cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen receptor α and β expression in the vaginal walls and uterosacral ligaments of premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Abstract Objective: To assess the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for estrogen receptors α and β in the vaginal walls and uterosacral ligaments of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Design: In vitro experiment. Setting: Academic research environment. Patient(s): Sixteen consecutively seen women who underwent hysterectomy. Intervention(s): Samples of anterior vaginal walls and uterosacral ligaments were obtained during hysterectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis for estrogen receptor mRNA. Result(s): Messenger RNA transcripts for estrogen receptor α were present in all samples of vaginal walls (16/16) and uterosacral ligaments (16/16). Estrogen receptor β mRNA was detected in all samples of vaginal walls from premenopausal women (12/12) but in none of those from postmenopausal women (0/4). Estrogen receptor β mRNA was found in most samples of uterosacral ligaments from premenopausal women (10/12) and in some of those from postmenopausal women (2/4). Conclusion(s): Estrogen receptors α and β were expressed in the vaginal walls and uterosacral ligaments of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Estrogen receptor β was absent from the vaginal walls of postmenopausal women.
On downlink beamforming with greedy user selection: performance analysis and a simple new algorithm

This paper considers the problem of simultaneous multiuser downlink beamforming. The idea is to employ a transmit antenna array to create multiple "beams" directed toward the individual users, and the aim is to increase throughput, measured by sum capacity. In particular, we are interested in the practically important case of more users than transmit antennas, which requires user selection. Optimal solutions to this problem can be prohibitively complex for online implementation at the base station and entail so-called Dirty Paper (DP) precoding for known interference. Suboptimal solutions capitalize on multiuser (selection) diversity to achieve a significant fraction of sum capacity at lower complexity cost. We analyze the throughput performance in Rayleigh fading of a suboptimal greedy DP-based scheme proposed by Tu and Blum. We also propose another user-selection method of the same computational complexity based on simple zero-forcing beamforming. Our results indicate that the proposed method attains a significant fraction of sum capacity and throughput of Tu and Blum's scheme and, thus, offers an attractive alternative to DP-based schemes.
The aberrant retino-retinal projection during optic nerve regeneration in the frog. II. Anterograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase.

Previous experiments have shown that a substantial number of regenerating optic axons in adult frogs (Rana pipiens) are misrouted into the opposite optic nerve and retina during early stages of regeneration. This projection is maximal at 5 and 6 weeks after optic nerve crush. To further characterize this anomalous projection, small quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected into the right eye or right optic nerve 5 or 6 weeks after right optic nerve crush. Twenty-four hours later the animals were killed and regenerating axons anterogradely filled with HRP were reacted with the tetramethyl-benzidine method or a diaminobenzidine-CoCl2 method. Serial reconstruction tracing the course of individual axons through the optic chiasm showed that few of the axons projecting into the opposite optic nerve were collaterals of axons projecting centrally. Instead, the majority of labeled axons misdirected into the opposite nerve or contributing to an expanded projection into the ipsilateral optic tract turned out of the chiasm without branching. Many of the labeled regenerating axons had unusual trajectories within the chiasm, making abrupt turns or changing their direction of growth. Most of the axons misrouted into the opposite nerve came from portions of the chiasm nearest to the nerve of the other eye. In three of eight frogs with an intact optic nerve, a small number of HRP-labeled axons were found in the left nerve after right nerve injection, but there was no indication that these axons reached the left eye. The results from this investigation suggest that the most parsimonious explanation for the chiasmal misrouting of regenerating frog optic axons is that axons are mechanically deflected into inappropriate pathways.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for unitary similarity

If A and B are two complex matrices and if U is a complex unitary matrix such that UAUCT = B (where UCT denotes the conjugate transpose of U), then A and B are said to be unitarily similar. Necessary and sufficient conditions that two matrices be unitarily similar have been dealt with in [5] (from the point of view of group representation theory) and in [2] (from the point of view of developing a canonical form under unitary similarity).
Making Sense of Practice in Mathematics: Models, Theories and Disciplines

This chapter revisits Clancey’s application of transactional perspectives to Lehrer and Schauble’s classroom episodes (“A Transactional Perspective on the Practice-Based Science of Teaching and Learning”). Interpreting these episodes with a focus on the specific and contingent role of disciplinary or content knowledge, children’s engagement, and the potential to improve teaching, Confrey identifies three key issues: (1) the role of competing conceptions, (2) typicality and bin size, and (3) variability, predictability, and spread. She then examines the applicability of Clancey’s theory to identifying such critical elements, and its potential to contribute to a practice-based science of teaching and learning.
Discriminatory Transactions and Unequal Interactions Among Nation-States Around the World

This paper uses five situations to study discriminatory transactions and unequal interactions among nation-states around the world. The five situations are: the brain drain from developing to developed countries, transfer of wealth from poor to rich economies, world tourists flocking to more advanced societies, discriminatory placement of labor by race, national origin, and system of political economy, and unequal transactions in international trade. Each situation is described and analyzed in five standard sections. “The Particular” presents the situation based on the observation and experience by a well-educated middle-class working professional named “Alibaba.” “The Discriminator” focuses on discriminators and their acts of discrimination whereas “The Victim” draws attention to victimizations suffered by individuals or organizations under the situation. “The Compromise” presents both sides and their respective perspective to see how the situation, problematic though, sustains itself as part of social equilibrium on the world stage. Finally, “the Universal” attempts to uncover and learn from the situation something general and significant, sociologically or otherwise.
A Cross-Task Flexible Transition Model for Arabic Tokenization, Affix Detection, Affix Labeling, POS Tagging, and Dependency Parsing

This paper describes cross-task flexible transition models (CTF-TMs) and demonstrates their effectiveness for Arabic natural language processing (NLP). NLP pipelines often suffer from error propagation, as errors committed in lower-level tasks cascade through the remainder of the processing pipeline. By allowing a flexible order of operations across and within multiple NLP tasks, a CTF-TM can mitigate both cross-task and within-task error propagation. Our Arabic CTF-TM models tokenization, affix detection, affix labeling, partof-speech tagging, and dependency parsing, achieving state-of-the-art results. We present the details of our general framework, our Arabic CTF-TM, and the setup and results of our experiments.
The Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Law: The Antelope's Penal Law Exception

In 1825, Chief Justice Marshall held in The Antelope that (t)he courts of no country execute the penal laws of another. Since then, United States Courts have painstakingly crafted a variety of definitions of the word penal in order to help determine when and when not they should apply foreign laws or execute foreign judgments which conceivably might be characterized as penal. Much of their hairsplitting analysis might have been avoided if American judges and commentators had looked behind Marshall's phrase to see its foundations in law and policy.After reviewing the accepted wisdom about The Antelope's penal law exception, this article looks at the exception in context. Drawing upon the cases argued by counsel, the article argues that Marshall did not frame the exception with any unelaborated definition of penal law in mind. Rather, Marshall sought to restrain the courts from infringing upon another state's sovereign authority, especially when what was at issue was a state's right to benefit by the execution of its public law.
Prediction of the T0 Shift between Specimens of Different Constraints Using the T-Stress Based T-Functions

This work applies the T-stress based T-functions to predict the T 0 shift between types of specimens exhibiting different in-plane constraint levels at cleavage fracture. The analytical model predicts accurately the shift of T 0 values estimated using fracture toughness data measured with deep-notch SE(B) specimens and C(T) specimens, and the shift of T 0 values from deep and shallow cracked SE(B) specimens.
Characteristics of a Subgrid Model for Turbulent Premixed Flames

A modified version of the linear eddy model (LEM) for subgrid combustion is developed and used for studying the properties of turbulent premixed flames in the core region of Couette flow. The handling of the burning (diffusion/reaction) and specie transport, in this new approach, is fully deterministic. The model is, therefore, found to predict the correct laminar flame speed in the limit of zero turbulence. The effect of three dimensional eddies on scalar fields at the subgrid scales is modeled using a stochastic Lagrangian rearrangement procedure. The derivation of this procedure from the inertial range scaling laws necessitates a calibration procedure since the numerical values of the constants in these laws are unknown. The present LEM approach relates the constant needed to the coefficient of eddy viscosity that is evaluated in a LES, under the assumption of constant turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. The new approach is found to predict the turbulent flame speed with fair amount of accuracy. The chemistry is modeled using a self propagating scalar field (G-equation) approach and within the limitations of this model, LEM is found to capture the right trends in evolution of flame structure, effects of heat release and turbulence. The encouraging results obtained here warrant further research into extending this subgrid model for cases of finite rate chemistry and inclusion of thermodiffusi ve mechanisms such as the Lewis number effects.
Seasonal Abundance and Within-Field Dispersion Patterns of Poplar Petiolegall Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Cabbage and Broccoli

Seasonal abundance and temporal variation in dispersion patterns of the poplar petiolegall aphid, Pemphigus populitransversus Riley, were examined in serial planting studies of cabbage and broccoli from 1986 to 1988 using variance/mean ratio S 2/$\bar x$, Green's Cx , Standardized Morisita's I p, and Taylor's regression of log variance on log mean. All indices predicted an aggregated dispersion of aphid numbers, with no apparent trends in seasonal variation in dispersion. Values of β from Taylor's regression were homogeneous among cultivars and plantings in 1986–1987, but the slope calculated for aphid dispersion in the September planting differed from the β values estimated in October and December plantings in 1987–1988. The estimated β calculated from the commercial cabbage field was not different from most of the serial plantings. Alate fundatrigenia began emerging from laboratory-held galls in early July, and peak emergence occurred from October through November. There was a corresponding empirical trend of higher aphid densities in September plantings and progressively less dense populations in the October–December plantings. It is hypothesized that there was differential exposure to aphid colonization among plantings. A pooled estimate of α and β were used to determine the number of samples required to obtain an estimate of the mean density of P. populitransversus in crucifers within 10 and 25% of the true mean. An alternate method of population estimation, using a presence–absence sample, was also presented.
Transgenic soybean overexpressing GmSAMT1 exhibits resistance to multiple-HG types of soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) salicylic acid methyl transferase (GmSAMT1) catalyses the conversion of salicylic acid to methyl salicylate. Prior results showed that when GmSAMT1 was overexpressed in transgenic soybean hairy roots, resistance is conferred against soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe. In this study, we produced transgenic soybean overexpressing GmSAMT1 and characterized their response to various SCN races. Transgenic plants conferred a significant reduction in the development of SCN HG type 1.2.5.7 (race 2), HG type 0 (race 3) and HG type 2.5.7 (race 5). Among transgenic lines, GmSAMT1 expression in roots was positively associated with SCN resistance. In some transgenic lines, there was a significant decrease in salicylic acid titer relative to control plants. No significant seed yield differences were observed between transgenics and control soybean plants grown in one greenhouse with 22 °C day/night temperature, whereas transgenic soybean had higher yield than controls grown a warmer greenhouse (27 °C day/23 °C night) temperature. In a 1-year field experiment in Knoxville, TN, there was no significant difference in seed yield between the transgenic and nontransgenic soybean under conditions with negligible SCN infection. We hypothesize that GmSAMT1 expression affects salicylic acid biosynthesis, which, in turn, attenuates SCN development, without negative consequences to soybean yield or other morphological traits. Thus, we conclude that GmSAMT1 overexpression confers broad resistance to multiple SCN races, which would be potentially applicable to commercial production.
Risk factors and outcomes of chronic sexual harassment during the transition to college: Examination of a two-part growth mixture model

A two-part latent growth mixture model was implemented in order to examine heterogeneity in the growth of sexual harassment (SH) victimization in college and university students, and the extent to which SH class membership explains substance use and mental health outcomes for certain groups of students. Demographic risk factors, mental health, and substance use were examined as they related to chronically experienced SH victimization. Incoming freshmen students (N = 2855; 58% female; 54% White) completed a survey at five time points. In addition to self-reporting gender, race, and sexual orientation, students completed measures of sexual harassment, anxiety, depression, binge drinking, and marijuana use. Overall, self-reported SH declined upon college entry, although levels rebounded by the third year of college. Results also supported a two-class solution (Infrequent and Chronic) for SH victimization. Being female, White, and a sexual minority were linked to being classified into the Chronic (relative to the Infrequent) SH class. In turn, Chronic SH class membership predicted greater anxiety, depression, and substance use, supporting a mediational model.
Mars Exploration Rovers 2004-2013: Evolving Operational Tactics Driven by Aging Robotic Systems

Over the course of more than 10 years of continuous operations on the Martian surface, the operations team for the Mars Exploration Rovers has encountered and overcome many challenges. The twin rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, designed for a Martian surface mission of three months in duration, far outlived their life expectancy. Spirit explored for six years and Opportunity still operates and, in January 2014, celebrated the 10th anniversary of her landing. As with any machine that far outlives its design life, each rover has experienced a series of failures and degradations attributable to age, use, and environmental exposure. This paper reviews the failures and degradations experienced by the two rovers and the measures taken by the operations team to correct, mitigate, or surmount them to enable continued exploration and discovery.
Optimized Dual-Expander Aerospike Nozzle Upper Stage Rocket Engine

The Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) is researching the cryogenic DualExpander Aerospike Nozzle (DEAN) upper stage rocket engine. The objectives for the DEAN design are 50,000 pounds-force (222 kilonewtons) vacuum thrust, 464 seconds of vacuum specific impulse and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 106.5. Previous work at AFIT focused on first developing a feasible closed design model and secondly expanding the model to support parametric trade studies and optimization. The current model utilizes NASA’s Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) and Phoenix Integration’s ModelCenter. Current work expands the NPSS and ModelCenter DEAN model to estimate engine weight and optimize thrust-to-weight ratio. Furthermore, the DEAN model has been enhanced to allow further exploration of the solution space while offering the opportunity to identify critical technologies/parameters.
A Guide to Climate Datasets: Summary and Research Challenges

Recent growth in the scale and variety of climate data has provided unprecedented opportunities to big data analytics research for understanding the Earth's climate system. There has been an upsurge of climate datasets in the past few decades that are collected using various modes of acquisition (e.g. local sensor recordings or remote sensing instruments), at different scales of observation (both in space and time), and in diverse data types and formats. Climate datasets however exhibit some unique characteristics (e.g. adherence to physical properties and spatio-temporal constraints) that makes it challenging to use traditional data-centric approaches for climate science applications. In this paper, we present a brief introduction of the different categories of climate datasets that are available from various sources. We further describe some of the major data-centric challenges in analyzing climate data.
TIME SERIES EVOLUTION MODEL FOR DEFORMATION MODULUS OF GEOLOGICAL DEFECT

Geological defects existing extensively in foundations often do harms to the safety of buildings.At the same time,construction of large-scale structures leads to variation of the natural geological condition.And in some cases,the geological defects may deteriorate with the construction of structures,which will bring adverse impacts on the normal operation of the buildings.Deformation modulus of the geological defect is a key parameter that reflects its deformation and strength character,so deformation modulus of the geological defect is used to study its evolvement rules.The theory,which is to build time series evolution model for geological defect by use of monitoring data,is presented.Then based on Elman recurrent neural networks,the detailed process to build time series evolution model for geological defect is proposed.The application shows that the proposed method is effective.
Approach to Autonomous System Classification

An approach to autonomous systems classification using BGP routing table is proposed.According to the function of ASes in the Internet,this paper treats the Internet hierarchical model as five tiers model.The AS topology is generated from several BGP routing tables.ASes are classified by combinating the structure characteristic of AS path in BGP routing tables,the topology characteristic of transit AS and a method of random distribution.Comparison with similar algorithms shows that the algorithm is simple and effective.
Leveraging 3D Technologies for Hardware Security: Opportunities and Challenges

3D die stacking and 2.5D interposer design are promising technologies to improve integration density, performance and cost. Current approaches face serious issues in dealing with emerging security challenges such as side channel attacks, hardware trojans, secure IC manufacturing and IP piracy. By utilizing intrinsic characteristics of 2.5D and 3D technologies, we propose novel opportunities in designing secure systems. We present: (i) a 3D architecture for shielding side-channel information; (ii) split fabrication using active interposers; (iii) circuit camouflage on monolithic 3D IC, and (iv) 3D IC-based security processing-in-memory (PIM). Advantages and challenges of these designs are discussed, showing that the new designs can improve existing counter-measures against security threats and further provide new security features.
Teacher prep 3.0: a vision for teacher education to impact social transformation

AbstractTeacher education in the USA is composed of both defenders and critics of the current system of teacher preparation. Some critics of college and university-based teacher education who describe themselves as ‘reformers’ have referred to the non-university programmes as ‘teacher preparation 2.0’ in order to emphasise the innovativeness they feel these programmes represent. They imply that the programmes existing prior to these new, non-university are teacher education 1.0 programmes, which they see as obsolete. We argue in this paper that many 1.0 and 2.0 programmes are inadequate for meeting the nation’s needs to provide high quality, effective teachers for all children in USA public schools, and we present a case for teacher preparation 3.0 programmes. Given the weaknesses in both teacher education 1.0 and 2.0, there exists a need to transform rather than defend or ‘reform’ the current system.
The intuitive case for naïve realism

Naive realism, the view that perceptual experiences are irreducible relations between subjects and external objects, has intuitive appeal, but this intuitive appeal is sometimes thought to be undermined by the possibility of certain kinds of hallucinations. In this paper, I present the intuitive case for naive realism, and explain why this intuitive case is not undermined by the possibility of such hallucinations. Specifically, I present the intuitive case for naive realism as arguing that the only way to make sense of the phenomenal character associated with perceptual experiences is by means of a naive realist ontology. I then explain why this intuitive argument is not undermined by the possibility of hallucinatory experiences that possess the phenomenal character associated with perceptual experiences but, being hallucinations, do not have the ontological nature specified by naive realism.
Intersections of individual and neighborhood disadvantage: Implications for child maltreatment

Abstract Parenting behaviors are influenced by numerous factors, including individual, family, and community contexts. Ecological systems theory suggests that these systems as well as interactions among the systems coalesce to influence the parent/child relationship in multiple ways. When challenges exist within and across these systems, child abuse and neglect can occur. While a significant body of research has delved into parsing the relative importance of neighborhood-level versus individual-level predictors, little is known about the complex ways in which interactions across ecological systems might enhance or hinder parenting behaviors. The current study seeks to fill this gap by answering the following research question: (1) Are there interactive effects of individual and neighborhood poverty on the risk of child maltreatment? Structural equation modeling was used to analyze data from 946 parents at Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinics in Franklin County, Ohio. Living in higher poverty neighborhoods is associated with higher levels of maltreatment irrespective of individual poverty status, but there is not a corresponding decrease for those living in lower poverty neighborhoods. These findings suggest that both individual poverty status and neighborhood poverty matter for child maltreatment and that there does not appear to be a compounding effect of being both poor and in a poor neighborhood, nor is there a protective effect when poor but living in a nonpoor neighborhood.
America’s Battle for Media Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate Libertarianism and the Future of Media Reform by Victor Pickard

Every once in a while a book comes along that genuinely alters our perceptions of American media history, such as Robert McChesney’s Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy; Thomas Streeter’s...
Development and validation of the Dark Future scale

The purpose of studies presented in this article was to develop and validate a short version of the Future Anxiety scale. The Future Anxiety scale consists of 29 items; it measures the tendency to think about the future with anxiety and uncertainty and to anticipate disasters in the future. We developed a short form of this scale—the Dark Future scale—on a total sample of 2285 Polish adults across two studies. In Study 1, we examined the reliability and factor structure of the Future Anxiety scale. In Study 2, we cross-validated the reliability, factor structure, and validity of the Dark Future scale. The validity of the Dark Future scale was assessed based on the correlations of this instrument with the Future Negative scale, the Future Time Perspective scale, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and the Carpe Diem scale.
Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Treated with Adapted Augmented Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (ABFM) Therapy

Abstract The survival of teen-aged patients (pts) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been analyzed by various groups, with most groups showing improved survival for these pts using pediatric ALL regimens compared to adult treatment regimens. ABFM therapy is an effective therapy for ALL pts up to age 21 and the therapy has acceptable toxicities. We designed a trial of modified ABFM therapy for adolescent/young adults (AYA) up to age 40 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Enrollment on the trial began in October 2006. Pts receive four drug induction with prednisone 60 mg/m2 daily for 28 days, daunorubicin 25 mg/m2 weekly for 4 doses, vincristine 2 mg weekly for 4 doses and a single dose of intravenous PEG-asparaginase in week one as well as intrathecal (IT) cytarabine on day one and IT methotrexate on day 8 and 29 depending on the presence of spinal fluid blasts. Induction is extended by two weeks for pts who do not achieve morphologic remission by day 29. Pts who have a morphologic remission by day 15 are classified as rapid early responders, and they receive one phase of delayed intensification. Patients who do not achieve morphologic remission by day 15 but who attain morphologic remission by day 29 or day 42 are slow early responders. Compared to preceding high risk ALL therapy in children, the first year of ABFM treatment uses more vincristine, asparaginase and intravenous methotrexate. As per prior pediatric protocols, central nervous system (CNS) radiation is recommended for pts with CNS involvement at diagnosis and for pts with T-cell ALL and a high presenting white blood cell count. 34 pts have been enrolled. 29 are evaluable (2 with prior relapse, 2 with lymphoblastic lymphoma, and 1 withdrew on day 1 of therapy). The median age is 20 years (range 14–34). 27 (90%) pts are in remission at day 28. Two pts are in remission with extended induction. One pt is refractory to induction. 26 (87%) have rapid early responses by marrow morphology. Minimal residual disease (MRD) testing shows 15/29 positive at day 15, 10/29 positive at day 29, and 3/24 positive at day 84. The most frequent grade 3–4 toxicities are infectious in 19 (65%), elevated transaminases in 17 (58%) patients, hyperglycemia in 13 (44%), and hyperbilirubinemia in 9 (31%). 7 (25%) have Grade 3–4 thrombosis or fatigue. Less frequent but significant toxicities include leukoencephalopathy, osteonecrosis and severe allergic reactions each seen in 3 (10%) pts. One pt had a prolonged delay in chemotherapy due to liver toxicity and relapsed. One pt has CNS relapse, and two have died of leukemia. ABFM therapy in young adults is an effective induction regimen but entails significant hepatic and infectious toxicities. The majority of these toxicities have resolved. Long-term follow-up is needed to determine if this treatment regimen offers an advantage to AYA patients with ALL.
“I guess I'll give it a 13”: Exploring the language of agile-oriented software engineering teams

While agile has become a go-to methodology for software engineers engaged in software development, little research has explored the specific language choices used by these engineers in their agile-oriented processes. This study examines the language used by a Scrum team during the meetings of a 5-week sprint. Specifically, this study explores how certainty is presented by the group members through their use of hedging language in their planning, kick-off, maintenance, and retrospective meetings and how those hedges vary based on member sex and role. This exploration finds that while sex affects certainty little, the team members' roles and the type of meeting can alter the use of certainty makers by the engineers.
Eosinophilic esophagitis in children under the age of 5 years: Clinical characteristics.

Objectives/Hypothesis To delineate clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in the youngest of children. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods A 7-year retrospective chart review of children with clinicopathologic diagnosis of EoE was performed with specific analysis of patients under 5 years old. EoE was defined as the presence of symptoms of esophageal dysfunction with pathologically proven eosinophilic inflammation (≥15 eosinophils per high-power field [EOS/HPF]) unresponsive to reflux therapy. Patient parameters and clinical results were systematically reviewed. Results Of 558 children diagnosed with EoE, 127 (22.8%) were younger than 5 years old (mean age 2.5 years). This subgroup presented with reflux symptoms (90.1%), vomiting (86.2%), diarrhea (55.3%), liquid dysphagia (52.0%), and constipation (50.0%), whereas food impaction (1.6%) was rare. Liquid dysphagia was present at all ages but significantly more common in younger children (P = .0101). The most common food and environmental allergens were egg whites (39.7%), cow's milk (36.5%), peanuts (34.9%), animal dander (15.1%), and weed pollen (11.1%). Patients were managed with antireflux medication (100%), elimination diet (83.5%), and steroid medication (68.5%). After treatment, 86% of parents reported symptom improvement. Mean reduction of EOS in pos-treatment biopsy was 33.5 EOS/HPF (P < .0001), and 67 patients showed histologic resolution of EoE (56.8%, P < .0001). Conclusions Approximately one-quarter of children with EoE present under 5 years of age with multiple esophageal symptoms, comorbidities, and allergen-sensitization profiles. These patients demonstrate substantial clinicohistologic improvement following therapy. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2017
Social Psychological Skill and Its Correlates

Abstract. In six studies (N = 1,143), we investigated social psychological skill – lay individuals’ skill at predicting social psychological phenomena (e.g., social loafing, attribution effects). Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated reliable individual differences in social psychological skill. In Studies 2, 3, and 4, attributes associated with decreased cognitive and motivational bias – cognitive ability, cognitive curiosity, and melancholy and introversion – predicted social psychological skill. Studies 4 and 5 confirmed that social psychological skill is distinct from other skills (e.g., test-taking skills, intuitive physics), and relates directly to reduced motivational bias (i.e., self-deception). In Study 6, social psychological skill related to appreciating the situational causes of another individual’s behavior – reduced fundamental attribution error. Theoretical and applied implications are considered.
The Anthem Companion to Karl Mannheim

David Kettler and Volker Meja have spent several decades working together in an attempt to burnish Karl Mannheim's reputation as one of sociology's leading intellectuals. As editors of this book, t...
Treatment for Patients With Malignant Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas: A Perspective From the Hallmarks of Cancer

Malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas affect a very small percentage of the general population. A substantial number of these patients have a hereditary predisposition for the disease and consequently, bear the risk of developing these tumors throughout their entire lives. It is, however, unclear why some patients with no hereditary predisposition develop these tumors, which frequently share a similar molecular phenotype with their hereditary counterparts. Both hereditary and sporadic tumors usually appear at an early age, and affected people often die before reaching their expected lifespans. Unfortunately, there is currently no systemic therapy approved for patients with this orphan disease. Therefore, pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are very challenging malignancies. The recognition of genetic and molecular abnormalities responsible for the development of these tumors as well as the identification of effective therapies for other malignancies that share a similar pathogenesis is leading to the development of exciting clinical trials. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, radiopharmaceutical agents, and immunotherapy are currently under evaluation in prospective clinical trials. A phase 2 clinical trial of the highly specific metaiodobenzylguanidine, iobenguane 131I, has provided impressive results; this radiopharmaceutical agent may become the first approved systemic therapy for patients with malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Nevertheless, systemic therapies are still not able to cure the disease. This review will discuss the development of systemic therapeutic approaches using the hallmarks of cancer as a framework. This approach will help the reader to understand where research efforts currently stand and what the future for this difficult field may be.
Detransformation Bias in Nonlinear Trip Generation Models

AbstractIn recent years, there have been substantial efforts from researchers and practitioners to improve site-level trip generation estimation methods to address some of the pitfalls of conventio...
Toward accurate high temperature anharmonic partition functions

Abstract We use four different methods to calculate an anharmonic correction factor fvib to the conventional RRHO partition functions for H2O, HO2, 3CH2, H2O2, and CH4 over a temperature range up to 3000 K. The exact quantum mechanical method benchmarks the other three approximate methods that are based on classical Monte Carlo phase space integrals, on vibrational perturbation theory, and on conventional harmonic partition functions evaluated with fundamental, rather than harmonic, frequencies. The last two of these methods converge on the exact partition function below temperatures that vary from 1500 K for the least anharmonic system (H2O) to 250 K for the most anharmonic system (H2O2). For 3CH2 and H2O2, both these methods are qualitatively incorrect because they are insensitive to a low energy barrier for internal motion. The classical method qualitatively overestimates quantum mechanical results at low temperatures because of the exclusion of zero point energy. However, here anharmonic corrections are small. At high temperatures, our anharmonic corrections can be large (up to 40% for CH4 at 3000 K) and at high enough temperatures the classical and exact quantum results will converge. Comparing perturbation theory and the classical method, the classical method becomes the approximate method of choice above ∼750 K for H2O2 and CH4, ∼2100 K for 3CH2, ∼2700 K for HO2, and > 3000 K for H2O.
Adenylate Kinase from Bakers' Yeast IV. SUBSTRATE AND INHIBITOR STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS

Abstract Through kinetic studies, evidence is presented to show that the substrates of ATP-AMP phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.4.3), yeast adenylate kinase, are MgADP and ADP in the forward reaction. Various analogues of the substrates were studied to ascertain binding and catalytic limitations. Inhibitors such as 2'-AMP were shown to react at both catalytic sites. The kinetic studies and the Haldane relationship were consistent with the rapid equilibrium, random mechanism proposed for yeast adenylate kinase.
Impulsivity and Deviance

The chapter discusses the relations between various forms of deviant behavior (i.e., antisocial behavior, substance (mis)use, and risky sex) and impulsivity/disinhibition within the personality trait perspective. Although many theories and much empirical research support the importance of impulsivity/disinhibition in deviant behavior, a lack of conceptual and operational clarity introduces confusion. The chapter offers an organizing framework, the UPPS-P, that posits the presence of five distinct personality pathways to impulsive behavior: Negative Urgency (NU) which reflects the tendency to act rashly under conditions of negative affect (e.g., anger, distress); lack of perseverance (PSV) which reflects the inability to remain focused on a task in the face of boredom and/or distraction; lack of premeditation (PMD) which reflects the tendency to act without thinking; Sensation Seeking (SS) which reflects the tendency to enjoy and pursue activities that are exciting or novel; and Positive Urgency (PU) which reflects the tendency to act rashly under conditions of positive affect. The chapter presents information on the derivation of this model and research supporting its validity, including cross-age, cross-sex, and cross-cultural support for the structure of the UPPS-P and differential relations to different forms of deviant behavior and different types of psychopathology. It is concluded that the UPPS-P offers a useful tool in organizing extant research on impulsivity/disinhibition and in directing future research efforts. The chapter closes with a discussion of important future directions.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Silicon Dangling Bond Defects

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and tunneling spectroscopy have been used to study localized dangling bond defects at the Si/SiO2 interface and in metal overlayers on Si(111). On mildly oxidized silicon, electron traps are observed which give rise to telegraph noise on the tunneling current. In tunneling I-V measurements at constant gap spacing, these traps appear as regions of negative resistance or as discontinuous jumps. A wide variety of trapping behavior is observed, indicating that there is no unique trap on mildly oxidized Si(001). A second kind of dangling bond defect arises at submonolayer coverages of Al on Si(111). Atomic-resolution STM measurements demonstrate that these Si pz-like dangling bonds are very localized. Simultaneous tunneling spectroscopy measurements show that they give rise to a defect state at -0.4 eV and a minimum in the density of states at EF due to many-body effects.
Case 25-2018: A 63-Year-Old Man with Syncope.

A Man with Syncope A 63-year-old man who had a history of coronary artery disease and coronary-artery bypass grafting presented with syncope. Echocardiography revealed two masses external to the ri...
The impact of time-varying clinical surrogates on disparities in African-American kidney transplant recipients - a retrospective longitudinal cohort study.

An improved understanding of the impact of clinical surrogates on disparities in African-American (AA) kidney transplantation (KTX) is needed. We conducted a 10-year retrospective longitudinal cohort study of electronically abstracted clinical data assessing the impact of surrogates on disparities in KTX. Clinical surrogates were assessed by posttransplant year (1, 2, 3 or 4) and defined as acute rejection (Banff ≥1A), mean SBP >140 mmHg, tacrolimus variability (CV) >40%, mean glucose >160 mg/dl and mean hemoglobin <10 g/dl. We utilized landmark methodology to minimize immortal time bias and logistic and survival regression to assess outcomes; 1610 KTX were assessed (54.2% AAs), with 1000, 468, 368 and 303 included in the year 1, 2, 3 and 4 complete case analyses, respectively. AAs had significantly higher odds of developing a clinical surrogate, which increased in posttransplant years three and four [OR year 1 1.99 (1.38-2.88), year 2 1.77 (1.20-2.62), year 3 2.35 (1.49-3.71), year 4 2.85 (1.72-4.70)]. Adjusting for the five clinical surrogates in survival models explained a significant portion of the higher risks of graft loss in AAs in post-transplant years three and four. Results suggest focusing efforts on improving late clinical surrogate management within AAs may help mitigate racial disparities in KTX.
Understanding the Accumulation of Local Government Savings: A Dynamic Analysis

Government savings can be a conundrum that perplexes taxpayers. Excessive savings indicate that taxpayers either pay unnecessarily high taxes, or they do not receive adequate returns on services. I...
From Long Bones to All Bones

Even prior to the formal establishment of the AO organization, when surgeons assembled for practical training of their Osteosynthesis surgical techniques, the focus was essentially bone trauma in adults, mostly younger ones, still of working age. For many years, the concentration on ‘long bones’—bones in the upper and lower leg, as they call it within the AO—remained the majority of bone trauma surgeries. The initial Instrumentarium presented for the first Davos course in 1960 reflected this emphasis.
New Concepts in Sudden Cardiac Arrest to Address an Intractable Epidemic: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is one of the largest causes of mortality globally, with an out-of-hospital survival below 10% despite intense research. This document outlines challenges in addressing the epidemic of SCA, along the framework of respond, understand and predict, and prevent. Response could be improved by technology-assisted orchestration of community responder systems, access to automated external defibrillators, and innovations to match resuscitation resources to victims in place and time. Efforts to understand and predict SCA may be enhanced by refining taxonomy along phenotypical and pathophysiological "axes of risk," extending beyond cardiovascular pathology to identify less heterogeneous cohorts, facilitated by open-data platforms and analytics including machine learning to integrate discoveries across disciplines. Prevention of SCA must integrate these concepts, recognizing that all members of society are stakeholders. Ultimately, solutions to the public health challenge of SCA will require greater awareness, societal debate and focused public policy.
Cation analysis by thin-layer chromatography and reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract A method has been developed whereby micro quantities of copper, nickel and zinc resolved on cellulose chromatoplates can be analyzed in situ by means of reflectance spectroscopy. Copper and nickel were determined in the presence of 11 other cations without any interference by employing neocuproine and dimethylglyoxime, respectively, as chromogenic reagents. In the case of zinc, the use of 3,3'-dimethyl-naphthidine was equally successful except in the presence of tin, cadmium and iron. Deviations to be expected when the procedure is employed routinely to determine nickel, copper and zinc, were estimated to be 2.1, 2.8 and 5.6%, respectively.
Learning and behavior disorders: a longitudinal study.

In a survey of school learning and behavior problems manifested in a longitudinal study population of 967 children in kindergarten through third grade, it was found that 41 percent of the subjects ...
Raman spectroscopy for forensic semen identification: Method validation vs. environmental interferences

Abstract Proper identification of body fluids at crime scenes is imperative to forensic investigations, as they yield crucial pieces of DNA evidence that lead to subsequent investigation resolution and criminal justice. Nevertheless, body fluid identification can prove a burdensome process, as several ubiquitous substances found at crime scenes often resemble the appearance of a specific body fluid. Therefore, it is extremely important to find a reliable method for body fluid discovery and differentiation among other potential environmental inferences (EIs). In this study, Raman spectroscopy was combined with advanced statistical analysis and used for semen identification. This method has already been proven to be a powerful tool for characterization of body fluid traces for forensic purposes. Twenty-seven EI substances that may (i) yield a false positive (FP) result on routine forensic tests for semen and/or (ii) resemble a semen stain at a crime scene were examined. Raman spectra of EI substances were compared to spectra of main body fluids: semen, blood, saliva, sweat, and vaginal fluid. The random forest algorithm was utilized for differentiating between body fluids and EIs commonly found for semen traces. Using the classification probability threshold of 70%, entire separation of classes was observed. None of the twenty-seven EI substances was classified as any body fluid. This confirms a great potential of Raman spectroscopy for nondestructive and rapid identification of semen traces found at a crime scene.
Computational approaches towards reducing contamination in single-cell RNA-seq data

Single cell RNA sequencing has enabled quantification of single cells and identification of different cell types and subtypes as well as cell functions in different tissues. Single cell RNA sequence analyses assume acquired RNAs correspond to cells, however, RNAs from contamination within the input data are also captured by these assays. The sequencing of background contamination as well as unwanted cells making their way to the final assay Potentially confound the correct biological interpretation of single cell transcriptomic data. Here we demonstrate two approaches to deal with background contamination as well as profiling of unwanted cells in the assays. We use three real-life datasets of whole-cell capture and nucleotide single-cell captures generated by Fluidigm and 10x technologies and show that these methods reduce the effect of contamination, strengthen clustering of cells and improves biological interpretation.