cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advertising appeals used by services marketers: a comparison between Hong Kong and the United States

Both Hong Kong and the USA are capitalistic open markets with a highly developed service industry. This study examines the advertising appeals used by services marketers in these two markets and compares the advertising appeals used by experience services and credence services. In addition to a modified set of Resnik and Stern’s (1977) information cues, the association attributes and terminal values conveyed in services advertisements were examined. Although services advertising seems to show quite a number of market differences in the choice of information cues, association attributes, and terminal values, most of these differences diminish when the service type is controlled.
MAKING COLLABORATIVE TEACHING MORE EFFECTIVE FOR ACADEMICALLY ABLE STUDENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND TRAINING

Collaborative teaching is being used more and more in serving academically able students with disabilities, including a large number of students with learning disabilities. The focus of this article is a series of recommendations to improve collabo- rative teaching. The recommendations were generated as a result of an intensive study of collaborative teaching in elementary, middle, and high school programs through interviews with administrators, teachers, parents, and students. The recommen- dations are divided into (a) general recommendations addressing service delivery, administrative, and communication issues and (b) training recommendations for new and indirectly involved personnel, parents, and university pre- and inservice programs.
Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces and Aeroelastic Response for External Store of an Aircraft

An experimental identi cation investigation of unsteady and stall aerodynamic coef cients for an external store of an aircraft has been made. The coef cient identi cation is performed by a least-squares procedure based on the measured time series obtained from an aeroelastic model undergoing aerodynamic excitation caused by a gust generator. The results are veri ed by the good correlation between the theoretical prediction and aerodynamic measurement data. Using the identi ed unsteady aerodynamic model, numerical investigations for both the stability ( utter) and nonlinear aeroelastic response of this external store model have been made. Also, the results were compared with those obtained from a quasisteady aerodynamic model. It is seen that the effects of unsteady aerodynamics on the nonlinear aeroelastic response are signi cant when the angle of attack is large.
Shape functions and the accuracy of arch finite elements.

References 1 Denham, W. F. and Pines, S., "Sequential Estimation When Measurement Function Nonlinearity Is Comparable to Measurement Error," AIAA Journal, Vol. 4, No. 6, June 1966, pp. 1071-1076. 2 Toda, N. F., Schlee, F. H., and Obsharsky, P., "Region of Kalman Filter Convergence for Several Autonomous Navigation Modes," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, April 1969, pp. 622-627. 3 Athans, M., Wishner, R. P., and Bertolini, A., "Suboptimal State Estimation for Continuous-Time Nonlinear Systems from Discrete Noisy Measurements," IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control Vol. AC-13, No. 5, Oct. 1968, pp. 504-514. 4 Jazwinski, A. H., Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1970, pp. 340-346.
A comparative study of differential quadrature and cubature methods vis-à-vis some conventional techniques in context of convection-diffusion-reaction problems

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of the differential quadrature and cubature methods in relation to the conventional techniques of the finite difference and finite element methods. The basis of comparison is the numerical accuracy and the computational efficiency in terms of CPU time. This is done in context of linear and nonlinear convection-diffusion-reaction problems. In addition, this paper also provides a few innovations in the quadrature method. These include a modified quadrature formulation in which the Neumann boundary condition of the problem is directly incorporated into the weighting coefficient matrices and two other quadrature formulations in which the progressive solutions of the problem are carried out by a domain decomposition technique and by a Crank-Nicolson version of the quadrature method.
Spatial Reasoning in Remotely Sensed Data

Photointerpreters employ a variety of implicit spatial models to provide interpretations from remotely sensed aerial or satellite imagery. The process of making the implicit models explicit and the subsequent use of the explicit models in computer processing is difficult. In this paper one application is illustrated: how ridges and valleys can be automatically interpreted from LANDSAT imagery of a mountainous area and how a relative elevation terrain model can be constructed from this interpretation. It is shown how an illumination model is being used to explain many of the features of a LANDSAT image. Finally, it is shown how to examine valleys for the possible presence of streams or rivers and it is shown how a spatial relational model can be set up to make a final interpretation of the river drainage network.
Dendritic deposition of uncharged aerosol particles on an uncharged fiber in the presence of an electrical field

A Monte Carlo simulation method based on particle trajectory calculations is used to study the effect of a uniform electrical field on the dendritic deposition of uncharged dielectric aerosol particles on uncharged dielectric fibres. The system parameters are chosen so that the main mechanisms of deposition are interception and electrical attraction. The main electrical force on an oncoming particle is that exerted by the polarized fiber and dendrites. It is found that simple superposition of the electrical fields of the polarized fibre and of the individual deposited particles gives an approximation to the actual field that is adequate for practical purposes. Based on such superposition, particle trajectories are calculated and the dendritic deposition phenomenon is studied. The effects of the electrical field are found to be very important and to increase with increasing field strength. In general, the electrical field increases the number of dendrites per unit length of fibre, and produces dendrites which are long, slender and tend to follow the force lines of the electrical field. The enhancement of the overall rate of deposition is also drastic and increases with increasing electrical field strength.
Poor postnatal weight gain: a risk factor for severe retinopathy of prematurity.

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between rate of postnatal weight gain and severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: All infants (n = 111) screened for ROP at a single tertiary intensive care nursery over a 2-year period with an estimated gestational age of 30 weeks or less and follow-up to at least 42 weeks' postconception were included. The authors performed a retrospective review of records and statistical analysis of risk factors for ROP using multivariate analysis. Results: Infants with severe (stage 3 or greater) ROP gained an average 10.9 g/kg per day in the first 6 weeks of life, compared to a mean of 9.6 g/kg per day for those with mild or no ROP ( P =.04). By multiple regression, which included birth weight, gestational age, and 9 other reported risk factors, there was an association between rate of postnatal weight gain and severity of ROP ( P =.02). By stepwise regression, 4 variables were associated with ROP severity: estimated gestational age at birth ( P =.002), rate of postnatal weight gain ( P =.0002), volume of transfused erythrocytes ( P =.0001), and culture-proven sepsis ( P =.02). Conclusion: Poor postnatal weight gain is a risk factor for the development of severe (stage 3 or greater) ROP. Ophthalmologists should take note of those infants who gain less than 50% of their birth weight in the first 6 weeks of life. (J AAPOS 2000;4:343-7)
The ABL oncogene in human leukemias

Abstract The ABL proto-oncogene on the Philadelphia chromosome is ‘activated' by its translocation in a manner similar to its activation by the murine Abelson leukemia virus—with the formation of a fusion protein with a new N-terminus and enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. Study of this BCR-ABL fusion gene has led to the development of molecular probes which are beginning to play an important role in the diagnosis and clinical management of chronic myelogenous leukemia, and may ultimately lead to better understanding of the biology of the disease. The role of ABL on the Philadelphia chromosome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia is only now beginning to be understood, but is likely to be similar, and a new ABL species has already been identified by several groups. It is likely that this protein is the product of a fusion gene, as it is in chronic myelogenous leukemia, but definitive proof awaits molecular cloning of the translocation breakpoint. Aside from its activation by the Ph 1 chromosome, ABL has not been found to have a role in any other human cancer.
Existing Methods in Ductile Fracture Propagation Control for High-Strength Gas Transmission Pipelines

Ductile fracture propagation control is one of the most important technologies adopted in engineering design for high-pressure, high-strength gas transmission pipelines. In the early 1970s, Battelle Memorial Institute developed a two-curve model that is now commonly referred to as BTCM for dynamic ductile fracture control analysis. The BTCM has been applied successfully for determining the minimum fracture toughness required to arrest a running ductile fracture in a gas transmission pipeline in terms of Charpy vee-notched (CVN) impact energy. Practice showed that BTCM is accurate only for pipeline grades up to X65, and becomes invalid for high strength pipeline steels like X70, X80 and X100. Since 1990s, different correction methods for improving the BTCM have been proposed. However, a commonly accepted method is not available yet for the high strength pipeline steels in grades X80 and above. This paper reviews and evaluates the primary existing methods in determination of fracture arrest toughness for ductile pipeline steels. These include the CVN energy-based methods, the drop-weight tear test (DWTT) energy-based methods, the crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) method, and finite element numerical analysis methods. The purpose is to identify a method to be used in engineering design or to be investigated further for determining the minimum fracture toughness to arrest a ductile running crack in a modern high-pressure, high-strength gas pipeline.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Searching the Porphyromonas gingivalis genome with peptide fragmentation mass spectra

An approach is described for genomic database searching based on experimentally observed proteolytic fragments, e.g., isolated from 1D or 2D gels or analyzed directly, that can be applied to unfinished prokaryotic genomic data in the absence of annotations or previously assigned open reading frames (ORFs). This variation on the database search is in contrast to the more familiar use of peptide mass spectral fragmentation data to search fully annotated inferred protein databases, e.g., OWL or SWISS-PROT. We compared the SEQUEST search results from a six reading frame translation of the Porphyromonas gingivalis genome DNA sequence with those from computationally derived ORFs created using publicly available genomics software tools. The ORF approach eliminated many of the artifacts present in output from the six reading frame search. The method was applied to uninterpreted tandem mass spectrometric data derived from proteins secreted by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis in response to the gingival epithelial cell environment, a model system for the study of host-pathogen interactions relevant to human periodontal disease.
Stability and return times of Leslie matrices with density-dependent survival: applications to fish populations☆

Abstract A Leslie matrix population model is used to predict the stability and times of return to equilibrium of fish populations following perturbations. The model is compensatory, having density dependence in the young-of-the-year (y-o-y) survival term. We first present conditions under which a unique equilibrium point exists for a population. Then, through stability analysis, we derive conditions that the y-o-y survival function must satisfy for stability to be assured. It is demonstrated that the dominant eigenvalue of the linearized Leslie matrix can be used to calculate, to good approximation, the time of return to equilibrium of the population following a perturbation. The return times of five model fish populations are compared over a range of assumed strengths of the compensatory mechanism. The model of the Hudson River striped bass population, in which the peak egg contribution occurs in age class 7, has a slower return time than that of an Atlantic menhaden population, where the peak egg contribution is in age class 2.
Photosynthetic terpene hydrocarbon production for fuels and chemicals

Photosynthetic hydrocarbon production bypasses the traditional biomass hydrolysis process and represents the most direct conversion of sunlight energy into the next-generation biofuels. As a major class of biologically derived hydrocarbons with diverse structures, terpenes are also valuable in producing a variety of fungible bioproducts in addition to the advanced 'drop-in' biofuels. However, it is highly challenging to achieve the efficient redirection of photosynthetic carbon and reductant into terpene biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss four major scientific and technical barriers for photosynthetic terpene production and recent advances to address these constraints. Collectively, photosynthetic terpene production needs to be optimized in a systematic fashion, in which the photosynthesis improvement, the optimization of terpene biosynthesis pathway, the improvement of key enzymes and the enhancement of sink effect through terpene storage or secretion are all important. New advances in synthetic biology also offer a suite of potential tools to design and engineer photosynthetic terpene platforms. The systemic integration of these solutions may lead to 'disruptive' technologies to enable biofuels and bioproducts with high efficiency, yield and infrastructure compatibility.
Forming of Porous Micro-Features Using Hot Compaction

Porous metallic micro-scale features are becoming important in the modern industry. However, a mass production of such features is a challenge when robustness, cost-effectiveness, and high productivity requirements are considered. In this study, the fabrication of such porous micro-features using hot compaction was investigated. A hot compaction experiment setup was designed and fabricated, which was capable of high temperature operation (up to 700 °C), quick heat-up, and avoiding oxidation of workpiece and tools. A 3D thermal simulation of the experiment setup was conducted to understand the heat transfer characteristics of the system, which was used as a reference for the experiment. The effects of compression loading force and temperature on the compact quality in terms of powder consolidation strength and porosity were studied.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Adenoid cystic breast cancer.

Abstract Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer that is generally reported in individual case reports or as series from major referral centers. To characterize early diagnostic criteria for adenoid cystic carcinoma and to determine whether breast-preserving surgery with radiotherapy is as effective as mastectomy for eradicating the disease, we reviewed clinical records of a large series of patients treated for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast at a large health maintenance organization (HMO) that includes primary care facilities and referral centers. Methods: Using the data bank of the Northern California Cancer Registry of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region (KPNCR), we retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients treated for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast. Follow-up also was done for these patients. Results: Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast was diagnosed in 22 of 27,970 patients treated for breast cancer at KPNCR from 1960 through 2000. All 22 patients were female and were available for follow-up. Mean age of patients at diagnosis was 61 years (range, 37 to 94 years). In 17 (77%) of the women, a lump in the breast led to initial suspicion of a tumor; in 4 (23%) of the 22 patients, mammography led to suspicion of a tumor. Median tumor size was 20 mm. Pain was a prominent symptom. Surgical management evolved from radical and modified radical mastectomy to simple mastectomy or lumpectomy during the study period, during which time 1 patient died of previous ordinary ductal carcinoma of the contralateral breast, and 7 died of unrelated disease. At follow-up, 12 of the 13 remaining patients were free of disease; 1 patient died of the disease; and 1 patient remained alive despite late occurrence of lymph node and pulmonary metastases. Conclusions: Whether breast-preserving surgery with radiotherapy is as effective as mastectomy for treating adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast has not been determined.
Molecular pathological analysis of sarcomas using paraffin-embedded tissue: current limitations and future possibilities

Sarcomas of soft tissue and bone are rare neoplasms that can be separated into a large number of different diagnostic entities. Over the years, a number of diagnostic markers have been developed that aid pathologists in reaching the appropriate diagnoses. Many of these markers are sarcoma-specific proteins that can be detected by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. In addition, a wide range of molecular studies have been developed that can detect gene mutations, gene amplifications or chromosomal translocations in FFPE material. Until recently, most sequencing-based approaches relied on the availability of fresh frozen tissue. However, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, FFPE material is increasingly being used as a tool to identify novel immunohistochemistry markers, gene mutations, and chromosomal translocations, and to develop diagnostic tests.
A cost minimization algorithm for mobile data gathering in wireless sensor networks

Recent studies have shown that significant benefit can be achieved in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by employing mobile collectors for data gathering via short-range communications. A typical scenario for such a scheme is that a mobile collector roams over the sensing field and pauses at some anchor points on its moving tour such that it can traverse the transmission range of all the sensors in the field and directly collect data from each sensor. In this paper, we study the performance optimization of such mobile data gathering by formulating it into a cost minimization problem constrained by the channel capacity, the minimum amount of data gathered from each sensor and the bound of total sojourn time at all anchor points. We assume that the cost of a sensor for a particular anchor point is a function of the data amount a sensor uploads to the mobile collector during its sojourn time at this anchor point. In order to provide an efficient and distributed algorithm, we decompose this global optimization problem into two subproblems to be solved by each sensor and the mobile collector, respectively. We show that such decomposition can be characterized as a pricing mechanism, in which each sensor independently adjusts its payment for the data uploading opportunity to the mobile collector based on the shadow prices of different anchor points. Correspondingly, we give an efficient algorithm to jointly solve the two subproblems. Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that the proposed algorithm can achieve the optimal data control for each sensor and the optimal sojourn time allocation for the mobile collector, which minimizes the overall network cost. Finally, extensive simulation results further validate that our algorithm achieves lower cost than the compared data gathering strategy.
THE EFFECT OF SELECTED POOR ITEM-WRITING PRACTICES ON TEST DIFFICULTY, RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

Violations of four selected principles of writing multiple choice items were introduced into an undergraduate political science examination. Three of the four poor practices had no overall effect on test difficulty. A significant (α= .05) interaction effect between the poor practices and course achievement occurred for one of the four practices, with the poorer students generally gaining most from the poorly written items. KR20 values were significantly lower for sets of items with the same flaws than for “good” versions of the items in three of four comparisons. The reductions in reliability were equivalent to those expected to result from shortening the test by 13 to 56 percent. Concurrent validity (correlation of experimental test scores with final examination scores) was significantly lower in two of four cases. The reductions in validity were equivalent to those expected to result from shortening the test by 56 to 83 percent.
Experiential Learning Influences Residents Knowledge About Hormone Replacement Therapy

BACKGROUND Knowledge concerning hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is rapidly changing. PURPOSE We sought to understand the factors that influence how residents assimilate this knowledge. METHODS We conducted an anonymous survey of residents in an internal medicine residency. Questions included personal demographic information and aspects of training (didactic and experiential) regarding and knowledge about HRT. Data were analyzed using univariable and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS Sixty-nine of 92 residents (75%) completed the survey. The gender and race of respondents did not differ significantly from the overall group. Knowledge scores were higher among residents in nontraditional (Women's Health, Primary Care, and Internal Medicine-Pediatrics) training tracks (p = .04) and among residents with patient population of < or = 30% postmenopausal women (p = .049). Demographic characteristics and didactic training about HRT did not influence knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Nontraditional residency track and higher proportion of postmenopausal women in a practice (experiential learning) improve knowledge about HRT. Didactic training has no effect.
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-9,10,16,17, 23,24-hexadodecyloxyphthalocyanine

The unsymmetrical 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-9,10,16,17,23,24-hexadodecyloxyphthalocyanine was synthesized utilizing steric hinderance of a tetraphenyl group to limit substitution.
Percutaneous central venous catheterization performed by medical house officers: A prospective study

We prospectively determined the complications of percutaneous central venous catheterizations performed by medical house officers in 302 patients. We also analyzed the factors affecting the success and complication rates of such invasive procedures. The central vein was successfully catheterized in 363 (77%) of 470 attempts. The internal jugular and subclavian vein approaches were significantly more successful (86%) than the external jugular vein approach (61%, P less than 0.001 by chi 2). The success rate improved significantly when catheterization was attempted under elective circumstances (P less than 0.003) and also after the vein was initially located with a small-gauge needle (P less than 0.001). Our results suggest that efforts should be abandoned after the third unsuccessful pass with a large-gauge needle in the same site. Complications of catheter insertion included bleeding (ten patients), hematoma (15 patients), inadvertent arterial punctures (14 patients), iatrogenic pleural effusions (four patients), and pneumothoraces (eight patients). No complications appeared to have a major adverse effect on a patient's clinical course. The inexperienced operator (fewer than 25 prior catheterizations) has a success rate equal to that of the more experienced operator (more than 25 prior catheterizations), but he may be more likely to produce a complication. Medical house officers can perform percutaneous central venous catheterizations with a high rate of success and a low risk to the patient.
The Virtual Reality of the Anglo-Saxon Mappamundi*

Reading the eleventh-century Anglo-Saxon mappamundi– the oldest such English map surviving – as a form of a virtual world more analogous to the digital environment of virtual reality than physical geography can reveal much about this famous map's cultural mechanics and meaning. As more than simply a measurement of the world known to Anglo-Saxon England, the Cotton Map charts a number of struggles between the twin realities of England's marginal locus in the historical record of the known physical world, and of the Anglo-Saxons’ impulse to recentre the world on their own island. In light of this tension, this article studies the formal and textual elements of the Cotton Map in relation to Christian theographic traditions of medieval mappaemundi, classical representations of early Britain, the formation of Anglo-Saxon identity, and the geopolitical context of eleventh-century England. Applying recent theories on the function of digital virtuality in the representation and construction of reality to this study shows in turn how this map virtually fashions a particular form of Anglo-Saxon reality – one driven by a geographic desire for a future not spent on the edge of the world.
Isomerism of Ni cluster anions and its role on photo-detachment spectroscopy

Abstract First principles calculations based on density functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation reveal that a Ni dimer anion can exist in two nearly degenerate forms characterized by different bond lengths and spin multiplicities. Similarly Ni 3 − exhibits two isomeric forms — a linear chain and an equilateral triangle but both having the same quartet spin multiplicity and protected by an energy barrier of about 0.8 eV. The existence of these isomers impacts strongly on the interpretation of the experimental photo-detachment spectra.
Advancements in large-format SiPIN hybrid focal plane technology

Raytheon continues to build large format digital visible focal planes. This paper provides the most recent performance to date in operability and performance.
First Report of Aphanomyces Root Rot of Sugar Beet in Nebraska and Wyoming

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants exhibiting dull green and chlorotic foliage were first observed in a field near Dalton, NE, in late July 1999. Root symptoms included distal tip rot with internal, yellow-brown, water-soaked tissues. Isolations on MBV medium (1) consistently yielded Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechs. Water cultures produced primary zoospores that encysted at the tips of sporangiophores, followed by release of secondary zoospores within 12 h. Seedlings inoculated with zoospores began to die 2 weeks after emergence in a greenhouse. Symptoms on hypocotyls began as water-soaked lesions that turned black and thread-like. The causal agent was reisolated from infected seedlings, completing Koch's postulates. The disease was subsequently found in more than 15 separate fields, representing 5 of 11 sugar beet-growing counties in Nebraska and 1 county in Wyoming. In October, plants from the same fields were observed with stunted, distorted roots and superficial, scabby lesions associated with latent...
Selective Ring Opening of Naphthenic Molecules

Abstract Ring opening as practiced in hydrocracking of naphthenic molecules results from multiple cleavages of both endo- and exocyclic C–C bonds. Selective ring opening requires that only one endocyclic C–C bond per naphthene ring be severed, preserving thereby reactant molecular weight. The products of selective ring opening are alkanes and alkylnaphthenes. Over hydrocracking catalysts the yield of alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms as the reactant naphthenes is unacceptably low as a result of extensive dealkylation of alkylnaphthenes and secondary cracking of alkanes. Alkylcyclopentanes, in contrast, selectively ring open by hydrogenolysis over a number of noble metal catalysts. Under similar reaction conditions the selective ring-opening rates of alkylcyclohexanes are, however, one to two orders slower than those of alkylcyclopentanes. Addition of a ring-contraction acidity function converts alkylcyclohexanes into more easily ring-opened alkylcyclopentanes, greatly facilitating selective ring opening. Selective ring-opening rates and selectivities are optimum when ring isomerization occurs by a nonbranching ring contraction. Branching ring contraction, creating increased numbers of ring substituents, is detrimental to both ring-opening rates and selectivities. When an effective acidity function is coupled with a high-activity hydrogenolysis metal, such as iridium, the resulting bifunctional catalyst system greatly outperforms conventional hydrocracking catalysts for the selective conversion of naphthenes to alkanes.
Flow microfluorometric studies of lectin binding to mammalian cells. I. General features.

Flow microfluorometry has been used to quantitate cell-surface binding of fluorescein-conjugated lectins. Frequency distributions of total surface binding of Concanavalin A per cell were prepared for a variety of cultured cell populations, including established cell lines, virus-transformed lines and non-transformed parental lines. In the case of growing Chinese hamster cells (line CHO), much of the variability of Con A binding per cell could be related to variability of cell size. Experiments with cells synchronized by mitotic selection indicated that the modal surface density of binding sites was almost constant throughout the cell cycle. However, as indicated by inhibition of binding with α-methyl mannopyranoside and by the effect of trypsin, the sites on each cell were heterogeneous in chemical structure and/or exposure. Agglutinability of virus-transformed cell lines or trypsin-treated parental lines was demonstrated but could not be correlated closely with binding.
Early School-Age Outcomes of Late Preterm Infants

OBJECTIVE. Late preterm infants represent a significant portion of preterm deliveries. Until recently, these infants have received little attention because of assumptions that they carry minimal risk for long-term morbidities. The purpose of this study was to compare prekindergarten and kindergarten outcomes among healthy late preterm infants, 34 to 36 weeks9 gestation at birth, and healthy term infants, 37 to 41 weeks9 gestation at birth. METHODS. The study sample consisted of singleton infants who were born in Florida between January 1, 1996, and August 31, 1997, with a gestational age between 34 and 41 weeks (N = 161804) with a length of stay ≤72 hours. Seven early school-age outcomes were analyzed. Outcomes were adjusted for 15 potential confounding maternal and infant variables. Unadjusted and adjusted relative risk with 95% confidence interval was estimated for each outcome by using Poisson regression modeling. RESULTS. Risk for developmental delay or disability was 36% higher among late preterm infants compared with term infants. Risk for suspension in kindergarten was 19% higher for late preterm infants. The remaining 4 outcomes, disability in prekindergarten at 3 and 4 years of age, exceptional student education, and retention in kindergarten, all carried a 10% to 13% increased risk among late preterm infants. The assessment “not ready to start school” was borderline significant. CONCLUSIONS. This study suggests that healthy late preterm infants compared with healthy term infants face a greater risk for developmental delay and school-related problems up through the first 5 years of life.
Towards information networks to support composable manufacturing

Rigid, supply-chain organizational structures are giving way to highly dynamic collaborative partnerships. These partnerships will develop rapidly by composing global manufacturing resources in response to open market opportunities and they will disband just as rapidly when those opportunities disappear. Cooperation, coordination, and distributed decision-making will be critical to the success of these dynamically composable systems. That success, in turn, will depend on the creation of a manufacturing information network that automates as much as possible, the identification, formalization, encoding, and sharing of appropriate manufacturing- and business-related knowledge. In this paper we present some of the issues and requirements associated with the creation of such networks.
Near exact linearizing control of BLDCM in the presence of magnetic saturation

The feedback linearizing control of brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) in the presence of magnetic saturation and reluctance variations is considered. A nonlinear control law is presented, and its effectiveness subject to modeling errors and external disturbances is investigated. Some practical issues related to the real-time implementation of the control method are addressed. Due to the chosen structure of the BLDCM mathematical model, the derived control method is computationally simple. >
Disentangling the mechanisms underlying functional differences among decomposer communities

Summary 1. Home-field advantage (HFA) is a commonly used sports analogy, which has seen recent growth within the ecosystem ecology literature. It is most often invoked in litter transplant studies, where local adaptation (HFA) explains higher decomposition rates of leaf litter on ‘home’ soil communities. 2. In exploring the mechanisms driving functional differences among soil decomposer communities, a consistent quantitative framework is lacking. 3. We review methods for calculating HFA, propose a consolidated regression approach and demonstrate why HFA must be calculated along with a new ‘ability’ metric if we are to test definitively the competing hypotheses that soil decomposer communities are functionally equivalent versus dissimilar. We demonstrate that qualitative interpretations of HFA differ when the ability of a decomposer community is calculated simultaneously with HFA. For example, communities may differ in their ability to degrade litter in the absence of HFA, or apparent HFA may instead be caused by differing abilities, changing our ecological interpretation of the factors generating functional differences among decomposer communities. 4. Synthesis: We propose a single, statistical approach to help evaluate how and why soil decomposer communities differ in functional abilities. Our approach should help formalize mechanistic interpretations of why soil community composition commonly influences litter decomposition rates.
Patterns of Behavior, Cognitive Competence, and Social Status for Educable Mentally Retarded Children

A cluster-analytic technique was used to identify 10 groups of children (from 208 educable mentally retarded children attending self-contained special education classrooms), each group having similar profiles on the following characteristics; peer and teacher ratings of cognitive competence and behavior, social acceptance, toleration, and social rejection. Patterns of cognitive and behavioral characteristics were examined as they occurred with various social statuses. Although rated similarly by peers and teachers on cognition and behavior, the resulting social status for some children was quite different, ranging from acceptance to rejection. Also, within a subset of profiles characterized by social acceptance (or toleration or rejection), great variability in patterns of cognitive and behavioral characteristics was evident. The descriptive techniques used in this paper are suggested as a valuable alternative to other commonly used data-analysis methods.
Proximal phalangeal osteotomies for hallux abductovalgus deformity.

The primary indication for an osteotomy of the hallux proximal phalanx to correct hallux abductovalgus (HAV) deformities is increased hallux interphalangeus. The typical osteotomy is the Akin osteotomy or a variation. The Akin is a medial closing wedge osteotomy in the proximal phalanx. An Akin-type osteotomy is usually used as an adjunctive procedure for HAV to correct deformity within the great toe. When first metatarsal procedures and soft tissue balancing are not sufficient for realigning the first metatarsophalangeal joint, an Akin can be useful. A hallux proximal phalanx osteotomy is not indicated as the primary correction for HAV deformities.
Energy transfer from a pulse network to a propagating current sheet

Energy transfer from pulse network to mass associated with propagating current sheet in linear pinch discharge, discussing pulsed plasma accelerator efficiency
Get ready for agile methods, with care

Although many of their advocates consider the agile and plan-driven software development methods polar opposites, synthesizing the two can provide developers with a comprehensive spectrum of tools and options. Real-world examples argue for and against agile methods. Responding to change has been cited as the critical technical success factor in the Internet browser battle between Microsoft and Netscape. But overresponding to change has been cited as the source of many software disasters, such as the $3 billion overrun of the US Federal Aviation Administration's Advanced Automation System for national air traffic control. The author believes that both agile and plan-driven approaches have a responsible center and overinterpreting radical fringes. Agile and plan-driven methods both form part of the planning spectrum. Thus, while each approach has a home ground within which it performs very well, and much better than the other, a combined approach is feasible and preferable in some circumstances.
Blocking sets in finite projective spaces and uneven binary codes

Abstract A 1- blocking set in the projective space PG( m ,2), m ⩾2, is a set B of points such that any ( m −1)-flat meets B and no 1-flat is contained in B . A binary linear code is said to be uneven if it contains at least one codeword of odd weight. If B is a 1-blocking set in PG( r −1,2) and dim〈 B 〉= r −1 any matrix H whose columns are the vectors in B is a parity check matrix for an uneven binary code of length n =| B |, redundancy r , and minimum distance at least 4; Conversely, if B is the set of columns of the parity check matrix of such a code then it is a 1-blocking set. Using this and results on uneven binary codes of minimum distance 4, the author shows that there exists a 1-blocking set of cardinality n if and only if 5⩽ n ⩽5⋯2 m −3 .
Reexamining Gifted Underachievement and Dropout Through the Lens of Student Engagement

The issue of high school dropout has long concerned policy makers, educational professionals, and the general public. In the gifted literature, this concern is no less pressing. Student engagement is becoming an increasingly discussed construct for conceptualizing the dropout phenomenon and designing appropriate interventions to prevent this phenomenon. The purpose of this literature review was to review prior findings in the gifted underachievement and dropout literature within the framework of student engagement. Specifically, academic, behavioral, affective, and cognitive indicators of student engagement are examined. Findings of the review and implications for research and practice are presented. Student engagement may prove to be an essential construct in understanding, predicting, and preventing dropout behavior among gifted students.
Teaching Enron: the rhetoric and ethics of whistle-blowing

Sherron Watkins has been labeled a corporate whistleblower based on the letter she sent in August 2001 to Kenneth Lay, Chairman of the Board of the Enron Corporation. In her letter she identified Enron's unethical and illegal financial management practices, but her letter was never made public until the company's stock was all but worthless. This case is based on the Watkins letter, as well as other articles published in the New York Times and Time magazine. First, we identify the context of the Enron scandal, reviewing the accounting practices that Watkins revealed in her letter. Second, we analyze the Watkins letter, focusing on the rhetorical moves that Watkins makes in the letter and discussing how these moves constitute a persona for Watkins as author. Finally, we present a developed case for use in the classroom; the case continues the analysis of Watkins' persona as it evolves through articles in other publications. We argue that the persona Watkins creates for herself in her letter undergoes a transformation so that by the time she appears as Time magazine's Person of the Year 2002, she is corporate whistleblower. The case includes a two-day course plan with specified student learning outcomes, teaching resources, a group activity, and a selection of student responses to the case.
Social Support and Smoking during Pregnancy

Background: Smoking during pregnancy and a lack of social support have been identified as independent risk factors for poor birth outcomes. However, the influence of social support on smoking during pregnancy remains underinvestigated. This study examined the association between domains of social support and smoking during pregnancy. Methods: Pregnant women during their first trimester, attending three inner-city clinics were surveyed using self-administered questionnaires (N=227). Social support was measured using the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL). Three domains of social support (tangible, appraisal, and belonging) were examined. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted; Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Per unit increase in the total composite social support scale, there was a 6% increased odds of smoking during pregnancy. There was a statistically significant interaction between race and social support. While the tangible support ((OR=1.15; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.27) and appraisal (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.31) domains were significantly associated with smoking among African American women, only the belonging support domain was significantly associated with smoking during pregnancy among Caucasian women (OR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.40). Conclusions: This study provided evidence that racial differences may exist in the way social support influences smoking during pregnancy. Future studies are needed to understand these racial differences and assist in the design of interventions. Considering the importance of social support, strategies for smoking cessation intervention should consider racial difference.
Evaluation of annual ryegrass straw : corn juice silage with cattle and water buffalo : digestibility in cattle vs. buffalo, and growth performance and subsequent lactational performance of Holstein heifers

Two experiments were undertaken to evaluate ryegrass straw:corn juice silage (35:65 wt.wt.) as a basal feed for Holstein heifers and to determine digestibility of this silage in water buffaloes and Hereford cows. In experiment 1, (143 d) 48 pregnant heifers (16 animals; 3 pens per treatment) were fed (1) mixed cool season grass hay (GH), (2) straw:corn juice silage (S), and (3) S + 125 g fishmeal d−1 (SF). All animals were also fed 2.27 kg concentrate per day. Average daily gain (kg) was 1.00, 0.82 and 1.02 for GH, S and SF groups, respectively. ADG in the SF group was higher (P < 0.05) than in the S group. Roughage DM intake was 7.77, 6.45 and 6.02 (kg d−1) for the GH, S and SF treatments, respectively. Roughage intakes were lower (P < 0.05) for S and SF than for GH and lower (P < 0.05) for SF than F. Feed efficiency was 12.91, 14.31 and 10.96 for H, S and SF, respectively. Feed efficiency was better in SF vs. S (P 0.05) among animals from the different pre-partum treatments. In experiment 2, six water buffaloes and six Hereford cows were fed the same silage as fed to experiment 1 animals. The silage was mixed with 0.39% chromic oxide and fed for 15 days. Fecal grab samples were obtained over several days. Digestibility (percent) of DM, CP, NDF and ADF was calculated by determination of the chromic oxide concentration in feed and feces. Respective apparent digestibility values for buffaloes and cows were: dry matter, 47 and 40%; crude protein, 47 and 34%; neutral detergent fiber, 47 and 41%; and acid detergent fiber, 43 and 35%. All digestibility parameters were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in buffaloes than in cows. In conclusion, straw:corn juice silage was equivalent to grass hay in supporting weight gain and feed efficiency of Holstein heifers, and FM supplementation of the silage significantly improved performance. There was no effect of pre-partum feeding of grass straw:corn juice silage on subsequent lactational performance of Holstein heifers as compared to the control diet containing grass hay.
Simulation for Teaching and Assessment of Nodule Perception on Chest Radiography in Nonradiology Health Care Trainees.

Abstract Purpose Simulation has been used as an educational and assessment tool in several fields, generally involving training of physical skills. To date, simulation has found limited application in teaching and assessment of skills related to image perception and interpretation. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of simulation as a tool for teaching and assessment of skills related to perception of nodules on chest radiography. Methods This study received an exemption from the institutional review board. Subjects consisted of nonradiology health care trainees. Subjects underwent training and assessment of pulmonary nodule identification skills on chest radiographs at simulated radiology workstations. Subject performance was quantified by changes in area under the localization receiver operating characteristic curve. At the conclusion of the study, all subjects were given a questionnaire with five questions comparing learning at a simulated workstation with training using conventional materials. Statistical significance for questionnaire responses was tested using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results Subjects demonstrated statistically significant improvement in nodule identification after training at a simulated radiology workstation (change in area under the curve, 0.1079; P = .015). Subjects indicated that training on simulated radiology workstations was preferable to conventional training methods for all questions; P values for all questions were less than .01. Conclusions Simulation may be a useful tool for teaching and assessment of skills related to medical image perception and interpretation. Further study is needed to determine which skills and trainee populations may be most amenable to training and assessment using simulation.