cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Drives Indirect Land Use Change? How Brazil's Agriculture Sector Influences Frontier Deforestation.

From 2000-2005 high returns to soybeans set off an unprecedented expansion of agricultural production across Brazil. The expansion occurred concurrently to a sharp rise in deforestation, leading academics and policy makers to question the extent and means by which the growing agricultural sector was driving regional forest loss. In this article we consider and question the underlying drivers of indirect land use change, namely the potential impact of soybean expansion on beef prices and of land use displacement, via migration. We then present field level results documenting the displacement process in northern Mato Grosso and western Para States of the Amazon. Our results question the extent to which tropical Amazon deforestation is attributable to land use displacement; however, we argue that the agricultural sector may drive deforestation through other channels, namely through regional land markets.
Arthrogryposis: an update on clinical aspects, etiology, and treatment strategies.

Arthrogryposes – multiple joint contractures – are a clinically and etiologically heterogeneous class of diseases, where accurate diagnosis, recognition of the underlying pathology and classification are of key importance for the prognosis as well as for selection of appropriate management. This treatment remains challenging and optimally in arthrogrypotic patients should be carried out by a team of specialists familiar with all aspects of arthrogryposis pathology and treatment modalities: rehabilitation, orthotics and surgery. In this comprehensive review article, based on literature and clinical experience, the authors present an update on current knowledge on etiology, classifications and treatment options for skeletal deformations possible in arthrogryposis.
Interface tenons en fibres et matériaux de reconstitution : revue de la littérature

The use of fiber-reinforced posts is nowadays a recent solution for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Has it become an alternative to traditional metallic post and core? Current data suggest that there is an adhesion problem in the interface post/ composite core and the ongoing studies focus on the improvement of this chemical and/or mechanical bond. Several factors play an important role in this adhesion, such as the surface treatment of the fiber-reinforced post and the type of composite used. Resume L’usage des tenons en fibres est devenu de nos jours l’une des nouvelles solutions pour la restauration des dents traitees endodontiquement. Presentent-ils vraiment une alternative valable aux tenons metalliques ? Les donnees actuelles laissent penser qu’il existe un probleme dans l’adhesion a l’interface tenon/composite de reconstitution et les travaux en cours sont axes sur la meilleure facon d’ameliorer cette liaison chimique et/ou mecanique pour faire face a des conditions de delabrements dentaires avances. Plusieurs facteurs jouent un role dans cette adhesion, on en cite surtout le traitement de surface du tenon et le type de composite utilise.
New Games, Different Rules Millennials Are In Town

This study provides an ethical and socio-cultural context within a turbulent economic and multicultural global environment in which to examine the values and beliefs of a racioethnic group of Millennials. Our results describe what this group’s intentions are about fabricating their qualifications for their job search, which qualifications they intend to fabricate, and what their attitudes are concerning immigration and the entry of additional racioethnic workers into the extremely competitive U.S. workforce. These attitudes may impact organizations’ ability to take advantage of strategic opportunities in a global environment.
Abstract 5227: Multimodality approaches to treat hypoxic NSCLC tumor microenvironment

In a previous study we found both in vitro and in an orthotropic NSCLC model in SCID mice that survival of NSCLC cells in hypoxic microenvironment is dependent upon Notch-1 signaling. Active Notch-1 was expressed in hypoxic tumor microenvironment only. Notch-1 provides survival stimuli through exacerbated Akt-1 activation due to suppression of PTEN transcription and positive regulation of the transcription of IGF-1 and its receptor. Hypoxic tumor environment is a problem for NSCLC treatment because it is responsible for cancer resistance to chemotherapy, tumor recurrence and metastasization. Also, hypoxic tumor microenvironment is quiescent and represses mTORC-1 activity. We show a number of experiments aimed at targeting hypoxic tumor tissue in the orthotropic NSCLC model. We attempted to target the Notch-1/IGF-1R/Akt-1 axis using three agents (a γ-secretase inhibitor, MRK-003; a fully humanized antibody against the human IGF-1R that promotes the receptor degradation, MK-0646; a pan-Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, all drugs provided by Merck Inc.) alone or in various combinations. We also used in combination studies drugs that are used for the treatment of advanced NSCLC, namely cisplatin and Erlotinib. The orthotropic model was established using two cell lines non-dependent on Notch-3 signaling. siRNA to Notch-3 in A549 and H1437 affects neither the growth rate nor the survival of these cells. All treatments (besides MK-2206) significantly prolonged the median survival of mice compared to controls (16 mice/experimental arm). MRK-003 treatment yielded specific death of hypoxic tumor areas. The tumors excised from the mice reaching an end-point displayed a significant reduction of markers of hypoxia as assessed by RT-qPCR using human specific primers. Moreover, qPCR measurements of the ratio between human/mouse GAPDH in DNA extracted from the whole brains and livers showed a significant reduction in metastasization in MRK-003 treated mice. MK-0646 was not specific to hypoxic tumor environment, but substantially increased the median survival of treated mice compared to controls. NSCLC cells evaded MK-0646 treatment by activating EGF-R and ErbB3 exclusively both in vivo and in five cell lines in vitro. This phenomenon is achieved at the level of protein stability. One outcome of MK-0646 treatment is that cells poorly or not responsive to Erlotinib become more responsive to it. Sequential treatment with MK-0646 (three weeks), then combination of MK-0646 plus Erlotinib prolonged median survival of mice dramatically. If the two drugs where administered in combination from day one no survival advantage was observed in median survival compared to mice treated with Erlotinib alone and was actually less effective than MK-0646 used as single agent. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5227. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5227
Abstract 5406: ErbB inhibitory protein [EBIP], a modified ectodomain of EGFR, synergizes with dasatinib to inhibit growth of breast cancer cells

It is becoming increasingly evident that many solid tumors including breast cancer show increased activation of several growth factor receptors, specifically EGFR and its family members (EGFRs) as well as c-Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce metastasis. We hypothesize that inhibition of c-Src and EGFRs will be an effective therapeutic strategy for breast cancer. To test our hypothesis we used dasatinib (BMS-354825; Bristol-Myers Squibb), a newly developed highly potent, ATP-competitive Src and Abl kinase inhibitor and ErbB Inhibitory Protein (EBIP) that we generated and found to be an effective pan-ErbB inhibitor. EBIP is composed of 1-448 amino acids of the ectodomain of human EGFR (hEGFR), and the 30 amino acid epitope (known as “U” region) of rat EGFR-Related Protein (ERRP) fused at the carboxy-terminal end. Four different breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-468, SKBr-3, MDA-MB-453 and MDA-MB-231) expressing different levels of EGFR and/or its family members were used. Indeed, the combination of dasatinib and EBIP was more effective in inhibiting growth of these breast cancer cell lines than either agent alone. To evaluate further the efficacy of combination therapy we chose MDA-MB-468 cells, which represent triple negative breast cancer. Triple negative breast cancer is characterized by absence of expression of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor; ER and progesterone receptor; PR) and no amplification of HER2. This kind of cancer comprising 15% of all breast cancers, is more frequent among African-American and BRCA1-mutation carriers and is associated with aggressive histology and poor prognosis. In EGFR overexpressing MDA-MB-468 cells, the combination therapy caused a greater induction of apoptosis by activating caspases −9 and 8 and attenuating EGFR and c-Src signaling. The combination therapy was greatly effective in inhibiting aggressive behavior of MDA-MB-468 as evidenced by (a) decreased extracellular invasion (b) colony formation and (c) tubule formation by endothelial cells. Furthermore, the combination therapy was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of xenografts of MDA-MB-468 cells in SCID mice, which could be attributed to inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, accompanied by decreased activation of EGFR and c-Src. In conclusion, our data suggest that combination treatment of dasatinib and EBIP that target EGFRs and Src could be a highly effective therapeutic strategy for breast cancer, with particular reference to triple negative breast cancer. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5406.
Current concepts of hysterosalpingography.

Since 1910, when Rindfleisch injected contrast medium into the uterus, hysterosalpingography has become a simple and safe procedure. With this technic, physicians can visualize the uterine cavity and tubal lumina, thereby defining congenital malformations, uterine synechiae, causes of habitual abortions, uterine fistulas, and uterine scars.
Recent Changes in the Local Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in South Florida, USA

Disease transmission is directly tied to the spatial distribution of disease vectors. The distribution of Aedes aegypti (L.) in the United States has diminished since the introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in the 1980s. However, Ae. aegypti persists in some urban areas, particularly in south Florida. The pattern of habitat segregation of these two species is well documented, but the consistency of this phenomenon over time is unknown. To examine the dynamics of the local distributions of these two species, we studied the spatial pattern of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus over time at a fine landscape scale in Palm Beach County, FL. We compared patterns from 2006–2007 with their distributions in 2013, taking into account abiotic factors of microclimate and land cover. We found evidence for a local shift in Ae. aegypti distribution, but could not attribute this to changes in measured abiotic factors. Alternatively, the interaction between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus that initially resulted Ae. aegypti decline may be being attenuated through natural selection. This study confirms the importance of monitoring the changing ranges of these two important vector species.
Sex differences in the neural basis of theory of mind during development

Introduction Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to predict behaviors of others in terms of their underlying mental states. It is carried out in order to make sense of and predict behavior. Impairments in ToM have been found in many psychiatric/neurological disorders including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Previous research has indicated sex difference in ToM development. Previous research has also found some differences in the neural basis of ToM. Objectives/aims An objective/aim of the present study was to examine possible sex differences in the neural mechanism associated with ToM development. Another objective was to examine the neural basis of ToM that is shared by both sexes throughout development. Methods Thirty-two adults (16 women) and 24 children (12 girls) were assessed with fMRI while performing a false belief (FB) task. Results During the ToM relative to non-ToM condition, adults and children of both sexes showed increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). Both boys and girls recruited more brain regions than adults. Moreover, children employed structures involved in the human mirror neuron system (hMNS) more than adults. More specifically, boys recruited the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) more than men, while girls recruited the precentral gyrus more than women. Conclusions These results suggest that boys/men and girls/women employ different brain regions for ToM during development.
63 CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS ADMITTED WITH DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN AN INNER-CITY HOSPITAL.

Background Hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are increasing, perhaps due to rising incidence of DKA in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Ethnic minority groups are at increased risk for T2DM. This study aimed at elucidating the characteristics of patients with ketosis-prone diabetes in a predominantly ethnic minority population. Research Design and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of sequential admissions of adults with DKA at the Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center (BLHC), Bronx, New York, between July 1, 2001 and June 30, 2004. The patients were divided into 2 major groups based on the type of diabetes and were further subclassified on the basis of their ethnicity. The groups were compared for different clinical and biochemical parameters using ANOVA and chi square tests. Results There were 203 patients admitted with DKA [97% of whom were African American (AA) or Hispanic (H)] with mean age of 37.6 6 14.6 years. The patients consisted of 116 (57%) males. Seventy-two (36%) patients had T2DM. New-onset diabetes, which was more common in T2DM (p = .0002) and AA (p = .01), occurred in 52 patients (26%). Although the frequency of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) was equal in both the AA and H, readmission with DKA was more common in H (p = .001). T2DM was 1.5 times more prevalent in the AA than the H. Patients with T1DM had more severe DKA as shown by lower PH, bicarbonate levels, and larger anion gap (p = .04, .02, and .007, respectively). HbA1c level was higher in patients with new-onset diabetes (p = .02) but did not differ between T1DM and T2DM. Patients with T2DM had less identifiable precipitating factors than T1DM (p Conclusions DKA may be more common in T2DM than is thought, especially among minority groups. DKA is an important mode of initial presentation of T2DM, especially in AA, who also appear to have a higher mortality rate. The rising incidence of DKA may be attributable to its increasing occurrence in T2DM; therefore, measures aimed at primary prevention of T2DM are necessary. The result of this study further highlights the heterogeneity of ketosis-prone diabetes and underscores the need for further studies.
Musical hallucinations and deafness: a case report and review of the literature.

Objectives: To present the case of a patient with acquired deafness who experienced musical hallucinations (MH) and to conduct a review of the relevant literature. Background: Although MH have been known to occur in some people with deafness, literature on this phenomenon, especially from the perspective of etiology and treatment, is limited. Methods: The case report was prepared using a detailed history, general psychiatric and neurologic examinations, and neurobehavioral assessments, and the pertinent literature from 1965 to 2000 was reviewed. Results: The patient whose case is reported here had acquired deafness and was assessed to have MH and obsessive-compulsive symptoms that responded to the use of nonantipsychotic medication. Conclusion: The phenomenon of MH with hearing problems that are either prelingual or acquired can exist separately or be a part of constellation of psychiatric symptoms. No precise etiologic basis is yet clearly identifiable; however, this report offers support for a central mechanism explained by the Release Theory. Additionally, it appears that such hallucinations might be managed safely with psychotropic medications other than antipsychotics.
A Case of Primary Malignant Lymphoma of the Bladder in Childhood

AbstractPrimary malignant lymphoma of the bladder is a rare entity. Review of the reported cases of bladder lymphoma in the literature reveals that bladder lymphoma is typically found in elderly patients. We report a well documented case of a non Hodgkin’s primary bladder lymphoma in childhood. The unusual clinical presentation, immunochemical analysis, treatment and 5-year followup are discussed.
Store-operated calcium entry is required for sustained contraction and Ca2+ oscillations of airway smooth muscle

Key points Airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma is driven by excessive contraction of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Agonist-induced Ca2+ oscillations underlie this contraction of ASMCs and the magnitude of this contraction is proportional to the Ca2+ oscillation frequency. Sustained contraction and Ca2+ oscillations require an influx of extracellular Ca2+, although the mechanisms and pathways mediating this Ca2+ influx during agonist-induced ASMC contraction are not well defined. By inhibiting store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) or voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), we show that SOCE, rather than Ca2+ influx via VGCCs, provides the major Ca2+ entry pathway into ASMCs to sustain ASMCs contraction and Ca2+ oscillations. SOCE may therefore serve as a potential target for new bronchodilators to reduce airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma. Abstract Asthma is characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness: the excessive contraction of airway smooth muscle. The extent of this airway contraction is proportional to the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations within airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Sustained Ca2+ oscillations require a Ca2+ influx to replenish Ca2+ losses across the plasma membrane. Our previous studies implied store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) as the major pathway for this Ca2+ influx. In the present study, we explore this hypothesis, by examining the effects of SOCE inhibitors (GSK7975A and GSK5498A) as well as L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel inhibitors (nifedipine and nimodipine) on airway contraction and Ca2+ oscillations and SOCE-mediated Ca2+ influx in ASMCs within mouse precision-cut lung slices. We found that both GSK7975A and GSK5498A were able to fully relax methacholine-induced airway contraction by abolishing the Ca2+ oscillations, in a manner similar to that observed in zero extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]e). In addition, GSK7975A and GSK5498A inhibited increases in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in ASMCs with depleted Ca2+-stores in response to increased [Ca2+]e, demonstrating a response consistent with the inhibition of SOCE. However, GSK7975A and GSK5498A did not reduce Ca2+ release via IP3 receptors stimulated with IP3 released from caged-IP3. By contrast, nifedipine and nimodipine only partially reduced airway contraction, Ca2+ oscillation frequency and SOCE-mediated Ca2+ influx. These data suggest that SOCE is the major Ca2+ influx pathway for ASMCs with respect to sustaining agonist-induced airway contraction and the underlying Ca2+ oscillations. The mechanisms of SOCE may therefore form novel targets for new bronchodilators.
The Secondary Plant Body

In many species of vascular plants, particularly in a majority of the dicotyledons and all of the gymnosperms, vegetative growth does not cease with maturation of the primary plant body. In such organisms, lateral meristems differentiate and give rise to secondary tissues. The amount of secondary tissue may be insignificant in the herbaceous forms or in the case of shrubs and trees it may eventually make up most of the vegetative plant body. Of course, leaves, with their determinate mode of growth, are almost always composed of primary tissues only.
Non-Viral CRISPR/Cas Gene Editing In Vitro and In Vivo Enabled by Synthetic Nanoparticle Co-Delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA.

CRISPR/Cas is a revolutionary gene editing technology with wide-ranging utility.[1] The safe, non-viral delivery of CRISPR/Cas components would greatly improve future therapeutic utility.[1e] We report the synthesis and development of zwitterionic amino lipids (ZALs) that are uniquely able to (co)deliver long RNAs including Cas9 mRNA and sgRNAs. ZAL nanoparticle (ZNP) delivery of low sgRNA doses (15 nm) reduces protein expression by >90 % in cells. In contrast to transient therapies (such as RNAi), we show that ZNP delivery of sgRNA enables permanent DNA editing with an indefinitely sustained 95 % decrease in protein expression. ZNP delivery of mRNA results in high protein expression at low doses in vitro (<600 pM) and in vivo (1 mg kg−1). Intravenous co-delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgLoxP induced expression of floxed tdTomato in the liver, kidneys, and lungs of engineered mice. ZNPs provide a chemical guide for rational design of long RNA carriers, and represent a promising step towards improving the safety and utility of gene editing.
Revised tephra volumes for Cascade Range volcanoes

Abstract Isopach maps from tephra eruptions from Mount St. Helens were reported in Carey et al. (1995) and for tephra eruptions from Glacier Peak in Gardner et al. (1998). For exponential thinning, the isopach data only define a single slope on a log thickness versus square root of area plot. Carey et al. (1995) proposed a model that was used to estimate a second slope, and volumes were presented in both studies using this model. A study by Sulpizio (2005) for estimating the second slope and square root of area where the lines intersect involves a systematic analysis of many eruptions to provide correlation equations. The purpose of this paper is to recalculate the volumes of Cascades eruptions and compare results from the two methods. In order to gain some perspective on the methods for estimating the second slope, we use data for thickness versus distance beyond the last isopach that are available for some of the larger eruptions in the Cascades. The thickness versus square root of area method is extended to thickness versus distance by developing an approximate relation between the two assuming elliptical isopachs with the source at one of the foci. Based on the comparisons made between the Carey et al. (1995) and Sulpizio (2005) methods, it is felt that the later method provides a better estimate of the second slope. For Mount St. Helens, the estimates of total volume using the Sulpizio (2005) method are generally smaller than those using the Carey et al. (1995) method. For the volume estimates of Carey et al. (1995), the volume of the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens is smaller than six of the eight previous eruptions. With the new volumes using the Sulpizio (2005) method, the 1980 eruption is smaller in volume than the upper end of the range for only three of the layers (Wn, Ye, and Yn) and is the same size as layer We. Thus the 1980 eruption becomes representative of the mid-range of volumes rather than being in the lower range.
The “Crisis” in America’s Public Schools

In the long-forgotten Alan Alda comedy Sweet liberty(Bregman et al., 1986) there is one revealing scene that reflects the shift in values that occurred between the classic era of Hollywood auteurs and the upstart generation of directors who gave us the 1970s’ and 1980s’ most enduring celluloid products. In the scene, a prize-winning American historian played by Alda confronts an archetypical hack Hollywood director about the inane adaptation of his best-selling book on the American Revolution.
Enantiospecific Solvolytic Functionalization of Bromochlorides

Herein, we report that under mild solvolytic conditions, enantioenriched bromochlorides can be ionized, stereospecifically cyclized to an array of complex bromocyclic scaffolds, or intermolecularly trapped by exogenous nucleophiles. Mechanistic investigations support an ionic mechanism wherein the bromochloride serves as an enantioenriched bromonium surrogate. Several natural product-relevant motifs are accessed in enantioenriched form for the first time with high levels of stereocontrol, and this technology is applied to the scalable synthesis of a polycyclic brominated natural product. Arrays of nucleophiles including olefins, alkynes, heterocycles, and epoxides are competent traps in the bromonium-induced cyclizations, leading to the formation of enantioenriched mono-, bi-, and tricyclic products. This strategy is further amenable to intermolecular coupling between cinnamyl bromochlorides and a diverse set of commercially available nucleophiles. Collectively, this work demonstrates that enantioenriched bromonium chlorides are configurationally stable under solvolytic conditions in the presence of a variety of functional groups.
Mimicking muscle fiber structure and function through electromechanical actuation of electrospun silk fiber bundles

Here we detail the fabrication and testing of artificial muscles fabricated from composites of the natural biopolymer silk fibroin and conducting polymers. Aligned nanofiber bundles of silk that mimic the structure of skeletal muscles were produced via electrospinning, and the fibers were infused with conducting polymers using chemical and electrochemical in situ polymerization methods. The resulting bundles of individual, electroactive fibers underwent electromechanical actuation in biologically-relevant electrolyte solutions when low potentials were applied, thus mimicking the contractile function of native muscles. The fabrication methods, bulk mechanical properties, stress and strain generation, and stability under repeated actuation for fiber bundles coated with different conducting polymer formulations are presented.
R-Ras-Akt axis induces endothelial lumenogenesis and regulates the patency of regenerating vasculature

The formation of endothelial lumen is fundamental to angiogenesis and essential to the oxygenation of hypoxic tissues. The molecular mechanism underlying this important process remains obscure. Here, we show that Akt activation by a Ras homolog, R-Ras, stabilizes the microtubule cytoskeleton in endothelial cells leading to endothelial lumenogenesis. The activation of Akt by the potent angiogenic factor VEGF-A does not strongly stabilize microtubules or sufficiently promote lumen formation, hence demonstrating a distinct role for the R-Ras-Akt axis. We show in mice that this pathway is important for the lumenization of new capillaries and microvessels developing in ischemic muscles to allow sufficient tissue reperfusion after ischemic injury. Our work identifies a role for Akt in lumenogenesis and the significance of the R-Ras-Akt signaling for the patency of regenerating blood vessels.
Paradoxes of High-Stakes Testing:

Over the centuries and across nations, tests have been employed as bureaucratic tools for a variety of purposes. As far back as 200 BC, the Chinese used tests to help eliminate patronage and open access to the civil service. The Dead Sea scrolls describe the use of tests by the Qumran community to determine when a man was ready to become a formal member of the community. England, France, and Italy, among other nations, have used tests to ensure that students acquire certain skills and establish standards of performance. In fifteenthcentury Italy, tests were used to hold teachers accountable for student learning. Since then, policy-makers have used tests to hold students and schools accountable and allocate scarce resources.
Comparing Psychological Guilt and Godly Sorrow: Do Christians Recognize the Difference?:

Two studies primarily involving college students were conducted to determine whether or not Christians were able to differentiate Narramore's (1984) distinctions between guilt and Godly sorrow. The...
Critical Cosmopolitanism and the Ethics of Mobility

This chapter sets out criteria for a critical cosmopolitan account of the political philosophy of migration. It develops this account through an exploration of Matheiu Kassovitz’s film La Haine that follows three youth from the banlieue of Chateloup-les-Vignes in the aftermath of neighborhood clashes with the police. The multidimensional forms of exclusion that the banlieue youth experience suggest the need for a more complex ethics of borders. To guide the search for this ethics, the chapter outlines a critical cosmopolitan ethics of migration and borders that combines insights from the social sciences and philosophy and seeks to promote people’s capabilities and to contest relationships of domination and hierarchy.
Psychosocial Correlates of Clinicians' Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Utilization.

Introduction The purpose of this study is to extend prior research on barriers to use of a prescription drug monitoring program by examining psychosocial correlates of intended use among physicians and pharmacists. Methods Overall, 1,904 California physicians and pharmacists responded to a statewide survey (24.1% response rate) from August 2016 to January 2017. Participants completed an online survey examining attitudes toward prescription drug misuse and abuse, prescribing practices, prescription drug monitoring program design and ease of use, professional obligations, and normative beliefs regarding prescription drug monitoring program use. Data were analyzed in 2017. Results Perceived prescription drug monitoring program usefulness and normative beliefs fully mediated the relationship between concern about prescription drug abuse and intentions to use the prescription drug monitoring program. Clinicians’ sense of professional and moral obligation to use the prescription drug monitoring program was unrelated to intention to use the prescription drug monitoring program despite a positive relationship with concern about misuse and abuse. Compared with physicians, pharmacists reported greater concern about prescription drug misuse, greater professional and moral obligation to use prescription drug monitoring program, and greater rating of prescription drug monitoring program usefulness. Conclusions Interventions that target normative beliefs surrounding prescription drug monitoring program use and how to use prescription drug monitoring programs effectively are likely to be more effective than those that target professional obligations or moralize to the medical community.
Rapid quantification of stroke volume using magnetohydrodynamic voltages in 3T MRI: a feasibility study.

Background The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a standard clinical tool for cardiac physiological monitoring, required for cardiac synchronization during cardiac MRI, despite signal artifacts resulting from Magnetohydrodynamic voltages (VMHD). VMHD becomes significant during systole when rapidly ejected blood from the left ventricle into the aortic arch interacts with the strong magnetic field (B0 )o f the MRI [1]. Due to this relationship, we hypothesized that blood flow as a function of time in the cardiac cycle and left ventricular Stroke Volume (SV) could be derived using VMHD extracted from intra-MRI ECG. This method would allow for real-time beat-to-beat SV estimation during clinical MR scanning and cardiac MRI stress testing. This non-invasive real-time physiological measure of patient condition can be provided with the described software processing during conventional cardiac MRI routines, and potentially replace Invasive Blood Pressure during complex interventional procedures.
NPY and chronic neurodegenerative disease

The role of NPY in chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) has not been well defined. After a flurry of initial studies on NPY levels in brain sections and in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with AD in the 1980s, the research into NPY and its involvement in chronic neurodegeneration has slowed. However, the intense expression of NPY and NPY receptors in those central nervous system (CNS) regions associated with AD or PD and the potential importance of NPY as a neuromodulator of synaptic events suggest that NPY pathophysiology may be an under explored, but basic component of the degenerative disease process. In this review, we will examine the specific expression patterns of NPY and NPY receptors in those regions of the CNS that are closely related to the main pathological outcomes of neurodegenerative diseases. We will summarize the current knowledge on changes in NPY in AD, PD and HD and examine potential roles for NPY in the pathophysiology associated with chronic neurodegenerative disease.
Detroit's avoidable mortality project: breast cancer control for inner-city women.

Abstract Mammography remains substantially under-used in low-income minority populations despite its well-established efficacy as a means of breast cancer control. The Metropolitan Detroit Avoidable Mortality Project is a 2-year controlled clinical trial of coordinated interventions which seek to improve the use of early breast cancer detection services at five clinical sites providing primary health care services to inner-city women. Baseline assessment for two of the five participating clinic populations demonstrated that only one-quarter of women who visited these clinics were referred for mammography in 1988, and only half of those who were referred were able to complete the procedure. Patient characteristics including age, marital status, ethnicity, and insurance status were not associated with use of mammography during the baseline period. Each of the project's intervention components is a cue to action: a physician prompt for mammography referral within the medical record of procedure-due women, a reminder postcard for scheduled appointments, and a telephone call to encourage rescheduling of missed appointments. The interventions are initiated by a computerized information management system in the existing network of health care services. The patient's out-of-pocket mammography expense has been eliminated in three of the five sites. Although their efficacy as individual interventions has been well established, a controlled trial of computer prompts to physicians, reduced expense for patients, and patient appointment reminders as an integrated system in inner-city medical care settings has not been previously described. We have implemented the prompting, facilitated rescheduling procedures, and eliminated patient expense for mammography at three of five eventual clinical sites. This report provides an overview of the study's design, data management system, and methodology for evaluation.
The Generalized Production Rule System (GPRS)

In decision making, a fairly precise knowledge of the values of all relevant situational variables is necessary. We call open variables (OVs) those that can be observed and measured at any space and time point while the values of hidden variables (HVs) can be obtained only intermittently, at certain points of space and time. The following examples should clarify this issue: Atmospheric conditions. The OVs are measured continuously at the Earth’s surface whereas high-altitude variables, such as stratospheric wind velocity and air temperature, are HVs and can be observed only when, for example, balloon-borne instruments and a radio transmitter are sent up to the “right” altitude and location. Material testing. Inexpensive and non-destructive testing of some material or product can be performed at any desired time but costly or destructive tests are carried out only sparingly. Oil and mineral exploration. The evaluation of satellite photographs, seismic experiments, geological surface studies and deep-drill work can produce OVs or HVs, depending on the associated factors of cost and difficulty. Earthquake prediction. In addition to seismographical data, a number of different OVs have been proposed and used that are likely to be correlated with the near-future occurrence of earthquakes. The HVs can be, for example, the location of the epicenter and the intensity of an earthquake to come. The training of specialists. The (controlled) OVs may be the length and intensity of training or the frequency of given exercises, while the level of actual performance under certain rare conditions represents an HV.
Enabling scientific computing on memristive accelerators

Linear algebra is ubiquitous across virtually every field of science and engineering, from climate modeling to macroeconomics. This ubiquity makes linear algebra a prime candidate for hardware acceleration, which can improve both the run time and the energy efficiency of a wide range of scientific applications. Recent work on memristive hardware accelerators shows significant potential to speed up matrix-vector multiplication (MVM), a critical linear algebra kernel at the heart of neural network inference tasks. Regrettably, the proposed hardware is constrained to a narrow range of workloads: although the eight- to 16-bit computations afforded by memristive MVM accelerators are acceptable for machine learning, they are insufficient for scientific computing where high-precision floating point is the norm. This paper presents the first proposal to enable scientific computing on memristive crossbars. Three techniques are explored---reducing overheads by exploiting exponent range locality, early termination of fixed-point computation, and static operation scheduling---that together enable a fixed-point memristive accelerator to perform high-precision floating point without the exorbitant cost of naive floating-point emulation on fixed-point hardware. A heterogeneous collection of crossbars with varying sizes is proposed to efficiently handle sparse matrices, and an algorithm for mapping the dense subblocks of a sparse matrix to an appropriate set of crossbars is investigated. The accelerator can be combined with existing GPU-based systems to handle datasets that cannot be efficiently handled by the memristive accelerator alone. The proposed optimizations permit the memristive MVM concept to be applied to a wide range of problem domains, respectively improving the execution time and energy dissipation of sparse linear solvers by 10.3x and 10.9x over a purely GPU-based system.
Sensible-Enthalpy-Based Conditional Moment Closure Model for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition with Temperature Inhomogeneity

This paper presents a sensible-enthalpy-based conditional moment closure (CMC) model for homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) with temperature inhomogeneity. The focus of study is placed on the effects of a conditioning variable on the prediction of heat release rates and developing the mixing models for sensible enthalpy, a reacting scalar. The sensible-enthalpy-based CMC model is validated a priori with 2-D direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for HCCI, and compared with the total-enthalpy-based formulation. Sensible enthalpy is shown to be strongly correlated with temperature, which makes sensible enthalpy well suited for a conditioning variable in CMC for HCCI. Results show that sensible-enthalpy-based CMC performs well for the prediction of heat release rates for all temperature stratification levels investigated in this study, while total-enthalpy-based CMC leads to the overprediction of heat release rates when the temperature stratification level is high. While conditional fluctuations of species mass fractions are substantial, sensible-enthalpy-based CMC is found to accurately estimate heat release rates during ignition, as well as reaction rates of key species, due to substantially suppressed conditional temperature fluctuations. The mapping closure models for the probability density function (PDF) and conditional dissipation rates of sensible enthalpy are proposed. The proposed models are found to capture the characteristics of reactive scalar mixing.
What Matters to My Future: STEM Int-her-est and Expectations

This paper investigates the effect Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Problem-Based Learning (PBL) activities have on single-sex classes and how these experiences affect students’ attitudes toward STEM careers. To close the gap of underrepresentation of females in STEM, research suggests single-gender classes should be implemented. Single-gender classes have shown to improve female interest in STEM fields. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess female and male interest and attitudes toward STEM fields and careers. There were 97 participants in 7$^{th}$ through 12$^{th}$ grade who attended a one-week STEM Camp. Of those, 50 females participated in an all-female option, 23 males participated in an all-male option, and 25 campers participated in a co-ed option. Participants completed a survey using a Likert scale to rate their perceptions of STEM. The results were contrary to previous research indicating that both single-gender classes had lower affect toward engineering than the mixed gender group. Females in the mixed group rated their attitudes and interest toward STEM fields and careers statistically significantly higher than the females in the all-female group in three of the four constructs (knowledge, importance, and career). The findings support the inclusion of STEM PBL in classrooms because there were no significant differences between the class type after participating in a one-week STEM camp. Through the use of STEM PBLs, females’ interest in STEM careers is equal to male interest.
Syndecan 1 is a critical mediator of macropinocytosis in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains recalcitrant to all forms of cancer treatment and carries a five-year survival rate of only 8%1. Inhibition of oncogenic KRAS (hereafter KRAS*), the earliest lesion in disease development that is present in more than 90% of PDACs, and its signalling surrogates has yielded encouraging preclinical results with experimental agents2–4. However, KRAS*-independent disease recurrence following genetic extinction of Kras* in mouse models anticipates the need for co-extinction strategies5,6. Multiple oncogenic processes are initiated at the cell surface, where KRAS* physically and functionally interacts to direct signalling that is essential for malignant transformation and tumour maintenance. Insights into the complexity of the functional cell-surface-protein repertoire (surfaceome) have been technologically limited until recently and—in the case of PDAC—the genetic control of the function and composition of the PDAC surfaceome in the context of KRAS* signalling remains largely unknown. Here we develop an unbiased, functional target-discovery platform to query KRAS*-dependent changes of the PDAC surfaceome, which reveals syndecan 1 (SDC1, also known as CD138) as a protein that is upregulated at the cell surface by KRAS*. Localization of SDC1 at the cell surface—where it regulates macropinocytosis, an essential metabolic pathway that fuels PDAC cell growth—is essential for disease maintenance and progression. Thus, our study forges a mechanistic link between KRAS* signalling and a targetable molecule driving nutrient salvage pathways in PDAC and validates oncogene-driven surfaceome annotation as a strategy to identify cancer-specific vulnerabilities. In an inducible mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the signalling defect that underlies 90% of these tumours causes increased cell-surface expression of syndecan 1, leading to misregulation of macropinocytosis, and linking the defective signalling with nutrient-salvage pathways.
Identification of molecular markers of oxidative stress in human prostate cells

769 Exposure of cultured human prostate cancer cells to androgens has been shown to induce oxidative stress in androgen-responsive cells but not in androgen-independent cells. However, both types of cells have been shown to exhibit increased levels of reactive oxygen species in response to prostate-specific antigen (PSA). We measured the expression of oxidative DNA damage repair enzymes in cultured human prostate cells to identify molecular markers of oxidative stress. Protein levels of antioxidant enzymes were also measured to assess cellular oxidative stress. PSA levels were measured to determine the contribution of this protein to the induction of oxidative stress. Experiments were conducted with normal human prostate epithelial (NHPE) cells, virus-immortalized human prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1, RWPE-2, PWR-1E), androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (DU145, PC3). Protein levels of four enzymes involved in the repair of 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) were quantified by Western analyses. Human MutT homologue 1 (hMTH1), an 8-oxo-dGTPase, was overexpressed in LNCaP cells and DU145 cells as compared to NHPE cells. Expression of human 8-oxo-guanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1), which removes 8-oxo-dG residues from DNA, was similar in all cells except LNCaP cells (hOGG1 protein was barely detectable). Extremely high protein levels of the mitochondrial form of hOGG1 (mt hOGG1) were detected in PWR-1E, LNCaP and DU145 cells as compared to NHPE cells. Human MutY homologue (hMYH), which removes adenine from the 8-oxo-dG:A mispair, was expressed at similar levels in all cells except DU145 cells (extremely low hMYH level). Western analyses were also performed to measure protein levels of antioxidant enzymes [i.e., catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and thioredoxin (TRX)] and PSA. As compared to NHPE cells, both Cu/Zn SOD and TRX were overexpressed in all three prostate cancer cell lines while PSA was expressed at extremely high levels in LNCaP cells but undetectable in all other cells. The fact that both Cu/Zn SOD and TRX were overexpressed in prostate cancer cells suggests that these cells are undergoing persistent oxidative stress. Since PSA was only expressed in LNCaP cells, other cellular factors must be involved in the induction of oxidative stress in prostate cells. One result of persistent oxidative stress is elevated levels of both 8-oxo-dGTP and 8-oxo-dG. LNCaP and DU145 cells appear to upregulate both hMTH1 and mt hOGG1 protein expression to protect against oxidative DNA damage. Thus, these proteins may represent potential molecular markers to detect persistent oxidative stress in prostate cancer.
A gossip algorithm for convex consensus optimization over networks

In many applications, nodes in a network wish to achieve not only a consensus, but an optimal one. To date, a family of subgradient algorithms have been proposed to solve this problem under general convexity assumptions. This paper shows that, with a few additional mild assumptions, a fundamentally different, non-gradient-based algorithm with appealing features can be constructed. Specifically, we develop Pairwise Equalizing (PE), a gossip-style, distributed asynchronous iterative algorithm for achieving unconstrained, separable, convex consensus optimization over undirected networks with time-varying topologies, where each component function is strictly convex, continuously differentiable, and has a minimizer. We show that PE is easy to implement, bypasses limitations facing the subgradient algorithms, and produces a switched, nonlinear, networked dynamical system that is deterministically and stochastically asymptotically convergent. Moreover, we show that PE admits a common Lyapunov function and reduces to the well-studied Pairwise Averaging and Randomized Gossip Algorithm in a special case.