cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward A Sociocultural Context for Understanding Violence and Disruption In Black Urban Schools and Communities

This article examines violence and disruption in a Black urban school and community. The author argues that an unempowering framework of culture has restricted the understanding of violence and other social issues affecting Black schools and communities. From such a backdrop, a sociocultural framework is presented that captures the strain, solidarity and contemporary emergences that are a part of school, American and Black culture and a part of the context in which violence occurs in Black schools and communities. Broad implications are posited for human service policy, research and direct practice
What Experiences in Medical School Trigger Professional Identity Development

Phenomenon: This qualitative inquiry used conceptual change theory as a theoretical lens to illuminate experiences in medical school that trigger professional identity formation. According to conceptual change theory, changes in personal conceptualizations are initiated when cognitive disequilibrium is introduced. We sought to identify the experiences that trigger cognitive disequilibrium and to subsequently describe students' perceptions of self-in-profession prior to the experience; the nature of the experience; and, when applicable, the outcomes of the experience. Approach: This article summarizes findings from portions of data collected in a larger qualitative study conducted at a new medical school in the United States that utilizes diverse pedagogies and experiences to develop student knowledge, clinical skills, attitudes, and dispositions. Primary data sources included focus groups and individual interviews with students across the 4 years of the curriculum (audio data). Secondary data included students' comments from course and end-of-year evaluations for the 2013-2017 classes (text data). Data treatment tools available in robust qualitative software, NVivo 10, were utilized to expedite coding of both audio and text data. Content analysis was adopted as the analysis method for both audio and text data. Findings: We identified four experiences that triggered cognitive disequilibrium in relationship to students' perceptions of self-in-profession: (a) transition from undergraduate student to medical student, (b) clinical experiences in the preclinical years, (c) exposure to the business of medicine, and (d) exposure to physicians in clinical practice. Insights: We believe these experiences represent vulnerable periods of professional identity formation during medical school. Educators interested in purposefully shaping curriculum to encourage adaptive professional identity development during medical school may find it useful to integrate educational interventions that assist students with navigating the disequilibrium that is introduced during these periods.
The dilemma of aneuploidy screening on low responders.

Purpose of review Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) has been demonstrated to improve implantation and pregnancy rates and decrease miscarriage rates over standard morphology-based embryo selection. However, there are limited data on its efficacy in patients with diminished ovarian reserve or a poor response to stimulation who may have fewer embryos to select amongst. Recent findings Early findings demonstrate that PGT-A reduces the miscarriage rate and decreases the time to delivery in poor responders. These studies highlight the importance of designing trials that compare outcomes over multiple cycles as the benefit of PGT-A in this patient population lies in eliminating the time lost to futile transfers of aneuploid embryos. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that a catch-all category of 'poor responder' may need to be reevaluated as different subpopulations of patients with low response exhibit different clinical characteristics. Summary More information is needed on characterizing the physiology of ovarian aging across multiple phenotypes of diminished ovarian reserve and establishing the predictive value of aneuploid results across multiple PGT-A platforms. However, initial data suggests benefit of PGT-A in poor responders.
Sleep Duration and Hypertension: Analysis of > 700,000 Adults by Age and Sex.

Study Objectives:The objective of this study was to evaluate the cross-sectional relationship between sleep duration and hypertension in a large, nationally-representative dataset that spans 10 yea...
Tetralogy of Fallot. Report of case with total correction at 54 years of age.

A s the risks of cardiac surgery decrease, new categories of patients can be added to the list of those for whom surgery is indicated. Congenital defects can be corrected before symptoms develop and before irreversible changes occur in the myocardium or pulmonary vasculature. The entire concept of the inoperable lesion or the inoperable situation must be subject to constant review. This is especially true in the case of patients with congenital heart disease who have reached middle age and have, therefore, in many cases, already attained an age in excess of their life expectancy. The surgical risk in the middle-aged patient is increased because of age and associated cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, as well as by the presence of noncardiac disease. This report documents the case of a 54-year-old man with tetralogy of Fallot in whom the lesions were totally corrected surgically by the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, with good result.
Highlights of supersymmetry, superstrings, and M-theory

The present lecture is a beginer's guide to supersymmetry, superstrings, and M-theory. It addresses students and scientists whose basic research topic in theoretical physics is a different one but who, nonetheless, wish to gain a glimpse into this exciting new field of theoretical physics.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Boston. A new variant associated with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic disease.

A hitherto undescribed variant of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity, G-6-PD Boston, is described in a 24-year-old Caucasian male of Polish-Jewish ancestry. A marked decrease in red cell G-6-PD activity was associated, in this individual, with a compensated hemolytic process. The electrophoretic mobility of the partially purified enzyme on cellulose acetate at pH 9.1 and on starch gel was indistinguishable from normal but the apparent Km for both G-6-PD (18–21 μM) and NADP (1.7–2.2) was significantly decreased. Preliminary evidence supports the concept that G-6-PD Boston may not be extremely rare among this particular population group.
Use of nanoparticles for oil production applications

Abstract When synthesized in a specific size range and with a special surface coating tailored to achieve certain desired functionalities, nanoparticles exhibit unique properties with tremendous application potentials. Accordingly, explosive advances have been made in development of functional nanoparticles and their novel use in a wide variety of medical, biological, engineering and other applications. The upstream oil industry is now vigorously catching up to adapt those technologies to develop its own unique applications. The first unique application is that specially surface-coated nanoparticles used as stabilizers, CO2 foams, and emulsions with cheap, low molecular weight hydrocarbons can be improved mobility under harsh reservoir conditions and formulated as an “intelligent” additives for drilling, cementing and other downhole applications. The second application can be as a detection instrument of fluid and rock properties of producing reservoir zone because nanoparticles can flow easily long-distance deep in the reservoir. Nanoparticles have extraordinary mechanical strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, which can be applied to enhance performance, reliability and durability of structural materials used by the upstream oil industry. In this comprehensive review on the use of nanoparticles for oil production applications, the current status of the nanoparticle applications development in the areas of (i) drilling and completions; (ii) production operation and flow assurance; (iii) reservoir sensing; (iv) enhanced oil recovery; and (v) heavy oil recovery is provided in details. The basics of nanoparticle physics and chemistry is also first introduced.
The Second Year with iPads. What Have We Learned

Technology initiatives bring fear and excitement for students and educators, waning over time as devices lose their novelty, yet research related to long-term 1:1 adoption is lacking. The purpose o...
Genetic variation in parental effects contribute to the evolutionary potential of prey responses to predation risk

ABSTRACT Despite the ubiquity of parental effects and their potential impact on evolutionary dynamics, their contribution to the evolution of ecologically relevant adaptations remains poorly understood. Using quantitative genetics, here we demonstrate that parental effects contribute substantially to the evolutionary potential of larval antipredator responses in a leaf beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Previous research showed that larger L. decemlineata larvae elicit stronger antipredator responses, and mothers perceiving predators improved offspring responses by increasing intraclutch cannibalism –an extreme form of offspring provisioning. We now report substantial additive genetic variation underlying maternal ability to induce intraclutch cannibalism, indicating the potential of this adaptive maternal effect to evolve by natural selection. We also show that paternal size, a heritable trait, impacted larval responses to predation risk, but that larval responses themselves had little additive genetic variation. Together, these results demonstrate how larval responses to predation risk can evolve via two types of parental effects, both of which provide indirect sources of genetic variation for offspring traits.
The Corporate Privacy Proxy

This Article contributes to the First Amendment corporate privacy debate by identifying the relevance of agriculture security legislation, or ag-gag laws. Ag-gag laws restrict methods used to gather and disseminate information about commercial food cultivation, production, and distribution and potentially create a “right” to control or privatize nonproprietary information about animal and agribusinesses. Yet, corporate privacy rights are unrecognized as a matter of U.S. constitutional law, which implicates the sufficiency of the justification for ag-gag laws. This Article ponders whether “security” acts as a proxy for an unrecognized right to corporate privacy in the ag-gag context. Part I of this Article surveys the ag-gag landscape. Part II of this Article describes the corporate privacy debate. Part III of this Article hypothesizes how ag-gag laws arguably expand corporate privacy for animal and agribusinesses to a degree that threatens the marketplace of ideas about the industry.
Engineering human organoid development ex vivo—challenges and opportunities

Abstract The rapid progress of organoid technologies is attributable to the application of developmental biology principles, but organoid methods need further refinement provided by engineering approaches. However, we must first begin with common consensus on the critical features that distinguish organoids from simpler microtissues that lack the cellular complexity, structure, and function that organoids can achieve. Furthermore, current abilities to derive organoids from stem cells or multipotent progenitors favor certain germ lineages and tissue types more so than others, although the full reasons for this imbalance have yet to be determined. Technical challenges remain to identify the critical starting parameters for organoid reproducibility, systematically manipulate the proportions of differentiated cells from progenitors, and comprehensively characterize cell phenotypes spatially using advanced transcriptomic and 3D imaging methods. Advances in these regards will undoubtedly improve the robustness and predictability of existing organoids and permit the creation of organoids that have yet to be described.
Regenerative periodontal surgery

The treatment and management of periodontal disease has gradually shifted from resective to regenerative periodontal therapy due to the recent progress in the understanding of periodontal wound healing and tissue regeneration. This paradigm shift has led to the development of new instruments, equipment, biomaterials and techniques for use in routine clinical practice. Several minimally invasive techniques have now been introduced that aim to regenerate periodontal tissues and improve the prognosis of teeth with periodontal disease.
Field Assessment of the Hydrologic Mitigation Performance of Three Aging Bioretention Cells

AbstractIncreasing imperviousness has driven regulation and design philosophies to offset consequent increases in runoff volumes and peak flows. Previous research has shown bioretention to reduce r...
Endometriosis: A Malignant Fingerprint.

Background Endometriosis is complex, but identifying the novel biomarkers, inflammatory molecules, and genetic links holds the key to the enhanced detection, prediction and treatment of both endometriosis and endometriosis related malignant neoplasia. Here we review the literature relating to the specific molecular mechanism(s) mediating tumorigenesis arising within endometriosis. Methods Guidance (e.g. Cochrane) and published studies were identified. The Published studies were identified through PubMed using the systematic review methods filter, and the authors' topic knowledge. These data were reviewed to identify key and relevant articles to create a comprehensive review article to explore the molecular fingerprint associated with in endometriosis-driven tumorigenesis. Results An important focus is the link between C3aR1, PGR, ER1, SOX-17 and other relevant gene expression profiles and endometriosis-driven tumorigenesis. Further studies should also focus on the combined use of CA-125 with HE-4, and the role for OVA1/MIA as clinically relevant diagnostic biomarkers in the prediction of endometriosis-driven tumorigenesis. Conclusions Elucidating endometriosis' molecular fingerprint is to understand the molecular mechanisms that drive the endometriosis-associated malignant phenotype. A better understanding of the predictive roles of these genes and the value of the biomarker proteins will allow for the derivation of unique molecular treatment algorithms to better serve our patients.
Diarrhea due to SARS-CoV-2-Related Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

Gastrointestinal symptoms, especially diarrhea, are common with novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors are heavily expressed in enterocytes and serve as entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2. ACE-2 receptors may also be responsible for pancreatic injury in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Diarrhea associated with SARS-CoV-2 is usually believed to be due to viral invasion of enterocytes. However, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency resulting from SARS-CoV-2 is another plausible mechanism leading to diarrhea in such patients. We present a case series of three SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with predominant respiratory symptoms at presentation who developed diarrhea, and further fecal analysis revealed exocrine pancreatic insufficiency as the underlying mechanism.
Effects of hyperglycemia on FDG biodistribution in a large oncology clinical practice

1714 Objectives Hyperglycemia negatively impacts FDG-PET/CT scanning by direct competition between glucose in the blood and FDG for uptake into tumor cells. Suggested cut-off points of blood glucose levels (BGL) prior to FDG-PET/CT scanning vary between 120-200 mg/dL in current available guidelines. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of abnormal FDG biodistribution on PET/CT scans of patients with various ranges of abnormal BGL. Methods This retrospective study was IRB-approved. 4,582 FDG-PET/CT scans were performed from 7/14 to 9/15 for oncology indications. BGL were > 120 mg/dL at the time of scan in 555 scans. 63 patients had multiple scans, and only the first was used for further analysis. The control group consisted of 111 randomly selected patients during the same timeframe with BGL ≤120 mg/dL. FDG biodistribution was categorized as normal, mildly abnormal, or abnormal by visual analysis of brain, background soft tissue and muscle. Mean standardized uptake values (SUVmean) in brain, liver, fat (flank), gluteal muscle, blood pool (aorta) were recorded. FDG biodistribution frequencies were compared using Chi-squared trend test. Normal organ SUVs were compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests using the following BGL groupings: ≤120, 121-150, 151-200, 蠅201 mg/dL. Results Table 1 shows the results of the visual assessment of FDG biodistrubiton. Although higher BGL were significantly associated with an increased proportion of abnormal biodistribution (p Conclusions Abnormal FDG biodistribution is associated with higher BGL at the time of scan, but the effects seem either negligible or mild in the majority of patients with BGL 120 mg/dL, decline in metabolic activity in the brain was the only finding that correlates most with various BGL. Relative metabolic activity in the brain could be useful for quality control of scans and for assessing potential impact on interpretation when practical logistics necessitate scanning in patients with high or difficult to control BGL.
Geometry of pursuit-evasion on second order rotation surfaces

Differential games with simple motionin a game space with non-unique shortest geodesic line havephase portraits with complicated structure of singular surfaces.The successful solution of such games on a family of two-dimensionalcones [1] was based to the large extent on the parameter analysisof the problem. In the present paper the results of pursuit gameon a cone of one sheet are extended to the game on the full two-sheetcone. The latter surface is included in one-parametric familyof rotation surfaces (each of which is characterized by two moreparameters), and the game on it is considered as the generatingproblem for the analysis of the games on the perturbed surfaces.The paper continues the previous investigations of the authors.In [2], [3] some local results are obtained for the games onRiemannian manifolds. In [1], [2] the game problems are solvedfor a two-dimensional cone, in [4], [5] one sheet of a double-sheetedrotation hyperboloid is considered as game space and geometricalproperties of trajectories are analyzed.
FRACTURE IN LIQUID METAL ENVIRONMENTS

ABSTRACT Many ductile metals fracture in a brittle manner when tested in the presence of a thin surface coating of certain liquid metals. The severity of embrittlement depends upon the metallurgical, mechanical, and physical factors and also on the chemical nature of the liquid and that of the solute dissolved in the liquid metals. Liquid metal embrittlement is considered a special case of brittle fracture and it is generally accepted that embrittlement is caused by the liquid metal “Adsorption Induced Reductions in the Cohesion” of atomic bonds at the crack tip. This paper describes the phenomena of fracture in liquid metal environments and discusses the effects of variables related to the solid, to the liquid and liquid metal solutions, and to the test conditions on the severity of embrittlement. It also discusses various mechanisms of embrittlement. Also, a summary is presented with suggestions for future work.
A compact CPU architecture for sensor signal processing

This paper proposes a compact, one-bit serial processing CPU architecture for general purpose computing as well as for digital signal processing. The primary design goal is to achieve optimal silicon area, which is one of the critical demands in the area-constrained sensor design with delta sigma signal processing techniques. Based on the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm, a general purpose CPU is expanded to implement basic logical functions and arithmetic functions such as linear, trigonometric, and hyperbolic algorithms. Two off-chip memory chips provide single digit serial input and output for data and instructions.
Complete primary structure of the rat cartilage proteoglycan core protein deduced from cDNA clones.

We have obtained overlapping cDNA clones for the entire coding sequence of the rat cartilage proteoglycan core protein from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. These cDNAs hybridize to two sizes of RNA transcripts of 8.2 and 8.9 kilobase pairs, which contain large 3′-untranslated sequences. The total contiguous cDNA is 6.55 kilobase pairs in size, and codes for a 2124-residue protein, including a 19-residue signal peptide. The sequence forms a series of eight structural domains including two globules, (Mr = 37,000 and 22,000) at the NH2 terminus of the molecule, one a complete and one a partial copy of the cartilage link protein. The major feature of the deduced protein sequence is a 1,104-residue segment containing 117 Ser-Gly sequences, the presumed chondroitin sulfate attachment sites. These are arranged in three domains of 428, 503, and 173 amino acids. The first domain contains 11 complete or partial repeats of a 40-residue unit, and the second domain is composed of six copies of a 100-residue repeating sequence. The first pattern is the more highly conserved, and may have given rise to the second. The carboxyl-terminal domain is a third globule which has homology with animal lectins.
From Interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Ice to Astrobiology

Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of interstellar material over the past twenty years thanks to significant, parallel developments in observational astronomy and laboratory astrophysics. Twenty years ago the composition of interstellar dust was largely guessed at, the concept of ices in dense molecular clouds ignored, and the notion of large, abundant, gas phase, carbon rich molecules widespread throughout the interstellar medium (ISM) considered impossible. Today the composition of dust in the diffuse ISM is reasonably well constrained to micron-sized cold refractory materials comprised of amorphous and crystalline silicates mixed with an amorphous carbonaceous material containing aromatic structural units and short, branched aliphatic chains. In dense molecular clouds, the birthplace of stars and planets, these cold dust particles are coated with mixed molecular ices whose major components are very well constrained. Lastly, the signature of carbon-rich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), shockingly large molecules by earlier interstellar chemistry standards, is widespread throughout the Universe. This paper presents a detailed summary of these disparate interstellar components and ends by considering both of them as important feedstock to the chemical inventory of the primordial Earth. Particular attention is paid to their possible role in the chemistry that led to the origin of life. An extensive reference list is given to allow the student entry into the full depth of the literature.
Paramutation: epigenetic instructions passed across generations.

PARAMUTATION is the fascinating ability of specific DNA sequences to communicate in trans to establish meiotically heritable expression states. Intriguingly, newly silenced sequences continue to issue instructions to naive alleles in subsequent generations. The term “paramutation” was first coined in the 1950s by Alexander Brink to describe this puzzling phenomenon at the r1 locus in maize (Brink 1956); an interaction between specific alleles in heterozygotes led to heritable decreases in gene expression of one allele. Not only was the reduced expression state stable through meiosis, but also the low-expressing allele could induce silencing of another high-expressing allele in subsequent generations. The frequency of the change was 100% and the stability of the change was lower than typical mutations; hence the term “paramutation.” A few years later, Ed Coe, Jr., described another maize example in which interaction between alleles at the b1 locus also led to heritable silencing (Coe 1959) and Rudolf Hagemann described interactions at the sulfurea locus in tomato (Hagemann 1969). Since that time other examples of paramutation have been identified in maize and in other species (reviewed in Chandler and Stam 2004; Stam and Mittelsten Scheid 2005; Chandler 2007), yet the two maize loci where paramutation was initially described, r1 and b1, remain the most extensively characterized and best understood. The r1 and b1 loci encode closely related, functionally equivalent transcription factors that activate the anthocyanin pigment biosynthetic pathway (Goff et al. 1990; Ludwig et al. 1990). They are likely related to each other through a duplication resulting from an ancient allotetraploidization event during maize evolution (Gaut and Doebley 1997). The two loci have multiple alleles with distinct expression patterns, which regulate the distribution of anthocyanin pigments during development (Styles et al. 1973; Coe 1979). Recent work demonstrates a key role for RNA in mediating both r1 and b1 paramutation, as the mop1 gene that encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR; Alleman et al. 2006) is absolutely required for paramutation at both loci (Dorweiler et al. 2000). Yet, there are striking differences in the properties of r1 and b1 paramutation, which hint at distinct mechanisms. In this article, the most striking differences between r1 and b1 paramutation are described and potential mechanisms are discussed relative to our current understanding of the role of RNA interference (RNAi) in mediating transcriptional silencing.
A secure, imperceptible yet perceptually salient, spread spectrum watermark for multimedia

We describe a digital watermarking method for use in audio, image, video and multimedia data. We argue that a watermark must be placed in perceptually significant components of a signal if it is to be robust to common signal distortions and malicious attack. However, it is well known that modification of these components can lead to a perceptual degradation of the signal. To avoid this, we propose to insert a watermark into the spectral components of the data using techniques analogous to spread spectrum communications, hiding a narrow band signal in a wideband channel that is the data. The watermark is difficult for an attacker to remove, even when several individuals conspire together with independently water-marked copies of the data. It is also robust to common signal and geometric distortions such as digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion, resampling, and requantization, including dithering and recompression and rotation, translation, cropping and scaling. The same digital watermarking algorithm can be applied to all three media under consideration with only minor modifications, making it especially appropriate for multimedia products. Retrieval of the watermark unambiguously identifies the owner, and the watermark can be constructed to make counterfeiting almost impossible. Experimental results are presented to support these claims.
Piping Plover Foraging-Site Selection on the Missouri River

Abstract Selection of a foraging site entails costs and benefits which are reflected in survival and reproductive success. We studied Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) foraging-site selection during the breeding season (2001-2003) on the Missouri River and examined the relationship between site selection and invertebrate abundance indices within habitats. Foraging adult plovers selected protected shoreline (inter-sandbar channels, inlets, and backwater areas) more often than expected based on availability (use: 92% ± 3%; availability: 58% ± 5%). Invertebrate biomass and numbers along exposed shoreline did not differ among reaches. Along the protected shoreline, invertebrate biomass and numbers were higher below a dam with an epilimnetic release and a relatively constant release rate (epilimnetic reach) than at the other two reaches. On the epilimnetic river reach, invertebrate biomass and numbers were higher along the protected shoreline than on the main channel shoreline. On a reach below a dam with a h...
Comparison of Conventional Methods, the R/B System, and Modified R/B System as Guides to the Major Divisions of Enterobacteriaceae

Primary grouping of more than 2,000 members of Enterobacteriaceae, freshly isolated from clinical specimens, was performed on the basis of eight conventional laboratory tests used routinely in this laboratory and by the R/B system. Results indicate that both systems perform well in this first step in the identification of various medically significant species of the family. Difficulties encountered with certain reactions of the R/B system were corrected with a physical modification of the tubes. An additional 100 representatives of Enterobacteriaceae were compared with conventional methods and the modified R/B system. Results indicate improvement in observing and interpreting findings with the R/B system.
Token economy versus control ward: A comparison of staff and patient attitudes toward ward environment

A token economy and control ward with similar environments, staff and staff/patient ratios were compared by means of attitudinal measures of patients and staff. Token economy patients and staff had consistently higher positive attitudinal scores than did patients and staff of the control ward.
Tillage influence on redox potentials following rainfall

Tillage influences many soil properties which impact the oxygen flux into the soil profile. Rainfall can amplify the influence of tillage on relative aeration by differentially saturating the soil profile with water, and thus reducing oxygen flux into the soil. Understanding how tillage influences relative aeration following rainfall is important in order to evaluate the effect of soil physical properties on biological activity and the decomposition of organic compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of rainfall on redox potential patterns for different tillage and residue management treatment combinations. Platinum electrodes, copper-constantan thermocouples, and tensiometers were installed in soil that had been under rototill/residue-incorporated or no-till/surface-residue treatments after 6 years of a continuing field experiment at depths of 7, 15, and 22 cm during a complete corn (Zea mays L.) growing season. Climatic and physical factors interacted to determined the impact of tillage on the redox potentials following rainfall.
Long-Acting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Congestive Heart Failure: Does Multiple-Daily Dosing Provide Additional Benefit over Once-Daily Dosing?

Objective:To determine if there is clinical evidence supporting the use of twice-daily long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in congestive heart failure (CHF).Data Sources:Arti...
TGF‐β signaling: A tale of two responses

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) regulates a wide variety of cellular processes including cell growth, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, and extracellular matrix production among others. The canonical signaling pathway induced by the TGF-beta receptor complex involves the phosphorylation of Smad proteins which upon activation accumulate in the nucleus and regulate transcription. Interestingly, the cellular response to TGF-beta can be extremely variable depending on the cell type and stimulation context. TGF-beta causes epithelial cells to undergo growth arrest and apoptosis, responses which are critical to suppressing carcinogenesis, whereas it can also induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mediate fibroblast activation, responses implicated in promoting carcinogenesis and fibrotic diseases. However, TGF-beta induces all these responses via the same receptor complex and Smad proteins. To address this apparent paradox, during the last few years a number of additional signaling pathways have been identified which potentially regulate the different cellular responses to TGF-beta. The identification of these signaling pathways has shed light onto the mechanisms whereby Smad and non-Smad pathways collaborate to induce a particular cellular phenotype. In this article, we review TGF-beta signaling in epithelial cells and fibroblasts with a focus on understanding the mechanisms of TGF-beta versatility.
Short-term bridge to transplant using the BVS 5000 in a 22-kg child

Abstract The availability of pulsatile mechanical assist devices for bridge to transplant in pediatric patients is limited owing to the patients' small sizes. Pulsatile devices offer potential advantages over nonpulsatile devices but the risk of hypertensive bleeding must be balanced against that of device thrombosis. We describe our experience using the BVS 5000 external pulsatile device in an 8-year old patient with a body surface area of 0.88 m 2 .
Automatic systems for detecting cystine and cystinyl peptides during column chromatography

Abstract Two automated methods are described for the determination of cystine and the detection of cystinyl peptides in solutions containing high levels of pyridine and acetic acid. While both methods are effective with free cystine, only one of these methods, an adaptation of the DTE/arsenite/DTNB method of Zahler and Cleland, is sufficiently sensitive to be useful as a technique for continuous detection of cystinyl peptides in the effluent of ion-exchange chromatograms of peptide mixtures. The other, utilizing cyanide and nitroprusside, is not sufficiently sensitive for general applicability in systems of this type. With the DTE/arsenite/DTNB method, the effluent pattern during the chromatography of a peptic digest of a protein has been examined on both an analytical and a preparative scale. The specific application of this detection method to the isolation and identification of cystinyl peptides in carboxypeptidase A is detailed in a separate communication (12).
A Participant-Observation Study of Knowledge Restructuring in a Field-Based Elementary Physical Education Methods Course

Abstract This paper describes how seven undergraduate students restructured knowledge during a field-based elementary physical education methods course. Guided by the teacher educator the students planned, taught, and reflected on a series of lessons to children in an elementary school. Theoretical course knowledge was integrated into planning and reflecting sessions. Data were collected and analyzed using interpretive research methodologies. The researcher observed and recorded field notes during all class sessions, conducted three formal and many informal interviews with all seven students, and collected available, pertinent documents. All data were categorized, and similarities in what and how the students learned were identified. The students reported knowledge restructuring as a salient aspect of field-based learning. Based on a cognitive theoretical perspective, this study described students as active, goal-oriented learners who, at times, recognized and restructured problematic prior knowledge to f...
Simulation methodology for collateralized debt and real options: simulation and optimization for real options valuation

Real options valuation (ROV) considers the managerial flexibility to make ongoing decisions regarding implementation of investment projects and deployment of real assets. This paper introduces a simulation-optimization approach to valuing real investment options based on a model containing several decision variables and realistic stochastic inputs. Using this approach, the value of a portfolio of real investment projects is determined by maximizing the mean discounted cash flows calculated by the model over many combinations of the decision variables. This yields an optimal decision rule that significantly increases the value extracted from the investment projects in comparison to arbitrary decision rules.
Laminographic Excitation Camera for Thyroid Imaging

We describe a camera for the laminographic imaging of the thyroid without administration of radiopharmaceuticals to the patient. An external source of gamma-rays is used to excite the characteristic x-rays of natural iodine in the patient's thyroid, source geometry limiting excitation to well-defined planes. The camera consists of a parallel hole collimator and a xenon-filled proportional wire chamber with digitized readout of coordinates. Pulse height selection is provided to limit events in the image display to a selected energy range. We estimate that the system will obtain high resolution laminography for local exposures on the order of 1 to 5 rad, with exposure times of a few minutes for each laminogram.
The effects of incommensurability on the phonon modes in the one-dimensional superionic conductor K-hollandite

Abstract Polarized Raman and infrared spectra of the one dimensional (1-D) superionic conductor ( K 2 x Mg x Ti ( 8− x ) O 16 ; x = 0.77) have been measured over the phonon frequency region 10–1000 cm −1 as a function of temperature and pressure. The majority of the IR and Raman active modes predicted by group theory for the (Ti, Mg)O 6 framework were observed. The frequencies and their IR and Raman scattering cross-sections for the incommensurate lattice of K + ions were calculated using a one dimensional linear chain model. This model assumes Coulomb interaction between nearest neighbors that are located in a sinusoidal potential due to the framework lattice. Several broad Raman bands were attributed to amplitudon type modes from the one dimensional incommensurate K + ion sublattice. The IR active phason modes could not be identified unambiguously due to the underlying TiO framework vibrations which are known to possess large anharmonicity and oscillator strenghts.
The Representation Machine... Breaks

3. See Jacobs et al. v. The Seminole County Canvassing Board and Gore v. Harris. 4. This principle was instrumental in the judicial reasoning for many of the secondary cases filed by Florida citizens during the election recount process. Even in Jacobs et al v. The Seminole County Canvassing Board, where the County Supervisor of Elections admitted allowing Republican party officials to add voter identification numbers to thousands of ballots, the judge ruled that this action should not outweigh the right of those voters to have their votes counted. The judge's ruling reads: 'If the court finds "substantial compliance with the absentee voting laws", the ballots cast are not void or illegal'. 5. Boardman v. Esteva, 323 So.2d 259; 1975 Fla. 6. Ibid. 7. This sense of arbitrariness was enhanced by the failure of two key justices O'Connor and Kennedy to offer any reasoned explanation for their choice to abide by the 12 December deadline, given their apparent unwillingness to sign on to the tortured logic of the Scalia concurrence. 8. For a scholarly treatment of the interpretive flexibility associated with following rules in practice, see H.M. Collins, 'The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks', Science Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April 1974), 165-86, and Collins, Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989).
SU-E-T-391: Quantitative Measurement and Modeling of the Variations in Dose Distributions Induced by Cyclic Motion

Purpose: To assess by measurement the quantitative variations in dose distributions for different motion patterns. Mathematical modeling of dose variations induced by motion was developed.Materials and Methods: The dose distributions from various plans that included open and intensity‐modulated fields were measured using a multiple‐diode‐array detector (MapCHECK2). The MapCHECK2 phantom was mounted on a mobile platform that moves with adjustable calibrated motion patterns in one‐dimension (Y‐Axis). For each plan, the dose distributions were measured with MapCHECK2 using different ranges of motion (ROM) from 0–40 mm and a frequency of 15 cycles per minute. Mathematical modeling was developed to predict the variations in the dose distributions and their dependence on the motion parameters. Results: The central dose remains unchanged and agrees (< 3%) with that for the static phantom. At periphery of dose distributions along the motion direction, hot spots resulted in low dose regions while cold dose spots were induced close to penumbra due to phantom motion. The difference in dose outside the fields increased significantly as the ROM increased where maximal dose reached up to a factor of 5 at ROM = 25 mm. The modeling showed that maximal dose and spread‐out position at the edges of the field along motion direction increased linearly with ROM. The dose profile at the edge of field decreased linearly with ROM. The dose distributions from IMRT fields were smeared and optimization features were reduced due to motion. Conclusion: The dose distributions at the edges of the open or IMRT fields varied considerably with motion. Maximal and minimal dose variations, spatial position of maximal dose and dose drop rate in the dose distributions of the mobile phantom were modeled. This modeling provides quantitative characterization of dose variations induced by motion which might be employed in IMRT optimization to compensate of these dose artifacts.
Turbulent Flow in a Channel With a Wavy Wall

A numerical method for the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, together with a two-layer turbulence model, has been used to describe steady flow in a two-dimensional channel with a wavy wall. Comparisons of calculations with experiments demonstrate the effects of alternating pressure gradients induced by alternating surface curvatures, and multiple separations and reattachments. The numerical method and the turbulence model are shown to capture the overall features of such a flow, including the breakdown of the logarithmic law of the wall in strong pressure gradients and in separated flow.
Antigen-antibody complexes in hemophilia.

Antigen-antibody complexes have been found by several groups of investigators in patients with hemophilia. The amount of circulating immune complexes (CIC) has varied with the assay method, the largest amount has been found with the Staph binding assay and the smallest with the Raji cell method. We have correlated the level of immune complexes detected by both the Raji cell and the Staph binding assay with clinical disease status: joint disease, positive inhibitor status, and hematuria but not hepatitis. The complexes are formed with different antigens, Factor VIII, the Factor VIII inhibitor, and antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen for example have been detected in isolated CIC. CIC have not been detected in synovium or vasculature and rarely in the synovial fluid. The effect of the infusion of concentrate on the levels of the immune complexes is variable among patients but consistent within individuals over time. Studies by our group show a rise in CIC in 3 patients and a fall in six following concentrate infusion with return to baseline in 24 hours. In vitro studies of the monomuclear phagocyte system Fc receptor function showed enhanced function in those six patients whose levels decreased post infusion while the three with rise in CIC showed a prolonged clearance and decreased mononuclear phagocyte system function. This effect was not correlated with the amount of infusion or the yearly use of the concentrate. Changes in CIC were not due to infusion of preformed complexes in the Factor VIII concentrate nor to de novo formation of CIC since in vitro incubation of pre-infusion serum with concentrate revealed no change in CIC levels. However, change in reticulo endothelial Fc receptor function correlated with the changes in CIC suggesting a modulation of monocyte function by Factor VIII concentrate infusion. In summary, circulating immune complexes are present in transfused hemophiliacs which may be associated with secondary disease, and regulation of the immune function in these patients.
THE ADAPTATION OF UNMODIFIED STRAINS OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS TO CULTIVATION IN VITRO

1. In a search for suitable tissues for the cultivation of yellow fever virus in vitro, mouse embryos were inoculated with this virus in utero. A titration for virus content of the various organs of the embryos indicated that the virus was present in the brain in greatest concentration. 2. Unmodified strains of yellow fever virus were readily adapted to cultivation in vitro in a medium consisting of minced mouse embryo brain tissue and Tyrode solution containing 10 per cent normal monkey serum. 3. After a continued cultivation in mouse embryo brain tissue cultures for twenty to twenty-five subcultures, these strains were readily adapted to cultivation in whole mouse embryo tissue medium. 4. There is evidence to indicate that a prolonged cultivation of the virus in mouse embryo brain medium increases its neurotropic properties. 5. Attempts to employ monkey tissues for in vitro cultivation of yellow fever virus gave entirely negative results.
Criteria of optimality in the infinite-time optimal control problem

The present paper gives a systematic presentation of different definitions of optimality in the infinite-time optimal control problem. Some of these definitions are new, while others have been used throughout the literature, sometimes with different names. The logical implications between them are clearly stated, corresponding comparison criteria for solutions are defined, and other relations as well as two types of equivalence relations are established.
Measuring what latent fingerprint examiners consider sufficient information for individualization determinations.

Latent print examiners use their expertise to determine whether the information present in a comparison of two fingerprints (or palmprints) is sufficient to conclude that the prints were from the same source (individualization). When fingerprint evidence is presented in court, it is the examiner's determination—not an objective metric—that is presented. This study was designed to ascertain the factors that explain examiners' determinations of sufficiency for individualization. Volunteer latent print examiners (n = 170) were each assigned 22 pairs of latent and exemplar prints for examination, and annotated features, correspondence of features, and clarity. The 320 image pairs were selected specifically to control clarity and quantity of features. The predominant factor differentiating annotations associated with individualization and inconclusive determinations is the count of corresponding minutiae; other factors such as clarity provided minimal additional discriminative value. Examiners' counts of corresponding minutiae were strongly associated with their own determinations; however, due to substantial variation of both annotations and determinations among examiners, one examiner's annotation and determination on a given comparison is a relatively weak predictor of whether another examiner would individualize. The extensive variability in annotations also means that we must treat any individual examiner's minutia counts as interpretations of the (unknowable) information content of the prints: saying “the prints had N corresponding minutiae marked” is not the same as “the prints had N corresponding minutiae.” More consistency in annotations, which could be achieved through standardization and training, should lead to process improvements and provide greater transparency in casework.