cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion interaction between Al and Mg controlled by a high magnetic field

The effects of an 11.5 T high magnetic field on the growth behavior of compounds layers during reactive diffusion in solid Al/solid Mg diffusion couples have been investigated. After annealing with and without a magnetic field, the interfacial zone was still composed of two layers of stable compounds β (Mg2Al3) and γ (Mg17Al12), but the thicknesses of the layers were increased by the magnetic field. Data analysis of the thicknesses of compound layers showed that the growth of the γ layer was controlled by grain boundary diffusion as well as volume diffusion at B=0 T, but only controlled by volume diffusion when an 11.5 T high magnetic field was applied. The interdiffusion coefficients for the samples annealed at 643–693 K were calculated from the parabolic relationship between the migration of the interface and the annealing time. The results show that the diffusion constant increased due to the high magnetic field, increasing the chemical potential gradient, and in turn it caused the interdiffusion coefficient to increase.
Optical cross-talk and surface characterization of SERS nanoimaging bundle substrates

Due to the narrow vibrational bandwidths and unique molecular fingerprints, Raman spectroscopy can be an information rich transduction technique for chemical imaging. Dynamic systems are often difficult to measure using spontaneous Raman due to the relatively weak scattering cross-sections. Using a Raman enhancement mechanism such as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), exposure times can be reduced to a reasonable level for dynamic imaging, due to the increased Raman signal intensity. This paper will discuss the development of a novel SERS substrate, fabricated on the tips of fiber-optic imaging bundles, which can be integrated into a multispectral imaging system for non-scanning chemical imaging. These substrates are fabricated by mechanically tapering a polished fiber optic imaging bundle consisting of 30,000 individual elements; producing 100-nm or smaller diameter core elements on the distal tip. Chemical etching with hydrofluoric acid creates uniform cladding spikes onto which a SERS active metal is vacuum deposited, forming the SERS active surface. By varying the size of the silver islands deposited on the cladding peaks active, surface plasmons can be tuned to various excitation frequencies. The surface of these tapered fiber optic probes will be evaluated by analysis of the SERS signal, location and shape of the active surface plasmons. The cross talk between the fiber elements will also be evaluated.
Calibration of Respiratory Gas Exchange Measurements in Inhalation Toxicology Studies

Abstract The use of simplifying assumptions for determining respiratory gas exchange is associated with substantial errors in the estimates of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2). Studies were done to estimate the magnitude of these errors under common exposure conditions, and a simple procedure that reveals these errors is described for calibrating an open flow respirometer. The errors associated with various simplifying assumptions ranged from −1 to −21% for VO2, 0.1 to 15% for VCO2, and 4 to 45% for the respiratory exchange ratio (R). The calibration was performed with a standard calibration gas elevated in CO2 and depressed in O2 relative to air and bled into the respirometer at a measured flow rate. Dilution of the gas into the respirometer airstream simulates the effect of respiratory gas exchange, and expected values of VO2, VCO2, and R compared to measured values provide a check of accuracy of flow and gas fraction measurements, a test for system leaks, and a test for the effects of any simplifying assumptions on the calculation of respiratory gas exchange.
Ab initio study of sodium ordering in Na 0.75 Co O 2 and its relation to Co 3+ / Co 4+ charge ordering

Charge ordering and Na-vacancy ordering in ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.75}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are investigated using first-principles electronic structure methods within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and $\mathrm{GGA}+U$ approximations. We find that Na ordering is determined not only by a competition between different Na site energies and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ repulsion, but also by the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{4+}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ repulsion when charge localization occurs. We predict a ground-state structure for ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.75}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ in good agreement with experimental transmission electron microscopy and neutron-diffraction data and find that ${\mathrm{Co}}^{3+}∕{\mathrm{Co}}^{4+}$ charge ordering is strongly coupled to the Na-vacancy ordering.
High fidelity numerical simulation of airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on flapping airfoil propulsion

Abstract High-fidelity numerical simulations with the spectral difference (SD) method are carried out to investigate the unsteady flow over a series of oscillating NACA 4-digit airfoils. Airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on the flapping airfoil propulsion are highlighted. It is confirmed that the aerodynamic performance of airfoils with different thickness can be very different under the same kinematics. Distinct evolutionary patterns of vortical structures are analyzed to unveil the underlying flow physics behind the diverse flow phenomena associated with different airfoil thickness and kinematics and reveal the synthetic effects of airfoil thickness and kinematics on the propulsive performance. Thickness effects at various reduced frequencies and Strouhal numbers for the same chord length based Reynolds number (=1200) are then discussed in detail. It is found that at relatively small Strouhal number (=0.3), for all types of airfoils with the combined pitching and plunging motion (pitch angle 20°, the pitch axis located at one third of chord length from the leading edge, pitch leading plunge by 75°), low reduced frequency (=1) is conducive for both the thrust production and propulsive efficiency. Moreover, relatively thin airfoils (e.g. NACA0006) can generate larger thrust and maintain higher propulsive efficiency than thick airfoils (e.g. NACA0030). However, with the same kinematics but at relatively large Strouhal number (=0.45), it is found that airfoils with different thickness exhibit diverse trend on thrust production and propulsive efficiency, especially at large reduced frequency (=3.5). Results on effects of airfoil thickness based Reynolds numbers indicate that relative thin airfoils show superior propulsion performance in the tested Reynolds number range. The evolution of leading edge vortices and the interaction between the leading and trailing edge vortices play key roles in flapping airfoil propulsive performance.
Remote sensing of violent conflict: eyes from above

The use of remote-sensing technology to study violent conflict has increased considerably over the last 5–10 years. This article surveys this growing field to show which conflict-related impacts are and are not currently possible to detect from afar. A brief overview of the principles of remote-sensing technology and sensor characteristics is provided, followed by a review and discussion of the literature, organized by temporal delay in the visible manifestation of the conflict impact from minutes for structural damage to years for changes to land use/land cover. Remote-sensing technology is most valuable in hard-to-reach and/or dangerous conflict zones where field observations are spotty or non-existent. Although good ground reference data are important for verifying the accuracy of observations derived from remote-sensing imagery, it is possible to corroborate or refute suspect reports with appropriate imagery and analysis techniques.
Finite Element Analysis of System-Level Electronic Packages for Space Applications

Thermal analysis was required in order to aid in the design and testing of a radiation tolerant computing (RTC) system using a radiation sensor. During development of the system, different test beds were employed in order to characterize the radiation sensor and its supporting electronic systems. The most common preliminary tests are high altitude balloon tests which allow the sensor to experience cosmic radiation at high altitudes, consistent with space flight operations. In this study, finite element analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate primary system architecture, system support structures, and the flight payload in order to determine if the system would survive preliminary and future testing. ANSYS FEA software was used to create thermal models which accurately simulated convective cooling, system heat generation, and solar radiation loading on the exterior of the payload. The results of the models were then used to optimize payload PC board (PCB) design to ensure that the internal electronic systems would be within acceptable operating temperatures.
Accumulation of Exogenous Activated TGF-β in the Superficial Zone of Articular Cartilage

It was recently demonstrated that mechanical shearing of synovial fluid (SF), induced during joint motion, rapidly activates latent transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). This discovery raised the possibility of a physiological process consisting of latent TGF-β supply to SF, activation via shearing, and transport of TGF-β into the cartilage matrix. Therefore, the two primary objectives of this investigation were to characterize the secretion rate of latent TGF-β into SF, and the transport of active TGF-β across the articular surface and into the cartilage layer. Experiments on tissue explants demonstrate that high levels of latent TGF-β1 are secreted from both the synovium and all three articular cartilage zones (superficial, middle, and deep), suggesting that these tissues are capable of continuously replenishing latent TGF-β to SF. Furthermore, upon exposure of cartilage to active TGF-β1, the peptide accumulates in the superficial zone (SZ) due to the presence of an overwhelming concentration of nonspecific TGF-β binding sites in the extracellular matrix. Although this response leads to high levels of active TGF-β in the SZ, the active peptide is unable to penetrate deeper into the middle and deep zones of cartilage. These results provide strong evidence for a sequential physiologic mechanism through which SZ chondrocytes gain access to active TGF-β: the synovium and articular cartilage secrete latent TGF-β into the SF and, upon activation, TGF-β transports back into the cartilage layer, binding exclusively to the SZ.
Effects of λ development on template specificity of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase

Abstract Treatment of bacterial cell extracts with micrococcal nuclease and subsequent inhibition of nuclease activity by addition of EDTA and 3′, 5′-thymidine diphosphate was used to achieve DNA-dependent RNA synthesis without resorting to enzyme fractionation. Following heat induction of λ CI857 lysogens or infection by λ, a 4–5-fold selective stimulation of transcription of λ DNA by nuclease-treated crude extracts was observed. Extracts isolated from non-lysogenic bacteria, uninduced lysogens, and N − mutants copied λ and Escherichia coli DNA templates almost equally; however, mutation of the Q gene did not affect the λ-dependent transcription activity. The λ-dependent activity is sensitive to inhibition by rifampicin, and copurifies with the E. coli enzyme through (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation and low-salt glycerol gradient centrifugation steps. However, the altered activity is highly labile, and is lost following high-salt glycerol gradient centrifugation. Experiments employing various deletion mutants suggest that the genes involved in determining this activity are located between exo and CIII.
Reconciling Educational Leadership and the Learning Organization

The learning organization model developed by Peter Senge for creating effective organizational structures can be applied to leadership in higher education institutions. The author summarizes the particular aspects of Senge's model that make it appropriate for educational leadership, discusses its rejection of a traditional view of leaders, and compares it to Bolman and Deal's four frames of leadership. By examining the assumptions linked to metaphors Senge used to describe the ideal leader, the author articulates his view that the learning organization model disregards two important aspects of educational leadership: political adeptness and a strong personality.
PTPRD expression regulates sleep consolidation in Drosophila

Introduction Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED) is a common sleep disorder, yet its underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) point to allelic variants in multiple genes that confer susceptibility to RLS/WED. They offer potential insights into molecular pathways that govern expressivity of symptoms and signs. We used Drosophila melanogaster to explore sleep related physiology of two genes harboring at-risk alleles for RLS which also have highly conserved fly homologs, BTBD9 and PTPRD. Here, we complement our recent report of RLS phenotypes in BTBD9 mutants by exploring whether similar phenotypes exist in PTPRD mutants and probe whether sleep phenotypes are mimicked by dual mutants (i.e., suggesting a common molecular pathway) or are more severely disrupted (i.e., consistent with parallel pathways). Materials and methods Sleep phenotypes resulting from mutations in the fly homolog of PTPRD (dLar) were assayed with the Drosophila Activity Monitor. Flies transgenic for either mutated or wild-type dLar protein allowed for cell-specific manipulation of expression levels. The impact of combined dLar and BTBD9 mutations on sleep architecture was also assessed. Results Disruption of dLar/PTPRD expression in flies yielded viable, hyperlocomotive animals. dLar mutants exhibit sleep fragmentation and increased wake after sleep onset similar to that observed in BTBD9 mutant flies, the latter of which bears close resemblance to human RLS. The magnitude of fragmentation, as measured by sleep bout number and average sleep bout length, was not further increased by introduction of BTBD9 mutations into the dLar mutant background. Neuron specific expression of dLar constructs, using the GAL4-UAS system, yielded disrupted sleep consolidation similar to whole animal dLar mutants. Conclusion These results further validate GWAS as a hypothesis independent means to delineate the molecular pathophysiology underlying RLS/WED. While the role of PTPRD in neuronal development and plasticity has been studied previously in flies, this is the first exploration of its function in the context of sleep and, more specifically, RLS/WED. Our results suggest neuronal PTPRD expression regulates sleep architecture and most likely operates in a molecular pathway that also includes BTBD9. Ongoing efforts to delineate the mechanistic basis of sleep regulation by PTPRD and BTBD9 are underway. Acknowledgements Supported by RLS Foundation, Sleep Research Society, and Emory Neuroscience Initiative grants to S.S.
Cool Chips, Mobile Devices, Memory, and IEEE Micro Going Digital

This column discusses articles in the issue and the coming switch to default digital distribution of IEEE Micro.
50-W CW Single Frequency 589-nm FASOR

Doubly resonant sum-frequency generation in LBO has produced a CW, 50-W, single-frequency, diffraction-limited, linearly-polarized, 589-nm beam from injection-locked Nd:YAG lasers operating at up to 100 watts at 1064 nm and 60 watts at 1319 nm.
Formalizing User Activity–Product Function Association Based Design Rules for Universal Products

Universal products intend to equally serve people with and without a disability. This paper focuses on creating guidelines that are applicable during the early stages of designing universal products. Actionfunction diagrams are used to formally compare existing universal products to their typical counterparts to study the similarities and differences. A data mining technique, particularly association rule learning, generates rules from the universal and typical product comparison data. Generation of function-based association rules for universal design has been performed on a smaller scale using this method; this research seeks to extend and formalize the same method by studying a larger set of universal products. Trends in the generation of rules are analyzed indicating that a finite set of rules should be applicable to an arbitrarily large set of products. Further, the rules are analyzed in detail to evaluate their potential for transferability and reuse from one product to another. Of particular interest is the transferability of the rules across apparently disparate product domains such as garden tools and residential furniture. The conceptual and physical similarity of the rules is discussed in the context of creating universal product families based on a platform of accessible elements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Association between respiratory sinus arrhythmia and reductions in startle responding in three independent samples.

Evidence suggests that respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may be an important indicator of physiological flexibility. However, few studies have examined the relation between RSA and defensive habituation, a process contingent on physiological flexibility. In three independent samples, habituation was defined as the time course of 9 startle responses. In Sample one and two, startle was recorded (1) while shock electrodes were attached to participants’ and (2) before a threat-of-shock task. In Sample three, startle was recorded without these two components. In the first two samples, startle magnitude significantly decreased over time but in Sample three, startle only decreased at a trend level. Further, low RSA was associated with less of a reduction in startle magnitude over time within the first two samples, but was unrelated to startle reduction in the third. This suggests that low RSA is associated with less habituation to contextual anxiety, which may reflect difficulties regulating anxiety.
Construction of a Lotus japonicus late nodulin expressed sequence tag library and identification of novel nodule-specific genes

A range of novel expressed sequence tags (ESTs) associated with late developmental events during nodule organogenesis in the legume Lotus japonicus were identified using mRNA differential display; 110 differentially displayed polymerase chain reaction products were cloned and analyzed. Of 88 unique cDNAs obtained, 22 shared significant homology to DNA/protein sequences in the respective databases. This group comprises, among others, a nodule-specific homolog of protein phosphatase 2C, a peptide transporter protein, and a nodule-specific form of cytochrome P450. RNA gel-blot analysis of 16 differentially displayed ESTs confirmed their nodule-specific expression pattern. The kinetics of mRNA accumulation of the majority of the ESTs analyzed were found to resemble the expression pattern observed for the L. japonicus leghemoglobin gene. These results indicate that the newly isolated molecular markers correspond to genes induced during late developmental stages of L. japonicus nodule organogenesis and provide important, novel tools for the study of nodulation.
Using informal notes for sharing corporate technology know-how

Corporate and academic communities have focused a great deal of attention on formalized approaches for creating, capturing, and propagating knowledge. Far less attention has been paid to the informal mechanisms that individuals share and employ to help them navigate complex processes in order to ‘get things done.’ In this paper, we examine the creation, use, and content of informal documents for supporting users of an enterprise resource planning system in a Fortune 500 company. We contend that such notes, which are commonly used for supporting information systems-related work, are an overlooked source of knowledgeability about organizational practices. This study is a first but necessary step in analyzing the types of information that can be derived from informal notes so that organizations can more fully utilize this largely untapped resource.
Defining the no-action alternative for national environmental policy act analyses of continuing actions

Abstract The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations (40 CFR 1500–1508) for implementing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) do not define the “no-action alternative,” stating only that NEPA analyses shall “include the alternative of no action” (40 CFR 1502.14). The definition of the no-action alternative for newly proposed actions seems clear (i.e., the agency will not implement the proposed action or alternative actions). However, for continuing actions, the meaning of the no-action alternative is ambiguous (i.e., continue the activity without modification or discontinue the activity). This article examines the overall function of the no-action alternative for NEPA analyses of continuing actions. It begins with a discussion of the conflicting definitions of the no-action alternative for continuing activities, including CEQ regulations and guidelines related to the no-action alternative and legal decisions that have helped establish precedence for defining no action. A review of NEPA regulations and guidelines of 10 federal agencies shows how different agencies define no-action for continuing actions. Review of six recent NEPA documents on continuing actions reveals how their definitions of the no-action alternative promote or impede informed decision-making. This paper argues that for environmental analyses of continuing actions, both continue-the-activity-without-modification (continue) and discontinue-the-ongoing-activity (discontinue) versions of the no-action alternative should be analyzed. In addition, the article shows that there is a significant potential for distortion of the impact assessment results if historical information is used as a substitute for analysis of the no-action alternative.
From Deep Structure to an Architecture in Suspense: Peter Eisenman, Structuralism, and Deconstruction

This article examines the events that led architect Peter Eisenman to abandon his earlier mode of working, exemplified by his houses of the sixties through the seventies, and to begin his “deconstruction” projects, such as the Wexner Center in Columbus, Ohio. Eisenman's early concerns centered on late-modernist understandings of form, structure, autonomy, self-sufficiency, and strict self-referentiality. Through his writings, Eisenman situated his work within related theoretical issues that were circulating in the fields of linguistics, painting, and sculpture, using them as examples, analogies, and theoretical support. These other related disciplines reached a limit in the quest for autonomy and self-sufficiency due to the limit immanent in the logic and rhetoric employed to achieve their goals. The same deconstruction occurred in other fields, eventually resulting in theories called poststructuralist. This article explores the process through which Eisenman met such an impasse in his early work and bega...
Alteration of l-alanine aminotransferase, l-aspartate aminotransferase and β-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase activities in Drosophila melanogaster larvae by nutritional manipulation

Abstract 1. 1. Compared to glucose, pyruvate, acetate and ribose were less adequate but efficiently utilized dietary energy sources for Drosophila melanogaster larvae; whereas malate, citrate, butyrate, l -alanine and l -aspartate were much less efficient than glucose in promoting larval development. 2. 2. Relative to the enzyme activities observed in glucose-fed larvae, the activities of l -alanine aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2), l -aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1), and β-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.35) were increased in larvae by feeding carbohydrate-free diets high in l -alanine and l -aspartate in the case of the aminotransferases and high in butyrate in the case of β-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase.
The direct and indirect costs of long bone fractures in a working age US population

AbstractObjective:Information regarding the burden of fractures is limited, especially among working age patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct and indirect costs associated with long bone fractures in a working age population using real-world claims data.Methods:This was a claims-based retrospective analysis, comparing adult patients in the 6 months before and 6 months after a long bone fracture between 1/1/2001 and 12/31/2008 using the MarketScan Research Databases. Outcomes included direct medical costs and utilization, as well as work absenteeism and short term disability, which was available for a sub-set of the patients. Observed and adjusted incremental costs (i.e., the difference in costs before and after a fracture) were evaluated and reported in 2008 US$.Results:A total of 208,094 patients with at least one fracture were included in the study. Six, mutually exclusive fracture cohorts were evaluated: tibia shaft (n = 49,839), radius (n = 97,585), hip (n = 11,585), femur ...
Exposure times at which dental xeroradiographs and radiographs have comparable optical density

Xeroradiographs and conventional radiographs were made of a dentulous human cadaver maxilla that was still covered with soft tissue. The times of exposure for the xeroradiographs started at 6 impulses (1 impulse = 1/60 second) and were increased by increments of 3 impulses through 48 for subsequent images, while the radiographs were made with D-speed film and exposure times of from 21 through 63 impulses, again at every third reading. The same x-ray machine, operated at 70 kVp and 15 mA, was used as the source of radiation for all images. Film/cassette-to-jaw relationship and focal-spot-to-film/cassette distance were standardized. Transmission optical density of the resulting images was determined. The results showed that radiographs with transmission optical densities comparable to those of xeroradiographs could be produced with exposure times approximately 3 times those used for xeroradiographs in the lower part of the range observed. This factor decreased to approximately 1.3 as optical density increased.
Magnetoresistance fluctuations in mesoscopic wires and rings.

A simulation of the magnetoresistance of very small wires shows sample-specific, aperiodic structure due to the non-self-averaging nature of quasi-one-dimensional conductors in this size range. This explains earlier failures to observe flux-periodic magnetoresistance in very small rings. Analysis of the temperature and size dependence of the effect gives good agreement with experiment. A prediction is made for the experimental conditions in which oscillations periodic with flux $\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{e}$ will be observed.
SU‐GG‐T‐202: Automation of Patient Specific IMRT QA Plan Generation

Purpose: An effort to automate the planning process for measurement based patient specific intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)quality assurance (QA). Method: In our clinic before an IMRT plan is delivered, we perform measurement based QA using ionization chambers, MapCheck diode array and MatriXX chamber array. The patient plan is copied onto the phantom, dose is computed and ionization chamber points are picked or the planar dose planes are exported. This process is resource intensive and would require a physicist to spend time on generating the QA plan. To automate this process of QA plan generation we have implemented a set of software tools on the Pinnacle treatment planning system (TPS). The tools are implemented using Pinnacle scripting combined with other programming languages including Perl and C/C++. The scripts automatically operate the Pinnacle TPS to create the QA plans, export phantom dose data and generate all necessary documents and reports. Results and Conclusion: The developed scripts for QA plan generation have been used in clinic for months. They have aided in speeding up the plan generation process and reducing measurement failure/repetition rate. Overall, these tools are useful to make the daily QA plan generation on Pinnacle automatic, efficient and less repetitive.
Multi-photon absorption in the quasicontinuum of molecules of the type of SF6☆

Abstract A theoretical model is proposed for multiphoton absorption in the quasicontinuum by molecules of the type of SF 6 . The relation between the laser energy and the average number of photons absorbed per molecule is found by using certain empirical parameters. The fluctuations of the absorption around the average value are discussed by using a new physical approach.
Enabling Witness: Disability in Missiological Perspective

As the church acknowledges and seeks to integrate those members with disabilities and their concerns more fully into congregational life, Christians have been supported by many different conversation partners from across the theological disciplines. Notably absent in this discussion have been contributions from the field of missiology. Missiology is an integrative and multidisciplinary field of study that is particularly attentive to how interaction with cultures, social traditions, and religious convictions transform the church through boundary crossing. One of the major opportunities and challenges for missiology in the twenty-first century will be to support churches in recognizing and amplifying the contributions of persons with disabilities to the ministry and witness of the church. Missiology could provide a perspective and practices for ensuring that the fullness of the gifts and challenges of the world's largest minority (15% world population or 1 billion people have disabilities) will be represen...
Aerial migration of the Dictyostelium slug

The Dictyostelium slug lays down curved marks in its slime sheath trail as it migrates across an agar substrate. These 'footprints' are caused by elevation of the slug anterior as it initiates a period of aerial migration and can be used as a measure of the slug's propensity for this behavior. A variety of factors have been found to affect the number of footprints created per distance migrated. Smaller slugs produce a higher incidence of footprints than larger slugs. Migration in the light and lower temperatures during migration increase footprint incidence. Activated charcoal reduces, while exogenous addition of ammonia increases, the incidence of footprints. Simulation of the three-dimensional (3D) environment of the soil suggests that aerial migration plays a role in the slug's movement through the cavities of its natural environment. A model proposes that aerial migration is initiated by a small group of continually changing prestalk cells that acts as a pacemaker and is moved around the circumference of the slug tip by the rotation of the prestalk cells. As this pacemaker reaches the upper surface of the slug it can initiate aerial migration.
The Effect of Bovine Growth Hormone, Desoxycorticosterone, and Cortisone on the Weight of the Bursa of Fabricius, Adrenal Glands, Heart, and Body Weight of Young Chickens

Abstract RESEARCH to date has revealed little or no effect of growth hormone in young chickens, Carter et al. (1955) and Libby et al. (1955). Hsieh et al. (1952) have reported a growth promoting and diabetogenic effect of growth hormone in chick embryos. Guinea pigs and man appear to be insensitive to bovine growth hormone, Selye (1955), while the data of Beck et al. (1957) indicate a slight but significant growth effect of human and monkey growth hormone on a 13-year-old human male. Lack of stimulation by growth hormone may be due to contamination with adrenocorticotrophic hormone, to treatment procedure, to species differences, Wilhelmi (1955) and Knobil (1955), or to “conditioning” of tissue to growth hormone by the adrenal glands, Selye (1955) and Selye and Heuser (1954). The present experiments were designed to test a bovine growth hormone with no adrenocorticotrophic activity detectable at doses up to 4 mg. per 100 …
Nicardipine suppresses bronchoconstrictor actions of pharmacologic agents in guinea pigs.

We investigated the inhibitory effects of nicardipine on airway smooth muscle constriction in the guinea pig via both in vitro and in vivo preparations. In the in vitro studies, we created dose-response curves of the excised tracheal strip. The increase in respiratory overflow produced by leukotriene (LT) D4 was measured in the in vivo preparation. In the organ bath, nicardipine (1–12µg/ml) significantly inhibited constriction of the isolated tracheal spiral strip induced by 7 different agonists, acetylcholine (Ach), histamine (HA), serotonin (5-HT), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), and LTC4 and LTD4. Compared to nifedipine and verapamil (data in the literature), the inhibitory potency of nicardipine on the constriction of the isolated guinea pig tracheal strip is 100–1,000 times greater. In the in vivo studies, nicardipine (50 and 100µg/kg) significantly attenuated the LTD4-induced increase in respiratory overflow. These results suggest that nicardipine inhibits bronchoconstrictor-induced constriction of airway smooth muscle both in vitro and in vivo, and that it is a potent bronchodilator. The inhibitory characteristics of nicardipine may prove to be applicable clinically.
Functional diversity, conservation, and convergence in the evolution of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-carbonic anhydrase gene families.

Abstract The carbonic anhydrases (CA) catalyze with high efficiency the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, a reaction underlying many diverse physiological processes in animals, plants, archaebacteria, and eubacteria. We examined the evolutionary history and functional convergence of the CAs encoded by members of three independent CA gene families (α-CA, β-CA and γCA). Surprisingly, the six mammalian α-CA isozymes of defined function and tissue expression are evolvingmorerapidly than four mammalian α-CA-related proteins of unknown function. We have identified and included several previously unrecognized CA homologues present in the sequence databases, many of which are the fruits of genome project sequencing and expressed cDNA studies. We examined α-CA active site evolution and the putative β-CA and γ-CA active sites. We found support for the “introns late” hypothesis by analysis of α-CA intron locations. The view that α-CAs would be restricted to the animal kingdom and plant green algae (Chlamydomonas), the β-CAs to plants and eubacteria, and the γ-CAs to archaebacteria and eubacteria is breaking down. The plantArabidopsishas homologues of all three families.
Metabolism of phenanthrene by house fly CYP6D1 and dog liver cytochrome P450

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a ubiquitous class of environmental contaminants. The compound phenanthrene is a model PAH. A novel fluorometric method for measuring phenanthrene metabolism in vitro was developed and verified with direct measurement of [14C]phenanthrene using dog liver microsomes. The fluorometric assay and direct measurement of [14C]phenanthrene metabolism were used to show that CYP6D1, a house fly cytochrome P450, is the major house fly P450 involved in phenanthrene metabolism. Phenanthrene was metabolized by microsomes from the LPR strain of house fly that overexpresses CYP6D1, but metabolism was not observed in the CS strain that has a lower level of CYP6D1. Furthermore, the majority of phenanthrene metabolism was inhibited by a CYP6D1-specific antibody. This study increases the number of known substrates of CYP6D1 and identifies polyaromatic hydrocarbons as potential substrates of CYP6D1. The utility of CYP6D1 as an agent in bioremediation and the utility of the new fluorometric assay for understanding PAH metabolism in insects and mammals are discussed.
Effect of Phenylmercuric Acetate Injections on Phosphatase Activity in Chickens Resistant and Susceptible to Leukosis

Abstract The weighted means of liver and kidney alkaline phosphatase activity was greater in three strains of chickens classified as susceptible to lymphoid leukosis than in five strains classified as resistant. On the same basis, four strains classified as susceptible to Marek’s disease had more liver alkaline phosphatase activity than four strains classified as resistant. The weighted means of liver and kidney acid phosphatase activity were not different among the same strains of chickens classified similarly. Kidney alkaline phosphatase activity was the most generally inhibited by phenylmercuric acetate injections, followed by liver acid and alkaline phosphatase. Kidney acid phosphatase activity was enhanced by phenylmercuric acetate injections in three strains of chickens classified as resistant to both lymphoid leukosis and Marek’s disease. Liver acid phosphatase activity was depressed in three strains classed as resistant to lymphoid leukosis.
971-54 A Non-invasive Method of Visually Assessing Renal Perfusion Using a Newly Developed Intravenous Ultrasound Contrast

Present methods of quantifying renal artery blood flow (RABF) in renovascular disease require either radionuclide techniques or invasive delivery of radiographic or ultrasound contrast. Perfluoropropane is a gas routinely used for intraocular injections which, when sonicated with dextrose albumin (PESDA). produces microbubbles with prolonged survival in blood. We hypothesized, therefore, that this prolonged ultrasound contrast effect could be utilized to non-invasively evaluate RABF and perfusion, Accordingly, we gave intravenous injections (IVI) of PESDA (0.06 cc/kg) to seven dogs while imaging with an external 4.5 MHz linear array transducer RABF was monitored using a Transonic Doppler probe placed around the renal artery. Contrast two-dimensional enhancement was quantified off-line. Both echo and color Doppler enhancement were also qualitatively graded as 0 = no enhancement, 1+ = mild, 2+ = marked enhancement. Following all 36 (100%) IVI of PESDA, there was 2+ contrast ultrasound enhancement of the renal cortex. A linear correlation existed between Doppler renal artery flow and peak renal cortex videointensity follOWing IV PESDA (r = 0.65, P l 0.001), Color Doppler signals were also enhanced following IV PESDA, and resulted in excellent visualization of the main renal artery as well as segmental and lobar arteries. When renal artery stenosis was induced to decrease RABF to less than 10% of baseline, the segmental and lobar arteries were not visualized with color Doppler following IV PESDA, and peak renal cortex videointensity was reduced from 26 ± 10 to 15 ± 8 units (p l 0.05). These data demonstrate that renal artery and cortical blood flow abnormalities can be detected using intravenous PESDA. This ultrasound contrast agent could be a new non-invasive method to detect renal artery stenosis or abnormal renal perfusion.
Overcharging of a spherical macroion by an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte

We consider the electrostatic interaction between a spherical macroion of charge Qq and an oppositely, highly charged polyelectrolyte of charge − Nq (N,Q > 0). For N ≤ Q the polyelectrolyte fully collapses on the macroion, while for N > Q only a partial collapse (up to neutralization of the macroion) is expected. We show, however, that for N > Q, the amount of collapsed polyelectrolyte can be bigger than that required to neutralize the macroion, i.e. the macroion can be overcharged. The overcharging increases with the diameter of the macroion (continuously or through multiple first-order transitions), until a total collapse of the polyelectrolyte takes place. The predictions of this model are then compared with Monte Carlo simulations and a possible mechanism is suggested for the overcharging of the octameric histone in the nucleosome.
Adhesion sites of murine fibroblasts on cold insoluble globulin‐adsorbed substrata

The attachment and detachment behavior of three mouse fibroblast cell lines adhering to plastic tissue culture substrata coated with the serum protein cold-insoluble globulin (CIg) resembles that seen on the usual serumcoated substrata. The transformed cell line SVT2 spreads more extensively on the CIg-coated than on the serum-coated substratum, while the nontransformed Balb/c 3T3 line and concanavalin A-selected “revertant” of SVT2 are equally well spread on both substrata. In all three cases, immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to CIg suggests that the cells are more tightly apposed to the CIg-coated substratum than to the serum-coated substratum. Substrate-attached material (SAM), which contains cell-substratum adhesion sites and which is left after EGTA-mediated detachment of cells, is enriched for cell surface fibronectin and glycosaminoglycans (GAG). When cells are seeded onto CIg-coated substrata rather than serum-coated substrata, there is an increased deposition of GAG but a comparable deposition of cellular proteins. The protein distribution of the two types of SAM are identical as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, including fibronectin content. This indicates that substratum-bound CIg cannot functionally substitute for cell surface fibronectin in these adhesion sites. Analysis of the GAG deposited on CIg-coated substrata reveals that hyaluronate and the chondroitins are increased to a much greater extent than heparan sulfate; however, the ratio of hyaluronate to the various chondroitin species is invariant. These data provide further evidence that hyaluronate and the chondroitins are deposited in adhesion sites in well-defined stoichiometric proportions, possibly as supramolecular complexes, and that CIg may mediate adhesion of cells in the serum layer by binding to GAG-containing proteoglycans.
Hard Jobs and Good Ambition: U.S. Army Generals and the Rhetoric of Modesty

This article examines the accounts given by U.S. Army general officers explaining their success. Based on interviews with sixty-two generals, I describe the ways in which these officers—whose profession renounces careerism and self-aggrandizement—fashion explanations of their success (and the success of their colleagues) as being due to selfless service. Even as they have reached the zenith of success in their field, these men and women are not free to admit to personal ambition or to a desire for promotion. Their accounts of their success emphasize their good fortune, hard work, and love of the service. Eschewing personal ambition, they cite as their primary responsibility the well-being of the soldiers under their command. When asked directly about their extraordinarily successful careers, they almost uniformly acknowledge their willingness to accept the “hard jobs” the organization has asked them to assume. When asked about ambition, they routinely distinguish between good and bad ambition, a distinction that aligns almost perfectly with that between unit and self. Although they are warriors, specialists in the art of war, this is a group that is also practiced in modesty. I think I've had good ambition. (Division Commander, Interview #53)
Habituation to the pleasure elicited by sweetness in lean and obese women

In this study, we used a validated psychophysical tool, the hedonic general magnitude scale (hedonic gLMS), to examine whether hedonic responsivity after repetitive tasting of a sweet-tasting liquid follows a habituation pattern that is independent of adaptation to the sweet taste at the orosensory level, and whether the pattern of response is different between obese (N=22) and lean (N=32) women. The perceived sweet intensity and hedonic value of a 24% w/v sucrose solution was measured with the gLMS and sucrose preferences with the Monell two-series, forced-choice tracking method. Although women perceived the same intensity of sweetness across trials, obese women responded with a slower rate of habituation to the liking of repetitive sweet-taste orosensory stimulation than did lean women. Therefore, the decreased hedonic response observed in obese women cannot be explained by adaptation processes at the orosensory level or by differential perception of taste intensity or scale bias between the groups. The groups did not differ in the level of sweetness preferred. Because obesity was associated with slower patterns of habituation to the palatability elicited by sweetness in women, this characteristic could contribute to slower satiation rates, prolongation of eating episodes, and excessive food consumption in obese women.
1196 THE EFFECT OF VARYING OXYGEN TENSIONS ON SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE, CATALASE, AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE ACTIVITIES IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (AM) FROM GUINEA PIGS

Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CATA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of AM from guinea pigs (GP) exposed continuously to 50 or 85% oxygen have shown divergent patterns. At 50% oxygen both SOD and GPX activities increased 2-fold by 18 hours while CATA remained the same. After 18 hours of exposure to 85% oxygen, SOD, GPX, and CATA activities were similar to control. This study evaluated the effect of increasing oxygen tensions on these enzymes to explain the different patterns. GP were exposed to oxygen tensions between 30% and 85% for 18 hours and AM were harvested and purified on a Ficoll-hypaque gradient. SOD activity in room air was 3.4 ± .3 (x ± SD) units/mg protein and progressively increased to peak levels of 6.0 ± .4 at 50%, and subsequently decreased to control levels at 85% oxygen. GPX activities increased from 10.4 ± 2.7 for controls to peak at 21.7 ± 6.6 units/mg protein at 60%, and decreased to control levels at 85% oxygen. Control CATA activity was 355 ± 34 units/mg protein and exhibited no significant changes. Monocyte non-specific esterase in purified AM showed no differences between room air controls and 50% oxygen but were decreased at 85% oxygen. These studies show that SOD and GPX vary in relationship to oxygen tensions and may be the result of enzyme activation and/or induction, or heterogeneity of the AM population.
Noise properties of iterative reconstruction techniques in low-dose CT scans

CT imaging is useful and ubiquitous. There is, however, a desire to reduce imaging artifacts, improve resolution, while reducing radiation. Iterative reconstruction algorithms have been proposed as one approach towards achieving these goals. In this paper we compare phantom images produced using commercial FBP-based reconstruction to three different iterative algorithms. We focus specifically on statistical characterizations of the noise, both at full radiation dose and at 50% dose. An iterative algorithm which segregates the image into two components (soft tissue and dense object), and imposes different constraints on these components, yielded better noise characteristics than ART, total variation, and FBP.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY AND AN ENVELOPE PROPERTY

The first part of this paper shows in the Stolper-Samuelson box diagram that (a) how the increased factor in the theorem will be absorbed and how the existing resources will be transferred between industries; (b) If both factors increase simultanously, there may or may not have transference of the existing resources; (c) Jone's magnification effect can be illustrated in the same box diagram. The second part of this paper relates the corollary. We have shown that (d) if diversification of production occurs, the corollary holds percentagewise only if less of the total supply of the increased factor is employed in the industry which uses this factor intensively. (e) Our proposition may also be explained by deriving the effect of factor expansion on the marginal rate of transformation; and lastly, (f) a type of envelope theorem for factor expansion may be established. The mathematical derivations are collected in the Appendix.
Providing distributed forecasts of precipitation using a Bayesian nowcast scheme

This article presents examples of the nowcast products that can be generated using a stochastic Bayesian precipitation nowcast scheme. Using this scheme, one can view QPF distributions, variance (uncertainty) fields and cumulative probability distributions by point/pixel and, by simulating small catchments as a collection of pixels, the uncertainty characteristics at different spatial scales. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society