cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An overview of available drugs for management of opioid abuse during pregnancy

The prevalence of opioid abuse in the United States has been steadily increasing over the last several years among many major demographics, including pregnant women. Rise in prenatal opioid abuse has resulted in subsequent escalation of neonatal abstinence syndrome incidence, prompting the US Congress to pass the Protecting Our Infants Act of 2015. This act specifically calls for a critical review of current treatment options for prenatal opioid abuse which may ultimately lead to the development of better therapies and a decreased incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Currently, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends methadone, buprenorphine, or buprenorphine/naloxone in the treatment of prenatal opioid abuse. In this review, each maintenance therapy treatment option is discussed and compared revealing inconsistencies in postpartum retention rates, effects on fetal development, and availability to patients due to restrictions in health care coverage. Although each of these treatment options reduces opioid abuse and potential negative outcomes for the fetus, the shortcomings of these drugs highlight the overarching need for an improved standard of care. Drug developers and lawmakers should consider that affordability, coverage by health insurance, and success in retention rates substantially impacts the decision of the patient and healthcare provider regarding utilization of a particular opioid maintenance therapy.
The role played by oxidative stress in evoking the exercise pressor reflex in health and simulated peripheral artery disease.

Key points Ligating the femoral artery of a rat for 72 h, a model for peripheral artery disease, causes an exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in response to muscle contraction. Likewise, the hindlimb muscles of rats with ligated femoral arteries show increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Infusion of tiron, a superoxide scavenger, attenuated the exaggerated pressor reflex and reduced reactive oxygen species production in rats with ligated femoral arteries. Conversely, we found no effect of tiron infusion on the pressor reflex in rats with patent femoral arteries. These results suggest a role of reactive oxygen species with respect to causing the exaggerated pressor response to contraction seen in rats with ligated arteries and peripheral artery disease. Abstract Contraction of muscle evokes the exercise pressor reflex (EPR), which is expressed partly by increases in heart rate and arterial pressure. Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) show an exaggerated EPR, sometimes report pain when walking and are at risk for cardiac arrthymias. Previous research suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate the exaggerated EPR associated with PAD. To examine the effects of ROS on the EPR, we infused a superoxide scavenger, tiron, into the superficial epigastric artery of decerebrated rats. In some, we simulated PAD by ligating a femoral artery for 72 h before the experiment. The peak EPR in ‘ligated’ rats during saline infusion averaged 31 ± 4 mmHg, whereas the peak EPR in these rats during tiron infusion averaged 13 ± 2 mmHg (n = 12; P < 0.001); the attenuating effect of tiron on the EPR was partly reversed when saline was reinfused into the superficial epigastric artery (21 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.01 vs. tiron). The peak EPR in ‘ligated’ rats was also attenuated (n = 7; P < 0.01) by infusion of gp91ds-tat, a peptide that blocks the activity of NAD(P)H oxidase. Tiron infusion had no effect on the EPR in rats with patent femoral arteries (n = 9). Western blots showed that the triceps surae muscles of ‘ligated’ rats expressed more Nox2 and p67phox, which are components of NADPH oxidase, compared to triceps surae muscles of ‘freely perfused’ rats. Tiron added to muscle homogenates reduced ROS production in vitro. The results of the present study provide further evidence indicating that ROS mediates the exaggeration of EPR in rats with simulated PAD.
Confiding in the GLBT Community About Problems in Marriage and Long-Term Committed Relationships: A Comparative Analysis

This study is the first to examine confiding about problems in marital and long-term committed relationships among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) individuals. Areas explored include...
Intersectional feminism beyond U.S. flag hijab and pussy hats in Trump’s America

Since Trump came to power, he has undertaken a series of executive actions meant to threaten and terrorize a multitude of ‘others’: immigrants, Muslims, women, African Americans, Native Americans, ...
A Review of the Health Benefits of Cherries

Increased oxidative stress contributes to development and progression of several human chronic inflammatory diseases. Cherries are a rich source of polyphenols and vitamin C which have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Our aim is to summarize results from human studies regarding health benefits of both sweet and tart cherries, including products made from them (juice, powder, concentrate, capsules); all referred to as cherries here. We found 29 (tart 20, sweet 7, unspecified 2) published human studies which examined health benefits of consuming cherries. Most of these studies were less than 2 weeks of duration (range 5 h to 3 months) and served the equivalent of 45 to 270 cherries/day (anthocyanins 55–720 mg/day) in single or split doses. Two-thirds of these studies were randomized and placebo controlled. Consumption of cherries decreased markers for oxidative stress in 8/10 studies; inflammation in 11/16; exercise-induced muscle soreness and loss of strength in 8/9; blood pressure in 5/7; arthritis in 5/5, and improved sleep in 4/4. Cherries also decreased hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein (TG/HDL) in diabetic women, and VLDL and TG/HDL in obese participants. These results suggest that consumption of sweet or tart cherries can promote health by preventing or decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Plate Tectonics and Ophiolites

The development of the plate tectonic hypothesis over the last decade has led to some astounding changes in geologic dogma. The longstanding ophiolite controversy with its multiple theories was one of the first petrotectonic problems to yield new solutions within the framework of the plate tectonic theory (Gass, 1963; Dietz, 1963; Hess, 1965; Thayer, 1969b; Coleman, 1971a; Dewey and Bird, 1971; Moores and Vine, 1971). The present-day paradigm considers that ophiolite forms as oceanic crust generated at midocean ridges, from whence it slowly migrates by ocean floor spreading toward continental margins—there to be subducted into the mantle Under some circumstances at plate boundaries, slabs of oceanic lithosphere have become detached and overide (obduction) continental margins (Coleman, 1971 a). The actual mechanism of ophiolite emplacement along continental margins is strongly debated, but most geologists agree that the slabs of ophiolite are allochthonous and that they originate in an environment distinctly different from where they occur today (Davies, 1971; Zimmerman, 1972; Gass and Smewing, 1973; Mesorian et al., 1973; Dewey, 1974; Coleman and Irwin, 1974). This modern view contrasts with the older debates regarding the ultramafic parts of ophiolites, which centered on the concept of their intrusion as magmas (Hess, 1938). These past concepts considered the ophiolites to represent the earliest magmatic phase of an ensialic geosyncline, which required that the ophiolites be autochthonous and interlayered with the geosynclinal sediments (Kay, 1951; Brunn, 1961; Aubouin, 1965).
Gliederung, Systeme und Abrechnung der Kosten

Die Kosten werden als direkt oder indirekt den Erzeugnissen zurechenbar, als fix oder proportional (in Abhangigkeit von der Beschaftigung), als primar oder sekundar (ohne oder mit Umweg uber eine Hilfskostenstelle) bezeichnet. Es kann sich um nachkalkulatorische oder geschatzte, um Standard-, Vorschau- oder Wiederbeschaffungskosten handeln. Die Kosten konnen als Barkosten, Grenzkosten oder als Kosten ermittelt werden, die dem entgangenen Ertrag der Produktionsfaktoren in einer anderen Verwendung entsprechen. Jede Modifikation fuhrt zu einer bestimmten Kennzeichnung, die nicht nur fur den Betriebswirt, der diesen Begriff anwendet, sondern auch fur die Betriebsfuhrung und ihr Informationsbedurfnis wichtig ist.
Induction and the Origins of Developmental Genetics

At the turn of the past century, the field of heredity included embryology, regeneration, and genetics. Discussions of genetics necessarily entailed a theory of development, and any theory of development had to show why eggs of different species developed in different ways. Thus, the theories of William Keith Brooks (1) or August Weismann (2) did not distinguish between genetics and embryology. The developmental mechanics of His, Roux, and Driesch likewise contained explicit genetic components whereby the hereditary determinants (thought to reside within either the cytoplasm or the nucleus) were seen to direct the processes of organ formation and cell differentiation.
P02 : External sphincter thermocouple monitoring dramatically reduces urinary incontinence in men undergoing primary and salvage prostate cryotherapy

Introduction and objective Prostate cryotherapy (PC) has been studied in both the primary and salvage settings. Recent technical modifications including the use of thermocouple (TC) devices have led to an improvement in quality of life as well as prostate cancer (CaP) control. The temperature monitor in the external sphincter (ES) has been proposed to reduce urinary incontinence (UI). We were interested in determining the UI rates after PC compared with the lowest temperature achieved in the ES. Methods Ninety-one consecutive patients undergoing PC for clinically localized CaP by a single surgeon at an urban tertiary care center signed consent to be followed in this IRB-approved study. All patients had biopsy-proven CaP and underwent primary or salvage PC. 17G Single-Point Thermal Sensors and Multi-Point Thermal Sensors were used to monitor attainment of the freeze and thaw temperatures for the intended treatment protocol. Transperineal TC positioning was documented by transrectal ultrasound and cystoscopic guidance. At follow up, the number of used pads/day was ascertained through distributed Expanded Prostate cancer Index Composite surveys – a validated instrument to assess health-related quality of life in men with CaP. Results Ninety-four men underwent PC from February 2012 to September 2013; 49.5% primary focal ( n = 47), 16.8% focal salvage ( n = 16), 24.2% primary total ( n = 23), 8.4% total salvage ( n = 8). The average temperature at end of the first and second freeze cycles in the ES was 25.2 °C (with a range of 5–37 °C) and 24.4 °C (range 4–37 °C) respectively. The average patient age at time of procedure was 68 years (range 49–83 years) and average prostate volume was 34.9 cm 3 (range 12–100 cm 3 ). The leakage rate for the overall cohort, defined as >1 pad/day, at 4 months post-procedure was 5.1% ( n = 4). Of these incontinent patients, 1 underwent primary focal cryotherapy and 3 underwent focal salvage cryotherapy. Average age and ES temperatures for the first and second freeze cycles were comparable in this incontinent cohort. However, the average prostate volume (22.3 cm 3 ) for these incontinent men on a univariate analysis was significantly different from the entire cohort. Conclusions The use of multi-sensor TC devices in the ES has led to a dramatic reduction on UI post-treatment. A smaller prostate volume at the time of the procedure may be associated with an increased risk of UI. These outcomes are for an experienced surgeon; caution should be exercised in generalizing these results.
A Review of the Role of Negative Cognitions About Oneself, Others, and the World in the Treatment of PTSD

Negative cognitions about oneself, others, and the world are central to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We provide a comprehensive review of the literature examining the change in post-trauma negative cognitions in PTSD treatments. We explore the association between change in cognitions and change in PTSD symptoms and the mediational effect of negative cognitions on PTSD symptoms. A review of over 2000 manuscripts resulted in 65 PTSD treatment articles for review that included a measure of negative post-trauma cognitions and PTSD severity. Several studies found that PTSD treatments are associated with concurrent reductions in PTSD symptoms and negative post-trauma cognitions. Many studies suggest that the degree of reduction in negative post-trauma cognitions is both associated with the degree of reduction in PTSD symptoms and may mediate the change in PTSD symptoms in treatment. PTSD treatments are associated with significant improvements in negative post-trauma cognitions that often precede and predict reductions in PTSD symptoms.
Introductory programming concepts with Processing.js

Khan Academy recently started teaching introductory Computer Science topics with the Processing.js language and an interactive, web-based code editor. At UNC Asheville, we have been using a similar pedagogical approach for over a year. Specifically, we have integrated Processing.js into our introductory course for non-majors by building a web-based editor that makes it easy for students to edit, save and share their Processing.js sketches. This workshop offers a hands-on introduction to Processing.js and our editor. Participants will also be given an overview of the programming module in Creative Computing, our recently re-imagined CS0 course. Curious individuals with a laptop, a modern web-browser and some basic programming experience are welcome.
Searches for Physics Beyond the Standard Model with the ATLAS Вetector at LHC

This contribution discusses in brief recent results from the search for new physics beyond the Standard Model obtained by the ATLAS experiment with the analysis of up to 80 fb–1 of 13 TeV LHC data. It is organised over three main themes: the Higgs sector and new physics, searches for dark matter motivated new physics scenarios and relations between QCD and searches for new physics.
Hose Reinforcement Analysis

Hose design has been neglected as an engineering topic. Hose Technology, 2nd ed., Colin W. Evans, applied science publishers, Essex, England, 1979; has been cited as a design resource. This paper recommends a correction to the Evan’s design equation. The hose nipple and hose tube inside diameter determine the forces the reinforcement has to support. Introduction: This paper documents how to determine the hydrostatic forces developed within the hose construction. Method/Approach: The articles use a conventional force balance approach. This paper uses force balances to show how the forces and the reinforcement geometry align to establish equilibrium. The assumption of the hose design equation requires the forces, R, to be equally distributed among the reinforcement strands. The number of strands, N, is empirically determined. Conclusion: The forces are developed at the wetted surfaces and those forces must be supported by the reinforcement.
New York State’s Environmental Costing Research Program in Context

In this paper we present the research program in environmental externality costing of the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (Energy Authority). Details about the projects that the Energy Authority has sponsored over the last two years are discussed along with details about a major new project just getting under way. We then present some of our thoughts and preliminary conclusions on this topic drawn from the results of the research program to date. The opinions expressed herein are our own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Energy Authority.
An International System Under Stress? A Complexity Theory-Based View

This paper extends the author's prior use of Joseph Tainter's theorizing on complexity and diminishing returns to the upsurge in political and economic nationalism and international conflict seen since 2008.
Ten-year survival and recurrence of hepatocellular cancer.

Aim Long-term survival after hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is difficult to achieve likely related to recurrence. This study aimed to identify factors that were predictive of 10-year survival after the diagnosis of HCC. Methods In a prospectively collected database of 1374 HCC cases (1993-2019), we identified 70 patients who survived over 10 years regardless of treatment. We then identified 164 patients in the entire cohort who either had liver resection or transplant, and died before 10 years. Demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, recurrence and treatment of recurrence were compared. Results Of the 10-year survivors, 36 underwent transplant, 27 had liver resection and 7 patients had only locoregional therapy. Compared to the non-survivors, the 10-year survivors were younger and had fewer comorbidities or recurrence, smaller tumor size, lower AST, ALT, AFP, platelets, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Multivariate analysis showed only age and diabetes to be negative predictors. Recurrence occurred in 24 survivors (34.3%) with mean time to recurrence with standard deviation 57.1 ± 42.6 months compared to 80 non-survivors (48.7%) with mean time to recurrence of 15.3 ± 14.8 months. For hepatic resection, 10-year survivors had longer time to recurrence compared to non-survivors (median: 31.3 months). Conclusion Long-term survivors mostly occur after resection or transplant, but 10% of our cohort survived 10 years with only locoregional therapy. Underlying health status maybe an important predictor of 10-year survival for patients receiving liver resections. Recurrence of HCC occurs in both 10-year survivors and non-survivors, but later recurrence with aggressive treatment of the recurrence may allow for 10-year survival.
Access to polycyclic carbazoles from ring-fused 2-(9H-carbazol-1-yl)anilines

Nine 2-(9H-carbazol-1-yl)anilines with rings fused at the 3,4-position were acylated at the amino group with chloroacetyl, 3-chloropropanoyl, or 4-chlorobutyryl chloride, at yields of 85–99%. The r...
Humans dominated biomass burning variations in Equatorial Asia over the past 200 years: Evidence from a lake sediment charcoal record

Abstract Wildfire impacts ecosystems, climate, carbon cycling, societies, and human health. Quantification of these impacts relies upon climate and fire models, which are constrained by historical observations that are limited to the past 30 years. But in regions where records are sparse, like Equatorial Asia (EQAS), fire activities are assumed to be insignificant before the 1960s. We present a 200-year charcoal record from Lake Lading, Indonesia, which shows substantial fire variability since the 19th century. We identify a significant role of humans in controlling fire activity in Java, which could potentially extend to other parts of EQAS. These results contradict assumptions made in current fire emissions estimates and suggest an oversimplification of the spatiotemporal complexity of fire in EQAS before the 1960s. Our study highlights the need for more high-resolution charcoal records in the tropics to improve fire models and emissions estimates.
Enabling Finger-touch-based Mobile User Authentication via Physical Vibrations on IoT Devices

This work enables mobile user authentication via finger inputs on ubiquitous surfaces leveraging low-cost physical vibration. The system we proposed extends finger-input authentication beyond touch screens to any solid surface for IoT devices (e.g., smart access systems and IoT appliances). Unlike passcode or biometrics-based solutions, it integrates passcode, behavioral and physiological characteristics, and surface dependency together to provide a low-cost, tangible and enhanced security solution. The proposed system builds upon a touch sensing technique with vibration signals that can operate on surfaces constructed from a broad range of materials. New algorithms are developed to discriminate fine-grained finger inputs and supports three independent passcode secrets including PIN number, lock pattern, and simple gestures by extracting unique features in the frequency domain to capture both behavioral and physiological characteristics including contacting area, touching force, and etc. The system is implemented using a single pair of low-cost portable vibration motor and receiver that can be easily attached to any surface (e.g., a door panel, a stovetop or an appliance). Extensive experiments demonstrate that our system can authenticate users with high accuracy (e.g., over 97% within two trials), low false positive rate (e.g., less 2%) and is robust to various types of attacks.
How Will Limiting Cost of Living Adjustments Affect the Value of State Pensions

During the Illinois General Assembly’s January 2013 special session a proposal to limit the so-called Cost of Living Adjustments (COLAs), a component of public employee pensions, was much discussed and debated. Under current pension rules many state workers and retirees have been promised that the pension benefits they receive will rise by 3 percent per year.
Transition and Turbulence in Fluid Flows and Low-Dimensional Chaos

Recent studies of the dynamics of low-dimensional nonlinear systems with chaotic solutions have produced very interesting and profound results with several implications in many disciplines dealing with nonlinear equations. However, the interest of fluid dynamicists in these studies stems primarily from the expectation that they will help us understand better the onset as well as dynamics of turbulence in fluid flows. At this time, much of this expectation remains untested, especially in ‘open’ or unconfined fluid flows. This work is aimed at filling some of this gap.
Neighborhoods and Cognitive Development

Research on neighborhoods and individual well-being has produced a substantive body of knowledge over the past quarter century. Neighborhood conditions—especially socioeconomic status (SES), which is based on income and education and to a lesser extent on residential stability—are predictive of cognitive development. The strongest evidence controls for individual and family-level characteristics or examines individuals clustered within neighborhoods in order to obtain estimates of within- and between-neighborhood variance. Another line of research has focused on housing mobility projects, which allow for the experimental assignment of residents to more advantaged neighborhoods. Future research on neighborhoods will continue to blend methods and data from an increasing number of disciplines to better understand human development in context. Keywords: neighborhood effects; cognitive development; socioeconomic status (SES); educational attainment; multilevel models
Control of jump linear systems having semi-Markov sojourn times

A jump linear system (JLS) is a linear differential equation with N possible sets of randomly jumping (switching) coefficients. The JLS model has many real-world physical and conceptual (e.g. economic) systems. The bulk of the JLS-research effort concerns pure-Markov JLS (MJLS). In this paper we consider the more general semi-Markov JLS (SMJLS). This paper also shows a new sub-optimal but tractable and parsimonious control design method for SMJLS, and a closed-loop stability test.
Regulation of α Genes of Herpes Simplex Virus: The α 27 Gene Promoter-Thymidine Kinase Chimera Is Positively Regulated in Converted L Cells

In cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1, the expression of viral genes is coordinately regulated and sequentially ordered; the alpha genes are expressed first and are followed by beta and gamma genes in a cascade fashion. Earlier, this laboratory reported (Post et al., Cell 24:555-565, 1981) that a chimeric gene, constructed by the replacement of 50 base pairs of DNA coding for 5' nontranslated leader and sequences upstream of the site of transcription initiation of thymidine kinase (a beta gene) by corresponding sequences of alpha gene no. 4, was regulated as an alpha gene. Of particular interest was the observation that in cells converted to TK(+) phenotype, the chimeric gene was positively regulated by superinfecting virus. In this paper, we report two series of experiments. First, we determined that transcription of alpha gene no. 27 is initiated at or near a five-nucleotide sequence flanked by an eight-nucleotide perfect inverted repeat situated from 256 to 277 bases to the right of the left terminus of the BamHI B fragment. In the second series of experiments, we constructed a chimeric gene which consisted of the thymidine kinase sequences described above but was fused to a DNA fragment expected to contain the promoter-regulatory region of alpha gene 27 and stretching from approximately -270 to the +55 nucleotide. The chimeric gene in converted cells was amplified upon superinfection with TK(-) virus only when the promoter-regulatory region was in the correct transcriptional orientation relative to the leader and structural sequences of the thymidine kinase gene. The requirements for amplification of the expression of this chimeric thymidine kinase gene were exactly the same as those previously reported for the alpha gene no. 4-thymidine kinase chimera and different from those of the standard (beta) thymidine kinase. We conclude that the positive regulation of expression of alpha gene no. 4 deduced in previous studies may be a general property of alpha genes and that the promoter-regulatory region of alpha gene no. 27 is within a sequence contained between -270 and +55 nucleotides relative to the transcription initiation site.
Relative Expression Levels of the HLA Class-I Proteins in Normal and HIV-Infected Cells

The expression level of HLA class-I proteins is known to influence pathological outcomes: pathogens downregulate HLA to evade host immune responses, host inflammatory reactions upregulate HLA, and differences among people with regard to the steady-state expression levels of HLA associate with disease susceptibility. Yet precise quantification of relative expression levels of the various HLA loci is difficult because of the tremendous polymorphism of HLA. We report relative expression levels of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-E proteins for the specific haplotype A*02:01, B*44:02, C*05:01, which were characterized using two independent methods based on flow cytometry and mass spectrometry. PBLs from normal donors showed that HLA-A and HLA-B proteins are expressed at similar levels, which are 13-18 times higher than HLA-C by flow cytometry and 4-5 times higher than HLA-C by mass spectrometry; these differences may reflect variation in the conformation or location of proteins detected. HLA-E was detected at a level 25 times lower than that of HLA-C by mass spectrometry. Primary CD4(+) T cells infected with HIV in vitro were also studied because HIV downregulates selective HLA types. HLA-A and HLA-B were reduced on HIV-infected cells by a magnitude that varied between cells in an infected culture. Averaging all infected cells from an individual showed HLA-A to be 1-3 times higher and HLA-B to be 2-5 times higher than HLA-C by flow cytometry. These results quantify substantial differences in expression levels of the proteins from different HLA loci, which are very likely physiologically significant on both uninfected and HIV-infected cells.
Divergence between LDL Oxidative Susceptibility and Urinary F2-Isoprostanes as Measures of Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Oxidative stress is pivotal in atherogenesis. Although the most widely used indirect assay to quantify oxidative stress is LDL oxidative susceptibility, direct assays such as urinary F2-isoprostanes have shown great promise. Methods: We evaluated the utility of both a direct measure of oxidative stress (urinary F2-isoprostanes) and an indirect measure of copper-catalyzed, LDL oxidation in a model of increased oxidative stress (diabetes). We also evaluated an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for urinary F2-isoprostanes with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. Results: Excellent intraassay and interassay CVs of <4% were obtained with our EIA method. A good correlation was obtained between the two methods ( r = 0.80; n = 68) of F2-isoprostane measurement. An excellent correlation for F2-isoprostane concentrations was obtained between a timed collection vs 24-h urine ( r = 0.96; n = 46). Baseline F2-isoprostane concentrations by EIA were significantly higher in both type 2 diabetics with and without macrovascular complications compared with controls ( P <0.001). Supplementation with α-tocopherol led to a significant reduction in F2-isoprostane concentrations in all diabetic patients compared with baseline values (2.51 ± 1.76 compared with 1.69 ± 1.32 ng/mg creatinine; P <0.001). There were no significant differences in LDL oxidation in both diabetic groups compared with controls. α-Tocopherol supplementation led to significant increases in the lag phase of oxidation as measured by 3 indices in all groups. Conclusions: The measurement of urinary F2-isoprostanes provides a direct measure of in vivo lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress and appears to be superior to an indirect measure, e.g., LDL oxidative susceptibility, in type 2 diabetes.
Alternative transcription initiation leads to expression of a novel ALK isoform in cancer

Activation of oncogenes by mechanisms other than genetic aberrations such as mutations, translocations, or amplifications is largely undefined. Here we report a novel isoform of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) that is expressed in ∼11% of melanomas and sporadically in other human cancer types, but not in normal tissues. The novel ALK transcript initiates from a de novo alternative transcription initiation (ATI) site in ALK intron 19, and was termed ALK(ATI). In ALK(ATI)-expressing tumours, the ATI site is enriched for H3K4me3 and RNA polymerase II, chromatin marks characteristic of active transcription initiation sites. ALK(ATI) is expressed from both ALK alleles, and no recurrent genetic aberrations are found at the ALK locus, indicating that the transcriptional activation is independent of genetic aberrations at the ALK locus. The ALK(ATI) transcript encodes three proteins with molecular weights of 61.1, 60.8 and 58.7 kilodaltons, consisting primarily of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. ALK(ATI) stimulates multiple oncogenic signalling pathways, drives growth-factor-independent cell proliferation in vitro, and promotes tumorigenesis in vivo in mouse models. ALK inhibitors can suppress the kinase activity of ALK(ATI), suggesting that patients with ALK(ATI)-expressing tumours may benefit from ALK inhibitors. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism of oncogene activation in cancer through de novo alternative transcription initiation.
Monoarticular Pseudogout of the Hip: A Case Report

Monoarticular pseudogout is a rare cause of acute hip pain, and may mimic hip joint infection. We present a case of monoarticular pseudogout in an 85-year-old woman. Diagnosis was confirmed with hip joint aspiration and crystal analysis. The patient was treated with intra-articular corticosteroids, and her symptoms resolved.
The Developmental Life Course Perspective: A Conceptual and Organizing Framework for Human Behavior and the Social Environment

The developmental life course perspective (DLC) focuses attention on the socio-historical context in which we live our lives as it influences opportunities and life events that produce cumulative advantage or disadvantage. These large contextual forces shape preference and behavior, and it is within this context that the individual exerts personal agency. This perspective has particular utility as a conceptual framework for human behavior and the social environment courses as it integrates individual-level behavior within a social forces context. This article describes the DLC and its application as both a conceptual and an organizing framework for human behavior and the social environment courses at the masters level. It is illustrated with a case example.
Computational analysis of HIV-1 evolution and epidemiology

I survey several illuminating applications of diverse next generation sequencing, phylogenetic, machine learning, and network analysis approaches to the study of HIV-1 at the level of a single individual, populations of infected individuals, and the a geographic epidemic.
Observation of optical nonlinearites in strongly quantum confined PbSe nanocrystals for all-optical tunable nanophotonics

The nonlinear refractive index (n 2 ) and two-photon absorption coefficient (β 2 ), was determined for PbSe nanocrystals (NCs) suspended in trichloroethylene (TCE) using a standard Z-scan technique with femtosecond pulses over a range of wavelengths in the near-IR. For comparison, the n 2 of PbS NCs in chloroform was also measured. The exciton peaks of the NCs were tuned to telecommunications wavelengths. The concentration of the solutions ranged from 4.5 mg/mL to 18.8 mg/mL.
Immune interferon: a pleiotropic lymphokine with multiple effects.

Immune (gamma) interferon (IFN-γ) is produced during an immune response by antigen-specific T cells and probably also by natural killer (NK) cells recruited by the T cell-product interleukin 2 (IL-2). IFN-γ was discovered and originally measured on the basis of its anti-viral activity, but its complex anti-cellular activities probably reflect its biological role more clearly. In this review, Giorgio Trinchieri and Bice Perussia discuss some aspects of the biology of IFN-γ, its pleiomorphic anti-cellular effects and its ability to modulate cellular responses to other regulatory factors.
Interaction of input and Output Filters of a Ring-type Frequency Translator

Abstract A method is presented for evaluating the interaction between the complex impedances that terminate the ring modulator. The modulator input impedance theorem states that modulator input impedance is a “spectral” function of the impedance of both the output and the input terminations “sampled” at the significant frequencies present at each termination. If the odd-order spectral lines at the output satisfy the uniform spectral ratio, then the modulation input side comprises the signal frequency only. The spectral dependency principle states that each even-order spectral line is a linear combination of all odd-order spectral lines, and that each odd-order spectral line is a linear combination of all even-order spectral lines. The apparent impedance at the modulator input terminals is obtained. The validity of the method is tested and confirmed by comparing the signal voltage at the modulator input evaluated theoretically with measured results.
T and B lymphocyte populations of tumor-bearing mice treated with 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or pyran

The immunostimulator pyran copolymer and the antitumor agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) have been studied to determine their effect on T and B lymphocytes from BALB/c mice bearing a syngeneic tumor, Madison lung 109 carcinoma. Indirect immunofluorescent and mitogenic assays revealed that the tumor-bearing controls usually had T and B cell populations lower than those observed for the normal controls. The tumor-bearing group treated with BCNU generally had T and B cell levels lower than the tumor controls. The administration of pyran resulted in an increase of T cells and a temporary increase in the B cell population. Although this increase in the B cell population of tumor-bearing mice treated with pyran is higher than that seen for the untreated tumor controls it was never higher than in the normal control mice. The experimental results indicate that pyran appears to reconstitute the depressed T cell population and has a transitory effect on the B cell population resulting from tumor burden.
Gα16, a G protein α subunit specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells

Signal-transduction pathways mediated by guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) determine many of the responses of hematopoietic cells. A recently identified gene encoding a G protein alpha subunit, G alpha 16, is specifically expressed in human cells of the hematopoietic lineage. The G alpha 16 cDNA encodes a protein with predicted Mr of 43,500, which resembles the G q class of alpha subunits and does not include a pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylation site. In comparison with other G protein alpha subunits, the G alpha 16 predicted protein has distinctive amino acid sequences in the amino terminus, the region A guanine nucleotide-binding domain, and in the carboxyl-terminal third of the protein. Cell lines of myelomonocytic and T-cell phenotype express the G alpha 16 gene, but no expression is detectable in two B-cell lines or in nonhematopoietic cell lines. G alpha 16 gene expression is down-regulated in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate to neutrophils with dimethyl sulfoxide. Antisera generated from synthetic peptides that correspond to two regions of G alpha 16 specifically react with a protein of 42- to 43-kDa in bacterial strains that overexpress G alpha 16 and in HL-60 membranes. This protein is decreased in membranes from dimethyl sulfoxide-differentiated HL-60 cells and is not detectable in COS cell membranes. The restricted expression of this gene suggests that G alpha 16 regulates cell-type-specific signal-transduction pathways, which are not inhibited by pertussis toxin.
Pointwise bounds on eigenfunctions and wave packets in N-body quantum systems. VI. Asymptotics in the two-cluster region

We study the asymptotic behavior of the ground-state wave function of multiparticle quantum systems without statistics in that region of configuration space where the particles break up into two well-defined clusters very far apart. One example of our results is the following: consider a system of N particles moving in three dimensions with rotationally invariant two-body potentials which are bounded and have compact support. Let D = C"1,C"2 be a partition into two clusters so that H(C"1) and H(C"2) have discrete ground states @h"1 and @h"2 of energy @e"1 and @e"2. Suppose that @S = @e"1 + @e"2 = inf @s"e"s"s(H) and that H has a discrete ground state @q of energy E. Let @z"1and @z"2 denote internal coordinates for the clusters C"1 and c"2 and let R be the difference of the centers of mass of the clusters. Let @m = M"1M"2/M"1 + M"2with M"i the mass of clusters C"i and define k by k^2/2m = @S-E. Then as R -> a8 with |@z"i| bounded, we prove that @q(@z"1,@z"2, R) = [email protected](@z"1)@h(@z"2)e^-^k^RR^-^1(1+O(e^-^@c^R)) for some @c, c > 0. We prove weaker conclusions under weaker hypotheses, including results in the atomic case.
Configurable computing and sonar processing - architectures and implementations

Sonar beamforming is an ideal application for reconfigurable computing due to its high available levels of parallelism, relatively low sample rates and modest word sizes. We describe a family of beamforming algorithms and their implementation using configurable computing technology. These include algorithms for time-delay, frequency-domain and matched field beamforming. Configurable computing architectures appropriate for each are described and the tradeoffs associated with the mapping of each to concrete platforms is discussed.
The interaction of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with chicken erythrocytes: Attachment, elution, and hemolysis

Abstract Investigation of various aspects of the interaction of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and chicken red cells has yielded the following results. 1. A. Attachment: (1) As with all virus systems investigated, salt is necessary for attachment. (2) Attachment is maximal and constant between pH 5 and 9. It falls to a minimum at approximately pH 4. A second attachment minimum occurs at pH 10 to 10.5. The positions of the minima suggest that carboxyl and amino groups on the virus and red cell are involved in the attachment. (3) The characteristics of attachment to red cells, requirement for salt, pH dependence and rate, are identical to those observed with chick embryo host cells. 2. B. Elution: (1) Elution of NDV from red cells is promoted by high virus multiplicity, a pH between 6.8–7.7, and a temperature of 37°. Lowering the virus multiplicity, the pH to 5.9, or the temperature to 5° tends to suppress the reaction. However, at pH of 7.7 with a multiplicity as low as 2, elution can occur even at 5°. (2) Elution can occur when only one virus particle is attached per red blood cell, provided the temperature is 37°. 3. C. Hemolysis: (1) Hemolysis is affected by pH and multiplicity in a manner opposite to that of elution, suggesting that these two viral activities involve separate reactions. Hemolysis is favored by a low virus multiplicity, and pH 5.9, both conditions which hinder elution. However, like elution, hemolysis is inhibited by low temperature. Under favorable conditions of pH and multiplicity, hemolysis can occur at 18°. (2) A single virus particle, from a hemolytic stock, per red cell, is capable of causing hemolysis. (3) Attempts to separate the hemolysin from the virus particle were unsuccessful.
Interaction of fan rotor flow with downstream struts

The detailed unsteady pressure field produced on the rotor blades of an axial-flow fan by interaction with downstream struts was investigated. The experimental arrangement was similar to that found in the fan casings of turbofan aircraft engines. Acoustically significant pressure fluctuations were measured on both thy suction and pressure sides of the rotor blades for several positions of the downstream struts. The level of the observed interaction decreased with increased spacing of the struts behind the rotor. An inviscid flow analysis for the disturbance level is compared with trends of the measured results.
Ferromagnetodynamics of parallel stripe domains - domain walls system

Abstract Experimental observation of the Domain Wall Resonance (DWR) and the two modes of the Domain ferromagnetic Resonance (DR) was simultaneously made in demagnetized thin platelets of Ga substituted YIG. As an applied in-plane dc magnetic field, Hp, is increased, the various resonance modes were observed to be coupled and repelled each other where they would nominally cross over, resulting in ‘frequency gaps’ in the frequency vs. Hp dispersion relationship. A generalized theory of dynamics of parallel stripe domains and domain walls is proposed, which predicts the coupled resonance frequencies in good agreement with the experimental values. The theory also predicts the occurence and magnitude of the observed frequency gaps. Parameters used in the theory, such as the domain wall mass, are evaluated more accurately, taking into account the Q value of the films explicitly. This is found to lift the singularity in the DWR frequency at saturation as predicted in earlier models. The role of cubis anisotropy energy in the ferromagnetodynamics of the parallel stripe domains structure is also discussed qualitatively.
Determination of the Number-Average Degree of Polymerization of Cellodextrins and Cellulose with Application to Enzymatic Hydrolysis

A rapid and accurate method for determining the number-average degree of polymerization (DP(n)) was established for insoluble cellulose and soluble cellodextrins as the ratio of glucosyl monomer concentration determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method divided by the reducing-end concentration determined by a modified 2,2'-bicinchoninate (BCA) method. The modified BCA method, featuring incubation at 75 degrees C for 30 min, did not result in beta-glucosidic bond cleavage, whereas substantial cleavage was observed at higher temperature. Solubilization of insoluble cellulose in cold phosphoric acid prior to measurement of the reducing-end concentration by the BCA method was found not to be necessary for several model celluloses such as microcrystalline cellulose, but such solubilization was required for large fibers of cellulose such as Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The phenol-sulfuric acid method can be used for measuring the glucosyl monomer concentration of soluble cellodextrins, and also for insoluble cellulose if preceded by a liquefaction step. Standard deviations of < or =2% were obtained for both reducing and glucosyl monomer determination and of < or =3% for overall determination of DP. By use of the reported method, hydrolysis of phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC) by the Trichoderma reesei cellulase system was shown to result in a rapid decrease in DP as hydrolysis proceeded. By contrast, the DP of Avicel remained nearly constant during hydrolysis. The specific enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis rate is 100-fold higher for PASC as compared to Avicel.
Social Boundary Mechanisms

Social boundaries separate us fromthem. Explaining the formation, transformation, activation, and suppression of social boundaries presents knotty problems. It helps to distinguish two sets of mechanisms: (1) those that precipitate boundary change and (2) those that constitute boundary change. Properly speaking, only the constitutive mechanisms produce the effects of boundary change as such. Precipitants of boundary change include encounter, imposition, borrowing, conversation, and incentive shift. Constitutive mechanisms include inscription–erasure, activation–deactivation, site transfer, and relocation. Effects of boundary change include attack–defense sequences. These mechanisms operate over a wide range of social phenomena.
Comparison of sirolimus with azathioprine in a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen in lung transplantation.

Rationale: Lung transplantation has evolved into a life-saving therapy for select patients with end-stage lung diseases. However, long-term survival remains limited because of chronic rejection. Sirolimus is beneficial in preventing cardiac rejection and may decrease rejection after lung transplantation.Objectives: To determine the potential benefit versus risk of sirolimus in lung transplantation.Methods: We conducted a multicenter randomized, open label controlled trial comparing sirolimus (SIR) with azathioprine (AZA) in a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen in lung transplantation. The primary end point was the incidence of acute rejection at 1 year after transplantation between the two study groups.Measurements and Main Results: One hundred eighty-one patients were randomized to be included in this study. At 1 year after transplantation, there was no significant difference in the incidence of grade A acute rejection between the two study groups. Similarly, the incidence of chronic rejection an...
A Model for Instructional Design

For the past five issues of the Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, we have examined a variety of teaching tools and techniques: the chalkboard, questioning, drama, physical models, and demonstrations. All of these tools are focused on the delivery of classroom instruction. All are valu­ able, and mastering them will undoubtedly improve your teach­ ing. However, effective teaching entails more than just the appli­ cation of effective classroom techniques. Exemplary teachers must also master the broader endeavor of instructional design— the process of crafting coherent learning activities and experi­ ences that ultimately result in students’ achievement of desired instructional objectives. When designing instruction, professors must invariably answer a wide range of questions, such as • What are the learning outcomes I expect my students to achieve? • To what extent should I expect my students to read and under­ stand the course textbook? • Should I devote our limited classroom time to discussing theory, working problems, or both? • Should I work an example problem at the chalkboard, or is it better to have the students work problems at their seats? • What kind of homework problems should I assign? • How should the homework be graded? There are no universal right or wrong answers to these questions. Rather, the answers depend on the subject being taught, the stu­ dents’ capabilities, the amount of time available, and many other factors. The challenge of instruction design is taking these factors into account in a logical and coherent way. Student Learning as the Basis for Instructional Design