cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertical distribution of polycystine radiolarians in the central North Pacific

Abstract Stratified opening/closing net tows in the upper 2000 m of the central North Pacific reveal the major features of the vertical zonation of polycystine radiolarians. Depth profiles of total radiolarian densities show high values at the surface, sharp decrease to a minimum at about 50 m, a maximum exceeding surface levels at about 100 m, and a decrease then to very low values at about 300 m which persist through the rest of the sampled water column. Individual species profiles indicate that the following zones can be identified: (1) A surface zone characterized by a sharp subsurface decrease from high densities at the surface. Densities are an order of magnitude lower by depths of 50–100 m. The rate of decrease resembles the temperature decrease in the thermocline. (2) An upper subsurface maximum zone characterized by species which are absent or very scarce at the surface and reach a pronounced maximum at about 50–100 m. Hydrographic features within the zone are the shallow salinity minimum and the oxygen maximum. A regional chlorophyll maximum occurs at about the same depth as the radiolarian maximum. (3) A lower subsurface maximum zone distinguished from the upper one by occurrence of the maximum about 100 m deeper. Species in this zone are generally scarce at the depth of the upper maximum while species in the upper maximum are scarce at the depth of this maximum. This zone is below the shallow salinity minimum and within the depth of the subjacent salinity maximum which characterizes the habitat of other (tripylean) radiolarians in this area. (4) A deep zone characterized by species which are never abundant but which are consistently absent from the upper few hundred meters. The North Pacific Intermediate Water, previously identified as a tripylean habitat, lies in the depth range of these species, though they may also extend deeper. Despite their lower densities, these species are conspicuous in deep-sea surface sediments.
“Where Is Jack Bauer When You Need Him?” The Uses of Television Drama in Mediated Political Discourse

This article explores the myriad uses of television drama in mediated political discourse using the case study of 24, Fox's counterterrorism drama. It examines references to 24 in articles and columns of nine major daily newspapers, magazines, and political Web sites from 2001 to 2007 and demonstrates how the show was invoked to support and express different political opinions, how political identity and media preferences were reconciled, and how different categories of use interacted with different political allegiances, as well as different assumptions about the ontological and epistemological status of the show. The study shows that while, at one level, fictional events and characters can function in political discourse in similar ways to nonfictional people and events, the “ontological openness” of politically relevant fictional texts serves as a resource for political discourse that is not readily available through nonfiction media texts. Finally, this article is an attempt to revisit and develop the...
Stimulation of Alfalfa Bud and Shoot Development with Cytokinins

As the number of alfalfa (L.) plants in a stand declines, a compensatory increase in number of shoots per plant maintains production; however, when plant density declines below a critical level, compensatory shoot production is insufficient to maintain yield. Stimulating new shoots to grow in low density alfalfa stands may allow for continued economic alfalfa production in low density stands. Cytokinins have increased shoot growth in other plants. Our objective was to determine the effect of cytokinin on alfalfa development, yield, and quality. Two cytokinins, kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) and BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), were applied foliarly at several concentrations to alfalfa grown at different densities in both a greenhouse and field environment. Cytokinins increased shoots per plant, shoot length, and leaf area per plant. Increases in these plant characteristics were positively correlated (r > 0.74) with increased yield per plant. Average herbage dry matter (DM) yields per plant were increased by 35% in the greenhouse study and 79% in the field study, by application of cytokinins. The stimulatory effects of cytokinin were similar between low and high plant density stands. In the greenhouse study, delaying cytokinin application from immediately after harvest until 3 or 7 d after harvest reduced the yield per plant by 9 or 15%, respectively. Alfalfa quality was unaffected in the field and reduced in the greenhouse (average of 13 g kg less crude protein and 29 g kg more acid detergent fiber) by cytokinin application. Cytokinin application to alfalfa stubble increases the number of shoots and DM yield per plant and may prove to be a method of increasing or maintaining yield under field production situations.
Ultraviolet radiation damages self noncoding RNA and is detected by TLR3

Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from the sun can result in sunburn, premature aging and carcinogenesis, but the mechanism responsible for acute inflammation of the skin is not well understood. Here we show that RNA is released from keratinocytes after UVB exposure and that this stimulates production of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from nonirradiated keratinocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Whole-transcriptome sequencing revealed that UVB irradiation of keratinocytes induced alterations in the double-stranded domains of some noncoding RNAs. We found that this UVB-damaged RNA was sufficient to induce cytokine production from nonirradiated cells, as UVB irradiation of a purified noncoding RNA (U1 RNA) reproduced the same response as the one we observed to UVB-damaged keratinocytes. The responses to both UVB-damaged self-RNAs and UVB-damaged keratinocytes were dependent on Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and Toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (TRIF). In response to UVB exposure, Tlr3−/− mice did not upregulate TNF-α in the skin. Moreover, TLR3 was also necessary for UVB-radiation–induced immune suppression. These findings establish that UVB damage is detected by TLR3 and that self-RNA is a damage-associated molecular pattern that serves as an endogenous signal of solar injury.
Reduction of electrocardiographic beat-to-beat variation through computer wave recognition.

Abstract In the quantitative analysis of electrocardiograms, beat-to-beat variation (BBV) may lead to erroneous interpretation of records. Therefore, it is highly desirable that BBV be reduced as much as possible. Technical errors causing BBV are usually the result of inconsistency in the identification of beginning and end of waves. This study was undertaken in order to test whether the variability in BBV and observer variation can be reduced when precise mathematically defined criteria programmed for a digital computer, are applied for determination of onset and end of ECG waves. Normal and abnormal corrected orthogonal (Frank system) ECG's from 184 patients were subjected to a computer wave recognition program. Seven consecutive heart beats were selected from each record for calculation of BBV. As compared to visual determination of ECG time intervals, variation of QRS duration, P duration, and Q-T interval were markedly reduced by computer technique, whereas that of P-R interval remained unchanged. Computer wave recognition also significantly reduced BBV in magnitude and direction of spatial instantaneous QRS vectors. In order to achieve greater accuracy in quantitative ECG analysis, application of precisely formulated wave recognition technique appears desirable.
Leadership and Rehabilitation Training for Troubled Adolescents in a Tri‐ethnic Setting

In many school systems in the country, especially in urban areas, large numbers of adolescent students feel alienated and frustrated because they are not allowed to participate in the decision-making process and in school activities. The result of this lack of participation is illustrated by the large number of adolescents who drop out, are pushed out, or are suspended and expelled. Unless these students become involved, rehabilitated, and their leadership potential is developed, the gap will continue to widen between those who have assumed leadership through authority (administrators, teachers, and counselors) and those who are most affected by a lack of involvement (students).
Off-line high-performance liquid chromatography and solid-phase extraction clean-up for confirmation of pesticide residues in fresh produce by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract GC-MS or GC-IT in conjunction with the GC-ECD, GC-FPD and HPLC Post-Column Derivatization for multiresidue scan analyses is a great complementary instrument for identification or confirmation purposes. However, MS in EI mode serves as a non-selective detector that is easily susceptible to interference by produce matrices in trace level residue analysis. The development of an effective clean-up method is essential. In this research, a combination of HPLC/C18 and SPE/Florisil clean-up methods were used to reduce matrices in 10 commodities. Using the PBM system, the reference spectra of the computerized Anaheim data base were fingerprint matched to tthe fortified residues at the 50 ppb level. For most commodities, the PBM quality value was above 90% with the exception of whole oranges. The study demonstrates that the produce matrix of individual commodities varies considerably. The method met difficulties in the analysis of citrus due to the citrus peels. Although the method is commodity dependent, the clean-up procedure has reduced matrix interference in most cases. Efficiency is approximately in a range of 105 to 106 times, thus the method is effective in confirming trace level pesticide residues in fresh produce.
Projectile breakup reaction and evidence of a breakup-fusion mechanism

Coincidence measurement was made in the reaction /sup 40/Ca(/sup 20/Ne,/sup 16/O..cap alpha..) at 260 MeV incident energy, and the experimental results were analyzed in terms of the projectile breakup scheme. The reaction can be conveniently classified into the elastic- and inelastic-breakup processes. Comparison of the present results to those of the /sup 16/O-singles measurement indicates the importance of the process in which the breakup is followed by the fusion process. Theoretical analysis shows that the main aspects of the present experimental results are explained.
Equilibrium employment of inputs by a rent-seeking firm*

Consider a firm producing output of a single sort, Q, with two inputs, L and K, for which the wages, w and r, are competitively determined and the production function is arbitrarily smooth and with curvature properties which allow us restrict our attention to the first-order conditions. Moreover, we assume that profit maxima occur at interior points so we can remain within the confines of 17th century maximizing principles. The only variation upon elementary considerations which we propose to consider is a subject which is well known to the public choice literature: rent-seeking, Tullock (1967). That is, the firm can with expenditures of L or K change the price, P, it receives. Among the institutional forms explored in the literature are cartels where enforcement of the agreed upon price is not free and regulated industry where expenditure of resources can persuade a regulator of the necessity of a price increase.' We can connect the rent-seeking literature to the price discrimination literature at a formal level because both need to consider the impact of resource expenditures on prices received by the firm.2 What does this possibility do to interpretation of standard estimation techniques which neglect the possibility of rentseeking? What happens if we employ Shephard's duality (1970: 171) to infer propositions about cost from payments to factors of production?3
An electron localization function investigation of bonding in some simple four-coordinate nitrogen and phosphorus compounds

The bonding in some simple four-coordinate species involving nitrogen and phosphorus has been studied by the electron localization function (ELF) approach and compared to that in their conventionally singly and doubly bonded counterparts. Despite evidence suggesting the presence of a conventional multiple bond in certain cases of the four-coordinate species, the ELF study shows this not to be the case. Rather, the situation is better pictured as, for example, in the case of H3PCH2as where both ionic and covalent interactions are present, a type of bond we term cov-ionic. While the ionic interaction is generally strong, the covalent part can be weak, as in the case of the four-coordinate nitrogen compounds, or strong, as in the case of the four-coordinate phosphorus species. The quantum mechanically determined properties of the cov-ionic bonded compounds are consistent with this picture. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 11:341–352, 2000
Human information processing research in accounting: The state of the art in 1982

Abstract Accountant's interest in decision making is resulting in a growing body of research based upon theories and models from the psychology of information processing. This paper presents a classification of information processing variables which have been studied by psychologists which serves as a framework for organizing information processing research in accounting. It then reviews and evaluates the existing accounting literature based upon three research approaches: the lens model, probabilistic judgment, and cognitive style. Finally, directions for future research in this area are suggested.
The Joy of Six: How to Control Your Crossovers

Meiotic cells tightly regulate the number and distribution of crossovers to promote accurate chromosome segregation. Yokoo and colleagues uncover a metazoan-specific, cyclin-like protein that is crucial for crossover formation. They utilize this protein's unique properties to explore a remarkable example of biological numerology, whereby nearly every meiotic cell in C. elegans makes precisely six crossovers, one for each of its six chromosome pairs.
Urge-specific and lifestyle coping strategies of cocaine abusers : Relationships to treatment outcomes

This study investigated specific coping techniques for effectiveness in reducing cocaine use after treatment. The urge-specific strategies questionnaire-cocaine (USS-C) assessed frequency of use of 21 strategies for coping with urges. The general change strategies questionnaire-cocaine (GCS-C) assessed frequency of use of 21 lifestyle change strategies designed to maintain abstinence. Cocaine-dependent patients were assessed at follow-up after residential treatment for USS-C (n = 59 at 3 months, 84 at 6 months), GCS-C (n = 89 at 3 months, 120 at 6 months) and substance use. Less cocaine use was associated with urge coping by thinking about negative or positive consequences, alternative behaviors, distraction, relaxation/meditation, escape, offer refusal, spiritual methods, behavior chains, mastery messages, problem-solving, meeting or sponsor, or seeking social support. The lifestyle change strategies of thinking about consequences, working toward goals, thinking of oneself as sober, clean recreation, regular relaxation, avoiding temptations, not carrying much money, living with clean people, seeking social support, spiritual involvement, keeping busy, and health activities were also associated with less cocaine use. Results suggest focusing coping skills training on these potentially effective strategies.
Numerosity in probability learning and decision making with multiple equivalent predictors

Multiple probability learning with four predictors and a single event to be predicted used five treatments with 1TS = .10, .30, .50, .70, or .90 for each of the four predictors, respectively. Subsequent decision making consisted of predictions without feedback given each of the 15 combinations of the four predictors within each treatment. In decision making, significantly more predictions of the event were made to the foursome than to combinations of less than four. Additionally, triples resulted in reliably more predictions than doubles. The "end effect" of the foursome is reminiscent of, but not the same as, that found by others. Additionally, reliable sex differences were found in probability learning for the .10 and .30 treatments.
Bestimmung der Kapazität

Die Einheit der Kapazitat erzeugt bei der Lademenge 1 ein Volt Klemmenspannung. Gerade so wie in dem Fall der Selbst- und gegenseitigen Induktion ist sowohl das praktische System als auch eine der absoluten Einheiten im Gebrauch. Die praktische Einheit ist das Farad (F). Sehr oft werden das Mikrofarad (1 MF = 10-6 F) und das Mikromikrofarad (1 MMF = 10-12 F) verwendet. Im absoluten elektrostatischen System ist das Zentimeter (cm) die Einheit, wahrend die elektromagnetische Einheit namenlos ist und keine Bedeutung hat.
Efficacy of lifestyle behavior change programs in diabetes

Evidence that a comprehensive lifestyle behavior change program targeting eating and physical activity, and ultimately weight loss, can alter the course of diabetes progression is growing. This report summarizes data from major clinical trials primarily, describes key features of behavior change programs, and comments on existing challenges regarding the adequacy, sustainability, and feasibility of behavior change programs for weight loss and diabetes prevention.
Recombinant adenovirus as a methodology for exploration of physiologic functions of growth factor pathways

The use of recombinant adenoviruses (Ad) to express secreted antagonists of growth factors represents a powerful strategy for studying physiologic functions of growth factor pathways in experimental animals. Indeed, a single adenoviral injection can produce characteristic high-level and persistent plasma expression of soluble receptor ectodomains or secreted protein antagonists, allowing highly stringent conditional inactivation of target pathways in vivo. In this review, we describe our experience using recombinant Ad to inactivate growth factor pathways in vivo and discuss their advantages and limitations. Using our studies on vascular endothelial growth factor and Wnt systems as examples, we further describe how recombinant Ad can unveil previously unknown physiological roles of signaling pathways. Finally, we discuss the potential physiological and therapeutic relevance of our findings.
More on patterns in Mie scattering

The powerlaw patterns in Mie scattering (the normalized light intensity IðhÞ=Ið0Þ vs. the dimensionless qR where q ¼ 4pk � 1 sin h is the magnitude of the wave vector transfer at the scattering angle h for wavelength k, and R is the radius of the nonabsorbing sphere with a relative refractive index m > 1) are analyzed using the geometrical optics approximation for particles of a large size parameter. The ðqRÞ � 4 powerlaw regime is shown to be present only in Mie scattering of soft particles. The ðqRÞ � 2 powerlaw regime occurs at the scattering angles of the p ¼ 1 geometrical ray (refracted without internal reflections) from the portion of the incident beam with an incidence angle around p=4 upon the particle. The ðqRÞ � 2 powerlaw regimes from particles sharing one common relative refractive index but differing in size parameters are collinear. Simple analytical expressions are derived to describe these powerlaw regimes of Mie scattering.
Autonomic Control of Cardiac Action Potentials Role of Potassium Channel Kinetics in Response to Sympathetic Stimulation

IKs, the slowly activating component of the delayed rectifier current, plays a major role in repolarization of the cardiac action potential (AP). Genetic mutations in the α- (KCNQ1) and β- (KCNE1) subunits of IKs underlie Long QT Syndrome type 1 and 5 (LQT-1 and LQT-5), respectively, and predispose carriers to the development of polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. β-adrenergic stimulation increases IKs and results in rate dependent AP shortening, a control system that can be disrupted by some mutations linked to LQT-1 and LQT-5. The mechanisms by which IKs regulates action potential duration (APD) during β-adrenergic stimulation at different heart rates are not known, nor are the consequences of mutation induced disruption of this regulation. Here we develop a complementary experimental and theoretical approach to address these questions. We reconstituted IKs in CHO cells (ie, KCNQ1 coexpressed with KCNE1 and the adaptator protein Yotiao) and quantitatively examined the effects o...
Close encounters of the first and second kind: T-DC and T-B interactions in the lymph node

Cellular interactions in lymphoid organs initiate the immune response and determine its outcome. Using two-photon microscopy in the lymph node, several groups have begun to investigate the motility characteristics and interactions among T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells (DC) in lymphoid organs. In the first “close encounter”, T cells of a particular antigen specificity interact with antigen-bearing dendritic cells and begin to activate. Activation of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells evolves through several stages; from transient interactions to stable clusters and later to dissociation and proliferation of T cells (clonal expansion). The second “close encounter” requires that antigen-engaged B cells become accessible to T cells by directed migration to the edge of the follicle. T cells and B cells then pair up and waltz together for an extended period, while helper T cells provide signals for B cells to differentiate into plasma cells. In this topical review, we compare the activation choreography of CD4 + T cells interacting first with dendritic cells, and then with B cells, during initiation of the humoral immune
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting as nonconvulsive status epilepticus case report and review of the literature

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most common transmissible human spongiform encephalopathy. Seizures and status epilepticus (SE) are an uncommon finding in CJD. We report a 64-year-old woman with rapid cognitive decline who had electroencephalographic (EEG) changes suggestive of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). She was later diagnosed with sporadic CJD (sCJD). We also reviewed the literature for published cases on this topic. MEDLINE was employed to identify all published reports of CJD and SE. We identified 8 references with a total of 12 cases with CJD and NCSE. sCJD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient who presents with rapid cognitive decline and EEG changes consistent with status epilepticus.
Proteolysis of connexin43-containing gap junctions in normal and heat-stressed cardiac myocytes

Objective: The present studies were performed to examine the degradation of connexin43-containing gap junctions by the lysosome or the proteasome in normal and heat-stressed cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Methods: Primary cultures were prepared from neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Connexin43 was detected by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, or immunoprecipitation. Gap junction profiles were detected by transmission electron microscopy. Results: Immunoblots of whole cell lysates demonstrated increased levels of connexin43 in cultures treated with lysosomal inhibitors (chloroquine, leupeptin, E-64, or ammonium chloride) or proteasomal inhibitors (lactacystin or ALLN). Pulse-chase experiments showed that the half-life of connexin43 was 1.4 h in control cultures, but was prolonged to 2.0 or 2.8 h in cultures treated with chloroquine or lactacystin, respectively. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed a significant increase in the number of gap junction profiles in myocytes treated with either chloroquine or lactacystin. Heat treatment of cultures (43.5°C for 30 min) produced a rapid loss of connexin43 as detected by immunoblotting or immunofluorescence. Heat-induced connexin43 degradation was prevented by simultaneous treatment with lactacystin, ALLN, or chloroquine. Connexin43 levels and distribution returned to normal by 3 h following a heat shock and were resistant to a subsequent repeat heat stress. The heat shock also led to production of HSP70 as detected by immunoblotting. Conclusions: These data suggest that Cx43 gap junctions in myocytes are degraded by the proteasome and the lysosome, that this proteolysis can be augmented by heat stress, and that inducible factors such as HSP70 may protect against Cx43 degradation.
External Capital and Political Structures: The Case of Azerbaijan

Interest in the extensive natural resources of post-communist states coupled with the hopes of economic and political development attached to it, have brought to surface the long standing debate about the effects of external capital inflows on political structures. Most of the political economy literature has shown the effects to vary by type of external capital; such as international loans, development aid, foreign direct investment , equity investments, labor remittances, oil rents, etc. (Stallings 1993, Haggard and Kaufman 1993, Mahon 1995, Maxfield 1997, Chaudry 1997). However, what is often missing from these analyses is the role of pre-existing institutional structures which mediate the local effects of external capital. The institutional relationship in existence before a state is integrated into capital flow networks plays a determining role in the state’s ability to allocate resources in the service of coherent economic policies and development. Therefore, the question I seek to answer in this paper is whether there is something unique about the post-soviet transition; in other words, whether or not the institutional design of the Soviet past has stunted the institutional capacities of these states as they prepared to utilize this external capital to boost their economic and political developments. Among all the former Soviet republics, Azerbaijan, which based its projections of growth on its extensive oil resources, is especially vulnerable to the effects of foreign capital that characterize the petro-states. However, whether or not Azerbaijan will become a petro-state depends on the pre-existing institutional capacities of its state. Thus, I make two arguments in this paper. First, the institutional capacity of the Azerbaijani state--measured by its ability to extract and deploy resources, enforce property rights, and resist the demands of rent-seekers-has been shaped both by the unique legacies of its Soviet past and by the magnitude of the task of state-building. Second, the Azerbaijani state’s institutional capacity is likely to be further weakened once oil rents start flowing into the economy.
Strategies for Proofs

Not all mathematics involves proofs. We learn a good bit of arithmetic in grade school long before we learn how to prove that the rules of arithmetic are correct. Mathematics originated in the ancient world, in various cultures, prior to the notion of proof. It was the contribution of the ancient Greeks (who, contrary to popular misconception, did not invent mathematics, nor even geometry) to bring the notion of proof into mathematics. The first use of proof is generally attributed to Thales of Miletus, who lived in the sixth century B.C.E. Euclid, who lived in Alexandria in the third century B.C.E., brought the notion of proofs based on axioms to its first peak of success. See [Hea21] for a discussion of ancient Greek mathematics.
Introducing signals, systems, and control in K-12

Signals, systems, and control provide a powerful paradigm for intellectual thought in science and technology, yet these ideas have had virtually no penetration in K-12 education. In this paper we provide some suggestions for introducing these concepts into primary and secondary education, thus promoting their diffusion throughout the academic disciplines.
PTILOCHRONOLOGY REVEALS DIFFERENCES IN CONDITION OF CAPTIVE WHITE-THROATED SPARROWS

Abstract Ptilochronology is a technique in which the growth rate of a feather is used as an assay of a bird's condition. Two important questions remain regarding this decade-old technique: (1) Does the daily rate of feather growth correspond very closely with changes in nutritional status during feather growth? and (2) For which stressors can ptilochronology be used as a reliable assay? Using an experimental manipulation of diet, we tested the effectiveness of ptilochronology for assessing nutritional condition in male White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). Our hypothesis was that birds given an ample diet would be in better condition than those given a subsistence diet, as indicated by faster feather growth. In a second experiment, we examined the effect of a stressor, low social status, on feather growth. We expected that dominant birds would be in better condition and regrow feathers faster than subordinates because of their priority of access to food. Birds fed an enriched diet weighed more...
Initiation and kinetics of thiol–ene photopolymerizations without photoinitiators

Thiol-ene photopolymerizations without added photoinitiators were studied, and the kinetics accurately predicted by modeling for a wide range of different vinyl chemistries. Initiation rates in polymerizations initiated with light centered around 365 nm were found to be proportional to the concentration of ene functional groups. When 254 nm light was used as the initiating light source, initiation rates were proportional to the concentration of thiol functional groups. The mechanism of initiation at 254 nm was attributed to direct cleavage of thiol functional groups. An appropriate species or mechanism has not yet been found that is consistent with the experimental data for initiation when 365 nm light is used.
The Educational Achievement of Brazilian Adolescents: Cultural Capital and the Interaction between Families and Schools.

Most studies find a positive correlation between family cultural capital and educational achievement. As compelling as the evidence on the advantages of family cultural capital for educational achievement is, most studies have focused on countries characterized by having a large middle class and high levels of income, not addressing societies with high levels of social inequality. Importantly, few studies have examined whether schools interact with families in determining the relationship between cultural capital and educational achievement. The goal of this article is to examine how cultural capital is associated with achievement in Brazil, one of the most unequal countries in the world. Using data from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), results from multilevel models show that the science and reading achievement gaps associated with cultural capital are magnified in Brazilian schools, an important finding given that the country is an already highly stratified society.
Specifying ACT-R models of user interaction with a GOMS language

We describe a system, G2A, that produces ACT-R models from GOMS models. The GOMS models can contain hierarchical methods, visual and memory stores, and control constructs. G2A allows ACT-R models to be built much more quickly, in hours rather than weeks. Because GOMS is a more abstract formalism than ACT-R, most GOMS operators can be plausibly translated in different ways into ACT-R productions (e.g., a GOMS Look-for operator can be carried out by different visual search strategies in ACT-R). Given a GOMS model, G2A generates and evaluates alternative ACT-R models by systematically varying the mapping of GOMS operators to ACT-R productions. In experiments with a text editing task, G2A produces ACT-R models whose predictions are within 5% of GOMS model predictions. In the same domain, G2A also generates ACT-R models that give better predictions than GOMS, providing good predictions of overall task duration for actual users (within 2%), though the models are less accurate at a detailed level. In a separate experiment with a mouse-driven telephone dialing task, G2A produces models that do a better job of distinguishing between competing interfaces than a Fitts' law model or an ACT-R model built by hand. G2A starts to describe the relationship between two major theories of cognition. This may have appeared a simple relationship, but the complexity of the translation illustrates why this was not done before. G2A shows a way forward for cognitive models, that of higher level languages that compile into more detailed specifications.
Tethered naphthalene diimide-based intercalators for DNA triplex stabilization

The synthesis and triplex stabilizing properties of oligodeoxyribonucleotides functionalized at the 5′- and/or 3′-termini with a naphthalene diimide-based (NDI) intercalator is described. The NDI intercalator was prepared in a single step from the corresponding dianhydride and was attached to the 5′-terminus of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide following a reverse coupling procedure. The DMT protecting group was removed and the sequence phosphitylated to generate the phosphoramidite derivative on the 5′-terminus of the support-bound oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The NDI intercalator with a free hydroxyl was then added in the presence of tetrazole. Attachment of the NDI to the 3′-terminus relied upon a tethered amino group that could be functionalized first with the naphthalene dianhydride, which was subsequently converted to the diimide. Using both procedures, an oligonucleotide conjugate was prepared having the NDI intercalator at both the 5′- and 3′-termini. Thermal denaturation studies were used to determine the remarkable gain in stability for triplexes formed when the NDI-conjugated oligonucleotide was present as the third strand in the complex.
WHO SHALL HAVE CUSTODY?: A Case for the Equal Consideration of Fathers

Current statutes and case decisions formally declare that fathers and mothers should be treated equally in child custody dispute awards. Outcomes of actual court awards, however, favor mothers, presumably because this is viewed by judges as being in the best interests of the child. A review of research derived from child and animal studies suggests there is no basis for favoring mothers over fathers in awarding child custody.
Late Intensification Therapy in Adult Acute Lymphoid Leukemia -Long-Term Follow-Up of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group Experience

One hundred and ninety-two evaluable patients were treated on a multicenter protocol for adult acute lymphoid leukemia to determine in a prospective randomized fashion if late intensification chemotherapy beginning after about six months of treatment would improve remission duration and survival. The complete remission rate was 60%. The median remission duration from beginning of maintenance was 18.7 versus 25.9 months (P = 0.36) for standard maintenance therapy and late intensification, respectively, and the median survival from randomization was 25.8 versus 28.5 months (P = 0.94) respectively. There was a suggestion that the late intensification strategy was helpful with respect to remission duration, and this trend was sustained in long-term follow-up. However, relapse proved to be common during the earlier phases of treatment; thus, insufficient numbers of patients were available at the randomization point to conclusively address the possible value of late intensification. Intensive therapy earlier in the course of treatment should be evaluated, including transplantation in selected patients.
Development of a transposon mutagenesis system for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, a slow-growing Mycobacterium, is the causative agent of Johne's disease. Although M. paratuberculosis is difficult to manipulate genetically, our laboratory has recently demonstrated the ability to introduce DNA into these bacteria by transformation and phage infection. In the current study we develop the first transposon mutagenesis system for M. paratuberculosis using the conditionally replicating mycobacteriophage phAE94 to introduce the mycobacterial transposon Tn5367. Southern blotting and sequence analysis demonstrated that the transposon insertion sites are distributed relatively randomly throughout the M. paratuberculosis genome. We constructed a comprehensive bank of 5620 insertion mutants using this transposon. The transposition frequency obtained using this delivery system was 1.0 x 10(-6) transposition events per recipient cell. Auxotrophic mutants were observed in this library at a frequency of 0.3%.
Training aesthetic perception: John Dewey on the educational role of art museums

In this article I examine Dewey's ambivalent attitude toward art museums — criticizing their existence as repositories for the rich, while exploring their educational potential — by analyzing Dewey's comments on museums in various texts, by relating his ideas to museum education theories and practice of the time, and by exploring his involvement with Albert Barnes and the Barnes Foundation. Specifically, I discuss how these men influenced each other and consider possible reasons for Dewey's involvement with a “capitalist collector” such as Barnes. This examination is placed within the broader context of Dewey's philosophy of art as experience. An analysis of these issues is especially relevant at the present time, given that museums are increasingly involved in K-12 education through outreach and professional development programs, in addition to school tours.
Hibernoma of the pericardium presenting as pericardial effusion in a child.

A 14-year-old boy with unremitting pericardial effusion was found to have a pericardial hibernoma. The tumor site (pericardium), mode of presentation (pericardial effusion), and patient's age (childhood) are unique.
Cardiovascular disease following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Pathogenesis, detection, and the cardioprotective role of aerobic training

Advances in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) techniques and supportive care strategies have led to dramatic improvements in relapse mortality in patients with high-risk hematological malignancies. These improvements, however, conversely increase the risk of late-occurring non-cancer competing causes, mostly cardiovascular disease (CVD). HCT recipients have a significantly increased risk of CVD-specific mortality, including elevated incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure (HF) compared to age-matched counterparts. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to identify techniques for the detection of early CVD in HCT patients to inform early prevention strategies. Aerobic training (AT) is established as the cornerstone of primary and secondary disease prevention in multiple clinical settings, and may confer similar benefits in HCT patients at high-risk of CVD. The potential benefits of AT either before, immediately after, or in the months/years following HCT have received limited attention. Here, we discuss the risk and extent of CVD in adult HCT patients, highlight novel tools for early detection of CVD, and review existing evidence in oncology and non-oncology populations supporting the efficacy of AT to attenuate HCT-induced CVD. This knowledge can be utilized to optimize treatment, while minimizing CVD risk in individuals with hematological malignancies undergoing HCT.
Activation of OCT4 Enhances Ex Vivo Expansion of Phenotypically Defined and Functionally Engraftable Human Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells By Regulating HOXB4 Expression

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is well established as a clinical means to treat patients with hematologic disorders and cancer. Human cord blood (CB) is a viable source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) for transplantation. However, numbers of nucleated cells retrieved, as well as limited numbers of HSC/progenitor cells (HPC) present, during collection may be problematic for treatment of adult patients with single CB HCT. One means to address the problem of limiting numbers of HSC/HPC is to ex vivo expand these cells for potential clinical use. While progress has been made in this endeavor, there is still a clinically relevant need for additional means to ex vivo expansion of human HSC and HPC. OCT4, a transcriptional factor, plays an essential role in pluripotency and somatic cell reprogramming, however, the functions of OCT4 in HSC are largely unexplored. We hypothesized that OCT4 is involved in HSC function and expansion, and thus we first evaluated the effects of OAC1 (Oct4-activating compound 1) on ex vivo culture of CB CD34 + cells in the presence of a cocktail of cytokines (SCF, TPO and Flt3L) known to ex vivo expand human HSC. We found that CB CD34 + cells treated with OAC1 for 4 days showed a significant increase (2.8 fold increase, p - CD34 + CD38 - CD45RA - CD90 + CD49f + ) and in vivo repopulating capacity in both primary (3.1 fold increase, p + cells using lentiviral vectors and found that overexpression of OCT4 also resulted in significant increase (2.6 fold increase, p HOXB4 is a homeobox transcriptional factor that appears to be an essential regulator of HSC self-renewal. Overexpression of HOXB4 results in high-level ex vivo HSC expansion. It is reported that OCT4 can bind to the promoter region of HOXB4 at the site of 2952 bp from the transcription start point. We hypothesized that activation of OCT4 might work through upregulation of HOXB4 expression to ex vivo expand HSC. We observed that the expression of HOXB4 was largely increased (2.3 fold increase, p + cells with OAC1 compared to vehicle control. siRNA mediated inhibition of OCT4 resulted in the marked reduction of HOXB4 expression (p - CD34 + CD38 - CD45RA - CD90 + CD49f + HSC in OAC1-treated cells (p Disclosures Broxmeyer: CordUse: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Mesangial cell migration precedes proliferation in Habu snake venom-induced glomerular injury.

BACKGROUND: Mesangial cells migrate in response to platelet released products in vitro (Am J Pathol 1991;138:859). Cell migration, in addition to proliferation might play a role in cell remodeling during the course of proliferative glomerular disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In this study, we examined mesangial cell migration in vivo in a platelet-dependent model of proliferative glomerulonephritis induced by Habu snake venom. Mesangial cell migration was assessed by phenotypic identification and temporal location of mesangial cells within glomerular lesions in serial time studies from 8 to 48 hours after Habu snake venom. Autoradiography of 3Hthymidine incorporation into cells was employed to identify and temporally separate cell division and proliferation from cell motility and other related events. RESULTS: Early (8-hour) lesions consisted of microaneurysms devoid of mesangial cells. By 24 hours, glomeruli showed mesangial cells at the margins of lesions adjacent to intact glomerular tufts, followed by the presence of clusters of cells at 30 and 36 hours. By 48 hours, most lesions were filled with proliferating mesangial cells. Cells containing 3Hthymidine were rarely observed until 30 hours, at which point they were found in advanced lesions. Marginating cells did not contain 3Hthymidine, suggesting that the location of these cells was not related to cell division but rather to migration. Platelet depletion eliminated platelets from lesions and substantially retarded mesangial cell migration into glomerular lesions indicating mesangial cell migration is, in part, dependent on platelets or their secretory products. CONCLUSIONS: These studies show that mesangial cells can migrate in vivo and suggest that cell migration is an important early step in cell redistribution and remodeling during glomerular injury in this model of proliferative glomerulonephritis. Language: en
Design rules for the broad application of fast (<1 s) methylamine vapor based, hybrid perovskite post deposition treatments

While organo-metal halide perovskite photovoltaics have seen rapid development, growth of high quality material remains a challenge. Herein, we report a facile post deposition treatment utilizing coordination between methylamine (CH3NH2) vapor and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite that rapidly improves film quality, enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE) by ∼9%. We further comprehensively analyze the physical impact of this process with regard to the material's optoelectronic properties and its detailed microstructural changes. Connecting this with an analysis of the source of organo-metal halide perovskite reactivity toward the vapor as well as phase behavior as a function of CH3NH2 vapor pressure and time, we provide design rules for the broad, rational extension of this process to new systems and scales.
Parent's psychological flexibility: Associations with parenting and child psychosocial well-being.

Abstract Recent research has started to examine psychological flexibility both in normative samples and within the family context. The current study aimed to extend this research by testing a model examining associations between general psychological flexibility, psychological flexibility specific to the parenting role, adaptive parenting practices, and child internalizing and externalizing problems across three developmental stages. Participants ( N =615; 55% female) were parents of children in young childhood (3–7 years; n =210), middle childhood (8–12 years; n =200), and adolescence (13–17 years; n =205). Parents reported on their general psychological flexibility, parenting-specific psychological flexibility, parenting practices, and their child's or adolescent's internalizing and/or externalizing problems. Findings were consistent across child age groups and demonstrated that higher levels of parenting-specific psychological flexibility were indirectly related to lower levels of youth internalizing and externalizing problems through adaptive parenting practices. Implications for promotion of well-being within the family context among normative samples are discussed.
Incentives for Using LEIM in the Investigation of Corrosion Initiation on Organic Coated Alloys

Local electrochemical impedance mapping and spectroscopy (LEIM/S) have become important tools for the investigation of local electrochemical breakdown events associated with the degradation of organically coated metals in aqueous environments. LEIM/S of organic coated metal substrates has revealed local degradation events that are distributed spatially and temporally. These observations provide support to a number of long-standing theories, as well as provide new insight into the damage process. The local changes in impedance observed at early stages of immersion support the presence of virtual pores, while the metastability of impedance peaks representing the local changes provide evidence of healing via corrosion product formation. Each of these are long-standing theories used to explain global electrochemical impedance measurements. This paper will provide an overview of some of the events observed using LEIM and examine these results in the context of recent analytical and numerical models. Models used to predict the electric field above an equipotential disk electrode support the interpretation of most experimental LEI data as being representative of chemical and physical phenomenon and not a result of measurement artifact. However, certain features may be an artifact of the finite nature of the experimental process. The interpretation of LEIM events in view of current experimental and modeling results will be discussed.