cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 2750-Å electronic band system of phenol: Part I. The in-plane vibrational spectrum

Abstract The banded absorption of phenol vapor in the region 2500–2900 A has been extensively analyzed and the vibrational structure associated with the in-plane modes has been interpreted. Vibronic selection rules and the symmetry classification of states is discussed in the framework of a molecular symmetry group G 4 , isomorphous with the point group C 2 v . The spectrum comprises a strong, allowed system of bands polarized in the plane of the molecule perpendicular to an axis grazing the O-atom (“short axis”), and a group of much weaker, forbidden subsystems polarized along this axis (“long axis”). All a 1 vibration frequencies of the phenyl group in the excited state of phenol have been assigned and measured. The vibrations principally active in the forbidden subsystems are 6 b ( b 2 ring deformation), 9 b ( b 2 CH bending) and 7 b ( b 2 CH stretching), all of which correlate with e 2 g modes of benzene. The forbidden subsystems collectively have similar intensity (10 4 f = 8) to the corresponding 2600-A bands of benzene (10 4 f = 14), though the phenol mode 6 b is relatively less effective in intensity borrowing than mode 6 of benzene. Intensity distribution in the a 1 progressions is consistent qualitatively with a geometry change on excitation encompassing ( i ) a generalized increase in CC bond distance, ( ii ) a decrease in CO distance, and ( iii ) some increase in quininoid character in the aromatic ring. An a priori calculation of allowed and forbidden intensities is attempted, using the Herzberg-Teller theory with the inclusion of higher terms. It is shown that terms in the conventional Herzberg-Teller expansion contribute alternately to the intensity of the allowed and forbidden systems , so that only terms 1, 3, 5, ⋯ give rise to nonzero values in an allowed subsystem, while only terms 2, 4, ⋯ have nonzero values in a forbidden subsystem. However, quantitative results are not satisfactory, probably owing to inaccuracies in the electronic wave functions.
On the Unique Value of Law School Clinics

This is an edited version of a speech given by the author on April 21, 1999, upon receiving the 1999 University of Connecticut Law Review Award for “excellence in legal scholarship and service to the legal community.”
The Effects of Weather on Retail Sales

Monthly fluctuations in consumer spending are often attributed to the weather. This paper presents a model in which weather affects the productivity of time in nonmarket activities (such as shopping or recreation), and so, via time and budget constraints, may induce substitution in spending across goods and over time. Using monthly data on retail sales and weather data from the National Weather Service, I find that unusual weather has a modest but significant role in explaining monthly sales fluctuations. However, lagged effects often offset original effects, so that weather's influence tends to wash out at a quarterly frequency.
Prolegomena to any future study in economics and finance as a science: The road to a third revolution in economic and financial thinking

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.
Extending Ion Engine Technology to Next and Beyond

Summary form only given. Extending ion engine technology beyond the current state-of-the-art primary interplanetary electric propulsion system, the 2.3-kW NASA Solar Electric Propulsion Technology and Applications Readiness (NSTAR) system, will require thrusters with improved propellant throughput and total impulse capability. Many of the design choices that culminated in the NSTAR thrusters must be revisited, and their application to next generation ion engine technology must be evaluated. The concept of derating, which was successfully employed in NSTAR, has been applied to the 40cm NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) currently under development at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC). At 5-kW, NEXT operates with the same average beam current density as NSTAR, and at 10-kW, the peak beam current density is only ten percent greater than NSTAR. The result is that similar ion optics technology is expected to yield comparable lifetimes. Thick-accelerator-grid ion optics are also being tested to realize additional lifetime benefits. A 40-A discharge cathode is being developed for NEXT based on scaling the NSTAR design. Nevertheless, the experiences of the NSTAR ground tests and the thruster on the Deep Space One spacecraft indicate that the discharge cathode wear must be studied experimentally and theoretically to ensure that it meets the lifetime requirements. Although NEXT is in its infancy, investigations have already begun to examine possible modifications to engine design for even higher-power and higher-specific impulse engines. Ion optics using alternate materials such as titanium, graphite, or carbon-carbon composite are currently being investigated due to their low sputter yields at high voltage.
Soliton mass distributions in (1+1)-dimensional supersymmetric theories

Abstract The renormalized mass distribution is evaluated to one-loop order for solutions in (1+1)-dimensional supersymmetric theories. The Witten-Olive equality for the mass and the central charge is found to hold already for the respective densities. We also find that there is no correction to the total mass for the supersymmetric (sinϕ) 2 theory at this order, although the correction to the mass distribution is nonvanishing.
Assessment and science education: Our essential new priority?

Over 10 years ago, a National Research Council committee led by Jim Pellegrino and Robert Glaser generated the fundamental text on educational assessment titled, Knowing What Students Know: The Science and Design of Educational Assessment (NRC, 2001). In this document, the authors emphasize that assessment is a process of reasoning from evidence, ‘‘a process by which educators use students’ responses to specially created or naturally occurring stimuli to draw inferences about the students’ knowledge and skills’’ (National Research Council 2001, p. 20). Knowing What Students Know (NRC, 2001; KWSK) was fundamental to advancing the conversation on assessment in science and other disciplines for several reasons. First, KWSK provided a set of guiding principles for the development and evaluation of educational assessments. The assessment triangle, introduced as an assessment model, was particularly important as it brought recognition to the importance of using cognitive models to drive the design of the assessment and define the empirical evidence needed to support the interpretations derived from observed performance. Second, KWSK called for a ‘‘balanced assessment system’’ of classroom and large-scale assessments that are: comprehensive—using multiple sources of evidence about students’ learning; coherent—a shared learning model coordinating curriculum, instruction, and assessment; and continuous—longitudinal assessment of learning progress over time. This assessment system posed a model to follow in any educational system. Third, KWSK confirmed the idea that assessment should be designed with a specific purpose in mind and cannot serve multiple purposes. Fourth, KWSK emphasized the necessity for assessments to be sensitive to cultural and linguistic difference characteristics of the tested audience. Fifth, KWSK presented new advances in educational measurement, psychometrics, and technology. In all of these ways, KWSK set a high bar for quality assessments. At the
The Effects of Blocking the Actions of Estrogen and Progesterone on the Rates of Proliferation and Apoptosis of Cervical Epithelial and Stromal Cells During the Second Half of Pregnancy in Rats

Serum levels of the ovarian hormones relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone are elevated during the second half of 23-day rat pregnancy when dramatic growth of the cervix occurs. Recently, we demonstrated that relaxin contributes to cervical growth by both promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of cervical cells during late pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of estrogen and progesterone on the rates of proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cells at 3-day intervals during the second half of rat pregnancy. The actions of estrogen and progesterone were blocked with s.c. injections of estrogen antagonist ICI 182,780 and progesterone antagonist RU486, respectively. To evaluate cell proliferation, 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was injected s.c. 8 h before cervixes were collected. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end-labeling was used to detect apoptotic cells. Proliferating and apoptotic cells were identified by immunohistochemistry, and the rates at which these processes occurred were determined by morphometric analysis. Blocking the actions of estrogen and progesterone decreased the rates of proliferation and increased the rates of apoptosis of both cervical epithelial and stromal cells during late pregnancy. However, blocking the actions of progesterone had the opposite effects on apoptosis of both cervical epithelial and stromal cells during the middle of pregnancy. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that estrogen and progesterone, like relaxin, contribute to the increase in the cervical cell content during late pregnancy by promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of cervical cells.
Mental health outcomes of Mexico's drug war in Ciudad Juárez: a pilot study among university students

During the most intense period of an armed conflict related to the drug trade in Mexico, 40 students attending the Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico were surveyed in this pilot study for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. The percentage of participants who scored positively for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety were 32.5%, 35%, and 37.5%, respectively. Criteria for posttraumatic stress were analyzed separately. The most frequently reported traumatic events included extortion or robbery, confinement to home, injury to loved one, being in an armed conflict, witnessing a killing or dead body, and being beaten. Trauma events positively associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms included robbery or extortion, armed conflict situation, exposure to frequent arms fire, and witnessing a killing or dead body. Language: en
Noncontaminating plasma arc sprayed crucible coatings for containing molten ceramic oxides

A study was performed to assess the suitability of several plasma arc sprayed coatings applied to graphite crucibles for melt processing AI2O3ZrO2, AI2O3 Y2O3, and AI2O3 ceramics. Coatings of W, Ta over W, and Re over W were evaluated. Pressed compacts of AI2O3 ZrO2, AI2O3Y2O3, and AI2O2 were each placed in refractory metal-coated graphite crucibles and heated to 2040,2150, and 2200 ‡, respectively. Compatibility of the coating/ceramic oxide systems was evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and combustion chromatography. The Ta over W coating system was chemically nonreactive with all three molten oxides studied.
L ∞ error bound for the phase matching approximation (the one-step-at-a-time Hankel norm model reduction version)

Parallel to what was done for the balanced model reduction version of the phase approximation problem (see Li and Jonckheere 1987), this paper provides an L ∞ bound on the phase approximation error when one-step-at-a-time optimal Hankel norm model reduction is used to reduce the stable projection of the phase function matrix. The one-step-at-a-time Hankel norm procedure allows for an L ∞ phase error bound twice as small as that of the balanced version.
Kainic acid induces mitoses in mature retinal neurones in rats.

Abstract Injection of kainic acid into the vitreous of rats causes mitoses to develop in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. The mitoses appear to be in amacrine cells. Sustained depolarization, which has been shown to be mitogenic for spinal cord neurones cultured in vitro, is presumably the mitogenic stimulus in retinal neurones exposed to kainic acid.
Diel variation in immigration of fishes and decapod crustaceans to artificial seagrass habitat

Fish and decapod entry into small (1.5 m2) artificial seagrass habitats positioned on an open sand area in a New Jersey estuary was examined to determine if immigration varied between day and night. To encounter the structured habitats, colonizers had to cross an expanse of bare sand, with its presumably higher predation risk. Contrasts in abundance in the artificial seagrass plots between dawn and dusk indicated higher nighttime immigration for four species, including the fishesFundulus heteroclitus andMyoxocephalus aenaeus, and the caridean shrimpsPalaemonetes vulgaris andHippolyte pleuracanthus. Size-frequency distributions of colonizers varied between day and night for two fish species,Menidia menidia andSyngnathus fuscus, with a greater proportion of smaller individuals immigrating to the artificial seagrass at night.Callinectes sapidus also displayed a diel contrast in size distribution but, for this species, proportionately more small individuals colonized the plots during the day. We suggest that diel variability in predation risk and/or diel patterns in motor activity may be responsible for these patterns in immigration.
A measurement of the anisotropy of the dielectric constant of 3HeA

An experiment to measure anisotropy in the dielectric constant of superfluid 3HeA is described. The dielectric constant is measured with parallel plate capacitors immersed in 3He; the anisotropy axis l^ is oriented by means of a magnetic field. At TAB and 29 bar, the observed anisotropy is e⊥E e|^E = 5×10−11, in reasonable agreement with theory.
Up north and down south: Implicit associations between topography and cardinal direction

Route planners show a reliable tendency to select south- relative to north-going routes between two horizontally (east/west) aligned landmarks, suggesting the application of a north-is-up heuristic (Brunye, Mahoney, Gardony, & Taylor, 2010). The source of this north-is-up bias remains unknown, and there is no strong evidence to suggest that it is due to explicit strategy use. In four experiments, we attempt to further elucidate the source of this effect by testing whether it can be attributed to implicit associations between cardinal direction (north/south) and topography (mountainous/level terrain). Experiments 1 and 2 used an adapted Implicit Association Test and demonstrate automatically activated judgements that associate north with mountainous and south with relatively level terrain. Experiment 3 rules out the possibility that this effect is due to the local topography of New England by replicating in participants from the topographically dissimilar Midwestern United States. Finally, Experiment 4 tes...
pH- and Ionic-Strength-Induced Contraction of Polybasic Micelles in Buffered Aqueous Solutions

We report the synthesis and characterization of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(styrene) (PDMAEMA-b-PS) diblock copolymers by RAFT polymerization. These polymers form uniform spherical micelles with dispersities less than 0.05 upon addition of aqueous buffer to polymer solutions in DMF. Potentiometric titrations under constant ionic strength conditions yield the first rigorous ionic-strength-effective pKa correspondence for PDMAEMA homopolymers and micelles. We demonstrate that the effective polymer pKa increases monotonically toward the monomer pKa with increasing ionic strength, but decreases slightly upon association of polymer chains into micelles. We further characterize the pH- and ionic-strength-induced contraction of the micelle coronas in buffered aqueous solutions. In monoprotic buffers, the micelle corona behaves as a salted osmotic brush, as has been observed for other block polyelectrolyte micelle systems in unbuffered solutions. In polyprotic buffers, however, we observe an ...
Predicting the Early Developmental Course of Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care were examined to test whether: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms remain stable from 54 months through early elementary school; behavioral inhibition and attention deficits assessed at 54 months predict ADHD symptoms in elementary school, even after controlling for their temporal stability; and early behavioral inhibition and attention deficits moderate the longitudinal stability in ADHD symptoms. Data were examined using continuous and categorical measures of symptoms. Modest stability in ADHD symptoms from 54 months to third grade was found. Measures of inhibition and inattention predicted later teacher ratings uniquely, but no evidence was found for moderation. Measures of preschool behavioral inhibition also predicted “persistently at risk status” defined by elevated teacher ratings over time. Results are discussed in terms of executive and motivational facets of inhibition that may be related to early signs of ADHD.
Development of the Perceived Risk of HIV Scale

Past studies have used various methods to assess perceived risk of HIV infection; however, few have included multiple items covering different dimensions of risk perception or have examined the characteristics of individual items. This study describes the use of Item Response Theory (IRT) to develop a short measure of perceived risk of HIV infection scale (PRHS). An item pool was administered by trained interviewers to 771 participants. Participants also completed the risk behavior assessment (RBA) which includes items measuring risky sexual behaviors, and 652 participants completed HIV testing. The final measure consisted of 8 items, including items assessing likelihood estimates, intuitive judgments and salience of risk. Higher scores on the PRHS were positively associated with a greater number of sex partners, episodes of unprotected sex and having sex while high. Participants who tested positive for HIV reported higher perceived risk. The PRHS demonstrated good reliability and concurrent criterion-related validity. Compared to single item measures of risk perception, the PRHS is more robust by examining multiple dimensions of perceived risk. Possible uses of the measure and directions for future research are discussed.
Pathobiology of hemophilic synovitis I: overexpression of mdm2 oncogene

Hemophilia is a genetic disease caused by a deficiency of blood coagulation factor VIII or IX. Bleeding into joints is the most frequent manifestation of hemophilia. Hemarthrosis results in an inflammatory and proliferative disorder termed hemophilic synovitis (HS). In time, a debilitating, crippling arthritis, hemophilic arthropathy, develops. Although the clinical sequence of events from joint bleeding to synovitis to arthropathy is well documented, the component or components in blood and the molecular changes responsible for hemophilic synovitis are not known. Iron has long been suspected to be the culprit but direct evidence has been lacking. Previously, we showed that iron increased human synovial cell proliferation and induced c-myc expression. Here we show that bleeding into a joint in vivo and iron in vitro result in increased expression of the p53-binding protein, mdm2. Iron induced the expression of mdm2 by normal human synovial cells approximately 8-fold. In a murine model of human hemophilia A, hemarthrosis resulted in pathologic changes observed in human hemophilic synovitis and a marked increase in synovial cell proliferation. Iron, in vitro, induced the expression of mdm2 . The molecular changes induced by iron in the blood may be the basis of the increase in cell proliferation and the development of hemophilic synovitis. (Blood. 2004;104:2060-2064)
But I thought I knew that: using confidence estimation as a debiasing technique to improve classroom performance

Our assessments of how much we know about a particular topic can be affected by our confidence in our knowledge. Research in judgement and decision making has shown that people are generally overconfident in their judgements or decisions, and that this bias can be reduced with training. We present two studies designed to assess whether debiasing can be accomplished in a classroom setting and whether it has practical value for students. In Experiment 1 simply providing confidence estimates as questions were answered was enough to debias students in a series of course-related quizzes. In Experiment 2, weekly quizzes were given in a computer-administered format. Students were given feedback for each question as it was completed. We found that accuracy on quizzes improved as confidence declined. We also found that students performed better in the course when they received debiasing training. We suggest that debiasing training prompted students to develop and use metacognitive skills that allowed them to assess their knowledge more accurately. Given this, training for these skills has practical value in the classroom. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane protein assembly into Nanodiscs

Nanodiscs are soluble nanoscale phospholipid bilayers which can self-assemble integral membrane proteins for biophysical, enzymatic or structural investigations. This means for rendering membrane proteins soluble at the single molecule level offers advantages over liposomes or detergent micelles in terms of size, stability, ability to add genetically modifiable features to the Nanodisc structure and ready access to both sides of the phospholipid bilayer domain. Thus the Nanodisc system provides a novel platform for understanding membrane protein function. We provide an overview of the Nanodisc approach and document through several examples many of the applications to the study of the structure and function of integral membrane proteins.
Trajectories of Drug Use and Mortality Outcomes Among Adults Followed Over 18 Years

BACKGROUND For adults in general population community settings, data regarding long-term course and outcomes of illicit drug use are sparse, limiting the formulation of evidence-based recommendations for drug use screening of adults in primary care.
A method for analysis of non-linear vibrations caused by modulated random excitation

Abstract A method for analyzing the response of a class of weakly non-linear and lightly damped systems to a separable non-stationary random excitation is presented. The random excitation is represented as the product of a slowly varying modulating deterministic function and a broad-band stationary process. Using an averaging procedure a first order equation governing the time evolution of the response amplitude is derived. The Fokker-Planck equation which describes the diffusion of the probability density function of the response amplitude is considered. A particularly convenient basis of orthonormal functions, as well as, necessary formulae for the determination of an approximate solution of the Fokker-Planck equation by means of the Galerkin technique are presented. Furthermore, based on this solution an equation is given for the determination of the statistical moments of the response amplitude.
An emulator for minimizing computer resources for finite element analysis

A computer code, SCOPE, has been developed for predicting the computer resources required for a given analysis code, computer hardware, and structural problem. The cost of running the code is a small fraction (about 3 percent) of the cost of performing the actual analysis. However, its accuracy in predicting the CPU and I/O resources depends intrinsically on the accuracy of calibration data that must be developed once for the computer hardware and the finite element analysis code of interest. Testing of the SCOPE code on the AMDAHL 470 V/8 computer and the ELAS finite element analysis program indicated small I/O errors (3.2 percent), larger CPU errors (17.8 percent), and negligible total errors (1.5 percent).
Long-wave infrared imaging of vegetation for detecting leaking CO2 gas

The commercial development of uncooled-microbolometer, long-wave infrared (LWIR) imagers, combined with advanced radiometric calibration methods developed at Montana State University, has led to new uses of thermal imagery in remote sensing applications. One specific novel use of these calibrated imagers is imaging of vegetation for CO 2 gas leak detection. During a four-week period in the summer of 2011, a CO 2 leak was simulated in a test field run by the Zero Emissions Research and Technology Center in Bozeman, Montana. An LWIR imager was deployed on a scaffold before and during the CO 2 release, viewing a vegetation test area that included regions of high and low CO 2 flux. Increased root-level CO 2 concentration caused plant stress that led to reduced thermal regulation of the vegetation, which was consistent with increased diurnal variation of IR emission observed in this study. In a linear regression, the IR data were found to have a strong relationship to the CO 2 emission and to be consistent with the location of leaking CO 2 gas. Reducing the continuous data set to one image per day weakened the regression fit, but maintained sufficient significance to indicate that this method could be implemented with once-daily airborne images.
Neuroinflammation: A need to understand microglia as resident cells of the developing brain

Neuroinflammation and microglia as the resident immune cells of the brain has garnered a significant amount of interest with regards to brain injury and neurotoxicology. Much of this interest and research has been focused on responses in the adult brain with little attention paid to the role of these cells during development. The available data suggests that one must view microglia and their processes during development somewhat differently. In addition, modification to microglia during development may lay a framework for subtle to significant changes in the susceptibility of the mature brain to secondary insults. A number of these point are now being raised for consideration.
In praise of the humanities in academic medicine: Values, metrics, and ethics in uncertain times

As the world looks to the promise of biomedical science against the backdrop of fi scal austerity, policymakers are ever more prone to look to quantitative outcome measures to steward resources and assess programs. Such review is necessary but certainly not suffi cient given the complexity of the tasks ahead. We will need more than the quantitative language of outcome measures to talk about values and not numbers, patient care and not effi ciency, and the balance between access and quality. Although policymakers have enveloped themselves in jargon that purports to answer such questions, the language of the clinic and health policy is often ill equipped to deal with these themes. Philosophy, history, literature, and the arts already offer a discourse instrumental to refl ective practice. These disciplines encourage introspection and a deeper understanding of how medicine operates within society. Such refl ection has a “transformative power,” enabling practitioners to, in John Dewey’s words, “reconstruct” the world. 1 In order to learn from the humanities, as profound organizational changes in the healthcare system begin, we must take several steps to sustain these disciplines in the healthcare setting. First, we must remind our medical and academic colleagues of the importance of the humanities writ large. Regaining a proper place for the humanities in medical school poses a signifi cant challenge, as some think it is achieved by displacing the sciences or by being oppositional to them. This is an unfortunate misinterpretation, and it must be stressed that the additional perspective offered by the humanities is not a zero-sum gain. It enriches, and grows from, scientifi c discovery. A deeper perspective on our shared work is achieved not by denigrating the sciences but by responding to them and by adopting a more inclusive approach that engenders support from our friends and colleagues in the sciences. Second, in order to garner this widespread support, we must assert the evolving place of the humanities, while sustaining the beachhead that medical or clinical ethics has already secured. We do not want to swap out one soft discipline for
A Massively Parallel Digital Processor for Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar

Near-real-time digital formation of large synthetic aper ture radar SAR images requires the computational throughput that only a dedicated special processor or a massively parallel computer can offer. This article documents the implementation of digital spotlight SAR processing components on three commercially avail able massively parallel computers: the Connection Ma chine CM-2, the nCUBE 2, and the Intel iPSC/860. The three basic spotlight SAR processing components, the polar reformatter, the two-dimensional fast Fourier transformation, and autofocus, are briefly discussed to provide a technical background for the implementation issues that apply to massively parallel computers. As pects of the SAR components that can exploit features of a SIMD or MIMD architecture are also presented. Finally, timing test results on various computers are provided for evaluation and comparison.
Optimal clustering of power networks using genetic algorithms

Abstract This paper presents a new method for optimal network decomposition based on genetic algorithms (GAs). GAs present a powerful, globally oriented optimization method which exploits the mechanism of natural genetics, working on populations of candidate solutions in an effort to reach optima or near optima. Test results on IEEE standard networks are given and compared with those using simulated annealing. The genetic algorithm approach is found to produce significantly better solutions.
Gadolinium-based contrast media and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal insufficiency.

Gadolinium-based contrast media are important tools in diagnostic and interventional radiology that are particularly useful in patients with renal insufficiency. Recent reports in which exposure to gadolinium compounds has been linked to the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in this patient population, however, are quite concerning. It is of great importance that radiologists be aware of this serious disease and exercise caution when considering the use of gadolinium-based contrast media in patients with moderate (glomerular filtration rate, 2 ) to severe (glomerular filtration rate, 2 ) renal disease.
Evolution and Structure of the Mesoscale Convection and Its Environment: A Case Study during the Early Onset of the Southeast Asian Summer Monsoon

Abstract The evolution and structure of mesoscale convection in the South China Sea (SCS) region are documented for the first time mainly using the dual-Doppler radar dataset collected during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) in 1998. In particular, this study focuses on the convection associated with a subtropical frontal passage during the early onset of the southeast Asian monsoon (SEAM). For the case of 15 May 1998, interaction between the tropical monsoon flow and frontal circulation played an important role in the evolution and structure of mesoscale convection. In the prefrontal region, the southwesterly monsoon flow converged with the southwesterly frontal flow to generate northeast-to-southwest-oriented convection. In the postfrontal region, the southwesterly monsoon flow converged with the northerly frontal flow to produce a wide convective line with an east-to-west orientation. In addition, the convergence between the southerly monsoon flow and the northerly postfrontal flow gener...
Selective Targeting of c-Abl via a Cryptic Mitochondrial Targeting Signal Activated by Cellular Redox Status in Leukemic and Breast Cancer Cells

Purpose The tyrosine kinase c-Abl localizes to the mitochondria under cell stress conditions and promotes apoptosis. However, c-Abl has not been directly targeted to the mitochondria. Fusing c-Abl to a mitochondrial translocation signal (MTS) that is activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) will selectively target the mitochondria of cancer cells exhibiting an elevated ROS phenotype. Mitochondrially targeted c-Abl will thereby induce malignant cell death.
Nongovernmental Organizations in Musculoskeletal Care: Orthopaedics Overseas

Injuries are a major worldwide contributor to morbidity and mortality. The negative impact caused by such injuries is disproportionately heavy in developing countries. Such disparities are caused by a complex array of problems, including a lack of physical resources, poor infrastructure, and a shortage of trained health professionals. Overcoming such deficits in care will require the involvement of organizations that can offer broad-based solutions. These organizations must bridge the gap between private and public institutions to establish a systems-based approach to program development and institution-building. They must provide not just an adequate level of care, but a transfer of knowledge that leads to sustainable and cost-effective intervention. Orthopedics Overseas is an example of such an organization. We examine the development of Orthopedics Overseas and describe their interventions in Uganda as a case-study to show the unique position they have to affect change.
Full-field bubbly flow velocity measurements using a multiframe particle tracking technique

The study is an examination of two-phase dispersed air bubble flow about a cylindrical conductor emitting a constant heat flux. The technique of Particle Image Velocimetry is utilized in order to obtain a full-field non-invasive measurement of the resulting bubbly flow velocity field. The employed approach utilizes a flow visualization technique in which the instantaneous velocity profile of a given flow field is determined by digitally recording particle or bubble images within the flow over multiple successive video frames and then conducting a completely computational analysis of the data. The use of particle tracking algorithms which perform a point-by-point matching of seed images from one frame to the next allows construction of particle or bubble pathlines and instantaneous velocity field. Results were initially obtained for a synthetically created flow field and a single phase liquid convective field seeded with flow-following tracer particles. The method was additionally extended to measurements within a gas/liquid system in which bubble rise velocities over a substantial two-dimensional flow area were determined in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed digital data acquisition and analysis methodology.
The Disjunction Effect in Choice Under Uncertainty

One of the basic axioms of the rational theory of decision under uncertainty is Savage's (1954) sure-thing principle (STP) It states that if prospect x is preferred to y knowing that Event A occurred, and if x is preferred to y knowing that A did not occur, then x should be preferred to y even when it is not known whether A occurred We present examples in which the decision maker has good reasons for accepting x if A occurs, and different reasons for accepting x if A does not occur Not knowing whether or not A occurs, however, the decision maker may lack a clear reason for accepting x and may opt for another option We suggest that, in the presence of uncertainty, people are often reluctant to think through the implications of each outcome and, as a result, may violate STP This interpretation is supported by the observation that STP is satisfied when people are made aware of their preferences given each outcome
Bayesian areal wombling for geographical boundary analysis

In the analysis of spatially referenced data, interest often focuses not on prediction of the spatially indexed variable itself, but on boundary analysis, that is, the determination of boundaries on the map that separate areas of higher and lower values. Existing boundary analysis methods are sometimes generically referred to as wombling, after a foundational article by Womble (1951). When data are available at point level (e.g., exact latitude and longitude of disease cases), such boundaries are most naturally obtained by locating the points of steepest ascent or descent on the fitted spatial surface (Banerjee, Gelfand, and Sirmans 2003). In this article, we propose related methods for areal data (i.e., data which consist only of sums or averages over geopolitical regions). Such methods are valuable in determining boundaries for data sets that, perhaps due to confidentiality concerns, are available only in ecological (aggregated) format, or are only collected this way (e.g., delivery of health-care or cost information). After a brief review of existing algorithmic techniques (including that implemented in the commercial software BoundarySeer), we propose a fully model-based framework for areal wombling, using Bayesian hierarchical models with posterior summaries computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We explore the suitability of various existing hierarchical and spatial software packages (notably S-plus and WinBUGS) to the task, and show the approach's superiority over existing nonstochastic alternatives, both in terms of utility and average mean square error behavior. We also illustrate our methods (as well as the solution of advanced modeling issues such as simultaneous inference) using colorectal cancer late detection data collected at the county level in the state of Minnesota.
The “age” of very old groundwater: insights from reactive transport models

The distribution of radioactive and radiogenic isotopes such as 36Cl and 4He provides important information about the residence time (or “age”) and flow velocity of groundwater in sedimentary basins, but the relationship between the distribution of an isotope and the basin hydrology is not always clear. We use reactive transport modeling to investigate the controls on isotope distribution and groundwater residence time in hypothetical and real flow regimes. Our results show that by moving beyond the simple “piston flow” concept, we can use isotope distributions to constrain internally consistent descriptions of deep groundwater flow regimes within sedimentary basins.
A hierarchical structural analysis of perfectionism and its relation to other personality characteristics

This study examined components of perfectionism and their relation to other personality constructs, based on data on the Frost et al. [Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J.S., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119–126; Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 245–261] Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in a population of academically talented students. The six scales of the MPS had been well recovered factor-analytically before. On a somewhat higher level of generality, four intercorrelated factors, Concerns and Doubts, Personal Standards, Organization and Parental Pressure were found to underlie self description on the MPS. This finding was consistent with previous observations. Two orthogonal higher-order factors were extracted from the intercorrelations of these four dimensions. These two factors could be clearly interpreted as healthy and unhealthy perfectionism; similar factors had been observed before in analyses of the scale scores on the MPS. This hierarchical structure of four first-order and two second-order factors could be well replicated in a second sample of subjects. The various factors on both levels showed distinct patterns of correlations with a large range of personality characteristics as measured by the other questionnaires mentioned above. In particular, healthy perfectionism was correlated with conscientiousness, unhealthy perfectionism with lack of self-esteem. Given this pattern of correlations, healthy and unhealthy perfectionism appear not to be opposite poles of one continuum, but distinct, independent factors, which are embedded in the overall personality in different ways.
National estimates of outdoor air toxics concentrations.

The Clean Air Act identifies 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or "air toxics," associated with a wide range of adverse human health effects. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has conducted a modeling study with the Assessment System for Population Exposure Nationwide (ASPEN) to gain a greater understanding of the spatial distribution of concentrations of these HAPs resulting from contributions of multiple emission sources. The study estimates year 1990 long-term outdoor concentrations of 148 air toxics for each census tract in the continental United States, utilizing a Gaussian air dispersion modeling approach. Ratios of median national modeled concentrations to estimated emissions indicate that emission totals without consideration of emission source type can be a misleading indicator of air quality. The results also indicate priorities for improvements in modeling methodology and emissions identification. Model performance evaluation suggests a tendency for underprediction of observed concentrations, which is likely due, at least in part, to a number of limitations of the Gaussian modeling formulation. Emissions estimates for HAPs have a high degree of uncertainty and contribute to discrepancies between modeled and monitored concentration estimates. The model's ranking of concentrations among monitoring sites is reasonably good for most of the gaseous HAPs evaluated, with ranking accuracy ranging from 66 to 100%.
Mast cell and neutrophil peptidases attack an inactivation segment in hepatocyte growth factor to generate NK4-like antagonists.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a plasminogen-like protein with an α chain linked to a trypsin-like β chain without peptidase activity. The interaction of HGF with c-met, a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by many cells, is important in cell growth, migration, and formation of endothelial and epithelial tubes. Stimulation of c-met requires two-chain, disulfide-linked HGF. Portions of an α chain containing an N-terminal segment and four kringle domains (NK4) antagonize HGF activity. Until now, no physiological pathway for generating NK4 was known. Here we show that chymases, which are chymotryptic peptidases secreted by mast cells, hydrolyze HGF, thereby abolishing scatter factor activity while generating an NK4-like antagonist of HGF scatter factor activity. Thus, chymase interferes with HGF directly by destroying active protein and indirectly by generating an antagonist. The site of hydrolysis, Leu480, lies in the α chain on the N-terminal side of the cysteine linking the α and β chains. This site appears to be specific for HGF because chymase does not hydrolyze other plasminogen-like proteins, such as macrophage-stimulating protein and plasminogen itself. Mast cell/neutrophil cathepsin G and neutrophil elastase generate similar fragments of HGF by cleaving near the chymase site. Mast cell and neutrophil peptidases are secreted during tissue injury, infection, ischemia, and allergic inflammation, where they may oppose HGF effects on epithelial repair. Thus, HGF possesses an “inactivation segment” that serves as an Achilles' heel attacked by inflammatory proteases. This work reveals a potential physiological pathway for inactivation of HGF and generation of NK4-like antagonists.
Probing the cytochrome c peroxidase-cytochrome c electron transfer reaction using site specific cross-linking.

Engineered cysteine residues in yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) and yeast iso-1-cytochrome c have been used to generate site specifically cross-linked peroxidase−cytochrome c complexes for the purpose of probing interaction domains and the intramolecular electron transfer reaction. Complex 2 was designed earlier [Pappa, H. S., & Poulos, T. L. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6573−6580] to mimic the known crystal structure of the peroxidase−cytochrome c noncovalent complex [Pelletier, H., & Kraut, J. (1992) Science 258, 1748−1755]. Complex 3 was designed such that cytochrome c is tethered to a region of the peroxidase near Asp148 which has been suggested to be a second site of interaction between the peroxidase and cytochrome c. Using stopped flow methods, the rate at which the ferrocytochrome c covalently attached to the peroxidase transfers an electron to peroxidase compound I is estimated to be ≈0.5−1 s-1 in complex 3 and ≈800 s-1 in complex 2. In both complexes the Trp191 radical and not the Fe4+O oxyferryl...
Pyrolysis effects in the transfer of heat and mass in thermally decomposing organic solids

Local pyrolysis rate data obtained from x-ray photographs and simultaneous temperature-distribution measurements in α-cellulose are analyzed for D.T.A. information by considering energy balances. The heating value of pyrolysis is computed as a function of space and time. It is negative for low-temperature regions, whereas beyond 350°C it becomes positive. Ambient oxygen diffusing into the hot char layer is found to oxidize the outrushing cracked pyrolysis products causing a strong exothermic reaction. Plots of volumetric source strength as a function of local temperature yield curves very similar to the conventional D.T.A. curves for α-cellulose (showing an endothermic well near 300°C). A space-time coordinate map is drawn to mark the regions of importance of various physicochemical processes. Such a map shows the kinds of processes that occur and when and where they occur in the specimen tested.
Lattice orders on 2 × 2 triangular matrix algebras

We construct all the lattice orders on a 2 × 2 triangular matrix algebra over a totally ordered field that make it into a lattice-ordered algebra. It is shown that every lattice order in which the identity matrix is not positive may be obtained from a lattice order in which the identity matrix is positive.
Phantom pain with probable reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Efficacy of fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion

Background and Objectives. The stellate ganglion can alleviate phantom pain of the upper extremity, possibly because of the presence in it of enkephalin receptors, as has been suggested by experimental and clinical reports. A case is reported in which fentanyl, instead of local anesthetic, was used for stellate ganglion block. Methods. A 49-year-old man with a left below-elbow amputation, presented with probable symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy, pain and temperature changes at the stump, and phantom hand symptoms the English-language literature revealed no reports of the use of fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion was performed for management of this condition. Results. Significant alleviation of pain and sensation of warmth at the stump and in the phantom hand was achieved. Conclusions. Fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion proved to be successful in the management of the pain and temperature sensation changes in the stump and phantom upper extremity.