cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern Perspectives on Radiation Oncology Residency Expansion, Fellowship Evolution, and Employment Satisfaction.

Abstract Purpose In an effort to better characterize the extent and impact of residency expansion and job placement, the authors conducted a multilevel survey of radiation oncologists exploring the current state of the radiation oncology employment market. Methods A multilevel survey was conducted using the Qualtrics platform in the spring of 2017. Survey participants were categorized into five groups within radiation oncology: (1) chairpersons, (2) program directors, (3) new practitioners (at least 1 year out of residency), (4) new residency graduates (radiation oncology postgraduate year 5 graduates with new jobs), and (5) medical students. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to compare Likert scale scores. Results A total of 752 participants were surveyed, with an overall response rate among all five groups of 31% and 92% of those completing the entire survey. Chairpersons were more likely to consider expanding their residency programs compared with program directors. Fellowship remained low on the job search, with less than 10% of new graduates and new practitioners interested in fellowship positions. Job satisfaction was high with 85% of new graduates, and 78% of new practitioners moderately to very satisfied with their future or current employment. The vast majority of both new practitioners (85%) and new graduates (81%) was moderately to very satisfied with their location of practice. Conclusions Resident job satisfaction remains high, whereas interest in radiation oncology fellowships remains low. Conflicting perception regarding the job market and residency expansion could have downstream impacts, such as deterring potential applicants.
Experimental Verification of Substrate Bias Effect on the Gate Charge for GaN HEMTs

Gate charge (Q g ) of GaN power devices under different substrate biases are investigated for the first time. The devices under test are subjected to pulse-mode stress similar to circuit switching conditions. Compared with a grounded substrate, injected electrons interacting with the buffer traps lead to a significant decrease in Q g under a negative substrate bias. On the other hand, ionized donor-like traps in the buffer layer induce an increase in Q g under a positive substrate bias.
Single-Case Designs: Methodology

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by J.P. Forsyth, C.G. Finlay, volume 21, pp. 14116–14121, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Conflicted Literacy: Frederick Douglass's Critical Model

Literacy narratives have been pedagogically important in writing instruction, particularly in the basic writing class, as a means for students to interrogate the politics of language and education and thus to establish a critical connection to writing. But the literacy narrative as a critical genre is problematic. Such narratives often are absorbed by and promote the "literacy myth," a culturally conservative belief in the unqualified developmental power of literacy. Frederick Douglass's 1845 Narrative is often a major textual site of perpetuat- ing such ideology. Minority and working class students especially are asked to understand the importance of reading and writing to their own intellectual and cultural development by absorbing the "lesson" of Douglass's fight to acquire literacy. But a close reading of his text reveals a more complicated, radical notion of literacy acquisition than is often credited to Douglass. This essay explores the rhetoric of literacy narratives and the critical model that Douglass offers.
Breast Cancer Radiogenomics: Current Status and Future Directions

Radiogenomics is an area of research that aims to identify associations between imaging phenotypes ("radio-") and tumor genome ("-genomics"). Breast cancer radiogenomics research in particular has been an especially prolific area of investigation in recent years as evidenced by the wide number and variety of publications and conferences presentations. To date, research has primarily been focused on dynamic contrast enhanced pre-operative breast MRI and breast cancer molecular subtypes, but investigations have extended to all breast imaging modalities as well as multiple additional genetic markers including those that are commercially available. Furthermore, both human and computer-extracted features as well as deep learning techniques have been explored. This review will summarize the specific imaging modalities used in radiogenomics analysis, describe the methods of extracting imaging features, and present the types of genomics, molecular, and related information used for analysis. Finally, the limitations and future directions of breast cancer radiogenomics research will be discussed.
Robust scheduling of multi-chiller system with chilled-water storage under hourly electricity pricing

Abstract Multi-chiller systems with thermal storage units are widely used to supply the cooling load of residential and commercial buildings. Due to the significant energy consumption, economic dispatch has been a crucial issue in multi-chiller systems. This paper presents a robust optimization approach for the day-ahead scheduling of a multi-chiller system with a chilled-water storage unit. The objective function aims to minimize the overall electricity cost of the system under hourly electricity prices, considering the uncertainty associated with the cooling load. Two case studies with different cooling load profiles are considered in evaluating the effect of the storage unit in increasing the robustness of total cost against the changes in the uncertain parameter. The multi-chiller system with the storage unit is modeled as non-linear programming solved with the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), and the optimal partial load ratio of chillers and charge/discharge status of the storage unit are determined. In both case studies, the performance of the system with/without the storage unit is analyzed. The results demonstrate that the integration of the chilled-water storage unit increases the robustness of total cost against the variation of cooling load, as well as reducing the overall electricity cost.
K2 Targets Observed in TESS Cycles 1-3

Kepler, K2, and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) have demonstrated the power of high-precision uninterrupted photometry. Combining data sets from these two observatories can extend the baseline of high precision photometry on a target. In addition, for some investigations, the differing passbands of the two telescopes may provide additional information about the causes of the observed variability. In order to facilitate studies combining these unique data sets, we present a list of all the 55,641 targets observed by K2 which fell within the TESS field of view during its first three years of observations.
Factional Conflict and Independent Expenditures in the 2018 Democratic House Primaries

The 2018 House of Representatives elections were a historic victory for the Democratic Party. As has been the case in past “wave” elections, however, this victory has posed the risk of factionalism...
Interactive online skin cancer training game “Whack-a-Mole” assesses training strategies and real-time feedback on melanoma identification among U.S. adults.

10564Background: Cutaneous melanoma is a deadly form of skin cancer. Several studies have shown that early melanoma detection is associated with decreased mortality through self-examination and der...
Cognitive Activity and Onset Age of Incident Alzheimer Disease Dementia.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that higher level of cognitive activity predicts older age of dementia onset in Alzheimer9s disease (AD) dementia. Methods: As part of a longitudinal cohort study, 1,903 older persons without dementia at enrollment reported their frequency of participation in cognitively stimulating activities. They had annual clinical evaluations to diagnose dementia and AD, and the deceased underwent neuropathologic examination. In analyses, we assessed the relation of baseline cognitive activity to age at diagnosis of incident AD dementia and to postmortem markers of AD and other dementias. Results: During a mean of 6.8 years of follow-up, 457 individuals were diagnosed with incident AD at a mean age of 88.6 (SD = 6.4; range: 64.1-106.5). In an extended accelerated failure time model, higher level of baseline cognitive activity (mean 3.2, SD = 0.7) was associated with older age of AD dementia onset (estimate = 0.026; 95% confidence interval: 0.013. 0.039). Low cognitive activity (score = 2.1, 10th percentile) was associated with a mean onset age of 88.6 compared to a mean onset age of 93.6 associated with high cognitive activity (score = 4.0, 90th percentile). Results were comparable in subsequent analyses that adjusted for potentially confounding factors. In 695 participants who died and underwent a neuropathologic examination, cognitive activity was unrelated to postmortem markers of AD and other dementias. Conclusion: A cognitively active lifestyle in old age may delay the onset of dementia in AD by as much as 5 years.
TRMM .25 deg x .25 deg Gridded Precipitation Text Product

Since the launch of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Precipitation Measurement Missions science team has endeavored to provide TRMM precipitation retrievals in a variety of formats that are more easily usable by the broad science community than the standard Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) in which TRMM data is produced and archived. At the request of users, the Precipitation Processing System (PPS) has developed a .25 x .25 gridded product in an easily used ASCII text format. The entire TRMM mission data has been made available in this format. The paper provides the details of this new precipitation product that is designated with the TRMM designator 3G68.25. The format is packaged into daily files. It provides hourly precipitation information from the TRMM microwave imager (TMI), precipitation radar (PR), and TMI/PR combined rain retrievals. A major advantage of this approach is the inclusion only of rain data, compression when a particular grid has no rain from the PR or combined, and its direct ASCII text format. For those interested only in rain retrievals and whether rain is convection or stratiform, these products provide a huge reduction in the data volume inherent in the standard TRMM products. This paper provides examples of the 3G68 data products and their uses. It also provides information about C tools that can be used to aggregate daily files into larger time samples. In addition, it describes the possibilities inherent in the spatial sampling which allows resampling into coarser spatial sampling. The paper concludes with information about downloading the gridded text data products.
The Role of Perceived Hostile and Non-Hostile Criticism in Friendships

General criticism is associated with poorer relationship functioning; however, few studies of specifically non-hostile and hostile criticism in relationships have yet been conducted. The present study examined the associations of hostile and non-hostile criticism with perceived support, perceived conflict, and support seeking intentions in platonic (non-romantic, non-familial) relationships. Perceptions of hostile criticism were related to greater conflict, lower support, and lower support seeking. Perceptions of non-hostile criticism were associated with greater support and support seeking; however, perceptions of non-hostile criticism were more strongly linked with greater support seeking in men than in women.
Enhanced healing of cat corneal endothelial wounds by epidermal growth factor.

PURPOSE The authors investigated whether healing of cat corneal endothelial wounds could be enhanced in vivo by human epidermal growth factor (EGF). METHODS EGF was administered in sodium hyaluronate to the anterior chamber of cats after an endothelial touch injury. Control contralateral eyes received sodium hyaluronate alone. At selected times after injury, the corneas were evaluated for thickness, the rate of endothelial wound closure, the endothelial cell density, any variation in cell size, the percentage of hexagonal cells, and endothelial cell mitosis. RESULTS Two days after injury, endothelial wounds of eyes treated with EGF had healed an average of 65 +/- 4% of the initial 38.5 mm2 wound area; paired control eyes had healed an average of 59 +/- 4% (P < 0.05). Both EGF-treated and control wounds had resurfaced over 90% of the initial wound area on day 4 after injury, and the wounds were completely resurfaced by 7 and 14 days after injury in both treatment groups. On days 4 and 7 after injury, the EGF-treated corneas were 5% and 8% thicker (835 versus 796 microns and 786 versus 728 microns, respectively) than the paired control corneas (P < 0.03). On days 10 and 14 after injury, both EGF-treated and control corneas were 19% and 12% thicker, respectively, than prewound the corneal thickness (621 microns). Seven days after injury, the corneas treated with EGF had an average of 76 +/- 28% more (P < 0.05) endothelial cell nuclei labeled with tritiated thymidine compared with that of the paired control eyes (2472 versus 1543 labeled nuclei). Fourteen days after injury, the central endothelial cell density of EGF-treated corneas was an average of 38 +/- 11% higher than that of the paired control eyes (P < 0.01, 1708 versus 1235 cells/mm2). The percentage of hexagonal cells in the wound area was an average of 14 +/- 4% higher (P < 0.01) than that of the paired control eyes (82% versus 69%), and the coefficient of variation of the cell size for EGF-treated corneas was an average of 31% (P < 0.05) smaller than that of the paired control corneas (0.21 versus 0.29 [standard deviation]/mean cell size). CONCLUSIONS A single intraocular application of EGF formulated in sodium hyaluronate after an endothelial cell injury significantly enhanced multiple parameters that are closely related to improved endothelial cell regeneration.
Compatibility standards and product development strategy: a review of data modem developments

Abstract A fundamental change has taken place with respect to the relationship of standards and product development in information technology markets — standards are now frequently preceding products. This change is illustrated by examining a chronology of modem products and standards from 1950 to 1987. One important implication of this trend is a new approach to product development. A firm has several strategies that it can adopt to complete in these markets and in the standards committees. A set of such strategies are presented and discussed in light of the modem chronology.
A miniature mechanical ventilator for newborn mice

Kolandaivelu, Kumaran, and Chi-Sang Poon.A miniature mechanical ventilator for newborn mice.J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 733–739, 1998.—Transgenic/knockout mice with predefined mutations have become in...
Revaluing Restitution: From the Talmud to Postsocialism

Whatever happened to the study of restitution? Once a core private law subject along with property, torts, and contracts, restitution has receded from American legal scholarship. Few law professors teach the material, fewer still write in the area, and no one even agrees what the field comprises anymore. Hanoch Dagan's Unjust Enrichment: A Study of Private Law and Public Values threatens to reverse the tide and make restitution interesting again. The book takes commonplace words such as "value" and "gain" and shows how they embody a society's underlying normative principles. Variations across cultures in the law of unjust enrichment reflect differences in national understandings of sharing, property, and even personhood.
APC promoter 1B deletion in seven American families with familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a colorectal cancer predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Clinical genetic testing fails to identify disease causing mutations in up to 20% of clinically apparent FAP cases. Following the inclusion of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) probes specific for APC promoter 1B, seven probands were identified with a deletion of promoter 1B. Using haplotype analysis spanning the APC locus, the seven families appear to be identical by descent from a common founder. The clinical phenotype of 19 mutation carriers is classical FAP with colectomy at an average age of 24. The majority of cases had a large number of duodenal and gastric polyps. Measurements of allele-specific expression of APC mRNA using TaqMan assay confirmed that relative expression in the allele containing the promoter 1B deletion was reduced 42-98%, depending on tissue type. This study confirms the importance of APC promoter deletions as a cause of FAP and identifies a founder mutation in FAP patients from the United States.
Comparison of Fourier phase spectrum estimation using deconvolution from wavefront sensing and bispectrum reconstruction

Abstract Atmospheric turbulence limits the resolution of astronomical optical imaging systems. Speckle imaging and deconvolution from wavefront sensing (DWFS) are two post-detection image processing methods for overcoming some turbulence effects which do not require adaptive optics. Both speckle imaging and DWFS create estimates of the object irradiance distribution by first estimating the Fourier transform, or spectrum of the object. Previous work has established the signal-to-noise ratio performance for some of the estimators used in both speckle imaging and DWFS. However, the comparative quality of the object spectrum phase estimation provided by these two techniques has not been studied in detail. In this paper we present the results of a simulation study of the comparative Fourier phase estimation errors for speckle imaging using the bispectrum technique, and DWFS. It is shown that even for good wavefront sampling and bright objects DWFS provides Fourier phase spectrum estimation of lower quality than the phase spectrum estimate provided by the bispectrum technique. When the beacon is not bright enough to provide a good signal-to-noise ratio in the wavefront sensor the bispectrum technique provides much better Fourier phase spectrum estimation than DWFS.
Sample size: How much is enough?

The question of sample size—how much is enough—has no simple answer. Magical numbers do not exist.
A five-primary photostimulator suitable for studying intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell functions in humans

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) can respond to light directly through self-contained photopigment, melanopsin. IpRGCs also receive synaptic inputs from rods and cones. Thus, studying ipRGC functions requires a novel photostimulating method that can account for all of the photoreceptor inputs. Here, we introduced an inexpensive LED-based five-primary photostimulator that can control the excitations of rods, S-, M-, L-cones, and melanopsin-containing ipRGCs in humans at constant background photoreceptor excitation levels, a critical requirement for studying the adaptation behavior of ipRGCs with rod, cone, or melanopsin input. We described the theory and technical aspects (including optics, electronics, software, and calibration) of the five-primary photostimulator. Then we presented two preliminary studies using the photostimulator we have implemented to measure melanopsin-mediated pupil responses and temporal contrast sensitivity function (TCSF). The results showed that the S-cone input to pupil responses was antagonistic to the L-, M- or melanopsin inputs, consistent with an S-OFF and (L + M)-ON response property of primate ipRGCs (Dacey et al., 2005). In addition, the melanopsin-mediated TCSF had a distinctive pattern compared with L + M or S-cone mediated TCSF. Other than controlling individual photoreceptor excitation independently, the five-primary photostimulator has the flexibility in presenting stimuli modulating any combination of photoreceptor excitations, which allows researchers to study the mechanisms by which ipRGCs combine various photoreceptor inputs.
A monoclonal antibody (SN1) identifies a subpopulation of avian sensory neurons whose distribution is correlated with axial level.

Abstract We have produced a monoclonal antibody, designated SN1, which binds to the surfaces of a subpopulation of avian sensory neurons, but not to other neurons of the peripheral or central nervous systems. The proportion of SN1(+) neurons in brachial and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which innervate the wings and legs respectively, is low (30–40%), compared to the proportion (80–90%) in the lower thoracic DRG. SN1 immunoreactive fibers project to laminae I and II of the spinal cord dorsal horn, and are seen in the skin, but not the deeper tissues of older embryos. On the basis of the time of appearance, axial level-dependent distribution, and the central and peripheral projections of SN1(+) neurons, we suggest that they are cutaneous afferents that depend on interaction with peripheral targets to differentiate.
Semiparametric modeling of labeled-cell kinetics, with application to isotope labeling of erythrocytes.

Nous proposons un modele stochastique pour la cinetiques de marquage de cellules avec un produit radiomarque. Ce modele est compose d'un modele parametrique pour la distribution du temps de penetration du marqueur dans les cellules et d'un modele non-parametrique de fonction de survie de la combinaison cellule-marqueur. L'objectif est de modeliser ainsi l'evolution au cours du temps de la fraction de cellules marquees parmi l'ensemble des cellules. Une experience recente avec des hematies et du folate radiomarque fournit des mesures longitudinales de cette fraction de cellules marquees. Le modele semi parametrique propose est ajuste a ces donnees et quelques unes des implications sont explorees. La methode proposee inclut egalement des inferences basees su le bootstrap.
Correlated response in feed efficiency accompanying selection for milk yield in Jerseys

Gross feed efficiency (milk energy output divided by energy consumed) was measured in 232 Jersey cows resulting from direct selection for milk yield and a control line of 121 daughters of 20 Jersey bulls taken randomly from commercial artificial insemination sampling programs in 1967. Data were collected between 1971 and 1982 from primiparous cows in middle to late lactation in 21 feeding trials of 28 d. Cows were fed hay and silage ad libitum plus grain according to production at the rate of 1 kg grain/3 kg milk. Models for least squares analyses included trial, line, days in milk, and either body weight change (model 1) or energy balance (model 2), estimated as the difference between energy requirements and actual energy intake. Body weight change was an insignificant source of variation, and gross feed efficiency did not differ between genetic lines using model 1. Significant line differences in gross efficiency were obtained after adjusting for energy balance; however, problems of multicollinearity invalidates meaningful inference. Results indicate genetic lines of Jerseys did not differ in gross feed efficiency when fed according to yield and suggest selection has not affected efficiency of direct conversion of nutrients into milk.
EXTRUSION OF REFRACTORY OXIDE INSULATORS FOR VACWM TUBES1

A method is described whereby nonplastic materials such as refractory oxides are given a temporary plasticity, sufficient for extrusion. The organic plastic gel used consists of flour or starch paste with ammonia as an electrolyte. A short detailed account is given of the manufacture of twin-hole insulators made of MgO 98% and talc 2% for radio 227 vacuum tubes, with supplemental experimental results on other materials. The refractory oxides Al2O3, BeO, ZrO2, MgO, and ThO2 are compared from the standpoint of their physical properties and their ability to act as insulators in contact with hot tungsten filaments. Examples are given of the use of such extruded oxide insulators for hot filament supports.
Naphthalene biomarkers and relationship with hemoglobin and hematocrit in White, Black, and Hispanic adults: results from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Naphthalene is an important contaminant in indoor and outdoor air. Acute overexposure can have toxic effects, resulting in hemolysis. There have been no studies evaluating the impact of environmental exposure on red blood cell indices. We examined 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene urinary metabolites (NAP1 and NAP2) in non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Mexican-American adults in the USA and their relationship with hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (HCT). Using the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, weighted generalized linear regression analyses were used to examine the association between Hb (in grams per deciliter) and HCT (in percent) with NAP1 and NAP2 (per 100,000 ng/L). Beta coefficients ± SE are reported. NAP1 and NAP2 were highest in non-Hispanic Blacks, followed by non-Hispanic Whites, and lowest in Mexican-American adults. There was a positive association between NAP1 and Hb (0.39 ± 0.11, p = 0.0034) and HCT (1.14 ± 0.28, p = 0.0009) after adjusting for age, gender, race, education, and smoking. Stratified analysis by smoking showed similar results with the association being stronger for smokers (Hb 0.63 ± 0.23, p = 0.02; HCT 1.43 ± 0.79, p = 0.09) than nonsmokers (Hb 0.34 ± 0.14, p = 0.03; HCT 1.08 ± 0.42, p = 0.02). The association was also stronger for non-Hispanic blacks (Hb 0.54 ± 0.20, p = 0.02; HCT 1.43 ± 0.55, p = 0.02) than for non-Hispanic whites (Hb 0.37 ± 0.18, p = 0.06; HCT 1.20 ± 0.51, p = 0.03) and was not significant for Mexican-Americans (Hb 0.30 ± 1.7, p = 0.10; HCT 0.99 ± 0.52, p = 0.08). NAP2 was not significantly associated with Hb or HCT. The observed disparity in NAP1 and NAP2 levels by race/ethnicity is consistent with published literature. The origin of these differences in exposure is unclear but may reflect differences in environmental exposure as well as genetic susceptibility. The positive association between NAP1 with HCT and Hb is an unexpected finding. Further research is needed to understand the possible biological mechanisms or other explanations for this association.
Periprosthetic infection due to resistant staphylococci: serious problems on the horizon.

Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci represent a major therapeutic challenge. We examined the effectiveness of surgical treatment in treating infection of total hip or knee arthroplasty caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains and the variables influencing treatment success. One hundred and twenty-seven patients were treated at our institution between 1999 and 2006. There were 58 men and 69 women, with an average age of 66 years. Patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years or until recurrence of infection. Debridement and retention of the prosthesis was performed in 35 patients and resection arthroplasty in 92. Debridement controlled the infection in only 37% of cases whereas two-stage exchange arthroplasty controlled the infection in 75% of hips and 60% of knees. Preexisting cardiac disease was associated with a higher likelihood of failure to control infection in all treatment groups. Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococci continue to compromise treatment outcome of prosthetic joint infections, especially in patients with medical comorbidities. New preventive and therapeutic strategies are needed.
Pharmacokinetics, plasma protein binding and urinary excretion of Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine in rats

The in vivo disposition of N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) has been examined in rats. Plasma concentrations of L-NOARG following an intravenous dose of 10 mg kg-1 were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma L-NOARG concentrations declined biexponentially, with average half-lives of 11 min and 20 h. L-NOARG clearance did not appear to exhibit concentration-dependency below a plasma concentration of 4.56 x 10(-4) M (100 mg l-1). Ultrafiltration studies revealed insignificant binding of L-NOARG to rat plasma proteins. Urinary excretion of unchanged L-NOARG was minimal. These pharmacokinetic information may be useful in the design of in vivo experiments involving L-NOARG, as well as in the interpretation of the pharmacodynamics of this important nitric oxide synthase inhibitor.
Can we safely target the WNT pathway

WNT–β-catenin signalling is involved in a multitude of developmental processes and the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, genetic stability and apoptosis, as well as by maintaining adult stem cells in a pluripotent state. Not surprisingly, aberrant regulation of this pathway is therefore associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and neurodegeneration. Despite this knowledge, therapeutic agents specifically targeting the WNT pathway have only recently entered clinical trials and none has yet been approved. This Review examines the problems and potential solutions to this vexing situation and attempts to bring them into perspective.
Risk stratification index: an important advance in comparing health care apples to oranges.

This article has been selected for the ANESTHESIOLOGY CME Program. Learning objectives and disclosure and ordering information can be found in the CME section at the front of this issue.
Third-party threat and the dimensionality of major-party roll call voting

This paper assesses the influence of the electoral threat of third parties on major-party roll call voting in the US House. Although low-dimensionality of voting is a feature of strong two-party politics, which describes the contemporary era, there is significant variation across members. I hypothesize that major-party incumbents in districts under a high threat from third-party House candidates cast votes that do not fit neatly onto the dominant ideological dimension. This hypothesis is driven by (1) third party interests in orthogonal issues, and (2) incumbents accounting for those interests when casting votes in order to minimize the impact of third parties. An empirical test using data from the 105th to 109th Congresses provides evidence of this effect.
Pneumothoraces and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in two AIDS patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine.

Two cases of focal recurrent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) associated with pneumothorax occurred in patients with AIDS who had received aerosolized pentamidine therapy. A resected lung specimen from one patient suggested that subpleural cavitary lung destruction by P carinii was pathogenically responsible for the pneumothorax. This report represents the first case known to the author documenting the etiology of PCP-associated pneumothorax by pathologic examination. (Chest 1990; 97:479–80)
GROUP EFFECTS ON DECISION-MAKING BY BURGLARS

30 active burglars were observed and interviewed extensively over a period of 16 months. They were asked to evaluate sites they had previously burglarized and those burglarized by others, as to their perceived vulnerability to burglary. Burglars who evaluated sites singly rated the sites more vulnerable than those same burglars when evaluating the sites in the presence of their usual co-offenders—showing a trend toward more cautious decision-making while in groups—a group polarization effect. On the other hand, self-reports indicated that burglars were more active (committed more crimes) when working as part of a group than when working alone. Their self-reported apprehension rate was 5 times greater when working in groups than when working alone, a finding which may reflect task impairment as a result of social facilitation effects.
Moisture Measurements and Condensation Potential in Wood Frame Walls in a Hot-Humid Climate

It has long been noted that interior vapor barriers in wood frame walls in hot-humid climates can lead to interstitial condensation within walls. The bases for this recognition are predictive simulations, anecdotal observations, and a limited number of experimental studies. This paper describes an experimental study conducted in a hot-humid climate that investigated the influence of an interior vapor retarder and compares observed performance with simulation predictions. The wall performance data reviewed here was gathered as part of a larger test program evaluating the performance of a range of typical wood frame, residential wall constructions in a hot-humid climate. The approach chosen was to use real-time field exposure using a “test hut” located in Tampa, Florida. The test hut had two long sides, which provided the ability to test 16 wall specimens each. Wall specimens were instrumented with a variety of temperature, humidity, and moisture sensors. In addition to natural weather exposure, the wall specimens could be manually wetted by a water injection system to simulate rain leakage. More specifically, this paper focuses on using the data collected before and after the installation of an interior vapor barrier (vinyl wallpaper) to show the change in moisture loading and the potential condensation within the walls resulting from the installation. The field data is compared with predictions of the wall behavior using a commonly available hygrothermal model. There is increasing reliance on the use of predictive models to assess the moisture performance of building assembly designs. These predictive models need to be validated against real data to test their variance from real systems.
The Perils of Proliferation in South Asia

On May 11 and 13, 1998, India tested five nuclear weapons in the Rajasthan desert. By the end of the month, Pakistan had followed suit, claiming to have detonated six nuclear devices–five to match New Delhi’s tests and one in response to India’s 1974 peaceful nuclear explosive test–at an underground facility in the Chagai Hills. With these tests, the governments in Islamabad and New Delhi loudly announced to the world community, and especially to each other, that they both held the capability to retaliate with nuclear weapons in response to any attack. What will be the strategic effects of these nuclear weapons developments? Will the spread of nuclear weapons to South Asia bring stability to the region or lead to nuclear war? There are many scholars and defense analysts–some in the U.S. and many more in India and Pakistan–who argue that the spread of nuclear weapons to South Asia will significantly reduce, or even eliminate, the risk of future wars between India and Pakistan.1 Following the logic of
INTERSPECIES SCALING OF RENALLY SECRETED DRUGS

Abstract The objective of this study is to predict pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, volume of distribution at steady state, and elimination half-life) in humans from animal data for drugs which are renally secreted in humans. Pharmacokinetic parameters of ten drugs were scaled-up from animal data obtained from the literature. Using simple allometry (pharmacokinetic parameter of interest vs body weight), total, renal and nonrenal clearances, volume of distribution and half-life were predicted in humans. The predicted parameters were compared with the observed parameters. The results of the study indicated that it is likely that the predicted total and renal clearances from animal data will be underestimated in humans for renally secreted drugs. The prediction of renal clearance was improved by normalizing the renal clearance by a ‘correction factor’ for animals who exhibited renal secretion. The predicted volume and half-life were comparable with the observed values in man. Overall, the results of this study indicate that caution should be employed in interpreting the total and renal clearance of renally secreted drugs predicted by the allometric approach.
Effects of older brother-younger sister incest: A review of four cases

This study describes the self-reported histories of four women who experience long-term negative effects from childhood incest with their older brothers. In all of these cases the women describe symptoms of low self-esteem and guilt, in relation to their role in the incest. Other perceived long-term harmful effects vary according to the amount of force or coercion used by the brothers, the duration of the incest, and parental response to the incest. These include depression, difficulties with trusting others, and sexual dysfunction. The women also describe the dysfunction in their families-of-origin that contribute to their perceptions of the incest.
Effects of Domain Peptide DP4 on Depolarization-Induced Calcium Transients and Calcium Currents in Voltage-Clamped Fibers from Mouse FDB Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling involves sequential activation of dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) and type-1 ryanodine receptors (RyR1) to produce depolarization-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release via “orthograde” signaling. Another form of DHPRs-RyR1 communication is “retrograde” signaling, in which RyRs modulate the gating of DHPR. Domain peptide 4 (DP4), a peptide corresponding to residues Leu2442-Pro2477 of RyR1, interferes with inter-domain interactions within RyR1 that normally stabilize the closed state of the RyR1 channel. DP4 has been shown to potentiate force in response to submaximal depolarization by ionic substitution and caffeine-induced Ca2+ release in peeled muscle fibers. In sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, DP4 directly potentiates RyR1 opening as shown by increased ryanodine binding and sensitization of Ca2+ release. Here we explore possible effects of DP4 on excitation-contraction coupling in whole-cell voltage clamped adult FDB skeletal muscle fibers. Depolarization-induced fluo-4 fluorescence transients (F/F0) became detectable at smaller depolarizations, and were increased at larger depolarizations in fibers dialyzed with DP4 compared to those without DP4 in the patch pipette, as were the Ca2+ transients and Ca2+ release calculated from F/F0. The amplitude of peak Ca2+ release (R) depended on voltage according to a two-state Boltzmann function. DP4 increased the amplitude of maximum release rate (Rmax) by ca 54% when compared to control fibers. DP4 also induced a negative 5 mV shift in the potential at which R = 0.5 of Rmax and an augmentation of macroscopic DHPR Ca2+ current density at all voltages tested. Thus, DP4 potentiates both depolarization-dependent Ca2+ release via RyR1 and Ca2+ influx via DHPR, the later possibly mediated by retrograde signaling between the RyR1 and DHPR Ca2+ channels in adult mammalian muscle fibers. Supported by NIH-NIAMS Grants R01-AR055099 and T32-AR007592.
Coordination Chemistry of Silver(I) with the Nitrogen-Bridged Ligands (C6H5)2PN(H)P(C6H5)2 and (C6H5)2PN(CH3)P(C6H5)2: The Effect of Alkylating the Nitrogen Bridge on Ligand Bridging versus Chelating Behavior

The coordination chemistry of silver(I) with the nitrogen-bridged ligands (C6H5)2PN(R)P(C6H5)2 [R = H (dppa); R = CH3 (dppma)] has been investigated by 31P NMR and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS). Species observed by 31P NMR include Ag2(μ-dppa)2+, Ag2(μ-dppa)22+, Ag2(μ-dppa)32+, Ag2(μ-dppma)2+, Ag2(μ-dppma)22+, and Ag(η2-dppma)2+. Species observed by ESMS at low cone voltages were Ag2(dppa)22+, Ag2(dppa)32+, Ag2(dppma)22+, and Ag(dppma)2+. (C6H5)2PN(CH3)P(C6H5)2 showed a strong tendency to chelate, while (C6H5)2PN(H)P(C6H5)2 preferred to bridge. Differences in the bridging versus chelating behavior of the ligands are assigned to the Thorpe−Ingold effect, where the methyl group on nitrogen sterically interacts with the phenyl groups on phosphorus. The crystal structure of the three-coordinate dinuclear silver(I) complex {Ag2[(C6H5)2PN(H)P(C6H5)2]3}(BF4)2 has been determined. Bond distances include Ag−Ag = 2.812(1) A, Ag(1)−P(av) = 2.492(3) A, and Ag(2)−P(av) = 2.509(3) A. The compound crystallizes in...
SYSTEMS FOR CENTRALIZED PREPACKAGING OF PORK LOIN CHOPS

Effects of crust-freezing of wholesale loins, mechanical cleaving, freezing-frozen storage of prepackaged chops, and simulated transportation conditions on appearance of pork loin chops during retail display were determined. Surface discoloration was increased and overall appearance was decreased by crust-freezing prior to mechanical cleaving and by freezing-frozen storage (−34°C for 10 days) of prepackaged chops. At retail display intervals of 1 and 3 days, chops which had been crust-frozen with liquid nitrogen, cut with a power cleaver, packaged, frozen, transported and displayed were most extensively discolored and had the lowest overall appearance scores. The most satisfactory system for cutting and distribution of pork loin chops, to minimize surface discoloration and to maximize overall appearance scores, consisted of bandsaw cutting of fresh (not crust-frozen) loins and retail packaging followed by either immediate display or by simulated transportation and subsequent display. Freezing-frozen storage of prepackaged chops, in an attempt to prolong storage-life temporarily, was not feasible. Expected retail caselife was not affected by crust-freezing, mechanical cleaving or simulated transportation conditions to the extent that was associated with freezing-frozen storage of prepackaged chops.
The Past and Future of Feminist Communication Scholarship in WSIC

When I first considered stepping into the role of editor at Women's Studies in Communication in 2013, I found myself critically reflecting on the title of the journal. As a scholar who engages topi...
Ovarian Hormones and Borderline Personality Disorder Features: Preliminary Evidence for Interactive Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone

Cyclical fluctuations in the ovarian hormones 17β-estradiol (E2; estrogen) and progesterone (P4) predict emotions, cognitive processes, and behaviors relevant to Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD); however, there are individual differences in sensitivity to normal hormone shifts. This study examined associations of naturally occurring hormonal changes with concurrent BPD feature expression. Forty women sampled for a flat distribution of the PAI-BOR (n=10 where T 70) provided four weekly saliva samples and psychological assessments. Across most outcomes (e.g., BPD features, felt rejection, anger rumination, negative urgency) P4 deviation (from one's person mean) moderated the effect of current E2 deviation (from one's person mean) among women high (+1 SD) in trait BPD features such that E2 deviation was negatively associated with symptoms only when P4 was higher-than-usual. Cyclical hormone changes (e.g., higher P4 in the luteal phase; E2 fluctuations at ovulation and in the luteal phase) may impact BPD feature expression among at-risk women.
Aging and adrenal delta 5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in female rats.

SummaryAdrenal Δ5-3 β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity and protein content were determined in rats 1 to 24 months of age. Activity of the enzyme per milligram of protein declined between 6 and 12 months of age and remained low. Total gland activity was maximal at 4 months of age but declined to a level in 18-24-month-old rats that compared with the 2-month-old animal despite a marked increase in body weight.
Quantitative densitometry of neurotransmitter receptors

An autoradiographic procedure is described that allows the quantitative measurement of neurotransmitter receptors by optical density readings. This procedure is a modification of the method of Young and Kuhar (1979a). Frozen brain sections are labeled in vitro with [3H]ligands under conditions that maximize specific binding to neurotransmitter receptors. The labeled sections are then placed against the 3H-sensitive LKB Ultrofilm to produce the autoradiograms. These autoradiograms resemble those produced by [14C]deoxyglucose autoradiography (Sokoloff, 1977) and are suitable for quantitative analysis with a densitometer. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat and zebra finch brain and 5-HT receptors in rat brain were visualized by this method. When the proper combination of ligand concentration and exposure time are used, the method provides quantitative information about the amount and affinity of neurotransmitter receptors in brain sections. This was established by comparison of densitometric readings with parallel measurements made by scintillation counting of sections.
Evaluation of a Multichannel Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer Modified to Minimize and Correct Scattered Light Effects

In a study of an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, data from an early commercially available instrument are compared with data from the same instrument after modifications to correct observed inadequacies. Results show negligible changes in powers of detection but considerable reductions in scattered light interferences following the installation of a holographic grating.
Effects of exercise on emerging and traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Abstract Background. Common cardiovascular disease risk factors (e.g., insulin and aerobic fitness) are improved with exercise; however, few studies have addressed the potential for training to modify emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors such as homocysteine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Methods. Sedentary adults (n = 324, 48.9 ± 8.4 years) were randomized to four groups differing in training intensity (moderate = 45–55% or high = 65–75% of heart rate reserve) and frequency (low = 3–4, 30-min sessions/week or high = 5–7, 30 min-sessions/week). Results. Within-group changes in homocysteine, insulin, and aerobic fitness were significant (all P Conclusion. Although frequent bouts of higher intensity exercise were particularly effective in reducing fasting insulin and improving fitness, they resulted in slightly increased homocysteine levels.
STUDIES ON THE FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI : I. THE SPECIFIC ANTIGENS OF SHIGELLA PARADYSENTERIAE (FLEXNER)

1. Methods for the isolation of the specific antigens of Types V, W, Z, and Newcastle Shigella paradysenteriae are given. 2. The physical, chemical, toxic, and immunological properties of these substances are described.
A Digital Archive of H I 21 Centimeter Line Spectra of Optically Targeted Galaxies

We present a homogeneous compilation of H I spectral parameters extracted from global 21 cm line spectra for some 9000 galaxies in the local universe (heliocentric velocity -200 < V☉ < 28,000 km s-1) obtained with a variety of large single-dish radio telescopes but reanalyzed using a single set of parameter extraction algorithms. Corrections to the observed H I line flux for source extent and pointing offsets and to the H I line widths for instrumental broadening and smoothing are applied according to model estimates to produce a homogenous catalog of derived properties with quantitative error estimates. Where the redshift is available from optical studies, we also provide flux measurements for an additional 156 galaxies classified as marginal H I detections and rms noise limits for 494 galaxies classified as nondetections. Given the diverse nature of the observing programs contributing to it, the characteristics of the combined data set are heterogeneous, and as such, the compilation is neither integrated H I line flux nor peak flux limited. However, because of the large statistical base and homogenous reprocessing, the spectra and spectral parameters of galaxies in this optically targeted sample can be used to complement data obtained at other wavelengths to characterize the properties of galaxies in the local universe and to explore the large-scale structures in which they reside.
Demand estimates for new general aviation aircraft: A user-cost approach

(1988). Demand estimates for new general aviation aircraft: A user-cost approach. Applied Economics: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 315-324.