cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilingualism and Speech Sound Disorders

The nature of speech sound development and disorders in bilinguals is complex, in part, because of the interdependence between languages. That interdependence, however, appears to be advantageous to bilinguals in that it bootstraps the languages such that speech sound development is similar, although not identical, to that of monolinguals. The same principle also applies to bilinguals with speech sound disorders. From a longitudinal perspective, speech sound acquisition in typically developing bilinguals and those with speech sound disorders is not remarkably different than that of monolinguals. However, speech sound skills are neither identical across the languages nor equally distributed across the languages given each language’s phonotactic constraints. Thus, assessing speech sound skills in bilinguals is more complex than that for monolinguals. Typically, standardized assessments are not available for differential diagnosis, and informal measures are required. Intervention for bilinguals with speech sound disorders likely will need to occur in all languages.
ANALYSES OF MICROSTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

Fatigue crack propagation is insensitive to micro-structure of a material in the intermediate ΔK region. But it is highly sensitive in the low ΔK near threshold region. da/dN decreases with ΔK. As ΔK decreases below a transition point, ΔKt, da/dN decreases rapidly, and a crack ceases to propagate when ΔK is below ΔKth.
Antimicrobial irrigation of deep pockets to supplement non-surgical periodontal therapy. II. Daily irrigation.

Abstract 106 sites with probing pocket depths 7 mm or greater from 14 patients were treated with plaque control instruction and I episode of root planing. Sites in each patient were either irrigated with 2% chlorhexidine or left as non-irrigated controls. Irrigation immediately followed root planing and was repeated daily, by the patient, for 24 weeks. Clinical measurements were made at 12 and 24 weeks, as were gingrval washings for determining the number and % of spirochetes. Results at 24 weeks demonstrated that bleeding scores decreased from 91% to 9%; the % of spirochetes dropped from approximately 9% to less than 1 %; probing pocket depths decreased from 7.5 to 4.5 ram, and probing attachment levels gained 1.1 to 1.4 mm. The chlorhexidine irrigated experimental group and the non-irrigated control group did not differ significantly in any of the studied parameters. Thus, daily patient-administered chlorhexidine irrigation of deep pockets did not augment the effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Agonist-induced cytosolic calcium oscillations originate from a specific locus in single hepatocytes.

Digital imaging fluorescence microscopy of fura-2-loaded hepatocytes in primary culture has been used to examine the changes of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in response to receptor activation by alpha 1-adrenergic agonists and vasopressin at the subcellular level. Agonist-induced Ca2+ oscillations did not occur synchronously within the cell but originated from a specific region adjacent to the cell membrane and then propagated throughout the rest of the cell, with each oscillation within a series originating from the same locus. Furthermore, hormones acting through different receptors produced Ca2+ waves with similar rates of progress (20-25 microns.s-1) which originated from the same subcellular locus. For a given cell, the rate of progress and amplitude of the Ca2+ waves were independent of applied agonist concentration and were unaffected by depletion of extracellular Ca2+. The kinetics of Ca2+ increase at different points within the cell indicated that the Ca2+ waves were not driven by diffusion but were characteristic of a self-propagating mechanism. Significantly, when cells were treated with A1F-4 to directly activate the G-protein which couples receptor occupancy to [Ca2+]i mobilization, the origin and kinetics of the Ca2+ waves were identical to those observed with hormonal stimulation. It is proposed that the spatial organization of the intracellular Ca2+ release mechanisms may have significance in the regulation of the asymmetric metabolic functions of hepatocytes and other functionally polarized cells.
The LIFO, IFRS Conversion: An Explosive Concoction

This article reviews the tax recognition issue associated a firm’s abandonment of, or federal tax disqualification from, using the “last-in, first-out” method of inventory accounting in light of the recent Securities and Exchange Commission movement towards requiring American publicly traded corporations to report under International Financial Reporting Standards. The article pays particular attention to the significant LIFO reserves accumulated in the manufacturing, chemical, automotive and energy sectors, and conducts a tax policy analysis of the ramifications of such a conversion, and suggests possible solutions such as the elimination of the Internal Revenue Code’s conformity requirement and/or extended deferral of gain recognition.
Impact of adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy after radical prostatectomy on the survival of patients with pathological T3b prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on survival in patients with seminal vesicle invasion (pT3b) at radical prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed 12,115 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1987 and 2002 to identify patients with pT3bN0 prostate cancer who received adjuvant ADT (n= 191). These patients were matched by clinical and pathological variables to a group of patients with pT3b prostate cancer who did not receive adjuvant ADT. Median postoperative follow-up was 10 years. Clinical endpoints included biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), systemic progression-free survival (SPFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival. RESULTS Patients who underwent adjuvant ADT experienced improved 10-year BPFS (60% vs 16%, P < 0.001), LRFS (87% vs 76%, P= 0.002), SPFS (91% vs 78%, P= 0.004) and CSS (94% vs 87%, P= 0.037). Overall survival was not significantly different between groups (75% vs 69%, P= 0.12). Both luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.15-0.46; P < 0.001) and bilateral orchiectomy (hazard ratio, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06-0.31; P < 0.001) improved BPFS. When stratified by type of ADT (hormonal therapy vs orchiectomy), there was no difference in survival outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant ADT improves local, and systemic control after radical prostatectomy for pT3b prostate cancer. There is no difference in survival between patients receiving medical hormonal therapy vs patients undergoing orchiectomy. Given the lack of improvement in overall survival, continued investigation is needed to identify the cohort of pT3b patients at highest risk for cancer progression and therefore most likely to benefit from a multimodal treatment approach.
Economics of Summitry: An Empirical Assessment of the Economic Effects of Summits

Since 1975 the leaders of the seven industrial countries (the G-7) have held annual summits to discuss issues of common interest, attempt to coordinate their economic policies, and set goals for their economies. To empirically assess the effects of summit announcements and the degree of compliance with the stated goals on macroeconomic variables is an important, interesting, and well-defined undertaking. The present paper uses fuzzy membership function to model the degree of compliance with the stated goals and a VAR framework to test for the summit effects.
Halogen enhancement of singlet-triplet transitions: Part I. Low-resolution polarization of halophenanthrene spectra

Abstract The polarization of the T1 → S0 emission bands relative to 1La ← A and 1Lb ← A excitations have been examined under low resolution for various alkyl and halophenanthrenes to ascertain the sources of singlet-triplet intensity enhancement by halogen substitution. The results indicate that the 0-0 bands retain the predominant out-of-plane polarization observed in phenanthrene itself. However, in the haloderivatives the 0-0 band is observed to be weak and the principal progression is observed to be polarized in-plane along the long axis. A second strong progression is inplane polarized without marked axis dependence. The principal mechanisms of halogen intensification of S0-T1 are thus observed to involve vibronic paths. The polarization data suggest that the first strong progression involves distant spin-orbit coupling (from the halogen) with intensity probably stolen from π ← π ∗ promotions. The second strong progression probably involves vibronic conpling between ππ and σπ states in conjunction with atomic spin-orbit coupling at the halogen atom. However, from the low-resolution data it is not possible to decide between this hypothesis which would involve asymmetric vibrations or one involving distant spin-orbit coupling and totally symmetric ones. The former seems more probable.
The Economic Development Role of Regional Logistics Hubs: A Cross‐Country Study of Interorganizational Governance Models

As global competition intensifies, the geographic fragmentation of supply chain activities is creating a concentration of trade at regional freight gateways or hubs. This has significant implications for the economic prosperity of the specific gateway regions. The study explores the deliberate governance efforts of regional economic development agencies and the communities they support in their attempts to exploit location-specific logistics assets to deliver economic productivity gains. Drawing on the new institutional economics’ body of literature, the research explores prevalent governance models which represent the proactive attempts by these agencies to transform regional logistics capability into cohesive hub strategies. By adopting exploratory cluster-mapping procedures, web content analysis, and Delphi panels, study findings suggest a typology of multijurisdiction, and multiagency governance models representing the collaborative efforts between public sector and government agencies, academic institutions, and private sector organizations within selected European and U.S. logistics hubs. Each governance type is defined in accordance to specific economic organization and proficiency characteristics.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Matrices

Throughout this chapter we will consider square matrices only. We shall see that many properties of an n × n matrix A can be understood by determining which (if any) vectors \( \vec{\upsilon } \in {{R}^{n}} \) ∈ R n satisfy \( A\vec{\upsilon } = k\vec{\upsilon } \) for some real number k.
TWO DROP MASS TRANSFER WITH CHEMICAL REACTION-ASYMPTOTIC CASE STUDIES

Mass transfer at very low and moderately high Peclet numbers has been analyzed for two interacting solid spheres and for drops in tandem. In the first case study, where the Peclet and Reynolds numb...
Search for new particles at the alternating-gradient-synchrotron beam dump

This paper presents results of a beam-dump experiment performed at the Brookhaven alternating-gradient synchrotron to search for prompt sources of neutrinos and axionlike particles. We observe no excess of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ or ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ events, and no excess in neutral-current events over that expected from neutrinos from $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $K$ decays. We report on limits of prompt particle-production cross sections and lifetimes.
Research and Development Leading to the High-Power Vacuum Interrupter- A Historical Review

A history of the development of a successful, high-power vacuum interrupteris presented. This covers two principal phases: (1) early engineering effort in the late 1920's and early 1930's to produce a commercial interrupter, and (2) a review of the research and engineering at the General Electric Company covering new technologies necessary for the development of the high-power vacuum interrupter. A short review of the literature is included.
Characterization of Standard Reference Material 1690 by Modulated Dynamic Light Scattering

ABSTRACT We have measured the number average diameter (NAD) and the standard deviation of the diameter distribution (SDDD) of spherical particles from a sample of Standard Reference Material 1690 (SRM 1690) using the method of Modulated Dynamic Light Scattering to determine the diameter of single test particles by examining their Brownian motion as they sediment freely in dry air. Standard Reference Material 1690 is a water-suspension of 1 μm nominal diameter polystyrene spheres and has been characterized by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) personnel as a primary reference standard for the calibration of particle-size-measuring instruments. We have obtained for SRM 1690 particles the values NAD = 0.9103 ± 0.0021 μm and SDDD = 0.0090 μm. The NIST-certified values for SRM 1690 are NAD = 0.895 ± 0.008 μm and SDDD = 0.0095 ± 0.0012 μm. The SDDD value from this work agrees with the NIST-certified value within the stated limits of uncertainty, but the NAD value is 1.7% larger than the NIST-...
Absolute and Differential Cuing of Successive Reversals

Successive reversals for a single pair of stimulus alternatives were signalled by means of a “differential” cuing method or 1 of 2 “absolute” cuing methods. Under differential cuing, there were 2 e...
Back pain, the uncomfortable truth - assurance and activity problem.

Sinnvolle Behandlung: Die wichtigste Behandlung der Aktivitatsintoleranz ist Konditionierung. Die Patienten werden ermutigt, so weit als moglich die normale Aktivitat fortzusetzen. Falls es hier Probleme gibt, sollten fur den Rucken sichere und angenehme Aktivitaten durchgefuhrt werden (Abb. 4). Falls es aber schon zu langer dauernden Problemen gekommen ist, sollten Trainingsmasnahmen durchgefuhrt werden. Die Gundewall-Studie [6] (Abb. 5) zeigt, dass selbst einfache Ubungen zur Konditionierung der Ruckenmuskulatur (s. Abb. 4), die einige Male in der Woche gemacht werden, sehr effektiv sein konnen. Das Aktivitatsparadigma ist in der Medizin nicht neu. Es betrifft auch andere Krankheiten des muskuloskelettalen Systems. Ein Knieproblem wird unabhangig davon, ob es konservativ oder operativ behandelt werden muss, immer besser, wenn die gelenkstabilisierenden Muskeln ausreichend konditioniert sind, d. h. genug Kraft, Ausdauer und Koordination haben. Muskular lassen sich viele Erkrankungen dieses Systems so kompensieren. Aufgrund dieser Erkenntnisse konnen wir ehrlich zu unseren Patienten hinsichtlich der somatischen Problematik sein, es gibt aber andere Probleme der Ruckenerkrankung, die nur der Patient selber losen kann. Das bringt uns zum Ende der unbequemen Wahrheit: die Behandlung von Ruckenschmerzen erfordert die aktive Beteiligung des Patienten. Patienten erwarten vom Arzt eine genaue Diagnose der Ursache und eine darauf aufbauende Therapie, die die Ursache der Beschwerden beseitigt. Manche werden es unakzeptabel finden, dass Arzte die genaue Diagnose nicht wissen und Aktivitat als Therapie empfehlen. Unglucklicherweise haben wir den Umgang mit dieser Problematik in unserer medizinischen Ausbildung nicht gelernt. Zusammenfassend konnen wir viele Probleme losen, wenn wir solides medizinisches Wissen mit der Fahigkeit verbinden, Patienten optimal zu beraten.
Contemporary drug treatment of infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) occurs at a rate of approximately 0.9–6.2 per 100,000 people per year and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality despite advancements in antibiotic and surgical treatments. The general approach to the treatment of IE is initial clinical stabilization, early acquisition of blood cultures, and definitive medical and/or surgical treatment. Surgical consultation should be obtained early when indicated in order to determine the best treatment approach for each individual patient. Surgery is indicated in most cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis, Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, fungal endocarditis, and endocarditis associated with large vegetations (≥10 mm). Initial antibiotic therapy for IE should be targeted to the culprit microorganism; however, in some cases, empiric therapy must be initiated prior to definitive culture diagnosis. Empiric antibiotics should be targeted toward the most likely pathogens, including staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci species. Here we discuss the recommended antibiotic regimens for the most common causes of IE as indicated by the American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology. In 2008, the ACC/AHA published guideline updates on the treatment of valvular heart disease, which included a focused update on endocarditis prophylaxis. According to the most recent guidelines, the number of patients who require antibiotic prophylaxis has decreased substantially. Treatment of IE should be targeted toward the causative microorganism and must be based on the type and location of valve involved (native, prosthetic, left or right sided), the clinical status of the patient, and the likelihood for clinical success. This requires a collaborative effort from multiple medical specialties including infectious disease specialists, cardiologists, and cardiothoracic surgeons.
Aeroelastic Control and Load Alleviation using Optimally Distributed Synthetic Jet Actuators

Synthetic jet actuators (SJA) are among the most promising mechanisms when it comes to adaptive flow control. These zero net mass flux actuators periodically blow out and aspirate fluid through an orifice into a cavity located at an airfoil surface. They can not only add momentum to the boundary layer to improve its stability and delay separation or transition, but they also add momentum to the flow which leads to a rearrangement of the stream lines around the airfoil modifying the aerodynamic forces. The resulting intricate flow field in the neighbourhood of the SJA needs accurate modeling using NavierStokes solutions in case the boundary layer is interest. However, if the global aerodynamic force change is subject of investigation, viscous eects can be ignored and hence reduced order models (ROM) can be developed. These models are computationally inexpensive in comparison to Navier-Stokes calculations and therefore ideally suited for real-time control purposes. In this paper, aeroelastic control for load alleviation under gust loading using an SJA distribution is studied. The jet locations and control law parameters are optimized for improved aeroelastic performance.
Using Multiple Sources of Data to Gauge Outcome Differences Between Academic-Themed and Transition-Themed First-Year Seminars

Students in two different types of first-year experience seminar courses at a moderately sized public university were compared using a large variety of measures—both direct and indirect. One of the...
The apparent requirement of two hormones, α- and β-ecdysone, for molting induction in insects

Abstract Puff formations at loci I-18-C and IV-2-B of the salivary gland chromosomes are early indications of a beginning molting process in Chironomus tentans larvae. The effectiveness of the two ecdysone analogs, α- and β-ecdysone, in inducing these puffs was compared. Incubation of salivary glands in vitro with β-ecdysone causes only puff IV-2-B to appear; incubation with α-ecdysone stimulates initially puffing at only I-18-C. After an injection of α-ecdysone, puffing at I-18-C begins within less than 15 min, whereas puffing at IV-2-B is delayed for more than 30 min. Following an injection of β-ecdysone, puffing at IV-2-B begins within less than 15 min, whereas puffing at I-18-C is delayed. Injected 3H-α-ecdysone is converted to β-ecdysone and a polar compound. Injected 3H-β-ecdysone is converted to a compound less polar than α-ecdysone and a polar metabolite which stimulates puffing at I-18-C, like α-ecdysone. It is suggested that the two ecdysones have different targets in the cell, that they can be rapidly converted to compounds with the activity of the other analog, and that the induction of a complete molt requires the action of both hormones.
Extrarenal nephroblastomatosis in children: a report of two cases

Extrarenal nephroblastomatosis is a rare entity which occurs in retroperitoneum and inguinal region predominantly. Here we report two cases of primary extrarenal nephroblastomatosis of Han Chinese in Asian in unusual locations, one is located in testis and paratestis, and the other is paraspinal cord. Patient 1 was a 19-month-old boy with a hard and nodular mass adherent to the left testis in inguinal region. Patient 2 was a 9-month-old boy with a 1 × 0.7 × 0.4 cm mass in spinal canal at the midline thoracolumbar region. Histological examinations of the two patients after operations revealed extrarenall nephroblastomatosis with multiple nephrogenic foci, composed of immature glomeruli, tubules and blastemal cells.Then the patients were closely monitored without adjuvant chemotherapy, and has been alive and well without any recurrence for >6 months. Most nephrogenic rests remain subclinical, and thus, complete excision of the lesion with conservative treatment is recommended. Otherwise, nephrogenic rests are close associated with Wilms tumor and regular follow-up is required to ensure early detection of malignant transformation.
A discontinuous enrichment method for the finite element solution of high Péclet advection-diffusion problems

A discontinuous enrichment method (DEM) for the efficient finite element solution of the two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation is presented. Following the general DEM, the standard Galerkin polynomial field is locally enriched with free-space solutions of the homogeneous and constant-coefficient version of the governing partial differential equation. For the advection-diffusion equation, the free-space solutions are exponential functions that exhibit a steep gradient in the advection direction. The continuity of the solution across the element boundaries is weakly enforced by a carefully discretized Lagrange multiplier field. Preliminary results for previously published benchmark problems reveal that the DEM elements proposed in this paper are significantly more competitive than their Galerkin and stabilized Galerkin counterparts, especially in advection-dominated (high Peclet number) flows. Whereas spurious oscillations are known to pollute the standard Galerkin solution unless a very fine mesh is used, the DEM solution is shown to deliver an impressive accuracy at low mesh resolution.
Recent patterns of sulfate variability in pristine streams

Abstract Systematic modes of spatial and temporal variation in a 13-y record of stream sulfate from a nationwide network of headwater sampling stations are defined using principal components. Based on the undisturbed nature of the sampling network, it is suggested that these modes of stream sulfate variability are analogues for variations in acid deposition. Three statistically significant components, accounting for approximately 50% of the total stream sulfate variance, are identified. Analysis of component loadings and scores indicates that a major transition occurred in the early 1970s when stream sulfate concentrations in the northeast changed from persistently above mean levels to persistently below. At the same time concentrations of sulfate in Gulf and Southeast Atlantic coast streams shifted from persistently below to persistently above mean concentrations. Significantly, these changes occurred contemporaneously with regional trends in sulfate emissions which can generally be characterized as decreasing in the northeast and increasing in the southeast.
Metabolic and pharmacodynamic interactions of enantiomers of propoxyphene and methorphan

Abstract The metabolic and pharmacodynamic interactions of dextro- and levoproxyphene as well as dextro- and levomethorphan were investigated. Both pairs of enantiomers were shown, by the use of two-substrate kinetic studies, to be metabolized by the same microsomal enzyme system. The concept was tested whether drug action could be prolonged by using the pharmacodynamically less active enantiomer as an inhibitor of metabolism of the more active one. When administered together, dextromethorphan both intensified and prolonged the analgesic activity of levomethorphan as measured by the hot-plate assay. However, levopropoxyphene only intensified the analgesic activity of dextropropoxyphene; SKF 525-A, a known inhibitor of drug metabolism, produced only prolongation of the analgesic effect of dextropropoxyphene.
Effect of bilirubin infusion on excretion of bilirubin and biliverdin in rabbits

Intravenous infusion of bilirubin (BR) at 171 micrograms/min/kg into rabbits resulted in biliary concentration of BR increasing from 3.8 (control) to 243 mg/dl and BR excretion increasing from 1.7 to 66 micrograms/min/kg. BR infusion resulted in biliary concentrations of biliverdin (BV) increasing from 9.1 to 30 g/dl and BV excretion increasing from 4.2 to 8.2 micrograms/min/kg. BR infusion produced a progressive decline in bile flow. BV was the predominant bile pigment in control rabbits fed either an alfalfa-based or chlorophyll-free diet. These results imply that rabbits can oxidize BR to BV.
Rate sensitivities for low temperature deformation in ruthenium aluminide alloys

Because of the need for new high temperature structural materials, a number of binary and multicomponent B2 aluminides have been investigated in recent years. Some alloys based on FeAl and Nb-Ti-Al are relatively ductile at low temperatures, but suffer from environmental embrittlement and/or relatively low melting temperatures. One apparent exception to the brittle behavior of the higher temperature B2 aluminides is ruthenium aluminide, RuAl, which has a melting point of approximately 2,060 C. Fleischer et al. have reported a high room temperature toughness and high compressive ductilities for a number of alloys based on RuAl, compared to a variety of other intermetallic compounds. The objective of the experiments reported here was to measure room temperature rate sensitivities for a number of the same RuAl-based alloys, to determine if the phenomenological flow parameters that relate to dislocation glide processes are also unusual, compared to other higher temperature B2 compounds.
Metal-Free Carbon Nanomaterials Become More Active than Metal Catalysts and Last Longer

Many reactions involve metals, especially noble metals or metal oxides as catalysts. Although metal-based catalysts have been playing a major role in various industrial processes, they still suffer from multiple competitive disadvantages, including their high cost, susceptibility to gas poisoning, and detrimental effects on the environment. Owing to their wide availability, environmental acceptability, corrosion resistance, and unique surface properties, certain carbon nanomaterials have recently been demonstrated to be promising metal-free alternatives for low-cost catalytic processes. This perspective highlights recent progresses in the development of carbon-based metal-free catalysts.
The ritual of happy dying among early American Methodists.

Jane M'Neil died a “glorious death” in 1814 when she was just twelve years old. Perfectly composed during her last illness, she spoke warmly of her attachment to her Methodist class leader and calmly informed visiting neighbors that soon she would be laid in the graveyard. Her biographer recalled that when the local preacher came to pray with her, “the joys of the upper world [seemed] to have been manifested… She was thrown into ecstasies of joy; she shouted the praises of the Redeemer aloud.” Her mother's unregenerate prejudices against religious shouting were removed. Her physician, a non-Christian, “was melted into tears, and gave vent to the loudest exclamations of grief” when Jane exhorted him to flee to “the good physician of souls.” Squire M'Neil, her proud and haughty father, struggled with deep conviction of sin after her death and became converted, influencing many in the neighborhood to seek religion.1
The Updated Bottom Up Solution applied to mass spectrometry of soybean oil in a dietary supplement gelcap.

Among the goals of lipidomics applied to triacylglycerols (TAGs) is identification of molecular species, degree and location of unsaturation, and positions of fatty acyl chains (i.e., identification of regioisomers). Toward those ends, we define one, two, and three “Critical Ratios” for Types I, II, and III TAGs that provided different aspects of the desired information. Critical Ratio 1, [MH]+/Σ[DAG]+, is correlated to the degree of unsaturation ([MH]+ is the protonated molecule and Σ[DAG]+ is the sum of diacylglycerol-like ions, [DAG]+); Critical Ratio 2, [AA]+/[AB]+ for Type II TAGs (“ABA/AAB/BAA”) and [AC]+/([AB]++[BC]+) for Type III TAGs (“ABC/CBA/BAC/CAB/ACB/BCA”), is correlated to identification of regioisomers; and Critical Ratio 3, [BC]+/[AB]+, provides information about those [DAG]+ from Type III TAGs. Furthermore, Critical Ratios are used in the Updated Bottom Up Solution (UBUS) to reproduce the mass spectra of TAGs by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry applied to analysis of soybean oil in a dietary supplement gelcap. We present a new model for the [MH]+/Σ[DAG]+ ratio, quantify regioisomers using the [AA]+/[AB]+ ratio, and describe trends for [BC]+/[AB]+ that have never been reported before. The UBUS is also applied to other classes of molecules, i.e., vitamin D and DAGs. The amount of vitamin D3 in the gelcap fell from 2011 ± 22 when received to 1689 ± 33 just prior to expiration. The Critical Ratios constitute a compact data set that can provide structural information and also act as a library of mass spectra.
Lipoprotein(a) metabolism.

Purpose of review Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an atherogenic lipoprotein. The metabolism of this lipoprotein is still not well understood. Recent findings It has long been known that the plasma concentration of Lp(a) is highly heritable, with its genetic determinants located in the apo(a) locus and regulating the rate of hepatic apo(a) production. Recent human intervention trials have convincingly established that, in addition to apo(a) production, hepatic apoB100 production plays an important role in Lp(a) levels. Although the major site and mode of Lp(a) clearance remain unidentified, a recent cell and animal study points to the involvement of the hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I in the uptake of both the lipid and protein constituents of Lp(a) from plasma. Summary Progress in the understanding of Lp(a) metabolism has the potential to lead to the development of novel and specific treatments for the reduction of Lp(a) levels and the associated risk of cardiovascular disease.
Theory of a far-off resonance mode-locked Raman laser in H_2 with high finesse cavity enhancement

We present a theory for far-off resonance mode-locked Raman lasers in H2 with high finesse cavity enhancement. The theoretical derivation for the mode-locked Raman laser is based on a time-dependent continuous-wave (cw) Raman theory. Numerically calculated results, including the Stokes threshold and intracavity fields's amplitude and phase evolution are discussed in three different regimes depending on the relations between the coherence dephasing rate γ31 and the repetition rate Ω of the mode-locked pump laser. The threshold results from the mode-locked pump cases are compared with the cw, single-mode pump field case.
Tinea pedis pathophysiology and treatment

Fungal infections of the foot can be divided into three major varieties, all of which have differing pathophysiologic aspects with therapeutic implications. Interdigital infections involve an ecological interplay between dermatophytes and bacteria. Simple scaling types of infection are caused by dermatophyte invasion of the stratum corneum, whereas macerated, erosive infections are caused by selection and overgrowth of bacteria, particularly Brevibacterium epidermidis, Micrococcus sedantarius, and various gram-negative species. Bacterial production of methanethiol and other sulfur compounds leads to inhibition of dermatophytes and accounts for the lower recovery of dermatophytes from the most severe cases. Plantar surface infections consist of widespread, moccasin-type infection caused by Trichophyton rubrum and localized scaling infections with episodes of intense inflammation caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The former is particularly associated with an atopic background. Therapy is difficult because of poor immune responses and difficulty in delivering a sufficient quantity of drugs to the lower layers of a thick stratum corneum. Intense inflammation in T. mentagrophytes infections is the result of an immune, contact allergic response to fungal antigens.
Catnip and the catnip response

Fourteen chemical compounds from diverse biological sources elicit a unique pattern of behavior in most species of the family Felidae. These chemicals may be grouped into 7-methylcyclopentapyranones, 7-methyl-2-pyrindines, and 4-methylbenzofuranones. They may function as either hallucinogens or cross-react with naturally occurring social odors.
Indicators of rural inequality

Abstract There are gradations of poverty even in the poorest societies. This essay explores indicators that measure wealth differences between households in the same community. Ethnographic and other literature has been surveyed, to provide examples from major Third World areas. The most important single indicator is control of land, followed by other productive resources — capital equipment (tractors, ploughs), consumer durables, income (farm and non-farm) and livestock. Non-productive indicators include housing, consumer goods, fuel, ceremonial expenditure and diet. Methodological problems are examined, and the essay concludes with representative case studies that illustrate effective and specific use of indicators.
Yeast a1 and α2 Homeodomain Proteins Form a DNA-binding Activity with Properties Distinct from those of either Protein

Abstract The yeast a1 and α2 proteins are examples of homeodomain proteins that display cell-type-specific expression. They are co-expressed in only one type of cell, the a/α cell, where they repress the expression of a group of target genes. Using purified proteins, we demonstrate that a1 and α2 form a highly specific DNA-binding activity, which recognizes an operator found upstream of each target gene. These proteins interact with DNA to form a ternary complex in which both a1 and α2 contact the DNA through their respective homeodomains. An α2 homodimer can recognize the same operator as the a1/α2 heterodimer, but the affinity and specificity of the α2 homodimer for DNA are much weaker than those of the a1/α2 heterodimer. This difference results in part from the fact that the heterodimer is formed using a set of protein—protein contacts that is distinct from those that form the α2/α2 homodimer. Although a1 contacts DNA in the presence of α2, it does not on its own bind DNA specifically, even at very high concentrations. These results suggest that the dimerization of heterologous partners can produce a DNA-binding activity that is not a simple hybrid of the known properties of each constituent.
Microwave response of snow

Truck-mounted microwave sensors were used to acquire backscattering coefficient and apparent temperature data for snow-covered terrain at 19 frequencies between 1 and 18 GHz and at 35.6 GHz. Passive microwave measurements were made at 10.7, 37, and 94 GHz. The radar backscattering coefficient and radiometric emissivity were evaluated as a function of snow depth, wetness, surface roughness, and other snow parameters. It is shown that volume scattering makes the radar backscattering coefficient to increase and the radiometric emissivity to decrease with increasing snow depth until the snow layer appears electromagnetically semiinfinite in extent. The presence of liquid water in the snowpack results in increased attenuation and reduction in scattering which leads to less backscatter and more emission by the snow volume. It is concluded that microwave sensors have the potential capability for remotely monitoring both the snow equivalent and wetness of snowpacks.
Is it time to lower the recommended screening age for colorectal cancer

Background Overall, colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the US has decreased over the last 30 years, yet it has increased in patients younger than 50. Cancers in this population are more aggressive and advanced at diagnosis. Our goal was to determine if screening should begin at a younger age. To accomplish this, we analyzed the rates of change in CRC incidence, and compared the incidence with that of cervical cancer (CC), which is screened earlier. Locations of CRC were compared to determine the appropriate screening method. Study Design Incidence statistics were obtained from the Cancer Query System of the SEER database. Data were obtained from 1987 to 2006 in age groups of 5-year increments from 0 to 4 years old to 85+ years old for incidences of colon, rectal, and overall CRC. Combined data from 2002 to 2006 were queried to determine the locations of tumors and the overall incidence of CRC and CC at different ages. Results Across age groups 20 to 49, CRC incidence was higher in 2006 than in 1987. The most significant increase was from age 40 to 44, where CRC increased from a low of 10.7 per 100,000 in 1988 to 17.9 per 100,000 in 2006 (67%). Colon and rectal cancer increased 56% and 94%, respectively. People older than 50 had decreasing incidences. Approximately 30% of cancers in patients aged 35 to 49 occurred proximal to the splenic flexure. The incidence of CRC cancer equaled and subsequently surpassed CC in the 40 to 44 age group. Conclusions The most significant increase in CRC has occurred in patients ages 40 to 44. Patients over 50 continued to see a decline. Many of these cancers would be missed with sigmoidoscopy. Consideration should be given for age-based colonoscopic screening beginning at age 40, an age at which the incidence mirrors other accepted screened cancers.
Increased female authorship in otolaryngology over the past three decades.

Objective To identify changing trends in female authorship and publication in the otolaryngology literature. Methods All articles published in the four major otolaryngology journals in each of the years 1978, 1988, and 1998 were reviewed. The authorship panel of each article was examined for number of authors, gender, educational degree category, and subspecialty area of publication. Data were analyzed for trends in female authorship and the association of gender with the other design variables. Results A total of 2,463 articles were analyzed. The average percentage of female authorship increased from 4.1% in 1978 to 8.7% in 1988 and 12.4% in 1998, and the percentage of articles with a female “first author” increased from 3.2% to 7.4% and 11.4% for the same years, respectively. Each of these increases was statistically significant (P < .001). The weighted rank of female authorship also increased from 0.063 to 0.164 and 0.243 for the same years, respectively (P < .001). With respect to subspecialty publication, women were first authors of 14.7% of articles concerning pediatric otolaryngology but accounted for 9.9% or less of the first authors in the other subspecialty areas (P < .001). Female authors were also much more likely to be nonphysicians (P < .001) than men. Conclusions There has been a significant trend toward increased female authorship in the otolaryngology literature. A significant portion of this is accounted for by nonphysician female authors, and female authorship tends to be concentrated in pediatric otolaryngology.
Ten years in the making: A portfolio articulation system, high school through university

Abstract For 10 years a group of early childhood teacher educators in Oregon have been developing a portfolio articulation system that students can take with them as they move through the educational sequence from high school through university. This article reports on the group's efforts to determine content of such a portfolio and how those contents should be scored. The group based their recommendations on commonalities among programs and samples of students’ work. The article also describes the contents of an articulation portfolio which includes evidence of and scores for the student's ability to observe and record children's behavior, plan for instruction, develop a philosophy of early childhood education and teach children. In addition, there is discussion of what was learned during this lengthy enterprise including the realization that articulation needs to respond to what students know and are able to do, not what courses they have taken. Readers are also given information on how to obtain a copy...
New Cosmological Constraints on the Higgs Boson and Top Quark Masses

Abstract In the standard model, when the top quark mass is sufficiently large, the state where the Higgs field has a vacuum expectation value 〈 φ 〉 = 246 GeV is not the true minimum of the Higgs potential. When this is the case, and when the top quark mass exceeds some critical value, thermal fluctuations in the early universe would have rendered the state 〈 gf 〉=246 GeV isstable. The requirement that the state 〈 φ 〉=246 GeV is sufficiently long-lived constraints the masses of the Higgs boson and the top quark. We exclude top quark and Higgs boson masses which have not been excluded by previous limits. For a top quark lighter than 195 GeV, the limits of this paper are only concerned with a Higgs boson with a mass less than 42 GeV. We note that similar considerations could constrain the masses of light Higgs bosons with large couplings to fermions in other models.
Hsp90 inhibitors identified from a library of novobiocin analogues.

Novobiocin is a C-terminal inhibitor of the Hsp90 protein folding machinery, which is responsible for the conformational maturation of numerous proteins involved in cancer growth and survival. Due to novobiocin's poor inhibitory activity (∼700 μM), very little attention has been paid toward the development of novobiocin analogues for Hsp90 inhibition. In this study, a parallel library of 20 novobiocin derivatives was prepared and the biological activity of each evaluated by Western blot analysis of Hsp90 client proteins. A4 was found to be a potent inhibitor of Hsp90 as determined by its ability to cause the degradation of several Hsp90 client proteins in both breast and prostate cancer cell lines. In the presence of 1 μM A4, several Hsp90 client proteins were degraded, including AKT, Her2, Hif-1α, and the androgen receptor.
Elements of High School Service Learning Programs

Service learning is a form of pedagogy that enables students to address the school curriculum through service to the community. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to define the key elements of high school service learning programs and describe empirical investigations focused on the elements. Twelve elements emerged from 62 articles. The elements most frequently discussed were (a) student participation, (b) action, and (c) reflection. Least mentioned were (a) student assessment and program evaluation and (b) celebration. This study suggests the need for a consistent definition of service learning, investigation of methods for including students with disabilities and students at risk, validation of the elements with practitioners, and empirical research to examine the relationship between elements and student outcomes.
Underlying Paradigms in Student Affairs Research and Practice.

Student affairs professionals benefit from understanding paradigms, worldviews, and ways of being among diverse faculty, staff, and students. It is challenging to understand core differences of paradigms, design student affairs practice and research in congruence with or across specific philosophies, and work effectively with individuals operating in paradigms different from our own. For most, it is more comfortable to develop practice and research within our worldview, hoping what works for us will work for everyone. This article summarizes, illustrates, and critiques underlying paradigms in research and practice including positivism; feminism and embodied; racialized/border/liminal; critical; cultural; blended perspectives; and constructivism.
Fragmentary window filtering for multiscale lung nodule detection: Preliminary study

Rationale and Objectives. The authors evaluated computer-assisted diagnostic (CAD) methods used to detect suspicious areas on lung radiographs. Materials and Methods. The authors designed a fragmentary window filtering (FWF) algorithm for detecting lung nodule patterns, which generally appear as circular areas of high opacity on the chest radiograph. The FWF algorithm helps differentiate circular patterns from overlapping radiographic background. A multiscale analysis was performed to locate multiscale nodules. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed by using a lung nodule that was extracted from a chest radiograph. The nodule underwent scalings and subsequent superimposition onto 140 normal regions of interest from six chest radiographs. Results. The FWF method was superior to the matched filtering method in the detection of suspicious areas. Conclusion. The proposed FWF-based method should provide improved detection of lung nodules on chest radiographs.
Fiber-optic sensors: recent developments

This paper reviews recent work at NRL on fiber-optic sensors. In particular, we discuss magnetic field sensors, optimum fiber specifications for acoustic sensors, and the properties of coherence and low-frequency noise in GaAIAs lasers.
Sexuality and the Spatial Dynamics of Capitalism

Sexuality, gender, and class (with race, ethnicity, physical mobility, and other social categories related to power) are deeply implicated in the constitution of each other as social relations. Spa...
Fuel price risk management using futures

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether an ongoing policy of hedging jet fuel price risk using heating oil futures contracts reduces the volatility of quarterly pretax income of an average major airline in the US. The results indicate that, after controlling for trend, seasonality, and persistence of shocks, hedging has the potential to reduce the unexplained volatility of the average airline’s quarterly income by over 20%. Thus, the results suggest that the usefulness of hedging is not restricted to protecting weak airlines incapable of withstanding an increase in fuel prices. Also, airlines should not eschew hedging merely because of the possibility of incurring opportunity costs if fuel prices go down rather than up; hedging appears to pay off in the long run by providing a more stable earnings stream. Further, the results also point to the importance of selecting an appropriate futures contract and timing the hedging transactions properly.
AM-1 molecular orbital calculations of silica-alanine-nitrogen interaction.

Chemical binding of proteins with bioactive surfaces is modeled using a semi-empirical molecular orbital theory (AM-1). The model calculates the optimized molecular structures of an amino acid (L-alanine) interacting with a cyclotetrasiloxane silica cluster (a four-membered hydrated silica ring). The calculated heats of formation for various orientations of alanine show +5 kcal/mol difference for binding via the −NH2 group following a condensation reaction with a pentacoordinate Si intermediate. Hydrogen bonding of the alanine via the COOH group occurs with +13 to +15 kcal/mole differences in heats of formation and imposes a highly specific geometric orientation on the amino acid. Association of a diatomic N2 molecule with the silica cluster before interaction with alanine inhibits formation of an intermolecular bond, as is observed experimentally in studies of silicaalanine epitaxy. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF PHOTOELECTRONS FROM METALS DUE TO A SURFACE EFFECT

Expressions are derived for the distribution in total energy of photoelectrons from a metal on the basis of the alternative assumptions concerning the photon absorption process made by DuBridge and by Fowler. The calculations are exact, avoiding the usual approximation that the frequency of the incident light must be near the threshold frequency. Expressions are given not only for the distribution in energy of electrons emitted in all directions but also for the energy distribution as a function of emission angle.