cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primate Communication: By Nature Honest, or by Experience Wise?

We review evolutionary views on honesty and deception and their application to studies of nonhuman primate communication. There is evidence that some primate signals are likely to be accurate on the basis of costliness. They appear most often in contexts that include overtly competitive interactions in which unrelated individuals have limited access to information about one another. However, both game theoretic models and most empirical work suggest that costly signals are not often likely to be the basis for honest communication in nonhuman primates. Inexpensive signaling can exist in contexts wherein communication occurs among related animals, something common among many nonhuman primate societies. Another condition in which inexpensive signaling is possible and that is also typical of nonhuman primates, is when sender and receiver both benefit from coordinated interactions. Additionally, when individuals interact repeatedly and can use past interactions to assess the honesty of signals and to modify future response to signals, low-cost signals can evolve. Nonhuman primates appear to deal with the problem of deception via skeptical responding, which can be largely accounted for by learning rules and the fact that they live in stable social groups and can recognize one another and recall past interactions.
Self-Phoretic Microswimmers Propel at Speeds Dependent upon an Adjacent Surface’s Physicochemical Properties

Self-phoretic colloids are emerging as critical components of programmable nano- and microscale active matter and may usher in a new area of complex, small-scale machinery. To date, most studies have focused upon active particles confined by gravity to a plane located just above a solid/liquid interface. Despite this ubiquity, little attention has been directed at how the physicochemical qualities of this interface might affect motion. Here, we show that both the chemical and physical properties of the solid, above which motion takes place, significantly influence the behavior of particles propelled by self-generated concentration gradients. More specifically, titania/silica (TiO2/SiO2) photoactive microswimmers move faster when the local osmotic flow over the stationary solid is diminished, which we demonstrate by reducing the magnitude of the surface's zeta potential or by increasing surface roughness. Our results suggest that consideration of surface properties is crucial for modeling self-phoretic active matter while simultaneously offering a new avenue for engineering the kinematic behavior of such systems.
Regularity detection and explanation-based learning jointly support learning about physical events in early infancy.

Abstract The present research considers statistical learning (SL) and explanation-based learning (EBL) as joint mechanisms to support the development of physical knowledge. Infants watched teaching events in which a cover was lowered over an object and released, with outcomes that violated object principles. The object became fully hidden under a cover that was much shorter, and it remained partly visible under a cover that was much taller. Next, infants watched two test events identical to the teaching events except that one of the events was modified to present a plausible outcome and thus deviated from teaching. Infants at 3.5 months readily detected the regularity in the teaching events and noticed the change in the modified test event, whereas 6.5-month-olds did not. The pattern of response was reversed (1) when 3.5-month-olds were primed to notice the violation of object principles in the teaching events, which interfered with EBL and led infants to miss the change in the modified test event; and (2) when 6.5-month-olds were provided ways to remove the violation from the teaching events, which enabled EBL and led infants to notice the change in the modified test event. Together, the results shed light on young infants’ approach to learning about physical events—one that integrates SL for pattern detection and EBL for causal coherence of the rule being learned.
Correlation of PPM1A Downregulation with CYP3A4 Repression in the Tumor Liver Tissue of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

In many patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression has been reported to be significantly reduced in the tumor liver tissue. Moreover, this CYP3A4 repression is associated with decreased CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism in the tumor liver tissue. However, the underlying mechanisms of CYP3A4 repression are not fully understood. We have previously shown that Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent phosphatase 1A (PPM1A) positively regulates human pregnane X receptor (hPXR)-mediated CYP3A4 expression in a PPM1A expression-dependent manner. We sought to determine whether PPM1A expression is downregulated and whether PPM1A downregulation is correlated with CYP3A4 repression in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses were performed to study mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Cell-based reporter gene assays were conducted to examine the hPXR transactivation of CYP3A4 promoter activity. Arginase-1 and glypican-3 gene expression studies confirmed that the tumor samples used in our study originate from HCC livers but not non-hepatocellular tumors. mRNA and protein expression of PPM1A and CYP3A4 was found to be significantly repressed in the tumor liver tissues compared to the matched non-tumor liver tissues. In the reporter gene assays, elevated PPM1A levels counteracted the inhibition of hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 promoter activity by signaling pathways that are upregulated in HCC, suggesting that decreased PPM1A levels in HCC could not fully counteract the hPXR-inhibiting signaling pathways. Together, these results are consistent with the conclusion that PPM1A downregulation in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients correlates with CYP3A4 repression. Downregulation of PPM1A levels in the tumor liver tissue may contribute to reduced hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression, and provide a novel mechanism of CYP3A4 repression in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients.
Expanding Consumer Health Vocabularies by Learning Consumer Health Expressions from Online Health Social Media

The language gap existing between health consumers and health professionals hinders effective healthcare information retrieval and communication. To bridge this language gap, many efforts have been taken to develop the Consumer Health Vocabularies (CHVs). One crucial task in developing CHVs is extracting consumer health expressions. However, most of existing studies of consumer health expressions extraction involve heavy human efforts. In this work, we presented automatic methods based on co-occurrence analysis for extracting consumer health expressions from consumer-contributed content in social media data. The experiment results showed that our proposed methods are effective.
Representation Is Never Perfect, But Are Parents Even Representatives?

McCoy and colleagues (2020) contend that autistic self-advocates only partially represent their constituency (the autistic population), and that this issue can be addressed by diluting autistic voi...
Band offsets of Al x Ga 1-x N alloys using first-principles calculations

First principles calculations are employed for the study of the band offsets of AlxGa1-xN alloys, taking into account their composition and atomic configuration. Specifically, the band offsets are obtained using PBE, PBEsol, HSE, and modified Becke-Johnson calculations, comparing the results and discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each functional. The band alignments are performed using the branch point energies of the materials as their common reference level. HSE calculations predict a valence band offset of 0.9 eV between GaN and AlN. Regarding the alloys, a conduction band edge bowing parameter of 0.55 eV and a practically zero bowing for the valence band edge is predicted on average. The different atomic configurations affect mainly the valence band edges, where deviations from linearity by more than 0.1 eV are observed.
The Role of Interpersonal Sexual Objectification in Heterosexual Intimate Partner Violence From Perspectives of Perceivers and Targets.

Sexual objectification is a subtle manifestation of sexist discrimination and violence against women that involves seeing and treating women as sex objects of male sexual desire. The primary aim of...
Productive efficiency in processing social security disability claims: a look back at the 1989–95 surge

Using panel data from a relatively volatile time period 1988–95, we have identified factors that account for over 80% of the longitudinal variation in the processing time of disability applications. Pending claims, workloads, percentage of SSI applications (children and adults), and the proportion of cases considered at different stages of the disability determination process explain a significant part of the variation. We found strong evidence that observed gains in organizational productivity were attained at the cost of timeliness in case dispositions. The dynamic panel data model estimated in this paper is used to compare the productive efficiency of different disability offices in a general econometric framework in which claim forecasts, staff allocations, and the number of adjudications are treated as endogenous. Our analysis suggests that there are persistent differences in the average processing time between states that can be attributed to organizational inefficiency. The importance of good forecasts of disability applications at sub-national levels is emphasized.
On the Origin of Efficiency Droop of AlGaN Deep Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes

The causes for the efficiency droop of AlGaN UV LEDs will be investigated. Auger recombination coefficients of AlGaN multiple quantum wells with different Al composition have been measured. These results have been used to design efficient AlGaN LEDs with emission wavelength lower than 255 nm.
Regulatory T Cell Stability and Plasticity in Atherosclerosis

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) express the lineage-defining transcription factor FoxP3 and play crucial roles in self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Thymic tTregs are selected based on affinity for self-antigens and are stable under most conditions. Peripheral pTregs differentiate from conventional CD4 T cells under the influence of TGF-β and other cytokines and are less stable. Treg plasticity refers to their ability to inducibly express molecules characteristic of helper CD4 T cell lineages like T-helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17 or follicular helper T cells. Plastic Tregs retain FoxP3 and are thought to be specialized regulators for "their" lineage. Unstable Tregs lose FoxP3 and switch to become exTregs, which acquire pro-inflammatory T-helper cell programs. Atherosclerosis with systemic hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, inflammatory cytokines, and local hypoxia provides an environment that is likely conducive to Tregs switching to exTregs.
Music as Sound, Music as Archive: Performing Creolization in Trinidad

This article positions performance as a key concept in understanding creolization. In doing so, it situates music as both sound and archive in analyses of Trinidadian tassa drumming, soca, and chutney-soca. Musical analysis provides useful insights into the processes of creolization, while revealing colonial and postcolonial relationships between groups of people that give shape and meaning to the music, past and present. I draw on notions of music as sound to further analyze the forces that work to control the Trinidadian soundscape by promoting or marginalizing musical styles in an effort to shape musical production according to the ideal of creole culture. I conclude by suggesting that the conventional notion of the archive has from its very beginnings been connected with elite desires to enumerate and historicize positions of power. In this context, musical performances analyzed in this study emerge as subaltern archival practices that run alongside mainstream archives and popular interpretations of history. In listening to Trinidadian music as sound and archive, I trace present and potential social structures while providing new ways of thinking about creolization as performance. Este articulo posiciona el performance como un concepto clave para entender la creolizacion. Al hacerlo, situa la musica como sonido y archivo en los analisis del tamborileo tassa, la soca y la soca-chutney de Trinidad. El analisis musical proporciona informacion util sobre los procesos de creolizacion a la vez que revela relaciones coloniales y poscoloniales entre los grupos de personas que dan forma y significado a la musica del pasado y del presente. Utilizo las nociones de la musica como sonido para analizar mas a fondo las fuerzas que se imponen para controlar el paisaje sonoro trinitario al promover o marginar ciertos estilos musicales en un esfuerzo por dar forma a la produccion musical de acuerdo con el ideal de la cultura criolla. Concluyo al sugerir que la nocion convencional del archivo ha dependido desde sus inicios de los deseos de una elite de enumerar y mantener sus posiciones de poder. En este contexto, los performances musicales analizados en este estudio emergen como practicas de archivo subalternas que se ejecutan a la par de los archivos principales y las interpretaciones populares de la historia. Al escuchar la musica trinitaria como sonido y archivo, trazo las estructuras sociales presentes y potenciales, proporcionando nuevas maneras de pensar en la creolizacion como performance.
How do you mend inactive tumor suppressor mutants? You glue them!

SMAD4 mutations that disrupt its interaction with SMAD3 and attenuate tumor suppression by TGF-β are major oncogenic drivers. Tang et al. (2020) report the discovery of small molecules that restore the SMAD4:SMAD3 complex and its cytostatic activity, exemplifying the therapeutic potential of fixing tumor suppressor mutants using molecular glues.
Gender and Justification in Political Scandal

Scandals are an unfortunate, but important, part of the political world. We examine how citizen perceptions of politicians involved in scandals are conditional upon two important factors: the polit...
Xenotransplantation. New risks, new gains.

The idea of transplanting organs from other species — most usefully, pigs — into humans raises excitement and controversy. The cloning of pigs may represent a step towards this goal. But the finding that pig endogenous retroviruses can infect mice transplanted with pig cells is cause for concern.
Interfaces for cloning in immersive virtual environments

Three-dimensional objects in many applications domains, such as architecture and construction, can be extremely complex and can consist of a large number of components. However, many of these complex objects also contain a great deal of repetition. Therefore, cloning techniques, which generate multiple spatially distributed copies of an object to form a repeated pattern, can be used to model these objects more efficiently. Such techniques are important and useful in desktop three-dimensional modeling systems, but we are not aware of any cloning techniques designed for immersive virtual environments (VEs). In this paper, we present an initial effort toward the design and development of such interfaces. We define the design space of the cloning task, and present five novel VE interfaces for cloning, then articulate the design rationale. We have also performed a usability study intended to elicit subjective responses with regard to affordances, feedback, attention, perceived usefulness, ease of use, and ease of learning in these interfaces. The study resulted in four major conclusions. First, slider widgets are better suited for discrete than for continuous numeric input. Second, the attentional requirements of the interface increase with increased degrees-of-freedom associated with widgets. Third, users prefer constrained widget movement, although more degrees-of-freedom allow more efficient parameter setting. Finally, appropriate feedback can reduce the cognitive load. The lessons we learned will influence our continuing design of cloning techniques, and these techniques will ultimately be applied to VE applications for design, construction, and prototyping.
Trend in beverage consumption in U.S. adults between 2001 and 2010: findings from NHANES (805.9)

In order to examine changes in beverage consumption trends over 10 years by food security status in U.S. adults (total n=26,013, aged 蠅 20 years), we analyzed 24-hour dietary recalls (day 1) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2010. Food security (FS) status was assessed using the U.S. Food Security Survey Module and then categorized into 4 levels: high (HFS, n=20,244), marginal (MFS, n=2,536), low (LFS, n=2,317) and very low (VLFS, n=1,477). Each beverage was classified into one of 18 categories including water, sweetened/unsweetened tea or coffee, diet drinks, 100% fruit/vegetable juice, milk (whole, 2%,1%, skim, soy, and flavored), sugar-sweetened beverages (soft drinks, fruit drinks, energy/sports drinks, and others), and alcohol. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to specifically examine differences between periods 2001-2002 and 2009-2010. Among all groups soft drink consumption decreased (p< 0.01) while energy/sports drink intake increased (p<0.05). In HFS, M...
Transfer of Transposon Tn916 from Bacillus subtilis into a Natural Soil Population

A Bacillus subtilis transconjugant with a Tn916 chromosomal insert was obtained through mating with Escherichia coli carrying the transposon as a plasmid insert. Actinomycetes were identified as frequent transposon recipients following the introduction of the B. subtilis transconjugant into a soil microcosm.
From Dissertation Defense to Dissemination: Jump Start Your Academic Career With a Scholar Mentor Group

Problem The dissertation provides an excellent source of scholarly productivity for new doctoral faculty, yet is often neglected because of the demands inherent in the faculty role. Methods The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of a scholar mentor group composed of three graduates of a PhD nursing program and their shared dissertation chair, who acted as a senior scholar mentor to the group. Findings By working together, we have been able to enhance our scholarly productivity by disseminating our dissertations through presentations and publications. The paper will present the evolving process of this working group, summarize outcomes, analyze the challenges, and provide suggestions for future doctoral students and faculty who are working with them. Conclusions Our experience and scholar mentor model captures the best of both worlds—the benefits of interaction with academic peers and the benefits of having a senior scholar mentor. This was accomplished while all members were at different schools in different cities and states. Although other literatures that document successful collaborations using a peer-mentorship model are available, we were unable to locate any that documents a post-doctoral group with a senior scholar mentor who continued working together after graduation.
Hypocholesterolemia and Growth-Depression in Chicks Fed Guar Gum and Konjac Mannan

Two mannans (guar gum and konjac mannan) were fed to growing chicks at a level of 2% in a semipurified diet containing 0.5% cholesterol for 4 weeks. The mannans were nearly identical in producing growth depression, pancreatic hypertrophy and reduction in plasma and hepatic cholesterol when compared to controls fed corn starch or the sugars D-galactose or D-mannose. Hepatic triglyceride levels were higher for chicks fed konjac mannan, but no significant differences in fasting plasma glucose were observed. Apparent metabolizable energy levels for the mannan diets were significantly less than those of the other diets. The effects of the mannans in this study were not correlated with viscosity measurements made in vitro.
An Analysis of a Misconception of Probability among Future Mathematics Teachers

Probability is receiving increased coverage in all levels of education. Knowledge of the Law of Large Numbers may be an important factor in developing a true understanding of the subject. Study results evidence a lack of awareness of this fundamental principle among teachers of mathematics. Study results also suggest that additional probability preparation in teacher education may address this deficiency and allow probability to be taught more effectively.
Polynomial nonlinear spatio-temporal integro-difference equation models

Spatio-temporal statistical models are ubiquitous in the environmental sciences. Often the underlying spatio-temporal process can be written as a hierarchical state-space process that utilizes prior understanding of the physical process to formulate models for the state transition. In situations with complicated dynamics, such as wave propagation, or population growth and dispersal models, parameterizing the transition function associated with the high-dimensional state process may prove difficult or even impossible. One approach to overcoming this difficulty is through the use of polynomial stochastic integro-difference equation (IDE) models. Here, in the context of discrete time and continuous space, complicated dynamics can be accommodated through redistribution kernels that are allowed to vary with space. To facilitate computation and dimension reduction, we consider a basis-function-expansion representation of this model. Even in this framework there are too many parameters to estimate efficiently from a classical perspective. Therefore, we utilize the hierarchical Bayesian framework in order to implement a stochastic-search variable-selection algorithm that mitigates these estimation issues. Finally, the method is illustrated on the problem of long-lead prediction of equatorial sea surface temperature.
pH-sensing nanostar probe using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS): theoretical and experimental studies

Local pH environment has been considered to be a potential biomarker for tumor diagnosis because solid tumors contain highly acidic environments. A pH-sensing nanoprobe based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) using nanostars under near-infrared excitation has been developed for potential biomedical applications. To theoretically investigate the effect of protonation state on SERS spectra of p-mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA), we used the density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional to calculate Raman vibrational spectra of pMBA-Au/Ag complex in both protonated and deprotonated states. Vibrational spectral bands were assigned with DFT calculation and used to investigate SERS spectral changes observed from experiment when varying pH value between five and nine. The SERS peak position of pMBA at ~1580 cm−1 was identified to be a novel pH-sensing index, which has small but noticeable downshift with pH increase. This phenomenon is confirmed and well-explained with theoretical simulation. The study demonstrates that SERS is a sensitive tool to monitor minor structural changes due to local pH environment, and DFT calculations can be used to investigate Raman spectra changes associated with minor differences in molecular structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concept of service in the hospitality industry

Abstract The discussion in this paper of the traditional service experience is summarized in Fig. 1. The entire service experience is a complex process subject to all the factors that have been reviewed in this article. While the hospitality industry has been successful in fine tuning some of the mechanical parts of service such as table setting and order taking, it has not yet been able to establish a technology of service sufficient to achieve excellence in the minds of the consumer. The concepts presented in this paper are essential to the development of a service technology for the hospitality industry and in subsequent articles will be employed in the further development of these important issues.
Theoretical aspects and modelling of cellular decision making, cell killing and information-processing in photodynamic therapy of cancer

The aim of this report is to provide a mathematical model of the mechanism for making binary fate decisions about cell death or survival, during and after Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) treatment, and to supply the logical design for this decision mechanism as an application of rate distortion theory to the biochemical processing of information by the physical system of a cell. Based on system biology models of the molecular interactions involved in the PDT processes previously established, and regarding a cellular decision-making system as a noisy communication channel, we use rate distortion theory to design a time dependent Blahut-Arimoto algorithm where the input is a stimulus vector composed of the time dependent concentrations of three PDT related cell death signaling molecules and the output is a cell fate decision. The molecular concentrations are determined by a group of rate equations. The basic steps are: initialize the probability of the cell fate decision, compute the conditional probability distribution that minimizes the mutual information between input and output, compute the cell probability of cell fate decision that minimizes the mutual information and repeat the last two steps until the probabilities converge. Advance to the next discrete time point and repeat the process. Based on the model from communication theory described in this work, and assuming that the activation of the death signal processing occurs when any of the molecular stimulants increases higher than a predefined threshold (50% of the maximum concentrations), for 1800s of treatment, the cell undergoes necrosis within the first 30 minutes with probability range 90.0%-99.99% and in the case of repair/survival, it goes through apoptosis within 3-4 hours with probability range 90.00%-99.00%. Although, there is no experimental validation of the model at this moment, it reproduces some patterns of survival ratios of predicted experimental data. Analytical modeling based on cell death signaling molecules has been shown to be an independent and useful tool for prediction of cell surviving response to PDT. The model can be adjusted to provide important insights for cellular response to other treatments such as hyperthermia, and diseases such as neurodegeneration.
A TRIARCHICAL MODEL OF BATTING ABILITIES: APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS TO BASEBALL

A triarchical model of batting ability in baseball (Power, Skill, and Speed) was hypothesized. Factor analysis of data obtained from 77 players on the four 1996 playoff teams produced three meaningful oblique factors, giving support to the proposed model. The factor structure and specific pattern of factor loading were quite stable as coefficients of congruence of .97 to .99 were obtained between factors extracted from separate analyses of the National League players (n = 38) and the American League players (n = 39).
Inter- and intrapopulation studies of ancient humans.

For a genetic analysis of ancient human populations to be useful, it must be demonstrated that the DNA samples under investigation represent a single human population. Toward that end, we have analyzed human DNA from the Windover site (7000–8000 BP). MHC-I analysis, using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization to PCR amplified Windover DNA, microsatellite analysis by PCR of the APO-A2 repeat and mtD-loop 3′ region sequencing on multiple individuals spanning nearly the full range of estimated burial dates all confirm the hypothesis that there is a persistence of both nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes at Windover throughout its entire period of use. Thus, Windover can be considered a single population. Neighbor-joining tree analysis of mtDNA sequences suggests that some mitochondrial types are clearly related to extant Amerind types, whereas others, more distantly related, may reflect genetically distinct origins. A more complete sequence analysis will be required to firmly resolve this issue. Calibrating genetic relationships deduced by tree analysis, radiocarbon dates and burial position, yields a human mtD-loop DNA rate of evolution of 3700 to 14,000 years per percent change. Both values are within the range of recent, independently calculated values using estimates of evolutionary divergence or theoretical population genetics. Thus we are beginning to relaize the promise of ancient DNA analysis to experimentally answer heretofore unapproachable questions regarding human prehistory and genetic change.
Who Wrote the Rhetoric? A Response to Brad McAdon

In several recent essays, Brad McAdon has argued that Aristotle's Rhetoric is such a fractured, inconsistent text that it is reasonable to conclude it is not the work of a single author, “Aristotle,” but the work of an editor who combined sections of treatises by several authors. This article challenges McAdon's thesis by reexamining the historical transmission of the Rhetoric and analyzing a central passage in the work—namely Rhetoric 1.4–14 (on the idia or special topics)—that McAdon believes Aristotle could not have written.
Rotary responds to women's health needs

In working to improve the health of women, particularly in developing countries, governments face a monumental challenge. Limited resources, insufficient training, and poor infrastructure are just some of the obstacles to advancements in the field of female medicine. It is a goal of Rotary International, a worldwide association of service-minded business and professional people, to facilitate efforts to bring medical care to women and girls and to help them to build all-around healthy lives. This article gives background on Rotary International and highlights some of the ways Rotarians are using their resources, their global network, and their professional expertise to advance and promote women's health.
Arc erosion behavior of Cu-15%Nb and Cu-15%Cr in situ composites

Abstract The arc erosion behavior of Cu-15%Nb and Cu-15%Cr in situ composites was studied for both low-energy make-and-break contact and a high-energy stationary arcing gap configuration. For low-energy make-and-break contacts, a computerized test set-up was developed, while the high-energy pulsed power stationary arcing tests were performed in the Mark VI facility at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. The study dealt with variation in contact resistance for make-and-break contacts, are erosion at both energy levels, and materials response to arc erosion. The surface films formed in the make-and-break operation were analyzed by an X-ray diffraction technique, and the eroded surfaces and arc erosion mechanisms were studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was concluded that in low-energy contacts, oxidation was the major cause of deterioration of electrical contacts, while melting was the major failure mode in high-energy contacts. The contact resistance of Cu-15%Nb was much lower than that of Cu-15%Cr. The arc erosion resistance of Cu-15Nb and Cu-%Cr was higher than that of the commercially used CuW composite in stationary arc erosion tests.
Laser photodetachment measurement of the electron affinity of atomic oxygen.

The electron affinity of atomic oxygen, an important calibration standard in negative-ion photoelectron spectroscopy, has been determined by tunable-laser photodetachment in a coaxial laser--ion-beam spectrometer to be 11 784.645\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. In addition, the spin-orbit splitting between the $^{2}\mathrm{P}_{3/2}$ and $^{2}\mathrm{P}_{1/2}$ states of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ was found to be 177.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$.
[125I](S)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT: A potential spect imaging agent for sigma binding sites

Abstract [125I](S)-trans-y-hydroxy-2-[(N-n-propyl-N-(3′-iodo-2′-propenyl)]aminotetralin ([125I](S)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT) has been prepared as an iodinated radioligand for studying the sigma binding site. [125I](S)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT binds to rat cerebellar membranes with a Kd=1.67 ± 0.07 nM and Bmax=240 ± 72 fmol/mg of protein (determined in the presence of 15 nM spiperone). This new ligand appears to bind to only one site with Hill coefficients close to unity. Inhibition constants for competing ligands determined in the cerebellar tissue homogenates (in the presence of 15 nM spiperone) are closely comparable to inhibition constants determined in the whole brain tissue homogenates (in the absence of spiperone). Furthermore, these inhibition constants are consistent with the values reported for typical sigma ligands. In vivo uptake of [125I](S)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT in the rat brain is initially high (2.52% dose/organ at 2 min post i.v. injection) and displays a rapid washout from the brain (0.8% dose/organ at 30 min post i.v. injection). Uptake of [125I](S)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT shows moderate target to non-target ratios at 30 minutes (1.54, 1.66 and 1.92 for cerebellar, hypothalamic and hindbrain uptake over striatal uptake, respectively). Pre-injection with haloperidol reduced these ratios to unity suggesting that the ligand binds specifically to haloperidol-sensitive sites in vivo. The selectivity and affinity of [125I](S)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT suggest that this new iodinated ligand may be useful for in vitro studies of the sigma sites and can be used in vivo as a potential SPECT imaging agent.
Design and implementation of an educational technology for a historic home

Rhodes Hall, a turn-of-the-century home in Atlanta, Georgia, occupies a significant place in the cultural heritage of the South. Using the iterative design process, we have broken down the design space of Rhodes Hall and found ways to implement useful technologies. Methods of data collection include research, interviews, monitoring tours, and other techniques. Based on this data, we have designed a prototype for an educational software package. The software will improve the quality and experience of learning for middle school students visiting the historic home. Beginning January 2001, we will revise and implement the design, carrying out formative and summative evaluations of the software.
Development of Sn-Ag-Cu-X Solders for Electronic Assembly by Micro-Alloying with Al

Of Pb-free solder choices, an array of solder alloys based on the Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) ternary eutectic (Teut = 217°C) composition have emerged with potential for broad use, including ball grid array (BGA) joints that cool slowly. This work investigated minor substitutional additions of Al ( 0.05Al), but the suppression effect faded for >0.20Al. Undercooling suppression did not correlate specifically with blade suppression since it became significant at 0.10Al and increased continuously with greater Al to 0.25Al. Surprisingly, an intermediate range of Al content (0.10 wt.% to 0.20 wt.% Al) promoted formation of significant populations of 2-μm to 5-μm faceted Cu-Al particles, identified as Cu33Al17, that clustered at the top of the solder joint matrix and exhibited extraordinary hardness. Clustering of Cu33Al17 was attributed to its buoyancy, from a lower density than Sn liquid, and its early position in the nucleation sequence within the solder matrix, permitting unrestricted migration to the top interface. Joint microstructures and implications for the full nucleation sequence for these SAC + Al solder joints are discussed, along with possible benefits from the clustered particles for improved thermal cycling resistance.
Nanoporous hypercrosslinked polymers containing T g enhancing comonomers

Abstract Hypercrosslinked polymers containing functionalized alternating copolymer sequences of substituted stilbene or styrene and N-aryl substituted maleimides have been synthesized. Alternating copolymers containing these comonomers possess semi-rigid structures, and incorporation of these units into the precursor polymer particles for hypercrosslinking leads to a systematic increase in Tg and chain stiffness of these materials as the concentration of the comonomers is increased. Surface area and porosity of the subsequent hypercrosslinked polymers were investigated using nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K. These hypercrosslinked polymers exhibit BET surface areas ranging from 1058 m2/g at 25 mol% alternating copolymer incorporation down to loss of measurable surface area at ca. 60% incorporation. The experimental surface area results correlate with predictions from simulations and serve as model systems for future studies on specifically functionalized hypercrosslinked polymer particles.
The design and evolution of Zipcode

Abstract Zipcode is a message-passing and process-management system that was designed for multicomputers and homogeneous networks of computers in order to support libraries and large-scale multicomputer software. The system has evolved significantly over the last five years, based on our experiences and identified needs. Features of Zipcode that were originally unique to it, were its simulataneous support of static process groups, communication contexts, and virtual topologies, forming the ‘mailer’ data structure. Point-to-point and collective operations reference the underlying group, and use contexts to avoid mixing up messages. Recently, we have added ‘gather-send’ and ‘receive-scatter’ semantics, based on persistent Zipcode ‘invoices’, both as a means to simplify message passing, and as a means to reveal more potential runtime optimizations. Key features in Zipcode appear in the forthcoming MPI standard.
Hormesis in Regulatory Risk Assessment - Science and Science Policy

This brief commentary will argue that whether hormesis is considered in regulatory risk assessment is a matter less of science than of science policy. I will first discuss the distinction between science and science policy and their roles in regulatory risk assessment. Then I will focus on factors that influence science policy, especially as it relates to the conduct of risk assessments to inform regulatory decisions, with a focus on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The key questions will then be how does hormesis interact with current concepts of science and science policy for risk assessment? Finally, I look ahead to factors that may increase, or decrease, the likelihood of hormesis being incorporated into regulatory risk assessment.
Role of Na+/phosphate-cotransporter in myocardial contractile responses to alpha 1-agonist.

The interaction of cardiac sodium/phosphate (Na + /Pi)-cotransporter and the phosphoinositide pathway (PIP) in influencing myocardial contraction was investigated. Specifically, the study was performed to determine if myocardial positive inotropic response (+dP/dt) to phenylephrine (PE, an activator of PIP) can be potentiated by inorganic phosphate (Pi, the substrate of Na + /Pi-cotransporter). Contractile responses of the isolated perfused rat heart were studied in conditions of controlled extracellular calcium activity and constant preload. The data showed that phenylephrine-induced increase in +dP/dt was potentiated by Pi. Prazosin inhibited this increase in +dP/dt, indicating α 1 -adrenergic involvement. This Pi-potentiated increase in +dP/dt was also inhibited by phosphonoformate (PFA); however, only partial inhibition was obtained with concentrations of PFA that selectively inhibited Na + /Pi-cotransporter. Isoproterenol-induced increase in +dP/dt was not potentiated by Pi, showing that potentiation of +dP/dt is not a common effect of Pi. The data support an important interaction between PIP and Na + /Pi-cotransporter in regulating myocardial contraction
Continuous-wave terahertz reflection imaging of ex vivo nonmelanoma skin cancers

Nonmelanoma skin cancers are the most common form of cancer. Continuous wave terahertz imaging has the potential to differentiate between nonmelanoma skin cancers and normal skin. Terahertz imaging is non-ionizing and offers a high sensitivity to water content. Contrast between cancerous and normal tissue in transmission mode has already been demonstrated using a continuous wave terahertz system. The aim of this experiment was to implement a system that is capable of reflection modality imaging of nonmelanoma skin cancers. Fresh excisions of skin cancer specimens were obtained from Mohs surgeries for this study. A CO2 optically pumped far-infrared molecular gas laser was used for illuminating the tissue at 584 GHz. The reflected signal was detected using a liquid Helium cooled Silicon bolometer. The terahertz images were compared with sample histology. The terahertz reflection images exhibit some artifacts that can hamper the specificity. The beam waist at the sample plane was measured to be 0.57 mm, and the system's signal-to-noise ratio was measured to be 65 dB.
Thermodynamic modeling of the indium-palladium system

The thermochemical and phase-equilibrium data of the In-Pd binary system were critically reviewed. A self-consistent thermodynamic description of the system was obtained using the CALPHAD approach. Eight intermetallic compounds were considered in the system. The InPd(B2) compound was described by a two-sublattice model. The compounds In7Pd3, In3Pd2, In3Pd5, αInPd2, and αInPd3, with negligible homogeneity ranges, were modeled as stoichiometric compounds. βInPd2 and βInPd3 were treated as stoichiometric compounds due to a lack of experimental information. Model calculations agreed satisfactorily with most existing experimental data. The thermodynamic factor for the InPd(B2) compound was also predicted based on the present thermodynamic description.
Fate of phosphorus in the Lake Okeechobee watershed, Florida, USA: overview and recommendations

Abstract Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA, currently is threatened by phosphorus (P) loading from the adjacent watershed north of the lake. The primary land uses in the watershed are beef cattle ranching and dairy farming for which there is a high net P import. The upland soils are predominantly poorly-drained, sandy Spodosols. Although the soils have low P retention capacity, about 80% of the applied P has remained in the soil in either unstable or stable forms. Phosphorus transport from the soil is controlled by relief, local drainage, and depth to the spodic horizon. Phosphorus in off-site runoff is partially assimilated in wetland and stream sediments, which have substantial long-term P retention capacities. Over the last 15 years, best management practices have been implemented to reduce P loads from agriculture. However, implementation has not been sufficient to meet P load reduction goals. Additional P control practices are needed to meet the target reduction goals. Several research and demonstration studies, have been conducted during the past decade to improve our understanding of the fate and transport of P. The results of the research were reviewed at a workshop held in West Palm Beach, Florida, USA, in June 1993, and are presented in this special issue of Ecological Engineering.
Qualitative aspects of the Indian growth spurt of the 1980s

The Indian growth spurt of the 1980s has led DeLong (2003), Rodrik & Subramaniam (IMF Staff Papers 52(2):193–228, 2005) and Kohli (Economic and Political Weekly 41(14):1361–1370, 2006) to question the need for market reforms in the 1990s and the supporters of liberalization to argue that it was the result of piecemeal liberalization. Both sides of this debate focus exclusively on the quantitative aspects of the high growth while ignoring its underlying quality. This paper analyzes two aspects of the quality of growth during the 1980s. First, it considers whether the increases in production were concentrated in goods far removed from mass consumption and second, it analyzes certain characteristics of three consumer goods that serve as an indicator of their quality.
Testing and Evaluation of Insulating Films Part I: Description of Test Facilities at the University at Buffalo

This first part in a two-part series examines the test facilities available at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. The facilities have been set up to study-the effect of electrical, thermal, and radiation, prestressing upon the physical properties of dielectric materials proposed for use in high voltage energy storage and transfer systems.
Suboptimal diabetes preventive care among Massachusetts emergency department patients: a missed opportunity

The aim of this pilot study was to estimate patient adherence with diabetes preventive care measures among emergency department patients. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in five Massachusetts emergency departments. We enrolled consecutive diabetic adults over two 24-hour periods at each site and measured demographics, socioeconomic factors and adherence with recommended diabetes preventive care measures. We surveyed 713 patients (70% of those eligible) and enrolled the 109 patients having physician-diagnosed diabetes. Compared to Massachusetts surveillance data for the general population, emergency department diabetic patients were less likely to have: HbA1c measured within the past six months (54% vs 78%), attended a diabetes self-management class (35% vs 50%), examined their feet daily (53% vs 65%), and ever received the pneumococcal vaccine (46% vs 55%). Public or no insurance, limited education and low income independently predicted the decreased likelihood of having HbA1c checked in the prior six months. We demonstrated that the emergency department may provide an important and novel opportunity to identify often disenfranchised patients with suboptimal diabetes preventive care. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Contact analysis of anisotropic coatings with application to ball bearings

Anisotropic coatings represent an important class of tribological materials that are used to reduce friction and wear in mating surfaces. In the present investigation, a three-dimensional finite element model was utilized to analyze the contact behavior of a spherical indentor normally loaded between two transversely isotropic coated surfaces. After initially being validated via comparison to theoretical results available in the literature, the numerical model was used to determine the stress and displacement fields for a diverse range of coating materials and thicknesses, indentor radii and materials, and loading conditions. By curve-fitting the numerical data, expressions were generated for predicting the contact behavior in the posed problem. The relevance of these expressions, as related to the optimization of engineering components, was subsequently ascertained and discussed. Presented at the STLE Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada Review led by Bob Fusaro
"Cancer kills 1, self; wounds 3".

AP—A woman is dead and three family members critically wounded in a hostage-taking gone terribly wrong. The victim—a wife and mother of two— was seized nine months ago in her doctor's office. According to her doctor the suspect, Breast Cancer, entered the office as a routine mammogram. “It told me to tell her the worst news of her life, then let me go,” he said. Thus began the stand-off. Within days the experts— the cancer specialists— had arrived on the scene. Over the next nine months they tried all standard therapeutic tactics to secure her release, without any success. It finally ended last night in a hail of chemotherapy and high-tech gadgetry as the cancer experts, out of desperation, ordered a last-ditch raid. By the time the smoke cleared the woman and her captor lay dead, with the husband and children grievously wounded in the process. An unnamed source close to the investigation says the suspect was found clutching its human shield with a note on its chest. “All I wanted,” it said, “was everlasting life.”
Sm-Nd-Pu timepieces in the Angra dos Reis meteorite

Isotope ratios and age estimations are presented for the ultramafic pyroxenite Angra dos Reis meteorite. A pyroxene-phosphate internal isochron age of 4.55 plus or minus 0.04 eons was obtained, in agreement with reported Pb-Pb ages. It is suggested that Sm-146 decay led to an increase in the ratio of Nd-142 to Nd-144 in pyroxene, which is greater than the ratio of the Nd isotopes in phosphates. The effect of Pu-244 on the fission xenon components in pyroxene and phosphate is examined. The ratios of Pu-244 to Nd, U-238, and Th-232 are compared for pyroxene and phosphate separates. The exposure age of the meteorite, as obtained by the Kr-81 to Kr-83 method, was found to be 55.5 plus or minus 1.2 million years.