cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Template properties of polyribonucleotides containing uracil or modified uracil in the RNA polymerase reaction.

The kinetic characteristics of the Micrococcus lysodeikticus RNA polymerase were examined with model polyribonucleotide templates. Two types of reaction were observed. (1) Transcription reactions were directed by two classes of templates: (a) in the presence of ATP, untreated poly U directed the synthesis of poly A in proportion to the poly U concentration, and (b) in the presence of ATP and YTP, poly (U, X) directed the synthesis of poly (A, Y), where Y is the Watson-Crick complementary nucleotide to X. (2) Reiteration reactions were directed by two classes of templates: (a) in the presence of ATP, poly U modified by ultraviolet irradiation or photochemical reduction directed the synthesis of poly A in proportion to the ATP concentration, and (b) in the presence of ATP and the absence of YTP, poly (U, X) directed the synthesis of poly A. Reiteration was dependent on the template mole fraction of U. Reiteration reactions are directed by specific template sites in which sequences of U are terminated by non-U bases. The minimum sequence length for reiterative poly A synthesis was estimated from a statistical correlation of synthetic rates directed by families of copolymer templates containing various proportions of two nucleotides, with sequence frequencies of the type (UpUp…UpX-) 1 expected, assuming a random distribution of U- and X-containing nucleotides. A sequence of at least two U residues terminated by an X residue is required for this reiterative synthesis of poly A. Although the non-U base terminating a sequence of U residues may be a natural (A, G, or C) base, as well as 5,6-dihydrouracil or a uracil photoproduct, there is a distinction between the reactions induced by these two types of template blocks. If a sequence of U residues is terminated by a natural base, the addition of the NTP complementary to that terminating base will depress reiterative poly A synthesis and transcription to form a copolymer is observed. But if the tracts of U residues are terminated by modified uracil, either a photo-product or 5,6-dihydrouracil, there is no depression of reiterative poly A synthesis by low concentrations of any of the other three common nucleoside triphosphates.
Linear dichroism and radial flow birefringence of stream‐oriented hyaluronate solutions as a function of system pH

The linear dischroism in the radial direction of solution flow over a velocity gradient of approximately 10–850 sec−1 has been obtained for human umbilical cord hyaluronic acid at concentrations of 0.1, 0.0666, and 0.0333%, and pHs 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5, at constant ionic strength 0.1. The redial flow briefingenece has also been obtained for these solutions by a Kroing-Kramers transformation. The data indicate a change in linear dichroism and optical anisotrophy as a function of pH, with most of the transition across the physiological range: 7.0–7.5. Previously reported axial flow birefringence and extinction angles indicating a similar pH-dependent structural change in hyaluronate solutions across the same pH range are thus confirmed with other instrumentation. The radial birefringence measurements reported here, together with the axial measurements previously reported, permit a complete description of the refractive index tensor for each of the six solutions. The interpretation of these tensors in terms of the Peterlin modification of the Rouse-Zimm Gaussian subchain theory results in a description of entropy production induced by changes in system pH.
Power-Conditioning Requirements for Ion Rockets

Data are presented that are important in the design of electrically propelled spacecraft. An explanation is given for what has been done with regard to the power-conditioning equipment for small ion rockets up to 3 kw including the problems encountered. The expected power distribution of 30-kw electron-bombardment and contact-ionization rockets is presented, although engines of this size have not been tested. The electrical power requirements are presented in a form compatible with system studies.
Unexpected late rise in plasma acetaminophen concentrations with change in risk stratification in acute acetaminophen overdoses

Abstract Background The acetaminophen risk analysis nomogram is used to predict hepatotoxicity risk in acute acetaminophen overdose based on a single plasma acetaminophen concentration (PAC) measured between 4 and 24 h after ingestion. There are case reports of patients with acute overdoses of acetaminophen combination products in whom a toxic PAC occurred later after an initial non-toxic PAC at approximately 4 h. Objectives The objective was to describe patients who had an initial non-toxic PAC and a subsequent toxic PAC. Methods A poison center’s database was searched for records in which patients were administered N-acetylcysteine. Cases were included if they involved an acute overdose of an acetaminophen-containing product with at least 2 plottable PACs, the first of which was obtained at least 4 h after ingestion and was below the treatment line on the nomogram with a subsequent toxic PAC. Data were analyzed for doses, timed PACs, specific acetaminophen preparation, coingestants, activated charcoal administration, and clinical effects. Results Twenty patients were included. Thirteen patients ingested combination products. All patients experienced vomiting, neurologic, or cardiovascular effects at presentation or before obtaining the second PAC. Two patients developed hepatotoxicity, one of which died from the complications of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion The nomogram fails to predict toxicity based on a single PAC in a small subset of patients.
The Effects of Reality Television on Weight Bias: An Examination of The Biggest Loser

Weight-loss reality shows, a popular form of television programming, portray obese individuals and their struggles to lose weight. While the media is believed to reinforce obesity stereotypes and contribute to weight stigma, it is not yet known whether weight-loss reality shows have any effect on weight bias. The goal of this investigation was to examine how exposure to 40-min of The Biggest Loser impacted participants' levels of weight bias. Fifty-nine participants (majority of whom were white females) were randomly assigned to either an experimental (one episode of The Biggest Loser) or control (one episode of a nature reality show) condition. Levels of weight bias were measured by the Implicit Associations Test (IAT), the Obese Person Trait Survey (OPTS), and the Anti-fat Attitudes scale (AFA) at baseline and following the episode viewing (1 week later). Participants in The Biggest Loser condition had significantly higher levels of dislike of overweight individuals and more strongly believed that weight is controllable after the exposure. No significant condition effects were found for implicit bias or traits associated with obese persons. Exploratory analyses examining moderation of the condition effect by BMI and intention to lose weight indicated that participants who had lower BMIs and were not trying to lose weight had significantly higher levels of dislike of overweight individuals following exposure to The Biggest Loser compared to similar participants in the control condition. These results indicate that anti-fat attitudes increase after brief exposure to weight-loss reality television.
THE ACTION OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL IN GYNECOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTIONS

DODDS ET AL. (1,2) described the estrogenic activity of certain derivatives of diphenylethane, and in particular it was shown that the introduction of an ethylene linkage between the α and β carbon atoms greatly increased the potency of the compounds. A number of stilbene derivatives were found to possess marked estrogenic activity. The most potent substance is 4, 4'dihydroxy α, β'diethylstilbene. It has the following activity as determined by the production of a vaginal estrous response. It will be noted from this that the new compound is about three times as active as estrone (I.U.=.0001 mg.). In view of the fact that 4, 4'dihydroxystilbene is the mother substance of a series of estrogenic agents, Dodds suggested that it be called “stilboestrol.”In the following clinical experiments we used a derivative, diethyl' stilbestrol. The structural resemblance of this compound to estrone can be seen in the following formulae.
Abstract IA05: Fanconi's anemia: Emerging therapeutic opportunities

Fanconi9s anemia (FA) is a genetically heterogeneous inherited disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, birth defects and cancer susceptibility. At the cellular level, FA features hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, cell cycle abnormalities and abnormal responses to cytokines. Therapy for the hematopoietic defects of FA has consisted of supportive care, stem cell transplantation and administration of androgens such as oxymetholone. Unfortunately, even successfully transplanted FA patients have a very high risk for subsequent solid tumors, especially squamous cell carcinomas of oropharyngeal and urogenital areas. The pharmacological treatment of FA has been unchanged for several decades and for this reason our group has embarked on systematic search for small molecule therapeutics that could benefit FA patients. This effort has been made possible by the cloning of 16 FA genes and biochemical insights into the function of FA proteins. Mouse models, zebra fish models and FA patient cell lines, including IPSC are available for screening and validation. The specific goals of small molecule interventions are to delay or prevent hematopoietic failure and also to delay or prevent carcinogenesis. To date we have shown that the superoxide dismutase mimetic drug Tempol can significantly delay tumor formation in FA mice. Similarly, resveratrol clearly improved hematopoiesis in the same model. Medium throughput screens have revealed numerous new molecules which ameliorate the FA phenotypes of cells, mice and zebrafish respectively. Using genetic approaches we also have identified the p53 pathway as a therapeutic target in FA. These therapeutic opportunities and progress in FA small molecule screening will be discussed. Citation Format: Markus Grompe, John Postlethwait, Alan D9Andrea, Susan Olson, Qingshuo Zhang, Grover Bagby. Fanconi9s anemia: Emerging therapeutic opportunities. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Susceptibility and Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes; Jan 29-Feb 1, 2014; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(23 Suppl):Abstract nr IA05. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CANSUSC14-IA05
Studies of the phosphorescence of polycrystalline hafnia

Abstract Persistent phosphorescence induced by ultraviolet light in polycrystalline HfO2 and enhancement of the phosphorescence by sintering are investigated. The phosphorescence afterglow emission is in the 1.8–3.2 eV spectral range, with a peak at 2.53 eV. The afterglow intensity is significantly increased by sintering in either inert atmosphere or air. The afterglow light sum measured at room temperature for samples sintered at 1500 °C is more than an order of magnitude higher than that before sintering. In the temperature range −50 to 200 °C, three thermoluminescence (TL) peaks are observed near −10, 30, and 100 °C. The relative contribution of the low-temperature TL peak to the total TL intensity decreases after sintering, and this effect is more pronounced upon sintering in inert atmosphere. Conversely, the contribution of the TL peak near 100 °C increases after sintering. The enhancement of the afterglow by sintering is associated with the observed increase in the intensity of TL peaks at and above room temperature and attributed to an increase in the number of deep charge traps. The room-temperature afterglow time decay has a form consistent with the second-order mechanism, ∝(t0+t)−n, and the best-fit values of both fitting parameters t0 and n tend to increase with the sintering temperature.
Writing Cartographies of Violence: Nation Building through State Failure

Literacy and literature were central to the birth of the modern nation state. Yet few studies explore the importance of literature in contemporary state construction. In this article, the ongoing importance of literacy and literature in (re)producing the Colombian nation state is studied. Since the colonial era, literacy has conferred the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, first to an elite few and now to the vast majority of people. The democratization of the ability to author the nation has allowed common people to contest and contribute to elite narratives. In this article the content of competing stories of the nation state is analyzed. It argues that these writings have had contradictory effects, successfully consolidating national identity as a nation swathed in violence while undermining the state by revealing its inability to provide security for the majority of its citizens.
Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility and transcriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in naïve CD4+ T cells from lupus patients

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by multi-system involvement and autoantibody production. Abnormal T cell DNA methylation and type-I interferon play an important role in the pathogenesis of lupus. We performed a genome-wide DNA methylation study in two independent sets of lupus patients and matched healthy controls to characterize the DNA methylome in naive CD4+ T cells in lupus. DNA methylation was quantified for over 485,000 methylation sites across the genome, and differentially methylated sites between lupus patients and controls were identified and then independently replicated. Gene expression analysis was also performed from the same cells to investigate the relationship between the DNA methylation changes observed and mRNA expression levels. We identified and replicated 86 differentially methylated CG sites between patients and controls in 47 genes, with the majority being hypomethylated. We observed significant hypomethylation in interferon-regulated genes in naive CD4+ T cells from lupus patients, including IFIT1, IFIT3, MX1, STAT1, IFI44L, USP18, TRIM22 and BST2, suggesting epigenetic transcriptional accessibility in these genetic loci. Indeed, the majority of the hypomethylated genes (21 out of 35 hypomethylated genes) are regulated by type I interferon. The hypomethylation in interferon-regulated genes was not related to lupus disease activity. Gene expression analysis showed overexpression of these genes in total but not naive CD4+ T cells from lupus patients. Our data suggest epigenetic "poising" of interferon-regulated genes in lupus naive CD4+ T cells, argue for a novel pathogenic implication for abnormal T cell DNA methylation in lupus, and suggest a mechanism for type-I interferon hyper-responsiveness in lupus T cells.
Differential Trafficking of Transport Vesicles Contributes to the Localization of Dendritic Proteins

In neurons, transmembrane proteins are targeted to dendrites in vesicles that traffic solely within the somatodendritic compartment. How these vesicles are retained within the somatodendritic domain is unknown. Here, we use a novel pulse-chase system, which allows synchronous release of exogenous transmembrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to follow movements of post-Golgi transport vesicles. Surprisingly, we found that post-Golgi vesicles carrying dendritic proteins were equally likely to enter axons and dendrites. However, once such vesicles entered the axon, they very rarely moved beyond the axon initial segment but instead either halted or reversed direction in an actin and Myosin Va-dependent manner. In contrast, vesicles carrying either an axonal or a nonspecifically localized protein only rarely halted or reversed and instead generally proceeded to the distal axon. Thus, our results are consistent with the axon initial segment behaving as a vesicle filter that mediates the differential trafficking of transport vesicles.
Gravity thrust Jupiter orbiter trajectories generated by encountering the Galilean satellites.

A trajectory design philosophy is introduced for Jupiter orbiter missions that is based on the gravity thrust concept developed for interplanetary trajectories. This is accomplished by utilizing the moving gravitational fields of the four Galilean satellites. A general theorem, applicable to any existing planetary satellite system, is developed to show how the effects of small satellite perturbations can be magnified by incorporating multiple revolutions between encounters.-
Sleep deprivation increases cognitive workload during simulated surgical tasks

Abstract Background There have been conflicting reports of the effects of modest sleep deprivation on surgical skills. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 24-hour call shift on technical and cognitive function, as well as the ability to learning a new skill. Methods Thirty-one students trained to expert proficiency on a virtual reality part-task trainer. They then were randomized to either a control or sleep-deprived group. On the second testing day they were given a novel task. Fatigue was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Task Load Index was used to assess cognitive capabilities. Results There was no difference between the control and sleep-deprived groups for performance or learning of surgical tasks. Subjectively, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale showed an increase in sleepiness. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Task Load Index showed an increase in total subjective mental workload for the sleep-deprived group. Conclusions Sleep-deprived subjects were able to complete the tasks despite the increased workload, and were able to learn a new task proficiently, despite an increase in sleepiness.
Individual Behavior and Group Achievement

The article reviews the book “Individual Behavior and Group Achievement,” by Ralph Stogdill.
Differential effects of protein kinase C inhibitors on fibronectin‐induced interleukin‐β gene transcription, protein synthesis and secretion in human monocytic cells

Human monocytic cells express interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) when stimulated with the extracellular matrix glycoprotein, fibronectin (FN). Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is considered important for this process; however, the metabolic steps at which PKC acts upon to mediate the FN-induced IL-1beta response remain unclear. We performed an analysis of the mechanisms by which two PKC inhibitors, Calphostin C and Staurosporine, prevent the FN-induced IL-1beta response. Both inhibitors blocked the secretion of IL-1beta protein into the media of peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to FN. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that under these circumstances, Calphostin C inhibited the production of IL-1beta protein, whereas Staurosporine allowed protein production, but inhibited its secretion. To determine the mechanisms responsible for these differences, we turned to human U937 promonocytic cells. U937 cells transfected with the human full-length IL-1beta promoter connected to a luciferase reporter gene were submitted to transcription assays, Northern blotting, and DNA electrophoresis mobility gel shift assays. These studies revealed that Calphostin C inhibited the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) which is considered necessary for FN induction of IL-1beta gene transcription, and prevented the transcription of the IL-1beta gene. In contrast, Staurosporine alone induced AP-1 translocation and stimulation of the gene. Overall, our data indicate that Calphostin C prevents the transcription of the IL-1beta gene thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. Based on the high specificity of this compound for PKC, we conclude that PKC is necessary for FN-induced IL-1beta protein production. In contrast, Staurosporine prevented secretion of IL-1beta by unknown mechanisms.
Heat Transfer and Temperature Control in an Annealing Lehr for Float Glass

This paper presents an analytical model of a float glass annealing lehr, considering radiation between the moving ribbon and its enclosure and the convection of gas in a flue system. Results illustrate the use of mathematical modeling to improve design and operation. A linear algorithm, verified by “computer experiments,” is proposed for on-line temperature control.
Understanding causation of cerebral palsy by using magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in elucidating aetiology, or at least pathogenesis of cerebral palsy (CP). When systematically analyzing studies using MRI in children with CP, MRI proves to be abnormal in around 85% of cases and gives a clear pathogenetic pattern in more than 80%. White matter lesions, predominantly in the periventricular area, are most frequent (more than 50%), followed by cortical and deep grey matter lesions (around 20%). Brain maldevelopments are rather rare, described in less than 10%. Brain maldevelopments and grey matter lesions are more often seen in term than in preterm children with CP (16% vs 2.5% and 33% vs 3.5%), whereas periventricular white matter lesions occur significantly more often in preterm than in term children (90% vs 20%). Thus, CP is mainly characterized by brain lesions which can be identified by MRI. This supports a mainly acquired, e.g. lesional origin in the majority of children. This is especially true for children with spastic and dyskinetic CP subtypes, which account for 94% of CP. Ataxic CP is different; abnormal MRI-findings are reported in less than 40% and in at least 50% of cases are clearly not lesional.
Electric probe measurements in a tokamak with large magnetic field ripples

Abstract The cross-field diffusion coefficient, determined from the time evolution of the density profile near the edge of a tokamak with large toroidal field ripples, appears to agree better with a ripple enhanced diffusion coefficient than with either Bohm or Pfirsh-Schluter diffusion rates.
Observations of Ionization induced by Artificial Earth Satellites

WHILE monitoring a remote continuous-wave station at the Ohio State University Radio Observatory, it has been found that large enhancements of signals often occur at the times of near approach of an artificial Earth satellite. The enhancements are of such magnitude as to indicate extensive ionization with scattering cross-section several orders of magnitude greater than the physical cross-section of the satellite1–3. In these observations it has been convenient to monitor the National Bureau of Standards time service station WWV near Washington, D.C., at a distance of 330 miles from Columbus. This communication describes some additional observations of the phenomenon.
Gene therapy for carcinoma of the breast: Pro-apoptotic gene therapy

The dysregulation of apoptosis contributes in a variety of ways to the malignant phenotype. It is increasingly recognized that the alteration of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic molecules determines not only escape from mechanisms that control cell cycle and DNA damage, but also endows the cancer cells with the capacity to survive in the presence of a metabolically adverse milieu, to resist the attack of the immune system, to locally invade and survive despite a lack of tissue anchorage, and to evade the otherwise lethal insults induced by drugs and radiotherapy. A multitude of apoptosis mediators has been identified in the past decade, and the roles of several of them in breast cancer have been delineated by studying the clinical correlates of pathologically documented abnormalities. Using this information, attempts are being made to correct the fundamental anomalies at the genetic level. Fundamental to this end are the design of more efficient and selective gene transfer systems, and the employment of complex interventions that are tailored to breast cancer and that are aimed concomitantly towards different components of the redundant regulatory pathways. The combination of such genetic modifications is most likely to be effective when combined with conventional treatments, thus robustly activating several pro-apoptotic pathways.
Density enhancement of a neural network using FPGAs and run-time reconfiguration

Run-time reconfiguration is a way of more fully exploiting the flexbility of reconfigurable FPGAs. The run-time reconfiguration artificial neural network (RRANN) uses ran-time reconfiguration to increase the hardware density of FPGAs. The RRANN architecture also allows large amounts of parallelism to be used and is very scalable. RRANN divides the back-propagation algorithm into three sequential executed stages and configures the FPGAs to execute only one stage at a time. The FPGAs are reconfigured as part of normal execution in order to change stages. Using reconfigurability in this way increases the number of hardware neurons a single Xilinx XC3090 can implement by 500%. Performance is effected by reconfiguration overhead, but this overhead becomes insignificant in large networks. This overhead is made even more insignificant with improved configuration methods. Run-time reconfiguration is a flexible realization of the time/space trade-off. The RRANN architecture has been designed and built using commercially available hardware, and its performance has been measured. >
Does land fragmentation affect land productivity? Empirical evidence from Bulgaria

Land fragmentation is considered a major obstacle to the efficient use of land and other agricultural resources in Bulgaria. This study is concerned with formally testing the relationship between fragmentation of land plots and land productivity in the country. Multiple regression analysis and agricultural data obtained from the 2003 Bulgaria Multi-topic Household Survey is employed for the purpose. Results of the study suggest that the level of current fragmentation is relatively low and not likely to adversely affect land productivity. Other conditions being equal, therefore, land consolidation may not lead to any significant improvement in productivity in Bulgaria.
The Enigmatic Escherichia coli fadE Gene Is yafH

The identity of the gene encoding acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase is a major remaining mystery of the Escherichia coli fatty acid degradation (fad) regulon. Our prior genome array analyses showed that transcription of the yafH gene is controlled by the FadR regulatory protein. We now report direct experimental proof that yafH and fadE are the same gene.
A First Step Towards Understanding Popularity in YouTube

Being popular in YouTube is becoming a fundamental way of promoting one's self, services or products. In this paper, we conduct an in depth study of fundamental properties of video popularity in YouTube. We collect and study arguably the largest dataset of YouTube videos, roughly 37 million, accounting for 25% of all YouTube videos. We analyze popularity in a comprehensive fashion by looking at properties and patterns in time and considering various popularity metrics. We further study the relationship of the popularity metrics and we find that four of them are highly correlated (viewcount, #comments, #ratings, #favorites) while the fifth one, the average rating, exhibits very little correlation with the other metrics. We also find a "magic number" in the average behavior of videos: for every 400 times a video is viewed, we have one of each of the following user actions: leaving a comment, rating the video and adding to one's favorite set.
Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions are linked to vascular permeability via ICAM-1-mediated signaling

Two key characteristics of the inflammatory response are the recruitment of leukocytes to inflamed tissue as well as changes in vessel permeability. We explored the relationship between these two processes using intravital confocal microscopy in cremasters of anesthetized (65 mg/kg Nembutal ip) mice. We provide direct evidence that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) links leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and changes in solute permeability (Ps). Importantly, we show that arterioles, not just venules, respond to proinflammatory stimuli, thus contributing to microvascular exchange. We identified two independent, ICAM-1-mediated pathways regulating Ps. Under control conditions in wild-type (WT) mice, there is a constitutive PKC-dependent pathway (Ps = 1.0 +/- 0.10 and 2.2 +/- 0.46 x 10(-6) cm/s in arterioles and venules, respectively), which was significantly reduced in ICAM-1 knockout (KO) mice (Ps = 0.54 +/- 0.07 and 0.77 +/- 0.11 x 10(-6) cm/s). The PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimid l (1 micromol/l in 0.01% DMSO) decreased P(s) in WT mice to levels similar to those in ICAM-1 KO mice. Likewise, a PKC activator (phorbol-12-myristate-acetate; 1 micromol/l in 0.01% DMSO) successfully restored Ps in ICAM-1 KO vessels to be not different from that of the WT controls. On the other hand, during TNF-alpha-induced inflammation, Ps in WT mice was significantly increased (2-fold in venules and 2.5-fold in arterioles) in a Src-dependent and PKC-independent manner. The blockade of Src (PP2; 2 micromol/l in 0.01% DMSO) but not PKC significantly reduced the TNF-alpha-dependent increase in Ps. We conclude that ICAM-1 plays an essential role in the regulation of Ps in microvessels and that there are two separate (constitutive and inducible) signaling pathways that regulate permeability under normal and inflamed conditions.
C For Yourself: Learning C Using Experiments

1. The Basics 1.1 Identifiers 1.2 Sybolic Constants 1.3 Variables 1.4 Data Types 1.5 Operators 1.6 Expressions 1.7 Statements 1.8 Program Execution 2. Statements: Part I 2.1 Output 2.2 Assignment 2.3 Input 3. Statements: Part II 3.1 Selection 3.1.1 The if Statement 3.1.2 The if-else Statement 3.1.3 The switch Statement 4. Functions 4.1 Functions: The Basics 4.2 Functions: Input and Output 4.2.1 Functions with Input 4.2.2 Functions with Output 4.3 Scope 4.3.1 Static Variables 4.3.2 The Function Main 4.3.3 A Note on Prototypes 5. A Brief Introduction to Pointers 5.1 The Pointer Concept 5.2 Declaration and Assingnment of Pointers 5.2.1 The Deferencing Operator 5.3 Passing Pointers to Functions 6. Arrays 6.1 One Dimensional Arrays 6.2 Arrays and Pointers 6.2.1 Pointer Arithmetic 6.2.2 Passing Arrays as Parameters 6.2.3 Sorting: An Application Using Arrays 6.3 Two Dimensional Arrays 6.3.1 Two Dimensional Array Arithmetic 6.4 Strings 7. Structs and Linked Lists 7.1 Structs 7.1.1 Declaring the Struct Type 7.1.2 Struct Variables 7.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation 7.2.1 Deallocation of memory 7.3 Linked Lists 7.3.1 Accessing Individual Components 8. Files 8.1 File Buffers 8.2 File Commands 8.2.1 Detecting the End of a File 9. Recursion 10. Optimal Extras 10.1 Additional Data Types 10.2 Shorthand Operator Notation 10.3 Macros 10.4 Compilation Schemes 10.4.1 Conditional Compilation 10.4.2 Separate Compilation 10.5 Two Unusual Operations 10.6 Passing Parameters to Main 10.7 Variable Length Parameter Lists Appendix: A: Discussion of Experiments B: Notes on Some Library Functions C: Keywords and Symbols D: ASCII Code
ERK integrates PKA and PKC signaling in superficial dorsal horn neurons. I. Modulation of A-type K+ currents.

The transient outward potassium currents (also known as A-type currents or IA) are important determinants of neuronal excitability. In the brain, IA is modulated by protein kinase C (PKC), protein ...
Discrete-Model Identification for Nonlinear Laser Welding Process

This paper introduces the identification results of a discrete-time model of a laser welding process whose input is the reciprocal of the welding speed and output is the width of the weld pool. To model this nonlinear process, a Hammerstein model is used. A series of step response experiments have been conducted to obtain the experimental data. A method has been proposed to identify the discrete Hammerstein model in two steps. MATLAB programs are utilized with Least Square method for parameters identification. Experimental results confirmed that the proposed identification method for the nonlinear dynamic discrete-time as described by a Hammerstein model is effective to approximate the laser welding process.
Constructing “otherness”: ideologies and differentiating speech style

Linguistic research focusing on evaluations of speech style has traditionally considered social variables, acoustic parameters, and listeners’ ability to identify speakers accurately. However, few studies examine how such evaluation of speech relies on socially meaningful and available discourses of differentiation. This article explores how listeners construct discursive evaluations of a set of speech samples, one of which is consistently constructed as problematic. Discourse analysis highlights how language ideologies intertwine with articulated reasons for identification of the “other”. This methodological approach expands the social contexts usually considered in an analysis of speech evaluation, problematizing linguistic notions of social relations and context. Implications for applied linguistic research on social identification of speakers based upon their speech style has particular relevance to educational research and practice.
High Pressure Inactivation Kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ascospores in Orange and Apple Juices

High pressure inactivation kinetics (D and z values) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ascospores were determined in fruit juices and a model juice buffer at pH 3.5 to 5.0. Approximately 0.5 to 1.0 × 10 6 ascospores/mL were pressurized at 300 to 500 MPa in juice or buffer. D-values ranged from 8 sec to 10.8 min at 500 and 300 MPa, respectively. The range for z-values was 115 to 121 MPa. No differences (P≥0.05) in D (at constant pressure) or z-values among buffers or juices at any pH were determined, indicating little influence of pH in this range and absence of protective or detrimental effects of juice constituents.
Instrument Development and the Measurement of Unitary Constructs

This article initiates needed dialogue on the development of instruments to measure unitary constructs. The concept of measurement is explored and current measurement in Rogerian research is considered in light of the issues raised in the discussion. The human field - environmental field relationship is presented as the clinical practice area serving as the basis for the development of a unitary instrument that purports to measure field pattern. The instrument entitled Mutual Exploration of the Healing Human Field - Environmental Field Relationship is offered as a beginning effort in constructing an instrument that measures a unitary phenomenon. Rogerian scholars are provided with the challenge to continue the debate regarding the whole field of measurement and the development of unitary tools.
The evolution of synthetic aperture radar systems and their progression to the EOS SAR

The authors describe the evolution of the spaceborne imaging radar starting with the Seasat SAR, through the SIR-A, SIR-B, and SIR-C/X-SAR missions, to the Earth Observing System (Eos) SAR which is scheduled for launch as part of Eos in the late 1990s. A summary of the planned international missions, which may produce a permanent active microwave capability in space starting as early as 1991, is also presented, along with a description of the airborne systems which will be essential to the algorithm development and long-term calibration of the spaceborne data. A brief summary of the planetary missions utilizing SAR and a comparison of their imaging capabilities with those available on Earth are presented. >
New Ways to Promote Proenvironmental Behavior: Expanding and Evaluating Motives for Environmentally Responsible Behavior

This article contends that while striving to promote environmentally responsible behavior, we have focused attention too narrowly on just two classes of motives. There is a need to expand the range of motives available to practitioners and to provide a framework within which motives can be evaluated for both their immediate and long-term effectiveness. The article then examines a strategy for promoting environmentally responsible behavior that has significant potential. This strategy is based on a particular form of motivation called intrinsic satisfaction. Nine studies are reviewed that have outlined the structure of intrinsic satisfaction. A key theme discussed is the human inclination for competence. This fundamental human concern is shown to have both a general form and a resource-specific version. Although the search for motives effective at promoting environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) is being enthusiastically pursued, the work so far has been somewhat confined. The vast majority of attention has been given to only two motivations: providing material incentives and disincentives sufficient to make the behavior worth attending to and focusing on the altruistic reasons for engaging in the behavior. There has been relatively little exploration of other, potentially more useful alternatives. Early attention was given to the use of incentives and disincentives. Scott Geller and his colleagues explored the effectiveness of incentives and disincentives in promoting ERB and established that such behavior can be motivated by the manipulation of material reward, whether token or real (Geller, 1987, 1992; Geller,
An efficient algorithm for finding empty space for online FPGA placement

A fast and efficient algorithm for finding empty area is necessary for online placement, task relocation and defragmentation on a partially reconfigurable FPGA. We present an algorithm that finds empty area as a list of overlapping maximal rectangles. Using an innovative representation of the FPGA, we are able to predict possible locations of the maximal empty rectangles. Worst-case time complexity of our algorithm is O(xy) where x is the number of columns, y is the number of rows and x.y is the total number of cells on the FPGA. Experiments show that, in practice, our algorithm needs to scan less than 15% of the FPGA cells to make a list of all maximal empty rectangles.
Characterization of Bispecific T-cell Engager (BiTE®) Antibodies with a High-Capacity T-cell Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (TDCC) Assay

The Bispecific T-cell Engager (BiTE) antibody modality is a clinically validated immunotherapeutic approach for targeting tumors. Using T-cell dependent cellular cytotoxicity (TDCC) assays, we measure the percentage of specific cytotoxicity induced when a BiTE molecule engages T-cells, redirects T-cell mediated cytolysis, and ultimately kills target cells. We establish a novel luminescence-based TDCC assay quantified by measuring cell viability via constitutive expression of luciferase. The luciferase-based TDCC assay performance is valid and comparable to an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-based detection method. We demonstrate that the luciferase-based TDCC assay is an efficient homogeneous assay format that is amenable to both suspension and adherent target cells. The luciferase-based TDCC assay eliminates the need for plate-washing protocols, allowing for higher-throughput screening of BiTE antibodies and better data quality. Assay capacity is also improved by performing serial dilutions of BiTE antibodies in 384-well format with an automated liquid handler. We describe here a robust, homogeneous TDCC assay platform with capacity for in vitro assessment of BiTE antibody potency and efficacy using multiple tumor cell lines and T-cell donors.
Inmate-to-Inmate Sexual Coercion in a Prison for Women

Abstract Inmate-to-inmate sexual coercion remains a relatively unexplored topic within correctional literature, especially concerning female inmates. Using data gathered in March 2000 via questionnaires with 245 inmates in a southern female correctional facility, the authors examine various demographic characteristics of victim and perpetrator inmate-to-inmate sexual coercion. Respondents were asked a series of questions regarding their victimization and/or perpetration of threatened or completed forced sexual assault encounters with other inmates. Over four percent of the inmates reported that they had been sexually coerced by other female inmates and two percent had sexually coerced another inmate. Policy implications are also addressed in the study.
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Congruent Visual and Somatic Response Properties

Duhamel, Jean-Rene, Carol L. Colby, and Michael E. Goldberg. Ventral intraparietal area of the macaque: congruent visual and somatic response properties. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 126–136, 1998. In a pr...
Honeypots: concepts, approaches, and challenges

Information security is a growing concern today for organizations and individuals alike. This has led to growing interest in more aggressive forms of defense to supplement the existing methods. One of these methods involves the use of honeypots. A honeypot is a security resource whose value lies in being probed, attacked or compromised. In this paper we present an overview of honeypots and provide a starting point for persons who are interested in this technology. We examine different kinds of honeypots, honeypot concepts, and approaches to their implementation.
Cisplatin-Induced Antitumor Immunomodulation: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

Contrary to the long held belief that chemotherapy is immunosuppressive, emerging evidence indicates that the anticancer activity of cisplatin is not limited to its ability to inhibit mitosis, but that cisplatin also has important immunomodulatory effects. We therefore methodically examined the relevant preclinical literature and identified four main mechanisms of cisplatin-induced antitumor immunomodulation: (i) MHC class I expression upregulation; (ii) recruitment and proliferation of effector cells; (iii) upregulation of the lytic activity of cytotoxic effectors; and (iv) downregulation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy's antitumor immunomodulatory effects are also beginning to be harnessed in the clinic; we therefore additionally reviewed the applicable clinical literature and discussed how monitoring various components of the immune system (and their responses to cisplatin) can add new levels of sophistication to disease monitoring and prognostication. In summation, this growing body of literature on cisplatin-induced antitumor immunomodulation ultimately highlights the therapeutic potential of synergistic strategies that combine traditional chemotherapy with immunotherapy.
A Small Three-Dimensional Printed Wiring Module

The advantages of individual-circuit modular construction are reviewed. Armed Services opinion is quoted, indicating that more modular construction is the most important present trend. A new modular approach is introduced, and several shapevariations which were investigated, are shown. The finally-adopted "PLUS Module" standard is described as consisting of a square socketmounted top and another square plug-mounted base, tied together by two printed-wiring boards that are slotted at their center and crossed (to form a third-dimensional PLUS symbol). The advantages of using standard printed-wiring techniques and standard component Darts, are stressed. Details are discussed, including: a design for either dip or hand-soldering methods, a moisture trap solution for a 32-pin connector, heat-dissipation provisions, and epoxy-resin sealing to cope with extreme conditions of vibration and humidity. Possible constructional variations are mentioned. Commercial and economic considerations are outlined, and a break-even point is set at 20 units, as compared with hand-wired modules. The author rates the space-factor as comparable with flat plug-in printed-wiring boards that use the minimum practical spacing; and gives the standard dimensions (in a shielding can) as i 3/8 inches square and 2 3/4 inches high.' In conclusion, he expresses the hope that the new "PLUS Module" will help to solve some of the problems of adapting electronic equipment to modular con- struction.
Comparison of Four Methods to Evaluate Fluid Velocities in a Continuous Slab Casting Mold

Four different methods are compared for evaluating fluid flow velocities in the liquid pool in the mold region of a continuous caster of steel slabs. First, the instantaneous and time-averaged flow pattern in a 0.4scale water model with single-phase flow is quantified using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Next, three-dimensional computations are performed to calculate the time-average flow pattern in the same system using a conventional finite-difference program, CFX, with the conventional K‐e model for handling turbulence. Transient computations are then performed using a 1.5-million node grid to resolve the turbulent eddies, both without a turbulence model (direct numerical simulation: DNS) and with a subgrid scale model (large eddy simulation: LES). Finally, measurements are obtained using electromagnetic sensors embedded in the mold walls of an operating steel slab casting machine. The comparisons reveal remarkable quantitative agreement between all four methods for the overall time-averaged flow pattern and surface velocities for these conditions. The time-averaged K‐e model is capable of accurate quantitative calculations of the steady flow field with the least effort, but has difficulty with transient behavior. The LES model predicts both steady and transient phenomena, but has severe computational cost. Water models with PIV are useful and practical tools, but are difficult to extend beyond the flow pattern to practical phenomena, such as heat transfer, solidification, surface slag entrainment, two-phase flow, and particle motion. The electromagnetic sensor has the advantage of measuring the real process, but is computed to be accurate only where the flow is roughly uniform and directly horizontally between the two probes, so is limited to measuring average speed at just a few points. Thus, each method has its own merits and disadvantages relative to the others, and can be a useful tool for investigating flow phenomena in processes with molten metal. Together, these methods reveal new insights into steady and transient flow in the continuous slab-casting mold, which are discussed in this work.
Dietary Cation-Anion Difference Effects on Performance and Acid-Base Status of Lactating Dairy Cows: A Meta-Analysis ☆

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine potential empirical relationships between dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) (Na + K - Cl) and the response of lactating dairy cows. The database was developed from 12 studies published between 1984 and 1997 that included a total of 17 trials, 69 dietary treatments, and 230 cows. Results indicated that DCAD affected performance of lactating dairy cows. Maximum milk yield and feed intake were reached when DCAD was 34 and 40 meq/100 g of feed dry matter, respectively. Blood pH and HCO3 concentrations increased with DCAD, indicating an improved acid-base balance of lactating dairy cows. Changes in urinary pH and urinary excretion of Na, K, and Cl were consistent with varying DCAD, thus dietary acidity or alkalinity. The effects of DCAD were likely mediated via modification of acid-base status in the cows.