cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Federal League Baseball Club of Baltimore v. National League et al.

In Federal League Baseball Club of Baltimore v. National League (1922), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that Major League Baseball did not affect interstate commerce, an astounding decision even at the time. As a result, the restrictive baseball reserve system, which bound a ballplayer to his club for his entire work life at salary unilaterally determined by his employer, was held not cognizable under the federal antitrust laws. This chapter explains the origins of the decision in the economic battle between Organized Baseball and the rival Federal League and the arguments made by the parties in their briefs submitted to the Court. It then explores Justice Holmes’ decision which continues to remain the law, but only in the business of baseball.
High-order FEM-BEM computer models for wave propagation in unbounded and heterogeneous media

Efficient computational models that retain essential physics of the associated continuous mathematical models are important for several applications including acoustic horn optimization. For heterogeneous wave propagation models that are naturally posed on unbounded domains, a crucial physical requirement is that the scattered fields are radiating and satisfy a radiation condition at infinity. We describe and implement an efficient high-order coupled computer model for acoustic wave propagation in an unbounded region comprising bounded heterogeneous media with several obstacles. Our unbounded and heterogeneous media computer model retains the radiation condition exactly and hence is readily applicable for the celebrated acoustic horn problem. This approach is more suitable than using a standard low-order approximation of the radiation condition. Using parallel computing environments, we demonstrate the high-order algorithm with extensive numerical experiments and computational analysis, including the model horn problem with several material property parameters. Our efficient computer models and validation in this work lead to some interesting mathematical and numerical analysis problems for the acoustic system defined on unbounded and heterogeneous media comprising smooth, non-smooth, horn, impenetrable, and penetrable obstacles.
The Effect of Ouabain on the Oxygen Consumption of Cardiac Ventricular Muscle

SummaryThe oxygen consumption of the resting frog's heart is about one-fourth that of the working heart.8 Ouabain, as one of the digitaloid drugs, brings the heart to a standstill and simultaneously increases the oxygen consumption. This effect is greater in Ringer's than in sucrose solution. In certain concentrations this effect may be masked by a decrease in work, which results from cessation of beating. The time for the action of this drug on the oxygen consumption is inversely proportional to its concentration and does not seem to be affected by the presence of ions.
Erbium doped silicon photonic crystals for light sources and amplifiers

We demonstrated enhancement of light emission from Er-doped silicon photonic crystal cavities, as well as cavity linewidth narrowing with increasing optical pump power at low temperature - an indication of differential gain in the system.
The response of runoff and sediment loading in the Apalachicola River, Florida to climate and land use land cover change

The response of runoff and sediment loading in the Apalachicola River under projected climate change scenarios and land use land cover (LULC) change is evaluated. A hydrologic model using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool was developed for the Apalachicola region to simulate daily runoff and sediment load under present (circa 2000) and future conditions (2100) to understand how parameters respond over a seasonal time frame to changes in climate, LULC, and coupled climate/LULC. The Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator was used to downscale temperature and precipitation from three general circulation models, each under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) carbon emission scenarios A2, A1B, and B1. Projected 2100 LULC data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center was incorporated for each corresponding IPCC scenario. Results indicate that climate change may induce seasonal shifts to both runoff and sediment loading. Changes in LULC showed that more sediment load was associated with increased agriculture and urban areas and decreased forested regions. A nonlinear response for both runoff and sediment loading was observed by coupling climate and LULC change, suggesting that both should be incorporated into hydrologic models when studying the future conditions. The outcomes from this research can be used to better guide management practices and mitigation strategies.
Health sciences information sources

(1983). Health sciences information sources. Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 276-277.
Research on the Situations and Tactics of Liaoning Industrial Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance

The theories of industrial technology innovation strategic alliance were sorted out,and the relationship and significance of industrial technology innovation strategic alliance and regional innovation system were analyzed.Besides,the paper explored such problems of Liaoning industrial technology innovation strategic alliance as the small number of alliances,the poor sense of responsibility of backbone enterprises participating in the construction of alliances,the unsound operating mechanism and the low level of overall alliance construction.It is suggested that the three spiral structures be strengthened,the alliance partnership be optimized,the relationship between different levels of technology research and development be deepened,the findings and risk sharing mechanism be perfected,the relationship between government investment and enterprise investment be coordinated,the relationship between overall interest and individual interest be optimized,the relationship between competition and cooperation be established,the relationship between resources integration and optimal configuration be clarified,the relationship among various alliance modes be coordinated,and the openness and limitation of alliance be ascertained.
An Analysis of the Performance of the Pulse Tube Refrigerator

A recent series of papers by Gifford and Longsworth [1–3] describe a simple refrigeration device (illustrated schematically in Fig. 1) which has potential applications. They have called this device a “pulse tube refrigerator.” The pulse tube refrigerator consists of a regenerator connected in series with an open tube, which is the pulse tube. The void volume of the regenerator is V R and the void volume of the pulse tube is V pt . Gas enters and leaves the device through the warm end of the regenerator which is at a temperature T W . The volume V h , which is connected to the end of the pulse tube, is maintained at a temperature T h by means of cooling medium. In general, at least for the simple pulse tube, both T h and T W will be approximately at room temperature.
Inverse scattering with chemical composition constraints for spectroscopic tomography

A dramatic reduction in data required for chemically specific 3-D imaging is achieved through prior constraints on the known constituents of the sample. We solve the inverse scattering problem to determine morphology and composition.
Comparison of top- and bottom-contact pentacene field-effect transistors using photocurrent microscopy

Overview Bottom-contact (BC) organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), though more industry-relevant than top-contact (TC) OFETs, are prone to low source-drain currents. The underlying mechanisms behind this remain debated. Thus, our work uses photocurrent microscopy (PCM) to examine charge injection in BC and TC geometries. PCM maps were generated first for OFETs with no electrode or gate dielectric treatments. Potential plots were quantitatively derived from the results using a method from previous work. [1] PCM maps were then collected for devices treated with 1. pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT), known to improve semiconductor morphology [2], and 2. UV-ozone, which is thought to enhance trap-assisted carrier transport. [3] These treatments were chosen, because they significantly increase source-drain current in BC devices, but in vastly different ways. In addition, unlike other photocurrent studies, we used a range of illumination wavelengths so as to probe various exciton states.
Photonic hypercrystals: new media for control of light-matter interaction(Conference Presentation)

Photonic crystals and metamaterials have emerged as the most widely used artificial media for controlling light-matter interaction in solid state systems. The former relies on Bragg scattering from wavelength sized periodic modulation in the dielectric environment while the latter has sub-wavelength sized sub-structures that are designed to give an effective medium response. Here we report a new class of artificial photonic media: “photonics hypercrystals” for control of light matter interaction. Hypercrystals are distinct from photonic crystals, as both material scales involved - the hypercrystal period and the unit cells of its material components - are sub-wavelength. And they are also not metamaterials, as their electromagnetic response is qualitatively different from the expected averaged behavior. This fundamental difference results in a number of nontrivial electromagnetic properties of the hypercrystals, that can be observed in experiment and even lead to practical devices - from broadband enhancement of spontaneous emission and light out-coupling which has never to date been demonstrated simultaneously in either metamaterials or photonic crystals, to Dirac physics and singularities in sub-wavelength sized lattice. Specifically, we demonstrate enhanced spontaneous emission rate (x20) and light out-coupling (x100) from a two-dimensional metal-dielectric hypercrystal embedded with quantum dots. Such designer photonic media with complete control over the optical properties provide a new platform for broadband control of light-matter interaction.
Implications of the Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Response and the Foreign Body Reaction to the Immune Response of Implanted Biomaterials

In vivo implantation of medical devices, prostheses, biomaterials, and tissue-engineered scaffolds initiates the innate immune response consisting of acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, and the foreign body reaction (FBR) within the first 2 weeks following implantation. This chapter focuses on these humoral and cellular events occurring at the implant site immediately following implantation. Following injury/implantation, blood-material interactions occur and the provisional matrix is formed. Acute inflammation consisting predominantly of polymorphonuclear leukocytes follows but resolves quickly, usually within the first week if not sooner, depending on the extent of injury at the implant site. Chronic inflammation consisting of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes follows acute inflammation. This process also resolves quickly with biocompatible materials leaving monocytes and macrophages to interact at the interface of the implanted device or material. The FBR at the interface with biomaterials is composed of macrophages, which may fuse together to form foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). Outside the FBR at the biomaterial interface, fibrosis and fibrous encapsulation occur in the final stages of the healing response to the implanted biomaterial. Numerous challenges including lack of understanding of these responses in vivo currently limit projection to clinical application of the respective medical device, prosthesis, or biomaterial. The end-stage of the innate immune response consisting of the FBR at the interface with fibrous encapsulation has received extensive attention over the past decade. Numerous efforts have been made to downregulate the activity of macrophages and FBGCs at the interface and to decrease/eliminate the fibrous capsule formation. Ultimately, the success or failure of medical devices, implants, biomaterials, and tissue-engineered constructs is modulated by the interaction between their characteristics, patient conditions, and surgical technique.
Building the quietest space on earth: Precision optical systems for advanced LIGO

The recent detection of gravitational waves was made possible by the finest laser interferometers ever built. I will describe Advanced LIGO's optics, isolation, and control systems and discuss how the recent upgrades have changed our ability to “listen” to the universe.
Erythropoietin-Associated CFU-E Expansion: A Novel Mechanism Responsible for Erythroid Recovery Following Sublethal Radiation.

Abstract 1483 Poster Board I-506 Although the synthesis of two million red blood cells every second is essential for the maintenance of steady state levels of blood cells as well as our well-being, very little is known about the sensitivity of the erythroid lineage to injury or its kinetics and mechanisms of recovery. A novel multispectral imaging flow cytometry analysis utilizing the AMNIS ImageStream and functional colony assays were utilized to study the response of the erythroid lineage in C57Bl/6 mice following 4 Gray whole body irradiation. BrdU cell cycle analysis and erythropoietin ELISA assays were also utilized to investigate erythroid recovery after radiation injury. Two days post-radiation, all erythroid progenitors and precursors in the marrow were severely depleted. Over the next week, early-stage progenitors (BFU-E) only made a partial recovery. In marked contrast, late-stage progenitors (CFU-E) dramatically expanded in numbers at 5-6 days post-radiation to greater than 200% of normal. These CFU-E subsequently generated a wave of erythroid precursors that culminated in the emergence of circulating reticulocytes beginning at 8-9 days post-radiation. Rapid expansion of the CFU-E compartment was associated with an increase in cell cycling. CFU-E expansion was also temporally associated with an acute 20-fold increase in circulating levels of erythropoietin (EPO). Additionally, exogenous EPO administration at 4 days post-radiation resulted in further expansion of CFU-E 2 days later. Interestingly, erythroid progenitors and precursors were not found in the spleen after radiation, indicating that recovery of the erythroid lineage after direct marrow injury is not associated with extramedullary erythropoiesis. We conclude that erythroid progenitors and precursors, unlike circulating erythrocytes, are exquisitely sensitive to clastogenic insults such as radiation. Furthermore, we conclude that the acute recovery of erythropoiesis following sublethal radiation injury is centered on profound expansion and robust cycling of CFU-E. The temporal association of this CFU-E expansion both with the endogenous upregulation and with the exogenous administration of EPO suggests that CFU-E expansion is due primarily to erythropoietin stimulation. We hypothesize CFU-E expansion in the marrow may represent a novel adaptive mechanism of the erythroid lineage to acute injury. Overall, a more thorough understanding of radiation-induced erythroid injury and recovery will ultimately lead to new treatments to protect and mitigate the hematopoietic system from clastogenic agents such as radiation and chemotherapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Comment: Headache medicine as an emerging subspecialty—Irony and reality

In a narrative review, Begasse de Dhaem and Minen reframe headache medicine as an emerging subspecialty of neurology.1 The authors provide a timeline spanning 2 millennia that chronicles historical, educational, scientific, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments in the field. Headache medicine as a discipline has existed for over half of a century, with organizational efforts long led by what is now known as the American Headache Society. The vast majority of headache specialists have been neurologists.
Outcomes of the Ilizarov frame use in elderly patients

Abstract Aim The use of circular frame is widely accepted. This is an outcome review on use of circular Ilizarov frame in elderly patients. Materials & methods Data from all patients treated with an Ilizarov circular frame between January 2002 and December 2014, who were 65 years of age or over at surgery was collected. Seventy Ilizarov circular frames were applied during this period in our unit at a mean age of 71.2 years. Clinical, radiological and quality of life questionnaire (SF-12) data were gathered. Mortality, complication and revision data were also collected. Results Indications of application of Ilizarov frame were fractures (53%), non-unions (19%), deformity correction (7%) and ankle fusions (21%). Mean period of time in the frame was 184.4 ± 84.2 days. Mortality and complication rates were low (5–7%) at a mean follow-up 4.2 years. There was no case of septic arthritis or newly induced deep infection. Physical and Mental components of SF-12 questionnaire returned to normal for that age group. There was no difference between the subgroups (tibia plateau fractures, pilon fractures, ankle fusions, non-unions, deformity correction and miscellaneous trauma) concerning the physical and mental subjective (PCS and MCS SF-12 component) outcomes (p > 0.05). Conclusions Ilizarov circular frame as a definitive treatment of many kinds of trauma and orthopaedic conditions can be safely and reliably used in the elderly with good quality of life results.
Review of Mechanical, Processing, and Immunologic Factors Associated With Outcomes of Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation of the Talus.

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are an increasingly implicated cause of ankle pain and instability. Several treatment methods exist with varying clinical outcomes. Due in part to successful osteochondral allografting (OCA) in other joints, such as the knee and shoulder, OCA has gained popularity as a treatment option, especially in the setting of large lesions. The clinical outcomes of talar OCA have been inconsistent relative to the positive results observed in other joints. Current literature regarding OCA failure focuses mainly on 3 factors: the effect of graft storage conditions on chondrocyte viability, graft/lesion size, and operative technique. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability for bone and cartilage tissue to invoke an immune response, and a limited number of clinical studies have suggested that this response may have the potential to influence outcomes after transplantation. Further research is warranted to investigate the role of immunological mechanisms as an etiology of OCA failure. Level of evidence Level V, expert opinion.
Different underlying motivations and abilities predict student versus teacher persistence in an online course

Free online courses, including Massively Open Online Courses, have great potential to increase the inclusiveness of education, but suffer from very high course dropout rates. A study of 172 K-12 students and 114 K-12 teachers taking the same free, online, summertime programming course finds that student and teacher populations have different underlying motivational models that predict rates of persistence in the course despite having generally similar motivational levels. Student persistence is predicted by prior programming knowledge, intrinsic interest in the subject matter, and mastery approach goals. By contrast, teacher persistence is similarly predicted by intrinsic interest, but then also by self-identity as a programmer, performance approach goals, and negatively by performance avoidance goals. This sub-population discrepancy in predictive factors is novel, and may be reflective of differing environmental conditions or internal mechanisms between students and teachers. Future design of free choice learning environments can take these factors into account to increase rates of user persistence for different target user populations.
Inter-subject phase synchronization and the dynamics of human cognition

Massive whole-brain blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal modulation (up to 95% of brain voxels) in response to task stimuli has recently been reported in functional MRI investigations. These findings have two implications. First, they highlight inability of a conventional 'top-down' general linear model approach to capture all forms of task-driven brain activity. Second, as opposed to a static 'active' or 'non-active' localization theory of the neural implementation of cognitive processes, functional neuroimaging should develop and pursue dynamical theories of cognition involving the dynamic interactions of all brain networks, in line with psychological constructionist theories of cognition. In this study, we describe a novel exploratory, bottom-up approach that directly estimates task-driven brain activity regardless of whether it follows an a priori reference function. Leveraging the property that task-driven brain activity is associated with reductions in BOLD signal variability, we combine the tools of instantaneous phase synchronization and independent component analysis to characterize whole-brain task-driven activity in terms of group-wise similarity in temporal signal dynamics of brain networks. We applied this novel framework to task fMRI data from a motor, theory of mind and working memory task provided through the Human Connectome Project. We discovered a large number of brain networks that dynamically synchronized to various features of the task scan, some overlapping with areas identified as 'active' in the top-down GLM approach. Using the results provided through this novel approach, we provide a more comprehensive description of cognitive processes whereby task-related brain activity is not restricted to dichotomous 'active' or 'non-active' inferences, but is characterized by the temporal dynamics of brain networks across time.
Common Causes of Rejection

Medical writing and publication have changed dramatically over the last century. The theatrical prose of the nineteenth and early twentieth century has given way to methodical, regimented reporting structures. One may contrast Samuel Gross’s well-known description of shock in 1862 as the “rude unhinging of the machinery of life” to that of the author’s recent description as “a state of tissue dysoxia in which oxygen delivery is insufficient to meet metabolic demands.” Although the former is far more eloquent, it would almost certainly be more likely to be rejected by a contemporary journal.
Refractory Hepatic Encephalopathy After Elective Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Risk Factors and Outcomes with Revision.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication of elective transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement and is often successfully medically managed. Risk factors for refractory hepatic encephalopathy (RHE) necessitating revision of TIPS are not well defined. We evaluated the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of post-TIPS RHE necessitating TIPS revision. In a retrospective cohort study of 174 consecutive patients undergoing elective TIPS placement (2010–2015), we evaluated the incidence of post-TIPS RHE. Clinical demographics and procedural variables were collected. 1-year outcomes after revision were collected. Ten of 174 patients (5.7%) developed post-TIPS RHE requiring revision. Significant differences between RHE and non-refractory groups were shunt size > 8 versus ≤ 8 mm (18.5 vs. 3.4%, p = 0.001), history of HE (14 vs. 2%, p = 0.007), and serum albumin levels ≤ 2.5 versus > 2.5 g/dL (13.1 vs. 3.1%, p = 0.020). On multivariate analysis, shunt size > 8 mm (p = 0.001), history of HE prior to TIPS (p = 0.006), and low serum albumin (≤ 2.5 g/dL) (p = 0.022) remained independent predictors of RHE, controlling for age and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. RHE improved in 8 of 10 patients but survival at 1 year without liver transplantation (LT) was only 10%. While TIPS revision successfully improves RHE in most cases, 1-year mortality rates are high, limiting the value of revision in non-LT candidates. Patients with previous history of HE and low serum albumin levels prior to TIPS may benefit most from the use of shunt sizes < 8 mm to mitigate the risk of RHE. Level 4, case series.
Ecological Factors Influencing Pea Aphid Outbreaks in the US Pacific Northwest

This chapter documents the history of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)) outbreaks in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, with particular attention to the periodicity of outbreaks on field peas (Pisum sativum L.) in the Palouse region of eastern Washington over a 26 year period (1983–2008). In the Palouse region, grain legume crops are devastated by pea aphid feeding damage and legume viruses during outbreak years. Various abiotic and biotic factors and their possible controlling influence on changes in pea aphid densities, with emphasis on winter temperatures within the context of climate change, are presented and discussed. Mild winters, long thought to herald spring pea aphid outbreaks, are defined and related to outbreak cycles. While the 26-year database does not demonstrate a consistent link between mild winters and pea aphid outbreaks, it reveals a certain periodicity with outbreaks occurring every 6–9 years in the Palouse region. Warming winter temperatures over several years bridging the 20th and 21st centuries could potentially compress the frequency of outbreaks by accelerating aphid population development on legumes that provide migrants that colonize peas and other spring-sown food legumes in this region. Large plantings of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) 60–120 km west and southwest of the Palouse region are thought to be the source of alate aphids that migrate northeast and attain outbreak densities in some years. In conclusion, this chapter delivers a new long-term data set that will improve our understanding of how different abiotic and biotic factors influence the life-history processes of pest aphids.
Plasma Jet Ignition of Lean Mixtures

Single-cylinder and multi-cylinder dynamometer tests and vehicle evaluations of a plasma jet ignition system used in conjunction with a modified combustion cylinder head are reported. Significant nitrogen oxide emission reductions are obtained, though emissions below 2.0 g/mi are not consistently achieved. The NO/sub x/ reduction is attributed to a decrease in gas residence time at high gas temperatures and a lower thermodynamic gas temperature history. The NO/sub x/ reduction, however, is accompanied by an increased hydrocarbon emission level which is attributed to the blind cavity which increases combustion chamber surface area and consequently the total surface quench film mass. Thus, exhaust aftertreatment appears to be required for total emission control with the system.
Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals mitotic function of the ATR activator ETAA1

The ATR kinase controls cell cycle transitions and the DNA damage response. ATR activity is regulated through two ATR-activating proteins, ETAA1 and TOPBP1. To examine how each activator contributes to ATR signaling, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to identify changes in protein phosphorylation in ETAA1- or TOPBP1-deficient cells. We identified 724, 285, and 118 phosphosites to be regulated by TOPBP1, ETAA1, or both ATR activators, respectively. Gene ontology analysis of TOPBP1- and ETAA1-dependent phosphoproteins revealed TOPBP1 to be a primary ATR activator for replication stress, while ETAA1 regulates mitotic ATR signaling. Inactivation of ATR or ETAA1, but not TOPBP1, results in decreased Aurora B kinase activity during mitosis. Additionally, ATR activation by ETAA1 is required for proper chromosome alignment during metaphase and for a fully functional spindle assembly checkpoint response. Thus, we conclude that ETAA1 and TOPBP1 regulate distinct aspects of ATR signaling with ETAA1 having a dominant function in mitotic cells.
Well-Intended NOTION, Ahead of Practice∗

On April 16, 2002, Alain Cribier, MD, raised the flag of innovation in the treatment of valvular heart disease. He performed a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in a desperately-ill patient who was days from death. The patient survived the procedure and died 4 months later from
Digestive Exophagy: Phagocyte digestion of objects too large for phagocytosis

Mammalian phagocytes carry out several essential functions, including killing and digesting infectious organisms, clearing denatured proteins, removing dead cells and removing several types of debris from the extracellular space. Many of these functions involve phagocytosis, the engulfment of a target in a specialized endocytic process and then fusion of the new phagosome with lysosomes. Phagocytes such as macrophages can phagocytose targets that are several micrometers in diameter (eg, dead cells), but in some cases they encounter much larger objects. We have studied two such examples in some detail: large deposits of lipoproteins such as those in the wall of blood vessels associated with atherosclerosis, and dead adipocytes, which are dozens of micrometers in diameter. We describe a process, which we call digestive exophagy, in which macrophages create a tight seal in contact with the target, acidify the sealed zone and secrete lysosomal contents into the contact zone. By this process, hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes occurs in a compartment that is outside the cell. We compare this process to the well characterized digestion of bone by osteoclasts, and we point out key similarities and differences.
Increased Dementia Mortality in West Virginia Counties with Mountaintop Removal Mining

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is elevated in areas of mountaintop removal mining (MTM), a practice that has been ongoing in some counties of West Virginia (WV) USA since the 1970s. PM inhalation has been linked to central nervous system pathophysiology, including cognitive decline and dementia. Here we compared county dementia mortality statistics in MTM vs. non-MTM WV counties over a period spanning 2001–2015. We found significantly elevated age-adjusted vascular or unspecified dementia mortality/100,000 population in WV MTM counties where, after adjusting for socioeconomic variables, dementia mortality was 15.60 (±3.14 Standard Error of the Mean (S.E.M.)) times higher than that of non-MTM counties. Further analyses with satellite imaging data revealed a highly significant positive correlation between the number of distinct mining sites vs. both mean and cumulative vascular and unspecified dementia mortality over the 15 year period. This was in contrast to finding only a weak relationship between dementia mortality rates and the overall square kilometers mined. No effect of living in an MTM county was found for the rate of Alzheimer’s type dementia and possible reasons for this are considered. Based on these results, and the current literature, we hypothesize that inhalation of PM associated with MTM contributes to dementia mortality of the vascular or unspecified types. However, limitations inherent in ecological-type studies such as this, preclude definitive extrapolation to individuals in MTM-counties at this time. We hope these findings will inspire follow-up cohort and case-controlled type studies to determine if specific causative factors associated with living near MTM can be identified. Given the need for caregiving and medical support, increased dementia mortality of the magnitude seen here could, unfortunately, place great demands upon MTM county public health resources in the future.
The application of clash-detection processes in building information modelling for rebars

Building information modelling (BIM) is the key component in a digital revolution that is modernising the construction industry across the globe. This paper discusses the issues around rebar clashe...
Embodiment in the Lab: Theory, Measurement, and Reproducibility

Embodied approaches to cognition claim that cognitive processes are grounded in systems of perception and action planning. A series of straightforward predictions would appear to emerge from this claim. For example, the understanding of language is posited to rely on internal motoric simulations of actions that have been described, and so the processing of action language should elicit activity in the motor system that can be detected through both behavioral and brain measures. Despite the seemingly straightforward predictions of embodiment, the main claims of embodiment have turned out to be difficult to test in an incisive manner, and the findings generated from these tests have turned out to be fickle in many cases. We discuss the theoretical and methodological issues surrounding embodied cognition, and in doing so grapple with issues about theory testing and the reproducibility of research findings.
A Continuous Field Remote Sensing Method for Estimating Net Primary Production of a Deciduous Forest

A novel approach is developed for estimating Net Primary Production (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems by combined use of image data from ocean and land bands of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). Here we show how the MODIS ocean bands 11 and 12 can be used to derive a physiologically-driven spectral index, termed the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) that can track changes in landscape-level photosynthetic activity of a deciduous forest throughout the growing season. Combining this PRI with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in a physiologically meaningful fashion resulted in a simple model capable of estimating landscape level NPP with remarkable accuracy (R2 = 0.88). Validation of the model with data from a different year produced less than 15% error in NPP estimation. Two inputs to our model are obtained from satellite data and the third one from ground-based flux tower. This model has the potential to produce a per-pixel ' continuous field' NPP output, contrary to the current pseudo-dynamic MODIS NPP products that depend on a priori assumptions, lookup tables, or literature values in addition to satellite and ground-based data.
Video, speech, and audio signal processing and associated standards

DIGITAL AUDIO COMMUNICATIONS Nikil Jayant Auditory Psychophysics for Coding Applications Joseph L. Hall MPEG Digital Audio Coding Standards Schuyler R. Quackenbush and Peter Noll Dolby Digital Audio Coding Standards Robert L. Andersen and Grant A. Davidson The Perceptual Audio Coder Deepen Sinha, James D. Johnston, Sean Dorward, and Schuyler R. Quackenbush Sony Systems Kenzo Akagiri, Masayuki Katakura, H. Yamauchi, E. Saito, M. Kohut, Masayuki Nishiguchi, Kyoya Tsutsui, and Keisuke Toyama SPEECH PROCESSING Richard V. Cox and Lawrence R. Rabiner Speech Production Models and Their Digital Implementations M. Mohan Sondhi and Juergen Schroeter Speech Coding Richard V. Cox Text-to-Speech Synthesis Richard Sproat and Joseph Olive Speech Recognition by Machine Lawrence R. Rabiner and Biing-Hwang Juang Speaker Verification Sadaoki Furui and Aaron E. Rosenberg DSP Implementations of Speech Processing Kurt Baudendistel Software Tools for Speech Research and Development John Shore IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING Jan Biemond and Russell M. Mersereau Fundamentals of Image Processing Ian T. Young, Jan J. Gerbrands, and Lucas J. van Vliet Still Image Compression Tor A. Ramstad Image and Video Restoration A. Murat Tekalp Video Scanning Format Conversion and Motion Estimation Gerard de Haan and Ralph Braspenning Document Modeling and Source Representation in Content-Based Image Retrieval Soo Hyun Bae and Biing-Hwang Juang Technologies for Context-Based Video Search over the World Wide Web Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay K. Madisetti Image Interpolation Yucel Altunbasak Video Sequence Compression Osama Al-Shaykh, Ralph Neff, David Taubman, and Avideh Zakhor Digital Television Kou-Hu Tzou Stereoscopic Image Processing Reginald L. Lagendijk, Ruggero E. H. Franich, and Emile A. Hendriks A Survey of Image Processing Software and Image Databases Stanley J. Reeves VLSI Architectures for Image Communications P. Pirsch and W. Gehrke Index
Spin-Labeling Studies on the Membrane of a Facultative Thermophilic Bacillus

Spin-labeling studies were conducted to elucidate the rigidity and viscosity of the membrane of a facultative thermophilic bacillus. By employing nitroxide stearate probes, it was observed that this fatty acid was incorporated into the membrane fraction. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy indicated that cells grown at 55 C contained a membrane which was more rigid and viscous than the membrane from cells grown at 37 C.
BOLTED JOINTS WITH OVERSIZE OR SLOTTED HOLES

The effect of oversize and slotted holes is evaluated on the slip resistance and ultimate strength of bolted joints. Tests were performed with 21 samples with various types of joints. Oversize or slotted holes do not affect losses in bolt tension with time. Slip behavior of these joints is similar to slip behavior of joints with holes of nominal size. The average slip coefficient for joints with 1/4 in. hole clearance was about the same as the slip coefficient for hole joints. Changes in bolt tension were not greatly affected by oversize holes or slots. Slotted holes placed perpendicular to the line of load in the enclosed plates of a bolted joint did not reduce the tensile strength of the plates or the shear strength of the bolts.
Silicon vidicon imaging of Jupiter - 4100- to 8300-A absolute reflectivities and limb darkening of spatially resolved regions

Jupiter was observed in six continuum wavelength channels in the region 4100-8300 A, using a silicon vidicon imaging photometer. Spectral reflectivities and high spatial resolution limb-darkening curves for several belts and zones have been extracted from the data. Simple model fits to the data yield information regarding spectral and spatial variations in single-scattering albedos and shape of particle single-scattering phase functions. Belts appear to be more backscattering than zones, particularly in the blue. The data are in moderate agreement with limb-darkening predicted by models derived from the center-to-limb variation in equivalent width of the H2 4-0 S(1) quadrupole line (Cochran, 1976) in the South Tropical Zone, but strongly disagree with the results of such models for the North Equatorial Belt.
Patterning Processes for Flexible Electronics

Patterning functional materials is one of the key technologies to enable flexible electronics. In almost every flexible electronic device, individual materials and layers need to be patterned. Moreover, the importance of patterning is probably second only to materials properties in fabricated flexible functional devices. Frequently, patterning is one of the limiting factors in device performance. Flexible electronics depends upon the ability to construct layers of materials having precisely defined architectures and relationships on flexible supports. These structures require the ability to either deposit (additive) or remove (subtractive) materials in a locally controlled fashion (patterning). There are many techniques that have been used to accomplish the patterning of materials on flexible supports. In general, these patterning techniques have either been derived or adapted from conventional electronics processing, from printing processes, or from a hybrid of both. The appropriate choice of patterning technique will depend upon many considerations, including feature size, area of coverage, throughput, registration, environment, position in the overall device structure, and material considerations. Many, if not most device structures will require the use of multiple different patterning techniques. The purpose of this paper is to review the major patterning techniques that have been used for flexible electronics, and to discuss the unique features, advantages, and disadvantages of each. The focus will be on large area, high throughput, additive deposition techniques that can be performed in ambient conditions.
Reliability and Performability Modeling Using SHARPE 2000

The SHARPE package, Symbolic Hierarchical Automated Reliability and Performance Evaluator, is now 13 years old. A well known package in the field of reliability and performability, SHARPE is used in universities as well as in companies. Many important changes have been made during these years to improve the satisfaction of our users. Recently several new algorithms have been added and a Graphical User Interface has been implemented. This paper presents the current status of the tool.
The Viking Landing Sites: Selection and Certification

During the past several years the Viking project developed plans to use Viking orbiter instruments and Earth-based radar to certify the suitability of the landing sites selected as the safest and most scientifically rewarding using Mariner 9 data. During June and July 1976, the Earth-based radar and orbital spacecraft observations of some of the prime and backup sites were completed. The results of these combined observations indicated that the Viking 1 prime landing area in the Chryse region of Mars is geologically varied and possibly more hazardous than expected, and was not certifiable as a site for the Viking 1 landing. Consequently, the site certification effort had to be drastically modified and lengthened to search for a site that might be safe enough to attempt to land. The selected site considered at 47.5 degrees W, 22.4 degrees N represented a compromise between desirable characteristics observed with visual images and those inferred from Earth-based radar. It lies in the Chryse region about 900 kilometers northwest of the original site. Viking 1 landed successfully at this site on 20 July 1976.
On the accuracy of protein synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract We have investigated the accuracy of protein synthesis in somatic tissue of young and senescent Drosophila melanogaster by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoretic heterogeneity characteristic of translational error could not be detected at either age, placing the error frequency below about 4 × 10 −4 per codon. As a positive control on the efficacy of the technique, we showed that electrophoretic heterogeneity is detectable in bacterial cells grown in streptomycin, and that the error frequency calculated from these data is in good agreement with independent measurements. Such cells can tolerate an error frequency of about 3 × 10 −3 without cell lethality, or error catastrophe. Since the Drosophila somatic error frequency is at least eight times lower, even in senescent organisms, translational error is unlikely to be a cause of senescence in Drosophila .
Dual roles of brain serine hydrolase KIAA1363 in ether lipid metabolism and organophosphate detoxification.

Abstract Serine hydrolase KIAA1363 is an acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether (AcMAGE) hydrolase involved in tumor cell invasiveness. It is also an organophosphate (OP) insecticide-detoxifying enzyme. The key to understanding these dual properties was the use of KIAA1363 +/+ (wildtype) and −/− (gene deficient) mice to define the role of this enzyme in brain and other tissues and its effectiveness in vivo in reducing OP toxicity. KIAA1363 was the primary AcMAGE hydrolase in brain, lung, heart and kidney and was highly sensitive to inactivation by chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) (IC 50 2 nM) [the bioactivated metabolite of the major insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF)]. Although there was no difference in hydrolysis product monoalkylglycerol ether (MAGE) levels in +/+ and −/− mouse brains in vivo , isopropyl dodecylfluorophosphonate (30 mg/kg) and CPF (100 mg/kg) resulted in 23–51% decrease in brain MAGE levels consistent with inhibition of AcMAGE hydrolase activity. On incubating +/+ and −/− brain membranes with AcMAGE and cytidine-5′-diphosphocholine, the absence of KIAA1363 activity dramatically increased de novo formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lyso-PAF, signifying that metabolically-stabilized AcMAGE can be converted to this bioactive lipid in brain. On considering detoxification, KIAA1363 −/− mice were significantly more sensitive than +/+ mice to ip-administered CPF (100 mg/kg) and parathion (10 mg/kg) with increased tremoring and mortality that correlated for CPF with greater brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Docking AcMAGE and CPO in a KIAA1363 active site model showed similar positioning of their acetyl and trichloropyridinyl moieties, respectively. This study establishes the relevance of KIAA1363 in ether lipid metabolism and OP detoxification.
Unilateral Pulmonary Emphysema Created by Ligation of the Left Pulmonary Artery in Newborn Puppies

Abstract The left pulmonary artery was ligated in 7 puppies 12 to 24 hours after birth. All were followed by periodic chest roentgenograms. At 6 months of age, ventilatory spaces, split-lung function, and static compliances were determined. Bron-chograms and arteriograms were obtained, and histopathology was studied. All animals demonstrated a decrease in left lung size with gross and microscopic changes typical of chronic emphysema. There was impressive bronchial artery hypertrophy. Oxygen consumption and static compliances in the left lungs were depressed. These marked alterations in maturation, as well as the degenerative changes, are believed to be related to an impairment in the nutritive circulation of the lung.
Factors regulating development of an embryonic mouse sympathetic ganglion

Embryonic development of the mouse superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is defined in vivo and in vitro using morphologic, morphometric, and biochemical approaches. Catecholamine fluorescence was present in the SCG on Day 14 of gestation and underwent characteristic changes in distribution among neurons between this time and adulthood. During prenatal ontogeny, choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity increased 2-fold, while tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) activity rose 30-fold and total protein increased 4-fold. Ganglionic explants from 14-day embryos extended neurites and exhibited specific biochemical development in medium without added nerve growth factor (NGF). However, the addition of NGF further stimulated neuronal development: Ganglia exhibited significant increases in ChAc and T-OH activities and in total protein compared to controls grown in medium without added NGF. The presence of target submandibular gland radically altered development of T-OH activity in cultured sympathetic ganglia. By 5 days in culture, ganglia grown with target tissue, even in the presence of anti-NGF, exhibited a 10- to 15-fold increase in T-OH activity compared to zero-time controls, and a 2-fold increase over ganglia grown alone or with nontarget tissue. Ganglia grown with target salivary glands showed a correspondingly greater elaboration and directionality of nerve fiber outgrowth, even in the presence of anti-NGF.
Adenosine Triphosphate : an Inhibitor of Generation of Thromboplastin

IN a series of experiments designed to investigate the possible existence of a relationship between energy metabolism and blood clotting mechanisms, the inactivation of human thromboplastin by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been noted (Table 1). The thromboplastin system is assayed for activity by determining the clotting time after adding 0.1 ml. of the reaction mixture, described in Table 1, to 0.1 ml. of 1 : 10 citrated (0.1 M trisodium citrate) substrate plasma. The substrate plasma had been recalcified exactly 15 sec earlier with 0.1 ml. calcium chloride. At maximum generation of thromboplastic activity, 0.08 ml. of ATP (0.1 M) or saline is added to the test system. This approach allows removal of 0.1 ml. of the reaction mixture for a clotting time assay before addition of ATP or saline. Concentration of ATP in the reaction mixture following removal of the 0.1 ml. aliquot is 0.0087 M.
Teaching for Belief: Power and Pedagogical Practice.

The politics of pedology when teaching for belief in culturally diverse settings inevitably draws attention to the power dynamics in the encounters of teachers and students. The quest for a pedagog...