cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ideographic concept mapping in counseling psychology research: Conceptual overview, methodology, and an illustration.

This article provides an overview of the research approach called concept mapping at conceptual, methodological, and practical levels. The relevance of the approach to counseling psychology research is discussed, and the approach is located conceptually in the realm of qualitative methods available to counseling psychology researchers. To illustrate ideographic concept mapping, the authors collect, present, and discuss data from 2 psychologists regarding their conception of the scientist-practitioner construct.
Simultaneous all-optical packet-header replacement and wavelength shifting for a dynamically reconfigurable WDM network

All-optical header replacement and wavelength shifting will be important functions in future high-capacity, dynamically-reconfigurable WDM networks in which there are more network users than available wavelengths.1 The need for such functions arises at specific network nodes where it may be necessary to reroute a packet onto a new wavelength path and to update the header with new routing/priority information. Both wavelength (λ) shifting2,3 and optical header replacement4 have been demonstrated, but not simultaneously and not without requiring long guard times. We present and demonstrate an all-optical method of simultaneous header replacement and λ-shifting, by using cross-gain compression in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA).2,3,5
MAO-B inhibitor know-how: back to the pharm.

LeWitt1 states that MAO-B is the major enzymatic step for converting dopamine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid (HVA). This statement is not accurate. MAO-B or-A converts dopamine (DA) to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL). We showed that DOPAL is present in human substantia nigra (SN) in physiologically relevant amounts.2 DOPAL is highly toxic to DA neurons in vitro2 and to DA SN neurons in vivo.3 DOPAL triggers α-synuclein aggregation to oligomers and to large Lewy body–like aggregates in vitro and in vivo.3 In addition, DOPAL activates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), leading to apoptotic cell death.2 Rasagiline, an MAO inhibitor with neuroprotective properties in Parkinson disease (PD),4 inhibits both the formation of …
Outcomes of combined cataract extraction, lens implantation, and trabeculectomy surgeries.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report outcomes and their association with preoperative and intraoperative factors of 456 combined cataract and glaucoma operations. METHODS: A concurrent series (from January 1, 1987, to October 1, 1997) of one surgeon's consecutive 585 (456 patients) combined cataract extraction, intraocular lens implantation, and trabeculectomy surgeries, some with intraoperative mitomycin C and/or postoperative subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil. The study was a retrospective outcomes analysis for the first 191 operations (before June 10, 1992) and, subsequently, concurrent outcomes analysis for the latter 394 operations. Main outcome measures included postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, number of glaucoma medications, intraoperative and postoperative adverse event rates, and reoperation for glaucoma or other ocular surgical or laser intervention. RESULTS: Visual acuity was improved at the time of last follow-up in 402 (88.2%) of 456 first operated eyes of the 456 patients. Increasing age (coefficient = 0.025; CI [confidence interval], 0.017 to 0.33; P P = .0082) was associated with an increased likelihood of improved visual acuity. Forty-one (9.0%) of 456 eyes had reoperation to control intraocular pressure. Glaucoma reoperation was most strongly associated with a preoperative diagnosis other than primary open-angle, pigmentary, or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, a history of previous ocular surgery, and high preoperative intraocular pressure. Mean intraocular pressure reduced 5.5 mm Hg from 21.8 mm Hg preoperatively to 16.3 mm Hg postoperatively and mean glaucoma medication from 2.0 to 0.9 medications. Mitomycin C or 5-fluorouracil use was significantly associated with a lower postoperative intraocular pressure and reduced postoperative glaucoma medication. Major postoperative adverse event or other reoperation (not for glaucoma) occurred in 12 (2.6%) of first operated eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Combined surgery outcomes in 456 first-operated eyes of 456 patients showed 88.2% improved visual acuity, 9% re-operation rate, 5.5 mm Hg mean intraocular pressure reduction, 1.1 glaucoma medication reduction, and a low major postoperative adverse event rate. Type of glaucoma, previous ocular surgery, and high preoperative intraocular pressure were the best predictors for the need for reoperation for glaucoma after combined surgery. Mitomycin C and/or 5-fluorouracil provided a greater reduction of mean intraocular pressure and glaucoma medication compared with patients not receiving these agents.
Truth in the most optimistic way.

Lamont and Christakis's study on estimating survival for patients with cancer, reported in this issue, deserves widespread attention and discussion. The prognostic information we communicate to pat...
Strategic program planning

Abstract Most public relations practitioners are familiar with the four-step public relations process, but that process falls short of providing an adequate basis for the systematic analysis of public relations problems. What is needed is a coherent, consistent framework of analysis and planning that provides a rational approach to problem solving. This article describes a strategic program planning matrix system that will enable the busy practitioner to analyze an organization's public relations problem, isolate its central core of difficulty, establish an appropriate goal or goals, develop objectives to achieve those goals, design a welltargeted communications plan, and provide for the necessary evaluation. In public relations education, the matrix can be invaluable in teaching analytical skills and providing a framework of analysis for public relations cases and problems.
Chemical and chemotactic stimulation of feeding behavior in the hermit crab Petrochirus diogenes

Abstract Various concentrations of fish juice were introduced to appendages of freely moving specimens of Petrochirus diogenes . 1. 1. The threshold concentration for chemical elicitation of feeding behavior was over ten times as high for the ambulatory dactyls as for the antennules. 2. 2. Combining tactile input with chemical input decreased the behavioral threshold of the dactyl receptors ten-fold. 3. 3. Ablation of the antennules was followed, over a two-week period, by a 100-fold increase in behavioral sensitivity to dactyl stimulation.
A novel variational approach to pulsating solitons in the cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation

Comprehensive numerical simulations of pulse solutions of the cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) reveal various intriguing and entirely novel classes of solutions. In particular, there are five new classes of pulse or solitary wave solutions, i.e., pulsating, creeping, snake, erupting, and chaotic solitons that are not stationary in time. They are spatially confined pulse-type structures whose envelopes exhibit complicated temporal dynamics. The numerical simulations also reveal very interesting bifurcation sequences of these pulses as the CGLE parameters are varied. We address the issues of central interest in this area, i.e., the conditions for the occurrence of the five categories of dissipative solitons and also the dependence of both their shape and their stability on the various CGLE parameters, i.e., the nonlinearity, dispersion, linear and nonlinear gain, loss, and spectral filtering. Our predictions for the variation of the soliton amplitudes, widths, and periods with the CGLE parameters agree with the simulation results. We here present detailed results for the pulsating solitary waves. Their regimes of occurrence, bifurcations, and the parameter dependences of the amplitudes, widths, and periods agree with the simulation results. We will address snakes and chaotic solitons in subsequent papers. This overall approach fails to address only the dissipative solitons in one class, i.e., the exploding or erupting solitons.
Continuum QCD2 from a fixed-point lattice action

Abstract Gauge invariant expectation values for lattice gauge theory with a general local action in two dimensions may be expressed as functions of the single plaquette averages. The value of these averages at the fixed point of the renormalization group can be determined exactly, and the corresponding lattice theory is shown to reproduce the continuum results. The limit Ne = ∞ is investigated in detail, and fixed point values for all the averages are explicitly determined. Wilson's action results agree only to first order in weak coupling.
Retrograde adsorption isotherms: an impossible fact?

Abstract “Retrograde” adsorption isotherms have been reported, but seem to violate thermodynamics and would cause concentration steps to migrate against the direction of fluid-phase flow. In general, what appears to be retrograde behavior is caused by one or more additional, uncontrolled variables. This is illustrated with adsorption of sulfonate on a weak-acid ion exchanger, where adsorption is accompanied by partial conversion of the ion exchanger to the sodium form.
Diurnal Variations in the Characteristics of Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning Activity in the Great Lakes Region of the United States

Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning observations for the warm seasons (May-September) of 1989 and 1990 were analyzed for the Great Lakes region in order to assess the diurnal variations in the lightning characteristics. Several parameters, including flash rate, the spatial extent of lightning activity, first stroke peak current, and the percentage of positive flashes, varied markedly over the course of the day. In contrast, other parameters, such as the frequency of lightning periods and the multiplicity of both negative and positive CG flashes, displayed little diurnal variation. A large degree of intraseasonal (i.e., month-to-month) variation was observed in the diurnal patterns for several of the lightning parameters.
The North Korean famine and its demographic impact.

Although the worst effects of the North Korean famine in the mid-1990s have apparently subsided the actual demographic toll of the famine remains uncertain owing to a lack of reliable data. Several reports based on officially released crude death rates for 1995 and 1998 inferred about 220000 excess deaths while figures based on other evidence are far higher (2.6 million between 1995 and 2000). This paper aims to narrow the range of uncertainty regarding the demographic impact of the famine. Using demographic models it shows how these two direct sources of information on mortality produce contradictory estimates at the more extreme ends of the range. On the basis of population projections model and other indirect sources of evidence it is estimated that famine-related deaths in the country most likely numbered between 600000 and 1 million in the period from 1995 to 2000. These indirect sources of evidence include Chinas mortality experience during its Great Leap Forward and several surveys of child malnutrition in North Korea.
Measurements of Interior Egg Quality

Abstract IT IS widely accepted that there are many different methods which can be used to determine interior egg quality. Relationships existing among the various measurements are not well known. The purposes of experiments reported are to present a correlation of our presently accepted quality measurements and to evaluate changes that take place in interior egg quality between 0 and 24 hours after time of lay. MATERIALS AND METHODS In Experiment 1, a total of 239 eggs were obtained from the Purdue Poultry Farm. These were stored at approximately 55°F., with a relative humidity of 70 percent for 24 hours. At the end of this storage period, 40 of these eggs were used to establish the time interval which should be allowed to determine percentages of outer and inner thin albumen. These eggs were broken out into a sieve (Holst and Almquist, 1931) and allowed to stand for a period of …
Prototype optical SETI observatory

The Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (OSETI) is based on the premise that there are ETIs within our galaxy which are targeting star systems like our own with free-space beams. Upon these beams will ride attention- getting beacon signals and wideband data channels. Perhaps the wideband channels form part of a Galactic Information Superhighway, a Galactic Internet to which we are presently oblivious. The Columbus Optical SETI Observatory described in this paper is intended to be a prototype observatory which might lead to a new renaissance in both optical SETI and optical astronomy. It is hoped that the observatory design will be emulated by both the professional and amateur communities. The modern-day OSETI observatory is one that is more affordable than ever. With the aid of reasonably priced automatic telescopes, low-cost PCs, software and signal processing boards, Optical SETI can become accessible to all nations, professional scientific groups, amateur astronomy societies and even individuals.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Climatic Control of Continental Physiography

Abstract The spatial distribution of elevations and slopes on continents is a primary expression of complex interactions between tectonic and climatic systems. Because rates of tectonism and climatically mediated erosion vary in both space and time, it is possible that heights of land and steepness of associated slopes change both across climatic regimes and during the tectonic evolution of any particular landmass. As a geomorphic record, spatial variations of continental physiography with latitude afford some insight into the relative importance of tectonic and climatic processes in controlling Earth surface elevations. Because modern digital elevation models afford abundant data on continent surfaces across the complete set of equator to pole climate ranges, we have undertaken an evaluation of the dependence of continental physiography on climate using the latitudinal gradient as a proxy for first‐order change in temperature and precipitation. Continental hypsometries can be largely explained by elevati...
Measurement of Porosity in a Composite High Explosive as a Function of Pressing Conditions by Ultra‐Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering with Contrast Variation

We have used ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) with contrast variation to measure the porosity (voids and binder-filled regions) in a composite high explosive, PBX 9501, formulated with a deuterated binder. Little is known about the microstructure of pressed PBX 9501 parts and thus how it is affected by processing. Here, we explore the effect of varying the pressing intensity on the PBX 9501 microstructure. Disk-shaped samples of PBX 9501 were die-pressed with applied pressures ranging between 10,000 and 29,000 psi at 90 C. Five samples were prepared at each pressure that differed in the fraction of deuterated binder, facilitating variation of the neutron scattering length density contrast ({Delta}{rho}) and thus, the resolution of microstructural details. The sample composition was determined by calculation of the Porod Invariant as a function of {Delta}{rho} and compared with compositional estimates obtained from the bulk sample density. Structural modeling of the USANS data, at different levels of contrast, assuming both spherical and cylindrical morphologies, allowed the mean size and size distribution of voids and binder-filled regions to be determined. A decrease in the mean diameter of binder-filled regions was found with increasing pressing intensity, while the mean void diameter showed no significant change.
Rapid thermal annealing of co-sputtered tantalum silicide films

Abstract A rapid thermal annealing (RTA) technique has been used to produce uniform low resistivity composite TaSi 2 /n + -poly-Si layers (where poly-Si is polycrystalline silicon). Poly-Si films 0.2 μm thick were deposited onto oxidized silicon wafers by low pressure chemical vapor deposition and were doped with phosphorus by diffusion. A layer of TaSi x 0.22 μm thick was then co-sputtered onto the poly-Si from separate targets. The as-deposited samples were annealed by using radiation from a bank of tungsten-halogen lamps. Electrical and structural measurements indicate that uniform stoichiometric low resistivity TaSi 2 layers with a hexagonal crystal structure were formed in 1 s at 1000 °C. The sheet resistance and grain size of the silicide layers are comparable with those of samples formed with conventional furnace anneals. The surface morphology of the samples produced by RTA is superior to that of samples produced by furnace annealing. These results show that the RTA technique has a great potential for low resistivity tantalum silicide formation in very-large-scale integrated circuits.
Posterior Wedge Resection: A More Aesthetic Labiaplasty

Background: Hypertrophy of the labia minora is of concern to a subset of adolescents and adult women. The posterior wedge resection is a new labiaplasty technique with an anatomic approach to yield the optimal aesthetic outcome and yet continue the functional achievement of prior techniques. o bjective: The authors describe the results of their posterior wedge resection technique in a retrospective series of patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of 22 consecutive patients who underwent posterior wedge resection labiaplasty between February 2009 and February 2012. Complications and aesthetic outcomes were reviewed. Results: The average age of the patients in this study was 35 years (median, 33 years). Follow-up ranged from 2 weeks to 1.5 years. Two minor complications occurred without further sequelae. At follow-up, none of the patients reported any paresthesias, pain, or problems with penetrating vaginal intercourse. Conclusions: An increasing number of labiaplasties are being performed for aesthetic and functional concerns. The posterior wedge resection enables the surgeon to perform labiaplasty easily, safely, and effectively, ensuring symmetry and maintenance of the natural pigment, color, and texture of the defining free edge of the labia minora.
Ant species confer different partner benefits on two neotropical myrmecophytes

The dynamics of mutualistic interactions involving more than a single pair of species depend on the relative costs and benefits of interaction among alternative partners. The neotropical myrmecophytes Cordia nodosa and Duroia hirsuta associate with several species of obligately symbiotic ants. I compared the ant partners of Cordia and Duroia with respect to two benefits known to be important in ant-myrmecophyte interactions: protection against herbivores provided by ants, and protection against encroaching vegetation provided by ants. Azteca spp., Myrmelachista schumanni, and Allomerus octoarticulatus demerarae ants all provide the leaves of Cordia and Duroia some protection against herbivores. However, Azteca and Allomerus provide more protection than does Myrmelachista to the leaves of their host plants. Although Allomerus protects the leaves of its hosts, plants occupied by Allomerus suffer more attacks by herbivores to their stems than do plants occupied by other ants. Relative to Azteca or Allomerus, Myrmelachista ants provide better protection against encroaching vegetation, increasing canopy openness over their host plants. These differences in benefits among the ant partners of Cordia and Duroia are reflected in the effect of each ant species on host plant size, growth rate, and reproduction. The results of this study show how mutualistic ant partners can differ with respect to both the magnitude and type of benefits they provide to the same species of myrmecophytic host.
Comparative Review of Children's Rights and Women's Rights in Korea

Sondra Seung Ja Doe outlines the development of children's rights and women's rights in modern Korea as the welfare state evolves in response to international concern for human rights.
Artwork, Cultural Heritage Property, and the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act

Recent developments in U.S. case law have strengthened the power of private individuals to sue foreign sovereigns in U.S. courts over claims for artwork and cultural heritage property. Traditionally, however, the U.S. government granted a large amount of deference to foreign sovereigns regarding ownership rights in such property. Principles such as grace and comity with other nations, respect for cultural heritage property ownership, and increasing public access to art are reflected in U.S. legislation. For example, the adoption of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (CPIA), the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA), and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) all demonstrate a strong position held by the United States to recognize and protect ownership rights in cultural heritage property.
Contribution of the September 1949 Devaluations to the Solution of Europe's Dollar Problem

Y THE MIDDLE OF 1951, the "dollar problem" had come much nearer to solution than most observers had considered possible not many months earlier. Some of the more recent improvement in the dollar position of countries outside the United States is due to the rapid acceleration of U.S. imports after the middle of 1950 in connection with the hostilities in Korea. But even before this, the change in the situation had been very pronounced. The surplus on account of goods and services in the U.S. balance of payments, which had been at an annual rate of $7.6 billion in the first half of 1949, was reduced to an annual rate of $3 billion in the first half of 1950. In transactions with the OEEC countries in Europe alone, the U.S. surplus decreased from $3.7 billion to $1.9 billion (annual rates). Measured by the amount of grants from the United States and the use of dollar balances and gold sales to the United States, the improvement in the position of the European countries was even more striking, with the U.S. surplus vis-a-vis these countries dropping from $5.2 billion to $1.9 billion (annual rates). Between these two periods occurred the greatest adjustment of exchange rates that ever took place in so short a period. Countries accounting for 65 per cent of world imports devalued their currencies, most of them by about 30 per cent. The question naturally arises, therefore, of the connection between progress toward the solution of the dollar problem and the widespread devaluations. To this question the present paper is directed; for practical reasons, its scope is limited to changes in the position of the European devaluing countries. Ideally, an appraisal of the effects of the devaluations, which obviously had not fully materialized by the middle of 1950, should be based on observations drawn from as long a subsequent period as possible. But while it is difficult to disentangle the effects of the devalua-
Adaptation of the in-cavity calibration method for high temperature heat flux sensors

Abstract The need for in situ heat flux measurements in hot structures, used in hypersonic vehicle thermal protection system development, combustion and propulsion research, and fire testing requires that heat flux sensors are characterized over their entire operating temperature range. The in-cavity heat flux sensor calibration technique has been adapted to accommodate elevated sensor temperatures, in an effort to develop a primary calibration scheme for high temperature heat flux sensors using an existing blackbody calibration system. The new scheme has been demonstrated through the calibration of a high temperature, thermopile-type heat flux sensor. The output temperature dependence of the high temperature heat flux sensor (HTHFS) has been successfully characterized over the range of 175–960 °C with acceptable uncertainty limits. The calibrated HTHFS sensitivity agrees well with a theoretical sensitivity model, suggesting that the extended in-cavity calibration technique is a viable choice for primary calibration of heat flux sensors at elevated sensor temperatures.
Effect of load ratio on fatigue crack propagation behavior of solid-solution-strengthened Ni-based superalloys at elevated temperature

Abstract The fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of two solid-solution-strengthened Ni-based superalloys, INCONEL 617 and HAYNES 230, were studied simultaneously in laboratory air using a constant stress intensity factor ( K )-controlled mode with different load ratios ( R -ratio) at 700 °C. The FCP tests were performed in both cycle and time-dependent FCP domains to examine the effect of R -ratio on the FCP rate, da/dn . For cycle-dependent FCP test, a 1-s sinusoidal fatigue was applied for a compact tension (CT) specimen of INCONEL 617 and HAYNES 230 to measure their FCP rates. For time-dependent FCP test, a 3-s sinusoidal fatigue with a hold time of 300 s at maximum load was applied. Both cycle/time-dependent FCP behaviors were characterized and analyzed. The results showed that increasing R -ratio would introduce the fatigue incubation and decrease the FCP rates at cycle-dependent FCP tests. On the contrary, fatigue incubation was not observed at time-dependent FCP tests for both INCONEL 617 and HAYNES 230 at each tested R -ratio, suggesting that association of maximum load ( K max ) with crack tip open displacement (CTOD) and environmental factor governed the FCP process. Also, for time-dependent FCP, HAYNES 230 showed lower FCP rates than INCONEL 617 regardless of R -ratio. However, for cycle-dependent FCP, HAYNES 230 showed the lower FCP rates only at high R -ratios. Fracture surface of specimens were examined using SEM to investigate the cracking mechanism under cycle/time-dependent FCP condition with various R -ratios.
Margin setting: the early years

Margin Setting is very successful way to do pattern recognition. Because it differs fundamentally from prior work it has proved difficult for me to understand even though I invented it years ago and even though it has proved easy to apply and extremely effective. It took me years to understand what I was doing in any fundamental way. Now that I have begun to understand it, the mystery of its success is removed. Its full effects are not well understood, so there is still important basic research to be done. And, the advantages of Margin Setting over prior methods have proved substantial. There seem to me no remaining barriers to its widespread use.
Significance of a positive urine group B streptococcal latex agglutination test in neonates.

We assessed the clinical significance of a reactive urine latex agglutination (LA) test in neonates without bacteriologically confirmed group B streptococcal (GBS) infection. In a retrospective review of a 3 1/2-month period, during which 367 urine specimens from newborn infants evaluated for suspected sepsis were tested by LA, 25 infants (6.9%) with sterile blood, cultures but positive urine LA test results were compared with a control group of 112 infants with both blood cultures and urine LA test results negative for GBS. When the data were studied with stepwise discriminant analysis, the only variables signifincantly associated with a positive urine LA test result were immature to total neutrophil ratios ≥0.16 at 0 and 12 hours. The influence of mucosal GBS colonization on urine LA test results was then investigated propectively in 98 healthy infants (83 born to mothers colonized with GBS and 15 born to mothers with negative GBS cultures). Eight (8.2%) of the infants studied, or 8 of 52 (15.4%) infants colonized with GBS, had a positie urine LA test result. GBS was isolated from urine cultures of all infants with a positive urine LA test result. A positive urine LA test result was associated with positive GBS rectal and vaginal cultures and with increased density of colonization at those sites. We conclude that contamination of bag specimens of urine with GBS from perineal and rectal colonization may produce a positive urine LA test result in an infant with no systemic sign of infection.
Diffusion in ternary Ag-Zn-Cd solid solutions

Diffusion in the Ag-Zn-Cd system was investigated at 600°C with semi-infinite, vapor-solid couples in order to evaluate intrinsic diffusion coefficients and interdiffusion coefficients in theα andβ phases. Intrinsic diffusion coefficients were determined at several composition points in theα-phase region along concentration lines of 11 at. pct Zn, 18 at. pct Zn, 5 at. pct Cd, and 9 at. pct Cd. Interdiffusion coefficients in theα phase were determined at several points of intersection of various composition paths; these composition points of intersection were along lines of constant zinc-to-cadmium concentration ratios of 3.8, 1.8, and 1.2. All two-phase diffusion couples developed planar β/α interfaces. Intrinsic coefficients were computed at three composition points in the β region corresponding to a silver concentration of approximately 55 at. pct. Intrinsic coefficients for β alloys are two to three orders of magnitude larger than those for α alloys.
Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands

Abstract The number of emission measurements of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere has increased greatly in recent years, as recognition of its atmospheric chemical and radiative importance becomes widespread. In this report, we review progress on estimating and understanding both the magnitude of, and controls on, emissions of CH4 from natural wetlands. We also calculate global wetland CH4 emissions using this extensive flux data base and the wetland areas compiled and published by Matthews and Fung (1987). Tropical regions (20° N-30° S) were calculated to release 66 TgCH4/yr, 60% of the total wetland emission of 109 Tg/yr. Flux data from tropical wetlands, reported only within the last four years, are currently restricted in geographic coverage. Additional data from other regions will be required to confirm these calculated large emissions. Although emissions from subtropical and temperate wetlands (45° N-20° N and 30° S-50° S) were relatively low at 5 Tg/yr, the process-oriented focus of most of the research in this region suggests that work at these latitudes may serve as models to examine controls and possible uncertainties in estimating fluxes. These types of efforts are frequently not possible in more remote, globally significant wetlands. Northern wetlands (north of 45° N) were calculated to release a total of 38 TgCH4/yr (34% of total flux); 34 Tg/yr from wet soils and 4 Tg/yr from relatively dry tundra. These latitudes have been the focus of recent intensive research. Significant differences between the relatively large flux data bases accumulated in the two primary measurement areas, northern Minnesota and the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Canada, indicate that extrapolation from one wetland region to another may be subject to considerable error. Global emissions were also compared to fluxes calculated using the wetland areas published by Aselmann and Crutzen (1989) in an effort to assess uncertainties due to wetland area estimates. Further refinement of wetland CH4 emissions awaits flux measurements from large areas currently lacking data, particularly in the tropics and the Siberian Lowlands, more realistic assessments of seasonal active periods, and accurate, up-to-date habitat classification and measurement.
Formation of multiple intramolecular disulfide bonds in peptides using the reagent trans -[Pt(ethylenediamine) 2 Cl 2 ] 2+

Abstract The disulfide-bond forming reagent trans-[Pt(en)2Cl2]2+ cleanly, rapidly and quantitatively converts fully reduced α-conotoxin GI and α-conotoxin SI to their three disulfide bond-containing regioisomers in one-step in media of pH 3–7, enabling the convenient synthesis of the three isomers.
Reply by Authors to G.N. Vanderplaats

If we want gradients for only a few g's, the second approach is clearly most efficient. Arora and Haug make the assumption that NG is always small compared to NDV*NLC. In a real design situation where we are setting up an approximate design problem, either for hand calculations or for optimization, this may not be true since NG will be the number of constraints retained for design consideration. In any case, the message is that the order of the matrix operation should be determined at the time it is done, based upon a comparison of NG and NDV*NLC and the computational cost of each ordering. In terms of total computational effort to analyze the structure and compute gradients, the time difference should not be as significant as we are led to believe. Based upon the discussion, the following conclusions seem to be in order; 1) A gradient is a gradient, no matter how it is calculated. In suggesting that their method is more general, Arora and Haug are only saying that they retain more terms. Certainly the referenced investigators are qualified to do the same if they need the additional terms. 2) The conclusion that their method is up to ten times faster is valid so long as we understand that they are talking about one part of the total computational effort. 3) It is important to remember that the order of a matrix operation is criticial to the computational efficiency of performing that operation.
Subtle intracorneal findings in inflammatory disorders: hyphae or not?

BACKGROUND: Spongiotic and lichenoid dermatitides are frequently stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains to check for the presence of dermatophytes. PAS+ structures without a septate morphology are often seen with lichenoid dermatitides, however, their nature has not been previously characterized. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive biopsies of lichenoid and five spongiotic dermatitides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), PAS, and antibodies to CD1a. RESULTS: Twelve of 15 lichenoid and none of the five spongiotic dermatitis showed PAS+ structures in the stratum corneum. Distinct septation or branching was not identified in these PAS+ structures. Eleven of 15 from the lichenoid group, but none from the spongiotic group, showed CD1a+ structures in the stratum corneum. This staining pattern suggests that the intracorneal structures represent the dendritic processes of Langerhans' cells (LCs) within the stratum corneum. CONCLUSIONS: PAS+ and CD1a+ structures are present in the stratum corneum of lichenoid, but not in spongiotic, dermatitis. This study morphologically confirms extension of LC dendrites into the stratum corneum in lichenoid but not in spongiotic dermatitides.
Empirical analysis of the solar incentive policy for Tennessee solar value chain

Abstract The market for solar energy in the US has grown exponentially due to increased consumer demand resulting from price reduction via economies of scale, technological progress, and a variety of incentives from federal and state governments as well as utility companies. The installation of solar power in Tennessee has more than doubled each year from 2009 to 2011. In this paper, we focus on the behavior of the Tennessee Solar Value Chain (TNSVC) to study the factors that influence growth of solar industry in the state. The impact of existing incentives on the TNSVC is analyzed. The TNSVC is simulated based on inputs from on-site survey to estimate economic impact in terms of the number of jobs added and the tax revenue generated in the state. In addition, a sensitivity analysis for the impact on the TNSVC under different policies those may be adopted by the state of Tennessee in the future is conducted. This paper employs a holistic model which can predict PV installation demand, understand solar value chain capacity, and estimate the revenue generation. It should be noted that the method employed in this study is not unique to the solar energy industry in Tennessee. The data utilized in this study is a combination of public domain information and surveys of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and installers. This makes the model in this paper flexible enough to be applied to assess the solar value chain in other state or country.
The relationship of afterhyperpolarizations of extraocular motoneurons to membrane potential.

The effect of membrane potential displacements caused by external current injection on the amplitudes of two antidromically evoked afterhyperpolarizations (AHP1 and AHP2) was measured in extraocular motoneurons. AHP1 had a reversal potential of –70m V and an average compensation for displacements from the reversal potential (“compensation gain”) of –0.36. AHP2 had a reversal potential of –80mV and a compensation gain of –0.08. Measurements of input resistance of these motoneurons demonstrate a 30–50% decrease at depolarized membrane potentials. This rectification could account for the apparent lack of summation of AHP2. The functional role of AHP1 and AHP2 in the regulation of discharge frequencies of extraocular motoneurons during normal eye movements is discussed.
Electrical stability of a novel sealing glass with (Mn,Co)-spinel coated Crofer22APU in a simulated SOFC dual environment

Abstract A novel alkaline-earth silicate (Sr–Ca–Y–B–Si–Zn) sealing glass was developed for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. The glass was sandwiched between two metallic interconnect plates and tested for electrical stability in a dual environment at elevated temperatures of 800–850 °C. A ferritic stainless steel (Crofer22APU) was used as the metallic interconnect material in the as-received state and coated with (Mn,Co) 3 O 4 spinel. The isothermal aging results showed stable electrical resistivity at 800–850 °C for ∼500–1000 h. The electrical resistivities at 800 or 850 °C of the spinel coated samples were lower than the as-received ones; however, they were still several orders of magnitude higher than typical SOFC functional parts. Interfacial microstructure was characterized and possible reactions are discussed.
Effect of Air Exposure on the Resistivity of Sodium Beta and Beta Aluminas

The exposure of sodium beta and beta' alumina tubes to flowing air causes the room temperature resistivities to increase considerably. Nonohmic behavior is observed within 48 h. Measurements indicate that a hydrated surface region is primarily responsible. Heating the tubes to 600°C in dry air is able to reversibly restore the original resistivities. The evolution of CO2 at higher temperatures suggests that chemical reactions may be occurring during exposure.
The Textual Environment of George Meredith

Meredith’s poetics, explicitly articulated and theorized in his poem “The Woods of Westermain,” are diametrically opposed to those of New Criticism. Always conscious of its own incompleteness, Meredith’s poetry calls out its reader as an active co-producer of meaning. For this reason, like Robert Browning’s, Meredith’s work has been haunted by critical accusations of obscurity and incoherence since its earliest publication. This essay argues that Meredith’s poetry dissolves the customary imagined boundaries between poem, text and reader – between perceiving subject and perceived object – in order to produce an expanded sense of consciousness that can broadly be termed “environmental.” Such a poetics, moreover, constitutes an integral part of a broader environmental philosophy running through Meredith’s poetry. This philosophy challenges limited concepts of “text” that often govern scholarship today. In Meredith’s hands, “text” includes not merely the poem on the page but the larger situation within which the poem comes into being – the reading scene, the book of poems, and above all the graphic media (paper, ink, typeface, illustrations, etc) that constitute the poem’s literal environment.
Mastication and prescribed fire impacts on fuels in a 25-year old ponderosa pine plantation, southern Sierra Nevada

Abstract Due to increases in tree density and hazardous fuel loading in Sierra Nevadan forests, land management is focusing on fuel reduction treatments to moderate the risk of catastrophic fires. Fuel treatments involving mechanical and prescribed fire methods can reduce surface as well as canopy fuel loads. Mastication is a mechanical method which shreds smaller trees and brush onto the surface fuel layer. Little data exist quantifying masticated fuel beds. Despite the paucity of data on masticated fuels, land managers desire fuel loading, potential fire behavior and fire effects such as tree mortality information for masticated areas. In this study we measured fuel characteristics before and after mastication and mastication plus prescribed burn treatments in a 25-year old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson) plantation. In addition to surface fuel characteristics and tree data collection, bulk density samples were gathered for masticated material. Regressions were created predicting masticated fuel loading from masticated fuel bed depth. Total masticated fuel load prior to fire treatment ranged from 25.9 to 42.9 Mg ha−1, and the bulk density of masticated fuel was 125 kg m−3. Mastication treatment alone showed increases in most surface fuel loadings and decreases in canopy fuel loads. Masticated treatment in conjunction with prescribed burning reduced both surface and canopy fuel loads. Detailed information on fuel structure in masticated areas will allow for better predictions of fire behavior and fire effects for fire in masticated fuel types. Understanding potential fire behavior and fire effects associated with masticated fuels will allow managers to make decisions on the possibility of mastication to create fuel breaks or enhance forest health.
Fluctuations of spatial patterns as a measure of classical chaos

In problems where the temporal evolution of a nonlinear system cannot be followed, a method for studying the fluctuations of spatial patterns has been developed. That method is applied to well-known problems in deterministic chaos (the logistic map and the Lorenz model) to check its effectiveness in characterizing the dynamical behaviors. It is found that the indices ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{q}$ are as useful as the Lyapunov exponents in providing a quantitative measure of chaos. When applied to the Ising system of finite size, it is shown how ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{q}$ can be used to determine the critical temperature.
Human saphenous vein in vitro model for studying the action of sclerosing solutions.

background. Previous studies detailing the clinical and histologic effects of sclerosing solutions in rabbit ear and other animal vein models have provided information comparing the effects of various concentrations of hypertonic saline with and without dextrose (Sclerodex), polidocanol, scleremo (chromated glycerin), and sodium tetradecyl sul-fate. objective. To observe short-term histologic changes of sclerosing solutions in vitro in large diameter human vein. methods. Human saphenous vein segments were obtained following cardiac bypass procedures. Several types of sclerosing solutions, including 23.4% hypertonic saline, 1 % polidocanol, and 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate, were allowed continuous contact with the vessel wall for 10 minutes. Test vein segments were immediately fixed and observed for histologic changes compared with normal saline controls. results. Endothelium was rapidly destroyed by all tested sclerosing solutions. Vessel wall necrosis occurred quickly with the extent determined by the sclerosing solution. Destructive potential of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate greatly exceeded that of 23.4% hypertonic saline or 1% polidocanol, in agreement with previous animal studies. conclusion. Direct toxic effects of sclerosing agents may be compared in a constant, reproducible environment with this in vitro model.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESS INDUCED MATERIAL VARIABILITIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Process induced material variations in polymeric matrix composite materials are considered. These are (i) non-uniformity in the inter-fiber spacing, and (ii) the presence of substantial levels of local void distribution, and (iii) damage to the reinforcing fibers. The influence of these variabilities on the longitudinal tensile strength of unidirectiona l composite material is evaluated. The non-uniformity in the inter-fiber spacing and the presence of significant levels of voids was found to have a modest influence on the composite materials failure strain, for the fiber volume fraction of 0.5 considered in this paper. Damage to the reinforcing fiber had a significant influence on the composite strength.
Low‐cost storage‐type precipitation gages

A non-recording, large-capacity, precipitation gage for the measurement of heavy rainfall in isolated areas of the coastal ranges is described briefly. A standard gage is combined with salvage material to keep the cost low.
Vasoconstrictor action of angiotensin I-convertase and the synthetic substrate (Pro11,D-Ala12)-angiotensin I.

A chymase (also referred to as angiotensin I-convertase) specific for the conversion of angiotensin (Ang) I to Ang II has been identified in human heart. This serine protease is also present in dog and marmoset vasculature. We examined the vasoconstrictor effects of Ang II putatively generated from an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-resistant convertase synthetic substrate (SUB) in vivo and in vitro. In marmosets, SUB (7 to 700 micrograms/kg i.v.) or Ang I (0.1 to 30 micrograms/kg) caused similar dose-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure (10 to 100 mm Hg) and decreases in heart rate. Pressor effects of SUB were slightly attenuated at low (but not high) doses by captopril (CAP, 1 mg/kg i.v.) and blocked by losartan (5 mg/kg i.v.); in contrast Ang I pressor effects were substantially blocked by both. In isolated canine superior mesenteric artery, Ang I-induced contraction was eliminated by losartan and reduced but not eliminated by 10 mumol/L CAP. When combined with the serine protease inhibitor chymostatin, CAP eliminated Ang I-induced contraction, but chymostatin alone had no effect. SUB-induced contraction was not blocked by CAP but was equally blocked by chymostatin (25 mumol/L) alone or by the combination of CAP (10 mumol/L) and chymostatin (25 mumol/L); losartan (10 mumol/L) eliminated SUB-induced responses. Previous studies have suggested that Ang I-convertase is important for production of Ang II in the heart. Our results are consistent with a potential role for Ang I-convertase in the production of Ang II in the vasculature, resulting in Ang II-mediated vasoconstriction.
QUANTITATIVE FACTORS IN "TEST-TUBE INFECTION."

In the preceding experiments an attempt has been made to work out on a mathematical basis certain laws of "test-tube infection" with special reference to the relation of dosage and activity of culture to resulting growth in favorable and unfavorable media. It has been shown that neither lag nor dosage is of great importance when dealing with a highly favorable medium, but that with an unfavorable medium both determine very directly the outcome of the inoculation. Certain analogies have been drawn between these test-tube results and the observed phenomena of human and animal infection. If conditions are actually similar in the latter there is a simple explanation of several of the puzzles of epidemiology. It becomes intelligible why a carrier of pathogenic bacteria may reside in a community without producing infection of the susceptibles about him in spite of the fact that they actually acquire the organisms, why crowding results in the spread of infection, and why the introduction of unusually susceptible people into a community where carriers are present leads not only to infection of these susceptibles but to infection of the general population. The experiments further raise the query whether alterations in natural vegetative activity of bacteria as well as specific alterations in virulence are of importance in explaining the spread of infection. Finally, it should be said that the present experiments are not regarded as evidence for any hypothesis of human infection. They merely furnish interesting analogies. Further work with animals along the same lines is in progress.