cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of molecular integrals over Gaussian basis functions

This paper is concerned with the efficient computation of the ubiquitous electron repulsion integral in molecular quantum mechanics. Differences and similarities in organization of existing Gaussian integral programs are discussed, and a new strategy is developed. An analysis based on the theory of orthogonal polynomials yields a general formula for basis functions of arbitrarily high angular momentum. (ηiηj∥ηkηl) = Σα=1,nIx(uα) Iy(uα) I*z(uα) By computing a large block of integrals concurrently, the same I factors may be used for many different integrals. This method is computationally simple and numerically well behaved. It has been incorporated into a new molecular SCF program HONDO. Preliminary tests indicate that it is competitive with existing methods especially for highly angularly dependent functions.
An adaptive mechanism for accurate query answering under differential privacy

We propose a novel mechanism for answering sets of counting queries under differential privacy. Given a workload of counting queries, the mechanism automatically selects a different set of "strategy" queries to answer privately, using those answers to derive answers to the workload. The main algorithm proposed in this paper approximates the optimal strategy for any workload of linear counting queries. With no cost to the privacy guarantee, the mechanism improves significantly on prior approaches and achieves near-optimal error for many workloads, when applied under (e, δ)-differential privacy. The result is an adaptive mechanism which can help users achieve good utility without requiring that they reason carefully about the best formulation of their task.
Linear Instability Criteria for Ideal Fluid Flows Subject to Two Subclasses of Perturbations

We examine the linear stability of both 2D and 3D steady state solutions to Euler’s equation subject to two classes of high frequency perturbations: those that preserve the topology of vortex lines and those that do not. Lower bounds for the essential spectral radius of the linear evolution operator are given for both types of perturbations.
Ultra high capacity transmission for optical transport network

● DSP aided Coherent system is indispensable for future OTN evolution - PDM QPSK-based format for 10-Tb/s class OTN. ● Keys for > 10-Tb/s Capacity - High-speed channel beyond 100Gb/s ∂ Multi-Carrier modulation formats (PDM NGI CO-OFDM). ∂ Nonlinear Compensation. ∂ Photonic Integration challenges. - High spectral efficiency beyond 2 b/s/Hz ∂ Higher-order multi-level format with advanced DAC/ADC & DSP. ∂ OSNR Tolerance Enhancement by advanced DRA and FEC.
QGP and Modified Jet Fragmentation

Recent progress in the study of jet modification in hot medium and its consequences in high-energy heavy-ion collisions is reviewed. In particular, I will discuss energy loss for propagating heavy quarks and the resulting modified fragmentation function. Medium modification of the parton fragmentation function due to quark recombination is formulated within finite temperature field theory and the implication for the search for a deconfined quark-gluon plasma is also discussed.
Scalar quarkonium masses

Abstract We evaluate the valence approximation to the mass of scalar quarkonium for a range of different parameters. Our results strongly suggest that the infinite volume continuum limit of the mass of s s scalar quarkonium lies well below the mass of fJ(1710). The resonance f0(1500) appears to the best candidate for s s scalar quarkonium.
Some generalizations on the algebra of I(1) processes

Abstract A number of techniques have recently appeared in the literature utilizing instantaneous nonlinear transformations of stochastic processes. As in economics most variables appear to be nonstationary, it is interesting to investigate the temporal properties of nonlinear transformations of these processes. Using a unified approach based on Hermite polynomials, this paper provides some insight for polynomial, exponential, periodic, and neural-network transformations of first-order integrated processes.
The Reductive Deoxygenation of 2- and 3-Acyl-1-(Phenylsulfonyl)Pyrroles

Abstract The reductive deoxygenation of acyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrroles to the corresponding alkyl derivatives can be effected in moderate to high yields using borane-tert-butylamine complex in the presence of aluminum chloride.
The Limited-Service Brokerage Decision: Theory and Evidence

This study examines the home seller’s brokerage services decision, comparing full-service brokerage and limited-service arrangements. A model is developed which considers seller motivation and availability of effort, along with the cost of brokerage services, broker productivity and market dynamics as factors of influence in this decision. Limited-service arrangements are found to have a significant impact on price and marketing time. The popularity of limited-service arrangements is strongly influenced by the total dollar cost of brokerage services, which, in turn, is determined by housing market conditions.
Stellar Growth by Disk Accretion: The Effect of Disk Irradiation on the Protostellar Evolution

Young stars are expected to gain most of their mass by accretion from a disk that forms around them as a result of angular momentum conservation in the collapsing protostellar cloud. Accretion initially proceeds at high rates of 10−6-10−5 M☉ yr−1, resulting in strong irradiation of the stellar surface by the hot inner portion of the disk and leading to the suppression of the intrinsic stellar luminosity. Here we investigate how this luminosity suppression affects evolution of the protostellar properties. Using a simple model based on the energy balance of accreting star, we demonstrate that disk irradiation causes only a slight increase of the protostellar radius, at the level of several percent. Such a weak effect is explained by a minor role played by the intrinsic stellar luminosity (at the time when it is significantly altered by irradiation) in the protostellar energy budget compared to the stellar deuterium burning luminosity and the inflow of the gravitational potential energy brought in by the freshly accreted material. Our results justify the neglect of irradiation effects in previous studies of the protostellar growth via disk accretion. Evolution of some other actively accreting objects such as young brown dwarfs and planets should also be only weakly sensitive to the effects of disk irradiation.
Regularity of volume-minimizing flows on 3-manifolds

In Johnson and Smith (Indiana Univ Math J 44:45–85, 1995; Ann Global Anal Geometry 30:239–287, 2006; Proceedings of the VII International Colloquium on Differential Geometry, 1994, World Scientific, pp. 81–98), the authors characterized the singular set (discontinuities of the graph) of a volume-minimizing rectifiable section of a fiber bundle, showing that, except under certain circumstances, there exists a volume-minimizing rectifiable section with the singular set lying over a codimension-3 set in the base space. In particular, it was shown that for 2-sphere bundles over 3-manifolds, a minimizer exists with a discrete set of singular points. In this article, we show that for a 2-sphere bundle over a compact 3-manifold, such a singular point cannot exist. As a corollary, for any compact 3-manifold, there is a C 1 volume-minimizing one-dimensional foliation. In addition, this same analysis is used to show that the examples, due to Pedersen (Trans Am Math Soc 336:69–78, 1993), of potentially volume-minimizing rectifiable sections (rectifiable foliations) of the unit tangent bundle to S 2n+1 are not, in fact, volume minimizing.
Homogeneity and isotropy in a laboratory turbulent flow

We present a new design for a stirred tank that is forced by two parallel planar arrays of randomly actuated jets. This arrangement creates turbulence at high Reynolds number with low mean flow. Most importantly, it exhibits a region of 3D homogeneous isotropic turbulence that is significantly larger than the integral lengthscale. These features are essential for enabling laboratory measurements of turbulent suspensions. We use quantitative imaging to confirm isotropy at large, small, and intermediate scales by examining one- and two-point statistics at the tank center. We then repeat these same measurements to confirm that the values measured at the tank center are constant over a large homogeneous region. In the direction normal to the symmetry plane, our measurements demonstrate that the homogeneous region extends for at least twice the integral length scale L = 9.5 cm. In the directions parallel to the symmetry plane, the region is at least four times the integral lengthscale, and the extent in this direction is limited only by the size of the tank. Within the homogeneous isotropic region, we measure a turbulent kinetic energy of 6.07 × 10−4 m2 s−2, a dissipation rate of 4.65 × 10−5 m2 s−3, and a Taylor-scale Reynolds number of Rλ = 334. The tank’s large homogeneous region, combined with its high Reynolds number and its very low mean flow, provides the best approximation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence realized in a laboratory flow to date. These characteristics make the stirred tank an optimal facility for studying the fundamental dynamics of turbulence and turbulent suspensions.
Interannual variability in soil nitric oxide emissions over the United States as viewed from space

Abstract. We examine the interannual variability in the NO2 column over North America measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in 2005–2008. By comparison to a model of soil NOx emissions driven by the North American Regional Reanalysis precipitation and 0–10 cm soil temperature fields, we show the source of this observed interannual variability over much of the central United States in June is fertilizer application. We find that dry, warm conditions followed by convective precipitation induces pulsed emissions of NOx over the agricultural Great Plains. In June 2006 we infer a 50% increase in soil NOx emission and a 30% increase in the tropospheric NO2 column relative to the June 2005–2008 mean. In a case-study of fertilized corn and soybean fields over SE South Dakota, we find an associated rain-induced pulsing event reaching 4.6×1015 molec cm−2, equivalent to a surface concentration of ~2 ppbv. We calculate that soil NOx emissions resulted in a mean daily maximum 8-h ozone enhancement over the agricultural Great Plains of 5 ppbv in June 2006 (with predicted events reaching 16 ppbv) compared with a mean enhancement of 3 ppbv for soil NOx in the years 2005–2008.
Transmission of slow light through photonic crystal waveguide bends.

The spectral dependence of the bending loss of cascaded 60° bends in photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides is explored in a slab-type silicon-on-insulator system. An ultralow bending loss of (0.05±0.03)dB/bend is measured at wavelengths corresponding to the nearly dispersionless transmission regime. In contrast, the PhC bend is found to become completely opaque for wavelengths corresponding to the slow-light regime. A general strategy is presented and experimentally verified to optimize the bend design for improved slow-light transmission.
Fluxes of atmospheric neutrinos and related cosmic rays

Abstract The atmospheric neutrino beam simultaneously spans a range of pathlengths from ten to ten thousand kilometers, which correspond respectively to downward- and upward-going neutrinos. As with any neutrino oscillation experiment, also in this case the interpretation of the data depends on a detailed knowledge of the neutrino beam. The ingredients are the primary spectrum of cosmic-ray nucleons, the geomagnetic fields in which the charged particles propagate and the properties of interactions of hadrons in the atmosphere. In this talk I review the status of calculations in light of the recent evidence for neutrino oscillations from Super-Kamiokande.
Astrometric Effects of Secular Aberration

One of the main endeavors of fundamental astrometry is to establish a practical realization of a nonrotating, inertial reference frame anchored to celestial objects whose positions are defined in the barycentric coordinates of the solar system matching the current level of astrometric observational accuracy. The development of astrometric facilities operating from space at a microarcsecond level of precision makes the nonuniformity of the Galactic motion of the barycenter an observable and nonnegligible effect that violates the desired inertiality of the barycentric frame of the solar system. Most of the observable effect is caused by the nearly constant (secular) acceleration of the barycenter with respect to the center of the Galaxy. The acceleration results in a pattern of secular aberration that is observable astrometrically as a systematic vector field of the apparent proper motions of distant quasars. We employ the classic approximations of planar epicycle and vertical harmonic oscillation for the Sun's Galactic motion to estimate the magnitude of secular acceleration components in the Galactic coordinates and to show that the peculiar accelerations are smaller than the main galactocentric component. We employ the vector spherical harmonic formalism to describe the predicted field of proper motions and evaluate the amplitude of this field at each point on the celestial sphere. We show that the pattern of secular aberration is fully represented by three low-order electric-type vector harmonics; hence, it is easily distinguishable from the residual rotations of the reference frame and other possible effects, such as the hypothetical long-period gravitational waves, which are described by other types of vector or tensor harmonics. Comprehensive numerical simulations of the grid astrometry with Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) PlanetQuest are conducted assuming that 110 optically bright quasars are included as grid objects and observed on the same schedule, but to lower precision due to their faintness, as regular grid stars. The full covariance matrix of the simulated grid solution is used to evaluate the covariances of the three electric harmonic coefficients, representing the secular aberration pattern of proper motions. This is the only reliable method to estimate such sample-based statistics in view of the considerable star-to-star correlations in SIM global astrometry. We conclude that the grid astrometry with SIM PlanetQuest will be sensitive to the main galactocentric component of secular acceleration, arising from the circular motion of the local standard of rest (LSR) around the Galactic center, while the peculiar acceleration of the Sun with respect to the LSR is expected to be too small to be detected with this astrometric space interferometer.
STABILITY OF THE CORNEAL CONTOUR

Corneal stability was investigated with a new high-accuracy photokeratoscope to determine the influence of accommodation, convergence, pupil size, eye position, lid position, lid closure, miotics and rubbing. Significant changes in corneal curvature occurred as a result of lid forces, digital pressure, and rubbing.
Unsteady Analysis of a Mechanical Seal Using Duhamel’s Method

An unsteady numerical model of a mechanical seal, with mixed lubrication, has been developed. The thermal analysis is performed using Duhamel’s method in combination with a numerical experiment to determine Duhamel’s auxiliary function. The results using this semiempirical approach compare well with those from a finite element analysis. The model has been used to predict the performance of a mechanical seal during startup and shutdown.
Lack of consensus in social systems

We propose an exactly solvable model for the dynamics of voters in a two-party system. The opinion formation process is modeled on a random network of agents. The dynamical nature of interpersonal relations is also reflected in the model, as the connections in the network evolve with the dynamics of the voters. In the infinite time limit, an exact solution predicts the emergence of consensus, for arbitrary initial conditions. However, before consensus is reached, two different metastable states can persist for exponentially long times. One state reflects a perfect balancing of opinions, the other reflects a completely static situation. An estimate of the associated lifetimes suggests that lack of consensus is typical for large systems.
Borders, Ethnicity and Trade

Abstract This paper uses unique high-frequency data on prices of two agricultural goods to examine the additional costs incurred in cross-border trade between Niger and Nigeria, as well as trade between ethnically distinct markets within Niger. We find a sharp and significant conditional price change of about 20 to 25% between markets immediately across the national border. This price change is significantly lower when markets on either side of the border share a common ethnicity. Within Niger, trade between ethnically distinct regions exhibits an ethnic border effect that is comparable, in its magnitude, to the national border effect between Niger and Nigeria. Our results suggest that having a common ethnicity may reduce the transaction costs associated with agricultural trade, especially the costs associated with communicating and providing credit.
An Axiomatic Model of Non-Bayesian Updating

This paper models an agent in a three-period setting who does not update according to Bayes' Rule and who is self-aware and anticipates her updating behaviour when formulating plans. Gul and Pesendorfer's theory of temptation and self-control is a key building block. The main result is a representation theorem that generalizes (the dynamic version of) Anscombe-Aumann's theorem so that both the prior and the way in which it is updated are subjective. The model can accommodate updating biases analogous to those observed by psychologists. Copyright 2006, Wiley-Blackwell.
The fully entangled fraction as an inclusive measure of entanglement applications

Characterizing entanglement in all but the simplest case of a two qubit pure state is a hard problem, even understanding the relevant experimental quantities that are related to entanglement is difficult. It may not be necessary, however, to quantify the entanglement of a state in order to quantify the quantum information processing significance of a state. It is known that the fully entangled fraction has a direct relationship to the fidelity of teleportation maximized under the actions of local unitary operations. In the case of two qubits we point out that the fully entangled fraction can also be related to the fidelities, maximized under the actions of local unitary operations, of other important quantum information tasks such as dense coding, entanglement swapping and quantum cryptography in such a way as to provide an inclusive measure of these entanglement applications. For two qubit systems the fully entangled fraction has a simple known closed-form expression and we establish lower and upper bounds of this quantity with the concurrence. This approach is readily extendable to more complicated systems.
The Homflypt skein module of a connected sum of 3-manifolds

If M is an oriented 3-manifold, let S(M )d enote the Homf lypt skein module of M: We show that S (M 1#M 2) is isomorphic to S(M1) S(M2) modulo torsion. In fact, we show that S(M1#M2) is isomorphic to S(M1)S(M2) if we are working over a certain localized ring. We show the similar result holds for relative skein modules. If M contains a separating 2-sphere, we give conditions under which certain relative skein modules of M vanish over specied localized rings.
Unifying Weak- and Strong-Segregation Block Copolymer Theories

A mean-field phase diagram for conformationally symmetric diblock melts using the standard Gaussian polymer model is presented. Our calculation, which traverses the weak- to strong-segregation regimes, is free of traditional approximations. Regions of stability are determined for disordered (DIS) melts and for ordered structures including lamellae (L), hexagonally packed cylinders (H), body-centered cubic spheres (QIm3m), close-packed spheres (CPS), and the bicontinuous cubic network with Ia3d symmetry (QIa3d). The CPS phase exists in narrow regions along the order−disorder transition for χN ≥ 17.67. Results suggest that the QIa3d phase is not stable above χN ∼ 60. Along the L/QIa3d phase boundaries, a hexagonally perforated lamellar (HPL) phase is found to be nearly stable. Our results for the bicontinuous Pn3m cubic (QPn3m) phase, known as the OBDD, indicate that it is an unstable structure in diblock melts. Earlier approximation schemes used to examine mean-field behavior are reviewed, and compa...
Importance of non-parabolic band effects in the thermoelectric properties of semiconductors

We present an analysis of the thermoelectric properties of of n-type GeTe and SnTe in relation to the lead chalcogenides PbTe and PbSe. We find that the singly degenerate conduction bands of semiconducting GeTe and SnTe are highly non-ellipsoidal, even very close to the band edges. This leads to isoenergy surfaces with a strongly corrugated shape that is clearly evident at carrier concentrations well below 0.005 e per formula unit (7–9 × 1019 cm−3 depending on material). Analysis within Boltzmann theory suggests that this corrugation may be favorable for the thermoelectric transport. Our calculations also indicate that values of the power factor for these two materials may well exceed those of PbTe and PbSe. As a result these materials may exhibit n-type performance exceeding that of the lead chalcogenides.
RHESSI Observation of Chromospheric Evaporation

We present analyses of the spatial and spectral evolution of hard X-ray emission observed by RHESSI during the impulsive phase of an M1.7 flare on 2003 November 13. In general, as expected, the loop top (LT) source dominates at low energies, while the footpoint (FP) sources dominate the high-energy emission. At intermediate energies, both the LT and FPs may be seen, but during certain intervals emission from the legs of the loop dominates, in contrast to the commonly observed LT and FP emission. The hard X-ray emission tends to rise above the FPs and eventually merge into a single LT source. This evolution starts at low energies and proceeds to higher energies. The spectrum of the resultant LT source becomes more and more dominated by a thermal component with an increasing emission measure as the flare proceeds. The soft and hard X-rays show a Neupert-type behavior. With a nonthermal bremsstrahlung model, the brightness profile along the loop is used to determine the density profile and its evolution, which reveals a gradual increase of the gas density in the loop. These results are evidence for chromospheric evaporation and are consistent with the qualitative features of hydrodynamic simulations of this phenomenon. However, some observed source morphologies and their evolution cannot be accounted for by previous simulations. Therefore, simulations with more realistic physical conditions are required to explain the results and the particle acceleration and plasma heating processes.
Measurements of heavy flavor and di-electron production at STAR

Heavy quarks are produced early in the relativistic heavy ion collisions, and provide an excellent probe into the hot and dense nuclear matter created at RHIC. In these proceedings, we will discuss recent STAR measurements of heavy flavor production, to investigate the heavy quark interaction with the medium. Electromagnetic probes, such as electrons, provide information on the various stages of the medium evolution without modification by final stage interactions. Di-electron production measurements by STAR will also be discussed.
Eventual Regularity of the Solutions to the Supercritical Dissipative Quasi-Geostrophic Equation

We show that a solution to the supercritical surface quasi-geostrophic equation that is smooth up to a certain time must remain smooth forever.
Polyclusters and substitution effects in the Na-Au-Ga system: remarkable sodium bonding characteristics in polar intermetallics.

A systematic exploration of Na- and Au-poor parts of the Na–Au–Ga system (less than 15 at. % Na or Au) uncovered several compounds with novel structural features that are unusual for the rest of the system. Four ternary compounds Na1.00(3)Au0.18Ga1.82(1) (I), NaAu2Ga4 (II), Na5Au10Ga16 (III), and NaAu4Ga2 (IV) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction: Na1.00(3)Au0.18Ga1.82(1)(I, P6/mmm, a = 15.181(2), c =9.129(2)A, Z = 30); NaAu2Ga4 (II, Pnma, a = 16.733(3), b = 4.3330(9), c =7.358(3) A, Z = 4); Na5Au10Ga16 (III, P63/m, a = 10.754(2), c =11.457(2) A, Z = 2); and NaAu4Ga2 (IV, P21/c, a = 8.292(2), b = 7.361(1), c =9.220(2)A, β = 116.15(3), Z = 4). Compound I lies between the large family of Bergman-related compounds and Na-poor Zintl-type compounds and exhibits a clathrate-like structure containing icosahedral clusters similar to those in cubic 1/1 approximants, as well as tunnels with highly disordered cation positions and fused Na-centered clusters. Structu...
CONTINUUM SUPERPARTNERS FROM SUPERSYMMETRIC UNPARTICLES

In an exact conformal theory there is no particle. The excitations have continuum spectra and are called "unparticles" by Georgi. We consider supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model with approximate conformal sectors. The conformal symmetry is softly broken in the infrared which generates a gap. However, the spectrum can still have a continuum above the gap if there is no confinement. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence this can be achieved with a soft wall in the warped extra dimension. When supersymmetry is broken the superpartners of the Standard Model particles may simply be a continuum above gap. The collider signals can be quite different from the standard supersymmetric scenarios and the experimental searches for the continuum superpartners can be very challenging.
A review of the chemical manipulation of nanomaterials using solvents: Gelation dependent structures

The hydrolysis of Mg, Zr, and Ti alkoxides by water in solvent-alcohol mixtures has been examined in the absence of added acid or base catalysts, and herein, these data are reviewed. The presence of low dielectric constant solvents (benzene, toluene, or anisole), in varying ratios with methanol (or other alcohols), caused much more rapid gelation, subsequently yielding mesoporous materials with higher surface areas and larger pore volumes as fibrous, open web-like structures. The presence of high dielectric constant (polar aprotic) solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, DMF, DMSO, or dimethyaniline was not effective in this way. A partial charge model was employed to explain why the low dielectric solvents forced more rapid hydrolysis, and it is concluded that the hydrolysis step is rate determining, approaching diffusion control, in this gelation process. The use of these “spectator solvents” helps simplify and enhance sol-gel and xerogel/aerogel synthesis schemes, and yields higher quality materials.
Comparison of Technologies for New Energy-Efficient Lamps

Energy-efficient light bulbs are being developed to replace the incandescent lamp where they can satisfy the design criteria and be used in'sockets that have long hours of annual use. The four technologies discussed include the compact fluorescent lamp, coated-filament lamp, electrodeless fluorescent lamp, and ' compact high-intensity discharge lamp. The systems demonstrate efficacy improvements of two to four times that of their incandescent counterparts. These new lamps have required considerable advances in lamp technology. They offer the potential for achieving efficacies close to 80 Im/W. These new lamps will reduce the energy used annually by incandescent lamps (190 billion kWh) by more than 50 percent in the 1990' s, at which times they will be commonly employed.
An introduction to conformal Ricci flow

We introduce a variation of the classical Ricci flow equation that modifies the unit volume constraint of that equation to a scalar curvature constraint. The resulting equations are named the conformal Ricci flow equations because of the role that conformal geometry plays in constraining the scalar curvature and because these equations are the vector field sum of a conformal flow equation and a Ricci flow equation. These new equations are given by for a dynamically evolving metric g and a scalar non-dynamical field p. The conformal Ricci flow equations are analogous to the Navier?Stokes equations of fluid mechanics, Because of this analogy, the time-dependent scalar field p is called a conformal pressure and, as for the real physical pressure in fluid mechanics that serves to maintain the incompressibility of the fluid, the conformal pressure serves as a Lagrange multiplier to conformally deform the metric flow so as to maintain the scalar curvature constraint. The equilibrium points of the conformal Ricci flow equations are Einstein metrics with Einstein constant . Thus, the term measures the deviation of the flow from an equilibrium point and acts as a nonlinear restoring force. The conformal pressure p ? 0 is zero at an equilibrium point and strictly positive otherwise. The constraint force ?pg acts pointwise orthogonally to the nonlinear restoring force and conformally deforms g so that the scalar curvature is preserved. A variety of properties of the conformal Ricci flow equation are discussed, including the reduced conformal Ricci flow equation, the use of a nonlinear Trotter product formula to prove local existence and uniqueness, a variational formulation using a quasi-gradient of the Yamabe functional, strictly monotonically decreasing global and local volume results and applications to 3-manifold geometry. The geometry of the conformal Ricci flow is discussed, leading to the remarkable analytic fact that the constraint force does not lose derivatives and thus analytically the conformal Ricci equation is a bounded perturbation of the classical unnormalized Ricci equation. Lastly, we discuss potential applications to Perelman's proposed implementation of Hamilton's programme to prove Thurston's 3-manifold geometrization conjectures.
Elementary surprises in projective geometry

The classical theorems in projective geometry involve constructions based on points and straight lines. A general feature of these theorems is that a surprising coincidence awaits the reader who makes the construction. A classical example of this is Pappus’s theorem. One starts with 6 points, 3 of which are contained on one line and 3 of which are contained on another. Drawing the additional lines shown in Figure 1, one sees that the 3 middle (black) points are also contained on a line.
Irrelevance, Heterogeneous Equality, and Call-by-value Dependent Type Systems

We present a full-spectrum dependently typed core language which includes both nontermination and computational irrelevance (a.k.a. erasure), a combination which has not been studied before. The two features interact: to protect type safety we must be careful to only erase terminating expressions. Our language design is strongly influenced by the choice of CBV evaluation, and by our novel treatment of propositional equality which has a heterogeneous, completely erased elimination form.
THE SHORT-HARD GRB 051103: OBSERVATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS NATURE

The bright short-hard GRB 051103 was triangulated by the Inter-Planetary Network and found to occur in the direction of the nearby M81/M82 galaxy group. Given its possible local-universe nature, we searched for an afterglow associated with this burst. We observed the entire 3 σ error quadrilateral using the Palomar 60 inch robotic telescope and the Very Large Array (VLA) about 3 days after the burst. We used the optical and radio observations to constrain the flux of any afterglow related to this burst and to show that this burst is not associated with a typical supernova out to z ≈ 0.15. Our optical and radio observations, along with the Konus/Wind gamma-ray energy and light curve, are consistent with this burst being a giant flare of a soft gamma-ray repeater (SGR) within the M81 galaxy group. Furthermore, we find a star-forming region associated with M81 within the error quadrilateral of this burst, which supports the SGR hypothesis. If confirmed, this will be the first case of a soft gamma-ray repeater outside the Local Group.
Diastereoselective epoxidation of dipeptide olefins

Abstract m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) epoxidation of dipeptide olefins proceeds in high syndiastereoselectivity (38:1–300:1). This is partially caused by conformational constants introduce by the side chain that orients the allylic NH in a favorable position for hydrogen bonding to MCPBA. The possibility of an additional hydrogen bond between the N-terminal NH and MCPBA is excluded.
Visualizing Electrical Breakdown and ON/OFF States in Electrically Switchable Suspended Graphene Break Junctions

Narrow gaps are formed in suspended single- to few-layer graphene devices using a pulsed electrical breakdown technique. The conductance of the resulting devices can be programmed by the application of voltage pulses, with voltages of 2.5 to ~4.5 V, corresponding to an ON pulse, and ~8 V, corresponding to an OFF pulse. Electron microscope imaging of the devices shows that the graphene sheets typically remain suspended and that the device conductance tends to zero when the observed gap is large. The switching rate is strongly temperature dependent, which rules out a purely electromechanical switching mechanism. This observed switching in suspended graphene devices strongly suggests a switching mechanism via atomic movement and/or chemical rearrangement and underscores the potential of all-carbon devices for integration with graphene electronics.
HUBBLE RESIDUALS OF NEARBY TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE ARE CORRELATED WITH HOST GALAXY MASSES

From Sloan Digital Sky Survey u'g'r'i'z' imaging, we estimate the stellar masses of the host galaxies of 70 low-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia, 0.015 <z< 0.08) from the hosts' absolute luminosities and mass-to-light ratios. These nearby SNe were discovered largely by searches targeting luminous galaxies, and we find that their host galaxies are substantially more massive than the hosts of SNe discovered by the flux-limited Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS). Testing four separate light curve fitters, we detect ~2.5σ correlations of Hubble residuals with both host galaxy size and stellar mass, such that SNe Ia occurring in physically larger, more massive hosts are ~10% brighter after light curve correction. The Hubble residual is the deviation of the inferred distance modulus to the SN, calculated from its apparent luminosity and light curve properties, away from the expected value at the SN redshift. Marginalizing over linear trends in Hubble residuals with light curve parameters shows that the correlations cannot be attributed to a light-curve-dependent calibration error. Combining 180 higher-redshift ESSENCE, SNLS, and HigherZ SNe with 30 nearby SNe whose host masses are less than 1010.8 M ☉ in a cosmology fit yields 1 + w = 0.22+0.152 –0.108, while a combination where the 30 nearby SNe instead have host masses greater than 1010.8 M ☉ yields 1 + w = –0.03+0.217 –0.143. Progenitor metallicity, stellar population age, and dust extinction correlate with galaxy mass and may be responsible for these systematic effects. Host galaxy measurements will yield improved distances to SNe Ia.
Dynamic Holographic-Electronic Speckle-Pattern Interferometry

The development of a nondestructive, full-field, quantitative optical technique, and its feasibility to study dynamic deformations of opaque and diffusively reflecting solids under transient loads, are discussed. The technique involves recording a sequence of dynamically changing two-beam speckle interference patterns (also called holographic speckle patterns) of a rapidly deforming body which is doubly illuminated by a laser light source. The time sequence of speckle patterns is recorded by means of a high-speed camera on an ultra-sensitive 35-mm film. The developed negatives are then digitized by a CCD camera into an image processing system. An initial speckle pattern corresponding to the undeformed state of the object is taken as the reference, and subsequent speckle patterns are digitally subtracted (reconstructed) from it to produce time- varying fringe patterns corresponding to the relative deformation of the test object. In order to gain confidence that the technique can be used to record truly transient deformation, it is tested here on a vibrating plate at resonance, thereby obtaining the evolution of the fringe pattern during 1/2 cycle of deformation corresponding to 160 μs.
Transistor circuitry in the Lincoln TX-2

Only two basic circuits are needed to perform most of the logical operations in the TX-2 computer; a saturated transistor inverter and a saturated emitter follower. To the logical designer who works with them, these circuits can be considered as simple switches which are either open or closed.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Sieboldine A

The first total synthesis of (+)-sieboldine A was completed in 20 steps from readily available (3aS,6aR)-3,3a,4,6a-tetrahydro-2H-cyclopenta[b]furan-2-one (5). Key steps are as follows: (a) a pinacol-terminated 1,6-enyne cyclization reaction to form the cis-hydrindanone core (11 → 12), (b) formation of the spiro tetrahydrofuran ring by stereoselective DMDO oxidation of tricyclic dihydropyran intermediate 15, and (c) formation of the unprecedented N-hydroxyazacyclononane ring by cyclization of a thioglycoside precursor (18 → 19).
DIAGONALS IN TENSOR PRODUCTS OF OPERATOR ALGEBRAS

In this paper we give a short, direct proof, using only properties of the Haagerup tensor product, that if an operator algebra A possesses a diagonal in the Haagerup tensor product of A with itself, then A must be isomorphic to a finite dimensional C � -algebra. Consequently, for operator algebras, the first Hochschild cohomology group, H 1 (A, X) = 0 for every bounded, Banach A-bimodule X, if and only if A is isomorphic to a finite dimensional C � -algebra.
Incentive compensation in a corporate hierarchy

Abstract A theoretical and empirical analysis of within-job and promotion-based incentives for middle managers is presented, using personnel data from a firm. Within-job incentives are stronger than implied by previous studies. Evidence is provided that promotions sort employees by ability, and also generate incentives. Promotions are associated with large increases in lifetime earnings, as long as performance is sustained in the future. There is little evidence that the firm trades off within-job and promotion-based incentives as predicted. Instead, it appears to use a simple incentive scheme, resulting in declining incentives for those passed over for promotion.
Identification of androgen-regulated genes in the lacrimal gland.

Androgens exert a significant influence on the cellular architecture, protein synthesis, immune function and secretory activity of the lacrimal gland.1 In fact, these hormone effects appear to account for many of the gender-related differences that occur in the anatomy, biochemistry, physiology and immunology of lacrimal tissue in a variety of species.1 We hypothesize that androgen actions are mediated primarily through androgen receptors, which exist in lacrimal gland epithelial cells,2–4 and involve the regulation of specific target genes. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the genes controlled by androgens in lacrimal tissue.
Spin-Polarized Atoms in a Circularly Polarized Optical Dipole Trap

The behavior of atoms in an optical far-off resonance trap is found to depend strongly on the trap polarization. Large loss rates occur unless the polarization is perfectly linear or perfectly circular, in which case exponential lifetimes up to 10 s are observed. Through optimization of trap loading, samples of $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ atoms are obtained in a circularly polarized trap. Spin polarization of $98(1)%$ is measured. This trap should prove useful for precision measurements such as $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay asymmetry and should make rf cooling possible in optical traps.
Universal, strong and long-ranged trapping by optical conveyors.

Optical conveyors are active tractor beams that selectively transport illuminated objects either upstream or downstream along their axes. Formed by the coherent superposition of coaxial Bessel beams, an optical conveyor features an axial array of equally spaced intensity maxima that act as optical traps for small objects. We demonstrate through measurements on colloidal spheres and numerical calculations based on the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory that optical conveyors’ interferometric structure endows them with trapping characteristics far superior to those of conventional optical tweezers. Optical conveyors form substantially stiffer traps and can transport a wider variety of materials over a much longer axial range.
Operational experiences with the TI advanced scientific computer

Since 1966 a large computer development program has been conducted by Texas Instruments. The goal for this effort was to provide needed capacity for supporting seismic processing, plus offering a general purpose capability for large scientific problems.
On finite type 3-manifold invariants IV: comparison of definitions

This paper compares the definitions of finite-type invariants due to Ohtsuki and to Garoufalidis, showing that, residually, type 3m of the former equals type m of the latter. It also shows that type 2m Ohtsuki invariants define knot invariants of type 3m (first proved by Habegger).
Enthalpy and high temperature relaxation kinetics of stable vapor-deposited glasses of toluene

Stable non-crystalline toluene films of micrometer and nanometer thicknesses were grown by vapor deposition at distinct rates and probed by fast scanning calorimetry. Fast scanning calorimetry is shown to be extremely sensitive to the structure of the vapor-deposited phase and was used to characterize simultaneously its kinetic stability and its thermodynamic properties. According to our analysis, transformation of vapor-deposited samples of toluene during heating with rates in excess 105 K s−1 follows the zero-order kinetics. The transformation rate correlates strongly with the initial enthalpy of the sample, which increases with the deposition rate according to sub-linear law. Analysis of the transformation kinetics of vapor-deposited toluene films of various thicknesses reveal a sudden increase in the transformation rate for films thinner than 250 nm. The change in kinetics seems to correlate with the surface roughness scale of the substrate. The implications of these findings for the formation mechanism and structure of vapor-deposited stable glasses are discussed.
Natural climate variability and future climate policy

Large ensemble climate modelling experiments demonstrate the large role natural variability plays in local climate on a multi-decadal timescale. Variability in local weather and climate influences individual beliefs about climate change. To the extent that support for climate mitigation policies is determined by citizens' local experiences, natural variability will strongly influence the timescale for implementation of such policies. Under a number of illustrative threshold criteria for both national and international climate action, we show that variability-driven uncertainty about local change, even in the face of a well-constrained estimate of global change, can potentially delay the time to policy implementation by decades. Because several decades of greenhouse gas emissions can have a large impact on long-term climate outcomes, there is substantial risk associated with climate policies driven by consensus among individuals who are strongly influenced by local weather conditions.
The two-agent claims-truncated proportional rule has no consistent extension: A constructive proof

Abstract For resolving claims problems, we consider the rule that makes awards proportional to claims truncated at the endowment. Using a technique developed by Thomson [Thomson, W., On the existence of consistent rules to adjudicate conflicting claims: a geometric approach, mimeo, 2001.], we show that the two-claimant rule so defined has no consistent extension [Dagan, N. and O. Volij, Bilateral comparisons and consistent fair division rules in the context of bankruptcy problems, International Journal of Game Theory 26 (1997), 11–25.].
Future Aviation Turbine Fuels

This paper discusses an Air Force program which is being conducted to establish the properties of an aviation turbine fuel which will result in adequate fuel availability for the Air Force at an acceptable cost. Results of recent processing studies on alternative hydrocarbon sources from coal and shale oil are presented, together with combustor studies directed to determining the effects of property variations on combustor performance, durability, and level of harmful emissions. Also, results of a recent survey are given showing projected increases in turbine fuel availability resulting from turbine fuel property changes. A projection of the chemical and physical properties of the future Air Force aviation turbine fuel is presented.
An extension of Prandtl–Batchelor theory and consequences for chaotic advection

We extend the Prandtl–Batchelor theory of steady laminar motion at large Reynolds number to derive conditions that steady three-dimensional Navier–Stokes flows have to satisfy. We combine these results with ergodic theory to show that flows with strong Beltrami property (e.g., ABC flows) cannot be a paradigm for chaotic advection in inertia-dominated boundary-driven three-dimensional flows. Our results indicate that viscous forces are responsible for chaotic advection in steady, three-dimensional boundary-driven Navier–Stokes flows at large Reynolds numbers.
Stock Returns and the Business Cycle

This article examines whether movements in economic factors dictated by the dividend discount model can explain broad movements in stock returns over the business cycle. As anticipated, stock returns decrease throughout economic expansions and become negative during the first half of recessions. Returns are largest during the second half of recessions, suggesting an important role for expected earnings. These results are consistent with the notion that expected stock returns vary inversely with economic conditions, yet suggest that realized returns are especially poor indicators of expected returns prior to turning points in the business cycle.
On some points-and-lines problems and configurations

We apply an old method for constructing points-and-lines configurations in the plane to study some recent questions in incidence geometry.
Effective Technology Transfer-From Laboratory to Production Line

In summary, the effectiveness of technology transfer within a large corporate structure depends on the planning and implementation of a development and marketing strategy emphasizing cooperative effort, involvement of the central laboratory through an appropriate scale of developments, and the provision of an adequate warranty. Movement of people on carefully planned temporary assignments between the laboratory and the factory can significantly aid in mutual understanding and in cross-fertilization of technical background and experience.
Fuel-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts of Alternative Transportation Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potentials of various near- and long-term transportation technologies were estimated. The estimated per-travel-distance GHG emissions results indicate that alternative transportation fuels and advanced vehicle technologies can help to significantly reduce transportation-related GHG emissions. Of the near-term technologies evaluated, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, compression-ignition, direct-injection vehicles, and E85 (85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline) flexible-fuel vehicles can reduce fuelcycle GHG emissions by more than 25 percent on a fuel-cycle basis. Electric vehicles powered by electricity generated primarily from nuclear and renewable sources can reduce GHG emissions by 80 percent. Other alternative fuels (such as compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas) offer limited, but positive, GHG emissions reduction benefits. Among the long-term technologies evaluated, conventional sparkignition and compression-ignition engines ...