cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerating gene context analysis using bitmaps

Gene context analysis determines the function of genes by examining the conservation of chromosomal gene clusters and co-occurrence functional profiles across genomes. This is based on the observation that functionally related genes are often collocated on chromosomes as part of so called "gene cassettes", and relies on the identification of such cassettes across a statistically significant and phylogenetically diverse collection of genomes. Gene context analysis is an important part of a genomic data management system such as the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) system, which has one of the largest public genome collections. As of January 2013, IMG contains 3.3 million gene cassettes across 8,000 genomes. A gene context analysis in IMG performs many millions of comparisons among the cassettes and their functions. Using a traditional relational database management system, these cassettes and their functional characteristics are represented by a correlation table of more than 2 billion rows along with a dozen auxiliary tables. This correlation table requires 16.5 hours to build and a typical query requires 5 to 10 minutes to answer.We developed an alternative approach that encodes the cassettes and their functions using bitmaps. Reading the input data now takes about 1.5 hours and constructing the bitmap representations takes only 8 minutes. This amounts to less than one tenth of the time needed to build the correlation table. Furthermore, fairly complex queries can now be answered in seconds. In this work, we considered three basic forms of queries required to support gene context analysis and devised two different bitmap representations to answer such queries. These queries can be answered in less than a second. A more complex query, which we referred to as a "killer query", requires the examination of multi-way cross-products of all cassettes. We developed a progressive pruning strategy that effectively reduces the number of possible combinations examined. Tests have shown that we can now answer "killer queries" in seconds. Even with an extremely complex "killer query" involving 161 genomes (needing a 161-way cross-product), our algorithm took less 10 seconds. A query involving this many genomes is expected to take so much time using a traditional DBMS that it has never been attempted before. Working with the IMG developers, we have verified our implementation and have integrated it into the production version of IMG.
Aircraft Engine Electrical Power Generation With a SOFC Combustor

Next generation aircraft will require more onboard electrical power generation capacity as systems previously powered by engine bleed and hydraulics are electrified and new electricity based technologies are integrated. Increasing the amount of electrical power generated from aircraft main engines reduces thrust capacity and thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC), but could increase specific fuel consumption (SFC). An alternative cycle with very high conversion efficiencies is proposed for electrical power production on aircraft. The unique cycle, termed a SOFC combustor, integrates a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) with existing onboard combustion based engines. The SOFC combustor produces direct current (DC) electrical power and provides high temperature exhaust for use in the expansion process of the aircraft engine. The SOFC combustor utilizes compressed air from the engine’s compressor and vaporized fuel to produce DC current. Fuel and air not utilized by the fuel cell are converted to thermal products by an aerodynamically stabilized combustion system capable of adapting to fuel/air and pressure variations. Hot products from the combustion system are returned to the main engines for use as thrust or mechanical shaft work. System level results will be presented for overall impact to aircraft engine specific fuel consumption.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Financial Regulatory Harmonization and the Globalization of Finance

In the globalizing economy, national policymakers are often forced to accept the challenge of financial integration. Faced with the potentially destabilizing effects of international financial markets, they have to strengthen financial regulation, importing international best practices and aligning domestic with foreign regulation, to avoid destabilizing phenomena of regulatory arbitrage. The authors explore the main features of the ongoing process of worldwide financial regulatory convergence and the role played by the global dissemination of financial standards and codes. They analyze the reasons behind the generalized acceptance of international best practices and the limits of the standards and codes approach to financial regulatory harmonization.
Non-adaptive sparse recovery and fault evasion using disjunct design configurations (abstract only)

A run-time fault diagnosis and evasion scheme for reconfigurable devices is developed based on an explicit Non-adaptive Group Testing (NGT). NGT involves grouping disjunct subsets of reconfigurable resources into test pools, or samples. Each test pool realizes a Diagnostic Configuration (DC) performing functional testing during diagnosis procedure. The collective test outcomes after testing each diagnostic pool can be efficiently decoded to identify up to d defective logic resources. An algorithm for constructing NGT sampling procedure and resource placement during design time with optimal minimal number of test groups is derived through the well-known in statistical literature d-disjunctness property. The combinatorial properties of resultant DCs also guarantee that any possible set of defective resources less than or equal to d are not utilized by at least one DC, allowing a low-overhead fault resolution. It also provides the ability to assess the resources state of failure. The proposed testing scheme thus avoids time-intensive run-time diagnosis imposed by previously proposed adaptive group testing for reconfigurable hardware without compromising diagnostic coverage. In addition, proposed NGT scheme can be combined with other fault tolerance approaches to ameliorate their fault recovery strategies. Experimental results for a set of MCNC benchmarks using Xilinx ISE Design Suite on a Virtex-5 FPGA have demonstrated d-diagnosability at slice level with average accuracy of 99.15% and 97.76% for d=1 and d=2, respectively.
Developing navigation behavior through self-organizing distinctive state abstraction

A major challenge in reinforcement learning research is to extend the methods that have worked well on discrete, short-range, low-dimensional problems to continuous, high-diameter, high-dimensional problems, such as robot navigation using high-resolution sensors. Self-organizing distinctive-state abstraction (SODA) is a new, generic method by which a robot in a continuous world can better learn to navigate, by learning a set of high-level features and building temporally extended actions to carry it between distinctive states based on those features. A SODA agent first uses a self-organizing feature map to develop a set of high-level perceptual features while exploring the environment with primitive, local actions. The agent then builds a set of high-level actions composed of generic trajectory-following and hill-climbing control laws that carry it between the states at local maxima of feature activations. In an experiment on a simulated robot navigation task, the SODA agent learns to perform a task requi...
Humans and great apes share increased neocortical neuropeptide Y innervation compared to other haplorhine primates

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a role in a variety of basic physiological functions and has also been implicated in regulating cognition, including learning and memory. A decrease in neocortical NPY has been reported for Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, potentially contributing to associated cognitive deficits. The goal of the present analysis was to examine variation in neocortical NPY-immunoreactive axon and varicosity density among haplorhine primates (monkeys, apes, and humans). Stereologic methods were used to measure the ratios of NPY-expressing axon length density to total neuron density (ALv/Nv) and NPY-immunoreactive varicosity density to neuron density (Vv/Nv), as well as the mean varicosity spacing in neocortical areas 10, 24, 44, and 22 (Tpt) of humans, African great apes, New World monkeys, and Old World monkeys. Humans and great apes showed increased cortical NPY innervation relative to monkey species for ALv/Nv and Vv/Nv. Furthermore, humans and great apes displayed a conserved pattern of varicosity spacing across cortical areas and layers, with no differences between cortical layers or among cortical areas. These phylogenetic differences may be related to shared life history variables and may reflect specific cognitive abilities.
Tupi‐Guarani Apocalyptic Visions of Time and the Body

On an April morning in 1999, as I stood talking to Mariano Tupa Mirim, an 18-yearold Guarani Mbya who works as a health agent on the Terra Indigena Guarani de Itaoca, in Southern Brazil, I watched 3-year-old Joacir, 5-year-old Angelina, and 8-year-old Edson play “ambulance.”
Environmental factors influencing δ13C and δ15N in three Chesapeake Bay fishes

Lori A. Davias1,2*, Matthew S. Kornis1, and Denise L. Breitburg1 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, 406 Pinecrest, Mansfield, PA 16933, USA *Corresponding author: tel: +1 570 662 4531; fax: +1 570 662 4107; e-mail: ldavias@mansfield.edu Davias, L. A., Kornis, M. S., and Breitburg, D. L. Environmental factors influencing dC and dN in three Chesapeake Bay fishes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fst143.
Pragmatic TCM in meteor trail communications

We consider optimization of the per-trail communication efficiency in meteor-burst communication, using adaptive selection of signalling rate, modulator constellation, and trellis coding to accomplish high throughput. We show that careful selection of modulator signalling rate and adaptive trellis coding can achieve per trail throughput approximately 70% of that obtained with continuously-varying transmission rate, in the case of no bandwidth constraint. Throughput results are also given for constrained bandwidth TCM designs. >
Impurity Distribution in Polycrystalline Aluminum Nitride Ceramics

Convergent-beam electron diffraction and diffuse darkfield imaging of transmission electron microscopy were used to obtain qualitative information regarding the distribution of impurities in polycrystalline AIN. Impurities are distributed homogeneously within the grains of a given ceramic, but an amorphous grain-boundary phase on the order of 1 to 2 nm in thickness is observed between the AIN matrix grains.
Folk Management in the World's Fisheries: Lessons for Modern Fisheries Management

Folk Management in the World's Fisheries: Lessons for Modern Fisheries Management Christopher L. Dyer and James R. McGoodwin. eds. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1994.
Induction of DNA Damage in γ-irradiated Nuclei Stripped of Nuclear Protein Classes: Differential Modulation of Double-strand Break and DNA—protein Crosslink Formation

The influence of chromatin proteins on the induction of DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) and DNA—protein crosslinks (dpc) by γ-radiation was investigated. Low molecular weight non-histone proteins and classes of histones were extracted with increasing concentrations of NaCl, whereas nuclear matrix proteins were not extractable even by 2.0 M NaCl. The yield of dsb increased with progressive removal of proteins from chromatin. Whilst removal of low molecular weight non-histone proteins and histone H1 resulted in small increases in the production of dsb, removal of histones H2A/H2B, all histones, or all proteins led to 18·4, 46·4 and 55·5-fold increases in the yield of dsb, respectively, relative to irradiated cells. Therefore, both histones and non-histone proteins contribute to the radioprotection of DNA, core histones being the major radioprotectors. In contrast, depletion of chromatin proteins caused little or no effect on the induction of dpc until the chromatin was extracted with ≥ 1·4 m NaCl. However, o...
A Popov-criterion-based algorithm for control system synthesis using non-linear compensators†

Abstract A procedure for the design of non-linear compensators for automatic control systems is presented. Asymptotic stability in the large (ASIL) is chosen as the constraint condition. The Popov criterion forms the basis for ensuring ASIL. Two examples illustrate the design procedure. Although, the approach is digital computer oriented, the design can be accomplished using a paper-and-pencil equivalent.
Subtle population genetic structure in the Hawaiian grouper, Epinephelus quernus (Serranidae) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses

The endemic Hawaiian grouper, Epinephelus quernus, is a commercially important species experiencing intense fish- ing pressure in part of its distributional range. We examined population genetic structure with 398 base pairs of the mitochondrial control region across a large portion of the range of E. quernus, spanning approximately 2000 km of the Hawaiian archipelago. Examination of genetic diversity shows that Gardner Island, situated midway along the island chain, harbours the most diverse haplotypes. F-statistics and Bayesian estimates of migration also reveal the mid-archipelago as genetically differentiated, where the first significant break among adjacent pairs of populations lies between the islands of Nihoa and Necker. Most island comparisons beyond Necker and Gardner to the north- west and among the lower five islands to the south-east show little to no genetic differences. Evidence of historical population expansion across the islands was also found by Maximum Likelihood analyses. The results suggest that management should be structured to reflect the genetic differentiation and diversity in the mid-archipelago, the pat- terns of which may be associated with oceanic current patterns. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 81, 449-468. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: control region - Hawaiian archipelago - migration - population growth - population structure.
Finding the way in phenotypic space: the origin and maintenance of constraints on organismal form

†Background One of the all-time questions in evolutionary biology regards the evolution of organismal shapes, and in particular why certain forms appear repeatedly in the history of life, others only seldom and still others not at all. Recent research in this field has deployed the conceptual framework of constraints and natural selection as measured by quantitative genetic methods. †Scope In this paper I argue that quantitative genetics can by necessity only provide us with useful statistical summaries that may lead researchers to formulate testable causal hypotheses, but that any inferential attempt beyond this is unreasonable. Instead, I suggest that thinking in terms of coordinates in phenotypic spaces, and approaching the problem using a variety of empirical methods (seeking a consilience of evidence), is more likely to lead to solid inferences regarding the causal basis of the historical patterns that make up most of the data available on phenotypic evolution.
Integrated MOSFET-Embedded-Cantilever-Based Biosensor Characteristic for Detection of Anthrax Simulant

In this work, MOSFET-embedded cantilevers are configured as microbial sensors for detection of anthrax simulants, Bacillus thuringiensis. Anthrax simulants attached to the chemically treated gold-coated cantilever cause changes in the MOSFET drain current due to the bending of the cantilever which indicates the detection of anthrax simulant. Electrical properties of the anthrax simulant are also responsible for the change in the drain current. The test results suggest a detection range of 10 μL of stimulant test solution (a suspension population of 1.3 × 107 colony-forming units/mL diluted in 40% ethanol and 60% deionized water) with a linear response of 31 μA/μL.
Psychiatrists and access to abortion.

obtain medical certification of the threat to their lives before an abortion could be performed. Initially, medical conditions such as kidney disease or heart problems were the major justifications for abortion. As medical care ofpregnant women became more sophisticated, however, psychiatric certifications came to play a more prominent role. Given the nature of the legal requirements, an applicant for an abortion required a psychiatrist’s statement that she would take her own life unless the procedure were performed (3). This situation began to change in 1967, when three states-California, Colorado, and North Carolinaliberalized their abortion statutes. Psychiatric exceptions, in particular, were expanded. California, for cxample, permitted abortions if it could be shown that there was “a substantial risk that continuation of the pregnancy would gravely impair the mental health of the mother to a
Evaluation of the tongue drive system by individuals with high-level spinal cord injury

Tongue Drive System (TDS) is a tongue operated, unobtrusive, minimally invasive, wireless assistive technology (AT), which can enable people with severe disabilities to control different devices using their tongue motion. TDS can translate specific tongue movements into user-defined commands by detecting the position of a small permanent magnetic tracer attached to the users' tongue. We have built an external TDS (eTDS) prototype on a wireless headphone and interfaced it to a laptop and a commercial powered wheelchair (PWC). eTDS performance was evaluated by eight subjects with high level (C3~C5) spinal cord injury (SCI) at the Shepherd Center in Atlanta, GA. Preliminary results show that all the subjects can successfully perform common tasks related to computer access, such as controlling a mouse cursor or playing a computer game, as well as complex wheelchair navigation tasks, such as driving through an obstacle course.
Relationship between juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids in larval-pupal development of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuiidae)

Abstract The haemolymph ecdysteroid titre during the late last stadium of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni, was monitored in the presence of experimentally altered juvenile hormone levels to test the hypothesis that the appearance of a prepupal burst of juvenile hormone enhances prothoracic gland activity. Two peaks of ecdysteroid activity were detected in the haemolymph of last-stadium larvae (55 ng/ml and 950 ng/ml) with 20-hydroxyecdysone the most prevalent ecdysteroid. Treatment of post-feeding late last-stadium larvae with juvenile hormone I or the juvenoids, methoprene or epofenonane, had no significant effect on the timing or character of pupation. Application of juvenile hormone I to neck-ligated late last-stadium larvae failed to restore peak ecdysteroid levels to those of unligated controls. Application of the anti-juvenile hormone compounds, fluoromevalonolactone or 3,3-dichloro-2-propenyl hexanoate, disrupted metamorphosis causing delays in tanning and the formation of abnormal pupae. Yet, corresponding deviations in the timing or magnitude of ecdysteroid levels or in the conversion of ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone were not observed. When early last-stadium larvae were treated with the juvenile hormone esterase inhibitor, 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone, shifts in the timing of peak ecdysteroid levels, coincident with delayed pupation, were observed. These results suggest that the prepupal prothoracic glands of T. ni may be considerably less sensitive to changes in the endogenous juvenile hormone titre by the time larvae have begun to wander, even though treatment at this time may still produce toxic effects that influence the success of ecdysis and/or resultant pupal morphology.
AdaMS: adaptive MLC/SLC phase-change memory design for file storage

Phase-change memory (PCM) is an emerging memory technology that has made rapid progress in the recent years, and surpasses other technologies such as FeRAM and MRAM in terms of scalability. Recently, the feasibility of multi-level cell (MLC) for PCM, which enables a cell to store more than one bit of digital data, has also been shown. This new property makes PCM more competitive and considered as the successor of the NAND flash technology, which also has the MLC capability but does not have an easy scaling path to reach higher densities. However, the MLC capability of PCM comes with the penalty of longer programming time and shortened cell lifetime compared to its single-level cell (SLC) mode. Therefore, it suggests an adaptive MLC/SLC reconfigurable PCM design that can exploit the fast SLC access speed and the large MLC capacity with the awareness of workload characteristics and lifetime requirements. In this work, a circuit-level adaptive MLC/SLC PCM array is designed at first, the management policy of MLC/SLC mode is proposed, and finally the performance and lifetime of a novel PCM-based SSD with run-time MLC/SLC reconfiguration ability is evaluated1.
Integrating group dynamics and cognitive-behavioral groups: A hybrid model.

Theoretical and empirical arguments are presented for the systematic integration and study of group dynamic processes in cognitive-behavioral groups. Such “hybrid groups” explicitly utilize group cohesion, group developmental stages, and multilevel interventions with the hope of offering cognitive therapy through a group rather than simply in a group setting. Potential advantages of the hybrid model include enhanced active learning, modeling, motivation, skill generalization, and relapse prevention. Further evidence and recommendations are presented regarding hybrid group structure, composition, therapist role, limitations, and directions for future research.
Light field denoising, light field superresolution and stereo camera based refocussing using a GMM light field patch prior

With the recent availability of commercial light field cameras, we can foresee a future in which light field signals will be as common place as images. Hence, there is an imminent need to address the problem of light field processing. We provide a common framework for addressing many of the light field processing tasks, such as denoising, angular and spatial superresolution, etc. (in essence, all processing tasks whose observation models are linear). We propose a patch based approach, where we model the light field patches using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). We use the ”disparity pattern” of the light field data to design the patch prior. We show that the light field patches with the same disparity value (i.e., at the same depth from the focal plane) lie on a low-dimensional subspace and that the dimensionality of such subspaces varies quadratically with the disparity value. We then model the patches as Gaussian random variables conditioned on its disparity value, thus, effectively leading to a GMM model. During inference, we first find the disparity value of a patch by a fast subspace projection technique and then reconstruct it using the LMMSE algorithm. With this prior and inference algorithm, we show that we can perform many different processing tasks under a common framework.
Damage-Mitigating Control of Aerospace Systems for High Performance and Extended Life

The concept of damage-mitigating control is to minimize fatigue (as well as creep and corrosion) damage of critical components of mechanical structures while simultaneously maximizing the system dynamic performance. Given a dynamic model of the plant (for example, the turbofan engine, and frame of advanced aircraft, or the reusable rocket engine for space propulsion) and the specifications for performance and stability robustness, the task is to synthesize a control law that would meet the system requirements and, at the same time, satisfy the constraints that are imposed by the material and structural properties of the critical components. This paper presents the concept of damage-mitigating control systems design with the following objectives: (1) to achieve high performance with a prolonged life span; and (ii) to systematically update controller as the new technology of advanced meterials envolves. The major challenge is to extract the information from the material properties and them utilize this information in a mathematical form such that it can be directly applied to robust control synthesis for mechanical systems.
Effect of annealing on microstructure, residual stress, and photovoltaic characteristics of electrodeposited CdTe films

The effect of annealing on the characteristics of electrodeposited CdTe was investigated. As-deposited CdTe films showed a preferred orientation of normal to the surface of the films. During the annealing, recrystallization and grain growth occurred and the crystallographic orientation became more random. Examination of relative intensity ratios of X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks for samples annealed at different temperatures for different times showed that the orientation changed toward random up to a certain point before it started to move back toward the textured state. An Arrhenius analysis of the XRD intensity changes yielded an activation energy of 2.5 eV which matches well with that of Cd diffusion in CdTe suggesting that the reaction should be Cd diffusion-limited. The residual stresses in CdTe layers measured by XRD were on the order of 50 MPa which is much higher than the yield stress of CdTe indicating that the stress should introduce crystalline defects.
Artifact reduction in the Wigner distribution

The Wigner distribution (WD) of multicomponent signals and signals contaminated by additive noise is degraded severely by cross-terms or artifacts that arise due to the bilinear nature of the WD. An artifact reduction method is presented. It is shown through simulation results which compare the standard discrete-WD with the modified discrete-WD that it is usually possible to achieve significant noise reduction using the proposed simple and robust technique, while still maintaining high time-frequency resolution characteristic of the WD. >
The equivalence of two test statistics for an optimum differential phase-shift keying receiver

Two recent papers [by J.J. Bussgang, and M. Leiter, "Error rate approximations for differential phase-shift keying," ibid., vol CS-12, Mar 1964, pp 18-27 and J.G. Proakis, P.R. Drouilhet, Jr., and R. Price, "Performance of coherent detection systems using decision-directed channel measurement," ibid., vol CS-12, Mar 1964, pp 54-63] presented test statistics for an optimum Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) receiver. In this correspondence the authors show that these test statistics are equivalent.
Using ecological theory to guide the implementation of augmentative restoration

Abstract Successful control of invasive plants can have unexpected effects on native plants and wildland systems. Therefore, it is important for managers of invasive species to be concerned with ecological mechanisms and processes like invasion resistance, environmental heterogeneity, and succession that direct plant community dynamics. Augmentative restoration is a management approach for restoring desired species on wildlands dominated by invasive plants, where functioning ecological processes are maintained by selectively augmenting only those processes that are not operating sufficiently. The study was conducted within the Mission Valley, Montana, in an area where meadow vole disturbance provided site availability for colonization. In a split-plot design with four replications, eight factorial treatment combinations from three factors (shallow tilling, watering, and seeding) were applied to whole plots, and 2,4-D was applied to subplots. Cover and density of seeded species, spotted knapweed, and sulfu...
A novel way to conduct human studies and do some good

In this paper the authors describe a novel way to conduct large-scale human studies achieving the maximum outreach and impact with the minimum cost. An iPhone health application, 'Walk n' Play', was developed and released for free in the App Store. The application measures calories spent due to walking activities through the iPhone's accelerometer. It is a real-time awareness tool that helps people to keep their sedentariness in check. Furthermore, it uses motivational mechanisms based on buddy support/competition and social networking to increase daily physical activity. The anonymous data gathered from thousands of users around the world, reveal patterns of human behavior at a resolution and scale not feasible before.
Esr of the C217O, SiC17O, and 29Si2O molecules

Abstract By reaction of carbon atoms or silicon atoms with 17 O-enriched carbon monoxide, C 2 17 O and SiC 17 O molecules were prepared and trapped in solid neon matrices at 4 K. Observation of the 17 O ( I = 5 2 ) hyperiine splitting in their ESR spectra extend the 13 C ( I = 1 2 ) 19 Si ( I = 1 2 ) data formerly found. The SiSiO(X 3 ∑) molecule is believed to have been detected for the first time. The asymmetric isomer is indicated by the hyperfine pattern observed for the 29 Si-substituted molecule. Its zero-field splitting parameter ¦D¦is 1.91 cm −1 in an argon matrix.
Articulating Learning Objectives for an Undergraduate Teaching Assistant Program: Merging Teaching Practicum, Leadership Seminar, and Service Learning.

Since its inception in 2009, the Undergraduate Teaching Assistant Program (in the Department of Focused Inquiry at Virginia Commonwealth University) has evolved and expanded into an amalgamation of three distinct but overlapping elements: (i) teaching practicum, (ii) leadership seminar, and (iii) service learning experience. But only recently have we begun to fully and systematically itemize and map the precise learning objectives of the program. This task is particularly important, and particularly challenging, as the program merges learning objectives typically associated with each of the aforementioned elements. This essay seeks to more fully and more systematically articulate the precise learning objectives of this program, first by collating the observations and best practices of faculty who participate in the program into a list of seven skill sets and twenty-one subordinate classroom activities and modes of engagement, second by wedding those results with the “ABC” framework of experiential learning discussed by Carver (1996), and third by further mapping specific learning objectives within that framework through a process of triangulation. It is hoped that this process can be deployed in any similar undergraduate teaching assistant or peer mentoring program in order to reveal the interconnections among various programmatic elements and particular learning objectives.
Playing the neoliberal game: : Why community leaders left party politics to partisan activists

Community leaders increasingly avoid grassroots parties, a tendency that polarizes politics by leaving ideological activists in control. This article synthesizes urban and civil society theory to develop possible explanations, evaluating them via a mixed-methods community study, and concludes that leaders avoid politics because it stigmatizes them within their politically structured competition, or game, for community esteem. Postwar federalism enhanced locals’ control by sheltering firms from outside acquisitions and transferring discretionary grants to local bodies, thus creating an arena that privileged “fighters” who engaged publicly by forming rigid, oppositional factions. Neoliberal reforms made leaders dependent on mobile firms and competitive funding streams, conditions that elevate “partners” who avoid conflict and form flexible place-marketing coalitions to community prominence. Fighters view politics as consistent with their community personae, whereas partners fear that political divisiveness ...
Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Branches of Foreign Corporations: Separate Entity or Separate Rules?

Foreign corporations conduct U.S. business activities either through U.S. subsidiaries or U.S. branches. A U.S. subsidiary of a foreign corporation generally is taxed as any other domestic corporation, that is, as a separate taxable entity apart from its foreign parent. In contrast, a U.S. branch of a foreign corporation is not treated as a separate taxable entity; instead, the Code and regulations employ a set of special rules that allocate and apportion to the U.S. branch a portion of the foreign corporation's income in order to determine the net income subject to U.S. tax. The rules used for taxing U.S. branch activities are problematic in a number of respects. They fail in some cases to accurately reflect the income produced by U.S. branch activities. In addition, these rules may differ substantially from methods employed by other countries to assign income to U.S. activities, thereby raising the risk that a portion of a foreign corporation's income will be taxed by two counties. The rules for U.S. branches also appear to add to the complexity of the tax law. The end result of a separate entity method for U.S. subsidiaries and different rules for U.S. branches is unwarranted variation in tax treatment based on the form of business used by a foreign corporation. This article considers the use of the separate entity method for taxing U.S. branches of foreign corporations, focusing on four fundamental policy concerns in the taxation of international business operations: accurate reflection of income, tax administration and simplicity, harmonizing different countries' tax laws, and neutrally taxing different forms of conducting businesses. The article recommends that the separate entity method be used for U.S. branches of foreign corporations, provided its use continues for U.S. subsidiaries.
‘Igneous’ means fire from below: the tumultuous history of the National Union of Mineworkers on the South African platinum mines

From the time Impala dismissed its entire workforce in 1986 up to and well beyond the Marikana massacre, the National Union of Mineworkers has struggled to organise the platinum mines of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. This article focuses on two case studies that highlight the fundamental importance of informal networks for organising mine workers. While the union now seems seriously at risk, it has never had an easy time in Rustenburg. Worker committees are not a new phenomenon there. Nor is insurgency. Mineworkers in South Africa, like mineworkers worldwide, have never been passive recipients of direction from above.
Development of a Basal Diet to Study Broiler Chicken Responses to the Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Sodium Sulfate

Three experiments were conducted to develop a basal diet limiting in the sulfur-containing amino acids and with adequate sodium. Twelve hundred commercial male broiler chicks were grown to 3 weeks of age in battery brooders. Chicks were fed a diet of a corn-soybean meal-poultry oil containing .38% methionine, .74% total sulfur-containing amino acids, and .10% sodium. The first two experiments, pooled for statistical analyses, showed that supplementation with .25% L-methionine significantly increased chick growth over the basal (496 vs. 465 g; P = .034) as did sodium supplementation (518 vs. 465 g; P less than .001). The best growth rate occurred when L-methionine and sodium chloride (NaCl) were supplemented together at .25 and .33%, respectively (579 g gained). The response from NaCl was demonstrated to be due to the sodium and not the chlorine by comparison to responses from potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) supplementation. It is suggested that two "first-limiting" nutrients, methionine and sodium, exist for chicks fed this particular diet. In Experiment 3, a response surface was determined with supplemental sodium (as NaCl) and L-methionine each varying from 0 to .20% (.10 to .30% total sodium and .38 to .58% total methionine). It was concluded that .20% total sodium is adequate to maximize growth and feed efficiency (.20% better than .13%, no different from .27%). Similarly, .17% supplemental methionine (.55% total) appears to be adequate (.17% better than .10%; .20% not better than .17%) with no supplemental choline.
Precise zone of localization of anti-kidney antibody in various organs.

SummaryIn vivo localization of antibodies prepared in rabbits against rat kidney was determined by immunohistochemical procedures. Fixation to high concentration was observed in certain structures of ovary and spleen as well as in kidney and adrenal. A lower concentration was observed on structures in thyroid, lymph node and liver, whereas none was seen in testes, lung, skin, brain and heart. Localization of these antibodies in vivo is quite different from that observed by treating tissue sections in vitro with the antibody. In the latter case, many more structures are stained.
Transforming Schools into 21st Century Community Learning Centers

Ochools and community-based organizations, businesses, and others are increasingly encouraged to partner on behalf of students and families. The reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 in January 2002, also known as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (P. L. 107-110), has additional implications for these partnerships. The 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21st CCLC) program was reauthorized as Tide IV, Part B, of the No Child Left Behind Act. This program is designed to develop community learning centers that increase learning opportunities and enrichment support to students, families, and community members and help underperforming students meet academic standards in core subjects such as reading and math.
Properties of novel fullerene tubule structures: a computational study

Theoretical Young’s moduli have been estimated for several fullerene carbon tubule fibers along the tubule axis. These results indicate that carbon fibers composed of nested tubules could have a modulus nearly 1.4 times that of a conventional graphite whisker. The results also indicate that the modulus of the tubule fiber can be further increased by decreasing the distance between the close-packed tubules in the fiber. This is true for both nested and single-shell tubules, but is only significant for the latter. Taking advantage of this property of single-shell tubules, we have examined a hypothetical tubule-diamond composite that, if it could be produced, would yield a modulus greater than diamond while at the same time stabilizing the fiber against shear distortions.
Attentional Biases Toward Latinos

The current research examined attention allocation to assess whether people preferentially attend to Latino versus White faces. The current work also tested whether this attentional bias depended on whether the task involved a bi-ethnic context (only Latino and White faces) or a multi-ethnic context (Black, Latino, and White faces). Attention was measured with an exogenous cueing task that assessed attentional capture and holding toward faces of each racial group. Results showed that Latino faces captured attention faster and held attention longer than White faces. This attentional bias was evident in both bi-ethnic and multi-ethnic racial contexts.
STUDY ON THE PASSIVATION OF PRESULFIDED HYDROGENATION CATALYST WITH PARAFFIN WAX

The passivation treatment of presulfided hydrogenation catalyst was conducted using a dehydrated and dearomatization paraffin wax as passivator and the effect of treating conditions on the maximum self-heating temperature and the activity of the catalyst was investigated.The activities of catalysts prior and post to passivation were evaluated by continues fixed-bed micro-reactor using FCC diesel fraction as feed and their maximum self-heating temperatures were determined on an ONU device. Test results show that it is feasible to passivate presulfided hydrogenation catalyst with paraffin wax, the self-heating behavior of the treated catalyst is improved significantly and the catalyst activity remains quite well.The optimal passivation conditions are under a wax/catalyst mass ratio of 0.15,a passivation temperature of 40℃and a treating time of 10-15 min,besides,the treatment is simple and convenient.
Investigation on aluminum contamination of food in Ouhai

Objective:In order to understand the aluminum contamination in food in Ouhai,and put forward countermeasures for aluminum pollution in foods.Methods: Sampling some food of Ouhai,test method according to GB / T 5009.182-2003 implementation,chrome azurol S color method;and make a healthy evaluation through Flour foods Al Limited(GB 2762-2005 aluminum ≤100 mg/kg is qualified),and the results were analyzed.Results: Detect 236 samples,the inspection of 165 qualified projects,the qualified rate was 70%,the the qualified rate of twisted crullers was 25%,and the qualified rate of steamed bread was 57.14%.Conclusion: The content of aluminum in some four foods exceeded seriously,because aluminum has a direct threat to people′s health,the related departments shoud pay attention to it.
Iconographic Evidence of Basketmaker Warfare and Human Sacrifice: A Contextual Approach to Early Anasazi Art

ABSTRACTRevised iconographic interpretations of Anasazi Basketmaker art and related burial items suggest that many Basketmaker rock art images depict decapitated or dismembered sacrificial victims or casualties of war. Comparisons with contemporary burial goods, including human remains, support this argument. Atlatls, large basket trays, clay figurines, and full scalps reflect images and designs that can be directly or symbolically related to human sacrifice. Basketmaker warfare and sacrifice are also examined in the context of similar themes depicted in the art of earlier and contemporary Precolumbian cultures of Middle and South America. This context offers iconographic support to the ethnographic evidence for the appearance of these themes.
Draft Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecalis Strain UCD-PD3

Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Enterococcus faecalis strain UCD-PD3. The assembly contains 2,861,314 bp in 73 contigs. This strain was isolated from a feral domestic cat (Felis catus) anal sac secretion sample, as part of a project on isolating and characterizing the microbes present in feline anal sacs.
Positive skeptical theism and the problem of divine deception

In a recent article, Erik Wielenberg has argued that positive skeptical theism fails to circumvent his new argument from apparent gratuitous evil. Wielenberg’s new argument focuses on apparently gratuitous suffering and abandonment, and he argues that negative skeptical theistic responses fail to respond to the challenge posed by these apparent gratuitous evils due to the parent–child analogy often invoked by theists. The greatest challenge to his view, he admits, is positive skeptical theism. To stave off this potential problem with his argument, he maintains that positive skeptical theism entails divine deception, which creates insuperable problems for traditional theism. This essay shows that Wielenberg is mistaken. Although positive skeptical theism claims that we should expect the appearance of gratuitous evil (when there is no actual gratuitous evil) given Christian theism, this does not entail divine deception. I maintain that God is not a deceiver on positive skeptical theism because God does not meet two requirements to be a deceiver: (1) God does not intend to cause people to believe any false propositions and (2) God does not provide evidence for someone to justifiably believe a false proposition. Consequently, Wielenberg’s new argument from evil fails and positive skeptical theism remains a viable response to the evidential argument from evil.
P-003 Clinical and imaging outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke and low nihss treated with endovascular therapy

Background The minimal stroke severity justifying endovascular intervention remains elusive; however, a significant proportion of patients presenting with large vessel occlusions and mild symptoms subsequently decline and have poor outcomes. We aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes of patients presenting with mild symptoms (NIHSS≤8) undergoing endovascular therapy. Methods Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected ET database between September/2010-March/2016. Patients with mild symptoms (baseline NIHSS ≤8) were included in the analysis. Primary and secondary efficacy outcome included the rates of good outcome (90 day mRS 0–2) and successful reperfusion (mTICI 2b-3), respectively. Safety outcome was accessed by rates of any parenchymal hematoma (PH-1 and PH-2) and 90 day mortality. Results 72 patients with baseline NIHSS ≤8 we included in the analysis. Mean age in the overall cohort was 63.3 years (range, 56–69) and 39 patients were men (54%). The mean baseline NIHSS, CTP core volumes, and ASPECTS were 6.3±1.5, 7.5±16.1 cc, and 8.5±1.3 respectively. A total of 28 patients (38%) received intravenous tPA. The occlusions were located as follows: proximal MCA-M1 in 29 (40%), MCA-M2 in 20 (27%), ICA terminus in 6 (8%) and vertebrobasilar in 9 patients (12%). Tandem occlusion was documented in 7 patients (9%). Successful reperfusion (TICI 2b-3) was achieved in 67 patients (93%) and 90 day good outcome (mRS 0–2) in 52 (72%). The mean final infarct volume was 32.2±59.9 cc. Any parenchymal hematoma occurred in 4 patients (5%). The 90 day mortality was 9% (n=7). Logistic regression showed that only successful reperfusion (OR 27.7; 95% CI [1.1–655.5]; p=0.04) was an independent predictor of good outcomes. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate a good safety profile for endovascular therapy in patients presenting with low NIHSS and proximal arterial occlusions. Future prospective controlled studies are warranted. Disclosures J. Grossberg: None. L. Rebello: None. M. Bouslama: None. D. Haussen: None. M. Frankel: None. R. Nogueira: None.
Brain microvascular endothelial cells exhibit lower activation of the alternative complement pathway than glomerular microvascular endothelial cells

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and bone marrow transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) are associated with excessive activation of the alternative complement pathway (AP) and with severe renal, but rarely cerebral, microvascular damage. Here, we compared AP activation and regulation in human glomerular and brain microvascular endothelial cells (GMVECs and BMVECs, respectively) unstimulated or stimulated by the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Compared with GMVECs and under both experimental conditions, BMVECs had increased gene expression of the AP-related genes C3, CFB, and C5 and decreased expression of CFD. This was associated with increased expression in BMVECs (relative to GMVECs) of the genes for surface and soluble regulatory molecules (CD46, THBD, CD55, CFI, and CFH) suppressing formation of the AP C3 and C5 convertases. Of note, unlike GMVECs, BMVECs generated extremely low levels of C3a and C5a and displayed decreased activation of the AP (as measured by a lower percentage of Ba generation than GMVECs). Moreover, BMVECs exhibited increased function of CD141, mediating activation of the natural anticoagulant protein C, compared with GMVECs. We also found that the C3a receptor (C3aR) is present on both cell types and that TNF greatly increases C3AR1 expression in GMVECs, but only slightly in BMVECs. Higher AP activation and C3a generation in GMVECs than in BMVECs, coupled with an increase in C3aR production in TNF-stimulated GMVECs, provides a possible explanation for the predominance of renal damage, and the absence of cerebral injury, in individuals with episodes of aHUS and TA-TMA.