cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellulase in the kidney bean seedling.

Several parts of the 12-d-old seedling of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Red Kidney were surveyed for cellulase activity. The laminar abscission zone and the cotyledon were highest in total cellulase while the petiole, stem, leaf and root had lesser activity. A portion of the cellulase from each tissue was associated with a membrane fraction which equilibrated on a sucrose density gradient at a density of 1.16 g/cm3. Fortification of the buffer with 1 M NaCl was necessary for complete extraction of cellulase from all tissues. Ethylene treatment enhanced cellulase activity in the laminar abscission zone, the petiolar pulvinus, and somewhat in the stem, but not in the petiole nor the nodal region of the stem. Thus, those tissues which are target tissues for ethylene action also showed ethylene-enhanced cellulase activity.
Determination of calcium salt solubility with changes in pH and PCO2, simulating varying gastrointestinal environments

The amount of calcium available for absorption is dependent, in part, on its sustained solubility in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Many calcium salts, which are the calcium sources in supplements and food, have pH-dependent solubility and may have limited availability in the small intestine, the major site of absorption. The equilibrium solubility of four calcium salts (calcium oxalate hydrate, calcium citrate tetrahydrate, calcium phosphate, calcium glycerophosphate) were determined at controlled pH values (7.5, 6.0, 4.5 and < or = 3.0) and in distilled water. The solubility of calcium carbonate was also measured at pH 7.5, 6.0 and 4.5 with two CO(2) environments (0.3 and 152 mmHg) above the solution. The precipitation profile of CaCO(3) was calculated using in-vivo data for bicarbonate and pH from literature and equilibrium calculations. As pH increased, the solubility of each calcium salt increased. However, in distilled water each salt produced a different pH, affecting its solubility value. Although calcium citrate does have a higher solubility than CaCO(3) in water, there is little difference when the pH is controlled at pH 7.5. The partial pressure of CO(2) also played a role in calcium carbonate solubility, depressing the solubility at pH 7.5. The calculations of soluble calcium resulted in profiles of available calcium, which agreed with previously published in-vivo data on absorbed calcium. The experimental data illustrate the impact of pH and CO(2) on the solubility of many calcium salts in the presence of bicarbonate secretions in the intestine. Calculated profiles using in-vivo calcium and bicarbonate concentrations demonstrate that large calcium doses may not further increase intestinal calcium absorption once the calcium carbonate solubility product has been reached.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota 1960-1993. Is the epidemiology changing?

Objective. To examine trends in the incidence and prevalence of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) in Rochester, Minnesota, over 33 years. Methods. The diagnostic retrieval system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project was utilized to screen medical records of all Rochester residents with any potential diagnoses of JRA from 1978 to 1993 (based on the American College of Rheumatology 1977 revised criteria). In addition, all cases of JRA from our previously identified cohort from 1960–1979 were verified, and the 2 data sets were combined, resulting in an incidence cohort spanning 33 years (1960–1993). Results. Of the 1,240 medical records screened, we identified 65 cases of JRA diagnosed between 1960 and 1993 (48 females, 17 males). The average followup for cases was 12.7 years (range 0–34 years) for a total of 833 person-years of observation. A bimodal distribution of age at diagnosis was observed, with peaks between 0 and 4 years and 9 and 15 years. Seventy-two percent of patients had pauciarticular-onset, 17% had polyarticular-onset, and 11% had systemic-onset disease. Progression of pauciarticular to polyarticular disease occurred in 11% of the cases. The overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 11.7 per 100,000 population (95% confidence intervals 8.7, 14.8). The incidence rate per 100,000 population was 15.0, 14.1, and 7.8 for the time periods 1960–1969, 1970–1979, and 1980–1993, respectively (P = 0.024). A 3-year, centered, moving average, which was used to display time trends in incidence, suggested a cyclical pattern, with incidence peaks in 1967, 1975, and 1987. Conclusion. An overall decrease in the incidence rate over the last decade was observed, most marked in the pauciarticular- and systemic-onset subtypes. This decrease, along with the observed cyclical pattern, suggest that environmental factors may influence disease frequency.
Abstract 67: Characterization of the role of KLF9 transcription factor in breast cancer estrogen response

Kruppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) is a member of the KLF family of transcription factors. Previous studies report significant KLF member involvement in breast cancer estrogen response, notably KLF4 [1, 2] and KLF5 [3, 4]. KLF9 has been shown in uterine cancer cells to function as an estrogen-dependent regulator of the estrogen response pathway [5]. We aim to evaluate the role of KLF9 in breast cancer cell estrogen response. We have performed studies demonstrating that KLF9 exhibits an early-activated estrogen response. Five sites have been identified upstream of the KLF9 gene that interact with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) [6-8]; we observe ERα enrichment at three of these sites that is estradiol-dependent. Though KLF9 has been shown to act as an essential element in estrogen response in the uterus, KLF9 response in breast cancer cells has yet to be characterized. To study the role of KLF9 in estrogen-mediated responses in transcriptional and proliferative activity, we have manipulated the level of KLF9 expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These cells have been shown to exhibit a clear transcriptional response to estradiol in luciferase reporter assays. We have optimized RNAi conditions to achieve significant knockdown of the KLF9 gene in MCF-7 cells. Additionally, we have produced and tested a KLF9 overexpression vector construct that significantly upregulates expression of KLF9 in this cell line. These tools will be used to more extensively characterize the role of KLF9 in MCF7 cell estrogen-stimulated transcription and proliferation. We are measuring transcriptional response to estrogen signaling with luciferase reporter assays and estrogen stimulated cell proliferation with BrdU proliferation assays. Elucidating KLF9 involvement in E2-mediated breast cancer cell signaling and response, therefore, is an important component of understanding of the regulatory mechanisms behind estrogen response in breast cancer. 1. Akaogi K et al. (2009). Oncogene 28(32): 2894. 2. Quintana AM et al. (2011). BMC Cancer 11: 30. 3. Guo P et al. (2010). International Journal of Cancer 126(1): 81. 4. Zhao KW et al. (2011). Biochemical Journal 437(2): 323. 5. Velarde MC et al. (2007). Molecular Endocrinology 21(12): 2988. 6. Carroll JS et al. (2006). Nature Genetics 38(11): 1289. 7. Hua S et al. (2008). Molecular Systems Biology 4:188. 8. Fullwood MJ et al. (2009). Nature 462(7269): 58. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 67. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-67
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoglobins. V. The heme proton spectra of human deoxyhemoglobins A, F, Zürich, and Chesapeake

Abstract The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of human deoxyhemoglobins A, F, Zurich, and Chesapeake indicate that the heme groups in different subunits are magnetically nonequivalent. These results are in accord with earlier work on the cyano- and azido-derivatives of these methemoglobins. In addition, the nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Hb Chesapeake suggest that the altered functional properties of this mutant hemoglobin involve not only changes in the α1-β2 subunit contact region but also changes which affect the heme groups in the α-chains.
Primary Glaucoma Associated with Iridotrabecular Dysgenesis and Ectropion Uveae

We present nine patients with unilateral congenital ectropion uveae (hyperplasia of the iris pigment border), iris hypoplasia, characteristic gonioscopic findings, and glaucoma. A majority of these patients also demonstrated mild ptosis. In none of these patients were there any associated systemic abnormalities. The apparent ectropion uveae results from spread of the iris pigment epithelium beyond the iris ruff and onto the anterior surface of the iris. In two patients with this abnormality, histopathologic and electron microscopic findings are presented. All patients with congenital ectropion uveae should be carefully examined periodically to detect glaucoma.
Preparation and Recognition Characteristics of Thymopentin Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on SiO2

A computer simulation approach was developed to screen functional monomers for the rational design of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The proposed approach is based on a comparison of the binding energy of complexes, which are formed by the interaction between a template molecule and various functional monomers. According to the results of theoretical calculations, MIPs using thymopentin (TP5) as a template were prepared by a solution polymerization method, in which 2-methylacrylamide, N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide and poly(methylacrylic acid)/SiO2 were used as the functional monomer, cross-linker and support, respectively. Solid-phase extraction experiments were performed, and static and dynamic binding properties of the synthesized MIP (i.e. TP5-MIP) for TP5 were studied. Results show that TP5-MIP exhibits excellent binding affinity and specific selectivity for the template molecule (i.e. TP5).
Pulses of marine subsidies amplify reproductive potential of lizards by increasing individual growth rate

Pulsed resource subsidies can have profound effects on recipient communities. The effects of resource pulses are often mediated by increases in the density of consumer populations. Here we investigate several mechanisms linking experimental pulses of seaweed deposition to population-level responses in the brown anole Anolis sagrei. Subsidized lizards grew approximately 30% faster than lizards in seaweed-removal plots, but there was no effect of seaweed subsidies on survival or body condition. Breeding is strongly seasonal in A. sagrei, resulting in a limited reproductive window of opportunity. Accelerated growth allows subsidized females to reach sexual maturity earlier and thereby exploit more of this window, which is projected to double fecundity in their first year of life. These results show how changes in an individual trait can translate pulses of resource input into reproductive output. Further, they highlight the importance of seasonal timing in mechanistically linking individual-, population- and community-level responses to pulsed resource subsidies.
Environment, Department Power, and Strategic Decison Making in Organizations: A Proposed Integration

Much of the strategic management literature neglects a strong consideration of the impact of internal organizational power on strategy decisions. Instead, the role of more objectively measured factors are usually emphasized, particularly aspects of the external environment. When power is considered, only its effect on strategy implementation is typically discussed. This paper argues that department power is a major factor affecting the formulation and implementation of strategy in organizations and that environmental influences are mainly indirect.
Influence of operating temperature and contact thermal resistance on normal zone propagation in a metal-sheathed high-Tc superconductor tape

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of operating temperature, ranging from 20 K to 80 K, and contact thermal resistance on the normal zone propagation in a silver-sheathed, YBCO superconductor tape. The distributions of temperature and heat generation are obtained numerically by solving a transient, two-dimensional energy equation with temperature-dependent properties and a current-sharing model. The present results suggest that, as a combined effect of greater cooling margin and higher thermal diffusivity, a 20 K operation is considerably more stable than its 80 K counterpart. In addition, during a pulse-induced quench zone propagation, most of the ohmic heating is generated in the YBCO superconductor for a 20 K operation. Conversely, the silver sheath generates most of the heat for an 80 K operation. Imposing transverse cooling significantly promotes stability and reduces normal zone propagation velocity. However, it has little influence on the instantaneous rise in local temperature during a disturbance. Such a temperature spike, largely caused by the low thermal diffusivity of YBCO, may exceed YBCO melting temperature. This detrimental phenomenon is more pronounced as the thermal resistance between the superconductor and metal sheath increases. However, this effect is significant only when the contribution of the interfacial resistance to the transverse resistance results in the latter being comparable to its longitudinal counterpart.
LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON SCATTERING FROM ATOMS AND MOLECULES: A MODEL

A simple model is proposed for the calculation of free-electron wave functions for low-energy electrons incident upon neutral atoms. The region of interaction of the electron with the atom may be separated into three important regions of potential: Coulomb plus exchange, Coulomb, and far-field induced polarization. The division of regions is based on mathematical and physical reasons for the characteristic behavior of wave functions in the scattering problem. Examples are given for the elastic scattering of electrons from nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. The agreement with experiment and effective-range theory is good. The application of the method to the prediction of low-energy electron scattering from homonuclear diatomic molecules is discussed.
Russian-U.S. Nuclear Force Reductions and Nuclear Proliferation

Russia and the United States have a special responsibility to connect “vertical” nuclear disarmament and “horizontal” nonproliferation. Russian and American behavior will influence the choices made by nonnuclear states about the decision for a nuclear weapons capability or for the acquisition of a complete nuclear fuel cycle with the potential for weaponization. This study uses an analytical model to examine the stability of a possible future world in which nonproliferation efforts “hold the line” against new nuclear states, while the U.S. and Russia maintain stable deterrence at reduced levels of deployed forces.
High frequency P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer broadband annular array ultrasound transducers using high density flexible circuit interconnect

A kerfless eight element high frequency ultrasound annular array transducer using 9 μm P(VDF-TrFE) bonded to a high density flexible interconnect was fabricated. The flexible circuit composed of Kapton polyimide film with gold electrode pattern of equal area annuli apertures on the top side of a 50 μm thick Kapton polyimide film. Each element had several 30 μm diameter electroplated vias that connected to electrode traces on the bottom side of the Kapton polyimide film. There was a 30 μm spacing between elements. The total aperture of the array was 3.12 mm. The transducer's performance has been modeled by implementing the Redwood version of the Mason model into PSpice and using the Krimholtz, Leedom and Matthaei (KLM) model utilized in the commercial software PiezoCAD. The transducer’s performance was evaluated by measuring the electrical impedance with a HP 4194 impedance analyzer, pulse echo response using a Panametrics 5900 pulser/receiver and crosstalk measurement for each element in the array. The measured electrical impedance for each element was 540 Ω and -84° phase. In order to improve device sensitivity an inductor was attached in series with each element to reduce the insertion loss to 33 dB. The measured average center frequency and bandwidth of each element was 55 MHz and 50% respectively. The measured crosstalk at the center frequency was -45 dB in water.
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Of Semiconductor Photoluminescence

A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer has been combined with a PL apparatus for the study of semiconductors. Fourier transform spectroscopy has certain advantages for PL, especially in the infrared, including improved signal to noise, higher abscissa precision and resolution. A brief review of the technique is given and we discuss, as examples, the optimization of the FT-IR apparatus for the study of near gap dopant states and deep trap related transitions in epitaxial Si films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and double modulation techniques for the study of narrow gap materials, such as InSb. In studying arsenic doped MBE silicon, we found bound-exciton (BE) peaks associated with substitutional As atoms to be the dominant features in the 4.2 K PL spectra from 6 pm thick films grown on n+ (Sb-doped) substrates at growth temperatures ranging from 500 to 800 C. For samples grown at the lower temperatures ~500 C, we observed additional, lower energy, no-phonon peaks due to residual ion-induced lattice defects and a broad, possibly trap related, background rising towards 750 meV (6000 cm-1). These features were not observed in the spectra of samples grown at higher temperatures and this work, which has been cross referenced with other techniques such as deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), will lead to optimization of growth conditions for ion-doped n and p type MBE silicon. In the study of materials with narrower gaps such as InSb, a technique using double modulation - interferometer and excitation source - was used to remove the effects of the thermal background radiation. This technique is described and compared with the conventional subtraction procedure. A 77 K InSb detector was used to observe and resolve near gap emission at 5.3 pm and a HgCdTe detector to discover longer wave impurity related emission. The results obtained include the effects of sample temperature 5-20 K and pump laser power density on the individual lines in the spectra.
Oscillatory reaction-diffusion equations on rings

We study the behavior of traveling waves in λ-ω systems on both homogeneous and inhomogeneous rings. The stability regions in parameter space of λ-ω waves were previously known [15, 19]; the results are extended here. We show the existence of Hopf bifurcations of traveling waves and the stability of the limit cycles born at the Hopf bifurcation for some parameter ranges. Using a Lindstedt-type perturbation scheme, we formally construct periodic solutions of the λ-ω system near a Hopf bifurcation and show that the periodic solutions superimposed on the original traveling wave have the effect of altering its overall frequency and amplitude. We also study the λ-ω system on an annulus ofvariable width, which does not possess reflection symmetry about any axis. We formally construct traveling waves on this variable-width annulus by a perturbation scheme, and find that perturbing the width of the annulus alters the amplitude and frequency of traveling waves on the domain by a small (order e2) amount. For typical parameter values, we find that the speed, frequency, and stability are unaffected by the direction of travel of the wave on the annulus, despite the rotationally asymmetric inhomogeneity. This indicates that the λ-ω system on a variable-width domain cannot account for directional preferences of traveling waves in biological systems.
Control of Endothelin-A Receptor Expression by Progesterone Is Enhanced by Synergy With Gata2

The endothelin-A receptor (Ednra) is involved in several physiological, pathological, and developmental pathways. Known for its function in vasoconstriction after being activated by endothelin-1, Ednra also controls cephalic neural crest cell development and appears to play a role in several pathologies, including cancer and periodontitis. However, the mechanisms regulating Ednra expression have not been identified despite its important functions. In this study, we investigated the role progesterone plays in Ednra gene expression in vivo and in vitro. In mice, pregnancy promotes Ednra expression in the heart, kidney, lung, uterus, and placenta, and the up-regulation is mediated by progesterone. We determined that the conserved region between -5.7 and -4.2 kb upstream of the mouse Ednra gene is necessary for the progesterone response. We also found that progesterone mediates Ednra activation through progesterone receptor B activation by its recruitment to PRE6, one of the 6 progesterone response elements found in that locus. However, gene activation by means of a GATA2 site was also necessary for the progesterone response. The Gata2 transcription factor enhances the progesterone response mediated by the progesterone receptor B. Together these results indicate that progesterone regulates Ednra expression by synergizing with Gata2 activity, a previously unknown mechanism. This mechanism may have an impact on pathologies involving the endothelin signaling.
Dynamics of incommensurate structures: An exact solution

A simple exact solution of the incommensurate chain with infinite-range interactions is obtained with the use of both analytic and graphical techniques. The ground states and all metastable states are identified. Results are derived for the depinning transition, the sliding threshold, and the excitation spectrum as a function of pinning strength and applied field. The ac response is also obtained and has a low-frequency singularity at threshold, but the dielectric constant is bounded, as seen in charge-density-wave experiments.
Forming resource-sharing coalitions: a distributed resource allocation mechanism for self-interested agents in computational grids

Designing efficient resource allocation mechanism for computational grids is extremely challenging because the effective agents in computational grids are inherently self-interested due to their different ownerships. Providing incentive for agents to share their resource with others is the key to make computational grids realistic. The global efficiency should be generated through the interactions among agents from the bottom up. In game theory, forming coalition is such a cooperative game among self-interested agents. We develop a distributed resource allocation mechanism for computational grids by forming resource-sharing coalitions among self-interested agents through automated multiparty negotiation. This mechanism is based on a task-oriented mechanism for measuring the economic value of computational resource usage. The simulation results show that the self-interests of agents in computational grids have considerable impact on the decisions of each agent about how to allocate their resource to appropriate tasks.
A Nanostructured Thermosensitive Smart Surface With Integrated Microheater for Wettability Control

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a switchable thermosensitive polymer with an integrated microheater as a smart surface platform for wettabilty control. The thermoresponsive surface is synthesized on a glass substrate using the polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) which can change its wettability when subjected to change in temperature. PNIPAAm is hydrophilic when the surface temperature is less than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) range of about 28–33 °C and is hydrophobic above the LCST range. The PNIPAAm surface is heated by spiral gold microheaters which are fabricated on the lower side of the glass substrate. The contact angle change with change in temperature is tested using a standard goniometer. Time response analysis of the surface is presented. This smart surface can be used as an active or adaptive component for microflow regulation and can be potentially integrated into large scale lab-on-chip (LOC) systems.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
INTERMEDIATE REALMS OF LAW: CORPORATE GROUPS AND RULERS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA

The laws of corporate groups such as merchants, traders, religious specialists, soldiers, etc. are examined on the basis of both the normative Hindu legal texts and epigraphical sources from various parts of India. Other recent studies arguing that medieval India experienced an increasing integration of polity and society over larger core areas are corroborated from the perspective of law and legal institutions. Methodological and theoretical propositions are also raised to argue that Hindu legal texts, known as Dharmasastra, are essential to any history of law and society in medieval India, but only when their nature and purpose are properly understood. Les lois des corps sociaux, comme les marchands, les negotiants, les experts religieux, ou les soldats, sont examinees d'apres les textes normatifs du droit hindou ancien, et aussi selon des sources epigraphiques venant des diverses regions de l'lnde. D'autres etudes recentes qui affirment que l'lnde medievale a connu une integration croissante entre regime et societe dans des domaines centralises plus etendus sont ici confirmees par le biais du droit et des institu tions legales. Des arguments methodologiques et theoriques sont aussi souleves pour soutenir que les textes legals hindous, connus sous le nom de Dharmasastra, sont fondamentals a toute histoire du droit et de la societe dans l'lnde medievale, mais seulement quand leur nature et leur objet sont bien compris.
Temperature-dependent neutron scattering cross-sections for polyethylene

Abstract This note presents neutron scattering cross-sections for polyethylene at 296, 77 and 4 K derived from a new scattering kernel for neutron scattering off of hydrogen in polyethylene. The kernel was developed in ENDF-6 format as a set of S ( α , β ) tables using the LEAPR module of the NJOY94 code package. The polyethylene density of states (from 0 to sub eV) adopted to derive the new kernel is presented. We compare our calculated room temperature total scattering cross-sections and double differential cross-sections at 232 meV at various angles with the available experimental data (at room temperature), and then extrapolate the calculations to lower temperatures (77 and 4 K). The new temperature-dependent scattering kernel gives a good quantitative fit to the available room temperature data and has a temperature dependence that is qualitatively consistent with thermodynamics.
EEG changes after acute cerebral embolism

Embolism of the right middle cerebral artery regularly failed to induce clinical or electrical seizure activity during acute ischemia in primates. This negative correlation casts some doubt on the popular interpretation of seizures at the outset of clinical stroke as evidence of cerebral embolism.
Characterization of electric thruster plumes using multiplexed laser induced fluorescence measurements

The use of laser-induced fluorescence to obtain spatially resolved measurements of propellant velocities and temperatures in electric thruster plumes is discussed, with emphasis on two innovations of the technique, namely simultaneous recording of the optogalvanic signal in a hollow cathode lamp for the purpose of calibrating Doppler shifts, and two-beam multiplexing to allow the measurement of two velocity components at once. It is also shown how information on plume fluctuations can be obtained from the multiplxed LIF data. The techniques are demonstrated on the plume from a low power arcjet, operated on argon, and its extension to the measurement of ion velocities in electrostatic ion thrusters and stationary plasma thrusters is discussed.
Polymerase I and Transcript Release Factor (PTRF)/Cavin-1 Is a Novel Regulator of Stress-induced Premature Senescence

According to the “free radical theory” of aging, premature senescence induced by oxidative stress contributes to organismal aging. Polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF)/cavin-1 is a structural protein component of caveolae, invaginations of the plasma membrane involved in signal transduction. We show that oxidative stress up-regulates PTRF/cavin-1 protein expression and promotes the interaction between PTRF/cavin-1 and caveolin-1, another structural protein component of caveolae. Consistent with these data, the number of caveolae is dramatically increased in cells subjected to oxidative stress. We demonstrate that down-regulation of PTRF/cavin-1 by shRNA significantly inhibits oxidative stress-induced premature senescence. Mechanistically, we found that PTRF/cavin-1 expression is necessary for the oxidant-induced sequestration of Mdm2, a negative regulator of p53, into caveolar membranes, away from p53, and activation of the p53/p21Waf1/Cip1 pathway. Expression of a mutant form of PTRF/cavin-1, which fails to localize to caveolar membranes after oxidative stress, inhibits oxidative stress-induced activation of p53 and induction of premature senescence. Thus, PTRF/cavin-1 is a novel regulator of oxidative stress-induced premature senescence by acting as a link between free radicals and activation of the p53/p21Waf1/Cip1 pathway.
Reconstruction of Heat Release Response of Partially Premixed Flames

The forced response of a swirl-stabilized, partially premixed flame to inlet velocity and equivalence ratio oscillations was experimentally investigated in a model lean premixed gas turbine combustor. The responses of a premixed flame to three different forcing mechanisms were studied: velocity oscillations, equivalence ratio oscillations, and the combination of velocity and equivalence ratio oscillations. The overall heat release response of the flame was determined from measurements of the CH* chemiluminescence emission intensity from the entire flame, while the response of the spatially distributed heat release was determined from phase-synchronized chemiluminescence images. In addition, simultaneous measurements were made of the inlet velocity and equivalence ratio oscillations using the 2-microphone method and an IR absorption technique, respectively. The results show that in the linear regime, the response of a partially premixed flame to simultaneous velocity and equivalence ratio oscillations can ...
Bone Marrow Biopsy: Interpretive Guidelines For the Surgical Pathologist

Summary:Ideally, the bone marrow core biopsy should be reviewed with knowledge of the clinical history, complete blood count, and findings in the peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate smears. However, for a variety of reasons, the pathologist may receive the core biopsy and aspirate clot section
Site propensities for HCl and DCl formation in the reaction of Cl with selectively-deuterated alkanes

Gas-phase hydrogen abstraction reactions involving Cl and selectively- deuterated propanes and isobutanes have been studied. Cl atoms are generated through the 351 nm photolysis of Cl2, and both the HCl and DCl products are detected via 2 + 1 multiphoton ionization at approximately 240 nm. Labelled compounds enable one to identify positively with individual reactive sties within a given target molecule. For propanes over the quantum states probed, DCl is formed with nearly equal probability independent of whether CH3CD2CH3 or CD3CH2CD3 is the target molecule. For HCl formation, Cl reacting with CH3CD2CH3 generates slightly more HCl than does Cl reacting with CD3CH2CD3. For Cl attacking labelled isobutanes, kinetic and/or steric effects appear to be significant. Overall, the results are discussed in terms of their implications for `site-specific' bimolecular behavior.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spatial pyramid co-occurrence for image classification

We describe a novel image representation termed spatial pyramid co-occurrence which characterizes both the photometric and geometric aspects of an image. Specifically, the co-occurrences of visual words are computed with respect to spatial predicates over a hierarchical spatial partitioning of an image. The representation captures both the absolute and relative spatial arrangement of the words and, through the choice and combination of the predicates, can characterize a variety of spatial relationships. Our representation is motivated by the analysis of overhead imagery such as from satellites or aircraft. This imagery generally does not have an absolute reference frame and thus the relative spatial arrangement of the image elements often becomes the key discriminating feature. We validate this hypothesis using a challenging ground truth image dataset of 21 land-use classes manually extracted from high-resolution aerial imagery. Our approach is shown to result in higher classification rates than a non-spatial bagof- visual-words approach as well as a popular approach for characterizing the absolute spatial arrangement of visual words, the spatial pyramid representation of Lazebnik et al. [7]. While our primary objective is analyzing overhead imagery, we demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the Graz-01 object class dataset and performs competitively on the 15 Scene dataset.
A Comparative Study of Series and Cascaded Z-Source Matrix Converters

The series Z-source network, an expansion of the popular concept of the Z-source dc link, was originally proposed for boosting the output voltage of power electronic inverters. In this paper, that idea is extended on a three-phase indirect matrix converter. The converter is based on the ultrasparse matrix topology characterized by the minimum number of semiconductor switches. The series Z-source network is placed between the three-switch input rectifier stage and the six-switch output inverter stage in either the positive or the negative rail. A brief shoot-through state produces the voltage boost. An optimal pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technique is developed for higher boosting capability of the converter and minimization of switching losses. A comparison is made between the matrix converters employing series and conventional cascade Z-source networks. The inrush current and Z-source capacitor's voltage are reduced in the series Z-source matrix converter. Furthermore, the fast Fourier transform analysis of the output current of the converters suggests superiority of the series Z-source matrix converter over the cascaded Z-source matrix converter.
Pollination Ecology of Pedicularis palustris L. (Scrophulariaceae) in North America

Field collections and measurements of corolla tubes and Bombus tongues indicated that Pedicularis palustris, an early summer-blooming plant on Ile aux Grues and Ile aux Oies in the St. Lawrence River, Canada, is pollinated nototribically by queens of four species of bumblebees foraging for nectar and sternotribically by three species of Bombus workers scraping pollen from anthers concealed in the galea. Short-tongued workers of B. terricola secured nectar by perforating the base of the corolla tube dorsally or ventrally and, in some cases, pollinated the flower while robbing nectar. The flowers are insect-dependent for pollination and are almost exclusively bumblebee-pollinated. Sugar concentration of nectar, determined by refractometry, ranged from 8.0% to 19.5% (mean = 13.9%), and fructose and sucrose components of nectar samples from North America and the Netherlands were detected by thin-layer chromatography. Excavated roots of Pedicularis palustris confirmed its root-hemiparasitism. Parallel pollination studies were carried out on Hypericum perforatum and Vicia cracca on the mainland in the same area which bloomed later than Pedicularis and were pollinated primarily by Bombus workers. Predominance of queen pollinators on Pedicularis and worker foragers on Hypericum and Vicia and analysis of corbicular pollen loads of foragers suggest a phenological relationship between Pedicularis palustris and the annual reproductive cycle of its bumblebee pollinators previously derived from investigations of other North American and Japanese species.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide induces secretion of growth hormone in cattle.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that stimulates release of growth hormone (GH) from cultured bovine anterior pituitary gland cells, but the role of PACAP on the regulation of in vivo secretion of GH in cattle is not known. To test the hypothesis that PACAP induces secretion of GH in cattle, meal-fed Holstein steers were injected with incremental doses of PACAP (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 μg/kg BW) before feeding and concentrations of GH in serum were quantified. Compared with saline, injection of 3 and 10 μg PACAP/kg BW increased peak concentrations of GH in serum from 11.2 ng/ml to 23.7 and 21.8 ng/ml, respectively (P < 0.01). Peak concentrations of GH in serum were similar in steers injected with 3 or 10 μg PACAP/kg BW. Meal-fed Holstein steers were then injected with 3 μg/PACAP/kg BW either 1 hr before feeding or 1 hr after feeding to determine if PACAP-induced secretion of GH was suppressed after feeding. Feeding suppressed basal concentrations of GH in serum. Injection of PACAP before feeding induced greater peak concentrations of GH in serum (19.2 ± 2.6 vs. 11.7 ± 2.6 ng/ml) and area under the response curve (391 ± 47 vs. 255 ± 52 ng · ml−1 min) than injection of PACAP after feeding, suggesting somatotropes become refractory to PACAP after feeding similar to that observed by us and others with growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). We concluded that PACAP induces secretion of GH and could play a role in regulating endogenous secretion of GH in cattle, perhaps in concert with GHRH.
Response of Federally Threatened Scutellaria montana (Large-Flowered Skullcap) to Pre-Transplantation Burning and Canopy Thinning

Abstract Federally threatened Scutellaria montana (Large-flowered Skullcap) is a perennial herbaceous species endemic to southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia. A large population of S. montana is located at the 648-ha Tennessee Army National Guard Volunteer Training Site (VTS) in Catoosa County, GA. Due to necessary operational activities that include vegetation clearing along site boundaries to maintain security and prescribed burning and overstory clearing to reduce fuel loads as a wildfire-prevention measure, S. montana individuals and groups at the VTS may be disturbed unavoidably at times. Our objectives were to provide recommendations for land managers at the VTS and elsewhere regarding the response of S. montana to transplantation when plant rescue is necessary and to guide site selection for transplantation by elucidating the effects of pre-transplantation burning and canopy thinning on transplant survival and subsequent success. We relocated 100 S. montana individuals in spring 2010 fro...
Electronic Workflows: Taking it to the Cloud

Electronic resources are common in academic libraries. Focus is being placed on ways to provide users with easy access and accomplish tasks at the same time. When e-journals first arrived, libraries created workflows that followed the path of a print journal. These workflows were effective for a while, but are now breaking down. Libraries performed review and analysis to discover problems, and created new workflows. They have learned that workflows need to be constantly reviewed, analyzed, and updated to identify inefficiencies and eliminate them. Libraries must be willing to devote time and energy to maintain effective workflows to prepare for the future. A summary will be provided of one library's transition from a print to an electronic environment and the steps taken to maintain effective workflows through the years. The early days of cloud computing are here and libraries are taking first steps into the cloud. Workflows must be evaluated before moving into the cloud. Migration should be carefully str...
Enhancing communication among data monitoring committees and institutional review boards.

Data Monitoring Committees (DMC) and Institutional Review Boards (IRB) each can play important roles in protecting the rights and interests of research participants and ensuring the integrity of research. While both IRBs and DMCs have unique responsibilities, promoting a robust human research participant protection program requires integration of these efforts. Communication about DMC actions and considerations to IRBs is arguably an important component of integration. We sought to explore whether and how DMCs actions are currently communicated to IRBs as a basis for recommendations to improve such communications. Evidence of communication was sought in files related to research conducted by faculty, staff, and students affiliated with the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Overall, we found a lack of consistency in the way that DMC actions are communicated to IRBs. While national policy encourages that actions taken by DMCs be communicated to IRBs ...
Optimal PWM method based on harmonics injection and equal area criteria

For high power inverters, Optimal Pulse Width Modulation (OPWM) is the most popular method to reduce the switching frequency and at the same time realize selected harmonics cancellation. Most published methods for optimal PWM are based on solving multiple variable and high order nonlinear equations. This paper proposes a practical harmonics injection and equal area criteria based method to realize optimal PWM. Compared with traditional methods, this proposed method does not involve complex equation groups and is much easier to be utilized in the cases with many switching angles in wide range of modulation indexes.
Intracellular ionic environment and enzyme activities; carbohydrate metabolism in liver.

Abstract 1. 1. The role of the maintenance of the intracellular ionic environment in certain metabolic reactions in liver has been noted. 2. 2. An examination has been made of the extent to which alternative reactions open to glucose 6-phosphate are influenced by sodium and potassium. 3. 3. Experimental evidence is presented which indicates that liver phosphorylase activity and glycogenolysis are greater in a high sodium than in a high potassium medium.
Lunar Philia in a Nocturnal Primate

The influence of moonlight on behavior has been well documented for many nocturnal mammals, including rodents, lagomorphs, badgers and bats. These studies have consistently shown that nocturnal mammals respond to bright moonlight by reducing their foraging activity, restricting their movement, and reducing their vocalizations. Lunar phobia among nocturnal mammals is generally believed to be a form of predator avoidance: numerous studies indicate that predation increases during moonlit nights. A study I conducted at Tangkoko Nature Reserve in Sulawesi, Indonesia, demonstrates that spectral tarsiers, (Tarsius spectrum), are not lunar phobic, but are lunar philic; they become more active during full moons. During full moons, spectral tarsiers increased foraging, decreased resting, increased travel (distance traveled per unit time, nightly path length, and home range size), increased the frequency of group travel and decreased the frequency of olfactory communication. I explore several potential hypotheses to account for the lack of lunar phobia and potential increased risk of predation resulting from this unusual behavior. Two hypotheses that may account for the behavior are that: 1) foraging efficiency increases during full moons and outweighs the increased risk of predation, and 2) predation risk is not greater during full moons. Instead, predation risk increases during new moons.
Zeroing-in on network metric minima for sink location determination

The locations of base stations are critically important to the viability of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we examine the location privacy problem from both the attack and defense sides. We start by examining adversaries targeting at identifying the sink location using minimum amount of resources. In particular, they launch a Zeroing-In attack leveraging the fact that several network metrics are 2-dimensional functions in the plane of the network and their values minimize at the sink. Thus, determining the sink locations is equivalent to finding the minima of those functions. We have shown that by obtaining the hop counts or the arrival time of a broadcast packet at a few spots in the network, the adversaries are able to determine the sink location with the accuracy of one radio range, sufficient to disable the sink by launching jamming attacks. To cope with the Zeroing-In attacks, we have proposed a directed-walk-based scheme and validated that the defense strategy is effective in deceiving adversaries at little energy costs.
A Flawed Diagnosis

Stuckler and Basu argue that the harsh austerity measures and cutting of social programs adopted in response to the recent financial crisis have exacerbated public health problems and cost thousands of lives.
A two-dimensional Helmhotlz equation solution for the multiple cavity scattering problem

Here considered is the mathematical analysis and numerical computation of the electromagnetic wave scattering by multiple cavities embedded in an infinite ground plane. Above the ground plane the space is filled with a homogeneous medium, while the interiors of the cavities are filled with inhomogeneous media characterized by variable permittivities. By introducing a new transparent boundary condition on the cavity apertures, the multiple cavity scattering problem is reduced to a boundary value problem of the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation imposed in the separated interior domains of the cavities. The existence and uniqueness of the weak solution for the model problem is achieved via a variational approach. A block Gauss-Seidel iterative method is introduced to solve the coupled system of the multiple cavity scattering problem, where only a single cavity scattering problem is required to be solved at each iteration. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
The 1983 Federal Budget

Editors' Note: The following material is taken, with permission of the author, from the first chapter of The Brookings Institution's Setting National Priorities: The 1983 Budget.
Identification of stable genetic networks using convex programming

Gene regulatory networks capture interactions between genes and other cell substances, resulting in various models for the fundamental biological process of transcription and translation. The expression levels of the genes are typically measured in mRNA concentrations in micro-array experiments. In a so called genetic perturbation experiment, small perturbations are applied to equilibrium states and the resulting changes in expression activity are measured. This paper develops a novel algorithm that identifies a sparse stable genetic network that explains noisy genetic perturbation experiments obtained at equilibrium. Our identification algorithm can also incorporate a variety of possible prior knowledge of the network structure, which can be either qualitative, specifying positive, negative or no interactions between genes, or quantitative, specifying a range of interaction strength. Our method is based on a convex programming relaxation for handling the sparsity constraint, and therefore is applicable to the identification of genome-scale genetic networks.