cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic impurities in oxide superconductors: Evidence for intrinsic magnetic order in the superconducting compounds

Abstract With no ferromagnetism component present, the only effect on T c and Δ of rigid magnetism varying rapidly in space is replacement in the gap equation of the density of electron states for the nonmagnetic crystal by that of the magnetic crystal. In usual superconductors, very large reduction of T c caused by magnetic impurities in comparison to that from nonmagnetic impurities occurs because the spin direction of each impurity is free to rotate. In this case effects of magnetic impurities of T c in oxide superconductors, only as large as effects of nonmagnetic impurities, suggest that each impurity spin is not free to rotate. This would almost certainly be caused by some form of magnetic order intrinsic to the host crystal rather than by impurity-impurity interactions.
A human information processing perspective on software maintenance

Abstract Resources allocated to software maintenance constitute a major portion of the total lifecycle cost of a system and can affect the ability of a firm to react to dynamic environments. This paper illustrates how the human information processing model can be used to develop a strong theoretical foundation for describing factors affecting software maintenance. This foundation is then used to synthesize recent empirical findings and to direct attention towards empirical questions which need investigation. In addition, the human information processing model is shown to provide explanatory as well as descriptive power, providing a basis for managerial action and recommendations aimed at decreasing maintenance effort which can decrease maintenance cost and increase the responsiveness of maintenance to changing organizational needs.
Risk of HIV Transmission in Sexual Behaviors of College Students

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sexual behaviors of college students and assess the extent to which they were engaging in behaviors that have a risk for contracting AIDS. A total of 132 single sexually active students and 58 married students responded to a survey on their sexual behaviors and attitudes. Risk behaviors such as engaging in unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, practicing anal sex, alcohol use, and infidelity and deceptive communication with partner were examined. Compared with earlier surveys on the same population, there was an increase in concern about contracting AIDS and a significant increase in the percentage of students who took the AIDS antibody test. Although none indicated they would lie to partners about a seropositive AIDS test, a few would not tell their partner unless specifically asked. A small percentage of subjects would have extradyadic relations without informing their steady partners and a small number of respondents indicated they might continue to engage in sexual relations with a seropositive partner or a new partner who recently had a seronegative AIDS test. The risks most predominant in this sample were the practice of unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, and the consumption of alcohol in conjunction with sexual activity. With the exception of unprotected intercourse, the majority of respondents were engaging in behaviors that pose a minimal risk for contracting AIDS.
Comparative mutagenicity of hydrazine and 3 methylated derivatives in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.

Abstract The mutagenicity of hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine (MMH), 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) in L5178Y mouselymphoma cells has been investigated. Hydrazine, UDMH and SDMH induced thymidine mutation, in the absence of extraneous metabolic activation. Dose—response curves were produced for these compounds. MMH did not induce thymidine mutation. All 4 compounds were negative in the ouabain, thioguanine and cytosine arabinoside selective systems. Induction of mutation by hydrazine and UDMH is correlated with toxicity. This is not the case for SDMH-induced mutation. Hydrazine, UDMH and SDMH produce different ratios of large and small thymidine-resistant clones. The compounds appear to have different modes of action in the cell.
Pyrite and illite associations in two eastern US bituminous coals

The ash transformation and deposition behavior of pyrite and illite, which are commonly identified with slagging, are influenced by the manner in which the minerals occur in the fuel. An enhanced computer controlled scanning electron microscopy technique was used to analyze the mineral content of individual coal particles in samples of two pulverized fuels. The particle-by-particle analysis determined whether individual mineral grains were included or excluded. It also provided information on which mineral species were likely to be found in the same coal particle with pyrite or illite. Illite typically appeared as included particles and was associated with a variety of other silicate species. In contrast, pyrite tended not to associate with other minerals and showed a significantly higher fraction of excluded particles. Such detailed observations of coal mineral distributions and associations provide additional insight into the mechanisms which govern fly ash formation.
Excitation energy dependence of non-radiative decay rate in isolated large molecules

Abstract It is shown that the changes in the non-radiative decay rate of dilute aromatic vapors, following excitation of higher-lying singlet states, can be related to the dependence of vibrational level distribution (in S1) upon the initially excited singlet states. The excitation energy dependence of radiationless decay rate in anthracene vapor is discussed in detail.
Effect of Ultra-centrifuging on the Egg of Ascaris megalocephala

EGGS of Ascaris megalocephala (= equorum) var. monovalens, like those of Ascaris suum1, may develop mormally after being subjected in the uncleaved condition to great centrifugal forces over long periods.
The modern mathematics reform movement in Brazil and its consequences for Brazilian mathematics education

This paper reports on the conclusions drawn from an investigation of the modern mathematics reform movement in Brazil. The focus of the study was an analysis of the mechanisms of transfer of knowledge from developed to developing countries, through a case study of Brazil and its adoption of the modern mathematics curriculum.
MYTH, RITUAL, AND THE ARCHETYPAL HYPOTHESIS

. This paper reexamines the myth-ritual complex, considering myth as a psychobiological stereotype, the neurobiology of myth structuring, the neurobiology of myth transformation, and some religious implications of the myth-ritual complex. Relevant points of comparison between this neurobiological analysis of the myth-ritual complex and Jungian psychological theory are made throughout. Finally the neurobiology of transcendent experiences is considered along with a brief neuroepistemological consideration of the possibility of transcendence itself.
The effect of a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, BL-3459, on adrenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in beagle dogs

Abstract The effect of a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, BL-3459, on adrenaline-induced myocardial necrosis was investigated in beagle dogs. BL-3459, an α-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine, and a β-adrenergic eceptor blocking agent, propranolol, were compared for their ability to modify the effects of adrenaline on platelet function, arterial blood pressure and myocardial damage. Adrenaline infusion led to a dose-related myocardial damage, elevation in arterial blood pressure, elevation in screen filtration pressure (SFP) and fall in platelet count. BL-3459 inhibited the elevation in SFP and the fall in platelet count as well as limiting the extent of myocardial damage. Phenoxybenzamine significantly modified all adrenaline-induced changes except the elevation in SFP. Propranolol had little effect alone and seemed to antagonize the beneficial effects of BL-3459 when the two drugs were combined. These results suggest that while other factors may also be involved, platelet aggregation and transient hypertension are correlated with the extent of adrenaline-induced myocardial necrosis observed in this model. A potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, BL-3459, and the α-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine, appear to afford protection against the observed pathological effects.
A note on parabolic radiation boundary conditions for elliptic wave calculations

Abstract The application of the parabolic equation method to the problem of specifying radiating boundary conditions for numerical solutions of elliptic wave equations is investigated. Representations for waves approaching a linear boundary obliquely are developed and tested in a simple one-dimensional scheme which illustrates the application.
New uses for the on-line computer medium in mental health care

A number of research projects related to new uses for computers in mental health service delivery are presented. These projects include work on software psychology, new computer applications in mental health care, and studies relating to the successful implementation of technology in mental health settings. Emphasis is placed on developing a better understanding of appropriate uses of technology rather than merely describing new applications.
Chirp-pulse-compression three-dimensional lidar imager with fiber optics

A coherent three-dimensional (angle–angle–range) lidar imager using a master-oscillator-power-amplifier concept and operating at a wavelength of 1.5 μm with chirp-pulse compression is described. A fiber-optic delay line in the local oscillator path enables a single continuous-wave semiconductor laser source with a modulated drive waveform to generate both the constant-frequency local oscillator and the frequency chirp. A portion of this chirp is gated out and amplified by a two-stage fiber amplifier. The digitized return signal was compressed by cross correlating it with a sample of the outgoing pulse. In this way a 350-ns, 10-μJ pulse with a 250-MHz frequency sweep is compressed to a width of approximately 8 ns. With a 25-mm output aperture, the lidar has been used to produce three-dimensional images of hard targets out to a range of approximately 2 km with near-diffraction-limited angular resolution and submeter range resolution.
Imaging Electric Fields in SERS and TERS Using the Vibrational Stark Effect.

Electric fields associated with Raman enhancements are typically inferred from changes in the observed scattering intensity. Here, we use the vibrational Stark effect from a nitrile reporter to determine the electric-field-dependent frequency shift of cyanide (CN) on a gold (Au) surface. Electroplated Au surfaces with surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) activity exhibit larger Stark shifts near the edge and in areas with large roughness. The Stark shift is observed to correlate with the intensity of a coadsorbed thiophenol molecule. Gap-mode tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS), using a Au nanoparticle tip, shows dramatic shifts in the CN stretch that correlate to enhancement factors of 1013 in the gap region. The observed peak widths indicate that the largest fields are highly localized. Changes in the nitrile stretch frequency provide a direct measurement of the electric fields in SERS and TERS experiments.
Adiabatic reduction near a bifurcation in stochastically modulated systems

We reexamine the procedure of adiabatic elimination of fast relaxing variables near a bifurcation point when some of the parameters of the system are stochastically modulated. Approximate stationary solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation are obtained near threshold for the pitchfork and transcritical bifurcations. Correlations between fast variables and random modulation may shift the effective bifurcation point by an amount proportional to the intensity of the fluctuations. We also find that fluctuations of the fast variables above threshold are not always Gaussian and centered around the (deterministic) center manifold as was previously believed. Numerical solutions obtained for a few illustrative examples support these conclusions. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Specific vanilloid responses in C6 rat glioma cells

Abstract Capsaicin and its ultrapotent analog resiniferatoxin (RTX) act through specific vanilloid receptors on sensory neurons. Here, we describe specific vanilloid responses in rat C6 glioma cells. Capsaicin and RTX stimulated 45 Ca uptake in a similar fashion to that found for cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs); this response was antagonized by the antagonists capsazepine and ruthenium red. As in DRGs, pretreatment of C6 cells with capsaicin or RTX produced desensitization to subsequent stimulation of 45 Ca uptake. The potency for desensitization by RTX in the C6 cells corresponded to that for 45 Ca uptake, whereas in DRGs it occurred at significantly lower concentrations corresponding to that for the high affinity [ 3 H]RTX binding site. Consistent with this difference, in C6 cells we were unable to detect [ 3 H]RTX binding. These characteristics suggest the presence of C-type but not R-type vanilloid receptors on C6 cells. After 2 day treatment, capsaicin but not RTX inhibited the proliferation and altered the differentiation of the cells and produced apoptosis. In the long term experiments, capsazepine, instead of antagonizing the effect of capsaicin, acted as an agonist. Moreover, capsazepine displayed these effects with higher potency than that of capsaicin. The different potencies and structure activity relations suggest a distinct mechanism for these long-term vanilloid effects. Our finding that C6 cells can respond directly to capsaicin necessitates a reevaluation of the in vivo pathway of response to vanilloids, and highlights the importance of the neuron–glial network.
DNA and protein studies of HLA class II molecules: their relationship to T cell recognition.

Abstract : The HLA-D region, encoding class II antigens, was first defined based on studies of mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) (Bain, et al. 1964; Bach and Hirschhorn, 1964). In our studies with colleagues (Amos and Bach, 1968; Bach et al. 1969), we were able to suggest that a genetic region encoding molecules that stimulate proliferation in MLC may be linked to, but separate from, the HLA-A and -B loci, i.e. a region such as HLA-D; definitive studies in this regard (Yunis and Amos, 1971) established the existence of the HLA-D region. Great advances have been made in our understanding of this region in recent years utilizing both the tools of molecular genetics and studies of proteins encoded by HLA-D genes. A critical bridge that has not yet been completed concerns the relationship of class II genes and protein products to determinants recognized by T lymphocytes, i.e. the cells responding in MLC. Although the emphasis in this review will be on studies of proteins and of DNA, an introduction to this article also includes our current state of knowledge regarding definition of class II products with T lymphocytes. The inclusion in this volume of several articles on the same topic allows a measure of comfort with such an approach.
PowerNap: eliminating server idle power

Data center power consumption is growing to unprecedented levels: the EPA estimates U.S. data centers will consume 100 billion kilowatt hours annually by 2011. Much of this energy is wasted in idle systems: in typical deployments, server utilization is below 30%, but idle servers still consume 60% of their peak power draw. Typical idle periods though frequent--last seconds or less, confounding simple energy-conservation approaches.In this paper, we propose PowerNap, an energy-conservation approach where the entire system transitions rapidly between a high-performance active state and a near-zero-power idle state in response to instantaneous load. Rather than requiring fine-grained power-performance states and complex load-proportional operation from each system component, PowerNap instead calls for minimizing idle power and transition time, which are simpler optimization goals. Based on the PowerNap concept, we develop requirements and outline mechanisms to eliminate idle power waste in enterprise blade servers. Because PowerNap operates in low-efficiency regions of current blade center power supplies, we introduce the Redundant Array for Inexpensive Load Sharing (RAILS), a power provisioning approach that provides high conversion efficiency across the entire range of PowerNap's power demands. Using utilization traces collected from enterprise-scale commercial deployments, we demonstrate that, together, PowerNap and RAILS reduce average server power consumption by 74%.
How Does a Molecule Become a Message

The theme of this symposium is “Communication in Development,” and, as an outsider to the field of developmental biology, I am going to begin by asking a question: How do we tell when there is communication in living systems? Most workers in the field probably do not worry too much about defining the idea of communication since so many concrete, experimental questions about developmental control do not depend on what communication means. But I am interested in the origin of life, and I am convinced that the problem of the origin of life cannot even be formulated without a better understanding of how molecules can function symbolically, that is, as records, codes, and signals. Or as I imply in my title, to understand origins, we need to know how a molecule becomes a message.
Growth and Initial Characterization of Novel Hgte-Based II-VI Materials

Hg 1−x A x Te materials where A= {Be, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca} have been synthesized by the vertical Bridgman technique. Hydrostatic density measurements showing segregation are presented and for HgMgTe an effective segregation coefficient is obtained. For HgMgTe a relationship between bandgap E and composition x, is developed based on FTIR measurements of cut-on wavelengths. The variation of energy gap with composition is found to be comparable to that of HgMnTe and twice as rapid as that of HgCdTe. Carrier concentration and mobility data from room temperature and 77K Hall measurements are presented for samples annealed in a saturated overpressure of Mercury.
A dose-response relationship between fish consumption and human milk DHA content among Filipino women in Cebu City, Philippines.

Aims: Human milk is the primary source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for most infants, an important fatty acid for neurological development. Milk DHA is largely incorporated from the maternal diet. Little is known about whether milk DHA varies within populations with differences in maternal fish consumption. Here, we investigate this association in a sample of marginally nourished Filipino women. Methods: Milk samples were collected during in-home interviews with 117 lactating Filipino mothers from Cebu City, Philippines, nursing infants <24 months of age. Anthropometric data and dietary recalls were also collected. Samples were analysed for total fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. Multivariate regression was used to test the association between fish consumption and milk DHA. Results: Milk DHA showed a positive, dose‐response relationship with maternal fish consumption (p < 0.011, r 2 = 0.21). Milk DHA was also positively related to protein intake, likely reflecting the association between fish and protein intake (p < 0.009). Unlike prior studies, parity predicted increased milk DHA (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Increasing fish consumption during lactation may be a cost-effective means of maximizing DHA delivery to infants particularly in populations with marginal energy intakes during lactation. However, this must be weighed against the potential dangers of increasing exposure to fish-based pollutants.
Older Characters in Teen Movies from 1980-2006.

Although children as young as age three have already begun to manifest negative stereotypes toward older adults, attitudes toward older adults likely crystallize during late childhood and adolescence and become entrenched by the time an individual reaches young adulthood. Studies have shown that young people view older people in general as ineffective, dependent, lonely, poor, angry, overly wrinkled, ugly, dirty, disabled, and less physically active and healthy than younger adults. Because today's children and adolescents have less contact with older people than in past decades, it is likely that some young people get most of their information about older people and aging from the media. This is all the more likely during the teen years, when vulnerable adolescents purposely seek out certain media to form their identity. This content analysis examined the 60 most popular teen movies from the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s to determine how older people are portrayed. Older people were greatly underrepresented, ac...
A Proportional Hazard Model of Leadership Duration

We analyze a sample of 2,256 leaders from 167 countries to ascertain their durability in power and to account for their risk of losing power over time. A life table of the sample reveals that the risk or hazard of losing power decreased throughout leaders' tenure. The study then develops a proportional hazard model of leader longevity to account for sample heterogeneity and finds strong evidence that the hazard varies according to the leader's past time in power. Even after a number of leader and country characteristics are taken into account, the underlying risk of losing power is significantly lower in the second decade of rule than in the first decade. Low risks are linked to nonelectoral regimes which are found typically in the developing countries. It is important to distinguish system instability from length of leaders' tenure. We cannot directly measure leaders' skills and abilities. Thus, we cannot determine whether longevity in power is really a selection process over time. The length of time a l...
Middle category endorsement in odd-numbered Likert response scales: Associated item characteristics, cognitive demands, and preferred meanings

Abstract Although typically scored as indicating moderate or neutral trait standing, personality assessment respondents endorse the Likert-scale middle response category for a variety of reasons. Through the application of a cognitive processing model and an item characteristic orientation, middle category endorsements were found to exhibit a relatively high response latency, an “it depends” connotation, and a strong, negative relationship with item clarity. These general associations stress the importance of retaining unambiguous items for trait identification but also offer a tool to the personality assessment researcher – investigating the number of elicited middle category endorsements to identify trait indicators in possible need of contextualization.
The contribution of malabsorption to the reduction in net energy absorption after long-limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) restricts food intake, and when the Roux limb is elongated to 150 cm, the procedure is believed to induce malabsorption. Objective: Our objective was to measure total reduction in intestinal absorption of combustible energy after RYGB and the extent to which this was due to restriction of food intake or malabsorption of ingested macronutrients. Design: Long-limb RYGB was performed in 9 severely obese patients. Dietary intake and intestinal absorption of fat, protein, carbohydrate, and combustible energy were measured before and at 2 intervals after bypass. By using coefficients of absorption to measure absorptive function, equations were developed to calculate the daily gram and kilocalorie quantities of ingested macronutrients that were not absorbed because of malabsorption or restricted food intake. Results: Coefficients of fat absorption were 92 6 1.3% before bypass, 72 6 5.5% 5 mo after bypass, and 68 6 8.7% 14 mo after bypass. There were no statistically significant effects of RYGB on protein or carbohydrate absorption coefficients, although protein coefficients decreased substantially in some patients. Five months after bypass, malabsorption reduced absorption of combustible energy by 124 6 57 kcal/d, whereas restriction of food intake reduced energy absorption by 2062 6 271 kcal/d. Fourteen months after bypass, malabsorption reduced energy absorption by 172 6 60 kcal/d compared with 1418 6 171 kcal/d caused by restricted food intake. Conclusion: On average, malabsorption accounted for ’6% and 11% of the total reduction in combustible energy absorption at 5 and 14 mo, respectively, after this gastric bypass procedure. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:704‐13.
Principal Composite Kernel Feature Analysis: Data-Dependent Kernel Approach

Principal composite kernel feature analysis (PC-KFA) is presented to show kernel adaptations for nonlinear features of medical image data sets (MIDS) in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). The proposed algorithm PC-KFA has extended the existing studies on kernel feature analysis (KFA), which extracts salient features from a sample of unclassified patterns by use of a kernel method. The principal composite process for PC-KFA herein has been applied to kernel principal component analysis [34] and to our previously developed accelerated kernel feature analysis [20]. Unlike other kernel-based feature selection algorithms, PC-KFA iteratively constructs a linear subspace of a high-dimensional feature space by maximizing a variance condition for the nonlinearly transformed samples, which we call data-dependent kernel approach. The resulting kernel subspace can be first chosen by principal component analysis, and then be processed for composite kernel subspace through the efficient combination representations used for further reconstruction and classification. Numerical experiments based on several MID feature spaces of cancer CAD data have shown that PC-KFA generates efficient and an effective feature representation, and has yielded a better classification performance for the proposed composite kernel subspace using a simple pattern classifier.
Measuring Consumer Expectations of Salesperson Unethicality: A Scale Development

MEASURING CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS OF SALESPERSON UNETHICALITY: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT Amiee Mellon Old Dominion University, 2015 Chair: Dr. Anusorn Singhapakdi This dissertation addresses how and what ethical expectations (prior to conducting business) affect customer trust of the salesperson. In order to do so, this dissertation achieves two things. First, a scale for measuring the consumer’s expectations of salesperson unethicality (CESU) is systematically developed and validated based on the existing ethics literature and previously developed scales. Second, the scale’s properties and potential application are examined through hypothesis testing regarding the effects of (1) word of mouth on brand equity and consumer’s expectations of unethicality, and the effects of (2) brand equity and consumer’s expectations of unethicality on trust of the salesperson. The result is a thoroughly validated scale that is useful to both researchers and managers in sales-oriented industries. Such a scale can be used by sales-focused businesses to measure consumer expectations in order to help salespeople better understand the target market and allow managers to better focus ethics training efforts. The scale achieves this with an understanding of what the consumer expects from the salesperson, based on factors such as word of mouth and brand equity. Unlike other scales used to measure ethicality, potential unethical behaviors listed in the CESU scale are industry-specific.
A Moss Flora of Lake County, California

Abstract The moss flora of Lake County, California comprises of 300 species and one variety within 111 genera. This represents 44 percent of the California moss flora occupying an area less than one percent of the state land area. Six species, Bryum veronense De Notaris, Gemmabryum kunzei (Hornschuch) J.R. Spence, Schistidium flaccidum (De Notaris) Ochyra, Tortella alpicola Dixon, Trichodon cylindricus (Hedwig) Schimper, and Trichostomum brachydontium Bruch were documented as new for California. Four species, Acaulon mediterraneum Limpricht, Funaria convexa Spruce, Gymnostomum viridulum Bridel and Schistidium echinatum Ignatova & H.H. Blom, were documented as new records for the North American moss flora. During this study, thirteen species were described as new to science with at least one occurrence documented from Lake County: Didymodon californicus J.A. Jimenez, D.R. Toren & Shevock, D. eckeliae R.H. Zander, D. norrisii R.H. Zander, Gemmabryum vinosum J.R. Spence & Kellman, Grimmia serrana Munoz, Shev...
PET Imaging of Leukocytes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the most common health emergencies, and a sizable fraction of acute MI patients develop subsequent complications [(1)][1]. Despite guideline-adherent therapy, post-MI heart failure occurs, motivating efforts to identify patients at risk and to develop novel
Using a Multi-Tasking VM for Mobile Applications

This paper discusses the potential benifits of switching Android's single VM per application runtime environment to a multi-tasking VM environment. A multi-tasking VM is a type of a Java virtual machine with the ability to execute multiple Java applications in one memory space. It does so by isolating the applications to prevent interferences. We argue that using a multi-tasking VM for mobile systems provides better control over application lifecycle management, more flexible memory management, and faster inter-application communication. To support this argument, we discuss a preliminary design, implementation, and evaluation for an alternative to Android's communication mechanism, Binder, and demonstrate the benefits afforded by a multi-tasking VM.
Trisomy 13 in patients with hematological malignancies

7055 Introduction: Cytogenetic abnormalities have been shown to be the most important determinant of prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In AML, trisomy 13 has been placed in the intermediate prognostic category although recent reports associate it with a more dismal outcome. The number of cases reported in the literature are relatively few, we reviewed our experience with trisomy 13 in hematologic malignancies to determine its significance and prognosis. Methods: We conducted a clinicopathological review of cases seen in our institution from January of 1990 to October of 2006. Our cytogenetic records were searched for patients, who had a hematological disorder whose non-stimulated bone marrow karyotype was found to have trisomy 13 as a sole abnormality. In men the absence of the Y chromosome was not regarded as a separate abnormality. Results: A total of 27 patients were identified. The median age was 76 years (range 25–87), 22/27 were male. The number of cases and diseases identifie...
Dopamine deficiency in self-injurious behavior

Based on the report that patients with Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (LNS) have a central deficiency of dopamine similar in magnitude to that seen in Parkinsonism, the age at which dopaminergic neurons are disrupted was proposed to explain the differing symptoms observed in these two disorders. To investigate this hypothesis, brain dopaminergic neurons were lesioned in neonatal and adult rats with 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA). Results demonstrated that neonatally lesioned rats had learning deficits and elevated levels of serotonin in the striatum--characteristics observed in LNS. Administration of L-dopa produced self-injurious behavior (SIB) in neonatally lesioned but not adult lesioned rats. Subsequent studies revealed that the SIB induced by L-dopa was dependent upon activation of D1 receptors. The elevated susceptibility of neonatally lesioned rats for SIB was demonstrated further by the enhanced occurrence of SIB when muscimol was administered into the substantia nigra reticulata (SNR). Other studies demonstrated that adenosine agonists could antagonize SIB, suggesting that the reduced adenosine observed in LNS may contribute to this symptom. The basic work being performed should be relevant to LNS and to other developmental disorders exhibiting SIB. Language: en
The Effect of EGTRRA on Marriage Tax Penalties and Bonuses

This article analyzes the effect of EGTRRA on marriage tax penalties and bonuses. The analysis suggests that EGTRRA eliminates marriage tax penalties for many childless two-earner married couples. However, EGTRRA generally reduces these penalties only partially for two-earner couples with children because it addresses just a few of the many federal income tax components that contribute to them. One-earner couples typically have larger marriage tax bonuses after EGTRRA. In some situations, there are increased penalties or decreased bonuses, and this is often due to the alternative minimum tax. One objective of EGTRRA was to mitigate marriage tax penalties, but the results here suggest only modest success in achieving it.
The Nature, Correlates, and Conditions of Parental Advocacy in Special Education

ABSTRACTAlthough parents often advocate for the best educational services for their children with disabilities, few studies examine parents’ advocacy activities; identify parent-school relationship, parent, and student correlates of advocacy; or describe the conditions of advocacy. Responding to a national, web-based survey, 1087 parents of students with disabilities completed a 163-item questionnaire. A seven-item Special Education Rights and Advocacy Scale converged on a single factor. Higher levels of advocacy were found among parents who enacted their procedural safeguards, reported less satisfactory partnerships with schools, and were less satisfied with educational services. Parents engaging in the highest levels of advocacy described negative experiences, with schools refusing services, acting disingenuously, lacking trained personnel, and communicating poorly. Conversely (and with some exceptions), parents engaging in lesser amounts of advocacy reported positive experiences, were satisfied, and fe...
Second-Generation Antibacterial Benzimidazole Ureas: Discovery of a Preclinical Candidate with Reduced Metabolic Liability

Compound 3 is a potent aminobenzimidazole urea with broad-spectrum Gram-positive antibacterial activity resulting from dual inhibition of bacterial gyrase (GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParE), and it demonstrates efficacy in rodent models of bacterial infection. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies showed that compound 3 covalently labels liver proteins, presumably via formation of a reactive metabolite, and hence presented a potential safety liability. The urea moiety in compound 3 was identified as being potentially responsible for reactive metabolite formation, but its replacement resulted in loss of antibacterial activity and/or oral exposure due to poor physicochemical parameters. To identify second-generation aminobenzimidazole ureas devoid of reactive metabolite formation potential, we implemented a metabolic shift strategy, which focused on shifting metabolism away from the urea moiety by introducing metabolic soft spots elsewhere in the molecule. Aminobenzimidazole urea 34, identified through this strategy, exhibits similar antibacterial activity as that of 3 and did not label liver proteins in vivo, indicating reduced/no potential for reactive metabolite formation.
A Discrete Intermediate Value Theorem

(1998). A Discrete Intermediate Value Theorem. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 42-42.
Mortality of Sweet potato Weevil (Coleoptera: Apionidae) Stages Exposed to Gamma Irradiation

Sweet potato weevil, Clyas formicarius (F.), eggs; first, seeoud, and third insstars; pupae; and adults in roots of sweet potato, Ipomoea balatas (L.) Lam., cultivar Jewel, were exposed to gamma irradiation doses ranging from 100 to 1,000 Gy. Criterion of effectiveness of the irradiation dose was based on preventing adults emerging from treated roots infested with different stages of the weevil. Dose-mortality data were analyzed by logistic, Gompertz, and normal probit probability density functions with and without log 10 conversions. Gompertz probability density function analysis gave the best 99.9968% mortality estimates (and 95% FL) against stages of sweet potato weevil in roots: 37 Gy (35-42 Gy) for eggs (no log 10 conversion); 73 Gy (53-132 Gy) for first instars (log 10 conversion); 38 Gy (31-55 Gy) for second instars (log 10 conversion); 28 Gy (23-4.5 Gy) for third instars (no log 10 conversion); and 1,497 Cy (963-2,229 Gy) for pupae (log 10 conversion). Pupae irradiated With ≥800 Gy produced no adults when efficacy tests were done. Irradiating adults in roots with 1,000 Gy did not prevent adult emergence. However, males exposed to 150 Gy were sterile, and females exposed to 300 Gy were sterile.
Formulation of a trace element solution for long-term parenteral nutrition

The reproduction of phage T7 in the presence of hydroxylamine (HA) (mutagenesis in vivo) results in the phenotypic suppression of some amber mutants. The presence of O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) results in a similar effect, including a simlilar mechanism for the action of the two compounds. Since the rate of reaction of mutagen with nucleoside residues under these conditions is negligibly low, one of the most plausible explanations of this effect is the enzymic formation of modified precursors and their incorporation into bacterial tRNAs or phage-induced RNA.
A Suggested Macro Strategic Plan to Improve U.S. Global Competitiveness into International Markets

This study explores major barriers to U.S. global competitiveness into international markets. It also offers a macro strategic plan that will improve U.S. global competitiveness into international markets. The results of this study provide an empirical evidence obtained form surveyed U.S. executives (based on their past and current-actual experience) who highly support the suggested proposals for U.S. businesses to improve their global competitiveness into international markets.
Issues in Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative research has become legitimate practice in the past 15 years. Qualitative methodologies are steeped in the rhetoric of innovation and in the rejection of what is thought to be the rigid and biased past of positivism. They carry all of the philosophical debate we have discussed in earlier chapters, and hold out the promise for overcoming the sins of omission, such as attention to matters of gender, ethnicity, and culture, that have received too little attention in quantitative studies.
What Prevents Thinking Like an Economist

A collection of common reasoning errors found in the thinking of beginning students of economics is presented as a starting point for exploratory studies on errors that might hinder learning in economics. Connections are made to learning theories introduced in previous chapters, and to insights from behavioral economics wherever appropriate.
Core science: Stratified by a sunken impactor

There is potential evidence for a stratified layer at the top of the Earth's core, but its origin is not well understood. Laboratory experiments suggest that the stratified layer could be a sunken remnant of the giant impact that formed the Moon.
POWBAM0 Mechanical Power Balances for Multi-zone Building Airflow Analysis

AbstractConventional methods of multi-zone airflow analysis ignore mechanical energy conservation in forming the system equations governing building airflows. As a result, airflows computed using these methods generally violate this fundamental conservation principal and thereby falsely create or destroy kinetic energy within building zones. While the impact of this fundamental oversight has yet to be fully evaluated, it need not be tacitly accepted. This paper will present a rigorously detailed theoretical approach that imposes both mass and mechanical energy conservation to the problem of multi-zone airflow analysis and, through comparisons with results computed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the conventional approach to multi-zone airflow analysis, will demonstrate that a power balance approach can predict building airflows that satisfy both of these fundamental conservation principles while offering greater capabilities than that of the conventional approach. Furthermore, it will be show...
Inhibition of Low Molecular Weight Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase by an Induced-Fit Mechanism

The low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) is a regulator of a number of signaling pathways and has been implicated as a potential target for oncology and diabetes/obesity. There is significant therapeutic interest in developing potent and selective inhibitors to control LMW-PTP activity. We report the discovery of a novel class of LMW-PTP inhibitors derived from sulfophenyl acetic amide (SPAA), some of which exhibit greater than 50-fold preference for LMW-PTP over a large panel of PTPs. X-ray crystallography reveals that binding of SPAA-based inhibitors induces a striking conformational change in the LMW-PTP active site, leading to the formation of a previously undisclosed hydrophobic pocket to accommodate the α-phenyl ring in the ligand. This induced-fit mechanism is likely a major contributor responsible for the exquisite inhibitor selectivity.
An Examination of Somali Parents’ Interaction with Public Schools: Complicating Family Diversity in Educational Contexts

In this article I examine the experiences of recently immigrated Somali refugee families in their interaction with U.S. urban public schools where their children attend school. The experience of Somali refugees in the U.S. complicates the notion of family diversity, which goes beyond race, ethnicity, class and gender to include differences in family structures and processes as well. With increasing diversity in public schools, there is a need for the teaching community to develop dispositions and understandings that are inclusive of various dimensions of family diversity. Immigrant experiences in the U.S. combined with the specific context of Somali refugee immigrants adds a nuanced dimension of diversity, especially in educational contexts where families must interact with schools on a regular basis. This study suggests that teachers must acquire knowledge of diversity among families and their complex, often changing structures and processes so that they can better understand and attend to the needs of Somali students.
Development of a Multi-Behavioral mHealth App for Women Smokers

This article describes the development of the See Me Smoke-Free™ (SMSF) mobile health application, which uses guided imagery to support women in smoking cessation, eating a healthy diet, and increasing physical activity. Focus group discussions, with member checks, were conducted to refine the intervention content and app user interface. Data related to the context of app deployment were collected via user testing sessions and internal quality control testing, which identified and addressed functionality issues, content problems, and bugs. Interactive app features include playback of guided imagery audio files, notification pop-ups, award-sharing on social media, a tracking calendar, content resources, and direct call to the local tobacco quitline. Focus groups helped design the user interface and identified several themes for incorporation into app content, including positivity, the rewards of smoking cessation, and the integrated benefits of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. User testing improved app fun...
School Expenditures and Academic Achievement Differences between High-ELL-Performing and Low-ELL-Performing High Schools.

ABSTRACTEnglish Language Learners (ELLs) are one of the fastest-growing K–12 populations across the nation. Educating secondary ELLs poses a unique challenge to U.S. schools. For instance, ELLs tend to experience high rates of poverty and attend segregated, underfunded, and unsafe schools. With the League of United Latin American Citizens vs. Texas case that focuses on the appropriateness and effectiveness of secondary ELL programs as a backdrop, this study explores differences in academic achievement and expenditures between Texas secondary schools with the highest levels of ELL academic achievement and schools with the lowest ELL levels of academic achievement. More specifically, this study examines the following primary questions: (a) What are the achievement results and demographic characteristics of Texas’s top- and bottom-performing schools categorized by the academic performance of ELL students? (b) To what extent do Texas’s top- and bottom-performing schools differ with respect to per-pupil school...
Research note: social leisure engagement, peer support, and depressive symptomology among emerging adults

AbstractThis research note applied self-determination theory to the study of social leisure and well-being among collegiate emerging adults. Self-determination theory posits that individuals seek out environments that promote basic psychological needs; among these needs is the need for relatedness. We examined the relationship between social leisure engagement (conceptualised as an environment that promotes connections to others) and emerging adults’ depressive symptomology. More specifically, we hypothesised that this need-supportive environment would be related to higher levels of peer support (a form of relatedness) and would promote better mental health. Participants (N = 270) were between the ages of 18 and 25. Using path models, we found that there was a significant negative relationship between social leisure engagement and depressive symptomology. Furthermore, peer support served as a significant linking mechanism between social leisure and depressive symptomology. Results provide evidence for the...
nuWar: a prototype sketch-based strategy game

Today's military strategy games provide unrealistic interfaces for players to interact with their units: Commanders don't use mice and menus, they sketch. Developing strategy games currently involves grafting AI capabilities on top of a separate simulation engine, with new hand-crafted strategies for each game. We are experimenting with a novel approach for solving both problems. We started with nuSketch Battlespace, a knowledge-rich sketch understanding system developed for military users, and built a game engine, nuWar, on top of it. nuWar is a prototype two-player tactical war game which can be played either hot-seat or over a network. nuWar uses sketching as the primary way for players to express their intent to their subordinate commanders. The underlying ontology used by nuSketch Battlespace is used in both the simulation engine and in the bots which serve as subordinate commanders. We describe the architecture of nuWar, focusing on how it uses sketching, how the simulation engine is built upon the rich representational facilities of nuSketch Battlespace, and how the bots work. We discuss the tradeoffs we have found in this approach so far, and describe our plans for future work.