cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultured monolayers of the dog jejunum with the structural and functional properties resembling the normal epithelium.

The development of a culture of the normal mammalian jejunum motivated this work. Isolated crypt cells of the dog jejunum were induced to form primary cultures on Snapwell filters. Up to seven subc...
Bacterial Mediators in Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is the general description given to the inflammatory response of the gingiva and underlying connective tissue to bacterial accumulations (dental plaque) on the teeth. A limited number of cultivable species are usually associated with periodontal disease. The majority of putative periodontal pathogens are gram-negative anaerobic rods. Some of the characteristics of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola will be discussed, given their prominence in the literature. These organisms share the ability to penetrate the gingival epithelium, such that their endotoxins, immunologically active compounds, and cytotoxic enzymes and molecules are presented directly to the host's inflammatory cells. This ability may be what distinguishes these gram-negative species from the plethora of other gram-negative species that inhabit the subgingival plaque. In addition, these organisms tend to be selected for in disease-associated plaques, suggesting that their nutritional needs are met when the gingival crevicular fluid contains a variety of inflammatory mediators and products of tissue breakdown. A. actinomycetemcomitans produces a leukotoxin, and the immunologic response of the host to this antigen may explain the unique pattern of tooth involvement in localized juvenile periodontitis. Both P. gingivalis and T. denticola have a trypsin-like enzyme that could be a virulence factor, primarily because this enzyme(s) may allow these organisms to grow in the presence of the inflammatory response of the host.
A Description Of A Projector For Viewing Ultra-High-Speed Rotating Mirror Camera Records In A Cinematographic Mode

The photographic records produced by most ultra-high-speed rotating mirror framing cameras contain images which are non-standard size and non-uniformly positioned on 35 mm filmstrips. Timing and qualitative information is normally extracted from these records by mounting them in filmstrip projectors. The important, precise quanti-tative data are extracted by individual framing digitzation. In an attempt to enhance the visual qualitative movements contained in these records, we recently completed a model of a "fine-Mode Projector" which accepts the 35 mm filmstrips and provides, in a cinematographic mode, a position-corrected display on a rear-projection screen. The framing rate, including single-step, as well as forward and reverse, is selectable by the viewer.
Statistical Models of Temperature in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta Under Climate-Change Scenarios and Ecological Implications

Changes in water temperatures caused by climate change in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta will affect the ecosystem through physiological rates of fishes and invertebrates. This study presents statistical models that can be used to forecast water temperature within the Delta as a response to atmospheric conditions. The daily average model performed well (R 2 values greater than 0.93 during verification periods) for all stations within the Delta and San Francisco Bay provided there was at least 1 year of calibration data. To provide long-term projections of Delta water temperature, we forced the model with downscaled data from climate scenarios. Based on these projections, the ecological implications for the delta smelt, a key species, were assessed based on temperature thresholds. The model forecasts increases in the number of days above temper- atures causing high mortality (especially along the Sacra- mento River) and a shift in thermal conditions for spawning to earlier in the year.
Verifying properties of systems with variable timing constraints

A method is presented for the specification and verification of real-time systems in which some of the timing constraints are specified as variables. These variables can be viewed as parameters of the system under consideration. A set of inequalities restricts the range of values that a variable can be assigned relative to other variables (parameters) of the system. The proposed method extends an earlier work by F. Jahanian and D.A. Stuart (1988) for verifying properties of systems expressed in the Modechart language where timing constraints were specified as integer constants. Also presented are results on the undecidability of verifying properties of systems. >
On-chip fluorescence detection with organic thin film devices for disposable lab-on-a-chip sensors

In this paper, we present an improved high-sensitivity approach for on-chip fluorescence-based measurements for disposable lab-on-a-chip (LOC). The approach is based on using an organic LED for excitation and an organic photodiode (OPD) as detector. By enhancing device integration with a custom interconnect, optical losses were minimized and the signal-to-noise ratio was increased. Using a bi-layer OPD improved detector responsivity 10 times over the conventional single heterojunction OPD. Finally, a lock-in amplifier was used instead of direct current measurements. Combining advantages of these improvements, a limit of detection of 10 nM was demonstrated, which is a 10-fold improvement over our previous reports and a 100-fold improvement over reports by others. We expect the developed approach to envisage numerous applications in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and on-site environmental testing.
Health Related Issues for Individuals with Special Health Care Needs

More than 50 million individuals in the United States with developmental disabilities, complex medical problems, significant physical limitations, and a vast array of other conditions considered under the rubric of "disabilities" live in our communities, many as a result of deinstitutionalization and mainstreaming. Children and adults with special health care needs have become a much more integral and visible component of everyday life. This process represents an ongoing change in perceptions about individuals with disabilities and subsequent reform of policies concerning the rights and the principles of care for people with special needs. The reform was built upon an increased role for the family and community health practitioners in providing needed care.
Screening cardiac ultrasonographic examination in patients with suspected cardiac disease in the emergency department.

Abstract Background/Objective Our purpose was to evaluate the utility of a brief screening cardiac ultrasonographic (SCU) examination. We prospectively compared the SCU with conventional clinical evaluation in 124 emergency department (ED) patients with suspected cardiac disease. Furthermore, we assessed the impact and quality of SCU examinations as obtained by briefly trained ED personnel (EP). Methods Patients underwent clinical evaluation by an ED physician and SCU examination by a sonographer or cardiologist. Patient disposition, hospital stay length, and the number of full echo examinations were compared with the presence of significant findings on SCU. In patients who received a full echocardiogram during hospitalization, results of the initial clinical examination were compared with results of the SCU examination in the diagnosis of significant findings. A similar analysis, but with quality assessment, was performed on only those SCU examinations acquired by 4 EP. Results Of the 124 patients enrolled in the main study, 40 of 124 (32%) had significant findings on SCU. Of patients with abnormal SCUs versus normal SCUs, 16 of 40 (40%) versus 18 of 84 (21%) had hospital stay lengths >2 days ( P ≤.05). Using the 36 inpatient full echo studies obtained for standard indications during hospitalization as a gold standard, initial clinical examination identified only 7 of 30 (23%) significant findings and had 16 false-positive diagnoses, whereas SCU identified 22 of 30 (73%) with 8 false positives. Although similar study results occurred with interpretation of 68 SCUs obtained by EP, quality was achieved in only 55% ED personnel versus 97% of sonographer-obtained SCUs ( P Conclusions An SCU examination detects significant findings misdiagnosed on initial clinical evaluation in the ED and provides prognostic data regarding length of hospital stay. (Am Heart J 2001;142:324-30.)
Origins of Geometric Algebra

There is a tendency among physicists to take mathematics for granted, to regard the development of mathematics as the business of mathematicians. However, history shows that most mathematics of use in physics has origins in successful attacks on physical problems. The advance of physics has gone hand in hand with the development of a mathematical language to express and exploit the theory. Mathematics today is an immense and imposing subject, but there is no reason to suppose that the evolution of a mathematical language for physics is complete. The task of improving the language of physics requires intimate knowledge of how the language is to be used and how it refers to the physical world, so it involves more than mathematics. It is one of the fundamental tasks of theoretical physics.
CSR: Speaker Recognition from Compressed VoIP Packet Stream

VoIP applications require the ability to identify speakers in real time. This paper presents compressed speaker recognition (CSR), an innovative approach to perform speaker recognition directly from the compressed voice packets. CSR performs online speaker recognition from live packet streams of compressed voice packets by performing fast clustering over a defined subset of the features available in each compressed voice packet. Our experimental results show that CSR is highly scalable and accurate across a broad range of speakers
Automated synthesis of sustainable data centers

Next generation data centers must be designed to meet Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for application performance while reducing costs and environmental impact. Traditional design approaches are manually intensive and must integrate thousands of components at multiple granularities, often with conflicting goals. We propose an Automated Data Center Synthesizer to design Sustainable Data Centers that meet SLA goals, minimize carbon emissions and embedded exergy, are optimally efficient and deliver significantly reduced Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). The paper concludes with a use case study that employs the synthesizer process flow to design an optimal data center to deliver a set of services for a hypothetical city using state of the art sustainable technologies.
Joint probabilities and mixing of isolated scalars emitted from parallel jets

Mixing and reaction between two scalars initially separated by scalar-free ambient fluid is important in problems ranging from ecology to engineering. Using a two-channel planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) system the instantaneous spatial structure of two independent scalars emitted from parallel jets into a slow coflow is quantified. Of particular interest is the scalar covariance used to define the correlation coefficient. Joint probability distribution functions (JPDFs) and instantaneous images of the scalar fields demonstrate that initially the flow mainly consists of incursions of fluid from one jet into the other, and vice versa, before scalars have time to assemble in attracting regions of the flow and coalesce due to diffusive flux. Decomposing the joint probability distribution exhibits the effect these events have on scaler overlap and scalar covariance. Along the centreline near where the mean profiles of the jets meet, the scalar covariance is negative; however, the covariance becomes positive as the scalars converge in shared structure and diffusive flux bridges a reduced barrier of ambient fluid. The mixing path between scalar filaments can be probabilistically observed through the conditional diffusion of the two scalars at various points in the flow.
Observation and Medical Expulsive Therapy

Nephrolithiasis is a common disease, with much of the morbidity stemming from ureterolithiasis. With the development of minimally-invasive techniques for treating ureteral calculi, the morbidity of stone surgery has dramatically decreased, but there remains a role for a non-surgical approach in many cases. Many small stones will pass without surgical intervention. While stone passage rates can be favorable, there remains room for improvement to avoid surgical morbidity and cost, leaving a role for medical expulsive therapy (MET). Additionally, though a stone may ultimately pass, there can be prolonged morbidity such as pain, risk of infection, and lifestyle disruption during the passage interval. Thus therapy to improve time to stone passage is also desirable. The following chapter will review the physiology of ureteral obstruction as well as the observational and medical expulsive therapeutic agents and literature.
Truth, Theories of

There are two main issues confronting anyone thinking about truth: the question of objectivity, and the nature of truth. Objectivity has to do with whether truth is the same for all, or whether it varies from person to person and culture to culture. The nature of truth has to do with how truth should be understood. A traditional answer is that truth is a matter of correspondence with reality. True sentences are those that correspond with reality, and false sentences are those sentences that fail to so correspond. Not only is this theory problematic, there are many other competing theories, including the claims that truth is merely a matter of coherence and the claim that the true is what is useful to believe. Keywords: James, William; empiricism; historical relativism; knowledge; reality; truth
End-to-end coreference resolution for clinical narratives

Coreference resolution is the problem of clustering mentions into entities and is very critical for natural language understanding. This paper studies the problem of coreference resolution in the context of the important domain of clinical text. Clinical text is unique because it requires significant use of domain knowledge to support coreference resolution. It also has specific discourse characteristics which impose several constraints on coreference decisions. We present a principled framework to incorporate knowledge-based constraints in the coreference model. We also show that different pronouns behave quite differently, necessitating the development of distinct ways for resolving different pronouns. Our methods result in significant performance improvements and we report the best results on a clinical corpora that has been used in coreference shared tasks. Moreover, for the first time, we report the results for end-to-end coreference resolution on this corpora.
Communication traces in the verification of distributed programs

Two types of communication traces, channel traces and process traces, have been used in the literature in dealing with distributed programs. Specifications and proofs in channel-trace systems are usually considered to be simpler than in systems based on process traces. But channel traces do not contain information about the relative order of communication along different channels of a process which can lead to incompleteness of the channel-trace based axiom systems. Several attempts have been made to overcome the incompleteness by adding new axioms to these systems. We show with simple examples that these axioms do not by themselves solve the incompleteness problem. Effectively, process traces or some equivalent thereof is necessary to achieve completeness. We also consider the possibility of adding new communications to the processes to include more information in the channel traces.
Hierarchic syntax improves reading time prediction

Previous work has debated whether humans make use of hierarchic syntax when processing language (Frank and Bod, 2011; Fossum and Levy, 2012). This paper uses an eye-tracking corpus to demonstrate that hierarchic syntax significantly improves reading time prediction over a strong n-gram baseline. This study shows that an interpolated 5-gram baseline can be made stronger by combining n-gram statistics over entire eye-tracking regions rather than simply using the last n-gram in each region, but basic hierarchic syntactic measures are still able to achieve significant improvements over this improved baseline.
IMPACT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON PLATELET P2Y12 RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

Among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with impaired clopidogrel response which may contribute to their elevated atherothrombotic risk. Platelets from patients with CKD are exposed to higher levels of dinucleoside polyphosphates,
Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone marrow transplantation is a high-visibility, high-technology discipline with a growing list of potentially curative applications in neoplastic, hematologic, immunologic, and genetic diseases of children. The clinical problems experienced by children who have received bone marrow grafts involve pediatricians in both general and subspecialty practice and require a working knowledge of the applied immunobiology of bone marrow transplantation. As the transplantation procedure has evolved from a research tool to an established therapeutic modality, collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians has led to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the immunobiologic events that occur after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and, thus, to improvements in the clinical care of transplant recipients. As its applications in pediatric medicine grow, bone marrow transplantation presents additional challenges for the future: expansion of the allogeneic donor pool, use of more effective or aggressive preparative regimens and autologous bone marrow-purging strategies, more effective prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease, and development of gene-replacement therapy by infusion of modified autologous bone marrow cells.
Technologies of Coupling Cultivation “Middle Season Rice-Red Swamp Crayfish”

Technologies of coupling "Middle Season Rice-Red Swamp Crayfish" were studied in 18.14 hm2low-lying rice fields in Maoli town, Shayang county, Jingmen city of Hubei province. Annular groove and field ditch was excavated in the paddy field and the red crayfish shrimp's parent shrimp was put to test rice and gram original crayfish with the coupling cultivation. The results showed that rice yield was 9 559.4 kg / hm2, the same as ordinary rice planting production. Original red swamp crayfish average yield was 1 003.8 kg / hm2, with average net income of 11 831.8 yuan / hm2.
High-speed motion neutron radiography

A system has been developed to perform neutron radiographic analysis of dynamic events having a duration of several milliseconds. The system has been operated in the range of 2000 to 10,000 frames. Synchronization has provided high-speed motion neutron radiographs for evaluation of the firing cycles of 7.62-mm munition rounds within a thick steel rifle barrel. The system has also been used to demonstrate its ability to produce neutron radiographic movies of two-phase flow. The equipment includes a TRIGA reactor capable of pulsing to a peak power of 3000 MW, a neutron beam collimator, a scintillator neutron conversion screen coupled to an image intensifier, and a 16-mm high-speed movie camera. The peak neutron flux incident at the object position is about 4 X 10/sup 11/ n/cm/sup 2/ X s with a pulse, full-width at half-maximum, of 9 ms. Modulation transfer function techniques have been used to assist optimization of the system performance. Special studies have been performed on the scintillator conversion screens and on the effects of statistical limitations on information availability.
Oxygen precipitation behavior in heavily arsenic doped silicon crystals

Abstract Silicon crystals containing different levels of arsenic concentration and oxygen content were grown, and samples were taken at various positions along the crystal, to study the influence of three main factors, i.e. the initial oxygen content, the dopant concentration and the thermal history, on the nucleation of oxygen precipitates during crystal growth and cooling in the puller. The crystal thermal history was reconstructed by means of computer modeling, simulating the temperature distribution in the crystal at several growth stages. The oxygen precipitation was characterized after a thermal cycle of 4 h at 800 °C for nuclei stabilization +16 h at 1000 °C for nuclei growth. Oxygen precipitates were counted under microscope on the cleaved sample surface after preferential etching. Lightly doped silicon samples were also included, as reference. Our results show that even in heavily arsenic doped silicon the oxygen precipitation is a strong function of the initial oxygen concentration, similar to what has been observed for lightly doped silicon. In addition, a precipitation retardation effect is observed in the arsenic doped samples when the dopant concentration is higher than 1.7×1019 cm−3 compared to lightly doped samples with the same initial oxygen content and crystal thermal history. Finally, a long permanence time of the crystal in the temperature range between 450 °C and 750 °C enhances the oxygen precipitation, showing that this is an effective temperature range for oxygen precipitation nucleation in heavily arsenic doped silicon.
Semi-Closed Basket Extraction of Ureteral Calculi

A method is described for ureteral stone extraction using a partial closure of the Dormia stone dislodger. Of 97 attempted extractions 89 (91.8 per cent) were successful. No major complications occurred. The over-all morbidity rate was 3 per cent. The technique is especially useful in removing larger ureteral calculi.
Wage Work in the Sacred Circle: The Ghost Dance as Modern Religion

The Ghost Dance is commonly understood as a backward-looking rejection of modern life. Yet the teachings of the religion often incorporated exhortations to wage labor and other instructions for good living in the reservation era as necessary measures to precipitate the millennium. In reaching backward and forward simultaneously, the Ghost Dance helped resolve contradictions of Indian identity in the post-conquest world.
Physicochemical properties of iron oxide nanoparticles that contribute to cellular ROS-dependent signaling and acellular production of hydroxyl radical

AbstractWhile nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a variety of consumer products and medical applications, some of these materials have potential health concerns. Macrophages are the primary responders to particles that initiate oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. Here, we utilized six flame-synthesized, engineered iron oxide NPs with various physicochemical properties (e.g. Fe oxidation state and crystal size) to study their interactions with RAW 264.7 macrophages, their iron solubilities, and their abilities to produce hydroxyl radical in an acellular assay. Both iron solubility and hydroxyl radical production varied between NPs depending on crystalline diameter and surface area of the particles, but not on iron oxidation state. Macrophage treatment with the iron oxide NPs showed a dose-dependent increase of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1). The nuclear factor (NF)-erythroid-derived 2 (E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) modulates the transcriptional activity ...
TGF-β sensu stricto signaling regulates skeletal morphogenesis in the sea urchin embryo

Cell-cell signaling plays a prominent role in the formation of the embryonic skeleton of sea urchins, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, we uncover an essential role for TGF-β sensu stricto signaling in this process. We show that TgfbrtII, a type II receptor dedicated to signaling through TGF-β sensu stricto, is expressed selectively in skeletogenic primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) during skeleton formation. Morpholino (MO) knockdowns and studies with a specific TgfbrtII inhibitor (ITD-1) in both S. purpuratus and Lytechinus variegatus embryos show that this receptor is required for biomineral deposition. We provide pharmacological evidence that Alk4/5/7 is the cognate TGF-β type I receptor that pairs with TgfbrtII and show by inhibitor treatments of isolated micromeres cultured in vitro that both Alk4/5/7 and TgfbrtII function cell-autonomously in PMCs. Gene expression and gene knockdown studies suggest that TGF-β sensu stricto may be the ligand that interacts with TgfbrtII and support the view that this TGF-β superfamily ligand provides an essential, permissive cue for skeletogenesis, although it is unlikely to provide spatial patterning information. Taken together, our findings reveal that this model morphogenetic process involves an even more diverse suite of cell signaling pathways than previously appreciated and show that PMCs integrate a complex set of both generalized and spatially localized cues in assembling the endoskeleton.
Dating in the Time of #BlackLivesMatter: Exploring Mixed-race Women’s Discourses of Race and Racism:

The author explores the discourses and logics that self-identified multiracial and multiethnic female online daters use to explain their own responses to social justice movements around race and ra...
A Single-Use, Self-Powered, Paper-Based Sensor Patch for Detection of Exercise-Induced Hypoglycemia.

We report a paper-based self-powered sensor patch for prevention and management of exercise-induced hypoglycemia. The article describes the fabrication, in vitro, and in vivo characterization of the sensor for glucose monitoring in human sweat. This wearable, non-invasive, single-use biosensor integrates a vertically stacked, paper-based glucose/oxygen enzymatic fuel cell into a standard Band-Aid adhesive patch. The paper-based device attaches directly to skin, wicks sweat by using capillary forces to a reservoir where chemical energy is converted to electrical energy, and monitors glucose without external power and sophisticated readout instruments. The device utilizes (1) a 3-D paper-based fuel cell configuration, (2) an electrically conducting microfluidic reservoir for a high anode surface area and efficient mass transfer, and (3) a direct electron transfer between glucose oxidase and anodes for enhanced electron discharge properties. The developed sensor shows a high linearity of current at 0.02–1.0 mg/mL glucose centration (R2 = 0.989) with a high sensitivity of 1.35 µA/mM.
Technology, Families, and Privacy: Can We Know Too Much About Our Loved Ones?

Both an array of privacy advocates and a body of privacy policies have emerged to reduce threats to personal privacy posed by Big Government and Big Business. Technologies that threaten personal privacy when employed by large institutions are increasingly being used by family members to track one another, but without a comparable level of societal scrutiny and control. This paper examines four such technologies – internet tracking software, global positioning systems, miniature cameras, and genetic tests – to gauge their level of use and public acceptance and then to consider their impact on family relations, especially those between parent and child and between spouses. While these technologies are intended to promote the safety of family members, by disrupting personal privacy, they may also provoke a number of counterproductive responses that reduce safety. Moreover, the deployment of these technologies may inhibit the development of trust and trustworthiness within the family. Partly owing to a lack of understanding of how new technologies affect family relations, both formal and informal efforts to control these technologies have been slow to develop.
Exploring Organizational Culture for Information Security in Healthcare Organizations: A Literature Review

The healthcare sector has generally been a late adopter of information technology solutions. As a result of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services implemented a program whereby financial incentives were made available for eligible healthcare entities and healthcare providers implementing health information technology solutions. These healthcare entities and providers were required to attest to "meaningful use" (e.g. electronic data capture of clinical data, provision of electronic health records to patients) in order to receive the financial incentives. This program, more than any other key driver, has transformed the utilization of health information technology (HIT) in clinical settings. Health IT is now ubiquitous. With the advent of these HIT solutions has come large caches of private and protected health information which must be guarded from both accidental disclosure and nefarious criminal activity. Compliance monitoring efforts by the Department of Health and Human Service's Office for Civil Rights have increased dramatically in recent years with multi-million dollar fines being levied across the country for security gaps. As a result of this increased risk, many healthcare organization are revisiting their information security position and culture in the age of electronic medical records. This paper will review the current state of that culture.
A Cooperative Teaching Approach to Introductory Statistics

Many of today's university undergraduate curricula include two seemingly conflicting themes: (1) increase the quality of teaching to include emphasis on pedagogical elements, such as active learning, in the undergraduate statistics classroom; and (2) cope with a decrease in teaching resources. In this paper, a means by which a department of mathematics or statistics can maintain and increase its standards of teaching excellence in introductory statistics while coping with ever-increasing budgetary pressures is proposed. This process involves promoting what we call cooperative teaching, applying the concepts of cooperative learning to a group of instructors.
Environmental Justice, Gentrification, and Leisure: A Systematic Review and Opportunities for the Future

The concept of gentrification, which has recently been expanded beyond residential displacement to address issues of equitable access to public spaces, is deemed an environmental justice issue. Env...
TEMPERATURE | Proteins and Temperature

Temperature has a profound effect on the structure and function of proteins. Studies on enzymes suggest that over evolutionary time, adaptation to temperature occurs through modification of the molecular flexibility of the protein, especially in hinge regions around which catalytically important mobile structures rotate or slide. Changes in flexibility can arise through substitutions that alter the numbers and types of weak interactions among amino acids. Cold adaptation usually involves a localized decrease in the strength of these interactions, leading to greater molecular flexibility. Increased stability, induced by greater numbers of weak interactions, characterizes warm adaptation. Because more flexibility leads to increased catalytic rate but decreased substrate affinity, it is difficult for an enzyme to function optimally across a broad range of temperatures.
Biology and Female Crime

Biological explanations of female crime have existed since at least the turn of the century. However, in a previous general review of research on female criminality (Widom, 1978a), very little empirical work was found that has focused on biological factors, with the exception of Dalton’s papers on the relationship between the menstrual cycle and female crime. This chapter reviews the existing research on the relationship between biology and female crime. It is not an attempt to determine whether female crime results primarily from biological causes. It is an effort to stimulate and guide future research in promising directions. The literature on sex differences in aggressiveness or criminality will not be reviewed here, since many such reviews already exist (e.g., Cloninger, Christiansen, Reich, & Gottesman, 1978; Maccoby & Jacklin, 1980; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985).
SOCWISP: A 9 μA, Addressable Gen2 Sensor Tag for Biosignal Acquisition

Biosensors present exciting opportunities in novel medical and scientific applications. However, sensor tags presented to date cannot interface with practical sensors, lack addressability, and/or require a custom (high-cost) interrogator. Our tag provides these features via ultra-low-power circuitry including a low-noise biosignal amplifier, unique tag ID generator, calibration-free 3 MHz oscillator, and EPC C1 Gen2 protocol compatibility. In addition to design details and measurement data from the fabricated IC, we present in vivo muscle temperature measurement from an untethered in-flight hawkmoth.
Nanostructures for Externally Triggered Chemo/Thermal Therapies

Abstract Conventional cancer therapies are restrained by morbid off-target effects and the frequent emergence of chemotherapy drug resistance. These limitations have motivated advances in nanotechnology, towards development of targeted nanomedicine, including the use of theranostic hybrid nanoparticles, which combine tumor imaging and therapy for safe and effective cancer treatment. Theranostic nanoparticles with diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities within a single nanoconstruct, enable tumor tracking and spatially controlled drug delivery. External triggering with electromagnetic or sonic fields can further increase the efficacy of theranostic nanoparticles by allowing additional spatiotemporal control on cytotoxic drug release in tumors. In this chapter, we discuss the current progress and challenges in cancer treatment with externally triggered chemo/thermal therapy involving hybrid nanostructures with special emphasis on clinical impact and translation.
The Investment Choices of Low-Income Households and the Aggregation of Information by Asset Prices

Recent research has suggested that we may better explain the equity premium puzzle and similar anomalies by considering marginal equity investors separately from other households. Using Survey of Consumer Finances data, I test whether the effect of risk aversion on the choices of households with limited financial resources is consistent with a mathematical identity that is necessarily true if the underlying equilibrium is a revealing one. The results imply that revealing equilibrium models generate biased risk measures which significantly understate the riskiness of equity investments for families in the United States and overstate their attractiveness relative to riskless investments.
INITIAL EFFORTS OF KENNETH W. STRINGER TO DEVELOP A STATISTICAL SAMPLING PLAN

In 1981, the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association selected Kenneth W. Stringer to become the first recipient of the Distinguished Service in Auditing Award. Stringer was a pioneer in the auditing research efforts of Haskins and Sells for nearly 25 years. One of Stringer's many contributions was the development of a statistical sampling plan which was adopted by Haskins & Sells in 1962. The plan developed by Stringer is referred to in the literature as Probability-Proportional-to-Size sampling. This study provides insight into facets of Stringer's research efforts which include his evaluation of prior sampling plans, a behavioral laboratory experiment, the interdisciplinary process through which the plan was constructed, and the influence of Oscar Gellein, whom Stringer viewed as his mentor during his early career.
A phase II trial of bevacizumab in patients with recurrent solid tumor brain metastases who have failed whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT).

2070Background: Brain metastases (BM) are the most common intracranial malignancy with overall a poor prognosis estimated at approximately 4 months from time of initial diagnosis for treated patien...
Measuring extreme-ultraviolet secondary electron blur (Conference Presentation)

Extreme-ultraviolet (~13.5 nm) lithography is much different than the previous lithographic wavelength such that chemical reactions within the resist are caused by electrons generated from ionization. As the lithographic community moves towards printing more advanced nodes, the secondary electron blur from extreme-ultraviolet photons becomes more critical. Understanding the range of the secondary electrons from the photoionization site would provide insight into patterning capabilities for different photoresists and aid in the development of improved models. Here, we aim to determine the range of electrons by measuring the thickness loss due to top-down electron beam exposure. More importantly, this work focuses on measuring the thickness loss due to incident electrons with energies less than 80 eV for two different resist systems: (1) a chemically amplified photoresist where acid diffusion affects the depth of solubility changing reactions, and (2) a non-chemically amplified photoresist, PMMA, where no acid diffusion occurs. Photoresists are exposed to electrons, baked, and developed; subsequent ellipsometry is used to quantify the depth at which solubility changing reactions occur based on the incident energy and dose. Quencher concentration and post-exposure bake parameters are varied to mitigate acid diffusion to extrapolate the electron range. The results are then compared to the thickness loss of the non-chemically amplified photoresist.
5 Therapy for asthma and COPD

A hundred years ago the main treatments for obstructive lung disease were adrenal gland extracts, herbally-derived sympathomimetic ephedrine and anticholinergics, such as atropine. There have been extraordinary advancers in the pharmacological therapy of asthma and COPD, yet the major classes of therapy we use today are based on these original therapies – long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) derived from adrenaline and muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) developed from the adrenal cortex hormone cortisol. Triple fixed-dose inhalers containing all 3 drugs have now been developed and are convenient for some patients. In asthma, by far the greatest advance has been the Introduction of ICS for control of the underlying eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. Although ICS are effective in most patients, there is often very poor adherence as symptoms are intermittent. In a new strategy, instead of a short-acting β2-agonist, such as salbutamol, patients use a reliever inhaler containing a rapidly-acting LABA formoterol combined with an ICS. This provides much better control of asthma and is a simple strategy for most patients. At the other end of the spectrum, patients with eosinophilic severe asthma not controlled on conventional therapies may now be controlled with biologics, which include antibodies against immunoglobulin-E, interleukin-5 and interleukin-4 receptor. In COPD the mainstay of treatment is LABA and LAMA, often as a combination inhaler, whereas ICS are only effective in a proportion of patients that also have eosinophilic inflammation. New safe anti-inflammatory treatments are needed to prevent the progression and exacerbations of COPD.
Vector sums and bases

We conclude this introduction to the theory of normed spaces with a discussion of two related topics. First we treat some notions of the sum of an infinite family of vectors in a normed space, and, secondly, we give a brief account of the corresponding notions of a basis for a Banach space.
Sex Offenders and Campus-Based Sex Offender Registration: Stigma, Vulnerability, Isolation, and the Classroom as Refuge

Inclusion on the sex offender registration list is well known to produce stigma, collateral consequences, stress, and feelings of vulnerability for offenders. In addition to state-based registries, a number of institution-specific registries are beginning to appear, including those on college campuses. By using in-depth interviews with a sample of sex offenders listed on a campus-specific sex offender registry, this study explores the experiences resulting from this label. Findings highlight the feeling of vulnerability listing imposes, as well as self-isolating efforts designed to manage the possibility of identification, exposure, and confrontation. The interactional limitations, as well as the unintended consequence of heightening perceived vulnerability of actions, are discussed. Perceptions of the classroom as both a refuge from identify management efforts and as a means of reinforcement of vulnerability are explored.
Outcomes of orbital exenteration for craniofacial lesions

BACKGROUND Orbital exenteration (OE) is an ablative procedure used in the management of malignancies of the orbit of either primary or secondary origin. Publications evaluating this procedure have suffered from small patient numbers, heterogeneity of pathologies, and poor patient follow-up. The purpose of this study was to assess patient outcomes in a large cohort of patients undergoing OE at a tertiary cancer center. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of 180 consecutive patients who underwent OE at the authors' institution. Overall survival (OS) was the primary end point measured in the study. Time to locoregional recurrence (progression-free survival [PFS]) and disease-free survival were secondary end points. RESULTS Between the years 1993 and 2011, 180 consecutive patients received OE for craniofacial malignancy at the authors' institution. The median follow-up for the cohort was 9.7 years (116 months). The median OS was 73 months, and the median PFS was 96 months. The presence of perineural invasion was associated with shorter OS (P = .01) and PFS (P < .01). Magnetic resonance imaging was predictive of perineural invasion (P < .01). Positive margins were associated with shorter PFS than negative margins (P < .01) but with no change in OS (P = .15). The overall complication rate was 15%. The major complication rate (Clavien-Dindo 3b or greater) was 2.8% (n = 5), and there was 1 death observed (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS Used judiciously in the setting of a multidisciplinary management plan, OE for tumor control is a safe therapy. LAY SUMMARY Between the years 1993 and 2011, 180 consecutive patients received orbital exenteration for craniofacial malignancy at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. The median follow-up for the cohort was 9.7 years. The presence of perineural invasion was associated with shorter overall survival (P = .01) and progression-free survival (P < .01). Magnetic resonance imaging was predictive of perineural invasion (P < .01). Positive margins were associated with shorter progression-free survival than negative margins (P < .01). The overall complication rate was 15%. The major complication rate (Clavien-Dindo 3b or greater) was 2.8% (n = 5).
Tageslicht im Freien

Das Hauptinteresse des zivilisierten Menschen am Tageslicht im Freien liegt scheinbar an dessen Einflus auf die Tagesbeleuchtung in geschlossenen Raumen. In Verbindung mit der menschlichen Tatigkeit — Produktion, Sicherheit und Zufriedenheit — sind jedoch die im Freien herrschenden Beleuchtungsverhaltnisse von ausgesprochen fundamentaler Bedeutung. Wie schon wiederholt erwahnt, ist der Mensch ein Produkt seiner Umgebung und wird es auch lange Zeit hindurch noch, wenn nicht immer, bleiben.
Reproductive ecology of the mourning dove: large-scale patterns in recruitment, breeding endocrinology, and developmental plasticity

The national strategic management plan for the mourning dove calls for the implementation of an operational monitoring program of recruitment rates that is national in scale. Age ratios estimates, i.e. juveniles per adult, generated from harvest wing collections are a potentially efficient method for large-scale monitoring of recruitment for the species. Generating unbiased estimates of recruitment from harvest age ratios requires calibration of estimates to account for wings of unknown-aged birds in the sample and for differential vulnerability of the age classes to harvest. We present results from the first national-scale effort to estimate dove age ratios while addressing the need to develop a simple, efficient, and generalizable methodology for calibrating estimates. Our method predicts age classes of unknown-age wings based on backward projection of molt distributions from fall harvest collections to late-summer banding. Estimated parameters are 1) the proportion of late molt individuals that belong to each age class and 2) molt rates of juvenile and adult birds. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the estimator is minimally biased. We estimated model parameters using 96,811 wings collected and 42,189 birds banded from 68 collection blocks in 22 states during the 2005-2007 hunting seasons. Estimates were also used to derive a correction factor based on latitude and longitude of samples that can be applied to future surveys. In addition, we estimated differential vulnerability of the age classes to harvest using data from banded birds and applied this to harvest age ratios to estimate population age ratios. Using harvest age ratios from an independent sample of 41,084 wings collected from random hunters in 2007 and 2008, we found that the average uncorrected
An Improved Plotting Package for VAXIMA

The package provides a convenient user friendly environment for the integration of symbolic mathematics and high resolution graphics. It is not necessary for the user to have extensive knowledge of graphics to control the display of mathematical functions. The quality of the graphics is far superior to the old system, and the speed of the system has been improved dramaticly. The combination of color graphics and flexible window management with a symbolic system is expected to provide a base for further work on a new user-top-level for the VAXIMA system.
Inclusion of Textual Documentation in the Analysis of Multidimensional Data Sets: Application to Gene Expression Data

Recently, biology has been confronted with large multidimensional gene expression data sets where the expression of thousands of genes is measured over dozens of conditions. The patterns in gene expression are frequently explained retrospectively by underlying biological principles. Here we present a method that uses text analysis to help find meaningful gene expression patterns that correlate with the underlying biology described in scientific literature. The main challenge is that the literature about an individual gene is not homogenous and may addresses many unrelated aspects of the gene. In the first part of the paper we present and evaluate the neighbor divergence per gene (NDPG) method that assigns a score to a given subgroup of genes indicating the likelihood that the genes share a biological property or function. To do this, it uses only a reference index that connects genes to documents, and a corpus including those documents. In the second part of the paper we present an approach, optimizing separating projections (OSP), to search for linear projections in gene expression data that separate functionally related groups of genes from the rest of the geness the objective function in our search is the NDPG score of the positively projected genes. A successful search, therefore, should identify patterns in gene expression data that correlate with meaningful biology. We apply OSP to a published gene expression data sets it discovers many biologically relevant projections. Since the method requires only numerical measurements (in this case expression) about entities (genes) with textual documentation (literature), we conjecture that this method could be transferred easily to other domains. The method should be able to identify relevant patterns even if the documentation for each entity pertains to many disparate subjects that are unrelated to each other.