cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethical, Privacy, and Security Issues in the Online Social Network Ecosystems

This chapter discusses the new realities of global computer online social network ecosystems, including moral and ethical dilemmas. Because we believe that a sound and detailed discussion of online social networks is based on a good understanding of the underlying network infrastructure, we start the chapter with a brief discussion of the computer network infrastructure. Based on this communication infrastructure, we define a social network and its subset, the online social network. We discuss the types of social networks, their historical development, and the different and changing services of online social networks. After discussing the basics of online social networks, we then focus on ethical, social, and privacy issues in the online social network noting that while online, we inevitably give off our information to whomever asks for it in order to get services. We note further that routinely information collected from online community members, however, is not always used as intended. It is quite often used for unauthorized purposes, hence an invasion of privacy. We discuss known ways we give off vital personal information while online in social networks. We further discuss ways to protect personal privacy. On the central point of ethical implications of life in the social network, we note that unlike in the traditional network, governance is not centralized, but community based with equally shared authority and responsibility by all users. But the mechanisms are not yet defined, and where they are being defined, it is still too early to say whether they are effective. The complexity, unpredictability, and lack of central authority are further enhanced by a the concepts of telepresence and immersion, virtual personality, anonymity, and multiple personality. These issues are at the core of the social and ethical problems in online social networks in particular and cyberspace in general; the larger and more numerous these communities become, the more urgent the ethical concerns become.
Public Opinion about Geothermal Development

A recent review of public involvement in planning public works projects carried out by the Comptroller General’s Office of the U.S. Government suggested that public participation in the government’s decision-making process has long been recognized as a necessity for planning and developing public works projects (1974:i). This report is relevant to Imperial County’s geothermal development, which, although stemming from private sector projects, has an unusually strong governmental involvement. The Comptroller General’s Office feels that traditional public hearings do not allow the public to express its opinions and do not provide a good forum for evaluating and discussing issues and policy alternatives. Thus, there is a belief that the public hearing process is insufficient and that an effective public involvement effort should make sure of the following: (1) The public has an opportunity to be heard earlier, before major project decisions are made. (2) Adequate notice of opportunities for involvement is provided to interested or potentially affected parties. (3) Frequent forums are held throughout all stages of project development.
Galaxy evolution from cluster and absorption-selected samples

Rich clusters of galaxies and QSO absorption line systems provide two alternative venues for studying the evolution of galaxies at high redshift. Here I review some recent observational results in both areas of investigation, and consider their implications for the history of galaxy evolution since z∼1.
Degradation of Starch–Calcium Carbonate Disposable Packaging in a Solid Waste Composting Facility

The compostability of starch–CaCO3 disposable packaging was examined in a source-separated municipal solid waste (MSW) composting facility located in East Hampton, NY. Source-separated MSW:starch–CaCO3 container mixtures of 0 (control), 5, and 20% (by volume) were prepared as feedstock for composting. Compost samples were collected weekly or biweekly during the composting process and examined for fragments of the starch–CaCO3 containers. Changes in compost quality due to the presence of starch–CaCO3 containers were assessed by measuring the nutrient and metal content of the three resultant MSW:starch–CaCO3 composts. Finally, plant growth studies were conducted to examine the composts for possible plant growth inhibition due to the deterioration of the starch–CaCO3 containers. Results showed that portions of the starch–CaCO3 containers were not identified in any of the 5 and 20% sieved and characterized compost fractions > 1.3 cm following 1–3 weeks of composting. Mechanical agitation of the waste along with optimum composting conditions were sufficient to initiate the rapid degradation of the starch–CaCO3 composites. Degradation of starch–CaCO3 containers did not affect compost nutrient and trace element content. Grass biomass measurements were performed once weekly over 28 days for grass grown in control (0%), 5%, and 20% starch–CaCO3-containing compost:soil mixtures. Significant differences in grass biomass for these compost:soil mixtures were measured only for the 0 and 20% starch–CaCO3-containing compost:soil mixtures at 28 days (9.07 vs 11.05 g, respectively; P = 0.046).
Euthanasia Decisions in the Courts

One of the many ways in which we are discovering doctors to be just like other mortals is that they would like to have their cake and eat it too. When it comes to euthanasia decision making, medical personnel show increasing concern over the lack of clear guidelines for making such decisions, but they don’t want to have to go through the anguish of developing such guidelines for themselves and they don’t want to go through the discomfort of having anyone else develop guidelines for them.
Physical/Emotion Abuse and Neglect

An overview was provided of current literature specific to physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect in adolescents which included current definitions and etiology. Research delineating the biological and genetic factors, as well as the neurobiological impact of abuse, revealed physical abuse can result in immune dysregulation and deficits in neurotransmitters related to mood instability. A focus on the biopsychosocial variables which form both risk and protective factors for these youth was also examined. Evidence-based treatment approaches in both community and residential setting were reviewed. Effective interventions such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) were highlighted. Other new and promising approaches reviewed included eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), prolonged exposure, family-focused therapies, and multisystemic family therapy. Literature continued to support the discontinuation of psychological debriefing, specifically critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), as a response to a traumatic event for adolescents. Finally, various psychopharmacological approaches and effective prevention efforts were considered.
Chromium-Salen Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Phenols: Mechanism and Origin of the Selectivity.

A highly chemoselective phenol cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by a Cr-salen catalyst was developed. Kinetic studies showed that the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(V) is the rate-determining step of ...
Law and the Cognitive Nature of Emotion: A Brief Introduction

This article is the introductory article for the Wake Forest Law Review’s symposium edition for their February 22, 2019 symposium on “Cognitive Emotion and the Law.” This article addresses common misunderstandings of the relation between emotion and reason in legal reasoning. As discussed, such misunderstandings arise from multiple sources: C.C. Langdell’s errant notion of law as an inductive science based upon redacted appellate cases, common misconceptions that equate emotion with feeling, and common misconceptions that equate emotion with irrationality. Clearing up such confusion, this article briefly examines the cognitive nature of emotion, including its six elements: (1) intentionality involving at least one object, (2) an appraisal or other such cognitive response, (3) resulting desire or motivation, (4) core themes that distinguish different emotions, (5) acuteness, and (6) personal stake or concern. As a practical example of cognitive emotion, this article explores and parses anger and frustration on a personal level. It also does the same at the doctrinal level by noting the benefits and drawbacks of contract law’s privileging frustration over anger in favoring damage awards over penalties. This article also explores and parses guilt, remorse, and regret as a means of improving lawyer mental health and emotional intelligence. This article closes by noting insights of modern neuroscience on the interrelation of emotion and reason and provides an appendix distinguishing four affective states: emotions, moods, sentiments, and traits.
Fathers’ Satisfaction With Physical Affection Before and After the Birth of a New Baby: Cross-Parent Effects and Associations With Family Dynamics:

This study examined the correlates of fathers’ satisfaction with physical affection (SPA) in their marital relationship before and after the birth of a new baby. Both parents (N = 97) completed sur...
What will urology look like in 2035

As a field that embraces technology, urology has evolved quickly in the past 15 years and is likely to change at an even greater pace in the next 15. Several approaches and initiatives have the potential to improve patient care, in particular the use of telemedicine, improvements in data analytics and growth of physician collaboratives.
A 38-Year-Old Man With Well Treated OSA on CPAP With Persistent Nocturnal Hypoxemia.

Case Presentation A 38-year-old male with a prior diagnosis of severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] 99/h) presented for transfer of care. He was successfully titrated to CPAP of 10 cm H2O at an outside laboratory and was compliant with therapy with residual AHI 1.9/h. On presentation, he was polycythemic, with negative evaluation for primary polycythemia, and evaluation for hypoxemia was initiated.
Brief Report: Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Are Associated With Lower Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in People Living With HIV.

Background Several antiretroviral therapy (ART) classes have been associated with increased myocardial infarction (MI) risk. Cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV (PLWH) on integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) has not been examined. Here we aim to examine this. Setting Retrospective cohort design study. Methods We used the IBMMarketScan databases for U.S. commercially insured and Medicaid covered adults to identify PLWH newly initiated on ART between January 1, 2008 and December 30, 2015. Major adverse cardiac event (MACE), a composite of acute MI, ischemic stroke, coronary artery bypass grafting, and percutaneous coronary intervention was the primary outcome. We used calendar time-specific probability-weighted Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between INSTI use and MACE. We used propensity score weighting methods to account for potential confounding. Results Twenty thousand two hundred forty-two new ART initiators were identified. 5069 (25%) PLWH initiated INSTI-based regimens. 203 MACE events occurred; acute MI 16 (0.32%) vs 66 (0.43%), stroke 24 (0.47%) vs 54 (0.36), coronary artery bypass grafting 2 (0.04%) vs 9 (0.06%), percutaneous coronary intervention 7 (0.14%) vs 25 (0.16%) of INSTI users vs non-users. INSTI-based ART was associated with significantly lower risk of MACE events (hazard ratios 0.79; 95% confidence intervals: 0.64 to 0.96) compared with non-INSTI-based regimens. Conclusion In this cohort, INSTI-based regimens were associated with a 21% decreased risk of incident cardiovascular disease. These finding require validation in other cohorts and with longer follow-up.
The Law of Two Prices: Regulatory Arbitrage, Revisited

In contrast to financial arbitrage, which causes prices of economically equivalent transactions to converge in the direction of one price, regulatory arbitrage does not lead to such price convergence. In contrast, regulatory arbitrage tends to produce two different prices for economically equivalent transactions that are subject to different regulatory costs: this is what I call the “law of two prices.” The key insight here is that regulatory costs can persist as a “wedge” between the prices of economically equivalent transactions that are subject to differing regulatory costs. Unlike the price gap that financial arbitrage reduces or eliminates, this regulatory cost wedge will persist as long as the relevant regulatory cost differential persists. The persistence of the regulatory arbitrage wedge raises important and interesting policy concerns that the literature has not previously addressed. Specifically, the analysis here suggests that scholars should no longer describe regulatory arbitrage as “perfectly legal.” Instead, the persistent gap between the prices of transactions subject to differential regulatory costs warrants a more nuanced approach to the analysis of regulatory arbitrage. With respect to the normative analysis of the efficiency and fairness of the regulatory arbitrage wedge, scholars should consider, among other factors, the intentions and expectations of the decisionmakers engaging in regulatory arbitrage to determine whether they reasonably believe certain transactions should receive favorable regulatory treatment. Scholars should consider the law of two prices when addressing questions related to regulatory arbitrage.
Sleep deprivation affects reactivity to positive but not negative stimuli

Abstract Objective The current study examined the effects of partial and total sleep deprivation on emotional reactivity. Methods Twenty-eight partially sleep-deprived participants and 31 totally sleep-deprived participants rated their valence and arousal responses to positive and negative pictures across four testing sessions during the day following partial sleep deprivation or during the night under total sleep deprivation. Results The results suggest that valence and arousal ratings decreased under both sleep deprivation conditions. In addition, partial and total sleep deprivation had a greater negative effect on positive events than negative events. Conclusion These results suggest that sleep-deprived persons are more likely to respond less to positive events than negative events. One explanation for the current findings is that negative events could elicit more attentive behavior and thus stable responding under sleep deprivation conditions. As such, sleep deprivation could impact reactivity to emotional stimuli through automated attentional and self-regulatory processes.
Association Between Emergency Physician Length of Stay Rankings and Patient Characteristics

Objective Emergency physicians are commonly compared by their patients' length of stay (LOS). We test the hypothesis that LOS is associated with patient characteristics and that accounting for these features impacts physician LOS rankings. Methods This was a retrospective observational study of all encounters at an emergency department in 2010 to 2015. We compared the characteristics of patients seen by physicians in different quartiles of LOS. Primary outcome was variation in patient characteristics at time of physician assignment (age, sex, comorbidities, Emergency Severity Index [ESI], and chief complaint) across LOS quartiles. We also quantified the change in LOS rankings after accounting for difference in characteristics of patients seen by different physicians. Results A total of 264,776 encounters seen by 62 attending physicians met inclusion criteria. Physicians in the longest LOS quartile saw patients who were older (age = 49.1 vs 48.6 years, difference = +0.5 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.3 to 0.7) with more comorbidities (Gagne score = 1.3 vs. 0.9, difference = +0.4, 95% CI = 0.4 to 0.4) and higher acuity (ESI = 2.8 vs. 2.9, difference = -0.1, 95% CI = 0.1 to 0.1) than physicians in the shortest LOS quartile. The odds ratio (OR) of physicians in the longest LOS quartile seeing patients over age 50 compared to the shortest LOS quartile was 1.1 (95% CI = 1.0 to 1.1); the OR of physicians in the longest LOS quartile seeing patients with ESI of 1 or 2 was also 1.1 (95% CI = 1.0 to 1.1). Accounting for variation in patient characteristics seen by different physicians resulted in substantial reordering of physician LOS rankings: 62.9% (39/62) of physicians reclassified into a different quartile with mean absolute percentile change of 25.8 (95% CI = 20.3 to 31.3). A total of 62.5% (10/16) of physicians in the shortest LOS quartile and 56.3% (9/16) in the longest LOS quartile moved into a different quartile after accounting for variation in patient characteristics. Conclusions Length of stay was significantly associated with patient characteristics, and accounting for variation in patient characteristics resulted in substantial reordering of relative physician rankings by LOS. Comparisons of emergency physicians by LOS that do not account for patient characteristics should be reconsidered.
Contemporary Trends in Presentation and Management of Spermatocytic Seminoma

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the presentation and management of spermatocytic seminoma (SS) compared to classic seminoma in adults utilizing a large cancer registry. METHODS Patients >18 years of age in the National Cancer Database from 2006 to 2016 who underwent orchiectomy for testicular tumors were identified. Demographics, oncologic characteristics, and treatment patterns were compared between patients with SS and classic seminoma. RESULTS Of 53,481 adults receiving orchiectomy, 29,208 were diagnosed with classic seminoma and 299 (1%) with SS. Compared to patients with classic seminoma, SS patients were older (57 vs 39 years) and more likely to be African-American (odds ratio (OR) 1.8) and insured by Medicare (OR 2.0; all P 6 cm: OR 1.8), but were less likely to have ≥pT2 stage (OR 0.5), regional nodal involvement (Clinical Stage II: OR 0.3), or distant metastatic disease (Clinical Stage III: OR 0.1; all P CONCLUSION SS is a rare germ cell tumor that typically presents as a larger tumor in older patients. Although these tumors are less likely to be characterized by advanced disease compared to classic seminoma, many patients have undergone aggressive postorchiectomy treatment in the past. Importantly, treatment trends have shifted toward surveillance in recent years with adjuvant therapy limited primarily to higher stage tumors.
Data Transfers Using Bandwidth Reservation Through Multiple Disjoint Paths of Dynamic HPNs

Bandwidth reservation was initially designed to provide QoS for real-time multimedia applications, and has been extended to many other applications and widely used because of its proved high efficiency and effectiveness. Particularly, it has now become an indispensable service to support big data transfers in dynamic high-performance networks (HPNs) for remote data storage and processing. A number of problems regarding data transfers using bandwidth reservation have been investigated in the past few years, and most of them focused on the data transfers on one path or two disjoint paths of the dynamic HPNs. In this paper, three important problems regarding data transfers using bandwidth reservation on multiple node- and edge-disjoint paths in dynamic HPNs to achieve are studied: (i) the earliest completion time for a data transfer request through multiple disjoint variable paths with variable bandwidths, (ii) the earliest completion time for a data transfer request through multiple disjoint fixed paths with fixed bandwidths, and (iii) the minimum number of disjoint fixed paths with fixed bandwidths for a deadline-constrained data transfer request. We prove all of these problems to be NP-complete and propose one heuristic algorithm for each. We compare the proposed algorithms with two existing scheduling algorithms and one algorithm derived from an existing algorithm, and conduct extensive simulations. The simulation results show that our proposed heuristic algorithms have much better overall scheduling performance.
Client Satisfaction with Community Health Workers in HIV Care Teams

Community health workers (CHWs) integrated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care teams undertake a variety of tasks to help patients navigate health care, develop care plans, and address social needs. Given the broad role of CHWs in HIV care, we sought to understand which client attributes are associated with various dimensions of CHW satisfaction using a sample of 204 people with HIV (PWH) from various geographic regions across the United States. Multivariable linear regressions were used to determine which client attributes were associated with complete satisfaction with CHWs using 10 validated measures. The mean age of participants was 40.6 years old (SD = 12.8) and over 70% were Black or African American. Adjusted models reveal clients who were female, have marginal health literacy, or have a substance use disorder diagnosis were more likely to not be completely satisfied across multiple dimensions (p ≤ .05). Conversely, being housed and having a mental health diagnosis were associated with being more likely to be completely satisfied (p ≤ .04). Clients’ sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions may be indicative of unique needs, leading to differing expectations of CHWs. CHW training modalities should consider the complex interplay of care needs based upon different client backgrounds and experiences among PWH. Addressing unique needs resulting from social determinants of health and that arise from conditions co-occurring with HIV, such as substance use disorders, should be incorporated into CHW service delivery.
Variations in Outcome for the Same Map Reduce Transitive Closure Algorithm Implemented on Different Hadoop Platforms

This paper describes the outcome of an attempt to implement the same transitive closure (TC) algorithm for Apache MapReduce running on different Apache Hadoop distributions. Apache MapReduce is a software framework used with Apache Hadoop, which has become the de facto standard platform for processing and storing large amounts of data in a distributed computing environment. The research presented here focuses on the variations observed among the results of an efficient iterative transitive closure algorithm when run against different distributed environments. The results from these comparisons were validated against the benchmark results from OYSTER, an open source Entity Resolution system. The experiment results highlighted the inconsistencies that can occur when using the same code base with different implementations of Map Reduce.
216 Multiplex base editing of NK cell to enhance cancer immunotherapy

Background Natural killer (NK) cells have many unique features that have gained attention in cancer immunotherapy. NK cells can kill in antigen independent and dependent fashion, can be used as an allogeneic product, and perform antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, NK cell function is regulated by many activating and inhibitory receptors, which cancer cells take advantage of to avoid being killed by NK cells. NK cells are also known for their technical and biological challenges which result in low editing efficiencies, compared to T cells and other immune cells. Methods Base editing (BE) is a CRISPR-Cas9 based genome editing technology that allows precise single base transitions. Previously, we reported a high efficiency method for multiplex engineering of T cells using BE and thus reasoned that applying similar concepts in NK cells may offer an opportunity to alter many genes simultaneously at higher efficiency through multiplex base editing. We thus selected a panel of genes bearing critical roles in NK cell function for immunotherapy, including inhibitory intracellular regulator AHR and CISH, inhibitory checkpoint receptor KLRG1, TIGIT, KLRC1, and PDCD1, and Fc receptor CD16A. CD16A is responsible for NK cell ADCC and is regulated via cleavage upon NK activation. Non-cleavable CD16A improves ADCC killing and can be achieved through single-base substitution with BE. Results Using the adenosine BE (ABE8e), we achieved multiplex editing (6 genes) rates up to 99% and 95% editing/knockout at DNA and protein levels, respectively. Notably, we assessed for reduction in editing efficiency when additional genes were targeted and found no significant reduction in editing efficiencies when targeting up to 6 genes simultaneously. Moreover, functional evaluation of non-cleavable CD16A NK cells revealed up to 35% increase of cytotoxicity against Raji cells. Conclusions We were able to achieve high multiplex editing efficiency in primary human NK cells using ABE8eand there was no significant decrease of editing efficiency as the number of gene of interest increases, up to 6 genes in total. Functional assay confirmed increased NK cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Our end goal is to achieve high efficiency multiplex editing in CAR-expressing NK cells to further improve NK cell activity and toxicity for cancer immunotherapy. Reference Webber B, Lonetree C, Kluesner M, et al. Highly efficient multiplex human T cell engineering without double-strand breaks usingCas9 base editors. Nat Commun 2019;10:5222.
Barriers and best practices related to documentation of electronic care plans: a survey of community-based pharmacies in four states

ABSTRACT Background The provision of enhanced services within community-based pharmacy is increasing. However, an opportunity remains to improve in efficient documentation of services, and barriers to implementation exist. eCare planning is the act of using health information technology to submit a pharmacist electronic care (eCare) plan for a patient encounter, similar to a SOAP note. Objective The primary objective was to identify barriers and best practices related to documentation of eCare plans within community-based pharmacies participating in four Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Networks (CPESN®). Methods One of two 24-question electronic surveys was distributed to pharmacies in CPESN® Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and Ohio. Pharmacies submitting Results Sixty-three responses were received (Barriers=19; Best Practices=44). Best Practices pharmacies earned a higher overall knowledge score than Barriers pharmacies (9.26 vs. 7.26 out of 13 points, p=.001). Frequently reported barriers were staffing resources (n=11, 57.9%), perceived time commitment (n=8, 42.1%), and lack of payment (n=8, 42.1%). Most Best Practices pharmacies agreed or strongly agreed that they involve pharmacists (n=36, 81.8%) and student pharmacists (n=33, 75.5%) in eCare planning processes. Common foci of eCare plans by Best Practice pharmacies were medication synchronization (n=35, 79.5%), drug therapy problems (n=29, 65.9%), adherence assessment (n=28, 63.6%). Conclusions A difference in knowledge and perceptions exists between pharmacies who regularly eCare plan and those who do not. Observed trends in knowledge, perceptions, barriers, and best practices should be utilized to creating a training to increase eCare planning quality and consistency.
Safety Factors and Reliability: Random Actual Stress & Deterministic Yield Stress

In this chapter we will deal with the simplest possible case, when the yield stress constitutes a deterministic quantity but the actual stress is random, due to the randomness of the distribution or concentrated loads, or the randomness of distributed or the concentrated moments. It becomes possible to express the safety factor via the structural reliability.
Methanosaeta fibers in anaerobic migrating blanket reactors

An anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR) was seeded with flocculent biomass from a digester and fed a substrate consisting of volatile fatty acids and sucrose to study granulation. After three months of operation, a mature granular blanket developed in the reactor. Moreover, fibers of approximately 1 cm long had become prevalent in the AMBR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed a very dense structure consisting of bundles of filaments resembling Methanosaeta cells. Further studies with fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), showed that Methanosaeta concilii was the predominant microorganism in these fibers.
Ramanujan's Singular Moduli

In his first notebook, in scattered places, Ramanujan recorded without proofs the values of over 100 class invariants and over 30 singular moduli. This paper is devoted to establishing all of Ramanujan's representations for singular moduli. For those of odd index, new algorithms needed to be developed.
Michael Long, Beautiful Monsters: Imagining the Classic in Musical Media

Michael Long teases the reader with the titular phrase “beautiful monsters” in his introduction, waiting until page 129 to explain that he is borrowing it from an anonymous writer for Melody Maker ...
Configuration Management Culture as the Kernel to Success in Software Process Improvement Efforts

For a Software Process Improvement (SPI) effort to succeed, its participants must have a sense of ownership. One practical technique for achieving that sense of ownership is to apply a meta-process based on the principals of configuration management (CM) to the SPI effort. This paper provides insight into issues of ownership surrounding actual SPI efforts and describes the use of a CM-based meta-process that successfully supported one of these efforts.
How many object colors can we distinguish

The question of how many different colors humans can perceive has been of interest to philosophers, psychologists and color scientists for centuries. In recent years the question of the number of distinguishable object color stimuli has been addressed by color scientists by defining a distinguishable color as a given stimulus surrounded by the contour of stimuli just noticeably different from the central stimulus. For a particular set of conditions the number of distinguishable object color stimuli assessed in this manner has recently been found to be slightly larger than 2 million. In this article an argument is made that the related rules are arbitrary and unnecessarily limiting. Based on logical arguments and experimental just noticeable difference data it is shown that, for the conditions involved, a more realistic if conservative number of distinguishable object color stimuli is ∼40 million. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 439–444, 2016
The Streptococcal Flavoprotein NADH Oxidase I. EVIDENCE LINKING NADH OXIDASE AND NADH PEROXIDASE CYSTEINYL REDOX CENTERS

Abstract The FAD-containing NADH oxidase from Streptococcus faecalis 10C1, which catalyzes the four-electron reduction of O2----2H2O, has been purified by an improved procedure for analyses of its structural and redox properties. The enzyme is apparently a dimer of two identical subunits, each containing 1 mol of FAD. Dithionite reduction of the enzyme proceeds in two distinct phases corresponding to approximately 0.5 and 1.1 eq/FAD, respectively. Thiol assays of the NADH oxidase, reduced anaerobically with 1 eq of NADH/FAD prior to denaturation, are consistent with the presence of a single redox-active cysteinyl residue/subunit. Analysis of the cysteinyl peptides of the oxidase, identified in tryptic digests of the enzyme labeled metabolically with [35S]cysteine, reveals a sequence which is closely related to the redox-active cysteinyl peptide sequence recently determined for the streptococcal flavoprotein NADH peroxidase. A second cysteinyl peptide sequence, when aligned with residues 3-17 of the peroxidase NH2-terminal sequence, reveals identity in 7 of 15 positions and satisfies several of the criteria described for ADP-binding structures. Additional probes of the structural and redox properties of the NADH oxidase, including visible circular dichroism spectroscopy and sensitivity to inactivation by hydrogen peroxide, provide further evidence for a fundamental structural connection between flavin-dependent NADH oxidase and peroxidase functions.
Presidential address: Juvenile justice at the crossroads: Presidential address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - ACJS Presidential Address - New Orleans, March 2000

Three interacting factors appear to significantly affect our treatment of youths and thus our juvenile justice policy: ideology, the media, and politics. As a result of these factors, although juvenile violent crime is decreasing, legislatures still advocate a harsh, punitive stance toward youthful offenders. Legislative initiatives have resulted in determinate sentencing for juveniles, more youths handled by the adult criminal court, and more youths sentenced to adult institutions. Recent evidence suggests that the public supports more prevention and early intervention strategies for youths and favors rehabilitation rather than punishment. These conflicting trends suggest that we are at a crossroads: the juvenile justice system can continue its harsh, reactive stance, or it can choose a more proactive approach. The members of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences have an opportunity to play an active role in the development of criminal justice policy.
Recreation vehicles: A perspective

Abstract The growth and popularity of recreation vehicles in the United States and other countries has implications for the travel and tourism industry. Owners of these vehicles require no separate lodging facilities while traveling and rarely patronize hotels or motels. They often perceive that they spend less for their vacations by staying at travel parks and campgrounds, but survey results and comparative cost analysis reveal that they spend more than automobile travelers when total fixed and variable costs are taken into account. Recreation vehicle (RV) preferences by income category suggest alternative modes of recreation travel and a vacation life style which has considerable appeal. This “RV life style” is characterized by a strong desire to experience the outdoors and socialize with other campers while still retaining the comforts and conveniences of a familiar domicile. Limiting characteristics include the provincial nature of recreation vehicle travel and the impact of mandatory fuel conservation measures.
Mechanisms and timing of exhumation of collision‐related metamorphic rocks, southern Brooks Range, Alaska: Insights from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology

[1] New 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic data document the spatial distribution of cooling ages and rates across a metamorphic culmination in the south central Brooks Range, providing important constraints on the timing and processes responsible for exhumation of deep-seated metamorphic rocks. The data indicate widespread episodic exhumation-related cooling, with short-lived events in the mid-Albian to early Cenomanian and Paleocene to Eocene. Hornblende ages indicate that cooling from the metamorphic peak began at 105–103 Ma across the epidote-amphibolite facies core of the culmination. Mica ages, however, increase southward from ∼90 Ma to ∼100 Ma, indicating that average cooling rates increased southward. Thermal modeling suggests that Albian cooling is the result of a short-lived exhumation event that ended by the early Cenomanian, and that exhumation rates were between ∼1 and 8 mm/yr, with higher rates toward the south. The southward increase in cooling/exhumation rates is attributed to a southward increase in the component of tectonic exhumation by normal faulting on the south flank of the range. Rapid erosion, which is recorded by thick molasse deposits in flanking basins that are coeval with rapid cooling, may have been aided by surface uplift in the footwall of these faults. The northward younging of mica ages may not be explained by a simple core complex model involving metamorphic rocks being progressively dragged out from beneath an extensional fault. The overall spatial distribution of metamorphic zones and cooling ages/rates is best explained by a two-step process: (1) a brief episode of extensional faulting producing a regional northward tilt with superimposed doming during the Albian-Cenomanian and (2) relative uplift of the core during renewed Tertiary contraction, which enhanced the domal geometry. Diffusion-domain modeling of K-feldspar data indicates a period of little or no cooling that spanned much of the Late Cretaceous followed by rapid increase in cooling rates in the Paleocene to Eocene. Increased Tertiary cooling rates are attributed to renewed contraction leading to surface uplift and erosion.
Laser-induced Rabi oscillations in semiconductors

Summary form only given. We apply a two-color pump-probe scheme that enables the observation of several cycles of clearly resolved excitonic Rabi oscillations in a semiconductor quantum well. A 770 fs circularly polarized pump pulse with a narrow spectrum excites resonantly heavy hole (hh) excitons. The linear transmission spectrum of the InGaAs-GaAs sample and the pulse spectra are shown.
Faculty Development in High Fidelity Clinical Simulation

High fidelity simulation (HFS) is an educational format that demonstrates a realistic situational approach to learning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a HFS educational action plan on faculty members’ perceived comfort levels with utilization of HFS as an integrative teaching methodology.A sample of 42 educators from an accredited RN nursing school in the northeast was used. Data was collected using the Jones Faculty Comfort Assessment Tool.Results were presented using percentages, frequencies, and t -test. The findings revealed a statistically significant pre and post comfort level in the utilization of HFS with a p<0.001 following the educational component of the study; along with the reporting from faculty of the need for a simulation specialist, p<0.001; demonstration practice, p<0.001; the provision of a simulation committee, p=0.008; and a simulation workshop, p<0.001. Faculty did not demonstrate statistically significant results pre and post comparisons in the amount of time needed to plan, p=0.664; implement, p=0.083; and evaluate, p=1.00; the utilization of HFS; or the need for release time, p=1.00; or colleague collaboration, p=0.103. The results suggested that while nursing faculty feel the use of HFS is a viable teaching strategy, there is significant trepidation on their part in the comfort of its use. There is significant need for nursing programs to provide faculty with formal educational programs and support, to facilitate the use of HFS as a teaching strategy.
A reductive recycle strategy for the facile synthesis of molybdenum(VI) alkylidyne catalysts for alkyne metathesis

A convenient synthesis of trisamido molybdenum(VI) alkylidyne complexes has been developed, in which the key step is the addition of a geminal dichloride to a trisamido molybdenum(III) complex in the presence of magnesium to continuously recycle unwanted side product 4, selectively generating the desired alkylidyne complexes in high yield.
Milestones, Touchstones and Just Plain Stones

I spent a wonderful time this past summer in the western part of Ireland. One distinguishing feature of that land is the ubiquitous stone wall. These walls have been built from the stones percolating to the surface of the stony and rocky land; the percolation began thousands of years ago and continues to this day. I learned little about these walls from the residents inside those walls; those who were old enough to remember their construction spoke a language that was largely impenetrable to me; it may have been English, or it may have been Gaelic, or almost anything else, so different was the accent from my own. And while I have many pictures with stones in them, I have no real understanding of the stones or the people of those stones. So perhaps stones were on my mind as I sat down to work on this editorial. As I start to write this, it is still 2013, which is 20 years after the publishing of Bill Doll’s A Post‐modern Perspective on Curriculum, which, as much as any other event, ushered complexity as a field of study into education. Furthermore, it was 10 years ago that the first Complexity Science and Educational Research conference was held and, as an outgrowth of that conference, that Complicity was begun. 20 years and 10 years seem like important milestones in the complexity‐studies‐in‐education world. But what does it mean to pass a milestone? I did not need to consult my Oxford English Dictionary to figure that “mile stone” was a marker of sorts along a path. (However, as I have learned to be most skeptical of the things that seem common‐ sensical to me, I did check: yes, my common‐sense thought is really the meaning of “milestone”.) Three things seem to me to be wrong about considering this year’s anniversaries as milestones, however.
Profile of Contributors to the American Economic Review, 2010: Human Capital Theory, Gender and Race

This study begins by presenting an explanation of the Human Capital Theory and its relation to gender and race. Next, the methodology, data availability and limitations section of the study is presented. Next, the study presents the statistical findings and analysis of the compiled and computed data. Finally, the study presents a discussion section, focusing more attention on the various factors responsible for the wide gender and racial gaps in the statistics presented.
Microsurgical tubal anastomoses performed as an outpatient procedure by minilaparotomy are less expensive and as safe as those performed as an inpatient procedure

Abstract Objective: To determine the cost-effectiveness, safety, and success of microsurgical tubal anastomoses performed by minilaparotomy as an outpatient. Design: Retrospective. Setting: Military tertiary care medical center. Patient(s): Seventy consecutively seen women of reproductive age who were undergoing surgical reversal of sterilization from August 1, 1993, through August 1, 1995. Intervention(s): Microsurgical sterilization reversal by minilaparotomy was performed as an inpatient (group 1, 47 patients) or as an outpatient (group 2, 23 patients). Main Outcome Measure(s): Cost, complication rate, pregnancy rate. Result(s): The procedure cost more for inpatients ($3,116) than for outpatients ($1,456). Pregnancy rates were similar (56% in group 1 vs. 75% in group 2). There was only one complication in the series. Conclusion(s): Outpatient microsurgical sterilization reversal performed by minilaparotomy is as safe and effective as the inpatient procedure and is less expensive.
Precision and Performance Characteristics of Bisulfite Conversion and Real-Time PCR (MethyLight) for Quantitative DNA Methylation Analysis

Assays to measure DNA methylation, which are important in epigenetic research and clinical diagnostics, typically rely on conversion of unmethylated cytosine to uracil by sodium bisulfite. However, no study has comprehensively evaluated the precision and performance characteristics of sodium bisulfite conversion and subsequent quantitative methylation assay. We developed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (MethyLight) to measure percentage of methylated reference (PMR, ie, degree of methylation) for the MGMT, MLH1, and CDKN2A (pl6) promoters. To measure the precision of bisulfite conversion, we bisulfite-treated seven different aliquots of DNA from each of four paraffin-embedded colon cancer samples. To assess run-to-run variation, we repeated MethyLight five times. Bisulfite-to-bisulfite coefficient of variation (CV) of PMR ranged from 0.10 to 0.38 (mean, 0.21), and run-to-run CV of PMR ranged from 0.046 to 0.60 (mean, 0.31). Interclass correlation coefficients were 0.74 to 0.84 for the three loci, indicating good reproducibility. DNA mixing study with methylated and unmethylated DNA showed good linearity of the assay. Of 272 colorectal cancers evaluated, most showed PMR either 10, and promoter methylation (PMR >4) was tightly associated with loss of respective protein expression (P
Fingerprints of CuPt ordering in III-V semiconductor alloys: Valence-band splittings, band-gap reduction, and x-ray structure factors

Spontaneous CuPt ordering induces a band-gap reduction $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{g}$ relative to the random alloy, a crystal field splitting ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{CF}}$ at valence-band maximum, as well as an increase of spin-orbit splitting ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{SO}}.$ We calculate these quantities for ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{P},$ ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As},$ ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{P},$ and ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ using the local density approximation (LDA), as well as the more reliable LDA-corrected formalism. We further provide these values and the valence-band splittings $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{12}$ (between ${\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{4,5v}$ and ${\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{6v}^{(1)}$) and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{13}$ (between ${\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{4,5v}$ and ${\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{6v}^{(2)}$) for these materials as a function of the degree \ensuremath{\eta} of long range order. In the absence of an independent measurement of \ensuremath{\eta}, experiment is currently able to deduce only the ratio $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{g}/{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{CF}}.$ Our LDA-corrected results for this quantity compare favorably with recent experiments for ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{P}$ and ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As},$ but not for ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{P},$ where our calculation does not support the experimental assignment. The ``optical LRO parameter \ensuremath{\eta}'' can be obtained by fitting our calculated $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{g}(\ensuremath{\eta})$ to the measured $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{g}(\ensuremath{\eta}),$ and by expressing the measured $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{12}(\ensuremath{\eta})$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{13}(\ensuremath{\eta})$ in terms of our calculated ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{CF}}(\ensuremath{\eta})$ and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{SO}}(\ensuremath{\eta}).$ We also provide the calculated x-ray structure factors for ordered alloys that can be used experimentally to deduce \ensuremath{\eta} independently.
The effect of group affection activities on the interaction of socially isolate children

Abstract A variety of techniques has been developed to encourage the peer interaction of isolate children. However, there is a need for additional procedures that can be implemented easily by teachers in the context of typical preschool activities, and that involve the entire group of which the isolate child is a member. In the following studies the effect of group affection activities on the interaction of three isolate children was assessed. In the first study, a developmentally disabled boy who actively discouraged peer approaches participated in group affection activities designed to decrease his aversion to being touched. His peer interaction during freeplay increased markedly when these activities occurred. In the second study two isolate girls, one of whom was developmentally disabled, participated in a program to encourage the expression of affection with the rest of their preschool classes. The program consisted of group affection activities, and, at a later point, prompt cards to remind the teachers to be more affectionate. The girl's peer interaction and smiling during freeplay increased during intervention while the behavior of seven comparison children did not change. No procedures to encourage peer interaction were implemented during freeplay in either study, and the results are difficult to explain on the basis of changes in teacher attention. The results suggest that group affection activities may be an effective and practical intervention for isolate preschool children, particularly in settings where handicapped and nonhandicapped children are integrated.
Clawfreeness of the powers of a graph

Let n@?N. We describe a list G"n of graphs such that if the nth power G^n of a graph G contains a claw then some graph in G"n appears as an induced subgraph of G. We show that our set G"n is the smallest set of graphs with this property. If T is a tree, this gives a precise characterization of the claw-free powers of T.