cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships Between Feeding Problems, Behavioral Characteristics and Nutritional Quality in Children with ASD

Many children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have co-occurring feeding problems. However, there is limited knowledge about how these feeding habits are related to other behavioral characteristics ubiqitious in ASD. In a relatively large sample of 256 children with ASD, ages 2–11, we examined the relationships between feeding and mealtime behaviors and social, communication, and cognitive levels as well repetitive and ritualistic behaviors, sensory behaviors, and externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Finally, we examined whether feeding habits were predictive of nutritional adequacy. In this sample, we found strong associations between parent reported feeding habits and (1) repetitive and ritualistic behaviors, (2) sensory features, and (3) externalizing and internalizing behavior. There was a lack of association between feeding behaviors and the social and communication deficits of ASD and cognitive levels. Increases in the degree of problematic feeding behaviors predicted decrements in nutritional adequacy.
A Senior-level Experiment in Structural Elucidation Using 2-D NMR

One-dimensional (1H, 13C, DEPT), and two-dimensional (COSY, HETCOR) NMR experiments are used to assemble the chemical structures of monoterpene unknowns assigned to senior instrumental analysis students. Students were asked to use their knowledge of NMR to deduce the structure of their assigned compound.
Layered carbon lattices and their influence on the nature of lithium bonding in lithium intercalated carbon anodes

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to investigate the nature of lithium bonding in stage 1 lithium intercalated carbon anodes. This has been approximated by using layered carbon lattices such as coronene, (C 24 H 12 ), anthracene, and anthracene substituted with boron. With two coronene carbon lattices forming a sandwich structure and intercalated with either two, three, four or six lithiums, it has been found that the predominant mode of bonding for the lithium is at the carbon edge sites as opposed to bonding at interior carbon hexagon sites. With a single planar coronene molecule approximating a graphene sheet, the bonding of four lithiums with this molecule is near the interior carbon hexagon sites. For anthracene and boron substituted anthracene, lithium bonding takes place within the carbon hexagon sites. The separation between lithiums in a sandwich type structure with two anthracenes in the eclipsed conformation is 5.36 A. The effect of boron substitution is to increases lattice flexibility by allowing the lattice to twist and lithium to bond at adjacent hexagon sites.
The relation of heart rate to cardiovascular dynamics. Pacing by atrial electrodes.

Hemodynamic studies were carried out as heart rates were controlled by atrial pacing on 10 normal patients at rest and during exercise. Each patient served as his own control. In both states tested the cardiac index, left ventricular work, and peripheral resistance were not significantly altered by changes in heart rate. The stroke index and mean systolic ejection rate decreased linearly with heart rate. During exercise the cardiac index increased up to 98% and again remained constant at all paced heart rates tested. At comparable heart rates the tension-time index, left ventricular work, stroke index, and mean systolic ejection rate were higher during exercise than at rest. At comparable heart rates [see figure in the PDF file] peripheral resistance was 38% lower during exercise than at rest. Myocardial oxygen consumption, as inferred from the tension-time index, increased with heart rate in both states.
Pyrolysis and combustion of nylon 6. I. Effect of selected brominated flame retardants

The pyrolysis of nylon 6 has been shown to proceed by a first-order process to yield e-caprolactam as the primary product. This degradation has an energy of activation of approximately 46 kcal/mole which would seem to indicate the involvement of a homolytic process. Inclusion of organobromine compounds such as hexabromobiphenyl and dodecabromopentacyclo [5·3·0·02,6·03,9·04,8]decane catalyzed the pyrolysis but did not significantly alter the nature of the degradation products. Because of this, simple organobromine compounds are not good candidates for utilization as flame retardants for nylon 6.
Auto-suspension of transported sediment; turbidity currents

It has been apparent for some time past that fine sediment material carried in suspension by a turbulent water stream flowing by gravity is apt to behave inconsistently with conventional theory. This demands that the concentration of suspended solids, which being heavier than the fluid tend to fall through it, must always increase downwards towards the bed. In fact, however, the concentrations of fine sediment grades present in rivers are often found to increase upwards instead of downwards. Further, while the discharge or transport rate of the coarser grades is found to be a function of the stream flow, that of the finer grades appears to be unlimited. The critical grain size below which these anomalies occur is usually put at about 50 µ for sediments of natural mineral density. But the factors on which the critical size depends have not previously been looked into. The reason for these anomalies has remained mysterious. Equally mysterious have been the conditions which enable a submarine turbidity current to maintain itself and to transport sand and silt in turbulent suspension for distances of many hundreds of miles over a very gently sloping ocean bed.
Gas chromatography of isoprenoid alkanes

Abstract The retention indices of ten isoprenoid alkanes on Apiezon L, SE-30 and diethylene glycol adipate polyester cross-linked with pentaerythritol at different temperatures have been determined. The regularities in the variation of the retention indices within homologous series are discussed. A certain similarity in the structure of the compounds investigated enabled two methods to be developed for calculating retention indices based on retention increments and Wiener's structural constant. The Kovats retention indices of twelve compounds have been calculated. For 3,7,11-trimethyltridecane and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyloctadecane, the average divergences between the calculated and experimental retention indices were found to be ± 0.5 and ± 2.6 units, respectively. With the aid of the calculated retention indices, the presence of 3,7,11-trimethylalkanes and higher isoprenoids in a sample of Romashkino petroleum was demonstrated.
Altered distribution of tritiated digoxin in the infarcted canine left ventricle.

In order to determine the distribution pattern of digoxin in infarcted and ischemic tissue, the early uptake of tritiated digoxin (3H-digoxin) in the acutely and chronically infarcted canine left ventricle (LV) was studied. Seven open-chest anesthetized dogs were given 3H-digoxin intravenously 1 hour following acute anterior-wall infarction produced by serial coronary arterial branch ligations. Central and peripheral zones of infarction, ischemic border zones, and nonischemic myocardium were demarcated by epicardial electrode mapping. Two hours after 3H-digoxin administration, animals were sacrificed and epicardial and endocardial samples from each zone were analyzed for 3H-digoxin uptake. Significantly lower digoxin concentrations (ng/g wet weight ± (sem) were found in both endocardial (endo) and epicardial (epi) regions of the center (endo 27 ± 11; epi 58 ± 10) and periphery (endo 51 ± 13; epi 112 ± 13) of the infarct as compared to the border (endo 217 ± 21; epi 242 ± 15) and nonischemic (endo 256 ± 22...
Torsion of testicle following orchiopexy

A patient with torsion of a previously operated testicle is reported, and techniques of prophylactic orchiopexy are discussed.
An explicit finite-difference scheme for solving the ocean acoustic parabolic wave equation

Abstract A conditionally stable explicit scheme is developed and applied to the ocean acoustic parabolic wave equation. The scheme is leapfrogged in the range variable and centered-differenced in the vertical variable. The theoretical development, the computational aspects and the advantage of the scheme are discussed. The method is ideal for vector computers.
Initiation of synapse formation by Wnt-induced MuSK endocytosis

In zebrafish, the MuSK receptor initiates neuromuscular synapse formation by restricting presynaptic growth cones and postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) to the center of skeletal muscle cells. Increasing evidence suggests a role for Wnts in this process, yet how muscle cells respond to Wnt signals is unclear. Here, we show that in vivo, wnt11r and wnt4a initiate MuSK translocation from muscle membranes to recycling endosomes and that this transition is crucial for AChR accumulation at future synaptic sites. Moreover, we demonstrate that components of the planar cell polarity pathway colocalize to recycling endosomes and that this localization is MuSK dependent. Knockdown of several core components disrupts MuSK translocation to endosomes, AChR localization and axonal guidance. We propose that Wnt-induced trafficking of the MuSK receptor to endosomes initiates a signaling cascade to align pre- with postsynaptic elements. Collectively, these findings suggest a general mechanism by which Wnt signals shape synaptic connectivity through localized receptor endocytosis.
Simultaneous occurrence of two immunological types of group A "Coxsackie" virus in a case of herpangina.

SummaryTwo viruses occurring simultaneously were isolated from a case of herpangina. They were identified as the H1 and H2 immunologic types of Group A Coxsackie virus.
Summarization of an Online Medical Encyclopedia

We explore a knowledge-rich (abstraction) approach to summarization and apply it to multiple documents from an online medical encyclopedia. A semantic processor functions as the source interpreter and produces a list of predications. A transformation stage then generalizes and condenses this list, ultimately generating a conceptual condensate for a given disorder topic. We provide a preliminary evaluation of the quality of the condensates produced for a sample of four disorders. The overall precision of the disorder conceptual condensates was 87%, and the compression ratio from the base list of predications to the final condensate was 98%. The conceptual condensate could be used as input to a text generator to produce a natural language summary for a given disorder topic.
Hardware-specific image compression techniques for the animation of CFD data

The visualization and animation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data is vital in understanding the varied parameters that exist in the solution field. Scientists need accurate and efficient visualization techniques. The animation of CFD data is not only computationally expensive but also expensive in the allocation of memory, both RAM and disk. Preserving animations of the CFD data visualizations is useful, since recreation of the animation is expensive when dealing with extremely large data structures. Researchers of CFD data may wish to follow a particle trace over an experimental fuselage design, but are unable to retain the animation for efficient retrieval without rendering or consuming a considerable amount of disk space. The spatial image resolution is reduced from 1280 X 1024 to 512 X 480 in going from the workstation format to a video format, therefore, a desire to save these animations on disk results. Saving on disk allows the animation to maintain the spatial and intensity quality of the rendered image and allows the display of the animation at approximately 30 frames/sec, the standard video rate. The goal is to develop optimal image compression algorithms that allow visualization animations, captures as independent RGB images, to be recorded to tape or disk. If recorded to disk, the image sequence is compressed in non-realtime with a technique which allows subsequent decompression at approximately 30 frames/sec to simulate the temporal resolution of video. Initial compression is obtained through mapping RGB colors in each frame to a 12-bit colormap image. The colormap is animation sequence dependent and is created by histogramming the colors in the animation sequence and mapping those colors with relation to specific regions of the L*a*b* color coordinate system to take advantage of the uniform nature of the L*a*b* color system. Further compression is obtained by taking interframe differences, specifically comparing respective blocks between consecutive frames. If no change has occurred within a block a zero is recorded otherwise the entire block containing the 12-bit indices of the colormap is retained. The resulting block differences of the sequential frames in each segment will be saved after huffman coding and run length encoding. Playback of an animation will avoid much of the computations involved with rendering the original scene by decoding and loading the video RAM through the pixel bus. The algorithms will be written to take advantage of the systems hardware, specifically the Silicon Graphics VGX graphics adapter.
Development of high frequency annular array ultrasound transducers using interdigital bonded composites

The design, fabrication, and testing of 1–3 composite annular array transducers is presented. An interdigital bonded (IB) 1–3 composite was manufactured using two IB operations on a fine-grain piezoelectric ceramic. Unloaded epoxy was used for both the matching and backing layers and a flexible circuit was used for interconnect. The final composite had 19µm wide posts separated by 6µm wide polymer kerfs. One array was tested and the results were found to be in good agreement with KLM modeled results. The average measured pulse-echo response for array elements was 34.3 MHz with 57.5 % −6 dB bandwidth. The maximum crosstalk between neighbor elements was −38.5 dB. A novel fabrication step greatly simplified fabrication process by eliminating the need for electrode patterning and alignment of that pattern between the composite and flex circuit.
Metabolism of drugs by microorganisms in the intestine

also to the enzymes of the host’s bacterial microflora. For the pharmacologist this means that the fate of certain drugs is apt to be determined by the flora of the host; thus the character of the flora may be added to the factors in the host that determine his response to these drugs. Studies with salicylazosulfapyridine A particularly interesting example of the role of the intestinal microflora in the pharmaco
Information Systems and Internal Organization: A Study of the Dow Chemical Company, 1890–1914

My dissertation examines the relationship between innovation in information processing and innovation in management organization and strategy. Economists and historians have for years credited new information systems and new accounting techniques with providing necessary support for the growth of the large firm. More recently some have taken to blaming these same innovations for the decline in competitiveness and short term vision of American manufacturers. Frequently, however, little reference is made to the actual content of these changes and their implications for management decision-making. My dissertation attempts to evaluate these claims by examining the managerial demands placed upon the information system of one manufacturing firm during a period of organizational, technological, and strategic change. This case study draws on the Herbert Dow papers, which include company correspondence, financial statements, factory reports, lab books, etc. These records were formerly kept in boxes in the Company vault, protected by the secretary to Herbert Dow's successors (his son and then his son-in-law) whose diligence prevented their destruction. They are now housed in the company's archives: a one room schoolhouse where Mrs. Grace Dow taught before she married Herbert Dow. Before submerging myself in these voluminous records, I surveyed the literature on accounting systems in manufacturing firms during the late nineteenth century. Based on studies of the paper, nail, ice, textile, boat, auto, and machine tool industries, I propose a new periodization of changes in information systems. This periodization focuses less on changes in accounting technique than on changes in the function of information systems over this period. The first formal information systems were introduced to monitor people and processes. In firms where there had been increases in labor input
Bandwidth-efficient waveforms for line-of-sight communications

A family of power- and bandwidth-efficient waveforms, suitable for fading multipath channels is described. A relatively high rate serially-concatenated convolutional code is paired with either QAM or non-recursive partial-response CPM. When using CPM, the receiver employs a simplified soft-output demodulator. The performance and implementation impacts of multiple receiver architectures, including iterative demapping, iterative demodulation, and iterative equalization are examined. A block equalizer is used to mitigate intersymbol interference effects. The waveform permits a relatively simple, yet flexible, receiver design, that achieves high performance in real-world channels. Performance and implementation considerations are discussed.
The Legal Importation of Prescription Drugs into the United States from Mexico: A Study of Customs Declaration Forms

The nature and magnitude of the problem of the diversion of prescription drugs from legal to illegal markets have been identified as a high priority by the federal government. This study was based on a random sample (2,005) of declaration forms of persons declaring Mexican prescription drugs at the US Customs office in Laredo, Texas. Of the 75 different types of drugs, the most frequently declared drugs were Valium (71%), Rohypnol (46%), and Tafil (25%), drugs highly associated with nonmedicinal use among United States teenagers and young adults. These data reinforce a documented need for more transnational cooperative efforts between the United States and Mexico.
Strategic Problem Formulation: Biases and Assumptions Embedded in Alternative Decision-Making Models

This article reviews the major theoretical approaches to strategic decision-making and identifies how each treats the process of problem formulation. Five models of strategic decision-making are analysed to determine the assumptions and biases made about strategic problem formulation. Successful strategic problem formulation is described and proposed as a beginning point for future research. Some constructs for further theory development are addressed.
The Impacts of Variations in Development Context on Employment Growth: A Comparison of Central Cities in Michigan and Ontario, 1980-2006:

This study compares post-1980 central city employment trends in the state of Michigan and the province of Ontario, similar-sized, closely linked by trade, and situated within the same natural regio...
Orientation, assembly, and stability of microtubule bundles induced by a fragment of tau protein

The neuronal microtubule-associated protein tau has been implicated in the development of axonal morphology including the organization of microtubules into a uniformly oriented array of microtubules commonly referred to as "bundle." Determination of the functional organization of tau has revealed that regions of tau protein which flank the microtubule-binding domain affect the bundling of microtubules in vitro with a microtubule-binding fragment of tau being most effective [Brandt and Lee, 1993: J. Biol. Chem. 268:3414-3419]. In order to study the relation of microtubule bundles that form in vitro to those observed in the axon, we determined the orientation of individual microtubules in bundles and the effects of bundling on microtubule assembly and stability in cell-free assembly reactions. Here we report that bundles induced by a microtubule-binding fragment of tau contain randomly oriented microtubules as determined by using the difference in growth rates at microtubule plus and minus ends. We demonstrate that in vitro bundling increases microtubule growth (about 30%), stabilizes microtubules against dilution- and cold-induced disassembly, and allows microtubule nucleation despite the absence of a tau region which has previously been shown to be required for tau-dependent microtubule nucleation. We conclude that conditions that stabilize microtubules can lead to bundle formation and allow microtubule assembly by a mechanism different from that employed by microtubule-associated proteins. The data also support the view that additional mechanisms besides the action of tau and tubulin exist in order to organize microtubules in the axon.
Cby1 promotes Ahi1 recruitment to a ring-shaped domain at the centriole-cilium interface and facilitates proper cilium formation and function

Defects in centrosome and cilium function are associated with phenotypically related syndromes called ciliopathies. Cby1, the mammalian orthologue of the Drosophila Chibby protein, localizes to mature centrioles, is important for ciliogenesis in multiciliated airway epithelia in mice, and antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling via direct regulation of β-catenin. We report that deletion of the mouse Cby1 gene results in cystic kidneys, a phenotype common to ciliopathies, and that Cby1 facilitates the formation of primary cilia and ciliary recruitment of the Joubert syndrome protein Arl13b. Localization of Cby1 to the distal end of mature centrioles depends on the centriole protein Ofd1. Superresolution microscopy using both three-dimensional SIM and STED reveals that Cby1 localizes to an ∼250-nm ring at the distal end of the mature centriole, in close proximity to Ofd1 and Ahi1, a component of the transition zone between centriole and cilium. The amount of centriole-localized Ahi1, but not Ofd1, is reduced in Cby1(-/-) cells. This suggests that Cby1 is required for efficient recruitment of Ahi1, providing a possible molecular mechanism for the ciliogenesis defect in Cby1(-/-) cells.
HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMAL STABILITY OF JP-8+100 AND OTHER FUELS

An engine trend toward maximum use of fuel as a heat sink has created interest in thermal stability information on aviation fuels for high temperature applications. Testing of the fuels has been conducted in the Extended Duration Thermal Stability Test System. This system was established for evaluating the thermal stability of JP-8+100 fuel. The specific fuels evaluated were JP-8, JP-8+100, JPTS and JP-7. The testing has been conducted at temperature and residence times that represent future aircraft/engine fuel systems. Special thermal stability tests with copper doped fuels and at low oxygen content have also been conducted. Carbon deposition information of these fuels that occur in bulk fuel and on hot surfaces is covered in this paper. The description of the test system and its operating characteristics and the test results are also included.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Chapter 6: Incarcerated Latinas and Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse

SUMMARY An increase in incarceration rates and incidence of drug-related incarcerations for women has shown particularly high rates for ethnic women. Profiles of incarcerated women in general show a number of factors that create psychosocial obstacles. Recent statistics indicate that Latino women are twice as likely to be in prison in comparison to white female prisoners. The literature on Latinas and alcoholism and other drug abuse is reviewed, clinical observations of incarcerated Latinas are discussed and recommendations are presented for service delivery needs.
Injury-induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are common findings in critical illness. Patients in the surgical ICU are frequently treated for this ‘critical illness diabetes’ with intensive insulin therapy, resulting in a substantial reduction in morbidity and mortality. Adipose tissue is an important insulin target tissue, but it is not known whether adipose tissue is affected by critical illness diabetes. In the present study, a rodent model of critical illness diabetes was used to determine whether adipose tissue becomes acutely insulin resistant and how insulin signaling pathways are being affected. There was a reduction in insulin-induced phosphorylation of IR, IRS-1, Akt and GSK-3β. Since insulin resistance occurs rapidly in adipose tissue, but before the insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, it may play a role in the initial development of critical illness diabetes.
A new checklist of lichenised, lichenicolous and allied fungi reported from South Africa

Background: The last comprehensive list of lichenised, lichenicolous and allied fungi reported from South Africa was published in 1950. A checklist is important to provide basic information on the extent of the diversity, and to provide the most recent name and classification. Objective: To present a list of all the lichenised, lichenicolous and allied fungi reported from South Africa. Methods: The list presented is entirely literature based and no attempt has been made to check the report of any taxa or their status by checking the specimens upon which they are based. Firstly, all taxa that were not reported from within the modern boundaries of South Africa were excluded. Next, the Recent literature on lichens database was searched for literature on South African lichens since 1945 and all references checked for new species or new reports, which were then added to the list. These names were then checked against Index Fungorum to ensure that the most current name was being used. Finally, the list was rationalised by excluding all synonyms and dubious infraspecific taxa. Results: The current list includes 1750 taxa in 260 genera from mainland South Africa, with an additional 100 species and 23 genera from the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands, which are treated separately. The replacement name Verrucaria dagolavii Fryday is proposed for Verrucaria umbilicata Ovstedal. Conclusion: It is estimated that, when fully explored, the lichen biota of South Africa will consist of somewhere between 2500 and 3000 taxa.
Annual Cycle of Surface Albedo

Abstract Monthly mean surface albedo for the full spectra range of incoming solar radiation and average atmospheric properties is estimated for the period 1 April 1974–31 March 1975. It can be considered approximately representative of average conditions in the last decade. The monthly global surface albedo, averaged without weighting for radiation income, ranges from 15.7% in August to 17.9% in December, with an annual average of 17.0%. This is higher than most previously published figures. The difference is partly due to the averaging method, and partly to our more accurate satellite based information on snow and ice covers. Parameterized albedo values of characteristic surface types were compiled from published references. Estimates are zonally averaged separately for land and ocean in 2° latitudinal bells.
Hydrogen-fed biofilm reactors reducing selenate and sulfate: Community structure and capture of elemental selenium within the biofilm.

Remediation of selenate (SeO4 (2-) ) contamination through microbial reduction is often challenging due to the presence of sulfate (SO4 (2-) ), which can lead to competition for the electron donor and the co-production of toxic H2 S. Microbial reduction of SeO4 (2-) in the presence of SO4 (2-) was studied in two hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs). One MBfR was initiated with SO4 (2-) -reducing conditions and gradually shifted to SeO4 (2-) reduction. The second MBfR was developed with a SeO4 (2-) -reducing biofilm, followed by SO4 (2-) introduction. Biofilms within both MBfRs achieved greater than 90% SeO4 (2-) reduction, even though the SeO4 (2-) concentration ranged from 1,000-11,000 μg/L, more than 20-200 times the maximum contaminant level for drinking water (50 μg/L). Biofilm microbial community composition, assessed by 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon pyrosequencing, was distinct between the two MBfRs and was framed by alterations in SeO4 (2-) loading. Specifically, high SeO4 (2-) loading resulted in communities mainly composed of denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Denitratisoma and Dechloromonas). In contrast, low loading led to mostly sulfate-reducing bacteria (i.e., Desulfovibrio) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (i.e., Sulfuricurvum and Sulfurovum). SeO4 (2-) was reduced to elemental selenium (Se°), which was visualized within the biofilm as crystalloid aggregates, with its fate corresponding to that of biofilm solids. In conclusion, microbial biofilm communities initiated under either SeO4 (2-) or SO4 (2-) -reducing conditions attained high SeO4 (2-) removal rates even though their microbial community composition was quite distinct. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1736-1744. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Approximate Kinodynamic Planning Using L2-norm Dynamic Bounds

In this paper we address the issue of kinodynamic motion planning. Given a point that moves with bounded acceleration and velocity, we wish to find the time-optimal trajectory from a start configuration to a goal configuration (a configuration consists of both a position and a velocity). As finding exact optimal solutions to this problem seems very hard, we present a provably good approximation algorithm. We obtain a provably good approximation algorithm using the $L_2$ norm to bound acceleration and velocity. Our results are an extension of the earlier work of Canny, Donald, Reif, and Xavier [1], who present similar results where the dynamic bounds can be examined in each dimension independently (they use the $L_{\infty}$ norm to bound acceleration and velocity).
Effect of papaverine on intraoperative BAEPs

ABSTRACT.Papaverine is a vasodilator agent that exerts a spasmolytic effect on smooth muscles, including cerebral blood vessels. We are not aware of reported cases of adverse effects of papaverine on evoked potentials. Two patients undergoing surgery for microvascular decompression to relieve hemifacial spasm exhibited transient changes on their brainstem auditory evoked potentials following the topical application of papaverine. Waves III and V could no longer be resolved after the application, while waves I and II persisted. Postoperatively, the BAEPs were present and the patients suffered no long term clinical sequelae related to the transient BAEP changes.
The Articulatory Phonetics of /r/ for Residual Speech Errors.

Effective treatment for children with residual speech errors (RSEs) requires in-depth knowledge of articulatory phonetics, but this level of detail may not be provided as part of typical clinical coursework. At a time when new imaging technologies such as ultrasound continue to inform our clinical understanding of speech disorders, incorporating contemporary work in the basic articulatory sciences into clinical training becomes especially important. This is particularly the case for the speech sound most likely to persist among children with RSEs–the North American English rhotic sound, /r/. The goal of this article is to review important information about articulatory phonetics as it affects children with RSE who present with /r/ production difficulties. The data presented are largely drawn from ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging studies. This information will be placed in a clinical context by comparing productions of typical adult speakers to successful versus misarticulated productions of two children with persistent /r/ difficulties.
Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Various Polymorphs of LiVOPO4

All three polymorphs of LiVOPO4 have been synthesized, for the first time, by a microwave-assisted solvothermal (MW-ST) method by adjusting the reaction media and conditions. The triclinic polymorph (α-LiVOPO4) was obtained as the most stable and stoichiometric product and was thus chosen for optimization. Varying solvent mixtures consisting of water and alcohols/glycols proved to have significant effects on the particle size/morphology, with the water and glycol mixtures generally producing smaller particles. Particle size was also reduced with decreasing reaction time, decreasing reactant concentration, and CTAB surfactant addition. The electrochemical performance was analyzed in two potential ranges: 3.0–4.5 V corresponding to the insertion/extraction of one lithium and 2.0–4.5 V corresponding to the insertion/extraction of two lithium into/from the LiVOPO4 structure. Synthesis in a mixture of water and ethylene glycol in particular led to a high capacity of 134 mAh/g during the first cycle in the 3.0–...
IMPACT OF INSECTICIDES ON SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY AND TOMATO YELLOW LEAFCURL VIRUS (TYLCV) ON STAKED TOMATO, 2000

TYLCV is a devastating whitefly-vectored disease of tomato that has spread from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean region including Florida. Along with cultural control, such as host free periods, insecticidal control of the vector is the key to present-day management of TYLCV. Greenhouse-raised seedlings were planted 9 Mar at 18-inch spacing on two sets of three drip irrigated beds, 240 ft long on 6-ft centers. The outer two beds of each set were divided into seven plots, each 34 ft long, and assigned to treatments in a CRB design with four replications. The middle row of each three-bed set was left untreated to serve as a source of whiteflies. On 16 Mar, two tomato plants that had been exposed to TYLCV infected whiteflies were transplanted in the center of each plot to provide a source of virus inoculum. Admire 2F and Platium 2 SC were applied as soil drenches on 13 Mar in 10 ml water per plant. Two treatments, one with the half rate of Admire and one with no Admire, received weekly applications, 11 in total, of Neemix beginning 1 Mar when the plants were still in the transplant trays. Actara 25 WG was applied as a foliar spray on 21 Mar, 11 Apr, and 2 May. Applaud 70 WP was applied 11 Apr and the same plots sprayed with Knack 0.86 EC on 2 May. Foliar applications were made using a high clearance sprayer driven by a hydraulic pump operating at 200 psi and delivering the spray through two drop booms equipped with two yellow hollow cone ceramic Albuz nozzles each at a rate of 44 gpa until 11 Apr when another nozzle was added to each drop for an output of 66 gpa for the remaining applications. Seven weekly evaluations of whitefly adults were made beginning 10 Apr by beating one side of four plants at four locations per plot with a 9 x 13-inch pie pan painted black and coated with a 9:1 mixture of vegetable oil and liquid detergent. Immature stages were monitored from one leaf removed from the 6th node of four centrally located plants in each plot. All whitefly stages were counted that appeared in a 2-cm2 ring placed four times on each leaflet using three leaflets from each leaf collected. Plants were monitored every 3 or 4 days for symptoms of TYLCV. On 26 May, 15 plants per plot were harvested and the number and weights of insect, disease, and marketable fruit were recorded.
The effect of competition on responses to drought and interannual climate variability of a dominant conifer tree of western North America

Summary To accurately predict how ecosystems will respond to climate change – and how management actions can influence such responses – scientists and managers need a better understanding of how and when biotic interactions modify climate–growth relationships. However, current research has largely ignored the role of competition in modulating climate–growth relationships of mature trees. In this study, we assessed the effect of competition on tree responses to drought and interannual climate variability as well as linkages between climate sensitivity and morphological characteristics of the stem wood. We sampled 10 sites in north-eastern Washington, USA, and used dendroecology to quantify responses of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) to drought and climate variability. Tree-ring series were converted to basal area increment series, and the effects of competition on climate–growth relationships were assessed at the tree and site levels using a combination of correlation analyses and linear mixed-effects models. Competition did not affect tree responses to extreme drought. When soil moisture was below average, tree growth was tightly coupled to climate variability for all trees, regardless of their competitive status. However, in wet years, competition had a pronounced, positive effect on climate sensitivity of growth. Trees with more competition from neighbours exhibited a significantly higher proportion of sapwood area in latewood (a morphological trait associated with greater drought resistance). Synthesis. Our results suggest that a tree's ability to cope with environmental variability is driven not just by the proximate effects of neighbours on resource availability, but also by phenotypic plasticity and long-term adaptations to competitive stress (such as changes in carbon allocation). Findings have important implications for individual-tree and stand-level growth models and may help managers better understand how their activities will modify tree responses to climate change.
Construction of pLNCX/anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80/CD28/ζ eukaryotic expression vector and expression in NIH 3T3 cells

AIM:To construct a recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pLNCX/anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80/CD28/ζ and detect its expression in NIH 3T3 cells.METHODS:CD28-ζ cDNA was amplified from the plasmids pBULLET and inserted into pLNCX vector that contained anti-CD20 scFv/IgGFc/CD80 gene.The recombinant plasmids were transfected into NIH 3T3 cells,and resistant clones were obtained by G418 selection.The gene expression of the fusion protein was determined by RT-PCR and FACS.RESULTS:The recombinant eukaryotic vector was constructed successfully,determined by PCR and enzyme digestion analysis.The target gene was amplified from NIH 3T3 cells transfected with the vectors by RT-PCR.The FACS showed that recombinant protein was expressed in NIH 3T3 cells.CONCLUSION:Construction of pLNCX/anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80/CD28/ζ expression vector and its expression in NIH 3T3 cells lay the foundation for further research of generation of modified T lymphocytes to CD20 positive lymphoma.
An energy analysis comparing biomass torrefaction in depots to wind with natural gas combustion for electricity generation

Abstract Biomass torrefaction and wind power with natural gas are compared to determine which renewable energy system to adopt when both plant biomass and wind are available. The renewability of both systems was compared in terms of energy return on investment (EROI) by quantifying the fossil energy input and renewable energy output. On the basis of a functionally equivalent amount of electrical power (100 MW e ) and heat (50 MW th ), a breakeven wind velocity of 9.875 m/s resulted in both systems having the same EROI. In regions with available biomass feedstock, facilities suitable for biomass power and wind velocities below 9 m/s, torrefaction is a more renewable approach. Conversely, regions with velocities greater than 10 m/s or little access to biomass sources and facilities, wind combined with natural gas is superior. Due to average wind speeds below 10 m/s and the wide availability of biomass in Michigan, the torrefaction bioenergy system outperforms the wind–natural gas system.
Caring for Patients with traumatic brain injury: a survey of nurses' perceptions.

Aims and objectives The purpose of this study was to determine nurses' perceptions about caring for patients with traumatic brain injury. Background Annually, it is estimated that over 10 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury around the world. Patients with traumatic brain injury and their families are often concerned with expectations about recovery and seek information from nurses. Nurses' perceptions of care might influence information provided to patients and families, particularly if inaccurate knowledge and perceptions are held. Thus, nurses must be knowledgeable about care of these patients. Methods A cross-sectional survey, the Perceptions of Brain Injury Survey (PBIS), was completed electronically by 513 nurses between October and December 2014. Data were analysed with structural equation modelling, factor analysis, and pairwise comparisons. Results Using latent class analysis, authors were able to divide nurses into three homogeneous sub-groups based on perceived knowledge: low, moderate and high. Findings showed that nurses who care for patients with traumatic brain injury the most have the highest perceived confidence but the lowest perceived knowledge. Nurses also had significant variations in training. Conclusions As there is limited literature on nurses' perceptions of caring for patients with traumatic brain injury, these findings have implications for training and educating nurses, including direction for development of nursing educational interventions. Relevance to clinical practice As the incidence of traumatic brain injury is growing, it is imperative that nurses be knowledgeable about care of patients with these injuries. The traumatic brain injury PBIS can be used to determine inaccurate perceptions about caring for patients with traumatic brain injury before educating and training nurses.
A Nation Divided by Religion, Education, and Place

Question: Why do so many people believe in the theory of evolution? Answer: Some people believe in evolution because that's all they know. In school, at home, on T.V. – everywhere they look – that is all they hear. They don't know there are problems with the theory, or that there are good reasons for believing that God created everything. Other people believe in evolution because they have studied science and believe the evidence supports the theory. Often, these people have not considered the wonderful evidence for creation. Sadly, some people believe in evolution because they think it supports their denial of God's existence. Digger Doug, Discovery Magazine (Scripture and Science for Kids) Question: So many people resist believing in evolution. Where does the resistance come from? Answer: It comes, I'm sorry to say, from religion. And from bad religion. You won't find any opposition to the idea of evolution among sophisticated, educated theologians. It comes from an exceedingly retarded, primitive version of religion, which unfortunately is at present undergoing an epidemic in the United States. Not in Europe, not in Britain, but in the United States. Richard Dawkins (2005) Darwin published On the Origin of Species (or simply, The Origin ) in 1859 and The Descent of Man in 1871. By the late 1920s, anti-evolutionism in the United States was a complex and well-developed social movement (Lienesch 2007), and the controversy over teaching evolution was highly divisive (Ginger 1958; Larson 1989; Numbers 1992). The most important lines of division concerned religion, education, and geography. The popular view, reinforced by the images of the Scopes trial in the public imagination, is that opposition to evolution was a distinctive product of southern, poorly educated fundamentalists. Of course, the social divisions underlying the evolution conflict were not so clear cut then. In the 1920s, there were differences within Protestantism (Marsden 1982); fundamentalism was not the only Christian tradition opposed to evolution (Ruse 2005); the leaders of the anti-evolution movement were themselves well educated and drawn from the middle class (Numbers 1992); and, although the movement only achieved legislative success in the South, it had considerable popular support throughout the nation (Larson 1989; Lienesch 2007). What we can say as a generalization is that anti-evolutionism was most prominent among those caught up in the nascent fundamentalist movement and in the non-metropolitan areas of the South and the Midwest (Larson 1989; see also Woodberry and Smith 1998 on the migration of southern conservative Protestants to other parts of the country).
Oral Health Literacy and Measures of Periodontal Disease

Background: Existing evidence demonstrating a relationship between health literacy (HL) and periodontal health is insufficient to identify how providers can help patients manage periodontal disease. This study assesses associations between HL measures (word recognition, numeracy, and conceptual knowledge) and signs of periodontal disease.Methods: This study included 325 new patients at a dental school clinic and employed an oral HL (OHL) survey, full-mouth radiographs, and clinical examination. Evaluations included the relationship between each HL measure versus number of teeth, bleeding score, plaque score, and periodontal severity with linear and ordinal logistic regression models before and after adjusting for covariates.Results: Among HL measures, the Newest Vital Sign demonstrated a significant relationship with number of teeth and the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults showed a significant association with plaque score. The short Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine and Denti...
Prospective Study of Breath-Holding Spells

The natural history of severe breath-holding spells (BHS) was studied prospectively in 95 children (48 boys, 47 girls) referred for neurologic consultation at Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT.
Architecting an Event-based Pervasive Sensing Environment in the Hospital

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor networks are increasingly being applied to the hospital environment. Capture of fine grained operational data in this environment can promote meaningful process reengineering with the objective of improving efficiencies in operational aspects. The RFID sensor nodes generate large amounts of fine grained real time data, related to resources and processes within the hospital environment. Understanding and managing these data in the context of the enterprise applications pose challenges for the middleware which has to connect sensor networks with enterprise applications. In this paper we propose an architectural solution based on the notion of an event. The primary characteristics of an event are discussed and a three layered event representation model is developed to map raw sensory information to semantic events. A generalized event ontology language is proposed.