cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of high iron intake on cognition and neurodegeneration in humans and in animal models: a systematic review.

Context Accumulation of brain iron is linked to aging and protein-misfolding neurodegenerative diseases. High iron intake may influence important brain health outcomes in later life. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine evidence from animal and human studies of the effects of high iron intake or peripheral iron status on adult cognition, brain aging, and neurodegeneration. Data sources MEDLINE, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, and OpenGrey databases were searched. Study selection Studies investigating the effect of elevated iron intake at all postnatal life stages in mammalian models and humans on measures of adult brain health were included. Data extraction Data were extracted and evaluated by two authors independently, with discrepancies resolved by discussion. Neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and/or behavioral/cognitive, biochemical, and brain morphologic findings were used to study the effects of iron intake or peripheral iron status on brain health. Risk of bias was assessed for animal and human studies. PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed. Results Thirty-four preclinical and 14 clinical studies were identified from database searches. Thirty-three preclinical studies provided evidence supporting an adverse effect of nutritionally relevant high iron intake in neonates on brain-health-related outcomes in adults. Human studies varied considerably in design, quality, and findings; none investigated the effects of high iron intake in neonates/infants. Conclusions Human studies are needed to verify whether dietary iron intake levels used in neonates/infants to prevent iron deficiency have effects on brain aging and neurodegenerative disease outcomes.
Agonism and Hope in William Apess’s Native American Political Thought

This article examines the Native American thinker, William Apess (Pequot), and especially his Eulogy on King Philip (1836), which argues, ironically, that King Philip—the seventeenth century Wampan...
Oxidation of Silyl Enol Ethers

A number of useful synthetic transformations are based on the selective oxidation of the electron rich C-C double bond of trimethylsilyl enol ethers.
Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci: A Food Safety Perspective

Resistance to antimicrobials was observed in pathogenic bacteria soon after these drugs were first introduced into human and veterinary medicine over 70 years ago. Circumstances of emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial communities and their relation to antimicrobial use in animals and humans are still investigated; however, there is a unanimous agreement on the need for improved monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Enterococcus is a versatile bacterial genus that is a part of the healthy human and animal gut microbiota and some strains are used as starter cultures or probiotics. However, over past three decades enterococci have also been implicated in serious human and animal diseases. Their ability to acquire and transfer a variety of resistance traits has made enterococci indicator organisms for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Gram positive bacteria. Although not typical foodborne pathogens, enterococci have been associated with foodborne outbreaks. In this chapter, we focus on the clonal spread of enterococci in pre- and post-harvest food environment and their impact on food safety and human health.
Integration and the Movement

In this chapter, participant narratives and discussions of newspaper editorials and articles will be presented to portray how issues of race, segregation, and the CRM were handled across the 20-year time period and across the 13 colleges. The chapter begins by positioning selected participant narratives in the context of some of the most significant and notable events of the civil rights era. Following these narratives, archival data from the colleges are presented to supplement and speak to the general nature of campus discussions, and lack thereof, about racial justice issues.
Controlled bending and folding of a bilayer structure consisting of a thin stiff film and a heat shrinkable polymer sheet

Bending pre-designed flat sheets into three-dimensional (3D) structures is attracting much interest, as it provides a simple approach to make 3D devices. Here we report controlled bending and folding of a bilayer structure consisting of a heat shrinkable polymer sheet and a thin stiff film (not thermally responsive). Upon heating, the prestrained polymer sheet shrinks, leading to bending or folding of the bilayer. We studied the effect of relative dimensions of the two layers on the bending behavior and demonstrated the transition from longitudinal bending to transverse bending of the bilayer strip. Transverse bending was utilized to fold origami structures, including several flat letters, a crane, and a corrugated metal sheet via Miura-ori folding. We developed a method to further control the bending orientation based on bio-inspired anisotropic bending stiffness. By bending the metal foil in different orientations, several structures were obtained, including cylindrical surfaces and left-handed/right-handed helical structures.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Renders the Bacterium Vulnerable to Host Defense

Despite a century of investigation, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major human pathogen, causing a number of diseases, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Like many encapsulated pathogens, the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of S. pneumoniae is a critical component for colonization and virulence in mammalian hosts. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of a glycoside hydrolase, Pn3Pase, targeting the CPS of type 3 S. pneumoniae, which is one of the most virulent serotypes. We have assessed the ability of Pn3Pase to degrade the capsule on a live type 3 strain. Through in vitro assays, we observed that Pn3Pase treatment increases the bacterium's susceptibility to phagocytosis by macrophages and complement-mediated killing by neutrophils. We have demonstrated that in vivo Pn3Pase treatment reduces nasopharyngeal colonization and protects mice from sepsis caused by type 3 S. pneumoniae Due to the increasing shifts in serotype distribution, the rise in drug-resistant strains, and poor immune responses to vaccine-included serotypes, it is necessary to investigate approaches to combat pneumococcal infections. This study evaluates the interaction of pneumococcal CPS with the host at molecular, cellular, and systemic levels and offers an alternative therapeutic approach for diseases caused by S. pneumoniae through enzymatic hydrolysis of the CPS.
Trade and industrial education staff development practices in the community and technical colleges in the Midwest

global terms with consequent ambiguity on the part of the teachers as to what the change entailed behaviorally. Similar findings were reported by Crowther (1972), Downey et al. (1975), Lukas and Wohlleb (1973), and Naumann-Etienne (1974). This is unfortunate and may reveal the fact that most teachers are lackadaisical in or were not knowledge­ able about the particular innovation(s) during the staff development pro­ gram. The reason one might, therefore, advance for such instructors for trying to implement the innovation(s) would be to fulfill certain re­ quired obligations by the building principal or school board. In analyzing studies on complexity of innovation. Gross et al. (1971) and Evans and Scheffer (1974) found that implementation charac­ teristics involving new teaching strategies and role relationships with students showed lower levels of implementation than those characteristics involving change in structure, administrative procedures and use of materials. Crowther (1972) measured complexity by teachers and found that it was significantly related to the degree of implementation of a social science curriculum. The problem with this study is that he
Elimination of Listeria monocytogenes from ready-to-eat turkey and cheese tortilla wraps using ionizing radiation.

Listeria monocytogenes is a common postprocess contaminant on ready-to-eat foods including premade ready-to-eat sandwiches. One popular type of sandwich product is the tortilla wrap, which contains sliced luncheon meats and cheeses rolled within a flour tortilla. This study determined the radiation resistance of L. monocytogenes surface inoculated onto two types of commercially available wheat flour tortillas, processed cheese slices, and deli turkey meat. The D 10 -values for L. monocytogenes (the radiation dose required to inactivate 1 log of the pathogen) were 0.27 kGy when inoculated onto two flour tortilla types, 0.28 and 0.30 kGy when inoculated onto two types of sliced processed cheeses, and 0.58 and 0.65 kGy when inoculated onto two types of sliced deli turkey meat. When two types of tortilla wraps were assembled from the individual components and L. monocytogenes was inoculated into the interfaces between the individual components, the D 10 -values were 0.27 to 0.37 kGy in the tortilla and cheese interfaces, 0.33 to 0.41 kGy in the cheese and turkey interfaces, and 0.25 to 0.33 kGy in the turkey and tortilla interfaces. The ability of ionizing radiation to reduce pathogen levels on the complex tortilla, cheese, and luncheon meat product was limited by the higher radiation resistance of L. monocytogenes when inoculated onto the ready-to-eat turkey-meat component.
A Double-Edged Sword—Thoughts on the Massification of Higher Education in India

The late APJ Abdul Kalam, eleventh president of India wanted to see the success of India on the educational front and encouraged the young minds of the country to think and dream in a world where many of India’s children are statistically impoverished. Yet, thinking and dreaming in a country without adequate facilities for all children to make these dreams a reality makes for a difficult task. There has been a definite push for education to be the vehicle by which to make such dreams a reality. A focus on education at all levels, primary, secondary and tertiary can be viewed as a long-term solution to bridge the chasm between the rich and poor within the country as well as leveraging India as a more competitive player in the global marketplace. This chapter will focus on the massification of the tertiary education system in India, touching briefly on the educational pipeline leading to enrolment in an institution of higher education, and the trials and tribulations of massification in the Indian higher education context. As presented by Hawkins and Neubauer in the introduction, “the process of massification itself is highly complex and differentiated” but is generally thought of as increasing access which in turn can lead to greater equity and equality. In the case of India, I refer to massification as a double-edged sword because in fact a case for both hypotheses presented by Hawkins and Neubauer can be made in the context of India depending on through which lens you choose to view the issue. With a HE system as vast as found in India, there are numerous arguments that support both hypothesis 1 that massification actually or eventually increases inequality (in India this inequality now just spreads to a larger group of players) and the somewhat contradiction posited in hypothesis 2 that over time massification in HE increases long-term equity and equality even with all the trials, tribulations and intermediary inequality that have to be overcome.
Contextual Meanings of Identities

Defining meanings of identities in terms of contextual words, or collocates, results in 28 principal components that represent various kinds of convergences in identity meanings. Two components, Commerce and Workers, relate to economy. Another two components, Family and Caregiving, represent family. A Religion component represents the institutional domain of religion. Components named Politics, Government, and Martial Roles represent the polity. A Law component corresponds to the institutional domain of law. Education and Scholar components correspond to the education domain. A component named Medicine represents medicine. Components named Team Sports and Athletics represent a sport domain. Components named Entertainment and Movies relate to arts. A component named Travel seems unrelated to any of the institutional domains. A domain of science is not represented in any of the principal components.
Measuring Autophagy in Stressed Cells

Macro-autophagy is a major catabolic process in the cell used to degrade protein aggregates, dysfunctional organelles and intracellular pathogens that would otherwise become toxic. Autophagy also generates energy and metabolites for the cell through recycling of degraded autophagosomal cargo, which can be particularly important for cell viability under stress. The significance of changes in the rates of autophagic flux for cellular function and disease is being increasingly appreciated, and interest in measuring autophagy in different experimental systems is growing accordingly. Here, we describe key methodologies used in the field to measure autophagic flux, including monitoring LC3 processing by western blot, fluorescent cell staining, and flow cytometry, in addition to changes in the levels or posttranslational modifications of other autophagy markers, such as p62/Sqstm1 and the Atg5–Atg12 conjugate. We also describe what cellular stresses may be used to induce autophagy and how to control for changes in the rates of autophagic flux as opposed to inhibition of flux. Finally, we detail available techniques to monitor autophagy in vivo.
ADDENDUM: About a New Fusion Reactor Scheme

A crucial problem of any steady-state fusion reactor is removal of the plasma exhaust. In this addendum to the paper “About a New Fusion Reactor Scheme” [Fusion Sci. Technol., Vol. 75, p. 197 (2019...
Chapter 10 – Buildings

Publisher Summary This chapter presents sampled data about Tennessee site location inquiries. Fifty-eight percent (57.8%) of the Tennessee site location inquiries sampled were concerned with building size. This approach to plant location indicates a desire to complete plant location in as short a period of time as possible. A building on hand would permit a company to enter into production rapidly. Eighty-one firms (42.6%) in the sample indicated what sized building they preferred, while 15.3% did not. These requests established a range of building sizes of interest to industry at that given time. During 1987-92, approximately 80% of the industries seeking location wanted an already completed or semi-completed building. Seventy-two out of 81 (88.9%) requests for industrial space were less than 100,000 square feet. This chapter presents a table that calculates the workspaces requested in a sample of industrial requests. In those cities, states, or countries in which worker floor space is mandated by statute, this calculation represents one of the first checks to be made by the government in reviewing building plans.
Abstract 2780: In vivo quantitative molecular imaging for receptor-specific contrast and image guided surgery of glioblastoma

Quantitative, noninvasive imaging utilizing the full potential of antibody targeted nanomedicines has recently emerged as a new paradigm in cancer therapeutics. However, the specificity of these nanomedicines to the molecular targets in in vivo is much controversial. We have leveraged a molecular-specific approach for the simultaneous imaging and quantitation of in vivo EGFR expression levels, using NIR-activable cetuximab targeted nanomedicine. Using quantitative molecular imaging, the EGFR specificity of these targeted nanomedicines is measured, following i.v. administration in glioblastoma tumors bearing mice. For the first time we demonstrate, that in vivo specificity of ligand targeted nanomedicines correlates positively with cellular expression levels of EGFR established by flow cytometry (Pearson9s r = 0.93, p This first demonstration of non-invasive quantitation of targeted nanomedicine binding introduces an unexplored approach to leverage targeted nanomedicines as a critical component in the design and validation process of cancer therapeutics. Such an informed methodology promises to expedite translation and minimize failures that often occur after substantial investment. Citation Format: Shazia Bano. In vivo quantitative molecular imaging for receptor-specific contrast and image guided surgery of glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2780.
Development of the Clients’ Perceptions of Providers’ Cultural Competency Instrument:

Introduction:This study developed and validated the Clients’ Perceptions of Providers’ Cultural Competency instrument.Method:A sequential exploratory mixed design identified three constructs derive...
Anti-MOG associated disorder-Clinical and radiological characteristics compared to AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD-A single-center experience.

Abstract Background The discovery of two immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) has led to the distinction of the disorders anti-AQP4 immunoglobulin G positive neuromyelitis spectrum disorder (AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD) and anti-MOG associated disorder (MOGAD). Different clinical and radiological features have been proposed to distinguish these two demyelinating CNS diseases. Methods This is a single-center retrospective review at the University of Florida (UF) including all patients with the diagnostic code ICD G36 (“other acute disseminated demyelination”) from October 2015 to January 2020 (n=141) and all charts included in the clinical NMOSD database of the UF Division of Neuroimmunology (n=36). A total of 151 cases were reviewed for presence of anti-MOG and anti-AQP4 antibodies and NMOSD diagnostic criteria. Differences in MOGAD and AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD were compared. Results Of the 151 reviewed patient charts, 11 were consistent with MOGAD and 43 with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD. Patients with MOGAD were significantly younger at symptom onset compared to patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD (14 [1-33] years vs. 37 [6-82] years; p=0.005). In comparison with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD, optic neuritis in MOGAD was more frequently associated with bilateral optic nerve involvement: (6/11 [54.5%] vs. 6/43 [13.9%]; p=0.009) and fundoscopic presence of optic disc edema (5/11 [45.5%] vs. 3/43 [7%]; p=0.006). Perineuritis was a common radiological feature in MOGAD (present in 4 cases). In case of myelitis, there was more frequent involvement of the conus medullaris in MOGAD (4/11 [36.4%] vs. 2/43 [4.7%]; p=0.012). Symptomatic cerebral syndrome with supratentorial white matter lesions was seen in MOGAD patients with pediatric onset (pediatric onset: 4/6 [66.7%] vs. adult onset: 0/5 [0%]. In MOGAD, evidence for combined central and peripheral demyelination and increased intracranial pressure was present in one patient each. A preceding inciting event (illness/postpartum) was more frequently identifiable in MOGAD (4/11 [36.4%] vs. 4/43 [7%]; p=0.045). Disability as calculated on the Expanded Disability Status Scale was less severe in MOGAD compared to AQP-IgG+ NMOSD (most severe presentation: 5 [2-7] vs. 7 [1-10]; p=0.015; most recent assessment: 2 [0-5] vs. 5 [0-10]; p=0.045) and patients were more likely to respond to treatment of acute attacks with corticosteroids and/or plasmapheresis (Clinical Global Impression-Global Change scale: 1 [1-4] vs. 3 [1-6]; p=0.001). Interpretation The study confirms that simultaneous bilateral optic neuritis, presence of optic disc edema, transverse myelitis with conus involvement and a less severe disease course are distinctive features of MOGAD.
Nicotine and cannabis vaping among adolescents in treatment for substance use disorders.

Abstract This study examined nicotine and cannabis vaping among adolescents in treatment for substance use disorders. Participants were 363 adolescents aged 12–17 (66% male, mean age = 15.5 [SD = 1.3], 46% non-Hispanic white) seen for a specialty addiction intake evaluation between 2017 and 2019 at one of six medical offices of a large, integrated health care system in Northern California. Multivariable logistic regression models tested for associations of sociodemographics, cigarette smoking, and substance use disorders with vaping behaviors. A majority of adolescents reported ever (68%) or current vaping (60%) of nicotine and/or cannabis; current vaping was similar for nicotine (50%) and cannabis (51%); 40% reported current vaping of both. Current smokers (6% of the sample) had higher odds of ever vaping (aOR = 3.95, 95%CI: 1.04–14.95). Black (versus non-Hispanic white) adolescents had lower odds of current nicotine vaping (aOR = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.02–0.37) and current vaping of both nicotine and cannabis (aOR = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.03–0.60). Having an alcohol use disorder was associated with current vaping (aOR = 2.14, 95%CI: 1.06–4.33). Those who endorsed that most friends get drunk/high (aOR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.02–3.42) or that cannabis was their substance of choice (aOR = 2.36, 95%CI: 1.16–4.81) had higher odds of current cannabis vaping. Higher neighborhood household income ($80,000–$120,000 and >$120,000 vs.
Cost-effectiveness of Telephone-Delivered Education and Behavioral Skills Intervention for African American Adults with Diabetes.

Purpose: Evaluate cost-effectiveness of a telephone-delivered education and behav­ioral skills intervention in reducing glycemic control (HbA1c) and decreasing risk of complications. Methods: Data from a randomized con­trolled trial, conducted from August 1, 2008 – June 30, 2010 and using a 2x2 factorial design delivered to 255 African American adults not meeting glycemic targets for dia­betes were used. Though the primary aim found no significant differences in HbA1c between groups, there was an overall drop in HbA1c across arms and differential cost. Primary clinical outcome was HbA1c measured at 12-months. Costs were esti­mated based on self-reported utilization of primary care, emergency, and other health care. Costs due to lost wages were calcu­lated based on self-reported days of work missed due to illness. The Michigan Model for Diabetes was used to estimate 10-year probability of developing congestive heart failure, cardiovascular disease, end stage renal disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, all cause death, and CVD death. Total cost per patient and clinical outcomes were used to estimate an incremental cost effective­ness ratio (ICER) using non-parametric bootstrapping. Results: ICERs indicated combined educa­tion and skills intervention was $3,630 less expensive than usual care to achieve a 0.6% decrease in HbA1c and was between $34,000 and $95,000 less expensive than usual care to reduce risk of complications. The knowledge only intervention was $661 less expensive than usual care and the behavioral skills only intervention did not indicate cost effectiveness. Conclusion: The combined intervention ICER for HbA1c is comparable to other education programs and the ICER to reduce the probability of complications falls below previously recommended long-term cut-off of $100,000, suggesting cost-effectiveness in an African American population. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):217-226; doi:10.18865/ed.31.2.217
Development of a simulation-based curriculum for Pediatric prehospital skills: a mixed-methods needs assessment.

Background The assessment and treatment of pediatric patients in the out-of-hospital environment often presents unique difficulties and stress for EMS practitioners. Objective Use a mixed-methods approach to assess the current experience of EMS practitioners caring for critically ill and injured children, and the potential role of a simulation-based curriculum to improve pediatric prehospital skills. Methods Data were obtained from three sources in a single, urban EMS system: a retrospective review of local pediatric EMS encounters over one year; survey data of EMS practitioners' comfort with pediatric skills using a 7-point Likert scale; and qualitative data from focus groups with EMS practitioners assessing their experiences with pediatric patients and their preferred training modalities. Results 2.1% of pediatric prehospital encounters were considered "critical," the highest acuity level. A total of 136 of approximately 858 prehospital providers responded to the quantitative survey; 34.4% of all respondents either somewhat disagree (16.4%), disagree (10.2%), or strongly disagree (7.8%) with the statement: "I feel comfortable taking care of a critically ill pediatric patient." Forty-seven providers participated in focus groups that resulted in twelve major themes under three domains. Specific themes included challenges in medication dosing, communication, and airway management. Participants expressed a desire for more repetition and reinforcement of these skills, and they were receptive to the use of high-fidelity simulation as a training modality. Conclusions Critically ill pediatric prehospital encounters are rare. Over one third of EMS practitioners expressed a low comfort level in managing critically ill children. High-fidelity simulation may be an effective means to improve the comfort and skills of prehospital providers.
A fast bandit algorithm for recommendations to users with heterogeneous tastes

We study recommendation in scenarios where there's no prior information about the quality of content in the system.We present an online algorithm that continually optimizes recommendation relevance based on behavior of past users. Our method trades weaker theoretical guarantees in asymptotic performance than the state-of-the-art for stronger theoretical guarantees in the online setting. We test our algorithm on real-world data collected from previous recommender systems and show that our algorithm learns faster than existing methods and performs equally well in the long-run.
Voltage control of single magnetic domain nanoscale structures — Analysis and experiments

Present day electromagnetic devices (e.g. memory, and antennas) rely on a discovery made by Oersted 200 years ago where a current passing through a wire generates a magnetic field. While extremely useful this approach has significant limitations in the nanoscale. Recent discoveries suggest that a ferromagnetic material's intrinsic magnetization can alternatively be manipulated with an electric field (i.e. multiferroic/magnetoelectric) and thereby overcome the deficiencies associated with Oersted's discovery. One multiferroic approach uses an electric field to induce strain in a magnetoelastic material to control magnetic anisotropies in a composite heterostructures. This approach produces large conversion efficiencies (∼60–80%) between electrical energy and magnetic energy without requiring new material discovery. While interesting, a validated modeling approach along with experimental results to predict/understand the complicated nonlinear response of nanoscale multiferroic structures is unavailable. In this presentation an analytical model is presented and compared to experimental data on Ni single domain structures. The analytical model is used to guide the fabrication and testing of a variety of structures including nanoscale rings, oval shapes, and superparamagnetic elements to be described [1-5].
Therapeutic ultrasound promotes reperfusion and angiogenesis in a rat model of peripheral arterial disease

Author(s): Nazer, Babak; Ghahghaie, Farzin; Kashima, Risa; Khokhlova, Tatiana; Perez, Camilo; Crum, Lawrence; Matula, Tom; Hata, Akiko | Abstract: BackgroundShock wave therapy (SWT) is an acoustic technology clinically used for the non-invasive treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) has more recently been developed for the same indication, although its effects on reperfusion and angiogenesis have yet to be directly compared to those of SWT.Methods and resultsTUS and SWT acoustic parameters were matched, and their ability to promote angiogenesis and reperfusion in a rat hindlimb ischemia model was compared. After left femoral artery excision, 3-weekly TUS, SWT or sham treatments (n=10 rats each) of the left hindlimb were performed for 2 weeks. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging demonstrated improved perfusion with TUS (66±4% L:R hindlimb perfusion, mean±SEM, P=0.02), but not with SWT (59±4%, P=0.13) compared with sham (50±4%). Immunohistochemistry of CD31 demonstrated increased microvascular density with TUS (222.6 vessels/high-power field, P=0.001) and SWT (216.9, P=0.01) compared to sham-treated rats (196.0). Tissue vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels were elevated in the left hindlimb of TUS-, but not SWT- or sham-treated rats.ConclusionsDirect comparison demonstrates that TUS is more effective than SWT at promoting reperfusion, whereas both therapies promote angiogenesis in ischemic gastrocnemius muscle. These results suggest that TUS may be more effective than SWT for the treatment of IHD and peripheral arterial disease.
Changing Work, Changing Workers: Critical Perspectives on Language, Literacy, and Skills

Changing Work, Changing Workers: Critical Perspectives on Language, Literacy, and Skills. Glynda Hull, ed. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997. 392 pp.
Lane-changing in traffic streams

It is postulated that lane-changing vehicles create voids in traffic streams, and that these voids reduce flow. This mechanism is described with a model that tracks lane changers precisely, as particles endowed with realistic mechanical properties. The model has four easy-to-measure parameters and reproduces without re-calibration two bottleneck phenomena previously thought to be unrelated: (i) the drop in the discharge rate of freeway bottlenecks when congestion begins, and (ii) the relation between the speed of a moving bottleneck and its capacity.
Equivalent Initial Flaw Size Distribution Determination for Gas Turbine Blades Based Upon Inspection Data

A fracture mechanics-based methodology is presented for determining equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) distributions from field inspection data accounting for different service histories of fracture critical components. The EIFS distribution based on inspection data from a subset of the fleet allows for an assessment of initial material/manufacturing quality and enables a probabilistic fracture mechanics-based fatigue life prediction for the fleet as a whole. The methodology is demonstrated on an industrial gas turbine blade experiencing in-service cracking.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Si microphotonics for optical interconnection

This paper reviews current status of silicon microphotonics and the recent prototype of on-chip optical interconnection. Si microphotonics pursues complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatibility of photonic devices to reduce the materials diversity eventually to integrate on Si chips. Fractal optical H-trees have been implemented on a chip and found to be a technology breakthrough beyond metal interconnection. It has shown that large RC time constants associated with metal can be eliminated at least long distant data communication on a chip, and eventually improve yield and power issues. This has become the world's first electronic and photonic integrated circuits (EPICs) and the possibility of at least 10 GHz clocking for personal computers has been demonstrated.
Heterogeneity of HL-A specificities shown by platelet complement-fixation.

Six sets of unrelated healthy individuals, phenotypically “identical” in each set for the four antigens of the two HL—A segregant series, were tested with 153 antiplatelet antisera by microcomplement-fixation. In five of the six sets the results unequivocally show that the individuals were not identical by complement-fixation reactions. It is proposed that sera which manifest nonidentity between individuals within these sets identify either “variants” of the known HL—A antigens or antigens of a third segregant series of the HL—A system or of a non-HL—A system. Accurate and complete matching for HL—A antigens among unrelated individuals will require further definition of specificities.
Lobsters: One million one pounders per year

Abstract The feasibility for production of 1 × 106 1 lb lobsters per year is presented in this study. A general description is given for a modern computerized physical plant which could be utilized in such an undertaking, as well as the initial and annual costs required for such an operation in Northern California. The study is modeled for optimum conditions required to produce 1 × 106 1 lb lobsters Homarus americanus and H. gammarus per year. A grow out period of 36 months from larvae to a 1 lb market size is assumed. Approximately 3·5 million animals will be in residence.
Both-bone forearm osteotomy for supination contracture : A cadaver model

Purpose To quantify the magnitude of rotational correction possible when comparing a single forearm bone osteotomy and fixation with stepwise osteotomy and fixation of both bones in a cadaver model and to determine if the order in which the stepwise osteotomies are performed influences the amount of correction. Methods Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric forearms were fixed to a frame positioned in the field of view of a motion-capture system. An experimental supination contracture was induced in full supination. Cadaver forearms were assigned randomly to group I (ulna osteotomy, rotation, plating) or group II (radius osteotomy, rotation, plating). Cadavers in group I were used later in group III (ulna + radius) by completing a radial osteotomy, rotation, and fixation in the forearms with the plated ulna. Similarly the specimens assigned to group II were used later in group IV (radius + ulna) by completing an ulna osteotomy, rotation, and fixation in the forearms with the plated radiuses. Measurements of forearm pronation were made after single-bone (groups I, II) and stepwise both-bone (groups III, IV) rotational osteotomies. Results Stepwise rotational osteotomy and fixation of the ulna followed by the radius produced significantly more corrective pronation (101°) than rotating the radius followed by the ulna (65°). Rotating the radius gave only moderate correction (58°) and minimal correction was produced by ulna osteotomy alone (15°). Conclusions Rotational osteotomy of both forearm bones can create approximately 100° of correction when performed at the proximal ulna followed by the distal radius. If less rotation is needed then the distal radius osteotomy alone can provide approximately 60° of correction.
Cytotoxic T‐cell clone against rectal carcinoma induced by stimulation of a patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells with autologous cultured tumor cells

In an effort to establish cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against colorectal carcinoma (CRC) by stimulating patients' lymphocytes with autologous tumor cells, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a patient with minimal residual rectal carcinoma following removal of the primary lesion and involved regional lymph nodes as a source to generate CTLs in culture. A CTL line and clone were established from the patient's PBMC following stimulation of PBMC with autologous, cultured tumor cells and interleukin-2. The CTL line and the clone consisted predominantly of CD4+ lymphocytes. The CTL clone expressed two T-cell receptor variable alpha chains (V alpha11 and V alpha22) and one beta chain (Vbeta14). The cytokine secretion pattern of the CTL line was of the Th1-type. Both the CTL line and the clone lysed the autologous rectal carcinoma cells, but not the allogeneic, partially human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-matched or nonmatched CRC cells, autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells, K562 (natural killer target) cells or Daudi (lymphokine-activated killer target) cells. Lysis of autologous tumor cells most likely was HLA class I-restricted. Our unique success in generating CTLs against this tumor type may rest in the inclusion of a patient with minimal residual, rather than advanced, disease.
A nonlinear Hamiltonian structure for the Euler equations

Abstract The Euler equations for inviscid incompressible fluid flow have a Hamiltonian structure in Eulerian coordinates, the Hamiltonian operator, though, depending on the vorticity. Conservation laws arise from two sources. One parameter symmetry groups, which are completely classified, yield the invariance of energy and linear and angular momenta. Degeneracies of the Hamiltonian operator lead in three dimensions to the total helicity invariant and in two dimensions to the area integrals reflecting the point-wise conservation of vorticity. It is conjectured that no further conservation laws exist, indicating that the Euler equations are not completely integrable, in particular, do not have soliton-like solutions.
Spatial and Verbal rhetorics of power: Constructing late old kingdom history

In writing ancient Egyptian social and political history, we take for granted that we should privilege neither textual nor material cultural evidence; rather, we should weave narratives incorporating both strands in weights commensurate with the actual profile of available data in a specific time and place. The mosaic of data available from the later Old Kingdom provides an especially compelling rationale for adopting this multidimensional approach. Earlier accounts of this pivotal era in ancient Egyptian history have relied most heavily on textual evidence ‐ not least because for the first time there existed lengthy biographical inscriptions of government officials providing tantalizing detail on individual political careers and legitimizing verbal rhetoric regarding possible historical events. In this particular period, however, the amounts of such textual data are outweighed in sheer quantity by contemporary archaeological remains. I have previously argued that spatial patterning, both in the synchronic distribution of these remains and (perhaps more compellingly) in the shifts of these patterns over time, should play an equal or even more prominent role in writing a socio-political history of this particular period. A primary case study explored in this essay is the late Old Kingdom mortuary landscape at Abydos where new data has emerged strengthening the diachronic evidence for the manipulation of a spatial rhetoric of political ideology, providing further insight into ancient Egyptian elites’ responses to perceived or real crises in centralized control of the country. This phenomenon at Abydos was only one part of a broader program of materializing central authority throughout the Egyptian Nile Valley at a time when the verbal rhetoric of royal power was limited in voice, audience, and context.
Neuropathogenic actions of cytokines assessed in transgenic mice

Cytokines are potent biological response modifiers that exhibit a spectrum of cellular actions. These factors have been implicated as important mediators of physiologic and possibly pathophysiologic processes within the CNS. Targeting the expression of cytokines to specific tissues in transgenic mice has provided a powerful approach to the investigation of complex cellular responses at a localized level and also recapitulated more closely the expression of these mediators as found in pathogenetic processes. This review will focus on the recent application of transgenic technology to achieve the specific cerebral expression of cytokines. The targeting of cytokine gene expression to astrocytes in transgenic mice has provided new and dramatic insights into the CNS pathobiology of these host-response molecules. Specifically: (1) transgenic expression of the cytokines IL-6, IL-3 and IFN-alpha in the CNS results in the development of acute (high expression) or chronic progressive (low expression) CNS disease associated with a spectrum of clinical, physiologic and pathologic manifestations; (2) although the clinical, cellular and molecular phenotype produced by the cerebral expression of the various cytokines showed some overlap, the differences were more prominent reflecting the unique actions of each cytokine; (3) these transgenic models which recapitulate many of the structural and functional impairments seen in human neurodegenerative diseases, highlight the point that cytokines, which normally function as primary regulators of the host response, also have the potential to mediate significant injury in the CNS. Therefore, these transgenic models have provided a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of the CNS pathobiology of cytokines and will no doubt offer a unique resource for the development and testing of therapies aimed at abrogating the toxic actions of these important mediators.
Transition metal complexes containing P(C6H5)(C6H4Cl-2)2. The effect of added Lewis bases as a probe for substitution reactions occurring in ambient temperature Suzuki couplings catalyzed by Pd/P(C6H5)(C6H4Cl-2)2

The reactivity of the d 8 transition metal complexes, [NiBr 2 (CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 )] and MCl 2 L 2 (M=Pd, Pt; L=CH 3 CN; L 2 =1,5-cyclooctadiene), towards P(C 6 H 5 )(C 6 H 4 Cl-2) 2 ( 1 ) was investigated. While treatment of [PdCl 2 (cod)] with 2 equiv of 1 resulted in displacement of the weakly coordinating cyclooctadiene and formation of [PdCl 2 (P(C 6 H 5 )(C 6 H 4 Cl-2) 2 ) 2 ], analogous reactions with [PtCl 2 (cod)] afforded the monosubstituted species [PtCl 2 (cod)(P(C 6 H 5 )(C 6 H 4 Cl-2) 2 )]. The disubstituted complex [PtCl 2 (P(C 6 H 5 )(C 6 H 4 Cl-2) 2 ) 2 ] was successfully obtained by treatment of [PtCl 2 (NCCH 3 ) 2 ] with 2 equiv of 1 . However, attempts to react 1 with [NiBr 2 (CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 )] were unsuccessful. The chlorinated triphenyl phosphine is quite labile and is readily displaced from [PdCl 2 (P(C 6 H 5 )(C 6 H 4 Cl-2) 2 ) 2 ] by various Lewis bases including nitrogen containing ligands such as 2,2′-bipyridine. The molecular structure of trans -[PdCl 2 (P(C 6 H 5 )(C 6 H 4 Cl-2) 2 ) 2 ] was determined by X-ray diffraction and represents the first molecular structure determination of a transition metal complex containing 1 . This complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n with a =10.3928(3) A, b =16.0102(4) A, c =13.1884(4) A, β =90.714(2)°, and Z =4. Key geometric parameters include PdCl(1) = 2.309(1) A, PdP(1)=2.334(1) A; PdP(1)C(7)=118.3(2)°, PdP(1)C(1)=115.3(2)°, C(1)C(6)Cl(2)=120.7(4)° and Cl(1)PdP(1)=85.86(4)°.
Evidence for Non-Circadian Light/Dark-Regulated Expression of Hsp70s in Spinach Leaves

Expression of six Hsp70s in spinach (Spinacia oleracea cv Longstanding Bloomsdale) leaves grown under isothermal conditions is regulated by a light/dark (L/D) mechanism distinctly different from the light-regulated mechanism for the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (cab) or small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (rbcS). Subjecting entrained plants to two or three L/D cycles within a 24-h period resulted in an equal number of oscillations in expression for five out of six 70-kD heat shock proteins (Hsp70s). Three cycles appear to be the maximum, as shorter L/D treatments do not consistently increase the number of cycles in a 24-h period. The expression response of Hsp70s to L/D is overridden by heat shock. Protein disulfide isomerase, a second molecular chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum, has an expression pattern in entrained plants that is similar to hsc70-2, the endoplasmic reticulum luminal Hsp70 binding protein. The parallel expression patterns for the various Hsp70s and protein disulfide isomerase indicate a likely general coordinate L/D regulation for molecular chaperones in plants. Multiple inductions in response to successive L/D treatments within a 24-h period in entrained plants for five of six Hsp70s support the conclusion that expression is not a consequence of circadian control, but instead is independently cued by non-circadian-mediated L/D signals where peak Hsp70 expression precedes the daily thermoperiod maximum.
Renal regulation of urea excretion in arousing and homeothermic ground squirrels (Citellus columbianus).

Abstract 1. 1. Ground squirrels arousing from torpor did not begin to produce urine until rectal temperatures had risen considerably. 2. 2. Glomerular filtration at low rectal temperatures was greatly reduced. 3. 3. The fraction of filtered urea reabsorbed by the renal tubules did not differ significantly between arousing and active squirrels over a wide range of urine flows. 4. 4. It is concluded that renal tubules of arousing hibernators are adpated to function at low body temperatures.
1004-57 Regional Left Ventricular Function by Intraventricular Ultrasound in Patients with Myocardial Infarction

Regional left ventricular (LV) dysfunction induced by ischemia/infarction is accompanied by increased end-systolic stress because the ischemic LV wall is unable to generate enough tension to contri...
A fast pulse design for parallel excitation with gridding conjugate gradient

Parallel excitation (pTx) is recognized as a crucial technique in high field MRI to address the transmit field inhomogeneity problem. However, it can be time consuming to design pTx pulses which is not desirable. In this work, we propose a pulse design with gridding conjugate gradient (CG) based on the small-tip-angle approximation. The two major time consuming matrix-vector multiplications are substituted by two operators which involves with FFT and gridding only. Simulation results have shown that the proposed method is 3 times faster than conventional method and the memory cost is reduced by 1000 times.
Advection Influences on Evapotranspiration of Alfalfa in a Semiarid Climate

Advective enhancement of crop evapotranspiration (ET) occurs when drier, hotter air is transported into the crop by wind, and can be an important factor in the water balance of irrigated crops in a semiarid climate. Thirteen days of moderate to extremely high ET rates of irrigated alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) were evaluated using energy balance and atmospheric coupling models to examine the magnitude of ET enhancement due to advection. Alfalfa ET was measured using precise, monolithic weighing lysimeters. The average ET of the selected days was 11.3 mm d -1 , with ET exceeding 15 mm d -1 on 3 d, with mean 24-h vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of 2.1 kPa and 2-m wind speed of 4.4 m s -1 . Evapotranspiration due to available energy (net radiation + soil heat flux) was fairly stable at an average of 6.6 mm d -1 whereas advected atmospheric deficits and sensible heat flux (H) added as much as 10.5 mm d -1 to ET, with H providing an average of 42% of the energy used in ET. Overnight ET losses due to continued H flux gains and VPD resulted in ET losses as large as 3.0 mm. Advective enhancement of ET plays a significant role in the water balance of the semiarid region of the southern High Plains.
The CRY1 Blue Light Photoreceptor of Arabidopsis Interacts with Phytochrome A In Vitro

Abstract Plants have at least two major photosensory receptors: phytochrome (absorbing primarily red/far-red light) and cryptochrome (absorbing blue/UV-A light); considerable physiological and genetic evidence suggests some form of communication or functional dependence between the receptors. Here, we demonstrate in vitro, using purified recombinant photoreceptors, that Arabidopsis CRY1 and CRY2 (cryptochrome) are substrates for phosphorylation by a phytochrome A–associated kinase activity. Several mutations within the CRY1 C terminus lead to reduced phosphorylation by phytochrome preparations in vitro. Yeast two-hybrid interaction studies using expressed C-terminal fragments of CRY1 and phytochrome A from Arabidopsis confirm a direct physical interaction between both photoreceptors. In vivo labeling studies and specific mutant alleles of CRY1, which interfere with the function of phytochrome, suggest the possible relevance of these findings in vivo.
SWI/SNF Chromatin-remodeling Factors: Multiscale Analyses and Diverse Functions

Chromatin-remodeling enzymes play essential roles in many biological processes, including gene expression, DNA replication and repair, and cell division. Although one such complex, SWI/SNF, has been extensively studied, new discoveries are still being made. Here, we review SWI/SNF biochemistry; highlight recent genomic and proteomic advances; and address the role of SWI/SNF in human diseases, including cancer and viral infections. These studies have greatly increased our understanding of complex nuclear processes.