cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate defect die placement and nuisance defect reduction for reticle die-to-die inspections

Die-to-die reticle inspections are among the simplest and most sensitive reticle inspections because of the use of an identical-design neighboring-die for the reference image. However, this inspection mode can have two key disadvantages: (1) The location of the defect is indeterminate because it is unclear to the inspector whether the test or reference image is defective; and (2) nuisance and false defects from mask manufacturing noise and tool optical variation can limit the usable sensitivity. The use of a new sequencing approach for a die-to-die inspection can resolve these issues without any additional scan time, without sacrifice in sensitivity requirement, and with a manageable increase in computation load. In this paper we explore another approach for die-to-die inspections using a new method of defect processing and sequencing. Utilizing die-to-die double arbitration during defect detection has been proven through extensive testing to generate accurate placement of the defect in the correct die to ensure efficient defect disposition at the AIMS step. The use of this method maintained the required inspection sensitivity for mask quality as verified with programmed-defectmask qualification and then further validated with production masks comparing the current inspection approach to the new method. Furthermore, this approach can significantly reduce the total number of defects that need to be reviewed by essentially eliminating the nuisance and false defects that can result from a die-to-die inspection. This "double-win" will significantly reduce the effort in classifying a die-to-die inspection result and will lead to improved cycle times.
Multiple Comparisons with the Best Control in a One-Way Layout

In many settings, one wishes to show that one or more experimental treatments are better than the best of more than one control or standard treatments in a one-way layout. One-sided, normal theory and distribution-free, single-step and step-down simultaneous testing procedures are developed in this article. These tests are intersection-union tests and hence use existing critical points. The single-step tests are inverted to form simultaneous lower confidence bounds on the amount of improvement that each experimental treatment offers relative to the best control or standard treatment. The single-step, normal theory procedures can be improved if one assumes that the control expectations do not differ by more than a predetermined number of standard deviations.
Reproductive integrity of mammalian cells exposed to power frequency electromagnetic fields

Human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts were analyzed for cytogenetic and cytotoxic endpoints to determine whether exposure to power frequency (60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) interferes with normal cell growth and reproduction. An exposure chamber was built to apply variable electric current densities of 3, 30, 300, and 3,000 microA/cm2, simultaneously with a fixed magnetic field of 2.2 G to proliferating cells. The current densities were chosen to bracket those that may be induced in the human body by fields measured beneath high voltage (765 kV) power transmission lines. The electric current was applied through the media of a cell culture chamber positioned between two stainless steel electrodes but separated from direct contact with the culture media by a salt bridge composed of a 1% agarose gel. The magnetic field was generated using two pairs of Helmholtz coils driven 73 degrees out of phase producing an elliptically polarized magnetic field 36 degrees out of phase with the electric field. The EMFs were measured and mapped inside the cell culture chamber to insure their uniformity. CHO cells were exposed continuously for 24-96 hr (depending on experiment) and human lymphocytes were exposed continuously for 72 hr. The EMFs were monitoredmore » throughout the entire treatment period using a multichannel chart recorder to verify continuous application of the desired fields. Sister-chromatid exchange and micronuclei were monitored to evaluate the potential for genotoxicity. In addition, standard growth curves, clonogenicity, and cell cycle kinetics were analyzed to evaluate possible cytotoxic effects. The experimental data consistently showed that the growth rate and reproductive integrity of both cell types was unaffected by exposure to the electromagnetic fields.« less
Yatiris en el siglo XXI. El conocimiento, la política y la nueva generación

Los rituales indigenas acompanaron a Evo Morales a traves de sus primeros anos como presidente de Bolivia. El oficio y las practicas rituales del curandero y sabio aymara, el yatiri, estan pasando por interesantes transformaciones, entrando a espacios politicos donde no solian estar presentes. ?Pero cual es realmente el papel que juegan el conocimiento terapeutico y la practica ritual en el actual proceso politico? En este ensayo etnografico veremos como las practicas politicas/gubernamentales y rituales/curativas se entrelazan y como los yatiris nos ofrecen lecturas alternativas de las dinamicas politicas y culturales de la sociedad boliviana actual, con las recurrentes correspondencias entre colonialismo y enfermedad y entre descolonizacion y curacion.
Impact of prophylactic immediate posttransplant ganciclovir on development of transplant atherosclerosis: a post hoc analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Background—Coronary artery disease occurs in an accelerated fashion in the donor heart after heart transplantation (TxCAD), but the cause is poorly understood. The risk of developing TxCAD is increased by cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and decreased by use of calcium blockers. Our group observed that prophylactic administration of ganciclovir early after heart transplantation inhibited CMV illness, and we now propose to determine whether this therapy also prevents TxCAD. Methods and Results—One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients (131 men and 18 women aged 48±13 years) were randomized to receive either ganciclovir or placebo during the initial 28 days after heart transplantation. Immunosuppression consisted of muromonab-CD3 (OKT-3) prophylaxis and maintenance with cyclosporine, prednisone, and azathioprine. Mean follow-up time was 4.7±1.3 years. In a post hoc analysis of this trial designed to assess efficacy of ganciclovir for prevention of CMV disease, we compared the actuarial incidence of TxCAD, ...
Confronting Patients About Insufficient Effort: The Impact on Subsequent Symptom Validity and Memory Performance

Symptom validity tests (SVTs) are commonly used to assess effort in neuropsychological evaluations. However, no empirical research or official guidelines exist about how clinicians should proceed if a patient produces a non-valid SVT result. The purpose of this study was to examine whether confronting patients immediately after scoring in a non-valid range on a SVT would have an impact on subsequent symptom validity and memory tests performance. Archival patient data for 507 adults with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) (ages 18-76) were examined. All patients completed the Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT), the Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd edition (WMS III), and the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd edition (BDI II). Although the majority (89%) of patients produced valid VSVT scores (the Valid group), 56 patients produced non-valid VSVT scores. Due to a change in clinical procedure, 28 of the 56 were confronted regarding their non-valid VSVT performances and were asked to complete the test a second time (the CONF group), while the remaining 28 proceeded with testing as usual following a non-valid score (the N-CONF group). Results showed that 68% of the CONF group produced valid VSVT scores on re-administration, as well as memory performances that were comparable to those of the Valid group. In contrast the N-CONF group produced memory scores that were significantly below the Valid group. This is the first study to provide empirical support for the effectiveness of intervention when patients exhibit inadequate effort on SVTs in clinical, non-forensic settings.
Photoperiodic induction and the development of growing apex in rice.

THE inflorescence of rice is a panicle; its development is different from that of the spike of cereals studied by Purvis1 and Bonnet2,3. It has been noted by Purvis1, Purvis and Gregory4, Bonnet2,3 and Sharman5 that the development of a spike is preceded by the formation of double ridges on the main rachis; one of the ridges forming into a spikelet and the other a subtending bract under an effective photoperiod and with low temperature of germination. In the absence of these conditions the primordia grow into leaves. The whole theory of the hormonal mechanism of flowering by Purvis and Gregory is based on this fundamental fact. The behaviour of rice is different from that of rye in several important aspects. The effect of short days on rice is quantitative in its flowering response6. While in winter rye Purvis and Gregory have observed that short days up to six weeks accelerate flowering and that subsequent long days are essential. Exposure to short days for periods longer than six weeks retards flowering. Tillers in rye show the same behaviour as the main shoot, indicating that the whole plant is affected by the treatment, although at the end of the treatment the majority of the vegetative buds are not yet formed. In rice (var. Rupsail) the tillers behave differently from the main shoot in respect of their leaf number and ear emergence by short-day exposure. The growing apex in its transition from vegetative growth to reproduction elongates considerably at the top, and along the edges several small groups of cells protrude which ultimately develop into branch rachides bearing more than one spikelet. Nowhere in the present investigation have double ridges, as noted in wheat, barley and rye, been seen. With an adequate dose of photoperiodic treatment the vegetative apex gradually passes into a main rachis bearing branches on which spikelets are formed. Once the rachis is formed under short-day conditions it continues to form spikelets irrespective of subsequent long days. The photoperiodic stimulus acts quantitatively on the growing apex. A minimum of four weeks exposure is necessary for 100 per cent flowering of the main shoot; after three weeks 66 per cent, and two weeks 3 per cent flower. In the case of first and second tillers six weeks are essential. Anatomical changes in the growing apices reveal that after four weeks all the vegetative apices are transformed into inflorescences; after three weeks some apices are reproductive and others remain vegetative all through.
Pathological study of corticospinal‐tract degeneration in Friedreich's ataxia

The pattern of fibre degeneration in the lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) was studied in a case of Friedreich's ataxia (FA). There was preferential involvement of the lateral area of the LCST in the cervical spinal cord. More caudally, the degeneration involved the entire area of the LCST and did not reveal a medial to lateral gradient of involvement. We suggest that this distinctive pattern of tract degeneration is a consequence of the somatotopic organization of the LCST, with the dying-back degeneration preferentially affecting those LCST fibers that extend to the lumbo-sacral spinal cord. This pattern of tract degeneration may be a useful morphological marker of dying-back degeneration in corticospinal tracts.
Generalization along the dimension of length of line without explicit discrimination training: A replication

The hypothesis that the peaked generalization gradients obtained without explicit discrimination training can be explained by implicit discrimination training between the response key and the wall of the test chamber was investigated. Pigeons were reinforced for pecking a key transilluminated with a white 1.3 cm line on a black background; the wall of the test chamber was also illuminated. A peaked line length generalization gradient was obtained even though the implicit discrimination training probably occurred between the black background and the wall. This result seems to contradict the experimental hypothesis.
Optical Effects of Fringing Fields in Kerr Cells

Fringing fields can lead to pronounced optical effects when a Kerr cell containing a dielectric liquid is observed between crossed polarizers. Such effects must be considered when using Kerr cells for accurate measurement of either Kerr coefficients or pulsed high voltages. Calculations of both the fringing fields and their resultant optical effects are made assuming a Rogowski contour for the electrodes. The results agree well with experimental observation. Corrections are obtained for the effective length l' of the electrodes for arbitrary positioning of a light ray parallel to the electrode edges. The literature value of l' = l(1 + t/l?) is recovered for a ray centered between the electrodes, where I is the electrode length and t the electrode separation. These results are shown to hold when the electrode length and width (w) obey I > w ? 2t and when the container walls of the cell are more than 2t from the electrode ends and sides.
Decay Constants of K 40 as Determined by the Radiogenic Argon Content of Potassium Minerals

It is shown that the potassium-argon age of young minerals depends almost linearly on the decay constant for electron capture in K40 and is very insensitive to the decay constant for beta emission. This fact permits calculation of λe by comparing the concordant uranium-lead age of cogenetic uraninite with A40/K40 ratios found in young samples of mica. It is found that λe=(0.557±0.026)×10^-10 yr^-1. Similar comparisons with older mica samples indicate that satisfactory agreement with the uraninite ages are obtained by use of this value of λe together with λβ=(0.472±0.05)×10^-9 yr^-1. It is concluded that there is no conflict between the decay constants inferred by this geological method and those found by direct counting experiments.
A Kinetic Model for the Action of Xylocaine on Receptors for Acetylcholine

A kinetic scheme postulating the rapid formation of a partially active acetylcholine-receptor-drug complex from Xylocaine (or a derivative) and the active acetylcholine-receptor complex can account for the effects of Xylocaine and its derivatives at the neuromuscular junction. Transmembrane currents generated by an analogue computer programmed according to the scheme can exactly match end plate currents produced by nerve stimulation in the presence of the drugs. The scheme also accounts for the qualitatively different effects of the drugs on the end plate potential and on responses to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. The analysis presented is consistent with very rapid reactions between acetylcholine and receptors, characterized by rate coefficients in the range 104 to 106 sec-1. It is based on the hypothesis that the activation of receptors by acetylcholine changes the structure of the receptors and thus their affinity for Xylocaine. The analysis does not require pharmacological separability of sodium and potassium conductances during the end plate current.
Activity of Cefsulodin and Other Agents Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Cefsulodin is a novel cephalosporin that contains a pyridinomethyl substituent at position 3 of the dihydrothiazine ring and a sulfo group on the acyl side chain. Cefsulodin has a high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa but binds poorly to those of other bacteria. Cefsulodin has the ability to readily pass through the outer wall of P. aeruginosa and is poorly hydrolyzed by most chromosomal beta-lactamases. It is partially destroyed by the carbenicillinases of P. aeruginosa that are plasmid mediated. Cefsulodin inhibits 50% of P. aeruginosa isolates at concentrations of 2-4 micrograms/ml. Cefsulodin acts synergistically with all aminoglycosides against 20%-80% of P. aeruginosa isolates.
Prolonged luteal activity in mares ‐ a semantic quagmire

Prolonged luteal activity is one of the most formidable terminology challenges in mare reproductive biology. Prolonged luteal activity can be a result of persistence of an individual corpus luteum or the sequential development of luteal glands, each of which may have a normal life span. Luteal tissue can originate from an unovulated follicle or from an ovulation occurring during either follicular or luteal dominance. These complexities, together with ambiguous and inconsistent terminology, have resulted in confusion regarding those conditions which can be grouped broadly under the term prolonged luteal activity. Persistence of an individual corpus luteum can occur in association with severe damage to the endometrium resulting in loss of the uterine luteolytic mechanism. Spontaneous (no known uterine pathology) persistence of the corpus luteum from the follicular-phase ovulation has not been documented adequately as a clinical entity. The occurrence of ovulation towards the end of dioestrus may cause confusion about the origin of prolonged luteal activity. Such immature dioestrous corpora lutea may not respond to the release of uterine luteolysin, thereby leading to prolonged luteal activity even though the original corpus luteum regressed at the normal time. In the absence of critical monitoring of the corpus luteum (eg by ultrasound) the prolonged activity could be attributed erroneously to persistence of the corpus luteum from the follicular-phase ovulation. Pseudopregnancy is another confusing term that is sometimes used to describe persistence of the corpus luteum, especially when the luteal persistence is caused by embryonic loss after the embryo has blocked the uterine luteolytic mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Five‐Gene‐Network Data Analysis with Local Causal Discovery Algorithm Using Causal Bayesian Networks

Using microarray experiments we can model causal relationships of genes measured through mRNA expression levels. To this end, it is desirable to compare experiments of the system under complete interventions of some genes, e.g., knock-out of some genes, with experiments of the system under no interventions. However, it is expensive and difficult to conduct wet lab experiments of complete interventions of genes in a biological system. Thus, it will be helpful if we can discover promising causal relationships among genes with no interventions or incomplete interventions, e.g., applying a treatment that has unknown effects to modeled genes, in order to identify promising genes to perturb in the system that can later be verified in wet laboratories. In this paper we use Causal Bayesian networks to implement a causal discovery algorithm—the Equivalence Local Implicit latent variable scoring Method (EquLIM)—that identifies promising causal relationships even with a small dataset generated from no or incomplete interventions. We then apply EquLIM to analyze the five-gene-network data and compare EquLIM’s predictions with true causal pairwise relationships between the genes.
Ultrastructural analysis of buckwheat starch components using atomic force microscopy.

: Morphological and structural features of buckwheat starch granules and nanocrystals were examined using atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Partially digested starch granules revealed a clear pattern of growth rings with the central core revealing lamellar structure. Atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering experiments revealed that the buckwheat starch granules were polygonal in shape and were in the range of 2 to 19 μm in diameter. The optimized acid hydrolysis process produced nanocrystals with the shape of spherical structure with lengths ranging from 120 to 200 nm, and the diameter from 4 to 30 nm from aqueous suspensions of buckwheat starch solution. The sorption isotherms on buckwheat starch nanocrystal/glycerol composite exhibited a 3-stage transition of moisture in the blending. The biocompatible nature of buckwheat starch nanocrystals and their structural properties make them a promising green nanocomposite material. Practical Application: Buckwheat starches had never been studied on a nanoscale, but we have achieved new understanding of starch granule morphology and concentric growth rings using nanoscale imaging. Since buckwheat is an underutilized crop, we foresee the potential application of buckwheat starch, starch-based nanocrystals, and nanoparticles, to expand markets and encourage producers to expand their buckwheat acreage. The atomic force image analysis suggests that buckwheat starch could be used as a new biopolymer material in food industries.
"Words of Blood and Tears": Petty Urbanites Write Emotion

Recent attention to the modern history of emotion in China has traced multiple and shifting discourses. The New Culture Movement that competed with "butterfly fiction" in the first decade of China's new Republic championed an autonomous form of individual personhood that broke with the authoritarian family and arranged marriages, and embraced free love and free choice marriage. In the late 1920s, projects of revolutionary emotional retooling reoriented passion, loyalty, and identity in the direction of the nation. But historians have relatively little source material that illuminates the linkage between changes in elite discourses and the everyday experiences of individual commoners, particularly for the study of emotional expression. The unusual survival of a set of petty-urbanite love letters permits the close textual mapping, in this essay, of the ways in which the broad public circulation in the Republican era of multiple and contradictory discourses of emotion entered into and affected particular commoner lives.
An AI-Based Model for Predicting Instananeous Cutting Force in End Milling

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is developed to accurately predict the instantaneous cutting forces in flat end milling. A unique frequency domain approach is presented and is seen to simulate instantaneous cutting forces reasonably well. A set of eight input variables is chosen to represent the machining conditions and frequency domain parameters of the cutting force signal are generated. Three input parameters are varied, namely Feed, Speed and Depth of Cut. Four output parameters are suggested as a sufficient set to adequately reproduce the instantaneous cutting forces. Exhaustive experimentation is conducted to collect data (consisting of Fx, Fy, and Fz) to train and validate the model.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Progress in Simulating Turbulent Electron Thermal Transport in NSTX

Nonlinear simulations based on multiple NSTX discharge scenarios have progressed to help differentiate unique instability mechanisms and to validate with experimental turbulence and transport data. First nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of microtearing turbulence in a high-beta NSTX H-mode discharge predict experimental levels of electron thermal transport that are dominated by magnetic flutter and increase with collisionality, roughly consistent with energy confinement times in dimensionless collisionality scaling experiments. Electron temperature gradient (ETG) simulations predict significant electron thermal transport in some low- and high-beta discharges when ion scales are suppressed by E × B shear. Although the predicted transport in H-modes is insensitive to variation in collisionality (inconsistent with confinement scaling), it is sensitive to variations in other parameters, particularly density gradient stabilization. In reversed shear L-mode discharges that exhibit electron internal transport barriers, ETG transport has also been shown to be suppressed nonlinearly by strong negative magnetic shear, s ≪ 0. In many high-beta plasmas, instabilities which exhibit a stiff beta dependence characteristic of kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) are sometimes found in the core region. However, they do not have a distinct finite beta threshold, instead transitioning gradually to a trapped electron mode (TEM) as beta is reduced to zero. Nonlinear simulations of this ‘hybrid’ TEM/KBM predict significant transport in all channels, with substantial contributions from compressional magnetic perturbations. As multiple instabilities are often unstable simultaneously in the same plasma discharge, even on the same flux surface, unique parametric dependencies are discussed which may be useful for distinguishing the different mechanisms experimentally.
An unlikely alliance: The 1907 Ukrainian-Jewish electoral coalition

. This paper contextualises a political alliance between Ukrainian and Jewish national activists in Austrian Galicia during the 1907 parliamentary elections, Austria's first elections with universal manhood suffrage. This alliance represented a milestone in the making of a new paradigm of Ukrainian–Jewish relations. Ironically, the Ukrainian and Jewish nationalists, portrayed elsewhere as staunch enemies, were uniquely able to overcome the profound social, religious, political, and cultural barriers separating the two communities. Ukrainian nationalists recognised the potential of a nationalised Jewish community to undermine Polish hegemony in Galicia, while some Zionists saw the potential to elect Jewish parliamentary representatives in rural Ukrainian districts where Poles and Jews competed for the districts' second mandate. The alliance mobilised the Ukrainian and Jewish electorate around shared slogans and goals. It was a qualified success, leading to a more powerful national Ukrainian faction as well as the first Zionist faction in any European parliament. Although the two sides failed to repeat the alliance in the subsequent elections in 1911, the coalition sparked a new sense of history for both communities. It created a pro-Ukrainian discourse in Jewish politics, and a pro-Zionist one in Ukrainian politics. The alliance also exposes Zionism as a response to the European-wide nationalist revivalism rather than a reaction to rampant turn-of-the-century racial anti-Semitism.
A Maternal Vaccine against Group B Streptococcus: Past, Present, and Future

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among neonates. Though there have been tremendous advances in prevention of invasive neonatal GBS disease through prophylactic antibiotic treatment of pregnant women, the incidence of neonatal disease has not changed significantly over the past several years. Vaccination of pregnant women is an important strategy that has the potential to improve further on existing protocols. In this review, we explore the history of the design of maternal GBS vaccines. We also discuss how recent applications of genomics and immunology to vaccine design promise to further enhance our ability to develop more effective vaccines against this important disease.
Isolation of a novel maturation-inducing steroid produced in vitro by ovaries of Atlantic croaker.

All the steroids produced by Atlantic croaker ovaries during final oocyte maturation (FOM) were assayed for their ability to induce germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of croaker oocytes in vitro. Ovarian tissue in the process of FOM was removed from Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) and incubated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and pregnenolone in tissue culture medium for 8 hr. Steroids were extracted from the medium and fractionated by HPLC and TLC. Fractions were bioassayed for their potency to induce GVBD of Atlantic croaker oocytes in vitro. 17α,20β,21-Trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-dihydro-11-deoxycortisol, 20β-S) was identified as the predominant steroid product and the major maturation-inducing steroid produced by the ovary of Atlantic croaker in vitro. A small amount of another steroid with equal potency to induce GVBD was tentatively identified as 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α,20β-P4); however, over ten times more 20β-S than 17α,20β-P4 accumulated in the incubation medium. Trace amounts of testosterone and estradiol-17β were also isolated. Ovarian tissue incubated under more physiological conditions, without the addition of excess pregnenolone, failed to produce 17α,20β-P4. These results provide further evidence that 20β-S is a major maturation-inducing steroid in Atlantic croaker.
Preparation and Characterization of High Temperature Thermoelectrics Based on Metal/Oxide Nanocomposites

Thermoelectric devices based on “n-type” oxide semiconductors and metal/oxide nanocomposites are being considered for high temperature thermocouples, heat flux sensors and energy harvesting devices. In terms of energy harvesting, preliminary 2D thermoelectric calculations indicated that enough electrical energy can be generated from the large thermal gradients that exist within a gas turbine engine to power active wireless devices. Several promising bi-ceramic junctions based on this concept were investigated in terms of their high temperature thermoelectric properties. The most promising bi-ceramic junction was based on indium tin oxide (ITO) and a NiCrCoAlY/alumina nanocomposite. The thermoelectric responses of these individual elements were evaluated relative to a platinum reference electrode. A maximum emf of 77 mV was achieved for a NiCrCoAlY/alumina nanocomposite/platinum thermocouple for an imposed temperature gradient of 1111 °C. The thermoelectric power for this couple was 78 μV/°C. When this NiCrCoAlY/alumina nanocomposite was combined with ITO to form a bi-ceramic junction, thermoelectric powers on the order of 700 μV/°C were obtained. A maximum electromotive force of 291mV was achieved for a hot junction temperature of 1100 °C. The thermoelectric response after repeated thermal cycling to 1200 °C was both repeatable and reproducible. The ITO was prepared in varying nitrogen, oxygen and argon partial pressures, which was used to control the charge carrier concentration, stability and thermoelectric response of the bi-ceramic junctions. The thermoelectric response decreased with increasing nitrogen partial pressure and increased with oxygen partial pressure in the plasma with the argon partial pressure constant. The relationship between the sputtering parameters and thermoelectric properties was investigated and the application of these bi-ceramic junctions as thermocouples and energy harvesting devices is discussed.
Transient line narrowing: A laser spectroscopic technique yielding resolution beyond the natural linewidth

Abstract In problems involving transitions between two decaying states, one encounters lorentzian factors whose width is given by the sum of the decay rates from the two states in question, i.e. by the natural linewidth. In the present paper, we discuss techniques for achieving resolution beyond the natural linewidth, limited by the difference between the decay rates rather than their sum. These techniques provide the possibility of enhanced spectral resolution, as well as giving a direct measurement of the difference between the decay rates.
Extensions of the Bloch–Pólya theorem on the number of real zeros of polynomials

Nous prouvons qu'il existe des constantes absolues ci > 0 et c 2 > 0 telles que pour tout {a 0 ,a 1 ,...,a n )⊂[1,M], 1 < M < exp(c 1 n 1/4 ), il existe b 0 ,b 1 ,...,b n ∈ {-1,0,1} tels que P(z) = n Σ j=0 b j a j z J a au moins c 2 n 1/4 changements de signe distincts dans ]0,1[. Cela ameliore et etend des resultats anterieurs de Bloch et Polya.
Reoperation for Aortic Coarctation: Techniques, Results, and Indications for Various Approaches

To define the safety and efficacy of operation for recurrent thoracic aortic coarctation, we reviewed the hospital records and subsequent courses of 53 patients who underwent such procedures over a 23-year period. Previous operations included end-to-end anastomosis, prosthetic patch or subclavian flap aortoplasty, and prosthetic interposition or bypass grafts, performed in patients ranging from 1 day to 44 years old. Several different reoperative procedures were used, including an ascending-descending aortic bypass graft in 4 patients who had had two previous repairs. There were no hospital or late deaths and only 3 relatively minor complications. Only 2 patients have hypertension requiring drug therapy at follow-up, which now averages 7 years. We conclude that operative management of severe, recurrent coarctation is both safe and effective, and that several techniques of reconstruction may have a place in such therapy.
Foraging ecology of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) within Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte, México

Abstract The presence of whale sharks ( Rhincodon typus ) in Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte, Mexico, is a seasonal phenomenon, occurring during the months of June–November, with highest abundance from August to October. The foraging ecology of whale sharks in Bahia de Los Angeles was studied from 28 July to 26 October 1999. During this period, 19 individual whale sharks were identified, including nine males, three females, and seven whose sex was not identified. Feeding by whale sharks was observed on 132 out of 190 sightings. Approximately 80% of the feeding events occurred in areas with ≤10 m bottom depth (mean ± S.D. = 7.0 ± 5.5 m), and were concentrated primarily in the southernmost region of the bay. The highest numbers of feeding events occurred between 12.00 and 16.00 h. Mean (±S.D.) sea surface temperature during these events was 29.7 ± 1.1 °C. Three feeding behaviors, “active”, “vertical”, and “passive”, and one non-feeding behavior, “cruising”, were characterized. Analysis of plankton samples collected beside feeding sharks revealed that zooplankton, primarily copepods (∼85% of total zooplankton abundance) appeared to be the primary prey source in the bay. Although whale sharks were observed feeding among large schools of baitfish (sardines, anchovies), whale sharks were never observed directly preying upon these fish. Whale sharks may target baitfish to locate zooplankton, as these fish can be indicators of plankton rich patches. Zooplankton abundance was significantly different among the three feeding behaviors, suggesting that prey abundance may influence which feeding technique was utilized. Feeding was not observed when the minimum density of zooplankton was less than ∼10.0 × 10 3 individuals m −3 . Whale sharks may be following oceanographic cues (physical and biological) both within the bay as well as throughout the Gulf of California that are favorable for increases of prey resources. Because whale shark ecotourism is rapidly increasing in Bahia de Los Angeles, it is important to identify and manage ecologically important areas utilized by whale sharks within the bay to ensure the continued integrity of the habitat that supports whale shark presence.
THE FUTURE OF THE BUDDHIST PAST: A RESPONSE TO THE READERS

I respond to comments offered by Peter Harrison and Thupten Jinpa on my book Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed (2008). I report briefly on the reception of the book thus far and provide a summary of its contents before responding individually to the essays of Harrison and Jinpa.
Risk factors in enterprise-wide/ERP projects

The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors in implementing traditional management information systems projects, describe the risk factors associated with enterprise-wide/ERP (enterp...
How do Fetal Grafts of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Communicate with the Host Brain

Abstract Fetal grafts containing the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the site of an endogenous circadian pacemaker, can reinstate behavioral rhythms in lesioned recipients but the precise routes of communication between the graft and the host brain remain unknown. Grafts containing the SCN may convey temporal information to the host brain via neural efferents, diffusible factors, or a combination of both. We examined graft-host connections in anterior hypothalamic homografts (hamster-to hamster) and heterografts (rat-to hamster) implanted in the third ventricle by: (a) applying the carbocyanine dye, diI, directly onto homo- and heterografts in fixed tissue sections; and (b) using a donor-specific neurofilament (NF) antibody to immunocytochemically visualize heterograft efferents. DiI applied onto either homografts or heterografts labeled relatively few graft efferents which could be followed only short distances into the host brain. In contrast, NF-labeled heterograft efferents were both more numerous and extended for longer distances into the host brain than anticipated on the basis of diI tract tracing. The results suggest that anterior hypothalamic grafts implanted in the third ventricle provide substantial input to the adjacent host hypothalamus although it is not known whether these projections arise from SCN cells or from other extra-SCN hypothalamic tissue within these grafts. Nor is it known whether these projections are functional. To determine if neural efferents are required for the restoration of rhythmicity after grafting, we have encapsulated fetal anterior hypothalamus in a permselective polymer which prevents neurite outgrowth but allows diffusible signals to reach the host brain. Polymer-encapsulated grafts of fetal anterior hypothalamus from wild-type hamster fetuses have been implanted into the third ventricle of heterozygote tau mutant, SCN-lesioned hamsters. Because the free-running period of tau mutant hamsters is significantly shorter than that of wild-type hamsters, restored rhythms when they occur can be unambiguously attributed to the presence of donor tissue. Encapsulated grafts that survive contain neuropeptide cell markers characteristic of the intact SCN, but the survival rate of encapsulated neural tissue is low. Nevertheless, if we find that even a few encapsulated grafts restore donor-specific rhythms, this would suggest that diffusible signals emitted from SCN grafts may be sufficient to support circadian function. It may be that the SCN in the intact animal communicates with the rest of the brain by redundant signals, either efferent fibers or diffusible signals. Alternatively, different circadian rhythms may be mediated by distinct output signals from the SCN.
Oocyte spindle proteomics analysis leading to rescue of chromosome congression defects in cloned embryos

Embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) display low term developmental potential. This is associated with deficiencies in spindle composition prior to activation and at early mitot...
Retention of Benthic Invertebrates with Different Sieving Techniques

Abstract Two techniques of washing sediment samples from profundal regions of Lake Superior on different cruises produced quantitatively and qualitatively different results that cannot be explained by differences in sampling sites. The method of washing the sediment contained in a sieve (250 μm mesh) with a lake water spray from a hose retained approximately 10 times as many nematodes, enchytraeids, and naidids as the method of agitation of the sediment-containing sieve in a tub of lake water. The average numbers of lumbriculid oligochaetes, Pontoporeia , and fourth instar chironomid larvae were similar for the two sieving techniques. The retention of organisms small enough to pass through the sieve was probably related to sieving time. The organisms quantitatively retained had a fixed (as opposed to contractile) dimension larger than the size of the sieve openings. Consideration of sieving methods is as important as sieve mesh size, type of sampler, and sampling design for benthic comparative studies.
Activation and Deactivation of Cp*Ir(TsDPEN) Hydrogenation Catalysts in Water

The addition of H3PO4 to Cp*Ir(TsDPEN-H), where TsDPEN = H2NCHPhCHPhNTs–, is a simple method to obtain a water-soluble hydrogenation catalyst capable of reducing aromatic ketones to their corresponding alcohols in aqueous solutions. Key to the reactivity is the low affinity of the coordinatively unsaturated [Cp*Ir(TsDPEN)]+ for H2PO4–. Catalyst degradation proceeds via the protonation of the tosylamido ligand, as was established by the crystallographic characterization of the tosylamine complex [Cp*Ir(NCMe)(HTsDPEN)]2+.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Innovation versus imitation: investigating alternative R & D strategies

(1986). Innovation versus imitation: investigating alternative R & D strategies. Applied Economics: Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 1359-1363.
Modeling of tritium transport in ceramic breeder single crystal

Abstract Simple existing models were found not to adequately reproduce recent tritium release data for LiAlO 2 single crystal, indicating the need for a more comprehensive model. To help understand and interpret the data, a new model, MISTRAL-SC, was developed, incorporating bulk diffusion as well as the four major surface processes, and allowing for the variation of surface activation energies with coverage and for the presence of H 2 in the purge. The model is described in this paper and an analysis of the single crystal data presented. Based on the analysis a bulk diffusion coefficient for tritium diffusing in LiAlO 2 is estimated and compared to previous estimated values from past experiments. Discrepancies are discussed and recommendations are proposed for values of the diffusion coefficient to be used in LiAlO 2 experiment and blanket analyses, and for future work.
Core-level photoemission and alkali ion scattering structure analysis of Ni adsorption and surface alloying on W(001)

Abstract The growth and structural evolution of Ni overlayers deposited on W(001) are studied by low energy alkali ion scattering and W 4 f 7 2 core-level photoemission. The composition and thermal stability of the interfacial layers are found to vary with nickel coverage. For sub-monolayer Ni coverages deposited near 300 K, annealing to 1000 K leads to a random alloy in the surface layer with W atoms protruding above the Ni atoms by approximately 0.022 nm. At Ni coverages near one monolayer, the surface layer is a nearly pure, pseudomorphic nickel overlayer 0.125 nm above the underlying W substrate. A second pseudomorphic nickel layer can be grown at 300 K but annealing results in intermixing at the buried interface. At 2 monolayers (ML) coverage, the uppermost two atomic layers are mostly nickel. Fitting of the W 4 f 7 2 photoemission spectra requires three components: an invariant bulk component, a surface component at lower binding energy, and a third component at intermediate binding energy. The surface component intensity decreases linearly to zero as the nickel coverage approaches 1 ML, indicating that this component originates from coordinatively unsaturated W atoms in the alloyed top layer. The intermediate component, present at all coverages, is assigned to coordinatively saturated atoms in the layer below the alloyed top layer for coverages between 0–1 ML, and below the Ni layer at 1 ML. Variation in the binding energy of the intermediate component is observed during growth of the second pseudomorphic Ni overlayer. The correlation of structural and electronic information shows that coordination and interfacial strain dominate charge transfer in determining core-level shifts.
Novel method for in vitro O-glycosylation of proteins: application for bioconjugation

Here, we describe a new method for the bioconjugation of a nonglycoprotein with biomolecules. Using polypeptide-alpha- N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase II (ppGalNAc-T2), we transfer a C2-modified galactose that has a chemical handle, such as ketone or azide, from its respective UDP-sugars to the Ser/Thr residue(s) of an acceptor polypeptide fused to the nonglycoprotein. The protein with the modified galactose is then coupled to a biomolecule that carries an orthogonal reactive group. As a model system for the nonglycoprotein, we engineered glutathione- S-transferase (GST) protein with a 17-amino-acid-long fusion peptide at the C-terminal end that was expressed as a soluble protein in E. coli. The ppGalNAc-T2 protein, the catalytic domain with the C-terminal lectin domain, was expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli, and an in vitro folding method was developed to produce milligram quantities of the active enzyme from a liter of bacterial culture. This ppGalNAc-T2 enzyme transfers from the UDP-sugars not only GalNAc but also C2-modified galactose with a chemical handle to the Ser/Thr residue(s) in the fusion peptide. The chemical handle at the C2 of galactose is used for conjugation and assembly of bionanoparticles and preparation of immuno-liposomes for a targeted drug delivery system. This novel method enables one to glycosylate, using ppGalNAc-T2, the important biological nonglycoproteins, such as single-chain antibodies, growth factors, or bacterial toxins, with an engineered 17-residue peptide sequence at the C-terminus of the molecule, for conjugation and coupling.
Marketing diversity and the ‘new’ politics of desegregation: overview of an urban education ethnography

Situating ethnographic methods within a framework of engaged research we offer a window into the adoption, implementation, and sociopolitical dilemmas of 15 African American males participating in a program designed to maintain diversity at one of Chicago’s most successful and elite public high schools. The article presents a four-year study (2007–2011) of an explicitly class-based and implicitly race-based attempt to engage the ‘new’ politics of desegregation and the microprocesses of integration. Promoted as reaching across geographic, race, and class boundaries, the Black Male Achievement Initiative (BMAI) at Selective Preparatory Academy (SPA) is just one of many attempts to satisfy stakeholders in a political environment that promotes school choice and voluntary initiatives to desegregate schools. Situated within the local context of Chicago school reform, the BMAI provides opportunities and builds relationships even as it raises questions about racial formation, the appropriation of space, the meani...
Effects of estradiol and progesterone on early embryonic development in aging rats.

Regularly cyclic, middle-aged female rats exhibit a decreased incidence of fertility, and those females that are fertile produce small litters. These decreases in fertility and litter size are associated with reduced numbers of normal blastocysts formed and implanted, suggesting that pre- and/or peri-implantation failures may be the causes for these aging-related reproductive declines. The present study examined the relationships and influence of circulating estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels on early embryonic development and implantation in middle-aged rats. Serial blood samples obtained from cannulated, middle-aged pregnant rats revealed minor decreases in plasma P and increases in E2 levels during Days 2-4 of pregnancy, compared to young pregnant rats, resulting in significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased plasma P/E2 ratios. These alterations in endogenous hormone secretion in middle-aged pregnant rats were associated with fewer normal blastocysts on Day 5 of pregnancy and reduced numbers of normally implanting embryos. Correlation analysis further revealed a significant (p less than 0.05) inverse relationship between mean circulating E2 levels and numbers of normal conceptuses on Day 12 of gestation. Moreover, s.c. administration of P implants (in Silastic) to middle-aged pregnant rats increased serum P levels by about 34-40 ng/ml, and significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced the incidence of abnormal embryos before implantation. In contrast, treatment with E2 minipumps produced a sustained rise in serum E2 (by about 7-15 pg/ml) and resulted in the complete absence of embryos in the reproductive tracts by Day 5 of pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)