cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the utilization of salep mannan

Some experiments on the utilization of salep mannan were reported in 1911.1 It was found that this anhydride of mannose was not hydrolyzed by the enzymes of saliva, pancreatic and intestinal juice, nor by malt diastase, but disappeared almost completely from the human alimentary tract when eaten, the coefficient of digestibility in three out of four experiments being 100 per cent. and 94 per cent. in the fourth. Studies of the effect of fecal bacteria indicated that some of them could produce appreciable amounts of sugar from this polysaccharide, and stimulated further research as to its precise fate in the animal organism. Investigations were interrupted in 1914, when the war cut off the supply of salep, and what has been accomplished along several lines is now reported as it is doubtful when these studies can be resumed.Four more determinations of the coefficient of digestibility were made, two on healthy young women and two on diabetics. The young women, consuming identical and uniform diets, free from...
Two Protease Inhibitors Fail To Synergize Bacillus thuringiensis in Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Two serine protease inhibitors were tested for direct effects and synergism with B. thuringiensis against larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Concentrations of 1-1,000 mg/liter of trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) and 1-500 mg/liter of trypsinchymotrypsin inhibitor (Bowman-Birk) caused little or no mortality to larvae in laboratory bioassays. No significant synergistic effects on mortality occurred between either protease inhibitor (100 mg/liter) and formulated B. thuringiensis in tests with larvae that were susceptible or resistant to B. thuringiensis . The lack of synergism suggests that enzymes mediating the toxicity of B. thuringiensis to diamondback moth larvae were not affected by trypsin inhibitor or trypsin–chymotrypsin inhibitor. The similar response of susceptible and resistant larvae suggests that altered processing of B. thuringiensis toxins by trypsin or trypsinlike proteases was not an important mechanism of resistance.
Atom- and Radical-Surface Sticking Coefficients Measured Using Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI)

Sticking coefficients γ of neutral transient species at ambient temperature were measured using in situ Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) of the transients in a Knudsen cell. γ for I and CF3I‡ on a stainless steel surface were 0.16 and >0.5, respectively, whereas γ for CF3 on the same surface was measured to <0.01; γof SiH2 on a growing carbon containing amorphous silicon surface was 0.11; this value increased to 0.15 for interaction of SiH2 with a “pure” growing silicon-hydrogen surface, and γ of SiH2 ‡ on both types of surfaces was found to be >0.5.
Biophysical studies on a transmembrane peptide of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor receptor

Fred Naider, Boris Arshava, Haibo Xie, Shi-feng Liu, Woei Y. Eng, Shu-Hua Wang, Kathleen Valentine, Gianluigi Veglia, Francesca Marassi, Stanley J. Opella, and Jeffrey M. Becker 1 College of Staten Island, CUNY, S.I., NY 10314, U.S.A.; 2 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.; Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.; and University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A.
The U.S. Taxation of International Students: An Analysis and Call for Reform

In this report, Outslay examines U.S. taxation of foreign students and explains why those rules are in serious need of reform.
Nano-SPRi Aptasensor for the Detection of Progesterone in Buffer

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that plays a central role in the female reproductive processes such as ovulation and pregnancy with possible effects on other organs as well. The measurement of progesterone levels in bodily fluids can assist in early pregnancy diagnosis and can provide insight for other reproductive functions. In this work, the detection of progesterone was examined by integrating novel aptamer development with a nanoEnhanced surface plasmon resonance imaging sensor. First, we developed X-aptamers and selected them for binding to progesterone. Then, we took advantage of the multi-array feature of SPRi to develop an optimized biosensor capable of simultaneously screening the 9 X-aptamers developed to determine the binding capabilities of each aptamer. The sensor surface design conditions were further optimized for the sandwich assay, which employed nanoEnhancers (NIR-streptavidin coated quantum dots) for ultrasensitive detection of progesterone molecules. The assay designed was examined over a concentration range of 1.575 ng/mL to 126 μg/mL resulting in a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.575 ng/mL (5 nM) in phosphate buffer.
Stem Education: Understanding the Changing Landscape

This chapter provides a brief history of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education in the United States, including key movements that have helped shape it and have kept it sustainable. This chapter is foundational to understanding the context of STEM education and its interdisciplinary nature.
Direct measurements of pH and dissolved CO2 in H2O-CO2 brine mixtures to supercritical conditions

Publisher Summary Recent issues have focused attention on carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, which many believe to be a contributing factor to the global climate change. Sequestering CO2 in a geological formation has been proposed as a long-term solution to stabilizing the CO2 levels in the atmosphere. However, before such technology can be developed and implemented, a basic understanding of H2O-CO2 systems must be obtained. Important issues concerning mineral stability, reaction rates, and carbonate formation are all controlled by solution pH. Conditions expected under geologic storage of supercritical CO2 are dependent on the aquifer chemistry and the reactive nature of the reservoir host rock. Very limited fundamental measurements of pH and aqueous speciation have been performed in water-salt-CO2 mixtures at high pressure. Fundamental pH data on H2O-CO2 systems is limited and shows considerable discrepancies. Additionally, with such diversity of groundwater compositions and dissolved solid concentrations, predicting CO2 impacts on mineral assemblages is much more difficult than in a two component system.
Nonresponse and underreporting errors increase over the data collection week based on paradata from the national household food acquisition and purchase survey

Background: Food acquisition diary surveys are important for studying food expenditures, factors affecting food acquisition decisions, and relations between these decisions with selected measures of health (e.g., body mass index, self-reported health). However, to our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the errors associated with these diary surveys, which can bias survey estimates and research findings. The use of paradata, which has been largely ignored in previous literature on diary surveys, could be useful for studying errors in these surveys.Objective: We used paradata to assess survey errors in the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS).Methods: To evaluate the patterns of nonresponse over the diary period, we fit a multinomial logistic regression model to data from this 1-wk diary survey. We also assessed factors influencing respondents' probability of reporting food acquisition events during the diary process by using logistic regression models. Finally, with the use of an ordinal regression model, we studied factors influencing respondents' perceived ease of participation in the survey.Results: As the diary period progressed, nonresponse increased, especially for those starting the survey on Friday (where the odds of a refusal increased by 12% with each fielding day). The odds of reporting food acquisition events also decreased by 6% with each additional fielding day. Similarly, the odds of reporting ≥1 food-away-from-home event (i.e., meals, snacks, and drinks obtained outside the home) decreased significantly over the fielding period. Male respondents, larger households, households that eat together less often, and households with frequent guests reported a significantly more difficult time getting household members to participate, as did non-English-speaking households and households currently experiencing difficult financial conditions.Conclusions: Nonresponse and underreporting of food acquisition events tended to increase in the FoodAPS as data collection proceeded. This analysis of paradata available in the FoodAPS revealed these errors and suggests methodologic improvements for future food acquisition surveys.
A Comparative Analysis of Translesion DNA Synthesis Catalyzed by a High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase.

Abstract Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is the ability of DNA polymerases to incorporate nucleotides opposite and beyond damaged DNA. TLS activity is an important risk factor for the initiation and progression of genetic diseases such as cancer. In this study, we evaluate the ability of a high-fidelity DNA polymerase to perform TLS with 8-oxo-guanine (8-oxo-G), a highly pro-mutagenic DNA lesion formed by reactive oxygen species. Results of kinetic studies monitoring the incorporation of modified nucleotide analogs demonstrate that the binding affinity of the incoming dNTP is controlled by the overall hydrophobicity of the nucleobase. However, the rate constant for the polymerization step is regulated by hydrogen-bonding interactions made between the incoming nucleotide with 8-oxo-G. Results generated here for replicating the miscoding 8-oxo-G are compared to those published for the replication of the non-instructional abasic site. During the replication of both lesions, binding of the nucleotide substrate is controlled by energetics associated with nucleobase desolvation, whereas the rate constant for the polymerization step is influenced by the physical nature of the DNA lesion, that is, miscoding versus non-instructional. Collectively, these studies highlight the importance of nucleobase desolvation as a key physical feature that enhances the misreplication of structurally diverse DNA lesions.
Beyond Tear Gas and Torched Dumpsters: Rethinking Violence at Occupy Oakland

Social movement scholars have shown renewed interest in the question of violence over the past two decades. They have focused particularly on the conditions that give rise to “violent protest” and,...
Electrical and Thermal Simulation of SWIFT (TM) High-Density Fan-Out PoP Technology

The tremendous growth in smartphones and tablets has been fueled by consumer demand for increased mobility, functionality, and ease of use. This, in turn, has been driving an increase in functional convergence and 3D integration of integrated circuit (IC) devices, resulting in the need for more advanced and sophisticated packaging techniques. In particular, the integration of the application processor (AP) and dedicated memory has become increasingly complex. Smartphones and tablets have become virtual streaming devices requiring low power, high bandwidth memory (HBM). For quality, high-speed video and multi-tasking applications, the memory interface to the AP must have superior signal integrity to minimize crosstalk and insertion/return losses. In addition, the thermal management of the processor must allow the maximum clock speed and duty cycle for high-performance applications. Finally, to conserve battery life for the mobility device, the power distribution to the processor must be as efficient as possible. This creates a significant challenge for the semiconductor packaging industry to meet these demanding requirements for smartphone and tablet products. This paper introduces a leading-edge high-density fan-out (HD-FO) semiconductor packaging technology that addresses the need for higher levels of integration and improved electrical and thermal performance for mobile applications. This new innovative technique, called Silicon Wafer Integrated Fan-out Technology (SWIFT™) packaging, leverages the fine feature size and thin-film circuit patterning capabilities of wafer-level packaging. In addition, thin-film dielectric photolithography and pattern plating provides a significant reduction in package z-height, which is critical for advanced mobile devices. By incorporating a redistribution layer (RDL)-first/chip-last process flow, there is also an opportunity for yield optimization and cycle-time reduction. This work compares the electrical and thermal modeling results between a conventional Package-on-Package (PoP) and HD-FO SWIFT devices. The results reveal a highly integrated PoP structure with exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal performance benefits – compared to conventional organic laminate-based technologies – to meet the growing need for high-performance mobile applications.
Linear Sized Types in the Calculus of Constructions

Sized types provide an expressive and compositional framework for proving termination and productivity of (co-)recursive definitions. In this paper, we study sized types with linear annotations of the form \(n·α+m\) with n and m natural numbers. Concretely, we present a type system with linear sized types for the Calculus of Constructions extended with one inductive type (natural numbers) and one coinductive type (streams). We show that this system satisfies desirable metatheoretical properties, including strong normalization, and give a sound and complete size-inference algorithm.
Is High Folic Acid Intake a Risk Factor for Autism?—A Review

Folate is required for metabolic processes and neural development. Insuring its adequate levels for pregnant women through supplementation of grain-based foods with synthetic folic acid (FA) in order to prevent neural tube defects has been an ongoing public health initiative. However, because women are advised to take multivitamins containing FA before and throughout pregnancy, the supplementation together with natural dietary folates has led to a demographic with high and rising serum levels of unmetabolized FA. This raises concerns about the detrimental effects of high serum synthetic FA, including a rise in risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Some recent studies have reported a protective effect of FA fortification against ASD, but others have concluded there is an increased risk for ASD and other negative neurocognitive development outcomes. These issues are accompanied by further health questions concerning high, unmetabolized FA levels in serum. In this review, we outline the reasons excess FA supplementation is a concern and review the history and effects of supplementation. We then examine the effects of FA on neuronal development from tissue culture experiments, review recent advances in understanding of metabolic functional blocks in causing ASD and treatment for these with alternative forms such as folinic acid, and finally summarize the conflicting epidemiological findings regarding ASD. Based on the evidence evaluated, we conclude that caution regarding over supplementing is warranted.
Use of Louisiana's Digital Cultural Heritage by Wikipedians

Analysis of how cultural heritage institutions' (CHI) digital assets are being cited on Wikipedia can be beneficial to understanding user needs and interests as well as priorities for collection de...
Advancing “Ethnic Unity” and “De-Extremization”: Ideational Governance in Xinjiang under “New Circumstances” (2012–2017)

The central role of ideology has been one of the key features of the political system of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 1949. One of the places where the phenomenon can be observed is the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, a vast, important, and rich borderland area inhabited by some 10 million Turkic Muslim Uyghurs. Since 1949, the central government has managed to win only a limited degree of Uyghur support for its policies, leaving the region riven with protest and violence. The central government has therefore sought to devise and implement policies so as to simultaneously address multiple aspects of Xinjiang’s reality, including ideational affairs. This paper examines the party-state’s ideational governance, i.e. efforts to define and regulate Uyghur values, beliefs, and loyalties so that they are instrumental in maintaining the political stability of the PRC. Firstly, the novel approach to Xinjiang policy adopted by the Xi leadership during its first functional term (2012–2017) is examined, namely its concern with Xinjiang’s growing geopolitical significance and with the security dimension of the Xinjiang problem. Two main focuses of Xinjiang governance are introduced, particularly the advancement of centripetal inter-ethnic relations (officially called “ethnic unity”) and the eradication of religious or cultural practices deemed as potentially subversive (“de-extremization”). Secondly, the ideology relating to Xinjiang is examined within the framework of the CPC’s national-level ideology. Thirdly, new legislation, by which the authorities seek to legitimate Xinjiang policies, is considered. Fourthly, several grassroots “ethnic unity” and “de-extremization” activities are reviewed as examples of the party-state’s efforts to use the Uyghur religion and other intangible domains as ideational apparatuses to inculcate desirable political values. The conclusions reached in this article raise the broader question as to whether the party-state’s resolve to strengthening its ideational governance over the Uyghurs will bring about a change in the security situation in Xinjiang.
Surface Modification and Coatings for Controlling the Degradation and Bioactivity of Magnesium Alloys for Medical Applications

Magnesium (Mg) alloys have great potential as materials for biodegradable implants and devices because of their excellent mechanical and biological properties; such as the similarity of their mechanical properties to cortical bone and their osteoconductivity. However, Mg alloys degrade rapidly in vivo, which reduces the local pH and can harm cells. Coatings and surface treatments can control the degradation rate of Mg alloys by limiting the diffusion of water and ions to the Mg surface. Coatings can also increase the osteoconductivity of the surface of Mg implants. Polymers and ceramics are frequently used as coating materials, and the processes of their deposition can further tailor the properties of coatings for their intended roles. The controlled degradation and osteoconductivity of Mg implants using coatings will lead to their replacement with natural tissue after they have fulfilled their function; which will avoid foreign body complications and prevent the need for implant removal surgeries.
Uveal melanoma driver mutations in GNAQ/11 yield numerous changes in melanocyte biology.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular cancer and has a high incidence of metastasis, which lacks any effective treatment. Here we present zebrafish models of UM, which are driven by melanocyte-specific expression of activating GNAQ or GNA11 alleles, GNAQ/11Q209L, the predominant initiating mutations for human UM. When combined with mutant tp53, GNAQ/11Q209L transgenics develop various melanocytic tumors, including UM, with near complete penetrance. These tumors display nuclear YAP localization, and thus phenocopy human UM. We show that GNAQ/11Q209L expression induces profound melanocyte defects independent of tp53 mutation, which are apparent within 3 days of development. First, increases in melanocyte number, melanin content, and subcellular melanin distribution result in hyperpigmentation. Additionally, altered melanocyte migration, survival properties, and evasion of normal boundary cues lead to aberrant melanocyte localization and stripe patterning. Collectively, these data show that GNAQ/11Q209L is sufficient to induce numerous pro-tumorigenic changes within melanocytes.
Salmonella Pneumonia in a Patient with Carcinoma of the Lung

A 76-year-old man was hospitalized for pneumonia. Bronchoscopy was performed because of a suspected underlying bronchial malignancy. A squamous cell carcinoma was found on bronchial biopsy, but in addition, culture of the bronchial washings grew Salmonella heidelberg. The infection was successfully treated with tetracycline. Although focal and disseminated infections with S. heidelberg have been reported to occur, pneumonia caused by this organism has not been previously documented.
Investigation of Orientation Dependence of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient in Silicon MEMS Resonators

The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of silicon at different crystallographic orientations through studies of the quality factor, Q, over a wide range of temperatures. We investigate how the observed effects of CTE may deviate from the expected isotropic behavior due to irregularities of fabrication, or because of the influence of doping or other effects.
Is Surgery for Appendicitis Urgent or Emergent

Traditionally, emergent surgical resection was the mainstay of treatment for acute appendicitis. Recent research has shown that short delays up to 12–24 h are permissible for most patients without increased risk of appendiceal perforation or other complications. The acceptable delay prior to appendectomy may be shorter in children. “Outpatient appendectomy” is a viable management strategy in children and adults. This approach, in which the patient’s postoperative care is managed outside of the hospital, features low morbidity, a low readmission rate, and low cost.
Power Amplifier With Load Impedance Sensing Incorporated Into the Output Matching Network

This paper presents a radio-frequency power amplifier (RF PA) with load impedance sensing circuitry incorporated into its output matching network (OMN), but without insertion of series elements into the RF transmission path, limiting its impact on performance. The approach is based on multi-port reflectometry, such as can be used in sampled-line impedance sensors, generalized to an arbitrary linear network and applied to the existing OMN of a PA. With the addition of samplers to the OMN, offline computation is performed to determine the complex reflection coefficient at a specified reference plane. The proof-of-concept class-AB harmonically-tuned sampled-OMN PA operating at 3 GHz demonstrates load reflection coefficient sensing within less than 4.6% error over the entire measured region of the Smith chart, i.e. up to 0.8 magnitude reflection coefficient, when the PA is driven with a 6-dBm CW signal. For a 2-tone input with 5-MHz tone spacing and 6-dBm average input power, sensing accuracy is within 16.3% for 80% of the measured loads.
“We Need a Witness to Our Lives”: Outside Partners as Outsourced Relational Managers

Ultimately, men reported that their primary partnerships failed to provide much-needed relational management, which men felt they needed to bolster their sense of themselves as masculine. Outside partners helped men’s sense of their self-esteem, which lagged as a result of their perceptions of their primary partners’ lack of interest in them. The men in this study internalized that perceived lack of interest as an indictment of them as masculine beings. Outside partnerships healed their self-esteem, which in turn improved their sense of themselves as masculine. For these men, outside partnerships served as a band-aid for the hurts and injuries—imagined or real—within their primary partnerships. Ultimately, men attempted to outsource their emotional needs to an interested third party as an Infidelity Workaround.
Symptom Science: Omics and Response to Non-Pharmacological Interventions:

Incorporating omics into non-pharmacological intervention research design could provide a better understanding of the variability in response to these interventions. It would also provide evidence for precision-based non-pharmacological interventions, including interventions focused on symptoms. The purpose of this manuscript was to present examples of studies that have used omics to examine response to non-pharmacological intervention. Using the interventions of exercise, diet (related to obesity), cognitive based therapy, and alternative mind-body practices (meditation, yoga, and tai chi), PubMed was searched to identify studies that incorporated genomic or other omic approaches as part of a non-pharmacological intervention. The review identified genes associated with the effectiveness of each of the interventions. Although there were no genes that were associated with all four interventions, there were nine genes that were the focus of more than one intervention (ACE, BDNF, COMT, CXCL8, IL6, SL6A4, TNF, GSTM1, PTGER3). All nine of these genes were either directly or indirectly biologically related to one another, suggesting that this cadre of genes could serve as an initiation point for investigations using omic approaches to better understand response to non-pharmacological interventions.
Effect of temperature on capacity fade in silicon-rich anodes

Abstract Coin half-cells containing 80 wt% silicon electrodes are assembled and cycled at the ~C/10 rate in the temperature range of 25–55 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the effect of temperature is reported for such high-silicon-containing cells. Two different electrolytes are used in this study, a baseline electrolyte and the baseline electrolyte +10 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). Analysis of the capacity vs. cycle count data by curve fitting reveals that the addition of FEC markedly affects the capacity loss mechanism. Without FEC, the kinetic rate law for the capacity loss mechanism can be described as the sum of two logistic growth models. With the addition of FEC, the rate law depends on ln(t). Clearly, the addition of FEC has a profound effect on the mechanism of capacity loss. Interestingly, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer changes markedly from mostly organic to mostly inorganic in the presence of FEC and how it varies at the different temperatures tested, especially in the absence of FEC.
Is the open access citation advantage real? A systematic review of the citation of open access and subscription-based articles.

Aims Over the last two decades, the existence of an open access citation advantage (OACA)—increased citation of articles made available open access (OA)—has been the topic of much discussion. While there has been substantial research to address this question, findings have been contradictory and inconclusive. We conducted a systematic review to compare studies of citations to OA and non-OA articles. Methods A systematic search of 17 databases attempted to capture all relevant studies authored since 2001. The protocol was registered in Open Science Framework. We included studies with a direct comparison between OA and non-OA items and reported article-level citation as an outcome. Both randomized and non-randomized studies were included. No limitations were placed on study design, language, or publication type. Results A total of 5,744 items were retrieved. Ultimately, 134 items were identified for inclusion. 64 studies (47.8%) confirmed the existence of OACA, while 37 (27.6%) found that it did not exist, 32 (23.9%) found OACA only in subsets of their sample, and 1 study (0.8%) was inconclusive. Studies with a focus on multiple disciplines were significantly positively associated with finding that OACA exists in subsets, and are less associated with finding that OACA did not exist. In the critical appraisal of the included studies, 3 were found to have an overall low risk of bias. Of these, one found that an OACA existed, one found that it did not, and one found that an OACA occurred in subsets. Conclusions As seen through the large number of studies identified for this review, OACA is a topic of continuing interest. Quality and heterogeneity of the component studies pose challenges for generalization. The results suggest the need for reporting guidelines for bibliometrics studies.
A Direct Comparison of Node and Element-Based Finite Element Modeling Approaches to Study Tissue Growth

Finite element analysis is a useful tool to model growth of biological tissues and predict how growth can be impacted by stimuli. Previous work has simulated growth using node-based or element-based approaches, and this implementation choice may influence predicted growth, irrespective of the applied growth model. This study directly compared node-based and element-based approaches to understand the isolated impact of implementation method on growth predictions by simulating growth of a bone rudiment geometry, and determined what conditions produce similar results between the approaches. We used a previously reported node-based approach implemented via thermal expansion and an element-based approach implemented via osmotic swelling, and we derived a mathematical relationship to relate the growth resulting from these approaches. We found that material properties (modulus) affected growth in the element-based approach, with growth completely restricted for high modulus values relative to the growth stimulus, and no restriction for low modulus values. The node-based approach was unaffected by modulus. Node- and element- based approaches matched marginally better when the conversion coefficient to relate the approaches was optimized based on results of initial simulations, rather than using the theoretically-predicted conversion coefficient (median difference in node position 0.042 cm vs. 0.052 cm, respectively). In summary, we illustrate here the importance of the choice of implementation approach for modeling growth, provide a framework for converting models between implementation approaches, and highlight important considerations for comparing results in prior work and developing new models of tissue growth.
Genetic Architecture and Genome-Wide Adaptive Signatures Underlying Stem Lenticel Traits in Populus tomentosa

The stem lenticel is a highly specialized tissue of woody plants that has evolved to balance stem water retention and gas exchange as an adaptation to local environments. In this study, we applied genome-wide association studies and selective sweeping analysis to characterize the genetic architecture and genome-wide adaptive signatures underlying stem lenticel traits among 303 unrelated accessions of P. tomentosa, which has significant phenotypic and genetic variations according to climate region across its natural distribution. In total, we detected 108 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms, annotated to 88 candidate genes for lenticel, of which 9 causative genes showed significantly different selection signatures among climate regions. Furthermore, PtoNAC083 and PtoMYB46 showed significant association signals and abiotic stress response, so we overexpressed these two genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and found that the number of stem cells in all three overexpression lines was significantly reduced by PtoNAC083 overexpression but slightly increased by PtoMYB46 overexpression, suggesting that both genes are involved in cell division and expansion during lenticel formation. The findings of this study demonstrate the successful application of an integrated strategy for dissecting the genetic basis and landscape genetics of complex adaptive traits, which will facilitate the molecular design of tree ideotypes that may adapt to future climate and environmental changes.
Abstract 20: Description of Dilutional Coagulopathy During Crystalloid Fluid Resuscitation in Hemorrhagic Shock

Background: Coagulopathy is a deadly complication of hemorrhagic shock (HS). Current management of HS includes the administration of IV crystalloid, which may contribute to the development of a dilutional coagulopathy. This study characterizes the effect of crystalloid resuscitation on coagulation parameters in a model of uncontrolled HS. Methods: Immature female swine (26-35 kg, n=55) underwent 5 mm arteriotomy of the femoral artery, were allowed to bleed freely for either 30 or 45 seconds, followed by hemorrhage control with one of 7 mechanical interventions. Following attempted hemorrhage control, all animals received 15ml/kg of Hextend™, followed by either Lactated Ringers (LR) infused at 3ml/kg/min as needed for mean arterial pressure less than 60 mmHg or no further fluids. Animals were observed for 180 minutes. Regression models were used to evaluate the ability of infused crystalloid volume to predict thromboelastogram maximum amplitude (TEG MA), fibrinogen level (FBG), and platelet count (PLT) ove...
A solid-state modulator for environmental applications of pulsed acoustics

Environmentally friendly control of organic and inorganic fouling of machinery and piping systems is a pressing challenge for both military and civilian institutions, such as the US Navy and the electric power industry. In proof-of-principal testing, pulsed acoustics based on pulsed power modulators has proven effective for both cleaning and prevention of fouling, but now commercially viable equipment is in demand. This paper describes an all solid-state modulator based on the EUPEC FZ800R33KF1 3.3-kV Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) module for creating kilovolt and kiloamp electrical pulses with the appropriate microsecond resonant waveform for generating high-intensity electrohydraulic shockwaves in water at high repetition rate. The compact field-portable design will be utilized in application field testing at a US Navy test site.
Monitoring and Control of Learning Own-Race and Other-Race Faces

Summary The own-race bias refers to the finding that individuals are better able to recognize faces of the same race or ethnicity compared with faces of another race or ethnicity. The current study examined whether the own-race bias was also evident in participants' predictions of memory performance and their self-regulation of learning. In three experiments, participants studied own-race and other-race faces and predicted the likelihood of recognizing each face on a future test. Experiment 1 showed that participants provided similar predictions for own-race and other-race faces, despite superior recognition of own-race faces. Experiments 2 and 3 permitted participants to control their study of faces and revealed better self-regulation of learning for own-race relative to other-race faces. Collectively, these experiments suggest that the own-race bias may partially reflect a metacognitive deficiency, as participants are less able to effectively self-regulate learning for other-race faces. The implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shifting the onus from racial/ethnic minority students to faculty: Accountability for culturally inclusive pedagogy and curricula

In this article, our goal is to personalize the concerns of diverse student populations and encourage faculty to intentionally incorporate cultural inclusion into their pedagogy and their courses. In light of a student's story ( Julian) story and the responses of some of his peers, we emphasize that the onus needs to shift from students, who are expected to adjust to insensitive and monocultural classroom environments, to faculty, who need to change their teaching approaches to benefit an increasingly diverse array of students.
Concept-match medical data scrubbing. How pathology text can be used in research.

Abstract Context.—In the normal course of activity, pathologists create and archive immense data sets of scientifically valuable information. Researchers need pathology-based data sets, annotated with clinical information and linked to archived tissues, to discover and validate new diagnostic tests and therapies. Pathology records can be used for research purposes (without obtaining informed patient consent for each use of each record), provided the data are rendered harmless. Large data sets can be made harmless through 3 computational steps: (1) deidentification, the removal or modification of data fields that can be used to identify a patient (name, social security number, etc); (2) rendering the data ambiguous, ensuring that every data record in a public data set has a nonunique set of characterizing data; and (3) data scrubbing, the removal or transformation of words in free text that can be used to identify persons or that contain information that is incriminating or otherwise private. This article ...
Crystal structures of the α″-cerium phases

Abstract Endo et al. [Endo, S., Sasaki, H. & Mitsui, T. (1972) J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 42, 882-885] have reported x-ray diffraction data for an unidentified phase of cerium metal observed in the 50- to 100-kbar range. It is shown that the unknown phase is a variant of the metastable monoclinic phase, α″-Ce, previously observed. The complete structure of the new form of α″-Ce is deduced.
Interleukin-15 enhances CD4(+) CD45RA(+) expression on umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells.

The reduced incidence of graft- vs. -host disease following umbilical cord blood (CB) transplantation may be related to the functional immaturity of newborn T cells expressing mainly the naive CD45RA phenotype. Expansion of CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells using cytokines may benefit neonates and infants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, as a preferential decline in CD4+ CD45RA+ cells has been noted as HIV disease progresses. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of interleukin (IL)-15, a novel cytokine similar to IL-2 in biological activities, on CD45RA/RO expression and apoptosis in umbilical cord blood (CB) and adult peripheral blood (APB) mononuclear cells (MNCs). Prior to culture, CB MNCs contained a greater number of CD4+ CD45RO+ cells than did APB MNCs. When incubated with RPMI-1640 containing 10%fetal calf serum for 7 days, the percentage of CD45RA+ cells within CD4+ T cells (% CD45RA+ /CD4+) significantly decreased compared to that fresh CB MNCs, IN-15 exerted a dose-dependent increase of % CD45RA+ /CD4+ in CB MNCs, an effect not observed with APB MNCs treated with IL-15. The percentages of CD45RA+ and CDRO+ expression within CD8+ cells, however, were not influenced by IL-15, in either CB or APB MNCs. A greater number of CB MNCs underwent apoptosis than did APB MNCs after 7 days of culture in RPMI-1640 containing 10%fetal calf serum. IL-15 did not inhibit apoptosis but induced proliferation comparable to the that achieved in APB MNCs. The adility of IL-15 to preferentially enhance the proliferation of CD4+ CD45RA+ cells in CB MNCs suggests a role for immunomodulative therapy in HIV-infected newborns and infants.
Is brachial artery flow-mediated dilation associated with negative affect?

Background Trait negative affect has been implicated as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms underlying this association are uncertain.
Foreign aid and long‐run economic growth: empirical evidence for a panel of developing countries

GEORGIOS KARRAS*University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USAAbstract: This paper investigates the relationship between foreign aid and growth in percapita GDP using annual data from the 1960 to 1997 period for a sample of 71 aid-receivingdeveloping economies. The results show that the effect of foreign aid on economic growth ispositive, permanent, statistically signiﬁcant, and sizable: raising foreign aid by $20 per personof the receiving country results in a permanent increase in the growth rate of real GDP percapita by approximately 0.16percent. Using an alternative foreign-aid measure, a permanentincrease in aid by 1percent of the receiving economy’s GDP permanently raises the per capitagrowth rate by 0.14 to 0.26percent. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Keywords: Foreign aid; economic growth; long-run effects
Analysis of Malware Propagation in Twitter

Malware propagation in social networks is a potential risk that has not been well-studied yet as there are no formal threat models for social networks. In this paper we investigate the vulnerability and cost of spreading malware via Twitter. Towards this end we present three specific attack scenarios targeted for Twitter and systematically analyze the cost of staging each of these attacks. Our analysis presents the first step for understanding the threats on the security of a class of social networks. We identify the attack related parameters and verify these parameters by testing the attack on a Net Logo based simulator. Our analysis indicates that the cost of staging attacks to infect users of Twitter is low and that the proposed attack scenarios are plausible. Further, even with a low degree of connectivity and a low probability of clicking links, Twitter and its structure can be exploited by such attacks to infect many users with malware.
Recruitment and Retention of Ethnically Diverse Long-Term Family Caregivers for Research

Abstract The inclusion of ethnically diverse long-term care family caregivers is significant in research, particularly in social work research because of the importance placed on diverse populations. However, the inclusion of diverse populations poses a set of unique recruitment and retention challenges for researchers. This process can be particularly complicated when multiple long-term care recruitment partners are utilized and when the project involves a multi-phase data collection plan with different minority recruitment needs for each phase. In our work we learned that: (a) research teams should plan for gender and ethnic differences in the ways that family caregivers think about and approach research involvement, (b) socioeconomic disadvantages and ethnic differences have both independent and interactive effects on research participation, (c) physical and emotional ’costs,’ as well as financial costs, of caregiver participation should be given more attention in informed consent procedures, and (d) a...
Nicotine abstinence in the mouse.

We present evidence that intermittent administration of nicotine, 2 mg/kg s.c., four times daily to mice for 14 days produces a somatic abstinence syndrome after discontinuing treatment. The nicotine abstinence was mild and protracted, lasting more than 92 h. The constellation of abstinence signs was characterized by rearing, jumping, shakes, abdominal constrictions, chewing, facial tremor and scratching. No autonomic symptomatology was observed. Nicotine abstinence was attenuated with a single dose of nicotine administered at 24 or 48 h into withdrawal. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine, 3 mg/kg, induced a small increase in the total abstinence score when given 60 min after the last nicotine injection. Nicotine-abstinent mice displayed reduced locomotor activity. Finally, mice lost weight during the nicotine treatment which was not recovered during the withdrawal. Along with the rat nicotine abstinence model, the mouse model of intermittent nicotine administration and abstinence might be useful for studying the pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms of nicotine addiction and tobacco use.
The fate of the weakly-bound ψ(2s) in nuclear matter

Abstract We present new results of a completed PHENIX analysis of ψ ( 2 s ) modification at midrapidity in 200 GeV d + Au collisions. Strong suppression of the ψ ( 2 s ) relative to the J / ψ is observed. This difference in suppression is too strong to be explained by breakup effects in the nucleus, due to the short nuclear crossing times at RHIC. Given the observation of long range correlations in p ( d ) + A collisions at LHC and RHIC, consistent with hydrodynamics, these observations raise interesting questions about the mechanism of ψ ( 2 s ) suppression when it is produced in a nuclear target. In 2012, the PHENIX Collaboration installed the FVTX, a silicon tracker that precisely measures muon pair opening angles prior to any multiple scattering in the muon arm absorber, and thus provides an improved dimuon mass resolution. The FVTX allows the ψ ( 2 s ) to be separated from the J / ψ at forward and backward rapidity for the first time at RHIC. We present new results on ψ ( 2 s ) production in p + p collisions at s = 510 GeV from the 2013 data set.
Demonstration of a cavity-enhanced optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification system

The use of a low finesse enhancement cavity resonant with a low average power (<1 W) and a high repetition rate (78 MHz) pump source is shown to achieve 55% conversion efficiency into signal and idler from the coupled pump in an optical parametric process, whereas an equivalent amount of pump power in a single-pass configuration leads to negligible conversion. Careful comparison of the intracavity conversion process to the single-pass case is performed to assess the underlying impedance matching that yields the high conversion results.
Kennon M. Sheldon: A Pioneer in Social Indicators

After graduating from Duke University in 1981 with a degree in psychology, I moved to Seattle, where I continued to be interested in creativity, genius, and intelligence (and where I also started a rock band). I read everything I could on various religious, meditative, and transpersonal theories and practices for transforming consciousness and achieving personal fulfillment. I wanted to know exactly what the state of Benlightment^ (i.e., satori, nirvana, moksha) felt like. Along the way I spent a year in a Master’s program in Bexistential-phenomenological psychotherapy,^ at Seattle University. This part of my life culminated in my taking Werner Erhard’s Best^ training, which provided a rather remarkable set of tools and concepts for enacting BProgramming and meta-programming within the human bio-computer,^ to borrow one of John Lily’s book titles. But I dropped out of that program and soon I was nowhere, professionally – working in group homes for little pay. Finally I came to two conclusions: 1) the state of enlightenment I was interested in probably didn’t exist, and 2) the 60s-style rock music I was writing and recording probably wasn’t going to make it. So I shifted gears, to a research-oriented Ph.D. program in Social/Personality Psychology at the University of California. At UC Davis Applied Research Quality Life (2015) 10:197–199 DOI 10.1007/s11482-015-9387-x
Purification of antigens of mammary tumor of the mouse by gel filtration

Abstract This study was designed to isolate the biologically active components from a perchloric acid (PCA) extract of mammary tumor virus (MTV)-induced mouse mammary tumors (AMMT) previously shown to be capable of inducing DNA synthesis in spleen cells of mice presensitized by inoculation of viable syngeneic mammary tumor cells. AMMT (450 mg) was eluted fom an Ultrogel AcA54 column with separation range of 5–70K in a buffer containing Tris-sodium chloride and EDTA. Two fractions were separated with estimated molecular weights of 68–70K (AMMT I) and 35–40K (AMMT II). AMMT I and AMMT II exhibited DNA synthetic activity 78-fold and 35-fold, respectively, greater than AMMT. The feasibility of further purification of AMMT I by isoelectric focusing was also demonstrated. These components provide the opportunity for further investigation into the molecular basis of tumor-host relationship in this animal model.
A Quasi-Dimensional NO x Emission Model for Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) Gasoline Engines

A fundamentally based quasi-dimensional NOx emission model for spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) gasoline engines was developed. The NOx model consists of a chemical mechanism and three sub-models. The classical extended Zeldovich mechanism and N2O pathway for NOx formation mechanism were employed as the chemical mechanism in the model. A characteristic time model for the radical species H, O and OH was incorporated to account for non-equilibrium of radical species during combustion. A model of homogeneity which correlates fundamental dimensionless numbers and mixing time was developed to model the air-fuel mixing and inhomogeneity of the charge. Since temperature has a dominant effect on NOx emission, a flame temperature correlation was developed to model the flame temperature during the combustion for NOx calculation. Measured NOx emission data from a single cylinder SIDI research engine at different operating conditions was used to validate the NOx model. The effects of fuel injection timing, injection pressure, spark timing, overall engine AFR, and intake temperature on NOx emission were examined and well captured by the model. Comparison of all the NOx emission data with the model indicates that the NOx model is a good predictive tool for NOx emissions in SIDI engines.