cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Global Space of the Ethnopole

Because the ethnopole is a site of residence of a diaspora, and because of the globality of its interactional relations, it evolves in a global space composed of two mechanisms of spatial formation: a global heterospace and a global ethnospace. The global heterospace refers to spatial interaction between the ethnopole and extraterritorial sites of otherness, and the global ethnospace refers to the spatial relationship between the ethnopole and the homeland and other diasporic sites. In other words, the global space of the ethnopole is a limited domain that can be spatially circumscribed and mapped out. And it is important to do so if the argument of the ethnopole as a global city is to be sustained.
Exploring the interplay of cultural capital, habitus, and field in the life histories of two West African teacher candidates

This paper captures the life histories of two West African pre-service teachers pursuing their education in the United States. Based on a larger study examining the life histories of 45 undergraduate pre-service teachers, these narratives focus specifically on international student experiences in the US. Grounded in Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, capital, and field, the life histories of Bakar and Selma illustrate how their capital and habitus become contingent on the field(s) (i.e. sites, time, and agents within a specific context) in which they are situated. The narratives of Bakar and Selma captured their early educational experiences, teacher preparation practices, and future possibilities as they moved in and out of different fields where the exchange of capital occurred, which then led to restructuring and/or de-valuerization of certain habitus. The experiences of Bakar and Selma heighten our awareness of the capital and habitus deployed in a variety of contexts – fields – in the US and elsewhere. We...
Abstract 613: Astrocytes and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) influence the migration and drug response of glioblastoma cells in a 3D culture model

Glioblastoma, a brain cancer with low prognosis, is characterized by rapid infiltration and drug resistance that leads to tumor reappearance. Cell-extrinsic factors, such as the development of a supportive microenvironment and synergistic relationships between normal cells and GBM play an important role in the tumor successful progression. Despite the importance of the microenvironment as a regulator of tumor response, there is a lack of predictive in vitro models that represent the dimensionality and characteristics of the glioma microenvironment. To this end, we developed a 3D in vitro model that recapitulates the composition and physical features of the GBM microenvironment by generating a composite matrix of a hyaluronan supported by collagen. Human astrocytes and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) were incorporated into the matrix and co-cultured with GBM cells to evaluate the effect of normal cells on the GBM 3D cell migration and drug response. Time-lapse microscopy was used to evaluate the 3D migration distance, velocity and persistence of GBM cell lines GBM10, GBM43 and GBAM1 (CD133+) during 18h after drug treatment with temozolomide and a STAT3-inhibitor. Survival of GBM cells was also evaluated 18h and 72 h after drug treatment. All results were compared to standard monolayer culture. Presence of astrocytes and ECFCs increased GBM net migration distance and velocity in the 3D model and in 2D monolayer culture. Additionally, viability of GBM after drug treatment was higher when astrocytes and ECFCs were present in the 3D model compared to only GBM 3D culture and standard monolayer culture. Our results support the importance of the 3D-microenvironment as modulator of tumor response and provide a tunable in vitro platform for primary brain tumor studies aimed to compliment in vivo model observations. Citation Format: Marisol Herrera-Perez, Melissa Fishel, Sherry Harbin, Jenna Rickus. Astrocytes and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) influence the migration and drug response of glioblastoma cells in a 3D culture model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 613.
The ‘Membership Value’ of German Co-operative Banks: A Comparison with Concepts of Shareholder and Stakeholder Value

Nowadays there is a lot of discussion about the concept of shareholder value and its obvious counterpart the concept of stakeholder value. Though there is no lack of opinions sometimes these opinions do not seem to be well formulated and properly backed by a theoretical construct. All too often the people discussing these issues seem to be guided by their own values and purposes rather than by the desire to build a consistent and workable concept. This lack of scientific orientation builds up stereotypes. The concept of shareholder value is equated with the resurrection of Manchester Capitalism. The concept of stakeholder value on the other hand shows many traces of a social or even socialist approach in the eye of its opponents. Of course, as is always the case with stereotypes, both statements neglect a great deal of each concept. Given this lack of conceptual clarity why discuss yet another concept, the membership value of co-operative banks? First of all the discussion could not be complete without it. In Germany, like in many other countries, the group of co-operative banks provides for a large share of the whole banking system1 (See Figure 9.1).
CSP Is Dead, Long Live CSP! On the Insecurity of Whitelists and the Future of Content Security Policy

Content Security Policy is a web platform mechanism designed to mitigate cross-site scripting (XSS), the top security vulnerability in modern web applications. In this paper, we take a closer look at the practical benefits of adopting CSP and identify significant flaws in real-world deployments that result in bypasses in 94.72% of all distinct policies. We base our Internet-wide analysis on a search engine corpus of approximately 100 billion pages from over 1 billion hostnames; the result covers CSP deployments on 1,680,867 hosts with 26,011 unique CSP policies -- the most comprehensive study to date. We introduce the security-relevant aspects of the CSP specification and provide an in-depth analysis of its threat model, focusing on XSS protections. We identify three common classes of CSP bypasses and explain how they subvert the security of a policy. We then turn to a quantitative analysis of policies deployed on the Internet in order to understand their security benefits. We observe that 14 out of the 15 domains most commonly whitelisted for loading scripts contain unsafe endpoints; as a consequence, 75.81% of distinct policies use script whitelists that allow attackers to bypass CSP. In total, we find that 94.68% of policies that attempt to limit script execution are ineffective, and that 99.34% of hosts with CSP use policies that offer no benefit against XSS. Finally, we propose the "strict-dynamic" keyword, an addition to the specification that facilitates the creation of policies based on cryptographic nonces, without relying on domain whitelists. We discuss our experience deploying such a nonce-based policy in a complex application and provide guidance to web authors for improving their policies.
Preoperative Patellofemoral Chondromalacia is Not a Contraindication for Fixed-Bearing Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Patellofemoral chondromalacia (PFCM) has historically been considered a contraindication for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), but there is limited data assessing PFCM's impact on the results of fixed-bearing UKA. Our objective was to assess the impact of medial patellar and/or medial trochlear PFCM on overall and patellofemoral-specific 2-year outcomes after fixed-bearing medial UKA. Methods Intraoperative notes defined the presence and location of PFCM during fixed bearing medial UKA. Outcome measures included the New Knee Society Score (NKSS), Kneeling Ability Score (KAS) and Forgotten Joint Score (FJS-12). Thirty-one knees with PFCM ( PFCM group), and 52 knees without PFCM ( N-PFCM group) were included for analysis. Mann-Whitney U tests assessed the statistical significance of observed differences, and a Bonferroni correction was applied, adjusting threshold for significance to P = .005. Results At minimum follow-up of 2 years, no statistical differences were detected between the N-PFCM and PFCM groups in the postoperative NKSS (159 vs 157, P = .731), preoperative to postoperative NKSS change ( P = .447), FJS-12 (70.5 vs 67.6, P = .471), or KAS (71% vs 65%, P = .217). Patients with isolated patellar chondromalacia (n = 13) demonstrated trends toward worse outcomes according to NKSS (147, P = .198), FJS-12 (58, P = .094), and KAS (46%, P = .018), but were statistically insignificant. No failures occurred in either group. Conclusion Functional outcomes of fixed-bearing medial UKA are not adversely impacted by the presence of PFCM involving the medial patellar facet and/or medial or central trochlea. Further follow-up is needed to determine longer-term implications of fixed-bearing medial UKA in patients with PFCM.
Effect of Home Modification Interventions on the Participation of Community-Dwelling Adults With Health Conditions: A Systematic Review.

Objective This systematic review investigated the role of home modification interventions to improve participation outcomes for community-living adults and older adults. Method Thirty-six articles met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies investigated older adult populations and used occupational therapists as interventionists. Results Strong evidence was found for home modification interventions to improve function for people with a variety of health conditions and for both single and multicomponent interventions that included home modifications to reduce the rate and risk of falls among older adults. Moderate evidence was found for improved caregiving for people with dementia. Conclusion Comprehensive, higher intensity interventions demonstrated greater efficacy to improve occupational performance. Emerging evidence was also found for the role of occupational therapy in providing effective home modification interventions. Implications for occupational therapy practice, education, and research are discussed.
Sizing related kinetic and flow considerations in the resin infusion of composites

Fibres used in preforms of resin transfer moulded (RTM) composites are coated with sizings, binders, and/or finishes that serve multiple purposes, including facilitating handling, protection of the fibres from compaction and process induced damage (including notching), aiding in compatibility and wetting of the fibres by the resin, and overall enhancement of the behavioural response of the composites. In this investigation four different sizings applied to S2 glass fibres are shown to significantly affect two aspects of RTM processing - resin infusion, and cure. In both cases phenomena at the microscopic level are seen to affect response variables at the macroscopic level. On a microscopic level, the behaviour of a thermosetting resin based composite is affected by the formation of interphase regions that greatly affect the cure kinetics and hence the mechanical and physical properties of the composite, which are dependent on the inter-constituent variations in local properties such as modulus and glass transition temperature. Similarly fibre-sizing-resin interactions occurring during the infusion stage affect wet-out and local flow behaviour through the development of stoichiometric imbalances in local regions. It is shown that the molecular interactions between the constituents (as initiated by the sizing) are affected by processing conditions such as temperature and rate of resin flow, and that heat evolution and resin rheology may be affected by the stoichiometric imbalances resulting from interphasial level reactions.
SERious Surprises for ADP-Ribosylation Specificity: HPF1 Switches PARP1 Specificity to Ser Residues.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Bonfiglio et al. (2017) demonstrate that histone PARylation factor 1 (HPF1) is required for PARP1 to attach ADP-ribose groups onto the hydroxyl oxygen of the Ser residues of target substrates, including both PARP1 itself and histones. Here, mechanisms and implications of this unexpected, O-linked ADP-ribosylation are speculated on.
Resale and the Growth of Competition in Wireless Telephony

The closing decade of the 20th century has been marked by profound technological changes. Among these, it is difficult to imagine one more quickly embraced by the marketplace than wireless telecommunications. What was, a decade ago, merely a novelty or an indulgence is now a central component of personal and professional communications. Although barely in its adolescence, wireless telephony has already left an indelible mark on both American society and commerce. To accurately predict the magnitude of the wireless contribution to future economic welfare is impossible, yet the growth of this contribution is virtually indisputable. Wireless services that are today barely imaginable are likely to pervade the telecommunications marketplace of the future. Moreover, the costs of providing the wireless services which millions of customers currently enjoy are likely to be driven ever lower by technological advance and emerging competition. Wireless services that are now pervasive may, in the foreseeable future, be universal.
A Model for Electronic Handoff Between the Emergency Department and Inpatient Units.

Abstract Background Patient handoffs between units can introduce risk and time delays. Verbal communication is the most common mode of handoff, but requires coordination between different parties. Objective We present an asynchronous patient handoff process supported by a structured electronic signout for admissions from the emergency department (ED) to the inpatient medicine service. Methods A retrospective review of patients admitted to the medical service from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2015 at a tertiary referral center with 520 inpatient beds and 57,000 ED visits annually. We developed a model for structured electronic, asynchronous signout that includes an option to request verbal communication after review of the electronic handoff information. Results During the 2010 academic year (AY) all admissions used verbal communication for signout. The following academic year, electronic signout was implemented and 77.5% of admissions were accepted with electronic signout. The rate increased to 87.3% by AY 2014. The rate of transfer from floor to an intensive care unit within 24 h for the year before and 4 years after implementation of the electronic signout system was collected and calculated with 95% confidence interval. There was no statistically significant difference between the year prior and the years after the implementation. Conclusions Our handoff model sought to maximize the opportunity for asynchronous signout while still providing the opportunity for verbal signout when deemed necessary. The process was rapidly adopted with the majority of patients being accepted electronically.
Increases in prescription opioid injection abuse among treatment admissions in the United States, 2004-2013.

Abstract Background The 2015 HIV outbreak in Indiana associated with prescription opioid injection coupled with rising rates of hepatitis C, especially in areas with long-standing opioid abuse, have raised concerns about prescription opioid injection. However, research on this topic is limited. We assessed trends in treatment admissions reporting injection, smoking, and inhalation abuse of prescription opioids and examined characteristics associated with non-oral routes of prescription opioid abuse in the U.S. Methods Prescription opioid abuse treatment admissions in the 2004–2013 Treatment Episode Data Set were used to calculate counts and percentages of prescription opioid treatment admissions reporting oral, injection, or smoking/inhalation abuse overall, by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression was used to identify demographic and substance use characteristics associated with injection or smoking/inhalation abuse. Results From 2004–2013, oral abuse decreased from 73.1% to 58.9%; injection abuse increased from 11.7% to 18.1%; and smoking/inhalation abuse increased from 15.3% of admissions to 23.0%. Among treatment admissions, the following were associated with injection abuse: male sex, 18–54 year-olds, non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic other, homeless or dependent living, less than full-time work, living in the Midwest or South, ≥1 prior treatment episodes, younger age of first opioid use, and reporting use of cocaine/crack, marijuana, heroin, or methamphetamine. Conclusions The proportion of treatment admissions reporting prescription opioid injection and smoking/inhalation abuse increased significantly in the U.S. between 2004 and 2013. Expanding prevention efforts as well as access to medication-assisted treatment and risk reduction services for people who inject drugs is urgently needed.
Overweight adolescents and asthma: Revealing motivations and challenges with adolescent-provider communication.

Objective: Among teens with asthma, challenges of disease management may be greater in those with a body mass index (BMI) >85th percentile compared to youth within the parameters for normal weight-...
Chimeric CRISPR guides enhance Cas9 target specificity

Oligonucleotide-guided nucleases (OGNs) have enabled rapid advances in precision genome engineering. Though much effort has gone into characterizing and mitigating mismatch tolerance for the most widely adopted OGN, Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9), potential off-target interactions may still limit applications where on-target specificity is critical. Here we present a new axis to control mismatch sensitivity along the recognition-conferring spacer sequence of SpCas99s guide RNA (gRNA). We introduce mismatch-evading lowered-thermostability guides (melt-guides) and exhibit how nucleotide-type substitutions in the spacer can reduce cleavage of sequences mismatched by as few as a single base pair. Co-transfecting melt-guides into human cell culture with an exonuclease involved in DNA repair, we observe indel formation on a standard genomic target at approximately 70% the rate of canonical gRNA and undetectable on off-target data.
METHODS AND MEASURES Confirmatory factor analysis and multidimensional scaling for construct validation of cognitive abilities

Construct validation is a primary goal for many areas of developmental research. In aging research, for example, levels of performance on many diverse sorts of cognitive tasks are often found to decline with adult age. While it is tempting to hypothesize a distinct mechanism as the source of the age-related deficits observed in each of these tasks, it is more likely that age-related deficits do not occur on specific variables but rather on more general constructs that they represent. It is therefore important, before constructing a novel explanation for age-related differences observed in a newer variable, to characterize how that variable relates to previously wellestablished individual differences variables. In this article we present and compare two such methods of construct validation. One is based on confirmatory factor analysis and the other is based on multidimensional scaling. We apply both methods to examine how a number of diverse “target” variables hypothesized to reflect various aspects of a construct termed cognitive control relate to five well-established “reference” cognitive ability domains.
Review of Nonlinear Filtering for SHM with an Exploration of Novel Higher-Order Kalman Filtering Algorithms for Uncertainty Quantification

AbstractRecent work has shown the applicability of Bayesian inference techniques, which use a physics-based representation of the structure of interest, to structural health monitoring (SHM) tasks,...
Disarticulate—Repurpose—Disrupt: Art/Archaeology

This project sees archaeology and art as a political tool for disrupting conventional, politically loaded narratives of the past. Rather than producing institutionally safe narratives conventionally certified as truth, archaeologists should follow the lead of artists who use the past as a source of materials to be reconfigured in new ways to help people see in new ways. Using as an example the works of the Canadian artist Ken Monkman, who subverts nineteenth- century landscape painting to reinsert the missing critiques of Anglo-American colonialism, dominance of nature, and heteronormativity, this paper advocates disarticulating materials from the past by severing them from their context, repurposing them to bring contemporary concerns to the fore and creating new, disruptive visions from them. The article proposes the practice of an art/archaeology.
The Wealth of Queens

Ottonian queens, especially Adelheid and Theophanu, were startlingly wealthy. Their spouses granted them a dos of lands and rights upon marriage far greater than their predecessors had enjoyed, and they also brought large dowries to their marriages. Jestice argues in this chapter that queens were able to use and control these resources to reward servants, endow religious houses, and awe observers. These resources gave the Ottonian queens the means to influence others and impose their will far more than their predecessors. This was a conscious Ottonian policy, allowing the queens to play a larger role in governance.
Decline in arylsulfatase B expression increases EGFR expression by inhibiting the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and activating JNK in prostate cells

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has a crucial role in cell differentiation and proliferation and cancer, and its expression appears to be up-regulated when arylsulfatase B (ARSB or GalNAc-4-sulfatase) is reduced. ARSB removes 4-sulfate groups from the nonreducing end of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S), and its decreased expression has previously been reported to inhibit the activity of the ubiquitous protein-tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 11 (SHP2 or PTPN11). However, the mechanism by which decline in ARSB leads to decline in SHP2 activity is unclear. Here, we show that SHP2 binds preferentially C4S, rather than chondroitin 6-sulfate, and confirm that SHP2 activity declines when ARSB is silenced. The reduction in ARSB activity, and the resultant increase in C4S, increased the expression of EGFR (Her1/ErbB1) in human prostate stem and epithelial cells. The increased expression of EGFR occurred after 1) the decline in SHP2 activity, 2) enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity, 3) increased nuclear DNA binding by c-Jun and c-Fos, and 4) EGFR promoter activation. In response to exogenous EGF, there was increased bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, consistent with enhanced cell proliferation. These findings indicated that ARSB and chondroitin 4-sulfation affect the activation of an important dual phosphorylation threonine–tyrosine kinase and the mRNA expression of a critical tyrosine kinase receptor in prostate cells. Restoration of ARSB activity with the associated reduction in C4S may provide a new therapeutic approach for managing malignancies in which EGFR-mediated tyrosine kinase signaling pathways are active.
Perceptions of the cognitive effects of cannabis use: A survey of neuropsychologists' beliefs.

Introduction: Research evaluating the neuropsychological effects of cannabis has yielded mixed findings, with some studies finding cognitive deficits in cannabis users (primarily in learning and me...
Enhancing Early Care Provider’s Capacity for Building Early Relationships with Families and Their Children: Touchpoints-Informed Practice

This chapter describes Touchpoints-informed practice (TIP), an intervention model that is delivered through an embedded professional development and reflective practice initiative. Its purpose is twofold: the first component of TIP gives early care professionals in childcare, home visiting, health, and social services the relational strategies to successfully engage with families. The second component of TIP offers a critical understanding of the dynamic, cyclical processes that frame the young child’s developmental growth. Together, these two components give professionals the basic practice skills to work with families on behalf of their children and a view of child behavior that makes meaning of children’s developmental work during the early years. Data on professional developmental and relational knowledge and skills and parent perceptions of their relationship with their child are presented through both descriptive and quasi-experimental studies of Touchpoints. Scale-up of the intervention and associated challenges are discussed with particular attention to work with infants and toddlers.
Power, anxiety, and relationships between returning citizens and parole officers:

SummaryThis study evaluates the relationships between parole officers and ex-prisoners, who return to communities after incarceration (returning citizens). We measured returning citizens’ anxiety a...
Transdiagnostic validity of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery across the autism-schizophrenia spectrum.

BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental disorders which share substantial overlap in cognitive deficits during adulthood. However, treatment evaluation in ASD and treatment comparisons across ASD and schizophrenia are limited by a dearth of empirical work establishing the validity of a standard cognitive battery across ASD and schizophrenia. Promisingly, the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) has been validated in schizophrenia and encompasses cognitive domains that are impacted in ASD. Thus, this study aimed to establish MCCB's generalizability from schizophrenia to ASD.MethodsCommunity-residing adults with schizophrenia (N = 100) and ASD (N = 113) underwent MCCB assessment. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, MCCB's transdiagnostic validity was evaluated by examining whether schizophrenia and ASD demonstrate the same configuration, magnitude, and directionality of relationships within and among measures and their underlying cognitive domains.ResultsAcross schizophrenia and ASD, the same subsets of MCCB measures inform three cognitive domains: processing speed, attention/working memory, and learning. Except for group means in category fluency, continuous performance, and spatial span, both groups show vastly comparable factor structures and characteristics.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this study is the first to establish the validity of a standard cognitive battery in adults with ASD and furthermore the first to establish a cognitive battery's comparability across ASD and schizophrenia. Cognitive domain scores can be compared across new samples using weighted sums of MCCB scores resulting from this study. These findings highlight MCCB's applicability to ASD and support its utility for standardizing treatment evaluation of cognitive outcomes across the autism-schizophrenia spectrum.
Nature of Memory

The ancient Greeks portrayed memory in their mythology as the goddess Mnemosyne. Zeus was the supreme god of the ancient Greeks and through Mnemosyne he fathered nine daughters who were called the Muses and who were the patron saints of the various arts. Plato (427–347 BC) described memory as a block of wax, which was of different sizes in different men and which also differed in hardness, moistness, and purity. Aristotle (384–322 BC) assigned the memory function to the heart. From Aristotle we still have the expression “learned by heart.” Erasistratus (310–250 BC) doubted Aristotle’s ideas about memory. He performed the first dissections of the brain and concluded that the brain was the seat of mental functions, including memory.
A dataset on body composition, strength and performance in older adults.

Abstract This article presents a dataset of body composition, strength and performance measurements in older adults; the data were collected as part of Rancho Bernardo Study (RBS), a longitudinal observational cohort study. All community dwelling adults in Rancho Bernardo, California between 1972 and 1974 were eligible for participation in the study. A subset of the participants returned every four years for subsequent visits. The dataset in this publication consists of some of the measures taken in Visits 7–10, for 1466 subjects who had at least one of these measures taken. We analysed the data with a feed-forward loop model fitted by structural equation modelling. The data can be valuable for modelling and extracting further information on how body composition, strength and performance affect each other over a long period of time. The data are analysed and interpreted in the research article RoyChoudhury et al., 2019.
Evaluating Organizational Structures and Institutional Policy for Wellbeing

Much of the work on physician wellbeing has focused on bolstering individual skills. Because many drivers of poor wellbeing are attributable to the environment, we advocate an organizational view of the problem. In this chapter, we review quantitative and qualitative methodologies for evaluating organizational structures and institutional policies. We illustrate these techniques using examples from our experience characterizing surgical residency programs in the FIRST and SECOND Trials.
Chapter 13 – Recursive Estimation

Publisher Summary Least squares methods have become increasingly important in many applications, including communications, control systems, navigation, and signal and image processing, through the years. This chapter presents the fundamental ideas of least squares estimation. The solution involves a linear transformation of the measurements to obtain the optimal estimate. Then, a recursive formulation of the least squares solutions is derived, in which the measurements are processed sequentially. The digital processing for recursive least squares constitutes filtering of incoming discrete-time measurement signals to produce discrete-time outputs representing estimates of the measured system parameters. The chapter presents several illustrative examples and discusses probabilistic interpretations of least squares and an indication of the way by which recursive least squares method can be generalized. The chapter presents a summary of the matrix Kalman filtering equations and a block diagram of the filter that includes a replica of the state-variable model for the measurements, describes a BASIC language computer program for demonstrating first-order Kalman filters, and discusses important considerations in the programming of multivariable filters. It explains the extensions of the Kalman filter to situations involving noise coupling matrices, deterministic inputs to the model, nonzero mean values, known initial conditions, correlated noises, and bias estimation. It discusses some of the computational aspects of Kalman filtering. Insufficient care in modeling can lead to unrealistic confidence in the estimation accuracy, to the point where additional measurements are effectively ignored by the filter—a situation called divergence. The effects of computational inaccuracies can be reduced by using alternative arrangements of the computations, such as square-root filtering.
‘Overworked and underappreciated’: special education teachers describe stress and attrition

Rising attrition rates and the shortage of highly qualified special education teachers have a negative impact on students and school districts. This study explores the open-ended questions that wer...
Brachial Artery Injuries Operative Management and Predictors of Outcome

Background Brachial artery injuries are rare. The objectives of the study are to report our experience and identify predictors of outcome. The hypothesis of the study is that maintaining ischemic times less than six hours results in improved outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective 118-month study. The outcome measure is total operative time from admission to restoration of blood flow, and outcomes are survival and limb salvage. Statistical analyses used in the study are univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression. Results There were 124 patients with 131 brachial artery injuries. Mechanism of injury (MOI) included the following: penetrating: 108 (87%) and blunt: 16 (13%). Operative management included the following: 77 (62%) reverse saphenous vein interposition grafts, 37 (29.8%) end-to-end anastomosis, and 4 (3.2%) ligation. Fasciotomies were performed in 23 (19.2%) patients. Outcomes of the study were as follows: 120 patients survived and the overall survival rate was 96.8%, adjusted survival rate excluding intraoperative deaths was 100%, overall limb salvage/amputation rate was 95.1%/4.9%, and adjusted limb salvage/amputation rates excluding intraoperative deaths were 98.3%/1.67%. Univariate analysis showed the mean ischemic times for survivors as 5 ± 3.1 hrs (300 ± 186 min) versus ischemic times for non survivors as 3 ± 2.2 hrs (180 ± 132 min) (P = 0.017); Injury Severity Score (ISS) (P = 0.002); and estimated blood loss (EBL) (P = 0.024). Logistic regression identified independent predictors of outcome for survival: MOI: penetrating [P = 0.015, RR – 4.29, 95% CI: 1.49–12.36]; Glasgow Coma Score 15 [P Conclusions Brachial artery injuries are rare. For patients not requiring ED thoracotomy, Glasgow Coma Score, ISS, and EBL predicted survival. The adjusted limb salvage rate was 98.3%. Patients with brachial artery injuries die from associated injuries, experiencing less ischemic times than survivors who are able to undergo repairs.
Prevalence and characteristics of self-reported kratom use in a representative US general population sample.

Reports of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use, a medicinal plant widely found in Southeast Asia, are on the rise in the US. However, the prevalence and characteristics of individuals who use kratom in...
Early delay of gratification predicts later inhibitory control and academic performance in children with prenatal alcohol exposure

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) affects 2-5% of the children in the United States. In the preschool age-range, inhibitory deficits frequently manifest as impaired ability to delay gratification, which is associated with deficits in cognitive flexibility in these children. The goal of this longitudinal study was to determine whether the ability to delay gratification in preschool children with FASD is (1) associated with broader manifestations in temperament and behavior; (2) predictive of later inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility and working memory in middle childhood; and (3) predictive of later parent-reported behavioral problems and school functioning in middle childhood. Forty-seven children with FASD, ages 2.5-5 years were administered a delay of gratification task in which they chose between receiving 2 snacks immediately or 10 snacks after waiting for 10 min. Two groups were defined based on a median split of waiting time. Four years later, 29 children completed measures of inhibitory control (Flanker task), cognitive flexibility (Dimensional Change Card Sort Test), and working memory (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales), and their parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist as a measure of the child's behavioral problems and school functioning. Children with longer wait times on the delay of gratification task in preschool showed better inhibitory control on the Flanker task in middle childhood and better parent-reported school functioning in English. These findings indicate that early inhibitory capacity persists into middle childhood in those with FASD, and may be a promising target for early intervention to improve later cognitive outcomes in these children.
Evaluation of Occupant Comfort and Health in Indoor Home-Based Work and Study Environment

Most companies in the United States (U.S.) have asked their employees to work from home (WFH) since the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, work environment changed from office to home. However, home environment is designed for living purpose instead of working purpose. People may experience different levels of comfort visually, thermally, etc. when WFH. Because occupants can be affected differently by indoor environmental quality factors in office (e.g., difficult temperature adjustment based on personal preference) and at home (e.g., easy temperature adjustment), which could increase the experience of sick building syndrome (SBS). Evaluation of occupant comfort and health in office environment was widely explored before. Less research was conducted to explore occupant comfort and health when WFH. Therefore, this study compiled a comprehensive list of key factors and indicators of occupant comfort and health from previous literature. Then, a survey was designed and distributed in the U.S. to evaluate occupants’ satisfaction of home-based work or study environment and experience of SBS. The demographic analysis shows that diverse types of occupants were covered. Then, occupants’ satisfaction and experience of SBS when WFH were compared with regular work or study. The findings show that occupants’ satisfaction slightly increased while experience of SBS slightly decreased when WFH. More importantly, ocular symptoms were the top concern in regular work or study and WFH. This study shows the differences of satisfaction and experience of SBS between regular work or study and WFH, which also indicates a direction for future technologies to improve home environment, well-being, and health.
Serine protease dynamics revealed by NMR analysis of the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex

Serine proteases catalyze a multi-step covalent catalytic mechanism of peptide bond cleavage. It has long been assumed that serine proteases including thrombin carry-out catalysis without significant conformational rearrangement of their stable two-β-barrel structure. We present nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) experiments on the thrombin-thrombomodulin (TM) complex. Thrombin promotes procoagulative fibrinogen cleavage when fibrinogen engages both the anion binding exosite 1 (ABE1) and the active site. It is thought that TM promotes cleavage of protein C by engaging ABE1 in a similar manner as fibrinogen. Thus, the thrombin-TM complex may represent the catalytically active, ABE1-engaged thrombin. Compared to apo- and active site inhibited-thrombin, we show that thrombin-TM has reduced μs-ms dynamics in the substrate binding (S1) pocket consistent with its known acceleration of protein C binding. Thrombin-TM has increased μs-ms dynamics in a β-strand connecting the TM binding site to the catalytic aspartate. Finally, thrombin-TM had doublet peaks indicative of dynamics that are slow on the NMR timescale in residues along the interface between the two β-barrels. Such dynamics may be responsible for facilitating the N-terminal product release and water molecule entry that are required for hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate.
A phase (Ph) 1b/2 study of ribociclib (R) in combination with docetaxel (D) plus prednisone (P) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

5043Background: The survival benefit of D in mCRPC is modest. CDK4/6 inhibitors such as R have shown synergistic activity with taxanes in pre-clinical cancer models. We sought to determine the safe...
Stepwise evolution and exceptional conservation of ORF1a/b overlap in coronaviruses.

The programmed frameshift element (PFE) rerouting translation from ORF1a to ORF1b is essential for propagation of coronaviruses. The combination of genomic features that make up PFE-the overlap between the two reading frames, a slippery sequence, as well as an ensemble of complex secondary structure elements-places severe constraints on this region as most possible nucleotide substitution may disrupt one or more of these elements. The vast amount of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data generated within the past year provides an opportunity to assess evolutionary dynamics of PFE in great detail. Here we performed a comparative analysis of all available coronaviral genomic data available to date. We show that the overlap between ORF1a and ORF1b evolved as a set of discrete 7, 16, 22, 25, and 31 nucleotide stretches with a well defined phylogenetic specificity. We further examined sequencing data from over 1,500,000 complete genomes and 55,000 raw read datasets to demonstrate exceptional conservation and detect signatures of selection within the PFE region.
Vertical position feedback system for PBX-M

The PBX-M (Princeton Beta Experiment-Modified) tokamak produces highly shaped discharges that can be vertically unstable. The PBX-M vertical position control-system hardware is described, results from plasma operation are shown, and results of analyses of the PBX-M device with respect to vertical displacements of the plasma are presented. A rigid displacement model indicates that terms proportional to plasma position and velocity are required in the control function to effectively damp oscillatory motion of the discharge. Simulations from the Princeton Tokamak Simulation Code (TSC) have confirmed the severity of these instabilities. Sawtooth analysis of soft X-ray data is used to independently assess the effectiveness of the system in operation. >
Efficiency of Chlorine Dioxide as a Bactericide

We found chlorine dioxide to be a more effective disinfectant than chlorine in sewage effluent at p H 8.5. Chlorine dioxide was also found to be a more stable bactericide in relation to p H in the range studied. Images
Understanding household preferences for hurricane risk mitigation information: evidence from survey responses.

Risk information is critical to adopting mitigation measures, and seeking risk information is influenced by a variety of factors. An essential component of the recently adopted My Safe Florida Home (MSFH) program by the State of Florida is to provide homeowners with pertinent risk information to facilitate hurricane risk mitigation activities. We develop an analytical framework to understand household preferences for hurricane risk mitigation information through allowing an intensive home inspection. An empirical analysis is used to identify major drivers of household preferences to receive personalized information regarding recommended hurricane risk mitigation measures. A variety of empirical specifications show that households with home insurance, prior experience with damages, and with a higher sense of vulnerability to be affected by hurricanes are more likely to allow inspection to seek information. However, households with more members living in the home and households who live in manufactured/mobile homes are less likely to allow inspection. While findings imply MSFH program's ability to link incentives offered by private and public agencies in promoting mitigation, households that face a disproportionately higher level of risk can get priority to make the program more effective.
Feasibility of Ecological Momentary Assessment Using Cellular Telephones in Methamphetamine Dependent Subjects.

BackgroundPredictors of relapse to methamphetamine use are poorly understood. State variables may play an important role in relapse, but they have been difficult to measure at frequent intervals in outpatients.MethodsWe conducted a feasibility study of the use of cellular telephones to collect state variable data from outpatients. Six subjects in treatment for methamphetamine dependence were called three times per weekday for approximately seven weeks. Seven questionnaires were administered that assessed craving, stress, affect and current type of location and social environment.Results395/606 (65%) of calls attempted were completed. The mean time to complete each call was 4.9 (s.d. 1.8) minutes and the mean time to complete each item was 8.4 (s.d. 4.8) seconds. Subjects rated the acceptability of the procedures as good. All six cellular phones and battery chargers were returned undamaged.ConclusionCellular telephones are a feasible method for collecting state data from methamphetamine dependent outpatients.
A unifying framework for acoustic localization

Recent advances in acoustic localization have combined the advantages of the traditional methods of beamforming and time-delay estimation, leading to techniques that are both accurate and fast. We present a unifying framework that reveals the relationships between beamforming, time-delay estimation, Bayesian formulation, hemisphere sampling, and accumulated correlation. We then experimentally compare the algorithms, on both compact and distributed microphone arrays, showing that the recent technique of accumulated correlation, although much less computationally expensive, exhibits performance comparable to that of beamforming.
IP Foreclosure and Antitrust Foreclosure

Professor Christina Bohannan’s IP Misuse as Foreclosure enlightens the debate over the patent misuse doctrine’s role in regulating intellectual property owners’ ever-expanding claims. Presently, courts scrutinize licensing restrictions under the antitrust laws only after determining that the IP holder has exceeded what the Federal Circuit has called the “exclusionary zone” of the IP right. Professor Bohannan wisely rejects this question-begging inquiry, explaining that “[e]very licensing agreement contains terms that are not express in the [IP] grant, and the beyond-the-scope test does not provide a meaningful way to determine which of these terms lies ‘within the scope’” To bring coherence to this area, Professor Bohannan would eschew the existing two-step test in favor of an exclusive focus on “the core IP values of promoting innovation and protecting access to the public domain.” Commenting on her piece, Professor Thomas Cotter points out that antitrust law and IP policy cannot be distinguished so easily. IP holders simultaneously possess both (1) a property right to foreclose competition; and (2) a privilege to compete in an open market. As Professor Cotter recognizes, antitrust law, no less than IP policy, seeks to mediate these rights and privileges. He suggests broadening antitrust doctrine, if necessary, rather than using IP policy to condemn licensing restrictions as misuse that antitrust doctrine would otherwise permit. The misuse problem, however, is more fundamental than either Professors Bohannan or Cotter suggest. IP policy and antitrust law seek precisely the same objectives — an optimal melding of a property-rights regime that insulates owners from competition, and a competitive regime in which everything that might constitute property is up for grabs. A coherent solution will not come from tweaking either IP or antitrust. Both already serve as syntheses of society’s dual commitment to property rights and competitive markets. Instead, the law must step back and focus directly on how one structures a legal regime that commits itself to these conflicting goals.Part I summarizes existing law and Professor Bohannan’s proposal. Part II explains that since IP policy and antitrust doctrine share common goals, her approach essentially replicates what modern courts do in misuse cases. Part III suggests a potentially more fruitful path.