cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple external-beam ion milliprobe system for in-air PIXE

Abstract A simple external-beam ion milliprobe system was designed and constructed as part of an undergraduate honors research project. The system includes an adjustable object slit, a compact electrostatic quadrupole triplet lens, a lens positioner, and a shielded tip with a thin Kapton window through which the beam exits the accelerator vacuum and enters a sample enclosure with interlocked doors. Auxiliary equipment includes a four-segment lens-entrance collimator with a beam-current monitor that facilitates steering the beam and an interlock system that intercepts the beam when any of the doors to the sample enclosure are opened. Details of the design and construction of the system will be presented and its performance will be described.
Diffraction with well-defined photon trajectories: A foundational analysis

We assume: (i) Photons are emitted by harmonically oscillating sources. (ii) They have definite trajectories. (iii) They have a probability of being scattered at a slit. (iv) Detectors, like sources, are periodic. (v) Photons have positive and negative states which locally interfere, i.e., annihilate each other, when being absorbed. In this framework we are able to derive standard diffraction and interference results. We thereby eliminate in this approach wave-particle duality for photons, and give nonparadoxical answers to standard questions about interference. For example, in the two-slit experiment each photon goes through only one slit.
Stent thrombosis with drug-eluting stents: a re-examination of the evidence.

The excitement of drug-eluting stents and their promise for reduced restenosis rates have been tempered by recent reports of stent thrombosis. The mechanism of stent thrombosis is multifactorial but appears to be related to delayed endothelialization and healing, late stent malapposition, and antiplatelet resistance. The most important risk factor appears to be the discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy. The data from clinical trials suggest that drug-eluting stents are associated with increased incidence of death or myocardial infarction compared with bare metal stents at long-term follow-up, suggesting that the window of thrombotic risk with drug-eluting stents may extend far beyond that for bare metal stents. Measures to possibly decrease the incidence of stent thrombosis include improvements in antiplatelet regimens and newer generation of drug-eluting stents which have biodegradable polymers or are polymer-free. In addition, percutaneous coronary intervention with bare metal stents in patients may be helpful in those known to be intolerant or noncompliant to antiplatelet therapy, have planned procedures or surgeries, or have overwhelming risks which may require discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Philanthropic giving : studies in varieties and goals

This study illuminates various methods of, and influences on, the main sources of private giving--both individual and institutional--to educational, cultural, and charitable causes. Magat here presents an interdisciplinary collection of papers that explore the historical and individual origins of giving, the various avenues by which contributions reach their intended beneficiaries, and the consequences of the philanthropic tradition.
Mineralization of cellulose in the presence of chitin and assemblages of microflora and fauna in soil

Nitrogen content is an important factor controlling decomposition of resistant substrates. We examined the decomposition of purified cellulose in the presence of a structurally similar, resistant organic N compound, chitin. Carbon-14-labelled cellulose was added to sterile ari-dried sandy loam soil in flasks, half of which were also amended with purified chitin. Grassland soil organisms-a fungus (Fusarium oxysporum) or a bacterium (Flavobacterium sp.) with or without their respective nematode grazers (Aphelenchus avenae or Pelodera sp.) were added to the substrateamended soils, and decomposition was monitored by carbon dioxide evolution and NH 4 + −N mineralization. More 14CO2 was evolved and at a higher rate from the fungal treatment than from the bacterial treatment. Grazing enhanced 14CO2 and total CO2 evolution and NH 4 + −N mineralization in the bacterial treatments and NH 4 + −N mineralization in the fungal treatments. Nitrogen was mineralized both from native organic sources and from chitin. The addition of chitin did not enhance and, in most cases, decreased cellulose decomposition.
Distribution in the macaque pineal of nerve fibers containing immunoreactive substance P, vasopressin, oxytocin, and neurophysins.

The distribution of nerve fibers containing immunoreactive substance P (SP), estrogen-stimulated neurophysin (ESN), nicotine-stimulated neurophysin (NSN), oxytocin (OT), and vasopressin (VP) was examined in the epithalamic area of adult male and female macaques. Perfused or immersion-fixed epithalamic tissues, sectioned, and mounted on glass slides were processed through the avidin–biotin immunofluorescence method. Fibers containing immunoreactive SP were observed in the pineal organ along the periphery, in the perivascular space, and dispersed between the pinealocytes. Fibers were often observed in the pineal stalk region, and the habenular nuclei had high concentration of immunoreactive SP. Immunoreactive ESN fibers were observed in the stria medullaris, in the lateral habenula, in the pineal stalk, and in the pineal organ. Within the pineal, fibers containing ESN were present in the perivascular space, often concentrated in the walls of blood vessels, but also dispersed between pineal cells. Fibers containing OT, NSN, and VP were also present in the macaque pineal, but in lower quantities compared with fibers containing ESN. These studies show that the pineal of subhuman primates contain nerve fibers (ESN, NSN, VP, OT) of possibly hypothalamic origin. It also has a rich supply of SP fibers, which might be of habenula origin, peripheral parasympathetic ganglia origin, or both. The functional significance of these peptidergic nerve fibers remains to be determined. However, there are indications that they might be involved in regulation of blood flow and release of secretory products from the pinealocytes.
Rebuttal Response: “Disturbance to Surface Lithic Components of Archaeological Sites by Drill Seeding.” Rangeland Ecology & Management 64:171–177

We welcome the dialogue initiated by the rebuttal of Rust and Earl as an opportunity to discuss the concerns of both archaeologists and ecologists regarding the disturbances associated with rangeland management practices. We hope that in the process, unconfirmed opinions can be distinguished from empirical evidence, and therefore allow policy and its implementation to be aligned with sound, research-based principles. We stated in our article that cultural resources need to be considered and protected. Rust and Earl confirm that statement but misrepresent other aspects of our work. Rust and Earl begin by stating that National Register Criteria typically would not call for avoidance of surface lithic scatters but later take us to task for ‘‘misunderstanding’’ the significance of lithic scatters. We intentionally designed our study to quantify effects of rangeland drill-seeding on surface lithic scatters precisely because they a) are a common feature, b) can remain undetected in a pedestrian survey, and c) are potentially subject to the direct effect of drill-seeding equipment. For the reasons that Rust and Earl ably explain, a preponderance of recorded sites are characterized—upon initial examination, at least—only by surface lithic scatters, whether they later are found to contain subsurface features or not. We infer from Rust and Earl’s objections that surface lithic scatters are not intrinsically valuable, but that they serve as a marker of more important cultural sites. In contrast, our study considered surface lithic scatters as cultural sites in their own right but distinct from sites with additional archaeological features. At no point did we intend to imply that the direct effects we measured on surface lithics could be translated to other archaeological features. The ‘‘risk to cultural sites’’ to which we refer in the Management Implications section is indirect damage to sites, including potential for soil erosion and looting of artifacts following avoidance mitigation. The National Register Criteria are implemented by agencies and interpreted by individuals. According to the BLM Handbook, 10 surface lithics within a 10-m diameter would qualify as an archaeological site; not unlike our study design. However, ‘‘Archaeological discoveries which are less substantial … may be recorded as sites if a professional archaeologist believes they are important enough …’’ (BLM Handbook H-8110 2002). Even in this first step in the process of adding a site to the National Register, great latitude is given to an individual interpretation of the importance of cultural resources relative to other valuable resources.
A disposable tear glucose biosensor-part 2: system integration and model validation.

Background: We presented a concept for a tear glucose sensor system in an article by Bishop and colleagues in this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. A unique solution to collect tear fluid and measure glucose was developed. Individual components were selected, tested, and optimized, and system error modeling was performed. Further data on prototype testing are now provided. Methods: An integrated fluidics portion of the prototype was designed, cast, and tested. A sensor was created using screen-printed sensors integrated with a silicone rubber fluidics system and absorbent polyurethane foam. A simulated eye surface was prepared using fluid-saturated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) sheets, and the disposable prototype was tested for both reproducibility at 0, 200, and 400 μM glucose (n = 7) and dynamic range of glucose detection from 0 to 1000 μM glucose. Results: From the replicated runs, an established relative standard deviation of 15.8% was calculated at 200 μM and a lower limit of detection was calculated at 43.4 μM. A linear dynamic range was demonstrated from 0 to 1000 μM with an R 2 of 99.56%. The previously developed model predicted a 14.9% variation. This compares to the observed variance of 15.8% measured at 200 μM glucose. Conclusion: With the newly designed fluidics component, an integrated tear glucose prototype was assembled and tested. Testing of this integrated prototype demonstrated a satisfactory lower limit of detection for measuring glucose concentration in tears and was reproducible across a physiological sampling range. The next step in the device design process will be initial animal studies to evaluate the current prototype for factors such as eye irritation, ease of use, and correlation with blood glucose.
Inland Pipeline Spill Response in Kansas1

ABSTRACT Pipeline spills are a serious and growing problem in inland areas. In some cases, there are no regulations or inspections of certain size or types of pipelines. Small, localized inland spills may become politicized and require a higher standard of cleanup than large coastal spills. The use of in situ burning at these spills produces its own challenges.
Rotating-Frame Double Resonance and Nuclear Cross Relaxation in LiF

This paper resports our study of Hartmann and Hahn's technique of rotating-frame nuclear double resonance (RFDR). We consider the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$-${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ system in LiF and obtain the cross-relaxation dynamics from the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ free-induction-decay data via a general expression which we derive. We find that the presence of ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ spins, which constitute a third species interacting strongly with the Li systems in LiF, may easily be taken into account, and that the resulting RFDR behavior does not differ qualitatively from that in a simple two-species system. The cross-relaxation time dependence is well described by an exponential or sum of exponentials for times longer than the order of ${T}_{2}$, with nonexponential behavior for shorter times. The cross-relaxation rate ${W}_{\mathrm{CR}}$ exhibits a Lorentzian dependence on the magnitude of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ rf field, ${H}_{16}$, for the case where the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ system has been adiabatically demagnetized in the rotating frame; these results show that the Gaussian behavior previously assumed is incorrect. For the case where the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ rf field is of the order of the local field, ${W}_{\mathrm{CR}}({H}_{16})$ is asymmetric about Hahn's double resonance (DR) condition, with the larger ${W}_{\mathrm{CR}}$ corresponding to ${H}_{16}$ less than for the DR condition. The cross-relaxation times at the DR condition are on the order of 0.4 msec. We observe no spin-diffusion bottleneck in a sample of LiF with an isotopic abundance of 0.008% ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$. Finally, we draw some general conclusions about the application of RFDR to other problems.
Forest changes in the Amazon Basin during the last glacial maximum

We report here the discovery of forest beds in the Amazon Basin radiocarbon dated to the Wisconsin–Wurm glaciation. These are the first dates from the last glaciation determined on Amazonian samples. The locality is in Ecuador, at 1,100 m elevation, near the upper limit of the present Amazonian rainforest. Both pollen spectra and Podocarpus wood in the deposits suggest that vegetation comparable to the present Andean forest grew at least 700 m lower than it does now, suggesting a temperature depression of at least 4.5 °C for the Amazon lowlands.
Thermodynamic properties of coherent interfaces in f.c.c.-based Ag-Al alloys: A first-principles study

The thermodynamic properties of coherent interphase boundaries (IPBs) between the Al-rich-matrix and Guinier-Preston-zone (GP-zone) precipitate phases in Ag-Al are studied from first principles. The cluster-variation-method (CVM), with effective-cluster-interaction (ECI) parameters derived from the results of ab initio total energy calculations, is used to compute the interfacial free energies ({gamma}) and composition profiles of flat {l_brace}111{r_brace} and {l_brace}100{r_brace} IPBs as a function of temperature (T). The calculated values of {gamma} increase monotonically from zero to 35 (37)mJ/M{sup 2} for {l_brace}111{r_brace}({l_brace}100{r_brace}) IPBs as T is lowered from the critical temperature (calculated to be 760 K) to 450 K. Monte-Carlo simulations, based on the same set of ECIs used in the CVM work, have been performed to compute GP-zone morphologies at 450 K. Simulated precipitate shapes are found to be anisotropic, consistent with experimental observations. The CVM is used also to compute the gradient coefficient ({kappa}) in the Cahn-Hilliard coarse-grained free energy. Calculated values of {kappa} are found to display non-negligible concentration and temperature dependencies, in contrast to the predictions of regular-solution theory.
Cu-related recombination in CdS/CdTe solar cells

Cu used in the back contact of CdS/CdTe solar cells is known to improve contact behavior and open-circuit voltage. A study of devices made with varying Cu amounts confirmed these observations. However, Cu was also found to be deleterious to current collection. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements of CdTe devices show that carrier lifetime decreased with increased Cu concentration. Drive-level-capacitance-profiling and low-temperature photoluminescence suggest this decrease in lifetime was associated with increased recombination center density introduced by Cu in the CdTe layer. The resulting impact of increased Cu on device performance was a voltage-dependent collection of photogenerated carriers that reduced fill-factor.
Clinical utility of the Duncan-Ely test for rectus femoris dysfunction during the swing phase of gait.

The Ely Test (or Duncan-Ely test) has been accepted as a clinical tool to assess rectus femoris spasticity by passively flexing the knee rapidly while the patient lies prone in a relaxed state. In this retrospective review, patients' dynamic knee range of motion (ROM) during gait and an electromyogram (EMG) were compared with the results of the Ely test. Data for 70 patients (44 males, 26 females; 104 limbs) were included. Mean age of patients was 13 years, SD 9 years, range 4 years 5 months to 54 years. All patients were diagnosed with cerebral palsy (spastic diplegia, n=42; spastic quadriplegia, n=15, and hemiplegia, n=13). All patients were ambulatory (50 independent, 20 with assistive devices). A standard matrix was used to calculate sensitivity and specificity of the Ely test as well as its positive and negative predictive value. For the gait variables examined (decreased dynamic knee ROM, timing of peak knee flexion, and abnormal EMG in swing) the sensitivity of the Ely test ranged from 56 to 59% and the specificity ranged from 64 to 85%. For the same variables the positive predictive value ranged from 91 to 98% and the negative predictive value ranged from 4 to 19%. The Ely test was shown to have a good positive predictive value (i.e. the certainty about the presence of rectus spasticity in patients with a positive Ely test result) for rectus femoris dysfunction during gait.
DO POTENTIALLY VIRULENT MITES AFFECT HOUSE WREN (TROGLODYTES AEDON) REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

We tested the hypothesis that blood-feeding mites adversely affect House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) reproductive success. We measured the effects of natural mite numbers on nestling mass, nestling survival, and length of the nestling period during the summers of 1990 and 1992, and used path analysis to examine the effects of unmanipulated mite numbers on nestling health. We also investigated whether an experimental reduction in mite numbers affected nestling mass, length of the nestling period, and subsequent reproductive success of female House Wrens. Among unmanipulated nests, mite load had no discernible effect on the mass and survival of nestling House Wrens or on length of the nestling period. Similarly, broods with ex- perimentally reduced numbers of mites did not differ significantly from unmanipulated broods in nestling mass, survival, or length of the nestling period. We also detected no effect of experimentally reduced mite numbers on subsequent reproductive success of female House Wrens. Transmission rate and virulence in parasites are often positively correlated, and mite transmission rate at the study site is high. Virulence, however, is usually low. We propose that removal of old nests from nesting cavities by male House Wrens and unfavorable microclimatic conditions in the nest combine to reduce the initial size of mite populations. This usually slows the mite population growth sufficiently to permit nestlings to leave the nest before mites reach levels that produce detrimental effects.
Comparing perceptual judgment and subjective measures of spatial awareness.

Abstract Spatial awareness is important in domains where safety hinges on human operators keeping track of the relative locations of objects in the environment. While a variety of subjective and judgment-based measures have been used to evaluate spatial awareness, none have probed all three of its levels: (1) identification of environmental objects, (2) their current locations relative to the operator, and (3) their relative positions over time. This work compares new judgment-based measures of spatial awareness that probe all three levels of spatial awareness to conventional subjective measures. In the evaluation of 14 configurations of Synthetic Vision Systems head down displays (seven terrain textures and two Geometric Fields of View (GFOVs)), 18 pilots made four types of judgments (relative angle, distance, height, and abeam time) regarding the location of terrain points displayed in 112 5-s, non-interactive simulations. They also provided subjective demand, awareness, clutter, SA-SWORD, and preferred GFOV measures. Correlation analyses revealed that displays that received higher awareness and SA-SWORD subjective ratings were associated with smaller errors in abeam time judgments and, for SA-SWORD, smaller errors in relative distance judgments. Thus SA-SWORD provides insight into level 2 spatial awareness and both SA-SWORD and awareness provide insight into level 3 spatial awareness. ANOVA and χ 2 analyses revealed comparable results between display configurations that produced the minimum error in judgments and those recommended by the awareness, SA-SWORD, and preferred GFOV measures.
Numerical methods for simulation of guitar distortion circuits

Electric guitarists prefer analog distortion effects over many digital implementations. This article suggests reasons for this and proposes that detailed study of the electrical physics of guitar distortion circuits provides insight to design more accurate emulations. This work introduces real- time emula- tion applied to guitar audio amplifi ers in the form of a tutorial about relevant numerical methods and a case study. The results here make a compelling case for simulating musical electronics using numerical methods in real time. Analog guitar distortion effect devices known as solid- state distortion boxes commonly include a diode clipper circuit with an embedded low- pass fi lter. These distortion- effect devices can be mod- eled and accurately simulated as Ordinary Differen- tial Equations (ODEs). A survey and a comparison of the basic numerical integration methods are presented as they apply to simulating circuits for audio processing, with the widely used diode clipper presented as an example. A dedicated simulator for the diode clipper has been developed to compare several numerical integration methods and their real- time feasibility. We found that implicit or semi- implicit solvers are preferred, although the prefi lter / static nonlinearity approximation comes surprisingly close to the actual solution.
Identification of a stable cytokinin metabolite.

Abstract A number of plant tissues convert approximately 20 – 25 % of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) into a stable long-lived derivative which contains BA as part of its structure. This metabolite has now been tentatively identified as 6-benzylamino-7-glucofuranosylpurine on the basis of its U. V. and mass spectra and associated data. This compound is not degraded by α- or β-glucosidases, perhaps because of its unusual structure, a fact which may account for its persistence in tissues after the bulk of the BA has disappeared.
Significant improvement of LPCVD nitride furnace availability by dedicating "thick" and "thin" processes

At IBM East Fishkill's 300 mm multi-part ASCIX fab, the LPCVD nitride furnace sector failed to meet its manufacturing availability target after its full production ramp early in 2005. The 8% SPC failure rate in foreign material (FM) was the top downtime detractor resulting in an overall sector availability 20% below plan. Installing new furnaces was not an option, so fundamental changes in the sector operation were required
Effect of prostaglandin F2α on uterine or ovarian secretion of prostaglandins E and F2α in vivo in 90-100 day hysterectomized, intact or ovariectomized pregnant ewes

Abstract Vehicle or 8 or 16 mg of PGF2α per 58 kg body weight was given intramuscularly to intact, hysterectomized or ovariectomized 90–100 day pregnant ewes in three separate experiments. Both doses of PGF2α increased PGF2α in ovarian venous plasma compared with controls at 72 hr post treatment in intact (P≤0.05) but did not in hysterectomized (P≥0.05) 90–100 day pregnant ewes. Concentrations of PGE in ovarian venous blood of intact ewes did not differ (P≥0.05) between treatment groups and were equivalent to concentrations of PGE determined in uterine venous plasma. PGE was decreased in ovarian venous plasma by PGF2α in hysterectomized ewes (P≤0.07). PGE in uterine venous plasma averaged 6 ng/ml over the 72-hr treatment period in intact and ovariectomized 90–100 day pregnant ewes and was 12 fold greater (P≤0.05) than PGF2α which averaged 500 pg/ml in uterine venous plasma. Both PGF2α and PGE increased (P≤0.05) by 64 hr in uterine venous plasma of the 8 mg PGF2α — treated intact pregnant ewes. A significant quadratic increase (P≤0.05) was observed for PGF2α and PGE in the vehicle and both PGF2α treatment groups of intact ewes at the end of the 72-hr sampling period. It is concluded that the uterus and ovaries secrete significant quantities of PGE but little PGF2α during midgestation. In addition, PGF2α increased uterine secretion of PGE in vivo . PGE may be a placental stimulator of ovine placental secretion of progesterone or PGE may protect placental steroidogenesis from actions of PGF2α.
Phosphate differentially regulates 14-3-3 family members and GRF9 plays a role in Pi-starvation induced responses

The 14-3-3s are phosphoserine-binding proteins that act as key regulators of many metabolic pathways. Several biotic and abiotic stresses have been shown to modulate the expression of 14-3-3 genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 15 genes are known to code for 14-3-3 isoforms belonging to epsilon and non-epsilon groups. Since phosphorus is one of the essential macronutrients for plants, we examined its role in the regulation of the expression of 14-3-3 isoforms belonging to epsilon (GRF9, GRF10, GRF11, GRF13) and non-epsilon (GRF1, GRF3, GRF6, GRF8) groups. The effect of Pi deprivation was differential on the members of non-epsilon group ranging from a significant reduction in the transcripts of GRF3 to non-perceptible changes in the transcripts of other members. Suppressive effect of Pi-deficiency was more pronounced on some of the members of epsilon group with transcripts levels of GRF9 and GRF13 barely detectable. A concurrent increase in the transcript levels of GRF9 with an increase in the Pi concentration suggested a correlation between gene expression and Pi availability. However, neither Pi deficiency at low temperature nor Fe and K deficiency failed to suppress GRF9 expression. In planta role of GRF9 was elucidated by the analysis of the loss-of-function mutant under Pi-replete condition. The analyses revealed exaggerated Pi-starvation responses in the form of starch accumulation in the leaves and modulated root system architecture (RSA). An inverse relationship between the abundance of GRF9 transcripts and accumulation of starch in transgenic lines over-expressing this gene provided further evidence towards the role of GRF9 in modulation of metabolic pathways during Pi-starvation responses.
A Rational Basis for Determining the EME Capability of a System

A logical procedure is presented for determining the electromagnetic compatability (EMC) of a system, based upon an analytical approach developed earlier. The procedure is illustrated using as a system an airplane with a manageable number of electrical-electronic subsystems. The result is a single number which can be used in a weapon system effectiveness equation and is generally useful not only to EMC engineers, but also to other electronic engineers and managers. Byproducts of the procedure are enhanced highlighting of critical parameters for design purposes and a means for economic evaluation of EMC efforts.
Nanoparticle for delivery of antisense γPNA oligomers targeting CCR5.

The development of a new class of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), i.e., gamma PNAs (γPNAs), creates the need for a general and effective method for its delivery into cells for regulating gene expression in mammalian cells. Here we report the antisense activity of a recently developed hydrophilic and biocompatible diethylene glycol (miniPEG)-based gamma peptide nucleic acid called MPγPNAs via its delivery by poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based nanoparticle system. We show that MPγPNA oligomers designed to bind to the selective region of Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) transcript, induce potent and sequence-specific antisense effects as compared with regular PNA oligomers. In addition, PLGA nanoparticle delivery of MPγPNAs is not toxic to the cells. The findings reported in this study provide a combination of γPNA technology and PLGA-based nanoparticle delivery method for regulating gene expression in live cells via the antisense mechanism.
A geometrical characterization of Banach spaces with the Radon-Nikodym property

A characterization of Banach spaces having the Radon-Nikodym proper- ty is obtained in terms of a convexity requirement on all bounded subsets. In addition a Radon-Nikodym theorem, utilizing this convexity property, is given for the Bochner integral and it is easily shown that this theorem is equivalent to the Phillips-Metivier Radon-Nikodym theorem as well as all the standard Radon-Nikodym theorems for the Bochner integral. l. Introduction. Rieffel (9) proved a Radon-Nikodym theorem for the Bochner integral, using techniques established in (8), in an attempt to establish the Radon- Nikodym theorem of Phillips (7) and Metivier (5). He was unable to establish it in the nonseparable case, the result depending upon a proof that every convex weakly compact set in a B-space is dentable. This circle of ideas was not closed until Troyanski (10) proved that a Banach space with a weakly compact fundamental subset is isomorphic to a locally uniformly convex Banach space. This is, as would be expected, much deeper than necessary and a simpler proof will be indicated in ?2. The obvious characterization of Banach spaces with the Radon-Nikodym property would seem to be that every bounded subset must be dentable. In ?3 it is demonstrated that a characterization is that every bounded subset must be o- dentable, where a-dentability is a dentable type condition which is strictly weaker than dentability. It is however an open question if dentable and a-dentable coincide in Banach spaces having the Radon-Nikodym property.
A view of computer architecture

An attempt is made to predict the developments of the next 25 years in the field of computer architecture. Standardized, inexpensive microcomputers on a single chip are predicted. These will be used extensively to provide logical functions for noncomputational devices and incidentally for the design of superscale computers.
Mass spectra of C-nucleosides II. An unusual fragmentation reaction of the heterocyclic moiety of pyrazomycin and some closely related compounds

The mass spectrum of pyrazomycin has been obtained and reveals a fragmentation pattern with several important peaks which are not normally found in the mass spectra of C-nucleosides. It has now been established, using model compounds, that these unusual fragment ions are a direct result of the juxtaposition of the exocyclic hydroxy and carboxamido groups of the aglycon. It appears that a facile elimination of ammonia and ethanol from o-hydroxycarboxamides and o-hydroxyethylesters, respectively, may be a general fragmentation reaction for aromatic heterocycles. A mass spectrum of the TMS derivative of pyrazomycin has also been obtained and factors which may result in exceptions to the empirical B+30 (M-103) rule for C-nucleosides are discussed.
Guiding catheter thrombectomy during percutaneous coronary interventions for acute coronary syndromes.

Despite the advancements in the pharmacological and mechanical treatment of acute coronary syndromes, intracoronary thrombus and distal embolization remain among the major limitations of percutaneous transluminal coronary interventions. We describe three cases in which intragraft or intracoronary thrombus was completely aspirated during PTCI using the guiding catheter. In the first case, a 4-cm-long unfragmented embolized thrombus was effectively and completely aspirated from a saphenous vein graft, with immediate restoration of normal flow. In the second case, multiple fragments of embolized thrombus were aspirated from a large right coronary artery, while in the third case, intragraft thrombus was electively aspirated. In each case, the index lesions were then successfully stented without complications. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 49:192‐196,
Discrepancies in the identification of major bleeding events in patients taking warfarin

Background The method by which major bleeding is defined influences the observed rate of bleeding complications. However, there is no standardized definition of major bleeding for patients taking warfarin. The lack of a consensus definition can influence safety data generated by clinical trials and quality outcomes in anticoagulation clinics. Methods A retrospective analysis of bleeding events in patients taking warfarin and managed by the University of Washington Medical Center Anticoagulation Clinic was performed. Events were evaluated against three definitions of major bleeding, including a subjective definition (‘‘bleeding requiring hospitalization’’) and two more objective definitions (ISCOAT and ISTH). Bleeding events that met at least one definition were included in the analysis. Level of agreement among the definitions was determined by the kappa statistic. Results Over a 5 year period, 2631 patients taking warfarin representing 3600 patients—years of therapy experienced 705 bleeding events. Of these, 138 events met at least one of the definitions of major bleeding. The level of agreement between the subjective definition and either of the objective definitions was poor, with kappa statistic value -0.134 (95% CI -0.196 to -0.071). The subjective definition underestimated major bleeding events by excluding events that were managed on an outpatient basis. Conclusions Use of a standard objective definition of major bleeding in clinical trials and in clinical practice is warranted to assess drug safety, quality of care, and total costs of care in patients treated with warfarin.
Nano Fluids and Critical Heat Flux

In recent years nanofluids have been attracting significant attention in the heat transfer research community. These fluids are obtained by suspending nanoparticles having sizes between 1 and 100 nm in regular fluids. It was found by several researchers that the thermal conductivity of these fluids can be significantly increased when compared to the same fluids without nanoparticles. Also, it was found that pool boiling critical heat flux increases in nanofluids. In this paper, our objective is to evaluate the impact of different nanoparticle characteristics including particle concentration, size and type on critical heat flux experimentally at saturated conditions. As result, this work will document our experimental findings about pool boiling critical heat flux in different nanofluids. In addition, we will identify reasons behind the increase in the critical heat flux and present possible approaches for analytical modeling of critical heat flux in nanofluids at saturated conditions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Open-field behavior of C3H mice: Effect of size and illumination of field

Open-field activity and defecation scores were obtained from C3H mice tested for 4 days in fields of three different sizes and two illumination levels. Overall activity was greatest in the largest field and decreased as the fields decreased in size. High illumination reliably decreased activity in the larger fields, but not in the smallest field. Size of field affected defecation scores for male, but not for female, Ss; illumination level had no reliable effect for either sex on any of the three field sizes. The results suggest that contradictory results reported in the open-field literature may be due in part to lack of standardization of the open-field test rather than to differential effects of prior treatments.
Chemical and biological characterization of wastewater generated from hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina.

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an attractive method for converting wet biomass into petroleum-like biocrude oil that can be refined to make petroleum products. This approach is advantageous for conversion of low-lipid algae, which are promising feedstocks for sustainable large-scale biofuel production. As with natural petroleum formation, the water in contact with the produced oil contains toxic compounds. The objectives of this research were to: (1) identify nitrogenous organic compounds (NOCs) in wastewater from HTL conversion of Spirulina; (2) characterize mammalian cell cytotoxicity of specific NOCs, NOC mixture, and the complete HTL wastewater (HTL-WW) matrix; and (3) investigate mitigation measures to reduce toxicity in HTL-WW. Liquid–liquid extraction and nitrogen–phosphorus detection was used in conjunction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), which detected hundreds of NOCs in HTL-WW. Reference materials for nine of the most prevalent NOCs were used to identify and quantify thei...
Band Spacing Effects of Dual-Placed Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Corn

Band spacing of P fertilizer potentially affects many factors which influence fertilizer P efficiency. Band spacing affects soil-P fertilizer contact, probability of root-P fertilizer contact, the time that roots contact the P fertilizer, the distribution of P fertilizer in the band, and energy requirement during application. Four field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of band spacing of dual-placed N and P fertilizers on corn (L.) grain yield and P uptake. Four band spacings of 30, 45, 60 and 75 cm were applied with three P application rates in 1983 and 1984, and five rates in 1986. Two application depths of 7.5 and 15 cm were applied in 1983 and 1984. The N rates were 200 kg N ha in 1983 and 1986, and 75 and 150 kg N ha in 1984. Applied P was less effective and N more effective in terms of grain yield as band spacing increased indicating a different optimum band spacing for P than for N. This caused the net effect of band spacing of dual-applied N and P fertilizers to be nearly neutral. Seven-leaf stage and ear-leaf P were not affected by applied P at the high N application rate, but at the low N rate P concentrations increased as P rate increased indicating the importance of adequate N for P uptake early in the growing season. The wide band spacing of 75 cm performed poorly in grain yield response to applied N at the high N rate compared to the low N rate probably because of loss of N during application. Band spacing of N and P fertilizers did not cause significant variation in corn growth. Plants growing directly over the dual-placed band did not yield more or less than other plants regardless of band spacing.
Market and price factors in transaction-to-transaction price change behaviour of common stocks

This study is concerned with a Markov model for transaction-to-transaction price changes. I By performing appropriate tests on estimated transition probability matrices for individual stocks, we found that (1) individual stocks generally exhibit dependence of this type, (2) price differences lead to different price change behaviour, and (3) many stocks behave differently I during different types of markets.
Cholinergic intrapancreatic neurons induce Ca2+ signaling and early-response gene expression in pancreatic acinar cells

Pancreatic exocrine function has been demonstrated to be under neuronal regulation. The pathways responsible forthis effect, and the long-term consequences of such interactions, are incompletely described. The effects of neuronal depolarization on pancreatic acinar cells were studied to determine whether calcium signaling and c-fos expression were activated. In pancreatic lobules, which contain both neurons and acinar cells, agonists that selectively stimulated neurons increased intracellular calcium in acinar cells. Depolarization also led to the expression of c-fos protein in 24% ±4% of the acinar cells. In AR42J pancreatic acinar cells, cholinergic stimulation demonstrated an average increase of 398 ±19 nmol/L in intracellular calcium levels, and induced c-fos expression that was time and dose dependent. The data indicate that intrapancreatic neurons induce Ca2+ signaling and early-response gene expression in pancreatic acinar cells.
Electromagnetic production of hyperfragments in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We explore the possibility of hyperfragment production due to the extremely intense flux of photons generated by an ultrarelativistic heavy nucleus in distant collision. The cross section is estimated to be accessible to future experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and Large Hadron Collider. We also discuss its signature and detection.
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis via a Mevalonate-Independent Pathway in Plants: Cloning and Heterologous Expression of 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate Reductoisomerase from Peppermint☆☆☆

Two distinct pathways are utilized by plants for the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate, the universal precursor of isoprenoids. The classical acetate/mevalonate pathway operates in the cytosol, whereas plastidial isoprenoids originate via a novel mevalonate-independent route that involves a transketolase-catalyzed condensation of pyruvate andd-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to yield 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate as the first intermediate. Based onin vivofeeding experiments, rearrangement and reduction of deoxyxylulose phosphate have been proposed to give rise to 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate as the second intermediate of this pyruvate/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate pathway (1–3). The cloning of anEscherichia coligene encoding an enzyme capable of converting 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate to 2-C-erythritol-4-phosphate was recently reported (4). A cloning strategy was developed for isolating the gene encoding a plant homolog of this enzyme from peppermint (Mentha×piperita), and the identity of the resulting cDNA was confirmed by heterologous expression inE. coli.Unlike the microbial reductoisomerase, the plant ortholog encodes a preprotein bearing an N-terminal plastidial transit peptide that directs the enzyme to plastids where the mevalonate-independent pathway operates in plants. The peppermint gene comprises an open reading frame of 1425 nucleotides which, when the plastidial targeting sequence is excluded, encodes a deduced enzyme of approximately 400 amino acid residues with a mature size of about 43.5 kDa.
Tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate-based coordination polymers: group II network solids, M[B(Im)4]2(H2O)2 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr).

We are using the coordinating anion tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate to construct new metal−organic framework structures. In this report, we present three alkaline earth metal network solids incorporating this anion. All three compounds have the same formula, M[B(Im)4]2(H2O)2 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr), and the same coordination environment about the metal. However, the three compounds have different network structures with different degrees of hydrogen bonding; the Mg material forms a two-dimensional network and the Ca and Sr compounds form one-dimensional chains. In addition, we present the structure of the protonated anion B(HIm)(Im)3 as a model for the default structure of this anion and discuss how the conformation of tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate can affect the structure of network solids.
Rationale, design, methodology and sample characteristics for the family partners for health study: a cluster randomized controlled study.

Young children who are overweight are at increased risk of becoming obese and developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. Therefore, early intervention is critical. This paper describes the rationale, design, methodology, and sample characteristics of a 5-year cluster randomized controlled trial being conducted in eight elementary schools in rural North Carolina, United States. The first aim of the trial is to examine the effects of a two-phased intervention on weight status, adiposity, nutrition and exercise health behaviors, and self-efficacy in overweight or obese 2nd, 3 rd, and 4th grade children and their overweight or obese parents. The primary outcome in children is stabilization of BMI percentile trajectory from baseline to 18 months. The primary outcome in parents is a decrease in BMI from baseline to 18 months. Secondary outcomes for both children and parents include adiposity, nutrition and exercise health behaviors, and self-efficacy from baseline to 18 months. A secondary aim of the trial is to examine in the experimental group, the relationships between parents and children's changes in weight status, adiposity, nutrition and exercise health behaviors, and self-efficacy. An exploratory aim is to determine whether African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white children and parents in the experimental group benefit differently from the intervention in weight status, adiposity, health behaviors, and self-efficacy. A total of 358 African American, non-Hispanic white, and bilingual Hispanic children with a BMI ≥ 85th percentile and 358 parents with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 have been inducted over 3 1/2 years and randomized by cohort to either an experimental or a wait-listed control group. The experimental group receives a 12-week intensive intervention of nutrition and exercise education, coping skills training and exercise (Phase I), 9 months of continued monthly contact (Phase II) and then 6 months (follow-up) on their own. Safety endpoints include adverse event reporting. Intention-to-treat analysis will be applied to all data. Findings from this trial may lead to an effective intervention to assist children and parents to work together to improve nutrition and exercise patterns by making small lifestyle pattern changes. NCT01378806 .
Computing the impact of cyber attacks on complex missions

This paper describes how to evaluate the impact of a cyber attack on a mission. We accomplish this by computing impact as the changes to mission measures of effectiveness, based on the reported effects of a known or suspected attack on one or more parts of the information technology (IT) supporting the mission. Our previous papers have described our goals for computing mission impact and the choices of the techniques we use for modeling missions, IT, and cyber attacks. This paper focuses on how we compute the impact of cyber attacks on IT processes and information. These computations will improve decision-making when under cyber attack by providing accurate and detailed assessments of the impact of those attacks. Although the focus of our work has been on the calculation of cyber mission impacts during mission execution, we have also demonstrated how our representations and computations can be used for performing cyber risk analysis and crown jewels analysis.
Institutional Structures and Student Engagement.

A common finding in the literature is that institutional structures have little to no impact on student engagement and development. I argue that theory suggests peer ability (as measured by selectivity), institutional density, the differentiation of the curriculum, and the research orientation of the institution should all affect student engagement. Using the nationally representative Beginning Post-secondary Student survey, a non-linear selection on observables correction for selection bias, and a multilevel modeling approach, I find that institutional structures do affect student engagement in predictable and substantively significant ways.