cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note on the quadratic penalties in elastic weight consolidation.

Catastrophic forgetting is an undesired phenomenon which occurs when neural networks are trained on different tasks sequentially. Elastic weight consolidation (EWC; ref. 1), published in PNAS, is a novel algorithm designed to safeguard against this. Despite its satisfying simplicity, EWC is remarkably effective. Motivated by Bayesian inference, EWC adds quadratic penalties to the loss function when learning a new task. The purpose of penalties is to approximate the loss surface from previous tasks. The authors derive the penalty for the two-task case and then extrapolate to handling multiple tasks. I believe, however, that the penalties for multiple tasks are applied inconsistently. In ref. 1 a separate penalty is maintained for each task T , centered at θ T ∗ , the value of θ obtained after training on task T . When these penalties are combined (assuming λ T = 1 ), the aggregate penalty is anchored at μ T = ( F A + F B … … [↵][1]1Email: fhuszar@twitter.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Book Review of Umwelt-engagierte Literatur aus Island und Norwegen: Ein interdisziplinärer Beitrag zu den environmental humanities // Reseña de Umwelt-engagierte Literatur aus Island und Norwegen: Ein interdisziplinärer Beitrag zu den environmental humanities

Book review of Reinhard Hennig's Umwelt-engagierte Literatur aus Island und Norwegen: Ein interdisziplinarer Beitrag zu den environmental humanities.Resumen Resena de Umwelt-engagierte Literatur aus Island und Norwegen: Ein interdisziplinarer Beitrag zu den environmental humanities de Reinhard Hennig.
A METHODOLOGY FOR INVESTIGATING FRESHWATER INFLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR A TEXAS ESTUARY

Abstract: A computer-oriented methodology was developed to provide a general, rational approach to the estuarine freshwater inflow problem without being dependent upon specific machines and computer programs. The methodology was demonstrated using existing computer models within an estuarine management scenario developed for Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. The methodology had a two-step structure. Step 1 translated qualitative, ecologically-oriented management policy goals for an estuary into a set of freshwater inflow requirements. Step 2 produced the set of freshwater release schedules required to satisfy those net inflow requirements. The test scenario demonstrated the viability of the methodology structure, but the specific data base and set of estuarine management policy options were too narrow to influence specific policy decisions for Corpus Christi Bay. The most important result from exercising the methodology for the Corpus Christi Bay scenario was the identification of several information gaps which were potential targets for further research.
Allelic Polymorphyism in Toxoplasma Gondii Implications for Interstrain Mating

The life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii is complex with several alternative subcycles. It can, for example, pass from cat to cat through an oral-faecal route, each time going through a sexual cycle in the intestine of the cat. This subcycle can be considered to begin with excretion of highly stable oocysts in the faeces of an infected cat. Upon maturation, these oocysts will contain two sporocysts, each comprising four sporozoites. Transmission occurs when the mature oocysts are ingested by another cat with release of the sporozoites in the intestine. These invade the intestinal epithelium where they divide intracellularly, ultimately differentiating into either micro- or macro-gametes. Fusion of the two gametes gives rise to the zygote which develops into the immature oocyst. The cycle is completed upon release of these oocysts into the environment. Felidae is the only genus known in which gametogenesis and oocyst production occurs.
Monte Carlo Simulation Strategies to Compute the Interfacial Properties of a Model Octane–Water–Silica System

We use Monte Carlo simulation to study the wetting properties of a model octane–water–silica system. Two versions of the interface potential are employed to characterize the wetting behavior. The water spreading interface potential focuses on the growth of a water-rich film from a silica surface in the presence of an octane-rich fluid. The octane spreading interface potential focuses on the growth of an octane-rich film from a silica surface in the presence of a water-rich fluid. These interface potentials provide direct measures of two spreading coefficients that are combined to obtain the octane–water interfacial tension and the contact angle of a water-rich droplet at a silica surface in a mother octane-rich fluid. We demonstrate how to utilize the approach to determine the interfacial properties of a model system (SPC/E water, TraPPE octane, and Lee and Rossky silica) over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Results are presented for the variation in the interfacial tension and the contact ang...
Chemistry of Collagen Crosslinking: Relationship to Aging and Nutrition

Collagen is a major constituent of skin, bone, tendon, and cartilage and is a vital component of the cardiovascular system. Not only is collagen an important protein because of its relative abundance, estimates indicate that it constitutes as much as 40% of the total body protein, but also it is the only protein in the body that has been clearly shown to undergo molecular changes during the aging process in man and animals, i. e., it “ages.” One of the outward manifestations of aging in collagen is the wrinkling of the skin which is inevitable in the elderly. Another, which is not so obvious but is of infinitely greater importance to man is the age-associated loss of elasticity in the cardiovascular system.
The effects of passive mobile phone interaction on situation awareness and driving performance

The present study examines the effects of mobile phone dependency and passive mobile phone interaction on situation awareness and driving performance. A total of 37 participants drove in a fixed-ba...
DNP and PhD scholarship: Making the case for collaboration

Abstract Background The Institute of Medicine calls for meaningful collaboration between doctor of nursing practice (DNP)- and doctor of philosophy (PhD)-prepared nurses to improve health outcomes. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to answer the questions: 1) how do Colleges of Nursing influence DNP and PhD collaboration for faculty and students? 2) how does DNP and PhD collaboration in an academic setting impact health care practices and patient outcomes? Methods Two examples of DNP and PhD collaboration (one faculty and one student) are presented. Results Shared faculty responsibilities and a supportive organizational culture influenced collaboration between faculty and students. Research and practice roles can complement and strengthen each other while improving health outcomes. Conclusion Colleges of Nursing should build processes and culture that encourage faculty and students to collaborate across doctoral programs. Successful intraprofessional collaboration has the potential to positively impact healthcare quality, and outcomes, while advancing the nursing profession.
Forecasting Time Series Stock Data using Deep Learning Technique in a Distributed Computing Environment

Recurrent neural networks (RNN’s) are a variant of artificial neural networks (ANN’s) that perform well on nonlinear and time-series data forecasting. It was discovered that vanilla RNN finds it hard to learn long-term dependencies. LSTM and GRU are modifications that overcome this problem. We propose a new distributed computing model in this paper which used on time-series stock data. Our study attempts to provide a comprehensive and objective assessment and later we do a comparison of performance of three models namely vanilla RNN, LSTM and GRU in a distributed cluster. This paper offers practical insights and potentially useful directions for further research into how Spark cluster can be used to reduce training time by using it on top of existing machine learning models.
Ovulation Suppression to Prevent Hemoperitoneum and Surgical Menopause in Anticoagulated Women

Premenopausal women taking anticoagulation therapy are at risk of developing hemorrhagic ovarian cysts. This paper presents 3 cases of acute…
A past medical history of heart failure is associated with less fluid therapy in septic patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores de base que afetam a ressuscitacao com fluidos em pacientes septicos. Metodos: Estudo de caso-controle com 181 pacientes consecutivos admitidos a uma unidade de terapia intensiva clinica entre 2012 e 2016 com diagnostico de sepse. Analisaram-se os dados demograficos, clinicos, radiologicos e laboratoriais. Resultados: Receberam volume ≥ 30mL/kg de fluidos por via endovenosa quando da admissao 130 pacientes (72%). Nas analises univariadas, historico pregresso de doenca arterial coronaria e insuficiencia cardiaca se associou com menor volume de terapia com fluidos. Nas analises multivariadas, um historico de insuficiencia cardiaca (RC = 2,31; IC95% 1,04 - 5,14) permaneceu significantemente associado com o recebimento de menor volume de fluidos por via endovenosa. A fracao de ejecao ventricular esquerda, a funcao sistolica/diastolica, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e hipertensao pulmonar nao se associaram com a quantidade de fluidos por via endovenosa. A quantidade de fluidos administrados por via endovenosa nao se associou com diferencas em termos de mortalidade. Durante as primeiras 24 horas, pacientes com antecedentes de insuficiencia cardiaca receberam 2.900mL de fluidos endovenosos (1.688 - 4.714mL) em comparacao com 3.977mL (2.500 - 6.200mL) recebidos pelos pacientes sem historico de insuficiencia cardiaca (p = 0,02). Conclusao: Pacientes septicos com historia pregressa de insuficiencia cardiaca receberam 1L de fluidos por via endovenosa a menos nas primeiras 24 horas, sem diferencas em termos de mortalidade.
Carbonyl Compounds in Mainstream Smoke of Hemp Cigarettes.

Introduction: CBD is a major phytocannabinoid in hemp (Cannabis sativa containing less than 0.3% THC). Hemp cigarettes are a combustible form of hemp consisting of dried and smokable flowers, which...
3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl is Metabolized to a Complex Mixture of Oxidative Metabolites, Including Novel Methoxylated Metabolites, by HepG2 Cells

3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11) is a byproduct of industrial processes and detected in environmental samples. PCB 11 and its metabolites are present in human serum, and emerging evidence demonstrates that PCB 11 is a developmental neurotoxicant. However, little is known about the metabolism of PCB 11 in humans. Here, we investigated the metabolism of PCB 11 and the associated metabolomics changes in HepG2 cells using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry. HepG2 cells were exposed for 24 h to PCB 11 in DMSO or DMSO alone. Cell culture media were analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Thirty different metabolites were formed by HepG2 cells exposed to 10 μM PCB 11, including monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, methoxylated-hydroxylated, and methoxylated-dihydroxylated metabolites and the corresponding sulfo and glucuronide conjugates. The methoxylated PCB metabolites were observed for the first time in a human-relevant model. 4-OH-PCB 11 (3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ol) and the corresponding catechol metabolite, 4,5-di-OH-PCB 11 (3',5-dichloro-3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl), were unambiguously identified based on liquid and gas chromatographic analyses. PCB 11 also altered several metabolic pathways, in particular vitamin B6 metabolism. These results demonstrate that complex PCB 11 metabolite profiles are formed in HepG2 cells that warrant further toxicological investigation, particularly since catechol metabolites are likely reactive and toxic.
Investigating the influence of autonomy controllability and observability on performance, trust, and risk perception

Abstract Given the rise in autonomous vehicles in domains like space and underwater exploration, military applications, and surface transportation, human supervisors must often remotely assess risk in path navigation tasks under uncertainty. However, human risk assessment often diverges from an autonomous planner's quantitative calculation of risk, which can lead to degraded system performance. To further investigate this, an experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of controllability and observability on participants’ performance, self-confidence, trust, and risk assessments in uncertain environments. Observability was expressed through a risk budget representation and controllability allowed participants to directly control the time horizon of autonomy-generated paths through different path leg lengths. Results demonstrated that observability of the risk budget did not impact performance but reduced self-confidence and trust in the autonomy when map complexity (i.e., number of obstacles) was high. Controllability of path planning algorithm leg lengths helped participants respect algorithm soft constraints, but they tended to take more risk as they approached the goal. This effort demonstrates that while risk-aware autonomy can generate optimized paths and quantify corresponding risks, designing interfaces to close the risk perception gap and enhance operator performance while promoting appropriate trust may not always have the intended effect.
Rethinking Table 1.

Abstract Clinical and translational medicine studies of disease risk or treatment response typically include a table 1 comparing groups on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Although customarily treated as biological variables, each denote biography, elements of a person's lived experience. Capturing these biographical features is essential to achieving the ambition of personalized medicine
Spatial Filtering Applications: Selected Percentage Datasets

Chapter 1 presents an overview of a variety of georeferenced binary/percentage datasets (see §1 .4.2). These data are further analyzed in this chapter to exemplify hovv spatial filtering methodology can capture positive spatial autocorrelation for georeferenced logistic/binomial variables and to demonstrate how spatial autocorrelation affects overdispersion.1 The classical binomial probability model assumes that, for areal unit i, observed percentage pi results from summing ni independent and identically distributed binary random variables.
TU-AB-207-02: Testing of Body and Breast Tomosynthesis Sytems

Digital Tomosynthesis (DT) is becoming increasingly common in breast imaging and many other applications. DT is a form of computed tomography in which a limited set of projection images are acquired over a small angular range and reconstructed into a tomographic data set. The angular range and number of projections is determined both by the imaging task and equipment manufacturer. For example, in breast imaging between 9 and 25 projections are acquired over a range of 15° to 60°. It is equally valid to treat DT as the digital analog of classical tomography - for example, linear tomography. In fact, the name “tomosynthesis” is an acronym for “synthetic tomography”. DT shares many common features with classical tomography, including the radiographic appearance, dose, and image quality considerations. As such, both the science and practical physics of DT systems is a hybrid between CT and classical tomographic methods. This lecture will consist of three presentations that will provide a complete overview of DT, including a review of the fundamentals of DT, a discussion of testing methods for DT systems, and a description of the clinical applications of DT. While digital breast tomosynthesis will be emphasized, analogies will be drawn to body imaging to illustrate and compare tomosynthesis methods. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the fundamental principles behind tomosynthesis, including the determinants of image quality and dose. 2. To learn how to test the performance of tomosynthesis imaging systems. 3. To appreciate the uses of tomosynthesis in the clinic and the future applications of tomosynthesis.
Integrating learning in a neural network

Previous efforts to integrate Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) and Similarity-Based Learning (SBL) have treated these methods as distinct interactive processes. In contrast, the synthesis presented here views these techniques as emergent properties of associative learning in a neural network. Results are presented showing the system performing pure EBL, pure SBL, and using induction to patch a partially specified domain.
Mechanical and acoustic properties of weakly cemented granular rocks

This paper presents the results of laboratory measurements on the mechanical and acoustic properties of weakly cemented granular rock. Artificial rock samples were fabricated by cementing sand and glass beads with sodium silicate binder. During uniaxial compression tests, the rock samples showed stress-strain behavior which was more similar to that of soils than competent rocks, exhibiting large permanent deformations with frictional slip. The mechanical behavior of the samples approached that of competent rocks as the amount of binder was increased. For very weak samples, acoustic waves propagating in these rocks showed very low velocities of less than 1000 m/sec for compressional waves. A borehole made within this weakly cemented rock exhibited a unique mode of failure that is called ''anti-KI mode fracture'' in this paper. The effect of cementation, grain type, and boundary conditions on this mode of failure was also examined experimentally.
THE EFFECT OF INCREMENTAL LOADING ON CREEP BEHAVIOR OF METALS

In structural analysis it is of basic importance to know whether small deviations (in stress and strain) from a basic state obey a linear visco-elastic law for a given metallic material. The paper starts with a discussion of a proposed series of tests by which the existence and the form of such linear relations may be determined. In the following section preliminary results of the proposed type of tests with lead wires are dis cussed. Finally the importance of the rational determination of time operators in the visco-elastic law is illustrated in the case of creep buckling of initially straight columns. The buckling criteria of RABOTNOV SHESTEBIKOV and SHANLEY are critically examined. The importance of the critical load based on the inelastic modulus is stressed.
Calculation of magnetic susceptibilities of diatomic molecules: I. General theory

Abstract A general formula is derived for the calculation of diamagnetic susceptibilities of diatomic molecules from molecular wave functions that are constructed from products of linear combinations of gauge invariant atomic orbitals. The only additional approximation which is introduced is connected with estimating effective average excitation energies. No applications to specific molecules are reported.
Mmeta: An R package for multivariate meta-analysis

This paper describes the core features of the R package mmeta, whichimplements the exact posterior inference of odds ratio, relative risk, and risk difference given either a single 2 × 2 table or multiple 2 × 2 tables when the risks within the same study are independent or correlated.
Intraoperative molecular imaging can identify lung adenocarcinomas during pulmonary resection

Abstract Background More than 80,000 people undergo resection of a pulmonary tumor each year, and the only method to determine if the tumor is malignant is histologic analysis. We propose that a targeted molecular contrast agent could bind lung adenocarcinomas, which could be identified using real-time optical imaging at the time of surgery. Methods Fifty patients with a biopsy-proven lung adenocarcinoma were enrolled. Before surgery, patients were systemically administered 0.1 mg/kg of a fluorescent folate receptor alpha (FRα)–targeted molecular contrast agent by intravenous infusion. During surgery, tumors were imaged in situ and ex vivo, after the lung parenchyma was dissected to directly expose the tumor to the imaging system. Results Tumors ranged from 0.3 to 7.5 cm (mean: 2.6 cm), and 46 of 50 (92%) lung adenocarcinomas were fluorescent. No false uptake occurred, and in 2 cases, intraoperative imaging revealed tumor metastases (3 mm and 6 mm) that were not recognized preoperatively. Four adenocarcinomas were not fluorescent, and immunohistochemistry showed that these adenocarcinomas did not express FRα. Tumor fluorescence was independent of nodule size, uptake of 2-deoxy-2-( 18 F)fluoro-D-glucose, histology, and tumor differentiation. Molecular imaging could identify only 7 of the 50 adenocarcinomas in situ in the patient without bisection. The most important predictor of the success of molecular imaging in locating the tumor in situ was the distance of the nodule from the pleural surface. Conclusions Intraoperative molecular imaging with a targeted contrast agent can identify lung adenocarcinomas, and this technology is currently useful in patients with subpleural tumors, irrespective of size. With further refinements, this tool may prove useful in locating adenocarcinomas that are deeper in the lung parenchyma, in lymph nodes, and at pleural and resection margins.
An assessment of thunderstorm probability forecasting skill

Abstract An analysis of the 11-year (1983–1993) skill of subjective 24-h thunderstorm probability forecasts made by staff and students at the State University of New York at Albany is presented. Skill is measured relative to the long-term National Weather Service climatology of thunder heard at 10 U.S. cities using the well-known Brier verification score. The 11-year average skill was 21.8% (standard deviation of 3.9%), and the annual increase in skill was a disappointing 0.1%. The sample correlation coefficient between the frequency of thunder events and the year-to-year variability of forecast skill was 0.53 for all cities combined.
Evaluation of matrix factorization method for data reduction and the unsupervised clustering of hyperspectral data using second-order statistics

We investigate a hyperspectral data reduction technique based on a matrix factorization method using the notion of linear independence instead of information measure, as an alternative to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or the Karhunen-Loeve Transform. The technique is applied to a hyperspectral database whose spectral samples are known. We proceed to cluster such dimension-reduced databases with an unsupervised second order statistics clustering method and we compare those results to those produced by first order statistics. We illustrate the above methodology by applying it to several spectral databases. Since we know the class to which each sample belongs to in the database, we can effectively assess the algorithms' clustering/classification accuracy. In addition to using unsupervised clustering of data for purposes of image segmentation, we investigate this algorithm as a means for improving the integrity of spectral databases by removing spurious samples.
Using microcomputers for graphics notes

People have been doing graphics since the early caveman started drawing pictures on the walls of the cave. Up until recently, if you wanted to do pictures using a computer, you needed to have a good deal of money and a high frustration threshold. That is beginning to change with the advent of inexpensive microcomputers.The word “graphics” may mean different things to different people. To a printer it might mean a dingbat, an artist might think of graphics as a part of a picture, or a business person could picture graphics as a pie chart. When I refer to the word “graphics”, I mean “visible media with the use of a microcomputer”. That is a rather broad definition and would include some pop artist blowtorching a micro and displaying it on a hubcap.I will use “graphics” in a more traditional term in that I will concentrate on the more usual functions like line, bar, and pie charts, animation, 3-dimensional graphics, and computer art. Within these major groupings are quite a number of application areas.
Magnetic correlations in high Tc oxides

Abstract A review is given of recent neutron scattering measurements on YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x and La 2−x Sr(Ba) x CuO 4 single crystals. The magnetic correlations in these high T c oxide systems are now well characterized over almost the entire concentration ranges. Particularly interesting properties are the appearance of a pseudo gap in superconducting 123 compositions and the ω/T dependence of the cross section in lightly doped La 2 CuO 4 .
Actin Nucleation: Cortactin Caught in the Act

A variety of activators stimulate Arp2/3 complex to nucleate branched actin filament structures. New results provide important biochemical and structural information for activation by the proteins cortactin and N-WASP.
Tensionless Branes and Discrete Gauge Symmetry

We argue that the tensionless branes recently found on non-BPS D-branes using noncommutative field theory are, in fact, gauge equivalent to the vacuum under a discrete gauge symmetry. We also give a simple construction of the D(2p)-branes in type IIA theory starting from a single non-BPS D9-brane.
Two Unstable β Chain Variants Associated with β-Thalassemia: Hb Miami [β116(G18)His→Pro], and Hb Hershey [β70(E14)Ala→Gly], and a Second Unstable Hb Variant at β70: Hb Abington [β70(E14)Ala→Pro]

We report on three previously undescribed unstable hemoglobin (Hb) variants: Hb Miami, Hb Hershey and Hb Abington. Hb Miami was associated with a β+-thalassemia (thal) mutation [IVS-I-110 (G→A)], whereas Hb Hershey was associated with a β0-thal mutation [IVS-I-1 (G→A)]. Hb Hershey also has decreased oxygen affinity. These three Hb variants illustrate the range of clinical severity that can be seen with unstable Hb variants, particularly when combined with a thalassemic mutation.
Success Without Strategy: E-Government Development in Estonia

This paper gives an overview of e-government development in Estonia. The analysis incorporates both public sector initiatives and private sector developments which have contributed to the evolution of e-government. Private sector agents are seen as endogenous, not exogenous, in explaining e-government performance. Ultimately, the development of Internet banking by the private sector was fundamental in enabling the government to launch interactive online services. The findings reveal that the implementation of Estonian e-government is considerably more heterogeneous than previous studies have indicated. Basic service delivery and platforms for participation vary significantly across functional areas. Some ministries have provided innovative online services for the last ten years while others still struggle in making basic information available online. The availability of innovative platforms for online political participation has delivered remarkable outcomes in the last elections, while they have consistently failed to engage the public in the legislative process.
High-Capacity Methane Storage in Metal−Organic Frameworks M2(dhtp): The Important Role of Open Metal Sites

We found that metal−organic framework (MOF) compounds M2(dhtp) (open metal M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn; dhtp = 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate) possess exceptionally large densities of open metal sites. By adsorbing one CH4 molecule per open metal, these sites alone can generate very large methane storage capacities, 160−174 cm3(STP)/cm3, approaching the DOE target of 180 cm3(STP)/cm3 for material-based methane storage at room temperature. Our adsorption isotherm measurements at 298 K and 35 bar for the five M2(dhtp) compounds yield excess methane adsorption capacities ranging from 149 to 190 cm3(STP)/cm3 (derived using their crystal densities), indeed roughly equal to the predicted, maximal adsorption capacities of the open metals (within ±10%) in these MOFs. Among the five isostructural MOFs studied, Ni2(dhtp) exhibits the highest methane storage capacity, ∼200 cm3(STP)/cm3 in terms of absolute adsorption, potentially surpassing the DOE target by ∼10%. Our neutron diffraction experiments clearly reveal that the p...
Role of Delay of Feedback on Subsequent Pattern Recognition Transfer Tasks.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of delay of feedback on immediate and delayed transfer tasks involving different pattern recognition strategies. The four conditions of delay of feedback in both experiments were 0, 10, 20, and 30 s, respectively. Among the major findings was that delay of feedback resulted in greater retention of the concepts underlying construction of the different patterns, in all transfer tasks. The results extend the range of the delayed retention effect and are interpreted as support for the Kulhavy-Anderson interference-perseveration hypothesis.
Formation of waves on a horizontal erodible bed of particles

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for the initial growth of sand waves on the surface of a settled layer of particles are studied experimentally and theoretically. Experiments employ water-glycerin solutions of 1–14 cP and glass spheres (ϱs = 2.4 g/cm3) that are either 100 or 300 μm in diameter. The particle Reynolds number and Shields parameter are of order one and the flow Reynolds number is of order 1000 to 10,000. Experimentally obtained regime maps of sand wave behavior and data on the wavelengths of the sand waves that first appear on the surface of the settled bed are presented. Turbulence in the clear liquid is not necessary for formation of waves and there is no dramatic change in behavior as the flowrate is increased across the turbulent transition. The initial wavelength varies as the Fronde number to the first power. Because a flowing suspension phase is observed before waves form, linear stability analysis of the clear-layer—suspension-layer cocurrent two-phase flow is presented. The suspension phase is modeled as a continuum that has an either constant or exponentially increasing viscosity. Neither of the models correctly predicts the wavelength for the first observed waves, their growth rate or their speed. However, the initial wavelength is found to agree well with the trajectory length for a saltating particle obtained from a model for forces on individual particles.
The STM4195 Gene Product (PanS) Transports Coenzyme A Precursors in Salmonella enterica

ABSTRACT Coenzyme A (CoA) is a ubiquitous coenzyme involved in fundamental metabolic processes. CoA is synthesized from pantothenic acid by a pathway that is largely conserved among bacteria and eukaryotes and consists of five enzymatic steps. While higher organisms, including humans, must scavenge pantothenate from the environment, most bacteria and plants are capable of de novo pantothenate biosynthesis. In Salmonella enterica, precursors to pantothenate can be salvaged, but subsequent intermediates are not transported due to their phosphorylated state, and thus the pathway from pantothenate to CoA is considered essential. Genetic analyses identified the STM4195 gene product of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a transporter of pantothenate precursors, ketopantoate and pantoate and, to a lesser extent, pantothenate. Further results indicated that STM4195 transports a product of CoA degradation that serves as a precursor to CoA and enters the biosynthetic pathway between PanC and CoaBC ( dfp ). The relevant CoA derivative is distinguishable from pantothenate, pantetheine, and pantethine and has spectral properties indicating the adenine moiety of CoA is intact. Taken together, the results presented here provide evidence of a transport mechanism for the uptake of ketopantoate, pantoate, and pantothenate and demonstrate a role for STM4195 in the salvage of a CoA derivative of unknown structure. The STM4195 gene is renamed panS to reflect participation in pantothenate salvage that was uncovered herein. IMPORTANCE This manuscript describes a transporter for two pantothenate precursors in addition to the existence and transport of a salvageable coenzyme A (CoA) derivative. Specifically, these studies defined a function for an STM protein in S. enterica that was distinct from the annotated role and led to its designation as PanS (pantothenate salvage). The presence of a salvageable CoA derivative and a transporter for it suggests the possibility that this compound is present in the environment and may serve a role in CoA synthesis for some organisms. As such, this work raises important question about CoA salvage that can be pursued with future studies in bacteria and other organisms.
Satisfaction and Outcomes of Depressed Older Adults With Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialists in Primary Care

BACKGROUND: Recent models integrating depression care management into primary care have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. To date, none have examined psychiatric—mental health clinical nurse specialists (PCNSs) as providers in primary care.OBJECTIVES:To describe patient perception of and satisfaction with care provided by PCNSs, to compare patients with high versus lower levels of satisfaction and clinical outcomes, and to explore patient preference for future depression treatment and willingness to copay for PCNS services.STUDY DESIGN: A postintervention survey after a 12-month late-life depression care program delivered by a PCNS in primary care. Participants were 105 adults age 60 or older with major depression and/or dysthymia.RESULTS: A majority of patients perceived PCNS care as excellent, were highly satisfied with the relationship with the PCNS, would seek future treatment with the PCNS, preferred the primary care physician's office for mental health care, and repor...
Enforced Pregnancy, Rape, and the Image of Woman

Most philosophical discussions of abortion focus on the harms and rights of the individual women and fetuses directly involved. They concentrate on the questions of whether the fetus is a person, or whether it is a being sufficiently like persons to deserve a right to life, and whether the rights of the fetus are counterbalanced by the women's right to privacy or freedom from interference.
Nonlocal interactions between electrons and Alfvén waves on auroral field lines

[1] The interaction of auroral electrons with kinetic Alfven waves is complicated by the fact that the Alfven speed above the ionosphere is strongly inhomogeneous, leading to a region often referred to as the ionospheric Alfven resonator (IAR). For these waves, the wave-particle interaction must be treated with a nonlocal kinetic approach. Linear damping of these waves due to the wave-particle interaction has been calculated based on a quasi-dipolar field line model; however, particle orbits in the wave field are not well described by perturbation theory due to the development of new turning points in the particle trajectories, especially for low-energy particles. Full orbit calculations of such particles have been performed in order to assess the validity of the linear theory and to determine how much wave energy is converted into electron energy flux that is precipitated into the ionosphere. In addition, the precipitating electrons show a phase shift with respect to the field-aligned current in the waves, leading to a modification of theories of ionospheric feedback in the ionospheric Alfven resonator.
Boundary element solutions of multiple, interacting crack problems in plane elastic media

Abstract The Green's function solutions for a point load in an infinite elastic media containing a crack are used to determine specialized kernels for the governing integral equation. A plane problem on a bounded region with an enclosed crack can then be formulated by the usual boundary element method; the crack is explicitly accounted for. Stress-intensity factors are obtained from limiting forms of the interior stress identity, that is, in terms of an integral over the outer boundary of the region. Assuming quadratic variation of all variables, the boundary element method is implemented so as to allow for multiple regions, each with possibly different material properties. Hence, multiple crack problem solutions are obtained by enclosing each crack in an individual region. Example problems of individual and interacting cracks are given.
Reactivity and binding of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide to poly(dG-dC)·(dG-dC) and poly(dG-m5dC)·(dg-m5dC) in the B and Z forms

Abstract The physical and covalent binding of the carcinogen benzo (a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-oxide (BaPDE) to poly(dG-dC)·(dG-dC) and poly(dG-m5dC)·s(dG-m5dC) in the B and Z forms were studied utilizing absorbance, fluorescence and linear dichroism techniques. In the case of poly(dG-dC)·(dG-dC) the decrease in the covalent binding of BaPDE with increasing NaCl concentration (0.1–4 M) as the B form is transformed to the Z form is attributed to the effects of high ionic strengths on the reactivity and physical binding of BaPDE to the polynucleotides; these effects tend to obscure differences in reactivities with the B and Z forms of the nucleic acids. In the case of poly(dG-m5dC)·(dG-m5dC) the B-to-Z transition is induced at low ionic strength (2 mM NaCl + 10 μM Co(NH3)6Cl 3) and the covalent binding is found to be 2–3-times lower to the Z form than to the B form. Physical binding of BaPDE by intercalation, which precedes the covalent binding reaction, is significantly lower in the Z form than in the B form, thus accounting, in part, for the lower covalent binding. The linear dichroism characteristics of BaPDE covalently bound to the Z and B forms of poly(dG-m5dC)·(dG-m5dC) are consistent with nonintercalative, probably external conformations of the aromatic pyrenyl residues.
APLP1, Alzheimer's-like pathology and neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex of manganese-exposed non-human primates

Chronic manganese (Mn) exposure produces a neurological syndrome with psychiatric, cognitive and parkinsonian features. Gene expression studies in the frontal cortex of Cynomolgus macaques exposed to different doses of Mn showed gene expression changes associated with cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, apoptosis, ubiquitin-proteasome system, protein folding, cholesterol homeostasis, axonal/vesicular transport and inflammation. Amyloid-β (A-β) precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1), a member of the amyloid precursor family, was the most highly up-regulated gene. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased APLP1 expression and revealed the presence of A-β diffuse plaques. Cortical neurons and white matter fibers from Mn-exposed animals exhibited accumulation of silver grains indicative of on-going degeneration. Cortical neurons also expressed nuclear hypertrophy, intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and apoptotis stigmata. The levels of p53 were increased in neurons and glial cells in Mn-exposed tissue. Analysis of another amyloidogenic protein, α-synuclein, also exhibited aggregation in the gray and white matter from Mn-exposed animals. In summary, chronic Mn exposure in non-human primates produces a cellular stress response leading to neurodegenerative changes, diffuse A-β plaques and α-synuclein aggregation in the frontal cortex. These changes may help explain the cognitive and working memory deficits expressed by these animals.
ESR at millimetre and sub-millimetre wave frequencies

The advantages, applications and design principles behind using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometers at millimetre and sub-millimetre wave frequencies are outlined. A sensitive quasioptical ESR spectrometer operating in the frequency range 80-200 GHz and temperature range 2.5 K to 250 K is described and some of the future technical challenges in the design of high field ESR spectrometers are discussed.
Transfer of optical spectral weight in magnetically ordered superconductors

We show that, in antiferromagnetic superconductors, the optical spectral weight transferred to low frequencies below the superconducting transition temperature originates from energies that can be much larger than twice the superconducting gap $\Delta$. This contrasts to non-magnetic superconductors, where the optical spectrum is suppressed only for frequencies below $2\Delta$. In particular, we demonstrate that the superfluid condensate of the magnetically ordered superconductor is not only due to states of the magnetically reconstructed Fermi surface, but is enhanced by transfer of spectral weight from the mid infrared peak generated by the spin density wave gap. We apply our results to the iron arsenide superconductors, addressing the decrease of the zero-temperature superfluid density in the doping regime where magnetism coexists with unconventional superconductivity.
The chicken Chemotactic and Angiogenic Factor (cCAF), a CXC chemokine.

Abstract The chemokine cCAF (chicken Chemotactic and Angiogenic Factor), is the product of the 9E3/CEF4 gene. Its name reflects the biological properties of the protein: chemotactic and angiogenic. This CXC chemokine is highly homologous to human IL-8, both at the protein and gene level. Molecular modeling based on the known structure of IL-8 shows that the structure of cCAF is very similar to that of other CXC chemokines. Regulation of expression occurs both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The cCAF protein is secreted very rapidly as a 9kDa molecule and can be cleaved in the N-terminus after secretion to produce a smaller form (∼7kDa) that binds to ECM molecules. Plasmin, an enzyme present in the early stages of wound healing and in tumor stroma, cleaves the 9kDa to the 7kDa form. The biological properties of this chemokine and its patterns of expression in vivo strongly suggest that cCAF plays important roles in traumatic and pathological conditions.
A biological role for prokaryotic ClC chloride channels

An unexpected finding emerging from large-scale genome analyses is that prokaryotes express ion channels belonging to molecular families long studied in neurons. Bacteria and archaea are now known to carry genes for potassium channels of the voltage-gated, inward rectifier and calcium-activated classes, ClC-type chloride channels, an ionotropic glutamate receptor and a sodium channel. For two potassium channels and a chloride channel, these homologues have provided a means to direct structure determination. And yet the purposes of these ion channels in bacteria are unknown. Strong conservation of functionally important sequences from bacteria to vertebrates, and of structure itself, suggests that prokaryotes use ion channels in roles more adaptive than providing high-quality protein to structural biologists. Here we show that Escherichia coli uses chloride channels of the widespread ClC family in the extreme acid resistance response. We propose that the channels function as an electrical shunt for an outwardly directed virtual proton pump that is linked to amino acid decarboxylation.
On Naipaul's Cultural Positions in The Middle Passage

In his article "On Naipaul's Cultural Positions in The Middle Passage" Shizen Ozawa discusses V.S. Naipaul's first travel writing. An account of his "returning" journey to the five Caribbean "colonial societies," The Middle Passage constitutes a major turning point in Naipaul's literary career. Whereas his earlier novels depict his homeland of Trinidad ironically, although with a certain warmth and sympathy, from The Middle Passage on the world depicted both in his fictions and non-fictions turns bleaker. Correspondingly, his authorial persona changes from that of a West Indian writer to a controversial chronicler of chaotic postcolonial conditions. Ozawa analyses how Naipaul positions himself in relation to the Caribbean societies he describes and demonstrates that Naipaul characterizes himself strategically as a cultural insider in some passages and as an outsider in others. Naipaul's frequent references to Victorian metropolitan travelers are also discussed in terms of the Naipaul's cultural affiliations. Shizen Ozawa, "On Naipaul's Cultural Positions in The Middle Passage" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.5 (2012): Special issue New Work about the Journey and Its Portrayals. Ed. I-Chun Wang
Infrared spectra of the unknown dialane (Al2H6) and recently observed digallane (Ga2H6) molecules

Abstract Equilibrium molecular structures and infrared spectra of dialane and digallane were obtained from all-electron ab initio molecular orbital calculations using basis sets of triple-zeta plus polarization quality. Parallel studies of diborane are used to calibrate the reliability of the Al2H6 and Ga2H6 theoretical predictions. Comparison of theoretical and experimental IR spectra for digallane shows good agreement if four of the seven experimental vibrational assignments are changed.
Transport investigation of HgTeCdTe single and multiple quantum wells

Abstract We compare and contrast the magneto-transport properties of HgTeCdTe single quantum wells, multiple quantum wells, and superlattices. In agreement with theory, electron mass broadening is observed in the superlattices but not in the single or multiple quantum wells. We also observe for the first time a second semiconducting region in thick-well structures which was recently predicted theoretically.
Epigenesis: The Missing Beat in Biotechnology?

The range of human phenotypes/diseases for which our burgeoning bio-molecular data base is sufficient to provide understanding, diagnosis, and therapy is small. Only 2 percent of our total disease load is related to monogenic causality, and even here the final phenotype is modulated by many factors. Monogenic logic cannot, moreover, be applied to the 98 percent of our most important sources of premature disability and death. This article provides an analysis of the limits of genetic thinking in biotechnology and describes the outline for another approach to understanding complex cellular/physiological systems. In this outline, rules governing physiological regulation and cellular and higher levels of organization are located not in the genome, but in interactive epigenetic networks which themselves organize genomic response to environmental signaling.
Intermetropolitan Comparison of Transportation Accessibility: Sorting Out Mobility and Proximity in San Francisco and Washington, D.C

Both mobility and proximity influence transportation accessibility, but they exist in tension with each other. To understand the region-level trade-off between mobility and proximity requires intermetropolitan comparisons of accessibility. With a focus on the two metropolitan cases of San Francisco and Washington, D.C., we first describe a method for comparing regional accessibility and then explain a method that separates out the effects of mobility and proximity on regional accessibility. We find that the San Francisco region enjoys an accessibility advantage over Washington largely because of faster highway speeds but that central Washington offers an advantage in proximity.
Nickel limitation and zinc toxicity in a urea‐grown diatom

When growing on urea as a nitrogen source, diatoms must accumulate nickel (Ni), a cofactor in the urease enzyme, which hydrolyzes urea. The uptake of Ni at low ambient concentrations is particularly challenging in view of the slow rate of reaction of the Ni2+ ion with uptake ligands. As expected, cultures of the model diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana become limited at very low Ni concentrations when growing on urea but not on nitrate or ammonium as a nitrogen source. At high Ni concentrations, urea-grown cultures of T. weissflogii exhibit similar accumulation of various other metals to nitrate-grown cultures and the same sensitivity to zinc and copper (Zn and Cu) concentrations. But at low Ni concentrations, T. weissflogii cells growing on urea accumulate excess Zn and exhibit extreme sensitivity to Zn toxicity. It appears that Zn accumulates in cells growing at low Ni concentrations by uptake through the up-regulated Ni transport system. The resulting sensitivity of Ni-limited cells to Zn (or to other metals that may be taken up via the Ni transport system) may limit the use of urea as a source of nitrogen in the oceans by some phytoplankton species.