cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of abuse of women with physical disabilities

Abstract Objective: Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse of women with physical disabilities is a problem largely unrecognized by rehabilitation service providers. This article documents the prevalence of abuse of women with physical disabilities compared to women without physical disabilities. Design: Case-comparison study using written survey. Data were analyzed using χ 2 analyses and the Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon rank sum W tests. Setting: General community. Participants: A sample of 860 women, 439 with physical disabilities and 421 without physical disabilities, was compiled from women responding to a national sexuality survey. Main Outcome Measures: The women were asked if they had ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. If they answered yes, they were asked to identify the perpetrator(s) of the abuse and when the abuse began and ended. Results: Sixty-two percent of both groups of women had experienced some type of abuse at some point in their lives. Of women who had experienced abuse, half of each group had experienced physical or sexual abuse. Husbands or live-in partners were the most common perpetrators of emotional or physical abuse for both groups. Male strangers were the most common perpetrators of sexual abuse for both groups. Women with physical disabilities also were more likely to be abused by their attendants and by health care providers. Thirteen percent of women with physical disabilities described experiencing physical or sexual abuse in the past year. Conclusions: Women with physical disabilities appear to be at risk for emotional, physical, and sexual abuse to the same extent as women without physical disabilities. Prevalence of abuse by husbands or live-in partners in this study is similar to estimates of lifetime occurrence of domestic violence for women living in the United States. Women with physical disabilities are more at risk for abuse by attendants or health care providers. They are also more likely to experience a longer duration of abuse than women without physical disabilities.
Sod land versus sagebrush: early land appraisal and pioneer settlement in an arid intermountain frontier

Abstract Pioneering in North America took settlers into a succession of new and untried environments. As the frontier advanced westward into regions where forests alternated with humid prairies, pioneer settlers initially overlooked grassland habitats in favour of locations in timbered areas. When the frontier of settlement moved into the arid intermountain West, the sagebrush-covered landscapes must have appeared forlorn and barren to pioneer settlers who had migrated from more humid environments. An analysis of the relationship between land cover and early land selections in Owens Valley, California indicates that the valley's grasslands were initially favoured over sagebrushcovered habitats. Once the grasslands were taken up and settlers were forced to occupy the “sage barrens”, it quickly became apparent that sagebrush land was often equally productive and more easily worked than sod land. The process of “delayed sagebrush settlement” in the arid intermountain West parallels the “delayed prairie settlement” process documented in humid environments.
Phospholipase A2 mRNA in remnant kidney is modulated by dietary alpha-tocopherol

Background. Glomerulosclerosis is a characteristic feature in the subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy, remnant kidney model in the rat. It is postulated that oxidative stress from this renal mass reduction may induce the glomerular and tubular injury leading eventually to glomerulosclerosis. In support of this line of reasoning, an antioxidant, α-tocopherol, has been recently demonstrated to prevent such injury. Because group IIA phospholipase A2 is upregulated in a variety of injuries including ischemic proximal tubular necrosis, we examined whether up-regulation of phospholipase A2 is associated with the initiation of injury leading to the glomerulosclerosis and whether α-tocopherol can modulate such activity. Methods. We set out to examine whether secretory group IIA phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) mRNA levels (Northern analysis) are increased in the remnant kidney and whether α-tocopherol has the capacity to modulate steady-state sPLA2 transcription levels. Results. Our data indicate that there is overproduction of sPLA2 message, and that α-tocopherol reduces the steady-state levels of sPLA2 mRNA in the remnant kidney. Total PLA2 enzymatic activity from homogenate of the remnant kidney strongly paralleled the Northern data. Conclusion. The results support a possible role of sPLA2 in the renal injury accompanying sudden reduction of renal mass and provide an additional rationale for the potential utility of α-tocopherol in modulating such injury in progressive renal disease.
Greater Endothelial Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness in Men With Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome—A Possible Link to Cardiovascular Disease

Purpose: Men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome have higher self-reported rates of cardiac disease than controls. Peripheral arterial tone abnormalities correlate with cardiac disease and mortality. We studied vascular dysfunction in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and controls.Materials and Methods: A total of 21 men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and 14 asymptomatic controls were tested with an Endo-PAT®2000 machine which assessed the augmentation index, a measure of arterial stiffness, and reactive hyperemia index, a measure of endothelial vasodilation. Symptoms were measured with the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index and patient phenotype was characterized by the UPOINT (Urinary, Psychosocial, Organ Specific, Infection, Neurologic/Systemic, Tenderness of Skeletal Muscles) system. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05.Results: Age was similar in the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome gr...
Ultrafast Electron Crystallography of Phospholipids

The structure and dynamics of monolayer and bilayer (see picture) phospholipids have been studied with spatiotemporal resolutions by ultrafast electron crystallography. The expansion and restructuring of the chains were observed after a femtosecond temperature jump in the substrate, and a transient structural ordering was revealed. The atomic forces were identified to be coherent in the non-equilibrium state of the assembly.
Effect of Cavity Disinfection on Bond Strength to Dentin

The application of a disinfecting step in cavity preparation and tooth restoration is gaining wider acceptance. This study examined the effect of two commercially available disinfecting agents on the shear bond strength to dentin using a fourth generation dentin bonding agent. The agent tested permitted an evaluation of both dry and wet bonding techniques. It was found that the commercial preparations did not adversely affect shear bond strength to dentin in either the dry or wet application.
Spatially Located Platform and Aerial Photography for Documentation of Grazing Impacts on Wheat

Abstract Goose populations that winter in Oregon's Lower Willamette Valley have increased from 25 000 to more than 250 000 birds in the last 25 years, resulting in heavy grazing of wheat and other crops. To map and document the extent and intensity of goose impacts on wheat fields, we combined rectified aerial photography with both globally positioned ground observations and vertical platform photographs. Aerial photos revealed areas of fields with sparse wheat cover while platform photos documented the cause. We estimated wheat cover in ground level photographs by ratioing red, green and blue digital numbers. From platform photographs we recorded occurrence of grazing (from grazed leaf tips), intensity of grazing (from residual plant cover and leaf length), and other indicators of goose use (footprints and droppings). Because the ground photographs were spatially positioned, we could use this information to verify the cause of “thin” wheat. Crop damage from grazing/trampling, water submergence, and other...
What Catholic schools can do about world hunger

The main contribution that Catholic schools can make towards the elimination of world hunger is to help their students understand the problem and then motivate them to assist as best they can once they are out of school. The basic cause of the problem is poverty. The ultimate solution is production of food in the food-deficit nations, or where production is not possible, establishing trade and import links whereby food can be made available.
The Role of Spirituality in Medical School and Psychiatry Residency Education

ABSTRACT The Association of American Medical Colleges recommends addressing and teaching spirituality in the medical curriculum. Stimulated by the competitive awards program of the Templeton Foundation, medical schools and psychiatry residency programs have sought to devise curricula to teach how to take a spiritual history and how to provide spiritually sensitive care. Some of this teaching occurs in a formal learning environment by means of lectures, seminars, and on teaching rounds. However, this form of teaching predominantly affects knowledge about spiritually sensitive care. In order to promote receptive attitudes and to develop clinical skills in learners for incor-porating religion and spirituality into patient care, attention needs to be directed on how to inﬂ uence individualized learning and the “hidden curriculum.” This can be done by experiential learning such as role play, empathy training, observation of role models and participation in chaplaincy rounds. Special clinical environments such as cancer care, geriatric psychiatry, geriatric care clinics or units, palliative care, pedi-atrics, and substance abuse clinics provide rich environments to learn about spiritual issues in patient care. Use of appropriate tools to measure outcomes can provide an evidence base for determining efﬁ cacious teaching about spirituality and religion in patient care. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interchain interactions in poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene)s and the effect of substituents on aggregation

Two poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene)s [PBDTs] with linear and branched substituents have been synthesized as freely soluble polymers using Colon/Kelsey and Suzuki polymerizations (Mn = 6.6–12.7 kDa, DP: 15–29). Polymers with linear substituents show effects due to increased polymer aggregation as evidenced bathochromic spectral bands. The electrochemical results also show the influence of interchain interactions where the aggregate of the linear derivative has oxidative processes at 0.5 V lower potentials than the branched derivative.
Particle acceleration at a pair of parallel shocks near the Sun

A “twin-coronal mass ejection (CME)” scenario has been proposed recently to account for extreme solar energetic particle (SEP) events. In this scenario, two CMEs erupt from the same or nearby active regions within a short period of time. They both drive shocks, and the presence of the first CME-driven shock leads to a more efficient particle acceleration process at the second shock. All Ground Level Enhancement events in solar cycle 23 and many large SEP events support the twin-CME scenario. In a subset of these events, the two CMEs are separated by only a few minutes and particle acceleration is further enhanced due to particles reflecting between the two shocks. Here we examine particle acceleration at a parallel shock pair using a test particle approach. We follow single-particle trajectories using two methods: close to the shock we follow particle's motion by solving the Lorentz equation directly; beyond certain distances, we ignore the gyration degree of freedom of a particle and approximate its motion by its guiding center motion and pitch angle scattering. We do not consider wave generation due to the streaming protons at both shocks. Instead, we assume the background turbulence upstream of the first shock is given and follow its transmission to the downstream of the second shock. Our results show that the intensity of accelerated particles in the shock pair case is significantly enhanced over a single shock case, and the maximum energy obtained in a shock pair system can be a few to 10 times that of a single shock case.
On some challenges and design choices in ad-hoc communications

Ad-hoc networks are network architectures that can be rapidly (ideally immediately) deployed and that do not need to rely on pre-existing infrastructure. The salient feature of this breed of networks is that they can operate in different and differing propagation and network operational conditions, which cannot be predicted during the network design stage. We discuss some of the challenges and choices that need to be made while designing an ad-hoc network. In particular, we address the following three issues: hierarchical vs. flat network architectures, proactive vs. reactive (on demand) routing protocols vs. a hybrid approach, and sensing-based vs. dialog-based medium access control.
The Different Connections and Motor Outputs of Lateral and Medial Giant Fibres in the Crayfish

1. High-speed cinematography was used to analyse the abdominal movements of crayfish in response to separate stimulation of medial and lateral giant axons. These films showed that the medial giant fibres command complete abdominal flexions with little flaring of the tail appendages. The lateral giants, in contrast, evoked a relatively weak flexion of the middle abdominal segments, accompanied by promotion of the exopodites of the uropods. 2. An examination of the muscles activated by the two types of giant fibres shows that differences in the connexions between the giant fibres and specific motor neurones can account for the behavioural differences observed. 3. The output of the giant fibres was determined in the sixth abdominal ganglion, where their differential effects are most pronounced. The medial giants activate motor neurones whose axons emerge from root 6 of the sixth ganglion. The lateral giants activate motor neurones whose axons emerge via roots 2 and 3, as well as those emerging via root 6. 4. The larger motor neurones associated with the giant axons in the sixth root of the sixth ganglion have been mapped by Procion Yellow injection, and the terminations of the central giant axons in the sixth ganglion have also been determined. The connexions revealed by this technique are consistent with the physiological findings. 5. The evidence suggests that root 6 of the sixth ganglion is homologous with root 3 of the more anterior ganglia. However, the giant motor neurone of the sixth ganglion has not been identified. 6. The medial and lateral giant fibres, and perhaps other specific ‘command’ interneurones, can thus drive specific ensembles of phasic motor neurones to provide a range of stereotyped quick movements. In this respect the organization of the phasic system of interneurones and motor neurones resembles that in the tonic system.
Mice expressing reduced levels of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase-α activity do not develop age-related insulin resistance or obesity

Glycogen storage disease type-Ia (GSD-Ia) is caused by a lack of glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) activity. We have shown that gene therapy mediated by a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector expressing human G6Pase-α normalizes blood glucose homeostasis in the global G6pc knockout (G6pc(-/-)) mice for 70-90 weeks. The treated G6pc(-/-) mice expressing 3-63% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity (AAV mice) produce endogenous hepatic glucose levels 61-68% of wild-type littermates, have a leaner phenotype and exhibit fasting blood insulin levels more typical of young adult mice. We now show that unlike wild-type mice, the lean AAV mice have increased caloric intake and do not develop age-related obesity or insulin resistance. Pathway analysis shows that signaling by hepatic carbohydrate response element binding protein that improves glucose tolerance and insulin signaling is activated in AAV mice. In addition, several longevity factors in the calorie restriction pathway, including the NADH shuttle systems, NAD(+) concentrations and the AMP-activated protein kinase/sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α pathway are upregulated in the livers of AAV mice. The finding that partial restoration of hepatic G6Pase-α activity in GSD-Ia mice not only attenuates the phenotype of hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency but also prevents the development of age-related obesity and insulin resistance seen in wild-type mice may suggest relevance of the G6Pase-α enzyme to obesity and diabetes.
Leptin receptor polymorphisms and lung function decline in COPD

Only a fraction of all smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), suggesting a large role for genetic susceptibility. The leptin receptor (LEPR) is present in human lung tissue and may play a role in COPD pathogenesis. The present study examined the association between genetic variants in the LEPR gene and lung function decline in COPD. In total, 429 European Americans were randomly selected from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Lung Health Study. 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LEPR were genotyped using the Illumina TM GoldenGate platform (Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA). Mean annual decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted over the 5-yr period was calculated using linear regression. Linear regression models were also used to adjust for potential confounders. In addition, in vivo expression of the receptor gene was assessed with immunohistochemistry on lungs from smoke-exposed inbred mice. We identified significant associations (p We identified genetic variants in the LEPR gene significantly associated with lung function decline in a population of smokers with COPD. Our results support a role for LEPR as a novel candidate gene for COPD.
BINDING ENERGIES OF HYPERNUCLEI WITH MASS NUMBER A>5,

Further results are presented on the binding energies of hypernuclei of mass numberA>5. The data from 56 \gp{su\t-} of such hypernuclei are combined with the previously existing data. Problems in the identification of the heavier hypernuclei are critically discussed. The possible existence of an isomeric state of7HeΛ as suggested byPniewski andDanysz (2) is considered.
Central and peripheral regulation of food intake and physical activity: pathways and genes

A changing environment and lifestyle on the background of evolutionary engraved and perinatally imprinted physiological response patterns is the foremost explanation for the current obesity epidemic. However, it is not clear what the mechanisms are by which the modern environment overrides the physiological controls of appetite and homeostatic body-weight regulation. Food intake and energy expenditure are controlled by complex, redundant, and distributed neural systems involving thousands of genes and reflecting the fundamental biological importance of adequate nutrient supply and energy balance. There has been much progress in identifying the important role of hypothalamus and caudal brainstem in the various hormonal and neural mechanisms by which the brain informs itself about availability of ingested and stored nutrients and, in turn, generates behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine output. Some of the genes involved in this “homeostatic” regulator are crucial for energy balance as manifested in the well-known monogenic obesity models. However, it can be clearly demonstrated that much larger portions of the nervous system of animals and humans, including the cortex, basal ganglia, and the limbic system, are concerned with the procurement of food as a basic and evolutionarily conserved survival mechanism to defend the lower limits of adiposity. By forming representations and reward expectancies through processes of learning and memory, these systems evolved to engage powerful emotions for guaranteed supply with, and ingestion of, beneficial foods from a sparse and often hostile environment. They are now simply overwhelmed with an abundance of food and food cues no longer contested by predators and interrupted by famines. The anatomy, chemistry, and functions of these elaborate neural systems and their interactions with the “homeostatic” regulator in the hypothalamus are poorly understood, and many of the genes involved are either unknown or not well characterized. This is regrettable because these systems are directly and primarily involved in the interactions of the modern environment and lifestyle with the human body. They are no less “physiological” than metabolic-regulatory mechanisms that have attracted most of the research during the past 15 years.
Personality predictors of longevity: Activity, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness

Objective—To examine the association between personality traits and longevity. Methods—Using the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, personality traits were assessed in 2359 participants (38% women; age: 17 to 98 years, M = 50) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), starting in 1958. Over the duration of the study, 943 (40%) participants died, on average 18 years after their personality assessment. The association of each trait with longevity was examined by Cox regression controlling for demographic variables. Results—In preliminary analyses among the deceased, those who scored one SD above the mean on General Activity (a facet of Extraversion), Emotional Stability (low Neuroticism), or Conscientiousness lived on average two to three years longer than those scoring one SD below the mean. Survival analyses on the full sample confirmed the association of General Activity, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness with lower risk of death, such that every one SD increase was related to about 13%, 15%, and 27% risk reduction, respectively. The association of personality traits with longevity was largely independent from the influence of smoking and obesity. Personality predictors of longevity did not differ by sex, except for Ascendance (a facet of Extraversion). Emotional Stability was a significant predictor when the analyses were limited to deaths due to cardiovascular disease, with comparable effect sizes for General Activity and Conscientiousness. Conclusions—In a large sample of generally healthy individuals followed for almost five decades, longevity was associated with being conscientious, emotionally stable, and active.
Challenges in Anti-Infective Development in the Era of Bad Bugs, No Drugs: A Regulatory Perspective Using the Example of Bloodstream Infection as an Indication

Bloodstream infections present many challenges to clinicians. The number of hospitalized patients with bloodstream infection continues to increase, and the number of newly available antimicrobial agents to treat these particularly lethal infections and many other serious infections continues to decrease. Drug-development programs for bloodstream infection that have adhered to existing regulatory guidelines have not been significantly successful. This article examines the regulatory history of the bloodstream infection indication as an example of the challenges faced by individuals and sponsors developing drugs for treatment of the current spectrum of antimicrobial-resistant infections, with the goal of providing insight into development pathways for agents targeting drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Disease-specific and pathogen-specific indications are discussed, and recent regulatory approvals for bloodstream infection caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are reviewed.
Continuous insufflation of high flows of humidified gas in healthy sheep results in localized damage to tracheal epithelium

Transtracheal administration of oxygen to patients with COFD can effectively reduce chronic hypoxemia, dyspnea and length of hospitalization. Usually the flows of insufflated gas are low, 0.5 1/min up to 3 1/min [1,2]. Insufflation of gas at higher flows (up to 8 1/min) has been demonstrated to reduce the amount of dead space and minute ventilation, while improving arterial PCO2 [3,4]. We assessed the injury to the trachea and lungs of healthy sheep following 48 h of continuous insufflation with humidified gas at high flows.
DBcAMP stimulates vesicle transport and HRP excretion in isolated perfused rat liver

To clarify the effect of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) on the transcytotic vesicle pathway, we measured the biliary excretion of bile acid, phospholipid, and horseradish peroxidase (H...
DNA polymerases in RNA tumor viruses and possible "protoviruses".

A 3-4S DNA polymerase was partially purified from a fraction with endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity isolated from normal chicken embryos. The activity of this 3-4S DNA polymerase was not neutralized either by an antibody prepared against DNA polymerase purified from avian myeloblastosis virus or by an antibody prepared against a 10S DNA polymerase purified from the soluble fraction of chicken embryos. After removal of ribonuclease activity, the 3-4S DNA polymerase could utilize avian RNA tumor virus RNA as a template-primer. The response of this 3-4S DNA polymerase to synthetic template-primers was very similar to that of DNA polymerase from avian sarcoma virus and different from that of soluble chicken DNA polymerase. The existence of a chicken DNA polymerase which can utilize RNA as well as DNA as a template-primer for DNA synthesis suggests that this type of DNA polymerase could play a role in information transfer from RNA to DNA in normal cells, as suggested by the “ protovirus hypothesis. ”
On the Design and Calibration of an Actively Controlled Expansion Hypersonic Wind Tunnel

*† ‡ § ** The Actively Controlled Expansion (ACE) hypersonic wind tunnel facility was deigned to provide continuously variable hypersonic flow conditions over a Mach number range of 5.0 to 7.0. The facility operates in blow-down mode, and the run time is nominally 50 seconds. The nozzle system was designed such that the Mach number can be actively controlled as the tunnel is running. The estimated response time of the flow is on the order of 5-10 milliseconds. The cross-sectional area of the test section is 9.0 inch x 14.0 inch. In this paper, we describe the design and calibration of this new facility.
Empty or Infinitely Full

The concept of infinity and the inability to interchange two or more mathematical operations in the limit situation intrigue and baffle students of mathematics. One example that nicely illustrates these two concepts is found in the second chapter of Sheldon Ross's popular book, A First Course in Probability [1], under the subheading "Probability and a Paradox." Students of engineering and physics generally disavow the paradox quickly and say that the answer (in the second case) is simply wrong; mathematics students are more cautious in coming to a conclusion as they see a valid argument in the answers. In this note we will look into the nature of the problem and give a mathematical explanation of the paradox. Quoting directly from the book, the paradox is as follows.
The Tyranny of Participation in Information Systems: Learning from Development Projects

It often seems that use of participative approaches in the development of information systems (IS) has reached the status of a new orthodoxy: a ‘magic bullet’ technique that is always relevant, always beneficial in trying to overcome the high failure rate of information systems. Yet participation is clearly not so magical in practice and is often beset by problems. This paper sets out to investigate and understand some of these problems. It does so by recognising the parallels between debate on the role and value of participation in information systems development, and debate on the role and value of participation in development projects more generally. These projects aim to deliver development goals and they have frequently involved participation. They therefore provide fertile ground for learning about approaches to information systems development. Participation is seen to fail in such projects because it ignores context; because it is itself ignored; because it ignores reality; and because it ignores other factors. Based on this analysis, a more critical approach to participation in IS projects is suggested, with three critical questions identified that must be answered before participation can be considered.
A gradient projection conjugate gradient algorithm for Bayesian PET reconstruction

In the Bayesian PET reconstruction problem, conjugate gradient (CG) algorithms were previously shown to have more favorable convergence rates than expectation maximization (EM) type algorithms. CG algorithms, however, are not easily applicable because of the non-negativity constraint. Earlier, the authors tackled this problem by augmenting the log-posterior density function with a penalty function, and using an appropriate preconditioner. Here, an active set approach is used which avoids some inherent problems of the penalty function method. This method simultaneously tries to estimate the "zero" variables (active set), and maximizes the cost function in the other variables (free) variables by using the following stages consecutively: (i) an unconstrained CG algorithm in the free variables followed by a bent line search, (ii) a gradient projection step to select a new active set. Using this gradient projection conjugate gradient algorithm, the authors retain fast convergence while avoiding the problem of selecting parameters inherent in their previous penalty function approach. >
Strategies of Public UDAP Enforcement

Laws protecting consumers from unfair and deceptive acts and practices – commonly called “UDAP” laws – have played a stunning role in recent years. As one example, state and federal enforcers plied these laws more than any other to hold individuals and companies accountable for the Great Recession, while chalking-up record payouts. And with the shift in national power, the spotlight shows no signs of dimming. Given the outsized role these statutes play, critics have directed their sights on both the laws and the enforcers who wield them. Missing from this debate, however, is an account of the actual conduct of UDAP enforcement in America. How do public UDAP enforcers exercise their considerable discretion? This article examines every UDAP matter resolved by state and federal enforcers in 2014 and presents the initial results of the first comprehensive empirical study of public UDAP enforcement. Across a range of attributes, public UDAP enforcement varies while also revealing clear patterns. We organize the data to show how enforcers employ distinct strategies. The two main federal enforcers adopt sharply different approaches, especially regarding targets and relief. The state enforcers divide into seven distinct strategies, distinguished not only by case variables, but also by case quantity and leadership in multi-enforcer actions. The picture that emerges should shape the policy and scholarly debate on public UDAP enforcement and help optimize the work of public enforcers.
A biochemical and biological analysis of Myc superfamily interactions

Members of the myc family of nuclear proto-oncogenes (c-, N- and L-myc) play central roles in the control of normal growth and development and in genetic pathways linked to cellular transformation and apoptotic cell death (for reviews see [19, 40]). Accumulating structural, biochemical, and genetic evidence affords the view that the function of Myc family oncoproteins in these diverse processes relates in part to their roles as sequence-specific transcription factors (for reviews see [31, 58]). Myc family proteins possess a multi-functional amino-terminal domain with transactivation potential [32], a region rich in basic amino acid residues responsible for sequence-specific DNA binding activity to the E-box consensus CACGTG [8], and a carboxy-terminal α-helical domain required for dimerization with another basic region helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper (bHLH/LZ) protein, Max [9, 43]. Many of the biochemical and biological activities of Myc appear to be highly dependent upon its association with Max [1, 2, 9, 35, 43). In addition to its key role as an obligate partner in transactivation-competent Myc/Max complexes, Max may also repress Myc-responsive genes through the formation of transactivation-inert complexes that are capable of binding the Myc/Max recognition sequence [5, 10, 33, 35, 39, 41, 44, 65]. These complexes include Max/Max homodimers, and the heterodimers Mad/Max [5, 29] and Mxil/Max [65].
Psyche’s imperative: recollections of Leland Roloff the teacher

ABSTRACTThis personal essay explores Leland Roloff’s influence on the author, who was an undergraduate advisee near the end of Roloff’s teaching career. For a student intent on becoming both an aca...
Mitigating Cation Diffusion Limitations and Intercalation-Induced Framework Transitions in a 1D Tunnel-Structured Polymorph of V2O5

The design of cathodes for intercalation batteries requires consideration of both atomistic and electronic structure to facilitate redox at specific transition metal sites along with the concomitant diffusion of cations and electrons. Cation intercalation often brings about energy dissipative phase transformations that give rise to substantial intercalation gradients as well as multiscale phase and strain inhomogeneities. The layered α-V2O5 phase is considered to be a classical intercalation host but is plagued by sluggish diffusion kinetics and a series of intercalation-induced phase transitions that require considerable lattice distortion. Here, we demonstrate that a 1D tunnel-structured ζ-phase polymorph of V2O5 provides a stark study in contrast and can reversibly accommodate Li-ions without a large distortion of the structural framework and with substantial mitigation of polaronic confinement. Entirely homogeneous lithiation is evidenced across multiple cathode particles (in contrast to α-V2O5 partic...
The importance of being urgent: The impact of surveillance target and scale on mosquito-borne disease control.

Abstract With the emergence or re-emergence of numerous mosquito-borne diseases in recent years, effective methods for emergency vector control responses are necessary to reduce human infections. Current vector control practices often vary significantly between different jurisdictions, and are executed independently and at different spatial scales. Various types of surveillance information (e.g. number of human infections or adult mosquitoes) trigger the implementation of control measures, though the target and scale of surveillance vary locally. This patchy implementation of control measures likely alters the efficacy of control. We modeled six different scenarios, with larval mosquito control occurring in response to surveillance data of different types and at different scales (e.g. across the landscape or in each patch). Our results indicate that: earlier application of larvicide after an escalation of disease risk achieves much greater reductions in human infections than later control implementation; uniform control across the landscape provides better outbreak mitigation than patchy control application; and different types of surveillance data require different levels of sensitivity in their collection to effectively inform control measures. Our simulations also demonstrate a potential logical fallacy of reactive, surveillance-driven vector control: measures stop being implemented as soon as they are deemed effective. This false sense of security leads to patchier control efforts that will do little to curb the size of future vector-borne disease outbreaks. More investment should be placed in collecting high quality information that can trigger early and uniform implementation, while researchers work to discover more informative metrics of human risk to trigger more effective control.
The independent effect of emergency general surgery on outcomes varies depending on case type: A NSQIP outcomes study.

Abstract Background Emergency general surgery (EGS) is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality, and seven procedures account for 80% of the National burden of operative EGS. We aimed to characterize the excess morbidity and mortality attributable to these procedures based on the level of procedural risk. Methods Retrospective analysis of the ACS National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (ACS-NSQIP) database. (2005–2014). Seven EGS procedures were stratified as high risk and low risk. Primary outcomes were overall mortality, overall morbidity, major morbidity. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. Results There were 619,174 patients identified. Comparing EGS to non-EGS in high-risk cases the OR for overall mortality was 1.39(1.33,1.45), overall morbidity 1.07 (0.98, 1.16), and major morbidity 1.15(1.03,1,27). In low-risk cases the OR for overall mortality was 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) overall morbidity 1.35 (1.23, 1.48), and major morbidity 2.18(1.90, 2.50). Conclusions Using a Nationally representative clinical database we identified significant heterogeneity in the outcomes of EGS depending on procedural risk. Risk stratification and benchmarking strategies need to account for the inherent heterogeneity of EGS.
Alien Reasoning: Is a Major Change in Scientific Research Underway?

Are we entering a major new phase of modern science, one in which our standard, human modes of reasoning and understanding, including heuristics, have decreasing value? The new methods challenge human intelligibility. The digital revolution (deep connectionist machine learning, big data, cloud computing, simulation, etc.) inspires such claims, but they are not new. During several historical periods, scientific progress has challenged traditional concepts of reasoning and rationality, intelligence and intelligibility, explanation and knowledge. The increasing intelligence of machine learning and networking is a deliberately sought, somewhat alien intelligence. As such, it challenges the traditional, heuristic foresight of expert researchers. Nonetheless, science remains human-centered in important ways—and yet many of our ordinary human epistemic activities are alien to ourselves. This fact has always been the source of “the discovery problem”. It generalizes to the problem of understanding expert scientific practice. Ironically, scientific progress plunges us ever deeper into complexities beyond our grasp. But how is progress possible without traditional realism and the intelligibility realism requires? Pragmatic flexibility offers an answer.
Gain Characterization and Parameter Extraction of 1.3 μm InAs Quantum Dot Lasers on Silicon

We report the current and wavelength dependence of gain and transparency current for a variety of quantum dot laser structures. The dependence on number of quantum dot layers and templates for growth are reported.
Decision Support of Mental Model Formation in the Self-regulation Process of Goal-Directed Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty

This paper considers the motivational approach to decision-making in problems of uncertainty from the position of the psychological theory of SSAT. Illustrated throughout the paper is the notion of how the use of the major provisions of this theory, related to the concepts of goals, self-regulation, positive feedback, etc., helps in understanding the deeper mechanisms of decision-making and in creating effective systems for their computer support. Instead of the traditionally used approach, the paper proposes that when the solution of the problem is preceded by the construction of its mathematical model, it is better to use a fundamentally different approach to modeling, such as when the mental decision-making model is constructed by the subject himself in the process of solving the problem under consideration. If the solution of the problem is determined by a previously-constructed mathematical model at the first approach, then at the second approach, the solution depends on a mental model, which may not even be fully acknowledged by the subject. This paper describes the Motivation Evaluation Process for solving a problem and the Performance Evaluation Process with decision support for making a decision.
Linear Analysis of Field Problems

In certain cases, a thermal analysis is followed by a stress analysis in order to evaluate the structural integrity of the component under the given thermal conditions. In a typical heat transfer problem, the goal is to obtain certain thermal quantities within a body under a specific set of boundary conditions. These quantities include: temperatures, thermal fluxes and gradients, and the amount of heat dissipated. There are two main types of thermal analyses:
Multi-scale deep tensor factorization learns a latent representation of the human epigenome

The human epigenome has been experimentally characterized by measurements of protein binding, chromatin acessibility, methylation, and histone modification in hundreds of cell types. The result is a huge compendium of data, consisting of thousands of measurements for every basepair in the human genome. These data are difficult to make sense of, not only for humans, but also for computational methods that aim to detect genes and other functional elements, predict gene expression, characterize polymorphisms, etc. To address this challenge, we propose a deep neural network tensor factorization method, Avocado, that compresses epigenomic data into a dense, information-rich representation of the human genome. We use data from the Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium to demonstrate that this learned representation of the genome is broadly useful: first, by imputing epigenomic data more accurately than previous methods, and second, by showing that machine learning models that exploit this representation outperform those trained directly on epigenomic data on a variety of genomics tasks. These tasks include predicting gene expression, promoter-enhancer interactions, and elements of 3D chromatin architecture. Our findings suggest the broad utility of Avocado9s learned latent representation for computational genomics and epigenomics.
An Equilibrium Point based Model Unifying Movement Control in Humanoids.

Despite all the dynamics methods effectively used in robotics control, few tackle the intricacies of the human musculoskeletal system itself. During movements, a huge amount of energy can be stored passively in the biomechanics of the muscle system. Controlling such a system in a way that takes advantage of the stored energy has lead to the Equilibrium-point hypothesis (EPH). In this paper, we propose a two-phase model based on the EPH. Our model is simple and general enough to be extended to various motions over all body parts. In the first phase, gradient descent is used to obtain one kinematics endpoint in joint space, given a task in Cartesian space. In the second phase where the movements are actually executed, we use damped springs to simulate muscles to drive the limb joints. The model is demonstrated by a humanoid doing walking, reaching, and grasping.
Memory and inference

A set of general knowledge structure manipulation primitives is proposed. These processing elements largely eliminate the need for a separate theory of inference. The elements are presented in terms of an abstract characterization of the understanding task. The processing theory is given as a particular realisation of this characterization.
Role of Monoamines in Seizure Predisposition in the Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rat

The genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR) is proving to be a useful model of the human epilepsies. Seizure predisposition in these animals is partially determined by widespread noradrenergic and serotonergic deficits in the brain. Drug-induced perturbations of these neurotransmitter systems cause predictable changes in seizure severity and/or susceptibility. Anticonvulsant effects occur in response to drugs or procedures which increase noradrenergic and/or serotonergic activity in the brain. In contrast, proconvulsant effects occur in response to interventions which substantially diminish either or both types of neurotransmission. Inhibition of norepinephrine synthesis alone does not exacerbate seizure activity in the GEPR. However, inhibition of synthesis either at the tyrosine hydroxylase step or the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase step prolongs seizure facilitating effects of drugs which inactivate norepinephrine storage vesicles. Synthesis inhibition also interacts with norepinephrine release produced by cold-induced stress or false transmitter-induced displacement to cause seizure facilitation. Some precursors to norepinephrine and serotonin are among the pharmacologic agents which produce anticonvulsant effects in the GEPR. The norepinephrine precursors, L-DOPA and dopamine, lose anticonvulsant effectiveness if conversion to norepinephrine is prohibited by synthesis inhibitors. Aspartame, an agent which can increase plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations, fails to facilitate or suppress sound-induced seizures in GEPRs even when doses are as high as 2000 mg/kg. Since in some circumstances phenylalanine can act as a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor and because tyrosine serves as the major dietary precursor to norepinephrine, an effect of large doses of aspartame on noradrenergic transmission might be hypothesized. However, our observations using the GEPR suggest that any possible effects of large aspartame doses on brain noradrenergic and serotonergic activity are functionally insignificant as determinants of seizure predisposition. These initial tests suggest that dietary aspartame has little or no risk of facilitating convulsions in subjects with seizure predisposition dependent upon innate noradrenergic and serotonergic deficits.
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Rehabilitation for Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Preliminary Report:

Vestibular rehabilitation (VR) is increasingly popular, but few data exist to support enthusiasts' claims of efficacy in improving functional abilities of patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH). A double-blind, controlled study of eight subjects (mean, 64 +/- 12 years; seven females, one male) with bilateral vestibular hypofunction was conducted. Subjects in group A received 8 weeks of VR followed by 8 weeks of home VR exercises, whereas those in group B received 8 weeks of control treatment (isometric strengthening exercises) followed by 8 weeks of VR. At the end of 8 weeks, group A walked 8% faster and, during paced gait and stair-climbing, with greater stability, evidenced by a 10% larger maximum moment arm and a 17% decreased double-support duration during gait and stair stance. Group B improved less than 1% during the control treatment. Self-reported Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores did not differ significantly between control and active VR. All subjects improved compared with baseline tests at the 16-week post-test on both functional testing and on the Self-reported Dizziness Handicap Inventory scale. We conclude that in this small sample, VR effectively improved functional, dynamic stability during locomotion, but even strengthening exercises result in self-reported symptomatic improvement.
Neighborhood quality in environmentally stressed areas of Accra, Ghana: a comparison with US counterparts

A sample of 873 residents of Accra, Ghana, stratified by type of neighborhood was gathered in order to measure the association of poor neighborhood quality with neighborhood problems and residents' personal characteristics. Strong associations were found with poor schools, physical blight, rowdy and criminal behavior, ethnic differences, and environmental problems. In addition, poor neighborhood quality was strongly associated with mistrust of authority and a feeling of a lack of control over neighborhood activities. Respondents identified road, street, drainage, sewage, and other infrastructure deficiencies as priorities to address, even though these were not prominent discriminators of neighborhood quality ratings. Many of these findings are common to counterparts in the US, but some findings appear to reflect cultural and differences in urbanization.