cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Evocative and Luminous Phrases”: Reading Alice Munro’s Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage

This essay reads Munro’s 2001 story collection as embodiment of her artistic accomplishment. Beginning with a 1952 internal Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reader noting “evocative and luminous phrases” in two of Munro’s earliest stories, it argues that such phrases have informed Munro’s fiction throughout her career. In Hateship, these phrasings are key to “Family Furnishings,” “Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage,” “Post and Beam,” “The Bear Came Over the Mountain,” and especially “Nettles.” There Munro structures her stories around “real facts in the making,” combining autobiographical facts and situations with her imaginative renderings of them. This collection reveals Munro at the height of her accomplished art.
In vitro synergism of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and cisplatin: relevance for bone marrow purging.

Autologous bone marrow transplantation with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC)-purged bone marrow gives long-term remission in almost half of relapsed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, but relapse of disease is the main cause of failure, suggesting ineffective purging in some cases. Cisplatin (CP) has activity against a variety of human tumors and is not commonly used for initial therapy of leukemia and lymphoma. Using established human leukemia cell lines, combinations of 4-HC and CP were investigated as a potential regimen for improving the ex vivo removal of leukemia cells from bone marrow. The cell lines (K-562 and Raji) were incubated for 1 (4-HC) or 4 h (CP), washed, and assayed for inhibition of colony formation in semisolid media. In both cell lines, CP (4 h) was more potent than 4-HC (1 h). Combinations of the drugs in various molar ratios were studied after the cells were sequentially incubated with 4-HC and CP. The effects of the drugs were analyzed using the multiple drug-effect analysis of Chou and Talalay [6]. Analysis of data on in vitro inhibition of colony formation suggested that all combinations studied were synergistic in both cell lines, with the greatest synergism being found in the Raji cell line. In addition, for K-562 cells we could detect at least a 4.6 log reduction in cloning with the CP:4-HC combination (1:10 molar ratio). We conclude that CP is a potential candidate in drug combinations for ex vivo bone marrow purging because of its high potency against human leukemia cell lines, its synergistic activity in combination with 4-HC, and its ability to reduce a high tumor burden when combined with 4-HC.
Pharmacokinetic profile of 3β-hydroxy-17-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (VN/87-1), a potent androgen synthesis inhibitor, in mice

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 3β-hydroxy-17-(1 H -1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (VN/87-1) in normal male mice and in SCID mice bearing human LNCaP tumor xenografts. VN/87-1 is a novel potent steroidal inhibitor of human testicular 17-α-hydroxylase/C 17,20 -lyase. The steroid also shows anti-androgenic activity and inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP) in vitro and in vivo. Male Balb/c mice were given a single oral, subcutaneous (s.c.) or intravenous (i.v.) bolus dose of VN/87-1 (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg). Male SCID mice bearing LNCaP tumor xenografts were injected with a single s.c. dose of VN/87-1 (50 mg/kg). The animals were sacrificed at various times up to 24 h after drug administration and blood was collected. The plasma samples were prepared and analyzed by a reversed phase HPLC system equipped with a diode array detector. A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic approach was used to evaluate the plasma level versus time data. Following i.v. administration of VN/87-1, the plasma levels declined exponentially with an elimination half-life of 1.2±0.03 h. The absolute bioavailability of the 50 mg/kg dose after oral or s.c. administration was 12.08±2 or 57.2±4.5%, respectively. VN/87-1 is a high clearance (5.0±1.3 l/h per kg) compound in mice and its volume of distribution was relatively large (6.5±1.2 l/kg). The pharmacokinetic parameters of VN/87-1 were not significantly altered in SCID mice bearing human LNCaP tumor xenografts. VN/87-1 is well absorbed from the subcutaneous site compared with absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and shows linear kinetics at doses up to 100 mg/kg.
Concept and Model of a Metamaterial-Based Passive Wireless Temperature Sensor for Harsh Environment Applications

Wireless passive temperature sensors are receiving increasing attention due to the ever-growing need of improving energy efficient and precise monitoring of temperature in high-temperature energy conversion systems, such as gas turbines and coal-based power plants. Unfortunately, the harsh environment, such as high temperature and corrosive atmosphere present in these systems, has significantly limited the reliability and increased the costs of current solutions. Therefore, this paper presents the concept and design of a low cost, passive, and wireless temperature sensor that can withstand high temperature and harsh environments. The temperature sensor was designed following the principle of metamaterials by utilizing closed ring resonators in a dielectric ceramic matrix. The proposed wireless, passive temperature sensor behaves like an $LC$ circuit, which has a temperature-dependent resonance frequency. Full-wave electromagnetic solver Ansys Ansoft HFSS was used to validate the model and evaluate the effect of different geometry and combination of split ring resonator structures on the sensitivity and electrical sizes of the proposed sensor. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the sensor and provide guidance for future fabrication and testing.
Evolution in State Governance Structures: Unintended Consequences of State Tax and Expenditure Limitations:

How did state governments respond to constraints imposed by tax and expenditure limitations? We argue that the states’ experiences with TELs help us understand an evolutionary dimension to politica...
U.S. colonial law and the creation of marginalized political entities

In this review essay, I offer a comparative perspective on books and films about the history of U.S. colonial law in Puerto Rican, Hawaiian, and North American Indian reservation contexts. The authors and filmmakers analyze the creation of marginalized political entities such as reservations and unincorporated territories with properties of sovereignty that make them different from U.S. states in their relation to the federal government. All view sovereignty as key to the maintenance of cultural identity. U.S. colonies participate in a common colonial legal discourse concerning the nature of political entities legally constituted as internal to the United States as a nation-state.
Climatically forced organic carbon burial in equatorial Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Over the past ten years, sedimentary geochemists have noted that climate changes associated with Pleistocene glaciations have had a pronounced effect on the rate of organic carbon burial found in the tropical oceans1–4. In particular, two to five times higher organic carbon accumulation rates have been observed for the 18 kyr BP glacial maximum than for the Holocene in several short sediment cores from both oceans (see Fig. 1). Here I present 300-kyr time series for organic carbon mass accumulation rate from four sediment cores, two each from the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic, and show that orbital forcing of global climate has strongly affected the rate of organic carbon burial in the equatorial oceans.
RalA Interacts Directly with the Arf-Responsive, PIP2-Dependent Phospholipase D1

RalA GTPase associates with a phospholipase D (PLD) that is activated in v-Src- and v-Ras-transformed cells. Two mammalian PLDs were recently cloned: PLD1, which is activated by Arf family GTPases and dependent upon phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and PLD2, which is also dependent upon PIP2, but not stimulated by Arf. Another PLD has been described that is stimulated by oleate. Evidence is provided that the RalA-assiciated PLD is PLD1. First, the PLD precipitated by RalA from murine fibroblasts was stimulated by Arf, dependent upon PIP2, and inhibited by oleate. Second, immobilized RalA precipitated PLD1 from sf9 insect cells overexpressing PLD1. Third, a series of RalA mutants precipitated PLD activity from both PLD1-expressing insect cells and murine fibroblasts with the same efficiency. And finally, immobilized RalA precipitated PLD1 from a purified PLD1 preparation. These data argue that RalA associates directly with the Arf-responsive, PIP2-dependent PLD1.
Soviet high-speed computers: the new generation

In the past three years several new Soviet high-performance computers have been announced and a number of earlier models have been approved for series production. These models represent the most innovative computer design work in the USSR. Some of the technical characteristics of these machines are reviewed. The following machines are examined: EL 'brus; PS-2000, PS-2100; ES-2704, ES-2727; ES-2701; ES-2703; ES-1181; ES-1191; and loosely coupled array processor machines. It is pointed out that the perestroika reforms have not greatly helped, and in many cases have harmed., the high-performance computing industry. >
Reserpine and Sleep

Recent studies of the effects of reserpine on human sleep have reported increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and decreased slow-wave (SW) sleep. These results are relevant to theories linking serotonin and the catecholamines to the control of different stages of sleep. However, since reserpine causes release and subsequent depletion of both monoamines, it is difficult to relate changes in sleep profiles to specific alterations in one or the other amine system. The results to be reported here, when compared to those obtained with other treatments which affect the biogenic amines, encourage the view that level and turnover of serotonin are the primary mediators for reserpine-induced modifications of sleep. In two separate experiments, EEG sleep patterns from 20 male Ss were examined following single and repeated oral doses (1 mg) of reserpine. In the single-dose study, reserpine caused increased REM, and decreased SW sleep, effects which became statistically significant on the post-medication (P-M) recovery session. These changes were accompanied by reduced frequency per minute of sigma spindles (stage 2) decreased eye-movement density (stage REM) and a tendency toward increased brief arousals, especially during stage REM. Examination of parameters of the REM cycle revealed that the potentiation of REM sleep was due to its reduced latency of onset, and more frequent cyclic occurrence, not to increased duration of REM episodes. The results of the repeated-dose study replicated and amplified those of the first experiment, showing that medication caused a progressive increase in the amount of stage REM, accompanied by a simultaneous loss of SW sleep. The increase in REM was again due to acceleration of its cycle rather than lengthening of its episodes. During medication, epochs of stage REM were increasingly interrupted by brief arousals, with a simulteneous decline in the density of rapid eye movements. Most of these reserpine effects persisted into the P-M recovery session.
On the fix-points of composite transcendental entire functions

A transcendental entire function F(z) is called composite iff F(z) =f( g(z)) for some nonlinear entire functionsf and g. A point z0 in the complex plane is called a fix-point of F iff F(z,) = zo. Gross [3] conjectured that every composite transcendental entire function must have infinitely many fix-points. It has been shown, thus far, that the conjecture is valid for finite order entire functions by several authors (e.g., [Z, 4, 71) via different approaches. In a previous paper [ 111, we investigated the fixpoints of a certain type of infinite order composite entire function. There, it is required that g be an entire function of positive finite order with a finite Nevanlinna exceptional value and ,f be an arbitrary entire function such that the hyperorder off(g) is less than the order of g. In this note we shall treat some other class of composite entire functions. The tools are, as usual, based on Nevanlinna’s theory of meromorphic functions and an elegant result due to Steinmetz [S, Corollary I]. Our result is the following theorem.
CCD use at Lick Observatory.

The CCD detector and data handling system in regular use at Lick Observatory are described. A grism system has been installed on the automated Cassegrain spectrograph at the Shane 3-meter telescope. A very compact CCD cooling system has been developed using a commercial gas expansion refrigerator; the dewar is a cylinder 15 cm in diameter and 6 cm high. The data acquisition computer, an LSI 11/23 with 256 kbyte RAM, 160 Mbyte Winchester disk, and color video display, provides for FITS format magnetic tape storage as well as preliminary analysis of images and spectra. The 3-meter telescope spectrographic system uses a 500 x 500 pixel thinned CCD. Design information and operational experience for these detector systems are presented along with some results to illustrate the quality of the data being obtained and the current limitations of the CCD detectors and data system.
Neighborly 4-polytopes with 9 vertices

Abstract A complete classification is given for neighborly 4-polytopes with 9 vertices. It is found that there are exactly 23 combinatorial types.
State legislative apportionment: legal principles in empirical perspective

Abstract This paper considers contemporary legal standards for state legislative apportionment from an empirical perspective. Analysis of longitudinal data demonstrates numerous disparities between legal principles and empirical realities of apportionment. The courts have yet to resolve fundamental theoretical and practical questions concerning state legislative apportionment.
Lower rim functionalized resorcinarenes: useful modules for supramolecular chemistry.

A synthetic scheme for the selective functionalization of all-cis (rccc) resorcinarene platform at the “lower rim” was developed. Self-folding and self-complementary cavitands were prepared for molecular recognition and self-assembly, bearing functionality at remote sites. These molecules promise applications on solid support and as polymeric capsules.
Design of adaptive fiber optics collimator for free-space communication laser transceiver

The proper collimating of the laser beam between the fiber optics transmitter and receiver is among the most important requirements to free space telecommunications. The targeting of the receiver over near-horizontal propagation in kilometers long distance requires fast control of the tip/tilt deviation of the laser beam emitting from the fiber optic transmitter because of beam direction fluctuations due to atmospheric turbulences. This deviation can be accomplished with fast deviation of the fiber optics emitting tip placed into focus of the collimating lens. Similar control could allow one to keep the input fiber optics tip in focus of the receiver's input lens. In this report we describe the design of the compact adaptive fiber optics collimator based on the X-Y positioner of the fiber optics tip utilizing the piezoelectric bimorph actuators for X-Y displacement of the fiber tip placed in the focal planes of the transceiver.
Green fluorescent protein marks skeletal muscle in murine cell lines and zebrafish

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) acts as a vital dye upon the absorption of blue light. When the gfp gene is expressed in bacteria, flies or nematodes, green fluorescence can be directly observed in the living organism. We inserted the cDNA encoding this 238-amino-acid (aa) jellyfish protein into an expression vector containing the rat myosin light-chain enhancer (MLC-GFP) to evaluate its ability to serve as a muscle-specific marker. Transiently, as well as stably, transfected C2C12 cell lines produced high levels of GFP distributed homogeneously throughout the cytoplasm and was not toxic through several cell passages. Expression of MLC-GFP was strictly muscle-specific, since Cos 7 fibroblasts transfected with MLC-GFP did not fluoresce. When GFP and beta Gal markers were compared, the GFP signal was visible in the cytoplasm of the living cell, whereas visualization of beta Gal required fixation and resulted in deformation of the cells. When the MLC-GFP construct was injected into zebrafish embryos, muscle-specific gfp expression was apparent within 24 h of development. gfp expression was never observed in non-muscle tissues using the MLC-GFP construct. Transgenic fish continued to express high levels of gfp in skeletal muscle at 1.5 months, demonstrating that GFP is an effective marker of muscle cells in vivo.
First-year students love calculus proofs

ABSTRACT Student comprehension of calculus can be improved by lecturing less and having students do guided investigations of proofs or derivations. The author presents a method to help students learn the architecture of proofs and suggests a writing assignment for assessment. The method includes a short presentation of the proof followed by reconstruction of the proof by student groups.
Varieties of Population Structure and the Levels of Selection

Group-structured populations, of the kind prominent in discussions of multilevel selection, are contrasted with ‘neighbor-structured’ populations. I argue that it is a necessary condition on multilevel description of a selection process that there should be a nonarbitrary division of the population into equivalence classes (or an approximation to this situation). The discussion is focused via comparisons between two famous problem cases involving group structure (altruism and heterozygote advantage) and two neighbor-structured cases that resemble them. Conclusions are also drawn about the role of correlated interaction in the evolution of altruism.
High resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 2D solution NMR for the analysis of DOM extracted by C18 solid phase disk

Abstract We propose and demonstrate an approach involving use of C18 solid phase disk extraction coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry for obtaining non-invasive molecular level information on dissolved organic matter (DOM) from river water. With this approach, DOM extraction from acidified natural water can be achieved rapidly with a simple filtration setup at a remote field site. From total organic carbon and UV-Vis absorbance measurements, we show that a large portion (over 60%) of the original DOM in water is recovered without the interference of salts. NMR analysis indicates that the C18-isolated material has a similar distribution of functional groups as the original DOM but 2-D NMR details are greatly enhanced. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry were employed to study DOM at molecular level. Highly resolved mass spectra of DOM (resolving power δ m m 50% > 80,000 at m/z
AP-2 (Activating Protein 2) and Sp1 (Selective Promoter Factor 1) Regulatory Elements Play Distinct Roles in the Control of Basal Activity and Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Responsiveness of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-β Promoter

The CG beta-subunit gene (CGbeta) arose evolutionarily from the LH beta-subunit gene (LHbeta) through gene duplication. Although the promoter sequences of the CGbeta and human (h) hLHbeta genes are greater than 90% homologous, their expression patterns are distinct. LHbeta is expressed in pituitary gonadotrope cells and CGbeta is expressed in placental trophoblast cells. The placental specific and cAMP-inducible region within the CGbeta promoter has been mapped to a complex enhancer element spanning 118 bp (-318 to -200). Transcription factor-binding sites within this enhancer have been partially characterized and include multiple binding sites for AP-2 (activating protein 2) and Sp1 (selective promoter factor 1), which activate basal and cAMP-induced expression. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the recognition sites for these transcription factors and examined the functional roles of these elements in the control of CGbeta expression. An upstream Sp1/AP-2 binding site (-318 to -279) preferentially binds Sp1, which occludes AP-2 binding to an adjacent site. In contrast, both Sp1 and AP-2 bind concurrently to a downstream composite Sp1/AP-2 element (-220 to -188). Functionally, mutations in any of the Sp1 or AP-2 binding sites cause a progressive decrease in basal CGbeta expression. However, cAMP stimulation of the CGbeta promoter is reduced by AP-2 mutations, whereas Sp1 mutations enhance cAMP activation. We conclude that multiple AP-2 and Sp1 elements are required to maintain basal CGbeta promoter activity, but these factors have opposing effects on cAMP regulation, which is mediated primarily by AP-2.
Spontaneous resolution of Cushing's syndrome after pregnancy

Pregnancy is a rare occurrence in women with Cushing's syndrome. Even more uncommon is the exacerbation of Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy and spontaneous resolution post partum. We report one such case in which biochemical and tadiologic findings suggested adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent disease.
Sleep-wake patterns of seizures in children with lesional epilepsy

This study examined diurnal patterns of seizures and their occurrence during wakefulness and sleep in children with lesional focal epilepsy. We reviewed 332 consecutive children with lesional focal epilepsy and video-electroencephalogram monitoring during a 3-year period. Data were analyzed in relationship to clock time, wakefulness/sleep, and seizure localization. The distribution of lesions in 66 children (259 seizures) included mesial temporal, 29%; neocortical temporal, 18%; frontal, 29%; parietal, 13.5%; and occipital, 12%. Seizures in patients with frontal lesions occurred mostly during sleep (72%). Seizures in mesial temporal (64%), neocortical temporal (71%), and occipital (66%) lesional epilepsy occurred mostly during wakefulness. Temporal lobe seizures occurred more frequently during wakefulness (66%), compared with extratemporal seizures (32%) (odds ratio, 2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.61-4.42). Temporal lobe seizures peaked between 9:00 am and noon and 3:00-6:00 pm, whereas extratemporal seizures peaked between 6:00-9:00 am. Sleep, not clock time, provides a more robust stimulus for seizure onset, especially for frontal lobe seizures. Temporal lobe seizures are more frequent during wakefulness than are extratemporal seizures. Circadian patterns of seizures may provide additional diagnostic and treatment options, such as differential medication dosing and sleep-schedule adjustments.
Reflection on their first five years of teaching: understanding staying and impact power

Teacher turnover in urban schools is occurring at a breakneck pace; thus, it is important for us to understand the characteristics of teachers who stay and succeed in these settings. In order to address this need, this study examines the preparation and induction experiences of teachers who completed a Transition to Teaching – a funded urban apprenticeship program. Three research questions guided the study: (1) How do participants describe the characteristics that influence their five-year retention? (2) How do participants describe their success as teachers? and (3) How do participants describe the professional support they received in their preparation program and during the subsequent four years after completing the program? Quantitative and qualitative data via interviews, focus group, and an examination of teachers’ district performance scores were utilized, as a means of understanding teachers’ staying and impact power. Staying power refers to the ability to endure or last within challenging context...
Diastereoselective aldolization to tetroses and pyranoses mediated by rhodium

Abstract Rhodium ions bind to oxygen and unsaturated sites in ethane-1,2-diol derivatives to orient and catalyze these molecules for participation in diastereogenic carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen, and carbon-hydrogen bond formation.
Belated recognition: Lise Meitner's role in the discovery of fission

Although physicist LiseMeitner is known for the first theoretical explanation of nuclear fission, the discovery itself is generally attributed only to her co-workers OttoHahn and FritzStrassmann. In fact, however,Meitner was essential to the discovery at every phase: she brought the uranium investigation to Berlin, led the Berlin group for four years, and, even after fleeing Germany, provided the critical direction which culminated in the identification of barium in December 1938. Recognition of LiseMeitner's contributions remedies a significant historical omission, and places the discovery itself in its proper scientific context.
Role of local adaptation in the fading of stabilized images

We provide evidence that the fading of stabilized images and the formation of negative afterimages result from the same local adaptive process. We measure thresholds for stabilized, static, sine-wave gratings and for stabilized flickering sine-wave gratings. We then measure the contrasts of the negative afterimages formed by the threshold-contrast stabilized, static stimuli. (The threshold-contrast flickering gratings produce no visible afterimages.) We find that the difference between the thresholds for stabilized, static gratings and the thresholds for slowly flickering gratings is equal to the contrasts of the afterimages produced by the stabilized, static gratings. We conclude that the fading of these stabilized gratings can be accounted for completely by local adaptation (the process underlying the formation of negative afterimages).
External sources for innovation in food SMEs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that different external sources of knowledge play in product, process, market and organizational innovations in food SMEs. Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on a web-survey of 214 food European SMEs. Binary logistic regression models were utilized for data analysis. Findings – The findings support the recent studies that suggest that the introduction of different types of innovation is associated with different types of source of knowledge. They indicate that collaboration with customers matter for product innovations in food SMEs while collaboration with competitors is more important for organizational innovations in this type of firm. In addition, collaboration with science base actors does not appear relevant to innovation in food SMEs, supporting previous works that highlight the predominant role of market base actors in innovation in this type of firm. Research limitations/implications – In line with previous research on innov...
Assessing the Validity of Adjusted Urinary Urea Nitrogen as an Estimate of Total Urinary Nitrogen in Three Pediatric Populations

Nitrogen excretion is a useful measurement for determining efficiency of protein utilization. Knowledge of nitrogen losses is especially important in the treatment of stressed, postsurgical, or catabolic patients, in whom optimizing the amount of nitrogen intake in the diet may spare visceral and somatic proteins and encourage anabolism. Many methods have been used to estimate total urinary nitrogen (TUN) in different patient populations. Urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) values are routinely adjusted and used by investigators who are not able to measure TUN directly by either Kjeldahl or pyrochemoluminescent methods. The rationale for the use of adjusted UUN concentrations to predict TUN is based on adult experiences. No similar experience in pediatrics has been published. We have compared TUN with adjusted UUN in a study of 250 urine samples from pediatric patients (n = 34) and normal pediatric volunteers (n = 109). Our findings suggest that adjusted UUN (determined by previously established formulas) may be ...
THE IRRATIONALITY OF GREATER FUNDING AS JUSTIFICATION FOR EDUCATORS' PROLIFERATION OF INTERSCHOLASTIC FOOTBALL

Logical analysis of interscholastic football indicates the sport is not perpetuated to win greater funding for the cause of education.
Specific roles for microcomputer software in an information department

The particular value of microcomputer software within the information services of a large research‐based organisation, where ready access to powerful, time‐sharing computer facilities may be available, is discussed. Several reasons for using micro systems are outlined (unique software features, need for specific hardware, means of cheap evaluation, etc.). Examples are given, including expert system shells, spreadsheets, ideas processing software, and database systems.
Sudden death due to massive intraventricular hemorrhage into an unsuspected ependymoma

Abstract Intracranial neoplasms may be quiescent asymptomatically while growing insidiously until they impinge on vital stfuctures or, because of their vascularity, lead to massive intracranial hemorrhage. We present such a case in a 4-year-old, previously asymptomatic child, who bled into an ependymoma and died in less than 36 hours.
A study of oral morphine preference in inbred mouse strains.

C57BL/6J mice, in two-bottle choice paradigms, show increased oral morphine consumption, compared with DBA/2J mice. To determine whether this C57 morphine preference reflects differences in the receptor-mediated, reward-based action of morphine (as opposed to pharmacokinetic or gustatory differences), three experiments were performed. Consistent with previous two-bottle choice experiments, C57 mean (+/- S.D.) morphine consumption was 18 +/- 3 mg/kg/day, while the DBA mice consumed 1.4 +/- 1.2 mg/kg/day. Intraperitoneal naltrexone produced a 50% decrease in C57 morphine consumption (p < 0.01), while DBA mice showed no change. Consumption of fluid from the control bottle was not changed for either strain. Fifteen and 30 min after oral consumption of a morphine solution, plasma levels of morphine and its glucuronide derivative were not different between these two strains. C57 mice maintained a daily morphine intake of approximately 20 mg/kg across morphine concentrations of 0.05-0.4 mg/ml. These experiments suggest that the difference in oral morphine preference between C57 and DBA mice represents a reward-based mechanism which is mediated through opiate receptors.
Vehicle detection sensitivity formulas for multi-turn rectangular loops

This paper describes the derivation and application of a formula to calculate the vehicle detection sensitivity of a multi-turn, rectangular loop of round wire. The effect on detection sensitivity of reinforcing steel mesh in the pavement and "lead in" cable inductance is also considered. The loop is installed in the roadway pavement and connected to roadside detection electronics by a transmission line, "lead in", cable. When a vehicle passes over the loop, Eddy currents induced in the vehicle undercarriage cause a decrease in loop inductance which is sensed by the detector electronics. The multi-turn rectangular loop is modeled as a number of series connected, single-turn, rectangular loops which exhibit mutual coupling between each other. This loop is the primary of an air core transformer with two secondary windings comprised of shorted turns simulating the vehicle undercarriage and reinforcing steel mesh. The derived formulas are used to calculate tables of vehicle detection sensitivity versus loop turns, loop size, wire size, vehicle undercarriage height, etc.
North American wetland mitigation and restoration policies

Like wetlands themselves, the legal and policy regimes that govern wetland mitigation in North America are not static. They have evolved over time, in both Canada and the United States, often encompassing the mitigation sequence or hierarchy of ‘‘avoid, minimize, and compensate’’ (Cox and Grose 2000; Gardner 2005). Yet, the manner in which compensatory mitigation is provided, and its level of effectiveness, varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. This special issue of Wetlands Ecology and Management consists of five papers examining different aspects of wetland mitigation and restoration policies. It illustrates the cross-disciplinary focus of the journal, aiming to cover key issues that link wetland science, management, policy, and economics. The contributing authors have long been involved in developing, applying, and/or studying mitigation policies. Clayton Rubec and Alan Hanson open the special issue by providing an overview of mitigation policies of the 14 jurisdictions in the Canadian federation (its ten provinces, three territories, and the federal government). While some jurisdictions have adopted a ‘‘no net loss’’ policy, others have embraced a stricter ‘‘no loss’’ approach for certain wetlands. For example, New Brunswick is committed to no loss of provincially significant wetland habitat. The authors note, however, that Canada lacks an effective means to evaluate the extent to which mitigation contributes to the objective of no net loss of wetland area and functions. Palmer Hough and Morgan Robertson then provide an extensive history of the development of mitigation policies under the U.S. Clean Water Act. They explain how the mitigation debate now tends to focus on compensatory mitigation, the last step in the sequence, and trace the expansion of mitigation banking and in-lieu fee programs as alternatives to traditional approaches to offset wetland impacts. It is a must-read for anyone who wishes to understand the historical context of the aquatic resources mitigation regulation published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in April 2008 (Department of Defense and Environmental Protection Agency 2008). The growing reliance on entrepreneurial wetland mitigation banks is a unique feature of U.S. mitigation policy. In the next paper, Morgan Robertson offers two case studies of entrepreneurial wetland mitigation banks, as they attempt to navigate economic, ecological, and regulatory challenges. The reality on the ground can be quite different from the economic theory typically proffered about marketbased environmental policies. In-lieu fee mitigation is another aspect of U.S. mitigation policy, and Jessica Wilkinson expands upon a 2006 Environmental Law Institute study. She examines 38 in-lieu fee programs and identifies the R. C. Gardner (&) Institute for Biodiversity Law and Policy, Stetson University College of Law, Gulfport, FL, USA e-mail: gardner@law.stetson.edu
Improving the delay performance of CSMA algorithms: A Virtual Multi-Channel approach

CSMA algorithms have recently received a significant amount of interest in the literature for designing efficient wireless control algorithms. CSMA algorithms are attractive because they incur low computation complexity and communication overhead, and can be shown to achieve the optimal capacity under certain assumptions. However, it has also been observed that CSMA algorithms suffer the starvation problem and incur large delay that may grow exponentially with the network size. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm, called Virtual-Multi-Channel (VMC-) CSMA, that can dramatically reduce delay without sacrificing the high capacity and low complexity of CSMA. The key idea of VMC-CSMA to avoid the starvation problem is to use multiple virtual channels to emulate a multi-channel system and compute a good set of feasible schedules simultaneously (without constantly switching/re-computing schedules). Under the protocol interference model and a single-hop utility-maximization setting, our proposed VMC-CSMA algorithm can approach arbitrarily close to the optimal total system utility, with both the number of virtual channels and the computation complexity increasing logarithmically with the network size. The VMC-CSMA algorithm inherits the distributed nature of CSMA algorithms. Further, once our algorithm converges to the steady-state, the expected packet delay for each link equals to the inverse of its long-term average rate, and the distribution of its head-of-line (HOL) waiting time can also be asymptotically bounded. Our simulation results confirm that the proposed VMC-CSMA algorithm indeed achieves both high throughput and low delay. Further, it can quickly adapt to network traffic changes.
Characterizing the Structure of Pharmaceutical Granules Obtained by Wet Granulation with Varying Amounts of Water via Raman Chemical Imaging

A pharmaceutical formulation containing metformin hydrochloride (MET), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was wet granulated with varying amounts of water and the structure of the obtained granules was characterized by Raman chemical mapping. Univariate Raman mapping was found to be satisfactory for producing the images of the two components of interest (HPC and MCC). In addition to the images, the average Raman spectra from the maps as well as the micro-Raman spectra from the hot pixels were analyzed. HPC is found to strongly respond to the addition of water, with its domain dissipating and Raman bands becoming weaker as the water addition increases. MCC is also responsive to water, reacting similarly to HPC but to a much smaller extent and only for the largest amounts of water. Granules made with increasing water content also have improved tabletting properties and flow.
Young Children's Block Play and Mathematical Learning

Abstract This qualitative study investigated young children's mathematical engagement in play with wooden unit blocks. Two boys, ages 6 and 7, were independently observed completing the task of filling outlined regions with the various sets of blocks. Three major mathematical actions were observed: categorizing geometric shapes, composing a larger shape with smaller shapes, and transforming shapes. Results indicated that young children's block play with designed tasks promoted mathematical actions, which may cement the foundation for advanced mathematics learning.
Genetic advances in inflammatory bowel disease.

The translation of basic science advances to tangible benefits in clinical practice remains a fundamental goal of biomedical research. Genetic approaches provide a unique opportunity to enhance bench-to-bedside translational efforts, with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) being a model genetic disorder in several respects. The association of the NOD2 (CARD15) mutations to Crohnrss disease (CD) represents, in complex human disorders, one of the clearest cases of a definitive disease association. The NOD2 gene is located in the IBD1 genetic linkage region on chromosome 16 and functions as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor for components of bacterial peptidoglycan. CD-associated variants within NOD2 have a decreased capacity to appropriately signal with peptidoglycan and provide an important example of gene-environment interactions. Genetic variation in other innate immune receptors, notably Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, has been defined and may also play a role in CD pathogenesis. Replicated CD association in the IBD5 region on chromosome 5q has been reported, and candidate functional polymorphisms within the organic cation transporters OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) have been described. Confirmatory studies demonstrating altered OCTN activity and expression in primary human cells stratified on the IBD5 risk haplotype would provide important confirmatory support for disease contribution. A comprehensive understanding of IBD will involve integrating information from animal models, functional human polymorphisms, and expression studies from human IBD tissues. Genes and pathways implicated as contributing to IBD pathogenesis through multiple lines of evidence should be more intensively examined, including the tumor necrosis factor-α, MDR1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ pathways. To attain full advantage of new genetic information, novel methods of classifying patients that go beyond phenotypic classifications presently utilized will be required. Genetic data will need to be integrated with novel biomarker development in IBD, including functional, expression (mRNA or protein), or biochemical indicators of physiologic/ disease processes and responses to therapies.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition reduces oxidative stress associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy in vivo in transgenic mice

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), characterized by extracellular beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) deposits in vessel walls, is present in the majority of cases of Alzheimer's disease and is a major cause of hemorrhagic stroke. Although the molecular pathways activated by vascular Abeta are poorly understood, extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and Abeta-induced oxidative stress appear to play important roles. We adapted fluorogenic assays for MMP activity and reactive oxygen species generation for use in vivo. Using multiphoton microscopy in APPswe/PS1dE9 and Tg-2576 transgenic mice, we observed strong associations between MMP activation, oxidative stress, and CAA deposition in leptomeningeal vessels. Antioxidant treatment with alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone reduced oxidative stress associated with CAA (approximately 50% reduction) without affecting MMP activation. Conversely, a selection of agents that inhibit MMP by different mechanisms of action, including minocycline, simvastatin, and GM6001, reduced not only CAA-associated MMP activation (approximately 30-40% reduction) but also oxidative stress (approximately 40% reduction). The inhibitors of MMP did not have direct antioxidant effects. Treatment of animals with alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone or minocycline did not have a significant effect on CAA progression rates. These data suggest a close association between Abeta-related MMP activation and oxidative stress in vivo and raise the possibility that treatment with MMP inhibitors may have beneficial effects by indirectly reducing the oxidative stress associated with CAA.
The Effects of Gasoline-price Changes on Room Demand: A Study of Branded Hotels from 1988 through 2000

Excerpt] As hoteliers have long suspected, gasoline-price increases do depress overall lodging demand, but not all segments feel the effects in the same way (and some not at all). “With gas prices at a premium this summer, every little bit helps,” proclaimed Wayne Wielgus, senior vice president of marketing for Choice Hotels, as he announced a gasoline price promotion in 2002. During that summer Choice Hotels gave its guests a $5 gas card when they booked in advance and stayed for a minimum of two nights at Comfort, Quality, Clarion, Sleep, or MainStay Suites properties. Choice planned to give away $2 million in free gasoline in response to the concern that consumers would stay at home as gasoline prices rose. This view that gasoline-price increases depress hotel bookings is shared by many. A 2001 study suggested that 14 percent of all travelers, or 19.2 million people, would travel less or cancel vacations because of rising fuel prices.
Mentor, don’t just manage, your next round of leaders

Succession is a stated priority for many CEOs. Yet, many executives let the time it takes to select and groom a successor slip away. Shenkman shows why this happens: mentoring, the best method of developing in‐house talent, take a completely different mindset from the one executives use to drive results and success in an organization. Mentoring requires attentive, slow and subtle listening skills, forgiving (even fostering) mistakes, and bringing bad news. None of these are skills fostered in the production‐oriented drive toward managerial prowess. Adapting observations detailed in his book, The Arch and the Path: The Life of Leading Greatly, Shenkman applies lessons garnered from more than 25 years in executive coaching and mentoring, as well as detailed research on the dynamics of becoming, discovering and cultivating leaders. The only way for executives to shift to a mentoring mindset is to add a new skill: that is, learn mentoring and practice it.
Tillage and Fungicide Management of Foliar Diseases in a Spring Wheat Monoculture

Enthusiasm over conservation tillage in wheat (Triticum aesdivum L.) monoculture has been tempered by concern about the carryover of foliar diseases on the surface residue. A 3-yr study evaluated the effects of foliar diseases on wheat production with different methods of primary tillage and with fungicide control treatments. Plots with chisel plowing (2x) as the primary tillage had higher surface residue and higher foliar severity in the early growth stages compared with moldboard plowing or with moldboard plowing preceded by burning. Early season differences in severity between moldboard plowing treatments with and without burning were mostly insignificant. The effect of chisel plowing on early season foliar disease did not consistently carry over to late season foliar ratings. In 1991, chisel plowing resulted in the highest late-season foliar disease as indicated by the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). In 1992, there was no significant difference in AUDPC between tillage treatments, and in 1993, chisel plowed plots had the lowest AUDPC. In this study, yields were not significantly affected by any tillage-related foliar disease effect. Foliar fungicides consistently reduced foliar severity, but in all 3 yr, the fungicide treatments were not economical at 1991-1993 market prices.
Comparison of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and Blue Catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, Fed Diets Containing Various Levels of Protein in Production Ponds

A comparative study was conducted on growth and protein requirements of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus. Four diets containing 24, 28, 32, or 36% protein were fed to both channel (initial weight 6.9 g/fish) and blue (6.6 g/fish) catfish for two growing seasons. There were significant interactions between dietary protein and fish species for weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). No significant differences were observed in weight gain of channel catfish fed various protein diets, whereas higher protein diets (32 and 36%) resulted in better weight gain in blue catfish than lower protein diets (24 and 28%). No consistent differences were observed in the FCR of channel catfish fed various levels of dietary protein, whereas significantly higher FCRs were noted in blue catfish fed the 24 and 28% protein diets compared with fish fed 32 and 36% protein diets. Regardless of dietary protein levels, blue catfish had higher carcass, nugget, and total meat yield, and higher fillet moisture and protein, but lower fillet yield and fillet fat. Regardless of fish species, fish fed the 36% protein diet had higher carcass, fillet, and total meat yield than fish fed the 28 and 32% protein diets, which in turn had higher yields than fish fed the 24% protein diet. It appears that blue catfish can be successfully cultured by feeding a 32% protein diet.
The geographical, cultural, and historical context of psychology in the Rocky Mountain Region

The history of the Rocky Mountain Region is sketched from the time of the Spanish conquistadores in the sixteenth century through the nineteenth century to define how psychology has been affected by its geographical, cultural, and historical context. Early inhabitants–Indians, the Spanish, and later the trappers, traders, Mormons, mineral prospectors, and ranchers from the East–are described as is the terrain and hazardous life in the area. In this setting psychology emerged with its peculiar local coloring.