cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The vocational interests of homeless, unemployed men

Abstract This study examines the vocational interests and personality characteristics of 69 homeless, unemployed men using the Vocational Preference Inventory. Results indicate significant occupational interest, comparable to data reported on employed adults, and numerous vocational “types.” Personality scales, however, were not consistent with these vocational measures. Rather, they were indicative of possible behavioral and employment problems. Findings are discussed in terms of previous research on populations whose level of achievement was incongruous with their aspirations.
Climate-Modulated Channel Incision and Rupture History of the San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain

The spatial and temporal distribution of fault slip is a critical parameter in earthquake source models. Previous geomorphic and geologic studies of channel offset along the Carrizo section of the south central San Andreas Fault assumed that channels form more frequently than earthquakes occur and suggested that repeated large-slip earthquakes similar to the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake illustrate typical fault behavior. We found that offset channels in the Carrizo Plain incised less frequently than they were offset by earthquakes. Channels have been offset by successive earthquakes with variable slip since ~1400. This nonuniform slip history reveals a more complex rupture history than previously assumed for the structurally simplest section of the San Andreas Fault.
Spectral theory in quantum logics

If one supposes a quantum logicL to be a σ-orthocomplete, orthomodular partially ordered set admitting a set of σ-orthoadditive functions (called states) fromL to the unit intervals [0, 1] such that these states distinguish the ordering and orthocomplement onL, then the observables onL are identified withL-valued measures defined on the Borel subsets of the real line. In this structure (and without the aid of Hilbert space formalism) the author shows that (1) the spectrum of an observable can be completely characterised by studying the observable (A−λ)−1, and (2) corresponding to every observableA there is a spectral resolution uniquely determined byA and uniquely determiningA.
Infrared and Raman spectra and vibrational assignments for 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde and its zinc complex

Abstract The vibrational spectra of 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde (DABA) and its zinc complex are presented and vibrational assignments are proposed. Significant differences between the spectra of the parent molecule and the complex are observed. Examination of the form of the normal modes facilitates explanation of proposed frequency shifts of ring modes upon complexation. The spectra of the complex are interpreted by employing a quinonoid-type structure for the DABA ligand.
Sensory cues in host selection for oviposition by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae

Abstract The behavioural events leading up to oviposition by Pieris rapae and the sensory modalities involved in host selection by these butterflies are reviewed. The process of host finding and acceptance is divided into three phases: searching, landing and contact evaluation. Little is known about sensory aspect of searching, but visual stimuli play some role. Landing appears to be mediated primarily by visual cues, of which colour is the most important. Choice experiments using artificial leaves of identical spectral and chemical properties revealed little or no preference for shape or size of oviposition substrate. Contact evaluation depends on positive or negative chemical stimuli at the leaf surface. Oviposition stimulant was extracted from cabbage leaves and partially isolated by solvent extraction and a series of chromatographic separations. Chemical constituents other than glucosinolates appear to be responsible for the discriminatory behaviour of ovipositing butterflies. These stimulatory compounds are water-soluble but many are less polar than the glucosinolates, and may be active alone or in combinations. Identification of these compounds would greatly improve our understanding of the mechanism of host acceptance by cabbage butterflies.
Ultrasonic Attenuation Measurements of the Mixing, Agglomeration, and Sedimentation of Sucrose Crystals Suspended in Oil

The structure and properties of solid-in-oil dispersions are important in many industrial products, notably chocolate, yet are difficult to characterize by existing methodologies. Sensors based on ultrasonic attenuation measurements offer potential to characterize changes in these systems. Sucrose crystals (d ~ 29.8 μm) were dispersed into corn oil (8–16 wt%) in a stirred tank. The dispersed crystals were agglomerated by the addition of small volumes of water (<1%) and finally allowed to sediment quiescently. The processes were monitored continuously by ultrasonic attenuation measurements (2.25 MHz). Ultrasonic attenuation increased with increasing sucrose crystal concentration and with the degree of agglomeration. Adding water also decreased the equilibrium sediment density and decreased the time taken for the sucrose to sediment out quiescently. Water-induced agglomeration led to the formation of a few very large particles as inferred from sedimentation kinetics and confirmed by micrometer measurements of crystal agglomerates. In conclusion, ultrasonic attenuation measurements provide a variety of novel approaches that can be used to characterize suspensions of particles in oil.
Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for discrimination of mental workloads

We show the potential of functional near-infrared spectroscopy for the discrimination of mental workloads during a cognitive task with two different levels of difficulty. Standard data analysis based on filtering and folding average procedures were carried out to locate those source-detector pairs sensitive to the activated cortical regions. On these channels we applied two classification algorithms for the discrimination of mental workloads. Both algorithms showed a high percentage of successful classifications (>80%) on three over a total of four subjects where brain activation was detected. These results are comparable to standard scores found in the field of electroencephalography.
Teacher support, student motivation, student need satisfaction, and college teacher course evaluations: testing a sequential path model

Self‐determination theory posits that individuals who have basic psychological needs satisfied while engaging in an activity will be more likely to value and persist in that activity. Scholars in this area have also posited that autonomy‐supportive social contexts are top‐down determinants of individual need satisfaction. To understand better the progression from social to motivational to outcome variables, we tested a four‐step path model within a classroom setting. Data were collected from 220 students in an introductory journalism course, which was subdivided into 14 lab sections. Students were surveyed regarding their feelings about the course, the autonomy support of the instructor, the motivation they felt to engage in the course, and the levels of need satisfaction they experienced. Theoretically‐guided structural equation modeling produced a best‐fitting model in which teacher autonomy support predicted more self‐determined student motivation, which along with teacher autonomy support predicted gr...
The enthalpy of fusion of anorthite

The high-temperature enthalpies of liquid and glassy CaAl2Si2O8 were measured by drop calorimetry using a diphenyl ether drop calorimeter. These data are combined with published values of the high-temperature enthalpy of crystalline anorthite and the enthalpy of vitrification of anorthite to obtain the enthalpy of fusion of anorthite. Analysis of the data yields the following preferred values (enthalpy in kcal/mol, uncertainty limits correspond to two standard deviations): enthalpy of vitrification at 985 K, Δ v H v 985=18.6±0.6; enthalpy of the liquid at 1,830 K, H 1830 300 =130.4±1.2; enthalpy of the glass at 985 K, H 985 -H 300 g =46.7±0.4; enthalpy of crystalline anorthite between 985 and 1,830 K, H 1830 c -H 985 c =69.9±1.4; calculated enthalpy of fusion of anorthite at 1,830 K, Δ f H 1830= 32.4±2.1. The average heat capacity of supercooled liquid CaAl2Si2O8 between the glass transition (T g≈ 1,086 K) and the melting point (T f7=1,830 K) is 102 ± 2 cal/mol/K. The large difference between the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of vitrification for the minerals anorthite and diopside is emphasized. The practice of assuming Δ fH≈Δ λvH should be discontinued for silicate compounds for which T f ≫T g.
Dissociation dynamics and thermochemistry of chloroform and tetrachloroethane molecules studied by threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence

Abstract Threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) technique has been employed to determine accurate dissociative photoionization onsets for chloroform and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane molecules. Our 0 K onsets for these reactions are CHCl 3 + hv → CHCl 2 + + Cl (11.500 ± 0.007 eV); C 2 H 2 Cl 4 + hv → C 2 H 2 Cl 3 + + Cl (11.565 ± 0.010 eV) and C 2 H 2 Cl 4 + hv → CHCl 2 + + CHCl 2 (11.669 ± 0.030 eV). The well established heat of formation of CHCl 3 was used as an anchor and the measured dissociation energies were used to determine the heats of formation, Δ f H 298 K o in kJ/mol, of the following species: CHCl 2 + (888.9 ± 1.3), CHCl 2 (87.1 ± 1.6), C 2 H 2 Cl 4 (−152.7 ± 3.5), and C 2 H 2 Cl 4 + (918.3 ± 5.9). Our results also made possible the determination of reliable 298 K bond enthalpies for: CHCl 2 Cl (311.1 ± 2.0 kJ/mol), CHCl 2 H (400.6 ± 2.0 kJ/mol), and CHCl 2 CHCl 2 (326.9 ± 4.1 kJ/mol).
Communication Efficient Oblivious Transfer Using Elliptic Curves

This paper presents communication efficient protocols for oblivious transfer (OT) using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). ECC provides better security than RSA for the same key length and is known to have faster implementations. We provide protocols for 1-out-of-2 and 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer in which the latter requires the sender to send only n+2 elements over the network and the receiver sends only one messages over the network.
Unusual Magnetic Property Associated with Dimerization within a Nickel Tetramer

A new ion-pair complex, 1-benzyl-4-aminopyridinium bis(maleonitriledithiolato)nickelate(III) (1), has been synthesized. The variable magnetic susceptibility results of 1 show a discontinuity around 184 K, which is phenomenologically similar to that observed for first-row transition metal complexes undergoing a spin crossover transition. The crystal structure analyses of 1 at high and low temperatures indicate that this unusual magnetic property is associated with a packing structure that changes from tetrameric spin clusters to dimers between neighboring spin carriers.
Salvage of colon interposition by antethoracic free jejunal transfer

Intrathoracic disruption of an esophagocolonic anastomosis after colon interposition can be a fatal complication. A case is presented in which an antethoracic free jejunal transfer achieved successful salvage. The patient returned to oral alimentation with no functional impairment.
PARASITE PRESSURE AND THE EVOLUTION OF AMANITIN TOLERANCE IN DROSOPHILA.

Approximately one-half of the members of the Drosophila quinaria species-group are mycophagous. The mushroom-breeding species D. falleni, D. recens, and D. phalerata are far more tolerant of the mushroom toxin a-amanitin than are D. quinaria, D. palustris, and D. subpalustris, which breed in decaying water plants. The non-mycophagous species, however, are physiologically capable of larval development in mushrooms, showing that high levels of amanitin tolerance are not necessary for mycophagy. A primary selective advantage of amanitin tolerance among the mycophagous species is that it allows them to breed in mushrooms that are toxic to nematodes that infest Drosophila in other fungi and render them infertile. Parasitism, then, may be an importanit factor governing evolutionary patterns of resource utilization in these species.
Mineral Distributions at the Developing Tendon Enthesis

Tendon attaches to bone across a functionally graded interface, “the enthesis”. A gradient of mineral content is believed to play an important role for dissipation of stress concentrations at mature fibrocartilaginous interfaces. Surgical repair of injured tendon to bone often fails, suggesting that the enthesis does not regenerate in a healing setting. Understanding the development and the micro/nano-meter structure of this unique interface may provide novel insights for the improvement of repair strategies. This study monitored the development of transitional tissue at the murine supraspinatus tendon enthesis, which begins postnatally and is completed by postnatal day 28. The micrometer-scale distribution of mineral across the developing enthesis was studied by X-ray micro-computed tomography and Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Analyzed regions were identified and further studied by histomorphometry. The nanometer-scale distribution of mineral and collagen fibrils at the developing interface was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A zone (∼20 µm) exhibiting a gradient in mineral relative to collagen was detected at the leading edge of the hard-soft tissue interface as early as postnatal day 7. Nanocharacterization by TEM suggested that this mineral gradient arose from intrinsic surface roughness on the scale of tens of nanometers at the mineralized front. Microcomputed tomography measurements indicated increases in bone mineral density with time. Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed that the mineral-to-collagen ratio on the mineralized side of the interface was constant throughout postnatal development. An increase in the carbonate concentration of the apatite mineral phase over time suggested possible matrix remodeling during postnatal development. Comparison of Raman-based observations of localized mineral content with histomorphological features indicated that development of the graded mineralized interface is linked to endochondral bone formation near the tendon insertion. These conserved and time-varying aspects of interface composition may have important implications for the growth and mechanical stability of the tendon-to-bone attachment throughout development.
Analysis of Time Series by Moving Averages.

A program for estimation of trends in longitudinal research based on the moving average was presented and applied to a sample set of data. The program allows both standard and weighted procedures for supression of incidental variation. The effects of varying the order and weights of a moving average were discussed, along with the potential usefulness of the moving average technique for highlighting data trends.
A review and critique of context-based physics instruction and assessment

Abstract This paper reviews and critiques the existing research on a widely recommended instructional approach called context-based physics, which involves placing physics material within a real-life context in an attempt to improve student motivation, problem solving, and achievement. Described first are the problems that exist with traditional physics instruction that resulted in the shift away from traditional teaching methods. This is followed by an in-depth description of context-based physics. Then the ten existing studies that have either implemented context-based physics instruction or problems in physics classrooms in order to examine student motivation, problem solving, or achievement are reviewed and evaluated. Because of the many methodological problems with the existing research, recommendations are made describing the need for more and better designed research.
Scattering of Charged Particles by Helium Atoms

Elastic and inelastic scattering of charged particles by helium atoms is analyzed in the Glauber approximation. Applications are made to the differential cross sections for electronhelium elastic scattering, and the predictions are compared with the first Born approximation and with measurements between 100 and 500 eV. At small momentum transfers the calculated intensities for elastic scattering are significantly greater than those obtained from the Born approximation.
Animal fat raw materials

Over six billion pounds of tallow and grease are produced yearly in the United States, and almost 90% of these animal fats are utilized in feeds and as raw materials for industrial chemicals—both domestically and abroad. The fatty acid profile of an animal fat is a function of the kind of animal from which the fat was derived, as well as the breed, age, and diet of the animal. Impurities in the fat determine its grade and depend primarily on this history of the fat as well as on external contaminants which may have been added inadvertently.
Transient gene expression of microprojectile-introduced DNA in Douglas-fir cotyledons

Plasmid DNA containing the reporter gene uidA encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS), driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, was introduced on high-velocity microprojectiles into cultured cotyledons of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]. Transient gene expression was measured by counting the number of distinct loci of GUS activity per cotyledon. Contrary to published results on angiosperms, repeated bombardments did not increase expression in Douglas-fir. Expression varied significantly among cotyledons from different seedlings. The amount of time between DNA delivery and treatment of cotyledons with auxins and cytokinins strongly affected GUS expression. The optimal cytokinin pretreatment produced an average of 20 loci per cotyledon. In several experiments, more than 95% of the treated cotyledons exhibited at least some transient expression. Expression remained constant up to three days following DNA delivery into cotyledons.
Stuck in nerdville: implementing a laptop checkout program via information commons

Keeping up with the children of the 'now' generation, requires variety, entertainment, and the 'wow' effect. They require information fast, frequent, and at their fingertips. They want to be mobile and online at the same time. While the provision of wireless networking, a common trend among higher learning institutions, has done a decent amount of progress, it does not provide equal access to all. How do we address the demands of this generation when some of them don't own a laptop/computer, have access to a wireless card, or access to software applications to assist with coursework...or, more commonly, plain forgot to bring a computer to a research classroom or library area. Baylor University has a new approach in providing computing services to the 'now' generation. The traditional computer lab setting with multiple rows of workstations is still prevalent and highly successful on campus. In expanding the traditional computing model to offer flexibility, mobility and a relaxed environment, an Information Commons facility was piloted incorporating some desktop units with a laptop checkout program. This program allows students to utilize wireless services on campus and accommodates them by offering many locations and environments. Faculty, staff and students can checkout equipment based upon individual or class need. The implementation of this program and initial costs associated are comparable with the types of services offered within a traditional facility. The overall success of this program spirited a new computing facility model expanding across campus. This model will soon be the new generation of computing facilities for higher education.
A Faster Water Cycle

Most of us treat water as a commodity, a consumable if vital substance that we access with a turn of a faucet. But water is also an integral part of the climate system, contributing to the delicate balance of energy and mass that regulates the temperature of our planet. This relationship is at the heart of the scientific community's concern that dramatic changes may be in store for the water cycle in the future ( 1 ). Moreover, given water vapor's role as the most powerful greenhouse gas in Earth's climate system, uncertainty about future water cycle change underlies much of the uncertainty in future climate projections ( 2 ). Fortunately, for geochemists, water is not an undifferentiated commodity, but rather exhibits subtle but measurable variations in its stable oxygen isotopic compositions. These differences allow researchers to trace past and present fluxes within the water cycle. On page 455 of this issue, Clementz and Sewall ( 3 ) use isotopic data from fossil teeth to reconstruct past global patterns of variation in water isotopic composition. They fill a major data gap in the geological record of the water cycle and provide evidence that fluxes of water through the tropical atmosphere were more vigorous during past periods of extreme global warmth.
Word processors and writing-process software: Introduction and evaluation

Abstract The first part of this review is dedicated to the most common type of computerbased writing tool — the word processor. Features commonly required by the majority of users were discussed to acquaint new or prospective users with the extraordinary utility of word processors and describe the components of the included evaluation form, which was designed to provide a standardized software examination and rating instrument for prospective personal or educational use. In the second section, the evaluation instrument was applied to the word-processing software used by contributing researchers to provide detailed descriptions of each package for informational and comparison purposes. The final section describes two prime examples of writing process software. The first — Writer's Helper — belongs to a genre of computer-based writing tools that seem to hold some promise of helping students leam the prewriting and rewriting techniques necessary for increased writing proficiency. The second — Writing To Read — is a computer-based writing system developed to help young children leam to read through writing. This article provides an overview of the two types of computer software — word processing and writing process — currently being promoted as useful tools for writing instruction. The evaluation instruments, software descriptions, and research findings presented elsewhere in this special issue should help educators find software packages that satisfy their professional computer-based writing-instruction requirements and also any idiosyncratic personal needs.
Issues Surrounding the Distribution and Utilization of Nurse Nonphysician Providers in Rural America

The cost and quality of health care is an ever-increasing concern. Responsible people are looking for logical solutions. One solution is the increased involvement of nurse practitioners and certified nurse midwives in the delivery of health care services to patients. This paper reviews the supply, education, and responsibilities of nurse practitioners and certified nurse midwives, government studies of the need for nonphysician providers, the cost-effectiveness of health care delivered by nurse practitioners and certified nurse midwives, and impediments to practice.
Poster Sessions BP06: Neurogenesis, Stem Cells and Apoptosis

The NF-κB transcription factor regulates bcl-x gene expression, which may determine hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis. We examined hypoxia-induced NF-κB and Bcl-xL changes in rat hippocampus. We showed differential hypoxia-induced NF-κB binding to the bcl-x promoter CS4 and IgG–κB enhancer sequences by rat hippocampal nuclear extracts. The differential NF-κB binding to these two promoter sequences was also determined in a contused spinal cord injury model and in vitro studies with LPS-treated Hela cells. There was tissue-, gene promoter-specific and time-dependent regulation of bcl-x gene expression by NF-κB in support of the hypothesis that NF-κB has tissue- and gene-specific regulatory effects and that these effects may account for both the pro- and anti-apoptotic roles assigned to NF-κB in different apoptotic processes. We applied ‘decoy’ oligonucleotides with sequences specific to different promoters to the rat hippocampus and measured ‘decoy’ inhibitory effects on nuclear NF-κB binding. The IgG-κB enhancer sequence ‘decoy’ showed stronger inhibition on nuclear NF-κB c-Rel/p50 binding to the bcl-x gene promoter CS4 sequence when compared to NF-κB p50/p50 binding to the same sequence. This result suggests that the ‘decoy’ approach has the potential to selectively manipulate NF-κB regulation of gene expression in response to hypoxia. Acknowledgements: Supported by NINDS NS-39161, Shriner Grant 8710 and a Grant from the Sealy Center on Aging to J. Qiu.
On the roots of determinants of a class of holomorphic matrix-valued functions

Abstract We consider matrix-valued functions that are holomorphic in the unit disk that are Cauchy transforms of finite matrix-valued measures. For non-zero roots z j of the determinants of such functions, we provide estimates for ∑ ( | z j | − 1 − 1 ) and [ ∑ ( | z j | − 1 − 1 ) 2 ] 1 / 2 .
14C) acetylcholine synthesis by cortex slices of rat brain.

— 1 A procedure has been developed to measure ACh synthesis from [14C]-precursors. As little as 10−9 moles of ACh were detected as the result of de nova synthesis. Following incubation of cortex slices of rat brain with eserine and a tagged metabolite, ACh carrier was added to the incubation medium and to an extract from the slices. ACh was purified by chromatography on Amberlite CG-50, precipitation and recrystallization of ACh chloroaurate. 2 [U−14C]glucose and [2−14C]pyruvate formed similar amounts of [14C]ACh. Hydrolysis of ACh with subsequent chromatography of the resultant acetic acid demonstrated that all of the label was located in the acetyl moiety. [14C]acetate did not serve as a precursor of the acetyl group of ACh. Equivalent incorporation of carbons 1 and 6 of glucose into ACh indicated that glucose metabolism to ACh occurred via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. 3 The amount of ACh detected by bioassay after incubation of cortex slices with [U−14C]glucose was approximately the same as that calculated as labelled ACh; this demonstrates that all of the acetyl groups of ACh formed during incubation were derived from glucose. 4 [14C]choline, either methyl or chain labelled, formed [14C]ACh while labelled ethanolamine, serine and methionine did not. Synthesis from labelled choline did not occur in the absence of glucose. 5 When both [U−14C]glucose and [14C]choline were incubated with brain slices, the acetyl and choline moieties of ACh were equally labelled; this demonstrates that the entire molecule was formed from added precursors. Slices supported a high rate of ACh synthesis without addition of choline. The addition of 10−4m-hemicholinium-3 inhibited ACh formation by more than 90 per cent from either [U-14C]glucose or [Me-14C]choline. 6 Study of the time course of ACh synthesis from glucose demonstrated a rapid formation of [14C]ACh within the slices which reached a maximum during the first hour of incubation. [14C]ACh in the incubation medium accumulated at a linear rate for 3 hr. Replacement of a portion of the sodium chloride of the incubation medium by potassium chloride to a final concentration of 31 mm-KCI markedly increased the formation of [14C]ACh found in the incubation medium. Decreased amounts of [14C]ACh were extracted from the slices by homogenization or by subsequent heating at pH 4 in the high potassium ion medium.
Isolation and characterization of a molecule stimulatory to growth of somatic embryos from early stage female gametophyte tissue of loblolly pine

Loblolly pine (LP, Pinus taeda) is the primary commercial species in southern forests of the US. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an effective technique to implement clonal tree production of high-value genotypes from breeding and genetic engineering programs. Unlike angiosperm embryos with attached cotyledons as seed storage organs, the diploid conifer embryo is surrounded by the unattached haploid female gametophyte (FG). The FG is not present in culture. This presents a dilemma if the FG produces necessary or regulatory compounds for embryo growth, since in culture these important compounds would be missing and would have to be added as supplements. We report here the direct evidence that extracts from early-stage FG indeed stimulate early-stage somatic embryo (SME) growth and multiplication, whereas extracts from late-stage FG inhibit early-stage SME growth. Furthermore, we have now isolated this stimulatory substance from early-stage FG tissue, and identified this substance as citric acid on the basis of NMR and mass spectrometry. We then demonstrated that topical application of citric acid to SMEs stimulates embryo colony growth at P = 0.05. Moreover, we find that there is a good correlation between the amount of citric acid isolated from FG tissue (65 nmoles per stage 2-3 FG) and the amount of citric acid that stimulates colony growth (25-50 nmoles) when applied topically to SMEs. This approach of isolating and characterizing a molecule from plant tissue, and investigating its role on SE processes can provide valuable information leading to further applications of these molecules to improve LP SE protocols.
Vitamin requirements for term infants: considerations for infant formulae.

OBJECTIVE To provide the informed health professional with an up to date evaluation of the current thinking regarding requirements for vitamins in infant feeds. ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR ADEQUACY: Vitamin adequacy in the neonate is currently defined in terms of circulating levels of a vitamin or of the activity of a vitamin dependent enzyme in the erythrocytes. Although these measurements have their value there is a need to develop biochemical, physiological or clinical markers of well defined specific function. For some vitamins there is a risk of deleterious effects of very high intakes: risk of toxicity needs to be taken into consideration when making recommendations for inclusion in infant formulae. BREAST MILK AS THE 'GOLD STANDARD': Breast milk concentrations of vitamins have been used as the criteria of adequate intake by neonates. This may not always be justified. Greater consideration needs to be given to differences in bioavailability of vitamins from breast milk compared with formula feeds, of the influence of season, and of stage of lactation, on the stated composition. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES Animal studies have provided limited information regarding effects of different levels of intakes on current status indices in the neonatal period. There are few reports of randomized controlled studies into the effects of different levels of vitamins and these rely heavily on biochemical criteria of adequacy. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS The inclusion of beta-carotene into formula feeds for premature babies is an issue of current interest. What is the justification for this? Are there potential benefits for the term infant? Riboflavin deficiency in the period around weaning may affect the normal structural and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract; some of these effects may be permanent. RESEARCH TO BE DONE: A greater understanding of the absorption and metabolism of vitamins during infancy is required in order to help establish dietary requirements. The relative bioavailability of vitamins in human milk and formulae needs to be investigated. Criteria for vitamin adequacy should be extended to include measures of function. Information regarding the conversion factor from tryptophan to niacin in infancy would allow us to set niacin requirements with greater confidence. There is a particular lack of information about concentrations of biotin and pantothenic acid in breast milk and the relative biochemical status of infants receiving breast milk and formulae. Benefits of including beta-carotene into infant formulae need to be evaluated. The role of individual micronutrients in the structural and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract should be explored.
An electromagnetic model for multiconductor connectors

An electromagnetic model for the response of multiconductor connectors is presented. The model is based on the canonical problem of the electromagnetic response of a thin circumferential slot in the shield of a cylindrical multiconductor transmission line (MTL). The problem is formulated for a shielded MTL of arbitrary cross section with impressed sources driving the interior of the MTL. The problem of interior-to-exterior coupling is solved by treating the slot as a thick aperture in the shield. The equivalence principle is used to divide the original problem into three separate parts. Two coupled integral equations are obtained for the equivalent surface magnetic currents, which are solved by the method of moments, and equivalent networks are presented. The equivalent networks consist of three generalized admittances, one of which is interpreted in terms of a connector admittance. >
Singing the Law: Okot p'Bitek's Legal Imagination and the Poetics of Traditional Justice

This paper reconsiders the poetry of Okot p'Bitek in light of both his formal legal education and the principles of traditional acholi law. Okot claims in Artist, the Ruler that traditional african poets actually create and proclaim law at a fundamental level in society. Okot himself, as a poet in the "tra - ditional" mode, can thus be understood as performing a similar function, particularly in his poems Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol, which can be read in terms of the reconciliatory procedures of traditional justice and, jointly, as an expression of the contemporary value (and possible complications) of traditional law as a response to the legal norms inherited from the British colonial legal system. Given recent debates about the efficacy of traditional justice in promoting reconciliation in Northern Uganda, a "legal" reading of Okot's poetry demonstrates the continuing relevance of his perspectives with regard to traditional art and culture.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity regulates the proliferative potential of growth plate chondrocytes

For tissues that develop throughout embryogenesis and into postnatal life, the generation of differentiated cells to promote tissue growth is at odds with the requirement to maintain the stem cell/progenitor cell population to preserve future growth potential. In the growth plate cartilage, this balance is achieved in part by establishing a proliferative phase that amplifies the number of progenitor cells prior to terminal differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Here, we show that endogenous calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamkII, also known as Camk2) activity is upregulated prior to hypertrophy and that loss of CamkII function substantially blocks the transition from proliferation to hypertrophy. Wnt signaling and Pthrp-induced phosphatase activity negatively regulate CamkII activity. Release of this repression results in activation of multiple effector pathways, including Runx2- and β-catenin-dependent pathways. We present an integrated model for the regulation of proliferation potential by CamkII activity that has important implications for studies of growth control and adult progenitor/stem cell populations.
Tomographic reconstruction of strongly refracting fields and its application to interferometric measurement of boundary layers.

An iterative algorithm for tomographic reconstruction of refractive-index fields from measured values of path integrals along rays which have been bent by refraction is presented. The behavior of the algorithm is studied by applying it to path length data obtained by computer simulation of experiments in which holographic or Mach-Zehnder interferograms of the field are recorded for several different viewing directions. A special form of the algorithm is also used to measure concentration profiles in the boundary layer formed at the cathode of an electrolytic cell containing ZnCl2. The Appendix contains a discussion of series expansion techniques for reconstructing object fields from measured values of line integrals through the field.
Teaching Marketing Through a Micro-Economy in Virtual Reality

Teaching retailing principles to students is a challenge because although real-world wholesale and retail decision making very heavily depends on dynamic conditions, classroom exercises are limited to abstract discussions and role-playing. This article describes two interlocking class projects taught using the virtual reality of secondlife.com, which allowed students to use their recently gained skills in wholesaling and retailing. The exercises provided students with unique educational experiences without the need of “bricks and mortar” product development, wholesale, or retail spaces. This spurred students’ creativity and entrepreneurship. Students described the simulations as “fun” and “interesting.” Students also reported a greater depth of learning as a result of participating in the virtual simulation. This article describes the interdisciplinary team efforts to develop educational experiences for students. It also uses previous research in virtual reality implementation for classroom use to provide...
The Colony Structure and Population Biology of Invasive Ants

Ants are among the most widespread and damaging of introduced species. Many invasive ants share a suite of characteristics that facilitate their introduction, establishment, and subsequent range expan- sion. One feature of particular importance is the ability to form numerically large, ecologically dominant col- onies. We review the population biology of invasive ants, focusing on the role of sociality and colony struc- ture in their success. Specifically, we considered different hypotheses that have been proposed for the observed transitions in social structure of the two most well-studied ant invaders, the Argentine ant ( Linepithema hu- mile ) and the red imported fire ant ( Solenopsis invicta ). In both species, genetic changes during or subsequent to introduction have led to alterations in social behavior and colony structure; these, in turn, have promoted the invasive success of introduced populations. Although many other invasive ant species appear to have sim- ilar forms of social organization, little is known about the basic population biology of these species.
Compositional changes in neurotoxins and their oxidative derivatives from the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, in seawater and marine aerosol

The harmful alga, Karenia brevis, produces a suite of polyether neurotoxins, brevetoxins or PbTx, that cause marine animal mortality and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP). A characteristic of K. brevis blooms is associated airborne toxins that result in severe respiratory problems. This study was undertaken to determine the composition of aerosolized brevetoxins and oxidative derivatives to which beachgoers are exposed during a K. brevis bloom. The suite of brevetoxins and derivatives in seawater is comprised of intra-cellular (IC) and extra-cellular (EC) compounds. We hypothesized that aerosolized compounds are generated primarily from EC, hydrophobic compounds in seawater by bubble-mediated transport. Thus the composition of aerosolized brevetoxins and derivatives, to which beachgoers are exposed, would reflect the EC composition of the source matrix (the local surf zone). Brevetoxins were extracted from water collected along the shore and from marine aerosols along Siesta Beach and Lido Beach in Sarasota, FL, USA, during K. brevis blooms. Water samples were further processed into IC and EC components. The primary brevetoxins observed in water and air included PbTx-1, -2, -3, -PbTx-2-carboxylic acid, and brevenal. Oxidation and/or hydrolysis products of PbTx-1, -2, -3 and -7 were also found in EC water and in aerosol, but not IC.
Editorial: information visualization is growing

Information Visualization (2002) 1, 159 – 164. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500022 I am delighted to introduce this double issue of the journal of Information Visualization (IVS). This is also the completion of the first volume of a young and ambitious journal. It comes at the time when we are witnessing a number of encouraging signs of the growth of information visualization as a field of study and as a scientific community. Never has there been so many researchers, practitioners, students, and vendors who are so involved in information visualization. They are studying information visualization and solving real-world problems with information visualization, not only as visually appealing tools but also as a way of thinking. The journal’s submission rate has been increasing steadily and so has the quality. Figure 1 shows that, as of the end of October 2002, IVS has received submissions from eight countries. This would not have been possible without the extensive support from our dedicated editorial board members and our diligent peers in this vibrant community. I would like to take this opportunity to say thank you. In this issue we acknowledge paper editors and reviewers who have anonymously reviewed articles for this volume. And we will continue to do so in the last issue of each volume. We have even more reasons to be cheerful. Information visualization, as a field of study, is growing. Before I introduce the research articles featured in this issue, I would like to include a lightweight scientometric analysis of the growth of information visualization. According to Derek DeSolla Price and Diana Crane, the numbers of new publications in a field provide an important indicator of the growth of a field. The growth of such numbers characterizes one of the four stages:
Exploring pre-operational and concrete operational children’s thinking on nutrition: A case study:

Objective In this exploratory study, we observed the process in which children make food choices from a cognitive development perspective and the implications that these choices have on the areas of cognitive development and health and nutrition education.Design This was a cross-sectional case study that involved an in-depth examination of the food choice process and knowledge of a child in the pre-operations stage and a child in the concrete operations stage as defined by Piaget.Setting This study took place in New York City.Methods The five general questions on health and nutrition which were posed to each child were: Why do we need to eat? What makes some foods healthy or unhealthy? Can some foods be healthy and unhealthy at the same time? Where do certain foods come from? Why is it important to eat in moderation? The responses to these questions were analyzed from both cognitive and health education perspectives. In addition to being asked questions about nutrition, each in-depth interview included an...
Elements Regulating Cardiomyocyte Expression of the Human Sarcomeric Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase Gene in Transgenic Mice

Sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase (sMtCK) is one component of a multiprotein, high energy channeling complex consisting of porin, mitochondrial creatine kinase, and adenine nucleotide translocase. To study the transcriptional mechanisms specifying sMtCK gene expression to the heart, transgenic mice were created carrying the 5′-flanking sequences of the human sMtCK gene ligated upstream of the human growth hormone (hGH) reporter gene. RNA blot hybridization demonstrated that the human sMtCK sequence, −485 to +6 base pair (bp), did not activate reporter gene expression to a detectable level. However, the human sMtCK sequence, −921 to +6 bp, expressed the hGH reporter gene at a high level in heart and skeletal muscle and at a very low level in esophagus and kidney, and it did not express the hGH gene in other organs tested (brain, lung, liver, spleen, bladder, uterus, and stomach). In situhybridization revealed that reporter gene transcription was specified to cardiac and skeletal myocytes, recapitulating precisely the expression pattern of the endogenous gene. Sequence analysis identified several consensus binding sites between −921 and −757 bp, including four GATT motifs, one E box, and one MEF2 site. Further analysis of a third transgenic mouse strain demonstrated that the human sMtCK sequence, −757 to +6 bp, did not direct detectable expression of the hGH reporter gene. We conclude that this 160-bp genomic sequence, from −921 to −757 bp, is necessary in specifying expression of the human sMtCK gene to the oxidative and highly metabolically active heart tissue.
Etiologies and Early Diagnosis of Short Stature and Growth Failure in Children and Adolescents

Accurate measurement of height and weight using standardized techniques is a fundamental component of pediatric medical visits. Calculation of height velocity over time enables comparison with standardized growth charts to identify potential deviations from normal. Growth deviations may be expressed as SD from the normal population mean for children of comparable age and sex; children with heights >2 SD below the mean are generally classified as short stature. In a child with suspected impaired growth, a detailed evaluation should be conducted to identify the cause. Such an evaluation may include a combination of personal, family, and social history; physical examination; general and perhaps specialized laboratory evaluations; radiologic examinations; genetic testing; and consultation with a pediatric subspecialist, such as a pediatric endocrinologist. Variants of normal growth include familial short stature, constitutional delay of growth and puberty, and small for gestational age with catch-up growth. Pathological causes of abnormal growth include many systemic diseases and their treatments, growth hormone deficiency, and a series of genetic syndromes, including Noonan syndrome and Turner syndrome. Children with short stature in whom no specific cause is identified may be diagnosed with idiopathic short stature. Early identification of abnormal growth patterns and prompt referral to specialist care offer children with growth failure and/or short stature the greatest chance for appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and improved clinical outcomes.
Calcium influx regulates antibody-induced glycoprotein movements within the Chlamydomonas flagellar membrane.

The Chlamydomonas flagellar surface exhibits a number of dynamic membrane phenomena associated with whole-cell gliding locomotion and the early events in fertilization. Crosslinking of a specific population of flagellar surface-exposed glycoproteins with the lectin concanavalin A or an anti-carbohydrate mouse monoclonal antibody, designated FMG-1, results in a characteristic pattern of glycoprotein redistribution within the plane of the flagellar membrane. Recent evidence suggests that flagellar membrane glycoprotein movements are associated with both whole-cell gliding motility and the early events in mating. It is of interest to determine the transmembrane signaling pathway whereby crosslinking of the external domains of flagellar glycoproteins activates the intraflagellar machinery responsible for translocation of flagellar membrane glycoproteins. The redistribution of flagellar membrane glycoproteins requires micromolar levels of free calcium in the medium; lowering the free calcium concentration to 10(−7) M results in complete but reversible inhibition of redistribution. Redistribution is maximal in the presence of 20 microM free calcium in the medium. Redistribution is inhibited in the presence of 20 microM free calcium by the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine, W-7 and calmidazolium, the calcium channel blockers diltiazem, methoxyverapamil (D-600) and barium chloride, and the local anesthetics, lidocaine and procaine. The actions of all of these agents can be interpreted in terms of a requirement for calcium in the signaling mechanism associated with flagellar glycoprotein redistribution. In particular, the requirement for micromolar calcium in the external medium and the effects of specific calcium channel blockers suggest that flagellar membrane glycoprotein crosslinking may induce an increase in calcium influx, which may be the initial trigger for activating the flagellar machinery responsible for active movement of flagellar membrane glycoproteins.