cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesions of cat sacrocaudal spinal cord: a minimally disruptive model of injury.

ABSTRACT As part of our studies of the organization of the cat sacrocaudal spinal cord (S3–Ca7), the portion of the neuraxis that innervates the tail, we have begun to evaluate the behavioral effects of hemisection or complete transection at the level of Ca1. Clinical observations that the tail strongly deviated to the side of a hemisection indicated the presence of an ipsilateral hypertonia. After complete transection of the spinal cord, the tail became ventroflexed in a midline position and exhibited spasticity, i.e., hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and clonus. Bowel and bladder functions and hindlimb gait and reflexes remained intact following either lesion. Quantitative behavioral measures corroborated our clinical observations. With the tail tethered to a force transducer, tail muscle tone was measured after the tail was passively positioned. Following a transection, resistance to dorsiflexion of the tail was greater than resistance to ventroflexion. In addition, tonic deviation of the tail was documented...
Three-phase induction motor design optimization using the modified Hooke-Jeeves method

ABSTRACT A new method of computer-aided design optimization of a three-phase induction motor is proposed. Due to the highly non-linear nature of the design optimization problem an approach using the modified Hooke-Jeeves method is employed. The optimization of the objective function (motor efficiency) is deduced in terms of eight independent motor design variables which are then used to predict seven performance indices and the cost index of the machine. The method is applied to optimize the design of a 5-HP motor. The results obtained are compared with those of an optimally designed motor [3].
Synthesis of sialoglycoconjugates during dimethylsufoxide-induced erythrodifferentiation of friend leukemia cells

We have previously shown that erythroid differentiation of Friend murine leukemia cells by dimethylsulfoxide results in a decrease in sialic acid content and net negative surface charge. The mechanism responsible for the decrease in sialic acid content was examined by measuring the synthesis of sialic acid from N-acetylmannosamine and its catabolic removal from sialoconjugates during the maturation process. A decrease in the incorporation of N-[3H]acetylmannosamine into sialoglycoconjugates occurred as early as 12 h after exposure to dimethylsulfoxide. Radioactivity incorporated into sialoglycoconjugates was relatively stable in untreated and dimethyl-sulfoxide-treated cells, implying that catabolic removal of sialic acid residues was not a factor in the decreased surface sialic acid content of differentiated erythroleukemia cells. In addition, no difference existed between control and treated cells in sialyltransferase activity. Significant decreases occurred, however, in the incorporation of radioactivity from N-[3H]acetylmannosamine into N-acetylneuraminic acid, CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid and a material tentatively identified as N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate, 48 h after the addition of dimethylsulfoxide. The decrease in sialic acid biosynthesis in differentiated erythroleukemia cells was reflected by an 83% decrease in the amount of radioactively-labeled sialic acid released by neuraminidase treatment of cells exposed to dimethylsulfoxide. These findings are consistent with a cellular aging phenomenon triggered by the polar solvent-induced differentiation of the leukemic cells into more mature forms.
On the theory of multiGigabit transceiver implementations

The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is the fundamental bottleneck to scaling mostly digital communication transceiver architectures to multiGigabit speeds: high-precision, high-speed ADCs are too costly, too power-hungry, or simply not available. One possible approach to this problem is to use drastically lower ADC precision in the receiver. However, the insertion of a severe nonlinearity in the transceiver chain implies that we must comprehensively rethink signal processing for communication, which is largely based on linear models. After reviewing what Shannon theory tells us, we discuss recent results on demodulation, automatic gain control, and transmit precoding.
Behavioral and physiological measures for studying ethanol dependence in mice.

Abstract In the initial experiment, 20 male and 20 female heterogeneous stock (HS) mice were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. Ethanol was administered in liquid diet form to the experimental group in increasing dosages for a 9-day period followed by behavioral and physiological tests to determine differences between groups and genders 6 to 7 he post-withdrawal. Analysis of data showed significant differences between the ethanol-treated and control groups for at least six of the measures. In addition, significant gender differences and significant interactions between gender and treatment group were found for four of the measures; in all of these cases, females appeared to exhibit a less severe withdrawal syndrome than males. In a second experiment, no gender difference in rate of ethanol disappearance from the blood could be found in 36 HS mice tested at 1 to 3 hr post-withdrawal.
Victorian Exhibition Culture: The Market Then and the Museum Today

This essay examines the dialectical relationship between the formation of the commercial art market in London over the course of the second half of the nineteenth century and the representation of Victorian art in museum displays of recent decades. With respect to the latter, the essay provides an overview of recent monographic and group exhibitions devoted to Victorian art. It reveals, through the examination of the twinned phenomena of the commercial art market and museological practice, the central role played by exhibition culture in our understanding of Victorian art. It closes by posing questions as to how we might improve our interpretation of Victorian art and culture as presented through museum exhibitions and displays.
Two adjustable waterfalls for evaluating fish jumping performance

Abstract Instream obstacles such as low-head dams and waterfalls are important in fisheries management because they can restrict the movement of fishes. This can have detrimental or beneficial effects on a fish population, depending on whether a particular structure operates as a barrier to migration or as a barrier to invasion. We developed flashboard-type and flume-type adjustable waterfalls in the laboratory to study the effects of waterfall height and plunge pool depth on fish jumping performance. Our ultimate goal was to provide a quantitative method of evaluating pool-and-weir fish passage structures and waterfall barriers that could be applied to field situations. The adjustable waterfalls were successfully tested using adult Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis. The flashboard waterfall worked well in experiments where the combined waterfall height and plunge pool depth were less than the depth of the raceway. The flume waterfall worked well for the same conditions, but as de...
ISOLATION, SUBUNIT STRUCTURE, AND PROTEOLYTIC MODIFICATION OF BOVINE FACTOR VIII*

A new method has been described for the isolation of factor VIII. The method results in a high yield of factor VIII that is homogeneous by several different criteria. The purified protein is very stable and is not dissociated in the presence of 1 M NaCl or 0.25 M CaCl2. The highly purified protein is readily activated and inactivated by various proteolytic enzymes, such as thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin. The molecular events that lead to the activation reaction, however, have not been established.
Effects of Uncertainty in Climate Inputs on Simulated Evapotranspiration and Runoff in the Western Arctic

Abstract Hydrological models require accurate precipitation and air temperature inputs in order to adequately depict water fluxes and storages across Arctic regions. Biases such as gauge undercatch, as well as uncertainties in numerical weather prediction reanalysis data that propagate through water budget models, limit the ability to accurately model the terrestrial arctic water cycle. A hydrological model forced with three climate datasets and three methods of estimating potential evapotranspiration (PET) was used to better understand the impact of these processes on simulated water fluxes across the Western Arctic Linkage Experiment (WALE) domain. Climate data were drawn from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NNR) (NCEP1), a modified version of the NNR (NCEP2), and the Willmott–Matsuura (WM) dataset. PET methods applied in the model were Hamon, Penman–Monteith, and Penman–Monteith using adjusted vapor pressure data. High vapor pressures in the NNR lead to low simulated evapotranspiration (ET) in model runs usi...
Could You Explain My Grade?” The Pedagogical and Administrative Virtues of Grading Sheets

The scenario is as unpleasant for the teacher as it is for the student. After spending countless hours trudging through a stack of mind-numbingly repetitive bluebooks, the teacher has finally returned graded midterm exams to her class. With grading safely in the past, she gleefully returns to other teaching, publishing, and personal responsibilities. At least she tries to—until a concerned student appears at the office door asking her to explain the points she assigned to a given answer. She flips to the relevant page of the bluebook and discovers no comments in the margin. The teacher is now on the spot to rack her brain for the reasoning that justified the score she assigned several days or even weeks before and explain to the student clearly and accurately why he did not receive full credit. The student is in a likewise awkward position, wondering how much thought went into the grade the first time around.
Protein-based interpenetrating networks (IPN) for tissue scaffolds/drug release

This study examined the effects of gelatin backbone modification with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride or monomethoxypolyethyleneglycol monoaldehyde, gelatin weight percent, environmental pH, and the molecular weight of polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGdA) on in vitro swelling/degradation kinetics, in vivo biocompatibility, and mechanical properties of IPNs. Increasing the molecular weight of PEGdA increased the maximum swelling ratio (R/sub max/) as well as the corresponding time to reach this ratio (T/sub max/). T/sub max/ was also increased by gelatin modification. Decreasing the gelatin weight percent decreased the swelling ratio at failure (R/sub fail/). Increasing PEGdA molecular weight, modifying the gelatin backbone, and changing the gelatin weight percent had no effect on the time to reach R/sub fail/ (T/sub fail/). A preliminary in vivo study showed statistically different inflammatory responses between the IPNs and empty cage controls after 4, 7, and 14 days. The Young's modulus, ultimate tensile stress and strain of 40 wt.% gelatin 60 wt.% PEGdA 2 K were determined to be 1.26/spl plusmn/0.14 N/mm/sup 2/, 0.39/spl plusmn/0.10 N/mm/sup 2/, and 0.49/spl plusmn/0.07 mm/mm respectively. These results revealed that the degradation kinetics can be varied and tailored for a specific tissue engineering and drug delivery need. Furthermore, gelatin modification provided a myriad of chemical constituents to influence the solubility and release kinetics of loaded therapeutic molecules.
Chlorite polytype geothermometry

Since the initial studies of chlorite polytypes, it has been suggested that the stability of the various polytypes may be a function of the temperature at which the mineral formed; however, few studies have been performed in which polytypes of chlorite in a specific suite of samples have been determined and correlated with temperature. A review of the reported occurrences of type I chlorite indicates that other factors, including grain size of the host rock, may be at least as important as temperature in controlling the stability of these polytypes. Results of systematic studies in areas of diagenesis and very low-grade metamorphism suggest that type-II chlorite is stable at temperatures well below 200°C and that it can form as the initial chlorite phase without passing through any intermediate polytypic stages. The conditions under which type-I polytypes occur are somewhat restricted, and cognizance of those restrictions will help to direct future studies of chlorite polytype transformations. These studies should focus on the structural details of polytype transformations; on the relationship of polytype stability to pressure, composition and kinetics; and on experimental calibration of the transformations.
Electronic spreadsheet technology in the teaching of accounting and taxation—Uses, limitations, and examples☆

Abstract Three advantages of using electronic spreadsheets in classroom settings are identified: 1. spreadsheets provide applied settings in which to learn their usage, 2. spreadsheets aid students in understanding complex accounting problems and 3. the power of spreadsheet templates can be demonstrated. We also identify three limitations of the classroom use of electronic spreadsheets: 1. the extra time commitment for faculty and students, 2. the inherent danger of reducing repetitive problem practice and 3. the lack of any pedagogical benefits in certain accounting contexts. These benefits and limitations are combined to form an overall pedagogical strategy. In addition, several spreadsheet templates are provided as illustrations for our arguments.
The behavior of estimated measures of association in small and moderate sample sizes for 2×3 tables

We consider the distributions of Goodman and Kruskal's G, Kendall's tau-b, and correlation coefficients rho and rho-s for sample sizes 10‘10’40 from 2×3 tables. The results are compared with asymptotic theory. It is found that the convergence of G to its asymptotic normal distribution is much slower than the convergence of the other measures to theirs, and that G is more likely to be significantly biased. However, the variances and biases of all four measures come close to their asymptotic values for quite moderate sample sizes.
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A BRYOFLORA OF NEVADA: BRYOPHYTES NEW FOR THE SILVER STATE, PART II

ABSTRACT Thirty-four mosses and two liverworts are reported new for the state of Nevada. The moss family Scouleriaceae is new for the state. Genera new for Nevada include: Blindia, Dichodontium, Eucladium, Molendoa, Orthodicranum, Porotrichum, Pterigynandrum, Rhizomnium, Roellia and Scouleria.
Rapid: Identifying Bug Signatures to Support Debugging Activities

Most existing fault-localization techniques focus on identifying and reporting single statements that may contain a fault. Even in cases where a fault involves a single statement, it is generally hard to understand the fault by looking at that statement in isolation. Faults typically manifest themselves in a specific context, and knowing that context is necessary to diagnose and correct the fault. In this paper, we present a novel fault-localization technique that identifies sequences of statements that lead to a failure. The technique works by analyzing partial execution traces corresponding to failing executions and identifying common segments in these traces, incrementally. Our approach provides developers a context that is likely to result in a more directed approach to fault understanding and a lower overall cost for debugging.
Early Postmolt Performance of Laying Hens Fed a Low-Protein Corn Molt Diet Supplemented with Spent Hen Meal

Abstract We used a total of 504 commercial Single Comb White Leghorn hens (69 and 65 wk of age) in each of two experiments, and hens were induced to molt by feed withdrawal only. Feed withdrawal lasted for 12 and 11 d, and hens lost 26 and 25%, body weight in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. All hens were then weighed, and seven replicate groups of 12 hens each were assigned to molt diet treatments. In Experiment 1, diets consisted of a corn basal diet (7.9% CP) or corn basal diet supplemented with 7.5 or 10% spent hen meal (SHM) each from two different sources. In Experiment 2, the corn basal diet or this diet supplemented with 5 or 10% SHM alone or 5% SHM plus Met, Lys, and Trp was evaluated. A molt diet of 16% CP corn-soybean meal was used as a positive control in both experiments. Molt diets were fed for 15 d in both experiments, at which time all hens were fed a 16% CP layer diet. Performance was measured for 8 wk following the beginning of feeding the layer diet. Feeding the low-protein corn molt diet supplemented with 5 to 10% SHM improved early postmolt egg production performance and body weight gain compared with hens fed the corn basal diet alone. The 7.5 and 10% SHM diets yielded early postmolt performance that was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that of hens fed the high-protein (16% CP) diet. Supplementing the 5% SHM diet with amino acids generally did not significantly improve performance. The present study thus indicates that improved early postmolt performance may be achieved by supplementation of a low-protein corn molt diet with 5 to 10% SHM.
Identification of katanin, an ATPase that severs and disassembles stable microtubules

Eukaryotic cells rapidly reorganize their microtubule cytoskeleton during the cell cycle, differentiation, and cell migration. In this study, we have purified a heterodimeric protein, katanin, that severs and disassembles microtubules to tubulin dimers. The disassembled tubulin can repolymerize, indicating that it is not irreversibly modified or denatured in the reaction. Katanin is a microtubule-stimulated ATPase and requires ATP hydrolysis to sever microtubules. Katanin represents a novel type of enzyme that utilizes energy from nucleotide hydrolysis to break tubulin-tubulin bonds within a microtubule polymer, a process that may aid in disassembling complex microtubule arrays within cells.
Ice initiation in warm-base convective clouds: An assessment of microphysical mechanisms

Abstract Ice initiation in convective clouds at relatively high temperatures is examined by considering nucleus concentrations for various nucleation modes and by calculating nucleation rates of supercooled cloud droplets and small raindrops for the most efficient capture mechanisms. Concentrations of ice nuclei aloft for contact-freezing and condensation-freezing at −8°C were found from recent studies to be of order 1 m −3 for small particles (0.01–0.1 μm diameter) increasing to about 30 m −3 for giant particles (≥ 1 μm diameter). Reevaluation of Blanchard's experiments onfreezing of supercooled raindrops shows consistency with these atmospheric concentrations for capture by impaction of giant ice nuclei. Calculations for impaction show that ice initiation is critically dependent on the existence of drizzle drops with threshold values of about 100–200 μm in diameter. In addition, cloud droplets can be frozen by thermophoretic capture of small ice nuclei in mixing regions near cloud top. Initial ice, however, occurs at only about 0.01 m −3 , perhaps reaching several orders of magnitude larger given the natural variability in ice nucleus concentrations. Such nucleation mechanisms are too weak to explain glaciation in warm-base cumulus clouds, but the initiation of frozen drizzle by impaction of giant ice nuclei can serve as a trigger for secondary ice production by rime-splintering. Several mechanisms for enhancing ice nucleation were evaluated (evaporative cooling, thermophoretic shock, high supersaturation and electric charge), but were found to increase ice concentrations only moderately. Only ice nucleus concentrations, enhanced by many orders of magnitude (by about 10 5 ), seem to readily explain the rapid formation of significant ice concentrations (> 11 −1 ) in warm-base cumulus clouds in the absence of secondary production. One potential process at cloud top (or in downdrafts) is the creation of “evaporation ice nuclei” from a small fraction of the residue of cloud droplets. The active substances may be scavenged from organic trace materials, forming a hydrophobic shell during evaporation with hydrogen bonds and anchoring sites aided by soluble materials such as sulfate. Further research is needed on processes, such as evaporation ice nuclei, capable of producing high concentrations of ice nuclei at relatively high temperatures (≥ −10°C).
Transverse Beam Matching Application for SNS

An automated transverse beam matching application has been developed for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) beam transport lines. The application is written within the XAL Java framework and the matching algorithm is based on the simplex optimization method. Other functionalities, such as emittance calculated from profile monitor measurements (adopted from a LANL Fortran code), profile monitor display, and XAL on-line model calculation, are also provided by the application. Test results obtained during the SNS warm linac commissioning will be reported. A comparison between the emittances obtained from this application and an independent Trace-3D routine will also be shown.
Constrained control of vehicle steering

In this paper we illustrate the development of “add-on” control schemes for vehicle applications based on reference governors and specially formulated Model Predictive Controllers. These schemes are normally inactive but become active when necessary to enforce pointwise-in-time constraints on vehicle variables and assist the driver in maintaining control of the vehicle. A specific case study is considered where reference governors and Model Predictive Controllers are applied to modify vehicle steering. The on-line computing effort associated with the reference governor (explicitly solvable scalar optimization problem) is generally less than of the Model Predictive Controller (simple and explicitly solvable parametric quadratic program), while the domain of recoverable states of the Model Predictive Controller (with an appropriately defined cost function and terminal set constraints) can be much larger. Systematic approaches to reduce on-line computing effort based on the use of simply characterized subsets of constraint feasible sets are proposed.
Upwind preview to a horizontal axis wind turbine: a wind tunnel and field-scale study

Data collected at the Eolos wind research facility and in the Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel are used to study the impact of turbulent inflow conditions on the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine on flat terrain. The Eolos test facility comprises a 2.5MW Clipper Liberty C96 wind turbine, a meteorological tower and a WindCube LiDAR wind profiler. A second set of experiments was completed using particle image velocimetry upwind and in a wake of a miniature turbine in the wind tunnel to complement LiDAR measurements near the Eolos turbine. Joint statistics, most notably temporal cross-correlations between wind velocity at different heights and turbine performance, are presented and compared at both the laboratory and field scales. The work (i) confirms that the turbine exerts a blockage effect on the mean flow and (ii) suggests a key, specific elevation, above hub height, where the incoming velocity signal is statistically most relevant to turbine operation and control. Wind tunnel measurements confirm such indication and suggest that hub height velocity measurements are optimal for wind preview and/or as input for active control strategies in aligned turbine configurations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilateral Tubo-Ovarian Abscesses Four Years After Total Abdominal Hysterectomy

BACKGROUND: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common gynecologic disorder. One known complication of PID is tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) formation. The predominant theory on TOA formation postulates that an ascending infection from the cervix through the uterus to the fallopian tubes and ovaries results in abscess formation. Other theories include seeding via a hematogenous infection, diverticular disease, and appendicitis. CASE: A 39-year-old female patient with abdominal pain was referred to our institution and was found to have a pelvic mass. After a thorough evaluation, surgical exploration revealed the presence of TOA. No evidence of gastrointestinal disease was present. The patient's history was significant for an uncomplicated total abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease of the uterus four years prior. Abscess cultures grew Streptococcus intermedius. CONCLUSION: This case reports the rare occurrence of TOA in a patient who had undergone an abdominal hysterectomy four years prior to presentation. If the patient reports a surgical history of prior hysterectomy, TOA is often stricken from consideration. Although unlikely, adnexal abscess formation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with abdominal pain and a pelvic mass, even with a remote history of hysterectomy.
Methods and principles in biomedical ethics

The four principles approach to medical ethics plus specification is used in this paper. Specification is defined as a process of reducing the indeterminateness of general norms to give them increased action guiding capacity, while retaining the moral commitments in the original norm. Since questions of method are central to the symposium, the paper begins with four observations about method in moral reasoning and case analysis. Three of the four scenarios are dealt with. It is concluded in the “standard” Jehovah’s Witness case that having autonomously chosen the authority of his religious institution, a Jehovah’s Witness has a reasonable basis on which to refuse a recommended blood transfusion. The author’s view of the child of a Jehovah’s Witness scenario is that it is morally required —not merely permitted —to overrule this parental refusal of treatment. It is argued in the selling kidneys for transplantation scenario that a fair system of regulating and monitoring would be better than the present system which the author believes to be a shameful failure.
The use of stochastic approximation to solve the system identification problem

The identification or modeling of a given plant or system seems to be of current interest with regard to control problems. In particular, attention is often focused upon the case in which the given system is assumed to be linear and time invariant with a rational transfer function whose order is known not to exceed some number n . In this case it is desired to estimate the poles and zeros of the transfer function or, alternatively, the coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials. This paper describes a method of estimating the coefficients based on certain results in stochastic approximation and optimum filter theory. This method is computationally simple and has a rate of convergence inversely proportional to the observation time. The method requires a knowledge of the correlation properties of the observation noise.
Hyperspectral Region Classification Using a Three-Dimensional Gabor Filterbank

A 3-D spectral/spatial discrete Fourier transform can be used to represent a hyperspectral image region using a dense sampling in the frequency domain. In many cases, a more compact frequency-domain representation that preserves the 3-D structure of the data can be exploited. For this purpose, we have developed a new model for spectral/spatial information based on 3-D Gabor filters. These filters capture specific orientation, scale, and wavelength-dependent properties of hyperspectral image data and provide an efficient means of sampling a 3-D frequency-domain representation. Since 3-D Gabor filters allow for a large number of spectral/spatial features to be used to represent an image region, the performance and efficiency of algorithms that use this representation can be further improved if methods are available to reduce the size of the model. Thus, we have derived methods for selecting features that emphasize the most significant spectral/spatial differences between the various classes in a scene. We demonstrate the performance of the 3-D Gabor features for the classification of regions in Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer hyperspectral data. The new features are compared against pure spectral features and multiband generalizations of gray-level co-occurrence matrix features.
The Impact of an Antibiotic Cycling Program on Empirical Therapy for Gram-Negative Infections

Background Antimicrobial-resistant organisms are an emerging problem in the ICU. Therapy cycling empiric antibiotics between various classes may influence bacterial resistance patterns. Understanding the impact of cycling on the appropriate treatment of suspected Gram-negative infections is important. Methods Data were prospectively collected on patients who were admitted to a 19-bed medical ICU (MICU). A total of 1,172 patients were admitted to the MICU for > 48 h and were evaluated during a 28.5-month period. After 4.5 months of baseline data collection, an antibiotic-cycling protocol was implemented, using four different antibiotic classes with Gram-negative activity that were cycled every 3 to 4 months. Therapy was considered to be inappropriate if the subsequent bacterial isolate was resistant to the empiric drug used. Results There were 59 bloodstream infections (BSIs), 17 ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs), and 101 urinary tract infections (UTIs) involving Gram-negative bacteria among 139 patients. Fifty-five infections (31%) were due to Gram-negative bacteria resistant to one or more antibiotic agents (BSIs, 18 [30%]; VAPs, 4 [23%]; and UTIs, 33 [33%]). Fifteen patients received inappropriate empiral therapy for 18 resistant Gram-negative infections (BSIs, 7 [39%]; VAPs, 3 [75%]; UTIs, 8 [24%]). Patients receiving inappropriate therapy were more likely to die (10 patients [67%] vs 40 patients [32%], respectively; p Conclusions Antimicrobial resistance occurred in almost 30% of ICU infections involving Gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic cycling was not associated with significant changes in the receipt of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of ICU infections.
Innate Immune Activation during Salmonella Infection Initiates Extramedullary Erythropoiesis and Splenomegaly

Systemic Salmonella infection commonly induces prolonged splenomegaly in murine or human hosts. Although this increase in splenic cellularity is often assumed to be due to the recruitment and expansion of leukocytes, the actual cause of splenomegaly remains unclear. We monitored spleen cell populations during Salmonella infection and found that the most prominent increase is found in the erythroid compartment. At the peak of infection, the majority of spleen cells are immature CD71−Ter119+ reticulocytes, indicating that massive erythropoiesis occurs in response to Salmonella infection. Indeed, this increase in RBC precursors corresponded with marked elevation of serum erythropoietin (EPO). Furthermore, the increase in RBC precursors and EPO production required innate immune signaling mediated by Myd88/TRIF. Neutralization of EPO substantially reduced the immature RBC population in the spleen and allowed a modest increase in host control of infection. These data indicate that early innate immunity to Salmonella initiates marked splenic erythropoiesis and may hinder bacterial clearance.
The Impact of Collaborative Curriculum Design on Teacher Professional Learning

Effective professional development programs for science teachers provide opportunities for active learning and teacher self-reflection on beliefs about science teaching, learning, and practice. One model that fosters active learning and promotes reflection is collaborative curriculum development, in which teachers work together with university facilitators to create curriculum materials. We used a two-case study design to investigate how teacher collaborative curriculum design (the first part of development, in which ideas for curriculum are created) impacted participant professional learning during a five-day summer institute. Interview or survey data were collected from 41 secondary biology teacher participants in two summer institutes. Results indicated that teachers experienced shifts in their science knowledge, beliefs about science, beliefs about science teaching and learning, and in their science teaching practice. We concluded that the curriculum design process, which can occur in a relatively short time period, can foster meaningful, task-oriented collaboration. The collaboration process provides the vehicle for active learning, where teachers can reflect on their beliefs while applying new knowledge to the classroom. Recommendations for other professional development programs along with a discussion of the program's unique philosophy are provided.
Heat Generation by Radioactive Wastes

Generalized numerical and anaytical methods were developed for estimating temperatures resulting from the storage of high-level wastes. Parametric relationships were considered, and solutions for the packed-bed, multi-region, variable-geometry, and variable-effective thermal conductivity systems were evaluated. Solutions of the heat equation in one space dimension were obtained for plane, cylindrical, and spherical geometries. Three computer codes were developed, tested for accuracy, and compared. The codes represent three approximations to the actual physical situation. An auxilary code was written to provide an estimate of the waste that could be put into a cavity when a maximum permissible temperature is specified. The accuracy of the solutions depends chiefly on the values of the input data and the variations of the parameters affecting the finite mesh and boundary conditions. The size of storage sites, the concentration of wastes, and the age of wastes have the greatest effect on the magnitude of the temperature.
Dynamic Response of a Pre-twisted Airfoil Blade in a Centrifugal Force Field

In this paper we derive the governing equations of motion of a pre-twisted rotating rectangular cantilever plate representing an airfoil blade based upon the Kirchoff-von Karman’s plate theory using Calculus of Variation and strain-energy formulation. Strain-displacement relationships include the effect of warping of the cross-section due to twist-bend coupling effect introduced as a result of pre-twist in the plate with rectangular cross-section. The governing equations of motion for the free vibration of the plate are transformed in an eigenvalue form using a RayleighRitz technique. The plate deformations are represented by a set of “admissible” sinusoidal Trial functions, which fully satisfy the geometric boundary conditions at the clamped end. The main advantage of this method is the explicit formulation of classical stiffness and mass matrices of the entire airfoil blade, which enables us to numerically solve different types of forced dynamical problems encountered in rotating machinery applications such as impact, flutter, rub-induced vibrations, etc. The results of the eigenvalue solution are presented in a non-dimensional form for plates of varying aspect ratios and different amounts of pre-twist in the plate. The numerical results are directly applicable in determining the static and running frequencies of a typical airfoil used in turbo-machinery.
Socioeconomic benefits of the nuclear industry in the EU to 2050

The European nuclear power industry currently supports 800,000 total jobs in the EU, including some 250,000 direct jobs across the 14 Member States operating nuclear energy facilities.Considering the need for nuclear new builds to 2050 to be in line with the European Commission “Energy Roadmap 2050”, the nuclear industry has the potential to generate up to 350,000 additional total jobs at peak in the EU to 2050 and to provide up to €25bn/year at peak of additional total added-value to the EU economy.
Impact of Native Parasites on the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in South Florida and Release of the Exotic Parasite, Eiphosoma vitticole (Hymenoptera: Ichnuemonidae)

The native parasites Chelonus insularis Cresson, Temelucha sp., and Apanteles marginiventris (Cresson) were the primary species attacking the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), in unsprayed field corn in South Florida from 25 March to 30 June 1980. Parasites destroyed 63% of each of the first four FAW instars, and C. insularis emerged from 71% of the parasitized larvae. Generally, parasitization rates followed closely the increase or decrease in FAW larval populations. Eiphosoma vitticole Cresson was not recovered from any of five study plots. Chelonus insularis and Temelucha sp. did not emerge from larvae having head capsule widths greater than 1.8 mm, and A. marginiventris did not emerge from larvae with head capsule widths greater than 1.2 mm. Larvae not producing parasites were classified as nonparasitized; 53% of these became adult moths, 23% did not feed on the diet and therefore starved, and 24% fed on the diet but died from unknown causes before pupation.
Politics and the Mass Media

In his new book Media and Politics, Lewis S. Ringel puts forward discussion and analysis of several of the important topics and sub-topics of this major subject. Ringel and his contributors examine the framers’ arguments for the First Amendment, as well as, the relationship between the media and politicians. Ringel goes on to examine the role of the media in elections and the interplay between news and entertainment. In addition, the reporting of foreign affairs and national security is discussed. Timely coverage of the new media, bloggers, and news show parodies, as well as, assessments of the media is also presented.
High-performance detection of somatic D-loop mutation in urothelial cell carcinoma patients by polymorphism ratio sequencing.

Utilizing a polymorphism ratio sequencing platform, we performed a complete somatic mutation analysis of the mitochondrial D-loop region in 14 urothelial cell carcinomas. A total of 28 somatic mutations, all heteroplasmic, were detected in 8 of 14 individuals (57.1 %). Insertion/deletion changes in unstable mono- and dinucleotide repeat segments comprise the most pervasive class of mutations (9 of 28), while two recurring single-base substitution loci were identified. Seven variants, mostly insertion/deletions, represent population shifts from a heteroplasmic germline toward dominance in the tumor. In four cases, DNA from matched urine samples was similarly analyzed, with all somatic variants present in associated tumors readily detectable in the bodily fluid. Consistent with previous findings, mutant populations in urine were similar to those detected in tumor and in three of four cases were more prominent in urine.
An Opportunity Space Odyssey: Analysis of Demand-Side Signaling Using Historical Artifacts

In one of the first expansive empirical analyses highlighting societal demand for entrepreneurship and innovation, I use historical artifacts and a cliometric model to analyze data spanning 97 year...
What Do Newspapers Say About Older Adults in the Workforce

Newspapers reach a large audience and play an important role in promoting or inhibiting public views of active and dignified aging. By examining newspaper articles, it is possible to study how portrayals of older adults in the workforce reflect positive or negative public perceptions of older adults. Findings indicate negative portrayals of older workers predominate in U.S. newspaper articles, and that these articles often report on problems experienced by older people in the workplace that are due to their age. This chapter discusses implications of the findings and concludes with the relationship between this study’s findings and the ageing agenda included in the 2002 Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging (MIPAA).
Positron emission tomographic measurement of bone marrow blood flow to the pelvis and lumbar vertebrae in young normal adults [published erratum appears in Blood 1994 Nov 15;84(10):3602]

Ten young normal adults had pelvic and lumbar vertebral body bone marrow blood flow examined using [15O]water and positron emission tomography (PET) in a study designed to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of the PET technique for measuring marrow blood flow to various marrow regions. The procedure was well tolerated. Repeated blood flow measurements obtained from two consecutive [15O]water exams on each individual subject were highly reproducible. In addition, there was minimal variation in marrow blood flow from individual to individual and no gender differences were noted. In contrast, mean+/-SD bone marrow blood flows (expressed as milliliters per minute per 100 g) at selected anatomical sites were significantly different and were as follows: lower lumbar vertebral bodies, 17.6+/-3.1; most posterior and superior pelvis (conventional site of percutaneous bone marrow biopsy), 14.3+/-3.1; and total superior pelvis, 11.1+/-2.0. We conclude that PET is a relatively noninvasive, simple, and reproducible technique for measuring bone marrow blood flow. Marrow blood flow is consistent between normal young subjects, but varies significantly between different anatomic regions of the marrow.
Key reactor system components in integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs)

Abstract The near-term SMRs are implementing a variety of integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) designs. However, the principle iPWR reactor coolant system components are typically identical in function to similar components in larger LWRs, but the size and, more significantly, the location of many of these components has been modified. This chapter discusses individual components associated with the integral reactor coolant system and external systems and components connected to the reactor coolant system. Key differences from current PWR designs along with PWR design commonalities are highlighted throughout the chapter.
Ecosystem carbon density and allocation across a chronosequence of longleaf pine forests.

Forests can partially offset greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation, mainly through increases in live biomass. We quantified carbon (C) density in 20 managed longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests ranging in age from 5 to 118 years located across the southeastern United States and estimated above- and belowground C trajectories. Ecosystem C stock (all pools including soil C) and aboveground live tree C increased nonlinearly with stand age and the modeled asymptotic maxima were 168 Mg C/ha and 80 Mg C/ha, respectively. Accumulation of ecosystem C with stand age was driven mainly by increases in aboveground live tree C, which ranged from <1 Mg C/ha to 74 Mg C/ha and comprised <1% to 39% of ecosystem C. Live root C (sum of below-stump C, ground penetrating radar measurement of lateral root C, and live fine root C) increased with stand age and represented 4-22% of ecosystem C. Soil C was related to site index, but not to stand age, and made up 39-92% of ecosystem C. Live understory C, forest floor C, downed dead wood C, and standing dead wood C were small fractions of ecosystem C in these frequently burned stands. Stand age and site index accounted for 76% of the variation in ecosystem C among stands. The mean root-to-shoot ratio calculated as the average across all stands (excluding the grass-stage stand) was 0.54 (standard deviation of 0.19) and higher than reports for other conifers. Long-term accumulation of live tree C, combined with the larger role of belowground accumulation of lateral root C than in other forest types, indicates a role of longleaf pine forests in providing disturbance-resistant C storage that can balance the more rapid C accumulation and C removal associated with more intensively managed forests. Although other managed southern pine systems sequester more C over the short-term, we suggest that longleaf pine forests can play a meaningful role in regional forest C management.
Synthesis, solid-state structure and reactivity of [PhTtPh]Cu1Dedicated to Professor Daryle H. Busch for his innovative work at the forefront of coordination chemistry and for the mentoring and continued friendship he provides.1

Abstract [Bu4N]PhTtPh(PhTtPh−=phenyltris((phenylthio)methyl)borate) reacts with [Cu(CH3CN)4]BF4, to yield [(PhTtPh)Cu·CH3CN], 1. In acetonitrile solution, 1 is monomeric. X-ray analysis shows that 1 forms an infinite, one-dimensional solid-state extended structure. Each copper ion is coordinated by three sulfur donors, two from one ligand and the third from a second ligand. The approximate tetrahedral coordination sphere is completed by an η2-phenyl from the phenyl ring attached to boron on the ligand providing a single thioether donor. Although 1 is stable to O2, and H2O, it reacts with PPh3, pyridine, or benzonitrile to yield the corresponding monomer, (PhTtPh)Cu(L) (L=PPh3, 2; py, 3; PhCN, 4).
Dofetilide-induced torsade de pointes in high-grade atrioventricular node dysfunction.

A 64-year-old woman received 29 mm Mosaic mitral bioprosthesis in 2010 after failure of valve repair attempt. Subsequently she underwent percutaneous insertion of tricuspid valve Biocor Epic 31 prosthesis, which was complicated by complete atrioventricular (AV) block requiring dual-chamber pacing with a conventional right atrial lead placement and an unfixed left ventricular lead in the coronary sinus. Six years later, she developed persistent atrial fibrillation, which was controlled with repeated cardioversion, dofetilide (250 μg twice daily) and warfarin for primary stroke prophylaxis. Eleven months later, she presented to the emergency department with episodes of profound dyspnoea and intermittent loss of consciousness. ECG demonstrated loss of ventricular pacing capture and non-sustained, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that represents torsade de pointes (TdP). AV block with loss of ventricular capture by a ventricular lead dysfunction yielded bradycardia, which was critical in generating this episode. Also, it was exacerbated by prolonged QT interval due to dofetilide treatment (figure 1). Figure 1 ECG at time of presentation showing non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes) with …
The Influence of Mannitol Hemihydrate on the Secondary Drying Dynamics of a Protein Formulation: A Case Study

The objective of this research was to study the atypical secondary drying dynamics observed during the freeze-drying of a formulation consisting of mannitol, disaccharide, and sodium chloride, where "bursts" of water vapor release were observed during secondary drying as detected by comparative pressure measurement. "Thief" samples were removed at the end of primary drying and during secondary drying as the shelf temperature was increased in a stepwise fashion. These samples were examined by X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analysis. From the X-ray powder diffraction data, we determined that mannitol crystallized predominantly as its hemihydrate. The physical state of mannitol changed from the hemihydrate form to anhydrous forms during secondary drying. Investigation of the effect of excipients on mannitol crystallization demonstrated that sodium chloride (at 225 mM, 1.3% w/v) had the greatest influence on hemihydrate crystallization, followed by trehalose and sucrose. However, only negligible hemihydrate formation was observed when mannitol was freeze-dried either by itself or in the presence of 150 mM sodium chloride and no hemihydrate in the presence of 75 mM sodium chloride. In general, a combination of a disaccharide and sodium chloride promoted the hemihydrate formation to a greater extent than the individual components. Comparative pressure measurement was demonstrated to be an effective tool to monitor mannitol hemihydrate dehydration during secondary drying.
Last Word on Point:Counterpoint

in these point: counterpoint articles and accompanying commentaries (see Ref. [3][1]), evidence is presented for and against exercise training-induced changes both in sinoatrial nodal intrinsic rate and cardiac autonomic neural regulation. The obvious question remains: what can explain these