cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social contagion of correct and incorrect information in memory

The present study examines how discussion between individuals regarding a shared memory affects their subsequent individual memory reports. In three experiments pairs of participants recalled items from photographs of common household scenes, discussed their recall with each other, and then recalled the items again individually. Results showed that after the discussion. individuals recalled more correct items and more incorrect items, with very small non-significant increases, or no change, in recall accuracy. The information people were exposed to during the discussion was generally accurate, although not as accurate as individuals' initial recall. Individuals incorporated correct exposure items into their subsequent recall at a higher rate than incorrect exposure items. Participants who were initially more accurate became less accurate, and initially less-accurate participants became more accurate as a result of their discussion. Comparisons to no-discussion control groups suggest that the effects were ...
A micro-indentation study of superplasticity in Pb, Sn, and Sn-38 wt% Pb

Abstract In this study a method is developed for accurately determining strain rate sensitivities on a submicron scale using an indentation technique. The technique has been developed for use with the Nanoindenter and is applied to pure Pb, pure Pb, pure Sn, and Sn-38% Pb to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for Sn-38% Pb's superplastic behavior. In particular, it has been possible to vary the grain size with respect to the indentation size and thereby obtain strain rate sensitivity values for the interiors of individual grains (behavior of the lattice only) as well as for multiple grains (lattice + grain boundary, i.e. polycrystalline behavior). The results establish the role of grain boundaries in promoting high rate sensitivity and superplasticity. However, the results also indicate that the increase of rate sensitivity in the presence of boundaries is not due to grain boundary sliding. Grain boundary sliding has been consistently observed during the testing of superplastic Sn-38 wt% Pb, but only in the initial stages of deformation. A core-mantle model of superplastic deformation is suggested instead to account for the role of grain boundaries in enhancing strain rate sensitivity.
Motivations for Corporate Social Action

The article looks at a study exploring the motivations that large corporations cited for their socially responsible actions in urban, consumer and environmental affairs. The study asked for firms t...
Surface-plasma-enhanced quantum efficiency of a Ag-Ti-n-GaAs grating photodiode.

An array of Ag–Ti–n-GaAs grating photodiodes was designed and fabricated, with each diode having an active area with a diameter of 400 μm. Both electrical and optical characterizations were performed. We have made two experimental observations concerning (1) the surface-plasma-enhanced detectivity as a function of wavelength for 30° angle of incidence and (2) the offset in angle between the reflectivity minimum and the current maximum at the surface-plasma resonance.
Arrowleaf, Crimson, Rose, and Subterranean Clover Growth with and without Defoliation in the Southeastern United States

Understanding the growth pattern of cool-season annual clovers is necessary to develop management practices that maximize forage production and identify compatible grass associations and farming systems. Plant density, light interception, shoot yield, and root yield of arrowleaf (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), crimson (T. incarnatum L.), rose (T. birtum All.), and subterranean (T. subterraneum L.) clovers were compared for 3 yr on a sandy loam at Overton, TX. Clovers were sampled every 2 wk when uncut, and after being cut once or twice. Initial plant densities ranged from 200 to 250 m -2 and then declined to 100 to 150 m -2 during the growing season. The uncut treatment resulted in 3-yr average maximum shoot yields of 2480 g m -2 for arrowleaf, 1290 g m -2 for crimson, 1410 g m -2 for rose and 1000 g m -2 for subterranean clovers. Autumn growth and regrowth after cutting was greater for crimson and subterranean clovers than for arrowleaf and rose clovers. Crimson and subterranean clovers reached near 100% light interception 4 wk after cutting. Cutting usually decreased yield for all species except subterranean clover that increased with cutting because of a prostrate growth habit. When cut, rose clover always had one of the smallest shoot and root yields. Root yield increased for all clovers during the growing season when not cut and with no or small root yield decreases after cutting. Crimson and subterranean clovers are better suited for grazing and crop rotations because of their earlier maturity and response to defoliation.
Consequences of Ignoring Ideal Point Items for Applied Decisions and Criterion-Related Validity Estimates

Although the popularity of ideal point measurement continues to grow, the implications of mis-scoring ideal point scales by computing a sum-score have received little empirical attention. The possibility of incorrectly scoring these scales is quite high given that many scales developed under dominance assumptions have been shown to follow ideal point assumptions. Unfortunately, a systematic investigation of these implications is missing; this study looked to fill this gap. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to determine the impact of sum-scoring an ideal point scale on the rank ordering of simulees, bias in criterion-related validity estimates, and selection outcomes. The simulation varied the number of meaningfully unfolding items and the true criterion-related validities. Analyses were conducted within the full sample and varying selection ratios. With all simulees, and when 20 % or more of the items meaningfully unfolded, rank ordering of simulees changed, criterion-related validity estimates showed downward bias, selection hit rates reduced, and per-hire utility was reduced. The patterns of results were similar, though of stronger magnitude, as the sample analyzed became more restrictive. When respondents follow the ideal point response process and the scale contains even a small portion of meaningfully neutral items, sum-scores are inappropriate indices of attribute standing. The consequences of ignoring meaningfully neutral items were much worse in typical application situations. Although some studies have shown strong correlations among the sum-score and IRT-based attribute estimates for ideal point scales, other studies have shown attenuate relations. We present the first systematic investigation of what has, heretofore, been demonstrated incidentally.
Impact of Farm Financial Structure on the Credit Reserve of the Farm Business

The concept of credit reserve and its interaction with other firm decisions has become particularly important to the farmer because of two factors recently affecting American agriculture. One of these is the greater price variability associated with many agricultural products. The second is the recent escalation of farm input prices, particularly with respect to major asset items such as farmland (Melichar, Scott). In adjusting to such changing operating conditions, farm operators have substantially increased their use of borrowed funds. Between 1970 and 1977, liabilities of the farming sector increased by over 90% (U.S. Department of Agriculture). Although borrowing has been historically an important source of capital for farmers (Brake and Melichar), this expansion in the use of borrowed funds makes understanding the ramifications of debt use a high priority information need. The credit reserve concept, i.e., the individual's unused capacity to borrow funds (Baker), is a central feature in the process of understanding the use of debt capital. If an individual farmer chooses to maintain a credit reserve, this decision is not without costs and benefits. The costs of this decision are the foregone expected net benefits of utilizing additional borrowed funds. The intangible benefits associated with a reserve result from maintenance of firm liquidity. Therefore we can think of the decision to maintain a credit reserve as a form of riskaverse behavior in response to uncertainty (Barry and Baker). This response would be expected to become more important as farmers perceive the conditions in which they operate as being increasingly uncertain (Kadlec and Jones). For a specific farm operator, a quantitative expression for credit reserve can be described as the difference between capital limits imposed by external credit rationing and the amount actually borrowed by that individual (Barry and Baker). Describing credit reserve in this manner specifies the two parties involved in determining the size of the credit reserve. The first party is the farm operator and the second is the lender who decides upon the level of external credit rationing. Past research has shown that farmer actions, such as the order in which loans for particular items are requested or forward contracting a portion of a crop, can affect the amount of credit available (Irwin and Baker; Barry and Willmann). An additional set of farmer-controlled variables which should have an impact on the level of external credit limits is reflected in the asset structure of the farm busi-
Deconstructing Locus of Control: Implications for Practitioners

Locus of control is demonstrated as being an important individual belief for counselors to consider in their work. Western cultural bias that has influenced the research with locus of control, and may influence how counselors conceptualize clients' problems, is the notion that internal control is always more desirable than external control. Several areas of locus of control theory are reviewed, including sociocultural influences in the formation of the theory, cultural differences in locus of control, and differing conceptualizations of the construct. In addition, selected research with locus of control and mental health is briefly reviewed. Finally, important implications for practitioners are suggested.
Examining the instrumental-expressive continuum of homicides incorporating the effects of gender, victim-offender relationships, and weapon choice

The current study examines and extends the instrumental–expressive categories of homicide. Correspondence analysis of 30 years of homicide data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Supplement...
Differences of cardiac reactivity between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.

Abstract The reactivity of the isolated atria of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive state (30–35 days after birth) was compared to those of two control groups of normotensive Wistar rats (NWR). SHR atria, but not pre-hypertensive atria, showed a greater amount of spontaneously developed tension than NWR atria, which may reflect compensatory changes due to the high peripheral vascular resistance in SHR. The inotropic and chronotropic responses of SHR and pre-hypertensive atria to isoproterenol were less than those of NWR atria. In SHR atria (hypertensive and pre-hypertensive), a high concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine elicited a decreased inotropic effect in comparison to the NWR response. An abnormal negative inotropic response to potassium was observed in SHR atria (both hypertensive and pre-hypertensive). These results may indicate a difference in the nature of the β-receptor of SHR and NWR atria and an intrinsic, contractile abnormality of SHR atria. The low reactivity of SHR atria to the β-receptor stimulant may be attributed to the original changes in musculature rather than secondary changes resulting from compensatory mechanisms of hypertension.
Adenine toxicity and transport in the moderately halophilic eubacterium Halomonas elongata

The presence of adenine in the L-alanine defined medium substantially inhibited the growth of the moderately halophilic eubacterium Halomonas elongata. Extensive attempts to reverse the adenine toxicity for growth were made using a variety of purine and pyrimidine compounds, vitamins, and amino acids. Of the compounds tested, only cytosine was found to reverse the adenine growth inhibition. This indicates a mechanism similar to that found for some strains of Escherichia coli in which the presence of exogenous purines (e.g. adenine) was found to stop purine de novo synthesis and repress the synthesis of the pyrimidine salvage enzyme cytosine deaminase. H. elongata was found to possess an active adenine uptake system that was sodium dependent with only lithium having a considerable capacity to replace the sodium. A competition study indicated that the adenine transport system was quite specific. This paper represents the initial study of purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways and adenine uptake for the moderately halophilic eubacteria.
Virtual Active Touch Using Randomly Patterned Intracortical Microstimulation

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) has promise as a means for delivering somatosensory feedback in neuroprosthetic systems. Various tactile sensations could be encoded by temporal, spatial, or spatiotemporal patterns of ICMS. However, the applicability of temporal patterns of ICMS to artificial tactile sensation during active exploration is unknown, as is the minimum discriminable difference between temporally modulated ICMS patterns. We trained rhesus monkeys in an active exploration task in which they discriminated periodic pulse-trains of ICMS (200 Hz bursts at a 10 Hz secondary frequency) from pulse trains with the same average pulse rate, but distorted periodicity (200 Hz bursts at a variable instantaneous secondary frequency). The statistics of the aperiodic pulse trains were drawn from a gamma distribution with mean inter-burst intervals equal to those of the periodic pulse trains. The monkeys distinguished periodic pulse trains from aperiodic pulse trains with coefficients of variation 0.25 or greater. Reconstruction of movement kinematics, extracted from the activity of neuronal populations recorded in the sensorimotor cortex concurrent with the delivery of ICMS feedback, improved when the recording intervals affected by ICMS artifacts were removed from analysis. These results add to the growing evidence that temporally patterned ICMS can be used to simulate a tactile sense for neuroprosthetic devices.
Test Method for Verification Power Cable DTS System

The verification test method on DTS system for power cable conductor-temperature calculation accuracy is described in this paper. The DTS temperature measure accuracy and positional accuracy are tests firstly. During the test a power cable laying in tunnel and applying different load currents ,the conductor-temperature measured value and the DTS system calculated value were compared. Testing process are employs the T-type thermocouple for conductor-temperature measure. DTS system calculates the conductor-temperature according to load current, over-sheath temperature etc. The difference between measured and calculated value were analyzed and compared, that was used for verify the accuracy of the power cable conductor temperature calculated by the DTS system.
Extraction of various additives from polystyrene and their subsequent analysis

The extraction of fifteen polymer additives which are used as antioxidants, uv stabilizers, process lubes, flame retardants, and antistats from eight formulations of polystyrene is demonstrated with supercritical carbon dioxide and compared to traditional dissolution/precipitation extractions. The purpose of the study was two fold: 1) the development of a high performance liquid chromatography method(s) for the additives and 2) the determination of the viability of supercritical fluids for extraction of the additives from polystyrene. Nine of the additives were assayed via reversed phase liquid chromatography while, the remaining six additives could not be assayed in this manner. In order to develop an extraction method for the additives, the effects of static extraction time, CO2 density, and temperature were first investigated. These preliminary extractions revealed that a static period which afforded an opportunity for the polymer to swell combined with a high CO2 density and temperature above the polymer glass transition yielded quantitative recoveries of the additives. Triplicate extractions of the various polystyrene formulations matched additive recoveries obtained by the traditional dissolution/precipitation method but the former method was faster and used less organic solvent.
The skin bleeding time test as a predictor of brain bleeding time in a rat model

Previous studies have indicated that the skin bleeding time test does not accurately reflect visceral bleeding time (BT). The present study examines the predictive value of the skin bleeding time for brain bleeding tendency. Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into equal groups. The first group (controls) underwent standardized skin and brain bleeding time tests under general anesthesia. Mean skin BT was found to be 168.8 sec with a standard deviation of +/- 20.8 sec. Mean brain BT was found to be 172.5 sec with a standard deviation of +/- 19.6 sec. The second group was given 23.2 mg/kg of aspirin per day for five days prior to skin and brain BT testing. Mean skin BT in this group was 315 seconds with a standard deviation of +/- 72.2 sec which proved to be significantly different from the control skin BT (P = 0.0005). Brain BT in the aspirin treated group was 155.6 sec with a standard deviation of +/- 22.6 sec. Brain BT in both control and aspirin treated groups was not significantly different (P = 0.13). All animals were euthanized 30 minutes after brain BT and their brains harvested. One animal in the control group showed evidence of a small subcortical hemorrhage upon brain sectioning. Sectioned brains in the aspirin-treated group showed no evidence of subcortical hematoma. The results indicate that skin BT is prolonged by aspirin administration, but brain bleeding time is unaffected. Brain hemostasis is likely more dependent on intrinsic procoagulant than platelet function. The skin BT test may therefore be of little utility as a preoperative screening test for neurosurgical patients.
IMPACT OF WIDE AREA CIRCUMFERENTIAL ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ON QUALITY OF LIFE

to 0.9 0.9, and exercise intolerance 1.7 1.3 to 0.3 0.7 (p0.001 in all categories), an 18-50% improvement. The 12-month symptom inventory demonstrated a continued significant improvement from baseline. AF was completely eliminated in 39/50 (78%) with an increase to 43/50 (86%) with the administration of an AA drug. Interestingly the symptom scores were similarly improved in the 7 (14%) pts who failed ablation with symptom responses from baseline to 3 months: lack of energy 2.9 0.4 to 1.6 0.9 (p0.004), SOB 2.3 0.8 to 0.9 1.2 (p0.025), exercise intolerance 1.9 1.1 to 0.3 (p0.007). Conclusion: A wide area circumferential ablative approach is not only highly effective in eliminating paroxysmal, persistent and permanent AF but there are sustained benefits in symptoms, thus improving quality of life. Even though AF was not eliminated in all patients, there was still a substantial benefit in symptoms.
Optical properties of disordered rare earth-aluminium alloys

Abstract An aluminum surrface has a solar reflectance t 0.91 . The Drude model predicts a reflectivity ≈99% for Al because it neglects interband transitions which arise because of long range translational order in the pure material. By alloying Al with small amounts of gadolinium and samarium, which are large atoms with the same valence (+3) as Al, materials which are still largely Al but lack long range order are created. The reduction in interband transition strength concomitant with reduction in long range order raises the reflectivity of the alloys relative to pure Al, but only in a fairly narrow wavelength range. Over the rest of the solar spectral region the increased Drude relaxation rate ( h τ D ) resulting from the disorder depresses the reflectivity of the alloys so that a smaller net solar reflectance results. Specular alloy samples are prepared by simultaneously evaporating Al and a solute onto chilled ( T t 100 K ) substrates. Electron microscopy shows that for solute concentrations t 10% the alloys consist of small crystallites embedded in a matrix of disordered material, with the crystallites growing smaller and less organized as the solute concentration increases. Alloys with ≈10% solute are totally disordered and are characterized by h τ D ≈0.7 eV , similar to that of liquid Al, and an interband transition strength about 1 3 that of pure Al. Solute concentrations t 20% are required to reduce the interband strengt to zero; this increases h τ D to ≈2 eV. For pure Al h τ D ≈0.14 eV .
PRISON ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES

Although researchers have used the concept of social climate to study prison environments since the early 1960s, little empirical evidence has been produced to establish a relationship between climate and prisoner behavior. One reason for this failure may be the conceptual and measurement problems that have been associated with climate. This study draws on recent theoretical and empirical studies of organizational psychologists in applying climate to the study of work environments, to extend and correct specification of climate for the study of prisons. Using this conceptualization, a relationship is found between climate and several indicators of prisoner adjustment. The results are consistent with those of organizational psychologists applying the concept in other settings and with related prison behavioral studies. Specifically, provision of support for self-advancement and improvement is related to positive prison adjustment. Also, prisons with less structure and more opportunities for self-efficacy e...
Inhibitory effects of phaseolotoxin on proliferation of leukemia cells HL-60, K-562 and L1210 and pancreatic cells RIN-m5F

Abstract Phaseolotoxin (PT) is a non-host specific phytotoxin produced by the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae (P.s.) pv. phaseolicola. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of PT on the proliferation of leukemia cells was studied. After 4 days of treatment, PT decreased cell growth of leukemia cell lines HL-60, K-562 and L1210 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PT also reduced cell growth of the insulinoma pancreatic cell line RIN-m5F. IC50 values were 2.1±1.0 μM (HL-60), 13.3±3.7 μM (K-562), 2.5±0.4 μM (L1210) and 5.5±0.3 μM (RIN-m5F). Although the exact mechanism by which PT inhibits cell growth in these cells is currently not known, we present first evidence that PT may in part be active via inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Based on our findings, PT presents a lead compound with potential for further development into a new anti-cancer agent.
Birefringence in two-dimensional bulk photonic crystals applied to the construction of quarter waveplates

We have experimentally measured the birefringence in bulk two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystals in transparent spectral regions above and below the fundamental band gap. Data is presented for structures with different numbers of layers and two different air-filling fractions. We have used these data to design a photonic crystal quarter waveplate and provide independent experimental demonstrations of its operation.
Statistical analysis of molecular weight distribution of macromolecules.

Abstract Two statistical methods are given for analyzing the differences of two curves. These techniques would be useful in a large number of situations. The first technique uses polynomial least-squares regression. The second uses differences of the curve at each point at which the data were collected. Applications of both of these methods to molecular weight distribution of macromolecules are discussed.
Airborne Aero-Optics Laboratory (AAOL) flight test capabilities - Other possibilities

Aero-Optics is an important effect severely limiting an airborne DE system's lethal field of regard even for a Mach 0.3 aircraft. The Airborne Aero-Optics Laboratory (AAOL) seeks to make flight test a viable and affordable experimental tool to advance the scientific foundation for aero-optic effects and explore mitigation schemes involving flow control and adaptive optics. The flight-test component is the most-unique aspect of this program; however, the success in building the AAOL and the interpretation of the data collected in flight heavily depends on the coordinated use of computations, modeling and wind-tunnel testing. The AAOL is a coordinated program that links advanced CFD to wind-tunnel testing, and wind-tunnel testing to flight test. The AAOL team is confronting the critical tasks of conceiving, predicting, tunnel testing and flight testing flow-control mitigation schemes, turret and fairing designs for best aero-optic environment, adaptive optics, beam control and dealing with the challenging environment posed by transonic flight.
Nanoscale heterogeneity in ceria zirconia with low-temperature redox properties.

We have investigated nanoscale compositional and structural variations in Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 samples with different redox properties. Different samples were prepared using a spray freezing technique, and the synthesis conditions were varied to yield materials with reduction temperatures in the range of 400−750 °C. X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to characterize the average structures and redox properties of these materials. The nanoscale structural and compositional variations in individual nanoparticles of high activity were determined with atomic-scale electron imaging and nanometer-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. During the early stage of particle formation, the crystallization process is initiated via the nucleation of ceria-rich nanodomains. This results in the formation of high-surface-area materials that exhibit nanoscale compositional heterogeneity consisting of Ce-rich cores surrounded by Zr-rich shells. The effect of high-temperature redox cycling on the nano...
The effect of hygiene instruments on dentin surfaces: scanning electron microscopic observations.

The present study consists of two separate parts. The first section is an in vitro evaluation of the relative abrasiveness of some hygiene instrumentations commonly used during maintenance therapy. In the second section, one of the instruments, a recently developed plastic tip for use on a sonic sealer, was examined for its ability to remove dental plaque from root surface specimens instead for 5 weeks in the oral cavities of dogs. The in vitro study was performed on recently obtained dentin specimens where a ridge had been machined parallel to the long axis of the tooth. The sonic sealer fitted with the plastic tip gave considerably less removal of dentin and a smoother dentin surface than the curet, the rubber cup with polishing paste, or the sonic sealer with an ordinary metal tip. These findings further demonstrated that the plastic tip was able to efficiently remove 5-week old dental plaque from experimental root surface areas within a time frame of 5 seconds. The new plastic tip may be valuable in m...
Pancreatitis following the intraductal injection of partially purified enterokinase in dogs.

Experimental pancreatitis (PT) is induced by proximal and distal duodenal closure in the bile-duct-ligated dog, by causing duodeno-pancreatic reflux of lumenal secretions. It has been postulated that trypsin and enterokinase (EK) in the secretions activate trypsinogen within the pancreas, producing PT. There is supporting evidence for trypsin, but EK has not previously been investigated. To determine whether EK alone could cause PT, we injected saline suspensions of partially purified EK, and other test materials, into the duct of Wirsung of dogs and after 24 hr examined their pancreases and estimated the increment in serum amylase. Following 0.5% EK, both PT and hyperamylasemia (HA) ensued; HA without PT occurred when EK was inactivated by heat, administered with trypsin inhibitor (TI), or administered in more dilute solution. Injection of TI or of hog gastric mucin likewise leads to HA but not to PT. It is concluded that the PT observed was due to EK activity, and that therefore EK could contribute to the production of PT in the closed-duodenalloop model. The HA observed in the absence of PT is unexplained but appears to be related to the colloidal properties of the materials injected.
Adults with a family history of alcohol related problems are more impulsive on measures of response initiation and response inhibition.

Background Previous studies have found individuals with family histories of alcohol use disorders are more impulsive on some but not all laboratory behavioral measures, suggesting deficits on specific forms of impulse control. However, drawing conclusions is tenuous because these different measures have not been administered together in the same group of participants.
Human brain imaging during controlled and natural viewing

Assorted technologies such as; EEG, MEG, fMRI, BEM, MRI, TMS and BCI are being integrated to understand how human visual cortical areas interact during controlled laboratory and natural viewing conditions. Our focus is on the problem of separating signals from the spatially close early visual areas. The solution involves taking advantage of known functional anatomy to guide stimulus selection and employing principles of spatial and temporal response properties that simplify analysis. The method also unifies MEG and EEG recordings and provides a means for improving existing boundary element head models. In going beyond carefully controlled stimuli, in natural viewing with scanning eye movements, assessing brain states with BCI is a most challenging task. Frequent eye movements contribute artifacts to the recordings. A linear regression method is introduced that is shown to effectively characterize these frequent artifacts and could be used to remove them. In free viewing, saccadic landings initiate visual processing epochs and could be used to trigger strictly time based analysis methods. However, temporal instabilities indicate frequency based analysis would be an important adjunct. The class of Cauchy filter functions is introduced that have narrow time and frequency properties well matched to the EEG/MEG spectrum for avoiding channel leakage.
BMY‐14802, a sigma ligand and potential antipsychotic drug, reverses amphetamine‐induced changes in neostriatal single‐unit activity in freely moving rats

The effects of BMY-14802 (5,10, or 20 mg/kg), a sigma-receptor ligand showing preclinical evidence of antipsychotic efficacy, were tested on single-unit activity in the neostriatum of freely moving rats with or without pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg D-amphetamine. Relative to resting baseline, amphetamine activated the large majority of neurons that changed firing rate in close temporal association with movement. All doses of BMY-14802 reversed this neuronal response, but the effect was most pronounced at 20 mg/kg. This dose, however, was equally likely to reverse or to induce a haloperidol-like potentiation of those neurons inhibited by amphetamine. In contrast, 10 mg/kg BMY-14802 consistently reversed amphetamine-induced neuronal inhibitions. All doses of BMY-14802 attenuated the locomotor effects of amphetamine, but only the higher doses also blocked other aspects of the amphetamine behavioral response. By itself, BMY-14802 dose dependently inhibited motor-related neurons, but elicited less behavioral activation than amphetamine. BMY-14802 (20 mg/kg) also induced hindlimb ataxia and occasional backwards locomotion. Haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) reliably suppressed both behavior and neuronal activity when injected 30 min after BMY-14802, whether or not amphetamine pretreatment was given. Thus, BMY-14802 shares with other neuroleptics the capacity to reverse amphetamine-induced excitations of neostriatal motor-related neurons, whereas other effects of BMY-14802 reveal some haloperidol-like actions at 20 mg/kg that do not occur at lower doses. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polymer surface nano-structuring of reverse osmosis membranes for fouling resistance and improved flux performance

A new class of surface-structured RO membranes was developed with a hydrophilic brush layer of terminally anchored polymer chains resulting in fouling resistant membranes of low mineral scaling propensity and high permeability. The approach is based on free-radical graft polymerization of a suitable monomer, onto the active polyamide (PA) layer of a thin film composite (PA-TFC) membrane, post-surface activation with an impinging atmospheric pressure plasma source. Two types of nano-structured (SNS) RO membranes (SNS-PA-TFC) were synthesized based on methacrylic acid (MAA-SNS-PA-TFC) and acrylamide (AA-SNS-PA-TFC) graft polymerization. The poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(acrylamide) brush layers, on the PA surface, resulted in RO membranes of significantly lower mineral scaling propensity, evaluated with respect to the mineral scalant calcium sulfate dihydrate, compared with commercial RO membrane (LFC1) of about the same salt rejection (∼95%) and surface roughness (∼70 nm). Direct membrane surface imaging indicated that the rate of nucleation and thus mineral scaling were reduced owing to the polymer brush layer. Fouling resistance of the SNS-PA-TFC membranes was also demonstrated with respect to model foulants (the protein BSA and alginic acid). The MAA-SNS-PA-TFC and AA-SNS-PA-TFC membranes had a negatively charged and near neutral surfaces, respectively, with water contact angles somewhat lower for the former and higher for the latter membranes relative to the LFC1 membrane. The AA-SNS-PA-TFC membrane displayed lower mineral scaling propensity than the MAA based membrane, although its alginic acid fouling resistance was inferior, despite its lower surface roughness (25–33 nm) relative to the MAA-SNS-PA-RFC (∼60–80 nm) and LFC1 (∼73 nm) membranes.
Cytocatalytic evolution in plants

Low fertility and vigor, and requirements of ecological niches distinct from diploids are not universal characteristics of autoploids. InClaytonia, Hedyotis, Oldenlandia, and other genera, occurrence and frequency of both polyploids and aneuploids within species populations suggest a greater role of such mutations in the evolution of vascular plants than heretofore presumed.
Non-linear parametric liquid sloshing under wide band random excitation

Abstract The stationary response of a liquid free surface, in a partially filled cylindrical container, to a wide band random parametric excitation is investigated. Two analytical approaches are employed. These are the Gaussian closure scheme to truncate the infinite hierarchy moment equations, and the Stratonovich stochastic averaging method. The validity of the two solutions is examined by comparing the two predicted probability densities with the one measured experimentally. The comparison reveals poor agreement with the Gaussian closure results in contrast to those obtained by the stochastic averaging method, which gives a good description for the random surface motion. In general, the results compare well for surface amplitudes greater than the most probable amplitude, but below the most probable amplitude there is a remarkable deviation. This deviation is found to increase as the excitation level decreases. It is concluded that the uncertainty of the experimental measurements and the inaccuracy of the experimental fitting curves are the main source of the resulting difference.
Iterative procedures for nonlinear second order boundary value problems

Questions of the existence of positive solutions of second order nonlinear boundary value problems with separated boundary conditions are investigated. The nonlinearities are such that the linearization about the trivial solution does not exist or is trivial. The methods are thus applicable when shooting methods or ordinary bifurcation techniques cannot be applied. The conditions on the nonlinearity are quite modest and both super and sublinear problems can be included.
INHIBITION OF YEAST ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE BY ALKYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDES.

Abstract Five alkylammonium chlorides were shown to be competitive inhibitors with respect to NAD + in the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1)-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol. This inhibition increases with increasing chain length of the alkyl substituents of these compounds and is consistent with a hydrophobic interaction between these compounds and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. In the reverse reaction, the reduction of acetaldehyde, the alkylammonium chlorides enhance enzyme activity at low concentrations and inhibit enzyme activity at high concentrations. These effects also increase with increasing chain length of the alkyl substituents of these compounds.
THE CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE OF IOJAP MAIZE

A B S T R A C T The ultrastructure of the plastids from the genetically caused but maternally transmitted mutant iojap of maize was studied at four stages of development. The plastids of green and potentially green tissue were normal at all stages studied. The plastids of the white tissue were aberrant at all stages studied and lacked the normal grana-fretwork system as well as a normal prolamellar body. DNA-like fibrils were present in aberrant plastids, but ribosomes were absent. This indicates that chloroplast ribosomes are important in chloroplast membrane formation. Aberrant plastids fail to develop normally and are not a degeneration of normal plastids. Aberrant and normal plastids occur in single cells in green tissue, but only aberrant plastids have been
Reindeer in the “Great Land”: Alaska's Red Meat Industry

The reindeer industry in Alaska has a colorful and complex history, intricately blending anthropological, political, social, religious, economic, and environmental factors. Today's reindeer industr...
Immunologic aspects of BCG vaccination

Summary From experimental work in animals in my laboratory, as well as from clinical studies by my associates and myself over a period of fifteen years, I can say unequivocally that BCG is harmless and has definite value in preventing primary infection. It also minimizes the hematogenous sequelae which may follow primary infection, including tuberculous meningitis, miliary tuberculosis, etc. BCG vaccination is an important adjunct to the accepted methods of tuberculosis prevention, such as early diagnosis and isolation of the source case. BCG vaccination should not be expected to do more than other forms of vaccination in which all attempts are made to eliminate the source of contagion. A strictly controlled study is presented of infants born of tuberculous parents. Isolation was practiced after birth in the control group infants and vaccinated infants alike. There were 131 vaccinated infants who were followed for 459 person-years, and 128 control group infants followed for 459 person-years. In the vaccinated group there were three patients with roentgenographic evidence of tuberculosis; one was hospitalized and recovered. All showed calcification by roentgenogram. In the control group there were six children, four of whom were hospitalized, and three of whom died of generalized tuberculosis. BCG vaccination not only decreased the incidence of primary tuberculosis but also staved off the progression and generalization of the process when infection did occur. The multiple puncture method of vaccination is recommended, since it is simple to apply, is devoid of complications, and has produced universal and lasting (at least five and one-half years) conversion of the tuberculin reaction when applied to newborn infants.
An electron microscopic study of myofilament calcium binding sites in native, EGTA-chelated and calcium reloaded glycerolated mammalian skeletal muscle.

The ultrastructure of rabbit skeletal muscle was studied following glycerolation and staining with pyroantimonate. Electron-dense deposits were observed within the residual sarcoplasmic reticulum and associated with myofilaments. These dense granules were removed by chelation with EGTA and granules reappeared at these same sites upon the addition of calcium ions to the incubation medium. Specific inter- and intra-myofibrillar binding sites were thus confirmed. Myofilament binding sites were found to be a function of sarcomere length, since the granule distribution was different when shorter sarcomeres were compared to longer sarcomeres. It is proposed that calcium bound to myofilaments plays an essential role in contraction coupling and relaxation.
Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3–BaTiO3 thin films deposited via chemical solution deposition

Abstract Polycrystalline ferroelectric lead-free 85 mol% (Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 –10 mol% (Bi 0.5 K 0.5 )TiO 3 –5 mol% BaTiO 3 (85BNT–10BKT–5BT) thin films were fabricated via chemical solution deposition on platinized silicon substrates. The permittivity and dielectric loss at 1 kHz were 610 and ∼3.5%, respectively. The ferroelectric properties at room temperature and as a function of the temperature up to 125 °C were also investigated. The polarization hysteresis loop at room temperature showed a P MAX of 31 μC/cm 2 and P r of 6 μC/cm 2 at 200 Hz. The shapes of the hysteresis loops at room temperature and 125 °C were nearly identical, indicating good temperature stability. A dense surface morphology was observed and cross sectional microscopy revealed equiaxed grain growth. Based on these measurements, 85BNT–10BKT–5BT thin films may be a good candidate for lead-free piezoelectric-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
Dialectical Contradictions Experienced When a Loved One is Dying in a Hospital Setting

A family member who is present when a loved one is dying in a hospital setting may be profoundly affected by interactions with others in that setting, including the dying person. Interaction shapes how one experiences a loved one's death and dying. Framed in relational dialectics theory, this qualitative case study describes dialectical contradictions I experienced in the context of my grandmother dying in a hospital setting. Personal journals were analyzed, with three primary dialectics being identified: certainty-uncertainty, control-lack of control, and autonomy-connection. Understanding dialectical contradictions experienced by a family member when a loved one is dying in a hospital setting could lead to enhanced support services for family members.
A Portable Ice Crystal Replicator For Use In Snowfall Transmission Studies

The transmission of infrared and microwave radiation through falling snow is a subject of interest to the United States Army. The Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratories are currently studying the transmission characteristics of various wavelength systems through falling snow. A portable ice crystal replicator which operates unattended has been designed and built for use in this program. Of particular concern in its design was the problem of 'blushing', which results fram the freezing of water on the Formvar plastic material during the replication process. This problem has been at least partially solved in the design of this new instrument. The instrument also incorporates various electronic timing and event recording devices so that the instrument can be incorporated into a larger complex of instrumentation carrying out these transmission studies. A description will be given of the instrument and details presented of ice crystal characteristics that have been observed with the instrument under field conditions.
Cost effectiveness of new breast cancer radiotherapy technologies in diverse populations

Accelerated partial breast radiotherapy (RT) strategies (3-D conformal external-beam RT (3-D CRT) and brachytherapy with balloon catheter) reduce time and transportation burdens of whole breast RT for breast cancer. Long-term clinical trial evidence is unavailable for accelerated modalities, but uncertainty might be acceptable for patients likely to receive suboptimal whole breast RT. The objective of this study is to assess the cost effectiveness of accelerated partial breast RT compared to on-time and delayed whole breast RT. The design used in this study is decision analytic Markov model. The data sources are published literature; and national/federal sources. The target population of this study is a hypothetical cohort of 60 years old women previously treated with breast-conserving surgery for node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer with tumors <1 cm. The time horizon is 15 years, and the perspective is societal. The interventions are whole breast RT, 3-D CRT, and brachytherapy breast irradiation. The outcome measures are costs (2008 US$), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. The base-case results were: 3-D CRT was the preferred strategy, costing on average $10,800 and yielding 11.21 QALYs. On-time whole breast RT costs $368,000/QALY compared to 3-D CRT, above the $100,000/QALY WTP threshold. 3-D CRT was also preferred over delayed whole breast RT. Brachytherapy was never preferred. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were sensitive to the rate of recurrence outside the initial tumor quadrant (“elsewhere failure”) in one-way analysis. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that results were sensitive to parameter uncertainty, and that the elsewhere-failure rate and treatment preferences may drive results. The limitation of this study is that efficacy estimates are derived from studies that may not fully represent the population modeled. As a conclusion, 3-D CRT was preferred to whole breast RT and for women likely to delay RT, indicating that 3-D CRT could be targeted more efficiently before randomized trial evidence.
A Structural Strain Method for Fatigue Evaluation of Welded Components

In this paper, a new structural strain method is presented to extend the early structural stress based master S-N curve method to low cycle fatigue regime in which plastic deformation can be significant while an elastic core is still present. The method is formulated by taking advantage of elastically calculated mesh-insensitive structural stresses based on nodal forces available from finite element solutions. The structural strain definition is consistent with classical plate and shell theory in which a linear through-thickness deformation field is assumed a priori in both elastic and elastic-plastic regimes. With considerations of both yield and equilibrium conditions, the resulting structural strains are analytically solved if assuming elastic and perfectly plastic material behavior. The formulation can be readily extended to strain-hardening materials for which structural strains can be numerically calculated with ease. The method is shown effective in correlating low-cycle fatigue test data of various sources documented in the literature into a single narrow scatter band which is remarkable consistent with the scatter band of the existing master S-N curve adopted ASME B&PV Code since 2007.With this new method, some of the inconsistencies of the pseudo-elastic structural stress procedure in 2007 ASME Div 2 Code can now be eliminated, such as its use of Neuber’s rule in approximating structural strain beyond yield. More importantly, both low cycle and high cycle fatigue behaviors can now be treated in a unified manner. The earlier mesh-insensitive structural stress based master S-N curve method can now be viewed as an application of the structural strain method in high cycle regime, in which structural strains are linearly related to traction-based structural stresses according to Hook’s law. In low-cycle regime, the structural strain method characterizes fatigue damage directly in terms of structural strains that satisfy linear through-thickness deformation gradient assumption, material nonlinear behavior, and equilibrium conditions. The use of a pseudo-elastic structural stress definition is not fundamental, but merely a means to put low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue test data in a conventional stress-based S-N data representation which is typically preferred in engineering practice, than a strain-based representation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME