cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Sub-Bottom Reflection Survey in the Central Basin of Lake Erie

A geophysical survey of the central basin of Lake Erie was carried out in 1960. The survey track consisted of 18 lines run normally to the lake's axis at five-mile intervals and two lines run parallel to the long axis of the lake. Sub-bottom reflection data show four reflecting horizons extensive enough to be mapped. The lowest of these reflectors corresponds with Paleozoic bedrock and shows a trough whose axis is displaced somewhat to the south of the present lake's axis. A pronounced spur projecting eastward partially separates this trough from a deeper basin to the northeast. The reflecting horizon immediately above the Paleozoic bedrock shows two principal topographic features: (1) a lobelike rise centered across the lake's axis, and (2) an elongate east-west trending basin lying to the east of the rise. The lobate rise and its position within the basin indicate a glacial origin during Lake Border time. The elongate basin appears to be an erosional feature. As such, it implies the existence during the Gary-Port Huron interval of a low–lake stage whose eastern outlet was downwarped at least 300 feet by ice loading. The next highest reflector is widely distributed throughout the basin and generally gives a clear, strong reflection. Its topographic configuration shows a broad ENE-trending valley which leads into a partially closed basin. Within the sediments which fill this valley and basin is found the shallowest sub-bottom reflector. It is nearly level and is buried from 10 to 20 feet by Recent lake muds. Reflection characteristics and configurations within the basin combined with other lake-study information identify these two horizons as a compact glaciolacustrine clay underlying shallow water deposits. Initiation of shallow water deposition occurred during the retreat of the Port Huron ice and coincided with the formation of Lake Iroquois in the Ontario basin. It was brought to a close as the water level rose in response to isostatic uplift of the eastern outlet at Niagara Falls.
The Infrared Spectra of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Some or All Hydrogen Atoms Removed

The loss of one hydrogen from C96H24 does not significantly affect the infrared spectra of the neutral, cation, or anion. Excluding a very weak C-C stretching band at 5.1 ?m, the loss of two adjacent duo hydrogens does not significantly affect the spectra compared with the parent. Removing all of the hydrogen atoms significantly increases the intensity of the new C-C stretching band, and, for the cation, shifts it to a longer (5.2 ?m) wavelength. Observations show a feature near 5.25 ?m, which has been attributed to overtone and combination bands from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This current work suggests that dehydrogenated PAHs might also contribute to this band, but its weakness implies that fully dehydrogenated cationic or dicationic species are very rare.
Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of issues and impacts

Abstract The feeding of wildlife has become a popular means by which tourists and tourism operators can facilitate close observation and interaction with wildlife in the wild. These practices are widespread and have a variety of impacts on the wildlife—and on the tourists. Deliberate and long-term provision of food to wildlife has been shown to alter natural behaviour patterns and population levels. It has also resulted in the dependency of animals on the human provided food and their habituation to human contact. Intra- and inter-species aggression has also occurred where wildlife, in their efforts to obtain food, have harmed one another and harmed tourists. There are also important health implications arising from artificial food sources where injury and disease have resulted. While the great majority of cases show negative impacts arising from supplemental feeding of wildlife, this is not always the case. Certainly there are psychological, social and economic benefits that are experienced on the human side of the interaction and, in a limited number of cases, the wildlife can be shown to have benefited as well. The issue of feeding wildlife for tourism is a controversial one with little consensus regarding how it should be managed. Approaches range from complete prohibition, to active promotion and management, to simply ignoring the practices. Little empirical research, inconsistent management and differing views of the role of animals in humans’ lives ensure that this issue will remain a contentious one worthy of further examination and consideration.
Behavior during hippocampal microinfusions. I. Norepinephrine and diversive exploration

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically implanted with guide cannulas in the anterodorsal hippocampal formation. After recovery from surgery they were administered bilateral infusions into the dentate gyrus of D,L-norepinephrone (NE) at the rate of 0.025 microliter/min throughout a 40-min session in a holeboard/activity apparatus. The computerized holeboard system measured the animals' locomotor activity, stimulus responsivity, and response to novelty, and permitted the reconstruction and analysis of their sequential patterns of movement. The NE infusions failed to affect overall locomotion or holepoking, although group means were slightly elevated. Rearing frequency and duration were significantly increased, as were the number of different holes poked per 5-min epoch and the amount of time in and number of entries into the center region of the holeboard. The novel object reaction of NE-infused rats, measured as the increase in poke duration into holes with novel stimuli, was indistinguishable from that of saline-infused rats. The NE-infused rats exhibited more varied, widespread spatial distributions of sequential patterns of locomotor activity. A dose of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol that was minimally effective when infused by itself blocked all of NE's affects when co-infused in the same solution. Infusions of the noradrenergic releasing agent tyramine mimicked NE's actions, whereas infusions of NE's relatively inactive stereoisomer D-NE or infusions into the overlying lateral ventrical failed to do so. Histological examination of dye-infused brains and microspectrofluorimetry of NE-infused brains treated using the Falck-Hillarp technique for the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of monoamines indicated that spread of the infusate was confined to the dentate gyrus of the anterodorsal hippocampal formation. The behavioral profile of the NE-infused rats suggests a role for the noradrenergic input to the hippocampal formation in spontaneous environmental reconnaissance and the diversification of stimulus sampling-'diversive' exploration, as opposed to the inspection or 'specific' exploration of unfamiliar stimuli.
Montana Flume Flow Corrections Under Submerged Flow

AbstractA Montana flume is a Parshall flume without a diverging downstream section and is used to measure open channel flow. Under free-flow conditions, the Parshall flume and the Montana flume have the same calibration characteristics, but under submerge flows, their calibrations significantly differ. Tests were conducted at the Utah Water Research Laboratory on an acrylic 15.2-cm (6-in.) Montana flume to determine the effects of submergence on the flow readings. This type of investigation has not been previously analyzed. It was found that a standard Parshall flume rating curve overpredicted flow rates in the submerged Montana flume, up to 48%. Parshall submergence corrections were applied to the submerged Montana flume, and flow rates were underpredicted by up to 19%. This study has developed submerged flow rate correction factors specifically for a Montana flume, and the paper also demonstrates how to apply the corrections.
A remark on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation

The method of calculating wave functions for an electron-nucleon system by a variational method originally suggested by Born and Oppenheimer [1] is rigorously investigated. As an application we sketch the calculation of a simple nonadiabatic wave function for the system.
Redox cycling of MPP+: Evidence for a new mechanism involving hydride transfer with xanthine oxidase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and lipoamide dehydrogenase

Abstract MPP+ is redox active in the presence of cytochrome P450 reductase and induces the formation of O2.− and HO.. In this study, we report the redox cycling capability of MPP+ with additional enzymes and with UV photolysis detected through ESR techniques. The treatment of MPP+ with UV light resulted in the production of HO. trapped as a spin adduct. Two of the enzymes examined in this study, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, produced O2.− in the presence of substrate. However, when MPP+ was added to the incubations, the radical trapped by DMPO was HO.. This indicates that MPP+ redox cycles in the presence of these two enzymes or UV light, which produces HO.. Our data also suggest that MPP+ is reduced by lipoamide dehydrogenase. MPP+ stimulated the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by the enzyme at concentrations between 2 mM and 8 mM of MPP+. Higher concentrations of MPP+ inhibited lipoamide dehydrogenase. MPP+ appears to be redox active with a number of redox enzymes. The mechanism involved may be hydride transfer from the enzymes to MPP+, rather than a direct single-electron reduction.
Silicon Membrane-Based Narrow Bandpass Leaky-Mode Resonance Filter

A periodic silicon membrane, designed by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique, acts as a narrow bandpass leaky-mode resonance filter. The linewidth is ~0.5 nm at central wavelength of 1.55 μm.
Plasma relaxin concentrations in the pig during the periparturient period: Association with prolactin, estrogen and progesterone concentrations

Abstract Concentrations of relaxin, prolactin, unchromatographed estradiol 17β (E2β) and progesterone (P4) were measured in serial samples of inferior vena caval blood, in three pigs, during late pregnancy, and parturition. Maximal relaxin concentrations occurred 60 to 24h before parturition, and ranged from 60 to 286ng/ml. Prolactin concentrations increased from 12.5ng/ml, 48 to 36 hours before parturition, to between 79 to 184ng/ml. At the time of the relaxin surge, E2β levels were high, and P4 concentrations were decreasing, thus raising the E 2β P 4 ratio. A surge in prolactin concentrations followed upon a decline of P4 to less than 10ng/ml, coinciding with the increase in relaxin concentrations in 2 gilts, and following the surge in relaxin in the third. Udder development occurred near the time of increased relaxin concentrations. ‘Milk let down’ followed maximal relaxin and prolactin concentrations in two gilts, and the increase in prolactin, rather than the increase in relaxin concentration, in the third.
Ribitol dehydrogenase in Aerobacter aerogenes 1033

Abstract Ribitol dehydrogenase from Aerobacter aerogenes strain 1033 acted only on ribitol, but was induced both by ribitol and by d -arabitol. The induction of this enzyme by d -arabitol was shown to depend on its metabolism. A mutant which produced ribitol dehydrogenase constitutively was isolated, in which the formation of this enzyme was apparently no longer regulated by the inducer, although catabolite repression continued to exert its influence. Ribitol dehydrogenase was obligatory for the utilization of ribitol under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions the growth rate on ribitol was severely limited by inadequate hydrogen acceptors and was stimulated by the addition of fumarate to the growth medium.
A validation framework for predictive human models

A validation framework is introduced in this work to evaluate the motion of a predictive human model and provide feedback to the model developers for refinement in ergonomic applications. Two qualitative and two quantitative benchmark tests were designed and used to assess the strength and weakness of the model and to localise abnormalities in the predicted motion. Twelve subjects participated in a whole-body motion task, and another 12 subjects participated in the subjective evaluation of the predicted motion. The validation framework was able to highlight the weakness and limitations of a predicted human model with 55 degrees of freedom in a box-lifting task. The results have shown that the proposed framework was very effective in identifying the flaws in the model under investigation and in giving guides for improvement and acceptance.
Schedule-induced airlicking as a function of body-weight deficit in rats ☆

Abstract Water-deprived rats were given three 30-min periods of exposure to an airstream flowing through a standard drinking tube; all of them learned to airlick. They were then given water ad lib and maintained at 80 per cent of their pre-experimental body weights by food restriction. Each day they were given a 90-min session of scheduled feeding in the presence of an airstream; one 45-mg food pellet was delivered each min. All the rats developed strong airlicking behavior. This behavior was then studied as a function of the magnitude of body-weight deficit, as each rat's weight was allowed to recover to within 5 per cent of normal and then to drop back down to 80 per cent of normal. For each rat schedule-induced airlicking was found to be an increasing function of body-weight deficit.
Effects of hindlimb temperature on sciatic nerve laser Doppler vascular conductance in control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats

The effects of hindlimb temperature on sciatic nerve and skeletal muscle laser Doppler vascular conductance (LDVC) were assessed in anesthetized control and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. With core temperature at 37°C and exposed hindlimb temperature at 32°C, nerve LDVC was significantly lower in rats after 8 weeks of STZ diabetes than in age-matched control rats. Subsequent warming of the exposed hindlimb of control rats from 32°C to 37°C significantly decreased nerve LDVC by 41% and increased muscle LDVC by 48%. Because nerve LDVC was unchanged by hindlimb warming in STZ-diabetic rats, there was no significant difference between control and diabetic nerve LDVC at 37°C. In a second study, after 6 weeks of STZ diabetes, changes from control nerve LDVC were shown to depend on temperature rather than the duration of surgical exposure. These findings emphasize that information about hindlimb temperature is a prerequisite for interpreting the effects of experimental diabetes on hindlimb nerve blood flow.
Comparative validation of standard, picture-sort and meal-based food-frequency questionnaires adapted for an elderly population of low socio-economic status

OBJECTIVE To compare the validity of a modified Block food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), a picture-sort administration of the FFQ (PSFFQ) and a meal pattern-based questionnaire (MPQ) in a multi-ethnic population of low socio-economic status (SES). DESIGN Participants completed six 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR) over six months; the FFQ, PSFFQ and MPQ were completed in random order in the subsequent month. Instruments were interviewer-administered. The PSFFQ and MPQ were developed in formative research concerning difficulties for older adults in responding to standard food-frequency instruments. SETTING Rural North Carolina, USA. Subjects One hundred and twenty-two African American, Native American and white adults aged > or = 65 years, with approximately one-third in each ethnic group. Inclusion criteria included education < or = 12 years and income < or = 150% of national poverty level or Medicaid recipient. RESULTS Comparing median intakes from the average of the 24HR with the three diet assessment instruments, the MPQ tended to overestimate intakes compared with the FFQ and PSFFQ. Correlations among nutrients obtained by the 24HR and the other three instruments were generally statistically significant and positive. Across nutrients, the PSFFQ was most highly correlated with the 24HR for women, while the FFQ was most highly correlated with the 24HR for men. CONCLUSIONS Dietary assessments using 24HR and FFQ were similar to results reported elsewhere, although correlations between 24HR and FFQ were somewhat lower. Interviewer-administered dietary assessments should be used with caution to evaluate dietary intake among older adults with low SES. Gender differences and the lower correlations should be investigated more thoroughly to assist in choosing dietary assessment instruments for this population.
Nature, Class, and New Deal Literature: The Country Poor and the Great Depression

The latest United Nations report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has projected temperature increases by the end of the century that will make conventional agriculture difficult and...
Lung Development and Adult Lung Diseases

Adult respiratory diseases are caused by many factors, including genetic-environmental interaction. Genetic abnormalities can impact early fetal lung development, postnatal lung maturation, as well as adult lung injury and repair. Studies suggest that abnormally developed lung structure and function may contribute as a susceptibility factor for several adult lung diseases. This review focuses on the relationship between lung development and pathogenesis of several lung diseases including COPD, cystic fibrosis (CF), and asthma. COPD with emphysema has been considered to be an accelerated involutional disease of aging smokers. However, since only a proportion (approximately 15%) of smokers get COPD with emphysema, clearly genetic susceptibility must play a significant part in determining both the age of onset and the rapidity of decline in lung function. In mice, interference with key genes either by null mutation, hypomorphism, or gain or loss of function results in phenotypes comprising either neonatal lethal respiratory distress if the structural effect is severe, or reduced alveolarization and/or early onset emphysema if the effect is milder. Reported susceptibility candidate genes are therefore discussed in some detail, including elastin, lysyl oxidase, fibrillin, the transforming growth factor-β-Smad3 pathway, as well as extracellular matrix proteases. In the case of CF, the Cftr gene has been shown to regulate fetal lung epithelial cell differentiation and maturation. Subtle abnormalities of lung structure and function are found in clinically asymptomatic CF infants. Finally, airway remodeling due to chronic inflammation is important in infants who later acquire asthma.
Skeletal growth factor is produced by human osteoblast-like cells in culture.

Abstract Human bone cells isolated from femoral heads were cultured in BGJb medium containing bovine serum albumin (100 μg/ml), insulin (1 μg/ml) and epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml), and the conditioned medium collected. The medium was concentrated, chromatographed using HPLC gel filtration (TSK 2000 SW), and assayed for mitogenic activity using [3H]thymidine incorporation into embryonic chick calvarial cells. The conditioned medium contained mitogenic activity which eluted with a different elution time than insulin or epidermal growth factor. Characterization of this activity suggests that it was due to human skeletal growth factor (SGF), a mitogen which had been previously isolated from human bone matrix. Common properties include: (1) stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultured embryonic chick calvarial cells, (2) competition with human SGF for binding to anti-SGF antibodies, (3) elution from HPLC gel filtration as a large factor (Mr 100 000) under native conditions but as a small factor (Mr 10 000) under dissociative conditions (4 M guanidine HCl), (4) elution time on HPLC reverse-phase chromatography (small SGF), (5) inactivation by dithiothreitol, (6) stability to heat, acidic or alkaline conditions and (7) inactivation by trypsin and chymotrypsin. These observations provide evidence that human bone cells produce SGF. Conditioned medium from human skin cell cultures also contained mitogenic activity. However, the activity was less than that from bone cells and did not cross-react with the rat anti-SGF antibodies.
Small Spectral Gap in the Combinatorial Laplacian Implies Hamiltonian

We consider the spectral and algorithmic aspects of the problem of finding a Hamil- tonian cycle in a graph. We show that a sufficient condition for a graph being Hamiltonian is that the nontrivial eigenvalues of the combinatorial Laplacian are sufficiently close to the average degree of the graph. An algorithm is given for the problem of finding a Hamiltonian cycle in graphs with bounded spectral gaps which has complexity of order n c ln n .
Images of the enemy in intergroup conflict

A study of the communication within groups which perceive themselves to be in conflict situations suggests that rhetoric is used to develop equivalent images of the enemy and the struggle.
Distribution of low-mass fission yields in the 14·8 MeV neutron induced fission of 238U and 232Th

Abstract The fission yields of 238U and 232Th in the mass region A=73−81 were radiochemically determined for 5 mass chains. The absolute activities for these nuclides were determined by gross beta counting and the cumulative fission yields were measured relative to 99Mo. These data were utilized to define the slope of the left wing in the light peak of the mass yield curves for 238U and 232Th. A comparison of these fission yields was made with corresponding mirror points, assuming 3·5 and 4·5 secondary neutrons emitted per fission of 238U and 232Th respectively.
Sensitivity to modeling errors in steady-state process simulation

Abstract The potential for sensitivity to modeling errors in steady-state process simulation has been estimated in three simple case studies using the techniques of Singular Value Decomposition. The cases studied are a recycle process, a simple absorber model and an isothermal flash. In all three cases, the indications are that in many simulations of commercial interest, sensitivity to modeling errors could be significant.
A Strategic Theory of Policy Diffusion via Intergovernmental Competition

Scholars have hypothesized that policy choices by national, state, and local governments often have implications for “location choices” made by residents (e.g., tax policies affect where firms set up business, welfare benefits influence where the poor live, government restaurant smoking restrictions influence where people eat). We develop a spatially explicit strategic theory of policy diffusion driven by intergovernmental competition over residents’ location choices. The theory assumes that governments’ decisions constitute a strategic game in which governments are influenced by their neighbors. We suggest a variety of policy contexts in which the theory is applicable. For one such context—the adoption of lotteries by American states—we use the theory to generate several hypotheses and then test them using event history analysis. The results provide substantial support for the theory and indicate that states compete for lottery business in a much more sophisticated fashion than has been previously recogn...
Freud's Totem Theory as Complement to Max Weber's Theory of Charisma:

Charisma ascription, described sociologically by Max Weber, can be explained psychologically through the mechanism of projection triggered when the individual is forcibly separated from a loved obj...
Additional Ultrastructural Observations of the First Segments of Malpighian Tubules in Cenocorixa bifida (Hemiptera: Corixidae) in Relation to Reabsorption of Solutes

The ultrastructure of the first segment of the four-segmented Malpighian tubules of Cenocorixa bifida Hungerford (Hemiptera: Corixidae) is described. The first segment of each of the four tubules empties proximally into the midgut-hindgut junction. Its squamous epithelium is composed of a single layer of binucleated cells containing two types of mitochondria. The cells rest on a prominent basal lamina and possess short, shallow, widely spaced basal plasma membrane infoldings closely associated with large mitochondria and a few short blunt microvilli devoid of mitochondria projecting into the lumen. In sharp contrast, the fourth segment cells that are secretory in function, display numerous, long basal membrane infoldings that penetrate deeply into the cytoplasm and numerous long microvilli at the luminal border. The cytoplasm of the first segment cells contains dense bodies, small mitochondria, microtubules, vesicles, and vacuoles and is rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, giving rise to clear vacuoles, but rough endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparati are sparse. The apical plasma membrane is covered with glycocalyx and displays coated pits pinching off coated vesicles. The apical cytoplasm displays numerous vesicles containing fine granular material, smooth vesicles, dense tubules, large vacuoles, primary lysosomes, and multivesicular bodies. The lateral plasma membranes are linked by extensive junctional complexes each composed of an apical smooth septate junction, intercalated gap junctions, and a basal heterocellular scalariform junction. The contrast in ultrastructural features between of the first segment and fourth segment cells suggests that the first segment is involved in reabsorption than secretion of inorganic and organic solutes.
A Bi-directional Semantic Framework for Bibliographic Metadata

Often in a research community there are several different metadata standards used to describe the same type of objects. In this paper we explore using an RDF/XML (Resource Description Framework) framework to address this issue, and create a flexible, reusable solution that can adapt to new metadata standards. We create a semantic framework that contains multiple metadata views of the objects that we wish to describe. The framework is established by creating ontologies for each metadata representation of these objects, and rule-based crosswalks between them so that each object is expressed in all representations, thus all objects can be viewed in multiple systems. For our case study, we chose bibliographic references.
From Flying Carpets to No-Fly Zones: Libya’s Elusive Revolution(s), According to Ruth First, Hisham Matar, and the International Criminal Court

AbstractThis article examines the complex and contested situation of Qadaffi’s Libya within a changing international order, from the 1969 revolution as narrated by South African historian and anti-apartheid activist Ruth First in Libya: The Elusive Revolution (1974) to its narrative reconstruction by exiled Libyan writer Hisham Matar in the semi-autobiographical novels In the Country of Men (2006) and Anatomy of a Disappearance (2011). Special attention is paid to contextualizing this historiography within the current debates emanating from international law—including international humanitarian and human rights law—regarding the disposition of multilateral forces, regional commitments, and the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) in responding to this latest of Libya’s “elusive revolutions.” Should Libya, that is, have been suspended from the United Nations Human Rights Council? Referred by the Security Council to the International Criminal Court for investigation? What are the stakes? And what to make of the eventual historical and precedent-setting outcomes, the global implications—and yes, even the inevitable “unintended consequences”. . . .?
Effect of topiramate treatment on ethanol consumption in rats

Rationale Results from clinical studies have shown that topiramate effectively reduces alcohol consumption in a population of heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent humans.
Theory of Nuclear Level Density for Periodic Independent-Particle Energy-Level Schemes

Accurate and perspicuous formulas are derived for the density of states of a degenerate system of any number of types of fermions moving in arbitrary periodic single-particle energy-level schemes. The results are of the standard form with the modification that the excitation energy is to be replaced by an "effective energy." The effective energy contains an additive correction which depends explicitly on the structure and ground-state occupation of the periodic level sequences. The spin-dependent level-density formula for two kinds of particles should be useful in the correlation of observed nuclear level densities with shell-model level sequences. The present work generalizes, unifies, and simplifies earlier treatments of related problems.
Computer interpretation of ventilatory studies

Abstract A computer system is described which accepts raw data from a variety of ventilatory tests, calculates final and predicted normal values, and immediately prints a tabular report of these tests with an interpretation of the results. The logic used in giving interpretations of the test data is presented in detail. The system has proven satisfactory for daily clinical use with over twenty-five hundred reports to date.
Supervaluationism, Vagueifiers, and Semantic Overdetermination

Supervaluationism, traditionally conceived, is the conjunction of three theses: (a) Vagueness in a language gives rise to there being a multitude of acceptable assignments of semantic values to some expressions of the language. (b) These assignments correspond to possible completions of the meanings of vague expressions. (c) Truth is truth under all acceptable assignments, and falsity is falsity under all acceptable assignments. Supervaluationism has three chief virtues. It preserves classical logic. It provides an account of what vagueness is (rather than just simply a formal framework that accurately represents vagueness). And it extends nicely to the vagueness of singular terms. I argue, however, that the existence of vagueifiers - expressions like 'roughly' - pose problems for thesis (b) of supervaluationism, and that the supervaluationist can get around these problems only at a serious cost. Toward the end of the paper, I present an alternative analysis of vagueness, which preserves the main virtues of supervaluationism, but which identifies vagueness as semantic overdetermination, rather than as semantic underdetermination.
Relating Laboratory Foamed Asphalt Mix Resilient Modulus Tests to Field Measurements

Resilient modulus of foamed asphalt materials is stress state dependent, but the field stress state cannot be fully characterized by any available laboratory test alone. Test results of the triaxial resilient modulus test and the flexural beam test, each of which characterizes one important stress state, were incorporated into a bilinear anisotropic constitutive model to calculate the pavement deflection under traffic loading. A virtual FWD back-calculation procedure was used to find the equivalent resilient modulus, which can be readily used as the input for most pavement response calculation programs for M-E design. FWD tests on four California FDR-foamed asphalt sections were analyzed, and the effects of temperature and moisture were quantified. Finally the field measurements were compared to the model predictions and recommendations for project level design were proposed.
Exposure effects on the optical properties of building materials

Georgia Tech recently initiated a weathering effects measurement program to monitor the optical properties of several common building materials. A set of common building materials were placed outdoors and optical property measurements made over a series of weeks to assess the impact of exposure on these properties. Both reflectivity and emissivity measurements were made. Materials in this program included aluminum flashing, plastic sheets, bricks, roof shingles, and tarps. This paper will discuss the measurement approach, experimental setup, and present preliminary results from the optical property measurements.
Maturation of chloride-bicarbonate exchange in rat ileal brush border membrane vesicles.

ABSTRACT: The present studies were designed to examine the ontogeny of the Cr? HCO3? exchange process in the ileum of suckling (2 wk old), weanling (3 wk old), and adult (6 wk old) rats using well-validated brush border membrane vesicle techniques. The purity of the vesicle preparation was verified by demonstrating that the activity of brush border marker enzyme activity was enriched 30- fold compared to the cell homogenate. Glucose uptake experiments demonstrated an overshoot phenomenon under Na+ gradient conditions, but not in the absence of Na+. Chloride uptake varied inversely with the extravesicular osmolarity, demonstrating that transport was into an osmotically sensitive space. Membrane binding accounted for only 20% of total uptake. An inwardly-directed pH gradient (pHout/pHin=5.2/7.5) produced overshoot Cl? uptake in all age groups. The magnitude of overshoot was greatest in suckling rats and declined with advancing age. Addition of an outwardly-directed HCO3? gradient yielded further stimulation of Cl? uptake in suckling and weanling animals but could not be demonstrated in the adult. The majority of Cl? uptake proceeded via an electroneutral exchange process. However, a conductive component was present, as demonstrated by enhancement of uptake when the vesicles were rendered positive inside by a K+ gradient and valinomycin, as compared with voltage clamp conditions. At 5 mM concentration, 4,4'-dusothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, an inhibitor of anion exchange, inhibited Cl? uptake by 62, 44, and 33%, respectively in suckling, weanling, and adult rats. The initial rate of uptake was linear for 8 s. Kinetic studies at 5 s demonstrated a Km for 4,4'- dusothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid-sensitive Cl? uptake of 21.4 ± 10.7,11.5 ± 7.6, and 7.9 ± 8.3 mM, and Vmax of 72.9 ± 14.4, 19.5 ± 3.7 and 4.5 ± 1.1 nmol/mg protein/min in the suckling, weanling, and adult periods respectively (mean ± SEM). These studies demonstrate for the first time the presence of a Cl?HCO3? exchanger in the suckling rat ileum, which declines in activity with advancing age.
Applications of holographic interferometry for nondestructive dynamic analysis of a complex ceramic component

variations ofthis technologyhave also been applied to define dynamic structural behavior. Such applications of holographictechniques offer some of the most effective methods of structural flaw identification and analysisavailable. This technology is nondestructive, real-time, and definitive in allowing theidentification of anomalous structural and mechanical geometry as well as describing dynamicbehavior under stress. Structures and materials can be analyzed with very low amplitude stress orexcitation and the resultant data can be used to adjust the accuracy ofmathematically derivedstructural models or as criteria for complete inspection and analysis programs, as well as indevelopmental analysis.Holographic Interferometry has offered a powerful tool to aid in the primary engineering anddevelopment of advanced ceramic materials and structures. This type of material is findingincreased use in advanced aerodynamic, automotive, and other highly mobile platforms. Thesetypes of applications especially, must consider environments where extremes in vibration andmechanical and thermal stresses can affect both operation and structural stability. These are idealrequisites for analysis using advanced holographic methods in the initial design and subsequenttest of such advanced structures and materials. Holographic methods are nondestructive,real-time, and definitive in allowing the identification of minute displacements, and motiongeometries. Such effects are directly indicative of various types of induced mechanical andthermal stress related to hidden structural anomalies and defects. Such information is oftencrucial to the determination of mechanical configurations and designs as well as operationalparameters of structures composed of advanced engineering materials.Keywords: Holography; Holographic Interferometry; Nondestructive test; Structural Analysis,Exotic Materals, Ceramics.INTRODUCTIONThe applications and methods of holographic interferometry to structural and flaw analysis aremature and well understood. The usefulness and value of these analytical tools have also beengreatly enhanced by new technology developments in Photonics, specifically: Lasers, andholographic instrumentation.
Women and the Problem of Family in Early African Nationalist History and Historiography

Abstract Women played critical roles in making African nationalism ideologically and practically possible in South Africa. They not only participated in organisations, institutions, and campaigns that were well-documented by contemporaries. Some also documented themselves – inscribing their ideals of nation, race, and citizenship in speeches, portraits, and writing. These women travelled around the country and, in a few influential cases, around the world – theorising African women's struggles in South Africa with reference to struggles elsewhere, especially across the black Atlantic. Yet they generally authorised their public engagements in terms of their commitments as mothers, wives, sisters, and daughters – proclaiming an interest in ‘social’ rather than ‘political’ work. Women's familial modes of public engagement led South Africa's first wave of feminist historians to see them as marginal influences on the making of an essentially patriarchal nationalism. But a survey of rich journalistic sources fr...
Stochastic competitive Lotka–Volterra ecosystems under partial observation: Feedback controls for permanence and extinction

Abstract This paper is concerned with Lotka–Volterra models formulated using stochastic differential equations with regime switching represented by a continuous-time Markov chain. Different from the existing literature, the Markov chain is hidden and can only be observed in a Gaussian white noise in our work. For such partially observed problems, we use a Wonham filter to estimate the Markov chain from the observable evolution of the given process, and convert the original system to a completely observable one. We then establish the regularity, positivity, stochastic boundedness, and sample path continuity of the solution. Moreover, stochastic permanence and extinction using feedback controls are investigated. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate the theoretical findings and demonstrate how feedback controls perform in practice.
COMPETITION BETWEEN NATIVE AND INTRODUCED PARASITOIDS OF APHIDS: NONTARGET EFFECTS AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Little attention has been given to indirect nontarget effects of classical biological control, those effects that do not involve control agents directly attacking nontarget species. We combined experiments, theory, and historical information to show that the decline of a native parasitoid, Praon pequodorum Viereck (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), in alfalfa cropping systems may be caused by competition with Aphidius ervi Haliday (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), an exotic parasitoid introduced as a biological control agent of pea aphids. We conducted studies to examine competition for hosts at the population and plant levels, compare parasitoid searching behaviors, and model the interactions between two parasitoids on their single host. At the population level, P. pequodorum achieved relatively higher parasitism than A. ervi when the overall level of parasitism (and hence competition) was higher; this is explained by P. pequodorum's superior within-host competitive ability. A negative correlation between A. ervi and P. pequodorum parasitism per plant suggested strong competition by larvae within hosts or behavioral avoidance of previously parasitized hosts by P. pequodorum. Comparison of searching behavior revealed that A. ervi is a superior among-host competitor, searching longer on a plant after an aphid is encountered, moving more rapidly within plants, and attacking and parasitizing more aphids per unit time than P. pequodorum. Using a simple model, we show that high searching efficiency such as that exhibited by A. ervi could lead it to extirpate a superior larval competitor such as P. pequodorum. This competitive exclusion is facilitated by severe or frequent disturbances (such as regular harvesting of alfalfa) that cause mortality of both hosts and parasitoids. Disturbances place a premium on searching efficiency that allows rapid parasitoid population growth. These findings suggest that indirect nontarget effects of biological control may depend on agricultural practices and the consequent disturbance regime of human-dominated systems.
Safety Considerations in Building Ultra-High Vacuum Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System for Low Temperature Group IV Epitaxy

A state-of-the-art chemical vapor deposition tool has been designed and built at the Photovoltaics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering in the Engineering Research Center for depositing epitaxial films of group IV elements and their alloys. Due to the use of extremely toxic and flammable/pyrophoric gases safety and process integrity was built into the design right from the get go. College and University safety committees as well as external advisors were used throughout planning and building stages. Standard operating procedures (SOP) and travelers have been developed for various procedures and safety-training documents have been produced for proper training of new students and researchers. This lab is expected to be a model for new equipment building and acquisition at the University.
Electron crystallography of room temperature charge ordering in Fe3O4

A previously unknown form of charge ordering has been observed in dislocation free thin films of magnetite, Fe(3)O(4). This charge ordering exists on tetrahedral sites and is unrelated to the well known low temperature ordering on octahedral sites that occurs below 120K. From modeling of electron diffraction patterns we deduce that the best fit to the observed diffraction patterns was obtained by reducing the scattering power on one tetrahedral site per unit cell by about 80%.
Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents

The relationship between social and community ties and mortality was assessed using the 1965 Human Population Laboratory survey of a random sample of 6928 adults in Alameda County, California and a subsequent nine-year mortality follow-up. The findings show that people who lacked social and community ties were more likely to die in the follow-up period than those with more extensive contacts. The age-adjusted relative risks for those most isolated when compared to those with the most social contacts were 2.3 for men and 2.8 for women. The association between social ties and mortality was found to be independent of self-reported physical health status at the time of the 1965 survey, year of death, socioeconomic status, and health practices such as smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, obesity, physical activity, and utilization of preventive health services as well as a cumulative index of health practices.
Adiabatic, shock, and plastic work heating of solids and exploding metal cylinders

Solids subjected to high pressures, shocks, and/or deformation experience an increase in internal energy density and temperature due to adiabatic compression, shock heating, and plastic work heating, respectively. Analytic approximations are derived here for the internal energy and temperature changes that result from these processes based on the analytic constitutive model and Gruneisen equation of state of Steinberg. Although of general use, the utility of the expressions is demonstrated by the detailed example of a cylindrical metal tube filled with high explosives, and detonated on axis at one end. This geometry is often used to determine the detonation properties of high explosives, where it is known as the "cylinder test." The geometry is also of special interest for use as the armature of cylindrical magnetic flux compression pulsed current generators. The results are favorably compared with two dimension numerical simulations of the process using Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's shock-hydro computer code CALE using the same model for the metal.
COMBUSTION EMISSIONS MODELING AND TESTING OF CONVENTIONAL DIESEL FUEL

This paper presents emissions modeling and testing of a four-stroke single cylinder diesel engine using conventional No. 2 diesel fuel. A system level engine simulation tool developed by Gamma Technologies, GT-Power, has been used to perform engine combustion simulations. The simulation approach is a predictive combustion simulation, direct-injection jet modeling, which is primarily used to predict the burn rate and NO x emissions. Crank angle dependent fuel injector sac pressure profiles have been measured during combustion tests and used as fuel jet inputs in the combustion modeling to predict injected fuel mass and fuel jet velocity as a function of time. In each emissions test, an in-cylinder pressure profile was measured and used for combustion model calibration to assure a correct burn rate profile was predicted and the exhaust emissions prediction was based on a calibrated burn rate profile which closely resembled the one measured in the test. Engine emissions, which include NO x , HC, CO, and CO 2 , measured at various engine speeds and loads were compared to those predicted by the combustion simulations. The maximum differences between simulation-predicted and test-measured emissions data are 30% for the NO x emissions and 68% for the CO 2 emissions. However, the results for CO and HC emissions could differ by more than an order of magnitude under the conditions tested. The modeling and testing evaluation of conventional diesel was chosen to provide a comparative baseline analysis that can be extended for predicting combustion emissions of renewable feedstock fuels in development.
Discussion: Human Capital and Rural Economic Development

One of the most critical elements of a nation’s social infrastructure is its system of education. Concerns with accessibility, achievement, and choice are significant elements in determining the quality of life for all communities, but most especially for rural communities where resources, and in many cases, opportunities, are perceived to be less plentiful than for their urban and suburban counterparts.
Low-Cost propellant launch to LEO from a tethered balloon: Recent progress

As we have previously reported [1,2], it may be possible to launch payloads into low-Earth orbit (LEO) at a per-kilogram cost that is one to two orders of magnitude lower than current launch systems, using only a relatively small capital investment (comparable to a single large present-day launch). An attractive payload would be large quantities of high-performance chemical rocket propellant (e.g. LO 2 /LH 2 ) that would greatly facilitate, if not enable, extensive exploration of the moon, Mars, and beyond. The concept is to use small, mass-produced, two-stage, LO 2 /LH 2 , pressure-fed rockets (e.g. without turbo-pumps, which increase performance but are costly). These small rockets can reach orbit with modest atmospheric drag losses because they are launched from very high altitude (e.g. 22 km). They reach this altitude by being winched up a tether to a balloon that is permanently stationed there. The drag losses on a rocket are strongly related to the ratio of the rocket launch mass to the mass of the atmospheric column that is displaced as the vehicle ascends from launch to orbit. By reducing the mass of this atmospheric column to a few percent of what it would be if launched from sea level, the mass of the rocket can be proportionately reduced while maintaining drag loss at an acceptably small level.