cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Materialities of Nostalgia at the Old Homestead

This paper reflects on processes of memory- and history-making at the Elihu Akin House, a historic site in a New England coastal village. Since the late 18th century, the house has been a place of dwelling and deliberate recollection. Recent archaeological excavations, a 1922 silent movie, and an Akin son’s 1778 letter represent multiple media, periods, and perspectives, for which the house serves as a touchstone. These three occasions comprise an archive of nostalgia. Remembrance is repeatedly filtered through and entangled with in-process experiences. The material and emotional are mutually constituted as the house is reinvested with significance. Understanding these processes has implications as the site is developed into a heritage center striving to present not only local and regional history, but also the methods and challenges of heritage management.
An H-infinity based lower bound to speed up the sphere decoder

It is well known that maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding in many digital communication schemes reduces to solving an integer least problem, which is NP hard in the worst-case. On the other hand, it has recently been shown that, over a wide range of dimensions and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), the sphere decoder can be used to find the exact solution with an expected complexity that is roughly cubic in the dimension of the problem. However, the computational complexity of sphere decoding becomes prohibitive if the SNR is too low and/or if the dimension of the problem is too large. In recent work M. Stonjic et al. (2005), we have targeted these two regimes and attempted to find faster algorithms by employing a branch-and-bound technique based on convex relaxations of the original integer least-squares problem. In this paper, using ideas from H/sup /spl infin// estimation theory, we propose new lower bounds that are generally tighter than the ones obtained in M. Stonjic et al. (2005). Simulation results snow the advantages, in terms of computational complexity, of the new H/sup /spl infin//-based branch-and-bound algorithm over the ones based on convex relaxation, as well as the original sphere decoder.
Normalizing Infrared FT Photoacoustic Spectra of Solids

Abstract Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has only recently emerged as a tool for the investigation of the vibrational spectra of condensed matter and surface adsorbates. Qualitative infrared (IR) photoacoustic spectra of various solid materials have been reported both dispersively1–5 and in the Fourier transform mode.6–11 In order to obtain quantitative information from a photoacoustic spectrum (as would be needed to monitor kinetics of surface reactions or for analytical purposes) it is necessary to convert the single beam spectrum into a double beam spectrum by ratioing against the spectral profile of the source radiation as it impinges on the sample. This is called source normalization.
The EEEE locus is the sole high-affinity Ca(2+) binding structure in the pore of a voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel: block by ca(2+) entering from the intracellular pore entrance.

Selective permeability in voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is dependent upon a quartet of pore-localized glutamate residues (EEEE locus). The EEEE locus is widely believed to comprise the sole high-affinity Ca2+ binding site in the pore, which represents an overturning of earlier models that had postulated two high-affinity Ca2+ binding sites. The current view is based on site-directed mutagenesis work in which Ca2+ binding affinity was attenuated by single and double substitutions in the EEEE locus, and eliminated by quadruple alanine (AAAA), glutamine (QQQQ), or aspartate (DDDD) substitutions. However, interpretation of the mutagenesis work can be criticized on the grounds that EEEE locus mutations may have additionally disrupted the integrity of a second, non-EEEE locus high-affinity site, and that such a second site may have remained undetected because the mutated pore was probed only from the extracellular pore entrance. Here, we describe the results of experiments designed to test the strength of these criticisms of the single high-affinity locus model of selective permeability in Ca2+ channels. First, substituted-cysteine accessibility experiments indicate that pore structure in the vicinity of the EEEE locus is not extensively disrupted as a consequence of the quadruple AAAA mutations, suggesting in turn that the quadruple mutations do not distort pore structure to such an extent that a second high affinity site would likely be destroyed. Second, the postulated second high-affinity site was not detected by probing from the intracellularly oriented pore entrance of AAAA and QQQQ mutants. Using inside-out patches, we found that, whereas micromolar Ca2+ produced substantial block of outward Li+ current in wild-type channels, internal Ca2+ concentrations up to 1 mM did not produce detectable block of outward Li+ current in the AAAA or QQQQ mutants. These results indicate that the EEEE locus is indeed the sole high-affinity Ca2+ binding locus in the pore of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
Generating high performance pruned FFT implementations

We derive a recursive general-radix pruned Cooley-Tukey fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm in Kronecker product notation. The algorithm is compatible with vectorization and parallelization required on state-of-the-art multicore CPUs. We include the pruned FFT algorithm into the program generation system Spiral, and automatically generate optimized implementations of the pruned FFT for the Intel Core2Duo multicore processor. Experimental results show that using the pruned FFT can indeed speed up the fastest available FFT implementations by up to 30% when the problem size and the pattern of unused inputs and outputs are known in advance.
Boosting Structured Prediction for Imitation Learning

The Maximum Margin Planning (MMP) (Ratliff et al., 2006) algorithm solves imitation learning problems by learning linear mappings from features to cost functions in a planning domain. The learned policy is the result of minimum-cost planning using these cost functions. These mappings are chosen so that example policies (or trajectories) given by a teacher appear to be lower cost (with a loss-scaled margin) than any other policy for a given planning domain. We provide a novel approach, MMPBOOST, based on the functional gradient descent view of boosting (Mason et al., 1999; Friedman, 1999a) that extends MMP by "boosting" in new features. This approach uses simple binary classification or regression to improve performance of MMP imitation learning, and naturally extends to the class of structured maximum margin prediction problems. (Taskar et al., 2005) Our technique is applied to navigation and planning problems for outdoor mobile robots and robotic legged locomotion.
A Probabilistic Framework for Gas Turbine Engine Materials With Multiple Types of Anomalies

Some rotor-grade gas turbine engine materials may contain multiple types of anomalies such as voids and inclusions that can be introduced during the manufacturing process. The number and size of anomalies can be very different for the various anomaly types, each of which may lead to premature fracture. The probability of failure of a component with multiple anomaly types can be predicted using established system reliability methods provided that the failure probabilities associated with individual anomaly types are known. Unfortunately, these failure probabilities are often difficult to obtain in practice. In this paper, an approach is presented that provides treatment for engine materials with multiple anomalies of multiple types. It is based on previous work that has extended to address the overlap among anomaly type failure modes using the method of Kaplan-Meier, and is illustrated for risk prediction of a nickel-based superalloy. The results can be used to predict the risk of general materials with multiple types of anomalies.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
After a negative screening colonoscopy, a microsimulation model shows that currently recommended strategies are equally effective for rescreening

Commentary on: Knudsen AB, Hur C, Gazelle GS, et al. Rescreening of persons with a negative colonoscopy result: results from a microsimulation model. Ann Intern Med 2012; 157: 611– 20.[OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2][Web of Science][3] Several computer-based decision models have demonstrated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening with any of the recommended tests and strategies.1 These strategies include annual high-sensitivity guaiac-based faecal occult blood testing or faecal immunochemical testing, CT colonography every 5 years and colonoscopy every 10 years.2 For each strategy, the models simulate CRC-related outcomes such as CRC incidence and mortality, life-years, complications and costs, and assume that persons use the same screening test repeatedly. The models further assume a certain starting age (usually, age 50) for screening the population, which is screened for a certain time interval (usually 25–30 years) and then followed until death. On a continuum with the … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnals%2Bof%2BInternal%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DANN%2BINTERN%2BMED%26rft.issn%253D0003-4819%26rft.aulast%253DKnudsen%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BB.%26rft.volume%253D157%26rft.issue%253D9%26rft.spage%253D611%26rft.epage%253D620%26rft.atitle%253DRescreening%2Bof%2Bpersons%2Bwith%2Ba%2Bnegative%2Bcolonoscopy%2Bresult%253A%2Bresults%2Bfrom%2Ba%2Bmicrosimulation%2Bmodel.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23128861%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23128861&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F5%2F199.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000310783300002&link_type=ISI
From Languages to Systems: Understanding Practical Application Development in Security-typed Languages

Security-typed languages are an evolving tool for implementing systems with provable security guarantees. However, to date, these tools have only been used to build simple ?toy? programs. As described in this paper, we have developed the first real-world, security-typed application: a secure email system written in the Java language variant Jif. Real-world policies are mapped onto the information flows controlled by the language primitives, and we consider the process and tractability of broadly enforcing security policy in commodity applications. We find that while the language provided the rudimentary tools to achieve low-level security goals, additional tools, services, and language extensions were necessary to formulate and enforce application policy. We detail the design and use of these tools. We also show how the strong guarantees of Jif in conjunction with our policy tools can be used to evaluate security. This work serves as a starting point--we have demonstrated that it is possible to implement real-world systems and policy using security-typed languages. However, further investigation of the developer tools and supporting policy infrastructure is necessary before they can fulfill their considerable promise of enabling more secure systems.
Design, Implementation, and Validation of a New Class of Interface Circuits for Latency-Insensitive Design

With the arrival of nanometer technologies wire delays are no longer negligible with respect to gate delays, and timing-closure becomes a major challenge to system-on-chip designers. Latency-insensitive design (LID) has been proposed as a "correct-by-construction" design methodology to cope with this problem. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a new class of interface circuits to support LID that offers substantial performance improvements with limited area overhead with respect to previous designs proposed in the literature. This claim is supported by the experimental results that we obtained completing semi-custom implementations of the three designs with a 90 nm industrial standard-cell library. We also report on the formal verification of our design: using the NuSMV model checker we verified that the RTL synthesizable implementations of our LID interface circuits (relay stations and shells) are correct refinements of the corresponding abstract specifications according to the theory of LID.
TC-Permitting GCM Simulations of Hurricane Frequency Response to Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies Projected for the Late-Twenty-First Century

AbstractA tropical cyclone–permitting global atmospheric model is used to explore the hurricane frequency response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies generated by coupled models for the late-twenty-first century. Results are presented for SST anomalies averaged over 18 models as well as from 8 individual models. For each basin, there exists large intermodel spread in the magnitude and even the sign of the frequency response among the different SST projections. These sizable variations in response are explored to understand features of SST distributions that are important for the basin-wide hurricane responses. In the North Atlantic, the eastern Pacific, and the southern Indian basins, most (72%–86%) of the intermodel variance in storm frequency response can be explained by a simple relative SST index defined as a basin’s storm development region SST minus the tropical mean SST. The explained variance is significantly lower in the South Pacific (48%) and much lower in the western Pacific basin (27%...
Theoretical studies on the beam position measurement with button-type pickups in APS

The response of electrostatic button-type pickups for the measurement of the transverse position of charged particle beams was investigated and analytical formulas were obtained for the signal as a function of time and the coordinates of the beam and the electrodes. The study was done for beam pipes, for rectangular and non-rectangular electrodes, and for several cases of longitudinal beam profiles. The numerical results show good agreement with the analytical results, except that the presence of the photon beam channel and the antechamber causes finite offset ( approximately 20 mu m) of the electrical center in the horizontal direction. Time domain analysis indicates that the error in the measurement of the beam position using circular electrodes as compared to rectangular ones was found to be less than 100 mu m per 1 cm of beam excursion from the center of the beam pipe for the case of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring vacuum chamber. >
Salient beliefs about eating and buying dark green vegetables as told by Mid-western African-American women.

Vegetables in the dark green group are the most nutritious, yet intake is low. Studies suggest that an increase in fruit and vegetables may improve diet-related health outcomes of African Americans. The aim of this exploratory study was to use the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) to qualitatively assess salient, top-of-the-mind, beliefs (consequences, circumstances and referents) about eating and buying more dark green leafy vegetables each week over the next 3 months. Adult (n = 30), Midwestern African–American women, who buy and prepare food for their household participated in a face-to-face salient belief elicitation. A content analysis of verbatim text and a descriptive analysis were conducted. Findings suggest that the RAA can be used to identify salient consequences, circumstances and referents about eating and buying more dark green leafy vegetables. The use of the RAA allowed for the extraction of specific beliefs that may aid in the development of nutrition education programs that consider the varying priorities, motivators and barriers that subgroups within the population have in regard to buying and consuming dark green leafy vegetables.
An evaluation exercise for word alignment

This paper presents the task definition, resources, participating systems, and comparative results for the shared task on word alignment, which was organized as part of the HLT/NAACL 2003 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts. The shared task included Romanian-English and English-French sub-tasks, and drew the participation of seven teams from around the world.
Human papillomavirus status and gene expression profiles of oropharyngeal and oral cancers from European American and African American patients

Background Disparities in prevalence, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, and mortality rates for head and neck cancer have been described between African American and European American patients. Methods We studied the HPV status and gene expression profiles in 56 oropharyngeal/oral cavity tumors and 9 normal tissue samples from European American and African American patients treated in South Carolina between 2010 and 2012. Results Overall, 59% of tumors were HPV DNA-positive, but only 48% of those expressed E7 mRNA (HPV-active). The prevalence of HPV-active tumors was 10% in African American patients and 39% in European American patients. Tumors positive for HPV DNA but negative for HPV mRNA exhibited gene expression profiles distinct from those of both HPV-active and HPV-negative cancers, suggesting that HPV DNA-positive/RNA-negative tumors may constitute a unique group. Conclusion This study provides a direct assessment of differential expression patterns in HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer arising from African American and European American patients, for which there is a paucity of data. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015
Glutathione redox state regulates mitochondrial reactive oxygen production.

Oxidative stress induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD; dioxin) is poorly understood. Following one dose of TCDD (5 μg/kgbody weight), mitochondrial succinate-dependent production of superoxide andH2O2 in mouse liver doubled at 7–28 days, thensubsided by day 56; concomitantly, levels of GSH and GSSG increased in bothcytosol and mitochondria. Cytosol displayed a typical oxidative stressresponse, consisting of diminished GSH relative to GSSG, decreased potentialto reduce protein-SSG mixed disulfide bonds (type 1 thiol redox switch) orprotein-SS-protein disulfide bonds (type 2 thiol redox switch), and a +10 mVchange in GSSG/2GSH reduction potential. In contrast, mitochondria showed arise in reduction state, consisting of increased GSH relative to GSSG,increases in type 1 and type 2 thiol redox switches, and a –25 mV changein GSSG/2GSH reduction potential. Comparing Ahr(–/–)knock-out and wild-type mice, we found that TCDD-induced thiol changes in bothcytosol and mitochondria were dependent on the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor(AHR). GSH was rapidly taken up by mitochondria and stimulatedsuccinate-dependent H2O2 production. A linear dependenceof H2O2 productionon thereduction potential forGSSG/2GSH exists between –150 and –300 mV. The TCDD-stimulatedincrease in succinate-dependent and thiol-stimulated production of reactiveoxygen paralleled a four-fold increase in formamidopyrimidine DNAN-glycosylase (FPG)-sensitive cleavage sites in mitochondrial DNA,compared with a two-fold increase in nuclear DNA. These results suggest thatTCDD produces an AHR-dependent oxidative stress in mitochondria, withconcomitant mitochondrial DNA damage mediated, at least in part, by anincrease in the mitochondrial thiol reduction state.
Effects of reduction of the ionization potential on solutions of the Rankine-Hugoniot equations for Jovian entry

Abstract The influence predictions of three different reduction-of-the-ionization-potential models (Unsold, Ecker-Weizel and Griem) on the calculated composition of hydrogen-helium shock layers for conditions that would be encountered during entry of the Jovian atmosphere is investigated. The comparisons indicate that the Ecker-Weizel model gives the largest Δ I and Griem's the smallest. The Δ I -model influence on the composition increases as the hydrogen mass fraction, entry velocity, and ambient density increase.
Higher order lipase gene association with plasma triglycerides

Lipoprotein lipase, HL, and endothelial lipase (EL) are proteoglycan-bound enzymes that regulate plasma lipoprotein levels through coordinated triglyceride (TG) lipase and phospholipase activity. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lipase genes would have higher order impact on plasma lipoproteins beyond the influence of individual SNPs. In a sample of asymptomatic Caucasian subjects (n = 738), we used a two-stage approach, first identifying groups of subjects with similar multilocus lipase genotypes and then characterizing the relationships between genotype groups and plasma lipids. Using complementary methods, including a permutation test procedure and a mixed-effects modeling approach, we found a higher order interaction between four SNPs in three lipase genes (EL 2,237 3′ untranslated region, EL Thr111Ile, HL −514C/T, and LPL Hind III) and plasma TG levels. Subjects who were heterozygous for all four lipase SNPs had significantly higher plasma TG levels beyond the effect of individual lipase SNPs and environmental factors, even after correcting for multiple comparisons. In conclusion, lipase genes had synergistic association with plasma TG beyond individual gene effects. Higher order multilocus genotype contributions to dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease need to be considered a priori because they may have an important effect even in the absence of significant main effects of the individual genes.
Induction of Apoptosis by Diethylstilbestrol in Hormone-Insensitive Prostate Cancer Cells

Background Diethylstillbestrol (DES) and diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DESdP) are effective agents for the treatment of advanced prostate cancers. Tumor-inhibiting effects of DES and DESdP are presumed secondary to suppression of androgen production in vivo. Little is known, however, about the direct cellular mechanisms of the tumor inhibition. Estrogens have been reported not only to stimulate growth but also to disrupt microtubule formation in prostate cancer cells. Purpose The study was designed to examine and compare mechanisms of in vitro growth inhibition of DES and DESdP in human androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells (DU145, 1-LN, and PC-3) and human androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) and to examine estrogen receptor modulation of such effects. Methods The cytotoxic effects of DES and DESdP were examined in vitro by use of a standard microculture tetrazolium assay to quantitate numbers of viable cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy, DNA fragmentation analysis, and fluorescence flow cytometry were used to investigate microtubules, the induction of apoptosis, and changes in cell cycle distribution. The degree of estrogen receptor positivity of untreated and treated cells was determined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis. Results LD50 levels (the dose at which 50% of cells are no longer viable) in the concentration range of 19-25 microM were observed for both DES and DESdP in all cell lines examined. DESdP-induced growth inhibition was found to be dependent on heat-labile phosphatases present in fetal calf serum. DES-induced cytotoxicity was not affected by the presence of 17 beta-estradiol, and it was not dependent on the presence of estrogen receptor. Estrogen receptor-positive cells and estrogen receptor-negative cells were equally responsive to DES. PC-3 cells stained with fluorescent anti-tubulin, phalloidin (actin stain), and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DNA stain) showed no inhibition of microtubules or actin filaments but revealed the presence of apoptotic bodies in the nuclei. Fluorescence flow cytometry of nuclear DNA content of propidium iodide-stained nuclei from androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells treated with 15 or 30 microM DES or DESdP revealed an increase in relative numbers of hypodiploid (apoptotic) nuclei, a depletion of G1- and S-phase cells, and an accumulation of cells in G2/M phase. Conversely, androgen-sensitive cells contained a lower percentage of hypodiploid nuclei but no accumulation of cells in G2/M phase. Conclusions Direct cytotoxic effects of DES in prostate cancer cells are estrogen receptor independent and do not involve disruption of microtubule architecture but do involve the promotion of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These are the first data confirming direct cytotoxic effects of DES and DESdP in prostate cancer cells via an apoptotic mechanism. IMPLICATIONS. These results suggest that DES and DESdP have potential value as agents against androgen-insensitive prostate neoplasms through induction of an apoptotic cascade.
Deep inelastic scattering off nuclear matter

The exclusion principle for quarks is found to modify their momentum distribution in nuclei so as to enhance deep inelastic scattering nearx=1 by a factor of 2.5 ± 0.3 over and above the conventional Fermi-smearing correction.
Aqueous systems at high temperature—I the compound CuO·3UO3☆

Abstract A double oxide of uranium and copper was found to exist at 300° in the four-component system UO3CuOSO3H2O. The most probable composition for this new compound was shown to be CuO·3UO3 It was observed to be thermally stable to somewhat above 830°. The method of preparation, analysis and some characterization of the compound are given.
The Origins of Extreme Economic Inequality: An Archaeologist’s Take on a Contemporary Controversy

In 1754, the Academy of Dijon sponsored a contest for the best examination of the origins of human inequality. Although not the winning entry, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Discourse on the Origins and Basis of Inequality among Men remains the most widely read and influential submission. This article uses archaeological data unavailable in the eighteenth century to address Rousseau’s questions anew—questions still of critical importance. Are humans naturally prone to extreme economic inequality? If not, when, how, and why did such inequality arise? And, did drastic imbalances in wealth benefit all members of early societies or only a few?
Fair Trade USA: Scaling for Impact

This case study focuses on Fair Trade USA (the leading third-party certifier of fair trade products in North America) and founder, President, and CEO Paul Rice and his challenges scaling FT USA. The case study covers the growth strategies that he and his team are debating at a key point in FT USA's history amidst increasing competition from other certification organizations like Rainforest Alliance and Utz and general market confusion over consumer packaging labels. Rice and his team are grappling with how to make the Fair Trade USA label more prevalent as well as how to build a viable, long-term business model. The case discusses FT USA's role in helping companies like Hershey's develop sustainable supply chains.
Breast Milk and the Prevention of Neonatal and Preterm Gastrointestinal Disease States: A New Perspective

In this review of the protective properties of human breast milk, a new perspective is taken to underscore the passive and active protection properties of breast milk in providing specific protection against selective gastrointestinal disease affecting the neonate and preterm infant. The normal protective properties of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier (immunologic and nonimmunologic) are considered as is the development of barriers to antigen absorption in the immature infant human intestine as a background for considering three agerelated gastrointestinal diseases - necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal allergy, and bacterial gas troenteritis. In each of these conditions, the developmental protective defect is considered and the role of breast milk plays in filling the protective void discussed. Besides considering passive protection of breast milk including the new roles assigned to nutrients such as lactoferrin and nucleotides, the importance of active substances in breast milk such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones are discussed in the context of actively stimulating the infants own intestinal defenses to function as a protective barrier. Future studies at the cellular and molecular level should be helpful in designing both preventative and treatment strategies to deal with these diseases.
Phase II trial of the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) for patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma

8055 Background: mTOR inhibition with intravenous temsirolimus (Wyeth Pharmaceuticals) has been associated with responses in mantle cell lymphoma (J Clin Oncol 23;5347, 2005) as well as other lymph...
Surgical excision outcome after radial scar without atypical proliferative lesion on breast core needle biopsy: a single institutional analysis

Radial scar (RS) has been recognized as a risk factor for developing breast cancer, and excision is recommended for patients with RS identified on core needle biopsy (CNB). However, recent literatures suggest that the increased risk may be caused by concurrent proliferative lesions on the biopsy, rather than radial scar itself. In this study, we investigated the follow-up excision (FUE) results for patients with RS on CNB with no history of a prior or a concurrent breast cancer or atypical proliferative lesions (APLs). A total of 113 RS cases including 32 cases with APLs or carcinoma and 81 cases without APLs on CNB were included in this study. Forty cases (49%) without APLs had FUE. No significant difference in radiologic and clinical findings was identified between cases with FUEs and cases without FUEs. Of the 40 cases with FUE, 9 cases (22.5%) were upgraded including 3 atypical ductal hyperplasias, 4 lobular neoplasias, 1 flat epithelial atypia, and 1 atypical apocrine adenosis. However, no case was upgraded to invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ. All cases with mammotome CNBs were not upgraded. Our data suggest that conservative follow-up with imaging rather than surgical excisions may be more appropriate for patients with only RS on biopsy, especially for patients with mammotome CNBs.
Dynamic Tests of Full-Scale Structures

Basic objectives of dynamic testing are outlined, and major test types are summarized. Force generation equipment suitable for tests of full-scale structures is described, and typical results are given, with examples drawn mainly from the field of earthquake and wind excitations. Results of low-level ambient vibration tests are compared with higher-level vibration generator tests, and with excitations caused by strong earthquake ground motion. Some instrumentation systems suitable for such testing are described. Information is given on the ground motions caused by large underground explosions, and the use of such explosions to simulate damaging earthquake excitations is considered.
Sustainable carbon emissions: The geologic perspective

Current issues with carbon emissions need to be understood in terms of natural geologic processes that move carbon on the Earth. Comparison of modern emissions with the norms and extremes of natural processes emphasizes the enormity of the current challenge, and also the reason there are uncertainties about the future effects. Reaching sustainable emissions in the future can be viewed as a need to systematically reduce the carbon intensity of energy production. Achieving sustainable carbon emissions requires understanding of Earth’s natural carbon cycles. Geologic processes move carbon in large quantities between Earth reservoirs, including in and out of the deeper reaches of the planet, and regulate Earth’s surface temperature within a narrow range suitable for life for the past 3–4 billion years. There have been large changes in atmospheric CO2 in the geologic past; the largest to offset changes in the brightness of the Sun. Atmospheric CO2 has been much higher in the past, but not since humans evolved. Geologic processes act slowly, even during times in the geologic past regarded as examples of catastrophic climate change. In contrast, over the past 100 years, Earth’s carbon cycles have undergone revolutionary change as a result of a greatly accelerated transfer of carbon from geologic storage to the atmosphere. Today, about 98% of the movement of carbon out of geologic reservoirs (coal-, oil-, and gas-bearing sedimentary rocks and limestone) into the atmosphere is due to human activities; the total carbon flux is 40–50 times the geologic flux. The extremely large modern carbon flux is unprecedented in Earth history. Returning to a sustainable carbon cycle requires systematic lowering of the carbon emission intensity of energy production over the next century.
Exploiting host availability in distributed systems

As distributed systems become more decentralized, fluctuating host availability is an increasingly disruptive phenomenon. Older systems such as AFS used a small number of well-maintained, highly available machines to coordinate access to shared client state; server uptime (and thus service availability) were expected to be high. Newer services scale to larger number of clients by increasing the number of servers. In these systems, the responsibility for maintaining the service abstraction is spread amongst thousands of machines. In the extreme, each client is also a server who must respond to requests from its peers, and each host can opt in or out of the system at any time. In these operating environments, a non-trivial fraction of servers will be unavailable at any give time. This diffusion of responsibility from a few dedicated hosts to many unreliable ones has a dramatic impact on distributed system design, since it is difficult to build robust applications atop a partially available, potentially untrusted substrate. This dissertation explores one aspect of this challenge: how can a distributed system measure the fluctuating availability of its constituent hosts, and how can it use an understanding of this churn to improve performance and security? This dissertation extends the previous literature in three ways. First, it introduces new analytical techniques for characterizing availability data, applying these techniques to several real networks and explaining the distinct uptime patterns found within. Second, this dissertation introduces new methods for predicting future availability, both at the granularity of individual hosts and clusters of hosts. Third, my dissertation describes how to use these new techniques to improve the performance and security of distributed systems.
In-Situ Observation of Oxide Monolayer Formation on Copper Solid-Liquid Interfaces

It is extremely important to characterize the various bare copper surfaces in situ before any subsequent corrosion or deposition chemistry can be understood. In this paper, in situ Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to image the low-index faces of Cu single crystals in H2SO4 and HClO4 acidic solutions. Cu(100) surfaces exhibited potential-dependent c(2x2) adlayers in pH=1 solutions which were attributed to oxide (or hydroxide) overlayers. Images of Cu(1 10) obtained in pH 2.5-2.7 solutions revealed the growth of primarily [001] oriented (nxl) adlayer chain structures, where n is an integer. Preliminary measurements on Cu(111) did not reveal any adlayer structures between pH’s of 1-3. The oxide monolayers on Cu(100) and Cu(110) crystals were observed in the thermodynamically forbidden region of the pH-potential phase diagram, which indicates that stable oxide adlayers develop prior to bulk oxide formation.
Effects of several sera on prolactin and GH release from rat pituitary cells in vitro.

AbstractTo study the acute effects of serum and albumin on prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) release from pituitary cells, 10, 25, and 50% of normal rat (NRS), horse (HS), fetal calf (FCS), or normal human serum (NHS) or 1, 2.5, and 5% of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was administered to dispersed rat pituitary cells (DC) and to clonal rat pituitary mammotrophs (2B8). Further, to obtain information on the nature of the serum factors influencing pituitary hormone release TRH or serum from hypophysectomized rats or heated, or dialyzed rat serum was also added into the culture medium containing DC, or 2B8 cells. Twenty-five and fifty percent of NRS, HS, and NHS consistently stimulated PRL and GH release from DC cultures. In contrast, FCS and BSA had no effect on the release of either hormone. 2B8 cells showed significant increases in the release of PRL during incubation with NRS, HS, NHS, or FCS at all of the concentrations of serum employed. However, the 2B8 cells showed no change in PRL release when BSA...
Reporters, news sources, and scientific intervention: the New Madrid earthquake prediction

Five major newspapers in the United States published only eight stories about a scientifically legitimate prediction of a 1989 earthquake that caused six billion dollars' damage. The same newspapers published 68 stories about an unscientific prediction of a 1990 earthquake that did not occur. This paper attempts to explain why the unscientific prediction received more scrutiny by examining the journalistic practices that determine what is newsworthy and who is interviewed. The paper also analyses the effectiveness of an organized effort by the scientific community to intervene in the journalistic process.
Reliability Estimation of $k$ -out-of- $n$ Pairs:G Balanced Systems With Spatially Distributed Units

The applications of $k$ -out-of- $n$ pairs:G Balanced systems with spatially distributed units are emerging in aerospace and military industries. A $k$ -out-of- $n$ pairs:G Balanced system has $n$ pairs of units distributed evenly in a circular configuration. The system operates when at least $k$ pairs of units operate in a balanced arrangement. The reliability estimation of such systems is important since their failures are most likely to result in losses in property and humans such as the case of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and balanced engine systems in planetary descent vehicles. In this paper we present methods for reliability estimation of different types of $k$ -out-of- $n$ pairs:G Balanced systems in two scenarios: 1) unbalanced systems are considered as failed and 2) unbalanced systems are rebalanced. We develop a systematic approach for enumerating the complete set of successful events, which are ordered sequences of failures described by system state transition paths, and obtain closed form expressions for calculating the probabilities of successful events. The developed methods can be easily generalized to other systems with spatially distributed units. It is found that there exists an optimal redundancy configuration for $k$ -out-of- $n$ pairs:G Balanced systems when unbalanced systems are considered as failed; and that system reliability can be increased by rebalancing unbalanced system.
Mapping the course after CHAARTED

The results of the phase III CHAARTED trial investigating androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus docetaxel for men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer challenge the long-established standard of care of ADT alone for these men. The next step will be to integrate these results into clinical practice.
Bounds of imaginary spectra of LTI systems in the domain of two of the multiple time delays

The stability of linear time invariant (LTI) systems with independent multiple time delays and the cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR) paradigm are investigated from a new perspective. It is known that for such systems, all the imaginary characteristic roots can be detected completely on a small set of hypersurfaces in the domain of the delays (Sipahi and Olgac, 2006a). They are called kernel hypersurfaces (KH). The complete description of KH is the only prerequisite for the CTCR stability assessment procedure. As the number of delays increases, however, their evaluation becomes infeasible. Instead, we present a procedure to extract the 2-D cross-sections of these hypersurfaces in the domain of any two of the delays by fixing the remaining delays. In the 2-delay domain of interest, the exact upper and lower bounds of the imaginary spectra are determined. For this, a combination of half-angle tangent representation of the characteristic equation and the Dixon resultant theory is used as the main contributions of this paper. The complete KH are obtained by sweeping the root crossing frequency in this interval. Using this knowledge CTCR creates the cross-section of the stability map in the domain of the two arbitrarily selected delays. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology over an example case study with three independent delays and two commensurate ones.
Parametric Study of Urban-Like Topographic Statistical Moments Relevant to a Priori Modelling of Bulk Aerodynamic Parameters

For a horizontally homogeneous, neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), aerodynamic roughness length, $$z_0$$ , is the effective elevation at which the streamwise component of mean velocity is zero. A priori prediction of $$z_0$$ based on topographic attributes remains an open line of inquiry in planetary boundary-layer research. Urban topographies – the topic of this study – exhibit spatial heterogeneities associated with variability of building height, width, and proximity with adjacent buildings; such variability renders a priori, prognostic $$z_0$$ models appealing. Here, large-eddy simulation (LES) has been used in an extensive parametric study to characterize the ABL response (and $$z_0$$ ) to a range of synthetic, urban-like topographies wherein statistical moments of the topography have been systematically varied. Using LES results, we determined the hierarchical influence of topographic moments relevant to setting $$z_0$$ . We demonstrate that standard deviation and skewness are important, while kurtosis is negligible. This finding is reconciled with a model recently proposed by Flack and Schultz (J Fluids Eng 132:041203-1–041203-10, 2010), who demonstrate that $$z_0$$ can be modelled with standard deviation and skewness, and two empirical coefficients (one for each moment). We find that the empirical coefficient related to skewness is not constant, but exhibits a dependence on standard deviation over certain ranges. For idealized, quasi-uniform cubic topographies and for complex, fully random urban-like topographies, we demonstrate strong performance of the generalized Flack and Schultz model against contemporary roughness correlations.
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome

Thirty-two patients with a form of Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome are reported from the Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology, Radiology, and Community Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
Mathematics, Peace, and the Cold War: Scientific Diplomacy and Richard Courant’s Scientific Identity

This paper seeks to combine studies of emigre scientists, Cold War American science, and cultural histories of mathematical communities by analyzing Richard Courant’s participation in the National Academy of Sciences interacademy exchange program with the Soviet Union in the 1960s. Following his dismissal by the Nazi government from his post as Director of the Gottingen Mathematics Institute in 1933, Courant spent a year at the University of Cambridge, and then immigrated to the United States where he developed the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University. Courant’s participation with the National Academy of Sciences interacademy exchange program at the end of his career highlights his ideologies about the mathematics discipline, the international mathematics community, and the political role mathematicians could play in contributing to international peace through scientific diplomacy. Courant’s Cold War scientific identity emerges from his activities as an emigre mathematician, institution builder, and international “ambassador.”
Passive bottom reflection-loss estimation using ship noise and a vertical line array

An existing technique for passive bottom-loss estimation from natural marine surface noise (generated by waves and wind) is adapted to use noise generated by ships. The original approach-based on beamforming of the noise field recorded by a vertical line array of hydrophones-is retained; however, additional processing is needed in order for the field generated by a passing ship to show features that are similar to those of the natural surface-noise field. A necessary requisite is that the ship position, relative to the array, varies over as wide a range of steering angles as possible, ideally passing directly over the array to ensure coverage of the steepest angles. The methodology is illustrated through simulation and applied to data from a field experiment conducted offshore of San Diego, CA in 2009.
Animals in War

This chapter describes animal abuse in war through time, focusing especially on two of the most commonly used species: horses and dogs. It argues that animal abuse in war does not always derive from deliberately harmful human treatment, although that does occur. Rather, the worst abuse often grows out of the structural violence implicit in the form of organized activity that constitutes war as such. Animals have regularly been systematically abused alongside human soldiers, all of whom, at best, endure trying circumstances with poor nourishment in unfamiliar settings, challenging travel and logistics, and so on. The exigencies of war frequently produce the most egregious examples of abuse, with thousands or millions of horses or pigeons or dogs involuntarily exposed to suffering and death, including, too often, mass execution.
Disparities in the Prevalence of Unmet Needs and Their Consequences Among Black and White Older Adults.

Objective:We document differential prevalence of need for assistance with personal, instrumental, and mobility tasks and adverse consequences of unmet needs, nursing home relocation, and mortality ...
Classification diversity measurement

Interesting classification rules can be determined by a number of measures. When searching a domain for a characterisation of unique, different, but important data an appropriate measurement is diversity. Diversity as a measure of a classification rule is based on the relative distinctness of the rule to the other rules in the rule-set. The diversity measure is the sum of the inverse of commonness of a rule's items. In this paper, diversity is derived from the simplest classification trees using techniques from statistics and information retrieval, and demonstrated using sample datasets.
Prospective Relations between Social Comparison Orientation and Weight Loss Outcomes.

Maintenance of weight loss after behavioral intervention tends to be poor, and there is need for an improved understanding of factors that are associated with successful maintenance. Social compari...
SAILPLANE WINGLET DESIGN

Although the accuracy of methods for the design and analysis of winglets has been limited, the performance gains achieved through their use are now well established. To further these gains, an improved methodology for winglet design has been developed. This methodology incorporates a detailed component drag buildup that includes the ability to interpolate input airfoil drag and moment data across operational lift coefficient, Reynolds number, and flap-setting ranges. Induced drag is initially predicted using a relatively fast discretized, lifting-line method. In the final stages of the design process, a full panel method, including relaxed-wake modeling, is employed. The drag predictions are used to compute speed polars for both level and tuning flight. This information can then be used to obtain cross country performance over a range of thermal strengths and profiles. The performance predictions agree well with flight-test results, and are consistent with the winglet design experiences obtained thus far. Example designs for the Schempp-Hirth Discus and the Schleicher ASW-20 demonstrate that winglets can provide a small but important performance advantage over much of the operating range for both Standard and Racing Class sailplanes.