cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One thousand consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies.

The first successful local resection of a periampullary tumor was performed by Dr. William Stewart Halsted in 1898.1 The patient was a 58-year-old woman with obstructive jaundice. Halsted resected a segment of the second portion of the duodenum, including the tumor, and anastomosed the duodenum end to end. He then reimplanted the bile and pancreatic ducts. The first successful regional resection for a periampullary tumor was performed by the German surgeon from Berlin, Kausch, in 1909, and reported in 1912.2 The regional operative procedure for periampullary tumors was popularized by Whipple in a paper published in 1935.3 In this paper, 3 patients were reported who underwent regional resection performed in 2 stages. Two of the 3 patients survived. Between 1912 and Whipple’s report in 1935, a small number of patients in Europe underwent a regional resection of a periampullary tumor successfully. Following Whipple’s report, the operative procedure became widely known but was still infrequently performed. By the end of Whipple’s career, he had only performed 37 such procedures.4 During the 1960s and 1970s, few pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed because of a hospital mortality in the range of 25%. However, during the 1980s and 1990s, experience performing pancreaticoduodenectomy increased, and large volume “centers of excellence” developed. These high-volume centers acquired a substantial experience, and mortality decreased to below 5%.5–8 In recent years at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, more than 200 pancreaticoduodenectomies have been performed annually. This has allowed individual surgeons to develop significant experiences. Between 1969 and 2003, 1000 consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed by a single surgeon (J.L.C.) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. This report reviews that experience and documents the changes that have occurred with this operative procedure over 5 decades.
The Effect of Intramammary Antibiotic Therapy at Calving on Udder Health Traits

Abstract The effect of intramammary antibiotic therapy at calving on mastitis infection prevalence, linear score milk somatic cell count, and milk NAGase activity, 30 d postpartum, and on milk production, 90 to 120 d postpartum, was tested. Cows (n = 175) were split into treatment and control groups at drying off. All cows received commercial dry cow therapy. At calving, treated cows received commercial lactating cow therapy in all quarters after the first two milkings; control cows were not treated. Composite milk samples were aseptically collected from all cows at drying off, calving, and 30 d postpartum. Udder health traits: linear score milk SCC, NAGase activity, and bacterial content in milk, were determined on all samples. The first three DHI milk weights were recorded for all cows. Treatment and control cows had similar prevalences of intramammary infections during the dry and 30-d postpartum periods. Least squares means of linear score milk SCC and NAGase activities were similar at drying off and calving. Cell count scores were similar between groups; NAGase activities were higher in control cows at 30 d postpartum. Control cows tended to produce more milk postpartum. Results demonstrated no advantage of intramammary therapy at calving in improving milk production or udder health.
Non-linear vibration of a hinged circular plate with a concentric rigid mass

Abstract A computational analysis of the non-linear vibration of a hinged elastic circular plate with a concentric rigid mass is examined for movable and immovable hinged cases. The non-linear partial differential equations are converted into the corresponding non-linear ordinary differential equations by elimination of the time variable with a Kantorovich time-averaging method. Then, by using a Newton iteration technique and the concept of analytic continuation, the solutions of the fundamental responses of the non-linear vibration of the circular plate with a concentric rigid mass are obtained.
Interleukin‐1β‐induced interleukin‐6 production in A549 cells is mediated by both phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase‐4

The aim of this study is to investigate whether PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase) is involved in IL-1β (interleukin-1β)-induced IL-6 production in A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell) and human RASF (rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast). PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 significantly reduced IL-1β-induced IL-6 production in A549 cells but not in RASF, indicating that IL-1β-induced IL-6 production was partially mediated by PI3Kin A549 cells but not in RASF. siRNA (small interfering RNA) of IRAK4 (IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4) treatment decreased IRAK4 mRNA level by up to 90% in A549 cells. In this condition, IL-1β-induced increase of IL-6 mRNA and protein level was decreased by up to 93% and 70%, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of IRAK4 siRNA and LY294002 treatment decreased protein induction level of IL-6 in A549 cells compared with that of IRAK4 siRNA or LY294002 alone. These results indicate that IL-1β-induced IL-6 production in A549 cells is mediated by both PI3K and IRAK4 and suggest that involvement of PI3K in the IL-1-induced IL-6 production is cell type specific.
The 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry Presented to Kyriacos C. Nicolaou

Abstract The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awards the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to Professor Kyriacos C. Nicolaou for his extraordinary contributions to chemistry, biology, and medicine through the advancement of the art of synthesis as exemplified by the elegant total syntheses of some of nature's most complex biologically active molecules. Nicolaou is recognized as a world leader in the field of total synthesis for his work in chemical synthesis and chemical biology. His total syntheses are legendary, distinguished for their elegance and practicality. Among his most celebrated achievements are the total syntheses of calicheamicin γ1I, Taxol®, brevetoxin B, vancomycin, and thiostrepton. The impact of his work transcends total synthesis, for it often leads to the discovery and invention of new synthetic strategies and technologies as well as biological tools and drug candidates, thereby facilitating discoveries in biology and medicine. Nicolaou's influence on science and society extends beyond his research discoveries. Through his didactic lectures and writings, he motivates and inspires students into the sciences and informs the public about the importance of science and education to society.
Augmented, pulsating tactile feedback facilitates simulator training of clinical breast examinations.

Haptic training devices can facilitate tactile skill development by providing repeatable exposures to rare stimuli. Extant haptic training simulator research primarily emphasizes realistic stimuli representation; however, the experiments reported herein suggest that providing augmented feedback can improve training effectiveness, even when the feedback is not natural. A novel clinical breast examination training device uses inflated balloons embedded in silicone to simulate breast lumps. Oscillating the balloon water pressure makes the lumps pulsate. The pulsating lumps are easier to detect than the static lumps used in current simulators, and this manipulation seems to effectively introduce trainees to small, deep lumps that are initially difficult to perceive. A study of 48 medical students indicates that training with the dynamic breast model increased the number of lumps detected, F(1, 47) = 9.34, p = .004, decreased the number of false positives, F(1, 47) = 5.78, p = .020, and improved intersimulator...
ABO-mismatched platelet transfusions: Strategies to mitigate patient exposure to naturally occurring hemolytic antibodies

Clinically significant hemolysis is a rare but potentially severe complication of administering an ABO-mismatched platelet transfusion. Platelet products from Group O donors, particularly single donor platelets (SDP) are most commonly implicated in these reactions. This is due to the presence of unusually high titers of anti-A which can be found in the plasma of some Group O donors and the large plasma volume of SDPs. These products can cause significant hemolysis when infused into a Group A or AB recipient. Random donor platelets from Group O donors have also been implicated. In practice, platelets are frequently transfused across ABO barriers though, ideally, in order to prevent or mitigate these reactions, platelet transfusions that are matched for ABO should be administered. However, limited availability of donor platelets as well as an abundance of Group O donors makes this a difficult standard to adhere to since often out-of group products are the only ones available. Methods to improve the safety of Group O products have focused on defining a safe level of isohemagglutinins so that the risk of hemolysis is alleviated when mismatched products are transfused. Determining the critical titer which defines a level above which a mismatched product should not be administered has been challenging. Non-standardized methods of isohemagglutinin titering and varying reports in the literature where products with a wide range of titers have been implicated in acute hemolytic transfusion reactions have made it difficult to determine a cut-off for labeling a product as high titer and thereby restricting its use to O recipients. Standards in the US place the responsibility for designing and implementing policies for the use of mismatched platelet products on each individual hospital transfusion service. Compliance requires only that there be an existing written policy which addresses the transfusion of products containing incompatible ABO antibodies but no specific procedures are required. In sharp contrast, European strategies have defined the low-end titer for which an out-of-group transfusion should not be given to an ABO-incompatible recipient. This testing is performed centrally at the Blood Centers who then make the determination on the status of a "dangerous donor". The progress in this European strategy may serve the US to stimulate a re-examination of its practices and policies for the advancement of platelet transfusion safety.
Putting Synthesis into Biology – A Viral View of Genetic Engineering Through de novo Gene and Genome synthesis

Summary The rapid improvements in DNA synthesis technology hold the potential to revolutionize biosciences in the near future. Traditional genetic engineering methods are template dependent and make extensive but laborious use of site-directed mutagenesis to explore the impact of small variations on an existing sequence "theme." De novo gene and genome synthesis frees the investigator from the restrictions of the pre-existing template and allows for the rational design of any conceivable new sequence theme. Viruses, being among the simplest replicating entities, have been at the forefront of the advancing biosciences since the dawn of molecular biology. Viral genomes, especially those of RNA viruses, are relatively short, often less than 10,000 bases long, making them amenable to whole genome synthesis with the currently available technology. For this reason viruses are once again poised to lead the way in the budding field of synthetic biology—for better or worse.
Role of prostacyclin in the splanchnic hyperemia contributing to portal hypertension

To determine the possible role of prostacyclin (PGI2) as a mediator of the splanchnic hyperemia seen with portal hypertension, the portal and mesenteric hemodynamics in normal and portal hypertensive rabbits were studied before and after cyclo-oxygenase blockade. Three weeks after partial portal vein ligation, splenic pulp pressure was elevated from 4.3 +/- 0.9 to 9.8 +/- 0.8 mmHg (p less than 0.01). Mesenteric blood flow increased from 77.0 +/- 4.7 ml.min-1.100 g-1 to 99.1 +/- 5.19 ml/min-1/100 g-1. Mesenteric vascular resistance fell from 0.82 +/- 0.6 mmHg/ml-1/min-1 to 0.49 +/- 0.07 mmHg/ml-1/min-1 (p less than 0.01). These hemodynamic changes were associated with a 27.3 +/- 0.2% rise in systemic arterial levels of PGI2 (p less than 0.01) and were substantially ameliorated by cyclo-oxygenase blockade with indomethacin. The effects of indomethacin blockade were reversed by exogenous PGI2. Moreover, in normotensive rabbits, infusion of PGI2 reproduced the splanchnic hyperemia and caused a very small but significant increase in portosystemic shunting. These findings support the previously proposed concept that splanchnic hyperemia may contribute to the maintenance of chronic portal hypertension. Furthermore, they suggest that this effect may be partially mediated by splanchnic PGI2 production.
Pathophysiology and management of progressive renaldisease

Recently, the hypothesis that all renal diseases are inherently progressive and self-perpetuating has focused attention on adaptive changes in renal structure and function that occur whenever renal function is reduced. These glomerular adaptations to renal disease include increases in filtration rate, capillary pressure and size, and are referred to as glomerular hyperfiltration, glomerular hypertension and glomerular hypertrophy, respectively. Extrarenal changes, such as dietary phosphate excess, systemic hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, acidosis and hyperparathyroidism occur in animals with renal disease and may be contributors to progression of renal disease. Emphasis in the management of companion animals with renal disease has shifted to identifying, understanding and controlling those processes that play a role in the progression from early to end-stage renal failure. Advances made by veterinary nephrologists in the past 15 years permit resolution of old controversies, formulation of new hypotheses and discussion of unresolved issues about the nature of progressive renal disease in dogs and cats.
Exchange Coupling in Ferromagnet/Antiferromagnet Bilayers with Comparable T C and T N

Exchange coupling has been observed in FM/AF bilayers with ${T}_{C}$ close to, and less than, ${T}_{N}$. The exchange field ${H}_{E}$ and coercivity ${H}_{c}$ show an unusual temperature dependence due to the ${1/M}_{F}$ dependence and the influence of the FM ordering by the AF layer at $Tg{T}_{C}$. The exchange coupling energy vanishes at ${T}_{N}$, whereas the intrinsic ${H}_{c}$ vanishes at ${T}_{C}$. The FM/AF exchange coupling preserves some degree of ordering in the FM layer even at $Tg{T}_{C}$.
Pattern formation by retinal afferents in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus: developmental segregation and the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

The projection from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in ferrets segregates during development into eye-specific layers and ON/OFF sublayers. The projection pattern and the morphology of single axons was examined at several postnatal ages. The axons progress from a simple, sparsely branched morphology at birth to crude arbors at postnatal day 7 (P7). At P14-P15, axons have terminal arbors that span one eye-specific layer. By P19-P21, retinal afferents in the A layers have segregated into inner and outer sublaminae that correspond to ON- and OFF-center cells. Sublaminae form mainly by directed growth of terminal arbors in appropriately positioned regions of the LGN, along with elimination of extraneous branches in inappropriate regions. From P28 to P35, the LGN assumes an adult-like shape, and retinogeniculate axons form terminal boutons on branch endings. During the period between P14 and P21, when retinogeniculate axons segregate into ON/OFF sublaminae, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors were blocked with chronic infusion of specific antagonists into the LGN. NMDA receptor blockade prevents the retinal afferent segregation into ON/OFF sublaminae. Some individual retinogeniculate axons have arbors that are not restricted appropriately, and most are restricted in size but are located inappropriately within the eye-specific laminae. Thus, NMDA receptor blockade prevents the positioning of retinogeniculate arbors that lead to the formation of ON/OFF sublaminae in the LGN. These results indicate that the activity of postsynaptic cells, and the activation of NMDA receptors in particular, can influence significantly the patterning of inputs and the structure of presynaptic afferents during development.
Giant superfluorescent bursts from a semiconductor magneto-plasma

Superfluorescence—the emission of coherent light from an initially incoherent collection of excited dipoles—is now identified in a semiconductor. Laser-excited electron–hole pairs spontaneously polarize and then abruptly decay to produce intense pulses of light.
Effect of methoprene and diflubenzuron on larval development of the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

Cat flea larvae, Ctenocephalides felis Bouche, exposed to glass surfaces treated with methoprene concentrations from 0.127 to 1,270 ng/cm2 did not emerge as adults. Most larvae died in the third instar, but those exposed to the 0.127 ng/cm2 concentration formed larval-pupal intermediates. Larvae exposed to glass surfaces treated with diflubenzuron concentrations from 12.7 to 1,270 ng/cm2 died during the process of molting in all three instars. Exposure of larvae to 12.7 and 127 ng/cm2 diflubenzuron resulted in 15 and 5.2% adult emergence, respectively.
Looking for colored leptons. II

We extend our previous analysis of the phenomenology of colored-lepton production to e-italicp-italic and p-barp-italic collisions at high energies. New limits on the masses and couplings of such particles are obtained from the present CERN data. Results from DESY HERA and the Fermilab Tevatron can greatly increase these bounds or give evidence for the existence of this class of particles. Colored leptons may be the first signal for compositeness.
Extension of "Four-dimensional eikonal theory of linear mode conversion" to parametrically unstable media.

A Comment on the Letter by Lazar Friedland, Galya Goldner, and Allan N. Kaufman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1392 (1987).
Lymphohemopoietic origin of the immunogenic, virus-antigen-presenting cells triggering anti-viral T-cell responses.

Irradiation bone marrow chimeras (A × B → A) were formed by lethally irradiating recipient mice (e.g., A) and reconstituting them with T-cell-depleted lymphohemopoietic stem cells (e.g., A × B). Chimeras contain >95% of somatic cells expressing the host genotype except for the lymphohemopoietic cells which are >95% of donor type. The host or donor nature of these chimeras' antigen-presenting cells was evaluated by assessing their capacity to induce H-2 restricted, virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses in vivo via adoptive transfer experiments and in vitro by restimulating lymphocytes with virus-infected chimeric peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). (A × B)F1 T lymphocytes restimulated in irradiated and infected [(A × B) → A] chimeras lysed infected A and infected B targets, whereas the same (A × B) T cells stimulated in an [A → (A × B)] irradiated and infected chimeras responded only to infected A targets. Similar results were obtained when (A × B)F1 T cells were restimulated with infected PEC from chimeras. Thus, viral antigens are immunogenic when presented on the antigen-presenting cells derived from lymphohemopoietic stem cells but not on the mass of infected nonlymphohemopoietic cells.
Longitudinal axis thickenings in whole-mount spreads of synaptonemal complexes from Tradescantia

The whole-mount spreading technique was used to examine the chromosome complement in ten zygotene nuclei of Tradescantia ohiensis var. paludosa. Spread preparations have normal synaptonemal complex (SC) morphology. Neither kinetochores nor recombination nodules were regularly visible. Cloudlike structures (LFSs) 2–6 μm in diameter were sometimes associated with SC and with unsynapsed lateral components (LCs). They differed in number and location in different nuclei. Thickenings of the lateral elements and LCs were observed in mid through late zygotene nuclei. These longitudinal axis thickenings (LATS) were distributed fairly uniformly amongst the chromosomes and occurred in both synapsed and unsynapsed regions. There was a stage-dependent increase in the number and size of LATS. They were nonrandomly distributed along the length of a chromosome, being more frequent in synapsed areas, especially near junctions with unsynapsed regions.
Equal area property of narrow resonances induced in coupled Doppler-broadened systems by intense laser radiation

It is well known that the spectral line shape of the narrow change signal induced at one Doppler-broadened transition by an intense laser field resonating with a second one can be extremely complex and nonclassical in form, the exact details depending on such factors as the direction of observation relative to the propagation direction of the laser field and its spatial form (traveling wave or standing wave). Nevertheless, the area under the change signal line shape, i.e. its frequency-integrated intensity, is always the same for a given laser field, and is independent of the coupling between laser and change-signal fields. A proof of this equal area property, based on quantum-mechanical transition-rate theory, is given for a three-level system composed of degenerate or near-degenerate states. The resulting expression is also applicable to line-shape calculations for experiments which study resonance fluorescence induced by intense laser or resonance radiation or other forms of excitation. (auth)
Multispectral remote sensing of aerosols

Abstract Aerosols are common atmospheric constituents that occur both naturally (clouds, sea spray, dust, smoke, and volcanic emissions) and artificially (smog, smoke, certain hazes, detonation products, and industrial emissions). Some, like the great dust bowl storms in the U.S. in the 1930s, are a combination of natural and manmade agents. Most aerosols are difficult to model because they are composed of small, non-spherical particles whose optical constants and particle sizes are poorly known. Spectroscopic observations of aerosols in the thermal infrared atmospheric window between 8 and 13.5 μm offer the opportunity to detect aerosols both day and night down to very low column densities. Such observations can also identify the gross chemical composition of the particles and, in some cases, the actual sizes and shapes. In this paper, we discuss thermal i.r. observations of three types of aerosols: satellite measurements of volcanic dust, ground-based observations of airborne desert soil and both ground- and space-based measurements of cirrus clouds.
Instantaneous frequency and the conditional mean frequency of a signal

Abstract Time-varying frequency is a natural occurrence, the mathematical and physical description of which has been evolving for many decades. One description of time-varying frequency is the instantaneous frequency proposed by Gabor, defined as the derivative of the phase of the (analytic) signal. The interpretation of this quantity has been a subject of much investigation. One interpretation arising from time—frequency distribution theory is that instantaneous frequency is the average frequency at each time in the signal. We explore this interpretation in detail, and derive conditions on an arbitrary two-component AM—FM complex signal for which this interpretation is plausible. The situations for which these conditions are met are limited. We also show that while one can force the interpretation by generating a new complex representation (not necessarily analytic) for which the derivative of the phase coincides with the average frequency at each time and for which the real part of this complex signal is the given signal, the amplitude of this complex signal is generally unbounded. Thus, if instantaneous frequency is to interpreted as the average frequency at each time, the instantaneous amplitude must generally be unbounded. Conversely, if we insist that the instantaneous amplitude be bounded, then the instantaneous frequency generally cannot be interpreted as the average frequency at each time.
Routine use of microvascular coupling device for arterial anastomosis in breast reconstruction.

Background:Although microvascular coupling devices are used routinely and successfully for venous anastomosis, there are few published reports demonstrating their efficacy for performing arterial anastomosis. It has been the senior author's (C.Y.A.) preference to perform arterial anastomosis using t
DNA-catalyzed sequence-specific hydrolysis of DNA

Deoxyribozymes (DNA catalysts) have been reported for cleavage of RNA phosphodiester linkages, but cleaving peptide or DNA phosphodiester linkages is much more challenging. Using in vitro selection, here we identified deoxyribozymes that sequence-specifically hydrolyze DNA with multiple turnover and with a rate enhancement of 108 (possibly as high as 1014). The new DNA catalysts require both Mn2+ and Zn2+, which is noteworthy because many natural DNA nucleases are bimetallic protein enzymes.
Use of dynamically responding manometers to monitor structural wind pressure loads

Abstract Manometers are a passive form of instrument which can be left unattended to monitor wind loads. This advantage plus reduced data-evaluation costs makes developing methods for their use worthwhile. The dynamic response of manometers was experimentally examined using visual, photographic, peak deflection indicators and a shake table. The observed response frequencies and damping were reasonably consistent with simple theoretical models which accounted for the damping incurred from simple viscous flow. This agreement is somewhat surprising since end effects and the extra impedance of curved sections could have increased the damping appreciably. The theoretical models also allow for possible variation of the fluid column area; the response of manometers to acceleration is also considered. Manometers were incorporated in peak reading instruments. More effort was expended to develop lightly-damped manometers which were used to measure a wind load equivalent of response spectra. The loading response spectra imposed by winds on a one-story structure was measured and showed a nearly constant acceleration. This development provides a way to correlate wind and ground motion structural effects.
Maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy and the risk for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders.

Objective: To examine the relative importance of prenatal exposure to cigarettes and alcohol and familial/genetic susceptibility for alcohol dependence in the etiology of childhood psychopathology. Method: A longitudinal prospective study of 150 children/adolescents (51.3% male), who were at either high or low risk for developing alcohol dependence because of their familial loading for alcoholism, provided multiple diagnostic assessments (N = 318) of these subjects. High-risk families were identified through the presence of two adult alcoholic sisters; low-risk control families were selected from the community. Annual assessments of offspring from these families included an in-depth psychiatric interview of each child and his/her parent to determine the presence or absence of childhood disorders. Mothers were interviewed concerning their prenatal use of substances, and information was gathered concerning their personal and familial loading for psychiatric disorders. Results: Using conventional logistic re...
Recovery of Renal Function After Complete Renal Hilar Versus Artery Alone Clamping During Open and Laparoscopic Surgery

Purpose: It is generally accepted that simultaneous occlusion of the renal artery and vein during warm ischemia is more damaging than occlusion of the artery alone. Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy may impair venous backflow, negating the benefits of clamping the artery alone. We evaluated the effect of laparoscopic vs open surgery on the recovery of renal function after clamping of the renal artery and vein, and the artery alone in a solitary kidney porcine model.Materials and Methods: Right laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in 36 pigs. After a 12-day recovery period the animals were randomized into 3 groups, including 1) 120-minute warm ischemia with renal artery and vein occlusion, 2) 120-minute warm ischemia with artery alone occlusion and 3) control sham surgery. The groups were further subdivided into an open and a laparoscopic arm. Serum creatinine was assessed preoperatively, and on postoperative days 1, 3, 8 and 15.Results: Artery alone clamping resulted in a significantly lower serum cre...
Long term follow-up in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors: patching the diaphragm affects the outcome

Abstract Background/Purpose The increased survival rate reached in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has shown a concomitant increase in late morbidity. A recent report from CDH Study Group showed that dimension of diaphragmatic defect is the only independent risk factor of mortality. However, the influence of defect size on late morbidity is still controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of patch repair (proxy of diaphragmatic defects size) on midterm morbidity. Methods All high-risk (prenatal diagnosis and/or respiratory symptoms within 6 hours of life) CDH survivors treated at our institution from 2004 to 2008 were followed up in a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic as part of a longitudinal prospective study. Auxological, gastroesophageal, pulmonary, and orthopedic evaluations were performed at 6, 12, and 24 months of age. Patient outcomes were compared with respect to +/− patch repair. Results Of 70 survivors, 61 (87%) were enrolled and prospectively evaluated in follow-up. Poorer auxological outcome, increased rate of gastroesophageal reflux, and altered pulmonary function test were observed during follow-up. Conclusions Patch repair correlates with higher pulmonary, auxological, and gastroesophageal morbidity without increasing chest wall deformities at long-term follow-up.
Parsing the prosencephalon.

The forebrain, or prosencephalon, consists of the diencephalon and the telencephalon. The diencephalon is the conduit for ascending sensory information, whereas the telencephalon is the highest-order processor of neural function, and is consequently the most complex region of the nervous system. In this review, we discuss how fate restrictions, starting from the induction of neural character, result in the sequential specification of anterior neural tissue, forebrain and telencephalon, and finally dorsoventral patterning. Rather than relying on novel signalling pathways, the complexity of the mature brain seems to result from the unique ordering of signals used widely during development.
Conditions for Dialogue and Dominance in Political Campaigns

When do competing candidates campaign on the same issues rather than play to their reputational strengths on issues they own? This article develops a theory of conditional convergence, in which a race's competitiveness and the salience of an issue combine to alter whether candidates campaign on issues that they do not own. To test this theory, I focus on advertising in three election cycles for the U.S. House and Senate and use new methods to measure issue salience at the district and state levels. The analyses indicate that the previous null findings in studies of ownership and convergence result from a failure to account for ownership's dynamic interaction with salience and competitiveness.
Bronchial leukocyte proteinase inhibitor: Hydrodynamic properties and interaction with α2-macroglobulin-bound elastase

Bronchial leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (BLPI) is an 11.7 kDa, acid-stable protein found in mucous secretions, which inhibits neutrophil elastase. The Stoke's radius of BLPI calculated from sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity centrifugation data was in good agreement with the value determined by gel filtration. These data indicate that BLPI exists in a compact globular conformation at both neutral and acidic pH. BLPI, due to its small compact size, can inhibit neutrophil elastase after the enzyme has been complexed with alpha 2-macroglobulin (A-2-M) but alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor failed to inactivate A-2-M-bound elastase. The apparent association rates of BLPI and Eglin C with A-2-M-bound elastase were found to be 6.3 X 10(2) M-1s-1 and 1.1 X 10(3) M-1s-1, respectively. These apparent association rates decreased 168-fold for BLPI and 909-fold for Eglin C, relative to the association rates of these inhibitors with free elastase. These changes probably result from a combination of effects, such as inhibitor accessibility to the enzyme and/or reaction rate, but regardless of the mechanism these data suggest that BLPI may function to control both free and A-2-M-bound elastase.
Experimental evidence of population-specific marine spatial distributions of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Migratory behavior can be affected by attributes of the animals themselves such as size and growth rate, external factors such as biotic and abiotic features of the environment, and also genetic tendencies. To better understand the role of genetics in the migratory behavior of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we report the results of an experiment in which two populations (University of Washington (UW) hatchery and Elwha River) and their hybrid offspring were reared at, tagged, and released from a single site, the UW hatchery, at a common size and date. The patterns of recoveries in fisheries differed markedly with respect to spatial distribution and also age of the fish. A larger proportion of the Elwha River fish were recovered in Puget Sound in their first year of marine life than the other groups (40.7% vs. 11.2% for UW and 7.0% for the hybrids). The Elwha River fish also showed a higher proportion of northerly recoveries (21.9%) than UW fish (1.7%), and hybrids showed an intermediate value (8.1%). In contrast, no Elwha River fish were recovered south along the Washington coast compared to 1.3% of the hybrids and 7.7% of the UW fish. The specific mechanisms controlling the migration patterns of the populations remain unclear but the results strongly indicated a genetic influence on distribution patterns.
Circulating antibodies and antigenic cross-reactivity in Hendersonula toruloidea and Scytalidium hyalinum infections.

SUMMARY Twelve (34%) of thirty-five patients with an active infection on the palms or soles caused by Hendersonula toruloidea or Scytalidium hyalinum were found to have circulating antibodies to these organisms by counter immunoelectrophoresis or immunodiffusion, compared with 9% of uninfected controls. In every instance there was cross-reactivity between the positive patients' sera and the heterologous non-dermatophyte antigen. Using crossed and intermediate gel immunoelectrophoresis it was found that cytoplasmic extracts of H. toruloidea and S. hyalinum showed 34 and 41 precipitin peaks respectively, most of which were shared by both organisms. No cross-reactions were observed between the nondermatophyte cytoplasmic extracts and hyperimmune animal antisera raised to Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Aspergillus fumigatus or Candida albicans. Exoantigens prepared from the two non-dermatophytes showed similar cross-reactivity between the two species. It appears that H. toruloidea and S. hyalinum are very similar in antigenic structure, a finding which lends support to the view that they may be closely related. They are also antigenically distinct from other pathogenic fungi which commonly infect skin, a fact which may be useful in their cultural identification as well as their recognition in tissue specimens.
Diffusivity of water through a HEMA-based soft contact lens

Abstract Using an evaporation-cell method, molecular diffusion data were obtained for water through a thin membrane of HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) that is a soft contact lens material. Water evaporates from the bottom surface of the membrane that supports a small water reservoir on the top surface. The so-induced chemical potential gradient causes a water flux across the membrane. Measured steady-state water fluxes are interpreted with an extended Maxwell–Stefan model for mixtures whose molecules differ appreciably in size. Flory–Rehner theory accounts for thermodynamic non-ideality of the hydrogel membrane/water mixture. Measured diffusivities are a strong increasing function of water concentration in the membrane.
Advanced Ceramics for Environmental Protection

Advanced ceramic materials offer significant thermodynamic efficiency advantages over metals and alloys because of their higher use temperatures. Using ceramic components results in higher temperature industrial processes which convert fuels to energy more efficiently, reducing environmental emissions. Ceramics have always offered high temperature strength and superior corrosion and erosion resistance. However, brittleness, poor thermal shock resistance and catastrophic failure have slowed industrial adoptions of ceramics in environmental applications. This paper will focus on environmental applications of three new advanced ceramic materials that are overcoming these barriers to industrial utilization through improved toughness, reliability, and thermal shock performance. PRD-66, a layered oxide ceramic with outstanding thermal shock resistance and high use temperature with utility in catalyst support, insulation, and hot gas filtration applications, is discussed. Tough silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiC/SiC) and carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) ceramic composites made by chemical vapor infiltration, and silicon carbide particulate reinforced alumina (SiCp/A12O3) composites made through Lanxide Corporation’s DIMOX™ directed metal oxidation process are described. Applications of these materials to pollution reduction and energy efficiency in medical and municipal waste incineration, heat management, aluminum remelting, pyrolysis, coal combustion and gasification, catalytic pollution control, and hot gas filtration, will be discussed.
Sex differences in self-concept: fact or artifact?

Responsss of 400 4th- and 6th-grade boys and girls to individual items of a 30-adjective Self-concept scale were treated by analysis of variance. 20 items favored girls; 1 item (brave) favored boys; no differences were found on 9 items. Because most items favoring girls connoted goodness reflecting possible cultural bias, the over-all sex difference favoring girls was judged to be probably an artifact of measurement.
Total band absorptance of non-isothermal infrared-radiating gases

Abstract Two analytical methods are developed for evaluating the total band absorptance of a non-isothermal infrared-radiating gas. One method concerns a wide-band formulation of the Curtis-Godson approximation, and the other is based on a series-expansion formulation. In both methods, existing information of isothermal gas radiation can be utilized to evaluate non-isothermal gas radiation. Good agreement is shown between the present predictions and available experimental data. Both methods are further employed to predict the band emission from a non-isothermal gas, and the results are compared with the existing analytical calculations and measurements.
A phase-shifting frequency discriminator employing dielectric resonator

A planar circuit realization of a frequency discriminator based on single-mode operation of the dielectric resonator is presented. Drawing on the phase-shifting action of the dielectric resonator, the discriminator function can be achieved with one detector diode, thus adding to the simplicity of the design. It is demonstrated with measurements on the performance of discriminators implemented with dielectric resonators having different temperature coefficients that effective frequency stabilization by thermal compensation for the substrate material can be facilitated by the additional degree of freedom brought about by the dielectric resonator. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 87–89, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10682
Teaching the Use of Self Through the Process of Clinical Supervision

In their efforts to learn the skills involved in the use of self, clinical social work supervisees are faced with the daunting task of integrating information coming not only from the patient but also from their own complex set of responses. The clinical supervisor serves a key role in guiding the trainee through this process. Grounded in contemporary psychodynamic theory, this paper discusses an approach to helping the supervisor model the use of self in the context of the supervisory relationship. A supervisory case example is used to illustrate.
Psychological effects, personality and behavioral changes attributed to marihuana use

Data from 530 marihuana users on the psychological effects, personality and behavioral changes attributed to their marihuana use are presented. Age, sex, marital status, and educational level are reported. Data were analyzed according to five use patterns: (1) trial users, (2) past users, (3) occasional users, (4) regular users, and (5) daily users. Ss reported on the occurrence of 33 psychological effects of marihuana, changes in 14 behavioral and personality variables, effect on alcohol and tobacco consumption, effect on sexual orientation, and reasons for marihuana use. Results are consistent in that as marihuana use increases, there is an increase in pleasurable effects and beneficial results in personality and behavioral realms and a decrease in negative and untoward sequelae. Trial users report the least pleasant effects and the greatest untoward effects, and past users report considerably less benefits than current users.
Electrooxidation of metal cabonyl anions. Formation and reactivity of 17-electron manganese(0) radicals

Abstract The series of carbonylmanganese anions Mn(CO)3P2−, with P = phosphites and phospines, undergo reversible anodic oxidation to the 17-electron radicals Mn(CO)3P2· in tetrahydrofuran solutions. The reactivity of the carbonyl-manganese radicals of Mn(CO)3P2· is evaluated in the context of hydrogen atom transfer from tributylin hydride. The donor properties of the carbonylmanganates are strongly modulated by the ligands - the reversible oxidation potentials E 1 2 of phosphine-substituted anions being significantly more negative than those of the phosphite analogs. By contrast the reactivity of the phosphine- and phosphite-substituted radicals are not differentiated by electronic factors. However steric effects (as indicated by the cone angle of the phosphite or phosphine ligand) play a strong role in determining the reactivity of these 17-electron radicals. The combination of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, coulometry, and product analysis is used to establish the mechanism of hydrogen transfer from tributylin hydride to Mn(CO)3P2· in THF solutions. The measurement of the second-order rate constants k2 for hydrogen transfer by double potential step chronoamperometry (DPSC) is described.
Contributions of rock magnetism and paleomagnetism to recent geophysical advances

The origin of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in rocks is discussed both in terms of types and carriers of NRM. The importance of the concept of pseudo-single domain (PSD) grains as carriers of stable remanences is underscored. Recent advances in rock magnetism and paleomagnetism have helped to understand (a) continental motions which took place in the first 4 billion years of the earth's life, (b) fine details of field fluctuations both during "normal" times as well as during a geomagnetic field reversal, and (c) indicate the magnitudes of the fields present during the formation of the moon and of the early solar system.
The educated person in the next millennium

There are many questions about how new communication technologies are going to impact all organizations and what changes such mediated communication tools will have on all of society. One question that should be addressed in this kind of conference can be succinctly stated as follows: Given the rapid changes in information and communication technology, does anything that is offered in existing management curricula really pertain to the kinds of organizations that will exist in the very near future? That is a legitimate question for there is no question that the kinds of technological innovations that have occurred and will continue to occur at an increasing rate are going to change the nature of the workplace as well as all other aspects of life as: we know it. Technology, especially the kind of high-speed communication/information technology being developed, does not change anything in an additive manner. Rather, it changes everything, always. That we are going to be electronically interconnected within our own work environments and with the world via relatively unexplored channels like the Internet, CD-ROMs, cellular communication equipment, personal digital assistants and other electronic innovations is a fact. That the nature of work and communication patterns will be forced to change as we become even more technologically sophisticated is simply not debatable. We intuitively accept the fact that this explosive change has occurred already and will continue to occur.
Stochastic nonlinear stabilization—II: inverse optimality

After considering the stabilization of a specific class of stochastic nonlinear systems in a companion paper, in this second part, we address the classical question of when is a stabilizing (in probability) controller optimal and show that for every system with a stochastic control Lyapunov function it is possible to construct a controller which is optimal with respect to a meaningful cost functional. Then we return to the problem from Part I and design an optimal backstepping controller whose cost functional includes penalty on control effort and which has an infinite gain margin.
The effect of the contact line on droplet spreading

The motion of the free surface of a viscous droplet is investigated. By using lubrication theory a model is developed for the motion of the free surface which includes both the effect of slip and the dependence of the contact angle on the slip velocity. We solve the resulting nonlinear partial differential equation in several ways. First we investigate the initial motion of the drop at a non-equilibrium contact angle using the method of matched asymptotics. Then we develop a pseudo-spectral method to numerically solve the full nonlinear system. The dependence of the spreading rate of the drop on the various physical parameters and for different slip models is determined.
Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I Staphylococci.

Abstract Seven children (aged 8-17 years) presented with a high fever, headache, confusion, conjunctival hyperaemia, a scarlatiniform rash, subcutaneous œdema, vomiting, watery diarrhœa, oliguria, and a propensity to acute renal failure, hepatic abnormalities, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and severe prolonged shock. One patient died, one had gangrene of the toes, and all have had fine desquamation of affected skin and peeling of palms and soles during convalescence. Five patients were studied prospectively. Staphylococcus aureus related to phage-group I was isolated from mucosal (nasopharyngeal, vaginal, tracheal), or sequestered (empyema, abscess) sites, but not from blood. This organism produces an exotoxin which causes a positive Nikolsky sign in the newborn mouse and which is biochemically, pathologically, and immunologically distinct from phage-group-II stapphylococcal exfoliatin.