cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and optimization of the FAST-ELISA for detecting antibodies to Schistosoma mansoni

The Falcon assay screening test (F.A.S.T.) system was used to develop a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative kinetic-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (k-ELISA) for detecting antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni adult microsomal antigens (MAMAs). The FAST-ELISA uses polystyrene beads on sticks molded to the lid of a microtitration plate. The beads are coated with antigen. Reagents and sera are placed in microtitration plates and the beads exposed to reagents by immersion. The exposure time required for a single dilution of serum or other antibody source, conjugate, and substrate is 5 min each. Excluding preparation time, two plates can easily be assayed in 30 min. The optima for assay conditions, reproducibility, quantitative linearity, and sensitivity are delineated. A battery of sera from patients with both homologous and heterologous infections was tested, and a dilution series of a standard reference serum pool was included with each test. Results were expressed in number of units as calibrated against the standard reference sera pool. Antigen-coated bead storage studies were performed with untreated and three chemically treated antigens. The storage stability of MAMA, ability to perform the assay with minimal equipment, sensitivity, short assay time, and ease of operation make the FAST-ELISA ideal for field studies.
Measurement of the second virial coefficient of C60 in CS2 solution from small-angle neutron scattering

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to measure the second virial coefficient (A2) of C60 in CS2, which gives a value of 0.0098 cm3 g-2 mol. This unexpectedly high value of A2, along with a measured radius of gyration of 3.91 A which is higher than the 3.48 A theory value supports the solvated fullerene model of a C60 molecule associated with a single layer of 24 CS2 solvent molecules. This model is supported by published data from a review of other solution techniques. A discussion of the SANS methodology needed to model highly characterized systems such as fullerenes is given.
β-(1-Azulenyl)-L-alanine – a functional probe for determination of pKa of histidine residues

β-(1-Azulenyl)-L-alanine (AzAla) can be incorporated into the influenza A virus M2 proton channel. AzAla's sensitivity to the protonation state of the nearby histidines and the lack of environmental fluorescence dependence allow for direct and straightforward determination of histidine pKa values in ion channels.
The effect of dynamization on slowing the healing of femur shaft fractures after interlocking nailing

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the effect of dynamizing a static interlocking nail to promote femoral fracture healing and the adverse effect of dynamization. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight static femoral interlocking nails were dynamized after 4 months (median, 6 months; range, 4-12 months) because of poor fracture healing. The clinical and roentgenographic healing processes were recorded. Significant complications were treated and analyzed. Results: Twenty-four patients were followed for at least one year (median, 32 months; range, 13-49 months). Fourteen patients (58%) achieved a solid union with a union period of 5.2 ± 2.0 months after dynamization. Twenty-one percent of patients (5 of 24) had more than 2 cm of femoral shortening; all occurred in cases of nonunion (p < 0.01, Fisher's exact test). All 10 cases of nonunion were treated with cancellous bone grafting with or without lengthening and achieved satisfactory outcomes. Conclusions: Dynamization is a method that can be tried to improve fracture healing in femoral fractures that show delayed healing after interlocking nailing. In my experience, however, not all cases achieve union after dynamization. Patients must be examined regularly after dynamization to avoid significant shortening.
A self-reinforcement questionnaire

Abstract The hypothesis that the tendency to engage in self-reinforcement behavior is measurable by a 30-item true-false questionnaire is supported using self-monitoring as the validity criterion. The use of the self-reinforcement questionnaire has been supported previously by correlating questionnaire scores with frequency of self-reinforcement during simple experimental tasks. In the present study, 53 undergraduates monitored self-reinforcement behavior for 28 days and frequency of self-reinforcement correlated significantly with questionnaire scores as well as experimenter ratings of the tendency to engage in self-reinforcement. The results suggest that the questionnaire is a promising tool for the measurement of self-reinforcement in meaningful settings. The need for further validational evidence is noted and the potential usefulness of the questionnaire in testing hypotheses regarding the relation between self-reinforcement and depression is discussed.
The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship

The Uruk List of Kings and Sages is best known for its genealogy connecting human scholars to antediluvian sages. Since its publication in 1962, however, questions pertaining to the text's specific purpose within the context of Hellenistic Uruk have been neglected. This study seeks to understand two such questions: why is the most explicit scholarly genealogy written in the Hellenistic period?; and who is the last named person in the text? Seeking answers to these questions sheds new light on the text's purpose: it is an attempt by scholars to gain support for themselves and their novel cultic agenda. La reputation de la liste des Uruk de les rois et les sages est due a sa genealogie, qui cree un lien entre les savants humains et les sages antediluviens. Par contre, depuis sa publication en 1962 on a neglige les questions qui ont affaire au but specifique du texte dans le contexte de l'Uruk hellenistique. Cette etude cherche a comprendre deux questions dans ce domaine: pourquoi la genealogie la plus explicitement savante est-elle ecrite pendant l'epoque hellenistique?; et qui est la derniere personne nommee dans le texte? Chercher des reponses a ces questions illumine d'une nouvelle facon le but du texte; c'est une tentative par des savants de gagner du soutien pour leur programme original de culte ainsi que pour eux-memes.
Aggregation with Log-Linear Models

When economic theory suggests a log-linear specification for individual agents, e.g., CobbDouglas production, it is common to estimate the same log-linear model with aggregate data, invoking a representative agent assumption and thereby assuming away aggregation errors. This paper gives necessary and sufficient restrictions on the distribution of agents in an economy for log-linear agent models to aggregate into log-linear macro models, and discusses the aggregation bias resulting from violation of these restrictions. Theorems, tests, economic rationales, and empirical results are given. Included are connections to random walks and to cointegration. Analogous results for log-level models are derived.
Measuring gifted adolescents' implicit theories of creativity

This paper examines the structure of implicit theories of creativity in a sample of gifted adolescents and describes the development and use of the Creative Self Checklist and the Creative Individual Checklist, adjective checklists designed to assess endorsement of creativity‐related personality and behavioral attributes. Findings indicate that the gifted rate aspects of risk‐taking and inquisitiveness as primary facets of their own creativity while defining artistic abilities and energy and motivation as important parts of creativity in others. This study also assessed the role that these implicit theories play in the display of creative behaviors with regard to both performance on creativity tests and participation in creative hobbies. Findings indicate that while performance on creativity measures is predictive of creative hobby participation, greater self‐endorsement of beliefs that are positively related to creativity also significantly predict creative behaviors.
Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to prevent ischemic and atherothrombotic events.

Blood pressure (BP) is a continuous risk factor for ischemic and atherosclerotic events such as stroke and ischemic heart disease, and controlling BP is a well-established component of any cardiovascular or cerebrovascular risk reduction regimen. In most patients, ≥2 medications with different mechanisms of action will be necessary to reach recommended BP goals. The neuroendocrine effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) have proven to be excellent therapeutic targets for BP lowering. A number of antiatherosclerotic effects have been attributed to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in addition to their antihypertensive effects. Because they have complementary actions on the RAAS, combination therapy with these agents has become the focus of recent clinical trials. This review describes the clinical data assessing the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers individually and in combination in reducing the risk of stroke and ischemic heart disease.
An optimal stopping time problem with time average cost in a bounded interval

Abstract An optimal stopping time problem for a diffusion process stopped at the boundary of a bounded interval is studied. Our cost functional is of time average type which is different from standard long term average cost functional but can be considered as a version of the Gittins index. Both characterization of the, value function and construction of optimal stopping policy will be presented.
Gating of Shaker K+ channels: II. The components of gating currents and a model of channel activation

Steady-state and kinetic properties of gating currents of the Shaker K+ channels were studied in channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes and recorded with the cut-open oocyte voltage clamp. The charge versus potential (Q-V) curve reveals at least two components of charge, the first moving in the hyperpolarized region (V1/2 = -63 mV) and the second, with a larger apparent valence, moving in the more depolarized region (V1/2 = -44 mV). The kinetic analysis of gating currents revealed also two exponential decaying components that corresponded in their voltage dependence with the charge components described in the steady-state. The first component was found to correlate with the effects of prepulses that produce the Cole-Moore shift of the ionic and gating currents and seems to be occurring completely within closed conformations of the channel. The second component seems to be related to the events occurring between the closed states just preceding, but not including, the transition to the open state. The ON and OFF gating currents exhibit a pronounced rising phase at potentials at which the second component becomes important, and this region corresponds to the potential range where the channel opens. The results could not be explained with simple parallel models, but the data can be fitted to a sequential model that could be related to a first rearrangement of the putative four subunits in cooperative fashion, followed by a concerted charge movement that leads to the open channel. The first series of charge movements are produced by transitions between several closed states carrying less than two electronic charges per step, while a step carrying about 3.5 electronic charges can explain the second component. This step is followed by the transition to the open state carrying less than 0.5 electronic charges. This model is able to reproduce all the kinetic and steady-state properties of the gating currents and predicts many of the properties of the ionic currents.
Silicone Breast Implants and Human Rheumatic Disease is there a Connection

Silicone has been used with apparent safety in implanted medical devices since 1952. Despite the long history of clinical use of this material, concern has been expressed in some quarters about systemic disease etiologically related to silicone implantation. The first report concerning this phenomenon was in 1964 when Miyoshi et al. published 2 cases in the Japanese literature of patients with vague clinical syndromes occurring after the injection of probably adulterated silicone material into breasts for purposes of augmentation. Since that time there have been numerous case reports and series (<400 patients) reporting a variety of rheumatic diseases occurring after the implantation of silicone gel prosthesis. Approximately 20 epidemiological studies have been published investigating the possible relationship between silicone breast implants and rheumatic disease. Several studies have found very weak, but statistically significant, effects showing either a negative or positive association with connective...
A Technology Intervention and Support Program for Associate Degree Students.

The Technology Intervention and Support Program (TISP) was developed at two of Kent State University's seven regional campuses to provide a minimum of 50 academically disadvantaged and underprepared students enrolled in associate degree technical programs with individualized intervention/support services to improve skills in mathematics and English. The composite profiles of the typical student participant at each of the two campuses indicated differences in gender, hours of enrollment, and major. Race, age group, and academic rank, however, were characteristics that typical participants at both campuses had in common. Outcome measurements designed for the program included pre‐ and postevaluations of grade point averages, assessment scores, and course grades. Student and administrative evaluation of the program was positive and provided recommendations for refinement as well. Also identified are seven implications for practice concerning how to better serve the special needs of associate degree students.
The reorganization of μ opioid receptors in the rat dorsal horn following peripheral axotomy

Abstract The μ opioid receptor is concentrated in laminae I and II (LI and LII, respectively) of the normal rat dorsal horn. Fourteen days after transection of the L4–L6 segmental peripheral nerves, image analysis demonstrates a 49, 34 and 17% decrease in μ opioid staining density in the medial, middle and lateral thirds of the superficial dorsal horn, respectively, when comparing the operated to the unoperated side. Intralaminar analysis demonstrates that the greatest change in density occurs in LI and LII outer, compared to LII inner. By 31 days post-surgery, staining has returned to normal with side to side differences no longer present. These results imply that μ opioid ligands such as morphine might be less effective in ameliorating pain 2 weeks after a peripheral nerve lesion than they are in the normal condition, but that this effectiveness should return as the receptors are restored to their normal levels. Thus, the time following a lesion may be an important variable in assessing the effectiveness of μ opioid ligands in alleviating neuropathic pain. Furthermore, this study shows that the organization of opioid receptors in the superficial dorsal horn is malleable and could lead to changes in drug efficacy.
Response to Cercal Stimulation recorded in the Cricket Brain

THE responses of the cercal receptors of orthopterous insects have been known for a long time. In cockroaches and crickets nerve fibres from the sense organs synapse in the last abdominal ganglion with giant fibres; in the former insect at least the system is a simple relay initiating escape responses1,2. In crickets the cerci possess a variety of mechanoreceptors and have, among others, a tactile function in song and courtship3,4. Although the brain is primarily responsible for controlling speed and duration of movement of the animal following cereal stimulation4,5, neural activity in response to such stimulation has been recorded only as far forward as the suboesophageal ganglion4.
Indiana's Community Networking Movement: Websites Then and Now

Spurred on by interest at the federal level by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in reducing the "Digital Divide" between those with access to the Internet and those without it, the state of Indiana launched a community networking initiative in 1995. Dubbed "Access Indiana", the initiative ultimately funded about thirty geographically-based community networks and created the Indiana Community Network Association (ICNA) to serve as an advocacy organization for the community networks. Contractor and Bishop (1999) define community networks as "not-for-profit institutions that typically provide online community information, Internet services, and user support to local residents and organizations" (p. 155).
Sums of sets in the elementary abelian group of type (p, p)

Abstract Let S=(α1, …, α2p−1) be a sequence of 2p−1 elements of an Abelian group G of type (p, p). The following theorems are proved: (1) If α1, …, α2p−1 are distinct and not zero, then every element of G is a sum over a subsequence of S and if p>2 then 0 is the sum of a subsequence of α1, …, α2p−2. (2) Let K be a proper subgroup of G. If 0≠αi ∈ K for 1≤i≤p−1, αi∋K for p≤i≤2p−2 then every element of G occurs as a sum over some subsequence of S.
Information technology, contextual factors and the volatility of firm performance

Abstract This study uses previous theory developed in the IT implementation literature and the information processing view of the firm to empirically investigate the impact of IT investments and several contextual variables on the volatility of future earnings. We use InformationWeek 500 data on IT spending from 1992–1997 to find evidence that IT investments increase the volatility of future earnings but that this impact is highly contingent upon three firm level contextual factors — sales growth, unrelated diversification, and size. These factors can lead to conditions in which IT increases or reduces earnings volatility. Taken together, these results may help explain what has recently been termed the “new productivity paradox,” i.e., the apparent under-investment in information technology despite evidence of highly positive returns for doing so, and suggests settings where managers may be under- or over-discounting returns on IT investments.
Competitive degradation and detoxification of carbamate insecticides by membrane anodic Fenton treatment.

The competitive degradation of six carbamate insecticides by membrane anodic Fenton treatment (AFT), a new Fenton treatment technology, was carried out in this study. The carbamates studied were dioxacarb, carbaryl, fenobucarb, promecarb, bendiocarb, and carbofuran. The results indicate that AFT can effectively degrade these insecticides in both single component and multicomponent systems. The carbamates compete for hydroxyl radicals, and their kinetics obey the previously developed AFT kinetic model quite well. Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants were obtained, and they decrease in the following order: dioxacarb ≈ carbaryl > fenobucarb > promecarb > bendiocarb > carbofuran. The AFT is shown to have higher treatment efficiency at higher temperature. Degradation products of the carbamates were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and it appears that degradation can be initiated by hydroxyl radical attack at different sites in the molecule, depending on the individual structure of the c...
Cocaine Use in Elder Adults: A Focus on Recognition and Risk Factors

a strong association between cotard’s syndrome & catatonia, not only in clinical presentation but also in treatment. (Mr. F’s symptoms dramatically improved with benzodiazepines in addition to antipsychotics.) We agree with their suggestion that benzodiazepines should be considered early in the course of illness. In addition, neuropsychological testing in Mr. F had shown deficits in visual spatial functioning. Testing in a group of catatonic patients had shown similar findings [7] and testing in patients with cotard’s per a literature review [8] showed deficits in facial recognition, which is a subset of visuospatial functioning. The significance of this finding needs to be further investigated. References: [1]. Pearn J, Gardner-Thorpe C: A biographical note on Marcel Proust’s Professor Cottard. J Med Biogr 2003; 11:103-106 [2]. Fink M, Taylor MA. The catatonia syndrome: forgotten but not gone. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66:1173 [3]. Cohen D, Cottias C, Basquin M: Cotard’s syndrome in a 15 year old girl. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 95(2):164-165 [4]. McClenahan E, Westphal J: Depressed, delusional and ‘dead’. Current Psychiatry 2006; 5(7). [5]. Baeza I, Salva J, Bernardo M: Cotard’s syndrome in a young male bipolar patient. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000 12(1):119-120 [6]. Simpson P, Kaul E, Quinn D: Cotard’s Syndrome with Catatonia: A Case Presentation and Discussion. Psychosomatics. 2012 Jun 5 [Epub ahead of print] [7]. Northoff G et al. Impairment in visual-spatial function in catatonia: a neuropsychological investigation. Schizophr Res 1999; 37(2):133-47 [8]. Kudlur S, George S, Jaimon M: An overview of the neurological correlates of Cotard syndrome. The European journal of psychiatry. Available at http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid1⁄4S0213-61632007000200002&script1⁄4sci_arttext.
SPECTRAL STUDIES AND EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF THE DIDODECYLNAPHTHALENE SULFONIC ACID, DICYCL0HEXAN0-18-CR0WN-6, Sr2+EXTRACTION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT The species and equilibria present in the synergistic extraction system for strontium, composed of didodecylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (HDDNS) and dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) in CCI4, have been studied by IR and proton NMR spectroscopies, vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), and Karl Fischer (KF) titrations. With the aid of least-squares computer methods to fit the IR and VPO results, a series of proposed equilibria and associated equilibrium constants have been shown to adequately account for all of the observed behavior. The sulfonic acid and the salt of the acid alone in CCI4solution form the micellar species (HDDNS·xH2O) 11(× is in the range 7-8) and (Sr(DDNS)2· 11 H2O) 6respectively. The sulfonic acid alone, under conditions of intermediate loadings with Sr2+, yields the predominant species (Sr(DDNS) 2)3(HDDNS) 5·×H2O. When alone in solution, DC18C6 is a monomer, but it forms adducts with the free sulfonic acid and its strontium salt, yielding the respective product species (HDDNS) 7·DC18C6·...
On Constituting and Institutionalizing a Foreign-Language Discipline: The Example of Rhetoric and Composition in Departments of English.

educational settings is viewed from an international perspective, we find that the language component of the language and literature of the respective mother tongue consists of education in written discourse. The language component of languages and literatures other than the native tongue consists of what we familiarly call foreign languages. Whether the combination is literature and composition or literature and a foreign language is a function not so much of a course of study as of the educational system in which one operates. In the context of American higher education, departments of language and literature have consisted of a recognized discipline of literature, subdivided by language of access, and afield, traditionally less recognized, of discourse education or foreign lan-
Astronomy: Searching for the cosmic dawn

The Hubble Space Telescope, teaming up with a 'cosmic lens', has revealed a highly magnified galaxy thought to date back to 500 million years after the Big Bang. The find provides a glimpse of the first stages of galaxy formation. See Letter p.406 Young galaxies at a cosmic age of less than 500 million years remain largely unexplored because they are at or beyond the sensitivity limits of current large telescopes. This paper reports the use of strong gravitational lensing from a massive cluster of galaxies to observe a galaxy from the early Universe, at a redshift of z ≈ 9.6, equivalent to a cosmic age of approximately 490 million years. The authors suggest that because faint galaxies seem to be abundant at such a young cosmic age they are probably the dominant source for the early re-ionization of the intergalactic medium.
Thermodynamic origin of cooperativity in actomyosin interactions: The coupling of short-range interactions with actin bending stiffness in an Ising-like model

We present Monte Carlo simulations for a molecular motor system found in virtually all eukaryotic cells, the acto-myosin motor system, composed of a group of organic macromolecules. Cell motors were mapped to an Ising-like model, where the interaction field is transmitted through a tropomyosin polymer chain. The presence of Ca2+ induces tropomyosin to block or unblock binding sites of the myosin motor leading to its activation or deactivation. We used the Metropolis algorithm to find the transient and the equilibrium states of the acto-myosin system composed of solvent, actin, tropomyosin, troponin, Ca2+, and myosin-S1 at a given temperature, including the spatial configuration of tropomyosin on the actin filament surface. Our model describes the short- and long-range cooperativity during actin-myosin binding which emerges from the bending stiffness of the tropomyosin complex. We found all transition rates between the states only using the interaction energy of the constituents. The agreement between our model and experimental data also supports the recent theory of flexible tropomyosin.
Networks analysis, complexity, and brain function

T hroughout the early history of neurology and neuroscience, most theoretical accounts of brain function have emphasized either aspects of localization or distributed properties [1]. Instead, modern views focus extensively on the structure and dynamics of large-scale neuronal networks, especially those of the cerebral cortex and associated thalamocortical circuits whose activation underlies human perception and cognition [2,3]. Both, localized and distributed aspects of brain function naturally emerge from this network perspective. This essay highlights several unique characteristics of brain networks and explores how a computational analysis of these networks (see also [4]) may impact on our understanding of human brain function. With a few notable exceptions (such as diffusible messengers), all communication between nerve cells is carried out along physical connections, often linking cells that are separated by large distances. Signals within these connections consist of series of action potentials (spikes) of unit magnitude and duration. The arrival of an action potential at a synaptic junction triggers numerous biochemical and biophysical processes, ultimately resulting in transmission of electrical signals to the postsynaptic (receiving) cell, which may in turn generate an output spike transmitted along the neuron’s axon. Neurons in the cerebral cortex maintain thousands of input and output connections with other neurons, forming a dense network of connectivity spanning the entire thalamocortical system. According to a detailed quantitative study [5], the human cerebral cortex contains approximately 8.3 10 neurons and 6.7 10 connections. The length of all connections within a single human brain is estimated between 100,000 and 10,000,000 km [5]. Despite this massive connectivity, cortical networks are exceedingly sparse, with an overall connectivity factor (number of connections present out of all possible) of around 10 . Brain networks are not random, but form highly specific patterns. A predominant feature of brain networks is that neurons tend to connect predominantly with other neurons in local groups. Thus, local connectivity ratios can be significantly higher than those suggested by random topology. Networks in the brain can be analyzed at multiple levels of scale. Within small and localized region of the brain, neurons form characteristic sets of connections, socalled local circuits [6]. For example, neurons forming cortical columns show specific patterns of connectivity between morphologically and pharmacologically distinct classes of cells in different layers. At a higher level of scale, such columns communicate through “tangential” or “horizontal” connections, forming networks of columns within single cortical areas. Connection patterns formed by these local, intraareal networks are thought to be responsible for the specific processing requirements OLAF SPORNS
A chemotactic response facilitates mosquito salivary gland infection by malaria sporozoites.

Sporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands is critical for malaria transmission to vertebrate hosts. After release into the mosquito hemocoel, the means by which malaria sporozoites locate the salivary glands is unknown. We developed a Matrigel-based in vitro system to observe and analyze the motility of GFP-expressing Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in the presence of salivary gland products of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes using temperature-controlled, low-light-level video microscopy. Sporozoites moved toward unheated salivary gland homogenate (SGH) but not to SGH that had been heated at 56°C for 30 min. We also investigated the origin of the attracted population. Attraction to SGH was restricted to hemolymph- and oocyst-derived sporozoites; salivary gland-derived sporozoites were not attracted to SGH. These data imply that sporozoites employ a chemotactic response to high molecular mass proteins or carbohydrate-binding proteins to locate salivary glands. This raises the possibility of utilizing anti-chemotactic factors for the development of mosquito transmission blocking agents.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of Pityrosporum yeast cells based on serial section electron microscopy.

The purpose of this communication is to direct attention to the complex architecture of Pityrosporum orbiculare and the quantitative relationship between the various cytoplasmic organelles. Cultured cells fixed in glutaraldehyde and potassium permanganate solutions and embedded in Vestopal were sectioned serially. Fifty or more consecutive sections were mounted on Formvar-coated single-hole grids for electron microscopy. Electron micrographs were taken of complete cells. The volume of the organelles was estimated as a percentage of the cytoplasm. About one-third of the cells was occupied by the nucleus, light bodies, and the mitochondria. The quantitative expression showed little variability between the three cells examined. Other features, too small and irregular for quantitative expression, were found to present similar patterns of arrangement in the serially sectioned material. There were two systems of cytomembranes. One, peripherally located near the cell wall, was a system of folds, lacunae, and small vesicles. The second, more centrally located, was a system of lacunae expanding to enclose dense material. Serial section electron microscopy can be utilized for quantitative measurements of organelles. It is also useful for placing small units, such as the nuclear buds and structures formed by the cytomembranes in respect to the cell as a whole. This is the first report, to our knowledge, in which whole unicellular organisms have been analyzed quantitatively by serial section electron microscopy. The same methods could be applied to the study of other unicellular organisms.
Building a More Effective Global Climate Regime Through a Bottom-Up Approach

This Article presents an innovative institutional strategy for global climate protection, quite distinct from, but ultimately complementary to and supportive of the currently stalled UNFCCC climate treaty negotiations. The bottom-up strategy relies on a variety of smallerscale transnational cooperative arrangements, involving not only states but sub-national jurisdictions, firms, and CSOs, to undertake activities whose primary goal is not climate mitigation but which will achieve greenhouse gas reductions as an inherent byproduct. This strategy avoids the inherent problems in securing an enforceable treaty to secure the global public good of climate protection by mobilizing other incentives - including economic self-interest, energy security, cleaner air, and furtherance of international development - to motivate such actors to cooperate on actions that will also benefit the climate. These bottom-up regimes will contribute to global climate action not only by achieving emissions reductions in the short-term, but also by linking the bottom-up regimes to the UNFCCC system through greenhouse gas monitoring and reporting systems. In these ways, the bottom-up strategy will help secure eventual agreement on a global climate treaty.
New approaches for validation of lethal phenotypes and genetic reversion in Helicobacter pylori.

Background. Because of limited genetic tools for use in Helicobacter pylori, tests routinely applied in other bacteria for demonstrating a gene’s role in viability and other phenotypes have not been applied to this organism. In a mutational study of putative response regulator genes, we aimed to develop such tools for H. pylori. Materials and Methods. We attempted to mutate five response regulator genes by allelic exchange insertional mutagenesis. For genes that yielded no viable mutants, a second copy of the gene was inserted into the chromosome via a suicide vector, and it was seen if providing the second copy would permit the gene’s disruption. For genes that yielded mutants with selectable phenotypes, a strategy was developed for reversion whereby an intact copy of the gene is introduced to the organism by transformation with PCR products. Following this procedure, revertants were selected by phenotypic tests then tested for genetic reversion. Results. After failure to attain transformants upon attempted mutation of genes HP0166 and HP1365, we inserted a second copy of each gene within the H. pylori chromosome. In each case the second copy relieved the block of transformation. Mutation of genes HP0703 and HP1021 gave non-motile and small-colony phenotypes, respectively. Following transformation with PCR products containing intact copies of the genes, both phenotype and genotype had reverted following phenotypic selections. Conclusions. The methods used in this study provide new approaches for confirming suspected genotype/phenotype associations and should be widely applicable in the study of H. pylori.
Interference effects for low-energy electron-impact ionization of nitrogen molecules

Young's double slit interference effects for low incident energy $75.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ electron impact ionization of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ are investigated using the distorted-wave impulse approximation (DWIA) for both coplanar symmetric and asymmetric scattering. Although the DWIA does not predict observable interference effects for the coplanar symmetric case, it predicts some strong Young's double-slit-type interference effects for the highly asymmetric scattering case. These effects are strong enough that they should be experimentally observable if one can make measurements in the backscattering region.
Using College Web Sites for Student Recruitment: A Relationship Marketing Study

ABSTRACT This random sample, three-year study examines the home pages of four-year colleges and universities on the World Wide Web. Using a five-level relationship marketing model, Web page content was analyzed focusing on pre-transaction student recruitment strategies in three content areas: applications, faculty, and tours. Descriptive and statistical results indicate increasing amounts of interactivity and two-way communication from 1997 to 1999.
A history of the dissolution of retained choledocholithiasis

Abstract Background: Common duct calculi retained after gallbladder surgery continue to present a clinical challenge especially in the era of minimally invasive surgery. This review examines the strategy of dissolution therapy used throughout the history of biliary tract surgery and its use to the modern surgeon. Data sources: Original journal articles and reviews were identified using standard surgical textbooks and MEDLINE. Keywords for searching included choledocholithiasis, dissolution, mono-octanoin, common duct stones, MTBE, cholic acid, and gallstones. Conclusions: Dissolution therapy used initially as an alternative to open surgery is now used more effectively as an adjunct to laparoscopic or endoscopic biliary tract surgery. The current review demonstrates a majority of patients with retained choledocholithiasis respond to dissolution and can be safely managed without choledochotomy.
Insects Found in Ohio Grain Elevators and Feed Mills

To determine what insects are most abundant in commercial grain storage and processing establishments in Ohio, a survey was conducted in 1961. A total of 118 establishments, selected at random and representing all parts of the State, was visited in May to sample for insects which had presumably overwintered in and around stored grain. A fall (September) survey was conducted in the same establishments to measure any fluctuations of insect populations which might have occurred.
Synthesis of quinolines by a solid acid-catalyzed microwave-assisted domino cyclization–aromatization approach

A microwave-assisted solid acid-catalyzed synthesis of quinolines from anilines and cinnamaldehydes is described. Use of montmorillonite K-10 results in a one-pot process; the cyclization and oxidation steps readily take place in a domino approach. Reactions were completed in a matter of minutes and provided excellent yields. The efficient and ecofriendly catalyst and the convenience of the product isolation make this process an attractive alternative for the synthesis of these important heterocycles.
Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge

[1] On the basis of a 301 day acoustic Doppler current profiler mooring in an estuarine tidal strait the strength and structure of secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature is related to variations in tidal forcing and river discharge. During low-flow conditions the structure of secondary flow is consistent with a centrifugally forced helical flow, with bottom flow toward the inside of the bend and surface flow toward the outside of the bend. The strength of secondary flow increases linearly with tidal range and is consistent with a vertical eddy viscosity that is linearly dependent on tidal current speed. During times of high river discharge the strength of secondary flow is significantly reduced, and its vertical structure undergoes a fundamental change over the spring/neap cycle. During spring tides the classic helical flow pattern is evident, albeit weaker than during low-flow conditions. However, during neap tides a more complex two-cell structure is evident. The change between these two states occurs with a spring/neap transition in the subtidal flow, indicating that it is also accompanied by changing stratification. Simple scaling analysis suggests that during weakly stratified conditions, secondary circulation will influence stream-wise dynamics and dispersion for channels with widths on order or less than 0.1 H/Cd, where H is the water column depth and Cd is a quadratic bottom drag coefficient. In contrast, during highly stratified conditions, lateral excursions due to secondary flows are limited to approximately one tenth of the channel's width and are an ineffective lateral mixing agent.
Recent advances in CARS microscopy

Current challenges in CARS microscopy lie in pushing the sensitivity limit, together with designing turnkey set-ups based on high power, broadly tunable lasers. We have moved one step forward in each of these two directions.
CRT-165 The Impact of Monthly Multidisciplinary Formalized Data Feedback on Treatment Times and Outcomes in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

We have previously reported significant reductions in door-to-balloon (D2B) and recognition-to-reperfusion (R2R) times by use of a fully automated wireless network that transmits 12-lead ECG of patients with suspected ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from emergency medical services (EMS)
Pupation and Emergence of Blueberry Gall Midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), Under Varying Temperature Conditions

ABSTRACT Temperature-based development models have been used in pest management for many years to predict emergence and other life history events of insect pests. Blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson), is an early-season pest of rabbiteye blueberries, Vaccinium virgatum Aiton, in Florida. The ability to predict emergence of adults at the beginning of the season would improve monitoring and control activities. Blueberry gall midge larvae were collected from an organic blueberry farm in Gainesville, FL from Jan through Mar in 2008 and 2009. Late third instars were reared to adults in either 5-mL vials or 947-mL cups with soil substrate. The duration of the pupal stage was determined under 6 constant temperatures: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. More midges survived to adult emergence in the 5-mL vials than the large cups. The developmental threshold was estimated with linear and nonlinear regression models. Both models fit the data well, but the nonlinear model was limited due to the few data p...
Symmetry assignments of excited states of [Pt2H8P8O20]4− by polarization ratio spectroscopy

Abstract Linear polarization ratios were measured on the title compound. The symmetry of the lowest excited singlet state was confirmed as 1 A 2u . Emission from the triplet term was negatively polarized when excitation occurred in the strong singlet but positively polarized upon excitation directly to the triplet, confirming the E U symmetry assignment of the emitting triplet component.
Ensemble Methods for Dynamic Data Assimilation of Chemical Observations in Atmospheric Models

The task of providing an optimal analysis of the state of the atmosphere requires the development of dynamic data-driven systems (DDDAS) that efficiently integrate the observational data and the models. Data assimilation, the dynamic incorporation of additional data into an executing application, is an essential DDDAS concept with wide applicability. In this paper we discuss practical aspects of nonlinear ensemble Kalman data assimilation applied to atmospheric chemical transport models. We highlight the challenges encountered in this approach such as filter divergence and spurious corrections, and propose solutions to overcome them, such as background covariance inflation and filter localization. The predictability is further improved by including model parameters in the assimilation process. Results for a large scale simulation of air pollution in North-East United States illustrate the potential of nonlinear ensemble techniques to assimilate chemical observations.
Effect of chronic drug treatment on intestinal membrane transport of 14C‐l‐DOPA

Abstract 1. By the use of the everted jejunal sac it was shown that chronic oral treatment of rats with various drugs can either increase or decrease the mucosal transport of 14C-L-DOPA or alter its serosal/tissue ratio. 2. 14C-L-DOPA transport was significantly increased in rats that were chronically treated with L-DOPA and diminished in those that were treated with chlorpromazine and phenobarbitone. 3. Chronic treatment with amantadine and neomycin did not affect 14C-L-DOPA intestinal transport, although direct addition of amantadine to the medium, significantly increased 14C-L-DOPA transport in everted sacs of nontreated rats. Addition of neomycin directly to the medium did not affect 14C-L-DOPA transport. 4. The possible mechanisms of these findings and their clinical significance are discussed.
Integrated Optics Techniques Applied To GaAs Lasers

In this paper we discuss three integrated devices using GaAs/GaAlAs DH injection lasers. The first of these achieves angular scanning by adjusting the current levels between two closely spaced stripe contacts, thereby creating an asymmetric gain/refractive index through which the laser beam propagates. A deflection of the peak laser beam intensity of ±14' along the p-n junction is observed. Another structure involves operation of a branching waveguide stripe-geometry laser. This structure produces interference fringes in the far field which are spatially scanned by electrically varying the optical phase in each leg of the branching waveguide in a manner analogous to microwave phased array radar. The last structure consisted of 10 conducting 3 om stripe contacts on centers separated by D and coupled by curved waveguide sections. This device produces a high-power, phase-locked beam of small angular divergence parallel to the p-n junction Data from four stripe geometries with D ranging from 10 Um to 27.4 im are compared and overall optimal characteristics are shown to occur for D = 101.1. In that case, threshold current densities are comparable to those of solid area laser, differential quantum efficiency is approximately 60%, and maximum observed pulsed power per facet is on the order of 1 watt.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-Determination and Young Children:

The development of self-determination in individuals with severe disabilities is recognized as a critical goal for special education. Although increasing attention is being paid to this subject, ef...
Emerging Forms of Formative Intervention Research in Education

This article focuses on emerging forms of formative intervention research in educational settings in the United States. The examples presented share three key features with cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) formative intervention research: (a) a focus on historically accumulating structural tensions within and across activity systems, (b) use of double-stimulation as a method of intervention, and (c) expanding agency as the object of intervention. The examples differ from CHAT approaches in that they employ theories and tools from research on subject-matter learning and organizations. In presenting these examples, I aim to renew dialogue between CHAT researchers and learning scientists about intervention research.
A Quadruple Mutant T4 RNA Hairpin with the Same Structure as the Wild-Type Translational Repressor†

The solution structure of a 16-nucleotide RNA hairpin, 5'-GCCUAG[CAAC]CUGGGC (loop bases in square brackets), has been determined by proton, phosphorus, and carbon (natural abundance) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This RNA tetraloop hairpin varies in four loop nucleotides from the wild-type T4 RNA hairpin (with eight loop nucleotides) involved in the translational repression of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Despite the differences in their sequence and proposed secondary structures, these two hairpins bind T4 DNA polymerase with equal affinity. The NMR spectra of the mutant hairpin indicate that its stem is extended in comparison to that of the wild-type hairpin by the formation of two additional Watson-Crick base pairs. The NMR data provide a precisely defined structure for the mutant hairpin with an average root mean square deviation of approximately 0.7 A for all 16 residues in the molecule. The structure of the mutant loop is very similar to that determined previously for the wild-type hairpin. The three loop bases that are conserved between the mutant and wild-type hairpins point out in solution with the groups capable of hydrogen bond formation exposed to the solution. This is exactly what was seen for the wild-type hairpin. Also, unusual, long-range NOEs, loop hydrogen bonds, and even the position at which the loop bends are common features between the two loops. This explains how two different hairpins, by adopting similar three-dimensional structures, have the same affinity for the DNA polymerase.