cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PLATFORM-INDEPENDENCE AND SCHEDULING IN A MULTI-THREADED REAL-TIME SIMULATION

Aviation research often relies on real-time, pilot-in-the-loop flight simulation as a means to develop new flight software, flight hardware, or pilot procedures. Often these simulations become so complex that a single processor is incapable of performing the necessary computations within a fixed time-step. Threads are an elegant means to distribute the computational work-load when running on a symmetric multi-processor machine. However, programming with threads often requires operating system specific calls that reduce code portability and maintainability. While a multi-threaded simulation allows a significant increase in the simulation complexity, it also increases the workload of a simulation operator by requiring that the operator determine which models run on which thread. To address these concerns an object-oriented design was implemented in the NASA Langley Standard Real-Time Simulation in C++ (LaSRS++) application framework. The design provides a portable and maintainable means to use threads and also provides a mechanism to automatically load balance the simulation models.
Money may matter, but how could you know?

Abstract Christina and David Romers' reply to our article ‘ Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Once More’ misses the point. Our argument was never that monetary policy did not matter, but that their methods could not provide useful evidence that it did. Yet, they offer additional evidence of the same type with respect to the efficacy of monetary shocks without effectively replying to the criticisms of their methods. We show point by point that such responses as they give leave our original conclusion intact: their narrative/statistical approach is a complicated version of the fallacy post hoc ergo propter hoc ; and, as such, will not sustain inferences with respect to the direction and strength of the causes of output fluctuations.
Edge Scaling of the β-Jacobi Ensemble

We study the scaling limit of the spectrum of the β-Jacobi ensemble at the soft edge and hard edge for general values of β. We show that the limiting point processes correspond respectively to the stochastic Airy and Bessel point processes introduced in Ramirez et al. (J. Am. Math. Soc. 24(4):919–944, 2011) and Ramirez and Rider (Commun. Math. Phys. 288(3):887–906, 2009).
Weighted Maximum Entropy OWA Aggregation With Applications to Decision Making Under Risk

We introduce the basic features of the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator. Particular emphasis is put on the task of obtaining the associated weights. We discuss the maximal entropy OWA (MEOWA) approach to obtaining the weights. This approach is based upon the specification of a parameter characterizing the desired type of aggregation and then the solving of a mathematical programming problem whose objective is to maximize the entropy of the weights subject to this parameter. Here, we provide an alternative way of getting these MEOWA weights based upon the use of a weight-generating function. The introduction of this function allows us to obtain the MEOWA weights for the case in which each argument has a distinct degree of importance. The development of this approach allows us to use the OWA operator in decision making under risk. Here, we are able include probabilistic information as well as decision attitude to construct customized decision functions.
Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system as new antihypertensive agents.

There are several approaches for interfering with the renin-angiotensin system. Antibodies against renin and angiotensins I and II (AI and AII) have not been consistently successful in the past, probably because of nonspecific effects; however, recent purification of renin now makes this approach more promising. Renin inhibitors include pepstatin and analogs, lipids and phospholipids, and renin-substrate analogs. Pepstatin and analogs are the most potent and specific but they are not orally active. The phospholipids are the most effective in vivo but their specificity is yet to be established. Renin-substrate analogs have been developed that have biologically significant effects but are not orally active. Some of the most potent and specific agents available for interfering with the renin-angiotensin system are the AII receptor antagonists. While these compounds effectively prevent the actions of AII, they suffer from several severe deficiencies: partial agonist activity, short duration of action, and lac...
Foreword: Somebody’s Watching Me: Surveillance and Privacy in an Age of National Insecurity

Forward to the Institute for Global Security Law and Policy at Case Western Reserve University symposium Somebody's Watching Me: Surveillance and Privacy in an Age of National Insecurity, Cleveland, OH, October 22-23, 2009
419 ADENOVIRUS IS PROFIBROTIC IN BLEOMYCIN-INDUCED LUNG INJURY IN MICE THROUGH EFFECTS ON ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Recent clinical observations suggest that viral infection/reactivation may contribute to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in susceptible hosts. Viral gene therapy using adenoviral vectors in the lung is limited by immune response directed against the viral vector and/or its foreign gene. We therefore examined the effects of adenoviral vector (E1, E3 deleted) on the course of bleomycin-induced lung injury/fibrosis in mice. Methods Adenoviral vectors (native and UV-inactivated) expressing luciferase, β-galactosidase, or a human gene were administered intratracheally (IT; 109 PFU/animal) to mice 2 days after bleomycin (4 U/kg IT). Animals were assessed for mortality, lung inflammation (bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] cell counts and differential), vascular permeability (BAL protein levels) and fibrosis (lung hydroxyproline) over the next 28 days. Results Combined bleomycin/adenoviral vector administration caused a 3-fold increase in 28 day mortality compared with bleomycin alone (20% to 60%; n = 20/group). The excess mortality was completely abrogated by substituting a UV-inactivated vector and partially abrogated with a null-expressing adenoviral vector. Similarly, combined bleomycin/adenoviral vector administration caused a 2-fold increase in the increment of lung collagen (hydroxyproline) compared with bleomycin alone (150 ± 18 μg/animal vs 300 ± 22 μg/animal; n = 5/group), which was abrogated by substituting a UV-inactivated, or a null-expressing adenoviral vector. Neither IT adenoviral vectors alone nor IT saline alone induced lung fibrosis (by hydroxyproline and trichrome stain). Combined bleomycin/adenoviral vector administration also resulted in increased inflammation (2-fold increment in total BAL cells), and alveolar protein levels compared with bleomycin alone, at 10 days after IT bleomycin. Adenoviral vectors alone had no effect on BAL cell counts or protein levels compared with IT saline-administered controls. The alveolar lymphocytosis was also 2-fold higher in the bleomycin/adenovirally administered group compared with the bleomycin alone group. These data indicate that adenoviral vectors are proinflammatory, enhance lymphocytic recruitment into the alveolar compartment and profibrotic. Further, the dependence of these effects on viral/foreign gene expression implicate antiviral adaptive immunity. Viral-induced adaptive immunity may be one mechanism whereby viral infection will induce a fibrotic response in susceptible hosts with underlying lung inflammation.
Notch Sensitivity of Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate at -320°F Based Upon Notch-Yield Ratio

To assist in making the wisest choice of materials for cryogenic applications where fracture toughness is important, a number of investigators have been using tensile tests of smooth and notched specimens to evaluate the notch sensitivity of materials at subzero temperatures[1–6]. There has been little agreement among the investigators as to the design of notch which leads to the most effective comparison of materials although specific choices have been made by some groups.
Plan Development Timelines

In Chap. 8 we described the processes, inputs, outputs, and dependencies of various disciplines and development plans. However, another aspect of MDSE plan development is the information on the phasing or timing of when each plan is required across the system development life cycle. This chapter lays out each major program milestone and illustrates which plans must be in “initial release” maturity and “baseline” maturity during each major phase of program development. The arrows indicate plan dependencies and phasing across program milestones. The point to be made is that plans are not made in a vacuum and require cooperation among all MDSE and management disciplines to ensure that the plans are complete and meet the program needs across the entire program lifecycle. One major point to understand about the plans discussed in Chap. 8 and the timelines presented in Chap. 9, is that the amount of detail needed in each greatly depends on the project size and scope. In some cases these plans are separate documents unto themselves. In other cases they may be a paragraph in an agile Sprint plan that discusses changes as a result of the current plans. But, for the MDSE, these issues must be thought through throughout the SoS design, development, integration and test, and deployment phases. Figures 9.1 and 9.2 illustrate this. Figure 9.1 illustrates a traditional program development cycle [21]. For the development process depicted in Fig. 9.1, the engineering plans are finalized early in the development process and only changed when major program events dictate the changes.
T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas occur among persons with immunodeficiency, and are common in persons with heritable chronic autoimmune conditions, such as a celiac disease of the bowel. They occur in patients whose immune systems have been disarmed prior to organ transplantation. They have been thought to result from certain infectious agents, especially HTLV-1, and possibly the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and they occur commonly in persons with HIV/AIDS. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is about twice as common among men as among women. It occurs more commonly in San Francisco than in Los Angeles County, and begins to increase in frequency in middle age. Among young adults, African-Americans are more often affected than are the members of other racial/ethnic groups. Incidence is relatively independent of social class and has been relatively constant over time among the residents of high-risk census tracts, but has been increasing markedly in the county as a whole. The reasons for the higher incidence among men and the increase over time are unknown. There is no geographical pattern of the type that would be expected on the basis of a higher risk among those with AIDS. No systematic pattern of geographical occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation can be speculated upon.
Time‐Series Cross‐Section Methods

Time-series–cross-section (TSCS) data consist of comparable time series data observed on a variety of units. The paradigmatic applications are to the study of comparative political economy, where the units are countries (often the advanced industrial democracies) and where for each country we observe annual data on a variety of political and economic variables. A standard question for such studies relates to the political determinants of economic outcomes and policies. There have now been hundreds of such studies published TSCS data resemble “panel” data, where a large number of units, who are almost invariably survey respondents, are observed over a small number of “waves” (interviews). Any procedure that works well as the number of units gets large should work well for panel data; however, any procedure which depends on a large number of time points will not necessarily work well for panel data. TSCS data typically have the opposite structure of panel data: a relatively small number of units observed for some reasonable length of time. Thus methods that are appropriate for the analysis of panel data are not necessarily appropriate for TSCS data and vice versa. All of these types of data are a particular form of “multilevel” (or “hierarchical”) data. Multilevel data are organized by grouping a lower level observations in some meaningful way. Thus in the study of education, we may observe students, but students can be thought of as members of a class, and classes can be thought of as members of a school. It is often helpful to think of TSCS data as multilevel data, but with much additional structure. Political scientists have been familiar with panel data in the guise of election studies for well over half a century. TSCS data has become popular only more recently. Adolph, Butler and Wilson (2005) examined political science articles in journals indexed in JSTOR. They found relatively few uses of TSCS terminology before 1975, with an explosion of articles using terms related to TSCS analysis starting in the late 1980’s. They report that 5% of all political science articles from 1996 to 2000 made reference to TSCS or panel terminology and found approximately 200 empirical analyses using TSCS data during that period. Beck and Katz’s (1995) methodological discussion of TSCS data is the most heavily cited American Political Sciences Review article published since 1985.
System for meta-data analysis using prediction based constraints for detecting inconsistences in release process with auto-correction

The Software product release build process usually involves posting a lot of artifacts that are shipped or used as part of the Quality Assurance or Quality Engineering. All the artifacts that are shared or posted together constitute a successful build that can be shipped out. Sometimes, a few of the artifacts might fail to be posted to a shared location that might need an immediate attention in order to repost the artifact with manual intervention. A system and process is implemented for analyzing metadata generated by an automated build process to detect inconsistencies in generation of build artifacts. The system analyzes data retrieved from meta-data streams, once the start of an expected metadata stream is detected the system generates a list of artifacts that the build is expected to generate, based on the prediction model. Information attributes of the meta-data stream are used for deciding on the anticipated behavior of build. Events are generated based on whether the build data is consistent with the predictions made by the model. The system can enable error detection and recovery in an automated build process. The system can adapt to changing build environment by analyzing data stream for historically relevant data properties.
Social Network Analysis Focused on Individuals Facing Hazards and Disasters

This chapter reviews social network analysis's contribution to alternatively complementary or conflicting conclusions about human behavior and relationships in disaster. The social network is a seductive concept in the anthropology of disasters—a potentially robust tool for investigating complex human and human-environment entanglements. What are the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical trends—and potential opportunities and constraints—in social network analysis approaches to studying the behaviors, perceptions, and well-being of individuals in disaster contexts? In this integrative overview, we find generally promising topics to be: how various types of ties contribute to an individual's experience of disaster; what diversity and homophily do in response, recovery, and adaptation; why a constellation or spiderweb of relationships sometimes produces emergent properties; when network potential is translated into network activation; and how we can theoretically capture the unfolding of the disaster experience without making it an unrealistic set of stages.
Uncertainty Shocks and Dynamic Compensation

This paper studies optimal dynamic compensation when rms are subject to uncertainty shocks but have only limited ability to commit to long-term contracts. I analyze a continuous-time dynamic principal-agent model with private eort and regime switching in cash
Mercury: An Infrastructure-Free System for Network Localization and Navigation

Location-awareness enables a variety of emerging applications on mobile devices. For indoor applications, a desirable way of obtaining real-time locations is by combining different sources of positional information, such as the inertial measurements, ranging measurements, and map information with an infrastructure-free system that does not rely on any customized hardware. These sources of information can be incorporated into the paradigm of network localization and navigation (NLN). However, there still lacks an infrastructure-free localization system that applies the insights of NLN to effectively fuse different types of information. In this paper, we present the Mercury system, which realizes the key ideas of NLN, including the exploitation of spatiotemporal cooperation and the use of environmental knowledge. We design a real-time belief propagation algorithm to fuse inertial measurements as well as range measurements among different users with map information. We implement this algorithm in the Mercury system formed by a network of smartphones, and evaluate its localization accuracy through experimentation. Results show that Mercury provides reliable location information and that combining spatiotemporal cooperation with environmental knowledge remarkably reduces the location uncertainty of users. Moreover, the performance of Mercury is more robust to imperfect initial positional knowledge compared with that of existing systems.
Golden Rice: instructions for use

Golden Rice is any variety of rice which makes beta-carotene, thus giving the rice a yellow (Golden) colour. It was created as an additional intervention for vitamin A deficiency. This dietary deficiency is the most significant cause of childhood blindness, and also the biggest killer of children under 5 year’s old, globally. White rice contains no beta-carotene, and no vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency is common in countries where rice is the staple diet. The Golden Rice technology, adding two genes to white rice in 2004, has been donated by its inventors for use in developing countries as an additional intervention against vitamin A deficiency. When Golden Rice is approved for use in a country, that country’s Government will have decided that it is safe for the environment to grow the crop, and safe for humans, and animals, to consume it. Regular consumption of Golden Rice by people is expected, with time, to deliver health benefits by reducing cases of partial or complete blindness, and reducing preventable deaths, especially of young children and mothers. Any amount of daily white rice consumption can be replaced by Golden Rice consumption without ill effect. This document suggests how people can organise themselves to contribute to Golden Rice’s adoption for growth and consumption by populations in their own country. Without adoption, Golden Rice cannot be an intervention for vitamin A deficiency, which is a major public health problem.
Neuroanatomical correlates of emotion-processing in children with unilateral brain lesion: A preliminary study of limbic system organization

In this study, MRI and DTI were employed to examine subcortical volume and microstructural properties (FA, MD) of the limbic network, and their relationships with affect discrimination in 13 FL (6 ...
Community consultation for planned emergent use research: Experiences from an academic medical center

Background: Emergent use research—research involving human subjects that have a life-threatening medical condition and who are unlikely to provide informed consent—in critical illness is fraught with challenges related to obtaining informed consent. Per federal regulations, to meet criteria to conduct such trials, the investigators have to seek community consultations. Effective ways of obtaining this consultation remains ill-defined. Objective: We sought to describe methods, interpretations, and our experiences of conducting community consultation in a planned emergent use randomized controlled trial. Methods: As part of a planned emergent use clinical trial in our study, community consultation consisted of four focus groups sessions with members from the community in which the clinical trial was conducted. Three focus group sessions were conducted with members who had an affiliation to Mayo Clinic, and the other focus group session was conducted with non-Mayo affiliation members. The feedback from the focus group sessions led to the creation of the public notification plan. The public was notified of the trial through community meetings as well as social media. Results: As compared to community meetings, focus group sessions resulted in greater attendance with more interactive discussions. Moreover, focus group sessions resulted in greater in-depth conversations leading to institutional acceptance of the clinical trial under study. Conclusions: Exception from informed consent can be acceptable to the community. Focus groups provided better participation and valuable interactive insight as compared to community meetings in our study. This could serve as a valuable guide for investigators pursuing exception from informed consent in their research studies. [JMIR Res Protoc 2018;7(5):e10062]
Patterning in Limbs: The Resolution of Positional Confrontations

Positional confrontations are characteristic of the development of all multicellular organisms. In amphibian embryos, for example, formation of the mesoderm is dependent on contact between vegetal and animal pole cells (Symes et al. 1988). Later, mesodermal cells specified for dorsal and ventral fates interact to generate cells with intermediate fates (Dale & Slack 1987). In some insects, the trunk region develops from interactions between head and ‘tail’ structures (Cohen & Jurgens 1991). Finally, confrontations between differently-specified cells are required for limb outgrowth during development and regeneration (Bryant & Gardiner 1992).
Towards an efficient algorithm to reason over description logics extended with nominal schemas

Extending description logics with so-called nominal schemas has been shown to be a major step towards integrating description logics with rules paradigms. However, establishing efficient algorithms for reasoning with nominal schemas has so far been a challenge. In this paper, we present an algorithm to reason with the description logic fragment $\mathcal{ELROV}_{n}$, a fragment that extends $\mathcal{EL}^{++}$ with nominal schemas. We also report on an implementation and experimental evaluation of the algorithm, which shows that our approach is indeed rather efficient.
Out but in: Exploring juvenile reentry through Photovoice

Previously incarcerated youth reintegrating into their communities face many challenges. This study provided visual entry into the lives of three youth through the use of Photovoice methodology. Pa...
Framework for Selecting Clinical Outcomes for Clinical Trials

Selection of sound and appropriate clinical outcomes is paramount when designing a clinical trial. The ability to draw definitive and meaningful conclusions from a clinical trial is dependent on the outcomes used and the information they provide. The clinical investigator must consider a number of factors when selecting clinical outcomes including the purpose and domain of the research question, the level of the assessment, whether to use performance-based or patient-reported measures, as well as the psychometric properties that accompany useful outcome measures. To comprehensively assess outcomes, measures used in a clinical trial should allow comparison to the population as a whole, draw definitive conclusions in the specific population or condition of interest, and consist of a combination of both performance-based and patient-reported measures. All outcomes should have appropriate levels of reliability, validity, and responsiveness to ensure that their use has methodological acceptability. Given the importance of proper selection of outcome measures, their inclusion and use in a clinical trial ought to be one of the initial steps taken during the development of the experiment.
Loop-Imbedded (Non-Linear) Instruction Modules: A Novel Delivery Method for Online Learning

Instructional modules are typically designed with the linear format of PowerPoint slide sets, thus mimicking classroom-based instruction with its temporal and spatial constraints. In an attempt to make instructional modules more student-centered and thus more individualized for online education, a prototype non-linear module was developed on the subject of physiology and culture of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Alternative pathways were provided in the sample module by imbedding specialized clarification, preparation, and elaboration loops, which responded to the varying needs of a diverse student body. Forty introductory turfgrass students volunteered to review the sample module and complete a survey. The survey contained students' background information, ratings of statements on specific features of the sample module, several short essay questions, and comments/suggestions. More than 90% of the students agreed the loop-imbedded (non-linear) modules are superior to the traditional linear modules. A majority of the students also indicated they prefer online courses in the non-linear format. Loop-imbedded (non-linear) modules can individualize students' learning experiences and provide instructors with powerful learning resources to better meet the needs of a diversified student population.
Ageism: A Powerful Nemesis for Effective Workplace Discrimination Law

Ageism is a powerful force in American life, and it includes not only biased actions directed against older people but also a wide range of harmful attitudes and stereotypes. Ironically, ageism even limits what law and legal institutions might accomplish in countering the growing problem of age discrimination in the workplace. This article underscores the weaknesses of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), the nation’s most important statute regarding age discrimination and also the appellate case law interpreting that statue. The article then critiques the dismissal by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of the great majority of employees’ claims that they have suffered age discrimination. Overall, the article argues that legislators, the U.S. Supreme Court, administrative law judges, and Americans in general must fully appreciate the subtle, complex, and pervasive workings of ageism in order to successfully shape and use age discrimination law to reduce the harm being done to older employees.
A dual mesh finite domain method for the numerical solution of differential equations

A method that employs a dual mesh, one for primary variables and another for dual variables, for the numerical solution of differential equations is presented. The formulation makes use of the trad...
Curvature perturbations in the effective field theory of inflation

We discuss the difference between various gauge-invariant quantities typically used in single-field inflation, namely synchronous ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{s}$, comoving ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{c}$, and unitary ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{u}$ curvatures. We show that conservation of ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{c}$ outside the horizon is quite restrictive on models as it leads to conservation of ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{s}$ and ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{u}$, whereas the reverse does not hold. We illustrate the consequence of these differences with two inflationary models: ultra-slow-roll (USR) and braiding-ultra-slow-roll (BUSR). In USR, we show that out of the three curvatures, only ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{s}$ is conserved outside the horizon, and we connect this result to the concepts of a separate universe and the usage of the $\ensuremath{\delta}N$ formalism. We find that even though ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{s}$ is conserved, there is still a mild violation of the separate universe approximation in the continuity equation. Nevertheless, the $\ensuremath{\delta}N$ formalism can still be applied to calculate the primordial power spectrum of some gauge-invariant quantities such as ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{u}$, although it breaks down for others such as the uniform-density curvature. In BUSR, we show that both ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{u}$ and ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{s}$ are conserved outside the horizon, but take different values. Additionally, since ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{u}\ensuremath{\ne}{\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{c}$, we find that the prediction for observable curvature fluctuations after inflation does not reflect ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{c}$ at the horizon crossing during inflation and moreover involves not just ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{u}$ at that epoch but also the manner in which the braiding phase ends.
Influence of Partially Purify Enzyme in Experimental Cheddar Cheese Production

Calf rennet is the main enzyme component has been widely used as a milk clotting enzyme for cheese making. The high price of traditional rennets and ethical consideration associated with their use promoted the new rennet substitute. The cheeses were studied to determined difference chemical, biochemical and sensory characteristics throughout of 2 months of ripening. The cheese yield produced from commercial enzyme was (p<0.05) higher than cheese produce from kesinai enzymes. Both cheese samples were compositionally alike except for moisture, protein contents and pH. In both cheese moisture contents declined (p<0.05) with ripening period while pH was increased with ripening time. Total nitrogen (TN), non protein nitrogen (NPN) and non casein nitrogen (NCN) were (p<0.05) higher in whey of cheese made with kesinai enzyme than cheese made with commercial enzyme. The amount of NPN and NCN found in cheese made with kesinai enzyme was (p<0.001) higher than in cheese made with commercial enzyme. NPN and NCN values were increased (p<0.001) throughout the ripening period in both cheeses. Cheese made with commercial enzyme exhibited slightly higher level of free amino acids than cheese made with kesinai enzyme. But free fatty acids compositions have shown similar changes in both types of cheese thought the ripened time. Textual characteristics such as hardness, gumminess and chewiness increased in both types of cheese during early stage of ripening and decrease gradually at end of ripening whereas springiness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness were showed similar changes in both cheeses during the ripened period. The principal component analysis (PCA) of electronic nose sensor data has been studied using “Z”nose. The results indicated that, the presence of 7 volatile (aroma) common compounds in both cheeses. PCA analysis was performed to discriminate the cheeses with their ripening time.
Experience with Social Distancing Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Implications for Public Health Messaging

Our goal is to inform ongoing public health policy on the design and communication of COVID-19 social distancing measures to maximize compliance. We assessed the US public’s early experience with the COVID-19 crisis during the period when shelter-in-place orders were widely implemented to understand non-compliance with those orders, sentiment about the crisis, and to compare across age categories associated with different levels of risk. We posted our survey on Twitter, Facebook, and NextDoor on March 14th to March 23rd that included 21 questions including demographics, impact on daily life, actions taken, and difficulties faced.1 We analyzed the free-text responses to the impact question using LIWC, a computational natural language processing tool2, and performed a thematic content analysis of the reasons people gave for non-compliance with social distancing orders. Stanford University’s IRB approved the study. In 9 days, we collected a total of 20,734 responses. 6,573 individuals provided a response (≥30 words) to the question, “Tell us how the coronavirus crisis is impacting your life.” Our data (Figure 1) show that younger people (18-31) are more emotionally negative, self-centered, and less concerned with family, while middle-aged people are group-oriented (32-44) and focused on family (32-64) (all p values We also content-analyzed 7,355 responses (kappa’s > .75) to the question, “What are the reasons you are not self-isolating more?” Of these participants, 39.8% reported not being compliant, with the youngest group (18-31) having the lowest compliance rate (52.4%) compared to the other age groups (all > 60%; all p values Overall, our findings suggest that public health messages should focus on young people and 1) address their negative affect, 2) refocus their self-orientation by emphasizing the importance of individual behavior to group-level health outcomes, and 3) target the specific rationales that different people have regarding the pandemic to maximize compliance with social distancing.
Participatory Action Planning to Address the Opioid Crisis in a Rural Virginia Community Using the SEED Method

The SEED Method is a multi-stakeholder approach that was created to involve diverse stakeholders in the development and prioritization of research questions using community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles. Here we describe an adaptation of the SEED Method that focuses on developing and prioritizing strategies for addressing a health problem and bringing stakeholders together to develop and implement community action plans based on those strategies. We describe steps for implementing the SEED Method for community action planning and the results of a case study in a rural Virginia community with high opioid prescription and mortality rates. A participatory research team worked with three groups of Topic stakeholders to gather data, develop conceptual models, and create and prioritize strategies for reducing prescription and non-prescription opioid misuse and overdoses. Each group came up with 19 to 25 strategies and prioritized their top five, which included actions, services or programs, strategies, policies, and system changes. Attendees at community action planning meetings reviewed the 15 prioritized strategies, proposed three additional strategies, and prioritized their top choices. Community stakeholders started four work groups to implement the selected strategies in collaboration with the research team.
Predominantly recycled carbon in Earth's upper mantle revealed by He-CO2-Ba systematics in ultradepleted ocean ridge basalts

Abstract Basalts erupted within intra-transform spreading centers can be valuable probes of geochemical components in Earth's upper mantle, and provide constraints on the proportions of mantle carbon that are juvenile (primordial) vs. tectonically recycled. Here we present new results for submarine basalt glasses, erupted within the Garrett Transform Fault (GTF) and to its north and south along the East Pacific Rise (EPR). Analyses of 3He/4He, and He and CO2 concentrations in vesicles and glass were performed, through a series of crushing and melting experiments plus FTIR spectroscopy. Trace elements were analyzed by laser ablation ICP-MS. The GTF basalts provide further tests for the origin of volatile-undersaturated basalts using CO2/Ba and CO2/Nb systematics. CO2 is highly correlated with Ba and Nb in basalts erupted in the transform domain (n = 13, including 5 undersaturated basalts) and does not show the variability expected from mixing between undegassed and variably degassed melts. Rather, the melts appear to originate from a heterogeneous mantle source that was variably depleted through partial melting, and limited mixing of melts is involved in their generation. The CO2/Ba and CO2/Nb weight ratios of 106 ± 8 and 308 ± 27, respectively, are similar to values determined previously for a global suite of undersaturated mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs). The ridge and transform domains have distinct 3He/4He ratios. Along the nearby EPR, 3He/4He = 8.5 - 9.1 RA, while within the Garrett Transform Fault 3He/4He = 9.2 - 10.1 RA. These two basalt populations are also distinct in their Pb-Sr-Nd isotope compositions based on earlier regional studies. The distinct populations result from partial melting of two different mantle source compositions. Melting of depleted mantle containing a small amount (∼1 to 5%) of enriched, ancient heterogeneities occurs beneath the EPR. Melting of ultradepleted mantle (in which the heterogeneities have been removed by earlier melting beneath the EPR) occurs beneath the GTF. This explains the distinction between intra-transform and spreading ridge domains for 3He/4He, if the heterogeneities were enriched in U, Th and He and had low 3He/4He as would be found in tectonically recycled material. The enriched mantle component sampled by the EPR basalts has molar CO2/3He = 2 × 10 9 , and it dominates the CO2/3He ratio generally ascribed to the upper mantle source for mid-ocean ridge basalts. In contrast, the ultradepleted MORB mantle component sampled by the GTF basalts has CO2/3He = 3 × 10 8 or less. This indicates that most of the carbon in Earth's upper mantle originates from tectonic recycling.
Simplified breast risk tool integrating questionnaire risk factors, mammographic density, and polygenic risk score: Development and validation

Background: Clinical use of breast cancer risk prediction requires simplified models. We evaluate a simplified version of the validated Rosner–Colditz model and add percent mammographic density (MD) and polygenic risk score (PRS), to assess performance from ages 45–74. We validate using the Mayo Mammography Health Study (MMHS). Methods: We derived the model in the Nurses9 Health Study (NHS) based on: MD, 77 SNP PRS and a questionnaire score (QS; lifestyle and reproductive factors). A total of 2,799 invasive breast cancer cases were diagnosed from 1990–2000. MD (using Cumulus software) and PRS were assessed in a nested case–control study. We assess model performance using this case–control dataset and evaluate 10-year absolute breast cancer risk. The prospective MMHS validation dataset includes 21.8% of women age Results: In the NHS, MD has the highest odds ratio (OR) for 10-year risk prediction: ORper SD = 1.48 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–1.68], followed by PRS, ORper SD = 1.37 (95% CI: 1.21–1.55) and QS, ORper SD = 1.25 (95% CI: 1.11–1.41). In MMHS, the AUC adjusted for age + MD + QS 0.650; for age + MD + QS + PRS 0.687, and the NRI was 6% in cases and 16% in controls. Conclusion: A simplified assessment of QS, MD, and PRS performs consistently to discriminate those at high 10-year breast cancer risk. Impact: This simplified model provides accurate estimation of 10-year risk of invasive breast cancer that can be used in a clinical setting to identify women who may benefit from chemopreventive intervention. See related commentary by Tehranifar et al., p. 587
Residential Cooking-Related PM2.5: Spatial-Temporal Variations Under Various Intervention Scenarios

Abstract Some cooking events can generate high levels of hazardous PM2.5. This study assesses the dispersion of cooking-related PM2.5 throughout a naturally-ventilated apartment in the US, examines the dynamic process of cooking-related emissions, and demonstrates the impact of different indoor PM2.5 mitigating strategies. We conducted experiments with a standardized pan-frying cooking procedure under seven scenarios, involving opening kitchen windows, using a range hood, and utilizing a portable air cleaner (PAC) in various indoor locations. Real-time PM2.5 concentrations were measured in the open kitchen, living room, bedroom (door closed), and outdoor environments. Decay-related parameters were estimated, and time-resolved PM2.5 emission rates for each experiment were determined using a dynamic model. Results show that the 1-min mean PM2.5 concentrations in the kitchen and living room peaked 1–7 min after cooking at levels of 200–1400 μg/m3, which were more than 9 times higher than the peak bedroom levels. Mean (standard deviation) kt for the kitchen, ranging from 0.58 (0.02) to 6.62 (0.34) h−1, was generally comparable to that of the living room (relative difference 6 h for the bedroom. The PM2.5 emission rates during and 5 min after cooking were 2.3 (3.4) and 5.1 (3.9) mg/min, respectively. Intervention strategies, including opening kitchen windows and using PACs either in the kitchen or living room, can substantially reduce indoor PM2.5 levels and the related full-decay time. For scenarios involving a PAC, placing it in the kitchen (closer to the source) resulted in better efficacy.
The impact of oil price on food security in the Algeria, Iran, and Saudi Arabia: cointegration, vector-error correction model, dynamics, and causality analysis

The geo-political economy of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries in general and for oil exporting countries in the region in particular is dominated by three factors: little rain, much oil, and rapidly growing population. With limited agricultural resources, and an historical bias against the agricultural sector the region is unable to produce enough food. Nearly all countries in the region face a food production-consumption gap. Oil export earnings are used not only to finance food imports to close the gap but also to promote self-sufficiency policy;The variation of oil prices, especially since the first oil price shock in 1973/4, has created problems in the national food security of the region. In addition, variation of oil prices impacts the affordability and availability (domestic production and imports) of food;This study examined the influence of oil price shocks on per capita income, food production, food imports, and variation of food consumption (as an indicator of food security) in Algeria, Iran, and Saudi Arabia using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model. The data covered the period 1960-1991. To explore the impact of variation in oil prices on other variables a forecast error variance decomposition was employed;In the short-run and long-run, the main sources of variation in food availability in Algeria are variation in per capita income and domestic production, while in Iran the main source is food imports, and in Saudi Arabia oil prices and per capita income are the main sources. The study also empirically examined the dynamic impact of a shock in oil prices on the other variables in the national food security system in each country. For instance, the impulse response function for Algeria shows that the response of food consumption to shocks in oil prices is large and the dynamic adjustments are long-lived;The implication of the results could help planners of these countries to better understand food security and help them establish priorities in their national food strategies.
How Useful are Orthopedic Surgery Residency Web Pages

Abstract Objective Medical students interested in orthopedic surgery residency positions frequently use the Internet as a modality to gather information about individual residency programs. Students often invest a painstaking amount of time and effort in determining programs that they are interested in, and the Internet is central to this process. Numerous studies have concluded that program websites are a valuable resource for residency and fellowship applicants. The purpose of the present study was to provide an update on the web pages of academic orthopedic surgery departments in the United States and to rate their utility in providing information on quality of education, faculty and resident information, environment, and applicant information. Design We reviewed existing websites for the 156 departments or divisions of orthopedic surgery that are currently accredited for resident education by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Each website was assessed for quality of information regarding quality of education, faculty and resident information, environment, and applicant information. Results We noted that 152 of the 156 departments (97%) had functioning websites that could be accessed. There was high variability regarding the comprehensiveness of orthopedic residency websites. Most of the orthopedic websites provided information on conference, didactics, and resident rotations. Less than 50% of programs provided information on resident call schedules, resident or faculty research and publications, resident hometowns, or resident salary. Conclusions There is a lack of consistency regarding the content presented on orthopedic residency websites. As the competition for orthopedic websites continues to increase, applicants flock to the Internet to learn more about orthopedic websites in greater number. A well-constructed website has the potential to increase the caliber of students applying to a said program.
Tensored Division Algebras: Origin of Geometry, Spinors and Symmetry

A summary of a decade’s work on the tensored division algebras is presented, emphasizing the remarkably complete and exact correspondence of this mathematics to the design of our physical reality. The meaning of this correspondence is explored.
The complex process of a total curriculum revision in information and library science: a case study

The old curriculum was abandoned and an entirely new programme designed and implemented for the Master's degree. Choices were made in large part on the basis of implications inferred from trends related to various information aspects. The curricular structure is based on three areas: Information (resources and organization), Management, and Technology. A heavy emphasis is placed on the core (comprising half of a student's programme of study) and on distributive requirements. One characteristic is a large number of information science topics included in the core and distributed throughout the entire curriculum. In many ways the new curriculum represents both a departure from the long established precepts and philosophy of traditional library education and a search for yet to be established prescriptions for information science education.
A near-field spatial feed evaluation using a notch radiator source and array

The design and optimization of a specific near-field spatial feed using a flared notch radiator as the source element and an array of the same notches as the collector array is presented. This paper summarizes the full 3D electromagnetic modeling of this specific near-field spatial feed, the optimization of this specific feed's coupling region and finally the experimental testing of the feed. The modeled versus measured data presented will show that spatial feed design data can be accurately obtained through modeling and/or experimentation and that compact near-field spatial feed designs for antenna arrays can be achieved with focal length to aperture diameter ratios (F/D) smaller than 0.5
Magmatic Unrest at Long Valley Caldera, California, 1980-1990

On May 25, 1980, the resort town of Mammoth Lakes, California, was shaken by a remarkable 48-hour-long earthquake sequence that included four M=6, two M=5 and 300 M=3 quakes. The nature of the precursory seismicity plus the unusual character of the May 25-27 sequence itself suggested that it was not typical of tectonic earthquakes in the region. Discovery of 25 cm of domical uplift centred on the resurgent dome within Long Valley caldera strongly implied that this activity was accompanied, if not caused, by influx of magma into the Long Valley magma chamber.