cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of no-flow underfill materials and processes for Pb-free flip chip applications

Due to pending legislation worldwide, the semiconductor packaging industry is switching over to Pb-free electronics assembly. Flip chip packaging, which is one of the fastest growing segments of packaging technology, is also affected by this trend. It is a common practice to underfill flip chip devices to compensate for the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the die and the chip carrier. However, compatible underfill materials and processes are necessary for the effective migration of flip chip packaging towards Pb-free. Among the various underfilling techniques used in the industry, the no-flow underfill (NFU) process has the potential to increase throughput and reduce manufacturing costs as stated in D. Gamota and C. Melton (1998). There has been a significant research effort within the industry to develop NFU materials and processes for eutectic applications, but Pb-free reflow temperatures pose a significant challenge to the development of a NFU that is compatible with the Pb-free assembly process. Recently, we have developed a Pb-free compatible NFU material with a combination of self fluxing capability and cure kinetics that allows for successful assembly of 95.5Sn/3.8Ag/0.7Cu bumped flip chip devices. In this paper, the effect of various process variables that affect voiding in the underfill interface is investigated. In addition to these studies, the assembly yields for a Pb-free compatible underfill used to assemble different flip chip components with 95.5Sn/3.8Ag/0.7Cu alloy are discussed
A painting interface for interactive surface deformations

A long-standing challenge in geometric modeling is providing a natural, intuitive interface for making local deformations to 3D surfaces. Previous approaches have provided either interactive manipulation or physical simulation to control surface deformations. In this paper, we investigate combining these two approaches with a painting interface that gives the user direct, local control over a physical simulation. The paint a user applies to the model defines its instantaneous surface velocity, the user can effect surface deformations. We have found that this painting metaphor gives the user direct, local control over surface deformations for several applications: creating new models, removing noise from existing models, and adding geometric texture to an existing surface at multiple scales.
Sedation for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a survey of the Francophone Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition Group.

Background and study aims A survey of sedation usage in children undergoing diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was undertaken among the members of the Francophone Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition Group. Materials and methods A questionnaire regarding the mode of sedation used for noninterventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, relative to the patient's age and clinical condition, was sent to all members of the Group. The sample included 51 pediatric endoscopy centers (33 university hospitals, eight general hospitals, and 10 private practices). Results The response rate was 84 % (43 of 51) overall, and 100 % for university hospitals. Forty percent of the pediatric endoscopy centers routinely offered children and/or parents a choice between general anesthesia and conscious sedation. Only 14 % of the pediatric endoscopists surveyed routinely conducted upper gastrointestinal endoscopy under general anesthesia, irrespective of the patient's age or the indication for endoscopy. Patients under the age of 6 months underwent endoscopy as follows: 35 % under conscious sedation, 22 % under general anesthesia, and 43 % with no sedation. After the age of 6 months, endoscopy was conducted as follows: 45 % under conscious sedation, 47 % under general anesthesia, and 8 % with no sedation. Midazolam was the most common drug used for conscious sedation. In patients aged 3 - 5, inhaled nitrous oxide was used instead of midazolam for conscious sedation in 12 % of pediatric endoscopies, and local anesthesia with lidocaine (Xylocaine) in 24 %. In those over the age of 5, the proportions of centers using inhaled nitrous oxide and lidocaine increased to 19 % and 42 %, respectively. Conclusions These results clearly show that the mode of sedation used in noninterventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the pediatric age group is highly variable.
Glaucoma Risk Factors: Fluctuations in Intraocular Pressure

Intraocular pressure (IOP) has been consistently demonstrated to be associated with incidence, prevalence, and progression of glaucoma. However, although there is strong evidence to support mean IOP as a risk factor for both development and progression of the disease, there is uncertainty with regard to the role of IOP fluctuations in glaucoma. One of the difficulties in investigating this relationship comes from the concept of IOP fluctuation. Some authors define fluctuation as variation in IOP during the diurnal period. Others include the nocturnal period as well and point out that one should look at 24-h fluctuation as an important parameter for glaucoma progression. Finally, others have defined IOP fluctuation as the variability in IOP measurement between visits, which is often called long-term fluctuation. The role of very short-term fluctuations in IOP is explored in Sidebar 4.1.
Evaluation of the patient with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria.

Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria (AMH) is relatively common in clinical practice but the etiology remains unclear in the majority of patients; it is rarely related to genitourinary malignancies. The 2012 guidelines of the American Urological Association recommend an evaluation after a single positive urinalysis with mandatory upper tract evaluation in all patients, preferably with CT urography (CTU). The likelihood of detecting significant upper track abnormalities, particularly malignancies is low with CTU, while incidental extraurinary abnormalities are often found, the majority of which are not clinically significant. The workup for these incidental findings has significant financial and clinical implications. Primary care physicians, who are most apt to encounter patients with AMH, have a low rate of adherence to the AUA guidelines, possibly as a result of the broadening of criteria for AMH evaluation by the AUA, with resultant uncertainty amongst primary care physicians about the appropriate candidates for such evaluation. Selection of subgroups of patients with risk factors for GU malignancies who may benefit from a complete evaluation is essential, as opposed to evaluation of all patients classified as having AMH.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool (FHPAST)

PURPOSE: To report findings of psychometric testing of the Functional Health Pattern Screening Tool (FHPAST). METHODS: Psychometric evaluation including internal consistency and principal components analysis. FINDINGS: The findings indicate that the FHPAST is a reliable, three-component, 57-item valid instrument. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric testing supports the use of the FHPAST in research. The instrument captures each of the 11 functional health patterns as described by Gordon (1994) and has been translated into, and is available in, several languages. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Continued testing and refinement is needed across populations to support the findings from this investigation and to evaluate the outcomes of patient-centered interventions over time.
Obsessive Collectors: Fetishizing Culture in the Novels of Konstantin Vaginov

A rt historians generally agree that a crucial moment in the development of the practices and institutions of modern art occurs with the historical shift from art patronage to art collecting. According to Martin Wackernagel, the traditional system of patronage, by which individual or group patrons commissioned paintings, sculptures, and decorative objects for particular places in churches, palaces, or private homes, begins to break down in late fifteenth-century Florence. Wackernagel contrasts patrons with collectors, who are "interested in the art work for itself on account of its creator, its particular artistic qualities, or other noteworthy characteristics."' Simultaneously with the emergence of the collector, we can observe taking shape in Renaissance Florence the rudiments of the modern art market, a system in which "the art object begins to lose its rootedness in place and prepares itself for its future career in an art market of potential buyers."2 The rise of the collector was possible only because social attitudes toward art, the artist, and the work of art had already changed in significant ways. No longer viewed as a "craft," art had metamorphosed into an autonomous activity that was valuable in itself: the artist was transformed from the servant of a client (for example, prince, bishop, merchant or guild) into a "genius," and the art object itself was detached from its original place and function and valued because of its aesthetic qualities or its creator.3 Unlike the patron, then, the
Simulating Drift-Diffusion Processes With Generalized Interval Probability

The Fokker-Planck equation is widely used to describe the time evolution of stochastic systems in drift-diffusion processes. Yet, it does not differentiate two types of uncertainties: aleatory uncertainty that is inherent randomness and epistemic uncertainty due to lack of perfect knowledge. In this paper, a generalized Fokker-Planck equation based on a new generalized interval probability theory is proposed to describe drift-diffusion processes under both uncertainties, where epistemic uncertainty is modeled by the generalized interval while the aleatory one is by the probability measure. A path integral approach is developed to numerically solve the generalized Fokker-Planck equation. The resulted interval-valued probability density functions rigorously bound the real-valued ones computed from the classical path integral method. The new approach is demonstrated by numerical examples.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Dissolution retardation of solid silica during glass batch-melting

Abstract During glass-batch melting, solid silica (quartz) usually dissolves last. The measured rate of dissolution, while the temperature was increasing at a constant rate, was compared with the hypothetical diffusion-controlled volume flux from regularly distributed particles through concentration layers of a uniform thickness. The actual rate was up to two orders of magnitude lower than that of the “ideal” case, revealing a progressive inhibition of silica dissolution. As a measure of this retarded dissolution, we introduced a retardation factor defined as a ratio of the actual and “ideal” dissolution rates measured as the volume flux at the melt-particle interface. The severe inhibition of silica dissolution has been attributed to the irregular spatial distribution of silica particles that is associated with the formation of nearly saturated melt on a portion of their surfaces. Irregular shapes and unequal sizes of particles also contribute to their extended lifetime.
Discretion and the Service Employee

Services marketing managers have begun to recognize that services can be enhanced by allowing employees to exercise discretion during service delivery. A conceptual framework is presented which considers the discretion of employees and its antecedents. Two groups of antecedents are included: organizational factors and employee-related factors. The framework introduces a set of variables to the services marketing literature which take into account some of the unique aspects of service delivery.
Vulnerabilities of PKI based Smartcards

PKI-enabled smartcards hold the future of personal identity management and resilience against identity theft. These cards can hold multiple certified identities (e.g. credit card accounts) and provide: Authentication, Data Integrity, Confidentiality and Non-repudiation. Since the private key of the client certificates are stored in the card, and this key cannot be extracted from the card, it provides a high degree of security even when the card is used on an untrusted workstation (or point-of-sale). This paper shows that using PKI enabled smartcards on an un-trusted workstation can allow a variety of attacks to be performed by a malicious software. These attacks range from simple PIN phishing, to more serious attacks such as signatures on unauthorized transactions, authentication of users without consent, unauthorized secure access to SSL enabled web servers as well as remote usage of the smartcard by attackers. We also show that the root cause of such problems is the lack of a secure I/O channel between the user and the card and outline steps that can be taken to ensure such a channel is available making the documented attacks not feasible. We have prototyped the proposed solution and verified that the above attacks can be thwarted.
Panoramic radiographic atheromas portend adverse vascular events.

Objective This study sought to determine if calcified carotid artery atheromas (CCAA) imaged on panoramic radiographs portend an adverse vascular event. Study design Medical records of 46 males (mean age 66) with a CCAA (Group 1) were reviewed for preimaging vascular risks and for cerebrovascular events subsequent to the radiograph. Matched controls (age, gender, ethnicity, and vascular risks) treated at the same hospital but never radiographed were identified (Group 2) and matched to their cohort. The medical records of Group 2 individuals were re-reviewed for development of vascular events occurring after the date of their cohort’s radiograph. Results Twenty adverse vascular events (myocardial infarct, stroke, revascularization procedure, transient ischemic attack, angina requiring hospitalization) occurred in twelve Group 1 patients and 6 events occurred in five Group 2 patients ( P = 0.006). Conclusion The incidental finding of a CCAA portends significant risk of a future, adverse vascular event.
Electrophilic cleavage of the iron-carbon sigma bond: Mechanism and the stereochemistry at iron

Abstract Electrophilic cleavage of the iron-carbon sigma bond in the resolved chiral complexes CpFE(CO)(PPh3)R (where R = Me, Et, CH2CO2 (menthyl), and CH2O (menthyl)) by I2, ICl, and HgI2 reveals that the reaction proceeds with net retention of configuration at iron, but stereospecifity is not high and is insensitive to the nature of the alkyl group. In every case, recovered starting material is partially racemized, but the source of this is not yet certain. Formation of CpFe(CO)(PPh3)I from cleavages using ICl indicates that initial electrophilic attack is at the metal. A mechanism is discussed which accounts for net retention at metal in terms of steric and ion pairing rather than electronic effects. Cleavage using HO2CCF3 forms CpFe(CO)(PPh3)O2CCF3 of ca. 50% enantiomeric excess as shown by the use of an optically active Eu NMR shift reagent, but net retention or inversion at iron cannot be inferred.
Temperature distributions in nuclear collisions: Brief discussion and simple example.

Nuclear temperature has proved to be a useful concept in heavy ion reactions at both low (E/A 100 MeV) bombarding energies. Experiments in the intermediate energy regime have been unable to extract a well defined value for the temperature. In this Brief Report we suggest that broad temperature distributions may be able to resolve the apparent discrepancies.
Elementary scalar mesons and Regge poles

Abstract We show, for the annihilation amplitude of π+π− → two vector mesons, that parity conservation and rotational symmetry demand the existence of a triplet of Regge singularities crossing at t = 0. In the usual scalar-vector field theory, calculations of the leading terms of this amplitude up to the eight order show that these singularities are moving Regge poles. Contrary to common belief, the elementary scalar meson lies on one of them.
Visible third molars as risk indicator for increased periodontal probing depth.

Purpose To assess the relationship between visible third molars and the periodontal status of teeth more anterior in the mouth from reports that included periodontal probing data for all teeth. Materials and Methods Each of 4 reports that included periodontal probing data, 6 probing sites for all teeth, including third molars collected by trained, clinician examiners, were briefly summarized. The design, strengths, and weaknesses of each of the 4 studies were compared and summarized. A Forest plot was used to combine the findings from the 4 studies comparing the mean second molar probing depth differences in mm by the presence of at least 1 visible third molar or no visible third molar. Results A review of the data from 4 reports, 1 from middle-age adults and 3 from young adults, suggested an association between the visible presence of a third molar and increased periodontal probing depths on teeth more anterior in the mouth, predominately the first and second molars. Coupled with the probing depth around the third molars, the result was an expanded surface area at the biofilm–gingival interface. Conclusions Although all those with retained third molars are not at increased risk, the summary data we have reported suggest that those with a visible third molar are more likely to have greater periodontal probing depths overall, particularly on second molars, and a greater surface area of the biofilm–gingival interface compared with those with no visible third molar.
Automatic testing in the local telephone network

Computers are being applied to subscriber line testing to provide a comprehensive test and repair service. This article describes one system currently in use
Pragmatic ECAD Data Integration

Data integration refers to the ability of applications to share data and the ease with which this data is shared. Data integration is one of the fundamental missing pieces of functionality in ECAD systems created with tools from multiple tool vendors. Current systems meet neither the user's nor the tool supplier's needs for sharing data.A data integration solution is composed of five parts: semantics, syntax, storage, translation, and mechanism. There are only a handful of data objects transferred among ECAD applications. The key to obtaining data integration is to develop a data model that is common to all applications for each of these objects.The goals for a data integration architecture are: use one data model, meet tool performance and resource requirements, provide an extensible model and format, accommodate tools from any supplier, provide a single data interface, and permit portability.An ECAD data integration architecture to meet these goals consists of: a system context data model, a data model for each system data object, one format and access method for each object (the canonical form), and a data controller to control access to and translation of the data objects.An initial implementation of this architecture might consist of a system context data model and data models and canonical forms for schematic capture symbols and simulation netlists. In the short term a very simple integration mechanism is acceptable; in the long term an object management facility holds the most promise as a flexible and general integration mechanism.
Tu-mor(e) blood cells from human pluripotent stem cells.

Studies by Amabile et al reported in this issue of Blood use a novel strategy of teratoma formation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to isolate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) capable of in vivo engraftment and producing functional lymphocytes.[1][1] The original report
Response of Bean and Tobacco to Ozone: Effect of Light Intensity, Temperature and Relative Humidity

Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) and Bel W3 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, L.) were grown and exposed to 40 pphm ozone for 1 hr under a range of light intensities, temperatures, and relative humidities. Foliar injury to the more sensitive plant leaves was determined on the third day after exposure. Each atmospheric factor was independently assessed. Two significant three-way interactions were found: exposure light intensity by growth light intensity by species, and growth temperature by exposure temperature by species. Three significant two-way interactions were found for humidity: growth humidity by exposure humidity, growth humidity by species, and exposure humidity by species. The sensitivity of each species to ozone changed with changes in each environmental condition.
A Mathematical Theory of Man-Machine Text Editing

A mathematical representation of text editing tasks and a model of the implementation of such tasks by man-machine systems is introduced. The model assumes an abstract system that is characterized by a set of parameters such as insert rate, delete rate, etc. This model is used to derive the optimal operation strategy for a system and the expected editing rate as a function of the document's length and the parameters describing the work load and the system. Based on these results, some criteria are suggested for evaluating alternative text editing systems and for determining tradeoffs involved in designing such systems.
Lethal coalitionary aggression and long-term alliance formation among Yanomamö men

Some cross-cultural evidence suggests lethal coalitionary aggression in humans is the product of residence and descent rules that promote fraternal interest groups, i.e., power groups of coresident males bonded by kinship. As such, human lethal coalitions are hypothesized to be homologous to chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) border patrols. However, humans demonstrate a unique metagroup social structure in which strategic alliances allow individuals to form coalitions transcending local community boundaries. We test predictions derived from the fraternal interest group and strategic alliance models using lethal coalition data from a lowland South American population, the Yanomamo. Yanomamo men who kill an enemy acquire a special status, termed unokai. We examine the social characteristics of co-unokais or men who jointly kill others. Analyses indicate co-unokais generally are (i) from the same population but from different villages and patrilines, (ii) close age mates, and (iii) maternal half-first cousins. Furthermore, the incident rate for co-unokai killings increases if men are similar in age, from the same population, and from different natal communities. Co-unokais who have killed more times in the past and who are more genetically related to each other have a higher probability of coresidence in adulthood. Last, a relationship exists between lethal coalition formation and marriage exchange. In this population, internal warfare unites multiple communities, and co-unokais strategically form new residential groups and marriage alliances. These results support the strategic alliance model of coalitionary aggression, demonstrate the complexities of human alliance formation, and illuminate key differences in social structure distinguishing humans from other primates.
TOR Mutations Confer Rapamycin Resistance by Preventing Interaction with FKBP12-Rapamycin

The antifungal, immunosuppressive compound rapamycin arrests the cell cycle in G1 in both yeast cells and T-lymphocytes. Previous genetic studies in yeast identified mutations in three genes, FPR1 (FKBP12), TOR1, and TOR2, which confer rapamycin resistance, and genetic findings implicated the TOR proteins as direct targets of FKBP12-rapamycin. Consistent with this model, we find that modulating TOR1 and TOR2 expression alters rapamycin sensitivity. We describe several TOR2 mutations that confer rapamycin resistance. These mutations prevent FKBP12-rapamycin binding to TOR2, as assayed with the two-hybrid system. We find that TOR1 and the mammalian TOR homologue (mTOR) also bind FKBP12-rapamycin, and mutations corresponding to those in TOR2 similarly block FKBP12-rapamycin binding. We demonstrate that FKBP12 prolyl isomerase activity is not required for FKBP12-rapamycin binding to TOR and that a composite protein-drug surface contacts the TOR proteins. These studies confirm that the TOR proteins are direct targets of FKBP12-rapamycin, reveal that drug-resistant mutations prevent this association, and define structural features of these complexes.
The neural substrates of apomorphine-stimulated locomotor activity following denervation of the nucleus accumbens.

Abstract Efferent fibers from the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc.) to the substantia innominata and lateral preoptic region (SI/LPO) are believed to be essential for the supersensitive locomotor response to apomorphine in rats following 6OHDA-induced denervation of the N.Acc., since destruction of cells within the SI/LPO eliminates this supersensitive response. In the present study, the neurochemical properties of this efferent projection were investigated. Injection of muscimol, a GABA agonist, directly into the SI/LPO produced a dose-dependent decrease in supersensitive locomotor activity at doses that did not alter baseline locomotion. Higher doses of muscimol actually produced a prolonged locomotor activation in all animals. These results suggest that the locomotor activation following stimulation of supersensitive dopamine receptors within the N.Acc. may involve a decrease in GABAergic activity at the level of the SI/LPO.
Reaction of tritium atoms with unsaturated compounds

The reaction of tritium atoms with unsaturated compounds was shown to proceed both by addition to the double bond yielding the reduced product as well as by tritium/hydrogen exchange resulting in labeled parent. Reduction occurred to varying degrees in all cases investigated but appears to be far less significant than in Wilzbach labeling. The addition/substitution ratio producing labeled products for oleic acid was 2.6(compared to 24.4 by Wilzbach) for the unsaturated amino acids 3,4-dehydro-D,L-proline and L-2-amino-4-(2′-aminoethoxy) trans-3-butenoic acid was 12.8 and 11.6 respectively and for morphine (resulting in 6,7-dihydromorphine) only 0.02.
THE UKRAINE IN KRU (KAZAKHSTAN, RUSSIA AND UKRAINE): PROSPECTS FOR THE UKRAINIAN GRAIN ECONOMY

During the years leading up the Russian drought of 2010, the share of the gra- in exports from Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine (KRU) in the world grain trade steadi- ly increased. In 2008/09 and 2009/10 they together exported an average of 36.5 million tons of wheat per year, which accounted for more than 26 percent of the world wheat exports in those two years. This was greater than the exports of any of the other major exporters - US, Canada, EU-27, and Australia. Given such a growing role for the grain sectors in the KRU region, it is important to learn more about Ukraine's role in global market behavior. In this paper we focus on the specifics of Ukrainian agriculture, its gro- wing integration in world markets, and its potential role in the future of grain market developments.
Dual Palmitoylation of NR2 Subunits Regulates NMDA Receptor Trafficking

Modification of NMDA receptor function and trafficking contributes to the regulation of synaptic transmission and is important for several forms of synaptic plasticity. Here, we report that NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B have two distinct clusters of palmitoylation sites in their C-terminal region. Palmitoylation within the first cluster on a membrane-proximal region increases tyrosine phosphorylation of tyrosine-based internalization motifs by Src family protein tyrosine kinases, leading to enhanced stable surface expression of NMDA receptors. In addition, palmitoylation of these sites regulates constitutive internalization of the NMDA receptor in developing neurons. In marked contrast, palmitoylation of the second cluster in the middle of C terminus by distinct palmitoyl transferases causes receptors to accumulate in the Golgi apparatus and reduces receptor surface expression. These data suggest that regulated palmitoylation of NR2 subunits differentially modulates receptor trafficking and might be important for NMDA-receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity.
A goal programming model to evaluate the production decision through the productivity of sub-systems

Productivity is concerned with the effective and efficient utilization of resources in producing goods and/or services. In this study, productivity has been viewed in a broader perspective to present the degree of accomplishment of performance objectives, reconciled optimally through goal-programming.
Guidelines for the development of a consistent long-range energy policy

It is argued that because of the importance of energy in all activities, a comprehensive, long-range energy policy needs to be developed. The current debate surrounding energy production and consumption is examined, and energy forecasts, proposed energy policies, and effects on the environment are discussed. Factors to be taken into account in formulating an energy policy are identified. It is pointed out that it would not be desirable, even if possible, to formulate a detailed and prescriptive policy based on laws and regulations. >
Craniolateral approach to the humerus with transection of the brachialis muscle

Six fractures of the midshaft or distal third of the humerus were repaired through a modified craniolateral approach in which the brachialis muscle was transected rather than retracted to improve exposure of the bone. The approach simplified fracture reduction and fixation. Normal fracture healing and excellent limb function resulted in each case.
Assay for Toxic Chemicals Using Bacteria

A method to measure the toxicity of chemicals is described. Any test for toxic chemicals requires an indicator organism. Toxicity is defined by the damage done to living cells. This assay uses the bacterium Rhizobium meliloti as the indicator organism. This assay presents a simple, rapid and inexpensive method to measure toxic chemicals without harming animals. Results are comparable to other methods.
Effect of the cross-sectional shape of hat-type cross-sections on crash resistance of an “S”-frame

Abstract This paper addresses a design aspect of a front side rail structure of an automobile body from the point of view of weight efficiency and crush energy absorption. Various orientations of the cross-section and ways of reinforcing the cross-section by an internal stiffening member are investigated. The specific energy absorption (i.e. energy absorption per unit weight) is taken as a measure of the performance of a structure. Also the advantages of reinforcing the side rail by means of aluminum foam filling are assessed. It is shown through extensive numerical simulation using nonlinear finite element code PAM–CRASH, that the model with a diagonally positioned internal stiffener and suitable triggering dents can absorb up to 200% more energy than the typical double-hat/double-cell profile member. At the same time there is a 3 fold increase in the specific energy absorption. By using the concept of aluminum foam-filling with 3 MPa foam, the specific energy absorption increases by a factor of 2.84.
RF linacs for SDI

Radio-frequency linear accelerators are key elements of Strategic Defense Initiative systems for producing neurtral particle beams and for producing photon radiation using free-electron lasers. The R&D work for these applications will result in significant advances in all aspects of accelerators and supporting systems that will also benefit the application of these devices in other areas. Aspects of the current development work are outlined, and prospects for broader application are discussed.
Revision of Ancestor Merit for Modified Contemporary Comparison Sire Evaluations

Abstract Procedures for computing ancestor merit for Modified Contemporary Comparison sire evaluations were extended for protein and modified to improve accuracy and account for genetic trend for bulls without evaluated ancestors. Sire Summaries of bulls evaluated in October 1974 or later were analyzed to determine difference between daughter Modified Contemporary Deviation and pedigree index. Bulls were identified by birth year, sampling program, and pedigree information available. Means of differences weighted by Repeatability were computed for breed, parity group, yield trait, and pedigree category. Means were smoothed by linear regression over 9 consecutive yr centered on year for which mean was being estimated. Means for recent years were calculated from regression coefficients from last complete set of 9 yr. Ancestor merit, which when weighted by 1 minus Repeatability is pedigree contribution to Predicted Difference, was calculated as appropriate difference plus bull's pedigree index. Changes made in calculation of ancestor merit accounted for genetic trend in bulls without pedigree information available. Ancestor merit procedures were made self-updating to eliminate the assumption that trend estimated in the past will continue unchanged.
Multi-agent-based anticipatory control for enhancing the safety and performance of Generation-IV nuclear power plants during long-term semi-autonomous operation

Abstract The use of multi-agents and anticipatory control to improve the performance and safety of nuclear power plants is discussed. The propose program seeks to advance and test via simulation a new control approach for the long-term semiautonomous and economically competitive operation of Generation-IV nuclear power plants. The approach exploits a simple but potentially powerfull idea: In order to regulate themselves in a semi-autonomous manner and be protected from potential anomalies, Generation-IV plants should act proactively, that is, effect control in anticipation of (not just in response to) potential contingencies . It is proposed to envelop the plant with two anticipatory control blankets, one pertaining to problems emerging due to wear and fatigue, and the other pertaining to unanticipated design basis events. Nuclear power plants are by their design well suited for the application of intelligent agents to carry out the safety assurance functions as they are well instrumented for purpose of defining their safety status. Each of the monitoring and control subsystems can be “agentized; i.e., legacy (existing) codes can be encapsulated in an agent “wrapper”, enabling critical information to be autonomously distributed to any agent that needs it to perform its prescribed task.
Hydrocarbon plasma emission as a means to monitor plasma polymerization

Abstract A diagnostic feature of the optical emission from a toluene glow discharge is the relative intensities of the aromatic benzyl radical V spectrum band and the aliphatic CH A 2 Δ-X 2 Π band system. The evaluation of the relative intensities of these emissions allows a prediction of the chemical structural characteristics of the deposited polymer film which is independent of the reactor power level, pressure or flow rate.
229 nm UV photochemical degradation of energetic molecules

We examined photochemical degradation of energetic molecules upon UV resonance Raman (UVRR) excitation of the 229 nm UVRR spectra of solid HMX, TNT and RDX. Comparisons of the UVRR spectra of these photodegraded samples to those of different carbon samples indicate some features similar to carbon compounds with sp 2 bonding, vaguely reminiscent of graphitic carbon as well as amorphous carbon. Spinning the energetic material samples minimizes the per molecule photon flux which decreases the photochemistry. We very roughly estimated photochemical degradation quantum yields of -6 .
ESD issues for advanced CMOS technologies

As technologies advance towards the deep submicron, the ESD protection design issues have been known to become more critical. This paper examines the recent trends in ESD protection designs, the technology impact, and the specific approaches to build-in ESD reliability. It is shown that the efficient performance of advanced protection designs requires an optimized process that can meet the ESD robustness criterion.
2,3–DPG LEVELS IN FETAL ERYTHROCYTES: EARLY DECREASES WITH ACIDOSIS

To define the kinetics of decreases in DPG due to low pH, fetal erythrocytes (FE) of 10 nl term newborns (cord blood) and erythrocytes or 7 healthy adults (AE)were suspended in PBS, 1% BSA, 10 mM glucose, pH 7.40, 7.20 or 7.00 at 37°C. The following were determined at 0, 1, or 2, and 4 hrs: pHe, pHi, DPG, Psn(pH 7.40), Psn(in vivo), and methemoglobin. No hemolysis, crenation or significant changes in methb occurred.
Adherence and uptake of Francisella into host cells

Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent bacterial pathogen that is easily aerosolized and has a low infectious dose. As an intracellular pathogen, entry of Francisella into host cells is critical for its survival and virulence. However, the initial steps of attachment and internalization of Francisella into host cells are not well characterized, and little is known about bacterial factors that promote these processes. This review highlights our current understanding of Francisella attachment and internalization into host cells. In particular, we emphasize the host cell types Francisella has been shown to interact with, as well as specific receptors and signaling processes involved in the internalization process. This review will shed light on gaps in our current understanding and future areas of investigation.
Evidence for photochemical quenching by a surface: laser induced decomposition of W(CO)6 on Si(111)-(7×7)

The ultraviolet laser induced decomposition of W(CO)6 adsorbed on Si(111)-(7 × 7) was investigated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions with temperature programmed desorption/reaction, multiple internal reflection Fourier transform infrared, laser induced desorption and Auger electron spectroscopies. Ultraviolet photodecomposition of W(CO)6 proceeds in a one photon process. Different photochemical activity is observed for multilayer W(CO)6 as compared to W(CO)6 directly in contact with the surface. At multilayer coverages, photodecomposition proceeds via a single step, and the yield of generated CO strongly depends on photolysis wavelength. This dependence is consistent with direct electronic excitation of the molecule being the primary mechanism leading to decomposition. At lower coverages, the photoprocess is significantly quenched and near constant levels of CO are produced during photolysis at all ultraviolet wavelengths. At multilayer coverages, coadsorbed CO contributes to the CO laser induced desorption signal generated during irradiation of W(CO)6 and interferes with the analysis of the resulting data. This coadsorbed CO is most likely introduced into the vacuum chamber by W(CO)6 decomposing in the doser. Ultraviolet photolysis generates adsorbed partially decarbonylated tungsten carbonyl fragments, which decompose further in postphotolysis temperature programmed reaction. The photoproducts, in multilayers, do not react with coadsorbed benzene or 13CO and, when isolated, are insensitive to additional ultraviolet photolysis. Auger electron spectroscopy is shown to have limited usefulness for obtaining quantitative details regarding surface stoichiometries for W(CO)6 and its photoproducts.
To know me is to trust me

Abstract Earning the buyer's trust is a prerequisite for success in selling industrial goods. This paper examines the process of earning the buyer's trust and suggests that demonstrating truthfulness, providing benevolent service, and establishing credibility are fundamental attributes which the industrial sales person must demonstrate to potential customers.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Representation of Asian Indian Folk Tales in US-American Children's Literature

In her article "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Representation of Asian Indian Folk Tales in US-American Children's Literature," Sudeshna Roy explores the representation of India in U.S. children's picture books by interpreting prevailing images of the subcontinent and its peoples and their impact on children's understandings. Roy analyzes three key elements -titles, illustrations, and text identifying a set of predominant themes: nature and wild animals, poverty and hardship, spiritual hermits, and wit and common sense wisdom. From these findings, Roy suggests that Eurocentric imperial ideologies continue to inform the formulation of race, gender, and nation in U.S. children's books. Indeed, the books analyzed maintain popular expectations about India, dictated by colonial stereotypes, the discomfort in approaching multiculturalism in the United States, and the concept of the "other" socially, temporally, and spatially removed from the "here and now." The discourses in these books thus affirm the view of a one-way history of progress, development, and modernity of Western society in their negative mirror images, stagnation, underdevelopment, and tradition in the "other" world, in this case, India. Sudeshna Roy, page 2 of 9 "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Representation of Asian Indian Folk Tales in US-American Children's Literature." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 10.2 (2008): Thematic Issue, Racialized Narratives for Children. Ed. C. Richard King and John Streamas
Production planning with variable demand

Abstract This paper presents an expanded version of the dynamic inventory model in which customer behavior is explicitly addressed. The intent is to give production planners a means of accounting for the inexact nature of demand as it varies over some mathematically defined set. The proposed model takes the form of a two-person, nonzero sum game or bilevel program. The manufacturer is considered the leader and announces a production mix and advertising strategy for the planning horizon. Using this information, the customer then tries to structure a response that will satisfy his demand at minimum cost. A basic property of the model is that the manufacturer can influence the choices available to the customer through advertising, but cannot control them. Both players try to maximize their individual objectives without violating the constraints of the system. Due to the inherent conflict in the game, this may give rise to non-Pareto-optimal solutions. Nevertheless, we feel that the approach offers new insight into the relationship between production planning and marketing, and offers management a powerful mechanism for coordinating inter-departmental activities. Results from a case study are presented to illustrate a number of these points.
Coronary anatomy in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.

Background: The advent of double switch procedures for the treatment of transposition of the great arteries with L-looped ventricles, e.g. typical congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, has made delineation of the coronary artery anatomy in these hearts important. Previous studies have suggested a consistently inverted coronary arterial pattern. Methods: A morphologic study was conducted of the coronary arterial anatomy of all heart specimens in our registry of approximately 2600 hearts with segmental anatomy {S,L,L} (situs solitus of the viscera and atria, ventricular L-loop, and levoposition of the aorta), with anatomical features to permit such repair. Results: Twenty specimens collected between 1965 and 1993 ranged in age from 1 day to 23 years. Transposition of the great arteries or double outlet right ventricle was seen in 12 (60%). One had a single coronary artery that arose from the right anterior sinus and trifurcated. Another had the anterior descending artery arise from the right ventricular coronary artery while the circumflex arose alone, directly above the intercoronary commissure. Eccentric ostia were seen in another four, with one left ventricular coronary artery originating directly above the intercoronary commissure. Right ventricular aorta with pulmonary atresia was in eight of the total (40%). Three had eccentric ostia: one with both arteries from the left posterior sinus, and one with the left ventricular coronary over the intercoronary commissure. None of these specimens had additional coronary anomalies that would further complicate surgery. Conclusion: Nearly half of the specimens (45%) had coronary artery abnormalities that could have complicated, but not necessarily precluded, anatomic surgical repair.
Comparative study of transferrins of amphibia and reptilia using starch-gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.

Abstract 1. 1. Mobilities of transferrins of 150 kinds of reptiles and amphibians were compared at different taxonomic levels. 2. 2. Plasma of most individuals contained one iron-binding protein; however, two were often present and three infrequently found. 3. 3. Migration rates ranged from as slow as human gamma-globulin to as fast as human albumin. 4. 4. Transferrins of closely related taxonomic groups tended to cluster within limited mobility ranges and some taxonomic categories could be differentiated on this basis. 5. 5. Infra-orders and families of lizards and families of snakes exhibited little variation within certain groups and striking divergence in others. 6. 6. In many instances closely related genera or species possessed electrophoretically similar or identical transferrins but in other instances their transferrins were greatly different. 7. 7. Marked individual variation, both within geographically limited populations and between populations from different geographic areas, was found in all species of colubrid snakes that were well sampled. 8. 8. There appeared to be much less variability in mobilities of transferrins of amphibians, turtles, crocodilians and lizards. 9. 9. Concentration of plasma iron was very low in amphibians, moderate in turtles and alligators, and relatively high in snakes and lizards. 10. 10. Latent iron-binding capacity was least in hylid and ranid frogs, moderate in toads (Bufo), turtles and salamanders, in crocodiles, lizards and snakes.
The infrared chemiluminescent reaction of Cl atoms with H2CO

The reaction Cl + H2CO HCl + HCO has been studied at 295 K. Chlorine atoms were produced via the infrared laser induced dissociation of CCl3F, using a pulsed CO2 TEA laser. Using HCl infrared chemiluminescence as the diagnostic, we find the rate constant to be 7.4 ± 0.7 × 10−11 cm3/molecule sec, in good agreement with several recent studies. An evaluation of TEA laser photolysis as a technique for the generation of chlorine atoms is made, and the relationship of this experiment to recent theories of infrared laser induced chemistry is discussed.
African Historical Demography in the Years since Edinburgh

The study of African demography, unlike the study of populations in Europe, North America, and even Asia, has been remarkably ahistorical. The absence of historical understandings of the facts and dynamics of African populations based on focused, local research has led to the creation and perpetuation of notable myths about African populations in the past. Perhaps the most powerful of these stereotypes is the Malthusinn and neo-Malthusian belief that, whatever the historical era and whatever the social and economic contexts, African populations have invariably sought to maximize births.In 1977 participants at the first conference on African historical demography, convened at the African Studies Center in the University of Edinburgh, argued for a more historicized analysis of the evolution of African populations. Papers presented at Edinburgh in 1977, at a second seminar there in 1981, and in a respectable number of conferences, seminars, and panel sessions in the last two decades, confirm in a variety of time periods and social and economic contexts just how historical research contributes to our understanding of the pasts and presents of African societies.This paper surveys research in African historical demography by demographers and by historians “in the years since Edinburgh,” concluding with a mention of a variety of demographic topics—fertility, nuptiality, mortality, migration, and family history—to show how such research has added depth and complexity to our appreciation of social history in Africa, and how various were the ways that African societies sought to ensure their demographic survival.