cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the liquidus surface and solidus transitions of the NaCl–UCl3 and NaCl–UCl3–CeCl3 phase diagrams

Abstract NaCl–UCl3–PuCl3 is proposed as the fuel salt for a number of molten salt reactor concepts. No experimental data exists for the ternary system, and limited data is available for the binary compositions of this salt system. Differential scanning calorimetry is used in this study to examine the liquidus surface and solidus transition of a surrogate fuel-salt (NaCl–UCl3–CeCl3) and to reinvestigate the NaCl–UCl3 eutectic phase diagram. The results of this study show good agreement with previously reported data for the pure salt compounds used (NaCl, UCl3, and CeCl3) as well as for the eutectic points for the NaCl–UCl3 and NaCl–CeCl3 binary systems. The NaCl–UCl3 liquidus surface produced in this study predicts a 30–40 °C increase on the NaCl-rich side of the binary phase diagram. The increase in liquidus temperature could prove significant to molten salt reactor modeling.
Multi-region transport and competitive ion exchange in partially saturated porous media

In most natural subsurface settings cesium sorbs very strongly to sediments, effectively limiting its transport. At the Hanford Site in Washington State (USA), vadose zone migration of 137 Cs from subsurface high-level radioactive waste tanks has been detected over 40 meters below the ground surface. In response, a comprehensive investigation of geochemical and hydrologic processes controlling cesium mobility in Hanford sediments was initiated. Geochemical laboratory studies investigated the ability of electrolytes in the hypersaline tank fluid to outcompete 137 Cs for exchange sites in the Hanford sediments. Depending on tank temperatures, sodium concentrations in the tank waste could be as high as 19 M. Batch and saturated laboratory column studies provided the basis for a quantitative multisite, multicomponent ion exchange model of Cs + competition with Na + , K + , Ca ++ , and Mg ++ in a composite Hanford soil. To test the validity of this model under unsaturated conditions, a series of reactive transport column experiments were performed in an ultracentrifuge at different liquid saturations. For each experiment, a constant, uniform saturation was maintained using a steady influx of a 5 M sodium nitrate solution with 5.4E-5 M cesium iodide. Our interest was the potential for enhanced cesium transport due to the presence of immobile liquid and/or bypassed regions. We were also interested in the variability of cesium reactivity that may be associated with specific regions, especially the case where the mobile liquids were selectively exposed to less reactive mineral surfaces. To this end, mobile and immobile fluid fractions, dispersion, and the rate of mass transfer between mobile and immobile regions were determined from the tracer breakthrough. At higher saturations (≈65%), the tracer and cesium behavior could be predicted to a large degree using a single mobile region with the previously developed multicomponent ion exchange model. At lower saturation (≈23%), however, the tracer breakthrough indicated a relatively large immobile fluid fraction, which could be described only with a multi-region approach. In this experiment, however, cesium broke through earlier and at higher concentrations than predicted by multi-region theory combined with the existing cesium ion exchange model. This behavior is consistent with a lower density of exchange sites in the immobile fluid region.
Technical and Data Appendix to `Experiments with Network Formation`

This appendix provides proofs and the entire set of data used in Corbae and Duffy (2006)` ``Experiments with Network Formation''. In particular we show that for the environment laid out in that paper` a marriage network is not only the ex-ante efficient network` but also stable in the sense of being immune to unilateral deviations.
Nudibranch life cycles in the Northwest Atlantic and their relationship to the ecology of fouling communities

1. The most abundant nudibranchs in southern New England are small aeolids and sacoglossans. These gastropods are characteristically sub-annual species with asynchronous growth, continuous egg production and recruitment. Growth of individuals is notably rapid for molluscs, and is probably related to the possession of cerata, which appear to be an adaptation permitting increased rates of assimilation and metabolism. These characteristics represent adaptations to transient food sources which appear early in the microsuccession of fouling communities. Larger species, almost entirely dorids, have slower growth, restricted periods of egg production, synchronous growth cycles, and lower metabolic rates. These feed on more stable, longlived food sources characteristic of later successional stages. 2. The cerata represent convergent adaptations in four major taxa (Sacoglossa, Dendronotacea, Arminacea, and Aeolidacea) permitting an increase in growth and nonhomeostatic respiration. This is accomplished by an increase in both respiratory and digestive surface area. 3. The major component of recruitment of nudibranch populations is due to allochthonously-produced larvae. This may be of great value in repopulation of areas similar to southern New England, where temperature instability may preclude survival of a population for more than a few months. 4. High thermal sensitivity is characteristic of most nudibranchs of the western Atlantic, as indicated by high Q10 values. This sensitivity does not always cause mortality in natural populations, but is related to the rapid changes in population activity, and may represent a further adaptation to prey-species' life cycles. The interaction of high thermal sensitivity and a wide environmental temperature range, however, does limit the zoogeographic ranges and accounts for the low species diversity of the west Atlantic littoral fauna. Thermal sensitivity also explains the scarcity of intertidal species in southern New England, and accounts for the vernal disappearance of a few species. 5. Most species have type 1 (planktotrophic) development, which is of value in dispersal to and exploitation of new fouling growths. Some evidence is given that the proportion of type 1 development is higher in the western Atlantic than in the eastern Atlantic, which may relate to a greater instability of food species. 6. The widely-reported sudden appearances of populations are due to arrival of large numbers of larvae, followed by rapid growth to visible size. A critical temperature may stimulate settling and metamorphosis. 7. Sudden disappearances of adult populations are due to several causes. Small exploitist species normally overgraze food supplies following peak recruitment periods. This leads to destruction of the microhabitat and reduction of absolute population size, with apparent disappearance of individuals. Annual species normally die following periods of egg production, probably due to physiological weakening caused by extreme gonad output.
Regulated in Vitro Synthesis of Escherichia coli Tryptophan Operon Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Enzymes

DNA-dependent synthesis of tryptophan (trp) operon mRNA and enzymes was studied in vitro. With φ80 trpEDCBA template DNA trp operon transcription was initiated primarily at a phage promoter estimated to be approximately 7400 to 8000 nucleotides from trpE. Sequential transcription of trp mRNA in the correct direction proceeded at a rate of about 19 nucleotides per s. Trp mRNA resulting from read-through transcription from the phage promoter was larger than 23 S. Coupled sequential synthesis of trp operon enzymes occurred at a rate of approximately 4 amino acids per s. Experiments were conducted to determine if ribosomes discharge from polycistronic trp mRNA following translation termination at natural chain termination codons. Kasugamycin was used to inhibit reinitiation of translation. Kasugamycin shut down of steady state translation required 6.5 min for trpE enzyme, 7 min for trpD enzyme, and 3 min for trpA enzyme. These results indicate that ribosomes which translate trpE mRNA must discharge and reattach in order to translate trpD mRNA, and that ribosomes that translate trpD mRNA must discharge and reattach in order to translate trpA mRNA. Kasugamycin inhibition of trpD enzyme and trpA enzyme synthesis under appropriate conditions of sequential transcription and coupled translation provided further evidence for obligatory discharge and reattachment of ribosomes. Enzyme synthesis coupled to trp operon-promoted transcription from λh80 trp template DNA was repressible by tryptophan in reaction mixtures containing S-30 extract from trpR+ cells. In contrast, enzyme synthesis coupled to read-through transcription from φ80 trp template DNA was essentially irrepressible. It is concluded that read-through transcription is not repressible in vitro. Trp operon mRNA transcribed from a λh80 trpEDCBA DNA template was smaller than 23 S. The polar mutation trpC6 was expressed in vivo in phage λh80 trpEDCBA 190-9 but not in phage φ80 trpEDCBA 190. Read-through transcription of the trp operon occurs in the latter phage but not in the former. Polarity was not expressed in vitro using template DNA from either phage. Trp operon mRNA was extremely stable in vitro; the half-life varied between 30 min and more than 2 hours.
Fractionation of plasma proteins by pseudo-ligand affinity chromatography. Elution from immobilized Brown Fractogel TSK-AF.

Abstract The fractionation of human plasma by chromatography on immobilized Brown Fractogel TSK-AF was analyzed by following the elution profile of 25 different plasma proteins. A three-step procedure was used to elute proteins from the column. First, a low-molarity buffer (30 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, I = 0.053) was applied; then a linear salt gradient (0–1.0 M sodium chloride in the above buffer) was followed by an additional wash with four bed volumes of 1.0 M sodium chloride. Tightly bound proteins were finally stripped with 0.5 M ammonium thiocyanate. The elution profile of the proteins obtained by this procedure appears to be very reproducible. Comparison with the profiles obtained by chromatography on Cibacron Blue 3-GA and on Green TSK-AF indicates significant differences between the binding properties of the three gels.
In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance study of the osmoregulation of phosphocholine-substituted beta-1,3;1,6 cyclic glucan and its associated carbon metabolism in Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110.

Abstract A phosphocholine-substituted beta-1,3;1,6 cyclic glucan (PCCG), an unusual cyclic oligosaccharide, has been isolated from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 (D. B. Rolin, P. E. Pfeffer, S. F. Osman, B. S. Swergold, F. Kappler, and A. J. Benesi, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1116:215-225, 1992). Data presented here suggest that PCCG synthesis is dependent on the carbon metabolism and that osmotic regulation of its biosynthesis parallels regulation of membrane-derived oligosaccharide biosynthesis observed in Escherichia coli (E. P. Kennedy, M. K. Rumley, H. Schulman, and L. M. G. van Golde, J. Biol. Chem. 251:4208-4213, 1976) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (G. A. Cangelosi, G. Martinetti, and E. W. Nester, J. Bacteriol. 172:2172-2174, 1990). Growth of B. japonicum USDA 110 cells in the reference medium at relatively low osmotic pressures (LO) (65 mosmol/kg of H2O) caused a large accumulation of PCCG and unsubstituted beta-1,3;1,6 cyclic glucans (CG). Sucrose and polyethylene glycol, nonionic osmotica, reduce all growth rates and inhibit almost completely the production of PCCG at high osmotic pressures (HO) above 650 and 400 mosmol/kg of H2O), respectively. We used in vivo 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify the active osmolytes implicated in the osmoregulation process. The level of alpha,alpha-trehalose in B. japonicum cells grown in autoclaved or filter-sterilized solutions remained constant in HO (0.3 M sucrose or 250 g of polyethylene glycol 6000 per liter) medium. Significant amounts of glycogen and extracellular polysaccharides were produced only when glucose was present in the autoclaved HO 0.3 M sucrose media. The results of hypo- and hyperosmotic shocking of B. japonicum USDA 110 cells were monitored by using in vivo 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The first observed osmoregulatory response of glycogen-containing cells undergoing hypoosmotic shock was release of P(i) into the medium. Within 7 h, reabsorption of P(i) was complete and production of PCCG was initiated. After 12 h, the PCCG content had increased by a factor of 7. Following the same treatment, cells containing little or no glycogen released trehalose and failed to produce PCCG. Thus the production of PCCG/CG in response to hypoosmotic shocking of stationary-phase cells was found to be directly linked to the interconversion of stored glycogen. Hyperosmotic shocking of LO-grown stationary-phase cells with sucrose had no effect on the content of previously synthesized CG/PCCG. The PCCG/CG content and its osmotically induced biosynthesis are discussed in terms of carbon metabolism and a possible role in hypoosmotic adaptation in B. japonicum USDA 110.
Equity Options During the Short Ban of 2008

The Securities and Exchange Commission’s September 2008 emergency order introduced a near complete shorting ban of some 800 financials traded in the US. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the equity options market during the three months that include the duration of the ban. Using transaction level data from OPRA (The Options Price Reporting Authority) we are able to study the options volume, spreads, pricing measures as well as option trade volume informativeness during the ban. We also consider the put call parity relationship during the ban. We find that during the ban, banned stock option effective and quoted spreads increase as well as the Black-Sholes-Merton volatilities and price relative to non banned. Using intraday data, we regress future stock returns on lagged signed option trading volume and find that options volume becomes informative during the ban for the banned stocks. Our measure of the violation of American stick put call parity exhibits a significant increase during the ban period and only for the banned stocks. Economic magnitudes of our results often suggest that the impact of the ban on equity options market was likely not as dramatic as initially thought.
Communication Support in Operating Systems for Distributed Transactions

This paper describes the communication functions required for distributed transaction processing. The paper begins with a discussion of models that illustrate how a communication subsystem fits into a proposed system architecture. Then, it describes the system and user activities that depend on the communication subsystem. Finally, it uses these activities to motivate the facilities that should be provided by a communication subsystem that supports transaction processing.
Optical Refrigeration in Solids: Fundamentals and Overview

Optical refrigeration, or the cooling of solids with near-monochromatic light, is a discipline that was anticipated almost 80 years ago, decades before the invention of the laser. In 1929, the German physicist Peter Pringsheim (Figure 1.1) proposed the cooling of solids by fluorescence upconversion [3]. Because of the great advances that have been made in the use of lasers to cool and trap dilute gases of atoms and ions to extremely low temperatures, the term “laser cooling” is most often used in reference to this area of science. This is quite justified given its spectacular achievements, such as the creation of Bose–Einstein condensates and many related phenomena [1,2]. Nevertheless, optical refrigeration is itself a rapidly growing field; one that offers insights into the interaction of light with condensed matter, and has the potential to provide the basis for new types of cryogenic refrigeration. In the solid phase, thermal energy is largely contained in the vibrational modes of the lattice. In the laser cooling of solids, light quanta in the red tail of the absorption spectrum are absorbed from a monochromatic source, and then spontaneous emission of more energetic (blue-shifted) photons occurs. The extra energy is extracted from lattice phonons, the quanta of vibrational energy that are generated from heat. The removal of these phonons is therefore equivalent to cooling the solid. This process has also been termed “anti-Stokes fluorescence” and “luminescence upconversion” cooling. Laser cooling of solids can be exploited to achieve an all-solid-state cryocooler [4–6], as conceptually depicted in Figure 1.2. The advantages of compactness, no vibrations, no moving parts or fluids, high reliability, and no need for cryogenic fluids have motivated intensive research. Spaceborne infrared sensors are likely to be the first beneficiaries, with other applications requiring compact cryocooling reaping the benefits as the technology progresses. A study by Ball Aerospace Corporation [7] shows that in low-power spaceborne operations, ytterbium-based optical refrigeration could outperform conventional thermoelectric and mechanical coolers in the temperature range 80 – 170 K. Efficient, compact semiconductor lasers can pump optical refrigerators. In many potential applications, the requirements
BonJour’s Coherence Theory of Justification

Laurence BonJour’s book, The Structure of Empirical Knowledge, is among the most detailed and resourceful efforts to present a coherence theory of empirical justification produced thus far. Although my own account of justification is different in kind from BonJour’s, there is much that I admire in his work. Some of what I admire is solidly substantive, including specific examples, arguments, and instances of philosophical theorizing. I also find admirable the refreshing candor with which BonJour approaches epistemology. There is no pretense here of having found all the answers, nor even all the questions for which answers may be required. There is instead a healthy sense of speculation and a willingness to admit that the solutions to certain problems are out of reach at the present time.
Axon Surface Infolding and Axon Size can be Quantitatively Related in Gastropod Molluscs

A quantitative estimate of infolding and of its effect on electrical characteristics in axons of different sizes is given by expressions based on the allometric equation, y = α x β. These expressions can be used to describe the effect of stretching the axon and the size dependence of the axo-somatic conductance ratio. The parameters in the allometric equation are determined for a range of axon sizes in three species of opisthobranchs from original and from published data. Analysis of variance for these data suggests that interaxonal variability of infolding is less for axons of an identifiable neurone from different specimens of the same species than for axons of different neurones from the same specimen. With the exception of the Aplysia R2 axon where the infolding size dependence may be less, the ratio of axon volume to surface in these neurones is given approximately by the equivalent axon diameter to the one-half power. For this relation of infolding to size (and if it is assumed that infolding in the soma varies with size in the same way as in the axon), the axo-somatic conductance ratio is inversely proportional to soma diameter to the three-fourths power. These results suggest that conduction velocity increase with size is small, and because of the penalty in the concomitant increase in axon surface membrane with size, selection for larger axons probably does not occur to satisfy a requirement of decreased response time.
Polyreactive antigen-binding B (PAB-) cells are widely distributed and the PAB population consists of both B-1+ and B-1- phenotypes.

B cells that make polyreactive antibodies (PAB + cells) express polyreactive Ig receptors on their surface and can bind a variety of different antigens. The present study shows that PAB + cells are widely distributed, are present in varying numbers in different lymphoid organs and that their phenotype varies depending on the organs from which they are isolated. Up to 10 times more cells in PAB enriched populations bind antigens as compared to PAB populations. Comparison of PAB + with B-1 + cells showed that a high percentage of PAB + cells are B-1 + , but that many PAB + cells do not express B-1 cell surface markers and, in fact, are B-1 . It is concluded that the B cell population consists of PAB + /B-1 + , PAB + /B-1 , PAB - /B-1 + , and PAB/B-1 cells. The presence of PAB' cells in the thymus points to the possibility that PAB' cells may carry endogenous host antigens from peripheral tissues to the thymus where they may contribute to immunological tolerance.
A Note on the Economic Viability of the Erie Canal, 1825-1860

Professor Filante examines data on the patterns of trade and revenues on the Erie Canal during its first thirty-five years of operation.
Results from the LIMS experiment for the PMP-1 winter 1978/79

The results of a preliminary analysis of the data on the global distributions of temperature and trace constituents in the middle atmosphere (15-65 km) obtained with the limb IR monitor (LIMS) are presented. The 6-channel limb-scanning radiometer was sensitive to the 15 micron bands of CO2, as well as other wavelengths, and was launched on the Nimbus 7 satellite in 1978. The derived data were partially compared with Soviet rocketsonde data to track an evolution in a warming trend over Siberia. The morphology of the changes were attributed to stratospheric warming. The comparisons with rocketsonde data indicated that the LIMS data were suitable for the determination of planetary wave amplitudes and phases, heat and momentum transport, and Eliassen-Palm fluxes.
Platinum-Monolayer Shell on AuNi0.5Fe Nanoparticle Core Electrocatalyst with High Activity and Stability for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

We describe a simple method for preparing multimetallic nanoparticles by in situ decomposition of the corresponding Prussian blue analogue, which is adsorbed on carbon black. The example involves the AuNi(0.5)Fe core of the Pt(ML)/Au(1)Ni(0.5)Fe core-shell electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. The core contains 3-5 surface atomic layers of Au, which play an essential role in determining the activity and stability of the catalyst. The Pt(ML)/AuNi(0.5)Fe electrocatalyst exhibited Pt mass and specific activities of 1.38 A/mg(Pt) and 1.12 × 10(-3) A/cm(2)(Pt), respectively, both of which are several times higher than those of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Its all-noble-metal mass activity (0.18 A/mg(Pt,Au)) is higher than or comparable to those of commercial samples. Stability tests showed an insignificant loss in activity after 15,000 triangular-potential cycles. We ascribe the high activity and stability of the Pt(ML)/AuNi(0.5)Fe electrocatalyst to its hierarchical structural properties, the Pt-core interaction, and the high electrochemical stability of the gold shell that precludes exposure to the electrolyte of the relatively active inner-core materials.
Conformation of Arborescent Polymers in Solution by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Segment Density and Core-Shell Morphology

The radius of gyration (Rg) was determined as a function of generation number for arborescent polystyrenes with two different side chain mass average molecular mass (Mw ≈ 5000, 5K, versus 30 000, 30K) by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. The Rg values obtained were analyzed in terms of the Zimm−Stockmayer model for randomly branched polymers, the scaling relation Rg ∝ Mwv, and the expansion factor αs = (Rg)goodsolvent/(Rg)ϑsolvent. The Rg and scaling exponent v = 0.26 ± 0.01 found for G0 through G3 polymers with 5K side chains in cyclohexane-d correspond to the values predicted by the Zimm−Stockmayer model. The Rg for G0 through G3 polymers with 30K side chains deviate from the model with v = 0.32 ± 0.02, corresponding to v = 0.33 expected for hard spheres. Deuterated polystyrene (PS-d) side chains were grafted onto G2 and G3 polystyrene (PS) cores. These copolymers, G2PS-graft-PS-d and G3PS-graft-PS-d, were characterized as spheres with a well-defined PS core−PS-d shell structure by the...
Four-dimensional symmetry of taiji relativity and coordinate transformations based on a weaker postulate for the speed of light. - I

The power of the four-dimensional symmetry of taiji relativity is demonstrated through an analysis of Edwards’ transformation based on the weaker postulate that only the two-way speed of light is a universal constant. His transformation, involving Reichenbach’s time, is shown to be inconsistent with Lorentz-group properties and the relativistic energy-momentum expression for particles. However, using the symmetry of taiji relativity as a guiding principle, we can obtain a new four-dimensional transformation which does not have these difficulties. We show that Reichenbach’s concept of time is compatible with the four-dimensional symmetry of physical laws. No known experiments can distinguish physical laws in this four-dimensional formalism («extended relativity») from those in special relativity.
A cross-cultural family history study of primary progressive dementia in relatives of nondemented elderly Chinese, Italians, Jews and Puerto Ricans

Very few studies have directly compared the risk for Alzheimer's disease in different ethnic groups. This may be due in part to the costs and methodological difficulties associated with conducting traditional epidemiological studies. The family history method, in which information is collected on the dementia status of relatives of normal elderly members of ethnic groups of interest, offers a less costly and more practical preliminary approach. In the present study, 6866 first-degree relatives of 924 elderly, nondemented index subjects (305 Chinese, 212 Jewish, 215 Italian and 192 Puerto Rican, living in New York City) were assessed through family history interview for progressive primary and other dementias using previously published family history criteria. Both the Jewish and Italian groups had significantly increased cumulative risk for progressive primary dementia compared with both the Chinese and Puerto Rican groups. Although possible methodological biases cannot be discounted, these results appear to reflect differences between ethnic groups in the degree of risk for dementia.
T cell-T cell activation in multiple sclerosis

Activated T cells are able to stimulate proliferation in resting T cells through an antigen non-specific mechanism. The in vivo usefulness of this T cell-T cell activation is unclear, but it may serve to amplify immune responses. T cell-T cell activation could be involved in the well-documented occurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS) exacerbations following viral infections. Excessive activation via this pathway could also be a factor in the etiology of MS. We tested the hypothesis that excessive T cell-T cell activation occurs in MS patients using in vitro proliferation assays comparing T cells from MS patients to T cells from controls. When tested as responder cells, T cells from MS patients proliferated slightly less after stimulation with previously activated cells than T cells from controls. When tested as stimulator cells, activated cells from MS patients stimulated slightly more non-specific proliferation than activated cells from controls. Neither of these differences were statistically significant. We conclude that T cell proliferation in response to activated T cells is similar in MS and controls.
Effects of interface charge on the quantum Hall effect

The dependence of the quantum Hall effect on systematic changes in the electronic scattering has been studied in experiments on the inversion layer electrons in Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors which have driftable ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ions in the oxide. The widths and positions of the quantum Hall plateaus corresponding to filled valley levels, filled spin levels, and filled Landau levels were measured for oxide charges up to ${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ at a temperature of 1.35 K and a magnetic field of 13 T. The widths of the plateaus were observed to increase with increasing oxide charge, which is consistent with a picture in which the number of localized states at band edges increases with increased electronic scattering. With increasing interface charge, however, the positions of the plateaus corresponding to filled valley and filled spin levels exhibited systematic shifts with respect to those for filled Landau levels.
Extended hairpin polyamide motif for sequence-specific recognition in the minor groove of DNA

Three-ring polyamides containing N-methylimidazole and N-methylpyrrole amino acids bind sequence-specifically to double-helical DNA by forming side-by-side complexes in the minor groove. Simple pairing rules relate the amino-acid sequence of a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide to its expected DNA target site, and polyamides that target a wide variety of DNA sequences have been synthesized. We have shown previously that two three-ring subunits could be linked together by an aliphatic amino acid, increasing the binding affinity of the polyamide and, in some cases, increasing the length of the target sequence. We set out to determine whether different types of linkers could be used in a single molecule to generate a nine-ring polyamide molecule that would bind to specific DNA sequences.
The First Person Inclusive Dual as an Ambiguous Category

Etude translinguistique pour une classification semantique des pronoms de premiere personnes inclusifs, portant la marque de nombre du duel
Cuckoldry rates in the Molly Miller (scartella cristata; blenniidae), a hole-nesting marine fish with alternative reproductive tactics

Microsatellite markers were developed and employed to assess genetic maternity and paternity of embryos in nest-tended clutches of the Molly Miller (Scartella cristata), a marine fish in which alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) by males were recently described from behavioral and morphological evidence. Genetic data gathered for 1,536 surveyed progeny, from 23 barnacle-nest holes in a single Floridian population, indicate that on average about 5.5 females (range 3–9) contributed to the pool of progeny within a nest. With regard to paternity, the microsatellite data demonstrate that most of the surveyed nests (82.6%) contained at least some embryos that had not been sired by the nest-tending (bourgeois) male, and overall that 12.4% of offspring in the population had been sired via "stolen" fertilizations by other males. These are among the highest values of cuckoldry documented to date in nest-tending fishes, and they support and quantify the notion that the nest-parasitic ART is reproductively quite successful in this species despite what would otherwise seem to be highly defensible nesting sites (the restricted interior space of a barnacle shell). Our estimated cuckoldry rates in this population of the Molly Miller are compared to those previously reported for local populations in other nest-tending fish species, with results discussed in the context of ecological and behavioral variables that may influence relative frequencies of nest parasitism.
A Randomized Trial of Teacher Development in Elementary Science: First-Year Achievement Effects

This article describes 1st-year experimental effects of a large-scale reform providing professional development to elementary school teachers to implement an ex- tended, inquiry-oriented science curriculum. Known as "immersion teaching" because it "immerses" teachers and students in the full cycle of scientific inquiry, this approach developed through a partnership involving university-based science and mathematics content experts and educators and K-12 educators from the Los Angeles Unified School District. Multilevel analyses, which examined school-level effects of assignment to the professional development intervention, nested Grade 4 students and their science achievement outcomes within the 80 study schools. The analyses revealed a statistically significant negative 1st-year treatment effect of school-level assignment to the initiative on the key science achievement outcome. We also tested whether the treatment had dif- ferential effects for English language learners, schools with large proportions of English language learners, and students of new teachers. We found an interaction effect of the treatment by teacher experience level for the teachers who were the primary target of the intervention, with the treatment having positive effects for novice teachers (3 years of ex- perience or less) but a larger, negative effect for veteran teachers. We explore analytically three sets of explanations for the unexpected negative main effect of treatment: poten- tial statistical and design artifacts, possible misalignment between the assessments and content of the treatment, and practical issues related to implementation of the treatment.
Maintaining a Sufficient and Quality Physician Workforce: The Role of For-profit Medical Schools

Currently, in the United States there is a significant physician workforce shortage. This problem is likely to persist as there is no quick solution. The nature of this shortage is complex and involves factors such as an absolute physician shortage, as well as physician shortages in primary care and certain specialty care areas. In addition, there is a misdistribution of physicians to medically underserved areas and populations. The medical education system trains medical school graduates that eventually feed the physician workforce. However, several factors are in place which ultimately limits the effectiveness of this system in providing an appropriate workforce to meet the population demands. For-profit medical schools have been in existence in and around the continental US for many years and some authors have suggested that they may be a major contributor to the physician workforce shortage. There is currently one for-profit medical school in the US, however the majority exist in the Caribbean. The enrollment in and number of these schools have grown to partially meet the ever-growing demand for an increase in medical school graduates and they continue to provide a large number of graduates who return to the US for postgraduate medical training and, ultimately, increase the physician workforce. The question is whether this source will benefit the workforce quality and quantity needs of our growing and aging population.
A verification approach for knowledge-based systems

Abstract Knowledge-based systems (KBS) represent a novel computer-based approach for dealing with practical traffic engineering problems. As traffic engineers adapt and apply KBS technological tenets, there is a need to reflect on exactly how development efforts should proceed and, particularly, on how a KBS should be verified as “correct.” Such experience is likely to accrue from hindsight; what went right—or wrong—during an actual KBS project. Unfortunately, hindsight does not provide direct experience with the application of a specific development paradigm. In this paper, we detail our experiences in applying a specific verification framework (based on traditional software engineering tenets) during a traffic engineering KBS development effort. Our experiences with this paradigm provide useful insights to other researchers involved in traffic engineering KBS development projects.
Los salarios de la economía del cuidado en comparación internacional

El presente articulo versa sobre los salarios de los trabajadores del cuidado, es decir, las personas que prestan, en una relacion personal, servicios que mejoran la salud, las capacidades o la seguridad de quienes los reciben. Las autoras comparan la situacion reinante en doce paises que presentan condiciones economicas y politicas muy distintas. Estos salarios no siempre estan infravalorados, pues hay grandes variaciones internacionales que se deben, ante todo, a las caracteristicas de los trabajadores y de los propios puestos de trabajo. Otros factores nacionales que influyen son las desigualdades salariales, el tamano del sector publico y la fuerza de los sindicatos.
Riparian Shrub Metal Concentrations and Growth in Amended Fluvial Mine Tailings

Fluvial mine tailing deposition has caused extensive riparian damage throughout the western USA. Willows are often used for fluvial mine tailing revegetation, but some accumulate excessive metal concentrations potentially detrimental to browsers. This greenhouse experiment evaluated growth and metal accumulation of Geyer willow (Salix geyeriana Andersson), Drummond’s willow (Salix drummondiana Barratt ex Hook.), diamondleaf willow (Salix planifolia Pursh), Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana Sarg.), thinleaf alder [Alnus incana (L.) Moench spp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung], water birch (Betula occidentalis Hook.), red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L. spp. sericea), and shrubby cinquefoil [(Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz)]. Bare-root shrubs were grown in tailings collected from three acidic, metal-contaminated (i.e., Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) fluvial deposits near Leadville, Colorado, USA. Tailings were amended with only lime to raise the soil pH to 7 s.u., or with lime and composted biosolids (224 Mg ha−1). All shrubs survived in the amended tailings; composted biosolids had little effect on plant biomass. Aboveground and belowground biomass increased during the 2-month greenhouse study by 3–9 and 1.5–5 times initial values, respectively. Most shrubs accumulated Pb and Cu in roots, and belowground Pb concentrations in all shrubs were significantly reduced by the addition of composted biosolids. Compared to other species, alder and cinquefoil accumulated Pb in aboveground growth, and concentrations exceeded animal toxicity thresholds, but these shrubs normally comprise a small proportion of animal diets. Dogwood, alder, and cinquefoil contained low Cd concentrations in aboveground new growth, whereas Bebb and Geyer willow contained zootoxic concentrations. Dogwood, alder, and cinquefoil are three good candidates for mine tailing revegetation, especially in fluvial deposits with elevated Cd concentrations.
Prostaglandin E1-induced alterations in visually-evoked response and production of epileptiform activity.

Abstract The effects of supracortically applied prostaglandin (PG) E 1 on the visually-evoked response (VER) and the spontaneous electrocorticogram (ECoG) were studied in conscious rabbits before and after systemic pretreatment with inhibitors of PG transport or synthesis. (1) Within a few minutes after injection of bromcresol green or probenecid, suprafusion of 8 μg of PGE, over the visual cortex produced alterations in the VER frequently followed by epileptiform activity. Before, or 24 hr after bromcresol green or probenecid administration, suprafusion of PGE 1 had no observable effect on cortical electrical activity. (2) Similar or even more pronounced PGE 1 -induced effects were observed 90 min to 24 hr after, but not less than 90 min after, pretreatment with PG synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin or paracetamol. (3) Essentially similar results were obtained with PGE, while suprafusion of 8 μg of PGF 2 , after pretreatment with a PG transport or synthesis inhibitor had no observable effect on the VER or ECoG. (4) It is concluded that accumulation of high levels of exogenous PGE within the cortical layers of PG transport inhibitor-pretreated rabbits, or development of supersensitivity to PGs in PG synthesis inhibitor-pretreated animals, can render the brain vulnerable to E type PGs with resulting alterations in the VER and production of epileptiform activity. It is suggested that the observed effects maybe due to PGE-induced modulation of normal inhibitory pathways.
Fluorescamine Use in High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Aminocaproic Acid in Serum

A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aminocaproic acid in serum is described. ω-Aminocaprylic acid is used as an internal standard. To 10 μl of serum, 10 μl of the internal standard solution and 50 μl of ethanol are added. After centrifugation, a portion of the supernate is evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 750 μl of 50 mM dibasic sodium phosphate, and then 250 μl of fluorescamine in acetonitrile (35 mg/100 ml) is added. The reaction mixture is chromatographed using a column of octadecylsilane bonded to silica and 44% acetonitrile in 0.5 mM phosphoric acid as the eluent. Quantitation is achieved by monitoring either the absorbance of the effluent at 405 nm or the fluorescence of the compounds with a fluorometer equipped with a flowcell. The method is reproducible, simple, and fast and has a precision of 4.4%.
Multi-stage scheduling for banks by mathematical programming☆

Abstract Despite moves toward electronic funds transfer systems, the United States banking industry must continue to cope with the paper processing requirements associated with a payments system still heavily reliant upon checks. Through the development of MICR (magnetic ink character recognition), computers have been utilized to sort documents and post customer accounts. However, a labor intensive key encoding function is required to prepare documents for processing. An attempt to eliminate the labor intensity is the recent development of optical scanning capture equipment which ‘reads’ printed or hand-written documents and inscribes them with MICR characters. However, the utilization of optical scanning technology requires the scheduling and coordination of five processing activities. A mathematical programming model has been developed which minimizes the combination of payroll and float costs while recognizing machine capacity constraints in the scheduling of optical capture systems. The formulation was specifically designed to respond to the bank check processing scheduling problem. However, with minor modifications, the model is directly transferable to any multi-echelon processing system where penalties are incurred when the units of output fail to meet prespecified deadlines.
Partial correction of murine hereditary growth disorder by germ-line incorporation of a new gene

The dwarf little (lit) mouse is a model for the human hereditary disorder, isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency type I. In these animals, dwarfism results from an autosomal recessively inherited gene mutation. The GH gene is present but production of GH mRNA is deficient, resulting in reduced serum GH and concomitantly decreased serum somatomedin. Growth retardation is evident by 15 days of age and adult animals reach approximately one-half normal size. Mutant mice of both sexes also exhibit a delayed onset of puberty, with males having a high degree of infertility. As administration of GH restores growth, we reasoned that growth failure in the mutant mice might be corrected by providing them with sufficient GH by gene therapy. Here we demonstrate that although the rat and human GH genes alone do not restore growth in transgenic mutants, a metallothionein-rat growth hormone fusion gene (MT-rGH) does. Moreover, the fertility of transgenic mutant males is improved; however, female fertility is impaired.
Tuning the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity properties of oligonucleotide intercalator-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles with human cervical cancer cells HeLa

A series of organically functionalized, MCM-41 type mesoporous silica nanoparticle materials (PAP-LP-MSN and AP-PAP-MSN) with different pore sizes (5.7 nm and 2.5 nm, respectively) were synthesized and characterized. We selectively decorated the exterior particle surface of PAP-LP-MSN and the interior pore surface of AP-PAP-MSN with an oligonucleotide intercalating phenanthridinium functionality. While phenanthridinium itself is a cell membrane impermeable molecule, we demonstrated that both phenanthridinium-immobilized PAP-LP-MSN and AP-PAP-MSN materials could indeed be internalized by live human cervical cancer cells (HeLa). We discovered that the PAP-LP-MSN nanoparticles with the phenanthridium groups located on the exterior surface were able to bind to cytoplasmic oligonucleotides, such as messenger RNAs, of HeLa cells resulting in severe cell growth inhibition. In contrast, the cytotoxicity of AP-PAP-MSN, where the same oligonucleotide intercalating molecules were anchored inside the pores, was significantly lowered upon the endocytosis by HeLa cells. We envision that this approach of combining the selective functionalization of the two different surfaces (exterior particle and interior pore surfaces) with morphology control of mesoporous silica nanoparticles would lead to a new generation of nanodevices with tunable biocompatibility and cell membrane trafficking properties for many biomedical applications.
Retinoid X Receptor-Specific Ligands Synergistically Upregulate 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Dependent Transcription in Epidermal Keratinocytes In Vitro and In Vivo

We have examined the mechanism by which endogenous retinoid X receptor (RXR), vitamin D 3 receptor (VDR), and cognate ligands regulate nuclear 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (D 3 ) signaling in epidermal keratinocytes from skin, a physiologic D 3 target. In vitro , RXR and VDR-specific antibodies identified endogenous RXR and VDR bound to a vitamin D 3 -responsive element (DR 3 ) as heterodimers (VDR-RXR). In cultured keratinocytes, 9- cis retinoic acid (9cRA), a panagonist for RXR and retinoic acid receptor (RAR), and an RXR-selective agonist, SR11237, synergized with D 3 to activate DR3 via endogenous as well as overexpressed VDR-RXR, whereas both of these RXR agonists alone were ineffective. In contrast, SR11237 did not synergize with but antagonized an RAR-selective ligand activation of a retinoic acid-responsive element (DR5) via endogenous RAR-RXR. Furthermore, expression of RXR mutated in transactivation domain AF-2 inhibited endogenous VDR-RXR activity over DR3. This mutant efficiently bound to DR3 as VDR-RXR but showed reduced capacity to transactivate DR 3 in response to D 3 and SR11237. In vivo , D 3 and SR11237 synergistically induced the naturally occurring D 3 -responsive 24-hydroxylase gene in epidermis of mouse skin, whereas SR11237 alone was ineffective. Our data suggest that allosteric changes caused by VDR in DR3-bound VDR-RXR do not block access of ligands to R.XR. RXR ligand-induced conformational changes permit VDR-RXR, via both VDR and RXR activation function domains, to mediate maximal D 3 signaling in keratinocytes.
Franchising and the domain of entrepreneurship research

Abstract In this essay, we explore the relationship between franchising and entrepreneurship in general, and their research domains in particular. We begin by categorizing the focus of various representative definitions of entrepreneurship as: (1) traits, (2) processes, or (3) activities, and adopt the view that identifying the unique research domain of entrepreneurship is a more worthwhile endeavor than attempting to reach definitional consensus. We subsequently discuss the differences between entrepreneurship in the manufacturing and retailing contexts, and the particular features of franchising as it relates to the study of retailing entrepreneurship. Specifically, four areas are examined: the franchisor’s role in creating an innovative concept, the franchisee’s role in bringing the franchisor’s concept to new markets, the franchisee’s acceptance of risk, and the special issues surrounding the pervasive practice of multi-unit franchising. We conclude with a brief discussion of the reasons for including the study of franchising, franchisors, and franchisees as integral areas within the distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research, and similarly exhort franchising researchers to explore the implications of their work for the study of entrepreneurship.