cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal-to-noise measures for magnetic resonance imagers

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in magnetic resonance imaging represents one of the system operating variables that must be determined both for evaluating the performance of different imaging protocols on a particular machine, and for monitoring machine performance as part of a routine quality control (QC) program. Utilizing a phantom and set of automated analysis programs currently under development, this study evaluated several ways of measuring image signal and noise and demonstrated the importance of utilizing measured voxel volumes as opposed to nominal volumes in the calculation of SNR. The NEMA proposed standard for SNR is compared with several other SNR measures and is recommended as the measure to be used in routine SNR reporting. The importance of utilizing other SNR measures in addition to the NEMA proposed standard for routine QC is discussed.
Preventing mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in resource-poor countries.

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (MTCT) is major public health challenge in many resource-poor countries. Significant advances were made in prevention of MTCT during the last decade. However these interventions are largely unavailable in resource-poor settings. Major challenges include limited access to antenatal care lack of HIV-1 counseling and testing services and postnatal HIV-1 transmission during breast-feeding. The UN Program on HIV/AIDS estimated that by the end of 2001 at least 40 million adults worldwide were living with HIV-1/ AIDS. In sub-Saharan Africa by the end of 2001 at least 28.1 million inhabitants including 2.7 million children were living with HIV- 1. Daily >1900 infants become infected with HIV-1 primarily through MTCT. Pediatric HIV-1 is driven by maternal HIV-1 infection; 55% of HIV-1-positive adults are women of childbearing age. Seroprevalence rates among pregnant women exceed 30% in many urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa. (excerpt)
Semiconductor surface-induced 1,3-hydrogen shift: the role of covalent vs zwitterionic character.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to compare the reaction of 1,2-cyclohexanedione (1,2-CHD) with Si(001) and diamond(001) surface dimers under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. 1,2-CHD is known to undergo a keto−enol tautomerization, with the monoenol being the primary equilibrium species in the solid and gas phases. XPS and FTIR data demonstrate that 1,2-CHD reacts with diamond(001) through the OH group of the monoenol, resulting in only one O atom being bonded to the surface. In contrast, XPS and FTIR data suggest that both oxygen atoms in the 1,2-CHD molecule bond via Si−O−C linkages to the Si(001) surface dimer, and that the molecule undergoes an intramolecular 1,3-H shift. While the Si(001) and diamond(001) surfaces are both comprised of surface dimers, the diamond(001) dimer is symmetric, with little charge separation, whereas the Si(001) dimer is tilted and exhibits zwitterionic character. The different reaction products that are observed...
Assessment of the maximum frequency components and digital sampling of cardiac Purkinje fiber action potentials

An investigation was made into a reasonable continuous sampling frequency for cardiac Purkinje fiber action potentials. Under the assumption that digital sampling will effectively capture frequency components up to half the sampling rate, action potential records made at 25 kHz were low-pass filtered at various cutoff frequencies. The filtered and unfiltered records were compared by calculating Vmax to determine the effects of progressive loss of high frequency components. It was determined that sampling at 13 kHz is adequate for action potentials with upstroke velocities up to 500 V/sec, and that estimation of Vmax in excess of 800 V/sec is possible.
Application of Dialysis of Measure Protease Activity in Milk

Abstract A dialysis technique for measuring proteolysis in milk was investigated. This method consists of adding buffered enzyme substrate mixture to a dialysis bag that is immersed into a test tube containing 10 ml distilled water. After incubation at 37°C for a specific time the bag is discarded. Ten milliliters of 15% sodium carbonate solution is added to contents of the test tube followed by phenol reagent. Color is developed for 15 min before absorbance at 650 nm is measured. This simple procedure had a sensitivity equal to the Hull method, required less glassware and reagents, and did not form precipitates. This dialysis test with 30-min incubation also may be used to determine free tyrosine as an index of proteolysis in stored milk. It is as sensitive as the Hull method.
Photooxidation and Its Effects on the Carboxyl Content of Dissolved Organic Matter in Two Coastal Rivers in the Southeastern United States

Photodecarboxylation (often stoichiometrically expressed as RCOOH + 1/2O2 → ROH + CO2) has long been postulated to be principally responsible for generating CO2 from photooxidation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). In this study, the quantitative relationships were investigated among O2 consumption, CO2 production, and variation of carboxyl content resulting from photooxidation of DOM in natural water samples obtained from the freshwater reaches of the Satilla River and Altamaha River in the southeastern United States. In terms of loss of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), loss of optical absorbance, and production of CO2, the rate of photooxidation of DOM was increased in the presence of Fe redox chemistry and with increasing O2 content. The ratio of photochemical O2 consumption to CO2 photoproduction ranged from ∼0.8 to 2.5, depending on the O2 content, the extent of involvement of Fe, and probably the initial oxidation state of DOM as well. The absolute concentration of carboxyl groups ([-COOH]) on DOM o...
Understanding youth antisocial behavior using neuroscience through a developmental psychopathology lens: Review, integration, and directions for research

Abstract Youth antisocial behavior (AB) is an important public health concern impacting perpetrators, victims, and society. Functional neuroimaging is becoming a more common and useful modality for understanding neural correlates of youth AB. Although there has been a recent increase in neuroimaging studies of youth AB and corresponding theoretical articles on the neurobiology of AB, there has been little work critically examining the strengths and weaknesses of individual studies and using this knowledge to inform the design of future studies. Additionally, research on neuroimaging and youth AB has not been integrated within the broader framework of developmental psychopathology. Thus, this paper provides an in-depth review of the youth AB functional neuroimaging literature with the following goals: (1) to evaluate how this literature has informed our understanding of youth AB, (2) to evaluate current neuroimaging studies of youth AB from a developmental psychopathology perspective with a focus on integrating research from neuroscience and developmental psychopathology, as well as placing this research in the context of other related areas (e.g., psychopathy, molecular genetics), and (3) to examine strengths and weaknesses of neuroimaging and behavioral studies of youth AB to suggest how future studies can develop a more informed and integrated understanding of youth AB.
Three-dimensional surface characteristics of a falling liquid film

Abstract Optical methods are described for examining the three-dimensional character of waves on a falling liquid film. This involved monitoring the motion of the local film surface normal through the use of laser beam refraction. The wavy motion was found to be primarily of a two-dimensional nature only for Re (equal to 4Q/v) less than 1500. Surface characteristics were examined for Reynolds numbers from 217 to 4030 and for different distances along the direction of flow.
A region sharpening technique for biomedical images

The authors describe a region-sharpening technique that expands earlier work. The technique has two steps: (1) definition of a set of sector templates; and (2) application of the templates to an image. An arbitrary number of arbitrarily sized sectors can be defined. Thus, varying levels of region sharpening can be achieved. When the technique is applied to cardiac X-ray CT (computed tomography) images containing a contrast-enhanced left-ventricular chamber the myocardium and chamber become more sharply defined and noise is reduced. Since the technique is not context-dependent, it is applicable to other imaging modalities. >
Titan improvement study - Hydrogen core stages

The performance benefits and comparative cost-effectiveness of Titan/Centaur launcher improvement options involving a new LH2/LOX second stage and/or a new LH2/LOX first stage are presented. This incremental improvement approach involves higher confidence due to high components-commonality with well-tested systems. The proposed second stage's capabilities are such as to allow it to serve as an OTV. This improvement to Titan constitutes one of several justifications for a new 500-1000 kN thrust liquid-fuel engine.
Reduction of iron in squash callus cultures

Abstract Purified nitrate reductase (NR) from squash has been shown to reduce Fe(III) bound with different chelators. To investigate the relationship between NR and iron reduction in plant cells, callus cultures were propagated from cotyledons of squash (Cucurbita maxima) using Murashige and Skoog media containing 5 μM each kinetin and 2, 4‐D. Friable callus was transferred to plates containing three levels of iron: normal, 1% of normal added as Fe(III), or 1% of normal added as Fe(II). At 24 h intervals, duplicate plates were harvested and assayed for NR, nitrite reductase (NiR), and ferric reductase activity. Callus grown on low Fe(III) media showed a marked increase in NR activity compared to control callus. Callus grown on low Fe(II) showed a slight, but much less pronounced, increase in NR activity. Ferric reductase activity did not change between the three iron treatments. Ammonium sulfate precipitation of control and low Fe(II) grown callus indicated that it was possible to separate NR activity fro...
Neurotrophic control of 16S acetylcholinesterase at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

Endplate 16S acetylcholinesterase (16S-AChE) from rat anterior gracilis muscle was assessed, 6 hr to 10 days after denervation, by velocity sedimentation analysis on linear sucrose gradients. The innervating obturator nerve was transected either close (1--2 mm, short stump) or far (35--40 mm, long stump) from the muscle. In both instances, the activity of 16S-AChE gradually decreased and reached approximately the same level (10%--20% of control) by 6 days after denervation. However, enzymatic decay started considerably earlier in short stump (12--24 hr) as compared to long stump (4--5 days preparations, i.e., the time of onset of 16S-AChE loss depended on the length of nerve that remained attached to the muscle. Whether this result extended to other AChE molecular forms (10S, 4S) in muscle endplates could not be determined because, in contrast to 16S-AChE, these forms were also detected in red blood cells (4S) and plasma (10S). Only small amounts of 16S-AChE were found in intact obturator nerves (1/100 of that in gracilis endplate regions). Thus a faster depletion of enzyme from shorter nerve stumps after axotomy could not entirely account for the substantial effect of nerve stump length on 16S-AChE. Since muscle contraction ceases immediately following nerve transection, regardless of nerve stump length, the results can be ascribed to the lack of some neural influence other than nerve-evoked muscle activity. The present findings are consistent with the view that maintenance of 16SAChE at neuromuscular junctions primarily depends on regulatory substances which are conveyed by axonal transport and released from nerve terminals.
Synthesis of an orthogonally protected d-(+)-erythro-sphingosine

Abstract The synthesis presented provides rapid access to an orthogonally protected d -(+)- erythro -sphingosine: 1-methoxymethyl, 2-azido, 3-benzoyl. After selective deprotection the resulting sphingosine derivative is suitable for coupling to a wide variety of saccharides or other molecules at either the 1- or 3-position.
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF THE SHOULDER AND HUMERUS

The shoulder girdle is a versatile anatomic structure with a wide range of mobility and function. Its soft tissue and skeletal components are subject to a variety of injuries spanning from overuse syndromes to acute trauma. This article reviews the key historical and physical examination techniques of the shoulder, and special attention is paid to proper imaging in the emergency department, which aids in the diagnosis of specific disorders. This article also reviews the various therapeutic options, including surgery.
Chemically-induced sister-chromatid exchange in vivo in bone marrow of Chinese hamsters. An evaluation of 24 compounds.

Abstract Chemically-induced sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) was measured in vivo in bone marrow of Chinese hamsters. Chemicals were administered either intraperitoneally or orally and increased SCE frequencies were noted with 6 of 6 direct-acting genotoxins and with 9 of 14 activation-dependent genotoxins. Metronidazole, O -toluidine, 4-nitro- O -phenylenediamine and 2-nitro- p -phenylenediamine, compounds which have shown either mutagenic or carcinogenic activity, did not induce SCE in vivo. 4 non-genotoxins and 4 different control treatments did not induce SCE. The results show that the in vivo SCE method may be useful for the identification of genotoxins and that the outcome of the test is, for certain chemicals, dependent upon the route of exposure.
Circadian rhythms of house sparrows are phase-shifted by pharmacological manipulation of brain serotonin

Fluoxetine, a specific serotonergic reuptake blocker and indirect agonist, and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, a serotonergic neurotoxin, affect the free-running locomotor rhythms of house sparrows,Passer domesticus. Both compounds caused phase-shifts in the circadian system that times locomotor activity of the birds. The magnitude and direction of the phase-shifts were dependent on the circadian phase of the drug administration, suggesting that serotonergic activity can modulate the circadian pacemaker of the house sparrow.
Adult protein-bound iodine and maturity at birth in monozygotic twins.

ABSTRACT In the study of a series of 23 pairs of adult monozygotic twins a significant correlation was demonstrated between birth weight (a measure of fetal maturity) and adult proteinbound iodine (PBI) (r=+0.58, p<.001). In a subsample of 12 individuals the correlation between birth weight and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) was +0.94 (p<.001). T4 (thyroxine by column) and estimates of FTI (free thyroxine index) based on T3, an index of unsaturated thyroxine-binding globulin, and PBI did not correlate to a significant degree with birth weight. These data suggest that differences in protein hormonal binding may be established as a result of intrauterine factors, the effect of which persists into adulthood. A relatively low intraclass correlation for PBI between twins and their cotwin (r = +0.45) and the higher variance within these monozygotic twin pairs (0.81 μg/100 ml) than between pairs (0.66 μg/100 ml) suggest that the effect of genetic similarity is not as important a determinant for PBI as individu...
Exercise versus overnight albumin excretion rates in subjects with type 1 diabetes

Abstract Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of new cases of renal failure in the US and Europe. An elevated albumin excretion rate (AER) on an overnight urine sample is considered an early predictor of end-stage renal failure. An elevated AER on a post-exercise urine sample has previously been considered to be an even earlier marker of renal damage. In a longitudinal prospective study, 373 subjects with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus had a total of 714 renal evaluations, each of which included one exercise and two overnight urine collections for AER determinations. All subjects were at least 13 years old and had diabetes for at least 4 years. There was a strong correlation between exercise and overnight AERs ( r = 0.74, P 20 μg/min) or exercise (> 114 μg/min) value was detected first, 17 (77%) had an elevated exercise AER first, whereas only 4 (18%) had an elevated overnight AER first. This study shows that an increase of either the exercise or the overnight AER can occur first, dependent upon the level of abnormality being considered. The two tests correlate closely with one another. The previous misconception that an elevation in exercise AER preceded the elevation in overnight AER occurred because values for normal, borderline and abnormal exercise AERs had not been set to correspond with normal, borderline and abnormal overnight AERs.
The theory of nomic probability

This article sketches a theory of objective probability focusing on nomic probability, which is supposed to be the kind of probability figuring in statistical laws of nature. The theory is based upon a strengthened probability calculus and some epistemological principles that formulate a precise version of the statistical syllogism. It is shown that from this rather minimal basis it is possible to derive theorems comprising (1) a theory of direct inference, and (2) a theory of induction. The theory of induction is not of the familiar Bayesian variety, but consists of a precise version of the traditional Nicod Principle and its statistical analogues.
Exponential decay of resolvents and discrete eigenfunctions of banded infinite matrices

Abstract In this paper, I prove exponential upper bounds on resolvents of banded infinite matrices acting on l p spaces, and on eigenfunctions of self-adjoint banded matrices corresponding to discrete eigenvalues. The method used is the theory of holomorphic families of type (A) in the sense of Kato.
Finding the end: recruitment of telomerase to telomeres

Unicellular eukaryotes and mammalian germ cells and stem cells can maintain their telomere length through the action of telomerase. Insights into the mechanism by which telomerase is recruited to capped telomeres, and the individual contributions of telomere-associated proteins, highlight differences in this process between humans, budding yeast and fission yeast.
Pulsed sources and currents for acoustic and electromagnetic bullets

ABSTRACTPreviously, we have given exact time-dependent solutions of the source- and current-freeacoustic equation and Maxwell's equations which, in the wave zone, are packets of energy shotthrough a cone. Such solutions have been called "bullets." Also previously we have shown that any exact solution of the source- and current-free acoustic equation and Maxwell's equations canbe obtained in many ways by pulsing suitable sources and currents. By combining both previous results we can give explicit examples of pulsed sources and currents which generate the bullets. They appear to be physically realizable.As a side result, we can give explicit pulsed sources which generate no fields. 1. INTRODUCTION In 1,2 we showed that the asymptotic forms for all causal finite-energy solutions of thewave equation and Maxwell's equations represent, except for a factor of hr , one-dimensional motion along rays. It was also shown how the exact solutions could be obtained from a wide class
SOME BULK AND THIN FILM PROPERTIES OF ZrPt3 AND HfPt3

Bulk and thin films of ZrPt3 and HfPt3 specimens were prepared and evaluated with respect to their physical and electrical properties. Both thin and bulk specimens showed excellent corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity. In order to evaluate both properties simultaneously a relay contact test in which one pole of a double pole single throw relay was coated with HfPt3 was conducted. Under a resistive load of 7 amps at 110 volts the uncoated pole failed after ∿ 105 cycles. After the same number of cycles the coated pole had not failed and had a contact resistance of approximately one quarter that of the failed contact.
Calculations Pertaining to Raman Scattering During Laser Annealing of Ion-Implanted Silicon *

Compaan and co-workers have reported the results of time-resolved optical experiments on ion-implanted silicon which they claim prove the melting model of pulsed laser annealing cannot be correct. These results concern the rapid onset of a Raman signal after a heating laser pulse, the simultaneous occurrence of a Raman signal and the high reflectivity phase characteristic of molten silicon, and the lattice temperature measured by the Raman Stokes/anti-Stokes intensity ratio. In this paper, we show by detailed numerical calculations with the melting model that there is, in fact, excellent agreement between the results of the calculations and the experimental results reported by Compaan and co-workers.
Circadian variations in the effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on avoidance learning.

Circadian variations in α-methyl-p-tyrosine's (αMT) disruption of active avoidance acquisition were studied. αMT administered between 11.0 and 13.00 h, 17.00 and 19.00 h and 23.00 and 01.00 h impaired learning, but αMT administered between 05.00 and 07.00 h did not impair learning. The time of αMT ineffectiveness corresponds with the reported circadian peak in brain catecholamines, suggesting that the circadian susceptibility rhythm of αMT depends upon circadian fluctuations of brain catecholamines.
Factors influencing the learning of esophageal speech.

SummaryThis study of 49 male laryngectomized patients was conducted to determine the relationship between degree of mastery of esophageal speech and various educational and psychologic factors. Three variables were found to correlate significantly with the final speech proficiency rating: initial speech proficiency rating, depression (MMPI scale 2), and educational level. The results indicate that age and the educational and psychologic variables investigated in this study are not as important to success in learning esophageal speech as indicated by previous authors. However, those variables may be important in individual cases.
Interpatient distributions of bloodspot area per fixed volume of application: Comparison between filter paper and non-cellulose dried matrix spotting cards

Abstract Background Non-cellulose dried matrix spotting (DMS) cards are an alternative to filter paper (FP) for bloodspots. We compared the interpatient distributions of bloodspot areas between DMS and FP for a fixed volume of application of whole blood, and examined correlations of areas with hematocrit. Methods EDTA-whole blood adult patient samples (n = 49; 25 males, 24 females) were utilized after routine measurement of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Replicate (4 ×) bloodspots were produced by bolus drop application of 50 μL whole blood via a fixed-volume pipettor to either FP or DMS. Dried bloodspot areas were determined by image analysis. Results Hematocrits (HCT) were normally distributed (HCT = 30.9 ± 5.3%). For both FP and DMS, bloodspot areas (a, cm2) across patients were normally distributed: for FP, a = 1.11 ± 0.056 cm2 (± 5.0%); for DMS, a = 0.378 ± 0.037 cm2 (± 9.9%). Relative bloodspot area differences across the population range were > 20% for both DMS and FP. Correlation of bloodspot areas to hematocrit was negative for FP (r = − 0.80) but positive for DMS (r = + 0.78). Conclusions Interpatient variation in blood volume per area is a preanalytical variable for both DMS and FP bloodspots. Hematocrit is but one interpatient variable, as correlations of fixed-volume bloodspot areas with hematocrit across patients were substantially inexact (r2
Determination of the relative kinetic acidities of weak acids using electrogenerated bases

Abstract The rates of reaction of two electrogenerated bases (2,2′-di-t-butylazobenzene radical anion and 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexaisopropylazobenzene radical anion) with a series of substituted phenylacetonitriles and benzylsulfones have been measured in acetonitrile using a chronoamperometric method. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to characterize the reaction sequence as DISPI rather than pure ECE. Good Bronsted correlations were found between the rate constants measured and Bordwell's DMSO p K a scale. Thus, the electrochemical measurement provides a convenient, rapid method for estimating p K a values for families of weak acids.
Benthic Macroinvertebrates of a Hydrilla Infested Central Florida Lake

ABSTRACT Benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters were monitored simnl taenously with hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata Royle) biomass in a Central Florida lake. Twenty-seven of the 54 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates collected were members of the family Quronomidae. Chironomids and oligochaetes numerically dominated the benthos, comprising 82% of the individuals collected. The greatest numbers of taxa and individuals were found during the winter when hydrilla biomass was low. Hydrilla biomass ranged from 0.382 kg/m2-FW in April, 1977 to 2.275 kg/m2-FW in October, 1977. Low numbers of macroinvertebrate taxa and individuals were collected from bottom sediments during sunnier and fall. Dissolved oxygen concentrations at the bottom were approximately 2.0 ppm during summer and fall and possibly limited benthic organisms. The annual means for the Shannon and Simpson indices for the benthos were 1.92 and 0.35, respectively.
Effect of paramagnetic rare earth ions on the superconducting transition temperature of the heusler alloy Pd2YSn

Abstract The compound Pd2YSn crystallizes in the cubic Heusler L21 structure and is superconducting with a transition temperature (Tc) of 4.55 K. The effect of replacing Y by other paramagnetic rare earths on the superconducting transition temperature has been investigated in the series Pd2Y1−xRxSn (R = Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb). The results of the Tc measurements are are analysed in terms of the Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory. Values of the exchange constant Jsf for interaction between the conduction electron spins and the rare earth spins, are estimated from these measurements.
Development of Brain Mechanisms for Processing Orthographic and Phonologic Representations

Developmental differences in the neurocognitive networks for lexical processing were examined in 15 adults and 15 children (9- to 12-year-olds) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The lexical tasks involved spelling and rhyming judgments in either the visual or auditory modality. These lexical tasks were compared with nonlinguistic control tasks involving judgments of line patterns or tone sequences. The first main finding was that adults showed greater activation than children during the cross-modal lexical tasks in a region proposed to be involved in mapping between orthographic and phonologic representations. The visual rhyming task, which required conversion from orthography to phonology, produced greater activation for adults in the angular gyrus. The auditory spelling task, which required the conversion from phonology to orthography, also produced greater activation for adults in the angular gyrus. The greater activation for adults suggests they may have a more elaborated posterior heteromodal system for mapping between representational systems. The second main finding was that adults showed greater activation than children during the intra-modal lexical tasks in the angular gyrus. The visual spelling and auditory rhyming did not require conversion between orthography and phonology for correct performance but the adults showed greater activation in a system implicated for this mapping. The greater activation for adults suggests that they have more interactive convergence between representational systems during lexical processing.
RKKY interaction in graphene from the lattice Green’s function

We study the exchange interaction $J$ between two magnetic impurities in undoped graphene (the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida [RKKY] interaction) by directly computing the lattice Green's function for the tight-binding band structure for the honeycomb lattice. The method allows us to compute $J$ numerically for much larger distances than can be handled by finite-lattice calculations as well as for small distances. In addition, we rederive the analytical long-distance behavior of $J$ for linearly dispersive bands and find corrections to the oscillatory factor that were previously missed in the literature. The main features of the RKKY interaction in half-filled graphene are that unlike the $J\ensuremath{\propto}(2{k}_{F}R){}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\mathrm{sin}(2{k}_{F}R)$ behavior of an ordinary two-dimensional metal in the long-distance limit, $J$ in graphene falls off as $1/{R}^{3}$, shows the $1+\mathrm{cos}[(K\ensuremath{-}{K}^{\ensuremath{'}})\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}R]$-type oscillations with additional phase factors depending on the direction, and exhibits a ferromagnetic interaction for moments on the same sublattice and an antiferromagnetic interaction for moments on the opposite sublattices as required by particle-hole symmetry. The computed $J$ with the full band structure agrees with our analytical results in the long-distance limit, including the oscillatory factors with the additional phases.
A constraint-based query modification engine for retrofitting COTS DBMS's

Models have been proposed to ensure the secrecy of data using various strategies. A number of these models however do not adequately address the problem of inference. This paper describes the design and implementation of a prototype that uses query modification along with security constraints to accurately return the proper information to the user whilst preventing unauthorized disclosure of data. The strategy works by augmenting a user's query with security constraints to ensure that the modified query is correct and safe in relation to the user's clearance level. The prototype is an implementation and extension of the query modification technique proposed by Keefe.
Retroendocytosis of Insulin in Rat Adipocytes

A variety of ligands internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis follow a short circuit pathway that does not lead to degradation but results in rapid exocytosis of intact ligand, a process termed retroendocytosis. We studied the time course of [125I]iodoinsulin processing and retroendocytosis after internalization in isolated rat adipocytes. After steady state binding and internalization, surface receptor-bound insulin was removed by exposing cells to a low pH at low temperatures. The cells containing internalized [125I]iodoinsulin were reincubated in fresh medium; subsequently, the radioactivity remaining within the cells and released into the medium were analyzed at various times by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation, Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, and reverse phase HPLC. Cell-associated radioactivity progressively decreased after reincubation in 37 C buffer, with 50% released in 9 min and 85% by 45 min. In the media, TCA-precipitable material appeared quickly, with a t1/2 of 2 min, and plateaued by 10 min. TCA-soluble material was released continually throughout the 45-min period. The release of both TCA-precipitable and TCA-soluble material was temperature and energy dependent. Sephadex G-50 chromatography demonstrated the loss of insulin from the intracellular pool and its appearance in the medium with a time course similar to that of TCA-precipitable material. Reverse phase HPLC demonstrated that the intracellular and medium radioactivity eluting in peak II (insulin peak) on Sephadex G-50 was composed of both intact insulin and intermediates. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated that after the internalization of insulin, rat adipocytes release not only small mol wt degradation products of insulin, but also insulin intermediates and intact insulin. The rate of retroendocytosis reported here is almost identical to the rate of insulin receptor recycling in rat adipocytes. Therefore, retroendocytosis may serve as an excellent in vitro reflection of the extent and rate of insulin receptor recycling.
A mixed algorithm for the calculation of rapidly varying fluid flows: The impulsively started circular cylinder

SUMMARY A mixed discrete Fourier transform-Finite difference algorithm is developed and used for the calculation of rapidly changing viscous fluid flows past a circular cylinder. The numerical approach has been designed to overcome certain difficulties arising for high Reynolds number simulations. The foremost advantage of the technique lies in its fast calculations of the convolution sums portraying the convective terms of the governing equations. Third-order spatial discretizations and fourth-order time marching are implemented. New schemes are proposed for the boundary conditions at the solid wall and at large distances. The techniques are tested on a case study with other schemes (summarized by Roache’) in order to obtain an optimal choice. Definite indications on the stability and accuracy of boundary condition schemes are achieved. Support for the statement of dominant importance of boundary conditions is also given. A comparison of computational results with experimental data is presented for the case study of the flow past an impulsively started cylinder at Reynolds number 20. The time development of the symmetrical zone of recirculation, which is formed at an early stage of the flow, has been studied for 300 6 Re 6 9500 by means of the proposed algorithm. Computational results, comparisons with experimental data’ and discussion of upper limits of validity of the procedure will be presented in a companion paper.
Compact thermal modeling for temperature-aware design

Thermal design in sub-100nm technologies is one of the major challenges to the CAD community. In this paper, we first introduce the idea of temperature-aware design. We then propose a compact thermal model which can be integrated with modern CAD tools to achieve a temperature-aware design methodology. Finally, we use the compact thermal model in a case study of microprocessor design to show the importance of using temperature as a guideline for the design. Results from our thermal model show that a temperature-aware design approach can provide more accurate estimations, and therefore better decisions and faster design convergence.
Carbon nanotubes for high performance flexible electronics

The excellent electronic, thermal and mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), together with the ability to integrate them onto a wide range of substrate types, create opportunities for their use in various areas of electronics, ranging from heterogeneously integrated systems for applications in communications to large area distributed circuits for flexible displays.
A numerical approach to the synthesis of recursive phase equalizers

An algorithm is proposed for designing multidimensional recursive phase equalizers. In this technique, the multidimensional filter which has the prescribed amplitude response is cascaded with an equalizer to meet the required phase characteristic. The equalizer coefficients are computed by using an modified version of the Rosenbrock pattern search method. This powerful numerical method does not require the computation of derivatives, which in turn reduces the intensity of computations considerably. For stability analysis, the proposed algorithm uses the De Carlo-Strintzis theorem, which reduces an m-dimensional stability test procedure to m one-dimensional stability tests and consequently reduces the computational intensity of the algorithm in higher dimensions. To illustrate the proposed algorithm, examples for designing two-dimensional equalizers are included. >
Synthesis and Selected Pharmacology of Anthranilamides

A series of anthranilamides of diverse structure were prepared by the nucleophilic ring opening of isatoic anhydrides. Sixteen analogs, 10 of them previously unknown in the literature, were submitted to general pharmacologic screening. Several of the compounds displayed CNS depression, anti-inflammatory-analgesic, and antitremor activities.
Immunology of Pregnancy

Alterations in local immune function occur during the course of a woman’s menstrual cycle that result in changes in the quantity and distribution of immune cells within the female genital tract. As the uterus prepares for pregnancy and after conception occurs, additional changes in local immunity allow the maternal immune system to recognize but not react against the semi-allograft fetus. Uterine natural killer cells, a specialized immune cell subpopulation that is found within the uterus in increasing amounts during gestation, appear to be imperative for successful placental trophoblast invasion early in pregnancy. Shifts in the patterns of cytokine release by T helper cells during the course of pregnancy appear to produce changing inflammatory responses that aid in the successful continuation of pregnancy. Some changes in the maternal immune system can be seen systemically as well as locally. The frequency of flares and periods of remission of many autoimmune disorders are also affected by gestational changes in local and systemic immune responses. When the necessary immune shifts do not occur, pregnancy pathologies such as preterm labor, preeclampsia, and isolated or recurrent pregnancy loss may occur.
Syntactic Influences on Lexical and Morphological Processing in Language Production

Abstract When one word replaces another in a speech error, the two words predominantly share syntactic category membership; this is the syntactic category constraint. Stem exchanges like “trucked the park” appear to violate this constraint, implying either that morphological representations do not include syntactic category information (e.g., Garrett, 1975) or that syntactic category membership only softly constrains lexical errors (Stemberger, 1985). Four experiments elicited exchanges with target phrases like “taped the record,” in which the intended nouns sound different when used as nouns (REcord) or as verbs (reCORD). With such phrases, a stem exchange reveals whether the word produced in verb stem position is a noun or verb. Against the predictions of standard accounts, in stem exchange errors, speakers predominantly produced phrases like “reCORDed the tape,” revealing that target nouns erroneously produced in verb stem position were produced as verbs. The pattern of results suggests that the processing of morphological representations is strongly influenced by syntactic information.
Infrared birefringence spectra for cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide

Measurements of the birefringence spectra for cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide from 2.5 to 16.5 μm obtained with a rotating sample spectropolarimeter are presented. Because of the similarity in the birefringence spectra for cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide, a highly achromatic IR retarder can be constructed from a combination of these materials. The ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices for cadmium sulfide are estimated in the region from 10.6 to 15 μm and for cadmium selenide from 10.6 to 16.5 μm by combining these birefringence data with an extrapolation of previous dispersion relations.
Criteria for approximating a layer in three-dimensional thermal models of multilayer microelectronics

This paper seeks to determine instances when three-dimensional thermal model can be simplified, yielding lower processing times but still obtain accurate results. Specifically, heat transfer in multilayer microelectronics is examined, with heat loss both to a heat sink and to the surroundings. The effect of removing a layer in the model is studied, documenting the relationship between layer thickness and conductivity and the error introduced by removing the layer. >
Medical image retrieval and automated annotation: OHSU at ImageCLEF 2006

Oregon Health & Science University participated in both the medical retrieval and medical annotation tasks of ImageCLEF 2006. Our efforts in the retrieval task focused on manual modification of query statements and fusion of results from textual and visual retrieval techniques. Our results showed that manual modification of queries does improve retrieval performance, while data fusion of textual and visual techniques improves precision but lowers recall. However, since image retrieval may be a precision-oriented task, these data fusion techniques could be of value for many users. In the annotation task, we assessed a variety of learning techniques and obtained classification accuracy of up to 74% with test data.
A Validity Generalization Model

The validity generalization literature is difficult to read. For persons com­fortable with the development of a typical article in, for example, JASA, Technometrics, or Psychometrika, this is especially so. Such articles usually have a clear statement of a probability model. The model’s properties are examined, then the estimation problem is considered as a conceptually distinct problem. Unfortunately, these conceptual and organizational features do not characterize the validity generalization literature. For example, one searches to find a clear presentation of the validity generalization model.
Life Maintaining Action of 9 Alpha Chlorohydrocortisone Acetate in Adrenalectomized Rats.

SummaryThe daily dosage requirement of 9 alpha chlorohydrocortisone acetate to permit survival of adrenalectomized rats for 20 days indicates that this compound is 10 times more active than cortisone acetate. Activity was equal to or slightly greater than desoxycorticosterone acetate. A single injection of chloro-F-acetate (.25 mg) provided a longer survival of adrenalectomized rats than cortisone acetate (205 mg). Hormone effectiveness was influenced by diet.
InTERTesting Association Between Telomerase, mTOR and Phytochemicals

Abstract Telomeres are stretches of repeated DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes that are necessary to prevent loss of gene-coding DNA regions during replication. Telomerase - the enzyme responsible for immortalising cancer cells through the addition of telomeric repeats - is active in ~90% of human cancers. Telomerase activity is inhibited by various phytochemicals such as isoprenoids, genistein, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol and others. Human TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase - the rate-limiting component of telomerase), heat shock protein 90, Akt, p70 S6 kinase (S6K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) form a physical and functional complex with one another. The inclusion of Akt, mTOR and S6K in the TERT complex is compelling evidence to support mTOR-mediated control of telomerase activity. This review will define the role of mTOR, the master regulator of protein translation, in telomerase regulation and provide additional insights into the numerous ways in which telomerase activity is hindered by phytochemicals.
A geometric approach to nonlinear fault detection and isolation

We present a differential geometric approach to the problem of fault detection and isolation for nonlinear systems. A necessary condition for the problem to be solvable is derived in terms of an unobservability distribution, which is computable by means of suitable algorithms. The existence and regularity of such a distribution implies the existence of changes of coordinates in the state and in the output space which induce an "observable" quotient subsystem unaffected by all fault signals but one. For this subsystem, a fault detection filter is designed.
The Effect of Nucleate Boiling on Polystyrene-Coated Surfaces

In a recent investigation, Porchey [1] found that nucleate boiling of nitrogen from a gold-plated copper surface caused the gold plating to flake from the surface. This phenomenon was noted for only one surface; however, his data leave little doubt that the boiling caused the surface failure. The current investigation was initiated to determine if a polystyrene-coated copper surface would be affected in a similar manner by boiling nitrogen. This investigation was not concerned with comparing the nucleate behavior of various surfaces but only with the effect that the boiling had on the surfaces.
Chemical shark repellent: Myth or fact? The effect of a shark necromone on shark feeding behavior

Since 1942, the search for an effective chemical shark repellent has been ongoing research concern in the United States. A long-standing anecdote that sharks avoid areas containing decomposing shark tissue has initiated new interest in identifying trace chemical alarm signals produced during decomposition (necromones). A commercially-sourced shark necromone produced from putrefied shark tissue was evaluated over a five-year period in South Bimini, Bahamas. Competitively-feeding populations of Caribbean reef sharks (Carcharhinus perezi) and blacknose sharks (Carcharhinus acronotus) were exposed to necromones using pressurized aerosol canisters at the surface. Shark density estimations were made at the initial, 1 min and 5 min intervals after preliminary exposure along with continuous exposure of feeding stimulus. In both species, an unambiguous halt in feeding behavior was observed within 1 min after exposure of the necromone. For aerosol delivery, a 150 mL dose of the necromone from a single aerosol canister is able to halt all feeding activity in a combined population of C. perezi and C. acronotus. Shark necromones induced a spectacular alarm response in interacting sharks resulting in a temporary evacuation of an area containing feeding stimuli. Additionally, sharks were not deterred by alternative treatment presentations of 10% weight percent (w/w) aqueous urea, 10% w/w oleic acid in ethanol, or water buffered to pH 8.5. Habituation to the necromone was not observed for repeated tests at the same location. In all experiments, the presence of a shark necromone did not produce a similar aversion response for teleosts as observed in C. perezi or C. acronotus; however, anecdotal observations demonstrate that teleosts increased their feeding rate in the presence of the necromone. Experimental controls using denatured ethanol or water confirmed that feeding sharks were not deterred by bubbles, sound, or the solvents used to extract the necromones. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry indicates that the necromone is a complex solution rich in amino acids and putrefaction products. Experiments demonstrate that the key chemical component responsible for the alarm response is within these amino acids and/or putrefaction products, but further experimentation is needed to more accurately identify the active ingredient. Shark necromones hold particular promise for use in shark bycatch reduction and conservation. The existence of a putative chemical shark repellent has been confirmed.
A Discussion of Chain Referral As a Method of Sampling Hard-to-Reach Populations:

Nursing research often requires inquiry into sensitive topics that involve hidden or hard- to reach populations. However, identifying and sampling these populations for research purposes is often fraught with difficulties. Barriers include society's lack of tolerance of diverse groups, social stigma, concern for issues of confidentiality, and fear of exposure because of possible threats to security. Chain referral sampling techniques are proposed to minimize bias while maintaining privacy and confidentiality. Techniques of chain referral sampling are detailed for use in researching sensitive topics and hidden populations. When carefully planned and executed, this sampling design offers transcultural nurse researchers a reasonable method for accessing and studying special populations that are particularly hard-to-reach.