cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An algorithm for identification of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients by emergency medicine services ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Objective ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) identification by emergency medicine services (EMS) leading to pre-hospital catheterization laboratory (CL) activation shortens ischemic time and improves outcomes. We examined the incremental value of addition of a screening clinical tool (CT), containing clinical information and a Zoll electrocardiogram (ECG)-resident STEMI identification program (ZI) to ZI alone. Methods All EMS-performed and ZI-analyzed ECGs transmitted to a percutaneous coronary intervention hospital from October 2009 to January 2011 were reviewed for diagnostic accuracy. ZI performance was also compared to ECG interpretations by 2 experienced readers The CT was then retrospectively applied to determine the incremental benefit above the ZI alone. Results ST-elevation myocardial infarction was confirmed in 23 (7.5%) of 305 patients. ZI was positive in 37 (12.1%): sensitivity: 95.6% and specificity: 94.6%, positive predictive value (PPV), 59.5%, negative predictive value (NPV), 99.6%, and accuracy of 93.8%. Moderate agreement was observed among the readers and ZI. CT criteria for CL activation were met in 24 (7.8%): 20 (83.3%) were confirmed STEMIs: sensitivity: 86.9%, specificity: 98.5%, a PPV: 83.3%, and NPV: 98.6%, accuracy of 97.7%. CT + ZI increased PPV ( P P Conclusions In an urban cohort of all EMS transmitted ECGs, ZI has high sensitivity and specificity for STEMI identification. Whereas the PPV was low, reflecting both low STEMI prevalence and presence of STEMI-mimics, the NPV was very high. These findings suggest that a simplified CT combined with computer STEMI interpretation can identify patients for pre-hospital CL activation. Confirmation of these results could improve the design of STEMI care systems.
The case of the missing defendant: medical testimony in trials of the unconscious.

They are purely automatic acts, the patient is perfectly unconscious … she had the daughter in her hands and was going to cut a piece of bread and butter—it would not take much force to cut off the...
Lead Tetraacetate Oxidation of Trimethylsilyl Enol Ethers: Synthesis of Aryl Substituted Phenacyl Acetates

Abstract Standard methods for the preparation of phenacyl acetate include the acetolysis of both α-diazoacetophenone1 and α-bromoace-tophenone2, as well as the treatment of acetophenone with lead tetraacetate (LTA) in refluxing benzene3. We should like to report that trimethylsilyl enol ethers, 1, react with LTA at room temperature in benzene to afford, after hydrolysis, excellent yields of aryl substituted phenacyl acetates, 2 (Equation 1). In terms of both yield and mildness of reaction conditions the method is to be recommended over current literature procedures. The ready hydrolysis of 2 into α-hydroxyketones, 3, serves to further extend the synthetic potential of the method4,5 (Equation 2). The data in Table 1 summarize the results of the oxidation reaction.
P3-S3.07 Analysis of patients who do not keep or cancel appointments at a university based HIV/AIDS clinic

Background The Bluegrass Care Clinic (BCC), a university based HIV/AIDS clinic, has an annual average patient no show rate of 13.6% to medical appointments. Treatment adherence greater than 95% is needed to obtain maximum benefits of therapy and minimal disease progression requiring attendance to regularly scheduled medical appointments throughout the patient9s lifespan. Missed appointments are not only known to interfere with appropriate care but to misspend medical and administrative resources. The BCC sought to identify demographic trends, interpret perception and identify barriers unique to those individuals who frequently do not attend appointments. Methods Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through focus groups, phone surveys and data from Resource Scheduling Software. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and means) were derived. Results During a 29 month period the BCC expended roughly $3864 per month due to patients who did not show for appointments. 68 individual patients did not show for more than eight appointments. These 68 patients accounted for 21% of missed appointments, while 1053 patients accounted for the other 79% of missed appointments see Abstract P3-S3.07 figure 1. 13 patient focus groups were held where members cited transportation/coping/stress as potential barriers to attendance. During a phone survey of the 68 individuals only one individual correctly estimated the average number of appointments they missed per year. Female clients seem to disproportionately become frequent non-attenders as compared to their male counterparts. Female clients make up only 20% of the general BCC population, while they make up 34% of the clients who frequently miss appointments. There is a disproportionate effect in black clients. These individuals make up 21% of the BCC9s total client population, while they make up 29% of the clients that frequently do not attend appointments. Conclusions Surprisingly, a disproportionate percentage of individuals account for 1/5 of patients who do not attend or cancel appointments. Individuals surveyed by phone the majority had no actual perception of the average number of appointments they miss without cancelling. Interestingly, although the BCC serves 63 counties, 78% of those who frequently miss appointments live in the immediate area (within 30 miles of the BCC)- so transportation barriers that were identified during focus group sessions may not have a significant impact on those who frequently miss appointments.
Marriage, migration, and urban demographic structure: a case from France in the Belle Epoque.

The author describes and evaluates a model of urban migration that analyzes the relationship between the presence of migrants in a city and urban patterns of nuptiality fertility and mortality. The model is tested by a direct comparison of migrant and native nuptiality for the city of Nimes France at the beginning of the twentieth century. Patterns of nuptiality for three streams of migrants living in Nimes are then compared (ANNOTATION)
A Popov criterion for uncertain linear multivariable systems

The Popov absolute stability criterion is traditionally proved using a Lyapunov function and the positive real lemma. In this paper a simplified proof of the multivariable Popov criterion is given for the case of one-sided, sector-bounded real parameter uncertainty. A loop-shifting transformation is then used to extend the Popov criterion to two-sided, sector-bounded uncertain matrices. Specialization of this result to norm-bounded uncertain matrices leads to an upper bound for the structured singular value for block-structured, real parameter uncertainty.
A finite element analysis of convection problems in RTM using internal nodes

Convection problems governed by hyperbolic equations cannot be solved by conventional finite element methods. Various upwind schemes introduced into finite element methods to solve this class of problems suffer from a numerical error called the artificial diffusion. The amount of artificial diffusion depends not only on the mesh size but also on the flow rate. To minimize artificial diffusion the method of internal nodes is introduced. In this method, which is based on the Lagrangian interpretation of the first order upwind scheme, the flow within each nodal volume can be considered as an one-dimensional flow regardless of the number of upstream or downstream nodes. The use of internal nodes can provide an accurate solution to the degree of cure convection problem on a more coarse mesh with significantly reduced CPU cost. Sample problems are solved to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the method. When incorporated with the heat transfer equations, the use of internal nodes underscores the fact that some RTM problems are very sensitive to errors caused by artificial diffusion.
Democratic Rights in The Roman Catholic Tradition

The concept of “democratic rights” does not greatly differ, I suppose, from that of human rights as these are understood by persons of democratic mind and temper. But the existence of human rights is recognized also by persons who could not, even with the most elastic use of words, be described as favorable to democratic principles. Some ambiguities and some prejudicial implications might have been avoided if the term “democratic” had not been used in the title. It seems to presuppose the superiority of a democratic order. That is a popular idea in our political and cultural climate, and I myself hold it with strong conviction; but it is not an axiom upon which a discussion of the rights of man can be based. Particularly, it is not an axiom from which one may profitably or properly begin a consideration of human rights as defined and defended in the Roman Catholic tradition. For while the idea of human rights has an important place in the general course of that tradition, the concept of democracy has a very small place.
An expansion of age constraints for microbial clades that lack a conventional fossil record using phylogenomic dating.

Most microbial taxa lack a conventional microfossil or biomarker record, and so we currently have little information regarding how old most microbial clades and their associated traits are. Building on the previously published oxygen age constraint, two new age constraints are proposed based on the ability of microbial clades to metabolize chitin and aromatic compounds derived from lignin. Using the archaeal domain of life as a test case, phylogenetic analyses, along with published metabolic and genetic data, showed that members of the Halobacteriales and Thermococcales are able to metabolize chitin. Ancestral state reconstruction combined with phylogenetic analysis of the genes underlying chitin degradation predicted that the ancestors of these two groups were also likely able to metabolize chitin or chitin-related compounds. These two clades were therefore assigned a maximum age of 1.0 Ga (when chitin likely first appeared). Similar analyses also predicted that the ancestor to the Sulfolobus solfataricus–Sulfolobus islandicus clade was able to metabolize phenol using catechol dioxygenase, so this clade was assigned a maximum age of 475 Ma. Inferred ages of archaeal clades using relaxed molecular clocks with the new age constraints were consistent with those inferred with the oxygen age constraints. This work expands our current toolkit to include Paleoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, and Paleozoic age constraints, and should aid in our ability to phylogenetically reconstruct the antiquity of a wide array of microbial clades and their associated morphological and biogeochemical traits, spanning deep geologic time. Such hypotheses—although built upon evolutionary inferences—are fundamentally testable.
Extraordinary light circulation and concentration of s- and p-polarized phase resonances

Both s-polarized and p-polarized phase resonances in one-dimensionally compound transmission gratings are analyzed, modeled, and measured. We demonstrate that s-polarized phase resonances occur with similar characteristics of p-polarized phase resonances, with narrow bandwidths, high Q values, and highly amplified fields. The phase difference of π radian between the fields in the coupled cavities produces light circulation and an inversion of the transmissivity/opacity of the structure. The dependencies of bandwidth and wavelength of the resonances on structural and material properties are described, as well as the way light flows in the structure when the phase resonances are excited.
Myocardial ASL perfusion reserve test detects ischemic segments in initial cohort of 10 patients with angiographic CAD

Background Myocardial ASL is a technique for the assessment of myocardial blood flow (MBF) without contrast agents. It can be safely applied to patients with end-stage renal disease who are not candidates for first-pass imaging with contrast agents. Myocardial ASL perfusion imaging performed at rest and during adenosine stress provides perfusion reserve (MBFstress/MBFrest), which is a common indicator for the severity of coronary artery disease. In healthy myocardium, perfusion reserve is known to be approximately four [1]. Methods Twenty nine patients were recruited from those scheduled for routine cardiac MR (CMR) and X-ray angiography. Myocardial ASL measurements were obtained from a single mid short-axis slice at rest and during adenosine infusion (dosage: 0.14 mg/kg/min) on a GE Signa 3T scanner. The ASL sequence was composed of flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) tagging and balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging [2]. Perfusion reserve maps were generated in a standard short-axis view illustration by convolution with a Gaussian filter and resampling onto a polar coordinate [3]. Results Ten of the twenty-nine patients were found to have significant stenosis on X-ray angiography. Table 1 contains the most ischemic myocardial segments in these ten patients as identified by two cardiologists using either X-ray angiogram or ASL perfusion reserve map independently. Based on McNemar’ st est with Bonferroni correction, there was no significant difference between X-ray and ASL MRI in identifying ischemia in all six myocardial segments (p = 1.0000, 0.6170, 0.4795, 0.1336, 0.4795, and 0.4795). Figure 1 contains perfusion reserve maps acquired using myocardial ASL in these patients. The average standard deviation of physiological noise
Automated calculation of parametric instabilities in fluid plasmas

A scheme for the automatic calculation of rates for parametric instabilities has been devised and has been implemented using the MACSYMA system. A survey of decay rates for modes propagating in warm fluid magnetoplasmas has begun. In this paper we discuss the method and some techniques for its implementation. The mathematical formalism used for the calculations permits a uniform treatment of these instabilities and it relies heavily on the structure of the linear modes that are coupled by the pump fields. Most of the information on these modes is generated automatically. The algorithms developed for determination of the linear modes are potentially useful for other calculations in plasma physics. An essential feature of the method is the automatic retention of only leading terms in expressions. In this regard the calculation by machine is done in humanlike fashion.
Assessing Administrative Performance

Administrators, who assess others, cannot them selves be immune from assessment, Rentsch con tends. A plan for administrator assessment is of fered below.
In Vitro and in Vivo Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Androgen Receptor Ligands with Multiple Substituents in the B-Ring

We recently reported two nonsteroidal androgen receptor (AR) ligands that demonstrate tissue-selective pharmacological activity, identifying these S-3-(phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamide analogs as the first members of a new class of drugs known as selective androgen receptor modulators. The purpose of these studies was to explore additional structure-activity relationships of selective androgen receptor modulators to enhance their AR binding affinity, AR-mediated transcriptional activation, and in vivo pharmacological activity. The AR binding affinity (K(i)) of 29 novel synthetic AR ligands was determined by a radioligand competitive binding assay and ranged from 1.0-51 nM. Compounds with electron-withdrawing substituents at the para- and meta-positions of the B-ring demonstrated the highest AR binding affinity. The AR-mediated transcriptional activation was determined using a cotransfection assay in CV-1 cells. Most compounds with two substituents in the B-ring maintained or improved their functional activity in vitro. However, compounds with three halogen substituents exhibited significant regioselectivity. Fifteen compounds were selected to examine their pharmacological activity in castrated rats. In vivo pharmacological activity and selectivity were significantly changed by structural modification in the B-ring. Compounds with halogen groups at the para- and meta-positions of the B-ring displayed the highest pharmacological activity. Incorporating substituents at the ortho-position of the B-ring resulted in poor pharmacological activity. In vitro and in vivo agonist activities were partially correlated. In conclusion, novel selective androgen receptor modulators with improved in vivo pharmacological activity can be designed and synthesized based on the structure-activity relationship identified in these studies.
Identification, partial characterization and age-related changes of a cytoplasmic androgen receptor in the rat penis

Abstract A cytoplasmic androgen receptor has been identified in the penis of the immature rat utilizing a dextran-coated charcoal assay and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The receptor sediments at 8S, is specific for androgens and binds with high affinity to 5α-dihydrotestosterone, K d = 5.52 × 10 −1U M. In addition, this penile receptor is found in very high concentration in the immature period and decreases with aging to reach almost undetectable levels at adulthood. This diminution in the concentration of the penile receptor from birth to adulthood appears to be consistent with the clinical and experimental observation that the maximum androgen-induced response in the penis occurs during the immature period while the penis is relatively unresponsive to androgenic stimulation at adulthood. The identification of an androgen receptor in the penis should provide an important probe into the elucidation of the endocrine events that govern the ultimate size of the adult penis.
An internal protein in T2 and T4 bacteriophages.

Abstract Bacteriophage T2 or T4, ruptured by osmotic shock, alkali, pyrophosphate, urea, heat treatment, freezing and thawing, or sonic oscillation, reacted to a greater degree with antisera to ruptured phage than with antisera to intact phage or ghosts. After absorption with intact phage or ghosts, antisera to ruptured phage reacted only with ruptured phage, suggesting that an internal antigen was present. The immunologic reactivity of the released antigen was destroyed by trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, or acid, but was stable to 6.5 M urea, to 6.5 M guanidine, and to boiling for 5 minutes. The internal protein from T2, isolated and purified, did not cross-react with antisera to ruptured T4. If phage was absorbed to isolated Escherichia coli cell walls, internal protein was ejected along with the viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Pyrimidines. XVII. I‐(Tetrahydro‐2‐pyranyl)cytosine, ‐uracil, ‐thymine and related compounds

In view of the reported biological activities of antibiotics Amicetin and Blasticidin S, 1-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyl)cytosine, -uracil, -thymine and related compounds were synthesized. These compounds were prepared by the Hilbert-Johnson method from 2-chloro-tetrahydropyran and corresponding 2,4-dimethoxypyrimidines.
Modelling the viscoelasticity and thermal fluctuations of fluids at the nanoscale

Simulation methodologies for modelling the viscoelasticity and thermal fluctuations of molecular fluids at nanoscale are presented. In particular, we bridge the distinct frameworks of fluctuating hydrodynamics (FHD) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a coarse-graining procedure that properly considers the effective size of each fluid molecule in mapping a phase space vector of the all-atom model to field variables in the FHD representation. We also generalise the FHD equations to model non-Markovian rheological responses by incorporating coloured noise. To capture the increasing elastic responses that emerge at the nanoscale, a composite Newtonian–Maxwell rheological model is developed. Numerical simulations using a staggered discretisation scheme demonstrate that the thermodynamic states and dynamic properties (power spectra) of FHD equations match with those of all-atom MD simulations quantitatively. This agreement also unambiguously determines the wavenumber-dependent transport coefficients ...
Multiple enhancer regions located at significant distances upstream of the transcriptional start site mediate RANKL gene expression in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Abstract One of the primary regulators of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is 1,25-dihydoxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ). To elucidate the mechanism whereby 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 activates RANKL expression we screened some 300 kb of the RANKL gene locus using a ChIP on chip analysis and identified five potential regulatory regions lying significant distances upstream of the transcription start site (TSS), the farthest over 70 kb from the TSS. A direct ChIP analysis confirmed the presence of the VDR/RXR heterodimer at these sites. The binding of the VDR was associated with histone modification and enhanced entry of RNA polymerase II, indicating an important functional consequence to the localization of these transcription factors in response to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . The region −76 kb upstream from the TSS, termed D5, was capable of mediating VDR-dependent transcriptional output in response to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in luciferase assays. The identified VDRE in this region was able to confer dramatic 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 sensitivity to heterologous promoters. This region was highly evolutionarily conserved and functionally active in the human RANKL gene as well. We propose that the RANKL gene is regulated via multiple enhancers that while located at significant distances from the TSS, likely form a chromatin hub centered on the RankL promoter.
T4-induced RNA ligase joins single-stranded oligoribonucleotides

Abstract RNA ligase isolated from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T4 will catalyze the formation of an intermolecular 3' leads to 5' phosphodiester linkage between an oligoribonucleotide with a free 3'-hydroxyl and another oligoribonucleotide with a 5'-phosphate. Upon reaction with (Ap)5C, nearly quantitative conversion of the hexamer [5'-32P]p(Up)5U to the dodecamer (Ap)5C[3' leads to 5'-32P]p(Up)5U was observed. The product was identified by its mobility on RPC-5 column chromatography, its resistance to alkaline phosphatase, and the appearance of the expected radiolabeled products on hydrolysis with alkali, ribonuclease A, snake venom phosphodiesterase, and spleen phosphodiesterase. The coupling of other pairs of single-stranded oligoribonucleotides has also been demonstrated. The intermolecular joining reaction is probably mechanistically similar to the intramolecular cyclization activity previously reported for Tr RNA ligase. It is expected that this enzyme will be useful for the synthesis of RNA fragments of defined sequence.
Transient translocation of conventional protein kinase C isoforms and persistent downregulation of atypical protein kinase Mζ in long-term depression

Persistent dephosphorylation has been implicated in the molecular mechanisms of long-term depression (LTD). Dephosphorylation may be due to either a persistent increase in phosphatase activity or a persistent decrease in kinase activity. We have previously found that protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ), the autonomously active form of the atypical PKCζ isozyme that increases in long-term potentiation (LTP), decreases in LTD. This is consistent with the hypothesis that decreased levels of phosphorylation by PKC are important in LTD. Recently, however, increased phosphorylation by PKC has also been implicated in LTD. These contradictory results might be explained, in part, by the multiple isoforms of PKC, which may be independently regulated during the different phases of LTD. We now find that 45 s after low-frequency (3 Hz) stimulation that induces LTD in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices, conventional Ca2+/lipid-dependent PKC isoforms translocate from the cytosol to the membrane. This translocation was transient, lasting less than 15 min. In contrast, PKMζ was persistently decreased through 2 h of LTD maintenance. Therefore, the activation and downregulation of distinct PKC isoforms may participate in the induction and maintenance mechanisms of LTD.
Enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis by intraventricular S100B infusion is associated with improved cognitive recovery after traumatic brain injury.

Evidence of injury-induced neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus suggests that an endogenous repair mechanism exists for cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI). One factor that may be associated with this restoration is S100B, a neurotrophic/mitogenic protein produced by astrocytes, which has been shown to improve memory function. Therefore, we examined whether an intraventricular S100B infusion enhances neurogenesis within the hippocampus following experimental TBI and whether the biological response can be associated with a measurable cognitive improvement. Following lateral fluid percussion or sham injury in male rats (n = 60), we infused S100B (50 ng/h) or vehicle into the lateral ventricle for 7 days using an osmotic micro-pump. Cell proliferation was assessed by injecting the mitotic marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on day 2 postinjury. Quantification of BrdU-immunoreactive cells in the dentate gyrus revealed an S100B-enhanced proliferation as assessed on day 5 post-injury (p < ...
Simple model, including recoil, for the brightness of sodium guide stars created from CW single frequency fasors and comparison to measurements

Using a stable single frequency (Δυ < 1 MHz) cw fasor we have characterized the guide star radiance under several conditions, including routinely measuring the radiance at various launch powers and simultaneously illuminating the same spot with a second fasor with a range of different frequency separations. Making use of sodium's hyperfine energy diagram and allowed transitions it is shown that some transitions do not contribute to the radiance after a short time period thus greatly reducing the number of states whose populations need to be tracked in a simple rate equation model. An offshoot of this view is the importance of the pump source's spectral content for efficient sodium scattering. Accounting for atomic recoil, which causes atoms to be Doppler shifted out of resonance, we obtain model curves for photon return flux versus launch power for both linear and circular polarization, both agree with measurements; the only free parameter being the sodium column density on the single night both sets of data were taken. We attempted to measure the sodium velocity distribution due to recoil using two Fasors in a pump-probe arrangement. We have measured some subtle phenomena that this simple model does not explain and these will be discussed. These may imply the importance of understanding the collision rates for sodium atoms to re-equilibrate through velocity changing collisions, spin relaxation and coherent beam propagation under various atmospheric conditions.
Enhancing the antitumor activity of ErbB blockade with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition.

Molecular inhibition of the ErbB signaling pathway represents a promising cancer treatment strategy. Preclinical studies suggest that enhancement of antitumor activity can be achieved by maximizing ErbB signaling inhibition. Using cDNA microarrays, we identified histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as having strong potential to enhance the effects of anti-ErbB agents. Studies using a 20,000 element (20K) cDNA microarray demonstrate decreased transcript expression of ErbB1 (epidermal growth factor receptor) and ErbB2 in DU145 (prostate) and ErbB2 in SKBr3 (breast) cancer cell lines. Additional changes in the DU145 gene expression profile with potential interaction to ErbB signaling include downregulation of caveolin-1 and hypoxia inducible factor 1-a (HIF1a), and up-regulation of gelsolin, p19(INK4D) and Nur77. Findings were validated using real time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Enhanced proliferative inhibition, apoptosis induction and signaling inhibition were demonstrated when combining HDAC inhibition with ErbB blockade. These results suggest that used cooperatively, anti-ErbB agents and HDAC inhibitors may offer a promising strategy of dual targeted therapy. Additionally, microarray data suggest that the beneficial interaction of these agents may not derive solely from modulation of ErbB expression, but may result from effects on other oncogenic processes including angiogenesis, invasion and cell cycle kinetics. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plasma Baclofen Levels in Children Receiving Continuous Intrathecal Baclofen Infusion

To determine the plasma baclofen concentrations of children undergoing continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion for treatment of cerebral spasticity, we assayed plasma samples from six children, 8 to 18 years of age, who were receiving intrathecal baclofen at constant rates of 77 to 400 micrograms/day. Plasma levels were at or below the limit of quantification (10 ng/mL) in all patients.
Lactate : a substrate for reptilian muscle gluconeogenesis following exhaustive exercise

The pattern of lactate and glycogen metabolism in red and white muscle fibers was examined in fasted, cannulated lizards (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) run on a treadmill to exhaustion. The white and red portions of the iliofibularis (wIF, rIF) muscle of the hindlimb were analyzed post-exercise and at intervals over 120 min of recovery for lactate and glycogen changes. Five min of exercise resulted in lactate concentrations of from 35 mM (rIF) to 48 mM (wIF) while blood lactate concentrations were elevated to 21 mM from resting levels of 1.8 mM. Glycogen depletion was significant (p<0.05) in whole hindlimb (−30%) and in wIF (−42%) but not in rIF (−25%). Metabolite changes were consistent with a pattern of fiber type recruitment favoring fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers during high intensity locomotion. Glycogen replenishment during recovery was fiber typespecific. After 2 h recovery, whole hindlimb glycogen concentration had increased 24% above pre-exercise levels (p<0.05). Rates of glycogen resynthesis during recovery were significant only in oxidative fibers of the red iliofibularis. Animals were infused with either [U-14C]-lactate or [U-14C]-glucose at the point of exhaustion, and label incorporation into muscle glycogen was used to estimate the substrate preference for glycogenesis during recovery. Lactate uptake and incorporation occurred in both wIF and rIF. Glucose uptake and incorporation into glycogen was greatest in the rIF, where it equalled 9% of the rate of lactate incorporation. The rate of lactate incorporation could account for 67% of the rate of glycogen synthesis that occurred in oxidative fibers of the rIF. The data indicate that in contrast to mammalian muscle, reptilian muscle replenishes glycogen while it removes lactate, utilizing lactate directly as a gluconeogenic substrate. The data also suggest that lactate produced by FG fibers during exercise is utilized by oxidative fiber types post-exercise to synthesize glycogen in excess of pre-exercise levels.
ATE test time reduction using asynchronous clock period

A conventional wafer sort test on an automatic test equipment (ATE) uses a fixed synchronous clock period. Typical test cycles may produce high signal activity and to keep the power dissipation under control, a relatively slow test clock is used. This results in long test times, especially for large scan based circuits. Observing that each test clock cycle may consume different amount of power, we propose an asynchronous clock test methodology to reduce the test time. Smallest customized clock periods for test cycles or sets of cycles are computed based on power and critical path constraints. A theoretical analysis shows that the total energy consumed by the entire test is invariant and the test time depends on the rate it is dissipated during test. An asynchronous clock test dissipates this energy at the maximum allowable rate, while the conventional synchronous clock test dissipates it at a lower average rate. The asynchronous clock test method is first implemented in simulation using several ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits. These results show test time reductions up to 47%. To establish the test programming feasibility of the new methodology the Advantest T2000GS ATE at Auburn University Test Lab was used. Test time reduction of 38% is demonstrated for scan test of a circuit. The paper ends with an investigation showing that for a circuit under test, given its power budget and a test there exists a supply voltage that minimizes the test time. An analysis determines whether the shortest test must use a synchronous or an asynchronous clock.
Optimal scheduling and operation of load aggregator with electric energy storage in power markets

This paper presents an optimization framework for a load aggregator with electric energy storage (EES) to determine its net imported power in electricity markets. The EES is operated by the load aggregator. The imported power from both day-ahead and real-time markets is a combination of the load and the EES power charging and discharging. The load aggregator's objective is to minimize its energy cost by scheduling the imported power in the day-ahead market and determining the imported power during operation in the real-time balancing market. The flexible operation of the EES is the tool for achieving this goal. Forecasted price and load are used to determine the optimal scheduling and operation to minimize the energy cost. In the day-ahead market, a load aggregator uses the proposed method to determine the schedule of the imported power in each period with the day-ahead forecasted price and load. During real-time operation, the discrepancies caused by the forecast errors are settled in the real-time balancing market. Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based algorithm is used to determine its imported power in balancing market by using the most updated price and load forecast over a receding horizon. Results from two case studies with stationary EES and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV)' batteries respectively using the proposed method are presented to demonstrate the energy cost savings.
Unified theory on topological analysis of linear systems

Topological formulas were stated by Kirchhoff for mesh equations, by Maxwell for nodal equations, by Mason for signal-flow graphs and by Coates for flow graphs. In the paper, it is shown that all these formulas can be obtained from one another. Using these relationships, a generalised star-mesh transformation in network theory is obtained. Simple ways of drawing these associated directed graphs from a given network and illustrative examples are also given.
Preoperative evaluation and predictive value of fine-needle aspiration and frozen section of thyroid nodules

Abstract Background: We sought to evaluate the predictive value of preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) on surgical decision making by evaluating the final pathologic diagnosis and comparing it to the preoperative diagnosis. Further, we wished to calculate the predictive accuracy of each of several types of preoperative FNA diagnosis. Study Design: A retrospective chart review of 151 thyroid resections between July 1990 and April 1996 at the University of Virginia was undertaken. The mean age was 45 years (range, 11 to 85 years). Preoperative laboratory values, presenting symptoms, imaging studies, and predictive values of preoperative FNA and intraoperative frozen section were analyzed. Results: Symptomatology was poorly predictive of a benign versus malignant postoperative final pathologic diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of frozen section versus FNA was 86% versus 86%; 99% versus 93%, and 96% versus 92%, respectively, if the reading "cancer" or "suspicious" were predicted as positive for malignancy and "benign" or "follicular" were predicted as negative for malignancy. If only the reading "cancer" was predicted as positive for malignancy and only "benign" was predicted as negative for malignancy, sensitivity and specificity for FNA were 100% and 96%, respectively, and 100% and 99%, respectively, for frozen section. Forty-nine "follicular" lesions obtained by preoperative FNA resulted in 46 benign diagnoses after surgical resection. Conclusions: The use of preoperative FNA is a powerful diagnostic tool in the hands of skilled pathologists. There is increasing evidence that intraoperative frozen section adds little to intraoperative decision making in patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer by preoperative FNA. Less definitive interpretations decrease the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the FNA diagnosis.
High performance displacement chromatography of proteins: Separation of β-Lactoglobulins A and B

β-Lactoglobulins A and B were separated by high performance displacement chromatography on an anion-exchanger column with chondroitin sulfate as the displacer. A sample of 100 mg containing a mixture of the two β-lactoglublins was separated on a column of 75×7.5 mm in a single chromatographic run. The separation process followed the rules of the classical displacement development: the two proteins formed contiguous rectangular bands and their concentrations were dependent on the displacer concentration. The results demonstrate that high performance displacement chromatography is a useful technique for the separation of proteins in preparative amounts with columns and instrumentation typically used in analytical HPLC. Furthermore, it has the potential to become the method of choice in large scale separation of proteins.
Determination of fracture energy, process zone longth and brittleness number from size effect, with application to rock and conerete

The dependence of the fracture energy and the effective process zone length on the specimen size as well as the craek extension from the notch is analyzed on the basis of Ba<zant's approximate size effect law. The fracture energy and the effective length of the fracture process zone is defined on the basis of the extrapolation to an infinite specimen size, for which the definitions are independent of the shape of the specimen or structure. Both of these material properties are expressed in terms of the size effect law parameters and the function describing the nondimensional energy release rate. Ba<zant's size effect law for the nominal stress σN at failure is reformulated in a manner in which the parameters are the fracture energy and the effective (elastically equivalent) process zone length. A method to determine these material properties from σN-data by linear and nonlinear regressions is shown. This method permits these properties to be evaluated solely on the basis of the measured maximum loads of specimens of various sizes and possibly also of different shapes. Variation of both the fracture energy and the effective process zone length as a function of the specimen size is determined. The theoretical results agree with previous fracture tests of rock as well as concrete and describe them adequately in relation to the inevitable random scatter of the tests.
AdaSense: Adapting sampling rates for activity recognition in Body Sensor Networks

In a Body Sensor Network (BSN) activity recognition system, sensor sampling and communication quickly deplete battery reserves. While reducing sampling and communication saves energy, this energy savings usually comes at the cost of reduced recognition accuracy. To address this challenge, we propose AdaSense, a framework that reduces the BSN sensors sampling rate while meeting a user-specified accuracy requirement. AdaSense utilizes a classifier set to do either multi-activity classification that requires a high sampling rate or single activity event detection that demands a very low sampling rate. AdaSense aims to utilize lower power single activity event detection most of the time. It only resorts to higher power multi-activity classification to find out the new activity when it is confident that the activity changes. Furthermore, AdaSense is able to determine the optimal sampling rates using a novel Genetic Programming algorithm. Through this Genetic Programming approach, AdaSense reduces sampling rates for both lower power single activity event detection and higher power multi-activity classification. With an existing BSN dataset and a smartphone dataset we collect from eight subjects, we demonstrate that AdaSense effectively reduces BSN sensors sampling rate and outperforms a state-of-the-art solution in terms of energy savings.
Performance results of the GALEX cross delay line detectors

We describe the performance results for the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) far ultraviolet (FUV) and near ultraviolet (NUV) detectors. The detectors were delivered to JPL/Caltech starting in the fall of 2000 and have undergone approximately 1000 hours of pre-flight system-level testing to date. The GALEX detectors are sealed tube micro-channel plate (MCP) delay line readout detectors. They have a 65 mm diameter active area, which will be the largest format on orbit. The FUV detector has a spectral bandpass from 115 - 180 nm and the NUV detector has a bandpass from 165 - 300 nm. We report here on the performance of the detectors before and after integration into the instrument. Characteristics measured include the background count rate and distribution, gain vs. applied high voltage, spatial resolution and linearity, flat fields, and quantum efficiency.
Surgical correction of intrarenal arteriovenous fistula with preservation of the kidney.

A patient with a calcified arteriovenous fistula of the left kidney was correctly diagnosed by selective renal arteriography. At surgery it was possible to identify the single vessel supplying the arteriovenous fistula and to ligate it with correction of the vascular abnormality. The end-artery characteristics of the renal arterial distribution make this surgical approach feasible and, in addition, permits the salvage of the involved kidney. Although renal arteriovenous fistula is not a common condition, with the increasing number of people having needle biopsies of the kidney as well as experiencing major abdominal injuries, its existence should be kept in mind whenever such patients develop abdominal pain, bruit, cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure, and diastolic hypertension. Early surgery is indicated, with the primary aim being the eradication of the vascular abnormality and salvage of the kidney if at all possible.
On controlling perturbation due to repeaters during quadratic placement

Recent studies have shown that scaling causes the number of repeaters to grow rapidly. The author demonstrates that this growth leads to massive placement perturbations that break the convergence of today's interleaved placement and repeater-insertion flows. The author then presents two new force models for repeaters targeted towards quadratic placement algorithms. Finally, experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the repeater modeling technique in preserving placement convergence (often accompanied by wire-length improvement) at the 45- and 32-nm technology nodes
Evaluation of White Matter Injury Patterns Underlying Neuropsychiatric Symptoms after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Detection of central white matter injuries that underlie depression and anxiety but not irritability indicates that not all neuropsychiatric symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury are the result of discrete white matter injuries; in those with corresponding injuries, however, the injured regions provide insight into the underlying pathophysiology and prognosis.
The Laboratory Animal Dilemma: A Solution in Our Backyards

Despite external pressure, psychologists have not found an acceptable alternative to laboratory animals. While a strong defense of current practices may be the best policy for some, we question the assumption that the laboratory is the only or even the best setting for much behavioral research. Millions of domestic animals kept as pets are available for onsite experiments. We report that this subject pool is accessible, cost-effective, and produces reliable behavioral data. Using pets may even increase the scientific awareness of the public, improving the atmosphere for all animal research.
Meta‐analysis for rare events

Meta-analysis provides a useful framework for combining information across related studies and has been widely utilized to combine data from clinical studies in order to evaluate treatment efficacy. More recently, meta-analysis has also been used to assess drug safety. However, because adverse events are typically rare, standard methods may not work well in this setting. Most popular methods use fixed or random effects models to combine effect estimates obtained separately for each individual study. In the context of very rare outcomes, effect estimates from individual studies may be unstable or even undefined. We propose alternative approaches based on Poisson random effects models to make inference about the relative risk between two treatment groups. Simulation studies show that the proposed methods perform well when the underlying event rates are low. The methods are illustrated using data from a recent meta-analysis (N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356(24):2457-2471) of 48 comparative trials involving rosiglitazone, a type 2 diabetes drug, with respect to its possible cardiovascular toxicity.
Rotating Spoke Instabilities in Hall Thrusters

High-speed imaging of a Hall thruster plume reveals near-omnipresent rotating regions of elevated light emission, dubbed rotating spokes, in the annular thruster discharge channel. Azimuthal oscillations have long been suggested to induce cross-field electron transport in Hall thrusters, but conclusive experimental identification of such oscillations with probes is often challenging. However, simple processing of high-speed images taken at a few tens of thousands of frames per second clearly reveals long-wavelength rotating spokes at very low frequencies, corresponding to velocities of only a few hundred meters per second.
Heterocaryosis and the parasexual cycle in Aspergillus fumigatus.

S>Twenty-seven haploid strains differing in color and nutritional requirements of the imperfect fungus Aspergillus fumigatus were involved in 51 heterocaryons. Color mutants were assigned to 12 loci; two allelic series, each with two mutants, were detected. The medium on which heterocaryons were grown and the combination of haploid strains appeared to determine the frequency of diploid conidia. Thirty-seven diploid strains were obtained and, of 36 strains, 25 were unstable in that they yielded haploid segregants. Aithough parental and certain recombinant genotypes usually occurred among haploid segregants from 17 diploid strains, the frequency of parental genotypes was generally lower than that of prototrophic recombinants. Twenty-three of 26 genetic markers could not be assigned to linkage groups. The absence of detectable linkages was attributed to nuclear selection of haploid segregants with certain genotypes in the haploid- diploid mycelium. Three alternate explanations were briefly discussed. A survey of published data on the frequency of haploid segregants from diploid strains of 11 taxa of filamentous fungi indicated that linkage was not detected in six taxa. (auth)