cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Journal of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics in a Turbulent World of Ever-Increasing Scientific Output

We live in a world of databases. We are flooded with information. Is it good or bad? It’s certainly a good thing that comes with challenges. It is like a cloud with a silver lining, and the latter is real bright and luminous. Any information about atoms, molecules, supramolecular assemblies is just a few clicks away, something the midand even late20th century researchers could not even dream of. For example, you can attain the sequence and properties, and in most cases the structure, of any protein in less than a minute. Moreover, physical and chemical details of atoms and molecules such as energy levels, transitions, thermodynamics, various kinds of electronic, vibrational, and magnetic resonance spectra, are easily available from multiple databases, such as the 69 Standard Reference Databases offered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. On the other hand, it’s not easy to keep pace with the fiercely mounting scientific and technology information. Reaxys reports properties of ~ 2.2 million inorganic and organometallic compounds, PubChem offers around 160 million chemical compounds, 60 million chemical structures, and 1 million biological assays [1]. Along with over 100 million DNA and protein sequences involving ~ 260,000 species that are available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information, over 115,000 macromolecular structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank, the amount of information simply becomes incomprehensible. Oftentimes we feel like we can’t see the trees because of the forest.
A 250-Mb/s Data Rate IR-UWB Transmitter Using Current-Reused Technique

This paper describes the design, simulation, implementation and testing of an impulse-radio ultra-wideband bi-phase shift keying (IR-UWB BPSK) transmitter, working in the frequency range between 3.5 and 6.5 GHz. The transmitter has been optimized to achieve the maximum distance of transmission while working within the power limits specified by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In this transmitter, the IR-UWB signal is generated by differentiating a Gaussian signal and then amplifying the differentiated signal. This is accomplished using a current-reused power amplifier circuit as both the differentiator and amplifier. A theoretical analysis is performed to obtain the relationship between the output amplitude and the data rate of the transmitted signal. The simulations and experimental results of the IR-UWB BPSK transmitter, implemented in a 180-nm CMOS process, are then presented. The transmitter was found to function at data rates up to 250 Mb/s with a maximum peak amplitude of 0.5 V. The dc energy consumption of the transmitter is 86 pJ/pulse. The energy efficiency is 26.2% for the pulsewidth of 1 ns. The experimental results show that power spectral density of the transmitter agrees with the simulated results and is within the FCC limits. The total core area of the chip is 0.22 mm2.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Can Be Used to Identify Patients at Risk for Total Knee Arthroplasty Revision and Potentially Individualize Postsurgery Follow-Up.

Abstract Background Patient-reported outcomes are increasingly used as complementary measures to clinical outcomes in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, their prognostic importance has yet to be established. We aimed to determine whether the long-term revision risk in TKA relates to pain and Knee Society Score (KSS) measures at baseline, 1, and 2 years. Methods This was a registry-based study of primary TKA procedures at a large tertiary care institution between 1995 and 2010. Patients completed pain and KSS questionnaires both preoperatively and at 1 and 2 years of follow-up. Clinical information including revision outcomes and mortality was collected and recorded by trained registry personnel. Age and gender-adjusted Cox regression models were used to assess the association between pain and KSS measures and revisions and mortality as outcomes. Results Both the 1-year and 2-year pain and KSSs were significantly associated with the risk for revisions ( P Conclusion Patient-reported outcomes in TKA have long-term prognostic importance and should be taken into account when planning frequency of aftercare of TKA patients.
Online, game-based education for melanoma recognition: A pilot study.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a game-based learning (GBL) intervention, Tapamole, in improving recognition of the features of melanoma (MM) compared to a written education intervention. Methods Tapamole, an online education intervention, was developed using GBL. Participants were voluntarily recruited from the Dermatology waiting room and randomized to three groups: game, pamphlet, and no intervention. Participants completed a pre-intervention survey, post-intervention survey, and test on MM recognition. Clustered binary data equations were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for each group and GEE model with log link was used to compare measures between groups. Results Sixty participants were recruited. The sensitivity for MM recognition in the game group was 100% compared to 95% for the pamphlet group. The specificity (40.8% vs 53.3%) and accuracy (60.6% vs 67.2%) of the game and pamphlet groups were similar. Participants in the game group reported higher enjoyment than those in the pamphlet group. Conclusion GBL was as effective as the written intervention in identifying features of MM. Practice implications With increasing use of the Internet for health information, it is critical to have effective online education interventions. GBL education tools are effective, enjoyable, and should be used to improve MM patient education.
Small media, big impact

A robust and informative media has long been viewed as critical to the functioning of democracy ( 1 – 3 ). Much popular discussion suggests that media are becoming less able to fulfill this role. Traditional news organizations seem weakened and battered, shedding staff and influence even as social media introduces a tide of new threats. Polarization seems to have cut countries in two, with each side hearing news and information only from its own partisan sources. Many look back with nostalgia at a time when the nightly TV news set a common agenda for the vast majority of citizens. The landmark study by King et al. ( 4 ) on page 776 of this issue offers an important counterpoint. Drawing on the first experimental study in which the content of media outlets has been randomized on a large scale, it suggests that mainstream U.S. journalism remains more relevant, more influential, and more connected to a broad cross-section of people than many might have thought possible.
Estimate of incidence and cost of recreational waterborne illness on United States surface waters

Activities such as swimming, paddling, motor-boating, and fishing are relatively common on US surface waters. Water recreators have a higher rate of acute gastrointestinal illness, along with other illnesses including respiratory, ear, eye, and skin symptoms, compared to non-water recreators. The quantity and costs of such illnesses are unknown on a national scale. Recreational waterborne illness incidence and severity were estimated using data from prospective cohort studies of water recreation, reports of recreational waterborne disease outbreaks, and national water recreation statistics. Costs associated with medication use, healthcare provider visits, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, lost productivity, long-term sequelae, and mortality were aggregated. An estimated 4 billion surface water recreation events occur annually, resulting in an estimated 90 million illnesses nationwide and costs of $2.2- $3.7 billion annually (central 90% of values). Illnesses of moderate severity (visit to a health care provider or ED) were responsible for over 65% of the economic burden (central 90% of values: $1.4- $2.4 billion); severe illnesses (result in hospitalization or death) were responsible for approximately 8% of the total economic burden (central 90% of values: $108- $614 million). Recreational waterborne illnesses are associated with a substantial economic burden. These findings may be useful in cost-benefit analysis for water quality improvement and other risk reduction initiatives.
The Epistemology of Religious Belief

A religion proposes a diagnosis of, and a cure for, what it takes to be the deep and devastating disease that we all share. Religious traditions differ as their diagnoses and cures differ. Thus different accounts of what there is — an omnicompetent God and self-conscious substances made in God’s image; qualityless Brahman and nothing else; or co-dependent momentary states — correlate with accounts of what needs to be made right — separation due to sin removed by God’s forgiveness in response to repentance and trust; ignorance of one’s identity with Brahman cured by knowledge gained in one sort of esoteric experience; knowledge of one’s transitory nature gained in a different sort of esoteric experience. The metaphysics of some religious traditions — and while it is sometimes denied, occasionally even by the traditions, that they have any metaphysic, the denial itself is cast in a context of metaphysical claims — differ vastly from the metaphysics of others.
Utilizing Pseudo-Relevance Feedback in Fusion-based Retrieval

The usage of positive relevance feedback in fusion-based retrieval was previously shown to be very useful. Yet, in many retrieval use-cases, no actual relevance feedback may be available. With the absence of relevance data, pseudo-relevance feedback models have been suggested as an alternative. Encouraged by the previous success of using positive relevance feedback in fusion-based retrieval, in this work, we study the usage of pseudo-relevance feedback in this setting as well. We build on top of an existing approach that was originally designed for utilizing positive relevance feedback and adapt it to pseudo-relevance feedback. To this end, we propose a novel approach for estimating document (pseudo) relevance labels. Our labeling approach is better tailored to the fusion-based retrieval setting and provides favorable retrieval quality results.
Connect the Dots: Using a Logic Model to Connect Goals With Interventions, Evaluation Strategies, and Outcomes:

The evidence-based school counseling model calls for school counselors to (a) make data-driven decisions to determine needs, (b) identify research-supported interventions to address the previously ...
Effect of Cytoplasmic Viscosity on Red Blood Cell Migration in Small Arteriole-level Confinements

The dynamics of red blood cells in small arterioles are important as these dynamics affect many physiological processes such as hemostasis and thrombosis. However, studying red blood cell flows via computer simulations is challenging due to the complex shapes and the non-trivial viscosity contrast of a red blood cell. To date, little progress has been made studying small arteriole flows (20-40μm) with a hematocrit (red blood cell volume fraction) of 10-20% and a physiological viscosity contrast. In this work, we present the results of large-scale simulations that show how the channel size, viscosity contrast of the red blood cells, and hematocrit affect cell distributions and the cell-free layer in these systems. We utilize a massively-parallel immersed boundary code coupled to a finite volume solver to capture the particle resolved physics. We show that channel size qualitatively changes how the cells distribute in the channel. Our results also indicate that at a hematocrit of 10% that the viscosity contrast is not negligible when calculating the cell free layer thickness. We explain this result by comparing lift and collision trajectories of cells at different viscosity contrasts.
Facile and convenient synthesis of B‐amino‐9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. Aminoboration of lsocyanates

The reaction of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) with aliphatic and aromatic primary and secondary amines in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 65°C proceeds rapidly and quantitatively with evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the corresponding B-amino-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1] nonane (B-amino-9-BBN). Simple evaporation of THF from the reaction mixture gives the B-amino-9-BBN derivatives in high yield and purity. These B-amino-9-BBN derivatives are reactive towards alkyl and aryl isocyanates. Consequently, the aminoboration of various isocyanates has been studied using B-phenylamino-9-BBN. Thus, two equivalents of isocyanates react with one equivalent of B-phenylamino-9-BBN to afford, following the hydrolysis of the intermediate with ethanolamine, N, N'-disubstituted-N -(phenylamido)-ureas in excellent yields. A plausible mechanism for this aminoboration reaction of isocyanates is also presented.
Outcome measures in pediatric polypharmacy research: a scoping review.

Various methods have been used to interpret the reports of pediatric polypharmacy across the literature. This is the first scoping review that explores outcome measures in pediatric polypharmacy research. The aim of our study was to describe outcome measures assessed in pediatric polypharmacy research. A search of electronic databases was conducted in July 2017, including Ovid Medline, PubMed, Elsevier Embase, Wiley Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EBSCO CINAHL, Ovid PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis A&I. Data were extracted about study characteristics and outcome measures, and also synthesized by harms or benefits mentioned. The search strategy initially identified 8169 titles and screened 4398 using the inclusion criteria after de-duplicating. After the primary screening, a total of 363 studies were extracted for the data analysis. Polypharmacy (prevalence) was identified as an outcome in 31.4% of the studies, prognosis-related outcomes in 25.6%, and adverse drug reactions in 16.5%. A total of 265 articles (73.0%) mentioned harms, including adverse drug reactions (26.4%), side effects (24.2%), and drug–drug interactions (20.9%). A total of 83 studies (22.9%) mentioned any benefit, 48.2% of which identified combination for efficacy, 24.1% combination for treatment of complex diseases, and 19.3% combination for treatment augmentation. Thirty-eight studies reported adverse drug reaction as an outcome, where polypharmacy was a predictor, with various designs. Most studies of pediatric polypharmacy evaluate prevalence, prognosis, or adverse drug reaction-related outcomes, and underscore harms related to polypharmacy. Clinicians should carefully weigh benefits and harms when introducing medications to treatment regimens.
Towards a Large Scale IoT through Partnership, Incentive, and Services: A Vision, Architecture, and Future Directions

Internet of Things applications has been deployed and managed in a small to a medium scale deployments in industries and small segments of cities in the last decade. These real-world deployments not only helped the researchers and application developers to create protocols, standards, and frameworks but also helped them understand the challenges associated with the maintenance and management of IoT deployments in all kinds of operational environments. Despite the technological advancements and the deployment experiences, the technology failed to create a notable momentum towards large scale IoT applications involving thousands of IoT devices. We argue the reasons behind the lack of large scale deployments and the limitations of contemporary IoT deployment model. In addition, we present an approach involving multiple stakeholders as a means to scale IoT applications to hundreds of devices. Besides, we argue that the partnership, incentive mechanisms, privacy, and security frameworks are the critical factors for large scale IoT deployments of the future.
An RC-Network Approach for HVAC Precooling Optimization in Buildings

To lower buildings' significant energy consumption and high impacts on environmental sustainability, recent years have witnessed rapidly growing interests in efficient HVAC precooling control and optimization. However, due to the complex analytical modeling of building thermal transfer, rigorous mathematical optimization for HVAC precooling is highly challenging. As a result, progress on HVAC precooling optimization remains limited in the literature. Our main contribution is that we overcome the aforementioned challenge and propose an accurate and tractable HVAC precooling optimization framework. The main results of this paper are three-fold: i) We develop an RC-network-based analytical model for multi-zone HVAC precooling to minimize both total energy costs and peak load demand; ii) We show that the HVAC procooling optimization problem based on the proposed RC network model admits a convex approximation, which enables an efficient optimization algorithm design; and iii) Based on the convex approximation insight and by exploiting special problem structures, we develop an efficient distributed algorithm to solve the HVAC precooling optimization problem. Further, we conduct extensive simulation studies to verify the performance of our proposed mathematical model and algorithms. Our numerical results indicate that compared with the five existing HVAC control strategies, the proposed algorithm consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches.
Changes to Ventilation, Vocalization, and Thermal Nociception in the Pink1-/- Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Background Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience significant vocal communication deficits. Findings in the Pink1-/- rat model of early-onset PD suggest that ultrasonic vocal communication is impaired early, progressively worsens prior to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion, and is associated with loss of locus coeruleus neurons, brainstem α-synuclein, and larynx pathology. Individuals with PD also demonstrate ventilatory deficits and altered sensory processing, which may contribute to vocal deficits. Objective The central hypothesis is that ventilatory and sensory deficits are present in the early disease stages when limb and vocal motor deficits also present. Methods Pink1-/- rats were compared to wildtype (WT) controls at longitudinal timepoints. Whole-body flow through plethysmography was used to measure ventilation in the following conditions: baseline, hypoxia, and maximal chemoreceptor stimulation. Plantar thermal nociception, and as a follow up to previous work, limb gait and vocalization were analyzed. Serotonin density (5-HT) in the dorsal raphe was quantified post-mortem. Results Baseline breathing frequencies were consistently higher in Pink1-/- rats at all time points. In hypoxic conditions, there were no significant changes between genotypes. With hypercapnia, Pink1-/- rats had decreased breathing frequencies with age. Thermal withdrawal latencies were significantly faster in Pink1-/- compared with WT rats across time. No differences in 5-HT were found between genotypes. Vocal peak frequency was negatively correlated to tidal volume and minute ventilation in Pink1-/- rats. Conclusion This work suggests that abnormal nociceptive responses in Pink1-/- rats and ventilatory abnormalities may be associated with abnormal sensorimotor processing to chemosensory stimuli during disease manifestation.
Network-level Design Space Exploration of Resource-constrained Networks-of-Systems

Driven by recent advances in networking and computing technologies, distributed application scenarios are increasingly deployed on resource-constrained processing platforms. This includes networked embedded and cyber-physical systems as well as edge computing in mobile applications and the Internet of Things (IoT). In such resource-constrained Networks-of-Systems (NoS), computation and communication workloads need to be carefully co-optimized yet are tightly coupled. How to optimally partition and schedule application tasks among an appropriately designed NoS architecture requires a simultaneous consideration of design parameters from applications and processing platforms all the way to network configurations. Traditionally, however, systems and networks are designed in isolation and combined in an ad hoc manner, which ignores joint effects and optimization opportunities. To systematically explore and optimize NoS design spaces, a higher level of design abstraction on top of traditional system and network design is required. In this article, we propose a novel network-level design methodology for resource-constrained NoS optimization and design space exploration. A key component in such a design flow is fast yet accurate network/system co-simulation to rapidly evaluate NoS parameters with high fidelity. We first introduce a novel NoS simulator (NoSSim) that integrates source-level simulation models of applications with a host-compiled system simulation platform and a reconfigurable network simulation backplane to accurately capture system and network interactions. The co-simulation platform is further combined with model generation tools and a multi-objective genetic search algorithm to provide a comprehensive and fully automated NoS design space exploration framework. Finally, we apply our network-level design flow on several state-of-art IoT/mobile design case studies. Results show that NoSSim can achieve more than 86% simulation accuracy on average as compared to a real-world edge device cluster, where sensitivities to various design parameters are faithfully captured with high fidelity. When applying our network-level design space exploration methodology, design decisions are automatically optimized, where non-obvious NoS configurations are discovered outperforming manually designed solutions by more than 45%.
Archival Aesthetics: Framing and Exhibiting Indian Manuscripts and Manuscript Libraries

Can the Indian manuscript and manuscript library be art? In what follows, I reflect on this question by examining a set of photographs I created for an art project called Manuscriptistan. I explain...
Porous and ultrahigh surface area SiOC ceramics based on perhydropolysilazane and polysiloxane

Abstract Micro-/meso-porous ceramics with ultrahigh surface areas are highly desired in high-temperature applications. In this work, formation of porous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) is studied based on perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) and polysiloxane (PSO) precursors. The PHPS can be chemically anchored to the PSO by hydrosilylation reaction, due to the extensive Si–H bonds from the PHPS. The presence of water vapor during pyrolysis not only accelerates the hydrolysis of the PHPS additive, but also facilitates the Si–O–Si bond formation within the SiOC. The resulting SiOC material has the highest specific surface area (SSA) of ~2000 m2/g with an average pore size of 1.72 nm. The effects of the PHPS additive on the phase evolution and the resulting porous SiOC after hydrogen fluoride (HF) etching are investigated. 3D view of pore distributions qualitatively illustrates the PHPS effect on the SiO2 nanocluster formation in the SiOC. The difference between the experimental and calculated SSAs is explained based on the etchability and wall thickness of the SiO2 domains.
Role of the GABAa and GABAb receptors of the central nucleus of the amygdala in compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior in male rats

Compulsive cocaine use, defined as the continued use despite the dire consequences, is a hallmark of cocaine addiction. Thus, understanding the brain mechanism regulating the compulsive cocaine-seeking and cocaine-taking behaviors is essential to understand cocaine addiction and the key to identification of the molecular targets for the development of medications against this condition. This study aimed to determine how the GABAa and GABAb receptors of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) regulate the compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior. Male Wistar outbred rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine (0.4 mg/kg/infusion) under a chained schedule. The compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior was measured as the cocaine-seeking behavior in the face of footshock punishment. The role of the GABA receptors of CeA in the regulation of such behavior was determined by measuring the dose-dependent effects of the GABAa agonist muscimol or the GABAb agonist baclofen bilaterally microinjected into the CeA on the punished cocaine-seeking behavior. The cocaine-seeking behavior was inhibited by footshock punishment in an intensity-dependent manner. Both muscimol and baclofen dose-dependently increased the punished cocaine-seeking behavior. However, the potency of muscimol but not baclofen was negatively correlated with the effects of punishment. These data indicate that the CeA GABAa receptors play a key role in the regulation of the compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior and suggest that an increase in the function of the GABAa receptors possibly induced by cocaine or genetic factors may be an important mechanism involved in the development of or vulnerability to the compulsive cocaine use and addiction.
Emerging systemic therapies for atopic dermatitis: biologics

The mainstay of atopic dermatitis treatment has been largely unchanged over the last few decades. With improved understanding of the immunologic pathways underlying atopic dermatitis in recent year...
A Delicate Aggression: Savagery and Survival in the Iowa Writers' Workshop

Review of: A Delicate Aggression: Savagery and Survival in the Iowa Writers’ Workshop, by David O. Dowling.
Modeling the impact of harm reduction for opioid use disorder on infectious disease prevention

Abstract There is an increasingly strong evidence base that harm reduction interventions such as opiate agonist therapy (OAT) and needle and syringe programs (NSPs) for opioid use disorder prevent individual acquisition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV. Modeling has highlighted the substantial impact that scale-up of these interventions can have on infectious disease epidemics (such as HIV and HCV) among people who inject drugs. Modeling has also indicated that scale-up of harm reduction for incarcerated populations while in custody and after release could have a substantial benefit on reducing HIV and HCV transmission both within criminal justice settings and the broader community. Additionally, economic studies have shown that OAT and NSPs are cost-effective and potentially cost-saving in preventing HIV and HCV infections. Evidence for the impact of supervised injection facilities on infectious disease transmission is limited, but these could be important components of the epidemic response and could be highly cost-effective or cost-saving. Scale-up of harm reduction, in addition to HCV and HIV treatment and naloxone, is urgently needed to address the opioid crisis and the related infectious disease epidemics in the United States.
Cardiac Erosions with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder: Adverse Events in the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) Database since the 2012 FDA Review

Background: Transcatheter closure is the preferred treatment for atrial septal defects. The available devices are effective and safe though concerns persist over cardiac erosion risk. A review of t...
Age and Downward Mobility: From the Poorhouse to the Present

This article provides an overview of the problem of poverty and downward mobility for the elderly in the United States from the 19th Century to today. Using the author’s research with the history o...
Perceived discrimination, psychosocial resources, and mental distress in Vietnamese Americans.

This study examines how the mental health of Vietnamese Americans is influenced by a life stressor (perceived discrimination) and psychosocial resources (social network, religiosity, and acculturation). Data came from 513 Vietnamese Americans who were subsample of the Asian American Quality of Life (AAQoL) survey (total N = 2,614). The AAQoL survey was conducted with self-identified Asian Americans aged 18 or older in Central Texas in 2015. More than 32% of the Vietnamese sample reported perceived discrimination. A higher level of mental distress was associated with younger age, unmarried status, unmet financial status, poorer ratings of health, fewer years of stay in the U.S., perceived discrimination, smaller social network, and lower levels of acculturation and religiosity. In a multivariate analysis, the experience of discrimination (β = 0.16, p < .01), smaller social network (β = -.10, p < .05), and lower acculturation (β = -.17, p < .05) were found to be significant predictors to mental distress. No significant interaction was found. These identified risks and resources should be addressed in developing and implementing culturally sensitive mental health interventions targeted to Vietnamese American communities.
Evolution without History

This essay is a response to Denis Noble’s argument that the evolutionary synthesis was based on illusory science and that it itself is a kind of illusion. The response includes an historical examination of the relationship between evolutionary biology and molecular biology, along with the importance of history in evolutionary biology, which is an historical science. It raises concerns about adherence to one standard evolutionary theory, and urges the reader to consider a more contextualist and historicist approach, one that adopts a more pluralistic view of evolutionary theory. It ends with the provocative question of what evolution would mean if it had no history.
Long-term hypogonadism diminishes the neuroprotective effects of dietary genistein in young adult ovariectomized rats after transient focal ischemia.

Increasing age disproportionately increases the risk of stroke among women compared to men of similar age, especially after menopause. One of the reasons for this observation is a sharp drop in circulating estrogens. However, the timing of initiation of estrogen replacement after menopause is associated with mixed beneficial and detrimental effects, hence contributing to widespread mistrust of estrogen use. Agents including soy isoflavones are being assessed as viable alternatives to estrogen therapy. In this study, we hypothesized that the neuroprotective effects of genistein, a soy isoflavone are less sensitive to the length of hypogonadism in young adult ovariectomized rats following cerebral ischemia. We expected that long-term hypogonadism will worsen motor and cognitive function, increase post-stroke inflammation with no effect on the neuroprotection of genistein. We compared the effect of treatment with dietary genistein (GEN) on short-term (2 weeks) and long-term hypogonadism (12 weeks) in young adult ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats on sensorimotor function, cognition and inflammation after focal ischemia. Dorsal Silastic implant of 17β-estradiol (E2) was used as a control for hormone therapy. Long-term hypogonadism stroked rats performed worse than the short-term hypogonadism stroked rats on the motor and cognitive function tests. GEN did not improve neurological assessment and motor learning after either short-term or long-term hypogonadism. GEN improved cognitive flexibility after short-term hypogonadism but not after the long-term. Both GEN and E2 reduced tissue loss after short-term hypogonadism and reduced GFAP expression at the contralateral side of ischemia after long-term hypogonadism. The length of hypogonadism may differentially influence the neuroprotective effects of both GEN and E2 on the motor and cognitive functions in young adult rats.
Pool Boiling He I Heat Transfer

Normal helium is a simple liquid with state properties that can be described reasonably well by statistical models of the type introduced in Chapter 3. However, the dynamics of heat transfer are of particular interest to engineering applications. Heat transfer, which is a nonequilibrium process, is probably the most important single characteristic of cryogenic fluids. The subject has considerable physical basis, and the models used to describe the phenomena are a combination of fundamental physics and engineering correlations. Pool boiling He I heat transfer is probably the most studied engineering problem related to liquid helium. Pool boiling is a common term used to describe an experimental configuration consisting of a heater, either a plate or wire, immersed in a large bath of the fluid. Normally, the bath has such an extent that it is possible to assume it to be infinite in size relative to the heater sample. This problem is a classic in heat transfer research; although more complex configurations are needed to model true engineering systems. Heat transfer to forced flow helium, which is a wholly different problem, is the subject of Chapter 7.
Assassin’s Creed III and the Aesthetics of Disappointment

Using a case example of the cycle of prerelease, release, and post-release commentary, criticism and reviews of Assassin’s Creed III from June 2012-January 2013, this paper examines how video game players produce a “culture of history” about the game they play through their commitment to commentary and critique mainly found in user reviews in gaming enthusiast press websites. This paper examines how an aesthetic of disappointment generates a comparative sense of gamers’ cultural present by framing aspects that should have been improved upon from the series’ past as well as in terms of expectations for the future of gaming. This paper concludes by suggesting that part of the pleasure of contemporary gaming for many self-identified “core” gamers is being able to both play games and aesthetically discuss the game being played as part of a culture of history with other gamers, a form of paidiaic play for “gaming capital”.
Symmetric Completeness Theorems

In this chapter we establish some new and stronger versions of completeness theorems considered earlier. These are closely related to Craig’s Interpolation lemma, and they will play a key role in our final chapter on linear reasoning.
3D Surface Matching and Registration through Shape Images

In this paper, we present a novel and efficient surface matching framework through shape image representation. This representation allows us to simplify a 3D surface matching problem to a 2D shape image matching problem. Furthermore, we present a shape image diffusion-based method to find the most robust features to construct the matching and registration of surfaces. This is particularly important for inter-subject surfaces from medical scans of different subjects since these surfaces exhibit the inherited physiological variances among subjects. We conducted extensive experiments on real 3D human neocortical surfaces, which demonstrate the excellent performance of our approach in terms of accuracy and robustness.
Teaching [and] Historical Understanding: Disciplining Historical Imagination with Historical Context.

The form, content, and practice of history has shifted including changes in conceptualization and practice that came in viewing history as social science, critiques and reconstructions of historical forms of knowledge, and debates about form, format, genre, and discourse. The central argument of this essay begins with the claim that history is a distinctive discipline. It's distinction lies not only, or even primarily, in its subject matter or materials. Rather, history is distinct as a form of inquiry and mode of understanding, with distinguishing characteristics of historical context and historical imagination. Important implications follow.
A scalable lock-free universal construction with best effort transactional hardware

The imminent arrival of best-effort transactional hardware has spurred new interest in the construction of nonblocking data structures, such as those that require atomic updates to k words of memory (for some small value of k). Since transactional memory itself (TM) was originally proposed as a universal construction for crafting scalable lock-free data structures, we explore the possibility of using this emerging transactional hardware to implement a scalable, unbounded transactional memory that is simultaneously nonblocking and compatible with strong language-level semantics. Our results show that it is possible to use this new hardware to build nonblocking TM systems that perform as well as their blocking counterparts. We also find that while the construction of a lock-free TM is possible, correctness arguments are complicated by the many caveats and corner cases that are built into current transactional hardware proposals.
Intranasal delivery of insulin via the olfactory nerve pathway.

Objectives Intranasal delivery has been shown to target peptide therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) of animal models and induce specific neurological responses.In an investigation into the pathways by which intranasal administration delivers insulin to the CNS, this study has focused on the direct delivery of insulin from the olfactory mucosa to the olfactory bulbs via the olfactory nerve pathway. Methods Nasalandolfactorytissuesof micewereimagedwithfluorescentandelectron microscopy 30 min following intranasal administration. Keyfindings Macroscopicanalysisconfirmeddeliverytotheanteriorregionsof the olfactory bulbs. Confocal microscopy captured delivery along the olfactory nerve bundles exiting the nasal mucosa, traversing the cribriform plate and entering the bulbs. With electron microscopy, insulin was found within cells of the olfactory nerve layer and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs. Conclusions Theseresultsdemonstratedthatintranasaladministrationof labelled insulin targeted the CNS through the olfactory nerve pathway in mice.
Response of Energycane to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides

Energycane has been proposed as a potential, perennial bioenergy crop for lignocellulosic-derived fuel production in the United States. Herbicides currently used in sugarcane and other crops can potentially be used in energycane if there is acceptable tolerance. Also, to limit future invasion of energycane escapes, herbicides used for perennial grass control could potentially be used for management of escapes. In container studies conducted outside, aboveground and belowground biomass of energycane was measured to evaluate energycane tolerance to 9 PRE and 19 POST herbicides used in sugarcane and other crops. PRE application of atrazine, diuron, mesotrione, metribuzin, pendimethalin, and S-metolachlor at rates labeled for sugarcane did not significantly injure (< 3%) or reduce energycane biomass compared with the nontreated plants 28 and 56 d after treatment (DAT). Injury from clomazone (54%), flumioxazin (7%), and hexazinone (29%) was observed 28 DAT. Injury from flumioxazin was transient and was not obs...
Navigating Mothering: A Feminist Analysis of Frequent Work Travel and Independence in Families

Competing cultural and gender expectations, especially aligned around paid and family work, make the contemporary experience of mothering difficult. The goal of this study is to illuminate, through the use of a feminist perspective, how families handle demands of paid and family work, along with the gendered nature of mothering, when mothers travel for work. Eighty-two mothers, fathers, and children from 22 U.S. families, in which mothers’ jobs required frequent overnight travel, were interviewed to assess how they constructed mothering. The qualitative analysis addressed two categories: (1) the importance of the mother as a breadwinner for the family and (2) family work tasks. From these categories, a theme that travel enabled independence, both for the mother and the family members, emerged. These findings indicate that some work demands may challenge traditional notions of work and family, requiring families to reconstruct their lived experience and the meaning they ascribe to parenting.
A Comparison of the Effects of the 1978 and 2005 Bankruptcy Reform Legislation

Bankruptcy legislation in the United States has represented an amalgam of politics, economic pragmatism, and the prevailing attitude toward debt and debtors at the time of passage. The rationale offered to support bankruptcy laws has varied: early bankruptcy legislation was designed, among other things, to aid businesses; subsequent legislation was intended, largely, to assist consumers burdened with debt; and the latest incarnation of bankruptcy law was crafted to curtail alleged consumer abuses arising from the previous quarter century of bankruptcy reform. It is clear that bankruptcy itself has evolved in the U.S. from a means used mostly by creditors to collect debts owed them by businesses to an instrument used overwhelmingly by individual, non-commercial debtors. After briefly recapping the history of bankruptcy legislation, this paper describes and contrasts the outcomes of the two most recent and important pieces of bankruptcy reform, the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 19781 and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA). The course of bankruptcy filings since passage of the former is part of the historical record, while the nearly two years of monthly data since the effective date of BAPCPA provides a basis for making a preliminary assessment of this act, and for forecasting its future implications.
The Distinction Between Experimental and Historical Sciences as a Framework for Improving Classroom Inquiry

Inquiry experiences in secondary science classrooms are heavily weighted toward experimentation. We know, however, that many fields of science (e.g., evolutionary biology, cosmology, and paleontology), while they may utilize experiments, are not justified by experimental methodologies. With the focus on experimentation in schools, these fields of science are often not included in the inquiry experiences our students receive. I propose utilizing the distinction between experimental and historical sciences as a way to improve the diversity of scientific methodologies represented in the science classroom. This distinction can provide a framework for teachers to examine their own inquiry practices in light of the diverse methodologies present in science today. In this paper, the framework is presented and analyzed in light of the scientific practices highlighted in the Next Generation Science Standards and key concepts needed to discuss historical science methodologies are discussed.
Partial Purification of Intact Chloroplasts from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Partially purified intact chloroplasts were prepared from batch cultures of both wild type ( Wt ) and a mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Protoplasts were generated from log phase cultures of Wt (137c) and the phosphoribulokinase-deficient mutant F60 by incubation of the cells in autolysine. These protoplasts were suspended in an osmoticum, cooled, and then subjected to a 40 pounds per square inch pressure shock using a Yeda pressure bomb. The resulting preparation was fractionated on a Percoll step gradient which separated the intact chloroplasts from both broken chloroplasts and protoplasts. The chloroplast preparation was not significantly contaminated with the cytoplasmic enzyme activity phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (>5%), and contained (100%) stromal enzyme activity ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. The chloroplast preparation is significantly contaminated by mitochondria, as determined by succinate dehydrogenase activity. Chloroplasts prepared from Wt cells retained CO 2 -dependent O 2 photoevolution at rates in excess of 60 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour, an activity which is severely inhibited by the addition of 10 millimolar KH 2 PO 4 . The chloroplasts are osmotically sensitive as determined by ferricyanide-dependent O 2 photoevolution.
The International Geophysical Month: Short periods of cooperative study can consolidate the gains of the International Geophysical Year.

For convenience, we summarize below some of the main advantages of the IGM concept. 1) Most organizations can mount and support intensive field operations for short periods. 2) High-quality data would be obtained, and the data could be processed more promptly than in long-term projects. 3) Laboratory equipment could in many instances be mnade available for field operations. 4) Top-caliber researchers would be available for field operations. 5) The participation of small research groups and of research workers from government and industry would be fostered. 6) Student participation would improve educational programs in, and attract needed talent to, the geophysical sciences. 7) Ship, satellite, and rocket observations could be scheduled for IGM9s. 8) International scientific conferences scheduled to follow IGM9s would attract working scientists. It is not suggested that these short-term exercises should replace the long synoptic programs characteristic of the IGY. Rather it is proposed that they supplement and guide any such future long-term program. If adopted, they would produce many data of value for the planning and timing of the International Year of the Quiet Sun. To bring emphasis on special observations during the IQSY, International Geophysical Months might well be scheduled to coincide with the June and December solstices, to be followed by an IGM at an equinoctial period. This would provide periods for concentrated sampling—periods in somewhat the same category as the Regular World Intervals adopted during the IGY. The more elaborate experiments could be confined to the International Geophysical Months, so that only those studies for which continuous observations are essential would be scheduled for the entire period. The duration of an International Geophysical Month would be sufficient for carrying out experiments requiring moving platforms such as ships, rockets, or satellites. It is recommended that every effort be made to schedule the first IGM during the June solstice in 1962. This initial effort could well be followed by the scheduling of IGM9s during the December solstice in 1962 and the March equinox in 1963. These exercises would provide information important to the planning and scheduling of the IQSY (1).
SOLAR TUNNEL DRYING OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA LINN. SYN. C. DOMESTICA VAL.) FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

ABSTRACT Turmeric is one of the most ancient medicinal spices of the world. As its homeland, India acts as the largest producer, exporter and consumer of turmeric. The value of turmeric is due to its color and flavor, which is being given by curcumin, volatile oil and oleoresin. The end quality of turmeric is very much dependent on its post-harvest methods. Traditionally, open sun drying is the chief method adopted for processing. In the present investigation, freshly harvested turmeric rhizomes were collected from 30 stations and drying experiments were conducted by adopting three methods: (1) solar tunnel drying; (2) conventional drying; and (3) commercial drying. Various pre-drying and post-drying treatments were conducted. The results proved that conventional processing could maintain the intrinsic quality up to a certain level, but extrinsic quality could not be achieved. Solar tunnel drying method is an effective alternative to traditional open sun drying, where retention of curcumin, volatile oil and oleoresin was high, with less drying time. The study also disclosed the importance of pre-drying and post-drying treatments and hygienic practices to be adopted during processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Solar tunnel dryer can be used to process most of the spices, vegetables, fruits and other perishable crops with maximum retention of intrinsic quality and for better shelf life. Substantial reduction of drying time and physical quality improvement with regard to international quality standards are the other advantages.