cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Holistic Perspective On Student Growth and Development: a Look At Academic Programs in Graduate Schools of Human Service

In the history of higher education's response to the growth and learning needs of students, numerous political, economic, religious and cultural factors have influenced the way students were defined by the institution, and have dictated the range of needs considered legitimate for adult learning. The authors will outline major trends in higher education's history as the full range of psycho logical, social, physical and spiritual needs of students have been variously defined and addressed within traditional academic programs. The authors will also suggest the relevance of a holistic perspective on a wide range of differing needs as this relates particularly to human service professions. Research will be briefly cited to help document one way of assessing the degree to which academic pro grams, in fact, address either a wide or narrow range of needs for growth and learning among students.
The development of thyroid neoplasia in old age in the amazon molly, Poecilia formosa

Abstract In a previous paper we have described the appearance of a thyrotrophin sensitive thyroid neoplasm in an few senile individuals from a laboratory population of guppies, Lebistes reticulatus (Peters). Material has now been examined from the closely related species, Poecilia formosa , the Amazon molly, in which the incidence of thyroid neoplasms in the senile fish of our clones approaches 100%. The spontaneous growth seen in the old mollies was large, occupying much of the pharyngeal region. It was formed of three zones; at the center were inactive follicles with flattened epithelial cells, enclosing a dense, uneroded colloid. Peripherally, there was an area which microfollicles predominated and, the follicular epithelial cells frequently were swollen and balloon-like. The outermost area of the growth contained many afollicular groups of epithelial cells, lying amongst a great deal of loose connective tissue. The thyroid tissue was invasive, destroying muscle and bone. We have suggested that the spontaneous thyroid neoplasia in old P. formosa and L. reticulatus arise in a similar way. They develop as a result of the inability of the aging thyroid to respond to thyrotrophic hormone. Under continued pituitary stimulation the thyroid cells greatly proliferate and hypertrophy, and form a neoplasia. The appearance is described of massive thyroid growths which were experimentally induced by the injection into young mollies of cells with damaged DNA. There were striking differences between the induced and the spontaneous thyroid growths. The neoplasia of old fish was highly variable in structure, but the induced neoplasia had a regular appearance. Neoplastic tissue closely resembled normal thyroid tissue—but the growth was exuberant and highly invasive. We suggest that the differences between the neoplasm of old age and the induced neoplasm may reflect a different hormonal status.
Plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) responses to unbaited pyramid and cone traps.

We evaluated responses of adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), to black unbaited pyramids (111 cm tall) capped by conical boll weevil trap tops and placed at various locations on the ground in a small commercial apple orchard or in patches of unsprayed apple trees in Massachusetts. Pyramid traps adjacent to apple tree trunks captured significantly more adults than those between apple trees, those between apple trees and an adjacent woods, and those between apple trees and an adjacent open field. Also, they captured significantly more adults than unbaited conical boll weevil trap tops placed on cut ends of vertical twigs or in other positions in apple tree canopies. Further tests revealed that the nature of the ground cover (bare soil or short grass) beneath or between tree canopies had no detectable effect on captures by pyramid traps, whereas captures decreased significantly as traps were placed further from the tree trunk. Indirect evidence from additional tests with pyramids and direct evidence from observations of released adults permitted classification of responses to pyramids according to curculio arrival by flight or by crawling and according to arrival during light or darkness. Together, these provided a possible explanation for lack of effect of ground cover but significant effect of trap location on captures. Even at the most favored location (next to tree trunks), daily captures on pyramid traps failed to correlate positively with daily incidence of injury to fruit caused by plum curculio feeding or egglaying, suggesting that further research is necessary before unbaited pyramid traps can be recommended for use in monitoring plum curculio populations in commercial apple orchards in Massachusetts.
The Broader Autism Phenotype in Infancy: When Does It Emerge?

Objective This study had 3 goals, which were to examine the following: the frequency of atypical development, consistent with the broader autism phenotype, in high-risk infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); the age at which atypical development is first evident; and which developmental domains are affected. Method A prospective longitudinal design was used to compare 294 high-risk infants and 116 low-risk infants. Participants were tested at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age. At the final visit, outcome was classified as ASD, Typical Development (TD), or Non-TD (defined as elevated Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS] score, low Mullen Scale scores, or both). Results Of the high-risk group, 28% were classified as Non-TD at 36 months of age. Growth curve models demonstrated that the Non-TD group could not be distinguished from the other groups at 6 months of age, but differed significantly from the Low-Risk TD group by 12 months on multiple measures. The Non-TD group demonstrated atypical development in cognitive, motor, language, and social domains, with differences particularly prominent in the social-communication domain. Conclusions These results demonstrate that features of atypical development, consistent with the broader autism phenotype, are detectable by the first birthday and affect development in multiple domains. This highlights the necessity for close developmental surveillance of infant siblings of children with ASD, along with implementation of appropriate interventions as needed.
Advanced-fuel pellet approaches to inertial fusion

Abstract Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) concepts, as compared to magnetic confinement, provide an attractive approach to burning “advanced-fusion fuels” to achieve fusion. A key advantage of the ICF approach is that the absence of externally imposed magnetic fields avoids large cyclotron radiation losses. An important advantage of advanced-fusion fuels is that advanced fuels provide “cleanliness” due to less neutron production and tritium handling. Present studies focus on the A-FLINT ( A dvanced- F uel L ayered I gnitor/Pellet N urturing T ritium) design which consists of a D-T fueled seed surrounded by a D-layer and appropriate tamper. A heavy-ion beam accelerator is proposed to provide adequate input-energy and efficiency. The pellet design minimizes input requirements through shock ignition of the small D-T core, providing a matchhead effect. The surrounding layers provide unburned tritium to fuel subsequent pellets, eliminating the need for a lithium blanket and simplifying the reaction vessel design.
Parametric cost-benefit analysis applied to underwater pipeline safety

Policy alternatives must often be evaluated without the benefit of experimentation to determine the effectiveness of each one. A parametric approach to dealing with this problem is presented for the case of deciding on the appropriate degree of deregulation, if any, for the use of signs to prevent accidents involving damage to underwater pipelines. The information obtained demonstrates whether experimentation would have been advantageous and, if so, how the policy conclusions would have been affected.
Cisplatin, ifosfamide, and prolonged oral etoposide in the treatment of patients with extensive small cell lung carcinoma

BACKGROUND The combination of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and prolonged oral etoposide (PIE) was studied in patients with extensive small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) in a Phase I trial followed by a Phase II trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), characterize toxicity, and estimate response and median survival rates. METHODS Thirty-three patients were treated between October 1991 and December 1994. Doses for the initial cohort were cisplatin 20 mg/m2/day, ifosfamide 1500 mg/m2/day with mesna (all given intravenously on Days 1-3), and oral etoposide 50 mg/m2 on Days 4-17. This cycle was repeated every 4 weeks for up to 6 cycles. The MTD was reached for the first 9 patients. For these 9 patients and the next 24 patients, who were entered in the Phase II trial, response and survival were estimated. RESULTS Dose-limiting toxicity was manifested as Grade 4 neutropenia in 3 of 3 patients (associated with fever in 2 of 3), and Grade 4 thrombocytopenia was encountered in 2 of 3 patients at the second dose level. Of 6 patients treated at the first dose level, 4 achieved targeted myelosuppression (absolute granulocyte count nadir <1000), but only 1 experienced Grade 4 neutropenia, defining this level as the MTD. Grade 4 neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia was observed in 36 (24%) of a total of 152 courses administered at or below the MTD. Nonhematologic toxicity above Grade 2 was uncommon, excluding nausea and vomiting. Overall objective response rate was 93% of 30 evaluable patients: 5 (17%) complete responses and 23 partial responses (76%). Median failure free and overall survival durations were 36 and 54 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The combination of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and oral etoposide produced encouraging failure free and overall median survival rates in patients with extensive SCLC. These results warrant further evaluation of this regimen in the initial therapy of patients with limited stage disease. Cancer 1998;82:301-8. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
The effects of arginine administration on the levels of arginine, other amino acids and related amino compounds in the plasma, heart, aorta, vena cava, bronchi and pancreas of the rat.

Abstract Arginine (0.8g/kg, ip) or a vehicle was administered to rats and the levels of arginine and a large number of related amino compounds were measured in plasma, heart, aorta, vena cava, pancreas and bronchi at specified time intervals. Arginine levels (nmol/ml) increased in the plasma from 237 to 3172 at 15 min, 1236 at 30 min and 509 at 120 min. Peak concentrations (nmol/g) of arginine are reached in the tissues at 15 or 30 minutes with control and postinjection values of 500 and 1769 in the heart, 314 and 1563 in the aorta, 575 and 2976 in the vena cava, 760 and 1943 in the bronchi, and 234 and 3638 in the pancreas. Arginine injection also affects a number of amino acids and related compounds in the plasma and tissues most notably ornithine, isoleucine, phosphoserine, leucine and ethanolamine. However, plasma level changes do not predict tissue level changes which are highly specific for an individual compound and tissue. There was no general indication that arginine injection stimulates nitric oxide (NO) formation in any tissue. Thus, arginine is rapidly absorbed from the abdominal cavity into the blood stream, is quickly taken up by the tissues studied and disappears after about 2 to 3 hours. The effects seen after arginine administration could be caused by arginine per se and/or changes in one or more of the related amino compounds but not by NO.
Scandium Alkyl Complexes Supported by a Ferrocene Diamide Ligand

Synthesis of a scandium dimethylbenzyl complex supported by a ferrocene diamide ligand was accomplished by alkane elimination from Sc(CH2Xy-3,5)3(THF)2. The scandium dimethylbenzyl complex Sc(fc[NSi(t-Bu)Me2]2)(CH2Xy-3,5)(THF), 2-(CH2Xy-3,5)(THF), was used as a starting material for the synthesis of the corresponding chloride-bridged dimer, (2-Cl)2, which, in turn, led to a scandium bis(neo-pentyl) ate salt, Li[2-Np2]. Attempts to remove the coordinated THF molecule from 2-(CH2Xy-3,5)(THF) with AlMe3 led to the isolation of a scandium methyl complex with two coordinated AlMe3 molecules, 2-Me(AlMe3)2. Compound 2-Me(AlMe3)2 led to a scandium methyl complex, 2-Me(THF)2, by stirring in THF. All ferrocene diamido compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography. DFT calculations on model compounds were used to explain the stability of the compounds synthesized and to probe the existence of an iron−scandium interaction. Compounds 2-(CH2Xy-3,5)(THF) and 2-Me(AlMe3)2 polymerize l-lactide.
Picard's theorem and the Rickman construction

Nevanlinna theory (value-distribution theory) has its genesis in Picard’s discovery that a function analytic in the plane which omits two values is constant. Nearly a century later, attention turned to the analogous situation in ℝn, n ⩾ 3, where entire functions are necesarily replaced by entire quasiregular mappings. This expository article centers on one of Seppo Rickman’s main contributions to this issue, including an outline of his famous example showing that the omitted set in ℝ3, while finite, can be much larger than possible in the plane.
Using Pharmacy Data to Screen for Look-Alike, Sound-Alike Substitution Errors in Pediatric Prescriptions

Objective The aim of this study was to pilot test a screening approach to detect potential look-alike, sound-alike (LASA) errors in pediatric outpatient prescriptions. Method Medicaid pharmacy claims from one state were reviewed. From a list of LASA drug pairs, we identified candidate pairs meeting the following criteria: 1) one drug was commonly prescribed in children; 2) the paired drug was uncommonly prescribed for children; and 3) both drugs were available as oral preparations only, resulting in 11 LASA pairs. We identified patients who usually received one drug in a pair, then presented with a first dispensing of the paired drug, representing a "screening alert" for potential LASA error. We determined a "true error" as any patient who triggered a screening alert, received only one dispensing of the paired drug in the subsequent 6 months, and had no diagnoses supporting the dispensing of the paired drug. Results Among the 22 test drugs, there were 1 420 091 prescriptions to 173 005 subjects. There were 395 screening alerts generated, representing a screening alert frequency of 0.28 screening alerts per 1000 prescriptions. We identified 43 true LASA errors. In the dataset, the overall LASA error rate is estimated to be approximately 0.00003%, or 0.03 LASA errors per 1000 prescriptions. Conclusion Prescription dispensing patterns can be used to screen for LASA errors in pediatric prescriptions. The rates of pediatric LASA errors appear to be much lower than other types of pediatric medication errors and may be best addressed by automated processes.
Aspects of heredity, syndromic associations, and course of conditions in which cutaneous lesions occur solitarily or in multiplicity

Many tumors of the skin, whether originating from ectoderm or mesoderm, exist in either single or multiple form. In the multiple state there are frequently associations with other cutaneous and systemic abnormalities, sometimes serious and even life-threatening. The resultant syndrome is almost always inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. By contrast, solitary lesions are not heritable, nor are they associated with other stigmata. The solitary forms appear in middle or late life, the multiple, syndrommc forms in childhood or early adulthood. (J AM ACAD DERMATOL 7:526-540, 1982.)
Mass-Fluctuation Waves in Solid 3 He- 4 He Mixtures

We give an explanation of the data of Richards, Pope, and Widom in terms of the incoherent tunneling of strongly interacting particles.
Concordance of mothers' and fathers' ratings of children's behavior

Behavior rating scales and checklists are frequently used in the assessment of children and adolescents. These instruments are often completed by parents. There is little in the literature comparing mothers' and fathers' responses to such scales. Results of the present study indicate that mothers and fathers often differ in their perceptions of the behavior of their children. The need for separate norming by parent seems to be indicated.
Bilateral EEG Abnormalities on Corresponding Areas

SUMMARY 1 In routine clinical EEG from a county general hospital 1339 focal abnormalities from 600 patients were studied, especially from the point of view of the location of independent abnormalities outside of the area of the major focus. These abnormalities tended to appear on areas adjacent to the major focus, likely representing an extension of the main lesion into surrounding regions, and also on the corresponding areas of the contralateral hemisphere. 2 More contralateral foci were seen of the spike or sharp wave variety than of the slow wave type. This difference between sharp and slow wave abnormalities appeared if the major abnormality was on the left side, but not if the major focus was on the right side. 3 The higher incidence of contralateral sharp wave foci with a major focus on the left, compared to the right, was noted especially on the parasagittal (frontal, central, parietal and occipital) areas. 4 The possible contribution of the “mirror focus” phenomenon to explain these data was discussed. RESUME 1 Dans l'EEG clinique de routine d'un hopital general, 1339 anomalies focales recueillies chez 600 patients ont eteetudiees. Ont ete surtout etudiees celles qui etaient independantes et occupaient des territoires en dehors de ceux du foyer principal. Ces anomalies tendaient a apparaitre dans des aires adjacentes au foyer maximum (representant une extension de la lesion maximum aux regions avoisinantes), et egalement dans des airzs contralaterales correspondantes. 2 Des foyers contralateraux ont ete trouves en plus grand nombre lorsque les anomalies etaient de type pointes ou pointes lentes, que lorsqu'il s'agissait d'ondes lentes. Cette difference entre les anomalies pointues et lentes apparait si le maximum d'anomalies est du cote gauche, mais elle n'est pas visible si le foyer majeur est situe du cote droit. 3 La plus haute incidence de foyers de pointes lentes contralateraux avec un foyer maximum du cote gauche, en comparaison avec le droit, a ete notee surtout dans les aires parasagittales (frontale, centrale, parietale et occipitale). 4 La contribution possible du phenomene de “foyer en miroir” pour expliquer ces donnees est discutee.
SECRETION MASSES IN THE NUCLEI OF THE CAUDAL NEUROSECRETORY CELLS OF THE TELEOST ALBULA VULPES.

‘NUCLEAR secretion’ has been reported by a number of students of neurosecretory cells, especially in fish hypothalamic neurones1–7. Neurones exhibiting similar characteristics have been described in the caudal neurosecretory system of two isospondylous teleosts: Albula vulpes and Elops hawaiensis8,9. The caudal neurones of many teleosts may possess various kinds of nuclear inclusions, generally less prominent than those of Albula and Elops, and not necessarily considered as ‘secretion’10–12. Inasmuch as the actual production of proteinaceous secretory product within the nucleus is not consonant with the present conception of the protein-secretory cell, we undertook a re-examination of the caudal neurosecretory neurones in Albula vulpes, the Hawaiian ‘oio’ or bonefish, with the electron microscope.
Community-based learning in urban settings as a model for educational reform

This article presents a broadened perspective on educational reform in urban settings to include sites of the “extracurriculum” in urban African-American communities, and invites readers to expand their vision of places where education takes place. Through portrayals of contemporary community-based organizations, the article explores present day non-school contexts where educational initiatives take place outside the academy. Specifically, the article focuses on community-based discourse and literacy practices of African American Vernacular English speaking participants in three community-based organizations and reports on observations during the first three years of a study of the role these organizations play in the participants' evolving uses of communicative skills. It documents some of the complex forms of language and literacy that take place across contexts and cultures for individuals who participate in such programs. Through brief vignettes, readers glimpse into the worlds of the extracurriculum and explore practices for learning that current reform efforts within schools would do well to attend to. The discussion that follows explores how observed learning practices actually ft into a theory of language maintenance for African American Vernacular English speakers. The concluding section focuses on useful insights that practitioners in the social sciences might gain from community-based organizations as we critically consider our role in facilitating educational reform for African American Vernacular English speaking students in urban settings.
An X-ray Absorption Fine Structure study of Au adsorbed onto the non-metabolizing cells of two soil bacterial species

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells can remove Au from Au(III)–chloride solutions, and the extent of removal is strongly pH dependent. In order to determine the removal mechanisms, X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy experiments were conducted on non-metabolizing biomass of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida with fixed Au(III) concentrations over a range of bacterial concentrations and pH values. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) data on both bacterial species indicate that more than 90% of the Au atoms on the bacterial cell walls were reduced to Au(I). In contrast to what has been observed for Au(III) interaction with metabolizing bacterial cells, no Au(0) or Au–Au nearest neighbors were observed in our experimental systems. All of the removed Au was present as adsorbed bacterial surface complexes. For both species, the XAFS data suggest that although Au–chloride–hydroxide aqueous complexes dominate the speciation of Au in solution, Au on the bacterial cell wall is characterized predominantly by binding of Au atoms to sulfhydryl functional groups and amine and/or carboxyl functional groups, and the relative importance of the sulfhydryl groups increases with increasing pH and with decreasing Au loading. The XAFS data for both microorganism species suggest that adsorption is the first step in the formation of Au nanoparticles by bacteria, and the results enhance our ability to account for the behavior of Au in bacteria-bearing geologic systems.
Isotopic fractionation during ammonium assimilation by basidiomycete fungi and its implications for natural nitrogen isotope patterns

Summary • 15N natural abundance was examined to determine the fractionation associated with ammonium assimilation into fungi. The importance of fungi to the movement of nitrogen (N) within soils and into plants highlights the need to consider such fractionations in the interpretation of ecosystem 15N distributions. • To separate the influence of physiological fractionations from N source preferences on fungal δ15N, both ectomycorrhizal (EM) and saprotrophic (SAP) fungi were grown in liquid culture containing (NH4)2HPO4 of known δ15N and harvested after 35 d. Time series experiments were employed for two taxa to determine how growth stage affects fractionation. • Mycelium δ15N was positively associated with several measures of growth and no distinction was observed between EM and SAP fungi. Kinetic isotope exchange models explain the decrease in discrimination against 15N at larger biomasses in terms of the amount of N utilized. The models indicate a fractionation of approx. −20‰, and suggest that assimilated N is excreted back into the medium during growth. • The observed fractionations at high and low N concentrations provide insight into the mechanisms that could drive fungal, plant and soil δ15N. We suggest that detailed information on fungal life histories, territorial behaviours, and sink–source relationships in the fungus–plant–soil continuum could aid accurate ecological interpretations of δ15N.
The role of differently distributed vanadium nanocatalyst in the hydrogen storage of magnesium nanostructures

Abstract Using a glancing angle (co)deposition technique, ∼4.6 at.% V has been coated on the surface of individual Mg nanoblades and doped into Mg nanostructures fabricated at different deposition angles. The hydrogen storage properties of the formed V-decorated and V-doped Mg nanostructures depend strongly on how the nanocatalyst V is surrounded by the host Mg. The V-doped Mg sample has lower activation energies for hydrogen absorption (Eaa = 35.3 ± 0.9 kJ/mol H2) and hydrogen desorption (Ead = 38.9 ± 0.3 kJ/mol H2) than the V-decorated Mg sample when deposited at the same deposition angle of θ = 70°. The activation energies of the doped samples increase gradually with the decrease of the θ angle. We also find that the porosity of the Mg nanostructures plays a secondary role. A phenomenological model based on a heterogeneous reaction is proposed to explain the different hydrogen desorption activation energies obtained for different V–Mg nanostructured samples.
Prediction of coding region in the DNA sequences

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on Fourier spectral characteristics. This technique improves the coding prediction accuracy, boosting the protein coding region and suppressing the non-coding region within the DNA sequences. We also compare this algorithm using computer simulation with commonly used techniques showing that our technique for exon region prediction provides superior properties for the separation of exon and intron regions.
GROWTH AND WELL‐BEING: INTRODUCING DISTRIBUTION‐WEIGHTED GROWTH RATES TO REEVALUATE U.S. POST‐WAR ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

In order to improve on the income growth rate as an indicator of changes in well-being, four composite indices of growth and income distribution are introduced and compared. When applied to the United
Open Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy Using High Anterior Release of the Levator Fascia and Constant Haptic Feedback in Bilateral Neurovascular Bundle Preservation Plus Early Postoperative Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibition: A Contemporary Series

Abstract Background Patients with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer who choose surgery want cure and decent quality of life, namely, pad-free urinary control and, often, erectile function satisfactory for sexual intercourse. Objective Determine in a prospective study the positive surgical margin rate and functional outcomes for a consecutive series of patients undergoing open radical retropubic prostatectomy (ORRP) with bilateral neurovascular bundle preservation (BNVBP) performed by one experienced surgeon. Design, setting, and participants Of 197 consecutive patients undergoing BNVBP during 2008, 123 were evaluable, allowing both immediate postoperative phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition (PDE5i) and a third-party questionnaire with validated urinary and erectile function domains provided preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 mo postoperatively. Intervention Two interventions were used: (1) ORRP with ×4.3 optical loupes and constant digital tactile monitoring during BNVBP preceded by high anterior release (HAR) of levator fascia and neurovascular bundles and (2) early postoperative PDE5i. Measurements Age; biopsy Gleason score; clinical stage; preoperative prostate-specific antigen level; pathologic grade; stage; margin status; University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index domain for urinary pad use and bother; and International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) were used. Results and limitations Surgical margins were positive in 1 of the 123 evaluable patients (1%). At 1 yr, 95% of patients were pad-free. Satisfactory erectile function was achieved by 109 patients (89%): 82 (67%) scored an IIEF-5 of 22–25, and 27 (22%) scored Conclusions ORRP using ×4.3 optical loupe magnification, constant haptic feedback in BNVBP with HAR, and immediate postoperative PDE5i yielded satisfactory outcomes.
Isoform-specific Prolongation of Kv7 (KCNQ) Potassium Channel Opening Mediated by New Molecular Determinants for Drug-Channel Interactions

Kv7 channels, especially Kv7.2 (KCNQ2) and Kv7.3 (KCNQ3), are key determinants for membrane excitability in the brain. Some chemical modulators of KCNQ channels are in development for use as anti-epileptic drugs, such as retigabine (D-23129, N-(2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-phenyl)), which was recently approved for clinical use. In addition, several other compounds were also reported to potentiate activity of the Kv7 channels. It is therefore of interest to investigate compound-channel interactions, so that more insights may be gained to aid future development of therapeutics. We have conducted a screen of 20,000 compounds for KCNQ2 potentiators using rubidium flux combined with atomic absorption spectrometry. Here, we report the characterization of a series of new structures that display isoform specificity and induce a marked reduction of deactivation distinct from that of retigabine. Furthermore, KCNQ2(W236L), a previously reported mutation that abolishes sensitivity to retigabine, remains fully sensitive to these compounds. This result, together with mutagenesis and other studies, suggests that the reported compounds confer a unique mode of action and involve new molecular determinants on the channel protein, consistent with the idea of recognizing a new site on channel protein.
Hydrogen evolving reactions: The thermal decompositions of cerous carbonates

Abstract Thermal decomposition studies of Ce 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ·8H 2 O and CeOHCO 3 · x H 2 O under a variety of experimental conditions demonstrate quantitative oxidation to CeO 2 at 873 K. Gaseous decomposition products include H 2 , CO and CO 2 , the quantity of each being dependent on the amount of water present during the decomposition. Small amounts of CH 4 also are produced. Mechanistic studies based on X-ray powder diffraction data have elucidated the primary oxidation pathway to be evolution of carbon monoxide from Ce 2 O 2 CO 3 . Hydrogen is produced via the water-gas shift reaction. Equilibrium data indicate that CeO 2 exhibits catalytic activity with respect to this reaction. Identification of hydrogen as a reaction product makes the Ce 2 O 2 CO 3 oxidation reaction desirable for inclusion in thermochemical cycles for water splitting, since it is non-corrosive. Another advantage is the capability of manipulating the CO:H 2 ratio in the product gas mixture so that introduction to a suitable catalyst will yield methane, methanol or higher hydrocarbons.
The nitrogenase system from Azotobacter Activation energy and divalent cation requirement

Abstract 1. 1. The Arrhenius plot for nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii is biphasic with an inflection at about 21°; the activation energy was calculated to be 14 600 cal/mole above this temperature and 39 000 cal/mole below. 2. 2. Values of 9 · 10−3 M and 3 · 10−4 M were determined for the Michaelis constants for hydrosulfite and for ATP, respetively, both above and below 21°. 3. 3. Mn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, and NI2+ (in that order of effectiveness) replaced Mg2+ in supporting nitrogenase activity; Cu2+ and Zn2+ were inhibitory, while Ca2+ was without effect.
The Phenotypic Relationship of a Clonal Line to Its Population of Origin: Rapid Embryonic Development in an Alaskan Population of Rainbow Trout

Abstract Homozygous clonal lines of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss are currently being used for genetic analysis of several important quantitative traits, but the relationship between a unique clonal phenotype and the phenotype of the source population remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether the accelerated development rate previously observed in a clonal line derived from Swanson River, Alaska, rainbow trout was also represented in the source population. Development rates of rainbow trout from three geographically distinct populations (the Swanson River, Skookumchuck River, Washington, and American River, California) were compared across a range of temperatures. The Swanson River rainbow trout had an accelerated rate of development at all temperatures, and quantitative genetic analyses indicated a genetic basis for the differences in development rate among populations. These results indicate that the clonal line derived from the Swanson River population is a reflection of an evolved phenotype i...
Electrostatic spraying of food-grade organic and inorganic acids and plant extracts to decontaminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach and iceberg lettuce.

Abstract: The prevalence of foodborne illnesses is continually on rise. In the U.S.A., Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli) has been associated with several outbreaks in minimally processed foods. Spinach and lettuce pose higher food safety risks and recurring food recalls suggest the insufficiency of current disinfection strategies. We aimed at offering a natural antimicrobial alternative using organic acids (malic, tartaric, and lactic acids [MA, TA, and LA, respectively]) and grape seed extract (GSE) and a novel application method using electrostatic spraying to evenly distribute the antimicrobials onto produce. Spinach and lettuce samples were washed, sanitized with sodium hypochlorite solution (6.25 mL/L), dip inoculated in water containing E. coli (7.0 log CFU/mL) for 24 h, and rewashed with sterile water to remove nonadhered pathogens. The samples were sprayed electrostatically with MA, LA, and GSE alone and in combinations and for comparison, with phosphoric acid (PA) and pH controls with deionized water adjusted to 1.5/2.3/3.6 and stored at 4 °C. When combined with LA (3%), MA (3%) showed 2.1 to 4.0 log CFU/g reduction of E. coli between the days 1 and 14 on spinach and 1.1 to 2.5 log CFU/g reduction on lettuce. Treatment with PA (1.5%) and PA (1.5%)–GSE (2%) exhibited 1.1 to 2.1 log CFU/g inhibition of E. coli on spinach during the 14-d storage. Our findings demonstrated the efficacy of electrostatic spraying of MA, LA, and GSE on fresh produce to improve the safety and lower the public health burden linked to produce contamination. Practical Application: Electrostatic spraying is an emerging technique that can be adopted to improve the distribution and application of antimicrobials during fresh produce sanitation. Relatively simple and quick, the process can access most/all parts of produce surface and offer protection from food pathogens. The use of malic and lactic acids with or without grape seed extract can serve as effective antimicrobials when sprayed electrostatically, lowering the risk from postcontamination issues with spinach and iceberg lettuce. This application technology can be extended to improve the commercial food safety of other produce, fruits, poultry, and meat.
Middle-Holocene dynamics of Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) in northern New England, USA

The abrupt, range-wide decline of Tsuga canadensis ~5500 calibrated years before present (cal. yr BP) is one of the most-studied events in North American paleoecology. Little attention, however, has been given to an earlier Tsuga decline, dated to ~6000 cal. yr BP in southern Ontario, Canada. To investigate whether this event occurred elsewhere in eastern North America, we analyzed the middle-Holocene interval of a lake-sediment record from Knob Hill Pond, located in northern Vermont, USA, an area of historically high Tsuga abundance. A dramatic, short-lived drop in Tsuga pollen abundance does occur at ~6000 cal. yr BP in the Knob Hill Pond record, indicating that Tsuga populations declined in various parts of its range. We hypothesize that both middle-Holocene declines of Tsuga were caused by the deleterious effects of pronounced droughts on this moisture-sensitive tree. Close examination of pollen data from a transect of sites across New England reveals that the earlier decline of Tsuga is present in ot...
Dx: leukemia; Rx: CD8+ NKT cell transplantation

Baker and colleagues (page [2923][1]) report that transplantation of the CD8+ natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes results in potent leukemia-specific immunity without causing graft-versus-host disease. Remarkably, transplantation even across major histocompatibility barriers did not induce graft-
Interlingual word associations

Summary A word-association experiment was performed with three groups of bilingual S s. Four test sequences were studied, the stimulus word in English responded to in English or the native language, and a translation of the word into the native language responded to in English or the native language. There were five semantic categories of words. The results were that only about one-third of the responses in one language translated those in the other, and the proportion did not differ very much whether the word associations were intralingual or interlingual. Of this proportion, about two-thirds (20% of the total responses) were lexically similar or translations in the interlingual tests. The number of similar associations changed sharply with the semantic category of the word, words referring to concrete, manipulable objects more often having similar associations than words referring to abstract states or emotions. The data are interpreted to mean that experiences and memories of various kinds are not stored in common in some supralinguistic form but are tagged and stored separately in the language S used to define the experience to himself.
Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA

Two alternative conceptual models of the physical processes controlling seawater intrusion in a coastal basin in California, USA, were tested to identify a likely principal pathway for seawater intrusion. The conceptual models were tested by using a two-dimensional, finite-element groundwater flow and transport model. This pathway was identified by the conceptual model that best replicated the historical data. The numerical model was applied in cross section to a submarine canyon that is a main avenue for seawater to enter the aquifer system underlying the study area.
Stimulus bound nitrogen licking evoked during electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus

Abstract An analysis of data obtained from studying three rats indicates that it is possible to evoke stimulus bound licking for nitrogen puffs during electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). However, animals are very finicky about nitrogen licking under these conditions, the effect is difficult to obtain and different from the phenomenon observed following water deprivation when it occurs readily. Some evidence indicates that LH stimulation increases an animal's sensitivity to the aversive qualities of nitrogen licking. Additional anecdotal data on poststimulation effects is presented.
Feasibility of mathematical models to predict success in video-assisted thoracic surgery lung nodule excision

background Pulmonary nodules are occasionally difficult to excise using video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). methods To predict operative success, mathematical models using preoperative computerized tomography (CT) measurements were tested in 50 consecutive patients who underwent attempted or successful thoracoscopic lung biopsy. Unrelated technical problems resulted in the exclusion of 3 patients. results No differences were noted with respect to lobar location, thoracic dimensions, gender, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or nodule pathology. The expression S/(D + 1), where S = nodule size (cm) and D = distance (cm) to the nearest visceral pleura, yielded significantly higher values for visible nodules (P conclusions Equations based on objective CT measurements may be useful for planning VATS nodulectomy or studying the outcome of these minimally invasive operations.
Coupled Gating Between Individual Skeletal Muscle Ca2+ Release Channels (Ryanodine Receptors)

Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle requires the release of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) through ryanodine receptor (RyR1) channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Half of the RyR1 channels are activated by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane. In planar lipid bilayers, RyR1 channels exhibited simultaneous openings and closings, termed “coupled gating.” Addition of the channel accessory protein FKBP12 induced coupled gating, and removal of FKBP12 uncoupled channels. Coupled gating provides a mechanism by which RyR1 channels that are not associated with voltage-dependent Ca2+channels can be regulated.
An evaluation scheme for hierarchical information browsing structures

There is no widely accepted means of evaluating category systems for information search and browsing. This presentation outlines an evaluation scheme and an evaluation method that applies the scheme. The scheme delineates features broadly classified under comprehensiveness, coherence, and correctness. The method evaluates the category system through a survey distributed among subject domain experts. The method requires minimal resources, is easily conducted remotely, and is easily modified. The approach finds the over- and under-sensitivities of the method of generating the system. A case study has demonstrated the usefulness of the approach, and the inter-rater reliability found suggests that the evaluation scheme is meaningful.
Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific Types of ENSO

Abstract Surface observations and subsurface ocean assimilation datasets are examined to contrast two distinct types of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific: an eastern-Pacific (EP) type and a central-Pacific (CP) type. An analysis method combining empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and linear regression is used to separate these two types. Correlation and composite analyses based on the principal components of the EOF were performed to examine the structure, evolution, and teleconnection of these two ENSO types. The EP type of ENSO is found to have its SST anomaly center located in the eastern equatorial Pacific attached to the coast of South America. This type of ENSO is associated with basinwide thermocline and surface wind variations and shows a strong teleconnection with the tropical Indian Ocean. In contrast, the CP type of ENSO has most of its surface wind, SST, and subsurface anomalies confined in the central Pacific and tends to onset, develop, and decay in situ. ...
Incorporation of a phospholipid precursor into the subcellular organelles of 9-methylpteroylglutamic acid-treated rat embryos.

Pregnant Long-Evans rats were fed a synthetic diet lacking folic acid and containing 9-methylpteroylglutamic acid on the llth day of gestation and then fed a complete diet beginning on the 14th day. Treated and untreated pregnant rats injected with 10 μCi of [14C] ethanolamine on the 12th or 14th day of gestation were killed on the 14th, 15th, or 16th day. The total radioactivity and radioactivities of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) were determined in chloroform extracts of homogenates and subcellular fractions prepared from whole emhryos on the designated days of gestation. The specific radioactivity of phospholipids extracted from the lysosomal-rich fraction of treated embryos was twice that of controls but the phospholipid-specific radioactivity of the low-speed fraction from treated embryos was one-half of that of controls on the 14th day. The relative distribution of radioactivity in PE and PC extracted from subcellular organelles of either treated or untreated embryos suggested a precursor-product relation. The conversion of radiolabeled PE to PC seemed to occur faster in almost all subcellular fractions of the treated embryos and did not occur in the same temporal order from fraction to fraction as was found for untreated embryos. These data were interpreted to mean that the teratogen (1) stimulated lysosomal synthesis and depressed nuclear synthesis, (2) perturbed intraembryonic transmethylation of PE to lecithin, perhaps shifting the embryo to a greater dependence on placental metabolism or transport, and (3) disturbed the chemical composition of various intraernbryonic subcellular membranes.
Methodological issues in the obsessive-compulsive spectrum.

Abstract The obsessive–compulsive spectrum is a heterogeneous class of conditions. Recently, expert consensus has emerged regarding possible candidate disorders [Mataix-Cols, D., Petrusa, A., Leckman, J.F., 2007. Issues for DSM-V: How should obsessive–compulsive and related disorders should be classified. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1313–1314]. Further, expert survey data suggest that obsessive-compulsive disorder is composed of overlapping subtypes. However, methodological approaches for testing whether candidate disorders properly belong in the spectrum have varied widely, and do not necessarily differentiate conditions from subtypes. We describe preliminary methodological and statistical recommendations for a systematic approach to determining what constitutes a subtype, how to determine inclusion in the spectrum, and means for ruling out candidate disorders.
History Telling at the Kitchen Table: Private Joseph Shields, World War II, and Mother-Centered Memory in the Late Twentieth Century

This essay adds to the discourses of African American history, military history, and autobiography that focus on the process of collective memory telling in black families in the latter half of the twentieth century. By exploring an African American family's postwar recollection of the homicide of a black soldier during the SecondWorldWar, this essay examines the relationship between memory and history. It reconstructs how the parameters ofWorldWar II shaped the wartime experiences of African American servicemen and their families'memory of the “Good War” in a period of national forgetting. By exploring the episodes of memory telling among black family members of those who stood in the ranks of America's armed forces during World War II, the importance of investigating aspects of the tension between memory and history in African American culture in the twentieth century can be discerned.