cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition from pre-diabetes to diabetes and predictors of risk in Mexican-Americans

Background No studies have examined risk factors for the transition from pre-diabetes to diabetes in populations with widespread obesity and diabetes. We determined proximal changes and factors affecting the transition among Mexican-Americans with pre-diabetes. Methods Participants with pre-diabetes (n=285) were recruited from our randomly sampled population-based Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. These participants were followed for an average of 27 months with repeat examination every 3 to 4 months. Metabolic health was defined as having less than 2 metabolic abnormalities (e.g., hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein, etc). Diabetes was identified as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5% and/or on hypoglycemic medication. Results Ninety-six of 285 (33.7%) participants transitioned to overt diabetes. The increased risk of diabetes in the metabolically unhealthy varying with follow-up time was 81% (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.09-3.02). The risk of diabetes increased 8% for each kg/m2 of increase in body mass index (BMI, OR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.05-1.11) independent of covariates. Transition to diabetes was accompanied by a mean increase in BMI of 0.28 kg/m2, and deterioration in metabolic health of 9% (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.003-1.18) compared with those who did not transition. Conclusions Deteriorating metabolic health and/or increasing BMI significantly raises the risk of transitioning from pre-diabetes to diabetes. Transition itself was accompanied by further increase in BMI and deterioration in metabolic health. These data underline the importance of improving metabolic health and avoiding weight gain in pre-diabetes as simple but clear diabetes prevention targets, and emphasize the importance of lifestyle management.
A Miniaturized Single-Transducer Implantable Pressure Sensor With Time-Multiplexed Ultrasonic Data and Power Links

A high-precision implantable pressure sensor with ultrasonic power-up and data uplink is presented. The fully packaged implant measures $1.7 \times 2.3 \times 7.8$ mm3 and includes a custom IC designed in a 180-nm HV BCD process, a pressure transducer, an energy storage capacitor, and a single piezoelectric transducer (piezo). In order to reduce overall dimensions, unique circuit and system design techniques are presented to enable a single time-multiplexed piezo for both power recovery and data uplink transmission. Implant performance is characterized at significant depths, 12 cm in a tissue phantom, offering a $>13\times $ improvement over state of the art in the depth/volume figure of merit, while demonstrating a robust ultrasonic data uplink with better than 10−5 bit error rate. A transient charging analysis is presented to derive the optimal piezo impedance and charging specifications to maximize overall harvesting efficiency. The IC features a front end with a 10-bit SAR ADC achieving a pressure full-scale range of 800 mmHg with a pressure resolution of 0.78 mmHg, exceeding the requirements for a wide range of in vivo pressure sensing applications. The pressure sampling rate is fully externally controlled, up to 1 ksps, in order to significantly decrease implant energy consumption and to allow for adaptable programming for specific applications.
Effect of government quality grade labels on consumer demand for pork chops in the short and long run

Abstract Despite ample evidence of pork quality variability, at present there are few signals that would incentivize growers to produce higher quality pork. Using split-sample, choice experiment data from a nationwide online survey of U.S. pork chop eaters, this research determines changes in pork chop demand in response to a potential change in U.S. government policy that would introduce a new pork quality grading system based on color scores. Our simulations include novel short-run projections in which the conditional and latent class logit models are inverted to yield inverse demand curves. The inverse demand curves are used to calculate equilibrium prices and pork revenue given a fixed supply of different pork qualities. We supplement these calculations with a more traditional “long run” analysis in which prices are fixed and quantities of different qualities adjust. Compared to the status quo (control) of no quality grades, we find that two grading systems based on alternative nomenclatures (Select, Choice, Prime vs. Good, Better, Best) both have the potential to increase pork chop sales and revenue to the pork industry; however, we also find that if only the highest quality is labeled, revenue could fall as the increase in demand for the higher quality is offset by the fall in demand for the lower qualities. Results also highlight important heterogeneity in consumer preferences, and although sensory studies strongly suggest redder pork chops are more highly preferred, there remains a non-trivial share of consumers who prefer whiter pork even after quality grade labeling. Overall, this study offers several insights that can help inform labeling and quality grading policies.
Metal chelators as antioxidants for food preservation

The chemistry of the iron- and copper-complexes of the food chelators ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium tripolyphosphate, and citric acid are provided in this chapter. Ideally, chelators should function as preventive antioxidants by obstructing the activity of catalytic metals present in the system, thus eliminating the initial oxidation step. As only a handful of organic compounds are capable of true autoxidation, trace metals are important initiators of oxidation in foods. This chapter also discusses the reactivity of some reactive oxygen species typically produced in metal-catalyzed oxidation, and continues with food uses and regulatory status of the chelators. Additional antioxidant compounds that are believed to chelate metals are also discussed.
Recent Developments in 15 N NMR Relaxation Studies that Probe Protein Backbone Dynamics

Abstract Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation is a powerful technique that provides information about internal dynamics associated with configurational energetics in proteins, as well as site-specific information involved in conformational equilibria. In particular, 15N relaxation is a useful probe to characterize overall and internal backbone dynamics of proteins because the relaxation mainly reflects reorientational motion of the N–H bond vector. Over the past 20 years, experiments and protocols for analysis of 15N R 1, R 2, and the heteronuclear 15N–{1H} NOE data have been well established. The development of these methods has kept pace with the increase in the available static–magnetic field strength, providing dynamic parameters optimized from data fitting at multiple field strengths. Using these methodological advances, correlation times for global tumbling and order parameters and correlation times for internal motions of many proteins have been determined. More recently, transverse relaxation dispersion experiments have extended the range of NMR relaxation studies to the milli- to microsecond time scale, and have provided quantitative information about functional conformational exchange in proteins. Here, we present an overview of recent advances in 15N relaxation experiments to characterize protein backbone dynamics.
SAFETY ISSUES IN HEPARIN AND PROTAMINE ADMINISTRATION FOR EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION

This article reviews past approaches to heparin and protamine dosing and summarizes current practice. The author elucidates his experience with the Celite activated coagulation time (ACT), with attention to his adoption of a value of 400 seconds for this time; the adoption of an ACT of 480 seconds by Bull et al (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 69:674-684, 1975) and Young et al (Ann Thorac Surg 26:231-240, 1978); the proposed use of heparin response curves by Bull et al; the author's experience with a unitized dosing system to individualize dosing of heparin; and the use for this purpose by Despotis et al (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110:46-54, 1995) of a system based on protamine titration. In more than 270 adult cardiac surgery patients, the unitized dosing system identified patients with high sensitivity or resistance to heparin and facilitated exact individualized doses to be given to produce the desired effect. Thus, less heparin was used in short bypass runs. Patients received less protamine than they would have with any other formula, and there was less blood loss and fewer transfusions required. Currently, no claims for efficacy or safety can be made for maintaining heparin concentrations greater than 3 U/mL. Pending further clarification, heparin dosage cannot be safely reduced when using heparin-bonded circuits. Aprotinin is not a procoagulant during cardiopulmonary bypass. Emerging studies suggest that graft patency is not affected by aprotinin use. The Celite ACT should not be used to monitor heparin effect and safety when using aprotinin; the kaolin ACT should be used instead.
Vasopressin and memory: II. Lesions to the hippocampus block the memory enhancing effects of AVP4–9 in the radial maze

Abstract Previous work has shown that the arginine vasopressin fragment AVP 4–9 enhanced overall performance in the radial arm maze. This enhancement effect was due to improved working memory as well as to improved reference memory. The present study uses a behavioral approach to investigate whether these effects of vasopressin on memory are mediated by the hippocampus. Animals received either NMDA lesions to the hippocampus or sham operations and were then treated with AVP 4–9 or saline. The testing was performed in an eight-arm radial maze for 60 sessions, and all injections were given s.c. 30 min prior to testing. The hippocampal lesioned animals showed a marked deficit in working memory that was not ameliorated by AVP 4–9 ; however, the improvement in reference memory produced by the compound was as large as in healthy animals. Since the AVP treatment did not differentiate between the two hippocampal groups, the memory enhancing effects of AVP 4–9 were blocked by hippocampal lesions. It is concluded that vasopressin has a more general effect on memory and that its site of action includes but is not limited to the hippocampus.
Predictability matters: role of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in disambiguation of overlapping sequences

Previous research has demonstrated that areas in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex (PFC) show increased activation during retrieval of overlapping sequences. In this study, we designed a task in which degree of overlap varied between conditions in order to parse out the contributions of hippocampal and prefrontal subregions as overlap between associations increased. In the task, participants learned sequential associations consisting of a picture frame, a face within the picture frame, and an outdoor scene. The control condition consisted of a single frame-face-scene sequence. In the low overlap condition, each frame was paired with two faces and two scenes. In the high overlap condition, each frame was paired with four faces and four scenes. In all conditions the correct scene was chosen among four possible scenes and was dependent on the frame and face that preceded the choice point. One day after training, participants were tested on the retrieval of learned sequences during fMRI scanning. Results showed that the middle and posterior hippocampus (HC) was active at times when participants acquired information that increased predictability of the correct response in the overlapping sequences. Activation of dorsolateral PFC occurred at time points when the participant was able to ascertain which set of sequences the correct response belonged to. The ventrolateral PFC was active when inhibition was required, either of irrelevant stimuli or incorrect responses. These results indicate that areas of lateral PFC work in concert with the HC to disambiguate between overlapping sequences and that sequence predictability is key to when specific brain regions become active.
In vivo synergism between PARP-inhibitor olaparib and HSP90-inhibitor AT13387 in high grade serous ovarian cancer patient derived xenografts.

e17045Background: Our previous in vitro work has demonstrated that HSP90-inhibition suppresses homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and sensitizes HR-proficient ovarian cancer lines to platinum...
Primary versus secondary prevention messages: College students' perceptions of effectiveness by marijuana user status

AbstractObjective: With medical and recreational marijuana legislation expanding throughout the country, the need to educate high-risk populations is evident. The purpose of this study was to asses...
Promoting Athletic Training Through a General Education Course in Psychosocial Aspects of Sports Injuries

Context: A general education course taught by athletic training education faculty has the potential to expose the entire student body to the athletic training profession in a unique way while also ...
Fibers supporting OAM and their applications

We describe optical fibers that can generate, and stably propagate over km-distances, light beams that possess orbital angular momentum. We review applications of such fibers in areas ranging from telecommunications to nanoscale microscopy.
Too big to breathe: predictors of respiratory failure and insufficiency after open ventral hernia repair

Increased intra-abdominal pressure in open ventral hernia repair (OVHR) is hypothesized to contribute to postoperative respiratory insufficiency (RI) or failure (RF). This study examines the impact of abdominal volumes on postoperative RI in OVHR. OVHR patients with preoperative CT scans were identified. 3D volumetric software measured hernia volume (HV), subcutaneous volume (SQV), and intra-abdominal volume (IAV). The ratio of hernia to intra-abdominal volume (HV:IAV) was calculated. A principal component analysis was performed to create new component variables for collinear volume and hernia variables. There were 1178 OVHR patients with preoperative CT scans. Demographics included a mean BMI of 34.2 ± 7.7 kg/m2, age of 58.5 ± 12.4 years, and 57.8% were female. RI occurred in 8.3% of patients, including 4.0% requiring > 24 h respiratory support with ezPAP, CPAP, or biPAP (RI), and 4.3% requiring intubation (RF). Patients who developed RI had a higher BMI (33.8 ± 7.5 vs. 38.2 ± 9.1 kg/m2, p < 0.0001), older age (58.1 ± 12.5 vs. 62.8 ± 10.4 years, p = 0.0001), larger defects (140.9 ± 128.4 vs. 254.0 ± 173.9 cm2, p < 0.0001), HV (865.8 ± 1200.0 vs. 2005.6 ± 1791.7 cm3, p < 0.0001), and HV:IAV (0.26 ± 0.45 vs. 0.53 ± 0.58, p < 0.0001). Three PC variables accounted for 85% of variance: hernia volume PC consists primarily of HV (61.8%), ratio HV:IAV (57.7%), and defect size (50.1%) and accounts for 38.3% variance. Extra-abdominal volume PC consists primarily of SQV (63.7%) and BMI (60.8%) and accounts for 32.5% variance. Intra-abdominal volume PC is primarily IAV (75.8%) and accounts for 14.9% variance. In multivariate analysis, predictors of RI included asthma and COPD (OR 4.04, CI 1.82–8.96), hernia PC (OR 1.47, CI 1.48–1.98), EAV PC (OR 1.24, CI 1.04–1.48), increased age (OR 1.04, CI 1.01–1.06), and diabetes (OR 1.8, CI 1.11–2.91). Component separation, fascial closure, contamination, and panniculectomy were not associated with RI. The impact of defect size, BMI, HV, SQV, IAV, and HV:IAV on respiratory insufficiency after OVHR is collinear. Patients with large defects and a large ratio of HV:IAV (greater than 0.5) are also at significantly increased risk of RI after OVHR. While BMI impacts these parameters, it is not directly predictive of postoperative RI.
Quantum dots of two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite with high optical limiting properties

Hybrid perovskites have been investigated for various potential applications because of their tunable optical properties. In this paper, we report the synthesis of quantum dots (QDs) of two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) hybrid perovskite using a top-down approach. The QDs of the developed 2D RP perovskite exhibit high and sharp photoluminescence in the ultraviolet region. The sharp peak in the absorption spectrum and the intense photoluminescence in the ultraviolet region indicate strong quantum confinement in these particles, which is further confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These QDs show superior nonlinear optical scattering and absorption properties with the optical z-scan technique and strong nonlinear absorption property with the photoacoustic z-scan technique. Evaluating the nonlinear optical properties using two complementary techniques provides a deeper understanding of the nonlinear mechanism involved in the optical limiting process. The two-photon absorption coefficient obtained by optical z-scan is 7.2 × 102 cm/GW, which is larger than that of most perovskite nanocrystals and nanosheets. Our studies, therefore, reveal a new class of material, 2D RP perovskite QDs, which show important nonlinear properties that are important for optical limiting applications.
Investigate Wildfire Impacts on Ozone Production by Vertical Observations and Photochemical Modeling

In troposphere, ozone is a toxic secondary pollutant produced when its precursors react in sunlight. An important source of ozone precursors is biomass burning. Here we investigate the impacts of 2016 Southeast U.S. Wildfires on ozone production by integrating vertical resolved ozone profiles and photochemical modeling. The results show that wildfires contributed to ozone lamina at the top of boundary layer and enhanced surface ozone up to about 10ppbv in Southeast U.S.. Ozone lidar observed a lower ozone change with respect to a fast growth of aerosol plume, of which the reason is also investigated. Current results indicate an effective integration of vertical observations and modeling for us to understand the ozone production from fires in troposphere.
Accessory Renal Artery Stenosis and Secondary Hypertension.

Background Secondary hypertension is an uncommon cause of hypertension with extensive workup not recommended in most patients; however, further evaluation is generally recommended in young patients presenting with hypertension. Case Presentation. A 31-year-old female presented with history of elevated blood pressures. Secondary hypertension workup revealed no laboratory abnormalities; however, renal artery ultrasound demonstrated a left superior accessory artery and suspected bilateral renal vein congestion that was further evaluated with renal CT with contrast. Renal CT showed ostial stenosis of the left accessory renal artery. In addition, compression of the left renal vein between aorta and superior mesenteric artery was also noted, consistent with nutcracker syndrome. Hypertension was suspected to be secondary to stenosis of the accessory renal artery. Upon consultation with interventional radiology, pharmacologic treatment was recommended, and blood pressure control was ultimately achieved with a single agent. Discussion. Renovascular etiologies are responsible for 1% of cases of mild hypertension and up to 45% of severe hypertension. Accessory renal arteries are a normal anatomical variant in approximately 30% of the population. Secondary hypertension due to stenosis of an accessory renal artery is rare with very few cases described in case reports. Conclusion Though hypertension secondary to accessory renal artery stenosis is rare and not well published in medical literature, few case reports, including this one, demonstrate that accessory renal artery stenosis can be an underlying etiology of hypertension.
Kähler currents and null loci

We prove that the non-Kahler locus of a nef and big class on a compact complex manifold bimeromorphic to a Kahler manifold equals its null locus. In particular this gives an analytic proof of a theorem of Nakamaye and Ein–Lazarsfeld–Mustaţa–Nakamaye–Popa. As an application, we show that finite time non-collapsing singularities of the Kahler–Ricci flow on compact Kahler manifolds always form along analytic subvarieties, thus answering a question of Feldman–Ilmanen–Knopf and Campana. We also extend the second author’s results about noncollapsing degenerations of Ricci-flat Kahler metrics on Calabi–Yau manifolds to the nonalgebraic case.
Technological Risks of Space Flights and Human Casualties

This chapter focuses on the technological risks taken in space exploration. In addition, the U.S. accidents that resulted in loss of life are discussed: the Apollo 1 fire (1967), the Challenger explosion (1986), and the Columbia disintegration (2003). The resulting discussion addresses technical reasons for each accident as well as a look into the NASA culture and timeline issues that affected each program event. Recent private enterprise space accidents (SpaceShipTwo and SpaceX rocket) are also addressed with reflections on the associated risks of space flight.
Kansas maternity deserts: a cross-sectional study of rural obstetric providers.

INTRODUCTION Kansas is a predominantly rural state that had 9853 rural births in 2018. The Kansas Rural Obstetrical Access Task Force was formed to study and address factors affecting these births. One of these factors is the distance between mothers and the location of maternity services. Poor access leading to increased travel times between mothers and maternity care providers has been associated with a greater rate of pregnancy complications, premature birth, and higher cost of care. In Kansas, the current state of access is not clearly described. Adding to the concern were reports of rural hospital closures and provider cessation of maternity care services. This was likely leading to 'maternity deserts': entire counties that have no maternity care providers. The goal of this project was to identify who currently delivers babies in Kansas, map their location, and determine future plans for maternity care service provision. METHODS The study began by dividing the state of Kansas into counties by population density and by identifying current practitioners in the state. Once identified, providers were sent a 72-item mixed methods survey with content including demographics, practice location, provision of maternity care, and intents on future practice changes. RESULTS Analysis of the survey responses led to a clearer picture of the current state of maternity care provider distribution in Kansas. This revealed multiple existing maternity deserts and a projected expansion of these deserts over the next 10 years. CONCLUSION The current distribution of maternity care services in Kansas reveals numerous maternity deserts, and provider survey projections as far forward as 2030 show expansion of these deserts. This poor access to care may be contributing to unnecessary pregnancy complications. With the extent of this issue identified, targeted efforts toward narrowing the current and expanding maternity deserts are being implemented.
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) Misdiagnosed as Spinal Cord Infarction (5394)

Objective: NA Background: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disorder characterized by immune-mediated demyelination, and axonal damage targeting the optic nerves and spinal cord. NMOSD typically presents with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, involving three or more levels. Similarly, spinal cord infarctions can present the same way and hence diagnosis, especially in the initial encounter, can be challenging. Design/Methods: Case report Results: 63-year-old female with history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and Sjogren syndrome presented with one day of left leg numbness. On exam, there was absent pinprick, vibration and proprioception sensation on the left lower extremity up to the level of below the chest. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an abnormal signal in the central cord involving the grey matter extending from T1 to T7. Brain MRI showed multiple small areas of restricted diffusion with corresponding ADC signal dropout in the right corona radiata, right parietal lobe and left parietal lobe. A CSF panel was normal. Patient was diagnosed with cryptogenic spinal cord infraction, and was discharged home with a loop cardiac monitoring. Three weeks later, she presented with right leg weakness. On exam, the patient was plegic on her right leg. There was loss of pinprick, vibration and proprioception sensations on the lower extremities up to the chest. Repeat MRI of the spinal cord showed extended signal intensity from T1 to T9. Repeat CSF analysis revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein, myelin basic protein, and IgG synthesis rate. Serum and CSF came back positive for anti-aquaporin-4 IgG antibodies. The patient was started on high dose IV methylprednisolone followed by plasmapheresis. Patient’s symptoms started improving, and she was discharged to acute rehabilitation. Conclusions: NMOSD can present without any clear inflammatory markers. It can be misdiagnosed as spinal cord infarction, especially in the setting of similar imaging findings. Disclosure: Dr. Abdalla has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lopez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Siraj has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ahmed has nothing to disclose. Dr. McGraw has nothing to disclose.
Creep and Shrinkage of Early-Age Concrete at Cold Temperature

This study was to investigate the concrete creep and shrinkage of early-age concrete at cold temperatures and to analyze their characteristics compared with the creep and shrinkage measured at room temperature. Concrete creep frames were used to apply a sustained force to specimens. One frame was located in a laboratory at room temperature, and the other was in a cold room. An MTS test machine with an environmental chamber was used to test other specimens at the same time with an improved accuracy in force and temperature control. Test results showed that the concrete creep and shrinkage stayed dormant at the cold temperature (−40°C and −55°C). But the creep and shrinkage resumed once the temperature increased from the cold to room temperature. The concrete creep and shrinkage strain change pattern was similar to the one measured from specimens at room temperature. When concrete was loaded at the cold temperature and the temperature changed from the cold to room temperature, there was a substantial increase in strain as the temperature changed. The accumulated creep and shrinkage were greater than the ones measured from the specimen placed in room temperature.
Determinism and invariant measures for diffusing passive scalars advected by unsteady random shear flows.

Here we study the long time behavior of an advection-diffusion equation with a general time varying (including random) shear flow imposing no-flux boundary conditions on channel walls. We derive the asymptotic approximation of the scalar field at long times by using center manifold theory. We carefully compare it with existing time varying homogenization theory as well as other existing center manifold based studies, and present conditions on the flows under which our new approximations give a substantial improvement to these existing theories. A recent study \cite{ding2020ergodicity} has shown that Gaussian random shear flows induce a deterministic effective diffusivity at long times, and explicitly calculated the invariant measure. Here, with our established asymptotic expansions, we not only concisely demonstrate those prior conclusions for Gaussian random shear flows, but also generalize the conclusions regarding determinism to a much broader class of random (non-Gaussian) shear flows. Such results are important ergodicity-like results in that they assure an experimentalist need only perform a single realization of a random flow to observe the ensemble moment predictions at long time. Monte-Carlo simulations are presented illustrating how the highly random behavior converges to the deterministic limit at long time. Counterintuitively, we present a case demonstrating that the random flow may not induce larger dispersion than its deterministic counterpart, and in turn present rigorous conditions under which a random renewing flow induces a stronger effective diffusivity.
Who's in Charge Here

ABSTRACT Using survey methodology, this exploratory study compares chain and independent restaurant manager perceptions on their use of point of sale (POS) technology. Specific areas reported include the impact of POS technology systems on customer service transactions, manager work routines, and the impact POS systems have on the overall customer service experience. Managers also self-rated their technology proficiency and how their technological skills have affected their career. Independent and chain manager responses differed significantly in responses to several items most notably perceptions of POS provider support, self-rated technology skill assessment, whether the POS system was the focal point of the restaurant, type of applications used, and adequacy of training.
The Empirical Exploration of Intrinsic Motivational Processes

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes. Intrinsically motivated behaviors, motivated by the underlying need for competence and self-determination, are investigated in a variety of ways at the physiological, psychological, and operational levels. One of the two general approaches; the incongruity theories and the competence and/or self-determination theories generally guides those focused on the psychological level. The chapter presents the performance-contingent rewards that actually enhance intrinsic motivation when administered in a way that places emphasis on effective performance rather than on reward acquisition. The research literature that explored the nature of intrinsic motivation and the effects of rewards and controls on intrinsic motivation highly support the competence and self-determination formulation of intrinsic motivation and also the propositions of cognitive evaluation theory. The results of individual studies provided the basis for greater understanding of the phenomena and greater specificity of the theory. Understanding of motivational processes is critical for explicating and predicting human behavior as well as a variety of interrelated beliefs, attitudes, and affects, the complex referred to as motivational subsystems. The chapter also describes a field study conducted in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of four elementary schools.
Structural and magnetic phase diagrams of La 1-x Sr x MnO 3 and Pr 1-y Sr y MnO 3

The nuclear and magnetic structures and properties of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ with $0.45l~xl~1$ and ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{y}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ $(0.58l~yl~1)$ were investigated using neutron powder diffraction, resistivity and magnetic measurements. In this paper, we present the full magnetic and structural phase diagram for ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ and a partial phase diagram for ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{y}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}.$ At low temperatures, we observe a series of structural phase transitions evolving as a function of increasing x as follows: orthorhombic $\mathrm{Pbn}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{m}\mathrm{rhombohedral}$ $R3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{c}\mathrm{orthorhombic}$ $\mathrm{Fmm}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{m}\mathrm{tetragonal}$ $I4/mc\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{m}\mathrm{cubic}$ $\mathrm{Pm}3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}m.$ At higher temperatures, the orthorhombic Fmmm structural region disappears. We also identify four magnetic states (FM, A, C, and G type) evolving as a function of increasing x. The magnetic and nuclear structural transitions coincide for samples with $0.8l~xl~0.95.$ In the $0.5l~xl~0.9$ region, resistivity and magnetic measurements show a substantial hysteresis near ${T}_{N}.$ This hysteresis of a few K is indicative of a first order antiferromagnetic transition in good agreement with the neutron diffraction results. Our data also suggest the existence of a strong competition between the ferromagnetic and A-type states for $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.5,$ and between the C- and G-type states for $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.95.$ A similar behavior is observed for ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{y}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}.$
Sulfasalazine for the management of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Sulfasalazine (SSZ) has regulatory approval for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adults, and for use as a slow acting agent in adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This report surveys the literature for experience with SSZ in juvenile RA. METHODS: Medline, Excerpta Medica, and Derwent were searched under the terms juvenile, rheumatoid, arthritis, and sulfasalazine. RESULTS: The search found reports of experience in 550 patients, of whom about half had pauciarticular and nearly one-third polyarticular disease. The studies generally reported at least some drug associated benefit in all subtypes. Some identified late onset pauciarticular disease as most responsive, but others reported poly- and pauciarticular response rates about the same. Systemic onset disease responded poorly and showed a substantial incidence of intolerance in the form of serum sickness. Most studies showed useful disease control in spondylitis. Overall, the patterns of toxicity and intolerance were close to those seen in adult SSZ recipients, with the possible exception of the serum sickness-like response. CONCLUSION: SSZ has demonstrated useful antirheumatic activity and can contribute to the care of selected patients.
Inflammatory and Immune Activation in Intestinal Myofibroblasts Is Developmentally Regulated

We previously demonstrated that intestinal myofibroblasts from immature tissue produce excessive IL-8 in response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) compared to cells from mature tissue. However, it is unknown whether other cytokines and TLR agonists contribute to this developmentally regulated response. The aim of this study was to further characterize differences in inflammatory signaling in human primary intestinal fibroblasts from fetal (FIF) and infant (IIF) tissue and examine their potential to activate the adaptive immune response in vitro. Cytokine profiles of LPS-stimulated FIF and IIF were assessed by cytokine profile array. IL-8, IL-6, and IL-10 production in response to TLR2, TLR2/6, TLR4, and TLR5 agonists was determined by quantitative ELISA. The potential of activated myofibroblasts to activate adaptive immunity was determined by measuring surface class II MHC expression using flow cytometry. LPS-stimulated FIF produced a distinct proinflammatory cytokine profile consisting of MCP...
Functional stealing: Reorganization of the retinotopic map after occipital lobe infarct

The stimuli used in the fMRI studies were rotating wedges (a) expanding rings (b) consisting of flickering checkerboard patterns (2Hz rate),a full field flickering checkerboard stimulus (not shown), and "motion coherence" which was a random dot kinematogram display (c) where a proportion of the dots moved radially in expanding or contracting motion while the remainder dots provided masking motion noise. These first three stimuli allowed us to map the retinotopic visual areas and the Motion Coherence task localized the MT+ cortical region, an area known to be especially involved in processing visual motion (6,7,8). All tasks were performed with central fixation and in both, observers fixated the center of the screen. For the retinotopic mapping subjects were asked to perform a fixation discrimination task (press a key on a magnet compatible keypad every time the fixation changed luminance). In the Motion Coherence task subjects discriminated direction in the radial pattern motion stimulus. Aims
Reservoir Simulation in a North Sea Reservoir Experiencing Significant Compaction Drive

The Valhall field in the Norwegian North Sea is a high-porosity chalk reservoir undergoing primary pressure depletion. Over the last 10 years there have been a number of computer modeling studies of the field which have all assumed an original oil-in-place of approximately 2,000 MMSTB (318.0 {times} 10{sup 6} m{sup 3}). Despite this basic similarity, estimates of ultimate recoverable reserves have increased from an initial value of 200 MMSTB (31.8 {times} 10{sup 6} m{sup 3}) to the present estimate of 500 MMSTB (79.5 {times} 10{sup 6} m{sup 3}). This increase is partly due to the addition of wells and the optimization of completion techniques. However, the single most important and unique feature influencing Valhall long-term production performance is reservoir rock compaction. Recent simulation studies indicate that over half of the oil produced from the Valhall reservoir is a direct result of the rock compaction recovery mechanism. This paper describes the mathematical model used to simulate reservoir performance in a compacting reservoir with specific discussion regarding the proportion of oil produced by each physical recovery process. An understanding of the recovery mechanisms and their relative importance is critical for the successful management of the field. This paper also presents an alterativemore » method for evaluating the various recovery processes using a simple solution to the material-balance equation. This is used to substantiate the magnitude of the various recovery mechanisms identified in the simulation model.« less
Writing gendered memories of repression in Northern Ireland: Begoña Aretxaga at the doors of the prison

This article explores Begona Aretxaga's research on women, nationalism and political subjectivity in Northern Ireland during `the troubles' by considering her writings as a field worker as they bear on her work as an ethnographer and theoretical innovator. My goal is to illustrate the knowledge production and representational strategies integral to Aretxaga's analysis of violence, state power, and politicized ethnic minorities in European democracies. The article centers on correspondence between Aretxaga and a republican woman prisoner that evolved into a dialogue about coming of age in situations of state repression and counternationalist resistance. This analysis also considers the ways that women built their own cultural and social worlds in prison as a counterpoint to the changing techniques of prison control from 1971 through the early 1990s.
Quantifying vascular structures in MRA images using hybrid PDE and geometric deformable models

Segmentation and measurement of vascular structures is an important topic in medical image analysis. The aim of this paper is to present a hybrid approach to accurate segmentation of vascular structures from MRA images using level set methods and deformable geometric model, constructed with 3D Delaunay triangulation. Based on the analysis of local intensity structure, multiple scale filtering is derived from the Hessian matrix and then is used to effectively enhance vessel structures with various diameters. We apply the level set method to automatically segment vessels enhanced by the filtering. The segmentation of vessels from 3D vessel enhanced images can be regarded as an evolution of a propagating implicit surface in a 3D space that separates vessel volumes from another and moves in a normal direction to the vessel boundaries with a given speed function over time. The speed function used is derived from the results of filtering. In subsequent step, in order to make the segmented vessel surface fit the actual vessel surface more accurately, we triangulate the segmented vessel surface using 3D Delaunay triangulation and use the triangulated surface as a deformable model in order to minimize an energy functional in which the internal force is defined as linear equations with the local surface patch given by 3D Delaunay triangulation and the external force is derived from the gradient information of original images. Using the proposed method, vessels can be effectively and accurately segmented from MRA images.
Sex differences in sick role behavior during hospitalization after open heart surgery.

The proposition examined here is that there are sex differences in the enactment of the sick role. Specifically, in comparing the recovery of 50 male and 50 female patients following open heart surgery, it was hypothesized that male patients would (a) be transferred from the cardiac recovery room earlier, (b) be discharged from the hospital earlier, (c) achieve independence in self-care and in ambulation earlier, and (d) receive fewer pain medications and tranquilizers. Support was found only for the hypotheses of earlier hospital discharge and earlier self-care. The patient's physical condition—indicated by type of surgery, time in operating room, time on bypass, and units of blood—was related to time in recovery room and length of postoperative hospitalization. Of the variables examined, age emerged as the most powerful predictor of medication dosage, with older patients receiving significantly fewer analgesics and tranquilizers. The following conclusions were reached: (a) the salience of sex role expectations for sick role behavior varies with the particular measure considered and (b) the overall significance of sex role expectations in determining sick role behavior was slight for this sample of seriously ill patients.
Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in alveolar bone grafting

Purpose In this study, we performed alveolar bone grafting with autologous iliac cancellous bone incorporation with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and evaluated its efficacy in osteoregeneration. Materials and methods Seven alveolar cleft patients with adult dentition (average age, 16.1 years) underwent iliac bone grafting with PRP. Quantitative evaluation of regenerated bone was made with 3-dimensional computed tomography scans and compared with controls. Results The average of the volume ratio of regenerated bone to alveolar cleft in cases with PRP was higher than in controls (P < .05). There were no complications from the blood draw or PRP. Conclusion PRP was a safe and cost-effective source for growth factors and was easy to extract. It could enhance the osteogenesis of alveolar bone grafting in cleft lip and palate patients and may useful for subsequent orthodontic therapy.
Effect of dietary consistency on matrix synthesis and composition in the rat condylar cartilage.

Little is known of how the matrix of the condylar cartilage of the mandible changes in response to an alteration in local biomechanical circumstances, although this has been a habitual focus of studie
A computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program in diseases of the thyroid gland (THYROID).

Abstract A computerized teaching program (THYROID) has been authored for thyroid diseases which utilizes a medical education driver program of the Laboratory of Computer Science at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The output of this teaching program has four components: (1) an inexhaustible generated pool of patients' profiles; (2) a glossary of permissible clinical questions, diagnoses, and therapies; (3) a teaching message for every glossary item; and (4) an evaluation of user performance. THYROID teaches problem recognition and management of 20 thyroid diseases by presenting the user with a randomly generated “patient.” The program was constructed by writing question and response sets relevant to the history, physical examination, and laboratory tests of patients with various thyroid disorders. In addition to teaching messages for every glossary item, the user may request a “consultant” who guides the user stepwise through the differential diagnosis to the final correct diagnosis. THYROID can be used for medical student and house-staff education and for review of thyroid diseases by practicing physicians.
The effects of rapidity of fading on communication systems

Although rapidity of fading has been long identified as one of the crucial design features of language, little is known about its effects on the design of communication systems. To investigate such effects, we performed an experiment in which pairs of participants developed novel communication systems using media that had different degrees of rapidity of fading. The results of the experiment suggest that rapidity of fading does not affect the pace with which communication systems emerge or the communicative efficacy of the emerged systems. However, rapidity of fading seems to affect the design of these systems. In particular, communication systems implemented in the more rapidly fading medium exhibited a higher degree of combinatorial reuse of their forms than systems implemented in the medium that faded more slowly. These results suggest that the design of language might be constrained by subtle relations the presence of which can be ascertained only through direct experimental manipulation. Human communication systems crafted today in the laboratory can provide new insights into the design of natural languages.
Dimer acid structures. the thermal dimer of methyl 10-trans, 12-trans, linoleate

Thermal dimerization of the conjugated 10-trans, 12-trans linoleate (250C, 5 hr) produced a dimer whose structure is shown to be that of the Diels-Alder reaction between two molecules of monomer, with one molecule acting as diene, and either one of the two double bonds of the second molecule acting as dieneophile. This produces four skeletal isomers of a tetrasubstituted (1,2,3,4) cyclohexene structure with α-β unsaturation on one chain. The isomers formed depend on whether the 10 or the 12 double bond acts as dieneophile, and whether the monomers add “head to head” or “head to tail.” Evidences for the structures include chemical analyses, ozonolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, IR and UV spectrometry and particularly mass spectrometry of the distilled dimer, of the completely hydrogenated dimer, and of the aromatized dimer formed by catalytic dehydrogenation. The hydrogenated dimer can be separated into two components by TLC. These are probably related to “head to head” vs. “head to tail” addition.
Eyewitness memory for arousing events: putting things into context

If attention is focused on central details at high levels of arousal, memory for peripheral details should be diminished (Easterbrook, 1959). If this is the case, contextual reinstatement (CR) procedures should not enhance memory because these procedures specifically use peripheral information to cue memory. The present experiment tested how arousal influenced eyewitness memory for an event and how it interacts with CR procedures. Participants first viewed one of three series of slides (neutral, arousal, or unusual/control). Memory for central and peripheral details was tested via photo lineups and recognition tests. Although CR procedures enhanced recognition memory for non-arousing and unusual events, they did not affect recognition memory for arousing events. Analyses of the peripheral photo lineup and peripheral recognition test data revealed that CR enhanced the hit rate for the neutral and unusual conditions but not for the arousal condition. Although CR procedures tended to enhance recognition of central information (increasing the hit rate and decreasing the false alarm rate), CR had a smaller enhancement effect in the arousal condition relative to the neutral and unusual conditions. The present experiment also replicates the Christianson and Loftus (1991) finding that peripheral information is not remembered as well in an arousing event, as compared to memory of neutral and unusual events. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.