cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AlGaSb based solar cells grown on GaAs by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

A goal for concentrating photovoltaics is to realize efficiencies over 50%. Recent 4J bonded solar cells show a path to such high efficiency devices by separately growing the top and bottom solar cells. Present experimental devices use InP-based materials for the bottom junctions. III-Sb solar cells can be good candidates for bottom solar cells. Sb-containing III-V alloys have shown high electron mobility, wide band gap range including small band gaps, flexible band alignment, and small effective electron mass [1]. In addition, GaSb alloys can be grown with low defect densities on GaAs. This paper investigates GaSb-based solar cells. We show AlGaSb based solar cells grown directly on semi-insulator GaAs (001) substrates by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). Device and structural investigations have been performed to assess the electrical properties and material quality. Devices in the GaSb material system show Woc of 0.30, a very high value for a low band gap solar cell. To control the device properties, GaSb based solar cells grown on GaAs (100) substrates were compared to the devices grown on GaSb substrates.
National patterns in intensity and frequency of outpatient care for apparent treatment-resistant hypertension.

Background: Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) is associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We studied the frequency and intensity of care for aTRH among participants aged 65 years and older in the US-based REGARDS study linked with Medicare claims. Methods: Blood pressure (BP) was measured twice and averaged. aTRH was defined by the use of ≥3 classes of antihypertensive medication and uncontrolled BP (UaTRH, systolic/diastolic BP ≥140/90 mmHg), or ≥4 classes with controlled BP (CaTRH). Participants were categorized as not having aTRH (no aTRH), CaTRH or UaTRH. Results: Among 4650 participants with hypertension, 468 (10.1%) had UaTRH, 247 (5.3%) had CaTRH, and 3935 (84.6%) had hypertension but did not have aTRH. For hypertension-related visits, those with UaTRH saw primary care physicians and cardiologists more frequently than those without aTRH (mean primary care visits per year: 2.77 vs 2.27, P P = .014). Among those with UaTRH, CaTRH, and no aTRH, respectively 73.5%, 68.0%, and 67.5% had >1 hypertension-related visit per year. Among those with UaTRH, males vs females (prevalence ratio = 0.78; 95% CI 0.69-0.89), whites vs blacks (0.88; 95% CI 0.78-0.99), and current smokers vs non-smokers (0.66; 95% CI 0.48-0.89) were less likely to receive >1 hypertension-related visit per year. Diagnostic intensity, measured by testing for end organ damage and secondary hypertension, was similar between groups. Conclusions: Many people with UaTRH are not seen more than once per year for hypertension and may benefit from increased care.
Effects of water exposure on bitumen surface microstructure

Abstract In applications such as asphalt pavement and roofing shingles, bituminous binder not only binds aggregate structure together but also acts as a waterproof sealant. However, moisture can still diffuse into the binder over time, reducing binder adhesion to aggregate or causing other changes that increase asphalt susceptibility to further water damage. Accordingly, this paper investigates the effects of water exposure at elevated temperature or extended duration on bituminous asphalt binder. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of bitumen samples exposed to water at ambient temperature showed “nano-bumps” appearing on characteristic “bee” structures on the bitumen surface, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed an enrichment of polar compounds at the surface due to water exposure. The nano-bumps are hypothesized to be para phase resin absorbing water and seeping up from underneath the “bee” structure through pinhole defects. At elevated temperature under water, the chemical and structural evolution accelerated, and new “aqueous peri phase” features appeared on the surface that were similar to but independent of the original “bee” structures. The results are important for furthering understanding of the aging process in bitumen under environmental exposure and the relation between composition and performance properties.
par2hier: towards vector representations for hierarchical content

Abstract Word embeddings have received a lot of attention in the natural language processing area for their capabilities of capturing inner words semantics (e.g. word2vec, GloVe). The need of catching semantics at a higher and more abstract level led to creation of models like paragraph vectors for sentences and documents, seq2vec for biological sequences. In this paper we illustrate an approach for creating vector representations for hierarchical content where each node in the hierarchy is represented as a (recursive) function of its paragraph vector and the hierarchical vectors of its child nodes, computed via matrix factorization. We evaluate the effectiveness of our solution against flat paragraph vectors on a text categorization task obtaining significant µF1 improvements.
MARX AS MATHEMATICAL ECONOMIST: Steady-State and Exponential Growth Equilibrium

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the nature of Marx's key analytical contribution to economic theory. It presents an explanation of Marx's terminology in which the society is split into two industries or departments: (1) Department I, which produces capital goods, for example, a raw material such as coal; and (2) Department II, which produces consumption goods, for example, corn that is to be consumed by workers for their needed sustenance and reproduction, and by capitalists for their luxurious spending of surplus value or profit. It will simplify exposition not to regard each department as the consolidation of several different capital-goods and consumption-goods industries. Though it would not be hard to replace coal by a durable machine, problems of depreciation and periods of turnover are avoided by sticking with a raw material, such as coal, consumed completely in each production use. Technically, corn is produced by labor and by coal. There is no great novelty here. However, coal is produced by labor and by itself—a great leap out of what came to be known as the Ricardo–Austrian world and into the Leontief–Sraffa world of circularly interdependent input-output.
Endogenous co-expression of two T cell receptors promotes lymphopenia-induced proliferation via increased affinity for self-antigen.

Approximately 10% of peripheral T cells express 2 functional TCR αβ heterodimers. Receptor co-expression changes the repertoire of TCRs produced during thymic development, enabling generation of T cells bearing TCRs not capable of mediating positive selection or that would normally be negatively selected. The effect of receptor co-expression on the composition and functionality of the peripheral TCR repertoire is not well defined, though evidence demonstrates dual TCR cells pose an increased risk for unwanted immune responses such as autoimmunity and alloreactivity. Based on our previous finding that dual TCR expression promotes positive selection, we hypothesized that dual TCR expression may enhance T cell homeostasis via increased reactivity against self-peptide:MHC (pMHC) ligands. To examine the effect of dual TCR expression on T cell homeostasis, we performed cotransfer experiments comparing T cells genetically deficient for dual TCR expression (TCRα+/- ) with wild-type T cells in models of acute and chronic lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP). Lack of dual TCR expression resulted in reduced LIP. The effect of dual TCR expression on LIP was most pronounced in acute lymphopenia, which is driven by recognition of low-affinity self-pMHC ligands. Differences in homeostatic proliferation were not attributable to differences in total TCR expression or signaling, but were dependent on interaction with MHC and associated with increased affinity for positively selecting self-pMHC as evidenced by higher expression of CD5 by dual TCR cells from wild-type mice. These results represent an unappreciated novel mechanism driving homeostasis and shaping the T cell repertoire, potentially promoting autoreactive or heterologous immune responses.
“As a stranger give it welcome”: Shakespeare's Advice for First-Year College Students

Encountering a new idea can be like meeting a very strange person for the first time. First you judge with your eyes, scanning only the surface of the other. You immediately assume you are superior...
Environmental Policy in Action: Past, Present, and Future

This chapter concludes the text with a discussion about where environmental policy is today and its direction for the future. With the election of Donald Trump in 2016, environmental policy has taken a dramatic turn and much remains uncertain. We tie together themes developed in the book and demonstrate that environmental policy is far more than any one branch at one level of government. Readers will be reminded of the multitude of actors involved in this policy area and shown how they can get involved in these issues at the local, state, and federal level and let their voice be heard, whatever their opinions are about environmental issues.
Complex Korovkin Theory via Inequalities: A Quantitative Approach

Let K be a compact convex subset of \(\mathbb {C}\) and \(C\left ( K,\mathbb {C} \right ) \) be the space of continuous functions from K into \(\mathbb {C}\). We consider bounded linear operators from \(C\left ( K,\mathbb {C}\right ) \) into itself. We assume that these are bounded by companion real positive linear operators. We study quantitatively the rate of convergence of the approximation and high order approximation of these complex operators to the unit operators. Our results are inequalities of Korovkin type involving the complex modulus of continuity of the engaged function or its derivatives and basic test functions.
Assessment of the Modulation Transfer Function in Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

There is a perpetual drive in the infrared (IR) detector community to fabricate detectors with smaller pixel pitches where the ultimate goals are 5 µm for LWIR imaging and 3 µm for MWIR imaging. Such small pixel pitches ideally will result in significantly improving the modulation transfer function (MTF), especially at longer spatial frequencies. The MTF is a key figure of merit (FOM) in all cameras that describes how well an optical system reproduces an objects contrast in the image at different spatial frequencies. However, high performance IR detectors have historically been fabricated out of materials such as InSb or HgCdTe. These semiconductors have material properties that are isotropic, e.g., the hole mobilities along the in-plane and growth directions are equal. However, IR absorbing materials with anisotropic material properties, such as type II superlattice (T2SL) materials, based on InAs/GaInSb or InAs/InAsSb, have become increasingly prevalent. Specifically, the hole mobility is much larger along the in-plane direction than the growth direction. These detectors with anisotropic material properties have been predicted to have higher inter-pixel crosstalk and degraded MTF compared to geometrically identical detectors except with isotropic material properties. The MTF as a function of pixel pitch is analyzed, comparing detectors with isotropic versus anisotropic material properties, to assess the potential of using T2SL detectors with pixel pitches less than 10 µm for imaging.
ER Stress Regulates Immunosuppressive Function of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in Leprosy that Can Be Overcome in the Presence of IFN-γ

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a population of immature myeloid cells that suppress adaptive immune function, yet the factors that regulate their suppressive function in patients with infection remain unclear. We studied MDSCs in patients with leprosy, a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, where clinical manifestations present on a spectrum that correlate with immunity to the pathogen. We found that HLA-DR-CD33+CD15+ MDSCs were increased in blood from patients with disseminated/progressive lepromatous leprosy and possessed T cell-suppressive activity as compared with self-limiting tuberculoid leprosy. Mechanistically, we found ER stress played a critical role in regulating the T cell suppressive activity in these MDSCs. Furthermore, ER stress augmented IL-10 production, contributing to MDSC activity, whereas IFN-γ allowed T cells to overcome MDSC suppressive activity. These studies highlight a regulatory mechanism that links ER stress to IL-10 in mediating MDSC suppressive function in human infectious disease.
Whole Woman's Health: Not the 'Whole' Story

This Note examines how the undue burden standard imposed by the Supreme Court in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt negatively and disproportionately subjects women to lower healthcare and safety standards when, in an attempt to promote women's rights, abortion proponents continue to challenge time-tested state statutes. This Note focuses on two statutes in particular, licensed-physician statutes and telemedicine abortion statutes, and explores how state legislatures might better position themselves to combat abortion proponents' recent challenges to these statutes by preserving their interest in protecting women's health and safety and the lives of the unborn.
An integral-based spectral method for inextensible slender fibers in Stokes flow

Every animal cell is filled with a cytoskeleton, a dynamic gel made of inextensible fibers, such as microtubules, actin fibers, and intermediate filaments, all suspended in a viscous fluid. Numerical simulation of this gel is challenging because the fiber aspect ratios can be as large as $10^4$. We describe a new method for rapidly computing the dynamics of inextensible slender filaments in periodically-sheared Stokes flow. The dynamics of the filaments are governed by a nonlocal slender body theory which we partially reformulate in terms of the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa hydrodynamic tensor. To enforce inextensibility, we parameterize the space of inextensible fiber motions and strictly confine the dynamics to the manifold of inextensible configurations. To do this, we introduce a set of Lagrange multipliers for the tensile force densities on the filaments and impose the constraint of no virtual work in an $L^2$ weak sense. We augment this approach with a spectral discretization of the local and nonlocal slender body theory operators which is linear in the number of unknowns and gives improved spatial accuracy over approaches based on solving a line tension equation. For dynamics, we develop a second-order semi-implicit temporal integrator which requires at most a few evaluations of nonlocal hydrodynamics and a few block diagonal linear solves per time step. After demonstrating the improved accuracy and robustness of our approach through numerical examples, we apply our formulation to a permanently cross-linked actin mesh in a background oscillatory shear flow. We observe a characteristic frequency at which the network transitions from quasi-static, primarily elastic behavior to dynamic, primarily viscous behavior. We find that nonlocal hydrodynamics increases the viscous modulus by as much as 25%, even for semi-dilute fiber suspensions.
Vying for dominance: An experiment in dynamic network formation

Abstract This paper investigates how the timing of entry into a network can be a crucial determinant of a node’s eventual centrality. In a lab experiment we test a model of strategic network growth where theory predicts that agents entering the network at specific times will make more connections than is myopically optimal in hopes of later receiving additional connections from newer nodes. We find that players do exhibit this “vying for dominance” behavior but systematically vie earlier than is predicted. Small behavioral deviations in the late game can substantially impact the incentives of earlier player.
A New Approach to the Dynamic Modeling of an Infectious Disease

In this work we propose a delay differential equation as a lumped parameter or compartmental infectious disease model featuring high descriptive and predictive capability, extremely high adaptability and low computational requirement. Whereas the model has been developed in the context of COVID-19, it is general enough to be applicable mutatis mutandis to other diseases as well. Our fundamental modeling philosophy consists of a decoupling of public health intervention effects, immune response effects and intrinsic infection properties into separate terms. All parameters in the model are directly related to the disease and its management; we can measure or calculate their values a priori basis our knowledge of the phenomena involved, instead of having to extrapolate them from solution curves. Our model can accurately predict the effects of applying or withdrawing interventions, individually or in combination, and can quickly accommodate any newly released information regarding, for example, the infection properties and the immune response to an emerging infectious disease. After demonstrating that the baseline model can successfully explain the COVID-19 case trajectories observed all over the world, we systematically show how the model can be expanded to account for heterogeneous transmissibility, detailed contact tracing drives, mass testing endeavours and immune responses featuring different combinations of limited-time sterilizing immunity, severity-reducing immunity and antibody dependent enhancement.
Emergence of Pseudo-Phononic Gaps in Periodically Architected Pendulums

Rejection of unmitigated vibrational disturbances represents an ongoing dilemma in complex linkage systems. In this work, we show evidence of an inherent and self-reliant vibration isolation mechanism in architected periodic chains of serially pivoted pendulums. Absorption of external excitations is achieved by virtue of Bragg-type band gaps which stem from the emergent chain dynamics. Owing to its coupled dynamics, the self-repeating cell of a Phononic Crystal (PC) is not trivial and cannot be readily identified from the periodic arrangement by inspection. As such, this work entails the extraction of a ``pseudo" unit cell of an equivalent PC lattice from the derived motion equations of a finite chain, which departs from traditional wave dispersion methods. The model presented herein comprises a chain of linked pendulums with periodic variations of inertial/geometrical properties, carrying a payload at one end. We ultimately show evidence of forbidden wave propagation in prescribed frequency regimes, reminiscent of band gaps in PC lattices. The emergence of such gaps is experimentally demonstrated and shown to be in good agreement with the predicted wave dispersion behavior. The presented framework can be invaluable in applications that require vibration reduction in the delivery of payloads including gantry cranes, robotic arms and space tethers.
The Integration of Macro and Microeconomic Relations in Dynamic Policy Models : The Case of Saving and Investment Behavior

This paper examines how two types of fiscal policy models, namely, dynamic macroeconomic models and applied general equilibrium models, have integrated macro- and microeconomic relationships within a framework of intertemporal equilibrium. After emphasizing the potential advantages of integrating macro- and microeconomic relations, the study discusses the limitations of intertemporal equilibrium models--in particular the weaknesses of saving and investment theories incorporated in the models. It concludes that, despite recent important advances, policymakers need to exercise caution when they interpret results derived from these models.
Genome-wide regulations of the pre-initiation complex formation and elongating RNA polymerase II by an E3 ubiquitin ligase, San1.

San1 ubiquitin ligase is involved in nuclear protein quality control via its interaction with intrinsically disordered proteins for ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Since several transcription/chromatin regulatory factors contain intrinsically disordered domains and can be inhibitory to transcription when in excess, San1 might be involved in transcription regulation. To address this, we analyzed the role of San1 in genome-wide association of TBP [that nucleates pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation for transcription initiation] and RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Our results reveal the roles of San1 in regulating TBP recruitment to the promoters and Pol II association with the coding sequences, and hence PIC formation and coordination of elongating Pol II, respectively. Consistently, transcription is altered in the absence of San1. Such transcriptional alteration is associated with impaired ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of Spt16 and gene association of Paf1, but not the incorporation of centromeric histone, Cse4, into the active genes in Δsan1. Collectively, our results demonstrate distinct functions of a nuclear protein quality control factor in regulating the genome-wide PIC formation and elongating Pol II (and hence transcription), thus unraveling new gene regulatory mechanisms.
The Optimal Vaccination Policy

Since for the past 30 years outbreaks of smallpox have occurred infrequently in most parts of the developed world, it seems reasonable to seek that level of vaccine-induced immunity which minimizes the average number of deaths that would occur between the ends of two successive epidemics. This amounts to choosing the level of susceptibility s in a population so that the average number of deaths which occur during one (long) period when there is no disease present and the subsequent (short) period of epidemic is a minimum.
Intensity of Radiation and Rate of Sludge Drying

Field experience has indicated that drying time required by the conventionally designed and operated sludge drying beds is comparable to that required by beds modified to provide only limited drainage and cleaned with mechanical equipment. This investigation provides quantitative information that concerns the dewatering characteristics of digested sludge and is useful for the design of drying beds with limited drainage. The rate of water evaporated from a sludge surface and a free-water surface, as a function of the radiant intensity incident on the sludge surface, was found to be essentially equal when evaporation was the sole mechanism of dewatering. For an intensity of 1.00 cal per sq cm per min, the evaporation rate was 0.9 × 10\U-3\N gm per sq cm\U2\N per min. The evaporation rate from the sludge surface was depressed by 22% when both evaporation and drainage contributed to the dewatering. One-half of the energy incident on the sludge surface was found to be associated with the latent heat of vaporization. The emissivity was found to be dependent on the wave-length of radiation. The critical moisture for the sludge used ranged from 66% to 84%.
The Development of the Concept of a Kingdom of God in the Old Testament

It was by faith that Abraham obeyed the call to set out for a country that was the inheritance given to him and his descendants, and that he set out without knowing where he was going. By faith he arrived, as a foreigner, in the Promised Land, and lived there as if in a strange country, with Isaac and Jacob, who were heirs with him of the same promise. They lived there in tents while he looked forward to a city founded, designed and built by God. —Hebrews 11:8–10
Stages of Preservice Development in a Professional Development School for Teachers of Students with Emotional Disturbance

This study was designed to identify and describe the stages of preservice development in a Professional Development School (PDS) for teachers of students with emotional disturbance. This study investigated two questions: (a) How does a preservice teacher for students with serious emotional disturbance in a one year full time PDS progress through a series of developmental stages, and (b) what are the opportunities that contribute to the learning of the preservice teacher in a PDS? This was a qualitative study in which seven data sources from preservice teachers were collected over a nine-month period. These included videotaped teaching episodes, informal and formal interviews, conversations in weekly seminars, significant others in training interviews, journals, and statements of teaching philosophy. Based on the emergent themes that this data generated, a theoretical model of preservice teacher development was constructed. Confidence, fear, caution and competence are the four stages identified in A Model for Preservice Teacher Development. Sixteen opportunities for preservice teacher learning in a PDS environment were described. The researcher's daily presence at the PDS accounted for the richness of the data. Implications were made for further research and practice. Recommendations for teacher education reform using PDS models were delineated.
Molecular events in thymocyte apoptosis.

Progenitor T cells arise in the bone marrow and are transported to the thymus gland where they continue to develop. During this period of development, immature cells of the T cell lineage begin to express cell surface markers such as CD4 and CD8. Prior to these events, the T cell receptor (TCR) undergoes rearrangements resulting in the potential expression of upwards of 109 different receptors. Therefore, it is important that the immune system has the ability to eliminate T cells that recognize self-antigens with high affinity. At the CD4+CD8+ stage of development, thymocytes encounter antigen-presenting cells which determine their ultimate fate. These double positive cells may go on to differentiate into a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, or be deleted. One of the remaining questions in thymic development is the paradox of how immature T cells are both positively and negatively selected in an MHC restricted manner.
Kidney Function in Health and Disease

The kidneys are paired organs located retroperitoneally in the lumbar region and perform three major functions: (i) maintenance of fluid and acid–base balance; (ii) removal of nitrogenous waste products; and (iii) synthesis of hormones, such as renin, erythropoietin, and active vitamin D3 (calcitriol). The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which consists of a renal corpuscle, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, and the collecting duct. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule. Plasma is filtered in the glomerulus to form protein-free ultrafiltrate. About 60% of this ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The loop of Henle partici-\ pates in countercurrent multiplication of urine concentration. The distal tubule generates hypotonic fluid in the tubular lumen, causing hypertonic medullary interstitium. The collecting duct plays an important role in potassium (K+) secretion, urinary acidification, and water reabsorption in the presence of antidiuretic hormone. When the structure of the kidney is disturbed by a pathologic process, its functions are altered. These changes in the kidney result in an increase in serum creatinine levels (e.g., acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, or tubulointerstitial disease), proteinuria (e.g., nephrotic syndrome), and hematuria (e.g., glomerulonephritis). Also renal vasculature is affected, causing hypertension and thrombotic microangiopathies.
Capturing Provenance in the Wild

All current provenance systems are “closed world” systems; provenance is collected within the confines of a well understood, pre-planned system. However, when users compose services from heterogeneous systems and organizations to form a new application, it is impossible to track the provenance in the new system using currently available work. In this work, we describe the ability to compose multiple provenance-unaware services in an “open world” system and still collect provenance information about their execution. Our approach is implemented using the PLUS provenance system and the open source MULE Enterprise Service Bus. Our evaluations show that this approach is scalable and has minimal overhead.
Rapid and sensitive detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chlorinated water and aerosols targeting gyrB gene using real-time PCR

Aims For the rapid detection of P. aeruginosa from chlorinated water and aerosols, gyrB gene-based real-time PCR assay was developed and investigated.
Curriculum Change as Viewed by Students: A Three Year Study

Abstract This article reports on a three-year study of curriculum change contrasting MSW students enrolled in a new, integrated curriculum with students who had taken earlier method sequence programs. Considerable stability was found in student practice interests and perceived skill levels. Shifts in familiarity with social work practice literature were responsive to the new curricular goals. Modifications of field learning experiences were less visible. Achieving such change is clearly more challenging. The implications of these findings for curriculum design and monitoring are discussed.
Low Temperature Urea Decomposition and SCR Performance

Urea-SCR systems are potentially a highly-effective means of NO x reduction for light-duty diesel vehicles. However, use of urea-SCR technologies at low temperatures presents unique technical challenges. This study was undertaken to provide more knowledge about low temperature urea decomposition and the resulting effects on SCR performance. Data are presented for experiments using two SCR catalysts of differing size with a light-duty diesel engine. Analyses of the NO x reduction efficiency, NH 3 storage phenomena, and unregulated emissions are shown. Over production of NO 2 by the oxidation catalyst is demonstrated to be problematic at 25,000 hr-1 space velocity for a range of temperatures. This leads to production of N 2 O by both SCR catalysts that is higher when urea is injected than when NH 3 is injected.
Unifying by binding: Will binding really bind?

The theory of event coding by Hommel et al. proposes that feature binding is a central component of action planning. To evaluate the binding hypothesis, we consider findings from studies of action-perception interference and bimanual movements. We argue that although binding of action features may be a valuable concept, interference from partial feature overlap does not provide a parsimonious account for the observed phenomena.
Differential evolution and non-separability: using selective pressure to focus search

Recent results show that the Differential Evolution algorithm has significant difficulty on functions that are not linearly separable. On such functions, the algorithm must rely primarily on its differential mutation procedure which, unlike its recombination strategy, is rotationally invariant. We conjecture that this mutation strategy lacks sufficient selective pressure when appointing parent and donor vectors to have satisfactory exploitative power on non-separable functions. We find that imposing pressure in the form of rank-based differential mutation results in a significant improvement of exploitation on rotated benchmarks.
Characterization of Protein-Protein and Protein-Ligand Interactions by High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography

Abstract HPLC has been used in our laboratory to characterize a wide range of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. In a study of the dissociation and recombination of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits, HPLC provided a fast and sensitive method for directly observing the state of association of samples equilibrated under various conditions. The α subunit (15 Kd) was easily resolved from the β subunit (23 Kd) using a Toyo Soda type SW 3000 column (0.8 × 60 cm) eluting at 1 ml/min. The subunit was poorly resolved from the intact hormone (38 Kd) in agreement with results obtained using conventional exclusion media. In another study, the same column was used to assess the degree of aggregation of various protease inhibitors (antithrombin III (AT III), C1-inactivator and α1-proteinase inhibitor) after heating, as part of an effort to determine conditions under which these potentially therapeutic proteins might withstand pasteurization to reduce the risk of transfusion hepatitis. The ability of A...
Comparative Judicial Politics Case Studies of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of India

This article is part of an ongoing project of the authors to systematically compare the policy-making influence of courts in nations with disparate political systems, levels of economic development, and legal traditions. Presented herein is a two-nation comparative case study of the policy influence of the highest courts in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of India. The general research strategy begins with the premise that judicial decisions are not self-executing and therefore implementation requires the cooperation of others. Courts are forced to rely on other political actors to translate policy decisions into action. From this premise the authors reason that the degree of judicial influence in the policy process of any nation can be roughly gauged by examining the reaction of other actors who, as part of the political environment, are themselves subject to a wide range of political pressures. Using the judicial impact model of Charles A. Johnson, the authors analyze the impact of the ...
Homeostasis during hibernation in the golden-mantled ground squirrel, Citellus lateralis.

Abstract 1. 1. A technique of aortic cannulation has been developed which makes it possible to sample the blood of a hibernating animal in such a way that it does not cause arousal. 2. 2. This procedure makes it feasible to study in detail the blood of animals in hibernation on a short and long term basis. 3. 3. The theory of an increasing concentration of nonprotein nitrogen as a causative mechanism of periodic rhythmic arousals has been proven wrong. 4. 4. It has been demonstrated that the blood electrolytes, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium remain constant between periodic arousals, and also over longer periods of hibernation at 3°C. 5. 5. The variations in the concentrations of urea and electrolytes in the urine voided during each arousal are explained on the basis of the arousal process itself.
The three-dimensional laminar asymptotic boundary layer with suction

Three-dimensional laminar flow over a flat plate with uniform suction is considered for a specific class of outer-flows. A series solution of the boundary-layer equations is obtained for the asymptotic case, that corresponding to transverse velocity which is everywhere constant. The limitations of the asymptotic solution are examined in terms of existing theory and experimental data for the analogous two-dimensional case. A numerical example, typical of aircraft flight parameters, is discussed in relation to the analogous impermeable wall case.
Proton Conduction by a Chain of Water Molecules in Carbonic Anhydrase

Ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to investigate a (NH3)3Zn2+··(OH2)n··NH3 system that models the proton conduction, via a chain of water molecules, from a Zn2+ ion to a His residue some distance removed. The optimal configuration of this chain, with n = 3, contains a number of fairly short H-bonds separating the water molecules. The conduction of a proton from the Zn-bound water to the terminal N-acceptor is energetically favored by a concerted process wherein all protons are in flight from one molecule to the next along the chain, at approximately the same time. This optimal process also includes the shortening of each H-bond as the donor and acceptor move toward one another at the midpoint of the transfer as well as small alterations in the distance between Zn and its various ligands. The barrier for the conduction process is not adversely affected by a lengthening of the chain to include as many as five waters. However, the process is slowed considerably if additional...
Distributed rate splitting in Gaussian and discrete memoryless multiple-access channels

We analyze a distributed M-user multiple-access problem in both the additive white Gaussian noise channel and the discrete memoryless channel. A system where each user independently chooses a transmission rate according to a probability distribution function is considered. Under the assumption of symmetric capacity regions, we show that the optimal transmission rate distribution is a point mass for both channel models. To implement this, we propose a scheme called distributed rate splitting. In this scheme, each real user creates the same number of virtual users via a power/rate splitting mechanism in the M-user Gaussian channel or via a random switching mechanism in the M-user discrete memoryless channel. At the receiver, all virtual users are successively decoded. Distributed rate splitting allows multiple-access communication to take place with minimal control overhead. Moreover, the rate tuple achieved by this scheme converges to the maximum equal rate point allowed by the information-theoretic bound as the number of virtual users per real user tends to infinity
Modeling Natural Language Sentences into SPN Graphs

Natural language processing and understanding is an attractive field and many techniques and tools for document processing have been developed. Most of the techniques use either statistical models or graph-based approaches. Here we present the modeling of a methodology based on stochastic Petri-nets (SPN) to explain the transformation of a natural language (NL) sentence into a state machine representation as stated in [16]. In particular, we initially convert NL sentences into graphs using the (Agent → Action → Patient) kernel and then we convert the graphs into SPN graph descriptions in order to efficiently offer a model of semantically represent and understand natural language events of a document. The selection of the SPN graph model is due to its capability for efficiently representing structural and functional knowledge.
The role of regulatory variation in complex traits and disease

We are in a phase of unprecedented progress in identifying genetic loci that cause variation in traits ranging from growth and fitness in simple organisms to disease in humans. However, a mechanistic understanding of how these loci influence traits is lacking for the majority of loci. Studies of the genetics of gene expression have emerged as a key tool for linking DNA sequence variation to phenotypes. Here, we review recent insights into the molecular nature of regulatory variants and describe their influence on the transcriptome and the proteome. We discuss conceptual advances from studies in model organisms and present examples of complete chains of causality that link individual polymorphisms to changes in gene expression, which in turn result in physiological changes and, ultimately, disease risk.
A survey of steady-state microelectrodes and experimental approaches to a voltammetric steady state

Abstract The ability of an electrode to attain quickly and sustain subsequently a steady state depends on both the size and geometry of the microelectrode. Four microelectrode geometries, their steady-state equations, and the present state of knowledge concerning their voltammetric approach to the steady state are surveyed.
Single-plant, sterile microcosms for nodulation and growth of the legume plant Medicago truncatula with the rhizobial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti

Rhizobial bacteria form symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of compatible host legume plants. One of the most well-developed model systems for studying these interactions is the plant Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong A17 and the rhizobial bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Repeated imaging of plant roots and scoring of symbiotic phenotypes requires methods that are non-destructive to either plants or bacteria. The symbiotic phenotypes of some plant and bacterial mutants become apparent after relatively short periods of growth, and do not require long-term observation of the host/symbiont interaction. However, subtle differences in symbiotic efficiency and nodule senescence phenotypes that are not apparent in the early stages of the nodulation process require relatively long growth periods before they can be scored. Several methods have been developed for long-term growth and observation of this host/symbiont pair. However, many of these methods require repeated watering, which increases the possibility of contamination by other microbes. Other methods require a relatively large space for growth of large numbers of plants. The method described here, symbiotic growth of M. truncatula/S. meliloti in sterile, single-plant microcosms, has several advantages. Plants in these microcosms have sufficient moisture and nutrients to ensure that watering is not required for up to 9 weeks, preventing cross-contamination during watering. This allows phenotypes to be quantified that might be missed in short-term growth systems, such as subtle delays in nodule development and early nodule senescence. Also, the roots and nodules in the microcosm are easily viewed through the plate lid, so up-rooting of the plants for observation is not required.
Complex dynamical variables for multiparticle systems with analytic interactions. I

Abstract The n-body problem is formulated as a problem of functional analysis on a Hilbert space G whose elements are analytic functions of complex dynamical variables. It is assumed that the two-body interaction is local and spherically symmetric, and belongs to the two-particle space G . The n-body resolvent R(λ) is constructed with the help of Fredholm methods. The operator R(λ) on G is associated with a family of operators R(λ, ϑ) on L 2 which are resolvents of closed linear operators H(ϑ), the case ϑ = 0 corresponding to standard quantum mechanics. The spectrum of H(ϑ) contains a set of parallel half-lines starting at the thresholds of scattering channels and making an angle 2ϑ with the positive real axis. The half-lines are branch cuts of R(λ, ϑ), but matrix elements of R(λ, ϑ) can be continued analytically across these. The operator R(λ, ϑ) may have isolated poles. The location of these does not depend on ϑ. Each pole is associated with one or more eigenvectors of H(ϑ) belonging to spaces G . There may be poles off the real axis, the location of a pole determining for which values of ϑ it is on the physical sheet of H(ϑ). It is shown how poles off the real axis give rise to resonances in the scattering cross section, the shape of a resonance being as one would expect on the basis of a model in which the scattering takes place via a decaying compound state having an eigenvector of H(ϑ) with complex energy as its wave function.
Joint Distributions and Quantum Nonlocal Models

A standard result in quantum mechanics is this: if two observables are commuting then they have a classical joint distribution in every state. A converse is demonstrated here: If a classical joint distribution for the pair agrees with standard quantum facts, then the observables must commute. This has consequences for some historical and recent quantum nonlocal models: they are analytically disallowed without the need for experiment, as they imply that all local observables must commute among themselves.
Current and future tools for global canine rabies elimination

Even though rabies is almost uniformly fatal, it is readily preventable with currently available tools. Vaccination is highly efficacious for the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of rabies in humans and animals, and prompt postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with vaccine and rabies immune globulin (RIG) can reliably prevent disease in humans. However, access to these tools and knowledge of their proper use are often limited, especially in impoverished, rabies-enzootic countries with the highest disease burden. In the absence of reliable diagnostic capacity and risk assessments, vaccines and RIG are often administered inappropriately, leading to chronic supply shortages and otherwise preventable deaths. Rather than focusing solely on human prophylaxis, it is more cost-effective over the long term to eliminate canine rabies in its natural terrestrial reservoirs. Because more than 99% of human rabies deaths result from dog bites, prevention efforts should focus on dogs. A versatile "One Health" strategy for canine rabies elimination should aim to create sustainable herd immunity in dogs, using proven vaccination strategies at the local level, coupled with community education and humane population management. Such strategies have succeeded in both developed and developing countries, and can be adapted to any locality. Numerous examples in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have shown that community-based, locally guided vaccination and education programs, based on a shared vision and long-term commitment, can eliminate canine rabies. Such programs should have specific goals and measurable outcomes, and should be conducted under the guidance of supportive governments, in collaboration with international partners and nongovernmental organizations. In addition to currently available tools, rabies prevention can be augmented by new dose-sparing human vaccine schedules, alternative routes of vaccine administration, monoclonal antibodies as an alternative to RIG, sensitive and specific point-of-care diagnostics and the development of canine immunocontraceptive methods. Accurate risk assessments of potential human exposures and support for decentralized laboratory capacity will be essential to ensure the most effective utilization of vaccines and RIG until canine rabies has been eliminated.
Enthalpy of bile salt‐lecithin mixed micelle formation

Abstract The enthalpies for the dissolution of lecithin by sodium salts of cholic, deoxycholic, and chenodeoxycholic acids and their glycine and taurine conjugates are reported. Exothermic enthalpies were found in each case. It is suggested that heat evolution is due to a bile salt-lecithin interaction other than hydrophobic interactions. These results provide strong support for the “mixed disk” model for the complex lecithin-bile salt micelle, which requires that a substantial fraction of the bile salt molecules be incorporated within a lecithin bilayer where hydrogen-bonded pair formation can occur. Calorimetric studies of the interaction between sodium cholate and nonionic, cationic, and anionic detergents yielded exothermic heats. These results suggest that these bile salt molecules partition into the detergent micelle interior as hydrogenbonded pairs.