cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental procedures to characterize acid-base and dispersion force contributions to solid wettability : a review

The quantitative characterization of intermolecular interactions across interfaces is of importance in issues such as composites, adhesives and coatings. The interactions being considered here are relatively weak compared to intramolecular bonds but are very important in establishing desired properties in such materials. Of greatest significance are the van der Waals (especially the London dispersion) forces and the Lewis acid—base, including hydrogen bond, forces. This paper will review recent advances in techniques for measuring the capability of various surfaces to form interfacial bonds based on dispersion force and acid—base attractions, that is, measuring wettability of solids by various materials such as liquids, adhesives and coating resins. The techniques to be reviewed are contact angle measurement, calorimetry, spectral shift measurement and inverse gas chromatography. Strengths of acidic and basic sites on the surface are expressed quantitatively as solid surface tension, work of adhesion and enthalpy of bond formation (Drago E and C constants; Gutmann acceptor and donor numbers).
An Efficient and Inexpensive Refrigerated LC System for H/D Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Loss of deuterium label during the LC step in amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (H/D-MS) is minimized by maintaining an acidic mobile phase pH and low temperature (pH 2.5, 0 °C). Here we detail the construction and performance of a low-cost, thermoelectrically refrigerated enclosure to house high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) components and cool mobile phases. Small volume heat exchangers rapidly decrease mobile phase temperature and keep the temperature stable to ±0.2 °C. Using a superficially porous reversed-phase column, we obtained excellent chromatographic performance in the separation of peptides with a median peak width of 4.4 s. Average deuterium recovery was 80.2% with an average relative precision of 0.91%.
Taxonomic Classification Helps Identify Flavonoid-Containing Foods on a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire

Abstract We describe foods on the National Cancer Institute (NCI) semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire with respect to their botanical taxonomic classification and the likely presence of flavonoids. Foods listed in the NCI questionnaire were classified for potential flavonoid content using information from Linnaean taxonomic classification and processing techniques known to modify flavonoid content. The outcome measure was flavonoid presence in foods as evidenced in the food composition analytical literature. We then verified the presence of 6 classes of flavonoids in these foods by searching the chemical analytical literature (represented by Food Science and Technology Abstracts Service from January 1969 to June 1996). One hundred ninety foods were mentioned on the NCI questionnaire; after duplications were removed, 153 foods remained. Data obtained from literature searches indicated that 54 foods (35%) contained flavonoids. An additional 19 recipe foods (12%) had flavonoid-containing components or ingredients. Thirty-nine foods (25%) had flavonoids that had been reduced or removed during milling and other processing. Seven foods (5%) were stripped and judged to have no flavonoids. Thirty-four foods (22%), for example, dairy, meat, and sugar, were completely devoid of flavonoids. When food composition data are unavailable, botanical taxonomic classifications may be helpful in ascertaining the likely presence of flavonoids in foods. However, quantitative estimates are likely to be imprecise. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:677-682, 685 .
The generation and quantitative visualization of breaking internal waves

New techniques for the generation and quantitative visualization of breaking progressive internal waves are presented. Laboratory techniques applicable to general stratified flow experiments are also demonstrated. The planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique is used to produce calibrated images of the wave breaking process, and the details of the PLIF measurements are described in terms of the necessary corrections and considerations for the application of PLIF to stratified flows. Results of the flow visualization and wave generation techniques are presented, which show that the nature of internal wave breaking is strongly dependent on the type of breaking internal wave considered.
Acute inflammation plays a limited role in the regulation of adipose tissue COL1A1 protein abundance

Obesity is an inflammatory condition that is also associated with increased extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression. However, a direct link between adipose tissue inflammation and ECM gene expression has not been established. Therefore, we determined the effect of chronic inflammation induced by obesity and acute inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on ECM genes including biglycan (BGN), collagen 1A1 (COL1A1) and COL6A1, major ECM genes in adipose tissue. Male C57BL/6J mice fed either a control diet (10% fat calories) or a high-fat diet (HFD) (60% fat calories) for 6 weeks were treated with LPS or saline 24 h before sacrifice. Expression of ECM genes in the epididymal (EWAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SWAT) was determined by RT-PCR and protein abundance by Western blotting. Human SWAT from lean and obese subjects was also analyzed. Increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of ECM genes BGN and COL1A1 was observed in the mouse EWAT after HFD (P<.05). However, reduced amount of COL1A1 protein was observed in EWAT of mice on HFD and in SWAT from obese human subjects. Acute inflammation induced BGN mRNA in EWAT, enhanced the gene expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) 3 and 9. Acute inflammation also resulted in higher MMP9 gelatinolytic activity; however, this showed no association with COL1A1 protein abundance. Higher MMP2 expression in mice on HFD suggests its involvement in the reduction of COL1A1 protein abundance with HFD. Elevated MMP9 gelatinolytic activity in SWAT from obese humans indicates a prominent role for MMP9 in SWAT COL1A1 protein turnover in humans.
Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity of Polymorphic Titania Nanoparticles by NMP Solvent-based Ambient Condition Process

Solvent-based ambient condition sol (SACS) process with N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent, is a post-treatment technique utilized to modify polymorphic titania nanoparticles prepared by a water-based ambient condition sol process. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, CHNS analysis, UV–vis absorption spectrophotometry, FT-IR, and TEM and compared to a commercial reference titania product, Degussa P25. Photocatalytic activity, evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light (VL), showed that SACS, with NMP as the solvent, is a powerful treatment to enhance TiO2 photocatalytic activity by minimizing lattice hydroxyls and doping titania samples with nitrogen.
n‐Al0.75Ga0.25N epilayers for 250 nm emission ultraviolet light emitting diodes

We have developed a unique approach combining migration-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MEMOCVD) high temperature AlN buffer layers and AlGaN/AlN superlattices (SLs) to yield high quality (HQ) AlGaN layers for 250 nm LEDs. Symmetric/asymmetric X-ray diffraction (XRD) and room temperature photoluminescence measurements were used to study the high-structural and optical quality. The (002) and (114) rocking curve full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 1.4 {mu}m n-Al{sub 0.75}Ga{sub 0.25}N grown over AlGaN/AlN buffer were 143 and 565 arcsec, respectively. Crack-free Al{sub 0.75}Ga{sub 0.25}N layers with electron concentration as high as 1 x 10{sup 18} cm{sup -3} and Hall mobility about 50 cm{sup 2}/V.s were successfully grown and used for sub-milliwatt power (0.12 mW at a pulse pump current of 300 mA) 250 nm deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UVLEDs). In addition, for comparison, we prepared n-AlGaN only using high temperature AlN without SLs inserted. The experiments show that the AlGaN/AlN SLs inserted play a crucial role in improving structural and optical quality of high Al-composition AlGaN epilayers. (copyright 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (orig.)
High-speed data acquisition for three-dimensional x-ray and neutron computed tomography

Computed tomography for nondestructive evaluation applications has been limited by system cost, resolution, and time requirements for three-dimensional data sets. FlashCT (Flat panel Amorphous Silicon High-Resolution Computed Tomography) is a system developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory to address these three problems. Developed around a flat panel amorphous silicon detector array, FlashCT is suitable for low to medium energy x-ray and neutron computed tomography at 127-micron resolution. Overall system size is small, allowing rapid transportation to a variety of radiographic sources. System control software was developed in LabVIEW for Windows NT to allow multithreading of data acquisition, data correction, and staging motor control. The system control software simplifies data collection and allows fully automated control of the data acquisition process, leading toward remote or unattended operation. The first generation of the FlashCT Data Acquisition System was completed in Au gust 1998, and since that time the system has been tested using x-ray sources ranging in energy from 60 kV to 20MV. The system has also been used to collect data for thermal neutron computed tomography at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). System improvements have been proposed to provide faster data collection and greater dynamic range during data collection.
La hispanofobia a través de algunos textos de la conquista de América: propaganda política y frivolidad académica

Si, si lo veo; una enorme actividad social, una poderosa civilizacion, mucha ciencia, mucho arte, mucha industria, mucha moral, y luego cuando hayamos llenado el mundo de maravillas industriales, d...
Addition reactions of η3-allenyl/propargyl and η3-trimethylenemethane complexes of platinum and palladium

Abstract A study of reactions of η3-allenyl/propargyl complexes of platinum and palladium with transition-metal hydrides and secondary amines and of η3-trimethylenemethane (η3-TMM) complexes of platinum with unsaturated electrophiles is presented. The reaction of [(PPh3)2Pt(η3-CH2CCPh)]OTf (1aOTf) with Cp(CO)2RuH affords the η3-allyl complex [(PPh3)2Pt(η3-CH2CHC(Ph)Ru(CO)2Cp)]OTf, whereas that of 1aOTf with Cp2Zr(Cl)H furnishes [(PPh3)2Pt(η3-CH2CHCHPh)]OTf (3OTf). The source of the CHPh hydrogen in the latter reaction appears to be adventitious H2O, as evidenced by the formation of [(PPh3)2Pt(η3-CH2CHCDPh)]OTf when 1aOTf was treated with D2O and Cp2Zr(Cl)H. Possible mechanisms of formation of 3OTf are presented. The secondary amines R2NH (R=i-Pr or sec-Bu) react with 1aOTs and its palladium analog, 1bOTs, to give the η3-(2-aminoallyl) complexes [(PPh3)2M(η3-CH2C(NR2)CHPh)]OTs (M=Pt, Pd). Competition studies reveal the following order of reactivity, attributed to steric effects: Et2NH (74 and 38)>(i-Pr)2NH (3.5 and 5)>(sec-Bu)2NH (1) for 1aOTs and 1bOTs, respectively. The complex 1aOTs reacts much faster with Et2NH than with EtOH. Reactions of the η3-TMM complexes (PPh3)2Pt(η3-CH2C(C(CO2Me)2)CHR) (R=Me (7), Ph (8)) with the very strong electrophiles/polarophiles TCNE and p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (TSI) lead to [3+2] cycloaddition of the electrophile to the η3-TMM ligand, and the resulting cycloadduct is isolated either free (with TSI) or complexed as an alkene to the metal (with TCNE). The weaker electrophiles diethyl fumarate and fumaronitrile (E) react with 7 or 8 to furnish (PPh3)2PtE and a [3+3] coupling product of the η3-TMM ligand. All new compounds were characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and 1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy.
Emergent decision-making in biological signal transduction networks

The complexity of biochemical intracellular signal transduction networks has led to speculation that the high degree of interconnectivity that exists in these networks transforms them into an information processing network. To test this hypothesis directly, a large scale model was created with the logical mechanism of each node described completely to allow simulation and dynamical analysis. Exposing the network to tens of thousands of random combinations of inputs and analyzing the combined dynamics of multiple outputs revealed a robust system capable of clustering widely varying input combinations into equivalence classes of biologically relevant cellular responses. This capability was nontrivial in that the network performed sharp, nonfuzzy classifications even in the face of added noise, a hallmark of real-world decision-making.
975-76 Mitral Valve Structural Abnormalities In Mitral Valve Prolapse

The floppy mitral valve is the underlying pathology in mitral valve prolapse (MVP). However, posterior displacement of the mitral valve (MV) has been used for the echocardiographic diagnosis of MVP and not the structural abnormalities characteristic of the floppy mitral valve IFMV) resulting in MVP Since the current diagnostic criteria are limited by the influence of hemodynamic and neurohormonal factors on the degree of MVP, the structure of the MV which has Important prognostic implications should be used for the diagnosis of FMV-MVP Thus, 68 normal subjects (mean age = 40 years, range 18–76) were compared with 55 patients with MVP (mean age = 37 years, range 18–83). Leaflet displacement across the annular plane in the parasternal long-axis view (PLA) was mandatory for the diagnosis of MVP Transthoracic echocardiographic measurements of marginal leaflet thickness, leaflet length and chordal length were made of the anterior leaflet from the parasternal long-axis view and mitral annular diameter from the apical 4-chamber view. Values 2SD above the normal mean were considered abnormal (%ABN). Results Normal %ABN MVP %ABN marginal thickness (mm) 4.07 ± 044 3 5.32 ± 0.75 * 59 annular diameter (mm) 26.9 ± 1.5 3 31.1 ± 2.3 * 31 leaflet length (mm) 22.8 ± 2.0 1 25.7 ± 1.7 ** 26 chordal length (mm) 25.6 ± 2.7 3 26.0 ± 2.5 ** 7 * p 0.0001 vs normal ** p l 0.05 vs normal Among MVP patients over 70% had at least one and 40% had at least two structural abnormalities. In addition, MVP patients with significant mitral regurgitation had increased leaflet thickness (p l 0.01) and annular diameter (p ∼ 0.0001) compared to patients without significant MR. Conclusions The majority of MVP patients have structural abnormalities which can be defined echocardiographically. Structural abnormalities are rarely seen in normal subjects. The assessment of leaflet thickness, annular diameter, leaflet length and chordal length is fundamental to the definition and stratification of patients with FMV
Preservice Teachers' Analysis of Children's Work to Make Instructional Decisions

Teaching is an interactive process in which teachers gather information, analyze the results, and construct a response based on this diagnosis (Cooney, 1988). Considering alternatives in constructing a response, that is, making an instructional decision, is of great importance in teaching. How might mathematics teacher educators provide experiences for preservice teachers to begin the development of this skill? In an attempt to determine how these experiences might reveal the level of understanding preservice teachers have in regards to children's mathematical thinking, a study was conducted over three semesters. During the mathematics methods course, preservice teachers were involved in analyzing children's work through the review and discussion of several samples. They were required to determine the error pattern, discuss what might have lead to this misconception, and suggest appropriate instructional strategies that might help this student. Although most preservice teachers could correctly identify the computational error patterns, they had difficulty in determining what might have led to the misconceptions and proposing effective instructional strategies.
The relationship between conflict message styles and dimensions of communication competence

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between conflict styles and communication competence. The Conflict Management Message Style (CMMS) instrument (Ross & DeWine, 1988), which assesses three conflict orientations (self‐oriented, other‐oriented, and issue‐oriented), served as the operationalization of conflict style. Communication competence was measured by the Communicative Adaptability Scale (Duran, 1983; 1992). The CAS assesses six dimensions of communication competence: social composure, social confirmation, social experience, appropriate disclosure, articulation, and wit. Canonical correlation analysis and Pearson correlations revealed significant positive associations between concern‐for‐other and concern‐for‐issue conflict styles and the CAS dimensions of social confirmation, social experience and appropriate disclosure. A self‐oriented conflict style was negatively related to social composure, articulation, and social experience. Implications of these results and suggestion...
From mass customization to mass personalization: a strategic transformation

Business and operations strategists have long sought to formulate strategies that would serve profitably for a market of one. Two decades after its conception, there is growing evidence that mass customization strategy is transforming into a mass personalization strategy, making the market of one a reality, at least in select industries. The degree of transformation of a company depends on the extent to which its product is soft, i.e., can be produced electronically. Thus, at the lower end of the personalization spectrum are manufacturing companies engaged in producing hard, configurable products, while on the high end of the spectrum are service companies whose product can be totally configured and delivered electronically. The underlying factors that are enabling this transformation, in our view, are: (1) development of information technologies such as peer to peer (P2P), business to consumer (B2C), and Web 2.0, (2) near-universal availability of the Internet, (3) customer willingness and preparedness to be integrated into the process of product co-design and co-creation, (4) modern manufacturing systems, such as flexible manufacturing and, of course, (5) mass customization tools such as modularity and delayed differentiation, which help reduce manufacturing cost and cycle times and (6) deployment of customer-satisfaction-specific software called customer relationship management (CRM) to engender customer retention. Due to the importance and strategic success of affordable personalization, this issue is dedicated to that theme. The articles included in this issue would, I believe, serve as significant decision support mechanisms for companies pursuing a mass customization and personalization strategy. In addition to providing a brief perspective on articles included in this issue, we also summarize the state of the art of mass customization research.
Theory and context in analyzing livelihoods, land use, and land cover: Lessons from Petén, Guatemala

Abstract Most studies on the causes of deforestation have sought to link the phenomenon to specific economic, political, or demographic factors, usually through statistical or spatial-statistical modeling. However, generalizations about the link between deforestation and specific variables or classes of variables are of questionable validity. Another approach, one that is receiving growing attention, seeks instead to identify particular contexts or situations, as created by an array of interacting factors, which encourage forms of land use or other economic activity that can generate deforestation pressure. Such an approach was used in this study to explore recent trends and dynamics in the Peten region of northern Guatemala. The research found a number of regional and national scale factors that in combination have led to a process of de-agrarianization and dispossession among smallholders, while large scale, commercial activities in agriculture, ranching and plantation forestry increasingly dominate. Rapid land concentration, in conjunction with limited employment generation through emergent activities, is intensifying pressure on remaining areas of forest. A focus on two distinct areas within Peten reveals how broader-scale trends and features can have differing outcomes at the local level, with contrasting socioeconomic and environmental effects. Finally, the paper explores the implications of recent dynamics in Peten for both policy and theory in relation to deforestation, agrarian change, and regional development. Key factors and questions are highlighted that should be considered when exploring influences on regional socioeconomic and environmental conditions.
State of the Art Review: Depression, Stress, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease

The notion that psychological states can influence physical health is hardly new, and perhaps nowhere has the mind-body connection been better studied than in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, large prospective epidemiologic studies and smaller basic science studies have firmly established a connection between CVD and several psychological conditions, including depression, chronic psychological stress, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. In addition, numerous clinical trials have been conducted to attempt to prevent or lessen the impact of these conditions on cardiovascular health. In this article, we review studies connecting depression, stress/PTSD, and anxiety to CVD, focusing on findings from the last 5 years. For each mental health condition, we first examine the epidemiologic evidence establishing a link with CVD. We then describe studies of potential underlying mechanisms and finally discuss treatment trials and directions for future research.
A METHOD TO QUANTIFY BUTTEROIL ADDED TO BUTTER‐MARGARINE BLENDS

Table spreads containing various amounts of butteroil blended with vegetable oils are now commercially available. The butter fat percentages in these blends range from 2–40% according to the label information. This research was designed to determine the efficacy of a gas chromatographic procedure for monitoring the quantity of butteroil in the blend. Methyl esters were formed using potassium methoxylate as a catalyst and a heating interval of 2 min at 65°C in a closed vial under a nitrogen atmosphere. Carbon disulfide was used to extract the fatty acid methyl esters which were then separated by capillary gas chromatography. Retention times, peak areas and relative concentrations were determined by an integrator connected to the chromatograph. Changes in chromatographic patterns were monitored as known weights of butteroil were added to melted margarine. Dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, and pentadecanoic acids increased proportionately as butteroil was added to margarine. Commercial butter-margarine blends were prepared using the same procedure and the quantity of butteroil present was predicted by regression analysis.
Applications of phytic acid

Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) constitutes 1-3% of most plant seeds. Its tremendous chelating potential and its effects on the absorption of polycationic nutrilites such as Ca2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+ have been the subject of intense investigation for several decades. Yet in the American literature there is virtually no information available on other chemical properties of phytic acid or on its beneficial utilization. This review summarizes the present medical, dental, nutritional and industrial applications of phytic acid and suggests additional novel uses for this inexpensive and easily obtained chemical.
A proposed national strategy for tuberculosis vaccine development.

The global tuberculosis epidemic causes ∼5% of deaths worldwide. Despite recent concerted and largely successful tuberculosis control efforts, the incidence of tuberculosis in the United States remains 74-fold higher than the stated elimination goal of <1 case per million population by the year 2010. Current bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccines, although efficacious in preventing extrapulmonary tuberculosis in young children, have shown widely variable efficacy in preventing adult pulmonary tuberculosis, confound skin test screening, and are not recommended for use in the United States. The Advisory Council for Elimination of Tuberculosis recently stated that tuberculosis would not be eliminated from the United States without a more effective vaccine. Recent scientific advances have created unprecedented opportunity for tuberculosis vaccine development. Therefore, members of the broad tuberculosis research and control communities have recently created and proposed a national strategy, or blueprint, for tuberculosis vaccine development, which is presented here.
A Method for Evaluating Competency in Assessment and Management of Suicide Risk

Objective Although health professionals increasingly are expected to be able to assess and manage patients’ risk for suicide, few methods are available to evaluate this competency. This report describes development of a competency-assessment instrument for suicide risk-assessment (CAI—S), and evaluates its use in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE).
Polymers containing the cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl groups

Polymers have been prepared from a group of monomers containing the cyclohexyl and cyclopentyl groups. These monomers were of the type (C6H11)(CH2)nCHCH2, (where n = 0–3) and (C5H9)(CH2)nCHCH2 (where n = 0−1). Both Ziegler-Natta and Friedel-Crafts catalysts were used. By comparison of the infrared spectra of corresponding polymers prepared with the two types of catalysts, it has been shown, for the cyclohexyl compounds, that intramolecular hydride transfers take place to a significant extent during the propagation step of the Friedel-Crafts polymerizations. These hydride transfers result in the formation of a tertiary carbonium-ion end which, on propagation, leads to a polymer in which cyclohexyl groups are part of the main chain. The cyclopentyl compounds, however, do not behave in this way. In this case, the relative reactivities of the tertiary and secondary carbonium ions are such that propagation through the latter is favored. Attempts to polymerize 2,4-spiroheptane and 2,5-spirooctane to give model compounds for the “rearranged” polymers are also reported.
TRAF5 Is a Downstream Target of MAVS in Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling

The recognition of nucleic acids by the innate immune system during viral infection results in the production of type I interferons and the activation of antiviral immune responses. The RNA helicases RIG-I and MDA-5 recognize distinct types of cytosolic RNA species and signal through the mitochondrial protein MAVS to stimulate the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7, thereby inducing type I interferon expression. Alternatively, the activation of NF-κB leads to proinflammatory cytokine production. The function of MAVS is dependent on both its C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain and N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). The TM domain mediates MAVS dimerization in response to viral RNA, allowing the CARD to bind to and activate the downstream effector TRAF3. Notably, dimerization of the MAVS CARD alone is sufficient to activate IRF3, IRF7, and NF-κB. However, TRAF3-deficient cells display only a partial reduction in interferon production in response to RNA virus infection and are not defective in NF-κB activation. Here we find that the related ubiquitin ligase TRAF5 is a downstream target of MAVS that mediates both IRF3 and NF-κB activation. The TM domain of MAVS allows it to dimerize and thereby associate with TRAF5 and induce its ubiquitination in a CARD-dependent manner. Also, NEMO is recruited to the dimerized MAVS CARD domain in a TRAF3 and TRAF5-dependent manner. Thus, our findings reveal a possible function for TRAF5 in mediating the activation of IRF3 and NF-κB downstream of MAVS through the recruitment of NEMO. TRAF5 may be a key molecule in the innate response against viral infection.
Reovirus: RNA polymerase activity in purified virions.

Abstract Purified reovirus particles contain a polymerase which transcribes virus-specific mRNA in vitro from the double-stranded, viral RNA genome. The enzyme activity is markedly increased after heat-shocking the virions.
Threshold setting and the cycling of a decision threshold

When policy-makers use a test result with a cut-off score in a decision, the cut-off threshold may change over time. An example is the threshold of “reasonable suspicion” used to justify a police search. Hammond (1996) postulated that a decision threshold will oscillate over time in response to competing pressures from affected constituencies, as unavoidable cases of false positives (e.g., innocent people searched) and false negatives (e.g., guilty people overlooked) emerge from the uncertainty of using an imperfect test (e.g., level of evidence) to predict the actual measure of interest (e.g., guilt). The structural underpinnings of a cycling threshold are analyzed in this theory-building article. First, we present a simplified converging model of Hammond’s initial insight. Then, we present three alternative models: a model with delays in policy-maker responsiveness; one with stakeholders’ shifting constituencies in response to recent errors; and one with integral control representing the historical dissatisfaction of competing constituencies. The “history” model meets the theoretical requirements set out by Hammond and fits historical data regarding FBI denials of access to information regarding a third party due to privacy concerns. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing co-occurring alcohol-related consequences and depressive symptoms among university students

Hazardous drinking and depression represent two major sources of harm and dysfunction for university students. This study sought to determine how best to address these frequently co-occurring conditions for students who are not seeking treatment. Participants were recruited through internet ads and screened by phone and in-person to participate in a study on alcohol use, stress, and student life. Thirty university students (aged 18-22) with hazardous drinking who exhibited depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: assessment only or goal systems intervention (GSI). The GSI is a 3-session motivational intervention that addresses risks and processes of change related to alcohol and depression within an integrated framework. Students completed assessments of depressive symptoms, alcohol consequences, and heavy drinking episodes at baseline, three months, and six months. Given the small sample size of this pilot trial, our main goal was to provide effect-size estimates. Results of the conditional latent growth analysis for alcohol-related negative consequences showed a significant medium-tolarge effect of the intervention (f-squared = 0.27). Similarly, analysis showed that the intervention resulted in a medium to large effect on reduction of depressive symptoms (f-squared = 0.323). There was little evidence of intervention effects on change in heavy drinking, as students in both conditions exhibited a significant decline in heavy drinking episodes over time. These results suggest that GSI may be an efficacious intervention to reduce alcohol-related harm and depressive symptoms among university students in opportunistic settings.
Coming of Age: The Story of Our Century by those Who've Lived It

Pulitzer Prize winner Studs Terkel presents an extraordinary documentary of the 20th century, captured with a haunting voice and cadence that only he could achieve. Wise, contemplative, and wondrous, Coming of Age is Terkel in high form--compassionate, generous, always insightful--"(a) kind of national prose poem, a chorus of cacophonous voices offering a jagged, emotionally charged portrait of our times" (San Francisco Chronicle Book Review).
A GENETIC DETERMINATION OF INSEMINATION FREQUENCY AND SPERM PRECEDENCE IN THE GERMAN COCKROACH

By use of a recessive-genetic marker, it has been shown that adult female German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), can be successfully inseminated by more than one male. Reinsemination was demonstrated to occur rarely between the first mating and production of the first egg case, while about 20% of the females examined remated between egg cases. The total impact of second matings on the offspring produced was small because of remating infrequency and the prevalence of incomplete sperm precedence in those that were reinseminated. RESUME DETERMINATION GENETIQUE DE LA FREQUENCE DES INSEMINATIONS ET DE LA COMPETITION ENTRE SPERMATOZOIDES CHEZ BLATTELLA GERMANICA Le marquage par un gene recessif a permis de montrer que les femelles de Blattella germanica peuvent etre inseminees avec succes par plus d'un mâle. La seconde insemination a rarement lieu entre la premiere copulation et la production de la premiere ootheque, tandis que 20% des femelles examinees recopulent entre la production des differentes ootheques. L'impact global des secondes copulations sur la descendance est faible parce que, d'une part, la frequence des nouvelles copulations est limitee. et que, d'autre part, les spermatozoides de la premiere copulation incomplete des femelles reinseminees sont avantages.
Theoretical studies of metallic interfaces

Abstract We have used embedded atom potentials to simulate the surfaces, thin films, A/B interfaces, and grain boundaries in metals (nickel and aluminum) and alloys (NiAl and Ni 3 Al). The calculated surface relaxations and ripplings of free surfaces are in good agreement with experiments. A new interference phenomenon of interlayer relaxation in thin films is observed in the simulation. This interference phenomenon can be calculated by a simple superposition principle. The segregation behavior of boron, sulfur and their effects on the mechanical properties of Ni 3 Al are correctly predicted with potentials fitted to data obtained by electronic band structure calculations.
Measuring Quality in Long-Term Care: A 360-Degree Approach

Policy makers and providers have taken steps to address quality concerns in acute and Long-term care (LTC); however, serious quality problems remain. Efforts to measure quality have focused primarily on technical quality, assessing whether certain healthcare outcomes are achieved. Advocates for a patient-centered approach urge a shift to an assessment of functional quality that would include an overall evaluation of the service encounter that is heavily reliant on input from the service recipient. This article provides a discussion of why measuring quality in LTC is more challenging. Because a more comprehensive approach to quality is warranted in LTC, recommendations are made for using a 360-degree approach.
A highly efficient one-step synthesis of (±) dihydroactinidiolide

Abstract An unprecedented reaction of a β, γ-unsaturated aldehyde (1) was discovered and has been used to synthesize (±) dihydroactinidiolide ( 2 ) and (±) aeginetolide( 3 ).
Diabetes Complications in Childhood Diabetes: New Biomarkers and Technologies

A major challenge in preventing vascular complications in diabetes is the inability to identify high-risk patients at an early stage, emphasizing the importance of discovering new risk factors, technologies and therapeutic targets to reduce the development and progression of complications. Promising biomarkers which may improve risk stratification and serve as therapeutic targets, include: uric acid, insulin sensitivity, copeptin, SGLT-2 and Klotho/FGF-23. Non-invasive measures of macrovasuclar disease in youth, include: 1) pulse wave velocity to examine arterial stiffness; 2) carotid intima-media thickness to evaluate arterial thickness; 3) cardiac MRI to investigate cardiac function and structure. Novel microvascular measures include: GFR by iohexol clearance using filter paper to directly measure GFR, retinal vascular geometry to predict early retinal changes and corneal confocal microscopy to improve detection of early nerve loss to better predict diabetic neuropathy. Herein we will review technologies, novel biomarkers, and therapeutic targets in relation to vascular complications of diabetes.
Spline-based modelling of trends in the force of HIV infection, with application to the UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package.

Objective We previously developed a flexible specification of the UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) that relied on splines to generate time-varying values for the force of infection parameter. Here, we test the feasibility of this approach for concentrated HIV/AIDS epidemics with very sparse data and compare two methods for making short-term future projections with the spline-based model. Methods Penalised B-splines are used to model the average infection risk over time within the EPP 2011 modelling framework, which includes antiretroviral treatment effects and CD4 cell count progression, and is fit to sentinel surveillance prevalence data with a Bayesian algorithm. We compare two approaches for future projections: (1) an informative prior related to equilibrium prevalence and (2) a random walk formulation. Results The spline-based model produced plausible fits across a range of epidemics, which included 87 subpopulations from 14 countries with concentrated epidemics and 75 subpopulations from 33 countries with generalised epidemics. The equilibrium prior and random walk approaches to future projections yielded similar prevalence estimates, and both performed well in tests of out-of-sample predictive validity for prevalence. In contrast, in some cases the two approaches varied substantially in estimates of incidence, with the random walk formulation avoiding extreme changes in incidence. Conclusions A spline-based approach to allowing the force of infection parameter to vary over time within EPP 2011 is robust across a diverse array of epidemics, including concentrated ones with limited surveillance data. Future work on the EPP model should consider the impact that different modelling approaches have on estimates of HIV incidence.
Lipomatosis-associated inflammation and excess collagen may contribute to lower relative resting energy expenditure in women with adiposis dolorosa

Lipomatosis-associated inflammation and excess collagen may contribute to lower relative resting energy expenditure in women with adiposis dolorosa
Thrombosis and Embolism From Cardiac Chambers and Infected Valves

In a number of cardiac conditions (acute myocardial infarction, chronic left ventricular aneurysm, dilated cardiomyopathy, infective endocarditis and atrial fibrillation in the absence of valvular disease), the risk of embolism gives cause for concern. Although anticoagulation with warfarin (Coumadin)-derivatives has been shown to be effective in some of these situations, there is no evidence regarding the role of antiplatelet agents. The common factor in the thromboembolic potential of acute myocardial infarction, chronic left ventricular aneurysm and dilated cardiomyopathy is mural thrombus. This can be detected by two-dimensional echocardiography and indium-111 platelet scintigraphy. Although of value in elucidating the natural history of mural thrombus, in most cases, management is not substantially aided by these investigations. In patients with extensive myocardial infarction, particularly anterior infarction, moderate intensity anticoagulation started soon after hospital admission reduces the rate of embolism. After 8 to 12 weeks, embolic risk is low so that anticoagulants can usually be discontinued. Patients with chronic left ventricular aneurysm have a low incidence of embolism; anticoagulation is, therefore, inappropriate. Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with a high risk of embolism; moderate intensity anticoagulation may be advisable in many such cases. Little information is available regarding the incidence of thromboembolism or the role of antithrombotic therapy in the patient with a diffusely dilated left ventricle due to ischemic heart disease. In native valve infective endocarditis, the risk of hemorrhage is high, and the efficacy of conventional anticoagulants unclear; thus, anticoagulation should not be instituted for the cardiac condition as such. However, in prosthetic valve endocarditis, the risk of embolism seems to be very high, and anticoagulant therapy should be continued, but with great care because there is a substantial risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Atrial fibrillation in patients with valvular heart disease is dealt with in a previous review. Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation are at varying risk of embolism, depending on the etiology of the arrhythmia; trials of antithrombotic therapy are needed for the various subsets of patients. In most elderly patients, the etiology is not known, and their stroke risk is high. The risk of embolism in younger patients with idiopathic atrial fibrillation is so low as to make any antithrombotic therapy unnecessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mass spectrometric analysis of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue: Unlocking the proteome within

The predominance of tissues stored worldwide in hospitals and clinical laboratories exist in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks that are generated by simple and well-established protocols. Although generation of FFPE tissues has facilitated their characterization by such techniques as histopathology, they have proven refractory to biomarker discovery investigations using state-of-the-art MS-based proteomic methodologies. Very recently new methods have been developed that enable proteins extracted from FFPE tissues to be analyzed by MS. This review will highlight and discuss those efforts that have led to this exciting recent progress. Although these developments are quite new, the ability to conduct MS-based proteomic analyses of FFPE tissues opens heretofore intractable clinical samples for discovery-based biomarker research.
Interspecific hybridization of perennial Medicago species using ovule-embryo culture.

New interspecific hybrids between alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and several perennial Medicago species were obtained by embryo rescue techniques. The methodology, designated ovule-embryo culture, involved preculturing the fertilized ovule (10 to 20 days post-pollination) for a period of six to 12 days followed by excision and direct culture of the embryo. Placement of the hybrid embryo directly onto culture medium without the interim ovule culture was unsuccessful. Ovule culture to germination without removing the embryo also was unsuccessful. Ovule-embryo culture was essential for recovering interspecific hybrids between diploid alfalfa (2n=2x=16) and the following diploid (2n=2x=16) species: M. hybrida Traut., M. marina L., M. papillosa Boiss., M. rhodopea Velen. and M. rupestris M.B. In addition, trispecies hybrids between M. sativa x M. dzhawakhetica Bordz. F1 hybrids (2n=3x=24) and either M. cancellata M.B. (2n=6x=48) or M. saxatilis M.B. (2n=6x=48) were obtained from ovuleembryo culture. Media manipulations using M. sativa x M. rupestris F1 and first backcross generation embryos demonstrated the optimum concentration of 12.5 mM NH4 + for successful embryo rescue; ammonium salt formulation (whether chloride, nitrate or sulfate) was not critical. From a few thousand crosses, hybrids between M. sativa and either M. rhodopea or M. rupestris were recovered relatively efficiently with 157 and 66 hybrids, respectively. However, only 13 hybrids between M. sativa and M. papillosa were obtained from more than 2,000 crosses, and just two hybrids each have been recovered from the combinations M. sativa x M. hybrida and M. sativa x M. marina from 2,000 to 3,000 crosses. The predominant chromosome number between diploid alfalfa and the other diploid perennial species was 2n=2x=16. Morphology of the hybrids was generally intermediate. Electrophoretic analysis of the F1 hybrids and parental clones on uniform or gradient polyacrylamide gels demonstrated that peroxidase phenotypes could be used to confirm hybridity. For all interspecific combinations there was at least one peroxidase isozyme unique to the wild species that was present in the F1 interspecific hybrid.
THE DIELS-ALDER REACTION OF 1,3,5-TRIPHOSPHABENZENE WITH PHOSPHAACETYLENE

Abstract The Diels-Alder reaction between 1,3,5-triphosphabenzene and phosphaacetylene to yield tetraphosphabarrelene was examined at MP4SDQ/6-31G ∗ //M2/6-31G ∗ . The results were compared with those for the carbon analogue: benzene + acetylene to give barrelene. The phosphorus reaction is more exothermic than the carbon one, as is expected, as benzene possesses more resonance energy than triphosphabenzene. The activation barrier for the phosphorus reaction is 17.5 kcal mol − , significantly smaller than the barrier in the carbon case (44.6 kcal mol −1 ). This difference is consistent with our previous studies, which suggest a 10 kcal mol −1 decrease in activation energy for each CP involved in the Diels-Alder reaction. Topological electron density analysis suggests that both reactions are synchronous and concerted.
Evaluation of moisture flux from chloride data in desert soils

Scanlon, B.R., 1991. Evaluation of moisture flux from chloride data in desert soils. J. Hydrol., 128: 137-156. Chloride-concentration data from 10 soil profiles in a 40 km 2 area of the Chihuahuan Desert of Texas were used to assess chloride mass balance methods of evaluating moisture flux. The relative importance of advective and diffusive transport mechanisms was determined. Moisture fluxes were calculated from measured chloride concentrations on the basis of a steady-state flow model. To evaluate controls on unsaturated flow, moisture fluxes from this study were compared with those from other regions. The chloride profiles displayed large variations in concentrations and had (a) low chloride concentrations (≤ 100 g m –3 ) near land surface, (b) maximum chloride concentrations (1,900 to 9,300 g m –3 ) at depths of 1.3 to 4.6 m, and (c) gradually decreasing chloride concentrations with depth below the peak. Steep concentration gradients (up to 12,000 g m –3 m –1 ), characteristic of chloride profiles in these desert soils, indicate a potential for molecular diffusion; however, low moisture contents (≤ 0.1) in the zone of steep concentration gradients resulted in diffusive fluxes that were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than the advective fluxes; therefore, diffusive fluxes were neglected in flux calculations. Because the chloride accession rate was assumed to be constant throughout the study area, calculated moisture fluxes are inversely proportional to chloride concentrations in the soil water. Highest moisture fluxes (up to 6 mm yr –1 ) were calculated near land surface and are related to chloride leaching as a result of precipitation. Within the upper meter of the unsaturated zone, soil moisture fluxes decreased sharply to 0.1 mm yr –1 as most of the water evapotranspired in this zone. Soil moisture fluxes decreased to a minimum at the chloride peak and then increased gradually as chloride concentrations decreased with depth below the peak. Reductions in chloride concentrations below the peak are attributed to differences in moisture fluxes as a result of paleoclimatic variations. Comparisons of chloride profiles from different regions indicate that geomorphic setting plays a major role in controlling moisture flux in the unsaturated zone.