cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using motivational interviewing as a supplement to obesity treatment: a stepped-care approach.

Objective: This investigation was designed to improve behavioral weight loss program (BWLP) treatment outcomes by providing stepped care (SC) to individuals experiencing difficulties with weight loss during treatment. SC entails transition to more intensive treatments when less intensive treatments fail to meet treatment goals. In a BWLP, motivational interviewing (MI) may increase participants' motivation toward behavioral change and thus complement the acquisition of behavioral change skills. It was hypothesized that BWLP + SC (MI) participants (i.e., participants who failed to meet weight loss goals and received MI) would demonstrate superior treatment outcomes when compared with BWLP (SC matched) participants (i.e., participants who failed to meet weight loss goals but did not receive MI). Design: Fifty-five obese, sedentary adults were randomly assigned to a BWLP + SC or a BWLP. Main outcome measures: Changes in weight, cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity, and diet (i.e., calories, percentage daily intake of fat, protein, and carbohydrates) in response to treatment were assessed. Results: Participants significantly decreased their weight, increased physical activity/fitness, and improved dietary intake (ps <.05). BWLP + SC (MI) participants lost more weight and engaged in greater weekly exercise than BWLP (SC matched) participants who did not receive MI (ps <.05). Conclusion: For individuals experiencing weight loss difficulties during a BWLP, MI may have considerable promise.
Socrates and Gorgias

In this paper I try to solve some problems concerning the interpretation of Socrates’ conversation with Gorgias about the nature of rhetoric in Plato’s Gorgias (448e6-461b2). I begin by clarifying what, ethically, is at stake in the conversation (section 2). In the main body of the paper (sections 3-6) I address the question of what we are to understand Gorgias as believing about the nature of rhetoric: I criticise accounts given by Charles Kahn and John Cooper, and suggest an alternative account of my own. In the final section I spell out some of the implications of my account for the interpretation of the Gorgias , and of Plato more generally.
Complex maze performance in young and aged rats: response to glucose treatment and relationship to blood insulin and glucose.

In aged rats and humans, impaired glucose regulation has been correlated with poor memory performance, and glucose treatment can result in improved performance. We tested this glucose hypothesis with rats in a 14-unit T-maze that has provided robust evidence of age-related performance decline. Aged (24–25 month) and young (6–7 month) male F-344 rats were pretrained for one-way active avoidance before receiving complex maze training (4 daily trials over 5 days) with the contingency of moving through each of 5 segments to avoid footshock. Ten min before daily training, aged rats received either saline or glucose in doses of 10, 100, or 500 mg/kg IP, while young rats received saline. Significant (ps<0.05) age-related increases in errors, runtime, and shock duration were observed. Glucose treatment had no significant effect on the number of maze errors committed; however, performance variables such as runtime and shock duration appeared to be reduced in rats receiving glucose. About 4–6 weeks later, a sample of these rats was fasted overnight, injected IP with glucose (150 mg/kg), and bled at various postinjection intervals to obtain estimates of blood glucose and insulin levels. Significant correlations (ps<0.05) were observed between maze errors and baseline glucose levels, r(21)=−.62, and peak glucose response, r(19)=.49. However, within the aged group, significant correlations (ps<0.01) with maze errors emerged only for baseline glucose, r(13)=−.69, and peak insulin response, r(13)=−.65. Thus, regulation of insulin, but not glucose, appeared related to learning abilities among aged rats. In a second experiment, young (6 month) F-344 rats were given 500 mg/kg glucose IP immediately after the third trial in the 14-unit T-maze. This glucose treatment had no significant effects on maze performance when the rats were retested 24-h later.
Hibernation and host plant sequence studies of tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris, in the Mississippi Delta.

Tarnished plant bugs (TPB), Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois, are serious pests of cotton in some years in the Mississippi Delta. They hibernate during the winter in dead weeds and surface woods trash and feed on a variety of early-emerging plants in the spring. Fleabane, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.. is the most important spring host. TPB migrate to cotton during its most susceptible stage of growth from mid-May through June and may cause some fruit loss throughout the summer. The sequential occurrence of the various wild weed hosts supports TPB populations until the hosts are killed by frost.
Kepler's second law in England.

In two recent articles by Russell and Whiteside, the reception of those particular conclusions of Kepler that have come to be called his laws of planetary motion has been subjected to the first research beyond the pioneering efforts of Delambre at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Independently conceived, and directed towards quite different ends, these two investigations overlapped in only one substantial area—their survey of citations of Kepler's second law by English astronomers between 1650 and 1670. Not surprisingly, they reached essentially identical conclusions about the situation in 1670. Finding ‘equant’ theories instead of the law of areas, wherever he looked, Russell qualified his general claim ‘that the importance of Kepler's ideas during the period [up to 1666] has been greatly underestimated’, to the extent of describing the history of the second law as ‘chequered’ and ‘complicated’. And Whiteside simply reported that Kepler's scheme for reckoning motion in the elliptical orbit ‘was seemingly firmly accepted by no one, and even its formal enunciation but rarely stated in the period’.
Organization of early development by calcium patterns.

Summary This survey focuses on early or primitive developmental phenomena for which the location of a steady high calcium region or the direction of a calcium wave is critical and calcium is more than a trigger. It starts with the long studied roles of calcium in fucoid eggs and in Dictyostelium and progresses to newer work on high calcium regions in medaka fish, zebrafish, and Drosophila eggs. It then proposes that propagated, ultraslow developmental waves in six diverse systems indicate a new and important class of calcium waves. These include the morphogenetic furrow in Drosophila eye discs, floret formation in sunflowers, DNA replication waves in protozoan macronuclei, growth-cone like waves in hippocampal neurons, and two others. It then considers the possible organizing roles of slow calcium waves. Here, it emphasizes surface contractile waves during primary neural induction and elsewhere as well as the possibility of cellular peristalsis. Finally, it reviews the organizing roles of fast calcium waves in ascidian eggs. BioEssays 21:657‐667, 1999. r 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stress Calculations for Carbon Nanotubes

Atomic stresses were calculated for carbon nanotubes under strain conditions. Graphitic tubules with radii ranging from approximately 2 to 11 Angstroms and two different tubule structures with varying atomic orientations were included in the calculations. Elongations and contractions were applied in the axial direction and atomic stress values were calculated for infinitely long tubules. The calculations were carried out using Brenner's function which was developed for carbon species. Results indicate that the stress is tensile in the radial direction while it is compressive in the tangential direction. Variations in stress values in the direction of the cylindrical aids were investigated as a function of applied strain. Furthermore, using the stress-strain curve (calculated based on atomic considerations), the values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for nanotubules were also estimated.
Transcytosis of protein through the mammalian cerebral epithelium and endothelium. I. Choroid plexus and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

The potential for transcytosis (endocytosis----intracellular transport----exocytosis) of protein and membrane events associated with fluid phase and adsorptive endocytic processes within epithelia of the choroid plexus [blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier] were investigated in mice injected intravenously or into the lateral cerebral ventricle with native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or the lectin wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to HRP. WGA binds to specific cell surface oligosaccharides and enters cells by the process of adsorptive endocytosis; native HRP is taken into cells non-specifically by fluid phase endocytosis. The lysosomal system of organelles and the endoplasmic reticulum, identified by enzyme cytochemical markers applied to choroid epithelia, were analysed for possible participation in transcytosis and compared to epithelial organelles harbouring the exogenous tracer proteins. Blood-borne native HRP was endocytosed readily by choroid epithelia whereas WGA-HRP was not, perhaps because WGA-HRP does not escape fenestrated endothelia as easily as native HRP. The blood-borne proteins incorporated within endocytic vesicles by choroid epithelia were directed to endosomes (prelysosomes) and secondary lysosomes (e.g. tubules, multivesicular/dense bodies) for eventual degradation and did not reach the apical/microvillus surface. Both CSF-borne native HRP and WGA-HRP entered choroid epithelia within endocytic vesicles derived from the microvillus border. Native HRP, ultimately sequestered within endosomes and secondary lysosomes, failed to undergo transcytosis through the epithelia into the basolateral clefts. Conversely, CSF-borne WGA-HRP was transported through the epithelia and released into the basolateral clefts within 10 min post-injection. The lectin conjugate labelled epithelial vesicles, endosomes, secondary lysosomes and, at 30 min post-injection, the transmost saccule of the Golgi complex which exhibits acid hydrolase activity. Tubular profiles, related either to the endosome apparatus or to the lysosomal system, and the endoplasmic reticulum did not appear involved in the transcytotic pathway. The data suggest that CSF-borne protein entering the choroid epithelium by adsorptive endocytosis can undergo rapid transcytosis through the cell. The results provide insight to transcytotic pathways utilizing vesicles, the endosomal apparatus, and the Golgi complex within the choroid epithelium for circumventing the blood-CSF barrier. Hypothesized membrane events and morphological associations among constitutents of the endomembrane system within the choroid epithelium are summarized diagrammatically.
Direct conversion CMOS RF transceiver design techniques to improve co-existence challenges in multi-comm SoCs

This paper presents RF front end architecture and design techniques to enable co-existence among multiple standards in multi-comm SOC products. The design practices presented in this paper are derived from two generation of products designed in 90nm CMOS process for 802.11abgn Wifi and Bluetooth (BT) application. A novel shared LNA architecture is proposed for Wifi and BT front end along with mixer LO frequency plan selection technique for multi-comm SOC design. On-chip power management design guidelines are presented to address power supply noise coupling issues among multiple supply domains.
Data base design using a CODASYL system

There are now several data base management systems which are based on the proposed CODASYL specifications1, 2; these include UNIVAC's DMS 11003, DIGITAL EQUIPMENT's DBMS-104, Cullinane's IDMS5, and to some degree Burroughs' B6700 DMS6. Since the CODASYL specifications are still not yet finalized, and since many important features of the proposed standard are left as "implementor defined", these particular systems all differ in a number of respects. However, their basic data structuring capabilities remain similar. The purpose of this paper is to outline some data base design considerations when using the CODASYL class systems, and to highlight differences with other types of systems.
Reaction of a Vesicular Functionalized Surfactant with 2-Chloroethyl Phenyl Sulfide, a Mustard Simulant

Functionalized double-chain surfactant 1 (potassium O,O‘-didodecylphosphorodithioate) was synthesized. Its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry and its giant vesicles by phase-contrast optical microscopy. Also, 1's giant vesicles containing fluorescent dye 4a (5-carboxyfluorescein) or 4b [5-(dodecanamido)fluorescein] were characterized by epifluorescence microscopy. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 °C, vesicular 1 reacted with 2 (2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide), a simulant for the chemical warfare agent mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide], to give 5 [S-[(2-phenylthio)ethyl] O,O‘-didodecylphosphorodithioate], involving capture of reactive intermediate cation 9 (1-phenylthiocyclopropane) by the anion of 1. This reaction was accompanied by the precipitation of 5, which resulted in wounding/destruction of the vesicles and the release of dye 4a (from giant vesicles). The combination of the conversion of 2 into 5 and dye release sugg...
Biology and Behavior of the Spear-Marked Black Moth, Rheumaptera hastata, in Interior Alaska

The spear-marked black moth, Rheumaptera hastata (L.), is a geometrid defoliator of birch in the northern United States, Canada, and Alaska. An outbreak occurred in interior Alaska from 1974-75 over an area of 2.7 million acres. Adult moths are black and white in color and emerge in early June from the overwintering pupal stage. Oviposition occurs in early June, and the larval stage extends from mid-June-mid-August. Pupation begins the latter part of July in the leaf litter. Pupal parasitism and several larval diseases accounted for a 90-95% decline in the population in August 1975.
Effects of quantum noise and binocular summation on dose requirements in stereoradiography.

In the case of a quantum-noise limited detector, signal detection theory suggests that stereoradiographic images can be acquired with one half of the per-image dose needed for a standard radiographic projection, as information from the two stereo images can be combined. Previously, film-screen stereoradiography has been performed using the same per-image dose as in projection radiography, i.e., doubling the total dose. In this paper, the assumption of a possible decrease in dose for stereoradiography was tested by a series of contrast-detail experiments, using phantom images acquired over a range of exposures. The number of visible details, the effective reduction of the dose, and the effective decrease in the threshold signal-to-noise ratio were determined using human observers under several display and viewing conditions. These results were averaged over five observers and compared with multiple readings by a single observer and with the results of an additional observer with limited stereoscopic acuity. Experimental results show that the total dose needed to produce a stereoradiographic image pair is approximately 1.1 times the dose needed for a single projection in standard radiography, indicating that under these conditions the human visual system demonstrates almost ideal binocular summation.
Engineered Biomaterials Control Differentiation and Proliferation of Human-Embryonic-Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes via Timed Notch Activation

For cell-based treatments of myocardial infarction, a better understanding of key developmental signaling pathways and more robust techniques for producing cardiomyocytes are required. Manipulation of Notch signaling has promise as it plays an important role during cardiovascular development, but previous studies presented conflicting results that Notch activation both positively and negatively regulates cardiogenesis. We developed surface- and microparticle-based Notch-signaling biomaterials that function in a time-specific activation-tunable manner, enabling precise investigation of Notch activation at specific developmental stages. Using our technologies, a biphasic effect of Notch activation on cardiac differentiation was found: early activation in undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) promotes ectodermal differentiation, activation in specified cardiovascular progenitor cells increases cardiac differentiation. Signaling also induces cardiomyocyte proliferation, and repeated doses of Notch-signaling microparticles further enhance cardiomyocyte population size. These results highlight the diverse effects of Notch activation during cardiac development and provide approaches for generating large quantities of cardiomyocytes.
Supercooling of Peltier cooler using a current pulse

The operation of a Peltier cooler can be temporarily enhanced by utilizing the transient response of a current pulse. The performance of such a device, using (Bi,Sb)2Te3-based thermoelectric elements, was examined from −70 to 55 °C. We establish both theoretically and experimentally the essential parameters that describe the pulse cooling effect, such as the minimum temperature achieved, maximum temperature overshoot, time to reach minimum temperature, time while cooled, and time between pulses. Using simple theoretical and semiempirical relationships the dependence of these parameters on the current pulse amplitude, temperature, thermoelectric element length, thermoelectric figure of merit and thermal diffusivity is established. At large pulse amplitudes the amount of pulse supercooling is proportional to the maximum steady-state difference in temperature. This proportionality factor is about half that expected theoretically. This suggests that the thermoelectric figure of merit is the key materials para...
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma in childhood and adolescence. A clinicopathologic study of 22 patients.

Background. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), although the most common T-cell lymphoma in adults, is relatively rare in childhood, and only small series have been reported. Methods/Results. Twenty-two cases of PTCL were studied that occurred in patients 18 months to 20 years of age. Nine were seen when the condition was diagnosed, and the other 13 were referred after they had relapses. The stage at diagnosis was I or II (45%), III (41%), and IV (14%). Patients with Stage IV disease were younger than those with Stage I or II disease (2.5 versus 14.8 years, P = 0.04). Twelve patients had extranodal disease when the diagnosis was made; the skin was the most common site. Ten tumors were classified as diffuse large cell type; five, as diffuse anaplastic large cell type; and seven, as diffuse mixed cell type. Twenty of the 21 tumors tested were CD30 (Ki-1 or Ber-H2) antigen positive. Of the nine patients seen when the diagnosis was made and treated by the authors, three had a relapse (median, 12 months), a 2-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate of 61%. For the total group, the RFS was longer for patients older than 12 years of age compared with those who were younger (20 versus 12 months, P = 0.05). Overall, six patients remained in their first complete remission. Sixteen patients had a relapse, and 13 of these underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Six of these remained in complete remission (median, 18 months after BMT). Overall, only 6 of 22 patients died (median survival, > 60 months). Conclusion. It was concluded that aggressive therapy, including BMT for relapses, can provide prolonged disease control in most children with PTCL. Cancer 1993; 71:257-63.
Bootstrapping, evidentialist internalism, and rule circularity

Jonathan Vogel is the father of the problem of bootstrapping. Vogel originally held that bootstrapping presents a problem for externalist theories of knowledge. His focus was on reliabilism. Vogel was taken to task by Stewart Cohen, in another widely discussed paper, for failing to realize that Vogel’s evidentialist internalism (hereafter EI) is also open to a bootstrapping problem. As Vogel says, ‘‘Tu Quoque!’’ In this article, I want to examine Vogel’s response to Cohen. I will argue that Vogel’s response is unsuccessful. Vogel wishes to distinguish EI from reliabilism by providing his theory with a way of blocking bootstrapping. But I will argue that the reliabilist can avail himself of the same strategy, thereby placing his theory on a par with Vogel’s in respect of anti-bootstrapping power. What is the problem of bootstrapping, as originally formulated by Vogel? I will tweak Vogel’s example a bit to accommodate some difficulties that emerged in the unfolding literature. Assume that an anonymous donor has sent Roxanne a beat-up Tasmanian Devil automobile from Tasmania. Roxanne has no background knowledge about this car or any others from Tasmania. She has no knowledge or belief in particular about the reliability of the Devil’s gas gauge. It is not as if she has been sent a brand new BMW 940i. Further, assume that Roxanne has 13 brothers who have free access to her Devil. So she has no idea of how far her car has been driven from day to day.
Language support for interoperable messaging in sensor networks

Development of network communication in a homogeneous sensor network environment is straightforward as the nodes can share message layouts simply by letting the compiler lay out messages in an arbitrary fashion and using the same executable code on all nodes. However, this simple approach does not usually work in a heterogeneous sensor network setting because different compilers may generate different message layouts, and different processors often have different basic type representations and alignments. The traditional solutions to this problem is to either require programmers to insert network-byte-order and host-byte-order conversions, or to use a compiler that automatically generates marshalling and unmarshalling routines. Unfortunately, these approaches are in-adequate for sensor networks because they are either error-prone and/or add significant overheads to already resource-constrained sensor motes. Instead, we propose a language extension --- network types --- which supports heterogeneous networking in a simple and efficient way. We have implemented network types in the nesC, the language of the TinyOS sensor network operating system and its applications. We have used network types to supports heterogeneous networking between micaz and telos motes (which have different alignment restrictions). We also show that our implementation introduces a negligible amount of overhead in runtime and code size. Network types have the additional benefit of requiring few changes to existing TinyOS code.
Listening for the Other: Ethical Implications of the Buber-Levinas Encounter

Despite their shared concerns with dialogic ethics and engagement with alterity, the discursive encounters between Martin Buber and Emmanuel Levinas were marked by miscommunication and misrecognition. This paper aims to trace the implications of these “failed” encounters for communication ethics. Beyond warning of the danger of the failure to make strange and see the other as wholly other, the story of the encounter between Levinas and Buber highlights a relation somewhat in shadow—the connection between listening and alterity. In contrast to previous readings of the Buber-Levinas engagement, this essay suggests that their “failure of communication” resulted primarily from each scholar's insufficient dialogic engagement with the alterity of the other—a failure, in short, to listen for the other. The point is not to discern what either scholar's work or their encounter “really means,” but to loosen some of the rigidities within the received narratives about their relation and examine the connections between alterity and listening.
Connections between vascular calcification and progression of chronic kidney disease: therapeutic alternatives.

Connections between vascular calcification and progression of chronic kidney disease: Therapeutic alternatives We have shown that renal injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) directly inhibit skeletal anabolism, and that stimulation of bone formation decreases the serum phosphate. Most recently, these observations were rediscovered in low-density lipoprotein receptor null mice fed high-fat/cholesterol diets, a model of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance). We had demonstrated that these mice have vascular calcification (VC) of both the intimal atherosclerotic type and medial type. We have shown that VC is worsened by CKD and ameliorated by bone morphogenetic protein -7 (BMP-7). The finding that high-fat-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor null animals without CKD have hyperphosphatemia led us to examine the skeletons of these mice. We found significant reductions in bone formation rates, associated with increased VC and superimposing CKD results in the adynamic bone disorder (ABD), while VC was worsened and hyperphosphatemia persisted. A pathological link between abnormal bone mineralization and VC through the serum phosphorus was demonstrated by the partial effectiveness of directly reducing the serum phosphate by a phosphate binder that had no skeletal action. BMP-7 treatment corrected the ABD and corrected hyperphosphatemia, compatible with BMP-7–driven stimulation of skeletal phosphate deposition reducing plasma phosphate and thereby removing a major stimulus to VC. Thus, in the metabolic syndrome with CKD, a reduction in bone-forming potential of osteogenic cells leads to ABD producing hyperphosphatemia and VC, processes ameliorated by the skeletal anabolic agent BMP-7, in part through increased bone formation and skeletal deposition of phosphate, and in part through direct actions on vascular smooth muscle cells. We have demonstrated that the processes leading to vascular calcification begin with even mild levels of renal injury before demonstrable hyperphosphatemia, and they are preventable and treatable. Therefore, early intervention in CKD is warranted and may affect mortality of the disease.
Biochemical genetics of Fundulus heteroclitus (L.). I. Temporal and spatial variation in gene frequencies of Ldh-B, Mdh-A, Gpi-B , and Pgm-A

Natural populations of Fundulus heteroclitus show extensive spatial variation in gene frequencies at four unlinked polymorphic loci. Large clinal changes in gene frequencies were found for Ldh-B, Mdh-A, and Gpi-B, whereas the spatial variation for the Pgm-B locus was small. Since the geographical area over which these clines are found is characterized by a steep thermal gradient, the clines in gene frequency are correlated with a directional change in mean water temperature. Maximum gene diversity of these four loci was correlated with annual fluctuations in water temperature. Temporal stability of the allelic frequencies was established for a 2–4 year period.
Fat uses a TOLL-road to connect inflammation and diabetes

The link between inflammation and diabetes is well established, but the nature of the link is unresolved. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance are major characteristics of diabetes. A study by Flier and colleagues (Shi et al., 2006) identifies Toll-like receptor 4 signaling activated by fatty acids as part of that link. This receptor mediates inflammatory events and insulin resistance in peripheral organs.
Creating cultural products: Cities, context and technology

Abstract Cities remain critical for the creation of cultural products whether in the realm of film, television, music, opera, dance, fashion or art. Through the agglomeration of creative talent, cities provide a fertile ground for the development of new ideas and forms of cultural expression. This paper explores the role of culture and its context in fostering the creation of cultural products in cities as well as the role of technology. Changing technology is reshaping the role of cities in the creation of cultural products. The primacy of major cities will be reinforced by technology, while at the same time, secondary and tertiary cities face the prospect of being marginalized.
On Refined Local Smoothing Estimates for the Schrödinger Equation in Exterior Domains

We consider refinements of the local smoothing estimates for the Schrodinger equation in domains which are exterior to a strictly convex obstacle in ℝ n . By restricting the solution to small, frequency dependent collars of the boundary, it is expected that taking its square integral in space-time should exhibit a larger gain in regularity when compared to the usual gain of half a derivative. By a result of Ivanovici, these refined local smoothing estimates are satisfied by solutions in the exterior of a ball. We show that when such estimates are valid, they can be combined with wave packet parametrix constructions to yield Strichartz estimates. This provides an avenue for obtaining these bounds when Neumann boundary conditions are imposed.
The influence of executive compensation on the dispersion of security analyst forecasts

This study examines the association between executive compensation and security analyst forecast dispersion in an agency setting. It is hypothesized that firms that compensate their managers with long-term performance plans and high percentages of managerial stock will be less likely to engage in manipulation of financial statements and their financial performance will be easier to predict, thus resulting in less disperse forecasts. The results provide evidence that firms that compensate their managers with long-term performance plans and higher levels of the company stock have less dispersion associated with their security analyst forecasts and greater dispersion of their long-term growth in earnings.
Effect of self‐focused attention on the startle reflex, heart rate, and memory performance among socially anxious and nonanxious individuals

The present study examined the effect of self-focused attention on the startle reflex and heart rate and assessed the assumption that socially anxious individuals become self-focused in evaluative situations. Twenty-five high and 30 low socially anxious men performed a digit recall task under evaluative or nonevaluative instructions. Half of the trials were performed under self-focused conditions and half under non-self-focused conditions. Self-focus led to larger startle responses among socially anxious individuals and had no effect on heart rate. Self-focus combined with evaluation led to poorer recall performance among all subjects. Results provide evidence against a directional change in attention during self-focused attention and favor the view that self-focus increases access to self-relevant thought content and decreases available processing resources.
Development, physiology, and biochemistry of corn and wheat pollen

Introduction ........ ..3 3.3 Corn pollen (Zea mays L.) .333 A. Pollen production .333 B. Viability .3.37 C. Structure of the pollen grain .341 D. Pollen respiration .348 E. Radiation studies . .. . 349 Wheat pollen (Triticum sp.) .350 A. Pollen production and development .350 B. Pollination .352 C. Pollen germination .353 D. Viability .353 Concluding comments .353 Literature cited .354
Anderson localization for the almost Mathieu equation: a nonperturbative proof

We prove that for any diophantine rotation angle ω and a.e. phase θ the almost Mathieu operator (H(θ)Ψ) n =Ψ n−1 +Ψ n+1 +λcos(2π(θ+nω))Ψ n has pure point spectrum with exponentially decaying eigenfunctions for λ≧15. We also prove the existence of some pure point spectrum for any λ≧5.4.
The Avoidance of Bias Against Caregiving: The Case of Academic Faculty

The authors analyze bias avoidance behaviors, whereby employees respond to biases against caregiving in the workplace by strategically minimizing or hiding family commitments. They divide bias avoidance behaviors into productive types that improve work performance and unproductive types that are inefficient. Original survey data from 4,188 chemistry and English faculty in 507 U.S. colleges and universities suggest both types of bias avoidance are relatively common and women more often report both types of behavior. Regression analyses show few disciplinary differences, find supportive supervisors associated with reductions in reports of bias avoidance, suggest low levels of bias avoidance for women are linked to institutional gender equity, and support the possibility that there are subjective components to bias avoidance behaviors.
Regional effects as important determinants of local diversity in both marine and terrestrial systems

Community ecologists have struggled to create unified theories across diverse ecosystems, but it has been difficult to acertain whether marine and terrestrial communities differ in the mechanisms responsible for structure and dynamics. One apparent difference between marine and terrestrial ecology is that the influence of regional processes on local populations and communities is better established in the marine literature. We examine three potential explanations: 1) influential early studies emphasized local interactions in terrestrial communities and regional dispersal in marine communities. 2) regional-scale processes are actually more important in marine than in terrestrial communities. 3) recruitment from a regional species pool is easier to study in marine than terrestrial communities. We conclude that these are interrelated, but that the second and especially the third explanations are more important than the first. We also conclude that in both marine and terrestrial systems, there are ways to improve our understanding of regional influences on local community diversity. In particular, we advocate examining local vs regional diversity relationships at localities within environmentally similar regions that differ in their diversity either because of their sizes or their varying degrees of isolation from a species source.
Registration and Voting: Putting First Things First

In their book Non-Voting, published in 1924, Charles E. Merriam and Harold F. Gosnell reported that many persons otherwise eligible to vote had been disfranchised by Chicago's registration requirements. Their data showed that “there were three times as many adult citizens who could not vote because they had failed to register as there were registered voters who had failed to vote in the particular election” and that “entirely different reasons [for not voting] were emphasized by those who were not registered than by those who were registered but did not vote …” Their observation can hardly be said to have been influential. Until very recently most students of voting have paid little attention to the temporally prior act of registration.Failure to do so has had important consequences. It has made it easy to discount unduly the significance of political influences on the size and composition of electorates; easy to argue unrealistically about the value of efforts to increase the turnout of voters; and easy to be puzzled about some aspects of the behavior of voters.
Analysis of Inclusive Distributions Using a Statistical Approach

A statistical approach to production amplitudes is used to investigate the consequences for inclusive spectra due to (1) conservation laws, (2) small transverse momenta, (3) small average inelasticity, and (4) an asymptotically constant inelastic cross section. An analytic approximation of phase-space integrals is employed. Features of one- and two-particle inclusive spectra are discussed in terms of their exclusive components; both analytic and numerical results are presented. As a specific example of the approach, the rapidity distributions for $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}X$ are compared with data at 21 GeV/c. The above assumptions cannot account for some features of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ spectra, indicating the necessity for additional dynamic input.
Histones synthesized at different stages of myogenesis are differentially degraded in myotube cells

We recently reported that cultures of terminally differentiating myotube cells synthesize histones in reduced but significant amounts in comparison with proliferating myoblasts (Wunsch et al., 1987, Dev. Biol., 119: 85-93). In this study, the stability of myotube histone has been determined, comparing the degradation of de novo-synthesized histones in nascent (day 3) and maturing (day 4) myotubes with histones in the same cells that had been previously made during myoblast proliferation (day 1). Histones synthesized in proliferating myoblasts and myotubes were pulse-labeled with 3H-lysine and chased up to seven days, followed by determinations of radioactivity remaining in histone bands using fluorography of one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. Considered in aggregate, core histones synthesized de novo in nascent (day 3) myotubes were degraded most rapidly, followed by myotube histones that had been previously made during the proliferative phase (day 1) of myogenesis. De novo-synthesized histones in maturing (day 4) myotubes were relatively stable. Individual histone classes were degraded in the following order of increasing half-life, regardless of the differentiative stage at which they were synthesized: H2A.Z, H2A, H2B, H3(.2, day 1; .3, days 3 and 4), H4.
Why a brain capable of language evolved only once : Prefrontal cortex and symbol learning

. Language and information processes are critical issues in scientific controversies regarding the qualities that epitomize humanness. Whereas some theorists claim human mental uniqueness with regard to language, others point to successes in teaching language skills to other animals. However, although these animals may learn names for things, they show little ability to utilize a complex framework of symbolic reference. In such a framework, words or other symbols refer not only to objects and concepts but also to sequential and hierarchical relationships with other symbols. This process is essential to human mental operations, including language, mathematics, and music. In humans, these operations may have coevolved with the prefrontal area of the cerebral cortex, which is proportionately much larger in humans than in other animals and more intricately linked with other areas of the brain. Analysis of the structure and function of the prefrontal area suggests that it is centrally involved in the operation of higher-order associative relationships involving the subordination of one set of associations to another. This alternate learning strategy apparently appeared at the cost of certain sensory, motor, or limbic abilities. The payoff was symbolic thinking. Humans thus are unique among species, not just for their highly developed language ability but for their odd style of thinking and learning.
Coupling of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors to multiple G proteins: Implications for understanding the diversity in receptor-G protein coupling

Dopamine receptors are a subclass of the super family of G protein-coupled receptors, that transduce their effects by coupling to specific G proteins. Within the dopamine receptor family, the adenylyl cyclase stimulatory receptors include the D1 and D5 subtypes. The D1 and D5 dopamine receptors are genetically distinct, sharing >80% sequence homology within the highly conserved seven transmembrane spanning domains, but displaying only 50% overall homology at the amino acid level. When expressed in transfected GH4C1 rat pituitary cells, both D1 and D5 receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase and have identical affinities toward dopaminergic agonists and antagonists. In order to analyze specific signaling pathways mediated by activation of either D1 or D5 receptors, we have identified the G proteins that are coupled to these receptors. Through functional analyses and competition binding studies, and from immunoprecipitation techniques, using antisera against the various α subunits of G proteins, we have established that both D1 and D5 receptors couple to Gsα. In addition, D1 receptors are also coupled to Goα. Since Goα has been implicated in the regulation of Ca2+, K+, and Na+ channels, this finding would suggest that D1 receptors can mediate the functional activity of these ion channels. There is also evidence to indicate that D5 receptors couple to Gzα, a novel G protein abundantly expressed in neurons. Thus, despite similar pharmacological properties, such differential coupling of D1 and D5 receptors to G proteins other than Gsα, indicates that dopamine can transduce varied signaling responses upon the simultaneous stimulation of both these receptors.
Biological Sciences: Lamellar Structure of Bleached and Unbleached Rod Photoreceptor Membranes

WITHIN the past 3 yr, X-ray diffraction data from intact retinal rod outer segments have been obtained in several laboratories with sufficient resolution to permit analyses of the principal electron density fluctuations associated with the disk membranes1–6. In 1969, Gras and Worthington1 published diffraction patterns from fresh rod outer segments (Rana catesbeiana), showing the first 8 orders of a 314 A repeat. They interpreted their data in terms of a linear strip density model, which featured an asymmetric membrane with the wider high density strip adjacent to the intradisk space. They considered it reasonable to assign the photopigment molecules to this wider strip. Later that year, Blaurock and Wilkins2 published slightly higher resolution diffraction data from the rod outer segments of Rana temporaria, but handled their data somewhat differently. Their choice of an electron density profile was based on an initial interpretation of the Patterson map in terms of a lipid bilayer. Their phase choices were subsequently found to agree with swelling and shrinking studies using Ringer solutions of various tonicities. Their membrane profile appeared largely symmetric, in contrast to the linear strip model. The membrane profiles derived by both groups featured lipid bilayer regions, but the symmetry of the membrane, and hence the distribution of rhodopsin in the membrane, was in dispute.
Bio-mimetic design of finger mechanism with contact aided compliant mechanism

This paper presents a finger mechanism that mimics human finger motion with contact aided compliant mechanisms. The motion mimicking is done through well-known linkage synthesis theories, and is converted to a compliant mechanism to reduce the number of actuators and to achieve compactness. To achieve these goals, the design procedures, modeling methods and design criteria of the contact aided compliant mechanism are presented.
Atrial Flutter as a Manifestation of Digitalis Toxicity

Although digitalis overdosage is known to produce a variety of atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias, atrial flutter due to digitalis intoxication has been rarely reported. The present paper reviews the literature and reports what appears to be the sixteenth case. The available information on the accepted cases of atrial flutter due to digitalis toxicity has been analyzed for clues as to when digitalis can be considered the cause of the flutter.
E2A activity is induced during B-cell activation to promote immunoglobulin class switch recombination.

The basic helix–loop–helix protein, E2A, is required for proper early B lymphopoiesis. Specifically, in E2A‐deficient mice, B‐cell development is blocked at the progenitor stage prior to the onset of immunoglobulin (Ig) V(D)J recombination. Here, we demonstrate that E2A plays an additional role during peripheral B lymphopoiesis. Upon activation of primary mature B lymphocytes, both E2A protein levels and DNA‐binding activity are induced. Furthermore, we show that mature B cells, expressing a dominant‐negative E2A antagonist, proliferate normally in response to mitogenic signaling and appropriately express the early and late activation markers CD69, CD44, IgD and B220. However, in the absence of E2A activity, B lymphocytes are blocked in their ability to express secondary Ig isotypes. We demonstrate that the defect lies at the level of DNA rearrangements between the Ig switch regions. These data suggest that E2A is an essential target during B‐cell activation and its induction is required to promote Ig class switch recombination.
Influence of Exposure Concentration and Duration on Effects and Recovery of Lemna minor Exposed to the Herbicide Norflurazon

This study evaluated the effects and potential recovery of the surrogate aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor exposed to the herbicide norflurazon for 10 days under controlled conditions. Decreases in frond production occurred as early as 2 days after treatment (DAT) at concentrations ≥250 μg/L. The observed no observable-adverse effects and lowest observable-adverse effects concentrations during the 2-, 6-, and 10-day exposure periods were 100/250, 10/25, and 10/25 μg/L, respectively, for total frond production. The estimated EC50 value for total frond production was 24.9 ± 4.1 μg/L (6 days of exposure). Symptoms of norflurazon toxicity (bleaching of foliage) were apparent within 2 DAT for concentrations ≥25 μg/L with 30–39 % of the fronds within each treatment exhibiting symptoms of toxicity. After 6- and 10-day exposures, 69–77 and 80–95 % of these plants showed toxic symptoms, respectively. Symptoms of toxicity for the 10 μg/L treatment first appeared at 4 DAT (51 % of fronds were symptomatic), peaked at 91 % 8 DAT, and were only 2 % at 10 DAT, thus indicating recovery. Norflurazon toxicity was eventually reversible at all concentrations once it was removed from the nutrient solutions. After 17 days of recovery (27 DAT), growth rates for all concentrations ≤250 μg/L were similar to those of the controls. Growth rates for all treatment concentrations recovered to control levels after 28 days of recovery (38 DAT).
Glucocorticoids--uptake by simple diffusion by cultured Reuber and Novikoff rat hepatoma cells.

Abstract The initial rate of uptake of [ 3 H] prednisolonc by cultured NovikolT and Reuber rat hepatoma cells at 18 was directly proportional to the hormone concentration in the medium between 0.01 μm and 5 mM. Uptake of 0.05 μM prednisolone was not affected by 100 μM dexamethasone or deoxycorticosterone or by depletion of the cells of ATP by proincubation in glucose-free medium containing KCN and iodoacetate. Uptake was also not affected by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase or phospholipase C and no countertransport of prednisolone could be demonstrated. Uptake was also unaffected by a 5000-fold excess of d -glucose in the medium, in spite of the fact that prednisolone acts as a simple competitive inhibitor of d -glucosc transport. The results indicate that prednisolone is not taken up by the d -glucosc or some glucocorticoid-specific transport system, but rather enters both types of cells by simple diffusion. Net uptake of prednisolone by the glucocorticoid-unresponsive Novikoff cells ceased when the intracellular concentration was 20–100% higher than that in the medium regardless of the medium concentration, indicating some nonspecific binding of the hormone to cellular components. At a concentration of 0.01 μM in the medium the glucocorticoid-responsive Reuber hcpatoma cells accumulated two to three times more prednisolone/cell than Novikoff cells. This concentrative effect diminished at higher concentrations, indicating saturation of binding sites.