cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Ultra-Low-Power Memory With a Subthreshold Power Supply Voltage

A 512times13 bit ultra-low-power subthreshold memory is fabricated on a 130-nm process technology. The fabricated memory is fully functional for read operation with a 190-mV power supply at 28 kHz, and 216 mV for write operation. Single bits are measured to read and write properly with VDD as low as 103 mV and 129 mV, respectively. The memory operates at a 1-MHz clock rate with a 310-mV power supply. This operating point has 1.197 muW power consumption, of which 0.366 muW is due to leakage and 0.831 muW is due to dynamic power dissipation. Analysis of the available fan-out or fan-in that can be supported at a given voltage is summarized. A number of circuit techniques are presented to overcome the substantially reduced on-to-off current ratios and the poor drive strength of transistors operating in subthreshold. These include a gated feedback memory cell, and hierarchical read and decode circuits. The memory is dynamic, with pseudo-static operation provided via self-timed control of the keeper transistors to mitigate increased variability manifested in subthreshold operation
Flavor experiences during formula feeding are related to preferences during childhood.

As part of a program of research designed to investigate the long-term effects of early feeding experiences, the present study exploited the substantial flavor variation inherent in three classes of commercially available infant formulas and determined whether flavor preferences during childhood differed as a function of the class of formula (i.e., milk, soy, hydrolysate) that 4- to 5-year-old children were fed during their infancy. Age appropriate, game-like tasks that were fun for children and minimized the impact of language development were used to examine their preferences for a wide range of food-related odor qualities including infant formulas, as well as the flavor of milk-based and hydrolysate formulas and plain, sour- and bitter-flavored apple juices. Formula type influenced children's flavor preferences when tested several years after their last exposure to the formula. When compared to children who were fed milk-based formulas (n=27), children fed protein hydrolysate formulas (n=50) were more likely to prefer sour-flavored juices, as well as the odor and flavor of formulas, and less likely to make negative facial expressions during the taste tests. Those fed soy formulas (n=27) preferred the bitter-flavored apple juice. That the effects of differential formula feeding also modified children's food preferences is suggested by mothers' reports that children fed hydrolysate or soy formulas were significantly more likely to prefer broccoli than were those fed milk formulas. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that flavor experiences influence subsequent flavor preferences even several years following the early experience.
Contemporary Approaches to Gene Discovery Progress Toward Personalized Medicine

It is broadly recognized that cardiovascular disease has a familial basis; however, progress in identifying the causative genes has been slow. The goal of identifying disease genes or those genes influencing cardiovascular risk factor phenotypes is at the heart of personalized medicine, giving rise to the hope that such knowledge will identify new therapeutic targets, help identify individuals at high risk to receive interventional therapy, and perhaps help to refine prognosis once clinical disease is present. Testing of candidate genes and genome-wide searches using anonymous, highly polymorphic markers via linkage studies has produced some information regarding the location of putative trait genes but has left open the question of precisely which genes are at play, which are the relevant variants, and how they function to modify disease risk. The advent of high-density arrays, in which up to a million single-nucleotide polymorphisms can be assessed in thousands of subjects in a cost-effective manner, has opened the door to an unprecedented level of inquiry. Much finer mapping information can be obtained because this approach relies on linkage disequilibrium, which extends over much shorter distances than does linkage. Articles see …
Anti-seizure effects of progesterone and 3α,5α-THP in kainic acid and perforant pathway models of epilepsy

The mechanism by which progesterone has its anti-seizure effects is unknown. Progesterone has a high affinity for intracellular progestin receptors, but has weak actions at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors complexes. The progesterone metabolite, 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP) is devoid of activity at intracellular progestin receptors but is a highly effective modulator of GABA(A) receptor complexes. Whether progesterones anti-seizure actions are due to effects of progesterone itself or its metabolite 3alpha,5alpha-THP was investigated. In experiment 1, 25 ovariectomized Long-Evans rats were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with 0.0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg progesterone or 3alpha,5alpha-THP, 10 min prior to systemic administration of 32 mg/kg kainic acid. Four and 8.0 mg/kg progesterone significantly reduced the duration of partial and full seizures, without influencing the latency to partial or full seizures, or the number of partial or full seizures. 3alpha, 5alpha-THP (4.0 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency to initial partial seizure, and decreased the number and duration of partial seizures. In experiment 2, 60 ovariectomized Long-Evans rats were stereotaxically implanted with bipolar electrodes into the perforant pathway. Prior to perforant pathway stimulation, rats were s.c. injected with either progesterone (4.0 mg/kg, n = 12), 3alpha, 5alpha-THP (4.0 mg/kg, n = 13), progesterone (4.0 mg/kg)+4MA (10.0 mg of a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, 17b-N, N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza,5alpha-androstan-3-one, n = 12), 4MA+vehicle (n = 10), or sesame oil vehicle (n = 13). Administration of progesterone or 3alpha, 5alpha-THP, but not vehicle control, P+4MA, or 4MA, resulted in significant decreases in partial seizures. In experiment 3, whole brain progesterone and 3alpha,5alpha-THP were measured by radioimmunoassay in additional rats (n = 66) administered the hormonal milieu indicated in experiments 1 and 2. Data suggest anti-seizure effects of progesterone may be due, in part, to metabolism to 3alpha,5alpha-THP and subsequent actions at GABA(A) receptor complexes.
Some effects of chromostereopsis on stereoscopic performance: implications for microscopes.

Stereoscopic performance was found to be superior for achromatic as compared to chromatic stimulus materials when observing through small pupillary apertures. When interpupillary settings were indi...
High-sensitivity immunoassay using a novel upconverting phosphor reporter

A new class of reporter label, consisting of rare earth elements embedded in a crystalline particle, has been developed for in vitro diagnostic applications. These unique labels upconvert low energy (IR) radiation to high energy light by a multiphoton absorption process and subsequent phosphorescence emission. As a result, upconverting phosphors can be visualized with no biological background or autofluorescence signal. In addition, phosphors have narrow absorption and emission bands, making them ideal for simultaneous multianalyte test. The crystalline nature of the phosphors makes them insensitive to environmental conditions, with essentially infinite shelf life and no photobleaching at the irradiances used for excitation. We have covalently coupled (Y0.86Yb0.08Er0.06)6O2S phosphor labels to antibody probes to create a reporter reagent that can be excited by 980 nm radiation from a diode laser and detected by a modified spectrofluorimeter. Target analyte sensitivities of approximately 10 ng/mL to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B have been demonstrated using a sandwich assay in a magnetic bead or capillary wick formats in a non-optimized assay system. These results are directly applicable to the development of assays that can be performed on microfabricated biochips or in microflow channels.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Asynchronous design methodologies: an overview

Asynchronous design has been an active area of research since at least the mid 1950's, but has yet to achieve widespread use. We examine the benefits and problems inherent in asynchronous computations, and in some of the more notable design methodologies. These include Huffman asynchronous circuits, burst-mode circuits, micropipelines, template-based and trace theory-based delay-insensitive circuits, signal transition graphs, change diagrams, and complication-based quasi-delay-insensitive circuits. >
Turbulence characteristics of a boundary layer over a two-dimensional bump

The turbulent flow development was examined for a two-dimensional boundary layer over a bump. The upstream boundary layer had a momentum-thickness. Reynolds number of approximately 4030. The ratios of upstream boundary layer thickness to bump height and convex radius of curvature were 1.5 and 0.06, respectively. The bump was defined by three tangential circular arcs, which subjected the flow to alternating signs of pressure gradient and surface curvature. The boundary layer grew rapidly on the downstream side of the bump but did not separate. The mean velocity profiles deviated significantly from the law of the wall above the bump. The change from concave to convex surface curvature near the leading edge triggered an internal boundary layer, as shown by knee points in the turbulent stress profiles. The internal layer grew rapidly away from the wall on the downstream side of the bump owing to the adverse pressure gradient. The effect of convex surface curvature was considered small since the flow behaviour was generally explained by the effects due to streamwise pressure gradient. A second internal layer was triggered by the change from convex to concave curvature near the trailing edge. The boundary layer recovered rapidly in the downstream section and approached typical flat-plate boundary layer behaviour at the last measurement location.
Treatment of Acute Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Using Amniotic Membrane: A Review of 10 Consecutive Cases

Purpose To describe the clinical course, treatments, and outcomes of 10 consecutive patients treated with amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) applied to the eyelid margins, palpebral conjunctiva, and ocular surface during the acute phase of Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Design Prospective case series of 10 consecutive patients treated by 1 surgeon. Participants Ten consecutive patients with severe ocular surface and eyelid inflammation treated with AMT during the acute phase of SJS or TEN. Intervention Cryopreserved amniotic membrane was applied to the eyelids and ocular surface of each patient during the first 10 days of illness. Repeat AMT was performed every 10–14 days as long as severe ocular surface inflammation and epithelial sloughing persisted. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity, dry eye severity, and scarring of the ocular surface and eyelids were assessed after a follow-up of ≥6 months. Results All patients had best-corrected visual acuity of ≥20/30, with 9 of the 10 seeing 20/20. Dry eye severity was moderate or less in all patients. Overall ocular surface and eyelid scarring was mild to moderate in all patients. Conclusions In acute SJS and TEN, AMT is an effective treatment for severe ocular surface and eyelid inflammation, greatly decreasing the risk of significant ocular and visual sequelae. Financial Disclosure(s) The author has no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Can data transformation help in the detection of fault-prone modules?

Data preprocessing (transformation) plays an important role in data mining and machine learning. In this study, we investigate the effect of four different preprocessing methods to fault-proneness prediction using nine datasets from NASA Metrics Data Programs (MDP) and ten classification algorithms. Our experiments indicate that log transformation rarely improves classification performance, but discretization affects the performance of many different algorithms. The impact of different transformations differs. Random forest algorithm, for example, performs better with original and log transformed data set. Boosting and NaiveBayes perform significantly better with discretized data. We conclude that no general benefit can be expected from data transformations. Instead, selected transformation techniques are recommended to boost the performance of specific classification algorithms.
An instrument for the measurement of rate of change of power-system frequencies

A knowledge of the rate of change of frequency of a supply system is a useful addition to the information generally available in control rooms. At times when the available generating plant is inadequate to meet the prospective peak-demand, it assists in the recognition of critical conditions, and thus enables the necessary action to be taken to meet these conditions. The instrument described in this paper consists essentially of a sensitive frequency-meter: changes in frequency over successive fixed timeperiods are used to obtain values for the mean rate of change of frequency over these periods. The frequency-meter section of the instrument consists of a frequency-sensitive bridge network which is made continuously selfbalancing by means of a servo motor. The servo motor is controlled by the out-of-balance voltage from the bridge and itself controls the variable-impedance bridge elements necessary to maintain balance. The rate-of-change-of-frequency display unit depends for its operation on the measurement of the angular rotation of the servo-motor shaft in successive equal intervals by rotary voltage-dividers driven by the motor. The main design features are described, together with details of operation and performance of the instrument.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among American men and is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Over the past few years, significant advances (e.g. improved prostatic ultrasonography and the discovery of serum prostate-specific antigen) have made it possible to detect prostate cancer at an early stage. In addition, refinements in the treatment both of localized disease (by nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy) and of advanced disease (by novel forms of hormonal therapy) have improved the outlook and quality of life for men with prostate cancer.
The promise and potential challenges of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (IPTi)

Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) administers a full therapeutic course of an anti-malarial drug at predetermined intervals, regardless of infection or disease status. It is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for protecting pregnant women from the adverse effects of malaria (IPTp) and shows great potential as a strategy for reducing illness from malaria during infancy (IPTi). Administered concurrently with standard immunizations, IPTi is expected to reduce the frequency of clinical disease, but to allow blood-stage infections to occur between treatments, thus allowing parasite-specific immunity to develop. While wide deployment of IPTi is being considered, it is important to assess other potential effects. Transmission conditions, drug choice and administration schedule will likely affect the possibility of post-treatment rebound in child morbidity and mortality and the increased spread of parasite drug resistance and should be considered when implementing IPTi.
Open-chain analogs of muscarine derivatives.

Abstract: A short series of choline ethers containing a free or esterified OH group was prepared as open-chain analogs of desmethylmuscarine stereoisomers. The acetate ester of one alcohol showed some degree of muscarinic activity. Contrary to the implication of an old literature report, 2-(dimethylaminoethoxy)- ethanol methiodide exhibited a low order of muscarinic activity.
Rheological Properties of Chitosan and its Interaction with Porcine Myofibrillar Proteins as Influenced by Chitosan's Degree of Deacetylation and Concentration

Rheological and gelation characteristics of a specific degree of deacetylation (dd 50 to 99) and concentration (0.5% to 1.5%) of chitosan and chitosan/SSP (salt-soluble protein) mixtures were studied. Results suggested that SSP thermal gelation was interfered with by the positive charges of amino groups of the chitosan molecule. Regardless of degree of deacetylation, increasing chitosan concentration caused stronger interference on SSP gelation and lowered complex modulus [G*]. Loss tangent of chitosan/SSP gel decreased with increasing temperature. Higher level (1.5%) of dd 99 chitosan had the lowest G*, which resulted from ionic interaction with SSP. SDS-PAGE revealed protein aggregation, indicating possible covalent bond formation.
Technology use in art therapy practice: 2004 and 2011 comparison

Abstract Seven years after an initial survey of art therapists that explored digital media use and training, the survey was re-issued to determine how art therapists’ perceptions, practices, and training related to the use of digital media in art therapy have evolved, and whether or not this evolution in understanding and use of digital media kept pace with that of the general population. Both surveys targeted 250 art therapists each. The first survey was conducted through email and the second survey was conducted using Survey Monkey. After comparing the two surveys to each other and trends from the general population, it was determined that the adoption of digital technology by art therapists to manage their practice has kept pace with the general population. The use of digital media as an art tool within practice is increasing quickly, but with reservations. The main reservation that art therapists cite about using digital media surrounds ethical issues. Generally the training in the use of digital media by art therapists has not kept up with the adoption rate of technology by art therapists. Thus more training for art therapists in the use of digital media is needed, particularly in the area of understanding ethics that surrounds its use.
Evaluation of stability and capsular bag opacification with a foldable intraocular lens coupled with a protective membrane in the rabbit model.

Purpose To evaluate the stability and capsular bag opacification of a smooth or a patterned silicone protective membrane implanted in the bag with secondary placement of an intraocular lens (IOL). Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Twelve New Zealand rabbits had bilateral implantation of a protective membrane and an IOL or an IOL alone. Three groups of 8 eyes each received the IOL and the smooth protective membrane, the IOL and the patterned membrane, or the IOL alone. Slitlamp examination was performed weekly for 4 weeks. The rabbits were then humanely killed and their globes enucleated. Capsular bag opacification was scored based on the Miyake-Apple view, and the eyes underwent histopathology. Results At 4 weeks, the mean central posterior capsule opacification (PCO) score was 0.28 ± 0.32 (SD) in all eyes with a protective membrane and 2.08 ± 1.28 in eyes with the IOL alone ( P t test). Peripheral PCO and Soemmerring ring formation were also significantly less in eyes with the protective membrane. Histopathologically, the posterior capsules were relatively clear in most IOLs with the protective membrane. The smooth and patterned protective membranes showed a significant difference in overall capsular bag opacification formation compared with the IOLs without the membrane. Conclusions The circular geometry of the protective membrane led to expansion of the capsular bag and appeared to prevent capsular bag opacification. Further studies are warranted to assess whether the pattern on the device's posterior surface further enhances this effect. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
STUDIES IN AGARICUS II. AGARICUS LILACEPS RE-EVALUATED

A number of collections of Agaricus lilaceps from coastal California have been recorded. The description by Zeller is believed to be based on material having an atypical habit that can appear during certain climactic or environmental conditions. A revised description and notes on the holotype are provided. The possible affinities of A. lilaceps to section Spissicaules are considered. Zeller (3) described A. lilaceps based on material collected in 1935 by Burlingham in Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., California. As described, A. lilaceps is quite unusual in having lilac, pink, and cinnamon colors in the pileus, and a moderately robust stature. Additional collections which, in the field, agreed with Zeller's description have not, to the best of my knowledge, been made. I have, however, collected an agaric in coastal California which, except for the coloration of the pileus, is quite similar to A. lilaceps. The fungus was pre? viously believed to be undescribed, and was mentioned briefly (1) as bearing a superficial resemblance to A. pattersonae Pk. I now consider this mushroom to be the typical A. lilaceps, and provide the following revised description of that taxon. Color names in quotes are from Ridgway (2). Agaricus lilaceps Zeller, Mycologia 30: 470. 1938. Figs. 1-8 Pileus 6-25 cm broad, semi-broadly convex becoming very broadly convex to plane with age; margin very even; surface dry, smooth, sometimes somewhat lustrous, appressed-fibrillose or with very broad {ca. 0.5-2 cm), thin, appressed squamae; color varying with exposure and age, prior to emergence from substrate pallid, near "cream," subsequently when young medium brown, "pinkish buff' to "wood brown" or "deep olive buff," or disc "chamois," later "buffy brown" to "snuff brown," finally darker brown, "drab" to "hair brown," or darker where handled, background whitish and scarcely visible except at margin, becoming reddish, "vinaceous tawny" to "testaceous" when incised; context white, becom? ing "vinaceous" to "deep vinaceous" one min after exposure by sectioning, rather firm, to 2.8 cm thick, odor fruity and spicy after exposure. Lamellae free, close, to 7-13 mm broad, prior to velar rupture dull pinkish color, near "vinaceous buff," with slightly pallid margin, when bruised slowly becoming "light corinthian red" to "Japan rose," in age dark blackish-brown. Stipe 7.5-22 cm long x (1.5-)3-6(-9) cm above, (2-)4-5(-8.5) cm below, subequal to massively clavate or angular-clavate, subtended by a white, firm, radicating process up to 5 cm long x 0.5 cm broad; interior white, becoming slightly rufescent when sectioned longitudinally or "carrot red" after transverse sectioning, slightly fibrous, narrowly stuffed-hollow; exterior smooth above, covered below annulus with extremely
Altered attentional and perceptual processes as indexed by N170 during gaze perception in schizophrenia: Relationship with perceived threat and paranoid delusions.

Using gaze information to orient attention and guide behavior is critical to social adaptation. Previous studies suggest that abnormal gaze perception in schizophrenia (SCZ) may lie in abnormal early attentional and perceptual processes, and may be related to paranoid symptoms. Using event-related brain potentials (ERP), this study investigated altered early attentional and perceptual processes during gaze perception and their relationship to paranoid delusions in SCZ. Twenty-eight individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 32 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) completed a gaze discrimination task with face stimuli varying in gaze direction (direct, averted), head orientation (forward, deviated) and emotion (neutral, fearful). ERPs were recorded during the task. Participants rated experienced threat from each face after the task. SCZ participants were as accurate as, though slower than, HC participants on the task. SCZ participants displayed enlarged N170 responses over the left hemisphere to averted gaze presented in fearful relative to neutral faces, indicating a heightened encoding sensitivity to faces signaling external threat. This abnormality was correlated with increased perceived threat and paranoid delusions. SCZ participants also showed a reduction of N170 modulation by head orientation (normally increased amplitude to deviated faces relative to forward faces), suggesting less integration of contextual cues of head orientation in gaze perception. The psychophysiological deviations observed during gaze discrimination in SCZ underscore the role of early attentional and perceptual abnormalities in social information processing and paranoid symptoms of schizophrenia.
Effects of stride frequency and foot position at landing on braking force, hip torque, impact peak force and the metabolic cost of running in humans

Endurance runnersare often advisedto use 90strides min �1 , but how optimal is this stride frequency and why? Endurance runners are also often advised to maintain short strides and avoid landing with the feet toofarinfrontoftheirhipsorknees(colloquiallytermed‘overstriding’), but how do different kinematic strategies for varying stride length at the same stride frequency affect economy and impact peaks? Linear mixed models were used to analyze repeated measures of stride frequency, the anteroposterior position of the foot at landing, V O2 , lower extremity kinematics and vertical ground reaction forces in 14 runners who varied substantially in height and body mass and who were asked to run at 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95 strides min �1 at 3.0 m s �1 . Forevery increase of 5 strides min �1 , maximum hip flexor moments in the sagittal plane increased by 5.8% (P<0.0001), and the position of the foot at landing relative to the hip decreased by 5.9% (P=0.003). Higher magnitudes of posteriorly directed braking forces were associated with increases in foot landing position relative to the hip (P=0.0005) but not the knee (P=0.54); increases in foot landing position relative to the knee were associated with higher magnitudes (P<0.0001) and rates of loading (P=0.07) of the vertical ground reaction force impact peak. Finally, the mean metabolically optimal stride frequency was 84.8±3.6 strides min �1 , with 50.4% of the variance explained by the trade-off between minimizing braking forces versus maximum hip flexor moments during swing. The results suggest that runners may benefit from a stride frequency of approximately 85 strides min �1 and by landing at the end of swing phase with a relatively vertical tibia.
Cycling of the Photosystem II Reaction Center Core between Grana and Stroma Lamellae

The lateral steady-state distribution of photosystem II (PSII) between grana and stroma lamellae in higher plant thylakoids has been extensively investigated and documented (1–3). The relative concentration of PSII centers in grana and stroma lamellae has been reported to be around 80∶20 in a variety of plants. We have quantified the relative amounts of the PSII reaction center proteins in grana and stroma lamellae of Spirodela plants using immunoblot analysis. Our results indicate that, while the reaction center core proteins and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding polypeptides (LHCII) are present in both membrane regions, the other PSII-associated proteins have an exclusive grana location.
International Climate Migration: Evidence for the Climate Inhibitor Mechanism and the Agricultural Pathway

Research often assumes that, in rural areas of developing countries, adverse climatic conditions increase (climate driver mechanism) rather than reduce (climate inhibitor mechanism) migration, and that the impact of climate on migration is moderated by changes in agricultural productivity (agricultural pathway). Using representative census data in combination with high-resolution climate data derived from the novel Terra Populus system, we explore the climate–migration relationship in rural Burkina Faso and Senegal. We construct four threshold-based climate measures to investigate the effect of heatwaves, cold snaps, droughts, and excessive precipitation on the likelihood of household-level international outmigration. Results from multilevel logit models show that excessive precipitation increases international migration from Senegal while heatwaves decrease international mobility in Burkina Faso, providing evidence for the climate inhibitor mechanism. Consistent with the agricultural pathway, interaction models and results from a geographically weighted regression reveal a conditional effect of droughts on international outmigration from Senegal, which becomes stronger in areas with high levels of groundnut production. Moreover, climate change effects show a clear seasonal pattern, with the strongest effects appearing when heatwaves overlap with the growing season and when excessive precipitation occurs prior to the growing season. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation and management of patients with superficial bladder cancer.

SUMMARY The outlook for patients with bladder tumors confined to the mucosa or lamina propria has improved. The reasons are several: (1) diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic instruments continue to improve; (2) pathologists and cytologists are providing more accurate and uniform readings of submitted material; (3) prognostic factors have been identified by cooperative groups; and (4) new effective intravesical agents have been introduced and used. I do not foresee any dramatic advances in the next few years, but I believe that the information gained over the last decade is being widely disseminated. We can hope that this will minimize diagnostic and treatment excesses for patients with little likelihood of progression, reduce the number and frequency of endoscopic resections for those with frequent recurrences, and limit the number of exenterative procedures.
Building Industry-specific Knowledge Bases

Building industry-specific knowledge bases relies heavily on collecting and representing domain knowledge over time. Domain knowledge includes: (1) the logical schema, constraints and domain vocabulary of the application, (2) the models and algorithms to populate instances of that schema, and (3) the data necessary to build and maintain those models and algorithms. In IBM Watson we are using an ontology-driven approach for the creation and consumption of industry-specific knowledge bases. The creation of such knowledge bases involves well known building blocks: natural language processing, entity resolution, data transformation, etc. It is critical that the models and algorithms that implement these building blocks be transparent and optimizable for efficient execution. In this talk, I will describe the design of domain-specific languages (DSL) with specialized constructs that serve as target languages for learning these models and algorithms, and the generation of training data for scaling up the learning.
The Contract as a Mechanism for Taxation

(1988). The Contract as a Mechanism for Taxation. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 41-46.
A half-century of discovery: Methods for dealing with unusual EM specimens

Electron microscopists are accustomed to working with tiny specimens; in fact, it is required. Sometimes, however, the material supplied to us to process is minuscule, even by our standards, and so...
Stereotactic Techniques for Colloid Cysts: Roles of Aspiration, Endoscopy, and Microsurgery

Stereotactic surgical techniques were used to manage 25 consecutive patients with colloid cysts of the third ventricle. All patients had stereotactic aspiration as the initial procedure; it was successful in 13 (52%). In patients in whom aspiration failed, endoscopic visualization of the cyst and attempted removal, or microsurgical cyst resection via a transcortical approach was performed. Three elderly patients did not have a second procedure and were shunted. The computed tomographic appearance of a hypodense or isodense cyst indicates low-viscosity contents and predicts successful stereotactic aspiration. Stereotactic microsurgery is used in hyperdense cysts, or in those which cannot be aspirated.
Midluteal Progesterone: A Marker of Treatment Outcomes in Couples With Unexplained Infertility.

Context Adequate luteal phase progesterone exposure is necessary to induce endometrial changes required for a successful pregnancy outcome. The relationship between low midluteal progesterone concentration and the outcome of live birth in ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination (OS-IUI) treatments is not defined. Objective To determine the level of midluteal progesterone portending a low chance of live birth after OS-IUI in couples with unexplained infertility. Design and setting Secondary analyses of data from a prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial that determined pregnancy outcomes following OS-IUI with clomiphene citrate, letrozole, or gonadotropins for couples with unexplained infertility. Participants Couples (n = 900) underwent 2376 OS-IUI cycles during the Assessment of Multiple Intrauterine Gestations from Ovarian Stimulation clinical trial. Main outcome measures Live birth as it relates to midluteal progesterone level and thresholds below which no live births occur by treatment group. Results Thresholds for non-live birth cycles were similar for clomiphene (14.4 ng/mL) and letrozole (13.1 ng/mL) yet were lower for gonadotropin (4.3 ng/mL) treatments. A midluteal progesterone level >10th percentile specific for each treatment group independently was associated with greater odds for a live birth in all OS-IUI cycles (adjusted OR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.05, 4.48). Conclusions During OS-IUI, a low midluteal progesterone level was associated with a low probability of live birth. Thresholds differed by medication, with the lowest threshold for gonadotropin. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms may account for low progesterone levels. Refinement of the predictive range associated with particular ovarian stimulation medications during treatment of unexplained infertility may improve accuracy.
Antisocial–psychopathic personality disorder

Abstract The antisocial–psychopathic personality disorder can be understood as a lifelong externalizing disorder. The purpose of this chapter is to review much of what is known about the antisocial–psychopathic personality disorder. The chapter begins with a discussion of alternative conceptualizations of this personality disorder, including whether such traits as fearlessness and boldness should be included and the concept of a successful psychopath. This discussion is then followed by a consideration of its forensic assessment, comorbidity (particularly with narcissism, substance use disorder, and criminality), etiology, pathology, course, and treatment.
Caregiving Experiences and Outcomes: Wellness of Adult Siblings of People with Intellectual Disabilities

The goal of this paper is to explore the wellness of adult siblings of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) related to caregiving experiences and outcomes, supports for siblings, gaps in the literature, and future directions to advance research in this area. Findings are shared from the literature on caregiver experiences of adult siblings of people with ID with a specific focus on outcomes related to wellness. Overall, siblings of people with IDD have positive outcomes in childhood while increased anxiety may happen in adolescence; outcomes for adults are mixed and need greater exploration. First five outcome areas are described related to wellness of adult siblings of people with ID: (1) impact on health and well-being, (2) financial impact, (3) cultural context, (4) sibling relationship quality, and (5) future caregiving. Secondly, supports that enhance wellness for siblings of adults with ID are discussed including peer/emotional support and knowledge of services and supports. Thirdly, gaps are identified and critiqued with ideas shared about ways to address the gaps in future studies such as investing in interventions that include and target adult siblings of people with ID to enhance wellness. Finally, future directions are proposed to advance sibling disability research in order to improve the wellness of adult siblings of people with ID and their families, including the value of doing research with a Disability Studies perspective.
Effects of Diabetes and Hypertension on the Aging Kidney

As the body ages a number of physiologic changes occur that affect both arterial compliance and renal function. These factors are listed in Table 1. Perhaps one of the most important of these factors is a reduction in muscle mass. Reduction in muscle mass directly correlates to a reduced production in Creatinine. Under normal circumstances this would lead to a reduction in serum Creatinine levels. However, GFR slowly decreases as well with the aging process and hence serum Creatinine remains normal (1,2). Consequently, when one sees a patient greater than 65 years of age with a normal serum Creatinine, they should not assume that their GFR is 100–120 ml/min, Figure 1 (3).
Identity Development of Latino Gay Men

Identity Development of Gay Latino Men By Manuel M. Tajon Much has been written on gay identity development and ethnic identity, but research conducted that examines the cross-section of both identities is very limited. Several theories have been proposed which detail gay and lesbian identity development, which involve a conversion of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavior from a dominant heterosexual culture to those of the minority gay and lesbian culture. Likewise, ethnic identity models propose similar stage sequential processes and conversion from a dominant Anglo culture to those of a minority ethnic culture. Both the ethnic and gay identity development models function and are based on two dichotomous variables (e.g., Latino and Anglo, gay and nongay) and have been considered constructs on a continuum with two mutual endpoints. As a result, gay and lesbian people of color may end up rejecting one side and accepting the other. Morales (1990) suggested that Latino gay men live their lives in the gay community, the Latino community, and in the predominantly heterosexual white mainstream community, and that all of these communities have different expectations. The differences and stress often force Latino men into conflict as they attempt to meet the pressures, expectations and challenges. For many Latino
Critical Mixed Race in Global Perspective: An Introduction

This special issue tackles the burgeoning field of critical mixed race studies, bringing together research that spans five continents and more than ten countries. While research on mixedness is gro...
Capital Controls and Risk Misallocation: Evidence From a Natural Experiment

Foreign currency debt has led to many crises in emerging markets. However, in the past decade, firms in emerging economies have drastically increased their foreign currency borrowing, making them significantly exposed to depreciation shocks. To reduce their exposure to external shocks, central banks have increased their use of capital controls. In this paper I study whether capital controls can have the unintended consequence of inducing firms to borrow more in foreign currency. I exploit heterogeneity in the strictness of capital controls across Peruvian banks to provide novel causal evidence of the effect of capital controls on local firms' dollar borrowing from banks. Using a unique dataset that includes all foreign exchange transactions and loans given by Peruvian banks, I find that capital controls encourage firms to take more foreign currency loans. I describe a new mechanism to explain these findings, in which capital controls induce local banks to shift exchange rate exposure away from foreigners and onto domestic firms. This is worrisome as the literature shows that depreciation shocks have led to significant reductions in investment and employment for these firms.
Liszt’s problems, Bartók’s problems, my problems1

In his inaugural lecture to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Bela Bartok proposed dividing the works of Liszt into two unequally valued portions: the valuable works that showed Liszt as an artist...
Rank Approximation of a Tensor with Applications in Color Image and Video Processing

We propose a block coordinate descent type algorithm for estimating the rank of a given tensor. In addition, the algorithm provides the canonical polyadic decomposition of a tensor. In order to estimate the tensor rank we use sparse optimization method using $\ell_1$ norm. The algorithm is implemented on single moving object videos and color images for approximating the rank.
Temperature Profile, Bead Geometry, and Elemental Evaporation in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Process

Powder bed fusion processes have been a focus of research in recent years. Computational models of this process have been extensively investigated. In most cases, the distribution of heat intensity over the powder bed during the laser–powder interaction is assumed to follow a Gaussian beam pattern. However, the heat distribution over the surface is a complicated process that depends on several factors such as beam quality factor, laser wavelength, etc. and must be considered to present the laser–material interaction in a way that represents the actual beam. This work presents a process in which a non-Gaussian laser beam model is used to model the temperature profile, bead geometry, and elemental evaporation in the powder bed process. The results are compared against those of a Gaussian beam model and also an experiment using Inconel 718 alloy. The model offers good predictions of the temperature, bead shape, and concentration of alloying elements.
No difference between single and staged posterolateral corner surgical procedures in the multiligament injured/dislocated knee.

Posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries commonly occur in the setting of a dislocated knee and often require multiple procedures due to concomitant vascular, nerve, and soft tissue involvement. Debate persists regarding single vs staged surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare knee function after single and staged surgery for PLC injury. Patients who underwent surgery for a PLC injury (KD I, IIIL, IV) with minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. Patients treated with staged and single surgery were matched according to age, sex, and KD grade. Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores were obtained. Risk factors for poor knee function were assessed, including age, nerve, vascular, meniscal and articular cartilage injuries. Twenty single-surgery patients with a median age of 24 years (median follow-up 5.3 years, range 2–18.3) and 20 staged surgery patients with a median age of 26 years (median follow-up 4.3 years, range 2–19.8) were studied. The mean Lysholm score was 78.7 (± 20.3) in the single surgery and 84.2 (± 17.8) in the staged surgery cohort (n.s.). The mean IKDC score was 80.8 (± 21.1) in the single and 74.9 (± 18.9) in the staged surgery cohort (n.s.). Age at injury, peroneal, vascular, meniscal or cartilage injury were not associated with poor knee outcome. This study demonstrates similar knee function among patients with PLC injuries treated with single or staged surgical procedures. The need for staged surgery for the dislocated knee with PLC involvement should be individualized based on specific knee and patient-related factors. III.
Analysis of Nonsurgical Treatment Options for Metastatic Rectal Cancer.

Abstract Introduction Using a large national registry, we investigated patterns of care and overall survival (OS) for metastatic rectal cancer patients treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy (RT), or with a multimodal approach. Patients and Methods Adult patients with metastatic rectal cancer who did not undergo resection diagnosed from 2004 to 2014 were included. Kaplan-Meier, log-rank, and Cox regression analyses were performed. Results We identified 2385 patients. Of these, 1020 patients (43%) received chemotherapy alone, 228 (10%) received RT alone, 850 (36%) received chemotherapy and RT, and 287 (12%) received no treatment. Receipt of chemotherapy alone increased over the study period, and receipt of chemoradiotherapy decreased (P Conclusion Metastatic rectal cancer patients with T3 tumors were more likely to receive RT. Local RT does not improve survival for patients with metastatic rectal cancer who do not also undergo surgery. The use of chemotherapy alone for metastatic rectal cancer is increasing, and chemotherapy is associated with higher OS compared to no treatment and RT alone. This remained true even in patients older than 80 years.
A semi-empirical model to predict excess pore pressure generation in partially saturated sand

Past studies revealed that excess pore pressure generation due to cyclic loading is highly governed by induced strains, volumetric deformation potential of soil, number of cycles, and bulk stiffness of pore fluid. It is well established that partial saturation can significantly reduce bulk stiffness of pore fluid and consequently excess pore pressure generation during seismic loading. On the basis of that, a number of researchers have investigated induced partial saturation as an effective soil improvement technique to increase the liquefaction resistance of fully saturated soils. This paper focuses on development of a semi- empirical model to interpret the effects of partial saturation on the excess pore pressure generation in sands. In this regard, an existing strain based excess pore pressure ratio (ru ) prediction model originally developed for fully saturated soils was modified to incorporate the effect of partial saturation on the excess pore pressure generation. The literature data as well as data from a series of strain-controlled direct simple shear test were used to evaluate the reliability of the proposed equation in predicting the excess pore pressure ratio in partial saturation condition.
Systems Approaches to Treatment Response to Imatinib in Severe Asthma: A Pilot Study.

There is an acute need for advances in pharmacologic therapies and a better understanding of novel drug targets for severe asthma. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown to improve forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in a clinical trial of patients with severe asthma. In a pilot study, we applied systems biology approaches to epithelium gene expression from these clinical trial patients treated with imatinib to better understand lung function response with imatinib treatment. Bronchial brushings from ten imatinib-treated patient samples and 14 placebo-treated patient samples were analyzed. We used personalized perturbation profiles (PEEPs) to characterize gene expression patterns at the individual patient level. We found that strong responders—patients with greater than 20% increase in FEV1—uniquely shared multiple downregulated mitochondrial-related pathways. In comparison, weak responders (5–10% FEV1 increase), and non-responders to imatinib shared none of these pathways. The use of PEEP highlights its potential for application as a systems biology tool to develop individual-level approaches to predicting disease phenotypes and response to treatment in populations needing innovative therapies. These results support a role for mitochondrial pathways in airflow limitation in severe asthma and as potential therapeutic targets in larger clinical trials.