cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic Photometer for Measuring the Angular Dissymmetry of Light Scattering

A photometer is described for the automatic measurement and recording of the dissymmetry of light scattering in the angular range 20–160°. The instrument is primarily designed for the measurement of the molecular weight and associated parameters of high polymers. A high degree of freedom from stray light and an unusually favorable optical geometry are achieved by employing a unique optical system and a cylindrical scattering cell of new design. Adequate sensitivity, accuracy, and stability are demonstrated, together with ease and flexibility of operation up to temperatures of 150°C. Scattered light intensity as a function of angle is both recorded and punched onto paper tape for subsequent processing in a digital computer.
Geographic access to and availability of community resources for persons diagnosed with severe mental illness in Philadelphia, USA

This study assesses whether there are differences in geographic access to and availability of a range of different amenities for a large group of persons diagnosed with severe mental illness (SMI) in Philadelphia (USA) when compared to a more general set of residential addresses. The 15,246 persons who comprised the study group had better outcomes than an equal number of geographical points representative of the general Philadelphia population on measures of geographic proximity and availability for resources considered important by people diagnosed with SMI. These findings provide support for the presence of geographic prerequisites for attaining meaningful levels of community integration.
Using Orem's Theory in Transcultural Settings: A Critique

An overview of the theory describes its component parts and concepts as well as the premises and assumptions upon which the theory is based. The authors explore the compatibility and usefulness of Orem's theory with non-Western or minority Western non-Anglo values and belief systems. A literature review of studies and experiences using Orem's theory in a variety of cultures is presented and discussed. The authors conclude that Orem's theory must be supplemented or replaced by one less culturebound for use with cultures differing from the dominant Western culture.
Biologic variables in the hair uptake of methylmercury from blood in the macaque monkey

The total mercury (Hg) in hair and blood of 45 young healthy adult female Macaque fascicularis given 0, 50, 70, or 90 μg MeHg/kg body wt orally in apple juice daily revealed a close and constant ratio between blood Hg and hair. The amount of hair Hg does not increase with time (maximum period of observation 490 days) at a given dose level. Also the ratio was unchanged between background and subtoxic dose levels. Individuals at a given dose level with a higher-than-average blood level had a proportionately higher hair level. The Macaque blood/hair ratio is markedly lower than that reported for humans. Pregnancy did not have an appreciable effect on the hair mercury level. Review of the known variables in human and Macaque hair growth and structure does not provide an explanation for the difference. We suggest that an as yet unidentified biological variable(s), possibly circumfollicular blood flow, could account for the difference. This ratio difference notwithstanding, controlled studies on Macaque hair such as this add support for the validity of terminal hair as a trace metal exposure indicator.
SU-E-T-393: A Study of Varian Linac Beam Data Equivalency for IMRT

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the photon beam data for four Varian (2300iX) accelerators in six categories: beam quality, phantom scatter factor, output ratio in air, primary off axis ratio, electron disequilibrium factor and benchmark measurements including dose per MU ratio at selected points and a few IMRT plans. Methods: We compared the beam quality of these accelerators, characterizing the attenuation and beam hardening coefficients and percent depth dose (PDD) at 10cm depth. The phantom scatter factor (Sp) and output ratio in air (Sc) were measured in a full phantom and a miniphantom, respectively, at depth of 10cm and SAD = 100cm as a function of field sizes. Results: PDD agreed within 1% and the attenuation coefficients agreed within 3% for the same energy. The output ratio in air Sc is almost machine independent but was energy dependent and agreed within 0.3%. For the same nominal energy, the phantom scatter factor (Sp) measured at 10cm depth agreed within 1.4% regardless of the accelerator. We delivered 3 IMRT plans (prostate, H&N and lung) to study the difference in dose delivery among the four linacs. The dose delivered was compared for depths of 5, 10 and 20cm and to the calculated dose. All measurements were performed using a 2D diode array and analyzed using the distance to agreement (DTA) criteria of 3% and 3mm. The agreement among linear accelerators is much better than the agreement between measurement and calculation, and are better than 3.5% for all IMRT cases studied. Conclusion: Accelerators from the Varian manufacturer, with the same nominal energy and model, can be treated as identical to within 1.8% for conventional treatment as well as for IMRT treatment, provided that caution is given to the dosimetrical characteristics for OAR and small field dosimetry.
Integrated optic switches for phased-array applications based on electrostatic actuation of metallic membranes

Photonic ON/OFF and routing switches can be made using alterations of the modal effective index caused by changing the cladding on a dielectric waveguide. Drumhead-like aluminum membranes are formed electrostatically pulled into contact with the waveguides, with operating times of tens to hundreds of microseconds. An ON/OFF switch (or digital modulator) with an extinction ratio of 19 dB has been demonstrated using the change in the imaginary part of the effective index of a silicon nitride rib waveguide. Routing switches based on directional couplers are under development, and their feasibility has been demonstrated with a deposited (fixed) aluminum film. The switches are fabricated on silicon using VLSI-compatible processes, and can be used to select optical time delays for phased-array signal processing.
Adaptive precision positioning of smart composite panels subjected to external disturbances

This paper addresses the simultaneous precision positioning and vibration suppression of smart composite panels with piezoelectric patches. The filtered-x least mean square (LMS) adaptive feedforward control (AFC) for vibration/noise reduction is extended for this purpose, and AFCs with feedback loops are developed. The introduced feedback loops enhance the computational efficiency of the adaptive LMS algorithm and vibration suppression capability. Besides the classic PID feedback loop, the internal model configuration is introduced as well for the case in which the external disturbance is unknown. Experiments are performed on an active composite panel under a harmonic or random disturbance. The effects of the convergence factors of the adaptive algorithm on the overshoot and settling time of the position response of the smart composite panel are investigated. The vibration suppression and precision positioning capabilities of the AFC and the AFC with feedback loops are compared and discussed. The experimental results demonstrate that the overall positioning and vibration suppression performances for the AFC with feedback loops are better than those for the AFC.
Rapid Combinatorial Synthesis of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Mimetics: Use of a Polyethylene Glycol-Linked Amine and a Neamine-Derived Aldehyde in Multiple Component Condensation as a Strategy for the Discovery of New Inhibitors of the HIV RNA Rev Responsive Element

A library of neomycin B mimetics has been prepared rapidly without chromatography using a neamine-derived aldehyde, tert-butyl isocyanide or isocyanoacetic acid methyl ester, a glycine-conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) methyl ether, and various Cbz-N-protected amino acids as substrates in a Ugi-type one-pot reaction. The product linked to PEG was isolated by precipitation in ether. A simultaneous base-catalyzed hydrolysis and de-O-acetylation followed by hydrogenation provided an easy access to a library of neomycin B mimetics, which were screened for binding to the Rev responsive element of HIV mRNA (RRE). Several products were found to be more active than neamine with the IC50 values in the micromolar range.
Fractal Analysis of Flame-Synthesized Nanostructured Silica and Titania Powders Using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

The morphology of flame-generated silica and titania aggregates is characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Nearly all these powders display mass-fractal morphologies, which are composed of ramified aggregates of nanoscale primary particles. Primary particle size, aggregate size, fractal dimension, and specific surface area are obtained from this analysis. The mass-fractal dimension varies from 2.5 to 1.6 for flame generated silica and titania aggregates in single and double diffusion flame reactors. However, titania powders made in a single diffusion flame reactor appear as nonaggregates and nonfractals. Silica powders synthesized with an imposed electric field in a laminar, premixed flame reactor are mass fractals with narrowly confined fractal dimensions from 1.5 to 1.9 regardless of aggregate size.
Extraction of uranyl peroxo clusters from aqueous solution by mesoporous silica SBA-15

Soluble uranyl peroxo clusters in aqueous solution are potentially important for the transport and remediation of uranium. We studied extraction of one of such clusters, U60 [(Li48+mK12(OH)m[UO2(O2)(OH)]60(H2O)n, m ≈ 20, n ≈ 310 in the solid state], from aqueous solution using mesoporous silica SBA-15. A steady state was reached after 24 h with the extraction efficiency of 97.1 % and a distribution coefficient of 886.8 mL g−1. Both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models describe the extraction kinetics, although the pseudo second-order model has a slightly higher correlation coefficient and a calculated extraction capacity at steady state (6.48 mg g−1) closer to the experimental value (6.77 mg g−1).
Body temperature and respiratory rate of lactating dairy cattle under field and chamber conditions

A coordinated field and chamber experiment assessed breed, sire, and cow differences in body temperatures and respiratory rates. During each of 4 yr, 10 lactating Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey cows, 40 animals per yr, were observed in the field on 10 d when the air temperature approached 32 degrees C. For the first 3 yr, each cow also was exposed in a controlled atmospheric chamber at 40 degrees C and 34 mm Hg vapor pressure. Significant breed differences were found for body temperature and respiratory rate. The order of tolerance to hot conditions was Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, and Holstein both in the field and chamber. Significant sire differences, interpreted as genetic, were found for the field measures but not in the chamber. Repeatability of individual field observations for a cow on different days in a year ranged from .38 to .55. Correlations between the average of 10 observations for a cow in the field during a year and the chamber evaluation were positive but lower than the repeatability values. Correlations of ambient temperature with body temperatures and respiratory rates were highest; those for radiation were next, followed by vapor pressure and air movement.
A one-dimensional photonic crystal Rib waveguide

We introduced a new type of 1-D PC rib waveguide (PCRW). Simulations of the structure showed an extremely wide photonic band gap. Furthermore, the loss can be controlled by increasing the waveguide height.
Patterns of cerebral lateralization during cardiac biofeedback versus the self-regulation of emotion: sex differences.

The purpose of the present study was twofold: (1) to obtain information on central mechanisms underlying cardiac self-regulation by comparing changes in cerebral asymmetry during self-control of heart rate with changes observed during the production of affective imagery; and (2) to explore sex differences in hemispheric function during performance of these two tasks. Heart rate (HR) and bilateral parietal EEG filtered for alpha were recorded from 20 right-handed males and females during two discrete experimental phases: cardiac control and image self-generation. HR showed significant effects between up versus down in prefeedback and feedback, and between anger versus relaxing imagery in the image phase. The EEG data indicated similar patterns of hemispheric asymmetry in both sexes during prefeedback. However, with the introduction of feedback, females shifted to greater relative right hemisphere activation comparable to what they show when specifically instructed to think emotional thoughts; males showed little differentiation between conditions. These data indicate that the Self-regulation of HR with biofeedback in males and females may be accomplished by the utilization of strategies involving different underlying patterns of neuropsychological processes.
Real‐time monitoring of low‐mass ions by applying quadrupolar excitation to remeasurement in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

In the first application of quadrupolar excitation (QE) to the remeasurement of small ions, a remeasurement efficiency for benzene ions of 95% was achieved. The remeasurement experiment was optimized for excitation radius, static helium collisional cooling gas pressure and quadrupolar excitation amplitude. During initial studies conducted with benzene, it was found that maintaining an ion excitation that utilizes 12% of the full cell radius minimizes the effects of the non-quadrupolar potential in a small cell. Optimization of the benzene remeasurement experiment permits the real-time monitoring of an ion-molecule reaction, specifically the broadband QE remeasurement of the self-chemical ionization of toluene. A single population of the benzyl precursor ion is monitored for over 100 s as it reacts to produce xylyl ion. More than 30 min would be required to acquire the same quantity of data by the conventional methods in which a new ion population must be generated for each reaction time studied; this results in a 90% decrease in the amount of time required to generate an ion-molecule reaction profile. This work demonstrates the first use of broadband QE remeasurement as a method for monitoring an entire low-mass, gas-phase ion-molecule reaction from a single population of ions.
A study of nerve regeneration and neuroma formation after nerve suture by various techniques.

The effectiveness of epineurial, perineurial, and a combined epiperineurial methods of nerve suture in the severed sciatic nerve of rabbits was studied by biochemical assay of the collagen just distal to the neuroma and the collagen and myelin content of the posterior tibial nerve. Repairs were done both immediately after severance and in a separate group 3 weeks later. More collagen was found near the neuroma in the immediate epineurial group, but 60 percent of the normal myelin was found in the posterior tibial nerve after the immediate epineurial suture compared to 28.3 percent in the immediate perineurial group.
The Trope of the Organic City: Discourses of Decay and Rebirth in Downtown Seattle

Across the nation, the desire to reverse histories of urban decline has led city officials to plow public subsidies into big-ticket, privately controlled downtown redevelopment projects. But what determines the scope of public involvement in downtown redevelopment? Drawing on a larger study of Seattle development politics, this article argues that impersonal economic pressures alone do not determine the scope of public subsidies to downtown developers and retailers. Instead, the discursive context surrounding the decision to subsidize downtown redevelopment is equally as important. In Seattle, a coalition of retailers and city officials framed the debate over publicly subsidized downtown redevelopment within the confines of an organic trope, where the issue of subsidies was cast as a decision between the “life” and “death” of downtown. This article assesses the political implications of the organic city trope and offers recommendations on how the language of the “living city” can be rearticulated to help ...
Reactive oxygen species: are they involved in the pathogenesis of GERD, barrett’s esophagus, and the latter’s progression toward esophageal cancer?

Reactive oxygen species: are they involved in the pathogenesis of GERD, barrett's esophagus, and the latter's progression toward esophageal cancer?
Operating room traffic is a major concern during total joint arthroplasty.

Background Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a challenging complication associated with total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Traffic in the operating room (OR) increases bacterial counts in the OR, and may lead to increased rates of infection.
Acute Problems during Low-Dose-Rate Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Cervical Carcinoma

Abstract Objective. To estimate the incidence and severity of problems arising during the hospitalization of cervical carcinoma patients undergoing low-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (ICB). Methods. One hundred seventy ICB implants in 128 cervical carcinoma patients undergoing curative radiation therapy were reviewed. All events during the hospitalization requiring physician evaluation and/or intervention were scored as a "problem" and divided into 10 categories (fever/infection, pain, gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, cardiac, dermatologic, gynecologic, endocrinologic, psychiatric). Problems were scored as mild (no significant morbidity, therapy not discontinued), moderate (therapy discontinued but no significant morbidity), or severe (significant morbidity or mortality). Patient and treatment factors were correlated with acute problems. Results. Forty-two implants (24.7%) were associated with acute problems (95% minor, 5% moderate, 0% severe). The most common types were fever/infection (14.1%) and gastrointestinal problems (5.9%). Other problem types occurred in P = 0.21) and risk of late sequelae ( P = 0.74) similar to those of patients without acute problems. Conclusion. Problems occur during the hospitalization in approximately one-quarter of cervical carcinoma patients undergoing low-dose-rate ICB. However, most are minor and do not result in morbidity, require discontinuation of therapy, or adversely impact on outcome.
WRITING ABSTRACTS FOR FREE‐TEXT SEARCHING

A survey of abstracting policies used by producers of bibliographic databases examined abstracting guidelines which aim to enhance free‐text retrieval. Of the 123 database policies examined, fifty‐seven (46 per cent) included such instructions. Editors consider content of abstracts and their language as a primary factor in retrieval enhancement. Most recommend that once abstractors decide which concepts to include in abstracts and in which form to represent them, these terms should be co‐ordinated with index terms assigned from a controlled vocabulary. Guidelines about the type of abstracts, i.e., informative or indicative, and about their length are not affected by the capability of free‐text retrieval.
Finite deformation analysis of the relaxed and contracted dog carotid artery

Abstract Elastic behavior, of dog carotid arteries, was investigated utilizing finite deformation theory. Excised segments of artery were held at in situ length and inflated. Measurements of longitudinal force, inflation pressure, and diameter were made continuously. Tests were conducted after activation of the vascular smooth muscle with norepinephrine and again after poisoning with potassium cyanide. The vessels were found to be anisotropic in their unstressed states. The partial derivatives of the strain-energy density function, with respect to the circumferential extension ratio, were computed. These functions increased exponentially. Activation of the smooth muscle caused a marked increase in stiffness in the circumferential direction; longitudinal stiffness was only slightly altered, however. It is demonstrated that the incremental modulus of elasticity in the circumferential direction is greater than the longitudinal modulus throughout most of the range of strain covered by these experiments.
Infectious mutants of cassava latent virus generated in vivo from intact recombinant DNA clones containing single copies of the genome.

Abstract Intact recombinant DNAs containing single copies of either component of the cassava latent virus genome can elicit infection when mechanically inoculated to host plants in the presence of the appropriate second component. Characterisation of infectious mutant progeny viruses, by analysis of virus-specific supercoiled DNA intermediates, indicates that most if not all of the cloning vector has been deleted, achieved at least in some cases by intermolecular recombination in vivo between DNAs 1 and 2. Significant rearrangements within the intergenic region of DNA 2, predominantly external to the common region, can be tolerated without loss of infectivity suggesting a somewhat passive role in virus multiplication for the sequences in question. Although packaging constraints might impose limits on the amount of DNA within geminate particles, isolation of an infectious coat protein mutant defective in virion production suggests that packaging is not essential for systemic spread of the viral DNA.
Computer-based performance assessments: a solution to the narrow measurement and reporting of problem-solving

Although performance assessments test for higher order thinking and problem solving, they rarely report students' thinking process data back to teachers, students, or the public. Web-based database-backed performance assessments provide a viable means for concurrently reporting both performance and thinking process data. In the research conducted here, we report our findings from a study that assessed student problem solving using networked computers. Both performance and process data could be reported back to teachers and students such that they could diagnose and understand how they performed and what problem-solving processes contributed to or detracted from their performance.
Immunochemical evidence for the transport of haemolymph protein into the cuticle of Manduca sexta.

Larvae and pupae of Manduca sexta were utilized to determine whether haemolymph proteins can traverse the epidermal cell and enter the newly deposited pupal cuticle in an unaltered state. The proteins examined were those that function in carrying dopamine (or a dopamine metabolite) from the haemolymph into the cuticle. Radiotracer studies and electrophoretic analysis suggested that the haemolymph carrier proteins were indeed transported into the cuticle. Antibodies against the haemolymph carrier proteins reacted with proteins extracted from the cuticle. Further work demonstrated that proteins extracted from the cuticle are immunologically similar to the haemolymph carrier proteins.
The RNA Binding Region of the Paramyxovirus SV5 V and P Proteins

The V/P gene of simian virus 5 (SV5) encodes two proteins, V (222 residues) and the phosphoprotein P (392 residues). The V and P proteins are amino coterminal for 164 residues, but they have unique carboxy termini due to addition of two nontemplated G residues to the P mRNA during transcription. We have shown that the V and P proteins bind RNA by using both Northwestern blot analysis and ultraviolet-light crosslinking. The RNA-binding region has been mapped to a region in the P and V proteins which contains five basic residues (K74, K76, K77, R79, K81). Either deletion of the basic residues or substitution of the basic residues with alanine inhibited RNA binding by the V or P proteins.
R-type plasmids in mitochondria from a single source of Zea luxurians teosinte

Two linear DNA plasmids resembling the R1 and R2 plasmids that are present in the mitochondria of several South American strains of maize were found in mitochondria from a single source of Zea luxurians collected by L. Mazoti. The Mazoti mtDNA is closely related to mtDNAs of other Z. luxurians, but mitochondria derived from the other Z. luxurians sources lack the plasmids. The larger plasmid from Mazoti mitochondria, M1, was cloned and large portions of it were sequenced. Restriction mapping and sequence comparisons showed that approximately 4.9 kb is similar to the S1 plasmid of maize and an additional 2.6 kb is related to R1 sequences integrated into the main mitochondrial genome of N cytoplasm. Therefore, the M1 plasmid appears to be very similar to the R1 plasmid. The inverted repeats at the ends of the M1 plasmid are not identical. The left end IR is similar to the S-TIRs found at the termini of the S plasmids. The right end IR more closely resembles the integrated R1 sequences, including the "variant" region of the TIR. Whereas the variant region contains 13 bp in the S-TIRs and 15 bp in an integrated version of R1, it is 16 bp long in M1. The region of M1 that has no homology to the S1 plasmid is expressed at very low levels in Mazoti and RU cytoplasms, but at much higher levels in CMS-S mitochondria, where part of it is present in the main mitochondrial genome.
Stopping dead in one’s tracks: Motor inhibition following incidental evaluations

Motivational theories of affect contend that negative stimuli should slow motor behavior. However, this claim has been supported mainly by animal research. The current investigation establishes, perhaps for the first time, that incidental negative primes slow subsequent motor behavior among humans. In addition to examining choice reaction time (Studies 1 and 2), we introduce a method for examining the speed of continuous motor behavior (Study 3). In all studies, we found that behavior was slowed following, or in the context of, negative stimuli. It is concluded that, in certain situations, the mere presence of negative stimuli inhibits the speed of subsequent motor behavior.
The mechanical state of the lithosphere in the Altiplano-Puna segment of the Andes

Abstract Information about topography, the shape of the geoid, seismicity, Neogene deformation and volcanism in the region of Altiplano-Puna of western South America is used to analyse the state of stress across the convergent plate margin in terms of the effects of topography and simple models of its compensation. An average elevation near 4 km is consistent with compensation by a yet unresolved combination of crustal root and hot uppermost mantle producing a geoid high of 22–27 meters, average horizontal compressive stress (in excess of a reference sea level lithostatic value) of 390 bars in a 150 km thick lithosphere, and an average shear stress of 170 bars along a 30° dipping interplate boundary. The basis for these estimates is evidence for a neutral to extensional stress regime within the high plateau contrasted with a compressional regime on the eastern slopes and along the interplate boundary itself. Comparison with other plateaus in a convergent plate tectonic setting suggests an evolutionary sequence from compressional to extensional tectonics as elevation of the plateau increases.
REVIEW OF DOUBLE BETA DECAY EXPERIMENTS

The type of double beta decay (two-neutrino) which must occur via a second order weak interaction has finally been observed in the laboratory, and the result agrees with previous geochemical determinations. Calculations can be made to agree with these experiments by adding a particle-particle force to decrease the rate, but the additional force may not have a large effect on predictions of no-neutrino double beta decay. The latter, which requires lepton-number violation and one other element of new physics beyond the standard model (such as neutrino mass) could occur in at least two forms. One of these, Majoron-induced decay, has definitely not been observed so far, contrary to an earlier experimental result. The other form of neutrinoless decay is also not yet observed, the lifetime limit being about 1024 years. This limit can be used to set constraints on effective Majorana neutrino mass (~2eV), heavy Majorana neutrino mass, right-handed currents, and supersymmetric particles in theories with R parity violation.
Lower bounds for vlsi implementation of residue number system architectures

Abstract Since the number of components that can fit on a single chip is large and rapidly growing, the asymptotic analysis and computational complexity have become applicable to the VLSI systems. We propose a model of computation devoted to VLSI structures based on Residue Number System (RNS). The developed model employs the ‘cut theorem’ which has been used by most of the abstract VLSI models. It is not as general as other reported models, but it gives tighter lower bounds and more accurate measures of performance for RNS structures. This computational model relates the area and time complexities with the inherent properties of RNS, the moduli size and the dynamic range. The model supports the look-up table implementation approach and it is technology-independent.
Relationship between hole trapping and interface state generation in metal‐oxide‐silicon structures

We have discovered a general relationship between the location of trapped holes and the subsequent generation of interface states. Experimentally, we find that a hole can become an interface state, but it must first be trapped between 20 and 70 A from the Si/SiO2 interface (near‐interfacial hole trap) and then transfer to within 18 A of the interface (interfacial trapped holes). Finally, the hole captures an electron and becomes an interface state. The transfer process between near‐interfacial and interfacial trapped holes does not seem to be a simple release‐capture process. Rather it appears to involve a complicated migration of the trapped hole defect towards the interface. Radiation‐hardened oxides are shown to have a similar number of near‐interfacial traps, but these traps are shallower than those in the soft oxides.
Regulation of myocardial cyclic AMP by isoproterenol, glucagon and acetylcholine.

Abstract A method for preparing rat and calf heart slices which retain their responsiveness to various hormones is described. It is shown that isoproterenol and glucagon independently and maximally increased myocardial cyclic AMP, up to about 6-fold, that the stimulatory action of these two hormones was not additive, and that propranolol abolished the action of isoproterenol but not that of glucagon. These data suggest that isoproterenol and glucagon interact with functionally distinguishable receptors on myocardial adenyl cyclase. Acetylcholine antagonized the action of isoproterenol, of glucagon, or of both, greatly reducing the elevation of myocardial cyclic AMP. Acetylcholine also lowered the basal level of cyclic AMP slightly.
Direct Sparse Deblurring

We propose a deblurring algorithm that explicitly takes into account the sparse characteristics of natural images and does not entail solving a numerically ill-conditioned backward-diffusion. The key observation is that the sparse coefficients that encode a given image with respect to an over-complete basis are the same that encode a blurred version of the image with respect to a modified basis. Following an "analysis-by-synthesis" approach, an explicit generative model is used to compute a sparse representation of the blurred image, and its coefficients are used to combine elements of the original basis to yield a restored image.
A new protecting group and linker for uridine ureido nitrogen

(2,6-Dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methoxymethyl chloride [1, monomethoxydiph-enylmethoxylmethyl chloroide (MDPM-Cl)] shows a significant relative stability and 1 reacts with uridine ureido nitrogen in the presence of DBU to form the corresponding protected uridine 8 in 95% yield. The MDPM-protected uridines are stable to a wide variety of conditions utilized for the synthesis of analogs of capuramycin and muraymycins. Significantly, the MDPM protecting group can conveniently be deprotected by using 30% TFA in CH2Cl2. In addition, polymer-bound MDPM-Cl 23 is useful for immobilization of uridine derivatives.
Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis: A case-control study

It has recently been suggested that nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an under-recognized cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) on the basis of higher prevalence of obesity and type II diabetes among these patients. To test this hypothesis, we studied 65 consecutive patients with advanced cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Score >/= 7) of undetermined etiology (CC) from our active waiting list for liver transplantation in January 1993, 1996, and 1999. For each patient, we selected 2 age- and sex-matched controls from the corresponding lists. The prevalence of obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] >/= 30) and diabetes were compared between the groups. Sixteen patients (and their 32 controls) with CC were excluded as further review of records suggested other possible etiologies. Thus, the final analysis included 49 patients and 98 controls. The etiology of cirrhosis in the control group was alcohol in 16.3%, chronic viral hepatitis in 30.6%, autoimmune hepatitis in 8.2%, and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis in 35.7%. The prevalence of obesity (55% vs. 24%) and type II diabetes (47% vs. 22%) was significantly higher in patients with CC compared with controls. Twenty-three percent of patients with CC had both obesity and diabetes compared with 5% among controls (P =.002). There was no difference in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (serum cholesterol > 200 mg/dL) between the groups. In conclusion, patients with advanced CC are more likely to be obese and diabetic compared with age- and sex-matched patients with advanced cirrhosis. This supports the hypothesis that NASH may be an etiological factor in some of the patients with CC.
News item results from medium-energy intranuclear-cascade calculation

Abstract An appreciable quantity of data has been generated using a medium-energy intranuclear- cascade calculation. Reactions were calculated for incident neutrons, protons and charged pions on five elements ranging from oxygen to lead. The energy range of the incident nucleons was from 500 to 3000 MeV in 500 MeV steps and, similarly, the energy range of the incident pions was from 500 to 2500 MeV. Data from the cascade and evaporation phases are available. A preliminary version of the computer programs used to generate the data is also available. The final version of the programs will be made available in the near future.
Storage volume and overflow risk for infiltration basin design

This study presents a risk-based approach for the design of infiltration basins. The design parameters include basin storage volume, drain time, and overflow risk. At a basin site, the storm-water detention storage volume is determined by design runoff capture volume, tributary watershed area, and runoff coefficient. The basin geometry is dictated by the water volume balance between the surface storage volume in the basin and the subsurface storage capacity in soil pores. The drain time at a basin site is found to be a function of initial soil water content, soil porosity, infiltration rate, and distance to the ground-water table. After knowing the basin geometry and size, the basin's performance can be evaluated by the overflow risk analysis using the local average event rainfall depth and interevent time. In practice, a sensitivity test on overflow risk can be conducted with a range of basin storage volumes. The risk-based approach presented in this study provides an algorithm to calculate the long-term...
Color and gender based differences in the sources of influence attributed to the choice of college major

Abstract People of color are not attending US colleges and universities in numbers that are representative of their share of the population. Although state sanctioned privileges of White males, relative to people of color and women, are now prohibited, equal access to education and career opportunities is yet to be realized. White men are paid higher salaries than people of color and women, and in several occupations, inequalities are increasing. Without college education, today’s elementary and secondary school students are unlikely to acquire the knowledge and skills that might prepare them for work in which opportunities for advancement and financial reward are greatest and demand is high. An empirical study was conducted in which college students were asked to indicate the importance of various sources of influence on their choice of major. The results indicate that people of color, compared to Whites, and women, compared to men, rely upon different sources. These findings suggest that advising and the media may have an important role to play in achieving diversity in postsecondary education and, ultimately, employment.
A Transmission Tomography Problem Based On Multiple Arrivals From Paraxial Liouville Equations

A level set based Eulerian method for paraxial geometrical optics was developed recently by Qian, Leung and Osher (Qian and Leung, 2004; Qian and Leung, 2003; Leung et al., 2004). This provides an efficient method for computing the multivalued arrivaltimes from a point source. We combine these techniques with adjoint state methods to solve a transmission tomography problem where multivalued traveltimes are measured on the boundary while the velocity in the media will be determined.
Haukoos JS, Hopkins E, Byyny, RL, For the Denver Emergency Department HIV Testing Study Group Patient Acceptance of Rapid HIV Testing Practices in an Urban Emergency Department: Assessment of the 2006 CDC Recommendations for HIV Screening in Health Care Settings

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that HIV screening be incorporated into routine care unless patients opt out, but most emergency departments (EDs) have not adopted routine screening. WHAT QUESTION THIS STUDY ADDRESSED: Will patients accept routine HIV testing in the ED without separate written consent or traditional pre- and posttest counseling? WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE: In this survey, 81% were willing to receive free HIV testing in the ED, but many required explanation of opt-out testing. HOW THIS MIGHT CHANGE CLINICAL PRACTICE: Patient acceptance may not be an important barrier to routine ED HIV screening. Nevertheless, screening is unlikely to be adopted in busy EDs unless payment and workload issues can be resolved. The yield of routine ED screening may be low in most settings.
Beyond Rational Deterrence: The Struggle for New Conceptions

Throughout the nuclear era, United States strategic defense policy has been conceptualized in terms of the rational theory of decision. Though this has been on balance a happy arrangement for the primary policy of deterrence, there are anomalies in the theory which make its extension to problems of arms control problematic and which lead to well-known doubts about crisis stability. Given the seriousness of the latter issues, it is well to consider the implications of alternative theories of the decision process. A competitive theory of the decision process can be found; that theory, labeled here the cybernetic theory, leads to distinctly different conclusions concerning major matters of defense policy such as force sizing, force targeting, and arms-negotiation strategy. It is very unlikely that such an unfamiliar and underdeveloped theory could either quickly or completely replace established rational conceptions of defense policy, but some plausible marginal adjustments are suggested.
D-c amplifier employing junction-type transistors

Some circuit arrangements for d-c amplifiers are described. Several methods for the solution of the drift problem are recommended. Some of the related operating characteristics of an experimental 2-stage amplifier are included.
The relationship between Horney’s three neurotic types and Eysenck’s PEN model of personality

Abstract The Horney–Coolidge Type Inventory (HCTI) was developed by Coolidge, Moor, Yamazaki, Stewart, and Segal (2001) to objectively measure the three neurotic personality types postulated by Karen Horney. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Horney’s three neurotic types and Eysenck’s PEN model of personality. The HCTI and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) were completed by 130 university students (92 women and 38 men). It was hypothesized that the HCTI and EPQ-R scales would correlate in predictable ways, and this hypothesis was partially supported. A principal components analysis of the HCTI and EPQ-R scale scores indicated that the Aggressive and Detached scales loaded onto the same factor as Psychoticism, while the Compliant scale and Neuroticism loaded onto the same factor. The results indicated that the HCTI might be a measure of interpersonal aspects of Eysenck’s Psychoticism and Neuroticism factors.
Lumbar Spine Loads in Low- and Moderate-Speed Rear-End Collisions

Much attention has been given to the motions of and the forces and moments exerted upon the cervical spine during rear-end collisions, often in the interest of understanding so-called whiplash injuries in low-speed collisions and serious or fatal neck injuries in higher speed collisions. In contrast, lumbar spine loads are seldom recorded in rear-end collisions. For example, it has become common to place instrumented anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in vehicles during FMVSS 301 Fuel System Integrity rear-end impacts. Since the mid-1990s, upper neck loads have been measured during these tests, and, more recently, lower neck load data have been collected as well [1]. Lumbar spine loads, in contrast, are generally not recorded [1].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
UHF Micromechanical Compound-(2,4) Mode Ring Resonators With Solid-Gap Transducers

UHF vibrating micromechanical ring resonators with solid-filled dielectric transducer gaps (as opposed to previous air gaps) operating in a compound-(2,4) mode have been demonstrated at 979.6 MHz with Q's on the order of 3,100 and motional resistances effectively 4.7x smaller than air gap counterparts under identical bias conditions. Due to their higher dielectric constant, substitution of solid dielectric materials for air or vacuum in the electrode-to-resonator gap leads to increased electromechanical coupling in capacitively transduced micromechanical resonators, which in effect generates more output current, and thus, reduces motional resistance. The advantages of using solid dielectric material as the ' gap' are multifold, as it (1) eliminates the need for the final gap release etch in the MEMS fabrication process, thereby enhancing yield; (2) lowers device impedance versus air gap renditions, allowing easier matching to other components; (3) eliminates the possibility of particles getting into an electrode-to-resonator air gap, which would otherwise pose a potential reliability issue; and (4) consolidates the resonator structure, making it less susceptible to shock This work greatly extends the frequency of direct (as opposed to indirect) solid-gap transduced MEMS resonators, from the previous 60 MHz using a compound (2,1) mode, to now nearly 1 GHz, and in a range desired for RF front ends, using a compound (2,4) mode.
Changes in p19Arf Localization Accompany Apoptotic Crisis during Pre-B-Cell Transformation by Abelson Murine Leukemia Virus

Transformation by Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV) is a multistep process in which growth-stimulatory signals from the v-Abl oncoprotein and growth-suppressive signals from the p19(Arf)-p53 tumor suppressor pathway oppose each other and influence the outcome of infection. The process involves a proliferative phase during which highly viable primary transformants expand, followed by a period of marked apoptosis (called "crisis") that is dependent on the presence of p19(Arf) and p53; rare cells that survive this phase emerge as fully transformed and malignant. To understand the way in which v-Abl expression affects p19(Arf) expression, we examined changes in expression of Arf during all stages of Ab-MLV transformation process. As is consistent with the ability of v-Abl to stimulate Myc, a transcription factor known to induce p19(Arf), Myc and Arf are induced soon after infection and p19(Arf) is expressed. At these early time points, the infected cells remain highly viable. The onset of crisis is marked by an increase in p19(Arf) expression and a change in localization of the protein from the nucleoplasm to the nucleolus. These data together suggest that the localization and expression levels of p19(Arf) modulate the effects of the protein during oncogenesis and reveal that the p19(Arf)-mediated response is subject to multiple layers of regulation that influence its function during Ab-MLV-mediated transformation.
Risk Perceptions, General Environmental Beliefs, and Willingness to Address Climate Change

The research reported here examines the relationship between risk perceptions and willingness to address climate change. The data are a national sample of 1225 mail surveys that include measures of risk perceptions and knowledge tied to climate change, support for voluntary and government actions to address the problem, general environmental beliefs, and demographic variables. Risk perceptions matter in predicting behavioral intentions. Risk perceptions are not a surrogate for general environmental beliefs, but have their own power to account for behavioral intentions. There are four secondary conclusions. First, behavioral intentions regarding climate change are complex and intriguing. People are neither “nonbelievers” who will take no initiatives themselves and oppose all government efforts, nor are they “believers” who promise both to make personal efforts and to vote for every government proposal that promises to address climate change. Second, there are separate demographic sources for voluntary actions compared with voting intentions. Third, recognizing the causes of global warming is a powerful predictor of behavioral intentions independent from believing that climate change will happen and have bad consequences. Finally, the success of the risk perception variables to account for behavioral intentions should encourage greater attention to risk perceptions as independent variables. Risk perceptions and knowledge, however, share the stage with general environmental beliefs and demographic characteristics. Although related, risk perceptions, knowledge, and general environmental beliefs are somewhat independent predictors of behavioral intentions.
Genetic connectivity for two bear species at wildlife crossing structures in Banff National Park

Roads can fragment and isolate wildlife populations, which will eventually decrease genetic diversity within populations. Wildlife crossing structures may counteract these impacts, but most crossin...