cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating stress shadowing effects and fracture propagation patterns: Implications for enhanced geothermal reservoirs

Abstract During hydraulic stimulation treatment in an enhanced geothermal (EGS) reservoir, it has been suggested that new fractures are initiated from stimulated preexisting fractures and propagate through the reservoir. In this stimulation mechanism, a fracture propagation from a preexisting natural fracture and the interaction of newly formed fractures and preexisting natural fractures play an important role in the creation of a complex fracture network . In this study, we developed a physics-based numerical model that couples fluid flow between fracture surfaces , fracture deformation , and fracture propagation driven by fluid injection to better understand how a fracture network is created by a hydraulic stimulation treatment. The results showed that the created fracture network complexity is affected by the fracture intersection angle, stress state, and injection rates . Having flow path complexity is advantageous in EGS because it increases the heat exchange areas , the fracture surface to rock volume ratio, and the general reservoir permeability . Therefore, the implication from the results of this study to make a better EGS reservoir is to stimulate an EGS reservoir with 1) well-oriented fractures, 2) a high stress ratio, and 3) a low injection rate. These reservoir conditions and stimulation design will likely make more flow paths and create a more complex fracture network.
Development and verification of a higher-order mathematical adjoint nodal diffusion solver

Abstract In this paper, we derive a mathematical formulation of the higher order adjoint NEM-M2B2 equations by preconditioning the nodal interface neutron currents equations of the forward equations system, and by using the Lagrangian Multipliers analysis method. In the NEM-M2B2 system of equations, the quadratic transverse leakage approximation is used to model the leakage of neutrons between each node in the system. The solution of the adjoint equation can be used to perform adjoint-based predictive sensitivity/perturbation analysis. As an example, we use the mathematical adjoint solution as sensitivity weighting for predicting the response of the IAEA-3D benchmark’s eigenvalue to a perturbation in the independent parameters of the system (i.e., cross-sections). We also derive perturbation equations associated with the particular NEM-M2B2 model we are using. These perturbation-equations are used in predicting the model eigenvalue change without resorting to recalculating the forward NEM-M2B2 system of equations again (labeled as exact calculations). They also enabled construction of a reactivity sensitivity map showing the importance of each calculation node of the benchmark depending on its spatial and spectral coordinates. Perturbations were imposed on both the absorption cross-sections (fast and thermal) and the scattering cross-section of the IAEA-3D benchmark problem. Several verification steps were taken to ensure that the developed mathematical adjoint solver is adequate for adjoint analysis (e.g., commutativity checks, and comparison against exact calculations).
Immobilization of transgenic plant cells towards bioprinting for production of a recombinant biodefense agent

Transgenic rice cells (Oryza sativa) producing recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as a prophylactic/therapeutic against organophosphate nerve agent poisoning, cocaine toxicity, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's were immobilized in a polyethylene glycol-based hydrogel. The cells were sustained for 14 days in the semi-solid matrix, undergoing a growth phase from days 0-6, a BChE production phase in sugar-free medium from days 6-12, and a growth/recovery phase from days 12-14. Throughout this period, the cells maintained similar viability to those in suspension cultures and displayed analogous sugar consumption trends. The rice cells in the hydrogel also produced a significant amount of active BChE, comparable to the levels produced in liquid cultures. A considerable fraction of this BChE was secreted into the media, allowing for easier product separation. To the best of our knowledge, this proof-of-concept is the first report of immobilization of recombinant plant cells for continuous production of high-value heterologous proteins. This work serves as a foundation for further investigation towards plant cell bioprinting and the development of a simple, efficient, robust, modular, and potentially field-deployable bioreactor system for the manufacture of biologics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Large-scale Crash Localization using Multi-Task Learning.

Crash localization, an important step in debugging crashes, is challenging when dealing with an extremely large number of diverse applications and platforms and underlying root causes. Large-scale error reporting systems, e.g., Windows Error Reporting (WER), commonly rely on manually developed rules and heuristics to localize blamed frames causing the crashes. As new applications and features are routinely introduced and existing applications are run under new environments, developing new rules and maintaining existing ones become extremely challenging. We propose a data-driven solution to address the problem. We start with the first large-scale empirical study of 362K crashes and their blamed methods reported to WER by tens of thousands of applications running in the field. The analysis provides valuable insights on where and how the crashes happen and what methods to blame for the crashes. These insights enable us to develop DeepAnalyze, a novel multi-task sequence labeling approach for identifying blamed frames in stack traces. We evaluate our model with over a million real-world crashes from four popular Microsoft applications and show that DeepAnalyze, trained with crashes from one set of applications, not only accurately localizes crashes of the same applications, but also bootstraps crash localization for other applications with zero to very little additional training data.
Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with single or double antibody-positive antiphospholipid syndrome

Warfarin is recognized as the standard treatment for thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS); however, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) represent appealing therapeutic alternatives given their lack of monitoring and limited drug interactions. A few randomized controlled trials comparing rivaroxaban with warfarin showed an increased risk of recurrent thromboembolism, specifically arterial thrombosis, in patients with high risk forms of APS such as those that are triple antibody positive. We conducted a single-center, retrospective cohort study of all patients within our health system from 2015 to 2020 with a diagnosis of APS (single or double antibody positive) and history of venous thromboembolism. We sought to compare the proportion of patients with a recurrent thrombosis when prescribed a DOAC versus warfarin. Among 96 patients included, 57 were prescribed warfarin and 39 were prescribed a DOAC (90% rivaroxaban). The proportion of patients with a recurrent thromboembolism was almost three times higher in the DOAC group (15.4%) compared to the warfarin group (5.3%), although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). Major bleeding was not different between groups. Our findings suggest that rivaroxaban may pose an increased risk for recurrent thromboembolism in low risk APS patients that are single or double-antibody positive compared to warfarin. Results of our study should be cautiously applied to DOACs besides rivaroxaban given their small representation in this study.
Built for Motherhood or Built for Sex: Locating the True "Womanhood" in Sarah Treem's The How and The Why

The movement of feminism and women's perceived role in social discourse and the world is in constant flux. With her play The How and the Why , Sarah Treem seeks to explore not only this fluctuation, but the changing semiotics of female power and prowess through two scientists, who are estranged mother and daughter. The feminist and psychological theory of Kristeva provides an ideal window into this examination of mind and body. The play's focus on the purpose and importance of the female body, as well as the role which motherhood plays in the feminine experience, the work lends itself to analysis through the work of Kirsteva. The biological and sociological construction of the female and the female body will also be investigated through the work of Margrit Shildrick. The complex discourse between the two women in the play challenges the vocabulary which surrounds women's bodies, age defined roles, and expectations. The additional examination of the writings of Cixous and Butler will illuminate the power of language and the vital nature of reshaping conversation through the shifting of language's meanings, signifiers and subjects. In this paper I hope to prove that the play serves as a testing realm for the merits and short comings of first and second generation feminism, and the meaning of womanhood ascribed to each by society and the changing ideals of the movement.
Statistical and Inductive Inference by Minimum Message Length

Inductive Inference.- Information.- Strict Minimum Message Length (SMML).- Approximations to SMML.- MML: Quadratic Approximations to SMML.- MML Details in Some Interesting Cases.- Structural Models.- The Feathers on the Arrow of Time.- MML as a Descriptive Theory.- Related Work.
Who Will Watch the Watchers?: Citizens Recording Police Conduct

Ordinary citizens are being arrested and prosecuted for recording police conduct in several states. These arrests are being made pursuant to state wiretapping statutes that prohibit the recording of any communication without the consent of all parties. Some of those arrested have filed lawsuits under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming the arrests violate the First Amendment. However, courts have tended to dismiss these suits, arguing that the right to record the police is not “clearly established.” This Comment argues that the right to monitor the police and report misconduct is a clearly established, if not fundamental, element of American policing. It also maintains that arresting and prosecuting individuals who record police conduct constitutes an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech. It concludes by arguing that judicial decisions rendering the recording of police unquestionably legal would not undermine police efforts.
Benchmarking Academic Programs in Business Analytics

Interest in business analytics (BA) is currently popular. Professional consultancies and software houses are both touting it as the next wave in business, claiming that the need for BA skills is large and growing. Universities are beginning to respond by offering undergraduate majors and minors, Master of Science degrees, certificates, and concentrations within their Master of Business Administration programs. But what subjects are being covered in these programs? We surveyed some of the largest, most established, and best-known programs (predominantly in the United States, but some international) and interviewed representatives of these programs to better understand the requirements for students entering, the required and elective course topics covered, and job opportunities for graduates. In this article, we summarize our findings and provide some conclusions about analytics programs, including the current landscape, suggestions for development, and our vision for the future. We believe this report is u...
Standards in molecular diagnostics for the discovery and validation of clinically useful cancer biomarkers

Recent discoveries in cancer biology have greatly increased the understanding of cancer at the molecular level, but translating this knowledge into clinically useful diagnostic tests has proved challenging. More efficient transfer of new molecular tests into patient care requires better standardization of laboratory practices, measurement methods and data management. The workshop assembled experts from National Cancer Institute, US FDA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, academia and industry, to address the most efficient approaches to biomarker standardization and validation. The workshop participants described the current state of research in molecular diagnostics standardization and addressed three questions: what has worked? What has not?And what needs improving?
Return and other sequences of migration in the United States

We examine repeat migration sequences in the United States especially those that entail a return, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our guiding hypotheses derive from the concepts of location-specific capital and imperfect information. Descriptive analysis elucidates the dynamics, tempo, and differential frequency of repeat migration among various socioeconomic groups. Results disclose differences among migrants who choose to return or move onward to a new location, or do not move again, and lend support to our analytical framework. Major findings are: (1) the propensity to return to an area varies directly with the amount of locationspecific capital that is left behind and inversely with the ex-resident’s length of absence, (2) which repeat migration sequence unfolds—return or onward—depends on the ex-resident’s educational level and experience of unemployment.
The development of animal model systems for HIV-1 encephalitis and its associated dementia

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is neuroinvasive and can be neurovirulent. Indeed, 20-30% of individuals with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop cognitive and motor dysfunction (termed the AIDS dementia complex or HIV dementia) coincident with advanced immunosuppression. Despite massive research efforts to discern viral neuropathogenic mechanisms, much remains incompletely understood. Recently, we and others developed animal model systems to elucidate how HIV infection within the brain can lead to impairment of central nervous system function. In this report, we evaluate each of the published animal models for their ability to mirror HIV dementia. Ease of handling and expense were also under consideration. Ultimately, studies in animal systems should permit a better understanding of the nature of HIV-1-induced neurological injury and aid in the development of effective treatments for this dreaded complication of HIV infection.
Mode of Action of Penicillin

A BIOCHEMICAL explanation for the antimicrobial activity of penicillin has been proposed1. In this hypothesis the structure of penicillin was related to that of intermediates known to be involved in the synthesis of cell wall material2. It was suggested that penicillin interferes with a transpeptidation reaction responsible for the cross-linking of mucopeptide chains in the cell wall polymer. The reaction is represented as follows: The ability of penicillin to interfere with this reaction was attributed to its putative structural resemblance to the D-alanyl-D-alanine portion of the peptide chain.
Public Complacency under Repeated Emergency Threats: Some Empirical Evidence

In the summer of 2004, the state of Florida was struck by four major hurricanes consecutively. Using data collected from jurisdictions experiencing hurricanes, this study examines public complacency defined as the tendency to ignore hurricane threat warnings. Results indicate that the public showed signs of complacency under repeated emergency threat warnings and there is a need to manage or reduce such tendency because a complacent public is less prepared for emergencies. Importantly, the study finds that the government plays a role in developing effective communication strategies to reduce public complacency and to enhance public preparedness in response to disasters.
SINGLE PARTICLE ENERGIES IN THE MANY-PARTICLE GREEN'S FUNCTION FORMALISM

An explicit solution of the Baym and Kadanoff equation for the density- density correlation function in the manyparticle Green's function formalism is presented. A selfenergy operator corresponding to this solution is also obtained. (C.E.S.)
Reversible, Metastable, Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Semiconducting Polymers to Buckminsterfullerene and in the Corresponding Donor/acceptor Heterojunctions

The results of comprehensive studies of photoinduced electron transfer from semiconducting (conjugated) polymers to buckminsterfullerene are reviewed. Steady state and femtosecond time-resolved photoinduced absorption (photoexcitation spectroscopy), steady state and picosecond time-resolved photoluminescence, steady state and picosecond photoconductivity, and steady state light-induced electron spin resonance measurements are summarized as experimental evidence which demonstrates ultrafast, long lived photoinduced electron transfer. Comparative studies with different semiconducting polymers as donors demonstrate that in degenerate ground state polymers, soliton excitations form before the electron transfer can occur; thereby inhibiting charge transfer and charge separation. In non-degenerate ground state systems, photoinduced electron transfer occurs in less than 10−12s, quenching the photoluminescence as well as the intersystem crossing into the triplet manifold. The importance of electron–phonon couplin...
Developmental expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters (GAT-1 and GAT-3) in the rat cerebellum : Evidence for a transient presence of GAT-1 in Purkinje cells

The cerebellar cortex contains several classes of GABAergic neurons. Previous studies have shown that most GABAergic neurons in this region possess the capacity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake. The present study determined the postnatal expression of two GABA transporters, GAT-1 and GAT-3, in the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei of the rat by using immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactivity for GAT-1 and GAT-3 appears at postnatal day 7 (P7), emerges centroperipherally across the cerebellum during the following 2 weeks and reaches an adult-like pattern by P30. The mature patterns are fully established by P45, which for GAT-1 is characterized by immunolabeled profiles localized exclusively to neuropil, mostly in the molecular layer and the pinceaux deep to the Purkinje cell bodies, and for GAT-3 as immunoreactivity distributed in the neuropil of mainly the granular layer. Before the adult patterns are completed, GAT-1 immunoreactivity is present in the somata of Purkinje, Golgi, basket and stellate cells between P7 and P21, while GAT-3 immunoreactivity is distinct in astrocytic somata which are organized in regularly spaced clusters. During this period, there is also a banding pattern in the sagittal plane of GAT-1 immunoreactivity in developing Purkinje cells. The postnatal development of GAT-1 and GAT-3 in the rat cerebellar cortex shares a similar spatiotemporal pattern with other GABAergic parameters, including the GABA synthesizing enzyme, GABA content and uptake. Specifically, the transient expression of GAT-1 in the somata and dendrites of cerebellar GABAergic neurons appears to correlate with the supra-adult levels of whole-tissue GABA uptake capability during development. Further, GAT-1 expression in immature Purkinje cells may play a unique role in regulating GABA's function during development, since mature Purkinje cells do not express GAT-1 or take up GABA.
A Pinch or a Pint? Evidence of Pesticide Overuse in Bangladesh

In a recent survey of 820 rice, potato, bean, eggplant, cabbage, sugarcane and mango farmers in Bangladesh, over 47% of farmers were found to be overusing pesticides. With only 4% of farmers formally trained in pesticide use or handling, and over 87% openly admitting to using little or no protective measures while applying pesticides, overuse is potentially a great threat to farmer health as well as the environment. Pesticide overuse was initially modelled using a three-equation, trivariate probit framework with health effects and misperception of pesticide risk as endogenous dummy variables. Significance tests revealed that health and misperception were not endogenous to overuse, suggesting a bivariate probit model for health effects and misperception and a separate probit model for overuse. Health effects were found to be a function of the amount of pesticides used in production, nutritional status and income, while misperception of pesticide risk was determined by health impairments from pesticides and the toxicity of chemicals used. Pesticide overuse was significantly explained by variation in misperception, income, farm ownership, the toxicity of chemicals used, crop composition and geographical location. These results highlight the necessity for policymakers to design effective and targeted outreach programmes which deal specifically with pesticide risk, safe handling and averting behaviour. Ideally, the approach would be participatory in nature to address key informational gaps, as well as increasing: farmers' awareness. The results also point to specific crops and locations experiencing a higher prevalence of overuse. Focusing efforts on these crops and geographical areas may have the most measurable effects on pesticide overuse.
Dynamic reliability of large frames

Abstract This paper presents a stochastic finite element method (SFEM) for the reliability analysis of dynamically loaded large frames. This is facilitated by the computation of the sensitivity of dynamic response to the randomness in the dynamic excitation as well as in structural properties, by applying the chain rule of differentiation to the deterministic analysis. Since such computation requires large amounts of memory and computational time, matrix condensation is incorporated in SFEM for structures with a large number of degrees of freedom. The computation of response sensitivity and variability is formulated in the context of stiffness and mass matrix condensation. A numerical example with a six-story frame is used to illustrate the proposed method.
Culture of human leukemia cells.

New human leukemia cell lines from 4 patients have been established. All are characterized by preferential growth in small clumps and large flat plaques of cells. The cell lines were adapted to suspension cultures and grown in one- to 200-liter containers. The design of practical automated units for continuous culture of leukemia cells has been accomplished. Some of the nutritional requirements of these cell lines are summarized. Cytological studies revealed that all of the cell lines have a normal diploid karyotype with few aberrant cells. None of the cultured cells derived from chronic myelocytic leukemia retained the Ph chromosome. Electron microscopy has shown virus-like particles in several of these cell lines. Preliminary studies of the value of these cultured leukemia cells in biochemical, viral and clinical immunological studies are discussed.
The European option with hereditary price structures: Basic theory

In this paper, we propose a new model for the (B,S)-market in which the stock price and the asset in the riskless bank account have hereditary price structures. Specifically, the dynamics of the stock price and the bank account are described by linear stochastic functional differential equations. The pricing of the European contingent claims is studied and the corresponding trading strategy is derived.
Paleoanthropology of the Kibish Formation, southern Ethiopia: Introduction.

Cranial and skeletal remains of modern humans, Homo sapiens, were discovered in the Kibish Formation in 1967 by a team from the Kenya National Museums directed by Richard Leakey. Omo I, from Kamoya's Hominid Site (KHS), consists of much of a skeleton, including most of the cranial vault, parts of the face and mandible, and many postcranial elements. Omo II, from Paul's Hominid Site (PHS), is a virtually complete calvaria. Only a limited fauna and a few stone artifacts attributed to the Middle Stone Age were recovered in conjunction with the fossil hominids. The available dating techniques suggested a very early age, over 100 ka, for Member I, from which the Omo I and Omo II fossils were recovered. However, in subsequent decades, the reliability of the dates and the provenance of the Kibish hominids were repeatedly questioned. The papers in this volume provide a detailed stratigraphic analysis of the Kibish Formation and a series of new radiometric dates that indicate an age of 196 ± 2 ka for Member I and 104 ± 1 for Member III, confirming the antiquity of the lower parts of the Kibish Formation and, in turn, the fossils from Member I. Studies of the postcranial remains of Omo I indicate an overall modern human morphology with a number of primitive features. Studies of an extensive lithic record from Members I and III indicate a Middle Stone Age technology comparable to assemblages of similar age elsewhere in Ethiopia. Studies of the mammalian, avian, and fish faunas indicate overall similarities to those found in the region today, with a few distinctive differences.
Age-dependent increase in ischemic brain injury in wild-type mice and in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.

The authors investigated the influence of age on the outcome of cerebral ischemia in wild-type mice and in mice with a deletion of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. The middle cerebral artery was permanently occluded in iNOS-null mice and in wild-type (C57BL/6) controls aged 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Infarct volume was determined in thionin-stained brain sections 4 days after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. No differences in forebrain volume were found among wild-type and iNOS-null mice at the ages studied (P > 0.05). In C57BL/6 mice (n = 5 to 6/group), neocortical infarct volume corrected for swelling was 28 +/- 5 mm3 in 4-week-old mice, 28 +/- 3 at 8 weeks, 35 +/- 4 at 16 weeks, and 37 +/- 6 at 24 weeks (mean +/- SD). iNOS-null mice (n = 5 to 6/group) had smaller infarcts than wild-type controls at all ages (P 0.05). The authors conclude that in iNOS-/- and in wild-type mice, the size of the infarct produced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery is larger in older than in younger mice. However, the reduction in infarct volume observed in iNOS-null mice is age-dependent and is greatest at 1 to 2 months of age. Therefore, age is a critical variable in studies of focal cerebral ischemic damage, both in wild-type mice and in mouse mutants.
Rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by immunomagnetic separation and real-time PCR.

Abstract A method combining immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and real-time (5′-nuclease) PCR was developed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7. Monoclonal antibody specific for the E. coli O157 antigen was added to protein A-coated magnetic particles to create antibody-coated beads. The beads specifically captured E. coli O157:H7 from bacterial suspensions. The cells were eluted from the beads and lysed by heating; the eluate was then assayed by real-time PCR, using primers and probe specifically targeting the eaeA gene of E. coli O157:H7. Approximately 50% of the cells in suspension were captured by the beads and detected by real-time PCR. No cross-reactivity was detected when other strains of E. coli were tested. This method was applied to detect E. coli O157:H7 from ground beef. Both cell capture efficiency and real-time PCR efficiency were reduced by meat-associated inhibitors. However, we were still able to detect up to 8% of E. coli O157:H7 from inoculated ground beef samples. The detection sensitivity varied among ground beef samples. The minimum detection limit was 2 cells ml −1 for suspensions of E. coli O157:H7 in buffer and 1.3×10 4 cells g −1 for E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef. The combination of IMS and real-time PCR results in rapid, specific and quantitative detection of E. coli O157:H7 without the need for an enrichment culture step.
The North Atlantic Oscillation as a source of stochastic forcing of the wind-driven ocean circulation

Observations show that at middle and high latitudes, the magnitude of stochastic wind stress forcing due to atmospheric weather is comparable to that of the seasonal cycle and will likely exert a significant influence on the ocean circulation. The focus of this work will be the contribution of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) to the stochastic forcing in the North Atlantic and its influence on the large-scale, wind-driven ocean circulation. To this end, a QG model of the North Atlantic Ocean was forced with the stochastic component of wind stress curl associated with the NAO signal. The ocean response is localized primarily in the western boundary region and can be conveniently understood using generalized stability analysis. Much of the variability is associated with the nonnormal influence of the bathymetry and inhomogeneities in the western boundary flow on the large-scale circulation. A more traditional statistical analysis of the circulation, however, reveals that there are very small and insignificant correlations between the NAO forcing and the ocean response within the western boundary region. This suggests that the dynamics of the ocean response to stochastic forcing may obscure any obvious coherence between the forcing and the response which is equally difficult to identify from observations.
PRIVATE SHAREHOLDER RESPONSE TO CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS

: Private shareholder response to annual reports of Australian public-listed companies was investigated via postal questionnaires in 1979 and 1980. Approximately 2000 usable replies indicate that although annual reports are ranked third to stockbroker advice and newspapers as sources of corporate information, two-thirds claim the report is of some importance and one-quarter would buy it and pay up to $2 per copy. Readership behaviour reveals that whereas the chairman's review is the most read item, traditional financial statements are more important in influencing equity decision-making. The auditor's report, statistical data and notes to accounts are least read and least important. Such evidence has implications for report preparers, auditors, accountancy professional bodies, financial journalists and educators.
Argon laser treatment of von Hippel-Lindau retinal angiomas. II. Histopathology of treated lesions.

Five angiomas from a case of von Hippel-Lindau angiomatosis were studied histopathologically 16 months following argon laser photocoagulation. Histopathologic examination of a moderately large angioma (one disc diameter [dd] in size) revealed that tissue destruction was only superficial, and that viable tumor elements remained in spite of a direct treatment on the lesion itself and two treatments on its arteriolar feeder vessel. Therefore, despite the use of laser photocoagulation and despite fluorescein angiography that showed interruption of flow through the tumor, complete destruction of this angioma had not occurred. Another angioma (0.8 dd in size) was also incompletely destroyed. Histopathological analysis confirmed, however, that very small angiomata are effectively obliterated following direct argon laser photocoagulation. The argon laser is also capable of focally occluding small and medium-sized feeder arterioles if sufficient energy is applied.
The role of cytology in the era of HPV-related head and neck carcinoma

Enlarged neck lymph nodes are very often subject to fine needle aspiration biopsy to detect metastatic disease in patients with suspected or proven squamous cell carcinoma in head and neck region. Cytology specimens of metastatic carcinoma in such patients are routinely evaluated for human papilloma virus (HPV) to identify patients with HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Different types of cytology specimens including smears, cytospins, cell blocks and aspirated material in the rinse can all be used for different types of HPV testing such as immunohistochemistry for p16, HPV-in situ hybridization, and HPV-Polymerase chain reaction. There is currently no consensus regarding the testing of high-risk HPV in cytology specimens. The establishment of standardized HPV testing of cytology specimens is of utmost importance and is eagerly awaited.
Use of Bayesian Merging Techniques in a Multimodel Seasonal Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction System for the Eastern United States

Abstract Skillful seasonal hydrologic predictions are useful in managing water resources, preparing for droughts and their impacts, energy planning, and many other related sectors. In this study, a seasonal hydrologic ensemble prediction system is developed and evaluated over the eastern United States, with a focus on the Ohio River basin. The system uses a hydrologic model (i.e., the Variable Infiltration Capacity model) as the central element for producing ensemble predictions of soil moisture, snow, and streamflow with lead times up to six months. One unique feature of this system is in the method for generating ensemble atmospheric forcings for the forecast period. It merges seasonal climate forecasts from multiple climate models with observed climatology in a Bayesian framework, such that the uncertainties related to the atmospheric forcings can be better quantified while the signals from individual models are combined. Simultaneously, climate model forecasts are downscaled to an appropriate spatial ...
``Proximity effects'' in radiative transitions: a model study of the role of vibronic coupling and static crystal field interactions

Abstract We report the results of a model study of the influence of vibronic coupling involving non-totally symmetric vibrations and static crystal field interactions on the spectral properties of molecules with close-lying excited electronic states. The presented results suggests that “proximity effects” brought about by solvent perturbation arise from two sources: (i) alterations in the energy separation between vibronically coupled electronic states and (ii) crystal field mixing of the isolated molecular electronic states. It is shown that crystal field mixing leads to the breakdown of the vibronic coupling scheme for non-totally symmetric vibrations in isolated molecules. This breakdown is shown to have a very pronounced effect on the spectral properties of molecules with close-lying excited electronic states. The effect of environmental perturbations on excited state frequencies, the breakdown of symmetry and polarization selection rules, and vibrational intensity distributions is discussed.
Tools for Web-based sorting animation

There is a long and rich tradition of sort algorithm animations that have been used effectively in instruction. This paper describes a new tool that combines the best of this tradition with the advantages of being in the form of an applet for use on the World Wide Web and of animating the code of the algorithm in concert with the animation of the data. In addition, this tool facilitates student-designed animations that are useful for the debugging of student-written sort algorithms. Recursive sort algorithms are made more accessible through the use of a special feature of the tool that animates the recursion.
Feedback properties of multivariable systems: The role and use of the return difference matrix

For linear time-invariant multivariable feedback systems, the feedback properties of plant disturbance attenuation, sensor noise response, stability margins, and sensitivity to plant and sensor variation are quantitatively related to the Bode magnitude versus frequency plots of the singular values of the return difference matrix I + L and of the associated inverse-return difference matrix I + L^{-1} . Implied fundamental limits of feedback performance are quantitatively described and design tradeoffs are discussed. The penalty function in the stochastic linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal control problem is found to be a weighted-sum of the singular values, with the weights determined by the quadratic cost and noise intensity matrices. This enables systematic "tuning" of LQG cost and noise matrices so that the resulting optimal return difference and inversereturn difference meet inequality constraints derived from design specifications on feedback properties. The theory has been used to synthesize a multivariable automatic controller for the longitudinal dynamics of an advanced fighter aircraft.
AN ATTEMPT TO TEST THE THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The hypothesis or ideas for the present research grew from the personality theories of Carl Rogers (1954: 1959) and A. H. Maslow (1954) and from the study of the personalities of outstandingly creative individuals rather than from experimental data. The research was an attempt to test the integrative value of a simple, abstract construct, that of psychological development, in several situations and tests. The concept of psychological development is clearly analogous to the concept of physical development. Both involve the development of capacities previously present in the organism and the establishment of new capacities. Both involve a changing state rather than a static state. The central idea of the personality theories of both Rogers and Maslow is the idea of growth (self-actualization, development, becoming, or psychological health). Maslow suggests that self-actualizers (outstandingly creative individuals such as Beethoven and Goethe) have the ability to grow, are superior to others in their perception of the environment, have greater autonomy, greater freshness in their appreciation of experience, greater spontaneity, greater acceptance of self and others, and are able to live fully in each experience. In several recent papers Rogers ( 1954, 1959) has defined certain directional tendencies in the individual who has successfully undergone therapy. For Rogers these directional tendencies are clearly asymptotic or ideal. Implicit in Rogers' definition is the concept of the fully functioning person, " . . . a concept of the ultimate in the actualization of the human organism." According to Rogers, the fully functioning person will be more open to experience (he will have better perception of the environment), will experience himself as the locus of evaluation (he will rely upon his own judgments rather than those of others), and will move toward being a process rather than being some fixed goal. Maslow's definition of self-actualization and Rogers' definition of the fully functioning person have much in common. Both definitions emphasize superior perception of the environment, greater reliance by the individual upon his own judgments rather than those of others, and both definitions suggest selfactualization or psychological growth as the central human drive. For the conceptual framework of the present research we need not make the assumption that the central human drive is toward self-actualization. We assume that some -- writer wishes to express gratitude to Drs. Carl Rogers, Jerome Schein, William James,
Descending facilitatory influences from the rostral medial medulla mediate secondary, but not primary hyperalgesia in the rat

Prolonged nociceptive input following peripheral injury results in hyperalgesia (enhanced response to a noxious stimulus), which is thought to occur as a consequence of sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors and enhanced excitability of spinal dorsal horn nociceptive neurons (central sensitization). Since there is often an expansion of hyperalgesia to tissue adjacent, and even distant from the site of injury (secondary hyperalgesia), it is thought that this phenomenon primarily involves mechanisms of central modulation/plasticity. In contrast, hyperalgesia observed at the site of tissue injury (primary hyperalgesia) involves peripheral mechanisms. In the current study, we examined the relative contribution of descending nociceptive facilitatory systems from the rostral medial medulla to enhanced behavioral nociceptive responses in models of primary and secondary hyperalgesia in awake rats. The effect of bilateral rostral medial medulla lesions produced by the soma-selective neurotoxin ibotenic acid was determined in three different models of cutaneous thermal hyperalgesia following peripheral inflammation: (i) intraplantar injection of carrageenan into the hindpaw (model of primary hyperalgesia); (ii) intra-articular injection of carrageenan/kaolin into the knee of the hind leg (model of secondary hyperalgesia); and (iii) topical application of mustard oil to the hind leg (model of secondary hyperalgesia). Compared with sham lesion animals, a bilateral lesion of the rostral medial medulla completely blocked thermal hyperalgesia in the two models of secondary hyperalgesia (intra-articular carrageenan/kaolin injection into the knee and topical mustard oil application to the hind leg), but was ineffective in blocking facilitation of the thermal paw withdrawal response in the model of primary hyperalgesia (intraplantar carrageenan injection into the hindpaw). These results suggest that primary and secondary hyperalgesia are differentially modulated in the CNS, and support the notion that descending nociceptive facilitatory influences from the rostral medial medulla significantly contribute to secondary, but not primary, hyperalgesia.
Anisotropic heat conduction in cubic superconductors at very low temperatures

Abstract Anisotropic heat conduction is predicted in defect-free superconducting lead and niobium in the temperature range T / T c ⪡ 1. This anisotropy is predicted to result from phonon focusing which is a general property of elastically anisotropic crystals.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Hydrobenzofuranones Using an Asymmetric Desymmetrizing Intramolecular Stetter Reaction of Cyclohexadienones.

A series of cyclohexadienones were synthesized by dearomatization of phenols followed by Dess−Martin oxidation. Asymmetric intramolecular Stetter reactions of these substrates provide hydrobenzofur...
Civic education by radio

New York University conducts a successful experiment in the use of radio for civic education
Comparison of the brief psychiatric rating scale and the brief symptom inventory

General psychopathology rating scales have multiple uses and have been used extensively. These rating scales may be found in several forms including an interview procedure and self-report. The advantages of self-report measures, as well as their possible deficits, were discussed. Because there are so many varying kinds of rating scales, criteria were set forth as to how to evaluate scales. An interview with a rating scale, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and a self-report measure, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), were compared in this study. The BPRS has been widely used and has been evaluated as one of the very best rating scales. However, experienced raters and more time are needed to administer the BPRS. The BSI is highly evaluated as one of the best brief self-report measures and requires much less professional time. Both instruments have high reliability and validity. Correlations of the BPRS total score with the total scores on the BSI were significant, as were correlations of the depression, anxiety, and hostility subscales on each instrument. Therefore, either scale could be used for a brief assessment of overall symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and hostility. However, it is suggested that the subscales should be compared to other criteria to measure their convergent validity.
Regional use of combined carotid endarterectomy/coronary artery bypass graft and the effect of patient risk

Introduction Although carotid artery stenosis and coronary artery disease often coexist, many debate which patients are best served by combined concurrent revascularization (carotid endarterectomy [CEA]/coronary artery bypass graft [CABG]). We studied the use of CEA/CABG in New England and compared indications and outcomes, including stratification by risk, symptoms, and performing center. Methods Using data from the Vascular Study Group of New England from 2003 to 2009, we studied all patients who underwent combined CEA/CABG across six centers in New England. Our main outcome measure was in-hospital stroke or death. We compared outcomes between all patients undergoing combined CEA/CABG to a baseline CEA risk group comprised of patients undergoing isolated CEA at non-CEA/CABG centers. Further, we compared in-hospital stroke and death rates between high and low neurologic risk patients, defining high neurologic risk patients as those who had at least one of the following clinical or anatomic features: (1) symptomatic carotid disease, (2) bilateral carotid stenosis >70%, (3) ipsilateral stenosis >70% and contralateral occlusion, or (4) ipsilateral or bilateral occlusion. Results Overall, compared to patients undergoing isolated CEA at non-CEA/CABG centers (n = 1563), patients undergoing CEA/CABG (n = 109) were more likely to have diabetes (44% vs 29%; P = .001), creatinine >1.8 mg/dL (11% vs 5%; P = .007), and congestive heart failure (23% vs 10%; P Conclusions Although practice patterns in the use of CEA/CABG vary across our region, the risk of complications with CEA/CABG remains significantly higher than in isolated CEA. Future work to improve patient selection in CEA/CABG is needed to improve perioperative results with combined coronary and carotid revascularization.
Biodiesel from waste cooking oils via direct sonication

Abstract This study investigates the effect of direct sonication in conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel. Waste cooking oils may cause environmental hazards if not disposed properly. However, waste cooking oils can serve as low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production. Ultrasonics, a non-conventional process technique, was applied to directly convert waste cooking oil into biodiesel in a single step. Ultrasonics transesterify waste cooking oils very efficiently due to increased mass/heat transfer phenomena and specific thermal/athermal effects at molecular levels. Thus, energy and chemical consumption in the overall process is greatly reduced compared to conventional biodiesel processes. Specific to this research, thermal effects of ultrasonics in transesterification reaction without external conventional heating along with effects of different ultrasonic, energy intensities and energy density are reported. Optimization of process parameters such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time are also presented. It was observed that small reactor design such as plug-flow or contact-type reactor design may improve overall ultrasonic utilization in the transesterification reaction due to increased energy density and ultrasonic intensity.
Resonant tunneling in the smooth quantum hydrodynamic model for semiconductor devices

Abstract The “smooth” quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model is an extension of the classical hydrodynamic model for semiconductor devices which can handle in a mathematically rigorous way the discontinuities in the classical potential energy which occur at heterojunction barriers in quantum semiconductor devices. Smooth QHD model simulations of the resonant tunneling diode exhibit negative differential resistance—the experimental signal for quantum resonance effects. Resonant tunneling is analyzed in fluid dynamical terms from the point of view of the smooth QHD transport equations.
Definitive examples of polyhydride complexes which do not eliminate H2 in the primary photochemical reaction. Photodissociation of PR3 from [ReH3(PR3)4] and [ReH5(PR3)3] complexes

Irradiation of the complexes [ReH5L3] (L  PMe2Ph, PMePh2, PPh3)and [ReH3(PMe2Ph)4]gives efficient loss of phosphine in the primary photochemical reaction, in contrast to most monomeric polyhydride complexes which lose H2 upon photolysis. The 366 nm quantum yields for the [ReH5L3] complexes range from 0.13–0.18; the 366 nm quantum yield for PMe2Ph loss from [ReH3(PMe2Ph)4] is 0.4. Under an H2 atmosphere, [ReH3(PMe2Ph)4] is converted into [ReH5(PMe2Ph)3] upon photolysis; the pentahydrides in turn lose another equivalent of phosphine to give the corresponding [ReH7L2] complexes. The heptahydrides are themselves photosensitive and react to give a mixture of [Re2H8L4] and [Re2H6L5 dimers. Photolysis of degassed solutions of the [ReH5L2] complexes leads to a complex mixture of [ReH7L2], [ReH3L4], [Re2H8L4], and [Re2H6L5]. The efficientphotoelimination of L from the [ReH3L4] complexes is discussed in view of the reported photochemistry of [ReH3(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)2]which loses H2 upon irradiation.