cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Human Polyomavirus Proteins, T-Antigen and Agnoprotein, in Human Tumor Tissue Arrays

Expression of the human polyomavirus JCV genome in several experimental animals induces a variety of neural origin tumors. The viral proteins, T-antigen and Agnoprotein, contribute to the oncogenesis of JCV by associating with several tumor suppressor proteins and dysregulating signaling pathways, which results in uncontrolled cell proliferation. In addition, T-antigen and Agnoprotein have been associated with DNA damage and interfering with DNA repair mechanisms. In this study, we have utilized commercially available tissue arrays of human tumors of various origins and demonstrated the expression of both T-antigen and Agnoprotein in some, but not all, tumors of neural and non-neural origin. Most notably, more than 40% of human glioblastomas and greater than 30% of colon adenocarcinomas express viral proteins. The detection of viral transforming proteins, T-antigen and Agnoprotein in the absence of viral capsid proteins suggests a role for JCV in the development and/or progression of human tumors. These results invite further large-scale investigation on the role of polyomaviruses, particularly JCV in the pathogenesis of human cancer.
Microbial source tracking by molecular fingerprinting

To date, microbial source tracking (MST), i.e. determining the source of microbial contamination based on the specific strains observed in environment, is done using methods that are time-consuming, expensive and not always reliable. The biology department at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo has developed a new method for MST called pyroprinting. Pyroprints are a result of pyrosequencing replicates of intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) regions in a target bacterial genome. E. coli pyroprints can be used as DNA fngerprints of individual E. coli strains in identifying sources of fecal contamination and studying bacterial patterns in host animals. The MST method consists of two parts: the pyroprinting process and a database of sequenced pyroprints. The actual source tracking is achieved by comparing a newly obtained pyroprint to the pyroprints of known provenance from a database. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of Cal Poly Library of Pyroprints (CPLOP). The CPLOP database provides storage and essential analysis of pyroprints for strain identification. Our current implementation contains pyroprints of bacterial isolates of E. coli, obtained by students and researchers from known hosts and from the environment. Users of CPLOP are able to organize pyroprints into groups, run analyses to find similarities between bacterial isolates, and cluster isolates into bacterial strains.
Random KNN feature selection - a fast and stable alternative to Random Forests

Successfully modeling high-dimensional data involving thousands of variables is challenging. This is especially true for gene expression profiling experiments, given the large number of genes involved and the small number of samples available. Random Forests (RF) is a popular and widely used approach to feature selection for such "small n, large p problems." However, Random Forests suffers from instability, especially in the presence of noisy and/or unbalanced inputs. We present RKNN-FS, an innovative feature selection procedure for "small n, large p problems." RKNN-FS is based on Random KNN (RKNN), a novel generalization of traditional nearest-neighbor modeling. RKNN consists of an ensemble of base k-nearest neighbor models, each constructed from a random subset of the input variables. To rank the importance of the variables, we define a criterion on the RKNN framework, using the notion of support. A two-stage backward model selection method is then developed based on this criterion. Empirical results on microarray data sets with thousands of variables and relatively few samples show that RKNN-FS is an effective feature selection approach for high-dimensional data. RKNN is similar to Random Forests in terms of classification accuracy without feature selection. However, RKNN provides much better classification accuracy than RF when each method incorporates a feature-selection step. Our results show that RKNN is significantly more stable and more robust than Random Forests for feature selection when the input data are noisy and/or unbalanced. Further, RKNN-FS is much faster than the Random Forests feature selection method (RF-FS), especially for large scale problems, involving thousands of variables and multiple classes. Given the superiority of Random KNN in classification performance when compared with Random Forests, RKNN-FS's simplicity and ease of implementation, and its superiority in speed and stability, we propose RKNN-FS as a faster and more stable alternative to Random Forests in classification problems involving feature selection for high-dimensional datasets.
Ideology and illness experiences of women in Guatemala.

The position of women in the society of a Guatemalian colonia influences both self‐care and the care given them. The description of this cultural group provides universal meaning regarding women's health and social position.
Oviduct histochemistry and site of synthesis of a 29.7 kDa jelly coat glycoprotein in the anuran Lepidobatrachus laevis

The oviduct of the anuran Lepidobatrachus laevis contains three morphological regions, each of which contains a histochemically distinct luminal mucosa. In the pars recta, the most anterior portion of the oviduct, there are periodic acid-Schiff base (PAS)-positive simple glands and epithelia. In the pars convoluta, there are alcian blue-positive, combined alcian blue- and PAS-positive and PAS-positive gland types. The most posterior region, the pars uterina, contains alcian blue-positive and alcian blue-negative epithelial cells. Previous work has shown that solubilized egg jelly contains a major 29.7 kDa glycoprotein subunit that was detected in oviduct tissue extracts from the pars convoluta in the present study. Rabbit antisera to the 29.7 kDa egg jelly glycoprotein of L. laevis reacted with the major pars convoluta glycoprotein and there were no immunoreactive components in the pars uterina. The slight immunoreactivity detected at 29.0–37.0 kDa in pars recta extracts is not believed to be the jelly molecule, based on low immunoreactivity and subunit molecular weight measurements. We conclude that the synthesis of the 29.7 kDa egg jelly glycoprotein is restricted to the pars convoluta region of the oviduct.
Effect of temperature on life cycles of nematodes associated with the mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) detrital system

The effect of temperature on the life history of various representatives of the meiofauna associated with decaying mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) leaves was investigated. Life cycles, recorded in days, for 6 species of marine nematodes cultured at a temperature of 24°C are as follows: Rhabditis marina 2 1/4; Diplolaimelloides sp., 7; Diplolaimella ocellata, 11 1/2; Enoplus paralittoralis, 22; Oncholaimus sp., 29; Haliplectus dorsalis, 34. In general, life cycles become shorter with increased temperatures; however, as temperatures approach the upper limits which support reproduction, life cycles become slightly lengthened. For most species, the ability to complete a life cycle was inconsistent within the temperature range of 33° to 35°C. Studies with two harpacticoid copepod and two foraminifera species tend to support the 33° to 35°C range as being the thermal stress zone.
Third-order nonlinear optical effects of a guest-host system investigated by quadratic electro-optics and quadratic electro-absorption measurements

Third order nonlinear optical coefficients were obtained for a new chromophore 4(4'-N,N'- dimethyl amino phenyl)-1-, 1-bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene (MAG) doped in poly(ethyl)methacrylate (PEMA). The real and imaginary parts of the third order response were investigated at wavelengths close to and far from the resonant absorption maximum by quadratic electro-optics and quadratic electro-absorption (QEA) techniques. From these data real and imaginary parts of the Kerr coefficient are obtained. At room temperature the QEA measurement was also used to determine the ratio of the two contributing tensoral components of the third order response at wavelengths near the resonant absorption maximum. The tensor ratio suggest that an electronic mechanism dominates the third order response at room temperature for the MAG/PEMA system.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The miRNA Pathway Controls Rapid Changes in Activity-Dependent Synaptic Structure at the Drosophila melanogaster Neuromuscular Junction

It is widely accepted that long-term changes in synapse structure and function are mediated by rapid activity-dependent gene transcription and new protein synthesis. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the microRNA (miRNA) pathway plays an important role in coordinating these processes. Despite recent advances in this field, there remains a critical need to identify specific activity-regulated miRNAs as well as their key messenger RNA (mRNA) targets. To address these questions, we used the larval Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as a model synapse in which to identify novel miRNA-mediated mechanisms that control activity-dependent synaptic growth. First, we developed a screen to identify miRNAs differentially regulated in the larval CNS following spaced synaptic stimulation. Surprisingly, we identified five miRNAs (miRs-1, -8, -289, -314, and -958) that were significantly downregulated by activity. Neuronal misexpression of three miRNAs (miRs-8, -289, and -958) suppressed activity-dependent synaptic growth suggesting that these miRNAs control the translation of biologically relevant target mRNAs. Functional annotation cluster analysis revealed that putative targets of miRs-8 and -289 are significantly enriched in clusters involved in the control of neuronal processes including axon development, pathfinding, and growth. In support of this, miR-8 regulated the expression of a wingless 3′UTR (wg 3′ untranslated region) reporter in vitro. Wg is an important presynaptic regulatory protein required for activity-dependent axon terminal growth at the fly NMJ. In conclusion, our results are consistent with a model where key activity-regulated miRNAs are required to coordinate the expression of genes involved in activity-dependent synaptogenesis.
The NEREUS in‐lake wireless/acoustic chemical data network

We describe a system for the semi-autonomous in situ measurement of lake chemical properties, with high temporal resolution and the potential to map chemical properties in 3 dimensions. The system comprises both fixed sensor locations on moored buoys and one (or potentially more) autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) serving as mobile underwater sensor platforms. Sensors include conventional water quality multiprobes and thermistor strings and the NEREUS underwater mass spectrometer for measurement of dissolved metabolic gases such as methane as well as permanent gases. Data are delivered to a shore station via a network that includes acoustic modems for communication with the AUV and a radio network operating in the license-free ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band operating under the IEEE 802.11b protocol. The system is designed to use low-cost commercial hardware and open-source software wherever possible. We constructed a prototype system of 3 buoys, 1 AUV, and a shore station, and field tests have demonstrated its ability to measure and remotely display lake chemical data in real time.
Characteristics of settling coral reef fish are related to recruitment timing and success.

Many marine populations exhibit high variability in the recruitment of young into the population. While environmental cycles and oceanography explain some patterns of replenishment, the role of other growth-related processes in influencing settlement and recruitment is less clear. Examination of a 65-mo. time series of recruitment of a common coral reef fish, Stegastes partitus, to the reefs of the upper Florida Keys revealed that during peak recruitment months, settlement stage larvae arriving during dark lunar phases grew faster as larvae and were larger at settlement compared to those settling during the light lunar phases. However, the strength and direction of early trait-mediated selective mortality also varied by settlement lunar phase such that the early life history traits of 2–4 week old recruit survivors that settled across the lunar cycle converged to more similar values. Similarly, within peak settlement periods, early life history traits of settling larvae and selective mortality of recruits varied by the magnitude of the settlement event: larvae settling in larger events had longer PLDs and consequently were larger at settlement than those settling in smaller pulses. Traits also varied by recruitment habitat: recruits surviving in live coral habitat (vs rubble) or areas with higher densities of adult conspecifics were those that were larger at settlement. Reef habitats, especially those with high densities of territorial conspecifics, are more challenging habitats for young fish to occupy and small settlers (due to lower larval growth and/or shorter PLDs) to these habitats have a lower chance of survival than they do in rubble habitats. Settling reef fish are not all equal and the time and location of settlement influences the likelihood that individuals will survive to contribute to the population.
Degradation of hypomodified tRNAiMet in vivo involves RNA-dependent ATPase activity of the DExH helicase Mtr4p

Effective turnover of many incorrectly processed RNAs in yeast, including hypomodified tRNA(iMet), requires the TRAMP complex, which appends a short poly(A) tail to RNA designated for decay. The poly(A) tail stimulates degradation by the exosome. The TRAMP complex contains the poly(A) polymerase Trf4p, the RNA-binding protein Air2p, and the DExH RNA helicase Mtr4p. The role of Mtr4p in RNA degradation processes involving the TRAMP complex has been unclear. Here we show through a genetic analysis that MTR4 is required for degradation but not for polyadenylation of hypomodified tRNA(iMet). A suppressor of the trm6-504 mutation in the tRNA m(1)A58 methyltransferase (Trm6p/Trm61p), which causes a reduced level of tRNA(iMet), was mapped to MTR4. This mtr4-20 mutation changed a single amino acid in the conserved helicase motif VI of Mtr4p. The mutation stabilizes hypomodified tRNA(iMet) in vivo but has no effect on TRAMP complex stability or polyadenylation activity in vivo or in vitro. We further show that purified recombinant Mtr4p displays RNA-dependent ATPase activity and unwinds RNA duplexes with a 3'-to-5' polarity in an ATP-dependent fashion. Unwinding and RNA-stimulated ATPase activities are strongly reduced in the recombinant mutant Mtr4-20p, suggesting that these activities of Mtr4p are critical for degradation of polyadenylated hypomodified tRNA(iMet).
A new type of troposphere zenith path delay product of the international GNSS service

The International GNSS Service (IGS) has been producing the total troposphere zenith path delay (ZPD) product that is based on combined ZPD contributions from several IGS Analysis Centers (AC) since GPS week 890 in 1997. A new approach to the production of the IGS ZPD has been proposed that replaces the direct combination of diverse ZPD products with point positioning estimates using the IGS Combined Final orbit and clock products. The new product was formally adopted in 2007 after several years of concurrent production with the legacy product. We describe here the advantages of the new approach for the IGS ZPD product, which enhance the value of the new ZPD product for climate studies. We also address the impact the IGS adoption in November 2006 of new GPS antenna phase center standards has had on the new ZPD product. Finally we describe plans to further enhance the ZPD products.
When Relationship Marketing Collides With Technology

This conceptual framework aims to query hereditary maladoption and misuse of constructs in relationship marketing studies. In spite of the critical difference between network-oriented and market-oriented relationships, studies on both streams share constructs unselectively. Moreover, although possibly atheoretical applications of constructs prevail in consumer–firm relationship studies, one construct (i.e., opportunism) has not been illuminated in the same context despite its explanatory power. Lastly, an obsolete construct (i.e., transaction-specific asset) still plays a role in the relationship marketing paradigm even though it can be substituted with better relationship holding values. These factors are discussed, and suggestions are provided for future research reflecting current advances in technology.
A holistic view of knowledge integration in collaborative supply chains

New product development (NPD) projects offer a unique opportunity to examine knowledge integration themes in a collaborative network. We propose a finer grained view of knowledge integration mechanisms in collaborative supply chains. Specifically, we propose two different types of mechanisms that are in play within a collaborative supply chain; short-term knowledge sharing and iterative knowledge enrichment. Using data from a large and diverse set of 432 NPD projects, we investigate the effects of knowledge sharing and enrichment between firms and their collaborative network partners, on product concept effectiveness and process performance. Our findings suggest that knowledge sharing and enrichment are significant mechanisms for enterprise-wide knowledge integration in collaborative networks. In addition, upstream knowledge sharing and enrichment has a significant influence on both product concept effectiveness and manufacturing process performance, over and above the effects of downstream knowledge shar...
A Data-Rich Recruitment Core to Support Translational Clinical Research

Background Underenrollment of clinical studies wastes resources and delays assessment of research discoveries. We describe the organization and impact of a centralized recruitment core delivering comprehensive recruitment support to investigators. Methods The Rockefeller University Center for Clinical and Translational Science supports a centralized recruitment core, call center, Research Volunteer Repository, data infrastructure, and staff who provide expert recruitment services to investigators. During protocol development, consultations aim to optimize enrollment feasibility, develop recruitment strategy, budget, and advertising. Services during study conduct include advertising placement, repository queries, call management, prescreening, referral, and visit scheduling. Utilization and recruitment outcomes are tracked using dedicated software. Results For protocols receiving recruitment services during 2009–2013: median time from initiation of recruitment to the first enrolled participant was 10 days; of 4,047 first-time callers to the call center, 92% (n = 3,722) enrolled in the Research Volunteer Repository, with 99% retention; 23% of Repository enrollees subsequently enrolled in ≥1 research studies, with 89% retention. Of volunteers referred by repository queries, 49% (280/537) enrolled into the study, with 92% retained. Conclusions Provision of robust recruitment infrastructure including expertise, a volunteer repository, data capture and real-time analysis accelerates protocol accrual. Application of recruitment science improves the quality of clinical investigation.
Decentralized algorithms for adaptive pricing in multiclass loss networks

We introduce a set of algorithms for pricing calls on a multiclass loss network with unknown demand elasticity. The algorithms are designed to observe the network and use real-time pricing to estimate demand elasticity and other unknown system parameters, and modify per-class prices in order to improve the long-run average revenue. The algorithms can be implemented online, have small memory and computational requirements, and are robust to parametric uncertainty. We provide sufficient conditions for the convergence of the algorithms to a local optimum, and illustrate their performance through numerous numerical examples. The paper also discusses how these algorithms can be distributed to multiple agents on a per-class basis, and provide bounds to error estimates introduced by our decoupling approach.
Evidence for Nucleolus Organizer Regions as the Units of Regulation in Nucleolar Dominance in Arabidopsis thaliana Interecotype Hybrids

Nucleolar dominance describes the silencing of one parent's ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in a genetic hybrid. In Arabidopsis thaliana, rRNA genes are clustered in two nucleolus organizer regions, NOR2 and NOR4. In F(8) recombinant inbreds (RI) of the A. thaliana ecotypes Ler and Cvi, lines that display strong nucleolar dominance inherited a specific combination of NORs, Cvi NOR4 and Ler NOR2. These lines express almost all rRNA from Cvi NOR4. The reciprocal NOR genotype, Ler NOR4/Cvi NOR2, allowed for expression of rRNA genes from both NORs. Collectively, these data reveal that neither Cvi rRNA genes nor NOR4 are always dominant. Furthermore, strong nucleolar dominance does not occur in every RI line inheriting Cvi NOR4 and Ler NOR2, indicating stochastic effects or the involvement of other genes segregating in the RI mapping population. A partial explanation is provided by an unlinked locus, identified by QTL analysis, that displays an epistatic interaction with the NORs and affects the relative expression of NOR4 vs. NOR2. Collectively, the data indicate that nucleolar dominance is a complex trait in which NORs, rather than individual rRNA genes, are the likely units of regulation.
A new method for quantitative immunoblotting of endogenous α-synuclein.

b-Sheet-rich aggregates of a-synuclein (aSyn) are the hallmark neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease and related synucleinopathies, whereas the principal native structure of aSyn in healthy cells - unfolded monomer or a-helically folded oligomer - is under debate. Our recent crosslinking analysis of aSyn in intact cells showed that a large portion of endogenous aSyn can be trapped as oligomers, most notably as apparent tetramers. One challenge in such studies is accurately quantifying aSyn Western blot signals among samples, as crosslinked aSyn trends toward increased immunoreactivity. Here, we analyzed this phenomenon in detail and found that treatment with the reducible aminereactive crosslinker DSP strongly increased aSyn immunoreactivity even after cleavage with the reducing agent bmercaptoethanol. The effect was observed with all aSyn antibodies tested and in all sample types from human brain homogenates to untransfected neuroblastoma cells, permitting easy detection of endogenous aSyn in the latter, which had long been considered impossible. Coomassie staining of blots before and after several hours of washing revealed complete retention of aSyn after DSP/b-mercaptoethanol treatment, in contrast to a marked loss of aSyn without this treatment. The treatment also enhanced immunodetection of the homologs b- and c-synuclein and of histones, another group of small, lysine-rich proteins. We conclude that by neutralizing positive charges and increasing protein hydrophobicity, amine crosslinker treatment promotes adhesion of aSyn to blotting membranes. These data help explain the recent report of fixing aSyn blots with paraformaldehyde after transfer, which we find produces similar but weaker effects. DSP/bmercaptoethanol treatment of Western blots should be particularly useful to quantify low-abundance aSyn forms such as extracellular and post-translationally modified aSyn and splice variants.
Thioredoxin-mediated Denitrosylation Regulates Cytokine-induced Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) Activation

S-nitrosylation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) on the p65 subunit of the p50/p65 heterodimer inhibits NF-κB DNA binding activity. We have recently shown that p65 is constitutively S-nitrosylated in the lung and that LPS-induced injury elicits a decrease in SNO-p65 levels concomitant with NF-κB activation in the respiratory epithelium and initiation of the inflammatory response. Here, we demonstrate that TNFα-mediated activation of NF-κB in the respiratory epithelium similarly induces p65 denitrosylation. This process is mediated by the denitrosylase thioredoxin (Trx), which becomes activated upon cytokine-induced degradation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip). Similarly, inhibition of Trx activity in the lung attenuates LPS-induced SNO-p65 denitrosylation, NF-κB activation, and airway inflammation, supporting a pathophysiological role for this mechanism in lung injury. These data thus link stimulus-coupled activation of NF-κB to a specific, protein-targeted denitrosylation mechanism and further highlight the importance of S-nitrosylation in the regulation of the immune response.
Who listens to religious radio broadcasts anymore

During his 1966–69 tenure as director of research for the Lutheran Council in the U.S.A., Ronald L. Johnstone helped plan and conduct the research reported here which is based on a sizable national sample. In the article, he constructs a profile of the typical religious radio program listener. Dr. Johnstone earned the Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1963 and is now associate professor of sociology at Central Michigan University in Mt. Pleasant.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent repression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that activates target gene transcription in a ligand-dependent manner. In addition, liganded PPARγ can inhibit transcription of genes induced by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and/or lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), including the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. Inhibition of the iNOS promoter is achieved partially through antagonizing the activities of NF-κB, AP-1, and STAT1, which are known to mediate effects of LPS and IFN-γ. Previous studies have suggested that transrepression of these factors by nuclear receptors involves competition for limiting amounts of the general coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300. CBP and p300 are thought to be recruited to nuclear receptors through bridging factors that include SRC-1, although CBP also interacts directly with PPARγ through its amino terminus. These observations have raised questions concerning the involvement of SRC-1-like factors in CBP recruitment and transrepression. We here provide evidence that PPARγ's ability to repress iNOS transcription requires the ligand-dependent charge clamp that mediates interactions with CBP and SRC-1. Single amino acid mutations in PPARγ that abolished ligand-dependent interactions with SRC-1 and CBP not only resulted in complete loss of transactivation activity but also abolished transrepression. Conversely, a CBP deletion mutant containing the SRC-1 interaction domain but lacking the N-terminal PPARγ interaction domain was inactive as a PPARγ coactivator and failed to rescue transrepression. Together, these findings are consistent with a model in which transrepression by PPARγ is achieved by targeting CBP through direct interaction with its N-terminal domain and via SRC-1-like bridge factors.
Statistics and the environment: The analysis of large-scale earth-oriented systems

The focal point of this paper is the concept: the environmental unit is Earth itself. To analyze and predict global environmental phenomena, the dimensions of our domain of concern must match those of the planet's dynamic fluid envelope: atmospheric and oceanic. Traditional techniques of statistical diagnostic analysis and prediction must be cast in the natural coordinates of earth-oriented systems and computer technology tasked to its present limits to handle global scale data bases. A notation is presented in which various approaches to estimating variables in large domains can be seen as adaptations to a common estimation objective. Their differences arise from differences in the scope and extent of information available to describe the system under study. The “universal estimator notation” serves to identify areas for significant further development. Examples are given which illustrate the potential impacts on spatial estimation algorithms of using available data to tune them to location and current state.
The Origin and Implications of (111)-Textured Grains Obtained via Nucleation and Growth of Solids in Pulsed-Laser-Quenched Al Films on SiO2

We have investigated excimer laser irradiation of 2000-A-thin as-deposited Al films on SiO2. Microstructural analysis of the irradiated films conducted with AFM and EBSD techniques reveals that there exists a wide energy density interval over which large equaxed grains with a strong (111) texture are obtained. Based on thermal, transformational, and microstructural considerations, we propose a heterogeneous nucleation model to account for the observed behaviors, and discuss the implication of the model on the phenomenon of heterogeneous nucleation of crystalline solids in condensed systems as regards the thermodynamic role played by the orientation of subcritical clusters.
What should students learn in their first (and often only) software engineering course

The questions that are proposed as the basis for academy panel sessions are important ones to ask. In the aggregate, they cover an enormous expanse of the software engineering landscape. The reality of undergraduate computing education is that the vast majority of students do not go through software engineering curricula where there is time to address the academy questions in some depth. Instead, they are in computer science or computer engineering programs, and receive their software engineering education in a single course. What students should really learn in this first, and often only, software engineering course is important because the majority of computing students will not see any other software engineering. The course designer will need to make judicious choices in selecting the material for this course because all of software engineering will not fit in just one course even if you try by using one of the classic software engineering tomes as the textbook. I do not know the right answer to the question I pose in the title of this position paper. I suspect that there is no one set of software engineering topics that should be included, but rather a range of topics to select from based on the purpose and perspective of the course. The answer to this question is important to everyone who has responsibility for providing the software engineering education for the next generation of computing students.
Expression and characterization of human dopamine D2 receptor in baculovirus-infected insect cells.

AbstractMultiple types of dopamine D2–like receptors (D2, D3, D4) have been identified. Differences in pharmacology among these receptors may have profound clinical ramifications for the treatment of psychosis. Analysis of the structure and function of their binding sites requires a source of large amounts of receptor, uncontaminated by the other types of D2–like receptor. We engineered a recombinant baculovirus containing the human D2 receptor cDNA (DRD2) to express this receptor in insect cells. Spodoptera frugiperda cells (Sf9 and Sf21) and Trichoplusia ni cells (TN-5) were infected with the recombinant baculovirus. Binding of the D2 antagonist [3H]YM-09151–2 to membranes fractions of these cells peaked at a specific activity of 5–8 pmol/mg protein, approximately 40 times that of membranes from bovine striatum. The receptor expressed in Sf9 cells was similar to that of striatum in its affinities for D2 agonists and antagonists. Sodium ion stimulated [3H]YM-09151–2 binding to D2 receptor in infected Sf9...
Laboratory Automation and Cellular Immunology Assays

‘‘An HIV-1 vaccine may be the first vaccine that is studied, moved forward, and ultimately licensed based on a cellular response.’’ Automation of the quantitative assays used to assess the human cellular immunological responses to vaccines and other immunotherapeutic treatments would facilitate their use in clinical trials. This special issue of JALA presents five manuscripts on the automation of cellular immunology assays and sample handling. Cellular immunology has changed dramatically over the last decade, moving from analysis that is qualitative and very cumbersome to more quantitative assays that are easily transferable to automation. Two arms of the adaptive immune response play a role in fighting and clearing infections: the humoral and cellular arms. The cellular immune response can be further subdivided into a CD4 or CD8 lymphocyte response. Recently, our understanding of the cellular immune response has increased considerably. And, as already noted, our ability to measure the cellular immune response has likewise changed. Many of these changes are a result of the dire need for an HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccines are the most cost-effective means of controlling infection. Indeed, through an extensive vaccination program, smallpox has been eliminated, and polio will likely be eradicated within the next decade. Many of the current vaccines are live attenuated, and while they most likely induce a protective cellular immune response, they have been studied and licensed based on antibody responses. An HIV-1 vaccine may be the first vaccine that is studied, moved forward, and ultimately licensed based on a cellular response.
Primary cilia in pancreatic development and disease

Primary cilia and their anchoring basal bodies are important regulators of a growing list of signaling pathways. Consequently, dysfunction in proteins associated with these structures results in perturbation of the development and function of a spectrum of tissue and cell types. Here, we review the role of cilia in mediating the development and function of the pancreas. We focus on ciliary regulation of major pathways involved in pancreatic development, including Shh, Wnt, TGF-β, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor. We also discuss pancreatic phenotypes associated with ciliary dysfunction, including pancreatic cysts and defects in glucose homeostasis, and explore the potential role of cilia in such defects.
Compressible Laminar Boundary-Layer Flows with Statistical Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook Approaches

DOI: 10.2514/1.45699 In this work, we study the well-known, fundamental viscous fluid problem of compressible, laminar boundarylayer flowovera flatplate.Thepaperinvestigatesthemodelingofsuch flowsusingtheBhatnagar–Gross–Krookand ellipsoidal statistical Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook model kinetic equations for the supersonic flow of argon gas over a flat plate in the semirarefied regime. The Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook and ellipsoidal statistical Bhatnagar–Gross– Krook solutions are compared with the exact, well-known direct simulation Monte Carlo method as well as the theoretical solution of the boundary-layer equations that include velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions for adiabatic and isothermal wall boundary conditions. It is found that the solutions obtained by the statistical Bhatnagar–Gross–KrookandellipsoidalstatisticalBhatnagar–Gross–Krookmethodsagreewell withthe theoretical and the benchmark direct simulation Monte Carlo solutions. Both approaches capture the shock wave appearing at the leading edge of the flat plate, but the ellipsoidal statistical Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook approach is shown to be in better agreement with the benchmark direct simulation Monte Carlo method solutions as well as the theoreticalresults.Inaddition,thestatistical Bhatnagar–Gross–Krookandellipsoidalstatistical Bhatnagar–Gross– Krook methods are shown to be numerically more efficient than the direct simulation Monte Carlo method.
Children's Beliefs About Long-Term Health Effects of Alcohol and Cocaine Use

Objective To assess age differences in children's beliefs about the long-term health effects of alcohol and cocaine, to use such beliefs to predict attitudes toward and intentions to use these substances, and to establish whether accurate beliefs are more predictive than inaccurate ones. Methods Children ages 6 to 12 (N: = 217) responded to an open-ended question about the effects of long-term alcohol and cocaine use and to 12 structured questions asking whether each produces alcohol-like, cocaine-like, and tobacco-like effects. Results Differentiation among alcohol, cocaine, and tobacco effects was limited but increased with age. Beliefs about health effects had no impact on alcohol attitudes and intentions, but intentions to drink were stronger among older and white children. Anti-cocaine attitudes and intentions were associated with being older and non-White and with having accurate knowledge of cocaine's true health effects-but also with believing falsely that cocaine has tobacco-like effects and that drugs in general have catastrophic effects. Conclusions With age, and as predicted by Werner's orthogenetic principle, children differentiated more sharply between substances. Although negative misconceptions can contribute to anti-drug attitudes and intentions, children should nonetheless be taught about the distinct effects of different substances on health.
Speciation of Flightless Rails on Islands: A DNA-Based Phylogeny of the Typical Rails of the Pacific

ABSTRACT. The living and extinct flightless rails of the Pacific are among the most species-rich examples of parallel evolution in vertebrates. The “typical” rails of this region comprise a diverse assemblage of long-billed species variously placed in the genera Rallus, Lewinia, Nesoclopeus, Gallirallus, Habropteryx, Tricholimnas, Aramidopsis, Amaurornis, Eulabeornis, and Habroptila. I present a phylogenetic hypothesis for this group based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of 12S, control region, and cytochrome-b data obtained from museum specimens (frozen tissues, toe pads from study skins, and bones from archaeological sites) of living and extinct species. All previously recognized genera are either monotypic or non-monophyletic, and I advocate lumping nearly all species into a broadly defined Gallirallus sensu lato. Volant species are not paraphyletic with respect to nearly all flightless species. Instead flightless species branch off in rapid succession from lineages leading to extant volant...
Key Performance Indicators and Managerial Analysis for Forensic Laboratories

Abstract Forensic laboratories generate a great deal of data from casework activities across investigative areas, personnel and budget allocations, and corresponding expenditures. This paper investigates ways in which laboratories can make data-driven managerial decisions through the regular extraction of key performance indicators from commonly available data sources. A laboratory's performance indicators can then be compared to peer laboratory performance to search for best practices, determine in-house trends, manage scarce resources, and provide quantitative support for the justification of additional resources.
The French case for requiring juries to give reasons: safeguarding defendants or guarding the judges?

This chapter provides a descriptive and analytical examination of the requirement for lay jurors to give reasons for their decisions. In the 2010 case of Taxquet v. Belgium, the European Court of Human Right announced a new right for criminal defendants “to understand verdicts.” This jurisprudence has prompted a number of Council of Europe countries to overhaul their criminal procedure, including France, which now requires that its mixed courts, in which professional and lay judges deliberate collectively, justify their decisions on guilt or innocence. Descriptively, the chapter presents the Strasbourg court’s position as well as the French response to it, which have both been heralded as moral advances for criminal defendants. Analytically, the paper considers the values and purposes of reason-giving. What is this turn to heightened reason-giving trying to achieve? I argue that while both the European Court of Human Rights and French lawmakers depict reason-giving as an individual human right belonging to criminal defendants, in practice, reason-giving functions as an accountability device primarily designed to solve systemic issues within the criminal justice system. More specifically, as the French case illustrates, the European interest in reason-giving can be tied to hopes for tighter control over trial judges. The chapter concludes that it is hard, if not impossible, to disentangle two facets of reason-giving, namely, reason-giving as a way to achieve fairness to defendants and reason-giving as a way to provide checks on legal actors who might otherwise enjoy unfettered discretion.
A Dragonfly Nymph Design on Indian Pottery

In the U. S. Navy report to the 33rd Congress (1855), entitled “The U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years 1849–1852,” Vol. II, we find an article by Thomas Ewbank which bears the heading “Appendix E. A Description of the Indian Antiquities Brought from Chili and Peru by the United States Naval Astronomical Expedition.” On page 130 Ewbank figures an Indian bowl or deep plate with a decorative design in which the zygopterous nymph is used as the motif. In the page of figures this item is lettered S.
Mosaic hair color changes in alopecia areata

This paper documents the mosaic hair color changes in two patients with extensive alopecia areata. The authors suggest that these changes are the end result of localized immunologic reactions directed against the melanocyte, resulting in a cytotoxic effect on the melanocytes and altering the hair color. Visually, the change is identified as patchy lightening, occasional depigmentation, and whitening of existing scalp hair. These changes reflect increased activity and progression of alopecia areata.
BCR/ABL regulates response to DNA damage: the role in resistance to genotoxic treatment and in genomic instability.

BCR/ABL regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and adhesion. In addition, BCR/ABL can induce resistance to cytostatic drugs and irradiation by modulation of DNA repair mechanisms, cell cycle checkpoints and Bcl-2 protein family members. Upon DNA damage BCR/ABL not only enhances reparation of DNA lesions (e.g. homologous recombination repair), but also prolongs activation of cell cycle checkpoints (e.g. G2/M) providing more time for repair of otherwise lethal lesions. Moreover, by modification of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (e.g. upregulation of Bcl-x(L)) BCR/ABL provides a cytoplasmic 'umbrella' protecting mitochondria from the 'rain' of apoptotic signals coming from the damaged DNA in the nucleus, thus preventing release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases. The unrepaired and/or aberrantly repaired (but not lethal) DNA lesions resulting from spontaneous and/or drug-induced damage can accumulate in BCR/ABL-transformed cells leading to genomic instability and malignant progression of the disease. Inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase activity by STI571 (Gleevec, imatinib mesylate) reverses drug resistance and, in combination with standard chemotherapeutics can exert strong anti-leukemia effect.
Comparative Anatomy of Feline and Canine Gastric Sling Fibers Analogy to Human Anatomy

Investigation of the function of human sling fibers is not feasible with the use of technics currently available for animal experiments. Thus, this study examined the anatomy of the gastric sling fibers in 22 dogs and 16 cats to determine if either or both resemble that of the human. In both species, the gastric sling fibers hooked around the notch between the gastric fundus and distal esophagus, and traversed the stomach, anteriorly and posteriorly, parallel to the lesser curve, finally disappearing near the incisura angularis. A constrictor cardiac muscle was found at the upper limit of the sling fibers in both species. The muscularis propria of the distal esophagus of the dog was found to be striated. In contrast, smooth muscle was present in the distal esophagus of the cat. Furthermore, a vestibule, analogous to that described in man, was found in the cat but not in the dog. It has been postulated that the sling fibers play a role in the sphincteric mechanism of the distal esophagus. Our finding that the anatomy of the sling fibers and the distal esophagus in the cat resembles that of man suggests that it would be a more suitable model than that of the dog.
Dopa-Responsive Motor Disorder with Sepiapterin Reductase Deficiency

The clinical findings in 7 children from Malta, at first suspected to have cerebral palsy and later diagnosed with sepiapterin reductase deficiency, are reported from Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK, and St Luke’s Hospital, University of Malta.
Parent Grief 1-13 Months After Death in Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Units.

ABSTRACTObjective. Describe changes in mothers’ and fathers’ grief from 1 to 13 months after infant or child neonatal or pediatric intensive care unit death and identify factors related to their grief.Methods. Mothers (n = 130) and fathers (n = 52) of 140 children (newborn–18 years) completed the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist at 1, 3, 6, and 13 months postdeath.Results. Grief decreased from 3 to 13 months for mothers and from 3 to 6 months for fathers. Grief was more intense for mothers of deceased adolescents and mothers whose children were declared brain dead.Conclusion. Mothers’ and fathers’ grief intensity may not coincide, resulting in different needs during the 13 months after infant or child death.
The Harmfulnesses of Acid Rain and Its Prevention and Control Strategies in China

This paper expounded the harmfulnesses and the acting mechanism of acid rain in the ecosystem,inquired into the developing stages and current situation in China,and put forward some strategies for the prevention and control of acid rain
ID: 16: INAPPROPRIATE DEFIBRILLATION DUE TO ELCTRO-MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE FROM NEARBY ALTERNATING CURRENT

Introduction Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to monitor and promptly treat life-threatening arrhythmia has been a very successful approach. However, inappropriate defibrillation could increase morbidity and mortality. Most common causes of inappropriate defibrillation are: supra-ventricular arrhythmia and device malfunctions. Case Description A 31-year-old female with arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) status post dual chamber ICD presented after her ICD had fired. Patient was sitting near a public swimming pool and suddenly felt a jolt, “getting hit at the back of the head”. On further ICD Interrogation revealed a high frequency artifact on the intra-cardiac electrogram which was sensed by the device as ventricular fibrillation, and subsequently it was defibrillated. Other parameters including sensing and pacing thresholds, lead impedances were all within normal limits. Discussion Alternating current from a nearby electric generator created Electro-magnetic interference (EMI) which led to inappropriate defibrillation. High frequency oscillating artifact is the hallmark of EMI from alternating current. We should be aware of all possible causes that can interfere with cardiac devices. .