cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Theories of Group Processes

Theories of group processes have been and are being applied usefully to natural situations. We review a selection of these theories and examine different types of applications and interventions to which they have led. We then offer a typology of application, five “stages” with examples. As theoretical application proceeds, issues of complexity, rules of correspondence, and competing social interests increase the difficulty of that work, yet the benefits are considerable for theoretical development.
AN EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION OF BEHAVIORAL DISSENT

Summary.-Subjects in an experiment were given an offensive and highly personal questionnaire which was designed to provoke dissent, defined operationally as leaving the experiment prior to its conclusion. The observed dissent of a companion, strength of the tole demands of the experiment, and use of normative invocations were orthogonally manipulated. Results showed that no dissent occurred unless the companion dissented. Under these conditions, dissent was greatest in the weak role demands-no normative invocation condition and the strong role demands-normative invocation condition. Although dissent has received much popular attention in recent years, there has been little experimental data to support any psychological explanation of the phenomenon. Existing research examining dissent has focused primarily upon situations in which there are legitimate channels, sanctioned by the experimenter, for dissent to occur (Michener & Lawler, 1971; Ross, Thibaut, & Evenbeck, 1971). In the present experiment, a somewhat different form of dissent, in which the individual is in a noxious situation with high normative connotations for acceptance, and without an available normatively sanctioned escape or retaliatory response mechanism, is examined. Dissent in this case is thought to occur when an individual makes a response which is not within the legitimate prerogatives residing in a position. Dissent is considered conceptually as a distinct subset of noncompliance. Dissent refers only to responses which are of a type not normatively sanctioned within a particular situation, while noncompliance refers to both legitimate and nonlegitimate types of responses. The present investigation is grounded theoretically in role theory (Sarbin & Allen, 1968) and is aimed at identifying some of the factors that enhance and inhibit dissent. The study itself is used as a representative social situation with strong role demands. Role demands refer to widely shared norms implicitly present in certain situations which determine the propriety or legitimacy of behaviors within these settings. The stronger the role demands of a situation, the greater is the strength of the norms governing behavior. The role demands of the experiment as a social setting are particularly powerful. Subjects are usually cooperative and even subservient to the experi
Throughput Scaling of Primary and Secondary Ad Hoc Networks With Same-Order Dimensions

In this paper, the scaling law of the network throughput of a special type of heterogeneous networks is studied, where a secondary network composed of cognitive users shares the same resources opportunistically with a primary network of licensed users. Some pioneering works in this area showed that this type of heterogeneous networks performs as well as two stand-alone networks under the dense network model. A key assumption behind this conclusion is that the density of the secondary network is higher than that of the primary network in the order sense, which essentially decouples the two overlaid networks as the secondary network dominates asymptotically. In this paper, we endeavor to investigate this problem with a weaker condition that the dimensions of the two overlaid networks are on the same order, under the extended network model. Our analysis shows that, with the ratio of the two network sizes larger than a threshold, this weaker (and arguably more practical) condition does not degrade either network throughput scaling. Our result further reveals the potential of cognitive radio (CR) technology in real applications.
Interpersonal Power, Managing Politics, & Project Team Alignment

Summary form only given. In the last two decades impressive gains have been made in our knowledge of project management. Much of this advancement in understanding has focused on creating better tools to plan, organize, execute, and control projects. Three areas which have received less attention are how project managers gain support for their projects; how project managers manage change and resistance when managing their projects; and how project leaders create and manage "alignment" with their senior managers and key project sponsors. The major objectives of this presentation are to: 1) review what we know about how project leader gain and sustain support for their projects; 2) examine how project leaders can effectively deal with various stakeholders and other critical organizational members; and 3) discuss how project leaders and their teams maintain "positive alignment" with senior managers/sponsors. Suggestions for future research will be discussed as well as ideas for training project leaders in the issues discussed in this presentation
Excluded, not dismissed: Enhancing benefit in clinical research

Participation in clinical research projects may allow an opportunity for early detection of covert diseases and subclinical disorders in asymptomatic volunteers from study-specific screening process. Exclusion of a potential participant due to failure to meet inclusion criteria eliminates any possibility of potential for research related benefit, as may exist for those that are deemed eligible and allowed to proceed with participation in the specific research study. Although the institutional bodies overseeing conduct of clinical research strive to ensure an ongoing scrutiny and prioritization of participants’ wellbeing, we perceive that these mechanisms fall short as regards the interests of those volunteers who are subsequently excluded from participation in clinical research of relevance. While provision of ancillary care to address health concerns that are unmasked during the screening process may be an optimal strategy, the likelihood of successfully implementing this latter concept in current times of fiscal constraints is slim to nonexistent. Through this submission, we hope to initiate a dialogue within the research community regarding whether the current paradigm of conduct of clinical research be modified to include some degree of consideration for the screened out. We herein propose that for those volunteering for disease/disorder specific clinical research, some added degree of benefit can be assured to the screened out population through the provision of targeted health education or counseling.
Ascaris lumbricoides: incorporation of linoleic acid-1-14C into fatty acids.

Abstract Male Ascaris lumbricoides were administered linoleic acid-1- 14 C by injection into the pseudocoelom to determine distribution of label into other compounds. Analysis was done by thin-layer, gas—liquid, and column chromatography, and by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Water-soluble fatty acids averaged 8.2% of the administered radioactivity while 67.7% was found in the remaining fat. Volatile fatty acids with the greatest amount of 14 C activity were acetic, propionic, and α-methylvaleric. No radioactivity was found in the carbon dioxide and little, if any, in the glycogen or worm culture medium. Of the radioactivity in the long-chain fatty acids, 89.5% remained in the 18:2 acid. Activity was also found in the 18:0, 18:1, and 20:2 and possibly in the 18:3 and 20:4 acids. Results indicated that the carboxyl group of linoleic acid-1- 14 C was incorporated into glycogen, volatile fatty acids, and long-chain fatty acids with 18 or more carbons.
Interviewing for Organizational Research

(Editors' Note: In place of the usual Field Methods and Techniques section, in this issue we are publishing two articles on interviewing. In the first of these William Foote Whyte presents an example of a non-directive interview with an interpretation of his responses and the reasons for them. The second article, by Eliot D. Chapple, consists of the instructions given to the interviewer on how to conduct an Interaction Chronograph interview. The latter is strictly nondirective in content but has the unusual feature that the interactional behavior of the interviewer is also carefully controlled. He varies his behavior to create conditions of mild stress for the interviewee and to determine experimentally how the latter reacts to standardized amounts of stress. The interviewer's behavior is, therefore, treated as an experimental variable and, consequently, the interview design makes it possible to conduct precise experiments in human relations, the result of which can be timed and measured by the use of the...
Assessment of Epidemic Potential of Soybean Rust in the United States

This article assesses the epidemic potential of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in the United States. In the assessment, there are three critical components of uncertainty: (i) suitability of climate conditions in production areas for soybean rust epidemics; (ii) likelihood of establishment of the fungus in North America; and (iii) the seasonal dispersal potential of the pathogen from overwintering regions to major soybean production regions. Assessments on the first and second components suggest soybean rust epidemics are likely in the United States, and the certainty of the third component is yet to be determined. Comparison of epidemiological factors for soybean rust in soybean production regions between China and the United States shows a complicated picture with the United States having factors that both increase and decrease risk. Future investigation of risk components-incipience in the field and long-distance dispersal-is needed.
Studies on phosphorus sulphides

Abstract Between S/P mole ratios of 0·75 and 3·50 in the phosphorus-sulphur system, quenching of melts gave completely amorphous compositions for S/P ratios of 1·0 and 1·25 (both viscous gums) and 3·0 and 3·5 (both brittle glasses). 31P nuclear-magnetic-resonance (n.m.r.) spectra of the viscous liquids (heated sufficiently to avoid line broadening) show that, for S/P = 1·0, 59 per cent of the total phosphorus and, for S/P = 1·25, 33 per cent of the total phosphorus is present as the P4S3 bird-cage molecule. On the other hand, viscosity data indicate that macromolecules are present in melts for which S/P > ca. 1·8. The rates of dissolution of the various crystalline, amorphous and partially amorphous phosphorus sulphides in n-butanol were measured and are interpreted on a per-unit-area basis. N.m.r. spectra of the solutions resulting from reaction of the butanol with the phosphorus sulphides show the presence of many phosphorus compounds.
Measuring tumor hypoxia

A variety of techniques for measuring oxygen in normal and tumor tissue has been developed over the years in response to the realization that hypoxia is important in a number of pathophysiological conditions in normal tissues and in the response of tumors to radiation treatment. A review of the techniques for measuring tissue oxygenation is presented with an emphasis on clinical results. Histomorphometry, DNA strand break analysis (comet assay), oxygen microelectrodes and hypoxia markers are highlighted. Comparison among techniques is touched on and a short discussion of the possibility that hypoxia is not an independent variable in determining the outcome of radiation therapy is presented.
Moving-Target Defenses for Computer Networks

One of the criticisms of traditional security approaches is that they present a static target for attackers. Critics state, with good justification, that by allowing the attacker to reconnoiter a system at leisure to plan an attack, defenders are immediately disadvantaged. To address this, the concept of moving-target defense (MTD) has recently emerged as a new paradigm for protecting computer networks and systems.
Motor neuron diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: research progress

Abstract In the past five years, a great diversity of motor neuron diseases has emerged from new evidence of different etiologies. The theory of persistent viral infection has been revived by a case attributed to injections of human growth hormone, by cases of myelopathy attributed to HIV infections, and by the role of HTLV-1 in tropical spastic paraparesis. Dietary factors — calcium deprivation, ingestion of cycad, and lathyrism — seem to be important in different parts of the world. An immunological disorder is suggested in some cases by inordinate frequency of paraproteinemia. Finally, genetic forms are recognized in hexosaminidase deficiency, and the chromosomal locus of X-linked recessive motor neuron disease has been identified. The tasks now are to understand the pathogenesis of these (and other) different forms of motor neuron diseases, and to devise rational therapy.
Membrane-bound glycoproteins

Membrane Glycoproteins: A Review of Structure and Function. By R. Colin Hughes. Pp. 367. (Butterworth: London and Boston, Massachusetts, March 1976.) £15.00.
Role of Connexin/Pannexin containing channels in infectious diseases

In recent years it has become evident that gap junctions and hemichannels, in concert with extracellular ATP and purinergic receptors, play key roles in several physiological processes and pathological conditions. However, only recently has their importance in infectious diseases been explored, likely because early reports indicated that connexin containing channels were completely inactivated under inflammatory conditions, and therefore no further research was performed. However, recent evidence indicates that several infectious agents take advantage of these communication systems to enhance inflammation and apoptosis, as well as to participate in the infectious cycle of several pathogens. In the current review, we will discuss the role of these channels/receptors in the pathogenesis of several infectious diseases and the possibilities of generating novel therapeutic approaches to reduce or prevent these diseases.
Examination of the Chayes-Kruskal procedure for testing correlations between proportions

The Chayes-Kruskal procedure for testing correlations between proportions uses a linear approximation to the actual closure transformation to provide a null value,pij, against which an observed closed correlation coefficient,rij, can be tested. It has been suggested that a significant difference betweenpij andrij would indicate a nonzero covariance relationship between theith andjth open variables. In this paper, the linear approximation to the closure transformation is described in terms of a matrix equation. Examination of the solution set of this equation shows that estimation of, or even the identification of, significant nonzero open correlations is essentially impossible even if the number of variables and the sample size are large. The method of solving the matrix equation is described in the appendix.
Preschool Development of Very Low Birthweight Infants

The purpose of this multivartiate longitudinal study was to describe the influence of perinatal adversity, biological risk and environmental process variables on cognitive development during the first 3 years of life in children who were born with very low birthweight (VLBW ≤ 1500 grams). The subjects were 40 VLBW children (X birth weight = 1203) who at birth were appropriate for gestational age and free from congenital anomalies. Data were gathered from the birth record and during home visits when the children were 6, 12, 24 and 36 months and were analyzed using multiple regression and cross-lagged panel analysis. Of the variance in development at 36 months, 49 percent was accounted for by the combination of environmental variables. The most important variables were the parents' stimulation of academic behavior and stimulation of language.
A new bacilliform fathead minnow rhabdovirus that produces syncytia in tissue culture

A pathogenic bacilliform virus 130–180 nm in length and 31–47 nm in diameter was isolated from moribund fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exhibiting hemorrhages in their eyes and skin. A cytopathic effect of multifocal syncytia was observed in the epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line after a 48 h incubation at 20 °C. A similar cytopathic effect was also observed in other cell lines tested, but not in bluegill fry, koi fin, or Chinook salmon embryo cells. The filterable agent was inactivated by exposure to 50 °C for 10 min, 20% ether, 2 and 50% chloroform, pH 3, and pH 10, was unaffected by 5′-iodo-2 deoxyuridine, and appeared bacilliform and occasionally bullet-shaped by electron microscopy. These results are consistent with those of rhabdoviruses. Immunodot blots performed with antisera against selected fish rhabdoviruses, an aquareovirus, and a birnavirus were all negative. River’s postulates were fulfilled in fathead minnows, but the agent did not replicate or cause disease in other cyprinids or salmonids during challenge experiments. Hepatic, splenic, and renal lesions were observed during histological analysis of diseased fish from viral challenges and from the original case. Structural proteins resolved via SDS-PAGE had molecular weights similar to those reported in lyssaviruses of the family Rhabdoviridae; however, syncytia formation is not a typical cytopathic effect of rhabdoviruses. This virus, has tentatively been named the fathead minnow rhabdovirus (FHMRV) and is most similar to the members of the family Rhabdoviridae, but atypical properties like syncytia formation may justify the assignment to a novel taxon.
Crystal Structure Analysis of Two Chloro(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)gold(III) Complexes

The X-ray crystal structure analysis of [AuCl(terpy)](BF4)2 and [AuCl(terpy)](SO3CF3)2 show with the counter anions BF4 − and SO3CF3 − an expanded, more or less distorted octahedral coordination geometry. These secondary bonding interactions of the counter anions with the square planar complex cation [AuCl(terpy)]2+ are discussed and compared with those found in related gold(III) terpyridine complexes. In [AuCl(terpy)](SO3CF3)2 a very short non-bonding Au–O distance of 2.7641(4)A of one of the triflate ions was found. The tetrafluoroborate complex is monoclinic with space group P21/c and cell parameters a = 8.7587(12)A, b = 13.2623(19)A, c = 15.537(2)A, β = 90.362(2)°, V = 1804.7(4)A3, Z = 4. The triflate complex is triclinic with space group P $$ {\bar{\text{1}}} $$ and cell parameters a = 7.4198(15)A, b = 12.069(2)A, c = 13.583(3)A, α = 101.414(3)°, β = 101.922(3)°, γ = 94.838(4)°, V = 1156.6(4)A3, Z = 2. The solid state structures of [AuCl(terpy)]X2 (X = BF4, SO3CF3)2 show with the counter anions an expanded, more or less distorted octahedral coordination geometry.
The Juvenile Court of Cook County: Past, Present and Future

Abstract In view of the ongoing collective debate over the future of the juvenile court, this article presents a brief historical narration and an analysis of some of the current problems affecting...
Anti-cytokine therapeutics and infections

In view of the increasing use of anti-cytokine-based therapies to treat autoimmune diseases, the role of specific cytokines in host defense against infection has become a highly relevant area of investigation. There are over 300,000 patients worldwide being treated with agents that specifically block the biological activities of interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) for reducing the severity of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease or psoriasis. Those patients receiving anti-TNF-alpha or IL-1 blocking therapies are treated on a chronic basis. Studies suggest that other chronic inflammatory diseases will benefit from anti-cytokine therapies. However, there is a growing body of clinical evidence that neutralization of TNF-alpha is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections, including mycobacterial diseases. Blockade of IL-1 activity with the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) appears, at present, to be relatively safe. However, because of physician under reporting (some estimates of reporting being less than 5% of these infections), the true incidence of infections, both serious and non-serious, will remain unknown. Does the increase in infections associated with anti-cytokine-based therapies come as a surprise? Of the two components of host defense, the innate and the acquired responses, which are affected by anti-cytokine therapies? From a wealth of rodent studies using live infection models, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) neutralization or gene deletion for TNF-alpha is frequently associated with reduction of host defense in models of live Gram-positive or Gram-negative infections as well as infection by intracellular microbes such as Salmonella and Listeria; (2) absence of the IL-1 receptor can also result in decreased resistance to Listeria or Gram-positive bacteria and (3) TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma are required for defense against infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Polymorphisms in the base excision repair pathway and graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a frequent complication after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). Tissue damage as a result of chemoradiation injury is the initiating event in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD. Variations in DNA repair can influence the amount of tissue damage in response to alkylating agents and ionizing radiation used as conditioning during HCT. As DNA damage caused by these agents is repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, we hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BER pathway will be associated with GVHD after HCT. Hence, we analyzed 179 SNPs in BER pathway in 470 recipients of allogeneic HCT for association with acute and chronic GVHD. In multivariate analysis, one SNP (rs6844176) in RFC1 (replication factor C (activator 1)) gene was independently associated with a higher risk of grade II-IV acute GVHD (relative risk (RR): 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-1.70, P=0.001), and showed a trend toward higher risk of grade III-IV acute GVHD (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.95-1.85, P=0.09). One SNP in PARP1 gene (rs1805410) was associated with a higher risk of chronic GVHD (RR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.29-2.54, P=0.001). These results show that SNPs in the BER pathway can be used as genetic biomarkers to predict those at high risk for GVHD toward whom novel prophylactic strategies could be targeted.
Programación funcional de eventos psicofísicos

Concebir la conducta como la interaccion organismo-ambiente, implica un determinismo reciproco, donde la actividad del organismo es influenciada por los estimulos y ademas, la conducta genera eventos ambientales. Tradicionalmente, la investigacion conductual se centra en el determinismo de los estimulos sobre la reacciones del organismo. Asi, para estimar la influencia que una condicion estimulante genera sobre la conducta, es necesario obtener relaciones empiricas que permitan inferir diferencialmente que proporcion del cambio en la conducta ha sido determinada por el estimulo. En cambio, centrandose en el control que ejerce la conducta sobre el ambiente, es posible programar matematicamente las propiedades fisicas del estimulo segun las dimensiones del comportamiento, lo que establece una metodologia alternativa de investigacion para innumerables procesos de condicionamiento.
Mitochondrial gene mutation is a significant predisposing factor in aminoglycoside ototoxicity

Purpose: Aminoglycoside-induced deafness caused by mutations in the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene has been described in a number of Asian patients. The purpose of the current study is to analyze ethnically diverse patients in the United States with hearing loss after aminoglycoside exposure for presence or absence of these mitochondrial DNA mutations, and establish the frequency and clinical presentation associated with them. Patients and Methods: Clinical histories, medical records, and blood samples were obtained from 41 unrelated American individuals with hearing loss after aminoglycoside exposure. DNA was extracted from the blood of these individuals, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, and analyzed for mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene mutations by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and sequencing. Results: The nucleotide 1555 A → G mutation was identified in 7 of 41 individuals (17%). None of the other known mutations was found. The ethnic origin of the individuals with predisposing mutations included Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asians. Four of the 7 patients with the 1555 A → G mutation had a family history of aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Particularly unexpected was the late onset of hearing loss in 3 of these patients, years after the aminoglycoside exposure. The 12S ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced in these patients, and a second sequence change that could be responsible for the milder phenotype was detected in 1 of the 3 patients. Conclusion: These findings imply that a significant proportion of patients with aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity harbor mutations in the 12S rRNA gene, which can be detected by DNA screening. Also, the majority of these hearing losses could have been easily prevented by the simple taking of a clinical history. In these individuals, a genetic susceptibility to the ototoxic effects of aminoglycosides can be diagnosed, and deafness can be prevented in maternal relatives by avoidance of these antibiotics.
Combined effects of phosphatidylcholine and demineralized bone matrix on bone induction

The osteoinductivity of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) becomes significantly reduced if the specimens are further delipidated with chloroform-methanol. The addition of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a major constituent of the lipid fraction present in the calcification front during normal bone formation, can restore the biological activity. Active endochondral bone formation is observed in the DBM/PC implants placed in the anterior abdominal wall musculature or subcutaneously for 28 days. When PC is added to generate a putty containing 60% PC and 40% DBM, biochemical parameters associated with osteoinductivity are significantly enhanced. Biological responses evaluated histologically and by determination of alkaline phosphatase activity are in very good agreement. The DBM/PC putty has good handling properties, can be molded into different shapes, and does not wash away from the application site. An advantage of adding PC is that it not only enhances the handling properties, but also boosts the osteoinductivity of the preparation.
Studies on the ACTH-induced differentiation of melanoblasts to melanocutes using synchronized melanoblasts

Abstract 1. 1. The ACTH-initiated differentiation of melanoblasts to melanocytes in the explants of xanthic goldfish tailfin has been examined after synchronization of the melanoblasts by treatment with colchicine. 2. 2. The melanoblasts emerging from metaphase, after removal of colchicine, require approximately 8 hr to complete interphase and enter the next mitosis. 3. 3. During most, if not all, of these 8 hr, the melanoblasts will respond to a very brief treatment with ACTH. 4. 4. The melanoblasts respond to ACTH after an extremely short period of contact, 1 sec of treatment giving good, if not full, response.
Use of Serotonin Re‐Uptake Inhibitors as Primary Therapy for Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity

Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is a well-recognized cause of unexplained syncope in older patients, and may lead to significant morbidity related to trauma suffered during falls. Dual chamber pacing has been demonstrated to be efficacious in relieving symptoms due to bradycardia, but not the accompanying vasodepressor response. We report three patients with recurrent syncope due to a mixed type of CSS, who were treated with serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) alone, and were symptom-free after 4–5 weeks of therapy. The patients have remained symptom-free after more than 13 months of treatment. We conclude that SSRIs may be potentially useful in the treatment of CSS, and that the central mechanisms involved in CSS may be similar to those that resalt in neurocardiogenic syncope.
Fuzzy logic control of fuel cell for stand-alone and grid connection

Fuel cells have become one of the major areas of research in the academia and the industry with the numerous advantages they provide over the batteries and especially over the other small-scale sources of electricity including the photovoltaic and solar cells. Fuel cells generate electricity from hydrogen by a chemical process and are environmentally safe and efficient. Fuel cells have numerous stand-alone and grid-connected applications. The aim of the paper is to achieve the control of the fuel cell for stand-alone and grid connection. This is achieved by designing a suitable power conditioning unit. The power conditioning unit is needed for processing of the raw power output of the fuel cell in order to make it usable. The power conditioning unit might have only dc/dc converter or the two stages of dc/dc converter and dc/ac inverter. For the stand-alone part, the concentration is on the controlled direct current (dc) power, thus, only a boost converter (dc/dc) stage is used. For the grid interface of the fuel cell, controlled alternating current (ac) power is needed at the interface point of the fuel cell and the utility grid; thus, both stages, boost converter as well as the inverter (dc/ac), are needed. A power conditioning unit is designed for the solid oxide fuel cell, which can be used for other fuel cells with converter and the inverter of different ratings, but the control strategy will remain the same. The fuzzy logic control strategy is used for designing the controllers for both the stages.
The Ethiopian Eunuch and His Bible: a Social-Science Analysis

A critical but neglected issue in interpreting the incident in Acts 8:26-40 involving the Ethiopian eunuch has been the relevance of his reading of Isaiah 53 to his peculiar identity as a eunuch in first-century society. Social and cultural scenarios pertaining to honor and shame, purity and pollution, temple and household, and ritual and status transformation enable us to depict multiple dimensions of the eunuch's precarious place in the Jewish world of his day. But they also allow us to chart the process whereby Isaiah 53, interpreted christologically, challenges this traditional world and ultimately makes room for the devout eunuch within the scriptural-messianic community.
Third Force Psychology and Child Psychology: A Convergence of Horizons

Though some authors have argued that the goals of third force psychology are intrinsically harmonious with those of child psychology, humanistic or human science perspectives are rarely represented in child developmental texts, courses, and programs. This is particularly notable at the undergraduate level. A major reason for the relative underrepresentation of third force perspectives in the area of child development is that the large-scale debates inherent to this field have not been conducive to third force thinking. At the same time, contemporary child developmental thinking has evolved considerably within recent years, and the issues that have traditionally kept humanism at a distance from child psychology have changed. In this article, I argue that the nature of these changes is such that the area of child developmental theory is now evidencing opportunities for third force psychology to become a more recognized contributor to the study of child development.
Afferents to the central nucleus of the amygdala and functional subdivisions of the periaqueductal gray: neuroanatomical substrates for affective behavior

Evidence suggests the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is involved in the integration of behavioral and autonomic components of affective behavior. Our laboratory has shown that electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vl PAG) versus the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dl PAG), in the rabbit, elicits two distinct behavioral/cardiorespiratory response patterns. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the amygdaloid central nucleus (ACe) may influence cardiovascular activity during emotional states. The purpose of this study was to delineate the topography and determine the origin of forebrain projections to the PAG and the ACe, as well as commonalties and differences in the pattern of afferents. Examination of common afferents may lend insights into their function as components of a forebrain system regulating autonomic activity during emotional states. Separate retrograde tracers were injected into functional subdivisions of the PAG and the ACe in rabbits. PAG injections led to neuronal labeling in numerous cortical regions including the ipsilateral medial prefrontal and insular cortices. Additionally, bilateral labeling was observed in several hypothalamic nuclei including the paraventricular nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus and the ventromedial nucleus as well as the region lateral to the descending column of the fornix. Sparse labeling was also seen in various basal forebrain regions, thalamic nuclei and amygdaloid nuclei. Many of these regions were also labeled following injections in the ACe. Although double-labeled cells were never observed, afferents to the ACe were often proximal to PAG afferents. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of two functionally distinct behavioral/cardiovascular response patterns.
Human "burn toxin" and in-vitro-produced "antitoxin".

Summary A “burn toxin” has been isolated from normal human skin burned in vitro. The “burn toxin” is solubilized in normal human or rabbit serum and in various fractions of bovine serum. The lethal effects of the “burn toxin” are not due to thromboplastin since it has no detectable prothrombin activity, is not effected by heparin, is heat-stable and its activity was not destroyed by refluxing in 70 percent alcohol. The lethality of the crude “burn toxin” is destroyed by trypsin. An “antitoxin” has been produced in vitro from the crude “burn toxin.” The “antitoxin” protected mice against the lethal effect of the “burn toxin” when given before, with, or shortly after the “urn toxin.” The term competitin is proposed for “antitoxin” produced in vitro.
From Eye to Electron---Management Problems of the Combat Surveillance Research and Development Field

Following an introduction which establishes the fact that increased fire power of modem armies has increased the requirement of those armies for long range combat surveillance and target acquisition capabilities, this article highlights the four basic management problems involved in the combat surveillance R&D field: 1) The initial establishment of relationships with industry, other Signal Corps establishments, other branches of the Army, other Services, and with U. S. CONARC, principal user of the equipment. 2) The development of a logical program. 3) The development of the Combat Surveillance Agency itself as an organization. 4) The development of a technique for monitoring each program and for supervising the agencies, corporations, etc., involved in the various steps of the program. The solutions that management has applied in order to resolve these problems are discussed in sequence. These solutions include the liaison and information exchange function, a three-pronged program objective, the "systems manager" type of organization and its merits, and a discussion of the "line of balance" chart monitoring system.
Strength and endurance training of an individual with left upper and lower limb amputations.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a strength and endurance training programme designed to prepare an individual with a left glenohumeral disarticulation and transtibial amputation for a bike trip across the USA.Method: The subject was scheduled for training three times per week over a two-month period followed by two times per week for an additional two months. Training consisted of a resistance training circuit using variable resistance machines, cycling using a recumbent stationary bike, and core stability training using stability ball exercises. Changes in strength were assessed using 10 RM tests on the resistance machines and changes in peak VO2 were monitored utilizing the Cosmed K4b2® pulmonary function tester.Results: The subject demonstrated a 30.3% gain in peak VO2. The subject's 10 RM for left single limb leg press increased 36.8% and gains of at least 7.7% were seen for all other muscle groups tested.Conclusion: The strength and endurance training programme ...
Understanding Synapses: Past, Present, and Future

Classical physiological work by Katz, Eccles, and others revealed the central importance of synapses in brain function, and characterized the mechanisms involved in synaptic transmission. Building on this work, major advances in the past two decades have elucidated how synapses work molecularly. In the present perspective, we provide a short description of our personal view of these advances, suggest a series of important future questions about synapses, and discuss ideas about how best to achieve further progress in the field.
Bank Failures and the Cost of Systemic Risk: Evidence from 1900-1930

This paper investigates the effect of bank failures on economic growth using data from 1900 to 1930, a period that predates active government stabilization policies and includes periods of banking system distress that are not coincident with recessions. Using both VAR and a difference-in-difference methodology that exploits the reactions of the New York and Connecticut economies to the Panic of 1907, we estimate the effect of bank failures on economic activity. The results indicate that bank failures reduce subsequent economic growth. Over this period, a 0.14 percent (1 standard deviation) increase from the mean value of the liabilities of the failed depository institutions results in a reduction of 17 percentage points in the growth rate of industrial production and a 4 percentage point decline in real GNP growth. The reductions occur within three quarters of the initial bank failure shock and can be interpreted as an important component of the cost of systemic risk in the banking sector.
Ramifications of four-dimensional progressive deformation in contractional mountain belts

Abstract Studies of progressive deformation aim to identify and establish temporal sequences of structural stages, each characterized by a suite of structures which form under specific rock and environmental conditions. Because of the natural spatial variation in rock type and environmental parameters in an orogen, several structural stages may operate concurrently in different parts of an orogenic wedge. At any given instant in time, rocks experiencing different stages of deformation are bounded by deformation fronts. As intrinsic and extrinsic conditions of deformation vary through time, spatial migration of deformation fronts causes rocks to record temporal overprinting of structural stages. In convergent orogens, deformation fronts, as mapped in their finite state, are typically forelandward-dipping due to the regional orogenic wedge geometry and thermal structure. Depending on the competing deformation processes, deformation rate changes on either side of the front may cause deformation fronts to change orientation, relief and surface area with time. Differences in migration rates of different deformation fronts could cause rearrangement of the sequence of structural stages with depth and laterally across the same mountain belt.
Image Preprocessing For Phase-Only Filtering

We compare the performance of an optical binary phase-only correlator using several nonlinear filters for preprocessing. An image of an airfield with different but similar appearing planes is used as the input data. The performance of the correlator was measured by examining several parameters in the correlation plane. Performance criteria are the signal-to-clutter ratio, the signal-to-noise ratio for objects within the same class, and the variance of the correlation peak within a class. Input images to the correlator were preprocessed using nonlinear filters based on both median filtering and adaptive filtering. The preprocessing improved the performance of the correlator by supressing noise while preserving the edges of the input image. The SNR changes with the position of an object due to diffraction from the pixels of a spatial light modulator.
AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGIES, INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, AND SKILLED LABOR PROCESSES: Toward an Institutional Theory of Automation Outcomes

This article explores how new computer-directed technologies affect skilled-abor processes. The extent of corporate organizations’ embeddedness in institutional environments that prescribe a deskilling/managerial-control program as the most rational is argued to constrain management's capacity to implement the types of shop-floor programs required for optimal production outcomes. Corporations extremely dependent for vital resources and markets upon environmental agents committed to deskilling/managerial-control prescriptions, with production decision centralized in a corporate-level, finance-oriented management attuned to these prescriptions, tend to pursue deskilling/managerial-control courses of development when implementing new technologies even at the cost of optimal production outcomes. Comparative analysis of the G. E. Lynn plant's numerical control experience with British Telecom's experience with an automated telephone-exchange technology develops this thesis. The merits of the institutional theory championed here are contrasted with those of Kelly's (1989, 1990) union avoidance thesis. Ideal types that describe and predict divergent, generalized courses of shop-floor automation are proffered.
Physical chemical properties of chick cartilage collagen.

Abstract Chick cartilage contains a molecular species of collagen which is different in the primary structure and distribution of its α chains from the collagen of chick skin and bone. Despite these differences the physical chemical properties of cartilage and skin collagens, in terms of optical rotatory dispersion, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight and thermal stability are similar. They differ, however, in that the renaturation of cartilage α1(II) chains is slower and less complete than that obtained with α1(I) chains from skin.
Dynamic file structure for partial match retrieval based on overflow bucket sharing

A hashing-based dynamic file structure is introduced for partial match retrieval using overflow bucket sharing. The sharing of overflow buckets is dynamic in the sense that an overflow bucket is shared by a varying number of primary buckets according to the local conditions of the file. The use and sharing of overflow buckets defers splitting of the data buckets, thereby increasing the storage utilization. For the same reason, plus the fact that the sharing is dynamic, the growth of the directory is slowed down. Under the proposed organization, the records are stored more compactly in the data buckets, and for those partial match queries in which few attributes are specified, groups of neighboring directory entries have high probability of being referenced together, so that the retrieval costs for these types of partial match queries are reduced. This file organization is found to be space efficient and is also time efficient for queries in which the number of specified attributes is small.
Infections of the tendon sheaths

Abstract Acute infections of the tendon sheaths most frequently involve the fingers and hand, and due to the anatomic arrangement of these sheaths rapid spread of the infection may be expected. Early adequate surgery along the areas of election shown in the diagram offer the best opportunity for the return of function.
Changes in the precordial electrocardiogram produced by extension of anteroseptal myocardial infarction

Abstract Electrocardiographic studies are reported on two patients, each of whom had anteroseptal infarction, followed in a few days by lateral extension of the initial lesion. The worth of multiple precordial leads in the diagnosis of extension of such infarcts is illustrated. Evidence is again presented that infarcts which are anteroseptal in location, as shown by diagnostic changes in leads from the right precordial area, often fail to produce equally significant changes in the limb leads. It is suggested that, in cases of coronary arterial disease, some of the attacks of pain which have usually been considered prodromal symptoms of myocardial infarction, actually represent the development of a small, anteroseptal infarct, and that the more characteristic symptoms of acute coronary thrombosis which often occur later are due to an extension of this initial lesion. The true situation must be recognized, if such patients are to be properly treated. We do not wish to convey the impression that we are convinced that all attacks of so-called prodromal pain represent actual myocardial infarction. The data, at present available, bearing on this problem are inadequate to justify this conclusion. Some attacks of this character appear to be due to acute processes developing in the coronary arteries or to transient myocardial ischemia associated with such processes.
Schema matching over relations, attributes, and data values

Automatic schema matching algorithms are typically only concerned with finding attribute correspondences. However, real world data integration problems often require matchings whose arguments span all three types of elements in relational databases: relation, attribute and data value. This paper introduces the definitions and semantics of three additional correspondence types concerning both schema and data values. These correspondences cover the higher-order mappings identified in a seminal paper by Krishnamurthy, Litwin, and Kent. It is shown that these correspondences can be automatically translated to tuple generating dependencies (tgds), and thus this research is compatible with data integration applications that leverage tgds.Two methods for automatically identifying these correspondences are developed. One requires a limited number of duplicates across data sources. The other is a general instance-based method with no such requirement. Experiments conducted on four real world data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.
The significance of air pollution in aerobiology

Abstract Aerobiology has two components related to air pollution: the first is that biologicals (viable or resulting particles) can be air contaminants and produce adverse health effects; the second is that other air pollutants can adversely affect viable airborne organisms. In evaluating the allergenic, infectious, and irritant effects of air contaminants, biological aerosols (viable or otherwise) are of major concern. They may also interact with other contaminants in producing these effects, the effects cannot always be separated either. Some well known instances of interaction occur also in the determination of sensitivity and subsequent reactions in individuals. Thus, individuals sensitized to biological aeroallergens are often more sensitive, vis-a-vis the same organs, to other air contaminants. Further, the gaseous or particulate contaminants may damage the aerobiological organisms, including interfering with reproduction or inhibiting initial growth (in the environment or in humans), or they may st...