cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using donation mechanisms to value nonuse benefits from public goods

Abstract This paper discusses an experiment in which the value for an unfamiliar environmental good, whose total value has a large nonuse component, is verified using a revealed-preference method. As we were unable to observe preferences via an incentive compatible mechanism, we collected voluntary contributions toward the provision of the good. We make a case for interpreting these contributions as a “theoretical lower bound” on the value of the public good and estimate the lower bound. We also investigate whether we can use contingent donation data to estimate such lower bounds on values. We used a follow-up to the contingent donation question about the respondent's level of certainty with respect to her response to the contingent donation question. The results of this study suggest that use of the follow-up certainty question to differentiate respondents who would actually donate from those who would not is a promising approach to estimating a lower bound to Hicksian surplus measures.
Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategies

Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) causes substantial morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving altered bowel flora, production of toxins, and impaired host immunity, often in a nosocomial setting. Current guidelines recommend treatment with metronidazole; vancomycin is a second-line agent because of its potential effect on the hospital environment. We present the data that led to these recommendations and explore other therapeutic options, including antimicrobials, antibody to toxin A, probiotics, and vaccines. Treatment of CDAD has increasingly been associated with failure and recurrence. Recurrent disease may reflect relapse of infection due to the original infecting organism or infection by a new strain. Poor antibody responses to C difficile toxins have a permissive role in recurrent infection. Hospital infection control and pertinent use of antibiotics can limit the spread of CDAD. A vaccine directed against C difficile toxin may eventually offer a solution to the CDAD problem.
High-Order Multi-Task Feature Learning to Identify Longitudinal Phenotypic Markers for Alzheimer's Disease Progression Prediction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of memory and other cognitive functions. Regression analysis has been studied to relate neuroimaging measures to cognitive status. However, whether these measures have further predictive power to infer a trajectory of cognitive performance over time is still an under-explored but important topic in AD research. We propose a novel high-order multi-task learning model to address this issue. The proposed model explores the temporal correlations existing in imaging and cognitive data by structured sparsity-inducing norms. The sparsity of the model enables the selection of a small number of imaging measures while maintaining high prediction accuracy. The empirical studies, using the longitudinal imaging and cognitive data of the ADNI cohort, have yielded promising results.
Refined annotation of the Arabidopsis genome by complete expressed sequence tag mapping.

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) currently encompass more entries in the public databases than any other form of sequence data. Thus, EST data sets provide a vast resource for gene identification and expression profiling. We have mapped the complete set of 176,915 publicly available Arabidopsis EST sequences onto the Arabidopsis genome using GeneSeqer, a spliced alignment program incorporating sequence similarity and splice site scoring. About 96% of the available ESTs could be properly aligned with a genomic locus, with the remaining ESTs deriving from organelle genomes and non-Arabidopsis sources or displaying insufficient sequence quality for alignment. The mapping provides verified sets of EST clusters for evaluation of EST clustering programs. Analysis of the spliced alignments suggests corrections to current gene structure annotation and provides examples of alternative and non-canonical pre-mRNA splicing. All results of this study were parsed into a database and are accessible via a flexible Web interface at http://www.plantgdb.org/AtGDB/.
Improvement of Temperature Uniformity in Rapid Thermal Processing Systems Using Multivariable Control

During rapid thermal processing (RTP) of a semiconductor wafer, maintenance of nearuniform wafer temperature distribution is necessary. This paper addresses the problem of insuring temperature uniformity in a cylindrical RTP system with multiple concentric circular lamps. A numerical technique is presented for optimizing steady-state temperature distribution by independently varying the power radiated by each lamp. It is shown for a simulated system, over a wide range of temperature setpoints, that the temperature uniformity achievable with multivariable (“multiple knob”) control of lamp powers is significantly better than that achievable with scalar (“single knob”) control. The difficulties of using scalar control in RTP are more severe in the case of temperature trajectory design than in the case of steady-state temperature maintenance. For example, with scalar control the rate of temperature increase during ramping is limited because temperature nonuniformity can cause slip defects in the wafer. A numerical technique is presented for designing multivariable lamp power trajectories to obtain near-optimal temperature uniformity while wafer temperature tracks a specified ramp, resulting in slip-free ramp rates much faster than those achievable with scalar control.
Universal Camera Calibration with Automatic Distortion Model Selection

We present an optimized full scale automatic camera calibration approach which is both accurate and simple to implement. The method can be applied to a wide range of cameras equipped with normal, wide-angle, fish-eye, and telephoto lenses. The procedure does not require prior knowledge of any parameters. The method uses a simple planar calibration pattern which is observed from different positions. Closed-form estimates for the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are computed followed by nonlinear optimization. A polynomial function describes the lens projection instead of the commonly used radial model. Statistical information criteria are used to automatically determine the complexity of the lens distortion model. The proposed complete calibration method is shown to obtain lower reprojection error than some commonly used methods while maintaining a low complexity distortion model.
Sun Protection in Childhood

There is compelling evidence that childhood is a particularly vulnerable time for the photocarcinogenic effects of sun exposure on the skin. Studies indicate that excessive sun exposure during the first 10-20 years of life greatly increases the risk of skin cancer. Nonmelanoma skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma) has been associated with cumulative sun exposure, whereas melanoma has been associated with short, intense sun exposure or blistering sunburn. Under normal circumstances, children receive three times the annual sun exposure of adults; most of one's lifetime sun exposure occurs in childhood. Depletion of the earth's protective ozone layer adds to the photodamage problem. It is clear that sun protection is most vital in the early years. Those with fair skin are at highest risk. Photoprotective measures including sunscreen, clothing, and sun avoidance in childhood may significantly reduce the occurrence of melanoma and other skin cancer in later life. Regular use of sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 15 during the first 18 years of life could reduce the lifetime incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer by 78%. Pediatricians can play a major role in educating parents and children.
Identification of a third msa gene in Renibacterium salmoninarum and the associated virulence phenotype.

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is a persistent, debilitating disease in salmonid fishes. Renibacterium salmoninarum, the etiological agent of BKD, accumulates primarily in the kidney, causing edema, granuloma development, and membranous glomerulonephritis (36) and resulting in morbidity and mortality (17). The prevalence of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) infected with R. salmoninarum can be as high as 90% in hatcheries (41) and 91% in outmigrating river populations (27). BKD is a persistent infectious disease problem in salmon culture (26), affecting wildlife conservation and restoration efforts. Twenty-six stocks of Pacific salmon and steelhead have been designated threatened or endangered by the United States federal government (23), and restoration activities such as captive rearing are hampered by recurrent outbreaks of BKD. Fish infected with R. salmoninarum mount an antibody response that is directed principally against a 57-kDa extracellular protein (5) called major soluble antigen (MSA). MSA has been implicated as a major pathogenicity determinant that is involved in host immunosuppression (6, 15, 19, 40, 45), leukocyte agglutination (43, 44), and virulence (7, 24, 37). MSA is encoded by two identical genes, msa1 and msa2 (25), and both genes are transcriptionally active (31). During a survey of R. salmoninarum isolates for mutations in the two msa genes, we discovered evidence of a third msa gene that was not present in all isolates. In this study we characterized the third msa gene and identified an associated virulence phenotype.
Male courtship repeatability and potential indirect genetic benefits in a wolf spider

Indirect benefits derived by females that mate with males that express preferred traits are important to our understanding of ‘good genes’ models of sexual selection. However, few studies have explored male courtship behaviours with potential indirect benefits conferred to females in order to ascertain whether these behaviours serve as honest indicators of male quality. Using a common species of wolf spider, Pardosa milvina, we addressed the honesty of male courtship behaviours in two laboratory experiments. In our first experiment, we quantified the repeatability of courtship rate in adult males that were manipulated to be in high or low condition and were sequentially presented with adult virgin females that similarly differed in body condition. In our second experiment, we explored the effect of male courtship rate on several measures of fitness: number of offspring produced, days until offspring emerged and offspring viability measured as offspring survival. Our experiments show that male courtship rate is statistically significantly repeatable except when males in high condition have repeated encounters with females in low condition. Our results also reveal that females have the potential to gain indirect genetic benefits by mating with males that naturally court at high rates: females produced more offspring that emerged from eggsacs sooner and survived starvation better compared to females that mated with males that naturally courted at low rates. Our study provides additional support that male courtship rate is an honest indicator of quality, and it makes the novel finding that the repeatability of courtship rate is context sensitive.
An E2F1-Dependent Gene Expression Program That Determines the Balance Between Proliferation and Cell Death

The Rb/E2F pathway regulates the expression of genes essential for cell proliferation but that also trigger apoptosis. During normal proliferation, PI3K/Akt signaling blocks E2F1-induced apoptosis, thus serving to balance proliferation and death. We now identify a subset of E2F1 target genes that are specifically repressed by PI3K/Akt signaling, thus distinguishing the E2F1 proliferative or apoptotic function. RNAi-mediated inhibition of several of these PI3K-repressed E2F1 target genes, including AMPK alpha 2, impairs apoptotic induction by E2F1. Activation of AMPK alpha 2 with an AMP analog further stimulates E2F1-induced apoptosis. We also show that the presence of the E2F1 apoptotic expression program in breast and ovarian tumors coincides with good prognosis, emphasizing the importance of the balance in the E2F1 proliferation/apoptotic program.
Metastatic Ewing Cell Sarcoma of the Sinus and Osteoid Osteoma of the Orbit

Purpose To familiarize ophthalmologists with the management of a “solitary hot lesion” on bone scan as part of a metastatic examination. Methods Case report of a 27-year-old man with primary Ewing sarcoma of the fibula. Bone scan as part of a metastatic evaluation showed increased uptake in the left orbit. A metastatic lesion could not be ruled out radiologically. Results A biopsy was performed, and the lesion was found to be osteoid osteoma; therefore, the patient received only local radiation therapy to the fibula. Eight months later, the patient developed metastatic Ewing cell sarcoma of the sphenoid sinus and subsequently died. Conclusions Because of the high sensitivity but low specificity of bone scan, secondary lesions on bone scan are not necessarily metastases. A biopsy specimen is often required for pathologic diagnosis.
Application of the Kessner and Kotelchuck Prenatal Care Adequacy Indices in a Preterm Birth Population

ABSTRACT Objectives: Healthy People 2010 goals to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities that persist in the utilization of prenatal care (PNC) highlight the importance of measuring PNC as a variable in maternal and infant health outcomes research. These disparities are significantly correlated to adverse infant outcomes in preterm birth (PTB), a leading cause of infant mortality and life-long morbidity. Currently the most extensively used PNC adequacy indices (Kessner and Kotelchuck) were developed to measure outcomes in populations consisting mostly of full-term births. It is unclear whether these PNC adequacy indices are reliable when pregnancy is truncated due to PTB (<37 weeks). This paper compares and demonstrates how they can be applied in a specific PTB cohort. Design and Sample: This secondary analysis of a nested case-control study compares Kessner and Kotelchuck adequacy scores of 367 mothers of PTB infants. Results: There were significant differences in the rating of PNC inadequacy ( p<.001) depending on the PNC adequacy index used. Conclusion: Critical evaluation is warranted before using these PNC adequacy indices in future public health nursing and PTB research.
The reversible inactivation of calcification in vitro.

SummaryIt was possible to demonstrate the reversible inactivation of calcification in vitro of the hypertrophic epiphyseal cartilage. When rachitic bone sections are shaken with strontium chloride, sodium chloride, calcification in vitro is inhibited. On subsequent shaking with calcium chloride calcification in vitro takes place. In addition, inactivation takes place with 1/2 mE of cupric chloride in the presence of 150 mE of calcium chloride. On subsequent shaking with 150 mE of calcium chloride (in the absence of cupric chloride) reactivation takes place.
Conversion of mb to Ms for estimating the recurrence time of large earthquakes

The recurrence time (or probability of annual occurrence) of maximum credible earthquakes, M max, cannot be estimated directly from the mb frequency magnitude distribution because M max is estimated on the Ms scale. Converting M max to the mb scale is not an acceptable solution to this problem, primarily because the mb scale saturates for mb > 6. In addition, many large ruptures are multiple events, in which case mb is independent of Ms . Less than 16 per cent of the earthquakes included in the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center Hypocenter Data File are assigned Ms values. Therefore, the frequency magnitude distribution is defined on the mb scale in most parts of the world. For the purpose of recurrence time estimates, we propose that the frequency magnitude distribution has to be defined by transforming mb values to Ms by the following equations M S = [ M S i f a v a i l a b l e M L 1.8 m b − 5.2 , f o r p r e − 1963 d a t a 1.8 m b − 4.3 , f o r P D E 1963 to 1980 d a t a . The bottom relation was obtained by straight line fits allowing for errors between 0.2 and 0.5 in both parameters. Where local networks furnish large numbers of ML values, these can be equated approximately to Ms values. Some of the procedures proposed in the literature for using the frequency-magnitude distribution for determining recurrence time of M max = 8 events lead to overestimates of an order of magnitude.
‘Rumours of War’: the Catholic Agitation, 1791–3

Between 1783, when it was raised by certain Volunteer reformers, and 1829, when emancipation was finally won, the catholic question remained the central issue in Irish politics. The ‘question’ concerned the admission of catholics to, or put the other way, the continued exclusion of catholics from, the political nation. The political nation, the ‘Protestant Ascendancy’ as it was defined in response to the catholic agitation in 1792, rested on legal exclusivity. The repeal of those penal laws which related to political, as distinct from civil or property, rights, would therefore, many believed, endanger the state itself. The catholic question thus raised issues of first principle and of the first importance. It is not surprising that when the question was re-opened in the summer of 1791 (and again at the start of 1795) it produced a sharp reaction from the ascendancy. This conflict is the theme which runs through the whole political history of the 1790s. Catholic agitation provoked a crisis in Anglo-Irish relations in 1791–3. 1792 witnessed rumours of civil war. Catholic politics proved the undoing of a lord lieutenant, Fitzwilliam, in 1795. Nor is it too much of an exaggeration to describe the unrelenting violence and the expanding clandestine organisation which followed Fitzwilliam’s recall and led to rebellion as a continuation of the catholic question by other means. Any account of Irish politics in the 1790s, popular or otherwise, must come to terms with the politics of catholic emancipation. And in the history of the 1790s, indeed in the history of the struggle for emancipation generally, 1792 stands out as the critical year.
Structural Basis for Substrate Selectivity of the E3 Ligase COP1.

COP1 proteins are E3 ubiquitin ligases that regulate phototropism in plants and target transcription factors for degradation in mammals. The substrate-binding region of COP1 resides within a WD40-repeat domain that also binds to Trib proteins, which are adaptors for C/EBPα degradation. Here we report structures of the human COP1 WD40 domain in isolation, and complexes of the human and Arabidopsis thaliana COP1 WD40 domains with the binding motif of Trib1. The human and Arabidopsis WD40 domains are seven-bladed β propellers with an inserted loop on the bottom face of the first blade. The Trib1 peptide binds in an extended conformation to a highly conserved surface on the top face of the β propeller, indicating a general mode for recognition of peptide motifs by COP1. Together, these studies identify the structural basis and key interactions for motif recognition by COP1, and hint at how Trib1 autoinhibition is overcome to target C/EBPα for degradation.
Reactions Cu 63 ( p , n ) Zn 63 and Cu 63 ( p , 2 n ) Zn 62 from 1.5 to 11.5 GeV

Total cross sections for the $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}(p, n)^{63}\mathrm{Zn}$ and $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}(p, 2n)^{62}\mathrm{Zn}$ reactions at 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 9.0, and 11.5 GeV have been determined. These results are used to normalize previous differential-recoil angular-distribution data for the ($p, 2n$) reaction at 1.0 GeV. A comparison with similar data for the $^{65}\mathrm{Cu}(p, pn)^{64}\mathrm{Cu}$ reaction indicates that, for energy transfers sufficient to evaporate only one nucleon, the inelastic ($p$, ${p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reaction is approximately 100 times more probable than the ($p$, $n$) interaction at this energy.
Seasonal Activity of Male Face Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in North Dakota

Seasonal activity of male flies peaked in mid-July during 1976 and 1977. Activity was based on total weekly collections of 19,620 male flies trapped on sticky screen discs stapled to the tops of fence posts. During 1976 to 1978, male face flies became active in the spring when a minimum of 20 day-degrees had been accumulated above a base 4.4°C. Use of day-degrees to predict when male activity ceased in the fall was inconclusive. Flies were active 5 weeks before cattle left overwintering areas to be pastured near the study area. Sunlit and wind-protected areas were favored resting sites. Activity was reduced on cool, cloudy, or rainy days.
Discrimination and Political Violence: a Cross-National Study With Two Time Periods:

iscontent of one form or another is commonly taken to be the root cause of political violence. Aristotle suggested that an outraged sense of justice lay behind all political revolutions. Marx argued that revolutionary violence would result from the progressive immiseration of the proletariat. More recently, Gurr (1970), Davies (1962), and the Feierabends (1966) traced the origins of violent political behavior to the frustrations of men and women who do not achieve the values they believe they can or should achieve. These arguments, generally known as relative deprivation theses, have engendered a plethora of controversial attempts at empirical validation. In particular, the late 1960s and 1970s brought a great deal of formal specification and testing of general causal models of political violence. Empirical studies since then have usually involved the use of multiple regression models to analyze the various factors presumed to influence the form, intensity, or extent of civil strife. Criticisms have been directed at these studies on several grounds. First, because relative deprivation theory is based on subjective (i.e., individual) interpretations of reality, it has been rather resilient to empirical falsification because of the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient individual level data to directly test the theories. Second, the standard variables used to test these arguments at the cross-national level, the World Handbook indicators, are themselves subject to several criticisms. The indicators which measure the outcomes of violent conflict are based on the interactions between dissidents and
Strain Relief Mechanisms and Nature of Misfit Dislocations in GaAs/Si Heterostructures

The nucleation and glide of misfit dislocations in GaAs/Si system is investigated using transmission electron microscopy. GaAs epilayers of different thicknesses were examined by electron microscopy (plan and cross-section) and the elastic strain remaining in the film has been related to the average spacing of the misfit dislocations at the interface. A model is developed based on minimum energy considerations to determine the strain-thickness relationship. The theoretical predictions of strain relaxation are compared with experimental observations using high resolution electron microscopy.
Compartmental Disease Models with Heterogeneous Populations: A Survey

Compartmental models for infectious disease transmission among heterogeneous host populations are surveyed. Mathematical methodologies for analyzing heterogeneous disease models are reviewed. Specifically, three methods are provided to establish the global stability of the endemic equilibrium for a multigroup SIS model. The survey is concluded with several open problems.
Role of bench surgery and autotransplantation in renal calculous disease.

SUMMARY Most patients with extensive renal calculous disease can be managed satisfactorily by in situ anatrophic nephrolithotomy or extended pyelolithotomy. 6 , 19 However, in selected patients with advanced nephrolithiasis in whom prior surgical therapy has failed, extracorporeal renal lithotomy or autotransplantation, or both, may provide the best method of achieving complete stone removal and unobstructed drainage from the upper urinary tract. In all cases, close postoperative follow-up with prevention of infection and treatment of metabolic disorders is integral to successful long-term management.
Are Health Insurance Item Allocations in the American Community Survey Missing Completely at Random

BACKGROUND Item allocation (the assignment of plausible values to missing or illogical responses in survey studies) is at times necessary in the production of complete data sets. In the American Community Survey (ACS), missing responses to health insurance coverage questions are allocated. OBJECTIVES Because allocation rates may vary as a function of compositional characteristics, this project investigates how seven different health insurance coverage items vary in their degree of allocation along basic demographic variables. METHODS Data from the ACS 2010 1-year Public Use Microdata Sample file are used in a logistic regression model and to calculate allocations rates. RESULTS The findings reveal that: males; people aged 65 and older; those who speak English "very well" or "well"; US citizens; those out-of-poverty; and all racial/ethnic minority groups have higher odds of experiencing a health insurance item allocation relative to their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Since health insurance coverage allocations vary by demographic characteristics, further research is needed to investigate their mechanisms of missingness and how these may have implications for frailty related research.
Software Modeling and Design: Software Design and Architecture Concepts

This chapter describes key software design concepts that have shown their value over the years for the design of software architectures. First, object-oriented concepts are introduced, and objects and classes are described. Then there is a discussion of the role of information hiding in object-oriented design and an introduction to the concept of inheritance. Next, the concurrent processing concept and the concept of concurrent objects in concurrent applications are introduced. This is followed by an overview of software design patterns, software architecture, and the main characteristics of component-based systems. Finally, the concept of software quality attributes is discussed. Examples in this chapter are described in UML. An overview of the UML notation is given in Chapter 2. Section 4.1 provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. Section 4.2 describes information hiding. Section 4.3 describes inheritance and generalization/ specialization relationships. Section 4.4 provides an overview of concurrent processing. Section 4.5 gives an overview of software design patterns, with the actual patterns described in subsequent chapters. Section 4.6 provides an overview of software architecture and the main characteristics of component-based systems. Finally, Section 4.7 gives an introduction to software quality attributes. OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS The term object-oriented was first introduced in connection to object-oriented programming and Smalltalk, although the object-oriented concepts of information hiding and inheritance have earlier origins. Information hiding and its use in software design date back to Parnas (1972), who advocated using information hiding as a way to design modules that were more self-contained and, hence, could be changed with little or no impact on other modules.
The Lesson in ‘The Lesson of the Master’

First published in 1888, ‘The Lesson of the Master’ is one of James’s most widely read stories about writers. The popularity of this comic tale is best attributed to the wide — and incorrect — assumption that the story is one of James’s most accessible fictions because it is so clearly autobiographical. Many readers have considered Henry St George a spokesman for James and his doctrine of renunciation a tenet of James’s own life. For these readers, St George speaks for James when he tells his young admirer, Paul Overt, that the intellectual and emotional disciplines of art require the writer-artist to reject such conventional relations as marriage.
Industrial Labour Productivity in Non-Western Countries Since 1945

The purpose of this paper is a limited one: to present the available data on trends in labour productivity for all countries except the United States, Japan and the nations of Western Europe (the latter are covered in a separate paper by Angus Maddison). In the course of our research, we discovered quickly that pre-World War II data are to be found for only a handful of the countries with which we are concerned, so that we were obliged to take the year 1945 as the inception of the period with which we deal — and even then, we have not always been able to go back that far. We have generally eschewed attempts at analysis of the underlying factors which produced the observed trends. Presumably, that is the function of the rest of the papers submitted to this section.
Insulin in America: A Right or a Privilege?

Even as a medical student, I was interested in the history of insulin. As an endocrine fellow, I read The Discovery of Insulin by Michael Bliss (1). It is a book anyone interested in diabetes should read, as life before insulin is difficult to appreciate by today’s standard of care, at least in the United States. Amazing stories of what people did to obtain insulin are plentiful, perhaps none more dramatic than Eva Saxl’s story, with her husband making insulin in Shanghai, China, for the more than 200 Jews who escaped Nazi persecution during World War II (2). But in the United States, access to insulin had never been a problem. As a medication required for survival by 10% of those with diabetes, it was always available, although for decades quite crude by today’s standards. The insulin patent from the University of Toronto was sold for $1 with the understanding that cheap insulin would become available (3). Through the years, insulin remained affordable. Even with the introduction of human insulin in 1982 ($14 per vial) and then insulin analogs in 1996 ($24 per vial), the increases in insulin pricing did not seem to be a concern. At least in the United States, the vast majority of patients requiring insulin had access to all of the insulin analogs as they were developed. As the years passed, the cost of insulin continued to increase. In 2004, I was asked to write a review of insulin analogs, which was published in early 2005 (4). Just before publication, one of the reviewers asked me to publish the costs of the insulin products. In those days, we used the Web site drugstore.com to compare prices, and, in general, vials of insulin analogs cost ∼$60 each. Although this represented a substantial price increase since the …
Abstract 263: Defective Autophagy Plays a Role in the Development of Angiotensin-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy

While activated autophagy is a well reported feature of cardiac disease, the exact role of autophagy in the etiology and progression of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction is unclear; activation of autophagy appears to play either pro-survival or pro-apoptotic functions depending on the context. Here we demonstrate that dysfunctional autophagy plays a role in the development of angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Using a live, ex-vivo tissue imaging technique and transgenic LC3-GFP expressing mice we found that after short term (1 week) treatment, autophagic markers accumulate in angiotensin treated mouse hearts and that in a small population of cells this accumulation reaches a critical level where normal cell organization, specifically mitochondrial localization and contractile unit structure, and tissue architecture are disrupted. These observations are reminiscent of genetic diseases associated with dysfunctional autophagy, such as inclusion body myositis, where autophagic vesicles fail to pro...
Travel risks: Which patients need specific guidance? Part 1, Immunization

Ensure that a prospective traveler's routine immunizations are up-to-date. Booster doses for some primary immunizations are recommended before international travel. For example, adults born after 1957 who plan to travel to developing countries will need a second dose of measles vaccine if they lack serum antibody titers. The CDC recommends hepatitis A immunization for all international travelers except those going to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, or Western Europe. Typhoid vaccination is recommended for persons traveling for 3 or more weeks in areas where the disease is endemic. Consult specific CDC recommendations for the destination countries (available at www.cdc.gov/travel). The oral typhoid vaccine is well tolerated and provides protection for 4 to 5 years. There has been a resurgence of yellow fever in Africa and South America in recent decades; vaccination is required for entry into certain countries.
An elegant method for large scale synthesis of metal oxide–carbon nanotube nanohybrids for nano-environmental application and implication studies

Nanohybrids (NHs) with synergistic and emergent properties are used as electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, and antimicrobial agents in numerous applications. Carbon nanotube (CNT)–metal oxide NHs are one of the most commercialized heterostructures because of their advantages as catalyst supports in the fuel cell industry. To date, there has been little understanding of their environmental behavior, primarily due to the lack of a robust yet facile synthesis technique. This study presents an elegant synthesis method, which varies the reagent composition and ratio to grow metal oxides of choice onto multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) surfaces. This technique can synthesize heterostructures with elements ranging from transition (Ti and Zn) to lanthanide series (Er and Pr) metals. This modified sol–gel method can provide large material yields (100s of mg) with a high degree of overall homogeneity between synthesized batches. Such a method for preparing complex NHs from component materials can be extremely useful to perform systematic environmental analyses.
Educational criticism as a new specialization

This article argues that a new specialization in education has been developing: educational criticism. It takes as its model the existing fields of criticism found in other disciplines, mainly in l...
High frequency MOS digital capacitor

A MOS digital capacitor capable of operation at VHF and UHF frequencies is described. This new device is made up of a parallel combination of MOS capacitors on a single chip each of which can be individually switched and statically maintained at two distinct RF capacitance values, the maximum binary state being the high frequency MOS inversion capacity and the minimum being that of a deep depletion MOS device. Switching is accomplished by on chip MOSFETs.
On-chip training of memristor based deep neural networks

This paper presents on-chip training circuits for memristor based deep neural networks utilizing unsupervised and supervised learning methods. Memristor crossbar circuits allow neural algorithms to be implemented very efficiently, but could be prone to device variations and faults. On chip training circuits would allow the training algorithm to account for device variability and faults in these circuits. We have utilized autoencoders for layer-wise pre-training of the deep networks and utilized the back-propagation algorithm for supervised fine tuning. Our design utilizes two memristors per synapse for higher precision of weights. We have demonstrated successful training of memristor based deep networks for the MNIST digit classification and the KDD intrusion detection datasets.
All Memory Lymphocytes Share a Common Differentiation Program.

Abstract Although memory lymphocytes in CD4, CD8 and B cell lineages are characterized by a strikingly diverse array of functions and phenotypes, they share common properties of longevity, lowered response threshold and the ability to self-renew. The development of these memory functions is essential for immunity to pathogens and tumors, but it is not known how diverse lineages acquire these same properties. We therefore studied the transcriptional profile of memory differentiation to determine whether the development of memory in disparate lineages involves a common differentiation program. To identify a core signature of memory differentiation, we used cross-species genomic analysis to identify genes differentially expressed by both human and murine memory CD8 T cells compared to their naive precursors. We identified 220 genes significantly increased in human memory-phenotype cells, and found this signature to be highly conserved in two different TCR transgenic murine models of memory differentiation (P
Hungry, Healthy, Happy! How Emolabeling with Smiley Faces Induces Healthier Food Choices for Children: An Abstract

This research aims to examine smiley faces as visual primes that induce healthier food choices in children. As children are exposed to thousands of food advertisements and respond to environmental cues, food labeling and packaging are expected to have a strong impact on children’s food choices. Emolabeling is an image-based labeling strategy using happy and sad faces to visually communicate the level of healthfulness of a food item (Privitera et al. 2015). Prior research in emolabeling found evidence that children opt for healthier choices that are labeled with happy faces vs. sad faces (Privitera et al. 2015). Therefore, visual cues such as images and icons are simple measures to influence children’s food choices.
The Quantum Faedo-Galerkin Equation: Evolution Operator and Time Discretization

Time dependent quantum systems have become indispensable in science and nanotechnology. Disciplines including chemical physics and electrical engineering have used approximate evolution operators t...
Wikipedia as an Academic Reference: Faculty and Student Viewpoints

Wikis are becoming popular with business and academia as a way to harvest, archive, and manage knowledge. One of the most popular and well-known wikis is Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia started by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001. Since its inception, much has been written (both pro and con) about Wikipedia; however, Wikipedia is one of the most popular sites on the Internet today. As its popularity increases, more and more “net generation” students will be utilizing its articles as reference sources for academic work. This paper explores the emerging “wiki way” of Web 2.0 tools and highlights the good, the bad, and the management of Wikipedia as an academic reference. Further, this paper benchmarks how faculty and students are using Wikipedia, as well as exploring their viewpoint on using this information in the academic environment.
Applying Relational Governance to Private Investment in Public Infrastructure

Private participation in public infrastructure is expected to bring operational efficiency gains and diversified access to large pools of financial capital. However, due to the heterogeneous and politically salient nature of infrastructure, the financial performance of infrastructure is often hindered by misaligned stakeholder interests and frequent governmental interventions. This study takes a new approach in examining the challenges of private investment in infrastructure by applying relational governance analysis to the infrastructure firm or asset. Although relational governance can encompass economic, legal, sociological and psychological governance perspectives, we borrow MacNeil (2000)’s two distinct definitions of “relational”; firstly, one that refers to the socio-political influences on the exchange and the other that refers to the continuing nature of contracts. These two aspects are correlated to each other in an inverse relationship; when socio-political understanding breaks down, the need of contract enforcement rises, and vice versa. This inverse relationship is illustrated in two contrasting airport infrastructure cases – British Airport Authority (BAA) and Auckland International Airport Ltd. (AIAL). For instance, the regulatory backlash that followed the acquisition of BAA reveals the need for socio-political understanding to manage interpersonal and inter-organizational dynamics among investors, management bodies, airport users, and the local community. In contrast, the AIAL case shows how the government can play – and did play – a central role in building strategic and national consensus, leading to favorable outcomes. This paper thus suggests that a deep understanding of socio-political interactions and wider political economic contexts can help overcome the shortfalls of the governance structure created by formal contracts.
Antitrust Enforcement in the Health Care Industry: A Battleground of Completing Paradigms

In response to Barak D. Richman. Antirust and Nonprofit Hospital Merg­ers: A Return to Basics, 156 U. PA. L. REV. 121 (2007).
Scalable maskless patterning of nanostructures using high-speed scanning probe arrays

Nanoscale patterning is the key process to manufacture important products such as semiconductor microprocessors and data storage devices. Many studies have shown that it has the potential to revolutionize the functions of a broad range of products for a wide variety of applications in energy, healthcare, civil, defense and security. However, tools for mass production of these devices usually cost tens of million dollars each and are only affordable to the established semiconductor industry. A new method, nominally known as "pattern-on-the- y", that involves scanning an array of optical or electrical probes at high speed to form nanostructures and offers a new low-cost approach for nanoscale additive patterning. In this paper, we report some progress on using this method to pattern self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on silicon substrate. We also functionalize the substrate with gold nanoparticle based on the SAM to show the feasibility of preparing amphiphilic and multi-functional surfaces.
Eyes of the State

This chapter proposes a study of the administrative and policing system of Romania at the time of the uprising. This, as the author argues, is vital to understanding why the uprising reached such a scale and spread in such a short time. By comparing this to the administrative systems across the border in Austria-Hungary and Tsarist Bessarabia, the chapter inaugurates the second part of the book, which tracks the reverberations of the uprising across the triple frontier at the level of administration, public opinion and diplomacy.
K-truss decomposition for Scale-Free Graphs at Scale in Distributed Memory

We update our prior 2017 Graph Challenge submission [11] on large scale triangle counting in distributed memory by extending it to compute the full $k$ -truss decomposition [6] of large scale-free graphs. We build on heuristics to minimize ‘wedge checks', by operating on an ordered directed graph, and describe an algorithm to ‘unroll’ triangle counts when they are scheduled for pruning by the $k$ -truss decomposition. Our $k$ -truss algorithm is implemented using HavoqGT, an asynchronous vertex-centric graph analytics framework for distributed memory. We present a brief experimental evaluation on two large, real-world, scale-free graphs: a 128B edge web-graph and a 1.4B edge twitter follower graph. To our knowledge, the 128B edge web-graph is the largest real-world graph to have its $k$ -truss decomposition computed.
Data Librarians’ Skills and Competencies Are Heterogeneous and Cluster into Those for Generalists and Specialists

A Review of: Federer, L. (2018). Defining data librarianship: A survey of competencies, skills, and training. Journal of the Medical Library Association 106(3), 294–303. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2018.306 Abstract Objective – To better define the skills, knowledge, and competencies necessary to data librarianship. Design – Electronic survey. Setting – Unknown number of research institutions in English-speaking countries with a focus on North America. Subjects – Unknown number of information professionals who follow data-related interest group electronic mail lists or discussions on Twitter. Methods – Author distributed an electronic survey via electronic mail lists and Twitter to information professionals, particularly those in biomedicine and the sciences, who self-determined that they spend a significant portion of their work providing data services. The survey asked respondents to rate the importance of various skills and expertise that had been selected from a review of the literature. In addition to other quantitative analysis, author performed cluster analysis on the final dataset to detect subgroups of similar respondents. Main Results – 82 valid responses were received. Most respondents supported more than one academic discipline and spent at least half of their time on data-related work. Competencies in the “Personal Attributes” category (such as interpersonal, written, and presentation skills) were rated as most important, while those in the “Library Skills” category were rated as least important. A cluster analysis detected two groups that could best be described as subject specialists and data generalists. Subject specialists focus on a smaller number of disciplines and view a smaller number of tasks as important to their work compared to data generalists. In addition, data generalists are more likely to report spending most of their time on data-related work. Conclusion – Data librarianship is a heterogeneous profession with many skillsets at play depending on the work environment, but the existence of two overarching subgroups – subject specialists and data generalists – deserves further study and may have implications for a number of stakeholders. Hiring institutions may consider the breadth of their user population’s needs before recruitment. Educational institutions as well as other on-the-job training opportunities may do well to focus more on “soft skills” as this is deemed more important by data librarians.
An Analysis of Leading Lattice-Based Asymmetric Cryptographic Primitives

Cryptographic primitives have been constructed on a wide range of mathematical basis. For asymmetric cryptography, those bases are problems in number theory. Lattice based mathematical problems provide a basis for cryptographic algorithms. Lattice-based cryptographic algorithms are believed to be resistant to quantum computing attacks. This makes research concerning these algorithms important. What is lacking in the current literature is a comparative study of existing cryptanalysis data for these algorithms. That data can be used to guide further research into lattice-based asymmetric cryptographic primitives. This current paper provides such a comparison.
The Radial Nerve

The radial nerve is the terminal branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. It consistently receives fibers from vertebral levels C-6, C-7, and C-8. In most cases, it also receives a contribution from C-5, and not infrequently from C-4 and T-1. The radial nerve is characterized by a complex typographic pattern, and is subject to entrapment at several points along its course.
One-step synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinones

Abstract 2-Fluoro substituted benzoyl chlorides undergo cyclocondensation with 2-amino-N-heterocycles to form 4(3H)-quinazolinones. The reaction proceeds in moderate yields with different combinations of benzoyl chlorides and 2-amino-N-heterocycles. The products generally precipitate from the reaction mixture and require no further purification. Two tetrafluoro quinazolinones were found to be moderately active against a number of tumor cell lines.