cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Auditory Playback Condition Predator Mobbing in Captive-reared Saguinus oedipus?

Captive reintroductions often suffer high mortality, with predation as one source. Many species learn about predators; thus training captive-born animals to recognize predators may increase survivorship. We adapted variants of methods developed for birds to attempt to condition monkeys to mob a predator. Captive-reared cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) did not differentiate between a snake and a rat, confirming previous research that naive cotton-top tamarins do not fear snakes. Tamarins then viewed a living snake during playback of mobbing calls. In posttests, tamarins did not mob the snake. We then eliminated the pretest to avoid potential habituation and placed a stillborn tamarin with the snake in an attempt to heighten arousal. In posttests, tamarins again did not mob the snake, although they did increase their rates of calls, indicating mild arousal. Overall, none of 8 groups of cotton-top tamarins learned to mob a predator. Potential reasons for failure include conditioning multiple subjects at once and the lack of an experienced demonstrator. Observing a demonstrator was not necessary for birds to acquire mobbing, but may be necessary for tamarins.
Ceramics, Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive

In a rapidly developing world, the use of smart materials becomes increasingly important when executing sophisticated functions within a designed device. In a common definition, smart materials differ from ordinary materials because they can perform two or several functions, sometimes with a useful correlation or feedback mechanism between them. For piezoelectric or electrostrictive materials, this means that the same component may be used for both sensor and actuator functions. Piezoelectric/electrostrictive sensors convert a mechanical variable (displacement or force) into a measurable electrical quantity by the piezoelectric/electrostrictive effect. Alternately, the actuator converts an electrical signal into a useful displacement or force. Typically, the term transducer is used to describe a component that serves actuator (transmitting) and sensor (receiving) functions. Because piezoelectrics and electrostrictors inherently possess both direct (sensor) and converse (actuator) effects, they can be considered smart materials. The degree of smartness can vary in piezoelectric/electrostrictive materials. A merely smart material (only sensor and actuator functions) can often be engineered into a “very smart” tunable device or further, into an “intelligent structure” whose sensor and actuator functions are intercorrelated with an integrated processing chip. Recent growth in the transducer market has been rapid and, it is predicted will continue on its current pace through the turn of the century. Piezoelectric/electrostrictive sensors and actuators comprise a significant portion of the transducer market. There is a growing trend due especially to automobile production, active vibration damping, and medical imaging. In this article, the principles of piezoelectric/electrostrictive sensors and actuators are considered along with the properties of the most useful materials and examples of successful devices. Keywords: Piezoelectric effect; Electrostrictive effect; Ceramic materials; Measurements; Common materials; Composites; Applications
Protein structure prediction and analysis using the Robetta server

The Robetta server (http://robetta.bakerlab.org) provides automated tools for protein structure prediction and analysis. For structure prediction, sequences submitted to the server are parsed into putative domains and structural models are generated using either comparative modeling or de novo structure prediction methods. If a confident match to a protein of known structure is found using BLAST, PSI-BLAST, FFAS03 or 3D-Jury, it is used as a template for comparative modeling. If no match is found, structure predictions are made using the de novo Rosetta fragment insertion method. Experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) constraints data can also be submitted with a query sequence for RosettaNMR de novo structure determination. Other current capabilities include the prediction of the effects of mutations on protein-protein interactions using computational interface alanine scanning. The Rosetta protein design and protein-protein docking methodologies will soon be available through the server as well.
Electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid on supported Au and Pd bimetallic nanoparticles

This work explores the potential-dependent electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in alkaline media over supported Au and Pd nanoparticles and demonstrates the synergistic effects of bimetallic Pd–Au catalysts for the selective formation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Results from electrolysis product analysis at various electrode potentials, along with cyclic voltammetry of HMF and its oxidation intermediates, revealed the unique catalytic properties of Pd and Au for competitive oxidation of alcohol and aldehyde side-groups present in HMF. Aldehyde oxidation was greatly favored over alcohol oxidation on the Au/C catalyst, which was very active for HMF oxidation to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HFCA), however high electrode potentials were required for further oxidation of the alcohol group to FDCA. HMF oxidation on Pd/C followed two competitive routes to FDCA and the pathway was dependent on the electrode potential. Oxidation of aldehyde groups occurred much slower on Pd/C than on Au/C at low potentials, but was greatly enhanced at increased potentials or by alloying with Au. It was found that Pd–Au bimetallic catalysts achieved deeply oxidized products (FFCA and FDCA) at lower potentials than monometallic catalysts and the product distribution was dependent on the electrode potential and surface alloy composition. Bimetallic catalysts with 2 : 1 and 1 : 2 Pd–Au molar ratios (Pd2Au1/C and Pd1Au2/C) exhibited advantages of both single components with facile alcohol and aldehyde group oxidation, resulting in greatly improved HMF conversion rate and selectivity to fully oxidized FDCA.
The Demography of Royal Navy Surgeons: Some Views on the Process of Prosopography

This study is a brief social biography and demography of British naval doctors during the nineteenth century, asking why Scottish-educated surgeons were so prominent. Understanding the demography and changing dynamics of naval surgeons’ labor illuminates the complex relationship among the military, discrimination, and nationalism that shaped this influential labor market. This study reviews how to collect demographic information from multiple types of sources: university archives, matriculation records, digitized medical journals, and student rolls. It also uses chi-square tests to show the significance of the demographic information collected. The results show us the entangled relationship between database conceptualization, data collection, and data analysis.
Dermatology of androgen-related disorders.

Hyperandrogenism in women can be caused by various conditions, the most prevalent of which is polycystic ovary syndrome. Common dermatologic manifestations of hyperandrogenism include hirsutism, acne, acanthosis nigricans, and androgenic alopecia. Hirsute women often have increased activity of 5α-reductase, the enzyme that converts the androgen testosterone to its active metabolite, in hair follicles. Likewise, androgens affect the formation of acne by increasing sebum production from sebaceous glands in the skin. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome includes a complete history, physical examination with emphasis on evidence of androgen excess, and appropriate laboratory investigation to exclude other causes of hyperandrogenism. Treatments for the dermatologic conditions of hyperandrogenism include lifestyle modification, oral contraceptives, antiandrogens, and insulin-sensitizing medications.
Spillovers And Governance: An Analysis Of Knowledge And Reputational Spillovers In Information Technology

Investigating spillovers (potential costs and benefits to a firm that extend beyond an individual transaction), I integrate transaction cost theory and the knowledge-based view of the firm in an effort to better understand the efficient governance of knowledge. Contracts with detailed task descriptions were associated with transactions with the potential to generate new and reusable knowledge. The risk of a firm’s technology spilling over to others and the risk of reputation-impairing spillovers were associated with suppliers using their own employees rather than subcontractors. Thus, results suggest that the creation and protection of knowledge are key factors in understanding governance decisions.
Footprints: history-rich tools for information foraging

Inspired by Hill and Hollans original work [7], we have been developing a theory of interaction history and building tools to apply this theory to navigation in a complex information space. We have built a series of tools - map, paths, annota- tions and signposts - based on a physical-world navigation metaphor. These tools have been in use for over a year. Our user study involved a controlled browse task and showed that users were able to get the same amount of work done with significantly less effort.
Transpersonal Approaches to Counseling.

The transpersonal movement is concerned with expanding the personal boundaries of individuals to facilitate mind and body self-control through various unusual modes, such as autogenic feedback, hypnosis, yoga, and meditation. This article discusses transpersonal approaches to counseling with emphasis on the possibilities of using suggestion, relaxation, hypnosis, imagery, and dreams. The author offers a concept of transpersonal counseling in which children would be trained to control their own mental, emotional, and physiological processes.
Religious Revivalism and the Administrative Centralization Mo vement

The administrative centralization movement has greatly influenced government organization since the late nineteenth century. The main sources of the movement have generally been sought in science and the classical management tradition. This article argues that another strong source was the religious revivalism of the period in which the movement began.
Comparison of 2 multiple-measurement infrared pupillometers to determine scotopic pupil diameter

Purpose To compare a monocular and a binocular multiple-measurement digital infrared pupillometers for measuring scotopic pupil diameter. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA. Methods Scotopic pupil size was measured after 1 minute of dark adaptation in 42 eyes of 21 volunteers. Measurements were taken twice each with 2 multiple-measurement digital infrared pupillometers, the monocular pupillometer (Neuroptics, Inc.), and the binocular pupillometer (P2000D, Procyon, Ltd.) Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and limits of agreement (LOA) were used to measure repeatability and agreement of measures with each instrument and between instruments. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare variability of measurements within each instrument. Results The mean scotopic pupil size was 4.79 mm ± 0.95 (SD) with the Procyon and 4.86 ± 0.93 mm with the Neuroptics. Repeatability and agreement tests for the Procyon measures showed the following: ICC, 0.954; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.916-0.975; LOA, −0.60 to 0.56; range, 1.16. The Wilcoxon signed rank test of variability gave a Z score of −2.53 ( P = .01, 2 tailed). The repeated measures testing with the Neuroptics pupillometer showed the following: ICC, 0.985; 95% CI, 0.972-0.992; LOA, −0.39 to 0.26; range, 0.64; Z score, −1.15 ( P = .25, 2-tailed). Repeatability and agreement tests for measures between instruments showed the following: ICC, 0.954; 95% CI, 0.916-0.975; LOA, −0.60 to 0.50; range 1.11. Conclusions There was a high repeatability and agreement in scotopic pupil diameter for repeated measures within each device and measurements between the devices. Differences in variability in scotopic pupil diameter evaluated by the Wilcoxon signed rank test were significant only with the Procyon pupillometer.
Introduction, Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights Against Progressive Reform

This paper is the Introduction to David E. Bernstein, Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights against Progressive Reform (University of Chicago Press 2011), which will be officially released in May. The Introduction makes the following points, which are elaborated upon and defended in the body of the book. The standard account of the rise, fall, and influence of the liberty of contract doctrine is inaccurate, unfair, and anachronistic. Lochner has been treated as a unique example of constitutional pathology to serve the felt rhetorical needs of advocates for various theories of constitutional law, not because the decision itself was so extraordinary, its consequences so bad, or its anti-statist presumptions so clearly expelled from modern constitutional law. The liberty of contract doctrine was grounded in precedent and the venerable natural rights tradition. Progressive jurists who opposed liberty of contract had an extreme pro-government ideology, and typically opposed any robust constitutional protection of individual or minority rights. The Supreme Court’s liberty of contract advocates, by contrast, were sufficiently committed to the notion of inherent limits on government power and a limited police power that they voted for liberal results across a wide range of individual and civil rights cases. The Lochner line of cases pioneered the protection of the right of women to compete with men for employment free from sex-based regulations; the right of African Americans to exercise liberty and property rights free from Jim Crow legislation; and civil liberties against the states ranging from freedom of expression to the right to choose a private school education for one’s children. Many post-New Deal liberal developments in Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence can trace their origins to Lochner and its progeny. More generally, modern Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence owes at least as much to the liberty of contract proponents’ libertarian values as to its pro-regulation Progressive opponents. The history of the liberty of contract doctrine should be assessed more objectively and in line with modern sensibilities, and Lochner should be removed from the anti-canon and treated like a normal, albeit controversial, case.
Source Routing Made Practical in Embedded Networks

Reducing packet latency is an important require- ment in embedded networks. Source routing can be used to reduce processing delay at intermediate nodes and thereby reduce the overall packet latency. However source routing is not scalable which makes it unsuitable for larger networks. The addition of the source route to every packet reduces the system goodput (application level throughput). Further, source routes ignore dynamic network conditions which might lead to routing failures. In this paper, we propose strategies to counter these problems. We propose a topology encoding scheme that reduces the overhead and makes source routing scalable. We propose a lazy correction scheme that makes it take cognizance of dynamic network conditions. Through simulations on reasonably large sized network with realistic models for traffic and failure, we show that source routing is indeed usable in practical scenarios. I. INTRODUCTION Wired embedded network systems (EmNets), including sen- sor networks, distributed control applications, and ubiquitous computing environments, often have strict latency require- ments. We define network latency as the one-way delay incurred by a packet from the time when it is transmitted by the source to the time when it is received by the destination. A major component of the network latency using dynamic routing protocol is the packet processing at each intermediate node. Traversing the different layers of the network stack as well as the routing table lookup at each hop takes up a non- trivial amount of time. We simulated a 4000 node random graph with 100,000 packets routed between 600,000 randomly chosen pairs of nodes. We injected 500 failed links in a manner that 50% of the chosen routes have at least one failed link along them. An incredible 93% of the route lookups turned out to be redundant. To understand the reason behind this, let us consider the case where a single link fails. Let there be a source node A and a destination node B. Let the link between nodes C and D fail. Let Pold and Pnew be the paths between A and B before and after the link fails. If CD / ∈ Pold, then Pold = Pnew and all intermediate lookups will be redundant. Let us now consider the case where CD is in Pold. Then obviously, Pold �= Pnew. As the link state information propagates from C and D to the rest of the network, all nodes (at any given time) can essentially be divided into two regions: nodes that have received the update and have the newest routes belong to the fresh region; all others belong to the stale region. If
Improving battery design with electro-thermal modeling

Operating temperature greatly affects the performance and life of batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles. Increased attention is necessary to battery thermal management. Electrochemical models and finite element analysis tools are available for predicting the thermal performance of batteries, but each has limitations. In this study we describe an electro-thermal finite element approach that predicts the thermal performance of a cell or module with realistic geometry. To illustrate the process, we simulated the thermal performance of two generations of Panasonic prismatic nickel-metal-hydride modules used in the Toyota Prius. The model showed why the new generation of Panasonic modules had better thermal performance. Thermal images from two battery modules under constant current discharge indicate that the model predicts the experimental trend reasonably well.
Incorporating Time-Varying Perturbations Into the Dynamic Inoperability Input–Output Model

This paper introduces a methodology to extend the capabilities of the dynamic inoperability input-output model (DIIM) to account for perturbations to sectors of the economy that are time varying and probabilistic. The DIIM accounts for the interdependent nature of the economy in determining the impact of a disruption on the ability of each economic sector to satisfy the prevailing demand. While the original formulation of the DIIM only allows for a single perturbation vector, this paper extends the DIIM to allow a perturbation matrix to be utilized as inputs to the model. The underlying motivation for this paper is understanding the impact of a pandemic on a regional economy. As such, idiosyncrasies associated with a pandemic are also accounted for in the model formulation. These include translating workforce absenteeism into a measure of sector inoperability and accounting for the impact of long-term absenteeism on a sector's ability to deliver its as-planned production output.
PageRank on semantic networks, with application to word sense disambiguation

This paper presents a new open text word sense disambiguation method that combines the use of logical inferences with PageRank-style algorithms applied on graphs extracted from natural language documents. We evaluate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm on several sense-annotated texts, and show that it consistently outperforms the accuracy of other previously proposed knowledge-based word sense disambiguation methods. We also explore and evaluate methods that combine several open-text word sense disambiguation algorithms.
An Instructional Design Model for Culturally Competent Community Health Worker Training

The Texas Public Health Training Center (TPHTC) provides quality training and education for the full spectrum of public health workers. As part of this mission, the TPHTC creates continuing education modules for nontraditional public health workers, such as community health workers (CHWs), through a culturally competent curriculum development process. CHWs, like many public health workers, must be certified by the state of Texas to practice within its borders, and continuing education is required to maintain certification. By involving CHWs and community members in its curriculum development process, the TPHTC is able to produce training modules that are more suitable for this unique and important segment of the public health workforce. The iterative curriculum development process is described here, along with a state-approved curriculum resulting from this method. As the value of the nontraditional public health workforce gains more recognition, sound curriculum design will be increasingly important to support and strengthen these nontraditional professions.
Investigating The Extent That An Integrative Learning Module Broadens The Perception Of First-Year Students About The Engineering Profession

Engineers today need both engineering knowledge and social science knowledge to solve complex problems. However, most people have a traditional view of engineering as a field dominated by math and science foci, with little social consequence. This study examined and compared perceptions about engineering from Freshmen taking three different First Year introductory courses. Researchers used data from students’ responses in the Draw-an-Engineer-Test, an engineering problem analysis assessment, and interviews. The Treatment Group were students in an introductory engineering course in which they received instruction using an integrative learning module entitled, the “Water Module”, based on interdisciplinary learning theory. Control Group 1 were students in a “Traditional Engineering” course, and Control Group 2 were students taking a “Non-Engineering” course. Results indicate that students in the Treatment Group developed a better understanding of engineering and its social impact on society versus the two Control Groups. We suggest that integrative and interdisciplinary learning modules are effective for broadening students’ perspectives on engineering and its role in society.
The uncertainties of certainty: using LV function to predict arrhythmic event after AMI.

A patient comes to your clinic after suffering an anterior myocardial infarction (MI) while sailing off the coast of the Bahamas. Thrombolysis done locally was incomplete, and his ejection fraction (EF), measured by echocardiographic Simpson's biplane method, is 34%. He is now short of breath while
Induction of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells by a PEGylated TLR7 Ligand for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes.

Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM) results from the destruction of pancreatic islet cells by activated T lymphocytes, which have been primed by activated dendritic cells (DC). Individualized therapy with ex vivo DC manipulation and reinfusion has been proposed as a treatment for DM, but this treatment is limited by cost, and requires specialized facilities. A means of in situ modulation of the DC phenotype in the host would be more accessible. Here we report a novel innate immune modulator, 1Z1, generated by conjugating a TLR7 ligand to six units of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which skews DC phenotype in vivo. 1Z1 was less potent in inducing cytokine production by DC than the parent ligand in vitro and in vivo. In addition, this drug only modestly increased DC surface expression of activation markers such as MHC class II, CD80, and CD86; however, the expression of negative regulatory molecules, such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) were markedly increased. In vivo transfer of 1Z1 treated DC into prediabetic NOD mice delayed pancreatic insulitis. Daily administration of 1Z1 effectively prevented the clinical onset of hyperglycemia and reduced histologic islet inflammation. Daily treatment with 1Z1 increased PD-L1 expression in the CD11c+ population in peri-pancreatic lymph nodes; however, it did not induce an increase in regulatory T cells. Pharmaceutical modulation of DC maturation and function in situ, thus represents an opportunity to treat autoimmune disease.
An Open Trial of Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation Among Methadone-Maintained Smokers.

INTRODUCTION Smoking cessation pharmacotherapies tested in persons with opioid use disorder have produced low quit rates. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been used by many methadone-maintained (MMT) smokers, but controlled trials evaluating cessation and reduction outcomes have not been performed in this population with deleterious tobacco-related health consequences. METHODS In this open trial of NJOY e-cigarettes, MMT smokers received 6 weeks of treatment and were instructed to use only e-cigarettes. Outcomes included carbon monoxide confirmed 7-day point smoking cessation prevalence at week 7 (end of treatment) and self-reported change in mean cigarettes per day (CPD) at each 2-week assessment. The final assessment was 2 weeks after treatment ended (week 9). RESULTS The 12 participants averaged 46 years old and 50% were male. On average, participants reported smoking 17.8 (±5.3) CPD. One person had a biochemically confirmed quit at week 7. Participants tended to report marked reductions in mean CPD between quit day (week 1) and the week 3 assessment. Relative to baseline, statistically significant reductions in mean CPD were observed at all follow-up assessments. Mean reductions in CPD were -12.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -15.0, -9.9; P < .001), -14.8 (95% CI: -17.4, -12.2; P < .001), -13.9 (95% CI: -16.6, -11.2), and -10.8 (95% CI: -13.4, -8.2; P < .01) at the 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-week assessments, respectively. Adherence to e-cigarettes was 89.1% during the 6 treatment weeks. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarettes were associated with reductions in cigarette use. Smoking cessation rates in MMT smokers are low and whether long-term smoking reductions can persist and produce health benefits should be studied. IMPLICATIONS E-cigarettes were associated with reduced tobacco use in MMT smokers. Adherence to e-cigarettes is high among methadone smokers. Week-7 smoking quit rates are similar to pharmacotherapies tested in this population.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice Fields

Most of rice cultivation practices require standing water over the field for the extended periods during their lifecycle. As a result, rice soils exhibit limited O2 supply in the plow layer during growing season. Although limited O2 favors N2O production during denitrification, this gas would further be reduced to N2 under strong anaerobic conditions of flooded rice soils. Therefore, rice paddies are considered to be less important source of atmospheric N2O emissions. However, water management has strong influence on N2O emissions. It controls the O2 supply of the paddy rice soils by providing suitable conditions for microbial growth and activity and restricting O2 supply to microsites by filling soil pores and creating anaerobic conditions. Monitoring of N2O from rice soils has not been done as extensively as CH4. Overall amount of fertilizer N usage and area under rice cultivation is increasing rapidly, necessitating implementation of different water management strategies. Therefore, global N2O emissions from rice cultivation might increase appreciably. Monitoring of N2O emissions from different rice management ecosystems and estimating realistic regional and global budgets from rice ecosystems is assuming high significance due to increasing land area and changing water management regime. The N2O emissions from rice are controlled by real time field conditions and fluctuations in cultural practices. Mitigation efforts should focus on water management without compromising crop production.
INDUCTION AND LATENT PERIODS

Induction and latent periods are distinguishable concepts referring respectively to the period between causal action and disease initiation, and the period between disease initiation and detection. A disease cannot be characterized as having a long or short induction period, except in relation to a specific etiologic component. Inappropriate assumptions, explicit or implicit, about the length of the combined induction and latent period (the "empirical induction period") in an analytic study result in nondifferential misclassification and bias toward the null. Repeated analyses, varying the assumptions about the length of the empirical induction period, can be used to minimize such misclassification, thereby providing estimates for an undiluted measure of effect and the mode of the empirical induction period.
Rapidly shifting elevational distributions of passerine species parallel vegetation change in the subarctic

Despite predictions of poleward and upslope shifts in the distribution of breeding passerines under climate change, studies often report variable responses with some species shifting opposite of the expected direction and others showing range stability. While changes in climate could affect distribution directly, passerines show strong preferences for particular structural vegetation characteristics, suggesting that long-term changes in vegetation may mediate a species' distributional response to climate, and consequently, may be responsible for the observed heterogeneity. We assessed changes in the elevational distribution and occupancy probability of 17 passerine species in Denali National Park, Alaska, from 1995 to 2013 across an elevational gradient containing multiple topographically defined ecotones (treeline and shrubline). An upward distributional shift was pervasive among shrub-tundra species, corresponding with observed expansion of shrub cover at higher elevations. Forest-associated passerines showed a weaker response as a group with some species showing range stability or retraction, while others exhibited modest expansions that were consistent with an advancing treeline ecotone. Denali's mean summer temperature increased significantly over the past century, but remained relatively stable over our study period, implying that longer term changes in climate indirectly influenced bird distribution through changes in woody vegetation. Further, heterogeneity in the response of forest-associated species was consistent with a slower rate of forest development and expansion as compared with shrub colonization. Together, our results indicate that the elevational range dynamics of passerines may be related to species-specific associations with different vegetation communities and variation across these vegetation communities in the timescale over which distributional change is occurring.
The marketing of retirement communities and retiree lifestyles

Abstract. Retirement communities offer the promise of a fulfilling life in old age. Purposefully planned and constructed with the intention of encouraging consumption through the promotion of successful ageing and a space in which to enjoy it, the success of retirement communities rests partially on the images used in attendant advertisements. Using content analysis to analyze the text of informational brochures provided to potential residents, this paper examines the images used to sell retirement communities. The sentences are classified into one of three categories: successful ageing, physical attributes of the community and old age related decline. The results show the overwhelming use of positive images to describe retirement community living and a denial of old age related physical decline. Most of the sentences in the brochures relate to the availability and plethora of leisure amenities in retirement communities, or endorse the idea of successful ageing by describing residents as active, healthy individuals with money to spend.
When to Discontinue Antiepileptic Drug Therapy for Patients in Remission.

Children with epilepsy should be seizure-free for at least two years before stopping antiepileptic drug therapy, especially those who have partial seizures or a history of abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) results.
The Influence of the Machine and the Controller on the Surface Finish Produced on Numerically Controlled Machine Tools

This paper discusses the effect of cyclic positioning errors on NC contouring machine tools on the resulting surface finish produced at the workpiece. Digital simulation is used to demonstrate that poor surface finish can result from cyclic positioning errors in one or more of the machine axes. Following this general introduction the role of the measuring system, the drive, and the slideways on the surface finish produced is examined in detail. Finally, techniques which can be used to solve such problems are discussed.
The Ancient Egyptian Economy: 3000–30 BCE

This book is the first economic history of ancient Egypt covering the entire pharaonic period, 3000–30 BCE, and employing a New Institutional Economics approach. It argues that the ancient Egyptian state encouraged an increasingly widespread and sophisticated use of writing through time, primarily in order to better document and more efficiently exact taxes for redistribution. The increased use of writing, however, also resulted in increased documentation and enforcement of private property titles and transfers, gradually lowering their transaction costs relative to redistribution. The book also argues that the increasing use of silver as a unified measure of value, medium of exchange, and store of wealth also lowered transaction costs for high value exchanges. The increasing use of silver in turn allowed the state to exact transfer taxes in silver, providing it with an economic incentive to further document and enforce private property titles and transfers.
Hypercalciuria and Bone Disease

Publisher Summary There is an increasing awareness that a significant proportion of men with primary osteoporosis also demonstrate primary hypercalciuria. The prevalence of hypercalciuria in men with idiopathic osteoporosis has been shown to range from 8 to 100%. In light of the limited data available, the overall prevalence of hypercalciuria is estimated to be on the order of 30%. Additional studies of osteoporotic men in controlled study environments are needed to ascertain the true prevalence of hypercalciuria. Hypercalciuria in osteoporosis may simply represent a manifestation of increased bone resorption, but few studies have confidently identified the nature of the hypercalciuria as resorptive, renal leak, or absorptive. It has been proposed that hypercalciuria with increased bone resorption may be the result of osteoclastic activation by cytokines, a condition also reported in women.
Hydrogen isotopic analysis with a chromium-packed reactor of organic compounds of relevance to ecological, archaeological, and forensic applications

RATIONALE The δ(2) H values of some nitrogen-containing organic compounds measured by High-Temperature Conversion (HTC) with a glassy carbon reactor have been shown to be inaccurate. A probable explanation for these analytical inaccuracies is the formation of HCN, allowing some hydrogen atoms to escape isotope ratio measurement. We assess this isotopic effect in sample types commonly used for (paleo)ecological, environmental, archaeological, and forensic investigations. METHODS The δ(2) HVSMOW-SLAP values and mass fraction H using a factory-recommended glassy carbon HTC reactor packing were compared with those obtained from using two Cr-containing reactor packings for a variety of N-containing substances, including amino acids, collagen, hair, and silk. RESULTS δ(2) HVSMOW-SLAP values and mass fraction H differed by reactor packing for most, but not all, N-containing samples. The δ(2) HVSMOW-SLAP difference was 10-11 ‰ for modern collagen and 12-14 ‰ for hair, demonstrating that reactor configuration is important for these proteins, and that the use of a chromium-packed reactor may be desirable. In contrast, Bombyx mori cocoon (silk) δ(2) HVSMOW-SLAP values did not differ with reactor type. In general, δ(2) HVSMOW-SLAP and mass fraction H differences by reactor packing increased with mass fraction nitrogen in the sample. With the Cr-packed reactor hydrogen mass fractions were at theoretically expected values, while the glassy carbon reactor produced lower yields of hydrogen. CONCLUSIONS The protein and amino acid δ(2) HVSMOW-SLAP values measured by factory-recommended online HTC methods differ from those from Cr-containing reactor packing. The magnitude of the differences is variable with sample type; the molecular structure and diagenetic history of each sample may be important. Careful attention to this effect is therefore recommended for the δ(2) H measurement for all nitrogen-containing analytes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Educating the surgeon-scientist: A qualitative study evaluating challenges and barriers toward becoming an academically successful surgeon

Background The advancement of surgical science relies on educating new generations of surgeon-scientists. Career development awards (K Awards) from the National Institutes of Health, often considered a marker of early academic success, are one way physician-scientists may foster skills through a mentored research experience. This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework to understand institutional support and other factors leading to a K Award. Methods A national, qualitative study was conducted with academic surgeons. Participants included 15 K Awardees and 12 surgery department Chairs. Purposive sampling ensured a diverse range of experiences. Semistructured, in-depth telephone interviews were conducted. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim, and 2 reviewers analyzed the transcripts using Grounded Theory methodology. Results Participants described individual and institutional factors contributing to success. K Awardees cited personal factors such as perseverance and team leadership skills. Chairs described the K Awardee as an institutional “investment” requiring protected time for research, financial support, and mentorship. Both K Awardees and Chairs identified a number of challenges unique to the surgeon-scientist, including financial strains and competing clinical demands. Conclusion Institutional support for surgeons pursuing K Awards is a complex investment with significant initial costs to the department. Chairs act as stewards of institutional resources and support those surgeon-scientists most likely to be successful. Although the K Award pathway is one way to develop surgeon-scientists, financial burdens and challenges may limit its usefulness. These findings, however, may better prepare young surgeons to develop career plans and identify new mechanisms for academic productivity.
New model for the clustering of errors on telephone circuits (Berger & M 1963)

This paper proposes a new mathematical model to describe the occurrence of errors in data transmission on telephone lines. We claim that the distribution of inter-error intervals can be well approximated by a Pareto distribution of exponent less than one. It follows that the relative number of errors and the information-theoretical equivocation tend to zero as the length of the message is increased. The validity of those claims is demonstrated with the aid of experimental data obtained from the German telephone network. Further consequences, refinements, and uses of the model are described.
Immunological low-dose radiation modulates the pediatric medulloblastoma antigens and enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Immunotherapy can be an effective treatment for pediatric medulloblastoma (MB) patients. However, major subpopulations do not respond to immunotherapy, due to the lack of antigenic mutations or the immune-evasive properties of MB cells. Clinical observations suggest that radiation therapy (RT) may expand the therapeutic reach of immunotherapy. The aim of the present investigation is to study the effect of low-dose X-ray radiation (LDXR, 1 Gy) on the functional immunological responses of MB cells (DAOY, D283, and D341). Induction of MB cell death was examined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by fluorescent probes. Changes in the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and caspase-3 activities during treatment were analyzed using Western blotting and caspase-3 assay. Western blot analysis demonstrated that LDXR upregulated the expression of HLA class I and HLA II molecules by more than 20% compared with control and high-dose (12 Gy) groups in vitro. Several of these HLA subtypes, such as MAGE C1, CD137, and ICAM-1, have demonstrated upregulation. In addition, LDXR increases ROS production in association with phosphorylation of NF-κB and cell surface expression of mAb target molecules (HER2 and VEGF). These data suggest that a combined LDXR and mAb therapy can create a synergistic effect in vitro. These results suggest that LDXR modulates HLA molecules, leading to alterations in T-cell/tumor-cell interaction and enhancement of T-cell-mediated MB cell death. Also, low-dose radiotherapy combined with monoclonal antibody therapy may one day augment the standard treatment for MB, but more investigation is needed to prove its utility as a new therapeutic combination for MB patients.
Processless Design Extended

Technologies increasingly inhabit ever more mundane and personal settings, a fact that has caused some designers to reflect upon the emergent, inaccessible nature of context. Recently, processless design has been proposed as an important alternative to existing design thinking. Processless design argues that by intentionally leaving out processes, or minimally embedding processes in system design, designers might be able to come up with systems that are more open to different interactional possibilities. In this paper, we extend the processless design idea, and propose customizable processes and appropriable opportunities as two key design ramifications of the original processlessness concept. We argue that processless design supports the ability of users to construct more spontaneous, opportunistic and meaningful experiences in situ., and that processlessness is the key in designing educational technologies for increasing student learning, and in making it possible to account for promoting teacher adoption during the design time.
Trim Flight Conditions for a Low-Boom Aircraft Design Under Uncertainty

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the noise generation of a low-boom aircraft design in flight trim conditions under uncertainty. The deflection of control surfaces to maintain a trimmed ...
Calibration-free technique for the measurement of oxygen saturation changes in muscles of marine mammals and its proof of concept

Marine mammals possess impressive breath-holding capabilities made possible by physiological adjustments during dives. Studying marine mammals in their natural environment unravels vital information about these physiological adjustments particularly when we can monitor altered dive behavior in response to stressful situations such as human-induced oceanic disturbances, presence of predators and altered prey distributions. An important indicator of physiological status during submergence is the change in oxygen saturation in the muscles and blood of these mammals. In this work, we aim to investigate oxygen storage and consumption in the muscles of free-diving elephant seals when exposed to disturbances such as sonar or predator sounds while they are at sea. Optical oxygen sensors are a mature technology with multiple medical applications that provide a way to measure oxygenation changes in biological tissues in a minimally invasive manner. While these sensors are well calibrated and readily available for humans, they are still inadequate for marine mammals primarily due to a very small number of test candidates and therefore little data is available for validation and calibration. We propose a probe geometry and associated mathematical model for measuring muscle oxygenation in seals based on near infrared diffuse transport with no need for calibration. A prototype based on this concept has been designed and tested on humans and rats. We use the test results to discuss the advantages and limitations of the approach. We also detail the constraints on size, sensor location, electronics, light source properties and detector characteristics posed by the unique biology of seals.
Marital Conflict Behaviors and Parenting: Dyadic Links Over Time

Objective To assess the effects of marital conflict on parenting practices for mothers and fathers and to examine whether these effects differ for within-person and cross-person links in parental dyads. Background Existing findings are mixed regarding the nature and magnitude of the association between marital conflict and childrearing behaviors. Little is known about parental role differences in this regard between fathers and mothers and the mutual influence on the other's responding. Method A sample of 235 families (fathers, mothers, and their kindergarten children) participated in the study over a 2-year period. Fathers and mothers independently reported on constructive and destructive marital conflict tactics, as well as on their parenting behaviors in scenarios of children experiencing negative emotions. Results Results indicated cross-person and within-person relations. For example, fathers' destructive conflict predicted mothers' distress reactions to children's negative emotions, supporting a spillover hypothesis. Mothers' destructive conflict behaviors predicted less unsupportive maternal parenting, supporting a compensatory hypothesis. Conclusion Fathers' and mothers' marital conflict behaviors may have different implications for their own and their spouse' parenting. Implications Intervention and prevention programs that target improving marital conflict interactions may also help promote positive parenting. The findings also support that both fathers and mothers should be included in these programs to increase the beneficial effects on parenting practices.
Virus Interactions with the Host: Past, Present and Future Developments

The first demonstration of the oncogenicity of a human virus was the induction of malignant transplantable tumors by injection of human adenovirus Type 12 into newborn hamsters (1), or mice (2). Tumors arose early at any of several sites of injection, and sometimes remotely, usually in the liver, resulting in death from tumor growth in from 29 to 108 days (3). The tumors were histologically undifferentiated malignant neoplasms (4). They contained virus-induced transplantation antigens (5) and newborn hamsters could be passively protected against tumor induction by immunization of the mothers before pregnancy (6).
Evaluating the potential of multi-view data extraction from small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) for object-based classification for Wetland land covers

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) have the potential to provide multi-view data, but the approaches used to extract the multi-view data from UAS and investigation of their use in image classification ...
Flexible bootstrapping-based ontology alignment

BLOOMS (Jain et al, ISWC2010, to appear) is an ontology alignment system which, in its core, utilizes the Wikipedia category hierarchy for establishing alignments. In this paper, we present a Plug-and-Play extension to BLOOMS, which allows to flexibly replace or complement the use of Wikipedia by other online or offline resources, including domain-specific ontologies or taxonomies. By making use of automated translation services and of Wikipedia in languages other than English, it makes it possible to apply BLOOMS to alignment tasks where the input ontologies are written in different languages.
An Elementary Proof of the Two-sidedness of Matrix Inverses

SummaryFor square matrices, if AB = I then BA = I. This is proved from the fact that a homogeneous system of linear equations with more unknowns than equations has a nontrivial solution.
Red Journalism: The Allegheny Indians, Ben Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, and the Ethnic Cleansing of Pennsylvania, 1747–1764

Benjamin Franklin “retired” from printing in 1747 but retained ownership of his press and a close working relationship with his printer, and Pennsylvania Gazette Editor David Hall. From King George...