cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inside Doubt: On the Non-Identity of the Theory of Mind and Propositional Attitude Psychology

Eliminative materialism is a popular view of the mind which holds that propositional attitudes, the typical units of our traditional understanding, are unsupported by modern connectionist psychology and neuroscience, and consequently that propositional attitudes are a poor scientific postulate, and do not exist. Since our traditional folk psychology employs propositional attitudes, the usual argument runs, it too represents a poor theory, and may in the future be replaced by a more successful neurologically grounded theory, resulting in a drastic improvement in our interpersonal relationships. I contend that these eliminativist arguments typically run together two distinct capacities: the folk psychological mechanisms which we use to understand one another, and scientific and philosophical guesses about the structure of those understandings. Both capacities are ontologically committed and therefore empirical. However, the commitments whose prospects look so dismal to the eliminativist, in particular the causal and logical image of propositional attitudes, belong to the guesses, and not necessarily to the underlying mechanisms. It is the commitments of traditional philosophical perspectives about the operation of our folk psychology which are contradicted by?new evidence and modeling methods in connectionist psychology. Our actual folk psychology was not clearly committed to causal, sentential propositional attitudes, and thus is not directly threatened by connectionist psychology.
FREEZE-OUT AND THE EFFECT OF COMPRESSIBILITY IN THE RICHTMYER-MESHKOV INSTABILITY

Perturbations of small‐amplitude η at the interface between two fluids grow linearly in time after the passage of a shock. According to Richtmyer’s prescription, the growth rate is proportional to the Atwood number after the interface has been shocked, η∼Aafter. The focus is on highly compressible fluids starting with Abefore≥0. By carrying out two‐dimensional numerical simulations, several exceptions to Richtmyer’s prescription are found, in particular, when Aafter≤0. Neither the expected freeze‐out when Aafter=0 nor the phase reversal when Aafter<0 is observed. The results, however, are in agreement with Fraley’s analysis, which is compared and contrasted with Richtmyer’s prescription. Previous calculations and experiments on the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability are analyzed, it is explained why they have not detected the failure of Richtmyer’s prescription, and several new numerical and physical experiments are proposed.
Renormalization group for first-order phase transitions: Equation of state of the compressible Ising magnet

Thermodynamic functions of an $n$-component magnetic system coupled to an isotropic elastic medium in $d=4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions are calculated to leading order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. Solutions to renormalization-group recursion relations correct to $O(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ along with trajectory-integral methods are employed in these calculations. For $ng~2$ the finite compressibility modifies the critical-point behavior producing new corrections to scaling in the thermodynamic functions which are given. In the $n=1$ case renormalization-group predictions of a first-order transition are verified. Thermodynamic functions are given and analyzed in this case. In particular the transition temperature and discontinuity in order parameter are determined and the phase diagram is constructed.
Signal Transduction by Platelet Adenylate Cyclase: Alterations in Depressed Patients May Reflect Impairment in the Coordinated Integration of Cellular Signals (Coincidence Detection)

Abstract Background: Adenylate cyclase (AC) responds to distinct but coincident signals from the agonist-stimulated G-protein Gs and the inhibitory G-protein Gi by generating a greater output signal-to-noise ratio—i.e., agonist-stimulated to basal ratio (fold-stimulation)—through coincidence detection than that generated by a single input (Gs) alone. Such coincidence detection by murine brain AC was found to be enhanced during chronic antidepressant treatment with imipramine. Methods: We examined and compared the basal, agonist-stimulated, and guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTPγS) or AlF4 ion postreceptor-stimulated AC activities in mononuclear leukocytes and platelets from the same blood specimens obtained from depressed patients (n = 27) and control subjects (n = 19). Results: In all subjects, the differences (ΔGTPγS or ΔAlF4) between postreceptor measures of AC in mononuclear leukocytes (where AC is regulated by Gs but not by Gi) and platelets (where AC is regulated by both Gs and Gi) were highly significant. In controls, the relationships between ΔGTPγS or ΔAlF4 and basal, agonist-stimulated, and the fold-stimulation of agonist-stimulated platelet AC resembled the regulation of AC by Gi in model membrane systems. Comparable relationships between ΔGTPγS or ΔAlF4 and basal, agonist-stimulated, and the fold-stimulation of agonist-stimulated platelet AC activities were not observed in depressed patients. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in controls, platelet AC enzyme activity is determined (in part) by the coordinated integration of signals from Gs and Gi through coincidence detection, while such coincidence detection by platelet AC may be impaired in patients with depressive disorders.
Role of carboxyl terminus of μ- and δ-opioid receptor in agonist -induced down-regulation

Chronic exposure of μ- and δ-opioid receptors to their agonists leads to different rates in receptor down-regulation. In order to analyze the role of the carboxyl terminus of μ- and δ-opioid receptors in the difference in the rate of down-regulation, two chimeras of these receptors were generated by swapping the carboxyl termini; MORTAGDT and DORTAGMT. These chimeras were tagged at the N-terminus with hemagglutinin (HA) epitope (YPYDVPDYA), which can be recognized by the monoclonal antibody 12CA5, and then stably expressed in Neuro 2A (N2A) cells. The swapping of the carboxyl termini did not alter the ligand selectivity of these receptor chimeras. However, they did exhibit a reduction in agonist potency to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity for all agonists tested except etorphine which had a potency comparable to that of wild type receptors. Treatment of the N2A cells expressing MORTAGDT with 50 nM etorphine produced a faster rate of receptor down-regulation when compared to the wild type μ-opioid receptor. Immunofluorescence microscopy of the MORTAGDT chimera using a monoclonal antibody against HA confirmed internalization of the receptors after treatment with etorphine for 1 and 6 h. There was a reduction in the HA-immunoreactivity at the cell surface of the MORTAGDT chimera concurrent with more noticeable HA-immunoreactivity inside the cell compared to the wild type receptor. On the other hand, the rate of down-regulation of DORTAGMT receptors was seen to be the same as the wild type δ-opioid receptor after etorphine treatment. Immunofluorescence studies showed more reduction in cell surface staining of the DORTAGMT chimera compared to the wild type receptor. These data suggest the involvement of the carboxyl terminus in agonist-induced down-regulation and internalization of the μ-opioid receptor. However, different mechanisms that are unrelated to the carboxyl terminus may operate in the down-regulation of δ-opioid receptor.
Thy1 (CD90) controls adipogenesis by regulating activity of the Src family kinase, Fyn

Worldwide obesity rates are at epidemic levels, and new insight into the regulation of obesity and adipogenesis are required. Thy1 (CD90), a cell surface protein with an enigmatic function, is expressed on subsets of fibroblasts and stem cells. We used a diet-induced obesity model to show that Thy1-null mice gain weight at a faster rate and gain 30% more weight than control C57BL/6 mice. During adipogenesis, Thy1 expression is lost in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Overexpression of Thy1 blocked adipocyte formation and reduced mRNA and protein expression of an adipocyte marker, fatty acid-binding protein 4, by 5-fold. Although preadipocyte fibroblasts expressed Thy1 mRNA and protein, adipocytes from mouse and human fat tissue had almost undetectable Thy1 levels. Thy1 decreases the activity of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ by more than 60% as shown by PPARγ-dependent reporter assays. Using both genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we show Thy1 expression dampens PPARγ by inhibiting the activity of the Src-family kinase, Fyn. Thus, these studies reveal Thy1 blocks adipogenesis and PPARγ by inhibiting Fyn and support the idea that Thy1 is a novel therapeutic target in obesity.
Painful truths about depressives' cognitions

Cognitive theories assert that depressed persons' cognitions are distorted. Most of the empirical literature directly contradicts this assertion. Using a wide variety of methods to study a wide variety of cognitive processes, experiments consistently find that depressed people suffer significantly less cognitive distortion than do both normals and nondepressed psychiatric patients. It was speculated that childhood traumas predispose depression by preventing the normal formation of a defensive screen against painful realities.
Enantioselective Syntheses of FR901464 (Ib) and Spliceostatin A (Ia): Potent Inhibitors of Spliceosome.

A short and improved synthesis of the title compounds is presented in 19 and 20 total steps, respectively.
A structural model of safety and safety regulation in the truckload trucking industry

This paper models public policies to improve safety within a structural model of the truckload trucking industry. The policies are designed to ameliorate the market failures associated with the myopic ignoring of crash costs by some trucking firms, and institutional constraints that prevent full internalization of the costs of crashes. The paper compares two alternative public policies: (1) levying post-crash fines and making shippers bear secondary liability for damages incurred in crashes, and (2) imposition of a minimum safety standard, in conjunction with a requirement to hold insurance, and assessing penalties for non-compliance with the standard.
The third rail of family systems: sibling relationships, mental and behavioral health, and preventive intervention in childhood and adolescence

Sibling relationships are an important context for development, but are often ignored in research and preventive interventions with youth and families. In childhood and adolescence, siblings spend considerable time together, and siblings’ characteristics and sibling dynamics substantially influence developmental trajectories and outcomes. This paper reviews research on sibling relationships in childhood and adolescence, focusing on sibling dynamics as part of the family system and sibling influences on adjustment problems, including internalizing and externalizing behaviors and substance use. We present a theoretical model that describes three key pathways of sibling influence: one that extends through siblings’ experiences with peers and school, and two that operate largely through family relationships. We then describe the few existing preventive interventions that target sibling relationships and discuss the potential utility of integrating siblings into child and family programs.
Job matching and women's wage–tenure profile

Recently,researchers have challenged the validity of the dominant theories of wage growth, claiming that the observed positive relation between wages and tenture is an artefact of omitted job match quality. In sharp contrast to the human capital theory, job match theory implies that women's wages are not directly affected by their discontinuous labour force participation. Using samples of women workers from three data sets, the authors estimate structural models of the wage–tenure relation which control directly for job match quality, and find evidence of a strong positive relation between wages and tenture.
Identifying German–English cognates, false cognates, and non-cognates: methodological issues and descriptive norms

We investigated 563 German–English nouns for the purposes of identifying cognates, false cognates and non-cognates. Two techniques for identifying cognates were used and compared: (i) De Groot and Nas's (1991) similarity-rating technique and (ii) a translation-elicitation task similar to that of Kroll and Stewart (1994). The results obtained with English-speaking participants produced 112 cognates, 94 false cognates, and 357 non cognates and indicated that the two techniques yielded similar findings. Rated similarity of German–English translation pairs and translation accuracy were positively correlated. We also investigated whether the presence of German-specific characters and the availability of German pronunciation information influenced similarity ratings and translation accuracy. Ratings for translation pairs in which the German word contained a language-specific character were lower and the word was translated less accurately. Participants provided with pronunciation information rated German–English translation pairs as being more similar and translated German words correctly more often than participants who did not receive pronunciation information. We also report the relationships among word frequency, rated imageability and the performance measures. The resulting database of information is intended to be a resource for researchers interested in cognitive processing in German–English bilinguals.
Snowmelt induced stemflow in northern hardwood forests: a theoretical explanation on the causation of a neglected hydrological process

Snowmelt induced stemflow is an under-studied and poorly understood hydrological process. The aim of the present manuscript is to set forth several testable hypotheses and conceptual models concerning the production of snowmelt induced stemflow. The first testable hypothesis is that tree species with lower canopy albedos of snow-covered and snow-free surfaces (portions of the canopy are usually exposed and snow-free while the remainder is covered) will generate larger snowmelt induced stemflow volumes than trees with higher canopy albedos of snow-covered and snow-free surfaces. It is also hypothesized that snow-to-rain events produce larger volumes of snowmelt induced stemflow than snow events of the same magnitude because of differences in precipitation type (snow-to-rain vs. snow) and the additional melt energy from the latent heat of fusion associated with rain infiltrating the intercepted snow mass. For deciduous tree species with similar branching geometries, it is hypothesized that larger longwave radiative flux will generate larger snowmelt induced stemflow volumes. The conceptual models describe the components and the flux directions necessary to generate snowmelt induced stemflow. Through a test of the hypotheses and conceptual models in subsequent work, it is hoped that quantitative models are developed that will be able to estimate snowmelt induced stemflow volumes and yield a new understanding of winter water flux in forested ecosystems.
On ancient mathematical terminology

1. In a recent issue of Janus (LXX, 1-2) there appeared under the above title a paper by Evert M. Bruins in which he finds fault with some of my papers on ancient mathematics. I propose to show below that his criticisms are illconsidered. Presumably the readers of Janus will be interested in his rectification.1 In the cited work (p. 101) he writes, with reference to my paper 'The Origin of Mathematics," Archive for History of Exact Sciences 18 (1978):
HRad17 Colocalizes with NHP2L1 in the Nucleolus and Redistributes after UV Irradiation

The rad17 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe plays an important role as a checkpoint protein following DNA damage and during DNA replication. The human homologue of S. pombe rad17, Hrad17, was recently identified, but its function has not yet been established. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we determined that HRad17 can interact with a nucleolar protein, NHP2L1. This interaction was also demonstrated biochemically, in human cells. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that HRad17 and NHP2L1 colocalize to the nucleolus, and immunogold labeling further resolved the location of NHP2L1 to the dense fibrillar component of the nucleolus. Interestingly, the localization of HRad17 in the nucleolus was altered in response to UV irradiation. These results provide some insight into the DNA damage and replication checkpoint mechanisms of HRad17.
Mere moral failure

When, in spite of our good intentions, we fail to meet our obligations to others, it is important that we have the correct theoretical description of what has happened so that mutual understanding and the right sort of social repair can occur. Consider an agent who promises to help pick a friend up from the airport. She takes the freeway, forgetting that it is under construction. After a long wait, the friend takes an expensive taxi ride home. Most theorists and non-theorists react to such cases by either judging the agent's action as a violation of her obligation to help or as having satisfied the only obligation she really had, namely to try to help. However, as I show, there are serious difficulties that arise from categorizing this agent's action as satisfying or violating her obligation – difficulties that are avoided if we instead add “mere moral failures” to the basic categories for moral evaluation. An agent merely fails when she neither satisfies nor violates her obligation. She is responsible fo...
Chaos in shear flows

Almost 25 years ago Lorenz published his seminal study on the existence of a strange attractor in the phase space of a severely truncated model system arising from the hydrodynamical equations describing two-dimensional convection. Nearly a century ago Poincare published his famous treatise Les Methodes Noovelles de la Mecaniaue Celeste (1892) in which the possible complexity of behavior in nonintegrable, conservative systems was first envisioned. Both these works address an age old puzzle: How do apparently stochastic outputs arise from an entirely deterministic system subject to non-stochastic inputs?
Pharmacological modulators of DNA-interactive antitumor drugs

The poor therapeutic index and limited efficacy of current cancer chemotherapeutic agents represent an important pharmacological problem. Although there has been a significant increase in our understanding of the mechanisms by which anticancer drugs kill mammalian cells, identification of new, effective anticancer agents during the last decade has been exceeding slow. Thus, attention has focused on understanding the causes of drug resistance and on either sensitizing tumor cells to existing anticancer agents using what could be called 'chemoenhancers', or protecting non-malignant tissues against serious untoward effects using 'chemoprotectors'. John Lazo and Robert Bahnson review recent strategies attempting to modulate the activity of antineoplastic drugs.
Evidence for a rhesus monkey model of asymptomatic tuberculosis

Rhesus monkeys (RM) were inoculated intrabronchially with graded doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains Erdman and H37Rv in an effort to produce a model of asymptomatic tuberculosis infection. Erdman strain produced active disease within 7-11 weeks regardless of dose. Low doses of H37Rv resulted in asymptomatic infections; high doses produced active disease within 11 weeks. Over a 4-month period of post-inoculation study, MTB culture-filtrate protein (CFP)-stimulated bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALC) and blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from monkeys with active disease (30 cfu Erdman-inoculated) or asymptomatic infection (200 cfu H37Rv-inoculated) produced similar significant quantities of mRNA encoding for IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha, but insignificant quantities of IL-4 mRNA. Differences were observed in antigen-induced in vitro blastogenic responses and serum anti-lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antibody responses in animals with active compared with asymptomatic MTB infections. The results indicate that RM are a good model for the study of asymptomatic tuberculosis infections using low doses of H37Rv.
A Graphical Method for Preliminary Design of Low-Thrust Gravity-Assist Trajectories

We extend the Tisserand graph technique previously developed for the design of ballistic gravity-assist trajectories. Simple low-thrust control laws, such as constant tangential thrust, constant thrust perpendicular to the instantaneous semimajor axis, and the Exponential Sinusoids, are used to bridge the v-infinity contours on the Tisserand graph. We use the predicted total delta-V of various gravity-assist sequences to assist us in selecting initial guesses for trajectory optimization. Sample cases are provided that demonstrate good agreement with final optimized results where the predicted delta-V and the optimized deltaV differ by only about 10%.
Power Calculations for Data Missing by Design: Applications to a Follow-Up Study of Lead Exposure and Attention

Abstract Longitudinal designs often change at critical times based on available funding, staffing, scientific opportunities, and subjects. This article presents three levels of investigation into missingness by design in a partially completed longitudinal study: Missingness that is completely at random (MCAR), at random (MAR), and nonignorable (MN). We first derive new expressions for the asymptotic variance and power based on multivariate normal data that are either MCAR or missing by design (MAR). These formulas allow for any and all patterns of missing data. The special case of a two-stage longitudinal design is described in detail. We then present a general design and analytical strategy for protecting against MN data midway into a longitudinal study. The new design involves stratified sampling for follow-up based on the pattern of missing data already obtained, and the corresponding estimator is based on an approximate likelihood. The methodology for MCAR, MAR, and MN are in turn applied to the desig...
Cutaneous involvement with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

A 73-year-old woman presented with low-grade fevers and shortness of breath. She had been diagnosed with multiple myeloma 7 years earlier, for which she received VAD combination chemotherapy (vincr...
Treating Yourself as an Object: Self-Objectification and the Ethical Dimensions of Antidepressant Use

In this paper, I offer one moral reason to eschew antidepressant medication in favor of cognitive therapy, all other things being equal: taking antidepressants can be a form of self-objectification. This means that, by taking antidepressants, one treats oneself, in some sense and some cases, like a mere object. I contend that, morally, this amounts to a specific form of devaluing oneself. I argue this as follows. First, I offer a detailed definition of “objectification” and argue for the possibility of self-objectification on this definition. I then explain why this form of self-objectification is morally problematic. (Morally problematic does not mean morally impermissible. It means, instead, that there is a moral reason opposing the activity in question). After, I describe how taking antidepressants can count as self-objectifying. Finally, I defend my thesis against a key objection offered by Levy. Thus, assuming that antidepressants and cognitive therapy are equally efficacious, and that all other things are equal, the self-objectifying character of antidepressants is a compelling reason to regard cognitive therapy as a first-choice treatment for depression.
Leadership and Consensus on the U.S. Supreme Court

For more than a century the members of the U.S. Supreme Court refrained from disagreeing with their brethren through written opinions. The Court exhibited a norm, or behavioral expectation, that limited the formal expression of conflict. Danelski's (1960) classic work on Court leadership suggests that high levels of consensus were due in large part to effective task and social leadership on the part of the chief justice. While Danelski and others have held Chief Justice Stone responsible for the transformation of the consensus norm in the twentieth century, the results of this analysis suggest that the leadership style of Chief Justice Hughes is critical to understanding the shift. Chief Justice Hughes precipitated a shift in the behavioral expectations among the justices, but the change was consolidated under the leadership of Chief Justice Stone. Other variables are explored to validate the prominent role of leadership in the decline of consensus.
Growth and Localized Energy Status in Phosphorus-Stressed Soybean

Abstract In plants experiencing phosphorus (P) stress, ATP concentrations can be reduced significantly and shoot growth is strongly restricted, raising the possibility that energy availability is responsible for the growth inhibition. Experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between P deprivation and energy availability in tissues involved in the growth response. Young soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Ransom) plants were deprived of P for 32 days. Leaf initiation and individual leaf expansion were followed along with localized P and ATP concentrations. Tissue analyses revealed preferential distribution of P to the root, which accompanied a decline in the shoot to root dry weight ratio. Even though P concentrations in all shoot tissues dropped sharply, ATP concentrations and energy charge in the shoot meristem region were maintained similar to controls for an extended period when leaf initiation slowed. In the first trifoliolate leaf, ATP and energy charge remained at control levels du...
The role of copper in catalytic performance of a Fe–Cu–Al–O catalyst for water gas shift reaction

A Fe–Cu–Al–O water gas shift catalyst with a Fe : Cu atomic ratio of 4 : 1 upon pretreatment at 350 °C in H2 exhibits a conversion higher than a physical mixture of Fe–Al–O and Cu–Al–O by ∼40% over a temperature range of 300 °C–450 °C. In situ ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies suggest that the surface region of Fe–Cu–Al–O was restructured into a double-layer structure consisting of a surface layer of Fe3O4 and a metallic Cu layer below it upon pretreatment at 350 °C. The strong metal (Cu)–oxide (Fe3O4) interface effect of this double layer structure enhances the catalytic activity of Fe3O4 in WGS.
Locomotor activity of the bluegill Lepomis macrochirus: hyperactivity induced by sublethal concentrations of cadmium, chromium and zinc

A quantitative description of the effects of sublethal concentrations of cadmium, chromium and zinc on the swimming activities of the bluegill is presented. Locomotor activities of fish in 0.1 and 0.25 mg 1−1 cadmium are respectively 1.5 and 7.8 times the activities of control fish. Fish in 0.5 mg 1−1 cadmium, a concentration killing 30% in two weeks, were less active than controls. Fish in 0.05, 2.4 and 24.0 mg 1−1 chromium were respectively 1.2, 3.6 and 6.5 times as active as controls. Fish in 0.1 and 5.0 mg 1−1 zinc were respectively 1.3 and 3.8 times as active as controls. Thus metals effect hyperactive locomotor responses by the bluegill in a concentration-dependent relationship.
Traffic-Aware Routing Tree for underwater 3-D geographic routing

Deployed in a harsh oceanic environment for mission critical tasks, underwater acoustic networks have been regarded as a special type of wireless sensor networks. The limited bandwidth and power resources as well as the 3-D topology in such networks have made the geographic routing a favorite choice. In underwater sensor networks environment, most of the detouring strategies of the existing geographic routing do not work well. Especially, when greedy forwarding fails, a detour for a packet can be found efficiently by the spanning tree routing detouring strategy. But, the quality of pre-constructed spanning tree plays an important role on the effectiveness of the spanning tree routing. The routing trees constructed by most of the existing spanning tree algorithms are centralized and in top-down approach. Beside these, traffic pattern in the network is not considered. Those are the reasons that the routing trees created by the methods usually have poor routing performance. In this paper, we propose a novel spanning tree, namely Traffic-Aware Routing Tree (TART), which is constructed completely in a bottom-up fashion with the traffic load in mind. Simulation results show that TART have very few conflicting hulls and result in much higher path throughput when compared against other spanning trees, leading to a better routing performance in a 3-D underwater sensor network.
Scheduling of stream-based real-time applications for heterogeneous systems

Designers of mobile devices face the challenge of providing the user with more processing power while increasing battery life. Heterogeneous systems offer some opportunities to solve this challenge. In an heterogeneous system, multiple classes of processors with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling functionality are embedded in the mobile device. With such a system it is possible to maximize performance while minimizing power consumption if tasks are mapped to the class of processors where they execute the most efficiently.In this paper, we study the scheduling of tasks in a real-time context on a heterogeneous system-on-chip that has dynamic voltage and frequency scaling functionality. We develop a heuristic scheduling algorithm which minimizes the energy while still meeting the deadline. We introduce the concept of cross-platform task heterogeneity and model sets of tasks to conduct extensive experiments. The experimental results show that our heuristic has a much higher success rate than existing state of the art heuristics and derives a solution whose energy requirements are close to those of the optimal solution.
‘Aux armes, citoyens!’: Mapping Regime Change in Charles Motte’s Plan figuratif des barricades (1830)

The July 1830 ‘Trois Glorieuses’ abruptly ended Charles X’s absolutist regime, and Charles Motte’s Le Plan figuratif des barricades (1830), published shortly afterwards, documents the violent struggle between the forces loyal to the last Bourbon monarch and the victorious ‘citoyen armes’. Much more than a simple map documenting yet another Paris revolution, Motte’s Plan provides the reader with a social and historical overview of a society in turmoil. Le Plan figuratif contrasts with traditional historical narrative, and this article will examine Motte’s map discourse (use of text, colour, shapes and symbols) and its presentation of a divided city — one where easy-to-see, hand-drawn red gunfire and bright yellow barricades illustrate to what extent the working-class population from the central and eastern arrondissements of Paris were willing to take to the streets, participate in combat, and challenge French royal authority. This contrasts with the bourgeois western districts which remain largely free of...
The political economy of code choice in a "revolutionary society": Tamil-English bilingualism in Jaffna, Sri Lanka

This article explores the persistence of Tamil-English bilingualism in the Marxist/Nationalist de-facto separate state of Jaffna (Sri Lanka) through an integrated macro- and micro-sociolinguistic analysis of code choice in the community. While Tamil is dominant at present, the international hegemony of English is nevertheless subtly felt. There are now few L2 dominant or balanced bilinguals; grammatical competence in "standard English" is declining; Tamil has taken over many conventionally English domains; extensive use of unmixed English is reduced to a few formal contexts; and political pressure proscribes English. However, through code-switching activity, English continues to be used in a more pervasive form than ever before, in conventional and unconventional contexts, with complex communicative competence. Code-switching helps reconcile the socio-psychological conflicts of the community and assures the continuity of bilingualism (defying prophecies of English death), with the possibility of an Englishized Tamil becoming an independent code. (Bilingualism, code-switching, English, language choice)* The city of Jaffna in the north of Sri Lanka has historically been the cultural, religious, and political center of the Tamils, apart from being the seat of the Tamil Kingdom in pre-colonial times. The peninsula on which the city is located constitutes the Jaffna Tamil speech community - which speaks a distinct, "prestigious" Tamil dialect - while being geographically bounded and socio-culturally integrated. Having seen much violence for about three decades in the conflict with the majority Sinhala state of the south, Jaffna is a highly politicized and ethnolinguistically conscious community, determined to achieve self-determination and form a separate state in the north and east of the island (provisionally labeled Tamil Eelam). With this aspiration it presently sustains a highly disciplined, efficient, and committed militant organization in the Marxist/Nationalist LTTE (Liberation Tigers
The Cytoplasmic Domain of the Hyaluronan Receptor for Endocytosis (HARE) Contains Multiple Endocytic Motifs Targeting Coated Pit-mediated Internalization

The hyaluronic acid (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE) is the primary scavenger receptor for HA and chondroitin sulfates in mammals. The two human isoforms of HARE (full-length 315-kDa and a 190-kDa proteolytic cleavage product), which are type I single-pass membrane proteins, are highly expressed in sinusoidal endothelial cells of lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Their identical HARE cytoplasmic domains contain four candidate AP-2/clathrin-mediated endocytic signaling motifs as follows: YSYFRI(2485), FQHF(2495), NPLY(2519), and DPF(2534) (315-HARE numbering). Stably transfected cells expressing 190-HARE(DeltaYSYFRI), 190-HARE(DeltaFQHF), or 190-HARE(DeltaNPLY) (lacking Motifs 1, 2, or 3) had decreased (125)I-HA endocytosis rates of approximately 49, approximately 39, and approximately 56%, respectively (relative to wild type). In contrast, 190-HARE(DeltaDPF) cells (lacking Motif 4) showed no change in HA endocytic rate. Deletions of motifs 1 and 2 or of 1, 2, and 4 decreased the rate of HA endocytosis by only approximately 41%. Endocytosis was approximately 95% decreased in mutants lacking all four motifs. Cells expressing a 190-HARE(Y2519A) mutant of the NPLY motif retained 85-90% of wild type endocytosis, whereas this mutation in the triple motif deletant decreased endocytosis to approximately 7% of wild type. Tyr in NPLY(2519) is thus important for endocytosis. All HARE mutants showed similar HA binding and degradation of the internalized HA, indicating that altering endocytic motifs did not affect ectodomain binding of HA or targeting of internalized HA to lysosomes. We conclude that, although NPLY may be the most important motif, it functions together with two other endocytic motifs; thus three signal sequences (YSYFRI, FQHF, and NPLY) provide redundancy to mediate coated pit targeting and endocytosis of HARE.
Land‐Use History in Ecosystem Restoration: A 40‐Year Study in the Prairie‐Forest Ecotone

Land-use history, recent management, and landscape position influence vegetation at the Rockefeller Experimental Tract (RET), a 40-year-old restoration experiment in northeast Kansas. RET is representative of the prairie-forest ecotone, containing native tallgrass prairie and oak-hickory forest, but unique in having tracts of replanted prairie, seeded in 1957, that have undergone long-term restoration treatments: burned, grazed, mowed, or untreated. A land-use history database for RET was compiled using a geographic information system to integrate historic and contemporary sources of information. Restoration management on the reseeded prairie has had a profound effect on forest development: mowing or burning precluded forest establishment ( 97% forest cover). Forest colonization depends upon biotic and edaphic conditions at the time restoration was initiated: for areas replanted to prairie and managed by grazing, forestation was 6% on land in cultivation prior to replanting, 20% on former pastureland, and 98% on land deforested just before replanting. Patterns of forest colonization were also significantly associated with three landscape positions: near existing forest, along water courses, and along ridge tops. Additionally, land-use history analyses showed that the presence of various prairie and forest species resulted from persistence and not from colonization following restoration. Because of the lasting imprint of historic land use on the landscape, our results indicate that it is essential that restoration studies be evaluated within a site-specific historical context.
Nanoscaled piezoelectric aluminum nitride contour-mode resonant sensors

This paper reports on a new class of nanoscaled piezoelectric aluminum nitride contour-mode resonant sensors (CMR-S) that have been developed for the gravimetric detection of volatile organic chemicals (VOC). The use of the CMR-S and its scaling for the making of large arrays of detectors is justified in terms of the superior sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD ∼ zg/µm2) that this technology attains with respect to any other available acoustic device. The choice of a novel functionalization layer based on ss-DNA is introduced as an effective way to selectively detect multiple VOCs without altering the electromechanical characteristics of the resonator. Experimental results confirming the advantages of scaling the device dimensions and its frequency of operation in terms of improved LOD and measurement speed are presented. Furthermore, preliminary data showing selective detection of dymethyl-methylphosphonate (DMMP) and dinitroluene (DNT) (with LOD in the order of ppt) are reported.
An Isomonodromy Interpretation of the Hypergeometric Solution of the Elliptic Painlevé Equation (and Generalizations)

We construct a family of second-order linear difference equations parametrized by the hypergeometric solution of the elliptic Painleve equation (or higher-order analogues), and admitting a large family of monodromy-preserving deformations. The solutions are certain semiclassical biorthogonal functions (and their Cauchy transforms), biorthogonal with respect to higher-order analogues of Spiridonov's elliptic beta integral.
Generalized solution of the tomotika stability analysis for a cylindrical jet

The stability of cylindrical jets in immiscible liquid systems is analyzed with the low velocity theory of Tomotika. For the first time the several limiting solutions in the literature are obtained from a general equation, so approximate restrictions on their applicability can be presented. These restrictions show that for many systems none of the limiting solutions is valid. Correlations applicable to all Newtonian liquid-liquid systems are presented for predicting the growth rate and wavelength of the most unstable disturbance.
Aneurysm-Related Mortality Rates in the US AneuRx Clinical Trial

Background The AneuRx (Medtronic) stent graft was approved by the FDA in September 1999. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the aneurysm-related mortality rate of a subgroup of the patient cohort from Medtronic's investigational premarket study. Study Design There were 931 study subjects, from 19 medical centers, who were followed for an average of 3.48 years. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)-related mortality rates were examined, using death certificates and medical records. Results The 1-month postimplant death rate was 1.61%. Not counting deaths related to the initial implant, there was an increase in the rate of AAA-related mortality after 3 years, from an average of 0.18% in the first 3 years to an average of 1.39% in years 4 and 5. Conclusions Mortality in patients implanted with an AneuRx graft (as determined in this study) probably exceeds that of open procedure patients (based on medical literature) at some point in time, likely within 4 years after implant.
Tuning the Moisture and Thermal Stability of Metal–Organic Frameworks through Incorporation of Pendant Hydrophobic Groups

An isostructural series of NbO-type porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with different dialkoxy-substituents of formula Cu2(TPTC-OR) (TPTC-OR = 2′,5′-di{alkyl}oxy-[1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylate, R = Me, Et, nPr, nHex) has been synthesized and characterized. The moisture stability of the materials has been evaluated, and a new superhydrophobic porous MOF has been identified. The relationship between pendant side chain length and thermal stability has been analyzed by in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction, showing decreased thermal stability as the side chain length is increased, contradictory to thermogravimetric decomposition studies. Additionally, the four materials exhibit moderate Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Langmuir surface areas (1127–1396 m2 g–1 and 1414–1658 m2 g–1) and H2 capacity up to 1.9 wt % at 77 K and 1 bar.
An Analysis of a Real-Time Transform Domain Filtering Digital Communication System--Part I: Narrow-Band Interference Rejection

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the performance of systems recently proposed by various authors in which the received signal is Fourier transformed in real time (usually with a surface acoustic wave device) and then filtered by a multiplication of the transformed signal by an appropriate transfer function. We shall refer to this operation as transform domain filtering. General expressions for the output waveforms of the system will be derived, and a specific example illustrating the performance of the system when operating in the presence of a narrow-band interferer plus additive white Gaussian noise will be presented. It will be shown that certain filtering techniques not feasible in conventional systems, such as filtering with ideal bandpass filters, become straightforward using transform domain filtering. Finally, a receiver will be described which will eliminate that intersymbol interference between adjacent data symbols due to filtering at the receiver.
Evaluation of rooms with negative pressure ventilation used for respiratory isolation in seven midwestern hospitals.

Objective:To determine the number and efficacy of respiratory isolation facilities in St. Louis hospitals and to assess the mechanisms in place for evaluating function of hospital ventilation systems.Design:A prospective multi-hospital surveillance study using direct observation and a standardized questionnaire.Setting:Seven hospitals (including university-affiliated large teaching, private community, private teaching, and private nonteaching adult hospitals, and one pediatric teaching hospital) in St. Louis, Missouri.Measurements:Actual direction of airflow in rooms designated for respiratory isolation was measured using smokesticks. Hospital demographic information, respiratory isolation policies, and frequency of ventilation tests were provided by infection control personnel.Results:One hundred twenty-one (3.4%) of 3,574 hospital rooms were designed to have negative pressure ventilation suitable for respiratory isolation. The percentage of isolation rooms in each institution ranged from 0.4% (92 of 486) to 93% (39 of 42). Only three (43%) of seven hospitals had intensive care respiratory isolation rooms, and none had isolation rooms in the emergency department. No hospital had tested routinely the efficacy of the negative pressure ventilation, and two (28%) of seven had tested airflow for the first time in the past year.We tested 115 (95%) of 121 isolation rooms. With the doors closed, 52 (45%) of 115 designated negative pressure rooms actually had positive airflow to the corridor. The number of negative pressure rooms and the presence or absence of anterooms did not predict correct direction of airflow. There was a significant difference among hospitals in the percentage of designated isolation rooms that had truly negative pressure (P<0.0001). Hospital age, size, and type corre-latedwith correct direction of airflow (R<.0001).Conclusion:In the hospitals studied, only a small number of rooms were designated for respiratory isolation, and the performance of these was not tested routinely. High-risk areas including intensive care units and emergency rooms were not equipped to provide respiratory isolation. The direction of airflow in respiratory isolation rooms was not always correct and should be evaluated frequently. (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993;14:623-628.)
Diffusion-weighted MRI for staging and evaluation of response in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a pilot study.

Purpose To compare diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for staging and evaluating treatment response in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
NPH4, a Conditional Modulator of Auxin-Dependent Differential Growth Responses in Arabidopsis

Although sessile in nature, plants are able to use a number of mechanisms to modify their morphology in response to changing environmental conditions. Differential growth is one such mechanism. Despite its importance in plant development, little is known about the molecular events regulating the establishment of differential growth. Here we report analyses of the nph4 (nonphototropic hypocotyl) mutants of Arabidopsis that suggest that the NPH4 protein plays a central role in the modulation of auxin-dependent differential growth. Results from physiological studies demonstrate that NPH4 activity is conditionally required for a number of differential growth responses, including phototropism, gravitropism, phytochrome-dependent hypocotyl curvature, apical hook maintenance, and abaxial/adaxial leaf-blade expansion. The nph4 mutants exhibited auxin resistance and severely impaired auxin-dependent gene expression, indicating that the defects associated with differential growth likely arise because of altered auxin responsiveness. Moreover, the auxin signaling events mediating phototropism are genetically correlated with the abundance of the NPH4 protein.
Fast direct solution of FEM systems using overlapped localizing modes on a shifted grid

Overlapped, localizing local-global solution (OL-LOGOS) modes have been proposed to develop fast direct solvers for low frequency electromagnetic wave problems. The efficiencies of the resulting OL-LOGOS factorization algorithms have been demonstrated for the matrix equations associated with dense three-dimensional integral equations and sparse two-dimensional partial differential equations. In both cases, approximately O(N log N) time and O(N) memory complexities have been observed. In this work, the OL-LOGOS method is applied to three-dimensional scalar FEM systems. In order to improve the factorization speed and reduce memory costs for FEM applications, a pre-factorization permutation step is incorporated into the OL-LOGOS factorization algorithm. Numerical results demonstrate factorization and memory complexities of approximately O(N log N) and O(N) as the problem size grows.
Metaphor in the Mind: The Cognition of Metaphor1

The most sustained and innovative recent work on metaphor has occurred in cognitive science and psychology. Psycholinguistic investigation suggests that novel, poetic metaphors are processed differently than literal speech, while relatively conventionalized and contextually salient metaphors are processed more like literal speech. This conflicts with the view of “cognitive linguists” like George Lakoff that all or nearly all thought is essentially metaphorical. There are currently four main cognitive models of metaphor comprehension: juxtaposition, category-transfer, feature-matching, and structural alignment. Structural alignment deals best with the widest range of examples; but it still fails to account for the complexity and richness of fairly novel, poetic metaphors.