cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal motor effects of erythromycin

We studied the small intestinal motor effects of oral and intravenous (iv) erythromycin in 10 conscious dogs. After control recordings with placebo, oral or iv erythromycin was given at 40% of the migrating motor complex (MMC) cycle. Recordings were made after administration until normal contractile activity had returned or 12 h postdrug administration. Low doses initiated a premature MMC. High doses, however, prolonged the MMC cycle length. Erythromycin reduced the MMC propagation velocity at all doses. Both oral and iv erythromycin induced amyogenesia. During this pattern, electrical control activity was obliterated in the proximal and destabilized in the distal small intestine. Erythromycin also increased the incidence of retrograde giant contractions (RGCs) and vomiting. These effects occurred within the first 2 h after oral and within the first 30 min after iv administration. The incidence of giant migrating contractions (GMCs) increased significantly from 5 to 12 h but not from 0 to 5 h after administration. The distance of origination of GMCs from the ileocolonic junction was significantly increased from 5 to 12 h. The amplitude ratio, duration, and velocity of migration of GMCs induced after erythromycin were similar to control values. Clusters of coordinated antral and duodenal contractions also occurred early after administration. Our findings suggest that erythromycin has multiple motor effects on the stomach and small intestine. Diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and vomiting associated with erythromycin may be related to increased incidence of GMCs and RGCs. Erythromycin has a biphasic effect on MMC cycle length, initiating premature MMCs at low doses and prolonging their cycle length at higher doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High nitric oxide production in autistic disorder: a possible role for interferon-γ

Abstract Background Neuroimmune regulation abnormalities have been implicated in the pathophysiology of autistic disorder. Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in immune reactivity and is known to affect brain neurodevelopmental processes. Recent evidence indicates that NO, and cytokines involved in NO production, may be high in children with autism. The purpose of this study was to verify that plasma NO is high in children with autism and determine whether this elevation is related to plasma levels of cytokines involved in NO production. Methods The metabolites of NO, nitrite, and nitrate (NOx), along with the cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β, were measured in plasma of 29 children with autism (mean age ± SD=6.1 ± 2.8 years) and 27 age- and gender-matched healthy comparison subjects using commercially available assay kits. Results Plasma levels of NOx were significantly higher in the autistic subjects ( p = .006); plasma levels of the cytokines did not differ between groups. NOx and IFN-γ levels were positively correlated in the autistic subjects ( r = .51; p = .005). Conclusions These results confirm that plasma NO is high in some children with autism and suggest that this elevation may be related to IFN-γ activity.
Link Lifetimes and Randomized Neighbor Selection in DHTs

Several models of user churn, resilience, and link lifetime have recently appeared in the literature [12], [13], [34], [35]; however, these results do not directly apply to classical distributed hash tables (DHTs) in which neighbor replacement occurs not only when current users die, but also when new user arrive into the system, and where replacement choices are often restricted to the successor of the failed zone in the DHT space. To understand neighbor churn in such networks, this paper proposes a simple, yet accurate, model for capturing link dynamics in structured P2P systems and obtains the distribution of link lifetimes for fairly generic DHTs. Similar to [8], our results show that deterministic networks (e.g., Chord [28], CAN [24]) unfortunately do not extract much benefit from heavy-tailed user lifetimes since link durations are dominated by small remaining lifetimes of newly arriving users that replace the more reliable existing neighbors. We also examine link lifetimes in randomized DHTs equipped with multiple choices for each link and show that users in such systems should prefer neighbors with smaller zones rather than larger age as suggested in prior work [13], [30]. We finish the paper by demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed min-zone neighbor selection for heavy-tailed user lifetime distributions with the shape parameter alpha obtained from recent measurements [4], [31].
Craniodental adaptations for digging in extinct burrowing beavers

ABSTRACT In the late Oligocene and early Miocene of North America, beavers (Castoridae) diversified into two lineages of burrowing specialists, the Palaeocastorinae and Migmacastorinae. Although common in the fossil record, artefactual evidence of burrowing beaver habits is rare and thus the ecology of most species is unknown. Living fossorial rodents display three distinct digging modes: scratch, chisel-tooth, and head-lift digging. We used a geometric morphometric approach to examine how digging behaviors are reflected in the craniodental shape of a broad sample of extant rodents, and then used the results to infer the digging modes of 18 extinct beaver species. Ecomorphological analyses revealed differences in skull shape related to digging habits, which can be used to discriminate the digging modes of extant rodents. Extant rodents with similar digging habits show convergent morphology, suggesting this method could be applied to extinct rodents, regardless of ancestry, to accurately infer their locomo...
Finite Element Analysis Over Tangled Meshes

In finite element analysis (FEA), tasks such as mesh optimization and mesh morphing can lead to overlapping elements, i.e., to a tangled mesh. Such meshes are considered ‘unacceptable’ today, and are therefore untangled using specialized procedures.Here it is shown that FEA can be easily extended to handle tangled meshes. Specifically, by defining the nodal functional space as an oriented linear combination of the element shape functions, it is shown that the classic Galerkin formulation leads to a valid finite element formulation over such meshes.Patch tests and numerical examples illustrate the correctness of the proposed methodology.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Aging Management of Nuclear Power Plant Reactor Internals

As U.S nuclear power plants seek to extend operation beyond their 40 year license, aging management of reactor vessel internals is of prime concern for continued safe and reliable plant operation. A framework for aging management has been developed by screening all components for potential degradation, performing detailed finite element analyses of critical components, identifying components that are most likely to fail, and developing a strategy to monitor and inspect these components. Aging of reactor internals components can be attributed to specific damage mechanisms that include stress corrosion cracking, irradiation-associated stress corrosion cracking, wear, fatigue, thermal embrittlement, irradiation embrittlement, void swelling, irradiation-induced stress relaxation and irradiation creep. An understanding of the relationships among these damage mechanisms is the basis for developing a tiered approach to inspection and evaluation, i.e., evaluation of primary components with the earliest expected manifestations of damage followed, if necessary, by evaluation of expansion components that have been categorized to be subsequently susceptible to similar damage mechanisms. Sixty-year aging finite element simulations are conducted on the most highly irradiated components to identify trends in the predicted component behavior. They are used to develop broad-based recommendations for inspection and evaluation by considering the complex interactions between the structure, loading, and aging degradation in the reactor internal components. The results can be used to identify critical locations within the structure and indicate the time frame and scale of degradation in the component. This paper examines the aging management strategy, the detailed finite element analyses of highly irradiated components, the categorization of inspection components, and the inspection recommendations for life extension beyond 40 years for the Westinghouse and CE-designed reactor internals.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
In Vivo Multiphoton Imaging of a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease Reveals Marked Thioflavine-S-Associated Alterations in Neurite Trajectories

Postmortem analyses of senile plaques reveal numerous dystrophic processes in their vicinity. We used in vivo multiphoton microscopy of a transgenic model of Alzheimer disease (AD) to simultaneously image senile plaques and nearby neuronal processes. Plaques were labeled by immunofluorescent staining or thioflavine-S and neuronal processes were labeled with a fluorescent dextran conjugate. Imaging of 3-dimensional volumes in the vicinity of plaques revealed subtle changes in neurite geometry in or near diffuse plaques. By contrast, disruptions in neurite morphology, including dystrophic neurites immediately surrounding plaques as well as major alterations in neurite trajectories, were seen in association with thioflavine-S-positive plaques. Nearly half of all labeled processes that came within 50 m mo f a thioflavine-S-positive plaque were altered, suggesting a fairly large ''halo'' of neuropil alterations that extend beyond the discrete border of a thioflavine-S plaque. These results support the hypothesis that compact thioflavine-S-positive plaques disrupt the neuropil in AD.
A Porcine Training Model for Ultrasound Diagnosis of Pneumothoraces

Abstract Background Ultrasound for the evaluation of pneumothoraces has been extensively studied. Several medical specialties have recognized the benefit of this technique; however, a training model has not been established. Objective Using a porcine model, we attempt to establish a model for the training of ultrasound diagnosis of pneumothoraces. Methods Two pigs were anesthetized on two separate occasions. A pneumothorax was introduced each time. Participants were blinded to the study design and were not aware of the number of pneumothoraces present. A brief training lecture was given before performing the ultrasound, and the results of each lung examination were recorded. The data were collected and analyzed for the accuracy of assessment. Results A total of 18 individuals participated in the study, with six individuals participating on both days. Ninety-six lung ultrasound examinations were completed; 69% of the lung examinations were correctly diagnosed on the first day and 94% on the second. Participants correctly diagnosed a pneumothorax 50% of the time at the first laboratory and 100% of the time at the second. Participants who attended both laboratories increased their ability to diagnose a pneumothorax from 66% to 100%. Conclusion We believe this porcine model can be used for the training of ultrasound diagnosis of pneumothoraces. Participants who completed two training sessions improved their accuracy from 66% to 100% in the diagnosis of pneumothoraces. Study participants rated the educational experience highly on a post-laboratory questionnaire, and feel they will be more comfortable using it in a real-life situation.
DNA-based approaches for evaluating historical demography in terrestrial vertebrates

Contemporary DNA sequences can provide information about the historical demography of a species. However, different molecular markers are informative under different circumstances. In particular, mitochondrial (mt)DNA is uniparentally inherited and haploid in most vertebrates and thus has a smaller effective population size than diploid, biparentally inherited nuclear (n)DNA. Here, we review the characteristics of mtDNA and nDNA in the context of historical demography. In particular, we address how their contrasting rates of evolution and sex-biased dispersal can lead to different demographic inferences. We do so in the context of an extensive review of the vertebrate literature that describes the use of mtDNA and nDNA sequence data in demographic reconstruction. We discuss the effects of coalescence, effective population size, substitution rates, and sex-biased dispersal on informative timeframes and expected patterns of genetic differentiation. We argue that mtDNA variationin species with male-biased dispersal can imply deviations from neutrality that do not reflect actual population expansion or selection. By contrast, mtDNA can be more informative when coalescence has occurred within the recent past, which appears to be the case with many vertebrates. We also compare the application and interpretation of demographic and neutrality test statistics in historical demography studies. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 112, 367–386.
A cohesive finite element for quasi-continua

In this paper, a cohesive finite element method (FEM) is proposed for a quasi-continuum (QC), i.e. a contin- uum model that utilizes the information of underlying atomis- tic microstructures. Most cohesive laws used in conventional cohesive FEMs are based on either empirical or idealized constitutive models that do not accurately reflect the actual lattice structures. The cohesive quasi-continuum finite element method, or cohesive QC-FEM in short, is a step forward in the sense that: (1) the cohesive relation between interface traction and displacement opening is now obtained based on atomistic potentials along the interface, rather than empirical assumptions; (2) it allows the local QC method to simulate certain inhomogeneous deformation patterns. To this end, we introduce an interface or discontinuous Cauchy- Born rule so the interfacial cohesive laws are consistent with the surface separation kinematics as well as the atomistically enriched hyperelasticity of the solid. Therefore, one can sim- ulate inhomogeneous or discontinuous displacement fields by using a simple local QC model. A numerical example of a screw dislocation propagation has been carried out to dem- onstrate the validity, efficiency, and versatility of the method.
Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity and Content Are Normal in Young Insulin-Resistant Obese Humans

Considerable debate exists about whether alterations in mitochondrial respiratory capacity and/or content play a causal role in the development of insulin resistance during obesity. The current study was undertaken to determine whether such alterations are present during the initial stages of insulin resistance in humans. Young (∼23 years) insulin-sensitive lean and insulin-resistant obese men and women were studied. Insulin resistance was confirmed through an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Measures of mitochondrial respiratory capacity and content as well as H2O2 emitting potential and the cellular redox environment were performed in permeabilized myofibers and primary myotubes prepared from vastus lateralis muscle biopsy specimens. No differences in mitochondrial respiratory function or content were observed between lean and obese subjects, despite elevations in H2O2 emission rates and reductions in cellular glutathione. These findings were apparent in permeabilized myofibers as well as in primary myotubes. The results suggest that reductions in mitochondrial respiratory capacity and content are not required for the initial manifestation of peripheral insulin resistance.
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of diversification in Amazonian Anolis lizards.

We present a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype phylogeny for Amazonian Anolis lizards, including geographical sampling within four species distributed across the Amazon basin ( A. fuscoauratus , A. nitens , A. ortonii and A. punctatus ). Approximately 1500 bp of mtDNA encoding ND2, COI and four transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are reported for 39 specimens representing four to five populations of each widespread species, plus eight outgroups. These new sequences are aligned with eight previously published sequences, yielding 914 variable characters and 780 parsimony-informative characters. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood reject the hypothesis that Amazonian anoles form a monophyletic group excluding Central American and Caribbean anoles, and suggest multiple faunal exchanges among these regions. Haplotype divergence among geographical populations of A. nitens , whose variation was influential in formulating the Pleistocene refuge hypothesis of Amazonian speciation, is very large (13—22% sequence difference), suggesting that these populations separated well before the Pleistocene. Haplotype divergences among geographical populations of A. fuscoauratus (3—4%), A. punctatus (4—9%) and A. ortonii (6—8%) also indicate pre-Pleistocene differentiation within each species, but temporally incongruent patterns among species.
A Transcultural Nurse's Adventures in Costa Rica: Using Leininger's Sunrise Model for Transcultural Nursing Discoveries:

This paper is a descriptive report of a transcultural nurse's experiences as an Earthwatch volunteer working with Leatherback sea turtles in Costa Rica. While in Costa Rica the author had an opportunity to observe and experience the culture and lifeways of the people of Costa Rica. The author attempted to discover and understand aspects of the Costa Rican social structure and world view and relate these insights to Leininger's (1991) Sunrise Model and the role of transcultural nurses. Leininger's (1991) Sunrise Model depicted the relationships inherent in her theory and included: culture, world view, and social structure dimensions. The social structure dimensions included: technological, religious and philosophical, kinship and social, cultural values and lifeways, political and legal, economic, and educational factors. The insights and understandings learned through application of Leininger's (1991) Sunrise Model were applied to transcultural nurses' role in meeting the care needs of clients from various cultures.
Infant Attention and Early Childhood Executive Function

Individual differences in infant attention are theorized to reflect the speed of information processing and are related to later cognitive abilities (i.e., memory, language, and intelligence). This study provides the first systematic longitudinal analysis of infant attention and early childhood executive function (EF; e.g., working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility). A group of 5-month-olds (n = 201) were classified as short or long lookers. At 24, 36, and 48 months of age, children completed age-appropriate EF tasks. Infant short lookers (i.e., more efficient information processors) exhibited higher EF throughout early childhood as compared to infant long lookers, even after controlling for verbal ability (a potential indicator of intelligence). These findings are discussed in relation to the emergence of executive attention.
Foreign Policy Rhetoric in the 1992 Presidential Campaign: Bill Clinton's Exceptionalist Jeremiad

This essay examines presidential candidate Bill Clinton’s rhetoric regarding America’s role in the world during the 1992 presidential campaign. Despite the fact that foreign policy was George H.W. Bush’s strength during the campaign, candidate Clinton was able to develop a coherent vision for America’s role in the world that he carried into his presidency. I argue he did so by fusing together the American exceptionalist missions of exemplar and intervention. In doing so, Clinton altered a tension embedded in debates over U.S. foreign policy rhetoric. To further differentiate his candidacy from President Bush, Clinton encased this discourse within a secular jeremiad that offered Clinton the opportunity to attack President Bush on the one hand, while articulating his own vision for American domestic and international affairs.
FIN 48 Compliance: Disclosing Tax Positions in an Age of Uncertainty

The interaction of FAS 109 and FIN 48 will result in greater public disclosure of tax planning techniques. Under FIN 48, a tax position is recorded only if the tax position is more likely than not to be sustained on examination (including related appeals or litigation processes). A material tax position is tested under a two-step process consisting of a recognition step and a measurement step. FIN 48 requires a reevaluation of all tax positions at the end of each reporting period. Prior recognized positions may be derecognized or remeasured, and prior unrecognized positions may be recognized in each reevaluation.
Perioperative care in older adults.

1 Background Over the last 20 years, the number of older adults requir- ing surgical interventions has substantially increased and will continue to escalate as the population ages. Periopera- tive management of older patients poses challenges not en- countered in younger individuals. People over 70 years of age are more likely to have multiple comorbidities, physical and cognitive impairments, and reduced cardiac, pulmonary, and renal reserve. These factors predispose older patients to increased risk for perioperative complications and pro- longed length of hospital stay, which in turn increase risk for iatrogenesis, nosocomial infections, and perioperative mortality. Current recommendations for perioperative assessment and management for older patients are derived from data collected in predominantly younger cohorts. Given the pau- city of evidence-based guidelines for this patient population, it is vital to understand the pathophysiologic changes that occur in the older patient in order to reduce their periopera- tive risk. The objectives of this review are to briefly summarize age-related effects on organ system reserve, identify comor- bidities and geriatric conditions that pose increased risk for perioperative complications, and increase awareness of the essentials of perioperative evaluation and therapy in the older surgical patient. The overall goals are to ensure ap- propriate perioperative assessment and medical manage- ment and to minimize the risk of complications in older patients undergoing surgical procedures. ogic reserve of all organ systems, even in the absence of any underlying pathology, and these changes predispose to the development of perioperative adverse events. In addition, older patients often have multiple comorbidities requiring complex medical regimens that may further complicate pe- rioperative management. In this context, age-related changes in gastrointestinal physiology, kidney function, body com- position (such as reduction in muscle mass and intravascular volume) and metabolism lead to alterations in the pharma- codynamics and pharmacokinetics of most drugs. As a re- sult, older patients are often more sensitive to anesthetic and analgesic agents administered during the perioperative period. Other age-related physiologic alterations increase the li- kelihood of postoperative cardiac (e.g., atrial fibrillation, heart failure) and non-cardiac (e.g., delirium, pneumonia) complications. For these reasons, older patients undergoing major surgery require a comprehensive preoperative evalua- tion that should include assessment of functional status, cognition, and frailty. Combining these factors with conven- tional perioperative risk assessments facilitates the identifi- cation of older patients at risk for specific postoperative complications, and may enable implementation of manage- ment strategies designed to reduce perioperative risk and minimize delays in recovery.
Purpose, Practice, and Pedagogy in Rhetorical Criticism, Kuypers, Jim A. (Ed.)

Like other volumes in the Lexington Studies in Political Communication series (series editor, Robert E. Denton, Jr.), which includes timely single-authored and edited volumes on recent and current ...
Visualizing 3D flow through cutting planes

Studies have found conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of tube-like structures for representing 3D flow data. This paper presents the findings of a small-scale pilot study contrasting static monoscopic depth cues to ascertain their importance in perceiving the orientation of a three-dimensional glyph with respect to a cutting plane. A simple striped texture and shading were found to reduce judgement errors when used with a 3D tube glyph as compared to plain or shaded line glyphs. A discussion of considerations for a full-scale study and possible future work follows.
Mechanism of Ductility Improvement In L12 Compounds by Interstitial Elements

Interstitial boron atoms are known to increase room temperature ductility in Ni-rich Ni 3 Al and Ni 3 Si. Inerstitial carbon atoms increase ductility in Ni-rich Ni 3 Si, but not in Ni 3 Al. It is argued that grain boundary segregation of B or C is not the cause of the increase in ductility. Instead, strong Ni-B bonding and antisite Ni defects reduce the strength of directional Ni-Al bonding in ordered Ni 3 Al so that Ni and Al atoms can relax more easily to fill up the microcavities at the grain boundaries, thereby strengthening the boundaries. The reduced Ni-Al bonding will also enhance the ductility in the interior of the grains so that dislocations can be easily generated to shield the tips of the cracks at the grain boundary. In Ni 3 Si, strong Si-C bonds distort the directionality of Ni-Si bonding. Evidence for this model is presented. Estimates of the concentration of interstitial atoms to achieve maximum ductility are made and the estimate agrees well with the experimental value.
Microwave-plasma dry-etch for fabrication of conducting polymer microelectrodes.

An inexpensive dry etch technology based on a low-pressure microwave plasma generated in a countertop microwave oven is characterized for the patterning of a conductive polymer microelectrode. The etch process is described, and the microwave-generated plasma is characterized by emission spectroscopy. The plasma is generated with an atmospheric mixture of mostly nitrogen and oxygen. A 10 μm wide band microelectrode composed of PEDOT:Tosylate, an optically transparent conductive polymer, is fabricated on a plastic substrate. Conductive polymer etch rates are approximately 280–300 nm/minute. A patterned microelectrode is characterized by atomic force microscopy. The horizontal distance of a 10–90% height of a plasma-etched 150 nm thick electrode was measured to be 360 ± 200 nm (n = 5). Electrodes are further characterized using steady-state cyclic voltammetry, and they have an electroactive area congruent with their geometric area. Finally, a complete device is assembled and used as a separation platform for...
Straight Time: Inmates' Perceptions of Violence and Victimization in the Prison Environment

Although fear of crime among the public is well-documented, little attention has been paid to fear of crime within inmate populations. This gap in the literature is all the more surprising given the documented high level of violence in prisons. This paper presents results from a survey of 775 adult male inmates regarding their perceptions of violence in prison. Relationships between perception of the level of prison violence and individual background characteristics such as race, ethnicity, and prior criminal history are examined.
Observations on the Mycetozoan Genus Ceratiomyxa: Description of a New Species

Studies in our laboratory on numerous collections of Ceratiomyxa, mostly classifiable as C. fruticulosa, and comparisons of these collections with typical protostelids lend additional support to ou...
Research on EEG Classification Method Based on SVM

For the disadvantages of the traditional SVM classification in dealing with EEG signal,such as lower accuracy rate in classification,a multi-class SVM classifier is constructed by combining cluster idea with binary tree SVM. Based on data of the Dataset IIIa in the"BCI Competition 2005". Firstly,four-class motor imagery EEG data collected from the channel C3 / C4 is de-noised by the wavelet transform. Secondly,on the basis of analyzing the frequency band feature of wavelet packets,the corresponding energy feature is extracted by using decomposition and reconstruction of wavelet packets. Finally,the classification of the obtained feature signal is completed by using the improved SVM classification method. The simulation results show that the higher accuracy rate in the classification, about 91. 12%,can be achieved. The number of classifier can be reduced efficiently and the relatively good identifying effects can be achieved finally.
Growth Comes in Four Colors

Is all growth good? No, says this chapter. Growth can be either good or bad. Good growth is growth that involves rates of return exceeding the cost of capital. This leads to value creation. Bad growth involves rates of return that fall below the cast of capital. This leads to value destruction. The stock market rewards good growth and punishes bad growth.
Sanitation Administration in Central Air Conditioning Systems of Public Places in Liwan District

Objective To investigate the usage and management of central air conditioning system and Legionella contamination in cooling water in public places of Guangzhou Liwan district.Methods Tweenty-eight in 35 public places used central air conditioning system were selected for investigation of their types of central air conditioning system,service life,as well as the design,sanitary administration,and Legionella of the cooling water was tested.Results No one place established emergency plan for prevention of air borne disease,15(53.6%)of design for the fresh air requirement does accord with the national standard,3(10.7%) have the air disinfection devices installed,only 2(7.1%) in 2009 had ventilation duct cleaned,3(10.7%) had the cooling tower regular disinfected,etc.Positive rate of Legionella in cooling water was 60.7%.Conclusion The sanitary condition of central air conditioning systems in public places of Liwan district is poor,so that the health supervision and inspection should be strengthened.Users should build complemented sanitary management system,clean and disinfect system regularly,and strengthen its daily management.
Statewide survey of risk factor prevalence: The Ohio experience

Abstract In 1982, a statewide survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of health risk factors among Ohio's population. The survey was mandated by a health education-risk reduction grant to the Ohio Department of Health. The background, development, and validation of the survey instrument are described. The four goals of "Health Ohio"--the collection of descriptive statistics on selected risk factors for adult Ohioans, the compilation of baseline data, the development of a standard methodology for a prevalence survey, and the reporting of these findings for potential users of the data--were achieved. The population sample consisted of 607 Ohioans aged 18 and older who were polled by telephone. Subjects were selected through a modified random digit dialing technique. As a result of this technique and the designation of a specific household respondent, demographic characteristics of the sample matched those of the State's population in the 1980 census. Among the implications of the survey findings were the needs to (a) remove economic barriers that apparently impede the installation of residential smoke detectors, (b) initiate health education at an earlier age to counter cigarette smoking trends, and (c) encourage adult self-determination in reducing health risk. The February 1982 "Health Ohio" data describing the need for intervention to reduce health risk factors have become the basis for health education-risk reduction efforts of the Ohio Department of Health. In addition, "Health Ohio" has spawned two local prevalence surveys in the State; these resulted in more precise local data on the prevalence of health risk factors. Other multiplier effects of health education-risk reduction projects should be documented for future reference.
Aneurysms complicated by pregnancy. II. Aneurysms of the cerebral vessels.

D ESPITE a maternal mortality of more than 40 per cent associated with cerebrovascular complications of pregnancy, little attention has been focused upon this problem. The actual frequency of this disaster cannot be ascertained from the literature or personal experience, since the true diagnosis is often not established in patients who survive, and surprisingly is found at autopsy in many cases where the diagnosis was clinically unsuspected. Rarely is the aid of a neurologist sought, for most of the cases are erroneously diagnosed and treated as toxemias of pregnancy. The symptom complex of hypertension, convulsion, albuminuria, and coma is common to both eclampsia and cerebral complications of pregnancy. More frequent neurological consultation in “questionable” cases of toxemia would result in the correct diagnosis being made more often, which would not only supplement our diagnostic acumen, but also result in proper management, Subarachnoid hemorrhage is the most common cerebrovascular complication encountered during pregnancy. The magnitude of the problem is obscured by inadequate and incorrect diagnosis, and the available data do not reflect the true incidence. Until recently, accurate diagnosis was merely academic, for no active t,herapy was available. Today, however, in many cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of a cerebral aneurysm definitive and successful surgical intervention is possible. Ruptured cerebral aneurysm is a relatively rare complication of pregnancy, whose reported frequency will probably increase with more accurate diagnosis. Although there has been a considerable amount written concerning it, as a complication of normal pregnancy it has received relatively little attention. Most of the reports are to be found in the nonobstetrical publications and the subject is not discussed in the standard obstetrical textbooks.1-3 The present-day high maternal mortality associated with this complication can be reduced only through early recognition and adequate treatment. These are dependent upon an awareness on the part of physicians that ruptured aneurysms may occur during pregnancy. Knowledge of the clinical manifestations, prognosis, and treatment can be obtained only by a collective study of the cases reported to date, since no one institution has had sufficient experience.
Whole Genome SNP Array Improves Diagnosis and Therapy in Pediatric Brain Tumors

can be extremely useful information when proceeding with a full chromosomal copy number analysis of a sample. As the sample is evaluated, absolute copy number (versus relative copy number) is preferred for final reporting. The problem in general is extremely difficult if not impossible using data just from SNP arrays or NGS. An algorithm to estimate percent aberrant cells from a normal population was devised using B-allele frequency estimations derived from either SNP array or next generation sequencing results. This approach includes an automated calculation per copy number event for the percentage of cells that are aberrant to help distinguish mosaicism among the full sample population. Additionally, along with the type of copy number alteration (i.e. gain, loss), an estimate for absolute copy number will be reported for each event, if such estimation is possible. This tool was tested on a series of cancer samples with known aberrations. Estimation of percent aberrant cells and absolute copy number was possible for most regions of copy number alteration. Exceptions were limited to highly complex samples with mixed mosaicism.
Habeas, Section 1983, and Post-conviction Access to DNA Evidence

Assume for a moment that Bob was convicted of a crime and sentenced to thirty years' imprisonment in 1990. At his trial, the prosecution used DNA tests to establish guilt. Since the trial, methods of DNA testing have improved dramatically. Hoping that the new technology will establish his innocence, Bob requests access to the biological evidence to retest it. If the state refuses to grant access, Bob has two potential federal avenues for relief. He could either file a civil suit under 42 USC ? 1983 or apply for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 USC ? 2254. Both statutes create federal remedies for the violation of federal rights, but they differ in scope. Section 1983, first codified in 1871, creates a civil cause of action against state officials who deny federal rights and provides a remedy in federal court when state courts prove inadequate or unwilling to protect federal rights.' Section 2254, the federal habeas statute, authorizes state prisoners held in violation of federal law to apply for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. Due to the writ's long history at common law and tendency to create friction between federal and state governments by allowing direct attack of state convictions in the federal courts, the writ has accumulated a complicated set of procedural requirements imposed by both Congress and the courts.2 Each statute has its unique advantages and disadvantages. A habeas suit, if successful, could compel release from prison; however, the complex procedural rules for habeas might bar the claim. Although section 1983 cannot secure release, the less stringent procedural rules may allow the suit to proceed when barred
Renal denervation and other novel strategies for management of resistant hypertension

R hypertension (RH) has been a nightmare for both specialists and primary care physicians. RH comprises up to 2025% of patients who are enrolled in hypertension related trials. The risk of cardiovascular events is significantly increased in patients with resistant hypertension. The management of this condition also utilizes excessive health care resources. Several complex neural and humeral physiological processes coordinate the regulation of blood pressure. The autonomic nervous system plays a very important role especially through its sympathetic component. The peri-renal arterial sympathetic fibers and those at the region of carotid sinus are important in blood pressure modulation.
Lifestyles: Grid-Group Theory

A discussion on the importance of language to our sense of self is explored by discourse theorists. This is followed by a description of the work of socio-linguist Basil Bernstein, who argues that there are two basic codes that shape the way people talk, based largely on their socio-economic status. Next we find an analysis of the work of the English social anthropologist Mary Douglas, who argues that there are four “lifestyles” in modern societies, which shape our behavior in numerous ways: hierarchical elitists, egalitarians, competitive individualists, and fatalists. She suggests that consumption is not based on personal taste but on imperatives, generally masked, generated by the lifestyle to which people belong.
Introduction to Issue on Gender Dynamics and Disparities in Health and Mortality

Trends in American mortality over the past few decades find American women doing worse than men in the United States and worse than women in other countries. For example, since 1980, U.S. women hav...
Influence of Stokes Drift Decay Scale on Langmuir Turbulence

AbstractAccurately scaling Langmuir turbulence (LT) in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) is critical for improving ocean, weather, and climate models. The physical processes by which the structure of LT depends on surface waves’ Stokes drift decay length scale are examined. An idealized model for OSBL turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) provides a conceptual framework with three physical processes: TKE transport, dissipation, and production by the Craik–Leibovich (CL) vortex force (VF) associated with the Stokes drift shear. TKE profiles depend on OSBL depth h, surface roughness length z0, and wavenumber k through the nondimensional parameters kh and kz0. These parameters determine the rate and length scale for the dissipation of TKE produced by the CL-VF. For kz0 ≫ 1, TKE input by the CL-VF is governed by a surface flux with TKE rapidly decaying with depth. Only for kz0 < 1 can TKE penetrate deeper into the OSBL, with the TKE penetration depth controlled by kh. Turbulence-resolving large-eddy simulation...
Feminist Imaginations in a Heated Climate: Parody, Idiocy, and Climatological Possibilities

This paper proposes to imagine an alternative climate scenario of our future. Through a parodic rewrite of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate scenarios, I challenge the rise of geoengineering technologies as a mitigation "solution" for the current ecological crisis. Showing that the IPCC is offering capitalocentric visions of ecological futurity and more-than-human economies that contribute to mainstreaming dangerous, hubristic geoengineering, I advance that feminist imagination and conviviality is a more capacious way to face climate change, one that climatology would benefit learning from. I do this drawing from Isabelle Stengers’ conceptualization of stupidity, which I argue can describe the IPCC’s futurology, and from her figuration of the idiot, a conceptual character who poses questions that cause us to pause and think, opening up possibilities.
Surgical Fires in Otolaryngology: A Systematic and Narrative Review

Objective To bring attention to the epidemiology, prevention, management, and consequences of surgical fires in otolaryngology by reviewing the literature. Data Sources PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus. Review Methods Comprehensive search terms were developed, and searches were performed from data source inception through August 2016. A total of 4506 articles were identified; 2351 duplicates were removed; and 2155 titles and abstracts were independently reviewed. Reference review was also performed. Eligible manuscripts described surgical fires involving patients undergoing otolaryngologic procedures. Results Seventy-two articles describing 87 otolaryngologic surgical fire cases were identified. These occurred during oral cavity or oropharyngeal procedures (11%), endoscopic laryngotracheal procedures (25%), tracheostomies (36%), "other" general anesthesia procedures (3%), and monitored anesthesia care or local procedures (24%). Oxidizing agents consisted of oxygen alone (n = 63 of 81, 78%), oxygen and nitric oxide (n = 17 of 81, 21%), and room air (n = 1 of 81, 1%). The fractional inspired oxygen delivered was >30% in 97% of surgical fires in non-nitrous oxide general anesthesia cases (n = 35 of 36). Laser-safe tubes were used in only 12% of endoscopic laryngotracheal cases with endotracheal tube descriptions (n = 2 of 17). Eighty-six percent of patients experienced acute complications (n = 76 of 87), including 1 intraoperative death, and 22% of patients (n = 17 of 77) experienced long-term complications. Conclusion Surgical fires in otolaryngology persist despite aggressive multi-institutional efforts to curb their incidence. Guideline recommendations to minimize the concentration of delivered oxygen and use laser-safe tubes when indicated were not observed in many cases. Improved institutional fire safety practices are needed nationally and internationally.
Photodegradation of Dicloran in Freshwater and Seawater

Dicloran appears to be a model pesticide for investigating photodegradation processes in surface waters. Photodegradation processes are particularly relevant to this compound as it is applied to crops grown in proximity to freshwater and marine ecosystems. The photodegradation of dicloran under simulated sunlight was measured in distilled water, artificial seawater, phosphate buffer, and filter-sterilized estuarine water to determine its half-life, degradation rate, and photodegradation products. The half-life was approximately 7.5 h in all media. There was no significant difference in the rate of degradation between distilled water and artificial seawater for dicloran. For the intermediate products, a higher concentration of 2-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone was measured in artificial seawater versus distilled water, while a slightly higher concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone was measured in distilled water versus artificial seawater. The detection of chloride and nitrate ions after 2 h of light exposure suggests ...
Incorporating medication indications into the prescribing process.

Purpose The incorporation of medication indications into the prescribing process to improve patient safety is discussed. Summary Currently, most prescriptions lack a key piece of information needed for safe medication use: the patient-specific drug indication. Integrating indications could pave the way for safer prescribing in multiple ways, including avoiding look-alike/sound-alike errors, facilitating selection of drugs of choice, aiding in communication among the healthcare team, bolstering patient understanding and adherence, and organizing medication lists to facilitate medication reconciliation. Although strongly supported by pharmacists, multiple prior attempts to encourage prescribers to include the indication on prescriptions have not been successful. We convened 6 expert panels to consult high-level stakeholders on system design considerations and requirements necessary for building and implementing an indications-based computerized prescriber order-entry (CPOE) system. We summarize our findings from the 6 expert stakeholder panels, including rationale, literature findings, potential benefits, and challenges of incorporating indications into the prescribing process. Based on this stakeholder input, design requirements for a new CPOE interface and workflow have been identified. Conclusion The emergence of universal electronic prescribing and content knowledge vendors has laid the groundwork for incorporating indications into the CPOE prescribing process. As medication prescribing moves in the direction of inclusion of the indication, it is imperative to design CPOE systems to efficiently and effectively incorporate indications into prescriber workflows and optimize ways this can best be accomplished.
Gliding Motility and Taxes

In 1892 Thaxter described the myxobacteria as “possessing a power of slow locomotion ... a distinctly visible movement characterizes the active rods and consists in a sliding locomotion in conjunction with lateral bending.” Almost one century later there are still conflicting ideas about the mechanism of gliding. At a genomic level it is evident that Myxococcus gliding is a complex phenomenon (Chapter 8). Elucidation of the enigma of gliding motility has been much slower than that for swimming motility of flagellated bacteria, since myxobacteria (and other gliders) have no obvious organelles of motility protruding from their cell envelopes. Indeed, gliding has recently been described as a “backwater” in the motility field (Allen 1981).
Melanoma-Derived Soluble DC-HIL/GPNMB Promotes Metastasis by Excluding T-Lymphocytes from the Pre-Metastatic Niches

Soluble factors from the primary tumor induce recruitment of bone marrow-derived progenitors to form tumor-supportive microenvironments or pre-metastatic niches in distal organs before metastasis. How tumor-secreted factors condition the sites for tumor progression remains ambiguous. B16 melanoma produces the secreted form of T cell-inhibitory DC-HIL (sDC-HIL) that travels to distal organs and potentiates the metastatic capacity of tumor cells. We studied the molecular mechanisms and found that sDC-HIL binds to select endothelial cells that co-localize with the sites where bone marrow-derived progenitors and tumor cells migrate. sDC-HIL–bound endothelial cells exist at a similar frequency in mice with or without tumors, and they are strongly associated with survival of intravenously injected tumor cells in the lung. sDC-HIL binding conferred T-cell suppressor function on the ECs and awakened the angiogenic property by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor expression, resulting in enhanced transendothelial migration of bone marrow-derived progenitors and tumor cells, but not for T cells. This selectivity is achieved by the T-cell binding of sDC-HIL, which prevents formation of the leading edges required for chemotaxis. Finally, inducing tumor expression of sDC-HIL significantly reduced tumor-infiltrated T cells. Therefore, the highly metastatic attribute of B16 melanoma can be explained by the endothelial gatekeeper function of sDC-HIL that limits lymphocyte transmigration to pre-metastatic niches.