cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coadsorption of methyl radicals and oxygen on Rh(1 1 1)

The chemisorption of CH3 on Rh(1 1 1) is studied to understand the origin of the weakened symmetric stretch mode. A few different explanations for this weakened mode have been suggested in previous studies. These include C–H bond depletion and donation into C–H anti-bond orbitals either in an upright or tilted geometry. We investigate these possibilities by performing first-principles density functional calculations. Our results show strong adsorption at all high-symmetry sites with methyl in two possible orientations. A thorough analysis of the adsorption geometry shows that C3v symmetry is preferred over a tilted species, ruling out tilting as a mechanism for C–H mode softening. Evidence of a multi-center bond between methyl and the surface rhodium atoms (similar to the kind shown recently by Michaelides and Hu for methyl on Ni(1 1 1)) is presented, showing that C–H bond depletion is the cause of mode-softening for methyl on Rh(1 1 1). Experimental results have shown that mode-softening diminishes when an electronegative species is coadsorbed, suggesting that donation into C–H anti-bonding orbitals is the mechanism for mode-softening. We therefore examine the coadsorption of oxygen and methyl on Rh(1 1 1). Our results suggest a new model for the effect of O on CH3. Analysis of charge density differences shows that the dominant initial effects of O coadsorption are the removal of charge from the C-surface bond and the transfer of charge to the C–H bond. Subsequent increase of the H–Rh distance further reduces mode softening. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Density Functional Theory Study of the Reaction Mechanism for Competitive Carbon−Hydrogen and Carbon−Halogen Bond Activations Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes†

Carbon−hydrogen and carbon−halogen bond activations between halobenzenes and metal centers were studied by density functional theory with the nonempirical meta-GGA Tao−Perdew−Staroverov−Scuseria functional and an all-electron correlation-consistent polarized valence double-ζ basis set. Our calculations demonstrate that the hydrogen on the metal center and halogen in halobenzene could exchange directly through a kite-shaped transition state. Transition states with this structure were previously predicted to have high energy barriers (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 279), and this prediction misled others in proposing a mechanism for their recent experimental study (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 3303). Furthermore, other halo−carbon activation pathways were found in the detailed mechanism for the competitive reactions between cationic titanium hydride complex [Cp*(tBu3P═N)TiH]+ and chlorobenzene under different pressure of H2. These pathways include the ortho-C−H and Ti−H bond activations for the formation and ...
Is Arginine Charged in a Membrane

“Charged” amino acids play countless important roles in protein structure and function. Yet when these side chains come into contact with membranes we do not fully understand their behavior. This is highlighted by a recent model of voltage-gated ion channel activity and translocon-based experiments that suggest small penalties to expose these side chains to lipids, opposing the prevailing view in membrane biophysics. Here we employ a side chain analog as well as a transmembrane helix model to determine the free energy as a function of protonation state and position for a lipid-exposed arginine (Arg) residue across a membrane. We observe high free energy barriers for both the charged and neutral states. Due to the stabilizing influence of membrane deformations for the protonated form, the Arg side chain experiences a pKa shift of ≤4.5 units and remains mostly protonated. The cost for exposing Arg to lipid hydrocarbon is prohibitively high with implications for many membrane translocating processes and the activation mechanisms of voltage-gated ion channels.
WATER DIURESIS AND WATER INTOXICATION IN RELATION TO THE ADRENAL CORTEX1

ROWNTREE and coworkers (1926) first described the syndrome of water intoxication. Further studies have included those of Underhill and Sallick, 1925; Misawa, 1927; Harding and Harris, 1930; Smith, Deamer and Phatak, 1933; Helwig, Schutz and Curry, 1935; and Davis, 1935. Hydration, particularly of the central nervous system, resulting from excess water in the presence of depleted plasma electrolytes has usually been suggested as the cause of the major symptoms, but many details are not clear. Several reports of full-fledged water intoxication or toxic over-hydration, aside from the commonly known condition of heat cramps, have appeared in the clinical literature (Helwig et al., 1935; Trusler, Egbert and Williams, 1939; Brown, Clark, Jones, Walther and Warren, 1943), and in various pathological states is easy to produce (de Takats, 1931; Miller and Williams, 1921).
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN AVIAN SLOW MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN GENE EXPRESSED DURING EMBRYONIC SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER FORMATION

We have isolated and begun characterization of the quail slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) 3 gene, the first reported avian slow MyHC gene. Expression of slow MyHC 3 in skeletal muscle is restricted to the embryonic period of development, when the fiber pattern of future fast and slow muscle is established. In embryonic hindlimb development, slow MyHC 3 gene expression coincides with slow muscle fiber formation as distinguished by slow MyHC-specific antibody staining. In addition to expression in embryonic appendicular muscle, slow MyHC 3 is expressed continuously in the atria. Transfection of slow MyHC 3 promoter-reporter constructs into embryonic myoblasts that form slow MyHC-expressing fibers identified two regions regulating expression of this gene in skeletal muscle. The proximal promoter, containing potential muscle-specific regulatory motifs, permits expression of a reporter gene in embryonic slow muscle fibers, while a distal element, located greater than 2600 base pairs upstream, further enhances expression 3-fold. The slow muscle fiber-restricted expression of slow MyHC 3 during embryonic development, and expression of slow MyHC 3 promoter-reporter constructs in embryonic muscle fibers in vitro, makes this gene a useful marker to study the mechanism establishing the slow fiber lineage in the embryo.
The fine structure of neurons and synapses in the entopeduncular nucleus of the cat.

Cat brains were fixed by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde and the entopeduncular nucleus was examined by electron microscopy. The fine structure of most neurons in this region does not significantly differ from earlier descriptions of large neurons. Distinctive features of perikarya and dendrites include juxtanuclear Nissl bodies, unique lamellar configurations composed of agranular cisternae separated by thin layers of dense granular matrix and continuous with the granular endoplasmic reticulum, localized swellings of dendrites, and dendritic branchlets or gemmules which invaginate a single nerve terminal. Cell surfaces are ensheathed by interdigitating nerve terminals and glial lamellae. Two types of endings are distinguished on the basis of their diameter and the size of their synaptic vesicles. Further division depends on distribution of the vesicles within a terminal, where the synapses occur, and the presence of postsynaptic bodies. Most terminals are about one micron and contain closely packed synaptic vesicles measuring 515 A (S. D. 72.7 A). Larger terminals containing fewer smaller (312 A) synaptic vesicles and neurofilaments or neurotubules near the periphery have been interpreted as boutons-en-passage. It is suggested that different afferent projections end in a similar manner on restricted portions of the neuronal surfaces in the entopeduncular nucleus.
Interaction of Toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae with Phagocytes from Susceptible and Resistant Species

The interaction of the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae with leukocytes from sensitive and resistant animal species was examined by determining the ability of toxin to inhibit protein synthesis by several types of phagocytic cell. Small amounts of toxin (25 minimal lethal doses) impaired protein synthesis in both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells from humans and guinea pigs, whereas large amounts (2,000 minimal lethal doses) were required for minimal inhibition of mouse phagocytes. Peritoneal macrophages from hyperimmunized guinea pigs exhibited the same high degree of sensitivity to diphtheria toxin as did those from unimmunized animals. Prolonged incubation with toxin resulted in a 75% reduction in phagocytosis of polystyrene latex spheres but had no effect on transport of the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose by guinea pig macrophages. Thus phagocytic cells, although they are endowed with a high level of phagocytic cell appear to reflect the native resistance or sensitivity of the host species of origin.
Nitrogen pollution of stormwater ponds: Potential for toxic effects on amphibian embryos and larvae

Runoff from impervious surfaces associated with areas of residential, commercial and industrial development is commonly managed through the construction of stormwater ponds that are designed to slow runoff and reduce pollutant inputs to streams. It has been suggested that stormwater ponds may also provide habitat for wildlife. However, wildlife attracted to ponds may be exposed to pollutants entering ponds in runoff. To assess the potential toxicity of nitrogen pollution of stormwater ponds to pond-breeding amphibians we monitored nitrogen levels in waters of eleven ponds in Baltimore County, Maryland. Levels of NH 3 , NO − 2 and NO − 3 exceeded lowest sublethal effects concentrations reported in the literature in <2% of the water samples collected, and when relatively high concentrations did occur they were restricted to only a portion of the pond. Water sampling during and following rain events also indicated little input of nitrogen to stormwater ponds through runoff. While the number of amphibians recorded at ponds varied from three to six species, there was no relationship between nitrogen levels and amphibian occurrence at ponds. Overall, nitrogen pollution of stormwater ponds in our study area appears to represent little or no direct risk to developing embryos and larvae of pond-breeding amphibians, although indirect effects and interaction of inorganic nitrogen with other pollutants warrant further investigation.
Computer models of social processes: the case of migration.

The demographic model is a program for representing births, deaths, migration, and social mobility as social processes in a non-stationary stochastic process (Markovian). Transition probabilities for each age group are stored and then retrieved at the next appearance of that age cohort. In this way new transition probabilities can be calculated as a function of the old transition probabilities and of two successive distribution vectors.
Development of an Open Path Laser Ignition System for a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine: Part 2 — Single Cylinder Demonstration

Using a laser, as opposed to a conventional (electrical) spark plug, to create a combustion initiating spark is potentially advantageous for several reasons: flexibility in choosing and optimizing the spark location, in particular to move the spark away from solid heat sinks; production of a more robust spark containing more energy; and obviation of electrode erosion problems. In this paper we present the on-engine test results of the laser ignition system on a large bore natural gas engine. Test results include: mass fraction burn duration, hydrocarbon emissions data, and combustion stability comparisons to the conventional spark plug ignition system. Design and spark location considerations for the laser ignition system were presented in the first paper of this two-paper series.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Pneumococcal pneumonia in Rhode Island: Implications for vaccine use

Summary To examine the epidemiology of pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) in Rhode Island State, the 342 hospital charts coded for lobar or pneumococcal pneumonia in 1976 were reviewed. Of these, only 22 per cent were found to have confirmed PP while 62 per cent had possible PP. The frequency of diagnostic procedures varied markedly among hospitals. Chronically ill and nursing home populations of all ages have rates of confirmed hospitalised PP about elevenfold that of healthy populations. This and the relatively low rates found for healthy elderly individuals suggest that pneumococcal vaccine use is likely to be of considerable benefit only for the chronically ill.
Effect of insulin on feed intake and reproductive performance of well-nourished nulliparous ewes.

Eighty-four nulliparous ewes were used to examine the effect of short-term insulin treatment on feed intake and reproductive performance. Following estrus synchronization, ewes were observed for estrus (= Day 0) and were penned individually beginning on Day 7. Ewes were fed twice daily and feed intake was recorded. On Days 9 through 13, ewes were treated s.c. with 1 IU/kg BW insulin (n = 44) or an equivalent volume of saline (n = 40). On Day 14, ewes were placed with fertile rams and number of ewes in estrus (bred) was recorded. Thirty days post-breeding, ewes were checked for pregnancy via ultrasonography. Feed intake and percentage of ewes in estrus did not differ between saline- and insulin-treated ewes. Similarly, neither pregnancy rate (69 +/- 8.7% vs. 80 +/- 8.1%, respectively) nor lambing rate (61 +/- 8.9% vs. 78 +/- 8.4%, respectively) differed between treatments. The number of lambs born per ewe was, however influenced by a breed-group effect (P < 0.0002). Romanov ewes had more (P < 0.001) lambs than the other breed groups in the study. Therefore, treating well-nourished, nulliparous ewe lambs with insulin did not increase reproductive efficiency, possibly because the ewes were already at a maximal nutritional and/or reproductive state.
Frequency of monitoring, non-adherence, and other topics dear to an anticoagulation clinic provider

Historically, there has been limited data informing practical matters encountered in day-to-day warfarin management. Several studies have recently explored topics that address several of these gaps in the literature. Extending INR recheck intervals to 12 weeks is feasible with comparable time-in-therapeutic range compared to traditional 4 week intervals. Patients more likely to maintain stable anticoagulation are older, have an INR target of 2-3 (versus higher targets), and do not have heart failure. Unsurprisingly, non-adherence with reliably taking warfarin is associated with poor anticoagulation control. In addition, non-adherence with INR monitoring is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism. Evidence-based interventions to improve adherence are lacking. When managing a modestly out of range INR value in previously stable warfarin patients, providers have a few options: 1) change the maintenance warfarin dose, 2) give a one-time dose adjustment, followed by resumption of the previous warfarin dose, or 3) continue the same warfarin dose with no adjustment. Each of these options can be successful, particularly when paired with increased INR monitoring. Bridging with low-molecular-weight heparin for a single subtherapeutic INR is not warranted for most patients. The 9th edition of the American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis chapter "Evidence-Based Management of Anticoagulant Therapy" reviews these and many new and practical recommendations for anticoagulation clinic providers.
Experimental demonstration of direct-detection quaternary differential polarisation-phase-shift keying with electrical multilevel decision

Direct-detection quaternary differential polarisation-phase-shift keying (DPolPSK) has been experimentally demonstrated for optical communications. DPolPSK encodes information on both the polarisation and phase of lightwave. The polarisation-phase symbols are decoded using optical interferometric demodulation and electrical multilevel decision; no dynamic optical polarisation control is required at the receiver. In the experiment, 20 Gbit/s quaternary DPolPSK was transmitted through 3 x 80 km standard singlemode fibre with a measured BER of less than 10 -11 .
THE HETERONORMATIVE CLASSROOM: QUESTIONING AND LIBERATING PRACTICES

This article is a critical examination of the ideologies and practices that educators bring to bear on their classrooms in order to create inclusive, safe, and welcoming environments for all children, but particularly for children with gender variant behaviors and interests. Using a feminist perspective, this article offers a new conceptual lens with which to examine classroom practices that reinforce the heteronormative classroom and, as such, restrict and constrain alternate forms of gender expression. We contend that children with gender variant behaviors and interests are not an alternate or pathogenic form of masculinity or femininity, but rather a healthy expression of a gender continuum. In order to support and nurture these expressions of gender, educators must be able to interrogate their own biases and how they manifest themselves in the language, processes, and expectations in and of their classrooms. In this way, they can create learning environments in which gender is a dynamic and elaborated...
Middle English Translations of Medieval Encyclopedias

A medieval encyclopedia was an educational text describing the natural and human worlds that was used primarily within an institutional setting such as a monastery, cathedral school, or university. A few encyclopedias were also sources for exempla used in medieval sermons both in Latin and in the vernacular languages. Only two such encyclopedias were translated into English: Bartholomaeus Anglicus’s De proprietatibus rerum was translated by John Trevisa in 1398/9, and a French version of Honorius Augustodunensis’s Imago mundi made by Gossouin of Metz in 1245–50 was translated by William Caxton as Mirrour of the World (printed 1480/1481 and 1490). These are both popular translations that render their originals rather literally than freely. Trevisa’s technique preserves the Latin terminology of the original, which suggests that his translation is meant to speed up searching for the English reader while it preserves the key terms of Bartholomaeus’s Latin. Caxton’s technique is to anglicize the original thoroughly, down to place-names and local color, while he also expands his original somewhat via his stylistic preference for restatement in doublets and triplets.
Sustainability and beyond

Abstract In this paper I discuss both the limitations and possible uses of the sustainability discourse. I begin by convassing various conceptions of sustainability and sketching some difficulties with the notions that have been introduced. Next some possible uses of the idea of sustainability are identified. I go on to discuss these in the context of disputes over public lands in the United States. Finally I say why we must go beyond sustainability if we are successfully to address the present disorder regarding the human relationship to nature.
Prospective inter-relationships between late adolescent personality and major depressive disorder in early adulthood.

Depressive disorders are a major public health concern (see Kessler, 2012; Sartorius, 2001; Ustun et al., 2004). Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most frequently occurring psychiatric disorders (16.6% lifetime prevalence; Kessler et al., 2005), and has tremendous negative implications for functioning and quality of life, including concurrent and prospective associations with impaired interpersonal relationships, academic and occupational functioning, and physical health (Kessler, 2012). Given its pervasive and deleterious consequences, extensive research has sought to identify factors that confer risk for developing MDD or influence its course and severity (see Burcusa & Iacono, 2007). One particularly promising approach has been investigation of associations between individual differences in personality and MDD (see Clark, 2005; Tackett, 2006). In the present study, we examined prospectively interrelationships between late adolescent personality and MDD in early adulthood, and considered whether personality trait trajectories during this period differed as a function of the timing (adolescent- versus adult-onset) and course (chronic/recurrent versus remitting) of MDD.
Bondi-Sachs energy-momentum for the constant mean extrinsic curvature initial value problem

The constraints on the asymptotic behavior of the conformal factor and conformal extrinsic curvature imposed by the initial value equations of general relativity on constant mean extrinsic curvature (CMC) hypersurfaces are analyzed in detail. We derive explicit formulas for the Bondi-Sachs energy and momentum in terms of coefficients of asymptotic expansions on CMC hypersurfaces near future null infinity. Precise numerical results for the Bondi-Sachs energy, momentum, and angular momentum are used to interpret physically Bowen-York initial data on conformally flat CMC hypersurfaces similar to that calculated earlier by Buchman et al. [ L. T. Buchman, H. P. Pfeiffer and J. M. Bardeen Phys. Rev. D 80 084024-1 (2009)].
A correlation between chytrid abundance and ecological integrity in New Jersey pine barrens waters.

Zoosporic fungi (chytrid) abundance, as captured on pollen bait, was significantly higher in pristine sites than impacted sites in a survey of six water bodies of varying ecological integrity (as categorized by the NJ Pinelands Commission) in the New Jersey pine barrens (USA). Using a series of laboratory manipulations of water from a pristine and an impacted site, altered pH appeared to be the primary driver of zoosporic fungi abundance in the field. Increasing pH of the naturally acid water of the pine barrens, significantly reduced zoosporic fungal populations and a reduction of pH of impacted water ameliorated conditions and increased abundance. The addition of nitrogen or phosphorus to, or an increase in specific conductance of, pristine water reduced zoosporic fungal abundance, but a reduction in these parameters in impacted water did not induce restoration of zoosporic fungi. These results show zoosporic fungi have potential as bioindicators of pollution.
Hepatocellular cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic tumors of the liver

Development of an issue for the Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America is initiated by defining an area of need and interest. Interest in the treatment of liver tumors has expanded logarithmically in the past ten years. The current needs are exemplified by what was a rare presentation at a specialty society meeting two decades ago and has morphed into a highly sought-after section at virtually every meeting in oncology. To identify the most timely and knowledgeable authors for each article, I reviewed the prior year’s literature and specialty society meetings, seeking those with recognized expertise and high-quality presentations and writing skills. While liver tumors, primary and metastatic, are approached in multidisciplinary motifs, the wide variety of treatments, procedures, and operations further increases the variability of the potential therapeutic plans. Several features of the liver play strongly into the approaches: its association of viral-induced carcinogenesis, dual inflow blood supply, central role in drug metabolism, critical synthetic functions, large functional reserve, and, most remarkably, the unique function of cellular regeneration. This issue guides the reader through several aspects of primary (hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma) and metastatic tumors to the liver (directed mostly at colorectal cancer as the primary with a nod to selected other primary sites). The issue starts with the epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma with special emphasis on viral induction. It then moves to imaging with a description of the imaging modality, contrast agents utilized, technique, and cancer-specific interpretive methodology. The introductory articles conclude with a prognostic and risk assessment article to provide prospective for the following articles on specific interventions and techniques. Leaving no stone unturned, the balance of the issue reviews the discreet surgical, interventional radiologic, and chemotherapeutic modalities. While each and every individual article discussing a therapeutic intervention delineates the indications and
Part III: Class IC Antiarrhythmic Drugs—A Review of Their Pharmacokinetics, Electrophysiology, Efficacy, and Toxicity*

Class 1A agents share the electrophysiologic property of slmuing of Vmax of phase 0 of the action potential and moderate prolongation of the action potential duration and refractoriness. Their electrocardiographic effect in therapeutic doses is to prolong the QTc. interval due to prolongation of the JTc interval. The PR and QRS intervals are not prolonged in therapeutic doses. This group of agents contains the standard antiarrhythmic agents released prior to 1984. The older drugs in this group wilt be reviewed only briefly in this report. Their effect on suppression of ventricular ectopic depolarizations will be reviewed for comparison with the newer agents.
Aerosol modulation of atmospheric and surface solar heating over the tropical Indian Ocean

The major finding of this study is that aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean enhance clear sky atmospheric solar heating significantly and decrease the surface solar heating by even a larger amount. The results presented here are based on aerosol chemical, microphysical, and optical and radiometric data collected at the island of Kaashidhoo (4.97°N, 73.47°E) during February and March of 1998, as part of the first field phase of the Indian Ocean experiment (INDOEX). The aerosol optical properties were integrated with a multiple scattering Monte Carlo radiative transfer model which was validated at the surface with broadband flux measurements and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) with the clouds and earth's radiant energy system (CERES) radiation budget measurements. We consider both externally and internally mixed aerosol models with very little difference between the two models in the estimated forcing. For the February–March period, the aerosols increase the monthly mean clear sky atmospheric solar heating by about 12 W/m 2 (about 15% of the total atmospheric solar heating) and decrease the sea surface clear sky solar heating by about 16 W/m 2 with a daily range from 5 to 23 W/m 2 . The net aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere is about −4 W/m 2 with a daily range from −2 to −6 W/m 2 . Although the soot contributes only about 10% to the aerosol optical thickness, it contributes more than 50% to the aerosol induced atmospheric solar heating. The fundamental conclusion of this study is that anthropogenic aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean are altering the clear sky radiation budget of the atmosphere and surface in a major manner. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.d01-4.x
Assessing awareness of colorectal cancer symptoms and screening in a peripheral colorectal surgical unit: a survey based study

The National Screening Program for colorectal cancer is scheduled to commence in the near future. Previous studies on the topic of colorectal cancer and screening have highlighted paucity in public awareness of epidemiology, symptoms and signs of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess understanding of colorectal cancer and screening in a representative sample of the local catchment population of Mayo General Hospital. A prospective cohort study was instituted utilising an anonymous survey, which was distributed at consecutive general surgical out-patient clinics over a one month period prior to initiation of the screening program. Data collected included demographics, presenting complaint type and duration, and general knowledge of colorectal cancer facts. Attitudes towards screening were also evaluated. Eighty-eight of the one hundred and thirty six patients sampled were female (65%). Thirty-six per cent of the sample was within the screening target age-group (55–74), with mean age 53years (+/−18). Most respondents recognised bleeding per rectum as a possible symptom of colorectal cancer. A significant proportion, however, incorrectly selected less sinister symptoms as concerning, while only fifty per cent correctly cited weight loss. Family history was acknowledged as a risk factor by fifty-seven per cent with age and gender cited less often (29%, 4%), while forty-seven per cent incorrectly cited stress as a risk. Screening was defined as testing of symptomatic patients or those with a positive family history by eighty-one per cent of respondents, with only nineteen per cent associating screening with an asymptomatic cohort. Strikingly, twenty-five per cent of patients would decline screening. There remains poverty of awareness regarding colorectal cancer. More public health initiatives are required to help improve understanding of the disease process, and to improve public compliance with the screening initiative.
Response of a replicated human heart system to dynamic loading

The response of the human heart and attached major vasculature to rapid acceleration loading was studied by means of a non-pulsatile replica consisting of leotard fabric components. The system was designed to prevent leakage of water intended to simulate the blood present. This model was emplaced inside a rigid thorax and mounted on a moving cart, with sudden arrest produced by barrier impact. Large displacements of the ventricles and other attached vessels and pressures in the heart compartments were measured. Twelve impacts to the front, side, rear and at oblique incidence for a condition corresponding to the end of diastole were executed. The tests indicated that the strains in the right ventricle and the interchamber pressure were significant. Strains in the inferior vena cava were relatively high with lower values for the superior vena cava. Significant extensions were also observed in the brachiocephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. These findings qualitatively substantiate clinical experience for humans subjected to rapid non-invasive loading. A simple spring-mass system was used to model the dynamic response of the replicated heart unit. Predicted values were found to be in fair agreement with test data.
Of Basques, Greeks, and Germans: Liberalism, Nationalism, and the Ancient Republican Tradition in the Thought of Wilhelm von Humboldt

The relationships between German intellectuals and politics at the turn of the nineteenth century have been much debated, with the nature of the German liberal tradition at the core of controversy, and with questions about the interconnections between liberalism, nationalism, and neohumanist Bildung circling not far beyond that core. Prominent in such discussions stands the figure of the Prussian scholar and statesman Wilhelm von Humboldt. Best known today variously for his part in overhauling the Prussian educational system during the “reform era” of Chancellors Stein and Hardenberg, or for helping to establish the disciplines of classical philology and comparative linguistics, Humboldt also authored one of the seminal texts in the European liberal tradition and was actively involved in the diplomacy, constitutional planning, and nationalist upheaval surrounding Napoleon's expulsion from Germany and the subsequent construction of the German Confederation.
THE EXERCISE OF POWER IN COERCIVE ORGANIZATIONS: A STUDY OF PRISON GUARDS*

If the power of prison guards has been altered and reduced by recent social, legal, and bureaucratic instructions in American prisons, as has been reported by many observers, then what is the base of power by which guards currently exert control over prisoners? Following a discussion of the bases of power in prison, data from a survey of guards in five prisons are examined to determine the extent to which each power base is viewed as a resource to gain prisoner compliance. The results are discussed in terms of the guards’exercise of control within the increasingly bureaucratic structure of coercive organizations.
FITEST: A computer program for ``exact chi-square'' goodness-of-fit significance tests

Abstract FITEST, a FORTRAN IV computer program, performs what is termed an exact chi-square test (ECST) to assess the goodness-of-fit between an observed and a theoretical distribution. This test is an alternative to the chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit tests. Because it is based on less restrictive assumptions, the ECST may be more appropriate. However, the test imposes a computational burden which, if not handled by an efficiently designed computer algorithm, makes it prohibitively expensive on all but trivial problems. FITEST, through an efficiently designed algorithm, makes an ECST possible for any problem at a reasonable cost.
A Retrospective Comparative Study of Traction Therapy vs. No Traction Following Tunica Albuginea Plication or Partial Excision and Grafting for Peyronie's Disease: Measured Lengths and Patient Perceptions

ABSTRACT Introduction Loss of penile length is a recognized and common consequence of Peyronie's disease (PD). Traction therapy (TT+) has been reported to decrease post‐op length loss as well as increase stretched penile length (SPL) prior to surgery. Aim The aim of this study was to study patient outcomes with penile length change and patient satisfaction after surgery following tunica albuginea plication (TAP) and partial plaque excision and grafting (PEG) with or without postoperative TT. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed from our cohort of Peyronie's reconstructive surgery between 2007 and 2010. SPL was measured dorsally from pubis to corona and recorded at the initial office visit and then compared to most recent postoperative visit. Patients were then stratified by procedure and whether TT was used (TT+ and TT−; TAP N = 52 [27 TT+ and 25 TT−] and PEG N = 59 [36 TT+ and 23 TT−). Traction therapy was initiated for >2 hours a day for 3 months typically starting 3–4 weeks postoperatively. A non‐validated mailed questionnaire assessed patient perceptions. Results Mean length change seen in TAP (TT+) was 0.85 cm (0.25–1.75) vs. −0.53 cm (−1.75 to 0.5) in TAP (TT−) (P Conclusions Loss of length in men with PD remains a serious concern. It appears that postoperative TT can result in length preservation, and in many, a measured and perceived length gain following correction of the curvature. Rybak J, Papagiannopoulos D, and Levine L. A retrospective comparative study of traction therapy vs. no traction following tunica albuginea plication or partial excision and grafting for Peyronie's disease: Measured lengths and patient perceptions. J Sex Med 2012;9:2396–2403.
Evaluation of Patient Comfort with Outpatient Orbital Surgery

Purpose :T oevaluate patient comfort with outpatient orbital surgery. Design: Prospective, non-randomized study. Methods :T he experience of 34 consecutive outpatient orbital procedures in 30 patients was evaluated. The data obtained included subjective postoperative pain and discomfort at 3 time intervals (immediate, postoperative day 1 and 1 week) using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). Patients were also asked to rate the overall experience after one week of follow-up. Results :T he average pain and discomfort scores in the immediate postoperative period measured 13.95 and 12.61, respectively. Overnight scores of 5.91 and 7.25 were determined for pain and discomfort, and at the one-week follow-up these were 0.91 and 3.42, respectively. All 30 patients reported that they were "satisfied with their overall experience." The highest VAS score for pain at any time was 50. The highest VAS score for discomfort at any time was also 50. All 30 patients had recovered or improved their visual acuity at week one. There was no incidence of retrobulbar hemorrhage, signif- icant loss of vision (greater than two lines), increased intraocular pressure or pupillary defects in any of the patients. None of the study patients required re- hospitalization. Conclusions :T his study suggests that outpatient orbital surgery, in the hands of an experienced orbital surgeon, is safe and well tolerated by the patients regardless of the type of anesthesia or type of procedure.
Error detection and correction templates for digital courses

Error detection and correction [EDC] is normally considered an advanced topic, and therefore it is not usually covered in an introductory digital electronic book, with an exception of Mano and Kime. This lack of discussion is unfortunate, because not only is error detection and correction an increasingly important topic in digital design, but it is fairly easily injected into digital logic courses. A spreadsheet "template" based methodology is proposed, which will assist the students to visualize the error detection and correction. An additional benefit to this methodology is that the templates utilized are analogous to the familiar digital design methodologies such as Karnaugh maps and Quine-McCluskey methods.
Successful design and conduct of genome-wide association studies

Genome-wide association studies are becoming an increasingly effective tool for identifying genetic factors contributing to complex diseases. In this review, I discuss two sets of genome-wide association studies that identified novel genetic factors for age-related macular degeneration and genetic factors for type II diabetes. In reviewing these sets of studies, my goal is to identify factors that contributed to the success of these studies. Design-related factors include the selection of traits that show strong familiality, the selection of clinically homogeneous populations and the selection of cases that have a family history. Ethnic stratification within the study sample can lead to biases, and methods to control for stratification are briefly reviewed. Finally, the impact of single nucleotide polymorphism selection on the power of a study and procedures for improving power by inferring genotypes, by combining data across studies and by performing multistage analyses are discussed. The continuing success of genome-wide association studies depends on careful selection of populations for study and on collaborative analytical approaches.
Some General Relations between the Photoproduction and Scattering of π Mesons

With a partial wave analysis of the photomeson cross sections are combined the principle of charge independence, the hypothesis of time reversibility, and the unitarity of the scattering matrix. This leads to a natural starting point for the study of the photo cross sections. It also leads to some close relations between the photoproduction and scattering of pions in that the complex phases of the matrix elements for photoproduction are explicitly given in terms of the scattering phase shifts. One consequence of this is that there must be an $S$-wave contribution to the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ photoproduction on whose amplitude a lower limit can be given in terms of the $S$-wave pion-nucleon scattering. A second, independent lower limit on the $S$-wave term for the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ cross sections can be expressed in terms of the $\frac{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}}$ ratio. Several other nontrivial conditions are imposed on the cross sections.
ReCAP: The ASCO Oncology Composite Provider Utilization File: New Data, New Insights

As we seek to understand the changing practice environment in oncology, the need for accurate information about demand for services, distribution of the delivery system in this sector of the health economy, and other practice trends is apparent. In this article, we present analysis of the sector using one of the public use files from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in combination with other publicly available data. Medicare data are particularly useful for this analysis because cancer is associated with aging and Medicare is the primary payer in the United States for patients older than age 65. As a result, nearly all oncologists who serve adult populations are represented in these data. By combining publicly available datasets into what we call the ASCO Provider Utilization File,we can investigate a wide range of supply, demand, and practice issues. We calculate the average work performed per physician, observe regional differences in work production,and quantify the downside risk and upside potential associated with the provision of chemotherapy drugs. Comparing the supply of oncologists by state with physician work relative value units and with estimates of cancer incidence by state reveals intriguing differences in the distribution of physicians and the demand for oncology services. In addition, our analysis demonstrates significant downside practice risk associated with the provision of drug therapy to Medicare beneficiaries. The economic risk associated with the purchase and delivery of chemotherapy is of particular concern as pressure for value increases. This article provides a description of a new dataset and interesting observations from these data.
Fly Me, Fly My Mother

As part of a major revision of the taxation of fringe benefits, Congress in 1984 attempted to tax airline employees when they obtained free flights for their parents. The flight attendants' unions ultimately mounted a successful campaign to exempt these parent passes from taxation. This article tells the story of the legislation, and of how the unions succeeded in their campaign to repeal it.
The back and forth of axonal injury and repair after stroke.

Purpose of review The axon plays a central role in both the injury and repair phases after stroke. This review highlights emerging principles in the study of axonal injury in stroke and the role of the axon in neural repair after stroke.
Some Radical Axes Associated with the Circumcircle

(1966). Some Radical Axes Associated with the Circumcircle. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 9-17.
Mediastinitis after cardiac valve operations: Impact upon survival

Mediastinitis after cardiac valve replacement is a dreaded complication with consequent mortality estimated as high as 70%. We have reviewed 2,491 patients with cardiac valve operations to assess the impact of mediastinitis upon mortality in our institution in the past 10 years. Mediastinitis developed after valve replacement in 36 patients (1.4%). All patients required operative intervention for mediastinal infection with positive bacterial cultures. Twelve of these patients had other perioperative problems associated with a high mortality independent of mediastinitis: bacterial endocarditis not cured by valve replacement (three), recent preoperative myocardial infarction (four), triple valve disease with biventricular failure (one), and severe perioperative cerebral damage (four). Ten of these high-risk patients died (83.3 %). The impact of mediastinitis upon survival is best evaluated in the remaining 24 patients without high-risk perioperative problems. Eight of these patients were managed before 1980 with debridement and irrigation as the primary treatment, with two hospital deaths (25 %). Pectoral or rectus muscle flaps were frequently used after 1980 (flaps in 11 of 16 patients), leading to a significantly shorter time between diagnosis of infection and hospital discharge free of infection (62 versus 385 days p
Surgical treatment of femoral pseudoaneurysm following cardiac catheterization

Over a period of 8 years, 31 femoral pseudoaneurysms following cardiac catheterization were surgically repaired in 15 men and 15 women ranging in age from 38 to 89 (mean 68.1) years. The catheterizations were performed for evaluation of coronary artery disease in 23 patients (77%), valvular heart disease in three (10%), both coronary artery disease and valvular disease in two (7%) and for other reasons in two (7%). Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed in eight patients (27%) and aortic valvuloplasty in one (3%). Surgical repair was performed from 1 to 47 (mean 10.2) days after catheterization under local anesthesia in 16 patients (52%), regional anesthesia in ten (32%) and general anesthesia in five (16%). All lesions were repaired by primary suture. The operating time ranged from 25 to 90 (mean 50.5) min and intraoperative blood loss from 50 to 900 (mean 259.2) ml. There were no operative deaths and one postoperative myocardial infarction. No patients have developed recurrent pseudoaneurysm, with follow-up ranging from 1 to 53 (mean 11.4) months. These results demonstrate that the surgical repair of femoral pseudoaneurysm following cardiac catheterization is safe, effective and durable.
Expanding the binding model of DITP.

In this issue of Blood , [Zhu et al][1] and [Bougie et al][2] provide the first evidence for a drug to alter the conformation of a drug-dependent antiplatelet antibody, thereby adding a new dimension to the mechanism of drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP).[1][3],[2][4] ![Figure][5]
Effectiveness of calcium chloride in increasing blood calcium concentrations of periparturient dairy cows.

Calcium chloride supplements such as gels and drench were studied to determine their effectiveness for increasing blood serum Ca concentrations in periparturient dairy cows. Multiparous, pregnant Holstein dairy cows (n = 36) were assigned to one of four treatments. After calving, cows in four treatments received basal diet and two doses of either control inert gel (CON), gel containing CaCl 2 and vitamins (CVG), gel containing CaCl 2 and minerals (CMG), or CaCl 2 as drench containing vitamins (CVD). The first dose was given within 2 h after calving and the second dose 12 h after the first dose. Each dose provided.07, 54.5, 56.0, and 33.2 g of elemental Ca in CON, CVG, CMG, and CVD treatments, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 60, 180, and 360 min after each oral dose. The blood serum Ca concentrations were 6.26, 7.56, 6.20, and 5.96 mg/dL during the pretreatment period and deviated -13.5, 7.1, 9.3, and 18.1% from pretreatment levels at 18 h after the first dose in CON, CVG, CMG, and CVD treatments, respectively. The average changes in serum P from pretreatment levels were not different among treatments. Serum Mg concentrations remained below the pretreatment levels in all four treatments. Blood serum β-hydroxybutyrate during the first 2 wk and milk yields during the first 4 wk of lactation were the same in all treatments. Three cases of clinical milk fever were observed in CON treatment and one case in CVD treatment. The oral supplements of CaCl 2 as gel or drench increased the blood Ca levels in periparturient dairy cows. Increased supply of Ca through oral supplements of CaCl 2 may prevent milk fever in cows that are marginally hypocalcemic.
North Central Collaboration for Education in NDE/NDT

The North Central Collaboration for Education in NDE/NDT began efforts to improve NDE education in October 1996. The program is funded for three years with a grant from the National Science Foundation. The program is aimed at enhancing education in nondestructive evaluation and improving articulation between community college technician training programs and university technical degree programs. The main participants in the collaboration are: Cowley County Community College in Arkansas City, Kansas; Northeast Iowa Community College in Peosta, Iowa; Ridgewater College in Hutchinson, Minnesota; Southeast Community College in Milford, Nebraska; and Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa. The effort is also supported by industry, a professional society, and regional high school partners via an advisory board. A model of operation is presented in Figure 1.