cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transforming Graduate Training in STEM Education

1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, UCB 334, Boulder, Colorado 80309 2 Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, UCB 397, Boulder, Colorado, 80309 3CU Science Education Initiative, University of Colorado, UCB 334, Boulder, Colorado, 80309 4Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, UCB 450, Boulder, Colorado, 80309 5Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: lovestowell@gmail.com
Abasic phosphorothioate oligomers inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription and block virus transmission across polarized ectocervical organ cultures

In the absence of universally available antiretroviral (ARV) drugs or a vaccine against HIV-1, microbicides may offer the most immediate hope for controlling the AIDS pandemic. The most advanced and clinically effective microbicides are based on ARV agents that interfere with the earliest stages of HIV-1 replication. Our objective was to identify and characterize novel ARV-like inhibitors, as well as demonstrate their efficacy at blocking HIV-1 transmission. Abasic phosphorothioate 2' deoxyribose backbone (PDB) oligomers were evaluated in a variety of mechanistic assays and for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection and virus transmission through primary human cervical mucosa. Cellular and biochemical assays were used to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of action of PDB oligomers against both lab-adapted and primary CCR5- and CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1 strains, including a multidrug-resistant isolate. A polarized cervical organ culture was used to test the ability of PDB compounds to block HIV-1 transmission to primary immune cell populations across ectocervical tissue. The antiviral activity and mechanisms of action of PDB-based compounds were dependent on oligomer size, with smaller molecules preventing reverse transcription and larger oligomers blocking viral entry. Importantly, irrespective of molecular size, PDBs potently inhibited virus infection and transmission within genital tissue samples. Furthermore, the PDB inhibitors exhibited excellent toxicity and stability profiles and were found to be safe for vaginal application in vivo. These results, coupled with the previously reported intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties of PDBs, support further investigations in the development of PDB-based topical microbicides for preventing the global spread of HIV-1.
Linear velocity control in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography by restrictor temperature programming

Abstract Increasing restrictor temperature decreases mass flow through capillary columns in a predictable way. Changes in mass flow can be related to changes in
Misreading Science in the Twentieth Century

Instances of fraud and misconduct in science, along with debates regarding the nature of science and scientific practice, have led to some challenges in the reading of scientific texts. Applying the frameworks of reception theory and reader-response criticism is helpful in understanding the variations in the readings of the texts, as well as the reasons for the differing readings. The textual aspect of scientific communication illustrates both the realist and the social elements of scientific practice and the problems for reception presented by the complex dynamics of communicating scientific work.
Rate of phenylalanine hydroxylation in healthy school-aged children.

Hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine is the first and rate-limiting step in phenylalanine catabolism. Currently, there are data on the rate of phenylalanine hydroxylation in infants and adults but not in healthy children. Thus, the aim of the study reported here was to measure the rate of phenylalanine hydroxylation and oxidation in healthy school-aged children both when receiving diets with and without tyrosine. In addition, hydroxylation rates calculated from the isotopic enrichments of amino acids in plasma and in very LDL apoB-100 were compared. Eight healthy 6- to 10-y-old children were studied while receiving a control and again while receiving a tyrosine-free diet. Phenylalanine flux, hydroxylation, and oxidation were determined by a standard tracer protocol using oral administration of 13C-phenylalanine and 2H2-tyrosine for 6 h. Phenylalanine hydroxylation rate of children fed a diet devoid of tyrosine was greater than that of children fed a diet containing tyrosine (40.25 ± 5.48 versus 29.55 ± 5.35 μmol · kg−1 · h−1; p < 0.01). Phenylalanine oxidation was not different from phenylalanine hydroxylation regardless of dietary tyrosine intake, suggesting that phenylalanine converted to tyrosine was mainly oxidized. In conclusion, healthy children are capable of converting phenylalanine to tyrosine, but the need for tyrosine cannot be met by providing extra phenylalanine.
Primitive radon partitions for cyclic polytopes

It is proved that the setA∪B is a primitive Radon partition in the cyclic polytopeC(n,d) if and only if thed+2 points ofA andB alternate along the moment curve.
Evaluation of a Bed Assistive Devce on Self-Perceived Recovery Measures for Patients in Postoperative Care:

Assistive equipment has helped lower task demands and back stress for patient-handlers; however, limited research exists on the psychological benefits (i.e., safety and comfort) of self-transfer devices for patients in postoperative care. A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a bed assistive device in a patient population; the objectives were to compare self-perceived recovery measures and usage of pain medication between patients in the Control (n = 8; age, 34 ± 6.3years) and Device (n = 7; 41 ± 12) groups. Fifteen female participants undergoing either abdominal hysterectomy (n = 6) or Cesareansection (n = 9) procedures were recruited for the study. Both groups completed a total of twelve questionnaires over a five-week recovery period. The Device Group reported higher levels of energy, less pain interference, lower perceived pain, less reliance on pain medication and returned to activities of daily living faster than the Control Group.
Vulnerabilities in similarity search based systems

Similarity based queries are common in several modern database applications, such as multimedia, scientific, and biomedical databases. In most of these systems, database responds with the tuple with the closest match according to some metric. In this paper we investigate some important security issues related to similarity search in databases. We investigate the vulnerability of such systems against users who try to copy the database by sending automated queries. We analyze two models for similarity search, namely reply model and score model. Reply model responds with the tuple with best match and score model responds with only the score of similarity search. For these models we analyze possible ways of attacks and strategies that can be used to detect attacks. Our analysis shows that in score model it is much easier to plug the vulnerabilities than in reply model. Sophisticated attacks can easily be used in reply model and the database is limited in capability to prevent such attacks.
Numerical Simulation of a Vortex Combustor Firing Dry Ultrafine Coal at 0.6 MW Thermal Input

Abstract A novel vortex combustor (VC) burning various solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels was recently developed and tested for commercial heating applications. The combustor is characterized by the strong swirl and low temperature combustion environment. This paper presents the computer simulation of this VC firing dry ultrafine coal at 0.6 MW thermal input and 26% excess air. The overall model of gas-particle flow and combustion in the VC is briefly described along with typical numerical results of combustor performance in gas flow, particle flow, gaseous combustion, and particle combustion.
Wireless health: Challenges and opportunities

Summary form only given, as follows. Wireless Health brings to fruition many opportunities to continuously monitor human body with sensors placed on body or implanted in the body. These platforms will revolutionize many application domains including health care and wellness. They provide new avenues to continuously monitor individuals, whether it is intended to detect an early onset of a disease or to assess the effectiveness of the treatment. In the past few years, the community has observed a large number of wireless health applications that have been developed using wearable computers. Yet, not many have been deployed in a large scale. There are still several challenges that need to be addressed before realizing the ubiquitous use of wireless health systems. In this talk, we will highlight several applications of the wireless health and wearable computers. We will describe components of the wireless health computing systems and will outline challenges associated with their ubiquitous deployment. We will highlight current research efforts toward creating application specific self-powered architecture for Wireless Health and will discuss future directions.
Measurement of Electrical Impedance and Eddy Currents in Tissue Phantoms

Measurement of the electromagnetic (EM) properties of tissue such as electrical conductivity, permittivity, and eddy current characteristics can be used in clinical medicine for characterizing and distinguishing soft tissue morphology. Such measurements can yield complementary information to what can be obtained using analysis with an optical microscope. An example is the assessment of margins during the surgical resection of occult tumors. In current practice, the surgeon relies on pre-operative imaging modalities, sight and palpation to locate and attempt to fully resect the tumor(s). Frozen section pathological assessment offers the only other resource available to the surgeon for margin analysis, but it is incomplete because only a small fraction of the resected tissue is examined and it is often not feasible to wait for the results of the frozen section analysis before completing the surgery. This paper describes a characterization and imaging method based on variations in electromagnetic tissue properties to assess the surgical margins of resected tissues. This is noteworthy because accurate margin assessment has been shown to significantly improve long term patient outcomes[1].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Relationship Between Rate of Eating and Degree of Satiation

Behavioral psychologists have developed effective methods of treatment for overeating and weight control, including mealtime regulation, avoidance of taboo foods, and removal of identified precursors to the bingeing behavior. The current study sought to examine the relationship between speed of eating and levels of satiation in weight conscious individuals. Ten participants were instructed to eat at a fast and a slow rate in a within-subjects reversal design. Consuming food at a slow rate helped participants achieve satiation quicker with comparable amounts of food intake. Slow eaters were also less likely to overeat. These results suggest that slow eating may prevent excessive food consumption in weight conscious individuals, constituting an effective means of weight management.
Determinants of Partition Matrices

Abstract Let α 1 , …, α k be partitions of 2 n with at least n 1's and β 1 , …, β k be partitions of 2 n with exactly n parts. By M n we denote the matrix whose entries m ij are the number of ways to refine β j into α i . It is shown that det M n =1 for all n .
Expression and regulation of transforming growth factor β1 in cultured normal and neoplastic rat pituitary cells

Pituitary prolactin (PRL) cell gene expression and proliferation are regulated by various hormones and growth factors. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been implicated in the regulation of anterior pituitary function. To study the roles of TGFβ and bFGF in anterior pituitary cell function, we analyzed normal and neoplastic pituitary cells in serum-free media. The various isoforms of TGFβ and TGFβ receptor types I, II, and III were also analyzed by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in pituitary cells. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) stimulated PRL expression and PRL cell proliferation in normal pituitary. TGFβ1 stimulated PRL expression, but inhibited proliferation in the growth hormone (GH) and PRL-producing GH3 cells. Estradiol 17β (E2) and bFGF stimulated PRL gene expression in normal pituitary and GH3 cells, whereas E2 inhibited and bFGF stimulated TGFβ1 mRNA levels in normal pituitary PRL cells, but not in GH3 cells. Both normal pituitary and GH3 cells expressed the mRNAs for TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3 isoforms and for TGFβ receptors I, II, and III. These results indicate that there is a relative loss of regulatory control by growth factors in neoplastic GH3 cells compared to normal pituitary PRL cells.
Integrated regulation of pressure and flow in the coronary microcirculation.

There are many mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of coronary blood flow including vasodilatory metabolites, myogenic regulation, flow- or shear stress-mediated vasodilation, and neurohumoral influences. It is interesting to note that coronary arterioles of varying sizes appear to possess different sensitivities to these regulatory factors, but each appears to dominate the control of a particular segment of the microvasculature. For example, during metabolic hyperemia the smallest arterioles seem to be most sensitive to the effects of metabolites, but metabolic and myogenic mechanisms that dictate the tone of upstream microvessels likely act in concert to facilitate the overall adjustments in coronary vasomotor tone. Neurohumoral mechanisms seem to modulate the robustness of these intrinisic adjustments, perhaps by restraining the extent of vasodilation. The purpose of this review is to discuss these many regulatory mechanisms and also present a framework by which the vasoactive reactions elicited by these different mechanisms are integrated into coordinated responses of the entire coronary vascular network.
Effect of radiation shield on pressure losses and power output of AMTEC cell

Pressure loss in a PX-3A alkali metal thermo-electric converter (AMTEC) cell was investigated by varying the heat radiation between the beta alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) and the condenser. Chevron radiation shields were used to change the heat radiation between the BASE and the condenser in different numbers and at different angles. Results show that the pressure losses and also the pressure on the cathode side increase using chevron shields. The cell electrical power output and the cell efficiency decrease as the pressure on the cathode side increases when chevron shields are placed. The power output and efficiency increase as the chevron angle increases up to a certain limit.
Understanding design ideation mechanisms through multilevel aligned empirical studies

The overall objectives of the study are to identify key components of ideation methods and develop effectiveness metrics. This paper presents experimental results conducted on six ideation components (Provocative Stimuli, Suspend Judgment, Flexible Representation, Frame of Reference Shifting, Incubation, and Example Exposure). These experiments were conducted simultaneously at the Design (engineering) and Lab (cognitive psychology) levels following an experimental procedure previously developed to align these two levels of experiments. Results show the effectiveness of the ideation components in terms of effectiveness metrics and also the extent of alignment of the results from these two levels. Understanding of ideation components has been gained (main effects ease of manipulation and interactions). 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ockham's razor, empirical complexity, and truth-finding efficiency

The nature of empirical simplicity and its relationship to scientific truth are long-standing puzzles. In this paper, empirical simplicity is explicated in terms of empirical effects, which are defined in terms of the structure of the inference problem addressed. Problem instances are classified according to the number of empirical effects they present. Simple answers are satisfied by simple worlds. An efficient solution achieves the optimum worst-case cost over each complexity class with respect to such costs as the number of retractions or errors prior to convergence and elapsed time to convergence. It is shown that always choosing the simplest theory compatible with experience and hanging on to it while it remains the simplest is both necessary and sufficient for efficiency.
Spatial Moment Analysis for One-Dimensional Nonisothermal Quartz Transport and Dissolution/Precipitation in Fracture-Matrix System

This paper presents a spatial-moment analysis of nonisothermal solute transport with simplified dissolution/precipitation of quartz in a single fracture-matrix system using a dual porosity framework. For this purpose, a one-dimensional coupled thermal and solute transport between an injection and a production well is modeled numerically to obtain spatial distribution of temperature and concentration profiles along the fracture. Subsequently, concentration based on first and second spatial moments is evaluated. The effective macrodispersion coefficient is analyzed to study its influence on water velocity, fracture aperture, reservoir diffusion coefficient, reservoir thermal conductivity, reservoir porosity, quartz fraction of the reservoir, and the initial reservoir temperature. The results suggest a non-Fickian behavior that approaches a Fickian behavior due to the effect of coupled matrix diffusion. The mixing characteristics near the injection well are highly sensitive to the above-mentioned parameters at early times, but this mixing effect is subsequently suppressed away from the injection well.
ZOOPLANKTON AND DREDGING: RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES FROM A CRITICAL REVIEW

: Studies on the responses of zooplankton to dredging are summarized and discussed. Design criteria for studies intended for impact assessment require careful consideration of sampling due to the highly variable spatial and temporal distributions of zooplankton. It is suggested that ocean dominated systems present different research requirements than those estuarine regions which have endemic zooplankton populations.
Spearcon Performance and Preference for Auditory Menus on a Mobile Phone

This study investigates the use of spearcons as an auditory cue. It looks simultaneously at both performance and subjective preference of spearcons and text-to-speech (TTS). The study replicated on a mobile phone a previous PC-based study run by Palladino and Walker [1]. Performance results have been very similar to those found in the previous study, supporting the generalizability of spearcon performance from PCs to mobile phones. TTS and spearcons both provided comparable performance improvements, suggesting that spearcons do not negatively effect the design of visual and non-visual menus and may, within the right context, lead to enhanced designs. Participants gave positive performance scores to both TTS and spearcons when no visual cues were provided. Higher rankings were provided for all audio cues when Spearcons were included both in visual and non-visual conditions.
Role for Cell Density in Antifungal Drug Resistance in Candida albicans Biofilms

Biofilms of Candida albicans are less susceptible to many antifungal drugs than are planktonic yeast cells. We investigated the contribution of cell density to biofilm phenotypic resistance. Planktonic yeast cells in RPMI 1640 were susceptible to azole-class drugs, amphotericin B, and caspofungin at 1 x 10(3) cells/ml (standard conditions) using the XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt] assay. As reported by others, as the cell concentration increased to 1 x 10(8) cells/ml, resistance was observed with 10- to 20-fold-greater MICs. Biofilms that formed in microtiter plate wells, like high-density planktonic organisms, were resistant to drugs. When biofilms were resuspended before testing, phenotypic resistance remained, but organisms, when diluted to 1 x 10(3) cells/ml, were susceptible. Drug-containing medium recovered from high-cell-density tests inhibited low-cell-density organisms. A fluconazole-resistant strain showed greater resistance at high planktonic cell density, in biofilm, and in resuspended biofilm than did low-density planktonic or biofilm organisms. A strain lacking drug efflux pumps CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1, while susceptible at a low azole concentration, was resistant at high cell density and in biofilm. A strain lacking CHK1 that fails to respond to the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol had the same response as did the wild type. FK506, reported to abrogate tolerance to azole drugs at low cell density, had no effect on tolerance at high cell density and in biofilm. These observations suggested that cell density has a role in the phenotypic resistance of biofilm, that neither the drug efflux pumps tested nor quorum sensing through Chk1p contributes to resistance, and that azole drug tolerance at high cell density differs mechanistically from tolerance at low cell density.
Using verbal protocol methodology in the evaluation of software and hardware

Verbal protocols constitute a useful tool for evaluating computer hardware and software, especially if informed by activity theory, although they cannot stand alone in a thorough evaluation design.
Formation of the aqueous humor

SUMMARY 1. Glaucoma is a worldwide disease affecting approximately 1–2% of the population aged over 35 years in industrial countries and is a major cause of blindness. 2. Glaucoma is usually associated with an increased intra-ocular pressure reflecting an imbalance between the rate of production of fluid (the aqueous humor) by the ciliary epithelial cells and its drainage from the eye. Therefore, it is important to understand how this secretion is produced. This requires a knowledge of ciliary epithelial cell composition, which has, in the past, proved difficult to obtain in mammalian preparations. 3. We have recently used the technique of electron-probe X-ray microanalysis to determine this composition under a variety of in vitro conditions. 4. Our results have led to a new model for this secretion that emphasizes the potential secretory role of the Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter.
A Comparison Between Trimmed Means and the Kaplan‐Meier Median

Let X1, X2,…, Xn denote a random sample from an unknown symmetric population distribution with mean, θ. The observations are subject to right censorship. The parameter, θ, is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier median and various trimmed mean estimators (at α = .2, .3, and .4). A comparison is made between the Kaplan-Meier median and the various trimmed means based on the estimated mean square errors. Ten underlying population distributions and two censoring distributions are considered.
The role of human capital in economic development Evidence from aggregate cross-country data

Using cross-country estimates of physical and human capital stocks, we run the growth accounting regressions implied by a CobbPDouglas aggregate production function. Our results indicate that human capital enters insignificantly in explaining per capita growth rates. We next specify an alternative model in which the growth rate of total factor productivity depends on a nation’s human capital stock level. Tests of this specification do indicate a positive role for human capital.
Intussusception in the older child-suspect lymphosarcoma

Abstract Examination of the records of 378 children with intussusception at our institution revealed that 29 cases were caused by an identifiable intestinal lesion. A Meckel's diverticulum was the causative agent in 21 children, all of whom were under 2 yr of age. A previously undiagnosed ileal lymphosarcoma produced the intussusception in six other children, all between 612 and 9 yr of age. Our experience indicates that any child over 6 yr of age with the clinical findings of colicky abdominal pain, bloody stools, and a palpable mass plus the radiographic evidence of intussusception must be considered to have ileal lymphosarcoma until proven otherwise. Hydrostatic reduction of the intussusception must be accompanied by extensive small bowel reflux of barium in order to effectively rule out a small intestinal lesion. Of this is not accomplished, surgery should be planned with the suspicion that a malignancy may be present. If this suspicion is confirmed by frozen section, the operation procedure should include wide surgical excision of the lesion along with the regional lymph nodes.
Dimensions of perioperative nursing for a national specialty nomenclature

Dimensions of perioperative nursing for a national specialty nomenclature Before nurses can develop a clinical database capable of evaluating quality of care or validating their impact on health or illness, they must describe the basic dimensions of their specialty. The purpose of this study was to define the dimensions of clinical perioperative nursing practice. Experienced perioperative nurses (n=239) were mailed a survey and asked to rank the frequency with which specific patient diagnoses occurred in their daily practice (1=never occurs; 5=occurs almost all the time) and the priority of treatment each diagnosis required (1=never requires attention of the nurse; 5=demands immediate attention of the nurse). Completion of the form indicated consent to participate in the study. Following a principal component analysis and theoretical discussion by perioperative experts, four dimensions of perioperative practice were delineated: (a) patient and family behavioural responses to surgery (26.7% of variance, alpha=0.92); (b) perioperative patient safety (10.1% of variance, alpha=0.89); (c) perioperative physiological response to surgery (5.7% of variance, alpha=0.87); and (d) the health systems required to deliver perioperative care. Dimensions extracted in this analysis served as the domains for the new perioperative nursing nomenclature.
Increased mitochondrial H2O2 production promotes endothelial NF-κB activation in aged rat arteries

Previous studies have shown that the aging vascular system undergoes pro-atherogenic phenotypic changes, including increased oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory shift in endothelial gene expression profile. To elucidate the link between increased oxidative stress and vascular inflammation in aging, we compared the carotid arteries and aortas of young and aged (24 mo old) Fisher 344 rats. In aged vessels there was an increased NF-kappaB activity (assessed by luciferase reporter gene assay and NF-kappaB binding assay), which was attenuated by scavenging H(2)O(2). Aging did not alter the vascular mRNA and protein expression of p65 and p50 subunits of NF-kappaB. In endothelial cells of aged vessels there was an increased production of H(2)O(2) (assessed by 5,6-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate-acetyl ester fluorescence), which was attenuated by the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP. In young arteries and cultured endothelial cells, antimycin A plus succinate significantly increased FCCP-sensitive mitochondrial H(2)O(2) generation, which was associated with activation of NF-kappaB. In aged vessels inhibition of NF-kappaB (by pyrrolidenedithiocarbamate, resveratrol) significantly attenuated inflammatory gene expression and inhibited monocyte adhesiveness. Thus increased mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to endothelial NF-kappaB activation, which contributes to the pro-inflammatory phenotypic alterations in the aged vaculature. Our model predicts that by reducing mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production and/or directly inhibiting NF-kappaB novel anti-aging pharmacological treatments (e.g., calorie restriction mimetics) will exert significant anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective effects.
Lysosomal glycosylasparaginase: a member of a family of amidases that employ a processed N-terminal threonine, serine or cysteine as a combined base-nucleophile catalyst.

Glycosylasparaginase (EC3.5.1.26) is an important catabolic enzyme in glyeobiology. This amidase consists of a and (3 subunits that are derived from a single gene product by posttranslational cleavage (Tollersrud and Aronson, 1989; Fisher et al, 1990; Fisher and Aronson, 1991; Ikonen et al, 1993; Guan et al, 1996). The enzyme can hydrolyze a number of [J-aspartyl-amides, including asparagine itself (Tanaka et al, 1973; Kaartinen et al, 1992). Mammalian glycosylasparaginase is located in lysosomes where its only physiological substrate is the Asn-GlcNAc protein-to-carbohydrate linkage that occurs in the major class of asparagine-linked glycoproteins (Mononen et al, 1993) (Figure 1). This mini-review discusses glycosylasparaginase as a member of a newly classified set of amidases that have a novel processed N-terminal threonine, serine, or cysteine involved as a nucleophile in their reaction (Duggleby et al., 1995; Lowe et al., 1995; Smith, 1995). Discovery of the unique structural biology of this family of 'Ntnhydrolases' occurred during the past year and a half based initially on the characterization of the three-dimensional structures of two members that utilize threonine and serine, respectively. Thus, Lowe et al. (1995) reported the crystal structure of the 20S (a7p7p7a7) proteasome from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum, and this work, along with two other biochemical studies (Fenteany et al, 1995; Seemiiller et al, 1995) revealed these multifunctional proteolytic organelles use N-terminal threonines at the active sites of their mature (3 subunits as nucleophiles to catalyze peptide-bond hydrolysis. An earlier crystallographic study of E.coli penicillin amidohydrolase by Duggleby et al. (1995) showed an active-site Nterminal serine is the nucleophile in the hydrolysis of its substrate, penicillin amide. No histidine or other basic amino acid is present in the active sites of these two amidases, suggesting a unique class of amide hydrolyzing enzymes exists that is different from four previously described classical proteinase families (serine or cysteine proteinases, metallo-proteinases, and aspartic proteinases) (Goldberg, 1995). A distinctive mechanism was proposed for the catalytic reaction of these two enzymes: the free a-amino group on the N-terminal threonine or serine of their (3 subunits acts as the base required to enhance the nucleophilicity of its own side-chain hydroxyl moiety (Duggleby et al, 1995; Lowe et al., 1995). This intraresidue base on the Thr or Ser replaces the well-characterized histidine base that becomes folded into a hydrogen-bonded triad at the active-site of many typical serine proteases (Barrett and Rawlings, 1995). It now has become evident that this new amidase mechanism along with a special protein fold at the active site occurs in a number of different enzymes (Brannigan et al, 1995), and it is likely others will be discovered.
Niccolò Tartaglia's poetic solution to the cubic equation

While the history of the scandal between Girolamo Cardano and Niccolo Tartaglia over the publication of Tartaglia's solution to the cubic equation has been often rehearsed, less studied are the biographical, literary and cultural elements that informed the penning of the poem into which Tartaglia wove his solution. This essay offers a reading of Tartaglia's ‘Quando chel cubo’ and discusses the implications of his choice to embed his prized solution into verse. As such, Tartaglia's poem serves as a powerful indicator of how mathematics and poetry have benefitted one another throughout the centuries.
Roquin – a multifunctional regulator of immune homeostasis

Roquin-1 (Rc3h1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase originally discovered in a mutational screen for genetic factors contributory to systemic lupus erythematosus-like symptoms in mice. A single base-pair mutation in the Rc3h1 gene resulted in the manifestation of autoantibody production and sustained immunological inflammation characterized by excessive T follicular helper cell activation and formation of germinal centers. Subsequent studies have uncovered a multifactorial process by which Roquin-1 contributes to the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Through its interactions with partner proteins, Roquin-1 targets mRNAs for decay with inducible costimulator being a primary target. In this review, we discuss newly discovered functions of Roquin-1 in the immune system and inflammation, and in disease manifestation, and discuss avenues of further research. A model is presented for the role of Roquin in health and disease.
Unbalanced data leads to obsolete economic advice

Few computer scientists and technological workers worry about their role in the economies of their industries and their countries.
A novel nuclear Src and p300 signaling axis controls migratory and invasive behavior in pancreatic cancer

The presence of Src in the nuclear compartment has been previously reported, although its significance has remained largely unknown. We sought to delineate the functions of the nuclear pool of Src within the context of malignant progression. Active Src is localized within the nuclei of human pancreatic cancer cells and mouse fibroblasts over-expressing c-Src where it is associated with p300. Nuclear Src additionally promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of p300 in pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells. Src, together with p300, is associated with the high-mobility group AT-hook (HMGA)2 and SET and MYND domain-containing protein (SMYD)3 gene promoters and regulates their expression in a Src-dependent manner. These nuclear Src-dependent events correlate with anchorage-independent soft-agar growth and the migratory properties in both pancreatic Panc-1 cells and mouse fibroblasts over-expressing Src. Moreover, analyses of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor tissues detected the association of nuclear Src with the HMGA2 and SMYD3 gene promoters. Our findings for the first time show the critical importance of nuclear Src and p300 function in the migratory properties of pancreatic cancer cells. Further, data together identify a previously unknown role of nuclear Src in the regulation of gene expression in association with p300 within the context of cells harboring activated or over-expressing Src. This novel mechanism of nuclear Src-p300 axis in PDAC invasiveness and metastasis may provide an opportunity for developing more effective early clinical interventions for this lethal disease.Active Src is complexed with and phosphorylates p300 in the nucleus, and the complex is bound to HMGA2 and SMYD3 genes, thereby regulating their expression to promote pancreatic tumor cell migration and invasiveness.
Emotional Conflicts: Impaired Dispassionate Representation of Family Members

Lawyers have a duty to provide objective and unbiased representation. Although emotional conflicts can interfere with proper discharge of this duty, sometimes quite seriously, neither the Model Rules of Professional Conduct nor scholarly writings on legal ethics have ever systematically addressed the issues they raise. This article proposes, I believe for the first time, that lawyers should be required to take potential emotional conflicts into account both before undertaking to represent and while representing any person with whom they have family or emotional ties, whether spouse, lover, cousin, sibling, or parent. Part I explores changing conceptions of the role of the attorney. Whether a lawyer can properly perform her job necessarily depends on how we define that job. A lawyer, Part I contends, is more than just a hired gun. In particular, the lawyer's role as counselor and problem solver exacerbates the conflicts that can arise when clients and lawyers have emotional ties outside their lawyer-client relationship. Part II draws on the psychological literature to support the importance of a lawyer's role in providing dispassionate counsel. Such counsel is often essential to overcoming emotional biases in a client's perceptions, analyses, and decision-making. When the lawyer is herself emotionally involved, her ability to provide such dispassionate counsel may be impaired. Lawyers are often trained as rational decision-makers in law school and may be resistant to the notion that emotions can impact their judgment. The literature, however, suggests otherwise. Part III then explores the ABA's current Model Rules and their application to this issue. A rule specifically addressing the problems posed by emotional conflicts would be fully consistent with existing general rules. Current general rules, however, are inadequate in and of themselves. Part IV offers, by comparison, the ethical rules that govern two arguably comparable professions: psychology and medicine. Part V, finally, proposes specific amendatory language to the Model Rules themselves. Our ethical rules, like those of other professions, should be drafted on the assumption that its members are real people - human beings who laugh, cry, feel anger, fall in love, have ridiculously complex emotional relationships with family members, and are occasionally as irrational as anyone else.
Evaluation of commercially available enzymes, probiotics, or yeast on apparent total-tract nutrient digestion and growth in nursery and finishing pigs fed diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles

ABSTRACT The ability of enzymes, direct-fed microbials, or yeast to enhance nutrient utilization or growth performance in nursery or finishing pigs fed diets containing increased levels of fiber from corn distillers dried grains with solubles is largely unknown. A total of 192 nursery (11.9 kg initial BW) and 96 finishing (98.4 kg initial BW) pigs were allotted to individual pens and fed their respective diets for 5 wk. Diets containing corn, soybean meal, and 30% corn distillers dried grains with solubles were adequate in all nutrients and were offered ad libitum in meal form. Additives were included at the recommended rates and were assumed to contain the active ingredients and activity level listed on the product label. In the starter experiment, Allzyme and Releezyme decreased GE, N, C, P, ADF, and NDF digestibility (P 0.10). In conclusion, even though some of the feed additive products evaluated had small effects on nutrient digestibility, none of the products affected starter- and finishing-pig growth performance when fed nutritionally adequate corn-soy diets containing 30% corn distillers dried grains with solubles.
Choices for the Manager

This article presents reviews of two books including “Choices for the Manager,” by Rosemary Stewart and “Controller Involvement in Management,” by Vijay Sathe.
Surface Roughness Evolution of PECVD Cathodic and Anodic a -Si:H.

Surface or interface roughness can impact optical, electronic, and MEMS applications of thin a-Si:H films. Deposition at lower temperatures can be advantageous for some applications of a-Si:H, but lower temperature deposition generally leads to rougher films. We have found that the evolution of surface roughness growth can be modified substantially by ion bombardment due to the self-bias of the plasma during Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD). Notable differences in the surface roughness evolution and deposition rate are shown for films deposited in “cathodic” versus “anodic” mode – where the substrate is placed on the powered and grounded electrode respectively. Suppression of surface roughness growth of a-Si:H can be achieved under conditions of relatively high ion bombardment even at deposition temperatures as low as 75 C. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the relative surface roughness profile as a function of deposition time. Analysis of the power spectral density of the roughness yielded important statistical surface parameter information. Based on these observations, insight is given into growth mechanisms under the two deposition conditions.
Abstract 563: Chemoprevention of mammary cancer in MMTV-neutransgenic mice by dietary administration of cruciferous vegetable constituent phenethyl isothiocyanate

We have shown previously that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), which is a highly promising cancer chemopreventive constituent of edible cruciferous vegetables (e.g., watercress), inhibits growth of cultured breast cancer cells in association with apoptosis induction. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of PEITC for prevention of breast cancer using MMTV-neu mouse model. PEITC administration in the diet (3 mmol PEITC/kg AIN76A diet) for 29 weeks caused an approximate 27% decrease in incidence of mammary hyperplasia compared with control, but the difference between control and PEITC treatment groups did not reach statistical significance. On the other hand, incidence of palpable tumors was reduced by about 53% by PEITC administration (P= 0.07 by two-sided Fisher9s exact test). Moreover, size of microscopic carcinoma lesions was significantly lower in mice fed PEITC-supplemented diet compared with those fed basal diet (P= 0.05 by two-sided Fisher9s exact test). Average body weight of the PEITC-fed mice was modestly but significantly higher than that of control mice at earlier time points (weeks 1-7) but this differential was not observed at later time points (weeks 8-29). Diet consumption was comparable for mice placed on basal diet and PEITC-supplemented diet. Mean PEITC concentration in the plasma and tumor tissue was 901 nM (95% confidence interval- 741-1060 nM) and 87 nmol/kg (95% confidence interval- 67-107 nmol/kg), respectively. Expression of HER-2 oncoprotein as well as number of CD31-positive blood vessels in the tumor did not differ between control and PEITC treatment groups. On the other hand, tumors from PEITC treatment group exhibited about 46% decrease in Ki-67 expression in comparison with control (P= 0.01). Consistent with cellular observations, number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic bodies was about 4.4-fold higher in the tumors of PEITC-fed mice as compared with controls (P= 0.01). Pulmonary metastasis was evident in 3/35 control mice but only 1/32 mice placed on PEITC-supplemented diet exhibited microscopic evidence of metastasis. Size of pulmonary metastasis was also smaller in the PEITC treatment group compared with control. The results indicate that PEITC administration in the diet inhibits carcinoma development in MMTV-neu mice without any signs of overt toxicity. This investigation was supported in part by the US PHS grants CA101753 and CA129347 awarded by the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 563. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-563
Incidence, occurrence rate, and characteristics of suture-related corneal infections after penetrating keratoplasty.

Purpose To report the incidence, occurrence rate, and characteristics of suture-related infections after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Methods Patients who underwent PK at our institution between January 1, 2002, and July 1, 2006, were cross-referenced with patients diagnosed with corneal infections between January 1, 2002, and July 1, 2007. All patient charts were reviewed retrospectively for occurrence of suture-related infections, duration of follow-up, and clinical characteristics. Results Of the 487 PKs performed in 412 patients, 22 eyes of 22 patients developed postoperative corneal infections. Of these, 5 eyes were identified as having suture-related graft infections, yielding an occurrence rate of 1.0%. The average follow-up was 3.46 years per PK, yielding an incidence of 2.96 infections per 1000 PK-years. The mean interval from surgery to infection was 8 months (range: 3-23 months). All culprit sutures were in the interpalpebral zone. No patients were using topical antibiotics at the time of infection, and all patients were using topical corticosteroid drops. Cultured organisms included Staphylococcus aureus (3 cases), coagulase-negative Staphylcoccus (1 case), and S. viridans (1 case). In 2 patients with isolated corneal involvement, topical moxifloxacin was initiated, and the patients responded favorably. In 3 patients with corneal infection and an associated hypopyon or endophthalmitis, vitreous biopsy, intravitreal injections of antibiotics, and fortified topical antibiotics were used. One patient required a repeat PK as a result of the infection. Two eyes eventually became phthisical. Conclusions The rate of suture-related infections after PK may be lower than previously reported. In our patients, suture-related infections all occurred within the first 2 years after surgery, and some of them resulted in significant morbidity, underscoring the importance of patient identification of symptoms and early clinical recognition.
Cotton Bud Drying: Contributions to Boll Weevil Mortality

A model of immature boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, mortality as it relates to cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., bud drying is presented. The model synthesizes the effects of bud size, temperature, and relative humidity on immature survival. Favorable comparisons with two experimental data sets demonstrate that the bud drying mortality model contains the essential components and mechanisms to adequately explain this major (in many regions) contributing factor to immature weevil mortality.
Stimulated glycolysis of KB cell cultures by guanidine derivatives and other compounds affecting respiration.

SummaryA variety of respiratory inhibitors, phosphorylation uncouplers, amidine and guanidine derivatives, including the hypoglycemic agents, synthalin and phenethyl-biguanide, appreciably stimulated lactic acid production and glucose utilization of cell cultures. The simplicity and effectiveness of the procedures described suggest their applicability to further studies of respiratory inhibitors, uncouplers of phosphorylation, and the evaluation of certain types of hypoglycemic compounds.
Study on burden of influenza and economic benefits of vaccine / drug prevention

Due to the heavy burden caused by ordinary influenza and influenza A(H1N1),the paper is aimed at monitoring and evaluating the status of influenza,and providing the scientific basis for burden of influenza and economic benefits of vaccine/drug prevention.The economic losses caused by the diagnosed influenza cases and influenza like illness(ILI) cases in hospital outpatients,as well as vaccine/drug prevention were evaluated.The burden caused by ordinary influenza: the elderly,children,and some chronic diseases patients were the most vulnerable population when influenza epidemic.The indirect economic losses caused by influenza are great,for example,America has spent 5-7 billions Dollars in influenza A research every year,the economic losses caused by influenza were 299.58-366.16 Yuan per patient in Tianjin City in 2005,and the medical cost of influenza were 475.93-581.69Yuan.The burden cause by influenza A(H1N1) is more prominent,while the indirect economic losses caused by influenza A(H1N1) reached 22 715 thousand Yuan in Shanghai City in 2009.The economic benefits of vaccine/drug prevention: American children receive influenza vaccination before peak season can save 6 400-9 200 thousand Dollars every year.The paper reviews the related research about burden caused by ordinary influenza and influenza A(H1N1) at home and abroad,as well as the social and economic benefits of control measures,in order to provide the reference for evaluating the prevention and control strategy of influenza and pandemic influenza.