cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What does it mean to be smart? The development of children's beliefs about intelligence in Germany and the United States

Abstract Kindergarten, second, fifth, and eighth graders from Germany and the United States participated in structured interviews concerning their beliefs about the nature of intelligence. In both countries, older children were more likely than younger children to link intelligence exclusively to cognitive (rather than noncognitive) abilities, to project an inverse relationship between ability and effort expenditure on academic tasks, and to view intelligence as fixed. U.S. children, in contrast to Germans, were more likely to believe that smart children work harder than children who are less smart, and to argue that intelligence is malleable. Results are discussed in terms of cultural/contextual influences on the development of children's naive theories about intelligence and implications for educational policy.
md5bloom: Forensic filesystem hashing revisited

Hashing is a fundamental tool in digital forensic analysis used both to ensure data integrity and to efficiently identify known data objects. However, despite many years of practice, its basic use has advanced little. Our objective is to leverage advanced hashing techniques in order to improve the efficiency and scalability of digital forensic analysis. Specifically, we explore the use of Bloom filters as a means to efficiently aggregate and search hashing information. In this paper, we present md5bloom-an actual Bloom filter manipulation tool that can be incorporated into forensic practice, along with example uses and experimental results. We also provide a basic theoretical foundation, which quantifies the error rates associated with the various Bloom filter uses along with a simulation-based verification. We provide a probabilistic framework that allows the interpretation of direct, bitwise comparison of Bloom filters to infer similarity and abnormality. Using the similarity interpretation, it is possible to efficiently identify versions of a known object, whereas the notion of abnormality could aid in identifying tampered hash sets.
Type 2 diabetes, glucose homeostasis and incident atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study

Background Type 2 diabetes has been inconsistently associated with the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in previous studies that have frequently been beset by methodological challenges. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Participants Detailed medical histories were obtained from 13 025 participants. Individuals were categorised as having no diabetes, pre-diabetes or diabetes based on the 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria at study baseline (1990–2). Main outcome measures Diagnoses of incident AF were obtained to the end of 2007. Associations between type 2 diabetes and markers of glucose homeostasis and the incidence of AF were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for possible confounders. Results Type 2 diabetes was associated with a significant increase in the risk of AF (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.60) after adjustment for confounders. There was no indication that individuals with pre-diabetes or those with undiagnosed diabetes were at increased risk of AF compared with those without diabetes. A positive linear association was observed between HbA1c and the risk of AF in those with and without diabetes (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.20) and HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.15 per 1% point increase, respectively). There was no association between fasting glucose or insulin in those without diabetes, but a significant association with fasting glucose was found in those with the condition. The results were similar in white subjects and African-Americans. Conclusions Diabetes, HbA1c level and poor glycaemic control are independently associated with an increased risk of AF, but the underlying mechanisms governing the relationship are unknown and warrant further investigation.
Visual programming with objects and relations

The design for a visual programming language is discussed. The need of the language is motivated by examination of current programming language trends and a review of results for existing visual languages. The proposed language has its roots in object-oriented programming languages and relational databases. Its semantics and syntax are presented along with examples of several classes defined by the language. >
Role of the BBA64 Locus of Borrelia burgdorferi in Early Stages of Infectivity in a Murine Model of Lyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, undergoes rapid adaptive gene expression in response to environmental signals encountered during different stages of its life cycle in the arthropod vector or the mammalian host. Among all the plasmid-encoded genes of B. burgdorferi, several linear plasmid 54 (lp54)-encoded open reading frames (ORFs) exhibit the greatest differential expression in response to mammalian host-specific temperature, pH, and other uncharacterized signals. These ORFs include members of the paralogous gene family 54 (pgf 54), such as BBA64, BBA65, and BBA66, present on lp54. In an attempt to correlate transcriptional up-regulation of these pgf 54 members to their role in infectivity, we inactivated BBA64 and characterized the phenotype of this mutant both in vitro and in vivo. There were no major differences in the protein profiles between the BBA64 mutant and the control strains, while immunoblot analysis indicated that inactivation of BBA64 resulted in increased levels of BBA65. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the ability of the BBA64 mutant to infect C3H/HeN mice compared to that of its parental or complemented control strains as determined by culturing of viable spirochetes from infected tissues. However, enumeration of spirochetes using quantitative real-time PCR revealed tissue-specific differences, suggesting a minimal role for BBA64 in the survival of B. burgdorferi in select tissues. Infectivity analysis of the BBA64 mutant suggests that B. burgdorferi may utilize multiple determinants to establish infection in mammalian hosts.
From the Drive System to the Capital‐Labor Accord: Econometric Tests for the Transition between Productivity Regimes

This article explores the emergence and consolidation of a new system of labor relations and productivity “regimes” in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. Was there a clearly identifiable transition in the U.S. between the “drive system,” which had structured labor relations after the turn of the century, and the “capital-labor accord” that came to dominate the organization of production after World War II? This article begins with a review of comparative international data. The U.S. economy achieved a major surge in relative productivity growth rates between the late 1930s and early 1950s, not attributable exclusively to wartime production itself. The hypothesis that U.S. productivity growth accelerated beginning in the late 1930s as a result of the institutionalization of a new set of production relations, the capital-labor accord, which formed one of the principal buttresses of the postwar social structure of accumulation (SSA), is formally tested. The econometric analysis supports the conclusion that this new set of production relations first took hold during the 1930s and 1940s, and that it can be distinguished clearly from the drive system prevailing from the turn of the century through the 1920s. It thus provides a formal econometric basis for tracing the transition between productivity regimes.
Quantifying diversity for wireless systems with finite-bit representation

Diversity order is widely adopted as a critical metric on the reliability of wireless transmissions over fading channels. Numerous designs have been proposed to collect the diversity from different types of channels. However, since the simulators and practical systems can only afford finite bits to represent the real/complex numbers, the definition of diversity needs to be revisited. In this paper, we thoroughly investigate the effects of finite-bit representation on the statistical properties of the channel and the diversity with different transmitters/receivers. We show that finite-bit representation may cause diversity loss relative to the infinite precision representation. For different transmission systems, the diversity loss follows different patterns as the number of bits decreases. Furthermore, we find that the number of non-vanishing eigenvalues plays an important role in quantizing the diversity for infinite lattice/constellation. Numerical examples verify our theoretical findings.
The Pathophysiology of Acute Iron Poisoning

(1971). The Pathophysiology of Acute Iron Poisoning. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 585-595.
Chemo-Mobilization of Autologous Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPCs) with a Single Dose of Pegfilgrastim and Supplemental Filgrastim in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Lymphoma: A Practical Schema

Volume (ml) N1⁄48,906 N1⁄46,305 N1⁄417,527 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Median 64.0 54.0 77.1 (Range) (0.5-225.3) (0.2-289.0) (2.0-289.1) Pre-Processing TNC (x10) N1⁄46,133 N1⁄43,514 N1⁄414,321 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 Median 108.8 101.0 118.9 (Range) (15.3-1144.8) (13.7-829.5) (9-1359.1) Post-Processing TNC (x10) N1⁄44,009 N1⁄42,124 N1⁄49,559 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 Median 113.4 105.4 118.4 (Range) (13.4-602.0) (3.8-459.8) (28.9-679.7) Post-processing CD34+ cells ( x10) N1⁄43,857 N1⁄42,009 N1⁄49,069 < 0.0001 0.7670 < 0.0001 Median 5.03 4.26 4.93 (Range) (0.36-57.64) (0-53.03) (0.03-63.36) Microbial Contamination (%) N1⁄44,051 2.0 N1⁄42,107 0.5 N1⁄49,503 2.0 < 0.0001 0.8278 < 0.0001
Disposition of the cholesterol moiety of a chylomicron-containing lipoprotein fraction of chyle in the rat *

Cholesterol-27-C14 in the form of a chylomicron-containing lipoprotein fraction of chyle was injected intravenously into rats. About 75% of the injected sterol-C14 was in the ester and 25% in the free form. Ten minutes after the injection, about 25% of plasma lipid C14 was recovered in higher-density α- and β-lipoproteins. The transfer of labeled sterol to the higher-density plasma lipoproteins involved both esterified and free forms, but the proportion of free sterol transferred was greater than that in the injected preparation. In 10 minutes, C14 was recovered in the lipid fractions of the nine tissues studied. Liver, adipose tissue, and muscle accounted for about 70% of the injected C14, and liver alone accounted for about 50%. Adipose tissue of glucose-fed rats incorporated about twice as much of the injected sterol-C14 as did the same tissue of fasted rats at this time. During the first 10 minutes, the proportion of sterol-C14 recovered in the free form increased in four of the tissues: adipose, bone, adrenals, and small intestine. At 24 hours, about 90% of the sterol-C14 was present in the free form in all tissues except the adrenal gland. In this gland, the initial increase in the proportion of sterol-C14 recovered in the free form was followed by a decrease, and, after 24 hours, about 90% of the sterol-C14 was in the esterified form. In plasma, an increase in the proportion of labeled sterol recovered in the free form was observed only at an interval between 10 minutes and 2 hours. Among the conclusions drawn are (1) hydrolysis is the principal fate of the injected cholesterol esters within a few hours after injection, and (2) release of labeled free sterol into plasma by liver or exchange of free sterol between liver and plasma occurs at a more rapid rate sometime between 10 minutes and 2 hours after injection than at any other time. To account for the unique observations in the adrenal gland, the suggestion is made that this gland stores specific sterol esters and hydrolyzes chylomicron esters to resynthesize the cholesterol esters characteristic of the gland.
ENDURING NARRATIVES FROM PROGRESSIVISM

The narratives that would give meaning to at least four generations of scholars and practitioners are amplified in the discourse growing out of the elements of technical rationality, pragmatism, evolution, and the rush of different ideas and new institutions that punctuate the Progressive period. The narratives explored below persist in public administration from the beginning of the twentieth century: preparation for the rise of national institutions, the citizen-state relationship, reconciling democracy and administration, and science and scientific management. Throughout the paper, the author's interest in the reconciliation of freedom and order is explored in the relationship between self and community, citizen and nation, and politics and administration.
Pre-evaluation of Occupational Hazards in a Welding Fixture Construction Project

[Objective]To identify,analyze and evaluate the possible occupational hazard factors in the proposed construction project,determine the category of hazards,and provide the technical basis for the approval of administrative department.[Methods]The combination of analogy,checklist and empirical method was applied for analysis and evaluation.[Results]The main occupational hazard factors in the production process of this construction project were electric welding dust,carbon monoxide,nitrogen dioxide,manganese and their compound,noise and so on.The constructive project was classified as a severe occupational hazard project.[Conclusion]The possible occupational hazard factors in the production process of this construction project can be prevented.From the view of occupational hygiene,the project is feasible.
Nodal Electron Coupling in the Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ

In this chapter, the identification of a new form of electron coupling in optimally doped Bi2212 from the nodal dispersion is presented. In addition to energy scales known from previous ARPES measurements, new features at energy ∼115 meV and ∼150 meV were identified in the nodal real part of electron self-energy by ultra-high resolution VUV Laser-based ARPES. The new features couldn’t be explained by simple electron coupling with phonons or magnetic resonance modes but maybe tied to high energy spin fluctuations. Moreover, detailed temperature dependence of nodal electronic dynamics indicates a strong sensitivity of the nodal state to high temperature superconductivity that both the MDC and EDC widths show abrupt drop when cooling the sample crossing T c . Distinct from previous observations, both the nodal and anti-nodal EDCs are dramatically sharpened when entering superconducting state.
Patent Exhaustion on Trial in the United States

This chapter examines intellectual property exhaustion policy and doctrine with a focus on the parallels between copyright and patent law.
Factors Associated With Long-term Outcomes of Umbilical Hernia Repair.

Importance Umbilical hernia repair is one of the most commonly performed general surgical procedures. However, there is little consensus about the factors that lead to umbilical hernia recurrence. Objective To better understand the factors associated with long-term umbilical hernia recurrence. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort of 332 military veteran patients who underwent umbilical hernia repair was studied between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2008, at the VA Boston Healthcare System. Recurrence and mortality outcomes were tracked from that period until June 1, 2014. Data were collected on patient characteristics, operative, and postoperative factors and univariate and multivariable analyses were used to assess which factors were significantly associated with umbilical hernia recurrence and mortality. All patients with primary umbilical hernia repair, with or without a concurrent unrelated procedure, were included in the study. Patients excluded were those who underwent umbilical hernia repair as a part of another major planned procedure with abdominal incisions. Data were collected from June 1, 2014, to November 1, 2015. Statistical analysis was performed from November 2, 2015, to April 1, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary study outcomes were umbilical hernia recurrence and death. Results Of the 332 patients in this study, 321 (96.7%) were male, mean age was 58.4 years, and mean (SD) time of follow-up was 8.5 (4.1) years. The hernia recurrence rate was 6.0% (n = 20) at a mean 3.1 years after index repair (median, 1.0-year; range, 0.33-13 years). The primary suture repair recurrence rate was 9.8% (16 of 163 patients), and the mesh repair recurrence rate was 2.4% (4 of 169 patients). On univariate analysis, ascites ( P = .02), liver disease ( P = .02), diabetes ( P = .04), and primary suture (nonmesh) repairs ( P = .04) were significantly associated with increased recurrence rates. Patients who had a history of hernias (125 [39%]) were less likely to have umbilical hernia recurrences (χ 2 1 = 4.65, P = .03). On multivariable regression analysis, obesity and ascites were associated with significantly increased odds ratios of recurrence of 3.3 (95% CI, 1.0-10.1) and 8.0 (95% CI, 1.8-34.4), respectively. Mesh repair was seen to decrease recurrence with odds of 0.28 (95% CI, 0.08-0.95). There was no significant difference in complication rates between mesh repair and primary suture repair. The survival rate was 73% (n = 242) at the end of the study. Factors associated with mortality were older age, smoking, liver disease, ascites, emergency or semiurgent repair, and need for intraoperative bowel resection. Conclusions and Relevance Ascites, liver disease, diabetes, obesity, and primary suture repair without mesh are associated with increased umbilical hernia recurrence rates. Elective umbilical hernia repair with mesh should be considered in patients with multiple comorbidities given that the use of mesh offers protection from recurrence without major morbidity.
Passively Q-switched VCSEL-pumped Nd:YAG laser with 47 mJ pulse energy

A compact passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was end-pumped by a water-cooled 808 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) pump module comprising four high power, high brightness VCSEL chips with a combined 10 mm diameter circular emitting area and 2.3 kW total peak power, resulting in 47 mJ laser pulse energy at 1064 nm with 16% optical efficiency at 15 Hz repetition frequency. A laser package comprising an air-cooled 1.6 kW VCSEL pump module produced 37 mJ laser pulse energy, while more than 13 mJ laser pulse energy was demonstrated in a bench-top experiment with a very compact laser set-up using a single 5 mm x 5 mm VCSEL chip.
Climate Change and Evapotranspiration

Climate change has been acknowledged as one of the greatest challenges for humanity. Although, there may be differences in opinions as to the cause of change, it is generally accepted that climate change is happening. There is sufficient data showing sea level rise and temperature rise and associated ecological changes. Climate change impacts on rainfall and evapotranspiration have not been conclusively determined. Decrease in rainfall and increase in temperature will result in increase in evapotranspiration. Global circulation models’ (GCMs) applications have shown spatially varying diverse trends for evapotranspiration. It is essential to put forth the effort to know the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration and use the information for developing adaptations in water use and water management.
The role of deletions at the FRA3B/FHIT locus in carcinogenesis.

The FHIT gene, which encodes a 1-kb message and a 16.8-kDa protein that hydrolyses diadenosine triphosphate (ApppA) to ADP and AMP in vitro, covers a megabase genomic region at chromosome band 3p14.2. The gene encompasses the most active of the common human chromosomal fragile regions, FRA3B. Over the years, it has been suggested that fragile sites might be especially susceptible to carcinogen damage and that chromosomal regions of nonrandom alterations in cancer cells may coincide with defined fragile sites. Within the FRA3B region, the characteristic induced chromosome gaps can occur across the entire region, but 60% of the gaps are centered on a 300-kb region flanking FHIT exon 5, the first protein-coding exon. Numerous hemizygous and homozygous deletions, translocations and DNA insertions occur within FHIT in cancer cell lines, uncultured tumors, and even in preneoplastic lesions, especially in tissues such as lung that are targets of carcinogens. This supports the proposed cancer-fragile site connection and suggests that the FHIT gene, expression of which is frequently altered in cells showing FHIT locus damage, is a tumor suppressor gene whose inactivation may drive clonal expansion of preneoplastic and neoplastic cells. Replacement of Fhit expression in Fhit-negative cancer cells abrogates their tumorigenicity in nude mice.
Effect of spatial variability of wet snow on modeled and observed microwave emissions

Abstract Melting snow provides an essential source of water in many regions of the world and can also contribute to devastating, wide-scale flooding. Global datasets of recorded passive microwave emissions provide non-destructive, daily information on snow processes including the presence of liquid water in the snow, which can be an indicator of snowmelt. The objective of this research is to test the sensitivity of the emission signal as it relates to the spatial distribution of liquid water content in the snowpack. This signal response was evaluated over an area approximately the size of a microwave pixel to assess whether a relationship exists between the aerial extent of wet snow and the magnitude of the TB response. A sensitivity analysis was performed using a high-resolution, physically based snow-emission model to simulate microwave emissions. The signal response to wet snow was evaluated given a range of spatially distributed snowpack conditions. Daily snow states were simulated for a 9-year period using a high-resolution (50 m) energy balance snow model over a 34 × 34 km domain. These data were fed into a microwave emission model to simulate brightness temperatures. A near-linear relationship was found between the TB signal response over a spatially heterogeneous snowpack and the percent area with liquid water content (LWC) present. The results were confirmed by evaluating actual wet snow events over a 9-year period. The model output was also compared to AMSR-E passive microwave satellite data and discharge data at a basin outlet within the study area. The results are used to help understand the impact of spatially distributed snowmelt as detected by passive microwave data.
Questioning the automaticity of audiovisual correspondences.

Abstract An audiovisual correspondence (AVC) refers to an observer’s seemingly arbitrary yet consistent matching of sensory features across the two modalities; for example, between an auditory pitch and visual size. Research on AVCs has frequently used a speeded classification procedure in which participants are asked to rapidly classify an image when it is either accompanied by a congruent or an incongruent sound (or vice versa). When, as is typically the case, classification is faster in the presence of a congruent stimulus, researchers have inferred that the AVC is automatic and bottom-up. Such an inference is incomplete because the procedure does not show that the AVC is not subject to top-down influences. To remedy this problem, we devised a procedure that allows us to assess the degree of “bottom-up-ness” and “top-down-ness” in the processing of an AVC. We did this in studies of AVCs between pitch and five visual features: size, height, spatial frequency, brightness, and angularity. We find that all the AVCs we studied involve both bottom-up and top-down processing, thus undermining the prevalent generalization that AVCs are automatic.
Periodic fasting starves cisplatin-resistant cancers to death.

Treatment of cancers with the cytotoxic agent cisplatin frequently evokes resistance, accompanied by rewiring of metabolic pathways, limiting its clinical use. Recent research by Obrist et al (2018) shows that cisplatin‐resistant growth of lung adenocarcinoma is particularly vulnerable to periodic fasting cycles and starvation‐induced cell death, due to its dependency on glutamine, required for nucleoside biosynthesis, suggesting an opportunity for nutritional anti‐cancer interventions.
The Role of Violent and Nonviolent Delinquent Behavior in Educational Attainment

Given large variations in the etiology and developmental trajectories of violent and nonviolent delinquency, this study examines whether educational outcomes of violent and nonviolent offenders might differ. In particular, this study attempts to remove environmental influences such as family background and neighborhood effects from the effects of delinquency because these factors are likely to differentially confound the effects of violent and nonviolent delinquency on educational attainment. By exploiting variation within sibling pairs, this study finds that the effects of engagement in violent delinquency on education is driven spuriously by shared family background, whereas the effects of nonviolent delinquency are quite robust to adjustment for family fixed effects. Moreover, relying on fixed effects estimates, this study finds that the effects of engagement in nonviolent delinquent activity on educational attainment occur in part through disruption of educational progress, rather than through institutional responses to student delinquency and social-psychological processes.
Biological behavior of erythrocytes labeled in vivo and in vitro with technetium-99m

The in vitro method of red blood cell labeling was compared to the commonly used in vivo technique to evaluate labeling efficiency, levels of radioactivity in cells, plasma, and urinary excretion. Comparative studies were performed on nine normal volunteers. In two subjects, in vivo labeling did not occur. In the other subjects, the maximum blood activity (5 min after administration for the in vitro method and 15-120 min for the in vivo method) was 18% higher with the in vitro method. Whole body retention of radioactivity was higher with the in vivo method. With the in vitro method it was 66.3 +/- 9.0%. It is concluded that the in vitro method of red cell labeling provides significantly higher blood levels of radioactivity at the times required for data collection but reduced whole body retention over 24 hr.
Biopsy after External Beam Radiation Therapy for Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate: Correlation with Original Histological Grade and Current Prostate Specific Antigen Levels

We obtained post-irradiation biopsies in 37 men with initially stage T3 prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by external beam radiotherapy. Eligibility for post-irradiation biopsy included no clinical local failure, interval since treatment of 24 months or more and no endocrine therapy. Of the 37 patients 23 (62%) had negative biopsies while 14 (38%) had positive biopsies. Of 23 patients whose original cancer was well or moderately differentiated 18 (78%) had negative biopsies, compared to only 5 of 14 (36%) of those with poorly differentiated cancer (p less than 0.03). Among 19 patients whose current serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) value is less than 2.5 ng./ml. 15 (79%) had negative biopsies, compared to only 4 of 14 (29%) with a PSA level of greater than 2.5 ng./ml. (p less than 0.02). These results strongly suggest that there is a low probability of positive post-irradiation biopsy regardless of its significance in men with a normal prostate by palpation and a normal serum PSA value. However, short followup since biopsy precludes analysis of the predictive value of post-irradiation biopsy on long-term local and distant disease status.
The direct effects of catecholamines on hepatic glucose production occur via α1- and β2-receptors in the dog

The role of α- and β-adrenergic receptor subtypes in mediating the actions of catecholamines on hepatic glucose production (HGP) was determined in sixteen 18-h-fasted conscious dogs maintained on a...
Manufacturing Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Banks

Abstract Establishing a master cell bank requires compliance with the federal regulations. These regulations work to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the finished product. Importantly, the stringency of federal regulations for clinical trials tend to be based upon the risk and stage of clinical trial design, with the most stringent regulations being applied to products going for licensure. The content of this chapter is intended as a guide for approaching cell banks—particularly for early phase clinical studies—and should be helpful in designing manufacturing strategies. This chapter will provide an overview of key regulations and standards to consider during the initial validation phases of developing a bank, and then will cover the requirements of establishing cell banks and the testing required. Options for expanding mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bioreactors and flasks are also outlined as potential ways to create a master cell bank and what to consider with each method.
Strong H 2 O 2 Generation by Cancer Cells During the Cold Plasma Treatment

The remarkably selective anti-cancer capacity of the cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been demonstrated in dozens of studies. To become a clinical tool, the mechanism governing the diverse response of cancer cells to the CAP treatment should be unveiled first. To date, several basic cellular responses have been commonly observed, including the rise of intracellular ROS, the DNA damage, the mitochondria damage, and the apoptosis. So far, CAP plays the role of extracellular H 2 O 2 sources in plasma medicine. The role of cancer cells during the CAP treatment is just regarded as a H 2 O 2 consumer.
Power and Limitations of Media Clearance Practices and Advertising Self-Regulation:

Self-regulation programs deter many advertising practices, but there are inherent limitations to its power in the United States. U.S. media vehicle managers’ advertising acceptance policies may inf...
Cloud privacy objectives a value based approach

To effectively develop privacy policies and practices for cloud computing, organizations need to define a set of guiding privacy objectives that can be applied across their organization. It is argued that it is important to understand individuals’ privacy values with respect to cloud computing to define cloud privacy objectives.,For the purpose of this study, the authors adopted Keeney’s (1994) value-focused thinking approach to identify privacy objectives with respect to cloud computing.,The results of this study identified the following six fundamental cloud privacy objectives: to increase trust with cloud provider, to maximize identity management controls, to maximize responsibility of information stewardship, to maximize individual’s understanding of cloud service functionality, to maximize protection of rights to privacy, and to maintain the integrity of data.,One limitation is generalizability of the cloud privacy objectives, and the second is research bias. As this study focused on cloud privacy, the authors felt that the research participants’ increased knowledge of technology usage, including that of cloud technology, was a benefit that outweighed risks associated with not having a random selection of the general population. The newness and unique qualities of privacy issues in cloud computing are better fitted to a qualitative study where issues can emerge naturally through a holistic approach opposed to trying to force fit an existing set of variables or constructs into the context of privacy and cloud computing.,The findings of this research study can be used to assist management in the process of formulating a cloud privacy policy, develop cloud privacy evaluation criteria as well as assist auditors in developing their privacy audit work plans.,Currently, there is little to no guidance in the literature or in practice as to what organizations need to do to ensure they protect their stakeholders privacy in a cloud computing environment. This study works at closing this knowledge gap by identifying cloud privacy objectives.
Analysis of the Corporate Behaviors after the Corporate Tax Cuts with Respect to Job Creation: A Preliminary Study of Select Corporations in the United States of America

A preliminary study of the impact of tax cuts on job creation was done by studying a random sample of 12 largest corporations selected from the Fortune 500 companies. The Annual Reports of the 12 sample companies pre-tax cut and post-tax cut periods were downloaded, and figures tabulated for revenues, property, plant, and equipment (PPE) as well as employees reported by those companies for both the periods. We found that the revenue increased by an average of 7.78 percent which showed signs of growth in those companies, but the investment in PPE by the companies during the same period increased at an average of only 0.32 percent, which indicated that the companies did not divert the resources they saved in taxes to add capacity. Therefore, the potential for jobs growth was nonexistent or minimal. Another indicator showed the same outcome as the companies reported their workforce reduced since 2017 by an average of 0.54 percent.
Operating Profit-and-Risk Integrated Decision & Evaluation Over a Firm’s Strategic Fixed-Cost Spending

U.S. managerial accounting textbooks fail to integrate operating risk measures in cost-volume-profit analysis. A firm’s fixed-cost [as opposed to variable-cost] spending only creates the firm’s exposure to operating loss. This paper explores the quantitative dimensions of both the operating risk and profitability of a firm’s fixed-cost spending. My findings are: (1) a firm’s ratio of total fixed cost [TFC] to its total contribution margin [TCM] represents the firm’s degree of operating loss exposure [DOLE] to uncertain economic swings, which is a direct measure of operating risk; (2) the same firm’s ratio of profit [P] to TFC represents the rate of profit return on the firm’s total fixed cost; (3) the computed profit-to-risk gap can indicate the degree of financial sustainability [if zero or positive]of the firm’s strategic fixed-cost spending initiatives. The DOLE and P/TFC rates of financially sustainable firms are expected to be in their long-term equilibrium at 0.618033956. In decisions and evaluations involving strategic fixed-cost spending initiatives, the equilibrium rate may be used as the minimum required profitability on the relevant fixed costs, and the maximum allowed risk,. This paper demonstrates a useful application of this risk-integrated framework in a comparative sustainability analysis of two firms in the pharmaceutical industry.
Communication Neuroscience: Theory, Methodology and Experimental Approaches

The human brain is our primary biological organ of communication. The brain acts as both the sender and receiver of messages and underpins our fundamental ability to communicate and interact with o...
Virtual Phonon Exchange Influence on Magnetic Properties of Jahn-Teller Crystals: Triple Electronic Degeneracy

Mutual influence of magnetic interactions and competing two types of virtual phonon exchange interactions is considered in the framework of the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect theory. It is shown that this competition in the presence of magnetic interactions can result in a new type of structural tetragonal –tetragonal transition. The corresponding virtual phonon exchange interactions drastically affect the magnetic crystal properties. Comparison with the experimental data is presented.
Implant- and anesthesia-related factors affecting threshold intensities for vagus nerve stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is used as therapy in epilepsy and depression and is tested as a potential treatment for several chronic disorders. Typically, VNS is delivered at increasing stimulus intensity until a response is observed (threshold intensity). Factors that affect threshold intensities for engagement of different fiber types and concomitant physiological responses have not been studied. We determined neural and physiological responses to increasing stimulus intensities of VNS in anesthetized and awake animals, and examined the effect of implant- and anesthesia-related factors on threshold intensities in a rodent model of VNS. In acute and long-term cervical vagus nerve implants (53 and 14 rats, respectively) VNS was delivered under isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine, or awake at different intensities. Stimulus-evoked compound action potentials (eCAPs) were recorded, elicited physiological responses were registered, including changes heart rate (HR), breathing, and blood pressure (BP), and threshold intensities were determined. The intensity that elicits eCAPs ("neural threshold") is significantly lower than what elicits a physiological response ("physiological threshold", PT) (25 A {+/-}1.8 vs. 70 A {+/-}5.2, respectively; Mean {+/-}SEM). Changes in BP occur at the lowest stimulus intensities (80 A {+/-}7), followed by changes in HR (105 A {+/-}8.4) and finally in breathing (310 A {+/-}32.5). PT is lower with than without electrode insulation (60 A {+/-}12, vs. 700 A {+/-}123). PT and electrode impedance are correlated in long-term (r=0.47; p<0.001) but not in acute implants (r=-0.34; p NS); both PT and impedance increase with implant age (Pearson correlation r=0.44; p<0.001 and r=0.64; p<0.001, respectively). PT is lowest when animals are awake (210 A {+/-}33; Mean {+/-}SEM), followed by ketamine-xylazine (630 A {+/-}154), and isoflurane (1075 A {+/-}131). The sequence of physiological responses with increasing VNS intensity is similar in both anesthetized and awake states. Implant age, electrical impedance and the type of anesthesia affect VNS threshold and should be accounted for when determining stimulation dose.
Rhizopus microsporus typhlitis in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia

While patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies are at risk for a variety of infections, gastrointestinal mucormycosis is a rare and feared complication. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and timely evaluation. Prompt treatment improves patient outcomes.
Concomitant Pediatric Burns and Craniomaxillofacial Trauma.

ABSTRACT This study is the first to investigate pediatric craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma patients that present with concomitant burns. The authors aim to identify differing etiologies, presentations, facial fracture patterns, interventions, and outcomes between pediatric CMF trauma patients with versus without concomitant burns. In this retrospective cohort study of a tertiary care center between the years 1990 and 2010, concomitant burns were identified among pediatric patients presenting with CMF fractures. Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, presentation, burn characteristics (total body surface area %, location, and degree), imaging, interventions, involvement of child protective services, and long-term outcomes. Data were analyzed using two-tailed Student t tests and chi-square analysis. Of the identified 2966 pediatric CMF trauma patients (64.0% boys; age 7 ± 4.7 years), 10 (0.34%) patients presented with concomitant burns. Concomitant burn and CMF traumas were more likely to be due to penetrating injuries (P < 0.0001) and had longer hospital lengths of stay (13 ± 18.6 versus 4 ± 6.2 days, P < 0.0001). 40% were due to child abuse, 40% due to motor vehicle collisions, and 20% due to house fires. All four child abuse patients presented in a delayed fashion; operative burn care was prioritized and 70% of the CMF fractures were managed nonoperatively. Concomitant burn and CMF trauma is a rare injury pattern in pediatrics and warrants skeletal surveys with suspicious injury patterns. Future research is necessary to develop practice guidelines.
Capillary Function and the Contractility Controversy (1923–1936)

While August was waiting for the new institute to be built, work continued in his small laboratory. The capillary book resulting from his Silliman Lectures had become an instant success. At an Alfred Benzon Symposium in 1969, Eugene M. Landis said, “Very few books yielded as prompt and as widespread stimulation of research as this monograph did when it was read by histologists, physiologists, pathologists, and clinicians.”1 In the foreword to the 1959 edition of Krogh’s capillary book, Landis wrote: “It was written in a style, much more freely, much more con amore than his other books. He seems to be an artist painting a canvas of ideas in minutest detail wherever possible, but still willing with large brushstrokes, or even with exploratory pencil sketches to let the picture evolve fully rather than omit any challenging theoretical or practical implication. This is the reason for its provocative eliciting, from others, researches designed to amplify, test, or modify specific propositions.”2
Enhanced visualization of capsulorhexis with indocyanine green staining in pediatric white cataracts.

Purpose To evaluate the enhancement of the visualization of the anterior lens capsule with indocyanine green (ICG) in pediatric dense, mature cataracts. Patients and methods Six children (10 eyes) 4 to 9 years old with complete, white cataracts underwent ICG-enhanced cataract surgery. Results All of the eyes showed a complete continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and a well-centered intracapsular implant. No surgical or postoperative complications were encountered. Conclusion Staining the anterior capsule with ICG is an excellent way to facilitate performance of an anterior capsulorhexis in pediatric white cataracts.
Lipopolysaccharide-inducible macrophage early genes are induced in Balb/c 3T3 cells by platelet-derived growth factor.

Abstract We have previously described the isolation and characterization of a set of cDNA clones encoding lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced early genes in murine peritoneal macrophages. The treatment of macrophages with LPS also stimulates the expression of four early or competence genes (c-fos, c-myc, JE, and KC) described in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated Balb/c 3T3 cells. These latter findings led to the hypothesis that long term, adaptive responses such as DNA synthesis in fibroblasts and functional activation of macrophages may share multiple mechanistic pathways. To test this possibility, we have examined the expression of four LPS-inducible macrophage genes in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. The results demonstrate that three of these four genes are expressed in 3T3 cells in a fashion reminiscent of other growth factor-stimulated competence genes. All three mRNAs are expressed even in the presence of cycloheximide and two of the three exhibit superinducibility. The accumulation of these specific mRNA species was dependent upon the stimulation of transcription as determined by nuclear "run-off" studies. The platelet-derived growth factor dose dependence is comparable both for stimulation of DNA synthesis and expression of the three early genes. Furthermore, expression of all three genes preceded the entry of the cells into S phase, suggesting an association with cell cycle entry. Stimulation of 3T3 cells with epidermal growth factor resulted in DNA synthesis but not early gene expression. This latter result indicates that these early gene products are not necessary for 3T3 cell mitogenesis. Nevertheless, the expression of these genes in two different cell types in association with two distinct functional responses suggests that they contribute common functions either in terms of the physiologic response in which these cells participate (e.g. inflammation) or in the regulatory mechanisms which govern such responses.
On “Lipschitz” subspaces of the space of continuous functions

A theorem of Grothendieck states that every closed subspace of the Banach space \(L^p(\mu)\), where \(\mu\) is a finite measure on a locally compact topological space, \(p \ge 1\), consisting of essentially bounded functions must have finite dimension. An analog of this result is proved concerning subspaces of the space of continuous functions on a compact metric space consisting of functions satisfying different Lipschitz-type conditions.
Li [ Mn2 ] O 4 Spinel Cathode Material Showing No Capacity Fading in the 3 V Range

Li[Mn 2 ]O 4 spinel cathode material was prepared via a sol-gel method. Unlike typical Li[Mn 2 ]O 4 spinels that have been reported so far, our Li[Mn 2 ]O 4 spinel material showed no capacity fading in the 3 V range and delivered a reversible capacity of 137∼139 mAh/g in the voltage range of 2.4-3.4 V at a current density of 0.2 mA/cm 2 , which corresponds to 93∼94% of the theoretical capacity of Li[Mn 2 ]O 4 Even better performance was observed at 54°C. In the 4 V range, on the other hand, the material exhibited the charge/discharge characteristics typical of undoped, stoichiometric Li[Mn 2 ]O 4 spinel and the discharge capacity decreased by ca. 10% of the initial capacity (103∼108 mAh/g) after 40 cycles. However, when cycled over the entire voltage range, including both the 3 and 4 V plateaus, the capacity loss in the 4 V range was smaller than when cycled only in the 4 V range. The electrochemical characteristics of the Li[Mn 2 ]O 4 spinel material and the origin of the capacity fading are discussed.
Effect of some oral contraceptive steroids on the development of endometrial squamous metaplasia and cysts in rats

Abstract Female rats were injected subcutaneously with 50 μg of norethynodrel plus 2 μg of mestranol per 100 grams of body weight per day for 13 weeks. Controls were treated identically with vehicle alone. These contraceptive steroid treatments caused a significant increase in the incidence of endometrial squamous metaplasia and cyst formation. Treated rats had smaller ovarian and body weights but larger uteri with more luminal fluid than the controls.
Performance of 5 Micron, Molecular Beam Epitaxy HgCdTe Sensor Chip Assemblies (SCAs) for the NGST Mission and Ground-Based Astronomy

Low background applications place the most stringent requirements on detector material, requiring the lowest possible dark currents, highest quantum efficiencies, negligible image persistence (image latency or “ghosts”), high operability, and good uniformity. Rockwell Scientific’s MWIR (λco=5μm) MBE HgCdTe/CdZnTe consistently meets these stringent requirements due to a number of growth techniques unavailable to other MWIR materials. The first part of this paper focuses on the advantages offered by MBE HgCdTe on CdZnTe detectors. The second part focuses on the functional capabilities of our most recent multiplexers, the HAWAII-1RG and HAWAII-2RG. Finally, the paper briefly concludes with a look at the future of SCA control with Rockwell Scientific’s new NGST ASIC for control and digitization of the HAWAII-RG series multiplexers.
Semiconductor green fabrication innovative energy efficient design and operational optimization of chilled water system

This study surpassed traditional energy-saving ideas to propose a multi-core concept implementation of an energy-saving optimization model. The model allowed systems to match the optimum status, and used multi-core concept implementation for frequency conversions according to different weather conditions and air conditioning load changes, allowing systems to run at their optimum states for ideal energy-saving operations. This study probed into the power and energy consumption behavior models of chiller and system devices, focusing on how systems could reach optimization. The energy-saving effects were determined from the operating results and practical electric meter pricing. The annual saved energy costs were as high as USD $3820k per year, which included a cooling water pump energy-saving benefit of USD $1920k and a cooling tower and chilled water pump energy-saving benefit of USD $1900k. Annual CO2 emissions were reduced by 32,870 tons, which was the equivalent of the amount of CO2 absorbed by 2,728,460 trees.