cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining and redefining nutrition terms which are unfamiliar to adults

Studies have shown that adults' comprehension of medical and nutrition terminology is often poor. This study's objectives were to determine nutrition terms that adults could not define correctly; to determine whether demographic characteristics affected the subjects' score, and to determine whether defining nutrition terms in educational material increased subject comprehension of the terms. Phase I involved 400 adult subjects from the airport and train station who were approached randomly and asked to complete a terminology test. Phase II involved 100 soldiers (aged 18–28) and 100 senior citizens; half of the subjects read information in which the nutrition terms used were defined and the other half read information in which the nutrition terms were not defined. All subjects then completed a nutrition terminology test. Statistical analysis included mean score, item analysis and regression analysis. In phase I, subjects had a moderate knowledge of the terms tested. In phase II, the mean score of subjects who read information in which the nutrition terms were defined was significantly higher than those not provided with definitions. The results of this study suggest that adult comprehension of nutrition terms may improve when the terms are defined.
VAMP8/endobrevin is overexpressed in hyperreactive human platelets: suggested role for platelet microRNA.

Summary. Background: Variation in platelet reactivity contributes to disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Objectives: To discover associations between interindividual platelet variability and the responsible platelet genes, and to begin to define the molecular mechanisms altering platelet gene expression. Subjects/methods: Two hundred and eighty-eight healthy subjects were phenotyped for platelet responsiveness. Platelet RNA from subjects demonstrating hyperreactivity (n = 18) and hyporeactivity (n = 11) was used to screen the human transcriptome. Results: Distinctly different mRNA profiles were observed between subjects with differing platelet reactivity. Increased levels of mRNA for VAMP8/endobrevin, a critical v-SNARE involved in platelet granule secretion, were associated with platelet hyperreactivity (Q = 0.0275). Validation studies of microarray results showed 4.8-fold higher mean VAMP8 mRNA levels in hyperreactive than hyporeactive platelets (P = 0.0023). VAMP8 protein levels varied 13-fold among platelets from these normal subjects, and were 2.5-fold higher in hyperreactive platelets (P = 0.05). Among our cohort of 288 subjects, a VAMP8 single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs1010) was associated with platelet reactivity in an age-dependent manner (P < 0.003). MicroRNA-96 was predicted to bind to the 3′-untranslated regionof VAMP8 mRNA and was detected in platelets. Overexpression of microRNA-96 in VAMP8-expressing cell lines caused a dose-dependent decrease in VAMP8 protein and mRNA, suggesting a role in VAMP8 mRNA degradation. Conclusions: These findings support a role for VAMP8/endobrevin in the heterogeneity of platelet reactivity, and suggest a role for microRNA-96 in the regulation of VAMP8 expression.
CPR: a configuration profiling tool

In this paper we describe a Configuration PRofiling tool (CPR) and show how it can be used to aid compiler designers, FPGA architects and in the construction of macro-generator libraries. CPR uses subgraph matching to identify the parts of an application which are most important to achieve high performance. Using CPR as a guide we implemented a few macros for a macro-generator library, which yielded significant improvement in both the quality of configurations and speed of compilation.
The Establishment Clause and Public Schools in the 21st Century.

Public school leaders often find themselves caught between groups with passionately held—but widely varying—views regarding the appropriate role for religion in public schools. Tensions are heightened by the growth of well-funded special interest groups inclined to litigate anywhere a test case arises. By reviewing the most recent judicial reasoning in defining the First Amendment's Establishment Clause applications to public schools, educational leaders can navigate effectively and appropriately around the divisive issues of church and state.
Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH and NO3 Radicals and O3 with the Monoterpene Reaction Products Pinonaldehyde, Caronaldehyde, and Sabinaketone

Using a relative rate method, rate constants have been measured for the gas-phase reactions of OH and NO3 radicals with pinonaldehyde, caronaldehyde and sabinaketone at 296 ± 2 K. The OH radical reaction rate constants obtained are (in units of 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): pinonaldehyde, 48 ± 8; caronaldehyde, 48 ± 8; and sabinaketone, 5.1 ± 1.4, and the NO3 radical reaction rate constants are (in units of 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): pinonaldehyde, 2.0 ± 0.9; caronaldehyde, 2.5 ± 1.1; and sabinaketone, 0.036 ± 0.023, where the error limits include the estimated overall uncertainties in the rate constants for the reference compounds. Upper limits to the O3 reaction rate constants were also obtained, of <2 × 10−20 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for pinonaldehyde and caronaldehyde, and <5 × 10−20 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for sabinaketone. These reaction rate constants are combined with estimated ambient tropospheric concentrations of OH radicals, NO3 radicals and O3 to calculate tropospheric lifetimes and dominant transformation process(es) of these and other monoterpene reaction products.
Generalized conserved currents in the ghost-extended superstring

Abstract When ghost coordinates are used in combination with the ∂ X μ and ψ μ degrees of freedom, an infinite set of operators of conformal dimension one can be constructed for the open superstring. These conservation laws aid in computing the string scattering amplitudes for bosons and fermions. Using them and an additional trick, N -point correlation functions can be reduced to ( N − 1)-point ones, so that any superstring tree-amplitude can be calculated in a manifestly Lorentz covariant form if the two-point correlation functions are known. The method is applicable to both closed and open strings and can be adapted to heterotic strings. Sample calculations are presented.
Pocket-sized Ultrasound for Physical Diagnosis.

To the Editors We commend Ojeda et al. for conducting a randomized trial of a pocket-sized ultrasound in the hands of internal medicine residents.1 While other studies have shown the feasibility of implementing point-of-care ultrasound curricula for internal medicine residents, the trial by Ojeda et al. had disappointing results.2 Several key factors were likely contributory. One major limitation of this trial was that only 1.5 h of didactic and 1.5 h of hands-on training were used in the intervention group. By comparison, emergency medicine residents complete a minimum of 20 h of didactic training, 80 h of dedicated ultrasound training, and at least 150 supervised ultrasound scans prior to being assessed for competency.3 In the trial by Ojeda et al., the pathology of the study participants was particularly limited.1 The cardiac conditions listed in Table 1 of the article included structural heart disease and many valvular abnormalities, but pericardial effusion and left ventricular systolic dysfunction were not included. This choice is puzzling, since clinicians with limited training in point-of-care ultrasound have previously been shown to detect left ventricular systolic dysfunction and pericardial effusions, but not valvular heart disease.4 Of the 17 physical exam abnormalities listed in Table 1, only three were abdominal pathologies (hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and ascites).1 The authors stratified their data by “organ system,” but did not provide results for each specific abnormality. Assessing for organomegaly might be a more advanced skill than the binary question of whether ascites is present or absent; the reader is left wondering if the intervention group detected ascites reliably even if organomegaly was not well diagnosed. The intervention group in the study by Ojeda et al. learned chest ultrasound techniques from attending radiologists, but they weren’t tested on them: the ten study subjects did not exhibit common pulmonary pathology (other than one patient with a paralyzed left hemidiaphragm).1 Diagnosing pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and pleural effusions by point-of-care ultrasound is standard practice in emergency medicine, critical care, and pulmonology.5 Further studies are needed to determine what point-of-care ultrasound skills should be taught to internal medicine residents. The trial by Ojeda et al. shows that 3 h of ultrasound training is insufficient to improve residents’ bedside diagnostic skills (primarily for valvular heart disease), but additional conclusions about the potential for point-of-care ultrasound as an adjunct to the traditional physical examination cannot be made from this data.
Accretionary orogens in space and time

Accretionary orogens form along continental margins where oceanic lithosphere is subducted. They are primary sites of juvenile continental crust production and have been active on Earth since the earliest Archean. Orogen lifetimes expressed as accretion intervals range from 50 to over 300 m.y. The short duration of Late Archean accretionary orogens (<70 m.y.) may refl ect the short duration of a global mantle plume event at 2.7 and 2.5 Ga. Although there is no simple relationship between the onset or duration of accretionary orogens and the supercontinent cycle, many postArchean orogens terminate with continent-continent collisions during supercontinent assembly. Average terrane lifespan is typically 100‐200 m.y. in post‐1 Ga orogens, 50‐100 m.y. in pre‐1 Ga Proterozoic orogens, and 70‐700 m.y. in Archean orogens. Accretionary orogens can be grouped into two end members: simple orogens containing chiefl y juvenile terranes with lifespans of <100 m.y., and complex orogens with both juvenile accreted components and exotic microcratons, with terrane lifespans of ≥100 m.y. Terrane lifespan is controlled by (1) terrane tectonic setting, (2) complexity of precollisional terrane history, (3) availability of continental crust on Earth, and (4) plate history of ocean basins adjacent to accretionary orogens. Average accretion rates in accretionary orogens are 70 to 150 km 3 /km/m.y. in Phanerozoic orogens and 100 to 200 km 3 /km/m.y. in Precambrian orogens. Some orogens at 2.7 Ga have unusually high accretion rates greater than 300 km 3 /km/m.y., which may refl ect a global mantle plume event. Production rates of juvenile crust in accretionary orogens are typically 10%‐30% lower than total accretion rates, but can be up to 50% lower in Phanerozoic orogens.
Nonlinear Stochastic Control Part I: A Moment- based Approach

This paper describes a new stochastic control methodology for nonlinear affine systems subject to parametric and functional uncertainties, with random excitations. The primary objective of this method is to control the statistical nature of the state of a nonlinear system to designed (attainable) statistical properties (e.g. moments). This methodology involves a constrained optimization problem for obtaining the undetermined control parameters, where the norm of the error between the desired and actual stationary moments of state/output responses is minimized subject to constraints on moments corresponding to a stationary distribution. To overcome the difficulties in solving the associated Fokker-Planck equation, generally experienced in nonlinear stochastic control and filtering problems, an approximation using the direct quadrature method of moments is proposed. In this innovative approach, the state probability density function is expressed in terms of a finite collection of Dirac delta functions, with the associated weights and locations determined by moment equations. The advantages of the proposed method are: (1) robustness with respect to parametric and functional uncertainties; (2) ability to control any specified stationary moments of the states/output probability density function; and (3) the state process can be Non-Gaussian. A numerical simulation is used to demonstrate the capability of the proposed nonlinear stochastic control method.
Abstract 1882: Role of cystathionine beta-synthase in ovarian cancer growth, metastasis and drug sensitivity.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gasotransmitter, has recently attracted a lot of attention for its cytoprotective action and role in angiogenesis. Dysregulation of the major enzymes which produces H2S namely, cystathionine beta synthase (CBS), cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) have also been implicated in a large number of pathological conditions that range from neurological disorders to cardiovascular diseases. Surprisingly, studies on the role of these enzymes in cancer is scarce, especially, that of CBS. Relapse with a drug resistant and aggressive phenotype is a common occurrence in ovarian cancer with an overall 5-year survival of approximately 30%. Here we report that, CBS, a key enzyme required for sulphur amino acid metabolism, plays a critical role in promoting ovarian cancer growth, metastasis and drug resistance. Overexpression of CBS was observed in a majority of ovarian cancer cell lines utilized in our study compared to normal ovarian surface epithelial cells. Silencing CBS in A2780 cells using siRNA or a CBS-specific inhibitor, aminooxyacetic acid reduced proliferation of ovarian cancer cells by dramatically reducing total glutathione levels, H2S levels and thereby enhancing oxidative stress. Downregulation of CBS reduced activation of NF-kB and upregulated p53 protein levels thereby inactivating the antioxidant network of the cells. A deeper insight into the intracellular localization of CBS by confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated a mitochondria specific distribution and silencing CBS caused mitochondrial superoxide accumulation that resulted in decreased mitochondrial respiration, reduced ATP production and increased ADP-to-ATP ratio. Furthermore, silencing CBS, augmented the activity of cisplatin in vitro in A2780 cells and in vivo in an orthotopic model of advanced ovarian cancer. Nanoliposomal delivery of CBS siRNA significantly reduced the number of tumor nodules in a chemoresistant orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the importance of CBS in ovarian cancer progression and drug resistance and therefore is a viable target for future anti-cancer therapies. Citation Format: Sounik Saha, Sanjib Bhattacharyya, Karuna Giri, Ian R. Lanza, K. Sreekumar Nair, Nicholas B. Jennings, Rakesh Kumar, Anil K. Sood, Resham Bhattacharya, Priyabrata Mukherjee. Role of cystathionine beta-synthase in ovarian cancer growth, metastasis and drug sensitivity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1882. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1882
Epirubicin has modest single-agent activity in head and neck cancer but limited activity in metastatic melanoma and colorectal cancer: Phase II studies by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

Epirubicin (4'-epidoxorubicin), a diastereoisomer of doxorubicin, has established activity in the treatment of many cancer types sensitive to doxorubicin. Its activity in other tumor targets such as melanoma, head and neck cancer, and recurrent colorectal cancer has been less well defined. Three concurrent phase II studies examined the efficacy and toxicity of epirubicin (90 mg/m 2 given intravenously at 3-week intervals) in the treatment of 71 patients with the aforementioned cancers. Of 66 eligible patients who were assessable for response, one patient (with colorectal cancer) achieved a complete response and three patients (with head and neck cancer) achieved partial responses. The response rate in patients with head and neck cancer was 18% (95% confidence interval, 4-43%). Myelosuppression, alopecia, and nausea were the most frequent toxicities. Two patients died of neutropenic sepsis and grade IV leukopenia occurred in six patients (8%). Grade III toxicities were as follows: leukopenia (17%), anemia (10%), alopecia (8%), fever (1%), thrombocytopenia (1%). Grade I or II cardiac toxicity was noted in four patients at cumulative doses ranging between 375 mg/ m 2 to 1,283 mg/m 2 . Epirubicin is ineffective as a single agent at this dose and schedule in the treatment of patients with melanoma and colorectal cancer. In head and neck cancer. a modest response rate encourages further exploration of epirubicin and related anthracyclines in combination regimens.
Reconstructing Conduction in the Ear with no Ossicles: Middle Fossa Epidural “L” Strut Preliminary Report

A new method is described for restoring conduction in a middle ear containing no ossicles. Use is made of an autogenous “L” bone strut or Teflon prosthesis as an “incus” replacement. The latter is stabilized in a tegmen tympani fenestra to avoid slippage, and it also aids in the formation of a middle ear space. Around the “incus” a wire prosthesis is crimped and suspended to make contact with the oval window. Two cases are 2½ years after operation and one case 18 months postoperatively.
Impact of strabismus surgery on health-related quality of life in adults.

Purpose of reviewAdult strabismus can cause many symptoms, which have generally been divided into functional complaints and social complaints. The validity of surgical correction has historically been based on the restoration of functional improvement. In the absence of this expectation, surgery was
Differences in breast aesthetic outcomes due to radiation: A validated, quantitative analysis of expander-implant reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The potential ramifications of radiation use can be of particular concern in the breast reconstruction population, in which both surgical and aesthetic outcomes are important. Presently, there remains a paucity of data detailing the influence of radiation on specific reconstruction aesthetic outcomes.
The control of tricarboxylate-cycle of oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. The steady-state concentrations of coenzyme A, acetyl-coenzyme A and succinyl-coenzyme A in flight muscle and isolated mitochondria

(1) A ;cycling' method involving citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) was modified by the inclusion of succinyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.5) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) to permit the determination of very small amounts of succinyl-CoA in addition to CoA and acetyl-CoA. (2) Application of this technique to blowfly (Phormia regina) flight-muscle extracts reveals no change in acetyl-CoA concentration, a slight fall in CoA concentration and a rise in succinyl-CoA concentration during flight. (3) Extraction of isolated mitochondria during controlled (state 4) pyruvate oxidation reveals essentially only acetyl-CoA. Activation of respiration by ADP (state 3) or uncoupling agents leads to a fall in acetyl-CoA and a rise in CoA and succinyl-CoA content. (4) The presence of glycerol phosphate in addition to pyruvate results in a lower acetyl-CoA content in state 4. (5) It is contended that these results are consistent with a primary control of one of the reactions of the tricarboxylate cycle, rather than of pyruvate dehydrogenase, during the state 4 oxidation of pyruvate by isolated mitochondria, and that the modulation of citrate synthase activity by the ratio of acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA is unimportant under these conditions.
Reflections on My Roles, Identities, and Activities Relating to Conflict Resolution (1999)

Over the years, my writing and lecturing has usually been presented dispassionately as scholarly analysis, based on empirical research and theoretical syntheses. That academic work, however, has been profoundly affected and in turn impacted on my personal activities, roles, and numerous identities. I’ve wrestled with negotiating these relationships, being aware that I live within the context of a particular historical period and of significant personal experiences. After discussing that context, I reflect on two major areas of work, each encompassing an overlapping set of activities, roles, and identities: (1) as an academic-scholar, analyzing social conflicts and how they are resolved and (2) as an activist-practitioner, promoting constructive ways of waging and resolving conflicts. My work in each has contributed to work in the other, but each also has sometimes interfered with the other. I hope this personal reflection will have implications for others who combine a similar variety of roles, activities, and identities, even in other social contexts.
Invited Lecture Beneficial Effects of Computer-Controlled Blood Infusion in Patients Recovering from Cardiac Surgery

Postoperative management of cardiac surgical patients via computerized intensive care monitoring algorithms has been found to be a very valuable and useful application in medicine (1–18). Patients are admitted to the cardiovascular recovery unit immediately postoperatively, connected to the computer system, and monitored until all the recorded parameters have stabilized. All pertinent pressures, fluid loss and gain, respiratory parameters, temperature, and various objective (X-ray findings, ECG changes, patient appearance) inputs are entered into the computer system either by direct monitoring input or manual input. The information is stored and permanently maintained on the patient’s record following high speed printouts at various timed intervals during the patient’s stay.
A Support Vector Machine based Prediction Model for Discrimination of Malignant Pulmonary Nodules from Benign Nodules

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and worldwide. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, usually stage III or IV. Identification of lung cancer patients at an early stage might enable oncologists to surgically remove the tumors. Currently, low dose CT scans are used to identify the malignant nodules in high risk patients. However, screening CT scans yield a high rate of false-positive results. A prediction model was developed for improved discrimination of malignant nodules from benign nodules in patients who underwent lung screening CT. CT images and clinical outcomes of 39 patients were obtained from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health. Images were analyzed to extract computational features relevant to malignancy prediction. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) based model was developed to predict the malignancy of nodules. During pilot studies, our model achieved the following prediction performance: accuracy of 0.74, sensitivity of 0.85, and specificity of 0.61.
High-Fat Feeding Does Not Disrupt Daily Rhythms in Female Mice because of Protection by Ovarian Hormones.

Obesity in women is increased by the loss of circulating estrogen after menopause. Shift work, which disrupts circadian rhythms, also increases the risk for obesity. It is not known whether ovarian hormones interact with the circadian system to protect females from obesity. During high-fat feeding, male C57BL/6J mice develop profound obesity and disruption of daily rhythms. Since C57BL/6J female mice did not develop diet-induced obesity (during 8 weeks of high-fat feeding), we first determined if daily rhythms in female mice were resistant to disruption from high-fat diet. We fed female PERIOD2:LUCIFERASE mice 45% high-fat diet for 1 week and measured daily rhythms. Female mice retained robust rhythms of eating behavior and locomotor activity during high-fat feeding that were similar to chow-fed females. In addition, the phase of the liver molecular timekeeping (PER2::LUC) rhythm was not altered by high-fat feeding in females. To determine if ovarian hormones protected daily rhythms in female mice from high-fat feeding, we analyzed rhythms in ovariectomized mice. During high-fat feeding, the amplitudes of the eating behavior and locomotor activity rhythms were reduced in ovariectomized females. Liver PER2::LUC rhythms were also advanced by ~4 hours by high-fat feeding, but not chow, in ovariectomized females. Together these data show circulating ovarian hormones protect the integrity of daily rhythms in female mice during high-fat feeding.
The Link between Mastery and Depression among Black Adolescents; Ethnic and Gender Differences.

Purpose: Although the link between depression and lower levels of mastery is well established, limited information exists on ethnic and gender differences in the association between the two. The current study investigated ethnic, gender, and ethnic by gender differences in the link between major depressive disorder (MDD) and low mastery in the United States. Methods: We used data from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent supplement (NSAL-A), 2003–2004. In total, 1170 Black adolescents entered the study. This number was composed of 810 African-American and 360 Caribbean Black youth (age 13 to 17). Demographic factors, socioeconomic status (family income), mastery (sense of control over life), and MDD (Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIDI) were measured. Logistic regressions were used to test the association between mastery and MDD in the pooled sample, as well as based on ethnicity and gender. Results: In the pooled sample, a higher sense of mastery was associated with a lower risk of MDD. This association, however, was significant for African Americans but not Caribbean Blacks. Similarly, among African American males and females, higher mastery was associated with lower risk of MDD. Such association could not be found for Caribbean Black males or females. Conclusion: Findings indicate ethnic rather than gender differences in the association between depression and mastery among Black youth. Further research is needed to understand how cultural values and life experiences may alter the link between depression and mastery among ethnically diverse Black youth.
Techno-economic analysis of glucosamine and lipid production from marine diatom Cyclotella sp.

Abstract A techno-economic analysis (TEA) was performed on glucosamine and lipid production from a marine diatom Cyclotella sp. in raceway open pond (RWP) and tubular photobioreactor (PBR) cultivation systems. Two PBR operating schemes were assessed: one to produce high lipid (HL) content, and another to produce high chitin (HC) content. In order to generate 1 kg of glucosamine, 9700 kg (RWP)/1050 kg (PBR HL) freshwater, 40 kg CO2, 0.70 kg nitrogen, 0.18 kg phosphorus, and 1.2 kg silicon nutrients are required for algae cultivation with water and nutrient recovery. With a price of $1.5 for lipid as coproduct, the projected selling price of glucosamine were $35/kg, $106/kg and $82/kg for RWP, PBR HL, and PBR HC systems, respectively. Currently, these prices are not competitive with industrial shellfish-derived glucosamine, but can be reduced by technology improvements such as producing food grade lipid, increasing algal productivity or chitin content.
Operative Indications and Pitfalls in Patient Selection for Surgery of Pituitary Tumors

The overall goals of pituitary tumor surgery are to reverse any endocrinopathy, restore the normal pituitary function, relieve mass effect, reestablish normal neurological status, determine a diagnosis, and resect as much tumor as possible to minimize the chance of recurrence. Preoperative evaluation of a patient with a pituitary lesion is critical for identifying patients that are potential candidates for surgery. This chapter evaluates the surgical indications for patients with pituitary tumors and identifies the precautions that must be adhered to when dealing with various types of pituitary tumors.
Rational Overreaction to Terrorism

Some terrorist organizations provoke their targets into deploying massive countermeasures, allowing terrorists to mobilize a greater share of their audience. Why would a government pursue such a co...
Nodeless superconductivity in the type-II Dirac semimetal PdTe2: London penetration depth and pairing-symmetry analysis

Superconducting gap structure was probed in type-II Dirac semimetal ${\mathrm{PdTe}}_{2}$ by measuring the London penetration depth using the tunnel diode resonator technique. At low temperatures, the data for two samples are well described by a weak-coupling exponential fit yielding $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T=0)=230$ nm as the only fit parameter at a fixed $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}(0)/{T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}1.76$, and the calculated superfluid density is consistent with a fully gapped superconducting state characterized by a single gap scale. Electrical resistivity measurements for in-plane and inter-plane current directions find very low and nearly temperature-independent normal-state anisotropy. The temperature dependence of resistivity is typical for conventional phonon scattering in metals. We compare these experimental results with expectations from a detailed theoretical symmetry analysis and reduce the number of possible superconducting pairing states in ${\mathrm{PdTe}}_{2}$ to only three nodeless candidates: a regular, topologically trivial $s$-wave pairing, and two distinct odd-parity triplet states that both can be topologically nontrivial depending on the microscopic interactions driving the superconducting instability.
In-Situ Deaeration towards Performance Stability of Capacitive Deionization Cells

The effects of system pressure on the performance stability of flow-through capacitive deionization (CDI) cells was investigated. Initial data showed that the highly porous carbon electrodes possessed air/oxygen in the micropores, and the increased system pressure boosts the gases solubility in saline solution and carries them out of the cell in the effluent. Upon applying a potential difference to the electrodes, capacitive-based ion adsorption occurs in competition with faradaic reactions that consume oxygen. Through the addition of backpressure, the rate of degradation decreases, allowing the cell to maintain its salt adsorption capacity (SAC) longer. The removal of oxygen from the pore space of the electrodes makes it no longer immediately accessible to faradaic reactions, thus hindering the rate of reactions and giving the competing ion adsorption an advantage that is progressively seen throughout the life of the cell.
Hospitals' adoption of intra-system information exchange is negatively associated with inter-system information exchange.

Introduction U.S. policy on interoperable HIT has focused on increasing inter-system (ie, between different organizations) health information exchange. However, interoperable HIT also supports the movement of information within the same organization (ie, intra-system exchange). Methods We examined the relationship between hospitals' intra- and inter-system information exchange capabilities among health system hospitals included in the 2010-2014 American Hospital Association's Annual Health Information Technology Survey. We described the factors associated with hospitals that adopted more intra-system than inter-system exchange capability, and explored the extent of new capability adoption among hospitals that reported neither intra- or inter-system information capabilities at baseline. Results The prevalence of exchange increased over time, but the adoption of inter-system information exchange was slower; when hospitals adopt information exchange, adoption of intra-system exchange was more common. On average during our study period, hospitals could share 4.6 types of information by intra-system exchange, but only 2.7 types of information by inter-system exchange. Controlling for other factors, hospitals exchanged more types of information in an intra-system manner than inter-system when the number of different inpatient EHR vendors in use in health system is larger. Conclusion Consistent with the U.S. goals for more widely accessible patient information, hospitals' ability to share information has increased over time. However, hospitals are prioritizing within-organizational information exchange over exchange between different organizations. If increasing inter-system exchanges is a desired goal, current market incentives and government policies may be insufficient to overcome hospitals' motivations for pursuing an intra-system-information-exchange-first strategy.
Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy with 225Ac-proteus-DOTA hapten.

123 Objectives: We have recently reported a novel anti-tumor/anti-DOTA hapten bispecific approach to pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (DOTA-PRIT), demonstrating complete responses including cures in several solid tumor types using the beta-emitting lutetium-177-DOTA-hapten (177Lu-DOTA-hapten; for e.g., please see Cheal SM, et al. (2017) J Nucl Med, 58(11):1735-42). We now seek to expand DOTA-PRIT to the use of alpha-emitting isotopes, specifically actinium-225. Herein we report the testing of the hypothesis that a DOTA-chelator (proteus-DOTA) that consists of a free (unchelated) high efficiency DOTA-chelator for 225Ac, tethered via a short polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker to a lutetium-complexed DOTA with pM affinity, could be used for optimal pretargeting of 225Ac. Methods: For effective tumor targeting with DOTA-PRIT, an anti-DOTA antibody/DOTA hapten binding affinity of at least 100 pM is needed (Orcutt KD, et al. (2012) Mol Cancer Ther, 11(6): 1365-72). We synthesized proteus-DOTA, radiolabeled with 225Ac, and conducted in vitro and in vivo studies to determine if pretargeting of 225Ac-proteus-DOTA hapten to tumor was feasible. In addition, a toxicity study was performed in normal tumor-free athymic nude mice with varying dose levels of 225Ac-proteus-DOTA (0, 9.25, 18.5, 37, 74, 148, or 296 kBq/mouse) given as a single intravenous (i.v.) injection. Mice were monitored daily and weighed up to twice weekly for evidence of treatment induced toxicity for 145 days post-injection (p.i.). Results: In mouse biodistribution experiments, i.v. administered 225Ac-proteus-DOTA showed rapid renal clearance and minimal normal tissue retention, with a majority of the total injected dose (97%) excreted by 4 h. When applied to DOTA-PRIT directed at GPA33 on human colorectal cancer SW1222 xenografted in athymic mice, 225Ac-proteus-DOTA showed specific tumor uptake (e.g., ~17 percentage of injected 225Ac-dose per gram (%ID/g) of tumor at 24 h p.i.; 1.86 kBq, 182 pmol) with minimal normal tissue accumulation including blood and kidney (both ~1 %ID/g 24 h p.i.). The tumor-targeting efficiency and resultant renal-based whole body clearance of DOTA-PRIT + 225Ac-proteus-DOTA mimics the 177Lu-DOTA-hapten. Dose-escalation toxicity studies with activities as high as 296 kBq/mouse (29 nmol) showed no acute toxicity, as well as no chronic radiation damage. Conclusion:225Ac-proteus-DOTA mimics the 177Lu-DOTA-hapten in vivo behavior (tumor uptake and whole body clearance). The ability to selectively deliver 225Ac-proteus-DOTA will greatly expand the potential of delivering precision radioimmunotherapy to human solid tumors in laboratory animals, and ultimately man. Research Support: The Center for Targeted Radioimmunotherapy and Diagnosis, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Mr. William H. Goodwin and Mrs. Alice Goodwin and the Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research and The Experimental Therapeutics Center, MSKCC, Kids Walk for Kids with Cancer NYC, and the Robert Steel Foundation.
Understanding trust and acceptance of automated vehicles: An exploratory simulator study of transfer of control between automated and manual driving

Abstract Vehicle automation offers promise for improving safe transportation, access to mobility, and quality of life. However, at least in the early stages of automation, human drivers remain an integral component of the system and their acceptance and use of the automated technology needs to be much better understood. One factor that has emerged as a strong influence on the acceptance and use of automated technology is trust. We used regression analyses to address two research questions. The first was: What factors are associated with the extent to which individuals report trust in automated technology after a simulated automated drive experience? The second research question was: How are trust in automated technology, control preferences (both preference for control specifically related to driving and more general preference for control), and experience with technology associated with objective measures intended to capture acceptance of automated technology? With regard to the first research question, we found that driving-specific control preferences were significantly related to reported trust. Specifically, after experiencing a simulated drive that required switching between manual and automated modes, the extent to which individuals reported that they trusted the automated technology was significantly higher among those who also reported being comfortable with other drivers behind the wheel. While specific results were mixed with regard to the second research question, we did find evidence that trust in automated driving, at least as reported after a simulated experience with the technology, was an important component of acceptance of the technology.
Harmonizable Signal Extraction, Filtering and Sampling

The purpose of this paper is to describe some aspects of analysis on a class of non-stationary and non Gaussian processes dealing with linear filtering, signal extraction from observed data, and sampling the process. The class to be considered consists of harmonizable processes which uses some suitably generalized spectral methods of the classical theory. Let us elaborate these statements.
Large Deviations for Interacting Particle Systems

We consider large systems of interacting particles. We obtain a large deviation principle for the empirical process viewed as a random measure on the path space. The precise rate function is obtained. While the formula is fairly general, the explicit dependence on the model is seen through quantities like bulk and self diffusion coefficients.
Integration of MODIS and radar altimetry data for river discharge estimation from space

The study integrates data provided by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS, onboard AQUA satellite and by RA-2 altimeter onboard ERS-2 and ENVISAT satellites for river discharge estimation along the Po River (northern Italy). The discharge is estimated by multiplying the velocity estimated from MODIS by the flow area computed considering the water level derived by altimetry data. In the case of river cross-section survey not available, the entropy theory may be applied for reconstructing the bathymetry starting from the water surface elevation observed or retrieved by the altimeter. The discharge estimation is validated using in-situ measurements of the nearest hydrometric station where daily observations are available for the period from February 2005 to August 2010. The agreement with the observed discharge is fairly satisfactory with coefficient of correlation equal to 0.91 and root mean square error of 37 % against observed discharge. The results suggest that the proposed methodology has potential applications from the forthcoming SENTINEL-3 mission, in which two similar sensors will be onboard the same satellite platform and where significant improvements will be obtained in terms of vertical accuracy and spatial and temporal resolution.
Early History of Home Parenteral Nutrition: From Hospital to Home

Technologic advances in the past century have led to the ability to safely deliver parenteral nutrition (PN) to hospitalized patients. Key breakthroughs included the development of saline and glucose infusions, infusion pumps, macronutrients (lipids, dextrose, and amino acids), and central venous catheters. In the 1960s, centrally delivered PN was performed in short-term hospitalized patients by Lincoln James Lawson (North Staffordshire Royal Infirmatory, United Kingdom) and long-term patients by Stanley Dudrick (University of Pennsylvania, United States). These early studies showed that a system was needed that would allow patients with intestinal failure to be discharged from the hospital and receive home PN (HPN). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Belding Scribner, Maurice Shils, Khursheed Jeejeebhoy, Marvin Ament, Dudrick, and their teams discharged patients from the hospital who then self-administered HPN. Shortly after these early cases of HPN, multidisciplinary centers were established first in North America, and later in Europe, to manage these complex cases. The current article describes the patients treated by these early HPN pioneers, in addition to subsequent case series reported by them and others.
Role of Hepatic Artery Infusion Chemotherapy in Treatment of Initially Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Review.

Importance Although liver metastasis develops in more than half of patients with colorectal cancer, only 15% to 20% of these patients have resectable liver metastasis at presentation. Moreover, patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastasis (IU-CRLM) who progress on first-line systemic chemotherapy have limited treatment options. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), in combination with systemic chemotherapy, leverages a multimodality approach to achieving control of hepatic disease and/or expanding resectability in patients with liver-only disease or liver-dominant disease. Observations Intra-arterial delivery of agents with high first-pass hepatic extraction (eg, floxuridine) limits systemic toxic effects and allows for administration of systemic chemotherapy at near-full doses. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in conjunction with systemic chemotherapy augments response rates up to 92% in patients who are chemotherapy naive, and up to 85% in pretreated patients with IU-CRLM. In turn, these responses translate into encouraging rates of conversion to resectability (CTR). Prospective trials have reported CTR rates as high as 52% in heavily pretreated patients with IU-CRLM who have an extensive hepatic disease burden. As such, CTR remains a compelling indication for liver-directed chemotherapy in this subset of patients. This review discusses the biological rationale for HAIC, evolution of rational combinations with systemic chemotherapy, contemporary evidence for CTR using HAIC and systemic chemotherapy, juxtaposition with rates of CTR using systemic chemotherapy alone, and morbidity and toxic effect profiles of HAIC. Conclusions and Relevance The argument is made for consideration of earlier initiation of HAIC in patients with IU-CRLM who are chemotherapy naive and for adoption of HAIC strategies to augment rates of resectability in patients who have failed first-line systemic chemotherapy before proceeding to second-line or third-line regimens.
The response of the pediatric head to impacts onto a rigid surface

Abstract The study of pediatric head injury relies heavily on the use of finite element models and child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs). However, these tools, in the context of pediatric head injury, have yet to be validated due to a paucity of pediatric head response data. The goal of this study is to investigate the response and injury tolerance of the pediatric head to impact. Twelve pediatric heads were impacted in a series of drop tests. The heads were dropped onto five impact locations (forehead, occiput, vertex and right and left parietal) from drop heights of 15 and 30 cm. The head could freely fall without rotation onto a flat 19 mm thick platen. The impact force was measured using a 3-axis piezoelectric load cell attached to the platen. Age and drop height were found to be significant factors in the impact response of the pediatric head. The head acceleration (14%–15 cm; 103–30 cm), Head Injury Criterion (HIC) (253%–15 cm; 154%–30 cm) and impact stiffness (5800%–15 cm; 3755%–30 cm) when averaged across all impact locations increased with age from 33 weeks gestation to 16 years, while the pulse duration (66%–15 cm; 53%–30 cm) decreased with age. Increases in head acceleration, HIC and impact stiffness were also observed with increased drop height, while pulse duration decreased with increased drop height. One important observation was that three of the four cadaveric heads between the ages of 5-months and 22-months sustained fractures from the 15 cm and 30 cm drop heights. The 5-month-old sustained a right parietal linear fracture while the 11- and 22-month-old sustained diastatic linear fractures.
Plant Uptake of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Acids under a Maximum Bioavailability Scenario.

Although many studies have evaluated the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in aquatic environments, few have observed their fate in terrestrial environments. It has been proposed that ingestion could be a major PFAA exposure route for humans. We determined PFAA uptake in radish, carrot, and alfalfa under a maximum bioavailability scenario. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were determined in the edible tissue of radish (perfluorobutanesulfonate [PFBS] = 72; perfluorohexanesulfonate [PFHxS] = 13; perfluoroheptanoate [PFHpA] = 65; perfluorooctanoate [PFOA] = 18; perfluorooctanesulfonate [PFOS] = 2.9; and perfluorononanoate [PFNA] = 9.6), carrot (PFBS = 5.9; PFHxS = 1.1; PFHpA = 29; PFOA = 3.1; PFOS = 1; and PFNA = 1.4), and alfalfa (PFBS = 107; PFHxS = 12; PFHpA = 91; PFOA = 10; PFOS = 1.4; and PFNA = 1.7). Some of these PFAA BCFs are as much as 2 orders of magnitude higher than those measured previously in plants grown in biosolid-amended soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2497-2502. © 2019 SETAC.
Comic and Satirical Alternatives to the “Pleasure Culture of War”

This chapter looks at a lineage of comedic war films, starting before Suez but then demonstrating how the connection between war and comedy changed throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In particular, the chapter shows how satire and comedic irony emerge in film and television works as critical tools, despite already being established in the literary tradition around war at least since World War I. In addition to surveying comic and ironic trends across genres, it compares two films written by Charles Wood, The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968) and How I Won the War (1967), and looks at how these films combine Wood’s penchant for comic irony with varied modernist techniques stressed by the directors (Tony Richardson and Richard Lester, respectively).
Social and Behavioral Research with Undocumented Immigrants: Navigating an IRB Committee.

When conducting human subjects research, social and behavioral researchers seeking to study current issues involving immigrants, refugees, and undocumented students must submit their research to an...
Magnetic resonance imaging of high-intensity focused ultrasound-stimulated drug release from a self-reporting core@shell nanoparticle platform

We developed a theranostic approach exemplifying a concept called an “exchange method” that controls and “images” drug release from nanoparticles using magnetic resonance imaging-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound. The controllable amount of released drug and therapeutic efficacy can be self-reported by associated MRI contrast changes in solution and in cells.
Stroke Code Presentations, Interventions, and Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Anecdotal reports suggest fewer patients with stroke symptoms are presenting to hospitals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We quantify trends in stroke code call...
Achieving social equity: From problems to solutions

Editors Mary E. Guy and Sean A. McCandless’s book Achieving Social Equity: From Problems to Solutions arrives on the public administration scene at a time when the United States is being ravaged by...