cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SINCERITY, ACCURACY AND SELECTIVE CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION

Abstract Conscientious objectors to military service are either general objectors or selective objectors. The former object to all wars; the latter object to only some wars. There is widespread popular and political support in western liberal democracies for exemptions for general objectors, but currently there is little support for exemptions for selective objectors. Many who advocate exemptions for selective objectors attempt to build upon the strength of support that is enjoyed by exemptions for general objectors. They argue that selective objectors – like general objectors – sincerely believe that it would be deeply morally wrong for them to fight in the wars to which they object. I argue that a stronger moral case for exemptions for selective objectors relies upon a different claim: selective objections are often accurate. It is often immoral to fight in the wars to which selective objectors object. While some advocates of exemptions for selective objectors have identified accuracy as a reason for of...
Separate but Unequal? Do Web-Based Services Fulfill Their Promises?

Summary As many universities seek to increase the number of off-campus programs as a source of revenue, librarians are challenged to provide a growing number of Web-based services to this population. Librarians must enhance these programs to ensure that distance education students are afforded adequate and equal services to those received by their on-campus counterparts. This program seeks to examine current Web-based services to distance education students. The ACRL guidelines as well as SACS guidelines will be used as evaluation tools for Web-based services to distance students.
Minimax Design of Parallel Multi-Mass Dynamic Vibration Absorbers

This paper discusses the design of multi-mass dynamic vibration absorbers in a parallel configuration subject to uncertainties in the forcing frequency acting on the main mass or through the motion of the base. A minimax parameter optimization approach is used to determine the optimum absorber mass parameters for different numbers of vibration absorbers without changing the total vibration absorber mass (constant mass ratio). The effects of increasing the number of absorber masses are analyzed qualitatively through analysis of the system transfer function as well as quantitatively via numerical simulations. Increasing the number of absorber masses is shown to give improved robustness and overall vibration reduction in the main mass at the cost of increased motion of the absorber masses.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Unique susceptibility of a human lung carcinoid tumor cell line to infection with BK virus.

Abstract Carcinoid syndrome is caused by the unregulated secretion of bioactive amines from neuroendocrine tumors arising primarily in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. The incidence of carcinoid syndrome is 1–2/100,000 and the syndrome is thought to be increasing. Carcinoid tumors are relatively slow growing but can become highly metastatic. Currently, there is no effective therapy to inhibit cell proliferation or metastasis of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) disease. Polyomaviruses are a family of viruses that are able to transform cells and promote tumor formation. In this study, the polyomaviruses SV40, JCV, and BKV were used to assess the ability of polyomaviruses to productively infect a range of human carcinoid cell lines. Infection was assessed by the immunofluorescence detection of T antigen and V antigen. Viruses and cell lines that exhibited productive infections were subsequently assayed by FACS analysis for cell binding and dual promoter luciferase assay for early and late promoter activity. Most carcinoid cell lines were not susceptible to infection by polyomaviruses. However, BKV efficiently infected the pulmonary carcinoid H727 cell line but did not infect a control, non-carcinoid lung cell line (A549). BKV was found to bind to both the susceptible H727 cells and to the non-susceptible A549 cells but viral genes were only efficiently expressed in the H727 cell line. The data demonstrate that BKV can infect human pulmonary carcinoid cells. Infection does not seem to be solely mediated by the virus’ ability to bind to cells, as the virus will also bind to non-carcinoid control cells. Both early and late gene expression are supported by the pulmonary carcinoid cells.
Multiple ionization in fast ion-atom collisions: simultaneous measurement of recoil momentum and projectile energy loss

We report on the first experiment that measures simultaneously the full momentum vector of recoil ions and projectile energy loss and scattering angle in ion-atom collisions. We studied multiple ionization in the collisions of $0.83\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{MeV}/u{\mathrm{O}}^{7+}$ with Ne. Recoil ions ( ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{q+}$, $q\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1--8$) were detected in coincidence with single capture to ${\mathrm{O}}^{6+}$. The results give the first experimental evidence for the increase of the average electron energy with increasing recoil charge state $q$. The average ejection angle shows a dramatic decrease with $q$. Results are compared with $n$-electron classical trajectory Monte Carlo calculations.
Body-cavity concealment of contraband: cooperation between the US Customs Service and the ED

The United States Customs Service policies the borders of the country for smuggling of contraband, sometimes accomplished within body cavities. If a person is suspected of body-cavity concealment, the Customs Service may request the assistance of emergency department personnel to determine the presence of material within a body cavity. This usually involves interpretation of radiographs of the abdomen and pelvis, as most of such smuggling is done within the gastrointestinal tract, either by swallowing or placement within the rectum. Additionally, the Customs Service may also request that the physician remove such smuggled material from the vagina or rectum of the suspect. The courts have found these body-cavity searches to be lawful. No successful litigation has yet been brought against either the Customs Service or the medical personnel involved.
Heterogeneous work-stealing across CPU and DSP cores

Due to the increasing power constraints and higher and higher performance demands, many vendors have shifted their focus from designing high-performance computer nodes using powerful multicore general-purpose CPUs, to nodes containing a smaller number of general-purpose CPUs aided by a larger number of more power-efficient special purpose processing units, such as GPUs, FPGAs or DSPs. While offering a lower power-to-performance ratio, unfortunately, such heterogeneous systems are notoriously hard to program, forcing the users to resort to lower-level direct programming of the special purpose processors and manually managing data transfer and synchronization between the parts of the program running on general-purpose CPUs and on special-purpose processors. In this paper, we present HC-K2H, a programming model and runtime system for the Texas Instruments Keystone II Hawking platform, consisting of 4 ARM CPUs and 8 TI DSP processors. This System-on-a-Chip (SoC) offers high floating-point performance with lower power requirements than other processors with comparable performance. We present the design and implementation of a hybrid programming model and work-stealing runtime that allows tasks to be created and executed on both the ARM and DSP, and enables the seamless execution and synchronization of tasks regardless of whether they are running on the ARM or DSP. The design of our programming model and runtime is based on an extension of the Habanero-C programming system. We evaluate our implementation using task-parallel benchmarks on a Hawking board, and demonstrate excellent scaling compared to sequential implementations on a single ARM processor.
Ezetimibe Blocks Internalization of the NPC1L1/Cholesterol Complex

Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is a target for ezetimibe, a drug that blocks intestinal cholesterol absorption. A new study by Ge et al. (2008) in this issue of Cell Metabolism shows that non-lipoprotein-bound cholesterol induces endocytosis of NPC1L1 and that ezetimibe blocks the internalization of the NPC1L1/cholesterol complex. The in vivo significance of these findings is discussed.
Biological and Cultural Evidence from Prehistoric Human Coprolites

Ancienit organic mnatcrial may be prcsersed when bacterial decay is partially or wholly inhibited by certain enX ironmental conditions and processes, such as refrigeration in permafrost, chemical action in peat bogs, continLuOLIS immersion in seawater, and desiccation in arid climnates. Conditions of extreme dryness in Egypt, Peru, Mexico. and the American West have preserved archeological material that inCluLdes human corpses in the form of na1tUral muLmmies" and other Lsuially perishable organic material (1, 2). One of the most mundane, but aIt the same time interesting and informati%\e. types of paleobiological material is ianimal and humnan excrement preser\ed in the form of coprolites (from the Greek kopros, nmeaining dutng, and lirltho. meaning stotne). There are two tvpes" of ancient coprolites: mineralized animal excrement of great geological 'age (3) and prehistoric hmaln and animii-al feces preserved in ain organic state. A reviewv of the literattLre SuLggests that, aIthouLgh ancient coprolites pireserved by frost or desiccaltion occuLr mlore frequently than one wouLld SuLppose. there has been very little systematic collecting, aInd prCactically no detailed analysis, of this unusual and potentiallly informaitive biological mnaterial. Food habits of ancient aInd modern animal species have been stuLdied b\y analysis of excrement preserved throLugh desiccation, btut, for the most part. analyses of ancient human fecal material preserved in various archeological sites covering a long span of mani.i's occupation in arid regions in the Old World and the New have been undertaken onlv in order to investigate t he possible presence of pathogens, parasites, and other organisms common
Short-term gonadotropin suppression with oral contraceptives benefits poor responders prior to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

A comparative study of four treatment regimens for women with a history of poor response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) during attempts at in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer suggested the feasibility of pretreatment with oral contraceptives (OCs). The 60 women enrolled in the study exhibited one or more of the following in an initial stimulated IVF cycle: three or fewer dominant follicles recruited serum estradiol levels of 300 pg/ml or below and/or a spontaneous luteinizing hormone (LH) surge prior to oocyte retrieval. Study subjects were assigned to one of four protocols: Group I--OCs for 3 weeks followed by COH; Group II--luteal phase leuprolide acetate with subsequent COH; Group III--short-flare Lupron with subsequent COH; and Group IV--COH alone. COH consisted of 150 IU/day of pure follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH) and 150 IU/day of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). The mean age of women in each group ranged from 36.0 to 38.8 years. There were no significant differences among groups in terms of number of days of stimulation total ampoules of hMG and pFSH required peak serum estradiol and progesterone number of oocytes retrieved and fertilized and embryos transferred. However the pregnancy rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Group I (9/30 30%) than in Group II (2/32 6%) Group III (0/11 0%) and Group IV (0/10 0%). The good outcome associated with OC pretreatment may reflect production or alterations of local ovarian growth factors and/or changes in endometrial expression. Administration of exogenous estrogen may be particularly beneficial for perimenopausal women in their forties with ovarian follicular depletion.
1717 MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY: RESPONSE TO INCREASED CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (COHb) IN BRAIN AND HEART OF GUINEA PIGS

Previous studies show that mitochondria adapt to changes of arterial PO2. The present study investigates heart and brain mitochondrial respiratory rate (RR) in 23 guinea pigs at varying blood COHb levels. Blood gases and [COHb] were recorded in all animals. Brain and heart mitochondria were isolated. State 4 RR, state 3 RR with glutamate-malate substrate, expressed as nm O2/min/nm cytochrome a+a3, respiratory control ratio(RCR) (state 3/state 4), and Ca++ uptake were measured. All preparations were well coupled with RCR 10.7±1.9 for heart and 8.3±1.2 for brain mitochondria. State 3 RR increased from 225 at 0% COHb to 500 at 40% COHb in the heart (r=.8) and from 260 at 0% COHb to 628 at 80% COHb in the brain (r=.7). There was an inverse correlation of state 3 RR and arterial O2 content. Mitochondrial activity increased from 190-525 as arterial O2 content decreased from 19-9 ml/dl (r=.9) and from 340 to 580 as arterial O2 content decreased from 16-4 ml/dl (r=.6) in heart and brain respectively. Ca++ uptake in heart and brain increased with increasing [COHb]. Blood flow was not measured but presumably circulatory adjustment failed to compensate for the decreased arterial O2 content, thus impairing O2 delivery to the tissues. These data suggest that increased mitochondrial activity with increased [COHb] and decreased O2 content, occurring in the presence of normal PaO2, represent an adaptive response to tissue hypoxia comparable to the changes reported during acute and chronic hypoxemia.
Citizen participation: conflicting interests in state and national agency policy making

Abstract This study examines citizen participation in agency policy making across levels of governance in the United States, to address the following questions: Do citizens pursuing economic policy goals participate and wield influence in agency policy making differently than do citizens pursuing noneconomic policy goals? Does citizen participation in state policy making differ from that in national policy making? Analysis of policy making and participation in one policy sector, public forest management, suggests that citizens favoring economic (timber) goals participate more, and perceive greater influence, in state agency decisions, while those favoring noneconomic (environmental preservation) goals participate more, and perceive greater influence, in national agency decisions. These differences result from several factors, including legal constraints, agency composition, use outcomes, geographic location of stakeholders, and job mobility.
Excavating an active site: the nucleobase specificity of ribonuclease A.

Ribonuclease A (RNase A) catalyzes the cleavage of RNA after pyrimidine nucleotides. When bound in the active site, the base of a pyrimidine nucleotide forms hydrogen bonds with the side chain of Thr45. Here, the role of Thr45 was probed by using the wild-type enzyme, its T45G variant, X-ray diffraction analysis, and synthetic oligonucleotides as ligands and substrates. Catalytic specificity was determined with the fluorogenic substrate: 6-carboxyfluorescein∼dArXdAdA∼6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (6-FAM∼dArXdAdA∼6-TAMRA), where X = C, U, A, or G. Wild-type RNase A cleaves 106-fold faster when X = C than when X = A. Likewise, its affinity for the non-hydrolyzable oligonucleotide 6-FAM∼d(CAA) is 50-fold greater than for 6-FAM∼d(AAA). T45G RNase A cleaves 6-FAM∼dArAdAdA∼6-TAMRA 102-fold faster than does the wild-type enzyme. The structure of crystalline T45G RNase A, determined at 1.8-A resolution by X-ray diffraction analysis, does not reveal new potential interactions with a nucleobase. Indeed, the two en...
Application of Perfused Rat Liver Preparation to Isotopic Study

ConclusionThe technie of isolated rat liver perfusion with bile production seems to be quite applicable to the study of the effects of radioactive isotopes on certain aspects of liver function; 0.26 millicurie of Gallium72 citrate solution with stable gallium has been used in the present study. The liver remained viable within the interval specified in the experiment. Blood activity levels remained constant. Both liver and bile contained Gallium72 although in lesser quantities than the blood.
Thermogravimetric analysis of polyester/cotton blends treated with Thpc-urea-poly(vinyl bromide)

Abstract Polyester/cotton fabric swith blend ratios of 0/100, 11/89, 20/80, 30/70, 50/50, and 65/35 were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis in both nitrogen and air atmospheres. The samples were heated from ambient to 750°C at a heating rate of 5°C min −1 . The same fabrics were analyzed after treatment with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride-urea-poly(vinyl bromide) (Thpc-urea-PVBr) flame retardant. Weight losses observed during pyrolysis were assigned to the cotton and polyester portions of the blends. Both cotton and polyester thermally decompose to yield gases and solid char byproducts. In nitrogen the 100% cotton fabric undergoes one major weight loss between 270 and 370°C, with the maximum rate of weight loss, 0.15 mg/min-mg occurring at 346°C. Thermal decomposition of the 100% polyester occurs over a range of 335–470°C, with the peak rate of weight loss, 0.11 mg/min-mg, measured at 416°C. In an air atmosphere, both volatile gases and solid char by- products of pyrolysis undergo combustion. The combustion reactions are associated with measured weight losses. The maximum rate of weight loss for the cotton portion increases to 0.25 mg/min-mg and occurs at 317°C. The maximum rate of polyester decomposition remains the same in both air and nitrogen, but the temperature decreases to 405°C.
Coupled-oscillator phased array design based on statistical device characterization and optimization of external quality factor

In this paper, we demonstrate a method to design coupled-oscillator phased arrays based on statistical device characterization and optimization of oscillator Qext (external quality factor). The averaged S-parameters of transistors are utilized in the unit oscillator design in order to reduce the variance of the free-running frequencies of unit oscillators in an array. Optimization of Qext is also employed to enlarge the injection-locking range of the unit oscillator, and thus helps to reduce the adverse effect caused by the frequency variation. Two experimental arrays were constructed and tested to examine the effectiveness of this design method for the MMIC production of coupled-oscillator phased arrays.
Non-aggregated Pd nanoparticles deposited onto catalytic supports

Nanostructured powders have shown great promise for a variety of applications including chemical gas sensors, high surface area supports for catalysis, tribology, chemical mechanical polishing, and optoelectronics. In this report, highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, and mean diameter of 2±0.2 nm, were deposited at room temperature onto amorphous carbon and oxide supports (TiO2, Al2O3) by pulsed-laser ablation of a Pd sputtering target. Depositions were performed in Ar at a back-fill pressure of 3 mTorr after reaching a base pressure of 10-7 Torr. Populations of uniformly dispersed particles with an interparticle spacing of 3 to 10 nm were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with little evidence of nanoparticle aggregation. The chemical compositions of individual nanoparticles were confirmed by high spatial resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Construct Validity of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank With Clinic-Referred and Nonreferred Adolescents

We examined the construct validity of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB; Rotter, Lah, & Rafferty, 1992) as a measure of psychological maladjustment in adolescents. In Study 1, we investigated the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of the RISB with adolescents referred to treatment. In Studies 2 and 3, we examined the RISB's ability to differentiate referred and nonreferred adolescents. The RISB showed adequate interrater reliability and converged with self-reported, parent-reported, and teacher-reported social-emotional and behavioral problems. Criterion-related evidence suggests that the RISB may be useful as a screening measure for adolescents using a 135 or 140 cut score. We provide normative data to facilitate the test's use with adolescents in clinical and research settings.
Insertion of central venous catheters induces a hypercoagulable state.

BACKGROUND: Central venous catheters (CVCs) increase the risk of venous thromboembolism. We have previously demonstrated that pulmonary artery catheters are associated with a hypercoagulable state in an animal model and in patients. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the insertion of a CVC is associated with a similar response. METHODS: Animal: 7F femoral artery catheters were placed in healthy anesthetized swine (N = 16). Serial arterial blood samples were drawn immediately before and after an 8.5F jugular vein CVC and then for 3 hours after CVC removal. Samples were analyzed using kaolin-activated thromboelastography (TEG) at precisely 2 minutes. Human: An institutional review boardYapproved prospective observational trial was conducted, with informed consent, in patients with critical illness (N = 8) at a Level I trauma center. Blood was drawn from indwelling arterial catheters immediately before and 60 minutes after CVC insertion. Samples were stored in sodium citrate for 15 minutes before TEG. Routine and special coagulation tests were performed on stored samples in the hospital pathology laboratory. RESULTS: Insertion of a CVC decreased TEG clotting time (R) by 55% in swine and by 29% in humans (p G 0.001 and 0.019, respectively). Initial clot formation time (K) was reduced by 41% in swine and by 36% in humans (p = 0.003 and 0.019). Fibrin cross-linking (>) was accelerated by 28% in swine and by 17% in humans (p = 0.007 and 0.896), but overall clot strength (maximum amplitude) was not affected. There was no change in routine or special coagulation factors, including von Willebrand factor, antithrombin III, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, or activated partial thromboplastin time. In animals, the hypercoagulable TEG response was persistent for 3 hours after CVC removal and was prevented by pretreatment with enoxaparin (n = 4) but not heparin (n = 2). CONCLUSION: In healthy swine and patients with critical illness, a systemic hypercoagulable state occurred after CVC insertion, and this may partially account for an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. However, because the sample size was small and not powered to detect changes in coagulation proteins, no inferences can be made about the mechanism for the hypercoagulable response. (J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73: 385Y390. Copyright * 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)
A Double-Moment Multiple-Phase Four-Class Bulk Ice Scheme. Part I: Description

A detailed ice-phase bulk microphysical scheme has been developed for simulating the hydrometeor distributions of convective and stratiform precipitation in different large-scale environmental conditions. The proposed scheme involves 90 distinct microphysical processes, which predict the mixing ratios and the number concentrations of small ice crystals, snow, graupel, and frozen drops/hail, as well as the mixing ratios of liquid water on wet precipitation ice (snow, graupel, frozen drops). The number of adjustable coefficients has been significantly reduced in comparison with other bulk schemes. Additional improvements have been made to the parameterization in the following areas: (1) representing small ice crystals with nonzero terminal fall velocities and dispersive size distributions, (2) accurate and computationally efficient calculations of precipitation collection processes, (3) reformulating the collection equation to prevent unrealistically large accretion rates, (4) more realistic conversion by riming between different classes of precipitation ice, (5) preventing unrealistically large rates of raindrop freezing and freezing of liquid water on ice, (6) detailed treatment of various rime-splintering ice multiplication mechanisms, (7) a simple representation of the Hobbs-Rangno ice enhancement process, (8) aggregation of small ice crystals and snow, and (9) allowing explicit competition between cloud water condensation and ice deposition rates rather than using saturation adjustment techniques. For the purposes of conserving the higher moments of the particle distributions, preserving the spectral widths (or slopes) of the particle spectra is shown to be more important than strict conservation of particle number concentration when parameterizing changes in ice-particle number concentrations due to melting, vapor transfer processes (sublimation of dry ice, evaporation from wet ice), and conversion between different hydrometeor species. The microphysical scheme is incorporated into a nonhydrostatic cloud model in Part 2 of this study. The model performed well in simulating the radar and microphysical structures of a midlatitude-continental squall lines and a tropical-maritime squall system with minimal tuning of the parameterization, even though the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity differed substantially between these storms.
A very unusual headache.

Editor – ‘A very unusual headache’ ( Clin Med February 2014 pp 58–60) is an interesting case indeed. However, the acute severe headache with nausea and vomiting is likely to be an initial presentation of migraine. There is a well described, but poorly understood, relationship between
Simple formulas for the calculation of the average physical optics RCS of a cylinder and a flat plate over a symmetric window around broadside

Closed-form formulas for the arithmetic-average radar cross section (RCS) of a perfectly conducting cylinder and of a perfectly conducting rectangular plate are derived. The derivations proceed under the assumption that the conditions governing the use of the physical optics approximation are satisfied. Examination of the behavior of these formulas reveals simple approximations of very reasonable accuracy. The approximations allow quick and easy evaluation of dynamically collected RCS data in which the scattering phenomenology can be modeled by either a cylinder or a rectangular plate.
Empirical categorization and naming of ``diamond-like'' carbon films

Abstract Hydrocarbon solids can be empirically categorized by their atomic number density ϱN and their atomic fraction XH of hydrogen. Solids with similar molecular structure fall in clusters on the ϱN-XH field. “Diamond-like” films formed by ion beam deposition, r.f. discharge or sputtering have values of ϱN greater than other carbonaceous solids or hydrocarbon polymers. They fall in the region between diamond and adamantane at values of ϱN > 0.2 g atom cm−3. It is proposed that the terms dense carbon and dense hydrocarbon be used for these solids.
Use of Panoramic X-Ray to Determine Position of Impacted Maxillary Canines

Purpose To evaluate the position of impacted maxillary canines in the alveolus using panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods The present study was a retrospective chart review of 102 patients with 130 impacted maxillary canines from the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry and private practice. Of the 130 impacted maxillary canines, 59 were impacted buccally and 71 were impacted palatally. The inclination of the impacted maxillary canines to a horizontal line from the mesiobuccal cusps of the maxillary molars was measured. We used these measurements to predict the position of the tooth and correlate this prediction with the actual approach used during surgery. Results The mean angulation of the buccally impacted maxillary canines was 75.1° ± 18.2° (range, 8° to 111°). The mean angulation of the palatally impacted maxillary canines was 51.3° ± 15.3° (range, 12° to 91°). The mean difference between the angulation of the impacted maxillary canines as measured on the panoramic radiographs was statistically significant (P Conclusions Panoramic radiographs are useful for predicting the location of impacted maxillary canines and the subsequent surgical approach required for exposure and orthodontic appliance attachment when computed tomography is unavailable or unnecessary otherwise. The use of panoramic radiographs for determing impacted maxillary canine position has a high sensitivity and specificity, with angulations greater than 65° associated with buccal impactions.
Balancing ischaemia and bleeding risks with novel oral anticoagulants

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have long been the standard of care for treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite their efficacy, their use requires frequent monitoring and is complicated by drug-drug interactions and the need to maintain a narrow therapeutic window. Since 2009, novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and the direct factor Xa inhibitors apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, have become alternative options to VKAs owing to their predictable and safe pharmacological profiles. The overall clinical effect of these drugs, which is a balance between ischaemic benefit and bleeding harm, varies according to the clinical scenario. As adjunctive therapy to dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome, NOACs are associated with incremental bleeding risks and modest benefits. For treatment of VTE, NOACs have a safer profile than VKAs and a similar efficacy. In thromboprophylaxis in AF, NOACs are associated with the greatest benefits by reducing both ischaemic events and haemorrhagic complications and might reduce mortality compared with VKAs. The role of NOACs continues to evolve as these drugs are evaluated in different patient populations, including those with renal impairment or with AF and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Atmospheric Monitoring Using Heterodyne Detection Techniques

Both passive and active remote-monitoring instruments using discretely tunable infrared gas lasers and heterodyne receivers have been used for measurements of ozone and other trace constituents in the atmosphere. A ground-based solar heterodyne radiometer has been used in discrete spectral regions near 9.5 microns to measure altitude profiles of ozone in both the troposphere and stratosphere. Results indicate that this technique shows promise in providing calibration points for earth-orbiting ozone-measurement instruments. An airborne laser absorption spectrometer has been used to measure tropospheric ozone in two series of flights during the winter and spring of 1977, and these operations are described. Plans are also in progress to fly a balloon-borne heterodyne radiometer during the fall of 1977 in order to measure stratospheric trace species.
Reinforcement control of “autistic” verbalization in the mynah bird

In an attempt to provide suggestive support for Mowrer’s “autistic” theory of imitative speech, food reward was differentially paired with taped presentations of verbal phrases (response-correlated stimuli) from the vocabularies of two talking mynah birds. Monitoring of free speech subsequent to daily experimental sessions indicated that verbal response hierarchies were changed from baseline in the predicted direction of a secondary reinforcement effect for both Ss in the first training phase, and for one bird in an attempted replication.
Approaches and technical challenges to high temperature operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Water loss and the coincident increase in membrane resistance to proton conduction are significant barriers to high performance operation of traditional proton exchange membrane fuel cells at elevated temperatures where the relative humidity may be reduced. We report here approaches to the development of high temperature membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells; composite perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes were prepared to improve water retention, and non-aqueous proton conducting membranes were prepared to circumvent the loss of water. Experimental results of composite membranes of Nafion and zirconium phosphate show improved operation at elevated temperatures. Imidazole impregnated membranes poisoned the electrocatalysts. Cesium hydrogen sulfate membranes were not able to produce appreciable current. A brief analysis of temperature requirements for CO tolerance and a framework for understanding water loss from fuel cell membranes are presented.
brainiacEncodes a Novel, Putative Secreted Protein That Cooperates with Grk TGFα in the Genesis of the Follicular Epithelium

Abstract brainiac (brn)is involved in a number of developmental events. In addition to being required zygotically for segregation of neuroblasts from epidermoblasts, it is essential for a series of critical steps during oogenesis which also depend upongurken (grk),a TGFα homolog. Animals harboring strong mutations of eithergrkor EGF receptor tyrosine kinase (Egfr) or doubly mutant forbrnand weakgrkorEgfrmutations produce ovarian follicles with multiple sets of nurse cell–oocyte complexes. These follicles frequently have discontinuities in the follicular epithelium that uncover nurse cells but not the oocyte. Gaps first appear in the germarium, suggesting that some nurse cells lack affinity for invading prefollicular cells. This is the first evidence thatgrk,in addition to its involvement in the genesis of anterior–posterior and dorsal–ventral polarity, is also required for Egfr-dependent development of the follicular epithelium that surrounds each nurse cell/oocyte cluster to form an egg chamber. We have used restriction fragment length polymorphisms to localizebrnto a 10-kb region within a 300-kb stretch of DNA on the X-chromosome, and we have identified thebrngene by means of RNA rescue.brncodes for a putative secreted protein.brnis expressed in germ cells at the time follicle cells first surround the nurse cell–oocyte complex. Our genetic data suggest thatbrnacts in a parallel, but partially overlapping pathway to the Grk–Egfr signaling pathway. Thebrnpathway may help to provide specificity to TGFα–Egfr function during oogenesis.
Regulation of parasitism by host density: The Bdellovibrio-Rhizobium interrelationship

Abstract Rhizobium strains of the cowpea group did not lose viability readily when added to soil, but Bdellovibrio acting on these rhizobia were found in 32 of 90 soils examined. Bdellovibrio did not initiate replication in liquid media at low host densities, but it did multiply once the Rhizohium numbers increased through growth to about 10 8 ml −1 . From about 10 4 to 6 × 10 5 ml −1 Rhizohium cells survived attack by the parasites in liquid media. In nutrient-free buffer, no significant increase in vibrio abundance was evident if the rhizobial frequency was low. whereas Rhizobium populations containing 6 × 10 8 cells ml −1 were lysed rapidly. Bdellovibrio did not multiply when introduced into sterile soil with small numbers of the host, but it replicated when the rhizobia were abundant because of the latter's use of soil organic matter for growth or because of the deliberate addition of 10 8 Rhizohium g −1 . Nevertheless, the host persisted in such vibrio-rich soil samples. The abundance of indigenous bdellovibrios increased appreciably in nonsterile soil if the rhizobia were introduced in large but not small numbers. It is suggested that a major reason for the lack of elimination of the host population in soil by its parasites is the need for a critical host cell frequency, large Rhizobium numbers being required for Btiellovibrio to initiate replication and low numbers of surviving hosts no longer being able to support the parasite.
Electronic and chemical properties of Pt, Pd and Ni in bimetallic surfaces

Abstract The electronic properties of a series of bimetallic surfaces that combine Group-10 elements (Pt, Pd or Ni) with transition and s,p metals have been examined using ab initio self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations and cluster models. By analyzing the results of these theoretical studies together with the results of experimental techniques (photoemission, L-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, work function measurements, CO chemisorption, etc.), one can obtain a general idea of the nature of the bimetallic bond in these systems. A Group-10 adatom in contact with the surface of a s,p or early-transition metal exhibits large perturbations in its electronic and chemical properties. In this type of system, there is an important redistribution of charge that shifts d electrons from around the Group-10 metal into the interface region between the admetal and substrate, producing an accumulation of electrons around the bimetallic bonds. This redistribution of charge affects the stability of the core levels and valence d band of the Group-10 metal. The larger the movement of d electrons from the Group-10 metal toward the admetal-substrate interface, the stronger the bimetallic bond, and the lower the ability of the Group-10 metal to bond CO through π-backdonation. Among the Group-10 metals, Pd shows the strongest electronic and chemical perturbations, while Ni exhibits the weakest (Ni
Quantitative analysis of tumor matrix patterns through statistical and topological texture features

The tumor extracellular matrix has been focused on by newer approaches to cancer therapy owing to its important functions in the process of drug delivery and cellular metastasis. This study aims to characterize tumor extracellular matrix structures in the presence and absence of therapy, as observed on second harmonic generation (SHG) images through both gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) derived texture features as well as Minkowski Functionals (MF) that focus on the underlying gray-level topology and geometry of the texture patterns. Thirteen GLCM texture features and three MF texture features were extracted from 119 regions of interest (ROI) annotated on SHG images of treated and control samples of tumor extracellular matrix. These texture features were then used in a machine learning task to classify ROIs as belonging to treated or control samples. A fuzzy k-nearest neighbor classifier was optimized using random sub-sampling cross-validation for each texture feature and the classification performance was calculated on an independent test set using the area under the ROC curve (AUC); AUC distributions of different features were compared using a Mann-Whitney U-test. Two GLCM features f3 and f13 exhibited a significantly higher classification performance when compared to other GLCM features (p < 0.05). The MF feature Area exhibited the best classification performance among the MF features while also being comparable to that obtained with the best GLCM features. These results show that both statistical and topological texture features can be used as quantitative measures is evaluating the effects of therapy on the tumor extracellular matrix.
The hydrolysis of a Co(III) chelated amide catalyzed by an internal phosphonic acid group

Abstract In a previous study it was found that an internal carboxylate ion contributed nothing to the rate of hydrolysis of a Co(III) complex of a glycine anilide, although in the enzyme carboxy-peptidase A the catalyzed hydrolysis of peptides is performed by a carboxylate and a Zn2+ ion. However, external acetate ion and even more so external phosphate ion were effective cocatalysts. In the current work we have incorporated a phosphonate ion as an internal cocatalyst for the hydrolysis of a Co(III) complex of a glycine anilide, in two different versions. The internal phosphonate group indeed proves to be effective. The contrast with an ineffective carboxylate ion may in part reflect a different stereoelectronic requirement, but a principal contributor is the increased basicity of the phosphonate group. Its pKa is still not as high as that of the abnormal carboxylate in the enzyme. It is suggested that phosphate or phosphonate groups may be better models than carboxylate ions for the abnormally basic carboxylates found in some enzymes.
Synchronizing Sequences for Incompletely Specified Flow Tables

This paper presents a synthesis method of ternary digital systems by means of a threshold algebra. The method is based on the fact that the K operations of any ternary function can be expressed as threshold operations on a set of functions called midterms. Such midterms can be easily generated from the outputs of the ternary multivibrators described by the authors in a previous paper [4].
Branch space representations of lines

Abstract Todorcevic noted that any linearly ordered set ( X , ) is isomorphic to the branch space of some tree, provided the tree is allowed to be as complicated as X itself. In this paper we investigate representing linearly ordered sets as branch spaces of trees where the trees satisfy certain natural restrictions designed to make them less complicated than the set we are seeking to represent. We show that any uncountable order-complete linearly ordered set X can be represented as the branch space of a tree T that is more simple than X and that if X is representable as a branch space, then any G δ -subset of X is also representable as a branch space. However, we show that even though the usual set R of real numbers can be represented as the branch space of a tree with countable height and countable levels, most subsets of R cannot be represented in this way. We characterize those limit ordinals λ that can be represented by trees whose nodes do not contain copies of λ or λ ∗ . We also study topological properties of branch spaces. Our results show that if T is a tree of height ω 1 that does not contain any ω 1 -branches, then the branch space of T must be hereditarily paracompact. We investigate branch spaces of Aronszajn trees, showing that any such branch space is hereditarily paracompact, first-countable, Lindelof, non-separable, non-metrizable, and provided T does not contain any Souslin subtree, then its branch space is not perfect (i.e., has a closed subset that is not a G δ -set). We also study the existence of σ-disjoint π bases and σ-disjoint bases in branch spaces of trees.
Current status and future direction of pain behavior observation

Individuals who have pain engage in certain pain-related behaviors that tend to communicate their pain to others. There is growing recognition that the careful observation of such pain behaviors is an important component of a comprehensive pain assessment.This paper provides an overview of the current status of behavioral observation methods used to assess pain behavior.The first half of this paper describes and evaluates the most commonly used pain behavior observation methods.These include selfobservation methods such as activity diaries, and direct observation methods such as the use of standard behavior sampling methods and naturalistic observation methods. The second half of the paper discusses several important future clinical and research applications of pain behavior observation methods.The need to develop practical, clinical methods for incorporating pain behavior observation methods into practice settings is emphasized. Important future research topics include studying the social context of pain behavior (eg, by examining how spouses respond to displays of pain behavior), examining the predictive validity of pain behavior (ie, how observed pain behaviors predict future disability and impairment), and identifying pain behavior subgroups within heterogeneous chronic pain populations. Further development and refinement of pain behavior observation methods is likely to increase our understanding of the varied ways that patients adapt to persistent pain.
The stimulation of the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 by cycloheximide and puromycin.

Abstract The administration of cycloheximide or puromycin to rats in amounts that all but completely inhibited hepatic protein synthesis caused an increase in the amount of radioactive phosphate incorporated into the liver ribosomal protein S6; there was also an increase in the prominence of the derivatives of S6 which contain increasing numbers of phosphorylated serine residues.
Sex and age variations in the quality and intensity of children's emotional attributions to hypothetical situations

Sex and age differences in the quality and intensity of children's emotional attributions to affect-laden stories were explored. Seventy-two 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old children, with equal numbers of boys and girls of each age, were individually told 10 affect-laden stories. After each story, children were asked to indicate how they would feel as the story protagonist by pointing to angry, sad, happy, and scared faces, each of which had three degrees of intensity. The results revealed that boys attributed anger to themselves more frequently than did girls; girls attributed sadness and fear to themselves more frequently than did boys. Boys' first responses to the stories were more intensely angry and more intensely happy than were girls' first responses; and the intensity of both boys' and girls' emotional attributions decreased with age.
Crossed-beam, background-free CARS measurements in a methane diffusion flame

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) obtained radial temperature profiles in a stabilized symmetric methane diffusion flame. O branch data were self-normalized to the nonresonant CARS background using the method of Oudar, Smith, and Shen (1979). Vibrational temperatures were derived from analysis of background-free nitrogen O branch spectra and rotational temperatures were obtained from Q branch measurements.
Design and licensing strategies for the fluoride-salt-cooled, high-temperature reactor (FHR) technology

Abstract Fluoride-salt-cooled, high-temperature reactor (FHR) technology combines the robust coated-particle fuel of high-temperature, gas-cooled reactors with the single phase, high volumetric heat capacity coolant of molten salt reactors and the low-pressure pool-type reactor configuration of sodium fast reactors. FHRs have the capacity to deliver heat at high average temperature, and thus to achieve higher thermal efficiency than light water reactors. Licensing of the passive safety systems used in FHRs can use the same framework applied successfully to passive advanced light water reactors, and earlier work by the NGNP and PBMR projects provide an appropriate framework to guide the design of safety-relevant FHR systems. This paper provides a historical review of the development of FHR technology, describes ongoing development efforts, and presents design and licensing strategies for FHRs. A companion review article describes the phenomenology, methods and experimental program in support of FHR.
Determination of joint distributions from marginal distributions in dichotomous systems

In many areas of research in which the experimenter deals with a set of dichotomous dimensions it is often desirable to specify them in terms of marginal distributions and some conditional distributions. This paper develops a set of systematic procedures for determination of joint distributions with an arbitrary number of dimensions. Most of these procedures require only addition and/or subtraction. An extension of the procedures permits easy determination of covariance and correlation matrices.
Syndrome of short P-R interval with abnormal QRS complexes and paroxysmal tachycardia (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome).

The syndrome of short P-R interval with abnormal QRS complexes and paroxysmal tachycardia occurs in otherwise healthy individuals in all age groups. Its interest and importance are related to our knowledge and concepts of the cardiac mechanism, the prevalence and clinical manifestations of paroxysmal tachycardia, the masking of the electrocardiographic signs of heart disease, and the serious consequences involved in making an incorrect diagnosis of heart disease. A single mechanism is in all probability responsible for the abnormal electrocardiogram and the paroxysmal tachycardia. Premature activation of a small fraction of ventricular musculature shortens the P-R interval and lengthens the QRS interval, thus accounting for the electrocardiographic peculiarities of the syndrome. Whether an anomaly of impulse formation or an anomaly of conduction is responsible for pre-excitation is not known, and the propensity to paroxysmal tachycardia can be explained on either basis. There is no evidence that hitherto ...