cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metagenomic analysis of the rumen microbiome of steers with wheat-induced frothy bloat.

Frothy bloat is a serious metabolic disorder that affects stocker cattle grazing hard red winter wheat forage in the Southern Great Plains causing reduced performance, morbidity, and mortality. We hypothesize that a microbial dysbiosis develops in the rumen microbiome of stocker cattle when grazing on high quality winter wheat pasture that predisposes them to frothy bloat risk. In this study, rumen contents were harvested from six cannulated steers grazing hard red winter wheat (three with bloat score "2" and three with bloat score "0"), extracted for genomic DNA and subjected to 16S rDNA and shotgun sequencing on 454/Roche platform. Approximately 1.5 million reads were sequenced, assembled and assigned for phylogenetic and functional annotations. Bacteria predominated up to 84% of the sequences while archaea contributed to nearly 5% of the sequences. The abundance of archaea was higher in bloated animals (P 70%) in non-bloated samples. However, the abundance and diversity of CaZymes were greatly reduced in bloated samples indicating the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism. We conclude that mild to moderate frothy bloat results from tradeoffs both within and between microbial domains due to greater competition for substrates that are of limited availability as a result of biofilm formation.
Operational Test Method of High Voltage Thyristor Valves and Development of Its Synthetic Test Equipment

In this paper at first the operational test methods for various high voltage thyristor valves are briefly dissertated, then the existing dedicated test equipments for synthetic test of high voltage thyristor valves are analyzed and compared. On this basis a synthetic test equipment for various high voltage thyristor valves is researched and developed, including the design of its main circuit, research of its control and protection strategy as well as its system design. Commissioning results show that the research and development of this synthetic test equipment are successful and provide a substantial test base and development platform for the RD of heavy-duty power electronic technology.
Agent based modeling of consumer choice and aggregate demand: maximizers vs satisficers

In this paper we propose an agent-based model approach to determining the effects of consumer choice on aggregate demand (CCAD). Our overall goal is to better understand how the availability of information, heuristic decision making, and social norms affect: 1) total aggregate demand and 2) the aggregated demand for disposable vs. more durable goods. In the preliminary model presented here, consumer agents select among baskets of goods with different combinations of quality and disposability. Consumer choices are based on individual agent preferences and subject to a discretionary income constraint. Agents may be either maximizing, which means that they choose the best basket of goods that they can afford, or satisficing, which means that they choose the first affordable basket of goods that they can find with utility greater than their satisfaction threshold. When run at different price levels, the resulting models can be used to generate aggregated demand curves for each group of consumers. We also demonstrate that, satisficers buy more than maximizers overall. Further analysis shows that this is because maximizers focus their trading on more durable products to gain the highest utility, however satisficers purchase more disposable products because they shop for convenience rather than utility maximization.
Barriers and incentives of physicians and patients to cancer screening.

SUMMARY It is imperative that the health care system provide mechanisms to improve cancer control. The most effective way of limiting cancer morbidity and mortality is by prevention (modification of behaviors that increase cancer risk), and by early diagnosis in the asymptomatic stage of the disease, which allows for curative therapies. This article has enumerated barriers that make preventive and early diagnostic maneuvers more difficult for both patients and physicians. Some of the barriers are common to both patients and physicians, such as discontinuity of care. The barriers were discussed from both perspectives. Suggestions were made for modification of these barriers, so that incentives might make provision of the preventive and early diagnosis more likely. The incentives are attainable; however, to make improvements on a large scale will require the efforts of the public, physicians, and the health care system. It will effect physicians from the beginning of their medical education and through their entire practice. A large amount of effort directed at a focused population by a small team of health care workers can make a large difference in preventive care. This was shown effectively by a general practitioner in England who undertook a 15-month “campaign” on a “deprived” community, and raised the level of preventive care to that of an “endowed” community. 23 This type of effort by an individual is desirable, but much smaller individual efforts directed over an entire population can have a much greater ultimate effect. That is why the efforts must be directed toward the primary care physician. These physicians care for the majority of the population, so if each primary care doctor increased current efforts of prevention by just three patients per day, then over the entire population inestimable improvements on preventive care would result. There is some evidence that improvements in preventive care are occurring. 12 As further research is directed at how best to provide preventive services in the physician's office, our skills and effectiveness will improve. Each physician should accept as his or her responsibility the ongoing preventive needs of the population he or she serves. The prevention and early diagnosis of cancer can be coordinated in the office with episodic care to minimize costs. The necessary knowledge and technology are available, application is the key. By applying these in a cost-effective way, we can hopefully attain control of cancer in the next decade.
An example of stability exchange in a Hamiltonian wave system

On presente un modele qui montre le changement de multiplicite geometrique et algebrique des valeurs propres et des vecteurs propres de l'equation de stabilite aux points critiques. Il confirme l'existence de systemes hamiltoniens a points limites ou il n'y a pas de changement de stabilite
Combined Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Placement, Intravitreal Fluocinolone Acetonide Implantation and Cataract Extraction for Chronic Uveitis.

PURPOSE To report the outcomes of combined Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) placement, intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide implant, and cataract extraction procedure in the treatment of chronic noninfectious uveitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective case series of patients with chronic noninfectious uveitis who underwent AGV placement, intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide implantation, and cataract extraction in a single surgical session performed at 1 institution from January 2009 to November 2014. Outcome measures included intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma medication use. Secondary outcome measures included visual acuity, systemic anti-inflammatory medications, number of uveitis flares, and complications. RESULTS Fifteen eyes of 10 patients were studied, with a mean age of 40.3±15.7 and mean follow-up duration of 26 months (range, 13 to 39 mo). Before surgery, the IOP was 18.5±7.3 mm Hg and patients were using 1.5±1.5 topical glaucoma medications. At the 12-month follow-up, IOP was 12.8±3.2 mm Hg (P=0.01) and patients were using 0.5±0.8 (P=0.03) topical glaucoma medications. At 36 months of follow-up, late, nonsustained hypotony had occurred in 3 eyes (20%), and 1 eye (6%) had received a second AGV for IOP control. Before treatment, patients had 2.7±1.5 uveitis flares in the year before surgery while on an average of 2.1±0.6 systemic anti-inflammatory medications, which decreased to an average of 0.1±0.3 (P<0.01) flares the year after surgery while on an average of 0.4±1.1 (P<0.01) systemic medications. CONCLUSION Combined AGV, intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide implant, and cataract extraction is effective in controlling IOP and reducing the number of glaucoma medications at 12 months after treatment in patients with chronic uveitis.
Scrunching: a novel escape gait in planarians

The ability to escape a predator or other life-threatening situations is central to animal survival. Different species have evolved unique strategies under anatomical and environmental constraints. In this study, we describe a novel musculature-driven escape gait in planarians, 'scrunching', which is quantitatively different from other planarian gaits, such as gliding and peristalsis. We show that scrunching is a conserved gait among different flatworm species, underlying its importance as an escape mechanism. We further demonstrate that it can be induced by a variety of physical stimuli, including amputation, high temperature, electric shock and low pH. We discuss the functional basis for scrunching as the preferential gait when gliding is impaired due to a disruption of mucus production. Finally, we show that the key mechanical features of scrunching are adequately captured by a simple biomechanical model that is solely based on experimental data from traction force microscopy and tissue rheology without fit parameters. Together, our results form a complete description of this novel form of planarian locomotion. Because scrunching has distinct dynamics, this gait can serve as a robust behavioral readout for studies of motor neuron and muscular functions in planarians and in particular the restoration of these functions during regeneration.
On the relationship between enamel band complexity and occlusal surface area in Equids (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)

Enamel patterns on the occlusal surfaces of equid teeth are asserted to have tribal-level differences. The most notable example compares the Equini and Hipparionini, where Equini have higher crowned teeth with less enamel-band complexity and less total occlusal enamel than Hipparionini. Whereas previous work has successfully quantified differences in enamel band shape by dividing the length of enamel band by the square root of the occlusal surface area (Occlusal Enamel Index, OEI), it was clear that OEI only partially removes the effect of body size. Because enamel band length scales allometrically, body size still has an influence on OEI, with larger individuals having relatively longer enamel bands than smaller individuals. Fractal dimensionality (D) can be scaled to any level, so we have used it to quantify occlusal enamel complexity in a way that allows us to get at an accurate representation of the relationship between complexity and body size. To test the hypothesis of tribal-level complexity differences between Equini and Hipparionini, we digitally traced a sample of 98 teeth, one tooth per individual; 31 Hipparionini and 67 Equini. We restricted our sampling to the P3-M2 to reduce the effect of tooth position. After calculating the D of these teeth with the fractal box method which uses the number of boxes of various sizes to calculate the D of a line, we performed a t-test on the individual values of D for each specimen, comparing the means between the two tribes, and a phylogenetically informed generalized least squares regression (PGLS) for each tribe with occlusal surface area as the independent variable and D as the dependent variable. The slopes of both PGLS analyses were compared using a t-test to determine if the same linear relationship existed between the two tribes. The t-test between tribes was significant (p < 0.0001), suggesting different D populations for each lineage. The PGLS for Hipparionini was a positive but not significant (p = 0.4912) relationship between D and occlusal surface area, but the relationship for Equini was significantly negative (p = 0.0177). λ was 0 for both tests, indicating no important phylogenetic signal is present in the relationship between these two characters, thus the PGLS collapses down to a non-phylogenetic generalized least squares (GLS) model. The t-test comparing the slopes of the regressions was not significant, indicating that the two lineages could have the same relationship between D and occlusal surface area. Our results suggest that the two tribes have the same negative relationship between D and occlusal surface area but the Hipparionini are offset to higher values than the Equini. This offset reflects the divergence between the two lineages since their last common ancestor and may have constrained their ability to respond to environmental change over the Neogene, leading to the differential survival of the Equini.
A Review of Democracy, Peace, and Other Things

This chapter reviews extant literature on the democratic peace. After briefly summarizing the core propositions of the democratic peace, it presents a series of criticisms under four headings: (a) paradigmatic debates, (b) neglected issues related to covert interventions and democratization, (c) methodological predicaments, and (d) problematic assertions from rational choice theory. In response to its critics, the recent evolution and prospects of the democratic peace are covered as well. This chapter culminates in the suggestion that current scholarship on peace and conflict can benefit from a foreign policy decision-making process model that incorporates the four key elements noted at the outset of the book: (a) civil-military relations, (b) military manpower system, (c) diplomatic channels, and (d) media openness.
Empirically derived personality subtyping for predicting clinical symptoms and treatment response in bulimia nervosa.

Objective Evidence suggests that eating disorder subtypes reflecting under-controlled, over-controlled, and low psychopathology personality traits constitute reliable phenotypes that differentiate treatment response. This study is the first to use statistical analyses to identify these subtypes within treatment-seeking individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) and to use these statistically derived clusters to predict clinical outcomes. Methods Using variables from the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire, K-means cluster analyses identified under-controlled, over-controlled, and low psychopathology subtypes within BN patients (n = 80) enrolled in a treatment trial. Generalized linear models examined the impact of personality subtypes on Eating Disorder Examination global score, binge eating frequency, and purging frequency cross-sectionally at baseline and longitudinally at end of treatment (EOT) and follow-up. In the longitudinal models, secondary analyses were conducted to examine personality subtype as a potential moderator of response to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Enhanced (CBT-E) or Integrative Cognitive-Affective Therapy for BN (ICAT-BN). Results There were no baseline clinical differences between groups. In the longitudinal models, personality subtype predicted binge eating (p = 0.03) and purging (p = 0.01) frequency at EOT and binge eating frequency at follow-up (p = 0.045). The over-controlled group demonstrated the best outcomes on these variables. In secondary analyses, there was a treatment by subtype interaction for purging at follow-up (p = 0.04), which indicated a superiority of CBT-E over ICAT-BN for reducing purging among the over-controlled group. Discussion Empirically derived personality subtyping appears to be a valid classification system with potential to guide eating disorder treatment decisions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:506–514)
Draft Genome Sequences of One Marine and One Clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain, Both Isolated in Sweden.

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading bacterial pathogen associated with seafood consumption. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of one marine and one clinical strain, both isolated in Sweden. These sequences will inform future comparative analysis of V. parahaemolyticus in northern Europe.
A module-based approach to integrating wind power for guaranteed power system stability

In this paper we present a module-based modeling of electricity infrastructure with special emphasis on the wind energy integration. Each (group of) wind generator(s) is defined as a module and is represented in terms of its local variables and the interconnection variables between the module and the system network. Therefore, it is possible to specify the performance sub-objectives of each module for a given range of variations in interaction variables and to ensure that the local sub-objectives are met through local sensing and actuation. This approach, compared with the present off-line worst-case specification for wind farm integration, provides a systematic means of analyzing the infrastructure dynamics with increasing penetration of wind energy. An interactive cyber-based protocol between the wind farm and the grid could be implemented for operating the system with pre-specified performance. Sufficient conditions on network properties are derived under which this interactive protocol between the transmission networks and the modules converges to a system-wide stable operation. An example is shown to demonstrate the integration of wind farm into the existing system with pre-specified stability performance.
Exploring Suspension of Disbelief During Simulation-Based Learning

Abstract Rooted in aviation and used consistently in the training and preparation of health care professionals for decades, simulation is an innovative teaching strategy that facilitates experiential learning in a safe learning environment. Effective simulation hinges on the ability of the learner to suspend disbelief. Participants must accept the otherwise unrealistic aspects of clinical simulation, and yet the concept of suspension of disbelief has not been fully explored in the field of nursing. What allows some simulation participants to fully believe or immerse themselves in simulation while others struggle to "pretend"? What are the determinants of a participants' ability to suspend disbelief during simulation-based learning activities? Factors that contribute to the learner's ability to suspend disbelief include fidelity, psychological safety, emotional buy-in, the fiction contract, and how learners assign meaning. Various other factors that enable or impede one's ability to immerse in simulation are considered yet need further exploration.
Dietary quality of the US child and adolescent population: trends from 1999 to 2012 and associations with the use of federal nutrition assistance programs

BACKGROUND The state of the economy, changes in federal food assistance programs, and policies related to nutrition and the food supply in the United States may influence dietary quality in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE We investigated dietary quality trends from 1999 to 2012 in the US child and adolescent population and their associations with socioeconomic status and participation in federal food assistance programs. DESIGN In this study, a nationally representative sample of 38,487 children and adolescents, aged 2-18 y, in the NHANES from 1999 to 2012 were included. Dietary information was collected with the use of a 24-h dietary recall. Dietary quality was measured with the use of the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010). RESULTS The mean HEI-2010 increased significantly from 42.5 (95% CI: 41.2, 43.8) to 50.9 (95% CI: 50.0, 51.8) from 1999 to 2012 (P-linear trend < 0.001). The reduction in empty calorie intake contributed to greater than one-third of this improvement in the total HEI-2010. We also observed significant increases in 9 other HEI-2010 component scores. However, the HEI-2010 component score for sodium decreased significantly, which reflected an increase in sodium consumption. We calculated the covariate-adjusted mean HEI-2010 score in subgroups that were defined by sociodemographic status and participation in nutrition assistance program at each NHANES cycle. Non-Hispanic black children and adolescents had a consistently lower HEI-2010 than that of other groups across all NHANES cycles. We observed a trend toward a lower HEI-2010 in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants than in nonparticipants after the 2003-2004 cycle. We also observed a lower HEI-2010 in participants in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the School Breakfast Program (SBP) than in nonparticipants. In general, participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children appeared to have a higher HEI-2010 than that of nonparticipants. CONCLUSIONS Although HEI-2010 scores in children and adolescents improved steadily, the overall dietary quality remained poor. Participants in the SNAP and participants in the National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast Program, or both have lower dietary quality than do nonparticipants. Future policy interventions are needed to continue improvement in dietary quality and to address disparities.
Region-specific disruption of synapsin phosphorylation following ethanol administration in brain-injured mice

Introduction: Civilians and military personnel develop a range of physical and psychosocial impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI), including alcohol abuse. As a consequence, increased rates of alcohol misuse magnify TBI-induced pathologies and impede rehabilitation efforts. Therefore, a developed understanding of the mechanisms that foster susceptibility of the injured brain to alcohol sensitivity and the response of the injured brain to alcohol is imperative for the treatment of TBI patients. Alcohol sensitivity has been demonstrated to be increased following experimental TBI and, in additional studies, regulated by presynaptic vesicle release mechanisms, including synapsin phosphorylation. Materials and Methods: Mice were exposed to controlled midline impact of the intact skull and assessed for cortical, hippocampal, and striatal expression of phosphorylated synapsin I and II in response to high-dose ethanol exposure administered 14 days following injury, a time point at which injured mice demonstrate increased sedation after ethanol exposure. Results and Discussion: Immunoblot quantitation revealed that TBI alone, compared to sham controls, significantly increased phosphorylated synapsin I and II protein expression in the striatum. In sham controls, ethanol administration significantly increased phosphorylated synapsin I and II protein expression compared to saline-treated sham controls; however, no significant increase in ethanol-induced phosphorylated synapsin I and II protein expression was observed in the striatum of injured mice compared to saline-treated TBI controls. A similar expression pattern was observed in the cortex although restricted to increases in phosphorylated synapsin II. Conclusion: These data show that increased phosphorylated synapsin expression in the injured striatum may reflect a compensatory neuroplastic response to TBI which is proposed to occur as a result of a compromised presynaptic response of the injured brain to high-dose ethanol. These results offer a mechanistic basis for the altered ethanol sensitivity observed following experimental TBI and contribute to our understanding of alcohol action in the injured brain.
Blue Screen of Death: disrupting transparent windows, composite media, and the aesthetics of continuity

This article proposes that the Blue Screen of Death (BSoD), experienced on personal computers when Microsoft Windows crashes materializes technology as monitor, operating system and graphical user ...
Calcar screw position in proximal humerus fracture fixation: Don't miss high!

Abstract Introduction In locked plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures, the calcar is an important anchor point for screws providing much-needed medial column support. Most locking plate implants utilize a fixed-trajectory locking screw to achieve this goal. Consequently, adjustments of plate location to account for patient-specific anatomy may result in a screw position outside of the calcar. To date, little is known about the consequences of “missing” the calcar during plate positioning. This study sought to characterize the biomechanics associated with proximal and distal placement of locking plates in a two-part fracture model. Materials and methods This experiment was performed twice, first with elderly cadaveric specimens and again with osteoporotic sawbones. Two-part fractures were simulated and specimens were divided to represent proximal, neutral, and distal plate placements. Non-destructive torsional and axial compression tests were performed prior to an axial fatigue test and a ramp to failure. Torsional stiffness, axial stiffness, humeral head displacement and stiffness during fatigue testing, and ultimate load were compared between groups. Results Cadavers: Proximal implant placement led to trends of decreased mechanical properties, but there were no significant differences found between groups. Sawbones: Distal placement increased torsional stiffness in both directions (p = 0.003, p = 0.034) and axial stiffness (p = 0.018) when compared to proximal placement. Distal placement also increased torsional stiffness in external rotation (p = 0.020), increased axial stiffness (p = 0.024), decreased humeral head displacement during fatigue testing, and increased stiffness during fatigue testing when compared to neutral placement. Discussion The distal and neutral groups had similar mechanical properties in many cadaveric comparisons while the proximal group trended towards decreased construct stiffness. Results from the Sawbones model were more definitive and provided further evidence that proximal calcar screw placements are undesirable and distal implant placement may provide improved construct stability. Conclusion Successful proximal humerus fracture reconstruction is inherent upon anatomic fracture reduction coupled with medial column support. Results from this experiment suggest that missing the calcar proximally is deleterious to fixation strength, while it is safe, and perhaps even desirable, to aim slightly distal to the intended target.
Ideas about Ideas in Organizations

The purpose of this panelist symposium is to draw together scholars interested in the study of ideas to develop a shared language and common research agenda on the topic. While ideas are in the bac...
Insights into the mechanisms underlying the inactivation of HIV-1 proviruses by CRISPR/Cas.

Abstract DNA editing using CRISPR/Cas has emerged as a potential treatment for diseases caused by pathogenic human DNA viruses. One potential target is HIV-1, which replicates via a chromosomally integrated DNA provirus. While CRISPR/Cas can protect T cells from de novo HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 frequently becomes resistant due to mutations in the chosen single guide RNA (sgRNA) target site. To address this problem, we asked whether an sgRNA targeted to a conserved, functionally critical HIV-1 sequence might prevent the selection of escape mutants. We report that two sgRNAs specific for the HIV-1 transactivation response (TAR) element produce opposite results: the TAR2 sgRNA rapidly selects for mutants that retain TAR function, but are no longer inhibited by Cas9, while the TAR1 sgRNA fails to select any replication competent TAR mutants, most probably because it is targeted to a region of TAR that is disrupted by even minor mutations.
The Effectiveness of Tactical Communication and Protection Systems (TCAPS) on Minimizing Hearing Hazard and Maintaining Auditory Situational Awareness

In military environments, maintaining Auditory Situational Awareness (ASA) and providing protection from hearing hazard are often dueling priorities. Traditional passive hearing protection devices (HPD’s) can provide adequate protection to the soldier from impulsive and continuous noise hazards, but this can come at the cost of reduced ASA. Anecdotal reports indicate that many soldiers may forego HPD use entirely in an attempt to maximize ASA. However, unprotected ears can lead to temporary threshold shifts (TTS) and permanent threshold shifts (PTS) that can be much worse for ASA than HPD use. Tactical Communication and Hearing Protection Systems (TCAPS) are active electronic systems that can provide a potential solution to this problem by giving the soldier protection, environmental hearing and radio communications. This paper discusses evaluating the effectiveness of these systems through objective measures of attenuation and subject human sound localization.
MODELS | The use of Cell Culture Models to Study Mechanisms Related to Epilepsy and Antiepileptic Drugs

In vitro models of mammalian neocortex and archicortex (including dissociated cell cultures and brain slices) have provided significant information about the physiology and pharmacology of cortical neurons, cortical development, circuit formation, short term synaptic plasticity between cortical neurons, the mechanisms underlying interictal spike and seizure generation, and the mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. In addition, studies utilizing these models have unraveled mechanisms of excitotoxicity and have pioneered the use of single cell molecular expression technology. Many of the studies performed on the cell culture model have focused on specific components of epileptic pathophysiology, as the entire phenomenology of seizure expression is only partially exhibited by these preparations. Nevertheless, it was not possible to identify the detailed mechanisms underlying these phenomena in more complex models. By combining studies of epilepsy in vivo with cellular and molecular observations made in vitro, a more complete understanding of both the normal function of mammalian cortex and the perturbations in normal function that result in seizures has been possible.
An improved Fokker-Planck angular differencing scheme

An analysis is performed that shows that the standard three-point difference scheme for the Fokker-Planck angular diffusion operator rigorusly preserves the zeroth angular moment, but not the first moment. As a result, the scheme does not give the exact diffusion solution in the diffusion limit. This deficiency is eliminated by means of a simple modification of the scheme. The three-point structure and positivity of the original scheme are retained in the modified scheme.
Seawater nitrogen concentration and light independently alter performance, growth, and resource allocation in the bloom-forming seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Ulvaria obscura (Chlorophyta)

Abstract Ulva lactuca and Ulvaria obscura are seaweeds that form green tides on Salish Sea shores. They have similar macroscopic morphologies but differ in their biochemistries and physiological responses. To understand how they are affected by changes in environmental conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in which algae were grown in artificial seawater with either low (10 μM) or high (160 μM) nitrate (NO3−) concentrations at high (29 mol photons·m−2.day−1) and low (4 mol photons·m−2.day−1) light levels. Light and NO3− affected algal responses, but always independently. After two weeks, U. lactuca grown in high light were larger, had lower maximum quantum yields (MQYs), and lower nitrogen (N), carbon (C), pigment, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) concentrations, respectively, relative to algae in low light. In contrast, U. obscura growth was unaffected by light. Like U. lactuca, U. obscura grown in high light had lower MQYs, and N, pigment, and DMSP concentrations. In high light, U. obscura also had 89% higher dopamine concentrations and a tendency to fragment. Both U. lactuca and U. obscura grown in 160 μM NO3− were larger, had higher MQYs, and higher N, pigment, and DMSP concentrations, respectively, than algae in 10 μM NO3−. Also, when U. obscura was grown in the 160 μM NO3− medium, it significantly increased its surface area/mass ratio. Although both species grew faster in high NO3−, high light only promoted the growth of Ulva, which may explain the dominance of Ulva in summer months. High light was physiologically stressful to both species and caused increases in photoprotective mechanisms, such as the production of dopamine, a melanin precursor, in Ulvaria, and DMSP lysis in Ulva to generate antioxidants. Growing in 10 μM NO3- produced responses that were consistent with nitrogen limitation and had greater impacts on Ulvaria than Ulva, suggesting that Ulvaria responds more strongly to eutrophication.
High-density element concentrations in fish from subtidal to hadal zones of the Pacific Ocean.

Abstract Anthropogenic use of high density, toxic elements results in marine pollution which is bio-accumulating throughout marine food webs. While there have been several studies in various locations analyzing such elements in fish, few have investigated patterns in these elements and their isotopes in terms of ocean depth, and none have studied the greatest depth zones. We used a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer-hydride system and an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer to determine concentrations of the high-density elements arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), plus the light-metal barium (Ba), in fish ranging from bathyal (1000 m in Monterey Bay) to upper hadal zones (6500–7626 m in the Kermadec and Mariana Trenches) in the Pacific Ocean. Five species of fish—including the Mariana Trench snailfish, the world's deepest known fish newly discovered—were analyzed for patterns in total element concentration, depth of occurrence, Se:Hg ratio, plus mercury isotopes in the deepest species. Co and As levels decreased with depth. In the Mariana Trench, Pb, Hg, Cd, and Cu were higher than in all other samples, and higher in those plus Ba than in the Kermadec Trench. The latter samples had far higher Ni and Cr levels than all others. Mercury relative isotope analysis showed no depth trends in the deepest species. Se:Hg showed a large molar excess of Se in bathyal flatfish species. These patterns indicate that exposures to pollutants differ greatly between habitats including trenches of similar depths.
Design of an Intelligent Cognition Assistant for People with Cognitive Impairment

Research has shown that over half of those with MCI will develop dementia within 5 years. In 2017, approximately 50 million people have dementia in the world. Moreover, dementia is now the 7th leading cause of death. Now almost 600 thousand people aged 65 or over are MCI in Taiwan. The ratio of people aged 65 years or over in Taiwan will reach 20% by 2025. According to the results of several studies, 3-19% of adults over the age of 65 meet the criteria for MCI. The majority of care for PWCI is provided by family carers. Using assistive technologies (AT) to help PWCI live independently can reduce the costs of care for PWCI. AT can support communication, monitor and reminders to meet the requirements of socialization, safety and cognition for PWCI, respectively. In this research, we propose an intelligent cognition assistant (iCA) to improve living qualities for PWCI using modern assistive technologies. The system has three major functions: companion, cognitive rehabilitation and evaluation, and daily activities assistant. A friendly and intelligent dialog interface, digital cognitive exercises, multidimensional cognitive evaluation and activities monitors are provided to achieve these goals.
The field of an antenna in a magnetoplasma

In the previous chapter we described the behaviour of the polar diagrams of group velocity for the O and X waves. In Chapter 18 we shall treat the polar diagrams of radiated power. For this purpose we deduce in this chapter expressions for the far field of an antenna located in a homogeneous magnetoplasma.
A memory of RPS25 loss drives resistance phenotypes

In order to maintain cellular protein homeostasis, ribosomes are safeguarded against dysregulation by myriad processes. Many cell types can nonetheless withstand genetic lesions of certain ribosomal protein genes, some of which are linked to diverse cellular phenotypes and human disease. However, the direct and indirect consequences from sustained alterations in ribosomal protein levels are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we studied in vitro and cellular consequences that follow genetic knockout of the ribosomal proteins RPS25 or RACK1 in a human cell line, as both proteins are implicated in direct translational control. Prompted by the unexpected detection of an off-target ribosome alteration in the RPS25 knockout, we closely interrogated cellular phenotypes. We found that multiple RPS25 knockout clones display viral- and toxin-resistance phenotypes that cannot be rescued by functional cDNA expression, suggesting that RPS25 loss elicits a cell state transition. We characterized this state and found that it underlies pleiotropic phenotypes and has a common rewiring of gene expression. Rescuing RPS25 expression by genomic locus repair failed to correct for the phenotypic and expression hysteresis. Our findings illustrate how the elasticity of cells to a ribosome perturbation can drive specific phenotypic outcomes that are indirectly linked to translation.
Patient perspectives on participation in phase 1 clinical trials.

48Background: Patients with solid tumors in Phase 1 clinical trials are at an important phase in the cancer trajectory. Understanding patients’ experiences can guide healthcare providers to provide...
95 – Disorders of Sweating

Publisher Summary Sweating, an important thermoregulatory activity under autonomic control, can be disturbed by disorders resulting in excessive (hyperhidrosis) or deficient (hypohidrosis and anhidrosis) sweating. Hyperhidrosis can be generalized or localized.. Generalized hyperhidrosis can be primary (as in episodic hypothermia with hyperhidrosis or Shapiro syndrome) or secondary and caused by general medical disorders. The hyperhidrosis is usually episodic rather than continuous with most disorders. Localized hyperhidrosis of the hands, soles, and axillae with normal sweating elsewhere is a common disorder known as “essential hyperhidrosis” and is most commonly encountered. Pathologic hypohidrosis and anhidrosis may produce symptoms of heat intolerance and dry skin; for example, a patient may recognize that exercise in hot weather causes exhaustion but not sweating or that their feet are dry and stockings are no longer wet at day's end. More often, patients are unaware of specific symptoms; therefore, trophic skin changes or other signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy (AN) should be sought.
The effect of Ni doping on the mechanical behavior of tungsten

Abstract The effect of nickel (Ni) on activated sintering of tungsten has been known and investigated for decades. However, there are few reports on the mechanical properties of tungsten when Ni is added as a low alloying additive with less than 1 wt%. In this research, the mechanical behaviors of tungsten doped with 0.2–1.0 wt% nickel from room temperature up to 400 °C were investigated. The results show that the compression ductility of as-sintered Ni doped tungsten is drastically higher than that of as-sintered pure tungsten at all tested temperatures including room temperature, and the fracture toughness at room temperature is increased by 92%. The results suggest that the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of tungsten can be reduced substantially by doping with Ni.
Cost Accounting and the Justification of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies

Abstract This article points out that the product of cost accountants, cost accounting numbers, has behavioral implications with regard to the actions taken by engineers. The first point is that the use of only one overhead allocation base to apply overhead will result in a bias against the use of that base within the firm. The second point is that the current form of the income statement has resulted in people within the firm ignoring costs determined by manufacturing when making manufacturing decisions. The third point is that the aggregating of many different costs together within overhead has had the effect of obscuring those costs for decision making purposes. The article also points out that all relevant costs should be identified and used as early as possible in the design phase in order to minimize total product cost.
How Far Is the Future

The pandemic and consequent economic fallout, intertwined with the climate crisis, has led to a recalibration of the distance that separates the present from the future. This essay draws on media theory to delineate some of the paradoxes involved in predicted or knowing when the future will have arrived during this period of ‘new normal’.
Max Scheler’s Idea of History: A Juxtaposition of Phenomenology and Idealism

The purpose of this essay is to provide an account of Max Scheler’s notion of history and the growing influence that idealism had on its development. For much of this development, Scheler had sought to chart a middle course between Hegel and Marx, or as he expresses it in his later works, a course between idealism and realism. As my argument demonstrates, idealism comes to have an increasing impact on Scheler’s notion of history when he begins in his later work to reflect on the end (or beginning) of history and in particular when he seeks to articulate a “new cosmopolitanism” and “balancing” of cultures at this end.
Tenant Protections in the COVID-19 Pandemic

When the coronavirus pandemic struck, governments at all levels moved to help tenants in unprecedented ways. Though the policies were far from perfect, they were major steps forward. This Article examines those reforms. The eviction crisis predates 2020, but the pandemic made it worse. In response, the federal government took unprecedented actions to protect tenants, a long-overlooked group. States too adopted sweeping moratoriums that stopped most or all evictions from occurring—for a time—along with a number of other pro-tenant policies. States also took concerted action to ensure people did not have utilities cut off, rendering their homes unlivable. The Article gives policymakers lessons learned from the pandemic about how to craft better policies to prioritize the wellbeing of tenants in times of emergency.
Maternal and Child Outcomes Reported by Breastfeeding Women Following Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccination.

Background: In December 2020, two novel messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 received emergency use authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; however, the early trials excluded lactating women. Methods: Breastfeeding women residing in the United States who received either of the two mRNA vaccines were enrolled into the Mommy's Milk Human Milk Research Biorepository at the University of California, San Diego. From December 14, 2020 to February 1, 2021, 180 women who received two doses of either mRNA vaccine were recruited into the study. Results: Similar proportions of women reported any one or more symptoms following vaccination with either mRNA vaccine. In addition, the frequency by specific type of symptom did not differ by brand. However, following the second dose of vaccine, women who received the Moderna brand were significantly more likely to report symptoms. A small proportion of women following the first dose of either vaccine brand reported a reduction in milk supply, and significantly, more women reported a reduction in milk supply following the second dose of Moderna. Few infant events were reported for either vaccine brand following either dose, and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: These data are reassuring regarding the safety of vaccination in breastfeeding women and their breastfed children with either of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.
Amines, Aromatic, Aniline and Its Derivatives

Aniline (benzenamine) is the simplest of the primary aromatic amines. Aromatic amines can be produced by reduction of the corresponding nitro compound, the ammonolysis of an aromatic halide or phenol, and by direct amination of the aromatic ring. At present, the catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene is the predominant process for manufacture of aniline. Pure, freshly distilled aniline is a colorless, oily liquid that darkens on exposure to light and air. It has a characteristic sweet, amine-like aromatic odor. Aniline is miscible with acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, and benzene, and is soluble in most organic solvents. Aromatic amines are usually weaker bases than aliphatic amines. Aromatic amines form addition compounds and complexes with many inorganic substances, such as zinc chloride, copper chloride, uranium tetrachloride, or boron trifluoride. Various metals react with the amino group to form metal anilides; and hydrochloric, sulfuric, or phosphoric acid salts of aniline are important intermediates in the dye industry. Important reactions include n-alkylation, ring alkylation, acylation, condensation, cyclization, reaction with nitrous acid, oxidation, halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, and reduction. The predominant process for manufacture of aniline is the catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene with hydrogen. The flash point of aniline (70°C) is well above its normal storage temperature, but aniline should be stored and used in areas with minimum fire hazard. Aniline is slightly corrosive to some metals. It attacks copper, brass, and other copper alloys, and use of these metals should be avoided in equipment that is used to handle aniline. Aniline is shipped in tank truck and tank car quantities and is classified by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as a Class B poison (UN 1547), and must carry a poison label. Wastes contaminated with aniline may be listed as RCRA Hazardous Waste. Aniline is highly toxic and may be fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Aniline vapor is mildly irritating to the eye, and in liquid form it can be a severe eye irritant and cause corneal damage. The U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has ruled that an employee's exposure to aniline in an 8-h work shift of a 40-h work week shall not exceed an 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) of 5 ppm vapor in air. Based on tests with laboratory animals, aniline may cause cancer. Aniline should be handled in areas with adequate ventilation and skin exposure should be avoided by the wearing of proper safety equipment. The major uses of aniline are in the manufacture of polymers, rubber, agricultural chemicals, dyes and pigments, pharmaceuticals, and photographic chemicals. Most derivatives of aniline are prepared by hydrogenation of their nitroaromatic precursors.
Influence of pore and particle size on the frontal uptake of proteins. Implications for preparative anion-exchange chromatography.

Several silica-based anion-exchange packings were synthesized with nominal pore sizes of 250, 500 and 1000 A in 10-, 20- and 50-μm particles. The static (“equilibrium”) adsorption capacities for bovene serum albumin (mol.wt. 69 000), α-lactalbumin (17 500) and ferritin (440 000) were first measured using bulk material. The media were then packed into columns for frontal uptake experiments to measure adsorption from a flowing mobile phase. In general, frontal uptake was inversely related to both flow-rate and particle size. However, the magnitude of these relationships was strongly dependent on the pore to protein diameter ratio. More specifically, the uptake of bovine serum albumin was significantly more sensitive to linear velocity and particle size than α-lactalbumin. A mathematical model of the chromatographic process was used to calculate radial adsorption profiles across the chromatographic particle during frontal uptake. It was shown that restricted intraparticle diffusion due to insufficient pore size causes incomplete utilization of internal surface area. Under such conditions, protein is only bound within a finite shell on the outermost side of the particle; therefore, the effective loadability of the packing is greatly reduced. These data suggest that a pore size of at least 500 A will be required for the preparative chromatography of proteins with a molecular weight higher than ca. 1000 000. This observation is especially evident when using particle sizes greater than 10 μm.