cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whole genome polymorphism analysis and responsiveness of melanoma to TIL therapy

Adoptive cell transfer therapy (ACT) holds a highly promising treatment for metastatic melanoma patients. ACT involves the ex vivo expansion of autologous antitumor reactive tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and their reinfusion into lymphodepleted patients, accompanied by IL-2 administration. ACT demonstrates objective clinical responsiveness in 40-50% patients, including 10-21% complete responses. However, the mechanisms underlying the observed inter-individual variability in response to this type of therapy are not well understood. We applied whole genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Illumina OmniQuad 1M SNP bead array and expanded the SNP coverage to 33M by imputation against International HapMap and 1,000 genomes data sets. The analysis was performed in 208 TIL or PBMC samples undergone adoptive therapy or high does IL-2 therapy at the Surgery Branch, NCI. Comparisons between patients experiencing a complete responder (CR, n=30) versus those suffering progression of disease (PD, n=108) excluding the reminder partial responder patients identified 140 independent association SNPs which covers 14 functional known genes at a threshold p-value < 1 x 10-5. Within the chromosomal crossover range (1000Kb); we observed possible association with 405 annotated genes. The strongest signal was rs11587096, rs4506458 on chromosome 1 and rs7894773, rs7070986 at chromosome 10. Several genes at those loci had known immunological function. Those include TLR5, MIA3, TAF1A, DUSP10, DISP1, HHIPL2, MAF177B and EIF3a, FAM45A, SFXN4, GRK5, RGS10, TIAL1, BAG3, INPPF5 AND SEC23IP on chromosome 1 and 10 respectively. In particular, comparisons between patients experiencing a complete response (CR) versus those suffering progression of disease (NR) identified a polymorphism in the region flanking the exon 2 of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) gene as one the most statistically significant polymorphism. GRK5 can exert immunomodulatory function by promoting the desensitization of chemokine receptors, modulating NFkB signaling and promoting the Wnt signaling, a pathway involved in the development of particular CD8+ T lymphocytes. Possible functional impact of the significant SNP on Chr 10 at transcript level was further validated by analyzing encoded gene exons using Fluidigm technology. In conclusion, we have identified different loci associated with clinic outcome by GWAS study suggesting that genetic predisposition is one of the important component determine immune responsiveness.
Evidence for a dual role for oxygen in control of abscission

ABSCISSION—the shedding of leaves, fruits and other plant parts—is important in the morphogenesis and homoeostasis of plants, and valuable agricultural practices are based on its control. Carns et al.1 demonstrated that oxygen is essential for abscission; they found that less than 21% O2 retarded abscission while more than 21% and up to 40% O2 accelerated abscission; concentrations above 40% gave a uniform maximum rate of abscission (inset of Fig. 1). Acceleration of abscission by O2 was confirmed in two investigations2,3, but Abeles and Gahagan4, who studied abscission responses to O2 in the presence of 0.01 p.p.m. ethylene, observed no acceleration with O2 concentrations above 21%. They suggested that the accelerations observed before were caused by ethylene, which sometimes contaminates commercial O2. We have re-examined the abscission responses to O2 in carefully monitored conditions and found an unusual double sigmoid relationship between abscission and oxygen concentration.
Time Course and Predictors of Neurological Deterioration After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—Neurological deterioration (ND) is a devastating complication after intracerebral hemorrhage but little is known about time course and predictors. Methods—We performed a retrospective cohort study of placebo patients in intracerebral hemorrhage trials. We performed computed tomographic scans within 3 hours of symptoms and at 24 and 72 hours; and clinical evaluations at baseline, 1-hour, and days 1, 2, 3, and 15. Timing of ND was predefined as follows: hyperacute (within 1 hour), acute (1–24 hours), subacute (1–3 days), and delayed (3–15 days). Results—We enrolled 376 patients and 176 (47%) had ND within 15 days. In multivariate analyses of ND by category, hyperacute ND was associated with hematoma expansion (odds ratio [OR], 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7–7.6) and baseline intracerebral hemorrhage volume (OR, 1.04 per mL; 95% CI 1.02–1.06); acute ND with hematoma expansion (OR, 7.59; 95% CI, 3.91–14.74), baseline intracerebral hemorrhage volume (OR, 1.02 per mL; 95% CI, 1.01...
The impact of preoperative autologous blood donation on orthopaedic surgical practice.

. We have conducted a retrospective 3-year analysis of our autologous blood donation program to assess its impact on orthopaedic surgery. We conclude: (1) utilization has increased from less than 5% of eligible patients in the first audit interval to nearly 50% in the last audit interval; (2) in the last audit interval, autologous blood donation resulted in a reduction of homologous blood transfusion from 41% in nonautologous blood patients to 14% in autologous blood donors; (3) increasingly conservative transfusion practice is seen for all patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery; (4) regional blood centers are responding to increasing requests for autologous blood with programs that are effective in attracting autologous blood donors; (5) on the basis of utilization and efficacy, preoperative autologous blood donation as an alternative to homologous blood transfusion now represents a standard of practice for elective orthopaedic surgery.
Mechanical sensorless maximum power tracking control for direct-drive PMSG wind turbines

Wind turbine generators (WTGs) are usually equipped with mechanical sensors to measure wind speed and rotor position for system control, monitoring, and protection. The use of mechanical sensors increases the cost and hardware complexity and reduces the reliability of the WTG systems. This paper proposes a mechanical sensorless maximum power tracking control for wind turbines directly driving permanent magnetic synchronous generators (PMSGs). In the proposed algorithm, the PMSG rotor position is estimated from the measured stator voltages and currents by using a sliding mode observer (SMO). The wind turbine shaft speed is estimated from the PMSG back electromotive force (EMF) using a model adaptive reference system (MRAS) observer. A back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) is designed to generate the optimal shaft speed reference in real time by using the estimated turbine shaft speed and the measured PMSG electrical power. A control system is developed for the PMSG wind turbine to continuously track the optimal shaft speed reference to generate the maximum electrical power without using any wind speed or rotor position sensors. The validity of the proposed control algorithm is shown by simulation studies on a 3-kW PMSG wind turbine and experimental results on a practical 300-W PMSG wind turbine.
Behavior therapy: a promising drug abuse treatment and research approach of choice.

Behavior therapy appears a promising drug abuse treatment and research approach of choice, reporting effective pilot studies utilizing such techniques as token economy, aversive conditioning, relax...
Studying diffusion of partially miscible and systems near their consolute point by laser line deflection

Abstract We propose that miscible systems can be divided into three types: miscible in all proportions, partially miscible but not near a consulate point, and a system with a consulate point. We studied two types of miscible systems by laser line deflection (LLD) in order to understand behavior observed in a spinning drop tensiometer; namely, that some miscible drops became diffuse over time while others maintained a sharp concentration profile as the drop dissolved. We previously studied a miscible system, dodecyl acrylate–poly(dodecyl acrylate) using LLD and found that the system relaxed as expected with a concentration-independent diffusion coefficient. We used LLD to study two other miscible systems: 1-butanol–water, and isobutyric acid–water above the latter's upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The transition zone boundaries in the 1-butanol and water system propagated into the component that was not saturated with the other component. The boundaries propagated with a t 0.09 . When an equilibrated IBA–water system was heated above its UCST (26 °C), the transition zone propagated into the IBA-rich region. The propagation exhibited t 0.06 behavior. The propagation of transition zone boundaries showed the same qualitative behavior under 1 g acceleration in the LLD experiments as under the higher acceleration in the tensiometer so it is not necessary to invoke barodiffusion as the cause of the behavior although it may still affect the rate of diffusion.
Effects of Online Courses in STEM on Institutional Integration

Improving the instructional curriculum is a top priority for online instructors. Stakeholders of online science education initiatives firmly agree that additional research is needed to address many issues facing the proliferation of online science courses in the United States. To that end, aggressive steps must be continually taken to develop quality educational methods designed to promote both academic and social growth. Previous research has demonstrated that students who report a higher degree of university involvement and peer interaction also report a higher level of satisfaction with the academic experience. The current study analyzed the perceptions of academic and social integration of undergraduates enrolled in online and traditional science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses using the Institutional Integration Scale (IIS). The Institutional Integration Scale was devised to measure peer-group interaction and student-faculty interaction during a college semester and is based on the seminal work by Tinto that focused on student persistence and commitment to degree attainment. The IIS consists of five subscales: peer-group interactions, interactions with faculty, institutional and goal commitments, academic and intellectual development, and faculty concern for student development and teaching. Both the Peer-group Interactions Subscale and Interactions with faculty Subscales demonstrated significant, yet direct negative effects suggesting that online students perceived reduced interaction between fellow classmates and the instructor during their online course. Future research and teaching strategies designed to promote student interaction in the online environment are recommended in the article.
Workers and the land in US history: Pointe Mouillée and the downriver Detroit working class in the twentieth century

This is the story of how the working class in the downriver Detroit region participated in efforts to make the Pointe Mouillee Wildlife Refuge a viable, unpolluted, public hunting ground, accessible to all and to keep it that way throughout the twentieth century. This is a genealogy or micro-history of a small, wet place that served as source of a primarily white, male, working-class culture and identity throughout the twentieth century. Local, downriver citizens, many of them members of the working class, participated in sportsmen's organizations and lobbied and worked with a variety of state agencies to accomplish this goal. They participated in establishing an environmental ethic and culture around the outdoor activities connected to this place – duck hunting, trapping, and fishing. That desire to ‘produce’ a certain space reflected class interests and history. It reveals a hidden aspect of the agency of one large segment of the downriver working-class community.
Energy dependence of proton-induced xenon fragmentation and the approach to liquid-gas criticality in nuclear matter

Cross sections ascribed to a multifragmentation process have been obtained from the measured fragment yields (3less than or equal toZ/sub f/less than or equal to14) in proton-xenon interactions (1less than or equal toE/sub p/less than or equal to20 GeV). The variation of the yields with both mass and bombarding energy can be understood by use of the droplet model of the liquid-gas phase transition. With increasing energy, this model indicates that multifragmentation occurs first in the mechanical-instability region, next in the supersaturated vapor, and fianally in the critical region.
The E6 and E7 genes of human papilloma virus-type 16 protect primary astrocyte cultures from injury

Many oncogenes are implicated in the regulation of apoptosis as well as in control of the cell cycle, and several have been shown to protect cells from injury. We tested whether the expression of human papillomavirus type 16 genes E6 and E7 could protect primary astrocytes from injury. Retroviral vectors were used to express E6, E7, or E6E7 in primary murine astrocyte cultures. Astrocytes expressing E6E7 suffered less than half the injury seen in controls after exposure to 400 microM H2O2. When we compared astrocytes expressing only E6 or E7, cells expressing E7 alone were protected to a greater extent and from more severe injury than those expressing E6. E6E7, E6 and E7 all provided protection from 30 h glucose deprivation, but again E7 provided the best protection, reducing injury to less than a third of that seen in controls. Expression of E7 alone decreases vulnerability to both hydrogen peroxide and glucose deprivation injury while E6 alone primarily decreases glucose deprivation injury. These results demonstrate that expression of human papillomavirus oncogenes can reduce the vulnerability of astrocytes to oxidative stress and nutrient deprivation.
Assessing the Contributions of Collaborators in Public–Private Partnerships Evidence From Tax Increment Financing

Partnerships that bring together public, private, and nonprofit organizations have become widely used by local governments. But we lack knowledge about the distinct contributions of collaborators to the partnership. This study uses tax increment financing (TIF) in Dallas, Texas, to assess the distinctive roles of public and private partners in achieving mutually beneficial policy outcomes. We find that, while public investment is essential to the partnership’s success, private investment directly increases property values. The city’s greatest contribution is to leverage private investment to create added taxable value in the TIF district. The increased property value provides revenue that is used for public purposes benefiting TIF district occupants. As with other quasi-private institutions that have gained popularity in the new order of governance, the appeal of TIF is its capacity to create public goods with bounded benefits. In addition, both institutional and operational knowledge contribute to the pa...
Psychometric characteristics of the Mini‐Mental State Examination in a community population— A grade of membership analysis: Part I

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a brief, widely used measure of cognitive status, was designed to assess functioning in five areas (orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall and language). Using a grade of membership analysis, which does not rely on a multivariate normal distribution or assume an underlying continuum for dichotomously scored variables, we examined data from a sample of 1317 community residents 18 years of age and older who made two or more errors on the MMSE. Our findings suggest that for these primarily cognitively intact persons, the items of the MMSE varied in level of difficulty; multiple distinct areas of cognitive functioning were not identified. The results of confirmatory testing using clinic populations with cognitive deficit are given in the accompanying article.
Information navigation profiles for mediation and adaptation

Information retrieval (IR) systems offer a variety of interfaces and interaction modes. A given IR system's interface and interaction mode may not be optimal for a given accessing device/network pair, or desired by a given user. In this paper we propose a set of attributes to characterize IR interfaces, interaction and presentation modes. We call a set of these bound attributes an information navigation profile (INP). We suggest the use of INPs in dynamic adaptation of IR interface, interaction and presentation modes by both origin and proxy servers.
Protein kinase D1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase expression and inhibits breast cancer cell invasion

The biological and molecular events that regulate the invasiveness of breast tumour cells need to be further revealed to develop effective therapies that stop breast cancer from expanding and metastasising. Human tissue samples of invasive breast cancer and normal breast, as well as breast cancer cell lines, were evaluated for protein kinase D (PKD) expression, to test if altered expression could serve as a marker for invasive breast cancer. We further utilised specific PKD1-shRNA and a system to inducibly-express PKD1 to analyse the role of PKD1 in the invasive behaviour of breast cancer cell lines in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture. Invasive behaviour in breast cancer cell lines has been linked to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), so we also determined if PKD1 regulates the expression and activity of these enzymes. We found that the serine/threonine kinase, PKD1, is highly expressed in ductal epithelial cells of normal human breast tissue, but is reduced in its expression in more than 95% of all analysed samples of human invasive breast tumours. Additionally, PKD1 is not expressed in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines, whereas non-invasive or very low-invasive breast cancer cell lines express PKD1. Our results further implicate that in MDA-MB-231 cells PKD1 expression is blocked by epigenetic silencing via DNA methylation. The re-expression of constitutively-active PKD1 in MDA-MB-231 cells drastically reduced their ability to invade in 2D and 3D cell culture. Moreover, MCF-7 cells acquired the ability to invade in 2D and 3D cell culture when PKD1 expression was knocked-down by shRNA. PKD1 also regulated the expression of breast cancer cell MMPs, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-11, MMP-13, MMP-14 and MMP-15, providing a potential mechanism for PKD1 mediation of the invasive phenotype. Our results identify decreased expression of the PKD1 as a marker for invasive breast cancer. They further suggest that the loss of PKD1 expression increases the malignant potential of breast cancer cells. This may be due to the function of PKD1 as a negative regulator of MMP expression. Our data suggest re-expression of PKD1 as a potential therapeutic strategy.
Evolutionary Economics of Human Reproduction

Abstract The "Leslie matrix" of demography is extended to deal with categories of wealth, rather than age, and is used to build an evolutionary model of the effect of heritable wealth on reproductive decisions. Optimal reproductive strategies are assumed to be those that maximize the long-term rate of growth in the numbers of one's descendents. In poor environments, the optimal strategy is to maximize the wealth inherited by each offspring, which requires limiting their numbers. In rich environments, on the other hand, it pays to maximize the number of offspring. Strong positive correlations between wealth and the number of offspring are predicted only in rich environments. Therefore, evidence that the rich reproduce more slowly than the poor is not inconsistent with the hypothesis that reproductive strategies have been shaped by evolution.
Regular permutation groups of order mp and Hopf Galois structures

Let Γ be a group of order mp where p is prime and p>m. We give a strategy to enumerate the regular subgroups of Perm(Γ) normalized by the left representation λ(Γ) of Γ. These regular subgroups are in one-to-one correspondence with the Hopf Galois structures on Galois field extensions L∕K with Γ= Gal(L∕K). We prove that every such regular subgroup is contained in the normalizer in Perm(Γ) of the p-Sylow subgroup of λ(Γ). This normalizer has an affine representation that makes feasible the explicit determination of regular subgroups in many cases. We illustrate our approach with a number of examples, including the cases of groups whose order is the product of two distinct primes and groups of order p(p−1), where p is a “safe prime”. These cases were previously studied by N. Byott and L. Childs, respectively.
The False Choice between Theory-based Evaluation and Experimentation.

This chapter offers a critical commentary on theory-based evaluation, stressing its utility as a method of program planning and as an adjunct to experiments but rejecting it as an alternative to experiments.
GeoDialogue: A Software Agent Enabling Collaborative Dialogues between a User and a Conversational GIS

A fundamental challenge that must be met to achieve a usable conversational interface to geographic information system (GIS) is how to enable a more natural interaction between the user and the system. This paper presents a design of an agent-based computational model, PlanGraph, and implementation of this model in a software agent, GeoDialogue, as a dialogue manager for a conversational GIS. This dialogue agent enables intelligent collaborative human-GIS dialogues. The capabilities of this agent are demonstrated through its performance in a conversational GIS, Dave_G.
Variation in Training for Interventional Pulmonary Procedures Among US Pulmonary/Critical Care Fellowships: A Survey of Fellowship Directors

Study objectives The American College of Chest Physicians has published guidelines recommending minimum competency requirements for 17 interventional pulmonary procedures. Our aim was to assess what procedures are offered to fellows in US pulmonary/critical care fellowships and to determine whether the recommended competency numbers are being met. Methods Surveys were mailed to 122 pulmonary/critical care fellowship directors in the United States, and fellowship demographics, the types of procedures offered, and the average number of procedures performed were recorded. The presence of a dedicated interventional pulmonologist (IP) was ascertained, and procedural offerings and volume were compared with programs that did not have an IP. Results The response rate of the survey was 77%. There was wide variation in the procedures offered by different programs. The presence of an IP was associated with an increased likelihood of advanced procedural training in brachytherapy (p 50% of the programs reach the targeted numbers to obtain competency. Conclusions There is a large variation in the spectrum of pulmonary procedures offered to trainees. Programs with a dedicated IP are more likely to offer training in advanced therapeutic procedures. When interventional procedures are offered by fellowships,
Physiology for the 21st century: a sourcebook of laboratory activities in physiology

this issue of Advances in Physiology Education ( Advances ) sees the debut of a new section, the Sourcebook of Laboratory Activities in Physiology. The original sourcebook was developed in the 1970s and published by the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) Commission on Teaching
Correlation of DNA ploidy and histologic diagnosis from prostate core- needle biopsies: Is DNA ploidy more sensitive than histology for the diagnosis of carcinoma in small specimens?

DNA ploidy has been shown to have prognostic value in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. While occasional benign lesions of the prostate may be associated with a DNA aneuploid status, most aneuploid epithelial proliferations of the prostate are carcinomas. Because of the relationship between aneuploidy and malignancy, DNA ploidy analysis might improve detection of adenocarcinoma in small core-needle biopsy specimens. In this study, DNA ploidy analysis was performed on 186 fresh core biopsies from 32 patients who had undergone transrectal, ultrasonographically directed core-needle biopsies. Ploidy level was determined by Feulgen staining and image analysis with a CAS 200 image analyzer (Becton Dickinson-Cellular Imaging Systems, San Jose, CA). The resultant DNA ploidy levels were compared with the initial histologic diagnosis and subsequent clinical and pathologic follow-up. Nondiploid DNA patterns correlated with a diagnosis of carcinoma on core biopsy in 11 of 16 nondiploid cases and with a final diagnosis of malignancy in 13 of 16 nondiploid cases. Two patients with biopsy proven carcinoma had DNA diploid tumor patterns. Ploidy analysis had a sensitivity of 86.6% and a specificity of 73.7% in predicting the final diagnosis of malignancy. One case interpreted as DNA tetraploid by image analysis revealed seminal vesicle tissue on both the cytologic preparations and the core biopsy. Two DNA aneuploid specimen associated with cores initially read as benign or atypical demonstrated adenocarcinoma either on review of the original core biopsy or the prostatectomy specimen. The final DNA aneuploid specimen revealed acute prostatitis in the core biopsy. DNA ploidy analysis of core biopsy specimens appears to have relatively good specificity and sensitivity for the detection of prostatic carcinoma. Sampling errors appear to be the major cause of false negative results. Inappropriate measurement of seminal vesicle tissue and acute prostatitis can result in false positive results.
The Authorship of the Historia Augusta

This paper is meant to strengthen Hermann Dessau's contention that one man composed the Historia Augusta , not six as the collection itself attests. In the first and positive part I have gathered the soundest of his arguments together with any other evidence that seemed cogent, and supported the whole with representative citations from the text. The next three sections expose basic weaknesses in the defence of multiple authorship offered by his opponents. I will show how criticism based upon linguistic differences and upon contradictions between Scriptores fails, or at least has so far failed, to confirm the traditional view; and I will also insist upon the shallowness of that compromise which postulates far-reaching interpolation rather than original falsification. The paper ends with some suggestions about argumentation which I hope will win the sympathy of anyone else who must deal with the problem of authorship.
Oral delivery of Acid Alpha Glucosidase epitopes expressed in plant chloroplasts suppresses antibody formation in treatment of Pompe mice

Deficiency of acid alpha glucosidase (GAA) causes Pompe disease in which the patients systemically accumulate lysosomal glycogen in muscles and nervous systems, often resulting in infant mortality. Although enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is effective in treating patients with Pompe disease, formation of antibodies against rhGAA complicates treatment. In this report, we investigated induction of tolerance by oral administration of GAA expressed in chloroplasts. Because full-length GAA could not be expressed, N-terminal 410-amino acids of GAA (as determined by T-cell epitope mapping) were fused with the transmucosal carrier CTB. Tobacco transplastomic lines expressing CTB-GAA were generated through site-specific integration of transgenes into the chloroplast genome. Homoplasmic lines were confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Despite low-level expression of CTB-GAA in chloroplasts, yellow or albino phenotype of transplastomic lines was observed due to binding of GAA to a chloroplast protein that has homology to mannose-6 phosphate receptor. Oral administration of the plant-made CTB-GAA fusion protein even at 330-fold lower dose (1.5 μg) significantly suppressed immunoglobulin formation against GAA in Pompe mice injected with 500 μg rhGAA per dose, with several-fold lower titre of GAA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a. Lyophilization increased CTB-GAA concentration by 30-fold (up to 190 μg per g of freeze-dried leaf material), facilitating long-term storage at room temperature and higher dosage in future investigations. This study provides the first evidence that oral delivery of plant cells is effective in reducing antibody responses in ERT for lysosomal storage disorders facilitating further advances in clinical investigations using plant cell culture system or in vitro propagation.
Controversies in Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation

Invasive mechanical ventilation can successfully support the patient with acute respiratory failure, but it is associated with considerable risks. Numerous complications of invasive mechanical ventilation have been identified, and these may contribute to increased mortality. Therefore after clinical improvement has occurred, considerable emphasis is placed on expeditiously freeing the patient from the ventilator. This process of getting a patient off mechanical ventilation has been variably termed weaning, liberation, or discontinuation (terms which may be used interchangeably), and can be further divided into “readiness testing” and “progressive withdrawal.” Over the last decade, new developments in our understanding of the process of weaning have provided investigators with the tools to address a number of key questions: How should readiness for weaning (and trials of spontaneous breathing) be determined? What is the role of weaning parameters in deciding when to initiate the weaning process? What is th...
Morphological characterization of spindle cell tumors induced in transgenic Tg.AC mouse skin

ABSTRAC~ Transgenic Tg.AC mice carry a v-Ha-rus coding region flanked by a <-globin promoter and an SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence. These mice respond to carcinogens by developing epidermal papillomas. In some cascs, malignancies develop at the sites of these papillomas. Various patterns of squamous cell differentiation were observed in these malignancies. One malignancy that developed at the site of the papillomas was composed of bundles of spindle cells. This lesion is difficult to distinguish from fibrosarcomas by light microscopy. We characterized 16 of these malignancies (tentatively classified as spindle cell tumors) to determine if they were of epithelial or mesenchymal origin. Papillomas were induced in Tg.AC mice by full thickness wounding, 12-0-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate treatment. or ultraviolet radiation. With time, some papillomas became broad-based, downwardly invading lesions. These lesions were examined by light microscopy with.immunohistochemica1 analysis for cytokeratins and by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical examination with a polyclonal anti-cytokeratin antibody demonstrated various degrees of keratin staining in all tumors examined. Attenuated desmosomes were also observed in these lesions by electron microscopy. These results indicate an epithelial origin for these malignancies; therefore, they should be classified as spindle cell carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinoma; fibrosxcoma; malignant fibrous histiocytoma; keratin; desmosome; v-Ha-rus; carcinogenesis
Bone marrow contribution to skeletal muscle: A physiological response to stress

Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDC) have been shown to contribute to numerous tissues after transplantation into a new host. However, whether the participation of these cells is part of the normal response to injury remains a matter of debate. Using parabiotically joined pairs of genetically labeled and wildtype mice, we show here that irradiation-induced damage of the target tissue, injection of bone marrow into the circulation, and immunological perturbation that are consequences of bone marrow transplantation are not necessary for bone marrow contribution to myofibers. Moreover, severe toxin-induced damage is not a prerequisite, as BMDC contribution to muscle is enhanced in response to increased muscle activity resulting from muscle overloading or forced exercise. Indeed, these two forms of muscle stress result in much more rapid contribution (within 1 month) than voluntary running (6 months). These results indicate that BMDC contribute to myofibers in response to physiologic stresses encountered by healthy organisms throughout life.
Optimal temporal partitioning and synthesis for reconfigurable architectures

We develop a 0-1 non-linear programming (NLP) model for combined temporal partitioning and high-level synthesis from behavioral specifications destined to be implemented on reconfigurable processors. We present tight linearizations of the NLP model. We present effective variable selection heuristics for a branch and bound solution of the derived linear programming model. We show how tight linearizations combined with good variable selection techniques during branch and bound yield optimal results in relatively short execution times.
Ground processing of Cassini RADAR imagery of Titan

The Cassini RADAR instrument onboard the Cassini Orbiter is currently collecting SAR imagery of the surface of Saturn's largest Moon, Titan. This paper describes the ground processing of Cassini SAR data. We focus upon the unusual features of the data and how these features impact the processing. We exhibit a data dependent mechanism we have implemented for eliminating artifacts due to attitude and ephemeris knowledge error. Finally we describe how we trade-off SAR performance vs. area of coverage when we design our spacecraft pointing profiles.
Guest Editorial: The State of the Field: Technology, Social Studies, and Teacher Education

David: Okay, Adam, here’s the plan – the SITE social studies content strand needs a paper that focuses on the state of the field. The paper will be posted on the SITE Web site and also published in Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education (CITE Journal). We hope that it will serve as a foundation, guide, or point of entry (and contention) for social studies teacher educ ators and researchers who are “interested in the creation and dissemination of knowledge about the use of information technology in teacher education” (Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education Mission Statement, see http://site.aace.org). Simple enough job, me thinks.
A Rewriting Logic Approach to Type Inference

Meseguer and Rosu proposed rewriting logic semantics (RLS) as a programing language definitional framework that unifies operational and algebraic denotational semantics. RLS has already been used to define a series of didactic and real languages, but its benefits in connection with defining and reasoning about type systems have not been fully investigated. This paper shows how the same RLS style employed for giving formal definitions of languages can be used to define type systems. The same term-rewriting mechanism used to execute RLS language definitions can now be used to execute type systems, giving type checkers or type inferencers. The proposed approach is exemplified by defining the Hindley-Milner polymorphic type inferencer $\mathcal{W}$ as a rewrite logic theory and using this definition to obtain a type inferencer by executing it in a rewriting logic engine. The inferencer obtained this way compares favorably with other definitions or implementations of $\mathcal{W}$. The performance of the executable definition is within an order of magnitude of that of highly optimized implementations of type inferencers, such as that of OCaml.
Latitudinal Variations in Seasonal Activity of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): A Global Comparative Review

Background There is limited information on influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasonal patterns in tropical areas, although there is renewed interest in understanding the seasonal drivers of respiratory viruses. Methods We review geographic variations in seasonality of laboratory-confirmed influenza and RSV epidemics in 137 global locations based on literature review and electronic sources. We assessed peak timing and epidemic duration and explored their association with geography and study settings. We fitted time series model to weekly national data available from the WHO influenza surveillance system (FluNet) to further characterize seasonal parameters. Results Influenza and RSV activity consistently peaked during winter months in temperate locales, while there was greater diversity in the tropics. Several temperate locations experienced semi-annual influenza activity with peaks occurring in winter and summer. Semi-annual activity was relatively common in tropical areas of Southeast Asia for both viruses. Biennial cycles of RSV activity were identified in Northern Europe. Both viruses exhibited weak latitudinal gradients in the timing of epidemics by hemisphere, with peak timing occurring later in the calendar year with increasing latitude (P Conclusion Our review combining literature and electronic data sources suggests that a large fraction of tropical locations experience focused seasons of respiratory virus activity in individual years. Information on seasonal patterns remains limited in large undersampled regions, included Africa and Central America. Future studies should attempt to link the observed latitudinal gradients in seasonality of viral epidemics with climatic and population factors, and explore regional differences in disease transmission dynamics and attack rates.
Easing Employee Strain: The Interactive Effects of Empowerment and Justice on the Role Overload-Strain Relationship

The present study provides two tests of Karasek’s (1979) Job Demand-Control Model using a sample of 159 employees from a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility. Empowerment and informational justice were conceived of as high control and low control, respectively and were examined for their moderating effects on two relationships: 1) the relationship between role overload and burnout and 2) the relationship between role overload and job satisfaction. All four hypotheses were supported. Findings indicate empowerment weakens the positive role overload-burnout relationship and the negative role overload-job satisfaction relationship. Informational justice strengthens the positive role overload-burnout and negative role overload-job satisfaction relationships.
Recent Progress in Monotonicity

This paper serves two purposes. It is a summary of much work concerning formal treatments of monotonicity and polarity in natural language, and it also discusses connections to related work on exclusion relations, and connections to psycholinguistics and computational linguistics. The second part of the paper presents a summary of some new work on a formal Monotonicity Calculus.
Arthrogenic muscle inhibition in the leg muscles of subjects exhibiting functional ankle instability.

Background: Functional ankle instability or a subjective report of “giving way” at the ankle may be present in up to 40% of patients after a lateral ankle sprain. Damage to mechanoreceptors within the lateral ankle ligaments after injury is hypothesized to interrupt neurologic feedback mechanisms resulting in functional ankle instability. The altered input can lead to weakness of muscles surrounding a joint, or arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Arthrogenic muscle inhibition may be the underlying cause of functional ankle instability. Establishing the involvement of arthrogenic muscle inhibition in functional ankle instability is critical to understanding the underlying mechanisms or chronic ankle instability. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if arthrogenic muscle inhibition is present in the ankle joint musculature of patients exhibiting unilateral functional ankle instability. Methods: Twenty-nine subjects, 15 with unilateral functional ankle instability and 14 healthy control subjects, co...
Right Ventricular Versus Biventricular Pacing for Heart Failure and Atrioventricular Block

The use of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is well accepted as an important option for the treatment of patients with systolic heart failure and prolonged QRS duration. CRT for patients with narrow QRS complexes is reserved for patients who are undergoing implantation of new or replacement pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators with an anticipated significant requirement for ventricular pacing. The Biventricular versus Right Ventricular Pacing in Heart Failure Patients with Atrioventricular Block (BLOCK HF) Trial examined the role of CRT in heart failure patients with atrioventricular block and demonstrated significantly better outcomes with CRT compared to right ventricular pacing. On the other hand, conflicting preliminary data were reported by the Biventricular Pacing for Atrioventricular Block to Prevent Cardiac Desynchronization (BioPace) Trial investigators. In this review, we will discuss the adverse consequences of chronic right ventricular pacing, the options of alternate pacing sites in the right ventricle versus biventricular pacing, and the findings from the BLOCK HF Trial as well as the preliminary data from the BioPace Trial. Our goal is to explore the role of biventricular pacing in patients with atrioventricular block.
Absolute Continuity of Measures and Radon-Nikodym Derivatives

As before, let (Ω,ℒ,P) be a complete probability space. Throughout this chapter it is assumed that (ℱt) t ∈ R + or [0,T] is an increasing right-continuous family of σ-fields such that ℱ 0 contains all P-null sets.
Exploring Early Childhood Language Environments: A Comparison of Language Use, Exposure, and Interactions in the Home and Childcare Settings

Purpose This study was conducted in a large Midwestern metropolitan area to examine the language environments at home and in center-based childcare for young children who are living in poverty. We compared child language use and exposure in the home and childcare settings using extended observations with automated Language Environment Analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the environmental factors that may affect change in language outcomes for young children. Method Thirty-eight children, along with parents (n = 38) and childcare providers (n = 14) across five childcare centers, participated in this study. Each child completed a standardized language assessment and two daylong recordings with Language Environment Analysis to determine the number of adult words, conversational turns, and child vocalizations that occurred in each setting. Data were analyzed at 5-min intervals across each recording. Results Comparisons between home recordings in this sample and a comparison group showed reliably higher rates of adult words and conversational turns in the home setting. Linear mixed-effects regression models showed significant differences in the child language environments, with the home setting providing higher levels of language input and use. These effects were still meaningful after accounting for the time of day, participant demographic characteristics, and child language ability. Conclusions Practical implications for supporting child language development across settings are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12042678.
Dawning of a New Era Understanding the Functional Outcomes of Cardiovascular Disease

Patients, their families, and physicians are increasingly concerned with cognitive, functional, and psychological outcomes of chronic and acute medical conditions. This has lead to increased emphasis on patient-reported outcomes (PROs), such as quality of life (QoL), depression, anxiety and functional and cognitive status, in observational studies. In addition, the consolidated standards of reporting trial statement was recently updated to include standards for reporting PROs in randomized controlled trials, highlighting the awareness of including PROs as key outcomes of trials.1 The development of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute in 2010, with an emphasis on answering questions most important to patients, their caregivers, and providers, further increased the attention paid to PROs by clinical outcomes researchers.2 During the same time period, a posthospital syndrome has been described as a period of generalized risk after hospitalization when patients may experience impairments in physical, psychological, and cognitive function and are vulnerable to poor health outcomes, seemingly unrelated to the condition for which they were hospitalized.3 The recognition and characterization of the posthospital syndrome have further enhanced interest in characterizing the patient beyond the clinical factors contained in the medical record. Article see p 863 In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , Levine et al4 present data on trajectories of cognitive and physical function after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke. Data from the Health and Retirement Study are unique in that they include detailed cognitive and physical function assessments before (≤10 years) and after (≤13 years) hospitalizations. Linking claims data with detailed study assessments of cognitive and physical function allowed the authors to control for prehospitalization rate of decline, so that they could answer the question, “Am I going …
[phi]Sched: A Heterogeneity-Aware Hadoop Workflow Scheduler

Enterprise Hadoop applications now routinely comprise complex workflows that are managed by specialized workflow schedulers such as Oozie. The resources are assumed to be similar or homogeneous and data locality is often the only scheduling constraint considered. However, introduction of specialized architectures and regular system upgrades lead to Hadoop data center hardware becoming increasingly heterogeneous, in that a data center may have several clusters each boasting different characteristics. However, the workflow scheduler is not aware of such heterogeneity, and thus cannot ensure that a cluster selected based on data locality is also suitable for supporting the jobs efficiently in terms of execution time and resource consumption. In this paper, we adopt a quantitative approach where we first study detailed behavior of various representative Hadoop applications running on four different hardware configurations. Next, we incorporate this information into a hardware-aware scheduler, a#x03D5;Sched, to improve the resource application match. To ensure that job associated data is available locally (or nearby) to a cluster in a multi-cluster deployment, we configure a single Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) instance across all the participating clusters. We also design and implement region-aware data placement and retrieval for HDFS in order to reduce the network overhead and achieve cluster-level data locality. We evaluate our approach using experiments on Amazon EC2 with four clusters of eight homogeneous nodes each, where each cluster has a different hardware configuration. We find that a#x03D5;Sched's optimized placement of applications across the test clusters reduces the execution time of the test applications by 18.7%, on average, when compared to extant hardware oblivious scheduling. Moreover, our HDFS enhancement increases the I/O throughput by up to 23% and the average I/O rate by up to 26% for the TestDFSIO benchmark.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED ANALYSIS FOR DIAGNOSING INFEASIBLE OR UNBOUNDED LINEAR PROGRAMS

This paper presents methods to provide computer-assisted analysis to diagnose infeasible or unbounded linear programs. This may be for retrospective analysis, after the difficulty has been detected, or for preventive analysis. The first method is by successive reduction of bounds on primal quantities and dual prices. This is the most commonly used method in practice due to the availability of REDUCE procedures in commercial mathematical programming systems. The second method is by path or cycle generation, introduced by the author in a more general context of solution analysis. The third method is by “netforming,” and the fourth is by coefficient screening. The last two methods are untried in practice, but it is suggested how they may provide a useful aid, particularly in certain computing environments. Collectively, these four methods comprise a foundation for further research.