cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning disabilities, professionalism, and the practice of medical education.

The authors use the interface of learning disabilities (LDs) and medical education to explore several issues relevant to medical professionalism and the training of future physicians. First, they examine arguments given by Little (in the preceding article) that a successful suit for accommodations on a state bar exam is generalizable to LDs and medical education, and suggest ways in which this may not be true. They then explore two frameworks for understanding medical education: (1) as a process of academic achievement linked to degree attainment, and (2) as a process of professional acculturation linked to competencies. Within this dichotomy, they then explore (1) the legitimacy accorded to different types of accommodations, (2) differing meanings of a "level playing field," and (3) the legal standard of "otherwise able." They also examine the use of intermediaries (e.g., a reader) as a "leveling" strategy and how, in clinical settings, this might violate core standards of autonomous decision making. The authors investigate the nature of "technical standards" in training across medicine and nursing and find a number of differences, particularly in the intent and levels of detail of standards. Across these two domains, they observe a status hierarchy, medical hubris, and the emergence of a "right to fail" as one travels down that hierarchy. The authors also examine medicine as an undifferentiated degree and consider arguments that medical school course requirements should be unbundled. They close by insisting that medical schools have a social responsibility to shift their pedagogic gaze from identifying handicaps in individuals to understanding how the education of physicians can become, quite literally, "handicapping."
UVB and UVA Initiate Different Pathways to p53-Dependent Apoptosis in Melanocytes

The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) has more than doubled in the past 25 years and continues to increase at over 3% per year across all age groups (Linos et al., this issue), and invasive and disseminated melanoma in young women has increased by almost 10% since 1992 (Purdue et al., 2008). Early detection and excision of CMM can result in successful treatment, but disseminated disease is resistant to current therapies and has a very poor prognosis (Garbe and Eigentler, 2007). Sunlight exposure is a major risk factor for melanoma. In this issue, Waster and llinger investigate the effects of UVB and UVA on melanocytes.
The sarcolemma in the Large(myd) mouse.

In the Largemyd mouse, dystroglycan is incompletely glycosylated and thus cannot bind its extracellular ligands, causing a muscular dystrophy that is usually lethal in early adulthood. We show that the Largemyd mutation alters the composition and organization of the sarcolemma of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers in young adult mice. Costameres at the sarcolemma of the tibialis anterior muscle of Largemyd mice contain reduced levels of several membrane cytoskeletal proteins, including dystrophin and β-spectrin. In the quadriceps, longitudinally oriented costameric structures tend to become thickened and branched. More strikingly, proteins of the dystrophin complex present between costameres in controls are absent from Largemyd muscles. We propose that the absence of the dystrophin complex from these regions destabilizes the sarcolemma of the Largemyd mouse and thereby contributes to the severity of its muscular dystrophy. Thus, the positioning of sarcolemmal proteins may have a profound effect on the health of skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Calibration of the HHIRF tandem accelerator energy-analyzing magnet☆

Abstract A description is given of the calibration of the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility tandem accelerator energy-analyzing magnet. Two methods were used to measure beam energies: a novel time-of-flight technique using a variable frequency buncher; and an alpha-particle reaction-energy technique. Calibrations, accurate to better than 0.04%, were obtained for 11 different magnet excitations corresponding to mass-energy products between 28 and 298.
Transforming China's Mental Health System: Principles and Recommendations

This article presents the need for mental health transformation both in the United States and in China and offers principles and recommendations for reform tailored to China's mental health system....
Enantioseparation of the esters of α‐N‐acetyl amino acids by lipase in ionic liquid

Chiral α-amino acids have been obtained via enzymatic resolution in ionic liquid medium. The acetyl esters of a series of amino acids were separated by enzyme porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) in an aqueous solution of N-ethyl pyridinium trifluoroacetate, [EtPy]+[CF3OO]−. A comparative study with organic solvent acetonitrile shows that the ionic liquids provide a better medium for enzymatic resolution. Chirality 17:S240–S242, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Postoperative wound infection. A poor prognostic sign for patients with head and neck cancer.

Background. The development of a wound infection has been identified as a favorable prognostic factor after oncologic surgical procedures. Methods. The authors retrospectively studied the relationship between postoperative wound infection, local/regional tumor recurrence, and survival rates in 134 patients undergoing therapeutic surgical resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Results. The median age was 61 years (range, 25-87 years) with most (75%) patients having advanced disease (Stage III or IV). Patients without evidence of recurrent disease were followed up for a median time of 34 months (range, 24-68 months). Twenty-nine (22%) had local or regional bacterial infections develop postoperatively
Mechanical testing of toughened resin composite materials

Abstract A systematic determination of the mechanical properties of four material systems of unidirectional carbon fibre preimpregnated with epoxy or modified epoxy resins was carried out and the data from a number of the characterization tests presented. In addition, five NASA proposed toughened resin tests were conducted: open hole tension and compression, edge delamination tension, double cantilever beam and compression after impact. The tests on open-hole specimens produced notch sensitivity data. The interlaminar fracture toughness data were the result of tests on edge delamination tension and double cantilever beam specimens. Compression after impact was carried out to determine the impact damage behaviour of the four systems. A hot-wet compression test was also included since the resin properties of composite material are usually degraded by the environmental effects. This paper describes and discusses specimen configurations and test procedures and presents the NASA type test results.
Silver resin chromatographic separation of methyl cis- and trans- mono- and dihydroxy fatty esters

Column chromatography on silver ion-saturated Amberlyst XN 1010 cation exchange resin gave very good separation of a mixture of methyl 12-hydroxy-cis-andtrans-9-octadecenoates and of methylthreo-12, 13-dihydroxy-cis- andtrans-9-octadecenoates. Comparison of the retention volumes of nonhydroxy, monohydroxy, and dihydroxy saturated and monoenoic methyl esters and of dienoic methyl esters shows that the hydroxy group interacts with the column packing to slow passage of the compound through the column, although the effect of a hydroxy group is less than that of atrans double bond. The effects of the hydroxy groups are additive; the ratio of retention volumes of dihydroxy ester to monohydroxy ester is slightly larger that that of monohydroxy ester to nonhydroxy ester. The retention volume of a cis monoenoic ester is equal to that of a hydroxytrans monoenoic ester and that of a hydroxycis monoenoic ester is equal to that of a dihydroxytrans monoenoic ester.
Purification and characterization of 40-kDa sterigmatocystin O-methyltransferase involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis.

Sterigmatocystin-O-methyltransferase (ST-OMTase), an enzyme catalyzing O-methylation of sterigmatocystin with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. A novel spectrofluorometric method was established to quantitatively determine the enzymatic activity of ST-OMTase. The purified protein, with a molecular weight of 40 kDa by SDS-PAGE, was sensitive to thiol reagents and low concentrations of heavy metal ions. Using a nutritional shift assay, the expression patterns for ST-OMTase and the transcripts of its corresponding gene, omtA, correlated well with that for aflatoxin B1 formation. Neither methyltransferase activity nor omtA, mRNA was detected in the fungal cultures of nonaflatoxigenic isolates, including A. flavus, A. sojae, A. nidulans and A. versicolor under optimal growing conditions for aflatoxin B1 production. Copyright ­© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlates of Senior Center Utilization.

This article identifies the correlates of senior center participation through a comparison of a sample of center users and nonusers on a number of predisposing, enabling, need, and informal network...
Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii pyrE gene, overproduction, purification and characterization of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase

The pyrE gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (Rl) was subcloned and its sequence is presented. The nucleotide sequence analysis suggests that this gene is not regulated by transcriptional attenuation as seen for the pyrE and pyrB genes of Escherichia coli (Ec) and Salmonella typhimurium. The Rl pyrE gene was subcloned into Ec AT2538 pyrE60 where the Rl pyrE gene product, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRTase), was overproduced. Using Ec AT2538 pyrE60 overproducing Rl OPRTase, the enzyme was purified to homogeneity utilizing ammonium sulfate fractionation and affinity chromatography with an orotate monophosphate agarose matrix. The electrophoretically pure OPRTase was characterized and found to be a 24.7 +/- 0.3-kDa protein with a K(m) of 27.6 micromol l(-1). The deduced amino acid sequence for OPRTase was compared with OPRTases from other organisms and found to be most similar to that of Bacillus subtilis (Bs). The Rl OPRTase exhibits 37% identity and 46% similarity to the Bs OPRTase.
Nutrient intake, body fat, and lipid profiles of competitive male and female bodybuilders

The purpose of this research was to measure nutrient intake, body fat, [estimated from seven skinfolds: chest, axilla, triceps, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac, and thigh (Jackson and Pollock, 1985)], total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL2-C, and HDL3-C of 19 male and 8 female bodybuilders competing in the National Physique Committee's USA Bodybuilding Championships (Raleigh, NC, April 1988). Casual blood samples and anthropometric data were collected 18 hours prior to competition, whereas 7-day diet records were completed 1 week prior to competition. Only 11 males and 2 females provided blood samples. Competitors were not tested for steroid use. These data are unique because the measurements were collected on site at the competition. Data are presented as means and standard deviations. Estimated body fat for males (6.0 +/- 1.8%) and females (9.8 +/- 1.5%) was quite low. Blood lipids (mg%) for males (TC = 187 +/- 11, HDL-C = 37 +/- 6, HDL2-C = 13 +/- 4, and HDL3-C = 24 +/- 4) were not indicative of increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Data for the 2 females (TC = 190, 205; HDL-C = 56, 56; HDL2-C = 22, 8; and HDL3-C = 34, 48) could only be evaluated on an individual basis. Body fat was significantly correlated with HDL-C (r = 0.63; p = 0.04) and HDL3-C (r = 0.65; p = 0.03), but not TC nor HDL2-C. Of the dietary variables, only saturated fat was significantly correlated with HDL2-C (r = 0.60; p = 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assessing the Link Between Civilian Nuclear Assistance and the Proliferation Risk

Atomic Assistance: How “Atoms for Peace” Programs Cause Nuclear Insecurity. By Matthew Fuhrmann . Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2012. 312 pp., $29.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-801-47811-6). Achieving Nuclear Ambitions: Scientists, Politicians, and Proliferation. By Jacques E. C. Hymans . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 315 pp., $32.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-13225-1). Increasing global demand for energy is giving rise to a “nuclear renaissance” as more and more countries look for alternatives to fossil fuels. Furthermore, amid concerns over global warming, nuclear power is seen as a potentially cleaner option. Over the past several decades, there has been a steady expansion in the number of nuclear reactors, and the number is projected to double by the end of the century. It remains to be seen whether the March 2011 simultaneous reactor containment failures at the Fukushima plant in Japan will affect this trend. Although most nuclear fuel will be used for civil purposes, the threat of diversion remains insofar as reactors produce plutonium, which can be used for the pit of a nuclear weapon. Matthew Fuhrmann, an assistant professor of political science at Texas A&M University, explores the “dual-use” conundrum. For his analysis, he uses a standard time-series cross-sectional data set for the period from 1950 to 2000, which tracked more than 150,000 instances of nuclear cooperation between states. At a speech before the United Nations General Assembly on December 8, 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched his “Atoms for Peace” program, which offered nuclear technology to countries for civil purposes if they agreed not to develop nuclear weapons. His proposal led to the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)—the international organization chiefly responsible for encouraging nonproliferation—and provided the framework for the 1968 Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). By 2013, 189 countries had signed the treaty (only India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan have abstained). The treaty recognizes a nuclear monopoly consisting of those countries that possessed the bomb at the time that the treaty was created—the United States, Soviet Union/Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China—which are designated as nuclear weapons states. Signatories to the treaty that are not part of …
98 MYOCARDIAL ATP REPLETION WITH RIBOSE INFUSION

Myocardial ATP levels are depressed following global ischemia (ISC) and require 9-10 days for recovery(REC). We have been investigating the role played by ATP precursor loss in prolonged REC. In previous studies adenine and ribose(R) enhanced ATP REC to 86% by 24° after ISC. This study attempted to identify the rate limiting step in ATP REC by providing R alone. Dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were subjected to 20′ of normothermic ISC, weaned from CPB, and followed for 24°. Following ISC and for 24°, either R(80 mM) or normal saline (NS) was infused (1 ml/min). LV biopsies were analyzed for adenine nucleotide content (table). Cardiac output (CO), LV and renal blood flows(BF) were measured (radioactive microspheres). In both groups, ATP fell 50% at 20′ ISC. There was no ATP recovery by 24° in S dogs. In R dogs, however, ATP was 90% of control, and the energy charge (EC=ATP+½ADP/ATP+ADP+AMP) was 96% of control. LV and renal BF were similar in NS and R dogs. CO, however, was increased in R dogs (204±16 vs 142±13 ml/min/kg, p<0.05). We conclude: recovery of ATP following global ISC ±s accelerated by R, and R may be the most essential ATP precursor. (*p<0.01)
Reduction of Intermetatarsal Angle after First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis in Patients with Hallux Valgus

Abstract We present a radiographic review of 94 patients who underwent first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis. The main focus of our review was to assess the change in the intermetatarsal angle (IMA). The change in the IMA was measured for the entire group and for 2 subgroups (IMA 11° to 15° and IMA >15°). The results of the angular measurements for the total data set were as follows: mean preoperative first IMA, 15.32° (range 11° to 24°), mean postoperative IMA, 9.88° (range 3° to 18°), and mean change in IMA of 5.44° (range −2° to 13°; p p p p
Minimum dipole moment required to bind an electron to a finite dipole

Abstract The minimum dipole moment, Dmin = 0.6393 eao = 1.625 × 10−18 esu-cm, required for electronic binding to a dipole has been found, weaker dipoles having no negative energy states.
Sex allocation in a field population of an autoparasitoid

Autoparasitoid wasps lay fertilized eggs in homopteran nymphs, and these eggs develop into female primary parasitoids. Unfertilized, male-producing eggs are laid in immatures of the wasps' own or another primary parasitoid species; males then develop as secondary or hyperparasitoids. In the population of Encarsia pergandiella studied in Ithaca, NY, fertilized eggs were laid in the nymphs of the whitefly Trialeurodes packardi (primary hosts) and unfertilized eggs were laid almost exclusively in pupal females of their own species (secondary hosts). In the two years the population was studied, secondary hosts were always much less abundant than primary hosts at both sites. However, secondary hosts were parasitized at a significantly greater rate than primary hosts. In a laboratory experiment, the encounter rate of females with primary and secondary hosts was not significantly different. Moreover, there was no evidence from the field that wasps found leaves bearing secondary hosts more frequently than leaves without secondary hosts. Dissections of field-collected females showed them to be mated, and thus capable of laying both unfertilized and fertilized eggs. These results suggest that wasps did not encounter secondary hosts at a greater rate, nor were they constrained to lay unfertilized eggs, but rather secondary hosts were preferred. The oviposition sex ratios were influenced by the proportion of secondary hosts, but were less female-biased than would be predicted from the proportion of secondary hosts alone. The results do not support the predictions of Godray and Waage (1990) for either strictly host-limited autoparasitoids (sex ratio should reflect the proportion of secondary hosts) or for egg-limited autoparasitoids (sex ratio should be equal, and independent of the proportion of secondary hosts).
Creating Supra-National Institutions Democratically: Reflections on the European Union's “Democratic Deficit”

There are two distinct democratic de®cits in the emerging European Union. On the one hand, ordinary citizens of the EU have very little meaningful in uence on the political decisions made in their name by the centralized organs and agencies, such as the European Commission, the Council of Ministers, and the European Parliament. Having produced some public expressions of discontent and alienation (Euro-fatigue), this problem has been discussed quite extensively, and various proposals have been made by politicians, Eurocrats and academics for how EU institutions can be made more user-friendly. This elite debate highlights the second problem: Ordinary citizens of the EU have had very little meaningful in uence on the designing of the emerging European institutions, which have been shaped and modi®ed by a small politico-bureaucratic elite. And this elite is now likely to decide, quite undemocratically, what sorts of democratizing modi®cations they are going to implement in order to reduce public hostility to their intransparent and undemocratic rule. The present essay addresses only this second democratic de®cit in institutional designing.1 Some terminology may help clarify the issue. By a political decision, I mean any legislative, executive, judicial, or administrative decision that is authoritative for (or within) some comprehensive social system (such as a city, province, state, The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 5, Number 2, 1997, pp. 163±182
Second Sound in Solids

A critical frequency for thermal fluctuations is calculated above which heat transport proceeds by wave propagation rather than by diffusion. This phenomenon should occur in some dielectric solids. It is the analog of second sound in helium II. A macroscopic point of view is used which relies upon a modification in the Fourier heat equation. Some quantitative results are obtained on the magnitude of this modification.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Generates Proliferative Human Islet Precursor Cells

Insulin-expressing beta cells, found in pancreatic islets, are capable of generating more beta cells even in the adult. We show that fibroblast-like cells derived from adult human islets donated postmortem proliferate readily in vitro. These mesenchymal-type cells, which exhibit no hormone expression, can then be induced to differentiate into hormone-expressing islet-like cell aggregates, which reestablishes the epithelial character typical of islet cells. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and messenger RNA measurements in single cells and cell populations establish the transition of epithelial cells within islets to mesenchymal cells in culture and then to insulin-expressing epithelial cells.
Cost to conduct screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in healthcare settings

From International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol and Other Drugs (INEBRIA) Meeting 2013 Rome, Italy. 18-20 September 2013.
Quantitative high-throughput screening identifies inhibitors of anthrax-induced cell death.

Here, we report the results of a quantitative high-throughput screen (qHTS) measuring the endocytosis and translocation of a β-lactamase-fused-lethal factor and the identification of small molecules capable of obstructing the process of anthrax toxin internalization. Several small molecules protect RAW264.7 macrophages and CHO cells from anthrax lethal toxin and protected cells from an LF-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein and diphtheria toxin. Further efforts demonstrated that these compounds impaired the PA heptamer pre-pore to pore conversion in cells expressing the CMG2 receptor, but not the related TEM8 receptor, indicating that these compounds likely interfere with toxin internalization.
Sleep parameters in bipolar I, bipolar II, and unipolar depressions.

Dunner et al. (1970) introduced the term “bipolar 11” disorder to designate patients with major depressive and hypomanic episodes. Subsequent research has provided support for the continued clinical discrimination of these subtypes. Endicott et al. ( 1985) compared multiple clinical features of bipolar 11 disorder with bipolar 1 and unipolar depression. Age of onset, suicide attempts, childhood hyperactivity (males), and familial aggregation of bipolar disorder were equivalent between the two bipolar subtypes. Bipolar I1 disorder was similar to unipolar depression in chronicity of affective symptoms. proportion with primary depression. and prevalence of concurrent personality disorders. Compared to both bipolar I and unipolar disorders, bipolar 11 disorder was associated more often with alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, premenstrual syndrome in the index patient. as well as with phobic and obsessivecompulsive disorders in first-degree relatives. The polysomnogram of unipolar depression has been extensively investigated [see Kupfer and Thase (1983) for a review]; less is known about sleep parameters in bipolar depression.
Geology and lithogeochemistry of the Ren gold prospect, Elko County, Nevada - the role of rock sampling in exploration for deep Carlin-type deposits

Abstract The Ren gold prospect, Elko County, Nevada, is in the northern part of the Carlin trend, two kilometers northwest of the recently-discovered, high-grade Purple Vein deposit. The Ren area is underlain mainly by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, consisting of limestone, calcareous siltstone, and mudstone of the eastern (carbonate) assemblage, overlain in thrust contact by chert, quartzite, and mudstone of the western (siliceous) assemblage. Cretaceous(?) granodiorite porphyry and hornblende porphyry dikes have intruded the sedimentary rocks along north-striking faults. Three stages of mineralization include a pre- or syntectonic base metal-barite assemblage, a middle stage of Ag- and Sb-rich jasperoid, and a late Au-rich stage responsible for the potentially economic mineralization at the prospect. The latter two stages of alteration and mineralization were focused along steep east-dipping faults and dikes, and the nearly flat-lying contact between lower massive limestone and laminated calcareous siltstone. Mineralization is present between 380 and 500 m below the surface. Alteration includes decalcification and weak silicification in siltstone, and formation of massive jasperoid in the upper part of the limestone unit. Alteration of dikes is mainly sericite-quartz-pyrite, with late pyrite-quartz-kaolinite. The element suite characteristic of Au-stage mineralization includes Au, As, and Hg with minor Ag and Hg; Ag and Sb are most enriched in the earlier jasperoid event. Haloes of As and Hg extend at least 80 m above the Au mineralization, but no anomalies are present at the surface. Gold anomalies are more widespread, and extend to shallower depths, but are less coherent.
Characterization of a Server Thermal Mass Using Experimental Measurements

The inevitable increase in the heat dissipation of data center facilities is requiring more efficient approaches in the operation of a data center. Dynamic cooling has been proposed as the approach for enhancing the energy efficiency. Dynamic cooling involves close monitoring of the data center environment with time, using sensors, and taking real time decisions on allocating the cooling resources based on the location of hotspots and concentration of workloads. In order to address this approach, knowing the time it takes for a facility to reach steady state after any variation is crucial for ensuring safe operation of the electronic equipment at all times, and it is a function of thermal mass. The thermal mass of an object is the amount of mass capable of withholding heat, and the time it takes to dissipate that heat into the environment is a function of the material properties. In this study, we use a typical 2U server and explain a procedure in obtaining its thermal mass. The server is operated at different controlled power levels while measurements of fans speed, component temperatures, and inlet and outlet temperatures are taken with time. For the first set of experiments, the server is kept inside a chamber and for the second set it is kept in open space. Ultimately the experimental measurements obtained will be used to obtain a compact model to approximate thermal mass of different servers.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
CD1d-Independent Activation of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells by Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B through Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II/T Cell Receptor Interaction Results in Acute Lung Injury

ABSTRACT There are two important mechanisms of activation of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) by microbes: direct activation of the invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) by microbial glycolipids presented by CD1d and indirect activation, mediated by the responses of antigen-presenting cells to microbes. In this study, we provide evidence for a novel CD1d-independent direct activation of iNKT cells involving a microbial protein superantigen presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), which plays a critical role in pathogenesis, thereby redefining the role of iNKT cells. Intranasal exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in C57BL/6 wild-type mice caused acute lung injury (ALI) characterized by vascular leak, cytokine storm, and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the lungs. In contrast, the vascular leak and inflammation were decreased by ∼50% in NKT cell-deficient Jα18−/− and CD1d−/− mice following SEB exposure, which was reversed following adoptive transfer of iNKT cells into CD1d−/− mice. In vitro, SEB could directly stimulate iNKT cells in a CD1d-independent manner via MHC-II/TCR interaction, specifically involving Vβ8. These studies not only demonstrate that iNKT cells can be activated directly by a bacterial protein superantigen independent of CD1d but also indicate that in addition to the conventional T cells, iNKT cells play a critical role in SEB-mediated ALI.
Improved Technique for Analysis of Carbohydrates in SEDIMENTS1

The phenol-sulfuric acid method for determining total carbohydrates was applied to surface sediment samples from a brackish water lake, using an improved technique in which the order of addition of reagents proved to be essential for reproducibility. Corrections are made for noncarbohydrate materials that may be present in the samples.
Superconducting motors and generators for naval applications

The US Navy is planning for a transition to electric warships as future ship combatants. Superconducting motors for propulsion and superconducting generators for power conversion are under active development (motors) or strong consideration (generators). This article describes the fundamentals of motor technology, as it applies to the Navy, how superconductivity leads to advantages in power density and quietness, and how the technology issues faced in the development of full scale naval motors are being addressed. Finally, the status of the naval superconducting propulsion power projects will be presented.
Spin lifetimes in wurtzite InGaN/ GaN quantum disk-in-nanowire heterostructures from time resolved photoluminescence measurements

Spin-related phenomena in III–V semiconductors have been widely investigated to gain fundamental understanding of spin properties and control of carrier spins in semiconductor heterostructures. A detailed study of the manifestation of spin orbit coupling (SOC) and spin scattering processes in zinc blende structures like GaAs based materials has been already made. The spin lifetime (τ s ) is expected to be much larger in wurtzite GaN based semiconductors due to their weak SOC. However, there are only few reports on the measurement of spin relaxation in wurtzite GaN and their ternary compounds. Most of these1–3 have been made with materials and heterostructures that have a large dislocation density. Interestingly, no output circular polarization is observed due to recombination of spin polarized carriers in InGaN/GaN quantum wells and this is attributed to poor crystalline quality and the presence of defects4. In this context, Ga(In)N nanowires grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy5 (PA-MBE) provide an ideal platform for study of spin properties in GaN based materials as they are free of extended defects and have a small polarization field. We have performed polarized time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements on InGaN quantum disks (QDs) in GaN nanowires for the first time. The measured spin relaxation time is ∼100 ps, which is more than an order of magnitude larger than that in GaAs quantum wells.
Abiraterone and other novel androgen-directed strategies for the treatment of prostate cancer: a new era of hormonal therapies is born

The number of life-prolonging therapies proven effective in the treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has been limited until recently. In the past 2 years several such therapies have come to market. In 2010, the autologous immunotherapy sipuleucel-T and the next-generation taxane cabazitaxel were approved in this setting. However, abundant evidence has shown that CRPC growth continues to be driven through androgen-dependent signaling. Both of these drugs fail to take advantage of this targetable oncogenic pathway. Potent specific inhibitors of cytochrome P450-17 have been engineered with the aim of suppressing androgen synthesis beyond that seen with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists/antagonists. Abiraterone acetate was developed by rational design based on a pregnenolone parent structure. Its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was granted in 2011 based on phase III data demonstrating an overall survival advantage compared with placebo. More recently, other drugs that act along the androgen signaling pathway, such as orteronel (TAK-700), galeterone (TOK-001), enzalutamide (MDV3100) and ARN-509, have shown promise in clinical trials. Some of these are expected to gain FDA approval in the near future. Here, we review abiraterone and other novel androgen-directed therapeutic strategies for the management of advanced prostate cancer.
Agency Problems in Diverse Contexts: A Global Perspective

Bruce, Buck and Main (2005) offer two criticisms of agency theory as a valid model of executive behaviour. First, they suggest that because researchers have failed to find a strong empirical link between executive pay and firm performance, and since this research generally rests on models derived from agency theory, then we must question the theory. Second, they suggest that agency theory is under-socialized and therefore lacks generalizability to settings where social solutions would seem to eliminate the agency problem. In our response we make three points. First, agency theory rests on an assumption of self-interest that does not necessarily reflect opportunism. Second, agency theory does not make any reference to pay-performance sensitivity, and the failure of this research can be attributable to a variety of problems with the research. Third, we agree that agency theory does not explicitly recognize contextual factors, but suggest that this abstraction from context, gives agency theory greater generalizability. Finally, we review the UK and German contexts discussed by Bruce, Buck and Main to show that socialized solutions do not prevent the occurrence of agency problems.
Sec3p is needed for the spatial regulation of secretion and for the inheritance of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum.

Sec3p is a component of the exocyst complex that tethers secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane at exocytic sites in preparation for fusion. Unlike all other exocyst structural genes, SEC3 is not essential for growth. Cells lacking Sec3p grow and secrete surprisingly well at 25°C; however, late markers of secretion, such as the vesicle marker Sec4p and the exocyst subunit Sec8p, localize more diffusely within the bud. Furthermore, sec3Δ cells are strikingly round relative to wild-type cells and are unable to form pointed mating projections in response to α factor. These phenotypes support the proposed role of Sec3p as a spatial landmark for secretion. We also find that cells lacking Sec3p exhibit a dramatic defect in the inheritance of cortical ER into the bud, whereas the inheritance of mitochondria and Golgi is unaffected. Overexpression of Sec3p results in a prominent patch of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker Sec61p-GFP at the bud tip. Cortical ER inheritance in yeast has been suggested to involve the capture of ER tubules at the bud tip. Sec3p may act in this process as a spatial landmark for cortical ER inheritance.
Relying solely on historical surgical times to estimate accurately future surgical times is unlikely to reduce the average length of time cases finish late.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether using only previous cases' surgical times for predicting accurately surgical times of future cases is likely to reduce the average length of time cases finish late (after their scheduled finish times). Design: Computer simulation. Measurements and Main Results: Data from an operating room (OR) information system for two surgical suites were analyzed. For each case performed in fiscal year 1996, we searched backward for 1 year and counted the number of previous cases that were the same type of procedure performed by the same surgeon. Then, for each suite, surgical times were fitted to a statistical model estimating the effect of the type of procedure and who the surgeon was on surgical time. The estimated "variance components" were used in Monte-Carlo computer simulations to evaluate whether a hypothetical increase in the number of previous cases available to estimate the next case's surgical time would improve scheduling accuracy. Predictions of how long newly scheduled cases should take were impaired because 36.5% ± 0.4% (mean ± SE) of cases at a tertiary surgical suite and 28.6% ± 0.7% of cases at an ambulatory surgery center did not have any cases in the previous year with the same procedure type and surgeon. Computer simulation was used to generate additional hypothetical cases. Using this data, even having many previous cases on which to base predictions of future surgical times would only decrease the average length of time that cases finish late by a few minutes. Conclusion: An OR manager considering using only historical surgical times to estimate future surgical times should first investigate, using data from their own surgical suite, what percentage of cases do not have historical data. Even if there are sufficient historical data to estimate future surgical times accurately, relying solely on historical times is probably an ineffective strategy to have future cases finish on time.
A high-school homeschooling education model based on cloud computing

This paper aims at developing a conceptual model for homeschooling education at a high-school level by using cloud computing technologies. Specifically, a data flow model was developed to show how cloud computing can be adopted in home-schooling education. Then, a set of usability solution items were derived based on breaking down each flow in the data flow model. The findings from this paper will be helpful to system developers and education system decision makers when making decisions on homeschooling systems development.
Viability of Rural Communities: Discussion

The initial impression is that the three papers in this session are quite dissimilar. That is, one deals with program planning, the second deals with conceptual issues exclusively, and the third paper is oriented much more empirically. However, at least implicitly all three papers point out the need for additional information if effective rural development programs and projects are to be forthcoming. My comments will focus on these information requirements.
Hints for Leptonic C P Violation or New Physics

One of the major open questions in the neutrino sector is the issue of leptonic CP violation. Current global oscillation data show a mild preference for a large, potentially maximal value for the Dirac CP phase in the neutrino mixing matrix. In this Letter, we point out that new physics in the form of neutral-current-like nonstandard interactions with real couplings would likely yield a similar conclusion even if CP in the neutrino sector were conserved. Therefore, the claim for a discovery of leptonic CP violation will require a robust ability to test new physics scenarios.
The Antiinflammatory Effects of Methotrexate are Mediated by Adenosine

The introduction of low-dose, intermittent methotrexate was the single most important advance made in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis during the past decade. Although methotrexate was initially introduced for the treatment of RA as a folate antagonist that inhibits synthesis of purines and pyrimidines necessary for cellular proliferation there is little evidence that the therapeutic effects of methotrexate result from diminished proliferation of the cells of inflammation. We originally proposed a novel mechanism of action of methotrexate 1. Previous studies had indicated that methotrexate is taken up by cells and polyglutamated 2. Even low concentrations of the polyglutamated form of methotrexate, in combination with a modest methotrexate-induced increase in dihydrofolate polyglutamate, inhibit an intermediate step in the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis, methylation of 5-aminoimidazolecarboxamidoribonucleotide, AICAR 3-5. The intracellular accumulation of AICAR leads, by a mechanism which is only incompletely understood, to increased release of adenosine into the extracellular space 6, 7. Adenosine, acting at cell surface receptors, is a potentially potent antiinflammatory agent by virtue of its capacity to inhibit neutrophil, macrophage and lymphocyte function 8. We have previously reported in vitro studies 1 and others have presented evidence from in vivo studies that lend support to this hypothesis although in the in vivo studies high doses of methotrexate were applied directly to an inflamed site 9. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the antiinflammatory effects of low dose, weekly methotrexate result from the selective inhibition of AICAR transformylase with the intracellular accumulation of AICAR and increased release of the antiinflammatory autocoid adenosine into the extracellular milieu using an IN VIVO model of inflammation.
A new method for monitoring PET DQA results

2510 Objectives The GE Healthcare PET systems acquire daily quality assurance (DQA) data using a rotating Ge-68 pin source. However, the default program does not alert the user to subtle changes in system performance and is unable to track results over time. A new program has been developed for analyzing PET DQA results over time in comparison to a reference scan. Methods The new analysis program analyzes the coincidence counts from a DQA scan using a structural similarity image metric (SSIM). The SSIM is calculated for each block and is based on the mean coincidence counts in a block from daily scan data and from a reference scan. The reference scan is defined as DQA data that was acquired immediately post-system calibration. The DQA scan is based on a one minute acquisition and not on a prescribed number of counts. As such, changes in SSIM over time are a result of either reduced counts due to Ge-68 source decay or a change in system performance. Therefore, an expected SSIM that models the decay of the source is calculated and the bias from the expected SSIM is calculated for each block. The new program was written in MATLAB and it reads in DQA xml files that have been transferred from the scanner via FTP. Results The SSIM for each block is graphed to show the mean counts in a daily scan in comparison with the expected mean counts, taking into consideration the decay of the source from the time in which the reference scan was acquired. The median, maximum and minimum bias of the SSIM as a function of the number of days post-system calibration for each DQA scan is also plotted. Action levels have been set for a bias in SSIM greater than 0.6%, at which point physics and engineering support are notified. This program found examples of a decrease in system performance in cases in which the default DQA analysis program did not. Conclusions This new method of analysis is able to quantitatively indicate when blocks are not performing as expected. This program is more sensitive to changes in system performance, is effective in tracking PET scanner performance over time, and reduces the subjective evaluation of system stability.
Preparation and Properties of Long-Chain Fluoroaliphatic Alcohol-Ethylene Oxide Adducts

Fluorinated nonionic surfactants : CF3 (CF2) 5CH2O (C2H4O) pH, CF3 (CF2) 5CH2CH2O (C2H4O) pH, and CF3 (CF2) 7CH2CH2O (C2H4O) p'H (p=1, 3, 5, 10, 20, p'=1, 3) were prepared by the addition of ethylene oxide (EO) to long-chain fluoroalcohols in the presence of a base or an acid catalyst and their physicochemical properties were clarified.Cloud points of aqueous solutions of those adducts were found to be higher with increase in the number of oxyethylene units. For the same number of oxyethylene units, these cloud points decreased with increase in the carbon chain length of the starting alcohols. Among those adducts, CF3 (CF2) 5-CH2O (C2H4O) pH showed the best surface activities; especially the 10mol EO adduct had a strong emul-sifying power toward xylene, and the 20mol EO adduct exhibited a good foaming property. Aqueous solutions of these adducts generally had low surface tension, and CF3 (CF2) 5CH2O (C2H4O) 3H showed the lowest aqueous surface tension (15.4dyn/cm) of the adducts. The cmc values for the fluorinated surfactants increased with increase in the number of oxyethylene units.These results were compared with those reported previously, and discussion was made on the characteristics of the surface activities of the fluoroalcohol- EO adducts.
The high-temperature application of ceramic-matrix composites

Although much research is still required in order to develop reliable and cost-effective ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs), these materials have made great strides toward high-temperature applications. This article examines various CMCs and their high-temperature applications in both aerospace and nonaerospace fields. In the former, performance is the foremost consideration; in the latter, cost effectiveness is the prime consideration.
Ecological and Nutritional Studies on Coleomegilla mucalata De Geer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). III. The Effect of DDT, Toxaphene, and Endrin on the reproductive and Survival Potentials

Adult lady beetles Coleomegilla maculate De Geer, were treated with DDT, endrin, toxaphene, or a toxaphene DDT mixture. DDT had no effect on longevity, increased oviposition by ⅔ but reduced the number of F1 progeny produced by ¼; it was equally toxic to diapausing and active beetles. DDT was significantly more toxic to beeties collected from Baton Rouge than to those collected al Boyce, Louisiana but both populations were heterogeneous in their response to it. Endrin decreased longevity but had no effect on oviposition or survival of F1; it was equally toxic to diapausing and active beetles; the experimental population was homogeneous in its response to endrin. Toxaphene decreased longevity and prevented oviposition; the diapausing beetles withstood higher doses of toxaphene than the active beetles; the experimental population was heterogeneous in its response to toxaphene. Toxaphene-DDT mixture exhibited strong synergistic action, decreased longevity, and decreased reproduction about ⅓. It had no cliect on survival potential of the F1. The experimental population was homogeneous in response to the mixture. A log time-probit line technique was devised as a means of expressing the effect of a poison on longevity of an organism under laboratory conditions. This technique is discussed.
Method for isolating single cells and preparation of clones from human bone marrow cultures.

SummaryA simple method for isolating single tissue culture cells has been developed. The cells are isolated on small glass squares which can be transferred to any desired culture vessel or testing apparatus. This procedure has been used for the preparation of clone cultures.
Analysis of Erosion and Failure in the Sudden Expansion Fracturing Tubing of Deep Gas Wells

With the increasing of flow rate during fracturing in deep gas well, the erosion of fracturing tubing is an issue of immense concern to the industry. Based on the Euler-Euler two–fluid theory, the numerical simulations have been performed to predict the flow field in the sudden expansion fracturing tubing. The velocity distributions and sand concentration profiles are obtained, and the simulation results show that separation and reflux come into being in the sudden expansion fracturing tubing when pumping sand slurries at high rate, and the sand concentration increases at some regions. The erosion and failure of the fracturing tubing are relevant to the sand concentration, the velocity and the impact angle. The erosion model was established with the erosion experiment, and the numerical simulation results were used to describe the erosion rate of sudden expansion fracturing tubing according to the established erosion models. The mainly erosion region obtained through the simulation is basically agree with the failure region of tubing during fracturing in deep gas wells.Copyright © 2010 by ASME