cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of smoked marijuana in humans.

The discriminative stimulus (DS) effects of smoked marijuana were studied by training marijuana smokers to discriminate between the effects of marijuana containing 2.7% △9-THC (M) and marijuana containing 0.0% △9-THC (P). In addition to measures of discrimination responding, subjective effects were assessed with standardized mood questionnaires. The post-smoking increase in expired air carbon monoxide (CO) level was used as an index of smoke inhalation. Relative to P cigarettes, M cigarettes increased heart rate and produced changes on eight mood scales. M cigarettes were rated as harsher and more potent than P cigarettes, and produced lower levels of CO than P cigarettes. The P-M discrimination was readily acquired by most subjects. The DS effects of marijuana showed a rapid onset, appearing within 90 s from the beginning of smoking. The DS effects were dose dependent, with 0.9% △9-THC marijuana producing primarily placebo-appropriate discrimination responding, and 1.4% △9-THC marijuana producing 100% drug-appropriate responding. This experimental paradigm could be used to determine whether the DS effects of smoked marijuana would generalize to those of other psychoactive drugs.
Characterizing Successful Classroom Discourse for NNS Teaching Assistant Training

As the number of foreign-born graduate students in U.S. universities has risen over the past few years, a steadily increasing proportion of undergraduate education, especially in large public universities, has come into the hands of nonnative-speaking (NNS) teaching assistants who have limited English proficiency. Although ESL teachers and researchers have recently begun to design training programs suited to the special needs of the NNS graduate student teaching assistant, these programs are most frequently based on general-purpose language-learning materials. The suggestions offered in this article for a more specific-purpose model of instruction are based on a quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis of a corpus of videotapes of native speakers and NNSs teaching university-level mathematics classes. This analysis and the researcher's own experience as a mathematics teacher were used to develop a characterization of what constitutes teaching discourse that is communicatively competent for mathematics, related disciplines, and perhaps other educational contexts as well. The teaching assistantship has traditionally been the prime source of financial support for graduate students. These students act as instructors, discussion leaders, laboratory supervisors, graders, and tutors for many undergraduate courses, especially in the large public universities. As the number of foreign-born graduate students has increased over the last several years, the number of nonnative-speaking (NNS) teaching assistants (TAs) has risen proportionately. Many of these individuals are excellent teachers, but many of them-in common with many U.S.-born graduate students-lack certain pedagogical skills. Like their American counterparts, the NNS TAs at times receive scant teacher training, but unlike their counterparts, they cannot rely on some "innate"
Measurement of Water Sorption by Resin Composite Adhesives with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Spectroscopic methodology was used to follow the water uptake of disks of two resin composite luting agents during long-term storage. Fourier-transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy was used for collection of spectra over the 4200-6500 cm -1 spectral region. The 5200-cm-1 absorption band of water was monitored initially, at 24 h, seven days, two weeks, and then monthly over a period of 12 months. The disks were stored in water, air, and desiccated conditions. Disks were also subjected to two alternate cycles (two weeks each) of hydration and desiccation. A spectral manipulation program was used for quantitation of the area under the water absorbance band.Area ratios demonstrated similar water-uptake patterns for the two adhesives. Rapid water uptake was seen within the first two weeks of storage. Alternate hydration and desiccation of the samples showed that water uptake by the filler/polymer network was partially reversible. The desiccant was unable to remove all the water from the samples, which i...
ACTION OF DETERGENTS AND ELECTROPHORESIS ON SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS UNDER HIGH ALKALINE CONDITIONS

Abstract. The alkaline solubilization treatment (AUT) procedure followed by column electrophoresis is an easy and effective method for the preparation and isolation of PS I complexes. The subchloroplast particles prepared by the action of the detergents Triton or Triton/SDS differ in that, in the latter case, only low molecular weight polypeptides are observed. Similarly, the liquid He EPR spectra are almost identical except for the absence of a g˜ 2.03 line in the case of the Triton/SDS treated sample and the significant absence of 1.86 and 1.89 inflections in either spectra.
Program development in the rural community college

This chapter analyzes the impact of women on the community college presidency and their potential to make a unique contribution by connecting the characteristic strengths of their gender to the power of their office.
A Review of Goal Programming: A Tool for Multiobjective Analysis

Goal programming is a relatively new tool that has been proposed as a model and approach for the analysis of problems involving multiple, conflicting objectives. In this paper we examine this model, its history, methods of solution and list some recent applications. Hopefully, the reader will appreciate the rather general nature of the field, along with the relative simplicity of model development and solution.
Binocular Deficits Associated With Early Alternating Monocular Defocus. II. Neurophysiological Observations

Experiencing binocularly conflicting signals early in life dramatically alters the binocular responses of cortical neurons. Because visual cortex is highly plastic during a critical period of devel...
On the association between donor-imposed financial inflexibility and future donations to charitable organizations

ABSTRACT: We address the impact of financial flexibility on organizational performance in a not-for-profit (NFP) setting. Specifically, we examine the link between donor-imposed financial inflexibility and subsequent donations. Donors sometimes impose restrictions on NFP use of the donated resources. These restrictions arise because of donors' preferences regarding how the assets are used, or as a mechanism for donors to monitor the actions of NFP management. Restricted donations cause financial inflexibility and limit managerial discretion. We examine the costs and benefits of restricting managerial discretion and find a negative relation between future donations and high levels of donor restriction. Specifically, we empirically demonstrate that when restricted assets comprise a high percentage of total assets, additional increases in restricted assets are associated with an overall reduction in future donations.
Additional Evidence of a Nonverbal Learning Disability in Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumors

The purpose of the study was to further examine the utility of the nonverbal learning disability (NLD) model for characterizing deficits in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Data from measures of cognitive, academic, and social functioning were gathered from 101 survivors. Results revealed a pattern consistent with expectations based on the NLD model including stronger verbal than nonverbal intellectual and memory functioning, stronger reading than math skills, and weaknesses in visual–motor integration and processing speed. Moreover, findings support evidence of social problems in this sample. Further testing of the NLD model is needed to provide a comprehensive roadmap for assessment and intervention in pediatric cancer survivors.
Estimating prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract Knowledge of prognosis is critical for rational choice of therapy. Systemic lupus erythematosus, with its broad clinical spectrum, presents an example of the problem of prognostication for the individual patient. The life table method can provide prognostic information. It need not be limited to estimation of survivorship, and its utility can be multiplied by a computer databank. Analysis of prognosis for different groups of patients, from different events in their course, over different time periods, and to different end points can then be performed. Using this technic, specific clinical variables in systemic lupus erythematosus were assessed for their effect upon particular outcomes. Clinical variables representing functional organ impairment were found to carry a worse prognosis than the popular serologic indicators. New abnormalities were found to occur less frequently in later years of the disease. Different subpopulations of patients have strikingly different expectations, and these differences carry important therapeutic implications.
Transmission of Avian Leucosis: A Note on Beach’s Experiments

Abstract IN A RECENT publication, Beach (1938) reports the results of experiments which he interprets as indicating a “failure to demonstrate the transmissibility of avian lymphomatosis by inoculation.” However, after application of the usual methods of statistical analysis there is little doubt but that he has demonstrated that transmission was accomplished. To test statistically the significance of Beach’s results, the writer has applied to them the χ2 test for significance of differences observed in a four-fold contingency table. The data for analyses (Table 1) are obtained by multiplying the cases per 10 birds (in Beach’s Table 2) by the number of birds in each group (in Beach’s Table 1) and totalling according to the strain and type of inoculum. To exemplify the method of analysis, the data for all experiments together (Table 1, line 5) are rearranged in a four-cell table as shown at the top of the next column. According . . .
Robust observer design for Lipschitz nonlinear systems using quadratic polynomial constraints

This paper discusses the observer design for the uncertain Lipschitz nonlinear systems. A new stability analysis method for the Lure problem is first presented. Then, a nonlinear observer is proposed so that the observer error dynamic model can be transformed to an equivalent Lure system in which the input-output relationship of the nonlinear memoryless block is belong to the semi-algebraic set defined by several quadratic polynomial constraints. A sufficient condition for the exponential stability of the observer error dynamics is formulated in terms of the feasibility of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs).
Refraction of an elastic-plastic shock

Abstract The refraction of an elastic-plastic shock incident at small angles on a material interface is studied theoretically. The basic flow is the multiple shock configuration describing regular reflection in fluid dynamics. Corrections to the basic flow satisfy first order perturbation equations, which are solved asymptotically.
Evolution of Sceloporus grammicus complex (Sauria: Iguanidae) in central Mexico II. Studies on rates of nondisjunction and the occurrence of spontaneous chromosomal mutations

The iguanid lizard Sceloporus grammicus has a high level of karyotypic variability, and has often been cited as an example of chromosomal speciation. We examined a total of 2036 secondary spermatocytes from 30 S. grammicus males, and found that 16 of the 30 individuals (including a single lizard collected from a hybrid zone between two chromosome races) produced completely balanced spermatocytes. Fourteen of the 30 lizards (including both chromosomal heterozygotes and homozygotes) had relatively low (0.6% to 7.1%) levels of aneuploidy. Heterozygotes had a 1.1% increase over homozygotes in the number of aneuploid spermatocytes observed. The frequency of aneuploidy in S. grammicus may not be high enough to cause chromosomal speciation by any of the mechanisms that have been proposed for this complex. Most individuals showed balanced segregation of the autosomal trivalents, but nearly half of the lizards had a significant excess of spermatocytes with the X1 and X2 rather than the Y sex chromosomes. Five lizards had spermatocytes which had fission mutations not found in the somatic cells. As many as 5.9% of the spermatocytes in one individual had chromosomal mutations. This chromosomal mutation rate has important implications for chromosomal evolution in S. grammicus.
Trapping and evolution dynamics of ultracold two-component plasmas

We demonstrate the trapping of a strongly magnetized, quasineutral ultracold plasma in a nested Penning trap with a background field of 2.9 T. Electrons remain trapped in this system for several milliseconds. Early in the evolution, the dynamics are driven by a breathing-mode oscillation in the ionic charge distribution, which modulates the electron trap depth. Over longer times scales, the electronic component undergoes cooling. Trap loss resulting from E x B drift is characterized.
Cold rolling evolution in high purity niobium using a tapered wedge specimen

Abstract A tapered wedge niobium specimen was rolled at room temperature with multiple passes in the same direction without lubricant and then annealed at 750 °C for 1 h. The crystal orientation distribution of the 50%, 70%, 80%, 90% deformed samples was investigated using X-rays to obtain a quantitative texture analysis. The initial rotated cube {0 0 1}〈1 1 0〉 texture was largely retained up to about 70% reduction in the interior of the samples. After 80% rolling deformation the initial texture vanished and revealed a {1 1 1} fiber texture in the interior, which remained stable during annealing. With 90% reduction, the {1 1 1} fiber texture become somewhat stronger. In the surface layer, the 0 0 1 fiber orientation remained stable but after annealing, the surface texture sharpened to become {0 0 1}〈1 1 0〉.
Antineoplastic Activity of Highly Purified Bacterial Glutaminases

SEVERAL lines of evidence motivated the treatment of neoplasms by glutaminase to cause glutamine deprivation. Certain tumour cells grown in tissue culture require glutamine at a level which is tenfold or greater than that of any other amino-acid1,2. Glutamine participates in a wide variety of metabolic reactions in mammalian cells3. It has been suggested that one of the important functions of glutamine in the metabolism of certain tumours may be as a direct precursor of glutamic acid, which can then furnish the carbon for the partial operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle from α-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate4. Compared with other tissues, certain tumour cells seem to operate at a marginal level of glutamine availability because of slow synthesis5 and rapid utilization4. The glutamine antagonists, azaserine and 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine (DON) have been shown to possess moderate antineoplastic activity, which may be enhanced by L-asparaginase6–8. Greenberg et al.9 reported that a glutaminase-asparaginase preparation with a relatively high glutamine Km (7 × 10−3M) decreased the initial rate of growth of a number of tumours, including an Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, but caused no significant increase in the survival time of tumour-bearing animals. In this study, more intensive therapy with three extensively purified glutaminase preparations with considerably lower Km values resulted in marked inhibition of an Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and significant increases in the survival time of tumour-bearing animals.
Glutathione peroxidase and subarachnoid hemorrhage: implications for the role of oxidative stress in cerebral vasospasm

Abstract Objective: Worldwide, cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has an estimated morbidity and mortality of 1.2 million annually. While it has long been suspected that reactive oxygen species play a major role in the etiology of cerebral vasospasm after SAH, promising results in animal work were not borne out in human clinical trials, despite intensive research effort. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of glutathione peroxidase in the SAH cerebrospinal fluid milieu. Methods: We utilized commercially available kits for the quantitation of glutathione peroxidase 1 (glutathione peroxidase) activity and oxygen radical capacity and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Western blotting with specific antibodies to human glutathione peroxidase to determine the enzyme content of the cerebrospinal fluid samples. Human cerebrospinal fluid was obtained in an Institutional Review Board-exempt manner for this study in the following groups: control (no S...
Mitochondrial function in canine experimental cardiac hypertrophy

Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy was produced in puppies by coarcation banding of the aorta at age 7 weeks. Hemodynamic, morphologic and biochemical studies were carried out 18 months after the operation. Systolic blood pressure proximal to the aortic constriction was 216 ± 16 mmHg in experimental dogs compared with 115 ± 5 mmHg in littermate control dogs. Ejection fraction of control and experimental dogs were 59 ± 4 and 64 ± 7, respectively. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 6.0 ± 0.4 in control and 8.4 ± 1.1 in experimental dogs. There was no sign of overt heart failure in the experimental dogs. Anatomical analysis of different regions of the heart indicated that LV mass in the experimental dogs was increased by about 60%. Ultrastructure of mitochondria in situ, as observed under electron microscope, was normal both in control and hypertrophic hearts. Mitochondria isolated from epicardial and endocardial regions of the stable hypertrophic hearts showed normal rates of respiration, phosphorylation, citrate synthase, and cytochrome c oxidase activities compared to those isolated from hearts of littermate control dogs. It was, therefore, concluded that mitochondrial function is adequately preserved to meet the increased demand for energy in this model of stable cardiac hypertrophy of long duration.
Density functional theory study of ethylene partial oxidation on Ag7 clusters

Abstract The partial oxidation reaction of ethylene on neutral and anionic Ag7 clusters has been studied using the BPW91 hybrid DFT method with the Stuttgart RSC97 relativistic pseudopotential for the 28-electron ionic core of Ag. The atomic oxygen reaction mechanism is mainly addressed. Results show that the reaction occurs via a stable oxametallacycle intermediate ( Ag 7 OC 2 H 4 p , p = 0 or −1), but it involves small reaction barriers along the reaction path. The ZPE-corrected barrier heights are obtained as 0.7–6.5 kcal/mole. In addition, the structure and anionic effects of Ag7 clusters are also discussed.
Antigen based therapies to prevent diabetes in NOD mice.

Interventional approaches that have been successful in delaying insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) using antigen-based immunotherapies include parenteral immunization. It has potential for clinical application provided that effective adjuvants suitable for human use can be found. We have previously shown that immunization with insulin and insulin B chain but not A chain in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) prevented diabetes by reducing IFN-γ mRNA in the insulitis lesions. In this paper we show that the insulin B chain peptide (p9–23) contain the most protective epitope. Immunization with selected GAD peptides was ineffective. Immunization with B chain but not A chain using alum as adjuvant delayed diabetes onset (P=0.012), whereas administration of alum alone was not protective. When Diphtheria-Tetanus toxoid-Acellular Pertussis (DTP) vaccine was used as the adjuvant vehicle, DTP itself induced significant protection (P<0.003) which was associated with a Th2-like cytokine producing insulitis profile, IL-4 driven IgG1 antibody responses to insulin, GAD in the periphery and an augmen-tation of the autoimmune response to GAD. The anti-diabetic effect of DTP was enhanced when given with insulin B chain. These results encourage consideration of an approach using alum/DTP and insulin B chain immunization in clinical trials.
High strain gradient plasticity associated with wedge indentation into face-centered cubic single crystals: Geometrically necessary dislocation densities

Abstract Experimental studies on indentation into face-centered cubic (FCC) single crystals such as copper and aluminum were performed to reveal the spatially resolved variation in crystal lattice rotation induced due to wedge indentation. The crystal lattice curvature tensors of the indented crystals were calculated from the in-plane lattice rotation results as measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Nye's dislocation density tensors for plane strain deformation of both crystals were determined from the lattice curvature tensors. The least L 2 -norm solutions to the geometrically necessary dislocation densities for the case in which three effective in-plane slip systems were activated in the single crystals associated with the indentation were determined. Results show the formation of lattice rotation discontinuities along with a very high density of geometrically necessary dislocations.
Identification and analysis of the complete cDNA sequence for the human FAC1 gene.

Abstract The complete cDNA sequence for the FAC1 gene has been isolated from human fetal brain. The FAC1 cDNA encodes for a protein of 810 amino acids that contains a putative Zn 2+ -finger binding domain, nuclear transport signals and a charged acidic domain that may function in protein-protein interactions. Identification of the complete cDNA and protein sequence of FAC1 permits further insight into potential functions for this developmentally regulated gene product.
Effect of Preparation and Service on the Thiamin Content of Oven-Baked Chicken

Chicken breast halves were oven-baked and evaluated for thiamin content when prepared and served under a cafeteria-style foodservice system. After preparation, they were held on a steam table for 90 min, frozen stored for 4 wk and finally reheated using conventional and microwave ovens. Thiamin determinations were conducted on raw, cooked, hot-held, frozen-cooked and reheated samples. The mean total percent cooking losses for the freshly cooked chicken were 20.4 ± 10.9%. The steam table holding for 90 min resulted in 4.4 ± 0.7% evaporation losses. The mean percent evaporation losses for the microwave reheated chicken were not significantly different from those of the conventionally reheated samples. No significant differences were noted in the moisture and fat content among various treatments. The thiamin content of raw meat when calculated on a dry, fat-free basis was significantly higher than the thiamin content of the cooked meat. There were no significant differences in the thiamin content after various treatments.
Normal magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the Tongue, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, and Larynx

Magnetic resonance imaging of the tongue, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx of normal subjects was accomplished and normal anatomy was demonstrated. Images were acquired using surface coils and a multislice 2D-FT spin echo 500/28 pulse sequence on a 0.3 T permanent magnet (Fonar B-3000). Axia, coronal, and sagittal images were obtained and normal anatomic structures identified. MRI is an excellent technique for the demonstration of anatomy of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and tongue.
Gαq Binds Two Effectors Separately in Cells: Evidence for Predetermined Signaling Pathways

G-proteins transduce signals along diverse pathways, but the factors involved in pathway selection are largely unknown. Here, we have studied the ability of Gαq to select between two effectors—mammalian inositide-specific phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)—in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. These studies were carried out by measuring interactions between eCFP- and eYFP-tagged proteins using Forster resonance energy transfer in the basal state and during stimulation. Instead of association of Gαq with effectors through diffusion and exchange, we found separate and stable pools of Gαq-PLCβ and Gαq-PI3K complexes existing throughout the stimulation cycle. These separate complexes existed despite the ability of Gαq to simultaneously bind both effectors as determined by in vitro measurements using purified proteins. Preformed G-protein/effector complexes will limit the number of pathways that a given signal will take, which may simplify predictive models.
Application of an auditory model to speech recognition

Some aspects of auditory processing are incorporated in a front end for the IBM speech‐recognition system [F. Jelinek, ‘‘Continuous speech recognition by statistical methods,’’ Proc. IEEE 64 (4), 532–556 (1976)]. This new process includes adaptation, loudness scaling, and mel warping. Tests show that the design is an improvement over previous algorithms.
Gamma vs beta irradiation

Abstract Background. The debate over which radioisotope, gamma-emitting or beta-emitting, is ideal for vascular brachytherapy, is as old as the field itself. Gamma isotopes such as Ir-192 have been successfully used in large-scale clinical trials. However, radiation protection and safety remains a practical issue when high energy gamma rays are used in interventional suites. Methods. In this report, we have evaluated dosimetric properties of currently available radiation sources, gamma and beta, in terms of their utility in vascular brachytherapy. Published data have been analyzed in comparing the depth doses of these two radiation modalities. Results and Conclusions. Our evaluation shows that significant dosimetric differences do exist between gamma and beta sources. The superiority of one over the other in clinical utility will more likely be determined by the outcome of human trials.
Testing Sensitivity of Student Enrollment with Respect to Tuition at an Institution of Higher Education

This study was conducted to measure the impact of H-University's (HU's) tuition increases on enrollment. Based on an internal survey, this study attempts to explain the sensitivity of student enrollment to tuition variations. In addition, this paper develops an aggregate enrollment model and uses the common economic variables such as tuition, income, wage rates, financial aids, and unemployment rates to explain the sensitivity of demand. The most significant finding of this study is that tuition consideration seems to have a relatively small effect on students' decisions. Actually, enrollment at HU (a private institution) have increased despite higher tuition rate. Possible justifications could be proposed, such as the necessity of higher education and the fact that higher education is a continued investment in human capital, in which the more relevant decision factor is the corresponding expected rate of return and not just the cost of investment.
Mechanical characterization of a bituminous mix under quasi-static and high-strain rate loading

Abstract There are various methods to determine the compressive and tensile strength of asphalt concrete under static loading conditions and most studies on asphalt strength and fracture have been conducted under such loading conditions. However, pavement materials also have to withstand a wide variety of loading and temperature conditions which may vary from quasi-static to high-strain rate impact, and pavement breakdown may occur due to fracture and/or fatigue failure. In the present study, a bituminous mix with 30% RAP has been characterized under quasi-static (10−3–10−4 strain/s) and high-strain rate (200–700 strain/s) regimes. The experimental studies have been performed to better understand the compressive, tensile and fracture response of bituminous mixes. Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and its modifications were used for high-strain rate characterization of this bituminous mixture. It was observed that the mechanical properties of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) changed significantly under high-strain rate testing. Also, the failure mechanisms observed under the high-strain rate loading were found to be considerably different from those obtained in static testing, where failure of binder was a predominant mechanism. It was observed that high-strain rate loading caused trans-aggregate failures in the specimens; in addition to failure of the binder.
A simple solution to the solar neutrino and missing mass problems

Abstract A stable weakly interacting massive particle can simultaneously solve the solar neutrino problem as well as provide a source for the dark matter which appears to dominate the energy density of the universe. In this paper we propose that this particle is a massive neutrino associated with a fourth generation of leptons. Its mass is of order 4 to 10 GeV, whereas the mass of its charged partner and associated Higgs cannot exceed it by more than a few GeV. Surprisingly, such particles would thus far have escaped detection.
Spanning trees in graphs of minimum degree 4 or 5

Abstract For a connected simple graph G let L(G) denote the maximum number of leaves in any spanning tree of G. Linial conjectured that if G has N vertices and minimum degree k, then L(G)⩾((k − 2)⧸(k + 1))N + ck where ck depends on k. We prove that if k = 4, L(G) 2 5 N + 8 5 ; if k = 5, L(G) ⩾ 1 2 N + 2 . We give examples showing that these bounds are sharp.
Sequential retinal breaks following a spontaneous initial retinal break.

Abstract The charts of 100 consecutive patients who underwent treatment for retinal breaks or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in one or both eyes were reviewed. Eyes with retinal detachment, aphakia, inflammation, trauma, vascular occlusions, glaucoma, or other possible sources of ambiguity such as poor cooperation or poor visualization were eliminated leaving 83 eyes in which the initial break or breaks were spontaneous. All of these eyes were examined both by indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral depression and the Goldmann contact lens. In this study, eight eyes (seven patients) developed additional retinal breaks. These patients presented with a total of 11 initial breaks and developed 20 additional breaks in the initially involved eyes. The length of follow-up was not equal for all patients, but during the period of evaluation, 95% of the subsequent tears were found within three months and one tear two years after the initial examination. Sequential retinal tears were often multiple and frequently (70%) clustered within two clock hours of the initial break. Our retrospective study shows that vitreous traction often is a continuing process with a significant risk of developing additional retinal breaks. These observations support the need for prospective studies with a long-term follow-up to gain further information concerning interactions at the vitreoretinal interface.
Reasoning about conventional time as a function of conventional time systems

This study investigated how reasoning about conventional time information varied as a function of conventional time systems by using the Chinese month and Jieqi systems. Twenty Chinese students were asked to answer month-related questions and another 20 were asked to answer Jieqi-related questions. Reaction time and accuracy were the dependent measures. A cross-boundary effect was observed in processing months, and distance and direction effects were obtained when participants judged the interval of Jieqi. These results suggested that arithmetic operations were used in Chinese reasoning about months and verbalarticulatory processes were used for the Jieqi. The effects of mode of language representation on cognition and the strategies for cross-linguistic study are discussed.
Application of differential photoreflectance spectroscopy in selective modulation of a layer within multilayer device structures

This paper describes the application of a novel approach in electric field modulation spectroscopy, the differential photoreflectance (DPR), to study buried GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. We show that in most complicated device structures. DPR can provide selective photoreflectance (PR) response from layers buried within thin multilayer structures. Such responses are often superimposed on one another in conventional PR measurements. DPR measurement is achieved through alternative modulations from two laser pumps with different penetration depths, so that the modulation has a gradient with respect to the depth within the sample. The application of this technique is demonstrated for a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) of a modulation doped heterojunction in comparison with conventional PR. In one case the heterojunction of interest was buried under two highly doped GaAs and AlGaAs layers 40 nm thick. We show that this heterojunction is barely distinguishable in a PR measurement. Nevertheless, at room temperature DPR shows distinct peaked signals that correspond to the previously reported PR from a two-dimensional electron gas.
Rethinking the Attitude-Achievement Paradox Among Blacks

Blacks offer positive responses to a wide range of survey questions gauging attitudes toward schooling, yet perform less well in school than do whites. The credibility of blacks' attitudes is a cen...
Modelling Solid Nucleation and Growth In Supercooled Liquid

In this paper, we present a numerical model that incorporates algorithms to simulate nucleation and growth in supercooled liquid in a manner that properly accounts for the stochastic nature of nucleation. The basis of our model relies on a discretization of space and time to address thermal evolution, rapid growth of the undercooled interface, and nucleation in supercooled liquid. The present formulation of nucleation permits the spatially and temporally random nature of the phenomenon to be manifested in the transformation and resultant microstructure. This is accomplished by (1) calculating the probability of nucleation in each and every liquid node during each time step using the Poisson expression, and (2) triggering nucleation if and only when the random number assigned to a node for the time step is less than the calculated nucleation probability. No empirical or deterministic conditions for nucleation are imposed; nucleation occurs spontaneously and solely based on nucleation kinetics. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the overall model by analyzing conditions similar to those encountered in pulsed laser-induced crystallization of thin Si films, and discuss the generality of the proposed stochastic formulation of nucleation.
A Theoretical Analysis of Economic Incentive Policies Encouraging Agricultural Water Conservation

A conceptual model of a representative irrigated farm is formulated to study farm responses to two economic policies commonly suggested to encourage agricultural water conservation, and to characterize the hydrological and economic circumstances in which these responses provide the desired conservation. The economic policies studied are to increase the irrigator's cost of applied water and to subsidize the irrigator's cost of investing in improved on-farm irrigation efficiency. Comparative statics results demonstrate that increasing the cost of applied water may be a more effectual water conservation policy than subsidizing the cost of improved on-farm irrigation efficiency.
Constrained molecular dynamics in the isothermal-isobaric ensemble and its adaptation for adiabatic free energy dynamics

The implementation of holonomic constraints within measure-preserving integrators for molecular dynamics simulations in the isothermal-isobaric ensemble is considered. We review the basic methodology of generating measure-preserving integrators for the microcanonical, canonical, and isothermal-isobaric ensembles and proceed to show how the standard SHAKE and RATTLE algorithms must be modified for the isothermal-isobaric ensemble. Comparison is made between constrained and unconstrained simulations employing multiple time scale integration techniques. Finally, we describe a temperature accelerated version of the isothermal-isobaric molecular dynamics approach, in which the cell matrix is adiabatically decoupled from the particles and maintained at a high temperature as a means of exploring polymorphism in molecular crystals. We demonstrate that constraints can be easily adapted for this new approach and, again, we compare the performace of this temperature-accelerated scheme with and without bond constraints.
Coexistence of S. cerevisiae and E. coli in chemostat under substrate competition and product inhibition.

A mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli was established in a stable coexistence steady state in a chemostat under constant operating conditions. The species competed for glucose, the growth-limiting resource, and produced acetate and ethanol. The acetic acid was shown to be very inhibitory to E. coli in pure culture at pH 5 while ethanol inhibition was only marginal. No significant inhibition of S. cerevisiae growth was observed by either acetate or ethanol. Pure culture parameters were measured and used in the analysis. Linearized stability analysis for the case when both organisms produce the inhibitor showed that a transition through three stable outcomes was possible as the feed concentration is lowered. Experimental studies verified these predictions, and successive transitions from a yeast growth steady state, to a coexistence steady state, and to an E. coli growth steady state were obtained by lowering the glucose concentration in the feed from 10 to 5 to 2.5 g/l respectively. This dynamic behavior is distinct from the outcomes of other competition-inhibition combinations and experimentally demonstrates for the first time that coexistence is possible due to substrate competition and product inhibition. 30 references.
The two-dimensional O( N) nonlinear σ-model and the fifth Painlevé transcendent

Abstract The connection between the O ( N ) nonlinear σ-model and the Painleve function of the fifth kind is shown. For the O(4) model a more general form of the fifth Painleve equation is obtained.
Memory-efficient distribution of regular expressions for fast deep packet inspection

Current trends in network security force network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) to scan network traffic at wirespeed beyond 10 Gbps against increasingly complex patterns, often specified using regular expressions. As a result, dedicated regular-expression accelerators have recently received considerable attention. The storage efficiency of the compiled patterns is a key factor in the overall performance and critically depends on the distribution of the patterns to a limited number of parallel pattern-matching engines. In this work, we first present a formal definition and complexity analysis of the pattern distribution problem and then introduce optimal and heuristic methods to solve it. Our experiments with five sets of regular expressions from both public and proprietary NIDS result in an up to 8.8x better storage efficiency than the state of the art. The average improvement is 2.3x.
A mechanism for the quenching of I* in photodissociation of methyl iodide adsorbed on a MgO surface

Abstract We report a time-dependent wave packet study of non-adiabatic transitions in the photodissociation of methyl iodide adsorbed on a MgO surface. The dissociation dynamics is characterized using a two-degree-of-freedom model in which the CH3 group is replaced by an atom, and the CH3I is assumed to be perpendicular to the surface with CH3 either up or down. The surface is taken to be rigid. Two coupled, excited, potential surfaces, correlating to I and I*, were used. When CH3 is up, the dissociation dynamics is very similar to that in the gas phase. When CH3 is down, chattering of the CH3 between I and the surface results in an important second crossing of the intersection between the two excited surfaces, leading to partial quenching of the excited iodine atom. This result provides one possible mechanism for recent surface experiments in which the I* yield was found to be lower than in gas phase CH3I dissociation.
Internal quadratic stark effect results in color hue variations in fluorescent proteins with the same chromophore structure

Genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins are widely used for bio-imaging. We employ two-photon absorption spectroscopy to show that their different hues can be explained by quadratic Stark effect due to variations of electric field within the protein.
A 27-year perspective on landscape ecology from the US-IALE annual meeting

Among the three of us, we have attended every annual meeting of the U.S. Chapter of the International Association of Landscape Ecology (US-IALE), and at least 20 meetings each. There have been several reviews of published research from the journal Landscape Ecology that have suggested a need for or documented a trend of moving away from purely descriptive studies quantifying pattern towards more technologically and analytically rigorous examinations of processes occurring over a wider range of spatiotemporal scales to guide design and management activities (Wiens 1992; Hobbs 1997; Andersen 2008; Wu 2013). Annual conferences can provide a different perspective on a field. To provide a unique temporal perspective on how themes of landscape ecology research in the U.S. have ebbed and waned, we examined and classified each oral presentation or poster title from the abstract books prepared for each meeting, beginning with the first conference in 1986.
Interest filter vs. interest operator: Face recognition using Fisher linear discriminant based on interest filter representation

This paper introduces a novel Fisher discriminant classifier based on the interest filter representation for face recognition. Our interest Fisher classifier (IFC), which is robust to illumination and facial expression variability, applies the Fisher linear discriminant (FLD) to an augmented interest feature vector derived from interest filter representation of face images. The novelty of this paper comes from our proposed interest filter: the interest operator can reveal the local activity of the images but suffer from some drawbacks and we improve the capability of the interest operator and propose a multi-orientation and multi-scale interest filter. In particular, we carry out comparative studies of different similarity measures applied to various classifiers. We also perform comparative experimental studies of various face recognition schemes, including our novel IFC method, the Eigenfaces and the Fisherfaces methods, the combination of interest operator and the Eigenfaces method, the combination of interest operator and the Fisherfaces method, the Eigenfaces on the augmented interest feature vectors and other popular subspace methods. The feasibility of the new IFC method has been successfully tested on two data sets from the FERET and AR databases. The novel IFC method achieves the highest accuracy on face recognition on both two datasets.
Trisomy 16q in a female newborn with a de novo X;16 translocation and hypoplastic left heart

We report a case of a newborn female with minor dysmorphic features and hypoplastic left heart. Chromosome studies showed that she was the carrier of an unbalanced translocation between the X-chromosome and chromosome 16, resulting in monosomy for Xp and trisomy for 16q. Only a handful of partial trisomy 16q cases have been reported in the literature among liveborns. The great majority of these cases have had significant anomalies in contrast to what has been seen in our patient. The absence of dysmorphic features and other significant abnormalities in this case (with the exception to the hypoplastic left heart), suggested that the inactivation of the derivative X chromosome might have played a role in the mild phenotype of this patient. Conventional cytogenetic studies were conducted in this patient in conjunction with fluorescent in situ hybridization studies, which were used to characterize the X inactivation pattern. The studies revealed that the X chromosome material in the derivative chromosome was inactive while the chromosome 16 derived material in the derivative chromosome was early replicating and active in all cells studied.
Life Cycle Analysis for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Parking Lot Pavements

The use of porous pavement allows water to drain into an aggregate storage layer beneath the pavement for temporary storage as it percolates into the aquifer below. When using this system in a parking lot application, the need for curb and gutter to channel the stormwater into a nearby retention basin is eliminated, as is the retention basin itself. An initial analysis of the porous system appears to solve some of the environmental issues related to stormwater runoff and aquifer recharge. However, these systems have not been evaluated using both life-cycle cost and life-cycle assessment to fully understand the costs and environmental implications of choosing one system over another. A case study was used to compare the two asphalt systems in a large parking lot application. The results show that the conventional asphalt system is both more cost effective and environmentally benign. The emissions area identified as having the greatest CO2 impact is the manufacturing/mining and extraction of aggregates maki...
Associations between self-reported weight management methods with diet quality as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005.

Abstract Objective We examine the relationship between weight management practices and diet quality. Method Regressions were used to analyze the associations between self-reported weight management methods and diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index–2005 (HEI-2005), of 1,933 respondents who tried to lose or not gain weight in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The regressions controlled for sociodemographics, lifestyle behaviors, and other health-related behaviors and perceptions. Results Including both switching to foods with lower calories and exercise in weight management was associated with better diet quality, i.e., a higher total HEI-2005 score and higher scores in eight of the twelve HEI-2005 components than including neither method. The eight components included six components on fruit, vegetables and grains, milk, and calories from solid fat, alcohol beverages, and added sugars. Similar but smaller associations were also found among those who reported including either switching to foods with lower calories or exercise. Conclusions Based on self-reported data, the findings suggest that including switching to lower calorie foods and exercise in weight management, as recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), is associated with diet quality that is more consistent with the key diet-related advice of the DGA.