cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detrimental effects of plant compounds on a polyembryonic parasitoid are mediated through its highly polyphagous herbivore host

Plant defensive compounds can have sometimes severe deleterious effects on both herbivores and their natural enemies. Iridoid glycosides (IGs) are defensive compounds that are well established as deterrent to several generalist herbivores and generalist predators. Trichoplusia ni Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is exceptional among generalist herbivores for its ability to tolerate and thrive when feeding upon IG-producing plant species; however, it is not known whether the compounds themselves have a harmful effect on T. ni and whether the effects in turn affect its oligophagous endoparasitoid Copidosoma floridanum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). To examine these effects, a semi-purified extract of the IG-containing plant Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae), containing the IGs aucubin and catalpol, was added to artificial diets at 0, 1, 5, or 10% diet dry weight. These diets were fed to both C. floridanum-parasitized and unparasitized T. ni. Diets higher in IGs tended to be more toxic to both parasitized and unparasitized larvae: host larvae that did survive were slightly smaller and took longer to develop on higher IG diets and total clutch size and survival of the parasitoid C. floridanum were greatly reduced as the host's dietary intake of IGs increased. Only small amounts of aucubin were detected inside the T. ni hemocoel, suggesting that the negative effect of these compounds on C. floridanum is due to nutritional quality of the host being reduced rather than direct toxic effects of the compounds.
Palmityl-CoA and palmitylcarnitine interactions in mitochondrial fatty acid elongation.

Abstract We have investigated interactions of palmityl-CoA and l -palmitylcarnitine as substrates for mitochondrial fatty acid elongation. l -Palmitylcarnitine is a more effective substrate primer for fatty acid elongation by intact mitochondria than is palmityl-CoA. Exogenous l -carnitine inhibited l -palmitylcarnitine-supported mitochondrial fatty acid elongation by both sonically disrupted and intact heart mitochondria, probably by shifting the equilibrium between palmitylcarnitine and palmityl-CoA toward palmitylcarnitine, thus removing palmityl-CoA from the reaction. d -Carnitine was without effect. d -Palmitylcarnitine inhibition of palmitylcarnitine transferase activity decreased palmitylcarnitine-stimulated mitochondrial fatty acid elongation but increased palmityl-CoA supported fatty acid elongation, presumably by increasing the effective concentration of palmityl-CoA in the assay medium. The data indicate that, although l -palmitylcarnitine is an effective substrate primer for mitochondrial fatty acid elongation, palmityl-CoA rather than palmitylcarnitine is the immediate precursor for fatty acid chain elongation.
Impact of four-wave mixing on Manchester-coded optical WDM communication systems

The performance of Manchester-coded optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems is evaluated taking into account the shot noise and the four wave mixing (FWM) caused by fiber nonlinearities. The result is compared to conventional non-return-to-zero (NRZ) systems for ASK and DPSK modulation formats. Further, the dynamic range, defined as the ratio of the maximum transmitter power (limited by the FWM) to the minimum transmitter power (limited by receiver sensitivity) is evaluated. For 1.55 micrometers 16 channel WDM systems, the dynamic range of Manchester coded systems show as 2 dB improvement with respect to the NRZ; DPSK systems outperform ASK systems by 5.5 dB. This result holds true for both dispersion-shifted fiber and conventional fiber; it has been obtained for 10 GHz channel spacing, 1 Gbps/channel bit rate and 100 Km transmission length.
Mechanism of Platelet Activating Factor-induced Bronchoconstriction in Humans

The inhalation of platelet activating factor (PAF) produces bronchoconstriction in normal and asthmatic subjects. To identify the mechanism by which PAF-induced bronchoconstriction occurs in humans, bronchoprovocation testing was performed in 7 subjects (3 normal, 4 with mild asthma) after pretreatment with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), atropine, chlorpheniramine, or indomethacin. We determined the nebulizer concentration of PAF which reduced specific airway conductance (SGaw) 35% (PC35 SGaw) and the slope of the PAF dose-response curve. Atropine produced baseline bronchodilatation (SGaw increased 50%), while chlorpheniramine and indomethacin had no effect on baseline pulmonary function. Atropine increased airway responsiveness to PAF: the PC35 SGaw decreased 40% (p < 0.05) and the slope of the PAF dose-response curve increased 86% (p < 0.05). In contrast, chlorpheniramine inhibited the airway response to PAF: the PC35 SGaw increased 87% (p < 0.05), while the slope of the PAF dose-response curve decrea...
Observations of the upper atmosphere by optical radar in Alaska and Sweden during the summer 1964

Optical radar observations were carried out at high latitudes simultaneously from two stations at widely separated longitudes. Some measurements related to the optical thickness of noctilucent clouds are reported. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb01441.x
A Sequential Hypothesis of Instrumental Learning1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sequential mode of theorizing along with several reward variables, such as magnitude of reward, delay of reward, and nonreward. Sequential theorizing is found to be very helpful in selective learning. This may also explain many phenomena not deducible from other hypotheses. Moreover, a generalization decrement interpretation sequential theorizing has been shown to be applicable to a wide variety of phenomena, currently explained in diverse terms, such as associational and motivational. Sequential and nonsequential theories normally emphasize different classes of independent variables. Considering partial reward (PR), for example, a nonsequential theory such as the dissonance hypothesis suggests that resistance to extinction (Rn) is regulated by total number of nonrewards regardless of their sequence or order. Where the dissonance hypothesis sees the sequence of nonrewards as irrelevant, the sequential hypothesis sees number of nonrewards as irrelevant.
Soluble microtubule proteins of the sea urchin embryo: partial characterization of the proteins and behavior of the pool in early development.

Abstract A partial characterization of the soluble microtubule proteins of sea urchin eggs and embryos is presented. Vinblastine precipitation yielded a pellet with a high colchicine binding activity. This precipitate when electrophoresed on an alkaline SDS/urea gel system yields two protein bands which correspond to molecular weights of 57,000 ± 2000 and 52,000 ± 2000. These values are very close to our values and to the published values for axonemal microtubule proteins. Electrophoresis of the vinblastine precipitated proteins on a neutral SDS system without urea yielded only one band with an apparent molecular weight of 52,000 ± 2000. The amino acid composition of the vinblastine-precipitated microtubule protein was determined to be similar to that of axonemal protein. The pool of microtubule proteins was found to remain constant in size throughout early development in both control and actinomycin-treated embryos. Soluble microtubule proteins comprise about 0.37% of the total protein of the sea urchin ( Arbacia ) egg. Approximately 20% of the total microtubule protein in the egg appears to be particle bound.
Preliminary Observations on Chemical Changes of Rumen Ingesta with and without Urea

Summary 1. A comparison of the composition, of rumen contents and the ration fed in respect to dry matter, fiber, ether extract, ammonia nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen and total nitrogen has been made. 2. The level of total nitrogen and fiber found in the rumen material is distinctly higher than in the ration fed. 3. The level of total nitrogen (protein nitrogen) and crude fiber found in the rumen content increases slightly in the time between feeding, indicating a more or less selective removal of nitrogen-free extract due to its breakdown by bacteria or bacterial enzymes and its passage out of the rumen. 4. Urea nitrogen or ammonia nitrogen when ingested as 1 to 5 per cent of the dry matter of the ration disappeared from the rumen in 4 to 6 hours after feeding. Evidence for its conversion to protein nitrogen is presented. 5. A definite increase in the percentage of protein nitrogen of the rumen ingesta was produced by adding 5 per cent urea to a low nitrogen basal ration.
Reduction of Rocket Motor Performance Data by Means of IBM Computing Machines

A method for calculating experimental rocket motor performance and heat transfer data on IBM machines is described. The ins trumentat ion calibration procedure and methods for transferring calibration and run data from the recording ins truments to IBM cards are out l ined. The procedure followed for calculating these data on IBM machines is described and a brief description of the m a chines employed is included. An approximate t i m e study and cost analysis for the IBM method of reducing rocket motor performance and heat transfer data is i n cluded.
Spray Generation From Free and Half-Free Jets

Abstract : This is an experimental investigation of the ligament and drop formation at the free surface of wall jets, flowing over sand-roughened plates, and on unbounded two-dimensional jets, discharging into atmosphere. Experiments were conducted with both fresh and simulated sea water. Measurements were made with several high-speed imagers and a pulsating laser system and analyzed through the use of appropriate software. The wall-jet Reynolds number ranged from 3.5x10(exp 4) to 8.5x10(exp 4), the Froude number from 15 to 30, and the Weber number from 3,000 to 7,500. The positions of the transition and primary breakup as well as the characteristics of the ligament forest and droplets were determined from the digitized images and interpreted in terms of the characteristics of the turbulent boundary layer and a phenomenological model based on our observations and measurements. The emphasis has been on the physics of the phenomenon rather than on the development of empirical relationships.
DRIVER EYE FIXATIONS AND THE OPTIMAL LOCATIONS FOR AUTOMOBILE BRAKE LIGHTS

This study evaluated the distributions of driver eye fixations when following other vehicles. The aim was to describe the areas of the forward field of view that are most frequently fixated. Such information is important for selecting optimal locations for automobile brake lights: Brake lights that are closer to eye fixations are likely to result in shorter driver reaction times than brake lights farther away from the fixations. A head-mounted, corneal-reflection device was used to monitor eye fixations. The data were collected during daylight hours in slow-moving urban traffic. A total of 3,600 eye fixations were analyzed for three different lead cars. The results indicate that, under the conditions of this study, the eye fixations tended to concentrate on the rear-window of the lead car and not in the neighborhood of the standard low-mounted brake lights. The results provide a possible behavioral explanation for the accident reductions found with high-mounted brake lights in previous field studies. Furthermore, high-mounted brake lights located at the edges of the vehicle might be even closer to eye fixations than a center-high-mounted brake light.
Cause of Death in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) can both result in disease-related mortality. The aim of the present study was to analyze the comorbid medical conditions that contribute to death of patients with inflammatory disease. Methods The United States' vital statistics offer the opportunity to study causes of death broken down by primary and contributing secondary conditions. Deaths from UC and CD were retrieved from the 1991–1996 data files of the National Center for Health Statistics. The strengths of individual associations between each comorbid condition and UC or CD were expressed as proportional mortality ratios, adjusted to the age-, gender-, and race-distribution of the general population. Results Deaths from UC and CD were found to be associated with a similar set of comorbid conditions and complications. Shock, volume depletion, protein/calorie malnutrition, and anemia were the most frequent comorbid conditions in the group of nutritional, fluid, and electrolyte disturbances. Both diseases were frequently associated with peritonitis and septicemia. Lastly, a large number of deaths were associated with complications following medical and surgical interventions. Conclusions Deaths due to inflammatory bowel disease appear to be related to complications from multiple medical interventions and surgical procedures. In managing inflammatory bowel disease, the physician must keep in mind the potential for complications that may be associated with aggressive treatment.
Prey choice, mass collecting, and the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Abstract Current hypotheses about changing diet breadth at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in the Dordogne, southwestern France rest on the assumption that rabbits are lower in energetic value than large ungulates. However, mass collecting events may invalidate this assumption. This paper explores historical evidence for mass collecting of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), assesses the potential impact of this technique on assumptions about rabbit returns, and sets forth methods for identifying mass collecting in zooarchaeological assemblages. These methods are then applied to two sites from the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in southwestern France. While rabbits were hunted individually at one site (Moulin du Roc), the prehistoric inhabitants of the other site (Pont d’Ambon) took at least some rabbits in mass. This suggests that current hypotheses about changing diet breadth at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in the Dordogne need to be re-evaluated.
The effect of incubation temperatuer on oxygen consumption and organ growth in domestic-fowl embryos

Abstract 1. 1.|Oxygen consumption and organ growth were measured in domestic-fowl embryos incubated at different temperatures (36, 38 and 40°C). 2. 2.|Embryonic oxygen consumption was highest at an incubation temperature of 40°C and lowest at 36°C. These differences were ascribed largely to variations in embryo size at different incubation temperatures. 3. 3.|At incubation temperatuers of 40 and 38°C, there was a plateau in oxygen consumption late in incubation, but this was not apparent at 36°C. 4. 4.|At 36°C, some tissues (e.g. eyeballs) were “spared” the repression of growth that characterized the embryo as a whole, while other tissues (e.g. stomach) incurred a much greater growth reduction. Similarly, at 40°C, stomach growth exceeded that of the embryo as a whole, while the eyeballs were largely spared the enhanced growth. 5. 5.|A simple index of tissue age revealed that, in general, there were consensual changes in tissue maturity and growth at different temperatures but that there were some disparities between growth and maturity in individual organs.
Condensation heat transfer on patterned surfaces

Abstract An experimental study of condensation heat transfer was carried out on a 25.4 mm diameter surface using steam as the condensing fluid. Three surface conditions were studied: hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and a surface with patterns of distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The effects of inlet vapor velocity, mass flux, and hydraulic diameter on the heat transfer coefficients were investigated. The inlet vapor velocity was varied from about 0.05 m/s to about 5 m/s and the hydraulic diameter was varied from 4.5 mm to 32.5 mm. Depending on the surface condition, the heat transfer coefficients showed different responses to the varying parameters of the experiments. For the hydrophilic surface, the heat transfer coefficient was observed to be up to 2.5 times lower than that for the hydrophobic surface with all other parameters unaltered. On the other hand, the surfacewith a pattern of distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions showed heat transfer coefficients that were higher than that of the hydrophilic surface and lower than that of the hydrophobic surface. In both the patterned and the hydrophobic surfaces, the heat transfer coefficient was observed to increase significantly with mass flux, while for the hydrophilic surface, the heat transfer coefficient was observed to be affected much less by the mass flux. In all cases, the heat transfer coefficients increased with increasing heat flux and decreased with increasing wall sub-cooling. The effect of average quality of the steam showed little effect on the heat transfer coefficients.
A Rsc3/Rsc30 zinc cluster dimer reveals novel roles for the chromatin remodeler RSC in gene expression and cell cycle control

Abstract Chromatin remodeling complexes perform central roles in transcriptional regulation. Here, we identify Rsc3 and Rsc30 as novel components of the essential yeast remodeler RSC complex. Rsc3 and Rsc30 function requires their zinc cluster domain, a known site-specific DNA binding motif. RSC3 is essential, and rsc3 Ts − mutants display a G2/M cell cycle arrest involving the spindle assembly checkpoint pathway, whereas rsc30Δ mutants are viable and osmosensitive. Rsc3 and Rsc30 interact functionally and also physically as a stable Rsc3/Rsc30 heteromeric complex. However, DNA microarray analysis with rsc3 or rsc30 mutants reveals different effects on the expression levels of ribosomal protein genes and cell wall genes. We propose that Rsc3 and Rsc30 interact physically but have different roles in targeting or regulating RSC.
Calcium exchanges in two neotenic urodeles: Necturus maculosus and Ambystoma tigrinum. Role of the integument

Abstract 1. 1. We have measured calcium exchanges across the integument of two neotenous urodele amphibians, mudpuppies, (Necturus maculosus) and tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). We also studied adult tiger salamanders. 2. 2. The integument was permeable to Ca, both an uptake and loss of the mineral may occur. In fasting mudpuppies and adult tiger salamanders integumental and urinary loss of Ca were similar to each other. The total Ca loss each day was equivalent to less than 0.5% of the total body calcium, though it represents 35 to 50% of the amount of Ca in the extracellular fluids. 3. 3. Unidirectional fluxes of Ca (influx and efflux) across the skin of the mudpuppy were similar (in vitro) suggesting that an active transport of Ca is not occurring. 4. 4. The permeability of the external gills of the neotenous animals appeared to be very low compared to that of the skin; there was no change in accumulation of 45Ca (in vivo) when the gills were ligated.
Performance comparison of COBOL vs. PASCAL: a comparative investigation

Crysler (Communications of the ACM, 1978) has shown that the choice of a programming language significantly affects a programmer's productivity. This research helps towards making that choice by using a benchmark program originally written in COBOL, and later duplicated in Pascal to compare the two languages in terms of execution time and data transfer time to and from a Direct Access Storage Device.
Electric utility expansion planning in the presence of existing capacity: a nondifferentiable, convex programming approach

Abstract This paper is about mathematical modeling of capacity expansion planning in the electric utility industry. In the absence of any existing capacity, an optimal expansion plan for a single period can be determined with an ordinary breakeven analysis applied to the load-duration curve. However, if some existing capacity already exists, which is the usual case, then the problem is considerably more complex. This paper shows how to formulate this problem as a convex program, one in which the load duration curve is directly incorporated into the model as a monotone decreasing function. The algorithm is shown to be finitely convergent and several examples are provided which demonstrate the efficiency of the approach.
Correction to "On the design of a decentralized observation scheme for large-scale systems"

The authors correct an error in their earlier paper (see ibid., vol. AC-29, no. 3, pp. 274-276, 1984). It is pointed out that the matrix factorization result given in Lemma 1 requires certain additional conditions. These conditions are discussed.
Paleoseismic and Postseismic Observations of Surface Slip along the Parkfield Segment of the San Andreas Fault

Parkfield is considered a transitional segment along the San Andreas fault (saf) between continuous fault creep to the northwest and segments to the southeast that last slipped in the great 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. Historically, creep and recurring M 6.0 earthquakes have been observed at Parkfield, California, but the segment’s relevance in great saf earthquakes has remained uncertain. This paleoseismic study of the central Parkfield segment provides a >2000-year record of tectonically deformed fluvial and sag stratigraphy. Two fault-perpendicular excavations across a pressure ridge and a sag pond ∼200 m north of Carr Hill exposed five primary fault zones displaying apparent vertical offsets, upward splaying clay shear bands, and warped stratigraphy. Four of five fault zones extended into the uppermost stratigraphy, suggesting recent surface offset and fault creep. Several antithetic fault splays and one primary fault zone displayed upward terminations, but strong indicators of large-magnitude earthquakes with meter-scale surface offset and rupture such as filled fissures and colluvial scarp deposits were not observed. The absence of evidence for large-magnitude earthquakes does not preclude the possibility of 1857-style earthquakes extending into the Parkfield segment. However, all deformation exposed within these trenches is consistent with repeated small ground rupture and fault creep. The 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake ruptured through the site and activated at least three of the five fault zones exposed in our excavations. Comparison between 2004 vertical offset and vertical offsets within the exposed stratigraphy suggests a recurrence interval between 8 and 188 years for M 6.0 earthquakes at Parkfield. Online material : Supplemental unit descriptions, unanalyzed radiocarbon samples, and trench logs and photos.
The dark side of the entrepreneur

Abstract The prerogatives that derive from majority ownership in the privately-held company often lead to the misuse of power and missed opportunity. Drawing from hundreds of case experiences, the author and two dozen public accountants and lawyers who specialize in owner-managed businesses conclude that the entrepreneur's skill in managing power is a core factor separating those who succeed from those who do not. Advice on how to avoid the destructive tendencies of ownership power comes from a surprising source—Niccolo Machiavelli. Building on his insights, the author proposes three actions that can build a winning system of private company governance and increase the entrepreneur-owner's power to create stakeholder value.
An improved analysis on kinetics of electrochemical vapor deposition

Abstract An improved method is presented to model the process of electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD) of solid oxide films on porous substrates. This method considers various reaction and mass transfer steps, dopant composition in the EVD film and the EVD reactor configuration. This model allows analysis of the effect of various parameters on the dopant composition in the deposited film as well as the film growth rate of the EVD process. If the surface oxidation reactions are at equilibrium, the dopant composition in the film is the same as the equilibrium value, which depends on the precursors concentration in the vapor phase and the reaction temperature. If the surface oxidation reaction step is the rate-limiting step, the dopant composition in the film is determined by the permeation parameters in the surface oxidation reaction step. In general cases, the dopant composition may vary along the film growing direction. The calculated results can explain the reported experimental data of EVD of yttria-doped zirconia films, and provide a better insight into the EVD process.
Cell lysis by induction of cloned lambda lysis genes.

The lysis gene region of bacteriophage lambda, including genes S, R, and Rz, was cloned into the plasmid pBH20. In the recombinant plasmid, the lysis genes are expressed under the control of the lacOP region. Induction of this “lysis operon” with the lac inducer, IPTG, under conditions where transcription from the lacOP region is not subject to catabolite repression, results in a sharply defined lysis after 35 min. Premature lysis can be accomplished by cyanide, chloramphenicol, or chloroform, exactly as in bacteriophage lambda infected cells. The lysis gene region of an S − mutant was also cloned into pBH20. Induction of the S −lysis operon has no apparent effect on culture growth; however, large quantities of bacteriolytic activity accumulate intracellularly. Neither cyanide nor chloramphenicol causes lysis in the induced S − clones. Thus premature lysis appears to be entirely an S-dependent phenomenon. A model for the control of lysis in bacteriophage lambda infections is presented in which it is the accumulation of the S gene product in competition with a host “anti-S” protein that determines lysis timing.
High-content multiplexed tissue imaging and quantification for cancer drug discovery

Targeting multiple hallmarks of cancer with drug combinations may provide unique opportunities for cancer therapeutics; however, phenotypic quantification is necessary to understand in vivo mechanisms of action of each drug alone or in combination. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) can quantify phenotypic changes, but traditional methods are not amenable for high-throughput drug discovery. In this article, we describe a high-content method to quantify changes in tumor angiogenesis, vascular normalization, hypoxia, tumor cell proliferation, and apoptosis using IHC. This method to quantify tumor model phenotypes can be useful for cancer drug discovery by increasing the understanding of: (i) tumor models used in efficacy studies, (ii) changes occurring during the growth of the tumor, and (iii) novel mechanisms of actions of cancer therapeutics.
The low frequency tracings of the precordium and epigastrium in normal subjects and cardiac patients

Abstract Low frequency tracings were studied in 250 cases including twenty-eight normal subjects. The tracings were recorded at the apex in all cases, at the apex and epigastrium in 105 cases, and over various precordial areas in 108 cases. Description of the typical pattern and of the possible variants is given for the various tracings. The waves are interpreted as being due to a combination of motion and volume changes of the cardiac chambers plus transmitted pulsations of the large vessels. Appropriate nomenclature is given to the various waves. Regional cardiograms are of interest in the study of the atrial and arterial waves. Cardiograms at the apex and epigastrium are of interest in the study of ventricular hypertrophy and in bundle branch block. The patterns due to either right or left ventricular enlargement and to bilateral enlargement are described. Of special interest are the cardiograms of cases with tricuspid insufficiency and constrictive pericarditis. The systolic part of the apical tracing presents typical changes in aortic insufficiency and aortic stenosis. The diastolic part of the apical tracing presents typical changes in mitral stenosis.
The role of endothelium-derived vasoactive substances in the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in patients with congestive heart failure

The vascular endothelium releases vasoactive substances that appear to play an important role in the normal regulation of peripheral vasomotor tone. Nitric oxide, endothelins, prostaglandins, and other endothelium-derived vasodilating and vasoconstricting factors are released by the vascular endothelium in response to a diverse array of hormonal, pharmacologic, chemical, and physical stimuli. Shear stress, produced by pulsatile blood flow at the endothelial cell luminal surface, alters endothelial production of several endothelium-derived vasoactive substances, which may contribute to regional regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise. Abnormal vascular endothelium function has been shown in both experimental and clinical heart failure. Preliminary data suggest that abnormalities of endothelial function may contribute to increased peripheral vasomotor tone during exercise in patients with congestive heart failure.
Some Factors Contributing to Decreased Well Efficiency During Fluid Injection

Many factors affecting fluid injection through wells involve clogging of the well and injection zone. Extensive field research carried out in the Grand Prairie Region of Arkansas, supported by special laboratory testing, involved the injection of surface waters into native waters of the local aquifers. The principal causes of clogging were found to be gas binding or air entrainment in the injection zone, suspended particles in the injection fluid, bacterial contamination of the injection zone by the injection fluid and subsequent clogging by bacterial growths, mechanical jamming of the injection zone and gravel pack around the well caused by particle rearrangement when the direction of fluid movement into and through the injection zone is reversed, and chemical reactions between the injection fluid and the native groundwater or the particles in the injection zone. The results indicated that the efficiency of the injection well could be reduced by as much as 50 percent by such factors and that treated injection fluid therefore would be advisable. Other problems in operating an injection well included the effects of injecting fluid of a different temperature and viscosity and the interpretation of fluid-level changes in the injection zone during the injection tests because most clogging was found to take place within a few feet of the injection well. Laboratory tests were used successfully to make preliminary estimates of the hydraulic characteristics of the injection zone prior to field testing of those properties. Laboratory experiments also showed that a permeability reduction of as much as 45 percent resulted from compaction of the gravel pack caused by surging action during well development and from the pumping and injection tests.
Erratum to: Rivers as Barriers to Primate Distributions in Africa

Erratum to: Int J Primatol (2012) 33:168–183DOI 10.1007/s10764-011-9558-zPlease note the following corrections to A.H.Harcourt & Wood, M.A. “Rivers asbarriers to primate distributions in Africa.” International Journal of Primatology,33, 168-183, for which the authors apologise.Pages 178-9Theparagraph,“Fourteenspeciesreach,enter,orcrosstheDahomeyGap(Fig.3)…do not cross the Gap. Eight of the species are not stopped by the Gap or its flankingrivers,theVoltaandOueme.”shouldread:“Thirteen species reach, … do not cross theGap. Seven of the species are not stopped … the Volta and Oueme.”In Figure 3, the third box down should have the numeral ‘5’ in it, not ‘6’.The changes do not alter the main conclusion that for three species that stop at theedge of the Gap, we cannot yet say whether it was the aridity of the Gap (the usualexplanation) or the river along the edge that was the barrier.
Androgen via p21 Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor α-induced JNK Activation and Apoptosis

The male hormone androgen is a growth/survival factor for its target tissues or organs. Yet, the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we report that androgen via p21 inhibits tumor necrosis factor α-induced JNK activation and apoptosis. Inhibition by androgen requires the transcription activity of androgen receptor (AR) and de novo protein synthesis. Androgen·AR induces expression of p21 that in turn inhibits tumor necrosis factor α-induced JNK and apoptosis. Furthermore, genetic interruption of p21 alleles abolishes the inhibition by androgen. Our results reveal a novel cross-talk between androgen·AR and JNK, thereby providing a molecular mechanism underlying the survival function of androgen.
Overweight and obesity: Prevalence and correlates in a large clinical sample of children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and childhood obesity (OBY) are rising public health concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight (OWT) and OBY in a sample of 376 Oregon children with ASD, and to assess correlates of OWT and OBY in this sample. We used descriptive statistics, bivariate, and focused multivariate analyses to determine whether socio-demographic characteristics, ASD symptoms, ASD cognitive and adaptive functioning, behavioral problems, and treatments for ASD were associated with OWT and OBY in ASD. Overall 18.1 % of children met criteria for OWT and 17.0 % met criteria for OBY. OBY was associated with sleep difficulties, melatonin use, and affective problems. Interventions that consider unique needs of children with ASD may hold promise for improving weight status among children with ASD.
Temperature Variations in the Holding Tube During Ultra High-Temperature Pasteurization by Steam Injection

Abstract Temperature variations after steam injection were monitored at 10 positions along a 61-cm holding tube with highspeed thermocouples (thermometric lag of approximately 40 milliseconds). Three steam injectors were tested with water (tap and deaerated) and milk at from 880 to 1,330 liters per hour, temperature increases by steam injection from 22 to 33C, holding temperatures from 88 to 110C, and holding pressures from 1.2 to 3.0atm (abs.). Skimmilk (9% and 42% solids), chocolate milk, cream, and ice cream mix were also studied under selected processing conditions. Temperatures varied greatly (±15C) with water, milk, and skimmilk (42% solids) under some conditions; however, temperature variations at the injector exits (5cm downstream) were eliminated when the following were imposed: a) all injector ports were orificed to isolate the product and steam flows from pressure fluctuations in the injection chamber, b) the process was as free as possible of noncondensable gases, and c) the holding pressure was at least 0.2atm above the product saturation vapor pressure. Accordingly, temperature variations in the holding tube can be eliminated by adhering to these operating conditions.
The Clinician's Guide to the Anti-Vaccinationists' Galaxy

In this paper we briefly review three common immunological misconceptions that feature prominently among anti-vaccinationists, and in turn, fuel patient and parental concerns, questions, and fears about vaccines. In particular, this Perspective covers a brief history of the anti-vaccine movement, and three common false immunological claims, namely, concerns over "antigenic overload," the induction of autoimmunity by vaccines, and the value of "natural immunity" versus vaccine-induced immunity. This is followed by a review of the harms that have been done by anti-vaccinationists, and a call to action. Regardless of the motivation behind such fears and anti-vaccine sentiment, common fears and concerns relevant to vaccines are evident and therefore are the subject of this Perspective. It is hoped that clinicians will find this information useful in answering concerns and misconceptions about vaccines, and in educating their patients.
Cities and Water Pollution: An Historical and Geographic Perspective

Cities have been a prominent source of water pollution over the years. Historians have argued an instrumental conception of water-use that developed in New-England-sanctioned environmental abuses in the interest of economic development. This interpretation assumes both a geographic and temporal consistency in policy responses to water-quality degradation. Several historical assessments of state laws, a review of court cases responding to complaints to pollution, and conference proceedings of federal intervention in interstate pollution disputes provide a means to re-examine the instrumental interpretation. Both early nuisance law suits and early federal enforcement bypassed the country's urban-industrial core. Yet outside the region with the greatest concentration of urban population and industrial discharges, the instrumental perspective was less pronounced exposing geographic and temporal variation in the development of both state and federal pollution policy.
Comparison of Steady State and Asymptotic Transient Thermal-Mechanical Simulations of Optoelectronic Laser Processing

Traditional optoelectronic manufacturing of butterfly packages involves laser welding of a fiber mount followed by a tedious realignment procedure to reverse thermally induced distortions commonly referred to as Post Weld Shift (PWS). An alternative PWS compensation technique, Laser Hammering, entails manipulation of the fiber to light alignment through deformation of the fiber housing with high precision laser beams. The goal of this study is to predict and understand fiber displacements for butterfly packages subjected to the laser hammering process using finite element analysis. A standardized, two-dimensional fiber mounting/ferrule geometry is employed in a simulation case study. Various laser waveforms are applied to focus spot diameters of 50 and 200 μm over a range of applied heat fluxes (10 to 1000 W/mm2 ). The primary investigation focused on the degree to which a steady state (SS) model can predict the final state of a transient response (asymptotic steady state) subjected to a periodic laser excitation. Effects of laser energy deposition location and resolution, as well as the use of multiple lasers were also studied. The results obtained to date show that the steady state solution is in good agreement with the asymptotic transient response (ATR) for the center horizontal fiber displacement and the center fiber temperature. The focus spot region surface temperature predictions of steady state and asymptotic transient simulations were also found to be in reasonable agreement. However, the vertical fiber displacement tends to be over predicted by the steady state solution, sometimes by as much as an order of magnitude. The causes, both physical and computational, of this disagreement are discussed in the paper.© 2003 ASME
A column generation based decomposition algorithm for a parallel machine just-in-time scheduling problem

We propose a column generation based exact decomposition algorithm for the problem of scheduling n jobs with an unrestrictively large common due date on m identical parallel machines to minimize total weighted earliness and tardiness. We first formulate the problem as an integer program, then reformulate it, using Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition, as a set partitioning problem with side constraints. Based on this set partitioning formulation, a branch and bound exact solution algorithm is developed for the problem. In the branch and bound tree, each node is the linear relaxation problem of a set partitioning problem with side constraints. This linear relaxation problem is solved by column generation approach where columns represent partial schedules on single machines and are generated by solving two single machine subproblems. Our computational results show that this decomposition algorithm is capable of solving problems with up to 60 jobs in reasonable cpu time.
Influence of social capital on community preparedness for wildfires

Abstract The increased concern about wildfire risk creates the need to better understand the factors affecting community preparedness. Social capital may be one key factor for facilitating risk reduction. We examined how place attachment and past experience with wildfires influences a community's social capital, which in turn affects the adoption of defensible space actions and improves wildfire awareness. A survey instrument was developed to identify variables affecting social capital, and measure self-reported change in attitudes and actions toward mitigation in six fire-prone communities across the USA. Findings indicate that place attachment and previous involvement in natural resource planning significantly affect social capital and community cohesion, encourage defensible space actions as well as build support for preparedness in the wildland–urban interface (WUI) communities by improving residents’ awareness of wildfire risk. Results suggest that planners and resource managers can take advantage of these factors to increase citizen participation for shaping and improving collaborative hazard mitigation and resource management. By identifying and monitoring the variables that affect social capital and preparedness, planning and natural resource management agencies can better direct programs to reduce fire danger and ensure safety in wildland–urban interface communities.
A novel method of sample transport and its application for continuous detection of radioactivity in the effluent of the high speed amino acid analyzer.

Abstract A method for detection and transport of samples in small bore conduits utilizing a semisolid resilient gel spacer is described. In combination with a hollow tube flow cell, this method of transport permitted monitoring of the effluents from a high pressure-high speed amino acid analyzer for radioactivity without loss of resolution at efficiencies that are comparable to those obtained in common counting vials.
THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF SYNOVIAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURES : I. MORPHOLOGY OF THE CELLS UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS.

A detailed description is given of the various forms assumed by synovial cells in tissue cultures under varying conditions. A discussion of correlation between different morphologic appearances and certain functions of the cells is deferred until the end of the next paper (17).
Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States

Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States. To characterize demographic and regional variation in kidney stone prevalence in the U.S., we studied two nationwide cross-sectional surveys that included data on self-reported, physician-diagnosed kidney stones, supplementing published data on hospitalizations for stones. The larger study, Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II), included 1,185,124 men and women, age ≥30, recruited nationally in 1982, and provides state-specific prevalence estimates. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) was a national probability sample of 25,286 U.S. adults interviewed between 1976 and 1980. Kidney stone prevalence increased with age until age 70, then declined and was higher in men than women and in whites than blacks. Prevalence among Hispanic and Asian men was intermediate between that of whites and blacks. There was a strong, statistically significant regional variability in stone prevalence among U.S. whites. The age-adjusted prevalence increased from north to south, and from west to east. The contrast in state-specific prevalence was greatest between men in North Carolina (prevalence = 14.9; 95% confidence interval=14.2 to 15.7) and North Dakota (5.6; 4.7 to 6.4), and between women in South Carolina (6.4; 5.8 to 6.9) and South Dakota (2.4; 1.9 to 2.9). The marked variations in kidney stone prevalence by age, gender, race, and geographic location may provide clues to their etiology and prevention.
Recent Progress in Interfacial Tissue Engineering Approaches for Osteochondral Defects

This review provides a brief synopsis of the anatomy and physiology of the osteochondral interface, scaffold-based and non-scaffold based approaches for engineering both tissues independently as well as recent developments in the manufacture of gradient constructs. Novel manufacturing techniques and nanotechnology will be discussed with potential application in osteochondral interfacial tissue engineering.
A Comparison of the Simulated Dynamics of Various Models Used to Predict Undeformed Chip Thickness in High-Speed Low-Radial-Immersion Milling Processes

Various models have been proposed to estimate the undeformed thickness of chips produced by a CNC milling tool, in order to calculate the forces acting on the tool. The choice of model significantly affects the simulated dynamics of the tool, thereby affecting the dynamic stability of the simulated process and whether or not chatter occurs in a given cutting scenario. Simulations of the dynamics of the milling process can be used to determine the conditions at which chatter occurs, which can lead to poor surface finish and tool damage. The dynamics of a traditional model and a more detailed numerical model are simulated here with particular emphasis on the differences in their chatter bifurcation points. High-speed, low-radial-immersion milling processes are simulated because of their application in industrial high-precision machining.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A hemispherical electronic eye camera based on compressible silicon optoelectronics

The human eye is a remarkable imaging device, with many attractive design features. Prominent among these is a hemispherical detector geometry, similar to that found in many other biological systems, that enables a wide field of view and low aberrations with simple, few-component imaging optics. This type of configuration is extremely difficult to achieve using established optoelectronics technologies, owing to the intrinsically planar nature of the patterning, deposition, etching, materials growth and doping methods that exist for fabricating such systems. Here we report strategies that avoid these limitations, and implement them to yield high-performance, hemispherical electronic eye cameras based on single-crystalline silicon. The approach uses wafer-scale optoelectronics formed in unusual, two-dimensionally compressible configurations and elastomeric transfer elements capable of transforming the planar layouts in which the systems are initially fabricated into hemispherical geometries for their final implementation. In a general sense, these methods, taken together with our theoretical analyses of their associated mechanics, provide practical routes for integrating well-developed planar device technologies onto the surfaces of complex curvilinear objects, suitable for diverse applications that cannot be addressed by conventional means.
Dopamine D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphism associated with binge drinking attitudinal phenotype.

Although binge drinking is a serious public health problem, relatively few studies have investigated the relationship between specific dopaminergic genes such as the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and binge drinking attitudinal phenotypes. This study used the DNA subsample (N 5233, mean age 19.8, standard deviation, 0.89) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to investigate the association between a 48 base-pair variable number of tandem repeats in the DRD4 gene and a measure of binge drinking. Multivariate regression models indicated that the 7-repeat (7R) allele of the exon III polymorphism is significantly positively associated (b 5 0.16, P! .05) with binge drinking while controlling for low self-control and demographic variables. Findings were sturdy across race and gender. The present study provides unique evidence to the genetic underpinnings of binge drinking. Results suggest that the 7R allele may be an important contributor to the liability to binge drinking. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.