cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Background Levels of Antimony, Barium, and Lead on Vehicle Surface Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption

Law enforcement agencies routinely sample for gunshot residue (GSR) by bulk techniques and often submit swabs taken from other surfaces besides the hands of the suspect shooter. This study aims to establish the prevalence of antimony, barium, and lead on normally handled automobile surfaces by graphite furnace atomic absorption analysis. No positives were determined on 50 sampled automobile surfaces above cutoff (positive) from background levels. Transfers of GSR particles from shooter hands to automobile surfaces were found to potentially allow for positive GSR determinations, but such transfers seem to be dependent on the shooting conditions and length of GSR exposure. We determined that our bulk analysis method yields an overall 87.94+-5.52% extraction efficiency from cotton swabs, while the LOQ determinations strengthening the fact that bulk analysis methods are valid and valuable tools for GSR investigations.
Strategic Responsiveness and the Minority Public Manager

Representation of minority groups has become an increasingly vital feature of the public sector as a result of current population trends. The purpose of this article is to shed new light on the eff...
E-Services and the New World of Retailing

The growth of on-line transactions has forced retailers to unify channels by offering e-services and lessening their reliance on brick and mortar outlets. Jupiter Research predicts that by 2008 Americans will spend close to $110 billion on online retail purchases. We extend and apply the existing literature on multi-channel and interactive marketing to explore the following questions: (i) How do consumers perceive and respond to different multi-channel attributes? (ii) What types of consumers and retailers and what product categories influence specific multi-channel integration efforts? (iii) Do all retailers benefit from extending multi-channel options to their entire productline and services? We also outline a method for collecting data and testing our hypotheses.
Interference of electrical double layers: Confinement effects on structure, dynamics, and screening of ionic liquids.

Ionic liquids are widely used as electrolytes in electronic devices in which they are subject to nanoconfinement within nanopores or nanofilms. Because the intrinsic width of an electrical double layer is on the order of several nanometers, nanoconfinement is expected to fundamentally alter the double layer properties. Furthermore, in confined systems, a large portion of the ions are interfacial, e.g., at the electrode interface, leading to significant deviations of electrostatic screening and ion dynamics as compared to bulk properties. In this work, we systematically investigate the interference between electrical double layers for nanoconfined ionic liquids and the resulting influence on the structure, dynamics, and screening behavior. We perform molecular dynamics simulations for the ionic liquids [BMIm+][BF4−] and [BMIm+][PF6−] confined between two flat electrodes at systematic separation distances between 1.5 nm and 4.5 nm for both conducting and insulating boundary conditions. We find that while ion dynamics is expectedly slower than in the bulk (by ∼2 orders of magnitude), there is an unexpected non-linear trend with the confinement length that leads to a local maximum in dynamic rates at ∼3.5–4.5 nm confinement. We show that this nonlinear trend is due to the ion correlation that arises from the interference between opposite double layers. We further evaluate confinement effects on the ion structure and capacitance and investigate the influence of electronic polarization of the ionic liquid on the resulting properties. This systematic evaluation of the connection between electrostatic screening and structure and dynamics of ionic liquids in confined systems is important for the fundamental understanding of electrochemical supercapacitors.
Methemoglobin determination by multi-component analysis in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) possessing unstable hemoglobin

Abstract Hemoglobin derivatives are often quantified in blood to establish cardio-respiratory status and possible causes of impaired oxygen transport. The derivative known as methemoglobin results from oxidation of hemoglobin and is pathologically relevant because it cannot transport oxygen. In species and individuals possessing unstable methemoglobin, methemoglobin formation leads to rapid hemichrome formation and precipitation. Oxidizing reagents in standard methemoglobin analysis techniques therefore prevent accurate quantification of hemoglobin oxidative degradation products in species possessing unstable hemoglobin. In this study, we demonstrated that individual coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) possess unstable methemoglobin. Because molar absorptivities of coho methemoglobin, hemichrome and carboxyhemoglobin were significantly different from humans, the use of previous standard methods leads to an overestimation of methemoglobin in coho. Spontaneous conversion of methemoglobin to hemichrome was also demonstrated in Chinook (O. tshawytscha), pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta), but not steelhead (O. mykiss), indicating there may be a frequent need to account for unstable hemoglobin when quantifying methemoglobin in salmonids. • Our method builds upon multi-component analysis (MCA) by using a multivariate modeling technique to derive the coho-specific molar absorptivities of major hemoglobin derivatives • This approach fills a current need for the accurate quantification of methemoglobin in fishes possessing unstable hemoglobin
DNA Yield and Turtle Handling Time: Buccal Swabs Versus Blood Samples from Red-Eared Sliders and Eastern Musk Turtles

Conventional DNA sampling techniques for reptiles and amphibians are often invasive and difficult to perform in the field. Other, less invasive methods often pose issues with DNA contamination and low DNA yields. Few, if any, studies explicitly quantify handling time, despite being an important source of stress to the study species. Here, we compare handling time and DNA yield for 3 sampling methods (choanal, a general buccal sample excluding the choana, and blood) for Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared Slider) and Sternotherus odoratus (Eastern Musk Turtle). Buccal and blood samples had significantly higher DNA yields than choanal samples, but blood draws took substantially less time and personnel to collect than either mouth-sampling technique. Where possible, we recommend blood collection for DNA analyses in turtles.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Selection in a Patient with Coronary Artery Disease

A patient with coronary artery disease and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and wide left bundle branch block has no evidence of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac MRI.
Failures in vaccination

Abstract: There are three major reasons why vaccines are never 100% effective. If the vaccine was administered incorrectly, perhaps at the wrong time or with a vaccine that has been improperly handled, then it may not work. Alternatively, variations in individual animal responses will always ensure that some will not be protected. Likewise premature vaccination and subsequent failure as a result of maternal antibodies is a major cause of failure. Finally, given the careful quality control of vaccine production by major manufacturers, production of an ineffective vaccine is rare. The issue of lapsed vaccination is also considered.
Primary lymphoma of the breast: A report of two cases

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) should be distinguished from secondary breast lymphoma arising in the setting of lymphoma elsewhere in the body. Multimodality imaging is key to diagnosing PBL, and imaging manifestations thereof may indicate PBL and alter the treatment course. Treatment options including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or surgery depend on histology. We report two cases of PBL, illustrating the transformative impact that multimodality imaging may have on clinical management.
Influence of gold nanoparticles embedded in water on nanodosimetry for keV photon irradiation.

PURPOSE For the past two decades, high-Z nanoparticles have been of high interest to improve the therapeutic outcomes of radiation therapy, especially for low-energy x-rays. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have been used to evaluate the boost of dose deposition induced by Auger electrons near the nanoparticle surface, by calculating average energy deposition at the nanoscale. In this study, we propose to go beyond average quantities and quantify the stochastic nature of energy deposition at such a scale. We present results of probability density of the specific energy (restricted to ionization, excitation and electron attachment events) in cylindrical nanotargets of height and radius set at 10 nm. This quantity was evaluated for nanotargets located within 200 nm around 5-50 nm gold nanoparticles (GNPs), for 20-90 keV photon irradiation. METHODS This nanodosimetry study was based on the MC simulation MDM that allows tracking of electrons down to thermalization energy. We introduced a new quantity, namely the probability enhancement ratio (PER), by estimating the probability of imparting to nanotargets a restricted specific energy larger than a threshold z0 (1, 10, and 20 kGy), normalized to the probability for pure water. The PER was calculated as a function of the distance between the nanotarget and the GNP surface. The threshold values were chosen in light of the biophysical model NanOx that predicts cell survival by calculating local lethal events based on the restricted specific energy and an effective local lethal function. z0 then represents a threshold above which the nanotarget damages induce efficiently cell death. RESULTS Our calculations showed that the PER varied a lot with the GNP radius, the photon energy, z0 and the distance of the GNP to the nanotarget. The highest PER was 95 when the nanotarget was located at 5 nm from the GNP surface, for a photon energy of 20 keV, a threshold of 20 kGy, and a GNP radius of 50 nm. This enhancement dramatically decreased with increasing GNP-nanotarget distances as it went below 1.5 for distances larger than 200 nm. CONCLUSIONS The PER seems better adapted than the mean dose deposition to describe the formation of biological damages. The significant increase of the PER within 200 nm around the GNP suggests that severe damages could occur for biological nanotargets located near the GNP. These calculations will be used as an input of the biophysical model NanOx to convert PER into estimation of radiation-induced cell death enhanced by GNPs.
Prosthetics: Erectile Implant, Testicular Implants

Erectile ability is a common goal for transgender men seeking phalloplasty, which necessitates prosthesis placement in most phalloplasty techniques. In the absence of preexisting corpora, implant placement is associated with increased risk of poor proximal fixation, device migration, distal erosion, and neurovascular compromise, infection, and malfunction. Modifications to conventional surgical technique, such as avoidance of critical structures, proximal prosthesis anchoring, and distal cushioning with vascular or synthetic grafts, are common techniques to address anatomic challenges.
Strategies To Increase Active Reading And Engagement Among Students

Location: JC Room F This session is for faculty members who are frustrated when students come to class without completing the assigned reading. This session will provide strategies and recommendations to increase active reading, critical thinking, and engagement in the classroom. Are you tired of coming to class excited and ready for students to engage in the reading, only to find a handful of students, at best, have actually completed the reading? Participants will learn multiple strategies and recommendations to increase active reading and engagement. As students implement these interlocking strategies they gain valuable techniques of how to read more effectively and have greater agency over their learning experience. Each of the strategies can be adopted and edited to meet student needs and course requirements. Presenters will demonstrate the ways in which these strategies assist in holding students accountable to the course readings, while also increasing reading comprehension. Additionally, they will discuss how the strategies have been implemented in 100 to 500 level courses. As a result of this session, instructors will be able to implement various interlocking strategies to increase student's active reading skills, critical thinking, and engagement. In turn, faculty members will find that more students are willing to productively participate, ask questions, and interrogate course concepts.
OP023/#658 Correlation of hrd status with clinical and survival outcomes in patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer undergoing frontline and maintenance therapy

Objectives We aimed to compare clinical and survival outcomes in high grade ovarian cancer (HGOC) stratified by homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) status undergoing frontline and/or maintenance therapy. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of HGOC from April 2013 to June 2019. Clinical outcomes were analyzed by (1) germline BRCA+ (2) germline BRCA - and somatic BRCA/HRD+, or (3) BRCA-/HRD-. Progression free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods and modeled via Cox proportional hazards regression. Results 187 patients met inclusion criteria. 106 patients had germline BRCA mutation, 26 somatic BRCA/HRD+, and 55 BRCA/HRD-. Multivariate analysis for PFS revealed that age (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.04), p=0.01), stage (HR 5.7, 95% CI 1.39–23.4, p=0.02), R0 resection at TRS (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21–0.83, p=0.01), and BRCA/HRD- status (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.07–2.48, p=0.02) were significant factors impacting PFS. Multivariate analysis for OS revealed age (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03–1.10, p Conclusions Germline BRCA-mutant, somatic BRCA/HRD+ HGOC was associated with improved PFS and OS regardless of primary TRS or NACT. BRCA-/HRD- was a negative prognostic factor for survival in HGOC. PARPi maintenance therapy was associated with improved PFS in Germline BRCA-mutant, somatic BRCA/HRD+ HGOC
Orbital Rendezvous via a General Nonsingular Method

This paper develops a general method to execute orbital rendezvous in continuation of previous work, where a spacecraft’s orbit was represented using the angular momentum and eccentricity vectors o...
Adaptive rate error control for the land-mobile satellite channel

An adaptive rate error control system is presented for communication over a land mobile satellite channel described by a finite state Markov chain. In channel states where the fading is moderate, the code rate is high thus providing increased throughput. In channel states where the fading is more severe, a low rate code is used to provide the necessary error protection. Retransmission requests used by hybrid-ARQ error control are incorporated into the Viterbi decoder following a modification proposed by Yamamoto and Itoh (1980). The decision to change code rates is made by a sequential statistical test which monitors the frequency of retransmissions. The essentials are presented in an example which illustrates the significant performance improvements realized by the adaptive system. >
OCCAM: ontology-based computational contextual analysis and modeling

The ability to model cognitive agents depends crucially on being able to encode and infer with contextual information at many levels (such as situational, psychological, social, organizational, political levels). We present initial results from a novel computational framework, Coordinated Probabilistic Relational Models (CPRM), that can potentially model the combined impact of multiple contextual information sources for analysis and prediction.
The Growing Social and Moral Conflict Between Conservative Protestantism and Science

Due to conservative Protestant elites challenging scientists in the public sphere, and prominent scientists attacking religion, scholars have claimed that there is an increasing conflict between conservative Protestants and science. However, these claims have never been empirically investigated and these general claims do not specify what conflict is actually about. In this article I use the General Social Survey from 1984 to 2010 to examine whether conservative Protestants are increasingly opposed to the social and moral influence of scientists. I find evidence for increasing opposition by biblical literalist conservative Protestants to the involvement of scientists in social debates about moral issues. © 2013 The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion.
Representing embodiment and the policy implementing principal using photovoice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature on the many dimensions of the principal's positionality by using a unique research approach to link the experiences of the policy implementing principal to embodiment.Design/methodology/approach – The researchers employed a form of critical policy analysis that utilized photovoice to examine the experience of two principals in South Carolina, USA.Findings – The findings suggest that these two principals do feel, beyond a cognitive emotional level, the experiences of being the policy implementing principal, where the multiple physically imprinted identities typified one principal's experiences and the highly entropic world of her high school causes another principal to physically and metaphorically integrate situations into her physiology.Originality/value – In this paper, the authors are able to expand discussions of the principals’ engagement with policy by using a unique theoretical and methodological approach.
Visually-Guided Collective Behavior in Human Swarms

Human crowds, like bird flocks and fish schools, display remarkable patterns of collective locomotion. Do these global patterns emerge from local visually-guided interactions between neighbors? Here we address this question by quantifying the coordination in position and heading between neighbors in a crowd. We collected naturalistic data from small "swarms" of 20 participants who walked in an open 12x20 m area for 2 min trials. Participants were instructed to randomly veer left or right while staying together as a group, remaining within bounds. There was no designated leader and no signal to turn. Head positions were tracked at 60 Hz using a 16-camera infrared motion capture system (Qualisys Oqus 500). We computed the difference in heading between each pedestrian in the interior of the crowd and each of their N nearest neighbors. The mean heading difference was small (M = -1.5°, SD = 23.1°) across all pairs of pedestrians, but the SD increased linearly with N. This indicates a strong local coupling of alignment in heading. For each pedestrian, we also computed the bearing direction of each neighbor relative to the crowd's mean heading. Neighbors are more likely to be found along the axis of travel (in front, behind) than perpendicular to it (alongside). This bias is consistent with observations of surf scoters swimming on the water's surface (Lukeman et al., 2010), but orthogonal to observations of flying starlings (Cavagna et al., 2010). The results suggest that pedestrians interact locally to align their heading and walk behind their nearest neighbors. This analysis of the local coupling field can be combined with models of pedestrian interactions, such as following (Rio & Warren, PED 2012), side-by-side walking (Page & Warren, VSS 2013), and heading alignment (Bonneaud & Warren, PED 2012) to simulate human crowd dynamics (Warren, Kiefer, & Bonneaud, VSS 2013). Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2013 Language: en
61. Extracranial size in patients with schizophrenia

Much of the current literature from both neuroimaging and post mortem studies points to a reduction in intracranial size and cerebrum in schizophrenia. Intriguingly, there is also evidence for reduced extracranial size in infants at high risk for schizophrenia, while studies in adults with schizophrenia which have assessed head size have been inconclusive. Using head measures of circumference, length and width derived from caliper examination in both coronal and saggital planes, we examined head size in 46 male controls (mean age 42 6 9 years; 20 Caucasian, 26 African American) and 44 patients (mean age 40 6 9 years; 18 Caucasian, 26 African American) with DSM-IV schizophrenia. In a linear regression model which entered race and diagnosis as independent factors and stature and elbow breadth as covariates, we found no evidence for reduced extracranial size in schizophrenia. These data suggest that the process(es) which underlie smaller brains in schizophrenia do not produce a corresponding reduction in head size.
Timing of intraplate deformation, northeastern Indian Ocean

Abstract Seismic stratigraphy and DSDP and ODP drilling have demonstrated that two unconformities, of early Eocene and latest Miocene age, can be traced over much of the northeastern Indian Ocean. The Eocene event was a major hiatus in sedimentation following collision of India with Asia, and was the time of termination of deposition of a continental rise off the east side of India and the initiation of proximal Bengal Fan deposition. The Miocene event was the onset of north-south compression in the Indian plate during rapid uplift in Tibet and the Himalayas.
Publishing in Discipline-Specific Non-Library Journals for Promoting Information Literacy

Abstract Academic librarians tend to publish in traditional “library” journals rather than journals directed at other academic disciplines, thereby missing the opportunity to inform and educate a key audience. This article alerts librarians to publishing opportunities in discipline-specific academic journals in the Arts & Humanities, Sciences, and Social Sciences, both as a means of promoting information literacy (IL) and effecting outreach to faculty. Selection criteria are defined and discussed. The results of the study are presented by discipline in table format with data on each journal including publisher, affiliation, publication frequency, review time, acceptance rate, and ranking indicators.
Wheat Yields, Nitrogen Uptake, and Soil Moisture Following Winter Legume Cover Crop vs. Fallow

Long-term use of fallow in dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems can increase erosion and decrease soil fertility. One possible solution is to grow a green manure crop during the fallow period. To evaluate the short-term effects of substituting a winter legume green manure for fallow in a 2-yr wheat rotation, a series of experiments were conducted in the Sacramento Valley of California from 1994 to 1996. Soil water content, inorganic soil N, and yield of fertilized wheat after fallow were compared with those of unfertilized wheat following a woollypod vetch-field pea [Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corb.; syn. V. dasycarpa Ten.-Pisum sativum] green manure crop. Supplemental experiments (1995-1996) compared unfertilized wheat following (i) fallow with incorporation of legume biomass imported from another plot, (ii) growth and incorporation of green manure plus supplemental legume biomass from another plot, or (iii) growth of a legume crop with removal of aboveground biomass. Soil water content after a green manure crop was 6.6 cm less than after fallow in 1994 (to the 90-cm depth), but only 1.5 cm less in 1995 (to 150 cm). During the wet winter of 1995-1996, fertilized wheat plots after fallow had higher inorganic soil-N levels than unfertilized plots following a green manure crop, but wheat yields were similar. Where a green manure crop was grown and incorporated, there was no wheat yield response to additional legume biomass. Similarly, without a green manure crop, there was no yield difference between fertilized plots receiving 112 vs. 28 kg N ha -1 . Results could be different in drier years or in soils with lower N fertility, but the data indicate that possible long-term yield benefits of green manuring are not necessarily preceded by lower short-term yields.
Energy-efficient data gathering algorithm in sensor networks with partial aggregation

In sensor networks, data aggregation at intermediate nodes can significantly reduce redundant data and reduce communication load. However, there are scenarios where data aggregation is restricted. In this paper, we study the problem of building an energy-efficient tree structure that can be used for both aggregate data and non-aggregate data. Such a tree provides a transition between the optimal solutions for both aggregate data and for non-aggregate data. A single parameter can be used to control the transition. We proposed a new algorithm Balanced Aggregation Tree (BAT) for tree construction and also suggested how to determine the value of the control parameter for the highest energy efficiency of a given network.
Temperature dependence of proton relaxation times in vitro.

Abstract Accurate measurement of tissue relaxation characteristics is dependent on many factors, including field strength and temperature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sample temperature, viscosity and proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and spin-spin relaxation time (T2). A review of two basic models of relaxation (a) the simple molecular motion model and (b) the fast exchange two state model is given with reference to their thermal dependencies. The temperature dependence for both T1 and T2 was studied on a 0.15 Tesla whole body magnetic resonance imager. Thirteen samples comprising both simple and complex materials were investigated by using a standard spin-echo (SE) technique and a modified Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) multi-echo sequence. A simple linear relationship between T1 and temperature was observed for all samples over the range of 20°C to 50°C. There is an inverse relationship between viscosity and T1 and T2. A quantity called the temperature dependence coefficient (TDC) is introduced and defined as the percent rate of change of the proton relaxation time referenced to a specific temperature. The large TDC found for T1 values, e.g. 2.37%/°C for CuSO4 solutions and 3.59%/°C for light vegetable oils at 22°C, indicates that a temperature correction should be made when comparing in-vivo and in-vitro T1 times. The T2 temperature dependence is relatively small.
IDENTIFICATION OF SUPERNOVA REMNANTS IN THE SCULPTOR GROUP GALAXIES NGC 300 AND NGC 7793

We have obtained CCD imagery of eight fields in the Sculptor Group Sc spiral galaxy NGC 300 and two fields covering the Sculptor Sd spiral galaxy NGC 7793, using interference filters to isolate emission from Hα + [N II], [S II], and a continuum band near 6100 A. Using these images, we have identified isolated nebulae that are bright in [S II] relative to Hα, indicating probable shock heating, and that have morphologies consistent with identification as supernova remnants (SNRs). Our lists of candidates contain 28 objects each in NGC 300 and NGC 7793. We then obtained optical (4800-6900 A) long-slit CCD spectra of many of these nebulae, as well as many adjacent photoionized regions along the slits for comparison. The spectra confirm that the SNR candidates have [S II]:Hα ratios in excess of 0.4, thus satisfying the usual optical criterion for being supernova remnants. Approximately 80% of the objects observed spectroscopically show additional emission lines that support their identification as supernova remnants. These are the first large samples of supernova remnants identified in galaxies outside the Local Group. In general, many properties of these SNR samples parallel the more extensive sample identified in M33. However, the dividing line between the [S II]:Hα ratios appropriate for photoionized and shock-heated nebulae appears to be much less distinct in these galaxies than for Local Group galaxies, causing confusion and incompleteness in these samples. This confusion effect is most prevalent in NGC 7793, where the observed [S II]:Hα ratio in the most diffuse photoionized gas rises well above the value of 0.4 normally used to discriminate SNRs from H II regions.
Dynamics of Simian immunodeficiency virus‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell responses in tissues

Although the dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus and Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) have been well documented in the blood, little is known regarding CTL development in other tissues. In this study, seven Mamu-A*01+ macaques were inoculated with SIVmac. Two macaques were killed at 21 days of infection, and SIV gag p11C tetramer responses were measured in the blood, axillary and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus. Three with clinical signs of disease were killed and similarly examined. Four macaques were followed throughout disease progression, and intestinal biopsies and blood were examined at regular time points after inoculation. In animals followed prospectively, peak early tetramer responses were detected in the blood (3.9-19% of CD3+ CD8+ T cells) between day 14-21 post-inoculation (p.i.). After day 49, tetramer responses in the blood diminished and remained relatively stable through day 200, ranging from 0.7-6.5% of CD3+ CD8+ T cells. In contrast, tetramer-positive T cells increased in the intestine in later stages of infection (100-200 days p.i.) in all four infected animals (peak values from 5.3 to 28.8%). Percentages of tetramer-positive cells were consistently higher in the intestine than in the blood in all four animals after day 100. In animals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, percentages of CTL in tissues were variable, but were consistently higher in the intestine and spleen compared with blood. These data suggest that while high CTL responses develop at a similar rate, and magnitude in both peripheral and mucosal lymphoid tissues in primary SIV infection, mucosal CTL responses may predominate later in the course of the disease.
Analysis and isolation of nucleosides by ion-exclusion chromatography

Abstract Ion-exclusion chromatography has been applied to separate nucleosides for analytical and preparative purposes. The ionized substances are variably repulsed or excluded from a negatively charged cation exchanger according to the degree to which they are negatively ionized by the pH of the eluting solution. The method reported successfully resolves a mixture of nanomole amounts of 4-thiouridine, pseudouridine, uridine, ribothymidine, guanosine, cytidine and adenosine in 1 h or less, and utilizes dilute, volatile eluants (0.02 M (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , pH 9.3 or 9.8).
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as a rectal polyp in a child

Primary lymphoma of the rectum is extremely rare in children. We report here a 10-year-old boy with localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, discovered within a rectal polyp. The literature on childhood rectal lymphomas is reviewed. This case illustrates the importance of considering the possibility of malignancy with rectal polyps, even in children.
Form and function in early communication: language and pointing gestures

Pointing gestures of verbally advanced 2-year-olds were contrasted with those of less advanced peers, in order to examine the relationships of gesture to language during the acquisition of each. Hypotheses regarding the replacement of gestural functions by speech as verbal skills improve, regarding developmental correspondences between the two communicative domains, and regarding the independence of language acquisition from nonverbal developments were drawn from evolutionary, structuralist, and nativist viewpoints, respectively. Both formal and functional aspects of each communicative skill were measured, and were shown to be largely unrelated, particularly in the gestural domain. No evidence that language replaced gesture for communication in ontogeny was obtained. Correspondences between gesture and language occurred only between functional aspects of each, and the independence of developing language from gestural advances was suggested by the findings.
Engineering calculations of suspended sediment

The general theory of the vertical distribution of suspended sediment in a turbulent water stream has been sufficiently well established to permit its use in making calculations of the suspended material transportation in connection with engineering problems. It is the purpose of this paper to present simplified methods for making the necessary calculations of the total amount of sediment transported in suspension in a river or canal. Field-data is presented for purposes of checking the validity of the various approximations made, and to indicate the accuracy of the proposed calculations.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of a D.C. Arc in a Constant Diameter Nozzle Flow

The cold air flow field for a 1.27 cm constant diameter nozzle was determined for subsonic and transonic flow velocities. In addition, d. c. arc voltage, current and diameter measurements were made for an arc gap of 5.52 cm and a current of approximately 100A. Arc voltage increased rapidly as the flow velocity increased from zero to sonic velocity. Using a channel flow model with constant arc temperature and the energy integral for the convective cooling, analytical expressions were derived for the arc radius, electric field strength, arc voltage, resistance, and power as functions of the cold flow properties, current, and axial distance. Calculated arc voltages, resistances, and powers compare favorably with measured values.
Deoxymetalation reactions. The concerted nature of 1,3-Deoxystannylation

Abstract Kinetic and product studies of the solvolysis of γ-R 3 M-substituted mesyloxypropanes allow a distinction to be made between a concerted 1,3-elimination and reaction pathways involving metalated cyclopropanes or percaudally-homoconjugated ions.
An Analytical Solution Countercurrent Heat Transfer Between Parallel Vessels With a Linear Axial Temperature Gradient

Presented in this paper is a solution for countercurrent heat exchange between two parallel vessels embedded in an infinite medium with a linear temperature gradient along the axes of the vessels. The velocity profile within the vessel is assumed to be parabolic. This solution describes the temperature field within the vessels, as well as in the tissue, and establishes that the intravessel temperature is not uniform, as is generally assumed to be the case. An explicit expression for the intervessel thermal resistance based on the difference between cup-mixed mean temperatures is derived.
On the Uniqueness and Stability of Endochronic Theories of Material Behavior

Abstract : Endochronic models represent the difference between the loading and unloading behavior of materials without employing the classical plasticity concept of a yield condition. In this report such models are shown to violate Drucker's stability postulate in the small for a cycle, and the implications of this violation are discussed. In particular, some simple problems involving endochronic models are analyzed, illustrating the difficulties which can arise when such models are used, and leading to the conclusion that they are unsuitable for the numerical solution of mechanical problems. (Author)
Data-driven generic simulators for flexible manufacturing systems

Despite the apparent move toward using data-driven simulators in manufacturing modelling, as opposed to simulation languages and packages that require programming, there have been few rational efforts to evaluate the development and use of these tools. As the number of tools continues to grow, such evaluation is necessary if simulation users are going to make sensible informed choices. This paper presents two specialized data-driven simulators developed to model Flexible Manufacturing Systems called RENSAM (Rensselaer Simulator for Automated Manufacturing) and RENVIS (Rensselaer Visual Interactive Simulator). Experience with these packages leads to consideration of the benefits of using such tools. Advantages include the ease with which models can be developed and the rapid pace of that development, and the enforcement of proper statistics collection; disadvantages include misplaced perception of how easy the tool is to use, weaknesses in implementation and the limitations of the simulator. It is shown th...
Evidence That GnRH Decreases with Gonadal Steroid Feedback but Increases with Age in Postmenopausal Women

Studies of the effects of gonadal steroid negative feedback and age on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in postmenopausal women (PMW) have identified significant but inconsistent changes in gonadotropin dynamics. In the current study, we investigated the effect of gonadal steroid replacement and age on overall GnRH secretion estimated by using submaximal GnRH receptor blockade. Twenty-four healthy PMW, 45–55 yr (n = 13) and 70–80 yr (n = 11), were studied. Subjects were studied at baseline (BL) on no hormone replacement therapy, after 1 month of transdermal estrogen (50 μg/d; E) and again after a further month of E and 7 d of transvaginal progesterone (100 mg bid; E + P). At each admission, blood was sampled every 30 min for 4 (BL and E) or 8 h (E + P) before and 10 h after sc administration of a submaximal dose (5 μg/kg) of the NAL-GLU GnRH antagonist ([Ac-d2Nal1, d4ClPhe2, dPal3, Arg5, dGlu(AA)6, dAla10] GnRH). Percent inhibition of LH was calculated by expressing the difference between the nadir followi...
Exact relations in the optimized effective potential method employing an arbitrary Exc[}ψiσ{]

Abstract We show that the exact exchange-only Kohn-Sham spin polarized potential Vxσ satisfies a simple condition which leads to the generalizations of Koopman's and Janak's theorems, as well as a simple formula for the integer discontinuity in Vxσ. The generalization of these results for an arbitrary Exc[}ψiσ{] is presented.
Shell disease and metal content of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, from the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System, North Carolina.

Concentrations of 13 elements were determined for three tissues (gill, hepatopancreas, muscle) in diseased crabs from a contaminated estuary (Pamlico River, NC), and in non-diseased crabs from both the contaminated estuary and a relatively uncontaminated area (Albemarle Sound, NC) during the fall 1989 and summer 1990. The diseased crabs had lesions which completely penetrated their dorsal integument, while the non-diseased crabs lacked lesions.
The Effects of Teaching Programmes Intended to Stimulate Creativity: A disciplinary view

This article contains general background and pertinent context that relate to creativity programmes and their effectiveness from a disciplinary or instructiveness point of view. It contains issues and definitions of what constitutes a 'programme' and elaboration on disciplinary characteristics. Definitions of creativity and issues of 'teachability' as they relate to our understanding of programmes are also addressed. Some exemplar programmes are identified and discussed.
Lifetime comorbidity, lifetime history of psychosis and suicide attempts, and current symptoms of patients with deteriorated affective disorder

This study extends our prior research by examining the lifetime comorbidity, history of psychosis and suicide attempts, and current symptoms of an unusual group of patients with major affective disorders who have not only been symptomatic for prolonged periods but have also been so functionally impaired that they required years of care in psychiatric facilities or by family members. Twenty-seven of these deteriorated affective patients and 29 patients with deteriorated schizophrenia were recruited from a large state hospital; 27 patients with non-deteriorated affective disorder were recruited from an affiliated outpatient facility. Patients with deteriorated affective disorder, as compared to those with non-deteriorated affective disorder, were far more likely to have a history of psychotic symptoms with suicidal themes and a history of life-threatening suicide attempts and completed suicide. Deteriorated affective patients were also more likely to meet criteria for melancholia and to have attentional deficits, thought disorder and negative symptoms. The deteriorated and non-deteriorated affective groups had similar lifetime rates of psychotic symptoms (bizarre and non-bizarre) and lifetime psychiatric comorbidity. Functional deterioration in schizophrenia, as compared to functional deterioration in affective disorders, was distinguished by a virtual absence of psychotic symptoms with suicidal themes, lower lifetime rates of life-threatening suicide attempts, greater variety and severity of psychotic symptoms, and greater severity of current affective flattening, anhedonia-asociality and disorientation to time. The results of this study extend our previous research by demonstrating that patients with major mood disorders who have experienced extreme functional deterioration evidence a distinct constellation of symptoms that differentiates them from their better outcome peers with mood disorders, and from similarly functionally deteriorated patients with schizophrenia.
Using a composite grid approach in a complex coastal domain to estimate estuarine residence time

We investigate the processes that influence residence time in a partially mixed estuary using a three-dimensional circulation model. The complex geometry of the study region is not optimal for a structured grid model and so we developed a new method of grid connectivity. This involves a novel approach that allows an unlimited number of individual grids to be combined in an efficient manner to produce a composite grid. We then implemented this new method into the numerical Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and developed a composite grid of the Hudson River estuary region to investigate the residence time of a passive tracer. Results show that the residence time is a strong function of the time of release (spring vs. neap tide), the along-channel location, and the initial vertical placement. During neap tides there is a maximum in residence time near the bottom of the estuary at the mid-salt intrusion length. During spring tides the residence time is primarily a function of along-channel location and does not exhibit a strong vertical variability. This model study of residence time illustrates the utility of the grid connectivity method for circulation and dispersion studies in regions of complex geometry.
Heavy Quarks in e+e− Annihilation*

There are many speculations that there exist quarks Q considerably heavier than the charmed quark. Their Q states will display a far richer spectrum of monochromatic photon and hadron transitions than charmonium. The most important features of this spectrum - in particular, its dependence on the mass of Q - are outlined.
Investigating Tau Conformations Using Single Molecule Fluorescence

Tau is a microtubule associated protein that forms highly structured pathological aggregates in Alzheimer's disease as well as a number of other neurodegenerative disorders. In solution, tau does not exhibit stable secondary or tertiary structure, however local propensities for secondary structure as well as global folding through long range interactions have been proposed. Here we use fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and single molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to probe both native and pathological interactions and conformational changes of tau. Specifically, we measured the conformational changes of tau upon binding to tubulin as well as those relevant to the initiation of tau aggregation. Our goal is to identify the conformational changes associated with the transition from tau function to dysfunction.
Correlation between the quick test (QT) and the WAIS verbal scale in the rehabilitation setting.

The Quick Test and the WAIS Verbal Scale were administered to 30 severely physically handicapped persons in a physical medicine and rehabilitation hospital. There was no significant difference between the mean IQ scores of the QT and the WAIS Verbal Scale. This, coupled with a correlation of .80, supports the authors' hypothesis that the QT can be utilized for a quick assessment of intellectual functioning in the rehabilitation setting.
Dismantling Environmental Racism in the USA

Abstract A growing body of evidence reveals that people of colour and low‐income persons have borne greater environmental and health risks than the society at large in their neighbourhoods, workplaces and playgrounds. Over the past decade or so, grassroots activists have attempted to change the way government implements environmental, health and civil rights laws. A new movement has emerged in opposition to environmental racism and environmental injustice. Over the past two decades or so, grassroots activists have had some success in changing the way the federal government treats communities of colour and their inhabitants. Grassroots groups have also organised, educated and empowered themselves to improve the way health and environmental policies are administered. Environmentalism is now equated with social justice and civil rights.
Structure and mobility on amorphous silicon surfaces

Abstract The structure and dynamics of amorphous surfaces are poorly understood. The present work develops methods employing classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate these phenomena on amorphous silicon. Careful relaxation of the initial ensemble and taking account of exchange with the bulk yield surface diffusion coefficients in good agreement with experiment. Randomly oriented dimer pairs dominate the surface structure. Diffusion proceeds by several pathways, which all differ in basic character from those typically observed on crystalline silicon. The primary pathways involve single atoms and dimer pairs, which typically move only one or two atomic diameters before reincorporating into the surface. Frequent vertical migration takes place between the first two atomic layers.
Vitamin D receptor displays DNA binding and transactivation as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor, but not with the thyroid hormone receptor

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a transcription factor believed to function as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). However, it was reported [Schrader et al., 1994] that, on putative vitamin D response elements (VDREs) within the rat 9k and mouse 28k calcium binding protein genes (rCaBP 9k and mCaBP 28k), VDR and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) form heterodimers that transactivate in response to both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)). We, therefore, examined associations of these receptors on the putative rCaBP 9k and mCaBP 28k VDREs, as well as on established VDREs from the rat osteocalcin (rOC) and mouse osteopontin (mOP) genes, plus the thyroid hormone response element (TRE) from the rat myosin heavy chain (rMHC) gene. In gel mobility shift assays, we found no evidence for VDR-TR heterodimer interaction with any tested element. Further, employing these hormone response elements linked to reporter genes in transfected cells, VDR and TR mediated responses to their cognate ligands only from the rOC/mOP and rMHC elements, respectively, while the CaBP elements were unresponsive to any combination of ligand(s). Utilizing the rOC and mOP VDREs, two distinct repressive actions of TR on VDR-mediated signaling were demonstrated: a T(3)-independent action, presumably via direct TR-RXR competition for DNA binding, and a T(3)-dependent repression, likely by diversion of limiting RXR from VDR-RXR toward the formation of TR-RXR heterodimers. The relative importance of these two mechanisms differed in a response element-specific manner. These results may provide a partial explanation for the observed association between hyperthyroidism and bone demineralization/osteoporosis.
One Jesus and Four Primitive Gospels

To deal with the problem of the “historical” Jesus is to deal with the synoptic Gospels (with occasional appropriations of Johan-nine material).To use the apocryphal Gospels does not seem to be advisable, since their inclusion is beset with a number of notorious difficulties. First of all, any attempt to recover historical material from the vast sea of noncanonical tradition has proved to be an arduous labor yielding only negligible results.