cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The generation of Mutator transposable element subfamilies in maize.

The mobile DNAs of the Mutator system of maize (Zea mays) are exceptional both in structure and diversity. So far, six subfamilies of Mu elements have been discovered; all Mu elements share highly conserved terminal inverted repeats (TIRs), but each sub-family is defined by internal sequences that are apparently unrelated to the internal sequences of any other Mu subfamily. The Mu1/Mu2 subfamily of elements was created by the acquisition of a portion of a standard maize gene (termed MRS-A) within two Mu TIRs. Beside the unusually long (185–359 bp) and diverse TIRs found on all of these elements, other direct and inverted repeats are often found either within the central portion of a Mu element or within a TIR. Our computer analyses have shown that sequence duplications (mostly short direct repeats interrupted by a few base pairs) are common in non-autonomous members of the Mutator, Ac/Ds, and Spm(En) systems. These duplications are often tightly associated with the element-internal end of the TIRs. Comparisons of Mu element sequences have indicated that they share more terminal components than previously reported; all subfamilies have at least the most terminal 215 bp, at one end or the other, of the 359-bp Mu5 TIR. These data suggest that many Mu element subfamilies were generated from a parental element that had termini like those of Mu5. With the Mu5 TIRs as a standard, it was possible to determine that elements like Mu4 could have had their unusual TIRs created through a three-step process involving (1) addition of sequences to interrupt one TIR, (2) formation of a stem-loop structure by one strand of the element, and (3) a subsequent DNA repair/gene conversion event that duplicated the insertion(s) within the other TIR. A similar repair/conversion extending from a TIR stem into loop DNA could explain the additional inverted repeat sequences added to the internal ends of the Mu4 and Mu7 TIRs. This same basic mechanism was found to be capable of generating new Mu element subfamilies. After endonucleolytic attack of the loop within the stem-loop structure, repair/conversion of the gap could occur as an intermolecular event to generate novel internal sequences and, therefore, a new Mu element subfamily. Evidence supporting and expanding this model of new Mu element subfamily creation was identified in the sequence of MRS-A.
Arc Spectrum of Bismuth Bi I

The are spectrum of bismuth was investigated in three orders of the best 30-foot Chicago grating. The light source consisted of a heated quartz tube containing bismuth metal, filled with a few mm of helium and excited by a 4-meter oscillator. At a sufficiently high vapor pressure of bismuth only the are spectrum is excited and is so intense, that not only almost all previously known lines but also many new lines were studied. Because of the very high quality of the grating and the sharpness of the lines, pictures were obtained which show in the third order an exceptionally high resolution of about 400,000, which constitutes the highest resolving power ever obtained with a diffraction grating. The results of measurements of the hyperfine structures for 55 lines are presented in Tables I and IV; the wave-lengths for the components corresponding to the transitions between hyperfine structure levels with highest $F$ quantum numbers, and the exact term values for the atomic energy levels derived from them are collected in Tables II and IV. Many new levels were identified; the total number of known levels is increased from 27 to 45. Hyperfine structure separations of levels are given in Tables II, III, and IV; all values previously reported by Zeeman, Back, and Goudsmit for 13 atomic levels were corrected and separations for 28 more levels were determined.
Substituent, solvent and steric effects on the electrochemical reduction of aziridinium salts

The polarographic behavior of a series of N,N-dimethyl-2-arylaziridinium fluorosulfonates was investigated as another example of ring-opening reactions of this important class of compounds. Half-wave potentials showed that in water reduction was facilitated by electron-donating groups. This unusual result was explained in terms of electron transfer to an aminocarbonium ion-like species. In methylene chloride, however, two one-electron waves were observed, with the first showing a normal substituent effect (ϱ = 0.17 ± 0.03 V). This result indicated direct electron transfer to the aziridinium ion itself to form a radical species which was detected by cyclic voltammetry. Reasons for the change in mechanism are presented, and E1/2 values for selected aziridinium salts illustrate the importance of steric effects on the reduction process.
Tax Overwithholding as a Response To Uncertainty

This article analyzes a basic timing problem faced by taxpayers—they must choose their levels of withholding and/or estimated tax payments before knowing exactly what their incomes and deductibles ...
The ABCs of Tatar: multilingual accommodation and Soviet language politics

This article draws on communication accommodation theory to explain Soviet language policies during the 1920s and 1930s and their effects on Volga Tatars, a large and vibrant member of the family of Soviet nationalities. During the first two decades of Communist rule, various reforms changed the alphabet of the Tatar language, first from Arabic to Latin and then to a Cyrillic script, reflecting the different visions, emerging from both the centre and periphery, for incorporating non-Russian nationalities into Soviet society. In spite of the shifting objectives of these projects, we note how a heavily involved state actor used its substantial resources to incentivise convergence and punish divergence, eventually eliminating the latter as a feasible alternative for accommodating in a socialist regime.
Sneaking out after Dark: Resistance, Agency, and the Postmodern Child in JK Rowling's Harry Potter Series.

JK Rowling’s Harry Potter novels situate their child protagonists in a fantastical world side by side with present day British society. Through the characters’ choices and realizations, young readers are introduced to the complexities and ambiguities of the contemporary world. Harry and his friends embrace these qualities of postmodern childhood and question injustices established by and through the adult wizarding world. The characters’ resistance occurs in relation to control of their minds and bodies, the hegemony of wizarding bloodlines, and efforts to frame children as in need of protection. Rowling’s novels imagine a culture in which such child agency is possible, where young people become builders of context, awakening to the network of relationships and institutions that frame their lives.
Barriers to Women's Advancement in Underground Coal Mining

This paper uses a middle-range feminist theory by Reskin and Roos (1987) to examine how the sexualization of work relations, along with formal practices governing promotion at a large coal mine in central Appalachia, has led to job-level sex segregation underground. Analyses of qualitative data from nonparticipant observation, in-depth interviews with 10 coal mining women, and company documents reveal that sexualization represents men's power to stigmatize women as inferior workers and to maintain the stereotypes for assigning work to women. Formal practices, particularly training, seniority, and posting and bidding procedures, legitimize the process of matching women workers with gender-typed jobs. Coal mining women's resistance is reflected in their awareness of how men's stereotypes are used and in their continual individual efforts to prove their competence as coal miners. Language: en
A new eigenvector-based algorithm for multichannel blind deconvolution of input colored signals

The development of a new algorithm is presented for the deconvolution of an unknown, possibly colored signal which is observed through two or more unknown channels described by rational system transfer functions. It is assumed that the channel orders as well as the root locations are unknown. The proposed algorithm starts with over-estimated channel orders and iteratively reduces them. The root locations are simultaneously estimated. This algorithm may also be used in multichannel system identification problems. >
Comprehensive Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Isolation of Overexpressed Proteins and Proteome Mapping

A two-dimensional liquid chromatographic system is described here which uses size-exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC) followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) to separate the mixture of proteins resulting from the lysis of Escherichia coli cells and to isolate the proteins that they produce. The size-exclusion chromatography can be conducted under either denaturing or nondenaturing conditions. Peaks eluting from the first dimension are automatically subjected to reversed-phase chromatography to separate similarly sized proteins on the basis of their various hydrophobicities. The RPLC also serves to desalt the analytes so that they can be detected in the deep ultraviolet region at 215 nm regardless of the SEC mobile phase used. The two-dimensional (2D) chromatograms produced in this manner then strongly resemble the format of stained 2D gels, in that spots are displayed on a X-Y axis and intensity represents quantity of analyte. Following chromatographic separation, the analytes are deposited into six 96-well (576 total) polypropylene microtiter plates via a fraction collector. Interesting fractions are analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) or electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) depending on sample concentration, which both yield accurate (2 to 0.02%) molecular weight information on intact proteins without any additional sample preparation, electroblotting, destaining, etc. The remaining 97% of a fraction can then be used for other analyses, such Edman sequencing, amino acid analysis, or proteolytic digestion and sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry. This 2D HPLC protein purification and identification system was used to isolate the src homology (SH2) domain of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase pp60c-src and beta-lactamase, both inserted into E. coli, as well as a number of native proteins comprising a small portion of the E. coli proteome.
Long-range alpha detector sample monitoring

Abstract Long-range alpha detector (LRAD) systems are designed to monitor alpha sources and contamination by measuring the number of ions created in air by ionizing radiation. Traditional alpha detectors are designed to detect alpha particles directly and must be passed slowly within about 3 cm of an alpha source to operate effectively. LRAD detectors collect the ions created from alpha interactions with air. Therefore, they are better able to monitor equipment and complex surfaces and can be operated at a much greater distance from an alpha source than traditional alpha detectors. Furthermore, because LRAD detectors remain stationary during monitoring, they are less subject to operator error than traditional alpha detectors. This paper will discuss the basic operation as well as recent advances that have been made to LRAD Sample Monitors.
Composite laminate failure analysis using multicontinuum theory

Abstract Damage in a composite material typically begins at the constituent level and may, in fact, be limited to only one constituent in some situations. An accurate prediction of constituent damage at sampling points throughout a laminate provides a genesis for progressively analyzing failure of a composite structure from start to finish. Multicontinuum Theory is a micromechanics based theory and associated numerical algorithm for extracting, virtually without a time penalty, the stress and strain fields for a composites’ constituents during a routine finite element analysis. A constituent stress-based failure criterion is used to construct a nonlinear progressive failure algorithm for investigating the material failure strengths of composite laminates. The proposed failure analysis methodology was used to simulate the nonlinear laminate behavior and progressive damage of selected laminates under both uniaxial and biaxial load conditions up to their ultimate strength. This effort was part of a broader project to compare the predictive capability of current composite failure criteria.
Interaction of a Crack in a Glass Matrix with an Inclined Fiber

Studies on crack propagation in a model glass-matrix composite were undertaken to observe how the crack propagates around a nonfailing elastic reinforcing fiber. The model system consisted of a 1.6-mm-diameter ferrous alloy rod embedded in a glass that very closely matched the thermal expansion of the alloy. Cracks were driven through the glass so as to intersect the rod. The crack trajectory, spallation region, and debonding effects are described. A computational model is offered for the spallation needed to accommodate crack opening in the absence of significant matrix compliance.
Intralesional cyclosporine in the treatment of psoriasis. A clinical, immunologic, and pharmacokinetic study.

In a double-blind, vehicle-controlled study, all of six psoriatic plaques treated with intralesional cyclosporine administered three times weekly for 4 weeks showed complete clearing or incomplete but significant clearing in comparison with vehicle-treated plaques ( p p + CD1 − antigen-presenting cells, epidermal and dermal monocytes, and keratinocyte intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. By day 5 the stratum corneum reverted to normal in the plaques receiving cyclosporine. Pain at the injection site was the major side effect. Steady-state blood cyslosporine levels ranged from 20 to 30 ng/ml during the first 12 hours after injection and became undetectable at 48 hours. These data suggest that cyclosporine improves the skin of patients with psoriasis by a local mechanism of action.
Transformation of catechol in the presence of a laccase and birnessite

Abstract The transformation of naturally occurring phenols to humic polymers through oxidative coupling reactions may involve oxidoreductive enzymes and soil minerals as catalysts. There is limited information on the possible inhibitory or synergistic interactions between oxidoreductases and mineral catalysts as they participate in oxidative coupling of phenolic substrates. In this study, a ternary system was investigated, in which a fungal enzyme ( Trametes villosa laccase), birnessite (δ-MnO 2 ), and a naturally occurring phenolic compound (catechol) were reacted together to model soil processes. Binary systems (catechol/laccase and catechol/birnessite) were included for comparison. In the absence of the mineral, T. villosa laccase (950 katal ml −1 ) transformed 31% of catechol, whereas birnessite (1 mg ml −1 ) in the absence of the enzyme showed a 24% catechol transformation. The percentages of catechol transformation in the binary systems did not accumulate in the ternary system; instead, birnessite and laccase tested together transformed only 36% of catechol. This suggested that birnessite had an inhibitory effect on substrate transformation by laccase catalysis. Enzyme assays indicated that inhibition was a result of enzyme deactivation by humic-like polymers produced by birnessite, and by Mn 2+ ions released from the mineral. These observations underscore the importance of considering enzyme-soil mineral-organic matter interactions in studies of humus formation and contaminant removal.
In Situ Cube-Corner Indentation of Soda–Lime Glass and Fused Silica

Indentation fracture with a cube-corner diamond pyramid on soda–lime silicate glass and fused silica is investigated during the entire indentation cycle in both silicone oil and ambient-air environments. Radial cracks form immediately on loading in all cases. The two-component, elastic-contact + elastic-plastic mismatch (residual) stress field model that has been used successfully to describe radial crack evolution at Vickers indentations fails to describe the fracture response with the cube-corner. The amplitudes of both elastic-contact and residual stress-intensity factors as deduced from these cube-corner experiments are up to a factor of 10 greater than have been previously observed.
Observation of a transition from fluid to kinetic nonlinearities for langmuir waves driven by stimulated Raman backscatter.

Thomson scattering is used to measure Langmuir waves (LW) driven by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a diffraction limited laser focal spot. For SRS at wave numbers k{lambda}{sub D} or approx. 0.29, a single wave, frequency-broadened spectrum is observed. The transition from the fluid to the kinetic regime is qualitatively consistent with particle-in-cell simulations and crossing of the LDI amplitude threshold above that for LW self-focusing.
On the Sn-Bi-Ag ternary phase diagram

The selection and evaluation of Pb-free solders requires information that is best determined through a knowledge of ternary and higher order phase diagrams. As part of an ongoing program on Pb-free solder phase diagrams at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a thermodynamic model is formulated for the Sn-Bi-Ag phase diagram. Thermodynamic functions for the various phases obtained by fitting measured data for the three constituent binary systems are extrapolated to the ternary system using the method of Muggianu. Modeling results are compared to preliminary experimental data for the ternary system and are applied in the calculation of the solidification path.
Age attenuated response to aerobic conditioning in postmenopausal women

The decline in aerobic capacity does not appear to be linear across age. To explore this relationship, we examined the maximal cardiorespiratory response of 251 postmenopausal women to 6 months of exercise training: control (no exercise), or exercise at 4, 8, or 12 kcal/kg/week (KKW). Exercise intensity was set at a heart rate associated with 50% of peak VO2peak and women were stratified by age into three groups: 60 years. Differences in outcomes among groups were tested by ANOVA and the results were presented as adjusted least squares means with confidence intervals. At baseline participants who were >60 years had a lower VO2peak than those 60 years [0.02 (−0.03, 0.08)]. For 12 KKW group, the changes were: 60 years [0.05 (−0.01, 0.10)]. Our data show that despite similar exercise intensities, age plays a significant role in the maximal cardiorespiratory response to exercise training regardless of training volume in women who have completed menopause.
Rethinking Phase II clinical trial design in heart failure

The incidence and economic burden of heart failure continue to rise worldwide, despite implementation of a number of effective heart failure therapies. Although there have been a number Phase I–II studies of potential novel heart failure therapies over the past decade, none of these new compounds has been successful in Phase III clinical trials. While there are likely a number of reasons for this failure, one of the problems that has become increasingly apparent is the inability of Phase II trials to correctly identify novel therapies that will be successful in Phase III clinical trials. The following review will discuss some of the problems inherent with current Phase II heart failure clinical trials, as well as possible ways to rethink Phase II development of new therapies for heart failure.
Application of the Rh(II) cyclization/cycloaddition cascade for the total synthesis of (+/-)-aspidophytine.

A new strategy for the synthesis of (±)-aspidophytine has been developed and is based on a Rh(II)-catalyzed cyclization/dipolar cycloaddition sequence. The resulting [3+2]-cycloadduct undergoes an efficient Lewis acid mediated cascade that rapidly provides the complete skeleton of aspidophytine. The synthesis also features a mild decarbomethoxylation reaction.
The core of apomyoglobin E-form folds at the diffusion limit

The E-form of apomyoglobin has been characterized using infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies, revealing a compact core with native like contacts, most probably consisting of 15–20 residues of the A, G and H helices of apomyoglobin. Fast temperature-jump, time-resolved infrared measurements reveal that the core is formed within 96 μs at 46 °C, close to the diffusion limit for loop formation. Remarkably, the folding pathway of the E-form is such that the formation of a limited number of native-like contacts is not rate limiting, or that the contacts form on the same time scale expected for diffusion controlled loop formation.
Enteral Nutrition in the Critically Ill: Myths and Misconceptions

Background:Nutritional support is an essential component of the management of critically ill and injured ICU patients. Optimal provision of calories and protein has been demonstrated to reduce morbidity, mortally, and length of ICU and hospital stay. Yet, a large proportion of ICU patients receive i
Work in progress - CS0 course implementation in Computer Science

The Computing Alliance of Hispanic Serving Institutions (http://cahsi.fiu.edu), a consortium of 7 institutions focused on the recruitment, retention, and advancement of Hispanics in computing, is implementing and promoting the development of recruitment mechanisms to attract other majors to the field of computer science. CS has lost roughly 50% of its majors in the last 5 years. The member institutions have introduced a 3-credit hour course called CS0 that is intended to motivate students, especially those who have a weak background in computing, to continue studies in computing and to prepare students for success in the first CS course. There are two models that are being implemented: one using Alice software and another using Python. CAHSI is creating a repository for support materials for dissemination of each of the implementations and collecting data to determine the success of the approaches. This paper discusses the structure, materials, and implementations, and presents preliminary results.
The role of phagosomal pH on the size-dependent efficiency of cross-presentation by dendritic cells

Abstract Vaccines able to stimulate CD8 + T cells are crucial in controlling a broad range of infectious diseases and tumors. To induce effective CD8 + T cell responses, exogenous antigen has to be cross-presented onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules by dendritic cells. Although particle size has been recognized as a critical factor of vaccine design, it is unclear how the size of vaccine carriers impacts the intracellular processing of exogenous antigen and cross-presentation onto MHC class I molecules. In this study, by using polystyrene beads with narrowly defined sizes as model antigen carriers, we demonstrate that particle size mediates the efficiency of cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. By examining the intracellular trafficking, kinetics of phagosomal pH and degradation of antigens bounded to beads, we illustrate the possible mechanisms attributed to the profound effect of particle size on the efficiency of cross-presentation. Antigen bounded to 50 nm beads was shuttled rapidly to an acidic environment within half an hour post-exposure to cells, leading to its rapid and unregulated degradation and inefficient cross-presentation. In contrast, antigen bounded to 500 nm and 3 μm beads remained in a more neutral environment, which preserved the majority of antigens, leaving it available for the generation of peptides to be loaded onto MHC class I molecules. We conclude that the size of antigen carriers plays a critical role in directing antigen to the class I antigen presentation pathway. Our results, together with previous in vivo studies on the effect of particle size on CD8 + T cell responses, provide insight into the rational design of vaccines for the stimulation of cell-mediated immunity.
Early MIMD experience on the CRAY X-MP

Abstract This paper describes some early experience with converting four physics simulation programs to the CRAY X-MP, a current Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data (MIMD) computer consisting of two processors each with an architecture similar to that of the CRAY-1. As a multi-processor, the CRAY X-MP together with the high speed Solid-state Storage Device (SSD) in an ideal machine upon which to study MIMD algorithms for solving the equations of mathematical physics because it is fast enough to run real problems. The computer programs used in this study are all FORTRAN versions of original production codes. They range in sophistication from a one-dimensional numerical simulation of collisionless plasma to a two-dimensional hydrodynamics code with heat flow to a couple of three-dimensional fluid dynamics codes with varying degrees of viscous modeling. Early research with a dual processor configuration has shown speed-ups ranging from 1.55 to 1.98. It has been observed that a few simple extensions to FORTRAN allow a typical programmer to achieve a remarkable level of efficiency. These extensions involve the concept of memory local to a concurrent subprogram and memory common to all concurrent subprograms.
Non-traditional approaches to solid-electrolyte interfaces: Trends and prospects

Abstract This paper is a synopsis of the “summing-up” lecture presented at the International Conference on Non-Traditional Approaches to the Study of the Solid-Electrolyte Interface. The major issue addressed at this conference was the determination of the structure of the solid-electrolyte interface at the microscopic level (e.g., elemental composition, atomic geometry) as opposed to the phenomenological level (e.g., average local electrostatic potentials and dielectric functions). Studies reported at the conference and in the recent literature may be collected into three groups: (1) the development of new experimental methods to determine the interface structure, (2) the construction of new theoretical models either to interpret the experimental measurements or to predict interface structure, and (3) the study of new materials for electrodes, electrolytes, and complete electrochemical cells. In each of these three areas major trends in current research are delineated. Current work is compared with the goal, articulated by the conference organizers, of achieving an experimental determination of the microscopic structure of the solid-electrolyte interface via in situ methods. This comparison suggests that whereas the reproducibility of the preparation and characterization of these interfaces seem adequate for the intended purpose, suitable in situ structure-sensitive experimental methods have not yet been demonstrated. It is proposed that the status of the characterization of solid-electrolyte interfaces today is roughly comparable to that of solidvacuum interfaces in the early 1970's. Examination of the history of the development of solid-vacuum interface characterization from this perspective further suggests that improved collaboration between theorists and experimentalists as well as more substantial investments in new apparatus and computation for data analysis will be required if the goal of the characterization at a microscopic level of the solid-electrolyte interface is to be achieved during the coming decade. Present levels of investment in research on new materials seem adequate, however, to render probable important advances in photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion and the photosynthesis of energy-rich and biologically-active substances.
Helioseismology on the Moon

Abstract The prospect of a future manned lunar base presents an interesting challenge for helioseismology-a field in which observations have been obtained from the Earth's surface, from near-earth satellites, and from interplanetary space-craft. Similar observations from the Moon would possess several advantages over those from other sites. Advantages over the Earth would include the absence of the terrestial atmosphere and the lower lunar surface gravity, both of which would allow for larger-aperture telescopes with which the highest-degree solar oscillations could be studied. Compared with the .99 AU halo orbit of the upcoming SOHO mission a lunar base would have less-restrictive weight, power, and telemetry restrictions. An instrument there could also be repaired in-place and could be operated for at least one solar cycle. Disadvantages compared to SOHO would include interruptions from the lunar night and during lunar eclipses. Temporal sidelobes of frequency spacing comparable to that due to solar surface rotation would be introduced unless a network of lunar stations were operated. Finally, solar Doppler measurements made from the Moon would have to allow for the orbital velocity of the Moon around the Earth, but this should not pose a problem for such measurements.
Acculturation, gender, and alcohol use among Mexican American college students

Prior research with non-college samples of Mexican Americans has demonstrated that gender moderates the association between acculturation and alcohol use. We replicated this finding in a college student sample and attempted to account for the differential impact of acculturation on Mexican American men and women by examining the mediating effects of social context, family conflict and psychological functioning. Participants were 148 Mexican Americans (67% female; M age 23 years) from three state universities in California and Texas who completed self-report surveys. In multivariate analyses controlling for age, maternal education, living situation, and site, linguistic acculturation was associated with increased alcohol use and misuse among women but not men. Two social context variables (social facilitation and family drinking) mediated the association between acculturation and alcohol use (heavy drinking, past year alcohol use, and a composite drinking variable) among women. The findings highlight the importance of social context for understanding alcohol use by Latina college students and indicate directions for future research and intervention development.
Compatibility of multiple goal programming and the maximize expected utility criterion

Assuming a decision maker accepts the basic axioms of von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theory and is therefore an expected utility maximizer, this paper argues that the domain of the decision variables in a multiobjective program should be altered in order to guarantee that it will be compatible with the maximize expected utility critierion. Stochastic dominance is employed to approximate this new domain, and for a certain class of decision problems it is shown that this approximation is very good.
Binding of the C-Terminal Domain of the α Subunit of RNA Polymerase to the Phage Mu Middle Promoter

The C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit (alpha CTD) of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is often involved in transcriptional regulation. The alpha CTD typically stimulates transcription via interactions with promoter UP element DNA and transcriptional activators. DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays were used to look for potential interaction of the alpha CTD with the phage Mu middle promoter P(m) and its activator protein Mor. Binding of RNA polymerase to P(m) in the presence of Mor resulted in production of a DNase I footprint downstream of Mor due to open complex formation and generation of a second footprint just upstream of the Mor binding site. Generation of the upstream footprint did not require open complex formation and also occurred in reactions in which the alpha CTD or His-alpha proteins were substituted for RNA polymerase. In gel mobility shift assays, the formation of a supershifted ternary complex demonstrated that Mor and His-alpha bind synergistically to P(m) DNA. Gel shift assays with short DNA fragments demonstrated that only the Mor binding site and a single upstream alpha CTD binding site were required for ternary complex formation. These results suggest that the alpha CTD plays a role in P(m) transcription by binding to P(m) DNA just upstream from Mor and making protein-protein interactions with Mor that stabilize the binding of both proteins.
Dialogical Constructivism: Martin Buber’s Enduring Relevance to Psychotherapy

In this article, the authors explore the connections between a relational— existential approach to psychotherapy, called experiential constructivism, and the work of Martin Buber. They begin by describing the basic principles and philosophical underpinnings of experiential constructivism and the writings of Martin Buber, specifically his writings on the I—Thou relationship. Next, they describe the process of psychotherapy in accord with these principles as well as their thoughts about the overall goals of therapy from a relational—existential perspective. Finally, they discuss the notion of transpersonal reverence and introduce the concept of transpersonal responsibility as they describe the healing process that continues outside of the confines of the therapy relationship.
Cationic polyfluorenes for intracellular delivery of proteins.

Two cationic polyfluorene derivatives, quaternary amine 1 and guanidine 2 sheathed systems, were prepared as potential carriers to mediate import of proteins into cells without requiring covalent attachment to the protein. Neither polymer showed significant cytotoxicities (IC50 100 μM) when exposed to Clone 9 rat liver cells. Both polymers were shown to mediate import of a series of four proteins chosen because they have different pI values, sizes, and variable organic fluor attachments. Once inside the cells, the quaternary amine system 1 released more of its cargo into regions outside the lysosomes. In one exploratory experiment, pyrenebutyrate was shown to accelerate import of a protein system by polymer 1.
Structured beam projection for semiautomatic teleoperation

12 This paper presents a robotic architecture that facilitates semi-automatic teleoperation of a dual-arm manipulator system. The architecture is built upon reactive behavior agents tightly coupling sensing and action, where emergent behaviors correlate human intervention with sensor-based autonomous operation. Reactive agents are devised for perceptual and motor behaviors, and a structured light system is adopted to provide a visual reference to both behavioral agents and the human operator. The technical feasibility of the robotic behaviors is evaluated through simulation of the collaborative motion of a dual-arm manipulator. The presented sensor based semi-automatic teleoperation may improve human perception and simplify human action, and thus improve the efficiency and precision of teleoperation.
Mutation of an active site residue of tryptophan synthase (beta-serine 377) alters cofactor chemistry

To better understand how an enzyme controls cofactor chemistry, we have changed a tryptophan synthase residue that interacts with the pyridine nitrogen of the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor from a neutral Ser (beta-Ser377) to a negatively charged Asp or Glu. The spectroscopic properties of the mutant enzymes are altered and become similar to those of tryptophanase and aspartate aminotransferase, enzymes in which an Asp residue interacts with the pyridine nitrogen of pyridoxal phosphate. The absorption spectrum of each mutant enzyme undergoes a pH-dependent change (pKa approximately 7.7) from a form with a protonated internal aldimine nitrogen (lambdamax = 416 nm) to a deprotonated form (lambdamax = 336 nm), whereas the absorption spectra of the wild type tryptophan synthase beta2 subunit and alpha2 beta2 complex are pH-independent. The reaction of the S377D alpha2 beta2 complex with L-serine, L-tryptophan, and other substrates results in the accumulation of pronounced absorption bands (lambdamax = 498-510 nm) ascribed to quinonoid intermediates. We propose that the engineered Asp or Glu residue changes the cofactor chemistry by stabilizing the protonated pyridine nitrogen of pyridoxal phosphate, reducing the pKa of the internal aldimine nitrogen and promoting formation of quinonoid intermediates.
Case Study of a School-Based Universal Dating Violence Prevention Program:

Evaluation of universal dating violence prevention programs has rapidly expanded in the past two decades. Many programs demonstrate change in attitudes supportive of dating violence, and a few show evidence of behavior change; however, detailed analysis of process and fidelity of program implementation is generally neglected. An important goal of prevention research is to identify successful initiatives that can be replicated and disseminated in the field. The purpose of the current case study is to document the implementation process of a middle school-based dating violence prevention curriculum in economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. Particular attention is given to the school context, such as the process of school and teacher recruitment, the program model, and classroom implementation of the dating violence prevention program in four areas: teacher training, student outcomes, program fidelity, and student engagement. Nine health and physical education teachers from six urban middle schools participated. Results describe effective strategies to secure school participation and engagement, and provide evidence regarding methods to train health and physical education teachers in low-income, urban neighborhoods. Furthermore, classroom observations demonstrate that teachers successfully implemented the five-lesson curriculum, which resulted in positive student outcomes to prevent dating violence. This case study represents an important step in deepening our understanding of the mechanisms of program delivery.
With or without you: Connected viewing and co-viewing Twitter activity for traditional appointment and asynchronous broadcast television models

Social networking services like Twitter have changed the way people engage with traditional broadcast media. But how social is “second screen” activity? The purpose of this study is to determine if patterns of connected viewing (augmenting television consumption with a second screen) and co-viewing (watching television together) are different for traditionally broadcast, “appointment” television shows versus streaming, asynchronous television releases. This study explores this phenomena of “co-connected viewing” — a combination of connected and co-viewing — on Twitter for four programs that were all released within seven days of each other: Parks and Recreation, Downton Abbey, House of Cards , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . Complete datasets (over 200,000 tweets) from 72 hours’ worth of Twitter activity for four television programs, two traditional and two streaming, were collected and analyzed. In terms of co-connected viewing, the study found that despite radically different broadcast models and corresponding shapes in Twitter activity, the ratios of social to non-social tweets were nearly identical. Additionally, the study found that the asynchronous, streaming Netflix shows saw more engagement from active Twitter users. Finally, implications are discussed for viewers, fans, advertisers, and the television industry, as well as directions for future research.
Increased Morphological Diversity of Microglia in the Activated Hypothalamic Supraoptic Nucleus

Microglia are the immune cells of the CNS. In the normal adult mammalian brain, the majority of these cells is quiescent and exhibits a ramified morphology. Microglia are perhaps best known for their swift transformation to an activated ameboid morphology in response to pathological insults. Here we have observed the responsiveness of these cells to events surrounding the normal activation of neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON), a well studied model of structural plasticity in the CNS. Neurons in the SON were activated by substituting 2% saline for drinking water. Brain sections were collected from four experimental groups [controls (C), 2 d-dehydrated (2D), 7 d-dehydrated (D7), and 7 d-dehydrated/21 d-rehydrated animals (R21)] and stained with Isolectin-B4-HRP to visualize microglial cells. Based on morphological criteria, we quantified ramified, hypertrophied, and ameboid microglia using unbiased stereological techniques. Statistical analyses showed significant increases in the number of hypertrophied microglia in the D2 and D7 groups. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the number of ameboid microglia in the D7 group. No changes were seen across conditions in the number of ramified cells, nor did we observe any significant phenotypic changes in a control area of the cingulate gyrus. Hence, increased morphological diversity of microglia was found specifically in the SON and was reversible with the cessation of stimulation. These results indicate that phenotypic plasticity of microglia may be a feature of the normal structural remodeling that accompanies neuronal activation in addition to the activation that accompanies brain pathology.
OPERATIVE PROCEDURES FOR CHILDREN.

Since deciduous teeth differ from perma­ nent teeth anatomically and histologically, cavity design must be modified for chil­ dren. Studies on stress in connection with the silver amalgam restoration have indi­ cated that a wide occlusal isthmus and rounded pulpal wall, line angles and buccoaxial and linguoaxial retention grooves in the proximal box are desirable. In the Class I I cavity form for deciduous molars, such a preparation may be accomplished easily and quickly with pear-shaped burs, often using only one bur. Dentists are urged to use high-speed equipment, rub­ ber dam, water spray and vacuum suction machine when treating children.
Low gradient "severe" aortic stenosis with preserved left ventricular ojection fraction

In developed nations, aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease presentation, and its prevalence is increasing due to aging populations. Accurate diagnosis of the disease process and determination of its severity are essential in clinical decision-making. Although current guidelines recommend measuring transvalvular gradients, maximal velocity, and aortic valve area in determining the disease severity, inconsistent grading of disease severity remains a common problem in clinical practice. Recent studies suggest that patients with paradoxical low-flow and/or low-gradient, severe AS are at a more advanced stage of the disease process and have a poorer prognosis. This mode of presentation may lead to an undervaluation of symptoms and inappropriate delay of AVR. Therefore, this challenging clinical situation should be carefully assessed in particular in symptomatic patients and clinical decisions should be tailored individually.
Tobacco nitrosamines as culprits in disease: mechanisms reviewed

The link between tobacco abuse and cancer is well-established. However, emerging data indicate that toxins in tobacco smoke cause cellular injury due to enhanced toxic/metabolic effects of metabolites, disruption of intracellular signaling mechanisms, and formation of DNA, protein, and lipid adducts that impair function and promote oxidative stress and inflammation. These effects of smoking, which are largely non-carcinogenic, can be produced by tobacco-specific nitrosamines and their metabolites. These factors could account for the increased rates of neurodegeneration and insulin resistance diseases among smokers. Herein, we review nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolism, mechanisms of adduct formation, DNA damage, mutagenesis, and potential mechanisms of disease.
A Review of “Team Turnarounds: A Playbook for Transforming Underperforming Teams.”

In Team Turnarounds: A Playbook for Transforming Underperforming Teams, Frontiera and Leidl present their six-stage turnaround model designed to help individuals in a position of influence in sport...
Neutron Scattering from a Ferrofluid

Small angle neutron scattering experiments were performed on a eicosane-based ferrofluid. An average size of 88 {angstrom} can be extracted from the data, in agreement with results from electron microscopy. Below the frozen temperature of eicosane, however, the particles are seen to be in larger aggregates with a fractal dimension of 2.15, similar to those formed under reaction-limited cluster aggregation (RLCA) conditions. At high concentrations, particles form larger aggregates even in the liquid state. Applying a magnetic field introduces new structure and changes the density inside the aggregates.
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF TWO LAYER COASTAL CIRCULATION

A set of "averaged partial differential equations for the circulation in a two layered coastal water is established by assuming each layer to be vertically homogeneous and by performing a vertical integration over the layer thicknesses. Since the phenomena to be investigated typically consist of long waves such as a tidal wave, the hydrostatic pressure assumption is also introduced. The finite element method is employed to transform the partial differential equations to a discrete system of ordinary differential equations which are solved using an implicit time stepping method similar to the trapezoidal rule, but with the variables (elevation and flows) staggered in time. A linear stability analysis shows the initial value problem to be unconditionally stable. In practice, instability due to boundary conditions and non-linearity sets in. Comparisons between computed and analytical solutions for simple cases give good agreement. The tidal excitation of Massachusetts Bay, represented as a rectangular basin with opening on one side is presented as an illustrative example.
Aster-Yellows Virus Infection and Transmission by Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål) with Reference to Lettuce-Yellows Prevention

Transmission studies with the eastern strain of the aster-yellows virus, Chlorogenus callistephi vulgaris Holmes, showed that after 18 days’ incubation of the virus in six-spotted leafhoppers, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), no differences were found in infectivity of viruliferous leathoppers with infection feeding periods of 3, 6, and 10 days on China aster, Callistephus chinensis . With 18 days virus incubation, two viruliferous insects per plant were as successful as larger numbers in inoculation of all healthy plants. Infective insects resting on plants for 10 minutes transmitted virus almost as readily as those caged on plants for 6 hours, but the percentage of infection was considerably higher for insects caged on plants for 24 hours. Most infective leafhoppers inoculated only one plant per 24-hour period of individual confinement to groups of plants. After becoming infective, 70 to 78% of viruliferous leafhoppers inoculated all plants on which they were confined individually for 12 to 48 hours in serial transfers. Such consistent infection was not obtained with 1-hour confinement periods. Five commonly grown varieties of lettuce and one variety of China aster were equally susceptible to aster-yellows virus infection under experimental conditions existing.