cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Guidelines for Service Efforts and Accomplishments Reporting in the United States

In the United States the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) on June 30, 2009, issued proposed guidelines for service efforts and accomplishments (SEA) performance reporting for state and local governments. This paper discusses GASB’s proposed voluntary guidelines along with some recommendations for further improvement of SEA performance reporting. The proposed guidelines involve three elements (essential components, qualitative characteristics, and communication of SEA information). The proposal identifies four essential components for an effective SEA report (purpose and scope, major goals and objectives, key measures of SEA performance, and discussion and analysis of results and challenges). Also, the GASB proposal discusses six qualitative characteristics to be considered in developing SEA performance information (relevance, understandability, comparability, timeliness, consistency, and reliability). This proposal should increase the transparency of the SEA performance data presented to the constituents and other governmental users.
Faculty/Librarian Collaboration: a Faculty Perspective on Information Literacy Instruction

Library literature continues to address the value of librarian/faculty collaboration and its impact on student learning. However, faculty often have a negative impression of librarian-led information literacy (IL) instruction for their students. Using a pre/post design, this study examined the effectiveness of IL instruction for History & Systems of Psychology students. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in grade distributions between pre and post groups. However, there was a significant qualitative impact from IL instruction on student learning and overall confidence in the classroom. This paper discusses the positive experience, from the faculty perspective, of librarian-led IL instruction. This study differs from previous studies in that the faculty member discovered not only the value of targeted library instruction for students, but how this instruction positively impacted his own teaching and assignment design.
Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation, Emotional Experiences at Work, and Work-related Outcomes: A Two-Study Investigation

The relationships among individual differences in emotion regulation (i.e., habitual tendencies to use reappraisal vs. suppression), employee emotions at work, and job performance and satisfaction were examined with 2 samples. Results indicated that reappraisal was positively associated with positive emotions and negatively associated with negative emotions. However, different from prior research, no emotional correlates were found for suppression. Further, it was found that job satisfaction was positively associated with positive emotions and negatively associated with negative emotions. Self-rating of job performance was positively related to positive emotions, but was not significantly related to negative emotions.
Finding data broadness via generalized nearest neighbors

A data object is broad if it is one of the k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) of many data objects. We introduce a new database primitive called Generalized Nearest Neighbor (GNN) to express data broadness. We also develop three strategies to answer GNN queries efficiently for large datasets of multidimensional objects. The R*-Tree based search algorithm generates candidate pages and ranks them based on their distances. Our first algorithm, Fetch All (FA), fetches as many candidate pages as possible. Our second algorithm, Fetch One (FO), fetches one candidate page at a time. Our third algorithm, Fetch Dynamic (FD), dynamically decides on the number of pages that needs to be fetched. We also propose three optimizations, Column Filter, Row Filter and Adaptive Filter, to eliminate pages from each dataset. Column Filter prunes the pages that are guaranteed to be non-broad. Row Filter prunes the pages whose removal do not change the broadness of any data point. Adaptive Filter prunes the search space dynamically along each dimension to eliminate unpromising objects. Our experiments show that FA is the fastest when the buffer size is large and FO is the fastest when the buffer size is small. FD is always either fastest or very close to the faster of FA and FO. FD is significantly faster than the existing methods adapted to the GNN problem.
Cancer of the Vulva and Vagina

Vaginal and vulva carcinomas are uncommon gynecologic neoplasms. This chapter provides a synopsis of the available data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, staging, pathology, treatment, and prognosis of vaginal and vulvar cancers from the literature. Effective treatment for these malignancies requires utilization of multiple therapeutic modalities including radical surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. An overview of the management options as well as the evidence that has shaped contemporary practice is presented here. Due to the rarity of these diseases, optimal care requires access to specialty trained surgeons and multidisciplinary specialists whenever possible. Patients should be referred to tertiary centers to gain access to any open clinical trials and practitioners with the most experience in the specialized techniques used to effectively treat vulvar and vaginal cancers. This chapter also includes a brief summary of the management of preinvasive lesions of the vulva and vagina.
Comparing working role values of employed and unemployed Clubhouse members.

Objective Examine the impact of the Clubhouse Model of Vocational Rehabilitation by comparing the roles values of employed and unemployed members. It is a model of psychiatric rehabilitation and community support, which emphasizes the importance of work as a major re-integrative force for Clubhouse members. Participants Sixty Clubhouse members consisting of 31 employed members and 29 non-employed members. Methods A convenience sample of sixty participants completed the Role Checklist (Revised) (Oakley, Kielhofner, Barris, and Klinger-Reichler, 1988), the Maryland Addiction Questionnaire Short-Form (O'Donnell, 1997), and the Historical Background Survey (Gregitis, 2003). The study was completed at an ICCD certified Clubhouse in the United States. Results Results showed that there was no significant difference in the working role values of employed and unemployed participants. However, there was a significant difference in resistance to treatment of substance use by employed and unemployed participants. Conclusions Volition and motivation of the employed Clubhouse members was higher when seeking work and pursuing life roles outside the Clubhouse environment. Unemployed Clubhouse members derived personal satisfaction and volition in the work-ordered day within the clubhouse setting. Further research should include verification, with a larger sample, of the importance of the working role in relation to mental health.
The challenges facing physical layer security

There has recently been significant interest in applying the principles of information-theoretical security and signal processing to secure physical layer systems. Although the community has made progress in understanding how the physical layer can support confidentiality and authentication, it is important to realize that there are many important issues that must be addressed if physical layer security is ever to be adopted by real and practical security systems. In this article, I briefly review several different flavors of physical layer security (at least for wireless systems), and then identify aspects (a.k.a. weaknesses) where the foundation for physical layer security needs to be strengthened. I then highlight that the opportunities for applying physical layer security to real systems will be quite rich if the community can overcome these challenges. In the course of the article, I note new directions for the community to investigate, with the objective of keeping physical layer security research targeted at having a practical impact on real systems.
Issues of Attitude and Access: A Case Study of Basic Writers in a Computer Classroom

I conducted teacher research in a basic writing computer classroom to discover what two basic writers brought to the computer classroom that could complicate their inter- actions with technology and their ability to write with computers during our class. My dis- cussion is twofold: First, I explore the writers' differing attitudes towards computers, writing, and writing with computers and the effects of these attitudes on my pedagogy. Second, in the guise of presenting opportunity, the computers accentuated the differences in the students' past technological opportunities. The computers empowered the two students by giving them access to the technology for their writing, yet the students were at a disadvantage when com- pared to their classmates who were more experienced in using computers. I conclude by dis- cussing the effects that these case studies and the issues that emerged from them have had on my pedagogy. It's Monday, 10:10 a.m., and our basic writing class begins. The twenty students start their daily ten-minute freewrite—or freetype—on the personal computers in front of them while I roam around the room, making sure that all of the computers are working. Some students already have two para- graphs typed as I walk by, and with fingers flying, are on their way to a one- page journal entry. But a few students have barely managed three sentences and sit, typing slowly and looking intently at the keyboard. I give the class an extra five minutes to write because some seem to have just started, but I know that this will only allow the slower students to type a few more sen- tences, while others will produce another half of a page. I wonder how I should account for students' different abilities with and knowledge of com- puters. Most of the research on computer use in basic writing classrooms does not acknowledge scenarios such as this. The early literature from the 1980s on computers and basic writing students tends to present computers as a
Stabilization in Hr ∞ (D)

It is shown that for H∞/R(D)functions f1 and f2 with inf/z ∈D (│f1(z)│+ │f2(z) │≥ ᵟ > 0 and f1 being positive on the real zeros of f2, then there exists H∞/R (D) functions g2 and g1, g1 -1 with norm controlled by a constant depending only on ᵟ g1f1 + g2f2 = 1 ∀ z ∈ D. These results are connected to the computation of the stable rank of the algebra H∞/R and to results in Control Theory.
Book Review "Fixing the Sky" by James R. Fleming

This is an amazing book filled with vasts amounts of information from the past and present about weather and climate modification. The book's author, with a degree in meteorology and advanced degrees in history, focuses extensively on the early years of activities addressing weather and climate modification.
INHIBITORY MECHANISMS IN THE CONTROL OF LIPOGENESIS.

Synthesis of fatty acids by supernatant prepared from livers of fed rats was measured when various cytoplasmic particles of livers from fed or fasted rats were present. Microsomal inhibition of lipogenesis occurs at the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acetyl-CoA:CO2 ligase (ADP), EC 6.4.1.2) step and involves at least two mechanisms: The action of a microsomal ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase) which is elevated in fasting and an unidentified action upon the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Inhibition by “light-” and by “intermediate” microsome fractions were tested separately. The inhibition due to the “light” microsomes was completely abolished by an ATP-generating system, indicating that the inhibitory mechanism here is ATP removal. Inhibition by intermediate fraction was only partially abolished by an ATP-generating system, indicating that both ATPase activity and interaction with the enzymes in the supernatant had occurred. Both microsomal fractions were more inhibitory when obtained from fasted rats than those from fed rats. The mitochondrial inhibition did not affect the reaction of the fatty acid synthetase system and probably acts directly on the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Mitochondria from fasted rats were more inhibitory than those from fed rats.
Do Children Create an Externality in the Provision of Public Education

In 1972, Oakland presented a formal theory of congestible public goods. One implication of the Oakland model is that the marginal benefit of consuming a congestible public good, like public education, depends on both the level of congestion and the capacity of provision. This study uses a county-level panel data set (1967-1987), in the context of the Oakland model, to examine the effect of a “children externality” on the consumption of public education, a congestible public good. Viewed as a congestion cost, one would expect the number of school children in a community (i.e., the children externality) to contribute negatively to the service provision of public education, all else equal. Because this children externality, or consumption sharing of the public good, can be mitigated or eliminated by expanding the capacity, tax limits imposed on a local community’s ability to expand this capacity will further add to an already congested facility. Anticipating the results, the authors demonstrate that both the...
A technique to measure optical properties of brownout clouds for modeling terahertz propagation

Brownout, the loss of visibility caused by dust resultant of helicopter downwash, is a factor in the large majority of military helicopter accidents. As terahertz radiation readily propagates through the associated dust aerosols and is attenuated by atmospheric water vapor within short distances, it can provide low-profile imaging that improves effective pilot visibility. In order to model this application of terahertz imaging, it is necessary to determine the optical properties of obscurants at these frequencies. We present here a method of empirical calculation and experimental measurement of the complex refractive index of the obscuring aerosols. Results derived from terahertz time-domain spectral measurements are incorporated into the AFIT CDE Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) software.
Can accelerated atrioventricular junctional escape rhythms be explained by delayed afterdepolarizations

“Rules” were devised that accelerated junctional escape rhythms should follow if they are to be consistent with the observations of cellular electrophysiologic experiments on delayed afterdepolarizations and these rules were then tested using linear regression and multivariate analysis. Fifty-five electrocardiograms of accelerated junctional escape were analyzed. Analysis of the electrocardiographic intervals showed (1) that accelerated junctional escape occurred over the expected range of cycle lengths for delayed afterdepolarizations; (2) that sinus cycle length and escape interval for the initial junctional beat were related to the accelerated junctional escape cycle length (p <0.01); and (3) that the coupling intervals for the ectopic beats that initiated accelerated junctional escape also were related to the escape interval and cycle length of the accelerated junctional escape (p <0.01). The relatively short cycle length at which accelerated junctional escape occurs makes it unlikely that the automaticity usually attributed to ik2 pacemakers is the mechanism involved. The cycle length distribution also suggests that reentry is not the cause. In summary, accelerated junctional escape fulfills the criteria set for cardiac arrhythmias induced by delayed afterdepolarizations. However, because of the limitations of the surface electrocardiogram, overdrive-enhanced automaticity cannot be ruled out entirely.
Teachers' perceptions of the emotional and behavioral functioning of children raised by grandparents

Increasing numbers of grandparents are becoming full-time surrogate parents to their grandchildren. Grandparents who raise their grandchildren reportedly endure high levels of stress, and grandchildren purportedly experience childhood trauma that can lead to poor psychological adjustment. While anecdotal reports have suggested that grandchildren experience significant behavioral problems, there is a dearth of data to empirically support this view. This research was an initial endeavor to ascertain whether teachers perceive children raised by grandparents as exhibiting serious emotional and behavioral problems. Fifty-four African American children raised by their grandparents and a comparison group of 54 African American children living with their parents were studied to determine the grandchildren's functioning. Teachers perceived the children raised by their grandparents as experiencing significantly more emotional and behavioral problems than their similar schoolmates. Children in these families appear in need of school-based intervention services. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 565–572, 2006.
Adapting granular materials through artificial evolution.

How the shape of jammed particle packings influences their mechanical response is unknown except for specific cases. An algorithm that mutates the shapes of packings of bonded identical spheres to optimize the packing’s mechanical performance, and the experimental testing of the optimized shapes through three-dimensional printing, are now reported.
NIST activities in support of space-based radiometric remote sensing

We provide an historical overview of NIST research and development in radiometry for space-based remote sensing. The applications in this field can be generally divided into two areas: environmental and defense. In the environmental remote sensing area, NIST has had programs with agencies such as the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to verify and improve traceability of the radiometric calibration of sensors that fly on board Earth-observing satellites. These produce data used in climate models and weather prediction. Over the years, the scope of activities has expanded from existing routine calibration services for artifacts such as lamps, diffusers, and filters, to development and off-site deployment of portable radiometers for radiance- and irradiance-scale intercomparisons. In the defense remote sensing area, NIST has had programs with agencies such as the Department of Defense (DOD) for support of calibration of small, low-level infrared sources in a low infrared background. These are used by the aerospace industry to simulate ballistic missiles in a cold space background. Activities have evolved from calibration of point-source cryogenic blackbodies at NIST to measurement of irradiance in off-site calibration chambers by a portable vacuum/cryogenic radiometer. Both areas of application required measurements on the cutting edge of what was technically feasible, thus compelling NIST to develop a state-of-the-art radiometric measurement infrastructure to meet the needs. This infrastructure has led to improved dissemination of the NIST spectroradiometric quantities.
Practical Considerations for Remote Monitoring

The ability to remotely monitor important physiologic parameters will dramatically change how we care for patients. We are on the threshold of this era with currently available implantable cardiac devices. Current devices provide a plethora of important arrhythmia- and heart failure-related information. Dealing with this "flood" of information and a new "work flow" can be a challenge. Careful planning can reduce the stress and improve patient care. Electrophysiologists and heart failure practitioners are on the cutting edge of this revolution in health care and therefore are required to deal with the challenges this technology brings. However, they also have the opportunity to shape the future of heart failure management.
Revealing quantum-control mechanisms through Hamiltonian encoding in different representations

The Hamiltonian encoding is a means for revealing the mechanism of controlled quantum dynamics. In this context, the mechanism is defined by the dominant quantum pathways starting from the initial state and proceeding through a set of intermediate states to end at the final state. The nature and interpretation of the mechanism depends on the choice of the states to represent the dynamics. Alternative representations may provide distinct insights into the system mechanism, and representations producing fewer pathways are especially interesting. In addition, a suitable choice of representation may highlight the role of certain couplings in a system that would normally be masked by other, higher magnitude couplings. A simple three-level system is chosen for illustration, where different values for the Rabi frequencies lead to mechanistic analyses that are best described in terms of particular representations. As an examlple, the role of the nonadiabatic terms in stimulated Raman adiabatic passage dynamics is analyzed through the Hamiltonian encoding.
Dysgranulopoietic neutropenia and abnormal monocytes in childhood vitamin B12 deficiency

Neutropenia and/or leukopenia (associated with elevated serum lysozyme levels) in three children with vitamin B12 deficiency were evaluated using soft agar culture and ultrastructural and cytochemical techniques. In two patients a marked increase in peripheral myeloid colony forming cells (CFC) was observed; whereas a marginal increase in CFC was present in the third, less symptomatic, patient. Marrow CFC was normal or slightly increased. Serum colony stimulating activity (CSA) was normal but elaboration of CSA by white blood cells was low. Normal maturation of the progenitors was present in vitro and serum inhibitors of myelopoiesis were absent. Megaloblastic neutrophils and monocytes with nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony were observed ultrastructurally in directly sampled marrow specimens. These cells contained autophagic and/or heterophagic vacuoles and an increase in cytoplasmic granules. Both monocytes and neutrophils also contained enlarged-disrupted centrioles. Many marrow macrophages contained phagocytic vacuoles, which enclosed disrupted neutrophils and cellular debris.
RB: mitotic implications of a tumour suppressor

RB, a well known tumour suppressor that functions in the control of cell cycle progression and proliferation, has recently been shown to have additional functions in the maintenance of genomic stability, such that inactivation of RB family proteins promotes chromosome instability (CIN) and aneuploidy. Several studies have provided potential explanations for these phenomena that occur following RB loss, and they suggest that this new function of RB may contribute to its role in tumour suppression.
Models and mechanisms of irradiation-induced amorphization in ceramics

Abstract A number of models have been developed to describe the various amorphization processes and the effects of temperature on the kinetics of amorphization. These models are reviewed and in some cases further developed. In general, these models contain a number of parameters relating to irradiation-assisted and thermal recovery processes, which make their application to existing data sets challenging. Nonetheless, general aspects of the models yield insights into the rate-limiting processes controlling the kinetics of amorphization within a given temperature regime. Several examples are used to illustrate features of the models and to highlight differences in behavior.
Pharmacogenomics in oncology care

Cancer pharmacogenomics have contributed a number of important discoveries to current cancer treatment, changing the paradigm of treatment decisions. Both somatic and germline mutations are utilized to better understand the underlying biology of cancer growth and treatment response. The level of evidence required to fully translate pharmacogenomic discoveries into the clinic has relied heavily on randomized clinical trials. In this review, the use of observational studies, as well as, the use of adaptive trials and next generation sequencing to develop the required level of evidence for clinical implementation are discussed.
Cenomanian (Cretaceons) Foraminifera from the Puerto Rico Trench

Abstract An assemblage of predominantly planktonic Foraminifera is discussed from rocks of Cenomanian age dredged from between 3,200 and 3,500 fm on the north slope of the Puerto Rico Trench. Thirty-three planktonic and benthonic species are described. Planomalina pulchella is new; nine species are specifically unidentifiable. Deposition is interpreted as having been at a depth of over 1,000 fm, possibly as deep as where found.
Beginning teachers who stay: Beliefs about students

Abstract Beliefs serve as an adaptation that helps teachers organize their teaching world. Little is known, however, about how beliefs change and serve to help retain and sustain teachers, particularly for beginning teachers who are most likely to leave teaching. This study explores teachers' beliefs about students in the US (N = 67) and if these beliefs change during the first five years of teaching. Results indicate that teachers hold beliefs about students that capture pride and participation. Over time, these beliefs become more positive. Implications for teacher education and policy are discussed.
Soil development rates in the Transantarctic Mountains.

Soil chronosequences were identified at three sites (78–85°S) within the Transantarctic Mountains for determining rates of soil development in Cold Desert ecosystems. More than 175 soils were sampled in xerous and ultraxerous environments on moraines containing sandstone and dolerite and ranging from late Holocene (ca. 6 ka) to pre-late Quaternary (ca. 250 ka) in age. Based on five linear and nonlinear models, highly significant correlations (P<0.01) exist between drift age and the following surface boulder weathering features and soil properties: percentage of boulders containing desert varnish, spalling, and pitting; depths of staining, visible salts, ghosts (pseudomorphs), and coherence in soils; electroconductivity in the zone of salt enrichment; and total profile salts. In the absence of leaching, soluble salts readily accumulate in Cold Desert soils. A morphogenetic sequence of soluble salts is presented that relates field observations with laboratory data. Soil color is highly correlated (P<0.01) with dithionite-extractable Fe. Within a site, the proportion of clasts ≥ 15 mm on the surface of the desert pavement increases with time due likely to deflation of fines by strong winds. Therefore, the dominant processes in these Cold Desert soils are salinization, rubification (reddening due to oxidation of iron-bearing minerals), and desert pavement formation.
Developmental Science in 2025: A Predictive Review

This article discusses the current and emerging status of contemporary developmental science and present predictions about the growth of the field by 2025. Key contemporary features of developmental science involve a theoretical focus on models derived from the relational developmental systems, metamodel, a methodological focus on quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods analytic approaches. Emerging foci involve an integrative understanding of evolution and of epigenetics, methodological innovations predicated on the idiographic nature of intraindividual change and on the use of systems science and econometric methods, and the use of relation developmental systems-based evidence to enact applications to optimize human development and to promote social justice.
Duplication Cyst of the Sigmoid Colon

A 21-year-old male with developmental delay presented with abdominal pain of two days' duration. He was afebrile and his abdomen was soft with mild diffuse tenderness. There were no peritoneal signs. Plain x-ray demonstrated a large air-filled structure in the right upper quadrant. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a 9 × 8 cm structure adjacent to the hepatic flexure containing an air-fluid level. It did not contain oral contrast and had no apparent communication with the colon. At operation, the cystic lesion was identified as a duplication cyst of the sigmoid colon that was adherent to the right upper quadrant. The cyst was excised with a segment of the sigmoid colon and a stapled colo-colostomy was performed. Recovery was uneventful. Final pathology was consistent with a duplication cyst of the sigmoid colon. The cyst was attached to the colon but did not communicate with the lumen.
Birth order as a market segmentation variable

Birth order studies have an established history in the academic world just as demographics have an established history in marketing. Discusses how birth order may influence several socio‐economic mechanisms and thereby influence select consumption behaviors. As a likely influence of certain consumption behaviors, birth order may be useful in segmenting certain markets. Offers a corporate advertising example to demonstrate the practical significance of investigating links among birth order, consumption, and market segmentation. Analysis of responses from 156 subjects who were shown the advertisement revealed birth order relationships. Few, if any, empirical studies currently link birth order, consumption, and segmentation, perhaps because of a priori convictions that such links do not exist. The time is at hand, however, to refute or confirm the existence of such links empirically. Offers five hypotheses for initiating research. Postulates characteristics of first borns, only children, middle borns and las...
Exact spectral formalism for rough-surface scattering

The spectral amplitudes of the scattered and transmitted fields for plane-wave incidence on an arbitrary rough interface in one dimension are derived exactly and simply by using Green’s theorem. Results are stated in terms of integrals on values of the field and its normal derivative on the interface. The energy constraint is derived, and individual energy contributions in each region are also related to the surface-field values. The latter contributions can be calculated from coupled linear equations that are also derived using Green’s theorem. The interface separates media of different but constant densities and sound speeds (acoustics) or different dielectrics (electromagnetics).
Dependency of Cortical Functional Hyperemia to Forepaw Stimulation on Epoxygenase and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activities in Rats

Individual inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase activity attenuates cortical functional hyperemia evoked by whisker stimulation. The objectives of the present study were to determine (1) if administration of epoxygenase inhibitors attenuates cortical functional hyperemia by using a different modality of sensory activation (i.e., electrical stimulation of the rat forepaw), (2) if epoxygenase inhibition has an additive effect with NO synthase inhibition on the flow response, and (3) the cellular localization of the epoxygenase CYP2C11 in cerebral cortex. In six groups of anesthetized rats, the cortical surface was superfused for 90 minutes with (1) vehicle; (2) 1-mmol/L Nomega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), to inhibit NO synthase activity; (3) 20-micromol/L N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide (MS-PPOH), a substrate inhibitor of P450 epoxygenase; (4) MS-PPOH plus L-NNA; (5) 20-micromol/L miconazole, a reversible inhibitor at the heme site of P450 epoxygenase; and (6) miconazole plus L-NNA. The percent increases in laser-Doppler perfusion over primary sensory cortex during 20-second forepaw stimulation were reduced by 44% to 64% in all drug-treated groups. The addition of L-NNA to MS-PPOH produced no additional reduction (64%) compared with MS-PPOH alone (64%) or L-NNA alone (60%). The addition of L-NNA to miconazole also produced no additional reduction in the flow response. In situ hybridization of CYP2C11 mRNA showed localization in astrocytes, including those adjacent to blood vessels. Thus, activity of both epoxygenase, presumably localized in astrocytes, and NO synthase is required for generating a complete cortical hyperemic response evoked by electrical forepaw stimulation. The lack of additional blood flow attenuation with the combination of the NO synthase and the distinct epoxygenase inhibitors suggests that the signaling pathways do not act in a simple parallel fashion and that other mediators may be involved in coupling cortical blood flow to neuronal activation.
The use of constrained least-squares to solve the chemical mass balance problem

Abstract A form of weighted least-squares regression is commonly used for solving the chemical mass balance problem. In the presence of measurement error and collinearity between source profiles, this approach can produce physically impossible negative values to provide the best fit to the data. As sources cannot produce a contribution to ambient particulate loadings smaller than zero, a mathematical method that constrains the solution to be greater than or equal to zero ensures physically meaningful results. Two non-negative least-squares routines reported to work well for severe collinear regression problems have been incorporated into a program for solving the CMB problem. Their utility has been initially tested with the simulated data sets created for the U.S. EPA's Quail Roost II workshop by the National Bureau of Standards. The results of these tests are presented here and compared with ordinary weighted and effective variance least-squares results. In general, the constrained least-squares method provided better results than the unconstrained techniques.
On Equatorial Waves and El Niño. I. Influence of Initial States on Wave-induced Currents and Warming

Abstract We present results from three numerical model experiments designed to study the thermal and hydrodynamics changes associated with downwelling Kelvin wave passage and east coastal reflection along and near the equator. The model employs primitive equation dynamics in two active layers and a full thermodynamics equation, so that sea surface temperature, thermocline displacement and sea level are each independently predicted. Wind and thermal finding are used. The surface layer is a slab mixed layer using Kraus and Turner-style bulk physics. Kelvin waves are excited by introducing a westerly wind anomaly in the western part of the basin, and the temperature and current changes caused by the waves are studied as the wave fronts propagate through the circulation forced by three different mean wind fields: no mean winds, southerly men winds and easterly mean winds. The wave-induced changes depend strongly on the conditions that prevail when the waves are forced. Anomalous advection of the existing SST ...
Reevaluation of the contribution of the basal forebrain cholinergic system to memory.

In this review the relationship between the basal forebrain cholinergic system and memory is explored. It appears that different components of the cholinergic forebrain system [e.g., medial septum (MS) and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM)] have dissociable mnemonic functions in animals, and comparable mnemonic functions in humans are dissociable as well. Furthermore, the cholinergic input from MS to the hippocampus and NBM to basolateral amygdala appear to be of critical importance in mediating mnemonic function. Finally, comparable impairments in memory function are found in basal forebrain-damaged rats and patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type, suggesting that there might be important homologies between animals and humans in terms of basal forebrain-mediated memory function.
Analysis of State-Wide Green Building Policies

Abstract This paper summarizes the findings of a study on green building policies that affect state funded, owned, or leased buildings. The original study was commissioned by Georgia Environmental Facilities Authority (GEFA) and resulted in recommendations for how best to encourage green building in State of Georgia facilities. While the ultimate purpose of the research effort was targeted at making recommendations for the State of Georgia, valuable information was garnered from the individuals who were generous with their time and provided information about the green building programs from their states. From this information, useful lessons can be concluded which have general applicability for all states and other public sector organizations interested in pursuing green building efforts. Interviews with key stakeholders from state agencies in nine of the eleven states that had formal green building policies at the time the study was conducted provided data that was essential to capturing lessons learned ...
Measurement and Application of Fault Latency

The time interval between the occurrence of a fault and the detection of the error caused by the fault is divided by the generation of that error into two parts: fault latency and error latency. Since the moment of error generation is not directly observable, all related works in the literature have dealt with only the sum of fault and error latencies, thereby making the analysis of their separate effects impossible. To remedy this deficiency, we 1) present a new methodology for indirectly measuring fault latency, 2) derive the distribution of fault latency from the methodology, and 3) apply the knowledge of fault latency to the analysis of two important examples.
SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIUM AND PRICE VARIABILITY: AN APPLICATION TO THE FALL POTATO INDUSTRY*

The purpose of this paper is to show that spatial price equilibrium models with stochastic supply functions can be solved and that such solutions contain some interesting information. The solution procedure suggested is relatively uncomplicated, requiring only quadratic programming routines available to most researchers. Estimates of price distributions which result from this approach can be quite useful for price forecasting and for decision making at firm and industry levels. The importance of the additional information obtained by solving these models stochastically is discussed in connection with a amplified model of the United States fall potato industry. Results of the application reveal that changing production patterns have given rise to substantive shifts in annual prices distributions in important consumption areas. EQUILIBRE ET VARIATIONS DANS LES PRIX DE PRODUCTION DES POMMESDE TERRE D'AUTOMNE - Cette communication a pour objet de demontrer qu'il y a moyen d'etablir un equilibre des prix en function des approvisionnements de denrees et que les solutions possibles contiennent plusieurs elements interessants. La solution proposee est relativement simple et s'obtient par la methode de programmation quadratique qu'utilisent constamment la plupart des chercheurs. Les donnees auxquelles on arrive a l'aide de cette methode permettent d'etablir des projections de prix qui ont lew utilite tant au niveau des entreprises qu'a celui de l'ensemble de ce secteur de l'economie. Pour bien faire comprendre la valeur des renseignements additionnels obtenus par cette methode, qui est basee sur les prix et les approvisionnements, on recourt, a titre d'exemple, a une analyse simplifiee de la situation telle qu'elle existe dans le secteur de la production des pommes de terre d'automne, aux Etat-Unis. Il s'avere, en somme, que les transformations qui se produisent au niveau de la production influent de facon radicale sur les prix qui sont obtenus chaque annee dans les grands centres de consummation.
Integration of computer security into the software engineering and computer science programs

Abstract This paper presents a role for computer security education in a computer science curriculum and argues that it should become a standard course offering at both the undergraduate and graduate levels of instruction. Computer security instruction requires a fundamental computer science foundation and integrates nicely into the junior or senior year of study. Additionally, a typical computer security overview course tends to reinforce previously taught material – particularly in the areas of networks, operating systems, database, software engineering, computer hardware design/architecture, data communications, and artificial intelligence. It also introduces a wonderful forum from which ethical/societal issues can be discussed and debated.
Infinite-Dimensional Integration on Weighted Hilbert Spaces

We study the numerical integration problem for functions with infinitely many variables. The functions we want to integrate are from a reproducing kernel Hilbert space which is endowed with a weighted norm. We study the worst case e-complexity which is defined as the minimal cost among all algorithms whose worst case error over the Hilbert space unit ball is at most e. Here we assume that the cost of evaluating a function depends polynomially on the number of active variables. The infinite-dimensional integration problem is (polynomially) tractable if the e-complexity is bounded by a constant times a power of 1/e. The smallest such power is called the exponent of tractability. First we study finite-order weights. We provide improved lower bounds for the exponent of tractability for general finite-order weights and improved upper bounds for three newly defined classes of finite-order weights. The constructive upper bounds are obtained by multilevel algorithms that use for each level quasiMonte Carlo integration points whose projections onto specific sets of coordinates exhibit a small discrepancy. The newly defined finite-intersection weights model the situation where each group of variables interacts with at most ρ other groups of variables, where ρ is some fixed number. For these weights we obtain a sharp upper bound. This is the first class of weights for which the exact exponent of tractability is known for any possible decay of the weights and for any polynomial degree of the cost function. For the other two classes of finite-order weights our upper bounds are sharp if, e.g., the decay of the weights is fast or slow enough. We extend our analysis to the case of arbitrary weights. In particular, from our results for finite-order weights, we conclude a lower bound on the exponent of tractability for arbitrary weights and a constructive upper bound for product weights.
A new polymorphic determinant on HLA-DQ molecules.

Abstract In man, the immune response genes are located within the HLA-D/DR region, and the gene products, the Ia antigens, are expressed on B lymphocytes, monocytes, and a percentage of null cells and activated T lymphocytes. We recently identified a human Ia antigen, K19, which appeared to be limited in its expression to B lymphocytes, and to be preferentially expressed on the more mature cells within this population. This work was facilitated by a monoclonal antibody, HK-19, which recognized a monomorphic determinant of this Ia molecule. We now report the characterization of a second monoclonal antibody, HK-13, which recognized the same molecule as HK-19, but only on cells from some individuals. The greater affinity of HK-13 allowed more complete characterization of the K19/K13 molecule. This characterization included cytofluorography, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, tryptic peptide mapping, and partial N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and indicated that K19 and K13 were epitopes on HLA-DQ (DC) molecules. The pattern of reactivity of HK-13 on a panel of typing cells did not correlate with any of the known HLA-DQ polymorphic determinants. Thus, HK-13 is a new polymorphic determinant of the HLA-DQ series.
Transmitted color and interference fringes for TEM sample preparation of silicon

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) silicon samples backlit with an optical light source display a series of colors in regions of less than 10 μm thickness and a series of interference fringes in regions of less than 2 μm thickness. These colors and fringes result from the transmission, reflection, absorption and interference of light within the sample, and depend upon the light source and the sample thickness. One promising application of these observations is their use as a technique to monitor sample thickness during the preparation of TEM samples. We present direct measurements of silicon color versus thickness, the factors that influence this relationship, and the origin and significance of the interference fringes.
Invited talk on refactoring: from concurrency to mobility

Change is the heart of software development. As new platforms appear, some batch systems have been retrofitted with first a web interface, then a web service interface, and now interfaces to mobile devices. Unfortunately, programmers perform most software changes manually, through low-level text edits, which are almost never reused. This makes software development time-consuming, error-prone, and expensive. It is widely known that at least two thirds of software costs are due to evolution, with some industrial surveys claiming 90%.In this talk I will present our ever-growing toolset of interactive program transformations. It currently automates changes from the domains of parallelism [5-8, 10-12], software upgrades [3, 4], testing [2, 9], and end-user programming [1]. I will muse on lessons that can be learned as we move onto automated transformations for mobility.
RHEED study of GaAs(331)B surface

Abstract In this paper, the growth dynamics and the surface morphology of the GaAs(3 3 1)B surface have been studied by both in situ reflection high-energy election diffraction (RHEED) and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). For the first time, a RHEED oscillation is reported on high index GaAs(3 3 1)B faceted surface with (1 1 0) and (1 1 1)B facets. The RHEED oscillation was observed only along the [ 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 6 ] direction. Absence of any RHEED oscillations along [ 1 1 6 ¯ ] , [ 1 ¯ 1 0 ] , and [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] indicates a possible growth model in which the GaAs(3 3 1)B surface is moving frontward through fractional growth of its (1 1 1)B facets. These results help us to better understand the nature of RHEED oscillation on high index GaAs.
Lubbock on Everything: The Evocation of Place in Popular Music (A West Texas Example)

Much has been written about the important role place can play in literature, the visual arts, and film, and the ways in which creative works can shape our views of particular places. Comparatively, however, little analysis has been conducted on the equally significant role geography can play in music. This study uses the recordings of three contemporary performers from West Texas-Joe Ely, Butch Hancock, and Terry Allen-as an example of the influence geography can have on music, and the ability of song to create strong images of place.
Bile acids in a multicenter, population-based case-control study of stillbirth

Objective We sought to compare bile acids in women with and without stillbirth in a population-based study. Study Design The Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network conducted a multisite, population-based case-control study of stillbirth (fetal deaths ≥20 weeks). Maternal sera were obtained at the time of enrollment and frozen at –80°C until assay for bile acids. Results Assays were performed in 581 women with stillbirth and 1546 women with live births. Bile acid levels were slightly higher in women with stillbirth (geometric mean [95% confidence interval {CI}] = 3.2 [3.0–3.5]) compared to live births (2.9 [2.7–3.1], P = .0327). However, the difference was not significant after adjustment for baseline risk factors for stillbirth. The proportion of women with elevated levels (≥10 or ≥40 μmol/L) was similar in stillbirths and live births. Results were similar when the analysis was limited to subsets of stillbirths and live births. In women with stillbirths not associated with fetal anomalies or obstetric complications bile acid levels were higher than in women with term live births (geometric mean [95% CI] = 3.4 [3.0–3.8] vs 2.9 [2.7–3.0], P = .0152, unadjusted; P = .06, adjusted). However, a similar proportion of women in both groups had levels ≥10 μmol/L (10.7 vs 7.2%; odds ratio [OR], 1.54; 95% CI, 0.97–2.44; adjusted OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.78–2.15) and ≥40 μmol/L (1.7 vs 0.7%; OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 0.85–7.84; adjusted OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 0.79–6.56). Conclusion Our data do not support testing for bile acids in cases of stillbirth in the absence of clinical evidence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.