cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PATHWAY CONNECTING M2 RECEPTORS TO THE NUCLEUS INVOLVES SMALL GTP-BINDING PROTEINS ACTING ON DIVERGENT MAP KINASE CASCADES

Abstract m1 and m2 receptors are traditionally linked to tissue specific functions performed by fully differentiated cells. However, these receptors have been also implicated in growth stimulation. The mechanisms whereby these receptors regulate proliferative signaling pathways are still poorly understood. Furthermore, pharmacological evidence suggest that many growth promoting agents act on G i coupled receptors, but there is no formal proof that induction of DNA-synthesis results from decreased intracellular levels of cAMP. In our laboratory, we have used the expression of m1 and m2 receptors as a model for studying proliferative signaling through G protein-coupled receptors. Currently available evidence suggest that these receptors signal to distinct members of the MAP kinase superfamily, MAP kinase and JNK, through βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins acting, respectively, on a Ras and Rac1 dependent pathway.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIMONOID GLUCOSIDES IN NAVEL ORANGE

Abstract Using radioactive tracers, nomilin was converted to nomilin 17-β- d -glucopyranoside in the mature albedo tissue of a navel orange. The reaction utilized UDP-glucose as a substrate. Application of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid to small green navel oranges initiated the formation of limonoid glucosides in the fruit. Nomilin glucoside was not metabolized in the mature albedo tissue. The formation of limonoid glucosides represent a natural pathway for the debittering of citrus juices.
The topographical distribution of S‐100 and GFA proteins in the adult rat brain: An immunohistochemical study using horseradish peroxidase‐labelled antibodies

The cytological and topographical distribution of S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) proteins in the adult rat brain has been compared using the horseradish peroxidase-labelled antibody technique. Both proteins are present in astrocytes and structures composed of astrocytic processes, namely the glial limitans and the perivascular membranes, but the cytological localization varies between the two proteins. S-100 is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm whereas GFA protein is confined to the cytoplasm. Neither is found in neurons, but S-100 is present in some oligodendroglia, suggesting a general regulatory role in glia. Although GFA protein in present in both protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes, it is more prominent in the latter, confirming its association with astrocytic filaments.
Accounting and the credibility of management forecasts

. This paper develops and analyzes a signaling model in which a firm discloses privately held information to investors via a forecast. The forecast is constrained by the extent to which the accounting system reflects the private information, and the extent to which estimates regarding the private information are available from other sources, such as financial analysts. The market assesses the credibility of the forecast in setting the price of the firm's stock. A partially separating equilibrium is presented. The implications of the equilibrium are consistent with empirical regularities concerning the market's reaction to management forecasts. In particular, a majority of management forecasts contain good news, forecasts containing bad news are more credible than forecasts containing good news, and stock price reactions are stronger for firms that are not followed by financial analysts. Analysis of investor returns suggests that although a more effective accounting system reduces the variance of returns, it also skews them to the left. Thus, the largest losses are from investments in firms with the most effective accounting systems. Resume. L'auteur elabore et analyse un modele indicateur dans lequel une entreprise communique aux investisseurs, par le truchement d'une prevision, l'information qu'elle detient a titre privilegiee. La prevision est sous contrainte dans la mesure ou le systeme comptable reflete l'information privilegiee et les estimations relatives a l'information privilegiee peuvent etre obtenues aupres d'autres sources, comme celle des analystes financiers. Le marche evalue la credibilite de la prevision en fixant le cours de l'action de l'entreprise. L'auteur presente un equilibre partiellement intercalaire. Les consequences de cet equilibre sont conformes a celles regulierement observees dans les etudes empiriques relatives a la reaction du marche aux previsions de la direction. On note en particulier que la majorite des previsions de la direction renferment de l'information positive, que les previsions qui renferment de l'information negative sont plus credibles que les previsions contenant de l'information positive et que les reactions touchant le cours de l'action sont plus fortes pour les entreprises qui ne sont pas suivies par des analystes financiers. L'analyse des rendements obtenus par les investisseurs laisse croire que meme si un systeme comptable plus efficace reduit la variance des rendements, il les rend asymetriques vers la gauche. Les pertes les plus importantes sont donc liees aux investissements dans des entreprises ayant les systemes comptables les plus efficaces.
Glycolysis and recovery of pottasium ion homeostasis and synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices after anoxia or stimulated pottasium release

The present study was undertaken to determine whether glycolytic energy production was critical to the survival of brain tissue subjected to metabolic stress. Specifically, the contributions of glycolysis (1) to recovery of ion homeostasis after anoxia or high frequency electrical stimulation, and (2) to recovery of synaptic transmission after anoxia, were examined. Energy metabolism in rat hippocampal slices was manipulated by varying glucose concentrations, and by substituting lactate for glucose. Ion transport was slower and recovery of synaptic transmission after anoxia was greatly impeded in the absence of glycolysis. These results support the hypothesis that glycolytic ATP production is tied directly or indirectly to ion transport. The results also suggest that recovery of synaptic transmission following anoxia requires glycolytic ATP.
Challenges with Label Quality for Supervised Learning

Organizations that develop and use technologies around information retrieval, machine learning, recommender systems, and natural language processing depend on labels for engineering and experimentation. These labels, usually gathered via human computation, are used in machine-learned models for prediction and evaluation purposes. In such scenarios, collecting high-quality labels is a very important part of the overall process. We elaborate on these challenges and discuss research directions.
Comparison of the ability of Mycobacterium avium, M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis to invade and replicate within HEp-2 epithelial cells.

Summary Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated that mycobacteria can interact with epithelial cells, a property which can be important for establishing infection. In this study we investigated comparatively the ability of Mycobacterium avium , M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis to invade and multiply within HEp-2 epithelial cells. Design: The ability to invade and to multiply intracellularly in HEp-2 cells was examined using a virulent strain of M. avium , a virulent (H37Rv) and an attenuated (H37Ra) strain of M. tuberculosis and a strain of M. smegmatis . The locus responsible for M. avium invasion was also cloned in Escherichia coli and M. smegmatis . Results: It was observed that M. avium invaded HEp-2 cells with greater efficiency than M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis , while the H37Rv strain of M. tuberculosis was more efficient in invading HEp-2 than H37Ra and M. smegmatis . Both M. avium and M. tuberculosis were capable of multiplying within HEp-2 cells, while M. smegmatis was not. E. coli K12 and M. smegmatis were transformed with M. avium DNA. The invasive locus of M. avium provided E. coli K12 and M. smegmatis strains S5M101-1 and S5M101-2 with the ability to invade HEp-2 epithelial cells. Transformed M. smegmatis strains were able to grow intracellularly. Conclusion: ‘Virulent' strains of M. avium and M. tuberculosis were shown to invade and to multiply within HEp-2 epithelial cells. This property was transferred to E. coli K12 and M. smegmatis by transformation with the invasive locus of M. avium . The ability of certain strains of mycobacteria to invade epithelial cells (bronchial, alveolar, intestinal) may represent an important phenotypic characteristic and could be directly related to pathogenicity.
Genetics of reovirus virulence

Abstract Viral infection involves a complex interplay between a number of viral proteins and various components of the host. The use of genetic reassortants of the mammalian reoviruses has led to some enteresting insights into the functions of three surface proteins and has helped explain how different viruses may cause different diseases.
Schisis contributes to necrosis in experimental HSV-1 retinitis☆

Injection of the KOS strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 into the anterior chamber of one eye of a BALBc mouse produces bilateral retinal inflammation which progresses in the contralateral eye to total retinal necrosis by day 10 post-inoculation. Although both immune and direct viral cytopathic effects have been proposed as causes of the initial infiltration, the precise mechanism(s) of the contralateral retinal necrosis remains uncertain. In this study, histopathological examination of the uninoculated eyes of HSV-1 injected BALBc mice revealed the presence of vitreous traction against the internal limiting membrane of the retina which was associated with separation of the nerve fiber layer from the underlying ganglion cell layer. This separation resulted in avulsion of Mueller cell footplates and retinal vessels, hemorrhage into the schisis cavity and disruption of the underlying retinal architecture. The schisis began focally on day 8 or 9 post-inoculation, and the entire retina of most animals was involved by day 10 or 11. These results suggest that retinal schisis involving separation of the nerve fiber layer from the ganglion cell layer contributes to necrosis of the retina in the uninoculated contralateral eye.
Visual Pleasure and La Vita nuova: Lacan, Mulvey, and Dante

This article examines the relevance of psychoanalytical theories of the gaze to medieval visuality, represented by Dante's text. Lacan's and Mulvey's work has attracted attention from scholars conc...
Novel proximal and distal anastomotic devices for coronary artery bypass surgery.

THE CURRENT LITERATURE describes many varied experimental and clinical applications of minimally invasive techniques to enhance outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Many techniques facilitating anastomotic procedures are described, but long-term data supporting improved patency rates, efficiency of surgical technique, and outcomes are limited. The growing need for minimally invasive procedures and means of reducing the complexity of endoscopic suturing will be the impetus that drives the development and implementation of such anastomotic devices. Applications of simultaneous suturing, stapling, clipping, stenting, and sealing devices have provided insight toward the development of clinically acceptable procedures to facilitate positive outcomes in minimally invasive CABG surgery. Proximal anastomotic devices not only decrease operative time but also allow the surgeon to avoid using a partial occlusion clamp on the ascending aorta during CABG.1 Successful reports of an aortic anastomotic device (AAD) for sutureless anastomosis to the proximal aorta of saphenous vein grafts without aortic manipulation2,3 may provide the technologic basis to pursue distal anastomotic devices in coronary surgery. However, applying such techniques to create distal anastomoses may prove more difficult and require development of unique technologies; robotic assistance toward totally endoscopic CABG makes these goals more challenging. The ideal distal anastomotic device would have applicability to all potential conduits with interchangeable proximal/distal order and a safe bailout in the case of device malfunction.4 The ability to decrease operative time, create superb anastomoses without technical imperfection, and improve long-term patency rates lends excitement to the developing frontier of distal anastomotic devices in minimally invasive CABG surgery. The objective of this review is to compare the existing devices and provide a basis for continued development of novel anastomotic devices. The anesthetic implications will be considered.
In search of ethical profits: Insights from strategic management

This paper expands the focus of ethical analysis to look at the basic approaches to strategy used by business firms. Using a set of criteria historically used to judge ethical issues, three strategy paradigms are evaluated in terms of their likely effects on society as well as the firm. From this analysis, recommendations are offered regarding the ethical pursuit of profit and suggestions made for future research into the relationship between strategy and ethics.
THE EFFECT OF TRUNCATION AND SHIFT ON VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF LENNARD-JONES POTENTIALS

We present virial coefficients of up to fifth order computed by Mayer-sampling Monte Carlo for several truncated-and-shifted Lennard‐Jones potentials. We employ these coefficients within the virial equation of state to compute vapor-branch spinodals and critical points for each potential considered. We find that truncation distances of 5.0! and higher yield values in significantly better agreement with those of the unmodified potential than those resulting from the more commonly used truncation distances of 2.5 and 3.0! .W e also employ these virial coefficients to examine the perturbed virial expansion method of Nezbeda and Smith for estimating the critical point. We find that the first-order perturbation performs well in characterizing the effect of potential truncation on the critical point for the truncation distances considered, with errors in critical temperatures ranging from ‐3 to +2% and errors in critical densities about constant at ‐22%. Addition of higher-order terms to the perturbation treatment brings it closer to the behavior given by the virial equation of state, which at fifth order underestimates the critical temperatures by 2 to 4% and the critical densities by 20 to 30%.
Improved determination of vascular blood-flow shear rate using Doppler ultrasound

Shear rate has been linked to endothelial and smooth muscle cell function, neointimal hyperplasia, poststenotic dilation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque. In vivo studies of shear rate have been limited in humans due to the lack of a truly accurate noninvasive method of measuring blood flow. In clinical vascular laboratories, the primary method of wall shear rate estimation is the scaled ratio between the center line systolic velocity and the local arterial radius. The present study compares this method with the shear rate calculated directly from data collected using a Doppler ultrasound scanner. Blood flow in the superficial femoral artery of 20 subjects was measured during three stages of distal resistance. Analysis and display programs were written for use with the MATLAB image processing software package. The experimental values of shear rate were calculated using the formal definition and then compared to the standard estimate. In all three states of distal resistance, the experimental values were significantly higher than the estimated values by a factor of approximately 1.57. These results led to the conclusion that the direct method of measuring shear rate is more precise and should replace the estimation model in the clinical laboratory.
Decay of 117 In isomers and search for a low-lying 9 2 − level in 117 Sn

Abstract We have investigated the decay of 40 min 117gIn and 117 min 117mIn to the excited states of117Sn in search for a low-lying 9 2 − level. New β branches to several levels previously identified in 117Sn were observed but no evidence was obtained for the presence of any additional states including any 9 2 − level. M2-E2 competition was observed in the decay of the 7 2 + level at 711.5 keV in 117Sn and its half-life was determined to be 1.0 ± 0.1 nsec.
Breastfeeding and Blogging: Exploring the Utility of Blogs to Promote Breastfeeding

Abstract Background: People are increasingly using the Internet and social networking sites for behavior support. Almost no literature exists exploring the utility of these sites for supporting breastfeeding behavior. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which blogs are currently being used to support breastfeeding behavior. Methods: Data for this study came from a sample of 32 active blogs, resulting in 354 posts and 881 comments for analysis. Evidence of intent to support behavior was determined by the presence of theoretical behavior support constructs from the Integrated Behavioral Model. Results: In posts, attitudes (28.5%), behavioral cues (23.8%), and consciousness-raising (25.3%) appeared frequently. Praise (43.3%), behavioral cues (37.4%), and attitudes (30.4%) were the most prominent constructs in comments. More behavior support appeared on industry-affiliated blogs than on private blogs. Posts that presented mostly information only were least effective at eliciting ...
A new arbitration circuit for synchronous multiple bus multiprocessor systems

A novel design for an M-user B-server arbiter for a multiple bus system is presented. The arbitration circuit maintains fairness when it is used in a low-order interleaved memory system. The arbiter is also fair for a general-purpose multiprocessor system where the memory modules are uniformly accessed by the processors. The arbitration time grows at a rate O(log/sub 2/ M), where M is the number of memory modules in a system. When a system has more than four memory modules, both the gate count and delay of the present design are less than those of previous designs. >
A new look at system research and analysis.

This report is an attempt to integrate some conceptual and methodological divergencies in man-machine system research. A. conceptual format and a procedure for input analysis are proposed which are derived from a cybernetics model. The format is suggested as a means to organize theoretical propositions. Some problems related to real-time simulation as a research method for system research are considered and an approach to methods improvement is discussed.
Art or Document? Layard’s Legacy and Bellini’s Sultan1

The article explores changes in the attribution, reception, and interpretation of Gentile Bellini’s The Sultan Mehmet II. Formerly in the collection of Austen Henry Layard, the portrait now forms part of the collection of the National Gallery, London. The essay examines Layard’s own interpretation and display of the painting in order to shed light on how this influenced the initial public reception of the portrait and its later interpretation by curators and art historians. It also considers external factors that influenced the critical reception of the painting as well as its interpretation by successive generations of National Gallery curatorial staff. The essay concludes with an appraisal of the meaning of the painting within the national collection today.
A system approach for temperature dependency of impedance-based structural health monitoring

An impedance-based structural health monitoring (SHM) system employs a piezoelectric patch to excite the structure under test and capture its response. Impedance-based SHM offers several advantages over other methods such as good performance for local damage detection and simple hardware. A major problem for impedance-based SHM is temperature dependency. Specifically, baseline impedance profiles of structures vary as the ambient temperature changes. In this paper, we propose a new method to compensate the effect of temperature on baseline profiles. Our method is to select a small subset of baseline profiles for some critical temperatures and estimates the baseline profile for a given ambient temperature through interpolation. We incorporated our method into our SHM system and investigated the effectiveness of our method. Our experimental results show that (i) our method reduces the number of baseline profiles to be stored, and (ii) estimates the baseline profile of a give temperature accurately.
The self-regulating child: Converging evidence from psychoanalysis, infant research, and sociolinguistics

This paper takes up certain similarities between psychoanalysis, developmental psycholinguistics, and infant research with particular relationship to children's self-regulation. The point is made that these disciplines are currently moving toward agreement concerning the early social construction of the mind and its eventual privatization. Each depicts the progression from other- to self-regulation as a key dimension, one fraught with impressively complex dynamics. Further, each relies upon similar methodologies to arrive at its arguments. It is determined that the boundaries separating these three disciplines are man-made, and much can be gained by crossing them.
Normalization of the reference channel in a double-beam-in-time optical instrument

The use of a calistor, or filament lamp/photoresistor assembly, is shown to be of value in double-beam-in-time optical instruments. The calistor acts as a waveform-insensitive device in a feedback loop using a highly spiky error signal derived from a photomultiplier.
Effects of carbon dioxide in the middle ear cavity upon the cochlear potentials and cochlear pH.

To elucidate the effects of CO2 in the middle ear upon the cochlea, measurements were made of the cochlear potentials (compound action potential and endocochlear potential) and of the pH of the inner ear fluids and the organ of Corti. Gas containing CO2 did not affect the AP threshold, except for a slight decrease in AP threshold elicited by an 8 kHz tone burst with 10% CO2 flow. The EP did not vary with CO2 gas. The CO2 gas mixture reduced the pH in perilymph significantly, by 0.11± 0.05 with 5% CO2 and by 0.17±0.04 with 10% CO2, in comparison with 100% N2. The CO2 gas slightly but significantly decreased the endolymph pH, by 0.05±0.04 with 5% CO2 and by 0.09±0.06 with 10% CO2. The removal of perilymph led to a greater acidification of endolymph with CO2 gas. Acidification of the organ of Corti was also noted with the CO2 gas flush. These findings indicate that CO2 in the middle ear influences the acid-base regulation of inner ear fluids and the cochlear function.
Altruism and Depression

The present study investigated depressives' level of engagement in altruistic activity. Thirty-three depressed and 114 nondepressed college students indicated whether or not they had recently performed each altruistic and egocentric activity on a checklist. In addition, their standards regarding altruistic behaviors were assessed. Compared to normals, depressives reported a significantly lower level of egocentric activity, but they did not differ from normals in their level of altruistic activity. Depressives exhibited significantly higher altruistic standards. Altruistic standards covaried with altruistic activity level in normals but not in depressives. These results were interpreted from the perspective of a formulation that posits that self-preoccupation in depression tends to reduce the accessibility of altruistic standards and thus diminishes the likelihood of altruistic behavior.
A Tin-119 NMR investigation of phosphine and phosphine oxide adducts of organotin chlorides

The stoichiometry and structure of phosphine and phosphine oxide adducts of Ph3SnCl, R2SnCl2 (R=Et, Pr, Bu, t-Bu, and Ph), and RSnCl3 (R=Bu and Ph) were studied with Sn-119 spectroscopy. The shift of the Sn-119 resonance to a lower frequency upon adduct formation, the multiplicity of the resonance, the variation of P-31-Sn-119 coupling with the nature of the substituent, and the change in structure of the peaks with concentration and temperature were all used to determine stoichiometry and structure. The organotin chloride adducts readily exchange with base or with other adducts. The diorganotin dichlorides form only 1:1 adducts with tributylphosphine (TBP), even at high base to acid ratios, but most form 1:2 adducts (as several geometric isomers) with phosphine oxides at mole ratios above 1:1. The lower dialkyltin dichlorides prefer to form 1:1 adducts (at 1:1 mole ratios) with TBP rather than tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO), whereas diphenyltin dichloride and di(t-butyl)tin dichloride prefer TBPO adduct formation. The reactions of the trihalides with TBP and TBPO are complicated by aryl transfer or displacement of chloride by base and consequent ion formation.
Rapid differentiation of nucleotide phosphoramidate diastereomers by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE Nucleotide phosphoramidates are prodrugs which effectively deliver the active nucleotide to target tissues. It was shown that the individual phosphoramidate diastereomers have different antiviral activity, although the active nucleotide is the same. Therefore, a fast and simple analytical method is needed to characterize the individual diastereomeric phosphoramidate prodrugs. METHODS Stock solutions of diastereomeric nucleotide phosphoramidate prodrugs, i.e., 5′-phosphate derivatives of the β-D-2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-C-methyluridine nucleotide, were made in 25% acetonitrile to achieve a final concentration of 10 µg/mL. The samples were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). RESULTS The MS/MS spectra of diastereomeric pairs showed substantial differences in the relative abundances of a characteristic ion in negative mode, which is proposed to be a cyclic phosphoramidate ion. Results were confirmed by the MS/MS spectrum of an analog without the NH proton and deuterium exchange experiment. Furthermore, the diastereomer-specific fragmentation behavior in negative ESI-MS was used to characterize a series of nucleotide phosphoramidates with different amino acid and aromatic substituents. CONCLUSIONS An HPLC/MS/MS method was developed for the differentiation of the diastereomers of phosphoramidate prodrugs. In negative mode MS/MS spectra, the cyclic phosphoramidate ions yielded unambiguous distinction. This method presented a rapid and simple way for the characterization of nucleotide phosphoramidates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral spirochetes implicated in dental diseases are widespread in normal human subjects and carry extremely diverse integron gene cassettes

ABSTRACT The NIH Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has produced several hundred metagenomic data sets, allowing studies of the many functional elements in human-associated microbial communities. Here, we survey the distribution of oral spirochetes implicated in dental diseases in normal human individuals, using recombination sites associated with the chromosomal integron in Treponema genomes, taking advantage of the multiple copies of the integron recombination sites (repeats) in the genomes, and using a targeted assembly approach that we have developed. We find that integron-containing Treponema species are present in ∼80% of the normal human subjects included in the HMP. Further, we are able to de novo assemble the integron gene cassettes using our constrained assembly approach, which employs a unique application of the de Bruijn graph assembly information; most of these cassette genes were not assembled in whole-metagenome assemblies and could not be identified by mapping sequencing reads onto the known reference Treponema genomes due to the dynamic nature of integron gene cassettes. Our study significantly enriches the gene pool known to be carried by Treponema chromosomal integrons, totaling 826 (598 97% nonredundant) genes. We characterize the functions of these gene cassettes: many of these genes have unknown functions. The integron gene cassette arrays found in the human microbiome are extraordinarily dynamic, with different microbial communities sharing only a small number of common genes.
Too much data, and still not enough information.

Key Points This analysis of the National Inpatient Sample Database found that Medicare and Medicaid patients with peripheral arterial disease had higher rates of amputation and in-hospital mortality as compared to private pay and Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) patients Raising awareness of disparities of outcomes among vulnerable populations should lead all healthcare providers to examine gaps in care. Administrative databases are necessarily limited. Prospective registries should be developed to demonstrate that early detection of PAD with simple, cost effective tests like the ankle brachial index can improve outcomes.
Physical Activity and Cognitive-Health Content in Top-Circulating Magazines, 2006–2008

Physical activity may promote cognitive health in older adults. Popular media play an important role in preventive health communication. This study examined articles discussing associations between physical activity and cognitive health in top-circulating magazines targeting older adults. 42,753 pages of magazines published from 2006 to 2008 were reviewed; 26 articles met inclusion criteria. Explanations regarding the link between physical activity and cognitive health were provided in 57.7% of articles. These explanations were generally consistent with empirical evidence; however, few articles included empirical evidence. Physical activity recommendations were presented in 80.8% of articles; a wide range was recommended (90–300 min of physical activity per wk). Socioeconomic status and education level were not mentioned in the text. Results suggest an opportunity for greater coverage regarding the role of physical activity in promoting cognitive health in popular media. Magazine content would benefit fro...
Functional and evolutionary analysis of the genome of an obligate fungal symbiont

Nutritional symbionts of insects include some of the most bizarre genomes studied to date, with extremely reduced size, biased base composition, and limited metabolic abilities. A monophyletic group of aphids within the subfamily Cerataphidinae have lost the bacterial symbiont common to all other Aphididae (Buchnera aphidicola), which have been replaced by a eukaryotic one, the yeast-like symbiont (YLS). As symbionts are expected to experience reduced effective population size (Ne) and largely clonal life cycles, we used this system as a model to test the hypothesis that chronically high levels of genetic drift will result in an increase in size of a eukaryotic genome. We sequenced the genome of the YLS of the aphid Cerataphis brasiliensis and observed elevated rates of protein sequence evolution and intron proliferation in YLS orthologs relative to those of its closest-sequenced relative, consistent with predictions. A moderate amount of repetitive DNA was found along with evidence of directed mutation to prevent proliferation of repetitive elements. Despite increased intron numbers, the overall genome structure appears not to have undergone massive expansion and is around 25 Mb in size. Compared with Buchnera, the YLS appears to have a much broader metabolic repertoire, though many gene families have been reduced in the YLS relative to related fungi. The patterns observed in the YLS genome suggest that its symbiotic lifestyle is permissive to intron proliferation and accelerated sequence evolution, though other factors appear to limit its overall genome expansion.
Association between Intraoperative Blood Pressure and Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Hip Fracture Patients

Background One possible area of intervention to prevent postoperative delirium (PD) is intraoperative blood pressure management. However, the relationship between intraoperative blood pressure and PD is unclear. A secondary analysis of a RCT study examining the PD risk over the range of absolute intraoperative mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) readings and the corresponding relative changes from preoperative baseline level was performed to determine the role of MAP on PD.
Depression and Suicide in Children and Adolescents.

1. Gary R. Maslow, MD, MPH* 2. Kathleen Dunlap, MD, MPH† 3. Richard J. Chung, MD‡ 1. *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. 2. †Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. 3. ‡Adolescent Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. Despite national recommendations, screening for adolescent depression is generally uncommon and is typically characterized by regional and racial/ethnic disparities. This variability in practice may leave some adolescents disproportionately vulnerable to untreated depression. Further education about depression in general and specifically regarding screening may help address such disparities. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the diagnostic criteria and initial assessment of depression. 2. Outline screening and management strategies for depression. 3. Discuss risk factors for and presentations of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. 4. Determine the acute management and secondary prevention of suicidality. Depression is underrecognized and undertreated in adolescents, with close to 75% of depressed adolescents not receiving treatment. Untreated depression in adolescence is associated with various adverse adult outcomes, including lower educational attainment and poorer physical health. Beyond the suffering and impaired functioning that depressed adolescents experience as well as the potential for future negative outcomes, the reality is that some affected adolescents commit suicide, further heightening the need for proactive assessment and treatment. Given the persistent shortage of mental health clinicians in the United States, significant emphasis has been placed on increasing the role of pediatricians in addressing this burden. In fact, a key pediatric quality metric that has garnered interest in recent years is screening for adolescent depression in primary care settings. In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics included recognition and initial management of depression in its 2009 policy statement on recommended mental health competencies in primary care. (1) Given that adolescents with depression often present initially in the primary care setting, pediatricians are …
Safety as a Synergistic Principle in Space Activities

The two space anomalies that occurred in October 2014 brought home, once again, the fact that space activities are dangerous. The U.S. Congress had acknowledged this fact by characterizing space transportation as “inherently risky” in the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004. While that description does not go as far as to say space activities can never be safe or are completely unsafe, it includes the tacit understanding that space transportation provides complex and sometimes unique challenges. While some of these challenges are engendered by the realities of space systems operationally, others arise from the perspective of how much safety is legally required and for whom. The immediate article attempts to provide an overview of the legal underpinnings of space safety and some of the implications arising from current space policy. It will begin with some historical context, proceed to describe the current international and domestic legal and policy environment, identify some key emerging issues, and end with brief recommendations.
Implementation and Experimentation of Industrial Wireless Sensor-Actuator Network Protocols

Wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSANs) offer an appealing communication technology for process automation applications. However, such networks pose unique challenges due to their critical demands on reliability and real-time performance. While industrial WSANs have received attention in the research community, most published results to date focused on the theoretical aspects and were evaluated based on simulations. There is a critical need for experimental research on this important class of WSANs. We developed an experimental testbed by implementing several key network protocols of WirelessHART, an open standard for WSANs widely adopted in the process industries, including multi-channel TDMA with shared slots at the MAC layer and reliable graph routing supporting path redundancy. We then performed a comparative study of the two alternative routing approaches adopted by WirelessHART, namely source routing and graph routing. Our study shows that graph routing leads to significant improvement over source routing in term of worst-case reliability, at the cost of longer latency and higher energy consumption. It is therefore important to employ graph routing algorithms specifically designed to optimize latency and energy efficiency.
Gender Degree Zero: Memoirs of Frozen Time in Antarctica

(1999). Gender Degree Zero: Memoirs of Frozen Time in Antarctica. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 14, EXTREMITIES: MEMOIRS AT THE FIN DE SIECLE, pp. 5-22.
To Everything There Is a Season: Bringing a Timely Appeal from the Denial of a Summary Judgment Motion

This article previews the issues and arguments in the Supreme Court’s 2010-11 Term case, Ortiz v. Jordan. The primary issue before the Court is whether a United States Court of Appeals may review a trial court’s denial of summary judgment where the losing party did not seek interlocutory review of the summary judgment order, then suffers an adverse judgment at trial, and subsequently fails to raise the summary judgment issue in a timely fashion in its routine, post-trial motions?Michelle Ortiz, an inmate at the Ohio Reformatory for Women, sued Jordan and Bright, reformatory employees, for alleged constitutional and civil rights violations. The defendants alleged a qualified immunity defense and moved to dismiss by a summary judgment motion. The trial court denied the motion and the defendants did not bring an immediate appeal of that denial. The defendants then lost at trial, but did not raise the prior denial of summary judgment in a timely, routine post-trial motion. Under these circumstances, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that the defendants could seek appellate review of the prior summary judgment order, and reversed the trial court’s denial of summary judgment, thereby vacating Ortiz’s trial judgment. In Ortiz, the Supreme Court will determine whether a party who is denied summary judgment before trial, and who does not seek immediate interlocutory review, may subsequently seek appellate review of the summary judgment denial after a jury returns an adverse judgment against that party. The Courts of Appeal currently are split on this issue, and the Court will have to resolve this split in authority.The Ortiz appeal implicates an important procedural issue that clearly may affect the ultimate outcome of long and protracted litigation. What happened to Ortiz is a good example of the impact of rules on outcomes. Ortiz has endured litigation spanning almost a decade, arising out of her constitutional and statutory claims relating to an alleged prison assault. In this period she has gone through a jury trial that awarded her substantial compensatory and punitive damages against two defendants. However, after nearly eight years of successful litigation, Ortiz had her jury verdict vacated by an appellate court that determined that the trial judge erroneously decided the defendants’ prior summary judgment motion on qualified immunity from suit. The defendants, in this same period, undertook the risk of trial and lost, but then finally prevailed on their qualified immunity defense on appeal. Now, however, the defendants’ ultimate victory is imperiled by Ortiz’s appeal to the Supreme Court. Whether the defendants properly followed the rules relating to both interlocutory appeal and challenges to trial procedure, is at the nub of this case.
High throughput, high resolution enzymatic lithography process: effect of crystallite size, moisture, and enzyme concentration.

By bringing enzymes into contact with predefined regions of a surface, a polymer film can be selectively degraded to form desired patterns that find a variety of applications in biotechnology and electronics. This so-called "enzymatic lithography" is an environmentally friendly process as it does not require actinic radiation or synthetic chemicals to develop the patterns. A significant challenge to using enzymatic lithography has been the need to restrict the mobility of the enzyme in order to maintain control of feature sizes. Previous approaches have resulted in low throughput and were limited to polymer films only a few nanometers thick. In this paper, we demonstrate an enzymatic lithography system based on Candida antartica lipase B (CALB) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) that can resolve fine-scale features, (<1 μm across) in thick (0.1-2.0 μm) polymer films. A Polymer Pen Lithography (PPL) tool was developed to deposit an aqueous solution of CALB onto a spin-cast PCL film. Immobilization of the enzyme on the polymer surface was monitored using fluorescence microscopy by labeling CALB with FITC. The crystallite size in the PCL films was systematically varied; small crystallites resulted in significantly faster etch rates (20 nm/min) and the ability to resolve smaller features (as fine as 1 μm). The effect of printing conditions and relative humidity during incubation is also presented. Patterns formed in the PCL film were transferred to an underlying copper foil demonstrating a "Green" approach to the fabrication of printed circuit boards.
Formation Kinetics and Thin Film Stress of Tin Containing Intermetallic Compounds

Thin film reactions and its influence on mechanical stress have been investigated in Cr/Cu/Sn and Cr/Ni/Sn multilayer structures. Thin film stresses of different intermetallic compounds in each material system were evaluated using substrate bending technique. Stress state in the thin film structures was round directly related to formation kinetics and thermal properties of intermetallics. In Cu-Sn system, a large internal stress increase in tension was generally observed after being heat treated at high temperatures. In Ni-Sn systems, formation of intermetallics is a relatively slow reaction at elevated temperatures as compared to that of Cu-Sn samples. Contrary to that of Cu-Sn system, formation of Ni-Sn intermetallics causes a decrease in stress in the thin film structure. The correlation of thin film stress state and the structure evolution at the interface is studied and discussed in details.
CYTOCHEMISTRY OF INCLUSION BODIES IN TISSUE CULTURE CELLS INFECTED WITH RABIES VIRUS.

SummaryThe cytoplasmic inclusions present in rabbit endothelial and hamster kidney fibroblast cells, chronically infected with CVS rabies virus, can be stained green or red by acridine orange and are colored red by methyl green pyronin. These staining reactions do not appear to be caused by the presence of nucleic acids in the inclusions. RNA, which is sensitive to digestion with RNase, is stained by toluidine blue and toluidine blue-molybdate (Method C) in the inclusions. The inclusions appear to contain viral anti-genic protein and small amounts of RNA.The authors wish to thank Christine J. Merrick and Oksana Bohachevsky of Jefferson Medical School, and Jean McClure, The Wistar Institute, for valuable technical assistance.
Carmod: A Simulation Model for Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Population Dynamics and Predation on Immature Stages of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

The development, population dynamics, and predation on the eggs and first instars of the house fly, Musca domestica L., by the manure-inhabiting beetle Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) were simulated in a computer model. Model features include: nonlinear development of beetles and flies, fecundity as a function of beetle density, and predation rate as a function of beetle and fly density. All these processes depend on temperature, which can be set to a constant value or read from a file of variable temperatures. The model includes a management component that incorporates the effects on house fly and beetle populations of various insecticide and manure-removal strategies for fly control. Examples of the results of simulating various management regimes are presented.
Cardiac autonomic modulation and blood pressure responses to isometric handgrip and submaximal cycling exercise in individuals with down syndrome

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit autonomic dysfunction, manifested as attenuated heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses to sympathoexcitation. Whether a subgroup of individuals with DS with a normal HR response would have normal autonomic responses to sympathoexcitation remains unclear. We compared autonomic modulation using HR variability (HRV) and BP responses in individuals with and without DS (controls) matched for the HR change to isometric handgrip (HG) (10 DS, 8 controls) and submaximal cycling exercise (CE) (9 DS, 9 controls). HG was performed for 2 min at 30 % of maximal voluntary contraction. CE included two 6-min stages at 0 W and at 50 % of body weight. Beat-to-beat HR and BP were recorded. HRV variables were natural log transformation (Ln) of low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF/HF ratio, total power (TP), and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). In the HG study, although individuals with DS exhibited an overall lower systolic BP, LF/HF ratio, and LnLF/LnHF, their BP and HRV responses to HG were similar to those of the controls. In the CE study, individuals with DS exhibited lower resting LnLF and an overall lower systolic BP and mean arterial pressure compared with controls. During the CE, individuals with DS exhibited an increased diastolic BP and a smaller reduction in LnTP than controls. These differences disappeared after controlling for confounders. Our results suggest that despite normal HR responses to sympathoexcitatory tasks, HRV was largely similar to controls, with some evidence of autonomic dysfunction in individuals with DS.
Seven-years reviews of coagulation tests in the national external quality assessment

Objective To constantly improve accuracy and precision of coagulation test through analyze results of the national external quality assessment of coagulation test in seven years,and find out the causes between out of control and in control.Methods According to the Clinical Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health,quality control specimens were detected and the results for statistical analysis.Results Our department had participated in the course work of the national external quality assessment of coagulation tests for seven years,and whether individual or general control test has significantly increased with a stable trend.We had obtained the perfect results every year in 2007-2009.Conclusion Determination CV value of abnormal coagulation control plasma was high,and passing an examination rate is low.In order to ensure the accuracy of test results,laboratory should at least determinate high and low value two kinds of quality control of plasma to quality control,regular calibration instruments,preferred reagents,laboratory strict grasp in all aspects of total quality management and continuously improve the quality of laboratory management.