cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An extreme value problem in a linear sampled-data feedback system

When an uncorrelated, wide-band Markov noise process contaminates the input signal to a linear sampled-data feedback system, the extreme values of the mean-square true error and the mean-square apparent error are shown to occur for most practical purposes at the same value of the scalar loop gain. The gain parameter in an adaptive system may therefore be adjusted for minimum mean-square true error by minimizing the corresponding apparent error. An actual practical example is used to illustrate the result.
Pulmonary dendritic cell development and antigen acquisition

Pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) constantly sample the tissue and traffic inhaled antigens to the lung-draining lymph node where they normally orchestrate an appropriate immune response. The dynamic ability of these professional antigen-presenting cells to promote tolerance or immunity has been intensively studied by several groups, including ours. Distinct DC subsets in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues have been described based on their surface molecule expression and location. Current efforts to unravel DC development and function are providing insight into the various roles each subset offers the immune system. Elucidating DC functions, particularly in the lung, may then allow use of the inherent ability of these cells for enhanced vaccine strategies and therapeutics for pulmonary infections and diseases.
Reducing high blood cholesterol in children

There is compelling evidence that the process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood as a result of elevated levels of blood cholesterol and that preventing or slowing this process in childhood can extend the years of healthy life for many Americans. Health professionals need to use a variety of strategies to affect social policy in order to decrease the abuse of children whose elevated blood cholesterol has been ignored by the health care system. Through these strategies we can begin to improve the health of our children and thus ultimately improve the health of all Americans.
Mortality from stroke among U.S. veterans in Georgia and 5 western states: III. Hypertension and demographic characteristics☆

Abstract This is the third of a series of reports which compare 604 deaths from stroke in U.S. veterans between 1 July 1967 and 30 June 1968 in Georgia with 560 stroke deaths over the same period in the states of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah and Wyoming; 1210 and 1644 deaths selected from among all other causes are used for controls. An entry of hypertension was found in a higher proportion of certificates of cases than controls in both geographic areas, and these proportions were at least twice as high in Georgia as in the West. In Georgia the association between stroke and hypertension was greatest in men less than 50 yr of age. About 80 per cent of the men dying in Georgia had been born there or in other Southern Atlantic states. Only about 30 per cent of the decedents in the West had been born in the part of the country where they died, and 30 per cent had migrated to the mountains from the West Central plains. In both Georgia and the West there was an excess of stroke deaths among farmers and farm laborers compensated in both areas by an excess of deaths in the controls among craftsmen, foremen and machine operators. In both racial groups and in both areas the men dying of stroke were evidently poorer than the controls. There was an excess of widowed men among stroke cases in both areas.
Scalable logical coordinates framework for routing in wireless sensor networks

In this article, we present logical coordinates based routing (LCR), a novel framework for scalable and location-independent routing in wireless sensor networks. LCR assigns each node a logical coordinate vector, and routes packets following these vectors. We demonstrate that LCR (i) guarantees packet delivery with a high probability, (ii) finds good paths, and (iii) exhibits robust performance in the presence of network voids and node failures. We systematically evaluate the performance of LCR through simulations and compare it with other state-of-the-art protocols. We also propose two extensions of LCR, one for three-dimensional node deployments and the other for unreliable wireless links.
Spatially-resolved analysis of solids by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: trace elemental quantification without matrix-matched solid standards

A two-point calibration method for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is assessed. Desolvated particles from a Teflon microconcentric nebulizer and particles ablated from a localized position on a solid sample are mixed and introduced simultaneously into an ICP magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Analyte signals from the solution are compared with those from the ablated solid for calibration. Matrix-matched or pelletized solid standards and prior knowledge of sample composition are not required for calibration. The transport of sample particulates from the ablation cell is measured online with a piezoelectric microbalance to provide signal normalization. The relative accuracy of the quantitative analysis of NIST SRM 612 glass and NIST SRM 1264a steel is 3% to 12%, respectively, except for the elements Pb and Bi in steel. These two elements are distributed heterogeneously and are probably subject to fractionation. The use of helium instead of argon as transport gas reduced fractionation but did not eliminate it. The analyte concentrations were approximately 15–51 ppm in NIST SRM 612 glass and 9–2500 ppm in NIST SRM 1264a steel.
Concrete materials and sustainable development in the USA

The purpose of this article is to discuss some aspects of the concrete industry (particularly in the USA), because it has a much larger impact on sustainability than many of us may realize.
GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor availability in smokers and nonsmokers: relationship to subsyndromal anxiety and depression.

Many smokers experience subsyndromal anxiety symptoms while smoking and during acute abstinence, which may contribute to relapse. We hypothesized that cortical gamma aminobutyric acidA-benzodiazepine receptor (GABAA-BZR) availability in smokers and nonsmokers might be related to the expression of subsyndromal anxiety, depressive, and pain symptoms. Cortical GABAA-BZRs were imaged in 15 smokers (8 men and 7 women), and 15 healthy age and sex-matched nonsmokers, and 4 abstinent tobacco smokers (3 men; 1 woman) using [123I]iomazenil and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured using the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) and the Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depressive Symptoms (CES-D). The cold pressor task was administered to assess pain tolerance and sensitivity. The relationship between cortical GABAA-BZR availability, smoking status, and subsyndromal depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as pain tolerance and sensitivity, were evaluated. Surprisingly, there were no statistically significant differences in overall GABAA-BZR availability between smokers and nonsmokers or between active and abstinent smokers; however, cortical GABAA-BZR availability negatively correlated with subsyndromal state anxiety symptoms in nonsmokers but not in smokers. In nonsmokers, the correlation was seen across many brain areas with state anxiety [parietal (r = −0.47, P = 0.03), frontal (r = −0.46, P = 0.03), anterior cingulate (r = −0.47, P = 0.04), temporal (r = −0.47, P = 0.03), occipital (r = −0.43, P = 0.05) cortices, and cerebellum (r = −0.46, P = 0.04)], trait anxiety [parietal (r = −0.72, P = 0.02), frontal (r = −0.72, P = 0.02), and occipital (r = −0.65, P = 0.04) cortices] and depressive symptoms [parietal (r = −0.68; P = 0.02), frontal (r = −0.65; P = 0.03), anterior cingulate (r = −0.61; P = 0.04), and temporal (r = −0.66; P = 0.02) cortices]. The finding that a similar relationship between GABAA-BZR availability and anxiety symptoms was not observed in smokers suggests that there is a difference in GABAA-BZR function, but not number, in smokers. Thus, while subsyndromal anxiety and depressive symptoms in nonsmokers may be determined in part by GABAA-BZR availability, smoking disrupts this relationship. Aberrant regulation of GABAA-BZR function in vulnerable smokers may explain why some smokers experience subsyndromal anxiety and depression. Synapse 63:1089–1099, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MO-D-224A-02: Clinical Experience in Using EPID for Quantitative Verification of IMRT Dose Distributions

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to investigate the advantages of using an electronic portal imaging device(EPID) as part of our clinical IMRT QA procedure. We present our experience with the quantitative verification of the planar dose distribution for patient‐specific IMRTtreatment plans. Method and Materials: Our treatment machines which are used for IMRT delivery are equipped with amorphous siliconEPIDs. The planning system used for routine IMRTtreatment planning calculates planar dose at a predefined source to plane distance (SPD) as part of the EPID‐based QA process. For quantitative analysis, dosimetric calibration of the EPID was required, in addition to the standard imagercalibrations of the PortalVision imaging device. Basic dosimetric characteristics of the system were initially evaluated using fields with known dosimetry. Absolute dose calibration produces results comparable to ion chamber measurements. The patient IMRT QA fields were delivered prior to treatment and recorded. We have selected 100 cases from our routine IMRT case load for analysis using this procedure. Results: The verification of dose distributions was performed using portal dosimetry in Vision, after beam delivery. The overlay of the acquired and the calculated planar doses as isodose lines provided a useful qualitative evaluation. For further quantitative analysis, the gamma relative evaluation (GRE) was used on each field for every patient. The GRE scores were normally greater than 0.99 for prostate patients and greater than 0.98 for Head and Neck cases or large pelvic fields. Conclusion: Planar dose verification is an important part of the IMRT QA procedure. With the aid of portal dosimetry using EPID, the QA of an IMRT plan can be performed in 30 minutes, saving considerable time compared to film dosimetry. With proper dosimetric calibration, quantitative analysis further ensures excellent quality assurance of IMRT planning and delivery.
The 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines ignore important scientific evidence and should be revised or withdrawn.

The task force should know that their guidelines, and not revisionist statements, will be used to dissuade, if not prevent, women from undergoing mammographic screening.
Surface geology from Viking landers on Mars: A second look

Aside from reddish dust, products of martian weathering are not abundantly obvious on Viking lander images. Surface stones appear sound, spalls and disintegration fragments are largely lacking, pitting of stones is probably not due to differential weathering, and reddish stone colors more likely result from adhered dust than from patination. Judging from wind-scoured drifts, deflated ground, rippled bed forms, lee-side tails, basal scours, fretted rocks, and ubiquitous dust, wind is currently the most effective transportive and erosive agent. The dogma that martian eolian material is almost exclusively of 10–100 µ size is challenged by granule ripples and the possibility that wind-drifted deposits consist largely of sand-sized particles. Fretting is more common than faceting on martian ventifacts. Crusts on martian surface fines are more akin to case-hardened rinds than to true duricrust. Crusting, a possibly continuing process, may be the product of atmospheric breathing of the regolith. Pits on surfaces of many martian stones are probably vesicles modified by eolian erosion. Pits on nonvesicular rocks may be solely the product of wind blasting. Vesicular lava, dense lava, and breccias are the most likely rocks among surface stones around the landers. The “bedrock” outcrops near VL-1 may be large boulders embedded in a breccia substrate. Pyroclastics seem a likely constituent of surface deposits.
Antigenic identification of cells in spiral artery trophoblastic invasion: Validation of histologic studies by triple-antibody immunocytochemistry

Abstract Objective: Trophoblastic invasion of spiral arteries in the placental bed is essential for normal human placentation. Because the absence of these physiologic changes is associated with abnormal pregnancies, we developed a simple immunocytochemical approach that allows simultaneous study of three cell types involved in spiral artery changes (Le, trophoblastic, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells). Study Design: Spiral and uteroplacental arteries in the basal plate of 70 term placentas were studied simultaneously with antibodies to keratin to identify cytotrophoblasts, α-smooth muscle actin to identify vascular smooth muscle cells, and von Willebrand factor to identify endothelial cells in 15 normal placentas and 55 placentas from abnormal pregnancies. Results: Normal term placentas showed keratin-positive, a-smooth muscle actin-negative and von Willebrand factor-negative uteroplacental arteries. Most (37/55) placentas from abnormal pregnancies had keratin-negative, α-smooth muscle actin and von Willebrand factor-positive spiral arteries. Spiral artery atherosclerosis was keratin negative, a-smooth muscle actin positive, and von Willebrand factor positive and was identified in 22 abnormal and 0 normal placentas. Conclusion: Simultaneous identification of three principal cell types involved in human placentation allowed qualitative and quantitative studies of placentas from normal and abnormal pregnancies that validated previous histologic investigations and provided a new approach to detect spiral arterial changes.
Somatostatin modulates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel

Activation of peripheral somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) inhibits sensitization of nociceptors, thus having a short term or phasic effect [Pain 90 (2001) 233] as well as maintaining a tonic inhibitory control over nociceptors [J Neurosci 21 (2001) 4042]. The present study provides several lines of evidence that an important mechanism underlying SSTR modulation of nociceptors is regulation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ion channel (TRPV1, formerly the VR1 receptor). Double labeling of L5 dorsal root ganglion cells demonstrates that approximately 60% of SSTR2a-labeled cells are positive for TRPV1. Conversely, approximately 33% of TRPV1-labeled cells are positive for SSTR2a. In vivo behavioral studies demonstrate that intraplantar injection of 20.0 but not 2.0 microM octreotide (OCT, SSTR agonist) significantly reduces capsaicin (CAP, a ligand for TRPV1) -induced flinching and lifting/licking behaviors. This occurs through local activation of SSTRs in the injected hindpaw and is reversed following co-application of the SSTR antagonist cyclo-somatostatin (c-SOM). In vitro studies using a skin-nerve preparation demonstrate that activation of peripheral SSTRs on nociceptors with 20.0 microM OCT significantly reduces CAP-induced activity and can prevent CAP-induced desensitization. Furthermore, blockade of peripheral SSTRs with c-SOM dramatically enhances CAP-induced behaviors and nociceptor activity, demonstrating SSTR-induced tonic inhibitory modulation of TRPV1. Finally, TRPV1 does not appear to be under tonic opioid receptor control since the opioid antagonist naloxone does not change CAP-induced excitation and does not effect OCT-induced inhibition of CAP responses. These data strongly suggest that SSTRs modulate nociceptors through phasic and tonic regulation of peripheral TRPV1 receptors.
A Phase Window Framework for Articulatory Timing

One of the most significant challenges in the study of speech production is to acquire a theoretical understanding of how speakers coordinate articulatory movements. A variety of work has demonstrated that articulatory, prosodic and extralinguistic factors all influence speech timing in a complex and interactive way. Models such as Articulatory Phonology that stipulate the relative timing of articulatory units must be revised to allow for this variability. Such a revision is outlined below.The following work should be viewed as a presentation of a new framework for conceptualising articulatory timing. This approach, meant to be programmatic rather than conclusive, is productive if it motivates research that might not otherwise have been undertaken. §1 overviews Articulatory Phonology. The implementation of articulatory timing in terms of phasing relations is discussed. Speech production data bearing on timing variability are discussed in §2. §3 argues for an alternative to Articulatory Phonology's current rule-based approach to intergestural timing that can allow for linguistic and extralinguistic variables to systematically influence phasing relations. §3.2 introduces the PHASE WINDOW framework, which allows the degree of articulatory overlap between linguistic gestures to vary within a constrained range. Finally, §4 concerns the relation of intergestural timing to the postulation of the segment as a primitive unit in phonology. It is hypothesised that certain intergestural timing relations are stable and lexically specified. Gestures whose coordination is constrained by lexical PHASE WINDOWS seem to bear a close relation to those conglomerates of gestures that constitute what is traditionally considered to be a segment.
Inhibition of amyloid formation: a strategy to delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease

Converging evidence suggests that the formation of amyloid plaques may play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and that blocking amyloid formation may be an effective therapeutic strategy.
Oscillatory impingement of liquid inside reciprocating pipes

Abstract Engine pistons incorporating heat pipe cooling technology are under development to improve the thermal-tribological performance of the piston assembly in internal combustion engines. Reciprocating heat pipes are needed to enhance the heat transfer process in dynamic engine environments. These heat pipes utilize piston reciprocating motion as a means for liquid phase return. Therefore, oscillatory impingement of liquid inside heat pipes is critical for the new piston design. A simplified analysis is conducted to investigate the liquid oscillatory motion in circular pipes. The results indicate that, for a given fluid and pipe combination, the motion of the liquid is a function of the piston stroke, cranking speed and heat pipe length, as well as drag and viscous resistances. Based on this analysis, correlations between heat pipe design parameters and the critical impingement frequency of engine cranking are derived. Experimental observations for a liquid impingement inside heat pipes are performed on an engine/heat pipe apparatus constructed based on a single-stroke internal combustion engine. Both straight and curved transparent pipes, which simulate real heat pipes, are employed in observations. The experimental results show that the pipe curvature has little influence on critical impingement frequency if the curvature is small, and the critical impingement frequency is higher for pipes having a longer length and smaller diameter. Based on the experimental results, proper liquid charge levels are determined for reciprocating heat pipe design. In general, experimental results are in good agreement with the derived correlation. They also indicate that full scale liquid impingement on the entire inner wall of the pipe can be achieved at low cranking speeds.
Sexual Behavior: Ultrasonic Postejaculatory Song of the Male Rat

During the refractory period that follows ejaculation, the male rat regularly emits 22-kilohertz vocalizations. These cease after about three-fourths of the total period has elapsed, and this corresponds to an "absolute refractory period" during which the male cannot spontaneously initiate copulation. Similar 22-kilohertz vocalizations occur in other social contexts, and in general they appear to be desist-contact signals.
Successful Surgical Correction of Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

Stenotic lesions in the aortic valve region may be acquired or congenital, and may be valvular, subvalvular, or supravalvular in location. As more of these patients are offered the benefits of surgical correction, cases of supravalvular aortic stenosis are being reported with increasing frequency. At least seven previous cases have been corrected successfully and another is reported. The diagnosis of supravalvular aortic stenosis usually cannot be made on clinical grounds alone. Definitive diagnostic technics are available, however, and allowed accurate delineation of the lesion in the case reported. Surgical correction consists of enlarging the aortic lumen in the area of supravalvular constriction. This usually is possible by longitudinal aortotomy through the area of constriction followed by patch angioplasty, as employed in this case in conjunction with modified endarterectomy. In most instances of supravalvular aortic stenosis, the valve itself is perfectly normal, and total correction is possible if...
A hypothesize-and-bound algorithm for simultaneous object classification, pose estimation and 3D reconstruction from a single 2D image

We consider the problems of 3D reconstruction, pose estimation and object classification, from a single 2D image. In sharp contrast with state of the art methods that solve each of these problems separately or iteratively, we propose a mathematical framework that solves these problems jointly and simultaneously. Since the joint problem is ill posed unless “prior knowledge” is considered, the proposed framework incorporates “prior knowledge” about the 3D shapes of different object classes. This knowledge is used to define a function L(H) that encodes how well each hypothesis H (object class and pose) “explains” the input image. To efficiently maximize L(H) without having to exactly evaluate it for each hypothesis H, we propose a H&B algorithm that computes and refines upper and lower bounds for L(H) at a much lower cost. In this way suboptimal hypotheses are disregarded with little computation. The resulting algorithm integrates information from the 2D image and the 3D prior, is efficient, and is guaranteed to find the optimal solution.
Resistance to Edge Recombination in InAs/InGaAs Quantum Dot Solar Cells

Compared to GaAs control cells, it is experimentally found that quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) solar cells are relatively insensitivity to edge recombination by suppressing lateral diffusion of carriers. Consequently, small area DWELL cells have superior efficiency.
Revisiting Surface Heat-Flux and Temperature Boundary Conditions in Models of Stably Stratified Boundary-Layer Flows

Two formulations of the surface thermal boundary condition commonly employed in numerical modelling of atmospheric stably stratified surface-layer flows are evaluated using analytical considerations and observational data from the Cabauw site in the Netherlands. The first condition is stated in terms of the surface heat flux and the second is stated in terms of the vertical potential temperature difference. The similarity relationships used to relate the flux and the difference are based on conventional log-linear expressions for vertical profiles of wind velocity and potential temperature. The heat-flux formulation results in two physically meaningful values for the friction velocity with no obvious criteria available to choose between solutions. Both solutions can be obtained numerically, which casts doubt on discarding one of the solutions as was previously suggested based on stability arguments. This solution ambiguity problem is identified as the key issue of the heat-flux condition formulation. In addition, the agreement between the temperature difference evaluated from similarity solutions and their measurement-derived counterparts from the Cabauw dataset appears to be very poor. Extra caution should be paid to the iterative procedures used in the model algorithms realizing the heat-flux condition as they could often provide only partial solutions for the friction velocity and associated temperature difference. Using temperature difference as the lower boundary condition bypasses the ambiguity problem and provides physically meaningful values of heat flux for a broader range of stability condition in terms of the flux Richardson number. However, the agreement between solutions and observations of the heat flux is again rather poor. In general, there is a great need for practicable similarity relationships capable of treating the vertical turbulent transport of momentum and heat under conditions of strong stratification in the surface layer.
Using digital communications and social media to redraw the cardiac care map.

Emergency medicine physician Raina Merchant created a cell phone program to provide CPR instructions—and now leads an effort to map every automated external defibrillator in the United States.
Integrated Methodology for Evaluation of Energy Performance of Building Enclosures: Part II — Examples of Application to Residential Walls

It is often forgotten that the building sector consumes more energy than the transportation sector. To meet expectations and needs of our society, one must seek significant improvements in the efficient use of energy for this purpose. In many instances our normal approach based on conventional testing methods is not comprehensive enough. For instance, the thermal performance of a wall is defined by tests performed on dry materials, without considering the air and moisture movements. The energy performance of materials and building assemblies is affected by moisture and air flows. The authors believe that a more precise means of evaluation of the thermal performance of assemblies must be used to guide us in developing construction practices that lead to better performance. This should include consideration of air and moisture transfer under field conditions.The previous part of this study describes the limitations of conventional thermal resistance testing using calibrated hot boxes and explains that the e...
The Supreme Court and the US Presidential Election of 2000: Wounds, Self-Inflicted or Otherwise?

The conventional wisdom about the US Supreme Court and the 2000 presidential election is that the Court wounded itself by participating in such a partisan dispute. By ‘wounded’ people mean that the institution lost some of its legitimacy. Evidence from our survey, conducted in early 2001, suggests little if any diminution of the Court’s legitimacy in the aftermath of Bush v. Gore, even among African Americans. We observe a relationship between evaluations of the opinion and institutional legitimacy, but the bulk of the causality seems to flow from loyalty to evaluations of the case, not vice versa. We argue that legitimacy frames perceptions of the Court opinion. Furthermore, increased awareness of the activities of the Court tends to reinforce legitimacy by exposing people to the powerful symbols of law. In 2000, legitimacy did indeed seem to provide a reservoir of good will that allowed the Court to weather the storm created by its involvement in Florida’s presidential election.
SIR 2003 film panel case 3: hemorrhagic hereditary telangectasia with median arcuate ligament compression.

A 49-year-old female presented with 2 days of hematemesis. Her medical history is significant for multiple gastrointestinal bleeds, hypertension, and ETOH abuse. At admission, her vital signs were blood pressure of 180/90, pulse of 80, and hematocrit of 27.8. Esaphagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a 1-cm ulcer with visible vessel in the high lesser curvature of the stomach and two smaller ulcerations in the antrum. The patient was administered 2 units of packed red blood cells and was treated with Ranitidine, Carafate, and antacids. Arteriography was performed to further evaluate the etiology of the bleeding and in particular to identify any underlying vascular mass within the stomach (e.g. leiomyoma) which may have ulcerated (Fig 3.1). Selective celiac arteriography (early and delayed phase), AP and lateral abdominal aortography, and AP pelvic arteriography were performed.
Ancient origin of lactalbumin from lysozyme: analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences.

Parsimony trees relating DNA sequences coding for lysozymesc and α-lactalbumins suggest that the gene duplication that allowed lactalbumin to evolve from lysozyme preceded the divergence of mammals and birds. Comparisons of the amino acid sequences of additional lysozymes and lactalbumins are consistent with this view. When all base positions are considered, the probability that the duplication leading to the lactalbumin gene occurred after the start to mammalian evolution is estimated to be 0.05–0.10. Elimination of the phylogenetic noise generated by fast evolution and compositional bias at third positions of codons reduced this probability to 0.002–0.03. Thus the gene duplication may have long preceded the acquisition of lactalbumin function.
Human Rights,Cultural Pluralism, and International Health Research

In the field of bioethics, scholars have begun to consider carefully the impact of structural issues on global population health, including socioeconomic and political factors influencing the disproportionate burden of disease throughout the world. Human rights and social justice are key considerations for both population health and biomedical research. In this paper, I will briefly explore approaches to human rights in bioethics and review guidelines for ethical conduct in international health research, focusing specifically on health research conducted in resource-poor settings. I will demonstrate the potential for addressing human rights considerations in international health research with special attention to the importance of collaborative partnerships, capacity building, and respect for cultural traditions. Strengthening professional knowledge about international research ethics increases awareness of ethical concerns associated with study design and informed consent among researchers working in resource-poor settings. But this is not enough. Technological and financial resources are also necessary to build capacity for local communities to ensure that research results are integrated into existing health systems. Problematic issues surrounding the application of ethical guidelines in resource-poor settings are embedded in social history, cultural context, and the global political economy. Resolving the moral complexities requires a commitment to engaged dialogue and action among investigators, funding agencies, policy makers, governmental institutions, and private industry.
Survival of the clearest

There are no fossils to show how language evolved. But evolutionary game theory is revealing how some of the defining features of human language could have been shaped by natural selection.
Imaging of Cystic Lung Disease

Introduction Cystic lung disease represents a rare set of conditions where the pulmonary parenchyma is replaced to some degree by cystic air spaces. Although scattered cysts may occasionally be found in the normal or near-normal lungs because of tobacco using or aging, multiple cysts are often indicative of underlying disease and should initiate a search for the underlying diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to categorize the imaging findings and clinical presentation associated with common cystic lung diseases.We also discuss the differentiation of these conditions with commonmimics of diffuse cystic lung disease. Finally, we discuss the application of quantitative imaging for use as an objective measure of the extent of disease.
STABILITY OF OIL‐IN‐WATER EMULSIONS. 1. Effects of Surface Tension, Level of Oil, Viscosity and Type of Meat Protein

SUMMARY– Surface tension responses for solutions of salt-soluble protein from cow meat, beef hearts, beef cheek meat, pork trim and pork cheek meat were found to follow the Type III curves assigned to surface-active agents. The stability of emulsions prepared utilizing salt-soluble protein of the meats was significantly affected by concentration of protein and level of oil. As either concentration of protein or of oil was increased, higher and more significant stability of the emulsions was observed. Emulsions prepared from protein of each type of meat had similar responses for stability. High and significant correlation was found between protein surface activity and emulsion stability. Little change in emulsion viscosity was found except at the upper protein and oil levels tested.
Measurement of prostaglandin E3 and other eicosanoids in biologic samples using high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay.

Abstract A method to measure PGE3 in biologic samples is described. Complete resolution of PGE3 from PGE1 and PGE2 is achieved by reverse- phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Quantification is carried out by radioimmunoassay using an antibody directed against PGE2 that has high cross-reactivity with PGE3. Using this method, a marked increase in PGE3 production by mouse kidney tissue and in rat urine was demonstrated after supplemental feeding of ω-3 fatty acids. This method can also be applied to measurement of 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2 in the same samples.
Phase II Trial of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Patients with Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9430

Background Cancer and Leukemia Group B trial 9430 was a randomized phase II trial which investigated the safety and activity of four novel doublets in untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer. The results of the paclitaxel and cisplatin arm have not been reported. Patients and Methods Patients received paclitaxel 230 mg/m 2 followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m 2 on day 1 every 21 days. All patients received granulocyte colony stimulating factor 5 μg/kg/d beginning on day 3 of each cycle. Results The patient characteristics of the 34 patients assigned to this treatment arm were: median age 61.5 years (range 41–82), male (76%), performance status 0 (41%), 1 (32%), and 2 (26%). An objective response was observed in 23 patients (68%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 49–83%); 2 complete responses (6%) and 21 partial responses (62%). Median progression-free survival time was 5.6 months (95% CI: 4.8–7.1 month), and median overall survival time was 7.7 months (95% CI: 7.2–12.6 months). The 1-year survival rate observed was 29% (95% CI: 15–45%). Grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia was observed in 5 (15%) and 4 (12%) patients, respectively. Two patients developed febrile neutropenia including one patient who died of neutropenic sepsis. Grade 3/4 nonhematologic observed were: sensory neuropathy in eight patients (24%); and hyperglycemia, malaise and nausea were all observed in four patients (12%). Conclusions Cancer and Leukemia Group B will not pursue further investigation of paclitaxel and cisplatin due to the modest activity and the toxicity observed on this trial.
Geniculate interactions with a penicillin discharge in visual cortex

Abstract Spontaneous activity of principal cells in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body was studied 1 sec before and 1 sec after penicillin discharges in the striate cortex. Many cells exhibited increased activity prior to the penicillin discharge suggesting that corticopetal activity from the geniculate is capable of triggering the penicillin discharge. Many cells also exhibited increased activity for as long as 1 sec after the discharge. Some cells displayed both phenomena. Two patterns of transient depression were also observed in the postdischarge period. The latter phenomena are believed to be related to the inhibitory process associated with after-positivity which follows orthodromic or antidromic stimulation of the geniculate body.
Investigating the role of the outer-coordination sphere in [Ni(P(Ph)2N(Ph‑R)2)2]2+ hydrogenase mimics.

A series of dipeptide substituted nickel complexes with the general formula, [Ni(PPh2NNNA-amino acid/ester2)2](BF4)2, have been synthesized and characterized (P2N2 = 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane, and the dipeptide consists of the non-natural amino acid, 3-(4-aminophenyl)propionic acid (NNA), coupled to amino acid/esters = glutamic acid, alanine, lysine, and aspartic acid). Each of these complexes is an active electrocatalyst for H2 production. The effects of the outer-coordination sphere on the catalytic activity for the production of H2 were investigated; specifically, the impact of sterics, the ability of the side chain or backbone to protonate and the pKa values of the amino acid side chains were studied by varying the amino acids in the dipeptide. The catalytic rates of the different dipeptide substituted nickel complexes varied by over an order of magnitude. The amino acid derivatives display the fastest rates, while esterification of the terminal carboxylic acids and side chains resulted in a ...
Thermal desorption analysis of oxygen surface complexes on carbon

Abstract The energetics of oxygen surface complex groups bound to a carbon surface were investigated using linear-temperature programmed thermal desorption. The rate of CO production from the decomposition of surface complex formed by the low temperature oxygen chemisorption on an activated Graphon surface indicated that at least two types of functional groups and/or sites must exist. In addition the data indicate that the desorption energies of these groups and/or sites is a function of their coverage. Mathematical modeling has also shown that those workers using the step-temperature programmed thermal desorption technique would not have energy resolution sufficient to detect surface heterogeneity.
REGIONAL ANESTHESIA TECHNIQUES FOR PAIN CONTROL IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

The judicious use of regional anesthesia in the intensive care unit should improve patient comfort. Techniques covered include intercostal nerve blocks, interpleural blocks, paravertebral blocks, brachial plexus blocks, and femoral nerve blocks. Rational patient selection for each technique mentioned is also discussed.
Are there scientific goals

Abstract This paper argues that, as all available accounts of how scientific and non-scientific goals might be distinguished rely upon distinctions as much in need of explication as the notion of scientific goals itself, naturalized accounts of science should reject the notion that there are characteristically scientific goals for a given time and place and instead countenance only the goals which happen to be had by individual scientists or their communities. This argument and the recommendation that follows from it are illustrated by reference to Watson and Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA.
Noninvasive estimation of extravascular lung water using bioimpedance

Abstract Currently, accurate measurements of extravascular lung water (EVLW) are obtained using the double dye dilution technique (DD). However, this method is invasive and complicated and has limited its clinical use. The purpose of this study was to develop a noninvasive method for determining changes in EVLW using bioimpedance (BI) and compare these measurements with DD in a model of acute pulmonary injury. Nine adult dogs were anesthetized and instrumented with a pulmonary artery and an EVLW arterial catheter with EVLW-DD and cardiac output calculated from the dye and thermal dilution curves. Eight external electrodes were placed on the thorax and impedance changes were measured by computer. Changes in EVLW-BI were computed as a function of the thoracic volume and impedance. Cardiac output (CO) from BI was obtained by electronically differentiating the bioimpedance signal. EVLW and CO were measured using DD and BI at 0, 15, 30, and 60 min following injection of oleic acid (0.1 cc/kg). Changes in EVLW were correlated over all time periods using DD and BI (r = 0.70, P 0.35). CO was significantly correlated using DD and BI (r = 0.81, P
Direct modification of the matrix of factors in load flow studies

Abstract This paper describes a modification to the fixed Jacobian method in polar coordinates. This modification consists of changing the elements of the factorized matrix of factors directly to reflect the changes in the unknowns during the iterative solution process. The result is a faster load flow algorithm.
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Pools and Surface Flux under Different Brackish Marsh Vegetation Types, Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and Salt Hay (Spartina patens)

The current expansion of Phragmites australis into the high marsh shortgrass (Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata) communities of eastern U.S. salt marshes provided an opportunity to identify the influence of vegetation types on pools and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). Two brackish tidal marshes of the National Estuarine Research Reserve system were examined, Piermont Marsh of the Hudson River NERR in New York and Hog Island in the Jacques Coustaeu NERR of New Jersey. Pools of DIN in porewater and rates of DIN surface flux were compared in replicated pairs of recently-expanded P. australis and neighboring S. patens-dominated patches on the high marsh surface. Both marshes generally imported nitrate (NO3−) and exported ammonium (NH4+), such that overall DIN was exported. No differences in surface exchange of NO3− or NH4+ were observed between vegetation types. Depth-averaged porewater NH4+ concentrations over the entire growing season were 56% lower under P. australis than under S. patens (average 1.4 vs. 3.2 mg NH4+ L−1) with the most profound differences in November. Porewater profiles showed an accumulation of NH4+ at depth in S. patens and constant low concentrations in P. australis from the soil surface to 50 cm depth, with no significant differences in porewater salinity. Despite these profound differences in porewater, NH4+ diffusion from soils of P. australis and S. patens were not measurably different, were similar to other published rates, and were well below estimated rates based on passive diffusion alone. Rapid adsorption and uptake by litter and microbes in surface soils of both communities may buffer NH4+ loss to flooding tides in both communities, thereby reducing the impact of P. australis invasion on NH4+ flux to flooding waters.
Faculty Research Productivity and Standardized Student Learning Outcomes in a University Teaching Environment: A Bayesian Analysis of Relationships

This study examines whether faculty research productivity is associated with student learning. Unlike previous studies that define learning by student evaluations of teaching effectiveness, the authors specifically measure teaching effectiveness by a standardized student learning outcome measure developed by a School of Business at a US university. Using a Bayesian data reduction algorithm and regression techniques, it was found that faculty research activity is positively and significantly related to teaching effectiveness.
Detecting atmospheric rivers in large climate datasets

Extreme precipitation events on the western coast of North America are often traced to an unusual weather phenomenon known as atmospheric rivers. Although these storms may provide a significant fraction of the total water to the highly managed western US hydrological system, the resulting intense weather poses severe risks to the human and natural infrastructure through severe flooding and wind damage. To aid the understanding of this phenomenon, we have developed an efficient detection algorithm suitable for analyzing large amounts of data. In addition to detecting actual events in the recent observed historical record, this detection algorithm can be applied to global climate model output providing a new model validation methodology. Comparing the statistical behavior of simulated atmospheric river events in models to observations will enhance confidence in projections of future extreme storms. Our detection algorithm is based on a thresholding condition on the total column integrated water vapor established by Ralph et al. (2004) followed by a connected component labeling procedure to group the mesh points into connected regions in space. We develop an efficient parallel implementation of the algorithm and demonstrate good weak and strong scaling. We process a 30-year simulation output on 10,000 cores in under 3 seconds.
Stepped Pools, Stone Vessels, and other Identity Markers of “Complex Common Judaism”

The interpretation of archaeological finds in light of Talmudic evidence has often resulted in simplistic, “one-to-one” correlations that distort our understanding of “Judaism” in Graeco-Roman Palestine. This is especially true of “stepped pools” and stone vessels which, when seen as markers of Jewish ethnicity, need to be understood with the biblical tradition in mind. Biblical notions of purity and holiness further enable us to appreciate the persistence of ritual purity practices after 70 C.E. The subsequent efforts of the rabbis to regulate such practices, especially those pertaining to sexuality and the household, reflect the tenacity of biblical perceptions of purity and holiness especially among commoners , who had their own understanding of their significance. Once it is realized that the boundaries between Jews were not strictly drawn, material finds can be better assessed, and rabbinic Judaism can be properly understood as having evolved out of a biblically derived, “ complex common Judaism.”
Excitation of the (2 p 2 ) 3 P State of Helium near Threshold

The trapped-electron method is applied to the excitation by electron impact of the $(2{p}^{2})^{3}P$ state, the lowest doubly excited state of helium which is stable against auto-ionization. The energy of this state, 59.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 eV, is in good agreement with theory. An estimate of the slope of the total cross section for excitation of the $(2{p}^{2})^{3}P$ state at threshold gives a value of 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/eV.
Health promotion and injury prevention in a child development center

The purpose of the study was to determine if a nurse-directed health promotion program in a day care center increased the health of the children in the center and decreased injury rates. The research used a quasi-experimental time series design to answer the research questions. The convenience sample consisted of 29 children between the ages of 6 weeks to 5 years who were enrolled in a university child care center in a metropolitan area. The subjects had their health evaluated by a registered nurse, using the Child Health Assessment Inventory, once per week for 4 consecutive weeks. The Child Health Assessment Inventory measures frequent childhood illnesses and injuries. At the end of this first stage of data collection the Health Promotion Program was given to the staff members in the center. The program consisted of primary care information, such as signs and symptoms of childhood illness, infection control, injury prevention, and first aid. At the conclusion of the program the children had their health evaluated again once per week for 4 weeks. Repeated measures ANOVA showed there was a significant decrease in upper respiratory illness and accidental injury rates. The clinical application of this research is that a nurse-directed health promotion program can have an impact on childhood injuries. Subsequent research can determine if similar health promotion classes to parents and children have a positive effect on health.