cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein stress? pDCs go Toll-free

In this issue of Blood , Hirai et al show that proteasome inhibitor bortezomib inhibits survival and function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.[1][1] Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play a central role in regulation of immunity.[2][2] Their ability to carry out
Spatial imaginaries: universities, internationalization, and feminist geographies

In this article, we conduct a discourse analysis of the strategic plans of two universities, one from the global South and the other from the global North, to understand how the constitution of space and place reconfigures human experience in the two institutions. We argue that universities do not simply respond to dominant logics of globalization but are active participants in its production. We draw on feminist geographers to elaborate how these universities’ discourses of internationalization reify a division of higher education as local ‘place’ and globalization as abstract global space, ‘out there’. This imaginary spatiality obscures the work of the ‘local’ in producing the ‘global’ with important implications for the redefinition of the student-citizen, useful knowledge, and managerial practices.
Differentiation of Bean pod mottle virus isolates based upon host symptoms

Accessions from Glycine, Phaseolus, and Vigna genera were screened for their reactions to different subgroups of isolates of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in order to establish a differential host system. Screening results indicated that the BPMV isolates differed in pathogenic aggressiveness but not in virulence. No major resistance genes were found in soybean (Glycine max) or G. soja since all screened accessions showed mosaic or necrotic symptoms to BPMV inoculation. However, these accessions expressed differences in severity of symptoms when challenged by various BPMV isolates. The inoculation of G. tomentella accessions did not result in mosaic symptoms, and some accessions did not support systemic infection of some of the isolates. Resistance, presented as a hypersensitive reaction, was observed in some of Phaseolus and Vigna genotypes, and resistant response or susceptibility was stable to all the isolates used in the screening. In conclusion, the selected G. soja genotypes PI 407019, PI 464889A, and PI 464928, and ‘Amsoy 71’ soybean may help to separate severe (reassortant) from mild isolates of BPMV based upon their phenotypic reactions.
COMBINING HIERARCHICAL FILTERING, FUZZY LOGIC, AND SIMULATION WITH SOFTWARE AGENTS FOR IP (INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY) SELECTION IN ELECTRONIC DESIGN

SAFIPS (Software Agents for IP Selection) environment is designed to improve quality and speed of finding IPs on Internet for SoC (System-on-Chip) projects. The software agents take responsibility for establishing communication with multiple suppliers of IPs and automatically retrieve information from their databases using metalanguage (XML), and data specifications compliant with ECIX (Electronic Component Information eXchange) specifications. The communication environment is based on Dictionaries for terminology and list of parameters, and on Registry for the list and web addresses of suppliers. The information obtained by software agents is analyzed by a system of fuzzy logic rules compiled in the process of a dialog between the customer and SA. The software agent asks the customer questions and provides templates for answers. The answers are automatically converted into the membership functions and fuzzy logic rules that are applied to evaluation of potential candidate IPs. As soon as replies to the query by SA start to come, data are analyzed by software agents and IPs can be excluded from further consideration if there is drastic mismatch between expected values and IP parameters and constraints. The remaining IPs are evaluated by the hierarchical system of rules and ranks are assigned to those which passed the preliminary tests. The top candidates are subjected to simulation together with the behavioral models provided by customers under supervision of software agent. The timing diagrams obtained from simulation are going to be analyzed to evaluate their equivalence. Only after that the system presents the candidate IPs for the final selection. The main goal to save valuable design time can be achieved by such system. The text is accompanied by an example.
Modelling of the muscular response of the cervical spine

Abstract A sagittal plane mathematical model is developed to simulate the muscular response of the cervical spine during static loading. In this model the moments due to the weight of the head and neck, and the effects of external forces are balanced by forces generated internally by the muscles, the ligaments, and the intervertebral joints. Possible combinations of muscle and ligament tension has been graded against a mathematical objective function containing the stress experienced by each joint and subjected to the equality constraint (i.e. moments must balance) and the inequality constraints (i.e. muscles and ligaments produce tension). Using this formulation of the problem, a unique solution that produces a minimum of stress at the intervertebral joints is obtained. Electromyographic measurements were obtained from volunteers who pulled with their head against a resistance. Results generated by the model for the superficial neck muscles have been matched to the measured electromyographic activity.
Pulsed-laser diffusion of n + contacts and n + -p junctions in high purity germanium for nuclear radiation detectors

Abstract We report fabrication of thin ( + contacts, and of n + −p junctions with very low reverse saturation current, on high purity germanium, using a pulsed laser process that requires no heating of the bulk germanium. The junctions appear to be suitable for use in commercial nuclear radiation detectors.
THE BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF INJECTIONS OF SEX HORMONES INTO HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS

STUDIES OF the biochemical effects of injections of diethylstilbestrol and testosterone propionate into intact (Buchwald and Hudson, 1944) and castrated (Buchwald and Hudson, 1945) rats have been reported. In the intact male rats injected with diethylstilbestrol the acid phosphatase activity of the serum and the alkaline phosphatase activity of the femurs were decreased but no change was effected in the alkaline phosphatase activity of the serum. Testosterone propionate in female rats produced an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of the serum without influencing the acid phosphatase activity or the alkaline phosphatase activity of the femurs. Diethylstilbestrol and testosterone propionate produced no change in the serum calcium and phosphorus or the output of calcium and phosphorus in the feces in intact males and females, respectively. Castration increased the level of acid phosphatase activity of the blood in both male and female rats.
Abstract 2628: BU32: A novel proteasome inhibitor for treatment of multiple myeloma and other types of cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable neoplasm characterized by devastating and progressive bone destruction. Standard chemotherapeutic agents have not been effective at significantly prolonging the survival of MM patients and these agents are typically associated with often severe, dose-limiting side effects. Proteasome inhibition provides an attractive approach to cancer therapy and may have application in the treatment of MM and also other types of cancers. However, results of recent clinical trials to evaluate the effect of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade®, also called PS-341) in MM patients have shown limited activity when used as a single agent. This underscores the need to find new and more efficacious proteasome inhibitors for treatment of MM. We have recently synthesized a novel proteasome inhibitor BU-32 and tested its growth inhibitory effects in different MM cells including RPMI8226 (human) and 5TGM1 (mouse) and other types of cancer cells. Methods and Results: In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of the novel proteasome inhibitor BU-32 (NSC D750499) using in vitro and in vivo MM models. BU-32 exhibits strong cytotoxicity in a panel of MM cell lines - RPMI8226 and 5TGM1. Furthermore, proteasome inhibition assay reveals that BU-32 potently inhibits the chymotryptic- and caspase-like activities of the 26S proteasome. Results from our studies using real-time PCR array analyses show that BU-32 effectively down-regulates an array of angiogenesis and inflammatory markers. We show from Annexin V FITC binding studies that BU-32, like bortezomib, induces apoptosis in different MM cell lines but the effect is more prominent in case of BU-32 treated cells. Studies using an in vivo MM model show significant effect and marked reduction in osteolytic bone lesions in radiography with 0.3 mg/kg body weight dose of BU-32. Further testing of BU-32 on pancreatic cancer and various hormone regulated cancers like ovarian and prostate are currently under way. Preliminary cell viability studies on these cancer cell lines indicate BU-32 is highly effective against other cancer cells also. Annexin V FITC binding analyses show that BU-32 drug induces apoptosis to these cell lines. These studies elucidate that BU-32 is a most promising candidate drug for clinical trial as a novel treatment modality for MM and other types of cancer. Conclusion: Our results suggest that BU-32 might be a potential chemotherapeutic agent with promising antitumor activity for the treatment of MM and other types of cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2628.
The presentation of dermatoglyphic abnormalities in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review

Within a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, prenatal developmental deviations are implicated as early signs of increased risk for future illness. External markers of central nervous system maldevelopment may provide information regarding the nature and timing of prenatal disruptions among individuals with schizophrenia. One such marker is dermatoglyphic abnormalities (DAs) or unusual epidermal ridge patterns. Studies targeting DAs as a potential sign of early developmental disruption have yielded mixed results with regard to the strength of the association between DAs and schizophrenia. The current study aimed to resolve these inconsistencies by conducting a meta-analysis examining the six most commonly cited dermatoglyphic features among individuals with diagnoses of schizophrenia. Twenty-two studies published between 1968 and 2012 were included. Results indicated significant but small effects for total finger ridge count and total A-B ridge count, with lower counts among individuals with schizophrenia relative to controls. Other DAs examined in the current meta-analysis did not yield significant effects. Total finger ridge count and total A-B ridge count appear to yield the most reliable dermatoglyphic differences between individuals with and without schizophrenia.
The Effects of Doping and Temperature on the Fermi Level and its Relationship to the Recrystallization Growth Velocity in Ion-Implanted Silicon

It has been observed that doping produces an enhancement in the recrystallization growth rate of silicon made amorphous by ionimplantation. This enhancement has been attributed to a shift of the Fermi level with doping. Evidence supporting this is based on the compensating effect of implantation of n- and p-type dopants together. We have previously proposed a model of the recrystallization growth process based on the diffusion of dangling bonds. We suggested that the rate enhancement is due to band bending at the amorphous-crystalline interface produced by doping. We have calculated the change in activation energy for the recrystallization growth velocity for a number of doping concentrations as a function of temperature. The major contribution to the apparent lowering of the activation energy with doping in an Arrhenius plot of the growth velocity versus I/kT is due to the temperature dependence of the Fermi level. Experimental data are compared with the calculated results. In addition differences in the measured growth rates in thermal and laser annealed samples are discussed, with primary emphasis on the lack of a change in the activation energy with doping in the laser annealed case.
Vibrational frequencies of the chromium-oxygen bond and the oxidation state of chromium

Abstract The I.R. spectra of BaCrO 4 , Ba 3 (CrO 4 ) 2 , Ba 2 CrO 4 and Cr 2 O 3 in the 1000-400 cm −1 range show a regular decrease in the CrO stretching frequency as the oxidation state of the chromium decreases.
Unsteady state behavior of CO oxidation over a supported Pt catalyst in the millibar range

Self-sustained rate oscillations during isothermal CO oxidation over a 3.14 wt.% Pt/SiO2 catalyst are reported at a total pressure of 2.1 mbar. Oscillations prevail over a very wide range of CO/O2 ratios and can be explained with external mass transfer limitations.
Larval Development, Adult Activity, and a New Parasite of the Obscure Root Weevil

Larval development and adult emergence, population levels, oviposition and parasitism of Sciopithes obscurus Horn were determined in western Oregon. Five larval instars developed in 239 days. At 20°C, adults began emerging 288 days after 1st instars were placed on roots of container-grown strawberry. Larvae were collected from mid-June to August. Adult emergence occurred during July. Highest numbers of adults were observed on rhododendron between August and October. Between May and November, the percentage of field-collected adults containing mature oocytes ranged from 20 to 81% with the lowest percentages occurring in July and November. Larvae of a fly Dolichotarsus (sp. unknown) (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitized 32% of adult weevils in one rhododendron garden.
The effects of participating in an elementary science practicum on classroom practice

The purpose of this study was to observe, describe, and analyze how teachers may change the way they teach science after supervising university science practicum students in their classrooms. This study utilized a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design along with interview methodologies. The instrument used for the quasi-experimental portion of the study was the Self-Report about Teaching (Curriculum Research and Development Group [CRDG], 1990). The independent variable for this study was the participation of classroom teachers in the supervision of a science practicum in their classrooms. The dependent variables were the scores from the instrument utilized. Interviews were conducted in order to determine the teachers’ perceptions of changes in their own practice of teaching science. Classroom observations were also made to confirm and support data from the instrument and from the interviews. For the quasi-experimental portion of the study, a paired-samplet-test was utilized to make comparisons between the pretest and posttest scores from the instrument. A highly significant difference was indicated between the pretest and posttest scores, with the teachers showing a marked increase in their perceptions of their science instruction. The main finding from the interviews was that students were very interested in the lessons taught in the classroom and were successful in learning the objectives through hands-on, inquiry-based instruction. Classroom observations served to confirm the information from the quasi-experimental portion of the study by demonstrating how the teachers actually taught in their classrooms. The interviews confirmed the changes indicated in the posttest Self-Report about Teaching and went into specific explanations.
Blinking and the Mechanics of the Lacrimal Drainage System

High-speed photography, using picture rates up to 500/sec, has confirmed many key aspects of the tear drainage process reported over the years by various investigators. The punctal openings are seen to elevate themselves from the lid margin at the start of the closing phase of the blink, allowing their forceful meeting and occlusion by the time the closing lid is halfway down. Completion of lid closure then compresses the canaliculi and lacrimal sac, forcing contained fluid through the drainage system. The elastic expansion of the channels during the opening phase of the blink forms a suction, holding the lid margins at the punctal region together as the lids open. During the latter part of this opening, the punctal areas are seen to "pop' apart suddenly as the vacuum is broken, and tear fluid from the marginal tear strips is drawn into the puncta in the first few seconds following the blink.
Low q operations in Alcator

Abstract The Alcator tokamak has successfully achieved stable and routine operation in the low q[q(a) ⩽ 2.6] high density regime. Significant increases in the total β are observed with no degradation in the evergy confinement times. Strong MHD activity is suppressed by the programmed increase of the plasma current.
Concentration equations for the diffusion of a reversibly reacting substance in gel-like media

The concentration of a diffusible substanceA(x, t) in a semi-infinite geometry is studied for the set of reversible reactionsA+B i ⇆C i ;i=1...n, whereB i andC i are assumed to be associated with non-diffusible biological structures. Assuming chemical equilibrium prevails throughout for each reaction, it is shown that a single uncoupled partial differential equation is sufficient to specifyA(x, t) and indirectlyB i (x, t) andC i (x, t) as well: $$\left[ {1 + \sum\limits_i {\frac{{K_i \beta _i }}{{\left( {1 + K_i A} \right)^2 }}} } \right]\frac{{\partial A}}{{\partial t}} = D_A \frac{{\partial ^2 A}}{{\partial x^2 }}$$ whereK i is the chemical equilibrium constant of theith reaction, β1 is concentration of binding sites of theith species (i.e.B i+C i) andD A is the usual diffusion constant forA. Numerical solutions for boundary conditions amenable to the Boltzman transformation are presented and the range of parameters established over which the uniqueness and convergence of the solutions can be proven.
Competition or Noncompetition: Its Impact on Interpersonal Relationships in a Computer-Assisted Learning Environment

The study explored the differential effects of intra-group cooperation with and without inter-group competition on interpersonal relationships in a CAI environment in Taiwan. Six classes of fifth-grade students (a total of 192) randomly selected from one primary school in Taipei were randomly assigned to two treatment conditions. Interpersonal relationships among participants were collected via a written post-session, self-report questionnaire measuring subject perceptions toward their own dyad, and other dyads. According to the collected data, statistically significant differences were found between the two treatment conditions in subject perceptions toward their own dyad as well as other dyads. In addition, subjects in the cooperation without inter-group competition condition tended to have better perceptions toward both their own dyad and other dyads than subjects in the cooperation with inter-group competition condition.
Does anxiety or cardiovascular reactivity have a causal role in hypertension

Anxiety, stress, and cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) are variously believed to play a role in sustained hypertension. Although acute anxiety or stress elicits acute pressor responses, there is little support for their significant role in sustained hypertension. Anxiety correlates poorly with CVR, and blood pressure levels and anxiolytics do not sustain blood pressure lowering in subjects with hypertension-associated anxiety. Chronic anxiety disorders tend to be characterized by relatively low blood pressure and prevalence of sustained hypertension. Blood Pressure Regulation in hypertension is normal, and normo- and hypertensives have similar ambulatory blood pressure variability. Laboratory CVR fails to predict variability in natural environments, hyperreactors do not exhibit increased variability in natural environments, and the increased variability and ambulatory reactivity that is “accounted for” by laboratory responses is small. These findings do not support the belief that hypertension is related to a summation of heightened pressor responses over time. Antihypertensives normalize elevated blood pressures but do not alter CVR in the laboratory or variability in natural environments, probably because of a dual central regulation of resting and reactive blood pressures. Psychological stress responses result from selective neuronal activation rather than from generalized sympathetic neural responses or dysregulation. Differences in blood pressure responses during various emotions are only quantitative, with no specificity of sympathoadrenal or emotional responses to stressors. It may be time to regard reactive cardiovascular responses as physiological, rather than as psychological, and to require much stronger evidence to confirm causal roles of anxiety, stress, and reactivity in sustained hypertension.
Thermohaline Structure and Baroclinic Flow Across the Gulf of California Entrance and in the Revilla Gigedo Islands Region

Abstract The thermohaline structure, vertical stability and baroclinic flow between the Gulf of California entrance and the Revilla Gigedo islands are investigated by means of closely spaced salinity and temperature depth profiles (STD's). The outstanding feature of the upper ocean is the 10–30 m thick layer of high stability centered at about 50 m. This layer separates the tropical surface water from the thin shallow salinity minimum below, which is most pronounced between 80 and 130 m. The outstanding feature of the deep water is the marked increase in abyssal temperatures east of Isla Socorro, apparently due to heat flow. Baroclinic flow in the Revilla Gigedo islands region is characterized by high-speed flow near capes and islands. Outflow from the Gulf of California takes place in a narrow high velocity core near its western side. The width of the high-speed core is of the order of 30 km and speeds >30 cm sec−1 occur down to 700 m. The high-speed flow is accomplished by a break in the high stability ...
Experimental measurements of the dynamic electric field topology associated with magnetized RF sheaths

Non-perturbative diagnostics capable of measuring time varying sheath properties lend tremendous insight into plasma antenna interactions for a wide range of systems from RF heating in Tokamaks to RF sheath enhancement of industrial plasma processes. In this presentation, results from an experiment designed to optically study the dynamic electric field topology of a magnetized RF sheath with a planar geometry are presented. The experiment consists of an electrode biased at 13.56 MHz immersed in a high density plasma generated from an ECR source operated at 2.45 GHz. An optical assembly surrounding the RF biased electrode was designed to solely collect emission originating from the magnetized RF sheath thus eliminating unperturbed emission. Utilizing the dynamic Stark effect to model the optical emission of species in a time varying electric field and a novel line shape analysis package the sheath parameters can be determined from the time-averaged and phase resolved optical emission spectra. The electric field parameters determined from the emission spectra are compared to an independent model of a magnetized RF sheath similar to the unified sheath model of Riley[1–2]. Working gases of hydrogen and helium are considered.
Supervisor transgressions: a thematic analysis

Purpose – Despite the harmful impact of supervisor transgressions, they have received little empirical attention. The purpose of this paper is to addresses this important gap, examining the nature of transgressions committed at work by supervisors against subordinates. Design/methodology/approach – A critical incident technique was employed in which employees described a transgression committed by their supervisor. Qualitative responses were then analyzed, resulting in the emergence of supervisor transgression themes. Findings – In total, 11 themes emerged, including: performance criticisms, demeaning insults, false accusations, undue demands, unfair employment decisions, inconsiderate treatment, inequitable behavior, inappropriate contextual selections, disregard of opinions, undersupplied resources, and underprovided recognition. Research limitations/implications – While this approach is not without limitations, including the potential for participant memory error and researcher analytical bias, it offe...
Binding of chloroform to the cysteine of hemoglobin

The products of the covalent binding of chloroform to rat hemoglobin during microsomal metabolism were isolated and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy (MS). After isolation by Proteinase K hydrolysis, amino acid analysis and cellulose thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the major product was identified by GC/MS as N-hydroxymethyl cysteine and a minor product as 2-hydroxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. N-Hydroxymethyl cysteine is proposed to be formed during isolation from the 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid present in the intact hemoglobin.
A full-chip DSA correction framework

The graphoepitaxy DSA process relies on lithographically created confinement wells to perform directed self-assembly in the thin film of the block copolymer. These self-assembled patterns are then etch transferred into the substrate. The conventional DUV immersion or EUV lithography is still required to print these confinement wells, and the lithographic patterning residual errors propagate to the final patterns created by DSA process. DSA proximity correction (PC), in addition to OPC, is essential to obtain accurate confinement well shapes that resolve the final DSA patterns precisely. In this study, we proposed a novel correction flow that integrates our co-optimization algorithms, rigorous 2-D DSA simulation engine, and OPC tool. This flow enables us to optimize our process and integration as well as provides a guidance to design optimization. We also showed that novel RET techniques such as DSA-Aware assist feature generation can be used to improve the process window. The feasibility of our DSA correction framework on large layout with promising correction accuracy has been demonstrated. A robust and efficient correction algorithm is also determined by rigorous verification studies. We also explored how the knowledge of DSA natural pitches and lithography printing constraints provide a good guidance to establish DSA-Friendly designs. Finally application of our DSA full-chip computational correction framework to several real designs of contact-like holes is discussed. We also summarize the challenges associated with computational DSA technology.
Nonlinear dynamics of Bragg-domain acousto-optic hybrid feedback for first-order scattering of profiled optical beams

A series of recent studies involving hybrid acousto-optic (AO) scattering in the Bragg domain under first-order feedback have shown the ability of the AO feedback system to encrypt, transmit and decrypt RF information applied via the sound driver. The basic premise of this operation is founded on the chaotic nature of the hybrid Bragg cell under feedback [1-3].
Functional informatics and personalised medicine are key synergistic components of translational medicine

Supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of United States of American and the International Society of Intelligent Biological Medicine (ISIBM), the IEEE 7th Bioinformatics and Bioengineering at Harvard Medical School was the only IEEE international conference designed dynamically in response to the cutting edge research and education in translational bioinformatics and bioengineering. The Harvard event contains a number of research workshops such as the workshop on Nano-Bio-Info Integration for Personalised Medicine organised by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, the workshop on progress toward petascale applications organised by Indiana University and Georgia Tech and the research workshop organised by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy and the Southern Illinois University. The Harvard event focused on special topics to resonate its theme: Functional informatics and personalised medicine are key synergistic components of translational medicine. It also fostered the collaboration and interaction between the functional informatics and personalised domains. The academic event attracted more than 500 scientists, researchers and medical doctors world-wide to present, discuss and exchange their research during 14-17 October, 2007 at Harvard Medical School. This special issue contains peer-reviewed full-length research papers focusing on modern translational medicine and treatment technique varying from molecular aspects to telemedicine, medical imaging and clinical applications. Those papers were originated from presentations and competitions for the research awards at Harvard. Authors were invited to expand their presentations into full research papers with significant additional scientific details. All papers were rigorously reviewed by at least three professors from the 273 members of scientific review and program committee. Those papers represent important original scientific contributions to the modern healthcare fields. More information regarding the Harvard event can be found at the White Paper of the IEEE 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering at Harvard Medical School Conference at BMC Genomics http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/S2/I1
Exergetic pollution potential: Estimating the revocability of chemical pollution

The waste exergy approach to quantitative comparison of environmental impacts is considerably improved by proposing a separate accounting of material and energetic waste exergy and the implications are discussed within the context of sustainability. The exergy of mixing of a waste stream is found to be particularly well suited to an exergetic definition of chemical pollution and a correlative relationship with environmental pollutant cost (EPC) is suggested. A comprehensive measure of chemical environmental impact called pollution potential is defined as temperature multiplied by the change in configurational entropy per mole of pollutant in the environment. The result is related to the ideal thermodynamic work of chemical separation per mole required to instantaneously revoke a chemical pollutant, thereby returning the environment to a pristine reference condition. The current pollution potentials and total exergy of revocation of several notable atmospheric pollutants are estimated. Carbon dioxide is found to have low pollution potential in comparison to most halogenated hydrocarbons, but the vast quantities of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would require much more total exergy of separation to revoke.
Framing classroom climate for student learning and retention in computer science

Despite the best laid plans, counterproductive student behavior can interfere with faculty establishment of supportive classroom climates. This paper describes methods for framing the climate of the computer science classroom to minimize outspoken students' unwanted displays of intellectual prowess and engender co-learning behavior among students. Explicit framing of a supportive climate reduces student anxiety about their status among peers, leads them to expect to co-learn concepts, and reduces trepidations about speaking up in class. The framing is grounded by preemptively establishing expectations and addressing concerns through student discussion; asking students to go outside of their interaction style comfort zones for speaking in class; and explicitly describing teaching choices and classroom processes. The framing is reinforced by exposing wrong answers as useful rather than embarrassing, turn-taking techniques for equal student participation, and collaborative learning for assignments and in-class problem solving. Classroom-based retention techniques are important for retaining students who are less experienced with computer science and unsure how to interpret peers? public knowledge claims in relation to their own knowledge or faculty expectations.
Patterns of immune rejection of mouse neocortex transplanted into neonatal rat brain, and effects of host immunosuppression

Abstract We studied the histological and immunological characteristics of graft rejection in the rodent central nervous system (CNS) using embryonic mouse neocortex transplanted into the CNS of neonatal rats. Grafts from animals aged 8–145 days (n = 210) were examined using standard histological techniques for demonstrating cell morphology and fiber projections. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify graft projections into the host CNS. The incidence of graft rejection was 18% for animals between 18 and 30 days of age, but increased abruptly to 73% for animals older than 30 days. No graft rejection was seen in animals younger than 18 days. In a smaller group of xenograft recipient rats sacrificed at specific time points before and after one month of age, detailed immunohistochemical studies were performed to correlate the histological appearance of the graft with the level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II immunoreactivity, and microglial, astrocytic and lymphocytic staining within the graft and host brain. Evidence of mild rejection as manifested by the appearance of scattered lymphocytes within the graft coincided with the development of Class I and II immunoreactivity within the graft and at the graft-host interface, which was demonstrated in some animals as early as 24 days. At 29 days of age, rejecting grafts showed diffuse MHC expression within the graft and at the graft-host interface; in contrast, unrejected grafts failed to show MHC immunoreactivity. Thirty-four day-old grafts often showed severe rejection with perivascular lymphocytic cuffing within the graft and in host parenchyma remote from the graft associated with increased MHC immunoreactivity within the host brain. In grafts older than 34 days there was frequently a violent rejection reaction with disruption of the cytoarchitecture of the graft and surrounding host tissues, and widespread MHC antigen expression. Immunosuppression with cyclosporin A was effective in avoiding rejection. The high incidence of rejection with neocortical xenografts is in striking contrast to the much lower incidence seen with retinal xenografts. This suggests that there are immunological features unique to neocortex which incite host recognition and rejection.
Adaptation of small bowel after intestinal resection: Increase in the pentose phosphate pathway

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of proximal and distal small bowel resection on intestinal glucose metabolism was studied in the rat. In a particle-free supernatant solution prepared from the mucosa of control animals, the specific activities of the following soluble enzymes were significantly greater in proximal mucosa: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fructokinase, and phosphofructokinase. Recovery of a soluble fraction of the particulate-bound enzyme, hexokinase, was greater from the distal mucosa. 3 and 7 months after proximal or distal resection, there was a significant increase in the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrgenase in the mucosa of the remaining segments. No change was found for the other enzymes. 2. 2. Glucose utilization by normal proximal mucosa was six times greater than distal mucosa and did not change after intestinal resection. The percent of glucose metabolized by the pentose phosphate pathway was 5.3 ± 0.29 in normal proximal mucosa compared with 13.1 ± 1.15 in normal distal mucosa (P
A Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 3- and 3,3-Disubstituted Pyrrolidines

Enantiomerically pure bicyclic lactam 1, derived from (S)-phenylglycinol, underwent diastereoselective mono- and dialkylation affording substituted lactams 2 and 3 bearing tertiary and quarternary stereocenters. Reduction with LiAIH4 ffurnished N-(2′-hydroxy-1′-phenylethyl) pyrrolidines 4 which were efficiently debenzylated by catalytic hydrogenolysis to afford enantiomerically pure 3-mono- and 3,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines 5.
Ab initio studies of substituted p-phenyleneterephthalates

Abstract Ab initio HF STO -3 G studies of the repeat units for a series of copolymers of substituted hydroquinone and terephthalic acid are reported. These molecules are quite flexible with respect to internal rotation around the C(phenyl)O ester bonds, and twisted conformations with relatively flat potential surfaces are preferred. The barriers to internal rotation around this bond are around 2 kcal mol −1 for all species. Both fragments of the molecules separated by this CO bond are planar (disregarding the orientation of the substituents). The preferred conformations and the rotational barriers are largely unaffected by substitution on the aromatic ring.
Cortical Control of Sound Localization in the Cat: Unilateral Cooling Deactivation of 19 Cerebral Areas

We examined the ability of mature cats to accurately orient to, and approach, an acoustic stimulus during unilateral reversible cooling deactivation of primary auditory cortex (AI) or 1 of 18 other...
Monitoring the movements of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) with satellite telemetry

The movements of nine harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena (L.), in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine were tracked using satellite telemetry. Transmitters were attached to the porpoises in August 1994 and 1995 after they were captured near Grand Manan Island at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy. Tracking periods ranged from 2 to 212 d (mean 50 ± 65 d). Porpoises exhibited a high degree of individual variation in movement patterns; five moved out of the Bay of Fundy into the Gulf of Maine. The porpoise with the longest tracking period moved extensively throughout the Gulf of Maine. These data suggest that seasonal movement patterns of individual harbour porpoises are discrete and are not temporally coordinated migrations. Porpoises that moved out of the Bay of Fundy into the Gulf of Maine did so following the 92 m isobath, which may represent an important movement corridor. The movement of porpoises from the Bay of Fundy into the Gulf of Maine supports the hypothesis that harbour porpoises from these two regions comprise a single population at risk of entanglement in both Canadian and US fisheries.
Secondary Color in Optical Relay Systems

Secondary color is usually a serious aberration in optical relay systems. It is shown that it can always be reduced to the tolerance but usually at the expense of increased field curvature. The theory shows that the field lenses should be made as large as possible.
Density functional theory study of the isomers of CnB and CnB2

CnB and CnB2 clusters, n = 4−10, were studied at the B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory. When n = 5, the linear and cyclic structures are comparable in energy. For n ≥ 6, the minimal-energy structures were found to be cyclic. Moreover, in contrast to all other reported heteroatom−carbon clusters, the lowest-energy linear structures were not those terminated by the boron atoms. These observations result from the electron-deficient nature of boron. The calculations predict that linear and cyclic forms will coexist for smaller cluster sizes, but that monocyclic forms will be the exclusive product as n increases. In their structural tendencies, the boron−carbon clusters are similar to pure carbon clusters.
Nanometer Gold Clusters Protected by Surface-Bound Monolayers of Thiolated Poly(ethylene glycol) Polymer Electrolyte

W. Peter Wuelfing, Stephen M. Gross, Deon T. Miles, andRoyce W. Murray*Kenan Laboratories of ChemistryUniVersity of North CarolinaChapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290ReceiVed September 8, 1998Metal nanoparticles that are stabilized in solutions by polymersurfactants or are imbedded in polymer composites have been ofintense recent interest
Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Based Polymeric Composites: Effects of Polymer Composition and Filler's Particle Size on Composite Properties

This study explores how a) the resin grafting potential for amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and b) particle size of ACP affects physicochemical properties of composites. Copolymers and composites were evaluated for biaxial flexure strength (BFS), degree of vinyl conversion (DC), mineral ion release and water sorption (WS). Milled ACP composites were superior to unmilled ACP composites and exhibited 62 % and 77 % higher BFS values (dry and wet state, respectively). The average DC of copolymers 24 h after curing was 80 %. DC of composites decreased 10.3 % for unmilled Zr-ACP and 4.6 % for milled Zr-ACP when compared to the corresponding copolymers. The WS increased as follows: copolymers
Magnetic susceptibility of CfN, CfAs and CfSb☆

Magnetic susceptibility measurements are reported for the compounds CfN, CfAs and CfSb. These semimetallic compounds evhibit the NaCl-type cubic crystal structure. For these magnetic measurements the temperature was varied from 4.2 K to 340 K and the magnetic field from 1 to 50 kG. The paramagnetic effective moments derived from Curie-Weiss fits to the data agree, within evperimental error, with a theoretical value of 10.2 μB calculated for the 5f9 electronic state of Cf3+ assuming an intermediate-coupling model. Deviations of the susceptibility from Curie-Weiss behavior at lower temperatures are indicative of magnetic ordering and crystal-field splitting of the ground state. The ordering temperatures of these californium compounds are considerably lower than those observed previously for pnictides of curium and berkelium. This decrease in ordering temperature with increasing atomic number is consistent with the trend observed for the lanthanide monopnictides.
Grid-flow: a grid-enabled scientific workflow system with a petri net-based interface

Advances in computer power, network speed, and storage capacity have enabled scientists to explore research issues in their respective domains at scales both finer and greater than ever before. The availability of efficient data collection and analysis tools presents researchers with vast opportunities to process heterogeneous data within a distributed environment. To support the opportunities enabled by available massive computation, a suitable scientific workflow system is needed to help users to manage both data and programs, and to design reusable procedures of scientific experimental tasks. This dissertation describes the design and prototyping of such a scientific workflow infrastructure, the Grid-Flow system, which assists researchers in specifying scientific experiments using a Petri net-based interface. The Grid-Flow infrastructure is designed as a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) with multi-layer component models. The major contributions of Grid-Flow are as follows: (1) a new, light-weight, programmable Grid workflow language, called the Grid-Flow Description Language (GFDL), is provided to describe the workflow process in a Grid environment; (2) a Petri net-based user interface, based on the Generic Modeling Environment (GME), is demonstrated to help users design the workflow process with a Petri net model; and (3) a data and program integration component of the Grid-Flow system is presented to integrate various data and non-interactive programs into the system. This work furthermore contributes to design methodologies (data/program registration, workflow description and execution, and data/program integration), underlying models of modern scientific workflows (Petri net model and Data/Program Chart), the integration and orchestration of online data and programs within workflow cases, as well as the strategies of wrapping existing programs as web/Grid services in a Grid environment. Two workflow case studies, transmembrane region analysis and protein function and expression, are modeled and implemented by the Grid-Flow system in order to demonstrate the capability and usability of this workflow management system.
Amide Proton Exchange in Micelles

Rate constants for acid- and base-catalyzed NH exchange of long-chain amides have been measured in cationic and anionic micelles and compared with NH exchange of model amides in aqueous solution. The data show that the rates can be strongly influenced by the electrostatic environment. Anionic micelles, where kOH decreases by a factor of about 2500 and where kH increases by a factor of about 100, show the largest effects. The effects of cationic micelles are smaller: a 30-fold decrease in kH (for ureas, or 6-fold for ordinary amides) and essentially no change in kOH, which was unexpected. Other effects are negligible (less than a factor of about 2): counterion, nonionic surfactant, headgroup, chain length, etc. The data are discussed in terms of electrostatic effects, steric retardation, competition of counterions for the micellar surface, the Bronsted formulation of medium effects, charge exposure, and the nature of the transition state.
Economics of reservoir sedimentation and sustainable management of dams

Accepted practice has been to design and operate reservoirs to fill with sediment, generating benefits from remaining storage over a finite period of time. The consequences of sedimentation and project abandonment are left to the future. This 'future' has already arrived for many existing reservoirs and most others will eventually experience a similar fate, thereby imposing substantial costs on society. Such costs could be avoided if sedimentation was minimized and dams were allowed to live forever. The fact that the world's inventory of suitable reservoir sites is limited provides an additional reason for encouraging the sustainable management of dams. This paper provides a framework for assessing the economic feasibility of sediment management strategies that would allow the life of dams to be prolonged indefinitely. Even if reduced accumulation or removal of sediment is technically possible, its economic viability is likely to depend on physical, hydrological and financial parameters. The model presented incorporates such factors and allows a characterization of conditions under which sustainable management would be desirable. The empirical implementation of the model draws upon the substantial amount of technical information available. We analyze the sustainability of reservoirs, with a focus on the trade-off between such sustainability and the short to medium term benefits which a reservoir is expected to produce. The results show that, for a very wide range of realistic parameter values, sustainable management of reservoirs is economically more desirable than the prevailing practice of forcing a finite reservoir life through excessive sediment accumulation.