cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant Cuticle and Suberin

Plant cuticle comprises an insoluble lipid-derived polymeric structural component – cutin – embedded in a complex mixture of soluble lipids (‘wax’). When a plant needs to erect a barrier to seal a wound or to generate an internal diffusion-resistant compartment, a polymeric cell wall accrustation – suberin – together with soluble waxes is deposited. Both polymers can be degraded, analysed and characterized. The epidermal cells and suberizing cells have specialized enzymes that convert the common cellular fatty acids into the unique components of the cuticle and suberin. Keywords: plant cuticle; cutin; suberin; waxes; cutinase
Multidrug permeases and subcellular cholesterol transport.

Studies of Niemann–Pick C (NPC) and Tangier diseases have led to the identification of the causative genes, NPC1 and ABCA1, respectively. Characterization of their protein products shows that NPC1 and ABCA1 are permeases that belong to two different superfamilies of efflux pumps, which might be important in subcellular lipid and cholesterol transport.
Determining differentiated services network pricing through auctions

Over the years, quality of service (QoS) has attracted attention from researchers. How to guarantee QoS to customers despite the rapid change of the network status is the main concern. Pricing provides an effective economic means of congestion control and revenue generation. We examine pricing as an effective strategy for revenue management in DiffServ networks. In this paper, we propose an auction scheme to allocate network resources efficiently so as to maximize service provider's revenue. We examine an auction mechanism that provides multiple options for customers to bid on the resources that they require as well as the price they are willing to pay. The service provider acts as an admission control unit in the sense of deciding the admission price and service provided for each class. We target the goal of maximizing a service provider's revenue through auctions.
Colicin E1 has High Antimicrobial Activity against Listeria Monocytogenes in Culture and on Packaged Ham

Colicins are gram-negative bacteriocins produced by, and effective against Escherichia coli and closely related species. This study evaluated the activity of a purified poreforming, Colicin E1 (ColE1) against L. monocytogenes in broth and on RTE product surfaces. Colicins were effective at reducing Listeria populations at doses as low as 0.1µg/mL in broth culture, and up to 5.5 log CFU/g on cured ham slices. Colicins may be an effective intervention for the control of Listeria in ready to eat meat products.
(Un)Rigging the Literacy Game: Political Literacies that Challenge Econocide

Article for LiCS special issue The New Activism: Composition, Literacy Studies, and Politics.
Numerical matching between granule and Purkinje cells in lurcher chimeric mice: a hypothesis for the trophic rescue of granule cells from target-related cell death

Previous studies of wild-type mice or mutant-wild-type mouse chimeras using the neurological mutant staggerer have supported a numerical matching hypothesis for target-related cell death. However, analyses of chimeras of a second neurological mutant, lurcher, have suggested that there may be significant flexibility in the relationship between the numbers of pre- and postsynaptic neurons. Whereas in staggerer chimeras there is a strict proportionality between the number of cerebellar granule cells and their postsynaptic target, the Purkinje cells, in lurcher chimeras, Wetts and Herrup (1983) report a relative increase in granule cell survival. We have reexamined the numerical matching between Purkinje and granule cells in an additional 5 lurcher----wild- type and 4 wild-type----wild-type chimerase. Our findings confirm and extend the results of the previous study to show that there is a close correlation between the number of granule and Purkinje cells in +/Lc chimeras, but for any given number of Purkinje cells in the +/Lc chimeras, more granule cells survive than in staggerer chimeras or inbred mouse strains. Whereas the ratio of granule to Purkinje cells in staggerer chimeras or inbred mouse strains is constant across all target sizes, in +/Lc chimeras the ratio of granule cells to Purkinje cells increases as the number of target neurons decreases. It seems likely that the increased granule cell survival is somehow related to the delayed degeneration of the +/Lc fraction of target cells in the +/Lc chimeras. Among the possible explanations for the observed results, we favor the hypothesis that a trophic factor is produced in +/Lc chimeras in response to the deafferentation of Purkinje cells that is capable of rescuing granule cells from target-related cell death. Our preference is based, in part, on observations of the state of the dendritic tree of the wild-type Purkinje cells that survive in +/Lc chimeras (Caddy et al., 1986).
Separation of the Polypeptides of Chlamydia and Its Cell Walls by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

The polypeptide composition of Chlamydia was examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the polypeptide patterns of purified infectious elementary bodies (EB) of C. psittaci meningopneumonitis strain, 6BC strain, and C. trachomatis T'ang strain were compared, no significant differences were observed. The polypeptide patterns of whole EB and reticulate bodies (RB) appeared to overlap, but differences were found. In EB cell walls, nine main and several minor bands of polypeptides were observed in gels containing sodium lauryl sulfate, and the eighth main band from the top of the gel stained positive with periodic acid-Schiff reagent. On the other hand, the polypeptides in bands 3, 6, and 8 in EB cell walls were missing or minor in RB cell walls, and the ninth band was clearly stained by PAS. Band 8 was also stained slightly. Purified subunits, which occur as a lattice structure on the inside layer of EB cell walls but are largely missing in RB cell walls, contained bands 4, 6, and 8, and band 8 was PAS positive. These results indicate that significant polypeptide synthesis or reorganization in the cell walls occurs during the growth cycle.
Hobbes y el Congo: marcos, violencia local e intervención internacional | Hobbes and the Congo: Frames,Local Violence, and International Intervention

?Por que los constructores internacionales de la paz no toman en consideracion las causas locales de los procesos de paz que fallan? A traves del presente articulo demuestro como las agendas locales jugaron entonces un rol decisivo en fomentar la violencia a nivel local, regional y nacional. Sin embargo, la existencia de un marco de construccion de la paz posbelica configuraba la vision internacional de la violencia y de la intervencion de tal manera que la resolucion del conflicto local era considerada como irrelevante e ilegitima. Este marco incluyo enseguida cuatro elementos fundamentales: los actores internacionales etiquetaron la situacion en Congo de “postconflicto”; estos mismos actores creyeron que la violencia constituia un componente innato en la sociedad congolesa y, por lo tanto, aceptable incluso en tiempos de paz; conceptualizaron la intervencion internacional como un asunto exclusivo de la esferas nacional e internacional; y consideraron la celebracion de elecciones, en lugar de la resolucion del conflicto local, como una herramienta viable, apropiada y efectiva para la construccion del estado y de la paz. Este marco, al autorizar y justificar practicas y politicas especificas mientras impedia otras, en particular la resolucion de conflictos locales, acabo condenando en ultima instancia los esfuerzos para la construccion de la paz. Para concluir, sostengo que el analisis de los marcos discursivos es un enfoque fructifero para intentar resolver los puzles de los fracasos internacionales en la construccion de la paz que se dan, tambien, mas alla de las fronteras del Congo. Why do international peacebuilders fail to address the local causes of peace process failures? In this article,I demonstrate that local agendas played a decisive role in sustaining local, national, and regional violence. However, a postcon?ict peacebuilding frame shaped the international understanding of violence and intervention in such a way that local con?ict resolution appeared irrelevant and illegitimate. This frame included four key elements: international actors labeled the Congo a “postcon?ict” situation; they believed that violence there was innate and therefore acceptable even in peacetime; they conceptualized international intervention as exclusively concerned with the national and international realms; and they saw holding elections, as opposed to local con?ict resolution, as a workable, appropriate, and effective tool for state- and peacebuilding. This frame authorized and justi?ed speci?c practices and policies while precluding others, notably local con?ict resolution, ultimately dooming the peacebuilding efforts. In conclusion, I contend that analyzing discursive frames is a fruitful approach to the puzzle of international peacebuilding failures beyond the Congo.
Butanamide, N‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐2‐(formylmethylamino)‐3‐methyl‐, (2S)‐

[731797-86-7] C15H22N2O2 (MW 262.3474) InChI = 1S/C15H22N2O2/c1-10(2)14(17(5)9-18)15(19)16-13-7-11(3)6-12(4)8-13/h6-10,14H,1-5H3,(H,16,19)/t14-/m0/s1 InChIKey = WWUZCRRIJZUXEZ-AWEZNQCLSA-N (the reagent is a chiral organocatalyst used in the asymmetric reduction of prochiral N-aryl ketimines with trichlorosilane) Alternate Names: (S)-N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(N-methylformamido)butanamide, kenamide. Physical Data: white or yellowish white powder. Melting range: 83–86 °C;1 97–104 °C.2 Optical rotation: [α]D−19.2°, c = 1 in chloroform;1 −229°, c = 1 in chloroform.2 Solubility: sol CHCl3 (1 g mL−1) at 25 °C. Preparation: (S)-N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(N-methylformamido)butanamide was synthesized efficiently from the commercially available N-Boc-L-valine via N-methylation followed by in situ mixed anhydride generation and amide formation. Removal of the Boc group followed by N-formylation via the in situ mixed anhydride afforded (S)-N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(N-methylformamido)butanamide in 56% overall yield (eq 1).1 (1)
EXPRESSION AND DIVERSITY OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE EHAP1 IN EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1

Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. Mohler is a cosmopolitan coccolithophore species that forms massive blooms in low phosphorus seawater, partly due to its ability to utilize organic phosphate via extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AP). A novel AP gene, ehap1, was identified from the strain CCMP374. In this study, we examined the expression of ehap1 in various E. huxleyi strains and its genetic diversity in those strains and field populations. Two EHAP1 proteins (EHAP1a, 75 kDa and EHAP1b, 110 kDa) with virtually identical sequence were expressed under P limitation in all strains except one; a third protein (EHAP1c, 115 kDa) was expressed in a few strains. The correlation between AP activity and protein abundance suggests that EHAP1b is inactive and probably the precursor of EHAP1a. The transcript of ehap1 was induced by P depletion in all strains. The ehap1 gene sequence is highly conserved in these strains and field populations with <3% nucleic acid substitution. Most of the ehap1 sequences from one site in the English Channel and three sites in the Gulf of Alaska were essentially identical to one another. No EHAP1-like protein can be detected in other phytoplankton species tested via Western blot analysis. The rapid induction and high activity of EHAP1 in E. huxleyi suggest that it plays a significant role in P regeneration in the oligotrophic ocean where E. huxleyi is abundant. The EHAP1 antibody and gene-specific primers are well suited to study the dynamics of P limitation in field populations of E. huxleyi.
Establishment and characterization of a novel MYC/BCL2 “double-hit” diffuse large B cell lymphoma cell line, RC

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of lymphoid malignancy worldwide. Approximately 5 % of cases of DLBCL are so-called double-hit lymphomas (DHL), defined by a chromosomal translocation or rearrangement involving MYC/8q24.2 in combination with another recurrent breakpoint, usually BCL2/18q21.3. Patients with MYC/BCL2 DHL are resistant to standard front-line therapy, and currently, there is no consensus for a therapeutic strategy to treat these patients. Lack of clinically relevant or validated human experimental DHL models of any type that would improve our understanding of the biologic basis of MYC/BCL2 DHL pathophysiology continues to hamper identification of valid therapeutic targets. We describe a unique MYC/BCL2 DHL cell line with morphologic features of DLBCL that we have established, designated as RC. We used tissue culture techniques to establish the RC cell line from primary DLBCL cells. We also utilized molecular and cellular biological techniques including flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA fingerprinting, reverse-phase protein array, conventional cytogenetics, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis to characterize the RC cell line. NSG-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were utilized as a model for xeno-transplantation of RC cells. RC cells had the following immunophenotype: positive for CD10, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD38, CD43, CD44, and CD79b and negative for CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11c, CD14, CD30, CD56, and CD200, which was identical to the primary tumor cells. Conventional cytogenetic analysis showed a t(2;8)(p12;q24.2) and t(14;18)(q32;q21.3), corresponding to MYC and BCL2 gene rearrangements, respectively. DNA fingerprinting authenticated the RC cell line to be of the same clone as the primary tumor cells. In addition, RC cells were established in SCID mice as an in vivo model for translational therapeutics studies. Proteomic analysis showed activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in RC cells that can be targeted with an mTOR inhibitor. The data presented confirm the validity of the RC cell line as a representative model of MYC/BCL2 DHL that will be useful for both in vitro and in vivo studies of DHL pathogenesis and therapeutics.
Aggressive thoracotomy for pulmonary metastatic osteogenic sarcoma in children and young adolescents.

During a 6-yr period, 57 children and young adults less than 21 yr of age underwent 111 thoracotomies for pulmonary metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. Follow-up after the initial thoracotomy averaged 36.8 mo and ranged from 1 to 78 mo. Twenty-eight patients (49%) underwent more than one thoracotomy—the number of multiple thoracotomies averaged 2.9 and ranged from two to eight. Twently-six of the 57 patients are currently alive, and 25 of these are free of disease. Median survival was 36 mo. Actuarial survival curves demonstrated a 5-yr survival of approximately 40%. Seventy-one percent of patients who had a tumorfree interval of greater than 1 yr are currently alive, compared with 39% of patients who had a tumor-free interval of less than 1 yr. Patients with disease confined to one lobe at the initial thoracotomy had a better survival (64%) than patients with diffuse or bilateral disease (41%). An aggressive surgical approach toward osteogenic sarcoma with pulmonary metastasis thus appears to be justified.
The Pacific Islands Regional Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Program

The U.S. GCOS Program [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/usgcos/index.htm htm] at NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov] is involved in working to implement a sustainable and robust GCOS observing network for international atmospheric, oceanographic, and terrestrial climate observing. The U.S. GCOS support philosophy is based upon a three-tiered approach involving a series of international, regional, and bi-lateral project efforts. One of the most active and important areas of involvement is in the Pacific Ocean region where we leverage support for this via formal climate bilateral agreements that the U.S. has with both Australia and New Zealand. NCDC and the U.S. GCOS Program Manager serve as the NOAA and U.S. lead on these bilateral climate agreements. This paper will describe the efforts undertaken in the Pacific region towards developing a more sustainable and robust GCOS observing ground-based network for atmospheric, oceanographic, and terrestrial climate observing in the region. The paper will describe the actions to date, plans for the future, and how the efforts to date such as the establishment of a virtual Regional Climate Center for the region in order to, among other things, work towards improving data availability and access for and from the nations in the region in order to improve climate services across the region. NCDC is also interested in developing partnerships for installing U.S. Climate Reference Network [see http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/crn] equipment to be part of a global long-term climate reference network for improving climate information from more data sparse tropical and high-elevation areas. In order to properly document this, a full description of the overall climate observations program in the U.S. is required.
One GHz linewidth, 33 line per mm, wide angle imaging filter at the potassium resonant line

This paper presents a narrow linewidth, high resolution, and high quantum efficiency imaging transmission filter based on optical trapping of resonance radiation in potassium vapor. The filter can be used to image radiation over a bandwidth narrow enough to fall within a Fraunhofer dark zone in the solar spectrum, and it can be applied to the imaging of flames, plumes or discharges containing potassium. It may also be applicable to the imaging of Raman scattering from a tunable laser. The spectral and imaging properties of the filter are demonstrated with a 1 cm aperture optically thick potassium cell illuminated by a narrow linewidth tunable laser. The spectral width at the potassium D2 line wavelength, 766.5 nm, is shown to be 1 to 2 GHz (.002 nm). At the line center, the quantum efficiency is better than 60% and the imaging resolution is better than 30 line pairs per mm. By employing a 200 micron “thin” potassium vapor cell, it is also shown that the filter maintains the high quantum efficiency (~50%) and good imaging capability (~20 lines per mm) across the 2 GHz spectral bandwidth of the cell. The “thin” cell has an out-of-band rejection of better than 1000. Its operation is demonstrated with a tunable laser as well as with broad band light from a potassium lamp and from a potassium chloride seeded flame.
Internet marketing practices

This project explores some of the ways that companies are ‐ or will be ‐ using the Internet to improve the marketing of their commercial businesses. It focuses upon practical lessons that marketing professionals can use to match and customize the resources of their form to the needs of their customers. In particular, it shows how marketing professionals can begin to use the tools of the Internet ‐ web sites, e‐mail, newsgroup, and search engines ‐ to move closer to their customers and add value to their products.
Solid-phase synthesis of phosphine–oxazoline peptides

Abstract An approach is presented that allows for the synthesis of phosphine–oxazoline ligands by solid-phase synthesis. The method involves the synthesis of amino oxazolines and their use in the cleavage of phosphine sulfide peptides from Kaiser oxime resin. It was discovered that the addition of a catalytic amount of sodium cyanide allows the nucleophilic cleavage from the resin to take place at room temperature and without the addition of acid.
Achieving proficiency with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: Laparoscopic-trained versus robotics-trained surgeons.

Background: Initiating a robotics program is complex, in regards to achieving favourable outcomes, effectively utilizing an expensive surgical tool, and granting console privileges to surgeons. We report the implementation of a community-based robotics program among minimally-invasive surgery (MIS) urologists with and without formal robotics training. Methods: From August 2008 to December 2010 at Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 2 groups of urologists performing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) were followed since the time of robot acquisition at a single institution. The robotics group included 4 surgeons with formal robotics training and the laparoscopic group with another 4 surgeons who were robot-naive, but skilled in laparoscopy. The laparoscopic group underwent an initial 7-day mentorship period. Surgical proficiency was measured by various operative and pathological outcome variables. Data were evaluated using comparative statistics and multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 420 and 549 RARPs were performed by the robotics and laparoscopic groups, respectively. Operative times were longer in the laparoscopic group (p = 0.002), but estimated blood loss was similar. The robotics group had a significantly better overall positive surgical margin rate of 19.9% compared to the laparoscopic group (27.8%) (p = 0.005). Both groups showed improvements in operative and pathological parameters as they accrued experience, and achieved similar results towards the end of the study. Conclusions: Robot-naive laparoscopic surgeons may achieve similar outcomes to robotic surgeons relatively early after a graduated mentorship period. This study may apply to a community-based practice in which multiple urologists with varied training backgrounds are granted robot privileges.
Liquid filled prismatic louver façade for enhanced indoor natural lighting in commercial buildings

A liquid filled prismatic louver facade design is presented for (a) redirecting sunlight deeper into an office space and thus enhancing indoor natural lighting, and (b) harnessing solar energy for heat gain.
Fragmentation chemistry observed in hydrogen deficient radical peptides generated from N-nitrosotryptophan residues

Abstract The N-nitrosation reaction has been utilized to add an NO group to the indole nitrogen of tryptophan in several peptides. These peptides can be electrosprayed and then subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID). The input of CID energy causes the homolytic cleavage of the labile nitrogen–nitrogen single bond resulting in removal of the NO group and generation of a hydrogen deficient peptide radical. This N-nitrosation reaction serves as a simple way to create peptide radicals in the gas phase. Here we examine features of CID for several N-nitrosopeptides and give mechanisms which explain the observed chemistry. In particular, tryptophan side chain loss is frequently an abundant fragmentation channel. Interestingly dissociation of the N–NO bond occurs concomitantly with CO 2 loss for peptides with C-terminal tryptophan residues. The location of the nascent radical is an important factor in both of these dissociation pathways. Other fragmentation channels are observed to occur via radical- or proton-catalyzed pathways, depending on the mobility of available protons. Theoretical calculations were also performed to study the energetics of the proposed mechanisms.
Navigating between Two Worlds The Labyrinth of Chicana Intellectual Production in the Academy

Undergirded by a theoretical framework, which focuses on the important role of social context, this article focuses primarily on the cultural, institutional, and individual factors explaining how Chicanas fare in academia. To what extent are the experiences of Chicanas exemplary in suggesting similar issues for African-American, Asian, and American Indian women? What strategies have Chicanas employed to help them negotiate the new and ever-changing aspects of academic life? Based on research with 30 Chicana faculty, this article provides compelling answers to these important but unanswered questions.
Analysis and design of optimized truncated scarfed nozzles subject to external flow effects

Rao's method for computing optimum thrust nozzles is modified to study the effects of external flow on the performance of a class of exhaust nozzles. Members of this class are termed scarfed nozzles. These are two-dimensional, nonsymmetric nozzles with a flat lower wall. The lower wall (the cowl) is truncated in order to save weight. Results from a parametric investigation are presented to show the effects of the external flowfield on performance.
Electrical Properties of Phenothiazine

As part of an investigation on the mechanism of conduction of organic substances1, we have now investigated the dependence on temperature of the electrical resistivity of phenothiazine. For lack of independent criteria of the purity of the substances under investigation, and in the absence of a thorough knowledge concerning the effect of impurities on the electrical properties, it has been our practice to carry out resistivity measurements on a number of specimens of the same substance in various stages of purification. These measurements were made on disks of polycrystalline materials which had been compacted under pressure prior to the measurements.
A Technique for the Preparation of Cross-Sectional TEM Samples of ZnSe/GaAs Heterostructures Which Eliminates Process-Induced Defects

Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation of ZnSeiGaAs epitaxial films is investigated. Conventional argon ion milling is shown to produce a high density (-5-8 x 101'icm2) of small (diameter -60-80 A) extended defects (stacking faults, microtwins, double positioning twins, etc.?. In addition, transmission electron diffraction results indicate a thin ZnO layer can also occasionally form upon ion milling or electron-beam irradiation although the exact conditions for ZnO formation are not well understood. Conventional TEM (amplitude contrast) and high-resolution TEM (phase contrast) imaging in combination with trans- mission electron diffraction studies were performed to determine the optimum method of removing the ion milling related damage and ZnO layers during sample preparation. HFiHCl, NaOH/H,O, H2S0,1H202/H,0 and Br,/CH,OH etching mixtures as well as low voltage argon or iodine ion milling were studied. A low energy (2 keV) iodine or argon ion milling step was shown to remove the ZnO layer and reduced the density of the extended defects associated with Ar + ion milling, but was unsuccessful in removing all of the defects. Auger electron spectroscopy results indicate re- sidual iodine was either left on the surface or implanted beneath the surface during iodine ion milling. Etching the XTEM samples in HFiHCl was shown to be effective in removing the ZnO layer but had little or no effect on the ion milling induced defects. Etching the samples in a 0.5% Br,iCH,OH solution resulted in complete elimination of the ion milling induced extended defects including the residual defects associated with iodine ion milling. In addition the Br,iCH,OH etch produced the best surface morphology. Thus a brief (1-2 seconds) Br,/CH,OH etch after conven- tional preparation (argon ion milling) of cross-sectional ZnSeiGaAs TEM samples appears to be an inexpensive and superior alternative to iodine ion milling. Sample preparation, ZnO formation, Ion milling
Follicle-stimulating hormone-induced lactate secretion by cultured Sertoli cells does not require extracellular calcium.

Abstract Sertoli cells of the testis secrete lactate in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It is thought that the developing germ cells use lactate as an energy substrate preferentially over glucose. However, the biochemical mechanism(s) involved in the regulation of lactate secretion in response to FSH are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if extracellular calcium was important for the actions of FSH during this response. It was found that the FSH-induced increase in lactate production by Sertoli cells was not dependent upon the presence of extracellular calcium. However, A23187 (a calcium ionophore) stimulated lactate secretion in the presence of extracellular calcium. When FSH and A23187 were tested together at maximal concentrations, more lactate was secreted than when either FSH or A23187 was tested alone. Neither verapamil, nifedipine nor diltiazem (calcium channel “blockers”) were able to inhibit the ability of FSH to increase lactate secretion. These results indicate that FSH-induced secretion of lactate by cultured Sertoli cells is not dependent upon extracellular calcium.
Interaction Between Orbital Prefrontal and Rhinal Cortex Is Required for Normal Estimates of Expected Value

Predicting and valuing potential rewards requires integrating sensory, associative, and contextual information with subjective reward preferences. Previous work has identified regions in the prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe believed to be important for each of these functions. For example, activity in the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) encodes the specific sensory properties of and preferences for rewards, while activity in the rhinal cortex (Rh) encodes stimulus-stimulus and stimulus-reward associations. Lesions of either structure impair the ability to use visual cues or the history of previous reinforcement to value expected rewards. These areas are linked via reciprocal connections, suggesting it might be their interaction that is critical for estimating expected value. To test this hypothesis, we interrupted direct, intra-hemispheric PFo-Rh interaction in monkeys by performing crossed unilateral ablations of these regions (functional disconnection). We asked whether this circuit is crucial primarily for cue-reward association or for estimating expected value per se, by testing these monkeys, as well as intact controls, on tasks in which expected value was either visually cued or had to be inferred from block-wise changes in reward size in uncued trials. Functional disconnection significantly affected performance in both tasks. Specifically, monkeys with functional disconnection showed less of a difference in error rates and reaction times across reward sizes, in some cases behaving as if they expected rewards to be of equal magnitude. These results support a model whereby information about rewards signaled in PFo is combined with associative and contextual information signaled within Rh to estimate expected value.
Reorganization of the work system for successful information systems implementation

Abstract This paper presents a case study of two attempts to implement a computer based materials management system in a large engineering company. It presents the details of the failure of the first attempt, and an analysis of the problems encountered in the first attempt. The details of the corrective action undertaken, and the successful second attempt are also presented. The analysis of the two implementation attempts suggests the important role of personnel with functional expertise and cross-functional business perspective on design teams. This should facilitate the integrated work-information system design stressed in this paper. The case study illustrates the nature of interrelationships between the work system and the information system and the dependence of the information system on the work system for successful operation. Thus, in some instances the need for reorganization of the work system for successful implementation is highlighted. The analysis also identifies the role of top management in creating the necessary organizational structures for involving users and assigning the responsibility for the success of the implementation to them. The paper also makes recommendations for the development of systems designers through appropriate recruitment, training, and job rotation programs. The paper concludes with a recommendation that systems designers should focus on the integrated work-information system design, rather than limiting the boundary of the systems design to the information processing system and information technology related tasks.
Magnetic behavior of the Kondo-lattice system CeRu 2 Si 2

We demonstrate experimentally that the intermetallic compound Ce${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ exhibits low-temperature magnetic properties similar to those of the heavy-fermion superconductor Ce${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$. Magnetic susceptibility and $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements establish that the ground state of Ce${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ is nonmagnetic, and electrical resistivity measurements reflect Kondo-type spin fluctuations. The observed proportionality between the Ce contributions to the $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ NMR shift $K$ and the magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ distinguishes Ce${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ from mixed-valence Ce- and Yb-based systems found previously to exhibit anomalous nonlinear dependence of $K$ on $\ensuremath{\chi}$.
Ovulatory patterns in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Abstract The results of induced ovulation regimens on 95 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) over a 7-year period are described. A distinct seasonal pattern of response was observed in the temperate climate. The pretreatment of squirrel monkeys with progesterone slightly suppresses the total number of follicles showing growth in response to the FSH but results in a significantly higher number of animals showing at least one ovulation. No significant differences were noted for ovarian response based on the length of time the animal had been in captivity. The effectiveness of the ovulation induction regimen over 20 or more consecutive courses of treatment was not significantly reduced, suggesting that antibodies were not formed against the gonadotropins.
Varenicline: A Novel Nicotinic Receptor Partial Agonist for Smoking Cessation

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of varenicline, a selective partial nicotinic receptor agonist for smoking cessation.Data Sources:Primary literature and review articles were obtained via a MEDLINE search (1966–January 2007) using the key terms smoking cessation, nicotinic receptor, tobacco, and varenicline. Additional studies and abstracts were identified from the bibliographies of reviewed literature.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Available English-language literature, including abstracts, preclinical and clinical trials, and review articles were identified. Six randomized, placebo-controlled trials were evaluated to determine varenicline's efficacy for smoking cessation.Data Synthesis:Varenicline is a partial agonist selective for the α4β2 nicotinic receptor. Varenicline has been compared with placebo and sustained-release (SR) bupropion in randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. These trials found varenicline to have more successful 4 week...
Science and ecosystem management in the Albemarle–Pamlico Estuarine Study

Abstract Ecosystem management seeks to integrate interdisciplinary science to inform complex environmental decision making. Proponents of ecosystem management often expect that science will resolve disputes among stakeholders, reduce uncertainty, and reveal the most prudent course of action. However, the traditional institutions of science are not structured to fulfill this expectation. Failure to account for this difference may be one of the reasons why implementation of ecosystem management lags behind its acceptance as a concept. In this paper, the role of science in the Albemarle–Pamlico Estuarine Study (APES) is analyzed with respect to an ideal model for the use of science in ecosystem management. At the outset, APES appeared to be a promising opportunity to implement science-based ecosystem planning. However, many participants and observers look back on the APES research program as a waste of money that did not significantly improve estuarine management. This paper explains this apparent failure by showing how the model for the use of science in ecosystem management conflicted with the traditional modes of scientific inquiry applied by APES. Understanding these challenges can inform choices about how to better use scientific knowledge in ecosystem management.
EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIC CHICKENS.

White Leghorn chickens were subjected to bursectomy and total body irradiation at hatching, thus rendering them agammaglobulinemic. At 4 weeks of age, these chickens and control chickens received lyophilized bovine spinal cord emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. Agammaglobulinemic chickens developed the lesions of allergic encephalomyelitis with the same frequency and intensity as the controls. Our findings support the contention that antibodies are not necessary for the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
Hydralazine-enhanced selective heating of transmissible venereal tumor implants in dogs.

Abstract This study was designed to test the hypothesis that vasodilator drugs can enhance selective heating of solid tumors by producing a favorable redistribution of blood flow between tumor and normal tissues. Subcutaneous transmissible venereal tumor implants were heated by inductive diathermy using Helmholtz coils in 8 dogs. The temperature rise in tumor and adjacent muscle was measured before and after giving hydralazine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.). Blood flow to the tumors and underlying muscle was measured with radioactive tracer microspheres. Before hydralazine treatment mean muscle blood flow was about one-third tumor blood flow (0.11 ± 0.02 vs 0.28 ± 0.09 ml/min/g), and tumor and normal muscle temperatures were not significantly different (40.0 ± 0.6 vs 39.7 ± 0.1°C). After hydralazine tumor blood flow decreased and muscle blood flow increased in every dog, and selective heating of the tumors became possible. Muscle blood flow averaged 0.67 ± 0.13 ml/min/g, 17 times greater than tumor blood flow, which decreased to 0.04 ± 0.02 ml/min/g. Core tumor temperature was 48.0 ± 0.9 vs 38.5 ± 0.5°C for underlying muscle. Blood pressure was maintained at 80 ± 5.7 mmHg. These results demonstrate that adjuvant treatment with vasodilators is a promising technique to increase the temperature difference between tumors and surrounding normal tissues during local heat therapy.
On the Shortcomings of Shape Memory Alloy Phenomenological Models

The phenomenological models for SMAs, consisting of a thermodynamics based- constitutive and a phase transformation kinetics model, are the most widely used models for engineering applications. The existing phenomenological models are able to predict the behavior of SMA-actuated systems in most cases, except for cases arising from a simultaneous change in temperature and stress of the SMA elements, as is documented in this study. For such cases, the existing models fail to adequately predict the behavior of SMA elements undergoing complex thermomechanical loadings. A rotary SMA-actuated robotic arm is modeled using the existing constitutive models, in order to document the conditions under which the models fail. The model is verified against the experimental results, to document that under certain conditions, the model is not able to predict the behavior of the SMA-actuated manipulator. The phenomenological models discrepancy is also studied experimentally using a dead-weight that is actuated by an SMA wire.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Benzodiazepine receptors: Effect of tissue preincubation at 37°C

[3H]Flunitrazepam binding to rat brain homogenates was assayed in two ways: by 37-0 degrees C incubations or 0 degrees C only incubations. The affinity of brain benzodiazepine receptors for [3H]flunitrazepam was significantly greater in 37-0 degrees C incubated samples than in 0 degrees C incubated samples, while there was no change in the number of benzodiazepine receptors. The possible mechanisms for this enhanced binding affinity as well as the methodological implications for this observation are discussed.
“Electromotor” Response in the Electric Fish Eigenmannia (Rhamphichthyidae, Gymnotoidei)

VARIOUS species of fish are known to emit and perceive weak electrical signals1–4. Whereas the physiological mechanisms involved in the production and perception of such signals have been investigated in detail (ref. 3, pages 347 and 493), less is known about their behavioural relevance. Lissman2 proposed and gave evidence for a role in object detection, by the distortion of the fish's own electrical field due to either dielectric or conducting objects within range. This idea has been supported by later work (refs 4–6 and personal communication from A. Kalmijn and R. Adelman). The study reported here was undertaken as a first effort to devise ways of measuring the performance of the object detecting system in respect to its discrimination of particular parameters such as distance, size and motion. A primary goal was to find methods based on built-in responses, rather than time-consuming conditioning procedures, which could be used on any individual on a given day to assess its skill in relation to species norms and would thus facilitate the quantification of changes in performance after nerve transections, brain lesions and such like.
Nitric oxide suppresses tumor cell migration through N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) expression: role of chelatable iron.

N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a ubiquitous cellular protein that is up-regulated under a multitude of stress and growth-regulatory conditions. Although the exact cellular functions of this protein have not been elucidated, mutations in this gene or aberrant expression of this protein have been linked to both tumor suppressive and oncogenic phenotypes. Previous reports have demonstrated that NDRG1 is strongly up-regulated by chemical iron chelators and hypoxia, yet its regulation by the free radical nitric oxide (•NO) has never been demonstrated. Herein, we examine the chemical biology that confers NDRG1 responsiveness at the mRNA and protein levels to •NO. We demonstrate that the interaction of •NO with the chelatable iron pool (CIP) and the appearance of dinitrosyliron complexes (DNIC) are key determinants. Using HCC 1806 triple negative breast cancer cells, we find that NDRG1 is up-regulated by physiological •NO concentrations in a dose- and time-dependant manner. Tumor cell migration was suppressed by NDRG1 expression and we excluded the involvement of HIF-1α, sGC, N-Myc, and c-Myc as upstream regulatory targets of •NO. Augmenting the chelatable iron pool abolished •NO-mediated NDRG1 expression and the associated phenotypic effects. These data, in summary, reveal a link between •NO, chelatable iron, and regulation of NDRG1 expression and signaling in tumor cells.
Route of Invasion and Histopathology of Metarhizium Anisopliae in Culex Quinquefasciatus

Abstract The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae , known to be a pathogen of terrestrial insects, has been shown to be a potentially successful biocontrol agent of the Culicidae. Two methods of inoculation of Culex quinquefasciatus were examined and compared as to rate of kill, route of invasion, histopathology and pathogenesis, and presence or absence of toxin-related mortality. One method of inoculation involves covering the surface of the water containing the larvae with dry, hydrophobic conidia. Larvae contact the fungus when they break the water tension with their perispiracular valves for air intake. Histopathological studies reveal complete or near complete blockage of trachea with mycelial growth, beginning at the siphon tip and extending only one-third of the way into the trachea. Extensive hyphal growth and formation of appressoria with a subsequent melanization reaction by host tissue were clearly observed in the portion of the siphon invaded, but no hyphal bodies were evident, as occur in terrestrial insects. The waxy-coated conidia adhere to the inside surface of the valves, germinate, and invade the siphon tip tissue, much like the first stages of invasion seen in terrestrial insects. Death did not begin in the treated population until 48 hr post-treatment and appeared to be due primarily to suffocation. An alternate route of exposure examined is ingestion of detergent-wetted conidia that sink to the bottom of the container of water. When ingested, the conidia completely filled the larval gut, causing mortality to begin within 6 to 24 hr after ingestion. Toxin is apparently released during digestion; partially digested conidia are evident in electron micrographs of midguts of moribund larvae. Some conidia were shown to be at the begining stages of germination in the midguts of moribund larvae but no invasion of tissue was apparent. In both treatments, conidia must be viable in order to cause mortality in mosquito larvae.
Universal MAP estimation in compressed sensing

We study the compressed sensing (CS) estimation problem where an input is measured via a linear matrix multiplication under additive noise. While this setup usually assumes sparsity or compressibility in the observed signal during recovery, the signal structure that can be leveraged is often not known a priori. In this paper, we consider universal CS recovery, where the statistics of a stationary ergodic signal source are estimated simultaneously with the signal itself. We provide initial theoretical, algorithmic, and experimental evidence based on maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation that shows the promise of universality in CS, particularly for low-complexity sources that do not exhibit standard sparsity or compressibility.
Kinematical bounds on optimization of observables for quantum systems

Upper and lower kinematical bounds for the expectation values of arbitrary observables of driven quantum systems in mixed states are derived, and criteria for their attainability established. The results are applied to the problem of maximizing the energy of a laser-driven four-level Morse oscillator model for HF, as well as a four-level harmonic-oscillator model.
Modified Questionnaire On the Occupational Status of Women

The development and modification of an instrument designed to measure accuracy of information and attitudes related to the occupational status of women are described. The original 50-item questionnaire was constructed by using a classicial measurement approach and administered to a total of 707 counselors and related professionals. The modified questionnaire consisted of 30 items selected from the original questionnaire on the basis of Rasch analysis. Coefficient alpha for the modified questionnaire was estimated as 0.86; coefficient alpha for the original questionnaire was 0.77. Both the original and the modified questionnaires differentiated between and among subgroups in the sample, which were assumed to have more or less positive attitudes toward women and work. On the basis of this analysis, the modified questionnaire is recommended to estimate counselor and related professional attitudes toward women and work.
THE FREE BANKING MODEL APPLIED TO PRE‐1914 CANADIAN BANKING

Some economists who normally prefer to rely on free market solutions to economic problems often consider money a special good that requires government control to prevent overissue. But free banking advocates take the position that the market can control the supply of money without any government imposed rule. The type of banking system envisioned by the latter school would be one in which banks would be subjected to no restrictions regarding balance sheet choices and would be allowed to charge what they want on loans and pay what the market dictated on any source of funds. Each bank would be free to issue distinctive banknotes as well as deposits redeemable into some reserve asset that banks would hold in accordance with their goal of profit maximization subject to the necessary liquidity cost. There would be no required reserve holding, no minimum amount of capital, nor any restrictions on the type of loans a bank could make, nor where they could establish branch offices. Government's only role would be to enforce contracts and to punish fraud.
Structural remodeling of the heart and its premotor cardioinhibitory vagal neurons following T5 spinal cord transection

Midthoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with enhanced cardiac sympathetic activity and reduced cardiac parasympathetic activity. The enhanced cardiac sympathetic activity is associated w...