cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Three-Dimensional Printing to Enhance Cross-Sectional Anatomy Instruction.

Background: The increased use of external interventions to diagnose and treat podiatric medical pathologies has warranted a greater understanding of the lower extremity in the transverse plane. Films, prosections, and plastinated cross sections have long been used alongside traditional instruction to assist students in anatomical studies. These methods, however, often fail to provide the tactile component of anatomical dissection and may obscure or exclude the requisite structures for identification by medical students. Such teaching techniques prove costly, time sensitive, and dated compared with the relatively less expensive and customizable nature of three-dimensional (3-D) printing. Methods: Limb length was measured on a cadaveric specimen, and eight cross sections of equal width were excised. Manual sketches of these sections were then digitized and 3-D printed. Results: Three-dimensional printing provides a safe and reproducible means to construct customizable cross sections of the lower extremity. ...
Blinded by the light: Occupant perceptions and visual comfort assessments of three dynamic daylight control systems and shading strategies

Abstract The introduction of daylight into buildings has great potential to reduce energy use and positively impact building occupants. However, if daylighting designs are poorly conceived, the luminous environment may lead to issues such as glare, headaches, or eye strain. This research presents results from a large-scale study, which included field measurements and surveys of three large commercial office buildings in the U.S. Each building utilized a differing type of shading strategy: automated blinds, electrochromic glazing, and roller shades, respectively. This paper reports findings from the measured physical data and the surveys, which were sent to each building to assess occupants' subjective visual comfort perceptions. In total, 5,031 surveys were sent to the three buildings, and 1,068 total occupants responded (a response rate of 21.2%). Key outcomes included the following: (1) occupants who were more pleased with their access to daylight were also more likely to have a higher perceived level of productivity and higher level of satisfaction, (2) occupants' self-reported satisfaction with their workspace significantly differed based on their distance to the window in Buildings 1 and 2, and those closer to the perimeter of the building were more satisfied than those who sat further away from the windows, and (3) the trend of negative responses from occupants in Building 2 (i.e. a perceived gloominess, perpetual sense of an overcast sky, etc.) raise interesting design questions, as related to the use of electrochromic glazing. It is crucial that designers understand daylighting strategies, shading, and corresponding human perceptions of comfort.
A complex containing the O -GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 and the ubiquitin ligase EEL-1 regulates GABA neuron function.

Inhibitory GABAergic transmission is required for proper circuit function in the nervous system. However, our understanding of molecular mechanisms that preferentially influence GABAergic transmission, particularly presynaptic mechanisms, remains limited. We previously reported that the ubiquitin ligase EEL-1 preferentially regulates GABAergic presynaptic transmission. To further explore how EEL-1 functions, here we performed affinity purification proteomics using Caenorhabditis elegans and identified the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT-1 as an EEL-1 binding protein. This observation was intriguing, as we know little about how OGT-1 affects neuron function. Using C. elegans biochemistry, we confirmed that the OGT-1/EEL-1 complex forms in neurons in vivo and showed that the human orthologs, OGT and HUWE1, also bind in cell culture. We observed that, like EEL-1, OGT-1 is expressed in GABAergic motor neurons, localizes to GABAergic presynaptic terminals, and functions cell-autonomously to regulate GABA neuron function. Results with catalytically inactive point mutants indicated that OGT-1 glycosyltransferase activity is dispensable for GABA neuron function. Consistent with OGT-1 and EEL-1 forming a complex, genetic results using automated, behavioral pharmacology assays showed that ogt-1 and eel-1 act in parallel to regulate GABA neuron function. These findings demonstrate that OGT-1 and EEL-1 form a conserved signaling complex and function together to affect GABA neuron function.
Incorporating the social context into neurocognitive models of adolescent decision-making: A neuroimaging meta-analysis.

Abstract Neurobiological models of adolescent decision-making emphasize developmental changes in brain regions involved in affect (e.g., ventral striatum) and cognitive control (e.g., lateral prefrontal cortex). Although social context plays an important role in adolescent decision-making, current models do not discuss brain regions implicated in processing social information (e.g., dorsomedial prefrontal cortex). We conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis using the Multilevel peak Kernel Density Analysis (MKDA) method to test the hypothesis that brain regions involved in affect, cognitive control, and social information processing support adolescent decision-making in social contexts (N = 21 functional neuroimaging studies; N = 1292 participants). Results indicated that dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus/insula and ventral striatum are consistently associated with adolescent decision-making in social contexts. Activity within these regions was modulated by the type of social context and social actors involved. Findings suggest including brain regions involved in social information processing into models of adolescent decision-making. We propose a ‘constructionist’ model, which describes psychological processes and corresponding neural networks related to affect, cognitive control, and social information processing.
Scattering from Heterogeneous Elastic Layered Sea Beds

Abstract : The long term scientific objective of this research is to improve our understanding the physics and mechanisms of acoustic bottom interaction and reverberation, including acoustic penetration, propagation, attenuation and scattering in elastic heterogeneous layered sea beds.
The Effects of Mealtime Behaviors and Beliefs on Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Food Deserts

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to identify the effects of mealtime habits, knowledge, and skills on fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) consumption in food deserts. A survey of 1200 respondent...
Who Purchases and Why?: Explaining Motivations for In-game Purchasing in the Online Survival Game Fortnite

As a popular and free-to-play multiplayer online survival game, Fortnite not only offers novel game mechanics but also allows players to purchase special in-game items using real money. Based on an online survey of 215 Fortnite players, this paper investigates in-game behaviors that can be used to explain who is more likely to spend money in Fortnite. Specifically, players' motivations to spend real-life money were categorized; how the amount of spending was correlated with different motivations and behavioral factors was also analyzed. In contrast to prior virtual goods literature that associates in-game purchasing with social and task motivations, we found that motivations to make in-game purchases in Fortnite were less about assimilating with others and more about looking visually unique from others. We conclude by discussing how the survival genre of battle royale and other game affordances may explain these findings.
The Relation of Allergy to Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and the Subsequent Need for Insertion of Pressure Equalization Tubes

Introduction:The most basic question to be answered in each case in which the choice of using a pressure equalization tube (PET) is being considered is: “what is the underlying pathophysiology of t...
Morphology and performance of organic nanocomposites for γ-ray sensing

The interaction of γ-rays with ionic organic composites involves interactions resulting in the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering and pair production. This translates into a better chance of ...
Detection effect of an automatic identification system of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of an automatic identification system of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia, and compare it with the traditional eye detection method in the simulation field. METHODS A total of 260 fecal samples were collected from schistosomiasis non-endemic areas, and the test sample bottles containing schistosome miracidia were prepared according to different experimental needs. Thirty fecal samples for the sensitivity test were separately added with five fresh miracidia per sample, and then the mixed samples were detected by two experienced technicians (with more than 15 years' traditional test experience) or the automatic system. The positive detection rates were compared between the two methods. Thirty fecal samples for repetition test were separately added with ten fresh miracidia per sample, and then the mixed samples were detected separately with the automatic identification system by two experienced technicians. The results were compared between two persons. The two methods including the automatic identification system and the traditional eye detection method were carried out blindly with totally 200 samples in the simulation field. There were three groups (each with 30 samples) : Group 1 with more than 21 fresh miracidia, Group 2 with 6 to 20 fresh miracidia, and Group 3 with 1 to 5 fresh miracidia. The other 110 samples were as a negative group. The detection time, accuracy, missed detection rate, and false detection rate of the two methods were statistically compared. RESULTS The positive detection rates of the 30 positive samples were 43.33% and 33.33% by the two technicians with the traditional eye detection method, respectively, while the detection rate was 80.00% by the automatic identification system, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 7.05, χ2 = 12.97, both P 0.05). The experiments showed that the correct detection rate of the positive samples was 98.00% by the automatic identification system, which was higher than 79.75% by the traditional eye detection method. The detection time of the automatic identification system was shortened by half compared with that of the traditional eye detection method. The missed detection rate, and false detection rate of the automatic identification system were 2.22% and 1.82%, respectively, which were much lower than 35.56% and 7.73% of the traditional eye detection method. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the traditional eye detection method, the automatic identification system of S. japonicum miracidia has the advantages of high sensitivity, good repeatability, short detection time, high accuracy, low missed detection rate, and low false detection rate. It can be used in the field and clinical detection in replacement of the traditional eye detection method.
Transcriptome-wide association studies: a view from Mendelian randomization

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of genetic variants that are associated with many complex traits. However, their biological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have been recently proposed as an invaluable tool for investigating the potential gene regulatory mechanisms underlying variant-trait associations. Specifically, TWAS integrate GWAS with expression mapping studies based on a common set of variants and aim to identify genes whose GReX is associated with the phenotype. Various methods have been developed for performing TWAS and/or similar integrative analysis. Each such method has a different modeling assumption and many were initially developed to answer different biological questions. Consequently, it is not straightforward to understand their modeling property from a theoretical perspective. We present a technical review on thirteen TWAS methods. Importantly, we show that these methods can all be viewed as two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, which has been widely applied in GWASs for examining the causal effects of exposure on outcome. Viewing different TWAS methods from an MR perspective provides us a unique angle for understanding their benefits and pitfalls. We systematically introduce the MR analysis framework, explain how features of the GWAS and expression data influence the adaptation of MR for TWAS, and re-interpret the modeling assumptions made in different TWAS methods from an MR angle. We finally describe future directions for TWAS methodology development. We hope that this review would serve as a useful reference for both methodologists who develop TWAS methods and practitioners who perform TWAS analysis.
Central Limit Theorem and Bootstrap Approximation in High Dimensions with Near $1/\sqrt{n}$ Rates

Non-asymptotic bounds for Gaussian and bootstrap approximation have recently attracted significant interest in high-dimensional statistics. This paper studies Berry-Esseen bounds for such approximations (with respect to the multivariate Kolmogorov distance), in the context of a sum of $n$ random vectors that are $p$-dimensional and i.i.d. Up to now, a growing line of work has established bounds with mild logarithmic dependence on $p$. However, the problem of developing corresponding bounds with near $n^{-1/2}$ dependence on $n$ has remained largely unresolved. Within the setting of random vectors that have sub-Gaussian entries, this paper establishes bounds with near $n^{-1/2}$ dependence, for both Gaussian and bootstrap approximation. In addition, the proofs are considerably distinct from other recent approaches.
Eye-Tracking in Infants and Young Children at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Visual Stimuli in Experimental Paradigms

Eye-tracking represents a sensitive, direct measure of gaze allocation and goal-directed looking behaviors that correspond to visual information processing. Clear definitions and standardization of research protocols to document the utility and feasibility of these methods are warranted. This systematic review provides an account of stimuli dimensions and experimental paradigms used in eye-tracking research for young children at risk for ASD published from 2005 through 2019. This review identifies variability in eye-tracking protocols and heterogeneity of stimuli used for eye-tracking as factors that undermine the value of eye-tracking as an objective, reliable screening tool. We underscore the importance of sharing eye-tracking stimuli to enhance replicability of findings and more importantly the need to develop a bank of publicly available, validated stimuli.
Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Management of Tubo-ovarian Abscess: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the success rate, complications, and hospital length-of-stay of 3 modalities of minimally invasive management of tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOAs): laparoscopy, ultrasound-guided drainage, and computed tomography–guided drainage. Data Sources Electronic-based search in PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, using the following Medical Subject Heading terms: “minimally invasive surgical procedures,” “drainage,” “abscess,” “tubo-ovarian,” “ovarian diseases,” and “fallopian tube diseases.” Methods of Study Selection Of the 831 articles in the initial results, 10 studies were eligible for inclusion in our systematic review. Tabulation, Integration, and Results A total of 975 patients were included in our study; 107 (11%) had laparoscopic drainage procedures, and 406 (42%) had image-guided (ultrasound or computed tomography) drainage of TOAs. Image-guided TOA drainage had higher success rates (90%–100%) than laparoscopic drainage (89%–96%) and the use of antibiotic treatment alone (65%–83%). Patients treated with image-guided drainage had no complications (for up to 6 months of follow-up) and shorter lengths of hospital stay (0–3 days on average) compared with laparoscopic drainage (5–12 days) or conservative management with antibiotics alone (7–9 days). Conclusion Although conservative management of TOAs with antibiotics alone remains first-line, our review indicates that better outcomes in the management of TOA were achieved by minimally invasive approach compared with conservative treatment with antibiotics only. Of the minimally invasive techniques, image-guided drainage of TOAs provided the highest success rates, the fewest complications, and the shortest hospital stays compared with laparoscopy. The low magnitude of evidence in the included studies calls for further randomized trials. This systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (register, http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO;CRD 42020170345).
Protecting the emergency physician workforce during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic through precision scheduling at an academic tertiary care trauma center

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created new emergency physician staffing challenges. Emergency physicians may be taken out of the workforce because of respiratory symptoms or pending severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test results. Vulnerable emergency physician populations with increased risk of serious disease and death from COVID-19 include physicians at older ages; those with chronic medical conditions, including cardiac and pulmonary diseases and immunosuppression; and potentially pregnancy. We present our approach to planning for staffing issues through precision scheduling. We describe the actions taken to protect our vulnerable physicians and maximize our physician coverage. Measures include optimizing workforce; increasing backup call system; adjusting shifts based on patient arrival times, volume, and surge predictions; minimizing exposure to COVID-19 and reduce personal protective equipment use through telemedicine, huddles, and, creating lower risk emergency department care areas; and standardizing intubations to limit exposure.
Long-read sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 reveals novel transcripts and a diverse complex transcriptome landscape.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), is a positive single-stranded RNA virus with a 30 kb genome that is responsible for the current pandemic. To date, the genomes of global COVID-19 variants have been primarily characterized via short-read sequencing methods. Here, we devised a long-read RNA (IsoSeq) sequencing approach to characterize the COVID-19 transcript landscape and expression of its [~]27 coding regions. Our analysis identified novel COVID-19 transcripts including a) a short [~]65-70 nt 5-UTR fused to various downstream ORFs encoding accessory proteins such as the envelope, ORF 8, and ORF 9 (nucleocapsid) proteins, that are relatively highly expressed, b) novel SNVs that are differentially expressed, whereby a subset are suggestive of partial RNA editing events, and c) SNVs at functional sites, whereby at least one is associated with a differentially expressed spike protein isoform. These previously uncharacterized COVID-19 isoforms, expressed genes, and gene variants were corroborated using ddPCR. Understanding this transcriptional complexity may help provide insight into the biology and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 compared to other coronaviruses.
Do cerebral motivational asymmetries mediate the relationship between handedness and personality

Handedness has long been tied to personality, but detailed explanations for the association are lacking. Importantly for purposes of theory development, measures of approach and withdrawal associated with Big Five personality traits have also been traced back to activity in brain areas that relate to handedness. Specifically, increased right-hemisphere frontal activity appears to be linked to both withdrawal motivation and left/inconsistent-handedness, while increased left-hemisphere frontal activity is associated with approach motivation and right/consistent-handedness. Cerebral motivational asymmetries therefore present one plausible mechanism by which approach and withdrawal motivation could mediate the relationship between handedness and personality. We tested this possibility in a large online study (N = 499) in which participants completed multiple survey measures. Results indicated that approach/withdrawal motivation partially accounts for relationships between handedness and personality.
Who has the power? Manipulating and reclaiming social support in solitary confinement:

Social support is often cited as among the most important factors in successful adjustment to prison, reentry, and overall desistance. Yet, few studies have sought to explore the impact of familial...
We Are Saving Their Bodies and Destroying Their Souls.": Family Caregivers' Experiences of Formal Care Setting Visitation Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic."

This study aims to explore the experiences of family caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic-imposed visitation restrictions at formal care settings (FCS) such as assisted living centers and traditional nursing homes. Participants (N = 512) were recruited from an international caregiving social media site that was developed at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive data was collected on the family caregivers, the care recipient and facility. Respondents also provided a single feeling word describing their experience and an open-ended question allowed for further exploration. Caregivers were predominantly daughters (n = 375). The most common reported feeling words were sadness (n = 200), trauma (n = 108), anger (n = 65), frustration (n = 56), helplessness (n = 50), and anxiety (n = 36). Thematic analysis revealed four overarching themes: 1) isolation 2) rapid decline 3) inhumane care and 4) lack of oversight. This study highlights the importance of addressing the mental, emotional and physical needs of both care recipient and family caregiver during this challenging time. Caregiver visitation policy reform that includes the care recipient and family caregiver is also discussed.
Probing the Complex System of Metabolic Integration

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on probing the complex system of metabolic integration. A central premise of this work is that metabolic integration can be perceived as a complex system and, as such, concepts defined for complex systems can be brought to bear on understanding metabolism. The long‐term goal of the reported work is to define the components and connections of metabolism to a degree that systems theory can be applied to model microbial metabolism. What is presented herein is a progress report meant to illustrate the basics of the approach, the type of results that can be generated, and how they can clarify the framework of complexity underlying metabolism. By pursuing the uncharted regions of the metabolic map, the investigator may sacrifice immediate success but be rewarded in the end with new insight into fundamental biological processes that have previously remained hidden.
A Commentary to the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

[1] A statement of nominalism. We are going to be talking about the factual, the actual, and perhaps even the barely physical world. The world includes also the recital of what is the case. The Tractatus does not express an old-fashioned nominalism but a nominalism plus logic; without logic no nominalism could be said, but it is still a nominalism because the sole reality is one of physical particulars which already contains its logic.
Receptions of Descartes : Cartesianism and anti-Cartesianism in early modern Europe

Part One: The Initial Reception among Women Philosophers Part Two: The French Reception and French Cartesianism Part Three: Spinoza and the Dutch Reception Part Four: The Reception in Rome and Naples Part Five: The Reception across the Channel
Site-directed mutagenesis of M1 RNA, the RNA subunit of Escherichia coli ribonuclease P. The effects of an addition and small deletions on catalytic function.

One addition mutation and several small deletion mutations have been created in vitro at a unique site in the gene coding for M1 RNA, the RNA subunit of Escherichia coli RNase P. The mutant genes exhibit a wide range of efficiencies in complementing another mutant that is thermosensitive for RNase P function in vivo. The transcripts of the mutated genes cleave a precursor tRNA in vitro with efficiencies that parallel their ability to function in the complementation assay in vivo. The secondary structures in solution of the mutant gene transcripts are shown to be different from the parent molecule by probing the structure of the transcripts with ribonuclease T1. A local region of secondary structure, between nucleotides 275 amd 295, must be maintained for normal function of M1 RNA.
Decision-Making With and Without Information Technology in Acute Care Hospitals: Survey in the United States

These survey results are from a national survey of acute care hospitals. A random sample of 813 hospitals was selected with 115 responding and 33 incorrect addresses resulting in a 15% response rate. The purpose of the study was to measure the extent of information systems integration in the financial, medical, and administrative systems of the hospitals. Decision making with and without information technology is explored based upon the survey data. The results indicate why and how meetings are held. Necessary changes in the decision-making environment are identified for decision making utilizing information technology to be successful. These results will provide a benchmark for hospitals to determine their technology transfer position and to set goals for computer assisted decision-making.
An integrated framework for evaluating big-data storage solutions - IDA case study

The amount of data stored is rapidly increasing due to consumer, business, scientific, and government generated content. In addition to keeping pace with storing generated data, there is a need to comply with laws and Service Level Agreements (SLA) to protect and preserve stored data. The issues of capacity and scale in data storage are of constant concern to ensure the ability to absorb data growth, to manage existing data and to analyze the data. Evaluating data storage for IT infrastructure is a complex task that has multiple variables. These variables include capacity, scalability, financial, workload requirements, security, privacy, availability, reliability, analytics and operational. Current frameworks that attempt to address data storage evaluations focus either on a single aspect of these variables or use generic IT frameworks to evaluate data storage as a sub-component. The complexity of data storage requirements merits a holistic framework in the data storage domain. The contribution of this paper is an integrated framework to evaluate and assist in selecting optimum storage solution for multi-variable requirements. This paper examines Information Dispersal Algorithm (IDA) storage technology using this framework and is the first in a series to examine four different big-data storage technologies using this framework.
Daily Travel and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Passenger Transport

Federal, state, and local governments in the United States and Germany have the goal of reducing petroleum use and associated greenhouse gas emissions from passenger ground transport. This paper compares trends of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from passenger transport in Germany and the United States since 1990. Germany reduced CO2 emissions from passenger transport at a rate faster than that of the United States—even with controls applied for population growth, economic activity, and travel demand. Furthermore, for all indicators, CO2 emissions from transport were much higher in the United States than in Germany: 11.7 times greater for total CO2 emissions, 3.1 times greater per capita, 2.1 times greater per passenger kilometer, and 2.4 times greater per unit of gross domestic product. Also compared are U. S. and German policies that can help decrease CO2 emissions from passenger transport through improvements in technology, including fuel economy and CO2 tailpipe emission standards, vehicle registration...
A Threat or a Promise

L'A. etudie le statut moral de la promesse en la distingant de la menace. Malgre une apparente symetrie qui consiste a reconnaitre dans la promesse et la menace la meme indication des intentions de celui qui parle, l'A. montre que la menace n'engendre pas d'obligation quant a l'action, alors que l'obligation est le propre de la promesse
Molecular Microbiology: New Dimensions for Cutaneous Biology and Wound Healing

The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of chronic, nonhealing wounds is unclear. All wounds are colonized with bacteria, but differentiating colonizers from invading organisms is difficult, if not impossible, at the present time. Furthermore, robust new molecular genomic techniques have shown that only 1% of bacteria can be grown in culture; anaerobes are especially difficult to identify using standard culture methods. Recent studies utilizing microbial genomic methods have demonstrated that chronic wounds are host to a wide range of microorganisms. New techniques also show that microorganisms are capable of forming highly organized biofilms within the wound that differ dramatically in gene expression and phenotype from bacteria that are typically seen in planktonic conditions. The aim of this review is to present a concise description of infectious agents as defined by new molecular techniques and to summarize what is known about the microbiology of chronic wounds in order to relate them to the pathophysiology and therapy of chronic wounds.
Current preoperative bowel cleansing methods. Results of a survey.

A mail survey of 300 members of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) was conducted to document the current methods of bowel preparation in use. Two hundred six questionnaires (69 percent) were returned. The majority of respondents (104 or 51 percent) used cathartics and enemas as the primary method of mechanical bowel cleansing. Eighty-nine (43 percent) used a PEG® lavage, eight (4 percent) used mannitol, and one physician used a saline lavage method. Almost all the responding surgeons believed that their method of preparation was well tolerated by patients, provided good cleansing, and was associated with few complications. Most patients were admitted one day before surgery. All respondents used perioperative antibiotics, with the most common pattern being a combination of oral and parenteral agents. Surgeons using PEG lavage did more colonic resections per month and were fewer years out of their residency. This current pattern of preoperative bowel preparation has changed from previous surveys.
The Crowding Out Effects of Monitoring in Franchise Relationships: The Mediating Role of Relational Solidarity

Franchisors monitor their franchisees to ensure that the latters' performance is consistent with the franchise agreement. Though agency theory suggests that monitoring and subsequent corrective action lead to improved performance and reduced opportunism, the psychology literature argues that, in certain circumstances, monitoring can “crowd out” the very behavior it was designed to eliminate (i.e., opportunistic behavior). Our results show that the extent and ease of monitoring reduce the crowding out effects of monitoring, whereas monitoring enforcement heightens these effects. Our findings also show that the exchange norm of relational solidarity fully mediates these effects.
Chlorate-Osmic-Formalin Method for Staining Degenerating Myelin

A former chance observation that formalin added to a chlorate-osmic staining mixture appeared to stabilize and enhance the differential staining of degenerating myelin was investigated. An arbitrary formula was developed: 1% KClO3, 60 cc.; 1% OsO4, 20 cc.; glacial acetic acid, 1 cc.; and formalin, 12 cc. (all aqueous solutions) which gave clear backgrounds and well stained degeneration. Brain and spinal cord were stained in this 7 to 10 days after formalin fixation for 2 days. The possible relationship of a staining mixture buffered with regard to oxidation-reduction and its staining effects is discussed.
Frequency shifts and modulation effects due to solenoidal magnetic field inhomogeneities in ion cyclotron mass spectrometry

Abstract Solenoidal (i.e. axially symmetric) magnetic field inhomogeneities, which in addition have symmetry under the operation z → − z are the most important to Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry since they introduce frequency shifts at first-order in perturbation theory. Frequency shifts for all three fundamental modes are derived for the leading second-order and fourth-order solenoidal inhomogeneities without any restrictions on the initial conditions. The analytical frequency shifts agree very well with frequency shifts obtained from numerical trajectory calculations using the exact classical equations of motion. The effect of the inhomogeneity on the ion trajectory is solved analytically. For a strong magnetic bottle field, the cyclotron motion is frequency modulated at twice the z -oscillation frequency resulting in sidebands. However, the amplitude of these sidebands is negligibly small for typical inhomogeneity strengths. The effect of a magnetized ICR trap on the homogeneity of the magnetic field is studied by analytical methods. We find that the leading magnetic bottle field decreases as d −3 , where d is the cylindrical ion trap diameter.
ZIPI: Origins and Motivations

The success of alternate controllers has been less than overwhelming in the history of electronic music. The predominant controller for electronic music synthesizers has been the piano or organ keyboard. Besides the widespread availability of pianos and organs and the people who play them, the very nature of the keyboard makes it an ideal choice from an implementor's point of view. Keyboard-style instruments decouple the player from the sound-generating element. The strike of a finger on a key starts a chain of events that produces a sound. After a key is struck, the greatest creative choice left to the musician is when to release it. This series of key closures and releases is the simplest form of information that can be used to control a synthesizer. The early commercially available synthesizers (Moog's MiniMoog, the ARP Odyssey, and the EMS Putney VCS-3) were monophonic and non-dynamic. As the technology evolved, instruments became polyphonic and capable of wide dynamic response (e.g., the Yamaha DX7). The control information fed to the synthesis engine grew to include how fast the key was struck (the MIDI key velocity). Joysticks, modulation wheels, aftertouch, and foot pedals added the continuous element to keyboard control. Historically, this is not unfamiliar to keyboard players. Pipe organs are non-dynamic, but volume can be controlled by foot pedal. In many ways, the connection of keyboards to synthesizers resulted in very little loss of familiarity of control with a large gain in timbral choice. For musicians trained on other instruments, the option of synthesis has not been attractive. Woodwinds, bowed strings, and brass instruments all place the player in direct physical contact with the vibrating element-reeds, strings, or columns of air. Instead of limited control of dozens of notes, these instruments offer subtle and intimate control over one or a few notes. Whether to "trade in"
Shifting Toward Balance: Measuring the Distribution of Workload Among Emergency Physician Teams

Study objective The objective of this investigation is to determine time-dependent workload patterns for emergency department (ED) physician teams across work shifts. A secondary aim was to demonstrate how ED demand patterns and the timing of shift changes influence the balance of workload among a physician team. Methods Operational measurements of an adult ED were collected from a clinical information system to characterize physician workload patterns during all current work shifts. Plots of patient load versus time were developed for each physician shift, in which patient load was defined as the number of patients a physician simultaneously managed at a point in time. Patient-load curves for each shift were superimposed during 24 hours to display how patient load was distributed among a team of physicians. Results Resident shift changes during daily peak occupancy periods caused patient load imbalances so that residents on a particular shift consistently managed a disproportionate number of patients (mean 9.4 patients; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.7 to 12.1 patients) compared with other residents on duty (mean 3.4 patients; 95% CI 2.1 to 4.7 patients). Conclusion Physician patient load patterns and ED demand patterns should be taken into consideration when physician shift times are scheduled so that patient load may be balanced among a team. Real-time monitoring of physician patient load may reduce stress and prevent physicians from exceeding their safe capacity for workload.
Nf1 and Gmcsf interact in myeloid leukemogenesis

The NF1 tumor suppressor gene encodes neurofibromin, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for p21ras (Ras). Children with NF1 are predisposed to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Some heterozygous Nf1 mutant mice develop a similar myeloproliferative disorder (MPD), and adoptive transfer of Nf1-deficient fetal liver cells consistently induces this MPD. Human JMML and murine Nf1-deficient cells are hypersensitive to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in methylcellulose cultures. We generated hematopoietic cells deficient in both Nf1 and Gmcsf to test whether GM-CSF is required to drive excessive proliferation of Nf1-/- cells in vivo. Here we show that GM-CSF play a central role in establishing and maintaining the MPD and that recipients engrafted with Nf1-/- Gmcsf-/- hematopoietic cells are hypersensitive to exogenous GM-CSF.
Targeting of green fluorescent protein expression to the cell surface.

We have previously reported on GPI-anchored fusion proteins that bind radioactive isotopes. We targeted their expression to the cell surface to obtain a marker protein detectable by nuclear and optical imaging (1, 2). Here we suggest a novel approach for targeting a model protein (GFP) to the exoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. An expression vector (pcPEP-GFP) was constructed containing GFP cDNA fused with the fragment encoding the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain and signal peptide/membrane anchoring domain of the rabbit neutral endopeptidase (PEP-GFP). Flow cytometry showed green fluorescence in 45% of cells transfected with GFP and in 34% of cells transfected with PEP-GFP (24 h after transfection). Fluorescence microscopy of fixed cells stained with rhodaminated anti-GFP antibodies showed positive reaction only in the case of PEP-GFP-transfected cells indicating cell-surface expression. The PEP-GFP fusion protein was identified as a component of the light microsomal and Golgi fractions by immunoblotting.
Carrier detection for sanfilippo A syndrome

In Sanfillipo A families, sulphamidase activities in leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts determined at 55 degrees C distinguish between heterozygote-carriers, normal individuals and the homozygotes.
Prompt (DI) leptons associated with pp collider jets

Abstract The large pT jet cross sections as well as the charm (in fact D∗) content of the jets have been measured in p p interactions with √s=540 GeV. It is then an (almost) straightforward calculation to predict the rates and properties of events with prompt leptons and multileptons resulting from the leptonic decay of the jets' heavy-quark fragments. We find a source of heavy quarks and prompt leptons produced in association with jets which could totally dominate yields conventionally computed from perturbative QCD and which, more importantly, leads to totally different event characteristics. E.g., events where both jets contain a heavy-quark fragment ( c c + c c , c c + b b or b b + b b ) are the origin of opposite- and same-sign lepton pairs with equal probability. The dileptons are accompanied by four strange particles and occasionally conceal their jet origin by trigger bias. They form a possible source of the “anomalous” dilepton events recently observed by the UA1 experiment.
Recycling of deuterium from dideuterated glucose during moderate exercise.

A doubly labelled tracer molecule of glucose, [6,6-2HJglucose, has been used to measure the rate of glucose appearance in blood due to endogenous glucose production (by the liver and kidneysj.l? Considered 'non-recirculating', this tracer generally provides a realistic estimate of glucose kinetics.s-' Used as a dual tracer in conjunction with [l.13C]glucose, the extent of glucose recycling can be quantitated.r" but the extent of possible recirculation of a single deuterium atom on newly formed glucose must then be considered. The purpose of this study was to examine whether recirculation of a singly-deuterated molecule ([6-2H)glucose) does occur to a significant extent during a constant infusion of dideuterated tracer ([6,6.2HJglucose) and to quantify the extent to which it may cause overestimation of the glucose (M + I) signal and, therefore, glucose recycling determined with dual glucose tracers. Twelve men (age 28·0± 1·4 years) were studied in the postabsorptive state. Using a forearm vein catheter, a primed, continuous infusion of [6,6-2HJglucose was administered at a rate of 2 rug/min during 90min of rest and 6 mg/min during 60min of cycle exercise at 50% of the pre-determined oxygen consumption (\10 2) peak in six subjects, while the other six completed the same protocol without infusion of any tracer to determine the contribution to the (M + I) signal from natural isotopic abundance (both [l3C] and [2HJ sources). Arterialized blood samples were obtained from a heated hand vein in the contra-lateral arm from tracer infusion. These were analysed for glucose isotopic enrichment (measuring atoms per cent excess; APE) by gas chromatograph mass spectroscopy (GC(MS; Hewlett
Modeling Steady-State Biofilms with Dual-Substrate Limitations

This Technical Note presents a systematic analysis of a steady-state biofilm model for the simultaneous utilization of an electron donor and an electron acceptor. It shows that the flux of the electron donor is balanced by the flux of the electron acceptor and the concentrations of the two substrates linearly depend on each other in a steady-state biofilm. An analytical solution can be derived for the substrate fluxes into the biofilm as direct functions of the bulk substrate concentrations. This analytical solution, not much more complicated than the one given by the classic single-substrate biofilm model, eliminates the need to identify the rate-liming factor from the two substrates prior to using it. Comparing the single-substrate and the dual-substrate biofilm models shows that the difference between the two for predicting the flux of the limiting substrate of a deep biofilm can be significant when the bulk concentration of the nonlimiting substrate becomes comparable with or less than its Monod half-saturation constant.
Electronic recording of holograms with applications to holographic displays

The paper describes an electronic heterodyne recording which uses electrooptic modulation to introduce a sinusoidal phase shift between the object and reference wave. The resulting temporally modulated holographic interference pattern is scanned by a commercial image dissector camera, and the rejection of the self-interference terms is accomplished by heterodyne detection at the camera output. The electrical signal representing this processed hologram can then be used to modify the properties of a liquid crystal light valve or a similar device. Such display devices transform the displayed interference pattern into a phase modulated wave front rendering a three-dimensional image.
Impact of VLSI technology scaling on HTOL

High Temperature Operating Life (HTOL) is a standard stress used in IC product qualification. With VLSI technology scaling, gate dielectric TDDB models have higher acceleration factors leading to an increase in predicted HTOL failure, particularly with the transition to high-k gate dielectrics. However, cumulative end-of-life field failures remain substantially unchanged from previous technologies. A calculator tool which comprehends both field and HTOL failure modeling illustrates the trend and guides product qualification expectations.
The phase transition in a general class of Ising-type models is sharp

For a family of translation-invariant, ferromagnetic, one-component spin systems—which includes Ising and ϕ4 models—we prove that (i) the phase transition is sharp in the sense that at zero magnetic field the high- and low-temperature phases extend up to a common critical point, and (ii) the critical exponent β obeys the mean field bound β⩽1/2. The present derivation of these nonperturbative statements is not restricted to “regular” systems, and is based on a new differential inequality whose Ising model version isM⩽βhχ+M3+ βM2∂M/∂β. The significance of the inequality was recognized in a recent work on related problems for percolation models, while the inequality itself is related to previous results, by a number of authors, on ferromagnetic and percolation models.
Current epidemiology of Meniere's syndrome.

The burden of Meniere syndrome (MS) is substantial, especially when considering the significant impact on the quality of life of those affected. Reported estimates of incidence and prevalence have varied widely due to methodological differences between studies, changes in criteria for diagnosis of MS, and differences in populations studied. Reported prevalence rates for MS range from 3.5 per 100,000 to 513 per 100,000. A recent study using health claims data for more than 60 million patients in the United States found prevalence of 190 per 100,000 with a female:male ratio of 1.89:1. The prevalence of MS increases with increasing age.
Obesity and external sexual maturation: the Bogalusa heart study

Abstract We explored the relation between amount of adipose tissue and maturation in 3,524 boys and girls ages 5–14 years examined in 1973–1974, and 4,074 children ages 5–17 years (re)examined in 1976–1977. Subjects were drawn from a total, geographically defined, biracial community as part of a cardiovascular risk factor screening. Height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness, external sexual maturation according to Reynolds—Tanner, status of menarche, and visible gynecomastia were assessed. We observed that adiposity was positively correlated with acceleration of maturation. This positive correlation was stronger in girls than boys, and stronger in whites than blacks. Visible gynecomastia was more prevalent at ages 13–15 years than other ages. These boys were markedly more obese than all others. Gynecomastia was negatively associated with sexual maturation (after controlling for the positive effect of adiposity), in white boys more than in black. Adiposity may have some feedback sex-hormonal effect, in girls more directly, toward accelerated maturation. In boys adiposity enhances gynecomastia which in turn is likely related to a deceleration in male maturation. The observed effects of adiposity on sex-hormonal function could have implications for the known association between adiposity and incidence of sex hormone-related female cancers, especially mammary cancer.