cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear Polymers in the Turbulence Vortices

LONG chain linear polymers in dilute aqueous solutions show several anomalies, particularly a reduction in turbulent skin friction. Attempts have been made to explain such anomalies in terms of visco-elasticity. It is, however, worth considering the possibility that the effects arise from a “spiral combing” of the macromolecules in the cores of the vortices which constitute the turbulence. If aligned at an angle to a cylindrical surface of slippage—with their front ends in the faster flow on the interior—these macromolecules would act as “sea anchors” bridging the streamlines of different velocities, thereby increasing the effective local viscosity in these cores, and thus making these cores act more nearly as rigid bodies. In a plane shear flow such an alignment is improbable, for there a macromolecule, even if it happened to have been stretched, would tend to be turned by the vorticity of that flow until it is aligned with a streamline, and becomes free to slip with respect to other macromolecules so aligned. But the rather unusual circumstances necessary to produce such “combing” at a fairly large angle to the pathlines—namely, a brief spurt of a strong shear, followed by some reduction of the tendency of the fluid to sweep (turn) a stretched macromolecule towards a pathline—are indeed experienced by a macromolecule which is close to a vortex at the moment of its birth. As the diffusing vortex spreads over the macromolecule, this macromolecule first experiences a spurt of shear accompanied by the vorticity of an opposite sense; and by the time it is engulfed by the core (the vorticity of which would tend to sweep this macromolecule towards a pathline) the vorticity of the core is already diminished by the diffusion. It is therefore conceivable that an occasional macromolecule might be stretched by the spurt of the shear enough to have its end “caught” in the manner suggested in Fig. 1. Such “rigidized cores” would be less likely to diffuse, turn, stretch and break up than the vortices which constitute the turbulence in a homogeneous fluid; and so would more likely be formed in longer sections, and act as “rollers”, namely, as more effective constituents of the vortex sheet formed by the turbulent layer. This explanation accounts also for other anomalies manifested by these solutions.
Characterization of mouse reticulocyte free globin mRNP.

Abstract Globin messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (free and polysomal) from mouse reticulocyte lysates were characterized for their mRNA composition, translational activity as well as the proteins in direct contact with them. In contrast to the homogeneous single-peak distribution of rabbit and duck reticulocyte free mRNPs, mouse free mRNP particles were heterogeneously dispersed on the sucrose density gradient into two major domains called region I and region II. Region I appeared enriched with α-globin mRNP and region II with β-globin mRNP. mRNP from both regions was translationally active. Examination of lysates prepared from β-thalassemic mice revealed a reduction of translatable βminor mRNP within region I, supporting the hypothesis of a compensatory recruitment of βminor free mRNP into polysomes in β-thalassemic mice.
Modeling individual recovery after peripheral nerve injury in rats and the effects of parturition.

BACKGROUND Recovery from pain after surgery exhibits large interindividual variability, with very slow recovery equated to chronic pain. Surgical injury in the postpartum period modestly increases initial recovery after major nerve injury. In this study, the authors use a nerve injury that recovers over 2 to 3 months and apply growth curve modeling to further understand the effect of the postpartum period on speed of recovery. METHODS Withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulus on the hind paw was determined in 41 Sprague-Dawley rats before and for 10 weeks after partial spinal nerve ligation. Age-matched male and female rats and postpartum females with pups or those separated from pups at delivery were studied. Growth curve analyses were applied to model recovery after surgery despite varying timing of measurements across groups and missing data, and these results were compared with those of two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS The recovery time course was similar between males and females. In contrast, recovery was hastened in the postpartum groups, with nonoverlapping 95% CIs of modeled trajectories between days 6 and 66 after surgery. CIs were more precise at most time periods with growth curve analysis compared with ANOVA. CONCLUSIONS The authors describe a method of analysis to quantify recovery from hypersensitivity after surgery in rats with several distinct advantages over traditionally used methods. Study results do not support a sex difference in trajectory of recovery but confirm and extend previous observations that injury at the time of obstetric delivery is associated with an abnormally rapid recovery.
Particle acceleration in the heliosphere

The heliosphere is filled with supersonic solar wind that forms shocks wherever it encounters obstacles, be they a high speed Coronal Mass Ejection (CME), or regions where fastsolar wind encounters slower-moving solar wind. Energetic particles (> 10s of keV/nuc to 10s of MeV/nuc) associated with these shocks form a test bed for understanding particle acceleration since the shock properties can often be measured and energetic particle composition compared to candidate seed populations. Over the past 15-20 years a wide body of evidence has emerged showing that generally the seed population is the suprathermal ion pool at energies above the bulk solar wind. Understanding the interplanetary suprathermal ion population is therefore a critical step in fully understanding the physical mechanisms that accelerate particles in interplanetary space.
New tackle to catch a phisher

Organisations continue to pursue new strategies to thwart phishing attacks as well as investigate the criminals behind these scams. In order to address these issues, a novel algorithm named syntactical fingerprinting is proposed which automatically identifies phishing websites and implies the provenance of these websites using the structural components that compose the website. Syntactical fingerprinting demonstrates the ability to accurately identify newly observed phishing websites through an experiment on a custom dataset consisting of 49,840 URLs collected over three months by the UAB phishing data mine. An additional experiment was run over a different set of website content in early 2011 which exhibits the use of syntactical fingerprinting as a distance metric for clustering phishing websites. Finally, varying the threshold value used by syntactical fingerprinting demonstrates the capability for phishing investigators to identify not only the source of phishing websites, but individual phishers as well.
Preferred hearing-aid frequency responses in simulated listening environments

This study was designed to determine if an adaptive strategy could be used to select frequency/gain characteristics that would be considered appropriate across a variety of listening environments. In Experiment I, the test-retest reliability of the paired comparison procedure used in Experiment II was assessed in quiet for nine subjects and in speech noise for six subjects. For both conditions, results revealed mean standard deviations of < 3 dB from 200 through 4000 Hz. In Experiment II, four subjects selected frequency/gain characteristics for five different listening environments (quiet, speech noise, quiet conference room, reverberant lecture hall, and reverberant lecture hall in noise). In general, subjects did not tend to select different frequency/gain characteristics across the five simulated environments used in this study. When differences in frequency responses were observed, they tended to be alterations in overall gain rather than changes in relative frequency response. Findings support addit...
Examining psychological effects of source cues and social plugins on a product review website

Source cues affect psychological perceptions of product review websites.The presence of social plugins and source cues were tested.Expert and user reviews with four stars yield more positive attitudes than one star.Star ratings, by themselves, affect user perceptions related to products reviewed.Presence of social plugins implies website quality. This study examines the psychological effects of heuristic cues on a product review website to gain a better understanding of online agency. A between-participants experiment of 458 college students confirmed the formation of more positive attitudes toward a product review website when an expert rather than a computer/website served as the source of product review information, specifically when the expert source was accompanied by a rating of four stars vs. one star. A product review authored by other users also induced more favorable attitudes toward the website when it was presented with a higher level of star ratings than a lower one. The study also revealed perceived authority and bandwagon heuristics mediated the relationship between the presence of social plugins and favorable attitudes toward the website via credibility perceptions. Findings not only underscored the power of the authority and bandwagon cues when users make quick judgments on product review sites but also discovered a theoretical path that explained the role of social plugins-a seal of credibility-on e-commerce sites. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed for designing information-based websites.
A Simplified Technique for Harvesting Large Buccal Mucosal Grafts

The thickness of buccal mucosa provides an easyto-suture graft as well as a resistant barrier to both trauma and pathogenic microorganisms. This, combined with easy access and a hidden donor site, has enabled buccal mucosal grafts to become increasingly popular for applications outside of the oral cavity such as in urethral and conjunctival reconstruction. Despite the graft’s advantages, however, the lining of the oral cavity is limited, and harvest can be difficult. The following technique allows a large harvest to be obtained.
Heat-Resistant Agglutinin 1 Is an Accessory Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Colonization Factor

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an important cause of acute and persistent diarrhea. The defining stacked brick adherence pattern of Peruvian EAEC isolate 042 has previously been attributed to aggregative adherence fimbriae II (AAF/II), which confer aggregative adherence on laboratory E. coli strains. EAEC strains also show exceptional autoaggregation and biofilm formation, other phenotypes that have hitherto been ascribed to AAF/II. We report that EAEC 042 carries the heat-resistant agglutinin (hra1) gene, also known as hek, which encodes an outer membrane protein. Like AAF/II, the cloned EAEC 042 hra1 gene product is sufficient to confer autoaggregation, biofilm formation, and aggregative adherence on nonadherent and nonpathogenic laboratory E. coli strains. However, an 042 hra1 deletion mutant is not deficient in these phenotypes compared to the wild type. EAEC strain 042 produces a classic honeycomb or stacked brick pattern of adherence to epithelial cells. Unlike wild-type 042, the hra1 mutant typically does not form a tidy stacked brick pattern on HEp-2 cells in culture, which is definitive for EAEC. Moreover, the hra1 mutant is significantly impaired in the Caenorhabditis elegans slow kill colonization model. Our data suggest that the exceptional colonization of strain 042 is due to multiple factors and that Hra1 is an accessory EAEC colonization factor.
On Single Mode Forcing of the 2D-NSE

We examine how the global attractor of the 2D periodic Navier- Stokes equations projects in the energy–enstrophy-plane when the force is an eigenvector of the Stokes operator. We find sharper bounds than in Dascaliuc et al. (J Dyn Diff Equat 17:643–736, 2005) for a general force. We also find regions of the plane in which the energy and enstrophy must decrease, and calculate the curvature of the projected solution at certain initial data. Finally, we obtain restrictions on solutions that project onto a single point in the plane.
A note on ‘languages and language’

(1990). A note on ‘languages and language’. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 116-118.
Invasibility of plankton food webs along a trophic state gradient

Biological invasions are becoming more common, yet the majority of introduced exotic species fail to establish viable populations in new environments. Current ecological research suggests that invasion success may be determined by properties of the native ecosystem, such as the supply rate of limiting nutrients (i.e. trophic state). We examined how trophic state influences invasion success by introducing an exotic zooplankter, Daphnia lumholtzi into native plankton communities in a series of experimental mesocosms exposed to a strong nutrient gradient. We predicted that the attributes of nutrient-enriched communities would increase the likelihood of a successful invasion attempt by D. lumholtzi. Contrary to our original predictions, we found that D. lumholtzi was often absent from mesocosms that developed under high nutrient supply rates. Instead, the presence of D. lumholtzi was associated with systems that had low nutrients, low zooplankton biomass, and high zooplankton species diversity. Using generalized estimating equations (GEE) and multivariate species data, we found that the presence-absence of D. lumholtzi could be explained by variations in zooplankton community structure, which was itself strongly influenced by nutrient supply rate. We argue that the apparent invasion success of D. lumholtzi was inhibited by the dominance of another cladoceran species, Chydorus sphaericus. These results suggest that the interaction between trophic state and species identity influenced the invasion success of introduced D. lumholtzi.
The Role of Heavy Alcohol Use in the Developmental Process of Desistance in Dating Aggression during Adolescence

The current study examined the role of heavy alcohol use in the developmental process of desistance in physical dating aggression during adolescence. Using longitudinal data spanning grades 8 through 12 we tested the hypotheses that (a) higher levels of early heavy alcohol use would be associated with decreased deceleration from dating aggression during late adolescence and (b) higher levels of heavy alcohol use during time-points in late adolescence would be contemporaneously associated with elevated levels of dating aggression at those same time points. Contrary to expectations, findings indicate that the effects of both early and continuing heavy alcohol use on dating aggression were strong during early adolescence but tended to diminish over time. Unexpectedly, the contemporaneous effects of alcohol use on dating aggression were stronger in the spring than in the fall semesters. Implications for prevention and for understanding developmental relations between the two behaviors are discussed.
Cutting Temperature Measurement During Titanium Machining With an Atomization–Based Cutting Fluid (ACF) Spray System

The poor thermal conductivity and low elongation–to–break ratio of titanium lead to the development of extreme temperatures localized in the tool–chip interface during machining of its alloys and cause accelerated tool wear. The atomization–based cutting fluid (ACF) spray system has recently been demonstrated to improve tool life in titanium machining. In order to understand the cooling and lubrication mechanism of the ACF spray system, it is important to determine the temperature gradient developed inside the entire tool–chip interface. The objective of this work is to measure the cutting temperatures at various locations inside the tool–chip interface during titanium machining with the ACF spray system. The temperature gradient and mean cutting temperature are measured using the inserted and the tool–work thermocouple techniques, respectively. Cutting temperatures for dry machining and machining with flood cooling are also characterized for comparison with the ACF spray system temperature data. Findings reveal that the ACF spray system more effectively reduces cutting temperatures over flood cooling. The tool–chip friction coefficient data indicate that the fluid film created by the ACF spray system also actively penetrates the tool–chip interface to enhance lubrication during titanium machining, especially as the tool wears.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
History of Xerox

Sir - In the leading article "Cutting off the sap to US research" (Nature 375, 263; 1995), it was stated that it would be impossible to trace the research and funding that led to the Xerox photocopier. Although the origin and development of the Xerox process is a mystery to almost everyone, it is known to a very few.
Condensation polymers from diisocyanates and dioximes

Diisocyanates condense readily with the two active hydrogen atoms in dioximes to give high molecular weight linear condensation polymers. In several cases these polymers, such as the one from cyclohexanedione dioxime and 4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanate, may be converted to tough films or fibers. Thermal, hydrolytic, and light stability of these polymers were in general poor.
Using Health Models for Promoting Organizational Health in Nursing

Health models are applied to improving the health of nursing organizations. Health models that view health as expanding consciousness, health as rhythmic meaningfulness, and health as a sense of coherence are useful because they are consistent with nursing goals andfacilitate greater understanding of organizational health. Use of the models involve 1) application of the model definition of health to organizational health; 2) use of an assessment tool based on the model to identify health patterns; 3) facilitating an awareness of the organizational healthy/unhealthy work patterns; 4) collaborating with staff and administration in identifying strategies to improve the health of the organization. Examples are used to demonstrate application of the models in nursing work environments.
The effects of alginate composition on encapsulated βTC3 cells

The effects of alginate composition on the growth of murine insulinoma betaTC3 cells encapsulated in alginate/poly-L-lysine/alginate (APA) beads, and on the overall metabolic and secretory characteristics of the encapsulated cell system, were investigated for four different types of alginate. Two of the alginates used had a high guluronic acid content (73% in guluronic acid residues) with varying molecular weight, while the other two had a high mannuronic acid content (68% in mannuronic acid residues) with varying molecular weight. Each composition was tested using two different polymer concentrations. Our data show that betaTC3 cells encapsulated in alginates with a high guluronic acid content experienced a transient hindrance in their metabolic and secretory activity because of growth inhibition. Conversely, betaTC3 cells encapsulated in alginates with a high mannuronic acid content experienced a rapid increase in metabolic and secretory activity as a result of rapid cell growth. Our data also demonstrate that an increase in either molecular weight or concentration of high mannuronic acid alginates did not alter the behavior of the encapsulated betaTC3 cells. Conversely, an increase in molecular weight and concentration of high guluronic acid alginates prolonged the hindrance of glucose metabolism, insulin secretion and cell growth. These observations can be best interpreted by changes in the microstructure of the alginate matrix, i.e., interaction between the contiguous guluronic acid residues and the Ca2+ ions, as a result of the different compositions.
Determination of the air-water interfacial area in wet unsaturated porous media

A method is proposed for determining the area of the air−water interface in wet but unsaturated porous media. The method depends on determining the critical concentration of surfactant necessary to...
Unamplified direct detection W-band imaging array

We are developing a passive W-band millimeter wave imaging array that operates without the use of RF low noise amplifiers. The work is supported by the DARPA MIATA program. Previously reported Phase I results were a noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of 4.8°K. The goal of Phase II, currently underway, is to decrease this to 2°K or less. There are two improvements that must be made to achieve the goal. The square law diode detector sensitivity and the RF bandwidth reaching the detector must be increased significantly. This paper mainly deals with the first issue, the effort to increase the sensitivity by decreasing the diode area and capacitance, using electron beam lithography. Brief mention will be made of the redesign of the antenna-to-diode transition that simulations indicate will provide a doubling of bandwidth from 30 to 60 GHz.
Bézier curves and geological design

Abstract Most structural geologists probably don't think of themselves as designers and yet in practice, their work is directly analogous to that of designers in other fields ranging from high fashion to aircraft manufacture. Structural geology can greatly benefit from design tools that have been developed for microcomputer applications in a variety of other disciplines. Among the most important of these tools are Bezier curves which may be used in forward modelling or reconstruction. The underlying theory of Bezier curves has the potential to revolutionize our treatment of heterogeneous deformation and kinematics in the future, much as tensor algebra radically improved our understanding of homogeneous strain during the past two decades.
A comparison of cumulus parameterization techniques

An improved quasi-Lagrangian primitive equation model is used to investigate existing cumulus parameterization schemes. Comparative forty-eight hour forecasts were made utilizing seven different cumulus heating functions, one being zero cumulus latent heat release. Initial data were that of a nondeveloping easterly wave in the Carribbean. Of the six forecasts which included latent heat release, two predictions involving a time-independent vertical heat release function proved to be the most errant. The parameterized heating of Krishnamurti and Moxim, Yamasaki with time-dependent heat release function, convective adjustment, and cumulus scale mass conservation, produced comparable results. Time mean maximum ascending motions of the four similar forecasts ranged from a low of ?2 times 10 ?4 mb sec ?1 with Krishnamurti & Moxim heating to a high of near ?6 times 10 ?4 mb sec ?1 for Yamasaki heating. Convective adjustment and cumulus scale mass conservation techniques tended to produce poorer low-level forecasts because of a strong dependency upon the initial moisture distribution. Concurring results among forecasts were consistent with the previous tropical scale analysis of Charney. For the easterly wave of moderate intensity, computed vertical motions indicated essentially no coupling of upper and lower tropospheric motion outside convective areas and only minimal coupling in regions of cumulus latent heat release. Seventy to eighty percent of the ascending motion and eddy kinetic energy produced within the wave was estimated to be the direct result of parameterized cumulus latent heat release. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb00630.x
Mind and mood in the study of religion

Abstract This paper is a reflection on the attempt of authors like E. Valentine Daniel, S.Balagangadhara, Daniel Dubuisson, Timothy Fitzgerald and Tomoko Masuzawa to argue that the word “religion” is most appropriately used to describe Christianity but that it tends to distort description and analysis of nonwestern traditions. My concern is to correct their tendency to divide the world between east and west by using Daniel's (and C.S. Peirce’s) notions of Mind and Mood to analyze a variety of religious traditions, east and west, that fulfill different social and cultural functions, and thus relate to definitions of words like “religion” and “dharma” and “shukyo” in a variety of ways.
On manganese cyclopentadienide and some chemical reactions of neutral bis-cyclopentadienyl metal compounds

Abstract The compound (C5H5)2Mn has been prepared by the reaction of the manganous halides with C5H5Na in tetrahydrofuran solution; the chemical and physical properties are described. The magnetic susceptibility of (C5H5)2Mn has been measured over the range 77° to 530°K; it shows antiferromagnetic behaviour with a Neel temperature of 134°K, and there is a sharp susceptibility and colour transition at 432°K associated with complete destruction of co-operative phenomena existing in the crystal, which undergoes a change in structure at this point. The compound is shown to be ionic in nature by magnetic studies and by other physical and chemical evidence. Magnesium cyclopentadienide (C5H5)2Mg is described, and improved preparative methods for (C5H5)2V, (C5H5)2Cr, (C5H5)2Co, and (C5H5)2Fe are given. The chemical reactivities of the (C5H5)2M compounds of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Mg, and of C5H5Na are compared, and evidence for ionic behaviour of (C5H5)2V and (C5H5)2Cr is discussed.
Evaluation by activation analysis of elemental retention in biological samples after low temperature ashing

Low temperature ashing is a convenient first step in many procedures of analytical chemistry as well as a potential processing method for storing environmental samples for extended periods of time. Using activation analysis, it is shown in a number of NBS Standard Reference Materials that of some 40 elements studied, the only elements observed to be lost were osmium, mercury and halogens along with carbon. No contamination during the ashing process was detected.
Fundamental studies regarding synergism between calix[4]arene-bis(tert-octylbenzo-crown-6) and alcohol modifiers in the solvent extraction of cesium nitrate

Abstract This work emphasizes the crucial role of polar solvating molecules known as phase modifiers in solvent‐extraction systems. The focus of these studies was the extraction of cesium by calix[4]arene‐bis(tert‐octylbenzo‐crown‐6) in dodecane modified with various lipophilic alcohols. Results of equilibrium modeling are consistent with aggregation of the alcohol molecules with each other and with the calixarene‐cesium nitrate complexes. These modeling results are supported by electrospray mass spectrometry experiments, clearly showing the alcohol:anion adducts containing several alcohol molecules. They are also supported by crystallographic evidence showing the existence of a hexameric aggregate in the solid state for a derivative of one of the alcohol modifiers used for solvent extraction, in agreement with the species giving the best modeling results.
A Chinese herbal medicine formula, FAHF-2, completely blocks anaphylaxis in a murine model of peanut allergy

Abstract Rationale Food allergy is a serious and growing health problem. We previously showed that Chinese herbal medicine formula, FAHF-1, protected peanut (PN)-allergic mice from anaphylaxis following oral PN challenge. We have now tested an improved formula, FAHF-2, containing fewer herbs. Methods We employed a 14-week oral PN sensitization and challenge protocol in C3H/HeJ mice. Oral treatment with FAHF-2 was performed twice daily for 7 weeks, commencing at week 3 or week 8. Anaphylactic reactions were assessed by evaluation of symptom scores, plasma histamine levels and body temperatures. Splenocytes of challenged mice were isolated cultured to evaluate cytokine production. Results Peanut-specific IgE was significantly reduced in FAHF-2-treated mice compared to the sham-treated mice in both early (3072 ± 101 vs 7017 ± 9.6 ng/ml, p o C, p Conclusion FAHF-2 completely prevented anaphylaxis in PN-allergic mice and down-regulated Th2 responses
Identification of positive and negative regulatory cis-elements of the rice glutelin Gt3 promoter

Abstract A series of 3′ promoter deletions of the rice glutelin Gt3 gene (−181 bp, −278 bp, −300 bp, −320 bp, −482 bp, −580 bp, −775 bp and −835 bp from the transcriptional initiation site) was obtained and linked to the −90 core promoter fragment of the 35S CaMV gene located upstream of the β-glucuronidase protein coding region of pBI 101. After transfer into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation, the spatial and temporal of the Gt3 promoter was analyzed in 16- and 24-day-old seeds, as well as leaves and roots of the transgenic tobacco plants. Other than constitutive expression in roots contributed by the CaMV 35S -90 core promoter sequences, significant expression of the intact Gt3 -CaMV 35S hybrid promoter was evident only during seed development where maximum expression was evident in 16-day-old seeds. Analysis of hybrid promoters containing various 3′ deletions of the rice promoter revealed two regions, +7 to −181 and −278 to −320, that were essential for maximum Gt3 expression. Removal of the proximal region, +7 to −181, resulted in a 50% decrease of GUS expression with an additional 27% decrease upon removal of the distal region. A negative regulatory element that suppressed expression of the chimeric promoter in leafs is located between −320 bp and −482 bp. These results together with those from an earlier study (Zhao et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 325 (1994) 429–436) from this laboratory demonstrate that the developmental control of the rice Gt3 promoter requires at least three regions governing spatial, temporal and quantitative expression in seeds and at least one region suppressing expression in leaves.
Water intake and bladder cancer risk in Los Angeles County

The overall evidence of an association between fluid intake and bladder cancer is not entirely consistent. We examined the fluid intake-bladder cancer relationship in the Los Angeles bladder cancer case-control study. A total of 1,586 cases and their age-, sex-, and race-matched neighborhood controls were interviewed in-person from 1987 to 1999. Information on total fluid intake was derived from the consumption of specific fluids including water, coffee, tea, alcohol, milk, juice, hot chocolate and soda. Total fluid intake was not associated with bladder cancer. Daily water intake was associated with a slight decrease in bladder cancer risk, with the protection more pronounced among women (p for trend = 0.039) than among men (p for trend = 0.62). Compared to drinking <1 glass of water per day, drinking ≥6 glasses/day was associated with 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.67–1.22) times the risk of bladder cancer among all subjects, 0.94 (0.67–1.32) times the risk among men, and 0.69 (0.36–1.33) times the risk among women. The water intake-bladder cancer association also seemed to be modified by daytime urination frequency with significant inverse association among subjects who urinated ≥6 times/day (p for trend = 0.015), but not among those who urinated less frequently. Similarly, the protection from water intake was confined to women who did not experience nocturia and to men who did. Results from our study suggest that water intake may be associated with a slight reduction in bladder cancer risk. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phenological Partitioning among Drifting Insect Genera within Families in a Subtropical, Coastal Plain Stream (Louisiana, USA)

ABSTRACT We investigated invertebrate drift in a subtropical, coastal plain stream in Louisiana, USA. Once monthly, at a single site on Big Brushy Creek, eight three-hour drift samples (24 hours total) were collected using two 250-micron, 0.13-m2 drift nets. We examined the data for seasonal trends in overall drift density by analysis of covariance and taxonomic composition by principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance. We found no statistically significant seasonal differences in overall drift density, although community composition did statistically differ among months. More interestingly, we found that 26 genera (38%) exhibited asynchrony in peak drift timing within families. Although our study was limited in spatial scope, we suggest that these unusual results emphasize the need for additional invertebrate research in this region.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS DURING FREEZE‐DRYING

SUMMARY– Measurements of the moisture and temperature distributions were made during freeze-drying beef at a pressure of 1 torr. The transient moisture distributions measured with gamma ray techniques indicate that the phase change region would have a thickness less than 3/16 in., that no drying takes place until the phase change region reaches a given position, and that no additional drying occurs after the phase change passes a given position. A careful study of the data showed that the drying rate was influenced by heat transfer through the frozen region to the phase change position.
Chimpanzee responding during matching to sample: control by exclusion.

Three chimpanzees performed a computerized matching-to-sample task in which samples were photographs of items and comparison stimuli were geometric symbols called lexigrams. In Experiment 1, samples were either defined (i.e., they represented items that were associated already with a specific lexigram label by the chimpanzees) or undefined (i.e., they did not have an already learned association with a specific lexigram). On each trial, the foil (incorrect) comparison could be either a defined or an undefined lexigram. All 3 chimpanzees selected the correct comparison for undefined samples at a level significantly better than chance only when the foil comparison was defined. In Experiment 2, three comparisons were presented on each trial, and in Experiment 3, four comparisons were presented on each trial. For Experiments 2 and 3, the foil comparisons consisted of either defined or undefined comparisons or a mixture of both. For these two experiments, when the chimpanzees were presented with an undefined sample, they typically made selections of only undefined comparisons. These data indicate that the chimpanzees responded through use of exclusion. A final experiment, however, indicated that, despite the use of exclusion to complete trials with undefined samples correctly, the chimpanzees did not learn new associations between undefined samples and comparisons.
Imaging of nonaccidental injury and the mimics: issues and controversies in the era of evidence-based medicine

Because of the controversy involving the determination of child abuse, or nonaccidental injury (NAI), radiologists must be familiar with the issues, literature, and principles of evidence-based medicine to understand the role of imaging. Children with suspected NAI must receive protective evaluation along with a timely and complete clinical and imaging work-up. Imaging findings cannot stand alone and must be correlated with clinical findings, laboratory testing, and pathologic and forensic examinations. Only the child protection investigation may provide the basis for inflicted injury in the context of supportive clinical, imaging, biomechanical, or pathology findings.
Lactic acid bacteria active during the fermentation of wheat silage in small scale silos

Wheat was ensiled and periodically analyzed for lactic acid bacteria present. Initially Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus cellobiosus and Streptococcus lactis predominated. After two to four days enterococci including S. faecium and S. bovis were present in high populations as well as Lactobacillus plantarum. It was concluded that mixed populations of enterococci and L. plantarum are active in the successful fermentation of wheat silage.
Using focus groups as a consumer research tool

Focus groups are an effective strategy in consumer research if conducted properly. Too often the meaning and origin of focus groups have been distorted by marketing and consumer researchers and the validity of retrieved data is questioned. By looking at the definition and evolution of focus groups, definitive advantages and disadvantages of the method emerge. Focus groups provide the collective insight of group dynamics while preserving individual preferences. If focus groups are contrived using true qualitative characteristics, this method may yield the strongest data for use by consumer and marketing researchers in truly identifying with customers today.
Cloning and Characterization of a Wortmannin-sensitive Human Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase

Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-kinases catalyze the synthesis of PtdIns-4-P, the immediate precursor of PtdIns-4,5-P2. Here we report the cloning of a novel, ubiquitously expressed PtdIns 4-kinase (PI4Kbeta). The 2.4-kilobase pair cDNA encodes a putative translation product of 801 amino acids which shows greatest homology to the yeast PIK1 gene. The recombinant protein exhibits lipid kinase activity when expressed in Escherichia coli, and specific antibodies recognize a 110-kDa PtdIns 4-kinase in cell lysates. The biochemical properties of PI4Kbeta are characteristic of a type III enzyme. Interestingly, both recombinant PI4Kbeta and the endogenous protein are inhibited by 150 nM wortmannin, suggesting that we have cloned the previously described PtdIns 4-kinase that is responsible for regulating the synthesis of agonist-sensitive pools of polyphosphoinositides (Nakanishi, S., Catt, J. K., and Balla, T. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 5317-5321).
Spin systems on hierarchical lattices. Introduction and thermodynamic limit

A number of exactly soluble models in statistical mechanics can be produced with the use of spins interacting with nearest neighbors on a hierarchical lattice. A general definition and several examples of such lattices are given, and the topological properties of one of these, the "diamond" lattice, are discussed in detail. It is shown that the free energy has a well-defined thermodynamic limit for a large class of discrete spin models on hierarchical lattices.
Knowing Right From Wrong In Mental Arithmetic Judgments: Calibration Of Confidence Predicts The Development Of Accuracy

Does knowing when mental arithmetic judgments are right—and when they are wrong—lead to more accurate judgments over time? We hypothesize that the successful detection of errors (and avoidance of false alarms) may contribute to the development of mental arithmetic performance. Insight into error detection abilities can be gained by examining the “calibration” of mental arithmetic judgments—that is, the alignment between confidence in judgments and the accuracy of those judgments. Calibration may be viewed as a measure of metacognitive monitoring ability. We conducted a developmental longitudinal investigation of the relationship between the calibration of children's mental arithmetic judgments and their performance on a mental arithmetic task. Annually between Grades 5 and 8, children completed a problem verification task in which they rapidly judged the accuracy of arithmetic expressions (e.g., 25+50 = 75) and rated their confidence in each judgment. Results showed that calibration was strongly related to concurrent mental arithmetic performance, that calibration continued to develop even as mental arithmetic accuracy approached ceiling, that poor calibration distinguished children with mathematics learning disability from both low and typically achieving children, and that better calibration in Grade 5 predicted larger gains in mental arithmetic accuracy between Grades 5 and 8. We propose that good calibration supports the implementation of cognitive control, leading to long-term improvement in mental arithmetic accuracy. Because mental arithmetic “fluency” is critical for higher-level mathematics competence, calibration of confidence in mental arithmetic judgments may represent a novel and important developmental predictor of future mathematics performance.
Simulation of computer logic by Fortran arithmetic

During the preliminary logical design of the NEBULA computer for the Oregon State University Department of Mathematics, it was decided to simulate the logic equations on one of the computers available on campus. Thus most of the logic could be debugged prior to backwiring.
Natural inhibitor for protein methylase. II.

An inhibitor for protein methylase II has been identified in rat liver particulate fractions. The inhibitor is non-dialyzable, thermolabile and partly inactivated by tryptic digestion. The microsomal fraction contains the largest amount of the inhibitor, followed by the mitochondrial and nuclear fractions. The 105000×g supernatants of tissue homogenates, which are probably devoid of the inhibitor, showed a marked increase in the specific activity of protein methylas II in comparison with that of whole homogenates.
In vitro training model for diagnostic and therapeutic fetal intravascular needle puncture

An in vitro model, simple to assemble, consisting of a fresh placenta suspended in a water bath, is presented for the training of physicians interested in practicing ultrasound-guided fetal intravascular needle placement.
Influence of strain rate on mechanical properties and deformation texture of hot-pressed and rolled beryllium

Plastic deformation of hexagonal metals such as beryllium occurs by a mix of dislocation slip and deformation twinning mechanisms. Slip and twinning are controlled by different mechanisms at the atomic scale, and thus respond differently to variations in strain rate. In general, deformation twinning is expected to be favored by high strain rate conditions. Both textured and randomly textured polycrystalline beryllium samples were deformed at strain rates from 0.0001/s to 5000/s. The yield point was found to be strain rate insensitive over the 7+ orders of magnitude of strain rate. The hardening, however, is strongly rate dependent for some of the initial textures, depending on loading direction relative to the basal poles. Optical microscopy and neutron diffraction measurements of the crystallographic texture were carried out to monitor the evolution of the microstructure and, specifically, the activity of deformation twinning as a function of strain rate. The relative roles of the active slip and twin deformation mechanisms are linked to the observed rate dependence of the flow stress.
The effect of performance incentives on resident documentation in an emergency medicine residency program

Study objectives: We sought to improve resident medical record documentation in an academic emergency department by using an educational stipend as an incentive. Methods: A stipend for educational expenses and materials was paid to residents for documenting medical records above a specific threshold level according to evaluation and management codes (99281 to 99285) during a 4-month period (December 2002 to March 2003). Comparisons were made with historic documentation levels, and residual effects of the program were measured. Fisher's exact test and t tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Twenty-two residents worked in the department over a 4-month period (42 resident-months). A total of 74% of residents received the educational stipend. Documentation levels increased significantly from 2.86 and 3.04 during the control period to 3.31 during the study period ( P P P P Conclusion: Implementation of a resident incentive program to enhance medical record documentation significantly improved documentation levels and collections and may improve resident interest and education in documentation.
Closed-economy energetics.

Abstract Rashotte, Michael E. Closed-economy energetics. Appetite (2002) 38, 149–154. When the behavioral cost of access to food is increased in the 24 h closed-economy procedure, the number of meals per day decreases, the amount consumed per meal increases, and the total daily food intake remains relatively constant. This “Collier function” is found widely in individuals of different species and poses interesting questions about the mechanisms by which behavioral cost achieves these effects on feeding. Data from experiments with pigeons are reviewed which show that: (a) behavioral costs that differentially alter inges tive behavior are not differentiated by energetic costs (VO 2 ), (b) the effects of a rise in behavioral cost of food require several days for full expression in ingestive behavior, (c) a bimodal distribution of feeding activity across the active phase is conserved when increased costs reduce the number of meals per day, (d) when ingestive behavior fails to supply a satisfactory nutrient load, physiological and behavioral energy-saving responses occur during the inactive phase. Mechanisms responsible for behavioral-cost effects on feed ing will need to $make provision for development of the effects across days, conservation of within-day distribution of feeding activity, and apparent lack of differential feed back from energy expenditure related to the differential behavioral costs. A complete energetic picture of life in a closed economy will include the inactive phase of the day and consideration of the effects of ambient temperature.
Sonic hedgehog induces response of commissural axons to Semaphorin repulsion during midline crossing

Pathfinding axons change responses to guidance cues at intermediate targets. During midline crossing, spinal cord commissural axons acquire responsiveness to class 3 Semaphorins and Slits, which regulate their floor plate exit and restrict their post-crossing trajectory into a longitudinal pathway. We found that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) could activate the repulsive response of pre-crossing axons to Semaphorins. Blocking Shh function with a monoclonal antibody to Shh, 5E1, in 'open-book' explants or by expressing a dominant-negative form of Patched-1, Ptch1(Delta loop2), or a Smoothened (Smo) shRNA construct in commissural neurons resulted in severe guidance defects, including stalling and knotting inside the floor plate, recrossing, randomized anterior-posterior projection and overshooting after crossing, reminiscent of Neuropilin-2 mutant embryos. Enhancing protein kinase A activity in pre-crossing axons diminished Shh-induced Semaphorin repulsion and caused profound midline stalling and overshooting/wandering of post-crossing axons. Therefore, a morphogen, Shh, can act as a switch of axon guidance responses.
Executive Power and the Discipline of History

In a trilogy of books published after September 11, John Yoo has argued that George W. Bush’s counter-terrorism efforts were well grounded in both law and policy. As a rhetorical matter, Yoo largely grounds his legal claims in British and American history. But his conclusions are not actually tethered to plausible historical analysis. To demonstrate that fact, this essay focuses on three legal problems presented by the first-term Bush administration: the question of presidential preeminence in conflict with Congress; the question of presidential susceptibility to judicial supervision; and the question of presidential power to start armed hostilities. On each issue, the historical evidence suggests an American constitutional tradition that is wholly at odds with both Yoo’s own conclusions and the positions advanced by the Bush administration. Yoo’s legal claims therefore depend entirely on an underdeveloped theoretical proposition about national risk tolerance during crisis. This essay does not attempt to resolve the validity of that proposition. But the surviving argument must be recognized for what it is: a first principles assertion about political theory that has little to do with either law qua law or the discipline of history.