cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sound frequency affects speech emotion perception: results from congenital amusia

Congenital amusics, or “tone-deaf” individuals, show difficulty in perceiving and producing small pitch differences. While amusia has marked effects on music perception, its impact on speech perception is less clear. Here we test the hypothesis that individual differences in pitch perception affect judgment of emotion in speech, by applying band-pass filters to spoken statements of emotional speech. A norming study was first conducted on Mechanical Turk to ensure that the intended emotions from the Macquarie Battery for Evaluation of Prosody (MBEP) were reliably identifiable by US English speakers. The most reliably identified emotional speech samples were used in in Experiment 1, in which subjects performed a psychophysical pitch discrimination task, and an emotion identification task under band-pass and unfiltered speech conditions. Results showed a significant correlation between pitch discrimination threshold and emotion identification accuracy for band-pass filtered speech, with amusics (defined here as those with a pitch discrimination threshold > 16 Hz) performing worse than controls. This relationship with pitch discrimination was not seen in unfiltered speech conditions. Given the dissociation between band-pass filtered and unfiltered speech conditions, we inferred that amusics may be compensating for poorer pitch perception by using speech cues that are filtered out in this manipulation.
Frequency reconfigurable patch antenna using liquid metal as switching mechanism

The use of liquid metal as a switching mechanism for a frequencyreconfigurable edge-fed microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in either the 2.4 GHz ISM band or the 1.6 GHz GPS band is illustrated. A partitioned fluidic manifold bonded to the top of the antenna enables the pressure-driven displacement of a low-loss dielectric fluid and the liquid metal from a reservoir atop the patch to switch between the two antenna states. Fabrication and measurement of the antenna illustrates the use of fluidics as an alternative to RF switches for reconfigurable antennas.
The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

Background Little population-based data exist on the prevalence or correlates of eating disorders.
TOWARD A DEFINITION OF VERBAL REASONING IN HIGHER EDUCATION

This paper briefly summarizes the literatures of reading and reasoning in the last quarter century, focusing mainly on the disciplines of cognitive science, cognitive developmental psychology, linguistics, and educational psychology. These literatures were synthesized to create a framework for defining verbal reasoning in higher education. Eight general cognitive and metacognitive operations were identified (including, for example, evaluating discourse, seeking and solving problems, and monitoring one's comprehension). Several dimensions underlying these operations on which individual skills may vary were identified (such as breadth of understanding, precision of understanding, or familiarity and facility). Finally, these ideal descriptions of verbal reasoning are applied to the assessment of verbal reasoning for selection in higher education. Problems in measurement and unanticipated consequences of measurement are discussed.
Spectral analysis of public utility returns

Abstract This study tests the practicality of using the capital asset pricing model to evaluate public utility returns. To this end, utilities are grouped into portfolios, in accordance with their industry classification and their prime regulatory authority. Then their relationship to a market index of unregulated securities is analyzed vis-a-vis the relationship between this index and several control securities believed, a priori, to be of commensurate risk. These relationships are analyzed in two steps: the first step investigates the real trend movements over time; the second, the association of the wide-sense stationary components of these return processes. Bivariate spectral analysis is used in the second phase of this investigation. This enables us to analyze the time lags between return processes, and to break up our estimates by duration of cyclical movement and compare the long-term and short-term estimates. We conclude that ordinary least squares estimates of utility β's lack value to either investors or regulators. This is due to the highly unstable relationship between utility returns and the market index and to the existence of a lag between these processes. One explanation for this finding is regulatory lag and the uncertainty (as well as the actual content) surrounding regulatory authority decisions.
Animal models for IgE-meditated cancer immunotherapy

Although most monoclonal antibodies developed for cancer therapy are of the IgG class, antibodies of the IgE class have certain properties that make them attractive as cancer therapeutics. These properties include the superior affinity for the Fc epsilon receptors (FceRs), the low serum level of IgE that minimizes competition of endogenous IgE for FceR occupancy, and the ability to induce a broad and vigorous immune response through the interaction with multiple cells including mast cells, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Tumor-targeted IgE antibodies are expected to harness the allergic response against tumors and activate a secondary, T-cell-mediated immune response. Importantly, the IgE antibody can be used for passive immunotherapy and as an adjuvant of cancer vaccines. However, there are important limitations in the use of animal models including the fact that human IgE does not interact with rodent FceRs and that there is a different cellular distribution of FceRs in humans and rodents. Despite these limitations, different murine models have been used with success to evaluate the in vivo anti-cancer activity of several IgE antibodies. These models include wild-type immunocompetent animals bearing syngeneic tumors, xenograft models using immunocompromised mice bearing human tumors and reconstituted with human effector cells, and human FceRIα transgenic mice bearing syngeneic tumors. In addition, non-human primates such as cynomolgus monkeys can be potentially used for toxicological and pharmacokinetic studies. This article describes the advantages and disadvantages of these models and their use in evaluating the in vivo properties of IgE antibodies for cancer therapy.
Organizational Complexity in the Regional Cultural Economy

Markusen A. Organizational complexity in the regional cultural economy, Regional Studies. Cultural industries offer a truncated understanding of the regional cultural economy, undercounting self-employed workers and others outside the for-profit sector. Commercial, public, non-profit, and unincorporated community sectors produce, present, train, organize, guide, and regulate elements of the cultural economy, each with distinctive structures, goals, and operational systems. Using survey and Census data on artists for two large California regions, inter-relationships among the sectors are explored. The size of the cultural economies of both regions would be underestimated if confined to for-profit cultural industries. In closing, policy implications for regional policy-makers are drawn out and avenues for further research are suggested. Markusen A. La complexite organisationnelle de l'economie culturelle regionale, Regional Studies. Les industries culturelles fournissent une explication partielle de l'econo...
New quality metrics for digital image resizing

Digital image rescaling by interpolation has been intensively researched over past decades, and still getting constant attention from many applications such as medical diagnosis, super-resolution, image blow-up, nano-manufacturing, etc. However, there are no consented metrics to objectively assess and compare the quality of resized images. Some existing measures such as peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) or mean-squared error (MSE), widely used in image restoration area, do not always coincide with the opinions from viewers. Enlarged digital images generally suffer from two major artifacts: blurring, zigzagging, and those undesirable effects especially around edges significantly degrade the overall perceptual image quality. We propose two new image quality metrics to measure the degree of the two major defects, and compare several existing interpolation methods using the proposed metrics. We also evaluate the validity of image quality metrics by comparing rank correlations.
Damage engineered Se implant for NMOS TiSi x contact resistivity reduction

Low specific contact resistivity (7E-9 Ohm.cm2) was achieved for contacts with TiSi x to in-situ epitaxially doped Si:P n-SD regions by use of Se implantation prior to Ti deposition. The key to this achievement is the optimization of implant energy and dose, and use of millisecond laser anneal to heal the implant damage, while allowing sufficient inter-mixing of Ti, Si, Se and P atoms across a smooth TiSi x /Si:P interface, to realize the SBH-lowering benefits of Se.
Association between upper extremity fractures and weight status in children.

OBJECTIVES:: Our objective was to determine the odds of having an increased weight status among children with upper extremity fracture (UEF) compared with 3 control groups without fractures. METHODS:: This is a secondary analysis of data from the Pediatric Risk of Admission (PRISA and PRISA II) data sets. Patients without chronic illness between the ages of 5 to 14 years were included in the following groups: (1) UEF study group, (2) upper extremity nonfracture injured control group, (3) minor-head-injured control group, and (4) noninjured probability control group. Weight for age/sex percentiles was used to evaluate weight status. The proportions of patients with weight for age/sex greater than the 50th, 85th, and 95th percentiles were determined. Logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios comparing the UEF group with each control group stratified by age. RESULTS:: This analysis included 308 patients in the 5- to 9-year age group and 207 patients in the 10- to 14-year age group. The odds of having a weight greater than the 50th percentile for age/sex were significantly increased among children with UEF aged 5 to 9 years compared with all control groups. There were no significant differences in the corresponding odds ratios for children with UEF aged 10 to 14 years compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS:: These findings may be related to differential injury mechanisms, mobility patterns, or underlying patient vulnerability to fracture based on weight status and bone qualities in prepubescent versus pubescent populations. Further investigation should explore fracture epidemiology and fracture risk in children stratified by age. Language: en
Reply by Authors to R.W. Porter and A.B. Cambel

The authors respond to three comments made in this article: Porter, R. W. and Cambel, A. B., Comment on 'Magnetohydrodynamic-hypersonic viscous and inviscid flow near the stagnation point of a blunt body,' AIAA J. 4, 952-953.
Mott g-Ratios of the Density of States for Na-NH3

Abstract Mott ratios of the density of states have been obtained for Na-NH3 using the theory recently developed by Mott (1971) and by Friedman (1971), and the conductivity and Hall constant data of Kyser and Thompson (1965), for concentrations greater than ∼2 mole % metal. These are given as evidence of the self-consistency of g derived from different transport measurements and of the physical significance of g in describing the MNM transition that the system undergoes.
Juvenile Justice Code Purpose Clauses: The Power of Words:

The perception that juvenile crime is out of control and that the juve nile justice system is too lenient on offenders has led to a reevaluation, in popular discourse and academic scholarship, of the goals of the juvenile justice system. This article seeks to determine the extent to which "get tough" rhetoric has been operationalized by legislatures in the purpose clause of the juvenile justice code. The purpose clause is found at the beginning of a code section. It serves the function of explaining the goals of that section of the code, outlining what the legislature hopes to accom plish through the code. We examine juvenile justice code purpose claus es to determine which states still adhere to the traditional model of juve nile justice, which states have adopted a punitive approach, which states have endorsed the balanced approach, and which states have failed to adopt a coherent set of goals for the juvenile justice system.
Topology design of material layout in structured composites of high stiffness and strength

General continuous topology design formulations based on families of classical Voigt and Reuss mixing assumptions are developed and applied to solve the multiple material layout problem for the design of high stiffness/high strength composites. In the novel design framework, computational homogenization is employed to compute stiffness and strength characteristics of individual composite designs. Alternative design formulations for both high stiffness and high strength are investigated along with design sensitivity analysis algorithms. Demonstrative material design problems for boron-epoxy and graphite-epoxy composites are solved with robust sequential quadratic programming (SQP) techniques.
Internal consistency of tests: Analyses old and new

A coefficient derived from communalities of test parts has been proposed as greatest lower bound to Guttman's “immediate retest reliability.” The communalities have at times been calculated from covariances between itemsets, which tends to underestimate appreciably. When items are experimentally independent, a consistent estimate of the greatest defensible internal-consistency coefficient is obtained by factoring item covariances. In samples of modest size, this analysis capitalizes on chance; an estimate subject to less upward bias is suggested. For estimating alternate-forms reliability, communality-based coefficients are less appropriate than stratified alpha.
Loss of a Testosterone Induced Reduction in Bursa Size

Abstract In our laboratory, we have eliminated or markedly reduced the weight of the bursa of Fabricius and antibody response of chickens by dipping eggs in ethyl alcohol (EA) solutions containing varying concentrations of testosterone propionate (TP), Glick and Sadler (1961). In two experiments (Glick, 1963), chicks hatched from EA and TP (0.67%) dipped eggs were raised to maturity and mated within their own group to produce the F1 generation. In one trial, an F2 generation was produced. In both trials, offspring one (F1) and two (F2) generations removed from the “TP-dipped chickens” exhibited significantly reduced bursa weights. Chicks from the F3 generation of the first trial and F2 generation of the second trial have been examined for bursa size. Within each generation no significant bursa weight differences were found for the descendants from EA or TP parents. Therefore, the change in bursa size reported in my original paper (Glick, 1963) …
Geophysical Monitoring Methods Evaluation for the FutureGen 2.0 Project

A comprehensive monitoring program will be needed in order to assess the effectiveness of carbon sequestration at the FutureGen 2.0 carbon capture and storage (CCS) field-site. Geophysical monitoring methods are sensitive to subsurface changes that result from injection of CO2 and will be used for: (1) tracking the spatial extent of the free phase CO2 plume, (2) monitoring advancement of the pressure front, (3) identifying or mapping areas where induced seismicity occurs, and (4) identifying and mapping regions of increased risk for brine or CO2 leakage from the reservoir. Site-specific suitability and cost effectiveness were evaluated for a number of geophysical monitoring methods including: passive seismic monitoring, reflection seismic imaging, integrated surface deformation, time-lapse gravity, pulsed neutron capture logging, cross-borehole seismic, electrical resistivity tomography, magnetotellurics and controlled source electromagnetics. The results of this evaluation indicate that CO2 injection monitoring using reflection seismic methods would likely be difficult at the FutureGen 2.0 site. Electrical methods also exhibited low sensitivity to the expected CO2 saturation changes and would be affected by metallic infrastructure at the field site. Passive seismic, integrated surface deformation, time-lapse gravity, and pulsed neutron capture monitoring were selected for implementation as part of the FutureGen 2.0 storage site monitoringmore » program.« less
On the restoration of fertility to a sexually inactive, heterothallic species of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta)

In our laboratory beginning in late 1977, a mating reaction could not be obtained for about 1 year using the heterothallic chlorophycean alga, Chlamydomonas eugametos Moewus. Mating potential was restored by long-term cultivation of the separate mating types on soil extract agar, demonstrating that the “loss” may not have been a mutation.
Coupled-cluster methods that include connected quadruple excitations, T4: CCSDTQ-1 and Q(CCSDT)

Abstract Several coupled-cluster methods that include the connected T4 contribution have been formulated and implemented. All are correct through the fifth-order energy. CCSDTQ-1 reproduces the full CI results for BH, FH and H2O to a mean absolute error of 0.36 mhartree, compared to 0.93 mhartree for CCSDT. Based on CCSDTQ-1, some noniterative methods for the inclusion of quadruples have also been considered. One of them, denoted as Q(CCSDT), has an average error of 0.23 mhartree and has only an N7 basis set dependence. This method offers a convenient estimate of the principal effects due to T4.
Role of central glucagon-like peptide-1 in stress regulation.

Abstract Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is best known as an incretin hormone, secreted from L cells in the intestine in response to nutrient ingestion to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. However, GLP-1 is also expressed in neurons, and plays a major role in regulation of homeostatic function within the central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes our current state of knowledge on the role GLP-1 plays in neural coordination of the organismal stress response. In the brain, the primary locus of GLP-1 production is in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the ventrolateral medulla of the hindbrain. GLP-1 immunoreactive fibers directly innervate hypophysiotrophic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), placing GLP-1 in prime position to integrate hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical responses. Exogenous central GLP-1 activates HPA axis stress responses, and responses to a variety of stressors can be blocked by a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist, confirming an excitatory role in glucocorticoid secretion. In addition, central infusion of GLP-1R agonist increases heart rate and blood pressure, and activates hypothalamic and brainstem neurons innervating sympathetic preganglionic neurons, suggesting a sympathoexcitatory role of GLP-1 in the CNS. Bioavailability of preproglucagon (PPG) mRNA and GLP-1 peptide is reduced by exogenous or endogenous glucocorticoid secretion, perhaps as a mechanism to reduce GLP-1-mediated stress excitation. Altogether, the data suggest that GLP-1 plays a key role in activation of stress responses, which may be connected with its role in central regulation of energy homeostasis.
Measuring Weight Self‐stigma: The Weight Self‐stigma Questionnaire

Stigma associated with being overweight or obese is widespread. Given that weight loss is difficult to achieve and maintain, researchers have been calling for interventions that reduce the impact of weight stigma on life functioning. Sound measures that are sensitive to change are needed to help guide and inform intervention studies. This study presents the weight self-stigma questionnaire (WSSQ). The WSSQ has 12 items and is designed for use only with populations of overweight or obese persons. Two samples of participants—one treatment seeking, one nontreatment seeking—were used for validation (N = 169). Results indicate that the WSSQ has good reliability and validity, and contains two distinct subscales—self-devaluation and fear of enacted stigma. The WSSQ could be useful for identifying individuals who may benefit from a stigma reduction intervention and may also help evaluate programs designed to reduce stigma.
Mass transfer constraints on the chemical evolution of an active hydrothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico

Abstract Partial equilibrium conditions occur between fluids and secondary minerals in the Valles hydrothermal system, contained principally in the Tertiary rhyolitic Bandelier Tuff. The mass transfer processes are governed by reactive phase compositions, surface areas, water-rock ratios, reaction rates, and fluid residence times. Experimental dissolution of the vitric phase of the tuff was congruent with respect to Cl in the solid and produced reaction rates which obeyed a general Arrhenius release rate between 250 and 300°C. The 18 O differences between reacted and unreacted rock and fluids, and mass balances calculations involving Cl in the glass phase, produced comparable water-rock ratios of unity, confirming the importance of irreversible reaction of the vitric tuff. A fluid residence time of approximately 2 × 10 3 years, determined from fluid reservoir volume and discharge rates, is less than 0.2% of the total age of the hydrothermal system and denotes a geochemically and isotopically open system. Mass transfer calculations generally replicated observed reservoir pH, P co2 , and P O2 conditions, cation concentrations, and the secondary mineral assemblage between 250 and 300°C. The only extraneous component required to maintain observed calcite saturation and high P co2 pressures was carbon presumably derived from underlying Paleozoic limestones. Phase rule constraints indicate that Cl was the only incompatible aqueous component not controlled by mineral equilibrium. Concentrations of Cl in the reservoir directly reflect mass transport rates as evidenced by correlations between anomalously high Cl concentrations in the fluids and tuff in the Valles caldera relative to other hydrothermal systems in rhyolitic rocks.
A kinetic study of the regeneration of new AlPO4-supported nickel catalysts

A kinetic study of the regeneration of a series of AlPO4, SiO2 and AlPO4−SiO2 supported nickel catalysts poisoned with n-butanethiol (nBSH) has been carried out using 1-hexene hydrogenation as the test reaction. The regeneration capacity of catalysts fits the expression $$r_A /r_A^o = e^{ - \beta \alpha _s } $$ , where rA/r A o is the regeneration capacity, αs the specific poisoning coefficient and β a constant for each series of supported catalysts, Ni/SiO2, Ni/AlPO4 and Ni/AlPO4−SiO2 (5–20 wt.%), respectively.
Crack progression and interface debonding in brittle/ductile nanoscale multilayers

Crack initiation and progression have been studied in nanoscale brittle/ductile multilayers of Cu and Si. Variations in the interface debond energy on the cracking behavior have been examined by using thin interlayers comprising either Cr (strong interface) or Au (weak interface). For strongly bonded Cr interfaces, it has been found that cracks forming in the Si invariably extend through the Cu layers, despite the ductile rupture characteristics of the Cu. This behavior occurs even when the Cu layers comprise more than 70% of the multilayer volume. It also contrasts with the crack arrest capabilities exhibited by relatively thick ductile layers (∼10-100 μm). The disparity in behavior is attributed to the relatively large cracking strain required for the thin brittle layers. Weak Au interfaces result in debonding which, in turn, can suppress the propagation of cracks into adjacent layers. However, when the interface includes strongly bonded sections, the debond arrests, and often kinks into the attached Si. In this case, cracking still progresses sequentially through the Si layers. Careful control of the interface debond energy is needed to fully suppress crack progression in nanoscale multilayers.
Fixed subaortic stenosis in atrioventricular canal defect: a Doppler echocardiographic study.

Abstract Objectives. The objectives of this retrospective study were to describe the Doppler and echocardiographic features of fixed subaortic stenosis in the setting of atrioventricular (AV) canal defect and to document the de novo occurrence of subaortic stenosis and progression of this lesion over time on the basis of sequential echocardiographic studies. Background. The coexistence of fixed subaortic and AV canal defect has been sporadically noted, but no single or multicenter experience with this constellation of abnormalities has been previously described. Methods. All patients with a diagnosis of subaortic stenosis and complete or partial AV canal defect who had one or more Doppler echocardiographic examinations were identified from a computer data bank. Retrospective analysis was performed, including review of patients9 charts, operative notes, recorded videotapes and hard copy recordings when available. Results. Twenty-one patients with both subaortic stenosis and AV canal defect were identified over a 13-year period. Fifteen were female and the mean age at diagnosis of subaortic stenosis was 16 years. Fifteen patients had partial AV canal defect with prior repair in 10; 6 patients had complete AV canal defect with prior repair in 4. The mean interval from prior repair to recognition of subaortic stenosis was 6.8 years. In six patients, serial examinations demonstrated the de novo occurrence of subaortic obstruction over a period of 10 to 87 months. In five patients, progression of known subaortic stenosis was documented over a 10- to 59-month period. Surgical resection of subaortic stenosis was performed in 16 patients; the echocardiographic diagnosis was confirmed in 15 of the 16. Conclusions. In the largest reported echocardiographic series of this lesion complex, it is concluded that subaortic stenosis can occur de novo, is often recognized only after repair of the canal defect and is progressive. Doppler echocardiography is the method of choice for diagnosis and serial follow-up of these patients.
Cleavage cracking across twin boundaries in free-standing silicon thin films

Cleavage cracking across twin boundaries in free-standing silicon thin films is investigated in a microtensile fracture experiment. If the twist misorientation is relatively small, the crack front transmission can be quite smooth; otherwise the fracture surface may be either planar or broken down into parallel terrains. In all the cases, the local fracture resistance tends to increase.
Teaching Note---All of Britain Must Be Stoned!

Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
Automatic Rhythms Produced by Ectopic Ventricular Contractions

Facilitation of A-V nodal and automatic ventricular rhythms by ectopic ventricular contractions was described. In one case only A-V nodal beats were induced, but in the other three, the self-sustained rhythms presented themselves as intermittent parasystole, nodal tachycardia, and automatic ventricular beats. The elicited automatic rhythms were never seen after im-pulses traveling in an orthograde fashion. The term "facilitation" was employed here in reference to disturbances in impulse formation, contrasting with its previous use in connection chiefly to impulse conduction.The examples presented represent another instance in which an automatic rhythm was precipitated by a coupled (true) extrasystole, thereby emphasizing the relationship between both types of ectopic beats.
Sequences of the cDNAs encoding the heavy- and light-chain Fab region of an antibody to the phenylurea herbicide diuron

The cDNAs from a hybridoma (mAb 481.1) specific for diuron, a widely used phenylurea herbicide, were cloned into the phage display vector pComb8. Antigen-binding clones were selected by panning on diuron-hapten-BSA conjugates. The nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequences encoding the Fab regions of the light (kappa) and heavy (gamma) chains were determined. The light chain was from mouse kappa chain subgroup III and the heavy chain was a member of the mouse H chain subgroup III(d).
Algorithm for the automated alignment of radiographs for image subtraction

The results of this study indicate that automated alignment of pairs of radiographs produces subtractions that are indistinguishable in quality from subtractions aligned manually by an experienced aligner. In developing the algorithm for automated alignment, care was taken that the criteria used for establishing a window appropriate for testing the quality of alignment were the same for both alignment techniques.
Economic lessons from China

Abstract Based on China's recent experience, positive lessons are suggested that could potentially be transplanted to other countries, especially socialist developing countries. Six lessons and three corollaries are put forward. The first three lessons relate to principles of income distribution, motivation, and guidance in decentralized decision making: a ‘fair-shares’ principle of distribution, a way to cut the Gordian knot of the problem of success indicators, etc. The fourth lesson involves price stability and the aggregate balance between supply and demand. Other lessons treat sector priorities, industrial decentralization, and small-scale rural industry. These Chinese approaches increase some attractions and reduce some shortcomings of socialism.
Reassessment of Gender Perception in Projected Animal Content

The present study is an extension and refinement of previous research on the gender-relevance of commonly projected animal content. Results again support the projection of gender in animal images, and this tendency is not affected by clarity of image, sex of subject, or subject's sex-type. However, it appears that previous research may have overestimated the number of animals that elicit this phenomenon.
A note on the minimal cone for conic linear programming

In a recent paper by the author (4OR, 9:403–416, 2011), a recursive procedure to obtain the minimal cone for the constraint system of a conic linear programming problem has been developed. In this short note, we point out some minor errors for this recursive procedure, make corrections of these errors, and present some interesting results pertaining to the recursive process.
Effect of insect cadaver desiccation and soil water potential during rehydration on entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) production and virulence.

Abstract We examined the influence of insect cadaver desiccation on the virulence and production of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), common natural enemies of many soil-dwelling insects. EPNs are often used in biological control, and we investigated the feasibility of applying EPNs within desiccated insect cadavers. Desiccation studies were conducted using the factitious host, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, wax moth larvae) and three EPN species (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ‘HB1’, Steinernema carpocapsae ‘All’, and Steinernema riobrave). Weights of individual insect cadavers were tracked daily during the desiccation process, and cohorts were placed into emergence traps when average mass losses reached 50%, 60%, and 70% levels. We tracked the proportion of insect cadavers producing infective juveniles (IJs), the number and virulence of IJs produced from desiccated insect cadavers, and the influence of soil water potentials on IJ production of desiccated insect cadavers. We observed apparent differences in the desiccation rate of the insect cadavers among the three species, as well as apparent differences among the three species in both the proportion of insect cadavers producing IJs and IJ production per insect cadaver. Exposure of desiccated insect cadavers to water potentials greater than −2.75 kPa stimulated IJ emergence. Among the nematode species examined, H. bacteriophora exhibited lower proportions of desiccated insect cadavers producing IJs than the other two species. Desiccation significantly reduced the number of IJs produced from insect cadavers. At the 60% mass loss level, however, desiccated insect cadavers from each of the three species successfully produced IJs when exposed to moist sand, suggesting that insect cadaver desiccation may be a useful approach for biological control of soil insect pests.
The impact of bureaucracy, corruption and tax compliance

Purpose – Tax compliance has been studied by analyzing the individual decision of a representative person between planning and evading taxes. A neglected aspect of tax compliance is the impact of bureaucracy and corruption. Both bureaucracy and corruption are hypothesized to have a negative impact on tax compliance. Aims to examine this issue.Design/methodology/approach – Based on empirical evidence from 30 developed and developing countries.Findings – Finds that tax compliance internationally is negatively related to the levels of bureaucracy and positively related to the successful control of corruption. The paper shows that a powerful deterrent is the creation of a tax morale or climate, where citizens are protected from corruption and bloated burequcracies.Originality/value – The findings are of great value to developing countries that need to reduce both the level of corruption and bureaucracy in order to create the type of tax morale conducive to both tax compliance and economic development.
Optical measurement methods to study dynamic behavior in MEMS

The maturing designs of moving microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) make it more-and-more important to have precise measurements and visual means to characterize dynamic microstructures. The Berkeley Sensor&Actuator Center (BSAC) has a forefront project aimed at developing these capabilities and at providing high-speed Internet (Supernet) access for remote use of its facilities. Already in operation are three optical-characterization tools: a stroboscopic-interferometer system, a computer-microvision system, and a laser-Doppler vibrometer. This paper describes precision and limitations of these systems and discusses their further development. In addition, we describe the results of experimental studies on the different MEMS devices, and give an overview about high-speed visualization of rapidly moving MEMS structures.
On the mechanism of enzyme action. LXXI. Acylations of trypsin in organic solvents

Abstract Acetylation of trypsin in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions is a reaction highly specific for the free amino groups of the enzyme. The progressing acetylation causes a gradual reduction of the activity characterized by a complete inactivation upon the introduction of about 15 acetyl groups per trypsin molecule. By increasing the bulk of the substituent acyl group this number is reduced. The inactivation caused by the substitution is apparently associated with a specific configuration that the enzyme assumes in the organic solvent. In formamide, the introduction of acetic anhydride results in formylation rather than acetylation. The observation of inactivation in the presence of trypsin competitors for the utilization of the reagent offers a sensitive means of evaluation of the reactivities of various functional groups of proteins.
Axon elimination in the developing corticospinal tract of the rat.

Abstract Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the corticospinal tract (CST) at the mid-thoracic spinal level in a series of early postnatal and young adult rats reveals that the tract is initially composed primarily of morphologically immature axon shafts, growth cones, and pale neuroglial processes. The total number of axons in the tract rises quickly to a peak level up to 90% greater than that present in the adult tract; it then declines, contemporaneously with the restriction of the areal extent of the set of spinally projecting cells in the cerebral cortex 30 . During the time of axon elimination, axons remain small and morphologically immature, and small numbers of growth cones persist. Glial cells take on more mature forms within the tract several days before axon outgrowth ceases and myelination begins at the end of the second postnatal week. The fully mature CST retains a large complement of small, unmyelinated axons.
Stability of the putative neurotoxin tryptamine-4,5-dione.

Tryptamine-4,5-dione (1) is formed by oxidation of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine by reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and on the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies, it has been proposed to be a neurotoxin that may contribute to the selective neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and the serotonergic neurotoxicity of methamphetamine. Several investigators have noted that under the conditions employed in the past to synthesize 1 and explore its in vitro and in vivo biological properties, the dione is somewhat unstable. In the present study, the stability of 1 has been investigated in a number of media employed in previous investigations to synthesize the dione and evaluate its biological properties. At low concentrations (≤200 μM), 1 is most stable in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF, pH 6-6.5) in which it decomposes ≤10% over 24 h forming primarily 3-(2-aminoethyl)-6-[3'-(2-aminoethyl)-indol-4',5'-dione-7'-yl]-5-hydroxyindole-4,7-dione (10). In phosphate buffer or 0.5 M NH 4 Cl solutions at pH 7.4 and in acidic solution (e.g., 0.01 M HCl), such low concentrations of 1 also decompose to 10 although somewhat more rapidly than in aCSF. As the concentration of 1 is increased in all of these media, its decomposition becomes more rapid and shifts toward formation of 7,7'-bi-(5-hydroxytryptamine-4-one) (9) and its autoxidation product 7,7'-bitryptamine-4,5-dione (11). At 20 mM concentrations in aCSF or at pH 7.4, 1 rapidly decomposes to a dark, uncharacterized, presumably polymeric precipitate. However, in 0.01 M HCl solution ≥20 mM, 1 rapidly and almost quantitatively dimerizes to 9. The initial reaction of 1, which leads to the ultimate formation of 9 or 11 and 10, is the nucleophilic addition of water to the C(7) position of the dione to form 4,5,7-trihydroxytryptamine (2). Oxidation of 2 by 1 and/or molecular oxygen forms radical species, the predominant form of which has been detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy using a spin stabilization method. Subsequent reactions of radical intermediates lead to the formation of 9 or 11 and 10. The results of this investigation are discussed in terms of previous in vitro and in vivo biological properties of 1 and its possible role in the serotonergic neurotoxicity of methamphetamine and neurodegenerative diseases.
Does exposure to visualization alter speech preparation processes

This study compared self‐reports of speech preparation activities of students exposed to visualization with the self‐reports of the preparation activities of those in placebo and control groups. Interestingly, these three groups did not differ in overall preparation time, but they did apportion that time in somewhat different ways. Those exposed to visualization reported spending less time preparing speaking notes, more audience analyses time, more time rehearsing in front of an audience, and received slightly higher grades than did those in the placebo and control groups. As is to be expected, students exposed to visualization also reported less trait and state communication apprehension (CA) than those in the placebo and control groups. These findings and their implications are discussed at the conclusion of this report.
Theorizing the concept of alienation in tourism studies.

Abstract The concept of alienation has been extensively analyzed outside tourism studies to understand human existence within society. Unlike the notion of authenticity–a complementary yet distinct term—alienation has been scarcely researched within tourism studies. Yet, as is argued in this paper, alienation adds theoretical depth to the sociological study of tourism and it also resituates discussions on authenticity within the context of capitalist relations of production, consumerism, and existentialism. The goal of this conceptual paper is two-fold. First, it discusses the evolution of the concept of alienation within sociology and cognate disciplines. Second, it addresses the applicability of the concept to tourism studies and proposes a working model to guide future examinations of the nexus between alienation and tourism.
Kinetics of antibody-dependent activation of the first component of complement on lipid bilayer membranes.

Summary We have determined the rate constants for the activation of the first component of complement by fluid and solid liposomes containing nitroxide spin-labeled lipids in the presence of rabbit anti-nitroxide antibodies. The rate constant for the overall activation process is approximately four times greater for fluid liposomes (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine at 32°) than for solid liposomes (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 32°). The data suggest that the difference in activation of the first component of complement by fluid and solid membranes may be due to a difference in lateral diffusion of antibody bound to the spin-labeled lipids in these membranes.
Multiple scattering and few-body Hamiltonian models of nuclear reactions

The multiple-scattering structure of various scattering operators as well as the integral equations they satisfy are investigated for Hamiltonians consisting of terms of definite but arbitrary connectivities. This is done in order to encompass the effective interactions which arise in few-body models of nuclear reactions. The counterparts of the Watson and other kinds of multiple-scattering expansions are developed under these circumstances. Connected-kernel scattering integral equations which have the unique and practical feature of being both partition labeled and possessing a multiple-scattering structure are obtained for the transition operators. These extended versions of both the multiple-scattering expansions and partition-labeled multiple-scattering integral equations are applied to the specific class of few-body Hamiltonian reaction models found by Polyzou and Redish. The concept of a well-structured reaction mechanism is introduced and it is established that for such a reaction mechanism an appropriately modified multiple-scattering picture carries over to the approximate few-body models. It is shown, for example, that for a well-structured reaction mechanism the analogs of the Born and impulse approximations emerge directly from the extended partition-labeled multiple-scattering equations in contrast to alternative formulations.
Bond strength between geotextiles and concrete

Abstract Geotextiles may be bonded to concrete by placing fresh concrete directly on a geotextile. A laboratory test program was developed to determine the influence of construction, characteristics of the geotextile, concrete, and load on the bond strength between concrete and geotextiles. Tests were conducted by casting 75 mm thick concrete blocks on top of a geotextile, allowing the concrete to cure, and then measuring the force required to peel the geotextile away from the concrete blocks. Results from over 120 tests on 16 different nonwoven and woven geotextiles indicate that bond strength is controlled significantly by details of the geotextile and construction details. The bond strength of nonwoven geotextiles was influenced significantly by the average distance between individual fibers within the geotextile, that is, the larger the distance between fibers, the more readily concrete can flow between fibers, anchor them in concrete, and thus provide bond. After placing the fresh concrete, vibration caused the bond strength to increase about 20% by allowing the cement to flow more readily around the fibers. Woven geotextiles bonded poorly with concrete unless geometric projections were provided. Woven geotextiles with projections bonded well with concrete but were sensitive to the direction in which load was applied.
Open Adoption and Post-Adoption Birth Family Contact: A Comparison of Non-Relative Foster and Private Adoptions

This study used data from the National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP) to compare post-adoption contact in families with non-relative private domestic and foster care adoptions. This study is the first to use a nationally representative sample to examine and compare the extent of post-adoption contact in both private and foster adoptions. The results suggest that children adopted from foster care were less likely to experience post-adoption contact with their birth families than children adopted privately despite the fact that they were more likely to have lived with their birth families.
Colonisation and Development

This paper describes the nature of European colonisation, particularly of the Americas, in the period from the 16th to the 19th centuries. It details the importance of slaves purchased from Africa in the settlement process. Although Spain was the first major European coloniser, its importance was supplanted over time by the British.
Scattering of solar radiation by hexagonal ice crystals.

The classical ray optics approximation has been applied to compute the angular scattering of light by finite-sized hexagonal ice crystals in the form of columns and plates. The results are presented at a wavelength of 0.55 μm for a random orientation of the crystals either in space or in a plane. The results are also compared to those of ice spheres. For the first time the angular light scattering of platelike crystals and a quantitative description of the 46° halo are given. Contrary to earlier studies, it is shown that both plate- and columnlike ice crystals show a strong backscattering. In agreement with previous studies, ice spheres are found to scatter—when compared to ice prisms—less energy at angles near 90°. With regard to the effect of orientation on the light scattering, it is shown that columnlike crystals randomly oriented in a plane behave rather like spherical particles and not like columns randomly oriented in space.
Pixelated structures as a compositional medium

This paper illustrates the use of pixelated structures as a compositional medium. In this medium, compositions are constructed from parts that are very simple. Methods to generate a design vocabulary from these parts, and establish relationships between parts to construct compositions are brought together in the framework of formal languages. Finally, examples of compositions developed in this medium are presented.