cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Arguments for Prostitution

In this chapter, I offer two direct arguments—one consequentialist, the other nonconsequentialist—for the ultima facie moral permissibility of prostitution. One is a consequentialist argument and, as such, an argument wherein a claim regarding the moral permissibility of prostitution is derived from at least one consequentialist moral claim and no nonconsequentialist moral claims whatsoever. The other is a nonconsequentialist argument and, as such, an argument wherein a claim regarding the moral permissibility of prostitution is derived from at least one nonconsequentialist moral claim and no consequentialist moral claims whatsoever.
Evaluation of programmed death ligand 1 expression in cytology to determine eligibility for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway have recently emerged as a frontline treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The evaluation of PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry in histologic samples is used to determine the eligibility of patients with HNSCC for immunotherapy. Patients with newly diagnosed HNSCC are frequently diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of lymph nodes with metastatic disease. However, the evaluation of PD-L1 expression with the proposed combined positive score (CPS) has not been well established in cytology specimens. Methods This study retrospectively identified 21 HNSCC patients with a known PD-L1 status from histologic specimens and matched FNA specimens with tumor cells on cell blocks (CBs). The CB sections were stained with a PD-L1 antibody (22C3 clone). All cases were scored with CPS and the tumor proportion score (TPS). Results The data showed substantial concordance between cytologic and histologic specimens for CPS (agreement, 76.2%; κ = 0.607) and TPS (agreement, 76.2%; κ = 0.607). With histology used as a reference standard, the positive predictive value was 100% for both CPS and TPS, whereas the negative predictive value was 57.1% for CPS assessments and 50% for TPS assessments. Conclusions PD-L1 expression in HNSCC cytology samples has high concordance with paired histologic samples. PD-L1 CPS evaluation is feasible in HNSCC cytology CBs and can act as a surrogate for determining eligibility for immunotherapy in cases in which a histologic specimen is not readily available.
Development and testing of drought indicators

Numerous definitions of droughts which are based on different climatological time series have been in use. In this paper, the development of drought indicators by using different time series is described. These drought indicators were developed for use by the Department of Natural Resources in the State of Indiana, U.S.A. The second part of the study deals with an analysis of the consistency of results obtained by using different time series, in order to select two or three of the commonly available series for drought analysis. Past drought data are used to test the performance of the drought indicators. As a result of this study, three month precipitation, monthly river flow and the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index series are recommended for operational use.
Synthesis and Secretion of γ-Globulin by Lymph Node Cells IV. THE CELL-FREE INCORPORATION OF GALACTOSE INTO THE CARBOHYDRATE COMPONENT OF γ-GLOBULIN

Abstract A microsomal system which incorporates 14C-galactose into an endogeneous, specifically coprecipitable, γ-globulin acceptor is described and characterized. The product formed is compartmentalized within microsomes, and procedures for its solubilization are presented. Evidence indicating the selective inhibition of incorporation into γ-globulin, without inhibition of incorporation into other protein acceptors, is also described.
Vascular regulation via KIR channels and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase.

Follow this and additional works at: http://ecommons.udayton.edu/hss_fac_pub Part of the Biomechanics Commons, Cardiovascular System Commons, Exercise Physiology Commons, Exercise Science Commons, Leisure Studies Commons, Motor Control Commons, Musculoskeletal System Commons, Occupational Therapy Commons, Other Kinesiology Commons, Other Rehabilitation and Therapy Commons, Physical Therapy Commons, Recreational Therapy Commons, Sports Management Commons, Sports Sciences Commons, Sports Studies Commons, and the Therapeutics Commons
ESD protection clamp with active feedback and mis-trigger immunity in 28nm CMOS process

Data Converters in 28nm CMOS processes have the need to support higher voltage power supply domains in addition to the more traditional core and I/O voltages. In this work a new supply clamp architecture is proposed which ensures a reliable low leakage performance at the higher supply voltages (2.5V/3.3V). An active feedback network is designed into the supply clamp architecture to ensure uniform clamping during the duration of the ESD event. Miss-trigger immunity and over voltage protection is additionally incorporated to ensure reliable functionality up to 3.3V and across all the process corners.
Immunochemical studies on blood groups: LIII. A study of various conditions of alkaline borohydride degradation on human and hog blood group substances and on known oligosaccharides

Abstract Blood group A, B, H, Lea, Leb, and I substances, their products of periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, and disaccharides containing 3-O-substituted reducing N-acetylhexosamines were treated with base-borohydride under three defined sets of conditions. Procedures for the assay and quantitation of the possible reduced base-degradation products, including hexenetetrol(s), 3-deoxygalactitol, galactitol, reduced chromogens, N-acetylglucosaminitol, and N-acetylgalactosaminitol are described. Extensive degradation occurred by two methods. 1 m NaBH4 in 0.05 n NaOH at 50 ° cleaves the glycosidic linkage of the oligosaccharide chains from serine and threonine with reduction of the terminal-reducing N-acetylgalactosamine with minimal base degradation. The method is useful for isolation of complete reduced oligosaccharides from blood group substances; the structural implications of the free and oligosaccharide-bound N-acetylgalactosaminitol released are discussed.
Photocurrent-induced peak-dragging in a nanobeam photonic crystal cavity

We demonstrate here the peak-dragging phenomenon in a nanobeam photonic crystal cavity with low optical power thresholds. In our device, Joule-heating mechanism enhances the absorption-induced heat by collecting the generated photocarries in a reverse-biased pn-junction.
Effect of EDTA on plutonium migration

Widely present in the mixed wastes at the Hanford site, ethylenediametetraaceticacid (EDTA) can solubilize radionuclides such as plutonium and may increasetheir mobility in the environment. We have evaluated the sorption of Pu(IV)onto Hanford soil in the presence and in the absence of EDTA through laboratory-basedexperiments at ambient temperature and atmosphere. The sorption ratio (R%)was determined as a function of EDTA concentration and solid-liquid ratio.The sorption decreased significantly when EDTA concentration increased. Thediffusion of Pu(IV)–EDTA was relatively fast, with an effective diffusioncoefficient, D e = 3.54 . 10 –6 cm 2 /s at pH 5.25.
Fluorescence imaging of CO(2)laser-heated droplets.

Distortion, ejection, shattering, and propulsion of water and ethanol droplets containing Rhodamine 6G dye have been photographed at different time delays after initiation of a CO2 laser pulse, which causes explosive vaporization of the droplets. We have developed a fluorescence imaging technique to photograph the liquid-phase portion of the ejected material and the parent droplet after irradiation by the CO2 laser pulse.
Phosphorus Adsorption and Desorption in Coarse-Textured Soils Bordering Recreational Lakes

Sandpit lakes of Nebraska are residential developments frequently affected by excess phosphorus (P). The objectives of this study are to quantify P retention and release by sandpit lake soils and determine properties related to P retention and release. Soils were sampled at 0–15 and 15–30 cm deep from six developed and one undeveloped site. Adsorption was fit to the Langmuir isotherm and desorption was fit to the Elovich equation. Clay and organic matter contents identified some sites as amended with finer-textured soil. Iron, aluminum, and P fractions were low in all samples but greater in amended soil. Adsorption maximum was greater at 0–15 cm deep for all but the undeveloped site. Adsorption energy parameter was greater at 15–30 cm deep. Elovich slopes and intercepts were generally greater in the 0- to 15-cm samples. Slopes were positively related to soil P richness. Importing finer textured soil to lake sites increases P retention and should help preserve water quality.
Exploratory Data Analysis of Production Data

Production data represent a source of information about the ongoing dynamic flow process in the reservoir. A proper analysis of these data might therefore give an indication of the relationships governing the fluid flow. Exploratory data analysis is one tool which can be used to extract the required information and to establish a statistical significance to the results. This paper presents a simple approach to examine the interwell communication and interference of a mature waterflood in order to identify and rank areas of potential improvement. Using this as a screening process we can identify areas with the best potential for further and more detailed studies. In addition some of the problems and limitations associated with analysis of production data are discussed.
Gravitational Effects in Guth Cosmology

Abstract Gravitational effects play a crucial role in cosmological phase transitions with Coleman-Weinberg type of symmetry breaking. For an SU(5) phase transition, it is argued that the false vacuumis destabilized at T ∼ 109 GeV.
ASYMMETRICAL VARIATION IN COCCONEIS SCUTELLUM

Few biological facts have been more productive of taxonomic confusion than has that of form variation in the Bacillariaceae (diatoms). As early as I855 Gregory (7) was warning investigators against the multiplying of specific names on the basis of form, and one has only to consult some of the recent systematic works to realize that confusion still baffles the conscientious student. Elmore (6) writes, " It is only by a most thorough and careful study of any species that all the forms in which it may appear can be determined." Few convincing researches upon complete life histories of diatom species have been undertaken or accomplished, and without such researches, determination of specific limits remains subject to arbitrary lines of demarcation (3, 4). The great majority of specific types of diatoms are symmetrical in relation to certain planes (I7). Such species may show a marked tendency to variation of form without loss of symmetry. Examples are Synedra ulna (Nitz.) Ehr. and Navicula varians Greg. Elmore (6) shows twenty-four figures of S. ulna and Gregory (7) forty-eight figures of N. varians. Probably all investigators of diatoms have observed asymmetrical forms of species that are typically symmetrical. References to such variations have been few, however, the attention of investigators having been fixed on typical specimens. Rarely have such forms been pictured in the systematic works unless sufficient significance is ascribed to them to justify, in the mind of the author, a specific or varietal name. Between the extremes of ignoring them as abnormalities and of ascribing to them specific or varietal importance, has been that of recognizing, in form variations, intermediates which bridge gaps between named varieties, species, or even genera. The adjectives "abnormal," "distorted," or "deformed," commonly applied to asymmetrical variants, indicate the more general attitude toward their appearance and significance (I, 5, I1, II, 13, I5). The valves in the genus Cocconeis are typically symmetrical, and are usually elliptical in form. Several species have been described as variable, among them Cocconeis pediculus Ehr. (6) and C. extravagans Jan. (I9). Asymmetry is apparently common in both species. The writer has not found any definite reference to asymmetrical variation of form in Cocconeis scutellum Ehr. Comber (3) in a discussion of specific diagnosis of diatoms writes, "Thus Mastogloia maxima Grunow is nothing 267
Coping Strategies, Personal Control and Childbirth

The use of personal coping strategies in labour was investigated using qualitative analysis of a series of interviews with newly delivered mothers (n=60). A high level of use of personal coping strategies was observed. A significant relationship was found between use of personal coping strategies and feelings of personal control in labour.
Cross adaptation between salts in the chorda tympani nerve of the rat

Abstract Electrophysiological recordings of cross adaptation in the chorda tympani nerve of the rat were obtained for all possible pairs of 17 salts, HCl, quinine hydrochloride, and sucrose, at concentrations chosen to produce equal neural responses. The initial transient phase of the summated whole nerve response to a salt could be eliminated or reduced following adaptation of the tongue to other salts. Salts with common cation cross adapted more than salts with different cations, which reflects the results of human psychophysical studies. Salts with different cations also cross adapted and the amount of adaptation depended upon the cations paired. Two groups of salts emerged: (1) sodium and lithium salts, and (2) ammonium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts within a group cross adapted considerably more with each other than with salts in the other group. The effect of the anion was small and attributed to differences between halide salts and salts with more complex anions. The effects of cross adaptation paralleled Erickson's across-fiber correlations between responses to pairs of salts. These data established the existence of cross adaptation in a mammalian peripheral taste nerve.
Review of systemic lupus erythematosus

Review of severe osteoradionecrosis treated by surgery alone or surgery with postoperative hyperbaric oxygenation A. Maier, A. Gaggl, H. Klemen, et al British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2000;38:173-6. This article reports the results of a clinical study of 41 patients with mandibular osteoradionecrosis. Patients were divided into research arms to receive either post resection (of the radiation-damaged bone) hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment, repeated debridement and clindamycin, or debridement and clindamycin without HBO. Assignment to HBO and no HBO groups was based on the availability of HBO at participating institutions. It is unclear from the article what means were used to standardize debridement protocols and success criteria. The authors found that patients receiving HBO not only did not receive a benefit, but also had poorer outcomes than did those not receiving HBO. The authors concede that the study numbers are relatively low but conclude that HBO should not be recommended for treatment of severe osteoradionecrosis after an initial resectioning of the involved mandible. They do appear to recommend following the protocol of preoperative and postoperative HBO for prevention and preresection of osteoradionecrosis. James R. Hupp DMD, MD, JD, MBA
The use of a double focusing field ionization mass spectrometer for the study of gas phase ion decomposition kinetics at 10 -11 to 10 -5 sec

Abstract The theory and technique for the use of a double focusing field ionization (FI) mass spectrometer for the study of the kinetics of gas phase unimolecular decompositions of ions at 10−11 to 10−5 sec are described. The kinetics of ion decomposition reactions in the shortest time frame (10−11 to 10−9 sec) are deduced from an analysis of the product ion translational energy distribution, which is best measured by variation of the F1 emitter voltage. Specific instrument modifications (CEC 21-110B) and calculations are described. The use of a double focusing instrument is essential in order to utilize isotopic labeling techniques fully in conjunction with F1 studies of unimolecular decomposition of (radical-) ions.
Heart rate-corrected QT interval in men increases during winter months.

Background Sudden cardiac death increases during winter months in both men and women. The heart rate–corrected QT (QTc) interval exhibits circadian variation. However, little is known about QTc interval variation with month of year. Objective We sought to determine whether the QTc interval varies with month of year. Methods We retrospectively analyzed a database of 24,370 electrocardiograms (ECGs) to determine seasonal variation in QTc intervals. The analysis data set included 7,976 baseline ECGs, one each for 3,700 men and 4,276 women. ECGs selected for analysis were normal, recorded in regions north of the equator, and taken on subjects ≥18 years old. The QT correction for heart rate (HR) was performed using QTc=QT*(HR/60) 0.4 . The monthly mean QTc intervals were compared, for men and women separately, using a one-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results Subject ages ranged from 18 to 95 years. The monthly mean QTc intervals were consistently greater for women than for men by 5.2 ± 2.3 ms. After correction for multiple comparisons, the difference between the greatest and least monthly mean QTc interval was 6.1 ± 1.5 ms ( P P Conclusions Significant seasonal variation in QTc interval exists among male subjects ≥18 years of age with normal baseline ECGs, with the QTc interval being longest in October. No significant variation was seen for women.
Electron microscopy of polar insertions in the lac operon of Escherichia coli

Several strongly polar mutations in the omega region of the z gene of the lac operon result from insertions consisting of only two specific sequences of DNA, one about 870 and the other 1170 nucleotide pairs long (based on single-strand measurements). No sequence homology was detected between the shorter (IS1) and longer (IS3) insertions. The IS1 insertion was shown to possess a specific attachment site, but it can be inserted with either orientation at several sites in the z gene. Four insertion sites in the omega region of gene z were identified and the position of the lac5 substitution and the SR2 deletion in the λplac DNA were determined by heteroduplex mapping.
Depleting methyl bromide residues in soil by reaction with bases.

Despite generally being considered the most effective soil fumigant, methyl bromide (MeBr) use is being phased out because its emissions from soil can lead to stratospheric ozone depletion. However, a large amount is still currently used due to Critical Use Exemptions. As strategies for reducing the postfumigation emissions of MeBr from soil, Ca(OH)2, K2CO3, and NH3 were assessed as means of promoting MeBr degradation. Ammonia aqueous solution (NH4OH) was the most effective, because MeBr can be degraded by both hydrolysis and ammonolysis. At 20 °C, the half-lives (t1/2) of MeBr were 18.0, 2.5, and 1.3 h in 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 M NH4OH, respectively. In 1.0 M NH4OH, increasing the solution temperature to 40 °C reduced the half-life of MeBr to 0.23 h. Ammonia amendment to moist soil also promoted MeBr transformation, and the MeBr degradation rate increased with increasing soil temperature. NH4OH (30%, 16 M) very effectively reacted with MeBr that was contained under plastic film. Under Hytibar (a virtually imp...
High Rate of Reactivation of Chagas Disease after Heart Transplantation in the United States

Purpose Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) is a common indication for heart transplant (HTx) in endemic countries, but uncommon in the U.S. Given the potential for reactivation (react) of the causative agent Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) with immunosuppression, close monitoring for TC react is required.We sought to determine the rate of TC react in patients undergoing HTx for CC at a U.S. transplant center. Methods and Materials Serological testing for TC was performed using a whole epimastigote immunofluorescence assay and Chagatest ELISA recombinante v.3.0 (Wiener Laboratorios). After HTx, clinical surveillance for react comprised of: 1) serial clinical evaluation 2) echocardiography, and 3) heart biopsy to assess for presence of amastigotes. Positivity for any of these features was considered as clinical react of TC. Lab surveillance for react comprised of: 1) microscopy of a buffy coat blood sample for TC and 2) whole blood real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for TC at the Reference Diagnostic Laboratory of the Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria at the CDC. All clinical reacts were treated. Reacts based on positive PCR results (“PCR reactivation”) were treated, except in 1 patient where repeat testing was negative. Results Between June 2006 and January 2011, 11 patients underwent HTx for CC. Two patients were lost to follow up. Two patients experienced clinical react, occurring 100 days and 216 days post-HTx. Four patients experienced PCR react at an average of 23 days post-HTx. Two patients with clinical react and 3 with PCR react were treated for TC (nifurtimox 1 patient and benznidazole 4 patients). One patient w/clinical react died due to cardiogenic shock, whereas the other 5 patients are alive at a median of 399 days post-HTx. Conclusions React of TC is common after HTx, occurring in 67% of patients, at an average of 68 days post-HTx. React is associated with mortality and therefore close clinical/laboratory monitoring is essential. Antibiotic prophylaxis requires further investigation.
Regarding “Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonists block the noxious effects of toxic industrial isocyanates and tear gases”

I read with great interest the report by Bessac et al. entitled: “Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonists block the noxious effects of toxic industrial isocyanates and tear gases (1).” In the introduction the authors mention a variety of environmental exposure scenarios, including Bhopal, India, and a large-scale pesticide spill that occurred on the Sacramento River in Northern California in 1991. In the latter case, a slight correction is in order. The pollutant released at Bhopal was, indeed, methyl isocyanate (MIC), a potent mucous membrane and pulmonary irritant. The pollutant produced by the hydrolysis of the pesticide metam sodium in the Sacramento River, however, was methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), the sulfur analog of MIC (2). The authors refer later in the article to MITC, but identify it as a native compound applied as a soil fumigant. In reality it is metam sodium that is applied as a soil fumigant, with in situ hydrolysis releasing MITC into soil. While a potent irritant, MITC is somewhat less active than MIC and, fortunately, the human health impacts more circumscribed. In the case of the 1991 Sacramento River metam sodium spill, although there were no fatalities, cases of irritant-induced asthma were nevertheless documented amongst both occupationally and environmentally exposed individuals, underscoring the potential human health hazard of the pesticide and its major breakdown product (3).
Mixtures of stochastic processes: application to statistical downscaling

Note: 7: 185-193 Reference EFLUM-ARTICLE-1996-001 Record created on 2005-09-08, modified on 2017-02-23
pH-sensitive, plasma-stable liposomes with relatively prolonged residence in circulation

Abstract Acid-sensitive liposomes composed of unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are efficient vehicles for cytoplasmic delivery of the target cells. We have recently shown that liposomes composed of dioleoyl-PE (DOPE) and dipalmitoylsuccinylglycerol DPSG retain the acid-sensitivity after exposure to human plasma. In the present work, we have extended these observations to investigate the role of ganglioside GM1 on the blood residence time of these liposomes. Small (d≈ 100 nm) unilamellar liposomes composed of DOPE and DPSG (4:1, molar ratio) became progressively less acid-sensitivie when increasing amounts of GM1 were included in the lipid composition. However, partial sensitivity to acid (40–50% release of entrapped contents at pH 4) could be retained up to 5% GM1, even for liposomes which had been exposed to human plasma. Inclusion of GM1 in the lipid composition only slightly increased the release of entrapped contents in the presence of human plasma. The biodistribution of i.v. injected GM1-containing liposomes was studied by following the entrapped 125I-labeled tyraminylinulin marker in Balb/c mice. Inclusion of up to 5% GM1 showed a transient increase in the blood level and a concomitant decrease of liver and spleen uptake of liposomes. Thus, these liposomes are pH-sensitive, plasma-stable and show a relatively prolonged residence time in circulation. They are potentially significant drug carriers in vivo.
Sequence of MKT1, needed for propagation of M2 satellite dsRNA of the L-A virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

MKT1 is required for maintenance of K2 above 30°C in strains with the L-A-HN variant of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We report that MKT1 encodes a 92 979 Da protein with serine-rich regions and the retroviral protease signature, DTG, but with no substantial homology to proteins presently in the databases. This sequence is available from GenBank under Accession Number U09129.
DSM economic marginal demand bidding

Asymmetric information in the electricity market creates incentive for customer aggregators (ESCOs, EMCOs, LSEs, etc.) to bid strategically as new information arrives. Such companies are pooling demand to provide enhanced services to customers. Since such demand pooling companies are not defined generically, all types of demand pooling companies will be termed demand serving company (DSC) to not confuse these with the existing company products and services. This paper considers strategic interaction between demand companies and the markets where energy is traded simultaneously in two or more markets. With information about the type of supplier bids in each market, a DSC's cost can be implied from the market prices, demand timing, and quantity of demand. The complexity comes into play when one market is more transparent and liquid than another. Smart Grid equipment is a facilitator for such market play by DSCs. The question then is to determine how a DSC would bid given the expectations of its competitors and the suppliers on each market as well as the knowledge on physical characteristics of each system.
A Difficult Balancing Act: Employment, Technology, Context, and Change (Innovations Case Discussion: ETV Pumps, Solar Tuki, Rickshaw Bank)

own way, provides vital products or services to the people. Without their work, the relevant users would certainly be less well off. ETV offers a reliable way to get safe water. Tuki creates jobs in rural areas and sells lamps that meet owners’ needs in a sustainable way. RB began by giving marginalized rickshaw pullers access to ownership of their rickshaws and went on to create a variety of social services. These organizations and others like them are making a difference. We are particularly impressed by the cogent arguments about technology choice in the beginning of the ETV paper. We admire the positive values and motives of the three entrepreneurial organizations. Yet we struggle with whether the efforts—and in Tuki’s case, the money—are being used in the most effective and efficient way. What problems do we see? We will explore five different aspects of the ventures: project scope, design process, financial model, distribution strategy, and scaling and implications for future
Perceived Height, Personality, and Friendship Choice

The relations between Ss' own stated heights, the perceived heights of their 3 closest friends, and personality variables were examined. Ss (N = 173) showed a tendency to select friends closer to their own stated heights than would have been expected by chance. EPPS dominance and abasement need percentile scores (from a subsample of N = 38) were unrelated to Ss' stated heights or difference scores between Ss' and friends' stated heights.
Integrating inventory impacts into a fixed-charge model for locating distribution centers

Abstract An important question in the design of efficient logistics systems is the identficaton of locations for distribution centers. Optimal designs should be based on consideration of inventory, transportation, construction and operating costs. This paper describes a method for including inventory costs within a fixed-charge facility location model, allowing such a model to be used more effectively for the development of optimal system designs. A realistic application of the model is discussed.
The exchangeable multinomial model as an approach to testing deterministic axioms of choice and measurement

Abstract The multinomial (Dirichlet) model, derived from de Finetti's concept of exchangeability, is proposed as a general Bayesian framework to test axioms on data, in particular, deterministic axioms characterizing theories of choice or measurement. For testing, the proposed framework does not require a deterministic axiom to be cast in a probabilistic form (e.g., casting deterministic transitivity as weak stochastic transitivity). The generality of this framework is demonstrated through empirical tests of 16 different axioms, including transitivity, consequence monotonicity, segregation, additivity of joint receipt, stochastic dominance, coalescing, restricted branch independence, double cancellation, triple cancellation, and the Thomsen condition. The model generalizes many previously proposed methods of axiom testing under measurement error, is analytically tractable, and provides a Bayesian framework for the random relation approach to probabilistic measurement (J. Math. Psychol. 40 (1996) 219). A hierarchical and nonparametric generalization of the model is discussed.
Importance of Ca2+ in gastric epithelial restitution — new views revealed by real-time in vivo measurements

It has been a few decades since Ca2+ was identified as one of the important factors that can accelerate gastric wound repair as well as contribute to epithelial homeostasis and regulation of gastric secretions. The mechanistic basis has remained largely unexplored in vivo because it was not possible to track in real time either intracellular Ca2+ mobilization or wound repair in living tissues. Recent advances in technology, such as combining high resolution light microscopy and genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters in mice, now allow the monitoring of Ca2+ mobilization during gastric epithelial cell restitution. Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger that influences numerous cellular processes, including gastric acid/bicarbonate secretion, mucus secretion, and cell migration. We have demonstrated that cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization within the restituting gastric epithelial cells is a central signal driving small wound repair. However, extracellular Ca2+ is also mobilized in the juxtamucosal luminal space above a wound, and evidence suggests extracellular Ca2+ is a third messenger that also promotes gastric epithelial restitution. Interplay between intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ is necessary for efficient gastric epithelial restitution.
Double minute chromosomes and the homogeneously staining regions in chromosomes of a human neuroblastoma cell line

Four human neuroblastoma cell lines were studied by chromosome banding techniques. All of the lines contained a marker chromosome with a long nonbanding homogeneously staining region (HSR). The HSR-containing chromosome differed in each line. One line contained two classes of cells: one with an HST marker chromosome and the other with double minute chromosomes. Each cell had one of these abnormalities; no cell had both. The presence of two additional chromosomal markers in all cells of this line indicates a common origin. These observations suggest that the double minute chromosomes are derived from the HSR.
Phase-Shifting Zernike Interferometer Wavefront Sensor

The canonical Zernike phase-contrast technique transforms a phase object in one plane into an intensity object in the conjugate plane. This is done by applying a static π/2 phase shift to the central core (~ λ/D) of the PSF which is intermediate between the input and output planes. Here we present a new architecture for this sensor. First, the optical system is simple and all reflective. Second, the phase shift in the central core of the PSF is dynamic and or arbitrary size. This common-path, all-reflective design makes it minimally sensitive to vibration, polarization and wavelength. We review the theory of operation, describe the optical system, summarize numerical simulations and sensitivities and review results from a laboratory demonstration of this novel instrument.
Computer simulation of the metabolism of guinea pig brain slices, and how they differ from the intact brain

Abstract A computer model of the metabolism of glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyrate and the Krebs cycle in guinea pig cortex slices has been constructed in terms of 98 reactions among 38 unlabeled species. Fitting the data from slices required the addition of a third small compartment to previous 2-compartment models based on whole brain experiments. This third compartment corresponds to the tissue damaged during the slicing process, and dominates the metabolism of 14 C-labeled substrates at early times. The times required for equilibration between this additional compartment and the bulk of the slice are longer than expected. Interpretation of short-term slice experiments may be subject to appreciable error owing to the presence of this additional compartment.
CP and T violation in non-perturbative chiral gauge theories

We give a completely general derivation revealing the precise origin and the quantitative effects of CP and T violations in chiral gauge theories on the lattice.
RecA independent recombination of poly[d(GT)-d(CA)] in pBR322

Short sequence tracts composed of alternating guanosine and thymidine nucleotide residues poly[d(GT)-d(CA)] carried in a derivative of pBR322 were recombinogenic in a recA host. Recombination brought about by poly[d(GT)-d(CA)] tracts displayed two interesting properties: (i) the reaction was quasi-sequence-specific in that while recombination usually occurred between two poly[d(GT)-d(CA)] tracts, recombination also occurred between sequences bordering the dinucleotide repeats. (ii) recombination was enhanced when two poly[d(GT)-d(CA)] tracts were clustered within 250 base pairs of each other, but not when the repeats were separated by 3 kilobase pairs. The mechanism by which poly[d(GT)-d(CA)] stimulated recombination remains to be determined, but the behavior of these sequences is consistent with the idea that general recombination in E. coli may involve formation of Z-DNA.
An Energy Saving Throughput-Optimal MAC Protocol for Cooperative MIMO Transmissions

In wireless networks without nodes equipped with multiple antennas, cooperative Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transmissions may be used to harness diversity gains. In general, diversity gains are larger if more nodes are involved in the transmission. However, a transmission policy that maximizes the diversity gain or throughput need not maximize the stability region, since queues at the nodes may grow while waiting for a sufficient number of nodes to become available. To address this issue, this paper develops a mechanism for maximizing the throughput while reducing the energy consumption and maintaining queue stability. We develop a sufficient condition that ensures the throughput optimality of a stable transmission policy and then use it to design a distributed, dynamic threshold based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for cooperative MIMO transmissions. The MAC protocol requires only limited local information for its operation. Simulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol and compare it against regular point-to-point and existing cooperative MIMO MAC protocols. The results show that the proposed scheme can provide considerable gains in the throughput and energy savings compared to cooperative MIMO based on fixed number of cooperating nodes.
Rotational discontinuities in anisotropic plasmas

The kinetic structure of rotational discontinuities (RDs) in anisotropic plasmas with T-perpendicular/T-parallel is greater than 1 is investigated by using a 1D electromagnetic hybrid code. To form the RD, a new approach is used where the plasma is injected from one boundary and reflected from the other, resulting in the generation of a traveling fast shock and an RD. The results show that across the RD both the magnetic field strength and direction, as well as the plasma density change. Given that such a change can also be associated with an intermediate shock, the Rankine-Hugoniot relations are used to confirm that the observed structures are indeed RDs. It is found that the thickness of RDs is a few ion inertial lengths and is independent of the rotation angle. Also, the preferred sense of rotation is in the electron sense; however, RDs with a rotation angle larger than 180 deg are found to be unstable, changing their rotation to a stable ion sense.
Donatello's Lost Dovizia for the Mercato Vecchio: Wealth and Charity as Florentine Civic Virtues

Donatello's Dovizia (ca. 1430), a heroically scaled allegory that stood atop a column in the Mercato Vecchio, was most probably a Communal commission. An idealized female figure in forceful movement with a large basket of fruit atop her head and a cornucopia on one arm, she is related in iconography to contemporary writings by Leonardo Bruni and other humanists which suggest that she embodied the new concept of the interrelationship between Civic Wealth and Florentine Civic Charity. Created at a time of financial instability and change, the Dovizia was calculated to express the stability and beneficence of the Florentine Commune.
Regular Functions and Cost Register Automata

We propose a deterministic model for associating costs with strings that is parameterized by operations of interest (such as addition, scaling, and minimum), a notion of regularity that provides a yardstick to measure expressiveness, and study decision problems and theoretical properties of resulting classes of cost functions. Our definition of regularity relies on the theory of string-to-tree transducers, and allows associating costs with events that are conditioned on regular properties of future events. Our model of cost register automata allows computation of regular functions using multiple "write-only" registers whose values can be combined using the allowed set of operations. We show that the classical shortest-path algorithms as well as the algorithms designed for computing discounted costs can be adapted for solving the min-cost problems for the more general classes of functions specified in our model. Cost register automata with the operations of minimum and increment give a deterministic model that is equivalent to weighted automata, an extensively studied nondeterministic model, and this connection results in new insights and new open problems.
HDL-cholesterol levels in the multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT) by the MRFIT Research Group

Preliminary data from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) have been examined for evidence that the program has an influence on plasma HDL-cholesterol. The overall mean level of this lipoprotein in the initial cohort of 1,084 men was not altered by two years of participation in this risk factor reduction project. However, changes did occur, both upwards and downwards, in some individuals. There were significant negative associations between change in HDL-cholesterol and changes in body mass, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and serum thiocyanate (a measure of cigarette smoking exposure); and there was a small positive association with change in reported alcohol intake. Multiple regression analysis revealed each of these associations to be independent of the others. The fat-controlled diet designed to lower total serum cholesterol did not decrease HDL-cholesterol levels. We conclude that conventional risk reduction programs are not likely to lower circulating HDL-cholesterol, and that program components such as weight reduction and smoking cessation may increase the levels.
A Prophecy for the Arts in Higher Education

(2009). A Prophecy for the Arts in Higher Education. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 16-21.
Single-Crystal Silicon Photonic-Crystal Fiber-Tip Pressure Sensors

The combination of high-mechanical flexibility and high-optical reflectivity makes planar photonic crystal diaphragms excellent mirrors for optical resonators used in fiber-optic pressure sensing. We have developed a standard silicon process to construct a monolithic photonic crystal-based crystalline silicon membrane. We report on three photonic crystal pressure sensors with different compliances, and discuss the following figures of merit: 1) spectral shift sensitivity; 2) optical sensitivity; 3) pressure sensitivity; 4) resolution; and 5) dynamic range. When compared with a sensor made with an oxide diaphragm, each of our sensors is at least an order of magnitude more sensitive, with a spectral shift sensitivity magnitude of up to 8.6 nm/kPa. We show that the fabrication can be tailored to optimize figures of merit depending on the needs of the application. [2014-0151]
Role of REM sleep and dream affect in overnight mood regulation: a study of normal volunteers

To test that REM sleep and/or dreaming aid in the overnight regulation of negative mood, 60 student subjects, selected to have no current or past episodes of depression, were tested with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before and after two nights of laboratory sleep. There was a significant overnight effect of sleep on the Depression scale (Dep) both on a sleep-through night and a night of REM awakenings for dream recall. Pre-sleep Dep was significantly correlated with the affect in the first REM report. Although Dep scores were truncated due to the screening criteria, a subgroup of the 10 highest scorers differed from the 50 low scorers in the distribution of dream affect categories across the night. Low scorers displayed a flat distribution of positive and negative affect in dreams, while those with some pre-sleep depressed mood showed a pattern of decreasing negative and increasing positive affect in dreams reported from successive REM periods. This suggests that dreaming may actively moderate mood overnight in normal subjects.
Children’s Adjustment Following Hurricane Katrina: The Role of Primary Caregivers

Hurricane Katrina severely disrupted the lives of many children and families in the central Gulf Coast of the United States. Face-to-face interviews with child-caregiver dyads were conducted at approximately 1 year posthurricane (T1) and 6-10 months later (T2). The contribution of several factors-caregiver's self-reported symptomatology and coping advice and child perceptions of caregiver distress, unavailability, warmth, and caregiver-child conflict-to child-reported posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms was examined. Findings provide partial support for the importance of the caregiving context to children's adjustment. Specifically, higher levels of caregiver-child conflict at T1 were associated with more PTSS at T2, controlling for baseline symptoms. In contrast, higher levels of caregiver education were negatively related to child PTSS at T2. After adjusting for objective hurricane exposure and symptoms at T1, none of the caregiving variables was related to child-reported depressive symptoms at T2. The implications of these findings for efforts to promote children's adjustment after disaster are discussed.
The clinical application of UGT1A1 pharmacogenetic testing: gene-environment interactions.

Over the past decade, the number of pharmacogenetic tests has increased considerably, allowing for the development of our knowledge of their clinical application. The uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene (UGT1A1) assay is an example of a pharmacogenetic test. Numerous variants have been found in UGT1A1, the main conjugating enzyme of bilirubin and drugs such as the anticancer drug irinotecan. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended testing for the presence of UGT1A1*28, an allele correlated with decreased transcriptional activity, to predict patients at risk of irinotecan toxicity. The administration of other drugs -- such as inhibitors of the UGT1A1 enzyme -- can clinically mimic the *28 phenotype, whereas inducers of UGT1A1 can increase the glucuronidation rate of the enzyme. The *28 polymorphism is not present in all ethnicities at a similar frequency, which suggests that it is important to study different populations to determine the clinical relevance of testing for UGT1A1*28 and to identify other clinically relevant UGT1A1 variants. Environmental factors such as lifestyle can also affect UGT1A1 activity. This review is a critical analysis of studies on drugs that can be affected by the presence of UGT1A1*28, the distribution of this polymorphism around the globe, distinct variants that may be clinically significant in African and Asian populations and how lifestyle can affect treatment outcomes that depend on UGT1A1 activity.
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE SCALE CLONING OF CATTLE

Mammalian cloning technologies originally developed as methods of testing hypotheses about the mechanisms of cell differentiation. Embryo splitting procedures demonstrated that each of the cells in the early embryo are capable of developing into a complete new individual. Nuclear transplantation technologies have shown that loss of genetic sequences or even irreversible repression of gene function are also not mechanisms of cell differentiation. Therefore, both of these methods can be used for producing genetically identical animals. Nuclear transplantation has the advantage of being able to produce unlimited numbers of identical offspring. Highly efficient procedures have been developed for nuclear transplantation in mammals and several important characteristics of donor cells have been described. Unfortunately, the efficiency of producing cloned offspring is still low and many factors affecting the development of nuclear transfer embryos to term remain to be investigated. The tremendous potential of the technology for use in agriculture and medicine, however, will ensure that these problems are addressed and solved.
Improving Bandwidth while Managing Phase Noise and Spurs in Fractional-N PLL

The loop bandwidth of fractional-N PLL is a desirable parameter for many wireless communication applications. To improve bandwidth design tradeoffs must be made among different circuit blocks. The key to successful implementation of a wideband fractional-N synthesizer is in managing jitter and spurious performance. In this paper we compare several techniques for bandwidth enhancement including an improved version of one recently proposed by the authors. Circuits that suppress fractional spurs along the signal path are discussed. Simulations results from Matlab/Simulink are also presented.