cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-sustaining thermophotonic circuits

Photons represent one of the most important heat carriers. The ability to convert photon heat flow to electricity is therefore of substantial importance for renewable energy applications. However, photon-based systems that convert heat to electricity, including thermophotovoltaic systems where photons are generated from passive thermal emitters, have long been limited by low power density. This limitation persists even with near-field enhancement techniques. Thermophotonic systems, which utilize active photon emitters such as light-emitting diodes, have the potential to significantly further enhance the power density. However, this potential has not been realized in practice, due in part to the fundamental difficulty in thermodynamics of designing a self-sustaining circuit that enables steady-state power generation. Here, we overcome such difficulty by introducing a configuration where the light-emitting diodes are connected in series, and thus multiple photons can be generated from a single injected electron. As a result we propose a self-sustaining thermophotonic circuit where the steady-state power density can exceed thermophotovoltaic systems by many orders of magnitude. This work points to possibilities for constructing heat engines with light as the working medium. The flexibility of controlling the relations between electron and photon flux, as we show in our design, may also be of general importance for optoelectronics-based energy technology.
Clearing the air in China

Coal power generation in China is among the major causes of the country’s heavily polluted air. Researchers now use comprehensive emissions monitoring data to show that many plants report compliance with new ultra-low emissions standards earlier than required, substantially reducing the pollution they emit.
76-dB DR, 48 fJ/Step Second-Order VCO-Based Current-to-Digital Converter

A continuous-time (CT) second-order $\Delta \Sigma $ current-to-digital converter (CDC) is presented in this paper. The proposed CDC uses two current-controlled ring oscillators as phase-domain integrators to achieve second-order quantization noise shaping. The proposed CDC uses a current-reuse architecture in which the feedback digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is used to bias the first integrator which results in significant power and noise reduction compared to previous prototype. Excess loop delay in the proposed CDC is countered through judicious selection of loop parameters and no auxiliary DAC is used for loop delay compensation. A prototype CDC is implemented in 65nm CMOS and achieves 76dB dynamic range at a bandwidth of 0.2MHz from 1V supply with a walden FoM of 48fJ/step which is $9\times $ improvement on the state-of-the-art.
A Study of Bonding Pad Corrosion Caused by Contamination

This paper introduces a typical corrosion phenomenon of the Integrated Circuits. A three-terminal adjustable shunt regulator outputted abnormal voltage on a PCBA because its Vref pin was open. Bonding pad corrosion was confirmed by SEM&EDX analysis. The pad was electrical open to the surrounding schematic. After a whole investigation, several lots of wafers were confirmed to be contaminated by silicone oil which was introduced during the demolding process. Delamination occurred between the molding compound and die. Plating solution which contained chlorine and sulphur percolated into package during Tin Plating.Supplier of the regulator was recommended to improve the demolding process. Besides, routine reliability monitoring(such as C-SAM, HAST) can be executed in quality control process to eliminate this failure mode in customer’s application.
Characterization Of sampling patterns for low-tt-rank tensor retrieval

In this paper, we analyze the fundamental conditions for low-rank tensor completion given the separation or tensor-train (TT) rank, i.e., ranks of TT unfoldings. We exploit the algebraic structure of the TT decomposition to obtain the deterministic necessary and sufficient conditions on the locations of the samples to ensure finite completability. Specifically, we propose an algebraic geometric analysis on the TT manifold that can incorporate the whole rank vector simultaneously in contrast to the existing approach based on the Grassmannian manifold that can only incorporate one rank component. Our proposed technique characterizes the algebraic independence of a set of polynomials defined based on the sampling pattern and the TT decomposition, which is instrumental to obtaining the deterministic condition on the sampling pattern for finite completability. In addition, based on the proposed analysis, assuming that the entries of the tensor are sampled independently with probability p, we derive a lower bound on the sampling probability p, or equivalently, the number of sampled entries that ensures finite completability with high probability. Moreover, we also provide the deterministic and probabilistic conditions for unique completability.
Synthetic Versus Biologic Reconstruction of Bony Chest Wall Defects

Large chest wall resections can result in skeletal instability, altered respiratory mechanics, and significant cosmetic defects. When reconstruction of bony chest wall defects require a prosthesis, a variety of materials are available for the surgeon to use. The broad categories of materials include synthetic and biologic prostheses patches, plates, and bars. The current literature comparing these materials is limited to single institution retrospective cases series and a few retrospective cohort studies. Based on this literature, a synthetic prosthesis is recommended as the best overall choice for chest wall reconstruction, and biologic prosthesis is recommended for chest wall reconstruction in a contaminated field.
Polymeric Organometallics as Precursors of Polymer Supported Catalysts.

Polymer supported catalysts have received considerable attention as an alternative to conventional heterogeneous catalysts since a polymer supported transition metal complex often possesses the selectivity of a homogeneous catalyst and the experimental simplicity of a heterogeneous catalyst.1 In practice, polymer supported catalysts often have additional advantages (and some disadvantages) associated with the polymeric support. The work described here has as its eventual goal the preparation of polymer supported catalysts which have initially been bound to either an inorganic or organic polymer by carbon-metal bonds. The metallic species generated in this fashion would be expected to be reduced during the course of a hydrogenation reaction and could thus be considered to be either immobilized homogeneous metal complexes or true heterogeneous catalysts. This approach to the preparation of a “hybrid” catalyst differs from the conventional procedure followed by most other workers in that the metal species immobilized do not necessarily have a homogeneous counterparts.
Mitigating the potential contamination risk incurred in sampling herbarium specimens for phytolith reference collection

Abstract Phytoliths are emerging as a critical paleoenvironmental and archaeological proxy record in a variety of landscapes. These non-organic objects preserve well in both terrestrial and lacustrine sedimentary contexts. Creating a local reference collection is a crucial step for contending with the multiplicity and diversity of phytolith forms, but previous authors have noted a potential problem with one of the most common methods for extracting phytoliths from fresh and herbaria specimens, the dry-ashing method. This method incurs a contamination risk in the muffle furnace during ashing. The standard weight of plant tissue for extraction is relatively high (200 mg) when considering the amount of material accessible in herbaria collections. We devised the following experimental study to test the contamination potential of our muffle furnace, and the possibility of using a smaller weight of plant tissue (100 mg) to derive the same results and reduce potential risk. The results of this study indicate that reducing the initial plant material by half the weight will result in a slightly lower contamination risk and equivalent diversity of morphotypes in the final phytolith sample. Therefore, we argue that reducing the plant tissue will enable a less costly use of herbaria material and a lower chance of inter-sample contamination.
Laser ablation spectrometry for studies of uranium plasmas, reactor monitoring, and spent fuel safety

Abstract Nuclear security is one of the defining challenges of our time. Nuclear threats range from deliberate dispersal of radioactive material to contaminate the vital infrastructure to diversion and smuggling of special nuclear material for clandestine nuclear programs and nuclear terrorism, respectively. There is an associated need to develop and sustain nuclear forensics capabilities, which can be aided by good understanding of complex processes that occur in plasmas containing nuclear materials. The area of nuclear safety has seen a resurgence of public interest, and there is a concomitant need to safely store used nuclear fuel and to detect structural material failure in nuclear power systems, especially in innovative reactor designs envisioned for future adoption. Laser-produced plasmas are complicated extreme environments that can generate intense and rich, highly specific signatures of nuclear and radiological materials, which can then be explored for applications. They include interdiction and rapid detection of nuclear materials, including their isotopic composition, detection over long distances, laboratory simulation of weapons effects, monitoring the condition of structural materials in dry cask storage containers, and novel instrumentation for nuclear power systems. We present a compilation of recent representative examples of the application of laser spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in particular, to nuclear safety and security problems. A case is made that spectroscopic techniques based on laser-produced plasmas offer complementary, and sometimes unique, capabilities that motivate continued exploration of their efficient production and broader understanding of the signatures they produce.
Strategies to control neospora infection in cattle

The paper reviews herd health strategies to control Neospora caninum infection in cattle by discussing the usefulness of herd prevalence information, diagnostic methods, control of congenital infection and postnatal transmission.
A Comparative Study On Stability And Thermal Properties Of Various Nanofluids

The attention of researches in convective heat transfer by suspended nanoparticles in base fluids has grown lately to promote uncommon techniques for enhancing the thermal performance of ﬂuids. In this study, the stability period and thermal properties of aluminium oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and Al2O3–SiO2 hybrid were investigated at volume concentration 0.1vol.% dispersed in Distilled Water (DW) as a base fluid. For the hybrid nanofluid, the samples were consisted of (0.025 vol.%Al2O3+0.075vol.%SiO2),(0.05vol.%Al2O3+0.05vol.%SiO2)and(0.075vol.%Al2O3+0.025vol.%SiO2). The two-step method was adopted to prepare the nanofluid samples by using Ultrasonic device. Three different ultrasonication times were fitted for preparing the samples (1hr,2 hr and 3 hr).The properties of single and hybrid nanofluids were evaluated at various temperatures (from 30 °C to 70 °C). The obtained results demonstrated that the dispersion of nanoparticles was homogeneous and more stable for a longer period for all samples that prepared at 3 hr of ultrasonication process. Among all samples of nanofluids, SiO2/DW was found to be the most stable coolant. For all nanofluids, with an increase of temperature, the thermal conductivity and specific heat were increased significantly while density and viscosity were decreased.
Incentive distributions in heterogeneous work groups

We use fine-grained federal personnel data to examine how work group diversity is related to the distribution of monetary rewards among employees who are working collectively on a team project. We ...
The use of carbamazepine to expedite the metabolism of a long-acting aripiprazole injection.

What is known and objective Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are an integral part of mental health treatment. Modifying an LAI regimen poses several challenges because of the extended half-life of the drug. Case summary An acutely psychotic patient with schizoaffective disorder received aripiprazole lauroxil without resolution of symptoms. She was started on a previously successful regimen of oral fluphenazine. Due to continued psychosis, oral carbamazepine was initiated to expedite the LAI's metabolism allowing subsequent doses of fluphenazine to impart activity. What is new and conclusion Potent cytochrome enzyme inducers may help in transitioning patients from LAI antipsychotics to other therapies.
Solving Multiagent Networks using Distributed Constraint Optimization

In many cooperative multiagent domains, the effect of local interactions between agents can be compactly represented as a network structure. Given that agents are spread across such a network, agents directly interact only with a small group of neighbors. A distributed constraint optimization problem (DCOP) is a useful framework to reason about such networks of agents. Given agents’ inability to communicate and collaborate in large groups in such networks, we focus on an approach called k-optimality for solving DCOPs. In this approach, agents form groups of one or more agents until no group of k or fewer agents can possibly improve the DCOP solution; we define this type of local optimum, and any algorithm guaranteed to reach such a local optimum, as k-optimal. The article provides an overview of three key results related to koptimality. The first set of results gives worst-case guarantees on the solution quality of k-optima in a DCOP. These guarantees can help determine an appropriate k-optimal algorithm, or possibly an appropriate constraint graph structure, for agents to use in situations where the cost of coordination between agents must be weighed against the quality of the solution reached. The second set of results gives upper bounds on the number of k-optima that can exist in a DCOP. These results are useful in domains where a DCOP must generate a set of solutions rather than a single solution. Finally, we sketch algorithms for k-optimality and provide some experimental results for 1-, 2- and 3-optimal algorithms for several types of DCOPs.
Capillary Electrophoresis in Peptide and Protein Analysis, Detection Modes for

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a highly efficient separation technique which achieves high resolution with low sample consumption. Crucial to any separation technique are detection modes capable of giving useful data about separated analytes, including both quantitative and qualitative information. A variety of general detection modes for CE have been developed, most based on similar systems used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but only some are useful in the analysis of peptides and proteins. Modes which are selective for certain spectral or chemical properties of these analytes are often employed. The absorption of ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) light as well as fluorescence (Fl) fit into the former category while electrochemical (EC) detection falls under the latter. The development of mass spectrometry (MS) as a detection mode for peptide and protein analysis may be the ideal choice since a great deal of qualitative information can be obtained and used for identification and structural characterization. By definition, CE involves separation in a “micro” environment, a capillary, and this places certain demands on the performance of the detection system and perhaps the greatest challenge is that of sensitivity.
The minor components of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor are apically located in neonatal enterocytes.

Abstract Because specific uptake of the asialoglycoprotein haptocorrin has been reported in suckling distal intestine, evidence of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in rat ileum was sought. On Western blot, two different polyclonal antisera against purified rat holoreceptor recognized only proteins of the size of the minor receptor components (51 and 55 kilodaltons) in both suckling and adult rat intestine. Messenger RNA encoding the minor component (RHL-2/3) was detected in total RNA extracted from rat ileum. Calcium-specific binding of porcine or rat haptocorrin-[ 57 Co] cobalamin complexes was detected in the brush border membranes of distal suckling rat and porcine small intestine. This binding was almost completely blocked by another asialoglycoprotein, asialofetuin. The pH optimum for binding was 6–9, with a K a of 0.25 nmol/L and a capacity of 4.6 fmol/mg protein. These properties, with the exception of the low capacity, are all consistent with those of the intact receptor on hepatocytes. The intestinal receptor was localized not to the basolateral membrane, as in the liver, but to the apical brush border, as suggested by the binding data. Furthermore, immunoperoxidase stains of paraffin-embedded tissue detected strong binding to the brush border and apical phagolysosome of mid and distal suckling rat intestine. These data show that, contrary to expectations, the minor components of the asialoglycoprotein receptor are functional and expressed in the apical membrane of the suckling intestine. The abundance of the protein by Western blot suggests possible roles for it in the neonatal gut other than haptocorrin binding.
Absolute Ages Aren't Exactly

The time scales of important events and processes in geology and archaeology are ascertained through measurements of radioisotopes. The accuracy of the dating depends critically on how well known the radioactive decay constants are. In their Perspective, Renne, Karner, and Ludwig discuss the role that discrepancies in decay constants play in the accuracy of radioisotope dating. As dating measurements become increasingly precise, geochronologists will have to confront these kinds of systematic errors.
Loss of TIP1;1 aquaporin in Arabidopsis leads to cell and plant death

Arabidopsis TIP1;1 (gammaTIP) is a member of the tonoplast family of aquaporins (AQP). Using RNA interference (RNAi) we reduced TIP1;1 to different extent in various lines. When most severely affected, miniature plants died, a phenotype partially complemented by the TIP1;1 homolog McMIP-F. Less severely affected lines produced small plants, early senescence, and showed lesion formation. The relative water content in TIP1;1 RNAi plants was not significantly affected. Global expression profiling suggested a disturbance in carbon metabolism in RNAi lines with upregulated transcripts for functions in carbon acquisition and respiration, vesicle transport, signaling and transcription, and radical oxygen stress. Metabolite profiles showed low glucose, fructose, inositol, and threonic, succinic, fumaric, and malic acids, but sucrose levels were similar to WT. Increased amounts were found for raffinose and several unknown compounds. TIP1;1 RNAi plants also contained high starch and apoplastic carbohydrate increased. A GFP-TIP1;1 fusion protein indicated tonoplast location in spongy mesophyll cells, and high signal intensity in palisade mesophyll associated with vesicles near plastids. Signals in vascular tissues were strongest not only in vesicle-like structures but also outlined large vacuoles. Compromised routing of carbohydrate and lack of sucrose provision for cell-autonomous functions seems to characterize this RNAi phenotype. We suggest a function for TIP1;1 in vesicle-based metabolite routing through or between pre-vacuolar compartments and the central vacuole. Phenotype and expression characteristics support a view of TIP1;1 functioning as a marker for vesicles that are targeted to the central vacuole.
A comparison of reinforcement efficiency of various types of carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile fiber

Abstract Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite fibers were spun from solutions in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), using single wall (SWNTs), double wall (DWNTs), multi wall (MWNTs) carbon nanotubes, and vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs). In each case, CNT content was 5 wt% with respect to the polymer. Structure, morphology, and properties of the composite fibers have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, tensile tests, dynamic mechanical tests, as well as thermal shrinkage. While all nanotubes contributed to property improvements, maximum increase in modulus (75%) and reduction in thermal shrinkage (up to 50%) was observed in the SWNT containing composites, and the maximum improvement in tensile strength (70%), strain to failure (110%), and work of rupture (230%) was observed in the MWNTs containing composites. PAN orientation is higher in the composite fiber (orientation factor up to 0.62) than in the control PAN fiber (orientation factor 0.52), and the PAN crystallite size in the composite fiber is up to 35% larger than in the control PAN (3.7 nm), while the overall PAN crystallinity diminished slightly. Nanotube orientation in the composite fibers is significantly higher (0.98 for SWNTs, 0.88 for DWNTs, and 0.91 for MWNTs and VGCNFs) than the PAN orientation (0.52–0.62). Improvement in low strain properties (modulus and shrinkage) was attributed to PAN interaction with the nanotube, while the improvement in high strain properties (tensile strength, elongation to break, and work of rupture) at least in part is attributed to the nanotube length. Property improvements have been analyzed in terms of nanotube surface area and orientation.
Effect of the time interval between fusion and activation on nuclear state and development in vitro and in vivo of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

This study indicated that prolonged exposure of donor cell nuclei to oocyte cytoplasm before activation results in abnormal chromatin morphology, and reduced development to compacted morula/blastocyst stage in vitro. However, after transfer of embryos to recipients, there was no difference in pregnancy rates throughout gestation. Chromatin morphology was evaluated for embryos held 2, 3, 4 and 5 h between fusion and activation. In embryos held 2 h, 15/17 (88.2%) embryos contained condensed chromosomes, while only 12/24 (50.0%) embryos held 3 h exhibited this characteristic. The proportion of embryos with elongated or fragmented chromosomes tended to increase with increased hold time. While 15/19 (78.9%) of embryos held 2 h developed a single pronucleus 6 h after activation, only 8/22 (36.4%) had one pronucleus after a 4-h hold. Embryos held 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 h cleaved at rates of 207/281 (73.7%), 142/166 (85.5%), 655/912 (71.8%), 212/368 (57.6%), 406/667 (60.9%), 362/644 (56.2%) and 120/228 (52.6%) respectively. Further development to compacted morula/blastocyst stage occurred at rates of 78/281 (27.8%), 42/166 (25.3%), 264/912 (28.9%), 79/368 (21.5%), 99/667 (14.8%), 94/644 (14.6%) and 27/228 (11.8%) respectively. Embryos held less than 2.5 h between fusion and activation established pregnancies in 18/66 (27.3%) of recipients, while embryos held over 2.5 h established pregnancies at a rate of 17/57 (29.8%). This study indicates that holding bovine nuclear transfer embryos less than 2.5 h between fusion and activation results in improved nuclear morphology and increased development to compacted morula/blastocyst stage, and results in pregnancy rates equivalent to embryos held over 2.5 h.
Treatment of Advanced Carpometacarpal Joint Disease: Arthrodesis

Thumb carpometacarpal arthritis is a common condition that may result in debilitating pain and loss of acceptable hand function. If patients continue to be symptomatic after a trial of nonoperative management, many surgical options exist in the treatment of carpometacarpal arthritis. For isolated trapeziometacarpal arthritis, arthrodesis is a viable option to create a pain free, strong, and stable thumb.
Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror

Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror. Jeffrey A. Sluka. ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. vii. 260 pp., illustrations, photographs, index.
A metric property of period doubling for nonisosceles trapezoidal maps on an interval

On etudie une propriete metrique du dedoublement de periode pour des applications trapezoidales non isoceles sur l'intervalle
An Integrated Approach to Group Technology Part Family Data Base Design Based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Abstract Implementation of Group Technology in Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) demands more advanced methods to satisfy today's requirements imposed by the development of CIM. In this research, an integrated approach for G.T. applications using Artificial Intelligence methods is developed. Pattern recognition methods are applied to generate a customized G.T. coding scheme, to form initial part families, and to classify new parts into part families. The system has been tested using real industrial data with good results.
Comparison of Sudden and Nonsudden Coronary Deaths in the United States

Background The present study was designed to compare risk factor prevalences in coronary heart disease deaths in persons dying within 1 hour of onset of cardiovascular symptoms (sudden coronary death), those dying without such sudden symptoms (nonsudden coronary death), and those with unknown duration of symptoms before death (other coronary death). Methods and Results Data from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey and the US Bureau of the Census were examined to assess death rates for sudden, nonsudden, and other coronary deaths. Multivariate logistic regression methods were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR), compared with nonsudden and other coronary deaths, for sudden coronary death associated with socioeconomic status variables, the person’s location at death, and coronary heart disease risk factors. Mortality rates for all coronary deaths increased with age, were higher for men than women, and increased with decreasing years of schooling. The rate of sudden coronary death was highest for...
Recent results from RD50

Abstract The luminosity upgrade of the large hadron collider (SLHC) at CERN will require the innermost layers of the vertex detectors to achieve excellent performances up to fluences of about 10 16 hadrons cm - 2 . New solid state detectors are currently being developed by the CERN RD50 collaboration. In this paper recent results on magnetic Czochralski, epitaxial, and oxygen-enriched silicon will be presented. The development of novel 3D and semi-3D devices will also be discussed.
Dying for Coal: The Struggle for Health and Safety Conditions in American Coal Mining, 1930–82

T1his paper examines the determinants of fatal and nonfatal coal mining injuries in the U.S. from 1930-82. Three theoretical orientations are considered as explanations for the long-term secular decline in both fatal and nonfatal injury rates during this period: state regulation, industrial business climate, and resource mobilization theory. Previous research has pointed to the importance of state regulatory and enforcement activity as the key determinant in lower injury rates and has neglected features of the industrial business climate and the collective capacities of miners to organize effectively against unsafe conditions. The results of multivariate time series analyses suggest that these neglected factors are equally or more important than state regulatory efforts for the improved health and safety conditions in American coal mining. Several of the statistical results are illustrated by reference to the events surrounding the 1984 accident in the Wilberg mine in Utah which killed 27 persons. It is suggested that state regulation and enforcement of safety standards should be encompassed under the resource mobilization perspective. On December 19, 1984 an explosion and fire ripped through the Wilberg Mine in Orangeville, Utah killing 27 persons. About 90 others escaped through one of two open exits in the mine. The fire probably started when a bearing on a conveyer belt overheated about 5,000 feet into the mine and created sparks which, combined with coal dust or spillage, caused the *Earlier drafts of this paper were presented in 1985, at the ASTON/UMIST Conference on Control of Labour Process, and in 1986, at the meetings of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. I thank Jong Soo Do for his assistance in gathering much of the data for this analysis. I also thank several people for their generous comments on earlier drafts: Daniel Cornfield, Wllliam Form, Larry Griffin, Robert Kaufman, Laurie Krivo, Toby Parcel, Charles Perrow, Beth Rubin, Verta Taylor, Charles Tilly, and two anonymous referees. I, of course, remain responsible for all errors of omission and commission. Address correspondence to the author, Sociology Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 ? 1987 The University of North Carolina Press
System‐ready behaviors for integration

A generic set of behaviors is described for devices so that they can be reliably and readily used as subsystems in an automated systems environment. The automated systems discussed here are constructed of multiple functional subsystems, arrayed hierarchically under a system supervisor. Such systems are typical of those popularly deployed in the chemical laboratory. These systems have had mixed success in the analytical chemistry arena, largely because they are difficult to construct—integrate—and because it is difficult to engineer them to operate reliably. The behaviors described in this article are intended to make devices more simple to integrate as subsystems into a system and to ensure they will operate reliably in that role. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 9: 113–118, 1997.
Maternal factors that enhance the acquisition of group-B streptococci by newborn infants

Summary Bacteriological and clinical data in respect of 113 mothers who were vaginal carriers of group-B streptococci at the time of labour, and of their 113 infants, were examined for factors that contributed to mother-infant transmission of these micro-organisms. A semi-quantitative system (1 + = 1-10, 2 + = 11-50, and 3 + = > 50 colonies) was used to record the heaviness of growth in all positive primary cultures. Positive cultures at birth or at the time of discharge from hospital (or both) were obtained from 44/66 of the infants of mothers with 3 + vaginal cultures (67%), but from only 17/47 of the infants of mothers with 2 + or 1 + cultures (36%; p < 0-005). Of 38 infants who gave positive cultures at birth, 32 (84%) were born to mothers with 3 + vaginal cultures. At birth, infants born to heavily colonised mothers were more often positive at multiple sites and were more heavily contaminated than infants born to lightly colonised mothers. However, nearly one-half of the infants whose swabs were first positive on discharge were born to mothers with 2 + or 1 + swabs. When the mothers had been in labour for > 6 h after rupture of the membranes, the proportion of infants yielding positive cultures at birth was higher (47%) than the proportion for infants of mothers in labour for a lesser time after membrane rupture (27%; p<0-05), but there was no difference between the two groups in the eventual isolation rate (at birth-I-at discharge). Although the distribution of group-B streptococcal serotypes was similar for mothers and infants, mothers carrying serotype-III strains delivered infants positive at birth more frequently than did mothers carrying all other serotypes. The most important predictive factor determining neonatal acquisition of group-B streptococci appeared to be the number of group-B streptococci in the maternal vagina at the time of labour.
Common KCNH2 Polymorphism (K897T) as a genetic modifier of congenital long QT syndrome

in none of 34 controls. None of these mutations was found in the 200 normal alleles. Mutations in SCN5A were found in 8/16 (50%) SIDS cases, in KCNH2 in 6/16 (37%) cases and in KCNQ1 in 2/16 (13%) cases. The conclusions of this still ongoing study have to take into account the fact that 35-40% of patients unquestionably affected by LQTS still escape identification of the responsible mutation. Thus, the present findings strongly suggest that LQTS accounts for 12-15% of SIDS victims. As sudden death due to LQTS can be effectively prevented, early identification and proper therapy of the affected infants becomes imperative. This requires the performance of an ECG during the first month of life.
A country-cluster analysis of the distribution and promotion infrastructure in Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract A country-cluster scheme is developed in this paper classifying 18 countries of Central and Eastern Europe in terms of their overall attractiveness for international marketing. These 18 countries include Albania, Belarus, Bosnia–Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia–Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine. When companies examine and evaluate the potential countries for international marketing opportunity, they not only look at the demand potential of the country but also the logistics of marketing operations in the country. While all 4 Ps of marketing are regulated by the government, the availability of infrastructure for efficient distribution and promotion of products is a critical consideration for selection of a country. This is so because compared to the other 2 Ps of marketing mix, i.e. product and price decisions, the success of distribution (place) and promotion decisions is relatively more out of the control of marketers, being tied to the availability of infrastructure. Accordingly, this country-cluster scheme is developed in two stages. First, selected demographic and economic indicators are analyzed to asses the overall market potential and economic strength of the country. Next, several factors related to distribution and promotion of goods in these countries are examined in detail. Finally, the two sets of classification schemes above are combined to develop a two-dimensional country-cluster matrix (demographic–economic as the first dimension and distribution–promotion as the second dimension). The aggregate analysis reveals three country clusters. Cluster 1, the most promising group of countries (attractive on both dimensions) includes Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine. Cluster 3, the least promising group of countries (attractive on neither dimension) includes Albania, Bosnia–Herzegovina, Macedonia and Serbia–Montenegro. Cluster 2 includes countries which are either moderate in terms of attractiveness on both dimensions or countries with a trade-off between two dimensions (one high, other low). Cluster 2 includes Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Slovenia. Implications for international marketing and future research directions are discussed.
Hydromineral regulation in decapod crustacea

Experimental evidence is presented suggesting the presence of a brain factor in the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii, which increases the concentration of chloride in the blood and the influx of sodium from the medium. This factor, which is also present in the thoracic cord, is heat-stable and nondialyzable, and can be partially separated by column chromatography. A substance similar in action to the crayfish active factor is found in the brain of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii but is absent from a marine shrimp Spirontocaris marmoratus and two species of marine crabs. A substance which decreases the concentration of chloride and the influx of sodium and water seems to be present in the marine animals. Chloride concentration of the blood of marine crabs placed in dilute media decreases after eyestalk removal or injection of thoracic ganglionic extract. On the other hand, there is an increase in the concentration of chloride in a freshwater crab placed in tap water under similar experimental conditions. The physiological state of the animal, affected either by the molt or by seasonal cycle, greatly influences the effectiveness of the neuroendocrine hydromineral regulation. The Na+K+-stimulated, Mg++-dependent ATPase activity of the gill and kidney is influenced by environment salinity changes and neuroendocrine factors.
Rutherford and the Science of His Day

It is a great honour and privilege to present the Rutherford Memorial Lecture here; and doing so has provided me with many opportunities to revive memories and to re-examine the whole range of Rutherford’s monumental contributions to science, a subject that is evergreen and an endless source of interest, enlightenment and inspiration. This has given me much pleasure and gratification. As my title indicates, what I shall say is essentially of an historical nature, and this perhaps needs some justification before a scientific audience. It might be more appropriate - as indeed has been the practice of many Rutherford Memorial lecturers - to describe or review some recent developments that represent in some way a sequel to Rutherford’s life-work. There are two obstacles to my doing this: first, it is several years since I have been actively engaged in research, so that anything that I might attempt in this direction would be stale, or perhaps worse, second-hand. Second, it is no simple task to delineate the sequel to Rutherford’s scientific opus : there is little in physics or chemistry today in which one cannot trace the profound influence of Rutherford’s discoveries, or those of his collaborators and disciples. Much of modern science forms, in one way or another, the sequel to his life’s work. Even to review retrospectively the immense scope of this work itself, and the genesis and growth of its influence, is quite a challenge. So I have not only to justify the choice of an historical discourse, but, still more demanding, to try to do justice to a most impressive subject.
Poorly Treated or Unrecognized GERD Reduces Quality of Life in Patients with COPD

Background The effect of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in COPD has never been assessed.
MULTIPLE BUCKLED STATES OF RECTANGULAR PLATES

Abstract We consider the buckling of a simply supported plate subjected to a constant edge thrust λ. The aspect ratio l is such that the critical thrust (the first bifurcation point of the associated non-linear eigenvalue problem) is of multiplicity two. A study of the non-linear static problem indicates that there are nine possible equilibrium states. One of these corresponds to the unbuckled state while the remaining eight represent buckled states. A linear stability analysis and a calculation of the potential energy of each of the static solutions indicates that four of the solutions are stable and five are unstable.
Hepatitis A Virus Translation Is Rate-Limiting for Virus Replication in MRC-5 Cells

Abstract Translation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA is controlled by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) located within the 5′ untranslated region (UTR). In some cell types, the characteristically slow growth of HAV may be due to inefficient viral translation. We investigated whether this is true in MRC-5 cells, which are used for vaccine production. We measured the impact of two clusters of mutations in the 5′ UTR on virus translation and replication: the AG group was selected during passage in African green monkey kidney cells, and the MR group was selected during subsequent passage in MRC-5 cells. The efficiency of cap-independent translation was assessed by inserting cDNA encoding an HAV IRES upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene and transcription was drivenin vivoby a hybrid T7/vaccinia virus system. A luciferase gene was inserted upstream of the IRES to serve as an internal control. Each HAV UTR was also inserted into an infectious cDNA clone; the average rate of viral RNA accumulation was determined for each mutant virus. In MRC-5 cells, the rate of virus replication was highly correlated with the efficiency of cap-independent translation (P= 0.006). The MR but not the AG mutations significantly increased both translation and viral RNA accumulation. Reversion of just one MR mutation (687 G to A) eliminated all of the replication-stimulating and translation-enhancing effects of the MR mutations. In the control BS-C-1 cells, there was no discernible correlation between the rate of virus replication and the efficiency of cap-independent translation (P= 0.136): the AG and MR groups combined had a small impact on translation, but no detectable impact on virus replication. We conclude that in MRC-5 cells viral translation is rate-limiting for HAV replication.
16-year experience at m. D. Anderson cancer center with primary ki-1 (CD30) antigen expression and anaplastic morphology in adult patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma

One hundred and seven adult cases of untreated diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) were retrospectively analyzed for primary CD30 antigen expression, anaplastic morphology, and long-term prognosis. Tissue samples from 36 patients stained strongly for CD30, and of these, 22 showed anaplastic morphology. Patients with CD30-positive DLCL presented more frequently with skin involvement, constitutional symptoms, more advanced Ann Arbor stage disease, and at a younger age when compared to patients with CD30-negative DLCL. Both groups had a similar complete response rate (78%). Patients with CD30-positive DLCL had a favorable survival rate when compared to patients with CD30-negative DLCL, although the difference was not statistically significant (73% vs. 55%, p = 0.28). Among the CD30-positive DLCL patients, those with anaplastic morphology presented more frequently with extranodal disease and T-cell phenotype when compared to patients with non-anaplastic morphology, but both groups had similar rates of complete response and long-term survival. All 107 patients were treated initially with a doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy regimen. These findings suggest a favorable outlook for adult patients with DLCL that has primary CD30 antigen expression regardless of the presence or absence of anaplastic morphology. Which support our previous observations.
PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF PISTACHIOS

Physical and thermal properties of pistachios were evaluated as functions of moisture content at room temperature. The moisture content of pistachios ranged from 40% wet basis at harvest time to a minimum of 5%. The length, width and thickness of pistachios increased with increasing moisture content as represented by third-degree regression equations. The bulk density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and bulk thermal conductivity increased linearly with moisture content. The specific gravity, surface area, and bulk thermal diffusivity decreased linearly with moisture content.
Oxidation of methionine causes a change in the electrophoretic mobility of the major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane

Abstract The major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane (glycophorin A) was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide under conditions which converted methionine to methionine sulphoxide. The oxidation resulted in a change in electrophoretic mobility. The original PAS-1 form was recovered by reduction of the oxidized protein with 2-mercaptoethanol. This phenomenon has interesting physiological implications.
Defect microchemistry at the SiO2/Si interface.

The intrinsic oxide decomposition reaction Si+Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2SiO\ensuremath{\uparrow} at the Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$/Si interface is shown to be nucleated at existing defect sites prior to the growth of physical oxide voids. At lower temperatures than needed for void formation, these defects become electrically active, leading to low-field dielectric break-down unless sufficient ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is available (low concentrations). The systematics of the required ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ suggests strongly that it reverses the initial decomposition by reoxidizing the SiO product at the interface.
A New Antifouling Bioassay Monitoring Brown Algal Spore Swimming Behaviour in the Presence of Echinoderm Extracts

Epibiosis, the colonization of biogenic surfaces by epibiotic organisms such as bacteria, filamentous algae, and sessile invertebrates, poses a major threat to the fitness and survival of macroorganisms which could potentially be fouled. Fouling of artificial submerged structures can also cause severe economic problems, making the need for refined bioassays to determine the efficacy of potential antifouling compounds even more important. The aim of this study was to use the distinct swimming behaviour of zoospores of the fouling brown alga Hincksia irregularis to develop a new laboratory antifouling bioassay to test the effect of marine natural products. Spores were exposed to different concentrations of aqueous and organic extracts from body walls of sympatric echinoderms (Asteroidea: Luidia clathrata, Astropecten articulatus; Ophiuroidea: Astrocyclus caecilia). Computer-assisted motion analysis was used to distinguish between the straight and fast swimming movements of undisturbed spores (controls) and ...
Effects of various periods of food deprivation on serotonin synthesis in the lateral hypothalamus.

One hr following an infusion of 3H-L-tryptophan, the lateral hypothalamus was perfused with physiological bacteriostatic saline for 40 min. Samples of perfusate, which corresponded to 75–90 min post-infusion, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography for estimation of 3H-labelled L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The results indicate that tryptophan uptake and serotonin synthesis are enhanced as a function of hours of food deprivation.
The royal derwent hospital in tasmania: historical perspectives on the meaning of community psychiatry.

SynopsisThroughout the history of the hospital, local social institutions, formal and informal, tended to perform casualty and receiving functions so that the Royal Derwent has always served as institution of last resort. Case books show that both illnesses and treatment conformed to those familiar elsewhere in the British Empire and developed no local peculiarities. The records provide epidemiological evidence of a dramatic decline in incidence of first admission for psychosis after the period when convict transportation created a high rate of social dependency.
Applying an occupational classification to the work histories of young men and women.

Abstract Holland's occupational classification was used to analyze the work histories of a national representative sample of young men and women ages 14 through 24. Hypotheses tested were concerned with the psychological orderliness of occupational changes, the relationship between occupational experiences and aspirations, and the relationship between consistent occupational codes and the stability of work histories. The analyses supported the usefulness of the occupational classification for organizing the work histories of both young men and young women. For both sexes, the classification reflected regular patterns of job changes. The category of a person's earlier job was an efficient predictor of a person's subsequent jobs; likewise, the category of a person's current job forecasted the category of his vocational aspiration. The consistency of an occupational code was also related to job stability for whites but not for blacks.
An improved method of synthesis of neplanocin and related cyclopentenyl-containing nucleosides

Abstract A facile one-step condensation of the cyclopentenyl α,-tosylate 2c with the alkali metal salts of 6-chloropurine and uracil, afforded the protected carbocyclic nucleosides 5a and 8 , respectively, which were converted to neplanocin a ( 6 ) and cyclopentenyl uracil ( 9 ) by established methods.
Ultrastructure of fossil dentinal collagen.

Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of certain well-preserved fossil teeth treated with phosphotungstic acid and uranyl acetate showed the fine intraperiod detail of collagen. In specimens where this detail was absent there was a corresponding reduction in hydrolyzable proteinaceous residue.