cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term Risk of Glaucoma After Congenital Cataract Surgery

Purpose To report the long-term risk of glaucoma development in children following congenital cataract surgery. Design Retrospective interventional consecutive case series. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 62 eyes of 37 children who underwent congenital cataract surgery when Results The median age of surgery was 2.0 months and the median follow-up after cataract surgery was 7.9 years (range, 3.2-23.5 years). Nine eyes (14.5%) developed glaucoma a median of 4.3 months after cataract surgery and an additional 16 eyes (25.8%) were diagnosed as glaucoma suspects a median of 8.0 years after cataract surgery. The probability of an eye's developing glaucoma was estimated to be 19.5% (95% CI: 10.0%-36.1%) by 10 years after congenital cataract surgery. When the probability of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect were combined, the risk increased to 63.0% (95% CI: 43.6%-82.3%). Conclusions Long-term monitoring of eyes after congenital cataract surgery is important because we estimate that nearly two thirds of these eyes will develop glaucoma or become glaucoma suspects by 10 years after cataract surgery.
Anaphylaxis to carboplatin--a new platinum chemotherapeutic agent.

Hypersensitivity to platinum is well established among refinery workers inhaling complex salts of platinum. Platinum-specific IgE by RAST has been demonstrated, and challenging the skin, nose, and lung with platinum salts produces typical type I reactions in sensitized individuals. ‘. ’ Immunologic sensitization to platinum has been reported with the cytotoxic agent, cisplatin.3 A new drug containing platinum, carboplatin, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989 for salvage treatment of ovarian cancer (Fig. I). We present a patient who tolerated eight courses of cisplatin but experienced an anaphylactic reaction shortly after beginning her second course of carboplatin.
A method of calculation of a guniting flame

A physicomathematical model and a method of calculation of the guniting flame making it possible to calculate the basic characteristics of flame guniting — combustion of the fuel and heating of the refractory — have been developed.
Radioprotective Effect of Magnesium Pemoline: A Comparison with Pemoline and Dextroamphetamine

Magnesium pemoline, a central nervous system stimulant, is found to have a significant protective effect against ionizing radiations. Experimental results show that this drug is more potent than pemoline alone in exhibiting this radioprotective effect, and that dextroamphetamine does not possess this property. It is suggested that magnesium hydroxide, a component of magnesium pemoline, might enhance the absorption of pemoline to produce a more significant effect than when pemoline alone [without Mg(OH) 2 ] is used. The mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed, but no explanations are offered.
Relationship of estimated dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish with peripheral nerve function after adjusting for mercury exposure

Background Some clinical studies have suggested that ingestion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has neuroprotective effects on peripheral nerve function. However, few epidemiological studies have examined the effect of dietary n-3 PUFA intake from fish consumption on peripheral nerve function, and none have controlled for co-occurrence of methylmercury exposure from fish consumption.
Rethinking Homeostasis: Allostatic Regulation in Physiology and Pathophysiology

Homeostasis, a key concept in biology, refers to the tendency toward stability in the various bodily states that make up the internal environment. Examples include temperature regulation and oxygen consumption. The body's needs, however, do not remain constant. When an organism is under stress, the central nervous system works with the endocrine system to use resources to maintain the overall viability of the organism. The process accelerates the various systems' defenses of bodily viability, but can violate short-term homeostasis. This allostatic regulation highlights our ability to anticipate, adapt to, and cope with impending future events. In Rethinking Homeostasis, Jay Schulkin defines and explores many aspects of allostasis, including the wear and tear on tissues and accelerated pathophysiology caused by allostatic overload. Focusing on the concept of motivation and its relationship to the central nervous system function and specific hormonal systems, he applies a neuroendocrine perspective to central motive states such as cravings for water, sodium, food, sex, and drugs. He examines in detail the bodily consequences of the behavioral and neuroendocrine regulation of fear and adversity, the endocrine regulation of normal and preterm birth, and the effects of drug addiction on the body. Schulkin's presentation of allostasis lays the foundation for further study.
Randomised, controlled, community-level HIV-prevention intervention for sexual-risk behaviour among homosexual men in US cities

Summary Background Community-level interventions may be helpful in population-focused HIV prevention. If members of populations at risk of HIV infection who are popular with other members can be engaged to advocate the benefits of behaviour change to peers, decreases in risk behaviour may be possible. We assessed a community-level intervention to lower the risk of HIV infection, focusing on men patronising gay bars in eight small US cities. Methods We used a randomised community-level field design. Four cities received the intervention and four control cities did not. Participants were men from each city who went to gay bars. Men completed surveys about their sexual behaviour on entering the bars during 3-night periods at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. In the control cities, HIV educational materials were placed in the bars. In the intervention cities, we recruited popular homosexual men in the community and trained them to spread behaviour-change endorsements and recommendations to their peers through conversation. Findings Population-level rates of risk behaviour decreased significantly in the intervention cities compared with the control cities at 1-year follow-up, after exclusion of surveys completed by transients and men with exclusive sexual partners. In a city-level analysis, in the intervention cities we found a reduction in the mean frequency of unprotected anal intercourse during the previous 2 months (baseline 1·68 occasions; follow-up 0·59; p=0·04) and an increase in the mean percentage of occasions of anal intercourse protected by condoms (baseline 44·7%; follow-up 66·8%, p=0·02). Increased numbers of condoms taken from dispensers in intervention-city bars corroborated risk-behaviour self-reports. Interpretation Popular and well-liked members of a community who systematically endorse and recommend risk-reduction behaviour can influence the sexual-risk practices of others in their social networks. Natural styles of communication, such as conversations, brought about population-level changes in risk behaviour.
Congressional support for unions' positions across diverse legislation

Organized labor has become increasingly active in national politics. This development has encouraged research into union political activities, particularly in the area of legislative politics. But little research has been published on the basis of congressional support for union positions on diverse public policy items. This paper has examined the correlates of congressional support for unions’ positions across 33 roll-call votes taken in the first session of the 98th Congress. Empirical analyses suggest that certain factors, such as legislators’ party affiliation and constituents’ ideology, are consistent correlates of such support across diverse legislation.
Forbidden pitches in sub-wavelength lithography and their implications on design

Moore’s Law has been the most important benchmark for microelectronics development over the past four decades. It has been interpreted to mean that critical dimensions (CD) of a design must shrink geometrically over time. The chip-level integration of devices has been possible through concurrent improvement in lithographic resolution. The lithographic resolution was primarily improved by moving deeper into ultraviolet spectrum of light. However, the wavelength of the optical source used for lithography has not improved for nearly a decade. This has lead to the development of sub-wavelength lithography. The diffraction effects of sub-wavelength lithography were offset by optical proximity correction (OPC), phase shift masking (PSM) and impending move to immersion lithography. Unfortunately, one time benefits from each of these resolution enhancement techniques (RET) have nearly exhausted. In this paper, we explore one important diffraction aspect of sub-wavelength lithography viz. the forbidden pitch phenomenon and its implication on future designs. We studied Forbidden pitches in context of 65 and 45 nm technologies using aerial imaging simulation. Aerial imaging simulation is computationally expensive and is not possible to perform on entire layout structures. Based on results from our simulations on selected patterns, we observe that in absence of any other resolution enhancement technique, many of the current layout patterns will be disallowed in 45 nm technology. Such restrictions significantly mitigate the benefit of migration to 45 nm technology in terms of area, power and performance of a design. We further show that even structured gate array based designs are not immune to this problem.
Experimental Evidence for Optical Population of the X Minima in GaAs

Electrons photoexcited in ${p}^{++}$-GaAs (with Cs surface monolayer) are found to "thermalize" in either the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ or $X$ conduction-band minima while diffusing to the surface. Two strong peaks separated by 0.3 eV of photoemitted electrons associated with these minima are observed in the energy distribution curves for $1.5 \mathrm{eV}l~h\ensuremath{\nu}l~3.2 \mathrm{eV}$.
Prognostic significance of p53 gene alterations in node-negative breast cancer

Mutations in the p53 gene can play a role in the transformation of normal to malignant cells. Because these mutations are more frequently reported later in the course of transformation, their presence could reflect a greater malignant potential of the tumor and, thus, an increased probability of metastasis and recurrence after local therapy. In a pilot study using single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP), 200 node-negative breast tumors were examined for mutations in the region encompassing exons 5 through 9 of the p53 gene. Exons 5 through 9 were tested because they contain 80–90% of known p53 gene mutations. The tumors ranged in size from 1 to 3 cm. 28 tumors were found to have an abnormal band pattern on both initial and repeat analysis. 4 of these tumors were sequenced; 3 contained a p53 mutation and the 4th had a rare neutral polymorphism. Disease-free survival (DFS) at 5 years for women with tumors having an abnormal SSCP analysis was 57% (± 10%), compared to a 79% (± 3%) DFS for the group with a normal pattern. By the log rank test, this difference was highly significant, p ≤ 0.01. The relative risk of recurrence for the group with an abnormal SSCP pattern was 2.2. In a multivariate analysis including ER, PgR, ploidy, S-phase, age, and tumor size, an abnormal p53 by SSCP analysis and patient age were the only factors that independently predicted DFS at 5 years. Conclusion: Women with node-negative breast cancer who have tumors with alterations in the p53 gene, as indicated by SSCP analysis, have a significantly poorer prognosis and a higher rate of relapse at 5 years. The prognostic significance is maintained in a multivariate analysis including many established prognostic factors.
National survey beverage consumption data for children and adolescents indicate the need to encourage a shift toward more nutritive beverages

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently issued recommendations for 100% fruit juice consumption for children and adolescents. National survey data (1994-1996, 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals) were used to evaluate intake of 100% fruit juice for comparison with AAP recommendations. Mean daily intakes of 100% fruit juice were 0.9, 4.6, and 3.4 ounces in children aged <6 months, 6 months-6 years, and 7-18 years, respectively, which fall within AAP recommendations for these age groups. At age 5, mean intake of fruit drinks and ades exceeded that of 100% fruit juice (P=.009). Carbonated soft drink intake exceeded that of 100% fruit juice at age 5 and of milk at age 13 (P<.04). By age 13, adolescents drank more carbonated soft drinks than 100% fruit juice, milk, or fruit drinks and ades. Increased consumption of nutrient-dense beverages (100% fruit juice, milk) and water as part of a varied diet should be encouraged.
Developing Framework for Alternative Funding Options in Water Infrastructure Projects

The United States is facing a crisis in which less financial resources are available to maintain the quality and to meet increasing demand of our water infrastructure system. Water utility owners across the nation are faced with the incredible challenge of finding ways to invest because of limited government funding, from local to federal levels. The funding gap between available and necessary funds has been increasing and expected to increase in the future. With government unable to provide adequate funding, water utility owners should consider alternative funding sources such as private partnerships and investment. There are many key aspects of an effective funding strategy for water utility owners to achieve successful water infrastructure planning and development. This paper presents various funding alternatives and provides a framework for utilizing alternative funding in water infrastructure planning and development to help alleviate funding gaps while simultaneously encouraging future sustainability in public water infrastructure.
Selective effect of some somatostatin analogs on glucagon as opposed to insulin release in rats in vivo.

Abstract Cyclic somatostatin, at a dose of 700 but not 70 ng/kg/min, inhibited arginine-induced insulin and glucagon release as well as glucose stimulated insulin release in rats in vivo. Three somatostatin (S-S) analogs (D-Cys14-S-S, D-Trp8-D-Cys14-S-S and Ala2-D-Trp8-D-Cys14-S-S), at a dose of 70 ng/kg/min, suppressed arginine-induced glucagon but not insulin release. At the same dose, the first two of these analogs had no effect on glucose-induced insulin release, while the third one, Ala2-D-Trp8-D-Cys14-somatostatin, enhanced insulin release induced by glucose. A fourth analog, D-Trp8-somatostatin, was more potent than somatostatin with regard to arginine stimulated insulin and glucagon release, and equipotent with somatostatin with respect to glucose stimulated insulin release. These studies show, firstly, that the inhibitory effect of somatostatin analogs on arginine induced insulin release may be different from that when glucose is used as a stimulant and, secondly, that Ala2-D-Trp8-D-Cys14-somatostatin inhibits arginine-induced glucagon release while enhancing insulin release on glucose stimulation.
The dual nature of a catalytic reaction: The dehydrogenation of sec-butyl alcohol to methyl ethyl ketone at elevated pressures

A detailed analysis of initial rate data obtained for the catalytic dehydrogenation of sec-butyl alcohol to methyl ethyl ketone in the presence of brass reveals that the controlling step of the reaction changes and depends on the operating conditions. To take advantage of the unique characteristics of initial rate equations, the experimental phase of this work has been carried out with a differential reactor and covered the temperature range 550° to 700°F. for pressures up to 15 atm. Feed compositions containing sec-butyl alcohol and mixtures with methyl ethyl ketone and hydrogen were used. These studies show that the desorption of molecularly adsorbed hydrogen ceases to be the controlling step in favor of a dual-site surface reaction depending on the operating variables. In view of these observations it now becomes necessary to calculate reaction rates with both over-all rate equations and to select the lower rate as representative of the controlling step of the reaction.
The transport of photochemical pollutants to the background troposphere

The considered investigation is concerned with the phenomena occurring as a chemically reacting plume, with specific initial concentrations of NO, NO2, O3, and hydrocarbons, emerges from an urban area and is advected to the background troposphere. A better understanding of the global NOx and hydrocarbon budgets can be realized by determining the fractions of NOx and hydrocarbons that are transported to distances far enough to be considered background. The investigation makes use of a 56-step, lumped kinetic mechanism for photochemical smog, which includes current information on pertinent chemical reactions and rate constants for the reactions.
Optical functions of KTaO 3 as determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry and comparison with band structure calculations

The optical dielectric functions for single-crystal ${\mathrm{KTaO}}_{3}$ are determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry and optical transmission techniques. These results show that the lowest band gap is $3.64\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ $(341\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ with very low absorption up to $4.28\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, indicating an indirect band gap. The ellipsometry results are analyzed using critical point analysis, which shows that there are three direct gaps at 4.35, 4.68, and $5.03\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. The results are compared with band structure calculations determined using the local density approximation (LDA) and the Engel-Vosko generalized gradient approximation (GGA).
Most topical tretinoin treatment is for acne vulgaris through the age of 44 years: An analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1990–1994

Abstract Background: Topical tretinoin is effective treatment for both acne and photoaging. This creates a problem for insurers that cover medication costs, because treatment of acne is often covered but treatment of photoaging is not. The age distributions of patients with acne or photoaging are likely to be very different. Therefore, one approach insurers can use is an age cutoff for covering the cost of topical tretinoin therapy. Objective: Our purpose was to determine at what age patients are more likely to receive tretinoin for treatment of acne vulgaris versus other conditions to provide a rational basis for insurers to set coverage cutoffs. Methods: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data for the years 1990 to 1994 were analyzed to ascertain the age distribution of acne vulgaris office visits and treatment with topical acne agents including tretinoin. These data were compared to office visits and tretinoin treatment of wrinkles, solar elastosis, and other conditions. Results: The mean age (± standard deviation) of patients seen for acne vulgaris was 24.3 ± 11.5 years old. The age distribution of topical tretinoin treatment paralleled the age distribution of acne. Tretinoin treatment of acne and of nonacne conditions were equal at an age of 44. Conclusion: The distribution of outpatient visits for acne treatment is skewed toward older patients and persists beyond age 40. A rational age cut-off for coverage of topical tretinoin treatment is 40 years.(J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:221-6.)
Was it worth the weight? - Drug review on two new weight loss agents: lorcaserin (Belviq®) and phentermine/topiramate ER (QsymiaTM)

The prevalence of obesity in the United States (U.S.) is currently at 34%. This article will review two of the newer weight loss agents: lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate. Mechanism of action, dosing, adverse events, and drug interactions will be discussed.
Performance of neurologically impaired children copying geometric designs with sticks.

The visual-motor performance of 34 brain-damaged children was compared with that of an equal number of children without neurological impairment but matched for IQ, age and sex. Performance involved the copying of geometric designs with sticks rather than drawings. A 14-category rating system was used to evaluate performance. Results indicated statistically significant performance decrement for the brain-damaged Ss, variations in sensitivity among designs and scoring categories for registering performance decrement, and low-to-moderate correlations between test performance and intelligence, age, and mental age. Such results encourage further development of a stick test for young and neurologically impaired children.
"It's like you're down on a bed of affliction": aging and diabetes among black Americans.

This article examines the self-care methods of Black diabetics as they are affected by the variable of age. A study of 32 patients at a diabetes clinic in San Francisco, California, revealed two major ways in which chronological age is related to the management of diabetes: (1) older patients must cope with multiple disorders, a factor which influences the way in which they approach diabetes treatment; (2) the three sectors of the health care system (professional, folk and popular) are emphasized differently according to age. Older diabetics rely less on folk and popular sectors and more on professional care than do those in other age categories. The article also addresses the effects of multiple facets of aging (chronological age, self-perceived age, and cultural meanings of age) on diabetics' self-care. Implications of these findings for diabetes treatment and for compliance issues are discussed.
Postjunctional α1 and α2-Adrenoceptors in Cat Forepaw Vasculature

Abstract. Preganglionic stimulation of the thoracic sympathetic nerve trunk produced frequency-related decreases of ulnar arterial blood flow in the forepaw of anesthetized cats as measured by ultrasonic flowmetry. Vasoconstrictor responses were not altered by administration of propranolol or atropine. When given alone, both prazosin (3-100 μg/kg, i.v.) and rauwolscine (10-300 μg/kg, i.v.) produced only a modest reduction of sympathetic evoked vasoconstriction. However, extensive blockade was obtained when both antagonists were administered to the same animal. These results suggest that both α1- and α2-adrenoceptors coexist at postsynaptic sites in the vasculature of the cat paw and that neural activation of either type results in potent vasoconstriction.
The equation of state of dense matter: supernovae, neutron stars and black holes

Abstract It is proposed that the dense matter formed in the collapse of large stars goes strange while still in the nucleon-meson (broken chiral symmetry) phase through kaon condensation. The K − −meson energy is lowered, with increasing density, by the attractive vector mean field originating from the dense nucleonic matter. Once the K − energy comes down to the electron chemical potential μ e , which increases with increasing density, the elec- trons change into K − −mesons through the reaction e − → K − + v . This is estimated to occur at a density ϱ c ∼ 3 ϱ 0 , where ϱ 0 is nuclear matter density. Above the density ϱ c , the K − mesons condense into a zero momentum state. Roughly as many protons as neutrons are present because the charge carried by the former can be neutralized by the kaons. As a result, the compact remnant of the collapse is a nuclear matter, or “nucleon”, star, rather than a neutron star. With inclusion of kaon condensation, the equation of state of dense matter is softened, resulting in a maximum stable compact object mass of M max ∼− 1.5 M ⊙ . It is shown, however, that cores of masses in the range of ∼ 1.5–1.8 M ⊙ can be stable for long enough to produce nucleosynthesis and to return matter to the galaxy before they later collapse into black holes.
CdO single crystal growth by sublimation

Abstract A vaporization-condensation process in a vertical temperature gradient was used to grow single crystals of cadmium oxide. The resulting black CdO crystals exhibited excellent surfaces and average sizes of 60 to 150 mm 3 . The process was carried out under different constant oxygen partial pressures, with experiments at the higher partial pressures giving crystals of higher purity. The best crystals grew directly on the CdO charge material where the cadmium pressure was relatively high, but the supersaturation was very small. Oriented crystallization in this sintered charge material was also observed to occur.
Emotional Ties That Bind: The Roles of Valence and Consistency of Group Emotion in Inferences of Cohesiveness and Common Fate

In three studies, observers based inferences about the cohesiveness and common fate of groups on the emotions expressed by group members. The valence of expressions affected cohesiveness inferences, whereas the consistency of expressions affected inferences of whether members have common fate. These emotion composition effects were stronger than those due to the race or sex composition of the group. Furthermore, the authors show that emotion valence and consistency are differentially involved in judgments about the degree to which the group as a whole was responsible for group performance. Finally, it is demonstrated that valence-cohesiveness effects are mediated by inferences of interpersonal liking and that consistency-common fate effects are mediated by inferences of psychological similarity. These findings have implications for the literature on entitativity and regarding the function of emotions in social contexts.
Adequacy of maternal iron status protects against behavioral, neuroanatomical, and growth deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are the leading non-genetic cause of neurodevelopmental disability in children. Although alcohol is clearly teratogenic, environmental factors such as gravidity and socioeconomic status significantly modify individual FASD risk despite equivalent alcohol intake. An explanation for this variability could inform FASD prevention. Here we show that the most common nutritional deficiency of pregnancy, iron deficiency without anemia (ID), is a potent and synergistic modifier of FASD risk. Using an established rat model of third trimester-equivalent binge drinking, we show that ID significantly interacts with alcohol to impair postnatal somatic growth, associative learning, and white matter formation, as compared with either insult separately. For the associative learning and myelination deficits, the ID-alcohol interaction was synergistic and the deficits persisted even after the offsprings’ iron status had normalized. Importantly, the observed deficits in the ID-alcohol animals comprise key diagnostic criteria of FASD. Other neurobehaviors were normal, showing the ID-alcohol interaction was selective and did not reflect a generalized malnutrition. Importantly ID worsened FASD outcome even though the mothers lacked overt anemia; thus diagnostics that emphasize hematological markers will not identify pregnancies at-risk. This is the first direct demonstration that, as suggested by clinical studies, maternal iron status has a unique influence upon FASD outcome. While alcohol is unquestionably teratogenic, this ID-alcohol interaction likely represents a significant portion of FASD diagnoses because ID is more common in alcohol-abusing pregnancies than generally appreciated. Iron status may also underlie the associations between FASD and parity or socioeconomic status. We propose that increased attention to normalizing maternal iron status will substantially improve FASD outcome, even if maternal alcohol abuse continues. These findings offer novel insights into how alcohol damages the developing brain.
Generalizing from clinical trials

Although randomized controlled clinical trials have become the "gold standard" for evaluating new treatments, only a small subset of the population considered for treatment participate in randomized clinical trials. To what extent is it reasonable to generalize beyond the boundaries of a specific clinical trial? This paper argues that several pieces of information are necessary to determine the extent of extrapolation or generalization warranted in a specific clinical trial. The necessary items of information are derived from basic science laboratory studies; animal studies; genetic studies (where applicable); observational, clinical, and epidemiological studies; and other randomized clinical trials in similar settings or with similar treatments. An example from the field of cholesterol reduction is presented.
The Evolution of Concepts and Languages of Computing

Digital computers are opening exciting new possibilities for progress in language translation, information retrieval, psychological modeling, problem solving and theorem proving. These have resulted not because of the microsecond arithmetic speed but because of the ability to manipulate symbols: to read, write, store, compare, and replace symbols and to follow different courses of action according to differences between symbols. Thus, language in a general sense is a common aspect of these new applications. Programmers have been extending the usefulness of computers through the evolutionary development of most artfully conceived languages. Recently, mathematicians and logicians have been proving theorems about formal languages, while linguists have been discovering laws that humans instinctively observe whenever they use natural language. Fruitful cross pollination among such endeavors now promises greatly accelerated progress in determining whether symbol manipulation is for information processing applications what numerical analysis is for arithmetic applications. This paper first reviews the evolution of programming languages from the early days when all programming was done in machine languages, through symbolic coding systems, interpreters, assemblers, generators, and compilers, to the recently developed list processing languages. Then the applications of these languages to game playing, problem solving, theorem proving, and behavior and biological modeling have been described briefly. Finally, in anticipation of extending the capability of computers to accept, use and generate natural languages, the paper concludes with an introduction to some of the contemporary work on formal language theory, including a discussion of six families of abstract languages and their practical implementation.
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) – its relevance to forensic adolescent services

Purpose – There needs to be an increased recognition of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in services that deal with young people with disruptive and offending behavior, not just those services that deal with adolescents with a recognized intellectual disability. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This is a general review of the current available evidence on FASD and how it is likely to predispose affected young people to have contact with secure mental health services and the criminal justice system. Findings – FASD is likely to have become a more common cause of intellectual disability and behavioral disturbance but the history of significant alcohol exposure in utero if often missed. There is evidence that the hyperactivity is less responsive to psychotropic medication and may represent a different condition to conventional ADHD. However the majority of those affected are in the low normal IQ range. Research limitations/implications – There is so far very limited...
Uncoupling of acetylcholine uptake from the Torpedo cholinergic synaptic vesicle ATPase

Abstract Cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo californica are confirmed to exhibit energy-linked uptake of [3H] acetylcholine. [3H]Acetylcholine is concentrated in the vesicles by a factor of 10–14 in the presence of MgATP and bicarbonate. This active uptake can be completely inhibited by the mitochondrial uncouplers 3- t -butyl-5-Cl-2′-Cl-4′-nitro-salicylanilide (S-13) and p -nitrophenol. The vesicle-associated ATPase is stimulated by S-13 in the same concentration range which inhibits [3H]acetylcholine active uptake. The ATPase also is stimulated by valinomycin. Both S-13 and valinomycin effects are independent of exogenous Ca2+. Thus, a proton gradient generated by the vesicle-associated ATPase appears to be coupled to active [3H]acetylcholine uptake.
Territory acquisition in lizards: II. Establishing social and spatial relationships

Abstract. Juvenile Anolis aeneus lizards were added to patches of microhabitat in the field and observed as they established territories. The outcome of the first encounter per dyad was an excellent predictor of the future dominance relationship between those individuals, and in the vast majority of dyads, the animal that won the first encounter won every subsequent interaction with that opponent. Reversals of dominance were rare, as were dyads in which the members had co-equal status. The type of the first encounter per dyad was related to the number and rate of subsequent social interactions: dyads that began with an escalated fight rarely engaged in further interactions, whereas dyads that began with a chase usually engaged in many subsequent interactions. Analyses of relationships between social interactions and space use supported the hypothesis that settlers primarily use chases and fights to defend previously used areas against conspecifics, rather than to acquire new space. Most victories occurred in areas already familiar to the winner, and animals did not shift their centres of activity into areas in which they previously won interactions. As predicted by both the defence and acquisition hypotheses, animals that lost chases or fights were likely to move away from the area in which those defeats occurred. However, there was considerable variation in the spatial responses of juveniles after losing interactions, and most juveniles moved only short distances even after frequent attacks by other settlers.
Facilitating Online Counseling: Perspectives From Counselors in Training

To address the need for research regarding online counseling, the authors explore the experiences of 4 female and 2 male Caucasian counseling students who facilitated 5 chat-based online counseling sessions. Conducting semistructured interviews based in grounded theory methods, the authors discuss technological barriers, counseling without visual and verbal cues, online counseling techniques, counseling from home, and factors related to the pace of the sessions. They suggest that online counseling requires specific technical, ethical, and clinical considerations.
Applying the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System to Vehicle Ride

The Mahalanobis Taguchi System is a diagnosis and forecasting method for multivariate data. Mahalanobis distance is a measure based on correlations between the variables and different patterns that can be identified and analyzed with respect to a base or reference group. The Mahalanobis-Taguchi System is of interest because of its reported accuracy in forecasting small, correlated data sets. This is the type of data that is encountered with consumer vehicle ratings. MTS enables a reduction in dimensionality and the ability to develop a scale based on MD values. MTS identifies a set of useful variables from the complete data set with equivalent correlation and considerably less time and data. This paper presents the application of the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System and its application to identify a reduced set of useful variables in multidimensional systems.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A quality assurance program for central supply.

(1981). A Quality Assurance Program for Central Supply. Hospital Topics: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 33-38.
Endogenous learning and trade policy

Abstract If governments announce ‘transitory’ protection for inefficient sectors, learning may slow down as firms correctly realize that the only way to insure protection for their sector is to remain inefficient. In contrast with the learning-by-doing justifications for protection, our model suggests that protection deteriorates rather than enhances learning.
The dependence of infiltration pressure and volume in zeolite Y on potassium chloride concentration

In a previous work we developed a volume-memory liquid that can expand or shrink significantly as the temperature varies. The working mechanism is based on the thermally induced infiltration and defiltration of an electrolyte solution in the nanopores. In the current study, we investigate the influence of electrolyte concentration on the infiltration behavior, as well as its dependence on temperature. The testing data show that, as the electrolyte concentration varies, the effective interfacial tension changes rapidly. This phenomenon can be attributed to the amplification effect of nanopore surfaces on the solid–liquid interaction. It provides a scientific basis for developing smart liquids for various temperature and pressure ranges.
Effects of Firing and Reduction Conditions on Swelling and Iron Whisker Formation during the Reduction of Iron Oxide Compact

The effects of firing and reduction conditions on swelling and iron whisker growth were investigated. The iron oxide compacts sintered in air were reduced in the tubular high temperature reactor by carbon monoxide or hydrogen. The experimental results showed that catastrophic swelling was suppresed by increasing the firing temperature or the firing time at moderate firing temperatures. The severest swelling happened in the reduction temperature of 900–1000°C with carbon monoxide. No catastrophic swelling was observed when hydrogen was used as the reducing gas. The SEM micrographs showed that catastrophic swelling was caused by a large amount of long whiskers formed during the reduction. The number of nucleation sites of whisker growth was limited when the firing temperature was increased above 1000°C, which also suppressed catastrophic swelling. On the basis of exprimental data and SEM results, a conceptual diagram was formulated to describe the effects of firing and reduction conditions on iron whisker growth and swelling.
Statistical distributions of level widths and conductance peaks in irregularly shaped quantum dots.

Analytical expressions for width and conductance peak distributions for quantum dots with multichannel leads in the Coulomb blockade regime are presented for both limits of conserved and broken time-reversal symmetry. The results are valid for any number of nonequivalent and correlated channels, and the distributions are expressed in terms of the channel correlation matrix $M$ in each lead. The matrix $M$ is also given in closed form. A chaotic billiard is used as a model to test numerically the theoretical predictions.
Impact of a computerized physician order-entry system.

Background The Institute of Medicine has urged the adoption of electronic prescribing systems in all health-care organizations by 2010. Accordingly, computerized physician order entry (CPOE) warrants detailed evaluation. Mixed results have been reported about the benefit of this system. No review of its application in surgical patients has been reported to date. We present the implementation of CPOE in the management of surgical patients within an academic multispecialty practice. Study Design Retrospective and prospective analyses of patient-safety measures were done pre- and post-CPOE institution, respectively. Other metrics evaluated included medication errors, order-implementation times, efficiencies, personnel requirements, and physician time. Sampling of time span for the order placement process was assessed with direct hidden observation of the provider. Results A total of 15 (0.22%) medication errors were discovered in 6,815 surgical procedures performed during the 6 months before CPOE use. After implementation, 10 medication errors were found (5,963 surgical procedures [0.16%]) in the initial 6 months and 13 (0.21%) in the second 6 months (6,106 surgical procedures) (p = NS). Mean total time from placement of order to nurse receipt before implementation was 41.2 minutes per order (2.05 minutes finding chart, 0.72 minutes writing order, 38.4 minutes for unit secretary transcription) compared with 27 seconds per order using CPOE (p Conclusions Present CPOE technology can allow major efficiency gains, but refinements will be required for improvements in patient safety.
Maximum catalyst temperature (hot spot) in adiabatic fixed-beds

Abstract Conditions are derived under,which the reactor profile of catalyst temperature goes through a maximum at a point other than outlet in an adiabatic reactor. Relatively simple methods are developed for the calculation of this maximum temperature. It is shown that the maximum catalyst temperature an increase with time for a certain time period when the catalyst undergoes deactivation. Conditions under which this can happen are also derived. The maximum temperature always increases with time in the cases of uniform sintering and dependent poisoning provided that a certain condition is met in the latter case, if the initial maximum occurs at a point other than the outlet.
Unoccupied surface resonances on aluminum single crystal surfaces

Abstract Surface resonances above the Fermi level of Aluminum have been observed using surface soft-X-ray absorption spectroscopy. These surface resonances occur at 4.3 eV above the L 2.3 absorption threshold on the Aluminum (100) surface and at 12.1 eV on the Aluminum (111) surface. Excited state and surface EXAFS aspects of the spectra are discussed.
Integrating Synaptic Plasticity and Striatal Circuit Function in Addiction

Exposure to addictive drugs causes changes in synaptic function within the striatal complex, which can either mimic or interfere with the induction of synaptic plasticity. These synaptic adaptations include changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a ventral striatal subregion important for drug reward and reinforcement, as well as the dorsal striatum, which may promote habitual drug use. As the behavioral effects of drugs of abuse are long-lasting, identifying persistent changes in striatal circuits induced by in vivo drug experience is of considerable importance. Within the striatum, drugs of abuse have been shown to induce modifications in dendritic morphology, ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) and the induction of synaptic plasticity. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying these changes in striatal circuit function will provide insight into how drugs of abuse usurp normal learning mechanisms to produce pathological behavior.
Nesfatin-1 - role as possible new potent regulator of food intake.

Abstract Nesfatin-1 is an 82 amino acid peptide recently discovered in the brain which is derived from nucleobindin2 (NUCB2), a protein that is highly conserved across mammalian species. Nesfatin-1 has received much attention over the past two years due to its reproducible food intake-reducing effect that is linked with recruitment of other hypothalamic peptides regulating feeding behavior. A growing amount of evidence also supports that various stressors activate fore- and hindbrain NUCB2/nesfatin-1 circuitries. In this review, we outline the central nervous system distribution of NUCB2/nesfatin-1, and recent developments on the peripheral expression of NUCB2/nesfatin-1, in particular its co-localization with ghrelin in gastric X/A-like cells and insulin in s-cells of the endocrine pancreas. Functional studies related to the characteristics of nesfatin-1's inhibitory effects on dark phase food intake are detailed as well as the central activation of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 immunopositive neurons in the response to psychological, immune and visceral stressors. Lastly, potential clinical implications of targeting NUCB2/nesfatin-1 signaling and existing gaps in knowledge to ascertain the role and mechanisms of action of nesfatin-1 are presented.
A controlled pneumatic technique for experimental spinal cord contusion

Abstract The ‘Allen technique’, a weight-drop procedure introduced in 1911, remains the most widely used technique for experimental spinal cord contusion. Control of injury severity in this procedure is achieved by alteration of the height from which the standardized weight (usually 20 g) is dropped. It has not been possible in this technique to independently vary the amount of cord compression and the initial velocity of compression, since both are related to drop-weight kinetic energy. Our approach uses a constrained stroke pneumatic impactor to afford independent control of these two parameters. Mechanical testing of the device has verified the accuracy and repeatability of impact velocity and cord compression. More importantly, a pilot series at 2 m/s contact velocity with a range of compression has demonstrated neurophysiologically distinct levels of spinal cord injury as a function of compression. This includes a ‘moderate’ functional injury with impaired and delayed neuronal conduction through the injury site. Such a ‘moderate’ injury, at the threshold between recovery and permanent cord dysfunction, is particularly promising for the study of mechanisms underlying progressive post-contusion pathology; ‘moderate’ injury has not been reproducibly generated in weight-drop techniques.
Shaping local HIV/AIDS services policy through activist research: The problem of client involvement

This article argues that professional writing researchers can help shape public policy by understanding policy making as a function of institutionalized rhetorical processes and by using an activist research stance to help generate the knowledge necessary to intervene. My goal is to argue for what activist technical writing research might look like, lay out an understanding of institutions that is helpful for influencing public policy, and illustrate the promises and the problems of both positions by using the case of a study focused on local HIV/AIDS policy making. According to this way of thinking, professional writing researchers can impact policy by helping change the processes by which policy gets made.