cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broadening software process perspectives

A reason we may be at a crossroads in process simulation is that our view has been limited. Possibly we aren't simulating all the relevant aspects of importance to enterprises. For example, being overly focused in the weeds of development and not modeling the business or mission value of process options. To make greater impact we should involve other disciplines and considerations in broader, more holistic models. Software is critical and provides the edge for successful products and organizations, so we should take on a commensurate larger perspective and more informed role. This requires a pro-active approach within organizations.
Role of the mouse visceral yolk sac in nutrition: Inhibition by a somatomedin inhibitor

A low molecular weight somatomedin inhibitory serum fraction (SI), obtained from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, causes morphological abnormalities and growth reduction in mouse embryos grown in whole embryo culture (WEC). These abnormalities are thought to be caused, at least in part, by a failure of the visceral yolk sac (VYS) to properly degrade proteins, a process that normally provides the conceptus with amino acids and peptides for de novo protein synthesis (histiotrophic nutrition). To test this hypothesis, embryos exposed to the SI were provided with a mixture of ten essential amino acids (supplemented group) in an attempt to circumvent SI-induced VYS dysfunction. Results showed that 82.4% (14/17) of embryos in the amino acid-supplemented group exhibited improved growth and development compared to those embryos exposed to medium containing the SI alone (unsupplemented group). Supplemented embryos showed greater expansion of the brain regions, improved visceral arch development, and increased protein content compared to nonsupplemented SI-treated embryos. However, these parameters were still reduced compared to controls. VYSs from both the unsupplemented and amino acid-supplemented groups were identical with respect to alterations in morphology and increased protein content compared to VYSs from conceptuses cultured in control medium (with or without amino acid supplementation). The improvement in embryonic growth and development due to amino acid supplementation in spite of VYS abnormalities supports the hypothesis that nutritional deprivation is one aspect of SI-induced teratogenesis.
Tumorigenic effect of transcription factor hAP-2α and the intricate link between hAP-2α activation and squelching

Overexpression of human activator protein-2α (hAP-2α) is carcinogenic. Its aberrant regulation is the underlying tumorigenic event in the human teratocarcinoma cell line PA-1. In this cell line excess hAP-2α protein binds and sequesters coactivators, which interferes with the activity of other activators and with its own activity. The N-terminus of hAP-2α, which contains an activation domain, is critical in squelching and tumorigenicity. Mutation analyses of the N-terminus region showed that activation and squelching were intricately linked; nevertheless, squelching could occur in the absence of activity. Cells overexpressing squelching-proficient mutants grew efficiently on soft agar irrespective of their ability to activate transcription, which indicates that these cells are tumorigenic. Mutants that lacked both properties were nontumorigenic. These results suggest that squelching, but not activation, causes transformation and that the factors that are sequestered at this region are critical in tumorigenesis. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Possible applications of a high brightness gallium source to ion microprobes

Abstract A scanning ion microprobe with a resolution of 15 nm or better appears to be quite possible on the basis of a field-evaporation (EHD) ion source we have developed and a high efficiency system for production and collection of negative secondary ions. The possibilities of still better systems for the analysis of the secondaries using either stopping-power or laser-induced-fluorescence methods of identification are discussed briefly.
MONETARY PRICE RULES FOR ALTERNATIVE STEADY‐STATE REGIMES

In the context of elementary models, this study presents an analysis of how disequilibrium can persist. The central result involves a decentralized economy in which agents respond to local excess demand. Attempting to determine the equilibrium inflation rate or its rate of change as well as the equilibrium price level (rather than the latter only) on the basis of excess demand levels alone, is a time consuming process which can lead to cycles. The inflation rate will lag behind its steady-state value resulting in market disequilibrium when the two coincide. Activist policy is required if equilibrium is to be restored without severe unemployment during the transition.
The relationship between the allocation of goods and a seller's revenue

Abstract We examine a seller auctioning off a set of objects to a large number of bidders, and restrict attention to auctions that are self-enforcing in that bidders do not want to walk away from the mechanism after they see the price that they must pay. We show that the seller’s ability to extract the full possible revenue depends on whether the efficient allocation is concentrated among a few bidders or is dispersed so that a non-negligible fraction of bidders obtain objects. If it is concentrated then any sequence of mechanisms that achieve the efficient allocation (and there are many) asymptotically extracts the full surplus, and so it is in the seller’s interest to efficiently allocate objects. In contrast, when the efficient allocation is dispersed then no sequence of mechanisms asymptotically extracts the full surplus. Moreover, in the dispersed case the seller may benefit by inefficiently bundling objects for sale.
A Whole-Cell Computational Model Predicts Phenotype from Genotype

Understanding how complex phenotypes arise from individual molecules and their interactions is a primary challenge in biology that computational approaches are poised to tackle. We report a whole-cell computational model of the life cycle of the human pathogen Mycoplasma genitalium that includes all of its molecular components and their interactions. An integrative approach to modeling that combines diverse mathematics enabled the simultaneous inclusion of fundamentally different cellular processes and experimental measurements. Our whole-cell model accounts for all annotated gene functions and was validated against a broad range of data. The model provides insights into many previously unobserved cellular behaviors, including in vivo rates of protein-DNA association and an inverse relationship between the durations of DNA replication initiation and replication. In addition, experimental analysis directed by model predictions identified previously undetected kinetic parameters and biological functions. We conclude that comprehensive whole-cell models can be used to facilitate biological discovery.
Dermal Measurement and Wipe Sampling Methods: A Review

Abstract Measurement of dermal exposure resulting from contaminants being deposited directly on the skin or a worker physically contacting a contaminated surface is important in the overall assessment of a worker's exposure. Methods developed to measure the quantity of chemical contaminants deposited directly on the skin include the use of exposure patches, clothing, skin swabs, liquid rinses, and tracers. In addition to these direct measures of skin contamination, biological monitoring has been used to indirectly measure dermal exposure. While these methods provide information on the mass of a chemical contaminant that has been deposited on the skin, they fail to provide information about the mass of chemical on a contaminated surface. Currently the most common method used to assess potential exposure from a contaminated surface is wipe sampling. While wipe sampling provides information about the mass of contaminant on a surface, the method suffers from a lack of standardization and fails to relate the m...
The distributional impact of unification and the 1992–93 recession on West German households

The 1992–93 recession in the western states of Germany has been attributed, in substantial measure, to the macroeconomic consequences of policies to finance unification. Studies of the costs of unification have not attempted to measure the burden of the recession. We estimate a dynamic, panel model of household incomes using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and use it to forecast what these incomes would have been in 1992–94 without a recession. Using a ratio of actual to forecast incomes, we compare the relative burden of the recession across households. Our findings suggest that western households below the median income bore the brunt of the combined impact of unification and the recession of 1992–93. JEL classification: P3, D3, E3.
Adult non-survivors: the failure to cope of victims of child abuse

The long-term effects of child abuse have received significant attention in the research. The adult who is so affected by the trauma of child abuse is less often studied. The adult non-survivor experiences considerable and ultimately massive decompensation and failure in the ability to cope with and adjust to adult stresses. A case study is presented to illustrate this phenomenon. Issues for clinical practice and further research are identified.
Models of the relationship between genetic counselor and client

Three alternative models of the relationship between genetic counselors and clients are typified by the paternalistic professional, the expert consultant, and the autonomous client. Kant's principle of autonomy stipulates that the agent with rational will is to be treated as an end in itself rather than merely as a means to an end. Mutual respect between two such autonomous agents, in our case a genetic counselor and a client, will dictate elements of the clinical encounter.
Preparation of high specific activity [15,16-3H]-7-benzylidenenaltrexone

The preparation of the δ 1 -specific ligand 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX), labeled with tritium at high specific activity (14.4 Ci/mmol) was prepared in 33% yield and >98% purity by the aldol condensation of high specific activity [15,16- 3 H]naltrexone with benzaldehyde at high dilution.
Integral role of the I'-helix in the function of the "inactive" C-terminal domain of catalase-peroxidase (KatG).

Abstract Catalase–peroxidases (KatGs) have two peroxidase-like domains. The N-terminal domain contains the heme-dependent, bifunctional active site. Though the C-terminal domain lacks the ability to bind heme or directly catalyze any reaction, it has been proposed to serve as a platform to direct the folding of the N-terminal domain. Toward such a purpose, its I′-helix is highly conserved and appears at the interface between the two domains. Single and multiple substitution variants targeting highly conserved residues of the I′-helix were generated for intact KatG as well as the stand-alone C-terminal domain (KatG C ). Single variants of intact KatG produced only subtle variations in spectroscopic and catalytic properties of the enzyme. However, the double and quadruple variants showed substantial increases in hexa-coordinate low-spin heme and diminished enzyme activity, similar to that observed for the N-terminal domain on its own (KatG N ). The analogous variants of KatG C showed a much more profound loss of function as evaluated by their ability to return KatG N to its active conformation. All of the single variants showed a substantial decrease in the rate and extent of KatG N reactivation, but with two substitutions, KatG C completely lost its capacity for the reactivation of KatG N . These results suggest that the I′-helix is central to direct structural adjustments in the adjacent N-terminal domain and supports the hypothesis that the C-terminal domain serves as a platform to direct N-terminal domain conformation and bifunctionality.
Singular integral operators on Riemann surfaces and elliptic differential systems

The derivatives of the Cauchy kernels on compact Riemann surfaces generate singular integral operators analogous to the Calderon-Zigmund operators with the kernel (t - z)2 on the complex plane. These operators play an important role in studying elliptic differential equations, boundary value problems, etc. We consider here the most important case of the multi-valued Cauchy kernel with real normalization of periods. In the opposite plane case, such an operator is not unitary. Nevertheless, its norm in L2 is equal to one. This result is used to study multi-valued solutions of elliptic differential systems.
Evolving From Reductionism to Holism: Is There a Future for Systems Medicine?

EALTH REFORM DISCUSSIONS REVOLVE AROUND HOW best to achieve the goals of cost containment, increasedaccesstocare,andimprovedquality.However, in the current health reform debate, little attention is paid to how medicine is currently taught and practiced. It has long been understood that the fundamental tenets of health arise from understanding the interaction among genomics, the external environment, and behavior.Modernmedicineoftenneglectsthiscomprehensive model and treats disease in isolation, without taking into accountthedynamic,integrativesystemsinthehumanbody. Proponentsofanewapproachinmedicaleducationandpractice look toward “systems medicine,” which incorporates the complex biochemical, physiological, and environmen
Using the sunspot cycle to date ice cores

For many ice cores, the snow accumulation rate is too low to preserve annual stratigraphy, precluding direct measurement of annual layer thickness. For selected Holocene sections of the Taylor Dome core, East Antarctica, we instead use high-resolution 10Be measurements to establish a nominal 11-year thickness, taking advantage of the solar cycle in cosmogenic isotope production. We compare measured thicknesses with the layer thickness profile predicted by a finite element ice flow model. The results are in good agreement, supporting the assumption that the length of the solar cycle has remained essentially constant throughout the Holocene. For ice cores where annual layers are not preserved, the 10Be 11-year layer method can be used as an independent check on flow-model estimates of layer thickness and to estimate past accumulation rates. It should be possible to accurately date ice cores by counting 11-year layers detected with continuous high-resolution 10Be measurements.
IMMORTALIZATION OF A HUMAN PROSTATE STROMAL CELL LINE USING A RECOMBINANT RETROVIRAL APPROACH

Purpose: We established an immortalized human prostate stromal cell line with retained markers of cell differentiation and α1-adrenergic receptor expression.Materials and Methods: Primary human prostate stromal explants were infected with an amphotrophic retrovirus encoding the E6/E7 open reading frame of the human papillomavirus type 16. Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the expression of prostate stromal markers. α1-Adrenergic receptor expression was investigated using ribonuclease protection assays and radioligand binding. Cell proliferation was measured by the WST-1 † assay and cell counting.Results: Clonal isolates of individual prostate stromal cells were isolated and passed in selection media. E6 and E7 expression was verified using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in the selected cell line. The new prostate stromal cell line PS30 was established which maintains the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and expresses 22 fmol./mg. of protein of α1-adrenergic receptors, approximate...
Manufactured and inherent pejorativity

In this paper I develop a semantics for pejorative nouns like jerk. As part of this I articulate a typology of [+human] nouns in English, with a primary distinction made between pejorative nouns like jerk and neutral nouns like doctor. The analysis formalizes three observations about pejorative nouns: (i) They are based on generalizations of observable behavioral properties, (ii) they express subjective evaluations, and (iii) these evaluations are gradable. I show that when features (i) and (ii) are provided by the context, neutral nouns like doctor can receive pejorative interpretations. I also argue that pejorative nouns contribute to the semantics as fully at-issue elements contra Potts (2007).
What's So Funny? Moving Students Toward Complex Thinking in a Course on Comedy and Laughter

This case study involves investigation of freshman students' abilities to engage in the pursuit and appreciation of complex thinking through their study of comedy and laughter in a Freshman Seminar at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. We offer an analysis of students' reflections on their confrontation with complexity as they attempt to formulate theories of these phenomena, and describe how this confrontation changes the students' understanding of both the subject matter and their learning process. In investigating these changes systematically, we demonstrate the value of a methodology of close reading supported by theories of learning (e.g. John Dewey's) for course design and evaluation, and seek to add to our growing understanding of the place of theory in the scholarship of teaching and learning.
Impact of Computerized "Sounding out" on Spelling Performance of a Child Who Uses AAC: A Preliminary Report.

Abstract Spelling is a vital skill for people who rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The ability to spell words provides an opportunity to create novel and spontaneous communication and increases educational, social, and employment opportunities for children and adults. However, many children and youth who rely on AAC struggle to gain functional spelling skills and written language. The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to develop a strategy to provide auditory letter-sounds using commercially available computer equipment and to evaluate how such a computerized “sounding out” strategy influences spelling accuracy for one child who required AAC support. The spelling accuracy of both consonants and vowels increased during intervention sessions when individual sounds associated with target words were provided compared to the baseline session when individual sounds were not provided. Future directions are discussed.
Estimation of Black Bear Abundance Using a Discrete DNA Sampling Device

Abstract We developed a snare for collection of black bear (Ursus americanus) hair that obtained a unique hair sample at each snare site, improved the quantity of collected hair compared to barbed-wire corrals, and was easy to deploy over a wide range of topographical features and habitat conditions. This device allowed us to implement intensive sampling methodology needed in mark–recapture experiments with minimal effort. By improving the quantity of hair collected, we also lowered the potential for bear identification errors at the lab. During 2003–2004, bears in 2 study areas triggered snares 1,104 times, which resulted in the collection of 981 hair samples. Of the samples we collected, 79% (775) produced valid genetic data. In 2003, 454 samples identified 79 genetically distinct individuals, and 321 samples identified 86 genetically distinct individuals in 2004. Analysis of capture–recapture data indicated that capture probabilities were affected by heterogeneity among individuals and behavioral respo...
Ranking with query-dependent loss for web search

Queries describe the users' search intent and therefore they play an essential role in the context of ranking for information retrieval and Web search. However, most of existing approaches for ranking do not explicitly take into consideration the fact that queries vary significantly along several dimensions and entail different treatments regarding the ranking models. In this paper, we propose to incorporate query difference into ranking by introducing query-dependent loss functions. In the context of Web search, query difference is usually represented as different query categories; and, queries are usually classified according to search intent such as navigational, informational and transactional queries. Based on the observation that such kind of query categorization has high correlation with the user's different expectation on the result accuracy on different rank positions, we develop position-sensitive query-dependent loss functions exploring such kind of query categorization. Beyond the simple learning method that builds ranking functions with pre-defined query categorization, we further propose a new method that learns both ranking functions and query categorization simultaneously. We apply the query-dependent loss functions to two particular ranking algorithms, RankNet and ListMLE. Experimental results demonstrate that query-dependent loss functions can be exploited to significantly improve the accuracy of learned ranking functions. We also show that the ranking function jointly learned with query categorization can achieve better performance than that learned with pre-defined query categorization. Finally, we provide analysis and conduct additional experiments to gain deeper understanding on the advantages of ranking with query-dependent loss functions over other query-dependent ranking approaches and query-independent approaches.
Class XI Myosins Move Specific Organelles in Pollen Tubes and are Required for Normal Fertility and Pollen Tube Growth in Arabidopsis

Pollen tube growth is an essential aspect of plant reproduction because it is the mechanism through which nonmotile sperm cells are delivered to ovules, thus allowing fertilization to occur. A pollen tube is a single cell that only grows at the tip, and this tip growth has been shown to depend on actin filaments. It is generally assumed that myosin-driven movements along these actin filaments are required to sustain the high growth rates of pollen tubes. We tested this conjecture by examining seed set, pollen fitness, and pollen tube growth for knockout mutants of five of the six myosin XI genes expressed in pollen of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Single mutants had little or no reduction in overall fertility, whereas double mutants of highly similar pollen myosins had greater defects in pollen tube growth. In particular, myo11c1 myo11c2 pollen tubes grew more slowly than wild-type pollen tubes, which resulted in reduced fitness compared with the wild type and a drastic reduction in seed set. Golgi stack and peroxisome movements were also significantly reduced, and actin filaments were less organized in myo11c1 myo11c2 pollen tubes. Interestingly, the movement of yellow fluorescent protein-RabA4d-labeled vesicles and their accumulation at pollen tube tips were not affected in the myo11c1 myo11c2 double mutant, demonstrating functional specialization among myosin isoforms. We conclude that class XI myosins are required for organelle motility, actin organization, and optimal growth of pollen tubes.
Rural-Urban Differences in Substance Use Among African-American Adolescents

Purpose To examine substance use differences among African-American adolescents living in rural and more urban areas in Iowa and Georgia and factors thought to be related to those differences. Specifically, negative affect and perceived availability were examined as mediators of the relation between community size and alcohol, tobacco, and drug use.
Physiological correlates of peer victimization and aggression in African American urban adolescents

This study examined physiological correlates (cortisol and α-amylase [AA]) of peer victimization and aggression in a sample of 228 adolescents (45% male, 55% female; 90% African American; M age = 14 years, SD = 1.6 years) who participated in a longitudinal study of stress, physiology, and adjustment. Adolescents were classified into victimization/aggression groups based on patterns with three waves of data. At Wave 3, youth completed the Social Competence Interview (SCI), and four saliva samples were collected prior to, during, and following the SCI. Repeated-measures analyses of variance with victimization/aggression group as the predictor, and physiological measures as outcomes, controlling for time of day, pubertal status, and medication use revealed significant Group × SCI Phase interactions for salivary AA (sAA), but not for cortisol. The results did not differ by sex. For analyses with physical victimization/aggression, aggressive and nonaggressive victims showed increases in sAA during the SCI, nonvictimized aggressors showed a decrease, and the normative contrast group did not show any change. For analyses with relational victimization/aggression, nonaggressive victims were the only group who demonstrated sAA reactivity. Incorporating physiological measures into peer victimization studies may give researchers and clinicians insight into youth's behavior regulation, and help shape prevention or intervention efforts.
Nanopore Analysis of Nucleic Acids Bound to Exonucleases and Polymerases

When a voltage is imposed across a thin membrane containing a nanoscopic pore, the electric field generated within the pore captures linear ionized polymers, such as nucleic acids, that are present in the solution bathing the pore. The nucleic acid molecule transiently blocks ionic current as it is translocated through the pore, and modulations of the current provide information about the structure and dynamic motion of the molecule. Altering the imposed voltage allows movement of the DNA molecule in the pore to be controlled. If a DNA-processing enzyme such as an exonuclease or polymerase is present, the enzyme-DNA complex is also drawn to the pore, and further modulations of the ionic current reflect enzyme function at the single-molecule level on millisecond timescales. The combined enzymatic and voltage control of a DNA molecule in the nanopore can be used to sequence the DNA.
Usefulness of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Phenotype to Predict Elastic Properties of the Ascending Aorta

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) affects about 0.5% to 2% of the population and predisposes patients to aortic dilation and dissection. We hypothesized that aortic size and elastic properties are related to BAV phenotype. In a retrospective study of 158 consecutive patients with BAV referred for echocardiography, the phenotype was defined as anterior–posterior (A–P) leaflet orientation or right–left (R–L) leaflet orientation. The 29 subjects with R–L BAV were matched 1:1 for age, gender, and grade of aortic valve dysfunction with 29 subjects with A–P BAV. Aortic dimensions were measured at the sinuses of Valsalva, ascending aorta, and aortic arch. Distensibility and stiffness index were calculated using cuff blood pressure. Mean age was 41.5 years (range 21 to 67), and 59% were men. Aortic diameter was larger with A–P BAV than R–L at the sinuses (mean ± 1 SD 3.48 ± 0.49 vs 3.06 ± 0.59, p
Scalable Non-Parametric Parsing for Segmentation and Recognition of High- Quantity Low-Cost Highway Assets from Car-Mounted Video Streams

Systematic condition assessment on high-quantity low-cost highway assets requires frequent reporting on location and up-to-date status of these assets. Recent research on video-based assessment of assets have primarily focused on detecting traffic signs during data collection, and are not applicable to other assets such as guardrails and light poles. To overcome such limitations, this paper presents fast graph-based segmentation and super-parsing algorithms which efficiently segment highway assets from 2D video streams. Using a fast graph-based segmentation algorithm, superpixels are obtained from each frame and their appearance is computed using a histogram of textons and dense SIFT-descriptors. A likelihood ratio score is obtained for each superpixel and an asset label that maximizes the ratio is assigned. Given a frame to be interpreted, the algorithm performs global matching against the training set, followed by superpixel-level matching and efficient Markov Random Field (MRF) optimization. The MRF simultaneously labels video frame regions into semantic and geometric classes of assets. Experimental results are presented on the Virginia Tech Smart Road research facility in a 2.2 mile highway. The work contributes to the body-of-knowledge by detecting 3D assets that have not previously been detectable by the state-of-the-art methods. It also enables further development of techniques that can recognize subcategories of highway assets.
Religion, Religiosity and Private Schools

The effects of religion and religiosity as measured by attendance at weekly religious services on the demand for private schooling is assessed. It is shown that Catholics, fundamentalist/evangelical Protestants, and respondents who attend religious services more often have a higher demand for private schooling. Data from the National Opinion Research Center’s “General Social Survey” are used.
Which Identities Matter? A Mixed-Method Study of Group, Organizational, and Professional Identities and Their Relationship to Burnout:

Considerable research views group, organizational, and professional identities as theoretically and methodologically similar. This study suggests that these identities are generically different. An...
Experimental characterization of collapse-mode CMUT operation

This paper reports on the experimental characterization of collapse-mode operation of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). CMUTs are conventionally operated by applying a direct current (DC) bias voltage less than the collapse voltage of the membrane, so that the membrane is deflected toward the bottom electrode. In the conventional regime, there is no contact between the membrane and the substrate; the maximum alternating current (AC) displacement occurs at the center of the membrane. In collapse-mode operation, the DC bias voltage is first increased beyond the collapse voltage, then reduced without releasing the collapsed membrane. In collapse-mode operation, the center of the membrane is always in contact with the substrate. In the case of a circular membrane, the maximum AC displacement occurs along the ring formed between the center and the edge of the membrane. The experimental characterization presented in this paper includes impedance measurements in air, pulse-echo experiments in immersion, and one-way optical displacement measurements in immersion for both conventional and collapse-mode operations. A 205-mum times 205-mum 2-D CMUT array element composed of circular silicon nitride membranes is used in the experiments. In pulse-echo experiments, a custom integrated circuit (IC) comprising a pulse driver, a transmit/receive switch, a wideband low-noise preamplifier, and a line driver is used. By reducing the parasitic capacitance, the use of a custom IC enables pulse-echo measurements at high frequencies with a very small transducer. By comparing frequency response and efficiency of the transducer in conventional and collapse regimes, experimental results show that a collapsed membrane can be used to generate and detect ultrasound more efficiently than a membrane operated in the conventional mode. Furthermore, the center frequency of the collapsed membrane can be changed by varying the applied DC voltage. In this study, the center frequency of a collapsed transducer in immersion is shown to vary from 20 MHz to 28 MHz with applied DC bias; the same transducer operates at 10 MHz in the conventional mode. In conventional mode, the maximum peak-to-peak pressure is 370 kPa on the transducer surface for a 40-ns, 25-V unipolar pulse excitation. In collapse mode, a 25-ns, 25-V unipolar pulse generates 590 kPa pressure at the surface of the transducer
Capability Building as Potential to Protest Gender and Caste Injustice: Poor Women in Rural India

Arguing that the Resource Mobilization (RM) approach within social movement theory continues to hold economic and individualistic assumptions, I propose an alternative integrative approach to understand ‘capability building’ as potential to protest injustices. Drawing from two main streams of literature: the development literature, focusing particularly on the capability building scholarship, and social movement theory, I use sociological insights to explain capability building and develop a capability building model as an alternative to the resource mobilization perspective. Based on data from the Mahila Samakhya Karnataka (MSK) program in India in the form of fieldwork notes and women’s group meeting discussions, I apply the capability building model to analyze the experiences of low caste poor women in grassroots groups. Capability building through group sharing of experiences facilitates raising consciousness, developing courage and confidence to be assertive such that women, individually and collectively, protest injustices based on gender and caste. [Article copies available for a fee from The Transformative Studies Institute. E-mail address:
Metallic nanostructures in a polymer matrix and substrate fabrication and structural characterization

Metal nanostructures are of considerable interest in the field of plasmonics and metamaterials and could have a wider impact if they are successfully embedded in a stable, inert and flexible polymer matrix. Fabrication of such structures is challenging for a variety of reasons including thermal stability, material compatibility with processing steps and general handling of material. In this work we have demonstrated the fabrication of metal nanostructures and embedded them in a polymer. Furthermore, these structures were fabricated on a flexible polymer membrane and detached from a carrier substrate. Characterization of these structures was performed with SEM, TEM and EDS.
@scale: insights from a large, long-lived appliance energy WSN

We present insights obtained from conducting a year-long, 455 meter deployment of wireless plug-load electric meters in a large commercial building. We develop a stratified sampling methodology for surveying the energy use of Miscellaneous Electric Loads (MELs) in commercial buildings, and apply it to our study building. Over the deployment period, we collected over nine hundred million individual readings. Among our findings, we document the need for a dynamic, scalable IPv6 routing protocol which supports point-to-point routing and multiple points of egress. Although the meters are static physically, we find that the set of links they use is dynamic; not using such a dynamic set results in paths that are twice as long. Finally, we conduct a detailed survey of the accuracy possible with inexpensive AC metering hardware. Based on a 21-point automated calibration of a population of 500 devices, we find that it is possible to produce nearly utility-grade metering data.
An exploratory data analysis of the temperature fluctuations in a spreading fire

A series of fire experiments were carried out in a wind tunnel at the United States Forest Service's Fire Science Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. The experiments involved tines cut out of pieces of cardboard. The pieces were laid out in comb-like strips parallel to each other along a testbed. They were ignited at the windward end of the testbed. The progress of the fire was monitored by thermocouples, recording temperature, set out equidistantly up the middle of the testbed. Goals of the experiment included improved understanding of wildfire spread and the development of practical tools for wild land fire managers to employ. There was to be a search for regular pulsing in the series and any other interesting phenomena. This paper presents the results of a variety of exploratory data analyses meant to elicit information concerning the series before commencing probability modeling. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
PROBING HIDDEN POLYMERIC INTERFACES USINGIR–VISIBLE SUM-FREQUENCY GENERATION SPECTROSCOPY

Understanding the molecular-level processes underlying interfacial phenomena is important in the area of adhesion. We briefly introduce IR–visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) using a total-internal-reflection geometry for the study of polymer–air, polymer–solid, and polymer–polymer interfaces. The following examples, predominantly of work done in our lab, illustrating differences in molecular structure and dynamic properties at interfaces are presented: the air- and solid-interface structure of an amorphous polystyrene (PS) and a semicrystalline polymer with side-chain crystallinity, poly(octadecyl acrylate) (PA-18); structure of a polymer–polymer interface between thin films of a semicrystalline polymer with side-chain crystallinity, poly(vinyl-N-octadecylcarbamate- co-vinyl acetate), and an amorphous PS; thermal order-to-disorder transitions of the air and solid interface of PA-18, and the interface of this polymer with PS; and dynamic surface-relaxation studies of a rubbed PS film.
Mechanical modeling of stress generation during cure of encapsulating resins

We have developed a numerical model for calculating stresses generated during cure of shrinking encapsulating resins. Mechanical modeling of polymer encapsulated electronic devices usually focusses on stress generated during cooling after cure. The stress developed during cure, due to shrinkage of the encapsulant, is normally neglected. That assumption is valid if both the shear and bulk moduli of the encapsulant at the cure temperature are negligible with respect to the moduli at lower temperatures. Our measurements on a model epoxy encapsulant show that the shear modulus during cure, varying from 0 to 6 MPa, is at least 100 times smaller than that at ambient temperature. In contrast, the bulk modulus at the cure temperature is only 2.5 times smaller. Since the bulk modulus during cure cannot be neglected, significant stress can be produced if volume shrinkage is constrained by a stiff mold or embedded elements. In fact, mechanical failure of encapsulating materials during cure has been evident in some of our experiments. Using measurements of shear and bulk moduli plus volume shrinkage as inputs to a finite element model, we have successfully predicted the shrinkage strains and stresses developed during cure of a model epoxy resin inside a cylindrical tube. Consideration of cure shrinkage stress has led to a process modification that appears to reduce mechanical failures in a real encapsulated device.
Comprehensive Catalog of Currently Documented Histone Modifications

Modern techniques in molecular biology, genomics, and mass spectrometry-based proteomics have identified a large number of novel histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs), many of whose functions are still under intense investigation. Here, we catalog histone PTMs under two classes: first, those whose functions have been fairly well studied and, second, those PTMs that have been more recently identified but whose functions remain unclear. We hope that this will be a useful resource for researchers from all biological or technical backgrounds, aiding in their chromatin and epigenetic pursuits.
Exposure to the Tips From Former Smokers Campaign Among Adolescents in the United States.

INTRODUCTION Evaluation of the Tips from Former Smokers (Tips) campaign in the United States so far has focused exclusively on adult smokers. This study provides evidence on the level of exposure to Tips among adolescents in the United States, an important secondary audience for the campaign. METHODS Data came from the 2013 National Youth Tobacco Survey (N = 18 406). Exposure to Tips was measured by ad recall. Characteristics of adolescents reporting exposure versus no exposure were examined through a series of bivariate analysis linking exposure to smoking status, demographics, and important risk factors. RESULTS Most adolescents in the United States (63%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 60.6%, 65.3%) were exposed to at least one Tips ad. Current smokers (70.6%, 95% CI = 67.7%, 73.4%), noncurrent smokers (67.7%, 95% CI = 65.5%, 69.7%), and high-risk never-smokers (63.8%, 95% CI = 60.2%, 67.2%) reported greater exposure than low-risk never-smokers (60.7%, 95% CI = 57.8%, 63.5%; all P < .05). Those who reported exposure were more likely to be female; be older in age; be white (vs. Hispanic); live with a smoker; have less firm smoking rules in the family; have one or more friends using tobacco or are not sure; have been exposed to tobacco advertising from one or more sources; and have skipped classes in the past 30 days. CONCLUSIONS Tips has significant reach among adolescents in the United States, particularly among those with smoking experience and those whose life environments include more pro-smoking influences. Close monitoring of the Tips' impact on this important population is needed. IMPLICATIONS This study shows substantial adolescent awareness of the Tips campaign in the United States. This evidence has important implications for the comprehensive evaluation of the public health impact of Tips. So far research on Tips has focused almost entirely on adult smokers. Findings of this study suggest that the potential impact of Tips on adolescents, particularly those at high risk of smoking, should become an integral part of the evaluation research agenda.
SOCIOLOGY AND THE THEORY OF DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS

In this paper we emphasize W. E. B. Du Bois’s relevance as a sociological theorist, an aspect of his work that has not received the attention it deserves. We focus specifically on the significance of Du Bois’s theory of Double Consciousness. This theory argues that in a racialized society there is no true communication or recognition between the racializing and the racialized. Furthermore, Du Bois’s theory of Double Consciousness puts racialization at the center of the analysis of self-formation, linking the macro structure of the racialized world with the lived experiences of racialized subjects. We develop our argument in two stages: The first section locates the theory of Double Consciousness within the field of classical sociological theories of the self. We show how the theory addresses gaps in the theorizing of self-formation of James, Mead, and Cooley. The second section presents an analysis of how Du Bois deploys this theory in his phenomenological analysis of the African American experience. The conclusions point out how the theory of Double Consciousness is relevant to contemporary debates in sociological theory.
A kinetic study of the photolysis of ethylferrocene in chloroform

The photooxidation of ethylferrocene to ethylferricinium ion and tetrachloroferrate in CHC13 under 254 nm irradiation proceeds through light absorption by both ethylferrocene and chloroform. The products remain in solution at concentration s below 10 3 M. The fraction occurring through a solvent-initia ted pathway increases during the course of the reaction. A secondary thermal reaction is responsible for generating tetrachloroferrate from ethylferricinium ion. The rate of the reaction increases during the early stages, and the data throughout the course of the reaction are consistent with the rate law ( af s + bfR)/ (l + c[R]/[P]-ii[R]/[Cl ]), where [R] and [P] are the concentrations of ethylferrocene and ethylferricinium ion, respectively, and /s and /R are the fractions of light absorbed by the solvent and ethylferrocene, respectively.
Strategic Compensation for Integrated Manufacturing: The Moderating Effects of Jobs and Organizational Inertia

Theorists suggest that integrated manufacturing requires a compensation strategy that reinforces collective effort, professionalism, and flexibility. But several aspects of job design and organizational characteristics may mitigate a direct manufacturing-compensation relationship. Results of this study show virtually no direct effects of advanced technology, just-in-time inventory control, and total quality management on compensation practices. However, when integrated manufacturing is coupled with job characteristics that signal “knowledge work,” compensation systems tend to emphasize group-based incentives, salary, and seniority-based pay. Sources of organizational inertia moderate these relationships.
Reaction-Diffusion Model of PDGF-driven Recruitment in Experimental Glioblastoma

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) drives the formation of gliomas in an experimental animal model, which notably involves the recruitment of large numbers of glial progenitor cells (Assanah 2006). In order to understand the underlying mechanism, particularly what factors influence the degree of recruitment, and how varied amounts of PDGF would affect the gross characteristics and overall appearance of tumors in the brain, we adapted a reaction diffusion model of glioma, which has been used for analyzing clinical data, to model the interactions at play in these experimental models.
Abstract IA22: Reflections on precision medicine

The clinical success of molecularly targeted therapies such as imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia sparked a revolution in cancer drug development as well as global efforts to define the landscape of genomic alterations across all cancers. Today we live in a world with a near complete understanding of all cancer gene mutations, giving us an unprecedented opportunity to leverage this knowledge to improve treatment outcomes, through precision medicine. Despite the many remarkable successes over the past 15 years, the goal of improved therapy for all cancers remains daunting due to the complexity of the genomic landscape and the challenges of overcoming drug resistance. With the rapid spread of next generation sequencing into the clinical arena at various cancer centers and health care institutions throughout the world, we have an opportunity to accelerate our understanding of treatment response and resistance through data sharing across these growing silos of genomic and clinical datasets. In this lecture I will illustrate the power of this approach through specific examples in prostate cancer and discuss interactional efforts to catalyzed data sharing through the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH). Citation Format: Charles L. Sawyers. Reflections on precision medicine. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Integrating Clinical Genomics and Cancer Therapy; Jun 13-16, 2015; Salt Lake City, UT. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA22.
Monitoring of hemostasis parameters during coronary thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator.

The monitoring of changes in the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems during thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) may be complicated by artifacts due to in vitro activation after blood collection and to interference of other agents (e.g., heparin) in the assays. In 106 patients with early acute myocardial infarction, infused with 150 mg of rt-PA (G11044) intravenously over 5 to 8 hours, blood samples were collected into liquid citrate supplemented with the plasmin inhibitor aprotinin (200 KIU/ml plasma) or on a lyophilized mixture of acidified citrate and the synthetic t-PA inhibitor D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl (PPACK). A good correlation between precipitable (sulphite) and functional (clotting rate) fibrinogen levels was observed in plasma collected on citrate before therapy (r = 0.76) and in samples collected after 3 hours on either aprotinin (r = 0.87) or PPACK (r = 0.82). Precipitable fibrinogen levels were approximately 10% higher than functional level, in baseline samples collected on citrate alone and approximately 20% higher in 3 hour samples collected on either PPACK or aprotinin. Fibrinogen levels measured with both assays correlated well, but were somewhat higher in samples collected on PPACK than on aprotinin. rt-PA antigen levels assayed in plasma collected in either inhibitor correlated well (r = 0.90) but were 10-20% higher in PPACK containing samples. Addition of heparin up to 9 units/ml to plasma had no effect on the functional fibrinogen assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)