cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mevalonate kinase is predominantly localized in peroxisomes and is defective in patients with peroxisome deficiency disorders

We reported recently that mevalonate kinase (EC 2.7.1.36; ATP:mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase) that was isolated from rat liver and believed to be a cytosolic protein was localized in rat liver peroxisomes. In addition, we found that the mevalonate kinase monoclonal antibody used in the study also reacted with several other proteins present in the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. These findings raised the prospect of the presence of several isoenzymes of mevalonate kinase localized in different compartments of the cell. In the current study we produced four new polyclonal antibodies against different epitopes of mevalonate kinase to investigate the subcellular localization of the protein by several different approaches: (i) by analytical subcellular fractionation and immunoblotting of mevalonate kinase in the isolated subcellular fractions with the monospecific antibodies; (ii) by immunocryoelectron microscopy techniques; and (iii) by expressing the cDNA encoding mevalonate kinase in mammalian cells. The data obtained demonstrate that there is only one mevalonate kinase protein that is predominantly localized in peroxisomes. We also illustrate that the protein is targeted to and imported into peroxisomes. In addition, we show that in cells and tissues obtained from patients with peroxisomal deficiency diseases mevalonate kinase protein and its activity are severely reduced.
Use of Depreciation as a Tax Policy Device to Control Inflation

The United States Internal Revenue Code contains many provisions for credits, deductions, and other tax advantages intended to achieve various economic goals considered desirable by the U.S. Congress. The depreciation allowance is one such deduction, frequently used to compensate taxpayers for the effects of inflation and to promote economic growth. The government uses it extensively as a part of tax-incentive programs based on the theory that tax benefits stemming from depreciation reduce the cost of doing business, and thus stimulate capital formation by allowing tax-free recovery of capital by businesses. Capital formation increases productive capacity by providing resources to those companies that can use them to expand business operations. The expected increase in productivity would result in more goods and services in the economy, which in turn would act to keep prices down and help suppress inflation. Congress has realized the importance of capital formation to control inflation and thus, over time, has extended significant tax advantages to businesses through depreciation. This paper examines the effectiveness of depreciation as a means of stimulating capital formation and of controlling inflation.
The treatment of acute myocardial infarction: the Past, the Present, and the Future

Since Herrick’s description of the clinical picture of acute myocardial infarction exactly one century ago (1912), there have been three phases of therapy: Phase 1 (1912–1961, bed rest and ‘expectant’ treatment); Phase 2 (1961–1974, the coronary care unit); and Phase 3 (1975–present, myocardial reperfusion). We are now on the cusp of Phase 4, which comprises efforts to reduce myocardial perfusion injury as well as regenerative medicine.
Antibody-mediated suppression of antibody-dependent cytotoxic effector cell function.

Abstract Sera from some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suppress antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Almost one-third ( 18 57 ) of the SLE sera suppressed ADCC more than two standard deviations below the mean value of normal control sera. Suppression of ADCC by SLE sera did not correlate with other laboratory abnormalities characteristic of lupus disease activity, nor did it correlate with the titer of cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibody. A closer relationship was observed between ADCC suppression and suppression of mixed lymphocyte reactions. The suppressive activity in SLE serum coelutes with IgG from DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 columns, and it is found in the major IgG-containing fractions recovered from a 10–40% sucrose linear density gradient. Suppression of ADCC was not diminished after ultracentrifugation of SLE serum under conditions which remove inhibitory soluble heat aggregates of IgG. These results indicate that suppression of ADCC is due to an IgG antibody and not to soluble immune complexes. F(ab′)2 fragments of the IgG from SLE serum retain the suppressive activity. Thus, suppression of ADCC is due to a direct effect of antibody combining with membrane antigens of the effector cell population.
Implementing the Boulder Model of Training in a Psychology Training Clinic

The scientist–practitioner (S–P) model of training has guided professional psychology in the United States for nearly six decades. However, since its inception, the model has been hotly debated and implementation of the model has been chronically problematic. One counseling psychologist who is working as both a faculty member and psychology training clinic director describes how scientific principles can be retained in a practice setting. He overviews the Boulder model of training, provides a brief review of the psychology training clinic (PTC), describes his current work setting and unique faculty appointment, and outlines five strategies for integrating science and practice in applied clinical settings. He also highlights how embracing the Boulder model has promoted a strong professional identity and presents the PTC as a model professional home for S–Ps.
Change blindness and inattentional blindness

Change blindness and inattentional blindness are both failures of visual awareness. Change blindness is the failure to notice an obvious change. Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice the existence of an unexpected item. In each case, we fail to notice something that is clearly visible once we know to look for it. Despite similarities, each type of blindness has a unique background and distinct theoretical implications. Here, we discuss the central paradigms used to explore each phenomenon in a historical context. We also outline the central findings from each field and discuss their implications for visual perception and attention. In addition, we examine the impact of task and observer effects on both types of blindness as well as common pitfalls and confusions people make while studying these topics. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 529-546 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.130 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
A fast parallel algorithm to recognize partitionable graphs

Abstract We define a class of graphs which generalizes the well-known class of cographs or complement-reducible graphs and show that the graphs in our class can be recognized fast in parallel. More precisely, with an arbitrary graph G with n vertices and m edges as input, the proposed recognition algorithm runs in O(log n ) time using O(( n 2 /log n )+ mn ) processors on an EREW parallel random access machine.
Reduction of potassium and calcium in milk by sodium sulfonated polystyrene resins

Improved methodology in medicine has led to the maintenance of a large number of patients on restricted sodium and/or potassium diets. A diet restricted in sodium alone is not necessarily difficult to follow. However, a diet low in sodium and potassium or a diet low in potassium alone is difficult to follow because most foods contain substantial amounts of potassium [1, 2]. Most of the available "dietetic foods" have a lowered sodium content in combination with other compositional changes such as a lowered carbohydrate content. Palatability is often very poor. Procedures have been devised to lower the serum potassium concentration in vivo [3] since an elevated serum potassium is potentially lethal. A process by which a patient or dietitian could reliably lower the potassium and/or sodium content of foods prior to their ingestion would be of great value. Recently, a method to lower the potassium content of certain foods was published by Tsaltas [4]. It was the purpose of the present investigation to explore the use of ion-exchange resins to alter the cation content of foods. As a starting point, the effect of sodium sulfonated polystyrene resin on the potassium and calcium ion content of milk has been studied.
Ball-thrower’s fracture of the humerus

A relatively rare case of ball-thrower’s fracture of the humerus is presented. Severe muscular action is an uncommon cause of humeral fractures but has been well documented in the orthopedic literature. To our knowledge, this fracture has not been described in the radiology literature, and awareness of this entity could preclude further unnecessary workup. The mechanism of injury and its typical radiographic appearance is described.
Comparative Production of Colossoma macropomum and Tilapia nilotica in Panama

The production of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui), a relatively little studied fish from the Amazon and Orinoco basins, was compared with that of Tilapita nilotica, a fish well known for its good production characteristics. The experimental design was randomized and arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with each species being tested at 2,500 and 10,000 fish/ha. Treatments were replicated three times. Fingerlings (22–31 g) were stocked into 870 m2 earthen ponds, fed a commercial diet (25% protein), and harvested after 129 days. Mean yield (kg/ha) for tilapia at high and low density was 3,361 and 917, respectively, and for colossoma was 3,682 and 977, respectively. The yield difference between species was not significant (P> 0.05) while the difference between densities was highly significant (P< 0.01). Although yield was not different for the species, tambaqui weight gain was significantly greater than that of adult tilapia because of reproduction in the tilapia ponds. Mean tilapia and tambaqui weight gains (g) for low density were 379 and 471, respectively, and 321 and 395, respectively, for high density. Increasing the stocking density fourfold resulted in an almost fourfold increase in net yield for both species, although individual weight gains were not significantly affected. There was no interaction between species and density for the production characteristics studied. This study concluded that under culture conditions that included a short growth period, high quality rations, and stocking rates up to 10,000/ha, production of tambaqui was equal to, or better than that of tilapia. Also, stocking rates lower than 10,000/ha would result in lower yields of both species while not producing a significantly larger fish.
Occupational injury research at NOIRS 2003

Third National Occupational Injury Research Symposium In October 2003, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and its co-sponsors, the National Safety Council, the American Society of Safety Engineers and Liberty Mutual Center for Safety Research, hosted the Third National Occupational Injury Research Symposium—NOIRS 2003. NOIRS 2003 brought together the foremost researchers in occupational injury to present their latest scientific findings and methods and is the third such symposium focusing on research for the prevention of work related traumatic injuries. The occurrence of sudden physical injury at work—whether fatal or non-fatal, whether permanently or partially disabling, whether from explosion, or from adverse involvement with moving machinery, or from fire, the effects of gravity, the inappropriate release of electrical, chemical or nuclear energy, human generated violence, structural or earthen collapse, an excess of man made or solar heat—and how we can prevent such occupational injuries, was the purpose of NOIRS 2003. If we look back to the first Occupational Injury Research Symposium in October 1997, and compare where occupational injury prevention is in 2003, three important changes are evident. First, there was an increased focus in 2003 on the safety of emergency response workers. At the 1997 symposium, there was only one presentation on emergency responder safety, but at last year’s symposium, there were a total of 17 presentations and posters addressing emergency responder safety and four full sessions on the topic. This increased focus is due in large part to a 1998 Fire Fighter Initiative in which Congress allocated funding to the Institute to investigate fire fighter fatalities, and to the events of 11 September 2001. Second, there was an increased focus on occupational motor vehicle traffic safety. At the 1997 symposium, there were only two presentations providing data on occupational motor vehicle crashes. In contrast, at last …
Conceptualization and Measurement of Reported Self-Disclosure.

This study investigated the dimensionality and measurement of self-reported self-disclosure. Self-perceptions of disclosure to 20 “target” persons were found to involve at least five relatively uncorrelated dimensions. An initial instrument was developed for measuring these dimensions. Further improvement in measurement was recommended.
Congenital complete heart block and SSA antibodies: Obstetric implications

Mothers with known or occult rheumatic disorders may be delivered of infants with congenital complete heart block. The more frequent use of ultrasonography during pregnancy now allows early detection of heart block in utero. The transplacental passage of SSA or SSB antibodies, of the IgG class, may mediate or be associated with immune damage to the fetal cardiac conduction system, as reported in our two patients. Maternal and/or newborn screening for SSA and SSB antibodies in selected patients permits an early presumptive diagnosis and will assist perinatal planning, particularly for immediate newborn cardiac pacemaker implantation. Early serologic detection of such antibodies may also assist family counseling of mothers at risk and should promote investigation of techniques to modify the immune status of these mothers. SSA- or SSB-positive maternal/fetal pairs should be prospectively managed by the obstetrician, neonatologist, and rheumatologist.
Donor Cell Myelodysplastic Syndrome After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Responding to Donor Lymphocyte Infusion: Case Report and Literature Review

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is a potentially curative treatment for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Relapses after transplantation however, are not uncommon and are usually due to re-emergence of a recipient derived, neoplastic, stem cell clone. We report a unique case of MDS recurring 5 months after non-myeloablative, sibling, allogeneic SCT. Interestingly, chimerism analysis at relapse showed hematopoiesis to be entirely of donor origin confirming donor cell MDS. Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) produced a hematological response lasting several months. Our review of the literature shows donor-derived MDS to be very rare, with only four such cases described previously. In this report, we describe the details of our case and discuss putative mechanisms underlying the genesis of donor cell MDS and the observed response to DLI.
Evolution of rotating interstellar clouds. I - Numerical techniques

A method is described for the numerical calculation of the hydrodynamic evolution of a self-gravitating configuration in two space dimensions with assumed axial symmetry. The calculation is formulated in cylindrical coordinates with respect to a moving Eulerian grid and is solved using explicit hydrodynamics combined with implicit radiative transfer. The physics included is appropriate for calculation of the collapse of a rotating protostellar cloud. The gravitational field is obtained by means of an alternating-direction iterative technique. Numerical tests to demonstrate the correctness of the method are presented for special cases.
Modeling Electron Transfer in Biochemistry: A Quantum Chemical Study of Charge Separation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Photosystem II

High-level quantum chemical methods (hybrid density-functional type) are applied to the light-driven charge-separation process in the photosynthetic reaction centers of both bacteria and photosystem II in green plants. Structural information on the bacterial system provides the basis for choosing the models used in the calculations. The energetics of the electron transfer from the (bacterio)chlorophyll to the quinone are calculated as well as those of the intermediate step involving the (bacterio)pheophytin. The surrounding protein is treated as a dielectric medium, and the cavities around the solute molecules are determined by isodensity surfaces. The dielectric effects on the charge-separation processes are calculated to be as large as 50 kcal/mol. It is shown that hydrogen bonding between the chromophores and certain peptide residues as well as the axial histidine ligand on the (bacterio)chlorophylls contributes substantially to the energetics. Good agreement with experimentally estimated driving force...
Isotopic tracer elements and stereochemistry.

THE interpretations which Ogston1 has placed on certain tracer experiments on metabolic processes have aroused widespread interest in the role of tracer elements in stereochemistry. Ogston's concept has recently been substantiated in the case of citric acid by the experiments of Potter and Heidelberger2. It has implications, however, which go beyond the specific biochemical experiments cited by Ogston.
Late Quaternary Water-Level Variations and Vegetation History at Crooked Pond, Southeastern Massachusetts

Sediment cores collected along a transect in Crooked Pond, southeastern Massachusetts, provide evidence of water-level changes between 15,000 cal yr B.P. and present. The extent of fine-grained, detrital, organic accumulation in the basin, inferred from sediment and pollen stratigraphies, varied over time and indicates low water levels between 11,200 and 8000 cal yr B.P. and from ca. 5300 to 3200 cal yr B.P. This history is consistent with the paleohydrology records from nearby Makepeace Cedar Swamp and other sites from New England and eastern Canada and with temporal patterns of regional changes in effective soil moisture inferred from pollen data. The similarities among these records indicate that (1) regional conditions were drier than today when white pine (Pinus strobus) grew abundantly in southern New England (11,200 to 9500 cal yr B.P.); (2) higher moisture levels existed between 8000 and 5500 cal yr B.P., possibly caused by increased meridonal circulation as the influence of the Laurentide ice sheet waned; and (3) drier conditions possibly contributed to the regional decline in hemlock (Tsuga) abundances at 5300 cal yr B.P. Although sea-level rise may have been an influence, moist climatic conditions during the late Holocene were the primary reason for a dramatic rise in water-table elevations.
Animal collagenases: specificity of action, and structures of the substrate cleavage site.

Abstract Two highly purified animal collagenases, one derived from homogenates of the rabbit V 2 ascites cell carcinoma growing in muscle and the second isolated from the media of tadpole tissue cultures cleaved isolated non helical α chains from chick and rat skin collagen, and the CNBr peptide CB7 from chick skin α1 chains at one, and the same peptide bond. Although two other Gly-Ile bonds exist elsewhere in the α1 chain they were not cleaved.
Distal chromosome 17q loss in Barrett's esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas: Implications for tumorigenesis

The molecular genetic mechanisms underlying esophageal cancer are poorly understood. However, a novel gene that may be involved in esophageal carcinogenesis was recently localized by others to distal 17q by linkage analysis of kindreds with palmoplantar keratoderma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. To help determine whether a distal 17q gene may also be involved in the pathogenesis of primary Barrett’s esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas, we performed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of 21 Barrett’s and 18 gastric cardia adenocarcinomas at loci spanning 17q: cen—BRCA1—SSTR2—D17S2058— D17S929—D17S722—D17S937—D17S802—tel. Over 50% of the Barrett’s and cardia adenocarcinomas demonstrated loss of an allele at one or more informative distal 17q markers. One common overlapping region of loss involved loci mapped to distal 17q24‐proximal 17q25, which tentatively defines a potential chromosomal region distal to BRCA1 involved in the pathogenesis or progression of both types of adenocarcinomas. LOH analysis of DNA from matched microdissected sections of Barrett’s metaplasia suggested that loss of D17S2058 in this region may be an early event in the malignant transformation of Barrett’s metaplasia. No statistically significant correlations between 17q LOH and tumor stage or patient survival were noted. In summary, LOH mapping of 17q in Barrett’s and cardia adenocarcinomas suggests the existence of at least one putative distal 17q tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Mol. Carcinog. 22:222‐228, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy of (110) twist boundaries in Ag/Ni and its variation with induced strain

Abstract The energy of (110) twist boundaries in the Ag Ni system, as a function of twist angle, has been calculated using the embedded atom method (EAM). Two major cusps appear at 0° and 54.74° in addition to some less prominent cusps, including 35.26° and 70.53°. The variation of the boundary energy with coincidence strain has been studied. It is shown that calculations with small coincidence strains, up to about 2%, yield reasonable approximations to the energy of the strain-free interface. Perturbing the initial atomic positions in the two crystals significantly reduces the energy associated with some special boundaries, one of which is the 54.74° boundary. This is shown to be a consequence of a reconstruction of the boundary that is not accessible to the unperturbed crystals.
Pressure effects on the dark-adaptation of bacteriorhodopsin.

The influence of hydrostatic pressure (340 MPa) on the dark-adaptation kinetics and the relaxation of dark-adapted bacterio-rhodopsin following a pressure jump (0.1 MPa → 340 MPa) have been studied. We have also measured the temperature dependence of the equilibrium isomeric ratio of all-trans and 13-cis retinal in dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin at 340 MPa. The results show that hydrostatic pressure affects both the dark-adaptation rate and the dark equilibrium isomeric ratio. With increasing pressure, the fraction of all-trans isomers decreases. The kinetics have been analyzed with a two-state model. The description of the pressure dependence using transition state theory is inappropriate for two reasons; (a) pressure changes the viscosity of the protein and its environment, and (b) pressure changes the population of conformational substates within either isomeric form of bacteriorhodopsin. The temperature independent ratio of all-trans and 13-cis isomers indicates that the all-trans and 13-cis conformations have the same conformational volume.
Synthesis and characterization of novel antimicrobial polymers containing pendent triclosan moieties

Abstract Novel antimicrobial copolymers were produced by first converting the commodity biocide, triclosan (TCS), to an epoxy-functional derivative, 2-((5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy) methyl)oxirane (ETCS), and then reacting ETCS with polyethylenimine (PEI). While neither ETCS or PEI showed high antimicrobial activity toward either the Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis , or the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli , some the copolymers showed very high activity toward both bacteria. Antimicrobial activity for these copolymers was found to be highly dependent on both the molecular weight of the PEI utilized and the concentration of pendent groups derived from ETCS. In general, decreasing PEI molecular weight and increasing TCS pendent group concentration increased antimicrobial activity. Surface tension measurements showed that the molecular parameters affecting antimicrobial activity also affected surface activity in a similar fashion. Thus, it was speculated that the mechanism of antimicrobial activity associated with these copolymers involves interaction of the copolymers with the bacterial cell wall. A comparison of the antimicrobial activity of the most effective copolymers to TCS showed that the copolymers were more effective toward E. coli than pure TCS when compared using an equivalent TCS content (i.e. TCS pendent group content for the copolymers). This characteristic coupled with the fact that the TCS-containing copolymers are highly aqueous soluble liquids as opposed to a crystalline solid of limited solubility may afford utility of these copolymers for a variety of applications.
Psychosocial variables, age, and angiographically-determined coronary artery disease in women.

The present study explored the relationship between psychosocial measures and the degree of coronary stenosis in a sample of 59 women between the ages of 39 and 84. Coronary occlusion was correlated with elevated cholesterol and marginally correlated with age and was inversely associated with years of education. Based on hierarchical multiple regression, an interview-based measure of hostility was associated with coronary stenosis after controlling for traditional risk factors, and age moderated the hostility-stenosis relationship. Further a second regression model suggested that trait anxiety was inversely correlated with degree of occlusion, perhaps because low-anxious women are referred for catheterization later in the course of the disease. Contrary to hypotheses, there was no evidence that repression of interview-based hostility or anxiety predicted coronary occlusion. Given the small sample size, results should be considered preliminary. Future studies should explore the degree to which anxiety and hostility are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in larger samples of women and the degree to which age moderates the hostility-occlusion association.
A Study of Homogeneous Condensation-Freezing Nucleation of Small Water Droplets in an Expansion Cloud Chamber

Abstract Observations of the homogeneous nucleation of water vapor in an expansion cloud chamber have been carried out for the temperature range −50 to +17°C in the carrier gases argon and helium. We have found that the onset of the ice phase in freshly nucleated drops always occurs in the form of a two-stage process, condensation followed by homogeneous freezing at temperatures near −40°C. Ice particles appear as brilliant spherical particles in the cloud of liquid drops which scatter much less light. The critical gas temperature associated with the observation of ice nucleation depends on the type of carrier gas, the duration of the minimum final temperature, and whether there are ions or re-evaporation nuclei present. These effects and the analysis of the total homogeneous nucleation rate (liquid drops plus ice particles) strongly support the conclusion that the ice particles result from the freezing of liquid water drops which have been nucleated homogeneously from the vapor phase. A somewhat higher c...
Perspectives on the Current State of Alternate Assessments based on Modified Academic Achievement Standards: Commentary on Peabody Journal of Education Special Issue

In this commentary on the Peabody Journal of Education special edition, the author addresses implications of the contributing articles to three central domains of interest to states engaged in or considering the development of an alternate assessment on modified academic achievement standards: (a) identifying an eligible student population, (b) ensuring eligible students are provided access to appropriate instruction, and (c) developing more accessible test items.
Writing as learning to know: Tracing knowledge construction in L2 German compositions

Abstract Taking the position that meaning-making, knowing, and content learning are fundamentally linked to language, this article explores writing as knowledge construction within the educational context of a college-level German program. The department's ongoing Humanities Assessment Project aims to trace the development of cultural content through the development of second language writing abilities. We report on the two interrelated components of the study, currently focused at the early advanced level of proficiency: a holistic framework created by the department's educators, and a linguistically oriented investigation that is grounded in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and draws on its construct of grammatical metaphor (GM) for tracing knowledge creation in texts. Quantitative analysis of GM occurrence in the rated essays and analysis of syntactic complexity offer inconclusive results with regard to differentiating the quality of multiperspectival and reflective knowledge construction in the essays. However, qualitative exploration of the deployment of GM demonstrates its role as a resource in two forms of knowledge construction, the conceptual refiguration of content and the textual configuration of this content into knowledge. The article concludes with programmatic, research methodological, and pedagogical implications of the study.
Evidence of QTL on 15q21 for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study (NHLBI FHS)

Abstract A genome-wide linkage scan was conducted to identify regions potentially having quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We found suggestive evidence of a QTL (lod score (LOD)=1.75, p =0.00224, and q =0.07649) influencing the variation of plasma levels of age- and sex-adjusted HDL-cholesterol on chromosome 15q21 at marker D15S659 in the NHLBI FHS data. Owing to the perturbations to lipid profiles associated with diabetes, the analysis was repeated excluding diabetic subjects from the sample. The lod score increased from 1.75 to 2.71 ( p =0.00021, q =0.05392) at the same chromosome 15 location, despite the reduction in sample size. This finding indicates that the inclusion of diabetic subjects in the analysis may confound the presence of a QTL for HDL-cholesterol on 15q21. Because of the known effects of important covariates such as metabolic variables and lifestyle habits that may interact with a putative QTL, we also analyzed HDL-cholesterol with a progressive adjustment. When body mass index, smoking, and habitual alcohol intake were added to age- and sex-adjustment, we found strong evidence for linkage in the complete sample (LOD=4.77, p =0.0000013, and q =0.00016) as well as in the non-diabetic sub-sample (LOD=4.52, p =0.0000025, and q =0.00026) on chromosome 15q21 (between D15S659 and D15S195 markers). These results suggest that there are multiple pathways and factors involving genetic and environmental effects influencing HDL-cholesterol levels, and by taking some of these known factors into account, we obtained strong evidence of a QTL influencing HDL-cholesterol levels. While this putative QTL may also have an effect in diabetes, our data suggest a more pronounced role in non-diabetics. A prominent candidate gene residing within the linkage region on 15q21 is hepatic lipase ( HL ), which has a major role in lipoprotein metabolism.
Becoming an Informant

Though widely acknowledged as vital to law enforcement, social scientists have largely ignored the practice of confidential informing. The extant literature on the topic is primarily comprised of experientially based practical guides to informant management and a handful of field studies drawing information from informants in the study of other undercover practices. This study features data obtained from in‐depth interviews with eighty‐four former informants drawn from five southern states identified through a purposive‐snowball sampling strategy. Informant accounts suggest that the practice of confidential informing is an institutionalized component of a general narcotics enforcement pattern characterized by duplicity and social control irony. Confidential informant work is observed as a moral career entailing deviant identity maintenance through neutralizations and insider perspective. Narratives confirmed a motivational typology accounting for role assumption and informant–agent dynamics and orient dis...
Engineering a composite neotrachea with surgical adhesives.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Reconstructive surgery often is limited by the availability of normal tissue. Tissue engineering provides promise in the development of "artificial tissues." The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy and viability of the use of a biologic surgical adhesive TISSEEL in combining engineered bronchial epithelium with engineered cartilage. Methods: Using isolated human cells, bronchial epithelium and mature cartilage were engineered. Using a contact adhesive technique, TISSEEL was used to biologically fuse the bronchial epithelium and the cartilage. The fused composite then was supported for 5 days in tissue culture. The mechanical properties of the adhesion were tested, and the construct was studied morphologically to assess viability of the cartilage and the bronchial epithelium. The bronchial epithelium showed a normal cell size (337.2 μm 2 ) and epithelial thickness (46.47 μm). Results: TISSEEL was effective in fusing the epithelium to the cartilage. The construct remained viable for 5 days in culture. There was no difference in the dimensions of the bronchial epithelium or the epithelial cells. Mechanical adhesion was achieved. Conclusions: Biologically compatible fibrin glue is an effective surgical adhesive that allows the tissue types to be fused while remaining viable and morphologically accurate. Surgical adhesives may show promise in the development of composite tissue development in the field of bioengineering. J Pediatr Surg 37:1034-1037. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Development and Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of the Children’s Saving Inventory

This study reports on the development and initial psychometric properties of the Children’s Saving Inventory (CSI), a parent-rated measure designed to assess child hoarding behaviors. Subjects included 123 children and adolescents diagnosed with primary Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and their parents. Trained clinicians administered the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), items assessing Family Accommodation and the Clinical Global Impressions—Severity index. Parents completed the CSI, Child Obsessive–Compulsive Impact Scale (COIS)—Parent Version and Child Behavior Checklist. Youth completed the COIS—Child Version, Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory Child Version (OCI-CV), Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and Children’s Depression Inventory—Short Form. A four factor solution was identified; factors were named Discarding, Clutter, Acquisition, and Distress/Impairment. Internal consistency for the CSI Total and factor scores were good. One-week test–retest reliability (n = 31) from a random subsample was excellent. Known groups validity was supported vis-a-vis higher CSI scores for those endorsing hoarding on the CY-BOCS Symptom Checklist. Convergent and discriminant validity was evidenced by weak relationships with OCI-CV Checking and Contamination factors but strong relationships with the OCI-CV Hoarding factor and with hoarding obsession/compulsions on the CY-BOCS. These findings provide initial support for the reliability and validity of the CSI for the assessment of hoarding behaviors among youth with OCD. Future studies are needed to extend these findings to non-OCD samples of youth.
Holocene faulting in the western Grand Canyon, Arizona

The Toroweap and Hurricane faults and a subsidiary fault in the western Grand Canyon exhibit evidence of Holocene movement. This evidence includes scarps in alluvium and sediments ponded against a fault on the downthrown block. These displacements are the latest in a well-exposed record of recurrent movements along the major faults in the region.
Postoperative pain management: Morphine versus ketorolac

Without proper management, postoperative pain can grow to intolerable levels and interfere with functioning and healing. Historically, morphine had no equal for postoperative pain management. Its side effects, however, are troubling. Recently, researchers have developed many analgesics that do not induce the same side effects as morphine. Ketorolac is one example. Nevertheless, a single drug with an efficacy comparable with morphine remains elusive. In this article, the physiology of pain is reviewed and ketorolac is compared with morphine. Perianesthesia nurses are given pertinent information to enhance their ability to provide the best pain relief available for the patients in their care.
Nutrition and the adolescent: An update

This article reviews selected nutrition research pertinent to adolescent health care. Protein-calorie malnutrition affects 25% of hospitalized adolescents studied, which correlates, as in adults, with increased morbidity and mortality. Some subgroups of adolescents, notably Asian immigrants, have been shown to be at high risk for developing vitamin D deficient rickets. On the other hand, excessive vitamin D intake has been linked to arteriosclerosis in animal models. Calcium supplementation is not likely to be indicated in U.S. adolescents. Iron deficiency prevalence in adolescence is not well documented, owing to the confusion between anemia and iron deficiency. Serum ferritin and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin measures should help to clarify this issue. Zinc nutrition must be assessed in high-risk groups such as those with short stature or Crohn's disease. Oral contraception effects on vitamin B 6 and on serum lipids need to be considered in the risk-benefit equation when prescribing this method of birth control for adolescents.
I 1 -optimal control of multivariable systems with output norm constraints

This paper considers the l1-optimal control problem for general rational plants. It is shown that, for plants with no poles or zeros on the unit circle, an optimal compensator exists and that the resulting closed loop transfer function is polynomial whenever there are at least as many controls as regulated outputs and at least as many measurements as exogeneous inputs. Exactly or approximately, optimal rational compensators can be obtained by solving a sequence of finite linear programs for the coefficients of a polynomial closed-loop transfer function. No assumptions on plant poles or zeros are required to obtain at least approximately optimal compensators. It is shown that constrained problems in which a set of outputs is regulated subject to l(infinity)-norm constraints on another set of outputs can be solved using a slight modification of the same algorithm.
A multiscale derivation of a new parabolic equation which includes density variations

Abstract A new parabolic equation is obtained from the acoustic equation by the multiscale method. The new equation incorporates the effects of a variable ocean density. The density can be smooth or piecewise smooth. Thus, the new formulation alleviates the need for interfacial conditions when the density is stratified in a piecewise constant fashion. It also reduces to the standard P.E. when the density is constant. The new equation has the same conservation law as the P.E. A difference equation is presented which has a discrete version of the same law.
High resolution monochromator systems using thermal gradient induced variable Bragg spacing

Abstract The vertical divergences of bending magnet and wiggler synchrotron sources are generally considerably larger than the acceptance angles of typical monochromator systems. This is particularly true at high energies ( E ≥ 14 keV where the Darwin widths of perfect crystals are of the order 10 −6 rad. By imposing a thermal gradient on the crystal, an efficient, wide acceptance angle monochromator can be obtained. The necessary condition being that the resulting d sin θ is a constant across the beam. Gains in intensity of 3–100 can be realized relative to standard flat crystal systems. A number of possible designs are presented for both two and four crystal monochromator systems. The use of Si, Ge, and quartz monochromators are discussed.
A 21-kDa C-terminal Fragment of Protein-disulfide Isomerase has Isomerase, Chaperone, and Anti-chaperone Activities

Abstract A catalyst of disulfide formation and isomerization during protein folding, protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) has two catalytic sites housed in two domains homologous to thioredoxin, one near the N terminus and the other near the C terminus. The thioredoxin domains, by themselves, can catalyze disulfide formation, but they are unable to catalyze disulfide isomerizations (Darby, N. J. and Creighton, T. E. (1995) Biochemistry34, 11725–11735). A 21-kDa, C-terminal fragment of PDI (amino acids 308–491), termed weePDI, comprises the C-terminal third of the molecule. The k cat for ribonuclease oxidative folding by weePDI is 0.26 ± 0.02 min−1, 3-fold lower than the wild-type enzyme but indistinguishable from the activity of a full-length mutant of PDI in which both active site cysteines of the N-terminal thioredoxin domain have been mutated to serine. Eliminating the ability ofweePDI to escape easily from covalent complexes with substrate by mutating the active site cysteine nearer the C terminus to serine has a large effect on the isomerase activity ofweePDI compared with its effect on the full-length enzyme.weePDI also displays chaperone and anti-chaperone activity characteristic of the full-length molecule. As isolated,weePDI is a disulfide-linked dimer in which the single cysteine (Cys-326) outside active site cross-links twoweePDI monomers. The presence of the intermolecular disulfide decreases the activity by more than 2-fold. The results imply that the functions of the core thioredoxin domains of PDI and other members of the thioredoxin superfamily might be modified quite easily by the addition of relatively small accessory domains.
Chiral separation of glycyrrhetinic acid by highperformance liquid chromatography

An HPLC separation of the 18 alpha and 18 beta diastereomers of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) has been developed. The separation was achieved with a chiral column (Merck ChiraSpher, Darmstadt, Germany) and a methanol-water (65:35, v/v) mobile phase. The separation is excellent, having a resolution factor of 2.3. The HPLC method is efficient and accurate for the optical purity determination of 18 alpha- and 18 beta-GA samples. The run time is less than 30 min. Quantitation is linear with a lower detection limit of 0.2% for one isomer in the presence of the other. Addition of 0.2% acetic acid to the water in the mobile phase improved the ruggedness of the system without affecting the resolution of 18 alpha- and 18 beta-GA. This modification also allowed partial separation of 18 alpha- and 18 beta-glycyrrhizin, precursors of the GA isomers.
C/EBP maintains chromatin accessibility in liver and facilitates glucocorticoid receptor recruitment to steroid response elements

Mechanisms regulating transcription factor interaction with chromatin in intact mammalian tissues are poorly understood. Exploiting an adrenalectomized mouse model with depleted endogenous glucocorticoids, we monitor changes of the chromatin landscape in intact liver tissue following glucocorticoid injection. Upon activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), proximal regions of activated and repressed genes are remodelled, and these remodelling events correlate with RNA polymerase II occupancy of regulated genes. GR is exclusively associated with accessible chromatin and 62% percent of GR-binding sites are occupied by C/EBPβ. At the majority of these sites, chromatin is preaccessible suggesting a priming function of C/EBPβ for GR recruitment. Disruption of C/EBPβ binding to chromatin results in attenuation of pre-programmed chromatin accessibility, GR recruitment and GR-induced chromatin remodelling specifically at sites co-occupied by GR and C/EBPβ. Collectively, we demonstrate a highly cooperative mechanism by which C/EBPβ regulates selective GR binding to the genome in liver tissue. We suggest that selective targeting of GR in other tissues is likely mediated by the combined action of cell-specific priming proteins and chromatin remodellers.
Two-phase flow in high-heat-flux micro-channel heat sink for refrigeration cooling applications: Part II—heat transfer characteristics

Abstract This paper is the second of a two-part study concerning two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of R134a in a micro-channel heat sink incorporated as an evaporator in a refrigeration cycle. Boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured by controlling heat flux (q″ = 15.9 − 93.8 W/cm2) and vapor quality (xe = 0.26 − 0.87) over a broad range of mass velocity. While prior studies point to either nucleate boiling or annular film evaporation (convective flow boiling) as dominant heat transfer mechanisms in small channels, the present study shows heat transfer is associated with different mechanisms for low, medium and high qualities. Nucleate boiling occurs only at low qualities (xe 0.55) flows dominated by annular film evaporation. Because of the large differences in heat transfer mechanism between the three quality regions, better predictions are possible by dividing the quality range into smaller ranges corresponding to these flow transitions. A new heat transfer coefficient correlation is recommended which shows excellent predictions for both R134a and water.
Metaphor: Integrating Action, Fantasy and Language in Development

Metaphor, the transfer of meaning from one thing to another (e.g., “The bicycle is a charging horse”), usually has been studied within language expressions. Some investigators, criticizing the assumption that words are the exclusive locus of metaphor, urge that metaphor construction be expanded to include play and imaging. This report proposes a reformulation of metaphor as habitual organizations of action, fantasy, and language behaviors which follow developmental principles in representing past experiences, while also construing present situations and prescribing behaviors to deal with them. The value of this conceptualization for studies of normal and pathological personality development is illustrated by metaphors two children constructed and restructured during psychoanalytic treatment and by associated changes in their functioning. The proposal is also related to issues in the literature.
Configuration-dependent friction coefficients and elastic dumbbell rheology

Abstract The kinetic theory of nonlinear elastic dumbbells, with bead friction coefficients that depend linearly on the interbead distance, is used to obtain the elongational viscosity and the dumbbell stretching as a function of elongation rate. The results are obtained by solving numerically the “diffusion equation” for the configurational distribution function. No S-shaped curves were found for the elongational viscosity or for the mean-square end-to-end distance. Previous investigators did report S-shaped curves and related “hysteresis” effects. However, their results were based on using mathematical approximations that now appear to be inappropriate.