cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific Storage Volumes: A Useful Tool for CO2 Storage Capacity Assessment

Subsurface geologic strata have the potential to store billions of tons of anthropogenic CO2; therefore, geologic carbon sequestration can be an effective mitigation tool used to slow the rate at which levels of atmospheric CO2 are increasing. Oil and gas reservoirs, coal beds, and saline reservoirs can be used for CO2 storage; however, it is difficult to assess and compare the relative storage capacities of these different settings. Typically, CO2 emissions are reported in units of mass, which are not directly applicable to comparing the CO2 storage capacities of the various storage targets. However, if the emission values are recalculated to volumes per unit mass (specific volume) then the volumes of geologic reservoirs necessary to store CO2 emissions from large point sources can be estimated. The factors necessary to convert the mass of CO2 emissions to geologic storage volume (referred to here as Specific Storage Volume or ‘SSV’) can be reported in units of cubic meters, cubic feet, and petroleum barrels. The SSVs can be used to estimate the reservoir volume needed to store CO2 produced over the lifetime of an individual point source, and to identify CO2 storage targets of sufficient size to meet the demand from that given point source. These storage volumes also can then be projected onto the land surface to outline a representative “footprint,” which marks the areal extent of storage. This footprint can be compared with the terrestrial carbon sequestration capacity of the same land area. The overall utility of this application is that the total storage capacity of any given parcel of land (from surface to basement) can be determined, and may assist in making land management decisions.
Aberration Theories for Semiautomatic Lens Design by Electronic Computers. I. Preliminary Remarks

The problem of optimizing an optical system is analyzed. Two major difficulties are encountered in this problem: (1) A large number of construction parameters must be considered simultaneously. (2) The relation between construction parameters and system performance is nonlinear. Classical aberration theory provides a method of meeting these difficulties, but for an automated computer program presents a further problem: The classical aberrations are not orthogonal. An orthonormal aberration theory suitable for computer programs is defined.
Rabbit antibody with light chain having an N-terminal valyl residue.

Abstract Amino acid sequence studies were carried out with rabbit light chains from several different sources. Light chain from the specifically purified anti- p -azobenzoate antibody from one rabbit showed a single predominant amino-terminal amino acid sequence Val-Glx-Val-Leu-. This sequence is significantly different from that of rabbit light chains reported by other groups and suggests that this amino-terminal sequence may be that of a new subgroup of rabbit κ light chains. The present amino-terminal sequence is also of particular interest since valine has not been reported as the predominant amino-terminal residues for light chains of any species.
Consistent energy accounting in production of wood products and competing materials

Abstract Changing fuel prices have an impact to varying degrees on prices of materials. The Engineering Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis., is developing a computer model to simulate impacts of changing fuel prices on wood products and competing materials. In comparing energy inputs for various materials, valid and consistent methods must be used for energy accounting. Specific examples are discussed, and five criteria are included that relate to reliable energy accounting.
Use of satellite snow-cover data for streamflow prediction in the Feather River Basin, California

The MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra daily snow-cover 500 m resolution product (MOD10A1) is evaluated through comparisons with ground-snow observations over the western US. The misclassified fractions of MOD10A1 (most common misclassification of snow-covered as non-snow-covered pixels) are generally lower at high elevations than at low elevations, and are greatest during the ablation period and at the beginning of the snow-accumulation period. The MOD10A1 data are used to update the snow-cover status in the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrology model applied to the Feather River Basin, California over the 2000-2008 MODIS period. The effect of MODIS updating is evaluated both on retrospective simulations, and on forecasts made at twice-monthly intervals, both for lead times of 2 weeks, and for seasonal forecasts from winter and spring forecast dates through to the end of July. Evaluations of simulated streamflow using the calibrated standard VIC model and the calibrated VIC with snow-covered area (SCA) updating show that the MODIS updating tends to reduce simulated streamflow and does not necessarily reduce simulation errors. Results for retrospective forecasts showed that assimilation of MODIS data reduced the Mean Absolute Error (EMAE) of 2 week lead-time forecasts during 2000-2008 in the snow-ablation period. However, forecast accuracy for seasonal forecasts during the same period was not improved by assimilation of MODIS data.
Isolation and sugar uptake characteristics of protoplasts from maize endosperm suspension cultures

The isolation and sugar uptake characteristics of protoplasts from maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm-derived suspension cultures are described. In contrast with protoplasts from intact developing endosperm, which by virtue of their large size and high starch content are too fragile for sugar uptake experiments, suspension cultures yielded protoplasts capable of withstanding the necessary handling and centrifugations. Intactness of the protoplasts was demonstrated by dye exclusion or accumulation and latency of malate dehydrogenase activity. Uptake of radioactivity from [3H]-inulin did not increase with time, but that from [14C]-sugars increased over a wide range of external concentrations. Kinetics of fructose, glucose and sucrose uptake were biphasic, and the saturable components of uptake were eliminated by p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (PCMBS). Rates of uptake of sucrose and 1′-fluorosucrose were similar, confirming that hydrolysis by cell wall invertase contributes to sucrose uptake by the suspension cultures. The isolation of protoplasts from this tissue source will enable experimental access to plasma membrane sugar carriers which may exist in the intact maize endosperm.
Air ventriculogram serendipitously discovered after epidural anesthesia

An air ventriculogram was discovered in the context of a minor head trauma evaluation. Its correct attribution to an antecedent epidural anesthesia rather than trauma precluded an unnecessary workup. The relationship between epidural anesthesia and pneumocephalus is emphasized. The development of air ventriculography as a diagnostic tool is discussed as well.
Potential Dependent Orientation of Acetonitrile on Platinum (111) Electrode Surface Studied by Sum Frequency Generation

Sum frequency generation, SFG, vibrational spectroscopy is used to investigate the orientation of acetonitrile (CH3CN) at the Pt(111) electrode. Acetonitrile is studied as a function of water concentration and electrode potential to determine how these factors affect the adsorbate structure at the interface. The SFG results indicate acetonitrile orients in response to the electrode potential with the C−C bond, C3 symmetry axis, perpendicular to the surface. The orientation is predominately with the CH3 group toward the metal between 200 and 600 mV and with the CN group toward the metal above 800 mV, (vs NHE, normal hydrogen electrode). The orientation is reversible between 0 and 1400 mV. Addition of water, >0.05x, disrupts the orientation of acetonitrile at the interface. The alignment of acetonitrile along the surface normal is in response to the surface charge at the electrode.
Utility of p16 Expression for Distinction of Uterine Serous Carcinomas From Endometrial Endometrioid and Endocervical Adenocarcinomas: Immunohistochemical Analysis of 201 Cases

Uterine serous carcinomas typically have a characteristic morphology (papillary architecture, high-grade nuclei) and immunoprofile (diffuse/strong p53 expression, loss of hormone receptor expression) that distinguish them from most endometrial endometrioid carcinomas. However, glandular variants of serous carcinoma can simulate Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique (FIGO) grade 2 endometrioid carcinomas, and some serous carcinomas lack p53 expression and retain hormone receptor expression, making classification difficult. P16 expression patterns distinguish endometrioid carcinomas (patchy) from human papillomavirus (HPV)-related endocervical adenocarcinomas (diffuse/strong) but utility for distinction of serous carcinomas from endometrioid carcinomas and endocervical adenocarcinomas has not been evaluated in a large series. Immunohistochemical analysis of p16 expression was performed on 201 uterine and endocervical adenocarcinomas in hysterectomy specimens, including 49 serous carcinomas, 101 endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (44 FIGO grade 1, 40 FIGO grade 2, and 17 FIGO grade 3), and 51 HPV-related endocervical adenocarcinomas. All serous carcinomas demonstrated diffuse/moderate-strong p16 expression, with percentage of positive tumor cells ranging from 90% to 100% (mean/median: 95%/100%). In contrast, endometrial endometrioid carcinomas exhibited less diffuse and less intense expression, with percent of positive tumor cells ranging from 10% to 90% (mean/median: 38%/30%; staining intensity: variable). Similar to serous carcinomas, all endocervical adenocarcinomas exhibited diffuse/moderate-strong p16 expression, with percentage of positive tumor cells ranging from 90% to 100% (mean/median: 94%/90%). P16 can serve as an additional diagnostic marker, used as part of an immunohistochemical panel, including p53 and hormone receptors, for distinction of uterine serous carcinomas from endometrioid carcinomas. Distinction of serous carcinomas from endocervical adenocarcinomas (HPV-related type), both of which share diffuse p16 expression and frequently lack hormone receptor expression, relies on morphology and diffuse/strong p53 expression in the former and detection of HPV in the latter.
Unsteady transonic flow calculations for two-dimensional canard-wing configurations with aeroelastic applications

Unsteady transonic flow calculations for aerodynamically interfering airfoil configurations are performed as a first step toward solving the three dimensional canard wing interaction problem. These calculations are performed by extending the XTRAN2L two dimensional unsteady transonic small disturbance code to include an additional airfoil. Unsteady transonic forces due to plunge and pitch motions of a two dimensional canard and wing are presented. Results for a variety of canard wing separation distances reveal the effects of aerodynamic interference on unsteady transonic airloads. Aeroelastic analyses employing these unsteady airloads demonstrate the effects of aerodynamic interference on aeroelastic stability and flutter. For the configurations studied, increases in wing flutter speed result with the inclusion of the aerodynamically interfering canard.
Supramolecular Incorporation of Fullerenes on Gold Surfaces: Comparison of C60 Incorporation by Self-Assembled Monolayers of Different Calix[n]arene (n = 4, 6, 8) Derivatives

Two new calix[6]arene derivatives 3 and 4 in a 1,4-anti conformation and one calix[8]arene derivative 5 were synthesized. SAMs of calix[n]arene (n = 4, 6, 8) derivatives 1−5 were formed on gold bead electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry with Ru(NH3)63+/2+ as a redox probe, together with impedance spectroscopy and reductive desorption, indicates that SAMs of 5 have a higher coverage than those of 3 and 4 due to the presence of hydrogen bonding and possibly its conformation. Noncovalent immobilization of C60 on gold surfaces was achieved with SAMs of calix[8]arene derivative 5 but not with those of 1−4.
Exceptional Events Management Applied to Roller Compaction of Pharmaceutical Powders

This study focuses on the development and implementation of an Exceptional Events Management (EEM) framework that detects, diagnoses, and mitigates exceptional events inherent to particulate processes that are prevalent in the pharmaceutical industry. The EEM framework combines several methods, including signed directed graph (SDG), qualitative trend analysis (QTA), and fast Fourier transform analysis. We discuss the efficacy of the EEM framework in detecting and diagnosing abnormal events, and demonstrate its application on roller compaction. We demonstrate that various commonly occurring exceptional events such as “no powder entering the roll region” (which includes “jamming in the nip region”), “caking of powder on rolls” and “varying moisture in powder” can be detected and diagnosed using the EEM framework. In addition, we show that the SDG-QTA approach is useful in determining the type and location of sensors that would enable better monitoring thereby improving the detection and diagnostic capabilities of our EEM framework. The developed EEM framework shows potential for facilitating the pharmaceutical transition from batch to continuous manufacturing.
Cirrhosis is Present in Most Patients with Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background & Aims There are few data available about the prevalence or effects of cirrhosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from viral hepatitis. We compared patients with HCC and hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections to determine the proportions of cirrhosis in each group, virologic and tumor characteristics, and overall survival. Methods This analysis included patients with HBV (n = 64) or HCV (n = 118) infection who were diagnosed with HCC at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota from 1994–2008; groups were matched for age and sex. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was based on histology and, if histologic information was insufficient or unavailable, clinical indicators that included ascites or varices, thrombocytopenia or splenomegaly, and radiographic configuration of cirrhosis. Virologic characteristics, tumor stage, and patient survival were also assessed. Results The prevalence of histologic cirrhosis was 88% among patients with HBV infection and 93% among those with HCV infection ( P = .46). When the most inclusive criteria for cirrhosis were applied, cirrhosis was present in 94% of patients with HBV and 97% with HCV ( P = .24). Among HCV patients, 5.2% were negative for HCV RNA after antiviral treatment; 63.4% of HBV patients had HBV DNA P = .75). Conclusions Most patients with HCC and chronic viral hepatitis had evidence of cirrhosis, including those with HBV infection and those without active viral replication.
Total fertility rate, women's education, and women's work: What are the relationships?

This paper presents the results of a statistical study, using cross-national data, on the relationships between total fertility rate and women's level of education and women's labor participation. Aggregate data on seventy-one countries were collected from numerous sources. Eight variables related to women's fertility, mortality, economic status, labor participation, and education are analyzed using multivariate linear regression analyses. Two models are considered. The first model regresses five variables on total fertility rate: per capita Cross National Product (GNP), percentage of women ages 15 to 19 who are married, female life expectancy at birth, calories available as a percentage of need, and percentage of married couples using contraception. The second model includes two additional regressors: the average number of years of schooling for women, and the percentage of women in the labor force. These seven variables are regressed on total fertility rate. Although the data are crude, the results of the analyses suggest that the model which incorporates women's level of education and women's labor participation captures the data better than the smaller model. The full model suggests that the percentage of women in the labor force is directly related to total fertility rate, whereas the average number of years of education for women is indirectly related to total fertility rate.
Jensen oversimplified: a reply to Sternberg

Introduction The late Theodosius Dobzhansky, the famous geneticist, about a year before his death, told me something that struck me as a most interesting point. He said that it was his policy never to debate or argue about a scientific subject with anyone with whom he felt he was not in at least 90 per cent agreement about the relevant issues. This seemed to him to be an important precondition for an interesting and fruitful discussion of the points of disagreement. (I might add that Dobzhansky was eager to argue with me, then, about my book Educability and Group Differences.) Hence, recalling Dobzhansky's words of wisdom, I was happy to learn from the editors of this journal that they had solicited a critical commentary on my article from Robert Sternberg. With some effort, I have kept up, over the years, with all of his prodigious publications, and I always felt we were mainly in agreement on almost all of the essential issues in our field of research on intelligence, allowing, of course, for a few personal differences in special interests and emphases in various topics. The nature of Sternberg's present assignment naturally imposes an emphasis on what he considers to be his points of disagreement with me. However, I believe that a good part of this apparent disagreement would tend to vanish ff my own position were represented in somewhat less oversimplified terms. I feel that Sternberg has strained a bit to make it rather too easy for himself and almost anyone else, even me, to disagree with 'Jensen'. In general, cavalier dissent, without acknowledgement of the complex details in the points at issue (which admittedly is severely constrained by the allotted space) perhaps only best serves the understandable inclination of many critics and their audiences to distance themselves from the troublesome social implications of some of the findings I have presented. Therefore, I will take this opportunity to reiterate some of the t'me-grain of my views, which, if taken into account, will be seen to moderate at least some of the points of seeming disagreement, and I may perhaps even sharpen some other points. Then we can have a clearer notion of the kinds of empirical evidence that we still need to gain, for the only legitimate basis for consensus in science is appeal to evidence and to reasoning based upon it.
A novel mechanism for regulation of retinal blood flow by lactate: gap junctions, hypoxia, and pericytes

pericytes are proposed to play an important role in blood flow regulation in some organs. For example, in the kidney, pericytes in the descending vasa recta are important in regulating the distribution of blood flow between the juxtamedullary cortex and the inner and outer medulla ([6][1]). The
The effects of epithelial cell supernatant on contractions of isolated canine tracheal smooth muscle

Airway epithelial cells produce mediators that play a role in regulating airway smooth muscle function. This study was designed to examine the effects of epithelial-derived products on contraction of airway smooth muscle. To avoid biochemical and physical changes that may be produced by stripping epithelium from tracheal smooth muscle, we examined the effect of products from pure cultured tracheal epithelial cells on intact dog tracheal smooth muscle. When bradykinin (10−5 M) was added to dog epithelial cells in culture and the supernatant was added to strips of isolated tracheal smooth muscle, contractile responses to electrical field stimulation were significantly inhibited. Pretreatment of the epithelial cells with indomethacin (5.6 × 10−6 M) inhibited this effect. Bradykinin placed directly on the canine smooth muscle had no effect on resting tension or on the response to electrical field stimulation. Contractions of the smooth muscle to exogenous acetylcholine were unaffected by supernatants from eit...
Discounted likelihood linear regression for rapid speaker adaptation

Abstract The widely used maximum likelihood linear regression speaker adaptation procedure suffers from overtraining when used for rapid adaptation tasks in which the amount of adaptation data is severely limited. This is a well known difficulty associated with the expectation maximization algorithm. We use an information geometric analysis of the expectation maximization algorithm as an alternating minimization of a Kullback–Leibler-type divergence to see the cause of this difficulty, and propose a more robust discounted likelihood estimation procedure. This gives rise to a discounted likelihood linear regression procedure, which is a variant of maximum likelihood linear regression suited for small adaptation sets. Our procedure is evaluated on an unsupervised rapid adaptation task defined on the Switchboard conversational telephone speech corpus, where our proposed procedure improves word error rate by 1.6% (absolute) with as little as 5 seconds of adaptation data, which is a situation in which maximum likelihood linear regression overtrains in the first iteration of adaptation. We compare several realizations of discounted likelihood linear regression with maximum likelihood linear regression and other simple maximum likelihood linear regression variants, and discuss issues that arise in implementing our discounted likelihood procedures.
Direct determination of europium valence state by XANES in extraterrestrial merrillite: Implications for REE crystal chemistry and martian magmatism

The relative proportion of divalent and trivalent Eu has proven to be a useful tool for estimating f{sub O{sub 2}} in various magmatic systems. However, in most cases, direct determination of the Eu valence state has not been made. In this study, direct determination of Eu valence by XANES and REE abundance in merrillite provide insights into the crystal chemistry of these phosphates and their ability to record conditions of magmatism. Merrillite strongly prefers Eu{sup 3+} to Eu{sup 2+}, with the average valence state of Eu ranging between 2.9 and 3 over approximately six orders of magnitude in f{sub O{sub 2}}. The dramatic shift in the REE patterns of merrillite in martian basaltic magmas, from highly LREE-depleted to LREE-enriched, parallels many other trace element and isotopic variations and reflects the sources for these magmas. The behavior of REE in the merrillite directly reflects the relationship between the eightfold-coordinated Ca1 site and adjacent sixfold Na and tetrahedral P sites that enables charge balancing through coupled substitutions.
Temporal Induction of Missing Birdsong Segments in European Starlings

Four European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) discriminated a 300-ms segment of starling song from a 300-ms segment of budgerigar song in three contexts in a two-choice key-peck operant discrimination task. In the starling-song context, on each trial, one of the song segments was presented in the context of starling song; in the budgerigar-song context, the segments were presented in the context of budgerigar song. In the no-song context, the song segments were presented outside of a song context. On occasional unreinforced probe trials, the song segments were replaced by either white noise or silence. On noise trials in the two song contexts, but not on silent trials in the song contexts or noise trials in the no-song context, the starlings were significantly more likely to respond to the key associated with the starling song segment than to the key associated with the budgerigar song segment. This effect was especially pronounced in the starling-song context. The results indicate that noise induces percept...
Geothermal Drilling Problems and Their Impact on Cost: ABSTRACT

The Circum-Pacific region is the focus for much of the current geothermal energy activity. Geothermal resources are typically accessed using conventional petroleum or water well drilling techniques. However, the uniqueness of the geothermal resource often causes problems and the impact such problems have on the costs of accessing geothermal reservoirs can be substantial. Historical data demonstrate the significance of unexpected problems. In extreme cases, trouble costs are the largest component of well costs, or severe troubles lead to abandonment of a hole. Drilling experiences from several U.S. geothermal areas are used to analyze the frequency and severity of various problems. In addition, expected trouble costs are calculated, based on estimates of probabilities of occurrence as a function of depth for different wells. The most frequent drilling and completion problem in geothermal wells is lost circulation. This is especially true for resources in underpressured, fractured formations. Serious loss of circulation can occur during drilling--because of this, the producing portions of many wells are drilled with air as a drilling fluid and the inherent corrosion/erosion problems are tolerated--but it can also affect the cementing of well casing. Problems in bonding casing to the formation result from many other causes as well, and are common in geothermal wells. Good bonds are essential because of the possibility of casing collapse due to thermal cycling during the life of the well. Several other problems are identified and their impacts are quantified and discussed. End_of_Article - Last_Page 960------------
Eating and weight changes following chemoradiation therapy for advanced head and neck cancer.

Results: A statistically significant weight loss (P,.001) occurred during the targeted chemoradiation protocol, with a mean weight ratio of 90% of the starting weight. The ability to eat also declined, with an increase in reported swallowing difficulties and a need for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes from 4 (9%) to 12 (26%). There were no significant changes in weight after the initial weight loss. Tumor stage and nodal involvement had no effect on weight loss. At the start of treatment, 18 patients (38%) reported normal eating and 4 (8%) required a feeding tube. By 18 months after treatment, 41 (87%) were eating normally, 34 (72%) reported normal eating, and 6 (13%) required a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube. Conclusions: Patients undergoing a targeted chemoradiation protocol for head and neck cancer lost about 10% of their pretreatment weight and had a decline in eating ability. Difficulty swallowing during the treatment may be due to adverse effects such as mucositis and nausea. By 18 months after therapy, most were able to eat normally and maintain their weight.
Why Understanding Science Matters: The IES Research Guidelines as a Case in Point

The author outlines the rise of a hard-science model advocated by the Institute for Education Sciences, including the application of research and development approaches to education following the Second World War, and describes the attraction of these hard-science approaches for education policymakers. He notes that in the face of complex and persistent educational problems, these approaches seem to promise objective results, uniform solutions, and standardized interventions less prone to ideological distortion. He argues that this particular view of science, however, represents only a narrow slice of the myriad intellectual, social, and cultural practices that fall under the rubric of science and ignores a good deal of the contextual nuance of educational phenomenon. The author highlights the consequences of adopting a narrow vision of science in educational policy, including the marginalization of swathes of research, and the constraint of educational activities to make them more amenable to experimenta...
Social support and physical activity in type 2 diabetes: a social-ecologic approach.

Purpose This study utilized social-ecology to describe sources of social-environmental support for physical activity perceived by people with type 2 diabetes, and examined the relationship between support and physical activity. Methods Multidimensional support and physical activity were measured in 58 people with diabetes. Descriptive and correlational statistics were used. Results Support from the media scored highest, followed by the health care team, personal support, workplace, family and friends, and lowest for the community. Physical activity was related to personal, media, and community support. Conclusions Using a social-ecological approach, health care professionals must focus on enhancing support from media sources, strengthening community context, and bolstering personal self-management. Professionals must also critically examine patient-provider interactions to motivate lifestyle change.
Experimental manipulation of egg quality in chickens: influence of albumen and yolk on the size and body composition of near-term embryos in a precocial bird

The importance of avian egg components in the determination of hatchling size and quality has yet to be fully evaluated. In the first experiment, 20% of the albumen and/or the yolk was removed from chicken eggs to determine the impact of each egg component on metabolism and various size measures in near-term embryos. Results show that metabolic rate, dry body mass, and internal organ mass are largely independent of egg composition. Removal of albumen resulted in a decrease in wet body mass corresponding to decreases in water content in the body and the yolk sac, and decreased tibiotarsus length. Removal of yolk resulted in no change in body mass, but decreases in both wet and dry yolk sac mass. In a second experiment, removal of 15% of either egg component led to reductions in hatchling mass similar to those observed in whole near-term embryos. Albumen, as the primary source of water in the egg, is the primary determinant of hatchling size and may influence hatchling success through size-related limiting factors. Differences in yolk content may influence neonatal quality as a nutritional supplement, but seem not to result in greater tissue formation during embryonic development.
First principles investigation of hydrogen embrittlement in FeAl

The mechanism underlying the hydrogen-induced embrittlement effect in FeAl has been investigated using a local density functional total-energy approach. The bonding characteristics, the bond and cleavage strength between iron and aluminum layers, and the surface energy with and without interstitially absorbed H are calculated from first-principles band-structure and atomic-cluster methods. Our unique combination of techniques permits the simultaneous study of the metallic and localized bonding effects on an equal footing. Results from this study show that FeAl (in the absence of H) is intrinsically highly resistant to cleavage fracture in terms of the high theoretical cleavage strength. Hydrogen locally dilates the Fe–Al lattice, and this is accompanied by a sizable decrease in Fe–Al cleavage (or cohesive) strength. Our results suggest that the underlying mechanism of H-embrittlement in aluminides is a depletion of d-bonding charge on the Fe site resulting from the charge transfer from Fe to H. Results also indicate that the H-embrittlement effect is greater for H adsorbed in Fe-rich sites.
A virtual deadline scheduler for window-constrained service guarantees

This paper presents an approach to window-constrained scheduling, that is suitable for multimedia and weakly-hard real-time systems. Our algorithm called virtual deadline scheduling (VDS) attempts to service m out of k job instances by their virtual deadlines, that may be some finite time after the corresponding real-time deadlines. By carefully deriving virtual deadlines, VDS outperforms our earlier dynamic window-constrained scheduling (DWCS) algorithm when servicing jobs with different request periods. Additionally, VDS is able to limit the extent to which a fraction of all job instances are serviced late, while maximizing resource utilization. Simulations show that VDS can provide better window-constrained service guarantees than other related algorithms, while having as good or better delay bounds for all scheduled jobs. Finally, an implementation of VDS in the Linux kernel compares favorably against DWCS for a range of scheduling loads.
EXTENDED EIGENVALUES AND THE VOLTERRA OPERATOR

In this paper we consider the integral Volterra operator on the space L 2 (0; 1). We say that a complex number is an extended eigenvalue ofV if there exists a nonzero operator X satisfying the equation XV = V X . We show that the set of extended eigenvalues of V is precisely the interval (0;1) and the corresponding eigenvectors may be chosen to be integral operators as well.
Archbishop Whately: Human Nature and Christian Assistance

Richard Whately, Archbishop of Dublin (1831–1863), has been characterized as a representative of the Broad Church movement of the early to mid-nineteenth century. Convinced that the Church of England's sacraments and liturgies, indeed its very structure, should correspond to the times and not to some ancient formulary, Whately argued continuously for a general reformation of its rules and regulations and for a separate church body to arbitrate disputes over spiritual matters. Recognizing the force of his arguments on these and myriad other subjects, a reviewer for the Christian Observer commented that “the Archbishop is a great intellectual gladiator, and all parties will confess that it is far pleasanter to have him with them than against them.” The nature of his role as a Christian advocate also was noted by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. “He showed a rare union of literary talent, knowledge of human nature, and administrative ability, and the work that he accomplished places him in the highest rank of Christian statesmen. … [His essays] have had a wide influence upon the course of religious thought in England for more than a quarter of a century.”
Orthologs, Paralogs, and Evolutionary Genomics 1

Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A clear distinction between orthologs and paralogs is critical for the construction of a robust evolutionary classification of genes and reliable functional annotation of newly sequenced genomes. Genome comparisons show that orthologous relationships with genes from taxonomically distant species can be established for the majority of the genes from each sequenced genome. This review examines in depth the definitions and subtypes of orthologs and paralogs, outlines the principal methodological approaches employed for identification of orthology and paralogy, and considers evolutionary and functional implications of these concepts.
An advanced FPGA-based processor and controller for the Next-Generation Precipitation Radar

The Next-Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2) prototyped by NASA/JPL will depend heavily on high-performance digital processing to collect meaningful rain echo data. Using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), we have developed for the PR-2 a pulse-compression processor and adaptive timing controller that will enable full on-board processing capabilities in a 14 and 36 GHz spaceborne radar. This paper describes some of the new technologies for the on-board processor, including a 40/spl times/10/sup 9/ op/s bit-serial filter attaining -60 dB range sidelobe performance, and an adaptive scanning control and timing unit (CTU) which yields a 7-fold increase in the radar's dwell time over areas of precipitation.
Ankle manual therapy for individuals with post-acute ankle sprains: description of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Ankle sprains are common within the general population and can result in prolonged disablement. Limited talocrural dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) is a common consequence of ankle sprain. Limited talocrural DF ROM may contribute to persistent symptoms, disability, and an elevated risk for re-injury. As a result, many health care practitioners use hands-on passive procedures with the intention of improving talocrural joint DF ROM in individuals following ankle sprains. Dosage of passive hands-on procedures involves a continuum of treatment speeds. Recent evidence suggests both slow- and fast-speed treatments may be effective to address disablement following ankle sprains. However, these interventions have yet to be longitudinally compared against a placebo study condition. We developed a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to test the hypotheses that hands-on treatment procedures administered to individuals following ankle sprains during the post-acute injury period can improve short-, intermediate-, and long-term disablement, as well as reduce the risk for re-injury. This study is designed to measure the clinical effects of hands-on passive stretching treatment procedures directed to the talocrural joint that vary in treatment speed during the post-acute injury period, compared to hands-on placebo control intervention. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00888498.
Interactive skeleton-driven dynamic deformations

This paper presents a framework for the skeleton-driven animation of elastically deformable characters. A character is embedded in a coarse volumetric control lattice, which provides the structure needed to apply the finite element method. To incorporate skeletal controls, we introduce line constraints along the bones of simple skeletons. The bones are made to coincide with edges of the control lattice, which enables us to apply the constraints efficiently using algebraic methods. To accelerate computation, we associate regions of the volumetric mesh with particular bones and perform locally linearized simulations, which are blended at each time step. We define a hierarchical basis on the control lattice, so for detailed interactions the simulation can adapt the level of detail. We demonstrate the ability to animate complex models using simple skeletons and coarse volumetric meshes in a manner that simulates secondary motions at interactive rates.
The effects of postinjection massage on the sensitivity of lymphatic mapping in breast cancer.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The technique of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is rapidly becoming the preferred method of staging the axilla of the breast cancer patient. This report describes the impact of postinjection massage on the sensitivity of this surgical technique. STUDY DESIGN: Lymphatic mapping at the H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center is performed using a combination of isosulfan blue dye and Tc 99m labeled sulfur colloid. Data describing the rate of SLN identification and the node characteristics from 594 consecutive patients were calculated. Patients who received a 5-minute massage after injection of blue dye and radiocolloid were compared with a control group in which the patients did not receive a postinjection massage. RESULTS: When compared with controls, the proportion of patients who had their SLN identified using blue dye after massage increased from 73.0% to 88.3%, and the proportion of patients who had their SLN identified using radiocolloid after massage increased from 81.7% to 91.3%. The overall rate of SLN identification increased from 93.5% to 97.8%. The proportion of nodes that were stained blue among those removed increased from 73.4% to 79.7% after massage. CONCLUSIONS: As experience increases with this new procedure, the surgical technique of lymphatic mapping continues to evolve. The addition of a postinjection massage significantly improves the uptake of blue dye by SLNs and may also aid in the accumulation of radioactivity in the SLNs, further increasing the sensitivity of this procedure.
Computational study of the structure of dinitraminic acid, HN(NO2)2, and the energetics of some possible decomposition steps

Abstract MP2/6-31G* geometric optimizations combined with non-local density functional energy calculations were used to determine the structure of dinitraminic acid, HN(NO2)2, and the energetics of several processes that may be involved in its decomposition. These include bond cleavage and also fragmentation induced by protonation.
Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 in AKT/PKB-Mediated Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Biosynthesis

ABSTRACT Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription and replication are essentially restricted to hepatocytes because liver-enriched transcription factors govern viral RNA synthesis. The level of transcription from the HBV promoters depends on both the transcription factors binding to these regulatory sequence elements and their ability to recruit coactivators capable of mediating assembly of the transcription preinitiation complex containing RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptors are a primary determinant of HBV pregenomic RNA synthesis and, hence, viral replication. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) enhances the activity of nuclear receptors and, consequently, HBV biosynthesis. PGC1α is also an important target of signal transduction pathways involved in hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis, suggesting that this coactivator may have an important role in modulating HBV biosynthesis under various physiological conditions. Consistent with this suggestion, v- akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog/protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) is shown to modulate PGC1α activity and, hence, HBV transcription and replication in a cell line-specific manner. In addition, AKT can modulate HBV replication in some but not all cell lines at a posttranscriptional step in the viral life cycle. These observations demonstrate that growth and nutritional signals have the capacity to influence viral production, but the magnitude of these effects will depend on the precise cellular context in which they occur.
Attention regulates anger and fear to predict changes in adolescent risk-taking behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Regulation of negative affect is critical to healthy development in childhood and adolescence. We conducted a longitudinal study examining the moderating role of attention control in the effects of anger and fear on changes in risk-taking behaviors from early to middle adolescence. METHOD: The sample involved participants from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), assessed at 9, 11, and 15 years of age. Composite scores for anger, fear, and attention control were computed using indicators from multiple informants, and risk-taking behaviors were assessed based on adolescents' self-reports. RESULTS: Latent difference score analysis indicated significant moderating effects of attention control showing that increased anger between 9 and 11 years was related to increases in risk-taking behaviors between 11 and 15 years only for adolescents with low attention control but not for adolescents with high attention control. In contrast, significant moderating effects of attention control for the link between fear and risk-taking behaviors suggested increased fear between 9 and 11 years tended to be associated with decreases in risk-taking behaviors between 11 and 15 years only for adolescents with high attention control, but not for adolescents with low attention control. CONCLUSIONS: Attention control regulates the connections between negative affect such as anger and fear with changes in adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Our data suggest the protective role of strong attention control against the development of risk-taking behaviors in adolescence as it demotes the effects of anger and promotes the effects of fear. Language: en
Structural diversity of selective COX-2 inhibitors

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used agents in the treatment of pain and inflammation, especially rheumatoid arthritis [1]. The first NSAID aspirin was introduced over a century ago, and continues to be a popular over-the-counter medication in the treatment of the symptoms of pain and inflammation. The global production of aspirin is approximately 50,000 tons annually [2]. The pharmacological effects of NSAIDs arise from their inhibition of the prostaglandin synthase or cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes [3]. COX isozymes catalyze the rate-limiting step in the arachidonic acid cascade involving the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), the common biosynthetic precursor to prostaglandins and thromboxane (Fig. 1). These bioactive lipids mediate numerous physiological and pathophysiological effects, including pain, fever, inflammation, hemostasis, and regulation of renal function and maintenance of mucosal integrity in the stomach.
Controlling the taste receptor accessible structure of rebaudioside A via binding to bovine serum albumin

We illustrate a method that uses bovine serum albumin (BSA) to control the receptor-accessible part of rebaudioside A (Reb A). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Reb A was found to be 4.5 mM and 5 mM at pH 3 and 6.7 respectively. NMR studies show that below its CMC, Reb A binds weakly to BSA to generate a Reb A-protein complex ("RPC"), which is only modestly stable under varying conditions of pH (3.0-6.7) and temperature (4-40°C) with its binding affinities determined to be in the range of 5-280 mM. Furthermore, saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments confirm that the RPC has fast exchange of the bitterness-instigating diterpene of Reb A into the binding sites of BSA. Our method can be used to alter the strength of Reb A-receptor interaction, as a result of binding of Reb A to BSA, which may ultimately lead to moderation of its taste.
Distributed travel-time seismic tomography in large-scale sensor networks

Current geophysical techniques for visualizing seismic activity employ image reconstruction methods that rely on a centralized approach for processing the raw data captured by seismic sensors. The data is either gathered manually, or relayed by expensive broadband stations, and then processed at a base station. This approach is time-consuming (weeks to months) and hazardous as the task involves manual data gathering in extreme conditions. Also, raw seismic samples are typically in the range of 16-24 bit, sampled at 50-200?Hz and transferring this high fidelity sample from large number of sensors to a centralized station results in a bottleneck due to bandwidth limitations. To avoid these issues, a new distributed method is required which processes raw seismic samples inside each node and obtains a high-resolution seismic tomography in real time. In this paper, we present a component-averaged distributed multi-resolution evolving tomography algorithm for processing data and inverting volcano tomography in the network while avoiding centralized computation and costly data collection. The algorithm is first evaluated for the correctness using a synthetic model in a CORE emulator. Later, our proposed algorithm runs using the real data obtained from Mt. St. Helens, WA, USA. The results validate that our distributed algorithm is able to obtain a satisfactory image similar to centralized computation under constraints of network resources, while distributing the computational burden to sensor nodes. We present a distributed method to obtain seismic image on wireless sensor networks.We perform in-network computing and avoid data gathering.High resolution image can be obtained using proposed multi-resolution scheme.We evaluate the method using synthetic seismic data in a CORE emulator.Our method is able to recover velocity model of Mt. St. Helens.