dr. Langer points out that diabetes is the commonest medical complication of pregnancy. On the important topic of therapy he further describes the issues of using insulin analogs and oral agents in pregnancy. The article by Jovanovic and Nakai cover similar aspects but focus more on the pregnant Type 1 diabetic patient. Dr. Nestler approaches the patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS); one of the commonest causes of infertility. As is now commonly appreciated, PCOS is associated with insulin resistance and often has features related to this metabolic disorder. Therapy with metformin (a biguanide) or thiazolidinediones reduces insulin resistance, restores menstruation, and often is associated with restoration of fertility. Hypertensive disorders and pregnancy ranging from essential hypertension to the more serious condition of preeclampsia and eclampsia are well-covered in practical terms in the article by Dr. Seely. Adult endocrinologic disorders during pregnancy are discussed in this issue and include pituitary, adrenal, thyroid and calcium disorders. Dr. Molitch discusses pituitary disorders and describes the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas, acromegaly, pituitary Cushing’s disease, hypopituitary and hypophysitis, reminding the reader of the pitfalls of hormonal measurements that are altered by the pregnant state. Derek LeRoith, MD, PhD
Attachment style and patient disclosure in psychotherapy

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment style and patient disclosure in psychotherapy. A significant positive relationship was found between the security of adult psychotherapy patients' (N=117) attachment to their therapist and (a) their overall level of self-disclosure and (b) their level of positive feelings following disclosure. A significant negative relationship was also found between security of attachment and unpleasant feelings following disclosure. In addition, significant associations were found between the extent of patients' fearful attachment to their therapist and unpleasant feelings experienced both before and after disclosure. Findings suggest that understanding attachment patterns may be helpful in formulating clinical interventions, including those that affect a patient's tendency to withhold important material.
Special two-energy-two-angle approximation for bremsstrahlung.

Two bremsstrahlung amplitudes in the special two-energy-two-angle approximation, which are relativistic, gauge invariant, and consistent with the soft-photon theorem, are derived for bremsstrahlung processes with or without scattering resonances. These two amplitudes include the first two terms in the series expansion of the bremsstrahlung amplitude in powers of the photon energy but they are independent of any derivative of the elastic {ital T} matrix with respect to the total energy squared {ital s} or the momentum transfer squared {ital t}. It is found that the special two-energy-two-angle approximation provides an excellent description of almost all the available {pi}{sup {plus minus}}p{gamma} and {ital p}{sup 12}C{gamma} data.
Perspective on Diagnostics for Global Health

Diagnostic applications for global health have exploded in the past ten years. Numerous articles have been generated on global health priorities, constraints of resource-limited settings, and technological innovations for diagnostics development, including several comprehensive reviews [1]-[3]. In this article, we aim to provide 1) a focused summary of the most highly needed diagnostics, 2) a discussion of noteworthy recent developments of technologies in the field, and 3) a perspective on the evolution, challenges, and future directions of diagnostics for global health applications.
Interstate pedestrian crossing: a form of self-destructive behavior?

Emotional conflicts, malassociation with peers, and inadequate family support are not the emergency physician's primary considerations when attending a severely traumatized child. This report makes an appeal for the clinician to determine the sequence of events that preceded the trauma. Attempts should be made to distinguish between intentional and accidental trauma by viewing the event, not in isolation, but rather in the context of potential environmental stress affecting the child and family. Among the multidisciplinary coalition we forge to provide ongoing care for the trauma patient, there should be a mental health specialist. Exploration for family discord, escalating stress, and suicidal ideation should become central themes for emergency physicians who treat traumatized children. Language: en
Performance of synchronized fins in biomimetic propulsion.

By using a two-dimensional model of ray fins, we numerically investigate the thrust generation by closely-coupled fins with an immersed boundary approach. The concentration is on the performance enhancement through fin–fin interactions and the underlying vortex control mechanisms in three representative systems, a two-fin tandem configuration, a two-fin parallel configuration, and a three-fin triangular configuration. In all these systems the thrust generation can be significantly increased in comparison with single fins. Unlike previous studies of tandem fins, in which the gap and phase lag between the two fins were considered separately, our study shows that the dynamics of the system is determined by a parameter that combines these two (the global phase difference). The optimal performance occurs as this parameter is around π (destructive mode), and the worst performance occurs when it is around 0 (constructive mode). Interestingly, contrary to the vorticity cancellation scenario implied by its name, our simulations show that in the destructive mode there is in fact a wake re-organization mechanism, during which vortices with the same rotational direction shed from the two fins are attracted towards each other and merge. Subsequently, the wake downstream becomes a strong and well-organized reverse Karman vortex street, which explains the increased thrust. In the parallel system, the best performance occurs in cases when the two fins are in opposites phases. Both the thrust and efficiency increase as the gap between the fins decreases, until a symmetry-breaking instability occurs in the wake and the efficiency starts plunging due to the increase in lateral force generation. In the triangular formation, the highest thrust generation also occurs in the destructive mode. However, no further increase in performance is observed compared with the tandem system.
Evaluating the Intersection Between WorldCat Local and Student Research

The College of St. Benedict and St. John's University Library have used WorldCat Local as a discovery tool since 2008. After four years of use and numerous anecdotes about the difficulties encountered with this product, a committee was formed to test the tool's usability and effectiveness. Seven female and six male students were asked to find appropriate materials within WorldCat Local for a mock research assignment. The students’ research and thought processes were recorded and studied. The recordings were analyzed by the committee, and the search strategies as well as the materials selected by the students were evaluated and scored. Although the sample size limits generalizability, the videos provided an in-depth look into the students’ research processes and their evaluation of what they found. Students generally fared well when asked to identify suitable books for their research topic, but they encountered many difficulties interpreting article records and identifying appropriate articles. Some WorldC...
Clean Indoor Air Laws and cigarette demand: Restrictions versus enforcement

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of Clean Indoor Air Laws on the demand for cigarettes. Utilizing recently published ratings of State Clean Indoor Air Laws, which account for restrictions on the locations of permissible smoking, as well as enforcement and penalties, the results show that demand falls as smoking restrictions are elevated. However, enforcement and penalties have little impact on cigarette demand. Given the social pressures attached to smoking, these results are consistent with Clean Indoor Air Laws being self-enforcing.
Variance Decomposition for Statistical Quantities of Interest

Modeling and simulation activities used in engineering analysis and design are subject to a variety of different uncertainties. These include inherent variations in model input variables (aleatory uncertainties) as well as imprecise or limited information about model parameters (epistemic uncertainties). The difference is that the epistemic uncertainties have the potential to be reduced over time through collection of new data or model refinement. This paper proposes a variance decomposition approach for sensitivity analysis of models with inputs that are subject to both types of uncertainty. The approach is based on analysis of the contributions of epistemic uncertainty in model input variables or probability distribution parameters to the uncertainty in a statistical quantify of interest, such as a failure probability. It is shown that alternative approaches, such as those that do not distinguish between the different uncertainty types, can fail to identify the most important sources of reducible uncert...
A rapid, high capacity assay for basic fibroblast growth factor binding

A rapid, high capacity assay for the binding of basic fibroblast growth factor has been developed. Rat lung tissue was selected as the optimum source of membranes and 2M sodium chloride used to remove endogenous growth factor. The assay has been adapted to the Millipore Multi-Screen system so that it can be run in 96-well format with a volume of 300 microliters. The assay has been validated through the demonstration of inhibition by standard inhibitors such as suramin and protamine sulfate. The assay has proven useful for the screening of random compounds as well as the more detailed examination of suspected inhibitors. By running compounds in the presence and absence of a mid-range concentration of unlabeled bFGF, an estimate of the proportion of the inhibition due to high affinity binding can be obtained. Suramin and protamine sulfate show no selectivity and inhibit high affinity binding and overall binding with similar potencies. Another inhibitor, dimercaptothiadiazole, is more potent against high affinity binding.
Load independence of radionuclide diastolic filling measurements in acute coronary occlusion

An accurate noninvasive method for measuring the effects of pharmacologic agents on active relaxation of the left ventricle would provide a valuable tool for monitoring the treatment of diastolic heart failure related to coronary artery disease. The time constant of isovolumic relaxation (T) and the left atrioventricular gradient were measured with micromanometer catheters and diastolic left ventricular filling variables were measured with radionuclide ventriculography in nine anesthetized, open-chest dogs with an acute coronary artery occlusion. Infusion of the positive inotropic drug dobutamine hydrochloride (5 to 10 μg/kg/min) resulted in a 35% shortening of T and a 37% increase in the radionuclide first-half filling fraction (both p<0.05), but no change in the left atrioventricular gradient. Conversely, infusion of the α-adrenergic vasoconstrictor phenylephrine hydrochloride (20 to 40 μg/min) augmented left ventricular load, increasing the atrioventricular gradient by 45%, but had no significant effect on T or the first-half filling fraction. Infusion of the direct-acting vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside (80 to 120 μg/min), was accompanied by a 14% lengthening of T with a corresponding 28% decrease in the first-half filling fraction (both p<0.05). In an anesthetized, open-chest canine model of acute myocardial ischemia, the radionuclide first-half filling fraction reflects pharmacologically induced changes in the lusitropic state of the left ventricle with relative independence of loading conditions.
Extracellular matrix gene alternative splicing by trabecular meshwork cells in response to mechanical stretching.

Purpose Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), sensed as mechanical stretching by trabecular meshwork (TM) cells, triggers extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In addition to changes in gene expression, alternative mRNA splicing may alter ECM protein isoforms. Changes in mRNA expression and alternative splicing of four ECM molecules in response to mechanical stretching of TM cells were investigated. Methods Porcine TM cells were mechanically stretched for 12, 24, or 48 hours. RNA was isolated, and RT-PCR was performed with primers that flanked alternatively spliced domains. PCR products were identified by DNA sequencing. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed with primers positioned within nonspliced and spliced regions of the genes. Results Total levels of tenascin C, collagen type XII, and CD44 mRNA were increased, whereas versican mRNA levels were decreased in response to the mechanical stretch. In addition, each of these genes expressed alternate mRNA isoforms. Transcripts containing the fibronectin type III domain D of tenascin C, the long NC3 isoform of collagen type XII, the V1 isoform of versican, and exons v7 and v8 of CD44 all increased in response to mechanical stretching. A novel isoform of collagen type XII was observed that resulted in deletion of two exons, a frameshift, and a premature stop codon. This isoform was expressed only by stretched TM cells. Conclusions These alternative splicing events led to the modulation of potential GAG attachment sites and other ECM-binding motifs. These changes should affect TM cell-ECM and/or protein-protein interactions during the ECM remodeling that occurs coincident with homeostatic restoration of IOP to normal.
The Eight-Color Asteroid Survey: Results for 589 Minor Planets

Results are presented from reflection spectrophotometry of 589 minor planets in a photometric system using eight filter passbands ranging from 0.34- to 1.04-micron wavelength. The sampling completeness approaches or exceeds 50 percent of the numbered asteroids for the near-earth objects, the Hungarias, the Nysa family, the Cybeles, the Hildas, and the Trojans. The general evolution of predominant compositional type from S to C to D with increasing heliocentric distance is evident, as is the spectral homogeneity of the Eos, Koronis, Nysa, and Themis families.
5-azacytidine permits gene activation in a previously noninducible cell type

We previously reported that silent muscle genes in fibroblasts could be activated following fusion with muscle cells to form heterokaryons. This activation did not require changes in chromatin structure involving significant DNA synthesis. We report here that muscle gene activation was never observed when HeLa cells were used as the nonmuscle fusion partner. However, if HeLa cells were treated with 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR) prior to fusion, muscle gene expression was induced in the heterokaryons. The genes for both an early (5.1H11 cell surface antigen) and a late (MM-creatine kinase) muscle function were activated, but were frequently not coordinately expressed. These results suggest that the expression of two muscle genes, which is usually sequential, is not interdependent. Furthermore, changes induced by 5-aza-CR, presumably in the level of DNA methylation, are required for muscle genes in HeLa cells to be expressed in response to putative trans-acting regulatory factor(s) present in muscle cells.
Circulation of Books in the Medieval Franciscan Order: Attitude, Methods, and Critics

One of the significant advantages that the Franciscan friars had over their secular colleagues in the medieval intellectual domain was easy access to books. Not only did the order establish well-endowed libraries, but also facilitated the circulation of books among the friars who were involved in preaching and studying. The notes on Franciscan manuscripts indicating a loan or a borrower, the library inventories, together with the constitutional evidence reveal some interesting practices in this respect. Although it was the nature of scholastic teaching that necessitated private use, and hence the assignment of books, the practice nevertheless remained unpopular with the faction in the order known as the Spirituals. They saw it as the cause of the multiplication of books, thereby a serious breach in the order's creed of evangelical poverty. The circulation of books nevertheless continued with increasing momentum and was one of the issues responsible for the schism in the order.
Hepatitis C virus core protein is necessary for the maintenance of immortalized human hepatocytes.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein has many intriguing properties and plays an important role in cell growth regulation. We have recently shown that the HCV core protein from genotype 1a promotes primary human hepatocytes to an immortalized phenotype. Here, we investigated whether the presence of core protein is necessary for maintenance of the immortalized hepatocytes and investigated its consequences on cellular gene expression. The introduction of an antisense orientation of the core gene into immortalized hepatocytes led to the onset of cell death. Further analysis suggested that cell death occurred through apoptosis associated with the activation of tumor suppressor pathways. Antisense core gene expression in immortalized hepatocytes increased p53 expression at both the mRNA and the protein levels. A decreased telomere length and reduced c-myc protein expression were also observed in hepatocytes when the antisense core gene was introduced. Results from these studies suggested that modulation of cell cycle regulatory genes by repression of core protein expression is responsible for reversion of the immortalized phenotype of the hepatocytes. Thus, targeted inhibition may contribute to the development of new therapeutic modalities for prevention of HCV core protein function.
Postnatal binge-like alcohol exposure decreases dendritic complexity while increasing the density of mature spines in mPFC layer II/III pyramidal neurons

Prenatal exposure to alcohol in humans can result in a wide range of deficits collectively referred to as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Of these deficits, cognitive impairments are among the most debilitating and long-lasting. Specifically, cognitive impairments in executive functioning suggest damage to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Several external stimuli, such as morphine, chronic stress and maternal stress have been found to alter the dendritic structure of cells within the PFC. In this study, three groups of rat pups were used: intubated with alcohol (5.25g/kg/day; AE), sham intubated (SI), or suckle controls (SC) on PD4-9. On PD26-30 rats were anesthetized, perfused with saline and brains were processed for Golgi-Cox staining. Basilar dendrite complexity, spine density and spine phenotypes were evaluated for Layer II/III neurons in the medial PFC. Results indicate that AE rats have an altered basilar dendritic tree complexity due to a significant decrease in both length and number of intersections in proximity to the neuronal soma. Furthermore, spine density patterns of basilar dendrites remain unchanged while the density of mature versus immature spines significantly changes. These effects were not seen in the apical dendrites, indicating alcohol’s influence on different neuronal parts in a single cell. In addition, these results suggest that the innervations of the soma and basilar dendrites by thalamic projections may play a role. Thus, our data demonstrates that postnatal exposure to alcohol produces changes in the neuronal organization of rat adolescent PFC that may affect the performance on prefrontal-dependant behavioral tasks.
Condensation of Nitrogen: Implications for Pluto and Triton

To correlate our laboratory results with the Voyager observations of Triton and ground-based observations of Pluto, we have calculated the nitrogen deposition rates on these bodies.
Abstract commutative ideal theory.

Several years ago, M. Ward and the author [4] began a study in abstract form of the ideal theory of commutative rings. Since it was intended that the treatment should be purely ideal-theoretic, the system which was chosen for the study was a lattice with a commutative multiplication. For such multiplicative lattices, analogues of the Noether decomposition theorems for commutative rings were formulated and proved. However the theorems corresponding to the deeper results on the ideal structure of commutative rings were not obtained; the essential difficulty being the problem of formulating abstractly the notion of a principal ideal. This difficulty occurred in a mild form in treating the Noether theorem on decompositions into primary ideals. In fact, in the above mentioned paper, a weak concept of “principal element” was introduced which sufficed for the proof of the decomposition theorem into primaries. Nevertheless, the definition had serious defects and it was immediately obvious that it was not adequate for the further development of the abstract theory.
Regulating Beauty: A Review of Recent Law Journal Literature

This bibliography examines periodical literature focusing on the role that aesthetics has played in land use planning and law during the last part of the twentieth century. The bibliography begins by reviewing literature that examines the transformation from regulating aesthetics for health, safety, and welfare purposes to the broadened notion of aesthetics being considered as a valid public purpose in and of itself; ultimately leading to a government’s ability to regulate solely for aesthetic reasons. It then examines literature discussing costs and benefits of enacting ordinances to control the aesthetic quality of an area and discusses literature that argues private efforts, such as conservation easements, will better control aesthetics. Another important topic includes powers granted to governments to regulate cellular towers for aesthetic purposes. The article concludes by reviewing literature discussing the limitations, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and property rights issues, plac...
Permeability of deuterium and helium in poly(vinyl alcohol)

The permeabilities of deuterium and helium-4 through poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) over the temperature range of 25-125) C are reported. For deuterium, permeabilities ranged from 0.5 X 10/sup -18/ mol-m/m/sup 2/-s-Pa at these two extreme temperatures. Helium permeabilities were roughly five times higher. The effects of different curing temperatures and time on the deuterium permeability were studied found that, to within experimental error, results were the same for samples heat treated at any temperature between 100/sup 0/ C and 140/sup 0/ C. Aluminizing the samples using a special process decreased the permeabilities by a factor of at least 5. A sensitive apparatus constructed around a quadrupole spectrometer was used to measure the very low permeabilities. The apparatus is described in detail. 2 figures, 1 table.
The significance of T-wave inversion in sinus beats following ventricular extrasystoles

Abstract Heart disease was present in 93 per cent of a series of forty-six patients encountered at the Mayo Clinic who had inversion of the T waves in the sinus beats following ventricular extrasystoles. In 63 per cent of these patients, the electrocardiograms were otherwise normal or showed only minor associated abnormalities. The incidence of heart disease in a control group of patients, matched in regard to age and sex with the above group, who had frequent ventricular extrasystoles without changes in the T waves, was 57 per cent. Four patients who had bundle branch block showed normal intraventricular conduction with inversion of the T waves in the sinus beats immediately following ventricular extrasystoles. One patient who had dystrophia myotonica showed electrocardiographic abnormalities as well as inversion of the T waves following ventricular extrasystoles.
Nanoscale separations combined with tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract High-efficiency separations of peptide mixtures, tryptic digests and other biological compounds have been achieved using nanoscale packed capillaries and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The coaxial continuous-flow fast atom bombardment design is an excellent interface for coupling these separation techniques with mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, this interface is very useful for the acquisition of MS-MS data from compounds separated by nanoscale packed capillary liquid chromatography and CZE. Structurally informative daughter-ion spectra can be obtained at the low picomole to femtomole level.
An interpretation of Martian thermospheric waves based on analysis of a general circulation model

Planetary-scale longitudinal variations in density observed by the Mars Global Surveyor accelerometer in the 125 km region can be qualitatively reproduced by the NASA Ames Mars general circulation model in the 80 km altitude region, but only when locations having specific local times are used in the analysis. If the model results are averaged over all local times, the high-altitude longitudinal variations nearly disappear, leaving only a small stationary wave 1 pattern, consistent with theory and previous modeling studies. This analysis suggests that the observed wavelike structures are a result of sampling tidal modes at a limited range of local times, rather than by topographically forced Rossby waves as previously suggested.
Identifying metameric variation in extant hominoid and fossil hominid mandibular molars

Landmark data were collected from cross sections and occlusal images of mandibular molar crowns, and Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) was used to identify metameric morphological variation between the first and second mandibular molars of living taxa: Gorilla gorilla (n = 30), Pan troglodytes (n = 34), and Homo sapiens (n = 26). Two patterns of metameric variation were identified, one unique to humans and the other shared by chimpanzees and gorillas. In order to assess the utility of this type of analysis for the interpretation of the hominid fossil record, 19 mandibular molars from Sterkfontein Member 4, South Africa, were examined. The pattern of metameric variation of the Sterkfontein molars resembled that of the African great apes, and differed from the modern human pattern. These results demonstrate that data on metameric variation may provide information regarding function or developmental processes previously indiscernible from fossil material.
A model health and safety intervention for Hispanic immigrants working in the dairy industry.

A Model Health and Safety Intervention for Hispanic Immigrants Working in the Dairy Industry Amy K. Liebman MPA, MA, Patricia Juarez-Carrillo MPH, PhD, Iris Anne C. Reyes MPH & Matthew C. Keifer MD, MPH a Amy K. Liebman and Patricia Juarez-Carrillo are affiliated with the Migrant Clinicians Network, Salisbury, Maryland, USA. b Iris Anne C. Reyes and Matthew C. Keifer are affiliated with the National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA. Published online: 09 Jun 2014.
Combining the Born approximation with the eikonal method

A new approximation method is proposed which incorporates the eikonal method with the second Born approximation. The new method is shown to work excellently for elastic potential scattering at high and medium energy.
On design principles for a molecular computer

If the unique information-processing capabilities of protein enzymes could be adapted for computers, then evolvable, more efficient systems for such applications as pattern recognition and process control are in principle possible.
Design architecture for multi-zone HVAC control systems from existing single-zone systems using wireless sensor networks

Most residential heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems utilize a single zone for conditioning air throughout the entire house. While inexpensive, these systems lead to wide temperature distributions and inefficient cooling due to the difference in thermal loads in different rooms. The end result is additional cost to the end user because the house is over conditioned. To reduce the total amount of energy used in a home and to increase occupant comfort there is a need for a better control system using multiple temperature zones. Typical multi-zone systems are costly and require extensive infrastructure to function. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have enabled a low cost drop-in wireless vent register control system. The register control system is controlled by a master controller unit, which collects sensor data from a distributed wireless sensor network. Each sensor node samples local settings (occupancy, light, humidity and temperature) and reports the data back to the master control unit. The master control unit compiles the incoming data and then actuates the vent resisters to control the airflow throughout the house. The control system also utilizes a smart thermostat with a movable set point to enable the user to define their given comfort levels. The new system can reduce the run time of the HVAC system and thus decreasing the amount of energy used and increasing the comfort of the home occupations.
Spontaneous air in the retropharyngeal space presenting with hypoxemia and neck pain in a child with neuroblastoma: A case report

Summary A 9-year-old white male with a stage IV neuroblastoma of thorax since 4 years of age presented to the routine clinic visit with several days history of nonproductive cough, neck pain and progressive dyspnea. The oxygen saturation was 87%. His head and neck exam was insignificant and there was no crepitus or tenderness to neck palpation. Chest X-ray was normal but neck X-ray showed a strip of air in the retropharyngeal space. Last transplant was allogeneic BMT 9 months back followed by grade-III chronic graft versus host disease of skin and gut. The CT scan of neck and chest confirmed pneumomediastinum with retropharyngeal air and bilateral faint pulmonary infiltrates. Systemic steroids were added to the treatment to stabilize his respiratory condition. After 10 days of ICU stay his condition improved and he was discharged home. Repeat neck X-ray after 14 days showed near complete resolution of retropharyngeal air. From the clinical, radiological picture as well as therapeutic response to steroids the most likely diagnosis was cryptogenic organizing pneumonia formerly known as “bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonitis” (BOOP). Pneumomediastinum is reported in the literature as a rare cause of spontaneous air in the retropharyngeal space. Usually pneumomediastinum is a terminal event but in our patient it was a presenting symptom of BOOP. We also report a subtle presentation of BOOP and complete resolution with steroids.
Foraging Characteristics of Larval Bluegill Sunfish and Larval Longear Sunfish in the Kanawha River, West Virginia

ABSTRACT We determined spatial and temporal foraging characteristics of larval bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis)in the upper Kanawha River, West Virginia during the summer of 1989. Stomach contents were examined among habitat types (i.e., main channel, main-channel border, and shoreline habitats) and depth (surface, middle, and bottom). Diet of larval bluegill sunfish was dominated by Chironomidae, temporally and spatially. Chironomidae dominated larval longear sunfish diet in main channel and main-channel border collections from all three depths. However, along the shoreline, larval longear sunfish diet was dominated by Cladocera.