cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TEMPO-CNF suspensions in the viscoelastic regime: capturing the effect of morphology and surface charge with a rheological parameter

TEMPO cellulose nanofibril (TEMPO-CNF) suspensions in the viscoelastic regime are often used as rheological modifiers and additives to prepare composites and hydrogels. Therefore, understanding their rheology is important, including the role of morphology and surface charge. The viscosity of TEMPO-CNF suspensions decreases with higher homogenization pressure or number of homogenization passes, and higher surface charges. To compare the effects of morphology and surface charge more robustly, a rheological “flow index” parameter is developed. Zero-shear viscosity η0 is first determined from the Cross model, and the flow index k is defined through the scaling relation $$\hbox{log}_{10}(\eta_{0})=k\cdot c-\hbox{log}_{10}(\eta_{{\rm water}}),c $$ being concentration and ηwater the viscosity of pure water. The flow index decreases with higher homogenization energy and higher surface charge. The flow index condenses many viscosity points into a single parameter, establishing a clear and concise one-to-one relationship between TEMPO-CNF rheology and fibril characteristics, which can be used for quality control and/or benchmarking.
Ocular Neuromyotonia: an update

Introduction: Ocular neuromyotonia (ONM) is a rare condition characterized by episodic involuntary extraocular muscle (EOM) contraction and spasm. ONM has many presumed causes of which radiation th...
‘Su herencia fue el llanto.’ Pathos, memoria y condensación temporal en los Cantares mexicanos

La lengua espanola reserva un adjetivo para describir el curso del tiempo: el tiempo es inexorable. Asumimos que su curso avanza siempre del pasado al presente, y de ahi al futuro. Sin embargo, la ...
Managing Risk in Secure System: Antecedents to Requirement Engineers’ Trust-Assumption Decisions

Operating within a system context, security requirement engineers or analysts face enormous, diverse, and timely security requirement decisions today more than ever, primarily because of the complexities, rapidity, and evolving continuum of security threats that exist today, in part because of advances in technological capabilities and limited available resources. Although literature has shown that requirement engineers use trust assumption in limiting the scope of information systems security requirement analysis in their risk management strategy, examination of precursors to trust assumption decision is very limited. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to conceptualize, examine, and analyze the antecedents to requirement engineers trust assumption decisions. First, the study used problem frame approach to analyze the context and design decisions and to show the physical model of the system under investigation. Second, the paper used hypothesis testing to examine causality between the constructs and the phenomenon. Hence, this study argues that an analyst’s trust assumption decisions of whether to include or exclude software, system, or subsystem from security requirement analysis is not made in a vacuity, but on the predisposition of the trustor and the characteristics of the trustee. The result indicates that the predisposition of the trustor and the characteristics of trustee are precursors to requirement engineers’ trust assumption decisions.
Toward Circularity: Rethinking Waste, Closing the Loop and Building Social Equity

Transformations at all levels of society are underway due to the unique confluence of social and ecological challenges related to the syndemic. This chapter summarizes the impacts and lessons derived of creative collaborations in rethinking waste management from a linear system of production and consumption to one that is more cyclical, circular, and regenerative. In particular, the Framing Hope program, an innovative private and nonprofit sector partnership between the nonprofit Good360 and The Home Depot uses a sustainable materials approach. This work estimates the energy savings, landfill space not filled, and the energy- and landfill- related cost savings associated with the Good360 product philanthropy program with The Home Depot, illustrating that benefits accrue to both corporations and communities by linkages between environmental, socioeconomic, and energy dimensions. Findings suggest that by redirecting products from the waste stream into usable community resources considerable landfill space, costs, and energy savings were realized. Product donations can serve as an important platform for sustainable community development and capacity building. This research adds to the growing body of knowledge on environmental performance, social justice, corporate giving, and cross-sector partnerships in sustainable and social entrepreneurship.
Applications of Fourier Transform Infrared to Polymers

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is having a major impact on the study of polymer systems. The advantages of FT-IR arise primarily from the higher signal-to-noise ratio obtainable from the higher energy throughput of the system and the capability of signal averaging of the spectra to achieve a further increase in the signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, the full benefit of the higher signal-to-noise ratio can be realized through the use of the data processing potential arising from the availability of the minicomputer.
Body-Based Reasoning Using a Feeling-Based Lexicon, Mental Imagery, and an Object-Oriented Metaphor Hierarchy

Our computer reasoning system uses a set of memory networks, a spatial simulator and an object-oriented hierarchy of body-based spatial metaphors to reason about abstract concepts. The metaphor hierarchy is based on the hierarchical nature of embodied actions, and the simulator is designed to model these actions. The system maps its input to a set of spatial metaphors at the most detailed level possible, and then uses modeling of the metaphorical concepts to reason about the original input.
In vitro generation of specific and nonspecific suppression of cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews in vitro generation of specific and nonspecific suppression of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). Suppressing capability of each of the methods of suppressor cell generation is accomplished by adding graded numbers of the suppressor cells to standard culture used to generate CMC. The mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) used to generate this type of suppressor cell are identical to the cultures used to generate in vitro CMC. In a study described in the chapter, fresh uncultured spleen cells added to the fresh CMC generation cultures had no suppressive effect and enhanced slightly the amount of CMC generated (group IV). A nonspecific X-ray sensitive population of cells capable of suppressing fresh CMC generation resulted from unstimulated cultures of murine spleen cells. A different type of suppression results from MLCs. This suppression is specific, the suppressor cells having to be syngeneic to the responder cell population, and is not X-ray sensitive. The results show that the suppressive phenomenon is indeed an active one, is X-ray sensitive, and is not a function of cultural artifact.
The Cauchy Transform

Overview Preliminaries The Cauchy transform as a function The Cauchy transform as an operator Topologies on the space of Cauchy transforms Which functions are Cauchy integrals? Multipliers and divisors The distribution function for Cauchy transforms The backward shift on $H^2$ Clark measures The normalized Cauchy transform Other operators on the Cauchy transforms List of symbols Bibliography Index.
Trends of Elevated PTSD Risk in Firefighters Exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster: 2001-2005

Objectives.We identified trends in the prevalence of elevated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk as determined by the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY)-modified PTSD Checklist in World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed firefighters. We also examined trends in relation to WTC exposure, social support, change in recreational activities, and functional health.Methods.We analyzed 16,826 questionnaires from 10,074 firefighters in yearly intervals, from September 12, 2001, to September 11, 2005.Results.The prevalence of elevated PTSD risk increased over time, from 9.8% in year 1 to 10.6% in year 4 (p<0.0001). Earliest arrival at the WTC site (odds ratio [OR] = 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4, 8.3), prolonged work at the site (OR=2.0; 95% CI 1.8, 2.3), providing supervision without previous supervisory experience (OR=4.1; 95% CI 2.8, 6.1), and retirement due to a WTC-related disability (OR=1.3; 95% CI 1.1, 1.5) were associated with ever having elevated PTSD risk. Difficulty functioning at home...
Kinesin hydrolyses one ATP per 8-nm step

Kinesin is a two-headed, ATP-dependent motor protein1,2 that moves along microtubules indiscrete steps3 of 8 nm. In vitro, single molecules produceprocessive movement4,5, motors typically take ∼100steps before releasing from a microtubule5,6,7 . A central question relates tomechanochemical coupling in this enzyme: how many molecules ofATP are consumed per step? For the actomyosin system,experimental approaches to this issue have generated considerablecontroversy8,9. Here we take advantage of theprocessivity of kinesin to determine the coupling ratio withoutrecourse to direct measurements of ATPase activity, which aresubject to large experimental uncertainties8,10,11,12. Beads carrying singlemolecules of kinesin moving on microtubules were tracked with highspatial and temporal resolution by interferometry3,13. Statistical analysis of theintervals between steps at limiting ATP, and studies offluctuations in motor speed as a function of ATPconcentration14,15, allow the coupling ratio to bedetermined. At near-zero load, kinesin moleculeshydrolyse a single ATP molecule per 8-nm advance. Thisfinding excludes various one-to-many andmany-to-one coupling schemes, analogous to thoseadvanced for myosin, and places severe constraints on models for movement.
Novel applications of Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O thin films to active and passive high frequency devices

We will present our recent work on the applications of high temperature superconducting thin films to the development of new passive and active circuitry operating up to 40 GHz. We will discuss thin film deposition (including new results on the effect of low temperature anneals) and patterning Tl-based films to linewidths of 3 µm, and contacting. A number of HTS device will be discussed including passive resonators and filters and an active device, the superconducting flux flow transistor (SFFT), that can be used in applications such as amplifiers and phase shifters.
Mask technology for 0.25 um lithography and beyond

Mask technology, for 0.25gm lithography and beyond, presents a significant challenge to both the mask industry and silicon industry. It is expected that optical lithography will continue to be the predominant approach, and the exposure wavelength of lithography tools will be pushed down from 365nm to 248nm and 193nm. It becomes inevitable that optical enhancements are required to provide necessary capabilities for achieving resolution at 0.2i.tm or below in manufacturing mode. However, most optical enhancement techniques such as phase shifting mask (PSM), optical proximity correction (OPC), off-axis illumination, and some combination of these methods, require substantial mask development efforts. The mask industry as a whole needs to deal with new modules, new materials, new pattern designs, sub-micron resolution, CD non- linearity effects, and high data volume, and then figure out a way to integrate solutions into silicon technology at a pace no slower than that required for silicon technology development. In many cases, a unique process or solution needs to be developed which is specific to one particular layer or one particular lithography option. In addition, in order to achieve high lithography productivity output, serious considerations need to be given for a possible increase in mask size, which by itself will have tremendous impact to the entire mask industry on tool set and material development. There is no doubt that mask technology has become a crucial and integral part of silicon technology. Its role is becoming increasingly important at 0.2511m lithography and beyond. In this presentation, we will first describe the role of mask technology by examining its significance to silicon technology. Secondly we will describe the major challenges facing mask technology. In the mask fabrication section, a few examples will be given to highlight major progress and key issues. Next, phase shifting mask technology and its challenges will be summarized. Lastly, a conclusion will be given.
Enzymatic synthesis of a tetraglycosylceramide by a galactosyltransferase from rabbit bone marrow.

Abstract A galactosyltransferase that transferred galactose from UDP-galactose to O-β-(N-acetyl)-glucosaminosyl (1 → 3)-O-β-galactosyl (1 → 4) glucosyl (1 → 1) ceramide to give galactosyl-O-β-(N-acetyl)glucosaminosyl (1 → 3)-O-β-galactosyl (1 → 4)-glucosyl (1 → 1) ceramide was detected in homogenates of rabbit bone marrow. The enzyme was present in the supernatant solution obtained after homogenization of rabbit bone marrow in the presence of Triton X-100 and centrifugation at 100,000 x g. The product of the reaction was isolated, purified, and analyzed for its constituents. It formed a precipitin line with anti-type XIV pneumococcal polysaccharide horse serum, and the line fused with that of tetraglycosylceramide derived from rabbit erythrocyte B active pentaglycosylceramide. UDP-galactose could not be replaced by galactose or galactose-1-P; the Km values were 5.0 x 10-4 m and 1.2 x 10-4 m for the triglycosylceramide and UDP-galactose, respectively.
Characterization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and regulation of DNA binding activity by hypoxia.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a DNA binding activity detected in nuclear extracts from Hep3B cells cultured in 1% O2 but not in extracts from cells cultured in 20% O2. HIF-1 binds to a sequence within the human erythropoietin gene enhancer that is required for hypoxic activation of transcription. Induction of HIF-1 is inhibited by cycloheximide, which also inhibits induction of erythropoietin RNA. We now demonstrate that induction of both HIF-1 and erythropoietin RNA is inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor 2-aminopurine. HIF-1 binding to DNA was eliminated by phosphatase treatment of nuclear extracts. Actinomycin D also inhibited HIF-1 induction, suggesting that de novo transcription is required. The kinetics of HIF-1 induction by hypoxia paralleled the kinetics of erythropoietin gene transcriptional induction. HIF-1 DNA binding activity decayed rapidly when hypoxic cells were exposed to increased oxygen tension. In vitro, the kinetics of HIF-1 association with, and dissociation from, its binding site were extremely rapid, with a t1/2 for both processes of
Automated 2D infrared and electronic spectroscopies using pulse shaping

We present a method for collecting 2D infrared and visible spectroscopies that uses a pulse shaper and a pump-probe beam geometry. This approach reduces the technical hurdles for implementing these techniques and makes many new experiments possible.
The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods and Findings

Contents: Foreword. Preface. Competing Meta-Models: The Medical Model Versus the Contextual Model. Differential Hypotheses and Evidentiary Rules. Absolute Efficacy: The Benefits of Psychotherapy Established by Meta-Analysis. Relative Efficacy: The Dodo Bird Was Smarter Than We Have Been Led to Believe. Specific Effects: Weak Empirical Evidence That Benefits of Psychotherapy Are Derived From Specific Ingredients. General Effects: The Alliance as a Case in Point. Allegiance and Adherence: Further Evidence for the Contextual Model. Therapist Effects: An Ignored but Critical Factor. Implications of Rejecting the Medical Model.
Rocks composed of volcanic fragments and their classification

Summary Wentworth and Williams ' (1932) and Blythe 's (1940) reviews of pyroclastic nomenclature are excellent accounts of pre-1940 terminology. Changes or additions to pyroclastic names since that time have come mainly from vigorous research on processes of pyroclastic flow and their resulting depositional product, ignimbrite. It has long been realized that pyroclastic fragments become mixed with other types of fragments, but only recently has this been recognized in classifications. Russian workers ( Blokhina et al., 1959 ; Vlodavets et al., 1962 ), Panto (1959) , Fisher (1961) and Torok (1962) have attempted to unify pyroclastic and epiclastic rock terminology. Russian authors do this by classifying rock mixtures composed of pyroclastic and non-volcanic (“sedimentary”) mixtures. Fisher (1961) attempts to unify the terminology by naming genetic terms for processes of fragmentation, viz., pyroclastic, epiclastic and autoclastic, to which may be added alloclastic ( Wright and Bowes , 1963 ) and hyaloclastic ( Rittmann , 1960 ), and by using the standard clast-size limits of the Wentworth Scale for all of the genetic types. Perhaps the most fundamental disagreements in volcaniclastic names arise from disagreement or misconceptions about some common terms such as “sedimentary”, “volcanic”, “epiclastic” and “pyroclastic”. For example, the terms pyroclastic and epiclastic refer to different processes of fragmentation, not to different processes of deposition. Both types of particles may be deposited by streams or wind in any physiographic environment, but this does not alter their original mode of fragmentation. The terms sedimentary and volcanic are much broader in meaning than epiclastic and pyroclastic. International agreement on nomenclature of volcaniclastic sediments and rocks will very likely never come about until agreement is reached on the meaning and use of these four terms.
Phase transfer‐catalyzed nitromercuration of diene polymers

A mild, efficient method of nitrating olefins was described recently by Corey and Estreicher. Application of their procedure to diene polymers failed because of the insolubility of the hydrophobic polymer in the aqueous nitromercuration regent. Use of water-immiscible organic cosolvents gave slow nitromercuration with substantial formation of nitrite esters. To overcome these problems a nonaqueous phase transfer-assisted method of rapid selective nitromercuration of diene polymers was developed.
Error-resilient EBCOT image coding with content classification

EBCOT, as the baseline algorithm of JPEG-2000 final draft, is an efficient image coding technique. It is inherently more error resilient than many other wavelet-based schemes due to its independent coding of blocks in each subband. However, the loss of data of a block, in any lower frequency subband, in EBCOT can still degrade the perceptual image quality considerably. As robust entropy codes are used, the information of image content can help recover damaged regions of blocks. This paper discusses the use of reversible variable length codes (RVLC) and data partitioning for coding lower frequency subbands in EBCOT, instead of arithmetic codes. The selection of RVLC is based on content of images, which is classified as active and shape. We have observed that the proposed approach has very little additional bit-rate overhead and improved performance in the presence of errors from the help of content.
"Implicit contamination" extends across multiple methodologies: Implications for fMRI.

Abstract The article “More than a feeling: Pervasive influences of memory without awareness of retrieval” reviews evidence from ERP studies of recognition memory that the FN400 effect typically ascribed to familiarity may index implicit memory that occurs during recognition testing. We find their argument compelling, and contend that this potential “implicit contamination” is not unique to ERP studies. We suggest an analogous problem affecting fMRI studies, focusing particularly on the perirhinal cortex. Resolving this issue is critical for understanding the relationship between memory and the medial temporal lobes.
Comparison of Two Piano Playing Methods Using Motion Capture

A motion capture study was performed to quantify differences between two piano playing methods. Reflective markers were placed on the hands, arms, and torsos of 10 pianists. Cameras positioned around the pianist captured and recorded the motion of the markers for post-processing analysis.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Cyclin E-dependent localization of MCM5 regulates centrosome duplication.

Centrosomes are the primary microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells and are required for bipolar spindle assembly during mitosis. Amplification of centrosome number is commonly observed in human cancer cells and might contribute to genomic instability. Cyclin E–Cdk2 has been implicated in regulating centrosome duplication both in Xenopus embryos and extracts and in mammalian cells. Localization of cyclin E on centrosomes is mediated by a 20-amino acid domain termed the centrosomal localization sequence (CLS). In this paper, cyclin E is shown to directly interact with and colocalize on centrosomes with the DNA replication factor MCM5 in a CLS-dependent but Cdk2-independent manner. The domain in MCM5 that is responsible for interaction with cyclin E is distinct from any previously described for MCM5 function and is highly conserved in MCM5 proteins from yeast to mammals. Expression of MCM5 or its cyclin E-interacting domain, but not MCM2, significantly inhibits over-duplication of centrosomes in CHO cells arrested in S-phase. These results indicate that proteins involved in DNA replication might also regulate centrosome duplication.
Mechanism of actin filament pointed end capping by tropomodulin

Proteins that cap the ends of the actin filament are essential regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics. Whereas several proteins cap the rapidly growing barbed end, tropomodulin (Tmod) is the only protein known to cap the slowly growing pointed end. The lack of structural information severely limits our understanding of Tmod’s capping mechanism. We describe crystal structures of actin complexes with the unstructured amino-terminal and the leucine-rich repeat carboxy-terminal domains of Tmod. The structures and biochemical analysis of structure-inspired mutants showed that one Tmod molecule interacts with three actin subunits at the pointed end, while also contacting two tropomyosin molecules on each side of the filament. We found that Tmod achieves high-affinity binding through several discrete low-affinity interactions, which suggests a mechanism for controlled subunit exchange at the pointed end.
Modification of graphene band structure by haptic functionalization

We have employed first-principles density-functional calculations to study the electronic characteristics of covalently functionalized graphene by metal-bis-arene chemistry. It is shown that functionalization with M-bis-arene (M=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe) molecules leads to an opening in the band gap of graphene (up to 0.81eV for the Cr derivative), and as a result, transforms it from a semi-metal to a semiconductor. The band gap induced by attachment of a metal atom topped by a benzene ring is attributed to modification of π-conjugation and depends on the concentration of functionalizing molecules. This approach offers a means of tailoring the band structure of graphene and potentially its applications for future electronic devices.
Epidemic Asian A influenza in naval recruits.

Summary1. An explosive outbreak of Asian influenza beginning the week ending June 15, occurred at San Diego Naval Training Center. The peak admission rate of 192.2 from the recruit population occurred the following week. After the first 3 weeks the rates subsided but continued to be 2 to 3 times the pre-epidemic levels through the first 2 weeks in November. Serological and virus isolation studies showed that approximately 75% of admissions from onset of epidemic through November were due to Asian A influenza infections. A few were due to influenza B infections. Admissions due to adenoviruses occurred also in increasing numbers during Sept., Oct. and Nov. On the basis of serological studies essentially all admissions to the Dispensary from onset of epidemic to Nov. 16 were due either to influenza or adenovirus infections. 2) The general lack of immunity to Asian influenza virus in the recruit population is reflected in the high attack rate during the first 3 weeks of the outbreak and high percentage of ind...
Effects of ATP on calcium binding to synaptic plasma membrane

The release of labeled norepinephrine from preloaded synaptosomes requires the presence of potassium and calcium. ATP-dependent binding of calcium to synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) may provide a means of maintaining the cation in a readily available pool for the triggering of transmitter release. A high Ca-binding capacity was demonstrated in SPM. The Km for calcium is 5.5 X 10(-5) M. The dependence of the system on the gamma phosphate of ATP was demonstrated by an increase in Ca-binding with increasing ATP concentration and by competitive inhibition of binding by ADP and AMP. Magnesium is also required for ATP-dependent Ca-binding. The optimum pH for the Ca binding was 7.0. Pretreatment of SPM with phospholipase A2 lowered the binding capacity. Sulfhydryl groups are also critical for ATP-dependent Ca binding to occur. A model for ATP-dependent Ca-binding was proposed.
Intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of developmental timing: from miRNAs to nutritional cues

A fundamental challenge in biology is to understand the reproducibility of developmental programs between individuals of the same metazoan species. This developmental precision reflects the meticulous integration of temporal control mechanisms with those that specify other aspects of pattern formation, such as spatial and sexual information. The cues that guide these developmental events are largely intrinsic to the organism but can also include extrinsic inputs, such as nutrition or temperature. This review discusses the well-characterized developmental timing mechanism that patterns the C. elegans epidermis. Components of this pathway are conserved, and their links to developmental time control in other species are considered, including the temporal patterning of the fly nervous system. Particular attention is given to the roles of miRNAs in developmental timing and to the emerging mechanisms that link developmental programs to nutritional cues.
Aperiodic job handling in cache-based real-time systems

Providing a-priori temporal guarantees is paramount in real-time systems. Although much of the normal operation in such a system is modeled using sporadic tasks, event-driven behavior is modeled using aperiodic jobs. To ensure an acceptable Quality of Service for aperiodic jobs without jeopardizing safety of sporadic tasks, aperiodic servers were introduced. While aperiodic servers periodically reserve a quota for the execution of aperiodic jobs, they do not take into account, indirect cache-related delays that the execution of aperiodic jobs could impose on sporadic tasks, thereby making their use in systems with caches unsafe. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a Cache Delay Server to solve this problem for sporadic tasks (and thus, for periodic tasks). Every sporadic task is allocated a delay quota to accommodate the cache-related delay that could potentially be imposed due to aperiodic job execution. An aperiodic job is allowed to execute only when all active lower-priority sporadic jobs have sufficient delay quota to accommodate it. We also present a technique to calculate delay quotas for sporadic tasks within a given task set. Simulation results demonstrate that the use of a Cache Delay Server ensures safety of sporadic task execution in systems using caches while providing reasonable average-case response times to aperiodic jobs.
Preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in rodents

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants generated as byproducts of natural and anthropogenic combustion processes. Despite significant public health concern, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling efforts for PAHs have so far been limited to naphthalene, plus simpler PK models for pyrene, nitropyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The dearth of published models is due in part to the high lipophilicity, low volatility, and myriad metabolic pathways for PAHs, all of which present analytical and experimental challenges. Our research efforts have focused upon experimental approaches and initial development of PBPK models for the prototypic PAH, B[a]P, and the more potent, albeit less studied transplacental carcinogen, dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC). For both compounds, model compartments included arterial and venous blood, flow limited lung, liver, richly perfused and poorly perfused tissues, diffusion limited fat, and a two compartment theoretical gut (for oral exposures). Hepatic and pulmonary metabolism was described for both compounds, as were fractional binding in blood and fecal clearance. Partition coefficients for parent PAH along with their diol and tetraol metabolites were estimated using published algorithms and verified experimentally for the hydroxylated metabolites. The preliminary PBPK models were able to describe many, but not all, of the available data sets, comprising multiple routes of exposure (oral, intravenous) and nominal doses spanning several orders of magnitude.
Communicating With the Public About Emerging Health Threats: Lessons From the Pre-Event Message Development Project

Objectives. We sought to better understand the challenges of communicating with the public about emerging health threats, particularly threats involving toxic chemicals, biological agents, and radioactive materials.Methods. At the request of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we formed an interdisciplinary consortium of investigative teams from 4 schools of public health. Over 2 years, the investigative teams conducted 79 focus group interviews with 884 participants and individual cognitive response interviews with 129 respondents, for a total sample of 1013 individuals. The investigative teams systematically compared their results with other published research in public health, risk communication, and emergency preparedness.Results. We found limited public understanding of emerging biological, chemical, and radioactive materials threats and of the differences between them; demand for concrete, accurate, and consistent information about actions needed for protection of self and family; active...
Regular and embedded solitons in a generalized Pochammer PDE

Abstract Variational methods are employed to generate families of both regular and embedded solitary wave solutions for a generalized Pochammer PDE that is currently of great interest. The technique for obtaining the embedded solitons incorporates several recent generalizations of the usual variational technique and is thus topical in itself. One unusual feature of the solitary waves derived here is that we are able to obtain them in analytical form (within the family of the trial functions). Thus, a direct error analysis is performed, showing the accuracy of the resulting solitary waves. Given the importance of solitary wave solutions in wave dynamics and information propagation in nonlinear PDEs, as well as the fact that only the parameter regimes for the existence of solitary waves had previously been analyzed for the microstructure PDE considered here, the results obtained here are both new and timely.
A Study of Residual Stress Induced During Rolling

Rolling induced residual stress measurements as function of depth and component Rockwell hardness for inner races from deep groove ball bearings
Effect of parathyroid extract on the oxidation in vitro of glucose and the production of 14CO2 by bone and kidney

The production of 14CO2 from [14C6]glucose, [6-14C]glucose and [I-14C]glucose has been studied in tissue preparations from parathyroid extract-treated rabbits. Bone and kidney slices, but not muscle or liver tissue, from treated animals produced more 14CO2 than did controls. On a relative basis there was a greater conversion of the C-6 of glucose to CO2 than there was of the C-1. The data suggest that the extra CO2 was of Krebs' cycle origin and that parathyroid hormone may control the rate of entry of metabolites derived from glucose into the pathways of oxidative metabolism.
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF DIETARY CHOLESTERYL ESTER IS DECREASED BUT RETINYL ESTER ABSORPTION IS NORMAL IN CARBOXYL ESTER LIPASE KNOCKOUT MICE

Carboxyl ester lipase (CEL; EC 3.1.1.13) hydrolyzes cholesteryl esters and retinyl esters in vitro. In vivo, pancreatic CEL is thought to liberate cholesterol and retinol from their esters prior to absorption in the intestine. CEL is also a major lipase in the breast milk of many mammals, including humans and mice, and is thought to participate in the processing of triglycerides to provide energy for growth and development while the pancreas of the neonate matures. Other suggested roles for CEL include the direct facilitation of the intestinal absorption of free cholesterol and the modification of plasma lipoproteins. Mice with different CEL genotypes [wild type (WT), knockout (CELKO), heterozygote] were generated to study the functions of CEL in a physiological system. Mice grew and developed normally, independent of the CEL genotype of the pup or nursing mother. Consistent with this was the normal absorption of triglyceride in CELKO mice. The absorption of free cholesterol was also not significantly dif...
Inflammatory phenotypes in asthma pathogenesis

Despite its prevalence and cost to the healthcare system, the pathogenesis of asthma remains poorly understood. It is clear that asthma is a heterogeneous disease and recent approaches have attempted to define asthma subgroups based on inflammatory phenotypes. Characteristics of the cellular makeup of sputum, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and endobronchial biopsies have been examined in asthmatic subjects, with a primary focus on eosinophils and neutrophils, and, more recently, mast cells. The inflammatory phenotypes identified to date include eosinophilic asthma, neutrophilic asthma, pauci-granulocytic asthma, and T helper 2-associated asthma. Defining these phenotypes has already led to more personalized and successful targeted therapies, with new developments on the horizon.
Highly Time-Resolved Calorimetry Using Pyroelectric Thin-Film Elecrrets

The use of pyroelectric thin-film electrets for calbrimetry of transient heating processes is explored. A pyroelectric calorimeter which combines a time resolution of nanoseconds with a sensitivity of nanocalories is described. The versatility and the unique properties of this new type of device are demonstrated with several applications in the thermal analysis of thin films and spectroscopy of adsorbates. Data are presented on the thermal diffusivity of thin films and on phase transitions during optical recording. In addition, results on spectroscopy of thin films and adsorbates are reported.
Moral, Conventional, and Personal Rules: The Perspective of Foster Youth.

Abstract Forty-five foster youth (9–13 year old and 14–17 year olds) were asked to evaluate moral, conventional, and personal rules and violations by providing judgments and reasons. The results suggest that foster youths' judgments distinguished between the moral, conventional, and personal domains. However, in providing reasons to support their judgments or evaluations, the findings revealed that the foster youth referred to social conventional reasoning even when evaluating moral and personal rules and violations. Thus, these results are not consistent with the data reported with normative populations. Age, sex differences, and ethnicity differences were also found. The implications of the results of this study for understanding and working with youth in foster care and other non-normative populations were discussed.
Minimal protein domain requirements for the intracellular localization and self-aggregation of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2.

The EBV Latent Membrane Protein 2 (LMP2) may have a role in the establishment and maintenance of in vivo latency. The gene is transcribed into two mRNAs that produce two LMP2 protein isoforms. The LMP2a protein isoform has 12 transmembrane segments (TMs) and an amino terminal cytoplasmic signaling domain (CSD) while the LMP2b isoform is identical but lacks the CSD. There has not been a consensus on the cellular membrane localization being sometimes ascribed to either a plasma membrane or an intracellular location [M. Rovedo, R. Longnecker, J. Virol. 81:89–94, 2007; D. Lynch, J. Zimmerman, D.T. Rowe, J. Gen. Virol. 83:1025–1035, 2002; C. Dawson, J. George, S. Blake, R. Longnecker, L.S. Young, Virology 289:192–207, 2001]. Fluorescent marker and epitope tagged LMP2b truncation mutants progressively removing TMs from the N and C termini were used to assess the localization and aggregation properties of LMP2b. wtLMP2b had an exclusively intracellular perinuclear localization, while all truncations of the protein resulted in localization to the cell surface. By epitope loop-tagging, all the truncated LMP2b proteins were verified to be in the predicted membrane orientation. In co-transfection experiments, the C-terminal region was implicated in the self-aggregation properties of LMP2b. Thus, an intact 12 TM domain was required for intracellular localization and protein–protein interaction while a C-terminal region was responsible for auto-aggregative properties.
Fragments, splinters and sawdust: Aristophanes' view of the Sophistic rhetoric

In some epochs of the history of Western philosophy, language comes to be seen as a communication and knowledge instrument that is affected by some serious predicaments. In some versions of postmodernism, for instance, an incurable ‘difference' attains the ability of language to evoke a presence, a whole, and, as a consequence, ‘the fragment is the form of writing'. In the Sophistic age, language appeared as unable to produce an exact correspondence to things (Protagoras' criticism of Homer's imperative in the first line of the Iliad), and simultaneously as able to elaborate two opposite arguments on every notion or events. As a consequence, the polemical critics of the Sophists interpreted these features, the language's distance from things and its extreme liability to be subtly manipulated and abused as what transformed the sophistic discourse into a total fragmentation, into a sort of mere assemblage of sounds signifying nothing. A ruin. This paper traces the evidences for this negative and polemical m...
Factor Structure of the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory

Summary.-Responses of a sample of 4016 adults and children, balanced by sex, subgroup, and grade, to both Forms A and B of the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory, 50-item inventories of talent in several areas, yielded five orthogonal factors: Artistic, Musical, Creative Imagination, Initiative, and Leadership. The analysis supports the construct validity of the measure which provides a means for more sensitive appraisal of an individual's talent relative to these areas. Khatena and Morse (1987, 1990) describe the development of and evidence for the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) and concurrent validity (using measures of creativity as criterion variables) of the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory-each a 50-item inventory designed to assess talent relative to the broad areas of visual-performing arts (music and art), creative talent, and leadership. Their presentation, however, focused upon the total score obtained from the instrument, which may be used as an index of Versatility. In another study comparing performance of college students by major or course work, Morse and Khatena (1988) examined subscores of items relevant to art, music, and alI other talent areas combined. These subscores were based on a rational identification of the talent areas which the authors intended for the inventory to measure (Khatena 82 Morse, 1987). The purpose of the present study was to describe the empirical factor structure of the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory. Sample Both child and adult respondents were used, the samples being essentially the same as those reported on by Khatena and Morse (1990), although the present study included nearly 600 more adult respondents. Of adult respondents, 2062 completed both Forms A and B of the instrument. The majority (67%) were female. Of those reporting their ages (N = 1340), the mean age was 25.5 yr. (SD = 10.1); most were undergraduate students (80%), representing at least nine disciplines by major from 10 colleges or universities in both rural and urban locations. Among the postbaccalaureate participants were graduate students in education or psychology (71%) and teachers
Is waist circumference a better predictor of insulin resistance than body mass index in U.S. adolescents

Abstract Purpose To determine whether waist circumference (WC) is a better predictor of insulin resistance (IR) than body mass index (BMI) in U.S. adolescents aged 12–18 years. Methods Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002, we evaluated an ethnicaly diverse sample of 1,571 adolescents with regard to BMI, WC, and fasting glucose and insulin levels. Children were classified as having IR if they had a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (insulin [U/mL] × glucose [mmol/L]/22.5) of greater than 4.39.We created receiver operating characteristic curves predicting IR across various thresholds ofWC and BMI, and area under the curve was compared. Results The prevalence rate of IR in the study population was 11.8%. Measures of test performance (sensitivity and specificity) for predicting IR were similar for abnormal BMI and WC thresholds; that is, thresholds of BMI 85th% andWC 75th% and thresholds of BMI 95th% and WC 90th% were quite similar. There were no significant differences in area under the curve for WC versus BMI (.85; 95% CI, .83–.88; p = .84) either for the overall population or for specific racial groups. Conclusions WC does not seem to provide a distinct advantage over BMI for identifying adolescents with IR.
Picking alignments from (steiner) trees

The application of Needleman-Wunsch alignment techniques to biological sequences is complicated by two serious problems when the sequences are long: the running time, which scales as the product of the lengths of sequences, and the difficulty in obtaining suitable parameters that produce meaningful alignments. The running time problem is often corrected by reducing the search space, using techniques such as banding, or chaining of high scoring pairs. The parameter problem is more difficult to fix, partly because the probabilistic model, which Needleman-Wunsch is equivalent to, does not capture a key feature of biological sequence alignments, namely the alternation of conserved blocks and seemingly unrelated non-conserved segments. We present a solution to the problem of designing efficient search spaces for pair hidden Markov models that align biological sequences by taking advantage of their associated features. Our approach leads to an optimization problem, for which we obtain a 2-approximation algorithm, and that is based on the construction of Manhattan networks, which are close relatives of Steiner trees. We describe the underlying theory and show how our methods can be applied to alignment of DNA sequences in practice, succesfully reducing the Viterbi algorithm search space of alignment PHMMs by three orders of magnitude.
Long-Term Results of Open Mitral Valvuloplasty

Abstract The long-term results of open mitral valvuloplasty in 51 patients are assessed. At the time of operation, 4 patients were in New York Heart Association Functional Class II, 41 in Functional Class III, and 5 in Functional Class IV. Group I (14 patients) had had previous closed mitral commissurotomy. Three patients died 2 to 4 years after open valvuloplasty. One patient died following valve replacement 7 years after the open valvuloplasty. Five others required mitral valve replacement 1 to 12 years following open valvuloplasty. Only 4 of the 14 patients are in Functional Class I or II 10 to 15 years following valvuloplasty. Group II (36 patients) had never undergone a previous mitral operation. Four of them died of progressive myocardial failure 4 to 6 years following valvuloplasty. One patient died of carcinoma of the lung 2 years postoperatively. Six patients underwent valve replacement 6 to 11 years following initial operation. Twenty-six have survived for at least 10 years without additional operation. Fourteen are in Functional Class I, and 12 are in Functional Class II. Open mitral valvuloplasty allows for (1) accurate commissurotomy and careful subvalvular dissection, (2) direct vision to diagnose clot in the left atrial appendage or left atrium proper, (3) accurate assessment of residual or induced mitral regurgitation and immediate repair, and (4) reasonable operative mortality and morbidity.
Phosphate binding with a thiophene-based azamacrocycle in water

Abstract Structural characterization of the phosphate complex with a thiophene-based macrocycle suggests that two dihydrogen phosphates in a dimeric form are encapsulated in the cavity via several hydrogen bonds from NH···O and CH···O interactions. In the lattice framework, the two dimers are linearly hydrogen-bonded to form a tetramer. 1H NMR titrations suggest that the host forms a 1:1 complex with phosphate, showing an association constant of 120 M− 1 in D2O at pH = 5.5. The host guest complexation was further confirmed by ESI-MS in a gas phase.
FIRST-ORDER DISORDER-TO-ORDER TRANSITION IN AN ISOLATED HOMOPOLYMER MODEL

The thermodynamic behavior of an isolated freely jointed homonuclear square-well 64mer chain is studied by discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that there are three transitions that can be described as gas-liquid, liquid-solid, and solid-solid polymorphic transitions. The liquid-solid-like transition is a first-order (two-state) disorder-to-order transition. Implications of the results for protein folding are briefly discussed.
An Efficient Approach for VIIRS RDR to SDR Data Processing

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Raw Data Records (or Level-0 data) are processed using the current standard Algorithm Development Library (ADL) to produce Sensor Data Records (SDR; or Level-1B data). The ocean color Environmental Data Records (EDR), one of the most important product sets derived from VIIRS, are processed from the SDR of the visible and near-infrared moderate resolution (M) bands. As the ocean color EDR are highly sensitive to the quality of the SDR, the bands from which the EDR data arise must be accurately calibrated. These bands are calibrated on-orbit using the onboard Solar Diffuser, and the derived calibration coefficients are called F-factors. The F-factors used in the forward operational process may have large uncertainty due to various reasons, and thus, to obtain high-quality ocean color EDR, the SDR needs to be regularly reprocessed with improved F-factors. The SDR reprocessing, however, requires tremendous computational power and storage space, which is about 27 TB for one year of ocean-color-related SDR data. In this letter, we present an efficient and robust method for reduction of the computational demand and storage requirement. The method is developed based on the linear relationship between the SDR radiance/reflectance and the F-factors. With this linear relationship, the new SDR radiance/reflectance can be calculated from the original SDR radiance/reflectance and the ratio of the updated and the original F-factors at approximately 100th or less of the original central processing unit requirement. The produced SDR with this new approach fully agrees with those generated using the ADL package. This new approach can also be implemented to directly update the SDR in the EDR data processing, which eliminates the hassle of a huge data storage requirement as well as that of intensive computational demand. This approach may also be applied to other remote sensors for data reprocessing from raw instrument data to science data.