cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abundant Metals Give Precious Hydrogenation Performance

Homogeneous catalysts based on precious metals have enabled highly selective synthesis of organic compounds. Precious metal catalysts including ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), and platinum (Pt) have been superstars of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. In recent years, increasing efforts have been devoted to the design and discovery of homogeneous catalysts that incorporate base metals, such as iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) ( 1 – 3 ) (see the figure). Catalytic hydrogenations are one of the extraordinary success stories of homogeneous catalysis, and three reports in this issue describe remarkable progress in the use of Earth-abundant metals as catalysts for hydrogenations. Hydrogenations are conceptually simple—H2 is added across a C=C or C=O double bond—but mechanistic studies have revealed considerable complexity with respect to how the metal catalyzes hydrogenations ( 4 ). On page 1080, Zuo et al. ( 5 ) report iron catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation of C=O bonds. On page 1076, cobalt catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation of C=C bonds are described by Friedfeld et al. ( 6 ). On page 1073, Jagadeesh et al. ( 7 ) report on nanoscale iron catalysts for synthesis of functionalized anilines through hydrogenation of nitroarenes.
Iteratively decodable codes from orthogonal arrays for optical communication systems

A novel family of low-density parity-check codes is proposed based on orthogonal arrays. Codes from this family have high code rate, girth of at least six, large minimum distance, and significantly outperform the error correction schemes based on turbo product codes proposed for optical communication systems.
TNF-α Receptor 1 (p55) on Islets Is Necessary for the Expression of LIGHT on Diabetogenic T Cells

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus results from T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells have been shown to be independently capable of beta cell destruction. However, the mechanism of beta cell destruction has remained elusive. It has previously been shown that the absence of TNF-alpha receptor 1 (p55) on the islets protected islets from CD4 T-cell-mediated destruction as long as the T cells did not have access to wild-type islets in vivo. Wild-type and TNF-alpha receptor 1 (p55) deficient islets induce similar levels of proliferation of BDC2.5 T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that islet TNF-alpha receptor 1 (p55) influences the expression of LIGHT (TNFSF-14), a TNF family member with both cytolytic and costimulatory properties, on BDC2.5 T cells and the expression of its receptor HVEM (TNFRSF-14) by islets, indicating a role for LIGHT-HVEM interactions in autoimmune diabetes.
Low-Dispersion Scheme for Nonlinear Acoustic Waves in Nonuniform Flow

The linear dispersion-relation-preserving scheme and its boundary conditions have been extended to the nonlinear Euler equations. This allowed computing, a nonuniform flowfield and a nonlinear acoustic wave propagation in such a medium, by the same scheme. By casting all the equations, boundary conditions, and the solution scheme in generalized curvilinear coordinates, the solutions were made possible for non-Cartesian domains and, for the better deployment of the grid points, nonuniform grid step sizes could be used. It has been tested for a number of simple initial-value and periodic-source problems. A simple demonstration of the difference between a linear and nonlinear propagation was conducted. The wall boundary condition, derived from the momentum equations and implemented through a pressure at a ghost point, and the radiation boundary condition, derived from the asymptotic solution to the Euler equations, have proven to be effective for the nonlinear equations and nonuniform flows. The nonreflective characteristic boundary conditions also have shown success but limited to the nonlinear waves in no mean flow, and failed for nonlinear waves in nonuniform flow.
Women In The World Of Corporate Business: Looking At The Glass Ceiling

From a review of some of the literature and a brief compiling of statistics on women in positions of leadership and power, and with a quick look at the life and work of some contemporary women who have thought about and lived the life of corporate leadership, it is clear that women have made small progress into positions of power and influence. Research shows that this is true because they did not desire the positions of leadership, did not want to pay the price of the loneliness of leadership, or were derailed in some way by sex. A review of the timeline for the advances for women also shows the disconnect between what happens in legislation or social opinion and what really happens to the plight of women in the halls of power. Research indicates the alternative for women seeking positions of power in the corporate structure is as follows: Some women…who are the best qualified for leadership…leave the corporate ranks and never return. Some decide to become entrepreneurs. Some decide on other upward mobility enterprises. This paucity of women in the Boardroom and at the helm of corporate power definitely accounts for the lack of soul, ethics, and the general quandary in corporate America. The dilemma that leaders are now facing is: What happened here, as evidence by corporate scandals and the fall of Wall Street, where do we go, and what do we do now? It is the focus of this paper to show that the greatest deterioration of the corporate structure is caused by the following: Not including and/or promoting women into the ranks of leadership…real policy making power…not providing a female friendly environment for women, not setting up legitimate and ongoing mentoring systems for women, not recognizing the different, but significant, voice of knowledge that women bring to the table.
Singular limits in polymer-stabilized liquid crystals

We investigate equilibrium configurations for a polymer-stabilized liquid-crystal material subject to an applied magnetic field. The configurations are determined by energy minimization, where the energies of the system include those of bulk, surface and external field. The Euler–Lagrange equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation with nonlinear boundary conditions defined on a perforated domain modelling the cross-section of the liquid-crystal–polymer-fibre composite. We analyse the critical values for the external magnetic field representing Fredericks transitions and describe the equilibrium configurations under any magnitude of the external field. We also discuss the limit of the critical values and configurations as the number of polymer fibres approaches infinity. In the case where, away from the boundary of the composite, the fibres are part of a periodic array, we prove that non-constant configurations develop order-one oscillations on the scale of the array's period. Furthermore, we determine the small-scale structure of the configurations as the period tends to zero.
Genome-wide scan revealed genetic loci for energy metabolism in Hispanic children and adolescents

Genome-wide scans were conducted in search for genetic locations linked to energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in children. Pedigreed data of 1030 Hispanic children and adolescents were from the Viva La Familia Study which was designed to investigate genetic and environmental risk factors for the development of obesity in Hispanic families. A respiratory calorimeter was used to measure 24-h total energy expenditure (TEE), basal metabolic rate (BMR), sleep metabolic rate (SMR), 24-h respiratory quotient (24RQ), basal metabolic respiratory quotient (BMRQ) and sleep respiratory quotient (SRQ). Protein, fat and carbohydrate oxidation (PROOX, FATOX and CHOOX, respectively) were also estimated. All participants were genotyped for 384 single tandem repeat markers spaced an average of 10 cM apart. Computer program SOLAR was used to perform the genetic linkage analyses. Significant linkage for TEE was detected on chromosome 1 near marker D1S2841, with a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 4.0. SMR, BMRQ and PROOX were associated with loci on chromosome 18, 17 and 9, respectively, with LOD scores of 4.88, 3.17 and 4.55, respectively. A genome-wide scan of SMR per kg fat-free mass (SpFFM) peaked in the same region as SMR on chromosome 18 (LOD, 5.24). Suggestive linkage was observed for CHOOX and FATOX. Several candidate genes were found in the above chromosomal regions including leptin receptor (LEPR). Regions on chromosomes 1, 9, 17 and 18 harbor genes affecting variation in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in Hispanic children and adolescents.
A review of Macsyma

The successes and failures of the Macsyma algebraic manipulation system are reviewed from the point of view of one of the original contributors. A retrospective examination is provided of some of the controversial ideas that worked, and some that did not. Input/output, language semantics, knowledge-adjunction, mathematical semantics, the model of the user, and other issues are considered. Possible future directions for algebraic manipulation system building are discussed. >
Solving a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem

A two-point boundary value problem (TP-BVP) occurs during the process of solving a single differential equation or a set of differential equations whose solution has to satisfy both the given initial and final boundary conditions. The author shows that zeroing the discrepancy function is the crucial step in solving nonlinear TP-BVPs and uses M.P. Kennedy and L.O. Chua's (1988) neural network model to solve this problem. The advantages of this approach include its suitability for VLSI implementation. >
Report of Advances in Microwave Theory and Techniques-1960

This is a compendium of the principal advances in the microwave area for the calendar year 1960; only United States journals are included in this report which is not a catalog of all published papers, but rather, is intended to be a semicritical review of the major accomplishments in the field. The report is divided into four major sections which cover, respectively, tube sources, electromagnetic devices, solid-state devices, and measurements.
LISTENING TO ETHNIC MINORITY AAMFT APPROVED SUPERVISORS: REFLECTIONS ON THEIR EXPERIENCES AS SUPERVISEES

Interviews were conducted with ten ethnic minority AAMFT approved supervisors about their experiences as supervisees during their training and their views on how to address intersections of diversity in clinical supervision. Using Consensual Qualitative Research methodology, three themes describing their experiences as supervisees emerged: lack of processing social location and diversity dimensions, misuse of power by supervisors, and lack of mentorship in the profession. These results imply the following needs: making diversity dimensions central to the supervisory process, deepening the exploration of self of therapist and identity issues, and providing more mentorship into the profession.
The California freshwater isopod, Asellus tomalensis, rediscovered and compared with Asellus occidentalis

Asellus tomalensis is redescribed from topotypes collected near Bolinas Lagoon, California, and compared with A. occidentalis, the only other epigean asellid restricted to the Pacific coast of North America. Both species show more resemblence to eastern North American species now assigned to Conasellus than to Asiatic genera or subgenera.
Using Asset Allocation to Protect Spending

The management of an educational endowment or other income-producing portfolio involves two strategic decisions at the fund level: asset allocation and choice of a spending rule. Traditionally, these two decisions are linked, for example, to preserve capital on average, but the optimal link would be more dynamic. This article describes a new protective strategy that links spending and asset allocation in a way that preserves spending power in down markets but participates significantly in up markets. The strategy is similar to constant proportions portfolio insurance, in that part of the fund is maintained in safe assets to preserve the value needed for continued expenditures. Like portfolio insurance, the strategy outperforms traditional strategies when markets are persistently up or persistently down but underperforms when portfolios are whipsawed by alternating ups and downs.
The Janus Face of the X Ligand in the Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition

To understand the effect of the anion (X) in the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) catalytic process, the kinetic profiles of the successive steps of the catalytic cycle have been studied by performing stoichiometric reactions using copper complexes LCuX in which L is a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligand and X = OTf, Cl, OAc, OPh, or OtBu. Basic ligands favor the metalation step but disfavor the formation of the catalytically active σ,π-bis(copper) acetylide, whereas non-nucleophilic ligands favor the latter but slowly promote the former. We show that acetate is a good compromise, and in addition, it is very efficient in the proto-demetalation step.
Initiation and Propagation of Bond Cracks as Detected by Laser Holography and Acoustic Emission

Interfaces between hardened portland cement matrix and aggregates are considered relatively weak and a source of microcrack initiation. Based on optical and scanning electron microscopic studies of fractured concrete specimens, researchers have studied the role of interface in the fracture mechanism of cement composites. Acoustic Emission source location technique and laser holography provide noninvasive and nondestructive tools to study microcracking as well as the pertinent displacement field associated with cracking. In this paper, some results obtained using laser holography, speckle methods and acoustic emission source loction measurements for model concrete specimens containing circular aggregate inclusions are described. Effects of diameter of circular inclusions on mode of cracking are reported.
Cuerpo, tiempo y espacio en el estudio de comunidades Musulmanas en España: El caso de la Jama’at at-Tabligh

Este articulo aborda los modos de organizacion de movimiento Islamico transnacional Jama’at at-Tabligh ad-Da’wa en el area de Barcelona –Espana- desde los anos setenta. Su labor proselitista se extiende en la actualidad a diversas zonas de la ciudad y hacia el resto de la Peninsula Iberica. Ello contribuye a un aumento de la influencia de este movimiento entre musulmanes de diverso origen. La Jama’at at-Tabligh promueve una experiencia piadosa del Islam que hace de su practica en tal contexto un hecho familiar mas que excepcional. Asi, este movimiento pone en suspenso visiones hegemonicas sobre el Islam como religion foranea ajena a la democratizacion del espacio publico. Sin embargo, las ciencias sociales no han sido capaces de explicar el alcance del Tabligh, que aparece infrarrepresentado en los discursos publicos. Aqui sugiero en para comprender el rol que juega entre musulmanes que viven en este contexto es necesario reconsiderar nociones de tiempo (historico y cotidiano) y espacio (historico y urbano) en relacion a la experiencia del Islam en Espana. Concluyo estas paginas proponiendo el cuerpo como un puente entre la religion y la ciudad y como el necesario foco de atencion en futuras etnografias, tanto para el analisis de la Jama’at at-Tabligh como para el debate sobre la presencia del Islam en la Espana contemporanea.
Fonderia Di Torino S.P.A

The managing director of this specialty foundry must decide whether to approve a major investment to automate part of her plants production process. The case presents information sufficient to build cash flow forecasts of production costs incremental to this investment. Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis reveals that this investment project is attractive but that the benefits hinge on important assumptions about the plants business volume, the managers ability to lay off workers over the objections of a labor union, and the hurdle rate. The objectives of the case are to (1) introduce students to the mechanics of DCF analysis of go/no-go capital investment decisions, (2) consider the principle of incremental analysis as the foundation for identifying relevant cash flows for a project, (3) explore the classic trade-offs in capital-for-labor investments, and (4) review analytical adjustments required in comparing projects of unequal lives.
Trends in Globalization

The pattern of globalization has been a topic of debate for 40 years. The events toward the end of the twentieth century spurred on a dramatic acceleration of globalization that had yet to be seen on a global stage. This chapter will review those events, their impacts, and the various theories of globalization in light of the study participant’s experiences. In addition, four trends that are currently unfolding in globalization will be further examined.
Changes in Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Induction Kinetics in Cereals Infested with Russian Wheat Aphid (Homopetra: Aphididea)

Plant entries that previously had tested resistant or susceptible to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), were used to evaluate the effect of aphid feeding on leaf chlorophyll content and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics. D. noxia feeding for 96 h caused significant reductions in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content in susceptible wheat (‘Avon’, ‘TAM W-101’) and barley (‘Wintermalt’). Total chlorophyll content and constituent chlorophyll a and b levels were not significantly affected by D. noxia in resistant wheat (PI 366616, PI 372129) or barley (PI 366450) and in neither resistant (PI 386156) nor susceptible (‘Beagle 82’) critical. D. noxia infestation resulted in significant alterations of the primary fluorescence induction transients. When compared with non infested control plants, infested susceptible wheat and barley showed significantly increased non variable fluorescence (F) and decreased maximal fluorescence ( Fm ) and variable fluorescence ( Fv ). In contrast, values for these parameters did not differ significantly among the infested and non infested controls of resistant plants. When compared with control plants, the photochemical efficiency of photo system II ( F/Fm ) and the half-rise time from Fo to Fm (t1/2) were reduced significantly in the infested susceptible entries but remained relatively unchanged for the infested resistant cultivates. No significant differences between infested and non infested plants were observed in the measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters for either the resistant or the susceptible critical, which implied a much different resistance mechanism(s) to D. noxia The results of this investigation suggest that D. noxia damage goes beyond the simple removal of photosyntheses from the plant. The substantial decrease in F/Fm following aphid infestation for the susceptible wheat and barley indicated a significant decrease in the capacity and efficiency of the primary photochemistry of photo system II.
A Social Theory of Freedom (Intro and Chap 1)

What is it to be free? In academic philosophy, the concept of freedom is routinely defined by what it is not; it is set as a contrary either to metaphysical determinism or to political domination. These are two very different ideas. This book argues that there cannot be a single core that is shared between these two ideas, but also that there can be only one true center of gravity for the term “freedom”. Because the concept of freedom must be bound up with practical agency, it cannot serve as the contrary of metaphysical determinism. Instead, the concept of freedom must include an understanding of struggle against something that holds a person down. You will find here a re-conceptualization of the concept of freedom, one that is very much at home in the context of social and political topics, and especially at home in connection with questions of social identity: Freedom is Freedom-to-Be. Study of freedom must therefore engage with the social and political sciences—as do the latter chapters of the book. The book offers nonetheless a genuinely existential conception of freedom that draws inspiration from the work of Jean-Paul Satre and Simone de Beauvoir, as well as from the tradition of phenomenology, bridging the so-called “analytic-continental divide” in academic philosophy.
Abnormal Orbitofrontal Gyri Due to Prematurity

The depth and volume of the primary olfactory sulcus and secondary orbital sulci in a sample of 22 adolescents with history of very-preterm birth (VPTB), compared to control subjects born at term, were measured, using MRI Anatomist/Brain VISA 3.0.1 package, and possible reductions in gray and white matter analyzed, using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), in a study at University of Barcelona, Spain.
Fracture Analysis of Handling Connecting Rod of Switch A and B in 220 kV Substation

Based on the analysis of spectral,metallography,macro and microscopic observation of the fracture surface,the fracture cause of a broken handling connecting rod of switch A and B in 220 kV Substation was investigated.The result provides evidences for the solution of similar problems.
Action of disodium ethylenediamine tetracetate on blood coagulation; evidence of the development of heparinoid activity during incubation or aeration of plasma.

A. The action of EDTA on the coagulation mechanism was studied. EDTA was found: 1. To exert no direct effect on prothrombin or thrombin. 2. To have an inhibitory action on labile factor. 3. To increase the speed of conversion of prothrombinogen to prothrombin. B. The effect of incubation or aeration of plasma on thrombin time was studied. It was found that aeration or incubation increases the thrombin time of plasma. The following observations lead one to attribute this prolongation to a heparinoid activity: 1. The property of incubated plasma to prolong the thrombin time of fresh plasma when added to it. 2. The ability of protamine to shorten the thrombin time of incubated or aerated plasma. 3. The sensitivity of the thrombin time of incubated or aerated plasma to pH changes and calcium concentration. C. The incidental observation was made that cooling reverses the prolonged thrombin time produced by incubation.
Role of purinergic P2X4 receptors in regulating striatal dopamine homeostasis and dependent behaviors.

Purinergic P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) belong to the P2X superfamily of ion channels regulated by ATP. We recently demonstrated that P2X4R knockout (KO) mice exhibited deficits in sensorimotor gating, social interaction, and ethanol drinking behavior. Dopamine (DA) dysfunction may underlie these behavioral changes, but there is no direct evidence for P2X4Rs' role in DA neurotransmission. To test this hypothesis, we measured markers of DA function and dependent behaviors in P2X4R KO mice. P2X4R KO mice exhibited altered density of pre-synaptic markers including tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter; post-synaptic markers including dopamine receptors and phosphorylation of downstream targets including dopamine and cyclic-AMP regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa and cyclic-AMP-response element binding protein in different parts of the striatum. Ivermectin, an allosteric modulator of P2X4Rs, significantly affected dopamine and cyclic AMP regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa and extracellular regulated kinase1/2 phosphorylation in the striatum. Sensorimotor gating deficits in P2X4R KO mice were rescued by DA antagonists. Using the 6-hydroxydopamine model of DA depletion, P2X4R KO mice exhibited an attenuated levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced motor behavior, whereas ivermectin enhanced this behavior. Collectively, these findings identified an important role for P2X4Rs in maintaining DA homeostasis and illustrate how this association is important for CNS functions including motor control and sensorimotor gating. We propose that P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) regulate dopamine (DA) homeostasis and associated behaviors. Pre-synaptic and post-synaptic DA markers were significantly altered in the dorsal and ventral striatum of P2X4R KO mice, implicating altered DA neurotransmission. Sensorimotor gating deficits in P2X4R KO mice were rescued by DA antagonists. Ivermectin (IVM), a positive modulator of P2X4Rs, enhanced levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced motor behavior. These studies highlight potential interactions between P2X4Rs and DA system.
Race and Policing in America: Reforming the Police

It is very difficult to overhaul any large institution. Organizational culture and institutionalized practices are not conducive to change. Such bureacratic inertia is the norm for police departments as it is for other organizations. The history of policing is filled with instances in which police forces – throughout the world – succeeded in foiling or diluting reforms (Weitzer 1985, 1995; Goldsmith 2005). Still, major change has occurred in some nations over the past three decades, usually precipitated by one or more of the following: a disturbing scandal; sustained pressure from the media, political leaders, or civil rights groups; a change in the leadership of the department; or outside intervention by some authority (Sherman 1978; Weitzer 2005). Under the right conditions, progressive changes can enhance the quality of police service and improve relations between cops and the communities they serve. Policies on the use of force are a good example. The number of citizens killed by police has declined as police departments nationwide have tightened their policies on use of firearms (Brown and Langan 2001). And, although it does not happen frequently, investigations of police departments by blue-ribbon commissions or by an executive agency have resulted in some meaningful reforms. In 1994 the U.S. Justice Department was empowered by law to initiate “pattern-or-practice” litigation against police departments accused of systematic violation of citizens' rights – and this power has been used successfully to force reforms in several urban police departments (Walker 2005).
Cytoskeleton, Axonal Transport, and the Mechanisms of Axonal Neuropathy

Axonal neuropathy, or axonopathy, is a major category of neuropathy in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Axonopathy is characterized by axonal degeneration and dysfunctional axonal transport. Peripheral axonopathies are more common than central axonopathies due to their lack of protection from the blood–brain barrier and resultant vulnerability to metabolic challenges. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of peripheral axonal neuropathy are still unclear, the dying-back pattern of the axonal damage suggests axons, rather than neuronal cell bodies, are the primary targets of the disease. Recent studies have revealed that defects of the cytoskeleton and axonal transport are associated with several types of peripheral neuropathy and some central neurological diseases. Direct evidence from genetic studies demonstrates that mutations in major components of the cytoskeleton and axonal transport result in axonal defects in several types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, and other types of genetic neurological disorders. In addition, post-translational modifications of cytoskeleton proteins also result in axonal defects in metabolic diseases like diabetic neuropathy. In this condition, phosphorylation and excess glycation of the axonal cytoskeletal components induce abnormal axonal functions. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors are most likely responsible for the axonal dysfunction. Taken together, understanding the defects in the axonal cytoskeleton and transport mechanisms provides important information for developing new treatments to prevent cytoskeletal damage in axonal neuropathy.
Hepatic Artery Infusion (HAI) for Colorectal Liver Metastases and Complications of HAI Pump

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. An estimated 93,000 and 40,000 people will be diagnosed with colon cancer and rectal cancer in 2015, leading to 50,000 deaths (Cancer facts and figures 2015. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, 2015). Most colorectal cancer patients die of metastatic disease. The most common metastatic site of CRC is the liver. Sixty percent of CRC patients have liver metastases at the initial presentation or during their disease course. Liver-only disease is present in 30 % of patients (J Pathol 150:195–203, 1986). However, only 20 % of these patients are eligible for liver metastasis resection, which still offers the best chance of cure and increased overall survival (Ann Surg 232:763–776, 2000; Cancer 70:28–34, 1992; Cancer 115:752–759, 2009). Studies show that a significant percentage of patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases after downstaging with chemotherapy to resectable can enjoy improved survival outcome and cure (J Clin Oncol 27:1829–1835, 2009). Most of the recurrences after liver section are in the liver. For these reasons, hepatic artery-directed therapy offers improving outcomes for these metastatic colorectal cancer patients (J Pathol 150:195–203, 1986).
Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on the pharyngeal swallow in neonates

Feeding neonates orally while on nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is a common practice. We hypothesize that pressurized airflow provided by nCPAP will alter the swallowing mechanism in neonates, increasing the risk of aspiration during oral feeding. Infants receiving nCPAP with a RAM cannula and tolerating at least 50% of their feeding orally were included in the study (one term; six preterm infants). Each participant underwent a videofluoroscopic swallow study while on nCPAP and off nCPAP. A non-parametric signed-rank test was used for paired data. The incidence of deep penetration (P=0.03) and aspiration (P=0.01) decreased significantly off-nCPAP compared with on-nCPAP. However, the incidence of mild penetration (P=0.65) and nasopharyngeal reflux (P=0.87) remained the same under both conditions. Oral feeding while on-nCPAP significantly increases the risk of laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration events. We recommend caution when initiating oral feedings on nCPAP.
It Is Just Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder…or Is It?

CASE Carly is a 5-year-old girl who presents for an interdisciplinary evaluation due to behaviors at school and home suggestive of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parent report of preschool teacher concerns was consistent with ADHD. Psychological testing showed verbal, visual-spatial, and fluid reasoning IQ scores in the average range; processing speed and working memory were below average. Carly's behavior improved when her mother left the room, and she was attentive during testing with a psychologist. Tests of executive function (EF) skills showed mixed results. Working memory was in the borderline range, although scores for response inhibition and verbal fluency were average. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms and EF difficulties were elevated.Carly's parents recently separated; she now lives with her mother and sees her father on weekends. Multiple caregivers with inconsistent approaches to discipline assist with child care while her mother works at night as a medical assistant. Family history is positive for ADHD and learning problems in her father. Medical history is unremarkable. Review of systems is significant for nightly mouth breathing and snoring, but no night waking, bruxism, or daytime sleepiness. She has enlarged tonsils and a high-arched palate on physical examination.At a follow-up visit, parent rating scales are consistent with ADHD-combined type; teacher rating scales support ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type. Snoring has persisted. A sleep study indicated obstructive sleep apnea. After adenotonsillectomy, Carly had significant improvement in ADHD symptoms. She developed recurrence of behavior problems 1 year after the surgery.
Predicting Adherence to Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy among Breast Cancer Survivors: An Application of the Protection Motivation Theory

The purpose of this observational study was to determine if the Protection Motivation Theory could predict and explain adherence to aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy among breast cancer survivors. Purposive sampling was used to identify 288 survivors who had been prescribed AI therapy. A valid and reliable survey was mailed to survivors. A total of 145 survivors completed the survey. The Morisky scale was used to measure adherence to AI. The survivors reported a mean score of 6.84 (±0.66) on the scale. Nearly 4 in 10 survivors (38%) were non-adherent. Adherence differed by age, marital status, insurance status, income, and presence of co-morbid conditions. Self-efficacy (r=0.485), protection motivation (r=0.310), and Response Efficacy (r=0.206) were positively and significantly correlated with adherence. Response Cost (r=-0.235) was negatively correlated with adherence. The coping appraisal constructs were statistically significant predictors medication adherence (β=0.437) with self-efficacy being the strongest significant predictor of adherence (β = 0.429).
Critical Section Selection Methodology for the U.S. EPR™ Standard Nuclear Power Plant

This paper presents a three-tier, critical section selection methodology that is used to identify critical sections for the U.S. EPR™ Standard Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). The critical section selection methodology includes three complementary approaches: qualitative, quantitative, and supplementary. These three approaches are applied to Seismic Category I structures in a complementary fashion to identify the most critical portions of the building whose structural integrity needs to be maintained for postulated design basis events and conditions. Once the design of critical sections for a particular Seismic Category I structure is complete, the design for that structure is essentially complete for safety evaluation purposes. Critical sections, taken as a whole, are analytically representative of an “essentially complete” U.S. EPR™ design; their structural design adequacy provides reasonable assurance of overall U.S. EPR™ structural design adequacy.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
3-D Domain Decomposition Based Hybrid Finite-Difference Time-Domain/Finite-Element Time-Domain Method With Nonconformal Meshes

A new 3-D domain decomposition based hybrid finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)/finite-element time-domain (FETD) method is introduced to facilitate electromagnetic modeling by exploiting both the computational efficiency of FDTD and the meshing flexibility of FETD. The proposed hybrid method allows the FETD mesh and the FDTD grid to be nonconformal based on domain decomposition technique. It implements the hybridization with a buffer zone, which functions as a transition region between FDTD and FETD. The buffer zone helps the proposed hybrid method obviate the interpolation approach for field coupling of the nonconformal mesh and hence overcome the late-time instability issue. The discontinuous Galerkin method is utilized to couple different regions, thus improving the coupling accuracy compared with that using the Dirichlet boundary condition. Moreover, the hybrid method allows further division of the FETD region into multiple subdomains when the degrees of freedom in this region are large. For temporal discretization, a global leapfrog time integration scheme is implemented to sequentially update the fields in the FDTD, buffer, and FETD regions. The numerical results are shown to demonstrate the meshing flexibility and computational efficiency of the proposed hybrid method inherited from FETD and FDTD methods.
Spurred to Upgrade: A Review of Triggers and Consequences of Industrial Upgrading in the Global Value Chain Literature

Summary The Global Value Chains (GVC) literature intervenes in today’s challenging development context by focusing on the means by which developing-country industries can ‘upgrade’ their market positions and outcomes for workers. Yet while this literature has produced hundreds of rich empirical case studies, there has to date been no attempt to systematically analyze this case literature for lessons regarding the antecedents and consequences of the key outcome of upgrading. This paper undertakes a systematic analysis of a representative sample of 45 case studies of primary product and light manufacturing industries in developing countries. These studies were coded for factors involved in initiating and sustaining upgrading processes, the results of upgrading, and the role of local institutions in these processes. We find that contrary to the major assumptions of the literature, advanced-country buyers are not the main force in the initiation of industrial upgrading. Rather, in most cases, developing-country firms initiate upgrades when pushed by “shocks” of market vulnerability, usually produced by state policies, that force them to seek to change their status quo operations. Once initiated, upgrading processes can produce a wide spectrum of results—from little to no advancement in market position (‘treadmilling’) to vaulting to the forefront of a global industry (‘leaps forward’)—on the basis of the sources of learning present in the local institutional environment, such as state agencies and business associations. We also identify conditions under which state participation in upgrading processes can lead to increased local institutional capacity. Together, these findings suggest a framework for upgrading that we refer to as an ‘induced search’ model. This model has important implications for future research on the dynamics of industrial upgrading in developing countries, techniques of state intervention, and processes of mutually supportive learning between actors in the public and private sector.
Caria and Crete in Antiquity: Cultural Interaction between Anatolia and the Aegean

A persistent tradition existed in antiquity linking Caria with the island of Crete. This central theme of regional history is mirrored in the civic mythologies, cults and toponyms of southwestern Anatolia. This book explains why by approaching this diverse body of material with a broad chronological view, taking into account both the origins of this regional narrative and its endurance. It considers the mythologies in the light of archaeologically attested contacts during the Bronze Age, exploring whether such interaction could have left a residuum in later traditions. The continued relevance of this aspect of Carian history is then considered in the light of contacts during the Classical and Hellenistic periods, with analysis of how, and in which contexts, traditions survived. The Carians were an Anatolian people; however, their integration into the mythological framework of the Greek world reveals that interaction with the Aegean was a fundamental aspect of their history.
Designing 'Little Red Sprite': Avatar as Researcher

This paper provides a summary of the design and iteration of a visual agent, an avatar representing the researcher. With the main functional goals of prompting and eliciting information from remote respondents via a chat/social medium, issues such as trust and rapport were addressed. Little Red Sprite, an avatar, was created to act on behalf of and as a representation of a remote research team, as an intermediary and focal point for information exchange within the context of a diary study on daily financial transactions. Design was founded upon principles of engagement, assistance, and trust, taking the form of a 'cute' inquisitive alien. The character, as judged by participant feedback and project data collection goals, was successful in this context and raised questions about appropriate agent design, remote rapport and relationships with avatar representations.
On Losing Paddy Johnston

Reflections on the life and legacy of Patrick G. Johnston, the President and Vice Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast, a Senior Editor of The Oncologist, and friend.
Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale: Analysis of Factorial Invariance Across Gender

The purpose of the present study was to test the factor structure of the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS) using confirmatory factor analysis, including tests of measurement invariance across gender. Data from a total of 921 middle school students (50.9% females, ages 11–15) were analyzed. Single group analyses showed that a modified one-factor model (with one residual covariance for the female group, and with two residual covariances for the male group) fit the data of each gender group adequately. Sequential multi-group analyses established the full scalar invariance, as factor loadings and factor intercepts were invariant across the male and female groups. These findings supported the use of the summed total (or average scores based on the summed total) from the scale to represent the levels of adolescents’ overall life satisfaction and the combination of the responses from male and female adolescents. However, we recommend that researchers control the measurement errors (e.g., correlated residuals between items) before conducting further analysis.
Primary care physician perspectives on basal insulin initiation and maintenance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Aims To describe primary care physicians’ (PCPs) perceptions of patient reactions and concerns about insulin initiation and identify opportunities for increased support. Methods Cross-sectional, online survey of PCPs prescribing basal insulin to adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PCPs were identified from administrative claims of a large commercial health plan and descriptive results of PCP responses were reported. Results PCPs (N = 100) treated an average of 17 patients receiving insulin during a typical week. More than 85% of insulin initiation recommendations originated with PCPs. Most offered glucose monitoring instructions (96%) and advice on diet, exercise, and diabetes management (96%); 35% provided insulin titration algorithms; 93% reported that patients often or always took their insulin daily within 3 months of initiation; 31% of PCPs reported monthly office contacts with patients for the first 3 months; 16% reported no outreach efforts; fewer than 20% connected patients with support groups. When starting basal insulin, PCPs reported patients feeling personal failure regarding their diabetes treatment (33% often/always) and lacking confidence in their ability to manage insulin therapy (38% often/always). Conclusions Study results identify additional opportunities for assisting patients in making the transition to insulin, including more frequent direct outreach to monitor insulin usage.
Sooting limits of non-premixed counterflow ethylene/oxygen/inert flames using LII: Effects of flow strain rate and pressure (up to 30 atm)

Abstract An absolute irradiance-calibrated Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) technique and a standard particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique were utilized to collect quantitative data on soot volume fraction and corresponding flow strain rates of diluted ethylene-air non-premixed counterflow flames. Pressures up to 30 atm were explored with increasing dilution with nitrogen or helium to minimize flow strain limits at which incipient soot was detected and to maintain the flame in laminar mode. For weakly strained flames considered, the species and velocity boundary conditions were used to predict the gas-phase flame structure (e.g., temperature and major species). The predicted gas properties, together with soot particle temperature decay rate measured by two-color pyrometry were used in the LII heat transfer model to extract the effective soot particle size and particle number density. Estimates of global activation energy of incipient soot yield with pressure indicated a sudden change around a pressure of 20 atm, which may be attributed to a shift in soot nucleation and growth pathways.
A molecular perspective for global modeling of upper atmospheric NH3 from freezing clouds

Ammonia plays a key role in the neutralization of atmospheric acids such as sulfate and nitrates. A few in situ observations have supported the theory that gas-phase NH3 concentrations should decrease sharply with altitude and be extremely low in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). This theory, however, seems inconsistent with recent satellite measurements and is also not supported by the aircraft data showing highly or fully neutralized sulfate aerosol particles by ammonium in the UTLS in many parts of the world. Here we reveal the contributions of deep convective clouds to NH3 in the UTLS by using integrated cross-scale modeling, which includes molecular dynamic simulations, a global chemistry transport model, and satellite and aircraft measurements. We show that the NH3 dissolved in liquid cloud droplets is prone to being released into the UTLS upon freezing during deep convection. Because NH3 emission is not regulated in most countries and its future increase is likely persistent from agricultural growth and the warmer climate, the effect of NH3 on composition and phase of aerosol particles in the UTLS can be significant, which in turn can affect cirrus cloud formation, radiation, and the budgets of NOx and O3.
Elastic Plastic Fracture: Energy and Applications

The energy consumed in the growth of crack in an elastic-plastic material is mostly the work associated with plastic deformation around the crack. Methods for computing G and J in elastic-plastic fracture are discussed in this chapter. The limitations of a J based approach to predicting fracture are explored as are several other criteria for ductile fracture, including the J–Q theory, critical crack tip opening angle and the use of cohesive zone models.
Localization with Biosonar Signals in Bats

Bats use a kind of biological sonar, called echolocation, for perception of objects in the environment. They belong to the mammalian order Chiroptera (“wing-handed”), and echolocating bats comprise the suborder Microchiroptera (“little” bats), which contains about 700 living species. About 550 of these species are insectivorous, capturing their prey in flight or on such surfaces as vegetation and the ground. About 150 other species have more diverse habits, feeding on small mammals, birds, frogs, lizards, fish, the blood of larger animals, or on fruit and pollen-and-nectar. Insectivorous bats generally use their sonar to detect, identify and track their prey to a successful capture, and they use it also for such tasks as avoiding obstacles to flight. To some extent insectivorous bats probably also hear the sounds made by their prey. Bats with other habits probably use a mixture of sonar, passive hearing, vision, and olfaction to find food (Griffin, 1958; Novick, 1977; Schnitzler and Henson, 1980).
Lexical Ambiguity in Statistics: What do Students Know about the Words Association, Average, Confidence, Random and Spread?

Language plays a crucial role in the classroom. The use of specialized language in a domain can cause a subject to seem more difficult to students than it actually is. When words that are part of e...
A Grammar of Gestural Coordination

Linguistic form is expressed in space, as articulators effectconstrictions at various points in the vocal tract, but also in time, as articulators move. A rather widespread assumption in theories of phonology and phonetics is that the temporal dimension of speech is largely irrelevant to the description and explanation of the higher-level or more qualitative aspects of sound patterns. The argument is presented that any theory of phonology must include a notion of temporal coordination of gestures. Linguistic grammars are constructed in part out of this temporal substance. Language-particular sound patterns are in part patterns of temporal coordination among gestures.1
Fate of Pentachlorophenol in the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus

The fate of PCP in blue crabs was studied using GC-CI-MS and negative CI-MS. Negative CI-MS has already been reported by Dougherty and Piotrowska (1976) as a sensitive method for the detection of PCP. We have observed that CI-MS (NH3) is also a convenient and sensitive analytical method, especially in conjunction with gas chromatography and ‘multiple ion detection’ techniques, for studies on PCP and related compounds and metabolites.