cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of ethanol and hyperosmotic perfusates on albumin synthesis and release

Sucrose and ethanol inhibit albumin synthesis; sucrose via an osmotic mechanism and ethanol during its metabolism. The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of both of these agents on albumin synthesis and secretion, and to see if ethanol inhibition could be related to an osmotic effect. Male, fed rabbits served as liver donors in all studies. There were a total of 35 studies: 13 control; 10 ethanol (39 to 52 mM); 4 cycloheximide (0.5 mM), and 8 sucrose (1%). Plasma volume was measured with 125I-albumin (human) and extracellular volume measured with either 99mTc diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid or [14C]sucrose. During perfusion, rabbit albumin content in the perfusate was measured immunologically every 15 to 30 min for 225 min. Interstitial albumin efflux was measured by the rate of appearance in the perfusate of 125I-albumin given to 10 other rabbits 3 days prior to hepatic removal and perfusion. During the initial 75 min of perfusion, 74% of the in vivo equilibrated exchangeable 125I-albumin appeared in the perfusate, and during this period the rabbit albumin that entered the perfusate was taken to represent efflux from the interstitial volume plus synthesis. Rabbit albumin appearing in the perfusate during the later period of 150 min was taken to represent mainly synthesis and was used to calculate the amount of albumin that would be synthesized in 75 min. The difference between these two values would be hepatic interstitial albumin appearing in the perfusate. Acute ethanol exposure reduced hepatic extracellular volume from 18.4 ± 0.3 to 14.1 ± 0.2 ml per 100 gm wet liver weight, did not significantly alter hepatic plasma volume (8.4 ± 0.3 vs. 7.5 ± 0.2 ml in alcohol studies) and reduced hepatic interstitial volume from 10.0 ± 0.4 to 6.6 ± 0.3 ml. Sucrose infusions in eight rabbits did not alter hepatic extracellular volume, averaging 17.2 ± 0.8 ml, nor were plasma volume (mean = 8.7 ± 0.5 ml) and calculated hepatic interstitial volume (mean = 8.5 ± 0.4 ml) significantly altered. The amount of albumin (mg per 100 gm wet liver weight per hr) released from control livers during the first 75 min averaged 48 ± 3 mg, decreased to 36 and 38 mg with ethanol and cycloheximide, respectively, but was not effected by sucrose, even though all of these test substances reduced synthesis during the later time periods (T-75 to T-225). The synthetic rates for this time period were 27 mg per 100 gm wet liver weight per hr in controls, 9.5 mg in ethanol studies, 6.4 mg in the cycloheximide studies and 12.3 mg in the sucrose studies. Ethanol and cycloheximide, thus, must have lowered albumin synthesis nearly immediately, but sucrose required a longer exposure.
Precise delay generation using coupled oscillators

A new delay generator based on a series of coupled ring oscillators has been developed; it produces precise delays with subgate delay resolution for chip testing applications. It achieves a delay resolution equal to a buffer delay divided by the number of rings. The coupling employed forces the outputs of a linear array of ring oscillators oscillating at the same frequency to be uniformly offset in phase by a precise fraction of a buffer delay. The buffer stage used in the ring oscillators is based on a source-coupled pair and achieves high supply noise rejection while operating at low supply voltages. Experimental results from a 2- mu m N-well CMOS implementation of the delay generator demonstrate that it can achieve an output delay resolution of 101 ps while operating at 141 MHz with a peak error of 58 ps. >
Productive Coupling of Accessible Vβ14 Segments and DJβ Complexes Determines the Frequency of Vβ14 Rearrangement

To elucidate mechanisms that regulate Vβ rearrangement, we generated and analyzed mice with a V(D)J recombination reporter cassette of germline Dβ-Jβ segments inserted into the endogenous Vβ14 locus ( Vβ14 Rep ). As a control, we first generated and analyzed mice with the same Dβ-Jβ cassette targeted into the generally expressed c- myc locus (c- myc Rep ). Substantial c- myc Rep recombination occurred in both T and B cells and initiated concurrently with endogenous Dβ to Jβ rearrangements in thymocytes. In contrast, Vβ14 Rep recombination was restricted to T cells and initiated after endogenous Dβ to Jβ rearrangements, but concurrently with endogenous Vβ14 rearrangements. Thus, the local chromatin environment imparts lineage and developmental stage-specific accessibility upon the inserted reporter. Although Vβ14 rearrangements occur on only 5% of endogenous TCRβ alleles, the Vβ14 Rep cassette underwent rearrangement on 80–90% of alleles, supporting the suggestion that productive coupling of accessible Vβ14 segments and DJβ complexes influence the frequency of Vβ14 rearrangements. Strikingly, Vβ14 Rep recombination also occurs on TCRβ alleles lacking endogenous Vβ to DJβ rearrangements, indicating that Vβ14 accessibility per se is not subject to allelic exclusion.
Human dimensions of climate change: the vulnerability of small farmers in the Amazon

This paper argues for a twofold perspective on human adaptation to climate change in the Amazon. First, we need to understand the processes that mediate perceptions of environmental change and the behavioural responses at the levels of the individual and the local population. Second, we should take into account the process of production and dissemination of global and national climate information and models to regional and local populations, especially small farmers. We discuss the sociocultural and environmental diversity of small farmers in the Amazon and their susceptibility to climate change associated with drought, flooding and accidental fire. Using survey, ethnographic and archival data from study areas in the state of Para, we discuss farmers' sources of knowledge and long-term memory of climatic events, drought and accidental fire; their sources of climate information; their responses to drought and fire events and the impact of changing rainfall patterns on land use. We highlight the challenges of adaptation to climate change created by the influence of migration and family turnover on collective action and memory, the mismatch of scales used to monitor and disseminate climate data and the lack of extension services to translate large-scale forecasts to local needs. We found that for most farmers, memories of extended drought tend to decrease significantly after 3 years. Over 50% of the farmers interviewed in 2002 did not remember as significant the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought of 1997/1998. This helps explain why approximately 40% of the farmers have not changed their land-use behaviours in the face of the strongest ENSO event of the twentieth century.
A biophysical implementation of a bidirectional graph search algorithm to solve multiple goal navigation tasks

The model presented here extends formal analysis (Hasselmo et al., Neural Networks, 15, pp. 689-707, 2002b) and abstract modelling (Gorchetchnikov and Hasselmo, Neurocomputing, 44-46, pp. 423-427, 2002a) of interactions within the hippocampal area (or other cortical areas), which can be flexibly used to navigate toward any arbitrary goal or multiple goals that change on a trial-by-trial basis. The algorithm is a version of a bidirectional breadth-first graph search implemented in simulated neurons using two flows of neural activity. The new model changes the continuous firing rate neuronal representations (Gorchetchnikov and Hasselmo 2002a) to more detailed compartmental versions with realistic parameters, while preserving the qualitative properties analysed previously (Hasselmo et al., 2002b, Gorchetchnikov and Hasselmo 2002a). The case of multiple goals being present in the environment is studied in this paper. The first set of simulations tests the algorithm in the selection of the closest goal. A smal...
An Efficient Algorithm for RLC Buffer Insertion

Traditional buffer insertion algorithms neglect the impact of inductance effect, which often introduces large error in circuit optimization. On the other hand, ultra-fast buffering techniques are always desirable as buffering is such a widely used technique in industry. It is a challenge to design an RLC buffering algorithm which excels in both runtime and solution quality. In this paper, such an algorithm is proposed. The new algorithm works under the dynamic programming framework and runs in provably linear time for multiple buffer types due to two novel techniques: restrictive cost bucketing and efficient delay update. Experiment results on industrial netlists demonstrate that the new algorithm consistently outperforms van Ginneken/Lillis algorithm (van Ginneken, 1990) and (Lillis, 1996) for RC buffering and all known RLC buffering algorithms. Without buffer cost minimization, the new algorithm saves up to 8.5% buffer area and provides up to 4times speedup over Ismail's algorithm (Ismail, 2001), When buffer cost minimization is handled, the new algorithm uses 33.4% fewer buffers than van Ginnenken-Lillis's algorithm, and saves up to 5.3% buffer area and gives up to 5times speedup compared to the algorithm in (Jiang et al., 2006)
Areal Reduction Factors for Two Eastern United States Regions with High Rain-Gauge Density

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Paper-29, published in the late 1950s, remains the most com- monly used reference for estimating extreme areal precipitation from station data in the United States. Although a number of alternative methods have been proposed over the intervening years, a rigorous evaluation of the assumptions used in the compilation of TP-29 has not been presented. Overall, TP-29 areal reduction factors provide a conservative means of relating station precipitation extremes to basin average values. For watershed areas less than 1000 km 2 , reevaluated areal reduction factors, are in close agreement with the TP-29 values. For larger watersheds, which TP-29 does not address, the areal reduction factors continue to decay exponentially. The areal reduction factors were found to be particularly sensitive to return period and season, with less extreme areal precipitation relative to the corre- sponding station precipitation at longer return periods and during the warm season. The reevaluated factors exhibit modest differences between study areas in North Carolina and New Jersey. The influence of station density, interpolation method, and topographical rainfall biases appears insignificant.
Managing Drought Through Water Markets: Farmer Preferences in the Rio Grande Basin

Managing drought in agriculture has taken on growing importance as population growth and enviManaging drought in agriculture has tacken on growing importance as population growth and environmental concerns place increasing pressures on agricultural water use. One alternative for agricultural water resource management in areas of recurrent drought is allocation through market mechanisms. While past research has aimed to explain why farmers are reluctant to participate in already established water markets, this research seeks to identify the appropriate market mechanism given farmers' preexisting attitudes toward water markets. Statistical analysis of survey data from 166 farmer interviews in the Rio Grande Basin indicate that farmers are significantly more likely to participate in short-term water mechanisms, such as spot water markets and water banks than in permanent transfer mechanisms, particularly those that fully separate water rights from land. In sharp contrast to expectations, the choice of market mechanism did not differ significantly between farmers based on their a priori intention to buy, sell or both buy and sell in these markets. Choice of market mechanism also did not differ among farmer types although small, lifestyle or hobby farmers clearly preferred spot water markets to other types of short-term mechanisms. Evaluating these attitudes a priori may help to design more suitable water market mechanisms for the basin.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH ORDER AND GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY TO PARENTS

Summay.-Given the lack of inherent uniqueness of the middleborn child, we hypothesized that middleborn adults would be more likely to express their roles in terms of physical distance and separation of themselves from their families and therefore tend to move farther away from home than their firstborn and lastborn siblings. A chi-squared analysis assessed the frequency of participants living farthest horn both mother and father for middleborns versus all other birth-order positions. The frequency of middleborns living farther from their parents' homes was not significantly higher than frequencies of siblings of other birth-order positions when ethnicicy was not controlled. There was a significant difference for Hispanic participants when ethnicity was controlled, with a significandy higher frequency of middleborns living farther from home than siblings of ocher birth-order posirions. A review of the literature on birth order indicates middleborn children tend to experience certain problems within the family relative to sibhgs of other birth-order positions. For example, Kennedy (1989) noted that the middleborn position is characterized by a lack of perceived distinctiveness and attention within the family. There is no inherent reason for the middleborn child to receive speciahed attention (Idwell, 1982). Wddleborn children may therefore feel deprived of the rights and privileges of the oldest and youngest siblings (Dinkn~e~er & McKay, 1989). Without the prescribed roles of their firstborn and lastborn sibhgs, middleborns must often find uniqueness through their own efforts (Sullivan & Schwebel, 1996). Achieving status, affection, and recognition among their sibhgs and feeling special in the eyes of their parents may be especially ddficult for rniddleborn children (Idwell, 1982). Middleborn chrldren may tend to feel overlooked and neglected, while seeing themselves as less important than their older and younger siblings (Chalfont, 1994; Toman, 1976). Middle sibhgs have also reported significantly more negative perceptions of parents' behavior than do firstborns or lastborns (Kidwell, 1982). According to Toman (1976), middle sibhgs may feel left out and as adults may tend to move far away, or they may choose professional careers quite different from those of the rest of the family. Pulakos (1987) further noted that middleborn children may be seen as particularly popular and as
Construction scheduling using Genetic Algorithm based on Building Information Model

The construction project schedule is one of the most important tools for project managers in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry that makes them able to track and manage the time, cost, and quality (a.k.a. Project Management Triangle) of projects. Developing project schedules is almost always troublesome, since it is heavily dependent on project planners' knowledge of work packages, on-the-job-experience, planning capability and oversight. Having a thorough understanding of the project geometries and their internal interacting stability relations plays a significant role in generating practical construction sequencing. On the other hand, the new concept of embedding all the project information into a 3-dimensional representation of a project (a.k.a. Building Information Model or BIM) has recently drawn attention to the construction industry. In this paper, the authors demonstrate a novel approach of retrieving enough information from the BIM of a project and then develop construction sequencing for the installation of the project elements. For this reason a computer application is developed that can automatically derive a structurally (statically) stable construction sequence, using the concept of the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The term ''structurally stable sequencing'' in this article refers to the sequencing order of erection in which the structure remains statically stable locally and globally during the entire installation process. To validate the proposed methodology, the authors designed 21 different experiments and used the proposed method for generating stable construction schedules, which all were successfully accomplished. Therefore, this methodology proposes a novel approach of construction project application of the GA, as an Expert System tool.
INTRAMOLECULAR AZIDE CYCLOADDITION TO A PHOTOCHEMICALLY GENERATED ZWITTERION

Abstract Photochemical rearrangements of 2,5-cyclohexadienones 7a and 7b to bridged triazenes 11a and 11b via zwitterions 10a and 10b are described.
A new approach to VAr pricing and control in the competitive environment

The paper develops a price structure for providing reactive power service and control based on optimal power flow (OPF) approach. The cost of reactive power support service is determined based on capability and contributions to the improvement of system performance such as security, reliability and economics, by computing sensitivity of objective function with respect to reactive power support. The OPF model, in which the objective function is minimization of system loss, is solved by the interior point approach. For VAr planning purpose, three parallel indices are first presented to determine the sites of new VAR sources, based on the cost benefit analysis, the sensitivity method and the voltage security margin method. Then, the analytic hierarchical process is used to comprehensively consider the effect of three indices and the network topology for each candidate VAr source site. The proposed approach was tested on an IEEE 30 bus system with satisfactory results.
Modulation of immune complex-induced inflammation in vivo by the coordinate expression of activation and inhibitory Fc receptors.

Autoantibodies and immune complexes are major pathogenic factors in autoimmune injury, responsible for initiation of the inflammatory cascade and its resulting tissue damage. This activation results from the interaction of immunoglobulin (Ig)G Fc receptors containing an activation motif (ITAM) with immune complexes (ICs) and cytotoxic autoantibodies which initiates and propagates an inflammatory response. In vitro, this pathway can be interrupted by coligation to FcγRIIB, an IgG Fc receptor containing an inhibitory motif (ITIM). In this report, we describe the in vivo consequences of FcγRII deficiency in the inflammatory response using a mouse model of IC alveolitis. At subthreshold concentrations of ICs that fail to elicit inflammatory responses in wild-type mice, FcγRII-deficient mice developed robust inflammatory responses characterized by increased hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. Bronchoalveolar fluids from FcγRII−/− stimulated mice contain higher levels of tumor necrosis factor and chemotactic activity, suggesting that FcγRII deficiency lowers the threshold of IC stimulation of resident cells such as the alveolar macrophage. In contrast, complement- and complement receptor–deficient mice develop normal inflammatory responses to suprathreshold levels of ICs, while FcRγ−/− mice are completely protected from inflammatory injury. An inhibitory role for FcγRII on macrophages is demonstrated by analysis of FcγRII−/− macrophages which show greater phagocytic and calcium flux responses upon FcγRIII engagement. These data reveal contrasting roles for the cellular receptors for IgG on inflammatory cells, providing a regulatory mechanism for setting thresholds for IC sensitivity based on the ratio of ITIM to ITAM FcγR expression. Exploiting the FcγRII inhibitory pathway could thus provide a new therapeutic approach for modulating antibody-triggered inflammation.
On-line monitoring of damage to a sintering press

Abstract A manufacturer of high strength cutting tools utilizes an SPM-75 sintering press to manufacture custom designed blade segments. The sintering press uses graphite electrodes, brass plates and brass heads to pressurize, heat and join the blade segments. It was found that graphite electrodes periodically oxidize and begin to warp, which in turn warps the brass plates adjacent to the electrodes. The warping of the plates damages the brass head units adjoining the plates. It is recommended that the brass plates be resurfaced after two days if production has been intensive and no more than five days if production has been light to reduce wear on the electrodes and the warping of the brass head units. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Constructing diabatic representations using adiabatic and approximate diabatic data – Coping with diabolical singularities

We have recently introduced a diabatization scheme, which simultaneously fits and diabatizes adiabatic ab initio electronic wave functions, Zhu and Yarkony J. Chem. Phys. 140, 024112 (2014). The algorithm uses derivative couplings in the defining equations for the diabatic Hamiltonian, Hd, and fits all its matrix elements simultaneously to adiabatic state data. This procedure ultimately provides an accurate, quantifiably diabatic, representation of the adiabatic electronic structure data. However, optimizing the large number of nonlinear parameters in the basis functions and adjusting the number and kind of basis functions from which the fit is built, which provide the essential flexibility, has proved challenging. In this work, we introduce a procedure that combines adiabatic state and diabatic state data to efficiently optimize the nonlinear parameters and basis function expansion. Further, we consider using direct properties based diabatizations to initialize the fitting procedure. To address this issue, we introduce a systematic method for eliminating the debilitating (diabolical) singularities in the defining equations of properties based diabatizations. We exploit the observation that if approximate diabatic data are available, the commonly used approach of fitting each matrix element of Hd individually provides a starting point (seed) from which convergence of the full Hd construction algorithm is rapid. The optimization of nonlinear parameters and basis functions and the elimination of debilitating singularities are, respectively, illustrated using the 1,2,3,41A states of phenol and the 1,21A states of NH3, states which are coupled by conical intersections.
Worldviews, Issue Knowledge, and the Pollution of a Local Science Information Environment

Research in motivated reasoning supports the notion that sociopolitical identity moderates the impact of knowledge on attitudes toward science issues. However, science knowledge and sociopolitical orientation have been measured in different ways, and the results have not been entirely consistent. In this study, 964 adults participated in an online survey-experiment examining their reactions to a message about local water quality. Results show that while issue-specific knowledge predicts increased environmental science public policy support, “polluting” the information environment with already politicized message frames activates sociopolitical orientation as a moderator and, among certain groups, reverses the direction of the relationship.
Role of Glandular Trichomes in the Resistance of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum to Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The accession PI 134417-3 of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull., which was previously selected for its high level of resistance to Manduca sexta L. and which is highly resistant also to Heliothis zea (Boddie), was found to be highly resistant to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Although potato beetle adults laid ca. 3-fold more eggs on PI 134417-3 than on the cultivated tomato cv. Walter in field experiments, extensive mortality of larvae on PI 134417-3 resulted in populations of late instar larvae being significantly lower than those of ‘Walter.’ In laboratory experiments, removal of the glandular trichome tips from PI 134417-3 leaflets by swabbing with ethanol resulted in a dramatic reduction in the level of resistance, but did not render the plants as susceptible to CPB as the tomato cv. Walter.
Retail Trends in Seattle

attle's Northgate Center, for example, provides almost three square feet of parking for every square foot of operating space. 4. Most of the population increase in the metropolitan Seattle area since 1940 has occurred outside of the city limits. Inadequate mass transportation beyond the city limits makes downtown shopping difficult for many families during the day. 5. Seattle suburban shopping centers tend to be open more frequently during evening hours than are downtown retailers. Several suburban centers are open at least two evenings a week, and this trend has forced downtown stores to re-
FIELD TRIAL OF LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA A/B (“ALICE”/R-75) VACCINE

The reactogenicity, immunogenicity and protection effecacy of a serum inhibitor-resistant live attenuated influenza A/B ("Alice"/R-75) vaccine was determined in a group of health young volunteers. The influenza A component was derived from A/England/42/72 (H3N2) strain, and the B component from B/Hong Kong/5/72 strain. Sixty-eight subjects had hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers to influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) antigen of less than or equal to 1:8 ("low A" group) and 75 had similarly low antibody titers to B HA antigen ("low B" group). Two inocula given 14 days apart consisted of vaccine in two doses (VV); one dose of vaccine followed by placebo (VP); or two doses of placebo (PP). The reactogenicity of the vaccine was low, with approximately 25% of subjects in both the immunized and placebo categories having symptoms mainly of respiratory nature. The A component of the vaccine was immunogenic with 90.9% of the subjects in the low A group VV category showing seroconversion. By contrast, only 20% of VV subjects in the low B group seroconverted to B antigen. The vaccine afforded significant protection againndergone a slight antigenic drift. There was no difference in protection afforded either by one or two doses of the vaccine. Thus the overall protection efficacy following at least one dose of the vaccine was 80.0% (p = .01), and in the low A group subjects it was 85.5% (p = .01).
Day‐to‐day variability in the thermosphere and its impact on plasmasphere refilling

Satellite drag data showing significant (20%) short-term variations in atmospheric mass density are presented. These data, along with the Naval Research Laboratory SAMI3 (Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere) ionosphere/plasmasphere model and the WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model) atmosphere model are used to estimate day-to-day variability in thermosphere composition, thermosphere winds, and exosphere temperatures and the effect of this variability on plasmasphere refilling rates. This assessment is guided by SAMI3 modeling showing that modest (20%) decreases in thermospheric density and exospheric temperature can lead to large (60%) increases in plasmaspheric refilling rates and that changes in the thermospheric wind pattern can have a similar effect. Results suggest that day-to-day variability in thermospheric wind and composition could affect plasmaspheric refilling rates by 50 to 100%.
On the Link between Tropical Cyclones and Daily Rainfall Extremes Derived from Global Satellite Observations

AbstractThe authors evaluate the contribution of tropical cyclones (TCs) to daily precipitation extremes over land for TC-active regions around the world. From 1998 to 2012, data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA 3B42) showed that TCs account for an average of 3.5% ± 1% of the total number of rainy days over land areas experiencing cyclonic activity regardless of the basin considered. TC days represent between 13% and 31% of daily extremes above 4 in. day−1, but can account locally for the large majority (>70%) or almost all (≈100%) of extreme rainfall even over higher-latitude areas marginally affected by cyclonic activity. Moreover, regardless of the TC basin, TC-related extremes occur preferably later in the TC season after the peak of cyclonic activity.
Vision: Elementary and Complex Visual Processing

Vision directs our attention and attention, in turn, is nature’s answer to massive sensory input that our brains are subjected to. Our senses gather information continuously and hence we are subject to sensory overload. The human sensory system receives ~11 million bits of information per second; yet it has been estimated that we can only process ~16–50 bits per second (0.0002 %). Countless decisions are being made by our brain on a continuous basis, mostly at a nonconscious level from which is derived the very rough estimate that we process only 5 % at the conscious level and 95 % at the nonconscious level [1, 2]. At another level and another approximation, about half of the cortex is concerned with vision and vision usually overrides other senses when there are conflicting inputs. The evolution of our visual system, its predominance over the other senses, and the ability to process most sensory information nonconsciously can only be explained and understood in terms of paleoneurological or evolutionary biological and neuroscientific process.
Calibration of Voltage Transformers and High-Voltage Capacitors at Nist

1Certain commercial products are identified to adequately specify the experimental procedure. In no case does such identification imply recommendation by NIST, nor does it imply the products are the best available.
Striatal MRI Abnormalities in OCD

MRI scans from 19 children aged 7 to 18 years, with recent onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), untreated with psychotropic drugs, and 19 matched controls, were analyzed for striatal volume at Western Psychiatric Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
New Employee Development Tactics: Perceived Availability, Helpfulness, and Relationship with Job Attitudes

This study examined the availability and helpfulness of twenty new employee development tactics and their relationship with seven job attitudes. Bachelor's graduates surveyed twelve months after graduation (n = 378) reported low availability of many tactics but high perceived helpfulness. Multiple regression analyses revealed strong correlations (R = .50–.58) with satisfaction, commitment, intent to quit, psychological success, and post-decision dissonance. The most important tactic was allowing new employees to fully utilize their skills and abilities. Implications for new approaches to new employee development in organizations and for human resource professionals are discussed.
Ocular Emergencies: Red Eye

"Red eye" is used as a general term to describe irritated or bloodshot eyes. It is a recognizable sign of an acute/chronic, localized/systemic underlying inflammatory condition. Conjunctival injection is most commonly caused by dryness, allergy, visual fatigue, contact lens overwear, and local infections. In some instances, red eye can represent a true ocular emergency that should be treated by an ophthalmologist. A comprehensive assessment of red eye conditions is required to preserve the patients visual function. Severe ocular pain, significant photophobia, decreased vision, and history of ocular trauma are warning signs demanding immediate ophthalmological consultation.
High-order discontinuous Galerkin method for applications to multicomponent and chemically reacting flows

This article focuses on the development of a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for simulations of multicomponent and chemically reacting flows. Compared to aerodynamic flow applications, in which DG methods have been successfully employed, DG simulations of chemically reacting flows introduce challenges that arise from flow unsteadiness, combustion, heat release, compressibility effects, shocks, and variations in thermodynamic properties. To address these challenges, algorithms are developed, including an entropy-bounded DG method, an entropy-residual shock indicator, and a new formulation of artificial viscosity. The performance and capabilities of the resulting DG method are demonstrated in several relevant applications, including shock/bubble interaction, turbulent combustion, and detonation. It is concluded that the developed DG method shows promising performance in application to multicomponent reacting flows. The paper concludes with a discussion of further research needs to enable the application of DG methods to more complex reacting flows.
Motorized functional electrical stimulation for torque and cadence tracking: A switched Lyapunov approach

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a rehabilitation technique in which an electric field is applied across a muscle group to induce muscle contractions to perform a functional task such as cycling. By combining FES with a motorized cycle, a switched system is created with multiple actuators (i.e., muscles and electric motor) as inputs, and multiple tracking objectives (i.e., position, cadence, and torque) can be accomplished. To examine the performance of the uncertain switched nonlinear system, a common Lyapunov function and a dwell-time analysis are used to prove asymptotic position, cadence, and torque tracking to an ultimate bound. An auxiliary Lyapunov analysis is then generated to conclude that while position and cadence undergo exponential convergence, torque tracking is uniformly ultimate bounded.
Infusing data analytics into the accounting curriculum: A framework and insights from faculty

Abstract Understanding how to use data to formulate and solve business problems provides an opportunity for the accounting professional to become a forward thinking strategic partner in the organization. The challenge for accountants is to develop the skills needed to extract value from data through advanced analytics. The challenge for accounting academic departments is determining the data analytic skills and tools that are relevant to the accounting profession and how and when to incorporate those topics into an already full curriculum. This is especially true for accounting programs that have separate AACSB accreditation, given that Accreditation Standard A7 requires universities with separate accounting accreditation to include content and learning objectives associated with data analytics and information technology skills. To address the challenges, we propose three data analytic implementation methods: a focused approach, integrated approach, and a hybrid approach. We present the results of a broad exploratory survey of accounting faculty regarding which data analytic skills and tools should be taught and how, when and where these topics should be provided to accounting students. We find support for a hybrid approach; whereby accounting programs include both a stand-alone course emphasizing data analytic competencies and accounting courses with data analytic competencies ingrained. We conclude with a discussion of the support for and limitations of each of our proposed implementation methods.
The Biologic Impact of Hereditary Defects that Cause Thrombosis

Considerable effort has been devoted to investigating the natural anticoagulant mechanisms that regulate the hemostatic mechanism. Two of these are the heparan sulfate-antithrombin III and protein C-thrombomodulin-protein S mechanisms that inactivate the serine proteases and activated cofactors of the coagulation cascade, respectively.1, 2 Antithrombin III neutralizes the activity of thrombin as well as factors Xa, IXa, XIa, and XIIa. Heparan sulfate associated with endothelial cells of the vessel wall accelerates the inactivation of these enzymes. To perform its anticoagulant function, protein C, a vitamin-K dependent glycoprotein, is converted to activated protein C when thrombin binds to thrombomodulin on vascular endothelial cell membranes. Activated protein C inhibits the platelet-dependent conversion of prothrombin to thrombin via factor Xa by destroying factor Villa and platelet-bound factor Va. Protein S enhances the binding of activated protein C to phospholipid-containing membranes and accelerates the proteolytic inactivation of factor Villa and factor Va. The association of severe thrombotic disease in persons with hereditary deficiencies of antithrombin III, protein C, or protein S demonstrates the physiologic importance of these natural anticoagulants in vivo. This chapter describes the clinical features, laboratory evaluation, and management of patients with these familial disorders.
A Review of Model Inaccuracy and Parameter Uncertainty in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Models and Simulations

This paper presents a comprehensive review on the sources of model inaccuracy and parameter uncertainty in metal laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process. Metal additive manufacturing (AM) involves multiple physical phenomena and parameters that potentially affect the quality of the final part. To capture the dynamics and complexity of heat and phase transformations that exist in the metal L-PBF process, computational models and simulations ranging from low to high fidelity have been developed. Since it is difficult to incorporate all the physical phenomena encountered in the L-PBF process, computational models rely on assumptions that may neglect or simplify some physics of the process. Modeling assumptions and uncertainty play significant role in the predictive accuracy of such L-PBF models. In this study, sources of modeling inaccuracy at different stages of the process from powder bed formation to melting and solidification are reviewed. The sources of parameter uncertainty related to material properties and process parameters are also reviewed. The aim of this review is to support the development of an approach to quantify these sources of uncertainty in L-PBF models in the future. The quantification of uncertainty sources is necessary for understanding the tradeoffs in model fidelity and guiding the selection of a model suitable for its intended purpose.
Windows on history: photographs from the Ringling Circus Museum

For much of its history, the fleeting art of the circus performance has relied upon fixed images to disseminate information to its contemporaries and, ultimately, to record its history for the futu...
Depressive Symptoms and Onset of Functional Disability Over 2 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study

Objectives This prospective cohort study examined the relationship between depressive symptoms and onset of functional disability over 2 years among US Chinese older adults, a rapidly growing minority older adult population. Design and setting This study used survey data from 2713 Chinese older adults who completed both baseline (2011-2013) and follow-up (2013-2015) interviews of the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Functional disability was measured by three validated scales, Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) scale, and the Rosow and Breslau mobility scale. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between baseline depressive symptoms and the development of functional disability (ADLs, IADLs, mobility) at 2-year follow-up while adjusting for covariates. Results Of the 2713 participants, 5.2% experienced ADL disability onset, 35.6% experienced IADL disability onset, and 23.3% experienced mobility disability onset over 2 years. After adjusting for covariates, the odds of ADL disability onset (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.11), IADL disability onset (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.01-1.09), and mobility disability onset (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.01-1.09) were consistently higher in US Chinese older adults with higher levels of depressive symptoms than their less-depressed counterparts. Other significant risk factors included older age and more chronic physical conditions. Conclusion Study findings underscore a significant relationship between depressive symptoms and onset of functional disability. Screening and, subsequently, treating depressive symptoms have the potential to reduce disability among US Chinese older adults. Culturally relevant depressive symptom screening may help identify Chinese older adults who are at greater risks for the development of functional disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:S538-S544, 2019.
Decreased levels of constitutive proteasomes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis may be caused by a combination of subunit displacement and reduced Nfe2l1 expression

The goal of this study was to determine if subunit displacement and/or alterations in proteasome biosynthesis could explain the changes observed in the levels of constitutive proteasomes (c-20S) and immunoproteasomes (i-20S) in the spinal cords of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To this end, EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. Spinal cords were collected at different times during the disease course and used for western blotting, RNA analysis, and immunohistochemistry. The results show that, as expression of i-20S and the activator PA28 rise in EAE, there is a concomitant decline in that of c-20S at the mRNA and protein level. These changes are observed in neurons and astrocytes but not in oligodendrocytes. The increased amounts of the i-20S-specific subunit β5i and PA28α/β in EAE correlate with the levels of interferon-γ and its downstream effectors p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and interferon regulatory factor-1, but not with those of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. This suggests that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/interferon regulatory factor-1 pathway is solely responsible for the induction of these subunits. The decrease in the mRNA and protein levels corresponding to the c-20S-specific subunit β5 may also be due to reduced expression of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-1 (Nrf1 or Nfe2l1), specifically Nrf1α and Nrf1β. Low Nfe2l1 mRNA expression is unlikely caused by reduced mammalian target of rapamycin signaling but could be the result of diminished pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox-1 transcription factor levels. Together, these findings suggest that a combination of subunit displacement and reduced Nrf1 expression may be responsible for c-20S impairment in EAE. The present work provides insights into the dynamics of proteasome expression in the CNS of EAE mice and is the first to explore Nrf1 signaling in an inflammatory demyelinating disorder.
Shadow Economies Around the World: Evidence from Metropolitan Areas

In this paper, I use a calibrated two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model to construct annual estimates of shadow economy size (as a percentage of GDP) for 57 metropolitan areas from 31 countries throughout the world from 2001 to 2016. In addition to fully describing and characterizing the constructed dataset, I also provide some stylized facts regarding the trends of these estimates and some of their correlates. I also use the model to evaluate the effects of two policy tools: Changing the tax burden and tax enforcement.
A perinuclear microtubule-organizing center controls nuclear positioning and basement membrane secretion

Non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (ncMTOCs) have a variety of roles presumed to serve the diverse functions of the range of cell types in which they are found. ncMTOCs are diverse in their composition, subcellular localization, and function. Here we report a novel perinuclear MTOC in Drosophila fat body cells that is anchored by Msp300/Nesprin at the cytoplasmic surface of the nucleus. Msp300 recruits the MT minus-end protein Patronin/CAMSAP, which functions redundantly with Ninein to further recruit the MT polymerase Msps/XMAP215 to assemble non-centrosomal MTs and does so independently of the widespread MT nucleation factor γ-tubulin. Functionally, the fat body ncMTOC and the radial MT arrays it organizes is essential for nuclear positioning and for secretion of basement membrane components via retrograde dynein-dependent endosomal trafficking that restricts plasma membrane growth. Together, this study identifies a perinuclear ncMTOC with unique architecture and MT regulation properties that serves vital functions.
The Laplace approach in microrheology

When coupled with the generalized Stokes–Einstein (GSE) equation, it is often reported that micro-rheology probes the dynamic properties differently than do macroscopic rheological measurements, especially in relatively condensed systems. In the present work, we empirically examine the GSE in its widely used form: following an analytical continuation, the Fourier transformed particle mean-square displacement (MSD) is used to determine the dynamic moduli [G′(ω) and G′′(ω)] and we compare the results with those obtained by direct inverse Laplace transform calculation of the relevant viscoelastic functions (either relaxation modulus or creep compliance) from the MSD. The results show that the inverse Laplace approaches can differ from the Fourier approach and give better agreement with macroscopic rheological measurements when this is the case. Some instances of agreement between the Fourier approach and the direct Laplace transform approaches are also shown. It is recommended that micro-rheology MSD data be interpreted using one of the direct Laplace transform based approaches.
Pelvic floor shape variations during pregnancy and after vaginal delivery.

Abstract Background and objective Strong evidence suggests that pelvic soft tissues soften during pregnancy to facilitate vaginal delivery while protecting against maternal birth injury. We hypothesized that these adaptations likely result in changes to the shape of the pelvic floor. Thus, this study aimed to compare midsagittal pelvic floor shapes from MRIs of nulliparous, gravid, and vaginally parous women using statistical shape modeling. Methods A retrospective study of 22 nulliparous, 29 gravid (vaginally nulliparous), and 18 vaginally parous women who underwent pelvic MRI was performed. The pelvic floor was segmented from pubic symphysis to coccyx as a 2D polyline in the midsagittal plane. Once corresponding landmarks were computed and the variances between them determined by principal component analysis, the principal component scores were calculated for modes that explained variance greater than noise. These became the dependent variables in a MANOVA with univariate ANOVAs, linear regressions, and Benjamini-Hochberg corrections post hoc. Two initial statistical shape analyses were conducted to analyze differences based on gestational age (1st/2nd vs 3rd trimester) and vaginal parity (VP1 vs VP2-4). There were significant differences based on gestational age, but not vaginal parity. Thus, the final statistical shape analysis evaluated pelvic floor shapes of nulliparous, 3rd trimester gravid, and all vaginally parous subjects. Results In the final analysis, six modes described variance—a measure of shape variability—greater than noise. Groups differed significantly for modes 1, 2, and 4 (p Conclusions The shape of the pelvic floor changes significantly during pregnancy and some of those changes are present after vaginal delivery. The fact that the nulliparous and gravid groups differ while the parous is similar to both suggests that some parous women regain their nulliparous shape after pregnancy and delivery while others do not. This indicates that remodeling during pregnancy and/or injury during vaginal delivery can have lasting effects on the pelvic floor.