cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Water Saturation, NAPL Content, Degradation Half‐Life, and Lower Boundary Conditions on VOC Transport Modeling: Implications for Closure of Soil Venting Systems

Simulations using a one-dimensional, analytical, vadose zone, solute-transport screening code (VFLUX) were conducted to assess the effect of water saturation, NAPL saturation, degradation half-life, and boundary conditions at the vadose zone/ground water interface on model output. At high initial soil concentrations, model output was significantly affected by input parameters and lower boundary conditions yet still resulted in consistent decision-making to initiate or continue venting application. At lower soil concentrations, however, typical of what is observed after prolonged venting application, differences in model input and selection of lower boundary conditions resulted in inconsistent decision-making. Specifically, under conditions of low water saturation, use of a first-type, time-dependent lower boundary condition indicated that the primary direction of mass flux was from ground water to the vadose zone, suggesting little benefit from continued venting application. Use of a finite, zero-gradient lower boundary condition, though, indicated continued mass flux from the vadose zone to ground water, suggesting a continued need for venting application. In this situation, sensitivity analysis of input parameters, selection of boundary conditions, and consideration of overall objectives in vadose zone modeling become critical in regulatory decision-making.
THE SCOPE OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE REASONING

Dimensional analysis, traditionally used in physics and engineering to identify quantitative relationships, has recently been applied to qualitative reasoning of physical systems. We illustrate some problems of this approach. In the light of this, we reexamine the fundamentals of dimensional analysis in order to more precisely characterize its scope and limitations as a tool in qualitative reasoning. We also explore its relationship to state equation representations of physical systems. In particular, we describe its value in providing a set of constraints to reduce the ambiguity that bedevils qualitative reasoning schemes. We argue that dimensional analysis should not be seen as a substitute for knowledge about the physics but rather a supplement to other sources of knowledge.
Determination of moisture content in power station coal using microwaves

Abstract This paper presents the results of studies of a discontinuous system which, by measuring the phase shift of microwaves passing through a sample, determines the moisture content of coal. Measurements were carried out on different types of coal with moisture contents ranging between 5 and 15 wt% and sizes from fine powder to 12 mm particles. The measurements are obtained almost immediately with r.m.s. errors ⩽0.5 wt%.
Describing the Botanical Composition of a Mixed Species Northeastern U.S. Pasture Rotationally Grazed by Cattle

Pastures in the northeastern USA typically contain multiple species with different plant morphologies and seasonal growth. We hypothesized that some measures of botanical composition do not describe the contribution of species to forage for grazing animals, knowledge that is necessary to improve animal production. We compared three measures of botanical composition: (i) harvested herbage at prescribed post-grazing heights, (ii) total herbage cut at ground level, and (iii) tiller/leaf density. In spring, summer, and fall 1998 to 2000, we sampled a mixed pasture of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), bluegrass (Poa sp. L.), quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski], legumes, and other species that was rotationally grazed by cattle. We measured ground cover in 1999 and 2000. Relative ranking and percent contribution of orchardgrass, bluegrass, white clover (Trifolium repens L.), tall legumes, and other species differed significantly among methods; only dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers) and quackgrass measures did not. Percentage of harvested herbage from orchardgrass, tall legumes, and other species was greater than percentages based on total herbage, ground cover, and tiller/leaf density. More prostrate and shorter-growing bluegrass and white clover contributed smaller percentages to harvested herbage than to the other botanical composition measures. Interaction of botanical composition measure by season was significant for white clover and other species; bluegrass, quackgrass, and white clover percent contribution to the sward differed with season. To improve an understanding of the relative contribution of species to grazed forage in a mixed pasture, and to enhance animal production, harvested herbage should be measured rather than total herbage, ground cover, or tiller/leaf density; and preferably during spring, summer, and fall.
The social ecology of the Columbine High School shootings

The Columbine High School shooting in 1999 prompted school officials and policy-makers to create and implement programs and policies that would prevent violence in school and ensure school safety. Ten years have passed since the Columbine shooting; however, debates concerning risk factors for the shootings continue to ensue. The focus of this article is to examine the Columbine school shootings within the context of Bronfenbrenner's (1994) ecological systems analysis. We examine the most commonly identified risk factors, which operate within five systems levels: chrono-, macro-, exo-, meso-, and microsystems, and draw implications for school-based practice and policy.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation using proton beams: Initial dosimetric experience.

Purpose: The unique dosimetric features of proton radiotherapy make it an attractive modality for normal tissue sparing. We present our initial experience with protons for three-dimensional, conformal, external-beam accelerated partial breast irradiation (3D-CPBI). Methods and Materials: From March 2004 to June 2005, 25 patients with tumors ≤2 cm and negative axillary nodes were treated with proton 3D-CPBI. The prescribed dose was 32 Cobalt Gray Equivalents (CGE) in 4 CGE fractions given twice daily. One to three fields were used to provide adequate planning target volume (PTV) coverage and dose homogeneity. Results: Excellent PTV coverage and dose homogeneity were obtained in all patients with one to three proton beams. The median PTV receiving 95% of the prescribed dose was 100%. Dose inhomogeneity exceeded 10% in only 1 patient (4%). The median volume of nontarget breast tissue receiving 50% of the prescribed dose was 23%. Median volumes of ipsilateral lung receiving 20 CGE, 10 CGE, and 5 CGE were 0%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. The contralateral lung and heart received essentially no radiation dose. Cost analysis suggests that proton 3D-CPBI is only modestly more expensive (25%) than traditional whole-breast irradiation (WBI). Conclusion: Proton 3D-CPBI is technically feasible, providing both excellent PTV coverage and normal tissue sparing. It markedly reduces the volume of nontarget breast tissue irradiated compared with photon-based 3D-CPBI, addressing a principle disadvantage of external-beam approaches to PBI. As proton therapy becomes more widely available, it may prove an attractive tool for 3D-CPBI.
The Release of Reared Salmon Smolts (Salmo salar) into the Burrishoole River System (Western Ireland) and their Contribution to the Rod and Line Fishery

Reared salmon smolts have been released into the Burrishoole river system since 1957. From 1970 it has been possible to record all adult returns. Survival of reared smolts to adult, as measured by numbers of fish returning to fresh water, has averaged 2.1% cf. 8.4% for wild smolts. A number of factors contributing to the comparatively poor returns of reared smolts are outlined. The behaviour of reared adults on return to fresh water is described and it is concluded that once past their homing point, their contribution to the rod and line fishery diminishes. Thus, the exploitation rate of reared grilse below their homing point (L. Furnace) exceeds that above (L. Feeagh). In confirmation, whilst a positive correlation exists between total stock and total catch of reared grilse on L. Furnace, no significant correlation exists between stock and catch on L. Feeagh. In the Burrishoole system, the exploitation rate of wild grilse usually exceeds that of reared and it is only in L. Furnace that reared grilse make a significant contribution to the total rod catch. The mean exploitation rate obtained for Burrishoole reared grilse is low (10.8%) when compared with those recorded for salmon in other systems. The comparable exploitation rate of Burrishoole wild grilse is 14.3%.
Countercyclical safety nets for the poor and vulnerable

Abstract Relatively little is known about how government safety net programs insure against low consumption and stabilize asset bases, compared to what is known about their role in transferring income. The insurance function requires a flexible budget that can be scaled up rapidly to meet unanticipated circumstances. Safety nets serving an insurance function also differ from other transfer programs in their targeting; they need to determine transitory need rather than more chronic correlates of poverty. Moreover, insurance safety nets need a more flexible implementation strategy than do more permanent programs. This paper reviews these issues from the perspective of low income countries.
Electrification traction and signalling compatibility

The paper states that the railway is a highly integrated system and there can be interactions between many of its components. This complexity creates potential risk for railway projects, technical, operational and commercial risks. Railway projects can and have encounter extensive as well as expensive problems associated between specific railway systems. Typically difficulties will occur between new rolling stock or electrification interference with signalling and communications control systems.
Mycobacterium avium complex infection simulating lung cancer in AIDS patient after immune reconstitution with antiretroviral therapy

Summary Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex (MAC) infection is a common cause of significant morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. It usually presents as a systemic disease process. Endobronchial disease secondary to MAC is distinctly rare and can be a manifestation of the immune reconstitution in response to the highly active antiretroviral therapy. The purpose of this report is to document a case of MAC-related pulmonary mass associated causing endobronchial lesion simulating lung cancer in a patient with immune reconstitution with AIDS along with review of the relevant literature.
Reason for Hope? The Spotted Owl Injunctions and Policy Change

Under what conditions can US courts contribute to policy change? This article shows how a case study can be used to test and develop a theory of judicial policy making answering this question. In The Hollow Hope (1991, 2008), Gerald Rosenberg theorizes that judicial policy making is constrained by the limited nature of constitutional rights, the lack of judicial independence, and the judiciary's inability to implement its rulings. Ninth Circuit injunctions protecting the Northern Spotted Owl and orders to manage ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest invalidate and help reformulate Rosenberg's theory. These rulings show how judicial interpretations of statutes, regulations, precedent, and facts allow judicial policy making if these interpretations are accepted by the legal and political culture when Congress and the presidency are too divided to override them. The owl rulings also show how statutes facilitate the implementation of judicial rulings, a point not developed by Rosenberg, while additionally providing further evidence for Rosenberg's specification of conditions allowing implementation.
COUNTING YOUR BLESSINGS: SACRED NUMBERS AND THE STRUCTURE OF REALITY

. Although numerical systems have been regarded as static models of a symbolic system and treated as mythological behavior, it is postulated that these systems are more profitably analyzed as dynamic models, better understood as ritual behavior. As ritual, numerical systems, limited in number and expressive of rhythmicity, contribute to the biogenetic structuralist's notion of “equilibration” between the central nervous system and the environment. The relationship between concrete and abstract numeration is also examined, showing that counting behavior, requiring asymmetrical use of the hands, may contribute to understanding the relationships between handedness and brain hemisphericity, as well as enumeration and memorization.
Cancellous bone formation response to simulated resistance training during disuse is blunted by concurrent alendronate treatment

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of simulated resistance training (SRT) exercise combined with alendronate (ALEN) in mitigating or preventing disuse-associated losses in cancellous bone microarchitecture and formation. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 months old) were randomly assigned to either cage control (CC), hind limb unloading (HU), HU plus either ALEN (HU + ALEN), SRT (HU + SRT), or a combination of ALEN and SRT (HU + SRT/ALEN) for 28 days. HU + SRT and HU + SRT/ALEN rats were anesthetized and subjected to muscle contractions once every 3 days during HU (four sets of five repetitions, 1000 ms isometric + 1000 ms eccentric). Additionally, HU + ALEN and HU + SRT/ALEN rats received 10 µg/kg of body weight of ALEN three times per week. HU reduced cancellous bone-formation rate (BFR) by 80%, with no effect of ALEN treatment (−85% versus CC). SRT during HU significantly increased cancellous BFR by 123% versus CC, whereas HU + SRT/ALEN inhibited the anabolic effect of SRT (−70% versus HU + SRT). SRT increased bone volume and trabecular thickness by 19% and 9%, respectively, compared with CC. Additionally, osteoid surface (OS/BS) was significantly greater in HU + SRT rats versus CC (+32%). Adding ALEN to SRT during HU reduced Oc.S/BS (−75%), Ob.S/BS (−72%), OS/BS (−61%), and serum TRACP5b (−36%) versus CC. SRT and ALEN each independently suppressed a nearly twofold increase in adipocyte number evidenced with HU and inhibited increases in osteocyte apoptosis. These results demonstrate the anabolic effect of a low volume of high-intensity muscle contractions during disuse and suggest that both bone resorption and bone formation are suppressed when SRT is combined with bisphosphonate treatment. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
University Instructors' Acceptance of Electronic Courseware: An Application of the Technology Acceptance Model

This study examines the factors that influence instructors' adoption and use of an Internet-based course management system and tests the applicability of the Technology Acceptance Model TAM, introduced by Davis 1986, in the context of e-learning practices in higher education. Using data from an online survey of a university's instructors N= 191, a path analysis revealed that perceived ease of use of the system had a significant impact on perceived usefulness as the TAM suggested. In addition, a direct effect of perceived usefulness on behavioral intention to use and an indirect effect of the variable on actual system use, both of which were proposed in the TAM, were also found. Further, motivation to use the system played a significant role in affecting perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, evaluation of functions, current system use, and behavioral intention to keep using the system. This study suggests that integration of the TAM and the uses and gratification approach can be fruitful for future research on the diffusion of Internet-based technological systems.
Neuroprotective Effects of the Glutamate Transporter Activator (R)-(-)-5-methyl-1-nicotinoyl-2-pyrazoline (MS-153) following Traumatic Brain Injury in the Adult Rat

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans and in animals leads to an acute and sustained increase in tissue glutamate concentrations within the brain, triggering glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are responsible for maintaining extracellular central nervous system glutamate concentrations below neurotoxic levels. Our results demonstrate that as early as 5 min and up to 2 h following brain trauma in brain-injured rats, the activity (Vmax) of EAAT2 in the cortex and the hippocampus was significantly decreased, compared with sham-injured animals. The affinity for glutamate (KM) and the expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) were not altered by the injury. Administration of (R)-(−)-5-methyl-1-nicotinoyl-2-pyrazoline (MS-153), a GLT-1 activator, beginning immediately after injury and continuing for 24 h, significantly decreased neurodegeneration, loss of microtubule-associated protein 2 and NeuN (+) immunoreact...
Whaley's Theorem for Finite Lattices

Whaley's Theorem on the existence of large proper sublattices of infinite lattices is ex- tended to ordered sets and finite lattices. As a corollary it is shown that every finite lattice L with |L| 3 contains a proper sublattice S with |S| |L| 1/3 . It is also shown that that every finite modular lattice L with |L| 3 contains a proper sublattice S with |S| |L| 1/2 , and every finite distributive lattice L with |L| 4 contains a proper sublattice S with |S| 3 |L|.
From scaling up to sustainability in HIV: potential lessons for moving forward

Background: In 30 years of experience in responding to the HIV epidemic, critical decisions and program characteristics for successful scale-up have been studied. Now leaders face a new challenge: sustaining large-scale HIV prevention programs. Implementers, funders, and the communities served need to assess what strategies and practices of scaling up are also relevant for sustaining delivery at scale. Methods: We reviewed white and gray literature to identify domains central to scaling-up programs and reviewed HIV case studies to identify how these domains might relate to sustaining delivery at scale. Results: We found 10 domains identified as important for successfully scaling up programs that have potential relevance for sustaining delivery at scale: fiscal support; political support; community involvement, integration, buy-in, and depth; partnerships; balancing flexibility/adaptability and standardization; supportive policy, regulatory, and legal environment; building and sustaining strong organizational capacity; transferring ownership; decentralization; and ongoing focus on sustainability. We identified one additional potential domain important for programs sustaining delivery at scale: emphasizing equity. Conclusions: Today, the public and private sector are examining their ability to generate value for populations. All stakeholders are aiming to stem the tide of the HIV epidemic. Implementers need a framework to guide the evolution of their strategies and management practices. Greater research is needed to refine the domains for policy and program implementers working to sustain HIV program delivery at scale.
Strays-insensitive active switched-capacitor biquad

A general active switched-capacitor biquad is introduced. The circuit is immune to the various parasitic capacitances and is based on the two-integrator-loop topology. It implements the noninverting forward-Euler and the inverting backward-Euler discrete integrators. The circuit is the most general of its kind and all published biquads and many others can be generated from it.
Is There an Association Between Meningioma and Hormone Replacement Therapy

Purpose Molecular and clinical observations suggest a role of sex steroid hormones in the occurrence of meningioma. However, there is limited and often conflicting data on the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as a possible risk factor for meningioma. The goal of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between a diagnosis of meningioma and either current or past HRT use in women. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records in the Mayo Clinic Jacksonville electronic patient database between 1993 and 2003 to identify women with a diagnosis of either symptomatic or incidentally discovered, clinically silent meningioma. Records were also searched to identify women with a documented history of either current or past HRT use. Results Of the 355,318 women, ages 26 to 86, evaluated for any medical issue, 18,037 (5%) were documented as current or past HRT users. A total of 1,390 women with a history of symptomatic or incidentally discovered meningiomas were identified, 156 (11%) of who...
DIFFERENTIAL REACTIVITY OF INDIVIDUALS AND THE RESPONSE OF THE MALE GUINEA PIG TO TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE1

Many investigators have directed attention to the close relationship between the reactivity of tissues, sometimes referred to as sensitivity or responsiveness, and the degree of response to hormonal stimulation. The literature in which the subject is discussed has never been reviewed completely, but a few references will indicate something of the extent to which differences in reactivity influence endocrine function. Smith and Engle (1927) reported that the response of immature rats and mice to pituitary transplants increased with age; that in older animals fewer transplants were required to produce precocious sexual maturity. Bradbury (1944) and McCormack and Elden (1945) found an inherent seasonal variation in the sensitivity of the rabbit to pituitary extracts. Albright, Burnett, Smith, and Parson (1942) presented evidence that in certain clinical cases of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism the disturbance was not a lack of hormone, rather a resistance to it. Selye and Albert (1942) described a differential...
“All Will Be Well”: Julian of Norwich's Counter-Apocalyptic Revelations

To resolve the impasse between various competing apocalypticisms, I suggest the writings of Julian of Norwich exemplify an eschatology that incorporates features of what Catherine Keller calls counter-apocalyptic while avoiding the risks of deconstructionist theology. Julian faced an impasse as she struggled to reconcile the traditional apocalyptic claim of the church that some human beings were damned with her own revelatory experience that “all would be well.” According to the long text of the Revelation of Divine Love, in facing this crisis Julian did not abandon the belief in divine omnipotence. Like Keller's position, Julian's apophatic counter-apocalyptices chews understandings of Christiane eschatology as the simple disclosure of divine power and justice. Instead, Julian's counter-apocalyptic is founded upon the vulnerability of Christ's body. Julian's vision of Christ's kenotic love transcends the impasse between eschatological determinism and Keller's process theology, and his love establishes a stronger foundation for a truly liberating eschatology.
Kidney failure in infants and children.

1. James C. M. Chan, MD*† 2. Debra M. Williams, MD* 3. Karl S. Roth, MD*† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 2. †Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize and delineate the causes of acute renal failure. 2. Formulate emergency management of fluid electrolyte disorders in acute renal failure. 3. Characterize the incidence, causes, and costs of chronic renal failure in children. 4. Explain the pathogenesis and treatment of complications of chronic renal failure. 5. Delineate a plan to help the family with the outcome of renal failure. The evaluation of kidney failure is challenging, despite many advances in diagnosis and treatment over the past decade. To provide pediatricians with an informed choice, this article reviews both acute and chronic renal failure, their multiple causes, the principles of treatment, and both short- and long-term outcomes. Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by the abrupt failure of the kidneys to regulate water and electrolyte homeostasis. ARFs in childhood due to hemolytic-uremic syndrome, postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis, or dehydration are reversible, but a small percentage may progress to chronic renal failure (CRF). CRF is the result of slowly progressive kidney diseases and seldom is fully reversible. This condition in childhood is associated with obstructive uropathy, congenital aplastic/hypoplastic/dysplastic kidneys, and other causes. In CRF, almost every system in the body eventually becomes compromised. ### Incidence and Causes ARF is encountered in 3% to 10% of all admissions to neonatal intensive care units. In our experience with a regional pediatric nephrology program serving a catchment area of 1.5 million general population, 6.4% of 3,154 children referred to the program from community physicians suffered from ARF. However, precise figures on the true incidence of ARF in childhood are surprisingly sparse. ARF is a life-threatening, abrupt reduction of urinary output to less than 300 mL/m2 per day that is precipitated by prolonged renal ischemia in most cases. Occasionally, it may present with a high urinary output but mounting serum urea nitrogen and creatinine …
Abnormal glucocorticoid receptor-activator protein 1 interaction in steroid-resistant asthma

Glucocorticosteroids are a very effective treatment for asthma and other chronic inflammatory diseases. However, a small proportion of patients is resistant to the therapeutic effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacokinetic and ligand binding studies suggest that the molecular abnormality in steroid resistance lies distal to nuclear translocation. We have previously reported that there is a decreased ability of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to bind to the DNA-binding site in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after dexamethasone treatment. This reduced DNA binding was due to a decrease in the number of receptors available rather than an alteration in affinity for DNA. To study this reduced DNA binding, we examined the ability of the nuclear translocated transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) to bind to their DNA-binding sites and to interact with GR in PBMC from patients with steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant asthma. There was a significant reduction in the interaction between GR and AP-1 in these steroid-resistant patients, although interaction with other transcription factors activated in inflammation (NF-kappa B and CREB) was unaffected. An increase in the basal levels of AP-1 DNA binding was also detected in the nuclei from steroid-resistant asthmatic patients. There were no differences in the amount of messenger RNA detected for the components of AP-1, c-Fos and c-Jun, nor in the sequences of these messenger RNAs. These results suggest either that the ability of the GR to bind to glucocorticoid response elements and AP-1 is altered in steroid-resistant patients or that increased levels of AP-1 prevent GR DNA binding, and that this may be the molecular basis of resistance to the antiinflammatory effect of steroids in these cells.
Sarcoidosis of the heart presenting with ventricular tachycardia and atrioventricular block.

Abstract Direct involvement of the myocardium, a serious complication of sarcoidosis, was observed in 2 cases. The first patient had a progressively downhill course over 2 1 2 years, ending in sudden death. Her disease was characterized by recurrent ventricular arrhythmias, progressive heart failure and terminal arrhythmia. Cardiac catheterization and cineangiocardiograms performed before death revealed 2 ventricular aneurysms. Postmortem examination revealed extensive fibrosis and typical noncaseating granulomatous infiltration of the myocardium. The second patient presented with complete heart block. At the time of implantation of an epicardial pacemaker, biopsy of the myocardium and a mediastinal lymph node showed the noncaseating granulomas of sarcoidosis. In the subsequent years, atrioventricular (A-V) conduction improved and, when last seen, the patient maintained a normal sinus rhythm with first degree atrioventricular block.
Time-optimal UAV trajectory planning for 3D urban structure coverage

In this paper, we study the time-optimal trajectory planning of a sensor attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to provide complete 3-dimensional coverage with applications to urban environments with 2.5-dimensional features. The basic approach is to approximate the features of interest with a set of non planar coverage surfaces and to design a motion plan that guarantees the coverage surface is swept completely with a conical-field-of-view sensor. We establish a lower bound on time for a UAV to achieve complete coverage and derive the analytical coverage plan whose duration is a constant times this lower bound. Our hardware-in-the-loop simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Nanoparticle surface electromagnetic fields studied by single-particle nonlinear optical spectroscopy

Polarization-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements were performed on solid gold nanosphere (SGN) dimers at the single-particle level. The results indicated that single-particle SHG measurements could be used to quantify the localized electromagnetic surface fields that result from excitation of inter-particle localized surface plasmon modes. For several dimers, the polarization-resolved measurements revealed that the surface fields localized between SGNs in a dimer were chiral. Quantitative analysis of SHG line shapes obtained from single-particle continuous polarization variation (CPV-SHG) experiments confirmed that the chirality originated from non-zero magnetic-dipolar contributions to the SGN dimer nonlinear optical response. Correlation of SEM images and single-particle SHG measurements obtained for several SGN dimers, as well as lithographically generated nanostructures, were used to demonstrate the structure sensitivity of the CPV-SHG method.
Optimal shape design for thin‐walled beam cross‐sections

Problems of shape optimization for thin-walled beam cross-sections are investigated. In particular, shape optimization under torsional loading is treated. The shape of the beam cross-section is described by non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBs). Biquadratic and p-version finite elements are used to calculate the warping function. The definition of the element geometry is carried out by isoparametric and B-spline mappings. Both methods are discussed and compared. For structural shape optimization the B-spline mapping in connection with the p-version finite elements is very efficient. The optimization is implemented using convex linearisation and a dual method of mathematical programming. Sensitivity analysis is performed analytically. Sample calculations are included.
Cue verification for an automatically-guided wheelchair system

An automatically-guided wheelchair system has been developed at the University of Notre Dame. Like some other automatically-guided vehicles (AGVs), this system uses filtering to combine information from measurements and the state equations to produce accurate ongoing pose estimates. This approach relies on the detection of nonunique passive visual cues placed at known positions throughout the environment. In order to maintain accurate pose estimates, a measurement involving any given detected cue must correspond with the correct cue identity. This paper deals with the approach taken to address the problem of establishing correct identity.
The success of succession: a symposium commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Buell‐Small Succession Study

Motivation: The Buell-Small Succession Study (BSS) is the longest running study of post agricultural succession in North America. To honor this program, a symposium at the Ecological Society of America meetings was organized to explore the state of succession theory and its contribution to the field of ecology and its application to restoration. The BSS was originally motivated by two controversies in the literature during the 1950's. The first was between a community versus and individual basis of secondary succession. The second was the validity of the Initial Floristic Composition hypothesis. Location: Hutcheson Memorial Forest, Somerset, New Jersey, USA Methods: Vegetation composition and cover has been continuously quantified in permanent plots established in 10 old fields. Continued Research Motivation: The rich data set has documented population and community dynamics and the spatio-temporal controls and historical contingencies that influence those dynamics. The regulation of community dynamics continues to be a line of inquiry as does the application of results to restoration and understanding the dynamics of non-native species. Conclusions: Long term vegetation studies are uncommon in ecology yet they are uniquely valuable for understanding system dynamics – particularly if the studies capture periodic events or system shifts such as droughts and invasions by non-native species. Resilient long term studies, of which the BSS is an example, maintain methods and data structure while allowing motivating questions to evolve along side advancements in the theoretical and conceptual realms of the field. Succession continues to serve as a basic tenet of ecology which is demonstrated by the papers making up this special issue.
Camp SHINE A Preventive Intervention for Obese Children

According to the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), in 2008, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese. This article describes the use of a ...
Subcortical visual dysfunction in schizophrenia drives secondary cortical impairments

Visual processing deficits are an integral component of schizophrenia and are sensitive predictors of schizophrenic decompensation in healthy adults. The primate visual system consists of discrete subcortical magnocellular and parvocellular pathways, which project preferentially to dorsal and ventral cortical streams. Subcortical systems show differential stimulus sensitivity, while cortical systems, in turn, can be differentiated using surface potential analysis. The present study examined contributions of subcortical dysfunction to cortical processing deficits using high-density event-related potentials. Event-related potentials were recorded to stimuli biased towards the magnocellular system using low-contrast isolated checks in Experiment 1 and towards the magnocellular or parvocellular system using low versus high spatial frequency (HSF) sinusoidal gratings, respectively, in Experiment 2. The sample consisted of 23 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 19 non-psychiatric volunteers of similar age. In Experiment 1, a large decrease in the P1 component of the visual event-related potential in response to magnocellular-biased isolated check stimuli was seen in patients compared with controls (F = 13.2, P = 0.001). Patients also showed decreased slope of the contrast response function over the magnocellular-selective contrast range compared with controls (t = 9.2, P = 0.04) indicating decreased signal amplification. In Experiment 2, C1 (F = 8.5, P = 0.007), P1 (F = 33.1, P < 0.001) and N1 (F = 60.8, P < 0.001) were reduced in amplitude to magnocellular-biased low spatial frequency (LSF) stimuli in patients with schizophrenia, but were intact to parvocellular-biased HSF stimuli, regardless of generator location. Source waveforms derived from inverse dipole modelling showed reduced P1 in Experiment 1 and reduced C1, P1 and N1 to LSF stimuli in Experiment 2, consistent with surface waveforms. These results indicate pervasive magnocellular dysfunction at the subcortical level that leads to secondary impairment in activation of cortical visual structures within dorsal and ventral stream visual pathways. Our finding of early visual dysfunction is consistent with and explanatory of classic literature showing subjective complaints of visual distortions and is consistent with early visual processing deficits reported in schizophrenia. Although deficits in visual processing have frequently been construed as resulting from failures of top-down processing, the present findings argue strongly for bottom-up rather than top-down dysfunction at least within the early visual pathway. Deficits in magnocellular processing in this task may reflect more general impairments in neuronal systems functioning, such as deficits in non-linear amplification and may thus represent an organizing principle for predicting neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
The Stream of Family Secrets: Navigating the Islands of Confidentiality and Triangulation Involving Family Therapists.

This article provides family counselors with an overview of the ethical considerations that enter the therapeutic realm when secrets are shared with the family’s therapist that are obscured to the ...
Acylcarnitine Profiles in Acetaminophen Toxicity in the Mouse: Comparison to Toxicity, Metabolism and Hepatocyte Regeneration

High doses of acetaminophen (APAP) result in hepatotoxicity that involves metabolic activation of the parent compound, covalent binding of the reactive intermediate N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) to liver proteins, and depletion of hepatic glutathione. Impaired fatty acid β-oxidation has been implicated in previous studies of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. To better understand relationships between toxicity and fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver in APAP toxicity, metabolomic assays for long chain acylcarnitines were examined in relationship to established markers of liver toxicity, oxidative metabolism, and liver regeneration in a time course study in mice. Male B6C3F1 mice were treated with APAP (200 mg/kg IP) or saline and sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 or 48 h after APAP. At 1 h, hepatic glutathione was depleted and APAP protein adducts were markedly increased. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were elevated at 4 and 8 h, while proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, indicative of hepatocyte regeneration, was apparent at 24 h and 48 h. Elevations of palmitoyl, oleoyl and myristoyl carnitine were apparent by 2–4 h, concurrent with the onset of Oil Red O staining in liver sections. By 8 h, acylcarnitine levels were below baseline levels and remained low at 24 and 48 h. A partial least squares (PLS) model suggested a direct association of acylcarnitine accumulation in serum to APAP protein adduct and hepatic glutathione levels in mice. Overall, the kinetics of serum acylcarnitines in APAP toxicity in mice followed a biphasic pattern involving early elevation after the metabolism phases of toxicity and later depletion of acylcarnitines.
A COMPARISON OF THE SPRING-INHABITING GENERA OF CHIRONOMIDAE FROM THE HOLARCTIC WITH THOSE FROM NATURAL AND MANMADE SPRINGS IN LABRADOR, CANADA

From the literature 70 of the 212 chironomid genera known in the immature stage from the Holarctic Region are considered in this paper to be inhabitants of springs or seeps, or both. Three more are known only from adults collected at springs and seeps so that 73 out of 235 genera recognized from the Holarctic appear to be associated with these habitats. Literature records of distribution suggest that 65 of the 73 occur in northeastern North America. Collections from natural and manmade springs and seeps in Labrador yielded 45 genera; 40 of these genera belong to the set of 65 genera noted above. The other five are likely spill-overs into springs and seeps from adjacent habitats. Communities from manmade springs and seeps originating from the earth dykes and dams at Churchill Falls were compared with natural springs and seeps there and in Goose Bay, Labrador. Chironomid communities were similar at the generic level in both man-made and natural spring–seep habitats.
Nonbinary Kasami sequences over GF(p)

The correlation values and the distribution of these correlation values for the small set of nonbinary Kasami sequences over GF(p) (p prime) are presented. The correlation results are an extension of the binary results and have p+2 correlation levels. This nonbinary Kasami set is asymptotically optimum with respect to its correlation properties. These sequences are obtained, as in the binary case, from a large primitive polynomial of degree n=2 m and a small primitive polynomial of degree m that yields a sequence length of p/sup n/-1 and maximum nontrivial correlation value of 1+p/sup m/. Nonbinary Kasami sequences are directly implemented using shift registers and are applicable for code division multiple access systems. >
Roscovitine confers tumor suppressive effect on therapy-resistant breast tumor cells

Introduction Current clinical strategies for treating hormonal breast cancer involve the use of anti-estrogens that block estrogen receptor (ER)α functions and aromatase inhibitors that decrease local and systemic estrogen production. Both of these strategies improve outcomes for ERα-positive breast cancer patients, however, development of therapy resistance remains a major clinical problem. Divergent molecular pathways have been described for this resistant phenotype and interestingly, the majority of downstream events in these resistance pathways converge upon the modulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins including aberrant activation of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). In this study, we examined whether the CDK inhibitor roscovitine confers a tumor suppressive effect on therapy-resistant breast epithelial cells.
Use of anatomical and kinetic models in the evaluation of human food additive safety.

Toxicological testing in animals is relied upon as a surrogate for clinical testing of most food additives. Both animal and human clinical test results are generally available for direct additives when high levels of exposure are expected. Limited animal studies or in vitro test results may be the only sources of toxicological data available when low levels of exposure (μg/person/day) are expected and where no effects of the additive on the food itself are desired. Safety assessment of such materials for humans requires mathematical extrapolation from any effects observed in test animals to arrive at acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for humans. Models of anatomy may be used to estimate tissue and organ weights where that information is missing and necessary for evaluation of a data set. The effect of growth on target tissue exposure during critical phases of organ development can be more accurately assessed when models of growth and known physiological changes are combined with pharmacokinetic results for test species. Kinetic models, when combined with limited chemical property, kinetic, and distribution data, can often be used to predict steady-state plasma and tissue levels of a test material over the range of doses employed in chronic studies to aid in interpretation of effects that are often nonlinear with respect to delivered dose. A better understanding of the reasons for nonlinearity of effects in animals improves our confidence in extrapolation to humans.
Achieving Successful Partnerships: Deaf Professionals and Designated Interpreters

The assumption in most of the literature on interpretation is that the deaf person in the interpreted interaction is a subordinate or a consumer of professional services. There are currently more deaf professionals in power positions than at any other time in history, and thus, a greater need for interpreting services to meet the needs of deaf professionals and their non-deaf colleagues and clients. This book is the first to address this phenomenon head on. Interpreters and deaf professionals may have outdated assumptions about their relationships, so this volume critically examines these relationships and reveals current ‘‘best practices.’’ These partnerships have the potential to meet the needs of both the deaf professional and the interpreter, which would be stifled under a more rigid view of interpreting. Open communication is needed between both parties, with a commitment to the demands of the professional’s field and a shared understanding of when to be flexible or not in their respective roles. Twenty-five deaf professionals and designated interpreters contributed to this 13-chapter volume and provide a detailed, insightful look into the interpreter-mediated world of deaf professionals who are doctors, academics, attorneys, CEOs, therapists, artists, filmmakers, and information technology professionals. These partnerships are explored from both a theoretical and a practical view, which is a real strength of the volume. The first seven chapters address a myriad of issues: (1) trust and commitment that is needed for a successful partnership, while melding the interpreting and professional’s fields to achieve the professional’s goals; (2) teamwork with a designated interpreter and a nondesignated interpreter when giving a presentation; (3) how deaf professionals and designated interpreters can move beyond certain attitudes, behaviors, and stereotypes; (4) the importance and underlying goals of work-related social events that are not as ‘‘casual’’ as many may assume; (5) gender differences and an interpreter’s decisions regarding powerful/powerless language; (6) interpreter function in academia given the research, teaching, and service duties of deaf academics; and (7) dual interpreter roles, working with a deaf attorney, and the role of the deaf professional and human resources in staff interpreter decisions. The final six chapters focus on working relationships between designated interpreters and a deaf artist, doctor, CEO, therapist, filmmaker, and IT professional. Keen insight is provided into the intricacies of these relationships and expands our current view of interpreting services. These teams must work closely, which brings up questions of role, knowledge, decision making, boundaries, protocol, support, trust, commitment, judgment, and communication.
Enhanced regioselectivity of rhodium-catalysed alkene hydroboration in supercritical carbon dioxide

Catalysed alkene hydroboration proceeds in supercritical CO2 with several rhodium(I) complexes using tunable fluorinated ligands and shows higher regioselectivity relative to tetrahydrofuran or perfluoromethylcyclohexane.
Failure of cefoxitin and doxycycline to eradicate endometrial Mycoplasma genitalium and the consequence for clinical cure of pelvic inflammatory disease

Objectives: As Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), we examined the efficacy of a commonly used PID antimicrobial in treating M genitalium upper genital tract infection. Methods: In the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health study of inpatient versus outpatient treatment, 682 women treated with cefoxitin and doxycycline for clinically suspected PID had stored cervical and endometrial specimens available for analysis. In the current sub study, we compared baseline endometritis, short term treatment failure (continued endometritis and pelvic pain 30 days following treatment) and sequelae among women with and without M genitalium, identified using PCR. Results: Endometrial M genitalium was associated with baseline endometritis (adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 6.1). Among women with a positive baseline M genitalium test, 41% tested positive again 30 days following treatment. Women testing positive compared to those testing negative for M genitalium at baseline had an increased risk of short-term treatment failure (RR 4.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 20.1). Rates of sequelae, including infertility (22%), recurrent PID (31%) and chronic pelvic pain (42%), were high among women testing positive for endometrial M genitalium at baseline. There was a non-significant trend towards increased infertility, chronic pelvic pain and recurrent PID, and decreased pregnancy and live birth following M genitalium infection. Conclusions: M genitalium is associated with endometritis and short-term PID treatment failure. Cefoxitin and doxycycline, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended PID treatment regimen, is ineffective for the treatment of M genitalium upper genital tract infection.