cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregating indices of risk and protection for adolescent behavior problems: the Communities That Care Youth Survey

Abstract Purpose To facilitate research on adolescent risk and protection regarding behavior problems, and to facilitate community decision-making regarding resource allocation for intervention programs, by creating a reduced set of coherent aggregate indices of adolescent risk and protection. Methods We examined the 31 risk and protective factor scales in the Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS). Data came from two waves of the CTC-YS administered to sixth through 12th graders in Pennsylvania (2001 n = 43,842; 2003 n =101,988). Factor analysis and calculation of internal reliability were used to create aggregate indices of risk/protective factor domains. Correlations of aggregate indices with each other and with problem behaviors (antisocial behavior, substance use) were examined. Results Theory and empirical results led to the creation of seven coherent indices: Community Cohesion, Family Cohesion, Family Risk, School Support for Prosocial Activities, Antisocial Peer Domain, Attitudes toward Risky Behavior, Risky Behavioral Tendencies. Four scales were not included in the aggregate index (Religiosity, Academic Performance, Personal Transitions and Mobility, and Early Initiation of Drug Use and Antisocial Behavior). The indices were related to each other and to adolescent problem behaviors (antisocial behavior and substance use) in expected ways. Results were consistent across waves of data. Conclusions The construction of theoretically meaningful and empirically defensible aggregate measures of adolescent risk and protective factors is possible, although analyses of other data sets and further discussion are warranted. The use of aggregate indices by researchers and communities is recommended as a way to facilitate research and decision-making.
Industrial marketing in non-profit organizations

Government figures and various authors have cited our country’s movement from a manufacturing to a service economy [ 11. One of the sectors often overlooked in this shift is the third sector, which is composed of non-profit associations and nongovernmental community service agencies at national, regional, and local levels. The American Red Cross, American Heart Association, The Girl Scouts, and churches of all denominations are all examples of “third sector” or “non-profit” organizations (terms used interchangeably). Peter Drucker recently termed the third sector “a major American growth sector that is not recorded in the economic figures,” [2]. One study estimated that the third sector consists of approximately six million organizations, which spend $250 billion dollars annually in the form of purchased goods and services [3]. Given such large expenditures, a more focused business marketing approach toward third sector businesses nomic cutbacks from government agencies and the realization that goals can be better achieved through improved cost man agement. With this in mind, third sector firms are realizing that more effective purchasing can lower their costs and allow more efficient use of limited resources. Thus, effective marketing to third sector firms requires an understanding of the purchase behavior within this sector. While much research has been conducted toward understanding buyer behavior in the private sector and certain service sectors (such as health and education), no research has focused on the third sector. This sector also presents a unique situation for the buyer-seller interchange as it is often staffed and managed by volunteers who lack business knowledge, and often depends financially on donations from individuals and organizations who may be potential sellers.
Re: Gonenc M, Dural AC, Celik F, et al: Enhanced postoperative recovery pathways in emergency surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial

First suggested for patients with perforated gastric ulcers in 1894, omental patch closure of a perforated duodenal ulcer was popularized by Graham in 1937 and has remained a surgical mainstay. Over time and before the descriptions of Helicobacter pylori, H-receptor antagonists, and proton-pump inhibitors, omental patch closure was one of the 4 operations used to treat perforated gastroduodenal ulcers. These included gastrectomy for perforated gastric ulcers and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, truncal vagotomy and resection, and proximal gastric vagotomy with omental patch closure for perforated duodenal ulcers. These ‘‘definitive’’ operations were used from the 1940s to the 1990s because of the following problems or limitations of omental patch closure as follows: (1) technical difficulties in patching gastric or large duodenal perforations; (2) early reperforation or bleeding; (3) recurrent symptoms (73% of patients) postoperatively; (4) late reperforation (9% of patients); and (5) a large number of reoperations (48% of patients). Since the descriptions of H. pylori, H receptor antagonists, and proton-pump inhibitors, either open or laparoscopic omental patch closure has become the most commonly used operation to treat perforated duodenal ulcers. Patch closure suffices as postoperative medical therapy to eliminate theHelicobacter causative agent is so successful. It is of interest, however, that perioperative care for patients undergoing omental patch closure has varied so much. For many years, the postoperative management after omental
1,4-Butanediol content of aqua dots children's craft toy beads.

Introduction The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission announced a recall of Aqua Dots (Spin Master Ltd.; Toronto, Canada) on November 7, 2007 due to children becoming ill after swallowing beads from these toy craft kits. Reports suggested that the beads contained 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), a precursor to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), rather than the intended, but more expensive 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PD). We measured the 1,4-BD and 1,5-PD content of Aqua Dots beads to determine if 1,5-PD had been completely substituted with 1,4-BD by the manufacturer, and if the reported clinical effects from swallowing Aqua Dots beads were consistent with the estimated ingested 1,4-BD dose.
The working principle of the hollow-anode plasma source

The hollow-anode discharge is a special form of glow discharge. It is shown that a drastically reduced anode area is responsible for a positive anode voltage drop of 30-40 V and an increased anode sheath thickness. This leads to ignition of a relatively dense plasma in front of the anode hole. Langmuir probe measurements inside a specially designed hollow anode plasma source give an electron density and temperature of ne=109-1011 cm-3 and Te=1-3 eV, respectively (nitrogen, current 100 mA, flow rate 5-50 scc min-1). Driven by a pressure gradient, the 'anode' plasma is blown through the anode hole and forms a bright plasma jet streaming with supersonic velocity (Mach number 1.2). The plasma-stream can be used, for instance, in plasma-assisted deposition of thin films.
Adult Women Students in the Academy: Impostors or Members?

(2002). Adult Women Students in the Academy: Impostors or Members? The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 24-37.
Surface ionization and complexation at the oxide/water interface II. Surface properties of amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and adsorption of metal ions

Abstract The site-binding model for the electrical double layer of hydrous oxides reported in a previous paper is applied to the adsorption of metal ions from dilute solution and to complex heterogeneous systems, i.e., amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. More than one stoichiometric surface reaction is usually needed to describe the adsorption behavior of dilute heavy metal ions. If mass law equations for surface reactions of metal ions are corrected for effects of the electrostatic field at the interface, the calculated adsorption density depends upon the type of surface species formed. It is shown that calculations with surface reactions involving hydrolytic complexes of metal ions, e.g., Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ag(I), are more consistent with experimental adsorption data than complexation by bidentate surface sites. A table of intrinsic surface complexation constants for various metal ions and oxide substrates is presented. Similar to results reported earlier for major electrolyte ions, the stability constants of surface complexes of heavy metal ions with the silica surface are significantly less than for other oxide surfaces. Empirical surface parameters for model calculations with iron oxyhydroxide are derived and the results are compared with experimental adsorption data for Cu(II) and Ag(I).
Structure-based design of novel human Pin1 inhibitors (III): Optimizing affinity beyond the phosphate recognition pocket

Abstract The design of potent Pin1 inhibitors has been challenging because its active site specifically recognizes a phospho-protein epitope. The de novo design of phosphate-based Pin1 inhibitors focusing on the phosphate recognition pocket and the successful replacement of the phosphate group with a carboxylate have been previously reported. The potency of the carboxylate series is now further improved through structure-based optimization of ligand–protein interactions in the proline binding site which exploits the H-bond interactions necessary for Pin1 catalytic function. Further optimization using a focused library approach led to the discovery of low nanomolar non-phosphate small molecular Pin1 inhibitors. Structural modifications designed to improve cell permeability resulted in Pin1 inhibitors with low micromolar anti-proliferative activities against cancer cells.
Novel dynamic delay allocation adjustment for improving bandwidth efficiency

End-to-end delay guarantees are critical to many delay-sensitive applications. To ensure such a guarantee on a flow path, the existing approaches usually statically divide its end-to-end delay requirement into per-hop delay requirements. However, such static path-level resource allocations often cause unbalanced resource reservations and bottlenecks in a network as shown in this paper, limit the total number of sessions accommodated in the network, and result in low network utilization. To address this issue, we propose a Dynamic Allocation Adjustment (DAA) approach to improve bandwidth efficiency by spreading loads over a flow path and other related links not on the path. Our simulation results show that DAA is able to significantly increase the total number of flows admitted into a network by 30% or more, compared with the best existing solution. Furthermore, it efficiently utilizes bandwidth by greatly reducing the average flow reservation at a link and the total resources reserved for a flow on its entire path.
Journal Editors Celebrated at Editors' Evening

At the Fall Meeting, the premiere social event for AGU's many journal editors is the annual Editors' Evening, an opportunity for members to celebrate and to recognize the efforts of retiring editors. At the event, AGU president Carol Finn welcomed all those in attendance and thanked them for volunteering their time for the benefit of AGU and the wider research community.
Airplane emissions: a source of mutagenic nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Organic solvent extracts from airplane emission particulates are mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. Using Salmonella tester strains deficient in enzymes required for the bioactivation of various nitroarenes, the mutagenicity present in these emissions was ascribed to the presence of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on the known aircraft particulate emission rates at U.S. airports, and using 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 1,8-dinitropyrene (1,8-DNP) as surrogates, it is calculated that at a minimum 7 kg 1-NP and 20 g, 1,8-DNP are emitted daily at a typical U.S. airport.
DQ current control of a bidirectional, isolated, single-stage AC-DC converter for vehicle-to-grid applications

Electric vehicles can provide a viable network of distributed energy storage and provide ancillary services to the grid, (Vehicle-to-Grid, V2G), but Electric Vehicle chargers need to be bidirectional in order to provide power back to the grid. In this paper, dq current control is proposed using a novel bidirectional, isolated, single stage AC-DC converter. Unity open loop power factor has been achieved in previous work using the novel topology but relies on a non-distorted voltage waveform to achieve unity power factor and lacks control of reactive power. The single phase input filter equations are transformed into the rotating dq reference frame by generating an imaginary beta axis. The filter dynamics are analyzed and controllers are designed for dq input currents. A phase shift component is added to the modulation scheme allowing control of the phase and magnitude of the converters input current. The topology and control scheme is simulated in PLECS. Simulation results are presented for various operating points and validate the theoretical analysis. The proposed control strategy implements real and reactive power control which is essential for V2G applications and the topology has the advantages of high switching frequency, isolation, voltage matching, high power density, and reduced size compared to the conventional cascaded isolated AC-DC topologies.
Fusion methods for multiple sensor systems with unknown error densities

Abstract Consider that the sensor Si, i = 1,2,…,N, outputs y (i) ϵ R ; d , according to an unknown probability density pi(y(i)|x), corresponding to an object with parameter xϵ R d . For the system of N sensors, S1, S2,…,SN, a training l-sample (x1,y1), (x2,y2),…, (x1,y1) is given where yi = (y(1)i,y(2)i,…,y(N)i) and y(j)i is the output of Sj in response to input xi. The problem is to estimate a fusion rule ƒ: R Nd ↦ R d , based on the sample, such that the expected square error I(ƒ) = ∫ [x − ƒ(y (1) ,y (2) ,…,y (N) )] 2 p(y (1) ,y (2) ,…,y (N) |x)p(x)dy (1) dy (2) …dy (N) dx is to be minimized over a family of fusion rules F based on the given l-sample. Let ƒ ∗ ϵ F minimize I(ƒ). In general, ƒ∗ cannot be computed since the underlying probability densities are unknown. Using Vapnik's empirical risk minimization method, we show that if F has finite capacity, then under bounded error condition, for sufficiently large sample, f can be obtained such that P[I( f )−I(f ∗ )>epsiv;] for arbitrarily specified e > 0 andδ, 0
Recurrent and metastatic retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma

The computed tomography findings in a case of recurrent retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma with an abdominal wall metastasis are reported. The lesions were well-circumscribed solid masses with varying computed tomography densities. The computed tomography findings in hemangiopericytoma are not pathognomonic; however, a patient with a history of this tumor, computed tomography can suggest recurrence or metastasis and define the location and extent of disease prior to surgical intervention.
Changes in Spinal Reflexes Preceding a Voluntary Movement in Young and Old Adults

Background Age-related differences in spinal excitability during response preparation were assessed by eliciting either a 50% H-reflex or an Achilles tendon reflex preceding the onset of a right plantar flexion contraction in 20 young adults (23.1 +/- 1.64 yrs) and 20 old adults (68.5 +/- 5.53 yrs). Methods On each simple reaction time trial, the test reflex was elicited at a specific test interval during either the foreperiod or the response period. The foreperiod test intervals were 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 msec after the presentation of the warning stimulus. The response period test intervals were 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 msec after the presentation of the response stimulus. Control reflexes were randomly elicited between the simple reaction time trials. Results Changes in reflex excitability were not observed during the foreperiod in either age group. During the response period, the percentage of H-reflex facilitation as compared to control H-reflexes was similar for the young (68%) and the old (61%) adults, but the magnitude of Achilles tendon reflex facilitation with respect to control reflex responses was greater in the young adults (74%) than in the old adults (38%). The time course of H- and tendon reflex facilitation was delayed in the old group during the response period. Conclusions The results indicate that processes underlying the preparation and generation of a motor response are similar in young and old adults. However, these processes occur at a slower rate in old adults.
Near Net-Shaped, Alkaline-Earth-Bearing Ceramics for Electronic and Refractory Applications Via the Oxidation of Solid, Metal-Bearing Precursors (the VIMOX Process)

Abstract Abstract In most of the published work on the high-temperature oxidation of bulk metals, the resulting oxides are treated as undesired corrosion products. The opposite paradigm is discussed in this paper: bulk precursors containing alkaline earth metals (AE = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) are completely oxidized to produce electrical or refractory ceramics. Relatively dense AE-metal-bearing green bodies can be fabricated by either solid-state deformation processing or liquid metal infiltration processing. Rapid oxidation of the solid AE metals and reaction with other oxides in the green bodies can yield desired compounds. Unlike other oxides, AE oxides possess smaller molar volumes than the corresponding metals. Hence, by adjusting the amounts of AE and non-AE components in a precursor, an all-ceramic body with a shape and volume identical to the precursor can be produced (Volume Identical Metal Oxidation or VIMOX). The syntheses of shaped electronic titanates and cerates, and refractory aluminates and alumino...
Aberrant Behaviors With Prescription Opioids and Problem Drug Use History in a Community-Based Cohort of HIV-Infected Individuals

Abstract Context The treatment of pain in patients with substance use disorders creates tensions for clinicians between undertreating pain and enabling opioid analgesic misuse. Objectives To characterize prevalence and factors associated with aberrant opioid analgesic behaviors in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals who are at high risk for opioid analgesic misuse. Methods We assessed pain and substance use disorders in a cross-sectional study that enrolled 296 participants from the Research on Access to Care in the Homeless cohort, a community-based sample of indigent HIV-infected adults. We measured aberrant opioid behaviors, defined as major or minor depending on level of risk of harm to patients, using Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview technology. Results Most participants (91.2%) reported pain in the week before interview, with the majority of these experiencing severe pain (53.7%). More than two-thirds (69.2%) of the participants met criteria for a lifetime history of cocaine, amphetamine, or heroin/opioid use disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). More than one-third of the sample (37.4%) had a history of aberrant opioid behavior within 90 days of interview. One-fifth (18.5%) had a history of "major" aberrant behaviors. Conclusion In this high-risk population, severe pain is common and aberrant opioid behaviors are prevalent but not universal. As recommended by American Pain Society and American Academy of Pain Medicine guidelines, when prescribing opioid analgesics, clinicians must consider variation in the severity of aberrant behaviors, particularly aberrant behaviors that may represent undertreatment of pain.
Microanalysis of iron oxidation states in earth and planetary materials

Abstract Initial studies have been made on quantifying Fe oxidation states in different iron-bearing minerals using K-edge XANES. The energy of a weak pre-edge peak in the XANES spectrum due to 1s–3d electron transition was used to quantify ferric/ferrous ratios with microprobe spatial resolution. The estimated accuracy of the technique was ± 10% in terms of Fe 3+ /(Fe 2+ + Fe 3+ ). The detection limit was ∼100 ppm with a synchrotron beam of ∼100 μ m in diameter. The pre-edge peak energy in well-characterized samples with known Fe oxidation states was found to be a linear function of the ferric/ferrous ratio. The technique was applied to altered magnetites (ideally Fe 3 O 4 ), and various silicates and oxides from meteorites.
Transneuronal labeling of neurons in the adult rat brainstem and spinal cord after injection of pseudorabies virus into the urethra

Transneuronal tracing techniques were used to identify sites in the central nervous system involved in the neural control of urethral function. The distribution of virus-infected neurons was examined in the spinal cord and brainstem at various intervals (56-96 hours) following pseudorabies virus (PRV) injection into the urethra. In the lumbosacral (L6-S1) spinal cord at 56 hours, neurons containing PRV immunoreactivity (PRV-IR) were located in the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN), around the central canal, and in the dorsal commissure. Some animals also exhibited PRV-IR in cells in the L6 dorsolateral motor nucleus. At longer survival times (72-96 hours), PRV-IR cells were observed in the superficial and deeper laminae of the dorsal horn, and increased numbers of PRV-IR cells were consistently detected in the region of the SPN, around the central canal, and in the dorsal commissure. PRV-IR fiber-like staining also occurred along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn extending from Lissauer's tract to the region of the SPN. In rostral lumbar segments (L1-L2), PRV-IR cells were located in the region of the dorsal commissure and the intermediolateral cell nucleus (IML), around the central canal, and in the dorsal horn. After 72-84 hours, PRV-IR cells were also noted at more rostral levels of the neuraxis including the medulla, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon. At 72 hours, PRV-IR cells were consistently observed in Barrington's nucleus (pontine micturition center), nucleus raphe magnus (RMg), parapyramidal reticular formation, and the A5 and A7 regions. At 78-84 hours, additional regions exhibited PRV-IR cells, including the periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, the dorsal and ventral subcoeruleus alpha, and the red nucleus. A few cells were also located in the lateral hypothalamic area. This distribution of PRV-labeled cells in the spinal cord and brainstem is similar in many respects to the distribution of cells labeled in previous studies by PRV injection into the urinary bladder. This overlap of urethra and bladder neurons is consistent with the results of physiological experiments indicating a close coordination between the central nervous control of bladder and urethral activity.
Thermoelectric Property Study of Nanostructured p‐Type Half‐Heuslers (Hf, Zr, Ti)CoSb0.8Sn0.2

Based on the best peak theromoelectric figure-of-merit value (ZT) of ca. 0.8 in Hf0.5Zr0.5CoSb0.8Sn0.2 and ca. 1 in Hf0.8Ti0.2CoSb0.8Sn0.2, the effect of Ti on thermoelectric properties is studied in (Hf, Zr, Ti)CoSb0.8Sn0.2, with the aim of further improving the ZT and reducing the usage of Hf. By either partial replacement of Hf and Zr with Ti in Hf0.5Zr0.5CoSb0.8Sn0.2 or partial replacement of Hf and Ti with Zr in Hf0.8Ti0.2CoSb0.8Sn0.2, a peak ZT of ≥1 is achieved at 800°C in Hf0.44Zr0.44Ti0.12CoSb0.8Sn0.2. This composition has two advantages over the previous two best compositions: higher ZT than Hf0.5Zr0.5CoSb0.8Sn0.2 and less Hf than in Hf0.8Ti0.2CoSb0.8Sn0.2. A higher ZT with less Hf is very much desired since Hf is much more expensive than other constituent elements. The ZT improvement is the result of thermal conductivity reduction due to phonon scattering by both alloy and the nanostructure effect.
Vesicle-reconstituted Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor: VISUALIZATION BY CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY *

The low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is a key protein for maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis by binding cholesterol-rich lipoproteins through their apoB and apoE apoproteins. The LDL receptor is a transmembrane glycoprotein of M(r) approximately 115 kDa; based on its primary sequence, five distinct structural domains have been identified (Yamamoto, T., Davis, C. G., Brown, M. S., Schneider, W. J., Casey, M. L., Goldstein, J. L., and Russell, D. W. (1984) Cell 39, 27-38). As a first step toward providing a structural description of the intact LDL receptor, the receptor has been purified from bovine adrenal cortices, reconstituted into unilamellar egg yolk phosphatidylcholine vesicles, and imaged using cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM). CryoEM has the advantage of providing images of the reconstituted LDL receptor in its frozen, fully hydrated state. LDL receptor molecules were visualized as elongated, stick-like projections from the vesicle surface with maximum dimensions approximately 120-A length by approximately 45-A width. In some of the images, a short arm (or arms) was visible at the distal end of the stick-like projections. The LDL receptor was labeled via accessible free cysteine residues, probably including that corresponding to Cys-431 of the known full-length sequence of the human LDL receptor. The accessible cysteine was demonstrated using a maleimide-biotin.streptavidin conjugate and confirmed by labeling with monomaleimido-Nanogold. Images obtained by cryoEM showed that the extracellular stick-like domain of the reconstituted LDL receptor was labeled by Nanogold. This combined cryoEM-Nanogold labeling study has provided the first low resolution structural images of the reconstituted, full-length bovine LDL receptor.
Controlled release of reagents in capillary-driven microfluidics using reagent integrators

The integration and release of reagents in microfluidics as used for point-of-care testing is essential for an easy and accurate operation of these promising diagnostic devices. Here, we present microfluidic functional structures, which we call reagent integrators (RIs), for integrating and releasing small amounts of dried reagents (ng quantities and less) into microlitres of sample in a capillary-driven microfluidic chip. Typically, a RI is less than 1 mm(2) in area and has an inlet splitting into a central reagent channel, in which reagents can be loaded using an inkjet spotter, and two diluter channels. During filling of the microfluidic chip, spotted reagents reconstitute and exit the RI with a dilution factor that relates to the relative hydraulic resistance of the channels forming the RI. We exemplify the working principle of RIs by (i) distributing ∼100 pg of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in different volume fractions of a 1 μL solution containing a fluorogenic substrate for HRP and (ii) performing an immunoassay for C-reactive protein (CRP) using 450 pg of fluorescently labeled detection antibodies (dAbs) that reconstitute in ∼5 to 30% of a 1 μL sample of human serum. RIs preserve the conceptual simplicity of lateral flow assays while providing a great degree of control over the integration and release of reagents in a stream of sample. We believe RIs to be broadly applicable to microfluidic devices as used for biological assays.
Passwords are not enough

Fifteen or 20 years ago, a simple username and password were all you needed to keep your most private and personal information safe online. Unfortunately, that is no longer the case. There have been dozens of recent headlines with examples of failed passwords, and claims that a new method of security needs to be discovered and used. This is mostly true.
Chemotherapy anaphylaxis: Case reports and retrospective analysis☆

Abstract Rationale The increased use of cancer (CA) chemotherapy (CTX) has been accompanied by a growing number of reports on CTX anaphylaxis (AP). Currently there are no guidelines for its diagnosis, treatment or prevention. Methods Charts of Rush University Medical Center (RUMC) outpatients identified with CTX AP during 2002-3 were reviewed. Data concerning the clinical presentation and possible risk factors were recorded for each case. The literature on CTX AP was reviewed using the PubMed and Ovid search engines. This study was RUMC IRB-approved and HIPAA-compliant. Results 8 cases of CTX AP, all involving females, ages 35-70 yr (mean, 52 yr) were identified. Three had ovarian CA; 3, breast CA and 1, lung CA; the 8th was an oncology nurse without CA. Presenting signs were cutaneous (4 cases), respiratory (3) or cardiovascular (2); gastrointestinal reactions were not observed. CTX AP was associated with doxorubicin, carboplatin or cyclophosphamide (3 cases each) and adriamycin, etoposide or paclitaxel (1 case each) during second or subsequent exposure to the agent, despite prophylaxis in 5 cases with an antihistamine or dexamethasone alone or in combination. One case required intensive care, but none was fatal. Potential risk factors included a prior drug reaction (4) or previous AP (1); no subject was atopic by history or had been skin tested for CTX or other hypersensitivity. Our findings were in general agreement with previous reports of CTX AP. Conclusions AP to CTX in this case series was not associated with atopy or prevented by conventional prophylaxis and may not be IgE-mediated.
Identification of hepatocytic and bile ductular cell lineages and candidate stem cells in bipolar ductular reactions in cirrhotic human liver

Hepatocyte function and regeneration are severely compromised in severe liver disease, and a common sequela is cirrhosis. Structural changes caused by cirrhosis create a cellular environment conducive to the formation of ductular reactions (DRs). Ductular reactions are primarily composed of oval cells also known as "intermediate hepatobiliary cells". We have conducted single, double, and triple staining to study lineages of oval cells present in DRs. Staining with NCAM, CK19, and HepPar1 has revealed a distinctly bipolar structure to DRs that are embedded in cirrhotic tissue. Spatial analysis of cells that are singly HepPar1-positive, or CK19-positive, has revealed hepatocytic and biliary poles, respectively, in the DRs. Also, the location of singly NCAM-positive cells in DRs suggests that they may be bipotent liver stem/progenitor cells. The locations of other intermediate hepatobiliary cells, which have combinations of markers, suggest that CK19+/NCAM+ cells are transitional cells in the biliary lineage and that rare cells that are negative for all three markers are transitional cells in the hepatocytic lineage. A working cell lineage model for DRs is presented.
Synthesis and NMR Analysis of N-Methyl-2-(4′-bromophenyl)morpholine: An Advanced Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy holds a premier position as a tool for structure elucidation in organic chemistry. With the increased availability of high-field Fourier-transform spectrometers in undergraduate laboratories, there is an increased need for good instructional experiments. We describe a reliable one-step synthesis of a moderately complex structure, and a straightforward 1H NMR spectral assignment problem that illustrates the use of coupling constants for the determination of positional relationships, geminal coupling, and correlation spectroscopy (COSY) for the identification of coupled signals [1].
The Three-Colour Process and Modern Painting

VERY much so-called art, defended as “modern”, appears to represent an irrational cult, having no more justification than the chaotic mental concepts which are so often opposed to the progress of science. There is, however, a method of painting which at first seems anarchistic and contrary to Nature, but on closer examination (metaphorically) or more distant examination (literally) appears significant and interesting, amounting to a real discovery in art. Just now we have on exhibition at the University of Colorado a collection of paintings by Robert A. Graham, a rather well-known artist in the United States, in which the method referred to is employed. At close range the pictures appear to be merely arrangements of spots of colour, mainly red, yellow, and blue. It seems impossible that they can represent anything natural. But at the distance of ten feet or so an extremely soft and natural landscape appears. The method is exactly the same, essentially, as that of the three-colour photographic process, which in the hands of experts gives us pictures exquisitely true to Nature, or to our optical impression of Nature. Such prints (e.g. in Taylor's “Monograph of British Mollusca”) are so natural that I have found myself at times using a lens to make out finer details, of course with the result of losing the whole impression. These matters may have been fully elucidated and appreciated in artistic circles, but they throw light on our process of vision, and are of interest to scientific men as well.
Evaluation of shrimp trawls equipped with bycatch reduction devices in inshore waters of Louisiana

Abstract Trawling was conducted in three areas of coastal Louisiana during both 1993 shrimp seasons to evaluate the effectiveness of bycatch reduction devices (BRD's). Two industry-designed devices (Authement-Ledet 2 and CJ Kiffe) and two National Marine Fisheries Service designs (Extended Funnel and Skirted Extended Funnel) were evaluated during the spring. Based on the results from the spring season and diver evaluations, these device nets were modified before the fall season in an attempt to improve effectiveness. Additional tows compared a polyethylene net with the nylon control net. The Authement-Ledet 2, Extended Funnel, and Skirted Extended Funnel nets caught fewer fish (−40, −46, and −25%) and shrimp (−22, −16, and −21%) than the control nets. Biomass catch differences were −37, −30, and −35% for fish and −19, −18, and −21% for shrimp. Compared with the corresponding control nets, the modified nets caught fewer fish (−22, −44, and −38%) and shrimp (−16, −5, and −19%). Biomass catch differences were −27, −50, and −40% for fish and −9, −5, and −18% for shrimp. The CJ Kiffe net caught 55% fewer fish numerically, 62% less fish biomass, and fewer shrimp (−39% numbers, −35% biomass). The CJ Kiffe 2 net caught 4% more fish (−50% biomass) than the control net and 18% fewer shrimp (−22% biomass). The CJ Kiffe 2 device and codend were constructed with polyethylene webbing and collected 303% more bay anchovy than the control net. The polyethylene net caught 239% more bay anchovy and 480% more striped anchovy than the nylon control net, indicating that polyethylene webbing may retain these species. The modified Extended Funnel design had the best combination of high fish reduction and low shrimp loss of the devices tested. However, the effectiveness of some of the modifications suggests that devices could be further fine-tuned to improve performance.
ISOTOPE EFFECT IN DIFFUSION.

A derivation of the classical jump rate $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ for tracer diffusion aimed at a clear expression for the mass dependence of the frequency factor $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is presented. The derivation is effected without using the usual collective normal coordinates which usually combine the masses in a complicated way. $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ depends explicitly on the mass of the surrounding host atoms (as well as on the tracer-atom mass) if these atoms must move to new equilibrium positions after the jump. $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ then has much the same form as suggested for a many-atom jump process. The contribution of the surrounding atoms is reduced (increased) for light (heavy) tracer atoms.
II. Phorbol ester binding to a human lymphoblastoid B-cell line, LA350, stimulates 32P incorporation into selected phospholipids and immunoglobulin secretion☆

Anti-mu antibody binds to surface IgM on LA350, a transformed human B-cell line, and causes the immediate (5 min) hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) into inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol followed by a subsequent (48-72 hr) increase in immunoglobulin M (IgM) production. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in a dose-dependent fashion inhibited completely the anti-mu-stimulated hydrolysis of PI and its resynthesis (PI cycle) from phosphatidic acid (PA) (P less than 0.001). Phorbol dibutyrate (PD), but not the inactive methyl ester derivative of PMA (PMA-ME), inhibited the anti-mu stimulation of the PI cycle (P less than 0.001). Conversely, PMA and PD, but not PMA-ME, stimulated in a dose-dependent fashion the metabolic events consistent with an activation of a putative phosphatidylcholine (PC) cycle. For example, at 10(-8) M PMA there was a 300% increase in the acute (1 hr) incorporation of [3H]choline into PC (P less than 0.001), a 680% increase in the acute (1 hr) incorporation of 32P into PC (P less than 0.001), but no net synthesis of PC as measured by the lack of PMA-stimulated incorporation of 32P into PC in LA350 prelabeled for 24 hr. Also in cells labeled to equilibrium with [3H]choline and in pulse-chase experiments we established that PMA produces a rapid incorporation of choline phosphate into PC and a rapid breakdown of PC, yielding choline metabolites released as choline itself into external medium surrounding the cell. Binding studies with [3H]PD demonstrated a dissociation constant of 20 mM and 5.3 x 10(5) total binding sites per cell. PMA was as effective as cold PD in inhibiting [3H]PD binding (P less than 0.001), but PMA-ME was ineffective. PMA and PD, but not PMA-ME, produced a similar dose-dependent (maximal at 10(-8) M) increase (300%) in immunoglobulin production as measured by either an ELISA assay or a reverse hemolytic plaque assay (P less than 0.001). Thus, activation of either the PI or the PC cycle results in significant enhancement in immunoglobulin production in LA350. Although PMA turns off the PI cycle, it turns on the PC cycle. A common mechanism to explain these findings might be the activation of protein kinase C, indirect via diacylglycerol release in the PI cycle stimulation by anti-mu and direct in the PC cycle stimulation by PMA by virtue of direct binding to protein kinase C.
Submanifold decompositions that induce Approximate fibrations

Studied here are the closed, connected manifolds N" with the property that all proper, surjective mappings p from an (n+2)-manifold M to a finite-dimensional ANR B for which each p −1 ( b ) is homeomorphic to N n necessarily are approximate fibrations. All simply connected N tn are known to possess this property. This paper demonstrates that projective n-spaces P n ( n > 1) and all closed surfaces N 2 with nonzero Euler characteristic possess it as well.
Remarks on a dynamical higher-order theory of laminated plates and its application in random vibration response

This paper presents an analysis of the equations governing the dynamics of shear-deformable composite plates, without recourse to a variational procedure. It is noted that the operator associated with the governing equations is nonsymmetric; using a first-order perturbation technique, it is shown to be positive-definite. In addition, using the biorthogonality condition, the dynamic response of the plate is formulated.
Electrical conductivity in acceptor-doped Ta2O5 at elevated temperatures

Abstract The electrical conductivity of acceptor-doped (aluminum- or chromiumdoped) polycrystalline Ta2O5 was determined as a function of the oxygen partial pressure Po2 in the Po2 range 10−18−10−10 atm at 1000 and 1050 °C. The dependence of the measured electrical conductivity on the oxygen partial pressure was found to follow σ∝ P o 2 −1 m . The coefficient m was found to be in the range 3.95–4.25. The absolute value of the electrical conductivity decreases with increase in the concentration of added acceptor impurity. Samples doped with aluminum or chromium of equal concentration showed nearly the same conductivity values, indicating that aluminum and chromium are equally effective in acting as acceptor impurities. The observed results are described by a majority defect model consisting of doubly ionized oxygen vacancies and added impurities. The defect chemistry of Ta2O5 is dominated by the added acceptor impurities for the entire oxygen partial pressure range used in this investigation.
Technical Aspects of Carotid Artery Surgery

This article reviews the step-by-step description of the author's operative technique in performing a carotid endarterectomy. Technical precision remains the most important factor in reducing the risk of perioperative stroke. An in dwelling shunt is used selectively based upon the internal carotid back pressure or intraoperative monitoring of the electroencephalogram. Intraoperative use of a sterile Doppler probe permits comfirmation of flow abnormalities detected in noninvasive examinations preoperatively, documents flow in an indwelling shunt, and assures patency of the carotid artery and its branches after endar terectomy. Postoperatively noninvasive diagnostic techniques permit assessment of carotid integrity in patients suffering neurologic deficits, and serial studies provide objective evidence of the incidence of recurrent stenosis or disease pro gression. Using these diagnostic and therapeutic principles the author reviews the results of his series of patients in a residency training program.
Fully Automatic Lexicon Expansion for Domain-oriented Sentiment Analysis

This paper proposes an unsupervised lexicon building method for the detection of polar clauses, which convey positive or negative aspects in a specific domain. The lexical entries to be acquired are called polar atoms, the minimum human-understandable syntactic structures that specify the polarity of clauses. As a clue to obtain candidate polar atoms, we use context coherency, the tendency for same polarities to appear successively in contexts. Using the overall density and precision of coherency in the corpus, the statistical estimation picks up appropriate polar atoms among candidates, without any manual tuning of the threshold values. The experimental results show that the precision of polarity assignment with the automatically acquired lexicon was 94% on average, and our method is robust for corpora in diverse domains and for the size of the initial lexicon.
Placement of percutaneous iliosacral screws under computed tomographic guidance

This report discusses the technique and results of computed tomographic-guided placement of sacroiliac screws using only conscious sedation and local anesthesia. Previous literature found logistic problems with sterility and adequate anesthesia. We have developed and refined the technique of placing sacroiliac screws with a local prep and portable equipment. This technique allows placement of screws in positions not previously accessible with standard fluoroscopic methods and is 100% accurate. There are no visualization problems and variations in lumbosacral morphology or sacral dysmorphism does not preclude its use. In unstable and disiplaced fractures, a preliminary reduction of the anterior pelvis with either an external fixator or plating will often reduce the posterior pelvis to the extent that minor improvements of reduction are possible with reduction screws. There were no adverse events associated with the technique, and a cost analysis found significant savings when compared with intraoperative placement using fluoroscopy. To date, we have not identified any other literature using this particular method, and we find it to be quite useful, safe, and accurate for the indicated patients.
Female biological resiliency: Differential stress response by sex in human remains from ancient Nubia

This research presents male-female differences in stress response evidenced in human remains from the Medieval site of Kulubnarti in Sudanese Nubia. This analysis is unique in that a direct comparison of subadult males and females is rarely possible using archaeological remains. Rather, such analyses invariably rely on evidence of subadult differences retained in adult (sexable) skeletons. In the case of Kulubnarti, natural mummification has made it possible to measure sex-specific differences among subadults as well as adults following five avenues of investigation: 1) mortality, 2) growth and development, 3) enamel hypoplasia, 4) cribra orbitalia, and 5) cortical bone maintenance.
Integrating soil map information in modelling the spatial variation of continuous soil properties

This paper presents two indicator algorithms that integrate soil map information into modelling the spatial variation of continuous soil properties: these are simple indicator kriging with varying means and the Markov-Bayes algorithm. Both methods are used to evaluate probabilities for copper and cobalt deficiencies in the Borders Region of Scotland. Results are compared with maps obtained by the polygonal method (Thiessen polygons) and an indicator kriging algorithm that does not use soil map information. Accounting for soil map information is shown to improve delineation of the deficient areas, especially where the sampling is sparse. Test locations are classified as deficient or not so as to minimize an expected cost of misclassification that is derived from focal probability distributions of copper or cobalt and functions measuring the cost of overestimating or underestimating metal concentrations. The comparison of classification results with actual copper and cobalt concentrations at test locations shows that the two proposed algorithms can decrease substantially the economic loss attached to misclassification.
Quality control in molecular immunohistochemistry

Immunoperoxidase histochemistry is a widespread method of assessing expression of biomolecules in tissue samples. Accurate assessment of the expression levels of genes is critical for the management of disease, particularly as therapy targeted to specific molecules becomes more widespread. Determining the quality of preservation of macromolecules in tissue is important to avoid false negative and false positive results. In this review we discuss (1) issues of sensitivity (false negativity) and specificity (false positivity) of immunohistochemical stains, (2) approaches to better understanding differences in immunostains done by different laboratories (including the recently proposed MISFISHIE specification for tissue localization studies), and (3) approaches to assessing the quality of preservation of macromolecules in tissue, particularly in small biopsy samples.
Generating sound and effective memory debuggers

We present a new approach for constructing debuggers based on declarative specification of bug conditions and root causes, and automatic generation of debugger code. We illustrate our approach on several classes of bugs, memory or otherwise. For each bug class, bug conditions and their root cause are specified declaratively, in First-order logic, using 1 to 4 predicates. We employ a low-level operational semantics and abstract traces to permit concise bug specification and prove soundness. To facilitate locating bugs, we introduce a new concept of value propagation chains that reduce programmer burden by narrowing the fault to a handful of executed instructions (1 to 16 in our experiments). We employ automatic translation to generate the debugger implementation, which runs on top of the Pin infrastructure. Experiments with using our system on 7 versions of 4 real-world programs show that our approach is expressive, effective at finding bugs and their causes, and efficient. We believe that, using our approach, other kinds of declaratively-specified, provably-correct, auto-generated debuggers can be constructed with little effort.