cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging Retroperitoneal Disorders in Patients Infected with HIV

The retroperitoneum contains the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, lymph nodes, and great vessels of the abdomen. Most retroperitoneal abnormalities in AIDS patients are not seen in isolation, but rather in combination with findings in other parts of the abdomen or chest, stressing the importance of pattern recognition in attempting to ascribe etiological significance to any given radiological abnormality. The major focus of this chapter will be on the pattern of disease involvement within the abdomen from the viewpoint of analyzing a retroperitoneal abnormality.
Privacy Rights: The Virtue of Protecting a False Reputation

What is the virtue of protecting a false reputation? The thesis of this paper is that there is none. There is none, at least, that justifies the suppression of free speech. Yet, there is a growing trend to see the protection of reputation from truth as a key function of the so-called “right of privacy.” Unfortunately, people often do things that they are not proud of or do not want others to know about. Often, however, these are precisely the things that others want or need to know. For our own protection, each of us is better off being aware of the negative or less-than-flattering qualities of others with whom we deal. The things that people say about each other are protected by the Constitution as much as any other form of expression. The Supreme Court has recognized repeatedly that the judgment embodied in the First Amendment is that the benefits of a free flow of information outweigh the costs and that those who speak truthfully cannot be made to do so at their peril. Therefore, disclosures of truthful information cannot, in the name of “privacy,” be constitutionally subjected to after-the-fact governmental determinations that they were not justified, unnecessary or even a crime. Perhaps there are things that it is better for us not to see or hear. But the assumption of the First Amendment is that government should not be deciding these limitations on the free flow of information or what speech is important enough to be “worth it.” If, in the name of protecting privacy or reputations, government agencies can decide after the fact what is and is not legitimate negative information, self-censorship will abound and valuable information will suffer. For a much more complete (and perhaps less contentious) treatment of privacy rights and the First Amendment, see my “Privacy and the Right of Free Expression,” available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1996581. Note: This paper is based on presentations at the annual conference of the Law and Society Association, held in Honolulu, HI on June 5-8 2012 and, at a conference, “Perspectives on Privacy,” held at Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, on June 23-24, 2011.
Museums and Difference

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2008 Pages: 328 Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN: 978-0-253-34946-0 (hard cover). Prices: $65.00 USD(hard cover).
Working with classic video.

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the adjustment and optimization of the image contrast generated by analog video cameras. To set up the video system, one must do two things. First, the camera is adjusted so that all image intensity values are represented in its output signal using the full 0.7-V camera output to include the highest and lowest image intensity values. Second, the monitor is adjusted to display the gray values present in the camera output. Proper adjustment of the camera is of paramount importance because loss of information at the camera level cannot be later restored. It should be noted that image-recording devices record what the camera provides not the optimized image on the monitor screen. Black and white monitors typically have brightness and contrast knobs to modify the displayed image characteristics. The chapter emphasizes that these controls modify just the monitor response to the signal from the camera and thus, exert no control over the characteristics of the image being captured by a recording device. This means that monitor controls should be used to optimize the display only after the camera is properly adjusted. However, although these are analog images, the image contrast optimization concepts presented in the chapter are directly applicable to the manipulation and use of digital charge coupled device (CCD) cameras (digital imaging), which in recent years have largely replaced analog detectors. Practical aspects of coordinately adjusting camera and monitor are also discussed in the chapter.
Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase-Independent Resistance to Aspergillus fumigatus in Alveolar Macrophages

The fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for increasing numbers of fatal infections in immune-compromised humans. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are important in the innate defense against aspergillosis, but little is known about their molecular responses to fungal conidia in vivo. We examined transcriptional changes and superoxide release by AM from C57BL/6 and gp91 phox −/− mice in response to conidia. Following introduction of conidia into the lung, microarray analysis of AM showed the transcripts most strongly up-regulated in vivo to encode chemokines and additional genes that play a critical role in neutrophil and monocyte recruitment, indicating that activation of phagocytes represents a critical early response of AM to fungal conidia. Of the 73 AM genes showing ≥2-fold changes, 8 were also increased in gp91 phox −/− mice by conidia and in C57BL/6 mice by polystyrene beads, suggesting a common innate response to particulate matter. Ingenuity analysis of the microarray data from C57BL/6 mice revealed immune cell signaling and gene expression as primary mechanisms of this response. Despite the well-established importance of phagocyte NADPH oxidase in resisting aspergillosis, we found no evidence of this mechanism in AM following introduction of conidia into the mouse lung using transcriptional, luminometry, or NBT staining analysis. In support of these findings, we observed that AM from C57BL/6 and gp91 phox −/− mice inhibit conidial germination equally in vitro. Our results indicate that early transcription in mouse AM exposed to conidia in vivo targets neutrophil recruitment, and that NADPH oxidase-independent mechanisms in AM contribute to inhibition of conidial germination.
Enalapril-induced acute kidney injury in neonates

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have been used in the neonatal population for both cardiac and renal diseases. Past reports have described deleterious renal and neurological consequences as a result of these drugs. This report describes two infants receiving enalapril for different indications who suffered renal impairments, likely a result of concomitant diuretic use. These cases demonstrate the risks associated with ACE inhibitor use and the importance of vigilant monitoring when using these medications.
A General Model of Preventive and Interventive Self‐Control

The field of self-control has witnessed an unprecedented boom, not least due to the immense implications of successful and unsuccessful self-control for people’s lives. However, successful and unsuccessful self-control can take many different forms, and many conceptual problems have been raised as to what self-control is about and how to best study it. Integrating different literatures, we provide a general model of self-control which distinguishes between preventive (i.e., anticipatory) and interventive (i.e., momentary) forms of self-control. The proposed Preventive-Interventive Model (PI-Model) of Self-Control combines seven basic components: preventive strategies, desire, conflict, control motivation, volition, opportunity constraints, and behavior enactment. The resulting taxonomy helps to distinguish self-control from standard motivational processes, to define the concept of temptation, and to identify different types of self-control failure including selfmonitoring failure, motivational self-control failure, and volitional self-control failure. Further, the model helps to outline five broad mechanisms through which people may be able to proactively boost self-control success.
Robust decentralized output feedback: the static controller case

Sufficient conditions are developed for designing robust decentralized static output feedback controllers. The approach involves deriving necessary conditions for minimizing a bound on closed-loop performance over a specified range of uncertain parameters. The effect of plant parameter variations on the closed-loop covariance is overbounded by means of a modified Lyapunov equation whose solutions are guaranteed to provide robust stability and performance. >
On the Origin(s) and Development of the Term \Big Data"

I investigate the origins of the now-ubiquitous term \Big Data," in industry and academics, in computer science and statistics/econometrics. Credit for coining the term must be shared. In particular, John Mashey and others at Silicon Graphics produced highly- relevant (unpublished, non-academic) work in the mid-1990s. The rst signicant academic references (independent of each other and of Silicon Graphics) appear to be Weiss and Indurkhya (1998) in computer science and Diebold (2000) in statistics/econometrics. Dou- glas Laney of Gartner also produced insightful work (again unpublished and non-academic) slightly later. Big Data the term is now rmly entrenched, Big Data the phenomenon con-
Shear velocities in the lower mantle and the radius of the core

Lower earth mantle shear velocity models derivation and core radius estimation based on S travel times observation
Pi ka pu: The perception of speech sounds by prelinguistic infants

Experimentation with 14–18-week-old infants indicates that they are capable of grouping together syllables of English depending on whether the syllables share a consonant. These results indicate that infants may have access to the mechanisms that underlie certain perceptual constancies in adult speech perception.
Ultrastructural localization of serotonin2A receptors in the middle layers of the rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex.

Abstract Cortical serotonin2A receptors are hypothesized to be involved in the pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Light microscopic studies in the rat prefrontal cortex have localized serotonin2A receptors to the dendritic shafts of pyramidal and local circuit neurons. Electrophysiological studies have predicted that these receptors are also located on glutamate terminals, whereas neurochemical studies have hypothesized that they are located on dopamine terminals in this area. The present study sought to determine the ultrastructural localization of immunoperoxidase labeling for serotonin2A receptors in the middle layers of the prelimbic portion of the rat prefrontal cortex. Serotonin2A receptor immunoreactivity was observed in 325 identifiable structures. Of these, 73% were postsynaptic profiles that were composed of either dendritic shafts (58%) or dendritic spine heads and necks (42%). Twenty-four percent of the labeled profiles were presynaptic axons and varicosities; most of these had morphological features that were characteristic of monoamine axons: thin diameter, lack of myelination, occasional content of dense-cored vesicles, and infrequent formation of synapses in single sections. The remainder of the labeled profiles (4%) were glial processes. These findings suggest that serotonin2A receptor–mediated effects within the rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex are primarily postsynaptic in nature, affecting both the spines of pyramidal cells and the dendrites of pyramidal and local circuit neurons in this area. The results further suggest that serotonin acts presynaptically via this receptor subtype, most likely at receptors on monoamine fibers, and only rarely directly on glutamate axons.
Estimation and compensation of ultrasonic wavefront distortion using a blind system identification method

A common random input filter model is described for estimation and correction of wavefront aberration in ultrasonic b-scan imaging. In the model, aberration between the focus and the transducer elements is represented by the response of a linear filter bank to a common random signal. The response of each filter in the bank is found using a two-level extension of an existing subspace method for blind system identification. The receive waveforms are compensated using an inverse filter, and the transmit waveforms are predistorted using time reversal. To test the model, experiments were conducted using a two-dimensional array system to obtain echoes from a point reflector and from a random medium in each case through an aberrator. The aberrator is a phantom that mimics wavefront distortion produced by human abdominal wall, and the random medium is made to mimic ultrasonic characteristics of human liver. The results indicate the method can improve both the transmit and the receive focus and can outperform time-shift estimation and compensation as well as the method of backpropagation followed by time-shift estimation and compensation.
Homogenization of sandwich structures

SUMMARY A homogenization method is proposed for sandwich structures consisting of two plates interlaced with beams and shells in a periodic, lattice structure. The proposed method is a quasi-continuum approach where the constitutive response is obtained from the generalized forces of the interlacing elements. Buckling is studied as part of this model. Comparison of the homogenized model with fully discrete models show reasonable to very good agreement. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Sandwich structures are used and contemplated for many load-bearing applications where structures with high resistance to impulsive load are required, e.g. in ship hulls. A sandwich structure typically consists of two thin face plates that are connected by a core consisting of a lattice of beams, plates or shells. Sandwich shells have particular promise for increasing the blast resistance of structures because the impulse applied to the structure is reduced. Xue and Hutchinson [1] show that sandwich shells can sustain far larger impulses than solid shells. In their analysis, they used detailed finite element models of the sandwich shell. Fluid–structure interaction effects were modelled by approximating the blast load applied to the top face sheet by a modified impulse based on a Taylor analysis [2]. Since the dominant failure mode of the core is buckling, a large number of elements is needed in the numerical simulation of sandwich structures, if the core elements are modelled in detail. Sandwich structures must often be evaluated in fluid–structure systems, where a large number of elements is needed for the modelling of the fluid. The size of such coupled models is prohibitive for most design studies of full scale models of structures such as ships. Moreover,
Change of polariton dispersion due to virtual biexciton formation at high polariton densities

Abstract The renormalization of the polariton dispersion is investigated theoretically under strong laser irradiation near the two-photon resonance energy of biexcitons. The results of this change in the dispersion are discussed for several experimental situations especially for the density dependent line shift in the two-photon Resonance Raman Scattering via biexcitons.
Dose-dependent Increase in Sensitivity to Calcium-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiomyocyte Cell Injury by Doxorubicin ☆

We previously reported the induction of calcium-dependent calcium release and depolarization of membrane potential of cardiac mitochondria from rats treated chronically (13 weeks) with doxorubicin. The fact that this was inhibited by cyclosporine A and ruthenium red suggests induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition and calcium cycling. The objective of this investigation was to characterize the cumulative dose-dependent interference with mitochondrial calcium transport by doxorubicin and to assess whether alteration of mitochondrial calcium regulation is manifested as an increased sensitivity to calcium-induced injury to cardiomyocytes isolated from rats exposed in vivo. Mitochondria or cardiomyocytes were isolated from rats treated with 2 mg/kg/week doxorubicin s.c. for 1-9 weeks. Mitochondria isolated from hearts of doxorubicin-treated rats exhibited a dose-dependent increase in sensitivity to calcium-induced calcium release and membrane depolarization, both of which were inhibited by cyclosporine A. Cardiomyocytes isolated from rats treated for 6 weeks with doxorubicin expressed an increased sensitivity to calcium-induced cell killing. The calcium intolerance was prevented by adding either cyclosporine A or ruthenium red to block mitochondrial calcium cycling. These data demonstrate that doxorubicin treatment in vivo causes: (1) a dose-dependent interference with mitochondrial calcium transport and calcium-dependent regulation of membrane potential indicative of induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition, and (2) an increased sensitivity to calcium-induced loss of cell viability. The fact that blocking mitochondrial calcium cycling protected cardiomyocytes from the calcium intolerance suggests that altered regulation of mitochondrial calcium transport may be a critical event in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.
Quantum mechanics of asymptotic effective potential and ‘image’ charge at metal surfaces

Abstract Electrons are confined within a metal and about its surface by a local effective potential as described by Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density-functional theory. The asymptotic structure of this potential in the classically forbidden vacuum region is that of the ‘exchange-correlation’ potential vKSxc (r) defined mathematically as the functional derivative of the ‘exchange-correlation’ energy functional EKSxc [ρ] of the density ρ(r). This functional and its derivative represent electron correlations due to the Pauli exclusion principle, Coulomb repulsion, and the correlation contribution to the kinetic energy. The functional and derivative also have a rigorous quantum-mechanical interpretation in terms of a sum of two fields whose source distributions are expectations of Hermitian operators taken with respect to the system wavefunction. These fields separately represent the Pauli-Coulomb and correlation-kinetic contributions. This article is concerned with our present understanding of the asymptotic structure of vKSxc (r) in the classically forbidden region, and of the electron correlations which contribute to it. The description is within the context of both conventional density-functional theory as well as its physical interpretation in terms of fields. The physics of the ‘image’ charge localized to the surface region, a property intrinsic to the nonuniform electron density system at a metal surface, is also described.
In-situ thermal stimulation of gas hydrates

Gas hydrates are increasingly considered a potential energy resource. Various methods of exploiting gas hydrates (thermal stimulation, depressurization, inhibitor injection, etc.) have been proposed so far, but each of them has some drawbacks. To overcome some of these drawbacks, we propose a new technology for producing methane from gas hydrates. The method uses in situ thermal stimulation by introducing a specially designed hydrate heating apparatus into a horizontal borehole drilled into a gas hydrate zone (GHZ). Instead of using water or other hot fluid injected from the surface or another location away from the GHZ, an air/gas fuel mixture is introduced into a combustion vessel from the surface via a fuel injection tubing string directly into GHZ. Burning the fuel mixture results in the heat necessary to dissociate gas hydrate. The freed natural gas is then conveyed to the surface via a casing that is lining the wellbore. This technology has the advantage of permitting the dissociated gas to be produced through the same wellbore through which the air/gas fuel mixture is injected, thereby avoiding the need of using two wells (injection and exploitation). An estimated energy gain efficiency of the proposed method shows that only about 1.1 to 1.7% of gas produced will have to be burned to decompose hydrates. Previous estimates of other thermal decomposition methods, for example steam injection, show that about 50% of gas produced will have to be burned just to decompose hydrates. An added advantage is that the produced natural gas is not mixed with the combustion gases, thus avoiding the problem of the resulting gas having a BTU content that is too low.
The genus Niphogeton (Umbelliferae)—a second encore

Continued botanical exploration in northern South America has yielded material necessitating description of two new taxa of Niphogeton and revision of the descriptions of two others; illustrations supplement the descriptions. A new key to the species of the genus as now augmented is offered to replace that published 25 years ago. The taxonomic implications for this genus of Cerceau-Larrival's studies of seedlings and pollen of Umbelliferae are discussed.
Norms, Isometries, and Isometry Groups

The study of linear algebra has become more and more popular in the last few decades. People are attracted to this subject because of its beauty and its connections with many other pure and applied areas. In theoretical development of the subject as well as in many applications, one often needs to measure the “length” of vectors. For this purpose, norm functions are considered on a vector space. In this expository article, we explain why one would want to study different kinds of norms on a real vector space. We then focus on the problem of how to identify different norms using linear isomorphisms with particular attention to a group theory method used by several authors recently. One may view the first half of this article as a gentle introduction to the theory of norms and the second half as an illustration of how group theory can be applied to questions in linear algebra.
Characterization of surface and subsurface defects in optical materials using near-field evanescent wave (Abstract Only)

Optical properties of sub-micron defects is of interest in many application, including laser induced damage in optical materials. In-situ scanning atomic force microscopy has been used previously to establish a direct correlation between a particular structure surface inhomogeneity and the initiation of local laser damage at that inhomogeneity, as in the case of nodular defects in coatings. Recent development in near field scanning optical microscopy shows that this technique can also provide information on both morphology and optical properties of localized defects.
EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT LEVELS OF CADMIUM PRIMARILY IMPACTS TRANSPIRATION IN FIELD-GROWN SOYBEAN

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal released into agricultural settings primarily due to human activities. Cadmium is readily taken up by plants from the soil and has been shown to result in numerous changes to plant growth and physiology. In this study we examined the physiological effect of environmentally relevant levels of cadmium on field-grown soybean (Glycine max). No significant differences in carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation response to leaf internal CO2 concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, or growth parameters were observed. However, we did observe an increase in sap flow, a real-time measure of transpiration. Consistent with increased sap flow there was a significant increase in total daily sap flow and peak sap flow between the control and cadmium-treated plants. Our results suggest that treatment with environmentally relevant levels of cadmium primarily impacts transpiration.
GRF is a highly potent activator of adenylate cyclase in the normal human, bovine and rat pituitary: interaction with somatostatin.

Summary The effect of GRF adenylate cyclase activation was studied in normal human, bovine and rat pituitary tissues. Human GRF(hGRF) activates adenylate cyclase in normal human pituitary membrane preparations in a concentration dependent manner (ED 50 = 10 −11 M). In bovine pituitary cells hGRF stimulates GH secretion into the medium (ED 50 = 7 × 10 −12 M) and activates adenylate cyclase (ED 50 = 10 −11 M). In normal rat pituitary cells in monolayer culture, rat GRF (rGRF) stimulates adenylate cyclase (ED 50 = 3 × 10 −11 M). In normal human pituitary membrane preparations and in normal rat pituitary cells in culture, somatostatin inhibits GRF-stimulated adenylate cyclase in a non-competitive manner, while it does not affect basal (i.e. non-stimulated) adenylate cyclase levels. VIP, a peptide which is structurally homologous to hGRF and rGRF is a weak GRF-agonist and activates adenylate cyclase in human and rat pituitary preparations at concentrations greater than 10 nM.
Serial changes in renal function in cardiac surgical patients

Abstract Cardiopulmonary bypass is widely believed to be injurious to renal function. The low incidence of renal dysfunction with modern techniques of bypass led us to reexamine this concept by monitoring urine output and creatinine clearance in 18 adult patients undergoing nonpulsatile, hemodilution cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery bypass grafting (12 patients) or valve procedures (6 patients). Samples were taken before, during (mean duration of bypass, 105 ± 26 minutes [± standard deviation]), and every two hours after bypass for 24 hours. Urine output (42 ± 37.7 mL/h) and creatinine clearance (57 ± 40.4 mL/min) were surprisingly low in the period before cardiopulmonary bypass (all values normalized to a body surface area of 1.73 m 2 ). Urine volumes rose to 305 ± 149.6 mL/h and creatinine clearance to 252 ± 176.9 mL/min during bypass and decreased to stable values after eight hours in the postoperative unit (urine output, ~60 mL/h, and creatinine clearance, ≈75 mL/min). Renal dysfunction did not develop in any patient. Nine patients who required loop diuretics for low urine output 18 hours postoperatively had a sustained increase in both urine output and creatinine clearance lasting up to six hours. We conclude the following: modern techniques of cardiopulmonary bypass are not injurious to renal function; urine output and creatinine clearance are decreased before cardiopulmonary bypass, probably because of preoperative dehydration; and loop diuretics in the postoperative period increase both urine output and creatinine clearance for as long as six hours after administration.
Parenting with a Disability and Child Mental Health: A Propensity Score Analysis

Little research has examined the impact of having a parent with a disability on child mental health. This study used data from 7,116 families of children who participated in the 2006 National Health Interview Survey and propensity score matching (PSM) to investigate this question. Prior to PSM, differences in Child Mental Health Brief scores were significant with a moderate effect size. After PSM, differences in Child Mental Health Brief scores were still significant, but the effect size was small. Results indicate that much of the mental health risk for children of parents with disabilities is connected to related issues.
Growth of Co-silicides from single crystal and evaporated Si

We have investigated the reaction of a thin Co film with a (100) Si (Si c ) or an evaporated Si (Si e , which is amorphous) substrate during thermal annealing. On either substrate, Co2Si and CoSi form simultaneously and the growth of each phase has a square root of time dependence. Both silicides grow faster on Si c than on Si e . A model is proposed to calculate the effective diffusion constant in each silicide from the growth data of the silicides. The activation energies of the effective diffusion constants in Co2Si and CoSi grown on Si c are 1.7±0.1 eV and 1.8±0.1 eV, respectively; while those on Si e are 1.85±0.1 eV and 1.9 ±0.1 eV, respectively. The differences observed for the two substrates are tentatively attributed to the presence of impurities in Sie and to the microstructural differences of the silicides formed on either substrate.
A failure rate analysis of complex vehicles

When engineered items fail, there are often indicators of decay long before the system collapses. This research explores this concept applied to complex vehicles operated in public transportation, and the results can be extrapolated to any vehicle system. Transit bus reliability data gathered from eight transit agencies distributed across the USA are analysed at a vehicle and subsystem level to identify system failures. The theory of reliability of repairable systems is applied to the in-transit data to determine if major subsystem component failures can be detected by increases in cumulative and subsystem failure rates. Results indicate that major repairs might be detected far in advance of when they are needed.
Technology in the classroom: steps toward a new vision

The history of technology in the classroom is one of cycles of exaggerated promises, highly publicised installations with committed teachers, and masterful and inventive excuses for why the promises went unfulfilled. But in spite of this history there is a new vision of technology in schooling emerging, thanks to the World Wide Web. This vision can be seen especially in schools that have used technology as a lever to achieve school‐wide reform in teaching and learning. The present study is based on 94 case studies of successful school reforms where information and computer technologies (ICT) were also heavily used. The studies, done in the 1999–2000 school year across 23 countries, were all case studies, organised around five central hypotheses. These hypotheses tested whether ICT acted as a catalyst for school reform, how ICT diffused throughout the school, what the key elements were for successful implementation of ICT, whether ICT use resulted in further inequities in schooling, and what happened to ac...
Compact development and preference heterogeneity in residential location choice behaviour: A latent class analysis

The success of compact development depends in part on accurately gauging its public demand and understanding residents� preferences towards it. Drawing upon a stated-preference survey in the Wasatch Front region in Utah, this paper estimates preferences for compact, walkable and transit-friendly neighbourhoods through the application of a discrete choice experiment. Results derived from a latent class analysis reveal significant heterogeneity in residential location preferences. Overall, strong preferences for compact development are more likely to occur among families with fewer school-age children, low-income and renter-occupied households, and those who appreciate social heterogeneity and have less desire for privacy. These tastes are also associated with personal preferences for walking and biking and supportive opinions toward environmental protection and urban growth boundary policies. By comparing respondents� preferences to their actual residential and travel choices in two contrasting subregions, we further address the complex relationships between environment, preferences, residential locations and travel.
Neurotransmitter-specific uptake and retrograde transport of [3H]glycine from the inferior colliculus by ipsilateral projections of the superior olivary complex and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus

Abstract Neurotransmitter-specific uptake and retrograde axonal transport of [3H]glycine were used to identify glycinergic projections to the inferior colliculus in chinchillas and guinea pigs. Six h after injections of [3H]glycine in the inferior colliculus, autoradiographically labeled cells were found ipsilaterally in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the lateral superior olive and the dorsomedial periolivary nucleus. These 3 regions accounted for 95% of the labeled projection neurons, with the remainder scattered elsewhere in the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. No labeled cells were found contralaterally even after survival times as long as 24 h. Retrograde transport of HRP from the inferior colliculus in these same cases confirmed the presence of additional projections that did not accumulate [3H]glycine. These include ipsilateral projections from the medial superior olive and cochlear nucleus and contralateral projections from the inferior colliculus, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, lateral superior olive, periolivary nuclei and cochlear nucleus. The results implicate uncrossed projections from the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, lateral superior olive, and dorsomedial periolivary nucleus as the principal sources of inhibitory glycinergic inputs to the inferior colliculus.
LIMITS ON HARD X-RAY EMISSION FROM THE COMET SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 IMPACT ON JUPITER

Abstract Data from the burst and transient source experiment (BATSE) onboard the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) have been used to set upper limits on emission in the 20–1800 keV energy range from the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter. For an impulsive event of 1 sec duration we place a 4 sigma upper limit on the equivalent isotropic energy release of 5 × 1020ergs in the 20–50 keV energy band. The upper limit on steady emission observed during the week of the collision is 2 × 1019erg/sec (20–50 keV). We discuss the implications of these observations for impact effects on the jovian atmosphere.
The fine specificity of regulatory T cells IV. Idiotypic complementarity and antigen‐bridging interactions in the anti‐lysozyme response

The hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL)-specific B cells which are activated in response to HEL share a cross-reactive idiotype as well as submolecular specificity. Helper T cells of two different specificities are implicated in their optimal activation, one recognizing the idiotype and the other, an epitope on the HEL molecule opposite to the one recognized by B cells. Thus, efficient T-B collaboration involves both idiotypic complementarity and antigen bridging.
Knowledge representations for the automatic generation of numerical simulators for PDEs

Abstract In this paper we describe an automatic programming (AP) system which generates numerical discretization schemes for partial differential equation (PDE) problems. This system is based on the observation that a wide variety of discretization schemes can be mechanically produced by computing surface integrals of spacetime currents. However, surface integration is difficult to carry out using conventional vector calculus. For this reason, the system is structured to include the differential geometry formalisms which make high dimensional surface integration simple. The differential geometry formalisms have also simplified the representation of continuous physics problems and increased the domain of applicability of the system.
Precision Measurement of the Negative Pion Mass from Its Radiative Absorption in Hydrogen

The gamma-ray spectrum of the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ has been remeasured with an improved design of the high-energy pair spectrometer. This design has taken advantage of one of the focusing properties of a 90-degree wedge-shaped magnetic field to minimize the effect on the resolving power of multiple scattering of the pair fragments in the converter. The theory of the spectrometer is developed in detail. The accuracy of the energy scale depends on magnetic field measurements and the calculation of orbits, aberrations, and resolving power. By the determination of the mesonic absorption gamma-ray energy, a precise mass value for the negative pion has been found: ${{M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}=272.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3{m}_{e}.$From the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ mass differences already obtained by Panofsky, Aamodt, and Hadley (PAH), by Chinowsky, Sachs, and Steinberger (CSS), and the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mass difference obtained by Lederman, Tinlot, and Booth (LTB), it is possible to improve the mass values for the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ and the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons. $\mathrm{From} {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0} (\mathrm{PAH}): {{M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}=262.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0{m}_{e};$ $\mathrm{from} {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0} (\mathrm{CSS}): {{M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}=263.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7{m}_{e};$ $\mathrm{from} {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}} (\mathrm{LTB}): {{M}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}=206.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.0{m}_{e}.$ If one assumes that the positive and negative pions have the same mass, the mass of the positive muon can also be deduced from the work of Birnbaum, Smith, and Barkas: ${{M}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{+}=206.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 {m}_{e}.$
Quantum optics with very intense lasers

Traditional concerns of Quantum Optics are coherence and saturation in bound-bound atomic transitions. For the first time these concerns are beginning to be appropriate to the bound-free and free-free spectroscopy of photo-electrons. Recent experimental evidence indicates that laser intensities in the rangeI=1012–1013 Watts/cm2 are sufficient to saturate a variety of multiphoton ionization processes and to create coherent above-threshold dressed electronic states. We first discuss the experimental background, and describe the laser parameters and experimental methods that have been used to obtain the data. Then we review a simple quantum optical description of ionization, and a classical theory of photon-electron interactions. Order-of-magnitude estimates of the ponderomotive potential are given and a relativistic critical field strength is derived. The results of a numerical integration of Schrodinger's equation for an electron being ionized are also shown, including the first theoretical evidence for above-threshold photo-electron peak shifts. The very recent development of terawatt Nd lasers is mentioned. Finally, it is suggested that nonlinear optical processes associated with high-intensity ionization should show new and interesting non-perturbative effects.
Masculinity and urban men: Perceived scripts for courtship, romantic, and sexual interactions with women

A sample of 100 heterosexually active men were recruited from STD/health clinics and social networks in urban neighbourhoods in New York City to participate in a qualitative interview about their perceptions of the scripts guiding their courtship, romantic, and sexual experiences with women. Men's narratives revealed tension between their desire for emotional versus sexual intimacy; and their desire for emotional and sexual immersion versus their fear of being emotionally vulnerable. Men's narratives also revealed gender role and gender script uncertainty as they attempted to understand and internalize changing societal norms. Developmental trends were evident, reflecting men's transition from viewing sex as an endpoint to viewing sex as a component of emotional intimacy. Findings are discussed in the light of developmental, dyadic, and cultural influences on men's heterosexual behaviour. Un echantillon de 100 hommes heterosexuels sexuellement actifs a ete recrute dans des dispensaires antiveneriens et de...
Compositional analysis of thermoplastic wood composites by TGA

A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the composition of thermoplastic wood composites. The method involves area measurements of the two peaks in the derivative curve of a tracing produced by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of a thermoplastic composites sample in an inert atmosphere. This may involve the standard, constant heating rate method or the high resolution (Hi-Res™) TGA method; both produce virtual baseline separation between wood and polyolefin peaks over a wide compositional range. Because this baseline separation suffers from a mutual effect on the thermal degradation of wood and polyolefins, best results are obtained if the parameters relating peak area with polyolefin content are different below and above 40% polyolefin content. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1484–1492, 2004
A Case Study on Use of Personas in Design and Development of an Audit Management System

With the ROI of persona methods still being arguable, it is important to understand how personas can be utilized in user interface design. The extensive methods proposed by Pruitt and Adlin (2006), throw light on several ways to use persona methods in user interface design lifecycle and also propose mitigations to several risk factors that can be encountered in this process. However, there is very little research presenting case studies on an entire design lifecycle that utilizes personas. This paper presents design, development and evaluation of a web-based audit management system in aircraft maintenance domain with emphasis on the persona creation process, the design approach followed, and the user testing results obtained. The experiences of a design team novice to personas will be discussed.
An Overview of Complexity Theory in Discrete Optimization: Part II. Results and Implications

Abstract Over the past decade, complexity theory has emerged from a branch of computer science almost unknown in the operations research community into a topic of widespread interest and research. Part I of this tutorial overview of the subject (TRANSACTIONS, March 1982) developed important background concepts of the theory. This paper uses that background to define and investigate the implications of NP-Hardness, NP-Completeness, NP-Equivalency, the NP≠NP conjecture, and various approximations.
Open vs. closed sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: Long-term results

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to compare the healing rate and long-term effects on continence of open and closed lateral internal sphincterotomy. METHODS: Charts of 864 patients with chronic anal fissure who underwent internal sphincterotomy as a single procedure over five years by a group of 12 colorectal surgeons were reviewed. Open internal sphincterotomy (OIS) was performed in 521 patients, whereas 343 had closed internal sphincterotomy (CIS). There was no difference in sex or age between the groups. A questionnaire inquiring about clinical outcome, changes in continence, and degree of satisfaction with the procedure was mailed to all patients. A total of 549 (63.5 percent) patients, 324 (62.2 percent) with OIS and 225 (65.6 percent) with CIS, returned their questionnaires. Average follow-up was three (range, 1–6) years. RESULTS: Differences in persistence of symptoms (3.4 OISvs.5.3 percent CIS), recurrence of the fissure (10.9vs.11.7 percent CIS), and need for reoperation (3.4 percent OIStvs.4 percent CIS) were statistically not significant. However, statistically significant differences were seen in the percentage of patients with permanent postoperative difficulty controlling gas (30.3vs.236 percent;P0.062), soiling underclothing (26.7vs.16.1 percent;P< 0.001), and accidental bowel movements (11.8vs.3.1 percent;P< 0.001) between those who underwent OIS and those who had CIS. Although 90 percent of patients reported general overall satisfaction, more patients undergoing CIS (64.4 percent) than OIS (49.7 percent) were very satisfied with the results of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Lateral internal sphincterotomy is highly effective in treatment of chronic anal fissure but is associated with significant permanent alterations in continence. CIS is preferable to OIS because it effects a similar rate of cure with less impairment of control.
CP-60,993, a new dianemycin-like ionophore produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC 39305: fermentation, isolation and characterization.

CP-60,993, 19-epi-dianemycin, is a novel polycyclic ether antibiotic produced byStreptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC 39305. Fermentation recovery, purification and crystallization were achieved using standard procedures. CP-60,993 was characterized as a monocarboxylic acid. Elemental analysis suggested a molecular formula of C47H78O14 for the free acid and C47H77O14 Na for the sodium salt. Crystalline form CP-60,993 sodium salt shows the following properties: m.p. 193∼205°C, E1 cm1%=157 at 232 nm, [α]D25°C+11.0 (c 1, methanol). The structure, determined by MS, PMR and CMR, differs from dianemycin only in the stereochemistry at position 19. This was confirmed by X-ray crystallography carried out on the rubidium salt of CP-60,993. It exhibited activity in vitro against Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria, efficacy againstEimeria coccidia in vivo in poultry, and stimulation in vitro of rumen propionic acid production.
Studies of the human testis. XX—effect of NADH on 17α-hydroxypregnene C17–20 lyase activity

A study of the cofactor requirements of C17-20 lyase was carried out using human testis tissue obtained at the time of orchiectomy for treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Washed microsomal fractions were prepared from frozen human testes using a KCl containing buffer. The preparation revealed dose-dependent activity of C17-20 lyase in the presence of either NADPH or commercial or purified NADH. The Km of NADH for the enzyme was of the order of 10(-3) M and the Km of NADPH was determined as 1.6 X 10(-5) M. NADH also provided synergistic enhancement of NADPH-mediated lyase activity, and decreased the Km of NADPH for the lyase but did not change the Vmax of NADPH-mediated lyase activity. Carbon monoxide inhibited both NADH and NADPH-mediated lyase activities indicating that both activities are catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. Cations including Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ were found to inhibit the NADPH-mediated lyase activity but enhanced the lyase activity in the presence of NADH. The results indicate both the presence of NADH-mediated C17-20 lyase activity and the synergistic effect of NADH on NADPH-mediated lyase activity in the human testis.
Template design and fabrication for low-loss orientation-patterned nonlinear AlGaAs waveguides pumped at 1.55 μm

Abstract Orientation-patterned GaAs templates and Al x Ga 1− x As waveguides were grown using molecular beam epitaxy technique for nonlinear optical wavelength converters applications and tested by second harmonic generation of 1.56 μm input beam. Current template design leads to waveguide core corrugation, and high transmission loss. An improved template fabrication process is proposed to eliminate template-induced corrugation. Initial growth and processing results show that high-quality template surfaces can be obtained, essential for the waveguide re-growth over the GaAs template.
The Interaction of pH and Aeration in CI Uptake by Barley Roots

The uptake of Cl by excised roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from KC1 solution maintained at high pH was markedly reduced by high rates of aeration, whereas K uptake was scarcely affected. Aeration rate had relatively minor effects at low pH. The effect of high aeration rate at pH 9 could be overcome by the use of buffered solutions. In unbuffered solutions the H resulting from the excess cation uptake together with that produced from respiratory CO2 was sufficient to materially reduce the pH of the solution. The reduction in pH favored the uptake of Cl which is adversely affected by high pH. The effect of aeration rate could be explained in terms of root induced pH changes and film diffusion involving the solution film adjacent to the root surface.