cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology of Progression of Geographic Atrophy; The Beaver Dam Eye Study

● PURPOSE: To examine the change in size and location of pure geographic atrophy (GA). ● DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. ● METHODS: Ninety-five persons with GA either at baseline or at the one of the three five-year follow-up examinations, or both, were identified. Using computerassisted software, the lesion area and greatest linear dimension (GLD) were calculated. Thirty-two persons (53 multiple eye-visit pairs) were seen at multiple visits five years apart with GA in the same eye to evaluate changes in total area and GLD. ● RESULTS: At the first occasion when pure GA was identified (n 95), 45% had a single GA lesion, 18% had multifocal GA lesions, and 37% had a merged GA lesion. Of 53 eyes with multiple visits, the overall increase in atrophy was 6.4 mm 2 over a five-year period. The atrophy progressed to involve the foveal center in 47% of 19 eyes, and there was a mean decrease of 17 letters read correctly. Eyes with multifocal GA were most likely to have the area of atrophy increase (mean, 12 mm 2 ), to have atrophy progress to the foveal center
Neural systems that encode categorical versus coordinate spatial relations: PET investigations

Participants received three sets of trials while regional cerebral blood flow was assessed using positron emission tomography (PET). In one set, the baseline, they responded when they detected a horizontal bar with an × either above or below it. In another set, the categorical spatial relations judgment condition, they decided whether the × was above or below the bar. In the third set, the coordinate spatial relations judgment condition, they decided whether the × was within 0.5 in. of the bar. In Experiment 1, the precise locations of the bars and × marks were varied, which required participants to focus attention selectively. Consistent with previous behavioral and neuropsychological findings, the left hemisphere was generally more activated during the categorical judgment task than during the coordinate judgment task, whereas the right hemisphere was generally more activated during the coordinate judgment task. In addition, these apparently simple tasks drew on large and different networks of areas. Experiment 2 was the same as Experiment 1 except that the stimuli were always in the same position and were presented very briefly. Three areas in the right parietal lobe were activated more by the coordinate task than by the categorical task in both experiments. In contrast, in neither experiment were any common areas activated more by the categorical task than by the coordinate task.
Revitalized American National Government Course

The Revitalized American National Government (POLS 2010) course was funded to be taught at Austin Peay State University in the fall of 2011. The objective of the course was to effectively engage and retain students by reducing the DFW rate by at least 15%. Although the revitalized course did not mean the threshold, it reduced the DFW rate by 9%, which would seem to suggest that continued engagement of students can be attained when they are stimulated by the course content through simulation, discussions, debates, group and cooperative activities.
Macrophage spreading in vitro: II. Manganese and other metals as inducers or as co-factors for induced spreading☆

Abstract The cation requirement for the spreading of macrophages on glass and in simple media was examined. Several divalents allowed spreading induced by glass-bound immune-complexes. Their rank was Mn⇋Co > Ni, Zn > Cd > Mg > Fe in bicarbonate-buffered saline (SBK). Concentrations of Mn of 3μM allowed for extensive spreading in SBK while 10 μM were required for full spreading in Tris- or imidazole-buffered saline. Similar concentrations of Mn permitted spreading induced by dithiothreitol. Ca 2+ , Al 3+ or Th 4+ , among other metals, were ineffective in immune-complex triggered spreading. Spreading in the presence of Mg was inhibited by EDTA but not by EGTA, giving further support for lack of a Ca requirement. At higher concentrations, Mn and several other metals induced macrophage spreading in the absence of other inducers. Features of the spreading promoted by 1 mM Mn were similar to those previously found for other inducers [23], and cells induced to spread by Mn were fully capable of phagocytosis. The specificity and the low concentrations needed for co-factor activity are incompatible with a charge reduction role of divalent cations and are consistent with a metal activated enzymatic reaction step. The similarity between macrophage spreading and cell to substrate adhesion in regard to Mg requirements and other features, suggests that cell ‘adhesion’, as usually measured, may be dependent on the extent of cell spreading.
Dietary Fiber for Children: How Much?

Background. Dietary fiber intakes of most American children are lower than current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. Intakes of vegetarian children come closer to these levels. Results. We summarize dietary fiber recommendations for children based on existing evidence. The general public needs guidance on appropriate fiber intake levels for children and adolescents. It is important to ensure that energy intakes are adequate by monitoring child weight, growth, and size, especially when fiber intakes are very high. At levels of "age plus 5 g" there seem to be few problems. Conclusions. Age plus 5 g is a reasonable recommendation and is easier to remember than others by weight or energy level, although it never exceeds them. Age plus 15 g is clearly excessive; there is less evidence about ill effects arising with age plus 10 g. Delivery of dietary fiber in food rather than by supplements is suggested to ensure intakes of other nutrients and to avoid medicalizing dietary intake. In addition to dietary fiber recommendations for the general population of healthy children, individualized recommendations may be necessary for some high-risk groups. Practical steps to increase child fiber intakes from food sources are provided. The article concludes with suggestions for further research. Age plus 5 g is a reasonable minimum recommendation for dietary fiber intakes for children older than 3 years of age.
Network–Related Performance Issues and Techniques for MPPs

In this paper we review network related performance issues for current massively parallel processors (MPPs) in the context of some important basic operations in scientific and engineering computation. The communication system is one of the most performance critical architectural components of MPPs. In particular, understanding the demand posed by collective communication is critical in architectural design and system software implementation. We discuss collective communication and some implementation techniques therefore on electronic networks. Finally, we give an example of a novel general routing technique that exhibits good scalability, efficiency and simplicity in electronic networks.
Building International Sustainable Partnerships in Occupational Therapy: A Case Study

Occupational therapy practitioners frequently identify opportunities for international practice. The World Health Organization and the World Federation of Occupational Therapists have encouraged occupational therapists to address transnational issues, social inclusion, and equal access to opportunities grounded in meaningful occupation (WFOT, 2012). This case study describes a partnership between two U.S. schools of occupational therapy and a Cuban community based pediatric clinic. It examines the dynamics that have sustained the partnership despite political, economic, and logistical barriers. The literature is scrutinized to show how this case study fits into other accounts of collaborative international partnerships. Particularly, it investigates structural and institutional conditions that shape international sustainable partnerships. In doing so, we answer the following questions: (1) Under which circumstances do international partnerships emerge and flourish? (2) What structural and institutional conditions shape international sustainable partnerships? And (3) How do partners perceive and experience the bilateral international partnership? It also discusses and illustrates the foundations and development of international partnerships that succeed. Through the use of a case study we illustrate the development of this partnership. Finally, we consider the next steps of this particular sustainable and collaborative international partnership.
Preparing for the long tail of teaching and learning tools

In this paper we apply the concept of "the long tail" (Anderson, 2006) to teaching and learning tools to discuss how the limitations of current Learning Management Systems (LMS) can be overcome to allow instructors to customize the technology they use to support their own classroom practices. Learning tools in the long tail are those that are widely used by a subset of instructors - tools specific to large courses or tools specific to a particular field, and tools that are only used in a few courses or a single course. Using several examples from courses taught on our campus, we show how to put extensibility in the hands of the instructors to create knowledge-age learning technologies that are customizable, interactive and controlled by users.
Conspiracy Theories are for Losers

What drives conspiracy theorizing in the United States? Conspiracy theories can undermine the legitimacy and efficacy of government policy, and sometimes lead to violence. Unfortunately prior studies on the topic have been anecdotal and impressionistic. For purchase on this problem, we attempt the first systematic data collection of conspiracy theories at the mass and elite levels by examining published letters to the editor of the New York Times from 1897 to 2010 and a validating sample from the Chicago Tribune. We argue that perceived power asymmetries, indicated by international and domestic conflicts, influence when and why conspiracy theories resonate in the U.S. On this reasoning, conspiracy theories conform to a strategic logic that helps vulnerable groups manage threats. Further, we find that both sides of the domestic partisan divide partake in conspiracy theorizing equally, though in an alternating pattern, and foreign conspiracy theories crowd out domestic conspiracy theories during heightened foreign threat.
The clinical implications of integrating additional prognostic factors into the TNM

Background and Objectives The management of solid tumors is governed by host and tumor factors that traditionally have incorporated TNM staging with additional pathologic, biologic, and clinical host factors. Beyond the anatomic-based TNM, increasingly new prognostic and predictive factors are being discovered that have important survival and treatment implications. However, because the TNM is based on a “bin” model, additional prognostic factors would rapidly overwhelm the current system. This communication demonstrates the clinical implications and improved patient prognosis derived from a new algorithmic model based on clustering analysis. Methods A new algorithm is described that integrates additional factors into the TNM and calculates survival. Results The results indicate that additional factors can be integrated into the TNM staging system providing additional patient stratification without changing the TNM definitions. Adding prognostic factors to traditional TNM staging increases substratification of given stages and identifies and separates favorable and unfavorable clinical outcomes for specific TNM stages. Conclusion Integration of additional prognostic factors into the TNM by a clustering algorithm can change the stratification of patient outcome. This may guide the clinician to select a more rational management program based on the additional factors and improve cohort selection for clinical trials. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:391–394. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved Non-Pt Alloys for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Fuel Cell Cathodes Predicted from Quantum Mechanics

Based on studies on Pt_3Co and Pt_3Ni, we developed the hypothesis that improved alloy catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at fuel cell cathodes should have a surface layer that is noble (e.g., Pt, Pd, or Rh) while the second layer should have ~50% electropositive metal to decrease the critical barriers for ORR, and we used quantum mechanics (QM) to examine 80 binary alloys of composition Y_3X, where Y = Pt, Pd, Rh, and X is any of the three rows of transition metals (columns 3−11). This study identified that for Pd_3X, good segregating alloys include X = Re (best), W, Os, Mo, Ru, Ir, Tc, Rh, Co, Ta, Nb, and Ni. Of these we selected Pd_3W as particularly promising since it is known experimentally to form an ordered alloy and was found to have a desirable d-band center. We then examined the critical barriers for various steps of the ORR with Pd_3W and compared them to the analogous barriers for Pt, Pt_3Co, and Pd. These results suggest that Pd_3W will exhibit ORR properties dramatically improved over pure Pd and close to that of pure Pt. The cost of Pd_3W is ~6 times less than pure Pt, suggesting that Pd_3W catalysts might lead to significant decreases in catalyst cost, while maintaining performance.
Locomotor hyperactivity in neonatal rats following electrolytic lesions of mesocortical dopamine neurons.

Abstract These experiments examined the effects on locomotor activity of brain lesions that destroyed either mesocortical or nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neuronal projections in neonatal rats. Electrolytic lesions of the medial ventral tegmental area in 4-day-old rats reduced the content of DA within the frontal cortex and septum by 42–57% and resulted in a 2-fold increase in locomotor activity during days 22–24 of life. In contrast, bilateral electrolytic lesions of the substantia nigra in 4-day-old rats reduced the content of DA within the caudate putamen by 68%, but failed to alter locomotor activity during days 22–24 of life. These results suggest that loss of mesocortical DA neurons may underlie the locomotor hyperactivity seen following brain DA-depleting 6-hydroxydopamine injections in neonatal rats and that these mesocortical DA neurons may normally influence the ontogeny of locomotion in the rat.
Development of colorimetric analytical methods to monitor quaternary amine grafted surfaces

Quick and simple colorimetric analytical techniques were developed to monitor functionalization of surfaces with quaternary amine bearing polymers as complementary qualitative tests to the traditionally used antimicrobial test protocols. First, an established antimicrobial quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) was chosen as a probe compound and an acrylol functional group was introduced (acrylol-QAS) to facilitate its polymerization with acrylic monomers. Surface graft polymerization was carried out with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylol-QAS on cotton fabric surface. The success of graft polymerization, durability after repetitive aqueous extraction, and the effect of crosslinking agents on the durability and extent of polymerization were tested with a fluorescein spot and a bromophenol solution test. The results of these colorimetric analytical methods were in perfect agreement with those of antimicrobial tests, XPS, and SEM analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A New Strictly Alternating Comblike Amphiphilic Polymer Based on PEG. 1. Synthesis and Associative Behavior of a Low Molecular Weight Sample

We describe the synthesis and associative behavior in water of a strictly alternating comblike amphiphilic polymer based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The polymer has a strictly alternating sequence of PEG blocks (M w = 8000) of low polydispersity and hydrophobic 18 carbon-atom alkyl pendent chains. Three copolymers with M w = 28 000, 68 000, and 113 000 were prepared. The associative behavior of the polymer of molecular weight 28 000 (on average about 3 PEG-C18 sequences per chain) in water was studied by static and dynamic light scattering, spectrofluorimetry, and viscosity measurements. The behavior resembles that of hydrophobically end capped (i.e., telechelic) PEO. Flowerlike micelles, each containing approximately 14 hydrophobes, are formed by the association of about four to five polymer chains.
Mary Ritter Beard and Marion Thompson Wright: Shaping Inclusive Social Education

Abstract This article examines the contributions of Mary Ritter Beard and Marion Thompson Wright to inclusive curriculum in social education. Beard established the field of women's history through her writing and public addresses. Wright promoted the application of Black history in the schools through her work as a teacher educator and scholar with the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. Wright also was involved in the struggle to end segregation of the nation's schools. Both women's contributions suggest the broad perspective which has characterized social education from its inception, more apparent when the focus moves beyond the organizational establishment of the field and the creation of the National Council for the Social Studies.
Theory of Mind Experience Sampling in Typical Adults

We explored the frequency with which typical adults make Theory of Mind (ToM) attributions, and under what circumstances these attributions occur. We used an experience sampling method to query 30 typical adults about their everyday thoughts. Participants carried a Personal Data Assistant (PDA) that prompted them to categorize their thoughts as Action, Mental State, or Miscellaneous at approximately 30 pseudo-random times during a continuous 10-h period. Additionally, participants noted the direction of their thought (self versus other) and degree of socializing (with people versus alone) at the time of inquiry. We were interested in the relative frequency of ToM (mental state attributions) and how prominent they were in immediate social exchanges. Analyses of multiple choice answers suggest that typical adults: (1) spend more time thinking about actions than mental states and miscellaneous things, (2) exhibit a higher degree of own- versus other-directed thought when alone, and (3) make mental state attributions more frequently when not interacting (offline) than while interacting with others (online). A significant 3-way interaction between thought type, direction of thought, and socializing emerged because action but not mental state thoughts about others occurred more frequently when participants were interacting with people versus when alone; whereas there was an increase in the frequency of both action and mental state attributions about the self when participants were alone as opposed to socializing. A secondary analysis of coded free text responses supports findings 1–3. The results of this study help to create a more naturalistic picture of ToM use in everyday life and the method shows promise for future study of typical and atypical thought processes.
Guest Editorial for the Special Issue on Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles

It is a great privilege to bring to you two special issues in Volume 56, covering the state-of-the art research in the area of Autonomous Vehicles. The increased interest in this area during the past decade has led to the development of several unmanned systems for applications from surveillance to space exploration to environmental monitoring. The two issues highlight the recent developments in this exciting area and the challenges to the realization of high-confidence unmanned systems for realworld operations. The coordination and planning of autonomous vehicles are presented in Issue 1. Zou and Pagilla demonstrate the control of multiple mobile robots using distributed constraint force. Moore and Passino develop a rigorous algorithm to enable a group of autonomous vehicles to effectively patrol an environment significantly larger than their communication and sensing radii. Derenick, Spletzer, and Hsieh provide an optimal approach to guaranteed performance during collaborative target tracking. Path planning using Information Roadmaps is presented by Zhang, Ferrari, and Qian. Schuresko and Cortes explore the motion constraints for algebraic connectivity in mobile robot teams. The control of autonomous vehicles is addressed in Issue 2. Adaptive backstepping approach to handle nonlinear aspects of the aircraft dynamics (Das, Lewis, and Subbarao), neural networks based control of robot formations (Dierks and Jagannathan), and control of systems with rigidly mounted sensors (Kim, Zhang,
The use of unrelated bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Abstract Although marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice for chronic myelogenous leukemia, its full application is limited by donor availability. It now appears that the use of volunteer unrelated donors wil be feasible and efficacious, albeit with a higher likelihood of complications. Thus, marrow grafting from unrelated donors should be considered in most instances where transplantation from a matched sibling would be contemplated.
The seminal contributions of Samuel Fenwick (1821-1902) to our understanding of anorexia nervosa : an historical essay

Equal credit is generally given to Sir William Gull and Charles Lasegue for their germinative reports on anorexia nervosa. Little has ever been published about the contributions of their contemporaries to our understanding of this disease. One of them, Samuel Fenwick (1821–1902), of London, probably published the most lengthy description of this illness in the 19th century. Some of his remarks are contained herein. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New rapid technique for counting microorganisms directly on membrane filters.

The proposed technique is a modification of classical procedures for counting microorganisms directly on membrane filters. The technique consists of clearing the filter with immersion oil, paraffin oil or cedar oil prior to staining with crystal violet, carbol fuchsin or malachite green. Millipore filters (0.1 μm pore size, VC type) were found to be superior to other filters with regard to the contrast between microorganisms and filter surface.
Identification of a cytokine-induced repressor of interleukin-1 stimulated expression of stromelysin 1 (MMP-3)

Stromelysin 1 (MMP-3) is a matrix metalloproteinase with broad substrate specificity that has been linked to joint and tissue destruction associated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Transcription of the stromelysin gene is induced by inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor as well as a number of other cytokines and mitogens, but the exact mechanisms involved in its regulation are not fully understood. To identify transcription factors and cis elements potentially involved in the IL-1 induction of stromelysin, the human stromelysin 5′-flanking region was screened by electrophoretic mobility shift assay for IL-1-induced DNA-binding complexes in human synovial and gingival fibroblasts. Here we report the identification of such a complex binding to the region −1614 to −1595 (5′-G(T)TTTTTCCCCCCATCAAAG-3′) termed the stromelysin IL-1 responsive element site. Binding to this site is also induced by tumor necrosis factor but not by platelet-derived growth factor or interleukin 4. UV cross-linking demonstrates that there are at least two DNA-binding proteins involved, of approximately 48 and 52 kDa. Transient transfection experiments in human foreskin fibroblasts demonstrate that proteins binding to this site act as a repressor of IL-1-induced expression of the stromelysin gene.
Multidimensional Scaling in Counseling Research and Practice

The authors briefly describe the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS) in counseling. They discuss types of data that have been analyzed using MDS, kinds of MDS analyses, and the interpretation of MDS results and review MDS research relevant to vocational, family, group, and individual counseling. They also briefly discuss potential applications in counseling practice.
The Catacombs and the Debate between the Flesh and the Spirit

(1994). The Catacombs and the Debate between the Flesh and the Spirit. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 181-192.
Computer science is a new engineering discipline

Hartmanis calls computer science “a new species among the sciences,” whose science and engineering aspects are particularly close. I have argued that it would be more accurate to call computer science a new species of engineering [Loui 1987]. Let me summarize the argument. The goal of engineering is the production of useful things, economically, for the benefit of society. These things include artifacts such as steel bridges, electronic circuits, automobile engines, and jet aircraft. Engineers also design manufacturing and chemical processes. A process is similar to a computational algorithm, which is a method for processing information. (Whether a process or an algorithm is patentable is a legalistic matter,) Like traditional engineering disciplines, computer science is concerned with producing useful things such as microprocessors, software, and databases. Furthermore, economic constraints require engineers to seek efficient solutions to technical problems in the design and manufacture of products. An emphasis on efficiency is also a distinguishing characteristic of computer science. Unlike other creative arts, engineering disciplines have a scientific basis—the engineering sciences: statics, dynamics, mechanics of solids, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and so on. Since World War II, all engineering disciplines have matured by incorporating their scientific foundations. The scientific fundamentals of computer science include Boolean algebra, computability theory, and automata and formal languages. The fundamental concepts and principles of computer science are rooted not in the physical phenomena of force, heat, and electricity, but in mathematics. Computer science is therefore a new kind of engineering. I agree with Hartmanis that attempts to distinguish computer science from computer engineering are futile. One conventional view—espoused by computer engineers-is that computer science comprises only theory and computer engineering comprises everything else. But excluding theory of computation from computer engineering would be as inconceivable as excluding circuit theory, linear system theory, communication theory, control theory, electromagnetic theory, and semiconductor theory from modern electrical engineering. A fortiori, the role of automata theory in computer science is analogous to the role of linear system theory in electrical engineering: the theories provide effective models for the design, analysis, and understanding of programs and circuits.
High-Temperature Operation of 50 A (1600 A/cm2), 600 V 4H-SiC Vertical-Channel JFETs for High-Power Applications

In this work we have demonstrated the high-temperature operations of 600 V/50 A 4HSiC vertical-channel junction field-effect transistors (VJFETs) with an active area of 3 mm2. Specific-on resistance (RONSP) in the linear region of a single die is less than 2.6 mW.cm2 while the drain-source current is over 50 A under a gate bias (VGS) of 3 V. A reverse blocking gain of 54 is obtained at gate bias ranging from -13 V to -23 V and drain-source leakage current (IRDS) of 200 μA. To demonstrate the use of SiC VJFETs for high-power applications, eight 3 mm2 SiC VJFETs are bonded in a high current 600-V module. RONSP in the linear region of these eight-paralleled SiC VJFETs is 2.8 mW.cm2 at room temperature and increased to 5.35 mW.cm2 at an ambient temperature of 175 °C in air, corresponding to a shift of 0.61%/°C from room temperature to 175 °C. Meanwhile, the forward current is over 360 A at room temperature and reduces to 188 A at 175 °C at drain-source bias (VDS) of 5.25 V and VGS of 3 V.
Collapse of Arteries Subjected to an External Band of Pressure

Collapse of arteries subjected to a band of hydrostatic pressure of finite length is analyzed. The vessel is treated as a long, thin, linearly elastic, orthotropic cylindrical shell, homogeneous in composition, and with negligible radial stresses. Blood in the vessel is treated as a Newtonian fluid and the Reynolds number is of order 1. Results are obtained for effects of the following factors on arterial collapse: intraluminal pressure, length of the pressure band, elastic properties of the vessel, initial stress both longitudinally and circumferentially, blood flow Reynolds number, compressibility, and wall thickness to radius ratio. It is found that the predominant parameter influencing vessel collapse for the intermediate range of vessel size and blood flow Reynolds numbers studied is the preconstricted intraluminal pressure. For pressure bands less than about 10 vessel radii the collapse pressure increases sharply with increasing intraluminal pressure. Initial axial prestress is found to be highly stabilizing for small band lengths. The effects of fluid flow are found to be small for pressure bands of less than 100 vessel radii. No dramatic orthotropic vessel behavior is apparent. The analysis shows that any reduction in intraluminal pressure, such as that produced by an upstream obstruction, will significantly lower the required collapse pressure. Medical implications of this analysis to Legg-Perthes disease are discussed.
Replication of biotinylated human immunodeficiency viruses.

Abstract Previous work demonstrated recently the adaptation of the Escherichia coli biotin ligase BirA – biotin acceptor sequence (BAS) labeling system to produce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viruses with biotinylated integrase (NLXINB) and matrix (NLXMAB) proteins ( Belshan et al., 2009 ). This report describes the construction of an HIV permissive cell line stably expressing BirA (SupT1.BirA). Consistent with the results in the previous report, NLXMAB replicated similar to wild-type levels and expressed biotinylated Gag and MA proteins in the SupT1.BirA cells, whereas the replication of NLXINB was reduced severely. Three additional HIV type 2 (HIV-2) viruses were constructed with the BAS inserted into the vpx and vpr accessory genes. Two BAS insertions were made into the C-terminal half of the Vpx, including one internal insertion, and one at the N-terminus of Vpr. All three viruses were replication competent in the SupT1.BirA cells and their target proteins biotinylated efficiently and incorporated into virions. These results demonstrate the potential utility of the biotinylation system to label and capture HIV protein complexes in the context of replicating virus.
Failure analysis of a redundant reeving hoist

An analysis is presented of reeving arrangement suitable for the hoisting of critical materials requiring fail-safe criteria. The system consists of two independent wire ropes symmetrically threaded through the crown and lower blocks and reeved by a single take-up drum. The analysis provides for the load in each line of the wire rope remaining after failure of one rope occurs. The motion of the lower block and load are also provided for the variety of failure conditions considered. The analysis is useful to predict the effect of various design parameters on the integrity of system in the event of a single component failure.
A survey of the present status of red squill as a rodenticide.

Abstract By making use of a modified voluntary ingestion procedure, the dosage‐mortality curves for both male and female rats were determined for 4 red squill standards of widely varying potency. The ratio of the LD 50 's for males to the LD 50 's for females was found to be a constant and the slopes of the male and female curves were in each case found to be parallel. It should, therefore, be possible for a bioassayist to determine this constant for his strain of rats, incorporate it in an adjusted dosage schedule and thereafter use both sexes in his squill assays.
Vibrational energies and wavefunctions of high energy localized and floppy states of non-rotating HO2

Abstract I report vibrational energies of non-rotating HO2 for even and odd parity states up to 17027 cm−1 using the dressed-state truncation/recoupling method [J.M. Bowman and B. Gazdy, J. Chem. Phys. 94 (1991) 454]. The potential surface used in the double many-body expansion one of Varandas and Brandao, for which the isomerization barrier height is 12039 cm−1. Based on the behavior of the odd—even energy splittings as a function of vibrational energy, evidence is presented that the ground state adiabiatic barrier height is the meaningful quantity determining the threshold energy for isomerization. Localized states, i.e. those with very small splittings, are found at energies greatly in excess of the ground-state adiabatic barrier height.
Better narrow beam profiles by exposing a stack of radiochromic films and averaging the readings

Radiochromic film, with its high spatial resolution and tissue-equivalence would be excellent for obtaining crossbeam profiles of narrow radiosurgery beams, if it were not for its nonuniformity. We show that this can be largely overcome by exposing a stack of three films to a beam, reading each film separately, registering the films, and averaging the readings from all three films at each point. In this way, two-dimensional dose distributions for a 10 mm diameter (full width at half-maximum at isocenter) beam as well as the central square centimeter of a large (10 cm×10 cm beam were obtained. The effects of averaging three films in a stack are also compared to the results of averaging three readings of the same film. For the films uniformly irradiated in the center of the large field, the average, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values of the dose were obtained. These statistics show that the dose distribution obtained by averaging three scans of the same film is better than the distribution from one scan, and the distribution from averaging three films in a stack is even better. A distribution was judged to be better if the average dose was closer to the actual dose, the standard deviation was smaller, and the minimum and maximum were closer together.
Linear theory of the helical magnetron-type peniotron

Summary form only given. The linear dispersion of the peniotron in the helical magnetron circuit will be solved calculating perturbation terms in the linearized Maxwell-Vlasov equations. An axis-encircling beam is used under the strong axial magnetic field. The electron distribution function is expanded. We are interested in the fast wave solution of the Maxwell equations. The axial component of the curl equations, must be solved and its complex solutions are found in the interaction region of beam and wave where. The corresponding solutions between the vane and conducting walls are accordingly calculated. The dispersion of beam-wave interaction is obtained by solving the Maxwell-Vlasov equations. The gain and bandwidth will be calculated near 35 GHz.
A Mammalian Homolog of Fission Yeast Cdc5 Regulates G2 Progression and Mitotic Entry

Progression through G2/M of the mammalian cell division cycle requires the coordinated expression of many gene products, but little is known of the transcriptional regulators involved. Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc5 is a putative transcription factor implicated in G2/M transit. We recently identified a cDNA encoding a putative human transcription factor, now designated human Cdc5 (hCdc5), with homology to S. pombeCdc5. Widespread expression of hCdc5 in human tissues and homology with expressed sequences in other eukaryotes suggested an evolutionarily conserved general function. Nuclear import of hCdc5 upon serum stimulation of mammalian cells suggested a possible role in cell proliferation. We now report that overexpression of hCdc5 in mammalian cells shortened G2 and reduced cell size. A dominant negative mutant of hCdc5 lacking the carboxyl-terminal activation domain slowed G2 progression and delayed entry into mitosis. Thus, hCdc5 is the first transcriptional regulator shown to affect G2 progression and mitotic entry in mammalian cells.
Pheromone-inducible conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis: A model for the evolution of biological complexity?

Pheromone-inducible transfer of the plasmid pCF10 in Enterococcus faecalis is regulated using a complicated network of proteins and RNAs. The plasmid itself has been assembled from parts garnered from a variety of sources, and many aspects of the system resemble a biological kluge. Recently several new functions of various pCF10 gene products that participate in regulation of plasmid transfer have been identified. The results indicate that selective pressures controlling the evolution of the plasmid have produced a highly complex regulatory network with multiple biological functions that may serve well as a model for the evolution of biological complexity.
Curare binding and the curare-induced subconductance state of the acetylcholine receptor channel

The curare-induced subconductance state of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of mouse skeletal muscle was examined using the patch-clamp technique. Two mechanisms for the generation of subconductance states were considered. One of these mechanisms entails allosteric induction of a distinct channel conformation through the binding of curare to the agonist binding site. The other mechanism entails the binding of curare to a different site on the protein. Occupation of this site would then limit the flow of ions through the channel. The voltage dependence and concentration dependence of subconductance state kinetics are consistent with curare binding to a site within the channel. The first order rate constant for binding is 1.2 X 10(6) M-1s-1 at 0 mV, and increases e-fold per 118 mV of membrane hyperpolarization. The rate of curare dissociation from this site is 1.9 X 10(2)s-1 at 0 mV, and decreases e-fold per 95 mV hyperpolarization. The equilibrium constant is 1.4 X 10(-4) M at 0 mV, and decreases e-fold per 55 mV hyperpolarization. This voltage dependence suggests that the fraction of the transmembrane potential traversed by curare in binding to this site is 0.46 or 0.23, depending on whether one assumes that one or both charges of curare sense the electric field. Successive reduction and alkylation of the AChR agonist binding sites with dithiothreitol (DTT) and N-ethyl maleimide (NEM), a treatment which results in the loss of responsiveness of the AChR to agonists, produced no change in curare-induced subconductance events, despite the fact that after this treatment most of the channel openings occurred spontaneously. Mixtures of high concentrations of carbamylcholine (CCh) with a low concentration of curare, which produce channel openings gated predominantly by CCH, resulted in subconductance state kinetics similar to those seen in curare alone at the same concentration. Thus displacement by CCh of curare from the agonist binding sites does not prevent curare from inducing subconductances. The results presented here support the hypothesis that curare induces subconductance states by binding to a site on the receptor other than the agonist binding sites, possibly within the channel pore. It is the occupation of this site by curare that limits the flow of ions through an otherwise fully opened channel.
Complex Formation and Carcinogenicity of Aromatic Compounds

SEVERAL crystalline complexes of aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds with 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid (TMU) have been prepared1,2. These and similar complexes are of interest because of the possibility that in vivo complex formation between carcinogens and nucleic acids or their precursors may play a part in chemical carcinogenesis. This possibility has been explored also in investigations of the binding of aromatic hydrocarbons to nucleic acids3,4.
Adjusting light-trap Samples of the Southwestern Corn Borer for Age-class Bias

During 1977 in southcentral Kansas, oviposition of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, peaked 2 days before the capture of females in a standard light trap had reached its climax. Of the 6000 females captured, most had mated and held spermatophores partly or completely depleted of sperm. Mating was the primary activity on the night of adult emergence, and most females oviposited the 2nd and 3rd nights after they had emerged. About 40% of the females captured between July 15 and July 22, 1977, had mated more than once.
Does the Thought Count? Gratitude Understanding in Elementary School Students

Gratitude, although studied throughout history by scholars from diverse backgrounds, has been largely understudied in psychology until recently. The psychological literature on gratitude is expanding, but it is still particularly limited with children. The authors compared younger (first- and second-grade students; n = 30) and older (fourth- and fifth-grade students; n = 27) children on gratitude-related ratings surrounding gift giving vignettes that included either a desirable (e.g., a birthday cupcake) or an undesirable (e.g., a melted ice cream cone) gift. Empathy was also measured. Hierarchical regressions revealed different patterns of predictors for desirable and undesirable gifts. For desirable gifts, liking significantly predicted gratitude and liking predicted effort. For undesirable gifts, older children and those who perceived the target as liking the gift more predicted higher gratitude ratings. Finally, higher gratitude rating predicted both higher ratings of giver effort (i.e., intention or how hard did the giver try to give a nice gift) and liking of the undesirable gifts. More research on children's understanding of gratitude is needed but these results suggest that school-aged children take into account givers' intentions and thoughts behind gift giving in determining feelings of gratitude. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
Categories of fractions and excision in KK-theory

Using elementary ideas from the theory of categories of fractions, we construct bivariant homology/cohomology groups E(A, B) for C∗-algebras, which satisfy general excision axioms, and are equal to Kasparov's groups KK(A, B) for nuclear (or more generally K-nuclear) C∗-algebras.
The detection by SERS of resonantly excited desorption of pyridine from silver island films by IR laser absorption

Abstract We have shown that when a very thin film of pyridine about two or three monolayers thick on a silver island film is exposed to a pulsed CO 2 laser line whose frequency corresponds to that of a pyridine vibrational mode the physisorbed molecules within the pyridine film can be desorbed even at liquid He temperatures. It is interesting that this observation was first made using surface enhanced Raman scattering. Experimental results are presented from which it is concluded that the phenomenon can be described as resonantly excited desorption. The absorbed IR energy seems to be localized within the pyridine film and the silver film and thermallized to some degree causing some of the physisorbed molecules to desorb. Analysis of the SERS spectra before and after the resonantly excited desorption has enabled us to separate out the SERS spectra due to the physisorbed pyridine and the chemisorbed pyridine.
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of the New Positive Inotropic Agent Sulmazole in the Dog

Sulmazole (I) 2-[2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazo[ 4,5-b]pyridine, a new positive inotropic agent, is based on a pyridoimidazole nucleus. Sulmazole pharmacokinetics were monitored in plasma and urine by a specific, sensitive reverse-phase fully automated HPLC system with fluorimetric detection. The hydroxylated metabolite, III, was also monitored in the urine, and unusual pharmacokinetics were observed. Sulmazole disappeared and metabolite II appeared in plasma by zero-order rates for most of their time courses in the 2-15-mg/kg range with a 75% conversion to II. Pure Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetics were not applicable, and the vmax value increased with increasing dose. Pharmacokinetics of sulmazole and II at 0.7-mg/kg iv doses were characterized by a first-order two-compartment body model. Metabolite III at 0.7- and 2-mg/kg iv doses showed no dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. The unchanged drug and its major metabolite, II, were negligibly excreted renally (0.5-2%). Their renal clearance showed urine flow rate dependencies. The plasma protein bindings were: sulmazole, 40.8 +/- 1.0%; II, 54 +/- 2%; III, 43 +/- 1%, and they were concentration independent.
Fueling of naval and space reactors with U-233 produced in a fusion reactor blanket

This note estimates the minimum annual demand for fissile fuel of a system of naval reactors and the required capacity of a fusion neutron source that could supply the fuel by breeding in a thorium-containing blanket.
Increasing extraocular muscle strength with insulin-like growth factor II.

PURPOSE Botulinum toxin type A and, more recently, the immunotoxin ricin-mAb35 have been effective as means of pharmacologically weakening the extraocular muscle. However, currently there are no drug treatments to strengthen an underacting extraocular muscle. In limb muscle, treatment with insulin-like growth factor causes myofiber hypertrophy. In this study, the short-term effects of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) on extraocular muscle morphometry and force generation were examined. METHODS One superior rectus muscle in normal adult rabbits received a single injection of 10 micro g IGF-II, and the contralateral muscle received an injection of saline only. One week after injection, muscle morphology and muscle force were compared between the IGF-treated and control muscles. RESULTS In the treated muscle, there was no significant change in the mean cross-sectional area of myofibers compared with the control. However, there was an increase in the heterogeneity of myofiber cross-sectional area, with increases in both small and very large myofibers. Mean single-twitch force generation was 0.48 +/- 0.12 mN/cm(3) compared with 0.27 +/- 0.04 mN/cm(3) (P = 0.0473) in control samples. Mean tetanic force generation was increased significantly at all stimulation frequencies. Treatment had no effect on muscle fatigability. CONCLUSIONS Extraocular muscle is very responsive to direct injection of IGF-II. Although no difference was seen in mean myofiber cross-sectional area, overall there was sufficient alteration in myofiber heterogeneity to result in increased force generation. If a sustained treatment effect can be achieved with IGF-II and, potentially, other growth factors, the pharmacological treatment of strabismus could be advanced by simultaneous injection of agonist-antagonist pairs with agents that weaken and strengthen the treated extraocular muscle.
On the Effects of Two-Dimensional Reynolds Roughness in Hydrodynamic Lubrication

The hydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces is analysed with the Reynolds equation, whose application requires the roughness spacing to be large, and the roughness height to be small, compared with the thickness of the fluid film. The general two-dimensional surface roughness is considered, and results applicable to any roughness structure are obtained. It is revealed analytically that two types of term contribute to roughness effects: one depends on the shape of the autocorrelation function and the other does not. The former contribution was neglected by previous workers. The numerical computation of an example shows that these two contributions are comparable in magnitude.
On shifted convolution of half-integral weight cusp forms

In this note, we present a simple approach for bounding the shifted convolution sum involving the Fourier coefficients of half-integral weight holomorphic cusp forms and Maass cusp forms.
Relaxations of linear programming problems with first order stochastic dominance constraints

Linear stochastic programming problems with first order stochastic dominance (FSD) constraints are non-convex. For their mixed 0-1 linear programming formulation we present two convex relaxations based on second order stochastic dominance (SSD). We develop necessary and sufficient conditions for FSD, used to obtain a disjunctive programming formulation and to strengthen one of the SSD-based relaxations.