cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Angular Distributions of the Alpha-Particles and of the Gamma-Rays from the Disintegration of Fluorine by Protons

The theoretical angular distributions of the alpha-particles and of the gamma-rays from the fluorine +proton reactions are given. They are compared with the experimental data, and the following results are obtained: (1) Both angular distributions of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$-group and of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$-group favor the assumption of even parity of ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$. (2) If the parity of ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ is taken as even, then (a) the isotropic angular distribution of the gamma-rays at the resonances of 340 and 669 kev can be interpreted as due to the formation of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ compound states of $J={1}^{+}$ by the capture of $s$-protons, (b) the slightly anisotropic angular distribution of the gamma-rays at the resonances of 598, 874, and 1381 kev can be interpreted as due to the formation of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ states of $J={1}^{+}$ by a mixture of $s$- and $d$-protons, or of $J={2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ by $p$-protons, (c) the highly anisotropic distribution of the gamma-rays observed at 1290 and 1355 kev can be interpreted as due to the formation of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ states of $J={3}^{+}$, and (d) the experimental data of the gamma-ray angular distribution and of the ratio $\frac{{I(\ensuremath{\alpha})}_{140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}{{I(\ensuremath{\gamma})}_{90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}$ are compatible with the assignment ${j}^{\ensuremath{'}}={3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$-level of ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$. In general it is possible to make spectroscopic assignments consistent with the experimental data but unique assignments will await further experimental results.
Public Policy and Emerging Sources of Technology and Technical Information Available to Industry

As technologies grow in complexity, firms often target their internal R&D resources on core competencies and utilize outside sources for supporting knowledge and technology. Where do firms turn to find such resources? This paper reports the perceptions of technology transfer managers in United States manufacturing firms toward federal and university labs and identifies the types of farms that are better positioned to utilize externally available technological resources. Based on replies from research-intensive companies within the United States, the authors find that larger firms with high research and development (R&D) budgets tend to ascribe greater significance to external sources than do smaller ones. Also, companies spending over $500 million in R&D rank universities the most significant external source of knowledge, followed by V S.-based firms, and then foreign firms.
Investigation of coil phase compensation in 3D imaging at very high acceleration factors.

Purpose To investigate the confounding effect of the coil phase in highly accelerated parallel imaging with small coils, contextualize the effect in terms of single-echo acquisition (SEA) imaging, and show that it can be managed in the case of 3D imaging. Materials and Methods The effects of the coil phase variations in a 64-channel array of surface microcoils were modeled. Fully encoded 64 × 128 × 64 (Nphase enc × Nreadout × Nslice enc) 3D data sets were obtained, from which factor of 64 accelerated 3D image sets (1 × 128 × 64 each) were extracted from single phase-encoding lines, each representing a different phase compensation value. Results A comparison of the SEA images indicates that the choice of a compromise value for phase compensation successfully enabled a straightforward extension of SEA imaging to three dimensions. The use of the single compromise compensation value in the 3D acquisition resulted in a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) penalty ranging from 6% to 41% through the slab when compared to the highest SNR possible using any phase compensation value. Conclusion The coil-related phase shift issues inherent to highly accelerated imaging will require further study, but this work indicates the general nature of the problem and, more auspiciously, shows that it can be mitigated for at least this application. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1305–1311. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The ring opening of 2-vinylthietane by a triosmium carbonyl cluster complex

Abstract The reaction of Os3(CO)11(NCMe) with 2-vinylthietane 2 at 25°C yielded two products: Os2(CO)6(η4-μ-SCH2CH2CHCHCH2) 3 (18% yield) and Os3(CO)10[η2-μ-O C(CH2CH CHCH2CH2S)] 4 (36% yield). Compound 4 was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It contains a triangular triosmium cluster with ten linear terminal carbonyl ligands and a 3-hexeneoylthiolate ligand that bridges an open edge of the cluster through both the sulfur atom and the ketonyl group terminii. Compound 3 has only two osmium atoms, six carbonyl ligands and a bridging pentenylthiolate ligand. The ring opening of vinylthietane by a triosmium cluster occurs exclusively at the vinyl-substituted carbon atom.
The role of the anesthesiologist in the care of the parturient with cardiac disease

Women with cardiac disease constitute a growing percentage of parturients, and in many series cardiac disease is the leading cause of maternal mortality. Involvement of anesthesiologists in the planning for and management of delivery in these women can improve the experience and potentially the outcome of these patients. Communication with the anesthesiology team about particularly complex cases is essential to avoid both medical complications and inter-disciplinary disagreements. The specific role and contributions of the anesthesiology team will depend significantly on the nature of the institution and the organization of the (obstetric) anesthesiology service.
Anomaly detection by finding feature distribution outliers

In our project we are developing a technique to detect traffic anomalies based on network flow behavior. We estimate baseline distributions for meaningful traffic features and derive measures of legitimate deviations thereof. Observed network behavior is then compared to the baseline behavior by means of a symmetrized version of the Kullback-Leibler divergence. The achieved dimension reduction enables effective outlier detection to flag deviations from the legitimate behavior with high precision. Our technique supports online training and provides enough information to efficiently classify observed anomalies and allows in-depth analysis on demand. First measurements confirm its resilience to seasonal effects while detecting abnormal behavior reliably.
Filled Reactive Ethylene Terpolymer Primers for Cathodic Disbondment Mitigation

Received 20 October 2007; accepted 18 March 2008DOI 10.1002/app.28564Published online 23 July 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).ABSTRACT: A reactive ethylene terpolymer (RET) withinorganic ﬁllers of clay, talc, and zinc was examined for itscathodic disbondment (CD) performance and as a potentialcoating primer material for pipeline applications. The ﬁllertype and volume fraction inﬂuenced the mechanical, ther-mal, adhesion, and CD resistance of the coatings. The ten-sile modulus and strength of the RETs increased at higherloadings of selected ﬁllers. The dry adhesive strength of theclay-ﬁlled RET maintained the same level of adhesion up toapproximately 23 vol %, whereas the talc- and zinc-ﬁlledRETs showed decreases in adhesive performance. CD re-sistance was signiﬁcantly improved with 18–23 vol % clay,whereas the overall disbondment area was reducedapproximately 82% from pure RET. However, the post-ca-thodic-disbondment adhesive strength for the clay-ﬁlledRET decreased as a result of the degradation of the primer/topcoat interface caused by moisture absorption.
Characterization and manipulation of the acyl chain selectivity of fatty acid amide hydrolase.

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a mammalian integral membrane enzyme that catabolizes several neuromodulatory fatty acid amides, including the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and the sleep-inducing lipid oleamide. FAAH belongs to a large group of hydrolytic enzymes termed the amidase signature (AS) family that is defined by a conserved, linear AS sequence of approximately 130 amino acids. Members of the AS family display strikingly different substrate selectivities, yet the primary structural regions responsible for defining substrate recognition in these enzymes remain unknown. In this study, a series of unbranched p-nitroanilide (pNA) substrates ranging from 6 to 20 carbons in length was used to probe the acyl chain binding specificity of FAAH, revealing that this enzyme exhibits a strong preference for acyl chains 9 carbons in length or longer. A fluorophosphonate inhibitor of FAAH containing a photoactivatable benzophenone group was synthesized and used to locate a region of the enzyme implicat...
Heterogeneous susceptibility of GABAA receptor-mediated IPSCs to depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition in rat hippocampus

Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) in central neurons is mediated by a transient reduction of [gamma]-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from interneurons. DSI is induced by a retrograde signal emitted from principal cells. We used electrophysiological recordings from CA1 neurons of the rat hippocampal slice to test the hypothesis that only certain classes of interneurons are susceptible to DSI. DSI of action potential-dependent, spontaneous, inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in hippocampus is facilitated by carbachol (3 microM), which increases the occurrence of large sIPSCs. Besides carbachol, noradrenaline (norepinephrine; 10 microM), or elevated extracellular potassium (8 mM), could abruptly increase the occurrence of large sIPSCs and DSI in many cases. DSI appeared and disappeared concomitantly with the onset and offset of these large sIPSCs. In contrast, application of AP-5 and CNQX often markedly increased baseline sIPSC activity without enhancing DSI. A brief train of extracellular electrical stimulation could trigger the onset of prolonged, repetitive IPSC activity that was susceptible to DSI. The magnitude of DSI of single evoked IPSCs (eIPSCs) in a given pyramidal cell could be altered by changes in stimulus strength, but there was no simple relationship between stimulus strength and DSI. Baclofen (0.5-5 microM) eliminated the increase in sIPSC activity and DSI induced by carbachol. A GABA(B)receptor antagonist, CGP 35348, reversed the effects of baclofen. Carbachol-induced sIPSCs had relatively rapid rise and decay phases. There was no marked distinction between DSI-susceptible and non-susceptible sIPSCs. Nevertheless, two kinetically distinct components of the eIPSC could be distinguished by their decay times. DSI reduced GABA(A),(fast) without affecting GABA(A),(slow). Furosemide (frusemide), which blocks only GABA(A),(fast), reduced the eIPSC and occluded DSI. The data suggest that, with respect to DSI, there are at least three functionally distinct types of IPSCs. Two types (one susceptible to DSI and one not) have relatively rapid kinetics are probably made by perisomatic synapses. A third, slow IPSC, which is insensitive to DSI, may be produced by distal dendritic synapses.
The Kalman-Yacubovich lemma in adaptive control system design

The design of model-reference control systems by Lyapunov's direct method has been considered by a number of authors. New results presented in this note pertain to the design of these systems with the aid of the Kalman-Yacubovich lemma derived in connection with the Lur'e problem.
The nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor L-name facilitates associative learning

1. Nitric oxide has been suggested to play an important role in synaptic plasticity and in learning. 2. The authors examined the effects of NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a competitive and enantiomeric specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, on classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. 3. It was found that L-NAME significantly enhanced the acquisition of conditioned responses. 4. The enhanced conditioned responses were not due to a sensitization of the conditioned and unconditioned reflexes or to changes in baseline levels of responding. 5. The dose and route of administration of L-NAME employed in this study had no effect on blood pressure. 6. These results suggest that nitric oxide normally functions as a tonic inhibitory modulator of associative learning and that procedures aimed at decreasing its production may provide a novel approach for improving learning.
The Communicative Functions of Lexical Usage by Language Impaired Children.

This study examines the communicative functions served by the lexical usage of normal and language impaired children whose speech was limited to single-word utterances. The two groups were similar in the frequency with which they produced utterances serving most of the functions. However, naming was more frequent in the normal children's speech, while answering was more frequent in the speech of the language impaired children. The two groups were indistinguishable in terms of the number of different lexical items they used in the service of each of the communicative functions.
A Third Osmosensing Branch in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Requires the Msb2 Protein and Functions in Parallel with the Sho1 Branch

Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma membrane-spanning proteins, Sho1 and Sln1, function during increased osmolarity to activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade. One of these proteins, Sho1, utilizes the MAP kinase kinase kinase Ste11 to activate Pbs2. We previously used the FUS1 gene of the pheromone response pathway as a reporter to monitor cross talk in hog1 mutants. Cross talk requires the Sho1-Ste11 branch of the HOG pathway, but some residual signaling, which is STE11 dependent, still occurs in the absence of Sho1. These observations led us to propose the existence of another osmosensor upstream of Ste11. To identify such an osmosensor, we screened for mutants in which the residual signaling in a hog1 sho1 mutant was further reduced. We identified the MSB2 gene, which encodes a protein with a single membrane-spanning domain and a large presumptive extracellular domain. Assay of the FUS1-lacZ reporter (in a hog1 mutant background) showed that sho1 and msb2 mutations both reduced the expression of the reporter partially and that the hog1 sho1 msb2 mutant was severely defective in the expression of the reporter. The use of DNA microarrays to monitor gene expression revealed that Sho1 and Msb2 regulate identical gene sets in hog1 mutants. A role for MSB2 in HOG1 strains was also seen in strains defective in the two known branches that activate Pbs2: an ssk1 sho1 msb2 strain was more osmosensitive than an ssk1 sho1 MSB2 strain. These observations indicate that Msb2 is partially redundant with the Sho1 osmosensing branch for the activation of Ste11.
Renal care in the paediatric setting: an overview of common conditions

Chronic and established renal failure in paediatrics is predominately due to congenital defects which can present in the perinatal period or during childhood. Because they can present at any age and at different stages of renal failure it is important to determine the cause and the interventions required. This article is the first of a series looking at common paediatric renal diseases.
Extension of the EQ3/6 Computer Codes to Geochemical Modeling of Brines

Recent modifications to the EQ3/6 geochemical modeling software package provide for the use of Pitzer's equations to calculate the activity coefficients of aqueous species and the activity of water. These changes extend the range of solute concentrations over which the codes can be used to dependably calculate equilibria in geochemical systems, and permit the inclusion of ion pairs, complexes, and undissociated acids and bases as explicit component species in the Pitzer model. Comparisons of calculations made by the EQ3NR and EQ6 compuer codes with experimental data confirm that the modifications not only allow the codes to accurately evaluate activity coefficients in concentrated solutions, but also permit prediction of solubility limits of evaporite minerals in brines at 25/sup 0/C and elevated temperatures. Calculations for a few salts can be made at temperatures up to approx. 300/sup 0/C, but the temperature range for most electrolytes is constrained by the availability of requisite data to values less than or equal to 100/sup 0/C. The implementation of Pitzer's equations in EQ3/6 allows application of these codes to problems involving calculation of geochemical equilibria in brines; such as evaluation of the chemical environment which might be anticipated for nuclear waste canisters located in a saltmore » repository. 26 references, 3 figures, 1 table.« less
The Shot Noise Thermometer: Primary Electronic Thermometry using the Noise from a Tunnel Junction

We present a thermometer based on the electrical noise from a tunnel junction. In this thermometer, temperature is related to voltage across the junction by a relative microwave noise measurement with only the use of the electron charge, Boltzmann's constant, and assumption that electrons in a metal obey Fermi-Dirac statistics (Lafe Spietz, 2003)
A Discrete-Time Downsampling FIR Filter for Windowed Integration Samplers

A novel technique to reduce die area on a discrete-time 2 filter for charge sampling is proposed. An SNR comparison of the conventional and the proposed topology reveals that the new technique saves 25% die area occupied by the sampling capacitors of the filter. The idea is also extended to implement higher downsampling factors, and greater percentage of area is saved as the downsampling factor is increased. The proposed filter also has the topological advantage over previously reported works of allowing the designers to use active integration to charge the capacitance, which is critical in obtaining high linearity.
Mining small-molecule screens to repurpose drugs

Repurposing and repositioning drugs--discovering new uses for existing and experimental medicines-is an attractive strategy for rescuing stalled pharmaceutical projects, finding treatments for neglected diseases, and reducing the time, cost and risk of drug development. As this strategy emerged, academic researchers began performing high-throughput screens (HTS) of small molecules--the type of experiments once exclusively conducted in industry--and making the data from these screens available to all. Several methods can mine this data to inform repurposing and repositioning efforts. Despite these methods' limitations, it is hopeful that they will accelerate the discovery of new uses for known drugs, but this hope has not yet been realized.
A rapid-pressure covariance representation consistent with the Taylor-Proudman theorem materially frame indifferent in the two-dimensional limit

A nonlinear variable-coefficient representation for the rapid-pressure covariance appearing in the Reynolds stress and heat-flux equations, consistent with the Taylor–Proudman theorem, is presented. The representation ensures that the modelled second-order equations are frame indifferent with respect to rotation in a number of different flows for which such an invariance is required. The model coefficients are functions of the state of the turbulence; they are valid for all states of a mechanical turbulence, attaining their limiting values only when the limit state is achieved. This is accomplished by a special ansatz that is used to obtain – analytically – the coefficients valid away from the realizability limit. Unlike other rapid-pressure representations in which extreme states are used to set model constants, here the coefficients are variable functions asymptotically consisted with – not fixed by – the limit states of the turbulence field. The mathematical principles invoked do not specify all the coefficients in the model; undetermined coefficients appear as free parameters which are used to ensure that the representation is asymptotically consistent with an experimentally determined equilibrium state of homogeneous sheared turbulence. This is done by ensuring that the modelled evolution equations have the same fixed points as those obtained from numerical and laboratory experiments for the homogeneous shear. Results of computations of homogeneous shear, with rotation and with curvature, are shown. Results are better, in a wide class of planar flows for which the model has not been calibrated, than those of other nonlinear models.
Mechanical Discordance of the Left Atrium and Appendage A Novel Mechanism of Stroke in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Background and Purpose—Thromboembolism in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) has often been attributed to occult AF. We hypothesized that the surface ECG may not always reflect left atrial appendage (LAA) mechanical function. Methods—Transesophageal echocardiographic images from 201 consecutive patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography by a single operator were reviewed. LAA pulse wave Doppler phenotype, ECG rhythm, and mitral valve motion for rhythm of the body of the left atrium and the electronic medical record were reviewed by 3 blinded, independent observers. Results—Of 201 patients (63.4±15 years; 61% men) undergoing transesophageal echocardiography, 15 (7.5%) demonstrated LA–LAA discordance including 7 (3.5%) with a sinus rhythm ECG/mitral valve motion and an AF LAA pulse wave Doppler phenotype. Of 24 patients with a clinical history of AF but sinus rhythm ECG, 25% demonstrated a discordant AF LAA pulse wave Doppler phenotype. Compared with concordant AF, the AF discordant group had gre...
Enabling damage detection: manufacturing composite laminates doped with dispersed triboluminescent materials

Triboluminescent materials are being harnessed to address the gaps in current structural health monitoring systems. Their innate ability to emit light when stressed or broken makes them ideal candidates for the ubiquitous and in situ monitoring of structures. The increasing use of advanced composites in critical structures, where subsurface damage initiation may go unnoticed, further highlights the urgency in developing efficient online monitoring technologies. This work looked at the manufacturing of composite laminates that have been doped with various concentrations (0 to 10 %wt.) of a triboluminescent material (ZnS:Mn). Laminates were manufactured using a vacuum infusion process. Dispersing the ZnS:Mn particulates was cumbersome because their density was higher than the resin that caused settling during resin infusion. The dispersion of ZnS:Mn is critical to their use in the health monitoring of the host structure. As such, a method for mechanical agitation using a rotational vacuum infusion apparatus...
Social Capital and Growth

We define and characterize social capital in a simple growth model. We capture social capital in a model where individuals in a community maximize their lifetime gains to trade. Each trade between two members of a community has the structure of the prisoners’ dilemma. Trades are repeated indefinitely, but not necessarily each period. Social capital is defined as the social structure which facilitates cooperative trade as an equilibrium. The trading model is incorporated into a growth model to explore the connections between growth, labor mobility, and social capital. The key assumption is that technological innovation, which drives growth, involves a reallocation of labor that affects social capital. Modifying the responsiveness of labor to a technological shock, has implications for both labor efficiency and social capital.
Polarized and non-polarized leaf reflectances of Coleus blumei

A polarization photometer has been used to measure the reflectance of three variegated portions of Coleus blumei, Benth. in five wavelength bands of the visible and near-infrared spectrum. The polarized component of the reflectance factor was found to be independent of wavelength, indicating that the polarized reflectance arises from the leaf surface. It is suggested that differences in the polarized component result from variations in surface features. The nonpolarized component of the reflectance factor is shown to be related to the internal leaf structure. The variation of the degree of polarization with wavelength was found to be greatest in the regions of the spectrum where absorption occurs.
In situ SIMS and IR spectroscopy of well-defined surfaces prepared by soft landing of mass-selected ions.

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of materials that are inaccessible using conventional synthesis techniques. Coupling soft landing with in situ characterization using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) enables analysis of well-defined surfaces under clean vacuum conditions. The capabilities of three soft-landing instruments constructed in our laboratory are illustrated for the representative system of surface-bound organometallics prepared by soft landing of mass-selected ruthenium tris(bipyridine) dications, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = bipyridine), onto carboxylic acid terminated self-assembled monolayer surfaces on gold (COOH-SAMs). In situ time-of-flight (TOF)-SIMS provides insight into the reactivity of the soft-landed ions. In addition, the kinetics of charge reduction, neutralization and desorption occurring on the COOH-SAM both during and after ion soft landing are studied using in situ Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR)-SIMS measurements. In situ IRRAS experiments provide insight into how the structure of organic ligands surrounding metal centers is perturbed through immobilization of organometallic ions on COOH-SAM surfaces by soft landing. Collectively, the three instruments provide complementary information about the chemical composition, reactivity and structure of well-defined species supported on surfaces.
Evolutionary fabrication: the emergence of novel assembly methods in artificial ontogenies

Evolutionary Design Systems (EDSs) have demonstrated the ability to generate a wide array of novel objects, including robots, tables, and antennas. Often, the novelty of these evolved designs is due to their ability to discover and exploit important principles of the design space, such as the truss and the ratchet. One current obstacle to the real-world application of such EDSs is that they often create purely descriptive representations, and are therefore capable of generating designs whose specific assembly is difficult, if not impossible, to infer. One solution that we offer is to evolve how to build, rather than what to build. When evolution occurs in assembly space rather than design space, only buildable objects are produced. Furthermore, as we demonstrate in this paper, doing so allows for the emergence not just of novel designs, but of novel means of assembly.
The extended surgical time-out: does it improve quality and prevent wrong-site surgery?

The Joint Commission's Universal Protocol aims to prevent wrong-site, wrong-procedure, and wrong-person surgeries. Currently, the protocol consists of a preprocedure verification, marking of the procedure site, and a time-out before starting the procedure.1 Site-verification protocols vary across hospitals and must balance safety, simplicity, and efficiency. The pause, or surgical time-out (STO), before incision has also been recognized as an opportunity to improve communication among surgical team members, and in many centers it has also been used to incorporate quality parameters suggested by the Surgical Care Improvement Project.2 Some centers also use the timeout for a formal briefing for the entire surgical team, similar to the safety practices in the aviation industry.3,4 Finally, formal checklists have also been added to this process, with promising results.5 Despite all of these safety measures, implementation of the protocol and how effective the protocol will be at preventing patient harm is not known.6 In addition, application of the Universal Protocol has not been well studied in pediatric patients. When developing protocols for pediatric surgical patients, such factors as how to mark infants and small children, when to perform the time-out, whether the time-out distresses the patient, and how effective the protocol is must be considered. The purpose of our report here is twofold: first, to describe the process, rationale, and implementation of an extended STO in pediatric patients, and second, to review the results before and after implementing the extended STO.
SQUID detection of magnetic fields produced by chemical reactions

We report on the detection of chemomagnetic fields produced by solid state combustion and liquid-solid reactions. Magnetic time series and noise spectra are recorded with high-T/sub c/ SQUID magnetometers. The moving reaction zone, ion convection, ion diffusion all cause macroscopic ionic currents, which generate electric and magnetic fields. A simple electromagnetic model describes the relation between a moving charge distribution associated with the combustion wave and the resulting magnetic field. Certain reactions exhibit power law behavior in the noise spectra and probability distributions of magnetic field peak amplitudes, consistent with self-organized criticality.
Constitution of Fireclays at High Temperatures: III, Deformation Characteristics

The hot-pressing characteristics of kaolin, fireclay, and plastic fireclay were determined between 1150° and 155O°C at 3000 to 10,000 psi under oxidizing conditions. Each clay could be pressed to near its true density at an optimum temperature. Insufficient temperature produced low bulk density; excessive temperature caused bloating. Synthetic glasses were prepared to represent the composition of the liquid phase estimated to be present at the optimum pressing temperature. Viscosities of the synthetic glasses were measured, and those of the optimum pressing temperature were estimated. The deformation characteristics are in reasonable accord with the Mackenzie and Shuttleworth hot-pressing equation for viscous flow.
Open your eyes and look harder! (An investigation into the idea of a responsible visual search)

In this paper, I explore and defend the idea that we have epistemic responsibilities with respect to our visual searches, responsibilities that are far more fine-grained and interesting than the trivial responsibilities to keep our eyes open and "look hard." In order to have such responsibilities, we must be able to exert fine-grained and interesting forms of control over our visual searches. I present both an intuitive case and an empirical case for thinking that we do, in fact, have such forms of control over our visual searches. I then show how these forms of control can be used to aim the visual beliefs that result from our searches toward various epistemic goals.
Comparison of Pre-Anode and Post-Anode Carbon Dioxide Separation for IGFC Systems

This paper examines the arrangement of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) within a coal gasification cycle, this combination generally being called an integrated gasification fuel cell cycle (IGFC). This work relies on a previous study performed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) that details thermodynamic simulations of IGCC systems and considers various gasifier types and includes cases for 90% CO2 capture [1]. All systems in this study assume a Conoco Philips gasifier and cold gas clean up conditions for the coal gasification system (Cases 3 and 4 in the NETL IGCC report). Four system arrangements, cases, are examined. Cases 1 and 2 remove the CO2 after the SOFC anode. Case 3 assumes steam addition, a water-gas-shift (WGS) catalyst and a Selexol process to remove the CO2 in the gas cleanup section, sending a hydrogen-rich gas to the fuel cell anode. Case 4 assumes Selexol in the cold-gas cleanup section as in Case 3; however, there is no steam addition and the WGS takes places in the SOFC, and after the anode. Results demonstrate significant efficiency advantages compared to IGCC with CO2 capture. The hydrogen-rich case (Case 3) has better net electric efficiency compared to typical post-anode CO2 capture cases (Cases 1 and 2), with a simpler arrangement and similar SOFC area. Case 4 gives an efficiency similar to Case 3, but at a lower SOFC power density, or a lower efficiency at the same power density. Carbon deposition concerns are also discussed.
Can Government Regulate Technology

Recently, while I was in Dijon, France, I happened to be listening to BBC on the radio, and heard a Yorkshire consumer affairs official complaining that the law gave him power only to require that “push-chairs” (baby carriages, or prams) be stable and have reliable brakes, but not to require that their handles not come off. Reacting to an incident of local notoriety, he seemingly felt the need for broader power under law to see to it that Yorkshire mothers be able to use prams as nearly perfect as government regulation could make them.1
Comparative Analysis of Items of Interest in Marriage and Parenthood of 4,000 Students in Junior and Senior Colleges

Abstract This is a study of the result of some 4,000 inventories being administered to students in eight junior colleges and 13 senior colleges and universities. There was a sampling of 2,000 men and 2,000 women. The inventory included 60 items which were prepared by the author after several years of review, experimentation, and then modified by several authorities in this field. The purpose of this study was to determine the interests in the various areas for marriage education. The results of the study indicate the differences in interests of both sexes for lower and upper division students. The results can be used as a guide to deter-to determine course content.
Scientific Realism and the Patent System.

The patent system appears to make three ontological assumptions often associated with scientific realism: there is a natural world that is independent of human knowledge and technology; invented products can be unobservable things; and invented products have causal powers. Although a straightforward reading of patent laws implies these ontological commitments, it is not at all clear that what the patent system has to say about the world has any bearing on issues of scientific realism. While realists might embrace the patent system’s apparent ontology as providing additional support for their view, anti-realists could propose an alternative interpretation of patent law that does not involve realist ontological commitments. Thus, questions about the patent system’s ontology depend on whether one takes patent laws at face value or defends an interpretation of patent law motivated by philosophical theory. Philosophers of science should pay attention to the practice of patenting, even if they ultimately reject the patent system’s apparent ontology and offer an alternative interpretation.
Influence of Noise on the Automobile Mill Worker

[Objective]To investigate the influence of noise on the automobile mill workers, explore the hearing protection measures and screen the key population for protection. [Methods] Analysis was made on the hearing loss of 393 noise-exposed automobile mill workers according to relevant regulations and standards; comparison was made with that of the control. [Results] The detection rate of hearing loss was 35.1% among the workers who were exposed to the noise with an average level of 89.8 dB (A), which was significantly higher than that of the control; the detection rate increased with the length of service; the detection rate of the impulse noise group was 57.1%, which was higher than that of the stable noise group. [Conclusion]The detection rate in this population is quite big; comprehensive measures should be taken for the prevention including managing, individual protection and surveillance; the debugging workers are the key population for protection since they can't wear ear plug at work.
Abstract LB-349: Copper depletion as a strategy to affect the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer patients at high risk of relapse and in triple negative preclinical models of breast cancer: Updated results of a phase II study of tetrathiomolybdate (TM) in breast cancer (BC) patients (pts) at high risk for recurrence

Background: The pre-metastatic niche mobilizes copper to assist in conditioning the tumor microenvironment facilitating tumor progression. This includes bone marrow derived VEGFR2+ endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and copper-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX). We hypothesized that TM-associated CD would reduce EPCs and other copper dependent processes in the pre-metastatic niche in BC pts. Methods: Stage 2 triple negative BC, Stage 3 and stage 4 without any evidence of disease, (NED) BC pts, received oral TM to maintain ceruloplasmin (Cp) between 8-17mg/dL for 2 years or until relapse. Endpoints included change in EPCs, safety, disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) and effect on biomarkers. Laboratory studies: MDA-LM2-luciferase cells were implanted into CB17-SCID mice, and treated with TM or water. Tumor progression was quantified by bioluminescence imaging (BLI), CD status by Cp oxidase levels, lysyl oxidase (LOXL2) activity by ELISA, and collagen deposition by Picrosirius Red staining and Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging analysis. Results: 75 pts (45 stage 2/3 BC, 30 stage 4 NED) received over 2400 cycles of TM on the primary and extension studies. Median age: 51 yrs (range 29-66). Of the 75 pts, 48% had TNBC, 40% were stage 4 NED. Median Cp level decreased from 28 at baseline to 15.5 (p Conclusions: TM is safe, well tolerated and appears to affect multiple copper dependent biologic processes in the tumor microenvironment known to be important for tumor progression, most striking in TNBC. Randomized trials in a high risk for relapse population are warranted. Citation Format: Eleni Nackos, Sharrell Lee, Amy Willis, Naomi Kornhauser, Maureen Ward, Marta Cobham, Tessa Cigler, Anne Moore, Veronica Fitzpatrick, Sarah Schneider, Alysia Wiener, Jessica Guillaume-Abraham, Bo Ri Seo, J David Warren, Anna Rubinchik, Claudia Fischbach, Vivek Mittal, Linda Vahdat. Copper depletion as a strategy to affect the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer patients at high risk of relapse and in triple negative preclinical models of breast cancer: Updated results of a phase II study of tetrathiomolybdate (TM) in breast cancer (BC) patients (pts) at high risk for recurrence. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-349.
Reconstruction of the Unsalvageable Proximal Pole in Scaphoid Nonunions Utilizing Rib Osteochondral Autograft

The patient was a 19-year-old right-hand-dominant collegiate football lineman who sustained a left scaphoid proximal pole fracture during a game. He was treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation with placement of a cannulated headless compression screw (Mini-Acutrak 2, Acumed, Hillsboro, OR). Postoperative radiographs demonstrated maintained reduction and appropriate fixation of the compression screw. Five months after surgery, the patient noted resolution of pain, excellent range of motion, and apparent radiographic union. He was allowed to return to sport, but subsequently reported pain with wrist motion and lifting that limited his functional ability.
The Labor Market Effects of State and Local Expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit

This study analyzes the labor market impact of state and local supplements to the federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program. Using Current Population Survey data from 1984 to 2006, the study concludes the differential impact of the state and local government supplements of the EITC on the labor force participation rates of married women. In particular, states and local counties with an EITC supplement witness higher labor force participation rates amongst married women. However, no such differential impact is observed for the demographic group of unmarried females.
Dravet Syndrome as Adult Form of Epileptic Encephalopathy

Researchers at the National Hospital, Queen Square, Great Ormond Street Hospital, and other centers in the UK and Melbourne, Australia identified a series of 22 adult patients (median age 39 years; range 20-66), including 3 post-mortem cases with Dravet syndrome.
Meters for Measuring Cold Water

In 97 AD. Sextus Julius Frontinus was appointed "Commissioner of Water Works" of the City of Rome. The high character and intelligence of this official is revealed in his classic treatise "De Aquis" which is a technical account of the earliest known municipal water supply system. This ancient record of 18 centuries ago shows that Frontinus, like the modern water works official, was faced with the problem of measuring both supply and distribution. However, this old Roman was seriously handicapped because only a meager store of hydraulic knowledge was available. Probably because there was no means of accurately recording seconds or small intervals of time, Frontinus apparently did not grasp the idea of velocity as a function of discharge in the now familiar equation Q = AV, and hence made his comparison of the discharge of pipes and channels on the basis of cross sectional area alone, as if Q were equal to A times some constant. It is small wonder that he was often baffled by the inconsistencies in his computations. However, Hero of Alexandria, the inventor of the steam engine, a contemporary of Frontinus and perhaps his teacher, described the method of measuring the yield of a spring as follows :
Rotational and translational diffusion in ficoll solutions

techniques to measure changes of the translational diffusion times and the rotational diffusion times of two nanoprobes, Alexa488 and FITC-Ficoll, dispersed in aqueous Ficoll solutions at room temperature. Analysis of the data indicated that the lifetimes of the nanoprobes appeared to be unaltered by the Ficoll solutions. In contrast, the FCS functions of each nanoprobe, which demonstrated slowing down of diffusion due to Ficoll, were adequately fitted with the expression of a freely diffusing nanoparticle. Similarly, the FA data indicated that the rotational diffusion of both nanoprobes was slowed down. The changes of the diffusion times and the rotational times of both nanoprobes could not be accounted for, however, by the corresponding changes of the viscosity of the solutions. Instead, we applied the entropic model proposed by de-Gennes and his collaborators, and fitted each set of diffusion data with a stretched exponential [exp(- αc n )] with n being related to the quality of the solvent. We determined n-values close to the value one for both nanoprobes and for both diffusions, suggesting a theta-like behavior of the solutions. However, the 􀁄-values for the translation of both nanoprobes were larger than the corresponding ones derived for their rotation, indicating dissimilar local entropic effects. Together with calculations, the present results confirmed the slowing down of the diffusion processes of the nanoprobes due to crowding and, more significantly, provided through the nanoprobes insight into entangled but flexible polymeric structures of the concentrated solutions.
Interplay between mitochondria and diet mediates pathogen and stress resistance in C. elegans

Diet is a crucial determinant of organismal biology. Here we demonstrate the dramatic impact of a subtle shift in diet on the ability of Caenorhabditis elegans to survive pathogenic or abiotic stress. Interestingly, this shift occurs independently of canonical host defense pathways, arising instead from improvements in mitochondrial health. Using a variety of assays, we reveal that the most common C. elegans food source (E. coli OP50) results in a vitamin B12 deficiency that compromises mitochondrial homeostasis. Increasing B12 supply by feeding on E. coli HT115 or by supplementing bacterial media with methylcobalamin restored mitochondrial function, even if the bacteria were dead. B12 supplementation also efficiently increased host health without adversely affecting lifespan. Our study forges a molecular link between a dietary deficiency (nutrition/microbiota) and a physiological consequence (host sensitivity), using the host-microbiota-diet framework. The ubiquity of B12 deficiency (~10-40% of US adults) highlights the importance of our findings.
Differences in Spontaneous Leg Movement Patterns Between Infants With Typical Development and Infants at Risk for Developmental Delay: Cross-sectional Observation Prior to Sitting Onset.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the patterns of supine spontaneous leg movements produced before sitting onset between infants with typical development (TD) and infants at risk for developmental delay (AR). In this cross-sectional, observational study, 35 infants were included; 18 infants with TD (130.4 ± 38.0 days) and 17 infants AR (124.1 ± 65.7 days). Infants were placed in the supine position and video taped for four to five minutes while in an alert, content state. After the recording, videos were coded frame by frame to identify the type of each leg movement produced: single flexion, single extension, alternate flexion, alternate extension, parallel flexion, parallel extension, leg wave, leg circle, leg thump, foot rub, foot flexion, or foot rotation. Unilateral movements (single flexion and single extension) were the most common leg movements in the TD group. Infants in the AR group produced a significantly lower proportion of unilateral and foot rub movements than infan...
Can a Left Ventricular Assist Device in Individuals with Advanced Systolic Heart Failure Improve or Reverse Frailty

Background/Objectives Frailty, characterized by low physiological reserves, is strongly associated with vulnerability to adverse outcomes. Features of frailty overlap with those of advanced heart failure, making a distinction between them difficult. We sought to determine whether implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) would decrease frailty. Design Prospective, cohort study. Setting Five academic medical centers. Participants Frail individuals (N = 29; mean age 70.6 ± 5.5, 72.4% male). Measurements Frailty, defined as having 3 or more of the Fried frailty criteria, was assessed before LVAD implantation and 1, 3, and 6 months after implantation. Other domains assessed included quality of life, using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; mood, using the Patient Health Questionnaire; and cognitive function, using the Trail-Making Test Part B. Results After 6 months, three subjects had died, and one had undergone a heart transplant; of 19 subjects with serial frailty measures, the average number of frailty criteria decreased from 3.9 ± 0.9 at baseline to 2.8 ± 1.4 at 6 months (P = .003). Improvements were observed after 3 to 6 months of LVAD support, although 10 (52.6%) participants still had 3 or more Fried criteria, and all subjects had at least one at 6 months. Changes in frailty were associated with improvement in QOL but not with changes in mood or cognition. Higher estimated glomerular filtration rate at baseline was independently associated with a decrease in frailty. Conclusion Frailty decreased in approximately half of older adults with advanced heart failure after 6 months of LVAD support. Strategies to enhance frailty reversal in this population are worthy of additional study.
The Power to Tax

This is a chapter in a book intended largely for an undergraduate audience. The chapter outlines the key terms necessary for understanding the congressional power to tax under the U.S. Constitution; the history and development of our understanding of that power; and the limitations (or possible limitations) on the power.