cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preserving Institutional Power: The Supreme Court and Strategic Decision Making in the Separation of Powers

We argue that the Supreme Court's long-term goal of maintaining legitimacy and institutional power reflects an underdeveloped strategic consideration in models of judicial decision making. Our article posits that both institutional- and policy-related incentives exist for the Court to engage in strategic behavior, and that those motivations may be differentially applicable to decision making in constitutional versus statutory cases. Our results offer broad confirmation of the above hypotheses, providing an important supplement to our understanding of how Congress may affect the Supreme Court's role in constructing legal policy. Related Articles McKenzie, Mark Jonathan, and Michael A. Unger. 2011. “ ‘New Style’ Campaigning, Citizen Knowledge, and Sources of Legitimacy for State Courts: A Case Study in Texas.” Politics & Policy 39 (5): 813-834. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00317.x/full Sharma, Hemant, and John M. Scheb II. 2011. “The Impact of Divided Government on the Supreme Court Appointment Process: An Assessment of Judicial Extremism, 1946–2009.” Politics & Policy 39 (6): 1077-1105. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00325.x/full Curry, Brett, and Banks Miller. 2008. “Looking for Law in All the Wrong Places? Foreign Law and Support for the U.S. Supreme Court.” Politics & Policy 36 (6): 1094-1124. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00151.x/full Related Media Film Clips: Hoover Institution. 2012. “Uncommon Knowledge with Justice Antonin Scalia.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaoLMW5AF4Y Big Think. 2012. “Stephen Breyer on Globalization and the Supreme Court.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCA38zjwNJM Nuestro argumento es que la meta de largo plazo de mantener poder institucional y legitimidad de la Suprema Corte refleja una consideracion estrategica subdesarrollada de los modelos de hechura de decisiones judiciales. Nuestro estudio postula que incentivos tanto institucionales como los relacionados con politicas existen para que la corte incurra en un comportamiento estrategico y que tales motivaciones podrian ser diferenciadamente aplicables a la hechura de decisiones cuando se confrontan casos constitucionales contra reglamentarios. Los resultados ofrecen amplia confirmacion de las hipotesis mencionadas, ofreciendo un suplemento importante para entender como el Congreso puede afectar el papel de la Suprema Corte en la construccion de politicas legales.
Strategies for Managing Is/It Personnel

Business intelligence has always been considered an essential ingredient for success. However, it is not until recently that the technology has enabled organizations to generate and deploy intelligence for global competition. These technologies can be leveraged to create the intelligent enterprises of the 21st century that will not only provide excellent and customized services to their customers, but will also create business efficiency for building relationships with suppliers and other business partners on a long term basis. Creating such intelligent enterprises requires the understanding and integration of diverse enterprise components into cohesive intelligent systems. Anticipating that future enterprises need to become intelligent, Intelligent Enterprises of the 21st Century brings together the experiences and knowledge from many parts of the world to provide a compendium of high quality theoretical and applied concepts, methodologies, and techniques that help diffuse knowledge and skills required to create and manage intelligent enterprises of the 21st century for gaining sustainable competitive advantage in a global environment. This book is a comprehensive compilation of the state of the art vision and thought processes needed to design and manage globally competitive business organizations.
Heavy chain position 50 is a determinant of affinity and specificity for the anti-digoxin antibody 26-10

Antibody produced by a variant of the murine antidigoxin hybridoma 26-10 has reduced affinity for digoxin but enhanced recognition of the digoxin 12-hydroxyl due to a Tyr to His substitution at heavy chain position 50 (Schildbach, J. F., Panka, D. J., Parks, D. R., Jager, G. C., Novotny, J., Herzenberg, L. A., Mudgett-Hunter, M., Bruccoleri, R. E., Haber, E., and Margolies, M. N. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 4640-4647). Consistent with these data, the 26-10 Fab-digoxin x-ray crystal structure (Jeffrey, P. D., Strong, R. K., Sieker, L. C., Chang, C. Y., Campbell, R. L., Petsko, G. A., Haber, E., Margolies, M. N., and Sheriff, S. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., in press) reveals that Tyr-50 contacts a region of digoxin that includes the hapten-12 carbon. To determine the effects of other heavy chain position 50 substitutions, mutant antibodies were engineered, and their affinities for digoxin and digoxin analogues were measured. The affinity of the mutant antibodies for digoxin roughly correlates with the size of the position 50 side chain. Substitutions of Trp or Phe have no effect on affinity, whereas substitutions of Asn, His, Leu, Ala, Gly, and Asp confer progressively lower affinities. Although Trp and Phe mutants exhibit wild-type specificity, Asn and Asp mutants have improved affinity for digoxin relative to digitoxin (12-deshydroxydigoxin). Leu, Ala, and Gly mutants have improved affinity for 12-acetyldigoxin relative to digoxin as compared with 26-10. These results indicate that position 50 is a determinant of both antibody affinity and fine specificity for antibody 26-10 and that single-amino acid substitutions can alter antibody fine specificity. Models of the mutants were computationally constructed, and haptens were docked into the modeled binding sites. The results suggest that 12-acetyldigoxigenin occupies different orientations in the 26-10 and in the Ala mutant binding sites, resulting in altered binding.
SEQUENCES WITHIN THE HERPESVIRUS-CONSERVED PAC1 AND PAC2 MOTIFS ARE REQUIRED FOR CLEAVAGE AND PACKAGING OF THE MURINE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS GENOME

The DNA sequence motifs pac1 [an A-rich region flanked by poly(C) runs] and pac2 (CGCGGCG near an A-rich region) are conserved near herpesvirus genomic termini and are believed to mediate cleavage of genomes from replicative concatemers. To determine their importance in the cleavage process, we constructed a number of recombinant murine cytomegaloviruses with a second cleavage site inserted at an ectopic location within the viral genome. Cleavage at a wild-type ectopic site occurred as frequently as at the natural cleavage site, whereas mutation of this ectopic site revealed that some of the conserved motifs of pac1 and pac2 were essential for cleavage whereas others were not. Within pac1, the left poly(C) region was very important for cleavage and packaging but the A-rich region was not. Within pac2, the A-rich region and adjacent sequences were essential for cleavage and packaging and the CGCGGCG region contributed to, but was not strictly essential for, efficient cleavage and packaging. A second A-rich region was not important at all. Furthermore, mutations that prevented cleavage also blocked duplication and deletion of the murine cytomegalovirus 30-bp terminal repeat at the ectopic site, suggesting that repeat duplication and deletion are consequences of cleavage. Given that the processes of genome cleavage and packaging appear to be highly conserved among herpesviruses, these findings should be relevant to other members of this family.
Neonatal CD71+ Erythroid Cells Do Not Modify Murine Sepsis Mortality

Sepsis is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. A recent report suggested that murine neonatal host defense against infection could be compromised by immunosuppressive CD71+ erythroid splenocytes. We examined the impact of CD71+ erythroid splenocytes on murine neonatal mortality to endotoxin challenge or polymicrobial sepsis and characterized circulating CD71+ erythroid (CD235a+) cells in human neonates. Adoptive transfer or an Ab-mediated reduction in neonatal CD71+ erythroid splenocytes did not alter murine neonatal survival to endotoxin challenge or polymicrobial sepsis challenge. Ex vivo immunosuppression of stimulated adult CD11b+ cells was not limited to neonatal splenocytes; it also occurred with adult and neonatal bone marrow. Animals treated with anti-CD71 Ab showed reduced splenic bacterial load following bacterial challenge compared with isotype-treated mice. However, adoptive transfer of enriched CD71+ erythroid splenocytes to CD71+-reduced animals did not reduce bacterial clearance. Human CD71+CD235a+ cells were common among cord blood mononuclear cells and were shown to be reticulocytes. In summary, a lack of effect on murine survival to polymicrobial sepsis following adoptive transfer or diminution of CD71+ erythroid splenocytes under these experimental conditions suggests that the impact of these cells on neonatal infection risk and progression may be limited. An unanticipated immune priming effect of anti-CD71 Ab treatment, rather than a reduction in immunosuppressive CD71+ erythroid splenocytes, was likely responsible for the reported enhanced bacterial clearance. In humans, the well-described rapid decrease in circulating reticulocytes after birth suggests that they may have a limited role in reducing inflammation secondary to microbial colonization.
Jagged1 heterozygosity in mice results in a congenital cholangiopathy which is reversed by concomitant deletion of one copy of Poglut1 (Rumi).

Haploinsufficiency for the Notch ligand JAG1 in humans results in an autosomal-dominant, multisystem disorder known as Alagille syndrome, which is characterized by a congenital cholangiopathy of variable severity. Here, we show that on a C57BL/6 background, jagged1 heterozygous mice (Jag1+/−) exhibit impaired intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) development, decreased SOX9 expression, and thinning of the periportal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) layer, which are apparent at embryonic day 18 and the first postnatal week. In contrast, mice double heterozygous for Jag1 and the glycosyltransferase, Poglut1 (Rumi), start showing a significant improvement in IHBD development and VSMC differentiation during the first week. At P30, Jag1+/− mice show widespread ductular reactions and ductopenia in liver and a mild, but statistically, significant bilirubinemia. In contrast, P30 Jag1/Rumi double-heterozygous mice show well-developed portal triads around most portal veins, with no elevation of serum bilirubin. Conditional deletion of Rumi in VSMCs results in progressive arborization of the IHBD tree, whereas deletion of Rumi in hepatoblasts frequently results in an increase in the number of hepatic arteries without affecting bile duct formation. Nevertheless, removing one copy of Rumi from either VSMCs or hepatoblasts is sufficient to partially suppress the Jag1+/− bile duct defects. Finally, all Rumi target sites of the human JAG1 are efficiently glucosylated, and loss of Rumi in VSMCs results in increased levels of full-length JAG1 and a shorter fragment of JAG1 without affecting Jag1 messenger RNA levels. Conclusions: On a C57BL/6 background, Jag1 haploinsufficiency results in bile duct paucity in mice. Removing one copy of Rumi suppresses the Jag1+/− bile duct phenotype, indicating that Rumi opposes JAG1 function in the liver. (Hepatology 2016;63:550–565)
Ranking the research productivity of library and information science faculty and schools: An evaluation of data sources and research methods: Research Articles

This study evaluates the data sources and research methods used in earlier studies to rank the research productivity of Library and Information Science (LIS) faculty and schools. In doing so, the study identifies both tools and methods that generate more accurate publication count rankings as well as databases that should be taken into consideration when conducting comprehensive searches in the literature for research and curricular needs. With a list of 2,625 items published between 1982 and 2002 by 68 faculty members of 18 American Library Association– (ALA-) accredited LIS schools, hundreds of databases were searched. Results show that there are only 10 databases that provide significant coverage of the LIS indexed literature. Results also show that restricting the data sources to one, two, or even three databases leads to inaccurate rankings and erroneous conclusions. Because no database provides comprehensive coverage of the LIS literature, researchers must rely on a wide range of disciplinary and multidisciplinary databases for ranking and other research purposes. The study answers such questions as the following: Is the Association of Library and Information Science Education's (ALISE's) directory of members a reliable tool to identify a complete list of faculty members at LIS schools? How many and which databases are needed in a multifile search to arrive at accurate publication count rankings? What coverage will be achieved using a certain number of databases? Which research areas are well covered by which databases? What alternative methods and tools are available to supplement gaps among databases? Did coverage performance of databases change over time? What counting method should be used when determining what and how many items each LIS faculty and school has published? The authors recommend advanced analysis of research productivity to provide a more detailed assessment of research productivity of authors and programs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Testicular blood flow and fluid dynamics in monkeys with surgically induced varicoceles

The blood flow rates and ability to remove an added fluid load were studied in the testes of monkeys with surgically induced varicoceles and in sham-operated control monkeys. These studies were conducted to verify a proposed mechanism by which varicocele may cause testicular and spermatogenic damage. Analyses of the data indicated that, at four months after induction, the testes of monkeys with varicocele were less able to remove a perfused fluid load and that, at five months, the blood flow was significantly less in the testes of these animals. The effects were most pronounced in the left testes of the monkeys with varicocele. Blood flow values calculated were: control, right--9.66 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1; control, left--10.42 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1; varicocele, right--7.73 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1; varicocele, left--5.04 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1. These data suggest a new theory, that increased pressure on the venous side of testicular capillary beds in subjects with varicocele may decrease blood flow and cause testicular damage.
Money Does Not Grow on Trees: An Argument for Usury

Usury, charging a higher interest rate than thought by some to be “fair,” has had and still has, a bad press. Historically, it was heavily punished. It was then, and all too often is now, thought to be exploitative. Yet, as even the most economically unsophisticated must realize, both sides of these transactions must necessarily gain at least in the ex ante sense, otherwise one or the other would refuse to enter into the deal in the first place. The present paper is an attempt to justify the practice of charging interest on loans, at any rate agreeable to both borrowers and lenders.
Composition and properties of the extracellular polysaccharide produced by arthrobacter stabilis NRRL B-3225

Abstract The extracellular polysaccharide produced by Arthrobacter stabilis NRRL B-3225 contains d -glucose, d -galactose, pyruvic acid, O-succinyl, and O-acetyl in the approximate molar ratio of 6:3:1:1:1.5. Succinyl is linked as its half-ester, making it a readily removable, acidic function that imparts versatility to the polysaccharide both for fundamental research and for commercial use. The viscosity of aqueous, salt-free solutions of both native and deacylated polymer is relatively low, but atypical of anionic polysaccharides, increases rapidly in the presence of salts, acids, or alkali.
Converging Interests: Traders, Travelers, and Tourists in Southeast Asia

Converging Interests: Traders, Travelers, and Tourists in Southeast Asia. Jill Forshee. with Christina Fink and Sandra Cate. eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. + 328 pp., photographs.
Management-Action-Embedded Sector-Demand Prediction Models

airtrafficcontrolandairlineactions,andthataccountsforbothshortterm (less than 30 min) and midterm (30 min to 2 h) predictions. The model consists of two parts: the open-loop prediction and the TFM action model. The open-loop predictions, similar to the traditional methods, are used to determine the possibility of demand-capacity imbalances at a future time, and help decide whether to activate the TFMaction.TheTFMactionmodelsimulatesthedemandreduction caused by the TFM actions. The closed-loop prediction represents the net result of the open-loop prediction and the TFM actions. The periodic autoregressive model and its variants [7,8] were used to build the model. The model considers both historical traffic flows to capture the midterm trend and flows in the near past to capture the transientresponse.Inaddition,forsevereweathercases,theweatherimpacted TFM action was modeled using weather forecast information. The proposed model provides both open- and closed-loop sector-demand predictions. Open-loop prediction is adequate for short durations. When looking at predictions for long durations, open-loop models produce large errors due to their inability to capture traffic initiatives and airline actions during the planning period.Acombinationofclosed-loopandopen-loopmodelsprovide decision-makers the full range of traffic behavior. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section II provides the sector-demand data and a description of the open- and closed-loop sector-demand prediction models. Next, in Sec. III, a weatherfactorisintroducedandtheTFMactionmodelthatconsiders weather is described. The results and performance of the models are demonstrated in Sec. IV. Finally, a summary and conclusions are presented in Sec. V.
Choice of Vascular Surgery as a Specialty: What is Important?

In the last few years, the Association of Program Directors in Vascular Surgery has become increasingly concerned that the number of applicants to vascular surgery residencies has remained stable, while the number of available positions has increased substantially and quality of applicants has diminished. What factors are relevant for residents and medical students whether they do or do not choose vascular surgery as a specialty? In this article, we cite specific reasons that played key roles in this decision-making process, based on various surveys and reports addressing this issue. Technical aspects of vascular surgery, the role of mentors, and lifestyle issues were shown to be critical factors in the choice of potential trainees. Different training paradigms were also shown to be favored by residents and students, depending on their level of training. The findings in these surveys have helped vascular surgery program directors devise new and innovative training paradigms and to develop strategies to attract future trainees.
A word in the right place.

Lobbyists give an impetus to causes that can offer a significant advantage on Capitol Hill. But how do they go about getting their way? David Goldston examines their role in securing science funding.
Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being

The authors analyzed data from the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce (N = 3,504) to investigate relationships among availability of formal organizational family support (family benefits and alternative schedules), job autonomy, informal organizational support (work-family culture, supervisor support, and coworker support), perceived control, and employee attitudes and well-being. Using hierarchical regression, the authors found that the availability of family benefits was associated with stress, life satisfaction, and turnover intentions, and the availability of alternative schedules was not related to any of the outcomes. Job autonomy and informal organizational support were associated with almost all the outcomes, including positive spillover. Perceived control mediated most of the relationships.
Does mild cognitive impairment increase the risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction

Abstract Background Increasingly, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is recognized as a complication after surgery in the elderly. We sought to determine whether patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) would have an accelerated progression of dementia postoperatively when compared with the patients without MCI. Methods The Center for Brain Health at the New York University (NYU) Medical Center maintains records of volunteers who undergo a series of neurological assessments. We reviewed records of 670 patients who received at least 2 evaluations and whose surgery occurred before the second assessment. Longitudinal differences of several cognitive domains were examined. Results Individuals with MCI and surgery had a greater decline in performance on the Digit Span Forward test compared with those with MCI without surgery on their postoperative evaluation ( F 3,158 = 3.12, P = .03). No performance changes were detected in the normal subjects. Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest that surgery negatively impacts attention/concentration in patients with MCI but not in normal individuals. This is the first study that identified a specific subgroup of patients who are predisposed to POCD.
Diffuse bone marrow metastasis by glioblastoma: premortem diagnosis by peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein

Extraneural metastases from malignant glioma and glioblastoma are believed to be rare. The most common sites of metastases are lung, lymph nodes, bone, and liver. We recently encountered two patients with glioblastoma multiforme who presented with pain and thrombocytopenia caused by diffuse metastasis to bone marrow. A premortem diagnosis was established in the first patient with the aid of peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining of the bone marrow biopsy specimen for glial fibrillary acidic protein, a glial-specific marker. In the second patient glial fibrillary acidic protein staining confirmed the glial nature of the primary brain tumor as well as the metastatic tumor in bone marrow. The first patient also had metastatic nodules on the pleural surface and on the fifth rib. All three metastatic foci had similar cellular morphology, suggesting selection of a population of tumor cells with extraneural metastatic potential.
Trends in Tobacco and Alcohol Brand Placements in Popular US Movies, 1996 Through 2009

Importance Tobacco and alcohol use in movies could be influenced by product placement agreements. Tobacco brand placement was limited by the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) after 1998, while alcohol is subject to self-regulation only. Objective To examine recent trends for tobacco and alcohol use in movies. We expected that the MSA would be associated with declines in tobacco but not alcohol brand placement (hypothesis formulated after data collection). Design Content analysis. Setting Top 100 box-office hits released in the United States from 1996 through 2009 (N = 1400). Intervention The MSA, an agreement signed in 1998 between the state attorneys general and tobacco companies, ended payments for tobacco brand placements in movies. Main Outcomes and Measures Trend for tobacco and alcohol brand counts and seconds of screen time for the pre-MSA period from 1996 through 1999 compared with the post-MSA period from 2000 through 2009. Results Altogether, the 1400 movies contained 500 tobacco and 2433 alcohol brand appearances. After implementation of the MSA, tobacco brand appearances dropped exponentially by 7.0% (95% CI, 5.4%-8.7%) each year, then held at a level of 22 per year after 2006. The MSA also heralded a drop in tobacco screen time for youth- and adult-rated movies (42.3% [95% CI, 24.1%-60.2%] and 85.4% [56.1%-100.0%], respectively). In contrast, there was little change in alcohol brand appearances or alcohol screen time overall. In addition, alcohol brand appearances in youth-rated movies trended upward during the period from 80 to 145 per year, an increase of 5.2 (95% CI, 2.4-7.9) appearances per year. Conclusions and Relevance Tobacco brands in movies declined after implementation of externally enforced constraints on the practice, coinciding also with a decline in tobacco screen time and suggesting that enforced limits on tobacco brand placement also limited onscreen depictions of smoking. Alcohol brand placement, subject only to industry self-regulation, was found increasingly in movies rated for youth as young as 13 years, despite the industry’s intent to avoid marketing to underage persons.
Microfluidic Platform for Electrical Monitoring of Enzyme Activity

In this letter, we present a scalable method based on the use of microfluidics and electrical conductivity measurement for monitoring the activity of an enzyme. This scalable method can be used for drug screening to test for the ability of an organic small molecule to inhibit the activity of an enzyme. Our method involves the use of electrodes integrated in a microchannel for the measurement of conductivity across the channel. An ac measurement is used to monitor the conductivity across the channel as the enzyme reaction proceeds. Here, we show the ability to measure these changes in conductivity and also the ability to distinguish between an active and inactive enzyme using an enzyme with two orders of magnitude reduced.
Histological response of bovine mammary tissue to an intracisternal bead device.

Placement of an intracisternal bead device into teat cisterns of dairy cows at drying off was studied. Histological analysis of teat cisternal tissues from quarters fitted with devices demonstrated significant elevation in leukocyte infiltration and hypertrophy of the epithelial lining. Tissue changes ranged from degeneration and sloughing of surface cells of double-layered epithelia to marked thickening and lysis of cisternal epithelium, leaving only the basement membrane intact. Quantification of mammary parenchymal components from quarters fitted with devices demonstrated no differences in percentage area occupied by alveolar epithelium, lumen, and intralveolar stroma from unfitted control quarters. However, quantification of leukocyte numbers demonstrated slightly greater leukocytosis into tissues of quarters fitted with devices in comparison with controls. Devices were successful in stimulating a localized leukocytosis into teat cisternal tissues, which may serve to amplify the leukocyte response to mastitis-causing organisms once they penetrate the teat duct.
2-Aryl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes as novel nonpeptide substance P antagonists

Abstract The synthesis and SAR of a series of 2-aryl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes structurally related to the nonpeptide substance P antagonists CP-96,345 and CP-99,994 are described. The novel SAR observed at the 2-position in these derivatives represents a hybrid between that seen in the two previous series.
Electron spectroscopy study of the heavy Fermion compound URu2Si2

Abstract We report x-ray photoemission, resonant photoemission and bremsstrahlung isochromat spectra of the 4f core levels, the valence band and the conduction band, respectively, of the heavy fermion compound URu 2 Si 2 . The resonant photoemission behavior of the uranium 5f weight resembles that of cerium 4f weight in that the portion away from the Fermi energy has a delayed resonance relative to that at the Fermi energy. We also assess current efforts to interpret uranium spectra.
Evaluation of chimerism in DNA samples by PCR amplification of D1S80 with detection by capillary electrophoresis.

Background: Analysis of the relative amounts of donor and recipient DNA in bone marrow after bone marrow transplantation is frequently used to determine the statusof the transplant. We studied the performance of an assay to quantify chimerism based on amplification of the D1S80 variable number tandem repeat marker by PCR with detection of PCR products by capillary electrophoresis (CE).
SOME INCONSISTENCIES IN LIONEL ROBBINS' METHODOLOGY*

cance of Economic Science would explain the existence of such a wide spectrum of opinion. At times he is quite close to Mill or J. N. Keynes. At other times and for the most part, he sounds like the Austrians, especially Mises. But there are instances where his methodology resem? bles that of the early logical positivists. The methodologies of the Austrians and the Classical economists may not be mutually exclusive, but those of the positivists and the Austrians produce inconsistencies if applied together, as Robbins has done. Historians of thought have overlooked this aspect of Robbins' method? ology altogether. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to expose the inconsistencies by demonstrating the existence of two conflicting themes in his methodological writings: the Austrian/subjective theme as opposed to the positivist/empirical one. What is interesting but also overlooked is the development of Robbins' methodology over his life? time. Whereas the two themes coexist in his Essay, his writings in the last decade show an almost complete disappearance of the subjective theme in favor of a Popperian one. For expository purposes, the paper applies Hutchison's classification of Hayek into Hayek I and II to Robbins. [1981, pp. 210-9] This is especially appropriate because, according to Hutchison, Hayek I was very much influenced by Mises, and Hayek II by Popper. The only difference is that unlike Hayek I and II, Robbins I and II coexist, creating a source of inconsistency. The paper will juxtapose Robbins I's views with those of Mises to show the similarities with Austrian economics. The inconsistencies will be discussed by an examination of Robbins II, who later replaces empir *0034-6764/87/1201-325/$1.50/0.
An activity-based approach to early intervention

About the Authors Acknowledgements Activity-Based Intervention: An Overview and History An Overview of Activity-Based Intervention Activity-Based Intervention and a Linked System Appendix to Chapter 3 Linking Assessment and Goal Development Organizational Structure of an Activity-Based Approach Appendix to Chapter 4 Examples of Organizational Structure Application of Activity-Based Intervention Activity-Based Intervention and the Team Issues Associated with the Use of an Activity-Based Approach Conceptual Foundations for an Activity-Based Approach The Empirical Bases for an Activity-Based Approach Into the Future
Adaptive grid refinement methods for time-dependent flow problems

In the multi-dimensional numerical simulation of certain multi-phase fluid flow processes, many phenomena are sufficiently localized and transient that self-adaptive local grid refinement techniques are necessary to resolve the local physical behaviour. For large-scale simulation problems, efficiency is the key to the choice of specific adaptive strategies. Several different types of self-adaptive methods will be discussed and briefly compared. The differences in complexity of the data structure and efficiency of the solution techniques will be explained. Concepts for incorporating these methods in existing large-scale simulators will also be presented. Man man-years have been invested in developing large-scale numerical simulators which do an excellent job of resolving most of the larger length-scale phenomena in our production processes. Although adaptive local refinement methods are critical for many applications, most techniques which have been developed to date either cannot be incorporated in our codes or are so computationally complex that they destroy the efficiency of existing simulators. Recently, new preconditioning techniques have been developed which allow grid refinement methods to be used efficiently in exisiting codes without disrupting the basic solution process. These techniques are highly amenable to vectorization and parallelization of the algorithms. They are also a first step in allowing complex well models to be incorporated into large field-scale codes and applications.
Future Directions for Neurobehavioral Studies of Environmental Neurotoxicants

Abstract Three proposals for enriching neurobehavioral toxicology studies are discussed. First, while IQ has proven useful as a primary endpoint, such apical measures are limited: they obscure important individual differences, tend to reflect the product rather than the process of learning, sample a limited range of “intelligent” behaviors, and are insensitive to critical outcomes such as learning disabilities. In terms of societal disease burden, behavioral and psychiatric morbidities might be even more important than cognitive morbidities. Such endpoints warrant careful attention. Second, the models of child development can be enriched, increasing our ability both to control for confounding bias and to evaluate potential modification of neurotoxicant effects by contextual factors. While the use of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME scale) and other measures of family-level proximal factors was an important advance, recent sociological work demonstrates the importance of broader conceptualizations of the ecology of child development (e.g. neighborhood and community characteristics). Third, much effort has been expended in attempts to identify the “behavioral signature” associated with exposure to a particular neurotoxicant. Given the limited success in identifying behavioral phenotypes even for well-characterized genetic disorders (e.g. Fragile-X, Williams, Velocardiofacial syndromes), the prospects seem grim for identifying specific and relatively invariant patterns in the expression of neurotoxicant effects across diverse dosing regimens and biological and cultural settings. In part this results from the likely influence of complex, but largely unknown, patterns of effect modification on the expressions of toxicity. Efforts to define the nature of these contingencies might be more productive than continued efforts to identify behavioral phenotypes.
Early events in glutamate receptor trafficking

Glutamate receptors are the primary mediators of excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Activity-dependent changes in the number of postsynaptic glutamate receptors underlie aspects of synaptic plasticity and provide a mechanism for information storage in the brain. Recent work shows that receptor exit from the endoplasmic reticulum represents a critical regulatory step in glutamate receptor trafficking to the neuronal cell surface.
Phase-contrast volume holographic imaging system

A phase-contrast volume holographic imaging system for three-dimensional contrast enhancement is presented. The system utilizes a spatial filter placed on a conjugate plane to the volume holographic pupil to simultaneously enhance weak phase information at different depths within an object. The proposed system was validated with experimental image data obtained in mouse colon samples and quantitative measurements of modulation transfer function as well.
STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TREATIES AND INNOVATIONS IN WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY

Treaties to limit strategic arms, such as those resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), are generally viewed as resulting in a reduced level of military spending and an increased level of security for both countries. This paper shows that such treaties generally would accelerate the qualitative arms race and could lead to the introduction of new and potentially destabilizing weapon systems. Thus, the result might be an increase in military spending and a decrease in the level of security for both countries. This result is supported by a formal model of bureaucratic decision making, in which defense bureaus choose between purchases of existing weapons systems or research and development expenditures on new weapons systems. The formal model leads to two theorems which identify the conditions under which arms limitation treaties lead to innovations in weapons technology and to increased military spending.
MO‐D‐BRC‐01: Dosimetric Evaluation of a Novel Cone‐Beam CT (CBCT) Estimation Method Using Prior Information for Lung Cancer Patient Treatment

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric accuracy of a novel CBCT estimation method using prior information for use in adaptive radiotherapy (ART)‐based treatment of lungcancer patients. Methods: Patient planning CT or previous day's CBCTimages are used as the prior images. The new CBCTimages are considered as a deformation of the prior images. The deformation field is solved by meeting the data fidelity constraint and minimizing the deformation energy of the field. The new CBCTimages are then obtained by deforming the prior images according to the deformation field. Data for ten lungcancer patients were tested for estimation using 57 projections acquired over 60° and 360° scan angles. The new CBCT reconstructed from fully sampled projections were used as the ground truth. Geometric accuracy of the estimation was evaluated using tumor volume percentage error. Dosimetric accuracy was evaluated by comparing the PTV dose distribution in each set of images. Results: The tumor volume percentage error was 13.3% and 4.3% in CBCT estimated using 57 projections over 60° and 360° scan angles, respectively. PTV min., mean and max. doses in estimated CBCT agree with those in true CBCT within 2% and 1% for 60° and 360° scan angles, respectively. The percentage volume of PTV covered by prescription dose in estimated CBCT agrees with that in true CBCT within 4% and 1% for 60° and 360° scan angles, respectively. The isodose lines in the estimated CBCTimages also match well with those in the true CBCTimages. Conclusions: The proposed method is able to provide accurate guidance for plan adaptation in ART treatment of lungcancer patients using 57 projections acquired over 360° scan angle. This implies a 12‐fold reduction in imagingdose relative to conventional CBCT for similar image quality for target delineation and dose calculation in ART.
The Conceit of Self-Loathing

This article explores the psychological intricacies of the Theravādin interpretation of the “conceit of inferiority” (omāna), which is considered to be one of the standard types of pride or conceit (māna). Considering oneself inferior involves an inflated and contrived construction of oneself, akin to other varieties of conceit. Yet (omāna) is a curious form of pride, involving as it does much selfabasement, and even loathing and despising of oneself. Drawing primarily on Abhidhamma canonical and commentarial texts, the article investigates how this conceit illuminates subtle forms of self-affirmation, the affective aspects of selfassessment, and the socially determined dimensions of self-knowledge. The article also offers some comparative considerations with ideals of humility in western traditions.
Fermion excited states in one-dimensional molecular aggregates with site disorder: Nonlinear optical response.

It is well known that Frenkel excitons are not true bosons or fermions. I show that the fundamental electronic excitations in a linear (noncyclic) one-dimensional molecular aggregate consisting of N coupled two-level absorbers with site disorder are in fact fermions, allowing one to calculate IallR of the ${2}^{\mathit{N}}$ excited-state eigenfunctions and eigenenergies with a single N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N matrix diagonalization. As an application, the third-order nonlinear absorption coefficient for a molecular aggregate with site disorder is calculated.
Integration of Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Secret Service/Department of Education Threat Assessment Models into a Conceptual Framework for Prevention of School Violence

Abstract Professionals entered the 21st century with a heightened call to address school safety. Though notable contributions have been made to insure peaceful school communities through a wide range of primary and secondary prevention programs, research suggests that these programs are often an insufficient response to students who are at increased risk for violence. Effective intervention with this subset of youth depends on highly individualized services. This article reviews two empirical justice-based models of threat assessment and expands them with pertinent literature addressing multiple developmental aspects of at-risk youth. The aggregate serves as a cogent structure for examination of individual and systemic factors associated with youth violence.
Cellular and viral specificities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif protein.

The vif gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) greatly enhances the infectivity of HIV-1 virions that are released from cells classified as nonpermissive (e.g., lymphocytes, macrophages, and H9 leukemic T cells) but is irrelevant in permissive cells (e.g., HeLa or COS cells). Recently, it was reported that vif expression in nonpermissive cells dramatically increases infectivity not only of HIV-1 but also of other enveloped viruses, including murine leukemia viruses (MLVs). This was surprising in part because MLVs and other murine retroviruses lack vif genes yet replicate efficiently in T lymphocytes. To investigate these issues, we first developed improved methods for producing substantial quantities of HIV-1 virions with vif deletions from healthy H9 cells. These virions had approximately the same amounts of major core proteins and envelope glycoproteins as the control wild-type virions but were only approximately 1% as infectious. We then produced H9 cells that contained wild-type or vif deletion HIV-gpt proviruses, which lack a functional env gene. After superinfection with either xenotropic or amphotropic MLVs, these cells released HIV-gpt virions pseudotyped with an MLV envelope plus replication-competent MLV. Interestingly, the pseudotyped HIV-gpt (vif deletion) virions were noninfectious, whereas the MLV virions simultaneously released from the same H9 cells were fully infectious. These results strongly suggest that the Vif protein functions in a manner that is both cell specific and at least substantially specific for HIV-1 and related lentiviruses. In addition, these results confirm that vif deletion HIV-1 virions from nonpermissive cells are blocked at a postpenetration stage of the infection pathway.
Proton Computed Tomography

The use of protons or other heavy charged particles instead of x rays in computed tomography (CT) is explored. The results of an experimental implementation of proton CT are presented. High quality CT reconstructions are obtained at an average dose reduction factor compared with an EMI 5005 x-ray scanner of 10:1 for a 30-cm-diameter phantom and 3.5:1 for a 20-cm diameter. The spatial resolution is limited by multiple Coulomb scattering to about 3.7 mm FWHM. Further studies are planned in which proton and x-ray images of fresh human specimens will be compared. Design considerations indicate that a clinically useful proton CT scanner is eminently feasible.
Early indicators and risk factors for ethical issues in clinical practice.

Purpose: Nurses in all clinical settings encounter ethical issues that frequently lead to moral distress. This critical incident study explored nurses’ descriptions of ethically difficult situations to identify risk factors and early indicators of ethical conflicts. Methods: Employing the critical incident technique, researchers developed a questionnaire that collected information on ethically difficult situations, their risk factors and early indicators, nurse actions, and situational outcomes. Two nurse researchers independently analyzed and categorized data using a constant comparison technique. Findings: Most of the ethically difficult situations pertained to end-of-life care for children and adults. Conflicts in interpersonal relationships were prevalent. Nurses were especially moved by patient and family suffering and concerned about patient vulnerability, harm-benefit ratio, and patient autonomy. Researchers discovered risk factor categories for patients, families, healthcare providers, and health systems. Additionally, researchers found subcategories in six major categories of early indicators: signs of conflict, patient suffering, nurse distress, ethics violation, unrealistic expectations, and poor communication. Conclusions: Nurses are keenly aware of pertinent risk factors and early indicators of unfolding ethical conflicts. Many nurses reported feeling powerless in the face of ethical conflict. Research that develops interventions to strengthen nurses’ voices in ethically difficult situation is warranted. Clinical Relevance: Nurses are in a key position to identify patient situations with a high risk for ethical conflict. Initiating early ethics consultation and interventions can alter the course of pending conflicts and diminish the potential for patient and family suffering and nurses’ moral distress.
Efficient and persistent transduction of exocrine and endocrine pancreas by adeno-associated virus type 8

Efficient delivery of therapeutic proteins into the pancreas represents a major obstacle to gene therapy of pancreatic disorders. The current study compared the efficiency of recombinant lentivirus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 1, 2, 5, 8 vectors delivered by intrapancreatic injection for gene transfer in vivo. Our results indicate that lentivirus and AAV 1, 2, 8 are capable of transducing pancreas with the order of efficiency AAV8 >>AAV1 > AAV2 ≥ lentivirus, whereas AAV5 was ineffective. AAV8 resulted in an efficient, persistent (150 days) and dose-dependent transduction in exocrine acinar cells and endocrine islet cells. Pancreatic ducts and blood vessels were also transduced. Extrapancreatic transduction was restricted to liver. Leukocyte infiltration was not observed in pancreas and blood glucose levels were not altered. Thus, AAV8 represents a safe and effective vehicle for therapeutic gene transfer to pancreas in vivo.
EMG differences between concentric and eccentric maximum voluntary contractions are evident prior to movement onset

This investigation addressed the question of whether the muscle activation signal prior to movement onset, as measured by surface EMG, differs if the contraction to be performed is concentric (shortening) or eccentric (lengthening). Specifically, the purpose was to determine if differences in knee extensor muscle EMG prior to voluntary maximum concentric and eccentric contractions and initiated from the same knee joint angle are evident at a time before muscle length changes could be influential. A protocol was designed using isokinetic knee extensions. The EMG of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and hamstrings muscles and the associated knee extension moment were measured during the isometric phase preceding the onset of dynamometer motion. During this isometric phase the muscles initially contracted under identical conditions, irrespective of whether the contraction was to be concentric or eccentric. The EMG of the eccentric contractions was significantly smaller than that of the concentric contractions. However, the rate of change of knee extension moment generally did not differ between the two conditions. This was found for both the monoarticular and multiarticular knee extensor muscles. The results suggest that initial differences between the EMG of maximum voluntary concentric and eccentric knee extensor contractions are selected a priori and support the contention that the central nervous system distinguishes between maximum eccentric and concentric contractions. The emergence of differences in activation prior to muscle length changes suggests supraspinal influences.