cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of gene introgression in apple using RAPD markers

A genomic remnant of Malus floribunda clone 821 introgressed into the cultivated apple M. x domestica Borkh. was identified using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers obtained by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using a set of 59 oligonucleotide decamer primers, polymorphic DNA markers were identified among three pooled DNA samples. Based on the presence or absence of bands among bulked apple scab-resistant selections and cultivars, bulked scab-susceptible cultivars, and a M. floribunda clone 821 sample, one primer, A 15, identified amplified fragments in the scab-resistant bulked sample that was also unique to the M. floribunda clone 821. The unique band from M. floribunda clone 821 was amplified in four out of 17 scab-resistant selections/cultivars. This RAPD, designated OA15900, identifies an introgressed fragment that has as yet no known function.
Research in progress: the effects of ethical climate on attitudes and behaviors toward software piracy

Software piracy, the unauthorized copying of computer software, is widespread in many organizations today. From the perspective of managers in organizations, software piracy means the threat of costly litigation on the one hand, balanced against the reduced expense for additional software if unauthorized copies are used. It should be possible to exercise more effective control over software piracy with a more complete understanding of the factors that lead to the decision to copy software. The goal of this study is to assess the direct and moderating effects of the organization's ethical climate on a variety of attitudes and behaviors regarding software piracy. Prior research on software piracy has tended to focus on individual factors that influence piracy. This study is part of a multi-year, multi-university study of software piracy. Results from our prior studies suggest that while individual factors such as age and gender influence piracy attitudes and behaviors, these effects appear to be overshadowed by organization effects. In this study, we measure organization ethical climate as perceived by students in three universities and their attitudes and behaviors towards software piracy. The measures of ethical climate used in the literature have been modified to fit the university setting.Our study promises to make several important contributions. From the perspective of theory, our work should demonstrate the importance of including organizational ethical climate in theoretical models of the antecedents of software piracy attitudes and behaviors. Prior research on software piracy has tended to focus on the effects of individual differences; however, individuals are embedded in organizational contexts that can influence their attitudes and behaviors. From the perspective of practice, demonstrating that different ethical climates directly impact and moderate software piracy attitudes and behaviors has a number or implications for the management of information systems professionals. It is important to know whether certain ethical climates encourage or discourage software piracy attitudes and behaviors. Managers may work to change an ethical climate that fosters software piracy; alternatively, they may need to implement strong measures in the existing ethical climate to discourage software piracy.Finally, it is important to study software piracy in a university setting, as this is where future information systems professionals are trained. It is imperative for educators to understand students' ethical attitudes and behaviors concerning software piracy, and how these attitudes and behaviors may be influenced.
Elasto-plastic analysis of a plane stress problem using linearized yield surface and mixed hardening rule

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present the mathematical formulations in the incremental theory of plasticity, which is based on the mixed hardening rule and a linear yield surface. A three-parameter, uniaxial symmetric, linear yield surface suitable for tension-weak as well as equal tension and compression yield stress material is presented. This yield condition, along with the mixed hardening and associated flow rules is used to formulate the constitutive laws for sides and corners of the yield surface. The formulation is based on incremental plasticity with the assumption of small displacements and is suitable for plane stress problems under monotonie and cyclic loading. The mixed hardening rule, which is mathematically modeled, could be changed to either kinematic or isotropic hardening by a simple change in the model. This hardening rule could handle different degrees of Bauschinger effect, as opposed to kinematic hardening, which assumes only an ideal Bauschinger effect, or isotropic hardening, which does not account for the effect at all. The theory is applied to a ductile material using the finite element method and cyclic loading.
Unintended Consequences: The Impact of Proposition 2½ Overrides on School Segregation in Massachusetts

AbstractI investigate a possible unintended consequence of Proposition 2½ override behavior—that it led to increased segregation in school districts in Massachusetts. This can occur because richer, low-minority towns tend to have more successful override votes that attract similar households with relatively high demands for public services who can afford to pay for them. To evaluate this hypothesis, I collect panel data on override behavior from 1982 to 2012 and merge this with data on school district enrollments and other district- and town-level characteristics. I find evidence that passing overrides earmarked for schools results in a significant decrease in the percent of nonwhite students enrolled in Massachusetts school districts. This happens in districts with below-average nonwhite school enrollments, and hence increases segregation.
Comparison of Michelson interferometer, intensity interferometer, and filled aperture telescope SNR for GEO satellites detection

The observation of satellites at geostationary earth orbits (GEO) from the ground presents some formidable technical and scientific challenges. In recent years, several approaches have been proposed and some have undergone field tests. The Naval Research Laboratory has pioneered the use of the Michelson-style sparse aperture interferometers for this problem by using the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI). Other groups have proposed the use of Intensity Interferometry to solve this problem. It is in this framework that we are addressing the issue of comparing Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) expressions and numerical simulations for various approaches in order to establish which is the most suitable technique for ground based observations. In this paper we present a comparison of SNR simulations for a Michelson Interferometer, an Intensity Interferometer and a filled aperture telescope. We present the basic background of the two interferometric techniques and the standard SNR expressions for the three approaches. We review the parameters of the simulations discussing the limitations and we will present the results.
Residual crystallinity of vapor-deposited tin films

Abstract Using transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction techniques, the residual crystallinity of vapor-deposited tin thin films has been investigated. At substrate temperatures above about 0.8Tm, liquid-like particles were observed to be single crystals, with no evidence of grain boundaries or related crystallographic inhomogeneities. A significant portion of the single-crystal particles exhibited epitaxial features, and they appeared to have solidified by a liquid-solid phase transformation beginning at the particle-substrate interface and propagating in the [001] direction, with the (00 1 ) plane facing the (001) NaCl substrate. The observation of crystal facets supports this model. For substrate temperatures of approximately 0.7Tm or below, the tin films were composed of island structures. An examination of the crystallographic and morphological features of the tin films suggests a coalescence mechanism consistent with that outlined by Pocza. For substrate temperatures greater than 0.8Tm, coalescence is dominated by liquid drops with liquid drops. Below 0.8Tm, the mechanism shifts from one of liquid drops with crystallites to one dominated primarily by the coalescence of crystallites with crystallites below 0.6Tm.
AEROBIC, GRAM-POSITIVE, FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA AS ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN HAMSTERS.

Abstract The bacteriology of a spontaneous periodontal disease of hamsters was investigated. This disease is characterized by a heavy, adherent, subgingival plaque and accompanies the feeding of a high carbohydrate diet. Pure cultures of aerobic branching filaments isolated from the plaque induced the disease when inoculated orally into uninfected albino hamsters. Other plaque organisms including streptococci and various unidentified gram-negative rods did not induce the disease. A filamentous strain “labelled” by making it resistant to terramycin was used to induce the disease and to trace implantation, persistence and transfer of the organism. The “labelled” strain was recovered in high numbers from all hamsters infected with this strain and its transfer from infected mothers to offspring was observed. Simultaneous inoculations with the aerobic filament and a specific streptococcus induced both periodontal disease and caries in the same animal.
Conformational changes of peptides at solid/liquid interfaces: a Monte Carlo study

Monte Carlo simulations were performed to study the conformational changes of negatively charged model peptides dissolved in water adsorbed onto charged surfaces. 8-, 16-, and 20-residues peptides were used, each of them consisted of repeating diblock units of aspartic acid (ASP, polar amino acid) and isoleucine (ILE, nonpolar amino acid) residues. We found that a water patch was retained at the charged surface, separating the peptide from it. We believed that these water molecules were primarily responsible for giving a particular orientation to the peptide at the surface. Water did play a role to some extent in the structural stability of the 8-residues peptide. However, for higher chain lengths (16-residues and 20-residues), the intrinsic hydrogen-bonding network (or intrinsic structural stability) showed a predominant effect over hydrophobic dehydration for the stability of the peptide at the surface.
Attachment Style and Risk Taking: A Theoretical Approach to Understanding Young Men Who Have Sex with Men

Relationships between attachment style and risk-taking behaviors are examined among young men who have sex with men. A large body of research has demonstrated that possessing a secure attachment style may buffer the effects of other risk factors. Conversely, an insecure attachment style, particularly fearful and preoccupied styles, interfere with motivation to participate in health-protective behaviors and create barriers to developing platonic relationships with peers and adults, including service providers, who can assist with positive adaptation and functioning. Thus, a better understanding of the attachment styles of at-risk youth may guide the development of more suitable interventions.
Determinism in Mesoscale Wind Spectra at Columbia, Missouri

Abstract Power spectra of mesoscale eddies with periods ranging from 10 min to 8 hr were computed for the months of January and July from three years of surface wind data obtained at Columbia, Mo. To educe the degree of determinism in the spectra, their variability with time of year, time of day, wind speed and direction, and with the presence or absence of thunderstorms was measured. Diurnal spectra for January and July were found to be similar. A comparison of semidiurnal daytime and nighttime spectra showed that the former contained considerably more energy than the latter and that the difference was greater in July than in January. The eddy energy was shown to increase by a factor of approximately 7 at night in the presence of thunderstorms. No effect of wind direction could be found. Over a large portion of the lower mesoscale range the diurnal power spectra followed a −1 law, similar to that for “wall turbulence” in the layer of strong shear in the boundary layer over a flat plate.
Implications of reef fish movement from unreported artificial reef sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico

a b s t r a c t Artificial reefs were deployed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) by the state of Florida's marine fisheries agency but not reported to the public in an attempt to create no-harvest refuges for exploited fishes. As part of a broader examination of the efficacy of this approach, a tagging study was conducted at a subset (n = 9) of these unreported artificial reefs to examine the likelihood that reef fishes would
Do Coparenting and Social Support Have a Greater Effect on Adolescent Fathers Than Adult Fathers

This study examined whether coparenting support and social support had a stronger effect on father engagement with 3-year-olds among adolescent fathers compared with adult fathers. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1,540), we found that coparenting support and paternal social support had a significantly stronger positive effect on adolescent fathers than adult fathers. The associations among coparenting, social support, and adolescent father engagement did not depend on whether the father and mother were romantically involved with each other. The results support the idea that programs for adolescent parents should focus on coparenting and social support as a way to help fathers to stay involved with their children.
Transcriptional regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor gene: evidence for protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways.

An important mechanism whereby growth factors stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is by increasing insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor binding. To characterize the mechanisms involved, we studied transcription of the IGF-I receptor gene in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Angiotensin II (100 nM) and basic fibroblast growth factor (5 ng/ml) caused a marked increase in IGF-I receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, peaking at 3 h (215 +/- 16.8% and 85 +/- 7.4% above control, respectively). Nuclear run-on assays indicated that angiotensin II and fibroblast growth factor stimulated IGF-I receptor gene transcription by 2.1- and 2.5-fold, respectively. Down-regulation of protein kinase C, a serine/threonine kinase that is important in growth factor-activated signal transduction, completely inhibited fibroblast growth factor- but not angiotensin II-mediated up-regulation of IGF-I receptor mRNA. The protein kinase C inhibitors chelerythrine (3 microns), calphostin C (100 nM), and staurosporine...
Discourses that silence and deflect attention away from the interests of low-wage workers experiencing job loss

This case study, involving in-depth interviewing with 60 employees and an extensive newspaper analysis, illuminates that public discourse in and around the lived experience of job loss is not only ...
The affect of temperature on the metabolism and behaviour of an endemic amphipod, Hyalella montezuma, from Montezuma Well, Arizona, U.S.A.

1. Hyalellamontezuma is endemic to Montezuma Well, Arizona, and is exposed to minimal diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations in the pelagic zone (21 ± 4 °C). Juvenile H. montezuma feed in the pelagic zone during the day and migrate into the littoral vegetation at night, while adults remain primarily in the littoral vegetation. 2. Oxygen consumption (VO2) of adult and juvenile H. montezuma was measured at 20, 25 and 30 °C. The VO2 of both adult and juvenile H. montezuma increased with temperature. However, the VO2 of juveniles was significantly greater than that of adults at all temperatures, with greatest divergence at 30 °C where mean juvenile VO2 (6.31 μl mg–1 dry weight (DW) h–1) was almost twice that of adults (3.60 μl mg–1 DW h–1). 3. Survivorship of juveniles was significantly lower (54%) at 30 °C than at 27.5 °C (95%) after 4 h, whereas adults showed at least a 93% survivorship at both temperatures. 4. Our data suggest that temperature may have been the proximate cue that elicited the diel horizontal migration of juvenile H. montezuma in Montezuma Well, with the behaviour maintained and enhanced by intensive invertebrate predation in the pelagic and littoral zones.
A microcrack model of rock inelasticity part I: Frictional sliding on microcracks

A microscopically-based model of brittle-elastic behavior of compressed rock is constructed. The basic hypothesis is that frictional sliding on microcracks, accompanied by the growth of secondary tensile cracks, is the dominant mode of inelasticity at moderate compressive stresses (up to several hundreds of MPa1): microcracks (initially penny-shaped) are associated with weak grain boundaries and constitute a random field. This hypothesis is examined from the point of view of its ability to explain the basic features of macroscopic stress-strain behavior. In the present paper (Part I), we consider the first stage of inelasticity when driving force τ-μσ acting on cracks (τ and σ are shear and normal tractions, μ is the friction coefficient) is positive but not high enough to initiate crack propagation. (The second stage — propagation of branched microcracks — is considered in Part II, see Kachanov, this issue.) Macroscopic stress-inelastic strain relations are obtained by summation of individual slidings. These relations are, generally, path-dependent, but there exists a cone of path-independence (in the stress space) which is quite wide, at least in the case of axisymmetric loading. Another feature of the mentioned relations is a significant stress-induced anisotropy. Although the overall inelastic effects are small in this stage, some of them are distinguishable and can be compared, at least qualitatively. with experimental data. The stress interval of frictional sliding (prior to onset of crack propagation) can be considerable.
Quantitative Fällung von vierwertigem Uran mit Natriumhypophosphat aus stark saurer Lösung

Das durch Oxydation von rotem Phosphor z.B. mit Natriumchlorit NaClO2 hergestellte Natriumhypophosphat Na2H2P2O6 · 6 H2O ist zur quantitativen Fallung von U4+ bei pH-Werten zwischen 1,5 und etwa −0,5 geeignet, wenn die vorzugsweise salz- oder schwefelsaure Losung mindestens 5 · 10−3 Mol/l U4+ und nicht mehr als 5 Gew.-% Phosphorsaure enthalt. Auser U4+ werden unter diesen Bedingungen nur Ti4+, Zr4+, Hf4+ und Th4+ gefallt. Als Wageform dient entweder das nach Trocknung bei 110°C erhaltene Uran(IV)-hypophosphat UP2O2 · 3 H2O (gravim. U-Faktor: 0,529) oder das hieraus beim Gluhen im Tiegelofen (1000°C) gebildete Uran(IV)-pyrophosphat UP2O7 (gravim. U-Faktor: 0,578). In beiden Fallen last sich die Uranbestimmung nach dieser Methode ohne Schwierigkeit auf ±2% genau durchfuhren. Die Hypophosphat-Fallung kann auch zur Abscheidung von U4+, z.B. aus uranhaltigen Abwassern, herangezogen werden.
Effects of ovarian steroids on plasma LH in normal and persistent estrous adult female rats.

The ability of ovarian steroids to influence the release of LH was examined after ovariectomy in regularly cycling adult female rats and two types of anovulatory persistent estrous rats: rats treated with 10 μg of testosterone propionate (TP) shortly after birth, and normal rats housed under constant illumination. Two months after ovariectomy the negative feedback effects of a single injection of 20 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) on plasma LH were measured in these three preparations. Ovariectomized (ovex) normal and TP-treated but not ovex constant light-exposed rats had reduced LH values 6 hr after EB treatment. However, LH levels were reduced by the next day in rats in constant light. Positive feedback was measured in similar EB-primed rats following a second injection of EB or progesterone (P). In ovex normal rats LH values remained low in the morning but increased in the afternoon following the second steroid injection. Ovex EB-primed androgenized rats failed to demonstrate this positive feedback. Simila...
An offshore biomonitoring system for chlorinated hydrocarbons

Abstract Uncontaminated intertidal mussels transferred to a tautline buoy system near a major submarine outfall off southern California proved to be useful bio-indicators of water column contamination. Mussel survival exceeded 90%, and specimens maintained for 13 weeks near the polluted bottom (35 m) and the sea surface accumulated DDT above control concentrations by factors of 200 and 20, respectively. Corresponding factors for PCB were 60 and 6.
Dilepton and/or photon production in heavy ion collisions and the QCD phase transition

We study the electromagnetic production from highly excited hadronic matter created in heavy ion collisions. The rates include the usual lowest order processes in quark-gluon plasma plus the usual reactions in the hadronic phase, related with $\ensuremath{\rho}{,a}_{1}$ mesons. The space-time integration is done using a hydrodynamical model. Conventional $\overline{q}q$ $({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ annihilation in quark-gluon plasma and hadronic phase cannot explain the observed dilepton spectrum, especially that by the CERES experiment at CERN. A decreased $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mass can account for the observed effect, provided it shifts into the region of 0.4--0.5 GeV near the phase transition. In order to test this hypothesis one should also look at the chiral partner of $\ensuremath{\rho}$, the axial ${a}_{1}$ meson: its mass must then behave similarly. Its decay ${a}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ populates the low mass region seen in the same experiment. The results for direct photon production are below the current WA80 experimental bounds, for all variants considered.
Gestion du risque radioactif associé au décès d’un patient 12 heures après injection de Quadramet®

Resume L’institut Bergonie a du faire face au deces d’un patient traite 12 heures auparavant par Quadramet ® . Ce cas inhabituel, et non documente en France, a contribue a une reflexion pluridisciplinaire sur la prise en charge du corps du defunt irradiant qui souhaitait une incineration. En collaboration avec l’ASN et l’IRSN, des recommandations ont ete etablies et appliquees.
Influences of closure, occlusion, and size on the perception of fragmented pictures

Two experiments examined the ability to recognize a repeated figure in stimuli where only fragments of the figures were presented. Fragments were either closed or open regions presented either with or without an occluder that filled the spaces between the fragments (Experiment 1). Recognition performance was significantly better for open fragments, with or without an occluder, contrary to previous assertions that the occluder is the important factor for recognition. When stimulus size was varied, an occluder hindered recognition performance in the smallest size condition relative to unoccluded stimuli, which were equally easy to recognize across all size conditions (Experiment 2). The size results support the idea of size invariance in object naming. The difficulty in the smallest occluded condition is discussed in terms of differences in global and local processing depending on visual angle and sparsity
Structural analyses of peptide release factor 1 from Thermotoga maritima reveal domain flexibility required for its interaction with the ribosome

Abstract We have determined the crystal structure of peptide chain release factor 1 (RF1) from Thermotoga maritima (gi 4981173) at 2.65 A resolution by selenomethionine single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) techniques. RF1 is a protein that recognizes stop codons and promotes the release of a nascent polypeptide from tRNA on the ribosome. Selenomethionine-labeled RF1 crystallized in space group P 2 1 with three monomers per asymmetric unit. It has approximate dimensions of 75 A×70 A×45 A and is composed of four domains. The overall fold of each RF1 domain shows almost the same topology with Escherichia coli RF2, except that the RF1 N-terminal domain is shorter and the C-terminal domain is longer than that of RF2. The N-terminal domain of RF1 indicates a rigid-body movement relative to that of RF2 with an angle of ∼90°. Including these features, RF1 has a tripeptide anticodon PVT motif instead of the SPF motif of RF2, which confers the specificity towards the stop codons. The analyses of three molecules in the asymmetric unit and comparison with RF2 revealed the presence of dynamic movement of domains I and III, which are anchored to the central domain by hinge loops. The crystal structure of RF1 elucidates the intrinsic property of this family of having large domain movements for proper function with the ribosome.
Nutritional epidemiology data should be analyzed by nutritional epidemiologists.

The Energy Balance Working Group recently reported on the inaccuracy of self-report energy intake (EI) and issued a twin plea for researchers to stop using these data as outcomes and for newer, more accurate measures to be developed.1 I could not agree more with their conclusions; what concerns me is that this needs to be conveyed to the research community. The recognition that self-report EI data should not be used as outcomes or predictors in research has been known since the last century and repeatedly conveyed since.2, 3 All intake data are underreported in self-reports and the reasons go beyond just recall bias. However, as these underreports are more or less uniform across most food groups, when one adjusts for EI in a nutrient density model, the bias on the estimation of these food groups is minimized.4 The need to use these nutrient density models and the underlying rationale for their use is something that even the most basic nutritional epidemiology course teaches. Therefore, the conclusion not included in the Energy Balance Working Group’s paper is that individuals without nutritional epidemiology training should not be attempting nutritional epidemiology. That this occurs frequently has long been a source of concern to me; as a trained genetic epidemiologist I cannot recall a genetic paper or a genetic grant being put forward without the involvement of a scientist with training in genetics. However, frequently in study sections and in manuscript reviews I see studies involving nutrition data that are not treated with the same respect. It is time for the scientific community to stop this; Editors should send nutritional epidemiology manuscripts to reviewers with the necessary training, and nutritional epidemiologists should be well-represented on the relevant study sections. To summarize, I echo The Energy Balance Working Group’s urgency for new measures of EI to be developed and for self-report measures to be dropped as outcomes or predictors from the literature. However, the problems reported not only run to EI but also to other self-report nutritional intake variables and I urge the scientific community to come together and improve nutritional science using the expertise contained within.
An alternative Mg precursor for p-type doping of OMVPE grown material

Abstract A new Mg precursor, bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)magnesium has been studied. This source, used as a liquid, produced hole concentrations of 5×10 19 to 2×10 19 cm ×3 in GaAs. Surface morphologies in this doping range for GaAs layers are excellent. Electrical and optical evaluations indicate low compensation and material comparable to Mg-doped GaAs using other precursors. Some dopant tailing has been observed.
Implementation of a computerized management information system in an urban fire department

An important aspect in the effective management of an emergency medical services system is the ability to monitor system performance. To provide this information on a timely basis, a comprehensive data collection system is required. We describe the design, implementation, use, and effect of a comprehensive, computerized data retrieval system within an urban fire department. Building on a data collection system already in place, it was possible to minimize the cost and accelerate the training process. A comparison is included between the different type of systems available for use with prehospital providers. Use of prehospital data collection systems results in more in-depth understanding of system operations and the status of prehospital medical care provided to the community.
Racial segregation and quality of care disparity in US nursing homes

In this paper, we examine the contributions of travel distance and preferences for racial homogeneity as sources of nursing home segregation and racial disparities in nursing home quality. We first theoretically characterize the distinctive implications of these mechanisms for nursing home racial segregation. We then use this model to structure an empirical analysis of nursing home sorting. We find little evidence of differential willingness to pay for quality by race among first-time nursing home entrants, but do find significant distance and race-based preference effects. Simulation exercises suggest that both effects contribute importantly to racial disparities in nursing home quality.
Hot vs. cold cognitions and consumers' reactions to sporting event outcomes

Abstract Causal attribution and appraisal are two types of cognition that mediate how events influence emotional reactions. Whereas the former is a “cold” cognition that relies on fact-based processing, the latter is a “hot” cognition that depends on how those facts affect personal well being. The current research investigates the relative contribution of attribution, primary appraisal (e.g., motivational relevance and goal congruence), and secondary appraisal (e.g., situational inferences affecting the intensity of an emotion) to four agent-based emotions: anger, shame, gratitude, and pride. A sporting event context was selected because game information is objectively neutral and acquires meaning only when interpreted through a lens that favors a preferred team. Two studies are reported, each consisting of two independent data collections in which a target team either wins or loses. The first study uses a naturalistic setting and the second an experimental approach. The results of three of the four data collections indicate that appraisal is a more efficient predictor of emotion than attribution. Appraisal also mediated the effect of attribution on the negative emotions, but only partial mediation was found for the positive emotions. Moreover, secondary appraisal was more highly related to negative emotion but the contribution of each appraisal type to positive emotion was nearly equivalent. Also, in Study 2, emotion intensity was significantly greater following a controllable outcome deemed unstable than one thought to be stable—but only for games featuring a preferred team for which motivational relevance (i.e., psychological attachment) exists.
Bayesian Confidence Bounds for the Weibull Failure Model

The following bounds are derived for the Weibull failure model when the parameter is being characterized by the inverted gamma and uniform probability density functions (pdf); they are lower and upper Bayes-confidence bounds for the scale parameter and lower bounds for the reliability function. To illustrate the results a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to obtain 90% and 95% Bayes-confidence bounds for the scale parameter and lower limits for the corresponding reliability function of the Weibull failure distribution. The consequences that one encounters when the following ``wrong'' priors have been chosen to characterize the random behavior of the scale parameter are investigated. The results are compared when the prior pdf of ? is uniform but inverted gamma was used, and vice versa.
UTIL: A BASIC Program for Determining Optimal Cutting Scores Adjusted for Base Rates and Classification Utility

An interactive menu-driven BASIC program calculates the cutting score or scores for classifying cases into two groups to maximize classification utility. The user can specify base rates, means, and variances on the test score distributions, as well as the utility for each possible decision outcome. An interactive feature facilitates sensitivity analyses.
Software metrics tool kit: support for selection, collection and analysis

Abstract An approach is described to metrics tool evaluation that allows a project manager to select a customized set of metrics tools for inclusion in a metrics tool kit. The tool evaluation results are stored in a database organized according to a faceted classification. By providing descriptors of each facet, the manager can retrieve only that tool information relevant to the project at hand. Tools can then be compared and contrasted by assigning weights to a set of selection criteria. Finally, selected tools are combined in a tool kit that becomes part of the development environment.
Oligomers with Pendant Isocyanate Groups as Adhesives for Dentin and Other Tissues

Oligomers containing pendant isocyanate groups were synthesized from various vinyl monomers, m-isopropenyldimethylbenzyl isocyanate (TMI), and 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). The liquids were characterized by their refractive indices, infrared spectra, and percentage of isocyanate groups in the molecule. Adhesive properties of these compounds were compared with those of oligomers prepared from methacrylate esters, IEM, and/or TMI which had been synthesized previously. Bond strengths of the sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA adjusted to pH 7.4) and glutaraldehyde-treated dentin cemented to composite resin with dilute solutions of the oligomers and then stored in water were determined by the procedure of Kemper and Kilian (1975). These adhesive compositions, especially formulations synthesized from vinyl monomers, adhered at least as well to dentin as did other dentin bonding agents. Oligomers synthesized with methacrylate esters bonded more strongly to bone than did other hard-ti...
Full rate space time codes for large number of transmitting antennas with linear complexity decoding and high performance

Space time codes (STC) have been shown to be used well with the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channel. The Orthogonal STC (OSTC) family of codes is known to achieve full diversity as well as very simple implementation of the Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoder. However, it was proven that with a complex symbol constellation one cannot achieve a full rate code when the number of transmitting antennas is larger than two. Quasi-OSTC can have full rate even for more than two transmitting antennas but with the penalty of decoding complexity which becomes severe if the constellation size is high. In order to tackle these inherent drawbacks of the OSTC/QSTC we propose a new STC code that, when used with a new transmission and decoding methods, achieves full rate while maintaining linear complexity decoding for any number of transmit antennas. Also if the transmitter knows the strongest channel (through minimal feedback) the code also achieves full diversity along with better error rate than the OSTC and the QSTC.
Drug-induced cure drives conversion to a stable and protective CD8+ T central memory response in chronic Chagas disease

In this study, we document the development of stable, antigen-independent CD8+ T cell memory after drug-induced cure of a chronic infection. By establishing a system for drug cure of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection, we present the first extensively documented case of total parasite clearance after drug treatment of this infection. Cure resulted in the emergence of a stable, parasite-specific CD8+ T cell population with the characteristics of central memory cells, based upon expression of CD62L, CCR7, CD127, CD122, Bcl-2 and a reduced immediate in vivo CTL function. CD8+ T cells from treated and cured mice also expanded more rapidly and provided greater protection following challenge than those from chronically infected mice. These results show that complete pathogen clearance results in stable, antigen-independent and protective T cell memory, despite the potentially exhausting effects of prior long-term exposure to antigen in this chronic infection.
SPATIOTEMPORAL CONTINUITY IMPLICATED IN THE BINDING OF FEATURES AND OBJECT IDENTITY

This study continues the work of Anes et al. (in preparation) in which manipulation of features incidental to an object elicited robust effects in a dynamic object recognition paradigm. In the current series, the spatio­­-temporal continuity of identity and feature presentation is increasingly distorted between experiments in an attempt to disrupt a process Triesman (1996) calls "binding" of an object's identity and features. Across three experiments, increasing disruption of spatiotemporal continuity significantly diminished the effect of features on object identification, evidence that spatiotemporal continuity is, in part, responsible for binding features to an object.
Comparison of a Microbiological and a Chromatographic Assay Method for Chloramphenicol

Abstract It is shown in the determination of chloramphenicol that a microbiological method and a chromatographic method yield identical results when tested against partially degraded samples. The former is based on repression of growth as followed by Warburg manometry, and the latter on isolation of the antibiotic on a partition column ant subsequent determination by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Because of its greater precision and rapidi the chromatographic method appears to be preferable for routine determinations.
Hamsters Fed Diets High in Saturated Fat Have Increased Cholesterol Accumulation and Cytokine Production in the Aortic Arch Compared with Cholesterol-Fed Hamsters with Moderately Elevated Plasma Non-HDL Cholesterol Concentrations

There is growing evidence that dietary fatty acids and/or dietary cholesterol could have a direct role on inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. F(1)B Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), in 2 groups of 72, were fed for 10 wk a semipurified diet containing either 20 g/100 g hydrogenated coconut oil without cholesterol or cocoa butter (20 g/100 g) with cholesterol (0.15 g/100 g). After the 10-wk treatment period, plasma was collected from food-deprived hamsters (16 h) for plasma lipid measurements. Hamsters were then ranked according to their plasma VLDL and LDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) concentrations with 1.86 mmol/L as the cut-off point between low (Low; n = 36) and medium (Med; n = 36) concentrations for each treatment. Hamsters in the Low and Medium groups fed cholesterol (Low-chol) had significantly lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentrations than hamsters in the Low group fed coconut oil (Low-CO). However, this difference for the Medium group was reflected in significantly lower plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. Hamsters in the Low-CO group had significantly higher aortic total and esterified cholesterol concentrations than hamsters in the Low-chol group. Hamsters in the Low-chol group had significantly higher aortic tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations than hamsters in the Low-CO group. Hamsters in the Med-CO group had significantly higher aortic interleukin-1beta concentrations than hamsters in the Med-chol group. In conclusion, the present study suggests that dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acids could have an effect on atherosclerosis not only beyond their role in affecting plasma lipoproteins but also through increased production of inflammatory cytokines in the arterial wall.
Integrative and Distributive Bargaining Situations in the European Union: What Difference Does It Make?

Despite the distinction made between integrative and distributive bargaining situations in European studies literature, few studies have focused specifically on how these two situations differ. This article attempts to close this gap by examining two key bargaining situations involving fisheries that led to the Europeanization of this policy field. The integrative bargaining situation dealt with the negotiations about the structural policy and common organization of the market for fish products. In contrast, the distributive bargaining case focused on the protracted negotiations over resource conservation and management policies. The article focuses primarily on how the unanimity decision rule may affect negotiation patterns in the European Union and on how the specific type of bargaining situation affects policy outcomes. The thesis is that different bargaining tools are used to reach an agreement.
Benthic Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Dibenzofurans from Surficial Lake Ontario Sediments

ABSTRACT The benthic bioavailability of surface sediment-associated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was quantified and assessed in Lake Ontario. Bottom sediments were collected from three areas along the Lake Ontario southern shoreline near Olcott, Rochester, and Oswego, New York. The sediment samples were subjected to 28-day, PCDD/F bioaccumulation experiments using the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Empirical data including only detectable PCDD/F tissue residues were used to quantify the benthic bioavailability of 11 PCDD/F congeners through the calculation of biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). BSAFs calculated for at least two lake areas were combined as Lake Ontario BSAFs for those specific congeners. Variability of the BSAFs was estimated by propagated error (PE) terms. Mean Lake Ontario BSAFs (±PE) ranged from 0.04±0.02 for octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) to 2.42±1.32 for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF). Tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) an...
Introduction to the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT).

The Community Intervention Trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT) is sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and involves eleven pairs of communities in North America. COMMIT emphasizes a partnership between the eleven research institutions and their respective intervention communities in developing the structures needed to implement the intervention protocol. We summarize the epidemiological data and describe the prior community interventions that set the stage for COMMIT, and discuss how COMMIT may inform state-wide tobacco reduction demonstration programs. An overview of the articles that describe the COMMIT intervention and evaluation plan is presented.
Disciplinary Evolution and Scholarly Expansion: Legal History in the United States

The study and teaching of legal history has flourished in the last few decades in the United States. This progression has been augmented by several key factors. First, digital sources have made legal and historical documents widely accessible. A chief difficulty scholars once faced while teaching legal history was a limited access to important documents; printed scholarly journals are expensive to produce, buy, and store. However, the advent of digital technology has provided greater ease of access to once difficult to obtain sources. For example, scholars at Yale Law School’s Avalon Project placed essential documents on the Internet, where they can be viewed easily and for free. Reprints of classic texts allow for inexpensive and easy access to old and rare documents. A second contributing factor to the growth of legal history scholarship is the increasing acceptance of dual-degree legal historians in both law schools and history faculties. Older and more mature dual-degree holders have blazed a path for a younger generation of legal historians. By training and finding employment for their younger counterparts, these older legal historians have a powerful effect on the discipline. A third factor contributing to this growth is the increased interest in several subjects within the field of legal history, such as: the history of legal writing; law and war; courts and judicial review; civil rights; medieval and English law; Islamic law; legal institutions; as well as historically significant individuals in the field of law. These advances in access to historical legal documents coupled with an expansion of subjects covered will alter how legal history is viewed and developed. One goal of legal history scholars is for lawyers to perceive issues of U.S. law as questions of legal history.
One integrin to rule them all

Myofibroblast-derived αvβ1 integrin has emerged as a critical mediator of transforming growth factor–β activation in experimental models of tissue fibrosis (Reed et al., this issue).
Early Degradation of Paternal Mitochondria in Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) Is Prevented by Selective Proteasomal Inhibitors Lactacystin and MG132

Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis has been implicated in the recognition and selective elimination of paternal mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) after fertilization in mammals. Initial evidence suggests that this process is contributed to by lysosomal degradation of the ubiquitinated sperm mitochondrial membrane proteins. The present study examined the role of the proteasome-dependent protein degradation pathway of the ubiquitin system, as opposed to lysosomal proteolysis of the ubiquitinated proteins, in the regulation of sperm mitochondrion elimination after fertilization. Boar spermatozoa prelabeled with vital fluorescent mitochondrial probes MitoTracker were used to trace the degradation of paternal mitochondria after in vitro fertilization (IVF) of porcine oocytes. The degradation of sperm mitochondria in the cytoplasm of fertilized oocytes started very rapidly, i.e., within 12-20 h after insemination. Four stages of paternal mitochondrial degradation were distinguished, ranging from an intact mitochondrial sheath (type 1) to complete degradation (type 4). At 27-30 h postinsemination, 96% of zygotes contained the partially (type 3) or completely (type 4) degraded sperm mitochondria. Highly specific peptide inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, lactacystin (10 and 100 microM) and MG132 (10 microM), efficiently blocked the degradation of the sperm mitochondria inside the fertilized egg when applied 6 h after insemination. Using 10 microM MG132, only 13.6% of fertilized oocytes screened 27-30 h after IVF displayed type 3 sperm mitochondria, and there was no incidence of type 4, completely degraded mitochondria. Although lactacystin is not a reversible agent, the effect of MG132 was fully reversible: zygotes transferred to regular culture medium after 24 h of culture with 10 microM MG132 resumed development and degraded sperm mitochondria within the next cell cycle. Surprisingly, penetration of the zona pellucida (ZP) was also inhibited by MG-132 and lactacystin when the inhibitors were added at insemination. Altogether, these data provide the first evidence of the participation of proteasomes in the control of mammalian mitochondrial inheritance and suggest a new role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in mammalian fertilization.
Permanently Failing Organizations

The article reviews the book “Permanently Failing Organizations,” by Marshall W. Meyer and Lynne G. Zucker.
QuickSilver support for access to data in large, geographically dispersed systems

QuickSilver is a distributed operating system that is intended for large, geographically dispersed systems. The authors describe how clients and data servers interact in the QuickSilver system to access distributed data in the context of large, geographically dispersed systems in which there are many different kinds of data servers. An interface is defined that provides a uniform way for clients and servers to exchange information about each other and to access data objects. The interface attempts to minimize the number of messages needed for this. It supports efficient interaction with higher-level client and server semantics by appropriate use of high-level abstractions and operations, and by selectively exposing the parameters governing communication connections to higher layers of the software. >