cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heme redox properties of S-nitrosated hemoglobin A0 and hemoglobin S: implications for interactions of nitric oxide with normal and sickle red blood cells.

S-Nitrosated hemoglobin is remarkably stable and can be cycled between deoxy, oxygenated, or oxidized forms without significant loss of NO. Here we show thatS-nitrosation of adult human hemoglobin (Hb A0) or sickle cell Hb (Hb S) results in an increased ease of anaerobic heme oxidation, while anions cause redox shifts in the opposite direction. The negatively charged groups of the cytoplasmic domain of Band 3 protein also produce an allosteric effect on S-nitrosated Hb. Formation and deoxygenation of a SNO-Hb/Band 3 protein assembly does not in itself cause NO release, even in the presence of glutathione; however, this assembly may play a role in the migration of NO from the red blood cells to other targets and may be linked to Heinz body formation. Studies of the anaerobic oxidation of Hb S revealed an altered redox potential relative to Hb A0 that favors met-Hb formation and may therefore underlie the increased rate of autoxidation of Hb S under aerobic conditions, the increased formation of Heinz bodies in sickle cells, and the decreased lifetime of red cells containing Hb S. A model for the interrelationships between the deoxy, oxy, and met forms of Hb A0 and Hb S, and their S-nitrosated counterparts, is presented.
Testing the Validity and Robustness of Wordscore to Derive the Ideological Positions of Governors: Are Female Governors More Liberal than Their Male Counterparts?

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we examine the application of Wordscore on State of the State addresses as a viable technique for measuring the ideological positions of governors. We find that careful selection of the reference documents used in this analysis is critical in producing valid scores. The second goal is to explore similarities and differences between male and female governors’ ideological views. We know very little about how female and male executives differ since until recently there has not been a critical mass of women governors. We begin to fill this gap by analyzing whether gender differences in ideology found among other elected officials also are present among governors. Contrary to expectations, we find that female Republican governors are significantly more conservative than their male counterparts; we find no gender difference in the ideology of Democratic governors.
Modeling Building Classes Using Moment Matching

Large-scale earthquake risk assessment necessitates models of the seismic performance of building classes. This work addresses how to depict a class with only a few (index) buildings whose designs ...
Analysis of a pyruvic acid acetal-containing polysaccharide by the reductive-cleavage method.

Abstract The applicability of the reductive-cleavage method to the analysis of polysaccharides bearing pyruvic acid acetals has been demonstrated. Direct reductive cleavage of fully methylated gum xanthan yielded the expected products, including 1,5-anhydro-4,6- O -[( S )-1-methoxycarbonylethylidene]-2,3-di- O -methyl- d -mannitol. The latter product was not observed when reductive cleavage was performed subsequent to reduction of ester groups in the fully methylated polysaccharide and mild hydrolysis to remove pyruvic acid acetal substituents. Instead, the latter experiment yielded 1,5-anhydro-2,3-di- O -methyl- d -mannitol, establishing the presence in the polysaccharide of terminal (nonreducing) d -mannopyranosyl groups bearing 4,6- O -(1-carboxyethylidene) substituents. The products of reductive cleavage were characterized, where appropriate, by comparison of the gas chromatographic retention times and chemical ionization- and electron ionization-mass spectra of their acetates to those of authentic standards. Alternatively, the products of reductive cleavage could be characterized without resort to comparison with authentic standards by analysis of the 1 H-n.m.r. spectra of their benzoates, which were obtained in pure form by high-performance liquid chromatography. By either method of product characterization, this two-step procedure of analysis reveals the presence of pyruvic-acetal residues in polysaccharides and establishes both the identity of the sugar residue to which they are attached and their positions of attachment.
SERVICE‐LEARNING WITHIN A MIDWIFERY CURRICULUM

Abstract Service-learning entwines community work/volunteerism with midwifery academic instruction, taking the student outside the traditional clinical realm and placing the experience into community-based projects. These projects draw on academic principles, public/community health, liberal arts, and hands-on delivery, enticing the student to delve deeper into the lives of the women and families they will be serving. Service-learning directs the student to fully embrace the midwifery philosophy as espoused by the American College of Nurse-Midwives. The experiences of the nurse-midwifery students at the University of Missouri-Columbia are described to show the depth and variety of service-learning as it reflects the scope of well woman care.
Closing the digital divide: understanding racial, ethnic, social class, gender and geographic disparities in Internet use among school age children in the United States

The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamics underlying disparities in Internet use among school age children in the US. The analysis found that a broad range of demographic, geographic and economic factors significantly influence Internet use among children. Significantly, the availability of household computing resources and adult Internet users in the household were most important in explaining disparities in use among children. To expand universal Internet access, future public policy should focus on providing support for in-home access; continued support for public access at out-of-home locations such as schools, and providing technical support, training and expertise to school age children.
Erratum to: Further analysis of selection-based instruction, lag reinforcement schedules, and the emergence of topography-based responses to interview questions.

Erratum To:The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 31,126–136 DOI: 10.1007/s40616-015-0031-5 O’Neill, J., Blowers, A. P., Henson, L., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2015). Further analysis of selection-based instruction, lag reinforcement schedules, and the emergence of topography-based responses to interview questions. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 31, 126–136. This article was inadvertently published without an abstract. The abstract and key words appear below. Abstract Three individuals with learning disabilities were exposed to a selection-based instructional protocol that operated on a lag reinforcement schedule intended to teach participants to provide various accurate responses to typical interview questions. At posttest, all participants engaged in higher levels of accurate topography-based responses to interview questions with evidence of generalization and maintenance. The additive effects of the selection-based, audio, and topography-based components of the instructional program were evaluated. Results are discussed in terms of the distinction between selection-based and topography-based responding as well as the multiple control of verbal behavior. Keywords interview skills training lag reinforcement schedule multiple control selection-based responding topography-based responding
Synthesis and thermal decomposition of piperidinium hexathiocyanatonickelate(II)

Abstract Piperidine hydrothiocyanate has been used as a molten salt medium for the synthesis of piperidinium hexathiocyanatonickelate(II), (pipH)4[Ni(NCS)6]. This complex decomposes in two steps. The first reaction results in the loss of four moles of pipHSCN per mole of complex to form Ni(NCS)2. Kinetic parameters for this reaction determined by methods based on are n = 0 and E = 83.8 ± 1.8 kJ mol−1. However, a nonisothermal method testing 14 rate laws shows that the rate law is A1.5: [-ln(1-α)] 2 3 . The second reaction results in the formation of NiS(s)
Crypts are the site of intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion

The site of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-mediated fluid and electrolyte secretion across mammalian large intestine was found to be the crypts of Lieberkuhn by means of two techniques. First, the formation of fluid droplets was visualized on the oil-covered mucosal surface directly over crypt duct openings when secretion was stimulated. Second, microelectrode impalement of individual surface and crypt cells revealed that only crypts cells produced a pattern of secretagogue induced alterations in membrane potential and resistance that was characteristic of secretory epithelia.
Effects of Impoundment on Vertical Accretion of Coastal Marsh

Vertical accretion of impounded marsh and adjacent natural marsh at four sites in southwestern Louisiana was estimated in 1994 by determining the depth of a stratum containing137Cs deposited in 1963. With relative marsh elevation, soil bulk density, organic matter content, and organic and mineral matter accumulation rates were used to describe soil formation. Three sites were impounded in 1956 and one site in 1951. Impounded marshes had lower marsh surface elevation than natural marshes because of hydrologic isolation from tidal sediment subsidies and substrate oxidation during forced drying. The elevation of natural marshes ranged from 12 cm to 42 cm higher than the elevation of the impounded marshes in 1963 and from 20 cm to 32 cm higher in 1994. Vertical accretion between 1963 and 1994 ranged from 9 cm to 28 cm in impounded marsh and from 15 cm to 21.5 cm in natural marsh. Only in impounded marsh that remained permanently flooded was accretion greater than in natural marsh.
Effect of long-term valproic acid administration on the efficiency of carnitine reabsorption in humans

To elucidate the etiology of valproic acid-induced carnitine deficiency, we tested the hypothesis that long-term valproic acid administration decreases the rate of carnitine reabsorption. Thirteen healthy men participated in a 34-day protocol in which carnitine clearance was measured before and after 28 days of valproic acid administration. During valproic acid administration (days 6 to 33), plasma free and total carnitine concentrations decreased (18% and 12%, respectively, P<.05) by 16 days, but returned to pretreatment concentrations by 28 days. From day 14 to day 30, the rate of free carnitine excretion was 50% lower than at baseline (day 4, P<.05). Free and total carnitine clearance, indexed to the glomerular filtration rate, was lower after valproic acid administration (P<.01). Contrary to our hypothesis, after 28 days of valproic acid administration, the rate of carnitine reabsorption was enhanced independent of the glomerular filtration rate and filtered load. Changes in the plasma concentration, rate of excretion, and clearance were specific for carnitine and were not generalized in magnitude or direction to the other amino acids. We conclude that the kidney adapts to conserve carnitine during valproic acid administration and therefore does not cause valproic acid-induced carnitine depletion in adults.
Gating of HCN channels by cyclic nucleotides: residue contacts that underlie ligand binding, selectivity, and efficacy.

Summary Cyclic nucleotides (cNMPs) regulate the activity of various proteins by interacting with a conserved cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD). Although X-ray crystallographic studies have revealed the structures of several CNBDs, the residues responsible for generating the high efficacy with which ligand binding leads to protein activation remain unknown. Here, we combine molecular dynamics simulations with mutagenesis to identify ligand contacts important for the regulation of the hyperpolarization-activated HCN2 channel by cNMPs. Surprisingly, out of 7 residues that make strong contacts with ligand, only R632 in the C helix of the CNBD is essential for high ligand efficacy, due to its selective stabilization of cNMP binding to the open state of the channel. Principal component analysis suggests that a local movement of the C helix upon ligand binding propagates through the CNBD of one subunit to the C linker of a neighboring subunit to apply force to the gate of the channel.
Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one in relation to menstrual cycle phase in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

The present study was designed to characterize the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and the neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) in nonhuman primates as a function of menstrual cycle phase. Female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were trained in a two-lever procedure to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol (IG, 30 min pretreatment) from water using food reinforcement. A cumulative dosing procedure was used to assess changes in the potency of ethanol and an endogenous anxiolytic steroid in the follicular versus the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Plasma progesterone and allopregnanolone levels were determined within 24 h of testing to verify phase of menstrual cycle. The monkeys were more sensitive to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and the ethanol-like effects of the endogenous neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. These findings suggest that changes in the endogenous levels of ovarian-derived progesterone and allopregnanolone alter sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
Fourier Photoellipsometers And Photopolarimeters Based On Modulated Optical Rotation

Several Fourier photometric ellipsometers and polarimeters are described whose operation is based on the use of modulated optical rotation. We start with the oscillating-analyzer ellipsometer (OAE) that consists of a linear analyzer preceded by an ac optical rotator and show how this basic instrument can be modified, by the temporary insertion of a quarter-wave compensator, to perform as a complete polarimeter. Permanent addition of the quarter-wave compensator and a second ac optical rotator to the OAE leads to a family of complete polarimeters in which either the compensator alone or, more generally, both the compensator and analyzer are, in effect, oscillating at the same frequency as is induced by the presence of the ac optical rotation. We show, in all cases, how the Stokes parameters of the radiation incident on the polarimeter can be determined from limited Fourier analysis of the signal output of a linear photodetector that intercepts the light leaving the polarimeter.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An assessment of the unconditioned stimulus properties of reward and nonreward odor cues

Two experiments designed to assess defensive burying of reward (R) and nonreward (N) odors by rats are reported. Experiment 1 demonstrated that odor-experienced animals spent more time contacting and aggressing toward (i.e., biting) an N-odor stimulus than an R-odor stimulus. Experiment 2 employed naive animals and replicated the Experiment 1 pattern of results. Thus, these studies demonstrate that R and N odors will elicit differential (Experiments 1 and 2), unconditioned (Experiment 2) responding. The complete absence of defensive-burying responding in both experiments suggests that the N-odor stimulus may not be sufficiently intense to elicit this response.
Surfactant protein A (SP-A): the alveolus and beyond

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is the major protein component of pulmonary surfactant, a material secreted by the alveolar type II cell that reduces surface tension at the alveolar air–liquid interface. The function of SP-A in the alveolus is to facilitate the surface tension-lowering properties of surfactant phospholipids, regulate surfactant phospholipid synthesis, secretion, and recycling, and counteract the inhibitory effects of plasma proteins released during lung injury on surfactant function. It has also been shown that SP-A modulates host response to microbes and particulates at the level of the alveolus. More recently, several investigators have reported that pulmonary surfactant phospholipids and SP-A are present in nonalveolar pulmonary sites as well as in other organs of the body. We describe the structure and possible functions of alveolar SP-A as well as the sites of extra-alveolar SP-A expression and the possible functions of SP-A in these sites.—Khubchandani, K. R., Snyder, J. M. Surfactant p...
The effects of dispersion, diffraction, and nonlinearity management in negative index materials

We analyze linear and nonlinear propagation in negative index materials by starting from a dispersion relation and by deriving the underlying partial differential equations (PDEs). Transfer function for propagation is also derived in spatial frequency domain. Using existing numerical methods, based on fast Fourier-Bessel transforms, we study the stability of the solitary wave solutions. Nonlinearity and dispersion management are then incorporated to find stable solutions of the underlying PDEs.
Integration extension for computer integrated manufacturing applications

This paper presents a method for integrating data between applications that are not designed to share their data. By using a neutral data format and a platform-independent communication protocol, this method allows for one-way and two-way communication between independent tools.
Molecular basis of in-vivo biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens

Bacterial biofilms are involved in a multitude of serious chronic infections. In recent years, modeling of biofilm infection in vitro has led to the identification of microbial determinants that govern biofilm development. However, we lack information as to whether the biofilm formation mechanisms identified in vitro have relevance for biofilm-associated infection. Here, we discuss the molecular basis of biofilm formation. Staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are used to illustrate key points because their biofilm development process has been well studied. We focus on in vivo findings, such as obtained in animal infection models, and critically evaluate the in vivo relevance of in vitro findings. Although conflicting results about the role of quorum sensing in biofilm formation have been obtained, we argue that integration of in vitro and in vivo studies allows a differentiated view of this mechanism as it relates to biofilm infection.
The Mental Health Crisis Grows On: A Descriptive Analysis of DOC Systems in America

Research has established that a large portion of prisoners have diagnosed mental health problems. Although the importance of providing mental health treatment for prisoners has been recognized, it is not clear what services state prison systems offer. The current study uses data obtained from content analyses, mail surveys, and phone interviews of mental health chief administrators of state prison systems to describe the norm in terms of mental health care and related services provided to state prison inmates. Findings indicate that most systems have dedicated and competent mental health staff working in their systems and that state systems are committed to providing needed services to inmates with mental illnesses. There are, however, also several obstacles, such as a lack of adequate staffing and resources, limited housing and bed space for prisoners with mental illnesses, and a lack of postrelease services.
Novel reduced pressure-balance syringe for chromatographic analysis

When withdrawing a fluid sample (for additional chromatographic analyses) from an apparatus operated at a reduced pressure, a typical syringe proves to be ineffective (even if it is equipped with a gas tight plunger). It simply does not create enough pressure differential to remove a fluid sample from a reduced pressure environment. We encountered such a situation as part of efforts to extend the operation of the advanced distillation curve protocol to reduced pressures. The problem was solved by the development of a pressure balance syringe that allows reliable and precise sampling from an apparatus operating at sub-ambient pressures. This new device uses an external vacuum source to evacuate a syringe barrel, allowing a user to withdraw fluid samples from environments with pressures as low as 0.5 kPa. To demonstrate the operation of the newly developed device, distillate analyses were performed on two fluids at low pressure: a predefined validation mixture, and a commercial soy based biodiesel fuel. The pressure balance syringe was used successfully for sampling in both cases. The use of the pressure balance syringe is not limited to reduced pressure distillations; indeed it can be used for a variety of applications in which chemical/compositional analyses are desired on a fluid contained in a reduced pressure environment.
A Soybean Cultivar Lacking Lipoxygenase 2 and 3 Has Similar Calcium Bioavailability to a Commercial Variety Despite Higher Calcium Absorption Inhibitors

The aim of this study was to evaluate calcium bioavailability of a new soybean variety without 2 lipoxygenases with better taste and flavor than a commercial variety containing all 3 isozymes. Using the femur (45)Ca uptake method, calcium absorption from a new Brazilian variety, UFV-116, was compared to a common Brazilian variety, OCEPAR 19. Male Sprague-Dawley growing rats weighing 150 to 170 g (10/group) received test meals of whole fat soy flour prepared from UFV-116 or OCEPAR-19 seeds labeled with 10 microCi of (45)Ca. Femurs were removed after 48 h for determination of (45)Ca uptake. Calcium fractional absorption was equivalent between the 2 varieties. The higher oxalate:calcium molar ratio and the higher content of oxalate and phytate (P < 0.05) found in the UFV-116 variety did not affect calcium absorption. Therefore, the new variety is a comparable source of high bioavailable calcium.
Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes (A. aegypti) and Infection Phenotype Determination

The purpose of this procedure is to infect the Aedes mosquito with dengue virus in a laboratory condition and examine the infection level and dynamic of the virus in the mosquito tissues. This protocol is routinely used for studying mosquito-virus interactions, especially for identification of novel host factors that are able to determine vector competence. The entire experiment must be conducted in a BSL2 laboratory. Similar to Plasmodium falciparum infections, proper attire including gloves and lab coat must be worn at all times. After the experiment, all the materials that came in contact with the virus need to be treated with 75% ethanol and bleached before proceeding with normal washing. All other materials need to be autoclaved before discarding them.
Energetic costs of swarming behavior for the copepod Dioithona oculata

The cyclopoid copepod Dioithona oculata forms dense swarms within shafts of sunlight that penetrate the mangrove prop-root habitat of islands off the coast of Belize. Previous studies, based on in situ video recordings and laboratory studies, have shown that D. oculata is capable of maintaining fixed-position swarms in spite of currents of up to 2 cm s−1. The purpose of this study was to examine the energetic costs of maintaining these swarms, in terms of increased metabolic costs of maintaining position in currents and in terms of reduced feeding rates in densely packed swarms during the day. Using a sealed, variable-speed flow-through chamber, the respiration rates of D. oculata were measured while swarms maintained position in different current speeds. The results indicate that active metabolism (swimming at maximum speed to maintain the swarm in a current) is approximately three times greater than routine metabolism (normal swimming speeds in the absence of currents), indicating a significant metabolic cost of maintaining swarms in the presence of currents. In addition, gut-pigment analysis indicated that feeding rates of these copepods were often reduced in swarms during the day compared to when the copepods were dispersed at night. Given the high “cost” of swarming, the adaptive value of swarming in terms of reduced predation, increased opportunities for mating, and reduced dispersal, must be substantial.
Mechanical reliability of silica optical fiber: a case study for a biomedical application

The mechanical reliability of optical fiber used in certain biomedical applications is extremely important because failure of the fiber during use might be fatal for the patient. Therefore, prediction of the lifetime of the fiber both in storage and during service is necessary before the fiber can be safely used. In this paper we study two commercially available optical fibers designed specifically for high power laser delivery. The fatigue parameters calculated from static fatigue data are used to estimate the maximum allowed stress that ensures survival for the deign life of the fiber. This work properly accounts for uncertainty in the predictions; uncertainty which arises not only from scatter in the experimental data, but also from uncertainty in the form of kinetics model to use for extrapolation (i.e. power law, exponential, etc.). This paper thus provides an outline for making lifetime predictions for a critical applications involving relatively short lengths of fiber, that does not bind in any questionable assumptions.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Was the ANITA Rooting of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Affected by Long-Branch Attraction?

Five groups of basal angiosperms, Amborella, Nymphaeales, Illiciales, Trimeniaceae, and Austrobaileya (ANITA), were identified in several recent studies as representing a series of the earliest-diverging lineages of the angiosperm phylogeny. All of these studies except one employed a multigene analysis approach and used gymnosperms as the outgroup to determine the ingroup topology. The high level of divergence between gymnosperms and angiosperms, however, has long been implicated in the difficulty of reconstructing relationships at the base of angiosperm phylogeny using DNA sequences, for fear of long-branch attraction (LBA). In this study, we replaced the gymnosperm sequences from the five-gene matrix (mitochondrial atp1 and matR, plastid atpB and rbcL, and nuclear 18S rDNA) used in our earlier study with four categories of divergent sequences--random sequences with equal base frequencies or equally AT- and GC-rich contents, homopolymers and heteropolymers, misaligned gymnosperm sequences, and aligned lycopod and bryophyte sequences--to evaluate whether the gymnosperms were an appropriate outgroup to angiosperms in our earlier study that identified the ANITA rooting. All 24 analyses performed rooted the angiosperm phylogeny at either Acorus or Alisma (or Alisma-Triglochin-Potamogeton in one case due to use of a slightly different alignment) and placed the monocots as a basal grade, producing genuine LBA results. These analyses demonstrate that the identification of ANITA as the basalmost extant angiosperms was based on historical signals preserved in the gymnosperm sequences and that the gymnosperms were an appropriate outgroup with which to root the angiosperm phylogeny in the multigene sequence analysis. This strategy of evaluating the appropriateness of an outgroup using artificial sequences and a series of outgroups with increments of divergence levels can be applied to investigations of phylogenetic patterns at the bases of other major clades, such as land plants, animals, and eukaryotes.
High resolution measurements of the line positions and strengths of the 2ν2 band of H2CO

Abstract Spectra of the 2 ν 2 band of formaldehyde have been obtained with high resolution (0.035 cm −1 ). Measurements were made with path lengths of 8, 16, and 24 m and at sample pressures from 0.1 to 0.3 mm Hg at room temperature (∼296°K). From these data, the following constants were determined for the 2 ν 2 band in wavenumber units: v 0 =3471.718±0.004, A =9.3958±030013, B =1.28100±0.00024, C =1.11662±0.00024, Tbbb =-12.8±0.5×10 -6 , Taabb =60±5×10 -6 . The line strengths were also obtained from the data. The strengths were analyzed to determine the band strength and the rotational factors. At 296°K, the strength of the 2 ν 2 band was found to be 15.5 ± 0.9 cm −1 /(cm·atm).
Commentary: driven to success.

Rather than being overwhelmed by the amount of injury prevention information we can provide to our patients, consider arming yourself with a few key pieces of information that you can share with appropriate subsets of your patient population. Don't forget that we still command a lot of respect with many of our patients, even when we don't think that we do, and a few well-chosen and well-timed words from you could help to save lives. Advocacy is also an excellent way to promote injury prevention and can occur anywhere from the halls of our state and national capitals to the offices of our hospital administrators. We're making good progress in reducing traffic deaths, and your hard work and careful attention will help keep those trends moving in the right direction. Language: en
1.156-GHz self-aligned vibrating micromechanical disk resonator

A new fabrication methodology that allows self-alignment of a micromechanical structure to its anchor(s) has been used to achieve vibrating radial-contour mode polysilicon micromechanical disk resonators with resonance frequencies up to 1.156 GHz and measured Q's at this frequency >2,650 in both vacuum and air. In addition, a 734.6-MHz version has been demonstrated with Q's of 7,890 and 5,160 in vacuum and air, respectively. For these resonators, self-alignment of the stem to exactly the center of the disk it supports allows balancing of the resonator far superior to that achieved by previous versions (in which separate masks were used to define the disk and stem), allowing the present devices to retain high Q while achieving frequencies in the gigahertz range for the first time. In addition to providing details on the fabrication process, testing techniques, and experimental results, this paper formulates an equivalent electrical circuit model that accurately predicts the performance of these disk resonators.
A Comparative Analysis of the Position of Undocumented Mexicans in the Los Angeles County Work Force in 1980

This paper examines the position of undocumented Mexican immigrants into the Los Angeles workforce relative to that of the total work force and also relative to that of 8 other ethnic groups within the county. Undocumented Mexican men and women are shown to have had much lower levels of human capital than men and women in other ethnic groups. The low level of human capital among undocumented Mexicans was hypothesized to make their position with regard to occupation industry and class of worker more distinct from the total workforce than that of any other ethnic group. It was also hypothesized that the position of undocumented Mexicans would be somewhat to very dissimilar to 6 other ethnic groups with considerably higher levels of human capital but similar to 2 such groups with only slightly higher levels. For the most part the hypotheses were confirmed. (authors)
A Longitudinal Study of the Stability of Consumer Expectations of Services

Abstract The importance of service quality to the profitability and survival of service firms been highlighted by several researchers. However, little attention has been given to the process of measuring prior consumer expectations on which service quality measurement is based. This issue was addressed in this article by means of a longitudinal study that examines the stability of consumer expectations and their ensuing effect on the measurement of service quality. The study indicates that prior consumer expectations of a service measured after a service encounter will be affected by the type of experience. Through cognitive dissonance tension reduction methods, consumers tend to shift their prior expectations to ensure their overall evaluation of the experience is justified. Consumers who had a negative experience will shift their prior expectations of individual attributes higher and consumers who had a positive experience will shift their prior expectations lower. The impacts of these shifts and their effects on the measurement of service quality are then discussed.
Serotonin, but not dopamine, metabolites are increased in selected brain regions of subordinate male rats in a colony environment

Subordinate male laboratory rats maintained in mixed-sex groups in a Visible Burrow System habitat show a complex pattern of stress-related changes including enhanced defensive behavior, early mortality and increased voluntary ethanol consumption. Analysis of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels indicated that 5-HT levels do not differ between colony subordinates, colony dominants, and singly-housed control animals. However, 5-HIAA levels were higher in subordinates than either dominants or control animals in the preoptic area, amygdala, hippocampus, and spinal cord, and, were higher than dominants only, in entorhinal cortex. Subordinates' regional 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios were reliably higher than those of dominant or control animals in midbrain and spinal cord and reliably higher than dominants only, in hypothalamus. Dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels and DA/DOPAC ratios were affected neither in hypothalamus nor midbrain. These findings suggest that a consistent increase of 5-HIAA levels in selected brain regions of subordinate rats may represent a biological substrate for a well-characterized pattern of alterations in defensive behaviors for these animals.
Research requirements for research impact assessment

Abstract This paper describes research required to advance the state of research impact assessment. Generic research requirements, such as certification, quality, motivation, and review frequency are discussed initially. Then, research requirements for retrospective methods (such as projects Hindsight and TRACES), qualitative methods (such as peer review), and quantitative methods (such as cost-benefit analysis and bibliometrics) are described.
The physiology of spore‐negative and spore- positive nodules of Myrica gale

The physiology of spore-negative and spore-positive root nodules was investigated inMyrica gale L. grown in water culture in a growth chamber. Spore(−) nodules were induced withFrankia cultures and spore(+) nodules with crushed nodules. Gas exchange was measured in a flow-through system.
Identification and Characterization of Nesfatin-1 Immunoreactivity in Endocrine Cell Types of the Rat Gastric Oxyntic Mucosa

Hypothalamic nesfatin-1, derived from the nucleobindin2 (NUCB2) precursor, inhibits nocturnal food intake and body weight gain in rats. Nesfatin-1 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, suggesting a peripheral source of nesfatin-1. Many centrally acting food intake regulatory neuropeptides are also produced in the periphery, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we investigated the gene expression of NUCB2 and distribution of nesfatin-1-immunoreactive cells in the stomach. Microarray mRNA expression profiles in purified small endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa substantiated by quantitative RT-PCR showed significantly higher NUCB2 mRNA expression compared with brain and heart. Western blot confirmed the expression of NUCB2 protein and its transport into a secretory soluble fraction of gastric mucosal endocrine cell homogenates. Immunohistochemical colabeling for nesfatin-1 and ghrelin, histidine decarboxylase, or somatostatin revealed two subtypes of nesfatin-1-positive endocrine cells...
Three-Dimensional Responses Observed in an Internally Braced Excavation in Soft Clay

Several three-dimensional effects were observed in the performance monitoring data collected during excavation for the Ford Engineering Design Center in Evanston, Illinois. The elevations of the soil around the excavation varied and the excavator removed the soil in a nonuniform excavation process, both of which contributed to the observed three-dimensional (3D) effects. This paper describes the excavation support system and subsurface conditions at the site, summarizes the construction procedures, and presents the lateral soil movements measured by inclinometers, ground-surface movements measured by an automated total station, tilt of components of an adjacent structure, and forces in internal braces. These responses are compared with expected responses from current design methods. The 3D nature of the excavation resulted in smaller movements on the side of the excavation, where the retained soil was lowest, an unexpected pattern of axial strut loads and very slight damage to an exterior wall that paralleled one of the excavation walls.
PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN : I. THE METABOLISM OF FASTING DOGS FOLLOWING PROTEOSE INJECTIONS.

Proteose injections in dogs cause vomiting, diarrhea, temperature reactions, low blood pressure, prostration, and, after large doses, an excess of antithrombin with incoagulable blood. A single proteose injection, for example one-half a lethal dose, causes abrupt clinical reactions in a normal dog with apparent complete recovery within 24 to 48 hours. The nitrogen elimination curve in a fasting dog under such conditions shows a great rise in total urinary nitrogen. The apex of the curve usually falls during the second 24 hour period following the injection. This rise may be over 100 per cent increase above the mean base-line nitrogen level. It does not fall promptly to normal but declines slowly in 3 to 5 days or more toward the original base-line (Text-fig. 1). This speaks for a definite cell injury with destruction of considerable protein substance due to a single proteose injection. The disturbance of cell equilibrium is not rapidly or promptly restored to normal. A dog which has received previous proteose injections is partially immune or tolerant to subsequent injections of proteose. These dogs, as a rule, show less intense clinical reactions and less rise in the curve of nitrogen elimination following a unit dose of standard proteose as compared with normal or non-immune controls. The proteose used in these experiments was prepared as described from material obtained in cases of intestinal obstruction or of closed intestinal loops. These experiments explain the sharp rise in blood non-protein nitrogen which follows within a few hours the injection of a toxic proteose. They also point to the correct explanation of the high non-protein nitrogen of the blood found in intestinal obstruction or with closed intestinal loops.
Limited importance of CD40/CD40L interaction in the B7-dependent generation of anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity by tumor bearer splenic cells stimulated in vitro in the presence of tumor necrosis factor

We have previously illustrated the importance of B7-2 expression for the enhanced generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity by stimulation cultures of tumor bearer splenic cells to which tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has been added. Here we show that the B7-1 molecule is also important for CTL generation by such stimulation cultures, although to a much lesser extent than the B7-2 molecule. In addition, we show the importance of CD40/CD40L interaction for the expression of the B7-2 molecule, but not the B7-1 molecule, by tumor bearer splenic cells stimulated in vitro in the presence of TNF. The CD40/CD40L interaction is also shown to be important for the generation of CTL activity by tumor bearer splenic cells stimulated in vitro in the presence of exogenous TNF. However, the CD40/CD40L interaction is less important for the generation of enhanced CTL activity than for the expression of an elevated level of B7-2. Specifically, blockade of CD40/CD40L interaction, which reduced the level of B7-2 expressed by tumor bearer splenic cells stimulated in vitro in the presence of TNF to the level of B7-2 expressed by tumor bearer splenic cells stimulated in vitro in the absence of exogenous TNF, failed to reduce the level of CTL generated to the level generated by tumor bearer splenic cells stimulated in the absence of exogenous TNF. Finally, blockade of CD40/CD40L interaction was inferior to blockade of B7-2/CD28 interaction in inhibiting the generation of CTL activity by tumor bearer splenic cells stimulated in the presence of exogenous TNF. Thus, although CD40/CD40L interaction is important for the generation of enhanced CTL activity by stimulation cultures of tumor bearer splenic cells to which TNF has been added, TNF also mediates its potentiating effect for CTL generation by such stimulation cultures via other mechanisms that are independent of CD40/CD40L interaction but dependent on B7-2 expression.
Dielectric tensor for magneto-optic NiMnSb

The diagonal component « xx and off-diagonal component « xy of the complex dielectric tensor for the ferromagnetic compound NiMnSb are determined using ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and magneto-optic analysis over the spectral range from 0.7 to 6.2 eV. The effects of the overcoat on the raw data are removed by the analysis. First, the complex « xx of thin-film NiMnSb were determined byex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry; then « xy was determined by analyzing Kerr rotation and ellipticity data using the determined « xy data. Lorentz oscillators were used to model peaks seen in the « xx spectra. The diagonal dielectric component « xx is dominated by free-carrier effects below 1.15 eV, and dominated by interband transitions above 2.0 eV. The center energies of the Lorentz oscillators are consistent with the calculated band structure and minority-spin optical conductivity of NiMnSb. Joint density of states and optical conductivity calculated from « xx(2) data with free-carrier effects removed shows onset energies at ;0.6 and ;0.2 eV, respectively. From a study of the « xx and « xy spectra, the Kerr rotation peak at lower energy is determined to be due to combined contributions from: ~1! a crossover between the free-carrier effect and interband transitions, and ~2! transitions involving spin-orbit coupling. The high-Kerr rotation peaks at higher energies result exclusively from transitions involving spin-orbit coupling. @S0163-1829~99!13615-4#
The `Halo' family of 3-dimensional periodic orbits in the Earth-Moon restricted 3-body problem

The Halo orbits originating in the vicinities of both,L1 andL2 grow larger, but shorter in period, as they shift towards the Moon. There is in each case a narrow band of stable orbits roughly half-way to the Moon. Nearer to the Moon, the orbits are fairly well-approximated by an ‘almost rectilinear’ analysis. TheL2 family shrinks in size as it approaches the Moon, becoming stable again shortly before penetrating the lunar surface. TheL1-family becomes longer and thinner as it approaches the Moon, with a second narrow band of stable orbits with perilune, however, below the lunar surface.
Adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of cardiac adenylyl cyclase activity may involve multiple receptor subtypes

We previously reported that the adenosine receptor agonist N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) inhibits adenylyl cyclase in detergent-permeabilized embryonic chick ventricular myocytes in the presence of the adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol (Ma and Green 1992). The slope of the dose response curve of this inhibition is very shallow (nH 0.3–0.4). The present studies on detergent-permeabilized chick myocytes evaluate the mechanisms underlying this shallow inhibition curve. We find that in contrast to R-PIA, two additional adenosine receptor agonists, N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), inhibit cardiac adenylyl cyclase activity in a monophasic, dose-dependent manner (nH∼1). Two A1 adenosine receptor antagonists, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3,-dipropylxanthine (CPX) and 3-(4-amino)phenethyl-l-propyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (BW A884U) affect the R-PIA responses differently. BW A884U shifts the R-PIA dose response curve to the right in a parallel fashion while CPX both shifts the R-PIA response curve and increases its steepness. Cardiac A1 adenosine receptors were further characterized using one antagonist ([3H]CPX) and two agonist ([3H]R-PIA and [3H]CCPA) radioligands. [3H]CPX binds to the adenosine receptors in detergent-permeabilized ventricular myocytes with a Kd value of 3.3±0.2 nM and a BMAX value of 30.1 ± 2.4 fmol/mg protein (means ± SEM; N = 4). [3H]R-PIA detects more sites than [3H]CCPA (22.8 ±4.0 and 8.3 ± 1.3 fmol/mg protein, respectively; GTP-free conditions). CPA and CCPA inhibit [3H]R-PIA binding in a shallow, dose-dependent manner (nH ∼ 0.4), while R-PIA and CPA inhibit [3H]CCPA binding with a nH∼1. These results suggest that more than one subtype of adenosine receptor is present and can couple to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in embryonic chick cardiac myocytes.
The interplay of innovation, brand, and marketing mix variables in line extensions

Although marketers often introduce product innovations using line extensions, extant research provides little empirical evidence on whether and how this product strategy pays off. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of innovation and the relative roles of brand and marketing mix variables in the success of new line extensions. Using data from 196 new line extensions across 23 consumer packaged goods categories, the authors employ a two-stage approach to assess how innovation and parent brand strength impact line extension trial purchase. The authors find that innovative line extensions tend to have a higher level of average trial probability. The strongest marketing driver for successful innovative line extension introductions is parent brand strength. Non-innovative line extensions gain higher trial from greater distribution. The results offer guidance on how managers can better utilize brand strength and the marketing mix when employing a line extension strategy.
The relative stability of the thermal electromotive force of stranded and solid copper wires in a cryogenic environment

Abstract Stranded and solid copper wires of similar overall diameter were subjected to the same changing thermal gradients in a cryogenic environment. Contrary to convectional notions the stability of the Seebeck emf of the stranded wire was comparable to or better than that of high quality solid wire.
Preprocessing of electron micrographs of nucleic acid molecules for automatic analysis by computer. II. Noise removal and gap filling.

Abstract A technique is proposed for computer preprocessing of digitized electron micrographs of nucleic acid strands to facilitate their automatic segmentation and subsequent analysis. This technique, applied after high pass notch filtering the image, removes almost all spurious artifactual objects in the background. This enables the effective use of segmentation and gap filling operations that otherwise could not previously have been applied due to the combinatorics of the computations.
Intelligence-Led Policing: The Evaluation of the Denver Police Department's Policy

This study assesses the intelligence-led policing model implored by the Denver Police Department. This study focuses on the crimes of burglary, motor vehicle theft, and robbery to identify the impact an intelligence-led policing model implemented by the Denver Police Department has on the cited crimes.