cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsteady Flow Features of a Flapping and Pitching Wing at Low Reynolds Number

The unsteady flow field of a flapping-and-pitching flat plate wing of elliptic planform at a nominal Reynolds number, Rec = 4100 and reduced frequency, k = 0.138, was studied using flow visualization. Hydrogen bubbles and dye were employed as tracers. The study reveals many vortical flow features. The trailing edge vortex shows very interesting dynamics immediately following pitching at stroke reversal. A leeward surface spanwise flow towards the wing tip immediately following stroke reversal is observed. A vortex trapping model is proposed to explain enhanced lift observed in insects. The study has applications in flow control and micro air vehicle design and development.
Book and media reviewK.K. Shaw, The Ultimate Guide to Finding the Right Job After Residency, McGraw Hill (2006), 139 pages, $19.95, ISBN 0071461132

Nunez, R Annual Subscription $71 Under the About Us heading of the EMedHome.com Web site, the mission is clearly stated to “provide a user-friendly clinical resource that is designed to be the premier educational Web site for Emergency Physicians.” I would offer that the creators of EMedHome.com have accomplished their mission. This easy-to-navigate Web site is a valuable educational tool for emergency medicine providers. EMedHome.com is reasonably priced at $5.99 per month and is available in a minimum one-year subscription. The Web site is user friendly and allows for quick navigation throughout its offerings. Sections include an Online Lecture series, monthly Feature Article, weekly clinical case and clinical pearl, and a “Daily Question.” The clinical case and daily questions are also available via e-mail. In 2003, the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education certified EMedHome.com as a provider of Continuing Medical Education for Physicians. Both the Online Lecture series and the monthly Feature Article are available for Category I CME credit. The Online Lecture series offers lectures that are reproduced from various national and international emergency medicine conferences. For example, recent topics covered include ACLS, how to read a head CT, trauma radiology and a review of various emergency medicine abstracts. These lectures are available for review in audio and visual forms through EMedHome.com and also may be downloaded. The Monthly Feature Article is peer reviewed by at least 2 members of the EMedHome.com editorial staff. Each Feature Article is an original submission authored specifically for EMedHome.com and is not published elsewhere. The Feature Articles are available for Category I CME credit for a period of 12 months, and then remain available for educational purposes in the archives section of the Web site. Feature Articles often focus on current topics in emergency medicine such as early goal-directed therapy in sepsis, drug interactions relevant to emergency providers, and pediatric controversies. The weekly clinical cases and clinical pearls are particularly practical, with salient bits of information that directly impact clinical practice. Several clinical cases include multimedia components that are clearly reproduced and quickly reviewed. The clinical cases are
GENETIC SYSTEM, VARIATION, AND ADAPTATION IN ESCHSCHOLZIA CALIFORNICA

The perplexing variation and striking adaptability in the California poppy, Eschscholzia californica Cham., have long attracted interest. The present experimental study was undertaken to elucidate the causes of this polymorphism and ecological success. Techniques of mass sampling, growth of plants in more or less uniform conditions, and experimentation with breeding system have been employed to study the nature of morphological and physiological variation and to relate this variation to the reproductive behavior and environmental relations of the species. Eschscholzia californica is an annual or perennial herb of the family Papaveraceae. It is native in western North America from the Columbia River to Baja California and from the Pacific Coast eastward into the Great Basin. Within this area it grows at altitudes from sea level to 6,500 feet on open, well-drained soils of dunes, alluvial fans, river terraces, and hillsides. It is both widespread and abundant within its native region; man has extended its range by introducing it to Chile, New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia, where it has become naturalized.
Prospective Evaluation of Urine Dipstick for Detection of Significant Hemolysis in Outpatients on CF-LVAD Support

Purpose: The mechanism of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) thrombosis initiation and propagation is unknown. Correctly identifying the thrombi components could aid in directing therapy for patients with suspected LVAD thrombosis. Methods: H&E staining was used for histologic analysis of thrombi removed from HeartMate II (HMII) devices explanted at the University of Louisville. Immunohistochemistry identified platelets and neutrophils using antibodies against CD42b (glycoprotein Ib) and myeloperoxidase, respectively. Age of fibrin was assessed by Martius, Scarlet, Blue staining. Results: 28 thrombi from 17 LVADs were analyzed. Four pumps only had an inlet bearing thrombus, 3 pumps only had a rotor vein thrombus, and 2 pumps only contained an outlet bearing thrombus. Seven pumps had clots in multiple locations. In total, 72% of the thrombi (20/28) were either located around the inlet bearing (9), the rotor veins (5), or the outlet bearing (6). The laminated fibrin rings of the inlet stator thrombi were 150 -2618 microns thick. The inner rings had crosshatched fibrin followed by dense fibrin rings (Figure). Outer rings had mixed fibrin with less organized structure. Rings with higher densities of platelets and neutrophils were more commonly seen in the outer rings of rotor thrombi (Figure). Outlet bearing thrombi varied histologically, but most were similar to the rotor and inlet thrombi with increased areas of nuclear material. Three thrombi from the inlet conduit and three from outlet elbow were similarly structured and composed of loose meshwork with white blood cells and areas of layered fibrin. Platelets were present in dense areas. Conclusion: The fibrin density varied in clots formed in different parts of the HMII. Fibrin of different ages in the inlet bearing thrombi suggests development over time and reinforces the necessity of anticoagulation. The increased frequency of platelets in the outer rings of the inlet bearing thrombi would support further investigation into their role in thrombus propagation.
Clinical performance and endocrine profiles with contraceptive vaginal rings containing a combination of estradiol and d-norgestrel.

Abstract Contraceptive vaginal rings (CVR's) impregnated with a combination of d -norgestrel and estradiol were studied in a group of 10 subjects: five for three cycles and five for six cycles. The rings were inserted for three weeks and removed for one week to allow withdrawal bleeding. Clinical acceptance was good. Ovulation was inhibited in all treatment cycles and resumed within one month following completion of the trial. Bleeding control was excellent, with regular withdrawal bleeding, no episodes of failure of withdrawal bleeding, and only three days of breakthrough spotting. Serum d -norgestrel levels were relatively constant in each subject except for the first half of the first treatment cycle which had slightly higher levels. Serum estradiol levels rose rapidly following insertion of the ring to levels between 100 and 300 pg. per milliliter but then declined over the next few days to levels generally less than 50 pg. per milliliter. After treatment, mean levels of the binding capacity of corticosteroid-binding-globulin did not become significantly elevated and serum triglycerides declined, in contrast to the increases in both which take place in women ingesting oral contraceptive steroids. This method of administering combination estrogen-progestogen contraceptive steroids has the advantage of inhibition of ovulation and good control of bleeding without the disadvantage of producing some adverse metabolic effects.
Two Methods of Data Synchronization in Optical Fiber Differential Protection Connected with Electronic Transformers: Improved Interpolation and Clock Relay

This paper designs two methods of data synchronization in the optical fiber differential protection connected with electronic transformers,namely the improved interpolation and clock relay.They can solve the data synchronization problem perfectly when the MU is connected with the differential protection by either IEC 60044-8 or IEC 61850-9 interface.The former needs to take the ET transfer delays at two sides as setting values,while the latter does not.These two methods get rid of GPS recommended connotatively by the standard and greatly improve the protection′s reliability.With no need to adjust the sampling time,they fit the MU function and frame condition as ordained in standard IEC 60044-8 and can be applied flexibly to the transmission line case where one side is connected with ET and one side connected with traditional transformer.In addition,the paper proposes the logic and application method by which the MU transmits or self-produces the 1 pulse/s signal to be shared by the protection equipment and the MU itself.The method ensures the protection function to be independent of any other devices except the MU and the protection equipment.
EEGg—Synchrony and—Voltage in schizophrenia

Synchrony ratios and voltage values in the EEG of schizophrenics were investigated as to their direct interrelationship. A synchrony ratio is the double number of simultaneous peaks divided by their total number in two channels, corrected by the average voltage, during a specified time interval. The mean of differences between synchrony ratios of the frontooccipital area and the bi-occipital area of both hemispheres in the EEG of 28 schizophrenics differed significantly from that of 37 controls (abnormal records). Several significant correlations for schizophrenics, controls and nonschizophrenic patients were obtained between different synchrony ratios as well as between synchrony ratios and voltage values. The most important correlation was found for the 51 schizophrenic patients with normal records between the right fronto-occipital and the bi-occipital synchrony ratios. There was no corresponding correlation, either for 96 controls or for 17 nonschizophrenic patients. For explanation of this phenomenon, the development of a new biological theory of schizophrenia is attempted. The results were obtained by mechanical means and by avoidance of subject-induced EEG artifacts. The method described could make possible follow-up EEG studies of schizophrenics in relation to drug or other therapy.
Downscaling patterns of complementarity to a finer resolution and its implications for conservation prioritization.

Given species inventories of all sites in a planning area, integer programming or heuristic algorithms can prioritize sites in terms of the site's complementary value, that is, the ability of the site to complement (add unrepresented species to) other sites prioritized for conservation. The utility of these procedures is limited because distributions of species are typically available only as coarse atlases or range maps, whereas conservation planners need to prioritize relatively small sites. If such coarse‐resolution information can be used to identify small sites that efficiently represent species (i.e., downscaled), then such data can be useful for conservation planning. We develop and test a new type of surrogate for biodiversity, which we call downscaled complementarity. In this approach, complementarity values from large cells are downscaled to small cells, using statistical methods or simple map overlays. We illustrate our approach for birds in Spain by building models at coarse scale (50 × 50 km atlas of European birds, and global range maps of birds interpreted at the same 50 × 50 km grid size), using this model to predict complementary value for 10 × 10 km cells in Spain, and testing how well‐prioritized cells represented bird distributions in an independent bird atlas of those 10 × 10 km cells. Downscaled complementarity was about 63–77% as effective as having full knowledge of the 10‐km atlas data in its ability to improve on random selection of sites. Downscaled complementarity has relatively low data acquisition cost and meets representation goals well compared with other surrogates currently in use. Our study justifies additional tests to determine whether downscaled complementarity is an effective surrogate for other regions and taxa, and at spatial resolution finer than 10 × 10 km cells. Until such tests have been completed, we caution against assuming that any surrogate can reliably prioritize sites for species representation.
Longevity Attributes of Bos indicus × Bos taurus Crossbred Cows1

Abstract Bos indicus × B. taurus, especially Brahman × B. taurus, crossbred females express a high level of preweaning productivity during a relatively long life span; however, for reasons such as subpar reproductive performance of Brahman bulls, price discrimination for contemporary steer and heifer mates, and older age at puberty, these females can be expensive to produce. The longevity expressed by these crossbred cows can be partially attributed to the fact that these females are more tolerant of hot/humid environments and are less subject to death or being culled for maladies such as calving difficulty, ectoparasites (horn flies, mosquitoes, ticks), endoparasites (gastrointestinal helminths), eye disorders (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, ocular squamous cell carcinoma), teeth deterioration, and grass tetany. In contrast, udder/teat abnormalities (“bottle” teats, pendulous udders) and vaginal/uterine prolapses tend to shorten the productive life span of some B. indicus × B. taurus genetic types.
Social Justice in the US-Mexico Border Region

This chapter introduces the book and its conceptual framework. The US-Mexico border region is defined as a geographic, economic, cultural, and social region that is affected by systematic social and economic injustice that has resulted in the social and economic problems that are evident throughout the region, including poverty, health inequities, and low-wage assembly, service, and agricultural employment. The endemic poverty coexists with institutional racism and gender violence. The region, while populated by resilient families and communities that have long confronted governmental neglect and social isolation, is at the periphery of the American economy. A brief summary of the history of the US-Mexico border region is included. The border region is distinct in its Mexican-American majority population, its location on a semi-porous border through which people and commodities flow under the close scrutiny of a huge law enforcement presence that further marginalizes residents on each side of the border. This chapter describes the social construction of events on the border as a “moral panic” in which immigrants are caricatured and the drug war is seen in apocalyptic terms.
Preliminary design and cost estimate of a large scale field trial for Earth albedo modification with sulfur dioxide

The injection of stratospheric aerosols is an effective and feasible solution to addressing the current speed the global climate change has taken. The current international goal that this research has set as a target is to remain below two degrees Celsius above preindustrial temperatures. With the lack of political will in addressing global warming, an initiative must be made to stabilize the global temperatures and sea level. Sulfur dioxide has been considered as it has proven to reduce the global temperatures when released through volcanic eruptions such as in the case of Mount Pinatubo. The sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere will create a reflectivity of the sunlight and prevent a percentage of the warmth from affecting the Earth's surface temperatures, modifying the Earth's albedo. To give a recommended amount of sulfur dioxide, simulations of injections of varying amounts were run to see the effects on global average temperature and sea level. This determines the necessary negative radiative forcing needed by sulfur dioxide to not only gradually reduce the current trend of the rising temperatures but to stabilize it to meet the target. The model results in this research indicate that the only way to achieve long-term stabilization is to both inject sulfuric aerosols into the stratosphere and regulate carbon dioxide emissions on an international level. This paper will outline the specific proposed method and amount of injections as well as a recommended demonstration and evaluation method to allow for a better understanding of how this system will behave if ever implemented.
Biopsy proven pituitary sarcoidosis presenting as a possible adenoma

Abstract Sarcoidosis is a well-recognized systemic granulomatous process which involves the central nervous system in 5–15% of patients. One of the more frequent sites of central nervous system involvement is the pituitary and hypothalamic region. Involvement of the sellar region by sarcoidosis is overall an infrequent occurrence, comprising less than 1% of all intrasellar lesions. Patients typically present with an infiltrative lesion on imaging studies and clinically with symptoms related to diabetes insipidus or hyperprolactinemia. This report describes a 38-year-old woman who initially presented with a variety of symptoms including headaches, light sensitivity, nausea and vomiting, acute visual changes, cold intolerance, amenorrhea, decreased libido, fatigue and galactorrhea. She had an elevated serum prolactin level and evidence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid. Imaging studies discovered a 1.8 cm mass involving the pituitary gland and compressing the optic chiasm. The lesion was excised and microscopically was marked by a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate and scattered nonnecrotizing granulomas. Stains and microbiologic cultures failed to demonstrate microorganisms. There was no evidence of other organ involvement on postoperative imaging. She was treated with prednisone with improvement of symptoms and subsequently required methotrexate to treat left eye pain and blurred vision, 29 months after her surgery. Achieving treatment control in patients with pituitary and hypothalamic improvement in sarcoidosis still remains a challenge.
Interior Point Algorithms for Solving Linear Complementarity Problems

In chapter ten we employed a variant of the standard simplex routine, called the complementary pivot method, to generate a solution to the linear complementarity problem LCP(q,M), which we shall now express as: find an (X,Y) € R 2n satisfying $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{(a){\rm{ Y = MX + q}}}\\{(b){\rm{ (X,Y)}} \ge {\rm{(0,0)}}}\\{(c){\rm{ }}{x_i}{y_i} = 0,{\rm{ }}i = 1, \ldots ,n,}\end{array}$$ (14.1) where M is of order (n x n) and q € R n . Here the feasible region K associated with (14.1), its relative interior K°, and the set of all solutions to (14.1) will be denoted as: $$K = \{ \left( {X,Y} \right)|\left( {X,Y} \right) \ge \left( {0,0} \right),Y = MX + q\} ,$$ $$K = \{ \left( {X,Y} \right)|\left( {X,Y} \right) \ge \left( {0,0} \right),Y = MX + q\} ,$$ and $${K^0} = \cap R_{ + + }^{2n} = \left\{ {\left( {X,Y} \right) \in R_{ + + }^{2n}|Y = MX + q} \right\},$$ respectively.
Bone metastases dosimetry for 223RA-dichloride: An italian multicenter study

Purpose In-vivo macrodosimetry of bone lesions in 223 Ra-dichloride therapy is feasible, but the possibility of personalised treatments requires further research. Multicenter studies are powerful tools to investigate the role of dosimetry, but the standardization of dosimetric procedures should be guaranteed, to assure data comparability. Recently, a multicenter study in this context was proposed in Italy, and calibration protocol of gamma cameras, criteria for patients’ eligibility, and dosimetric methodologies are currently under investigation. Methods The sensitivity of some gamma cameras (3/8-inch crystal, MEGP collimators) for 223 Ra was measured in air, varying activity, source-detector distance, and source diameter. Transmission curves were measured for attenuation/scatter correction with the pseudo-extrapolation number method, varying the experimental setup. The lesions visibility on 223 Ra images was studied by univariate ROC analysis (25 patients, 69 lesions), considering visible/non visible lesions as true positive/true negative group, and using as score value the lesion/soft tissue contrast ratio (CR) derived from 99m Tc-MDP WB scan. Results Sensitivity was nearly constant varying activity and distance, and for object area ⩾960 mm 2 . Transmission curves are affected by experimental setup and source size, leading to activity quantification errors up to 20%. The ROC analysis yielded an AUC of 0.972 and an optimal threshold of CR of 10, corresponding to an accuracy of 92%. Conclusion The minimum calibration protocol requires sensitivity and transmission curves measurements varying the object size. Lesions with 99m Tc-MDP CR higher than 10, not overlapping the GI tract, are generally visible on 223 Ra images at 24 h, and thus eligible for dosimetric studies.
Role of Ice-Proteases in Apoptosis

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is a naturally occurring process of cell suicide that plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. It is required for sculpting tissue architecture, for the development of the nervous and immune systems, as a defense against viral pathogens and protection from cancer1–11. Apoptosis is characterized by cellular shrinkage, nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into membrane-enclosed vesicles called apoptotic bodies. The apoptotic bodies are rapidly phagocytosed by neighboring cells and macrophages without the release of cytoplasmic contents. This avoids inflammation and autoimmunization with intracellular constituents. Despite the biological importance of apoptosis, its molecular and biochemical basis remains obscure. The most important information about components of the death pathway comes from the study of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans 12–14. The complete cellular lineage of the hermaphrodite form of C. elegans has been established. Of the 1,090 cells generated during development, 131 die by a cell-intrinsic death program. Genetic analysis has identified 14 genes that function in different steps of PCD in C. elegans. Two genes, ced-3 and ced-4, are required for these developmental deaths. If either is inactivated, none of the 131 cells die7. The ced-9 gene antagonizes the function of ced-3 and ced-4 by protecting cells from death7. In ced-9 loss-of-function mutants, cells that normally live undergo PCD early in development, resulting in embryonic lethality. Thus, ced-9 is necessary for the survival of most cells and presumably ced-9 accomplishes this by suppressing the cell death program7. Several recent discoveries have shed light on the function of the C. elegans cell-death genes and, more importantly, have shown that they have mammalian counterparts with similar functions. The machinery controlling cell viability and cell death appears to be highly conserved through evolution and is briefly reviewed below.
User-Centered Design in U.S Air Force Additive Manufacturing; Case Studies on Tools, Jigs, and Topology Optimization

User-centered Additive Manufacturing (AM) design processes were applied to tools and jigs used in operational tasks for various career fields. Case study analysis was used to investigate to what degree can user centered AM design processes and topology optimization be utilized by various Air Force squadrons in everyday and contingency operations and to what degree topology optimization can be applied to the tools and jigs developed while preserving user requirements. Nine case studies evaluated tools and jigs for Explosive Ordnance Disposal and the Engineering Management Laboratory at the US Air Force Institute of Technology. If deemed appropriate by the customer and designer, topology optimization was applied. Surveys were used to rate different aspects of usability for each case study and the results were used to identify trends between the case studies. Overall, this research found that AM and topology optimization could be applied to both daily and contingency operations.
A novel supercritical CO2-based decellularization method for maintaining scaffold hydration and mechanical properties

Abstract Decellularized tissues are commonly utilized as tissue engineering scaffolds. Decellularization by extended exposure to aqueous detergents can damage the microstructure or deposit cytotoxic residue. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has been proposed for decellularization, but reportedly causes dehydration and scaffold embrittlement. Presented herein is a novel decellularization method that preserves matrix hydration state and mechanical properties. Over 97% of the water in porcine aorta is maintained by presaturating scCO2 with water; however, complete decellularization was not attained by any process utilizing only scCO2. Instead, a novel hybrid method is presented that combines a brief (48 h) exposure of tissue to aqueous detergent, followed by washing with scCO2 (1 h). The hybrid method fully decellularized the tissue, as confirmed by histology and DNA quantification (
Flavylium polymethine fluorophores for imaging in the near- and shortwave infrared

Bright fluorophores in the near infrared and shortwave infrared (SWIR) are essential for optical imaging in vivo. Herein, we utilize a 7-dimethylamino flavylium heterocycle to construct a panel of novel red-shifted polymethine dyes, with emission from 680 to 1045 nm. Photophysical characterization reveals that the 1- and 3-methine dyes display enhanced photostabilities and the 5- and 7-methine dyes exhibit exceptional brightness for their respective spectral regions. A micelle formulation of the 7-methine facilitates SWIR imaging in mice. This report represents the first polymethine dye designed and synthesized for in vivo imaging in the SWIR.
Inhibition of transient potential receptor vanilloid type 1 suppresses seizure susceptibility in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat.

AIMS Intracellular calcium plays an important role in neuronal hyperexcitability that leads to seizures. One calcium influx route of interest is the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel. Here, we evaluated the effects of capsazepine (CPZ), a potent blocker of TRPV1 channels on acoustically evoked seizures (audiogenic seizures, AGS) in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR-3), a model of inherited epilepsy. METHODS Male and female GEPR-3s were used. For the acute CPZ treatment study, GEPR-3s were tested for AGS susceptibility before and after treatment with various doses of CPZ (0, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg; ip). For semichronic CPZ treatment study, GEPR-3s were tested for AGS susceptibility before and after 5-day CPZ treatment at the dose of 1 mg/kg (ip). The prevalence, latency, and severity of AGS were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS We found that acute CPZ pretreatment reduced the seizure severity in male GEPR-3s; the effect was dose-dependent. In female GEPR-3s, however, CPZ treatment completely suppressed the seizure susceptibility. Furthermore, semichronic CPZ treatment suppressed seizure susceptibility in female GEPR-3s, but only reduced the seizure severity in male GEPR-3s. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the TRPV1 channel is a promising molecular target for seizure suppression, with female GEPR-3s exhibiting higher sensitivity than male GEPR-3s.
Mechanism and Regulation of Protein Turnover: Effect of the α-Mannosidase Inhibitor, Swainsonine, on Glycoprotein Degradation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effect of the α-mannosidase inhibitor, swainsonine, on glycoprotein degradation. Swainsonine is an alkaloid present in the Australian plant Swainsona canescens . It was first isolated in the laboratory of Dorling in Murdoch, Australia, and it was shown to be responsible for the mannosidosis of animals that graze on the plant. Swainsonine is a potent inhibitor of the degradation by cultured rat liver cells of endocytosed glycoproteins, but it has no effect on the degradation of endocytosed nonglycoproteins. The inhibitor leads to an accumulation of the glycoprotein markers in the lysosome fraction of cells in a form with electrophoretic mobility indistinguishable from that of the original material. The chapter presents a test to find out whether the specific swainsonine inhibition of glycoprotein breakdown extends to degradation by isolated lysosomes. The effect of pH and the effect of disruption of lysosomal membranes on degradative activity and on chloroquine and swainsonine inhibitability in the system are also tested. Swainsonine, at a concentration of 10 -6 M, inhibited the rate of production of acid-soluble counts over 50%. Nearly complete inhibition was observed at 10 -5 M swainsonine. In the presence of the inhibitor, there was an increased cellular accumulation of the marker quantitatively corresponding to the decreased degradation so that total uptake was unaffected by the inhibitor.
Developmental Factors Related to the Assessment of Social Skills

A developmental perspective is critical when assessing children’s social skills. The behaviors that foster peer acceptance and those that elicit peer dislike change with age. Concurrently, the cognitive capacities that children bring to bear when analyzing and solving their social problems undergo significant qualitative transformations. Dramatic changes also occur in the nature of the social contexts that children navigate at different ages. All of these factors affect the degree to which particular behaviors and cognitions are adaptive socially and, hence, affect the operational definition and assessment of social skills at various ages (Bierman & Montminy, 1993). This chapter begins with an overview describing the influence of development on social competence and social skills. Then, in separate sections, we characterize the nature of peer
Selenium in Foods

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the research on Selenium in foods, its chemical speciation, geographic variation and various other factors. Analytical methods for analysis of Se in foods include fluorometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis, proton-induced x-ray emission measurement, and double isotope dilution method. Selenium occurs in proteins as analogs of amino acids, in plants as selenomethoinine and in animals as selenocysteine. Geographic variation in selenium content of foods is discussed. The variations of the Se content are due to the geographical differences in the amount and availabilities of Se in soils. The Se content of foods of plant origin can vary within a particular geographic region according to specific climatic conditions such as plant growth, maturity at harvest and crop yield. The livestock diets reflect the Se status of locally produced feedstuffs and animal products. Se in liquid formula foods varies according to combination of ingredients used and Se content in those ingredients. Utilization of dietary Se is explained. It is the net result of physiological and metabolic processes that convert a portion of ingested food Se into metabolically active form, necessary for physiological function. Three approaches to evaluate the relative efficacy of known amounts of Se are discussed. The amount of Se in human diets is explained. Focus on further research should be to improve the characterization of Se in core foods, to understand the factors affecting the bioavailability of Se from meals and to understand the health hazards associated with low and high intake of Selenium.
Perceptual differences of selected football players, dancers, and nonperformers to a given stimulus.

Abstract Selected football players, dancers, and nonperformers were exposed to two conditions involving perceptual assumptions. Reactions were studied to indicate degree each group differed. It was concluded that realistic perceptions cannot be assigned as a function of an individual's categorization relative to movement participation.
A new framework for rotationally invariant two-point spatial correlations in microstructure datasets

Abstract Quantification of the material internal structure (i.e., microstructure) is central to establishing the highly sought-after process-structure-property (PSP) relationships central to any materials design effort. In recent years, two-point spatial correlations (a subset of the n-point spatial correlations) have garnered significant attention because of their tremendous potential in arriving at practically useful PSP linkages. The central advantage of the two-point spatial correlations is that they capture an exceedingly large number of directionally resolved microstructure statistics. However, they are sensitive to the selection of the observer reference frame. In a number of practical applications, there is a critical need to establish the directionally resolved microstructure statistics, while attaining invariance to the observer reference frame (i.e., the statistics extracted are independent of the selection of the observer frame). A framework for defining and computing such observer-frame invariant two-point spatial correlations does not exist at the present time. This paper addresses this gap by introducing a new form of two-point spatial correlations, hereafter called rotationally invariant two-point spatial correlations. The theoretical framework for these new rotationally invariant two-point spatial correlations is introduced in this paper, and demonstrated through a comprehensive case study.
Spin Asymmetries and Helicity Amplitudes in Photo-Production from Polarized Neutrons

Pseudoscalar meson photoproduction experiments lead the search for an expanded $$N^*$$ spectroscopy that is required by lattice solutions of QCD. Extensive data have been collected with proton targets that can potentially over-determine the production amplitude and allow a search for weak resonances. In contrast, data on photoproduction from neutrons is drastically limited. Both are needed since the $$\gamma p N^*$$ and $$\gamma n N^*$$ photo-couplings to $$I=1/2$$ states are different and provide complementary information on the mechanisms for resonance excitation. The main subtleties in experiments with an effective polarized neutron target are reviewed. The considerable impact of new polarization data on multipole analyses are discussed, using the example of recent $$\pi ^- p$$ measurements of the beam-target helicity asymmetry (E) from polarized $${ HD}$$ in CLAS at Jefferson Lab. New partial wave analyses incorporating these data have found significant changes in helicity amplitudes of some established resonances, and signatures of weak resonances that previously were observed only in hyperon decay channels.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study on Degradation Mechanism of CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells

In this work, we used transmission electron microscopy in a structural and chemical study on CdTe thin-film solar cells with different degradation degrees from the same photovoltaic module. We found that in the most-degraded CdTe solar cell, the accumulation of Na is precisely localized in the discontinuous part of the CdS layer. The local concentration of Na is determined to be $\sim18$ at.%. This could be the root-cause degradation mechanism in CdTe thin-film solar cells. In addition, the notable accumulation of Na at the TCO/SLG interface could be responsible for the delamination of the TCO layer from the SLG substrate.
A clinical description of children with solid organ transplants who present with feeding disorder.

Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients have long-standing malnutrition concerns related to their pretransplant medical status. The targeted nutrition therapy utilized pre-, peri-, and post-transplantation may have the adverse effect of impeding normally developing feeding skills, particularly in very young children. Little is known about the relationship between transplantation and feeding disorders of childhood. The purpose of this study was to describe severity of feeding disorder and parental stress in patients with transplant compared to children followed in a specialty feeding clinic and the general community. Sixty-four children, comprised of 32 children with solid organ transplant ages 2 months to 12 years and 32 matched control patients diagnosed with a feeding disorder without history of solid organ transplant, were reviewed. All children were from the Feeding, Swallowing, and Nutrition Clinic at a single children's hospital. Findings indicate that patients who received a transplant and presented with a feeding problem had worse symptoms of feeding disorder than are typically found in the general community. These feeding problems disrupt mealtime behavior, caregiver and child relationship within a mealtime context, and may result in maladaptive feeding strategies used by families. When transplanted children present with feeding disorders, they are severe and have multiple effects on both the child and the feeding dynamic between the child and the child's caregivers. Further investigation may help us to better understand the relationship between transplantation and symptoms of feeding disorder.
Disparities in Mortality from Noncancer Causes among Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer.

Background: Few studies have examined noncancer outcomes among patients diagnosed with cancer as adolescents and young adults (AYA). We examined risk of mortality from noncancer causes after an AYA cancer diagnosis and investigated disparities according to race/ethnicity and other characteristics. Methods: Patients with a first primary cancer at ages 15 to 39 years diagnosed during 1987 to 2015 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (N = 242,940 women, 158,347 men). Survival months were accrued from diagnosis until death or December 2015. Multivariable-adjusted HRs were used to examine disparities in mortality from all noncancer causes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and infectious diseases (ID) according to race/ethnicity, geographic region, and county-level characteristics. Results: For all cancer types combined, the 10-year cumulative incidence of noncancer-related death after AYA cancer was 2% and 5% among women and men, respectively. With adjustment for cancer type, all noncancer mortality was increased among non-Hispanic Black AYAs [HR vs. non-Hispanic White: HRWomen = 2.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.16–2.47; HRMen = 2.17; 95% CI: 2.05–2.30] and those in the South (HR vs. Northeast: HRWomen = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.29; HRMen = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.31–1.55) or in rural counties (HR vs. metro: HRWomen = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.47–2.07; HRMen = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.33–1.86). Mortality from CVD and ID was also elevated among non-Hispanic Black AYAs. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that noncancer mortality after AYA cancer is highest among survivors who are non-Hispanic Black or live in the South or in rural counties. Impact: Our analyses highlight disparities among AYAs with cancer and identify subgroups that may be targeted for increased medical surveillance or behavioral interventions.
Low-Power and Compact Frequency Hopping RFID Reader at 5.8 GHz for Sensing Applications in Space

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the driving technology behind many compelling applications, such as Internet-of-Things, smart cities, and inventory tracking. However, it is always challenging to make a small, low-cost transceiver with little power consumption. This paper presents the design and characterization of a low-power, compact frequency hopping RFID reader that has great potential for use in space-based sensing applications including structural health monitoring, tracking inventory, and sensitive field measurements. This RFID reader will be launched into low-earth orbit aboard the radio frequency tag satellite (RFTSat), a nanosatellite developed at Northwest Nazarene University, and serves as a demonstration of backscatter communications in space. This reader is capable of operating in the 5725–5850 MHz frequency industrial scientific medical band with up to 31 dBm equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and −58 dBm to −82 dBm sensitivity in different conditions.
Dialectical behavior therapy research and program evaluation in the Department of Veterans Affairs

Abstract Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is a useful evidence-based psychotherapy for treatment of veterans with suicidality and emotion dysregulation. While DBT has not been systematically implemented across the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), it has spread throughout the system by clinicians interested in treating suicidality and emotion dysregulation. Research and program evaluation of DBT has also occurred in the VA. Research has included examination of the efficacy of DBT for female veterans with borderline personality disorder and efficacy with male and female veterans at high risk of suicide. Program evaluation has included study of adaptations of DBT such as DBT skills group, DBT skills group for depression, modified DBT skills group for sexual minorities, and drop-in distress tolerance groups. In addition, providers in VA implemented an intensive outpatient program for treating borderline personality disorder (BPD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and found it helpful. Finally the implementation of DBT and cost of its use has also been evaluated. This chapter discusses this research and program evaluation in depth and concludes with future directions for DBT research in the VA.
Early predictors of seasonal Arctic sea-ice volume loss: the impact of spring and early-summer cloud radiative conditions

Clouds play an important role in the Arctic surface radiative budget, impacting the seasonal evolution of Arctic sea-ice cover. We explore the large-scale impacts of springtime and early summer (March through July) cloud and radiative fluxes on sea ice by comparing these fluxes to seasonal ice volume losses over the central Arctic basin, calculated for available observational years 2004–2007 (ICESat) and 2011–2017 (CryoSat-2). We also supplement observation data with sea-ice volume computed from the Pan-Arctic Ice–Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) during summer months. We find that the volume of sea ice lost over the melt season is most closely related to observed downwelling longwave radiation in March and early summer (June and July) longwave cloud radiative forcing, which together explain a large fraction of interannual variability in seasonal sea-ice volume loss (R2 = 0.71, p = 0.007). We show that downwelling longwave fluxes likely impact the timing of melt onset near the sea-ice edge, and can limit the magnitude of ice thickening from March to April. Radiative fluxes in June and July are likely critical to seasonal volume loss because modeled data show the greatest ice volume reductions occur during these months.
A high-order semi-Lagrangian method for the consistent Monte-Carlo solution of stochastic Lagrangian drift–diffusion models coupled with Eulerian discontinuous spectral element method

Abstract The explicit semi-Lagrangian method for solution of Lagrangian transport equations as developed in Natarajan and Jacobs (2020) is adopted for the solution of stochastic differential equations that is consistent with Discontinuous Spectral Element Method (DSEM) approximations of Eulerian conservation laws. The method extends the favorable properties of DSEM that include its high-order accuracy, its local and boundary fitted properties and its high performance on parallel platforms for the concurrent Monte-Carlo, semi-Lagrangian and Eulerian solution of a class of time-dependent problems that can be described by coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian formulations. Such formulations include the probabilistic models used for the simulation of chemically reacting turbulent flows or particle-laden flows. Consistent with an explicit, DSEM discretization, the semi-Lagrangian method seeds particles at Gauss quadrature collocation nodes within a spectral element. The particles are integrated explicitly in time according to a drift velocity and a Wiener increment forcing and form the nodal basis for an advected interpolant. This interpolant is mapped back in a semi-Lagrangian fashion to the Gauss quadrature points through a least squares fit using constraints for element boundary values. Stochastic Monte-Carlo samples are averaged element-wise on the quadrature nodes. The stable explicit time step Wiener increment is sufficiently small to prevent particles from leaving the element’s bounds. The semi-Lagrangian method is hence local and parallel and does not have the grid complexity, and parallelization challenges of the commonly used Lagrangian particle solvers in particle-mesh methods for solution of Eulerian–Lagrangian formulations. Formal proof is presented that the semi-Lagrangian algorithm evolves the solution according to the Eulerian Fokker–Planck equation. Numerical tests in one and two dimensions for drift–diffusion problems show that the method converges exponentially for constant and non-constant advection and diffusion velocities.
Concepts of Immortalization in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

Cellular immortality is a hallmark of neoplastic transformation, the detection of which in vitro may be only limited by providing stringent culture conditions for neoplastic cells. Unlike cultured rodent cells, spontaneously immortal human mammary epithelial cell lines cultured from presumably normal cells have rarely been identified. Only two reports described cell lines that arose in mammary tissue explants obtained from women with fibrocystic disease or intraductal hyperplasia (Briand et al. 1987; Soule et al. 1990). For clarity, and by definition, a normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) population or clone that eventually senesces in culture is termed a “strain”, while a clone or population that has unlimited replicative potential is termed a “line”. The principles and players that confer unlimited in vitro replicative potential upon HMEC strains overlap partially with findings from cultured human diploid lineages, e.g., fibroblast-like cells and keratinocytes. Similarities between immortalized fibroblast-like cultures and HMECs include the functional repression of cell cycle- and DNA damage responsive-proteins p53, pRB, p16, and p21 (reviewed in Campisi et al. 1996; Garkavtsev et al. 1998). Nonetheless, human HMECs have unique phenotypes and require stringent culture conditions. This chapter will be limited to a discussion of human-derived mammary epithelial cells.
Understanding Emotional Intelligence and Its Role in Leadership

Irrespective of our life paths, the ability to initiate and sustain effective interactions with others is a key determinant of success and fulfillment. As physicians, we must lead both formally and informally in a variety of roles – in medical systems, clinics and operating theatres. We are often challenged by the stress of practice and the need to achieve balance with family and friends. Conflicts occur on a regular basis hence a level of personal insight is vital to a healthy and productive life. The increased interest in emotional intelligence is supported by a growing compilation of data that demonstrate that enhanced social interactions improve personal performance in a wide range of settings. In this chapter, we quantify the traits associated with emotional intelligence (EQ), examine the role of EQ in the medical environment, including the differences seen in surgeons, provide insights into the neurobiology of human emotion, address how experiences shape our ability to interact with others, describe how emotional intelligence can be measured and quantified, and finally assess what one can do to improve EQ. Lastly, we tie emotional intelligence into styles of conflict resolution, and describe forms of feedback that can increase insight and enhance both professional performance and personal satisfaction.