cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Puerto Rico and the Puerto Ricans Versus 115 Years of Yankee Imperialism and Colonialism

For the purpose of this Lecture, I want to briefly discuss the eight charges that I filed against the United States government for committing international crimes against the People and State of Puerto Rico. I believe that these eight charges succinctly state the fundamental principles of international law concerning Puerto Rico and the Puerto Ricans. Obviously, these eight charges of my Indictment cannot answer all the questions the Puerto Rican People might have with respect to international law. But I do submit that these eight charges provide a solid foundation for providing guidance to the Puerto Rican People as to your basic rights under international law that can be used in the future in order to navigate problems and issues as they arise to confront you.
Global Perspectives on Nutritional Knowledge, Eating Behavior, Household Food Security, and Hunger

In the last two decades, especially, social and biological scientists have examined a variety of topics related to food and nutrition. They have not only broadened the scope of topics, but also use...
Effects of Periodic Structures on the Coherence Properties of Blackbody Radiation Field

The coherence properties of blackbody radiation in homogeneous media have been studied extensively [1–5]. Research has shown that there is coherence in the blackbody radiation field and has given an estimation of the coherence length. The coherence length is often used as an indication of whether phase information needs to be considered when dealing with transport phenomena [6–8]. Generally, the wave packets can be treated as particles if the size of the transport domain is larger than the coherence length. An example is the optical ray tracing method, which is based on intensity superposition of electromagnetic waves and neglects any phase information. The wave optics method, in contrast, includes the phase information. Past research on single layer thin films have shown that the ray tracing method can be used when the thickness of the film is larger than the coherence length [7, 8]. However, this paper shows that the conventional coherence length may not be a sufficient criterion to validate the ray tracing approach in multilayer structures. Figure 1 shows a multilayer structure with one side subjected to blackbody radiation from a 1000K source. In the present study, two non-absorbing layers of the same thickness but different indices of refraction alternate to form the multilayer structure.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia.

The characteristics and treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia are reviewed. Risk factors for preeclampsia include (1) nulliparity, (2) a mother or sister(s) with a history of the disorder, (3) essential hypertension or renal disease, or (4) a twin or molar pregnancy. Preeclampsia is diagnosed when the systolic blood pressure (BP) increases by 30 mm Hg or the diastolic BP increases by 15 mm Hg after the 20th week of gestation and the BP rise is accompanied by edema, proteinuria, or both. Severe preeclampsia is diagnosed when the BP reaches or exceeds 160 mm Hg systolic or 110 mm Hg diastolic after bed rest. Eclampsia is the occurrence of seizures (in the preeclamptic patient) that cannot be attributed to other causes; it occurs in about 0.2% of preeclamptic patients. Magnesium sulfate (in the injectable, hydrated form) is the agent used most often for seizure prophylaxis in the preeclamptic patient in the United States. It is also used widely to control seizures once they develop. In the United States, diazepam is used to supplement magnesium sulfate if necessary to control seizures, but its use is not routine. Among antihypertensive agents, i.v. hydralazine is preferred in this country to control blood pressure in the severely preeclamptic or eclamptic patient. Several studies provide promising evidence that low-dose aspirin (60-150 mg daily beginning at 28-30 weeks of gestation) prevents preeclampsia in women who are at risk for its development. Until additional comparative studies are completed, magnesium sulfate and hydralazine will remain the standard of care for the treatment of preeclampsia in the United States.
Acute Limb Ischemia

Acute ischemia of the extremities is a sudden catastrophic event which not only poses the threat of the loss of a limb at any age, but can also lead to death in the elderly or debilitated. A review of the literature, supplemented by the authors' personal experience, provides the basis for a discussion of pathogenesis, etiology, diagnosis, and principles of treatment.
La modificabilidad estructural cognitiva en la familia de un enfermo alcohólico

La teoria del Doctor Reuven Feuerstein, la Modifi cabilidad Estructural Cognitiva, sus criterios de mediacion para su Experienciade Aprendizaje y su Programa de Enriquecimiento Instrumental son elementos de gran utilidad para que la familia de un enfermo alcoholico pueda desarrollar estrategias de ayuda y acompanamiento al que bebe, y crezca de forma sana e integral como nucleo familiar con la guia del mediador, que en este caso es el especialista en adicciones. Por medio de preguntas generadoras, grupos focales, encuentros formativos para la familia, el mediador ampliara el conocimiento sobre alcoholismo, sus caracteristicas, el trato al enfermo, la codependencia de los familiares y la recuperacion adecuada de la totalidad de sus miembros, para que en ese proceso, a un ritmo propio, puedan modifi car ideas, reacciones, limites y aprobaciones a su familiar y a ellos mismos. Segun lo sugiere la teoria, el mediador sera solo un guia y provocador de la dinamica, esto se realizara por medio de pasos, principios psicopedagogicos, parametros y criterios de mediacion que trasmite la teoria.
Internal Rotation of Methylcyclopropane and Related Molecules: Comparison of Experiment and Theory.

The internal rotation about the single bond connecting a cyclopropyl ring to a CH3, SiH3, GeH3, NH2, SH, or OH group was investigated. Both CCSD/cc-pVTZ and MP2/cc-pVTZ ab initio calculations were performed to predict the structures of these molecules and their internal rotation potential energy functions in terms of angles of rotation. The barriers to internal rotation for the CH3, SiH3, and GeH3 molecules from the calculations agree well with the experimental ones, within −11% to +1% for CCSD/cc-pVTZ and −4% to +9% for MP2/cc-pVTZ. Comparisons between theory and experiment were also performed for propylene oxide and propylene sulfide, and the agreements were very good. Theoretical calculations were performed to compute the internal rotation potential energy function for cyclopropanol, and these were used to guide the determination of a potential function based on experimental data. This molecule has two equivalent synclinal (gauche) conformers with an estimated barrier of 759 cm–1 (9.1 kJ/mol) between t...
The Limits of Liberal Planning: the Lindsay Administration's Failed Plan to Control Development on Staten Island

Staten Island grew rapidly after the Verrazano Narrows Bridge opened in 1964. Mayor John Lindsay introduced a plan to control and guide development there and encouraged planned unit development. Th...
The Effect of Transportation Improvements on the Separate Values of Land and Buildings

Transportation improvements tend to raise property values. But how do they affect the two components of property value, land and buildings? We develop a simple model to show that transportation improvements that raise the value of land generally lower the value of existing buildings. Our model provides intuitive explanations for several recent findings in the empirical urban economics literature.
Planar antenna system for full-duplex applications

The effectiveness of using symmetry to cancel radiated fields and improve isolation between the transmitter and receiver of a single-frequency full-duplex patch antenna system is investigated. Orthogonal polarization is used to achieve isolation, and taking advantage of symmetric geometries serves to further reduce field coupling. A U-slotted rectangular patch antenna is designed for wideband operation over the 1.7 GHz–2.2 GHz band, and another patch antenna without a slot is designed at 1.95 GHz for comparison. Using the U-slotted patch as a transmitting element, and both patches as receivers, several configurations are simulated to determine the best isolation between transmit and receive ports. Performance of orthogonally polarized and adjacently placed transmitter and receiver pairs are compared to that of a configuration with two transmitting elements placed symmetrically on either side of a single receiver. It is found that exploiting symmetry in this manner leads to isolation improvement of 6.2 dB using a U-slotted receiver, and 12.0 dB using a receiver without the slot. lnitial investigations indicate that isolation on the order of 60–70 dB may be possible using more complex symmetric geometries.
Managing a Diverse Work Force: Women in Engineering

(1984). Managing a Diverse Work Force: Women in Engineering. Research Management: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 9-16.
System zirconium-oxygen

Iodide zirconium was combined with calculated amounts of ZrO2 or master alloys and arc-melted. Annealing treatments were carried out at 21 temperature levels. Metallographic examination of the heat treated specimens permitted construction of the binary phase diagram from zirconium to ZrO2. Oxygen additions to zirconium raise the transformation temperature as well as the melting point. Features of the diagram include the peritectic formation of beta, the formation of alpha directly from the melt, an intermediate phase ZrO2 with a range of homogeneity, and a eutectic between alpha and ZrO2.
Role of Surface States in Silver-Doped CdSe and CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots

The effects of Ag doping of CdSe and CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) have been studied as a function of the surface composition. Throughout these studies, static and time-resolved luminescence and transient absorption measurements are used to determine the nature and rates of radiationless decay mechanisms and how these vary with the concentration of Ag dopants. In tributylphosphine-ligated CdSe, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) varies nonmonotonically with dopant concentration, increasing at low concentrations of Ag+ then decreasing with further addition. The initial increase is assigned to the passivation of preexisting surface hole traps by interaction of interstitial Ag+ with surface Se2– ions, whereas the subsequent decrease is due to the introduction of substitutional Ag+ dopants, which act as a new source of hole traps. Ligation of the particle surface with alkyl amines largely passivates the surface hole traps and thereby eliminates the initial increase in PL QY upon doping. CdSe/CdS QDs li...
Ascertainability in the Third Circuit: Name That Class Member

The 1966 amendment of Rule 23 provided plaintiffs with an extremely powerful procedural device. Since then, much controversy has surrounded Rule 23. Judges have often shown hostility towards certification of frivolous class actions that result in large fees for attorneys but little recovery for class members. The Third Circuit has recently used the requirement that a class be ascertainable to create an extremely high bar for certification of small-claims consumer class actions. Such class actions in the Third Circuit are essentially fruitless unless a plaintiff can individually identify all potential class members prior to class certification. The Third Circuit is the first circuit court to use ascertainability to create a bar to class certification. Class certifications will vary widely depending on whether or not the circuit in which the class action is brought has adopted the Third Circuit’s interpretation of ascertainability.
Abstract 791: Cardiac Dysfunction and Heart Failure are Associated with Decreased Levels of Non-Nuclear Oligomeric Muscle LIM Protein

Prolonged hemodynamic overload results in cardiac hypertrophy and failure with detrimental changes in myocardial gene expression and morphology. It has been suggested that CSRP3 or muscle LIM protein (MLP) is a mechano-sensor in cardiac myocytes, relaying messages from the myofilaments to the nucleus. Therefore, the subcellular location of MLP may have important functional implications in health and disease. Our hypothesis is that MLP becomes mislocalized after prolonged overload resulting in impaired mechanosensing in cardiac myocytes. Using the techniques of biochemical subcellular fractionation and immunocytochemistry, we found MLP exhibits oligomerization in the membrane and cytoskeleton of cultured cardiac rat neonatal myocytes. However, nuclear MLP was always monomeric. MLP translocated to the nucleus and nucleolus in response to 10% cyclic stretch at 1Hz for 48 hours. This translocation was associated with a 3 fold increase in S6 ribosomal protein (p
TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF EXCIMERS

Abstract One of the many processes which compete with prompt fluorescence from an excited molecule is the formation of excimers. Not only is the fluorescence yield effected but the wavelength distribution of the emitted photons is altered through the fluorescence of the excimers themselves. This paper deals with some of the properties of excimers and techniques for studying them. There seems to be definite correlations between the structural properties of most aromatic molecules and their ability to form excimers. Also discussed are the influence of the solvent, temperature and concentration upon the yield of fluorescence and the spectral distribution.
DISTRIBUTION OF UV-INDUCED DNA REPAIR SYNTHESIS IN HUMAN CHROMATIN

ABSTRACT The effects of UV dose and repair time on the distribution of repair synthesis in chromatin from human diploid fibroblasts was analyzed using staphylococcal nuclease digestion kinetics (Smerdon, et al., 1978, Biochemistry, in press).UV doses from 1.5 to 12 J/m2 had little effect on this distribution (90 min labeling time): On a unit DNA basis, about 2.5 times as much repair synthesis occurred in nuclease sensitive regions as in nuclease resistant regions regardless of dose. In contrast, the distribution was very sensitive to length of time of repair synthesis. Per unit DNA, the ratio of nuclease sensitive repair sites to nuclease resistant repair sites was almost 5 when a 10 min labeling time was used. With increasing labeling times, this ratio decreased, reaching a value of approximately 2.5 at 90 min.
Noninvasive Assessment of Jugular Venous Pressure via Force-Coupled Single Crystal Ultrasound

Objective: we have developed a handheld device for noninvasive quantitative assessment of jugular venous pressure (JVP). Methods: we used a single crystal ultrasound coupled to a force-sensing load cell to measure JVP based on the force necessary to collapse the internal jugular vein (IJV) walls. We used a gelatin-based model system of the IJV to test the ability of single crystal ultrasound to identify the IJV and verified the cross-sectional position and diameter of the vessels with conventional imaging ultrasound. We also tested our prototype device on healthy human volunteers. Results: experiments on model system demonstrated that vessel diameters determined with single crystal ultrasound were in close agreement with the diameters derived from conventional 2-D ultrasound. Proof-of-concept human experiments demonstrate that single crystal ultrasound can detect the IJV in basal and collapsed states, as compared to gold-standard sonography (insert stats). Assessment of JVP in human volunteers was physiologically consistent with and sensitive to postural changes (supine JVP 6.6 ± 2.4 mmHg; standing JVP 4.2 ± 1.9 mmHg ( p Conclusion: noninvasive assessment of JVP could prove valuable in informing rapid clinical decision-making across various pathologies and conditions leading to derangements in intravascular volume status.
A Modified Resin Sealer: Physical and Antibacterial Properties.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and antibacterial properties of a resin sealer mixed with a quaternary ammonium compound, dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nanosilver (NAg). Methods A pilot study was completed to determine the highest concentrations of DMAHDM and NAg that did not significantly alter the physical properties (setting time, flow, solubility, and dimensional change) of AH Plus (Dentsply Sirona, York, PA) when added to the sealer. These concentrations were selected to create a modified resin sealer (mAH Plus). A modified direct contact test evaluated antibacterial properties of AH Plus, DMAHDM + AH Plus, NAg + AH Plus, and mAH Plus at days 1, 7, and 14 against Enterococcus faecalis. Results Concentrations of 2.5% DMAHDM and 0.15% NAg were added to AH Plus. The flow of mAH Plus was significantly decreased but still within American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association specifications. There were no significant differences in setting time, solubility, or dimensional change. On day 1, 0.15% NAg + AH Plus, 2.5% DMAHDM + AH Plus, and mAH Plus were significantly more effective against E. faecalis compared with AH Plus (P Conclusions The addition of 0.15% NAg and 2.5% DMAHDM did not adversely affect the physical properties of AH Plus, and mAH Plus was significantly more antibacterial against E. faecalis.
Meteorology, Climatology, and Upper Atmospheric Composition for Infrasound Propagation Modeling

Over the last decade, there have been improvements in global data assimilation capabilities of the lower, middle, and upper atmosphere. This includes mesoscale specification capabilities for the troposphere. This chapter provides an overview of both operational and basic scientific research specifications of the atmosphere from the ground to the thermosphere that are available for the calculation of infrasound propagation characteristics. This review is intended for scientific experts, nonexperts, researchers, educators, and policy makers alike. As atmospheric specifications for the lower and middle atmosphere are now readily available, less uncertain, and also described in other chapters of this book, some additional emphasis is placed on the challenges associated with upper atmospheric specifications for modeling thermospherically ducted infrasound propagation. Otherwise, no particular emphasis is placed on any one atmospheric specification system or institutional data provider; nor anyone particular infrasound propagation application, i.e., local, regional, global, man-made, or natural.
Adverse childhood experiences and implementing trauma-informed primary care

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include exposures such as abuse and household dysfunction. These exposures are associated with long-term sequelae and unfavorable health outcomes in adulthood. NPs working in primary care can help to reduce the impact of ACEs in adulthood by identifying individuals with these experiences and implementing trauma-informed care strategies.
How Precisely Can the Temperature of a Fluid Event be Constrained Using Fluid Inclusions

U.S. National Science Foundation [EAR 1624589]; Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-03ER15430]; Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas Austin
Female Genital Cutting (FGC) and the Cultural Boundaries of Medical Practice

In April 2017, Dr. Jumana Nagarwala, at that time an emergency medicine physician at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI, was arrested and jailed. Together with seven others, she will be among the f...
EXCRETION OF CARBARYL INTO SALIVA OF THE RAT AND ITS EFFECT ON CHOLINESTERASE

A continued search is underway for non-invasive techniques for monitoring pesticide exposures. Saliva has been shown to contain the residues from a variety of xenobiotics and might provide a better tolerated sampling fluid than either blood or urine. This investigation is to determine if a correlation of pesticide residues and/or cholinesterase activity exists between blood and saliva. Anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received a dose of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg carbaryl by direct injection into the stomach using corn oil as the vehicle. The distribution of carbaryl and/or its metabolites in saliva, tears, serum, urine and erythrocytes was monitored by TLC and cholinesterase levels determined. It was found that salivary cholinesterase levels appear to be roughly parallel to serum levels. The distribution and time of appearance of carbaryl and its metabolites in saliva, blood and tears were dose dependent. Using isolated slices of submaxillary glands, it was determined that the uptake and efflux of carbaryl within this tissue was not energy dependent.
Upper Gastrointestinal Perforations: A Possible Danger of Antibiotic Overuse

The role of changes in gut microflora on upper gastrointestinal (UGI) perforations is not known. We conducted a retrospective case-control study to examine the relationship between antibiotic exposure—a proxy for microbiome modulation—and UGI perforations in a national sample. We queried a 5% random sample of Medicare (2009–2013) to identify patients ≥ 65 years old hospitalized with UGI (stomach or small intestine) perforations using International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes. Cases with UGI perforations were matched with 4 controls, each based on age and sex. Exposure to outpatient antibiotics (0–30, 31–60, 61–90 days) prior to case patients’ index hospitalization admission data was determined with Part D claims. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of antibiotic exposure on UGI perforation. Overall, 504 cases and 2016 matched controls were identified. Compared to controls, more cases had antibiotic exposure 0–30 days (19% vs. 3%, p < 0.001) and 31–60 days (5% vs. 2%, p < 0.001) prior to admission. In adjusted analyses, antibiotic exposure 0–30 days prior to admission was associated with 6.8 increased odds of an UGI perforation (95% CI 4.8, 9.8); 31–60 days was associated with 1.9 increased odds (95% CI 1.1, 3.3); and 61–90 days was associated with 3.7 increased odds (95% CI 2.0, 6.9). Recent outpatient antibiotic use, in particular in the preceding 30 days, is associated with UGI perforation among Medicare beneficiaries. Exposure to antibiotics, one of the most modifiable determinants of the microbiome, should be minimized in the outpatient setting.
Plasticity – The Double-Edged Sword Wielded by MSCs that Impacts Cellular Phenotype

Background & Aim Background & Aim: The plasticity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in responding to damage by promoting immunosuppression and tissue regeneration has been leveraged to treat conditions such as spinal cord injury. But can MSC plasticity be impacted by the culture conditions in which MSCs are manufactured? For instance, researchers speculate that fibrinogen depletion is necessary for MSCs to have an immunosuppressive effect. However, many supplements claim to promote growth of “bona fide” MSCs, capable of differentiation and immunosuppression. This begs the question, is one MSC phenotypically similar to another MSC grown in differing conditions? Our group examined the effect of media formulations on the proliferation, immunosuppressive ability, and transcriptomes of MSCs. Our aim was to evaluate the resulting phenotypic variation of MSCs and explore how this variety may impact therapeutic applications. Methods, Results & Conclusion Methods Adipose-derived MSCs were collected from normal healthy donors and grown in A-MEM media supplemented with either: fetal bovine serum (FBS), fibrinogen-depleted (FD) human platelet lysate (PL), PLTMax, PLTGold, Stemulate, UltraGRO-Pure, or StemMACS Xeno-Free (XF) Expansion Media. Proliferation was assessed using a NucLight Rapid Red assay detected with an IncuCyte Live-Cell Analysis Platform. Immunosuppressive ability was assessed by assaying indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO) secreted by MSCs exposed to interferon gamma. RNA sequencing was performed by the Mayo Clinic Genome Analysis Core. Results The log phase doubling time of individual MSC lines remains relatively consistent across media supplements (Fig. A). However, the length of time spent in the log phase of growth was supplement-dependent. Of note, IDO secretion by donors varied within and across specific media formulations. IDO secretion was lower in FD-PL media than in other media supplements (Fig. B). Transcriptomic analyses revealed growth culture-dependent gene expression patterns of MSCs exposed to FBS, PL, or XF media (Fig. C), particularly among genes encoding cytokines, signal transduction molecules, and cell proliferation markers. Conclusion Manufacturing conditions can drive variances in gene expression, IDO secretion, and proliferation by MSCs. These results underscore the importance of media choice for MSC expansion and motivate the investigation of inherent diversity within MSC products manufactured in individual labs and how this diversity may impact therapeutic outcomes.
Age and risk of recurrence in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review.

The incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma has been increasing in young patients (≤45 years) without a clear etiologic driver. It is unknown if younger patients have an increased risk of recurrence compared to older patients. A literature search was conducted through January 2020 using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Science Direct, and clinicaltrials.gov. This review was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020167498) and the PRISMA statement was followed. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed risk of recurrence by age using a time-to-event analysis, used an age cutoff of ≤45 years or less for the younger cohort, and limited the analysis to the oral tongue subsite. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers using a form with a prespecified list of variables. There were 13 articles that met criteria for the qualitative synthesis (n = 1763 patients). The reported 5-year rates of disease-free survival ranged from 30% to 72% for the younger cohorts and 42% to 81% for the older cohorts. Three studies reported a statistically significant increased risk of recurrence in younger patients, three studies reported a nonsignificant increased risk in younger patients, and seven studies reported a similar risk in younger patients based on the time-to-event analyses. There may be an increased risk of recurrence for younger patients with oral tongue cancer. A definitive conclusion is precluded by limitations among individual studies, and additional research is warranted to examine this question.
Comparative Assessment of Intrinsic Disorder Predictions with a Focus on Protein and Nucleic Acid-Binding Proteins

With over 60 disorder predictors, users need help navigating the predictor selection task. We review 28 surveys of disorder predictors, showing that only 11 include assessment of predictive performance. We identify and address a few drawbacks of these past surveys. To this end, we release a novel benchmark dataset with reduced similarity to the training sets of the considered predictors. We use this dataset to perform a first-of-its-kind comparative analysis that targets two large functional families of disordered proteins that interact with proteins and with nucleic acids. We show that limiting sequence similarity between the benchmark and the training datasets has a substantial impact on predictive performance. We also demonstrate that predictive quality is sensitive to the use of the well-annotated order and inclusion of the fully structured proteins in the benchmark datasets, both of which should be considered in future assessments. We identify three predictors that provide favorable results using the new benchmark set. While we find that VSL2B offers the most accurate and robust results overall, ESpritz-DisProt and SPOT-Disorder perform particularly well for disordered proteins. Moreover, we find that predictions for the disordered protein-binding proteins suffer low predictive quality compared to generic disordered proteins and the disordered nucleic acids-binding proteins. This can be explained by the high disorder content of the disordered protein-binding proteins, which makes it difficult for the current methods to accurately identify ordered regions in these proteins. This finding motivates the development of a new generation of methods that would target these difficult-to-predict disordered proteins. We also discuss resources that support users in collecting and identifying high-quality disorder predictions.
A Re-examination of Dichoptic Tone Mapping

Dichoptic tone mapping methods aim to leverage stereoscopic displays to increase visual detail and contrast in images and videos. These methods, which have been called both binocular tone mapping and dichoptic contrast enhancement, selectively emphasize contrast differently in the two eyes’ views. The visual system integrates these contrast differences into a unified percept, which is theorized to contain more contrast overall than each eye’s view on its own. As stereoscopic displays become increasingly common for augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), dichoptic tone mapping is an appealing technique for imaging pipelines. We sought to examine whether a standard photographic technique, exposure bracketing, could be modified to enhance contrast similarly to dichoptic tone mapping. While assessing the efficacy of this technique with user studies, we also re-evaluated existing dichoptic tone mapping methods. Across several user studies; however, we did not find evidence that either dichoptic tone mapping or dichoptic exposures consistently increased subjective image preferences. We also did not observe improvements in subjective or objective measures of detail visibility. We did find evidence that dichoptic methods enhanced subjective 3D impressions. Here, we present these results and evaluate the potential contributions and current limitations of dichoptic methods for applications in stereoscopic displays.
Game-Theoretic Remarks on Gibbard's Libertarian Social Choice Functions

Gibbard [4) has recently introduced a Pareto-consistent libertarian claim, designed to explicate Sen's Liberal Paradox [9]. The question this paper asks is whether allâ€”or anyâ€”social choice functions satisfying Gibbard's claim are worthily of libertarian approval. This paper argues that there is a unique such social choice function.
Nature, Culture, and Social Engineering: Reflections on Evolution and Equality

This book chapter explores evolution and morality by considering the appeal to nature, and in particular to how evolution has shaped female and male brains differently, to explain evident sex differences and the persistence of sex inequality. It uses as illustrative the popularizing accounts of male and female brains found in Louann Brizendine, The Female Brain and The Male Brain, and the portrayal in such accounts of fundamental male and female differences in human mate selection and parenting. Drawing on the work of scientist and philosophers, the chapter critiques these accounts for engaging in an increasingly popular “neurosexism.” Such neurosexism has historical antecedents in law and social thought, e.g., earlier views of how women’s lesser and distinctive brain capacity constrained their ability to participate equally with men in the professions or politics or the like. The chapter then considers the relevance of claims about female and male brains and sex differences rooted in evolution to ongoing issues of law and policy, such as the form that marriage should take (whether it should be open to same-sex couples and whether it is ideally egalitarian) and governmental responsibility concerning work/family conflict. It concludes by noting a striking pendulum swing on the question of gender differences as fixed or malleable: in the wake of the recent economic recession, dubbed the “man-cession,” there is a noteworthy shift away from skepticism about feminist social engineering in the area of gender roles in the home and the workplace and toward calls for men to “adapt” to new economic and social conditions, for society to reimagine masculinity, and for the U.S. to look to how other nations have encouraged this adaptation.
Pseudo pin assignment for single-layer over-the-cell routing

In a CMOS double metal gate-array technology, only the M2 layer is available for over-the-cell routing. A systematic algorithms that intelligently converts global wires into pseudo-pins and assigns them to each row of cells is presented. The final positions of pseudo-pins provide a feasible solution for one-layer routine over the cells and minimize wire densities in the adjacent two-layer routing channels. >
Partition based heuristics for gate matrix layout

An extension is presented of a concept called dynamic-net-list representation for CMOS circuit layout in the gate-matrix style. With this extension, delayed bindings for nets representing complex connections, such as serial-parallel or parallel-serial connected transistors, can be handled. The authors also develop a heuristic for obtaining a fast feasible net realization. Experimental results that show improvement over previously published results are presented. >
New Formulations For Quantitative Feedback Theory

New formulations are presented for quantitative feedback theory that do not require the direct manipulation of templates in the classical sense. This enables the explicit incorporation of high frequency unstructured uncertainty into the problem statement, and allows for constructive existence conditions for the solvability of the QFT problem. Necessary and sufficient conditions for robust stability and robust performance are presented for plants with both parametric and high frequency unstructured uncertainty, that parallel their corresponding H? counterparts. This work extends the recent contribution of Jayasuriya and Zhao to plants with more general non-minimum phase characteristics such as RHP poles and seros and time delays.
Age of introduction of complementary foods and growth of term, low-birth-weight, breast-fed infants : a randomized intervention study in Honduras

Background: The optimal age at which to introduce complementary foods is a topic of considerable debate. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate this issue in a nutritionally vulnerable population in Honduras. Design: Mothers of low-birth-weight (1500-2500 g) term (ie. small-for-gestational-age) infants were recruited in the hospital and assisted with exclusive breast-feeding during the first 4 mo. At 4 mo, mothers were randomly assigned to either continue exclusive breast-feeding to 6 mo (EBF: n = 59) or to feed complementary solid foods (jarred rice cereal, chicken, and fruit and vegetables) twice daily from 4 to 6 mo while continuing to breast-feed at their initial frequency (SF: n = 60). At 4 and 6 mo, breast milk and total energy intake were measured for a nonrandom subsample (those who could stay overnight in a central unit: 32 EBF and 31 SF). Results: At 4 mo, breast milk intake in the subsample was not significantly different between groups (EBF: 729 ± 135 g/d: SF: 683 ± 151 g/d; P >0.2); from 4 to 6 mo it increased (by 28 g/d) in the EBF group but decreased (by 39 g/d) in the SF group (P < 0.005). Nonetheless, total energy intake (including solid foods) increased more from 4 to 6 mo in the SF than in the EBF group. However, there were no significant differences between groups in weight or length gain during the intervention or subsequently (6-12 mo). Conclusion: There was no growth advantage of complementary feeding of small-for-gestational-age, breast-fed infants between 4 and 6 mo of age.
Low concentrations of thrombin-inhibitor complexes and the risk of preterm delivery.

Objective High maternal concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes have been associated with adverse outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between TAT in asymptomatic subjects at 24 and 28 weeks and spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB). Study Design A secondary analysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Preterm Prediction Study was performed. Subjects with SPTB were matched to controls. Maternal TAT concentrations were previously measured at 24 and 28 weeks. Differences between cases and controls were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U and logistic regression. Results TAT was lower in cases than controls at 28 weeks ( P = .01). The odds ratio for SPTB with TAT less than 25% was 2.55 (95% confidence interval, 1.34–4.89) when adjusted for clinical variables. Conclusion Early third-trimester TAT was lower in subsequent cases of SPTB. In some patients, low TAT concentrations may represent impaired thrombin activation and be pathologic.
Time-resolved 3-dimensional velocity mapping in the thoracic aorta: visualization of 3-directional blood flow patterns in healthy volunteers and patients.

Objective: An analysis ofthoracic aortic blood flow in normal subjects and patients with aortic pathologic findings is presented. Various visualization tools were used to analyze blood flow patterns within a single 3-component velocity volumetric acquisition of the entire thoracic aorta Methods: Time-resolved, 3-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (3D CINE PC MRI) was employed to obtain complete spatial and temporal coverage of the entire thoracic aorta combined with spatially registered 3-directional pulsatile blood flow velocities. Three-dimensional visualization tools, including time-resolved velocity vector fields reformatted to arbitrary 2-dimensional cut planes, 3D streamlines, and time-resolved 3D particle traces, were applied in a study with 10 normal volunteers. Results from 4 patient examinations with similar scan prescriptions to those of the volunteer scans are presented to illustrate flow features associated with common pathologic findings in the thoracic aorta. Results: Previously reported blood flow patterns in the thoracic aorta, including right-handed helical outflow, late systolic retrograde flow, and accelerated passage through the aortic valve plane, were visualized in all volunteers. The effects of thoracic aortic disease on spatial and temporal blood flow patterns are illustrated in clinical cases, including ascending aortic aneurysms, aortic regurgitation, and aortic dissection. Conclusion: Time-resolved 3D velocity mapping was successfully applied in a study of 10 healthy volunteers and 4 patients with documented aortic pathologic findings and has proven to be a reliable tool for analysis and visualization of normal characteristic as well as pathologic flow features within the entire thoracic aorta.
Molecular remission of CML after autotransplantation followed by adoptive transfer of costimulated autologous T cells.

Four patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) that was refractory to interferon alpha (two patients) or imatinib mesylate (two patients), and who lacked donors for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, received autotransplants followed by infusions of ex vivo costimulated autologous T cells. At day +30 (about 14 days after T-cell infusion), the mean CD4+ cell count was 481 cells/μl (range 270–834) and the mean CD8+ count was 516 cells/μl (range 173–1261). One patient had a relative lymphocytosis at 3.5 months after T-cell infusion, with CD4 and CD8 levels of 750 and 1985 cells/μl, respectively. All the four patients had complete cytogenetic remissions early after transplantation, three of whom also became PCR negative for the bcr/abl fusion mRNA. One patient, who had experienced progressive CML while on interferon alpha therapy, became PCR− post transplant, and remained in a molecular CR at 3.0 years of follow-up. All the four patients survived at 6, 9, 40, and 44 months post transplant; the patient who remained PCR+ had a cytogenetic and hematologic relapse of CML, but entered a molecular remission on imatinib. Autotransplantation followed by costimulated autologous T cells is feasible for patients with chronic phase CML, who lack allogeneic donors and can be associated with molecular remissions.
The Effectiveness of Regenerating Versus Mature Marrow in Physiologic Autogenous Transplants

Differences in rates of bone healing in animals and in human extraction wounds suggest that marrow tissue is more likely to form bone when transplanted at the onset of its most active regenerative period rather than at its maturity. To test this hypothesis, small segments of polyvinyl sponge were implanted into experimentally produced femur cavities in Sprague-Dawley rats, to provide matrices for regenerating cellular structure in the grafting procedures. Bone resulted in 16 of 22 cases (72.7%) in which regenerating marrow was transferred to the anterior eye chamber, compared with 4 of 23 cases (17.4%) in which mature marrow was used (P = 0.0002). No bone resulted when washed, polyvinyl sponge samples were implanted as controls in 6 cases. These findings indicate that with existing techniques it is probably more effective to transplant regenerating marrow than mature marrow.
Generalized logistic models for low—dose response data

We discuss a generalization of the logistic response function of the form Pr(y = 1/x) = [1 + exp(- theta - beta'x)]-alpha, where alpha > 0. This function coincides with the usual logistic response when the shape parameter alpha is equal to one. We describe the use of this model for analysing cancer rates in mice for low-dose exposure to a known carcinogen. When estimating the low-dose responses, the errors associated with extrapolation are reduced when a priori knowledge about the rates among unexposed individuals is incorporated into the fitting procedures.
ASSESSING PRIMARY PRODUCTION VARIABILITY IN THE NORTH PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL GYRE: A COMPARISON OF FAST REPETITION RATE FLUOROMETRY AND 14C MEASUREMENTS1

In situ 14 C uptake (dawn to dusk) and fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRF) measurements at nearly monthly intervals were compared at Station ALOHA (22°45'N, 158°00'W) between August 2002 and September 2003 in order to determine the feasibility of using FRRF profiling as a means for estimating primary production (PP). The FRRF and 14 C rates were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.906, P value 1.5 in near-surface water (5-25 m depth) and approached 1.0 deeper in the euphotic zone. Vertical variations probably reflected the effect of different physiological processes (i.e. Mehler reaction, dark respiration, and excretion) on overall photoautotrophic respiration. In particular, the decrease in Mehler reaction rates with increasing water depth may have accounted for the decrease in difference between 14 C and FRRF measurements with depth. The influence of in situ light field variability in controlling the absorption cross-section of photosystem II (PSII) (σ PHII ') may also have been responsible for some of this difference. When compared with total community respiration (R), the derived light-driven photoautotrophic respiration (reported here as the difference between FRRF and 14 C measurements) represented approximately 50% of R integrated over the euphotic zone. Our results show that FRRF and 14 C measurements were well correlated in oligotrophic waters but the exact relationship between the two processes varies both temporally and vertically, such that a unique relationship between these two techniques could not be derived from first-order principles.
Cotranscriptional Recruitment of the mRNA Export Factor Yra1 by Direct Interaction with the 3′ End Processing Factor Pcf11

We investigated recruitment of the yeast mRNA export factor Yra1 to the transcription elongation complex (TEC). Previously, the Sub2 helicase subunit of TREX was proposed to recruit Yra1. We report that Sub2 is dispensable for Yra1 recruitment, but the cleavage/polyadenylation factor, CF1A, is required. Yra1 binds directly to the Zn finger/Clp1 region of Pcf11, the pol II CTD-binding subunit of CF1A, and this interaction is conserved between their human homologs. Tethering of Pcf11 to nascent mRNA is sufficient to enhance Yra1 recruitment. Interaction with Pcf11 can therefore explain Yra1 binding to the TEC independently of Sub2. We propose that after initially binding to Pcf11, Yra1 is transferred to Sub2. Consistent with this idea, Pcf11 binds the same regions of Yra1 that also contact Sub2, indicating a mutually exclusive interaction. These results suggest a mechanism for cotranscriptional assembly of the export competent mRNP and for coordinating export with 3' end processing.
Information effects of announced stock index additions: evidence from S&P 400

The study examines the information content of press announcements of S&P 400 additions between 2002 and 2007. Prior research into stock index additions has explained the positive valuation effects of additions to S&P indices mostly in terms of the price pressure hypothesis and downward sloping curve hypothesis. The two hypotheses attribute the positive market reaction purely to index-fund buying rather than information effects of announcements. My empirical investigation further reinforces the credibility of the information hypothesis by showing that the market varies its response to added firms depending on the information released about them at the announcement. The analysis demonstrates that the mode of addition, exchange listing, reason for index change, and firm size can modulate valuation effects of stock index additions. The paper also strengthens the argument that announcements of additions to an S&P index contain new signals about the industries represented by the added firms. Positive and significant wealth effects are exclusively attributable to “non-member” rival firms. Overall, the results imply that the market discerns and rewards firms that come from outside the S&P universe (pure additions) and rival firms that are not part of a target index.
Dolomitization Patterns in Subtidal Bighorn Dolomite (Upper Ordovician), Southeastern Wind River Range, Wyoming: ABSTRACT

The Bighorn Dolomite, which is 38-53 m (125-174 ft) thick, lies disconformably between the Cambrian Gallatin Limestone and Mississippian End_Page 542------------------------------ Madison Limestone. It is approximately equivalent to the productive Red River Formation in the Williston basin. Above the basal Lander Sandstone, the unit is massive to slabby (toward top), fretted-weathering, locally vuggy to cavernous, low-insoluble, finely crystalline dolomite. An abundant marine fauna and pervasive, bedding-controlled Thalassinoides-type burrow patterns indicate a subtidal environment of normal salinity for the original carbonates prior to dolomitization. The positive elements of the fretted-weathering pattern represent burrow fillings, and consist of xenotopic, decimicron-size dolomite; the recessed areas, or "matrix," are composed of xenotopic to idiotopic dolomite. Whereas the matrix is also chiefly decimicron size, the inclusion of more skeletal debris (particularly pelmatozoan fragments) than in the burrow fillings contributes to the coarses texture of the matrix. However, the significantly greater intercrystalline to mesovuggy (mesomoldic?) porosity in the matrix results in its lesser resistance. Where weathered tubes are even with or recessed below the matrix, pores in the matrix are filled with chalcedonic quartz. Well-preserved fossils, relatively fine crystallinity, conodont color-alteration index (1), and oxygen-isotope data (x = -4.7% PDB) strongly suggest early diagenetic dolomitization of both burrow fillings and matrix at relatively shallow burial depths. Isotope values and pseudomorphically replaced pelmatozoan fragments suggest mixing-zone effects. The widespread Bighorn has generally similar characteristics throughout much of its extent in the northern Rocky Mountain area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 543------------