cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hematologic Malignancies Discovered on Investigation of Breast Abnormalities.

Objectives Hematological malignancies of the breast share a presentation similar to primary breast carcinomas but differ substantially in therapeutic approach and clinical outcomes. In this study, we investigate the frequency of hematological malignancies, their relative primary and secondary occurrences, and further characterize the distinct histopathologies of these malignancies with a special focus on lymphomas. To our knowledge this is one of the largest and most comprehensive studies of breast hematologic malignancies. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of our institution's pathology database for hematologic neoplasms diagnosed in breast tissue during a period of 22 years (1992-2014). Clinical characteristics, patient history, histologic subtype, and patient outcomes were analyzed. Results We identified 52 cases; 46 lymphomas, 4 plasmacytomas, and 2 myeloid sarcomas. The lymphoma cases were 15 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), 14 follicular lymphomas (FLs), 8 marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs), 2 anaplastic large T-cell lymphomas, 2 peripheral T-cell lymphomas-not otherwise specified, 1 each of small lymphocytic lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. In total, 30 cases were primary and 22 cases were secondary to the breast. Primary lymphomas accounted for 60% of lymphomas. Most FLs and almost all MZLs were primary. Conclusions Primary hematological malignancies of the breast are more common than secondary: 58 % versus 42%. This finding is more evident in lymphomas: 63% versus 37%. The most common hematological malignancy in our study was DLBCL, followed by FL and MZL. Most FLs and almost all MZLs were primary. At the same time, the percentage of primary DLBCLs in our study is lower than the percentage reported in previous studies. We suggest that this could be the result of transformation from low-grade lymphomas. Although rare, hematological malignancies of the breast warrant a higher level of clinical suspicion as they present similarly to breast carcinomas but require a substantially different therapeutic approach.
Fractional pseudo-spectral methods for distributed-order fractional PDEs

We develop a pseudo-spectral method of Petrov–Galerkin sense, employing nodal expansions in the weak formulation of distributed-order fractional partial differential equations. We define the underl...
Microfluidic Tumor-Vascular Model to Study Breast Cancer Cell Invasion and Intravasation

Cancer is a major leading cause of disease-related death in the world. The severe impact of cancer can be attributed to poor understanding of the mechanisms involved in earliest steps of the metastatic cascade, specifically invasion into the surrounding stroma and intravasation into the blood capillaries. However, conducting integrated biological studies of invasion and intravasation have been challenging, within in vivo models and traditional in vitro assay, due to difficulties in establishing a precise tumor microenvironment. To that end, in this work, a novel 3D microfluidic platform comprised of concentric three-layer cell-laden hydrogels for simultaneous investigation of breast cancer cell invasion and intravasation as well as vasculature maturation influenced by tumor-vascular crosstalk is developed. It was demonstrated that the presence of spontaneously formed vasculature enhance MDA-MB-231 invasion into the 3D stroma. Following invasion, cancer cells are visualized intravasating into the outer vasculature. Additionally, invading cancer cells significantly reduce vessel diameter while increasing permeability, consistent with previous in vivo studies. Major signaling cytokines involved in tumor-vascular crosstalk that govern cancer cell invasion and intravasation are further identified. Taken together, this platform will enable unique insights of critical biological events within the metastatic cascade, with significant potential for developing efficient cancer therapeutics.
THE EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE INFECTION ON HEPATIC MESSENGER RNA PRODUCTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) infection on hepatic messenger RNA production. A rise in the concentration of certain serum proteins has been observed during the early stages of various infections. Studies in laboratory on the regulation of production of these acute-phase proteins in rat hepatic cells have shown an increase in synthesis and accumulation of RNA in response to infection, primarily directed to the bound ribosomes, presumably resulting in the subsequent increase in these serum proteins. The studies have been conducted on messenger RNA from control and S. pneumoniae-infected rats at the peak time of RNA response. The mRNA from both free and bound ribosomes was extracted and isolated on oligo dT cellulose. The specific activity of the isolated mRNA was determined after in vivo labeling with [14C]orotic acid. A significant increase was seen in both total mRNA concentration and specific activity in the bound ribosome fraction from infected rat livers when compared to controls, while no significant changes in mRNA from the free ribosomes were noted.
Data, Methods, and Background

The archaeological or cultural material expressions of the historical processes known for south-central Chile are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the archaeological and historical sources are evaluated, as well as the value of a combined approach to the database.
Empires as ecosystem engineers: Toward a nonbinary political ecology

Abstract Calls to eliminate nature/culture dualities in favor of nondualist ontologies present analytical challenges; how might we approach entangled socionatural worlds in ways that neither reduce the complexity and diversity of human experience and yet also allow nonhuman agents their ‘voices’? The disparate analytical vocabularies of the human and natural sciences were not designed for this purpose. The use of ecological concepts in anthropology has been contentious, while humans have continued to be located outside of most ecological thinking. Comparative analysis of past empires provides an opportunity to address this challenge. If we view the actions of past empires in terms of their environmental effects, we can also conceptualize these effects as specific forms of ecological action. Using the concept of ‘ecosystem engineer,’ this essay explores how this concept may facilitate comparison of imperial and colonial systems and, critically, how it may inflect and improve anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) models which posit historical relationships between past population and land cover. At the same time, this exercise points to the analytical limits of this concept and perhaps of nondualist ontologies themselves.
Intergenerational Transmission of Female Genital Cutting: Community and Marriage Dynamics.

Objective This study examined how characteristics of households and communities are linked with the intergenerational transmission of gender inequality and particularly female genital cutting (FGC). Background Human capital perspectives suggest that socioeconomic inequality predicts FGC continuation. This study contributes to discussions of institutional change by examining the association of decisions to forego FGC with household decision-making patterns and community gender norms. Method Multilevel logistic regression was deployed to analyze a pooled sample (N = 12,144) of six Demographic and Health Surveys from Burkina Faso, Egypt, Guinea, Kenya, Mali and Nigeria. A series of models examined how decision-making styles, both at the household and community levels (2,524 DHS cluster aggregations), and community levels of FGC, correspond with the risk of having a daughter cut. Results Results show that daughters are less likely to be cut when parents make key household decisions jointly. Autonomous decision-making by women at the community level was associated with lower odds of daughters being cut. However, at the community level, the impacts of women's household decision-making were attenuated when FGC was more prevalent. Conclusion The findings suggest that women's decision-making status is an important factor in FGC abandonment although that association is less robust when FGC is highly institutionalized. This study provides new insights into how women, families, and communities can disrupt the intergenerational transmission of behaviors associated with institutionalized gender inequality.
A multiscale model for Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities

Abstract We develop a novel multiscale model of interface motion for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) and Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) for two-dimensional, inviscid, compressible flows with vorticity, which yields a fast-running numerical algorithm that produces both qualitatively and quantitatively similar results to a resolved gas dynamics code, while running approximately two orders of magnitude (in time) faster. Our multiscale model is founded upon a new compressible-incompressible decomposition of the velocity field u = v + w . The incompressible component w of the velocity is also irrotational and is solved using a new asymptotic model of the Birkhoff-Rott singular integral formulation of the incompressible Euler equations, which reduces the problem to one spatial dimension. This asymptotic model, called the higher-order z-model, is derived using small nonlocality as the asymptotic parameter, allows for interface turn-over and roll-up, and yields a significant simplification for the equation describing the evolution of the amplitude of vorticity. This incompressible component w of the velocity controls the small scale structures of the interface and can be solved efficiently on fine grids. Meanwhile, the compressible component of the velocity v remains continuous near contact discontinuities and can be computed on relatively coarse grids, while receiving subgrid scale information from w. We first validate the incompressible higher-order z-model by comparison with classical RTI experiments as well as full point vortex simulations. We then consider both the RTI and the RMI problems for our multiscale model of compressible flow with vorticity, and show excellent agreement with our high-resolution gas dynamics solutions.
Math Counts: Major and Gender Differences in College Mathematics Coursework

ABSTRACTMathematics is an important and hotly contested aspect of U.S. postsecondary education. Its importance for academics and careers and the extent and impact of math achievement disparities ar...
Interactive Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving via Recurrent Meta Induction Neural Network

Interactive driving is challenging but essential for autonomous cars in dense traffic or urban areas. Proper interaction requires understanding and prediction of future trajectories of all neighboring cars around a target vehicle. Current solutions typically assume a certain distribution or stochastic process to approximate human-driven cars’ behaviors. To relax this assumption, a Recurrent Meta Induction Network (RMIN) framework is developed. The original Conditional Neural Process (CNP) on which this is based does not consider the sequence of the conditions, due to the permutation invariance requirements for stochastic processes. However, the sequential information is important for the driving behavior estimation. Therefore, in the proposed method, a recurrent neural cell replaces the original demonstration sub-net. The behavior estimation is conditioned on the historical observations for all related cars, including the target car and its surrounding cars. The method is applied to predict the lane change trajectory of a target car in dense traffic areas. The proposed method achieves better results than previous methods and thanks to the meta-learning framework, it can use a smaller dataset, putting fewer demands on autonomous driving data collection.
Effects of Nitroglycerin and Nitroprusside on Cerebral Veins

Cerebral haemodynamic effects of intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG) and nitroprusside (NPR) were compared in ten anaesthetized, paralyzed, ventilated dogs, at normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure (Pcsf). NTG (5, 25, 50 μg/kg) increased Pcsf to 181, 250, and 273% of its control value and decreased arterial blood pressure to 89, 80, and 78% of the control level, respectively. NPR (5, 25, 50 μg/kg) increased Pcsf to 142, 169, and 177% of the control value and decreased arterial blood pressure to 88, 72, and 69% of the control level. Haemorrhagic hypotension to arterial blood pressure levels (54% of control) lower than those produced with either NTG or NPR did not alter Pcsf in five dogs. Cerebral blood flow was unchanged with NTG, NPR, or haemorrhagic hypotension. For any given decrease in arterial blood pressure, NTG produced a greater increase in Pcsf than NPR, or haemorrhagic hypotension. We conclude that NTG has a greater effect on cerebral veins than NPR. The increase in cerebral volume responsible for the increased Pcsf with these agents occurs as a consequence of an increase in the cerebral venous volume.
Globins and nitric oxide homeostasis in fish embryonic development

Since the discovery of new members of the globin superfamily such as Cytoglobin, Neuroglobin and Globin X, in addition to the most well-known members, Hemoglobin and Myoglobin, different hypotheses have been suggested about their function in vertebrates. Globins are ubiquitously found in living organisms and can carry out different functions based on their ability to bind ligands such as O2, and nitric oxide (NO) and to catalyze reactions scavenging NO or generating NO by reducing nitrite. NO is a highly diffusible molecule with a central role in signaling important for egg maturation, fertilization and early embryonic development. The globins ability to scavenge or generate NO makes these proteins ideal candidates in regulating NO homeostasis depending on the micro environment and tissue NO demands. Different amounts of various globins have been found in zebrafish eggs and developing embryos where it's unlikely that they function as respiratory proteins and instead could play a role in maintaining embryonic NO homeostasis. Here we summarize the current knowledge concerning the role of NO in adult fish in comparison to mammals and we discuss NO function during embryonic development with possible implications for globins in maintaining embryonic NO homeostasis.
Partial least squares for functional joint models with applications to the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative study

Many biomedical studies have identified important imaging biomarkers that are associated with both repeated clinical measures and a survival outcome. The functional joint model (FJM) framework, proposed by Li and Luo in 2017, investigates the association between repeated clinical measures and survival data, while adjusting for both high-dimensional images and low-dimensional covariates based on the functional principal component analysis (FPCA). In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for the estimation of FJM based on the functional partial least squares (FPLS). Our numerical studies demonstrate that, compared to FPCA, the proposed FPLS algorithm can yield more accurate and robust estimation and prediction performance in many important scenarios. We apply the proposed FPLS algorithm to a neuroimaging study. Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database.
Target coverage and cardiopulmonary sparing with the updated ESTRO-ACROP contouring guidelines for postmastectomy radiation therapy after breast reconstruction: a treatment planning study using VMAT and proton PBS techniques.

The European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Advisory Committee in Radiation Oncology Practice (ESTRO-ACROP) recently released new contouring guidelines for postmastectomy radiation ...
Prevalence and Characterization of Pain as a Symptom Amongst Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis (sIBM) Patients (P3.4-005)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of pain and to characterize this symptom in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM). Background: sIBM is the most common inflammatory myopathy in individuals over the age of 50 years, and the most important myopathy associated with ageing. It typically presents with progressive quadriceps muscle more than hip flexor weakness leading to falls or difficulty standing, and finger flexor weakness leading to loss of dexterity. Pain has been an underrecognized symptom of this disease, confounded by age-related comorbidities that can produce pain, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, degenerative disc disease, neuropathies, chronic use of opioids, among others. The progressive nature of sIBM and the lack of effective treatments call for a better understanding of symptoms that impact patient’s quality of life, as can be seen with pain. Design/Methods: A 14-item survey was developed on Google Forms. The questions will measure: time from diagnosis of sIBM, presence of pain as a pre-existing symptom prior to diagnosis of sIBM, presence of pain and duration as a symptom of sIBM, interference of pain with daily activities and sleep; presence and localization of numbness, tingling and electric shock sensations; management of pain, including opioid use and other medications. The survey will be sent to the 2,000 patients diagnosed with sIBM who are registered with The Myositis Association. The survey will be open for 30 days. Results: Results of this study to follow after the survey responses are collected and analyzed. Conclusions: Characterization of pain as a symptom of sIBM will aid in further understanding the natural history of the disease and perhaps serve as a clinical marker of severity or rate of progression in this patient population. Equally important, it will help improve the quality of medical care provided and patient satisfaction. Disclosure: Dr. Said-Said has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mathew has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Shah has received research support from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Goyal has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with CSL Behring. Dr. Kak has nothing to disclose. Dr. Habib has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Soleo Health. Dr. Mozaffar has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Amicus, Alexion, CSL and Genzyme. Dr. Mozaffar has received research support from Alexion, Amicus, aTyr, Genzyme, Grifols, Idera, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, and Ultragenyx.
Computer networks and internets

From the Publisher: The Second Edition of this best-selling text continues to answer the question, "How do computer networks and internets operate?" Douglas Comer, a leading computer networking authority, provides a self-contained tour from the lowest levels of data transmission wiring through the highest levels of application software, explaining how facilities and services are used and extended in the next level. Finally, the text explains how applications use reliable stream transfer to provide high-level services. Computer Networks and Internets is appropriate for use by undergraduate students, as well as graduate students and professionals with little or no background in networking or operating systems. The text uses analogies and examples to define concepts instead of sophisticated mathematical proofs.
Synthesis and disaggregation of asparagine repeat-containing peptides.

Of all amino acid repeats in eukaryotes, polyglutamine (polyQ) is the most frequent, followed by polyasparagine (polyN). Glutamine repeats are expanded in proteins associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. The expanded polyQ domain is known to induce aggregation, and it is hypothesized that aggregation is directly causative of pathology. Despite the widespread presence of asparagine repeats in invertebrate eukaryotes, polyN is curiously quite rare in vertebrates. Several investigators have characterized the conformational and aggregation properties of polyQ-containing peptides and proteins, and to a lesser extent, peptides containing mixed glutamine and asparagine, but to our knowledge, there is no detailed characterization of polyN-containing peptides. Such a comparison could elucidate reasons for the paucity of asparagine repeats in humans. In this study, we synthesized a peptide containing a 24-asparagine repeat (N24). For aggregation studies, it is critical to start with monomeric unaggregated peptide. A protocol involving dissolution in mixed trifluoroacetic acid and hexafluoroisopropanol (TFA + HFIP) solvents is widely used for disaggregation of polyQ peptides. We used the same protocol for N24 but discovered that there was both oxidative damage and insufficient disaggregation. Oxidation of tryptophan, used as a flanking residue, was common. Moreover, we found evidence of Forster resonance energy transfer between Trp and its oxidation product N-formylkynurenine, even in chemical denaturants. This suggested that N24 was insufficiently disaggregated, a conclusion that was further supported by gel electrophoresis analysis. Oxidation was reduced, but not eliminated, by addition of methionine to the buffer. Formic acid proved to be a better disaggregator and caused no oxidative damage. The glutamine repeat peptide Q24 also underwent some oxidation after extended incubation in TFA + HFIP, but there was no evidence of Forster resonance energy transfer, and samples appeared monomeric by gel electrophoresis. This result indicates that polyN-containing peptides self-associate more strongly than polyQ-containing peptides. Circular dichroism spectra reveal a greater propensity for β-turn formation in polyN than polyQ, providing an explanation for the increased stability of polyN aggregates relative to polyQ. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is confidentiality in health care records a pediatric concern

Revelations of the existence of vast federal data banks and other Orwellian spectres1 may, at first glance, seem to have little relevance for the day to day practice of pediatrics. But children and adolescents have just as vital an interest in the protection of their privacy as do adults. And, in the matter of confidentiality and the health care record, these issues can be much more complex.2 For here the usual interrelationships between physicians and their patients are expanded to include the parents as well. In addition, more "third parties" are interested in the health of children than for their elders, and more health care resources are often involved.
Decays of high spin Δ∗ and N∗ resonances in the quark model

Starting with a set of harmonic oscillator wavefunctions, we calculate partial decay rates of excited Δ∗ and N∗ states into a nucleon with single pion emission. Good agreement with values estimated from data is obtained for N ≤ 6, thus indicating that the simple quark model is reasonable over a much wider range than expected. The calculated decay rates of the even higher states depend more sensitively on the finer details of the nucleon wavefunction.
Coupling of the angular momenta of the ground and K = 2 − octupole bands in 180 W

An i n te rp re tab le anomaly in the energy systematics of the h igh-spin states of the K = 2" Octupole band in 180W was studied fo l low ing the populat ion of these states in the react ion 181Ta(p,2ny)180W wi th 17-MeV protons from the Livermore cyc lograa f f . Standard in-beam yray spectroscopic techniques included prec is ion energy measurements wi th coaxia l and LEPS Ge(Li) detectors, l i f e t i m e measurements wi th a reso lu t ion of ~7 ns and y-¥ coincidence studies using two 10% coaxial Ge(Li) detec tors . Our level scheme contains the prev ious ly assigned I K = 2 band to high spin. There is an obvious energy stagger ing of the even and odd members of this band. The usual backbending plot (2~}/~ 2 vs (h~) 2 = (~E/2) 2) of the ground-state and K = 2bands reveals this staggering more dramatically. The K = 2band breaks into evenand oddspin bands which parallel each other (with even spins lower) with l i t t l e backbending tRndency up to spin 14in spite of considerable backbending tendency in the ground-state band. C
Na companhia dos lobos: do livro à tela, do mito à diversão

Neste artigo, busca-se refletir sobre a recorrencia e a permanencia de simbolos em versoes audiovisuais de contos de fadas. Para tanto, elegeu-se Chapeuzinho Vermelho e, das versoes atuais, optamos pelo classico cinematografico A companhia dos lobos, estabelecendo uma breve comparacao com a serie televisiva Once upon a time. O objetivo desta discussao e pensar sobre as revisoes do cânone literario na contemporaneidade, especificamente na releitura audiovisual, para, a seguir, refletir sobre o papel que a ultima exerce tanto na perpetuacao da narrativa-base, a partir do seu simbolismo, quanto na manipulacao deste processo para o consumo massivo. Este estudo faz parte da pesquisa “Narrativas infantis e juvenis contemporâneas: velhas historias, novas versoes e praticas leitoras”.
Erythropoietin: Physiology and pharmacology update

This minireview is an update of a 1997 review on erythropoietin (EPO) in this journal. EPO is a 30,400-dalton glycoprotein that regulates red cell production. In the human, EPO is produced by peritubular cells in the kidneys of the adult and in hepatocytes in the fetus. Small amounts of extra-renal EPO are produced by the liver in adult human subjects. EPO binds to an erythroid progenitor cell surface receptor that includes a p66 chain, and, when activated, the p66 protein becomes dimerized. EPO receptor activation induces a JAK2 tyrosine kinase, which leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPO receptor and several proteins. EPO receptor binding leads to intracellular activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated kinase pathway, which is involved with cell proliferation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and STATS 1, 3, 5A, and 5B transcriptional factors. EPO acts primarily to rescue erythroid cells from apoptosis (programmed cell death) to increase their survival. EPO acts synergistically with several growth factors (SCF, GM-CSF, 1L-3, and IGF-1) to cause maturation and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells (primarily colony-forming unit-E). Oxygen-dependent regulation of EPO gene expression is postulated to be controlled by a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1alpha). Hypoxia-inducible EPO production is controlled by a 50-bp hypoxia-inducible enhancer that is approximately 120 bp 3' to the polyadenylation site. Hypoxia signal transduction pathways involve kinases A and C, phospholipase A(2), and transcription factors ATF-1 and CREB-1. A model has been proposed for adenosine activation of EPO production that involves protein kinases A and C and the phospholipase A(2) pathway. Other effects of EPO include a hematocrit-independent, vasoconstriction-dependent hypertension, increased endothelin production, upregulation of tissue renin, change in vascular tissue prostaglandins production, stimulation of angiogenesis, and stimulation of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) is currently being used to treat patients with anemias associated with chronic renal failure, AIDS patients with anemia due to treatment with zidovudine, nonmyeloid malignancies in patients treated with chemotherapeutic agents, perioperative surgical patients, and autologous blood donation. A novel erythropoiesis-stimulating factor (NESP, darbepoetin) has been synthesized and when compared with rHuEPO, NESP has a higher carbohydrate content (52% vs 40%), a longer plasma half-life, the amino acid sequence differs from that of native human EPO at five positions, and has been reported to maintain hemoglobin levels just as effectively in patients with chronic renal failure as rHuEPO at less frequent dosing. The use of rHuEPO and darbepoetin to enhance athletic performance is officially banned by most sports-governing bodies because the excessive erythrocytosis can lead to increased thrombogenicity and can cause deep vein, coronary, and cerebral thromboses.
Transrectal and transvaginal drainages: safe, effective, and underutilized

Purpose Drainage options for symptomatic lower pelvic fluid collections (SPFCs) include CT-guided transgluteal (TG) and US-guided transrectal/transvaginal (TR/TV) approaches. The purpose of this presentation is to evaluate the TR/TV approach as a valid option to TG drainage. Materials and Methods IRB approved retrospective study of 150 consecutive patients (36 males, 114 females, average age 40.5 years) who underwent TR/TV drainages of SPFCs between April 1, 2001 and September 31, 2012. All patients had SPFCs with rectal or vaginal contact on CT or US. Pain, fever and/or discharge were common symptoms. Patients were classified into four categories: [1] Postoperative, 68 (44.7%) patients: Ob/Gyn, 26 (38.8%); GI, 26 (38.8%); trauma, 9 (13.4%); other, 7 (10%); [2] Gynecologic, 49 (32.7%) patients: TOAs, 36 (73.5%); CA, 4 (8.2%); other, 9 (34.6%); [3] Gastrointestinal, 33 (22%) patients: appendiceal abscesses, 13 (39.4%); diverticular abscesses, 14 (42.4%); Crohn’s disease, 3 (9.1%); perforated colon CA, 2 (6.1%); other, 1 (3.0%); [4] Trauma, non-operative, 1 (0.7%) patient. Routine technique included: ipsilateral decubitus positioning for unilateral and supine for bilateral SPFCs, Foley catheter insertion, needle guide for endocavitary probe, 18 g/20 cm Chiba needles, and Seldinger technique for catheter insertion. No anoscope or speculum was used. Parameters measured included: resolution of the SPFC on initial drainage alone, recurrence after catheter removal, and complications. Surgery after TR/TV drainage was considered a failure. Results Successful drainage was achieved in all patients after 170 procedures: TR, 126 (74.1%); and TV, 44 (25.9%). Of these, 137 (91.3%) patients required a single drainage, 9 (6.0%) had staged procedures, 4 (2.7%) had recurrences, and one patient required catheter replacement. All recurrences resolved with repeated drainage. No patient required surgery. Major complications occurred in 2 (1.3%) patients (1 bladder puncture and 1 post-procedure septic reaction), both resolved with medical management alone. Conclusion More than a decade of experience supports TR/TV drainages as simple, safe, and effective alternatives to TG drainage.
TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF URBAN‐RURAL RELATIONSHIPS

(1971). TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF URBAN-RURAL RELATIONSHIPS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 319-323.
Analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow through a spirally fluted tube using a porous substrate approach

An innovative approach was opted for modeling the flow and heat transfer through spirally fluted tubes. The model divided the flow domain into two regions. The flutes were modeled as a porous substrate with direction-dependent permeabilities. This enabled modeling the swirl component in the fluted tube. The properties of the porous substrate such as its thickness, porosity, and ratio of the direction-dependent permeabilities were obtained from the geometry of the fluted tube. Experimental data on laminar Nusselt numbers and friction factors for different types of fluted tubes representing a broad range of flute geometry were available. Experimental data from a few of the tubes tested were used to propose a relationship between the permeability of the porous substrate and the flute parameters, particularly the flute spacing. The governing equations were discretized using the Finite Element Method. The model was verified and applied to the other tubes in the test matrix. Very good agreement was found between the numerical predictions and the experimental data. 20 refs., 13 figs., 4 tabs.
Behavior of Frame-Stiffened Composite Panels with Damage

NASA, the Air Force Research Laboratory and The Boeing Company have worked to develop new low-cost, light-weight composite structures for aircraft. A Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure (PRSEUS) concept has been developed which offers advantages over traditional metallic structures. In this concept, a stitched carbon-epoxy material system has been developed with the potential for reducing the weight and cost of transport aircraft structure by eliminating fasteners, thereby reducing part count and labor. Stitching and the use of thin skins with rod-stiffeners to move loading away from the morevulnerable outer surface produces a structurally efficient, damage tolerant design. This study focuses on the behavior of PRSEUS panels loaded in the frame direction and subjected to severe damage in the form of a severed central frame in a three-frame panel. Experimental results for a pristine two-frame panel and analytical predictions for pristine two-frame and three-frame panels as well as damaged three-frame panels are described.
Agent-based control of autocatalytic replicators in networks of reactors

Abstract Spatially distributed systems such as reactor networks hosting multiple autocatalytic species demonstrate a rich spectrum of complex behavior. From a control systems perspective, spatially distributed systems offer a difficult control challenge because of their distributed nature, nonlinearity, and high order. Furthermore, manipulation of the network states may require simultaneous control actions in different parts of the system and may need transients through several operating regimes to achieve the desired operation. The lack of accurate and computationally efficient model-based techniques for large, spatially distributed systems results in complications in controlling the system, either in disturbance rejection or changing the operational regimes of the system. A hierarchical, agent-based control structure is presented whereby local control objectives may be changed in order to achieve the global control objective. The performance of the control system is demonstrated for several global objectives. The challenge posed is to control the spatial distribution of autocatalytic species in a network of five reactors hosting two species using the interaction flow rates as the manipulated variables. The multi-agent control system is able to effectively explore the parameter space of the network and intelligently manipulate the network flow rates such that the desired spatial distribution of species is achieved.
Clinical experiences with repeated oral administration of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the rhesus monkey.

ABSTRACTFollowing the repeated oral administration of 1-alpha-acetyl-methadol (LAAM) to three adult male rhesus monkeys employing 2.0 mg/kg on Monday, Wednesday and Friday of the first week and 4.0 mg/kg on the same days of the second week, physiological parameters including heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature were monitored at regular intervals. Moreover, the plasma antipyrine half-life was also determined at intervals in these animals as an indicator of liver microsomal metabolism.A number of findings of clinical significance were derived from these studies. First, heart rate proved to be the best physiological indicator of CNS depression and impending crisis following repeated oral LAAM administration. In such a circumstance, naloxone, a potent, pure narcotic antagonist, was quite successful in reversing the LAAM induced effects within minutes of its intravenous administration. However, a significant degree of difficulty was encountered with naloxone treatment due to its short duration ...
O2 oxidation studies of the edge surface of graphite

We have studied the reactive adsorption of O2 on the edge surface of graphite. At 300°C the efficiency of oxygen uptake showed a strong coverage-dependent reactive adsorption coefficient. In general, the efficiencies were low (< 10−9) over the majority of the coverage range. In contrast, the uptake of oxygen from O2 and H2O on sputter-damaged graphite was far more rapid. Sputter-damaged carbon surfaces exhibit greatly enhanced reactivity and are poor models of edge carbon activity. Thermal stability studies on the resultant oxidized edge graphite surfaces provide information about the energetics of product formation in gasification reactions. CO was the dominant product. A fraction of the oxygen on the surface is very tightly bound with energies greater than 85 kcal/mole. The energy decreases to 70 kcal/mole over a wide coverage range. At the highest attainable coverages representing a small fractional population, the energy decreases further down to 58 kcal/mole. Our results show that increasing the amount of oxygen surface coverage decreases the energy barrier for gaseous CO formation but increases the barrier for O2 dissociation.
Behavioral Responses to a D1 Dopamine Agonist in Weanling Rats Treated Neonatally with Cocaine and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

Abstract We determined whether neonatal exposure to cocaine with or without Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) altered the behavioral responses of weanling rats to the full D 1 dopamine (DA) agonist SKF 81297. Rats were injected SC once daily from postnatal day (PD) 1 through 5 with cocaine (20 mg/kg), the same dose of cocaine plus THC (10 mg/kg), or drug vehicle. On PDs 24, 25, or 26, male and female littermates were administered 3 or 10 mg/kg of SKF 81297 or saline vehicle, and then tested 15 min later in an open-field apparatus. Neither neonatal drug treatment nor gender influenced the behavioral responses to SKF 81297. The drug challenge did, however, produce several dose-dependent behavioral effects, including increases in locomotor activity, line crossing, sniffing, and headshakes, and a decreased incidence of rearing, grooming, and stationary behavior. Furthermore, even though earlier administration of cocaine and THC failed to alter D 1 receptor sensitivity, animals in both neonatal treatment groups exhibited an overall increase in grooming behavior and a decrease in sniffing compared to controls when the results were combined across doses of SKF 81297. These findings indicate that early postnatal exposure to cocaine can alter certain behaviors independently of functional changes in the D 1 receptor system.
Hereditary Renal Tubular Disorders

The multiple and complex functions of the renal tubule in regulating water, electrolyte, and mineral homeostasis make it prone to numerous genetic abnormalities resulting in malfunction. The phenotypic expression depends on the mode of interference with the normal physiology of the segment affected, and whether the abnormality is caused by loss of function or, less commonly, gain of function. In this review we address the current knowledge about the association between the genetics and clinical manifestations and treatment of representative disorders affecting the length of the nephron.
Magnetic declination and zonal wind effects on longitudinal differences of ionospheric electron density at midlatitudes

[1] A prominent ionospheric longitudinal variation at midlatitudes, in particular, over the continental US, was found recently. This variation is characterized as a higher east-side electron density in the evening and a higher west-side electron density in the morning, and with clear seasonal and solar activity dependencies. A combined effect of geomagnetic declination and changing zonal winds was proposed to explain it. This paper represents a comprehensive investigation of this effect by examining climatology for both electron density longitudinal differences and the nighttime zonal winds in the eastern US. Electron density is from incoherent scatter radar extra-wide coverage experiments during 1978–2011 over Millstone Hill for which the spatial separation of the data can be up to 50° in longitude. The thermospheric zonal wind is from the on-site Fabry-Perot interferometer measurements during 1989–2001. The observed zonal wind climatology is found to be perfectly consistent with the expectation based on the east-west electron density differences in terms of local time, seasonal, and solar cycle dependencies. The correlation between the zonal wind and the east-west differential ratio is extremely high with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.93. The observed time delay of ∼3 hours in the response of electron density differences to zonal winds is a marked feature. Thus these results confirm positively the declination-zonal wind mechanism and provide new insight into longitudinal variations at midlatitudes for other geographic sectors.
Polygynandry in Pseudotropheus zebra, a cichlid fish from Lake Malawi

Parental care in the Malawian cichlid fishPseudotropheus zebra ‘BB’ is extensive and exclusively maternal; males contribute only genetic material. The costs of searching for multiple mates (in this case risk of predation on orally incubated eggs) suggested that females should be monandrous; microsatellite genetypes of seven brooding females and their young, however, reveal extensive multiple paternity in this species, with a mean of 3.8 paternal individuals per brood. Polygynandry inP. zebra is probably not maintained by selection for genetically diverse offspring; potential explanations include avoidance of inbreeding, and bet-hedging on other male characteristics that females are unable to evaluate when selecting a mate. The observed degree of multiple paternity strongly suggests that females are free to choose mates as they will, a prerequisite of many theories positing sexual selection as a key element in Malawi chichlid evolution. It should also result in elevation of effective population sizes, and thus be antagonistic to runaway evolution of male secondary sexual characteristics, but not necessarily to other modes of sexual selection.
A study of dielectric relaxation in micellar solutions

Abstract The low-frequency dielectric response of AOT micellar solutions in decane and hexadecane was studied and it was found that at low volume fractions of the spherical micelles, the dielectric relaxation was well explained by a single Debye relaxation process. At progressively higher volume fractions, the relaxation function first departed from the Debye equation, and at above 30%, a new and slow relaxation process was observed to coexist with the single particle relaxation process which eventually became the dominant process.
A new horned crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene hominid sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.

Background The fossil record reveals surprising crocodile diversity in the Neogene of Africa, but relationships with their living relatives and the biogeographic origins of the modern African crocodylian fauna are poorly understood. A Plio-Pleistocene crocodile from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, represents a new extinct species and shows that high crocodylian diversity in Africa persisted after the Miocene. It had prominent triangular “horns” over the ears and a relatively deep snout, these resemble those of the recently extinct Malagasy crocodile Voay robustus, but the new species lacks features found among osteolaemines and shares derived similarities with living species of Crocodylus. Methodology/Principal Findings The holotype consists of a partial skull and skeleton and was collected on the surface between two tuffs dated to approximately 1.84 million years (Ma), in the same interval near the type localities for the hominids Homo habilis and Australopithecus boisei. It was compared with previously-collected material from Olduvai Gorge referable to the same species. Phylogenetic analysis places the new form within or adjacent to crown Crocodylus. Conclusions/Significance The new crocodile species was the largest predator encountered by our ancestors at Olduvai Gorge, as indicated by hominid specimens preserving crocodile bite marks from these sites. The new species also reinforces the emerging view of high crocodylian diversity throughout the Neogene, and it represents one of the few extinct species referable to crown genus Crocodylus.
Endocardial cushion defect. Preoperative and postoperative survey.

Preoperative and postoperative data on 44 patients with endocardial defect, 32 with the incomplete and 12 with the Complete form are presented. Nineteen per cent of the incomplete form died with per cent of the deaths occurring early and 9.5 per cent late. The mortality rate for the complete form was 75 per cent. Late follow-up results were evaluated in 28 patients 1 to 2½ years following surgery. Catheterization data in nine of 10 and clinical observations in 18 indicated no residual shunt. One patient showed questionable evidence of a left-to-right shunt by cardiac catheterization. Evidence of mitral regurgitation was present in seven (25 per cent) of the survivors. Short chordae attaching the closed cleft margin of the mitral leaflet to the ventricular septum rendered the valve incompetent in nine of 12 autopsied specimens. Surgical exploration of the underside of the cleft margins for such chordae is recommended. No evidence of residual tricuspid regurgitation was found.
Evaluation of a bedside test of utricular function - the bucket test - in older individuals.

Abstract Conclusion: As a bedside test of subjective visual vertical (SVV), the ‘bucket test’ has a role as a viable and cost-effective clinical test of unilateral utricular dysfunction in older individuals. Objective: To investigate whether the bucket test as a test of the SVV is a valid bedside test of utricular function in older individuals. Methods: This was a diagnostic validation study at a tertiary academic medical center. Vestibular function was evaluated using sound-evoked cervical and tap-evoked ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP and oVEMP, respectively) asymmetry ratios, the bucket test of SVV, and the Dizziness Handicap Index (DHI), in 51 older individuals aged 70–95 years. Results: Bucket test scores are correlated in both magnitude and direction with utricle-selective tap-evoked oVEMP asymmetry ratios, but not with sound-evoked cVEMP asymmetry ratios, which are saccule-selective, or with the DHI. Receiver operating characteristics analysis suggests that the bucket test is mor...
Upper extremity disorders in the workplace: costs and outcomes beyond the first return to work

Background: Cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremities (CTD) have become increasingly important in workers' compensation caseloads over the last two decades. Relative to occupational back pain, CTD have been much less studied. Methods: We analyzed post-injury employment patterns and return-to-work probabilities for a sample of Ontario workers with CTD, for up to five years after injury. Results for workers with CTD are compared to results for workers with back injuries or fractures. Results: Most workers with CTD return to work at least once, but a first return does not necessarily mark the end of work disability. Among workers absent at least once, 26% with CTD report a second injury-related absence, compared to 18% with back pain and 12% with fractures. After five years, focusing on first returns underestimates work-loss days associated with CTD by 32%. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of workers with CTD or work-related back pain experience injury-related absences after their first return to work. Focusing on the first return to work is misleading for both injury groups, but even more so for CTD, as they appear to be even more susceptible to multiple spells of work absence.
Is quality of anticoagulation a 'wild card' in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation?

Is quality of anticoagulation a 'wild card' in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation?