cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Philosophical and Historical Considerations Relevant to William Stern’s Contributions to Developmental Psychology

During the first third of the 20th century, William Stern (1871–1938) was a prominent contributor to the literature of developmental psychology. Many of his most important contributions, some of which were made in collaboration with his wife Clara Stern, were based on diary observations of the three Stern children; observations that the Sterns accumulated over 18 years. Even as these contributions were materializing, William Stern was formulating and articulating an overarching system of thought, a Weltanschauung or worldview, that he called “critical personalism.” This brief article highlights certain aspects of that system of thought that were of particular relevance to Stern’s contributions to developmental psychology. The article also contrasts the pre-World War II reception of Stern’s ideas among developmental psychologists and differential psychologists, and, within developmental psychology, the reception of those ideas before as compared with after World War II.
Evaluation of four in vitro genetic toxicity tests for predicting rodent carcinogenicity: Confirmation of earlier results with 41 additional chemicals

The effectiveness of four in vitro short-term tests (STT) for genetic toxicity, induction of mutations in Salmonella (SAL) and mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells (MLA), and induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations (ABS) in Chinese hamster ovary cells that are used for predicting rodent carcinogenicity were examined. The in vitro results were compared with the results from 41 rodent carcinogenicity studies performed by the National Toxicology Program. The predictive values of, and interrelationships among, the STT for these 41 chemicals were similar to those previously reported for 73 chemicals and confirm those earlier results [Tennant RW, Margolin BH, Shelby MD, Zeiger E, Haseman JK, Spalding J, Caspary W, Resnick M, Stasiewicz S, Anderson B, Minor R (1987): Science 236:933-941]. Because of this similarity among the two datasets, the chemicals were combined into a single dataset of 114. The results with 114 chemicals show that SAL had the lowest sensitivity (.48) and the highest specificity (.91), whereas MLA had the highest sensitivity (.72) and the lowest specificity (.40). The concordances of the test results with rodent carcinogenicity were. 66, 0.61, 0.59, and 0.59, for SAL, ABS, SCE, and MLA, respectively. Salmonella was the most predictive for carcinogenicity; 89% of the chemicals mutagenic in SAL were carcinogenic in rodents, however a negative result in any or all of the STT was not indicative of noncarcino-genicity. The STT results reported here show good agreement with the potential electrophilicity of the chemicals, and the majority of carcinogens that are undetected by the STT do not have an electrophilic structure. There was no complementarity among the tests and no combination of the four tests was more effective than any single test for predicting carcinogenicity.
T lymphocytes are not required for the development of fatty degeneration after rotator cuff tear.

Objectives Rotator cuff tears are among the most common and debilitating upper extremity injuries. Chronic cuff tears result in atrophy and an infiltration of fat into the muscle, a condition commonly referred to as ‘fatty degeneration’. While stem cell therapies hold promise for the treatment of cuff tears, a suitable immunodeficient animal model that could be used to study human or other xenograft-based therapies for the treatment of rotator cuff injuries had not previously been identified. Methods A full-thickness, massive supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear was induced in adult T-cell deficient rats. We hypothesised that, compared with controls, 28 days after inducing a tear we would observe a decrease in muscle force production, an accumulation of type IIB fibres, and an upregulation in the expression of genes involved with muscle atrophy, fibrosis and inflammation. Results Chronic cuff tears in nude rats resulted in a 30% to 40% decrease in muscle mass, a 23% reduction in production of muscle force, and an induction of genes that regulate atrophy, fibrosis, lipid accumulation, inflammation and macrophage recruitment. Marked large lipid droplet accumulation was also present. Conclusions The extent of degenerative changes in nude rats was similar to what was observed in T-cell competent rats. T cells may not play an important role in regulating muscle degeneration following chronic muscle unloading. The general similarities between nude and T-cell competent rats suggest the nude rat is likely an appropriate preclinical model for the study of xenografts that have the potential to enhance the treatment of chronically torn rotator cuff muscles. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:262–72.
Roxana silt of the Upper Mississippi Valley: Lithology, source, and paleoenvironment

Significant lithological differences exist between the middle Wisconsinan Roxana Silt (loess) of the Upper Mississippi Valley (the valley north of 41.5°) and that of the type area near St. Louis, Missouri. Primary differences are that the Upper Mississippi Valley Roxana Silt is much thinner, finer textured, and more weathered than that of the type area. Extrapolation of radiocarbon dates brackets sedimentation of Upper Mississippi Valley Roxana Silt between 55 and 27 ka, which is in close agreement with dates from the type area. Radiocarbon dates and paleobotanical data indicate that the Upper Mississippi Valley Roxana Silt accumulated at a maximum long-term-average sedimentation rate of about 7 cm/1,000 yr within a boreal forest environment, whereas the type area Roxana Silt accumulated at a maximum long-term-average sedimentation rate of about 60 cm/1,000 yr within a prairie-like environment. Multiple regression analysis shows that more than 75% of the variance in thickness and texture between the Upper Mississippi Valley Roxana Silt and that of the type area is explained by parameters of source-valley width, source-valley azimuth, and distance of the depositional site from the source-valley. This indicates that although the lithologic characteristics and sedimentation rates between the two regions are quite different, they are consistent with a unified loess sedimentation sys- tem linked to the ancient Mississippi River valley. A proglacial source for the Roxana Silt and a middle Wisconsinan advance of the Lauren-tide Ice Sheet is a topic of scientific debate because recent findings show a lack of Roxana-correlative till deposits in the Midwest. Alternative hypotheses include a glaciolacustrine source, a regional slope erosion source, and a cold-climate desert dust source. Tests of these hypotheses support a proglacial origin for the Roxana Silt. Multiple regression analysis of loess thickness and texture, along with paleobotanical evidence, indicates that the Roxana Silt was blown from the ancient Mississippi Valley, rather than from a cold-climate desert source or from flood plains linked to a glaciolacustrine source. Geochemical and mineralogical composition of the Upper Mississippi Valley Roxana Silt, compared to out-wash-derived Peoria Loess, indicates that detritus from regional hillslope erosion is not a unique component of the Roxana Silt. Combined data indicate that the midcontinental Roxana Silt was derived as loess blown from flood plains of middle Wisconsinan proglacial rivers between 55 and 27 ka.
Phenotypes, genotypes, and operators in evolutionary computation

Evolutionary computation can be conducted at various levels of abstraction (e.g., genes, individuals, species). Recent claims have been made that simulated evolution can be made more biologically accurate by applying specific genetic operators that mimic low-level transformations to DNA. This paper argues instead that the appropriateness of particular variation operators depends on the level of abstraction of the simulation. Further, including spec@ random variation operators simply because they have a similar form as genetic operators that occur in nature does not, in general, lead lo greater fdelity in simulation.
Iterative image warping technique for temporal subtraction of sequential chest radiographs to detect interval change

A temporal subtraction technique has been developed to assist radiologists in the detection of interval changes on chest radiographs. Although the overall performance of the current temporal subtraction technique is relatively good, severe misregistration errors, mainly due to AP inclination and/or rotation, are observed in some cases. In order to reduce these errors, we attempted to improve the subtraction scheme by applying an iterative image warping technique. In cases obtained with the new temporal subtraction technique 177 (97.8%) of 181 showed adequate, good, or excellent quality. We also found that 156 (86.2%) of cases obtained with the new scheme showed improvements in the quality of the subtraction images compared with the previous scheme. The results indicate that the performance of the temporal subtraction technique was greatly improved by use of the iterative image warping technique.
Anatomy of the Airway: An Overview

The adult human supralaryngeal vocal tract must be viewed from a phylogenetic and a growth and development perspective. As man has assumed an upright position, variations have evolved that make the anatomy of humans different from the anatomy of close ancestors and other mammals. The face, eyes, maxilla, and mandible have migrated inferiorly and posteriorly, creating a short face or splanchnocranium. The splanchnocranium is composed of the mandible, palate, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid bones, as well as a narrow supralaryngeal vocal tract and a more posterior oropharyngeal tongue, along with a descended larynx and shortened soft palate with the loss of an epiglottic–soft palate lockup. These anatomic features have allowed man the ability to speak
Stochastic modeling of volume images with a 3-D hidden Markov model

Over the years, researchers in the image analysis community have successfully used various statistical modeling methods to segment, classify and annotate digital images. In this paper, we propose a 3-D hidden Markov model (HMM) for volume image modeling. A computationally efficient algorithm is developed to estimate the model. The 3-D HMM is applied to volume image segmentation and tested using synthetic images with ground truth. Experiments have demonstrated that 3-D HMM outperforms Gaussian mixture model based clustering by an order of magnitude in accuracy.
Remote probing of the optical strength of atmospheric turbulence and of wind velocity

A procedure for determining the optical strength of turbulence of the atmosphere and the wind velocity at various altitudes by measuring the spatial and temporal covariance of scintillation is developed. Emphasis is placed on the development of the formal relationships that have to be inverted to obtain the desired results. For determination of optical strength of turbulence, it is a linear integral equation that is developed. However, for determination of remote wind velocity, a nonlinear integral equation is obtained. A computer approach for solving each of the equations is suggested. The configuration and performance requirements of the measurement apparatus are discussed.
Stress retardation versus stress relaxation in linear viscoelasticity

Abstract We present a preliminary examination of a new approach to a long-standing problem in non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. First, we summarize how a general implicit functional relation between stress and rate of strain of a continuum with memory is reduced to the well-known linear differential constitutive relations that account for “relaxation” and “retardation.” Then, we show that relaxation and retardation are asymptotically equivalent for small Deborah numbers, whence causal pure relaxation models necessarily correspond to ill-posed pure retardation models. We suggest that this dichotomy could be a possible way to reconcile the discrepancy between the theory of and certain experiments on viscoelastic liquids that are conjectured to exhibit only stress retardation.
An Interview with Dr. Rich Sugden of STAT!Ref

Abstract This interview provides insights into the products and services offered by Teton Data Systems, a leading source of evidence-based clinical information. Products discussed include STAT!Ref, an@tomy.tv, MedCalc 3000, and PIER©.
Experiences Accessing Abortion Care in Alabama among Women Traveling for Services

Abstract Background In Alabama, more than one-half of reproductive-aged women live in counties without an abortion provider. State regulations require in-person counseling (or confirmed receipt of materials sent by certified mail) followed by a 48-hour waiting period. We explored the impact of this service and policy environment on experiences accessing abortion care for women traveling long distances to clinics. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 25 women who traveled more than 30 miles to an Alabama clinic providing abortion care between July and September 2014. Women were interviewed by telephone at least 1 day after their consultation, procedure, or follow-up visit. We used content analysis methods to code and analyze interview transcripts. Findings Almost all women found a clinic by searching online or talking to others in their social networks who had abortions. These strategies did not always direct women to the closest clinic, and some described searches that yielded inaccurate information. The majority of women did not believe an in-person consultation visit was necessary and found it to be burdensome because of the extra travel required and long waits at the clinic. Two-thirds of the women were unable to schedule their abortion 48 hours later owing to work schedules or because appointments were offered only once a week, and four women were delayed until their second trimester even though they sought services earlier in pregnancy. Conclusions It is often difficult for women in communities without an abortion provider to find and access timely abortion care. Efforts are needed to make abortion more accessible and prevent further restrictions on services.
Sound Production and Communication by the Greater Wax Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Male greater wax moths, Galleria mellonella L., have a pair of small tymbals that are used to produce short ultrasonic pulses of 75-kHz sound when the wings are fluttered. The sound stimulates virgin females to wing fan. Females wing fanning when stationary or flying produce low-frequency sound which males detect. Males respond by wing fanning and releasing large amounts of pheromone. Female moths are not guided to males by sound, but only by pheromone. Since the moths are probably able to communicate only at distances less than 1 m, all three of these communication systems are short-range.
TRACHEAE & TRACHEOLES: A FORTUITOUS DISCOVERY REFINES A KEY DEFINITION

![Figure][1] It is always interesting when a seemingly minor study actually contributes significantly to our understanding of a key concept in animal biology. A key concept in the field of insect respiratory biology is understanding the structure, function and formation of the insect tracheal
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas.

Normalization is thought to underlie many sensory, motor, and cognitive processes and likely arises from interactions between neuronal populations. To gain insight into normalization mechanisms, we...
On the Renormalization of the IBA by the g Boson

The IBA-2 proton-neutron Hamiltonian is given byl–2 $${H_{IBA2}} = \varepsilon \left( {{n_{{d_\pi }}} + {n_{{d_v}}}} \right) + \kappa {Q_\pi } \cdot {Q_v} + {M_{\pi \nu }} + {V_{\pi \pi }} + {V_{vv}}$$ (1) where κ < 0 $$\begin{gathered} {Q_{\pi \left( v \right)}} = \left( {{d^\dag }s + {s^\dag }\tilde d} \right)_{\pi \left( v \right)}^{\left( 2 \right)} + {\chi _{\pi \left( v \right)}}\left( {{d^\dag }\tilde d} \right)_{\pi \left( v \right)}^{\left( 2 \right)} \hfill \\ {V_{\pi \pi \left( {vv} \right)}} = \sum\limits_{L = 0,2,4} {\frac{1}{2}} {\left( {2L + 1} \right)^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}}}C_L^{\pi \left( v \right)}\left[ {\left( {{d^\dag }{d^\dag }} \right)_{\pi \left( v \right)}^{\left( L \right)}x\left( {\tilde d\tilde d} \right)_{\pi \left( v \right)}^{\left( L \right)}} \right]_0^0 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (2) and Mπv is the Majorana operator which separates the totally symmetric proton-neutron states from states of mixed symmetry. This Hamiltonian has been used by several authors1–4 to do phenomenological analyses of nuclei in the mass region Z = 50−82 and N = 50 to N ≥ 126, in which the parameters e, κ, χπ, χv (and perhaps the CL’s) are determined by fitting the low-lying energy spectra for an individual nucleus. One would like to obtain values for these parameters which vary smoothly with neutron (or proton) number and then to understand the physical origins of these parameters. Another interesting question is how these parameters are affected by terms left out of the model Hamiltonian, such as the g boson, i.e. proton or neutron pairs coupled to J = 4. One approach to studying this problem is to expand the symmetry group of the IBA from SU(6) to SU(15) in order to include the degrees of freedom associated with a g boson. One can avoid this difficult task by including the effects of a g boson on the s-d boson model space through second order perturbation theory.
A Refundable Tax Credit for Children: Self-Interest-Based and Morally-Based Arguments

In this paper I will argue that children are a special subgroup of society in that they represent an opportunity gain for the whole society. Self-interested individuals acting atomistically are not motivated to contribute optimally, if they contribute at all, to the realization of this social opportunity. Societal opportunities can be approached as public goods, giving the government a positive role. But the financing of a public good by means of general taxation, I will argue, violates the public good argument. Such a financing method requires, in addition to the public goods argument, a moral or merit good argument. I will endeavor to provide such an argument. I will also explicitly argue that the current method of providing child support in the U.S. is defective: it is neither efficient nor just.
Pricing Dollar Strength Risk

A stronger dollar impacts US firms - lowering the cost of imports, and increasing the relative price of exports. The strength of the dollar itself, however, has limited explanatory power for the cross-section of returns. Our contribution: measure the signed sensitivity of individual firms to moves in dollar strength. Portfolios sorted on this sensitivity are not priced by established factors. These portfolios capture firm fundamentals, as they are similar to sorting on fraction of revenue from abroad. Dollar sensitivity has implications for profitability and fundamental momentum, as well as the relationship between momentum strategies across countries.
Capital Planning, Selection, and Investment (Integrating Sustainability in Decision-making)

Inspired by Pope Francis’ call for a new journey that instills the importance of conservation and care for the environment, we propose a practical model that mathematically incorporates sustainability issues into capital planning, selection, and investment. Evidence suggests that managers apply net present value (NPV) methodologies in a way that disadvantages environmentally sustainable investments. If an NPV model does not consider the costs and risks of non-sustainable projects, then the potential benefits of alternative sustainable investments will appear much less valuable than present costs. Sustainable investments also often require larger initial investments with long-term benefits and distant cash flow time horizons that are discounted at exponentially higher rates. Moreover, identified environmental costs and benefits are generally limited to savings associated with energy costs, while hidden reductions in externalities are ignored. Thus, as commonly used, NPV models bias against sustainable alternatives in investment selection. This article integrates accounting, finance, and engineering literatures to develop a model that incorporates sustainability and environmental impacts into capital selection through a life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) appraisal. We operationalize LCIA so that hidden environmental costs and benefits can be identified, analyzed, and priced, thus resulting in a better prediction of cash flows. The model also integrates environmental risks into the cost of capital by developing a sustainability risk-adjusted discount rate and sustainability-cost NPV that effectively captures the sustainability exposures of capital projects, thus resulting in a risk-adjusted sustainable framework for decision making.
An FPGA-based platform for integrated power and motion control

Motor control applications using small fast-spinning motors such as e-turbos, UAVs, surgical instruments and high-speed pumps, and the advent of SiC and GaN switching transistors, are driving a need for compact drives with high-frequency control loop updates. This paper describes a multi-axis motor and power control platform suitable for academic or commercial research and development. It includes motor and power control kit, FPGA development board and FPGA hardware and software design. It supports integrated power and motor control with PWM time resolution up to 300MHz and control update frequencies of 100kHz or more.
POSTER: An Architecture and Programming Model for Accelerating Parallel Commutative Computations via Privatization

Synchronization and data movement are the key impediments to an efficient parallel execution. To ensure that data shared by multiple threads remain consistent, the programmer must use synchronization (e.g., mutex locks) to serialize threads' accesses to data. This limits parallelism because it forces threads to sequentially access shared resources. Additionally, systems use cache coherence to ensure that processors always operate on the most up-to-date version of a value even in the presence of private caches. Coherence protocol implementations cause processors to serialize their accesses to shared data, further limiting parallelism and performance.
Rapidly Prototyping Robots: Using Plates and Reinforced Flexures

In this article, we present plate and reinforced flexure (PARF) fabrication, an inexpensive, rapid fabrication technique for robot mechanisms inspired by the smart composite manufacturing (SCM) used in VelociRoACH [1] and RoboBee [2] designs. PARF extends SCM to larger sizes at low costs. We used PARF to develop a meter-scale hexapedal robot, BigANT [3], a design we made publicly available. Manufacture of BigANT requires minimal tooling-foam board, tape, a saw blade, and a knife; the chassis costs l US$20 in materials, encouraging its use in research, education, and recreation. We present a study of PARF joints, showing several variations spanning a range of fabrication effort and mechanical properties. PARF promises the possibility of quickly and inexpensively building robot mechanisms for tasks as the requirements arise, rather than relying on prefabricated robot bodies.
Cilia-dependent GLI processing in neural crest cells is required for tongue development

Ciliopathies are a class of diseases caused by the loss of a ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelle called a primary cilium. Ciliopathies commonly result in defective development of the craniofacial complex, causing midfacial defects, craniosynostosis, micrognathia and aglossia. Herein, we explored how the conditional loss of primary cilia on neural crest cells (Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre) generated aglossia. On a cellular level, our data revealed that aglossia in Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre embryos was due to a loss of mesoderm-derived muscle precursors migrating into and surviving in the tongue anlage. To determine the molecular basis for this phenotype, we performed RNA-seq, in situ hybridization, qPCR and Western blot analyses. We found that transduction of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, rather than other pathways previously implicated in tongue development, was aberrant in Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre embryos. Despite increased production of full-length GLI2 and GLI3 isoforms, previously identified GLI targets important for mandibular and glossal development (Foxf1, Foxf2, Foxd1 and Foxd2) were transcriptionally downregulated in Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre embryos. Genetic removal of GLI activator (GLIA) isoforms in neural crest cells recapitulated the aglossia phenotype and downregulated Fox gene expression. Genetic addition of GLIA isoforms in neural crest cells partially rescued the aglossia phenotype and Fox gene expression in Kif3af/f;Wnt1-Cre embryos. Together, our data suggested that glossal development requires primary cilia-dependent GLIA activity in neural crest cells. Furthermore, these data, in conjunction with our previous work, suggested prominence specific roles for GLI isoforms; with development of the frontonasal prominence relying heavily on the repressor isoform and the development of the mandibular prominence/tongue relying heavily on the activator isoform.
The scholarly productivity and work environments of academic pharmacists.

Abstract Background Productive faculty are key to generating new knowledge and advancing pharmacy practice. The work environments of academic pharmacists are critical to their vitality, commitment, and longevity. Objectives To (1) identify correlates of faculty scholarly productivity and teaching effectiveness, considering personal and environmental characteristics; (2) determine the relationship between a faculty's perception of organizational citizenship behaviors they witness with the organizational culture of their employing college/school of pharmacy; and (3) describe the relationship between organizational climate, job satisfaction, and commitment of academic pharmacists. Methods A self-administered survey was disseminated to a random sample of U.S. academic pharmacists acquired from AACP list-servs. The survey measured perceptions of their organization's culture, the organizational citizenship behaviors they witness at their institution, their job satisfaction, teaching load and productivity, and scholarly productivity based upon peer-reviewed scholarly papers accepted. Both bivariate and multivariate (regression) procedures were employed to identify factors most responsible for explaining academic pharmacist's work environment. Results Responses were received from 177 of 600 survey recipients. Faculty reported having had accepted 10.9 ± 13.6 papers in peer-reviewed journals during the previous 5 years, with most of those in journals with relatively low Impact Factor scores. Faculty productivity was related to type of academic institution employed, teaching effectiveness, job satisfaction, and other factors. Organizational citizenship behaviors and organizational culture was seen similarly by faculty of varied ranks and experience levels. Commitment to remain at the current college/school of pharmacy was highly associated with culture, climate, and job satisfaction conditions. Conclusions The results provided evidence for a strong connection or nexus between teaching and research effectiveness. Organizational culture of academic pharmacy programs is highly important for faculty vitality and commitment. The findings should be helpful for academic leaders in devising programs for mentoring, development, and retention of faculty.
Lipoprotein Signal Peptidase Inhibitors with Antibiotic Properties Identified through Design of a Robust In Vitro HT Platform.

Summary As resistance to antibiotics increases, the exploration of new targets and strategies to combat pathogenic bacteria becomes more urgent. Ideal protein targets are required for viability across many species, are unique to prokaryotes to limit effects on the host, and have robust assays to quantitate activity and identify inhibitors. Lipoprotein signal peptidase (Lsp) is a transmembrane aspartyl protease required for lipoprotein maturation and comprehensively fits these criteria. Here, we have developed the first in vitro high-throughput assay to monitor proteolysis by Lsp. We employed our high-throughput screen assay against 646,275 compounds to discover inhibitors of Lsp and synthesized a range of analogs to generate molecules with nanomolar half maximal inhibitory concentration values. Importantly, our inhibitors are effective in preventing the growth of E. coli cultures in the presence of outer-membrane permeabilizer PMBN and should facilitate development of antibacterial agents with a novel mechanism of action to treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Plasma Catecholamines as an Index of a Neuroendocrine Response

Epinephrine, the pressor substance released into the blood from the adrenal medulla, was the first hormone to be chemically characterized. In 1897, Abel and Crawford isolated and identified epinephrine (which they called “adrenaline”) as N-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanolamine (Fig. 1). Because the effects of administered epinephrine were so similar to those of sympathetic nerve stimulation (Langley, 1901), one of Langley’s students proposed that an epinephrine-like substance is released from sympathetic nerve endings (Elliott, 1905). He later showed that epinephrine released from the adrenals is evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation (Elliott, 1912), but his hypothesis regarding sympathetic nerves remained unproven until Loewi (1921) and Cannon and Uridil (1921) were able to demonstrate that a sympathomimetic substance was discharged when sympathetic nerves were stimulated. The nature of the chemical substance that was released was established over 25 years later when Von Euler (1948) found that norepinephrine (Fig. 1) is present in sympathetic nerve endings. Shortly thereafter, Peart (1949) showed that stimulation of the splenic nerves evoked release of norepinephrine from the spleen, whereas epinephrine was the catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla (Cannon and Rosenbleuth, 1937). Thus, these catecholamines might be considered the first examples of neurohumoral substances and the adrenal medulla the first discovered neuroendocrine gland.
Foliage re-establishment of Pinus palustris Mill. saplings after spring or fall prescribed fire

Repeated fire is key to the viability of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystems, but its acceptance as a management tool may depend on satisfactory longleaf pine growth. This is because longleaf pine establishment often has the dual-purpose of ecosystem restoration and stemwood production. Timely recovery of scorched foliage among longleaf pine seedlings and saplings supports maximum juvenile growth. We identified two means of foliage re-establishment in the growing season after prescribed fire regardless of the season of fire application. New foliage growth after spring or fall fire was correlated with un-scorched foliage biomass and the presence of lateral branches. After prescribed fire in spring, foliage biomass recovery also appeared to benefit from the mobilization of starch. The high carbon demand of foliage recovery after fall prescribed fire was associated with interruption of seasonal starch accumulation in the stem and taproot. The implication of low starch accumulation in stem and taproot tissues during the growing season after fall prescribed fire is unknown and warrants further investigation. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of residual foliage, lateral branches, and stored starch on timely foliage recovery of young longleaf pines after fire. Together with knowledge of longleaf pine development and fuel and climate conditions at the time of prescribed fire, this information will aid prescribed fire practitioners charged with maintaining longleaf pine stands of high vigor.
Language Instructors Learning Together: Using Lesson Study in Higher Education

The post 9/11 context brought a heightened awareness of the critical need to develop translingual and transcultural competence in language learners. This chapter takes up the question of what role—and what form—professional development for language instructors can take in the overall task of increasing students’ language proficiency levels. It details a qualitative, interventionist study which examined how participation in an inquiry group mediated the conceptual development of three world language instructors in higher education. The study is framed by both activity theory, which informs an understanding of the inquiry group’s situatedness in their sociocultural-historical context, and microinteractional analysis, which allows a view into how the turn-by-turn construction of meaning in the inquiry group created affordances for teacher inquiry. The findings of this study support the view that a combination of periodic workshops and sustained instructional inquiry groups can be particularly effective in promoting teacher conceptual development.
The effect of Mn++ and antimicrobial drugs on sporulation of Bacillus subtilis in nutrient broth.

It has been recognized recently that the addition of Mn++ to nutrient broth, skim milk, and other complex broth media stimulates sporulation (but not growth) of many species of the genus Bacillus. The requirement for Mn++ is specific and cannot be replaced by the addition of Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, Sr++, Co++, Ni++, Cd++, Zn++, Cu++, Sn++, Ce++, or low concentrations of Fe++(+) (Charney et al., 1951; Curran and Evans, 1954). Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline form stable complexes with Mn++ (Albert, 1953), and the toxicities of these drugs toward a cell-free bacterial nitro reductase (Sax and Slie, 1954) and toward growth of cells of a pseudomonad (Weinberg, 1954) are reversed by the addition of Mn++. Conversely, the toxicity of chlortetracycline toward growth of cells of Colpoda cucullus in the presence of alginate or chondroitin is enhanced by Mn++ (Little et al., 1953). The presence of chlortetracycline in the diet of chicks has been found to enhance their utilization of Mn++ (Pepper et al., 1953). The toxicities of quinacrine toward coliform bacteria (Silverman, 1948), of polymyxin toward a pseudomonad (Newton, 1953), and of streptomycin toward cell elongation of coleoptile sections of an Avena species (Rosen, 1954) have been observed to be reversed by Mn++. Bacterial sporulation is inhibited by many antimicrobial factors in lower concentrations than are required to inhibit vegetative growth (Wynne, 1952). In the present study an attempt was made (1) to learn if this generalization applies to the 5 antimicrobial drugs cited above and also to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, penicillin, and magnamycin; and (2) to leam if the ability of any of the 9 drugs to inhibit sporulation can be reversed by the addition of excess Mn++.
Narrative Interventions in the Palliative Care Setting: A Scoping Review.

Abstract Context This scoping review maps the existing literature on narrative interventions within a palliative care and end-of-life context. Objectives A scoping review was performed to address the following research question: What observational or randomized controlled trials have been performed to evaluate narrative interventions in the palliative care setting? Methods A search across multiple electronic databases was performed. The search results were screened. Relevant articles were reviewed for the identification of common themes and challenges. Results After reviewing 495 citations from electronic searches, and 44 articles from author archives or from manual review of article reference lists, we identified 34 articles for inclusion. Narrative interventions have focused on reflection or communication, and have been studied among providers, students, patients, and caregivers. Only patient/caregiver studies used randomized controlled design. Most studies were small and at the level of evaluating feasibility. Challenges include a high degree of heterogeneity among interventions and heterogeneity among parameters for evaluating those interventions. Conclusion Narrative interventions are actively being evaluated with the intention of improving communication and well-being among all parties within the palliative care and end-of-life experience. The field would benefit from selecting a subset of outcomes that are comparable across studies, and a common framework for describing narrative interventions. Scant literature exists regarding narrative interventions to assist providers in communication.
Research Note War Games: North Korea’s Reaction to American and South Korean Military Exercises

Since 1976, the militaries of the United States and South Korea have been holding routine joint military exercises (JMEs) for the purposes of military training and deterrence against North Korea. These exercises are frequently cited as a cause of tension on the peninsula, causing North Korea to escalate its conflictual rhetoric and behavior. I empirically assess this claim using new data on USA-ROK JMEs and machine-coded event data collected by the Integrated Crisis Early Warning System (O’Brien 2010). The findings show that North Korea does not systematically escalate its conflictual rhetoric or behavior during or near the occurrence of JMEs. The results hold for both low- and high-intensity exercises and for rhetoric that has the United States and South Korea as its target.
The pitch glide speech task lacks clinical utility to infer laryngeal lift during swallowing

Purpose: To investigate the amount of laryngeal lift during the pitch glide speech task and during a bolus swallow.Method: Modified Barium Swallows (MBS) videos captured speech tasks and bolus tria...
Local economic benefits increase positivity toward foreigners.

Can exposure to discernible economic benefits associated with the presence of a high-socioeconomic status immigrant group reduce xenophobic and antiforeigner attitudes? We explore this question using the case of Chinese internationals in the United States and an exogenous influx of foreign capital associated with their presence. Using a difference-in-differences design with panel data, along with analyses of pooled cross-sectional data, we find that immigration attitudes, as well as views towards China, became more positive over time among Americans residing in locales whose economies were stimulated by Chinese foreign investments. Our findings have implications for research on public attitudes towards immigration in an era of growing flows of high-socioeconomic status immigrants to the United States and other immigrant-receiving nations. Malhotra and colleagues find that exposure to the economic benefits associated with the presence of higher socioeconomic status immigrants, such as the receipt of large inflows of foreign capital, can reduce xenophobic and antiforeigner sentiment.
Appeal Against Acquittal By The Prosecutor: Critical Comments on The Indonesian Constitutional Court Decision

In 2013, the Indonesian Constitutional Court ended the debate concerning the constitutional validity of the right to appeal against acquittal by the prosecutor. Such a question has a long history not only in the Indonesian judicial system. In their decision, the court concluded that the government should have the power to appeal against acquittal to the Supreme Court because of its supervisory function over the lower courts. However, the decision was not unanimous, and there was one dissenting opinion from justice Harjono, who is in favor of protecting the rights of the acquitted defendant. This article is trying to examine the decision and underlined the issue of two competing values, namely ﬁnality, and accuracy that was debated in the decision, even though the court did not explicitly mention it. In the end, this article ﬁnds that the court gives more importance to the accuracy of the conviction and less to their ﬁnality.
Distributed Algorithms for Solving Modular Congruences over Networks

This paper presents a family of discrete-time distributed algorithms that enable nodes in an undirected, connected network to solve, in a fully decentralized fashion, a system of modular congruences whose residues and pairwise coprime moduli are locally known to the nodes. We show that each algorithm in the family is able to determine, in finite time, the congruence class of solutions whose existence and uniqueness is guaranteed by the Chinese remainder theorem. We also describe and analyze three specific algorithms from the family called Synchronous Updating (SU), Pairwise Equalizing (PE), and Groupwise Equalizing (GE), relating the convergence rate of SU to the network diameter and those of PE and GE to their asynchronous update patterns. Finally, we provide simulation results that illustrate their effectiveness.
Relationship between ductility and the porosity of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg

Abstract Additive manufacturing via selective laser melting can result in variable levels of internal porosity both between build plates and within components from the same build. In this investigation, sample porosity levels were compared to tensile properties for 176 samples spanning eight different build plates. Sample porosity was measured both by Archimedes density, which provided an estimation of overall porosity, and by observation of voids in the fracture surface, which provided an estimation of the porosity at the failure plane. The porosity observed at the fracture surface consistently demonstrated higher porosity than that suggested by Archimedes density. The porosity values obtained from both methods were compared against the mechanical results. Sample porosity appears to have some correlation to the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and modulus, but the strongest relationship is observed between porosity and ductility. Three different models were used to relate the fracture surface porosity to the ductility. The first method was a simple linear regression analysis, while the other two models have been used to relate porosity to ductility in cast alloys. It is shown that all three models fit the data well over the observed porosity ranges, suggesting that the models taken from casting theory can extend to additively manufactured metals. Finally, it is proposed that the non-destructive Archimedes method could be used to estimate an approximate sample ductility through the use of correlations realized here. Such a relationship could prove useful for design and for a deeper understanding of the impact of pores on tensile behavior.
Common Dermatologic Procedures and the Associated Complications Unique to Skin of Color.

Background The skin of color (SOC) population in the United States continues to grow, and these patients are undergoing various cosmetic and surgical procedures at increasing rates. There is a paucity of data on the potential complications associated with surgical and cosmetic procedures in this patient population. Objective We aim to educate dermatologic surgeons and clinicians on surgical and cosmetic procedures in patients of color and increase awareness of the potential complications unique to this patient population. Materials and methods A thorough PubMed literature search was performed to conduct this review. Results There are a number of complications in SOC that require special attention, including keloids, postoperative infections, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, and hypopigmentation. There are also various precautions to consider when performing cosmetic procedures, such as neurotoxin and filler injections, laser therapy, microneedling, and chemical peels. Conclusion Dermatologists should be aware of the potential cosmetic and surgical complications of this growing patient population to provide optimal evidence-based medical care.
Evaluating the efficacy of alfaxalone in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus).

Abstract Objective Alfaxalone is a popular veterinary anesthetic; however, research on this anesthetic in snakes has been limited to ball pythons, garter snakes and several Australian species. The objective was to evaluate the anesthetic effects of alfaxalone in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), a popular pet snake. Study design Prospective, randomized crossover study. Animals A total of eight corn snakes. Methods In phase I, snakes were subcutaneously administered three doses of alfaxalone (5, 10 and 15 mg kg–1) in the cranial third of the body to determine the most effective dose. In phase II, a dose of 15 mg kg–1 was administered in the cranial and caudal thirds of the snakes to determine if injection site affected anesthesia duration. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), righting reflex, escape response, tail pinch, needle prick and tongue flick were monitored at baseline and 5 minute intervals until the snakes fully recovered. Results Duration of anesthesia differed significantly, with higher doses lasting longer than lower doses: 5 mg kg–1 [23.8 ± 4.4 (15–30) minutes]; 10 mg kg–1 [40.6 ± 9.4 (25–55) minutes]; and 15 mg kg–1 [56.9 ± 8.4 (50–70) minutes], mean ± standard deviation (range). The tail pinch reflex was not completely lost in phase 1. There was a significant change in fR over time, but this was not related to dose. HR was not different by time or dose. Duration of anesthesia was not different after administration of alfaxalone (15 mg kg–1) in the cranial third versus the caudal third of the body; however, there was a significant decrease in HR and fR at this dose, regardless of injection site. Conclusions and clinical relevance Based on these results, alfaxalone (15 mg kg–1) provides adequate anesthesia for brief procedures or intubation; however, additional analgesia is required for painful procedures.
Acute Burn Assessment Using Terahertz Spectroscopic Feature Extraction and Support Vector Machines

A hand-held THz-TDS scanner was employed for assessment of the burn injuries in a swine model. The accuracy of hyperspectral burn classification between superficial, partiall-thickness, and full-thickness categories using THz spectroscopic features was determined to be 93 percent.
Symmetric and isotropic micro/nanorotors driven by a plane-polarized gaussian laser beam

The flourishing field of light-powered micro/nanorotors provides promising strategies for manufacturing and biomedical needs. However, the torque of optical rotors typically arises from the momentum exchange with photons, which limits the geometries and materials of objects that can be rotated and requires intense laser beams with designed intensity profile and polarization. These factors inhibit the light-powered rotation of highly symmetric or isotropic targets. Herein, we developed an optothermal micro/nanorotors platform that enables the rotation of various colloids with diverse sizes, materials, and various shapes, including live cells and micro/nanoparticles with high symmetry and isotropy. The long-sought-after out-of-plane rotation has been achieved by a single plane-polarized Gaussian laser beam with an ultralow power. This simple rotor approach is foreseen to open new horizons in colloidal and life sciences by offering a non-invasive and universal manipulation.
Automated Skimming System in Response to Questions for NonVisual Readers

This paper presents factors in designing a system for automatically skimming text documents in response to a question. The system will take a potentially complex question and a single document and return a Web page containing links to text related to the question. The goal is that these text areas be those that visual readers would spend the most time on when skimming for the answer to a question. To identify these areas, we had visual readers skim for an answer to a complex question while being tracked by an eye-tracking system. Analysis of these results indicates that text with semantic connections to the question are of interest, but these connections are much looser than can be identified with traditional Question-Answering or Information Retrieval techniques. Instead, we are expanding traditional semantic treatments by using a Web search. The goal of this system is to give non-visual readers information similar to what visual readers get when skimming through a document in response to a question.