cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salt-water-freshwater transient upconing - An implicit boundary-element solution

Abstract The boundary-element method is used to solve the set of partial differential equations describing the flow of salt water and fresh water separated by a sharp interface in the vertical plane. In order to improve the accuracy and stability of the numerical solution, a new implicit scheme was developed for calculating the motion of the interface. The performance of this scheme was tested by means of numerical simulation. The numerical results are compared to experimental results for a salt-water upconing under a drain problem.
Drosophila Matrix Metalloproteinases Are Required for Tissue Remodeling, but Not Embryonic Development

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is heavily implicated in many diseases, including cancer. The developmental functions of these genes are not clear, however, because the >20 mammalian MMPs can be functionally redundant. Drosophila melanogaster has only two MMPs, which are expressed in embryos in distinct patterns. We created mutations in both genes: Mmp1 mutants have defects in larval tracheal growth and pupal head eversion, and Mmp2 mutants have defects in larval tissue histolysis and epithelial fusion during metamorphosis; neither is required for embryonic development. Double mutants also complete embryogenesis, and these represent the first time, to our knowledge, that all MMPs have been disrupted in any organism. Thus, MMPs are not required for Drosophila embryonic development, but, rather, for tissue remodeling.
Religious Involvement and Feelings of Connectedness with Others among Older Americans

Summary Some researchers maintain that one of the primary functions of religion is to help individuals develop a strong sense of connectedness with other people. However, there is little research on how a sense of connectedness arises. The purpose of this study is to examine this issue. A conceptual model is developed to test the following key hypotheses: (1) blacks are more likely than whites to affiliate with Conservative Christian denominations; (2) Conservative Christians attend worship services more often than individuals in other faith traditions; (3) people who go to church more often are more likely to receive informal spiritual support i.e., encouragement to adopt religious beliefs and practices); (4) individuals who receive more spiritual support are more likely to read religious literature and watch or listen to religious programs; and (5) people who engage in these private religious practices are more likely to feel a close sense of religiously based connectedness with others. Data from a nationwide longitudinal survey provides support for each hypothesis.
Risk of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection With Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheters Used in Hospitalized Patients

Background: Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) are now widely used for intermediate and long-term access in current-day health care, especially in the inpatient setting, where they are increasingly supplanting conventional central venous catheters (CVCs) placed percutaneously into the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral veins. Data on the risk of PICC-related bloodstream infection (BSI) with PICCs used in hospitalized patients are limited. Study objectives: To determine the risk of PICC-related BSI in hospitalized patients. Study design: Prospective cohort study using data from two randomized trials assessing the efficacy of chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressing and chlorhexidine for cutaneous antisepsis. Methods: PICCs inserted into the antecubital vein in two randomized trials during from 1998 to 2000 were prospectively studied; most patients were in an ICU. PICC-related BSI was confirmed in each case by demonstrating concordance between isolates colonizing the PICC at the time of removal and from blood cultures by restriction-fragment DNA subtyping. Results:Overall, 115 patients had 251 PICCs placed. Mean duration of catheterization was 11.3 days (total, 2,832 PICC-days); 42% of the patients were in an ICU at some time, 62% had urinary catheters, and 49% had received mechanical ventilation. Six PICC-related BSIs were identified (2.4%), four with coagulasenegative staphylococcus, one with Staphylococcus aureus, and one with Klebsiella pneumoniae, a rate of 2.1 per 1,000 catheter-days. Conclusion: This prospective study shows that PICCs used in high-risk hospitalized patients are associated with a rate of catheter-related BSI similar to conventional CVCs placed in the internal jugular or subclavian veins (2 to 5 per 1,000 catheter-days), much higher than with PICCs used exclusively in the outpatient setting (approximately 0.4 per 1,000 catheter-days), and higher than with cuffed and tunneled Hickman-like CVCs (approximately 1 per 1,000 catheter-days). A randomized trial of PICCs and conventional CVCs in hospitalized patients requiring central access is needed. Our data raise the question of whether the growing trend in many hospital hematology and oncology services to switch from use of cuffed and tunneled CVCs to PICCs is justified, particularly since PICCs are more vulnerable to thrombosis and dislodgment, and are less useful for drawing blood specimens. Moreover, PICCs are not advisable in patients with renal failure and impending need for dialysis, in whom preservation of upper-extremity veins is needed for fistula or graft implantation. (CHEST 2005; 128:489–495)
The similarity of compositional distribution information generated by DSC and TREF

Abstract This paper demonstrates the generation of DSC thermograms from TREF chromatograms. The reverse is clearly possible, and shows that compositional distribution information is obtainable from DSC using solution crystallized material. However, TREF is essential, at least initially, in providing fractions for calibration curves.
On the characteristics of a non-isothermal chemical reactor

Abstract The temperature reaction history in a chemical reactor is analysed. A practical method is outlined for obtaining particular solutions of the pertinent differential equation for specific values of the parameters which control the heat transfer and the reaction kinetics of the system. With help of a phase plane analysis, properties of the general solution of the differential equation are established which exhibit the influence of the above mentioned parameters on the temperature reaction history. The analysis indicates two physically distinct operational ranges of the reactor which depend essentially on the exterior heat transfer characteristics of the system.
Assessing the Extent of Nonresponse Bias on NIBRS Estimates of Violent Crime

More than two decades ago, the U.S. Department of Justice released its recommendations for a new data collection method for the Uniform Crime Reporting Program that would become the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The full potential of NIBRS data has not been realized based on assumptions that these data are inherently biased due to a lack of national coverage and overrepresentation by law enforcement agencies serving smaller populations. To date, no research has assessed the amount of nonresponse or the degree to which NIBRS data are biased for generating crime estimates. Although this study confirms an overall low response rate for NIBRS reporting, higher rates are found for particular subnational population groups. An examination of violent crime rates and change estimates suggests that the amount of bias in NIBRS is not so small as to be ignorable but is not so considerable as to warrant abandoning these data altogether.
Insulin Resistance Is Mediated by a Proteolytic Fragment of the Insulin Receptor (

Insulin resistance is a common clinical feature of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and is characterized by elevated serum levels of glucose, insulin, and lipids. The mechanism by which insulin resistance is acquired is unknown. We have previously demonstrated that upon chronic treatment of fibroblasts with insulin, conditions that mimic the hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance, the membrane-associated insulin receptor β subunit is proteolytically cleaved, resulting in the generation of a cytosolic fragment of the β subunit, β‘, and that the generation of β‘ is inhibited by the thiol protease inhibitor E64 (Knutson, V. P.(1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15656-15662). In this report, we demonstrate that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: 1) cytosolic β‘ is generated by chronic insulin administration to the cells, and that E64 inhibits the production of β‘; 2) chronic administration of insulin to the adipocytes leads to an insulin-resistant state, as measured by lipogenesis and glycogen synthesis, and E64 totally prevents the generation of this insulin-induced cellular insulin resistance; 3) E64 has no effect on the insulin-induced down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1, and therefore insulin resistance is not mediated by the down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1; 4) under in vitro conditions, partially purified β‘ stoichiometrically inhibits the insulin-induced autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor β subunit; and 5) administration of E64 to obese Zucker fatty rats improves the insulin resistance of the rats compared to saline-treated animals. These data indicate that β‘ is a mediator of insulin resistance, and the mechanism of action of β‘ is the inhibition of the insulin-induced autophosphorylation of the β subunit of the insulin receptor.
Neutron diffraction studies of polycrystalline deformation in engineering materials

Abstract Polycrystalline structural materials often contain inherent stresses that partition across the microstructure. From composites to fabricated components, stress and strain fields are often highly heterogeneous at the microstructural level, contrary to the inferences commonly made in continuum mechanics. Since these “residual” stresses are intimately linked to failure processes, one of the challenges in modeling constitutive behavior is to predict the magnitude of the stress heterogeneities in polycrystals and thus understand the implications.
Initial response and complex polar cap structures of the aurora in response to the January 10, 1997 magnetic cloud

On January 10, 1997, a magnetic cloud originating at the Sun was incident on the Earth. The initial disturbance to the magnetosphere, as reflected in the activities of the aurora, was measured by the Ultraviolet Imager on the Polar Spacecraft. During this event we have observed the development of several unusual unique auroral forms that to our knowledge are unexplained in current models and theories. The observations were made on a global scale with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The first activation of the aurora at local noon occurred within minutes of the arrival of the shock at 0107 UT. The substorm onset was observed at 0334 UT. During the intervening time significant polar cap precipitation occurred.
SLENDER BODY THEORY FOR STOKES FLOWS WITH REGULARIZED FORCES

Existing slender body theories for the dynamics of a thin tube in a Stokes flow differ in the way the asymptotic errors depend on a small parameter defined as the radius of the body over its length. Examples are the theory of Lighthill, that of Keller and Rubinow, and that of Johnson. Slender body theory is revisited here in the more general setting of forces which are localized but smoothly varying within a small neighborhood of the filament centerline, rather than delta distributions along the centerline. Physically, this means that the forces are smoothly distributed over the cross-section of the body. The regularity in the forces produces a final expression that has built-in smoothing which helps eliminate instabilities encountered in computations with unsmoothed formulas. Consistency with standard theories is verified in the limit as the smoothing parameter vanishes, where the original expressions are recovered. In addition, an expression for the fluid velocity at locations off the slender body is derived and used to compute the flow around a filament.
A Geometric Approach for Determining Exact Point Accessibility of Robotic Manipulations

This paper presents a method of determining the exact point accessibility for an articulated manipulator with joint limits in both the regional and wrist structures. The method is based on the derivation of constraint equations, which define boundary curves on the service sphere separating accessible and non-accessible regions. These constraint equations are defined individually in each specially selected coordinate frame, called the neutral coordinate frame. The boundary curves on the service sphere may arise from both regional structure joint limits and wrist joint limits. The resulting constraint equations are solved numerically, and the accessibility regions of any given point can be plotted on its service sphere automatically. The method is demonstrated on a simple articulated manipulator with an Euler angle wrist.
A structural study of oxidation in a zirconia-toughened alumina fiber-reinforced NiAl composite

A composite of NiAl reinforced with continuous zirconia-toughened alumina (PRD-166) fibers was fabricated by pressure casting. The chemical stability of the composite at 1100 °C in vacuum and air was investigated by optical and transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Exposure of the fiber to the molten metal caused ZrO2 particles in the fiber to move to the surface, thus permitting dissolution of ZrO2 into the molten metal. The dissolved Zr reacted with A12O3 of the fiber and formed ZrO2 particles in some regions at the fiber/matrix interface. Vacuum annealing did not result in any noticeable change in the microstructure. Air annealing led to the precipitation of ZrO2 within the matrix near the fiber/matrix interface. A thin layer of A12O3 was observed to envelop the ZrO2 particles and cover the fiber. During air annealing, Al oxidized preferentially, thereby continually reducing the Al content of the β-NiAl. This caused a progressive change in the microstructure of the matrix from β-NiAl to premartensitic microstructure, to martensitic structure, followed by nucleation and growth of Ni3Al, to the development of a two-phase microstructure consisting of Ni3Al cuboids dispersed in a disordered α-Ni(Al) and, subsequently, the formation of single-phase α-Ni(Al). The orientation relationship between Ni3Al and NiAl was\(\langle 1\bar 11\rangle _{{\text{NiAl}}} //\langle 0\bar 11\rangle _{{\text{Ni}}_{\text{3}} {\text{Al}}} \). Internal oxidation of α-Ni(Al) led to precipitation of A12O3 particles which subsequently reacted with Ni, in the presence of O, to form NiO · A12O3 spinel. The Ni was oxidized to formβ-NiO. Titanium-containing, platelike precipitates with a {111} habit plane were occasionally observed in NiO. Some larger NiTiO3 particles were also formed within NiO. Diffusion of O through the interphase and grain boundaries of the fiber is believed to be responsible for the rapid oxidation of the composite.
The effect of cost construction based on either DRG or ICD-9 codes or risk group stratification on the resulting cost-effectiveness ratios.

Background: As cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) are increasingly used to inform policy decisions, there is a need for more information on how different cost determination methods affect cost estimates and the degree to which the resulting cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) may be affected. The lack of specificity of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) could mean that they are ill-suited for costing applications in CEAs. Yet, the implications of using International Classification of Diseases—9th edition (ICD-9) codes or a form of disease-specific risk group stratification instead of DRGs has yet to be clearly documented.
Proximity Effect of Superconductors in High Magnetic Fields

The nucleation field ${H}_{0}$ for superconductivity at the boundary between a normal and a superconducting semi-infinite half-space is calculated. At this field, for temperatures smaller than the transition temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{es}}$ of the superconductor, a second-order phase transition occurs from the normal to the superconducting state as the magnetic field is decreased, and superconductivity is nucleated near the boundary between the superconducting and the normal metal. The calculation is general and is applied to clean and dirty superconductors. The normal metal also becomes a superconductor at a transition temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{cn}}l{T}_{\mathrm{cs}}$, and the above results apply to temperatures ${T}_{\mathrm{cn}}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}{T}_{\mathrm{cs}}$ as well as $Tl{T}_{\mathrm{cn}}$, provided the Ginzburg-Landau equations apply. ${H}_{0}$ is temperature-dependent, and lies between the bulk nucleation field ${H}_{c2}$ and the surface nucleation field ${H}_{c3}$. The value of ${H}_{0}$ depends on the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer coherence lengths ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}$, the mean free paths $l$ in the normal states, the effective masses $m$, the electron densities $n$, and the transition temperatures ${T}_{c}$ of both metals. For example, one finds, in the limit when both metals are dirty ($l\ensuremath{\ll}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}$), that ${H}_{c2}\ensuremath{\le}{H}_{0}\ensuremath{\le}{H}_{c3}$ for $0\ensuremath{\le}\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\infty}$, where the $\ensuremath{\sigma}'\mathrm{s}$ are the normal-state conductivities of the superconducting and the normal metal. This is not in agreement with previous calculations by Hurault, who concludes that when $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}=1$, the value of ${H}_{0}$ is ${H}_{c2}$ for ${T}_{\mathrm{cn}}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}{T}_{\mathrm{cs}}$. When $Tl{T}_{\mathrm{cn}}$, the value ${H}_{0}$ is strongly field- and temperature-dependent, particularly when $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1$. The above concept is applicable to internal boundary nucleation of superconductivity in the bulk of a superconductor.
THE DETERMINANTS OF PROGRESS TO THE DOCTORAL DEGREE

The time doctoral students expect to take to complete their degree is investigated in a model which stresses the effects of economic factors. The model also accounts for the interdependency among such variables as employment hours, study hours, household income, and part-time study. We find that field of study, amount of borrowing, household income, and study hours have direct effects on expected time to degree. Indirect effects also occur from employment hours and the amount of fellowship, scholarship, or grant aid. When the sample is separated into foreign and U.S. students, we find that U.S. students underestimate their time to degree. Also, household incomes are higher for U.S. students and increase the time to degree, while the opposite is true for foreign students. Teaching assistantships increase the time to degree for foreign students while research assistantships reduce it.
An Exploration of Job Demands, Job Control, Stress, and Attitudes in Public, Nonprofit, and For-Profit Employees

Drawing on the Job Demands-Control-Support model, we argue that job demands, job control, social support, stress, and employee attitudes differ by ownership sector. Using Random Coefficient/ Hierar...
Trait argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness, and minimally rational argument: An observational analysis of friendship discussions

Many studies have been published that assume connections between argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness, and argument behavior. However, research is limited regarding the links between these personality factors and actual communication behavior (i.e., observations of messages spontaneously exchanged between participants). To explore directly the manner in which these personality factors correspond to argument behavior, a view of argument as minimally rational discourse was adopted. This view stresses that argument constitutes a social, communicative activity and occurs in various kinds of argument structures that reflect rational logic. In this study, the relative frequency of argument development was coded from 31 friendship dyad conversations. Results revealed that argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness did not correlate meaningfully with the development and defense of one's ideas. However, the composition of the dyad in terms of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness did affect the propo...
Multilayer Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Lines Compatible with Standard Digital Silicon Technologies

On-chip transmission lines in silicon technologies suffer from the low-resistivity substrate and geometry limitations imposed by layout and metal density design rules. In this paper, we demonstrate that multilayer coplanar waveguide (MCPW) transmission lines can be utilized to overcome both problems by taking advantage of multiple metal layers available. We studied the effects of ground spacing on MCPW characteristics using electromagnetic simulations, based on process parameters from a 0.18 mum standard digital CMOS technology with 0.01 Omega-cm P+ substrate. Simulation results show that by adjusting the ground spacing, we can control the characteristics impedance, effective dielectric constant, and attenuation of MCPW lines. A test chip was designed and fabricated with MCPW, regular CPW, and microstrip lines. Measurement results verified the analysis and simulation results.
A Novel Caffeine Dehydrogenase in Pseudomonas sp. Strain CBB1 Oxidizes Caffeine to Trimethyluric Acid

A unique heterotrimeric caffeine dehydrogenase was purified from Pseudomonas sp. strain CBB1. This enzyme oxidized caffeine to trimethyluric acid stoichiometrically and hydrolytically, without producing hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme was not NAD(P)+ dependent; coenzyme Q0 was the preferred electron acceptor. The enzyme was specific for caffeine and theobromine and showed no activity with xanthine.
Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. the Steelman

This paper compares four computer programming languages (Ada95, C, C++, and Java) with the requirements of "Steelman", the original 1978 requirements document for the Ada computer programming language. This paper provides a view of the capabilities of each of these languages, and should help those trying to understand their technical similarities, differences, and capabilities.
Design and implementation of a scanning SQUID microscope

A cryogenic two-dimensional magnetic imaging system that incorporates a sensitive DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) detector is described. In this instrument, which is called the scanning SQUID microscope, a flux transformer coupled to the SQUID is scanned over the surface of a planar sample by a room-temperature, stepping-motor-controlled manipulator with a positional resolution of about 2 mu m. With the present input coil, spatial resolution of 20 mu m and a flux sensitivity at the sample of 10/sup -5/ Phi /sub 0//Hz/sup 1/2/ is attainable. This system has been designed specifically to image the vortex structure and dynamics of weakly coupled superconductor arrays. >
“in”, “on”, and “under” revisited

Abstract The present study presents evidence that young children's comprehension of the locatives ‘in’, ‘on’, and ‘under’ is, at least in part, contextually determined. Children aged 1;6–3;0 were given tasks with verbal instructions which were either contextually congruent or incongruent. The results were interpreted in terms of the non-linguistic as well as linguistic strategies apparently used to interpret speech. The results and interpretation are in contrast to those of earlier research.
Density-functional study of bulk silicon lightly doped with manganese

With only a 0.8% concentration of Mn impurities, Si has been found to be ferromagnetic up to well above $400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Using the generalized gradient approximation, both with and without a Hubbard $U$, for exchange and correlation, we have calculated the properties of a 250 atom Si supercell with two Mn impurities, at substitutional sites, at interstitial sites, and one Mn at each site, for both parallel and antiparallel Mn spins. The calculations were repeated with one substitutional boron impurity $(5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$). All formation energies are positive; however, independent of whether B and/or $U$ are included, the lowest formation energy occurs with parallel spin interstitial Mn pairs. The absorption of well separated Mn's is exothermic at interstitial sites or in Si vacancies; however, substitutional absorption requiring the displacement of a Si into an interstitial site is endothermic with $U$ and only slightly exothermic without $U$. There is a fair amount of variation in the number of majority and minority spin $d$ electrons on the Mn but four majority and one minority spins are typical.
Cytosolic Ca Buffering of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes and Adult Rabbit Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

A major concern about using cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) for human disease modeling is their "immature" phenotype which may result in substantial differences in their physiology when compared to native cardiomyocytes. Here we compare intracellular Ca buffering of hiPSC-CM derived from healthy humans to that of acutely-isolated adult rabbit ventricular CM. hiPSC-CM (21 days post cardiac induction) were plated at low density on matrigel-coated dishes and studied 3-5 days after plating. While hiPSC were significantly smaller than rabbit CM (cell capacity 19±2 pF vs 101±12 pF, p<0.01) and had disorganized contractile filaments on electron microscopy, hiPSC-CM nevertheless exhibited robust troponin C expression, the major cytosolic Ca binding site. To measure cytosolic Ca buffering ("Trafford" method), caffeine (10 mM) was rapidly applied to release Ca from the SR, which then extruded via the NaCa exchanger (NCX), generating an inward NCX current. Integration of NCX current yielded the total amount of Ca released from the SR. Then Δ[Ca]total was plotted as a function of Δ[Ca]free and maximal cytosolic buffering capacity (Bmax) and Kd calculated. Cytosolic Ca buffering parameters were not significantly different between hiPSC-CM (Bmax=100±14μmol/Lcytosol, Kd=0.61±0.09 μM, n=25) and rabbit-CM (Bmax=117±15 μmol/Lcytosol, Kd=0.61±0.11 μM, n=9). EMD57033 (3 μM), which binds to troponin C and increases cytosolic Ca binding in murine CM, also increased cytosolic Ca binding affinity in hiPSC-CM (Kd=0.39±0.05 μM; p<0.05) without affecting Bmax (96±13 μmol/Lcytosol). Importantly, rates of non-NCX mediated Ca removal were not different between hiPSC-CM and adult rabbit CM. These results demonstrate that hiPSC-CM have cytosolic Ca buffering parameters similar to those of acutely-isolated native CM and therefore could be used for modeling cardiac diseases with altered myofilament Ca binding. Supported by AHA-12POST12080080(DK), NIH-RO1-HL71670(BCK).
Evidence for Noradrenergic Involvement in Episodic Prolactin and Growth Hormone Release in Ovariectomized Rats

Episodic release of PRL and GH was studied in conscious ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Three to 5 weeks after OVX, animals bearing indwelling jugular cannulae were bled at 10-min intervals for 2 h, usually between 1100–1500 h. All animals showed frequent secretory bursts of PRL and GH. PRL levels varied from trough values of 5–10 ng/ml to peak concentrations ranging from 20–65 ng/ml. GH levels fluctuated from baseline values of around 15 ng/ml to peak levels higher than 40 ng/ml in all animals studied (range, 45–205 ng/ml). In another group of animals, norepinephrine (NE) synthesis was inhibited by administering diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), an inhibitor of dopamine-β-hydroxylase, 2 h before the bleeding period. After this treatment, complete suppression of both PRL and GH secretory episodes was observed. Effectiveness of the DDC treatment was ascertained by measuring the content of NE and dopamine in the median eminence, medial basal hypothalamus, and suprachiasmatic-preoptic area by radioenzymatic assay. At...
Design of an 18-T Canted Cosine–Theta Superconducting Dipole Magnet

A multilayer high field dipole magnet has been designed for future particle accelerators. The magnet has eight layers of a Nb 3 Sn outsert coil and four layers of a Bi-2212 insert coil (see Figs. 1 and 2). The layers are graded, delivering a short-sample field of 17.7 T in a 40-mm bore. The coil layers are of a canted cosine-theta design-with ribs and spars that guide and support the coil windings, shape the field, intercept Lorentz forces, and minimize conductor prestress. We present a general overview of the concept and report on the magnetic and mechanical design including an initial cost estimate and construction plan.
Fast Minimization by Iterative Thresholding for Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy

Fast multidimensional NMR is important in chemical shift assignment and for studying structures of large proteins. We present the first method which takes advantage of the sparsity of the wavelet representation of the NMR spectra and reconstructs the spectra from partial random measurements of its free induction decay (FID) by solving the following optimization problem: min subject to , where is a given observation vector, a random sampling operator, denotes the Fourier transform, and an orthogonal 2D wavelet transform. The matrix is a given matrix such that . This problem can be solved by general-purpose solvers; however, these can be prohibitively expensive in large-scale applications. In the settings of interest, the underlying solution is sparse with a few nonzeros. We show here that for large practical systems, a good approximation to the sparsest solution is obtained by iterative thresholding algorithms running much more rapidly than general solvers. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach to fast multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Our main practical result estimates a four-fold reduction in sampling and experiment time without loss of resolution while maintaining sensitivity for a wide range of existing settings. Our results maintain the quality of the peak list of the reconstructed signal which is the key deliverable used in protein structure determination.
Solitons in polyacetylene

We present a theoretical study of soliton formation in long-chain polyenes, including the energy of formation, length, mass, and activation energy for motion. The results provide an explanation of the mobile neutral defect observed in undoped ${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$. Since the soliton formation energy is less than that needed to create band excitation, solitons play a fundamental role in the charge-transfer doping mechanism.
Turning off the inflammatory, but not the metabolic, flames.

Metabolically driven, chronic, low-grade inflammation has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and multiple stress-signaling cascades link insulin resistance and the immune response. An approved immunomodulatory drug is now shown to inhibit the kinases IKKe and TBK1, suppress inflammation and improve metabolic homeostasis in mouse models of obesity (pages 313–321 ).
GLUT9 is differentially expressed and targeted in the preimplantation embryo

During preimplantation development in the mouse, it is crucial that glucose metabolism not be compromised. Any decrease in glucose uptake at this stage in development can compromise the developing embryo. We have cloned another member of the glucose transporter family, GLUT9, which is expressed embryonically. Three different isoforms were identified. We have shown that two of the mouse GLUT9 isoforms transport glucose at a rate significantly greater than controls. Expression analysis of the preimplantation blastocyst identifies only the presence of the shorter GLUT9 isoform, RT-PCR and Western immunoblot confirmed this finding. A differential pattern of expression was seen with GLUT9 present at the plasma membrane in one- and two-cell zygotes and in an intracellular compartment in trophectoderm cells at a blastocyst stage. Although blocking GLUT9 expression during preimplantation development had no effect on glucose transport or apoptosis, transfer of these embryos into pseudopregnant mice resulted in increased pregnancy loss, suggesting that GLUT9 is critical for early preimplantation development.
Pressure-volume studies of lungs in situ: Reevaluation of the alveolar bubble model

Pressure-volume curves have been obtained upon the same rabbit lungs air-filled and then liquid-filled in the intact thoracic cavity to minimize the number of degrees of freedom for change of volume ( V ). When tracheal pressures for liquid inflation are subtracted from those for air inflation at identical lung volumes over the 100% to 200% range FRC, the interfacial component (Δ P ) is very different to the Δ P:V curve derived from excised lungs. Absolute values are lower but the greatest difference is the significant decrease in Δ P with increasing volume up to 180% FRC. This is incompatible with the bubble concept of the alveolus as quantified by the Laplace equation because surfactant placed upon an aqueous hypophase always causes surface tension to increase upon expansion and decrease upon compression, ie, to change in a direction opposite to that needed to interpret our results by that model. This is discussed as a reason for reinvestigating the bubble model of the alveolus and, hence, the concept of the continuous aqueous lining assumed since the original experiment of von Neergaard 1 using excised lungs.
Jointly optimal forward-backward motion compensated prediction for video signals

Motion compensation of video has been studied within two general frameworks: forward prediction in which motion parameters are computed at the encoder and transmitted over the channel, and backward prediction in which motion parameters are computed at the decoder. Recent work has proposed a promising hybrid forward-backward approach (some parameters are transmitted -- others are computed at the decoder) that exploits the best features of both approaches. However, the forward information used in that work consisted of standard block matching motion vectors and that work did not address how to optimize motion parameters in the context of both forward and backward information. In this work, we propose a jointly optimal forward-backward motion compensation approach. Applications of our approach to inter-frame prediction and denoising are presented. Experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance gains, in particular, prediction efficiency improves by 26% on the average compared to block matching at half-pel accuracy and denoising performance is close to optimal.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of Matrix Proteases in Processing Enamel Proteins

This article reviews the current status of research on proteases of the enamel layer that are capable of processing and degrading proteins of the enamel matrix. Following a brief survey of the historical development of this discipline, a summary is presented of the current status. Two proteases have recently been cloned: EMSP-1 (enamel matrix serine protease-1), a serine protease, and enamelysin, a metalloprotease. These two are placed into their appropriate families: the chymotrypsin family S1 of clan SA of the serine protease class and the matrixin family or matrix metalloproteinase family, M10 of clan MB (the metzincins) of the metalloprotease class. The major features of these two families are outlined. The article concludes with some suggested areas for future research—identifying further proteases and characterizing those now known.
Catecholamine concentrations in rat nasal mucus are modulated by trigeminal stimulation of the nasal cavity

Olfactory mucus provides the perireceptor environment in which the initial steps of olfactory signal transduction occur [5]. Extrinsic autonomic and trigeminal innervation controls mucus secretion and may release neurotransmitters into nasal mucus [13]. We quantitated catecholamines in rat nasal mucus and found that catecholamine levels first increased and then declined with trigeminal stimulation. These data indicate that catecholamine levels are regulated in nasal mucus and could modulate the odor sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons.
A MODEL FOR EVALUATING IMPERFECT CONTROL SYSTEMS

A model is developed for evaluating alternative control systems for an ongoing managerial process in terms of expected contribution per unit time under conditions of imperfect information. A variety of process failure distributions and economic characteristics are accepted by the model. An example illustrates the versatility of this approach for comparing alternative systems and for performing sensitivity analysis on process and control system parameters.
The Relationship Between Use of Specific Services, Parental Problems, and Reunification With Children Placed in Foster Care

Research studies have found that for parents with children in foster care, use of problem-targeted services increases the likelihood of reunification. However, available research focuses almost entirely on substance abusing mothers, and rarely considers parents' use of parenting classes and counseling, services that are commonly ordered for most reunifying parents. This study examined the effects of parents' use of specific services on reunification. Findings suggest that in addition to parents' use of problem-targeted services, use or compliance with parenting classes and counseling services is also heavily weighted in reunification decision-making. Further research is needed to identify factors associated with service use and advance our understanding of the effectiveness of reunification services.
Investigation of the Q of a superconducting microwave cavity

The cavity, constructed of Cu with a surface deposit of the superconductor being tested, was fastened directly to the bottom of a liquid He reservoir. It was about 14 cm in diameter, 14 cm in length, and was resonant at 2856 Mc in the TE/sub 011/ mode. An important feature was a variable coupling mechanism consisting of a ciosed wire loop suspended by a moveable dielectric arm, which extends into the cavity through a small hole in the cavity end plate. The Q of the cavity was measured by the decrement method. Measurements were made on an unpolished electroplated lead surface and on several types of tin surfaces. A curve shows variation of cavity Q with temperature. A table shows values of surface resistivity obtained. (A.G.W.)
Optimum Bit-by-Bit Power Allocation for Minimum Distortion Transmission

In this paper, we consider a joint source-channel coding problem and minimize the end-to-end mean square error (MSE) distortion of a communication system through power allocation to the transmitted bits. This communication system consists of a quantizer with natural binary mapping and Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulator at the transmitter and we consider the cases with and without coding. We show that there is an optimal transmit power allocation to the transmitted bits of the quantized word that minimizes MSE. In the first part of the paper, the case with no channel coding is considered with hard decision decoding at the receiver. The optimum power profile is determined analytically by using the Chernoff bound and through computer-based optimization methods. The optimum power allocation gives a constant MSE gain over the uniform power allocation for high SNRs. In the second part of the paper, (7,4) Hamming code with soft-decision decoding is considered. An upper bound on the MSE expression is derived and nearoptimum power allocation is obtained. It is observed that for lower SNRs, power is allocated only to the information bits showing that coding is not required while for higher SNRs, power is allocated to all the bits in a codeword and it gives a constant gain in MSE over the uniform power allocation.
Immunochemical analysis of an arginine-rich systemic lupus erythematosus autoepitope.

The MRL mouse strain spontaneously produces antinuclear autoantibodies that recognize DNA and the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) antigens. The monoclonal antibody 2.73 was derived from the lupus prone MRL/n line and is reactive with the 70K protein of the Ul snRNP particle. The epitope recognized by 2.73 was characterized by peptide and inhibition ELISA analysis. Several arginine/aspartic acid (RD) repeats of varying lengths are found in the carboxyl terminus of the 70K protein and are responsible for immunoreactivity with 2.73. We investigated the contribution of charge and found that the immunoreactivity of 2.73 and the 70K protein is specific for the RD repeats. The presentation of the epitope may also contribute to the epitopes immunoreactivity with the 2.73 mouse monoclonal autoantibody.
Effects of Escherichia coli physiology on growth of phage T7 in vivo and in silico

Phage development depends not only upon phage functions but also on the physiological state of the host, characterized by levels and activities of host cellular functions. We established Escherichia coli at different physiological states by continuous culture under different dilution rates and then measured its production of phage T7 during a single cycle of infection. We found that the intracellular eclipse time decreased and the rise rate increased as the growth rate of the host increased. To develop mechanistic insight, we extended a computer simulation for the growth of phage T7 to account for the physiology of its host. Literature data were used to establish mathematical correlations between host resources and the host growth rate; host resources included the amount of genomic DNA, pool sizes and elongation rates of RNA polymerases and ribosomes, pool sizes of amino acids and nucleoside triphosphates, and the cell volume. The in silico (simulated) dependence of the phage intracellular rise rate on the host growth rate gave quantitatively good agreement with our in vivo results, increasing fivefold for a 2.4-fold increase in host doublings per hour, and the simulated dependence of eclipse time on growth rate agreed qualitatively, deviating by a fixed delay. When the simulation was used to numerically uncouple host resources from the host growth rate, phage growth was found to be most sensitive to the host translation machinery, specifically, the level and elongation rate of the ribosomes. Finally, the simulation was used to follow how bottlenecks to phage growth shift in response to variations in host or phage functions.
Different Predictions by the Minimum Variance and Minimum Torque-Change Models on the Skewness of Movement Velocity Profiles

We investigated the differences between two well-known optimization principles for understanding movement planning: the minimum variance (MV) model of Harris and Wolpert (1998) and the minimum torque change (MTC) model of Uno, Kawato, and Suzuki (1989). Both models accurately describe the properties of human reaching movements in ordinary situations (e.g., nearly straight paths and bell-shaped velocity profiles). However, we found that the two models can make very different predictions when external forces are applied or when the movement duration is increased. We considered a second-order linear system for the motor plant that has been used previously to simulate eye movements and single-joint arm movements and were able to derive analytical solutions based on the MV and MTC assumptions. With the linear plant, the MTC model predicts that the movement velocity profile should always be symmetrical, independent of the external forces and movement duration. In contrast, the MV model strongly depends on the movement duration and the system's degree of stability; the latter in turn depends on the total forces. The MV model thus predicts a skewed velocity profile under many circumstances. For example, it predicts that the peak location should be skewed toward the end of the movement when the movement duration is increased in the absence of any elastic force. It also predicts that with appropriate viscous and elastic forces applied to increase system stability, the velocity profile should be skewed toward the beginning of the movement. The velocity profiles predicted by the MV model can even show oscillations when the plant becomes highly oscillatory. Our analytical and simulation results suggest specific experiments for testing the validity of the two models.
Locating caves, tunnels and mines

Finding an underground opening is one of the most challenging exploration targets for a geophysicist. They may be deep or shallow and occur either naturally or man‐made in a variety of geologic environments. These variables change the physical properties that affect the choice of exploration methods available to the geophysicist. Mining engineers often get a good laugh from geophysicists’ ignorance of common mining terms, so let’s begin with a few definitions.
Plasmin Activates Epithelial Na+ Channels by Cleaving the γ Subunit

Proteolytic processing of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits occurs as channels mature within the biosynthetic pathway. The proteolytic processing events of the α and γ subunits are associated with channel activation. Furin cleaves the α subunit ectodomain at two sites, releasing an inhibitory tract and activating the channel. However, furin cleaves the γ subunit ectodomain only once. A second distal cleavage in the γ subunit induced by other proteases, such as prostasin and elastase, is required to release a second inhibitory tract and further activate the channel. We found that the serine protease plasmin activates ENaC in association with inducing cleavage of the γ subunit at γLys194, a site distal to the furin site. A γK194A mutant prevented both plasmin-dependent activation of ENaC and plasmin-dependent production of a unique 70-kDa carboxyl-terminal γ subunit cleavage fragment. Plasmin-dependent cleavage and activation of ENaC may have a role in extracellular volume expansion in human disorders associated with proteinuria, as filtered plasminogen may be processed by urokinase, released from renal tubular epithelium, to generate active plasmin.
Republicanism, Socialism, and Democracy in Britain: The Origins of the Radical Left

Republicanism, Socialism, and Democracy: The Origins of the Radical Left By Mark Bevir The more powerful the state, and thus the more political a country is, the less it is inclined to look in the state itself, that is in the present organisation of society whose active, self-conscious, and official expression is the state, for the cause of social evils, and thus understand their general nature. Political intelligence is political just because it thinks inside the limits of politics. The sharper and livelier it is the less capable it is of comprehending social evils. 1 When Engels wrote about Chartism, he described the movement as the first to embody the true class consciousness of the workers, a consciousness focused, as Marx had implied, on social evils that had social causes and afflicted the workers as a class. 2 Many subsequent historians, whether Marxists or not, took a similar view. The chartists, they argued, broke with old traditions of popular radicalism to inaugurate the history of a working class movement progressing towards a mature socialist ideology. Recently, however, numerous social historians have challenged this orthodoxy by tracing continuities from the traditions of popular radicalism through Chartism and even on into various movements of the 1860s and 1870s. 3 Although the reasons for this challenge to orthodoxy are many and complex, two stand out. The first is the linguistic turn. An increasing reluctance among historians to define the nature of a movement in terms of the objective social position of its participants has encouraged a new interest in the beliefs and languages by which people constructed their world, and when historians have looked at the beliefs and languages of nineteenth-century radicals, they have found ample evidence of the continuing strength of popular radicalism. The second is the work of historians of political thought on the republican tradition. They have recovered a republican tradition centred on concepts such as virtue, corruption, and liberty as an important and persistent alternative to Enlightenment liberalism. 4