cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms mediating androgen receptor reactivation after castration

Androgen deprivation is still the standard systemic therapy for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), but patients invariably relapse with a more aggressive form of PCa termed hormone refractory, androgen independent, or castration resistant PCa (CRPC). Significantly, the androgen receptor (AR) is expressed at high levels in most cases of CRPC, and these tumors resume their expression of multiple AR-regulated genes, indicating that AR transcriptional activity becomes reactivated at this stage of the disease. The molecular basis for this AR reactivation remains unclear, but possible mechanisms include increased AR expression, AR mutations that enhance activation by weak androgens and AR antagonists, increased expression of transcriptional coactivator proteins, and activation of signal transduction pathways that can enhance AR responses to low levels of androgens. Recent data indicate that CRPC cells may also carry out intracellular synthesis of testosterone and DHT from weak adrenal androgens and may be able to synthesize androgens from cholesterol. These mechanisms that appear to contribute to AR reactivation after castration are further outlined in this review.
Marx's historical understanding of the proletariat and class in 19th -century England

(1990). Marx's historical understanding of the proletariat and class in 19th -century England. History of European Ideas: Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 731-747.
One-gland exploration for mediastinal parathyroid adenomas: cervical and thoracoscopic approaches.

Abstract Background In patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism, preoperative localization studies may discover a solitary mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. In this circumstance a 1-gland mediastinal exploration, either cervical or thoracoscopic, may be curative. Methods In an 18-month period, 5 of 120 consecutive patients underwent an initial 1-gland mediastinal exploration for a solitary mediastinal parathyroid adenoma and 2 patients had a 1-gland mediastinal exploration for persistent hyperparathyroidism. Clinical presentation, imaging studies, surgical techniques, and outcomes were reviewed. Results Sestamibi scans showed a mediastinal parathyroid adenoma in all 7 patients. Computed tomography provided anatomic localization of middle mediastinal parathyroid adenomas. A cervical approach was used in 4 patients who had a superior mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. Thoracoscopic excision was performed in 3 patients with a middle mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. No complications occurred. Calcium and parathyroid hormone levels normalized in all patients. Conclusions Sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a solitary mediastinal parathyroid adenoma can be treated successfully with 1-gland mediastinal exploration either by a cervical or a thoracoscopic approach as indicated by localization imaging.
The effect of posterior knee capsulotomy on posterior tibial translation during posterior cruciate ligament tibial inlay reconstruction.

Purpose: To measure the biomechanical effect of the surgical capsulotomy made during a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the tibial inlay technique.Hypothesis: The posterior capsule contributes to posterior tibial stability.Study Design: Controlled laboratory experiment.Methods: Six knee specimens were tested on a robotic testing system from 0° to 120° of flexion with the posterior cruciate ligament intact and resected and with a posterior capsulotomy identical to that performed during tibial inlay reconstruction (sham surgery). A longitudinal incision with medial and lateral soft tissue stripping sufficient to mount an inlay bone block and pass an Achilles tendon graft into the knee was made in the oblique popliteal ligament, muscle belly of the popliteus, and posterior capsule. The posterior tibial translation was measured under a posterior tibial load of 130 N at multiple flexion angles.Results: Capsulotomy increased the posterior laxity compared with the posterior cruciate ligament–rese...
Fabrication and measurement of high Tc weak links

Abstract We have fabricated Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) superconducting weak links by depositing a perpendicular stripe of YBCO film on top of a 0.25μm–1.5μm wide line of normal metal (e.g. Ag) previously deposited onto a SrTiO3 substrate. The c-axis orientation of the YBCO film is interrupted over the metal line, creating a disordered grain boundary junction. Measurements of the resistive transition, critical current and current-voltage (IV) characteristics of these structures show definite weak link behavior: the critical current is significantly reduced from that of samples with no metal line present and the IV curves show qualitative agreement with the Ambegaokar-Halperin (AH) model of Josephson weak links with thermal noise.
Young children's classification of the corroboration of a false statement as the truth or a lie

This article reports on an investigation of children's definitions of the truth that can pertain to their ability to provide accurate information during an, investigation or trial: whether corroborating an inaccurate statement made by a parent is lying or telling the truth. Subjects were 133 preschool through third-grade children who were shown a videotape in which either a boy makes a false statement to a neighbor about the neighbor's daughter hitting him and his mother listens passively or a mother makes a similar false statement and the boy corroborates it. None of the children classified the corroboration as the truth. Only a small percent of the preschool and kindergarten children classified the boy's or mother's initial false statement as the truth; all of the older children classified these statements as a lie. About 20% of the children recalled incorrectly that the neighbor's daughter hit the boy.
Acid—zinc reaction predictably affects particle morphology

Abstract The results in this investigation indicate that change of particle morphology as a chemical reaction progresses can be separated into two stages and that each can be predictably described by particle morphological analysis. The first stage involves the smoothing out of peaks and corners of the particle. The overall tendency of this stage is to attain a more regular geometry. In the second stage, new points of attack at the smoothed particle surface begin to develop and continue to develop as the reaction progresses. Both of these two stages of development can be reflected in a simple parameter which is the sum of the Fourier coefficients describing the particle shape. At the first stage this sum decreases, whereas at the second stage it increases again. Those more vulnerable points that are attacked could depend on the surface fine structure, positions of crystal defects and impurities within, rather than the shape of the particle. Although the first stage begins developing at the moment the chemical reaction is started, the second stage might occur at a much later time or be completely missing, depending on particle surface characteristics. In some cases the two stages may overlap to a certain extent but they are still separated far enough to make practical predictions meaningful. The above conclusions are drawn from studies of particles reacting in a homogeneous surrounding medium. For particles reacting in non-homogeneous surrounding, further investigations are necessary.
On non-intersecting Eulerian circuits

Abstract The following question arises in flame-cutting and similar applications. “Given a graph drawn in the plane, is there an Eulerian circuit in which successive edges always belong to a common face?” We prove that this question and related ones are NP-complete.
Impact of conservation tillage and nutrient management on soil water and yield of cotton fertilized with poultry litter or ammonium nitrate in the Georgia Piedmont

Abstract Cotton has become a dominant crop in the southeastern USA, but only about 12% of the 620,000 ha of cotton ( Gossipium hirsutum L.) in Georgia, for example, is under conservation tillage. Georgia and bordering states produce about 42% of the poultry in the United States and in Georgia alone, this results in over 1.6 million Mg of poultry litter (PL) annually. The fertilizer value of PL is well-recognized but much of it is applied to pastures and only a small percentage is applied to crop land. Limited information is available on the response of cotton to PL as fertilizer in conservation tillage systems in the Southeast. The performance of cotton under two tillage and two fertilizer treatments was evaluated from 1996 to 1999 to highlight management options for increased adoption of conservation tillage and PL use. Cotton, followed by a rye ( Secale cereale L.) cover crop, was grown under a factorial arrangement of tillage (no-till (NT) vs conventional tillage (CT)) and fertilizer (ammonium nitrate, as conventional fertilizer (CF) vs PL) on a Cecil sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic thermic Typic Kanhapludult; Chromi-Alumic Acrisol) near Watkinsville, Georgia. Average lint yield from 1996 to 1999 was in the sequence no - till poultry litter ( NTPL )> no - till conventional fertilizer ( NTCF )> conventional tillage poultry litter ( CTPL )> conventional tillage and fertilizer ( CTCF ) . Differences were significant at P ≤0.05 for NTPL vs CTPL, NTPL vs CTCF, and NTCF vs CTCF. Average yield differences were also significant between NT and CT but not PL and CF. PL yielded more than CF only in 1997. NT generally had a more favorable soil water regime than CT. Yield differences among treatments occurred during the first 3 years only. Drought in the fourth year reduced yield across all treatments and negated treatment effects. Lint yield would increase in the southeastern USA and an additional outlet for the PL would be created by adopting NT and fertilizing with PL in cotton production.
Room-temperature chromatography of nucleic acids on hydroxylapatite columns in the presence of formamide.

Abstract A method is described for performing hydroxylapatite chromatography at room temperature with elution buffers containing formamide. The salt and temperature elution chromatograms obtained by this method for single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, and DNA-RNA hybrids give results similar to those obtained by standard hydroxylapatite techniques at elevated temperatures. Kinetic analysis of RNA-DNA hybridizations by room temperature by hydroxylapatite chromatography was compared with the data obtained by equilibrium centrifugation in Cs2SO4 gradients. The results obtained with the two methods were very similar.
Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on herpes simplex virus replication.

Abstract The replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) was studied in BSC1 cells cultured in the presence of various concentrations of 2-deoxy- d -glucose. At all concentrations tested, the yield of infectious virus was inhibited to a greater degree than the yield of physical particles, while the percentage of the total particles which were enveloped remained constant. Analysis of HSV-induced glycoproteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE) indicated that as the concentration of 2-deoxy- d -glucose increased, there was a decrease in the apparent molecular weights of the viral glycoproteins. Analysis on SDS-PAGE of the viral-induced proteins indicated no significant alterations with the exception of an additional component detectable only in HSV-infected cultures containing the higher concentrations of 2-deoxy- d -glucose. Preliminary SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that 2-deoxy- d -glucose is incorporated into the HSV-induced glycoproteins.
T-lymphocyte subset interactions in the cell-mediated immune response to Epstein-Barr virus.

Abstract The T-lymphocyte subset interactions in the cell-mediated response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were studied in an in vitro system in which the ability of T lymphocytes to inhibit outgrowth of autologous EBV-transformed B lymphocytes is assessed. Inhibition could be demonstrated within lymphocytes of both the T4 and T8 surface phenotypes. Outgrowth inhibition was observed more frequently when the effector T-cell population contained cells of both surface phenotypes. In blocking experiments the OKT3 antibody completely prevents development of outgrowth inhibitory activity; the OKT4 and OKT8 antibodies were less effective in interfering with outgrowth inhibitory function. Maximal blocking activity occurred when antibody addition occurred in the early phase of generation of suppressor function. Pharmacologically achievable concentrations of interferon-α restored outgrowth inhibitory activity after blocking with monoclonal antibody. EBV reactivation was easily demonstrable in a group of 10 renal allograft recipients who received OKT3 antibody for treatment of acute rejection. These studies suggest that the immunoregulatory control of proliferation of EBV-transformed B lymphocytes is complex, and involves a collaborative interaction of lymphocytes of both the T4 and T8 surface phenotypes.
Theoretical and Empirical Relationships Between the Redox Potentials and 1(δ→δ*) Transition Energies of Quadruply Bonded Complexes

An analysis of the available electrochemical and electronic-sectroscopic data for quadruply metal–metal bonded complexes reveals that the 1(δ→δ*) transition energy is an approximately linear function of the difference between the electrode potentials at which they are reduced and oxidized to the bond-order 3. 5 complexes. A theoretical framework for interpreting this correlation is provided by extending to the redox potentials a simple zero-differential-overlap model previously applied to 1(δ→δ*) transition energies. It is suggested on the basis of this model that the simplicity of the empirical relationship between 1(δ→δ*) energies and redox potentials is a consequence of the particular one- and two-electron energy terms that characterize these complexes; a linear relationship is not required by theory.
Ecology of Metzneria lappella (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) and its Hymenopterous parasites in eastern North Dakota.

Metzneria lappella Zeller is a common borer in seed heads of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernhardi and A. tomentosum Miller in eastern North Dakota, where it is parasitized by the wasps Agathis metzneriae Muesebeck (Braconidae), Perilampus similis Crawford (Perilampidae) (via A. metzneriae ), and Hyssopus thymus Girault (Eulophidae). The 2 last-mentioned species are reported for the first time as parasites of M. lappella . The partia biennial eclosion of M. lappella is considered adaptive to the mammalian ecesis of burdock. The importance of H thymus as a pine tip moth parasite suggests the use of burdock to provide reservoir hosts in pine plantations.
Materials in advanced machinery

Abstract A review is given of three new machines which impose urgent requirements on advanced materials. Metallurgists, chemists, and those readers associated with materials, are alerted to the demands which will be placed upon them for materials in such promising applications.
1152 Gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma: A phase II study

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analogue with broad-spectrum activity in several solid tumours. In a Phase I trial, responses were seen in patients with MVAC-refractory bladder cancer. Currently 21 patients with no prior chemotherapy for metastatic transitional cell cancer have been entered on a Phase II trial of gemcitabine at 1200 mg/m2 weekly × 3 every 4 weeks. Patient characteristics include 14 males, 7 females; median age 71 (range 42–88), median Karnofsky performance status 80 (range 60-100); 20 metastatic, 1 locally advanced disease; 2 prior adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 2 with prior radiation therapy. Currently 18 patients are evaluable for response with 3 too early. There have been 11 partial responses among the 18 evaluable patients. Sites of response have included pelvic and periaortic lymph nodes, liver and lung metastases. Toxicity has been modest in this study with no Grade 4 drug-related side effects. Grade 3 nausea and vomiting have been encountered as have Grade 1 and 2 leukopenia, myalgias, skin rash and fever. One patient with a partial response developed pneumocystis pneumonia with lowered T-4 counts and was removed from study. When he subsequently progressed (approximately 5 months later) he was retreated with gemcitabine (and trim-sulfa prophylaxis) and again has had a partial response. These data suggest that gemcitabine has promising activity in patients with transitional cell cancer and merits combination studies with other active agents in this disease such as cisplatin (with which preclinical synergy has been demonstrated) and paclitaxel.
Effects of Linaclotide in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation or Chronic Constipation: A Meta-analysis

Background & Aims Linaclotide is a minimally absorbed, 14-amino acid peptide used to treat patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) or chronic constipation (CC). We performed a meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of linaclotide, compared with placebo, for patients with IBS-C or CC. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials were searched for randomized, placebo-controlled trials examining the effect of linaclotide in adults with IBS-C or CC. Dichotomous results were pooled to yield a relative risk (RR), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and number needed to treat (NNT). Results The search identified 7 trials of linaclotide in patients with IBS-C or CC; 6 were included in the analysis. Two of 3 trials of IBS-C used the end point recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration: an increase from baseline of 1 or more complete spontaneous bowel movement (CSBM)/week and a 30% or more reduction from baseline in the weekly average of daily worst abdominal pain scores for 50% of the treatment weeks. On the basis of this end point, the RR for response to treatment with 290 μg linaclotide, compared with placebo, was 1.95 (95% CI, 1.3−2.9), and the NNT was 7 (95% CI, 5–11). For CC, on the basis of data from 3 trials of patients with CC, the RR for the primary end point (more than 3 CSBMs/week and an increase in 1 or more CSBM/week, for 75% of weeks) was 4.26 for 290 μg linaclotide vs placebo (95% CI, 2.80−6.47), and the NNT was 7 (95% CI, 5–8). Linaclotide also improved stool form and reduced abdominal pain, bloating, and overall symptom severity in patients with IBS-C or CC. Conclusions On the basis of a meta-analysis, linaclotide improves bowel function and reduces abdominal pain and overall severity of IBS-C or CC, compared with placebo.
The role of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the generation of dorsal root reflexes induced by acute arthritis or the spinal infusion of 4-aminopyridine in the anesthetized rat

Abstract An erratum was published for this article in the Fall, part 1 issue of The Journal of Pain (Vol 1, No 3, pp 243). Antidromically propagated action potentials can be recorded in the proximal end of the severed medial articular nerve (MAN) on mechanical stimulation of an inflamed knee in rats and are referred to as dorsal root reflex (DRR) activity. The absence of DRR activity in normal rats suggests that the activity could be the result of hyperexcitability of spinal neurons induced by inflammation. In this study, the role of spinal type 1 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu 1 ) receptors in the generation of DRR activity in the MAN during acute knee inflammation was investigated. Four hours after an injection of a mixture of kaolin and carrageenan (k/c) into a knee joint, DRR activity could be evoked in the ipsilateral MAN by mechanical stimulation of the inflamed limb. Spinal application of a selective mGlu 1 receptor antagonist, [RS]-1-Aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid/UPF 523 (AIDA), or a potent, but less specific mGlu 1 receptor antagonist, LY393053, both depressed the DRR activity significantly. AIDA and LY39053 had no effect on recordings in the MAN from noninflamed control animals. However, spinal administration of AIDA did suppress DRR activity generated by infusion of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a K + channel blocker, into the dorsal horn of noninflamed animals. These observations suggest that mGlu 1 receptors support the generation of DRR activity in the MAN following sensitization of spinal cord neurons.
Some complications in the measurement of environmental control impacts: A case study of water pollution controls☆

Abstract This paper examines several complications in the measurement of the impact of government regulations on industry. It focuses on problems of water pollution control, but its lessons apply to almost any exogenous and discontinuous change in factor costs whether regulation induced or not. Among the problems addressed are: estimation of industry cost curves; economic criteria for identifying the technical alternatives to be included in engineering studies of regulatory impact; choice of minimum cost abatement methods; sensitivity of findings to factor price changes; managerial criteria for selection of control methods; intra-industry disaggregation of impacts; dynamic economic process of adjustment to controls. The methods demonstrated are microanalytical in nature. This paper does not examine the larger social questions regarding the effectiveness of regulation.
Theoretical and computational aspects of the self-induced motion of three-dimensional vortex sheets

Theoretical and computational aspects of the self-induced motion of closed and periodic three-dimensional vortex sheets situated at the interfaces between two inviscid uids with generally different densities in the presence of surface tension are considered. In the mathematical formulation, the vortex sheet is described by a continuous distribution of marker points that move with the velocity of the fluid normal to the vortex sheet while executing an arbitrary tangential motion. Evolution equations for the vectorial jump in the velocity across the vortex sheet, the vectorial strength of the vortex sheet, and the scalar circulation field or strength of the effective dipole field following the marker points are derived. The computation of the self-induced motion of the vortex sheet requires the accurate evaluation of the strongly singular Biot-Savart integral whose existence requires that the normal vector varies in a continuous fashion over the vortex sheet. Two methods of computing the principal value of the Biot-Savart integral are implemented. The first method involves computing the vector potential and the principal value of the harmonic potential over the vortex sheet, and then differentiating them in tangential directions to produce the normal or tangential component of the velocity, in the spirit of generalized vortex methods developed by Baker (1983). The second method involves subtracting off the dominant singularity of the Biot-Savart kernel and then accounting for its contribution by use of vector identities. Evaluating the strongly singular Biot-Savart integral is thus reduced to computing a weakly singular integral involving the mean curvature of the vortex sheet, and this allows the routine discretization of the vortex sheet into curved elements whose normal vector is not necessarily continuous across the edges, and the computation of the self-induced velocity without kernel desingularization. Numerical simulations of the motion of a closed or periodic vortex sheet immersed in a homogeneous fluid confirm the effectiveness of the numerical methods for a limited time of evolution. Numerical instabilities arise after a certain evolution time due to the ill-posedness of vortex sheet dynamics. The motion may be regularized by desingularizing the Biot-Savart kernel using either Krasny's (1986 b ) method or spectrum truncation. Depending, however, on the physical mechanism that drives the motion, the instabilities may persevere.
Depression is common and precludes accurate assessment of functional status in elderly patients with congestive heart failure

Abstract Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) and depression are independently known to result in physical decline and diminished functional capacity in the general population. The prevalence and relationship of depressive symptoms in CHF to physical limitations has not been objectively examined. Methods and Results: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to ascertain depressive symptoms in 33 elderly ambulatory individuals with CHF. Self-report assessment of functional status, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX), and measurement of energy expenditure by doubly labeled water and Caltrac Accelerometer (Muscle Dynamics, Torrance, CA) were performed. Depressed and nondepressed groups were compared. Forty-two percent of the patients scored in the depressed range (CES-D score of 16 or greater). There were no differences in demographic variables or severity of illness between the depressed and nondepressed patients. Energy expenditure was comparable across groups. Although obtaining similar maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption ( O 2 max) on CPX, the depressed group showed less exertion on exercise testing with a significantly lower respiratory quotient ( P = .017). Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were common and unrelated to the severity of CHF. Although depressed individuals tended to report worse physical functioning than nondepressed individuals, objective assessment of energy expenditure was comparable. Depressed patients appear to underestimate their functional ability. Subsequently, inaccurate assessment of functional status may occur.
Specificity of Antigen Recognition by Human Lymphocytes in vitro

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo are exquisitely specific, in terms of both a lack of response after induction of tolerance and a response after sensitization. These studies in vitro demonstrate that this specificity, at least at the level of antigen recognition, is probably derived from different populations of cells, each responding to different antigens.
Acute lung injury after hepatic cryoablation: Correlation with NF-κB activation and cytokine production

Background: Previous clinical reports have documented multisystem organ injury after hepatic cryoablation. We hypothesized that hepatic cryosurgery, but not partial hepatectomy, induces a systemic inflammatory response characterized by distant organ injury and overproduction of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–dependent, proinflammatory cytokines. Methods: In this study, rats underwent either cryoablation of 35% of liver parenchyma or a similar resection of left hepatic tissue. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels and NF-κB activation were assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay at 30 minutes 1, 2, 6, and 24 hours after either procedure. Results: Cryoablation of 35% of liver (n = 22 rats) resulted in lung injury and a 45% mortality rate within 24 hours of surgery, whereas 7% treated with 35% hepatectomy (n = 15 rats) died during the 24 hours after surgery (P < .05, cryoablation vs hepatectomy). Serum tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels were markedly increased in rats (n = 10 rats) 1 hour after hepatic cryoablation compared with rats that underwent partial hepatectomy (P < .005). We evaluated NF-κB activation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay in nuclear extracts of liver and lung after cryosurgery and found that NF-κB activation was strikingly increased in the liver but not the lung at 30 minutes and in both organs 1 hour after cryosurgery, and returned to baseline in both organs by 2 hours. In rats undergoing 35% hepatectomy, no increase in NF-κB activation was detected in nuclear extracts of either liver or lung at any time point. Conclusions: These data show that hepatic cryosurgery results in systemic inflammation with activation of NF-κB and increased production of NF-κB–dependent cytokines. Our data suggest that lung injury and death in this animal model is mediated by an exaggerated inflammatory response to cryosurgery. (Surgery 1999:126:518-26.)
A biochemical mechanism for the production of abnormal tetrad ratios

Hydrolytische Deaminierung der Purinbasen ist eine mogliche Erklarung der beobachteten Mutation. Jene lasst sichin vitro durch HNO2 oder durch Ultraviolettlicht in Gegenwart von Alkali erzielen. Die entstehenden Hydroxy-Purinbasen kann man durch Ammoniak in Gegenwart von Amino-Purinbasen reaminieren. Eine Theorie zur Erklarung des beobachteten Phanomens wird vorgeschlagen und genetische Folgen werden besprochen.
Chemical composition of the cortical essential oil from Abies balsamea

Abstract Monoterpenoids and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of Abies balsamea cortical oleoresin (Canada balsam) were analyzed by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (21%) were composed of β-pinene, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, limonene, 3-carene, myrcene and camphene (listed in order of decreasing percentages), and oxygenated monoterpenes (0·4%) contained 4,4-dimethyl-2-cyclohepten-1-one, linalool, bornyl acetate, methylthymol, citronellyl acetate, α-terpineol, piperitone, citronellal, borneol, citronellol, two unknowns, and geraniol. From the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon fraction (1·1%) were isolated: longifolene, β-bisabolene, longipinene, an unknown, sativene, cyclosativene, cis -α-bisabolene, β-himachalene, α-himachalene, β-caryophyllene, γ-humulene, farnesene, longicyclene, an unknown, and β-selinene. Both himachalenes have been identified for the first time in Pinaceae outside of Cedrus ; their co-occurrence with γ-humulene, longifolene, longipinene and longicyclene supports the biosynthetic mechanism by which all of these compounds arise through initial 1/11 cyclization of tran - cis -farnesylphosphate.
Integrating Phosphorus Source and Soil Properties into Risk Assessments for Phosphorus Loss

Differences in P solubility of biosolids and manures, as a result of chemical treatment or other factors, have prompted states to incorporate weighting factors, sometimes called phosphorus source coefficients (PSCs), into P risk assessment tools. The value of PSCs in risk assessment has been demonstrated when organic P sources are surface-applied, but not when P sources are incorporated into soils. Ten organic P sources were incorporated into eight Mid-Atlantic soils (0-5 cm) at 135 kg total P ha -1 and incubated for 2, 30, and 180 d. Samples were analyzed for Mehlich 3 phosphorus (M3-P), M3-P saturation ratio (M3-PSR), and watersoluble phosphorus (WSP). Average increases in M3-P (26 mg kg -1 ) and M3-PSR (0.03) for all soils were similar for untreated manures and inorganic P compared to alum-treated poultry litter (APL) and biosolids (24 mg kg -1 , 0.03). In contrast, average concentrations of soil WSP (2 d) were highest following incorporation of untreated manures and inorganic P (5.2-8.0 mg kg -1 ), followed by biosolids or APL (2.9-3.4 mg kg -1 ) and unamended soils (2.7 mg kg -1 ) with similar trends at 30 and 180 d. Source effects were most pronounced for soils with higher M3-PSR. Regression equations using soil M3-PSR and default PSCs could predict soil WSP at 2, 30, and 180 d (r 2 = 0.67, 0.69, 0.60, all significant at P = 0.001). Based on our results, we developed a new weighting factor (using M3-PSR and default PSCs) for risk assessment tools that will better predict the potential for P loss when biosolids or manures are incorporated into Mid-Atlantic soils.
Contextualizing acculturation: gender, family, and community reception influences on Asian immigrant mental health.

This article investigates differences in the mental health among male and female immigrants from an ecological perspective, testing the influences of both individual acculturation domains and social contexts. Data from the first nationally representative psychiatric survey of immigrant Asians in the US is used (N = 1,583). These data demonstrate the importance of understanding acculturation domains (e.g., individual differences in English proficiency, ethnic identity, and time in the US), within the social contexts of family, community, and neighborhood. Results demonstrate that among immigrant Asian women, the association between family conflict and mental health problems is stronger for those with higher ethnic identity; among immigrant Asian men, community reception (e.g., everyday discrimination) was more highly associated with increases in mental health symptoms among those with poor English fluency. Findings suggest that both individual domains of acculturation and social context measures contribute to immigrant mental health, and that it is important to consider these relationships within the context of gender.
Analysis of dentition of a living wild population of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) from Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar.

Detailed descriptions of the dentition of many strepsirhine primate taxa are rare, despite their importance in understanding primate evolutionary biol- ogy. While several researchers have provided detailed morphological descriptions of ring-tailed lemur dentition (e.g., Schwartz and Tattersall (1985) Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Anthropol. Pap. 60:1-100; Tattersall and Schwartz (1991) Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Anthropol. Pap. 69:2-18), there are few studies (e.g., Eaglen (1986) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 71:185-201) that present quantitative data on the denti- tion of this species. Furthermore, prior analyses were based on museum specimens from various populations and locations. We present here quantitative and morpho- logical data on the dentition of a population of wild Lemur catta from Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Measurements were made on dental casts (n 5 39) taken from living members of this L. catta population. Our anal- ysis indicates that no significant (P. 0.05) sexual dimor- phism exists for the 30 dental measurements collected.
Trends and Issues in the Professional Development of Teachers of Adults

This chapter introduces the distinct perspective that this sourcebook brings to the literature and practice of professional development while placing it in the context of current trends and issues in the field.
Rapid technique for detecting and correcting signal variation during microanalysis

Abstract Variations in signal intensity from radiation damage and contamination will adversely affect the accuracy of microanalysis. We describe here the performance of a regression analysis of the individual spectra which comprise a time series, as a means of detecting signal variation. When a signal variation is detected, the initial signal intensities and the composition of the specimen can be estimated by appropriately extrapolating the signal intensity to zero time.
Estimation of long-term genetic improvement for gerbera using the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) procedure

Long-term genetic improvement is measured by the selection response predicted from estimates of narrow-sense heritability. Accurate estimates of selection response require partitioning the change of population mean into genetic and environmental components. A selection experiment for cut-flower yield was conducted for 16 generations in the Davis population of gerbera (Gerbera hybrida, Compositae). Breeding values were estimated for individual plants in the population using the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) procedure. Genetic change in each generation was calculated from the breeding values of individual plants. The results of this study indicate that long-term selection was successful and necessary for the genetic improvement in cut-flower yield. Genetic improvement in mean breeding value over 16 generations was 33 flowers. Mean breeding values increased monotonically with an S-shape pattern while environmental effects fluctuated from generation to generation. Results predict that cut-flower yield in the Davis population of gerbera will continue to respond to selection.
Increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure following unilateral radical neck dissection

A case of prolonged increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, accompanied by papilledema is described in a patient who underwent unilateral radical neck dissection for low-grade mucoepidermoid tumor of the submaxillary gland. A superior sagittal sinogram revealed a normal sinus and venous system on the opposite side. The patient ultimately recovered completely with no specific therapy. Only two other cases of visual disturbance following unilateral neck dissection have been reported. The similarity to otitic hydrocephalus is apparent, although this patient had a normal spinal fluid cell count and chemistries in contra distinction to the increased protein and lymphocytes seen in otitic hydrocepha lis. The etiology of this patient's CSF hypertension could not be determined, and although no specific therapy was necessary, various forms of therapy were discussed.
Separation of vitamin K2 isoprenologues by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract A simple thin-layer chromatographic system for the separation of the isoprenologues of vitamin K2 is described. This system employs hexadecane-impregnated Kieselguhr thin-layer plates and an acetone-water solvent system. Using α-[1-14C]-naphthol or 2-[14C]methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and dl -[5-3H]mevalonate, the separation of the isoprenologues was confirmed. Each isoprenologue was recovered quantitatively and its proportion determined either by ultraviolet spectroscopy or radio-activity in the ring nucleus. Staphylococcus aureus synthesizes vitamin K2 isoprenologues with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 carbon atoms in the side chain. Vitamin K2-0 represents about 6%; K2-5 through 30, between 1 and 1.5% each; K2-35, 20%; K2-40, 60%; K2-45, 6% of the total. Haemophilus parainfluenzae forms 2-demethyl vitamin K2 isoprenologues with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 carbon atoms in the side chain.
Refining Two-Group Multivariable Classification Models Using Univariate Optimal Discriminant Analysis*

Fisher's discriminant analysis (FDA) is often used to obtain a prediction model for dichotomous classifications on the basis of two or more independent variables. FDA provides an equation whereby values on independent variables are combined into a single predicted value (Y*) that is compared against a cutpoint and direction in order to make classifications. Theoretically, univariate optimal discriminant analysis employed on these Y* will maximize training classification accuracy. This methodology is illustrated using three examples.
Critical skills for game developers: an analysis of skills sought by industry

With electronic gaming on the rise, several major universities involved in game development research have implemented curricula specifically for future game developers. Gaming curricula are now being offered in smaller universities, colleges, and other educational institutions, with other departments wondering if they should follow suit and what content should be covered. For this quantitative research, the author performed a content analysis on posted job advertisements for game developer positions, to determine qualities the gaming industry desires when seeking game developer employees,. A categorization of qualities was performed after reviewing each job ad and five categories for qualifications were developed: Experience, Education, Interpersonal & Personal Abilities, Technical Skills, and Supporting Knowledge and a frequency distribution of the qualities in each ad was performed. The results show that there are education and experience levels, skills, abilities, and knowledge that are clearly sought by industry and certain qualities are sought with more frequency than others.
P01-136 Treatment of chronic pain with buprenorphine in a veteran with traumatic brain injury

Case presentation We report a case of a 27-year-old Iraq War veteran with no previous psychiatric history who sustained severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) following a blast injury from an improvised explosive device. The patient subsequently suffered severe anxiety symptoms controlled only with combined therapy with benzodiazepines and venlafaxine. Even more disabling, the patient also experienced intractable headache and shoulder pain unresponsive to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, tramadol, gabapentin, or NMDA-receptor antagonists. Given the risk of respiratory depression with his current medications, opioid analgesics were not favored for the management of his pain. The patient was started on sublingual buprenorphine at a dose of 8mg three times daily with significant improvement. This dose was maintained and the patient was able to function relatively pain-free. Conclusion Chronic pain is a significant complication in patients with TBI and is reported by a majority of patients with TBI, regardless of the severity of the injury. The treatment of chronic pain among individuals can be challenging. Patients with TBI may be on other medications for impulse control, such as anticonvulsants and benzodiazepines. Further treatment with narcotic analgesics may therefore increase the risk of respiratory depression. Buprenorphine is a partial mu agonist whose effects plateau at higher doses, at which time it begins to act like an antagonist. It is this property at higher doses that limits its dose-dependent respiratory depression. Buprenorphine thus has the advantage of effective analgesia with minimal sedation and may be useful to treat chronic pain among TBI patients already taking benzodiazepines.
A Urea Fiber Optic Biosensor Based on Absorption Measurement

Abstract The newly developed urea fiber optic sensor is based on the determination of the enzymatically generated ammonia during the hydrolysis of urea by immobilized urease with the pH indicator, bromothymol blue, which strongly absorbs light at 620 nm when it is deprotonated. The sensor is reversible and responds linearly in the urea concentration range 0.25 mM to 8 mM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9940. The coefficient of variation of 10 duplicate measurements was 1.62 % for a 6 mM urea solution. The proposed optrode can be used for about 100 assays with good reproducibility. The preparation is simple and it's application in urea analysis is demonstrated. The total measurement time (5–16 minutes, depending on urea concentration) is about the same as that for a urea potentiometric biosensor.
Increased Self-Efficacy for Vegetable Preparation following an Online, Skill-Based Intervention and In-Class Tasting Experience as a Part of a General Education College Nutrition Course:

Abstract Purpose. Assess the effectiveness of the integration of vegetable demonstration videos and tasting experiences into a college nutrition course to influence students' readiness to change vegetable intake, self-efficacy for vegetable preparation, and usual vegetable intake. Design. Quasiexperimental, preintervention-postintervention comparisons. Setting. College nutrition course. Subjects. Of the 376 students enrolled in the course, 186 completed the online assessments (145 female, 41 male; mean age, 20 years). Intervention. Participants viewed online vegetable preparation videos and participated in vegetable tasting experiences that featured four target vegetables, one vegetable each month for 4 months. Measures. Preintervention and postintervention online surveys determined usual vegetable intake, readiness to change vegetable consumption, and self-efficacy of vegetable preparation. Analysis. Chi-square distribution and paired sample t-tests were used to examine differences preintervention and po...
Office laparoscopy under local anesthesia for gamete intrafallopian transfer: technique and tolerance*

Objective: To describe our technique for laparoscopic GIFT under local anesthesia and to evaluate patient tolerance and surgeon satisfaction in 175 consecutive procedures. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: University infertility practice. Patient(s): All GIFT candidates from 1992 to 1996 were offered the procedure. Of 119 patients, 119 chose local anesthesia for 175 procedures and 1 patient elected to have general anesthesia. Intervention(s): Transvaginal ultrasound-guided egg retrieval followed by GIFT in the clinic procedure room with a 5-mm laparoscope and two accessory 3-mm trocars with local anesthesia and IV sedation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Patient tolerance and acceptance, duration of the procedure, amount of analgesics, surgeon satisfaction, and pregnancy rate (PR). Result(s): The laparoscopic portion lasted an average of 27 minutes, with a mean dose of 1.41 mg of midazolam and 68 μg of fentanyl used. Sixty-nine percent of the patients scored "very good," 20% "good," 9% "acceptable," and 2% "poor." All 38 patients undergoing 97 repeat procedures selected local anesthesia again. For women Conclusion(s): Routine office GIFT under local anesthesia is effective and well accepted by the surgeon and is preferred by patients. It offers a significant cost containment and scheduling flexibility in addition to high success rates.
Occupational Therapy Essentials for Clinical Competence

The core focus of Jacobs, MacRae, and Sladyk's (2014) second edition text is to provide essential knowledge regarding occupation, theory-driven, evidence-based, and client-centered practice necessa...
Lethal Silver-Haired Bat Rabies Virus Infection Can Be Prevented by Opening the Blood-Brain Barrier

Silver-haired bat rabies virus (SHBRV) infection induces a strong virus-specific immune response in the periphery of the host, but death is common due to the failure to open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system (CNS) tissues. Mice with an SJL background are less susceptible to lethal infection with rabies viruses. In addition, these animals are known to have reduced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and an elevated capacity to mediate CNS inflammatory responses. We show here that approximately one-half of PLSJL mice survive an SHBRV infection that is invariably lethal for 129/SvEv mice. This difference is associated with the elevated capacity of PLSJL mice to mediate BBB permeability changes in response to the infection. The induction of more extensive BBB permeability and CNS inflammation in these animals results in greater virus clearance and improved survival. On the other hand, treatment of SHBRV-infected PLSJL mice with the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone reduced BBB permeability changes and caused greater mortality. We conclude that the infiltration of immune effectors across the BBB is critical to surviving a rabies virus infection and that HPA axis activity may influence this process.
Victimization among Peruvian adolescents: insights into mental/emotional health from the Young Lives study.

BACKGROUND: Bullying is a global problem among children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to explore bully victimization in Peru and to identify potential adverse mental health and social outcomes resulting from bully victimization. METHODS: This study analyzed data from an ongoing prospective cohort of children taking part in the Young Lives study. This study assessed bullying consequences on mental and emotional health in the 3 rounds of data collected among Peruvian adolescents at ages 8, 12, and 15. RESULTS: Bullying by peers was negatively related with age. A factor analysis showed that boys were significantly less likely than girls to suffer emotional and relational problems due to victimization. Additionally, bullying in rounds 2 and 3 of the cohort were significantly correlated with adverse emotional and mental health outcomes in round 3. Lastly, emotional status was positively associated with violent incidences in the schools and at home. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows significant problems with emotional and mental stress as early outcomes associated with victimization in Peru. The findings have implications for treating adolescent health issues like peer victimization. Steps should be taken to address bullying and mental/emotional health in Peru in order to combat subsequent mental health problems. Language: en