cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A large-scale control strategy for drag reduction in turbulent boundary layers

Using direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow, we present a new method for skin friction reduction, enabling large-scale flow forcing without requiring instantaneous flow information. As proof-of-principle, x-independent forcing, with a z wavelength of 400 wall units and an amplitude of only 6% of the centerline velocity, produces a significant sustained drag reduction: 20% for imposed counterrotating streamwise vortices and 50% for colliding, z-directed wall jets. The drag reduction results from weakened longitudinal vortices near the wall, due to forcing-induced suppression of an underlying streak instability mechanism. In particular, the forcing significantly weakens the wall-normal vorticity ωy flanking lifted low-speed streaks, thereby arresting the streaks’ sinuous instability which directly generates new streamwise vortices in uncontrolled flows. These results suggest promising new drag reduction techniques, e.g., passive vortex generators or colliding spanwise jets from x-aligned sl...
Multiply antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli in a long-term-care facility: a case-control study of patient risk factors and prior antibiotic use.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between prior exposure to specific antimicrobials and acquisition of gram-negative bacilli resistant to multiple beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics among long-term-care patients. DESIGN: Case-control study. Cases were patients from whom multiply resistant Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated; controls were patients from whom nonresistant bacteria of the same species were isolated. Prospectively defined risk factors included underlying illness, activity level, presence of decubitus ulcers, presence of indwelling devices, and prior exposure to specific antimicrobial agents. Resistant and control isolates of P aeruginosa were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of genomic DNA after digestion with XbaI. SETTING: 390-bed long-term Veterans' Affairs facility. RESULTS: We identified 35 patients with multiply resistant Enterobacteriaceae and 24 patients with multiply resistant P aeruginosa. Of the resistant Enterobacteriaceae, 87% of isolates were resistant to piperacillin, 55% to ceftazidime, and 90% to gentamicin. Acquisition of multiply resistant Enterobacteriaceae was associated with presence of decubitus ulcers (odds ratio [OR], 12.2; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 3.3-44.2; P = .0002) and prior receipt of ampicillin (OR, 13.7; CI95, 2.2-84; P = .005). Of resistant isolates of P aeruginosa, 88% were resistant to piperacillin, 25% to ceftazidime, 42% to imipenem, and 67% to ciprofloxacin. Isolation of a multiply resistant P aeruginosa was associated with total days of antimicrobial exposure (OR, 1.07; CI95, 1.01-1.12; P = .011) and not with prior receipt of any individual agent. Eleven multiply resistant isolates shared a common PFGE pattern. CONCLUSIONS: In our long-term-care facility, acquisition of multiply resistant Enterobacteriaceae was associated with the presence of decubitus ulcers and prior exposure to ampicillin. Acquisition of resistant P aeruginosa was associated with total antibiotic exposure. Molecular typing of P aeruginosa isolates implicated patient-to-patient transmission of a limited number of resistant strains.
Cross‐cutting issues in international standards development

This summary chapter reports the results of an informal analysis of the previous chapters to frame issues that the evaluation community needs to address as the global standards movement continues.
Overlooked areas need attention for sound evaluation of DNA strand inheritance patterns in Drosophila male germline stem cells.

In the 2011 report ‘ Drosophila male germline stem cells do not asymmetrically segregate chromosome strands’ by Yadlapalli, Cheng, and Yamashita ( J. Cell Science 124 , 933-939) the authors report results from their investigation of DNA-strand inheritance in the well-described germinal stem
Relative contributions of heart mitochondria glutathione peroxidase and catalase to H2O2 detoxification in in vivo conditions

Abstract This study was aimed at assessing the relative contributions to H2O2 detoxification by glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the mitochondrial matrix of heart. For this purpose, mitoplasts from rat heart were used in order to minimize contamination with microperoxisomes, and the kinetic rate constants of both enzymatic activities were determined along with a simulation profile. Results show that the contribution of catalase to H2O2 removal in heart mitochondria is not significant, even under strong oxidative conditions, such as those achieved in ischemia-reperfusion and involving extensive glutathione depletion and high H2O2 concentrations. Conversely, maintenance of the steady state levels of H2O2 in the heart mitochondrial matrix seems to be the domain of glutathione peroxidase. It is suggested that the physiological role of the low amounts of catalase found in heart mitochondria is related to its peroxidatic rather than catalatic activity.
SU-E-T-520: Quantitative Evaluation of Metal Artifacts in CT and Cone-Beam CT Images on the Accuracy of Dose Calculation

Purpose: To investigate effects of metal artifacts on the dose calculation accuracy of three dose calculation algorithms on CT and cone‐beam CTimages.Methods: A phantom with and without metal objects was scanned using CT simulator and on‐board kV CBCT. Conformal 5‐field treatment plans with identical physical and dosimetric parameters were created in the Eclipse™ treatment planning system for CT and CBCTimages. The beams were designed to avoid entering through metallic object. Three dose calculation algorithms were used in the plans: (a) pencil beam convolution with modified Batheo (PBC‐MB), (b) equivalent TAR (PBC‐ET), and (c) analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA). The dose calculation on the phantom CTimages without metal was used as reference to compare with doses calculated using scans with metal objects. The gamma analysis and percentage dose differences were used to quantify the dosimetric effects of image artifacts from metal on CT and CBCT numbers. Results: The dose difference analysis shows that mean percentage dose differences (MPDD) for CBCT with metal artifacts ranged from −0.12% to −0.26% with an average of −0.20% for PBC‐MB, −0.25% to −0.39%, with average −0.31% for PBC‐ET, and −0.25 to −0.84%, with average −0.62% for AAA for all planes. The PBC‐MB showed the least difference in dose and highest gamma passing rates with the AAA consistently having the highest differences and lowest gamma passing rates. This might result from accurate consideration of scattered dose in heterogeneities by AAA. All MPDD for doses calculated on CT and CBCT using different dose calculation algorithms were not significant (within 1%). Conclusion: The image artifacts due to streaking from metal objects were generally small (within 1%) for the dose calculated using the different treatment planning algorithms on CT and CBCTimages. Furthermore, the dose difference from CT‐number variation between CBCT and CT were negligible.
Coronary risk factors and coronary atheroma burden at severely narrowing segments.

Abstract Background While only few data exist correlating cardiovascular risk factors with volumetric measurements of coronary atheroma burden in patients with coronary artery disease, a recent report using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) demonstrated independent predictors of atherosclerotic burden in a native coronary artery with relatively mild narrowing (20–50% diameter stenosis by visual estimation). The purpose of this study was to examine whether cardiovascular risk factors can predict atherosclerotic burden at severely narrowing segments (>50% diameter stenosis). Methods Patients who met the criteria (high-quality, automated pull-back IVUS images of severely narrowing segments prior to intervention) were identified from the IVUS database of the Cardiovascular Core Analysis Laboratory at Stanford University. Using commercially available planimetry software, lumen and vessel inside external elastic membrane areas were manually traced at every 0.5-mm interval in diseased segments. Using Simpson's method, vessel, lumen, and plaque (vessel minus lumen) volumes were calculated, and average area was calculated as volume data divided by length. Percent plaque volume was computed as plaque volume divided by vessel volume. Multiple linear regression analysis with backward selection was used to determine the risk factors for atherosclerotic burden. Results For percent plaque volume, diabetes or hypertension were predictors of more severe disease. For average plaque area, male gender or diabetes were predictors of more severe disease. These variables were also independent predictors in multivariate regression models. Conclusions Male gender, hypertension, and diabetes are also strong independent predictors of atherosclerotic burden in coronary disease patients, though analyzed segments and disease severity were different.
Determination of trimetaphosphate added to soils

Abstract Unlike other inorganic phosphates, trimetaphosphate (TMP) is not adsorbed by soils. Trimetaphosphate in soils is hydrolyzed chemically and biochemically to triphosphate, which in turn is hydrolyzed further to pyrophosphate and orthophosphate. Studies on hydrolysis of TMP added to soils are desired, but no method is available for determination of this phosphate when present in mixtures containing other phosphates. Therefore, a method was developed for determination of TMP in mixtures containing ortho‐, pyro‐, and triphosphate. It involves treatment of a soil sample with a buffered (0.1 M Tris, pH 8) solution, precipitation of the orthophosphate and linear polyphosphates by the addition of BaCl2, and determination of the TMP remaining in the supernatant by a molybdenum blue method after acid hydrolysis at 80°C for 1 h. The method is simple and precise and allows quantitative determination of TMP added to soils.
A model of protein conformational substates.

Abstract Many proteins have been observed to exist in a large number of conformations that are believed to play an important role in their dynamics. A model of protein conformational substates that incorporates the ideas of frustration and disorder in analogy to glasses and spin glasses is proposed. Applications to x-ray diffraction, Mossbauer studies, and recombination experiments are discussed.
Localized gating of egg Na+ channels by sperm

Eggs of many species respond to sperm with a positive shift in membrane potential, the fertilization potential1, which in several2–5 but not all6 species mediates a block to polyspermy. How the sperm elicits the fertilization potential is not known, although it is the earliest known response of eggs to sperm, occurring within 1–2 s of mixing the gametes. In the marine worm, Urechis caupo, the fertilization potential results from an increase in Na+ permeability which is amplified during the first 15 s by a voltage-gated Ca2+ action potential7. The Na+ channels are gated not by voltage, but by sperm, a sperm opening only a fraction of available channels7. The experiments reported here indicate that the open Na+ channels are localized in a ‘patch’ near the fertilizing sperm.
Measurement of the polarizability of calcium

The static electric dipole polarizability of the $4{s}^{2}(^{1}S_{0})$ ground state of the calcium atom has been measured using an electric deflection technique. The result is normalized to the polarizability of lithium by comparing deflections of calcium and lithium beams passing through an inhomogeneous electrostatic field. We find (25 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.5) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for the polarizability of calcium.
Ireland. : Economics and the Reinventing of a Nation

Ireland is experiencing a fundamental transition in its economic life, one that has affected all levels of Irish society. The transition in living conditions and personal expectations and, at another level, in Ireland's contribution to a globally interdependent world is fueled by changes taking place in the structure and performance of the Irish economy. This article looks at Ireland's economic development over time—essentially a restructuring of its economic base and international outlook—the changes evident, present conditions, and the problems encountered. It concludes by looking at the nation's future prospects and its ability to sustain what some have referred to as an “economic miracle.”
Comparison of nephelometry and immunofluorescence for immunoglobulin quantitation in pathologic sera.

Nephelometers from Beckman, Hyland and Technicon, and the immunofluorescent system from International Diagnostic Technology were evaluated for IgG, IgM, and IgA quantitation in pathologic sera. Within-run, between-run, and between-day imprecision of each instrument varied for each immunoglobulin and for different levels of the same immunoglobulin. Thus, no instrument showed clearly superior precision. However, for elevated immunoglobulin levels, Technicon had poorer between-day precision than the other instruments (p < 0.05). Comparison of monoclonal immunoglobulin quantitation with monoclonal protein quantitation by serum protein electrophoresis in 13 patients showed best correlation for the Beckman instrument (r = 0.942). Quantitation of IgG, IgM, and IgA in 50 specimens required approximately 330, 390, 480, and 480 min to complete with Hyland, International Diagnostic Technology, Beckman, and Technicon, respectively. Our evaluation suggests that the proportion of abnormal specimens in the workload and the availability of reagents for desired assays should be considered in determining the suitability of one of these instruments for a particular laboratory.
Synchronous bounded delay coding for input restricted channels

Consider the class of input restricted channels whose constraints can be modelled by finite state machines. This paper treats the problem of constructing fixed rate (synchronous) codes for such channels subject to a constraint that the coding delay be bounded by a parameter M. M is the maximum number of information symbols required by the coder in choosing a word during transmission.
An analysis of the electrical noise characteristics of the garter spring pickup

Abstract The garter spring pickup has been used as a reliable and inexpensive device capable of transferring low level electrical signals with minimal loss and noise generation in a variety of production engineering applications. To further improve the pickup its electrical noise characteristics are analyzed through a statistically designed experiment in which five variables are investigated. The surface speed of the inner ring groove was found to have the dominant effect on the magnitude of the noise envelope as measured by the frequency analyzer; while the diameter of the garter spring coil and the spring compression ratio should also be considered to insure low noise levels in the pickup.
Translation-invariant mixture models for curve clustering

In this paper we present a family of algorithms that can simultaneously align and cluster sets of multidimensional curves defined on a discrete time grid. Our approach uses the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to recover both the mean curve shapes for each cluster, and the most likely shifts, offsets, and cluster memberships for each curve. We demonstrate how Bayesian estimation methods can improve the results for small sample sizes by enforcing smoothness in the cluster mean curves. We evaluate the methodology on two real-world data sets, time-course gene expression data and storm trajectory data. Experimental results show that models that incorporate curve alignment systematically provide improvements in predictive power and within-cluster variance on test data sets. The proposed approach provides a non-parametric, computationally efficient, and robust methodology for clustering broad classes of curve data.
A Family of Orthogonal Full Rate Differential Space Time Block Code Systems

We propose a family of orthogonal full rate differential space-time block codes (STBC) for three and four transmit antennas. Non-square transmission matrix and multiple amplitude modulation can be used in this family of differential STBCs. The performance of this family of differential STBCs is studied using the Monte Carlo simulation. There sults suggest that this family of orthogonal full rate differential STBC achieve full diversity and no channel state information is required.
Metabolism and disposition of [14C]dibromoacetonitrile in rats and mice following oral and intravenous administration.

Tissue distribution, metabolism, and disposition of oral (0.2–20 mg/kg) and intravenous (0.2 mg/kg) doses of [2-14C]dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) were investigated in male rats and mice.[14C]DBAN reac...
Nonequilibrium superconductivity in very thin, light-irradiated aluminum tunnel junctions

We have measured theI-V characteristics of tunnel junctions made of crossed, nominally 50–60-A-thick aluminum films. Despite some gap broadening, the thermalI–V characteristics are those of weak-coupled superconductors. Under light irradiation, the films behave like homogeneous superconductors with the quasiparticles and phonons in equilibrium thermal distributions at a temperature above the bath temperature. The films behave as though the phonons are localized in the films despite the phonon wavelengths being considerable longer than the film thickness.
Interferon gamma, IL-12, IL-12R and STAT-1 immunodeficiency diseases: disorders of the interface of innate and adaptive immunity

Susceptibility to mycobacterial infection has long been associated with defects in T cell immunity, such as those conferred by HIV infection or iatrogenic immune suppression. However, despite these well-recognized predispositions to clinical disease with tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria, the genetic disorders that are relatively specific for mycobacterial infection with nontuberculous bacteria and bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) involve the innate immune pathways, and all engage interferon gamma and IL-12 production, signaling, and availability.
Public seaport operations: a dynamic cost-benefit model

Seaports in the United States have been evaluated by two chief means. For intraport performance, measures of financial accounting and/or tonnage trends have been widely used. Variants of export-base analysis have been employed to render some sort of descriptive impact statement regarding port operations. The present work represents a departure from these information tools in the form of a model developed to evaluate and plan port performance. A form of cost-benefit analysis is employed to determine the direct outcomes registered by port operations. This format is extended in the form of an optimization problem using dynamic programming. The work uses a case-study approach where the outcomes of port operations are merged to concerns of public policy. The focus is on developing a planning model to aid the policy maker in determining the outcomes produced by port operations and developing strategies to improve upon these outcomes.
A Mental Health Elective to Improve Pharmacy Students' Perspectives on Mental Illness

Objective To evaluate the impact of a mental health elective on pharmacy students' perceptions and stigmatizing views of mental illness.
State medical board regulation of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures.

Background There is little information regarding commonalities, differences, and trends in the regulation of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures (MICP) across different state medical boards in the United States. Objective We sought to assess current state medical board regulations regarding MICP, so as to better understand current and emerging trends in rules regarding delegation, and management of patient complaints. Methods We conducted structured interviews with officials at US allopathic medical boards, supplemented with information from board World Wide Web sites. Results A total of 31 (62%) boards participated. Most (20 boards; 63% of total respondents) reported that all MICP can be delegated at the physician's discretion and responsibility to at least one category of nonphysician; 7 states were expecting changes in delegation rules; and 4 states had very specific delegation requirements. Approximately equal numbers of boards required some general supervision of nonphysicians (14, 45%), or required some type of on-site supervision (13, 42%); a small number explicitly permitted off-site supervision (4, 13%). There was variation in the number of physician assistants one physician could supervise. Most boards (15 states) required some type of mandatory reporting, but not necessarily of incidents involving MICP. Very few (4) required reporting of both office- and nonoffice-based MICP incidents. Western states had liberal delegation and supervision requirements; these requirements were more stringent in Southern states. Limitations Not all boards participated in this study. Conclusion There is substantial variation in board regulation of MICP. Many boards are promulgating new rules. Medical boards also have limited ability to regulate nonphysicians.
Impaired urinary acidification in the hypothyroid rat.

Since abnormalities in the renal handling of sodium and water in both the proximal and distal tubule have been described in primary hypothyroidism, this study was undertaken to examine renal tubular hydrogen secretion in this disorder. Metabolic acidosis was induced in hypothyroid rats (H) and their age matched controls (C) by the administration of an oral ammonium chloride load of 0.15 g/24 h/kg for three days. On day 3 animals were prepared for clearance and acid-base studies, receiving an infusion of Ringer's solution of 0.6 ml/hr/100 g during surgery and the experimental procedure. A 26% decrease in GFR (P<0.005) and a doubling in fractional excretion of sodium (P<0.02) were observed in H rats. The lowest blood pH and average bicarbonate concentration and the excretion of chloride were similar in the two groups, indicating that the acid load was reabsorbed and led to similar degrees of systemic acidification. Urine flow also was comparable in the two groups. Minimal urine pH after NH4Cl was 6.21±0.06 in H and 5.68±0.09 in C (P<0.001). Ammonium excretion was 28% (P<0.05) lower in H than in C. The defect in urine acidification in H was only partially corrected after 5 days on a low sodium diet and DOCA administration for 2 days. Fractional bicarbonate excretion at normal blood pH and bicarbonate concentration was not different in the two groups. These data indicate that hypothyroid rats have a mild defect in urine acidification and that it is localized predominantly in the distal tubule.
The Design of Logical OR-AND-OR Pyramids for Digital Computers

This paper first considers design techniques of widespread use in the field today. As an example of these techniques, design values for the circuits of the Moore School Automatic Computer (MSAC) are presented. Some recently developed design techniques are then presented which offer marked improvements. These techniques are compared with those presented earlier by listing design values for comparable performance. The paper also considers some of the basic philosophies involved in the choice of elements for logical "OR-AND-OR" pyramids. It concludes with a description of reduced circuits which, when combined with the new techniques, make possible a 50-fold saving in power.
INFLUENCE OF FEEDING ECOLOGY ON BLOOD MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS IN FOUR SPECIES OF TURTLES

Mercury is a relatively well-studied pollutant because of its global distribution, toxicity, and ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food webs: however, little is known about bioaccumulation and toxicity of Hg in turtles. Total Hg (THg) concentrations in blood were determined for 552 turtles representing four different species (Chelydra serpentina, Sternotherus odoratus, Chrysemys picta, and Pseudemys rubriventris) from a Hg-contaminated site on the South River (VA, USA) and upstream reference sites. Methylmercury and Se concentrations also were determined in a subset of samples. Because the feeding ecology of these species differs drastically, stable isotopes of carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N) were employed to infer the relationship between relative trophic position and Hg concentrations. Significant differences were found among sites and species, suggesting that blood can be used as a bioindicator of Hg exposure in turtles. We found differences in THg concentrations in turtles from the contaminated site that were consistent with their known feeding ecology: C. serpentina > or = S. odoratus > C. picta > P. rubriventris. This trend was generally supported by the isotope data, which suggested that individual turtles were feeding at more than one trophic level. Methylmercury followed similar spatial patterns as THg and was the predominant Hg species in blood for all turtles. Blood Se concentrations were low in the system, but a marginally positive relationship was found between THg and Se when species were pooled. The blood THg concentrations for the turtles in the present study are some of the highest reported in reptiles, necessitating further studies to investigate potential adverse effects of these high concentrations.
Aflatoxin M1 in Manufactured Dairy Products Produced in the United States in 1979

Abstract In a 1979 survey of manufactured dairy products (992 samples of nonfat dry milk, vanilla ice cream, yogurt, Cheddar cheese, and cottage cheese) for aflatoxin M 1 contamination, one sample, a cottage cheese, had detectable aflatoxin equivalent to .08ng/ml in the milk from which the product was made. Samples were taken by Food and Drug District inspectors from randomly selected establishments at three times throughout the year. The distribution of sample quotas to each District was weighted to double the representation of establishments in the southern tier of states. The conclusion from this survey is that in a "normal" year aflatoxin M 1 should not be in a manufactured dairy product in the United States at a level in excess of that from milk with .1ng aflatoxin M 1 /ml.
Fundamentals of EEG Methodology in Concussion Research

The EEG in humans was first demonstrated by Hans Berger in the 1920s. His initial speculation that EEG could give us insight into physiological and cognitive processes has been validated in a variety of situations ranging from sleep to wakefulness as well as physiological concomitants of a variety of cognitive events. The current chapter will review basic EEG processes and present the background for understanding its usefulness in identification of changes related to motor processes in general and brain trauma, in specific.
Vom Nutzen der Historie für die Wissenschaftsphilosophie

Of the Merits of History for Philosophy of Science. This essay is inspired by some of the contributions to the two special issues “History of Science and Philosophy of Science” of the journal Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte. I consider possible roles of historical study for philosophy of science. The first part of the essay discusses contributions to the Anglo-American debate about history and philosophy of science in the 1960s and 1970s. I present two approaches. According to Larry Laudan and others, philosophy of science should be regarded as an empirical theory of science, which has to be tested against historical episodes. I show why this conception of philosophy of science is problematic. According to Dudley Shapere and others, by contrast, philosophical analysis of science requires hermeneutic understanding and should include the study of the development of scientific knowledge. I agree that the method of philosophy of science is best described as hermeneutic. To defend a genuine historical-hermeneutic philosophy of science, however, one would have to demonstrate the privilege of historical analysis over other forms of science studies, such as sociology of science or studies of science communication. I do not think that such a demonstration can be made.
Feasibility study on wind-powered desalination

With the global demand for water rising, along with the ever-increasing scarcity of supply, desalination has been seen as a key proponent to meet the future challenges of fresh water. However, desalination uses significant amounts of energy, today mostly from fossil fuels. It is therefore favourable to rely on renewable energies, specifically the wind due to its low-cost and technological maturity, to power desalination systems. To prove the technical feasibility of wind-powered desalination with both reverse osmosis and mechanical vapour compression, physicsbased system models have been developed and the technical feasibility of using wind as the power source for desalination has been confirmed. The economics of wind-powered desalination are also favourable. The costs are in line with what is expected for a conventional desalination system, proving to be particularly cost-competitive in areas with good wind resources that have high costs of energy. It can be concluded that wind-powered desalination can be competitive with other desalination systems, providing safe and clean drinking water efficiently in an environmentally responsible manner.
Mapping socio-environmentally vulnerable populations access and exposure to ecosystem services at the U.S.–Mexico borderlands

Abstract Socio-environmental vulnerable populations are often unrepresented in land-use planning yet have great potential for loss when exposed to changes in ecosystem services. Administrative boundaries, cultural differences, and language barriers increase the disassociation between land-use management and marginalized populations living in the U.S.–Mexico borderlands. This paper describes the development of a Modified Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index (M-SEVI), using determinants from binational census and neighborhood data that describe levels of education, access to resources, migratory status, housing, and number of dependents, to provide a simplified snapshot of the region’s populace that can be used in binational planning efforts. We apply this index at the SCW, located on the border between Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. For comparison, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool is concurrently applied to assess the provision of erosion- and flood control services over a 9-year period. We describe how this coupling of data can form the base for an ecosystem services assessment across political boundaries that can be used by land-use planners. Results reveal potential disparities in environmental risks and burdens throughout the binational watershed in residential districts surrounding and between urban centers. The M-SEVI can be used as an important first step in addressing environmental justice for binational decision-making.
Building Internal Pressure: Sudden Change

The change of the internal pressure of a building caused by the sudden opening of a window or door under the action of wind is analyzed using the Bernoulli equation of fluid mechanics. The problem is treated at several levels of sophistication, from the simplest quasi-steady isothermal incompressible solution to the most complex solution assuming unsteady isentropic compressible flow with due regards to the inertia effect. Following the break of a window or door by wind, the internal pressure reaches the external pressure at the opening rather rapidly. After the internal pressure has reached the external pressure, there is an overshoot and subsequent oscillation of the internal pressure, in spite of the constancy of the external pressure under a steady wind. The results are compared to solutions obtained from the Helmholtz resonator model of acoustics.
Lift Enhancement for Low-Aspect-Ratio Wings with Periodic Excitation

In an effort to enhance lift on low-aspect-ratio rectangular flat-plate wings in low-Reynolds-number post-stall flows, periodic injection of momentum is considered along the trailing edge in this numerical study. The purpose of actuation is not to reattach the flow but to change the dynamics of the wake vortices such that the resulting lift force is increased. Periodic forcing is observed to be effective in increasing lift for various aspect ratios and angles of attack, achieving a similar lift enhancement attained by steady forcing with less momentum input. Through the investigation on the influence of the actuation frequency, it is also found that there exists a frequency at which the flow locks on to a time-periodic high-lift state.
Differential Activation of Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase Isoforms in Preconditioning and Opioid-Induced Cardioprotection

Stimulation of the delta(1)-opioid receptor has been shown to trigger ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Additionally, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion induces the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Therefore, we examined the role of ERK in acute cardioprotection induced by delta(1)-opioid receptor stimulation or IPC. Infarct size (IS) was expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (AAR). Control animals had an IS/AAR of 60.6 +/- 1.8. IPC and delta(1)-opioid receptor stimulation with TAN-67 reduced IS/AAR (8.2 +/- 1.3 and 30.2 +/- 2.4). Inhibition of ERK with the selective MEK-1 antagonist, PD 098059 during IPC or TAN-67 administration significantly reduced cardioprotection (41.5 +/- 6.4 and 63.0 +/- 4.8). Western Blot analysis and subsequent densitometry corroborated these observations. Control, TAN-67-, or IPC-treated hearts were harvested after 0, 5, 15, and 30 min of ischemia or 5, 30, and 60 min of reperfusion and separated into cytosolic and nuclear fractions. Both isoforms of ERK (p44 and p42) rapidly increased to greater levels throughout reperfusion in the nuclear fraction of IPC- and opioid-treated versus control rats, however, this increase was not attenuated by PD 098059. Conversely, the rapid activation of the 44-kDa isoform of ERK after 5 min of reperfusion in the cytosolic fraction was significantly increased in IPC- and opioid-treated hearts versus control, and this increase was abolished by pretreatment with PD 098059. Additionally, p42 was activated in the cytosolic fraction of IPC-treated animals. These results suggest a key role for the 44-kDa isoform of ERK in the cytoplasm during cardioprotection induced by either IPC or stimulation of the delta(1)-opioid receptor.
A silicon-based, fully integrated pulse electron paramagnetic resonance system for mm-wave spectroscopy

An integrated transceiver for time-domain EPR spectroscopy is implemented using a 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The system utilizes an on-chip resonator to study time domain relaxation behavior of paramagnetic samples, i.e. materials with unpaired electron spins. The single-chip EPR spectrometer consists of an EPR resonator, 22-26GHz tunable VCO, a programmable pulse generation block, RF buffer and power amplifier, a multi-stage LNA, and down-conversion mixer all in a 2mm2-size chip area.
The solution of sharp-cone boundary-layer equations in the plane of symmetry

A detailed study has been made of the solutions to cone boundary-layer equations in the symmetry plane in order to increase understanding of the mathematical nature and physical meaning of these solutions. A typical set of symmetry-plane solutions is presented. Included in this set are various solution branches not previously published. A double-valued solution curve is found which has not been studied prior to this time except at one trivial point. The extension of an existing solution branch through a removable singular point has also been accomplished. The solutions presented are categorized according to whether they are dependent on or independent of the boundary layer outside the symmetry plane. The region in which no solutions to the usual symmetry-plane equations exist is examined. Solutions in which the usual boundary-layer model predicts that conservation of mass is not satisfied at the symmetry plane are discussed. Non-analytical behaviour at the symmetry plane is also investigated. In both of these cases a boundary region exists at the symmetry plane.
Information integration via hierarchical and hybrid bayesian networks

A collaboration scheme for information integration among multiple agencies (and/or various divisions within a single agency) is designed using hierarchical and hybrid Bayesian networks (HHBNs). In this scheme, raw information is represented by transactions (e.g., communication, travel, and financing) and information entities to be integrated are modeled as random variables (e.g., an event occurs, an effect exists, or an action is undertaken). Each random variable has certain states with probabilities assigned to them. Hierarchical is in terms of the model structure and hybrid stems from our usage of both general Bayesian networks (BNs) and hidden Markov models (HMMs, a special form of dynamic BNs). The general BNs are adopted in the top (decision) layer to address global assessment for a specific question (e.g., "Is target A under terrorist threat?" in the context of counterterrorism). HMMs function in the bottom (observation) layer to report processed evidence to the upper layer BN based on the local information available to a particular agency or a division. A software tool, termed the adaptive safety analysis and monitoring (ASAM) system, is developed to implement HHBNs for information integration either in a centralized or in a distributed fashion. As an example, a terrorist attack scenario gleaned from open sources is modeled and analyzed to illustrate the functionality of the proposed framework.
Event-driven discontinuities for continuous-time systems

Consideration is given to systems for which the observed behavior can exhibit occasional discontinuous changes of mode in the course of normal (autonomous) evolution. This can occur by design, as in the case of modal control under feedback; as the result of involvement of discontinuous elements as relays; or as an effect of discretization or digital circuitry. Such system also arise in the modeling of natural systems (e.g. neural firing), where they can be regarded as being associated with unmodeled fast time scales. Each of these situations leads to a limit problem, for which the frameworks of the analyses are sketched. >
Term delivery after hepatocellular carcinoma resection in previous pregnancy

Screening of the maternal serum α-fetoprotein at the second trimester of pregnancy is a standard obstetric practice for detection of fetal malformation. However, an elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein level may not always be of fetal origin, some maternal diseases could present with an elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein. High serum concentration (>500 ng/mL) of α-fetoprotein is noted in 70% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States and in 85% of those in Africa, Japan and Taiwan (1). Although hepatocellular carcinoma occurs predominantly in male, sporadic cases of hepatocellular carcinoma have been reported in pregnant women (2-5). These patients invariably died within one year after diagnosis. Herein, we report a pregnant women who was found to have a high maternal serum α-fetoprotein during routine screening. A diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was made and she underwent surgical resection of the tumor. A subsequent pregnancy with successful childbirth was achieved.
γδ T cells are a component of early immunity against preerythrocytic malaria parasites.

We tested the hypothesis that γδ T cells are a component of an early immune response directed against preerythrocytic malaria parasites that are required for the induction of an effector αβ T-cell immune response generated by irradiated-sporozoite (irr-spz) immunization. γδ T-cell-deficient (TCRδ−/−) mice on a C57BL/6 background were challenged with Plasmodium yoelii (17XNL strain) sporozoites, and then liver parasite burden was measured at 42 h postchallenge. Liver parasite burden was measured by quantification of parasite-specific 18S rRNA in total liver RNA by quantitative-competitive reverse transcription-PCR and by an automated 5′ exonuclease PCR. Sporozoite-challenged TCRδ−/− mice showed a significant (P < 0.01) increase in liver parasite burden compared to similarly challenged immunocompetent mice. In support of this result, TCRδ−/− mice were also found to be more susceptible than immunocompetent mice to a sporozoite challenge when blood-stage parasitemia was used as a readout. A greater percentage of TCRδ−/− mice than of immunocompetent mice progressed to a blood-stage infection when challenged with five or fewer sporozoites (odds ratio = 2.35, P = 0.06). TCRδ−/− mice receiving a single irr-spz immunization showed percent inhibition of liver parasites comparable to that of immunized immunocompetent mice following a sporozoite challenge. These data support the hypothesis that γδ T cells are a component of early immunity directed against malaria preerythrocytic parasites and suggest that γδ T cells are not required for the induction of an effector αβ T-cell immune response generated by irr-spz immunization.
Heat transport by turbulent convection

Upper bounds for the heat flux through a horizontally infinite layer of fluid heated from below are obtained by maximizing the heat flux subject to (a) two integral constraints, the ‘power integrals’, derived from the equations of motion, and (b) the continuity equations. This variational problem is solved completely, for all values of the Rayleigh number R, when only the constrains (a) are imposed, and it is thus shown that the Nusselt number N for any statistically steady convective motion cannot exceed a certain value N1(R), which for large R is approximately (3R/64)½. When (b) is included as a constraint, the variational problem is solved for large R, under the additional hypothesis that the solution has a single horizontal wave number; the associated upper bound on the Nusselt number is (R–248)⅜. The mean properties of this maximizing ‘flow’, in particular the mean temperature and mean square temperature deviation fields, are found to resemble the mean properties of the real flow observed by Townsend; the results thus tend to support Malkus's hypothesis that turbulent convection maximizes heat flux.
Veterinary Contributions to Wildlife Biology: Participation in Avian Field Studies in Alaska

This report describes the author's experiences in participating in avian research during 3 field seasons in remote areas in Prince William Sound (PWS), located in south-central Alaska. Veterinary support was needed to biopsy the livers of nestling and adult pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) and adult black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani). These surgeries were part of larger research studies investigating guillemot and oystercatcher populations and possible continued exposure to residual crude oil in the marine environment after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in PWS in 1989.
Effective Elastoplastic Behavior of a Class of Two-Phase Composites with a Polycrystal-Like Microstructure

A micromechanical theory is developed to determine the overall elastoplastic response of a two-phase composite with dual ductile phases. The microstructure of the two-phase system is of the inclusion/matrix type, where spheroidal inclusions are first aligned and clustered together, forming a packet, and then these packets are packed together with random orientations, with a final structure akin to that of a polycrystalline aggregate. The yielding process of the inclusions and the matrix in this case is intimately related to the orientation of the inclusions in each packet; it takes place sequentially from one to another upon continuous loading. The influence of inclusion shape, concentration, and whether the hard or the soft phase takes the position of the matrix, is examined in light of this sequential yielding process. It is found that when the matrix is the soft phase in each packet, disc-shaped inclusions generally give a superior reinforcement, whereas with a hard matrix spherical inclusions provide the least weakening effect. A microstress analysis on the sequential yielding process of the colonies indicates that, when the matrix is the soft phase, prolate inclusions with symmetric axis pointing towards the loading direction (the pole projection) tend to yield first, but that with oblate inclusions it starts from those whose symmetric axes are perpendicular to the tensile axis (pointing to the equator). The influence of the plasticity of inclusions on the ductility of the two-phase system is further demonstrated in light of elastic inclusions.
Efficient genetic algorithms for optimising the location of discrete nodes to cover multiple demand points

Spatial location planning problems are notoriously complex computational problems. When the objective of the optimisation can be separated into a linear combination of subobjectives for each placed node, the problems are amenable to efficient mixed-integer linear programming methods. However, for more general objectives, the problems require metaheuristic techniques to solve. We demonstrate that additional efficiency can be gained when genetic algorithms are used for solving these problems if the genetic chromosome is encoded differently for dense problems vice sparse problems. The boundary for this dense/sparse distinction is analytically derived, and examples demonstrating the efficiency gains are shown for examples in both facility location and sensor network applications.
Layer-by-Layer Synthesis of Mechanically Robust Solvent-Permeable Silica Nanoshells

A layer-by-layer (LbL) synthesis of mechanically robust micrometer-diameter nanoshell silica was developed. Silica was templated onto polstyrene latex particles using a modified Stober synthesis. Each subsequent silica layer was deposited after adsorbing cationic polymer poly(allylamine) hydrochloride. The silica shell grew approximately 30 nm for each reaction step. The polystyrene–silica core–shell particles were calcined at 500 °C to remove the latex core. The synthesis was adapted to nonspherical shapes using anisotropic polystyrene dicolloids as templates. The silica nanoshells were functionalized to render them organophilic or fluorescent. The rates at which water, ethanol, and aqueous sucrose solution (60% w/w) permeate the silica shells were compared using spectrophotometry and conductivity measurements. The rate of solvent uptake ranged between under 1 h to over 1 week depending on the surface chemistry of the nanoshells.
A New Species of Dimeromyces (Laboulbeniales) on Subterranean Termites

A survey of entomogenous fungi associated with subterranean termites in Florida has yielded a number of interesting fungi. Two of these, Antennopsis gallica Heim & Buchli (Gouger & Kimbrough, 1969) and Laboulbeniopsis termitarius Thaxt. (Kimbrough & Gouger, 1970) are poorly defined taxonomically. A third, however, is a member of the Laboulbeniales belonging to the genus Dimeromyces.2 It appears to be a new species and the first report of a representative of this genus on any member of the order Isoptera. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description, illustrations, and observations on this fungus.