cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman Microspectroscopy with a Card-Based Spectrograph:

A Raman microprobe employing a card-based spectrograph and a HeNe excitation source was constructed and evaluated. Particular emphasis was placed on the low-cost room-temperature charge-coupled device (CCD) employed in the instrument. This detector exhibited a relatively high fixed pattern noise [198 e-/pixel/s, root mean squared (rms)] and read noise (35 e-, rms) compared to conventional charge-coupled detectors employed for Raman spectroscopy. However, by compensating for the fixed pattern noise and signal averaging, we obtained Raman spectra of a variety of common materials with reasonable signal-to-noise ratios at room temperature. Spectra having good signal-to-noise characteristics were collected on polystyrene spheres as small as 5 mu m in diameter and a nylon fiber 23 mu m in diameter. Although the sensitivity of the detector is limited for weak scatterers, the instrument can be used in specific industrial applications and for educational purposes. Suggestions are made for improving the system.
COmputer-Mediated Communication: A Test of the Impact of Social Cues on the Choice of Medium for Resolving Misunderstandings:

As communication technology improves, computer-mediated communication (CMC) increases in use for interpersonal interaction. While there are newer forms of CMC that interface with audio, graphic, an...
Abstract 143: Non-canonical role of TAM receptors in breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA TAM receptors (Tyro-3, Axl, Mer) are a family of three homologous receptor tyrosine kinases that play a role in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (a process termed efferocytosis in recent years). TAM receptors on the surface of epithelial cells bind to soluble ligands Gas6 and Protein S, which in turn, bind to phosphatidylserine-expressing apoptotic cells. After epithelial cells phagocytose apoptotic cells, they release anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10, TGFβ) to attenuate the immune response. This non-canonical role of TAM receptors as efferocytosis receptors is in addition to their well-studied canonical role as tyrosine kinase receptors that activate cell proliferation signaling pathways (e.g. PI3K, Ras, ERK). Therefore, overexpression of TAM receptors on cancer cells has a dual effect on tumor progression. To date, TAM receptors have been implicated in numerous cancers, including breast cancer; and various family members have been shown to be overexpressed in mouse and human mammary tumor cells. We propose that efferocytosis is a unique and novel oncogenic event by virtue of its role in the production of immunosuppressing factors into the tumor microenvironment. To study this, we set up a unique 3D acini model, where luminal apoptotic cells are engulfed by the basal cells of the acini. Using this system along with 2D cultures, we demonstrated that overexpression of Mer increased the rate of efferocytosis, but does not act as a classical oncogene by filling in the luminal space. Additional studies such as time-lapse studies of acini stained with caspases showed that Mer increased the rate of clearance. This adapted method offers a unique system to study cancer cell efferocytosis, and the role of TAM receptors in cancer progression and immune evasion. Citation Format: Shelly Hsieh, Khanh Q. Nguyen, Stanley Kimani, Raymond B. Birge. Non-canonical role of TAM receptors in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 143. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-143
Precise estimates of mutation rate and spectrum in yeast

Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation. The most direct and unbiased method of studying spontaneous mutations is via mutation accumulation (MA) lines. Until recently, MA experiments were limited by the cost of sequencing and thus provided us with small numbers of mutational events and therefore imprecise estimates of rates and patterns of mutation. We used whole-genome sequencing to identify nearly 1,000 spontaneous mutation events accumulated over ∼311,000 generations in 145 diploid MA lines of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MA experiments are usually assumed to have negligible levels of selection, but even mild selection will remove strongly deleterious events. We take advantage of such patterns of selection and show that mutation classes such as indels and aneuploidies (especially monosomies) are proportionately much more likely to contribute mutations of large effect. We also provide conservative estimates of indel, aneuploidy, environment-dependent dominant lethal, and recessive lethal mutation rates. To our knowledge, for the first time in yeast MA data, we identified a sufficiently large number of single-nucleotide mutations to measure context-dependent mutation rates and were able to (i) confirm strong AT bias of mutation in yeast driven by high rate of mutations from C/G to T/A and (ii) detect a higher rate of mutation at C/G nucleotides in two specific contexts consistent with cytosine methylation in S. cerevisiae.
Linear, quadratic, and bilinear programming approaches to the linear complementarity problem

Abstract Traditional pivoting procedures for solving the linear complementarity problem can only guarantee convergence for problems having well defined structures. Recently, optimization procedures based on linear, quadratic, and bilinear programming have been developed to extend the class of problems that can be solved efficiently. These latter approaches are the focus of this paper. The strengths and weaknesses of each of the approaches are discussed. The linear programming approach, advanced by Mangasarian, is the most efficient once an appropriate objective function is found. This requires the solution of a system of linear and bilinear equations that is easily solvable only in some cases. Extensions to this approach, due to Shiau, show some promise but are still limited to special cases of the general problem. The quadratic programming approaches discussed here are restricted to specialized procedures for the complementarity problem. One, proposed by Cheng, is based on the levitin-Poljak gradient projection method, and the other, due to Cirina, is based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theory. Both are only successful on some problems. The two bilinear programming algorithms discussed are the most general. For any problem, they are guaranteed to find at least one solution or conclude that none exist. One is a specialization of the recent biconvex programming algorithm of Al-Khayyal and Falk and the other is an entirely new implicit enumeration procedure.
Training NIH K Award Recipients: The Role of the Mentor

Mentors play important roles in training new investigators. This study was designed to determine characteristics of NIH mentored K award recipients and their mentors, their interpersonal interactions, and the factors, which influence satisfaction within this relationship. Method: A survey of 3027 NIH mentored K recipients and 1384 mentors was conducted in 2009. Nine hundred twenty-nine (30.7%) of the K recipients and 448 (32.4%) mentors completed the survey. Results: The gender of K respondents was evenly divided while the mentors were 72.1% male. The overall rating of their mentors was positive. Ideally, both thought the mentor should be important in research training; however, in actual practice, both rated the importance as lower. A total of 88.2% of recipients were satisfied with their relationship. Although the number of black K recipients was low, this group was more likely to be dissatisfied with the mentor relationship (6/29 or 20.7%) than their white counterparts. The frequency of meeting or communicating was correlated with K recipient satisfaction. Conclusions: Overall K recipients are satisfied with their mentor relationships. Although the number of black K recipient respondents was small, the higher level of mentor dissatisfaction should be further evaluated. Qualities of mentors, including the frequency of interactions and accessibility, can influence satisfaction. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 386–393
Altered methionine metabolism occurs in all members of a set of diverse human tumor cell lines

Methionine dependence is a metabolic defect found thus far only in transformed and malignant cells. The defect is manifested as the inability of cells to grow in media in which methionine (Met) is replaced by its immediate precursor homocysteine (Hcy). We have termed this Met- Hcy+ media. We demonstrate here that methionine-dependent cells derived from human tumors, compared to normal methionine-independent cells, have low levels of free Met, low levels of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and elevated levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) when incubated in Met- Hcy+ medium. Methionine-independent human tumor cells also have very low levels of free Met compared to normal cells but generally have levels of AdoMet and AdoHcy comparable to normal cells in Met- Hcy+ medium. All tumor cell types incorporate amounts of Met into protein similar to normal methionine-independent human fibroblasts when incubated in Met- Hcy+ medium, thereby indicating apparently normal levels of Met synthesis in the tumor cells. The methionine-independent tumor cell lines in Met- Hcy+ medium seem able to regulate their AdoMet/AdoHcy ratios normally despite this defect in having very low levels of free Met. Thus, in a diverse set of human tumor cell lines, all are defective in at least one aspect of Met metabolism, giving rise to the possibility of a general metabolic defect in cancer.
Care Management for Low-Risk Patients with Heart Failure: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background Nurse care management programs for patients with chronic illness have been shown to be safe and effective. Objective To determine whether a telephone-mediated nurse care management program for heart failure reduced the rate of rehospitalization for heart failure and for all causes over a 1-year period. Design Randomized, controlled trial of usual care with nurse management versus usual care alone in patients hospitalized for heart failure from May 1998 through October 2001. Setting 5 northern California hospitals in a large health maintenance organization. Patients Of 2786 patients screened, 462 met clinical criteria for heart failure and were randomly assigned (228 to intervention and 234 to usual care). Intervention Nurse care management provided structured telephone surveillance and treatment for heart failure and coordination of patients' care with primary care physicians. Measurements Time to first rehospitalization for heart failure or for any cause and time to a combined end point of first rehospitalization, emergency department visit, or death. Results At 1 year, half of the patients had been rehospitalized at least once and 11% had died. Only one third of rehospitalizations were for heart failure. The rate of first rehospitalization for heart failure was similar in both groups (proportional hazard, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.46 to 1.57]). The rate of all-cause rehospitalization was similar (proportional hazard, 0.98 [CI, 0.76 to 1.27]). Limitations The findings of this study, conducted in a single health care system, may not be generalizable to other health care systems. The overall effect of the intervention was minor. Conclusions Among patients with heart failure at low risk on the basis of sociodemographic and medical attributes, nurse care management did not statistically significantly reduce rehospitalizations for heart failure or for any cause. Such programs may be less effective for patients at low risk than those at high risk.
Socio‐Technical interaction networks as a tool for understanding digital libraries

In this paper, we propose that the Socio-Technical Interaction Network (STIN) model is a useful concept to use when studying digital libraries. We extend the model to bring people into the STIN by incorporating the concept of enrollment strategies. Three different types of enrollment strategies are described that differ according to the kinds of interaction they require. The STIN model is then used to analyze the Library of Congress' American Memory Project, which, by many measures, is a successful digital library. Three examples of enrollment strategies used in the American Memory Project are described. The paper concludes with an argument that this version of the STIN model can help us understand how successful digital libraries work.
Web-Based Nutrition Education Intervention Improves Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation Related to Increased Dairy Intake in College Students

Abstract Dairy consumption declines substantially during young adulthood. Interventions that incorporate theory-based nutrition education can provide insight into factors associated with dietary choices. The aim of this experimental study was to improve outcome expectations, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and behavior related to dairy intake in college students using social cognitive theory. Students (n=294) enrolled in a personal health class were randomized to intervention (n=148) or comparison group (n=146). The 5-week intervention (March 2006 to April 2006) was conducted using an online course system; components included e-mail messages, posted information, and behavior checklists with tailored feedback. Multivariate analysis of covariance with age and sex as covariates ( P P =0.038) and self-efficacy for consuming three servings/day of dairy products ( P =0.049), but not in outcome expectations or consumption of dairy products. A Web-based intervention designed to change dairy intake in college students was effective in modifying some social cognitive theory constructs; strategies that positively impact outcome expectations and social support through online interventions require further development.
Cooperative Mechanics of Multi-Motor Axonal Transport Revealed by Novel Nanomanipulation in Live Neurons

Despite remarkable advances in characterizing molecular motors and microtubular transport in vitro, our understanding of intracellular cargo transport is rudimentary. The intracellular mechanochemical properties and cooperative mechanics of multiple motors, sharing load and coordinating cargo direction, are fundamental in this regard. To elucidate these, we developed two novel approaches for manipulating the transport of axonal endosomes, loaded with nanoprobes (<100nm) by receptor-mediated endocytosis, in microfluidic DRG cultures.Firstly, we show that by culturing neurons in a novel microfluidic-magnetic device, with axons aligned along high magnetic gradient zones, we can exert pN forces on axonal endosomes carrying magnetic nanoparticles (MNP∼100nm). TIRF imaging of axonal MNP-endosome transport under external load reveals that mechanical means alone can transiently reverse endosome directionality. This suggests that mechanical force balance between kinesins and dyneins is critical for the regulation of endosome direction.Secondly, we show that laser-absorption by a gold nanoparticle (GNP∼80nm) in the endosome, stochastically results in the endosome being elastically tethered in axon (mechanism will be discussed). Motors driving the tethered endosome gradually come to a stall (like beads held by an optical trap) before detaching from the microtubule. The instantaneous recoil velocity of the endosome following lead-motor(s) detachment is proportional to the multi-motor stall force. We captured the recoil velocity distribution of dynein-driven retrograde and kinesin-driven anterograde endosomes using darkfield imaging at <2ms time, <5nm spatial resolutions. The peak structure of these distributions reflects discrete multi-motor stall forces and the peak-separation represents single-motor detachment velocity. Surprisingly, we find the single-motor detachment velocity for dynein comparable to that for kinesin suggesting comparable single-motor stall forces in this case. Further high-resolution motion analyses and stochastic modeling of GNP-endosome trajectories reveal several key signatures of cooperative mechanics, multi-motor force profiles and detachment kinetics.
Immunologic detection of placental lactogen during pregnancy in a mouse model: a preliminary report.

PROBLEM: To establish a rapid test differentiating ectopic from failed intrauterine gestation, using placental lactogen (PL) as a marker for placental cells. METHOD OF STUDY: Sixteen Swiss Webster mice had synchronized ovulation and were mated. Eight mice were unmated controls. Study and control mice were sacrificed at 5, 7, 9, and 11 days gestation. Uterine sections were tested for PL by immunofluorescent antibody assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and dot blot analysis. Human endometrial samples from a missed abortion and a nonpregnant woman were also tested. RESULTS: Placental lactogen was detectable only in pregnant uterine samples (placental cells only) by all assays and was absent in the endometial glandular cells of nonpregnant uterine samples. CONCLUSION: Three methods detected placental lactogen in the pregnant mouse and human tissue. This is the first step towards developing a reliable clinical test for human endometrial samples from early pregnancy to differentiate early abortion from ectopic pregnancy.
Active Tremor Estimation and Suppression in Human Elbow Joint

A new control algorithm was developed for tremor estimation and suppression in a second order linear model of the human elbow joint. An adaptive method developed to estimate a simple harmonic disturbance was generalized for tremorous motion with spectral composition similar to the clinical reports for action tremor. Numerical simulations showed the ability of proposed controller to reduce tremor amplitude without generating significant resistance against voluntary motion of the arm. The designed algorithm can be used in an upper-limb orthosis to suppress debilitating tremorous motion of the arm.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Finite-Larmor-radius modification of the Mercier criterion

The finite Larmor radius modification of the Suydam criterion involves a competition between stabilizing finite Larmor radius effects and destabilizing curvature. In the case of the toroidal calculation, corresponding to the Mercier criterion, ballooning effects from regions of unfavorable curvature must be taken into account. In the case of a model equilibrium, valid near the magnetic axis, a complete solution is obtained. Results indicate that the amount of finite Larmor radius stabilization needed to overcome the effects of unfavorable average curvature increases as a function of the toroidal ballooning parameter.
Widowhood practices in West Africa: the silent victims

This article discusses the plight and suffering of widows in terms of their social, economic, psychological and human rights violations in three West African societies. The article describes the situation of the widows as silent victims who suffer cruel and dehumanising cultural and ritual practices as a mourning process for their dead spouses. The article also examines the gender inequalities suffered by the widows and makes some recommendations as to how these practices could be minimised or eliminated from those societies.
Late Pleistocene Erg in the Upper Hudson Valley, New York

An area covered by 2250 sq km of active sand dunes existed between Albany and Glens Falls, New York, after retreat of the last Wisconsinan glacier. A scanning electron microscope study of sand grains confirmed the sand dune history and other events inferred from surficial mapping. The dunes were probably active for a brief period between 12,500 and 12,000 yrs B.P. while the upper Hudson Valley was in a local rain shadow caused by southerly winds passing over the Hudson Highlands.
Toward a wireless charging for battery electric vehicles at traffic intersections

In near future, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) will become widely accepted and used. One of the main challenges of BEVs is their limited energy capacity. Current battery technologies require BEVs to make frequent trips, in comparison to traditional refuel, to charging stations for recharging. In this paper, we envision a new scheme for charging of BEV based on wireless charging. Our scheme exploits the frequent BEVs stops at traffic intersections to charge their batteries via wireless charging device. We study how to integrate control strategy at traffic intersections for maximizing charging while minimizing waiting delays. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of proposed charging schemes.
Subcellular distribution of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) in cerebral cortex.

—The subcellular distribution of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) in the cerebral cortex of the rat was studied. The enzyme, which had been previously reported in the cytoplasm, was found to be present in synaptosomal, microsomal and mitochondrial fractions as well. The activity of the enzyme in the synaptosomal fraction was localized predominantly in the synaptosomal membrane and was not dissociated by repeated washing or recentri-fuging in a sucrose gradient. Some kinetic parameters of the membrane-associated pyruvate kinase were measured.
Occupational violent crime: Research on an emerging issue

Abstract Occupational violent crime (OVC), specifically that represented by homicide data, has been studied by NIOSH and others for over 10 years. OVC-homicide data are currently collected through a national surveillance system; OVC-injury and rape data can only be gathered at the state level. Only one state level study of all categories of OVC predates and is used as a model for this Virginia study. Phase 1 of Virginia's study corroborates previous knowledge concerning the types of worksites at “high risk” of OVC; it also suggests several new industries that should be analyzed. An increasing number of calls for OSHA's regulation of OVC make it imperative that safety and risk-control professionals understand this category of risk and the state-of-the-practice for its control.
Linear electro-optic response in sol-gel PZT planar waveguides

Linear electro-optic modulation of a guided light beam has been observed in an unpoled thin film of Pb(Zr0.53 Ti0.47)O3 prepared by the sol-gel method on a [100] SrTiO3 substrate. For the TE1 mode of a two-mode waveguide, an effective Pockels coefficient of ∼ 50 pm/V, at a wavelength of 633 nm, was determined by the method of diffraction by an induced electro-optic Bragg grating.
Hydrobenzoin-based rigid chiral polymer.

We prepared a rigid, chiral polymer (1) from optically active hydrobenzoin-based subunits. Nonracemic monomer units 6 and 8 were prepared by asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) methodology and polymerization was carried out under Sonagashira coupling conditions. Polymer 1 was obtained in good yield with a molecular weight M(n) = 5,100 (PDI = 2.3). Modeling suggests that polymer 1 could form a stable helical mainchain conformation in solution or the solid state. The chiroptical data of the polymer and a low-molecular weight model compound (9) are compared.
Mutagenesis Mediated by Triple Helix–Forming Oligonucleotides Conjugated to Psoralen: Effects of Linker Arm Length and Sequence Context

Targeted mutagenesis and gene knock-out can be mediated by triple helix-forming oligonucleotides (TFO) linked to mutagenic agents, such as psoralen. However, this strategy is limited by the availability of homopurine/homopyrimidine stretches at or near the target site because such sequences are required for high-affinity triplex formation. To overcome this limitation, we have tested TFO conjugated to psoralen via linker arms of lengths varying from 2 to 86 bonds, thereby designed to deliver the psoralen at varying distances from the third strand binding site present at the 3' end of the supFG1 mutation reporter gene. Following triplex formation and UVA irradiation, mutations were detected using an SV40-based shuttle vector assay in human cells. The frequency and distribution of mutations depended on the length of the linker arm. Precise targeting was observed only for linker arms of length 2 and 6, which also yielded the highest mutation frequencies (3 and 14%, respectively). Psoralen-TFO with longer tethers yielded mutations at multiple sites, with the maximum distance from the triplex site limited by the linker length but with the distribution within that range influenced by the propensity for psoralen intercalation at A:T base-pair-rich sites. Thus, gene modification can be extended beyond the site of third strand binding but with a decrease in the precision of the targeting.
Growth of nickel aluminate single crystals by the floating zone method

Abstract Nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) single crystals were successfully grown by a floating zone method using a single ellipsoid image furnace. Single crystal growth was attempted in an oxygen atmosphere by using a xenon arc lamp and also a halogen lamp. A single crystal, 5 cm long and 5 mm in diameter, was successfully obtained only by using the halogen lamp with a growth rate of 5 mm/h. The growth direction was determined to be 〈100〉 and the composition of the single crystal was found to be Ni0.91Al2.06O4. Significant differences in composition for different growth rates of 2.5, 5 an 10 mm/h were not observed. NiO evaporation leads to the growth of Ni-poor single crystals. Addition of excess NiO (5 and 10 mol%) to the starting material increases the Ni content in the NiAl2O4 single crystal. The influence of temperature gradient and growth rate on the stability of the growth and composition of the single crystals, are discussed.
Behavior of SCN-Lesioned Chipmunks in Natural Habitat: A Pilot Study

The necessity of a circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), for survival was evaluated in a population of approximately 65 wild eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus. The research involved over 3000 h of field-work between May 1995 and October 1997 on a study site at Mountain Lake Biological Station, Virginia. The 28 chipmunks randomly designated as project animals included 10 SCN-lesioned chipmunks, 5 surgical controls (sham-lesioned), and 13 intact controls. Visual observation, live trapping, and radio telemetric tracking were used to assess 6 aspects of survival and reproduction. Upon release after surgery, every animal returned to its den site and was able to maintain its home territory. In warm months from May through October, all chipmunks were active above ground with a strictly day-active pattern. During the remaining cold months, they were normothermic but relatively torpid in their underground dens for extended periods of time. Short-term mortality for the initial 3 months included only a single intact control chipmunk; loss for the extended period from August 1995 to October 1996 was 40% for the SCN-lesioned animals, 0% for surgical controls, and 15.4% for the intact controls. Survival differences were not significant between surgical control and intact control groups but were significant (alpha = .10) between SCN-lesioned and pooled control groups. Annual body weight patterns were similar for both groups. Most individuals in both SCN-lesioned and control groups were reproductively active in the spring and fall breeding periods. Lack of major differences may be attributable to the exceptionally favorable conditions for survival such as a very abundant fall acorn crop, medium population size, and absence of heavy predation.
Exchange-induced negative-U charge order in N-doped WO3: A spin-Peierls-like system

An unconventional spin-Peierls-type distortion was found in a nonmagnetic atom N doped pseudo-one-dimensional WO{sub 3} system. The periodicity of the initial ferromagnetic WO{sub 3}:N is doubled in one direction, and the band gap opens up due to this distortion. The magnetic moment at the N site is asymmetric in the distorted system, and the interaction between the localized spin is very weak. We show that the large exchange interaction of the nitrogen 2p atomic orbital and the pseudo-one-dimensional W-O-W chain in monoclinic WO{sub 3} structure is the origin of this spin-Peierls-like transition that leads to the stabilization of an unusual negative-U charge-ordered system.
200 SYNCHRONIZATION OF OOCYTE MEIOTIC MATURATION IN SUPEROVULATED MICE IMPROVES IN VITRO FERTILIZATION RATE

In vitro synchronization of oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation has been found to improve the IVF rate of ovarian oocytes in several species, including humans, in comparison with nonsynchronized in vitro-matured oocytes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that synchronization of oocyte meiotic maturation by an in vivo system in superovulated mice would increase the oocyte fertilization rate when compared to that of conventional superovulated oocytes. Recently, we observed that cilostazol (CZL), a PDE3-I, was able to inhibit mouse oocyte meiotic maturation in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Administering CZL at 7.5 mg, 4 or 7 h pre-hCG allowed retrieval of ovulated oocytes of which >95% were at MI stage, scored by Nikon stereo microscope (SMZ 1500). A conventional superovulation program was adapted in all treated and their control groups, in which mice were injected with eCG and after 48 h with hCG (7.5 IU for each hormone). On the second morning, 13 to 14 h post-hCG, mice were killed and oocytes were collected from oviducts and in vitro fertilized (control). For the treated groups, CZL was administered in a single 7.5 mg oral dose (gavage) 4 or 7 h before the hCG injection. On the second morning, CZL-treated animals were killed at the same timing as control animals and oocytes were retrieved from the oviduct and in vitro matured for 6 h (for those gavaged with CZL, 4 h pre-hCG) or 3 h (for those gavaged with CZL, 7 h pre-hCG) to MII oocytes before IVF. These groups were designated as in vivo-in vitro synchronized/matured oocytes. In other groups treated with CZL, 4 or 7 h pre-hCG, the ovulated oocytes were allowed to mature in the oviduct (full in vivo synchronization and maturation) and oocytes were retrieved and fertilized with the same fertilization timings as the in vivo-in vitro synchronized/matured oocytes. Oocytes were cultured for 1 day after IVF and examined for cleavage. Statistical differences were analyzed by cross-tabulated chi-square test. The full in vivo synchronization and maturation (for both CZL dose timings of 4 and 7 h pre-hCG) gave significantly higher early embryonic development rates compared with those of the control [89% (n = 219) and 92.2% (n = 374) vs 81.8% (n = 198); P = 0.034 and P < 0.0001, respectively]. The in vivo-in vitro synchronized/matured oocytes (CZL dose timing at 7 h, but not 4 h pre-hCG) gave significantly higher early embryonic development rates compared with those of the control [88.5% (n = 339) vs 83.4% (n = 458), respectively; P = 0.043]. However, the increase of the IVF rate of the oocytes from mice treated with CZL, 4 h pre-hCG, in the in vivo-in vitro synchronized/matured group was not significantly different from the control group [88.5% (n = 399) vs 83.4% (n = 458), respectively; P = 0.43]. It is concluded from the present study that synchronization of oocyte meiotic maturation by the in vivo and in vivo-in-vitro protocols can increase the IVF rate of oocytes in superovulated mice.
Antroduodenal motility in children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction describes a heterogenous group of disorders characterized by signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction in the absence of a mechanical lesion. We studied antroduodenal motility in 13 children with pseudo-obstruction. The diagnosis was based on radiographic evidence in all, surgery in 11, and specific pathologic features in four. Antroduodenal motility was abnormal in all 13. Qualitative abnormalities in the patterns of antroduodenal contractions permitted separation into groups: (1) postprandial hypomotility (n=3), (2) absent migrating motor complexes, with phase 3-like activity at the start of meals (neuropathic variety) (n=5), (3) very low amplitude or absent contractions (myopathic variety) (n=2); the remaining patients (n=3) had other distinctive abnormalities. Cisapride, a new gastrointestinal prokinetic drug, stimulated proximal duodenal contractions in the 30 minutes after a meal in nine of 10 patients tested. These studies indicate that antroduodenal manometry is useful for characterizing intestinal pseudoobstruction, and cisapride stimulates postprandial duodenal contractions in patients with pseudo-obstruction.
Ultrastructural characteristics of Hydrilla leaf tissue.

The general anatomy and leaf ultrastructure of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, a submersed vascular hydrophyte, are reported. The transversely sectioned leaf consists of only two contiguous epidermal layers, and the single midvein is composed of three to four concentric layers of cells. There are numerous intercellular spaces throughout the tissue. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of sieve elements in the mid-vein area. P-protein, plastid inclusions and branched plasmodesmata leading into the companion cells are all considered indicative of phloem-type cells. Plastid inclusions are cuneate and lack associated starch granules, characteristics typical of monocots. The outer wall of the lower epidermis protrudes into the cell. Plant cells with wall ingrowths are termed 'transfer cells' and, in aquatics, function in the absorption of solutes from the external environment. In addition to the lower epidermis, spiny projections of the leaf margin could be included in this category. There is a thick fibrous layer which appears to be part of the outer wall of the upper epidermis. Secretory vesicles containing polysaccharide empty into this layer and into the wall. Cell nuclei are distinctly polymorphic. The granal arrangement, presence or absence of starch and peripheral reticulum in chloroplasts varies.
Reflective peer coaching: Crafting collaborative self-assessment in teaching

Reflective peer coaching is a formative model for improving teaching and learning by examining intentions prior to teaching, then reflecting upon the experience. The goal of reflective peer coaching is to promote self-assessment and collaboration for better teaching and ultimately better learning. There are obvious benefits to colleagues collaborating and sharing ideas, thoughts, and observations. However, many models of assessing teaching effectiveness focus on summative evaluation in which colleagues observe each other once or twice a year and fill out institutional evaluation forms. Rarely do colleagues engage in formative conversations about teaching that are guided by the instructor's personal goals and objectives. Reflective peer coaching necessitates a ten-minute planning conversation prior to the actual lesson and a ten-minute reflective conversation after the lesson. These conversations happen regularly and frequently to build self-awareness and self-assessment of the personal craft of teaching. The following article outlines the dynamics of the reflective peer coaching process as a formative assessment model that leads to better learning through improved teaching.
The stability of chymotrypsin cross-linked with formaldehyde.

Abstract The stability of crystalline α-chymotrypsin (CT) activity to the denaturing effects of heat and 8 M urea is increased by the reaction of the enzyme with HCHO. The conditions used for the HCHO reaction introduce covalent cross-links into protein molecules between amino groups on the one hand and phenol, imidazole, indole, sulfhydryl, amide, guanido or other amino groups on the other hand 2. , 3. . A reasonable explanation for the stability of the CT after reaction with HCHO would be the formation of covalent cross-links which lock the molecule into a conformation capable of enzyme activity yet stabilized against denaturing forces.
FERPA and Student Work: Considerations for Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Information privacy is an important consideration when transitioning university collections from paper to electronic access. Yet the protection of -- and limits to -- student privacy regulations have rarely been addressed in the literature for online electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and its relevance to student work should be a consideration when widely distributing scholarship like e-portfolios, ETDs, and senior capstone projects. In this article, we share several campus approaches to FERPA and electronic student work.
Challenges and Resources of Mexican American Students within the Family, Peer Group, and University: Age and Gender Patterns

Systematic examination of age and gender patterns in both challenges and resources experienced by Latino students during the college years is rare. In the present study, 100 male and female Mexican American undergraduates (50 lower division and 50 upper division) completed a questionnaire that assessed their perceptions offive challenges to completing college, along with associated resources. Challenges included financial difficulties, domestic responsibilities, academic discouragement, and racial and gender discrimination. Potential resources included individuals who helped students meet these challenges. No support was foundfor the hypothesis that upper-division students would reportfewer challenges and resources than lower-division students, norfor the hypothesis thatfemales would report greater challenges with domestic responsibilities. However, there was supportfor the hypothesis that males would report greater academic discouragement and racial discrimination.
Formation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in Brain of Mice Treated with L-Glutamic Acid-γ-Hydrazide and Pyridoxal Phosphate-γ-Glutamyl Hydrazone.

SummaryThe effect in vivo of L-glutamic acid-γ-hydrazide and of pyridoxal phosphate-γ-glutamyl hydrazone on rate of formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from labeled glutamate in mice brain was studied. It was found that both substances inhibited GABA formation and that this inhibition was maximal at the moment convulsions occur. Since the total concentration of GABA in brain is increased by glutamic acid-γ-hydrazide but decreased by pyridoxal phosphate-γ-glutamyl hydrazone, it is suggested that the rate of GABA formation, independently of its total concentration, is probably a factor in the production of some kinds of convulsions. It is also suggested that the site of GABA formation in brain appears to be a critical one, and that this critical site might be the synaptic cleft.
Endometriosis is not detrimental to embryo implantation in oocyte recipients.

Purpose: Our purpose was to determine the effects of endometriosis on implantation and pregnancy rates in ovum recipients.
Observing techniques for astronomical laser guide star adaptive optics

We discuss astronomical observing requirements and their implementation using sodium-layer laser guide star adaptive optics. Specific issues requiring implementation include the ability to place the astronomical object at different locations within the field of view; reliable subtraction of Rayleigh-scattered light; efficient focusing; and stable point-spread-function characterization.
Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia with T-cell nodular lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and B-cell nodular lymphoid hyperplasia: Different lymphocyte populations with a similar response to prednisone therapy

Intestinal lymphoid hyperplasia and recurrent pulmonary infections by pyogenic bacteria are well-recognized accompaniments of common variable (late onset) hypogammaglobulinemia. A 35-yr-old woman with this illness had progressive pulmonary insufficiency caused by nodular lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis, rather than by infectious lung damage, and intestinal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. B cells were abundant in the intestinal nodules but absent in the pulmonary nodules by immunoperoxidase staining. Pulmonary lymphocytes isolated in single-cell suspension from the biopsy were 0.5% B cells and 82% T cells. Prednisone therapy improved pulmonary function and decreased the intestinal lymphoid nodules. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis should be considered in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and restrictive lung disease.
Regeneration of Liriodendron tulipifera (family Magnoliaceae) from protoplast culture

Protoplasts were isolated enzymatically from suspension cultures of two embryogenic lines of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and cultured in droplets of a regeneration medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 0.25 mg/l 6BA and solidified with agarose. Suspension cultures grown in the light yielded substantial numbers ofprotoplasts, while insignificant numbers were isolated from cultures grown in the dark. The protoplasts reformed cell walls within three days, and 75 percent of them divided at least once within one week in culture. Embryogenic suspension or callus cultures were regenerated by placing agarose droplets containing protoplastderived microcalli directly into liquid conditioning medium or onto plates of conditioning medium solidified with agar. Embryogenesis was obtained by transferring the callus to a hor
Shadow pricing diversity in U. S. national forests

Abstract Tobit estimation of the market value of timber sales in national forests of North Carolina demonstrates the important effect of stand diversity on the formulation of bid prices for mixed-species timber tracts. The hedonic model generates a shadow price for diversity according to changes in bid prices, an effective shift in the demand curve for auctioned tracts due to stand diversity attributes. This approach contrasts with traditional shadow price analyses that focus on the supply effects of environmental constraints. Results are corrected for the effects of bidder participation, market conditions, production costs, and other stand attributes. Econometric results demonstrate that stand heterogeneity is a highly significant factor influencing the market value of timber sales from national forests of the Appalachian region. Greater heterogeneity results in lower bid prices for timber sales, indicating a positive shadow price for maintenance of stand diversity.
Risk Factors for Early Hospital Readmission in Patients with AIDS and Pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for early readmission to the hospital in patients with AIDS and pneumonia. DESIGN: Case-control analysis. SETTING: A municipal teaching hospital serving an indigent population. PATIENTS: Case patients were all AIDS patients hospitalized with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or bacterial pneumonia between January 1992 and March 1995 who were readmitted for any nonelective reason within 2 weeks of discharge (n=90). Control patients were randomly selected AIDS patients admitted during the study period who were not early readmissions (n=87), matched by proportion of Pneumocystis carinii to bacterial pneumonia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Demographics, social support, health-related behaviors, clinical aspects of the acute hospitalization, and general medical status were the main predictors measured. RESULTS: Patients were at significantly increased risk of early readmission if they left the hospital unaccompanied by family or friend (odds ratio [OR] 4.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.06, 11.0; p=.0003), used crack cocaine (OR 3.40; 95% CI 1.02, 11.3; p=.046), had one or more coincident AIDS diagnoses (OR 3.65; 95% CI 1.44, 9.26; p=.0065), or had been admitted in the preceding 6 months (OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.21, 6.57; p=.016). Demographic characteristics, alcoholism, intravenous drug use, illness severity on admission, and length of hospitalization did not predict early readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Absence of companion at discharge and crack use were important risk factors for early readmission in patients with AIDS and pneumonia. Additional AIDS comorbidity and recent antecedent hospitalization were also risk factors; however, demographics and measures of acute illness during index hospitalization did not predict early readmission.
The nucleolus: the magician's hat for cell cycle tricks

The nucleolus, for decades considered a ribosome factory and site for ribosomal RNA synthesis and processing, has recently acquired new fame. Analyses of proteins important for cell-cycle regulation have shown that this organelle is used to sequester proteins, thereby inhibiting their activity.
Optical Absorption Spectra of Nanocrystal Gold Molecules

The optical absorption spectra of a series of nanocrystal gold moleculeslarger, crystalline Au clusters that are passivated by a compact monolayer of n-alkylthiol(ate)shave been measured across the electronic range (1.1−4.0 eV) in dilute solution at ordinary temperature. Each of the ∼20 samples, ranging in effective core diameter from 1.4 to 3.2 nm (∼70 to ∼800 Au atoms), has been purified by fractional crystallization and has undergone a separate compositional and structural characterization by mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. With decreasing core mass (crystallite size) the spectra uniformly show a systematic evolution, specifically (i) a broadening of the so-called surface-plasmon band until it is essentially unidentifiable for crystallites of less than 2.0 nm effective diameter, (ii) the emergence of a distinct onset for strong absorption near the energy (∼1.7 eV) of the interbandgap (5d → 6sp), and (iii) the appearance in the smallest crystallites of a weak steplike structure above this onset...
The Promise of Differential Privacy: A Tutorial on Algorithmic Techniques

{\em Differential privacy} describes a promise, made by a data curator to a data subject: you will not be affected, adversely or otherwise, by allowing your data to be used in any study, no matter what other studies, data sets, or information from other sources is available. At their best, differentially private database mechanisms can make confidential data widely available for accurate data analysis, without resorting to data clean rooms, institutional review boards, data usage agreements, restricted views, or data protection plans. To enjoy the fruits of the research described in this tutorial, the data analyst must accept that raw data can never be accessed directly and that eventually data utility is consumed: overly accurate answers to too many questions will destroy privacy. The goal of algorithmic research on differential privacy is to postpone this inevitability as long as possible.
Pre-absorption Events at 230 Mc/s

THE Type IV radio event of February 5, 1965, was observed with the University of Michigan 28-ft. paraboloid at frequencies of 230 and 345 Mc/s. Following 1847 U.T. many short–duration bursts similar to the ‘spike’ bursts described by de Groot1 were observed, superimposed on the continuum at these two frequencies. This communication describes four bursts at 230 Mc/s which were preceded by brief decreases in the background radiation intensity. We interpret these decreases as absorption of the type IV continuum. The four events occurred between 1849 and 1851 U.T. Although numerous bursts occurred at 345 Mc/s, no similar pre-absorptions were observed at this frequency. No instances of post-absorption events were evident on either frequency. Three of the pre-absorption events are shown in Fig. 1. The characteristics of the events are given in Table 1. The flare with which the radio events were associated started at 1750 U.T. and reached a maximum near 1810 U.T. Type IV radiation was observed at metre wave-lengths at Fort Davis from 1800 until 1940 U.T. and at decametre wave-lengths at Boulder from 1810 until 1905 U.T.
The Nature of Urban School Politics after Brown: The Need for New Political Knowledge, Leadership, and Organizational Skills

This article discusses the political nature of urban school districts, the job of the urban school superintendents, and the impact Brown v. Board of Education continues to have on urban school districts. It begins by examining demographic changes experienced in many urban areas since the Brown decision. The article also pays special attention to the impact “White flight,” federal and state education policy, and school takeovers have on the political nature and structure of big-city school districts and their leadership. It concludes with a brief overview of the role parents play in the new politics of urban education and some issues current and future urban school superintendents must consider as they accept these positions.