cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advisory and Coercive Functions in Psychiatry

Two questions about professional practice rarely arise: the use of control in expert-client relations and the effect of different settings on the styles of practice. This paper presents the historical development of the mandates, for both control and advice, which pervade psychiatric practice. Though the presence of expertise always implies an element of control, usage varies according to opportunities and constraints provided by each setting. An analysis of control functions exercised by psychiatrists in coercive settings-institutions-leads to recognition of the application of control elements in the supposedly advisory setting of private practice. Patients meeting psychiatrists in different settings require differing kinds of protection against misuse of professional expertise.
Speciation and weathering of selenium in upper cretaceous chalk and shale from South Dakota and Wyoming, USA

Abstract In geologic materials, petroleum, and the environment, selenium occurs in various oxidation states (VI, IV, 0, -II), mineralized forms, and organo-Se complexes. Each of these forms is characterized by specific chemical and biochemical properties that control the element’s solubility, toxicity, and environmental behavior. The organic rich chalks and shales of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation and the Pierre Shale in South Dakota and Wyoming are bentoniferous stratigraphic intervals characterized by anomalously high concentrations of naturally occurring Se. Numerous environmental problems have been associated with Se derived from these geological units, including the development of seleniferous soils and vegetation that are toxic to livestock and the contamination of drinking water supplies by Se mobilized in groundwater. This study describes a sequential extraction protocol followed by speciation treatments and quantitative analysis by Hydride Generation–Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. This protocol was utilized to investigate the geochemical forms and the oxidation states in which Se occurs in these geologic units. Organic Se and di-selenide minerals are the predominant forms of Se present in the chalks, shales, and bentonites, but distinctive variations in these forms were observed between different sample types. Chalks contain significantly greater proportions of Se in the form of di-selenide minerals (including Se associated with pyrite) than the shales where base-soluble, humic, organo-Se complexes are more prevalent. A comparison between unweathered samples collected from lithologic drill cores and weathered samples collected from outcrop suggest that the humic, organic-Se compounds in shale are formed during oxidative weathering and that Se oxidized by weathering is more likely to be retained by shale than by chalk. Selenium enrichment in bentonites is inferred to result from secondary processes including the adsorption of Se mobilized by groundwater from surrounding organic rich sediments to clay mineral and iron hydroxide surfaces, as well as microbial reduction of Se within the bentonitic intervals. Distinct differences are inferred for the biogeochemical pathways that affected sedimentary Se sequestration during periods of chalk accumulation compared to shale deposition in the Cretaceous seaway. Mineralogy of sediment and the nature of the organic matter associated with each of these rock types have important implications for the environmental chemistry and release of Se to the environment during weathering.
Explicit expressions of the Barnett-Lothe tensors for anisotropic materials

The three Barnett-Lothe tensorsS, H, andL appear frequently in the real form solutions of two-dimensional anisotropic elasticity problems. Explicit expressions for the components of these tensors are presented for general anisotropic materials. The special cases of monoclinic materials with the plane of material symmetry at x3=0, x2=0, and x1=0 are then deduced. For monoclinic materials with the symmetry plane at x2=0 or x1=0, the locations of image singularities for the Green's functions for a half-space have a special geometry.
Determination of the sequence which spans the beginning of the insertion region in Anacystis nidulans flavodoxin

Anacystis nidulans flavodoxin is one of the long chain flavodoxins (Mayhew & Ludwig, 1975). Comparisons of its structure with the structures of shorter chain species (main text; Ludwig et al. , 1982) show that in A. nidulans flavodoxin most of the extra residues occupy a region adjoining the third helix and the fifth strand of parallel sheet. The sequences of peptides isolated after cyanogen bromide cleavage and after digestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease, reported here, fit into the electron density map of A. nidulans flavodoxin, starting near the middle of the third helix, and verify that the major insertion interrupts the fifth strand of parallel sheet.
Factorial invariance found in survey instrument measuring arthritis-related health beliefs among African-Americans and Whites.

Abstract Objective Reliable and valid instruments for measuring health beliefs related to arthritis and total joint arthroplasty (TJA) are lacking. The present study examined the factorial invariance of an Arthritis-related Health Belief Instrument (AHBI) that measures four constructs: severity of arthritis, susceptibility of arthritis to get worse, and perceived benefits and barriers of TJA. Study Design and Setting In an urban primary care clinic setting, African-American (AA) and White (W) patients (n = 664) with at least a moderately severe degree of osteoarthritis completed the AHBI. For the cross-sectional data on the first 120 enrolled participants, exploratory factor analysis was performed to derive the initial factor structures. For the remaining 544 participants, single-group and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed to assess factorial invariance. Results The CFA analyses revealed that a four-factor model was invariant across race. Conclusion The findings of invariance across race support the use of the AHBI to measure ethnic group differences in health beliefs as they relate to arthritis and TJA. Future analyses should continue to assess other aspects of reliability and validity of the AHBI.
Parenting Interventions Implementation Science: How Delivery Format Impacts the Parenting Wisely Program

Objectives: This study examines the implementation and effectiveness of Parenting Wisely, an Internet-based parenting skills intervention. The study assesses whether parents benefit from Parenting Wisely participation and whether the delivery format influences program effectiveness. Method: This study uses a quasi-experimental design. Participating parents (N ¼ 144) come from a rural, impoverished, ethnically diverse county in a Southeastern state. The intervention is delivered via four formats: parents- only intensive workshop, parents-only 5-week group, parent and adolescent 5-week group, and parent and adolescent online for- mat. Results: Findings show an association between Parenting Wisely participation and improvements in family problem solving, family roles, family involvement, parenting self-efficacy, parenting sense of competence, and decreased adolescent violent beha- vior. Effect sizes vary by delivery format. Conclusion: Positive program effects vary by delivery format and outcome. Practice implications are discussed.
Electron probe surface mass spectrometry study of oxygen on molybdenum

Abstract Comparison of O 2 and CO data leads us to postulate that O 2 adsorbs on molybdenum in α and β states similar to CO. This model yields cross section of ∼ 2 × 10 −17 for electron induced O + desorption from weaker bound (α) phase.
Optimization and computation applied to power system scheduling and control

Algorithms have been developed for dynamic rescheduling and control of generation to modify the state of an interconnected power system. The algorithms can be used to achieve control of m-1 scalar quantities in a power system by individually adjusting the generation at m power plants. Specifically, the algorithms can be used to schedule the power flow on individual lines or tie-lines to other systems, or the voltage phase-angle differences between arbitrary nodes in a power system. The algorithms developed are for use in a preventive mode, and would be used to improve power system security. The rescheduling problems are solved by linearization and utilize techniques of optimal control theory. The algorithms developed have computational requirements, when advantage is taken of the sparsity of the matrices involved, which make possible their utilization as on-line tools. The control, used to move the generation to the newly rescheduled state, is also quite easy to implement and can be carried out by a central computer facility. The control approach described yields very smooth transitions in power output between the existing and rescheduled levels. Simulation results demonstrate that control of the system to the newly scheduled state can be accomplished in about 2 min.
Visual and tactual texture perception: intersensory cooperation.

In three experiments, subjects were required to make texture judgments about abrasive surfaces. Touch and vision provided comparable levels of performance when observers attempted to select the smoothest of three surfaces, but bimodal visual and tactual input led to greater accuracy. The superiority of bimodal perception was ascribed to visual guidance of tactual exploration. The elimination of visual texture cues did not impair bimodal performance if vision of hand movements were permitted. It is suggested that touch may preempt vision when both sources of texture information are simultaneously available. The results support the notion that perception is normally multimodal, since restriction of the observer to either sense in isolation produces lower levels of performance.
A linkage map of distal mouse chromosome 12.

To refine the linkage map of distal mouse Chromosome 12, we have identified DNA restriction fragment variants associated with a creatine kinase gene (Ck-3), the Akt proto-oncogene, an Abelson proviral integration site (D12N1), and the immunoglobulin heavy chain VH3609 variable region family (Igh-V36). The patterns of inheritance of these markers in backcross progeny and recombinant inbred mouse strains allowed their localization with respect to previously mapped genes to yield the linkage map: Aat-15.8 cM-Ck-3-0.9 cM-(Crip, Akt, Igh-C)-0.3 cM-(D12N1, Igh-V). This map confirms genetically the localization of the Igh-V gene complex distal to Igh-C on the chromosome. It differs from previous maps in placing D12N1 distal to Igh-C, and in suggesting that the Igh-V gene complex spans less than one centiMorgan (cM).
Flux growth of large crystals by accelerated crucible-rotation technique

Abstract A novel stirring technique is described which, in conjunction with localized cooling, permits control of nucleation in closed crucibles for crystal growth from high-temperature solutions.
Silicon and polymer nanophotonic devices based on photonic crystals

Photonic crystals (PhCs) provide a promising nanophotonic platform for developing novel optoelectronic devices with significantly reduced device size and power consumption. Silicon nanophotonics is anticipated to play a pivotal role in the future nano-system integration owing to the maturity of sub-micron silicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. An ultra-compact silicon modulator was experimentally demonstrated based on silicon photonic crystal waveguides. Modulation operation was achieved by carrier injection into an 80-micron-long silicon PhC waveguide of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure. The driving current to obtain a phase shift of π across the active region was as low as 0.15 mA, owing to slow light group velocity in PhC waveguides. The modulation depth was 92%. The electrode between the two waveguide arms of the MZI structure was routed to the space outside the MZI. In real devices, this planarized routing design would be essential to integrating the silicon modulator with electrical driving circuitry on a single silicon chip. For laboratory test, this routing scheme also eliminated the need of placing a bulky pad between the two arms and gave our modulator a distinctive slim profile and a much smaller footprint. Polymeric photonic crystals were designed for superprism based laser beam steering applications, and were fabricated by nano-imprint and other techniques.
Absence of a stable intermediate on the folding pathway of protein A

The B-domain of protein A has one of the simplest protein topologies, a three-helix bundle. Its folding has been studied as a model for elementary steps in the folding of larger proteins. Earlier studies suggested that folding might occur by way of a helical hairpin intermediate. Equilibrium hydrogen exchange measurements indicate that the C-terminal helical hairpin could be a potential folding intermediate. Kinetic refolding experiments were performed using stopped-flow circular dichroism and NMR hydrogen-deuterium exchange pulse labeling. Folding of the entire molecule is essentially complete within the 6 ms dead time of the quench-flow apparatus, indicating that the intermediate, if formed, progresses rapidly to the final folded state. Site-directed mutagenesis of the isoleucine residue at position 16 was used to generate a variant protein containing tryptophan (the 116 W mutant). The formation of the putative folding intermediate was expected to be favored in this mutant at the expense of the native folded form, due to predicted unfavorable steric interactions of the bulky tryptophan side chain in the folded state. The 116 W mutant refolds completely within the dead time of a stopped-flow fluorescence experiment. No partly folded intermediate could be detected by either kinetic or equilibrium measurements. Studies of peptide fragments suggest that the protein A sequence has an intrinsic propensity to form a helix II/helix III hairpin. However, its stability appears to be marginal (of the order of 1/2 kT) and it could not be an obligatory intermediate on a defined folding pathway. These results explicitly demonstrate that the protein A B domain folds extremely rapidly by an apparent two-state mechanism without formation of stable partly folded intermediates. Similar mechanisms may also be involved in the rapid folding of subdomains of larger proteins to form the compact molten globule intermediates that often accumulate during the folding process.
Fine structure of chromatolytic feline motoneurons.

Abstract 1. (1) Electron microscopic and electron histochemical observations on chromatolytic spinal motoneurons of the cat have demonstrated the occurrence of peripherad displacement (retispersion) of the Golgi apparatus of the reacting nerve cells. Though described originally by light microscopists, retispersion has not been reported in previous ultrastructural studies of axon reaction. It is suggested that species differences and variations in the nature of the neuronal populations studied after axotomy may have bearing on the discrepancies in the literature between light microscopic and fine structural observations. 2. (2) In addition to the change in distribution of Golgi elements, chromatolytic motoneurons show an alteration in a smooth membranous system resembling the subsurface cisterns of Rosenbluth (1962) . A proliferation of these elements is found in chromatolytic cells 28–60 days after axon section. It is suggested that subsurface cisterns may have a functional relationship to the cytoplasmic syntheses accompanying axonal regrowth.
Networked medical monitoring in the battlefield

With critical data gathered during the battlefields, commanders are able to generate more plans and make better decisions more swiftly. Providing up-to-minute medical information such as physical and psychological fitness of each soldier can significantly help these decisions. The most of current medical information gathering system is in a format of speech or text. To collect this data with mobile devices and to propagate it to the commander, an efficient data transferring, low-power consumption, secure and light-weighted solution is needed. Previous solutions for on-site medical diagnosing and data gathering with portable devices did not address data transfer protocol, security and power-saving issues. In this paper, we propose to extend those local solutions to a dynamically changing, geographically distributed scenario using the battlefield soldier monitoring system (B-SMS). B-SMS is based on peer-to-peer (P2P) networking and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). With the P2P protocol, soldiers within a team opportunistically share their medical records. Soldier P2P communications can be via Bluetooth. The P2P network then elects a peer to upload the information to UAVs using wireless channels such as 802.11 or WiMax equivalents. The UAVs then convey the information to the commander either via multi-hop UA V to UAV communications, or in a delay tolerant mode, by ferrying the data to destination. To validate the proposed P2P + UAV solution, we study via simulation the data dissemination within the unit and the transfer to the base camp through UAVs. The B-SMS system will have the dual purpose of allowing the commander to re-organize combat groups based on physical conditions, and; the medics to prioritize medical intervention, thereby protecting soldiers lives, and supporting commanders strategic decisions. The time requirements of these tasks may differ. In this paper, we will also evaluate P2P delays and UAV transfer delays and discuss their impact on the applications.
Anti-globalization: why?

Globalization first became a buzzword. Davos and the New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman celebrated its virtues, its inevitability. But then came the anti-globalizers. Globalization then became a more conventional four-letter word. The Ruckus Society and the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu proclaimed its vices, its vincibility. As this dialectic has unfolded, it is tempting to think that there is a primeval curse on the phenomenon. After all, if you care to count, globalization is in fact a thirteen-letter word. It has become by now a phenomenon that is doomed to unending controversy, the focal point of always hostile passions and sometimes violent protests. It is surely a defining issue as we move further into the new century. The reasons this has happened cry out for comprehension. Without such understanding, and then informed refutation of the fears and follies that animate the anti-globalizers, we cannot adequately defend the globalization that many of us seek to sustain, even deepen.1
Temperature distribution in cylindrical fuel-element end caps at unsteady state

Abstract The temperature distribution in bonded end caps of solid cylindrical reactor fuel elements at the unsteady state is determined analytically. Solution of the temperature distributions is expressed by products of Bessel functions and exponential functions with coupling relations between the fuel material and the end closures of the fuel element. A numerical example for UO2 dispersion fuel element with zircaloy end caps is given. The main results calculated for transient behavior of temperature distributions in the end caps are as follows: 1. a) For given end-cap length and material, the temperature. distribution in the end caps tends to become uniform with time or Fourier number, 2. b) For a given mean heat transfer coefficient, the temperature distribution in the end caps depends chiefly on Fourier number. 3. c) The temperature distribution for the end caps of various diameters is the same, if the time of heat conduction is proportional to the square of the diameter.
868 EFFECT OF DIET ON FAT CELL NUMBER, SIZE AND ENZYMES IN OBESE PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Cell size, cell number and several lipogenic enzymes were measured from adipose tissue from 4 subjects (11-15 yrs, and >200% of ideal body wt) who were undergoing wt reduction. Subjects were placed on a 2600 cal diet (A) and 2 hypocaloric diets (880 cal), one high in fat (B), the other high in carbohydrate (C). Adipose tissue was obtained by needle aspiration from the buttock at the end of each dietary period. Fat cell number remained constant whereas fat cell size significantly decreased (p<.05) during wt reduction. Citrate cleavage enzyme (CCE) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities both increased during the reducing diets. Malic enzyme (ME) and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGPD) were highest on diet C. Two-way analysis of variance and Scheffe testing indicate that CCE, PFK, and αGPD were highest on diet C (p<.05). Malic enzyme remained the same on diet B, but increased on diet C (p<.01). These data demonstrate that adipose tissue enzymes respond to diet with some activities increasing as cell size decreases.
Prognostic significance of GAGE detection in bone marrows on survival of patients with metastatic neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND Previously, we reported the utility of GAGE as a molecular marker for neuroblastoma (NB) and malignant melanoma in blood and bone marrow (BM). Among patients with stage III melanoma rendered disease-free by surgery, GAGE expression was a strong prognostic factor for patient survival. PROCEDURE All patients with advanced NB diagnosed at > 1 year of age initially treated with protocol N6 (n = 24) and N7 (n = 38) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center were included in this study. Their BM cells at 12, 18, and 24 months (median time after diagnosis) were evaluated for the presence of GAGE. RESULTS GAGE positivity at 12 months (25%), when patients were still on treatment, did not predict progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival from the time of sampling. Positivity at 18 months (29%) was associated with poorer PFS and survival (but P > 0.05). By 24 months, the presence of GAGE (26%) was a very strong predictor of out-come (P < 0.001). When only remission marrows at 24 months were analyzed, PFS was 4.7-fold lower among GAGE-positive patients. Thirty-seven percent of N6 patients were positive for GAGE, in contrast to 17% of the patients in the more current regimen N7. CONCLUSIONS The detection of GAGE by RT-PCR in marrow may have utility in molecular staging of patients in clinical remission. It may allow earlier identification of patients at risk, such that appropriate intervention can be given before clinical relapse. GAGE may also serve as a surrogate endpoint for adjuvant treatment strategies, and to determine the duration of therapy.
Lobe Structures of Hailstones.

Abstract The range of lobe structures found in natural hailstones is illustrated and classified on the basis of form and growth conditions. Lobes that form in dry growth are cusped, and probably result from a “collection efficiency” effect, lobes growing faster than their surroundings because they collect more material. These lobes probably only form to a marked extent when a hailstone is tumbling. Lobes in wet or spongy growth, icicle lobes, are not cusped and evidently form more as icicles form, by flow of liquid water over the hailstone surfaces and preferential freezing at the tips of projections. The icicle lobes are less developed in very spongy growth than in slightly spongy growth. Distinct, radial air bubble features in hailstones are associated with the cusp-lines between the dry growth lobes. Less distinct, radial air bubble trains are found along the icicle lobe axes.
A Born Model Calculation of the Energies of Schottky Pair Formation and Cation Migration in Potassium Azide

Calculations are presented for the energy of Schottky pair formation and for the activation energy of cation vacancy migration in potassium azide (KN3). Parameters for the repulsive overlap energy of the azide molecule ion have been derived from a Born model treatment of the lattice interactions with the cohesive energy and its first and second derivatives used in the fitting procedure. Three different representations of the repulsive potential are considered. Point defect calculations are performed first in a rigid lattice approximation and then with the effects of polarization and relaxation included. The polarization energy is calculated by a generalized Mott and Littleton method, which accounts for the anisotropy of the lattice, in both zeroth and first order approximations. Relaxations include displacements and rotations of nearest neighbors of the defect configurations. The sensitivity of the results t o the choice of a repulsive potential are discussed. L'energie de formation d'une paire de Schottky et l'energie d'activation pour la migration d'une lacune de cation ont ete calculees pour le nitrure de potassium (KN3). Des parametres pour l'energie de repulsion venant du chevauchement de l'ion-molecule nitrure ont At obtenus en traitant les interactions du reseau a l'aide d'un modiele de Born, et l'energie de cohesion ainsi que ses derivees premiere et seconde ont ete utilisees pour obtener la meilleure correlation. Trois differentes representations du potentiel de repulsion sont considerees. Les calculs sur les defauts ponctuels sont faits d'abord dans I'approximation du reseau rigide, ensuite en tenant compte des effects de polarisation et de relaxation. L'energie de polarisation est calculee par une methode de Mott et Littleton generalisee, qui tient compte de I'anisotropie du reseau dans I'approximation d'ordre zero et dans celle du premier ordre. Les phenomienes de relaxation comprennent les deplacements et les rotations des plus proches voisins du complexe du defaut. La depenidance des resultats au choix des potentiels de repulsion est discutee.
Mutual information and time-interleaved analog-to-digital conversion

Analog to digital conversion is often a critical component of a digital communication link. However, the figures of merit that are used in the design of the components that comprise this step are more appropriate for signal reconstruction applications than for digital communication. This paper considers the design of time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters using the mutual information between the transmitted symbols and the outputs of the paths of the converter as a design criteria. Specific attention is paid to the sensitivity of the mutual information through the converter as a function of the relative sampling phases of the time-interleaved samplers. Mutual information is evaluated for a variety of converter strategies, channel conditions, and noise sources. It is shown that for oversampling converters, the optimal sampling phases not in general equispaced, as is conventionally assumed in converter design.
Moment Analysis of Angular APproximation Methods for Time-Dependent Radiation Transport

We extend moment analysis, a technique developed for investigating the accuracy of discrete-ordinates spatial discretization schemes, to time-dependent radiation transport and apply it to several angular approximation methods. Specifically, we examine the diffusion approximation, the P 1/3 approximation, and three time-dependent generalizations of the simplified PNapproximation: the SP 2 , SP 3 , and SSP 3 approximations. We show that all of the these methods preserve the correct flux-weighted average of x but not the correct flux-weighted average of (x-xa)2, where x is the spatial variable and xais an arbitrary point. We also demonstrate that, for general cross sections and large elapsed time, the error in the flux-weighted average of (x-xa)2 is smallest in magnitude for the SP 2 and approximations. In addition, we present a simple improvement to the SP 2 approximation that allows this method to produce the correct flux-weighted average of (x-xa)2. We present numerical results that test this analysis. Fr...
Quenching of long-range magnetic order by random interactions in amorphous alloys

Small angle neutron scattering data on magnetically concentrated amorphous alloys have shown that the occurrence of ferromagnetic order can be suppressed by random exchange and anisotropy interactions. Two different regimes are discussed for which long-range magnetism is destroyed by random interactions: (1) alloys with large iron concentration such as Fe91Zr9 and Fe98Tb2 which show evidence of competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions which truncate the divergence of the spin correlation length, ξ. In the second class (2) are alloys for which large single-ion random anisotropy interactions destroy long range order as found in Tb75Fe25 and TbFe2. For this case, ξ shows a cusp at Tc followed by a decrease to a value near 50 A as T→0, consistent with a dependence on the thermal averaged random anisotropy as has been developed in recent theoretical calculations.
Untersuchung der Flammenemission von Metallhalogeniden und deren Nutzung zur Analytik der Halogene

Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von den bisher bekannten A- und B-Systemen der Indium- und Gallium-halogenidemissionen wurde nach weiteren Molekulbanden in Flammen gesucht. Bei solchen Versuchen konnten folgende Bandensysteme beobachtet werden: InF ∗ (A-, B- und C-Systeme), GaF ∗ (A-, B- und C-Systeme), AlF ∗ (A-System), TlCl ∗ , TlBr ∗ und TII ∗ sowie die C-Systeme von GaCl ∗ , GaBr ∗ , InCl ∗ und InBr ∗ . Untersuchungen des Verhaltens der Signalintensitaten angeregter und nichtangeregter MeX-Spezies sowie die Tatsache des Auftretens von InF-C-Banden (Anregungsenergie 5,30 eV) in der H 2 -N 2 -Diffusionsflamme fuhrten zur Hypothese, daβ angeregte Zustande aus der unmittelbaren Reaktion von Metall- und Halogenatomen resultieren. Die experimentellen Befunde der MeX- Intensitatsmessungen sprechen auserdem fur Reaktionen der angeregten Molekule mit Teilchen des Flammengases. Das trifft insbesondre auf die A- und B-Systeme der Indium- und Gallium halogenide (Triplett-Zustande) zu, die aufgrund des Ubergangsverbotes eine relativ lange Lebensdauer besitzen. Eine Verwendung anderer Brenngasmischungen (H 2 -Luft, Propan-Luft) sowie die Einbeziehung der CuX- und Erdalkalihalogenidbanden ermoglichte die Aufstellung eines Schemas der optimalen Beobachtungsbedingungen von verschiedenen MeX-Emissionen. Die Uberprufung der analytischen Leistungsfahigkeit ergab mittels InX ∗ Nachweisgrenzen (3 σ b ) von 0,7 mg l fur F − und etwa 4 mg l fur Cl − , Br − und I − . Die Konzentrationsverhaltnisse zweier noch nebeneinander nachweisbarer Halogenide reichen von 1:640 (Cl − in HBr) bis 1:60.000 (I − in HF). Halogenidbestimmungen lassen sich am besten in HC1- und HF-Matrices durchfuhren.
MULTIPLE MEDIATION OF TRAUMA AND PARENTING STRESS IN MOTHERS IN HOME VISITING

Parenting stress is associated with poor maternal and child outcomes. Multiple contributors to parenting stress have been proposed, but disaggregation of distinct pathways has been relatively unexplored. In addition, the contribution of maternal experience of childhood trauma has been inadequately considered. Childhood trauma and parenting stress are common in mothers in home visiting programs. Understanding the relation between childhood trauma and parenting stress holds promise for improvement of home visiting approaches. This study examined the relation between childhood trauma and parenting stress, with a focus on the mediating roles of depression and social support. Participants consisted of 208 first-time mothers enrolled in a home visiting program who were assessed at about 5 months' postpartum. Measures of maternal childhood trauma, depression, social support, and parenting stress were administered. A multiple mediator model revealed that childhood trauma was related to parenting stress, and the relation between childhood trauma and parenting stress was separately mediated by both depression and social support. Depression and social support uniquely and distinctly accounted for the association between childhood trauma and parenting stress. Home visiting programs may improve their impact on parenting stress by augmenting or modifying strategies to more effectively address maternal depression and social support. Abstracts translated in Spanish, French, German, and Japanese can be found on the abstract page of each article on Wiley Online Library at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/imhj.
Nanoalloys: tuning properties and characteristics through size and composition

A brief sketch of the history of metals and alloys is followed by examples illustrating the current status of the field of nanoalloys and a discussion of our results on the characterization of structural and dynamical (thermal) properties of Ni–Al bimetallic clusters.
Distribution and Diversity of Archaeal Ammonia Monooxygenase Genes Associated with Corals

Corals are known to harbor diverse microbial communities of Bacteria and Archaea, yet the ecological role of these microorganisms remains largely unknown. Here we report putative ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes of archaeal origin associated with corals. Multiple DNA samples drawn from nine coral species and four different reef locations were PCR screened for archaeal and bacterial amoA genes, and archaeal amoA gene sequences were obtained from five different species of coral collected in Bocas del Toro, Panama. The 210 coral-associated archaeal amoA sequences recovered in this study were broadly distributed phylogenetically, with most only distantly related to previously reported sequences from coastal/estuarine sediments and oceanic water columns. In contrast, the bacterial amoA gene could not be amplified from any of these samples. These results offer further evidence for the widespread presence of the archaeal amoA gene in marine ecosystems, including coral reefs.
Blogging for the Record: A Study of Blogging from an Archival Point of View.

This article examines the current phenomenon of blogging from an archival point of view. To better understand the nature of blogs, the author conducted an informal survey of bloggers at Princeton Theological Seminary. The results of this survey show that blogs represent a dynamic but ephemeral new form of electronic record and writing practice. This article concludes that blogs have archival value and that archivists should proactively preserve them along with other electronic records.
Effect of non-ionic surfactant concentration and type on the formation and stability of W/O/W multiple emulsions: Microscopic and conductometric evaluations

AbstractW/O/W multiple emulsions with sodium salicylate as a model drug were prepared and evaluated for the effect of surfactant concentration and type on stability using microscopic and conductometric methods. Primary (W/O) emulsions were prepared with lipophilic surfactants (2-31% W/W relative to the oily phase). W/O/W emulsions were formed by mixing the primary emulsions with solutions containing 0.5 to 2% W/V hydrophilic surfactants. Optimum concentration of the lipophilic surfactant was 26% W/W. The optimum hydrophilic surfactant concentration was 1% W/V. Best stability was achieved with HLB 3.7 lipophilic and HLB 15.6 hydrophilic surfactants.
Three-Dimensional Docking in the MAPK p38α

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are central players in eukaryotic signaling circuitry and interact with numerous other proteins. The structure of a MAPK with a kinase-binding domain (KBD) from a MAPK phosphatase, MKP5, reveals that the contacts with the MAPK are made with the folded three-dimensional KBD, although the KBD occupies the same binding site on the kinase as canonical linear docking motifs found in substrates and MAPK kinases. This structure offers insights into the action of MKP5 and other MKPs.
Human placental lactogen induces CYP2E1 expression via PI 3-kinase pathway in female human hepatocytes

The state of pregnancy is known to alter hepatic drug metabolism. Hormones that rise during pregnancy are potentially responsible for the changes. Here we report the effects of prolactin (PRL), placental lactogen (PL), and growth hormone variant (GH-v) on expression of major hepatic cytochromes P450 expression and a potential molecular mechanism underlying CYP2E1 induction by PL. In female human hepatocytes, PRL and GH-v showed either no effect or small and variable effects on mRNA expression of CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, and 3A5. On the other hand, PL increased expression level of CYP2E1 mRNA with corresponding increases in CYP2E1 protein and activity levels. Results from hepatocytes and HepaRG cells indicate that PL does not affect the expression or activity of HNF1α, the known transcriptional activator of basal CYP2E1 expression. Furthermore, transient transfection studies and Western blot results showed that STAT signaling, the previously known mediator of PL actions in certain tissues, does not play a role in CYP2E1 induction by PL. A chemical inhibitor of PI3-kinase signaling significantly repressed the CYP2E1 induction by PL in human hepatocytes, suggesting involvement of PI3-kinase pathway in CYP2E1 regulation by PL. CYP2E1-humanized mice did not exhibit enhanced CYP2E1 expression during pregnancy, potentially because of interspecies differences in PL physiology. Taken together, these results indicate that PL induces CYP2E1 expression via PI3-kinase pathway in human hepatocytes.
Reducing Risk by Managing Software Related Failures in Networked Control Systems

Managing risk is a central problem in the design and operation of networked control systems, and due to the increasing role and growing complexity of software in such systems, managing software related failures is becoming a central challenge. Even simple programming errors can cause catastrophic failures. Hence, it is vital to contain risks due to software related failures in such systems. Our main thesis is that most software related failures can be managed through relatively simple and generally applicable strategies, and such strategies can be effectively developed and reused with suitable support from software infrastructure such as middleware. We describe mechanisms in Etherware, our middleware for control over networks (Baliga and Kumar, 2005), for containing software failures, and demonstrate the effectiveness of these mechanisms through experiments in a vehicular control testbed
Predicting Heart Failure Hospitalization and Mortality by Quantitative Echocardiography: Is Body Surface Area the Indexing Method of Choice? The Heart and Soul Study

Background Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular (LV) mass, left atrial (LA) volume, and LV end-systolic volume (ESV) predict heart failure (HF) hospitalization and mortality. Indexing measurements by body size is thought to establish limits of normality among individuals varying in body habitus. The American Society of Echocardiography recommends dividing measurements by body surface area (BSA), but others have advocated alternative indexing methods. Methods Echocardiographic measurements were collected in 1024 ambulatory adults with coronary artery disease. LV mass, LA volume, and LV ESV were calculated using truncated ellipse method and biplane method of disk formulae. Comparison between raw measurements and measurements divided by indexing parameters was made by hazard ratios per standard deviation increase in variable and c-statistics for BSA, BSA 0.43 , BSA 1.5 , height, height 0.25 , height 2 , height 2.7 , body weight (BW), BW 0.26 , body mass index (BMI), and BMI 0.27 . Results Mean LV mass was 192 ± 57 g, mean LA volume was 65 ± 24 mL, and mean LV ESV was 41 ± 26 mL. Average height was 171 ± 9 cm, average BSA was 1.94 ± 0.22 m 2 , and average BMI was 28.4 ± 5.3 kg/m 2 . At an average follow-up of 5.6 ± 1.8 years, there were 148 HF hospitalizations, 71 cardiovascular (CV) deaths, and 269 all-cause deaths. There was excellent correlation between raw measurements and those indexed by height ( r = 0.98-0.99), and moderate correlation between raw measurements and those indexed by BW ( r = 0.73-0.94). C-statistics and hazard ratios per standard deviation increase in indexed variables were similar for HF hospitalization, CV mortality, and all-cause mortality. There were no significant differences among indexing methods in ability to predict outcomes. Conclusion The choice of indexing method by parameters of BSA, height, BW, and BMI does not affect the clinical usefulness of LV mass, LA volume, and LV ESV in predicting HF hospitalization, CV mortality, or all-cause mortality among ambulatory adults with coronary artery disease. Continued use of BSA to index measurements of LV mass, LA volume, and LV ESV is acceptable.
DNA fingerprinting reveals extensive genetic diversity in a field population of the centric diatom Ditylum brightwellii

Microsatellite markers were developed to examine the genetic diversity of field populations of the centric diatom Ditylum brightwellii. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of two dinucleotide microsatellite loci using DNA extracted from single cell isolates was sensitive enough to identify genetically distinct clones. Each of four culture collection isolates was genetically distinct. Moreover, 23 of 24 isolates obtained from the Hood Canal Basin in Puget Sound, Washington, displayed unique genotypes. The gene diversity of the field isolates is 0.88, indicating that the D. brightwellii population was composed predominantly of unrelated individuals. Maximum growth rates were measured for eight genetically distinct field isolates that were maintained at three light intensities. The growth rates of the isolates differed significantly, indicating that high levels of physiological variability also existed within the population. The results of this study indicate that both extensive genetic and physiological diversity can exist within diatom populations isolated from a single geographical locale at a single time. The observed high levels of diversity are hypothesized to result from the exposure of individual diatom cells to a constantly changing environment and thus to changing selection pressures. The extensive physiological and genetic diversity documented here may help explain how diatoms are able to bloom under a wide range of environmental conditions.
Product-Based Engine Health Management Planning

The traditional method to develop a program that meets user requirements is to use the GOTChA process. However, the GOTChA method generates a list of programs that is not an executable plan; the list is generally larger than the available budget and unconnected with user transition windows. The proposed product-based planning process, entitled "ApPRoVal", prioritizes approaches, constructs an executable program, and aligns programs with transition opportunities. The planning process is applied to turbine engine health management and results in a plan that meets the user requirements both technologically and programmatically. By applying the process correctly, the potential exists to radically change engine support practices through health management
Burning Man at Google: a cultural infrastructure for new media production

Every August for more than a decade, thousands of information technologists and other knowledge workers have trekked out into a barren stretch of alkali desert and built a temporary city devoted to art, technology and communal living: Burning Man. Drawing on extensive archival research, participant observation and interviews, this article explores the ways in which Burning Man’s bohemian ethos supports new forms of production emerging in Silicon Valley and especially at Google. It shows how elements of the Burning Man world – including the building of a sociotechnical commons, participation in project-based artistic labor and the fusion of social and professional interaction – help to shape and legitimate the collaborative manufacturing processes driving the growth of Google and other firms.The article develops the notion that Burning Man serves as a key cultural infrastructure for the Bay Area’s new media industries.
Effects of Thermal-Via Structures on Thin-Film VCSELs for Fully Embedded Board-LevelOptical Interconnection System

The thermal characteristics of a thin-film vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) are studied both theoretically and experimentally. The thermal resistances of the VCSEL with variable thickness, ranging from 10 to 200 mum, have been determined by measuring the output wavelength shift as a function of the dissipated power. The thermal simulation results agree reasonably well with the experimentally measured data. From the thermal management viewpoint, a thinned VCSEL has an exclusive advantage due to the reduction of the thermal resistance. The thermal resistance of a 10-mum-thick VCSEL is 40% lower than that of a 200-mum-thick VCSEL. A theoretical analysis of the thermal-via effects is performed to determine the optimized thickness range of thin-film VCSEL for the fully embedded structure. The thermal resistance of the fully embedded thin-film VCSEL with closed and open thermal-via structures is also evaluated, and the suitable VCSEL thickness is reported
What Bandwagons Bring: Effects of Popular Management Techniques on Corporate Performance, Reputation, and CEO Pay:

This paper examines some of the important organizational consequences of popular management techniques. Using informational reports on quality, empowerment, and teams, as well as a measure of the implementation of total quality management programs, we found that companies associated with popular management techniques did not have higher economic performance. Nevertheless, these same companies were more admired, perceived to be more innovative, and rated higher in management quality. Higher pay was also given to chief executives when their companies were associated with these management trends. These results provide strong support for institutional theory, demonstrating how both internal and external legitimacy can be gained by using popular management techniques. They also extend institutional theory from its usual emphasis on organization-environment relations to new within-firm dynamics.
Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap:

The contribution of research findings to the education of Americas students, including those with disabilities, depends on the quality of and market demand for research findings. This paper presents a rationale and suggestions for increasing the quality of and market demand for research findings as a vital component of any serious effort to improve American education. Responses to the paper are from representatives of the American Federation of Teachers; Learning Disabilities Association; National Alliance of Business; National Association of State Directors of Special Education; and Staff Director, Disability Policy Subcommittee, U.S. Senate. An additional response, which also synthesizes all responses, is provided by The Council for Exceptional Children.
Biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles.

Membrane vesicle (MV) release remains undefined, despite its conservation among replicating Gram-negative bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. Proteins identified in Salmonella MVs, derived from the envelope, control MV production via specific defined domains that promote outer membrane protein-peptidoglycan (OM-PG) and OM protein-inner membrane protein (OM-PG-IM) interactions within the envelope structure. Modulation of OM-PG and OM-PG-IM interactions along the cell body and at division septa, respectively, maintains membrane integrity while coordinating localized release of MVs with distinct size distribution and protein content. These data support a model of MV biogenesis, wherein bacterial growth and division invoke temporary, localized reductions in the density of OM-PG and OM-PG-IM associations within the envelope structure, thus releasing outer membrane as MVs.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an AIDS patient: unusual manifestation as multiple cavitary and noncavitary peripheral pulmonary nodules and spontaneous pneumothorax

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a 52-year-old homosexual AIDS patient is described because of its unusual manifestations of multiple cavitary and noncavitary peripheral pulmonary nodules and spontaneous pneumothorax. Such manifestations might become more common in the future because of the improvement of diagnostic techniques and therapeutic measures.