cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Form-making Algorithm

Under the assumption that design is a hypothetical test of building, this paper introduces a method of employing architectural knowledge through direct manipulation of geometric objects. Proposing a framework for retrieving and analysing not only what is modelled but also how it is designed, this paper demonstrates that designing can be viewed as an object of research. The paper also discusses the issues pertaining to the implementation of the aforementioned framework.
The Impact of Blended Learning on Community of Inquiry and Perceived Learning among High School Learners Enrolled in a Public Charter School.

This study examined how blended learning impacts high school learners’ community of inquiry (CoI) and perceived learning in comparison to online instruction. Archival data collected from a public c...
A Particle-, Momentum-, and Energy-Conserving Fluid Transport Theory for the Tokamak Plasma Edge

AbstractA particle-, momentum-, and energy-conserving, flux surface–averaged fluid theory for the radial particle and energy fluxes and the radial distributions of pressure, density, rotation velocities, and temperatures in the edge plasma that has been derived from fundamental fluid conservation (particle, momentum, energy) relations is summarized. Kinetic corrections arising from ion orbit loss are incorporated into the fluid equations, which are integrated to determine the dependence of the observed edge pedestal profile structure on fueling, heating, electromagnetic, and thermodynamic forces. Solution procedures for the fluid plasma and associated neutral transport equations are discussed.
Coping Behaviors Mediate Associations between Occupational Factors and Compassion Satisfaction among the Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Assault Workforce

The intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual assault (SA) workforce faces significant occupational stressors yet little is known about positive occupational outcomes associated with this work. Therefore, this study analyzed factors associated with compassion satisfaction among the IPV/SA workforce in one southwestern U.S. state (n = 623). Drawing from the Resilience Portfolio Model (Grych et al. 2015), researchers examined the possible role of coping behaviors in mediating associations between compassion satisfaction and workplace resources / assets, perceived job security, and resilience. Analyses revealed partial mediation in the models that included workload, values, and resilience as independent variables, suggesting that these factors both influence workers’ coping behaviors and have an independent association with compassion satisfaction. Models investigating control, rewards, community, fairness, and perceived job security indicated significant total effects of the independent variables on compassion satisfaction. Overall, IPV/SA workers who engaged more frequently in a range of coping behaviors reported higher levels of compassion satisfaction. The findings point to implications for organizational and employee practice, including building in worktime for key individual coping behaviors, balancing workloads among staff members, and enhancing organizational level coping strategies, such as team supervision and team care planning.
The addition of allylboronates to alpha-oxocarboxylic acids

Abstract Allylboronates react with alpha-oxocarboxylic acids to yield tertiary homoallylic alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acids in a highly chemoselective manner. The reaction presumably proceeds via a bicyclic transition state. The alpha-carboxylic substituent enhances the rate of the reaction.
Kinematics of vortex ring generated by a drop upon impacting a liquid pool

We herein report an experimental study on the morphological evolution of a vortex ring formed inside a liquid pool after it is impacted and penetrated by a coalescing drop of the same liquid. The dynamics of the penetrating vortex ring along with the deformation of the pool surface has been captured using simultaneous high-speed laser induced fluorescence and shadowgraph techniques. It is identified that the motion of such a vortex ring can be divided into three stages, during which inertial, capillary and viscous effects alternatingly play dominant roles to modulate the penetration process, resulting in linear, non-monotonic and decelerating motion in these three stages respectively. Furthermore, we also evaluate the relevant time and length scales of these three stages and subsequently propose a unified description of the downward motion of the penetrating vortex ring. Finally, we use the experimental data for a range of drop diameters and impact speeds to validate the proposed scaling.
Reactivity of NO2 with Porous and Conductive Copper Azobispyridine Metallopolymers.

We report the reactivity of copper azobispyridine (abpy) metallopolymers with nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The porous and conductive [Cu(abpy)]n mixed-valence metallopolymers undergo a redox reaction with NO2, resulting in the disproportionation of NO2 gas. Solid- and gas-phase vibrational spectroscopy and X-ray analysis of the reaction products of the NO2-dosed metallopolymer show evidence of nitrate ions and nitric oxide gas. Exposure to NO2 results in complete loss of porosity and a decrease in the room-temperature conductivity of the metallopolymer by four orders of magnitude with the loss of mixed-valence character. Notably, the porous and conductive [Cu(abpy)]n metallopolymers can be reformed by reducing the Cu-nitrate species.
Hopscotch into Coding: Introducing Pre-Service Teachers Computational Thinking

Researchers and educators have advocated computational thinking (CT) should be integrated into K-12 settings as early as elementary schools. However, there has been a lack of knowledge of how pre-service K-8 teachers would be engaged in the learning of CT and its integration in different subject areas. In this study, we taught a flipped learning module in an undergraduate Educational Technology course. Pre-service teachers learned and practiced CT knowledge and skills using a block programming app called Hopscotch. Results of this first iteration of design-based research showed that the orchestration of the technology and instructional methods, such as team-based learning, flipped classroom, and pair programming, supported students’ transformative learning experience. It improved their understanding and application of CT concepts. Meanwhile, the mixed-method analysis found some instructional issues that needed to be addressed in future iterations. Suggestions were provided at the end of the paper.
Improving Access to Design Information of Paper-Based Floor Plans Using Augmented Reality

Despite the advancement of technologies and tools used to design and display building elements in construction, design communication on construction sites still heavily relies on 2-dimensional draw...
Maternal Sense of Control During Childbirth and Infant Feeding Method.

OBJECTIVE To estimate whether maternal sense of control in labor is associated with breastfeeding at 4-8 weeks postpartum. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from a multicenter randomized controlled trial of elective induction of labor at 39 weeks of gestation in low-risk nulliparous women. In this trial, women completed the Labor Agentry Scale, a validated measure of women's feelings of control over the childbirth process, 6-96 hours after delivery. The Labor Agentry Scale score, which is higher with more perceived control during childbirth, was analyzed both as a continuous and a categorical variable (quintiles). Self-reported breastfeeding at 4-8 weeks postpartum was categorized as exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding and formula feeding, or exclusive formula feeding. Women were included in this analysis if they labored, filled out a Labor Agentry Scale questionnaire, had a neonate who survived until the postpartum visit, and provided information on infant feeding. Multinomial logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS Of 5,185 women, 32.9% (n=1,705) were exclusively breastfeeding, 31.2% (n=1,620) were breastfeeding and formula feeding, and 35.9% (n=1,860) were exclusively formula feeding 4-8 weeks after delivery. Overall Labor Agentry Scale score ranged from 34 to 203 (median 167, interquartile range 145-182). The median Labor Agentry Scale score was 169 (interquartile range 151-183) for women exclusively breastfeeding, 166 (interquartile range 142-182) for women who were breastfeeding and formula feeding, and 164 (interquartile range 142-181) for women who were only formula feeding (P<.001). In the unadjusted multinomial model, women with Labor Agentry Scale scores in the lowest two quintiles (ie, those with lower perceived control during childbirth) were less likely to be exclusively breastfeeding (as compared with those exclusively formula feeding) than women in the highest Labor Agentry Scale quintile. When controlling for confounders, however, this association was no longer significant. CONCLUSION After adjustment for confounders, perceived control during childbirth was not associated with breastfeeding at 4-8 weeks postpartum among nulliparous women. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01990612.
Temporal Patterns of Membrane Potential in the Olfactory Bulb Observed with Intracellular Recording and Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging: Early Hyperpolarization

Adrian’s (1951, 1956) early work was instrumental in suggesting that changes in the time course of spikes and membrane potentials (temporal patterning) and differences in the degree of activation across cells (spatial patterning) could play roles in encoding characteristics of odorous stimuli. In light of the relatively broad-spectrum responses observed at receptor (Getchell and Shepherd, 1978a,b; Revial et al., 1982, 1983) and olfactory bulb (Kauer, 1974; Meredith and Moulton, 1978; Mair, 1982) levels, it continues to be generally believed that many neurons at each stage in the olfactory pathway are activated by odor stimulation and it is, therefore, this aggregate activity that carries the neural representation of the quality and intensity of the stimulus.
A Control-Oriented Model for Bead Cross-Sectional Geometry in Fused Deposition Modeling

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a digital manufacturing technology that manufactures a 3D object in a bottom-up and layer-by-layer fashion. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), also known as desktop 3D printing, is one of the most commonly used AM technologies with numerous applications in academia and industry. Some of the greatest challenges with FDM include poor repeatability and reliability of the process, leading to mid-process failures or out-of-spec final products. Closed-loop control applications for FDM have been proposed as a means of mitigating mid-process failures. However, no models currently exist to enable control of the bead cross-sectional dimensions for the extruded material. This work presents a control-oriented model describing the effect of process parameters on cross-sectional dimensions of the deposited beads in FDM. A geometric model is presented and a procedure to evaluate the unknown machine and material specific parameters in the model is provided by leveraging design of experiments. The proposed model is experimentally validated and the accuracy of the results is presented. The results show that the proposed model accurately represents the bead cross-sectional geometry and is suitable for closed-loop control applications.
Inter-professional Care: Integration with Exercise Physiologists

The US healthcare system has evolved and now assigns greater value to early and sustainable lifestyle and behavioral changes that are associated with better health for the individual and society as a whole. Strategies are being employed to change healthcare systems to focus on primary prevention – a philosophy that is not only cost-effective but also, more importantly, decreases the burden of disease, increases the quality of life, and saves lives (Benjamin, Public Health Rep 126:774–776, 2011). This paradigm shift, from an overwhelming dependence on tertiary prevention that essentially waits for disease to become symptomatic to primordial, primary, and secondary prevention that is oriented to averting disease development and progression, has fomented a culture of interdisciplinary collaboration and patient care. To support this trajectory and fruition of healthcare, the discipline of exercise science figures as an essential and fundamental component in comprehensive care and lifestyle medicine.
A Comment on Surgical Eigenstructure Assignment via State Feedback.

Assignability of all eigenvalues and a subset of key eigenvectors/generalized eigenvectors of a linear time-invariant system via state feedback is considered. We clarify that, if the key eigenvectors/generalized eigenvectors and their associated eigenvalues satisfy the classical conditions for full eigenstructure assignment, the remaining eigenvalues can be assigned at will.
Hybrid Smart Converter Transformer for Enhanced HVDC Reliability and Reduced Complexity

The HVDC transmission is typically utilized for connecting long distance or asynchronous AC networks. The two most common HVDC technologies are voltage source converter HVDC (VSC-HVDC) and line commutated converter HVDC (LCC-HVDC). Although VSC-HVDC has enhanced control features along with non-dependence upon synchronous machines for commutation, it suffers from higher cost and higher losses due to the involvement of high-speed switching, requires sophisticated gate driver circuitry, has a weak overload capability and suffers from lower reliability due to higher component count. This paper focuses on the highly mature LCC-HVDC technology and aims at enhancing its reliability along with reduced control complexity by proposing a novel transformerless power electronics-based module integrated between the neutral and ground of HVDC inverter-side transformer. The module introduces a variety of smart features in conventional converter transformer, such as, harmonics isolation, voltage regulation, voltage and impedance balancing. This enhances LCC-HVDC robustness against commutation failure, reduces DC power recovery time and control complexity while protects it against certain natural and man-made disturbances, such as, solar storms and high-altitude nuclear detonations. The proposed approach is evaluated in PSCAD/EMTDC for the CIGRE HVDC benchmark model that highlights its promising performance.
ANOCE: Analysis of Causal Effects with Multiple Mediators via Constrained Structural Learning

In the era of causal revolution, identifying the causal effect of an exposure on the outcome of interest is an important problem in many areas, such as epidemics, medicine, genetics, and economics. Under a general causal graph, the exposure may have a direct effect on the outcome and also an indirect effect regulated by a set of mediators. An analysis of causal effects that interprets the causal mechanism contributed through mediators is hence challenging but on demand. To the best of our knowledge, there are no feasible algorithms that give an exact decomposition of the indirect effect on the level of individual mediators, due to common interaction among mediators in the complex graph. In this paper, we establish a new statistical framework to comprehensively characterize causal effects with multiple mediators, namely, ANalysis Of Causal Effects (ANOCE), with a newly introduced definition of the mediator effect, under the linear structure equation model. We further propose a constrained causal structure learning method by incorporating a novel identification constraint that specifies the temporal causal relationship of variables. The proposed algorithm is applied to investigate the causal effects of 2020 Hubei lockdowns on reducing the spread of the coronavirus in Chinese major cities out of Hubei.
SHORTENING TIME FOR ALCOHOL ACCESS DRIVES UP FRONT-LOADING BEHAVIOR, BRINGING CONSUMPTION IN MALE RATS TO THE LEVEL OF FEMALES

Alcohol can have more detrimental effects on mental health in women, even when intake is comparable or higher in men. This may relate to a differential pattern of drinking, e.g., how rapidly alcohol is consumed. We used operant procedures to gain insight into sex differences in the drinking dynamics of rats. Adult male and female Wistar rats underwent operant training to promote voluntary drinking of 10% (w/v) alcohol (8 rats/sex). We tested how drinking patterns changed after manipulating the effort required for alcohol (fixed ratio, FR), as well as the length of time in which animals had access to alcohol (self-administration session length). Rats were tested twice within the 12 hours of the dark cycle, at 2 hours (early sessions) and 10 hours into the dark cycle (late sessions). As expected, adult females consumed significantly more alcohol than males in the 30-minute sessions with the FR1 paradigm. Alcohol consumption within females was higher in the late sessions compared to early sessions, whereas this difference was not found within males. Front-loading of alcohol (heavier drinking in the first five minutes of the session) was the primary factor underlying higher consumption in females, and this sex difference was accentuated in the late sessions. Increasing the effort required from FR1 to FR3 reduced alcohol drinking in both sexes. Front-loading behavior remained in females in both early and late sessions, whereas males exhibited minimal front-loading behavior only in the early sessions. Compressing drinking access to 15-minutes drove up front-loading behavior, producing total alcohol intake levels that were comparable in both sexes. This strategy could be useful for exploring sex differences in the effect of voluntary alcohol drinking on the brain. Our findings also highlight the importance of the time of testing for detecting sex differences in drinking behavior.
Non-Functioning Pituitary Microadenomas, Should Imaging Interval be Extended? A Large Single-Center Cohort Study.

Context Characterization of the clinical features and natural history of non-functioning pituitary microadenomas (NFPmA) is limited by heterogenous and small-scale studies. Objective To characterize the clinical presentation and natural history of NFPmA and evaluate if imaging follow-up interval can be extended. Methods Retrospective single-center cohort study (years 2006-2021) of conservatively managed patients with NFPmA. Initial symptoms, pituitary function, and tumor size were assessed. A change in NFPmA size ≥ 2mm, as determined by pituitary or brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was considered significant. Results There were 347 patients in the study cohort. Headache (78.4%) and fatigue (70.0%) were commonly reported despite no evidence of mass effect or significant pituitary hypofunction. Pituitary deficiencies at baseline were rare, with hypogonadism being most common (5.1%). During a median imaging follow-up period of 29 months (range 3-154), 8.1% of NFPmA grew. Growth incidence was 2.1 per 100 person-years with a mean and median time to growth of 38.1(SD± 36.4) and 24.5 (IQR12.0-70.8) months, respectively. Tumor growth was mild and not associated with new pituitary deficiencies or visual deficits. Conclusions These data indicate that the natural history of NFPmA is overall benign. Consequently, we propose that the initial MRI follow-up timeline for NFPmA can be extended up to 3 years unless a lesion is close to the optic chiasm, there are worrisome mass effect symptoms, or new pituitary deficiencies.
Yes, CAPM Is Dead

This paper proves CAPM, as derived by Sharpe, Lintner, and Mossin, faces either a serious problem of endogeneity or of circularity, or both. CAPM thus cannot serve the purposes originally intended for it. The expectation of an unconditional random variable is a constant parameter as set by the density function and should not be affected by other factors. However, CAPM asserts the expected excess rate of return on an asset depends on its beta, which in turn depends on the covariance between the asset’s return and the market portfolio’s rate of return. In effect, the expected rate of return for an asset must be assumed or known to form the covariance matrix necessary for CAPM. It follows that beta depends on the expected rate of return for an asset, not vice versa, exactly opposite of the presumed relationship. This paper also addresses the validity of the market index model used in empirical studies.
Thermomechanical fatigue behavior of SiC/Ti-24Al-11Nb in air and argon environments

A series of tension-tension, load-controlled thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tests were conducted on a titanium aluminide composite in both laboratory air and a flowing argon environment. Results from these tests show that the environment plays an increasingly important role as applied stress levels are decreased. Differences in damage mechanisms between the two environments were observed which corresponds to observed variations in TMF lives.
Grazing, Grimaud, and Gifford Pinchot: How the Forest Service Overcame the Classical Nondelegation Doctrine to Establish Administrative Crimes

This article recovers the structure the classical nondelegation doctrine and reconstructs the role that doctrine and other historical circumstances played in the establishment of administrative crimes in United States v. Grimaud in 1911, but its primary focus is exploring what that episode reveals about the process of legal change. It rejects deterministic claims that the nondelegation doctrine has always responded in a simple way to practical concerns. Such an approach cannot effectively explain how difficult it was for the government to win judicial approval of administrative crimes. The course of that decade long campaign is better explained by recognizing how the establishment of administrative crimes was affected by the interaction of the classical nondelegation doctrine with other legal, political, and practical circumstances. Among the most important of those circumstances were the Supreme Court's 1812 decision in United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, the government's limited ability to appeal criminal decisions, the challenges of policing millions of acres of isolated public lands, and the successful efforts of Gifford Pinchot, the nation's first Forester, to build a zealous and talented legal department at the US Forest Service. The paper thus advances an understanding of doctrinal change that emphasizes the interaction of structural constraints – including legal doctrine itself - with more contingent factors, like timing and individual decisions.
Money and corporate profits in a developing country: Theory and evidence

Abstract This paper investigates the money supply/corporate profits relationship in a developing country, India. The empirical results show a positive relationship between money and profits, which in turn suggests a substantial wage lag in the corporate sector. A comparison of the money supply/ corporate profits relationship in India and the United States indicates that the link is stronger and the wage lag is longer in India. It is argued that the wage lag is longer in India because of fragmented labor markets, a less streamlined information dissemination process, and a higher rate of unemployment.
Biological function of metallothionein. I. Synthesis and degradation of rat liver metallothionein.

Abstract The synthesis and degradation of rat liver metallothionein (MT) were investigated using 14C-cystine as precursor, Cd to stimulate the synthesis of this protein, and Sephadex G-75 chromatography as an isolation method. Incorporation of 14C-cystine into MT was normally low, but was greatly stimulated by s.c. Cd injection which also caused a temporary, but great, accumulation of Zn in MT fraction. A biological half-life of 4.2 days was found for liver MT. A second dose of Cd given after ip 14C-cystine injection prolonged only slightly the half-life (4.9 days). While Cd in the MT fraction remained at a constant level, Zn disappeared from this fraction at a rate similar to that of 14C-labeled MT, indicating the involvement of MT in Zn metabolism. This was further indicated by the stimulatory effect of s.c. Zn injection on the incorporation of 14C-cystine into MT. This stimulatory effect was also shared by s.c. injection of Cu and Hg. Further purification of MT fraction obtained by Sephadex G-75 chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column revealed two MT peaks which contained more than 90% of the 14C, Cd and Zn put on the column, and high sulfhydryl groups ( 13.9 and 14.0-SH 10,000 MW , respectively). This verified that 14C-cystine was indeed incorporated into MT and that Sephadex G-75 chromatography was an adequate separation technique for isolation of MT for the present study.
Link-bandwidth calculation for QoS routing in wireless ad-hoc networks using directional communications

In this paper, we first present a link-bandwidth calculation algorithm that wireless nodes equipped with directional antennas can use to determine the available link bandwidth to any of their neighbors. We then use the link-bandwidth calculation algorithm to propose an end-to-end flow QoS routing scheme for static wireless ad-hoc networks using directional antennas. The proposed routing scheme is an extension of the ad-hoc on-demand distant vector (AODV) routing scheme to include QoS capabilities via the use of the proposed link-bandwidth calculation mechanism.
Experimental evidence for 60 Hz magnetic fields operating through the signal transduction cascade: Effects on calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA induction

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that early alterations in calcium influx induced by an imposed 60 Hz magnetic field are propagated down the signal transduction (ST) cascade to alter c-MYC mRNA induction. To test this we measured both ST parameters in the same cells following 60 Hz magnetic field exposures in a specialized annular ring device (220 G (22 mT), 1.7 mV cm maximal Einduced, 37°C, 60 min). Ca2+ influx is a very early ST marker that precedes the specific induction of mRNA transcripts for the proto-oncogene c-MYC, an immediate early response gene. In three experiments influx of 45Ca2+ in the absence of mitogen was similar to that in cells treated with suboptimal levels of Con-A (1 μg ml ). However, calcium influx was elevated 1.5-fold when lymphocytes were exposed to Con-A plus magnetic fields; this co-stimulatory effect is consistent with previous reports from our laboratory [FEBS Lett. 301 (1992) 53-59; FEBS Lett. 271 (1990) 157-160; Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 649 (1992) 74-95]. The level of c-MYC mRNA transcript copies in non-activated cells and in suboptimally-activated cells was also similar, which is consistent with the above calcium influx findings. Significantly, lymphocytes exposed to the combination of magnetic fields plus suboptimal Con-A responded with an approximate 3.0-fold increase in band intensity of c-MYC mRNA transcripts. Importantly, transcripts for the housekeeping gene GAPDH were not influenced by mitogen or magnetic fields. We also observed that lymphocytes that failed to exhibit increased calcium influx in response to magnetic fields plus Con-A, also failed to exhibit an increase in total copies of c-MYC mRNA. Thus, calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA expression, which are sequentially linked via the signal transduction cascade in contrast to GAPDH, were both increased by magnetic fields. These findings support the above ST hypothesis and provide experimental evidence for a general biological framework for understanding magnetic field interactions with the cell through signal transduction. In addition, these findings indicate that magnetic fields can act as a co-stimulus at suboptimal levels of mitogen; pronounced physiological changes in lymphocytes such as calcium influx and c-MYC mRNA induction were not triggered by a weak mitogenic signal unless accompanied by a magnetic field. Magnetic fields, thus, have the ability to potentiate or amplify cell signaling.
Lithium-doping inverts the nanoscale electric field at the grain boundaries in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 and increases photovoltaic efficiency

Passive grain boundaries (GBs) are essential for polycrystalline solar cells to reach high efficiency. However, the GBs in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 have less favorable defect chemistry compared to CuInGaSe2. Here, using scanning probe microscopy we show that lithium doping of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 changes the polarity of the electric field at the GB such that minority carrier electrons are repelled from the GB. Solar cells with lithium-doping show improved performance and yield a new efficiency record of 11.8% for hydrazine-free solution-processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4. We propose that lithium competes for copper vacancies (forming benign isoelectronic LiCu defects) decreasing the concentration of ZnCu donors and competes for zinc vacancies (forming a LiZn acceptor that is likely shallower than CuZn). Both phenomena may explain the order of magnitude increase in conductivity. Further, the effects of lithium doping reported here establish that extrinsic species are able to alter the nanoscale electric fields near the GBs in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4. This will be essential for this low-cost Earth abundant element semiconductor to achieve efficiencies that compete with CuInGaSe2 and CdTe.
Global Sourcing Strategy: An Evolution

Increased global sourcing of manufacturing and service activities from independent suppliers has been a prominent part of the restructuring of firms' supply chains since the late 1980s. Researchers and practitioners have largely supported the view that global sourcing is one of the key drivers of superior performance. However, the limitations of outsourcing, or, put differently, the advantages of vertical integration, also have to be considered. First, we discuss the need to balance sourcing levels. Second, we then discuss how global sourcing levels must achieve a strategic fit with the environment. Third, we synthesize these balance and fit perspectives to suggest how, over time, changes in the fit alter the required balance in global sourcing. From this synthesis, we develop a number of research questions related to important conceptual perspectives on sourcing for future investigation. For managers, we provide indications of how they can achieve a balance and a fit of their sourcing strategies. Keywords: global sourcing; outsourcing; insourcing; offshoring; onshoring; performance; interface; hollowing out
Nonlinear gliding stability and control for vehicles with hydrodynamic forcing

This paper presents Lyapunov functions for proving the stability of steady gliding motions for vehicles with hydrodynamic or aerodynamic forces and moments. Because of lifting forces and moments, system energy cannot be used as a Lyapunov function candidate. A Lyapunov function is constructed using a conservation law discovered by Lanchester in his classical work on phugoid-mode dynamics of an airplane. The phugoid-mode dynamics, which are cast here as Hamiltonian dynamics, correspond to the slow dynamics in a multi-time-scale model of a hydro/aerodynamically-forced vehicle in the longitudinal plane. Singular perturbation theory is used in the proof of stability of gliding motions. As an intermediate step, the simplifying assumptions of Lanchester are made rigorous. It is further shown how to design stabilizing control laws for gliding motions using the derived function as a control Lyapunov function and how to compute the corresponding regions of attraction.
Personal food systems of male college hockey players.

This study sought to improve the understanding of processes involved in food choice and dietary change by examining how members of a college men's ice hockey team experienced the multiple factors influencing their food choices. The study employed a theory-guided, grounded-theory approach, participant observation, and open-ended interviews with ten team members. Field notes and transcripts were analysed using the constant comparative method. Going to college and playing hockey involved adjusting to new food and athletic environments, increased personal responsibility for food choices, and new meanings for food and eating. Players viewed hockey, health, and taste as major determinants of their food practices. Hockey meant structured schedules, a social network, and performance expectations. Health meant "feeling good" for hockey, having a lean body composition, and a desirable body image. Low-fat foods were viewed generally as healthy, but as not providing taste satisfaction or reward. Players' food practices cycled through four phases over the year according to the changing meanings and importance of hockey, health, and taste. The findings advance the concept of personal food system to represent the way that a person constructs the options, barriers, trade-offs, rules, and routines in food choice in response to how s/he views his/her relationships with food and the environment.
Preliminary Study Of Triple Photon Coincidence Imaging Technique

Preliminary study of triple photon coincidence imaging technique (TPCIT) is presented for two imaging modes of angular unconstrained and constrained coincidence triple photons. The angular unconstrained triple photon coincidence mode reconstructs source distribution by small source volume fields (z 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0 cm 3), each of which is specified by the intersection of three hollow cones generated from a triple photon coincidene event. Each hollow cone represents a source probability field of a photon undergoing an electronic collimation of scattering-absorption process. The angular constrained triple photon coincidence mode determines two small source volume fields from each triple photon coincidence event. The two volume fields are specified by the intersections of a hollow cone generated by a photon and a solid cylinder generated by another two photons from a positron annihilation with 180 degrees constaint. A truncated spherical detector system for brain imaging studies is proposed for quantitative analysis on resolution, sensitivity, and signal to noise ratio. The nuclear isoto,Re of Hf ;12 for the angular unconstrained TPCIT and Cs lgi for the angular constrained TPCIT are among many other isotopes, used for quantitative calculation. A comparison of the proposed imaging system with customary SPECT and PET is reported.
A transducin-like gene maps to the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease gene region

A novel human gene (sazD) that maps to the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease region shares sequence similarity with members of the [beta]-transducin superfamily. The cDNA sazD-c predicts an [approximately]58-kDa protein (sazD) with seven internal repeats, similar to the WD-40 motif of the transducin family. The size of this protein family has been expanding rapidly; however, neither the structure nor the function of this repeated motif is known. Preliminary data do not suggest that sazD is mutated in patients with polycystic kidney disease. 13 refs., 2 figs.
Kölliker–Fuse neurons send collateral projections to multiple hypoxia-activated and nonactivated structures in rat brainstem and spinal cord

The Kolliker–Fuse nucleus (KFN) in dorsolateral pons has been implicated in many physiological functions via its extensive efferent connections. Here, we combine iontophoretic anterograde tracing with posthypoxia c-Fos immunohistology to map KFN axonal terminations among hypoxia-activated/nonactivated brain stem and spinal structures in rats. Using a set of stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria to align visualized axons across multiple coronal brain sections, we were able to unequivocally trace axonal trajectories over a long rostrocaudal distance perpendicular to the coronal plane. Structures that were both richly innervated by KFN axonal projections and immunopositive to c-Fos included KFN (contralateral side), ventrolateral pontine area, areas ventral to rostral compact/subcompact ambiguus nucleus, caudal (lateral) ambiguus nucleus, nucleus retroambiguus, and commissural–medial subdivisions of solitary tract nucleus. The intertrigeminal nucleus, facial and hypoglossal nuclei, retrotrapezoid nucleus, parafacial region and spinal cord segment 5 were also richly innervated by KFN axonal projections but were only weakly (or not) immunopositive to c-Fos. The most striking finding was that some descending axons from KFN sent out branches to innervate multiple (up to seven) pontomedullary target structures including facial nucleus, trigeminal sensory nucleus, and various parts of ambiguus nucleus and its surrounding areas. The extensive axonal fan-out from single KFN neurons to multiple brainstem and spinal cord structures("one-to-many relationship"’) provides anatomical evidence that KFN may coordinate diverse physiological functions including hypoxic and hypercapnic respiratory responses, respiratory pattern generation and motor output,diving reflex, modulation of upper airways patency,coughing and vomiting abdominal expiratory reflex, as well as cardiovascular regulation and cardiorespiratory coupling.
Drug effects on the repeated generalization of a visual discrimination acquired under one trial per day conditions.

Six pigeons were trained to respond under concurrent fixed-ratio extinction schedules of food reinforcement (FR 50) on the side keys of a three key chamber. Presence or absence of continuously-flashing, colored lights on the center key signalled which key pecking response (left or right) would be reinforced over the course of an entire experimental session; thus, the lights were analogous to a drug cue in drug-discrimination situations. In test (generalization) sessions of one FR in duration, the percentage of light on the center key was varied from 0 to 100%. During these sessions, saline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 0.04–0.20 mg/kg) and morphine (3.75 mg/kg) produced orderly, log-linear light generalization gradients, but only LSD shifted the gradient to the right (by approximately 50%). These results demonstrate the potential value of the method for assessing the effects of drugs on both exteroceptive (light) and interoceptive (drug) stimulus control. The method has the additional advantage that the effects of drugs on such control (i.e., on stimulus generalization) are relatively unaffected by corresponding effects on response control (e.g., rate of responding).
Membrane assembly driven by a biomimetic coupling reaction.

One of the major goals of synthetic biology is the development of non-natural cellular systems. In this work, we describe a catalytic biomimetic coupling reaction capable of driving the de novo self-assembly of phospholipid membranes. Our system features a coppercatalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition that results in the formation of a triazole-containing phospholipid analogue. Concomitant assembly of membranes occurs spontaneously, not requiring preexisting membranes to house catalysts or precursors. The substitution of efficient synthetic reactions for key biochemical processes may offer a general route toward synthetic biological systems.
On primitive analyticity domains for high-order wightman functions

Boundary surface’s are investigated for analyticity domains in scalar product space, without using local commutativity, for-those Wightman functions where the number of difference vector variables exceeds the spacetime dimension. Contrary to what might be naively expected it is shown that in (1+3) spacetime the leading-order hypersurface pieces of the boundaries for the 8-point and every higher-order function have 8-point structure with respect to natural stability properties under complex Lorentz transformations. These results are related to the question as to whether the extended tubes and primitive domains are natural domains of holomorphy.
Stable isotopic evidence for large-scale seawater infiltration in a regional metamorphic terrane; the Trois Seigneurs Massif, Pyrenees, France

Oxygen isotopic analyses of 95 metamorphic and igneous rocks and minerals from a Hercynian metamorphic sequence in the Trois Seigneurs Massif, Pyrenees, France, indicate that all lithologies at higher metamorphic grades than the “andalusite in” isograd have relatively homogeneous δ18O values. The extent of homogenization is shown by the similarity of δ18O values in metacarbonates, metapelites and granitic rocks (+11 to +13), and by the narrow range of oxygen isotopic composition shown by quartz from these lithologies. These values contrast with the δ18O values of metapelites of lower metamorphic grade (δ18O about +15). Homogenization was caused by a pervasive influx of hydrous fluid. Mass-balance calculations imply that the fluid influx was so large that its source was probably high-level groundwaters or connate formation water. Hydrogen isotopic analyses of muscovite from various lithologies are uniform and exceptionally heavy at δD=−25 to −30, suggesting a seawater origin. Many lines of petrological evidence from the area independently suggest that metamorphism and anatexis of pelitic metasediment occurred at depths of 6–12 km in the presence of this water-rich fluid, the composition of which was externally buffered. Deep penetration of surface waters in such environments has been hitherto unrecognized, and may be a key factor in promoting major anatexis of the continental crust at shallow depth. Three types of granitoid are exposed in the area. The leucogranites and the biotite granite-quartz diorite are both mainly derived from fusion of local Paleozoic pelitic metasediment, because all these rocks have similar whole-rock δ18O values (+11 to +13). The post-metamorphic biotite granodiorite has a distinctly different δ18O (+9.5 to +10.0) and was probably derived from a deeper level in the crust. Rare mafic xenoliths within the deeper parts of the biotite granite-quartz diorite also have different δ18O (+8.0 to +8.5) and possibly represent input of mantle derived magma, which may have provided a heat source for the metamorphism.
CamDroid: a system for implementing intelligent camera control

In this paper, a method of encapsulation camera tasks into well defined units called “camera modules” is described. Through this encapsulation, camera modules can be programmed and sequenced, and thus can be used as the underlying framework for controlling the virtual camera in the widely disparate types of graphical environments. Two examples of the camera framework are shown: an agent which can film a conversation between two virtual actors and a visual programming language for filming a virtual football game.
Cultural considerations in Cambodian childrearing

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to explore childrearing practices and beliefs of Cambodian refugees Cambodians, a culturally distinct group are increasing in number in the United States. They are in need of health care and childrearing advice but Cambodian childrearing practices and beliefs are not well documented. Method : A descriptive study was conducted to investigate Cambodian families' cultural childrearing practices and beliefs Participant-observation techniques were used and interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 28 Cambodians. Results : Three themes emerged: Buddhism is deeply embedded in Cambodian culture; the family is the basic, most important structure in the life and identity of a Cambodian; and life is set and ordered within a hierarchical structure. Childrearing practices are set up to leach and reinforce these beliefs. Discussion : Nurses offering advice regarding childrearing practices must respect the client's value system. Nurses must continue to ask and share cultural information while developing mutually acceptable guidelines for care.
Preanesthetic preparation of pediatric outpatients: the role of a videotape for parents.

Abstract Expanded outpatient surgery for pediatric patients makes it difficult to provide an unhurried and thorough preoperative visit. A useful component could be a videotape to be seen by parents at the time of their initial hospital visit. For this study, a videotape was made that included an actual induction of anesthesia procedure, information about pediatric: anesthesia, and a discussion of the risks of injury or death during anesthesia. To decrease anxiety ,from discussion of risk, monitoring equipment was shown and explained. This survey investigated whether, after seeing the tape, the parents of children scheduled, for outpatient surgery thought they were better informed and less anxious about the child's anesthetic. During a preoperative clinic visit, an interviewer introduced the tape and its purpose to 31 parents of 25 children, then asked a series of standard questions. When asked directly, most parents (74%) said the film did not change their concerns about the anesthetic, although 42 % o f the parents of the children with no surgical history reported decreased concern. In contrast, 84% to 97% of the parents considered seven specific aspects o f the film. to be helpful in reducing concern. Halt were reminded of issues to be discussed with the child's anesthesiologist. Most parents (65%) appeared to accept discussion of the risk of preooperative death, although some had strongly negative reactions. The results suggest that a supportive preoperative tape can acquaint parents with the basis for anesthesiologists' concerns and facilitate the preoperative visit. Seeing an actual anesthetic may help to reassure parents about the anesthetic care their children will receive. Further investigation is required concerning the effectiveness of intervention strategies directed toward parents in changing the affect and behavior of children in stressful situations. Development of techniques to identify patient subgroups for which specific interventions are optimally effective also would be useful.
Biased magnetic quadrupole spectrometer for high-resolution charged-particle mass identification

Abstract A charged-particle energy-mass identification system is described which uses an offset, slightly rotated, magnetic quadrupole doublet in conjunction with a single lithium-drifted silicon detector. Perfect particle identification is achieved while maintaining the high resolution of the single charged-particle detector. The versatility, low cost, and ease of use of this device make it a very attractive tool for precision nuclear-reaction studies.
3 to 15 keV Ar+ induced Auger electron emission from Si and Ar

Ar+ induced Auger electrons from Si and Ar were investigated at bombardment energies between 3–15 keV and target currents of a few μA. The Auger electron yields were compared with secondary ion yields of Si and Ar by simultaneous SIMS-AES measurements. In the ion induced Auger spectra of Si five Auger peaks and in the Ar spectra three Auger peaks were observed. The ion induced Auger electron yield of Si and Ar were found to be strongly dependent upon the primary ion energy. “Bulk like” and “atomic like” Auger transitions of ion induced Auger electrons of Si were observed.