cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance of full-sib families of Douglas-fir in pure-family and mixed-family deployments

Abstract A major objective of tree improvement programs is to identify genotypes that will perform well in operational deployments. Relatively little is known, however, about how the competitive environment affects performance in different types of deployments. We tested whether the genetic composition and density of deployments affect the performance of full-sib families of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga meniziesii), and whether traits related to crown morphology could help to explain differences in family performance under competition. Seedlings from eight families were planted in pure-family and three mixed-family composition treatments at high, medium, and low densities (11,954, 2988, and 747 trees·ha−1, respectively). Height (HT), diameter at breast height (DBH), and volume·ha−1 (VOLHA) were measured at ages 8 and 15 years. Significant differences were found among composition treatments in all traits other than VOLHA8 and significant interactions between composition and density treatments were found for all traits at age 15 years. Family ranks for DBH15 and VOLHA15 in pure-family treatments changed considerably among densities, but ranks were more stable for HT15. The performance of two mixed-family treatments differed significantly from the average performances of the same families in pure-family treatments for several traits. Differences in DBH15 among families in high-density, pure-family treatments could be explained in part by differences in crown morphology, with better performance among families with relatively narrow crowns, stout branches, and high leaf area relative to branch length. Our results suggest that the competitive environment has a considerable effect on family performance, and that incorporating crown morphology traits into selection criteria in tree improvement programs may lead to greater productivity of Douglas-fir.
Ifosfamide-induced renal tubular dysfunction and rickets in children with Wilms tumor.

The renal tubular Fanconi syndrome developed in five patients with Wilms tumor after treatment with ifosfamide, a derivative of cyclophosphamide. Glomerular filtration rates were severely decreased. Renal function was investigated because of the development of rickets. All patients had undergone reduction of renal mass by nephrectomy. None had preexisting renal tubular injury. The syndrome developed at cumulative doses of ifosfamide of 39 to 99 gm/m 2 . Low serum bicarbonate and phosphate concentrations with glucosuria, aminoaciduria, and hypochloremic metabolic acidosis were the manifestations of the Fanconi syndrome. Bicarbonate and phosphate replacement resulted in bone healing, but recovery of tubular and glomerular function did not occur. Monitoring of these laboratory values during ifosfamide therapy could allow earlier replacement therapy to prevent severe bone disease.
The interactional and narrative construction of normative and resistant discourses about Hindi and English

This article is part of a study that examined the narratives of 19 Indian women about the impact of Hindi or English medium education on their lives. In the current article, an interview segment containing a hypothetical narrative recounted by one of these participants, Aditi, is analysed. The analysis uses conversation analysis (CA) tools to reveal the presence of conflicting Discourses regarding the value attached to English speakers by the two interactants. One of these leads to significant trouble in the talk that is attended to by Aditi through recounting a hypothetical narrative to justify her perspective. The study shows how the two planes of the narrative-the narrated world and the interactional narrating plane-are used by Aditi to critique hegemonic Discourses about English speakers. A CA-based sequential analysis reveals the embedding of the narrative in its local interactional setting while also displaying that the act of narration can be a site for the enactment of resistance to societal Discourses.
Effects of dietary sodium on renin content during renal hypertrophy in uninephrectomized rats.

SummaryThe effects of dietary sodium levels on renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy and on renal renin content of the hypertrophic kidney were investigated in the rat.Renal hypertrophy occurred at the same rate in rats on all sodium diets when expressed in g kidney weight/100 g body weight. However, renal renin content of the hypertrophic kidneys was inversely related to the dietary sodium chloride intake by the 7th day following unilateral nephrectomy and the beginning of the dietary regimen. It is suggested that although renin content increases as hypertrophy occurs in the normal animal, it plays no role in hypertrophy, but is subject to a separate control, on some unknown manner, via dietary intake of sodium chloride. This control occurs even in the presence of the general stimulus for renal hypertrophy in the uninephrectomized animal. The increase in renal renin probably affected the adrenal cortex which was hypertrophic in the uninephrectomized animals on a low sodium diet.
Effect of increased oxygen on hydroxyproline synthesis in the cuticle and body wall of Ascaris lumbricoides

Abstract 1. 1. Ascaris lumbricoides injected with [ 14 C]proline were incubated for 24 h in 70% O 2 at normal pressure and in air at 1.6 atm abs. 2. 2. In Ascaris incubated at high O 2 concentration a substantial increase in collagenous proline hydroxylation occured (1.6–3 times) in the cuticle while little effect of perhaps a decrease in hydroxyproline synthesis was observed in the body wall. 3. 3. When incubating Ascaris at four varying concentrations of O 2 (0, 5, 20 and 70%) the hydroxylation of proline (given as ration specific activity hydroxyproline/specific activity proline) measured in purified cuticle collagen was maximal when the worms were under 70% O 2 and 4 times higher than when under N 2 . In the case of muscle collagen, hydroxylation was maximal at 20% O 2 ; 70% O 2 was no better than N 2 . 4. 4. The results are discussed in terms of two different protocollagen proline hydroxylases; one in the cuticle stimulated by O 2 and one in the body wall that is perhaps slightly inhibited by high O 2 . Alternatively, the results may be due to differences mainly in the availability of O 2 to protocollagen hydroxylase in the two body layers. 5. 5. Data are presented on the distribution of various forms of collagenous hydroxyproline in Ascaris cuticle and body wall.
An empirical usability evaluation of the Human Factors website

The purpose of the present study is to conduct an empirical design and user perception analysis of the website for the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES), and to use this information to make relevant design recommendations for improving the quality of the website. As the central hub for online interactions with the society, it is important that hfes.org effectively and efficiently communicate messages and highlight its activities concerning its membership, publications, and services. The goal of this paper is not to present a caustic review of the Society’s shortcomings, but offer a critical analysis, supported by literature and data, of various website design elements that may be holding HFES back from maintaining a professional web presence, and to illustrate why maintaining a professional web presence is beneficial for the HFES community at large. The present paper outlines an empirical usability evaluation of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society website, hfes.org. An initial proposal and ...
Suicidal ideation and behavior screening in intractable focal epilepsy eligible for drug trials

Summary Purpose Three suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior instruments were used to assess the prevalence of lifetime and recent suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior in patients with frequent treatment-resistant focal seizures who would be eligible for randomized clinical trials. This was done to determine which instrument was optimal for use in epilepsy. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we compared lifetime and recent suicidal ideation and suicide attempt on the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), and Interactive Voice Response System CSSRS (E-CSSRS). A safety algorithm determined treatment referral. Coordinators and participants evaluated experiences with the C-SSRS. The proportion of participants that baseline assessment would exclude from clinical trial enrollment was determined. Key Findings Among 208 participants, 1.6–3.9% had recent high risk suicidal ideation and 1.0–4.7% had a recent suicide attempt across all instruments. Lifetime high-risk suicidal ideation occurred in 12.1–14.1%. Lifetime suicide attempt occurred in 10.2–13.1% of participants. Of those with recent suicide attempt, 31.1% required referral to a health professional, and 3.9% needed urgent referral. Lifetime suicidal behavior (including aborted suicide attempt, interrupted suicide attempt, suicide attempt, preparatory acts or behavior, and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) was found in 21.1% on the E-CSSRS and 15.5% on the C-SSRS. Agreement (Kappa) was good to excellent for comparisons of all instruments. Fifty-two percent of subjects preferred either the CSSRS or E-CSSRS, whereas the rest had no preference; of those having a preference, 87.5% favored the CSSRS. Of the 18.9% of participants who might have been excluded from trials based on suicidal ideation and suicide attempt, the CSSRS identified high-risk suicidal ideation or suicide attempt in the preceding 2 years in only 4.4%. Significance Suicidality screening is feasible in people with epilepsy. Slightly more suicidal behavior is reported with the E-CSSRS than C-SSRS, suggesting the E-CSSRS may be optimal. The proportion of patients who may be excluded from clinical trials based on worrisome suicidal ideation or suicide attempt is small, suggesting that it is possible to enroll most eligible individuals.
The bulk electroviscous effect

Electroviscous stresses arise as hydrodynamic flows disturb the ionic (Debye) clouds that screen charged surfaces in electrolyte solutions. The contribution thereof to the effective bulk viscosity (also known as the second or volume viscosity) of two-phase suspensions is quantified here. Specifically, the bulk viscosity of two model suspensions is calculated: (1) a dilute dispersion of rigid charged spherical particles immersed in a compressible electrolyte that undergoes uniform dilatation and (2) a dilute suspension of charged gas bubbles expanding uniformly in an incompressible electrolyte. In both cases, it is assumed that the fluid flow only slightly drives the Debye cloud out of equilibrium, which formally requires that the ratio of the ion diffusion to flow time scales—a Peclet number—is small. For a suspension of rigid particles, the electroviscous contribution to the effective bulk viscosity is proportional to the particle volume fraction and decreases monotonically as the ratio of the particle radius to the Debye length increases. Similar behavior is well known for the electroviscous contribution to the effective shear viscosity of a dilute hard-sphere suspension; a quantitative comparison between the bulk and shear viscosities is made. In contrast, the electroviscous contribution to the bulk viscosity of a dilute suspension of bubbles is independent of the bubble volume fraction and attains a finite value in the limit of vanishing Debye length.
Effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on tumor prevention, tumor growth, and metastasis in experimental colon cancer

Abstract The effect of 13- cis -retinoic acid (13- cis -RA) on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer in male, random bred, Sprague-Dawley (S-D) and inbred Wister/Furth (W/Fu) rats and on isograft tumor growth and metastases in a Brown Norwegian (BN) × W/Fu F 1 rat was studied. 13- cis -RA (300 mg/kg diet) was administered to S-D rats 1 week before commencing DMH injections and for the duration of the experiment. W/Fu rats received 13- cis -RA (10 mg/kg weight × 5 days) 6 weeks after DMH injection had begun and monthly thereafter. Primary tumors were detected by serial laparotomy under ether anesthesia in both strains. The time to tumor onset was significantly delayed in treated groups, S-D and W/Fu, P = 0.0339 and 0.0322, respectively (Mantel-Haenszel test), compared with placebo-treated controls. 13- cis -RA (15 mg/kg weight) administered 2 days before and for the duration of isograft tumor growth (DMH 2054, a well-differentiated mucin-producing colon adenocarcinoma that spontaneously metastasized to lung) had no effect on tumor growth or metastasis in the BN × W/Fu F 1 rat. The findings suggest that the role of 13- cis -RA is in colon cancer prevention and not in its treatment either in an adjuvant or established setting.
Platinum tissue concentrations following intra-arterial and intravenous cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II in New Zealand white rabbits

Intra-arterial chemotherapy is supported by the rationale that regional infusion more than systemic administration can produce higher regional concentrations of cytotoxic drugs, thereby enhancing tumor kill. The hypothesis that intra-arterial infusion of cis -diamminedichloroplatinum II (DDP) enhances regional drug concentrations in tissue has not been studied. Therefore, 30 New Zealand white rabbits were treated with DDP. Fifteen animals were given DDP intravenously, and the other 15 received DDP by intra-arterial infusion into the terminal aorta. Necropsy was performed at 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after infusion. Samples of tissue were analyzed for platinum content by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Uterine and ovarian platinum content was significantly greater after intra-arterial infusion than after intravenous infusion (P
EPR and ENDOR studies of Fe(II) hemoproteins reduced and oxidized at 77 K.

γ-irradiation of frozen solutions of Fe(II) hemoproteins at 77 K generates both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) active singly reduced and oxidized heme centers trapped in the conformation of the Fe(II) precursors. The reduction products of pentacoordinate (S = 2) Fe(II) globins, peroxidases and cytochrome P450cam show EPR and electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectra characteristic of (3d7) Fe(I) species. In addition, cryoreduced Fe(II) α-chains of hemoglobin and myoglobin exhibit an S = 3/2 spin state produced by antiferromagnetic coupling between a porphyrin anion radical and pentacoordinate (S = 2) Fe(II). The spectra of cryoreduced forms of Fe(II) hemoglobin α-chains and deoxymyoglobin reveal that the Fe(II) precursors adopt multiple conformational substates. Reduction of hexacoordinate Fe(II) cytochrome c and cytochrome b5 as well as carboxy complexes of deoxyglobins produces only Fe(II) porphyrin π-anion radical species. The low-valent hemoprotein intermediates produced by cryoreduction convert to the Fe(II) states at T > 200 K. Cryogenerated Fe(III) cytochrome c and cytochrome b5 have spectra similar to these for the resting Fe(III) states, whereas the spectra of the products of cryooxidation of pentacoordinate Fe(II) globins and peroxidases are different. Cryooxidation of CO–Fe(II) globins generates Fe(III) hemes with quantum-mechanically admixed S = 3/2, 5/2 ground states. The trapped Fe(III) species relax to the equilibrium ferric states upon annealing at T > 190 K. Both cryooxidized and reduced centers provide very sensitive EPR/ENDOR structure probes of the EPR-silent Fe(II) state.
Crystal Structure and Characterization of Particulate Methane Monooxygenase from Methylocystis species Strain M

Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is an integral membrane metalloenzyme that oxidizes methane to methanol in methanotrophic bacteria. Previous biochemical and structural studies of pMMO have focused on preparations from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. A pMMO from a third organism, Methylocystis species strain M, has been isolated and characterized. Both membrane-bound and solubilized Methylocystis sp. strain M pMMO contain ∼2 copper ions per 100 kDa protomer and exhibit copper-dependent propylene epoxidation activity. Spectroscopic data indicate that Methylocystis sp. strain M pMMO contains a mixture of CuI and CuII, of which the latter exhibits two distinct type 2 CuII electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data are best fit with a mixture of Cu–O/N and Cu–Cu ligand environments with a Cu–Cu interaction at 2.52–2.64 A. The crystal structure of Methylocystis sp. strain M pMMO was determined to 2.68 A resol...
Starch Graft Copolymers for Water Treatment

Graft polymers produced by the reaction of starch with cationic, anionic and nonionic acrylic monomers show considerable potential as flocculating agents for treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters, for beneficiation of mineral ores and for retention of clay in filled paper. Performance of the polymers depends on the nature of the system being treated and on the structure of the starch grafts. Percent add-on, grafting frequency, molecular weight of grafted chains and ionic charge are important variables in starch graft polymer structure that influence performance. Effectiveness of the polymers as flocculants has been demonstrated in laboratory tests and in on-site trials. Methods of preparation have been developed and the various polymers characterized.
Decision problems in Quadratic functions field of high genus

Abstract This paper provides verification procedures for a number of decision problems in quadratic function fields of odd characteristic, thereby establishing membership of these problems in both NP and co-NP. The problems include determining the ideal and divisor class numbers of the field, the regulator of the field (in the real case), a generating system of the ideal class group, a basis of the ideal class group, the pricipality of an ideal, the equivalence of two ideals, the discrete logarithm of an ideal class with respect to another ideal class, and the order of a class in the ideal class group. While several of these problems belong to the aforementioned complexity classes unconditionally, others require a certain assumption to ensure that the verification procedures can be done in polynomial time; so far, this assumption has only been verified for fields of high genus.
The kinase activity of the antisigma factor SpoIIAB is required for activation as well as inhibition of transcription factor sigmaF during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.

The activity of the developmental transcription factor sigmaF in the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis is controlled by SpoIIAB, which sequesters sigmaF in an inactive complex. sigmaF is released from the SpoIIAB-sigmaF complex by the action of SpoIIAA, which triggers the dissociation of the complex. SpoIIAB is also a protein kinase that phosphorylates SpoIIAA on serine residue 58 (S58). This phosphorylation inactivates SpoIIAA and thus indirectly prevents the activation of sigmaF. Here, we report the identification of a patch of amino acid residues located in the vicinity of the adenosine nucleotide binding pocket of SpoIIAB that is required for the phosphorylation of SpoIIAA. A lysine substitution (E104K) at one of these residues (Glu104) markedly impaired the capacity of SpoIIAB to phosphorylate SpoIIAA in vitro as well as during sporulation. Kinetic analysis and evidence from the construction of alanine substitution mutants indicates that the side-chains of these amino acids could be contact sites for the SpoIIAA substrate during the phosphorylation reaction. Importantly, E104K and other kinase mutants blocked the activation of sigmaF during sporulation. This is paradoxical, because a mutant of SpoIIAA (S58A) that cannot be phosphorylated is known to cause higher than normal levels of sigmaF activity during sporulation. In resolution of this paradox, we present biochemical evidence indicating that SpoIIAA directly attacks the SpoIIAB-sigmaF complex and that SpoIIAA is phosphorylated as a result of this reaction. Consistent with this idea, mutations impairing kinase function of SpoIIAB were found to be epistatic to a mutation causing the S58A substitution in SpoIIAA; that is, cells producing mutant forms of both proteins were blocked in the activation of sigmaF. We conclude that phosphorylation of SpoIIAA plays a dual role in the sigmaF pathway, and that the kinase function of SpoIIAB is required for the activation as well as the inhibition of sigmaF during sporulation.
Ideal discriminators in spatial vision: two-point stimuli.

An earlier paper [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A1, 775 ( 1984)] described a general ideal discriminator (a Stimuli-Defined-Exactly observer) whose sensitivity is limited only by the initial sequence of mechanisms in the visual system—the optics of the eye, the receptor lattice, receptor optics, and photopigment spectral sensitivities. In the present paper, further properties of the model are derived, and a similar model (a Stimuli-Defined-Statistically observer) is developed for conditions with stimulus uncertainty. To test the predictions of the models, two-point intensity discrimination, resolution, and separation discrimination were measured as a function of point-source energy and background luminance. Three important differences between resolution and separation discrimination were found: (1) At moderate to high intensity levels, separation threshold is-much smaller than resolution threshold. (2) At low intensity levels, resolution threshold is smaller than separation threshold. (3) Separation threshold decreases more rapidly than resolution threshold as a function of intensity. All three properties were predicted by the models. However, as expected, the quantitative fits are not accurate. The value of the models is that they allow one to determine, for almost arbitrary visual-discrimination tasks, what aspects of performance are accounted for by preneural factors. Furthermore, the models provide a precise metric of the discrimination information available at the receptors. This permits meaningful comparison of human performance across different tasks.
Further evidence for the role of free radicals in the limb teratogenicity of L-NAME.

Background L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, causes severe limb reduction malformations when gravid rats are treated intraperitoneally on gd-17. Hemorrhages, appearing within hours of L-NAME administration, and defects at term can be significantly reduced by co-treatment with PBN (α-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone), a spin trap antioxidant. We have proposed that limb defects result from ischemia-reperfusion injury. We examine the role of xanthine oxidase and ROS formation in the limb effects of L-NAME. Methods Gravidas were treated with L-NAME (50 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Spatial patterns of limb hemorrhage were determined promptly and at term as was digit length at the latter interval. Xanthine oxidase activities were assayed in control and treated limbs with and without allopurinol co-treatment. Results Allopurinol significantly reduced hemorrhage severity in a dose-responsive fashion when fetuses were examined at term. Higher doses of allopurinol significantly preserved digit length. Xanthine oxidase activities in fetal limb were significantly increased by L-NAME treatment whereas co-treatment with allopurinol restored activities to near-control levels. Conclusions These findings support the role of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in L-NAME-induced limb reduction. We propose that nitric oxide (NO) depletion by L-NAME interferes with vascular integrity, and causes vasoconstriction. Resultant hypoxia stimulates superoxide formation and nitric oxide formation catalyzed by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase. The reduction products of superoxide or the products of its reaction with nitric oxide oxidize or nitrate endothelial components resulting in limb reduction defects. Teratology 66:24–32, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the relation of flexible and rigid control of eating to body mass index and overeating in patients with binge eating disorder.

Objective To examine the relationship of flexible and rigid dimensions of restrained eating to body mass index (BMI) and overeating in outpatients with binge eating disorder (BED). Method Participants were 148 consecutive outpatients who met criteria for BED. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was administered to assess Cognitive Restraint, Hunger, and Disinhibition. The TFEQ also contains two Cognitive Restraint subscales — Flexible Control and Rigid Control. The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire version (EDE-Q) was administered to assess frequency of different forms of overeating during the past 28 days and the attitudinal features of eating disorders. Results Flexible Control and Rigid Control were significantly correlated with each other. They were both negatively correlated with BMI, but neither was significantly correlated with the frequency of binge eating or other forms of overeating. In addition, Flexible Control and Rigid Control predicted almost the same amount of variance in BMI. Discussion BED patients exhibit flexible and rigid control of eating that is related to BMI, but not to the frequency of binge eating or other forms of overeating. Results of the present study provide preliminary evidence that flexible and rigid control of eating may not be a useful distinction in BED patients. However, increased restraint, regardless of type, may prove to be of benefit with regard to weight control and may not have adverse effects on binge eating in obese BED patients. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 82–91, 2002.
Colorimetric Determination of Iodochlorhydroxyquin and Diiodohydroxyquin

A method has been developed for the extraction and determination of 8-hydroxyquin derivatives utilizing cupric ion as a chelating agent. The method is highly sensitive and simple to carry out. The effect of time, pH, and cupric ion concentration has been investigated.
Canine lymphosarcoma and hypercalcaemia: clinical, laboratory and pathologic evaluation of twenty-four cases

Twenty-four dogs with lymphosarcoma and hypercalcaemia were studied clinically, haematologically and biochemically. There was no age or breed predilection, although the St Bernard dog appeared to be over-represented. Male dogs were more frequently affected (62 per cent) than female dogs. Anorexia, weight loss, muscular weakness, depression, polydipsia, polyuria, and bilateral peripheral lymphadenopathy were the most frequently observed clinical signs and physical findings. Hypercalcaemia, creatinaemia, azotaemia, hypercalciuria, hyposthenuria, and decreased endogenous creatinine clearance were the most frequent laboratory abnormalities. Detailed gross and histopathologic examinations of 10 dogs revealed the multicentric anatomic form of lymphosarcoma, absence of skeletal metastases, and normal parathyroid glands. The dogs were clinically staged, and ten were histologically classified. Histologic staging revealed five diffuse histiocytic lymphomas, and five diffuse lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphomas.
EXCL: A Circuit Extractor for IC Designs

This paper describes EXCL, an automated circuit extraction program that transforms an IC layout into a circuit representation suitable for detailed circuit simulation. The program has built-in, general extraction algorithms capable of accurate computations of interconnection resistance, internodal capacitance, ground capacitance, and transistor sizes. However, where possible, the general algorithms are replaced with simple techniques, thereby improving execution speed. A basic component of the extractor is a procedure that decomposes regions into domains appropriate for specialized or simple algorithms. The paper describes the decomposition algorithm, the extraction algorithms and discusses how they connect with the rest of EXCL.
Interventional Nutrition for Gastrointestinal Disease

Nutritional intervention plays a key role in the successful management of gastrointestinal disease. This article focuses on several novel areas of nutritional intervention that are becoming increasingly important in gastrointestinal disease, including short-chain fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and glutamine. Short-chain fatty acids are the principal end-products of bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers and have profound effects on normal intestinal cell metabolism and proliferation. Short-chain fatty acids have the potential to improve overall intestinal health, stimulate intestinal healing, and decrease intestinal inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids, from dietary sources or supplements, may also be useful in decreasing intestinal inflammation and in preventing intestinal cancer. Finally, glutamine also may play an important role in the nutritional management of gastrointestinal disease.
Automatic generation and integration of RosettaNet based on generic templates and components

This paper presents the design methodology and implementation architecture of a component based generic solution that not only supports RosettaNet, but also provides an easy, intuitive way for E-commerce applications to quickly incorporate new standards. RosettaNet is the leading industry organization focused on developing B2B process standards for a global supply chain. Supporting the open and common approach of RosettaNet is important for supply-chains partners to scale their e-Businesses, and to fully leverage E-commerce applications. We try to reduce the integration effort, and improve extensibility and interoperability of an eBusiness infrastructure. We implemented the RosettaNet Framework in a generic way, which enabled the automatic and seamless integration of RosettaNet into existing E-commerce applications. This provides flexibility in incorporating any new emerging open standard.
Biomolecular Imaging with Coherent Nonlinear Vibrational Microscopy

Optical imaging with spectroscopic vibrational contrast is a label-free solution for visualizing, identifying, and quantifying a wide range of biomolecular compounds in biological materials. Both linear and nonlinear vibrational microscopy techniques derive their imaging contrast from infrared active or Raman allowed molecular transitions, which provide a rich palette for interrogating chemical and structural details of the sample. Yet nonlinear optical methods, which include both second-order sum-frequency generation (SFG) and third-order coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques, offer several improved imaging capabilities over their linear precursors. Nonlinear vibrational microscopy features unprecedented vibrational imaging speeds, provides strategies for higher spatial resolution, and gives access to additional molecular parameters. These advances have turned vibrational microscopy into a premier tool for chemically dissecting live cells and tissues. This review discusses the molecular contrast of SFG and CRS microscopy and highlights several of the advanced imaging capabilities that have impacted biological and biomedical research.
Multiscale Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Breeding Bird Species Richness Using the Echelon Approach

As an important component of biodiversity monitoring, species richness is a response variable of considerable interest to conservation biologists. Monitoring over a large spatial extent (such as statewide) requires an objective method for characterizing the spatial distribution of species richness. Objectivity is needed for delineation of areas that are relatively species rich or poor, and to also provide a way to compare other spatial distributions, as with temporal monitoring for change detection. The echelon approach introduced by Myers, Patil and Taillie (1995) provides a way to objectively characterize spatial structure of response variables that are at least ordinal. We apply this method to the characterization of breeding bird species richness across the state of Pennsylvania, using US-EPA EMAP hexagons which constitute a very coarse grain (635 km2). After identifying relative species rich areas at the coarse measurement scale, the hexagons covering such areas are analyzed in much finer detail, using the same echelon protocol but with a measurement scale (grain) equal to approximately 24 km2 rectangles corresponding to one sixth of a 7.5 minute USGS topographic quadrangle.
Effect of Addition and Removal of a Kidney Transplant in Renal and Adrenocortical Hypertensive Rats

A method is described for preparing and studying the acute effect of renal transplants on the blood pressure of the rat. In such a preparation, renal blood flow, urine flow, and blood pressure are well maintained over a period of several hours. In hypertension of less than 6 months' duration following renal ligation or desoxycorticosterone administration, the transplant consistently reduced the blood pressure and in 36 out of 44 experiments normotensive levels were achieved in 30 to 40 minutes. Exclusion of the kidney permitted a gradual restoration of the hypertension. When the blood pressure was elevated by infusions of renin or angiotensin, the blood pressure did not fall after the transplantation procedure. Introduction of kidney tissue after the hypertension had lasted for 6 months or more reduced the blood pressure in only 10 of 23 experiments, suggesting that after the passage of time irreversible vascular changes had occurred. The mechanism by which the transplant lowers the blood pressure is unknown, but such factors as the creation of an area of low vascular resistance, the release of non-specific depressor substances into the circulation, and the external loss of a pressor substance into the urine seem to be excluded. Reasons are given for suspecting that the antihypertensive action of normal kidney tissue is a specific metabolic or incretory effect, rather than an excretory action related to urine formation.
CALIOP Aerosol Subset Processing for Global Aerosol Transport Model Data Assimilation

A system for processing Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) satellite-based 0.532 and 1.064 elastic and polarization lidar datasets for global aerosol transport model assimilation is described. A method for constructing one-degree along-track and cloud-free signal composite averages, consistent with Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) model gridding, using CALIOP Level 1B attenuated backscatter and Level 2 cloud boundary-height products is outlined. Optimal vertical resolutions and relative signal uncertainties for the composite signal averages are described for both day and nighttime measurement scenarios. Depolarization profiles are described for the 0.532 channel as well as attenuated color ratio profiles using 0.532 and 1.064 attenuated backscatter measurements. Constrained by NAAPS model aerosol optical depths, processed attenuated backscatter profiles are inverted to solve for extinction and backscatter coefficients, their ratio, and extinction coefficient profiles which serve as the basis for data assimilation.
The Educational Benefits of Travel Experiences: A Literature Review

Empirical evidence about the educational outcomes of travel is scattered across many fields of study. This paper reviews the literature on the educational benefits of travel, beginning with the literature on study abroad. Learning outcomes have been found from the travel portion of the study experience, and some research has found that out-of-class experiences were the most impactful portion of study abroad. Personal growth, increase in life skills, and knowledge also result from independent international travel, as well as “objectiveless” travel. A few studies have focused on adults and seniors, but the research primarily has focused on young adults and college students. After a review of the literature, numerous suggestions for future study are provided, including a focus on the educational outcomes of domestic travel, youth travel, and determining which travel experiences result in the most learning benefits.
Negative reinforcement in applied behavior analysis: an emerging technology.

Abstract Although the effects of negative reinforcement on human behavior have been studied for a number of years, a comprehensive body of applied research does not exist at this time. This article describes three aspects of negative reinforcement as it relates to applied behavior analysis: behavior acquired or maintained through negative reinforcement, the treatment of negatively reinforced behavior, and negative reinforcement as therapy. A consideration of research currently being done in these areas suggests the emergence of an applied technology on negative reinforcement.
What Do Instructional Designers Actually Do? An Initial Investigation of Expert Practice.

We have a large body of literature that describes and prescribes how to design instruction but a poor understanding of what expert instructional designers actually do in practice. This paper describes a study in which expert and novice designers were asked to think aloud as they solved a design problem. The resulting protocols were analyzed and compared. Important differences were identified between experts and novices and between apparent characteristics of expertise and descriptions of instructional design in the literature. The implications of these differences for assisting and training instructional designers are discussed.
Random organization in periodically driven systems

Random collisions between particles usually generate disorder in a system. But under certain conditions, particles in suspended in a liquid subjected to periodic shear forces can collide in a way that leads to fewer subsequent collisions and less disorder.
Pump-probe optical coherence tomography using indocyanine green as a contrast agent

Use of indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved dye, in a pump-probe scheme for optical coherence tomography (OCT) is reported. Aqueous solutions of ICG are not stable, i.e., the dye degrades over time especially in the presence of light. Addition of protein such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) stabilizes the ICG; however, when exposed to high intensity illumination, the dye still degrades. Moreover, the photodegradation is permanent and occurs swiftly if the illumination band corresponds to the ICG absorption peak. The permanence of the photobleached state illustrates that ICG photobleaching phenomenon has great potential to achieve contrast in OCT. ICG solutions with 50 micromolar concentration were prepared in water, 1% BSA, and 0.8% agarose to study the dynamics of the dye for different illumination intensity levels. In addition, different molar concentrations of ICG in water were studied for fixed illumination intensity. In each case, probability of photobleaching, defined as the ratio of the total photobleached ICG molecules to the total photons absorbed by the ground-state molecules, is evaluated to characterize the photobleaching phenomenon in ICG. We also demonstrate ICG-based pump-probe MCOCT imaging by mapping the distribution of ICG in a stage 54 Xenopus laevis.
Neighborhood Variation in Police Stops and Searches: A Test of Consensus and Conflict Perspectives

This study examines consensus and conflict approaches to explaining police stop and search rates in 94 neighborhoods. Police deployment, racial threat, race-out-of-place, and social conditioning perspectives were analyzed. Models were based on 206,083 stops and 38,493 searches controlling for racial/ethnic makeup, citizen calls for service, disadvantage, prior violent crime suspect rates, time of day, and spatial autocorrelation. The results supported both police deployment and race out of place arguments. Policy implications focus on the need for police and community to fully understand and mutually agree on the relevance of both consensus and conflict perspectives.
Challenging the Neoliberal Climate in Academia From Mentoring Perspectives: Critical Reflections From Our Future Selves

We find an absence of many methods of support for critical qualitative scholars in the changing academic climate, especially under contemporary neoliberal conditions that include the privileging of academic capitalism. Currently, we find that we have plenty of advice for our former early career selves, which led us to imagine what it might be like if our future selves could talk to our present selves and provide needed mentoring. We anticipate that our future selves would give us comfort and strategic advice, and challenge our ideas about our place and role in the academy. In this critical dialogic narrative, we reflect on what the “future” tenured Michelle would tell the “current” untenured Michelle and what the “future” full professor Penny might tell the “current” associate professor Penny to increase motivation and risk taking, and further challenge the neoliberal practices within the academy.
Chapter 12. Antibacterial Agents

Publisher Summary El101, the isopropoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester prodrug of El100, exhibits good oral absorption, and has potent activity against susceptible strains. Among carbapenems, most new agents contain the 18-methyl group that has been found to impart good stability to renal dehydropeptidase I. The majority of the currently marketed quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, contain a piperazine or substituted piperazine at the 7-position. These agents are used for a broad variety of clinical indications, such as respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue, bone, and sexually transmitted diseases. Methyl substitution on the pyrrolidine ring is found to improve the solubility and, therefore, provide a better pharmacokinetic profile. Mechanism of action studies against E. coli suggest that, while intact cephalosporin 3'-quinolone esters act as cephalosporins, carbarnates and amines may possess both cephalosporin and quinolone activity in the intact molecule. The 8a-azalides exhibit improved acid stability and comparable activity in mouse infection models. Glycylcycline is a new series of tetracycline derivatives, found to have a broad spectrum of activity against tetracycline susceptible and resistant bacteria, including strains containing ribosomal protection resistance determinants. Some of these analogs exhibit good activity against streptococcal and enterococcal strains that are resistant to vancomycin. Replacement of the dehydrofucose sugar moiety, with an allyl group, affords activity comparable to that of the natural product.
Revisiting the Labor Hoarding Employment Demand Model: An Economic Order Quantity Model of Labor Hoarding

The labor studies literature has for many years accepted the labor hording theory. That theory derives from Journal of Financial Transformation seminal work by Oi (1962), Miller (1971), and Fair (1985). These studies argue that as a result of the absolute cost of hiring and training certain workers that even when the economy turns down, firms avoid layoffs as would be expected in a neoclassical framework. Consequently during such time periods companies develop a reserve supply of workers. If labor hording occurs the employment cycle should be less extreme than the production cycle. Since December 2007 when there were 115.5 million employed workers, the American economy lost 8.5 million jobs by January 2010, a 7.35% reduction in employment. During the same period, real GDP fell by 1.25%. This paper presents a different view of the demand for labor that is based on Baumol’s (1952) cost minimization paradigm for determining the optimal level of inventories.
Learning to Detect Change

People, across a wide range of personal and professional domains, need to detect change accurately. Previous research has documented systematic shortcomings in doing so, in particular, a pattern of over- and under-reaction to indications of change, resulting from a tendency to overweight signals of change at the expense of the environment that produces the signals. This investigation considers whether this pattern persists when participants are given the opportunity to learn. We find that the pattern of system neglect does persist, but that the impact of experience varies greatly across environments -- participants show reliable improvement in some conditions and virtually none in others. We explain this differential learning by formally characterizing environments in terms of the extent to which they: (i) provide consistent feedback; and (ii) tolerate non-optimal behavior. Whereas we find that learning is related to consistent feedback, the stronger -- and perhaps more surprising -- finding is that more learning occurs in environments that are more tolerant of non-optimal behavior.
Assembly dynamics and stoichiometry of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) signalosome in response to electrophile stress

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a key sensor kinase in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway that transduces cellular responses to oxidants and electrophiles. ASK1 is regulated by a large, dynamic multiprotein signalosome complex, potentially including over 90 reported ASK1-interacting proteins. We employed both shotgun and targeted mass spectrometry assays to catalogue the ASK1 protein-protein interactions in HEK-293 cells treated with the prototypical lipid electrophile 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). Using both epitope-tagged overexpression and endogenous expression cell systems, we verified most of the previously reported ASK1 protein-protein interactions and identified 14 proteins that exhibited dynamic shifts in association with ASK1 in response to HNE stress. We used precise stable isotope dilution assays to quantify protein stoichiometry in the ASK signalosome complex and identified ASK2 at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with ASK1 and 14-3-3 proteins (YWHAQ, YWHAB, YWHAH, and YWHAE) collectively at a 0.5:1 ratio with ASK1 as the main components. Several other proteins, including ASK3, PARK7, PRDX1, and USP9X were detected with stoichiometries of 0.1:1 or less. These data support an ASK signalosome comprising a multimeric core complex of ASK1, ASK2, and 14-3-3 proteins, which dynamically engages other binding partners needed to mediate diverse stress-response signaling events. This study further demonstrates the value of combining global and targeted MS approaches to interrogate multiprotein complex composition and dynamics.
Relationship between Surface and Free Tropospheric Ozone in the Western U.S.

Ozone is an important air pollutant that affects lung function. In the U.S., the EPA has reduced the allowable O3 concentrations several times over the last few decades. This puts greater emphasis on understanding the interannual variability and the contributions to surface O3 from all sources. We have examined O3 data from 11 rural CASTNET sites in the western US for the period 1995−2009. The 11 surface sites show a similar seasonal cycle and generally a good correlation in the deseasonalized monthly means, indicating that there are large scale influences on O3 that operate across the entire western US. These sites also show a good correlation between site elevation and annual mean O3, indicating a significant contribution from the free troposphere. We examined the number of exceedance days for each site, defined as a day when the Maximum Daily 8-h Average (MDA8) exceeds a threshold value. Over this time period, more than half of these sites exceeded an MDA8 threshold of 70 ppbv at least 4 times per year...