cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foundationalism and Peter's Confession

One part of the Clifford-James dispute is still with us, namely a more inclusive foundationalism which has grown out of criticism of evidentialism in relation to belief in God. 'Evidentialism' will here mean the view, attrib? uted to thinkers in the middle ages, that foundational premises must be either self-evident or evident to the senses.1 One answer now given by some (chiefly Plantinga) to such foundational questions is that belief in God is a properly basic belief, though not properly basic in an evidentialist sense. Thus one can rationally hold such a belief without proving it by argument. I will argue that belief in some specific personal God, such as Allah, Yahweh or Jesus as the Christ (Peter's confession), as constituted by sacred texts is the form belief takes for Christian believers and that there are special questions as to whether such beliefs can be shown to be properly basic. The phrase 'particular personal God ' is usefully ambiguous between the God of a person and the Person who is God, and the belief of a typical Christian includes both. Belief in a specific personal God differs from belief in God in ways I hope to clarify. I shall argue that belief in a particular personal God cannot be shown to be properly basic except to those who already believe in the reality of a particular personal God.2 Properly basic beliefs are beliefs of legitimate epistemological kinds, and one does not establish an epistemological kind by arguments, proofs or indirect proofs. Arguments, proofs and indirect proofs can defeat defeaters of beliefs of an epistemological kind. One can defeat defeaters of the analogical view of other minds, for instance. But belief in the reality of other minds does not come from arguments, proofs or indirect proofs. Nor does belief in the reality of a particular personal God so come. I will assume, without argument, that legitimate epistemological kinds of belief always have purported real or metaphysical objects. I argue that belief in the reality of kinds of objects is not established by proofs, arguments or indirect proofs. I will not argue the stronger thesis that belief in a particular personal God is not properly basic. In fact, I suspect belief in a particular personal God is properly basic to Christians (and Moslems and Jews). But there are special
Normal and Reverse Pulse Voltammetry at Small Electrodes

Normal and reverse pulse voltammetry can be carried out at small electrodes. Theoretical descriptions of the expected response, along with experimental verification, have recently appeared in the literature for both reversible and more complicated electrochemical systems. The response of small electrodes using normal and reverse pulse voltammetry is simple to quantify experimentally and theoretically compared with other techniques which provide the same qualitative information, such as cyclic voltametry.
On a conjecture on time-warped band-limited signals

J.J. Clark conjectured (see Proc. SPIE Inst. Soc. Opt. Eng., vol.1199, pt.3, p.1156-62, 1989) that, when a bandlimited signal f is time warped by composition with a monotone function gamma , a certain signal derived from gamma is also bandlimited if and only if gamma is affine. This correspondence shows that for a large class of gamma the conjecture is true. >
Progress Through Marginalization: Jewish Women at the Forefront of the German Women’s Movement

German-Jewish women of the late 19th century found themselves sidelined on three fronts. As women in a traditionally patriarchal German society, German-Jewish women were generally limited to the domestic sphere. As Jews in a patriotic German society, German- Jewish women faced virulent anti-Semitism and Judeo-phobia. And finally, as women in the Jewish community, German-Jewish women were demoted to an inferior status in religious practice. This paper explores the tri-marginalization of Jewish-German women of the Kaiserreich era. Furthermore, this paper argues that tri-marginalization pushed Jewish- German women to the forefront of the German women’s movement. German-Jewish women’s tremendous progression, especially as compared to their German female counterparts, arose primarily through their ability to push boundaries from within the confines of their relegated community.
Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis revealed SUFU suppression of acute graft-versus-host disease through downregulation of HLA-DR expression in recipient dendritic cells

Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis revealed SUFU suppression of acute graft-versus-host disease through downregulation of HLA-DR expression in recipient dendritic cells
Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 1, 2017-February 3, 2018.

From October through mid-December 2015, influenza activity remained low in most regions of the United States. Activity began to increase in late December 2015 and continued to increase slowly through early February 2016. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominating during October until early December, and influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominating from mid-December until early February. Most of the influenza viruses characterized during that time are antigenically similar to vaccine virus strains recommended for inclusion in the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere vaccines. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 4, 2015-February 6, 2016, and updates the previous summary (1).
Controversial Conversations in Science: Incorporating the Science “Sex Box”

ABSTRACTScience classrooms—and science textbooks—are proving to be challenging spaces for education that contradicts abstinence-only-until-marriage (AOUM) sex education. However, science educators can teach against this knowledge in a way that is critical of oppressive language. In fact, having explicit dialogue about gender identities and sexual orientation can help uncover oppressive cultural attitudes and help science educators challenge universal views of the human body. This article examines two narratives that use a pedagogic practice to help them teach in AOUM environments. The first narrative discusses personal experiences of the author as a science teacher and the dilemmas faced by including what I call a “sex box” in a life science class. The second narrative discusses an excerpt from a research study conducted with life science teachers in which a participant uses this same method. The purpose of this discussion is to help expose the science classroom as a place to have meaningful discussions, ...
Hunger signs in plants

Soil, water and tissue analysis are all used to diagnose plant nutrition. This is often helpful and can confirm nutrient toxicities or deficiencies, but often the easiest and most direct technique is to look at the plant symptoms. All higher plants take on certain patterns on their leaves when there is a lack or overabundance of a certain nutrient. Para citar este articulo Faber, B. (2015). Hunger signs in plants. Rev. Colomb. Investig. Agroindustriales, 2(1), 69-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23850/24220582.171
An Empirical Analysis of Commodity Exchange in the International Economy: 1965–80

Theories of trade and economic development assume that generic types of commodities move together in distinct patterns of international exchange. Using factor analysis, this research note examines the patterns of exports between nations and empirically identifies the “bundles” of exports which flow together in the circuits of world trade. The results are interpretable along a rough two-dimensional scale which contrasts “production” with “extraction” and “capital-intensive” with “labor-intensive” processing, and the pattern is remarkably stable between 1965 and 1980. The implications of these results with regard to theoretical notions about “unequal exchange” and “the new international division of labor” are discussed.
Abstract 952: Nitric oxide donor sulindac inhibits photocarcinogenesis by modulating epithelial mesenchymal transition and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) have been shown to have anti-proliferative, proapoptotic and cancer inhibitory properties. Here, we have investigated the effects of NO-donor sulindac on UVB-induced skin cancer development in SKH-1 hairless mice. Mice (6-8 weeks old) were divided into three groups of ten mice each, which received either vehicle (acetone), vehicle+UVB (180mJ/cm 2) or topical application of NO-sulindac (5mg/mouse)+UVB after dissolving in acetone. Mice-treated with NO-sulindac developed significantly less number of tumors (60%) compared with non-NO-sulindac treated mice and tumor volume was also less by 90% on termination of the experiment at week 30th. Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses revealed that the expression levels of proliferation markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cell cycle regulatory cyclin D1 were markedly diminished in tumors of NO-sulindac treated mice. However, the treatment of NO-sulindac resulted in enhanced apoptosis in skin tumors as ascertained by the increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, reduced Bcl-2 and enhanced Bax expression levels in the tumors and tumor uninvolved skin. To investigate the effects of NO-sulindac on the progression of benign lesions to invasive carcinomas, we examined squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) for various epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. NO-sulindac decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers such as Fibronectin, N-cadherin, SNAI, Slug and Twist whereas the epithelial polarity marker E-cadherin was found to be increased compared to the SCCs of non-NO-sulindac treated group. Down regulation of EMT by NO-sulindac was associated with a remarkable diminution of UVB-induced phosphorylation MAPK proteins such as, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk 1/2), c-Jun-NH2 terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) and p38 in both UVB-exposed skin and skin tumors. Together our results suggest that NO-sulindac is a potential chemopreventive agent for photocarcinogenesis and that inhibition of photocarcinogenesis by NO-sulindac is associated with the inhibition of EMT and MAPK protein expression in skin tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 952.
The Impact of Cycling Temperature on the Transmission of West Nile Virus

West Nile virus (WNV) is an important cause of disease in humans and animals. Risk of WNV infection varies seasonally, with the greatest risk during the warmest parts of the year due in part to the accelerated extrinsic incubation rate of the virus in mosquitoes. Rates of extrinsic incubation have been shown in constant-temperature studies to increase as an approximately linear function of temperature, but for other vector-borne pathogens, such as malaria or dengue virus, nonlinear relationships have been demonstrated under cycling temperatures near the thermal limits of pathogen replication. Using typical daily air temperature profiles from three key periods of WNV amplification in a hyperendemic area of WNV activity in California's Central Valley, as well as a fourth temperature profile based on exposures that would result from daily mosquito host-seeking and resting behavior, we explored the impacts of cycling temperatures on WNV transmission by Culex tarsalis Coquillett, one of the principal vectors in the western United States. The daily cycling temperature ranges studied were representative of those that occur across much of California, but they did not significantly alter the extrinsic incubation period of WNV compared with estimates from mean temperatures alone. This suggests that within the relatively broad range we studied, WNV incubation rates are a simple function of mean temperature. Realistic daily temperature patterns that reflected mosquitoes' avoidance of daytime high temperatures during summer reduced transmission over time compared with air temperatures, indicating that adjustment for mosquito exposure temperatures would be prudent for calculating risk.
Analysis and Solutions of Problems in Vacuum System for Condensers

The vacuum system for condensers includes the vacuum pump groups and connecting pipes.The inherent "limit pumping pressure" operating characteristic of the water ring vacuum pump may restrict the improvement of condenser pressure during the load reduction process.The unreasonable pipe connection method may result in the loss of dual-pressure design function of the dual-pressure condenser.Through the technological analysis of the vacuum system problem cases on site,this paper brings forward and performs the solutions and implements the test and evaluation of the improvement effects.
Resistance of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to five kinds of insecticides

Objective To investigate the resistance of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to commonly used insecticides and provide evidence for scientific application of insecticides in Changsha.Methods Soaking test-larva soaking in insecticide solution was used in the experiment to test medium lethal concentration of the larva to five commonly used insecticides.Results In Changsha,the resistance of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to four kinds of insecticides has increased,compared with the resistance in 2004.Conclusion Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in Changsha presents high-resistance to five kinds of commonly used insecticides.
Physical Exercise Toughens

Although there are ancient roots for the idea that a sound mind should reside in a sound body, in today’s world that relationship is often transformed to link exercise—especially aerobic exercise—with mental benefits. The science has been booming, and the popular media are trying to keep up. Even back in March 2007 a Newsweek cover story announced: “Exercise and the brain: We know that working out is good for the body; but now research says it also makes us smarter—and may help fight breast cancer and Alzheimer’s.” Within the extensive coverage were discussions of exercise stimulation of the blessed neurotropins (they left off the adjective), exercise regulation of some valued neurotransmitters, and exercise impacts on executive functioning and on various brain structures, including especially the hippocampi. Indeed, it was sophisticated stuff for science coverage in Newsweek, and, to my eye, flawless.
The Foundations of Induction

Induction is the operation by which we pass from knowledge of facts to knowledge of the laws which order them. No one has doubted the possibility of this operation; and yet it is strange that the observation of a few facts at a determined time and place is sufficient for establishing a law which is applicable in all places and times. The best experience serves only to teach us exactly how phenomena are related within our observation; but it does not teach us in the least that they must always and everywhere be related in the same manner. It is just this universal relation, however, which no one hesitates to affirm. How is such an affirmation possible, and on what principle is it based? This is the difficult and important question which we shall attempt to resolve.
Monstrous Generosity: Pedagogical Affirmations of the “Improper”

This article focuses upon monstrously generous teaching styles, enacted in neocolonial educational contexts, where the interactions between students and teachers are sometimes tense and mistrustful. The tensions between students and teachers are explained by discussing the ways in which schools—in the theoretical perspective of Roberto Esposito—operate to immunize the society against youth deemed improper. Utilizing the theories of Antonio Negri, James Baldwin, and W.E.B. Du Bois, the characterization of students as monstrous is discussed and an inversion is suggested, whereby students deemed to be monstrous are considered the source of reinvigorating visions of society. The pedagogical approaches of teachers who seek to welcome and nurture monstrous students are described, relying upon the accounts of great teachers offered by educators and sociologists. In practice, monstrously generous teachers make supererogatory gestures in their interactions with students, as a way of signaling to heavily-armored youth that they are willing to enter reciprocal relationships with them. Once youth drop their armor and begin to share their perspectives, monstrously generous teachers develop multiple means of helping youth develop their worldviews, without surveillance or censor.
Down Regulation of Thrombin Procoagulant Activity by Prothrombin Activation Fragment 1.2.

Abstract Prothrombin is the precursor of thrombin, the central enzyme in coagulation. Under physiological condition, prothrombin activation catalyzed by the fully assembled prothrombinase complex via an ordered, sequential reaction with primary cleavage at Arg320-lle321 followed by the second cleavage at Arg271-Thr272, forming fragment 1.2 and thrombin. The fragment 1.2 contains the amino-terminal gla domain and the two kringle domains. It has been shown that the kringle 2 domain in fragment 2 can bind to the exosite II of thrombin and inhibit allosterically its activity by inducing conformational changes at the active site. Nascent thrombin that is generated on platelet surface will remains non-covalenty bound to fragment 1.2 by kringle 2-exosite II interaction. To determine whether this interaction can modulate thrombin activity, we tested the effect of anionic phospholipid-bound fragment 1.2 (0–10 μM) on thrombin clotting activity. Phospholipid-bound fragment 1.2 inhibited fibrinogen clotting in a concentration-dependent manner but had no significant effect on esterase activity towards S2238 (D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA.2HCI) suggesting a competitive inhibition of fibrinogen binding. We also labeled thrombin at the active site with fluorescein-FPRCK (5-fluorescein-D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl-ketone) and monitored fluorescence changes following fragment 1.2 binding in a spectrofluorometer. Anionic phospholipid-bound fragment 1.2 induced changes in the active site similar to fragment 2 with half maximal effect at ~8 μM. We tested the effect of fragment 1.2 on fluorescein-FPR thrombin binding to platelets. Fragment 1.2 inhibited thrombin binding to platelet. Consistent with these findings fragment 1.2 inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation of gel filtered platelets in a concentration-dependant manner. These results suggest that membrane-bound prothrombin fragment 1.2 may play an important role in hemostasis by down regulating thrombin procoagulant activity because of its interaction with exosite 2.
Prolonging the shelf life of Lumbricus terrestris erythrocruorin for use as a novel blood substitute.

AbstractLimitations associated with the storage of red blood cells have motivated the development of novel blood substitutes that are able to withstand long-term storage at elevated temperatures. The hemoglobin of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (LtEc) is an attractive blood substitute candidate, since it is resistant to oxidation and aggregation during storage. Several factors were investigated to optimize the thermal and oxidative stability of LtEc during storage, including pH, antioxidant supplements, and deoxygenation. A strategy for the reduction of fully oxidized LtEc with antioxidants was also developed. Overall, LtEc was shown to have the highest thermal stability in Ringer’s Modified Lactate solution with 10 mM HEPES at pH 7.0. Deoxygenation of the LtEc was also shown to significantly reduce oxidation of the ferrous heme iron (e.g., %Fe2+ after 7 d at 37 °C = 75.7%). However, even in cases where oxidation does occur, the addition of 1.8 mM ascorbic acid (AA) was found to reduce 98.3% of the ox...
Differential sensitivity for somesthetic pressure

Data from classical experiments show clearly that differential sensitivity for somesthetic pressure varies inversely with the applied weight when the stimulating area is constant. Data from the experiments reported in the present paper, however, demonstrate that, for mechanical pressure as parameter (= 6 gm./cm.2) and area as variant, differential sensitivity varies directly with the applied weight. These results are shown to be consistent with a neurophysiological theory of differential sensitivity.
Modeling of Sour Gas Sweetening With MDEA

In this chapter, modeling of a methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) sweetening unit is demonstrated in ProMax (BR&E, 2017). The use of Saturator and Makeup/Blowdown Blocks is introduced and described, as well as the appropriate column specifications for an amine absorber and stripper.
The power of projectomes: genetic mosaic labeling in the larval zebrafish brain reveals organizing principles of sensory circuits

In no vertebrate species do we possess an accurate, comprehensive tally of neuron types in the brain. This is in no small part due to the vast diversity of neuronal types that comprise complex vertebrate nervous systems. A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to construct comprehensive catalogs of cell types defined by structure, connectivity, and physiological response properties. This type of information will be invaluable for generating models of how assemblies of neurons encode and distribute sensory information and correspondingly alter behavior. This review summarizes recent efforts in the larval zebrafish to construct sensory projectomes, comprehensive analyses of axonal morphologies in sensory axon tracts. Focusing on the olfactory and optic tract, these studies revealed principles of sensory information processing in the olfactory and visual systems that could not have been directly quantified by other methods. In essence, these studies reconstructed the optic and olfactory tract in a virtual manner, providing insights into patterns of neuronal growth that underlie the formation of sensory axon tracts. Quantitative analysis of neuronal diversity revealed organizing principles that determine information flow through sensory systems in the zebrafish that are likely to be conserved across vertebrate species. The generation of comprehensive cell type classifications based on structural, physiological, and molecular features will lead to testable hypotheses on the functional role of individual sensory neuron subtypes in controlling specific sensory-evoked behaviors.
Utilizing Conventional Machining Tools with Customized Machining Techniques to Manufacture Multifaceted Targets

Three recent experimental campaigns at Los Alamos National Laboratory have required unique application of traditional machining techniques to manufacture the components. For pRad experiments at Los...
Near-field ice management tactics – Simulation and field testing

Abstract Robust near-field ice management tactics have been developed for use in Arctic floating drilling. The tactics provide high confidence that a station-keeping drilling rig can be kept within the managed ice channel throughout periods of complex changes in ice drift direction and speed, and thus effectively mitigate the potentially high economic cost of an emergency disconnection. Kinematic simulations were used to design the systematic arched racetrack tactics which were implemented and tested during the Oden Arctic Technology Research Cruise 2015 (OATRC2015) conducted in the pack ice north of Svalbard at about 82°N latitude and 16°30′E longitude. The long duration field tests, conducted over 10 days using two icebreakers, show the virtual drilling rig was maintained within the managed ice channel in complex ice drift conditions that included multiple ice drift loops, cusps, and reversals. Moreover, the field observations, including satellite and helicopter imagery, confirm the fundamental simulation methods. The field results are extended through simulations to assess the impact of icebreaker fleet configuration and capability on outlet ice conditions (floe size and brash content) and the performance of the tactics against long-term ice drift records (over 1200 days with over 18,000 km of drift). Results demonstrate the importance of systematically executing the tactics and confirm that the geostationary drilling rig is kept within the managed ice channel.
A functional and anatomical comparison between two passive transcutaneous bone conduction implants in children

Abstract Objective To compare anatomical and functional outcomes of two passive transcutaneous bone conduction implant systems: Sophono™ and BAHA Attract™. Materials and methods Twenty patients, affected by bilateral conductive hearing loss, underwent unilateral transcutaneous bone conduction implant surgery. Ten children received a Sophono™ implant (6 males, 4 females, mean age 11 years, mean unaided Pure Tone Average (PTA) 0.25-4kHz = 69.70dB HL) and 10 a BAHA Attract™ system (7 males, 3 females, mean age 19 years, mean unaided PTA0.25-4kHz = 66.40dB HL). The following outcomes were considered: incidence of local complications, hearing aid benefit, hearing aid gain and changes in quality of life (QOL), as measured by the Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory (GCBI). Results One patient in the Sophono group experienced magnet-related skin decubitus, while two patients (one per group) had skin hyperemia in the area overlying the magnet. The mean BAHA-aided threshold was 23.70dB, whereas the mean Sophono-aided threshold was 31.60dB. The mean gain was significantly different for lower frequencies, the BAHA having better functional outcomes. All patients reported an improvement in their QOL. Conclusion Given the lower thickness of the internal magnet, the Sophono™ system might be more suitable for younger children, whereas BAHA offered better functional results. Both systems can be considered valid and safe options for the functional rehabilitation of conductive hearing loss in children, provided that precautions are observed, such as a gradual use of the device and use of the least powerful magnets in the first months after the activation.
Regulation of Bi-organellar CHCHD2 in Response to Hypoxia is Dependent upon EGFR Molecular Subtype in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of brain cancer in adults, with a median survival time of 12–15 mo. Tumors are heterogeneous and characterized by hypoxic foci. Amplification, overexpression, and mutation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) EGFR are prevalent in GBM, and the constitutively active EGFRvIII mutant shows the poorest clinical outcomes. However, RTK inhibitors have failed clinically against GBM, with EGFR subtype poorly predicting outcome. We are investigating compensatory signaling pathways active within GBM tumor margins as a possible source of resistance to molecular subtype therapies. Previous studies have reported coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing protein 2 (CHCHD2) as a bi-organellar protein localized predominantly in the mitochondrial inner membrane but also present in the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor. We hypothesized that this co-localization enables GBM cells to adapt to hypoxic stress in the tumor microenvironment, part...
On the Theory of Parties

The theory of parties put forward by scholars associated with the University of California at Los Angeles argues that political parties are best viewed as coalitions of intense policy demanders. These policy demanders use their control of nomination processes to select candidates loyal to the groups’ shared policy priorities. By highlighting the role of groups, this theory has made a major contribution to our understanding of party politics, breathing new life into important debates about the limitations of democratic responsiveness in the United States. The theory, however, leaves a number of theoretical and empirical issues unresolved. The “invisible primary” hypothesis has performed poorly in recent presidential elections. More importantly, we argue that the next generation of party theorizing needs to account for the distinctive roles and capacities of officeholders and voters, and to reengage the idea of formal parties as institutional intermediaries between groups, politicians, and voters.
Individualized Colorectal Cancer Screening Discussions Between Older Adults and Their Primary Care Providers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction. Discussions of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening with older adults should be individualized to maximize appropriate screening. Our aim was to describe CRC screening discussions and ex...
Curcuma longa (Theracumin®): A Bioavailable Form of Curcumin and Its Cognitive Benefits.

As human life expectancy increases, there is a corresponding increase in the incidence of chronic diseases such as dementia. Individuals with cognitive impairment, a known precursor to dementia, experience a decline in previously attained cognitive function. The manifestation of dementia usually occ
Moisture-induced surface damage in T300/5208 graphite/epoxy laminates

A microscopic examination of hygrothermally exposed T300/5208 cross-ply laminates is described. Moisture-induced surface and edge microcracks were observed in specimens exposed at 82° and 9, 20, 37, 74, and 91 percent relative humidity or water immersion. Specimens exposed at similar relative humidities but at lower temperatures (21, 43, and 63°C) generally did not form microcracks. The severity and frequency of the microcracking at 82°C increased with relative humidity. The majority of the microcracks were observed to be oriented parallel to the graphite fibers in the surface laminae. Specimens with extensive microcracks were also observed to exhibit non-Fickian diffusion phenomena during their hygrothermal exposure.
An Analysis of the Differences in the Frequency of Students' Disengagement in Urban, Rural, and Suburban High Schools.

We study how student behaviors associated with disengagement differ between different school settings. Towards this, we investigate the variation in the frequency of off-task behavior, gaming the system, and carelessness in an urban school, a rural school, and a suburban school in the United States of America. This analysis is conducted by applying automated detectors of these behaviors to data from students using the same Cognitive Tutor educational software for high school Geometry, across an entire school year. We find that students in the urban school go off-task and are careless significantly more than students in the rural and suburban schools. Differences between schools in terms of gaming the system are less stable. These findings suggest that some of the differences in achievement by school type may stem from differences in engagement and problem behaviors.
Privacy nudges for social media: an exploratory Facebook study

Anecdotal evidence and scholarly research have shown that a significant portion of Internet users experience regrets over their online disclosures. To help individuals avoid regrettable online disclosures, we employed lessons from behavioral decision research and research on soft paternalism to design mechanisms that "nudge" users to consider the content and context of their online disclosures before posting them. We developed three such privacy nudges on Facebook. The first nudge provides visual cues about the audience for a post. The second nudge introduces time delays before a post is published. The third nudge gives users feedback about their posts. We tested the nudges in a three-week exploratory field trial with 21 Facebook users, and conducted 13 follow-up interviews. Our system logs, results from exit surveys, and interviews suggest that privacy nudges could be a promising way to prevent unintended disclosure. We discuss limitations of the current nudge designs and future directions for improvement.
A cost-utility analysis comparing large volume displacement oncoplastic surgery to mastectomy with single stage implant reconstruction in the treatment of breast cancer

Abstract Background For larger cancers in moderate to large breast sized women, breast surgical cancer treatment may include large volume displacement oncoplastic surgery (LVOS) or mastectomy with single stage implant reconstruction (SSIR). Often in the case of LVOS, reduction mammaplasty designs are used in the oncoplastic reconstructions with a contralateral symmetry operation. The goal of this study was to investigate the cost-utility between LVOS versus SSIR to determine which approach is cost-effective in the treatment of breast cancer. Methods A review of the literature was performed to determine baseline values and ranges. An average national Medicare payment rates using DRG and CPT codes were used for cost assessment. After constructing a decision tree, an incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) was calculated comparing the difference for both surgical options in costs by the difference in clinical-effectiveness. To validate our results, we performed one-way sensitivity analyses in addition to a Monte-Carlo analysis. Results An ICUR of $546.81/QALY favoring LVOS was calculated based off of its clinical-effectiveness gain of 7.67 QALY at an additional cost of $4194. One-way sensitivity analyses underscored the degree by which LVOS was cost-effective. For example, LVOS became cost-ineffective when a successful LVOS cost more than $50,000. Similarly, probabilistic sensitivity analysis using Monte-Carlo simulation showed that even with varying multiple variables at once, results tended to favor our conclusion supporting the cost-effectiveness of LVOS. Conclusions For the appropriate patients with moderate to large sized breasts with breast cancer, large volume displacement oncoplastic surgery is cost-effective compared to mastectomy with single staged implant reconstruction.
Survey of the electrostatic tractor research for reorbiting passive GEO space objects

The number of operational satellites and debris objects in the valuable geosynchronous ring has increased steadily over time such that active debris removal missions are necessary to ensure long-term stability. These objects are very large and tumbling, making any mission scenarios requiring physical contact very challenging. In the last 10 years, the concept of using an electrostatic tractor has been investigated extensively. With the electrostatic tractor concept, active charge emission is employed to simultaneously charge the tug or services vehicle, while aiming the charge exhaust onto the passive space debris object to charge it as well. The resulting electrostatic force has been explored to actuate this debris object to a disposal orbit or to detumble the object, all without physical contact. This paper provides a survey of the related research and reviews the charging concepts, the associated electrostatic force and torque modeling, and the feedback control developments, as well as the charge sensing research.
Anxiety, depression, and regret of donation in living kidney donors

Previous studies have reported a wide range of prevalence of post-donation anxiety, depression, and regret in living kidney donors (LKDs). It is also unclear what risk factors are associated with these outcomes. We screened 825 LKDs for anxiety and depression using 2-item GAD-2 and PHQ-2 scales and asked about regret. Overall, 5.5% screened positive for anxiety, 4.2% for depression, and 2.1% reported regretting their donation. While there was moderate correlation between positive anxiety and depression screens (r = 0.52), there was no correlation between regret and positive screens (r < 0.1 for both). A positive anxiety screen was more likely in LKDs with a positive depression screen (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 13.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.78–27.74, p < 0.001). Similarly, a positive depression screen was more likely in LKDs with a positive anxiety screen (aRR 19.50, 95% CI 6.94–54.81, p < 0.001), as well as in those whose recipients experienced graft loss (aRR 5.38, 95% CI 1.29–22.32, p = 0.02). Regret was more likely in LKDs with a positive anxiety screen (aRR 5.68, 95% CI 1.20–26.90, p = 0.03). This was a single center cross-sectional study which may limit generalizability and examination of causal effects. Also, due to the low prevalence of adverse psychosocial outcomes, we may lack power to detect some associations between donor characteristics and anxiety, depression, or regret. Although there is a low prevalence of anxiety, depression, and regret of donation among LKDs, these are interrelated conditions and a positive screen for one condition should prompt evaluation for other conditions.
Local Innovation and the Global Network

The locations of knowledge centers—those geographic and institutional places where innovation is most likely to occur—are not evenly spread across the globe. There is no reason to think they should be, but as UNESCO (2011) reports, there is striking evidence of the persistence—expansion even—in the uneven distribution of research and innovation at the global level. This chapter focuses on challenges associated with making useful knowledge truly and universally accessible.
Greater survival despite increased complication rates following lung transplant for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency compared to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency (A1ATD) is characterized by accelerated degradation of lung function. We examined our experience with lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with and without A1ATD to compare survival and rates of postoperative surgical complications. Methods: Patients with A1ATD and non-A1ATD COPD undergoing lung transplantation from 1988−2015 at our institution were analyzed. Complications were categorized into non-gastroenteritis gastrointestinal (GI), wound, airway, and reoperation for bleeding. Overall and complication-free survival were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Three hundred and eighty-five patients underwent lung transplant for COPD (98 A1ATD). For A1ATD, 56.1% underwent single lung transplantation (80.6% for COPD). Early overall and complication-free survival was worse for A1ATD, but this trend reversed at longer follow up. Unadjusted estimated survival showed advantage for COPD at 90 days and 1 year, which attenuated by 5 years and reversed at 10 years (P<0.001). On adjusted analysis, A1ATD was associated with a trend toward lower complication-free survival at 90 days and 1 year, due partly to increased rates of post-transplant GI pathology, particularly in the era of the lung allocation score (LAS). Conclusions: A1ATD lung recipients had worse short-term complication-free survival but improved long-term survival compared to COPD patients. A1ATD was associated with greater risk of new GI pathology after transplant. Close monitoring of A1ATD patients with timely evaluation of GI complaints after transplant is warranted.
Exposures to orthochlorobenzylidene malononitrile. Controlled human exposures

(1963). Exposures to Ortho-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 366-374.
ASPA Code of Ethics as a Framework for Teaching Ethics in Public Affairs and Administration: A Conceptual Content Analysis of MPA Ethics Course Syllabi.

Extant research has demonstrated a positive effect of ethics education in public affairs and administration programs, yet the same suggests the lack of a unifying framework for teaching ethics in t...
Interprofessional service-learning definition.

In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the WHO’s Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice recognizing the significance of improved quality of p...
A Baby With Bruises

Abstract A 7-day-old female infant presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of bruises. She was found to have severe coagulopathy. Initial management focused on identifying and treating complications of the coagulopathy without causing harm to the patient. Further workup was performed with the assistance of hematology experts to determine the underlying cause. Ultimately, the patient's diagnosis was determined by a single laboratory test. This patient's presentation allows us to review the workup of neonatal coagulopathy with special attention to potential pitfalls one might encounter in the management of these patients.
Geriatric community health workers’ views about aging, work, and retirement: implications for geriatrics and gerontology education

Seasoned geriatric community health workers offered valuable data that will inform educators and community health workers working with older persons. Geriatric community health workers’ views about...
Implementation of Quality Initiatives to Augment Safe Transport of the Cardiac Neonate

Background: Transporting neonates with congenital heart disease poses unique risks as management often needs to be tailored to the infant’s anatomy, which may be unknown at time of transport. Prior investigators have reported that transport with a specialized RN/RT team is safe; our program has a guideline of indications for which the team is augmented with an advanced practitioner (MD or NNP). Our quality improvement initiatives measure and evaluate opportunities to enhance the safe and efficient transport of critically ill neonates with suspected congenital heart disease. Methods: Retrospective …
SELF-REPORTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SPECIALIZED AND UNSPECIALIZED YOUTH:

The benefits of physical activity cross all domains of health. Unfortunately, many children are not meeting the current American College of Sports Medicine recommendations of 60 minutes of moderate...
Paper 11 – Circuit implementation of synchronized chaos with applications to communications

Publisher Summary An analog circuit implementation of the chaotic Lorenz system is described and used to demonstrate two possible approaches to private communications based on synchronized chaotic systems. Furthermore, the potential approach to communications applications is based on signal masking and recovery. In signal masking, a noise like masking signal is added at the transmitter to the information-bearing signal m(t) and at the receiver the masking is removed. In our system, the basic idea is to use the received signal to regenerate the masking signal at the receiver and subtract it from the received signal to recover m(t).
Can Speech Act Theory Save Notice Pleading

Countless scholars have debated—and lower courts have attempted to apply—the plausibility pleading regime that the Supreme Court introduced in Twombly and Iqbal. Iqbal took Twombly’s requirement that a complaint plead plausibly and turned it into a two-step test. Under that test, the life or death of a lawsuit rests on the distinction between “well-pleaded” and “conclusory” allegations. Only the former are assumed true on a motion to dismiss. Seven decades of pleading precedent had taken a sensible, if unstable, approach to the truth assumption, making a single cut between factual contentions (assumed true) and legal conclusions (ignored). But Iqbal redrew those lines. It treats as legal conclusions an entire subset of factual allegations and does so whenever, in the court’s view, those facts are presented too generally or too rhetorically. To date, the contours of “conclusory” have not been pinned down by legal-theoretic approaches, while lower court reactions range from conflicting to confused to avoidant. It is clearer than ever that Iqbal left an analytical void in the wake of its novel pleading inquiry—a void that must be filled in a stable way while recognizing the FRCP’s normative commitments. That way is through speech act theory. Speech act theory is a philosophy of language that employs a descriptive methodology for understanding what speakers mean with their words. A speech act- theoretic approach targets Iqbal’s central flaws—failing to treat pleading as an act of communication, and ignoring how the pleader intends her allegations to function in the pleading conversation. Indeed, Iqbal makes the judge’s omniscient view of meaning the decisive factor. Furthermore, Iqbal conflates two types of speech acts whose difference was vital pre-Iqbal: allegations meant to report, which merit the truth assumption, and allegations meant to accuse, which do not. Speech act theory shores up pre-Iqbal instability and offers a consistent analytical approach for granting allegations the assumption of truth based on communicative meaning. Using speech act theory to set the parameters of “conclusory” also opens the doors of discovery to complaints that do their job as the FRCP intended: providing functional fair notice of the nature of the plaintiff’s claims and the grounds on which they rest.
Submarining sensitivity across varied seat configurations in autonomous driving system environment.

Self-driving technology will bring novelty in vehicle interior design and allow for a wide variety of occupant seating choices. Thus, vehicle safety systems may be challenged to protect occupants o...
Caffeine, exercise physiology, and time-trial performance: no effect of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes .

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes on the physiological and ergogenic effects of caffeine. Sixty-six male cyclists were screened for ADORA2A and ...
Measurements of pressure broadening of N2 in the anisotropic tensor component of spontaneous Raman spectra

Abstract Spontaneous Raman scattering from nitrogen is well-suited for temperature measurements in combustion experiments, especially at high pressure which increases the Raman signal because of the higher density in the measurement volume. In this work we investigate high density effects on the anisotropic tensor component of ro-vibrational spontaneous Raman scattering, which must be understood to obtain accurate thermometry in high pressure gases using high-fidelity Raman simulations. We measure the collision broadening for the anisotropic component of spontaneous Raman scattering from room temperature nitrogen over the pressure range 10–70 atm for three gas compositions: pure nitrogen, air, and nitrogen in argon. Line broadening coefficients inferred from these measurements were found to be 14 ± 5% larger than the corresponding broadening coefficients of the isotropic Q branch. Air broadening coefficients were found to be very similar and about 2.5% smaller than nitrogen self-broadening coefficients. Argon broadening coefficients were 25% smaller at rotational quantum number 7 and about 50% smaller at rotational quantum number 21. Additionally, we found that our unmixed line model for the O and S branches gave good fits for all pressures, which indicates that line mixing effects are not significant in the O and S branches over this range of pressures. Using indirect experimental evidence we infer that line mixing effects in the anisotropic component of the Q branch were below the threshold set by our experimental spectral resolution at pressures up to 70 atm at room temperature. Assuming that the anisotropic Q branch lines mix like the isotropic lines results in a small systematic error in the inferred temperature at flame temperatures, with the error increasing slowly with pressure. The bias can be easily removed by modeling the anisotropic spectrum separately from the isotropic spectrum. Line mixing effects should be included in the model of the isotropic part of the Raman spectrum, but can probably be neglected in the anisotropic part of the spontaneous Raman spectrum of N2 for pressures below 400 atm at flame temperatures.