cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoceria biodistribution and retention in the rat after its intravenous administration are not greatly influenced by dosing schedule, dose, or particle shape

A 30 nm ceria was previously shown to be primarily cleared from systemic circulation into mononuclear phagocyte system organs after its intravenous (IV) administration, where it persisted for 90 days. The aims of these studies were to determine if the biodistribution, persistence, and toxicity of nanocerias are affected by dosing schedule, dose, or particle shape. Given the many demonstrated and ongoing uses of nanocerias; the multitude of applications under investigation; and the many sizes, shapes, and surface functionalizations of ceria; a better understanding of its fate is necessary to advance its safe use. Five and 30 nm cubic/polyhedral ceria and a ceria nanorod (9.9 × 264 nm average diameter and length) were IV infused into rats once. The 5 nm ceria dose was also infused daily for 5 consecutive days. The rats were terminated 1 h to 90 days later. Cerium was determined in multiple organs and blood. Compared to vehicle-infused controls, elevated cerium was seen in all sites. Liver, spleen, and bone marrow (mononuclear phagocyte system components), contained the largest percentage of the dose. When normalized to dose, and compared to results of prior work with these nanocerias, the distribution and retention of repeated and lower doses of 5 and 30 nm ceria and ceria nanorods were not greatly different from much higher doses of the 5 and 30 nm ceria. Higher doses resulted in a greater percentage of uptake by the spleen and bone marrow and a greater percentage of the ceria nanorod dose in the bone marrow 30 days after its administration than the other nanocerias. Overall these results suggest the biodistribution and retention of cerium after IV administration of different sizes, doses, dosing schedules, and nanoceria shapes are more similar than different.
Insights into the population dynamics of the deep-sea coral genus Paramuricea in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Species in the genus Paramuricea are among the most common corals in deep waters (>200 m) of the Gulf of Mexico. Paramuricea spp. increase habitat heterogeneity and provide substrate for numerous faunal associates, including ophiuroids that occur on the majority of coral colonies. In light of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, it has become apparent that there is a critical need for data on population dynamics within this genus. To date, at least one species of Paramuricea (P. biscaya) is known to be negatively impacted by the spill. Using remotely operated vehicles from 2009 to 2011, we documented the density and size frequency distributions of Paramuricea across 21 sites at depths of 250–2500 m. Molecular barcoding (mtCOI+igr+MutS) was used to delineate species boundaries among the specimens collected. Results suggested that seven haplotypes are present in the Gulf, and appear to be partially segregated by depth [(type H:
Regulation of oxygen radical release from murine peritoneal macrophages by pharmacologic doses of PGE2

Abstract The ability of pharmacologic doses of PGE2 to alter the release of superoxide (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from elicited peritoneal macrophages (M
Mid-phase treatment with mothers in incest families

This paper discusses crucial issues for the mother in the incest family during the middle phase of treatment. A conceptual framework useful in prioritizing these treatment issues is described briefly and the author discusses the manner in which this theoretical model can be used. Group psychotherapy is emphasized as an important treatment modality and an excerpt from the 24th session of a mothers' group is presented to illustrate how the key theoretical concepts manifest themselves in practice.
The effect of phentolamine on synaptosomal phosphatidylinositol in experimental galactose toxicity

Abnormal myo-[2-3H]inositol incorporation into phosphatidylinositol has been found in phentolamine-treated synaptosomes that were isolated from the cerebral hemispheres of galactose toxic rats and incubated with [33P]Pi and myo-[2-3H] inositol. In galactose toxic rats phentolamine-stimulated myo-[2-3H]inositol labeling of phosphatidylinositol was 70% greater than in normal animals. This enhanced labeling of synaptosomal phosphatidylinositol in galactose toxic rats during stimulation with phentolamine is in marked contrast to the depressed myo-inositol labeling of phosphatidylinositol reported with acetylcholine stimulation.
IMPROVED SURVIVAL OF BURNED AGED PATIENTS TREATED WITH 0.5% SILVER NITRATE

A review is presented of the data on aged patients with thermal burns involving more than 10 per cent of the body surface, treated at the University of Iowa Hospitals during the five-year period 1965–1969. Thirty-two patients, 60 years of age or older, were treated exclusively with 0.5% silver nitrate solution as the topical antibacterial agent. The result was a statistically significant lowering of the mortality rate to 10 per cent among the patients with burns involving less than 30 per cent of the body surface.
Transient in utero disruption of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator causes phenotypic changes in Alveolar Type II cells in adult rats

Mechanicosensory mechanisms regulate cell differentiation during lung organogenesis. We have previously demonstrated that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) was integral to stretch-induced growth and development and that transient expression of antisense-CFTR (ASCFTR) had negative effects on lung structure and function. In this study, we examined adult alveolar type II (ATII) cell phenotype after transient knock down of CFTR by adenovirus-directed in utero expression of ASCFTR in the fetal lung. In comparison to (reporter gene-treated) Controls, ASCFTR-treated adult rat lungs showed elevated phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels in the large but not in the small aggregates of alveolar surfactant. The lung mRNA levels for SP-A and SP-B were lower in the ASCFTR rats. The basal PC secretion in ATII cells was similar in the two groups. However, compared to Control ATII cells, the cells in ASCFTR group showed higher PC secretion with ATP or phorbol myristate acetate. The cell PC pool was also larger in the ASCFTR group. Thus, the increased surfactant secretion in ATII cells could cause higher PC levels in large aggregates of surfactant. In freshly isolated ATII cells, the expression of surfactant proteins was unchanged, suggesting that the lungs of ASCFTR rats contained fewer ATII cells. Gene array analysis of RNA of freshly isolated ATII cells from these lungs showed altered expression of several genes including elevated expression of two calcium-related genes, Ca2+-ATPase and calcium-calmodulin kinase kinase1 (CaMkk1), which was confirmed by real-time PCR. Western blot analysis showed increased expression of calmodulin kinase I, which is activated following phosphorylation by CaMkk1. Although increased expression of calcium regulating genes would argue in favor of Ca2+-dependent mechanisms increasing surfactant secretion, we cannot exclude contribution of alternate mechanisms because of other phenotypic changes in ATII cells of the ASCFTR group. Developmental changes due to transient disruption of CFTR in fetal lung reflect in altered ATII cell phenotype in the adult life.
A truncated partial sequential procedure

SUMMARY This paper considers the situation in which it is desired to compare a null hypothesis concerning the unknown mean of a normal distribution whose variance is known against a twosided alternative hypothesis. A procedure is introduced in which an initial number of observations is taken. Then a truncated sequential test procedure of the type described by Armitage (1957) is implemented. An advantage of the resultant procedure is that the average sample number function under the null hypothesis has been reduced from that obtained by the Armitage procedure.
Forewarning and Accountability Effects on Memory-Based Interpersonal Judgments

The influence of forewarning and accountability on strategies used to make memory-based interpersonal judgments was investigated. Subjects were asked to make judgments as to the suitability of a stimulus person for two occupations requiring either similar or dissimilar characteristics and the time required to make those judgments was measured. Overall, more time was required to make dissimilar as opposed to similar judgments. Forewarning and accountability increased median decision time for both similar and dissimilar judgments. The results are discussed in terms of the processes involved in making memory-based interpersonal judgments.
Overseeing the Family of Whitefishes: The Priorities and Debates of Coregonid Management on America's Great Lakes, 1870-2000

Over the past 175 years, a number of coregonids lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and chub (two species flocks: Coregonus hoyi-kiyi-nigripinnis and Coregonus zenithicus-johannae-reighardi) have been among the principal target species of America's Great Lakes commercial fishery. This essay historically examines the manner in which coregonids structured particular management priorities and debates among fisheries constituencies and fostered a management milieu that ranged from willing cooperation and optimism to strident division.
An Infrared Study of the Amine-Catalyzed Reaction of Methoxymethylsilanes with Silica.

A thin film infrared technique was used to investigate the reaction of methoxysilanes and amines with the silica surface. The low-frequency region contains bands due to Si–O–Si modes that are used to distinguish between hydrogen-bonded and chemisorbed species. It is shown that the competitive adsorption of amines and CH3OSi(CH3)3 differs from the results obtained using (CH3O)2Si(CH3)2 or (CH3O)3SiCH3. The monomethoxysilane does not displace preadsorbed triethylamine whereas the triethylamine is displaced from the surface by both (CH3O)2Si(CH3)2 and (CH3O)3SiCH3. In the reverse sequence, the triethylamine displaces all three methoxysilanes on the surface. When 1:1 mixtures of methoxysilanes and triethylamine (or propylamine) are co-added to silica, the amine preferentially adsorbs and is only displaced by subsequent chemisorption of the silane. The implication of these results for using a two-step amine-catalyzed reaction of methoxysilanes on silica is discussed.
Phonon Raman Scattering in Superconductors

If a superconductor has a Raman-active phonon mode of low frequency (larger but of the order of magnitude of the superconducting energy gap $2\ensuremath{\Delta}$, we show that electron-phonon coupling leads to a complex bound excitation, also Raman active, with a discrete frequency lower than $2\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and with intensity which can be appreciable. We propose that these are the lines found by Sooryakumar and Klein at approximately the energy-gap frequency in super-conducting $2H$-Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$.
Superoxide dismutases enhance the rate of autoxidation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.

Abstract The autoxidation of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to cinnabarinate at 37 °C and at pH 7.4 is hastened by superoxide dismutase (SOD). The Cu,Zn-containing enzyme from bovine erythrocytes and the Mn-containing enzyme from Escherichia coli were equally effective in this regard; whereas the H2O2-inactivated Cu,Zn enzyme was ineffective. Catalase appears to augment the effect of superoxide dismutase, because it prevents the bleaching of cinnabarinate by H2O2. It follows that O2−, which is a product of the autoxidation, slows the net autoxidation by engaging in back reactions and that SOD increases the rate of autoxidation by removal of O2− and thus by prevention of these back reactions.
Mask induction of anaesthesia with isoflurane or sevoflurane in premedicated cats

A comparison was made of the time to and quality of induction of anaesthesia when sevoflurane (n=14) or isoflurane (n=14) was delivered by mask in premedicated healthy adult cats presented for elective surgery. Times to induction and intubation were significantly shorter with sevoflurane (210 +/- 57 seconds and 236 +/- 60 seconds, respectively) than with isoflurane (264 +/- 75 seconds and 292 +/- 73 seconds). The quality of induction was similar for both agents. Two cats in each group developed opisthotonus of less than 45 seconds' duration. Both sevoflurane and isoflurane produced mask induction of anaesthesia of a similar quality in this species. Sevoflurane provided more rapid induction of anaesthesia and establishment of a controlled airway than isoflurane.
Capitalizing on Early Childhood Education: Low-Income Immigrant Mothers’ Use of Early Childhood Education to Build Human, Social, and Navigational Capital

Research Findings: Research indicates that early childhood education (ECE) serves various functions for societies and in turn families, including economic, educational, and social functions (Fukkink, 2008; Vandenbroeck, 2006). Using qualitative methods, we explored an aspect of the social function of ECE for low-income immigrant families. Specifically, in-depth interviews with 40 low-income immigrant mothers (19 Africans, 21 Latinas) were conducted to understand how low-income Latina and African immigrant mothers use their children's ECE programs to build human, social, and navigational capital. Latin American and African mothers both developed capital through interactions with their children's ECE programs. However, Latina mothers tended to rely on ECE more for building all 3 types of capital. Practice or Policy: The findings from this study highlight the significant role that ECE providers play in the lives of families, and particularly immigrant families, that goes beyond basic economic and educational...
Fish oil exacerbates colitis in SMAD3 mice.

There are seemingly disparate results from epidemiologic studies regarding associations between fish or marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake and colorectal cancer risk. A recent report by Woodworth et al. ([1][1]) provides clarity for why a potential etiologic factor, such as fish
Growth of textured diamond films on Si(100) by C2H2/O2 flame method

Highly textured diamond thin films with (111) orientation have been successfully grown on the single crystal silicon (100) substrates by the flame method using the premixed acctylene and oxygen gas. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy studies have shown the formation of uniform diamond films with the full coverage of the deposition area on the Si substrates. An approach which leads to growing diamond films with very low graphite and/or amorphous carbon contaminations is described.
A Historian’s Perspective on the PATCO Strike, Its Legacy, and Lessons

This article argues that the unsuccessful 1981 strike of federal air traffic controllers was the most significant single event in accelerating the decline of organized labor in the United States in the late 20th century. Like the failed Homestead steel strike of 1892, the PATCO strike cast a long shadow over US labor relations for many years after the event itself. Among the effects of the strike was the role it played in legitimizing the use of permanent replacement workers during strikes. This article draws lessons from the PATCO debacle that are worth considering 25 years later.
Developing an Instrument to Measure Person-Environment Fit

Social workers have always been interested in the congruence between people's needs, capacities, and aspirations and the resources, demands, and opportunities of their environments. This concept has been referred to as person-environment fit. This article describes a study that developed and tested an instrument to measure this concept within a sample of hospital patients. Using a combination of ethnomethodological and survey methods, a multidimensional instrument was designed. Thirteen separate scales emerged, each tapping a separate dimension of fit. Twelve of these scales approached acceptable reliability for research purposes and most displayed beginning evidence of construct validity.
Zones of interaction: Differential access to elementary science discourse

This study investigated teacher–child interaction within small-group science activities in a fourth-grade classroom. This qualitative study revealed three “zones of interaction,” or teacher–child interaction categories: Individual Zones of Interaction, Multiple Zones of Interaction, and a Collective Zone of Interaction. Each zone was further shaped by either a procedural, conceptual, or managerial focus for the interaction. These zones granted children differential levels of access to the teacher's knowledge. Based on these data and findings, we propose a discourse model for elementary science classrooms that encompasses talk, materials, knowledge, engagement, and power. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 443–466, 2006
Wnts acting through canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways exert opposite effects on hippocampal synapse formation

Background Wnt proteins comprise a large class of signaling molecules that regulate a variety of developmental processes, including synapse formation. Previous studies have shown Wnts to be involved in both the induction and prevention of synapses in a number of different organisms. However, it is not clear whether the influence of Wnts on synapses is a result of Wnts' behavior in different organisms or differences in the activity of different Wnt ligands.
Further studies with glutarimide antibiotics: I. The stimulation of hepatic protein synthesis at the microsomal level in rats pretreated with streptovitacin A

Abstract Streptovitacin A, a glutarimide derivative closely related to cycloheximide, stimulates the l -( 14 C)-phenylalanine incorporation into protein in a liver microsomal system in vitro , when administered to rats in vivo . The increased amino acid incorporating activity of the liver microsomal fraction prepared from Streptovitacin A-treated animals appears to be independent of possible changes in the MgCl 2 requirement of the in vitro system, and is unrelated to changes in the stability of the incubation system, or of the endogenous mRNA in the microsomal fraction. Furthermore, the increased uptake of amino acid into protein is not due to any shift in the degree of aggregation of the ribosomes in the microsomal fraction. The stimulating effects on hepatic protein synthesis observed in treated animals are not apparently related to any rate-limiting factors in the 105,000 g supernatant fraction, nor to changes in ribonuclease activity. The increased amino acid incorporation, which develops at about 12 hours after injection of the drug at a dose level of 1 mg/kg into male or female rats, becomes maximal at 24 hours and then returns to the level of the controls over a 3–4 day period. Stimulating effects on hepatic microsomal amino acid incorporation are also observed when adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized animals are treated with Streptovitacin A. However, rats that have undergone endocrine surgery are more sensitive to the toxic effects of the drug, and tolerate smaller doses than intact animals. The addition of Streptovitacin A to the incorporating system in vitro reverses the stimulation of incorporation resulting from pretreatment with the drug in vivo . Such differential effects on protein synthesis tend to implicate metabolic or endocrine factors in the mechanism of stimulation.
Socially anxious primary care patients' attitudes toward cognitive bias modification (CBM): a qualitative study.

Background: Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a novel treatment for anxiety disorders that utilizes computerized tasks to train attention and interpretation biases away from threat. To date, attitudes toward and acceptability of CBM have not been systematically examined. Method: We conducted qualitative interviews with 10 anxious primary care patients to examine attitudes toward and initial impressions of CBM. Interviews explored general impressions, as well as reactions to the treatment rationale and two computer programs, one targeting attention bias and one targeting interpretation bias. Three clinical psychologists independently coded transcripts and collaboratively developed categories and themes guided by grounded theory. Results: A number of facilitators and barriers emerged related to engaging in treatment in general, computerized treatment, and CBM specifically. Participants stated that the written rationale for CBM seemed relevant and helpful. However, after interacting with the attention modification program, participants frequently expressed a lack of understanding about how the program would help with anxiety. Participants reported greater understanding and engagement with the interpretation modification program. Conclusions: Participants reported a number of positive characteristics of CBM, but it may need improvements regarding its treatment rationale and credibility. Future qualitative studies with individuals who complete a CBM treatment are warranted. Implications for future CBM development and dissemination are discussed.
Comment on the Article by Banks et al. “Effects of Autogenic Relaxation Training on Electromyographic Activity in Active Myofascial Trigger Points”

(2000). Comment on the Article by Banks et al. “Effects of Autogenic Relaxation Training on Electromyographic Activity in Active Myofascial Trigger Points”. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 143-144.
Open! Open! Open! Galileo High Gain Antenna anomaly workarounds

This paper1, 2 discusses the Galileo (GLL) High Gain Antenna (HGA) anomaly that occurred in the operations phase of the mission in April 1991. The spacecraft was scheduled to deploy its 4.8-meter-diameter (16-foot) high-gain antenna as Galileo moved away from the Sun and the risk of overheating ended. The antenna, however, failed to fully deploy. A special team performed extensive tests and determined that a few (probably three) of the antenna's 18 ribs were in the closed position. Despite exhaustive efforts to free the ribs, the antenna would not fully deploy. From 1993 to 1996, extensive new flight and ground software was developed, and ground stations of NASA's Deep Space Network were enhanced in order to perform the mission using the spacecraft's low-gain antennas [19]. This paper serves as a systems engineering case study that provides highlights of the GLL mission, overviews of the hardware, software, and aspects of the systems engineering and operations approaches. It then describes the approach to develop several workarounds to accomplish the GLL mission objectives despite the HGA anomaly.
Affect detection in the real world: Recording and processing physiological signals

Recording and processing physiological signals from real life for the purpose of affect detection presents many challenges beyond those encountered in the laboratory. Issues such as finding the proper baseline and normalization take on a time dependent meaning. Physical motion also becomes an important factor as these physiological signals often overwhelm those caused by affect. Motion also has an effect on the sensors themselves and precautions must be taken to minimize noise due to changes in placement and loss of connectivity. Ground truth collection is also discussed so that sudden events such as unexpected sounds, bumping into someone in the hallway or having a sneeze are not confused with traumatic affect. In particular, this paper focuses on these issues with respect to recording and processing: galvanic skin response; blood volume pulse; electrocardiogram; electromyogram; respiration and accelerometer signals.
Metabolic Syndrome and the Components of the Mediterranean Diet

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities known to increase heart disease risk by two-fold and type 2 diabetes risk by five-fold. These disturbances include dyslipidemias, hypertension, hyperglycemia and central adiposity in addition to insulin resistance and low grade inflammation. The prevalence of MetS is about 34% in the United States with variations according to ethnicity and race. Lfestyle factors including smoking, lack of exercise, poor dietary habits as well as low socioeconomic status are associated with the development of MetS. Diet is considered one of the major contributors to MetS. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (high intake of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, olive oil, fish, low-fat dairy products, and moderate wine consumption) has been associated with lower prevalence of MetS. Interventions utilizing this dietary approach have proven to be successful in reducing some of the associated metabolic abnormalities. In this review, evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies showing the benefits of the Mediterranean diet is presented. The effect of the specific components of the Mediterranean diet is also discussed.
Early Life Cycle Yield Learning for Nanometer Devices Using Volume Yield Diagnostics Analysis

As the industry fabricates devices with more on-chip circuitry using complex, advanced process technologies, the challenge to achieve satisfactory yield becomes more daunting (Madge, 2005). Leading-edge nanometer designs can be sensitive to inherent irregularity in sub-wavelength photolithography and variability in parametric characteristics often found in nanometer manufacturing environments. These factors often result in devices being fabricated with intermittent electrical performance problems. These types of systemic interactions (process-design) are the major factor in manufacturing yield loss in nanometer technology nodes. Failure diagnostics is being asked to identify these systemic defects, preferably during early product development, and provide enough information so that each defect is understood and can be addressed. This paper presents a case study, which empirically examines the challenges of achieving high yield during the early stage of wafer production with an examination of yield loss mechanisms. A proven methodology and model (volume yield diagnostics) for an economic justification enabling the timely identification of yield loss is discussed along with quick process methodology and analysis results based on real manufacturing data
Effects of FVB/NJ and C57Bl/6J strain backgrounds on mammary tumor phenotype in inducible nitric oxide synthase deficient mice

The ability to genetically manipulate mice has led to rapid progress in our understanding of the roles of different gene products in human disease. Transgenic mice have often been created in the FVB/NJ (FVB) strain due to its high fecundity, while gene-targeted mice have been developed in the 129/SvJ-C57Bl/6J strains due to the capacity of 129/SvJ embryonic stem cells to facilitate germline transmission. Gene-targeted mice are commonly backcrossed into the C57Bl/6J (B6) background for comparison with existing data. Genetic modifiers have been shown to modulate mammary tumor latency in mouse models of breast cancer and it is commonly known that the FVB strain is susceptible to mammary tumors while the B6 strain is more resistant. Since gene-targeted mice in the B6 background are frequently bred into the polyomavirus middle T (PyMT) mouse model of breast cancer in the FVB strain, we have sought to understand the impact of the different genetic backgrounds on the resulting phenotype. We bred mice deficient in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) until they were congenic in the PyMT model in the FVB and B6 strains. Our results reveal that the large difference in mean tumor latencies in the two backgrounds of 53 and 92 days respectively affect the ability to discern smaller differences in latency due to the Nos2 genetic mutation. Furthermore, the longer latency in the B6 strain enables a more detailed analysis of tumor formation indicating that individual tumor development is not stoichastic, but is initiated in the #1 glands and proceeds in early and late phases. NO production affects tumors that develop early suggesting an association of iNOS-induced NO with a more aggressive tumor phenotype, consistent with human clinical data positively correlating iNOS expression with breast cancer progression. An examination of lung metastases, which are significantly reduced in PyMT/iNOS-/- mice compared with PyMT/iNOS+/+ mice only in the B6 background, is concordant with these findings. Our data suggest that PyMT in the B6 background provides a useful model for the study of inflammation-induced breast cancer.
Development of a low cost, FM/CW transmitter for remote sensing

A generic, low cost, compact Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FM/CW) transmitter has been developed for use from 2 to 18 GHz with a transmit bandwidth of up to 1 GHz. This generic design is currently being used in a railway hazard detection system, a synthetic aperture radar, and an altimeter. Capitalizing on the functionality and low cost of wireless communication parts, an inexpensive broad band linear frequency generator was developed which is extremely small in size and lightweight. This design incorporates the functionality of a microcontroller's counter to measure the frequency at a given voltage and thus calibrate a digital waveform to drive a VCO with linear frequency modulation. The microcontroller communicates with a host using a RS232 serial port, enabling the user to set parameters such as center frequency, bandwidth and repetition count. A trigger is used to synchronize receiver analog to digital conversions with the transmitted signal. Tests show the transmitter waveform has low deviation from linearity and level output power over the entire band.
The database approach to knowledge representation

The database theory community, centered around the PODS (Principles of Database Systems) conference has had a long-term interest in logic as a way to represent "data", "information," and "knowledge" (take your pick on the term - it boils down to facts or atoms and rules, usually Horn clauses). The approach of this community has been "slow and steady," preferring to build up carefully from simple special cases to more general ideas, always paying attention to how efficiently we can process queries and perform other operations on the facts and rules. A powerful theory has developed, and it is beginning to have some impact on applications, especially information-integration engines.
Feedback, Correlation, and Delay Concerns in the Power Estimation of VLSI Circuits

With the advent of portable and high-density microelectronic devices, the power dissipation of integrated circuits has become a critical concern. Accurate and efficient power estimation during the design phase is required in order to meet the power specifications without a costly redesign process. As an introduction to the other papers in this session, this paper gives a tutorial presentation of the issues involved in power estimation.
Rights and Morals, Issues, and Candidate Integrity: Insights into the Role of the News Media

In recent American political discourse, elections and debates tend to be presented by the news media as collisions of basic principles, with opposing parties advancing beliefs about what is right and what is wrong. When news coverage of an election campaign focuses on issues that emphasize rights and morals, voting behavior may be affected in two ways: Citizens become likely to form and make use of evaluations of the integrity of the candidates, and citizens become motivated to seek an issue-position "match" with candidates on those issues for which discourse is ethically charged (particularly when they hold a similar interpretation of the issue). These ideas were tested in an experiment in which labor union members and undergraduate students were presented with news stories about the contrasting positions of fictional candidates for elective office. Across three political environments, all information was held constant except for systematic alteration of a different issue in each environment. These three issues (abortion, gun control, and health care) vary in the types of value conflicts emphasized in news coverage. The results shed light on how individuals process, interpret, and use issue coverage in choosing among candidates.
Refractive changes after pediatric intraocular lens implantation.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report refractive changes after cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in infants and children. METHODS: In an ongoing prospective study, the refractive errors of all patients younger than 18 years undergoing intraocular lens implantation were determined at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, and at least yearly thereafter. All patients with greater than 6 months of follow-up were included in the study. RESULTS: Eighty-three eyes of 81 patients were identified. Cataracts were traumatic in 32 eyes (38%) and developmental in 42 eyes (50%). At implantation, the mean (±SD) age was 6.3 ± 4.6 years (range, 9 months to 17 years). The mean follow-up was 26.6 months (range, 6 months to 6.6 years). Patients 0 to 2 years old at the time of implantation demonstrated a mean myopic shift of −3.00 diopters during a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years. Patients 2 to 6 years old at the time of implantation demonstrated a mean myopic shift of −1.50 diopters in a similar follow-up period. Children aged 6 to 8 years experienced a mean myopic shift of −1.80 diopters during a mean follow-up period of 3.0 years, while children older than 8 years at the time of intraocular lens implantation experienced a mean myopic shift of −0.38 diopters during a mean follow-up period of 1.8 years. On average, the operated-on eye showed a greater mean myopic shift than the fellow eye. No statistically significant differences in refractive change were found in comparing amblyopic to nonamblyopic eyes, traumatic to nontraumatic cataracts, or primary to secondary intraocular lenses. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate a trend toward increasing postoperative myopia in pediatric patients undergoing intraocular lens implantation. This myopic shift is greatest in the younger age groups and persists until at least 8 years of age. There is much variability in the postoperative refractive changes, and predicting exactly when and where the refraction will stabilize for an individual patient is difficult.
Preparation and chemistry of the artificial algal culture medium aquil

AbstractThe culture medium Aquil has been designed for studying trace metal physiology in algae. We describe recent modifications in the preparation of Aquil and discuss processes that affect its trace metals and their physiological effects. The major changes in Aquil preparation are purification of the Chelex column to avoid contamination by chelating agents, use of alternative sterilization procedures, and increases in the concentration of trace metal buffers. During growth, phytoplankton take up trace metals, thus continuously reducing their concentrations in the medium. Algae can also modify the redox state and degree of organic complexation of trace metals through the direct and indirect activity of cell surface enzymes and the release of metabolites. Illumination of the culture medium necessary to promote photosynthesis also promotes a variety of photochemical reactions that alter the chemistry of the medium and maintain it in a state of disequilibrium. In particular, light absorption by FeEDTA lead...
Absorption of phytol from dietary chlorophyll in the rat.

The fate of ingested chlorophyll-particularly of the phytol portion of the molecule-was studied. Uniformly (14)C-labeled pheophytin a (the Mg-free derivative of chlorophyll a) was prepared from an extract of tobacco leaves grown in (14)CO(2), and was administered by stomach tube to rats in which the thoracic duct had been cannulated. Only about 2% of the administered radioactivity was absorbed in 24 hr, largely into the thoracic duct lymph. Moreover, only a fraction of this lymph radioactivity was derived from phytol (i.e., was found in phytol, phytenic acid, or phytanic acid). The results indicated that not more than 1-2% of chlorophyll phytol is available for absorption by the rat. Similarly, after the administration of whole spinach or spinach extract (not labeled) to rats, only about 1% of the total phytol content was absorbed into the intestinal lymph. Nearly all of the administered phytol was found in the feces and the contents of the colon, and was still largely in the form of pheophytin. The study also indicated that little of the nonphytol portion of the chlorophyll molecule is absorbed.
Coherence domain restriction on large scale systems

Designing massive scale cache coherence systems has been an elusive goal. Whether it be on large-scale GPUs, future thousand-core chips, or across million-core warehouse scale computers, having shared memory, even to a limited extent, improves programmability. This work sidesteps the traditional challenges of creating massively scalable cache coherence by restricting coherence to flexible subsets (domains) of a system's total cores and home nodes. This paper proposes Coherence Domain Restriction (CDR), a novel coherence framework that enables the creation of thousand to million core systems that use shared memory while maintaining low storage and energy overhead. Inspired by the observation that the majority of cache lines are only shared by a subset of cores either due to limited application parallelism or limited page sharing, CDR restricts the coherence domain from global cache coherence to VM-level, application-level, or page-level. We explore two types of restriction, one which limits the total number of sharers that can access a coherence domain and one which limits the number and location of home nodes that partake in a coherence domain. Each independent coherence domain only tracks the cores in its domain instead of the whole system, thereby removing the need for a coherence scheme built on top of CDR to scale. Sharer Restriction achieves constant storage overhead as core count increases while Home Restriction provides localized communication enabling higher performance. Unlike previous systems, CDR is flexible and does not restrict the location of the home nodes or sharers within a domain. We evaluate CDR in the context of a 1024-core chip and in the novel application of shared memory to a 1,000,000-core warehouse scale computer. Sharer Restriction results in significant area savings, while Home Restriction in the 1024-core chip and 1,000,000-core system increases performance by 29% and 23.04× respectively when comparing with global home placement. We implemented the entire CDR framework in a 25-core processor taped out in IBM's 32nm SOI process and present a detailed area characterization.
The Effects of Political Rhetoric on the Rise of Legitimized Racism in France: The Case of the 2005 French Riots:

Through a review of public speeches, media declarations and interviews by French government officials and influential intellectuals, this paper examines the language used and the measures taken by ...
Abstract IA11: Extracting predictive networks from high-dimensional data.

Two trends are driving innovation and discovery in biological sciences: technologies that allow holistic surveys of genes, proteins, and metabolites and the growing realization that analysis and interpretation of the resulting requires an understanding of the complex phenotypic and environmental data regarding the samples from which they were derived. The growing body of biological and biomedical information in the public domain provides outstanding opportunities for leveraging what we already “know” in a systematic way to understand the problems we are studying. Here, I will provide an overview of some of the methods we are using to investigate the complexities of human cancers and to explore how we can use biological data to uncover the cellular networks and pathways that underlie human disease, building predictive models of those networks that may help to direct therapies. Citation Format: John Quackenbush. Extracting predictive networks from high-dimensional data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions

Although Kahn's theorizing may be criticized in various ways, there is no doubt that he succeeds in arriving at the correct conclusion. Significant social benefits were to be attained through increasing competition, i.e., through deregulation, in all of the industries that are considered in his analysis. As chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board, Kahn courageously and effectively acted to bring about the benefits from deregulation that he predicted would be forthcoming, for which this nation, if not the world, should be grateful. In this book, Kahn argues persuasively for increasing thecompetitive component in regulated industries in order to achieve greater economic efficiency. The message of the book endures, as is befitting the book's stature as a classic.
Parallel Approaches to the String Matching Problem on the GPU

We design a family of parallel algorithms and GPU implementations for the exact string matching problem, based on Rabin-Karp (RK) randomized string matching. We describe and analyze three primary parallel approaches to binary string matching: cooperative (CRK), divide-and-conquer (DRK), and a novel hybrid of both (HRK). The CRK is most effective for large patterns (>8K characters), while the DRK approach is superior for shorter patterns. We then generalize the DRK to support any alphabet size without loss of performance. Our DRK method achieves up to a 64 GB/s processing rate on 8-character patterns from an 8-bit alphabet on an NVIDIA Tesla K40c GPU. We next demonstrate a novel parallel two-stage matching method (DRK-2S), which first skims the text for a smaller subset of the pattern and then verifies all potential matches in parallel. Our DRK-2S method is superior for pattern sizes up to 64k compared to the fastest CPU-based string matching implementations. With an 8-bit alphabet and up to 1k-character patterns, we get a geometric mean speedup of 4.81x against the best CPU methods, and can achieve a processing rate of at least 53 GB/s.
Implications from a grounded theory of community networking for creating and sustaining partnerships with society

This paper presents a grounded theory of community networking based on a set of sixty-three (63) evaluations of community networking projects funded by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration’s (NTIA) Technology Opportunities Program (TOP) between 1994 and 2007. The aim of this study was to help inform efforts designed to use information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance disadvantaged communities. The grounded theory developed was that TOP projects differed in their contribution to positive outcomes for intended disadvantaged community beneficiaries based on the extent and manner in which they involved the disadvantaged community during four grant process phases: partnership building, project execution, evaluation, and close-out. This study situates outcomes for disadvantaged communities within the context of the grant process and provides useful information to inform efforts by researchers to develop effective partnerships with society.
Lipoleiomyoma Causing Adnexal Torsion: A Rare Mass Initially Diagnosed on Bedside Screening Sonogram

Abdominal pain in women of reproductive age is a frequently encountered chief complaint in the emergency department. Adnexal torsion is a time-sensitive diagnosis that is essential for emergency ph...
Impression Management in High Context Societies: 'Saving Face' with ICT

High context societies are defined by their strong interpersonal relationships, where upholding the shared values of the community, writ large, are of the utmost importance. That is, they prioritize collective identity over individual identity. Through a qualitative case study drawing from a set of 90 semi-structured interviews with Iraqi citizens who were living in Iraq during the 2nd Gulf War, we show how through ICT uses and appropriation, people shape, or influence, social complexities within high context societies. We found that people appropriated ICTs in a way such that they could "save face" and manage other people's impressions of themselves and, in turn, maintain a positive collective identity. We then explore the use and appropriation of ICTs for impression management in high context societies as a complex process-one that is both social and technical-introduce the notion of technological imperialism, and develop a model of face saving practices that takes collective identity into account.
Drosophilosophical: Re-thinking Adaptive Immunity in the Fly

For decades, flies have been a model for innate immunity. In this issue of Cell, Tassetto et al. describe a mechanism for antiviral RNAi spreading that parallels mammalian adaptive immunity through reverse-transcribed vDNA circles and the systemic dissemination of small-RNA-containing exosomes.
Enhancing sensitivity of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins using supercharging agents

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is often used as a mobile phase modifier to enhance reversed phase chromatographic performance. TFA adjusts solution pH and is an ion-pairing agent, but it is not typically suitable for electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and liquid chromatography/MS (LC/MS) because of its significant signal suppression. Supercharging agents elevate peptide and protein charge states in ESI, increasing tandem MS (MS/MS) efficiency. Here, LC/MS protein supercharging was effected by adding agents to LC mobile phase solvents. Significantly, the ionization suppression generally observed with TFA was, for the most part, rescued by supercharging agents, with improved separation efficiency (higher number of theoretical plates) and lowered detection limits.
Bioinorganic Explorations of Zn(II) Sequestration by Human S100 Host-Defense Proteins

The human innate immune system launches a metal-withholding response to starve invading microbial pathogens of essential metal nutrients. Zn(II)-sequestering proteins of the human S100 family contribute to this process and include calprotectin (CP, S100A8/S100A9 oligomer, calgranulin A/B oligomer), S100A12 (calgranulin C), and S100A7 (psoriasin). This Perspective highlights recent advances in the Zn(II) coordination chemistry of these three proteins, as well as select studies that evaluate Zn(II) sequestration as an antimicrobial mechanism.
Allergic Reactions to Legalized Marijuana Use in Colorado

The state of Colorado decriminalized marijuana use in 1975, legalized its use for medical purposes in 2000, and voters approved recreational use in 2016. During this period, there has been a dearth of information about respiratory and skin reactions to marijuana use and/or exposure to the substance from working in the industry or home growing conditions. This brief report, based on patient complaints, evidences Cannabis sativa as a mild allergen. However, significant exposure can elicit marked respiratory and dermatologic allergic reactions requiring proper diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, contaminants such as pesticides or mold related to cannabis production, handling, and/or use may cause adverse reactions of a non-allergic nature treatment.
Control Loops & Invariants

This chapter advances the analytical understanding of cyber-physical systems to cover control loops. While the syntax and semantics of hybrid programs from previous chapters already discussed loops, their logical characterization was so far limited to unfolding by the iteration axiom. That suffices for systems with a fixed finite number of control actions in a fixed finite number of repetitions of the control loop, but is not enough to understand and analyze the most interesting CPSs with unbounded time-horizons reaching an unbounded number of control decisions over time. This chapter uses the fundamental concept of invariants to handle loops and develops their operational intuition. CPS invariants are developed systematically based on inductive formulations of dynamic axioms for repetitions.