cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bible Belt Membership Patterns, Correlates and Landscapes

The term “Bible Belt” was coined by journalist H.L. Mencken following his coverage of the Scopes “monkey” trial in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925. It has been used regularly since then to refer to a religiously conservative or fundamentalist region in the American South and Midwest though the geographic extent Bible Belt historically has been ill-defined. Geographers have attempted to delineate the location of the Bible Belt in the past. Notably Heatwole mapped the geographic extent of the Bible Belt in a 1978 article using 1971 data from the Glenmary Research Center. In 2011 Brunn, Webster and Archer updated Heatwole’s analysis adding cartographic and statistical analyses for the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s; they found significant changes to the Belt’s location and geographic extent. This study further updates that analysis using 2010 data. In addition to mapping changes in the Bible Belt’s geography since 2000, we examine the sociodemographic correlates to the region’s denominational makeup and consider the relevance of Stump’s concept of religious territoriality through an examination of religious signage in the region. Each of these three perspectives, cartographic, spatial analytic and photographic, sheds light on the geographic, sociodemographic and economic character of the Bible Belt.
Bench-to-bedside review: Human subjects research – are more standards needed?

There are many controversial issues surrounding ethics in study design and conduct of human subjects research. In this review we briefly touch on the origin of ethics in clinical research and how the current regulations and standards came into practice. We then discuss current controversies regarding informed consent, conflicts of interest, institutional review boards, and other relevant issues such as innovative procedures and quality improvement projects. The question of whether we need more standards is a very important yet challenging one to which there is no simple answer. We address this question by reviewing and commenting on relevant literature. We conclude that what is needed are not more standards per se, but rather refinement and uniformity of current standards, and their interpretation and application both to protect human subjects and to advance medicine.
Inverse control of nonlinear systems using neural network observer and inverse mapping approach

This paper introduces a new approach to inverse control. Unlike using commonly known method of plant inverse dynamics learning, the control sequence is calculated using inverse mapping approach. Both methods are compared with nonlinear plant examples and selected desired waveforms.
Normal resting pulse rate ranges

Normal averages for various physiological measures provide a level of framework for determining where a given patient’s measure falls relative to its average. In practice though, a range of normal values helps to more realistically identify those outside the average. One important measure, which is a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, is the neurological assessment of resting heart rate. Normal averages are available for this measure by race and age categories but data for ranges are lacking. Based on published averages, the present study calculated 95% confidence intervals for resting pulse rate averages and provides a report on the ranges. Such normative data may be of interest to clinicians who use resting heart rate as an outcomes-based measure of neurological fitness.
Sleep Quality Improvement During Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

Despite the ubiquity of sleep complaints among individuals with anxiety disorders, few prior studies have examined whether sleep quality improves during anxiety treatment. The current study examined pre- to posttreatment sleep quality improvement during cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder (PD; n = 26) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; n = 24). Among sleep quality indices, only global sleep quality and sleep latency improved significantly (but modestly) during CBT. Sleep quality improvement was greater for treatment responders, but did not vary by diagnosis. Additionally, poor baseline sleep quality was independently associated with worse anxiety treatment outcome, as measured by higher intolerance of uncertainty. Additional intervention targeting sleep prior to or during CBT for anxiety may be beneficial for poor sleepers.
How to Be a Good Professor

A good Professor achieves a three part mission of research, teaching and service. After elaborating on this mission, I provide some broad strategies for accomplishing it: know when to say no; don’t try to win the measurement game; don’t be a jerk (in the technical sense); “think otherwise”, but judiciously; and be your own adversary. I then spell out specific learning objectives, explain why they matter, and provide advice on how to achieve them. Stated in the language of instructional design, a good Professor will be able to: communicate effectively; craft constructive reviews and effective response memos; put philosophical insights to practical use; motivate students; share in the governance of your institution; and blend work and life so that each enriches the other.
Reduction in the risk of human breast cancer by selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors

Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have chemopreventive effects against breast cancer due to their activity against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme of the prostaglandin cascade. We conducted a case control study of breast cancer designed to compare effects of selective and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors. A total of 323 incident breast cancer patients were ascertained from the James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, during 2003–2004 and compared with 649 cancer free controls matched to the cases at a 2:1 ratio on age, race, and county of residence. Data on the past and current use of prescription and over the counter medications and breast cancer risk factors were ascertained using a standardized risk factor questionnaire. Effects of COX-2 inhibiting agents were quantified by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results showed significant risk reductions for selective COX-2 inhibitors as a group (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.14–0.59), regular aspirin (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.26–0.94), and ibuprofen or naproxen (0.36, 95% CI = 0.18–0.72). Acetaminophen, a compound with negligible COX-2 activity and low dose aspirin (81 mg) produced no significant change in the risk of breast cancer. Selective COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib and rofecoxib) were only recently approved for use in 1999, and rofecoxib (Vioxx) was withdrawn from the marketplace in 2004. Nevertheless, even in the short window of exposure to these compounds, the selective COX-2 inhibitors produced a significant (71%) reduction in the risk of breast cancer, underscoring their strong potential for breast cancer chemoprevention.
Cutting Edge: Anthrax Lethal Toxin Inhibits Activation of IFN-Regulatory Factor 3 by Lipopolysaccharide

IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is known to participate in the transcriptional induction of chemokines and cytokines, including IFNs, as a result of viral or bacterial infection. In this study, we demonstrate that the LPS-mediated activation of IRF3 and subsequent induction of chemokine genes or IRF3-responsive reporter constructs are inhibited after exposure of human or murine macrophages to the Bacillus anthracis toxin lethal factor. The inhibitory effect is caused by interference with the activation of the stress-activated protein kinase, p38, due to a proteolytic cleavage of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6, and can be overcome by the ectopic expression of a cleavage-resistant mutant of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 or a constitutively active IRF3. The lethal factor-mediated inhibition of IRF3 activation and subsequent cytokine production through bacterial membrane components offers Bacillus anthracis an efficient mechanism to evade the innate immune response.
How Language Structures Space

This chapter is concerned with the structure that is ascribed to space and the objects within it by linguistic “fine structure,” that subdivision of language which provides a fundamental conceptual framework. The primary aim of the chapter is to characterize the general properties of this structuring and the linguistic-cognitive system in which it participates.
Arterial spin labeling with simultaneous multi-slice echo planar imaging.

Purpose Simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) echo planar imaging (EPI) is incorporated into two-dimensional (2D) arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging to produce more slices for measuring perfusion in a larger region of the brain than currently possible with multi-slice EPI. Methods Pulsed ASL (PASL) preparations using FAIR and QUIPSS II techniques were combined with SMS-EPI. Testing was performed in four subjects at 3 Tesla. Multiband slice acceleration factors (MB) from MB-2 to MB-5 using 40 averages were evaluated. Comparisons were made quantitatively to PASL 2D EPI and qualitatively to PASL 3D GRASE. Results In the 12 slice data set, spatial SNR for the perfusion weighted images averaged across subjects was 3.28 and 3.44 for the two sequential MB-1 acquisitions as control comparison, 3.25 for MB-2 and 2.98 for MB-3. The temporal SNR averaged 1.01 and 0.99 for MB-1, 0.89 for MB-2, and 0.78 for MB-3. For whole-brain spatial coverage, the 20 slice data sets could be acquired in narrower time windows, from 874 ms using EPI (MB-1) down to 196 ms using MB-5. SMS-EPI ASL differed from 3D GRASE ASL, which can use background suppression and has less susceptibility artifact as a CPMG SE sequence. Conclusion SMS-EPI has a major advantage over EPI-based ASL imaging by increasing slice coverage without lengthening the acquisition time window. Magn Reson Med 70:1500–1506, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Portal-Extension Approach for the Repair of Small and Medium Rotator Cuff Tears

One hundred ten consecutive cases (110 patients) of arthroscopically assisted rotator cuff repair through a limited, portal-extension approach were retrospectively reviewed. The average age of our patients was 58 years (range, 30 to 79). There were 35 women and 75 men. The dominant shoulder was affected in 67 patients (61%). All patients underwent a standard arthroscopic decompression. Acromioclavicular resections were performed in 15% of patients. The anterolateral portal was extended in the direction of Langer's lines to a total length of no more than 3 cm. The torn tendon was accessed through a small deltoid muscle split and repaired with nonabsorbable sutures. At an average follow-up of 35 months (range, 24 to 86), 106 patients (96%) had achieved excellent or satisfactory results. The average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons pain score improved from 7 preoperatively to 2 postoperatively. All but four patients were satisfied with the clinical result and reported significant improvement in active elevation and strength and a significant lessening of pain. Late acromioclavicular joint pain contributed to failure in three of the four patients with unsatisfactory results in this series. The results of this study suggest that, in selected patients with small to medium rotator cuff tears, arthroscopically assisted repair through an anterolateral portal-extension approach can produce excellent results.
Internal perfusion of crayfish, giant axons: action of tannic acid, DDT, and TEA.

Crayfish giant axons remain viable following internal perfusion with a mixture of fluoride and citrate salts. The relative favorability of various internal anions, and the dependence of resting and action potentials on internal cations are both similar to results on internally perfused squid axons. TEA widens the falling phase of the spike only from inside the axon, while DDT is active from either side of the membrane. Records of impedance changes show that effects of TEA and DDT on components of ionic conductances are similar to those found in other axons by voltage clamp measurements. Tannic acid perfused internally at a concentration of the order of 10 μM produces spontaneous activity, and a progressive increase in spike width. After 30 minutes, action potentials are “cardiac” type and are up to several minutes in duration. Records of impedance changes, and data from rapid changes in external ionic concentrations, suggest that the plateau phase of the spike is due to a maintained increase in sodium conductance. Since tannic acid is capable of crosslinking proteins and “rigidifying” protein monolayers, it is suggested that its effects on the axon may be the result of an interference with a conformational change in a membrane protein or protein-phospholipid complex during excitation.
Mass transfer in a tube with wall flux confined to evenly spaced discrete areas

Reported here are calculations of the average mass transfer coefficient for laminar, fully developed flow in a cylindrical tube, in which the specified solute flux at the tube wall is confined to discrete “active” areas equally spaced along the tube axis. The Sherwood number averaged over a representative area of such a heterogeneous surface ( ) tends to be less than that for a homogeneous surface (Sh*). The present calculations were confined to the fully developed mass transfer region far downstream from the tube inlet, where and Sh* are both independent of axial position. In this region, was found to depend on Pe, whereas Sh* does not. For any given active area fraction and site spacing (relative to the tube radius), the ratio /Sh* was calculated to be relatively constant for Pe<∼10, but increased toward unity as Pe was increased to high values. In other words, high values of Pe caused the tube wall to behave more like a homogeneous surface. The results are discussed in relation to the general problem of estimating average mass transfer coefficients for heterogeneous surfaces.
Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Adipogenesis

Adipocytes provide a model cell system for exploring the complexities of nuclear hormone receptor transcriptional regulation. Adipocytes produce lipid and cholesterol metabolites which can serve as activating ligands for many of the classic and "orphan" nuclear hormone receptors. At the same time, nuclear hormone receptors directly control adipocyte commitment. The recently described nuclear hormone receptor coactivators and corepressors provide an additional level of complexity to this system. This review emphasizes available in vitro and in vivo models and discusses them in the context of current controversies and future experimental directions.
Bioactive factors in uteroplacental and systemic circulation link placental ischemia to generalized vascular dysfunction in hypertensive pregnancy and preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-associated disorder characterized by hypertension, and could lead to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are unclear. Predisposing demographic, genetic and environmental risk factors could cause localized abnormalities in uteroplacental cytoactive factors such as integrins, matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines and major histocompatibility complex molecules leading to decreased vascular remodeling, uteroplacental vasoconstriction, trophoblast cells apoptosis, and abnormal development of the placenta. Defective placentation and decreased trophoblast invasion of the myometrium cause reduction in uteroplacental perfusion pressure (RUPP) and placental ischemia/hypoxia, an important event in preeclampsia. RUPP could stimulate the release of circulating bioactive factors such as the anti-angiogenic factors soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endoglin that cause imbalance with the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor, or cause the release of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia-induced factor-1 and AT1 angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies. The circulating bioactive factors target endothelial cells causing generalized endotheliosis, endothelial dysfunction, decreased vasodilators such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin and increased vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1 and thromboxane A2, leading to increased vasoconstriction. The bioactive factors also stimulate the mechanisms of VSM contraction including Ca2+, protein kinase C, and Rho-kinase and induce extracellular matrix remodeling leading to further vasoconstriction and hypertension. While therapeutic options are currently limited, understanding the underlying mechanisms could help design new interventions for management of preeclampsia.
Efforts to Quantify Changes in Near-Infrared Spectra Caused by the Influence of Water, pH, Ionic Strength, and Differences in Physical State:

The application of near-infrared spectroscopy to high-moisture samples has shown that the accuracy does not match that found for dried materials. The objective of this work was to attempt to quantify the effects of water, pH, ionic strength, and differences in physical state on near-infrared spectra with the use of model compounds. Spectra were compared by regression analysis of second derivatives after spectral subtraction of water. Spectra from 4900 to 4100 cm-1 at a resolution of 4 cm-1 were examined. Regression results showed spectra to be more similar among amorphous sugars and among dissolved sugars than among crystalline sugars. Also, spectra of amorphous sugars were statistically more similar to spectra of dissolved sugars than to spectra of crystalline sugars. While the spectra of one dissolved or amorphous sugar were statistically similar, this was not true for amino acids. Spectra of amorphous amino acids were similar to those of crystalline forms and neither were similar to those of dissolved forms. Spectrally, polymeric carbohydrates appeared very similar to one another when dry and behaved like amino acids when wet. Finally, efforts to directly relate these findings to near-1R spectroscopy calibration problems will require further research.
Understanding channel selection dynamics in dense Wi-Fi networks

This paper aims to explain and analyze a growing problem in dense-urban wireless networks, that of co-existence between low-cost residential access points (APs) and activelymanaged service provider APs in overlapping spatial, frequency, and time domains. Through detailed simulations and testbed experiments, the impact of increasing density of highly-adaptive service provider APs on the performance of typical residential APs is measured in terms of their respective channel assignment schemes. Simulation results with dense deployment of up to 500 APs/sq.km. show the benefits of centralized channel assignments, even in the presence of independent APs. In addition, it is shown that for a fixed AP density, an increase in the percentage of AP under the centralized scheme results in an increase in the throughput of surrounding independent APs. The broader implications of the simulation findings are discussed in order to develop a better macro-level understanding of dense Wi-Fi networks.
The effect of aminomethyl (N-Mannich base) derivatization on the ability of S6-pivaloyloxymethyl-6-mercaptopurine prodrug to deliver 6-mercaptopurine through hairless mouse skin

A series of aminomethyl (N-Mannich base) derivatives of S6-pivaloyloxymethyl-6-mercaptopurine (6-POM-6-MP) have been synthesized from the reaction of 6-POM-6-MP with formaldehyde and secondary amines. In contrast to the results from the aminomethylation of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), which gave 7-alkylation (7-AM-6-MP), the aminomethylation of 6-POM-6-MP gave 9-alkylation (9-AM-6-POM-6-MP). The 9-AM-6-POM-6-MP derivatives were much more soluble in isopropyl myristate (IPM) than 6-POM-6-MP itself or the corresponding 7-AM-6-MP derivatives. The 9-AM-6-POM-6-MP derivatives were all more effective (2.5–4 times) than 6-POM-6-MP and were more effective (1.5–15 times) than the corresponding 7-AM-6-MP derivatives in delivering 6-MP through hairless mouse skin, except for the 9-diethylaminomethyl-6-POM-6-MP derivative which was only 0.28 times as effective as 7-diethylaminomethyl-6-MP. In contrast to the 6-POM-6-MP derivative which delivered only 6-MP, the 9-AM-6-POM-6-MP derivatives also delivered comparable amounts of 6-POM-6-MP through hairless mouse skin from isopropyl myristate (IPM). There was a fairly good correlation between the log experimental permeability coefficients for the delivery of 6-MP (r = 0.87) or for the delivery of total 6-MP (r = 0.81) and the calculated solubility parameter values for the 9-AM-6-POM-6-MP prodrugs with the permeability coefficient generally decreasing as the calculated solubility parameter value for the prodrug approached that of the vehicle IPM.
Personal health record storage on privacy preserving green clouds

With digitization there is a plethora of personal information, such as, health records and personal artifacts, that are stored on the data servers provided by the Internet companies. Such a solution is resource-intensive as the servers should be up and running. Moreover, the users no longer have complete control over their own data. We propose an alternative architecture where the data is no longer stored on Internet servers, but on set of new hardware devices called Secure Portable Tokens (SPTs) that are under the control of individual users. SPTs are cheap, portable, and secure devices that combine the computing power and tamper-resistant properties of the smart cards and the storage capacity of NAND flash memory chips. SPTs can be used to store personal data and can act as a Personal Data Server (PDS). In order to make such stored data reliable and available, we propose to have a set of SPTs storing personal data of individuals that form a cloud which we refer to as Personal Data Server Clouds. We provide protocols, based on the publish-subscribe paradigm, that demonstrate how replication and query processing are performed in the PDS clouds. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by developing a prototype PDS cloud that is geographically distributed and stores personal health records (PHRs).
Sexual experience among men and women: Associations within three independent samples.

Summary.-In the context of examining a wide range of correlates of sexual exper~ence-defined as the lifetime number of sexual partners-an hypothes~s is tested that sexual experience enhances personality by bolstering self-esteem and self-confidence. Three independent samples are examined separately and then compared (ns = 173, 136, and 148). These groups vary by sex and amount of sexual experience. Within each of these samples, correlates of sexual experience are examined in regard to background variables, parental sexual attitudes, various sexual behaviors, history, satisfaction, and responsiveness measures, social competence, relationship attachment, and personality. Clear support for the hypothesis of enhancement of personality by sexual experience appeared for men, but little support among the women. Correlates of sexual experience among the female samples appear to reflect sexual facilitation (general involvement) or biological preparedness theory. Sexual behavior serves many functions beyond procreation. It can express one's love, affection, and concern toward another and help bind two individuals
SOME EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE NUCLEUS MEDIALIS DORSALIS. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN THE CAT.

Single unilateral electrolytic lesions were placed stereotaxically at different loci in the nucleus medialis dorsalis of the cat. The modified Nauta-Laidlaw silver method for the study of degenerating axons was used. Five animals with satisfactory lesions and staining qualities form the basis of this report. The nucleus medialis dorsalis in the cat sends efferent fibers to gyrus proreus, orbitalis, sigmoides anterior and genualis; also to the globus pallidus and putamen and to other thalamic nuclei. The findings indicated wider areas of projection of the nucleus medialis dorsalis to the frontal cortex than has been previously reported for this species. We were unable to confirm efferent connections from the nucleus medialis dorsalis to the caudate and hypothalamus as reported by others.
Religion, Law, and Pentecostalism in Indonesia

Abstract Since Indonesian independence the state has attempted to protect freedom of religious practice by managing religions, and has enacted many religious regulations. Three of those regulations which especially impact the work of Pentecostals are the limits on financial aid from abroad, the ban on proselyzation, and the requirement for FKUB permits for building houses of worship. Because of these regulations, Pentecostal spread in Indonesia is both generally suspect, and a further problem for the state Ministry of Religion, charged with maintaining religious stability.
Structure of a SusD homologue, BT1043, involved in mucin O-glycan utilization in a prominent human gut symbiont.

Mammalian distal gut bacteria have an expanded capacity to utilize glycans. In the absence of dietary sources, some species rely on host-derived mucosal glycans. The ability of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gut symbiont, to forage host glycans contributes to both its ability to persist within an individual host and to be transmitted naturally to new hosts at birth. The molecular basis of host glycan recognition by this species is still unknown, but likely occurs through an expanded suite of outermembrane glycan-binding proteins that are the primary interface between B. thetaiotaomicron and its environment. Presented here is the atomic structure of the B. thetaiotaomicron protein BT1043, an outermembrane lipoprotein involved in host glycan metabolism. Despite a lack of detectable amino acid sequence similarity, BT1043 is a structural homolog of the B. thetaiotaomicron starch-binding protein SusD. Both structures are dominated by tetratrico peptide repeats that may facilitate association with outer membrane β-barrel transporters required for glycan uptake. The structure of BT1043 complexed with N-acetyl lactosamine reveals that recognition in mediated via hydrogen-bonding interactions with the reducing end of β-N-acetyl glucosamine, suggesting a role in binding glycans liberated from the mucin polypeptide. This is in contrast to CBM 32 family members that target the terminal non-reducing galactose residue of mucin glycans. The highly articulated glycan-binding pocket of BT1043 suggests that ligand binding to BT1043 relies more upon interactions with the composite sugar residues than upon overall ligand conformation as previously observed for SusD. The diversity in amino acid sequence level likely reflects early divergence from a common ancestor while the unique and conserved α-helical fold the SusD family suggests a similar function in glycan uptake.
Movements, Aesthetics, and Markets in Literary Change: Making the American Labor Problem Novel:

One path to cultural innovation in artistic and literary fields is differentiation of a genre into new subgenres. But what are the dynamics at work in such a process? This article addresses that question by identifying and explaining the emergence and trajectory of a new fiction subgenre—the American labor problem novel—during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. I make a theoretical case for the intersection of social movement fields and cultural production fields showing, through a historical sociological analysis, that this subgenre was the joint product of: (1) a shift in literary aesthetic practice resulting from the rise of realism, (2) the subgenre's dialogical character, (3) collective contention surrounding the rise of labor movement militancy, and (4) the exigencies of literary and popular culture markets. The historical conjuncture of these processes contributed to a repository of cultural constructions of class in storied form, as novelists sought to both entertain and educate re...
Structural conformers produced during malaria vaccine production in yeast.

A recombinant protein expression system based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to express malarial vaccine candidate antigens. The antigens so produced have been used in three Phase 1 clinical trials and numerous preclinical non-human primate trials. Further Phase I trials are planned using these candidate vaccine antigens. These molecules were identified as attractive candidates for antimalarial vaccines, as they are all surface-exposed at some stage in the parasite's life cycle. They all share an unusual structural feature: epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like motifs. When these proteins are expressed in our S. cerevisiae expression system, they are produced as a series of stable structural conformers, each with a different disulphide bonding pattern. This leads to both biochemical and, more importantly, antigenic differences between the conformers (e.g. presence or absence of an antibody B cell epitope). These findings have important ramifications for other EGF-domain-containing proteins expressed in S. cerevisiae, or for proteins which contain other cysteine-folding motifs not normally expressed by this organism, both for vaccine production or for research/reagent purposes.
Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Expressway Toll Collector Based on Traffic Flow Prediction

Abstract Based on the excellent characteristics of neural network such as favorable adaptability to incomplete information and of genetic algorithm with relatively strong and comprehensive search ability, these two objectives are combined to predict the short-term traffic flow of expressway. In this paper, the methods of elite's choices, fitness assignment by proportion and by sort are combined, as well as self-adaptive crossing and mutation probability are used to improve genetic algorithm. To enhance the comprehensive optimal search speed and develop the prediction model for expressway short-term traffic flow, self-adaptive learning rates are introduced to improve BP algorithm and new combing methods are presented to get new species. Meanwhile, queuing theory is adopted to simulate toll process of expressways, and then queuing model of expressways' toll stations is formulated. By combining short-term traffic flow prediction model and toll station queuing model, the demands of toll collectors are predicted according to the allocation of lanes and toll collectors, which realizes the dynamic optimal equilibrium of toll collectors. The validity of the model is finally testified by field tests.
Structure of Azotobacter vinelandii 7Fe ferredoxin at 1.35 A resolution and determination of the [Fe-S] bonds with 0.01 A accuracy.

Abstract The crystal structure of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I (FdI) at 100 K has been refined at 1.35 A resolution by full matrix block diagonal least-squares methods with anisotropic temperature factors for all non-hydrogen atoms and with hydrogen atoms included in the model. Fe-S bonds within the [3Fe-4S] + and [4Fe-4S] 2+ clusters of the protein are determined with an accuracy of at least 0.01 A. Analysis of metric parameters reveals greater variation in bonds and angles within the [3Fe-4S] + cluster than in the [4Fe-4S] 2+ cluster, whereas the opposite is true regarding the cysteine Sγ atoms ligating to the two [Fe-S] cores. The [3Fe-4S] + core is asymmetrically distorted by the protein matrix but relatively uniformly ligated by its three Cys ligands; in contrast the tetrahedral [4Fe-4S] 2+ core is relatively symmetric but non-uniformily ligated by its four Cys ligands, three of which occur in a conserved CysxxCysxxCys residue motif. Comparison of the [3Fe-4S] + clusters in FdI and Desulfovibrio gigas ferredoxin II, refined at 1.7 A resolution, indicates that within the limit of accuracy of the two refinements the cuboidal core is differently distorted in the two proteins. Comparison of the [3Fe-4S] + core in FdI with the structure of a reduced [Fe 3 S 4 ] o synthetic analog † indicates that the protein-bound cluster displays distortions not intrinsic to the core itself. Nevertheless, both [3Fe-4S] + and [Fe 3 S 4 ] o cores have metric features consistent with expected trends due to net charge on Fe and valency of S, and both exhibit a splayed configuration with respect to their three μ 2 S atoms in the absence of a fourth Fe. Comparison of the[4Fe-4S] 2+ cluster in FdI with the structures of [Fe 4 S 4 ] 2+ synthetic analogs shows that the protein bound and synthetic cubanes are very similar in geometric parameters, including the presence of tetragonal distortion in the FdI cluster common to this oxidation state.
MARGINAL VITAMIN A INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY IN GUINEA PIGS: EFFECT ON IMMUNE PARAMETERS IN NEONATE

Abstract Chronic low vitamin A (vit A) intake by women of reproductive age can result in poor vit A status during pregnancy and may reduce transfer of vit A to the fetus. If vit A is required for the development of fetal immune mechanisms, immune function in the newborn could be impaired. To investigate this, female guinea pigs were fed a vit A-deficient diet for 1 mo before breeding. From the end of the depletion period until day 30 (d30) of pregnancy they were dosed orally once a week with 175 retinol equivalents (RE) vit A. From d30 until delivery (d68±2) they were dosed either at the same (175A) or a higher level, 700 (700A) or 1750 (1750A) RE/wk. After delivery neonatal lymphocytes from blood (whole blood cultures) and spleen (mononuclear cells) were tested for proliferative response by measuring incorporation of 3 H-thymidine after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Responsiveness of splenic lymphocytes was not affected by treatment. However, blood lymphocytes from 175A neonates were more responsive than those from 1750A. Blood lymphocytes from 700A neonates did not differ from either the 175A or 1750A. Blood lymphocytes from female 175A neonates were less responsive to PHA than were those from males. Maternal liver vit A concentration increased with increasing dosage of vit A. Neonatal livers of 1750A contained significantly more vit A than the other two groups, which were close to the detection limit and did not differ. Although proliferation of splenic lymphocytes was not affected, the increased responsiveness of whole blood lymphocytes indicates that the immune system was affected by the low vit A intake of the dam.
Charged-particle multiplicities in high-energy collisions

Fits performed to the energy dependence of inelastic average charged-particle multiplicities in hadron-proton interactions suggest the asymptotic form 1.4ln $s$ (where $s$ is in ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$), independent of the nature of the incident hadron. Similar fits to data on production of hadrons in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilations yield the asymptotic dependence 0.7ln $s$.
Highly Selective Photochemical and Thermal Chlorination of Benzene by Cl2 in NaZSM-5

Loading of zeolite NaZSM-5 with benzene and chlorine from the gas phase at −100 °C resulted in spontaneous reaction to form chlorobenzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene as the sole products. Thermal react...
Computer Applications in Programs for Young Children with Disabilities Recurring Themes

The article summarizes a set of findings related to themes that Macomb Project staff have repeatedly observed in more than 15 years of research and model demonstration computer application services to young children with disabilities, their families, and service delivery staff. The themes are related to conditions necessary to ensure successful technology outcomes for children, including staff training, administrative support, technology assessments, appropriate early childhood curricula, family invovlement, and transition. Positive outcomes for children are discussed, including social interaction, communication, retention of skills related to technology use, technology tools, and inclusion.
Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence

Highlighting resource inequality, social processes, and spatial interdependence, this study combines structural characteristics from the 1990 census with a survey of 8,872 Chicago residents in 1995 to predict homicide variations in 1996–1998 across 343 neighborhoods. Spatial proximity to homicide is strongly related to increased homicide rates, adjusting for internal neighborhood characteristics and prior homicide. Concentrated disadvantage and low collective efficacy—defined as the linkage of social control and cohesion—also independently predict increased homicide. Local organizations, voluntary associations, and friend/kinship networks appear to be important only insofar as they promote the collective efficacy of residents in achieving social control and cohesion. Spatial dynamics coupled with neighborhood inequalities in social and economic capacity are therefore consequential for explaining urban violence.
Determination of residual moisture in freeze-dried viral vaccines: Karl Fischer, gravimetric and thermogravimetric methodologies

This study establishes correlations between the gravimetric, Karl Fischer and thermogravimetric (TG) methods for the determination of residual moisture at levels of less than 3% in several measles, mumps and rubella viral vaccines freeze-dried in buffered glucitol (sorbitol)—gelatin matrices. The thermogravimetric balance was modified to eliminate static charge build-up which would interfere with its operation in the low humidity environment necessary for these determinations. TG/mass spectrometry verifies that for these products the loss of residual moisture coincides with the formation of the first weight loss transition on the temperature profile thermogram. Sample decomposition occurs above 150°C as evidenced by the evolution of CO2 and H2O in the TG off-gas. Mass spectra were taken continuously while weight loss was recorded. The ion intensities of mass peaks m/e = 18 and m/e = 44 were monitored to show the changes in the amounts of water and carbon dioxide in the TG off-gases.
Cycles through a prescribed vertex set in N -connected graphs

A well-known result of Dirac (Math. Nachr. 22 (1960) 61) says that given n vertices in an n- connected G, G has a cycle through all of them. In this paper, we generalize Dirac's result as follows: Given at most 3/2n vertices in an n-connected graph G when n ≥ 3 and |V(G)| ≥ 3/2 n, then G has a cycle through exactly n vertices of them.This improves the previous known bound given by Kaneko and Saito (J. Graph Theory 15(6)0 (1991) 655).
Design Studies and Food Studies: Parallels and Intersections

ABSTRACTDesign studies and food studies have much in common. The economy of food created vast new categories of employment related to growing, transporting, selling, and cooking food and for every one design has been a central component. Food has actually entered the design realm as design itself. Food designers treat food as a material to be shaped just as another designer might choose glass or aluminum. But food design is a more practical activity for elite chefs concerned with the visual presentation of their dishes. What may be most helpful in this preliminary exploration of food studies and design studies is to consider both food and design as embedded in systems and to initiate a mapping process to define the scope of each system and identify points of connection between the two. Just as the transition to a mass society provided a powerful intersection for the study of food and design during that period, so can the current transition to a new society offer scholars in food studies and design studies...
Cross-Correlation Matrices for Tests of Independence and Causality between Two Multivariate Time Series

An often-studied problem in time series analysis is that of testing for the independence of two (potentially multivariate) time series. Toeplitz matrices have demonstrated utility for the related setting of time series goodness-of-fit testing—ergo, herein, we extend those concepts by defining a nontrivial block Toeplitz matrix for use in the setting of independence testing. We propose test statistics based on the trace of the square of the matrix and determinant of the matrix; these statistics are connected to one another as well as known statistics previously proposed in the literature. Furthermore, the log of the determinant is argued to relate to a likelihood ratio test and is proven to be more powerful than other tests that are asymptotically equivalent under the null hypothesis. Additionally, matrix-based tests are presented for the purpose of inferring the location or direction of the causality existing between the two series. A simulation study is provided to explore the efficacy of the proposed me...
The Transformation of Property Rights in the Gold Coast: An Empirical Study Applying Rational Choice Theory

This book explores the political process by which property rights are defined and enforced in two traditional states in colonial Ghana. The case studies within the book ask how colonial institutions transformed indigenous political and economic life; and how colonization and decolonization affected prospects for future economic development and stability in Africa. The introductory chapter outlines a theory of the transformation of property rights systems. The remaining empirical chapters refine this theory through a detailed analysis of the transformation of property rights within an African context. These chapters draw explicitly on rational choice theories to analyse indigenous actors' attempts to redefine and enforce property rights to land by 'reinventing' the traditions of their respective communities. These theories help to understand why property rights systems across Africa remain fluid and insecure.
Resting EEG Discrimination of Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease from Normal Aging Using Inter-Channel Coherence Network Graphs

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a degenerative neurological disorder at the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This work is a pilot study aimed at developing a simple scalp-EEG-based method for screening and monitoring MCI and AD. Specifically, the use of graphical analysis of inter-channel coherence of resting EEG for the detection of MCI and AD at early stages is explored. Resting EEG records from 48 age-matched subjects (mean age 75.7 years)—15 normal controls (NC), 16 with early-stage MCI, and 17 with early-stage AD—are examined. Network graphs are constructed using pairwise inter-channel coherence measures for delta–theta, alpha, beta, and gamma band frequencies. Network features are computed and used in a support vector machine model to discriminate among the three groups. Leave-one-out cross-validation discrimination accuracies of 93.6% for MCI vs. NC (p < 0.0003), 93.8% for AD vs. NC (p < 0.0003), and 97.0% for MCI vs. AD (p < 0.0003) are achieved. These results suggest the potential for graphical analysis of resting EEG inter-channel coherence as an efficacious method for noninvasive screening for MCI and early AD.
Intraspecific differences in thermal tolerance of the diamondback watersnake (Nerodia rhombifer): effects of ontogeny, latitude, and sex.

Abstract Ontogenetic shifts in microhabitat use are widespread among taxa and can result in drastic shifts in thermal habitat among age classes. Likewise, geographic variation in climate along latitudinal gradients can cause differences in thermal environments among populations of a species. Using a common garden design, we examined four populations of a single species of semi-aquatic snake, Nerodia rhombifer, to determine whether ontogenetic shifts in habitat use (and/or body size) and latitudinal differences in ambient temperature have resulted in evolutionary changes in thermal tolerance. We found ontogenetic differences in thermal tolerance for all populations, with neonates tolerating temperatures 2 °C higher than adults, a pattern that is consistent with ontogenetic shifts in body size and microhabitat use in this species. There were differences in thermal tolerance among latitudes in neonates, suggesting genetic differences among populations, but adults showed no latitudinal differences. In combination, the increased thermal tolerance of neonates and the age-specific response to latitude suggest individuals may be most sensitive to selection on thermal tolerance as neonates. Although latitudinal differences exist in neonates, their tolerances were not ranked according to latitude, suggesting the effects of some other local factor (e.g., microclimate) may be important. Lastly, among neonates, females tolerate higher temperatures than males.
LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE Fe xviii-xxiv L-SHELL X-RAY LINE EMISSION

A comprehensive survey of Dn � 1 iron L-shell X-ray line emission is presented. We have used the electron beam ion trap EBIT-II at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and equipped with flat crystal spectrometers to measure the wavelengths of over 150 features between 10.6 and 18 A ˚ . We present wavelengths, line identifications, and relative intensities of all of the significant Dn � 1 L-shell line emission from Fe xviii– xxiv at electron densities of � 10 12 cm � 3 resulting from direct electron impact excitation from the ground state followed by radiative cascades. This data set includes 2–3 times as many lines as are found in current standard line lists. Subject headings: atomic data — line: identification — stars: coronae — Sun: corona — Sun: X-rays, gamma rays — X-rays: general
Determination of trace cobalt in high-purity nickel

Abstract Cobalt in trace amounts in nickel was determined photometrically. The metals were initially converted to the EDTA complexes. Cobalt was then displaced from its EDTA complex by bismuth and extracted into chloroform as the cobalt(III)-PAN complex. The nickel was masked kinetically as the EDTA complex. In the extract, small amounts of the PAN complexes of nickel and bismuth were destroyed by an acid treatment and cobalt was determined photometrically. The method is highly accurate, reliable, and applicable to parts per million of cobalt in nickel or, with a concentration step included, to parts per 10 million. No interferences were encountered from foreign ions at the levels expected in high-purity nickel. Several characteristics of the analytical system have been exploited to attain the selectivity and sensitivity: the high stability, robust nature, large absorptivity, and the wavelength of the absorbance miximum of the cobalt(III)-PAN complex, and the low reaction rate of the nickel-EDTA complex at room temperature.
Current NASDAQ Corporation Methods of Reporting Comprehensive Income

Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 130 (SFAS 130) was released in 1997 which required publicly traded companies to separately report comprehensive income in the financial statements. SFAS 130 prescribed three alternative formats for the presentation without mandating any one specific format. SFAS 130 also required certain details of comprehensive income to be displayed prominently in the financial statements. The current study examined the presentation of comprehensive income by a sample of companies traded on the NASDAQ market to determine the predominant method of presentation among these companies, five years after SFAS 130 became effective. Results of the examination of one hundred annual reports showed that a majority of the sampled companies used the third approach, which was to present comprehensive income as part of the Statement of Stockholders’ Equity, as against the first two approaches that favored presentation of comprehensive income on the face of the Income Statement or in a separate statement. Further, the paper also discusses some ancillary findings pertaining to the presentation of the details of comprehensive income.