cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary isolation of viruses.

Despite the increasing availability of viral antigen and nucleic acid tests, culture methods remain important, especially in the hospital setting. This chapter focuses on the isolation methods currently used in routine clinical laboratories. Recent innovations in monolayer cell culture include the use of mixtures of two or three different cell lines and genetically altered cells to enhance sensitivity or facilitate detection of virus infection. The materials needed for the isolation of viruses in cell culture are those necessary for the safe handling and inoculation of cell cultures, maintenance and observation of cell cultures, and preservation and storage of clinical specimens and virus isolates. Virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) must be distinguished from nonspecific CPE caused by toxicity of specimens, contamination with bacteria or fungi, or old cells. The rapid diagnosis of viral infections is important in patient management. One of the most significant contributions to rapid diagnosis in the clinical laboratory has been the application of centrifugation cultures to viral diagnosis. To get the best results from primary isolation in cell culture, healthy cell cultures susceptible to a spectrum of viruses are essential. In addition, conventional culture should be used for lower respiratory tract and tissue biopsy samples to detect additional or unsuspected viruses. While molecular methods are essential for optimal detection of viruses in spinal fluid and to monitor viral load in blood, virus isolation continues to play an important role in viral diagnosis and patient management, especially when performed locally.
Women in information technology

IT managers must recruit and retain a skilled and diverse workforce in order to meet the needs of today's and tomorrow's increasingly globalized enterprises. The pipeline for women in IT starts small and shrinks as women are disaffected from the profession at all levels of school and career. This chapter surveys the literature concerning the dearth of women and categorizes this literature along dimensions of methodology, variables, and groups studied. Numerous suggestions and guidelines for improving women's representation have been offered. Recurring themes include lack of self-confidence, lack of pre-college preparation, the need for mentors and role models, the importance of community groups, and the need to value both family and work priorities. Few studies have empirically tested these recommendations, and much work remains to be done in order to understand and address the real issues. Solutions to recruiting and retaining women may serve other under-represented groups as well, making IT classrooms and IT workplaces more congenial and ultimately more productive environments for everyone.
Risk factors associated with complications of pregnancy, labor, and delivery.

Abstract The medical records of 730 private obstetric patients were examined for the occurrence of 15 complications of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. The results of the study described quantitatively the risk that women would have a second complication, given that one had already occurred, in comparison to the incidence of the second complication for the entire group. Ten of the 13 maternal complications were found to be associated with an increased risk of low neonatal Apgar ratings.
Phylogeny of mycoplasmalike organisms (Phytoplasmas): a basis for their classification.

A global phylogenetic analysis using parsimony of 16S rRNA gene sequences from 46 mollicutes, 19 mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) (new trivial name, phytoplasmas), and several related bacteria placed the MLOs definitively among the members of the class Mollicutes and revealed that MLOs form a large discrete monophyletic clade, paraphyletic to the Acholeplasma species, within the Anaeroplasma clade. Within the MLO clade resolved in the global mollicutes phylogeny and a comprehensive MLO phylogeny derived by parsimony analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences from 30 diverse MLOs representative of nearly all known distinct MLO groups, five major phylogenetic groups with a total of 11 distinct subclades (monophyletic groups or taxa) could be recognized. These MLO subclades (roman numerals) and designated type strains were as follows: i, Maryland aster yellows AY1; ii, apple proliferation AP-A; iii, peanut witches9-broom PnWB; iv, Canada peach X CX; v, rice yellow dwarf RYD; vi, pigeon pea witches9-broom PPWB; vii, palm lethal yellowing LY; viii, ash yellows AshY; ix, clover proliferation CP; x, elm yellows EY; and xi, loofah witches9-broom LfWB. The designations of subclades and their phylogenetic positions within the MLO clade were supported by a congruent phylogeny derived by parsimony analyses of ribosomal protein L22 gene sequences from most representative MLOs. On the basis of the phylogenies inferred in the present study, we propose that MLOs should be represented taxonomically at the minimal level of genus and that each phylogenetically distinct MLO subclade identified should represent at least a distinct species under this new genus. Images
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis: a cause of pulmonary gallium-67 uptake in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) is currently recognized as a frequent pediatric manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report the gallium scan findings in a 3-yr-old girl with this disorder and review its clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features. LIP must be a prime consideration in the differential diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary gallium uptake in pediatric AIDS patients. Further experience will afford greater perspective on the diagnostic role that nuclear medicine will ultimately play in this disease. 49 references.
Review of Tai Chi as an Effective Exercise on Falls Prevention in Elderly

The risk of accidental falls and fall-related injuries increases with age. Regular physical exercises can delay the age-related changes affecting postural balance and reduce the risk of falls. Although Tai Chi (TC) has become a popular exercise among the elderly, does regular TC exercise lead to fewer falls and fall-related injuries? Who would receive the most benefit from TC exercise? What style of TC is best for fall risk reductions? What is the minimum amount of TC exercise needed before its positive effect is observed? How does the effect of TC exercise compare to other physical exercises? The goal of this study is to conduct a systematic review of recent literature on TC's effectiveness for reducing fall risks in elders. A summary and analysis is provided for the following variables: targeted subject population, TC curriculum, comparative effect, and outcome measures.
Does pediatric cochlear implant insertion technique affect intraoperative neural response telemetry thresholds

Abstract Objective Recent reports of mostly adult patients suggest round window insertion is less traumatic than cochleostomy for cochlear implantation (CI), while other reports have indicated that curved electrode arrays lower the neural response telemetry (NRT) threshold and consume less power. We aimed to compare the intraoperative neural response telemetry (NRT) thresholds in children receiving cochlear implants through a cochleostomy (COCH) vs. a round window (RW) approach, as well as patients receiving a curved array vs. a straight one. Design A direct case-cohort comparison of NRT in pediatric CI recipients at two large tertiary pediatric hospitals from 2008 through 2014 was done. Univariate Mann–Whitney analyses and one-way ANOVA were performed to compare average NRT in RW vs. COCH insertion, and curved vs. straight electrodes. Multivariate regression was performed to control for age and pre- vs. postlingual patient status. Results Overall, 236 children were included, between January 2008 and October 2014 at two large tertiary referral medical centers. A total of 52 patients received a RW insertion and 184 received a cochleostomy. There was no statistically significant difference between RW insertion (187.9 ± 18.7) and COCH (183.4 ± 17.1) (p = 0.125). The patients were divided into four categories: RW insertion with curved electrode (175.0 ± 11.2), RW with straight electrode (192.1 ± 18.8), COCH with curved electrode (182.2 ± 16.7), and COCH with straight electrode (193.0 ± 20.8). The lowest NRT current thresholds were achieved with curved electrode array insertions through the RW (p = 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed the following parameters were not independently associated with differences in NRT responses: RWI vs. COCH (p = 0.12) and pre- vs. postlingual (p = 0.18). The difference in NRT levels between curved electrode arrays and straight was shown to be statistically significant (p = 0.00075). Conclusions When controlling for insertion technique or pre- vs. postlingual hearing loss, the curved electrode array correlates with lower NRT thresholds. Although studies to examine functional language performance of these recipients are pending, initial results of this multi-institutional trial suggest that curved electrodes indeed result in lower NRT levels, particularly when inserted through the RW.
A new structure observed in the nucleolus of the human endometrial epithelial cell.

Abstract A new basket-like structure, herein described, is found in the nucleolus of the nuclei of the normal human endometrial epithelial cell only in the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle after ovulation has occurred with the maximum numbers being evident on the twentieth and twenty-first days of the cycle.
Wear in electroerosion printing

Abstract Two wea $ mechanisms are postulated for the wear of an electroerosion print element: abrasive wear as a result of sliding against the electrosensitive paper and electrical discharge wear as a result of the arc developed during the printing process itself. The relative significance and dependences of these two modes were investigated by means of abrasive wear testing and controlled printer tests. It was concluded that for typical printing situations the electrical discharge mode is the predominant mode and the abrasive action of the paper is associated with the abrasives in the undercoat layer of the paper. A model is proposed for the wear process and compared with experimental data.
High-power single-frequency tunable CW Er-fiber laser pumped Cr2+:ZnSe laser

We demonstrate an Er-fiber-laser-pumped, CW, high-power, single-longitudinal-mode Cr2+:ZnSe laser, tunable in the 2- 3 mm spectral region. The laser is operating in a single longitudinal mode regime with a linewidth of 80-130 MHz over a 120 nm tuning range around 2.5 mm, and delivers up to 150 mW of output power. The laser design is very compact and is based on Kogelnik/Littman cavity configuration with the total optical length of the folded cavity of 10 cm. The narrow-linewidth output spectrum can be quickly scanned over a 10 nm spectral range with a repetition rate of 220 Hz by a piezo-controlled tuning mirror which allows for an extremely fast wavelength tuning of the output spectrum over a large number of absorption spectral lines of trace gases of interest. As a test experiment, we performed a Dopplerlimited- resolution intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy of ro-vibrational transitions of the n3 and n1 bands of H2O with minimum detectable absorption coefficient of ~3x10-7 cm-1, which corresponds to 9 parts per billion by volume water vapor detection limit. The laser is currently in active stage of development and its further optimization will allow for full 2-3 mm fast tuning range and Watt-level output powers. This laser is being designed as a seeding source for an OPG-OPA-based, highly sensitive trace-gas sensor system for real-time detection of gas traces of biological pathogens and explosives in the molecular fingerprint mid-IR spectral region of 2-10 mm.
Time Resolved Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry For Rapid Alloy Analysis

Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectrometry has been combined with the long spark technique and applied to the rapid determination of beryllium in beryllium-copper alloys. Excitation temperatures within the spark were determined from Boltzmann plots on Cu and Cu lines. The method can be extended to other elements in other matrices, even non-conductors.
Nerve conduction studies: Types, components, abnormalities, and value in localization

Nerve conduction studies are essential components of the electrodiagnostic study. Several components might be analyzed and are diagnostically important. These include amplitude, duration, area, latency, and conduction velocity. Nerve lesions cause axon loss or demyelination, and in nerve conduction studies, have distinctive patterns. An important function of the electrodiagnostic examination, including nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography examinations, is to localize nerve lesions as accurately as possible.
Electrophoretic characterization of plasma RNA.

Abstract Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-agarose composite gels was used to fractionate plasma RNA from 51 normal individuals. The RNA fractions all migrated as higher molecular weights species in the range of 6–27 S RNA when compared to an Escherichia coli 4 S tRNA reference. In all cases two predominate bands, 3 and 4, were present; with either a single broad diffuse band 1, or two more discrete bands, 1 and 2. Two out of 51 individuals had a fifth more anodic band than band 4. Approximately 76% of the individuals surveyed had an identical banding pattern. Two variants of this pattern comprised 20 and 4% of the total surveyed. Only two females, ages 21 and 23, exhibited the fifth band. No other apparent differences were noted among age and sex groups, nor could any correlation between pattern variants and total plasma RNA concentrations be detected.
The American College of Cardiology’s Response to the American Board of Internal Medicine’s Maintenance of Certification Requirements

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Over the last several months, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) has continued to solicit and receive feedback from its members about the American Board of Internal Medicine’s (ABIM’s) new Maintenance of Certification (MOC) requirements. The vast
Integrated polarimeters based on anisotropic photodetectors

Anisotropic detectors (AD's) can be designed by coating a photosensitive surface (e.g., Si) with a birefringent thin film whose principal axes are in the plane of the film. An integrated polarimeter (IP) is described that uses four linear photodetectors, of which three are AD's. The light beam, whose Stokes parameters (SP's) are to be measured, is relayed from one detector to the next by near-normal-incidence partial specular reflection while remaining in one plane. By a suitable choice of surface properties and orientations of the AD's, the four output electrical signals of the four detectors determine completely and unambiguously all four SP's. This IP with AD's (IPAD) has all the advantages of the previously described four-detector polarimeter [Opt. Lett. 10, 309 (1985)]. In addition, the IPAD offers a compact design with small-area detectors.
Distribution of K88 Escherichia coli-adhesive and nonadhesive phenotypes among pigs of four breeds

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli expressing K88 fimbrial adhesins often cause diarrhea in young pigs. However, some pigs are inherently resistant to colibacillosis, because they lack receptors on their epithelial cell brush borders to which the fimbriae bind. Phenotypic diversity with respect to the binding of E. coli expressing K88 of the three variant types (K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad) was reported by Bijlsma et al. (1982), and binding specificities for each phenotype were described: A (adhesive to all three variants), B (adhesive to K88ab and K88ac), C (adhesive to K88ab and K88ad), D (adhesive to K88ad) and E (nonadhesive). Because brush border adhesiveness has been correlated with disease susceptibility, swine K88 adhesive phenotypes are of significance in the control of enteric disease. To determine the prevalence of the various K88 adhesive phenotypes in the swine population in the Midwestern United States, we tested epithelial cell brush borders of 24 purebred pigs from each of four breeds (Chester White, Duroc, Hampshire and Yorkshire) for adhesiveness to each of the K88 variants. Four, 4-week-old pigs (the largest and smallest healthy female littermates from two litters) were collected from each of 24 farms. Brush border vesicles from the pigs were tested for ability to bind E. coli expressing each K88 variant. The five brush border adherence patterns described for phenotypes A-E were observed. In addition, brush borders from some pigs only bound K88ab + bacteria. Nearly three quarters of the pigs whose brush borders tested, were found to be phenotype A (43%) or phenotype E (28%). These were the most common phenotypes in each breed, except Hampshire, in which case phenotypes C (17%) and D (25%) were more common than E (8%). There appeared to be no relationship between the phenotype of a pig and its weight relative to its littermate.
Correlates of wellness among youth with functional disabilities

Abstract Background The literature is more informative on the impediments to wellness among youth with functional limitations and less instructive on the state of wellness for this population. Objective To explore overall wellness, and each sub-dimension of wellness, in a national sample of youth with functional limitations and to determine how demographic characteristics are associated with wellness. Methods Using a previously validated screening instrument, we identify youth with functional limitations aged 12 to 17 represented in the 2011/12 National Survey of Children's Health. Survey items were coded to operationalize an overall wellness score comprised of four sub-dimensions of wellness (i.e., physical, intellectual, emotional, and social). Results The mean overall wellness score was 26.7 (out of 40) and had an approximate normal distribution. Mean raw scores for each sub-dimension were as follows: social = 2.79 (out of 4; 69.7%); emotional = 4.09 (out of 6; 68.2%); intellectual = 3.79 (out of 8; 47.4%); and physical = 6.30 (out of 8; 78.7%). Lower wellness scores were associated with older age among youth, increasing number of chronic health conditions, lower income, single mother homes, and youth whose mother reported fair or poor mental health status (all p Conclusions Program planners should consider interventions that target youth with functional limitations shown to be at particular risk for lower overall wellness and promote family involvement and comprehensive supports, including maternal educational attainment, mental health screening, and referral.
U.S. textile and apparel faculty members and their work environments

The study examined textile and apparel faculty members' perceptions of their work environment in the context of demographic variables. A better understanding of current textile and apparel work environment perceptions can be used by faculty members to recruit new staff; increase the advancement, satisfaction and retention of current staff; and provide graduate students who are considering a position in higher education with realistic expectation. A total of 337 International Textile and Apparel Association (ITAA) members participated in the study by completing the Work Environment Scale and a demographic questionnaire. (The ITAA is a global organization of textile and apparel faculty members that is U.S. based but has members from most regions of the world.) Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether a relationship existed between the work environment measures and demographic variables. A significant relationship was found between the perceptions of work environment and the demographic variables of academic rank, level of education and size of institution.
Nonequilibrium many-body theory of optical nonlinearities of semiconductors

Laser excited semiconductors are in a state far from equilibrium. Close to intrinsic resonances they show large optical nonlinearities due to many-body effects. Nonequilibrium Green's functions are best suited to describe highly excited semiconductors, because they allow a consistent determination of the eigenmodes and the occupation numbers of the excitations involved.
523 The Effect of Income and Ethnicity on Infant Feeding Practices (IFP) Related to Oral Health

The age of discontinuing bottle feeding, use of bottle in bed, knowledge concerning need for fluoride, and use of fluoride supplements are four IFF which impact oral health. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of demographic variables, family income & ethnicity on IFP's. Using a 22 item survey instrument with 4 items relevant to oral health, a bilingual Mexican-American interviewer surveyed 277 mothers of children < 2 y.o. The study group consisted of 42.0% Anglos, 52.5% Hispanics & 4.0% Blacks. Data analysis included both Chi Square and Analysis of Variance. Significant differences (p<0.05) existed in demographics & IFP within and between the three ethnic groups. All four IFP were significantly different (p<0.03) between ethnic groups & family income levels. Use of bottle in bed was significantly different (p<0.05) across income levels for Hispanics. Use of bottle in bed, age bottle discontinued, & use of fluoride were different (p<0.05) across income levels for Anglos. In the low income group, Anglos discontinued bottle feeding significantly earlier (p<0.05) than did Hispanics (12.9 vs 15.4 mos.). In the high income group, Anglos used fluoride supplements significantly more (p<0.01) than did Hispanics. There were no other significant differences among groups. Family income appears to have a stronger influence than ethnicity on IFP's which impact oral health.
Early Figures of the Opossum

IN view of the fact that several communications have appeared in NATURE during the past year concerning the first mention of the American opossum in literature, it may not be inopportune to direct attention to some of the early illustrations of this animal in maps and in printed works. First of all, it should be stated that the earliest reference to the opossum is found in the famous collection of voyages known as “Paesi Novamente Retrovati,” published in 1507. In chapter cxiii. of that work it is mentioned that a live specimen, taken by the Pinzons in Brazil in 1500, was exhibited in Granada.
Opposing Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α and Growth Hormone in the Regulation of CYP4A11 Expression in a Transgenic Mouse Model

CYP4A11 transgenic mice (CYP4A11 Tg) were generated to examine in vivo regulation of the human CYP4A11 gene. Expression of CYP4A11 in mice yields liver and kidney P450 4A11 levels similar to those found in the corresponding human tissues and leads to an increased microsomal capacity for ω-hydroxylation of lauric acid. Fasted CYP4A11 Tg mice exhibit 2–3-fold increases in hepatic CYP4A11 mRNA and protein, and this response is absent in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) null mice. Dietary administration of either of the PPARα agonists, fenofibrate or clofibric acid, increases hepatic and renal CYP4A11 levels by 2–3-fold, and these responses were also abrogated in PPARα null mice. Basal liver CYP4A11 levels are reduced differentially in PPARα−/− females (>95%) and males (<50%) compared with PPARα−/+ mice. Quantitative and temporal differences in growth hormone secretion are known to alter hepatic lipid metabolism and to underlie sexually dimorphic gene expression, respectively. Continuous infusion of low levels of growth hormone reduced CYP4A11 expression by 50% in PPARα-proficient male and female transgenic mice. A larger decrease was observed for the expression of CYP4A11 in PPARα−/− CYP4A11 Tg male mice to levels similar to that of female PPARα-deficient mice. These results suggest that PPARα contributes to the maintenance of basal CYP4A11 expression and mediates CYP4A11 induction in response to fibrates or fasting. In contrast, increased exposure to growth hormone down-regulates CYP4A11 expression in liver.
Anaerobic Metabolism in Tidal Freshwater Wetlands: III. Temperature Regulation of Iron Cycling

Understanding the ecological processes that regulate the production and fate of methane (CH4) in wetland soils is essential for forecasting wetland CH4 emissions. Iron reduction is an important carbon mineralization pathway that is capable of suppressing CH4 production in freshwater wetlands, but our understanding of temperature regulation of iron oxide respiration and the subsequent impacts on CH4 production is limited. We tested the hypothesis that temperature regulates iron reduction rates indirectly through differential effects on Fe(II) oxidation versus Fe(III) reduction, which ultimately determines the size of the microbially labile, poorly crystalline Fe(III) pool. Our study indicates that rates of iron reduction are more sensitive to changes in temperature than rates of iron oxidation, which creates imbalance in the relative proportion of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in the poorly crystalline soil iron pool as temperatures change. Our results suggest that warmer temperatures can cause the Fe(III) oxide pool to decline, limiting the Fe(III) supply to iron reducers and relieving competition for organic carbon with methanogens.
Misattributions to crowding: Blaming crowding for nondensity-caused events

Three field studies and a laboratory experiment investigated the effects of disconfirmed expectations and unattained goals, varying independently of density, on attributions to crowding. Studies 1 and 2 found that positively and negatively disconfirmed time expectations elicited greater attributions to crowding than confirmed time expectations. The second field study also showed that students not attaining their course registration goals made stronger crowding attributions than students who obtained their desired courses. The expectancy disconfirmation results were replicated in a laboratory experiment. Disconfirmed performance expectations, whether positive or negative, produced stronger attributions to crowding than confirmed expectations. The final study in this series demonstrated that crowding attributions can occur despite the presence of other plausible environmental and nonenvironmental causal factors. Taken together, these results show that factors operating independently of density can influence crowding attributions in high-density environments.
Bird's Steering Methods

MR. HEADLEY'S suggestion (NATURE for July 27) that gulls sometimes steer by dropping one foot, is, it seems to me, hardly tenable, for so small a rudder acting on so thin a medium as air would be of little effect. And although I have seen many gulls under very varying circumstance, I have never seen them even appearing to direct their course in such a manner.
Intratracheal versus intravenous liposomal delivery of siRNA, antisense oligonucleotides and anticancer drug.

To compare systemic intravenous and local intratracheal delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and small interfering RNA (siRNA). “Neutral” and cationic liposomes were used to deliver DOX, ASO, and siRNA. Liposomes were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential, and atomic force microscopy. Cellular internalization of DOX, ASO and siRNA was studied by confocal microscopy on human lung carcinoma cells. In vivo experiments were carried out on nude mice with an orthotopic model of human lung cancer. Liposomes provided for an efficient intracellular delivery of DOX, ASO, and siRNA in vitro. Intratracheal delivery of both types of liposomes in vivo led to higher peak concentrations and much longer retention of liposomes, DOX, ASO and siRNA in the lungs when compared with systemic administration. It was found that local intratracheal treatment of lung cancer with liposomal DOX was more efficient when compared with free and liposomal DOX delivered intravenously. The present study outlined the clear advantages of local intratracheal delivery of liposomal drugs for the treatment of lung cancer when compared with systemic administration of the same drug.
An overview of Salmonella typing: Public health perspectives

Abstract The genus Salmonella is a group of highly adaptive Gram-negative bacilli containing a number of closely related serotypes, many of which are potentially pathogenic for humans and/or animals. Salmonella infections are capable of producing serious infections that are often foodborne and present as gastroenteritis, however, a small percentage of these infections may become invasive and result in bacteremia and serious extraintestinal disease. The epidemiological characteristics of a Salmonella outbreak drive interest in the identification of the serotype and other identifiable characteristics including antimicrobial susceptibility and emergence of multidrug resistance patterns. A variety of methods have been developed to identify serotypes. Public health concerns and the potential for foodborne zoonotic transmission have made Salmonella the subject of numerous international, national, and local surveillance programs.
Hardening Düffing oscillator attenuation using a nonlinear TMD, a semi-active TMD and multiple TMD

Abstract This paper investigates the response attenuation of a hardening Duffing oscillator utilizing a Nonlinear Tuned Mass Damper (NTMD), a Semi-Active Tuned Mass Damper (STMD), and a multiple TMD (MTMD) consisting of the two in parallel. A high amplitude “detached” solution branch in the frequency-response of the primary structure is observed in the case of an NTMD. By adding an STMD to the NTMD in parallel, the study indicates that the high amplitude detached resonance can be significantly attenuated. The MTMD (NTMD+STMD) is found effective in suppressing both the steady-state and transient responses. A parametric study of the design parameters of the MTMD is conducted. It is found that the addition of an STMD with a small mass ratio and small damping ratio in parallel with an NTMD results in significant reduction of steady-state response. For transient response reduction, the study shows that the damping ratio of NTMD has a significant effect while the other parameters have minimal effects. Increasing the damping ratio of the NTMD (up to a critical value) increases the decay rate of the transient responses. These results indicate that the design parameters for the MTMD should be appropriately selected to ensure that the MTMD attenuates both the steady-state and transient response effectively.
Toward Future Systems with Nanoscale Devices: Overcoming the Reliability Challenge

Nanoelectronic devices are envisioned to deliver major improvements in device density, power, and performance, but turning such promises into reality hinges on overcoming the reliability challenge. At the same time, new characteristics exhibited by nanoscale devices demand rethinking reliability strategies.
Lithium-7, Sodium-23, and Cesium-133 NMR and Far Infrared Study of Alkali Complexes with C222-Dilactam in Various Solvents

Nuclear magnetic resonances of alkali nuclei,7Li,23Na, and133Cs, as well as far infrared measurements are used to study alkali complexes of a bicyclic diazapolyoxa ligand—the dilactam of cryptand C222. Measurements were carried out in pyridine, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, nitromethane, dimethylformamide, and aqueous solutions. The complexing ability of the dilactam is similar to, but weaker than, that of the cryptand C222. The limiting chemical shifts of the complexed cations were solvent-dependent, indicating incomplete enclosure of the cation by the ligand. Formation constants of Li+ and Cs+ complexes were calculated from the chemical-shift dependence on the ligand/metal ion mole ratio.
Soluble and membrane-bound paramagnetic centers in Methanobacterium Bryantii

1. Introduction The methanogenic bacteria are members of a unique group of organisms (denoted Archaebacteria) which are apparently only distantly related to prokaryotes and eukaryotes [ 1,2]. Methanogens are characterized by the ability to grow autotrophically solely by the reduction of COZ by Hz to produce methane. Several electron carriers and ‘factors’ unique to methanogens have been isolated, including coenzymes Fd2,, [3,4], FM2 [5] and F4% [5], as well as coenzyme M (Zmercaptoethanesulfonic acid [6,4]). While some light has been shed on the roles of FJ2,, and coenzyme M in COZ reduction [4,7], virtu- ally nothing is known about the mechanism(s) of energy transduction via electron transport from Hz to COZ. By using low-temperature EPR spectroscopy I report here the presence of oxidized and reduced paramagnetic species,. both soluble and membrane- bound, in M.
Predicting Postdivorce Coparental Communication

The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes and beliefs that predicted frequency of coparental communication and intentions to coparent for 203 divorced mothers and 124 fathers. Mothers and fathers who held positive perceptions of coparenting communicated more often with their former partner than did other parents. Mothers who perceived social encouragement to coparent and who perceived greater control over their abilities to coparent communicated more often with former spouses than did other mothers. Mothers also had greater intentions to coparent in the future when they held positive perceptions of coparenting and perceived that social norms encouraged them to coparent.
Management of a Hidradenoma with Mohs Micrographic Surgery

background. Hidradenomas are adnexal tumors that may grow to be very large and frequently recur after excision. Malignant transformation and metastatic spread can occur and histologic distinction of benign from malignant hidradenomas can be very difficult. Some tumors with bland histology have demonstrated aggressive behavior. objective. To decide the benefits of management with Mohs micrographic surgery of large hidradenomas. methods. The literature was reviewed, including both the clinical course of the tumor and histologic features. The case of our report was interpreted in light of the review. results. Three stages of Mohs surgery were required for complete removal of the hidradenoma. The patient remains free of recurrence. conclusions. This report highlights the difficulties in distinguishing benign from malignant hidradenomas and emphasizes the benefits of Mohs surgery for large or recurrent tumors.
Mulligan Concept Use and Clinical Profile From the Perspective of American Certified Mulligan Practitioners

Context: Although randomized controlled trials indicate that the Mulligan Concept (MC) of mobilization with movement can improve pain-free grip strength and pressure pain threshold in patients with lateral epicondylalgia of the elbow, improve ankle dorsiflexion in patients with subacute ankle sprains, and decrease the signs and symptoms of patients with cervicogenic headache, little is known about the clinical application, use, and profile of certified Mulligan practitioners (CMPs) in America. Objective: To better understand the use and value of applying the MC philosophy in clinical-care environments from the perspective of American CMPs while establishing a clinical profile of a CMP. Design: Quantitative descriptive design. Setting: Online survey instrument. Participants: American CMPs. Data Collection and Analysis: Online survey instrument. Results: CMPs use the MC to treat a broad spectrum of spinal and peripheral clinical pathologies in primarily outpatient clinics with an active and athletic populat...
Haemodynamic effects of rocuronium bromide in adult cardiac surgical patients

To measure the haemodynamic effects of rocuronium in adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Twenty patients undergoing elective cardiac surgical procedures with moderate hypothermic nonpulsatile bypass participated in this prospective, observational study. After anaesthetic induction, recovery from succinylcholine, and achievement of baseline haemodynamic stability, patients received 0.6 mg·kg−1 rocuronium as an initial rapid intravenous bolus. Maintenance dosing of 0.2 mg·kg−1 was continued for the remainder of the procedure, Haemodynamic measurements (heart rate, systemic arterial systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, central venous pressure, and thermodilution cardiac output measurements) were obtained for the first five minutes after rocuronium administration, and subjects were observed for histamine-related symptoms. Central venous pressure decreased from baseline at two and five minutes after the rocuronium bolus, and mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased at five minutes. No changes were observed in heart rate, mean systemic arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, or pulmonary vascular resistance, nor did any patient manifest any other histamine-related symptoms. The haemodynamic profile for a 0,6 mg·kg−1 bolus of rocuronium is acceptable for patients with cardiovascular disease.
Structural Properties of AlN Grown on Sapphire at Plasma Self-Heating Conditions Using Reactive Magnetron Sputter Deposition

Aluminum nitride (AlN) films were grown on sapphire by reactive magnetron sputter deposition in N2 discharges at plasma self-heating conditions. The growth temperature was as low as 94°C. The structural properties resulting from different substrate biases and growth pressures were investigated by atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At 20 mTorr of N2 with most sputtered species thermalized, films exhibited both AlN (0002) and \( (10\overline{1} 1) \) XRD peaks, with the AlN (0002) intensity initially increasing with ion energy above 15 eV, showing enhanced film quality with an optimum of 25 eV. At a lower growth pressure of 5 mTorr with energetic sputtered species, the AlN \( (10\overline{1} 1) \) peak disappeared and the crystallinity of AlN improved, exhibiting relaxed epitaxial AlN. The measured lattice parameter was 0.4975 nm, which was 0.10% smaller than that of bulk. The epitaxial relationship of a single-crystal AlN film was confirmed by pole figure and cross-sectional TEM. These results demonstrate that control of ion energy and energy of the sputter-deposited species is critical for film deposition at low temperature.
Effect of Prophylactic Methicillin on Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections in Children

This study retrospectively and prospectively analyzes uncomplicated, noninfected, primary ventriculoperitoneal shunting procedures and ventriculoperitoneal shunt revisions in children done at the University of Wisconsin Hospital from July 1973 to December 1979. We compared the infection rates between patients whose procedures were done without prophylactic antibiotics and those who received prophylactic single dose methicillin at the time of operation. Among 105 procedures done without prophylactic methicillin, there were 8 infections; 4 occurred after 73 primary shunt placements and 4 followed 32 shunt revisions. Among 66 procedures done with prophylactic methicillin, there were 3 infections; all followed primary shunt insertions. There was no infection after 32 shunt revisions in which prophylactic antibiotics were used.
Word length and exposure time effects on the recognition of bilaterally presented words

Word length (two, three, four, and five letters) and exposure time (25, 50, and 100 msec) effects on visual half-field recognition performances were studied in a bilateral word presentation paradigm. Significant right-field recognition superiority (RFRS) obtained for all length-exposure time conditions except that for two-letter words exposed for 100 msec. RFRS was significantly greater for each of the two longer word lengths than for the two shorter lengths and for the 25-msec exposures than for the 50- or 100-msec exposures. The magnitude of RFRS was substantially correlated with a “perceptual difficulty” measure (the ratio of the number of milliseconds available for viewing to the number of letters to be viewed). Results were seen as compatible with a hemispheric asymmetry hypothesis and a differential half-fields masking susceptibility mechanism.
Collagen injection in the management of post-radical prostatectomy intrinsic sphincteric deficiency.

Transurethral injection of collagen is a minimally invasive option for the treatment of urinary incontinence secondary to intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD). We report on the results of transurethral injection in 21 men with urinary incontinence secondary to ISD. Twenty-one consecutive men with a mean age of 69.5 years (range, 51-84), with ISD documented by demonstrating urinary leakage with Valsalva maneuver on physical examination and by video-urodynamic studies were treated with transurethral collagen injection. The etiologies of the incontinence were radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) in seven (33.3%), RRP followed by external radiation therapy in seven (33.3%), and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) with subsequent RRP in seven (33. 3%). The mean total volume of collagen injected per patient was 18.4 mL (range, 1-44.5). The average number of injections was 2.9 (range, 1-5). The mean follow-up was 12.5 months (range, 1-39). One (5%) patient became dry, 12 (57%) had significant improvement, and eight (38%) had no change. Overall pad use decreased from 2.5 pads/day to 1.68 pads/day, before and after collagen injection (P = 0.014). No difference in outcomes was demonstrated in African American men versus Caucasian American men (P = 0.38), age ( 65 years, P = 0.88), presence of erectile dysfunction, or duration of incontinence ( 20 months, P = 0.71). There were no reported complications. Collagen injection has minimal morbidity and is a viable option for improving incontinence status in men. Neither age, race, erectile function, nor duration of incontinence appears to affect treatment outcome. Neurourol. Urodynam. 18:653-658, 1999.
Improving Preschoolers' Self-Regulation of Energy Intake

Background. Children exhibit individual differences in their ability to self-regulate energy intake. Feeding strategies that focus on external signals, like the time of day or amount of food left on a plate, tend to diminish children9s ability to respond to internal cues of hunger and fullness. Objectives. We investigated whether children could be taught to focus on internal cues of hunger and satiety, and consequently improve their self-regulation of energy intake. We explored whether parents9 eating behaviors and adiposity were related to their children9s self-regulation skills and adiposity. Design. In a pretest and posttest design, preschoolers participated in single-meal protocols to assess their individual ability to self-regulate food intake. During a 6-week intervention period, children took part in individual and group activities designed to help them recognize internal cues. Parents completed questionnaires regarding adult dietary restraint and disinhibition. Results. At baseline, we found a large individual variability in children9s regulation: some children overate, some regulated accurately, and others underate. At baseline, children9s eating related to their adiposity and to mothers9 disinhibition: heavier children and children whose mothers9 reported difficulty controlling food intake showed less evidence of self-regulation. Both overeaters and undereaters responded to the intervention, improving their ability to self-regulate, and children9s eating was no longer significantly related to mother9s eating. Conclusions. Children9s disregulated energy intake is related to mothers9 weight status and mothers9 perceived control over eating. Cues can be provided that help children to focus on internal signals and improve their ability to self-regulate energy intake.
A COMPARISON OF INVERSE FILTERING AND MULTIPLE SOURCE WERNER DECONVOLUTION FOR MODEL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Inverse filtering and multiple source Werner deconvolution are tested on synthetic data produced by models which simulate features that occur commonly in archaeological exploration. Inverse filtering produces patterns which reflect the magnetization and lateral extent of the subterranean bodies and which are located at their centres. Multiple source Werner deconvolution locates the corners of the bodies with adequate accuracy. Both schemes can provide significant aid in interpreting magnetic data acquired for archaeological exploration.
Homology modeling and examination of the effect of the D92E mutation on the H5N1 nonstructural protein NS1 effector domain

Virulent H5N1 strains of influenza virus often harbor a D92E point mutation in the nonstructural protein NS1. This crucial mutation has been correlated with increased virulence and/or cytokine resistance, but the structural implications of such a change are still unclear. Furthermore, NS1 protein could also be a potential target for the development of novel antiviral agents against H5N1 strains. Therefore, a reasonable 3D model of H5N1 NS1 is important for the understanding of the molecular basis of increased virulence and the design of novel antiviral agents. Based on the crystal structure of a non-H5N1 NS1 protein, a model of H5N1 NS1 was developed by homology modeling, molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the D92E mutation could result in weakened interactions of the carboxylate side chain with other phosphorylated residues, thereby activating phosphorylation of NS1.
Phase-Space Detection of Cyber Events

Energy Delivery Systems (EDS) are a network of processes that produce, transfer and distribute energy. EDS are increasingly dependent on networked computing assets, as are many Industrial Control Systems. Consequently, cyber-attacks pose a real and pertinent threat, as evidenced by Stuxnet, Shamoon and Dragonfly. Hence, there is a critical need for novel methods to detect, prevent, and mitigate effects of such attacks. To detect cyber-attacks in EDS, we developed a framework for gathering and analyzing timing data that involves establishing a baseline execution profile and then capturing the effect of perturbations in the state from injecting various malware. The data analysis was based on nonlinear dynamics and graph theory to improve detection of anomalous events in cyber applications. The goal was the extraction of changing dynamics or anomalous activity in the underlying computer system. Takens' theorem in nonlinear dynamics allows reconstruction of topologically invariant, time-delay-embedding states from the computer data in a sufficiently high-dimensional space. The resultant dynamical states were nodes, and the state-to-state transitions were links in a mathematical graph. Alternatively, sequential tabulation of executing instructions provides the nodes with corresponding instruction-to-instruction links. Graph theorems guarantee graph-invariant measures to quantify the dynamical changes in the running applications. Results showed a successful detection of cyber events.
Airway Abnormalities in Patients with Arnold-Chiari Malformation:

Abstract Objectives: The goal was to determine the incidence and types of airway abnormalities in patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM). Methods: The study was a retrospective chart review of 24 patients with ACM who were evaluated and treated between November 1991 and August 1997. Results: Eighteen (75%) and 6 (25%) of the 24 patients had types I and II ACM, respectively. Three (12.5% of 24 patients) of the type II ACM patients had vocal cord impairment: 1 bilateral paralysis, 1 bilateral paresis, and 1 unilateral paralysis. None of the type I ACM patients had vocal cord impairment. Tracheotomy was necessary in 3 of the 24 patients and all in patients with type II ACM. Central sleep apnea was found in 5 of 6 type II ACM patients, but not in any of the type I ACM patients. Conclusions: Vocal cord impairment and sleep apnea were found in 12.5% and 21%, respectively, of this ACM population. When type II ACM patients were considered separately, the incidences of vocal cord impairment and sleep apnea were 50% and 83%, respectively. Type II ACM patients tend to have a higher incidence of airway abnormalities and other neurologic dysfunctions. Flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy is recommended in the airway evaluation of ACM patients. Early recognition, diagnosis, and management of these abnormalities may be lifesaving. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:720-4.)