cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of oil shale for control of sulfur dioxide emissions from the combustion of coal

Abstract Experimental results have been obtained which indicate that oil shale from the Mahogany ledge of the Green River formation (28 gal oil/ton) has short-term (⩽ 3 h) sulfation properties superior to those of 1337 dolomite and consequently could be used more effectively to control SO 2 emissions from the combustion of coal. In a gas mixture containing 0.27% SO 2 , the initial sulfation reaction rate at 750°C for the half-calcined shale is neary six times that for the half-calcined dolomite. After 3 h, all of the CaCO 3 in the half-calcined shale is sulfated, compared with only 37% in an equal amount of half-calcined dolomite. Although the results were obtained on spent shale (kerogen removed), they suggest that raw shale might be used for emission control in fluidized-bed combustors to derive an added benefit from the heat content of the shale.
Transport of 137Cs-II interaction with bed sediments

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the transport of 137 Cs in an aqueous environment. The interaction phenomena, i.e. uptake and release of 137 Cs by sediments, were observed by using a set of flumes each 17 m in length and a model river which was 61 m long. The greatest uptake rate, Kst , by bed sediment was 88.7 × 10 −4 [( cpm cm −2) /( cpm cm −3) ]/ sec with a velocity of 0.504m sec −1 (1.65 ft sec −1 ) and a flow rate of 38.2 1 sec −1 m −1 (0.410 cfs ft −1 ). In this case the sediment transport rate was 117.5 g sec −1 ) m −1 (0.0795 lb sec ft −1 ). The uptake rate increased as the mean velocity in the channel increased. p] The desorption rate of 137 Cs was low, being less than 1 per cent per month for a mean flow velocity of 3.0 cm sec −1 . This rate was obtained in a fresh water system where the concentration of total dissolved solids was about 600 mg 1 −1 .
Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military, and Educational Impact

Commitment, Involvement, Loyalty and Performance Stress and Transactional/Transformational Leadership Contingencies of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Transformational and Transactional Organizational Culture Transformational and Transactional Leadership of Men and Women Implications of Transformational Leadership for Organziational Policies Development and Training in Transformational Leadership Prediction of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Rank, Status and Transformational/Transactional Leadership Empowerment and Laissez-Faire Leaderhip Substitutes for Transformational and Transactional Leadership.
Profiles of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations in Elementary School: A Longitudinal Analysis

The authors used a person-centered, longitudinal approach to identify and evaluate naturally occurring combinations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations among 490 third- through fifth-grade students. Cluster analysis revealed 3 groups, characterized by high levels of both motivations (high quantity): high intrinsic motivation but low extrinsic motivation (primarily intrinsic) and low intrinsic motivation but high extrinsic motivation (primarily extrinsic). Analyses of stability and change in cluster membership indicated that the primarily intrinsic cluster was most stable (76% stability) and the high-quantity cluster most precarious (45% stability) over the course of an academic year. Students in the primarily intrinsic cluster outperformed their peers in the other 2 clusters and showed the greatest increase in achievement over time.
5-Aminovaleric Acid Suppresses the Development of Severe Seizures in the Methionine Sulfoximine Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is one of the most common forms of drug-resistant, localization-related epilepsies in humans. One potential therapeutic target is the brain glutamine-glutamate-GABA metabolic pathway, which is perturbed in patients with MTLE. Loss of glutamine synthetase (GS) in astrocytes may be critically involved in this perturbation, which can be modeled by infusing the GS inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MSO) into the entorhinal-hippocampal area in rats. Because 5-aminovaleric acid (5-AV) has been implicated in modulation of the glutamine-glutamate-GABA metabolic pathway, we hypothesized that 5-AV would alter the expression of seizures in the MSO model of MTLE. Male Sprague Dawley rats (300-330g) were implanted with an Alzet pump placed subcutaneously in the abdominal region to release either 5-AV (0.05mg/mL, n=6) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, n=6) at a rate of 2.5μl/h over 28days. Five to 7days after surgery, all rats were implanted with an intracranial pump infusing MSO (2.5mg/mL; 0.25μl/h) unilaterally into the hippocampal formation. Following the second surgery, intracranial EEG was measured from the left and right hemispheres above the dorsal hippocampal formations for a continuous period of 21days. The EEG was correlated with simultaneous video recordings to determine the stage of seizures according to a modified Racine scale. Five-AV-treated rats experienced a 3.5 fold reduction in the number of seizures (6.7±1.4seizures/day) than PBS-treated rats (23.2±6.3seizures/day) during the first 2days following MSO pump placement (p<0.005). Both groups showed similar seizure frequency over days 3-21 (~1seizure/day). However, the fraction of the most severe type of seizures (Racine stages 4 and 5) increased over time in the PBS treated group, but not in the 5-AV treated group. Notably, 5-AV treated rats experienced a 2.3 and 2.6 fold lower fraction of stage 4 and 5 seizures than PBS-treated rats during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of MSO treatment respectively (p<0 .05 and p<0.001 respective to week). Five-AV markedly reduces the number of seizures initially and suppresses the development of the most severe type of seizures in the MSO model of MTLE. These results may have implications for the therapeutic use of 5-AV in treating mesial temporal lobe seizures and for our understanding of the chemical pathology of epileptogenesis and MTLE.
VLSI implementation of CORDIC angle units

We design angle units using Lager tools both by a conventional CORDIC algorithm and a fast algorithm called Constant-Factor Redundant CORDIC (CFR-CORDIC) and show that the CFR-CORDIC occupies more than twice the area of a conventional CORDIC but offers good speed-up. We discuss VLSI design issues using Lager such as system partitioning and grouping, floor planning, width and height manipulation to obtain the smallest geometry, and the limitation of the standard cell design approach. In addition, a bit encoding scheme of a signed digit number representation, which simplifies the implementation of the negation is presented. >
Risk, resources and state-dependent adaptive behavioural syndromes.

Many animals exhibit behavioural syndromes—consistent individual differences in behaviour across two or more contexts or situations. Here, we present adaptive, state-dependent mathematical models for analysing issues about behavioural syndromes. We find that asset protection (where individuals with more ‘assets’ tend be more cautious) and starvation avoidance, two state-dependent mechanisms, can explain short-term behavioural consistency, but not long-term stable behavioural types (BTs). These negative-feedback mechanisms tend to produce convergence in state and behaviour over time. In contrast, a positive-feedback mechanism, state-dependent safety (where individuals with higher energy reserves, size, condition or vigour are better at coping with predators), can explain stable differences in personality over the long term. The relative importance of negative- and positive-feedback mechanisms in governing behavioural consistency depends on environmental conditions (predation risk and resource availability). Behavioural syndromes emerge more readily in conditions of intermediate ecological favourability (e.g. medium risk and medium resources, or high risk and resources, or low risk and resources). Under these conditions, individuals with higher initial state maintain a tendency to be bolder than individuals that start with low initial state; i.e. later BT is determined by state during an early ‘developmental window’. In contrast, when conditions are highly favourable (low risk, high resources) or highly unfavourable (high risk, low resources), individuals converge to be all relatively bold or all relatively cautious, respectively. In those circumstances, initial differences in BT are not maintained over the long term, and there is no early developmental window where initial state governs later BT. The exact range of ecological conditions favouring behavioural syndromes depends also on the strength of state-dependent safety.
Material Aid and Social Attraction1

Aid programs can be used as an antidote to social conflict. Under certain conditions, however, they may create hostility. In this experiment subjects representing six hypothetical countries (1) either received or did not receive material aid from a seventh nation and (2) had a high or low level of material need. Attraction for the aid-giver decreased markedly when aid was denied, but increased very little when it was granted. When subjects were high in material needs, the denial of aid produced maximal antagonism. However, when aid was received, high need did not enhance attraction to the donor. The implications of these findings for an exchange theory of attraction and for aid giving are discussed.
A numerical investigation of Benard convection using finite elements

Abstract The results of numerical calculations based on the finite element for the two dimensional Benard convection are presented. The fluid is confined between two horizonal solid walls and is subjected to a vertical temperature gradient. Aspect ratios of 10.0 and 10.5 are used. The effect of the hydrodynamic boundary conditions on the vertical walls on the number and the size of cells is demonstrated. Values of average Nusselt number are presented for various Rayleigh numbers ranging from 1710 to 10,000. The conduction mode of heat transfer is replaced by the convection mode at a Rayleigh number of 1710, with the latter mode becoming more prominent at higher Rayleigh numbers. The calculation of the length of each cell and the heat flux compare very well with the values reported in the literature.
Abortive infection of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in Sf-9 cells after mutation of the putative DNA helicase gene.

Homologous recombination between the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) genome and a 0.6-kbp-long DNA fragment derived from the putative DNA helicase gene of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus generates eh2-AcNPV, an expanded-host-range AcNPV mutant (S. Maeda, S.G. Kamita, and A. Kondo, J. Virol. 67:6234-6238, 1993). After inoculation at a high multiplicity of infection (MOI), eh2-AcNPV replicates efficiently in both the Sf-9 (AcNPV-permissive) and BmN (non-AcNPV-permissive) cell lines. In this study, we found that after the inoculation of Sf-9 cells at a low MOI (i.e., 1 and 0.1 PFU per cell), the release of eh2-AcNPV virions was dramatically reduced (approximately 900- and 10,000-fold, respectively, at 72 h postinoculation) compared with that of wild-type AcNPV. In addition, the titer of eh2-AcNPV determined by plaque assay on Sf-9 cells was approximately 200-fold lower than that determined by plaque assay on BmN cells. Analyses of gene expression and viral DNA replication after low-MOI eh2-AcNPV inoculation of Sf-9 cells indicated that viral early genes were expressed normally. However, DNA replication and late-gene expression were significantly reduced. These findings suggested that abortive infection occurred at the stage of viral DNA replication in nearly all low-MOI eh2-AcNPV-infected Sf-9 cells. In the larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, the organism from which Sf-9 cells are derived, the infectivity of eh2-AcNPV was lower than that of AcNPV; however, abortive infection was not found.
Effects of floral metal accumulation on floral visitor communities: Introducing the elemental filter hypothesis

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY For plant species that occur in heavy-metal-rich soil, floral metal accumulation may produce an "elemental filter" that reduces pollinator visitation rate and species richness and changes pollinator species composition relative to closely related species growing on normal soils. Consequently, metal hyperaccumulation may contribute to pollinator-mediated reproductive isolation between closely related plant species that differ in metal accumulation.• METHODS To test these ideas, we characterized plant-pollinator interactions in a sympatric pair of species that differ in metal accumulation (Streptanthus polygaloides, a nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator, and S. tortuosus, a nonaccumulator). To test the elemental filter hypothesis, we presented arrays of S. polygaloides that were grown in either Ni-treated or control soils to insects at both S. polygaloides and S. tortuosus sites and recorded visitation.• KEY RESULTS Naturally occurring S. polygaloides hyperaccumulated Ni in anthers and accumulated Ni in nectar, while S. tortuosus did not. Floral visitation rates in natural populations were higher to S. tortuosus than S. polygaloides. In addition, while floral visitor richness was similar, few pollinator taxa were shared between the two plant species. Nickel-treatment of S. polygaloides reduced visits by bees, but only for arrays presented at S. tortuosus sites.• CONCLUSIONS We show that the Ni hyperaccumulator S. polygaloides hosts a distinct floral visitor community, indicating that metal accumulation creates a filter for pollinators, similar to that documented for herbivores. Our study highlights a novel mechanism by which the abiotic environment can alter plant-pollinator interactions, and consequently plant reproduction and speciation.
Ultracold molecules: Production techniques and scientific applications

Cooling and trapping of diatomic molecules is now possible. Their vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom provide new tools to address problems in fields ranging from quantum computing and simulation, to particle physics.
A Note on Negligible Functions

In theoretical cryptography, one formalizes the notion of an adversary's success probability being ``too small to matter'' by asking that it be a negligible function of the security parameter. We argue that the issue that really arises is what it might mean for a collection of functions to be ``negligible.'' We consider (and define) two such notions, and prove them equivalent. Roughly, this enables us to say that any cryptographic primitive has a specific associated ``security level.'' In particular we say this for any one-way function. We also reconcile different definitions of negligible error arguments and computational proofs of knowledge that have appeared in the literature. Although the motivation is cryptographic, the main result is purely about negligible functions.
Anterior chamber associated immune deviation : The privilege of immunity in the eye

Immune privilege in the anterior chamber of the eye, no longer considered a laboratory curiosity, results from an active, if deviant, systemic immune response. The specific features of this response, termed Anterior Chamber Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID) include (a) suppressed delayed hypersensitivity, (b) preserved humoral immunity, and (c) primed cytotoxic T cell responses. Induction of ACAID by intraocular antigens depends upon unique characteristics of the anterior segment of the eye and of the spleen. Evidence from animal models is presented in support of the contention that ACAID is an evolutionary adaptation of the immune response designed to provide those types of immune protection for the eye that interfere with vision as little as possible. ACAID may also have been created for the purpose of avoiding harmful immune responses (autoimmune diseases) to unique molecules of the eye (such as retinal S antigen), which the immune system never learns to regard as "Self." Because of this adaptation, the eye and the host are vulnerable to those pathogens whose elimination is dependent upon delayed hypersensitivity, such as malignant tumors and herpes simplex virus-1. As we come to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for ACAID, a new generation of therapeutic strategies may be envisioned for certain eye diseases which are now of enigmatic cause and submit poorly to conventional therapy.
Managing the U.S.-China Foreign Economic Dialogue: Building Greater Coordination and New Habits of Consultation

This essay attempts both to explain the sources and consequences of parochialism in U.S. foreign economic policymaking and to identify new bilateral dialogues with China that are creating deeper habits of consultation that may promote greater stability in the U.S.-China relationship.
Endothelial glycocalyx layer in the aqueous outflow pathway of bovine and human eyes

Abstract The glycocalyx layer on the vascular endothelium is known to have an important role as a transport barrier and in the mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress. The detailed structure and distribution of the glycocalyx in the bovine and human aqueous humor outflow pathways has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this layer exists in the bovine and human aqueous outflow pathways and to compare the distribution and thickness therein. Enucleated bovine (N = 4) and human (N = 4) eyes were fixed using Alcian Blue to preserve the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx distribution and thickness (in regions where it was seen) were measured on the trabecular beams (TM), Schlemm's canal (SC)/aqueous plexus (AP), and collector channels (CC). The glycocalyx, which appears as a layer of hair-like brushes, coats the surface of the endothelium non-uniformly in the bovine and human aqueous outflow pathways with a thickness in bovine eyes of 68–122 nm and in human eyes of 52–166 nm (25th to 75th percentiles). The distribution of the glycocalyx in different regions of the outflow pathway is not the same between bovine and human eyes. In both species, the glycocalyx was most uniform in the CCs. Less coverage of glycocalyx was found in the AP than the TM in bovine eyes, while more coverage was found in SC than the TM in human eyes. Most interestingly, glycocalyx was also found filling most pores of the endothelium of AP/SC in both bovine and human eyes. Glycocalyx was usually not found coating the inner membranes of the giant vacuoles (GVs); however, in GVs with a visible pore, glycocalyx was frequently observed on the inner membranes of the GVs. Based on our findings and those from the vascular endothelium, it is likely that the glycocalyx in SC plays a role in transduction of shear stress and perhaps regulation of outflow resistance.
Kinetics of the gas phase reaction of hydroxyl radicals with ethane, benzene, and a series of halogenated benzenes over the temperature range 234–438 K

Absolute rate constants for the gas phase reactions of OH radicals with ethane (k1), benzene (k2), fluorobenzene (k3), chlorobenzene (k4), bromobenzene (k5), iodobenzene (k6), and hexafluorobenzene (k7) have been measured over the temperature range 234–438 K using the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique. The rate constants measured at room temperature (296 K), at total pressures of argon diluent between 25 and 50 Torr, were (in units of 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): k1 = (2.30 ± 0.26), k2 = (12.9 ± 1.4), k3 = (6.31 ± 0.81), k4 = (7.41 ± 0.94), k5 = (9.15 ± 0.97), k6 = (13.2 ± 1.6), and k7 = (1.61 ± 0.24), respectively. The indicated errors are our estimate of 95% confidence limits and include two standard deviations from the least-squares analysis together with an allowance for any possible systematic errors in the measurements. At elevated temperatures and under pseudo-first-order reaction conditions, non-exponential hydroxyl radical decays were observed for benzene and the monosubstituted halo-aromatics. For ethane and hexafluorobenzene, exponential decays were observed over the complete temperature range and the data were fit by the Arrhenius expressions: k1 = (8.4 ± 3.1) × 10−12 exp[(−1050 ± 100)/T] and k7 = (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10−12 exp[(−610 ± 80)/T], respectively. The results are compared with previous literature data and the mechanistic implications are discussed.
Bayesian image reconstruction from partial image and aliased spectral intensity data

An image reconstruction problem motivated by X-ray fiber diffraction analysis is considered. The experimental data are sums of the squares of the amplitudes of particular sets of Fourier coefficients of the electron density, and a part of the electron density is known. The image reconstruction problem is to estimate the unknown part of the electron density, the "image." A Bayesian approach is taken in which a prior model for the image is based on the fact that it consists of atoms, i.e., the unknown electron density consists of separated, sharp peaks. Currently used heuristic methods are shown to correspond to certain maximum a posteriori estimates of the Fourier coefficients. An analytical solution for the Bayesian minimum mean-square-error estimate is derived. Simulations show that the minimum mean-square-error estimate gives good results, even when there is considerable data loss, and out-performs the maximum a posteriori estimates.
Behavioral models of pre-compensation driver and dynamic termination receiver for packaging system timing and coupled noise simulations

This paper describes a behavioral modeling method for pre-compensation driver and dynamic termination receiver by combining existing regular I/O circuit behavioral modeling technique with simplified behavioral models for logic gates, voltage-controlled switches, and voltage-controlled resistors.
Forces and flow: Implications for pressure ulcers demonstrated through the use of magnetic resonance angiography

The combination of normal and shear forces applied to the skin over time can be detrimental to individuals with compromised health, such as the elderly or spinal-cord injured. These forces are factors associated with the formation of deep, penetrating wounds called pressure ulcers.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Selective Thin-Film Deposition for Optofluidic Platforms With Optimized Transmission

Selective deposition of dielectric thin films on an optofluidic biosensor provides the means for low loss in hollow-core waveguides and increased solid- to hollow-core coupling. Polymethylglutarimide (PMGI) is used over nonplanar topographies to provide liftoff patterning of dielectric films deposited at temperatures up to 250°C . This fabrication method provides throughput improvement in devices with hollow-cores longer than 2 mm.
Risk factors and outcomes associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation during acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Purpose Outcomes and risk factors associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are unclear. We investigated mortality and risk factors associated with new-onset AF during ARDS.
Extracting View-Dependent Depth Maps from a Collection of Images

Stereo correspondence algorithms typically produce a single depth map. In addition to the usual problems of occlusions and textureless regions, such algorithms cannot model the variation in scene or object appearance with respect to the viewing position. In this paper, we propose a new representation that overcomes the appearance variation problem associated with an image sequence. Rather than estimating a single depth map, we associate a depth map with each input image (or a subset of them). Our representation is motivated by applications such as view interpolation and depth-based segmentation for model-building or layer extraction. We describe two approaches to extract such a representation from a sequence of images. The first approach, which is more classical, computes the local depth map associated with each chosen reference frame independently. The novelty of this approach lies in its combination of shiftable windows, temporal selection, and graph cut optimization. The second approach simultaneously optimizes a set of self-consistent depth maps at multiple key-frames. Since multiple depth maps are estimated simultaneously, visibility can be modeled explicitly and disparity consistency imposed across the different depth maps. Results, which include a difficult specular scene example, show the effectiveness of our approach.
Levels of L-selectin (CD62L) on human leukocytes in disseminated cryptococcosis with and without associated HIV-1 infection.

Patients with disseminated cryptococcosis typically have measurable levels of cryptococcal polysaccharide in serum samples but minimal leukocyte infiltration into infected tissues. In vitro data have shown that cryptococcal polysaccharide induces L-selectin (CD62L) shedding from leukocytes. To assess shedding in vivo, we compared leukocyte L-selectin levels in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-negative and -positive subjects with and without circulating cryptococcal polysaccharide. Results showed that subjects with cryptococcal polysaccharide in serum samples have significantly lower percentages of neutrophils, monocytes, and CD3 + T cells with L-selectin on their surfaces than do healthy subjects, regardless of HIV status. There was significantly more soluble L-selectin in serum samples from subjects with cryptococcosis than in those from uninfected subjects. Reduced L-selectin levels on leukocytes in subjects with circulating cryptococcal polysaccharide and increased serum levels of soluble L-selectin indicates that surface L-selectin shedding is a mechanism that likely explains reduced leukocyte extravasation into infected tissues of patients with disseminated cryptococcosis.
Union Rules Intrude Upon the Nonunion Domain: Workplace Investigations and the NLRB

This paper examines the new legal landscape for nonunion employers who contemplate conducting investigations of alleged wrongdoing by their employees. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has ruled that a certain right (the “Weingarten right”) previously guaranteed only to union members applies equally to at-will employees in nonunionized firms. As a result, all employees now possess the right to ask that a coworker be present during an investigatory interview. While the Weingarten right is sensible in a union environment, significant public policy and practical problems arise when this right is extended to the nonunion environment. This paper offers advice on managing the investigative process, given this new “right,” and it discusses the propriety of imposing union rules on the nonunion workplace.
THE EMERGING WORLD SYSTEM AND COLONIAL YUCATAN:THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CORE-PERIPHERY INTEGRATION, 1780-1847

The conquest and colonization of Mesoamerica by Spain during the period AD 1519-1821 forms part of a macroregional interaction network known as the modern or capitalist world system. Regions incorporated within the world-system usually undergo economic change such that production and labor are increasingly commoditized, dramatically altering the productive strategies of households and communities. As Price (1986) observes, world systems theory is difficult to apply to prehistoric or precapitalist macroregional systems because the world systems analogy lacks referents to broader processes of state expansion, political-economic structure, and the corresponding archaeological record. This paper uses archaeological and historical data from the Parroquia de Yaxcaba, Yucatan, to explore the variable impact of political and economic change on the organization of production and labor of rural communities. Archaeological site structure and spatial organization are analyzed to assess the implications of world-system expansion for the archaeological record in a region where the market transitionultimately fails. Settlement patterns and site structure in Yaxcaba Parish suggest variation in production organization among communities that differs from historical reconstructions. Comparison of independent lines of evidence indicates that variation inthe processes of core-periphery integration are archaeologically recognizable.
Predictors of Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity Across Ages and Adiposity in Adult Humans

Context: Numerous factors are purported to influence insulin sensitivity including age, adiposity, mitochondrial function, and physical fitness. Univariate associations cannot address the complexity of insulin resistance or the interrelationship among potential determinants. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify significant independent predictors of insulin sensitivity across a range of age and adiposity in humans. Design, Setting, and Participants: Peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity were measured by two stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in 116 men and women (aged 19–78 y). Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, the suppression of endogenous glucose production during hyperinsulinemia, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance were tested for associations with 11 potential predictors. Abdominal subcutaneous fat, visceral fat (AFVISC), intrahepatic lipid, and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Skeletal muscl...
Real-Time Assessment of the 16 September 2015 Chile Tsunami and Implications for Near-Field Forecast

The magnitude 8.3 earthquake in central Chile on 16 September 2015 and the resulting tsunami severely affected the region, with 15 deaths (ONEMI in Monitoreo por sismo de mayor intensidad. (In Spanish) [Available at: http://www.onemi.cl/alerta/se-declara-alerta-roja-por-sismo-de-mayor-intensidad-y-alarma-de-tsunami/], 2015), over one million evacuated, and flooding in nearby coastal cities. We present our real-time assessment of the 2015 Chile tsunami using the Short-term Inundation Forecasting for Tsunamis system, and post-event analyses with local community models in Chile. We evaluate three real-time tsunami sources, which were inverted at the time that the first quarter-, half-, and full-wave passed the first tsunameter (DART 32402, located approximately 580 km north–northwest of the epicenter), respectively. Measurement comparisons from 26 deep-ocean tsunameters and 38 coastal tide stations show that good model accuracies are achieved for all three sources, particularly for the local sites that recorded the most destructive waves. The study highlights the forecast speed, time and accuracy dependence, and their implications for the local forecast capability. Our analyses suggest that the tsunami’s main origination area is about 100–200 km long and 100 km wide, to the north of the earthquake epicenter along the trench and the total estimated tsunami wave energy is 7.9 × 1013 J (with 13 % uncertainty). The study provides important guidelines for the earliest reliable estimate of tsunami energy and local forecasts. They can be obtained with the first quarter-wave of tsunameter recording. These results are also confirmed by a forecast analysis of the 2011 Japan tsunami. Furthermore, we find that the first half-wave tsunameter data are sufficient to accurately forecast the 2015 Chile tsunami, due to the specific orientation between the nearest tsunameter and the source. The study also suggests expanding the operational use of the local community models in real time, and demonstrates the applicability of the model results for ‘‘all-clear’’ evaluations, search and rescue operations, and near-real-time mitigation planning in both near and far fields.
Relating Decision Making Styles to Predicting Selfefficacy and a Generalized Expectation of Success and Failure

The theoretical and applied distinction between a propensity toward a more intuitive decision style versus a more analytical style has gained prominence in recent years. A self-report measure, the Decision Making Styles Inventory, is presented and is shown to differentiate among those who endorse an analytical, an intuitive, or an avoidant, regret-based decision style. Results from one study, a horse race betting task, indicated that those who endorsed a decision style, particularly those endorsing a flexible analytical and intuitive style, performed better on the task than those who did not. A second study clearly showed that decision style was related to self reports of self-efficacy, optimism, and self-regard. These results suggest that having either an analytical, intuitive or combined decision style is beneficial to the decision maker.
Issues relating to the effective use of importance sampling

The effective use of Importance Sampling is dependent upon the importance sampling density. The choice of the density however does not come from importance sampling. If the sampling density is well chosen to reflect the contribution of the dominant failure regions to the system failure probability, then the estimator will be accurate. This implies that the density must be located on or near the boundary of the dominant regions. However, the location must also be near regions of high density. This is because, the major contribution of a particular region to the probability of failure comes from the areas of high density. In view of the above, some apriori information must be available first before one can construct the importance sampling density. Information such as which of the failure regions are dominant and the high density areas of the dominant failure regions are very important to the success of the technique. This information however is not always easily available. The lack of this information can lead to the selection of bad sampling densities. Another important issue is the use of the coefficient of variation of the estimator as a measure of accuracy of the estimator. It can be misleading.
Population Density of Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in Weedy Beans

The response of Empoasca fabae (Harris) to beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., in four weed habitats, bean monocultures, beans with Brassica kaber (D.-C.), beans with weeds that were removed in early July, and unweeded beans, was examined by visual and D-Vac samples. Weeds in the unweeded treatment were mixed broadleaf and grassy weeds. Visual samples showed that leafhopper density per bean leaflet was highest in bean monocultures, lowest in unweeded beans, and intermediate in the remaining weed habitats. D-Vac samples showed no difference in leafhopper density per area among weed habitats. D-Vac samples included leafhoppers living on the associated weeds, whereas visual samples restricted population estimates to leafhoppers on bean plants. These results suggest that mixed broad leaf and grassy weeds did not affect total E. fabae population density per land area, but did affect the spatial distribution of E. fabae among weedy and cultivated host plants.
Infections Caused by Mycobacterium szulgai in Humans

Mycobacterium szulgai is a scotochromogenic species that has recently been recognized as a human pathogen. Twenty-four cases of disease caused by M. szulgai in humans have been reported in the English-language literature. The clinical features of these cases were reviewed, and three additional cases (two pulmonary, one extrapulmonary) were studied. Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the commonest type of infection caused by M. szulgai (18 of 27 cases). Olecranon bursitis was reported in three cases, and disseminated infection was noted in three cases occurring in immunocompromised patients. M. szulgai is more susceptible to standard antimycobacterial agents than are other nontuberculous mycobacteria, notably the Mycobacterium avium complex. Clinical improvement and cure of pulmonary disease can be anticipated when treatment includes at least three drugs effective in in vitro susceptibility tests. Surgical excision appears unnecessary in pulmonary disease but may be indicated in olecranon bursitis.
A translationally regulated Tousled kinase phosphorylates histone H3 and confers radioresistance when overexpressed

The gene Tousled of Arabidopsis Thaliana encodes a protein kinase which, when mutated, results in abnormal flower development. From a library of mRNAs that are translationally upregulated by overexpression of the translation initiation factor 4E, we identified a mammalian Tousled Like kinase (TLK1B). The human TLK1B mRNA contains a 5′UTR 1088-nt-long with two upstream AUG codons, and was found to be very inhibitory for translation. The TLK1B protein localizes almost exclusively to the nuclei. TLK1B overexpression in mammalian cells rendered them more resistant to ionizing radiation (IR). Purified TLK1B phosphorylated histone H3 at S10 with high specificity both in a mix of core histones and in isolated chromatin, suggesting that histone H3 is a physiological substrate for TLK1B. Moreover, overexpression of TLK1B in transfected cells resulted in a higher degree of H3 phosphorylation. Expression of TLK1B in a yeast strain that harbors a temperature-sensitive mutation of the major H3 kinase, Ipl1, complemented the growth defect; restored normal levels of histone H3 phosphorylation; and increased their resistance to IR. Phosphorylation of H3 has been linked to the activation of the immediate-early genes upon mitogenic stimulation, and to chromatin condensation during mitotic/meiotic events. A possible role for TLK1B in radioprotection is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLED-CONCRETE STEEL TUBESHORT COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD

Experimental study on mechanical properties of the 12 filled-concrete steel tubeshort columns with 7 different sections under axial force is preformed.Failure process and failure mode of them are observed,load-displacement curves are obtained,the influence for confinement coefficient ξ to the mechanical properties of short columns under axial loaded is analyzed.Based on load-displacement curves,ultimate bearing capacities of them are given.These will give beneficial rules for establishing calculation formula of ultimate bearing capacity of short columns under axial force with different sections.
N-1 Security Criterion-Based Analysis and Evaluation of Partitions on Distribution Network Reconfiguration

To implement the load transfer problem in the planning and automation of distribution network,combining with the topological structure and the connection mode of distribution network,the post-fault reconfiguration scheme of distribution network and related influencing factors are analyzed,and a practical N-1 security criterion-based method to analyze and evaluate the partitions in reconfigured distribution network is proposed,by which the piecewise and complete N-1 security examination of distribution network can be carried out,in addition corresponding evaluation software is developed.When the spare capability of single feeder is smaller than the transferred load,the proposed method can provide a scheme,in which the multi feeders can participate the load transfer.And automatic post-fault load transferring of the feeders with dual power supplies can be handled to determine the maximum feeder capability margin.Using the developed software,the load transfer ability of distribution network can be evaluated overall and effectively by the evaluation results of partition examination,and various post-fault reconfiguration schemes for distribution network can be compared.Effects of applying the developed software in various distribution networks show that the proposed analysis and evaluation method as well as the developed software are effective and feasible.
Continuum mechanics versus violations of the second law of thermodynamics

ABSTRACTSpontaneous, random violations of the second law become relevant as the length and/or timescales become very small. Modern statistical physics tells us that the second law then needs to be replaced by the fluctuation theorem and, mathematically, the irreversible entropy evolves as a submartingale. This is illustrated on the Couette flow of a molecular fluid. On the continuum level, such phenomena lead to a framework of thermomechanics relying on stochastic (rather than deterministic) functionals of energy and entropy, which are applied in heat diffusion and thermoelasticity settings. Counterintuitive thermomechanical behaviors are also discussed in (1) the evolution of acceleration wavefronts of nanoscale thickness and (2) the fluid mechanics which has to enter a permeability model of a poroelastic medium with nanoscale pores.
Honoring God through scientific research: Navigating the ethics of publishing with our students:

Scientists dedicate their careers to the quest of learning about the world through the collection and reporting of empirical data. Subsequently, practitioners apply this information in a variety of...
Factors influencing difficulty of removing pelts from lamb carcasses.

Forty-eight Suffolk x white-faced ram and wether lambs approximately 5, 7, or 9 mo of age were slaughtered to evaluate the effects of age and gender on difficulty of pelt removal, pelt damage, and leg damage. A commercial belt-type pelt puller and a scale that recorded force required to remove the pelt from the thickest part of the legs was used as lambs hung suspended from their front legs. Rams required more force (P less than .05) to remove the pelt than wethers, and the difference between genders became larger as age increased. Neither pelt damage due to grain crack nor leg damage judged by amount of fell and fat removed by the pelt puller changed with age. Rams possessed thicker pelts (P less than .05) than wethers; this plus a greater amount of collagen crosslinking in ram skins could be responsible for the slightly smaller amount of grain crack observed in ram pelts. Factors involved in difficulty of pelt removal in ram lambs included age, splenius weight, and overall maturity. Difficulty of pelt removal in wether lambs was best predicted by including age and splenius weight in the model. These data tend to support packers' common practice of discounting rams over 5 mo of age because rams develop masculine characteristics and become harder to dress with increasing age.
ROBOTICS, AGENTS, AND E-WORK: THE EMERGING FUTURE OF PRODUCTION

Abstract To understand the nature of emerging future production and the influence of e-Work on enterprises, design principles and collaborative control theory have been and are being developed, and are described in this article. The “four wheels” of e-Work, their fifteen e-dimensions and their role in e-Production are discussed and illustrated. Network models and their emerging redesign counterparts are explained with implications to the future of production.
Transient Transfection of Human Retinoblastoma Cells

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is an intraocular tumor usually diagnosed in children under four years of age (1). The tumor rises when both alleles of the Rb tumor suppressor gene become inactivated in a retinal precursor cell during development (2,3). The first retinoblastoma cell line to be established in culture, Y-79 (4), has been shown to originate from neuroectodermal cells that express both neuronal and glial cell markers (3). Both Y-79 cells and Rb tumor cells produce mRNAs encoding several proteins unique to the photoreceptors (5), including different subunits of cone- and rod-specific cGMP-phosphodiesterases (6). Therefore, cultured Y-79 cells, which have a human retinal origin, could be particularly useful for studying the regulatory mechanisms of photoreceptor-specific gene expression (7).
The Great Simple Solution

Our poor frustrated reader, now bewildered by such a large array of complex ethical quandaries, can be forgiven for desiring, and hoping to find, a Great Simple Solution. Perhaps, hopes our struggling reader, there might be found some Great Simple Solution that only the practical minded person, the person with little learning but much good sense will be able to see, the Great Simple Solution that can be seen only by a simple person of great wisdom who is able to think more clearly than all the learned people and bureaucrats put together.
A Simple and Robust Bedside Model for Mortality Risk in Pediatric Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Objectives:Despite declining mortality, acute respiratory distress syndrome is still involved in up to one third of pediatric intensive care deaths. The recently convened Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference has outlined research priorities for the field, which include the need for accur
Social Minds and the Fixation of Belief

To survive and thrive in our always evolving world, humans must learn from experience and conserve vital intelligence for immediate access when needed for the resolution of existential predicaments. Peirce described this process as one of inquiry, a trial and error proceeding that resolves quandaries (doubts) and forges habits (beliefs) that accumulate into stores of practical intelligence that are programs for survival. These stores of practical intelligence are the integrated systems of belief that constitute the cores of our minds. But humans aspire to intelligence of a more theoretical sort that has no immediate practical or vital importance but which satisfies intellectual yearnings and advances knowledge in general. The quest for knowledge in general, scientific inquiry, does not yield a body of fixed beliefs (as with practical intelligence) but only a body of provisional beliefs never quite accepted as final. Our minds also encompass theoretical intelligence of this sort. But individual human experience can never achieve the comprehensive practical intelligence necessary for the survival of civilization and the human brain is not adequate for the storage of the theoretical intelligence necessary for the advancement of science. The survival and advancement of civilization depends on the extension of mind beyond individual biological organisms into social groups and institutions. This accords with Peirce’s generalized conception of mind and his idea that minded organisms function within mind that is, at least in part, external to them. Not only can institutions develop minds of their own, some institutions evolve to become the crucial reservoirs of intelligence that define cultures and perpetuate civilization. We may speculate that religion is the human institution that embodies the intelligence that addresses the matters of vital importance for civilizations, while it is the institution of science that embodies the theoretical intelligence that addresses the human aspiration to find things out and our only hope to advance toward the truth.
The Hypocalcemic Disorders

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of hypocalcemic conditions and the role of vitamin D in their etiology and therapy. Clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia are presented, and the physiologic consequences of acute and chronic hypocalcemia are described. Functional mechanisms maintaining circulating calcium within its narrow normal range are discussed in the context of regulation by the calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D. The hypocalcemic disorders are classified by their functional etiologies and discussed in relationship to primary homeostatic disturbances including inadequate PTH secretion, resistance to PTH action, or PTH independence. The PTH-independent disorders focus on those conditions in which the availability, metabolic activation, or molecular action of vitamin D is compromised, as well as other clinical scenarios in which hypocalcemia may occur. Guidelines for the acute and long-term management of the hypocalcemic conditions are provided.