cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plutonium and cesium radionuclides in sediments of the Savannah River estuary

A study was made of the 239Pu, 240Pu, 238Pu and 137Cs concentrations in tidal marsh sediments of the Savannah River estuary. Tidal marshes are identified as special locations for plutonium deposition because of the high biological productivity and relative stability of sediments as compared to channel sediments. The 239,240Pu deposition averaged 3·2 mCi km−2, which is higher than land-based fallout values of about 2 mCi km−2. The 239,240Pu to 137Cs ratio was about three times higher than fallout deposition estimates, indicating a more rapid desorption of 137Cs from sediment in the saline waters of the area.
Zinc, copper and iron utilisation by chicks fed various concentrations of zinc.

Abstract 1. Zinc, iron and copper interactions were examined in chicks (New Hampshire X Single Comb White Leghorn) grown individually in stainless steel cages and fed on purified diets with three concentrations of zinc: control (37 mg Zn/kg), moderate (100 mg Zn/kg) and excess (2000 mg Zn/kg) in three studies. 2. Chicks given either moderate or excess zinc excreted more than twice as much 65Zn from a test diet as those fed on the control diet. Thus chicks given the moderate amount of zinc had concentrations of zinc in tissues similar to those of controls but chicks given excess zinc accumulated zinc in their tissues. 3. The specific activity of 65Zn in the tissues, especially in the bursa of Fabricius, of chicks given excess zinc was not reduced as much as would be predicted. Thus, ingestion of excess zinc appeared to reduce tissue turnover of 65Zn, especially in the bursa. However, humoral immune responses, as measured by antibody titres to sheep red blood cells, were not affected. 4. Chicks given excess...
Hydroxyl radical imaging at kHz rates using a frequency-quadrupled Nd: YLF laser

Laser-induced fluorescence imaging of hydroxyl radicals has been an important tool in combustion research for more than twenty years. More recently, high frame rate imaging of hydroxyl radicals has been demonstrated using Nd:YAG-pumped dye laser systems. This work describes how a high repetition rate frequency-quadrupled Nd:YLF laser emitting at 263 nm can be used for laser-induced fluorescence imaging of hydroxyl radicals with less complexity. Hydroxyl radicals are excited in the A–X (2,0) band and redshifted fluorescence emission is detected with an image intensified CMOS camera at kHz frame rates. Furthermore, a strategy for high-speed temperature imaging is described.
Circulating angiotensin II and adrenal receptors after nephrectomy

Mineralocorticoid secretion is predominantly controlled by the octapeptide angiotensin II, which exerts trophic actions on the adrenal glomerulosa and acute regulatory effects on aldosterone biosynthesis. The trophic actions include stimulation of angiotensin II receptors and enzymes of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway, with corresponding enhancement of the aldosterone secretory capacity of the adrenal gland. The positive regulatory action of angiotensin II on its adrenal receptors occurs with elevations of the circulating peptide concentration within the physiological range and probably contributes to the increased sensitivity of the adrenal during sodium deficiency. In this action, angiotensin II differs from other hormones which decrease their target-cell receptors. However, the increase in adrenal angiotensin II receptors following nephrectomy has been interpreted as evidence for a tonic down-regulating effect of angiotensin II on its adrenal receptors. To clarify these conflicting views we evaluated the effects of nephrectomy on adrenal angiotensin II receptors in relation to blood angiotensin II and plasma electrolyte levels. We show here that hyperkalaemia contributes markedly to the post-nephrectomy increase in adrenal angiotensin II receptors, and that circulating angiotensin II levels persist for an unexpectedly long period after nephrectomy, presumably due to tissue generation of the octapeptide.
Controlled liquid-solid interactions at the micron-scale: towards self-assembling MEMS

Abstract Self-assembly is the spontaneous and reversible organization of components into ordered structures, representing an alternative to the conventional manufacture of systems made of components from milli to nano scales. First commercial applications of self-assembly have appeared in recent years, for example in the fabrication of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. However, the full impact of this new approach towards heterogeneous system integration will only be realized once self-assembly can be programmed on demand. A key concept is the “programmable surface” – an interface whose properties can be controlled with high spatial and temporal resolution. Several crucial topics are discussed: real time control of interfacial properties; optimization of binding site designs; and algorithms for the modeling and control of self-assembly. Promising novel manufacturing methods are emerging that combine the precision and reproducibility of semiconductor fabrication with the scalability and parallelism of stochastic self-assembly and with the specificity and programmability of biochemical processes.
Control of Carrier Recombination on ZnO Nanowires Photoelectrochemistry

Surface recombination on ZnO nanowires (NWs) dominates over photogenerated carrier collection unless band bending and electrochemical reactions facilitate charge separation. We studied acetonitrile electrolyte with tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, with and without redox mediators (ferrocene/ferrocenium, iodide/triiodide, and p-benzoquinone, BQ0/–). Faradaic processes successfully compete with recombination under biases that cause band bending along the NW c axis. Redox processes control carrier recombination mainly by hole (h+) removal and this affects the NW stability. Without redox mediator, recombination controls the photoelectrochemical behavior unless h+ oxidizes oxide ions in the lattice. Iodide stabilizes the material because the rate of I– oxidation by h+ is faster than the decomposition of ZnO. The conduction band edge (EC) of NWs and of single crystals (SCs) terminated on the (1 0 1 0) planes that constitute most of the NW surface was determined to be EC = −0.3 ± 0.1 V vs NHE; the decomposition ...
Munitions related feature extraction from LIDAR data

The characterization of former military munitions ranges is critical in the identification of areas likely to contain residual unexploded ordnance (UXO). Although these ranges are large, often covering tens-of-thousands of acres, the actual target areas represent only a small fraction of the sites. The challenge is that many of these sites do not have records indicating locations of former target areas. The identification of target areas is critical in the characterization and remediation of these sites. The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) of the DoD have been developing and implementing techniques for the efficient characterization of large munitions ranges. As part of this process, high-resolution LIDAR terrain data sets have been collected over several former ranges. These data sets have been shown to contain information relating to former munitions usage at these ranges, specifically terrain cratering due to high-explosives detonations. The location and relative intensity of crater features can provide information critical in reconstructing the usage history of a range, and indicate areas most likely to contain UXO. We have developed an automated procedure using an adaptation of the Circular Hough Transform for the identification of crater features in LIDAR terrain data. The Circular Hough Transform is highly adept at finding circular features (craters) in noisy terrain data sets. This technique has the ability to find features of a specific radius providing a means of filtering features based on expected scale and providing additional spatial characterization of the identified feature. This method of automated crater identification has been applied to several former munitions ranges with positive results.Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
On the physical quality of life index and evaluating economic welfare between nations

Abstract This paper tests for the statistical relationship between the Physical Quality of Life Index and an index of per capita gross national product for 150 nations and concludes that both provide essentially similar welfare rankings. We utilize principal components methodology to estimate PQLI s for 150 countries and find that, due to intercorrelation between the variables in the PQLI , the first principal component explains about 95% of the generalized variance.
Confidence interval for a ratio of variances in bivariate nonnormal distributions

The exact confidence interval for a ratio of variances can have coverage probability that is much smaller than the nominal level when sampling from nonnormal bivariate distributions. An approximate confidence interval is proposed that performs as well as the exact method in bivariate normal distributions but performs better in bivariate nonnormal distributions. An approximate sample size planning formula is proposed.
The future of biomass energy: A Fermi-calculation perspective

Abstract It is argued: (i) that the harvesting of terrestrial solar radiation to perform useful work is at least an order of magnitude more efficient when carried out by solar-thermal or solar-photovoltaic processes than when carried out by way of biomass conversion and (ii) that, therefore, biomass energy is unlikely to compete successfully with inanimately harvested solar energy—except of course in restricted niche applications.
Characterization of a citrate-buffer soil extract with oxidative coupling activity

Purification et caracterisation d'un extrait au citrate du sol ayant une activite de type enzymatique
Systems Modeling of Ammonia Borane Bead Reactor for Off-Board Regenerable Hydrogen Storage in PEM Fuel Cell Applications

Out of the materials available for chemical hydrogen storage in PEM fuel cell applications, ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) has a high hydrogen storage capacity (upto 19.6% by weight for the release of three hydrogen molecules). Therefore, AB was chosen in our chemical hydride simulation studies. A model for the AB bead reactor system was developed to study the system performance and determine the energy, mass and volume requirements for off-board regenerable hydrogen storage. The system includes hot and cold augers, ballast tank and reactor, product tank, H2 burner and a radiator. One dimensional models based on conservation of mass, species and energy were used to predict important state variables such as reactant and product concentrations, temperatures of various components, flow rates, along with pressure in the reactor system. Control signals to various components are governed by a control system which is modeled as an independent subsystem. Various subsystem components in the models were coded as C language S-functions and implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment. Preliminary system simulation results for a start-up case and for a transient drive cycle indicate accurate trends in the reactor system dynamics.
Renal disease burden following liver transplantation.

Abstract Significant chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs following orthotopic liver transplant (OLT). Since CKD is associated with increased cardiovascular events, mortality, and hepatic allograft dysfunction, early recognition of CKD and implementation of changes may improve the long-term outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of renal disease following OLT. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed our OLT recipients from 1997 until 2004. We calculated glomerular filtration rates (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study (MDRD) method. The GFRs were further subdivided into pre-MELD and post-MELD eras. Results During the study period, we performed 407 OLTs. We censored data from living donor liver transplants (n = 14), combined liver-kidney transplants (n = 12), and from patients whom we did not have complete data for 6 months after transplant (n = 40). Mean MELD score at the time of transplant was 18 ± 7 (mean ± standard deviation). The mean GFR at 6 months following OLT was 63.7 ± 30.2 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Only 14% (n = 47) of our patients had normal renal function at 6 months, while 78% (n = 266) of our patients had mild to moderate risk for renal failure. Eight percent (n = 28) had stage 4 or 5 CKD. There were no differences between the pre-MELD and post-MELD GFRs. Conclusions The burden of renal disease is significant in our patient population at 6 months posttransplantation. It may be important to introduce CKD management as early as 6 months after transplant to impact the outcomes of OLT recipients.
Behavior of an Inclined Jet after Penetration in a Contact Surface

Des resultats experimentaux montrent que lorsque la direction d'un jet de charge creuse metallique est inclinee par rapport a la surface de la cible, la profondeur de penetration peut diminuer considerablement. Dans cette etude, l'auteur examine ce phenomene au moyen d'une etude theorique. La conclusion pourrait aussi etre utilisee dans le cadre des tetes militaires anti charges creuses.
High-Throughput Optical Assays for Assessing Drug-Induced Q-T Prolongation in Human iPS Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Prolongation of the Q-T interval, an important electrocardiogram (ECG) parameter, has been a major cardiac safety concern because it can lead to potentially fatal arrhythmia. The identification of compounds with potential Q-T prolongation liability is becoming critical in the discovery and selection of candidates for drug development. To assess the effects of compounds on the duration of cardiac action potentials, which are related to the Q-T interval, we have developed plate-based membrane potential dye and Ca2+ indicator assays using human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cardiomyocytes. With the use of sub-second fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes, the change of membrane potential in cardiomyocytes can be monitored. To determine whether these assays are predictive for human cardiotoxicity, we have examined the pharmacological effects of selected reference drugs known to target different classes of cardiac ion channels and receptors. We have demonstrated that these optical assays are highly sensitive to the inhibition of cardiac ion channels and able to accurately track drug-induced change of action potential duration in human iPS-derived cardiomycocytes.
Influence of Weekend Lifestyle Patterns on Body Weight

Objective: To determine whether alterations in diet and/or activity patterns during weekends contribute to weight gain or hinder weight loss. Methods and Procedures: Randomized, controlled trial comparing 1 year of caloric restriction (CR) with 1 year of daily exercise (EX). Subjects included 48 healthy adults (30F, 18M) aged 50–60 years with BMI 23.5–29.9 kg/m2. Body weight was measured on 7 consecutive mornings for a total of 165 weeks at baseline and 437 weeks during the 1-year interventions. Daily weight changes were calculated for weekends (Friday to Monday) and weekdays (Monday to Friday). Daily energy intake was estimated using food diaries; daily physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Both measures were validated against doubly labeled water (DLW). Results: At baseline, participants consistently gained weight on weekend days (+0.06 ± 0.03 kg/day, (mean ± s.e.), P = 0.02), but not on weekdays (−0.02 ± 0.02 kg/day, P = 0.18). This was attributable to higher dietary intake on Saturdays and lower physical activity on Sundays relative to weekdays (both P < 0.05). During the interventions, both CR and EX participants were in negative energy balance on weekdays (P < 0.005). On weekends, however, CR participants stopped losing weight, and EX participants gained weight (+0.08 ± 0.03 kg/day, P < 0.0001) due to higher dietary intakes on weekends. This helps to explain the slower-than-expected rate of weight loss during the interventions. Discussion: Alterations in lifestyle behaviors on weekends contribute to weight gain or cessation of weight loss on weekends. These results provide one explanation for the relatively slow rates of weight loss observed in many studies, and the difficulty with maintaining significant weight loss.
Implicit Kinetic Schemes for the Euler and the Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics Equations

The implicit kinetic schemes, namely the Kinetic Flux-Vector Split (KFVS) and the Kinetic Wave/Particle Split (KWPS) schemes are derived for the Euler and the ideal MHD equations. The schemes are applied to compute the flow in a 1-D shock-tube and the 2-D flowfield due to a cylindrical explosion with and without the magnetic field. For the ideal 2-D MHD equations, the homogeneity of the flux-vectors is achieved by employing the approach due to MacCormack, and a Poisson solver is used at every time-step to enforce the solenoidal condition on the magnetic field. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that the implicit kinetic schemes have been formulated for the Euler and the ideal MHD equations.
Sensory detection and pain thresholds in spinal cord injury patients with and without dysesthetic pain, and in chronic low back pain patients.

In an effort to understand the mechanisms involved in dysesthetic pain syndrome (DPS) in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients, four groups of 13 subjects each—SCI subjects with DPS, SCI subjects without pain, chronic low back pain subjects, and control subjects—were examined for sensory detection and pain thresholds at forearm, neck, and rostral trunk areas. Results indicated that the SCI pain group had significantly lower pain thresholds at all skin sites, compared to the SCI no-pain and chronic low back pain groups, and at the rostral trunk skin site, compared to the control group. The SCI pain group also showed a lower sensory detection threshold at the rostral trunk skin site than did the SCI no-pain group. Equally important, the SCI no-pain group had detection and pain thresholds significantly higher than those of the control group. The results suggest fundamental differences in somatosensory processing when DPS is or is not a consequence of SCI.
An enzymatic method for measuring picomole quantities of acetylcholine and choline in CNS tissue.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive enzymatic assay for measuring picomole quantities of both acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) in tissue extracts has been developed. After ACh and Ch were extracted into 15% 1 n formic acid/85% acetone by the procedure of Toru and Aprison, lipids were removed by a heptane-chloroform extraction. All quaternary ammonium compounds were isolated by precipitation with periodide. After the precipitate (including ACh and Ch) was dissolved in a known volume of water, aliquots were taken for both assays. In the ACh assay, endogenous Ch was removed after conversion to choline phosphate by choline kinase, whereas ACh was subsequently hydrolyzed by base. In the presence of [14C]acetyl-CoA and choline acetyltransferase, the choline moiety was converted into [14C]ACh. The labeled ACh was extracted into sodium tetraphenylboron/butenenitrile and then counted in a scintillation counter. In the Ch assay, the first enzyme reaction step is omitted and only the second is used. The lower limit of sensitivity in both assays is 20 pmoles. Once the tissue has been carried through the extraction step, over eighty determinations can be made in one day. In vivo levels of ACh and Ch in the cerebrum of rats are reported for totally frozen rats and for rats sacrificed by the near-freezing procedure of Takahashi and Aprison. Mean ACh values in the two groups statistically were the same (26.5 ± 2.2 and 25.3 ± 1.7 nmoles/g, respectively) whereas the mean Ch values were significantly different (25.7 ± 0.9 and 64.0 ± 3.6 nmoles/g, respectively). The difference in the Ch levels as well as the importance of specifying the conditions that effect the measurement of ACh and Ch are discussed.
Cooperative Bimetallic Redox Reactivity

Binucleating ligands possessing contiguous 6-coordinate and 4-coordinate sites are described, and the redox properties of their bimetallic complexes have been investigated. The design of the two parts of these ligands is based on the redox and reactivity patterns of the corresponding monometallic complexes. If the two sites were to behave as they do in the corresponding monometallic complexes, these bimetallic complexes would be expected to bind a substrate, such as dioxygen, and to reduce it by two electrons, one from each metal, as occurs in the respiratory protein, hemerythrin. This was found not to be the case. In these bimetallic complexes, oxidation of one metal leads to the deactivation of the other metal to oxidation. The origins of this mutual deactivation appear to be connected with ligand reorganization, through-bond electronic coupling, and electrostatic interactions between neighboring metals. It is suggested that, in the systems described, ligand reorganization is the dominant deactivating e...
Circular dichroism and saccharide-induced conformational transitions of wheat germ agglutinin.

Abstract Conformational studies on isolectins from wheat germ were performed using circular dichroism (CD). Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was purified by affinity chromatography on chitin after extraction of raw wheat germ with 0.05 n HCl and subsequently resolved into the homogeneous isolectins (I, II a , II b , III). All four isolectins exhibited similar CD spectra which were characterized by negative bands at 265–310 nm, positive regions at 245–265 and 215–245 nm, and a negative peak at 206 nm. Isolectin I was selected for more thorough conformational analysis. Analysis of the CD bands in the far ultraviolet zone indicated the presence of approximately 12% pleated sheet (β) and no evidence of α-helix conformation. The presence of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -mannose, or N -acetylchitodextrins (di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides) induced conformational changes in the lectin as evidenced by alterations in the ellipticities at 250, 272, 285, and 290 nm. d -Glucose and d -galactose, which do not bind to WGA, did not influence lectin conformation. These conformational transitions can be explained by interaction of the saccharides with a binding site composed of several subsites. The CD changes were observed chiefly at 270–290 nm, indicating the involvement of tyrosine and probably also tryptophan and disulfide chromophores. According to the CD spectra, the polypeptide chain backbone of isolectin I was not affected by interaction with any saccharide tested.
Atomization and dense-fluid breakup regimes in liquid rocket engines

Until recently, modern theory has lacked a fundamentally based model to predict the operating pressures where classical sprays transition to dense-fluid mixing with diminished surface tension. In this paper, such a model is presented to quantify this transition for liquid-oxygen–hydrogen and n-decane–gaseous-oxygen injection processes. The analysis reveals that respective molecular interfaces break down not necessarily because of vanishing surface tension forces but instead because of the combination of broadened interfaces and a reduction in mean free molecular path. When this occurs, the interfacial structure itself enters the continuum regime, where transport processes rather than intermolecular forces dominate. Using this model, regime diagrams for the respective systems are constructed that show the range of operating pressures and temperatures where this transition occurs. The analysis also reveals the conditions where classical spray dynamics persists even at high supercritical pressures. It demons...
Kinetic k-essence and quintessence

Abstract Dark energy models with non-canonical kinetic energy terms, k -essence, can have dynamical and sound speed properties distinct from canonical scalar fields, quintessence. Concentrating on purely kinetic term Lagrangians, which can be technically natural, we investigate limits on the equation of state dynamics and sound speed behaviors and the extent to which these models can be separated from quintessence.
Antidepressant treatment of depression in rural nursing home residents

Under-diagnosis and under-treatment of depression are major problems in nursing home residents. The purpose of this study was to determine antidepressant use among nursing home residents who were diagnosed with depression using three different methods: (1) the Geriatric Depression Scale, (2) Minimum Data Set, and (3) primary care provider assessments. As one would expect, the odds of being treated with an antidepressant were about eight times higher for those diagnosed as depressed by the primary care provider compared to the Geriatric Depression Scale or the Minimum Data Set. Men were less likely to be diagnosed and treated with antidepressants by their primary care provider than women. Depression detected by nurses through the Minimum Data Set was treated at a lower rate with antidepressants, which generates issues related to interprofessional communication, nursing staff communication, and the need for geropsychiatric role models in nursing homes.
Penvelope: a new approach to rapidly predicting the performance of computationally intensive scientific applications on parallel computer architectures

A common complaint when dealing with the performance of computationally intensive scientific applications on parallel computers is that programs exist to predict the performance of radar systems, missiles and artillery shells, drugs, etc., but no one knows how to predict the performance of these applications on a parallel computer. Actually, that is not quite true. A more accurate statement is that no one knows how to predict the performance of these applications on a parallel computer in a reasonable amount of time. Penvelope is an attempt to remedy this situation. It is an extension to Amdahl's Law/Gustafson's work on scaled speedup that takes into account the cost of interprocessor communication and operating system overhead, yet is simple enough that it was implemented as an Excel spreadsheet.
Research Note: A high performance algorithm for static task scheduling in heterogeneous distributed computing systems

Effective task scheduling is essential for obtaining high performance in heterogeneous distributed computing systems (HeDCSs). However, finding an effective task schedule in HeDCSs requires the consideration of both the heterogeneity of processors and high interprocessor communication overhead, which results from non-trivial data movement between tasks scheduled on different processors. In this paper, we present a new high-performance scheduling algorithm, called the longest dynamic critical path (LDCP) algorithm, for HeDCSs with a bounded number of processors. The LDCP algorithm is a list-based scheduling algorithm that uses a new attribute to efficiently select tasks for scheduling in HeDCSs. The efficient selection of tasks enables the LDCP algorithm to generate high-quality task schedules in a heterogeneous computing environment. The performance of the LDCP algorithm is compared to two of the best existing scheduling algorithms for HeDCSs: the HEFT and DLS algorithms. The comparison study shows that the LDCP algorithm outperforms the HEFT and DLS algorithms in terms of schedule length and speedup. Moreover, the improvement in performance obtained by the LDCP algorithm over the HEFT and DLS algorithms increases as the inter-task communication cost increases. Therefore, the LDCP algorithm provides a practical solution for scheduling parallel applications with high communication costs in HeDCSs.
Thermal emission imaging system (THEMIS) for Mars 2001 using an uncooled microbolometer array

THEMIS is a 13 kg 14 W pushbroom imager being built for NASA's Mars 2001 orbiter to acquire 9 IR bands (6.5-15.5 /spl mu/m) of 100 m resolution images to map mineralogy and search for hydrothermal activity. A 20 m resolution multispectral visible sensor, from Malin Space Science Systems, is also integrated into THEMIS. THEMIS data will support selection of landing sites for sample collection and return missions. Optics and detector designs are keys to meeting the low-cost mission requirements. THEMIS' telescope is a compact 3-mirror f/1.6 diamond-turned design. Spectral selection is via stripe filters fixed above the focal planes. The IR focal plane incorporates a 2D array of Si microbolometer detectors, based on a Honeywell patent and further developed by Raytheon. These uncooled detectors relieve the instrument design from accommodating the bulk/weight/power of an active/passive cryocooler. The detector high responsivity range is being extended down from 8 to 6 /spl mu/m to image carbonate absorption bands.
Saturation of the ion transverse instability

The fast ion instability is studied in the nonlinear regime. It is shown that exponential growth of the linear regime is replaced in this case by the linear dependence on time. Numerical and analytical results are presented describing the beam profile and the beam spectrum in both regimes.
Effects of multiple Higgs bosons on tree unitarity

The abundance of new Higgs bosons in many extensions of the electroweak theory motivate an investigation of their effect on partial-wave scattering amplitudes. For SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1), tree unitarity is shown to be valid for $W$ and $Z$ amplitudes provided three quartic couplings from the Higgs potential are small ($|f|l16\ensuremath{\pi}$). The mass spectrum of the Higgs boson is almost unconstrained but for the simple requirement that at least one neutral scalar must have a mass $Ml1$ TeV. Similar results are obtained in a general broken guage theory for the scattering of arbitrary combinations of scalar and vector bosons.
Lead Zirconate Titanate Hollow‐Sphere Transducers

Millimeter-sized, hollow spheres of lead zirconate titanate were fabricated by blowing gas through a fine-grained slurry of PZT-5. After they were sintered, the spheres were poled in two ways: radially between inside and outside electrodes, and tangentially between two outside electrodes. The capacitance and vibration modes were modeled and measured for these two poling configurations. The two principal modes of vibration were a breathing mode near 700 kHz and a wall thickness mode near 10 MHz. These spheres have potential uses in medical ultrasound, nondestructive testing, and low-density transducer arrays.
Context awareness via a single device-attached accelerometer during mobile computing

Interest in context-aware computing has expanded the use of sensing technologies. The accelerometer is one of the most widely used sensors for capturing context because it is small, inexpensive, lightweight, and self-operable. In efforts to obtain behavioral patterns, many studies have reported the use of multiple accelerometers attached to the human body. However, this is difficult to implement in real-life situations and may not fully address the context of user interaction. In contrast, the present study employed a single tri-axial accelerometer attached to a handheld computing device instead of to a user. The objective was to determine what contextual information could be obtained from this more feasible, albeit limited, source of acceleration data. Data analyses confirmed that changes in both mobility and lighting conditions induced statistically significant differences in the output of the accelerometer.
Passive-scalar wake behind a line source in grid turbulence

The structure and development of the scalar wake produced by a single line source are studied in decaying isotropic turbulence. The incompressible Navier–Stokes and the passive-scalar transport equations are solved via direct numerical simulations (DNS). The velocity and the scalar fields are generated by simulating Warhaft's (1984) experiment. The results for mean and r.m.s. scalar statistics are in good agreement with those obtained from the experiment. The structure of the scalar wake is examined first. At initial times, most of the contribution to the scalar variance is due to the flapping of the wake around the centreline. Near the end of the turbulent convective regime, the wake develops internal structure and the contribution of the flapping component to the scalar variance becomes negligible. The influence of the source size on the development of the scalar wake has been examined for source sizes ranging from the Kolmogorov microscale to the integral scale. After an initial development time, the half-widths of mean and scalar r.m.s. wakes grow at rates independent of the source size. The mixing in the scalar wake is studied by analysing the evolution of the terms in the transport equations for mean, scalar flux, variance, and scalar dissipation. The DNS results are used to test two types of closures for the mean and the scalar variance equations. For the time range simulated, the gradient diffusion model for the scalar flux and the commonly used scalar dissipation model are not supported by the DNS data. On the other hand, the model based on the unconditional probability density function (PDF) method predicts the scalar flux reasonably well near the end of the turbulent convective regime for the highest Reynolds number examined. The scalar source size does not significantly influence the models' predictions, although it appears that the time-scale ratio of mechanical dissipation to scalar dissipation approaches an asymptotic value earlier for larger source sizes.
Cervical Intervertebral Disk Protrusion in a Horse

A Hansen type ll intervertebral disk protrusion was diagnosed in an 18-year-old horse with signs of progressive ataxia and paresis. A soft tissue mass dorsal to the C6-C7 intervertebral disk space was identified at myelogram and found to be an intervertebral disk protrusion with enlarged dorsal annulus fibrosis at surgery. Surgical decompression was achieved using a ventral approach to the caudal cervical vertebrae, an approach limited in its application by the vertebral venous sinuses. Neurological signs remained unchanged for 3 days and then deteriorated. The horse was euthanized.
Discovering calendar-based temporal association rules

We study the problem of mining association rules and related time intervals, where an association rule holds either in all or some of the intervals. To restrict to meaningful time intervals, we use calendar schemas and their calendar-based patterns. A calendar schema example is (year, month, day) and a calendar-based pattern within the schema is (*, 3, 15), which represents the set of time intervals each corresponding to the 15th day of a March. Our focus is finding efficient algorithms for this mining problem by extending the well-known Apriori algorithm with effective pruning techniques. We evaluate our techniques via experiments.
Quantitation of methamphetamine and amphetamine in urine by capillary GC/MS. Part I. Advantages of trichloroacetyl derivatization.

J A urine assay for methamphetamine and amphetamine that is compatible with our existing high-volume GC/MS assays for other drugs of abuse has been developed. Trlchloroacetic anhydride is used for derivatizatJon and its derivative is substantially less volatile than other commonly used derivatives. The internal standard is the primary amine 2-methylphenethylamine. The procedure utilizes an initial liquid-liquid extraction, a llquid-IiquId back extraction for specimen cleanup, and derivatization for removal of excess trichloroaceti c anhydride and acid by-product. A GC temperature of about 180~ results In retention times of approximately 2.8, 3.2, and 4.3 mln for amphetamine, the internal standard, and methamphetamine, respectively. Five ions are monitored: 91 +, 118+, 188+ for amphetamine; 105+, 118+ for 2-methylphenethylamine; and 91 +, 118+, 202 + for methamphetamJne. Full scan GC/MS data from a variety of other derivatives are examined and used to illustrate the advantages of derJvatlzing molecules with strongly electronegative atoms near the reaction site. This situation forces fragmentation patterns in which positive charges are located on larger and structurally acceptable identifying mass fragments of the original methamphetamine or amphetamine molecule.
Adult fitness consequences of sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster.

Few experiments have demonstrated a genetic correlation between the process of sexual selection and fitness benefits in offspring, either through female choice or male competition. Those that have looked at the relationship between female choice and offspring fitness have focused on juvenile fitness components, rather than fitness at later stages in the life cycle. In addition, many of these studies have not controlled for possible maternal effects. To test for a relationship between sexual selection and adult fitness, we carried out an artificial selection experiment in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. We created two treatments that varied in the level of opportunity for sexual selection. Increased opportunity for female choice and male competition was genetically correlated with an increase in adult survivorship, as well as an increase in male and female body size. Contrary to previous, single-generation studies, we did not find an increase in larval competitive ability. This study demonstrates that mate choice and/or male–male competition are correlated with an increase in at least one adult fitness component of offspring.
Functioning in the wireless classroom

Code It! fosters mathematics learning environments where pre-algebra students use handheld technologies to explore and learn about functions. The resources developed - server-based and handheld software and paper-based student and teacher texts - were packaged as a 20-session unit on code making and breaking and designed to boost students' understanding of functions and their facility with the multiple representations of tables, graphs and symbols. We field tested the wireless system with two teachers and 120 students during summer school, and conducted studies on the features and function of the technology as a learning and teaching resource. We report on project development and research, focusing on lessons learned about the strengths and difficulties of wireless, handheld technology in the mathematics classroom.
Chirped AM ladar for 3D imaging and range-Doppler tracking at 1550 nm wavelength: Update

Results for ARLpsilas breadboard chirped AM ladar using gain modulation of a short wavelength infrared band electron-bombarded active pixel sensor developed for 3D imaging and range-Doppler tracking first reported on last year are updated.
The Value of Methanol-derived Single-cell Protein for Broilers

Abstract Broiler-type chicks were used in four experiments to determine the nutritional value of a methanol-derived single-cell protein (SCP). The trials ran from 7 to 28 days of age, with SCP replacing soybean meal up to 15% of the diet. The powdery consistency of SCP tended to reduce body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency when fed at 9% or more of the diet when diets were fed as mash. Pelleting diets containing SCP eliminated these effects. The response to supplemental methionine in SCP diets was similar to that of corn-soybean meal diets. When diets were pelleted, substitution of SCP for soybean meal, on a weight-for-weight basis at levels up to 15% of the diet produced greater and more efficient gains.
Using ChromaDepth to obtain inexpensive single-image stereovision for scientific visualization

Stereographics is an effective way to enhance insight in three-dimensional scientific visualization. This is especially true for visualizations consisting of complex geometry, such as molecular studies, or where one data set needs to be registered against another, such as in earth science. But, as effective as it is, stereoviewing sees only limited use in scientific visualization because of the difficulty and expense of creating images that everyone can see. This paper demonstrates how a low-end, inexpensive viewing technique can be used as a "quick trick" to produce many of the same effects as high-end stereoviewing. Not only is this technique easy to view and easy to publish, it is easy to create. This paper shows how standard OpenGL features can be used to create such images, both statically and interactively.
Upwind approximations and mesh independence for LQR control of convection diffusion equations

The development of practical computational schemes for optimization and control of non-normal distributed parameter systems requires that one builds certain computational efficiencies (such as mesh independence) into the approximation scheme. We consider some numerical issues concerning the application of Kleinman-Newton algorithms to discretizations of infinite dimensional Riccati equations that arise in control of PDE systems. We show that dual convergence and compactness play central roles in both convergence and mesh independence and we present numerical results to illustrate the theory.
How in the Heck do you lose a layer

Recently, Alex McKenzie published an anecdote in the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing on the creation of INWG 96, a proposal by IFIP WG6.1 for an international transport protocol. McKenzie concentrates on the differences between the proposals that lead to INWG 96. However, it is the similarities that are much more interesting. This has lead to some rather surprising insights into not only the subsequent course of events, but also the origins of many current problems, and where the solutions must be found. The results are more than a little surprising.
Scheduling Hard Real-Time Garbage Collection

Managed languages such as Java and C# are increasingly being considered for hard real-time applications because of their productivity and software engineering advantages. Automatic memory management, or garbage collection, is a key enabler for robust, reusable libraries, yet remains a challenge for analysis and implementation of real-time execution environments. This paper comprehensively compares the two leading approaches to hard real-time garbage collection. While there are many design decisions involved in selecting a real-time garbage collection algorithm, for time-based garbage collectors researchers and practitioners remain undecided as to whether to choose periodic scheduling or slack-based scheduling. A significant impediment to valid experimental comparison is that the commercial implementations use completely different proprietary infrastructures. Here, we present Minuteman, a framework for experimenting with real-time collection algorithms in the context of a high-performance execution environment for real-time Java. We provide the first comparison of the two approaches, both experimentally using realistic workloads, and analytically in terms of schedulability.
MORPHOGENESIS AND REGULATED GENE ACTIVITY ARE INDEPENDENT OF DNA REPLICATION IN XENOPUS EMBRYOS

Summary Xenopus embryos were transferred into media containing aphidicolin at late blastula, mid-gastrula, and early neurula stages. In each case, embryos continued to differentiate in the absence of DNA replication. When the inhibitor was added at late blastula, embryos continued to develop for about 8h. However, when aphidicolin was added at the early neurula stage, development could be seen for up to 40 h after addition. The influence of replication on embryonic gene activity was studied by RNA blot analysis. Of the genes we examined only histone gene expression was down regulated by the addition of aphidicolin. The expression of various embryo-specific genes was unaffected by the lack of DNA synthesis. Even after several hours of treatment with aphidicolin, replication-inhibited tailbud and tadpole stages showed the same levels of specific mRNAs as control embryos containing 4-5 times more DNA. We conclude that morphogenesis and embryospecific gene activity are independent of both DNA replication and a precise amount of DNA per embryo.
The Adsorption of Alkaline-Earth Metal Ions at the Rutile/Aqueous Solution Interface

The adsorption characteristics of alkaline-earth metal ions at the rutile/aqueous solution interface have been investigated, utilizing electrokinetic and direct adsorption techniques. The results of the electrokinetic investigations indicate that the alkaline-earth cations behave as indifferent ions at low concentration (less than 10−5M) but exhibit strong specific adsorption at higher concentrations, resulting in the reversal of charge. The specific adsorption of these inorganic cations is particularly significant at pH values greater than the point of the zero charge of rutile. The affinity of these ions for the rutile surface has been found to follow the sequence: $$Ba > Sr > Ca > Mg$$ This order correlates with the ionic radii and hence the ease with which the ions dehydrate. The results obtained from the adsorption experiments are in close agreement with the results of electrokinetic measurements.
Increased presynaptic regulation of dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens core following chronic ethanol self-administration in female macaques

Hypofunction of striatal dopamine neurotransmission, or hypodopaminergia, is a consequence of excessive ethanol use and is hypothesized to be a critical component of alcoholism, driving alcohol intake in an attempt to restore dopamine levels; however, the neurochemical mechanisms involved in these dopaminergic deficiencies are not fully understood. Here we examined the specific dopaminergic adaptations that produce hypodopaminergia and contribute to alcohol use disorders using direct, sub-second measurements of dopamine signaling in nonhuman primates following chronic ethanol self-administration. Female rhesus macaques completed 1 year of daily (22 h/day) ethanol self-administration. Subsequently, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used in nucleus accumbens core brain slices to determine alterations in dopamine terminal function, including release and uptake kinetics, and sensitivity to quinpirole (D2/D3 dopamine receptor agonist) and U50,488 (kappa opioid receptor agonist) induced inhibition of dopamine release. Ethanol drinking greatly increased uptake rates, which were positively correlated with lifetime ethanol intake. Furthermore, the sensitivity of dopamine D2/D3 autoreceptors and kappa opioid receptors, which both act as negative regulators of presynaptic dopamine release, was moderately and robustly enhanced in ethanol drinkers. Greater uptake rates and sensitivity to D2-type autoreceptor and kappa opioid receptor agonists could converge to drive a hypodopaminergic state, characterized by reduced basal dopamine and an inability to mount appropriate dopaminergic responses to salient stimuli. Together, we outline the specific alterations to dopamine signaling that may drive ethanol-induced hypofunction of the dopamine system and suggest that the dopamine and dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor systems may be efficacious pharmacotherapeutic targets in the treatment of alcohol use disorders.
Some Moment and Exponential Inequalities for V-Statistics with Bounded Kernels

This paper provides moment and exponential inequalities for V-statistics with uniformly bounded kernels. The main results are based on moment inequalities for sub-Bernoulli functions of independent random variables. These moment inequalities lead to extensions of the Bernstein inequality to V-statistics. U-statistics are also discussed.