cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into the Correlation between Mass and Ion Mobility for Choline and Other Ammonium Cations in N2

A number of tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium cations spanning a mass range of 60–146 amu (trimethylamine, tetramethylammonium, trimethylethylammonium, N, N-dimethylaminoethanol, choline, N, N-dimethylglycine, betaine, acetylcholine, (3-carboxypropyl)trimethylammonium) were investigated using electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry. Measured ion mobilities demonstrate a high correlation between mass and mobility in N2. In addition, identical mobilities within experimental uncertainties are observed for structurally dissimilar ions with similar ion masses. For example, dimethylethylammonium (88 amu) cations and protonated N, N-dimethylaminoethanol cations (90 amu) show identical mobilities (\(1.93\,{\textrm{cm}}^2\,{\textrm{V}}^{-1}\,{\textrm{s}}^{-1}\)) though N, N-dimethylaminoethanol contains a hydroxyl functional group while dimethylethylammonium only contains alkyl groups. Computational analysis was performed using the modified trajectory (TJ) method with nonspherical N2 molecules as the drift gas. The sensitivity of the ammonium cation collision cross-sections to the details of the ion-neutral interactions was investigated and compared to other classes of organic molecules (carboxylic acids and abiotic amino acids). The specific charge distribution of the molecular ions in the investigated mass range has an insignificant affect on the collision cross-section.
Dopaminergic Network Differences in Human Impulsivity

Dopamine (DA) has long been implicated in impulsivity, but the precise mechanisms linking human variability in DA signaling to differences in impulsive traits remain largely unknown. By using a dual-scan positron emission tomography approach in healthy human volunteers with amphetamine and the D2/D3 ligand [18F]fallypride, we found that higher levels of trait impulsivity were predicted by diminished midbrain D2/D3 autoreceptor binding and greater amphetamine-induced DA release in the striatum, which was in turn associated with stimulant craving. Path analysis confirmed that the impact of decreased midbrain D2/D3 autoreceptor availability on trait impulsivity is mediated in part through its effect on stimulated striatal DA release.
Variable-width datapath for on-chip network static power reduction

With the tight power budgets in modern large-scale chips and the unpredictability of application traffic, on-chip network designers are faced with the dilemma of designing for worst-case traffic loads and incurring high static power overheads, or designing for average traffic and risk degrading performance. This paper proposes adaptive bandwidth networks (ABNs) which divide channels and switches into lanes such that the network provides just the bandwidth necessary in each hop. ABNs also activate virtual channels (VCs) individually and take advantage of drowsy SRAM cells to eliminate false VC activations. In addition, ABNs readily tolerate silicon defects with just the extra cost of detection. For application benchmarks, ABNs reduce total power consumption by up to 45% with comparable performance compared to single-lane power-gated networks, and up to 33% compared to multi-network designs.
Energy requirements for water production, treatment, end use, reclamation, and disposal

Abstract Energy is consumed at every stage of the cycle of water supply, treatment, use and disposal. The intensity of energy consumption (kW h/m 3 ) depends upon the specific technologies applied at each stage of the water cycle. For some technologies, the intensity may be relatively low, whereas the intensity of other technologies is substantially greater. This report surveys the available literature on energy intensity for water use in the municipal and agricultural sectors and separates the process into several stages. Water supply, water treatment, residential end use, wastewater treatment, and agriculture end use are considered. Representative values of the energy consumed per unit water are given for a broad range of processes. Water extraction and pumping from ground and surface sources is considered. The energy intensity of treatment required for different types of water source is found to vary widely between the extremes of relatively fresh surface waters, which use energy mainly in pumping, and seawater, which requires desalination. Energy usage for different methods of irrigation including pressurized as well as surface irrigation is studied. The energy intensity of residential end use is very high relative to other parts of the water supply cycle. Processes such as heating water, washing clothes and dishes, and cooking are briefly studied within the water end-use stage. Hot water usage is responsible for making end use the most energy intensive stage of the water cycle. Hot water use in different buildings is briefly reviewed. Wastewater treated with various processes is considered, and the energy intensity is found to be highest when advanced wastewater treatment methods are applied. Energy consumption in the agricultural sector, which is principally related to irrigation pumping, is generally of lower energy intensity than for the municipal treatment or end use.
Paleomagnetic Correlation: ABSTRACT

There are two ways in which paleomagnetic results can be used to correlate rock formations with each other. The first is achieved by using an established paleomagnetic polar-wander curve and matching new results to this curve. The second is by determining a reversal sequence and using this to correlate sedimentary strata. In the past, both methods have been successful, the first in correlating older rocks and the second in dealing with rocks of Pliocene and Pleistocene ages. The reversal method is discussed in respect to its recent successful application to marine sediments of Miocene or younger age. The possible extension of this technique to older rocks is investigated and a recent successful application of magnetic reversal stratigraphy in rocks of Triassic age is outlined. It is reasonable to predict that reversal sequences will be of most value in older rocks where independent faunal or mineralogical control is present. It should also be of value as a well-logging tool for correlations within individual sedimentary basins. End_of_Article - Last_Page 209------------
Methylidyne Complexes Prepared by Reactions of Laser-Ablated Os Atoms with Methane, Methyl Halides, and Ethane: Observation of the C—H and Os—H Stretching Absorptions

Simple Os carbyne complexes (HC≡OsH3, HC≡OsH2F, HC≡OsH2Cl, HC≡OsH2Br, and CH3C≡OsH3) are produced in reactions of laser-ablated Os atoms with small alkanes and methyl halides via oxidative C−H insertion and α-hydrogen migration. The diagnostic methylidyne C—H stretching absorptions of HC≡OsH3 and its halide derivatives are observed about 200 cm−1 above the precursor C—H stretching bands, and the frequencies are consistent with s character in hybridization in the C—H bond. The methylidyne complexes all have computed Cs structures, and particularly the HC≡OsH3 and CH3C≡OsH3 complexes have two equivalent shorter and one longer Os—H bonds, parallel to the case of Re in similar complexes. The strong unique Os—H stretching absorption at an exceptionally low frequency is traced to the stretching mode of the long Os—H bond and antibonding character in the doubly occupied HOMO.
Determination of enantiomeric purity of glycols RCHOHCH2OH

Abstract The enantiomeric purity of primary-secondary glycols, RCHOHCH 2 OH, is conveniently determined by conversion to a pair of epimeric 1,3-dioxolanes through condensation with benzaldehyde, followed by NMR spectroscopy in presence of a chiral shift reagent with observation of the benzylic protons.
Nickel-manganese sulfido carbonyl cluster complexes. Synthesis, structure, and properties of the unusual paramagnetic complexes Cp2Ni2Mn(CO)3(μ3-E)2, E = S, Se

The reaction of Mn2(CO)7(μ-S2) with [CpNi(CO)]2 yielded the paramagnetic new compound Cp2Ni2Mn(CO)3(μ3-S)2 (1) and a new hexanuclear metal product Cp2Ni2Mn4(CO)14(μ6-S2)(μ3-S)2 (2). Structurally, compound 1 contains two triply bridging sulfido ligands on opposite sides of an open Ni2Mn triangular cluster. EPR and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1 show that it contains one unpaired electron. The electronic structure of 1 was determined by Fenske−Hall molecular orbital calculations which show that the unpaired electron occupies a low lying antibonding orbital delocalized unequally across the three metal atoms. The selenium homologue Cp2Ni2Mn(CO)3(μ3-Se)2 (3) was obtained from the reaction of a mixture of Mn2(CO)10 and [CpNi(CO)]2 with elemental selenium and Me3NO·2H2O. It also has one unpaired electron. Compound 1 reacted with elemental sulfur to yield the dinickeldimanganese compound, Cp2Ni2Mn2(CO)6(μ4-S2)(μ4-S5), 4, which can also be made from the reaction of Mn2(CO)7(μ-S2) w...
Voices of Critical Discourse

Critics talk or write about artworks-some on the level of amateurs, others on the level of professionals. Amateurs and professionals speak with different voices. An amateur can always say This is how I understand this artwork, and I happen to like it or appreciate it or This is not at all an artwork, and I don't like or appreciate it or anything else between or beyond these claims. His pronouncements about artworks carry neither more nor less weight than his judgments about other matters in fields where he is not an expert. He can freely admit that he is unsure of his judgment, that he repeats the opinions current in his social circle, or that he has learnt what to see in this artwork and how to appreciate it from a friend, a favorite guru, a significant other, or a professional critic. Whenever a professional critic speaks about an artwork that is not within her field of criticism, she' speaks as an amateur. Her situation changes, however, when she speaks about what is within her special field as a professional critic. As a professional critic, she speaks ex cathedra. Her judgments carry an added weight: she now speaks with a universal voice. To be more exact, she must speak with a universal voice. She cannot escape speaking with such a voice, even if she would prefer using her own voice when speaking about her understanding and appreciation of an artwork within the scope of her interest as a professional critic. Why is this so?
Substrate control on distribution of subglacial and glaciomarine seismic facies based on stochastic models of glacial seismic facies deposition on the Ross Sea continental margin, Antarctica

Abstract A quantitative approach was utilized to establish the nature of spatial and temporal variations of glaciomarine and subglacial seismic facies deposition in the Ross Sea. The Ross Sea is an excellent area to study Antarctic ice sheet volume variations because it receives ice sheet drainage from approximately 25% of the continent and it contains subsiding basins to preserve the stratigraphic record of the ice sheet volume fluctuations. This region receives most of the influence on deposition from the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet which is believed to have been subject to catastrophic surges [Hollin, J.T., 1962. On the glacial history of Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 4: 173–195]. The Eastern Basin, in particular, has been subsiding, creating accommodation space in which to preserve the Plio-Pleistocene record of ice sheet fluctuations. Evidence from high-resolution seismic data in conjunction with DSDP Leg 28 drilling results are used to test hypotheses of paleo-ice sheet behavior. Here we present quantitative evidence for a dynamic polar style of glaciation (meaning that the ice sheets have had ‘dynamic’ or large ice volume change), not merely in the Plio-Pleistocene, but back to the Late Oligocene. High-resolution seismic data correlated to DSDP Sites 270–273 shows evidence of multiple ice sheet grounding events in central and eastern Ross Sea strata, a recipient of both West and East Antarctic Ice Sheets, from the Late Oligocene until the present. We suggest that the West and East Antarctic Ice Sheets are dynamic and have gone through a full spectrum of thermal states (temperate through polar) since the Late Oligocene and not necessarily in any particular preferred temporal order. Statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of seismic facies within ‘seismic cores’ indicates that tectonic influence on distribution of basal substrate is a significant contributor to spatial variability of subglacial depositional processes and therefore distribution of subglacial facies.
Simulation of Manufacturing Systems Using SIMAN

Summary This paper discusses the concepts and methods for simulating manufacturing systems using the new SIMAN simulation language. SIMAN is a powerful general purpose language which incorporates a number of special purpose features which are specifically designed to enhance the modeling of manufacturing systems. These features greatly simplify the task of modeling the material handling component of a manufacturing system. The modeling concepts included in SIMAN are illustrated by several small example models. In addition, a recent application of SIMAN to model a manufacturing system at an industrial plant is discussed. This application involved a comparison of proposed group technology layouts against the existing conventional layout in the plant.
Provably Safe Conflict Resolution With Bounded Turn Rate for Air Traffic Control

This brief presents a decoupled conflict resolution procedure (CRP) for en route air traffic control. The key concept is to split the main routes into multiple paths, which results in larger spacing between aircraft for enabling conflict-free intersections. These paths are then merged back into the original route to avoid additional conflicts in the region beyond the local space needed for the CRP. The main contribution of this brief is the development of CRPs that bound the heading change (turn) rate to account for limitations arising from aircraft turn dynamics. The proposed decoupled CRPs satisfy conditions for guaranteed safety (i.e., are provably safe) and do not lead to flow-capacity loss in either of the intersecting routes. Moreover, the impact of including the bounded turn-rate limitation is studied, and issues in the applicability of the proposed CRP are illustrated.
Directed cell migration in multi-cue environments

Cell migration plays a critical role in development, angiogenesis, immune response, wound healing and cancer metastasis. During these processes, cells are often directed to migrate towards targets by sensing aligned fibers or gradients in concentration, mechanical properties or electric field. Often times, cells must integrate migrational information from several of these different cues. While the cell migration behavior, signal transduction and cytoskeleton dynamics elicited by individual directional cues has been largely determined, responses to multiple directional cues are much less understood. However, initial work has pointed to several interesting behaviors in multi-cue environments, including competition and cooperation between cues to determine the migrational responses of cells. Much of the work on multi-cue sensing has been driven by the recent development of approaches to systematically and simultaneously control directional cues in vitro coupled with analysis and modeling that quantitatively describe those responses. In this review we present an overview of multi-cue directed migration with an emphasis on how cues compete or cooperate. We outline how multi-cue responses such as cue dominance might change depending on other environmental inputs. Finally, the challenges associated with the design of the environments to control multiple cues and the analysis and modeling of cell migration in multi-cue environments as well as some interesting biological questions associated with migration in complex environments are discussed. Understanding multi-cue migrational responses is critical to the mechanistic description of physiology and pathology, but also to the design of engineered tissues, where cell migration must be orchestrated to form specific tissue structures.
Performance and testing of thermal interface materials

Abstract The increasing power and reduced die size of CPUs used in computers increases a need for significantly improved thermal interface materials (TIM). The TIM is used to reduce contact resistance at the CPU–heat sink interface. This work provides a state-of-the-art assessment on ‘thermal interface materials’, including fundamentals, materials used, their performance, and how interface resistance is measured. The performance of new commercial interface materials is given, as well as discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of different materials. The report notes that the recommended interface test method does not necessarily duplicate the installation and operating conditions in an actual computer installation. Recommendations are presented on the design and operation of an apparatus intended to simulate actual computer installation conditions. The innovative Penn State ‘low melting point alloy’ thermal interface material is described and compared to other commercial materials.
Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world

ABSTRACTContemporary globalization has been marked by significant shifts in the organization and governance of global industries. In the 1970s and 1980s, one such shift was characterized by the emergence of buyer-driven and producer-driven commodity chains. In the early 2000s, a more differentiated typology of governance structures was introduced, which focused on new types of coordination in global value chains (GVCs). Today the organization of the global economy is entering another phase, with transformations that are reshaping the governance structures of both GVCs and global capitalism at various levels: (1) the end of the Washington Consensus and the rise of contending centers of economic and political power; (2) a combination of geographic consolidation and value chain concentration in the global supply base, which, in some cases, is shifting bargaining power from lead firms in GVCs to large suppliers in developing economies; (3) new patterns of strategic coordination among value chain actors; (4) a...
Mates toE=mc 2 and to the Heisenberg uncertainty relations

E=mc 2 is found to be a special case ofE=σ ±1cn, where σ is any one of four susceptibilities, namely electric, magnetic, gravitational, and elastic. Letl be length,t time,Δt time dilation, andΔl a measure of Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction. A particle is stated to be the manifestation of a collection of susceptibilities which arise when(Δl)/1=(Δt)/t. Then(ΔE)/E=5 (Δt)/2t=±(Δσ)/σ. Corresponding to susceptibility, special energy particles are postulated which exhibitSU(3) symmetry, Related to the susceptibilities are five new Heisenberg uncertainty relations. Three new conservation laws for particles are proposed.
Developmental Timing of mRNA Translation—Integration of Distinct Regulatory Elements

Targeted mRNA translation is emerging as a critical mechanism to control gene expression during developmental processes. Exciting new findings have revealed a critical role for regulatory elements within the mRNA untranslated regions to direct the timing of mRNA translation. Regulatory elements can be targeted by sequence-specific binding proteins to direct either repression or activation of mRNA translation in response to developmental signals. As new regulatory elements continue to be identified it has become clear that targeted mRNAs can contain multiple regulatory elements, directing apparently contradictory translational patterns. How is this complex regulatory input integrated? In this review, we focus on a new challenge area-how sequence-specific RNA binding proteins respond to developmental signals and functionally integrate to regulate the extent and timing of target mRNA translation. We discuss current understanding with a particular emphasis on the control of cell cycle progression that is mediated through a complex interplay of distinct mRNA regulatory elements during Xenopus oocyte maturation.
Nonlinear nonconservative behavior and modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesters including proof mass effects

Nonlinear piezoelectric effects in flexural energy harvesters have recently been demonstrated for drive amplitudes well within the scope of anticipated vibration environments for power generation. In addition to strong softening effects, steady-state oscillations are highly damped as well. Nonlinear fluid damping was previously employed to successfully model drive dependent decreases in frequency response due to the high-velocity oscillations, but this article instead harmonizes with a body of literature concerning weakly excited piezoelectric actuators by modeling nonlinear damping with nonconservative piezoelectric constitutive relations. Thus, material damping is presumed dominant over losses due to fluid-structure interactions. Cantilevers consisted of lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-5A and PZT-5H are studied, and the addition of successively larger proof masses is shown to precipitate nonlinear resonances at much lower base excitation thresholds while increasing the influence of higher-order nonlineari...
An improved bioassay technique used in solid waste leachate phytotoxicity research

Abstract A vertical seed germination apparatus is described and its use in short-term phytotoxicity tests of potentially hazardous chemicals is discussed. The apparatus was designed to permit straight radicle (root) growth of seedlings. The method eliminates the measurement problems of crooked and coiled radicles encountered when seedlings are grown on an impenetrable horizontal surface such as in Petri dishes. Radicle lengths of radish and sorghum seedlings grown in this apparatus can be measured in ca. 1/10 the time required when using horizontally positioned Petri dishes.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma in a patient with hairy cell leukemia: a case report.

Second malignancies are common in hairy cell leukemia. We report a case of a neuroendocrine carcinoma arising in a patientwho had been diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia 6 years earlier. This case is the first report of these two tumors' occurring together. The pathogenetic basis for the presence of these two uncommon tumors in our patient is discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic selection for growth rate alters hypothalamic satiety mechanisms in chickens.

The relationship between genetic and hypothalamic obesity was investigated by comparing the response to electrolytic lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus in chickens from lines developed through divergent selection for high and low body weight. The high-weight line exhibits obesity, while the low-weight line is relatively lean. Lesioned adult chickens from the low-weight line exhibited the expected obesity syndrome, while lesioned high-weight-line chickens exhibited neither increased feed consumption nor increased body weight. The results suggested that artificial selection for increased body weight resulted in a diminution of hypothalamic satiety mechanisms.
Diversity in pathways to common childhood disruptive behavior disorders.

Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are highly comorbid, a phenomenon thought to be due to shared etiological factors and mechanisms. Little work has attempted to chart multiple-level-of-analysis pathways (i.e., simultaneously including biological, environmental, and trait influences) to ODD and ADHD, the goal of the present investigation. 559 children/adolescents (325 boys) between the ages of 6 and 18 participated in a multi-stage, comprehensive diagnostic procedure. 148 were classified as ODD; 309 were classified as ADHD, based on parent, teacher, and clinician ratings. Children provided buccal or salivary samples of DNA, assayed for select markers in DRD4 and 5HTT. Parents completed the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire and the California Q-Sort. Children completed the Child Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale. Correlational associations consistent with multiple-level-of-analysis pathways to ODD and ADHD emerged. For ODD, children with the short allele of the 5HTT promoter polymorphism had higher neuroticism and ODD symptoms regardless of level of self-blame in relation to inter-parental conflict, whereas children without this allele had more ODD symptoms only in the context of more self-blame for inter-parental conflict. For ADHD (and ODD), children homozygous for the long allele of DRD4 120 bp insertion polymorphism had lower conscientiousness when exposed to inconsistent parenting, whereas children without this genotype were more resilient to effects of inconsistent discipline on conscientiousness. Thus, ODD and ADHD appear to demonstrate somewhat distinct correlational associations between etiological factors and mechanisms consistent with pathway models using a multiple-level-of-analysis approach.
Relative stability of benziporphyrin and naphthiporphyrin tautomers and the emergence of macrocyclic diatropicity

The conformations of a series of benziporphyrins, naphthiporphyrins, oxybenziporphyrins, and related structures were minimized using DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). The relative stabilities of the tautomers for each series were calculated using M06-2X and B3LYP-D functionals, and bond lengths were obtained. The diatropic properties of each species were assessed by calculating nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) and the related NICSzz values. Although benziporphyrin and naphthiporphyrin tautomers essentially exhibit no aromatic properties, mono- and diprotonated species show weakly diatropic characteristics in agreement with experimental observations. Benziphlorins, intermediates in the MacDonald "3 + 1" synthesis of benziporphyrins, were also examined and tautomers with methylene units adjacent to the benzene ring were shown to be far more stable than tautomers with a CH2 bridge between two pyrrolic units. 2-Hydroxybenziporphyrin was shown to be significantly less stable than the aromatic tautomer oxybenziporphyrin, although diprotonation leads to a species with somewhat reduced diatropicity. Related systems were also analyzed and the results demonstrate that benziporphyrins and naphthiporphyrins range from structures with no measurable macrocyclic aromaticity to strongly aromatic systems that exhibit large diamagnetic ring currents.
Śrī-Lakṣmī in Early Art: Incorporating the North-western Evidence

It has only recently been possible to affirm that Śrī-Lakṣmī was depicted in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent, and this paper represents the first survey of Śrī-Lakṣmī’s early imagery in the region known as Greater Gandhāra in antiquity. Lakṣmī’s northern imagery falls into three conceptual classifications which stem from concepts initially associated with the Goddess in Brahmanic and Epic texts, and in Indian reliefs dating as early as the second century BC. As might be expected, in this multicultural region she is attributed emblems derived from foreign goddesses. A series of hitherto unpublished seals, mainly dating to the Kuṣāṇa Period, as well as recently analyzed terracottas, show not only how Śrī-Lakṣmī adopted such foreign emblems, but conversely, how the Goddess, especially in her aspect as Abhiṣeka Lakṣmī, influenced the imagery of northern deities conceptually similar to her. As a result, the north-western evidence produces transitional figures. As for Lakṣmī, some of the attributes sh...
Constructing Masculinities in Juvenile Corrections

Juvenile reoffending is a costly and perplexing social problem. However, research and theory concerning juvenile reoffending have neglected to examine how young men’s gender identities are constructed in the context of a juvenile justice system in which behavior reform through various therapies is a primary goal. This study draws on observational fieldwork in two residential correctional facilities and interviews with incarcerated juvenile male offenders to understand how masculinities are shaped within these institutional settings. They find that in the two settings, hegemonic forms of masculinities involving competition, hierarchy, stoicism, sexism, and homophobia were reinforced through institutional and interpersonal mechanisms. While alternative gender identity expressions were offered through various therapies, they were largely suppressed. This illustration of how masculinities are constructed in juvenile corrections provides a new way to examine the inner workings of institutions that are geared to change the attitudes and behaviors of the young men whom they serve.
Temperature-Dependent Behavior of Langmuir Monolayers of Octadecyl-Substituted Preformed Polyimides

The behavior of Langmuir monolayers of octadecyl-substituted preformed polyimide molecules exhibits a strong dependence on temperature when the isotherms are measured using a Wilhelmy balance. This suggests a change in structure with temperature, though isotherms measured with a Langmuir balance change only modestly with temperature. Brewster angle microscopy images of the monolayer morphology are consistent with the notion that the monolayer is extremely rigid at 20−21 °C, while it has somewhat more fluidity at 28 °C. Polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy results also indicate a qualitative difference between the characters of the monolayer at the two temperatures. The Wilhelmy plate method is sensitive to this difference, but its limited accuracy in the case of very rigid films results in a response that greatly amplifies the character of this change as compared to other means of probing the monolayer structure.
Effects of HIV-related stigma among an early sample of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Botswana

Botswana, with its estimated HIV prevalence of 37%, instituted a policy of universal access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2002. Initial enrolment lagged behind expectations, with a shortfall in voluntary testing that observers have attributed to HIV-related stigma - although there are no published data on stigma among HIV-positive individuals in Botswana. We interviewed 112 patients receiving ART in 2000, finding evidence of pervasive stigma in patterns of disclosure, social sequelae, and delays in HIV testing. Ninety-four percent of patients reported keeping their HIV status secret from their community, while 69% withheld this information even from their family. Twenty-seven percent of patients said that they feared loss of employment as a result of their HIV status. Forty percent of patients reported that they delayed getting tested for HIV; of these, 51% cited fear of a positive test result as the primary reason for delay in seeking treatment, which was often due to HIV-related stigma. These findings suggest that success of large-scale national ART programmes will require initiatives targeting stigma and its social, economic and political correlates.
The Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines

The Fourier integral expression for the intensity distribution in a pressure broadened line is derived from the quantum radiation theory with an adiabatic collision approximation. The phase shift approximation to the solution is obtained with the actual distribution of phase shifts taken into account. It is shown that in general there is a shift in line position as well as a line broadening both proportional to the pressure. The ratio of the shift to the broadening depends only on the power of the intermolecular distance with which the interaction decreases. Experimental values of this ratio in foreign gas broadening are on the average consistent with the inverse sixth power. The predicted line widths are slightly larger than those given by Weisskopf. Good agreement with the observed line width is found for most of the alkali metals absorption lines. Calculated line widths and shifts are given for the vibration-rotation lines of linear polar molecules. A method for treating non-adiabatic collisions is given. The conditions for which the Lorentz line form transforms to the Margenau-type line form are indicated. It is shown that the Jablonski wave mechanical treatment of translational motion leads to the same line forms as the Fourier integral method under the proper physical conditions.
A solution accurate, efficient and stable unsplit staggered mesh scheme for three dimensional magnetohydrodynamics

Abstract In this paper, we extend the unsplit staggered mesh scheme (USM) for 2D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) [D. Lee, A.E. Deane, An unsplit staggered mesh scheme for multidimensional magnetohydrodynamics, J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009) 952–975] to a full 3D MHD scheme. The scheme is a finite-volume Godunov method consisting of a constrained transport (CT) method and an efficient and accurate single-step, directionally unsplit multidimensional data reconstruction-evolution algorithm, which extends Colella’s original 2D corner transport upwind (CTU) method [P. Colella, Multidimensional upwind methods for hyperbolic conservation laws, J. Comput. Phys. 87 (1990) 446–466]. We present two types of data reconstruction-evolution algorithms for 3D: (1) a reduced CTU scheme and (2) a full CTU scheme. The reduced 3D CTU scheme is a variant of a simple 3D extension of Collela’s 2D CTU method and is considered as a direct extension from the 2D USM scheme. The full 3D CTU scheme is our primary 3D solver which includes all multidimensional cross-derivative terms for stability. The latter method is logically analogous to the 3D unsplit CTU method by Saltzman [J. Saltzman, An unsplit 3D upwind method for hyperbolic conservation laws, J. Comput. Phys. 115 (1994) 153–168]. The major novelties in our algorithms are twofold. First, we extend the reduced CTU scheme to the full CTU scheme which is able to run with CFL numbers close to unity. Both methods utilize the transverse update technique developed in the 2D USM algorithm to account for transverse fluxes without solving intermediate Riemann problems, which in turn gives cost-effective 3D methods by reducing the total number of Riemann solves. The proposed algorithms are simple and efficient especially when including multidimensional MHD terms that maintain in-plane magnetic field dynamics. Second, we introduce a new CT scheme that makes use of proper upwind information in taking averages of electric fields. Our 3D USM schemes can be easily combined with various reconstruction methods (e.g., first-order Godunov, second-order MUSCL-Hancock, third-order PPM and fifth-order WENO), and a wide choice of 1D based Riemann solvers (e.g., local Lax–Friedrichs, HLLE, HLLC, HLLD, and Roe). The 3D USM-MHD solver is available in the University of Chicago Flash Center’s official FLASH release.
Seizing the mantle of change: Modeling candidate quality as effectiveness instead of valence:

In spatial models of electoral competition, candidate quality is typically modeled as valence, a measure of general appeal assumed to be constant across voters. This paper introduces and formally models an alternative conception of candidate quality according to which candidates differ in their effectiveness, or likelihood of changing policy from the status quo. Although more effective candidates are electorally favored, voters’ benefits from effectiveness are contingent on their policy preferences. The effectiveness model shares many qualitative features with the valence model, but adds several testable implications related to the position of the status quo and gives rise to non-monotonic voting. When valence and effectiveness are combined, valence dominates effectiveness in determining the winner if and only if the status quo policy is sufficiently close to the political center.
NONLINEAR EVOLUTION OF THE RAYLEIGH--TAYLOR INSTABILITY OF A THIN LAYER.

An exact, closed-form, nonlinear solution is obtained for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of a thin fluid layer. If the layer evolves from a small sinusoidal perturbation, its subsequent shape is in the form of a cycloid. The solution is good up to a time ${t}^{*}$ after which adjacent segments of the layer begin to collide with each other. A qualitative discussion of the layer dynamics for $tg{t}^{*}$ is given.
The Optical Properties of Amorphous and Crystalline Sb2O3

The optical properties of synthetic crystals of orthorhombic and cubic Sb2O3, are compared with those of amorphous Sb2O3 The energy gaps in the crystals were found to correspond to indirect transitions. Les proprietes optique des cristaux synthetique orthorhombique et cubique de Sb2O3 ont ete: compares avec celles de l'etat amorphe de Sb2O3 Les separations des bandes d'energie pour les crystaux sont occasionnes par des transitions indirect.
Trichodiscoma. A Benign Tumor Related to Haarschibe (Hair Disk)

Three cases are described in which hundreds of small papules developed in the skin of various areas of the body. The tumors persisted indefinitely and clinically and histologically appeared to be greatly enlarged, distorted dermal pads of haarscheiben, a normal nervous end organ of human skin which has been recognized as a slowly adapting mechanoreceptor and perhaps a cold-spot. Histologic identification must be made in serial sections and rests on the topographic relation to hair follicles, the substrate of a hyaluronic acid-rich, loose connective tissue containing collagenous and elastic fibers, the presence of characteristic, thick-walled blood vessels, and melanin granules contained in scattered small cells, possibly Schwann cells. A myelinated nerve often approaches and may enter the tumor from below, but was not demonstrated in the proximity of the epidermis. The patients were in good health and showed no associated disease or phakomatosis. The term trichodiscoma (haarscheibe tumor, hair disk tumor) is proposed, and the lesions are classified as hamartomas of one portion of the pilar apparatus.
Pin amalgam restoration and pin amalgam foundation

The principles of cavity preparation, retention, pin placement, and finishing of the pin amalgam restoration differ in several respects when applied to the pin amalgam when it is intended to serve as a foundation for a cast restoration. A more conservative extension and removal of undermined enamel is indicated because the amalgam will be covered with a cast restoration. The axial reduction required during crown preparation frequently reduces retention of the pin amalgam foundation; therefore, it is necessary to plan for those alterations during the cavity preparation. The degree of finishing and polishing required is determined by the length of time the pin amalgam foundation is expected to function as an interim restoration.
A general probabilistic spatial theory of elections

In this paper, we construct a general probabilistic spatial theory of elections and examine sufficient conditions for equilibrium in two-candidate contests with expected vote-maximizing candidates. Given strict concavity of the candidate objective function, a unique equilibrium exists and the candidates adopt the same set of policy positions. Prospective uncertainty, reduced policy salience, degree of concavity of voter utility functions, some degree of centrality in the feasible set of policy locations, and restrictions on the dimensionality of the policy space are all stabilizing factors in two-candidate elections.
Gastrointestinal polyamines and regulation of mucosal growth and function

The polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are a group of ubiquitously distributed organic cations that are intimately involved in proliferation. In eukaryotic cells, the parent polyamine, the diamine putrescine, is synthesized from the amino acid omithine by the enzyme omithine decarboxylase (ODC). Sequential addition of two propylamine groups that are supplied by decarboxylated sadenosylmethionine results in synthesis of the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine (Fig. 1). In contrast, prokaryotes express three decarboxylases whose action yields polyamines. In addition to ODC, arginine decarboxylase also yields putrescine and lysine decarboxylase acts in prokaryotes to synthesize cadaverine from lysine. As mammalian cells have retained only one enzyme, ODC, the presence of cadaverine in mammalian tissues serves as a marker for polyamines derived from prokaryotic metabolism. The pKa’s of the amino groups of polyamines are in the range of 10 to 11 and at the physiological pH of 7.4, polyamines exist as highly charged polyacations. All mammalian cells express the enzyme ODC and are able to synthesize polyamines. Cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium, however, are in the unusual position of having both endogenously synthesized polyamines available for metabolism and a large supply of exogenous polyamines available from the gut lumen. The functions of endogenously synthesized polyamines by eukaryotic cells and the relationship of polyamines to cellular proliferation has been the subject of several excellent recent reviews’,‘33 and will not be discussed further. This article, instead, will concentrate on a review of polyamines in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract and will be divided into sections
Can antimicrobial susceptibility testing results for ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin predict susceptibility to a newer fluoroquinolone, gatifloxacin?: Report from The SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-99).

Abstract A serious problem confronting clinical laboratories and hospital formulary practices is the delayed availability of approved, commercially prepared susceptibility test reagents for newer antimicrobials. A current example is gatifloxacin, a new 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone with expanded potency against many Gram-positive pathogens. This study addresses the use of "surrogate marker" fluoroquinolones to predict susceptibility for gatifloxacin. Reference broth microdilution MIC results for 29,632 strains isolated in United States medical centers (SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–99) were used: staphylococci (9,940 strains), enterococci (2,570), Streptococcus pneumoniae (3,784), Enterobacteriaceae (10,670) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2,668). Gatifloxacin interpretation categories were compared to those of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin by regression statistics and error rate bounding analyses. For the Enterobacteriaceae, the absolute categorical agreement was 97.9 to 98.7% (false-susceptible or very-major error [VME], 0.03%–0.1%) for comparisons of both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin with gatifloxacin. P. aeruginosa testing was more problematic (higher minor error rates), but acceptable at 0.6% to 1.1% VME and a 85.7% to 89.9% overall agreement. Ciprofloxacin results used to predict gatifloxacin in Gram-positive species was almost without VME (0.0%–0.2%) because gatifloxacin was significantly superior against these species, especially for S. pneumoniae, where gatifloxacin (MIC 90, 0.5 μg/ml) was fourfold more potent than levofloxacin (MIC 90, 2 μg/ml). The preferred gatifloxacin predictor drug was ciprofloxacin for all species except S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, where levofloxacin results had a slightly greater predictive value. Susceptibility testing results for selected currently available fluoroquinolones can be used to predict susceptibility to gatifloxacin with high confidence. Many Gram-positive cocci, however, will be categorized as false-resistant by this interim method since gatifloxacin has a 11% to 34% wider spectrum of activity compared to ciprofloxacin when testing staphylococci and enterococci. Clinical laboratories can reliably use these suggested "surrogate markers" until reliable tests for gatifloxacin become available.
Novel PKC inhibitory analogs of balanol with replacement of the ester functionality

Abstract Balanol ((−)-1) is a potent protein kinase inhibitory natural product isolated from the fungus Verticillium balanoides . The presence of an ester functionality in this molecule has prompted concern over the metabolic stability of balanol, and has led to a search for active analogs lacking this moiety. The synthesis and serum stability for some of these is presented herein.
The Nature and Basis of Human Dignity

We argue that all human beings have a special type of dignity which is the basis for (1) the obligation all of us have not to kill them, (2) the obligation to take their well-being into account when we act, and (3) even the obligation to treat them as we would have them treat us, and indeed, that all human beings are equal in fundamental dignity. We give reasons to oppose the position that only some human beings, because of their possession of certain characteristics in addition to their humanity (for example, an immediately exercisable capacity for self-consciousness, or for rational deliberation), have full moral worth. What distinguishes human beings from other animals, what makes human beings persons rather than things ,i s their rational nature, and human beings are rational creatures by virtue of pos- sessing natural capacities for conceptual thought, deliberation, and free choice, that is, the natural capacity to shape their own lives.
Comments on "An Approximate Analysis of a Periodically Switched Filter"

It is noted that the Spence function used in approximating the pulse transfer function has been tabulated by Ashour and Sabri.
Detecting dynamical interdependence and generalized synchrony through mutual prediction in a neural ensemble

A method to characterize dynamical interdependence among nonlinear systems is derived based on mutual nonlinear prediction. Systems with nonlinear correlation will show mutual nonlinear prediction when standard analysis with linear cross correlation might fail. Mutual nonlinear prediction also provides information on the directionality of the coupling between systems. Furthermore, the existence of bidirectional mutual nonlinear prediction in unidirectionally coupled systems implies generalized synchrony. Numerical examples studied include three classes of unidirectionally coupled systems: systems with identical parameters, nonidentical parameters, and stochastic driving of a nonlinear system. This technique is then applied to the activity of motoneurons within a spinal cord motoneuron pool. The interrelationships examined include single neuron unit firing, the total number of neurons discharging at one time as measured by the integrated monosynaptic reflex, and intracellular measurements of integrated excitatory postsynaptic potentials ~EPSP’s !. Dynamical interdependence, perhaps generalized synchrony, was identified in this neuronal network between simultaneous single unit firings, between units and the population, and between units and intracellular EPSP’s.
Perceived motivational team climate in relation to task and social cohesion among male college athletes

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between perceptions of the motivational team climate and task and social cohesion among male college athletes. Basketball and soccer players (n = 179) completed two response measures, the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-II (Newton, Duda, & Yin) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley) before practice in a team setting near the end of the competitive season. Hierarchical linear modeling analysis revealed that individual perceptions of a task-involving climate positively predicted, and perceptions of an ego-involving climate negatively predicted, individual-attraction-to-group task cohesion. Further analysis indicated that perceptions of a task-involving climate also significantly predicted individual-attraction-to-group social cohesion and group-integration task cohesion. Perceptions of an ego-involving climate failed to demonstrate any other predictive value in relation to team cohesion. Discussion underscores the beneficial nature of a task-involving motivational team climate in regard to the formation and development of task and social cohesion among competitive male college athletes.