cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species of the shore-fly genus Glenanthe Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae) from New Mexico.

Abstract Species of the shore-fly genus Glenanthe Haliday from New Mexico are reviewed, including description of G. buchananorum, new species (New Mexico. Chavas: Roswell (9 km E; 33°23.8′N, 104°24′W; Pecos River)). Other species reported from New Mexico are G. caribea and G. salina. A revised key to the New World species is presented.
To develop the acceptably modern. Slovenian urban landscape under socialism, 1969-1982

The creation of an intrusive neighborhood development plan by state officials is not surprising for a socialist society. In the case of Trnovo, the state’s initial 1969 development plan met with tremendous opposition, but after some giveand-take among professionals over the next 10 years was implemented in slightly modified form. Official urban planners, professionally prominent individuals, and Trnovo locals each defined themselves – and their version of Trnovo – as modern, but in mutually incompatible ways. The urban landscape that emerged was a physically diverse one, with old farmhouses competing with an expanding socialist suburbia, and this reflected competing beliefs about Trnovo, Ljubljana, and modernity. Nasilni urbanisticni nacrti za stanovanjske soseske, ki so bili plod državnih uradnikov, za socialisticno družbo niso nic presenetljivega. V primeru Trnovega je prvotni urbanisticni nacrt iz leta 1969, ki ga je izdelala državna uprava, trcil na silovit odpor. Po desetletju izmenjave mnenj in kompromisov med strokovnjaki je bila na podlagi rahlo spremenjenega nacrta soseska koncno dograjena leta 1982. Uradni urbanisti, posamicni ugledni strokovnjaki in pa prebivalci Trnovega so sebe in svojo podobo Trnovega imeli za sodobne, uskladiti troje razlicnih pogledov pa je bilo nemogoce. Urbana krajina, ki se je na koncu rodila, je bila fizicno zelo raznolika: stare kmetije so tekmovale z rastocim socialisticnim predmestjem, celotna podoba pa je odsevala razlicne poglede na Trnovo, Ljubljano in pojmovanje sodobnosti.
Anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance inconsistently predicts fatness in women with regional adiposity

Anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance inconsistently predicts fatness in women with regional adiposity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 1068-1075, 1999. This investigation examined the accuracy of several generalizable anthropometric (ANTHRO) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) regression equations to estimate % body fat (%BF) in women with either upper body (UB) or lower body (LB) fat distribution patterns. Thirty-six premenopausal women were individually matched for age (JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-199907000-00023/ENTITY_OV0398/v/2017-05-02T160931Z/r/image-png = 38.6 ± 6.6 yr), BMI (JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-199907000-00023/ENTITY_OV0398/v/2017-05-02T160931Z/r/image-png = 25.5 ± 4.2 kg·m−2) and %BF (30.3 ± 8.1%; hydrostatic, [UWW]) and placed by waist to hip ratio (WHR) into two distinct groups: LB (N = 18; WHR ≤ 0.73) and UB (N = 18; WHR ≥ 0.80). Equations tested were ANTHRO: Jackson et al. (JPW-7 and 3 site), 1980; Durnin and Womersley (DW), 1974; Tran and Weltman (TW), 1989; and Vogel et al. (V), 1988; BIA: Lohman (L), 1992; Gray et al. (G), 1989; and VanLoan and Mayclin (VLM), 1987. Circumference and skinfold measures were made by a trained technician. BIA (Vallhalla, 1990B) measures were taken 4 h postprandially under controlled conditions of water intake and exercise. %BF by UWW (criterion) was not different between groups (UB = 30.8 ± 8.2%; LB = 29.7 ± 8%). In the UB group, three of five ANTHRO equations significantly overestimated %BF by approximately 6% (range = 3-8%) as compared with UWW. BIA overestimated %BF in UB by 5% using G and in both groups by about 6% using VLM, whereas L underestimated %BF in LB by about 4%. We conclude that ANTHRO and some BIA equations are accurate for predicting %BF in LB fat "shaped" women but are not appropriate for women with primarily abdominal fat patterning.
Control of the Apple Aphid and the Rosy Apple Aphid with New Spray Chemicals

Orchard trials with new spray chemicals for thc control of the rosy apple aphid ( Anuraphis roseus Baker) and the apple aphid ( Aphis pomi De Geer) were conducted on Yellow Newtown and Red Delicious apples during 1957 and 1958. Delayed dormant sprays against eggs of the rosy apple aphid demonstrated that ethion-oil, Phostex®,(a mixture of bis (dialkyloxyphosphinothioyl) disulfides)-oil, and Trithion® ( S -( p -chlorophenylthio) methyl O,O -diethyl phosphorodithioate)-oil gave control equal to the standard oil-dinitro sprays, and did not injure thc cover crop. Foilage treatments for the rosy apple aphid in 1957 and 1958 indicated that systemic compounds, demeton, Thimet® ( O,O- diethyl S -(ethylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate), dimethoate Am. Cyanamid 18706® ( O,O - dimethyl S(N-ethyl carbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate), and Di-syston® ( O,O -diethyl S -2-(ethylthio)-ethyl phosphorodithioate) would provide good control. Diazinon® ( O,O -diethyl O - (2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothiate) was the only nonsystemic material to provide control of the rosy apple aphid. Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl S -( 4-oxo-3 H -1,2,S-benzotriazine- 3-methyl) phosphorodithioate), Sevin® (N-methyl-1-naththyl carbamate), Rohm-Haas C-140® (dimethyl carbamate of 2- dimethylaminomethylphenol hydrochloride), ethion, and Thiodan® (6,7,8,9, 10,10-hcxachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6,9,9a-hexahydro-6, 9- methano-2,4,S-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide) were not effective. Summer treatments for control of apple aphid were applied during the 1957and 1958 seasons. Apple aphid does not become a problem until June, and repeated re infestation makes control difficult. The systemic compounds Thimet, Di-syston, Am. Cyanamid 18706, and dimethoate provided the best control. Nonsystemic compounds, although reducing populations following thc application, did not prevent re infestation and rapid buildup.
Capitalism → Imperialism → War: A Modest Test of an Immodest Theory

Abstract Grounded in Marxism, the socialist theory of warfare maintains that wars occur in conformity with the following taxonomy: between capitalist states, between capitalist and socialist states, and wars of colonial resistance and liberation between capitalist states and their colonies. Socialist theory distinguishes between intervened and intervening nations in the conduct of military warfare. Military engagements are construed as interactions in which invading, attacking parties are, by definition, capitalistic. Does modern military warfare fit the three-fold typology proposed by socialist doctrine? In the course of modern warfare, do capitalist states consistently occupy the position of invader? This research empirically tests these hypotheses in an analysis of 836 wars fought from 1948 to 1967 and weighs the results against those of a simple alternative “chance-process” explanation of modem military warfare. It is shown that a random or nearly random process is as able as socialist theory to accou...
Deformities of Aquatic Larval Midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) in the Sediments of the Buffalo River, New York

We conducted an extensive survey of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of the heavily polluted Buffalo River (New York) Area of Concern (AOC), with specific emphasis on assessment of morphological deformities of aquatic larval midges (Chironomidae: Diptera). Sediments were sampled on seven occasions during 1990 - 1991, from as many as 20 sites. Abnormal mouthparts (menta) were most frequent among larvae of the genus Chironomus, occurring in 29.0% of all specimens in the Buffalo River (n = 755), and 22.4% in the adjacent Ship Canal (n = 98). Individual sites in the downstream section of the river yielded even higher deformity frequencies; 36.9% (n = 84), 48.1% (n = 27), and 66.7% (n = 9). The frequencies of abnormalities in this genus at all sites within the AOC were well above levels normally observed (0 - 3%) at non-industrial sites. Additionally, abnormal mouthparts (ligulae) were seen in 3.1% of larvae of the genus Procladius (n = 1,677). While individual downstream samples of Procladius were occasionally as much as 15.4% abnormal (n = 26), this genus was much less prone to morphological deformities than Chironomus. Abnormal menta were also noted in the genera Polypedilum, Cryptochironomus, and Dicrotendipes, but were infrequent. Community parameters such as richness and diversity of the chironomid fauna, and the prevalence of oligochaetes, provide further evidence of decreased environmental quality within the downstream reaches of the Buffalo River. The data presented here provide one biologically relevant measure against which to gauge the effectiveness of pollution abatement strategies within the AOC.
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors Attenuate β-Amyloid-Induced Microglial Inflammatory Responses

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular deposits of fibrillar β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain, a fulminant microglial-mediated inflammatory reaction, and neuronal death. The use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) is associated with a reduced risk of AD, which has been attributed to the cholesterol-lowering actions of these drugs. Statins have been reported recently to have anti-inflammatory actions in addition to their classic lipid-lowering effects. We report that statins robustly inhibited the Aβ-stimulated expression of interleukin-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide by microglia and monocytes. Statin treatment also blocked the rac1-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase and superoxide production. The anti-inflammatory actions of the statins were attributable to their ability to reduce the levels of isoprenyl intermediates in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. The effect of statins could not be reversed by exogenous cholesterol supplementation, indicating that the anti-inflammatory actions are distinct from their cholesterol-lowering actions. The addition of the isoprenyl precursors, mevalonic acid, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) attenuated the statin-mediated downregulation of inflammatory markers. Prevention of protein isoprenylation by the GGpp transferase inhibitor (GGTI-286) or inhibition of Rho-family function with Clostridium difficile Toxin A blocked the inflammatory response similar to the effect of statin treatment. We argue that the statin-mediated decrease in AD risk arises from their pleiotropic actions, effecting a reduction in neuronal Aβ production and microglia-directed inflammation.
Comments on the article "On evaluating molecular-docking methods for pose prediction and enrichment factors".

The recent article “On Evaluating Molecular-Docking Methods for Pose Prediction and Enrichment Factors” (Chen H. et al. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2006, 46, 401−415) contains a series of comments on a similar study we published in Proteins in 2004 (Perola et. al. Proteins 2004, 56, 235−249). We believe that some of those comments are misleading, and we feel that an adequate response is in order.
Globalization, Structural Adjustment, and Pressure to Conform: Contesting Labor Law Reform in Egypt

This article examines the decade-long contentious encounter between the Egyptian regime and Egyptian organized labor over changes in the labor law. I examine why an authoritarian regime which was often willing to deploy violence against its opponents encountered such difficulties in pushing through one of the central components of Egypt's structural adjustment program. I argue that Egyptian organized labor was able to influence the process of economic restructuring in general and reform of the labor code in particular because in the decades prior to the initiation of reforms in the 1990s, unions were able to acquire important resources. These resources included legal prerogatives, a degree of financial autonomy from the state as well as experience gained from previous contentious encounters with the state. These resources in turn allowed them to shape policy debates once the structural adjustment program commenced.
Assignments of the chemical shifts of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of some 2-methyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxy/dihydroxyphenylethyl)-4-quinazolones

The 13C nmr chemical shifts of a series of 2-methyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxy/dihydroxyphenylethyl)-4-quinazolones are reported. The carbon resonances have been assigned on the basis of chemical shift theory, intensity of the signals, multiplicities generated in SFORD spectra and the comparison with the structurally related compounds.
Estimation of Muscle Contraction Forces and Joint Reaction Forces at the Low Back and Shoulder during Drywall Installation

Construction workers performing drywall installation are exposed to a variety of ergonomic hazards, including heavy material handling, repetitive motions and awkward postures. The rates of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders among drywall installers are very high, especially at the low back and shoulder. The unique characteristics of the work environment in the construction industry do not allow for applying objective ergonomic assessment instruments. Thus, biomechanical models and computer simulations were combined for a more comprehensive evaluation of ergonomic hazards. Utilizing Monte- Carlo simulation to generate the input for biomechanical models based on information from PATH (Posture, Activity, Tools, and Handling), a work-sampling based approach, the present study estimated the required muscle contraction forces and joint reaction forces at the low back and shoulder during a simulated 8-hour drywall installation workday. The results of this study also provided a database for future evaluations of ergonomic interventions on drywall installation work.
Autoimmune interstitial nephritis and hepatitis in polyglandular autoimmune syndrome

A 6-year-old female with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I, chronic active hepatitis, and renal failure is described. The renal biopsy demonstrated advanced tubulointerstitial disease with antibodies directed against tubular basement membranes. The patient's serum contained circulating antibodies directed against both renal and hepatic parenchyma. Renal disease culminating in renal failure and anti-tubular basement membrane disease have not been previously reported in association with polyglandular autoimmune disease. We describe for the first time a patient with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, chronic active hepatitis, circulating antibodies directed against both renal and hepatic parenchyma, and primary tubulointerstitial disease culminating in renal failure.
A Helmholtz energy equation of state for calculating the thermodynamic properties of fluid mixtures

A new approach has been developed for calculating the properties of mixtures based on an equation of state explicit in reduced Helmholtz energy. This approach allows for the representation of the thermodynamic properties over a wide range of fluid states and is based on highly accurate equations of state for the pure components combined at the reduced temperature and density of the mixture. The reducing parameters used for temperature and density depend on composition. For simple mixtures (those that closely follow Raoult's law), a very accurate representation of all thermodynamic properties has been achieved with relatively simple functions. For nonideal mixtures, the reducing functions for density and temperature were modified, and a departure function was added to the equation of state. Generally, the model is able to represent liquid and vapor states with uncertainties of 0.1% in density, 1% in heat capacities and 1% in bubble point pressures if experimental data of comparable uncertainties exist. Two applications of the mixture model concepts were developed independently by the authors in the United States and Germany over the same time period. These applications include the development of individual equations for each binary system and a generalization of the model which is valid for a wide variety of mixtures. The individual approaches are presented with an explanation of the similarities and differences. Although the paper focuses mainly on binary systems, some results for ternary mixtures are also presented.
Tetanus Immunity in Long-Term Care Facilities

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlates of tetanus immunity in the elderly residing in a long-term care facility in Hawaii. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: A nursing home in Honolulu, Hawaii. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty subjects aged 65 and older: 30 men and 30 women. MEASUREMENTS: The interview included demographic information, immunization history, military service information, and other potential risk factors for tetanus. Serum tetanus antibody titers were measured. RESULTS: The data showed that 76.7% (46/60) had adequate tetanus titers. This is in stark contrast to previous studies, which have reported immunity rates of 27% to 46% in similar populations. There were significant associations between immunity and prior history of military service. There were no significant associations between immunity and past history of immunization, education, socioeconomic status, or sex. CONCLUSION: History of immunization from patients, families, or medical charts may be unreliable indicators of tetanus immunity. Recognizing patterns of and barriers to immunization could have important consequences for public health policy in long-term care institutions.
From “Blighted” to “Historic”: Race, Economic Development, and Historic Preservation in San Diego, California

Using the example of three buildings in San Diego, the author examines the negotiations between city officials and local residents over competing images of race and history. He shows how the outcomes of these negotiations are used to support and legitimate economic development and historic preservation policies. His main point is that although policies are depicted as race neutral, the results are often racialized. This happens because of the tendency of routine, institutional processes to recognize the history of White communities rather than those of racial minorities, contributing to whiteness. As part of the process of racial formation, activists counter labels of minority neighborhoods as "blighted" and "slums" with the view that they are attractive centers of business, culture, and tourism.
Suppression of oxidative phosphorylation in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells deficient in apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease

The mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an essential DNA repair/gene regulatory protein. Decrease of APE1 in cells by inducible shRNA knockdown or by conditional gene knockout caused apoptosis. Here we succeeded in establishing a unique mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) line expressing APE1 at a level far lower than those achieved with shRNA knockdown. The cells, named MEF(la) (MEF(lowAPE1)), were hypersensitive to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and showed little activity for repairing AP-sites and MMS induced DNA damage. While these results were consistent with the essential role of APE1 in repair of AP sites, the MEF(la) cells grew normally and the basal activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in MEF(la) was lower than that in the wild-type MEF (MEF(wt)), indicating the low DNA damage stress in MEF(la) under the normal growth condition. Oxidative phosphorylation activity in MEF(la) was lower than in MEF(wt), while the glycolysis rates in MEF(la) were higher than in MEF(wt). In addition, we observed decreased intracellular oxidative stress in MEF(la). These results suggest that cells with low APE1 reversibly suppress mitochondrial respiration and thereby reduce DNA damage stress and increases the cell viability.
Stability Analysis of the Quasidiffusion Method on Periodic Heterogeneous 1D Transport Problems

We study the convergence of the quasidiffusion (QD) method on one-dimensional spatially periodic heterogeneous problems. The QD method is a nonlinear projection-iterative method. A Fourier analysis of the linearized QD equations is performed. The convergence rates of the QD method in the vicinity of the solution are obtained. We also analyze the Second Moment (SM) method, which can be interpreted as a linear version of the QD method. The presented analysis gives a new insight on the convergence behavior of the QD method in a discretized form and reveals the differences in the convergence of the QD and SM methods. Numerical results are presented to confirm theoretical predictions.
Clonal analysis of the differentiation potential of human adipose-derived adult stem cells

Pools of human adipose-derived adult stem (hADAS) cells can exhibit multiple differentiated phenotypes under appropriate in vitro culture conditions. Because adipose tissue is abundant and easily accessible, hADAS cells offer a promising source of cells for tissue engineering and other cell-based therapies. However, it is unclear whether individual hADAS cells can give rise to multiple differentiated phenotypes or whether each phenotype arises from a subset of committed progenitor cells that exists within a heterogeneous population. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that single hADAS are multipotent at a clonal level. hADAS cells were isolated from liposuction waste, and ring cloning was performed to select cells derived from a single progenitor cell. Forty-five clones were expanded through four passages and then induced for adipogenesis, osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and neurogenesis using lineage-specific differentiation media. Quantitative differentiation criteria for each lineage were determined using histological and biochemical analyses. Eighty one percent of the hADAS cell clones differentiated into at least one of the lineages. In addition, 52% of the hADAS cell clones differentiated into two or more of the lineages. More clones expressed phenotypes of osteoblasts (48%), chondrocytes (43%), and neuron-like cells (52%) than of adipocytes (12%), possibly due to the loss of adipogenic ability after repeated subcultures. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hADAS cells are a type of multipotent adult stem cell and not solely a mixed population of unipotent progenitor cells. However, it is important to exercise caution in interpreting these results until they are validated using functional in vivo assays.
The Rise of Gospel Blues: The Music of Thomas Andrew Dorsey in the Urban Church

Thomas A. Dorsey, also known as 'Georgia Tom', had considerable success in the 1920's as a pianist, composer, and arranger for prominent blues singers including Ma Rainey. In the late 1930s, Dorsey became involved in African-American old-line Protestant churches, where his background in the blues greatly influenced his composing and singing. At first these 'respectable' Chicago churches rejected this new form, partially because of the unseemly reputation blues performance had, but more because of the excitement that gospel blues produced in the church congregation. A controversy developed between two conflicting visions; one segment idealized an institution that nurtured a distinct African-American religion and culture, the other saw the church as a means by which African Americans would assimilate into American Christianity and the dominant Anglo-American culture. However, by the end of the 1930s the former group prevailed by the power of the music. From that time on, gospel blues became a major force in African-American churches and religion.
Geoarchaeological analysis of an acheulean site at Kalambo Falls, Zambia

Acheulean sites are commonly recovered from sandy channel contexts, particularly in Africa. These sites frequently contain impressive concentrations of artifacts dominated by typical Acheulean large bifacial artifacts (‘handaxes,’ etc.). Possible influences of fluvial sedimentary processes in Acheulean site formation are explored through consideration of sedimentary context and detailed analysis of relevant artifact assemblage characteristics in part of a major Acheulean ‘Floor’ at Kalambo Falls, Zambia. The Kalambo Falls patterns are analyzed here with regard to influences of behavioral and natural processes in their formation, and are compared to those observed in Acheulean horizons at Montagu Cave, South Africa. Spatial concentration of bifaces and paucity of debitage at many Acheulean sites may be due largely to fluvial disturbance and winnowing, although a hominid preoccupation with large bifacial tools may be a bona fide behavior pattern at some sites. Better control over sedimentary context is necessary to elucidate the range of behaviorally-produced patterns at Acheulean sites.
Occurrence ofErwinia carotovora in the rhizosphere of cotton plants which escape verticillium wilt

Thirty-five representative gram-positive and 180 gram-negative strains of bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of Acala cotton plants which had escaped verticillium wilt. The gram-negative strains were divided into 9 groups on the basis of the oxidase test, anaerobic fermentation of glucose, 3-ketoglycoside formation, catalase, and fluorescent pigment formation. Most of these organisms wereE. carotovora types.In vitro antagonism toward Verticillium was exhibited by many of the soft-rotting organisms and several of the others. Dipping cotton seeds in a suspension of one antagonistic Agrobacterium strain or amending soil with a bacteria-carrot mixture prior to planting reduced the incidence and severity of verticillium wilt.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Silica Nanoparticles Grafted with Poly(ethylene oxide) Oligomer Chains

A molecular model of silica nanoparticles grafted with poly(ethylene oxide) oligomers has been developed for predicting the transport properties of nanoparticle organic-hybrid materials (NOHMs). Ungrafted silica nanoparticles in a medium of poly(ethylene oxide) oligomers were also simulated to clarify the effect of grafting on the dynamics of nanoparticles and chains. The model approximates nanoparticles as solid spheres and uses a united-atom representation for chains, including torsional and bond-bending interactions. The calculated viscosities from Green–Kubo relationships and temperature extrapolation are of the same order of magnitude as experimental data but show a smaller activation energy relative to real NOHMs systems. Grafted systems have higher viscosities, smaller diffusion coefficients, and slower chain dynamics than the ungrafted ones at high temperatures. At lower temperatures, grafted systems exhibit faster dynamics for both nanoparticles and chains relative to ungrafted systems, because o...
Optimal impulsive control of relative satellite motion

The periodic orbit/Floquet theory solution to relative satellite motion is extended to include optimal two-impulse stationkeeping about a specified natural solution. Simulations of this method are performed in a model including the entire geopotential through order 14, as well as air drag. For a cluster roughly 4 km across at an orbital altitude of 637 km, and at an inclination of about 57 deg, closed-loop maneuver requirements of <1 cm/s per day are achievable for up to one week. Departure of the numerical integration from the periodic orbit/Floquet theory model causes maneuver requirements to increase near the end of the simulation time. Most of the maneuvering is performed to maintain in-track spacing, and a better treatment of the in-track dynamics may lower maneuver requirements further.
The first in vivo observation of (13)C-(15)N coupling in mammalian brain.

Abstract [5- 13 C, 15 N]Glutamine, with 1 J ( 13 C– 15 N) of 16 Hz, was observed in vivo in the brain of spontaneously breathing rats by 13 C MRS at 4.7 T. The brain [5- 13 C]glutamine peak consisted of the doublet from [5- 13 C, 15 N]glutamine and the center [5- 13 C, 14 N]glutamine peak, resulting in an apparent triplet with a separation of 8 Hz. The time course of formation of brain [5- 13 C, 15 N]glutamine was monitored in vivo with a time resolution of 20–35 min. This [5- 13 C, 15 N]glutamine was formed by glial uptake of released neurotransmitter [5- 13 C]glutamate and its reaction with 15 NH 3 catalyzed by the glia-specific glutamine synthetase. The neurotransmitter glutamate C5 was selectively 13 C-enriched by intravenous [2,5- 13 C]glucose infusion to 13 C-label whole-brain glutamate C5, followed by [ 12 C]glucose infusion to chase 13 C from the small and rapidly turning-over glial glutamate pool, leaving 13 C mainly in the neurotransmitter [5- 13 C]glutamate pool, which is sequestered in vesicles until release. Hence, the observed [5- 13 C, 15 N]glutamine arises from a coupling between 13 C of neuronal origin and 15 N of glial origin. Measurement of the rate of brain [5- 13 C, 15 N]glutamine formation provides a novel noninvasive method of studying the kinetics of neurotransmitter uptake into glia in vivo , a process that is crucial for protecting the brain from glutamate excitotoxicity.
Fluorescence properties of lipoprotein B and apolipoprotein B

Abstract The fluorescence properties of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in various media, including aqueous solutions of three different pH, 6 m urea, 6 m guanidine-HCl and native lipoprotein B (LP-B) particles have been compared by measuring the accessibility of trytophan side chains to iodide ions. The modified Stern-Volmer plots ( FΔF vs. 1/[KI]) for LP-B demonstrate heterogeneity of quenching rates at pH 9.0, with a total accessibility of fluorescence to iodide of 43%. At pH 7.3, the total accessibility of LP-B fluorescence to iodide is only 20%. Quenching at pH 2.7 follows a pure Stern-Volmer mechanism. A straight line at this pH intercepting y-axis at 1.0 indicates 100% accessibility of tryptophan residues in LP-B. These results suggest that there are at least three different groups of tryptophan residues present per intact LP-B particle and that each group is situated in a different environment. One group, showing an enhanced quenching rate, is probably near the charged domain; another group, showing a slower quenching rate, is in a relatively hindered environment, and a third group is probably buried in a more hydrophobic environment, inaccessible to iodide at neutral or high pH. But at pH 2.7, all tryptophan residues appear to become situated closer to the surface of the LP-B particle. For isolated ApoB at pH 7.3 and 9.0 in aqueous buffer, about 30% of the fluorescence is relatively easily accessible; another 40% is less easily accessible and the remaining 30% is inaccessible to iodide. These inaccessible tryptophan residues are most likely located in a more hydrophobic matrix and probably in the β-pleated sheet region of ApoB. Similarly to LP-B at pH 2.7, all of the tryptophan residues of ApoB are exposed to the aqueous surface except that one third of them are quenched at a faster rate than the rest. At pH 7.3, in the presence of urea or guanidine-HCl, all of the fluorescence of ApoB is exposed to the aqueous surface, suggesting the presence of random and nonrigid conformation in these media. These results suggest that the conformation of ApoB in aqueous media is pH sensitive. This is true whether the ApoB is present in intact LP-B or as the isolated apolipoprotein. Furthermore, upon removal of lipids from LP-B and passing the ApoB into a denaturing environment, the apolipoprotein loses its ordered structure. When passing ApoB from denaturing agents back to aqueous buffers of neutral or basic pH. ApoB is able to reorient itself to gain an ordered structure, not necessarily identical to that in LP-B, but parallel to it.
Epigenetic regulation of neuronal dendrite and dendritic spine development.

Dendrites and the dendritic spines of neurons play key roles in the connectivity of the brain and have been recognized as the locus of long-term synaptic plasticity, which is correlated with learning and memory. The development of dendrites and spines in the mammalian central nervous system is a complex process that requires specific molecular events over a period of time. It has been shown that specific molecules are needed not only at the spine’s point of contact, but also at a distance, providing signals that initiate a cascade of events leading to synapse formation. The specific molecules that act to signal neuronal differentiation, dendritic morphology, and synaptogenesis are tightly regulated by genetic and epigenetic programs. It has been shown that the dendritic spine structure and distribution are altered in many diseases, including many forms of mental retardation (MR), and can also be potentiated by neuronal activities and an enriched environment. Because dendritic spine pathologies are found in many types of MR, it has been proposed that an inability to form normal spines leads to the cognitive and motor deficits that are characteristic of MR. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and the noncoding RNA-mediated process, have profound regulatory roles in mammalian gene expression. The study of epigenetics focuses on cellular effects that result in a heritable pattern of gene expression without changes to genomic encoding. Despite extensive efforts to understand the molecular regulation of dendrite and spine development, epigenetic mechanisms have only recently been considered. In this review, we will focus on epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the development and maturation of dendrites and spines. We will discuss how epigenetic alterations could result in spine abnormalities that lead to MR, such as is seen in fragile X and Rett syndromes. We will also discuss both general methodology and recent technological advances in the study of neuronal dendrites and spines.
SU-FF-J-49: Dose Comparsion of MVCB and Orthogonal Pair Portal Images

Purpose: To evaluate the delivered patient doses resulting from MVCB(Mega‐Voltage Cone Beam)and ORTH(orthogonal pairs)portal imaging techniques, and report dose per MU(cGy/MU)and absolute dose(cGy)at isocenter, max dose, and mean doses to the target and critical organs.Method and Material: Both image techniques are based on a Siemens 6 MV LINAC equipped with an A‐Si flat panel and dose calculation done on a Pinnacle 3DRTP system. The ORTH technique was simulated by two orthogonal beams, total 6 MUs and 20cm×20cm field size. The MVCB technique was delivered with a 200° arc beam, total 9 MUs and the same field size. 30 patients representing 6 treatment sites were analyzed. Calculated doses were reported for max dose in patient, dose at the isocenter, and mean doses to target and critical organs.Results: For the cGy/MU analysis, the value at isocenter was similar. The difference of max dose was greater in pelvis and abdomen. The mean dose in normal lung or contralateral breast differed greater than other critical organs. In contrast, the dose difference in the target or critical organs close to isocenter was very small. The absolute dose difference and 2D absolute dose distributions are shown. The high dose area for ORTH technique is located at the proximal corner of rectangular areas intersected by the two beams but anteriorly for MVCB due to the anterior arc, and contributes more dose to anterior organs like normal lung and contralateral breast. Conclusions: From our analysis, high dose region generated by MVCB is shown inside the critical organs, and tends to be larger compared to the ORTH technique. Due to the potential biological effects, the extra dose burden to the critical structures should be monitored carefully. This study provides a quantitative analysis and suggests the number of projections and total MUs are the most important factors for the MVCB technique.
The conserved HR domain of the Drosophila Suppressor 2 of zeste [Su(z)2] and murine bmi-1 proteins constitutes a locus-specific chromosome binding domain

The related Drosophila Suppressor 2 of zeste [Su(z)2] and Posterior sex combs (Psc) proteins are both locus-specific chromosome binding proteins. They are found at many of the same polytene chromosome loci as other Polycomb-group proteins. The 1,365 amino acid Su(z)2 protein and the 1,603 amino acid Psc protein share a conserved 200 amino acid domain, the homology region (HR). To identify the protein domain responsible for locus-specific chromosome binding, we made a series of Hsp70:cDNA deletion constructs of the Sz(z)2 gene and transformed these into flies. We found that the HR is necessary and sufficient for Su(z)2 locus-specific polytene chromosome binding. The murine Bmi-1 protein also shares the conserved HR domain. When expressed in flies, the Bmi-1 protein showed a locus-specific chromosome binding pattern similar to that of the Su(z)2 and Psc proteins. These results argue that a locus-specific chromosome binding function resides in the HR domain. Other results show that a second, low affinity, non-specific chromosome binding function is localized outside the HR in the Su(z)2 protein, and that the Su(z)2 protein contains at least two nuclear localization signals.
Parathyroid glands and calcium and phosphate regulation in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

Abstract Serum calcium and phosphate values were measured in parathyroidectomized and sham-operated lizards, Anolis carolinensis . The parathyroidectomized animals showed significant hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, which were accompanied by tetanic convulsions. Parathyroid extract reversed these symptoms in parathyroidectomized animals, eliminating tetanic seizures and returning the serum calcium and phosphate values to nearnormal. When similar doses of parathyroid extract were adminstered to sham-operated animals, there was no significant change in serum calcium or phosphate concentrations, although there was a trend toward hypercalcemia.
Role of amplification in phospholipase Cγ2 activation in modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori: effect of ghrelin

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes are crucial elements of signal transduction pathways that provide a common link of communication integrating specific receptor responses to a variety of hormones, growth factors, and bacterial endotoxins with the intended intracellular targets. Here, we examined the involvement of PLC in modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori LPS by peptide hormone, ghrelin. We show that stimulation of gastric mucosal cells with the LPS leads to the activation and membrane translocation of the γ2 isoform of PLC, phosphorylated on Tyr as well as Ser, while the effect of ghrelin is reflected in the translocation and phosphorylation of membrane-associated PLCγ2 on Tyr mainly. Moreover, we demonstrate that PLCγ2 phosphorylation on Tyr remains under the control of the Src family protein tyrosine kinases (SFK-PTKs), and is intimately linked to PLCγ2 membrane localization, while the LPS-induced phosphorylation of membrane-recruited PLCγ2 on Ser displays dependence on protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) and leads to the amplification in PLCγ2 activation. Thus, our findings link the extent of H. pylori-elicited gastric mucosal inflammatory involvement to the PKCδ-mediated amplification in PLCγ2 activation through phosphorylation on Ser.
Simultaneous microdetermination of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur

Abstract We have developed an excellent method for the simultaneous microgravimetric determination of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur or sulfur alone. The system is ideally suited for simultaneous determinations, and work is now in progress for the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and chlorine, and carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine by a similar type procedure.
Temperature dependence of semiconducting and structural properties of Cr‐Si thin films

Electrical and structural properties of coevaporated Cr‐Si thin alloy films and bilayer Cr/Si films as a function of annealing temperature from 10 to 1000 °K have been studied by in situ electrical resistivity and Hall measurements, and structural analysis including MeV 4He+ ion backscattering, x‐ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy combined with Ar sputtering, electron microprobe, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the as‐deposited state, the coevaporated alloy film was amorphous. Upon annealing, a sharp increase in resistivity occurred near 270 °C and the increase has been determined to be amorphous to crystalline CrSi2 phase transformation. The resistivity increased further with annealing up to 550 °C then a gradual decrease took place beyond 600 °C. In cooling, the resistivity increased monotonically with decreasing temperature. For the bilayer Cr/Si films, the annealing behavior is similar except the sharp increase in resistivity occurred around 450 °C due to the formation ...
Dantrolene downregulates the gene expression and activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway in septic skeletal muscle.

Abstract Background. In previous studies, dantrolene prevented sepsis-induced muscle proteolysis, but the influence of dantrolene on the expression and activity of the ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway is not known. In addition, the role of glucocorticoids in the anabolic effect of dantrolene is not well understood. Methods. Sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Other rats underwent sham-operation. Groups of rats were treated with dantrolene (10 mg/kg) administered 2 h before and 8 h after sham-operation or CLP. Sixteen hours after sham-operation or CLP, mRNA levels for ubiquitin, the ubiquitin ligase E3α, and the 20S proteasome subunit C3 were determined by dot-blot analysis. In additional experiments, the effect of dantrolene on protein degradation was tested in L6 myotubes cultured in the absence or presence of dexamethasone. Results. Treatment of rats with dantrolene prevented the sepsis-induced increase in mRNA levels for ubiquitin, the ubiquitin ligase E3α, and the 20S proteasome subunit C3. In additional experiments, treatment of cultured myotubes with dantrolene reduced protein degradation in both the absence and the presence of dexamethasone. Conclusions. The results suggest that dantrolene can prevent sepsis-induced activation of the ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway in skeletal muscle and that dantrolene reduces muscle protein degradation independent of glucocorticoids.
Lack of Responsiveness of a Nuclear Factor-κB-Regulated Promoter to Transactivation by Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Tat in HeLa Cells

Abstract Transcriptional activation by Tat protein is in large part dependent on interactions with the TAR RNA element located in the 5′-untranslated region of all human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcripts. In addition, Tat has been shown to induce nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), potentially contributing to gene induction. The NF-κB responsive reporter construct, (PRDII) 4 -CAT, was used to explore transcription resulting from NF-κB activated by Tat. Tat did not activate (PRDII) 4 -CAT, whereas (PRDII) 4 -CAT was highly responsive to either transfected Rel A or to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Despite its inability to directly induce, Tat enhanced the responsiveness of (PRDII) 4 -CAT to either transfected Rel A or to TNF-α by ∼2.5-fold. High levels of CAT activity were seen with HIV-LTR-derived reporters that contained κB and TAR elements in response to transfected Tat in the absence of either transfected Rel A or exogenous TNF-α, and overexpression of IκBα with Tat inhibited CAT activity by 60% to 80%, suggesting that some activation of NF-κB by Tat was occurring. HIV-LTR reporter activities were enhanced three fold to sixfold compared with Tat alone when additional NF-κB was provided by transfection or by activation with TNF-α. These data indicate that Tat is unable to activate some NF-κB-responsive promoters but is able to synergize with NF-κB in the activation of both HIV-derived and non-HIV-derived promoters.
Bush accused of pressuring countries to stop producing generic drugs.

The United States has come under fire for pressuring developing countries to give up their right to produce cheap, generic anti-AIDS medicines in return for bilateral trade agreements that strengthen protection of costlier, brand name drugs. Nobel economics laureate Joseph Stiglitz joined advocacy groups Oxfam and Medecins Sans Frontieres this month in criticising Washington for bowing to industry pressure by pursuing a policy the groups say could prevent millions of AIDS patients in …
Comparison between visual scene displays and exchange-based communication in augmentative and alternative communication for children with ASD

Visual scene displays are a novel type of augmentative and alternative communication that has recently been investigated as an alternative to traditional, grid-based systems. However, most of the limited research on visual scene displays has focused on typically developing populations. In addition, a limited range of communicative functions has been explored (i.e., requests). This study sought to expand on the existing literature on visual scene displays by investigating the differential impact that visual scene displays versus traditional, grid-based systems have on the number of spontaneous comments and correct answers to questions made by two male, preschool children with autism. The participants in the current study were exposed to two conditions during the reading of a book—a visual scene display condition and an exchange-based communication system. The results indicated that visual scene displays may have second effects on children who display echoic and matching-to-sample skills prior to being exposed to a visual scene display.
A Trilevel Interaction Design Model for Pilot Part-Task Training*:

Development of effective, scenario-driven training exercises requires both an instructional design and a delivery system that match the subject domain and needs of the students. The Training Research Team at Los Alamos National Laboratory conducts research and development of prototype training systems. One of the Team's efforts is a joint research project, supported with funding and behavioral science guidance from the Army Research Institute, to develop a prototype part-task trainer for student helicopter pilots. The Team designed a ''trilevel interaction'' model and a Level III interactive videodisc delivery system for this project. The model, founded on instructional and psychological theory, should be transferable to other domains where part-task training is appropriate.
Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Posterior Cerebral Artery: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

A case of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the posterior cerebral artery with classic presumptive angiographical findings is presented, and the literature pertaining to FMD of the cervical arteries is reviewed. The focal neurological findings and characteristic changing pattern seen on sequential brain scans clearly associate the presence of this lesion to cerebral infarction. Various proposed etiologies and the characteristic pathological and radiological appearance of FMD are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the potential for this lesion to produce significant clinical sequelae, and on the relationship between FMD and the presence of intracranial aneurysms. The natural history and proper treatment remain uncertain; however, the general impression is for slow progression of existing lesions associated with development of new lesions in other locations.
Social influences as explanations for substance use differences among Asian-American and European-American adolescents.

Abstract The present study examines the social influences in the Asian-American and European-American adolescent environment to provide a greater understanding of effect of ethnic differences on the prevalence of substance abuse. Participants were 957 Asialn-American and 3705 European-American seventh grade adolescents. It was found that Asian-American students were less likely to use alcohol and cigarettes, and had a more abstinence-promoting environment than European-American adolescents. This difference in Asian-American adolescents appeared to be the result of less adult and peer influence to use alcohol or cigarettes, less offers of alcohol, and an increased likelihood of having an intact family when compared to European-American adolescents. Additionally, Asian-American adolescents reported having fewer friends and spending less time with their friends than European-American adolescents. It was concluded that social influences play an important role in explaining why Asian-American adolescents have ...