cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Distinguishing Human and Raptor Patterning on Leporid Bones

Prehistoric Native Americans hunted leporids (cottontails and hares) for food, clothing, and to obtain raw material for the manufacture of bone tools such as awls. Leporids are also favorite prey of various carnivores and raptors, hence many archaeological sites may contain leporid bones that were deposited by both human and nonhuman activities. This paper provides data to distinguish specific agents and processes that affected leporid bones in archaeological sites. Human behavior tends to create hare tibia diaphysis cylinders, cut-marked bones, unidentifiable burned bone fragments, and assemblages with predominantly adult leporid bone specimens. In contrast, raptor behavior creates more cottontail tibia diaphysis cylinders, bones with beak and talon punctures on only one side, shearing damage principally to innominates and femora, and high frequencies of forelimb and juvenile bones when leporid bones are deposited mainly in raptor pellets.
Human Factors Implications of Controlling User-Tool-Environment Interfaces

When a person grasps an object, they create a hand-plus-object system. In perceiving properties of hand-held objects (including hand-held tools), people seem to show sensitivity to inertial variables relevant to the control of that object. Tool users demonstrate sensitivity to such variables in perceiving (1) whether a hand-held object could be used as a striking implement, (2) where an implement should be brought into contact with another object, and (3) where a hand-held object should be grasped so that object would be most effective as a striking implement. Importantly, tool users show task-specific sensitivity to inertial variables in each case depending on the functional constraints of the striking task (i.e., whether it emphasizes precision over power or vice versa). These findings may be relevant not only to the design of hand-held tools but also to the design of interfaces that allow the remote use of tools (e.g., telesurgery).
TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS WITH HYPERTHERMIA PRODUCED BY A HIGH-FREQUENCY CURRENT

No lasting improvement was demonstrated in our series of cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated by hyperthermia produced by a high-frequency current.
Glucose Restriction Combined with Autophagy Inhibition and Chemotherapy in HCT 116 Spheroids Decreases Cell Clonogenicity and Viability Regulated by Tumor Suppressor Genes

Drug resistance is a prevalent phenomenon that decreases the efficacy of cancer treatments and contributes to cancer progression and metastasis. Weakening drug-resistant cancer cells prior to chemotherapy is a potential strategy to combat chemoresistance. One approach to damage resistant cancer cells is modulation of nutritional intake. The combination of nutrient restriction with targeted compound treatment results in pronounced molecular changes. This study provides valuable information about augmenting existing chemotherapeutic regimes with simultaneous glucose restriction and autophagy inhibition in colorectal cancer cells. In this study, we explore the chemical pathways that drive the cellular response to nutrient restriction, autophagy inhibition, and the chemotherapy irinotecan using global quantitative proteomics and imaging mass spectrometry. We determined that significant pathways were altered including autophagy and metabolism via glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and sucrose degradation. We also fo...
The influence of insulin, triiodothyronine (T3) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) on the differentiation of preadipocytes in serum-free cultures of pig stromal-vascular cells.

Adipose tissue stromal-vascular (S-V) cells were obtained from 1-d-old pigs by enzymatic digestion and then grown to confluence (1 to 4 d) in 10% fetal bovine serum. Cultures then were shifted to serum-free media for 7 d. One and 50 nM insulin with transferrin (5 micrograms/ml) significantly increased (P less than .05) the cytodifferentiation of preadipocytes in serum-free cultures of S-V cells compared with control cultures (no hormones). Fifty nanomolar and 1 microM insulin with transferrin increased the specific activity of glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and the soluble protein levels of S-V cultures compared with control cultures. Ten nanomolar insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) increased (P less than .05) GPDH specific activity, soluble protein and preadipocyte cytodifferentiation compared with control cultures. Triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation (2 to 10 nM) increased (P less than .05) GPDH specific activity and increased lipid droplet size in preadipocytes compared with control cultures (no T3 but with insulin and transferrin). Cytodifferentiation of preadipocytes and soluble protein levels were not enhanced by T3 supplementation. Furthermore, T3 did not influence any parameters when added to S-V cultures that did not contain insulin. These data demonstrate that physiological levels of insulin or IGF-I can stimulate porcine preadipocyte differentiation in the absence of other hormones or growth factors.
A novel annular ring design for improved plated-thru-hole impedance matching

A novel and patent-pending [1] routing configuration to address the multi-reflection noise caused by the vertical interconnect viz. plated-through-hole (PTH) is presented in this paper. The PTHs are frequently found in any packaging and printed circuit board (PCB) designs for signaling transition from one lateral layer to another. The reflection noise caused by impedance mismatch ascribed to the over-capacitive nature of PTH structure is notoriously associated to degrade and reduce high-speed link margin. The proposed inventive solution is particularly significant to enable multi-Gbps differential high-speed input/output (HSIO) links, such as USB 3.1 Gen2 and Thunderbolt 3 with frequencies running beyond 10Gbps. Though the modeling and simulation analysis conducted and presented in this paper focused on package PTH, the invention is applicable to package ball-grid-array (BGA) pad as well as printed circuit board (PCB) PTH, since each structure produces the same electrical impairment fundamentally. 3-dimensional electromagnetic field modeling and analytical data have shown encouraging data, with up to 20% eye margin improvements thus illustrating the feasibility of this inventive design. This routing scheme is a viable candidate for high-speed interconnect design to enhance highperformance systems.
The Affective Turn in Feminist Media Studies for the Twenty-First Century

Affect, feelings, and emotion have grown and sustained interest among communication scholars studying media, journalism, and strategic communication, to name a few. However, dominant conceptualizations of affect in communication and media studies are often reductive and instrumental, especially in applied and social science traditions, and much ground is left to cover. Feminist affect theory refocuses intellectual thought on representations of and relationships between bodies and affect, interrogating how feelings and emotions operate culturally, socially, and politically. The affective turn is rich in multiplicity of theoretical, methodological, and epistemological commitments with feminist sensibilities that may be illustrative for feminist media scholars. This chapter traces the recent affective turn and proposes avenues for future research on affect in feminist media studies for the twenty-first century.
Cognitive influences on the acquisition of route knowledge in children and adults

Route learning is an essential, fundamental spatial phenomenon for a great number of species, including human beings. It is not surprising that psychologists—from the learning theorists of an era past to contemporary cognitive psychologists—have focused considerable attention on the acquisition of route knowledge. Understanding how route knowledge is acquired and utilized is an interesting spatial problem by itself, but it also represents a challenge to any general theoretical explanation of learning as a psychological phenomenon. Thus, learning theorists such as Hull and Tolman employed maze learning procedures not to study spatial behavior per se but to obtain data supporting a comprehensive theoretical account of learning. Similarly, contemporary cognitive psychologists, who work in a much more eclectic era than did the learning psychologists of decades past, examine route knowledge to demonstrate the conceptual utility of an hypothesized set of cognitive processes or type of knowledge structure.
Fast Algorithms for Convolution

The most important structure in digital signal processing is the nonrecur-sive digital filter known as the finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The FIR filter is simply a tapped delay line. It convolves the input datastream with the filter taps. An incoming datastream of digital samples enters the filter and an outgoing datastream of digital samples leaves the filter. The datastreams entering and leaving the filter are so long as to appear infinite. Perhaps thousands or even millions of samples pass through the filter per second, and this may continue indefinitely.
Clinical use of Automated Microscopes for Cell Analysis

In the survey paper on digital image processing in the United States, the author has provided a graph which indicates the exceptional recent growth in automated microscopy for white blood cell differentiation (WBCD). The rate of growth has been about 4·1013 pixels/yr./yr over the last two years. Only the growth of commercial television broadcasting in the United States (2·1015 pixels/ yr./yr) in the interval of 1945–1950 has been comparable in significance. However, commercial television broadcasting is automation of picture generation. Automation of the WBCD is automation of picture analysis—the first successful commercial replacement of the human visual analytic process as regards the recognition of naturally occurring objects (human white blood cells).
Polyamide fiber formation: structure, properties and characterization

Abstract: The production of polyamide fibers by various spinning techniques yields fibers with a variety of microstructures. The chemical, physical and mechanical properties of these fibers depend on microstructure properties. This chapter reviews polyamide fiber formation and how various spinning methods affect the fiber microstructure, heat setting and mechanical properties. The chapter first discusses the various spinning techniques to form fibers and then discusses various characterization techniques to measure microstructure properties such as crystallinity, crystalline and amorphous orientation. Finally, the chapter reviews how microstructure properties would influence heat setting, dye diffusion and mechanical properties of polyamide fibers.
Plant Hormones and Other Signaling Molecules

This chapter is an overview of the structure, distribution, and activity of the major groups of plant hormones and some other plant signaling molecules. The major classes of naturally occurring plant growth hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene regulate plant growth and development at concentrations much lower than those at which nutrients affect plant processes and growth. In addition, a number of other endogenous compounds, including aromatic compounds, N-containing compounds, terpenoids, and aliphatic compounds, also influence growth, often by interacting with hormones. The mechanisms of action of plant hormones are complex and not fully understood, largely because plant hormones do not have specific targets. Whereas specific and distinct roles in regulation of plant growth and development originally were applied to individual plant hormones, the current view is that plant development is regulated by hormonal interactions. Regulation by hormones is achieved by a ratio or balance between hormones, opposing effects of hormones, alterations of the effective concentration of one hormone by another, and sequential actions of different hormones. Furthermore, to affect target cells plant hormone signals must bind to a target site. The hormone-binding site complex induces a primary effect by altering a biochemical process and setting in motion a signal transduction network. On binding, a receptor molecule enters an active state, thereby activating a set of enzymes, which leads to a plant response. Plant hormones also may act by changing membrane properties. Plant hormones may initiate biological effects in hormone-sensitive tissues through “second messengers” that may or may not be hormones.
Primary Non-Urachal Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder

AbstractThe clinical course of 34 patients with non-urachal adenocarcinoma of the bladder was reviewed and compared to the world experience. The 5-year survivorship was 19 per cent, with only 1 patient being free of disease. Metaplasia with formation of glandular elements reflects the unstable potential of the transitional cell and may be associated with the biologic aggressiveness of the tumor.
How to diagnose hypertension in hemodialysis patients

An accurate measurement of BP is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in any hypertensive patient. Although hypertension is a big public health burden in hemodialysis patients and is characterized by elevated systolic and pulse pressure, assessment of blood pressure in these patients is often difficult. Some problems unique in this hypertensive population include interdialytic weight gain, occurrence of sleep-apnea and consequent nocturnal hypertension, and the inability to take BP in both arms in patients who have hemodialysis angioaccess in the arm. The problems of accurate assessment of BP are compounded by the lack of standardized BP measurements and the occurrence of white coat effect in about 1 in 5 patients. Precise measurement of BP in hemodialysis patients requires interdialytic ambulatory BP monitoring. However, when ambulatory BP monitoring is not possible, BP obtained in the dialysis unit can be used in a qualitative sense for prediction of hypertension in these patients. A 2-week averaged predialysis BP of >150/85 mmHg or a postdialysis BP of >130/75 mmHg has at least 80% sensitivity in diagnosing hypertension. Specificity of at least 80% can be achieved if predialysis BP of >160/90 mmHg or postdialysis BP of >140/80 mmHg are used. However, poor agreement between HD unit BPs and ABPs precludes their use for the precise prediction of BP. Improving the measurement technique in the dialysis unit, averaging multiple BP, using a 20 min postdialysis reading, or home BP monitoring can improve BP determination when interdialytic BP monitoring is not possible.
AB1062 Risk factors for mortality after tuberculous arthritis

Background: Tuberculosis arthritis is an emerging international problem despite advances in the methods of diagnosis and treatment; it is still prevalent in developing countries and on the increase in developed ones. Objectives Patients with tuberculous (TB) arthritis increase mortality This study investigated to search for the risk factors of mortality in TB arthritis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with TB arthritis who admit to Kaohsiung Chang Gang Memorial Hospital Jauary 2001 to December 2015. The long-term outcomes of the patients were analysed. Results A total of 281 patients (124 females and 17 males; mean age: 64.86±14.51 years) were enrolled. At the end of the study, 229 patients were alive and 52 had died. The mean follow up period were 8.31±4.52 years. The patients who were old age (p=0.004, HR=1.038, 95% CI 1.012–1.065), liver disease (p=0.036, HR=2.571, 95% CI 1.062–6.224) and underlying cancer (p=0.001, HR=3.640, 95% CI 1.725–7.679) had a significantly higher mortality rate than others. Conclusions When we treat TB arthritis, old age and underlying liver and cancer history should paid more attention to decrease the risk of mortality. Reference [1] LongQ, LiY, WangYetal(2008)BarrierstoaccessingTBdiagnosis forrural-to-urbanmigrantswithchroniccoughinChongqing, China: a mixed methods study. BMC Health Serv Res8:202 Acknowledgements We thank Kaohsiung CGMH for data support Disclosure of Interest None declared
Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Studies of the Rf Gene Cluster in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Their Distribution in World Sunflower Collections

Commercial hybrid seed production in sunflower currently relies on a single cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) source, PET1 and the major fertility restoration gene, Rf1, leaving the crop highly vulnerable to issues with genetic bottlenecks. Therefore, having multiple CMS/Rf systems is important for sustainable sunflower production. Here, we report the identification of a new fertility restoration gene, Rf7, which is tightly linked to a new downy mildew (DM) resistance gene, Pl34 , in the USDA sunflower inbred line, RHA 428. The Rf7 gene was genetically mapped to an interval of 0.6 cM on the lower end of linkage group (LG) 13, while Pl34 was mapped 2.1 cM proximal to the Rf7. Both the genes are located in a cluster of Rf and Pl genes. To gain further insights into the distribution of Rf genes in the sunflower breeding lines, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to identify markers associated with the fertility restoration trait in a panel of 333 sunflower lines genotyped with 8,723 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Twenty-four SNP markers on the lower end of LG13 spanning a genomic region of 2.47 cM were significantly associated with the trait. The significant markers were surveyed in a world collection panel of 548 sunflower lines and validated to be associated with the Rf1 gene. The SNP haplotypes for the Rf1 gene are different from Rf5 and the Rf7gene located in the Rf gene cluster on LG13. The SNP and SSR markers tightly flanking the Rf7 gene and the Pl34 gene would benefit the sunflower breeders in facilitating marker assisted selection (MAS) of Rf and Pl genes.
Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation: Variations on a Theme

Introduction Simulation gives the researcher the freedom to specify models that appropriately represent the choice situations under consideration, without being unduly hampered by purely mathematical concerns. This perspective has been the overarching theme of our book. The discrete choice models that we have discussed – namely, logit, nested logit, probit, and mixed logit – are used in the vast majority of applied work. However, readers should not feel themselves constrained to use these models. In the current chapter, we describe several models that are derived under somewhat different behavioral concepts. These models are variations on the ones already discussed, directed toward specific issues and data. The point is not simply to describe additional models. Rather, the discussion illustrates how the researcher might examine a choice situation and develop a model and estimation procedure that seem appropriate for that particular situation, drawing from, and yet adapting, the standard set of models and tools. Each section of this chapter is motivated by a type of data, representing the outcome of a particular choice process. The arena in which such data might arise is described, and the limitations of the primary models for these data are identified. In each case, a newmodel is described that better represents the choice situation. Often this new model is only a slight change from one of the primary models. However, the slight change will often make the standard software unusable, so that the researcher will need to develop her own software, perhaps by modifying the codes that are available for standard models.
Investment Incentives, Bankruptcies and Reverse Convertible Debt

The combination of risky cash flows, leverage and absolute priority rules in bankruptcy create a well known agency problem; shareholders face incentives to take risky, as opposed to value maximizing, investment projects. Recently, it has been argued that deviation from absolute priority rules in bankruptcy or workouts mitigates this problem. Working with the principle of contract theory that ex ante welfare gains can be maximized by pre-commitment (if contracts are resistant to re-negotiation), we consider efficiency gains from pre-commitment to such alternatives to absolute priority. The instrument is an inversion of convertible debt in which the conversion option is held by the owners. This instrument can be designed so that the conversion option is less costly ex post (i.e., after issue of debt) to bondholders than the default put implicitly embedded in non convertible debt. This design not only lessens the ex ante incentive problem but avoids the transaction costs of bankruptcies and workouts. Finally, we show that this form of debt is re-negotiation proof.
Factors influencing post-surgical variability in StepWatch data in youth with cerebral palsy.

Abstract Background Over the past several years, activity monitors have become very popular in the general population, and due to their low cost and ease of use, are starting to be seen as clinical tools for the assessment of interventions. This presents researchers with the opportunity to better understand how activity, or lack thereof, is related to the recovery of patients. However, even in individuals without disabilities, there is a high degree of variability in activity monitor data which must be better understood in order to produce clinically meaningful interpretation of such data. Research question What sources of variability contribute the most to the daily scatter in activity data as measured by StepWatches in youth with Cerebral Palsy (CP)? In particular, do non-clinical factors such as weather and location contribute to this variability significantly? Methods This was a retrospective study making use of data from our activity monitoring protocol of youths with CP who obtain single event multi-level surgeries. Before and after these surgeries, 57 such youths aged 4.2–21.3 years were issued StepWatches to monitor daily activity for 8 day periods over 24 months duration. Weather data and walk scores for the patients’ home locations were collected from online databases. Steps per hour were predicted from clinical and environmental data using bootstrapped regression to determine the stability of regression coefficients and the percent variability explained by each variable. Results Time since surgery, age, season, GMFCS level, and surgical burden were significant variables in the model. Of them, GMFCS level was most important and explained nearly 16% of the variability in the data. Temperature, precipitation, and walk score had small effects on step count variance. Significance Understanding sources of variability in step-counts is important if such a measure is to be used as a clinical measure of recovery, and may be important in the consideration of future surgical planning.
On the impact of running intersection inequalities for globally solving polynomial optimization problems

We consider global optimization of nonconvex problems whose factorable reformulations contain a collection of multilinear equations of the form $$z_e = \prod _{v \in e} {z_v}$$, $$e \in E$$, where E denotes a set of subsets of cardinality at least two of a ground set. Important special cases include multilinear and polynomial optimization problems. The multilinear polytope is the convex hull of the set of binary points z satisfying the system of multilinear equations given above. Recently Del Pia and Khajavirad introduced running intersection inequalities, a family of facet-defining inequalities for the multilinear polytope. In this paper we address the separation problem for this class of inequalities. We first prove that separating flower inequalities, a subclass of running intersection inequalities, is NP-hard. Subsequently, for multilinear polytopes of fixed degree, we devise an efficient polynomial-time algorithm for separating running intersection inequalities and embed the proposed cutting-plane generation scheme at every node of the branch-and-reduce global solver BARON. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method we consider two test sets: randomly generated multilinear and polynomial optimization problems of degree three and four, and computer vision instances from an image restoration problem Results show that running intersection cuts significantly improve the performance of BARON and lead to an average CPU time reduction of 50% for the random test set and of 63% for the image restoration test set.
Abstract WP367: Effect of Early Blood Pressure Reduction on Infarct Size in Patients With Large Vessel Occlusion

Introduction: In patients with large vessel occlusion presenting with acute ischemic stroke, cerebral perfusion is a major determinant of stroke severity. However, limited data exists to guide hemo...
A Wideband Equivalent Circuit Electric Dipoles

The problem of obtaining a wideband equivalent circuit for dipole antennas is addressed backward; the four-element circuit topology is taken as given; its three-element part was suggested by Chu and its extension to four elements by Stuart. The goals here are to obtain the element values with the least effort and to explore the available bandwidth. Based on the impedance spectrum, rather than on radiation or current eigenmodes, this approach identifies elements of the circuit from their behavior with frequency over a wideband impedance spectrum that includes both first and second resonances. Element values are derived from their impedance behaviors at three frequencies: zero (dc), first (series or short-circuit), and second (parallel or open-circuit) resonance. An Argand diagram is introduced to determine ${R}$ and ${L}$ at the first resonance; the two capacitances, ${C}$ and ${C} _{t}$ , at first and second resonances, respectively, complete the circuit. Optimization follows. Several examples are given and limitations discussed.
Evidence-Based Practices for Developing In-Depth Content Knowledge of Physical Education Teachers

This article aims to present evidence-based practices for developing physical education teachers’ in-depth content knowledge (CK) that impacts their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and student ...
Generating segmentation masks of herbarium specimens and a data set for training segmentation models using deep learning

Premise Digitized images of herbarium specimens are highly diverse with many potential sources of visual noise and bias. The systematic removal of noise and minimization of bias must be achieved in order to generate biological insights based on the plants rather than the digitization and mounting practices involved. Here, we develop a workflow and data set of high-resolution image masks to segment plant tissues in herbarium specimen images and remove background pixels using deep learning. Methods and Results We generated 400 curated, high-resolution masks of ferns using a combination of automatic and manual tools for image manipulation. We used those images to train a U-Net-style deep learning model for image segmentation, achieving a final Sorensen-Dice coefficient of 0.96. The resulting model can automatically, efficiently, and accurately segment massive data sets of digitized herbarium specimens, particularly for ferns. Conclusions The application of deep learning in herbarium sciences requires transparent and systematic protocols for generating training data so that these labor-intensive resources can be generalized to other deep learning applications. Segmentation ground-truth masks are hard-won data, and we share these data and the model openly in the hopes of furthering model training and transfer learning opportunities for broader herbarium applications.
Phase transition in epitaxial bismuth nanofilms

Raman and coherent phonon spectroscopies were used to investigate the thickness-dependent phononic properties of ultrathin single-crystal Bi films prepared by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111) substrates. Both the A1g and Eg Raman peaks disappeared in the Raman spectra of a 4 nm Bi film, indicating a complete transition from the low-symmetry A7 structure to the high-symmetry A17 structure. Coherent phonon signals of the A1g mode also showed a strong dependence on the film thickness, where thin samples (≤15 nm) exhibited lower phonon frequency and shorter phonon lifetimes than the thick samples (≥30 nm). This difference is attributed to a shallower energy potential barrier caused by both a permanent phase transition, which is determined by the film thickness, and a temporary structural transition by photo-excited carriers. Our results not only provide evidence of a phase transition from the A7 to the A17 structure with the decreasing Bi film thickness but also reveal the influence of this phase transition on phonon dynamics. Understanding these material performance traits will facilitate modern application of Bi thin films in electronic devices.
Quantitative nonlinear shear modulus mapping using freehand scanning

Nonlinear shear modulus (NLSM) can potentially distinguish between benign and malignant breast lesions. Although studies have demonstrated the potentials of quantitative NLSM mapping techniques, the prospect of using these techniques in clinic is limited due to the challenges they pose during data acquisition. NLSM imaging requires large tissue deformation and measurement of both tissue strain and shear wave speed involving two different types of elastography techniques. It is challenging to acquire such data at multiple compression levels while maintaining the speckle correlation within a plane. Additionally, deformation induced from free-hand scanning is compound in nature, containing both compression and shear components, which is not well-modeled. In this work, we developed a freehand NLSM imaging technique that overcomes these challenges. First, we utilized a recently developed analytic model that estimates NLSM at lower levels of compound motion. Second, we developed acquisition sequences that allow rapid acquisition of strain and shear wave elastographic data.
Plasma, Prostate and Urine Levels of Tocopherols and Metabolites in Men after Supplementation with a γ-Tocopherol-Rich Vitamin E Mixture

The vitamin E forms γ- and δ-tocopherols (T) inhibit carcinogenesis in animal models; nevertheless, their cancer preventive activities in humans are uncertain. As an initial step to address this is...
Orthogonalization and machine learning methods for residential energy estimation with social and economic indicators

Abstract The objective of this study is to identify the key factors that influence residential energy use in energy modeling. In doing so, we explore the impact of data transformations and analysis methods in developing residential energy models using social, economic, and demographic indicators at the zip code level in Atlanta, GA and for the entire state of Georgia. Orthogonalization algorithms, machine learning and variable selection techniques and ordinary least squares (OLS) are used to generate models for annual energy use for each zip code. Using log transformed yearly electricity estimation with orthogonalization yielded better estimates than other transformations [R2 = 0.80, normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) = 0.33, parameters = 15] and results for natural gas estimate were better (R2 = 0.95, NRMSE = 0.15, parameters = 9). As expected, both models showed that socio-demographic factors are significant predictors. For natural gas, income and household make-up are the most important factors while electricity has a broader variety of indicator types. For electricity, despite the model accounting for 80% of electricity variation, the NRMSE was still moderately high (0.33). When electricity use was separated into two clusters (high and low usage), the high use clusters appeared to match the interstate infrastructure morphology. These results show that electricity use, unlike natural gas use, is influenced by the morphology of the interstate roadway infrastructure and other social demographic factors.
Increasing Heroin-Methamphetamine (Goofball) Use and Related Morbidity Among Seattle Area People Who Inject Drugs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Methamphetamine use is increasing in the United States, potentially including the simultaneous injection of methamphetamine with heroin (goofball). We compared demographic, behavioral, contextual, and health factors among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the Seattle area and who reported that their main drug was goofball, heroin, or methamphetamine. METHODS We used data from 2017 and 2019 cross-sectional surveys of clients at Public Health-Seattle & King County's syringe services program (N = 792). RESULTS Among PWID participants, 55.3% reported using goofball in the last 3 months, and the proportion reporting goofball as their main drug doubled between 2017 (10.3%) and 2019 (20.1%, P < .001). The goofball group had the highest proportions of people who were aged less than 30, women, homeless or unstably housed, and recently incarcerated. PWID whose main drug was goofball reported considerable health risks and morbidity. Witnessing an opioid overdose was most commonly reported by participants whose main drug was goofball. This group also reported naloxone possession and use in an overdose situation more than other participants. The majority of participants were interested in reducing or stopping their opioid and stimulant use. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Among PWID, using goofball as a main drug doubled over 2 years and was characterized by contextual and individual factors that increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to characterize goofball use as a main drug. Clinical and public health efforts to diminish morbidity associated with opioid use need to integrate interventions that address the co-use of methamphetamine. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00-00).
Significance of electrical activity in the right superior pulmonary vein post-isolation and relationship to superior vena cava potentials.

Purpose After antral pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), electrical potentials may persist deep in the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV). Whether these potentials signify true pulmonary vein potential (PVP) (implying inadequate RSPV isolation) or are far-field potentials (FFP) from the superior vena cava (SVC) is unclear. Here, we attempt to assess the incidence of persistent potentials in RSPV post-isolation and methods to differentiate PVP from FFP. Methods Following PVI, we mapped the RSPV and the SVC with simultaneously placed catheters. We recorded the incidence of SVC potentials, RSPV potentials, and distance between the 2 structures. When RSPV potentials were present, we assessed (1) relationship to SVC potentials, (2) RSPV-SVC distance, and (3) responses on pacing from either site. Results Among 43 consecutive post-PVI patients, 39 (91%) patients had SVC electrical activity but only 10 had persistent RSPV potentials. Of these, 2/10 had true PVP, and 8 were FFP from SVC. Bipolar electrogram morphology did not differentiate PVP from FFP, but low-amplitude (5 mA) SVC pacing was an effective maneuver. However, high-amplitude (≥ 10 mA) pacing from SVC and/or RSPV could result in far-field capture of the other site even when RSPV was devoid of electrical activity. Average RSPV-SVC distance was 15.9 mm. Conclusions Persistent RSPV potentials occur rarely post-PVI despite the close proximity to electrically active SVC. When present, true PVP can be differentiated from FFP by low-amplitude pacing from SVC. Bipolar EGM morphology and high-amplitude pacing are unreliable at differentiating these potentials.
Analytical Solution for a Chip Temperature Distribution in a Multilayer Chip-Package with Thermal Warpage

With increasing processing capability and power consumption in multi-layered micro-electronic packages, efficient thermal management and structural integrity continue to remain crucial factors for ensuring package reliability. Effective and simple to implement analytical methods for temperature and warpage prediction are important tools to predict the thermo-mechanical performance of a package. While many existing analytical thermal models predict exact or approximate solutions [1], [2], they are computationally expensive for non-uniform power distributions and do not account for the effect of thermal warpage on the package thermal resistances and the temperature distribution. Similarly, existing methodologies for calculating the warpage or thermal stresses in bi- and multi-layer strip [3], [4] do not consider non-uniform power distribution on the chip surface.This paper presents an analytical solution for the temperature distribution in a multilayer chip-on-spreader package, combining the thermal warpage of the chip and package with the imposed uniform and non-uniform power distributions on the chip. An analytical solution is developed to calculate the warpage and the radius of curvature for a multilayer unlidded package as a result of mismatch in the thermal expansion of the package components as its temperature varies. The model is verified against Timoshenko’s model for two layers and is found to be a match. The temperature distribution on the chip is calculated using an analytical method for an unwarped package [5] where the linear superposition principle is applied to an exact solution of heat transfer in the spreader, coupled with 1D heat conduction from the chip and the thermal interface material (TIM) to the spreader. The two methods are solved implicitly until a converged solution is reached. The temperature distribution and the warpage results are presented for 10 by 10 grid uniform and non-uniform power maps applied to the chip. The model predicts a significant change in the temperature distribution as a result of package warpage. The results are also reported for a 60 by 60 grid non-uniform power map representative of power dissipation in a server chip. A comparison between the analytical model and the numerical results is also presented and are found to be in good agreement.
Norms of data sharing in biological sciences

Institutional environments, comprising regulative pressures by funding agencies and journal publishers, and institutional resources, including the availabilities of data repositories and standards for metadata, function as important determinants in scientists' data-sharing norms, attitudes and behaviours. This research investigates how these functions influence biological scientists' data-sharing norms and how the data-sharing norms influence their data-sharing behaviours mediated by attitudes towards data sharing. The research model was developed based on the integration of institutional theory and theory of planned behaviour. The proposed research model was validated based on a total of 608 responses from a national survey conducted in the USA. The Partial Least Squares PLS was employed to analyse the survey data. Results show how institutional pressures by funding agencies and journals and the availabilities of data repository and metadata standards all have significant influences on data-sharing norms, which have significant influences on data-sharing behaviours, as mediated by attitudes towards data sharing.
Effects of an unstable diesel fuel on injector coking and vehicle performance

The short-term effects of an oxidatively unstable diesel fuel were investigated in a 1982 General Motors 4.3-L V-6 diesel vehicle in city-suburban service. Effects on injector coking, Federal Test Procedure (FTP) emissions, fuel economy, cold-idle passenger compartment sound pressure, and driveability were monitored. The unstable test fuel caused frequent severe vehicle fuel filter plugging, despite the fuel having been pre-filtered with a filter having a pore size half that of the vehicle fuel filter. Filter plugging caused by fuel gum resulted in excessive smoke emission and power loss in highway operation and a tendency for the engine to stall easily when cold. It was concluded that vehicle fuel filter plugging can cause some of the complaints (for example, poor driveability and excessive smoke) attributed to injector coking. Injector coking was also observed, but the extent was insufficient to cause adverse effects on the measured parameters.
Controversies in medical ethics: training in abortion.

St. Mary’s Hospital is a Roman Catholic owned and operated teaching hospital located down town. The hospital has several internship and residency programs and medical student rotations, including one in obstetrics/gynecology. The administrator of the hospital learns that part of the requirements for an accredited residency program in obstetrics and gynecology is that all residents learn the indications, processes, and procedures for performing therapeutic abortions. The administrator issues a ruling saying that this is completely unacceptable and that no abortions will be done in St. Mary’s Hospital. Furthermore, the administrator states that it is completely unacceptable to have medical students or residents rotate across the street at Municipal Hospital to perform abortions. He simply does not want his obstetrics/gynecology learners participating in abortions at any location if they are to have an affiliation with his hospital. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), on the other hand, insists that to maintain an accredited residency program, the residents must learn this procedure. What is to be done? Is it appropriate for St. Mary’s Hospital to maintain an obstetrics/gynecology residency program or should they close it? One of the residents in the program, Dr. Mary Smith, insists that she is being denied complete training in her specialty by virtue of St. Mary’s policy. She is threatening legal action. What is to be done? Should you continue the medical student rotation at St. Mary’s?
Hollow silicon carbide nanoparticles from a non-thermal plasma process

We demonstrate the synthesis of hollow silicon carbide nanoparticles via a two-step process involving the non-thermal plasma synthesis of silicon nanoparticles, followed by their in-flight carbonization, also initiated by a non-thermal plasma. Simple geometric considerations associated with the expansion of the silicon lattice upon carbonization, in combination of the spherical geometry of the system, explain the formation of hollow nanostructures. This is in contrast with previous reports that justify the formation of hollow particles by means of out-diffusion of the core element, i.e., by the Kirkendall nanoscale effect. A theoretical analysis of the diffusion kinetics indicates that interaction with the ionized gas induces significant nanoparticle heating, allowing for the fast transport of carbon into the silicon particle and for the subsequent nucleation of the beta-silicon carbide phase. This work confirms the potential of non-thermal plasma processes for the synthesis of nanostructures composed of high-melting point materials, and suggests that such processes can be tuned to achieve morphological control.
Hydrothermal circulation within the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Areas of the seafloor at mid-ocean ridges where hydrothermal vents discharge are easily recognized by the dramatic biological, physical, and chemical processes that characterize such sites. Locations where seawater flows into the seafloor to recharge hydrothermal cells within the crustal reservoir are by contrast almost invisible but can be indirectly identified by a systematic grid of conductive heat flow measurements. An array of conductive heat flow stations in the Endeavour axial valley of the Juan de Fuca Ridge has identified recharge zones that appear to represent a nested system of fluid circulation paths. At the scale of an axial rift valley, conductive heat flow data indicate a general cross-valley fluid flow, where seawater enters the shallow subsurface crustal reservoir at the eastern wall of the Endeavour axial valley and undergoes a kilometer of horizontal transit beneath the valley floor, finally exiting as warm hydrothermal fluid discharge on the western valley bounding wall. Recharge zones also have been identified as located within an annular ring of very cold seafloor around the large Main Endeavour Hydrothermal Field, with seawater inflow occurring within faults that surround the fluid discharge sites. These conductive heat flow data are consistent with previous models where high-temperature fluid circulation cells beneath large hydrothermal vent fields may be composed of narrow vertical cylinders. Subsurface fluid circulation on the Endeavour Segment occurs at various crustal depths in three distinct modes: (1) general east to west flow across the entire valley floor, (2) in narrow cylinders that penetrate deeply to high-temperature heat sources, and (3) supplying low-temperature diffuse vents where seawater is entrained into the shallow uppermost crust by the adjacent high-temperature cylindrical systems. The systematic array of conductive heat flow measurements over the axial valley floor averaged ∼150 mW/m2, suggesting that only about 3% of the total energy flux of ocean crustal formation is removed by conductive heat transfer, with the remainder being dissipated to overlying seawater by fluid advection.
Characterization and relative orientation of epitopes for monoclonal antibodies and antisera to human chorionic gonadotropin.

Abstract We analyzed ten monoclonal antibodies and three polyclonal antisera directed against human chorionic gonadotropin by immunoassay in order to determine which pairs of antibodies are capable of binding simultaneously to hCG. A relative orientation of epitopes on the surface of hCG could be inferred from a matrix of data describing the abilities of particular antibody pairs to inhibit competitively or enhance the binding of each other. These results indicated that the binding site of each of the antibodies could be assigned to one of three different regions of the hCG molecule, and at least one antibody binding within each region exhibited a substantial preference for hCG relative to human luteinizing hormone. One of these regions is the COOH-terminal portion of the hCG beta subunit. A second region contains the binding site for the SB6 rabbit antiserum (which has been widely employed in clinical studies) as well as the binding sites of several monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies to this second region characteristically bind both the whole hormone and the free beta subunit. A third region contains the binding sites of a previously reported human antiserum and also several monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies characteristically react preferentially with the intact hormone relative to the free subunits. The information contained in the type of epitope map described here can be used as the rational basis for the design of two-site immunoradiometric assays for hCG and/or its subunits.