cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New ultrasonic methods for measuring deformation and fracture related material states

The ability of ultrasonic measurements to detect and characterize discrete flaws in solids is well known. This paper discusses a series of new techniques which characterize distributed properties and their changes during mechanical deformation and fracture. Stress, texture, and porosity play important roles in the evolution of damage. Each influences the ultrasonic velocity, but difficulties in interpretation occur when more than one is unknown. However, the angular variation of the velocity can be used to differentiate those quantities. Examples are given of the use of velocity information to monitor these microstructural features during creep and large scale plastic deformation studies. It is then shown how ultrasonic scattering provides important information about the closure state near the tip of a fatigue crack and, thus, on the effective stress intensity factor and crack growth rate. A limitation in applying ultrasonics during mechanical testing is the size of the volume interrogated. Possible uses of high resolution acoustic microscopes to implement the above ideas on a smaller scale are indicated.
Simulation of Void Collapse in an Energetic Material, Part 2: Reactive Case

In Part 1 a numerical methodology was used to study collapse of voids in energetic materials by ignoring the contributions of the gas phase and chemical reaction. In this paper, the thermomechanical response of solid phase is combined with the vapor-phase compression and chemical reactions to study their effects on the energy deposition mechanisms. The formulation and numerical treatment of the coupled solid-gas interactions, including heat release caused by chemical reactions, are discussed. The effects of loading intensity and void size are studied. The results show that for the micron-size voids under consideration significant gas-phase chemical reactions occur. However, their influence on the void collapse itself is minimal. Results indicate that when voids completely collapse a significant amount of reaction products are created, but the collapse time is too short to set up thermal runaway at the hot spot before void collapse.
A 50-SNP assay for biogeographic ancestry and phenotype prediction in the U.S. population

When an STR DNA profile obtained from crime scene evidence does not match identified suspects or profiles from available databases, further DNA analyses targeted at inferring the possible ancestral origin and phenotypic characteristics of the perpetrator could yield valuable information. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of genetic polymorphisms, have alleles associated with specific populations and/or correlated to physical characteristics. We have used single base primer extension (SBE) technology to develop a 50 SNP assay (composed of three multiplexes) designed to predict ancestry among the primary U.S. populations (African American, East Asian, European American, and Hispanic American/Native American), as well as pigmentation phenotype (eye, hair, and skin color) among European American. We have optimized this assay to a sensitivity level comparable to current forensic DNA analyses, and shown robust performance on forensic-type samples. In addition, we developed a prediction model for ancestry in the U.S. population, based on the random match probability and likelihood ratio formulas already used in forensic laboratories. Lastly, we evaluated the biogeographic ancestry prediction model using a test set, and we evaluated an existing model for eye color with our U.S. sample set. Using these models with recommended thresholds, the 50 SNP assay provided accurate ancestry information in 98.6% of the test set samples, and provided accurate eye color information in 61% of the European samples tested (25% were inconclusive and 14% were incorrect). This method, which uses equipment already available in forensic DNA laboratories, is recommended for use in U.S. forensic casework to provide additional information about the donor of a DNA sample when the STR profile has not been linked to an individual.
Nitrogen interaction with vacancies in silicon

Abstract Nitrogen doping of float-zoned (FZ) crystals is known to suppress vacancy aggregation into voids (contrary to Czochralski-grown crystals). The frozen-in vacancy–nitrogen defects have been reported to behave in a complicated way during subsequent anneals. A model to account for these peculiarities is described; the most essential point is that the major vacancy trap, nitrogen single interstitial N 1 , is represented by two forms. The stable form N 1A is fast equilibrated with nitrogen dimers but cannot trap vacancies. The metastable form N 1B is not paired into dimers but can easily trap a vacancy to become a substitutional nitrogen, VN – a high-temperature form of vacancy–nitrogen defects. The grown-in form is concluded to be VN 2 – produced by attaching N 1B to VN at lower T .
Microwave structures for traveling-wave MQW electroabsorption modulators for wideband 1.3-μm photonic links

To implmenet millimeter wave photonic links using high speed optical modulators, bandwidth and modulation efficiency are important considerations. In this paper we discuss design and fabrication of novel traveling-wave multiple quantum well (MQW) electro-absorption modulator structures which can be used for wide-band applications, covering dc to 40 GHz or higher frequencies, that promise to provide better bandwidth and efficiency than conventional lumped modulators. From the microwave point of view, traveling wave modulators are constant impedance transmission lines, and are not limited by the RC roll off associated with modulator capacitance. Their sensitivity can be increased by increasing device length without significantly sacrificing the bandwidth. The principal bandwidth limitation comes from microwave loss. In this work, ridge co-planar waveguide structures were designed and fabricated to achieve good impedance matching, low microwave loss, low dispersion and reasonable phase velocity matching between lightwave and microwave. Two port measurements for these waveguides were performed up to 40 GHz with a network analyzer. The results show effective microwave index in the range of 4.5 to 3.6 (which is close to the effective index of the guided light wave), characteristic impedance around 30 Omega, microwave attenuation less than 6 dB/mm at 40 GHz and low dispersion. These characteristics are all promising for wide band high efficiency traveling wave modulators.
Gender and Race Achievement Profiles of Black and White Third-Grade Students

Abstract The interrelationships between gender, race, and academic achievement levels were examined. Third-grade students (N = 107) were randomly selected from the poulation of a desegregated metropolitan school district in the deep South. The school district provided the researchers with the gender, race, and California Achievement Test (CAT) score of each student. Results showed that, although the average scores for all subjects on all CAT areas exceeded the national third-grade average, females and whites outperformed males and blacks in all 11 academic areas. The results support the Grant-Sleeter (1986) thesis that important information is neglected if race and gender are treated discretely.
Probing the Configurations of Formamidopyrimidine Lesions Fapy·dA and Fapy·dG in DNA Using Endonuclease IV†

The formamidopyrimidines Fapy·dA and Fapy·dG are produced in DNA as a result of oxidative stress. These lesions readily epimerize in water, an unusual property for nucleosides. The equilibrium mixture slightly favors the β-anomer, but the configurational status in DNA is unknown. The ability of endonuclease IV (Endo IV) to efficiently incise α-deoxyadenosine was used as a tool to determine the configuration of Fapy·dA and Fapy·dG in DNA. Endo IV incision of the C-nucleoside analogues of Fapy·dA was used to establish selectivity for the α-anomer. Incision of α-C-Fapy·dA follows Michaelis−Menten kinetics (Km = 144.0 ± 7.5 nM, kcat = 0.58 ± 0.21 min-1), but the β-isomer is a poor substrate. Fapy·dA incision is considerably slower than that of α-C-Fapy·dA, and does not proceed to completion. Endo IV incision of Fapy·dA proceeds further upon rehybridization, suggesting that the lesion reequilibrates and that the enzyme preferentially cleaves duplex DNA containing α-Fapy·dA. The extent of Fapy·dA incision sugge...
Lessons learned from the netsense smartphone study

Over the past few years, smartphones have emerged as one of the most popular mechanisms for accessing content across the Internet driving considerable research to improve wireless performance. A key foundation for such research efforts is the proper understanding of user behavior. However, the gathering of live smartphone data at scale is often difficult and expensive. The focus of this paper is to explore the lessons learned from a two year study of two hundred smart phone users at the University of Notre Dame. In this paper, we offer commentary with regards to the entire process of the study covering aspects including funding considerations, technical architecture design, lessons learned, and recommendations for future efforts gathering live user data.
Smurf Control in Bone Cells

The homologous to the E6-associated protein carboxyl terminus (HECT) domain E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 is the first E3 ligase to be implicated in regulating bone cell function. The involvement of Smurf1 in multiple signaling pathways and pathological conditions is presently an area of extensive scientific interest. This review highlights recent works exploring Smurf-regulated biological processes in bone cells and highlights recent discoveries surrounding the regulatory mechanisms modulating its catalytic activity and substrate recognition capability. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of targeting the HECT E3s through the development of small-molecule inhibitors as an anticancer therapeutic strategy.
A Multiple Modality Approach Combining the Effect of Conditioning with Adoptive Chemoimmunotherapy

It has been demonstrated that significant protection against YC8 lymphoma can be induced in mice preimmunized with normal DBA/2 spleen cells. The DBA/2 spleen cells used as an alloantigen share minor histocompatibility determinants with the YC8 tumor. Our observations showed that once tumor was present in vivo, the use of a potent tumor specific vaccine that can confer 100% protection to preimmunized animals, can help in increasing survival but can no longer produce high incidence of regression and cure. We have used this model to show that adoptive chemoimmunotherapy (ACIT) can be used to regress tumors in mice with large body burden of tumor and that combination of conditioning with ACIT appears to enhance the effectiveness of treatment. The nature of the immunity conferred by conditioned resistance might be due to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
The Cryogenian intra-continental rifting of Rodinia: Evidence from the Laurentian margin in eastern North America

Abstract The geologic history of the eastern North American (Laurentian) margin encompasses two complete Wilson cycles that brought about the assembly and subsequent disaggregation of two supercontinents, Rodinia and Pangea. In the southern and central Appalachian region, basement rocks were affected by two episodes of crustal extension separated by > 100 m.y.; a Cryogenian phase spanning the interval 765–700 Ma and an Ediacaran event at ~ 565 Ma. During the Cryogenian phase, the Mesoproterozoic continental crust was intruded by numerous A-type felsic plutons and extensional mafic dikes. At ~ 760–750 Ma a bimodal volcanic sequence erupted onto the uplifted and eroded basement. This sequence, known as the Mount Rogers Formation (MRF), comprises a bimodal basalt–rhyolite lower section and an upper section of dominantly peralkaline rhyolitic sheets. Here, we provide new geochemical evidence from the well-preserved volcanic rocks of the Cryogenian lower MRF, with the goal of elucidating the process that induced the initial stage of the break-up of Rodinia and how this affected the evolution of the eastern Laurentian margin. The geochemical compositions of the Cryogenian lavas are remarkably similar to modern continental intra-plate settings (e.g., East African Rift, Yellowstone–Snake River Plain). Geochemical, geophysical and tectonic evidence suggests that the common denominator controlling the melting processes in these settings is deep mantle plume activity. Thus, evidence from the MRF suggests that the initial phase of extension of the Laurentian margin at ~ 760–750 Ma was possibly triggered by mantle plume activity. It is possible that lithospheric weakness caused by a mantle plume that impacted Rodinia triggered the regional extension and produced the intra-continental rifting that preceded the breakup of the Laurentian margin.
Evaluation of an automatic multiple sclerosis lesion quantification tool in an informatics-based MS e-folder system

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The chronic nature of MS necessitates multiple MRI studies to track disease progression. We have presented an imaging informatics decision-support system, called MS eFolder, designed to integrate patient clinical data with MR images and a computer-aided detection (CAD) component for automatic white matter lesion quantification. The purpose of the MS eFolder is to comprehensively present MS patient data for clinicians and radiologists, while providing a lesion quantification tool that can be objective and consistent for MS tracking in longitudinal studies. The MS CAD algorithm is based on the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) principles and has been integrated within the eFolder system. Currently, the system has been completed and the CAD algorithm for quantifying MS lesions has undergone the expert evaluation in order to validate system performance and accuracy. The evaluation methodology has been developed and the data has been collected, including over 100 MS MRI cases with various age and ethnic backgrounds. The preliminary results of the evaluation are expected to include sensitivity and specificity of lesion and non-lesion voxels in the white matter, the effectiveness of different probability thresholds for each voxel, and comparison between CAD quantification results and radiologists' manual readings. The results aim to show the effectiveness of a MS lesion CAD system to be used in a clinical setting, as well as a step closer to full clinical implementation of the eFolder system.
Understanding the Science and Art of Ecoregionalization

Although the need for unique spatial entities—regions—is generally agreed on within the discipline of geography, the philosophy and practice of regionalization—the process of identifying and demarcating regions and their borders—is still subject to great debate. To some, regionalization is a strict science, subject to demands for rigorous, rational, and replicable rules that make the process as objective and deductive as possible; to others, it is a subjective art that requires perspicacity, perseverance, and cultivation of inductive skills. This commentary reviews the concepts and uses of ecoregions and the process of ecoregionalization to illustrate and illuminate rich and varied traditions and philosophies within the discipline of geography.
Formation and characterization of covalently bound polyelectrolyte brushes

Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP), functionalized at one terminus with a styrenyl group, was end-grafted to vinyl-functionalized self-assembled monolayers by UV irradiation in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. In this solvent and with oxygen excluded, surface reactions appeared to be selectively limited to the polymer terminus. The dry film thickness was determined by ellipsometry and the grafted amount by FTIR-ATR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection). Controlled amounts of positive charge were introduced into the grafted chains by alkylation with a 2.5% solution of CH3I in dimethylformamide (DMF). FTIR-ATR was used to quantify the extent of alkylation, from 10% to 96%. These polyelectrolyte brushes will comprise a model system for studying polyelectrolytes at surfaces.
Comparison of quasiclassical and exact dipole moments for bound-free transitions in hydrogen.

A quasiclassical expression for the bound-free dipole moment in hydrogen is found to be in good agreement with the exact Gordon formula values. The approximation has the advantage of clearly indicating the dependence of the dipole moment on the initial- and final-state parameters. The quasiclassical expression is derived for small angular momentum states. The lowest-order angular momentum correction is required for good agreement in the visible frequency range. This correction term scales as \ensuremath{\omega}(l+1${)}^{3}$ rather than \ensuremath{\omega}(l+1/2${)}^{3}$ as might be expected for the Langer modification.
Relationship of pain and symptoms to pubertal development in adolescents

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain, abdominal pain, migraine and tension-type headache are more prevalent in women than in men. This study assessed the relationship of back pain, headache, abdominal pain, TMD pain, and the presence of multiple pain conditions to gender and pubertal development in a cross-sectional, population-based survey of adolescents. We also examined the association between pubertal development and depressive and somatic symptoms, factors often associated with pain in adults. We hypothesized that prevalence of all pain conditions, as well as rates of other symptoms, would increase as puberty progresses in females, but not males. Subjects (3,101 boys and girls, 11-17 years old, selected from an HMO population) reported on the presence of each pain condition in the prior 3 months and completed scales assessing pubertal development, and depressive and somatic symptoms. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. Prevalence rates were weighted for factors affecting response. Prevalence of back pain, headache and TMD pain increased significantly (odds ratios, OR=1.4-2.0, P<0.001) and stomach pain increased marginally with increasing pubertal development in girls. Rates of somatization, depression and probability of experiencing multiple pains also increased with pubertal development in girls (P<0.0001). For boys, prevalence of back (OR=1.9, P<0.0001) and facial pain (OR=1.5, P<0.01) increased, stomach pain decreased somewhat and headache prevalence was virtually unchanged with increasing maturity. For both sexes, pubertal development was a better predictor of pain than was age. Thus it appears that pain, other somatic symptoms and depression increase systematically with pubertal development in girls.
Supersymmetry induced Higgs-Yukawa coupling of the electron

Abstract It is found that a large Higgs-Yukawa coupling of the electron can be induced by a radiative correction from its superpartners. Within the framework of softly broken SUSY theories, a bound (⩽ 50 GeV) is set on the mass splitting among the superpartners of the electron (se L and se R ) by studying the Higgs production in the e + e − annihilation.
Improving Workshop Planning and Evaluation

determine the scope and interests of the audience. Educators, in particular, need assistance in a specific topic. A good workshop should develop skills, give knowledge, motivate, build morale, stimulate new thinking, or offer an opportunity to share experiences. A teacher is burdened with numerous meetings and should not be expected to attend a workshop as a time filler. The needs assessment can help zero in on the problem areas and offer a chance for the individual to solve
Coordinate gene expression during neonatal rat heart development. A possible role for the myocyte in extracellular matrix biogenesis and capillary angiogenesis

Objective: Neonatal heart development is a period of active extracellular matrix deposition and capillary angiogenesis which follows the cessation of ventricular myocyte proliferation The aim was to determine whether coordinate expression of growth factors by the ventricular myocyte could function to inhibit myocyte proliferation directly as well as indirectly by paracrine stimulation of non-myocyte extracellular matrix deposition and capillary angiogenesis. Methods: Immunohistochemistry and northern blot hybridisations were performed on ventricular samples from fetal to mature animals of the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strains. Results: Ventricular expression of types I, III, and IV collagen genes reached their “maximum” within the first 2-3 postnatal weeks and then rapidly declined. Expression of TGFβ3 and SPARC were found to precede and accompany the changes in extracellular matrix gene expression during this same developmental period. TGFβ3 was immunolocalised to fetal cardiomyocytes with very limited expression in neonatal/adult non-myocytes. Associated with the neonatal expression of TGFβ variants, transcripts for the type 2 IGF receptor gradually declined over the first three postnatal weeks. Myocyte TGFβ gene expression, latent TGFβ release, and paracrine mechanisms of action could be facilitated by residual type 2 IGF receptor expression to help mediate stimulation of non-myocyte extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition. Conclusions: Expression of select growth factors, growth factor receptors, and components of the extracellular matrix appear to be highly coordinated during ventricular remodelling which occurs during neonatal heart development. A paradigm is presented which integrates the expression patterns of various myocyte derived stimuli and their postulated impact on formation of the structural components of the neonatal heart by modulation of myocyte and non-myocyte cell types. Abbreviations used: TGFβ=transforming growth factor-beta; SPARC=Secreted Protein, Acidic and Rich in Cysteine; FGF=fibroblast growth factor; Flg=fibroblast growth factor receptor-1; IGF=insulin-like growth factor. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :1598-1605
Financial Distress and Depressive Symptoms among African American Women: Identifying Financial Priorities and Needs and why it Matters for Mental Health

Prior research found that financial hardship or distress is one of the most important underlying factors for depression/depressive symptoms, yet factors that contribute to financial distress remain unexplored or unaddressed. Given this, the goals of the present study were (1) to examine the relationship between perceived financial distress and depressive symptoms, and (2) to identify financial priorities and needs that may contribute to financial distress. Surveys from 111 African American women, ages 18–44, who reside in Allegheny County, PA, were used to gather demographic information and measures of depressive symptoms and financial distress/financial well-being. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that perceived financial distress was significantly associated with levels of depressive symptoms. To assess financial priorities and needs, responses to two open-ended questions were analyzed and coded for common themes: “Imagine you won a $10,000 prize in a local lottery. What would you do with this money?” and “What kinds of programs or other help would be beneficial to you during times of financial difficulties?” The highest five priorities identified by the participants were paying bills and debt, saving, purchasing a home or making home repairs, and/or helping others. The participant’s perceived needs during times of financial difficulty included tangible assistance and/or financial education. The findings from this study can be used to create new and/or enhance existing programs, services, and/or interventions that focus on the identified financial priorities and needs. Collaborative efforts among professionals in different disciplines are also needed, as ways to manage and alleviate financial distress should be considered and discussed when addressing the mental health of African American women.
Grammaticalization in Tok Pisin

This paper looks at the development of Tok Pisin morphology through the process of grammaticalization.
Anterior resection and pull-through procedures for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid.

Cancer of the lower level of the rectum requires removal of the rectum and establishment of a permanent abdominal colonic stoma as described by Miles. It is feasible technically to treat most cancers of the midrectum and the upper portion of the rectum by either anterior resection or a pull-through operation which preserves the anus and some or all of the sphincteric apparatus. The wisdom of such a course will be decided by a comparison of results of the various operations. A substantial amount of data, reviewed in this paper, indicate that five-year survival rates and operative mortality rates after the sphincter-preserving operations can compare favorably with those for similar lesions treated by the Miles operation. These data encourage my colleagues and me to continue use of anterior resection and pull-through procedures for many cancers of the midrectum and upper rectum.
ELECTRONIC SPECTRA OF AZA‐AROMATICS IN POLYMER MATRICES†

Abstract : The absorption and fluorescence of acridine, phenazine, their cations, and phenazine-di-N-oxide were studied in polymer matrices. The correspondence to spectra in liquid or frozen solutions is established for the polymer matrices. The effect of the matrix and compression (0-27 kbar) on the spectral properties are compared. The extent of solid solvent perturbation on spectral location and bandwidth is illustrated for acridine and phenazine. The red shifts of the absorption and fluorescence band maxima are compared for two polymer matrices. The magnitude of the pressure response of the fluorescence bands and intensities differs for degassed and nondegassed plastic solutions. (Author)
Rates of photochemical and thermal decarboxylation of acids by lead (IV) tetraacetate

Abstract The rates of the photochemical and thermal decarboxylation of aliphatic acids by lead (IV) tetraacete have been examined by a competition method. Photochemically, pivalic (tertiary) acid decarboxylates at 30° approximately 100 times, and isobutyric (secondary) acid 20 times, faster than n-butyric (primary) acid. The competitive decarboxylations of acids by lead(IV) carried out thermally at 80–100° show a smaller spread in reactivity. The thermal procedure is complicated by further oxidation of the olefinic products by Pb IV . Rates of decarboxylation are related to the multibond cleavage of the Pb-carboxylate linkages directly into alkyl radicals and carbon dioxide. The mechanism of the reduction of Pb IV is compared to the homolytic decarboxylations of the analogous Co III , Mn III and Ce IV carboxylates.
Incremental adaptation to yaw head turns during 30 RPM centrifugation

A 3-day incremental protocol was conducted with the aim of adapting human subjects to make head movements comfortably during 30 RPM centrifugation. With motion sickness as a potentially limiting factor, the protocol was designed using a quantitative motion sickness model based upon the neural mismatch sensory conflict theory. Centrifuge velocity was incremented from 14 RPM on day 1, to 23 RPM on day 2, to 30 RPM on day 3, with subjects making a total of 42 head movements on each day. Twenty-four subjects completed the experiment with average motion sickness levels below five (out of 20). Four subjects aborted due to motion sickness. Adaptation of non-compensatory vertical nystagmus was observed through an 18% decrease in the vertical aVOR time constant over the 3 days. Subjective intensity ratings for the head movements decreased by approximately 40% over the 3 days, while illusory motion duration decreased by 18%. Feasibility of head movements during 30 RPM rotation was demonstrated with only 3 days of incremental training.
High-resolution laser spectroscopy of CaNH2: Analysis of the C̃2A1-X̃2A1 system

Abstract Laser excitation spectra of the C 2 A 1 - X 2 A 1 system of CaNH2 are reported. Due to the spectral density, individual lines could only be resolved and measured using a filtered fluorescence excitation technique, with a monochromator acting as an optical bandpass filter; 140 line positions were measured in this way and assigned to the parallel K−1 = 1 subband of what is believed to be the vibrational 0-0 band. The molecular constants were determined from a weighted nonlinear least-squares fit of the line positions. Main parameters X 2 A 1 C 2 A 1 T k−1 = 1 3- 17375.129(5) B 0.30079(6) 0.30562(6) C 0.29319(6) 0.29789(8) ϵ aa 3- −0.66(4) ϵ bb 3- −0.0356(8) ϵ cc 3- −0.0453(8) The electronic structure and spin-rotation parameters of this new class of molecules are discussed and compared to the isoelectronic CaF.
Antiangiogenic agents as a maintenance strategy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

Bevacizumab is the first antiangiogenic agent to have demonstrated benefit as first-line and maintenance therapy in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), with the Gynecologic Oncology Group 218 and ICON 7 phase III trials revealing significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) for carboplatin/paclitaxel plus bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab maintenance versus carboplatin/paclitaxel alone. Results are forthcoming from several phase III maintenance trials of investigational antiangiogenic agents, each evaluating PFS as the primary endpoint: AGO-OVAR12/LUME-Ovar1 (nintedanib [BIBF 1120]), AGO-OVAR16 (pazopanib), and TRINOVA-1, -2, and -3 (AMG 386). Here we review available data and ongoing clinical trials of investigational antiangiogenic agents as maintenance therapy for EOC. Current controversies, including uncertainties regarding the (1) most appropriate clinical trial endpoints, (2) optimal dosing, duration, and timing of therapy (e.g., with first-line chemotherapy and/or as maintenance monotherapy), and (3) feasibility, tolerability, and cost of adding these agents to platinum/taxane regimens are also highlighted.
Hospitalization and Its Effects upon the Total Child

Every child psychiatrist in his daily work draws on a multiplicity of re sources from his diagnostic experiences. As this transcript of a lec ture to resident psychiatrists points out, any thorough understanding of the effects of physical illness and hospitalization upon a child calls for a synthesis of knowledge concerning genetic, maturational and devel opmental factors as well as insights into the psychodynamics of conflict.
Use of the left internal jugular vein approach in endomyocardial biopsy

Endomyocardial biopsy is conventionally performed by accessing the right internal jugular vein. The alternative approach is via the femoral veins. We describe the safe and effective use of the left internal jugular vein with a standard Caves-Schulz bioptome. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..
Foliar chemistry of balsam fir and red spruce in relation to elevation and the canopy light gradient in the mountains of the northeastern United States

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea[L.] Mill) are the dominant conifer species at treeline in the mountains of the northeastern United States. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in foliar chemistry of these species along both elevational (below, at, and above treeline) and canopy light (sun vs. shade leaves) gradients. Nutrient concentrations (mass basis) did not show any significant (all P>0.05) differences among elevations, although mean concentrations of all macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) tended to be higher at low elevation sites compared to high elevation. This result contradicts the traditional view that plants in cold growth environments are adapted to maintain high foliar nutrient concentrations, but it also gives only weak support for the hypothesis that nutrient limitation plays a role in determining treeline location. Foliar concentrations (mass basis) of lignin (both sun and shade needles) and cellulose (sun needles only) decreased sharply and significantly with increasing elevation, but foliar concentrations of hemicellulose did not change with elevation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that as a result of carbon limitation at high elevation, synthesis of the most expensive fiber constituent (i.e. lignin) is reduced more than that of the least expensive fiber constituent (i.e. hemicellulose). The reduced lignin concentration at high elevation may have implications for nutrient cycling in this ecosystem where cold temperatures limit decomposition rates.
Understanding Physical Activity Outcomes as a Function of Teen Smoking Cessation

Abstract Objective Recent evidence suggests physical activity may be protective against smoking initiation and increased smoking among youth. The present study explored the effects of a teen smoking cessation intervention supplemented with a physical activity module on participants' physical activity outcomes. A secondary aim examined the relationship between participants' physical activity outcomes and postprogram smoking intensity. Design The study reports primary data from a 3-arm randomized group trial consistent with CONSORT guidelines (Registry # NCT01242657). Setting Public high schools (N = 19) in West Virginia. Participants Teens aged 14–19 years (N = 233) who reported current smoking, ≥1 cigarette in the past 30 days. Intervention High schools were randomly selected, then randomly assigned to Brief Intervention (standard of care), Not-On-Tobacco (N-O-T, teen cessation program), or N-O-T plus a physical activity module (N-O-T+FIT). Outcome Measures Standardized instruments at baseline and end of treatment/3-months postbaseline measured physical activity outcomes. The study assessed smoking intensity using cigarettes smoked per day. We conducted ANCOVA controlling for school-level variance to measure physical activity changes. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses explored favorable change influence of physical activity on smoking cessation outcomes, controlling for potential clustering. Results Teens who increased the number of days on which they received at least 20 minutes of exercise were significantly more likely to reduce their daily cigarette use, with those in the N-O-T+FIT condition having the highest likelihood of reducing smoking. Teens in the N-O-T+FIT condition who increased the number of days on which they received at least 30 minutes of exercise were significantly more likely than those in other groups to quit smoking. Conclusion Findings suggest that it is possible to alter simultaneously more than one health behavior among teens—favorable changes in physical activity and smoking cessation may be particularly compatible targets for dual behavior change.
CONDUCTIVITY AND FORCE BETWEEN PARTICLES IN A MODEL ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUID : I : CONDUCTIVITY

The conductivity of silicone oil with various water contents and that of a single-row chain of glass beads in silicone oil were determined as a function of electric field and spacing between the particles produced by tensile and shear strain. The conductivity of the silicone oil depended sensitively on its water content; that of the chain was three orders of magnitude greater than the silicone oil alone, but decreased rapidly with separation of the particles. The conductivity of the water film on the glass bead surface and the electric field enhancement in the oil gap between the beads were derived from the data. The measured current density along a chain of particles was in accord with that predicted by a conductivity model for electrorheological response. At large strains the separation of the beads in a chain became localized between one set of adjacent beads and they oscillated back-and-forth in the gap, leading ultimately to rupture of the chain with increased strain.
Axonal guidance of developing optic nerves in the frog. I. Anatomy of the projection from transplanted eye primordia

Right or left eye primordia of Shumway stage 16–18 Rana pipiens embryos were transplanted to the position normally occupied by the ear, where they developed into externally normal eyes. Ganglion cell density in the retina of the transplanted eye was significantly lower than the ganglion cell density in the animal's normal eyes. No significant difference was observed between normal and transplanted inner and outer nuclear layers. In several preparations a large piece of embryonic forebrain was included in the initial eye graft. Optic nerves from the transplanted eyes penetrated this transplanted forebrain and established a dorsocaudal growth trajectory relative to the ectopic tissue's original anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes. After traversing the forebrain, the transplanted optic nerve fibers penetrated the medulla where they invariably grew dorsocaudally to take up and maintain a dorsolateral position in the white matter of the spinal cord. The consistent dorsocaudal trajectory established by the translocated optic tract in the ectopic forebrain and in the hindbrain and spinal cord is very similar to the growth trajectory in the normal diencephalon, suggesting that dorsocaudal growth relative to the three major axes of the neural tube is an inherent property of optic nerve fibers. These results also suggest that the polarity cues which guide normal optic tract growth are not unique to the diencephalic regions of the neural tube.
Escherichia coli biofilms formed under low-shear modeled microgravity in a ground-based system

Bacterial biofilms cause chronic diseases that are difficult to control. Since biofilm formation in space is well documented and planktonic cells become more resistant and virulent under modeled microgravity, it is important to determine the effect of this gravity condition on biofilms. Inclusion of glass microcarrier beads of appropriate dimensions and density with medium and inoculum, in vessels specially designed to permit ground-based investigations into aspects of low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG), facilitated these studies. Mathematical modeling of microcarrier behavior based on experimental conditions demonstrated that they satisfied the criteria for LSMMG conditions. Experimental observations confirmed that the microcarrier trajectory in the LSMMG vessel concurred with the predicted model. At 24 h, the LSMMG Escherichia coli biofilms were thicker than their normal-gravity counterparts and exhibited increased resistance to the general stressors salt and ethanol and to two antibiotics (penicillin and chloramphenicol). Biofilms of a mutant of E. coli, deficient in σs, were impaired in developing LSMMG-conferred resistance to the general stressors but not to the antibiotics, indicating two separate pathways of LSMMG-conferred resistance.
Developing Sustainable Data Services in Cyberinfrastructure for Higher Education: Requirements and Lessons Learned

The University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego) Research Cyber infrastructure (RCI) program provides long-term quality services in centralized storage, colocation, computing, data curation, networking and technical expertise. To help define the data storage needs and set priorities, the RCI data services (RCIDS) team conducted a series of interviews with faculty and senior staff members between September 2012 and February 2013. A total of 50 groups from 29 separate departments and organized research units (ORUs) participated in the interviews, representing more than 600 UC San Diego researchers. From human genomic sequences, marine natural products, to cosmological simulations, their diverse datasets are shared with hundreds of thousands of users worldwide. The top 10 requirements on data services and the top 5 existing challenges and risks as reported by UC San Diego researchers have been identified. Based upon these requirements, the RCIDS team recommends a Network Attached Storage (NAS) data service to be first deployed with a sustainable business model. Additional services will be developed through further discussion with the research community and in view of emerging cloud computing technologies. An extensive discussion is provided on the implementation plan, cloud-based data services, and the lessons learned in building sustainable e-science infrastructure for higher education research.
Oral glucocorticoid pulse therapy for induction of treatment of canine pemphigus foliaceus - a comparative study.

Background The management of canine pemphigus foliaceus (PF) often requires long-term immunosuppressive treatment that is often associated with unacceptable adverse effects. High-dose glucocorticoid pulse therapy, an alternative protocole used for pemphigus in people, has been shown to provide rapid improvement in dogs with pemphigus foliaceus and vulgaris. Objectives To further identify the benefit of pulse therapy for management of canine PF, we compared the outcomes of oral glucocorticoid pulse and traditional therapies during the first 3 months of disease management. Animals Dogs were allocated based on their oral glucocorticoid regimen during the first 12 weeks of PF management into the ‘traditional’ (20 dogs) or the ‘pulse’ (18 dogs) treatment groups. Results The proportion of dogs achieving complete remission (CR) during the first 12 weeks of treatment was significantly higher for the ‘pulse’ (61%) than for the ‘traditional’ group (15%; P = 0.0063). The maximal oral glucocorticoid dosage given to dogs from the ‘traditional’ group was significantly higher (median: 3.2 mg/kg) than that given between pulses to dogs from the other group (median: 1.1 mg/kg; P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between groups in the time needed to achieve CR, the proportion of dogs requiring adjuvant immunosuppressive treatment or in the proportion of dogs experiencing severe adverse drug reactions. Conclusions and clinical importance These results suggest several benefits associated with oral glucocorticoid pulse therapy, such as a higher proportion of dogs achieving CR during the first 3 months, a lower average maximal oral glucocorticoid dosage given between pulses and minimal adverse drug events.
High temperature, short time pasteurization temperatures inversely affect bacterial numbers during refrigerated storage of pasteurized fluid milk

Abstract The grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance specifies minimum processing conditions of 72°C for at least 15s for high temperature, short time (HTST) pasteurized milk products. Currently, many US milk-processing plants exceed these minimum requirements for fluid milk products. To test the effect of pasteurization temperatures on bacterial numbers in HTST pasteurized milk, 2% fat raw milk was heated to 60°C, homogenized, and treated for 25s at 1 of 4 different temperatures (72.9, 77.2, 79.9, or 85.2°C) and then held at 6°C for 21 d. Aerobic plate counts were monitored in pasteurized milk samples at d 1, 7, 14, and 21 postprocessing. Bacterial numbers in milk processed at 72.9°C were lower than in milk processed at 85.2°C on each sampling day, indicating that HTST fluid milk-processing temperatures significantly affected bacterial numbers in fluid milk. To assess the microbial ecology of the different milk samples during refrigerated storage, a total of 490 psychrotolerant endospore-forming bacteria were identified using DNA sequence-based subtyping methods. Regardless of processing temperature, >85% of the isolates characterized at d 0, 1, and 7 postprocessing were of the genus Bacillus , whereas more than 92% of isolates characterized at d 14 and 21 postprocessing were of the genus Paenibacillus , indicating that the predominant genera present in HTST-processed milk shifted from Bacillus spp. to Paenibacillus spp. during refrigerated storage. In summary, 1) HTST processing temperatures affected bacterial numbers in refrigerated milk, with higher bacterial numbers in milk processed at higher temperatures; 2) no significant association was observed between genus isolated and pasteurization temperature, suggesting that the genera were not differentially affected by the different processing temperatures; and 3) although typically present at low numbers in raw milk, Paenibacillus spp. are capable of growing to numbers that can exceed Pasteurized Milk Ordinance limits in pasteurized, refrigerated milk.
Photonic crystal coupled cavity arrays for quantum simulation

Through experimental study of an array of coupled photonic crystal cavities, we find that the intercavity coupling is significantly larger than the fabrication-induced disorder, a necessary condition for the generation of strongly correlated photons.
Wineries´ Involvement in Promoting Tourism Online:The Case of Texas

Wine tourism has become an important driver of business for wineries in many regions around the world, while Texas wine regions are only starting to emerge as important tourism destina- tions. A study was conducted to investigate how effectively Texas wineries market tourism to their own establishments as well as in a regional context. A specific focus was placed on indications of collabora- tive wine tourism marketing practices on winery websites. The results indicate that wineries provide basic visitor information but are missing out on strategic opportunities to market wine tourism to their areas.
Exploring the Affective Impact of Interpersonal Influence Messages

The principal reason for carrying out this study was to establish a relationship between the linguistic form of influence messages and their affective outcomes. A subordinate goal was to examine th...
Single-Layer High-Order Miniaturized-Element Frequency-Selective Surfaces

A new miniaturized-element frequency-selective surface is presented in this paper. This frequency-selective surface is made up of a 2-D periodic array of metallic loop and a wire grid of the same period printed on either side of a very thin substrate. Unique features of the new design include localized frequency-selective properties, high-order frequency response achieved by a single substrate, lack of passband harmonics in the frequency response, and very low frequency response sensitivity to the incidence angle. High-order frequency response is accomplished through the application of a thin substrate that allows considerable couplings between the elements on the two sides of the substrate. The layers' couplings in conjunction with each layer characteristics are designed to produce a high-Q bandpass frequency response, in addition to a transmission zero. It is shown that by inserting variable capacitors in the gap between the metallic loops, the center frequency of the passband can be tuned over nearly an octave. In addition, using a cluster of loops as the unit cell and modifying the parameters of the loops within the cluster, a dual-band characteristic from a single-layer miniaturized-element frequency-selective surface can be achieved. A prototype sample of the miniaturized-element frequency-selective surface, whose unit cell can be as small as lambda0 /12, is fabricated to verify the design performance through a standard free-space measurement setup. The transmission characteristic of the structure is measured and compared with numerical simulation results.