cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atlas: an intelligent, performant framework for web-based grid computing

This paper presents Atlas, a distributed computing system that allows for collaboration over Internet browsers. It allows users to donate the wasted processing power from their Internet-connected machines to help researchers and companies compute difficult tasks. The platform aims at maintaining similar speeds to available cloud computing services while running these tasks, while doing so at a lower cost. In order to do so, Atlas minimizes the amount of time needed per computation and intelligently distributes jobs by utilizing user browsing patterns. Benchmarks demonstrate that Atlas may be a viable alternative to traditional parallel platforms.
Embodied Vocabulary Explanation in ESL Group Interaction: A Preliminary Account

In recent decades, the study of language learners’ embodied behavior amongst themselves has gained much currency. Broadly speaking, a wealth of studies on learner gestures connect gestures with second language acquisition, and have shown that gestures play a role in facilitating communication, acquisition, and retention (Gullberg, 1998, 2011, 2014; McCafferty, 2004; McCafferty & Gullberg, 2008; Stam & McCafferty, 2008). Another line of research examines learner gestures through the lens of sociocultural theory, and has found that learners use gestures to rehearse new knowledge and to self-regulate (Lee, 2008; McCafferty, 1998; Negueruela & Lantolf, 2008; Platt & Brooks, 2008). These studies, however, adopted experimental designs as a research method, and therefore, how learners actually use gestures when interacting with one another in situ remains largely a “black box.”
Argatroban Associated Bleeding Complications.

Background: Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a frequently observed side effect observed with heparin administration. Treatment for this condition includes direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) therapy. Major hemorrhagic complications are considered rare events in this setting. Methods: This is a case series of patients diagnosed with HIT in a tertiary medical referral center. The diagnosis of HIT was established on the base of clinical criteria. All included patients had positive HIT ELISA based antibody testing during the time interval from July 2006 to July 2007 and all patients were treated with argatroban. A systematic review for hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications of argatroban therapy was performed. Major hemorrhage was defined as clinically identified bleeding with the demand for transfusion therapy. Thrombotic complications were defined as thrombosis evidenced by imaging studies developing during argatorban therapy. We performed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify demographic and clinical factors that influence the development of complications of argatroban therapy as treatment for HIT. Examined covariates were gender, age, type of service the patient was admitted under (surgical versus medical), amount of comorbidities, preexisting history of gastrointestinal bleeding, documented thrombotic or thrombembolic event at the time point of HIT diagnosis and coexisting coexisting coagulopathy other than HIT. Results: We identified 102 patients with the diagnosis of HIT. The median optical density (OD) of the ELISA HIT immunoassay was 1.23 (95% CI 0.93–1.43). We identified 11 (10.7%) major hemorrhagic events in patients on argatroban. Four patients (3.9%) died as a consequence of major hemorrhagic complications. No thrombotic events were identified in our study cohort. As statistically significant; predictors for clinically relevant hemorrhagic complications in our model remained male gender, preexisting GI bleeding history and being patient on a surgical service. Conclusion: The incidence of major hemorrhagic episodes with agatroban therapy is significantly higher then generally reported and the mortality rate is very disturbing. These data suggest that alternatives to standard direct thrombin inhibitor therapy should be aggressively pursued.
Dissecting the Side Chain Interaction Energies of the Active Site Hydrogen Bond Network in a Rhomboid Protease GlpG

The intramembrane rhomboid proteases are of particular interest due to their ability to hydrolyze a substrate peptide bond at the active site which is buried within the membrane. The high-resolution structure of the E. coli rhomboid protease GlpG revealed the catalytic dyad Ser201/His254, which is surrounded by a protein matrix and connected to bulk water via a narrow water channel. Although multiple crystal structures have been solved for GlpG, its catalytic mechanism is not clearly understood.
Is Antimicrobial Resistance a Bigger Problem in Tertiary Care Hospitals Than in Small Community Hospitals in the United States

Large tertiary care hospitals (TCHs) are thought to have higher antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates when compared to small community hospitals (SCHs) as they provide care to patients with higher disease severity. However, we found no systematic differences in AMR rates between TCHs and SCHs in the United States.
Inverse Thermal Analysis of Alloy 690 Laser and Hybrid Laser–GMA Welds Using Solidification-Boundary Constraints

An inverse thermal analysis of Alloy 690 laser and hybrid laser–GMA welds is presented that uses numerical–analytical basis functions and boundary constraints based on measured solidification cross sections. In particular, the inverse analysis procedure uses three-dimensional constraint conditions such that two-dimensional projections of calculated solidification boundaries are constrained to map within experimentally measured solidification cross sections. Temperature histories calculated by this analysis are input data for computational procedures that predict solid-state phase transformations and mechanical response. These temperature histories can be used for inverse thermal analysis of welds corresponding to other welding processes whose process conditions are within similar regimes.
An Examination of the Shared Beliefs of Ecotherapists

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to gain a deep understanding of the shared experiences of ecotherapists who provide therapy in nature. Based on the information ...
Pharmacokinetic aspects of neuroleptics and prediction of outcome

A number of characteristics of antipsychotic medications have inspired a search for early predictors of drug response. Unless a clinician has a well-documented history that a patient will respond to a particular drug or drug dose, treatment decisions will usually be made on a trial and error basis. After a decision is made to begin a trial of a particular regimen, the clinician and patient will often have to wait for weeks or even months before it is established that the treatment is successful. Moreover, if the patient fails to respond to an adequate trial of a particular drug, the clinician may be unsure if the drug was an effective one that was administered at too high or too low a dose. For these reasons, researchers have searched for pharmacokinetic indicators which can guide pharmacotherapy.
Empirical Bayes Before–After Study on Safety Effect of Narrow Pavement Widening Projects in Texas

Texas has approximately 40,000 lane miles (64,000 lane kilometers) of two-lane farm-to-market (FM) and ranch-to-market (RM) roads with total paved widths of 18 to 22 ft (5.5 to 6.7 m), most of which are in rural areas. Narrow pavement widening in Texas typically involves adding lane width, a narrow shoulder, or both to increase the travel way in each direction of a narrow FM and RM road by 1 to 9 ft (0.3 to 2.7 m). The main reasons for roadway widening are usually to do any or all of the following: improve safety, increase structural capacity, and enhance pavement performance. The goal of this study was to investigate the safety effects of narrow pavement widening projects for rural two-lane FM and RM roads in Texas. A before–after comparison study was conducted with the empirical Bayes method to evaluate how wider lanes and shoulders affect crash occurrence, by type and severity. Of the 22 studied projects, analysis showed a 31.5% reduction in total crashes, a 35.7% reduction in run-off-the-road crashes,...
Sustainable chemistry, synthesis and structure- activity relationship studies of biologically important small molecules

With growing concerns for the environment, dwindling amounts of fossil fuels available for worldwide consumption and more resistant strains of diseases and infections becoming a reality, organic chemistry plays a vital role in the improvement and sustainability of modern society. Industrial chemicals from renewable sources has become an important area of research in recent years, while the synthesis and study of biologically active small molecules and their analogues leads to advancements which can help improve overall human health. In this dissertation, we explore methods to create important industrial molecules from biorenewable sources, extend a novel cyclization to make heterocyclic compounds, and develop a new route towards a natural product that is active against tumor cells which resist current cancer treatments. Chapter 1 discusses the synthesis of an important industrial compound, terephthalic acid, from malic acid, which can be obtained from biorenewable feedstocks. This work was performed in collaboration with chemical engineers at the Center for Biorenewable Chemicals. Chapter 2 describes the extension of the Kraus indole synthesis to biologically important natural products such as isocryptolepine and the indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline series. Chapter 3 discusses advances made towards the total synthesis of a marine alkaloid, oroidin, including a novel cyclization to install the important 2-aminoimidazole portion of the molecule.
Formal Quantum Statistical Mechanics

This Lecture applies the general quantum-mechanical principles developed in Aside C to analyze the statistical mechanics of quantum-mechanical systems. The analysis is in two parts. The first, more conventional, part will show why a sum over energy eigenstates is an appropriate procedure for evaluating ensemble averages, and why your decision to use a particular set of basis vectors has no effect on the number you get when you calculate the ensemble average for a quantum system. The second, less conventional, part of the discussion will elaborate on the distinction between a complete set of all possible states of the system and a complete set of basis vectors. An ensemble average over all quantum states of a system agrees with an ensemble average over a complete set of basis vectors; however, the latter average is less tedious to calculate.
Crystal Structures by Electron Diffraction: Diacetylene Monomers and Polymers in Langmuir-Blodgett Films and Single Crystals

We have investigated the crystal structures of a number of diacetylene monomers and polydiacetylenes in which single crystal electron diffraction relative intensity data is utilized for structure refinement A number of conditions allow the kinematic approximation to be made, the thinness of polymer single crystals and Langmuir-Blodgett films, the small number of unit cells in the beam direction (large crystallographic spacing in the beam direction) and generally low atomic number. Examples are the poly functional diacetylene poly(1,11-dodecadiyne) and its crosspolymerized product, a monolayer of the polymerized lithium salt of 10,12-nonacosadiynoic acid and multilayers of the tubule forming amphiphile 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine.
The Ecology of Quasar Absorption Systems

Gas along the lines of sight to QSOs produces narrow absorption lines from ions of the most abundant elements: H, He, C, N, O, Si, S, Mg and Fe. Most lines have rest wavelengths of a few hundred Abut some have wavelengths λ ≥ 900 A, sufficient that they can be redshifted into the optical. The absorbing gas is normally transparent, except for Lyman continuum absorption, and dust extinction at the highest columns, so we can see hundreds of gas clouds along a line of sight. We see more absorption from higher redshifts, because the universe was denser then and the absorbing “clouds” have roughly constant proper size.
Reduced Dose Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Older Adults with Atrial Fibrillation

Doses of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are often reduced in older adults based on age, renal function, and bleeding risk. This review assesses recent evidence for safety and efficacy of reduced dose DOAC regimens in older adults. Dabigatran 110 mg twice daily shows similar efficacy and similar or lower bleeding risk compared to 150 mg twice daily in several studies. Dabigatran 110 mg is approved outside the USA and can be considered in ages > 75–80, or in patients with a propensity for higher dabigatran blood levels. Rivaroxaban 15 mg, apixaban 2.5 mg, and edoxaban 30 mg are safe and effective when used appropriately in patients who qualify based on labeled dosing. Limited evidence suggests inappropriately dose-reduced DOACs may increase risk for thromboembolic events. Besides dabigatran, dose reduction of apixaban, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban should be limited to patients who qualify based on FDA-approved parameters. The risk of stroke and bleeding should be carefully considered and discussed with each patient when deciding whether to reduce a DOAC dose off-label.
1934 Competitive exclusion

Abstract Georgii F. Gause studied interactions between species using both models of inter-specific competition and experimental tests with Paramecium (Gause, 1934). He concluded that two competing species occupying the same niche will result in one or the other species going extinct. This prediction became known as Gause's competitive exclusion principle.
Corporate Choices Across Developing Economies: How Important are Institutions‘

With the enlargement of the G7 to the G20, developing countries are expected to play an important role in restoring global economic growth. We examine the importance of institutional arrangements in setting corporate choices across developing countries. Specifically, we investigate the extent to which differences in legal tradition, judicial efficiency, and investor protection affect corporate financing and firm risk-taking across developing economies. Three main results obtain. First, firms in countries with an English legal tradition have the highest preference for debt financing among all other firms, while those operating in Socialist legal origin assume the greatest levels of risk. Second, the results strongly suggest that judicial enforcement matters most for corporate financing and risk taking decisions. Under high legal formalism, firms contract more debt financing, but are less willing to undertake risky investments, which may seem like a win-win situation. Finally, the findings lend support to the presence of a “dark side” to strong creditor rights in bankruptcy, inhibiting debt financing and corporate risk-taking.
High spatial correlation in brain connectivity between micturition and resting states within bladder-related networks using 7 T MRI in multiple sclerosis women with voiding dysfunction.

Several studies have reported brain activations and functional connectivity (FC) during micturition using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and concurrent urodynamics (UDS) testing. However, due to the invasive nature of UDS procedure, non-invasive resting-state fMRI is being explored as a potential alternative. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing resting states as a non-invasive alternative for investigating the bladder-related networks in the brain. We quantitatively compared FC in brain regions belonging to the bladder-related network during the following states: ‘strong desire to void’, ‘voiding initiation (or attempt at voiding initiation)’, and ‘voiding (or continued attempt of voiding)’ with FC during rest in nine multiple sclerosis women with voiding dysfunction using fMRI data acquired at 7 T and 3 T. The inter-subject correlation analysis showed that voiding (or continued attempt of voiding) is achieved through similar network connections in all subjects. The task-based bladder-related network closely resembles the resting-state intrinsic network only during voiding (or continued attempt of voiding) process but not at other states. Resting states fMRI can be potentially utilized to accurately reflect the voiding (or continued attempt of voiding) network. Concurrent UDS testing is still necessary for studying the effects of strong desire to void and initiation of voiding (or attempt at initiation of voiding).
A New Federalism for Indian Tribes: The Relationship Between the United States and Tribes in Light of our Federalism and Republican Democracy

To understand the foundations and subsequent evolution of America's legal relationship with tribes and their members, one must bear in mind that at the birth of this nation, European colonists and their descendants had been on these shores for more than 150 years, approximately seven generations. Long before they founded the United States, these people planted the roots of a new nation, molding a people and place that would become peculiarly American. As their lives shifted from their old world to their new, they found themselves being taxed without representation; their commerce being regulated by a government into which they were allowed little input; their religious endeavors being subjected to foreign governmental pressures. They were being governed while neither authorizing nor consenting to the government. They increasingly perceived their old world countries as oppressors and themselves as the oppressed. Then they took a stand. They declared that forced dependency upon their mother countries violated inalienable rights and fundamental natural laws. They declared that the notion of governing themselves constituted a self-evident truth. What is critical now is that those truths, rights and laws are every bit as self evident, inalienable and natural as ever, whether applied to states, provinces, emirates or Indian tribes. This article examines the notion that our constitutional system constructs yet another federalism—that of the relationship between the Union, Indian tribes and their citizens. Tribes were once entirely free from incursion by our Union and its states, their spheres of sovereignty as impermeable as any other international sovereign. Simply put, they no longer are. In that light, this article re-analyzes the Union/state/tribe relationships based on the premise that American jurisprudence places tribes and their members in a systemic relationship with the Union and the states.Its operative presumptions are that the Court’s repeated recognition of tribal sovereignty and the federal policy of tribal self-determination are genuine. Its conclusions are four-fold. First, within our federal system, the Union, states and tribes do not constitute three distinct sovereigns but two distinct planes of sovereignty The tribes share the sovereign plane not with the Union but with the states. Second, the “interactive” relationship between the Union and the tribes reflects the relationship between the Union and the states. Third, like the Union/state relationship, the Union/tribe relationship has provided a means for experimenting with federalism, at times testing its elasticity to the point of subversion. Fourth, the relationship between the states and the tribes should reflect the relationship between two states as sovereigns within the same system, on the same plane, whose sovereign spheres do not overlap but influence each other through the federal political processes.
An Investigation of Radiation Treatment Learning Opportunities in Relation to the Radiation Oncology Electronic Medical Record: A Single Institution Experience.

Abstract Purpose A modern radiation oncology electronic medical record (RO-EMR) system represents a sophisticated human-computer interface with the potential to reduce human driven errors and improve patient safety. As the RO-EMR becomes an integral part of clinical processes, it may be advantageous to analyze learning opportunities (LO) based on their relationship with the RO-EMR. This work reviews one institution's documented LO to: (1) study their relationship with the RO-EMR workflow, (2) identify best opportunities to improve RO-EMR workflow design, and (3) identify current RO-EMR workflow challenges. Methods and Materials Internal LO reports for an 11-year contiguous period were categorized by their relationship to the RO-EMR. We also identify the specific components of the RO-EMR used or involved in each LO. Additionally, contributing factor categories from the ASTRO/AAPM sponsored Radiation Oncology Incident Learning System's (RO-ILS) nomenclature was used to characterize LO directly linked to the RO-EMR. Results A total of 163 LO from the 11-year period were reviewed and analyzed. Most (77.2%) LO involved the RO-EMR in some way. The majority of the LO were the results of human/manual operations. The most common RO-EMR components involved in the studied LO were documentation related to patient setup, treatment session schedule functionality, RO-EMR used as a communication/note-delivery tool, and issues with treatment accessories. Most of the LO had staff lack of attention and policy not followed as 2 of the highest occurring contributing factors. Conclusions We found that the majority of LO were related to RO-EMR workflow processes. The high-risk areas were related to manual data entry or manual treatment execution. An evaluation of LO as a function of their relationship with the RO-EMR allowed for opportunities for improvement. In addition to regular radiation oncology quality improvement review and policy update, automated functions in RO-EMR remain highly desirable.
Tunable stiffness in fish robotics: mechanisms and advantages.

One of the emerging themes of fish-inspired robotics is flexibility. Adding flexibility to the body, joints, or fins of fish-inspired robots can significantly improve thrust and/or efficiency during locomotion. However, the optimal stiffness depends on variables such as swimming speed, so there is no one "best" stiffness that maximizes efficiency in all conditions. Fish are thought to solve this problem by using muscular activity to tune their body and fin stiffness in real-time. Inspired by fish, some recent robots sport polymer actuators, adjustable leaf springs, or artificial tendons that tune stiffness mechanically. Models and water channel tests are providing a theoretical framework for stiffness-tuning strategies that devices can implement. The strategies can be thought of as analogous to car transmissions, which allow users to improve efficiency by tuning gear ratio with driving speed. We provide an overview of the latest discoveries about 1) the propulsive benefits of flexibility, particularly tunable flexibility, and 2) the mechanisms and strategies that fish and fish-inspired robots use to tune stiffness while swimming.
Progress in the Molecular Medicine of Cancer

Cancer is a formidable challenge, and one should have no illusions that major breakthroughs in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease will come easily. Nevertheless, several converging lines of research are providing exciting new opportunities for clinical application. Some of these areas are summarized in this chapter. The goal is to identify a few areas in which the molecular foundations of oncology are supporting ideas that are likely to have clinical ramifications in the near future. The molecular dissection of colon cancer continues to provide new insights into the cascade of genetic events that lead to full-blown malignant transformation. Microsatellite alterations are associated with small-cell lung cancer, head and neck tumors, bladder cancer, and most likely other tumors as well. Diseases targeted for innovative trials of cytokine gene-transfected tumor cells include breast, ovarian, renal, and colon cancers, and development of their use against melanoma continues. The suicide vector model serves as one template for further development in other cancers as well, especially those compartmentalized in relatively sequestered sites, e.g., intraperitoneal ovarian cancer or primary central nervous system lymphoma, an opportunistic cancer associated with AIDS. Molecular medicine continues to uncover the broad principles that govern the interplay between internal and external factors that modulate net gene expression and cellular function for many cell types. If the tradition of excellence and the balance between creativity and scientific rigor exemplified by the work of Howard Temin is maintained, progress against cancer is assuredly made.
Simic's Surrealist Metaphysics: A Review of Charles Simic, "The Voice at 3:00 A.M.: Selected Late and New Poems"

For many readers the term 'surrealism' readily connects to Lautr?amont's description of Mervyn in "Canto Six" of Les Chants de Maldoror?that he is as fair "as the chance meeting on a dissecting table of a sewing-machine and an umbrella" (trans. Alexis Lykiard 1970). The description has become something of a definition, by way of example, of surrealist procedure. But as Maurice Nadeau points out in his The History of Surrealism, this movement developed between the World Wars as much more than a literary or artistic school. Rather, its practitioners, with their interests in dream states, chance, madness, and the unconscious, sought to free themselves from stultifying bourgeois convention and to discover new ways of understanding and being in the world. As Nadeau also points out, this European, decidedly French, movement has tended to show up as something of a mongrel in the United States. Despite the work of a home-grown version, the Chicago Surrealist Movement (See Surrealist Subversions, ed. Ron Sakolsky, Autonomedia 2002), which developed in the sixties, surrealism has tended to have a rather haphazard existence in the artistic life of this country, even with the work of James T?te, the early Mark Strand, and certain strains of John Ashbery. But then the influence of surrealism has dispersed, as strong influences tend to do, spreading through many parts of the poetry writing world. This dispersal is well demonstrated by Strand and Simic's well-known anthology Another Republic: 17 European and South American Writers, composed of writers whom the editors claim as influences, among them Julio Cort?zar, ?talo Calvino, and Vasko Popa, the latter of whom Simic has translated at length. These considerations form a helpful backdrop in taking up the poetry of Charles Simic. While no poet should be considered solely as an exemplar of a given movement, it is illuminating to read Simic's poems in light of surrealist protocols. For example, his interest in the shadow life of the unconscious forms a strong link to surrealism's legacy. Much of the imagery of Simic's poetry comes from his childhood in Yugoslavia during the Second World War.
Time to First Morning Cigarette and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Smokers in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial.

Background Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking is an indicator of nicotine dependence. The association between TTFC and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death in the United States, has not yet been reported. Methods We investigated the cross-sectional association between TTFC and prevalent COPD among 6,108 current smokers in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. COPD was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both. Current smokers in PLCO reported TTFC, the amount of time they typically waited before smoking their first cigarette of the day after waking, in four categories: ≤5, 6-30, 31-60, or >60 minutes. We used logistic regression models to investigate the association between TTFC and prevalent COPD with adjustments for age, gender, race, education, and smoking (cigarettes/day, years smoked during lifetime, pack-years, age at smoking initiation), and prior lung cancer diagnosis. Results COPD was reported by 19% of these 6,108 smokers. Individuals with the shortest TTFC had the greatest risk of COPD; compared to those with the longest TTFC (>60 minutes) the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for COPD were 1.48 (95% CI, 1.15-1.91), 1.64 (95% CI, 1.29-2.08), 2.18 (95% CI, 1.65-2.87) for those with TTFC 31-60 minutes, 6-30 minutes, and ≤5 minutes, respectively (P-trend 60 minutes, the adjusted OR (95% CI) was 2.29 (1.69-3.12) for emphysema and 2.99 (1.95-4.59) for chronic bronchitis. Conclusions Current smokers with shorter TTFC have increased risk of COPD compared to those with longer TTFC, even after comprehensive adjustment for established smoking covariates. Future epidemiologic studies, including prospective designs, should incorporate TTFC to better assess disease risk and evaluate the potential utility of TTFC as a COPD screening tool for smokers in the clinical setting.
The Swedish Conquest of Tibet: Sven Hedin's Moral Mapping of White Unexplored Patches

Research report on the exploration and survey of Tibet conducted by the Swedish geographer Sven Hedin in 1906-1908, and on the controversial discovery he made of the Transhimalayan mountain range
Analog CMOS implementation of neural network for adaptive signal processing

A modular analog CMOS artificial neural network is designed and fabricated for adaptive signal processing. A modified Gilbert multiplier is used as a linear combination of several input signals. Modified back-propagation continuous-time learning rules are used as an adaptive algorithm. The adaptive algorithm adjusts the weights in real time by on-chip learning circuits. Hardware learning circuits are simulated using PSPICE, then layout design of a modular chip is fabricated via the MOSIS services. We report on the chip test results which demonstrate the successful operation of the chip in 3 adaptive filtering scenarios. >
An initial meta-analysis of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for treating substance use disorders

Abstract Background In the past decade, multiple studies have examined the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for substance use disorders relative to other active treatments. The current meta-analysis examined the aggregate effect size when comparing ACT to other treatments (e.g., CBT, pharmacotherapy, 12-step, treatment as usual) specifically on substance use outcomes. Method A total of 10 randomized controlled trials were identified through systematic searches. Results A significant small to medium effect size was found favoring ACT relative to active treatment comparisons following treatment. Effect sizes were comparable across studies for smoking cessation ( k = 5) and for other drug use disorders ( k = 5). Conclusions Based on these findings, ACT appears to be a promising intervention for substance use disorders. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Low Energy Neutrino Interactions

This paper was intended to be a review of low energy neutrino interactions. However, in view of our. recently reported deuteron results, we have been requested to concentrate on them. To this end, we comment briefly on pion factory neutrino experiments and then discuss reactor neutrino work and, at greater length, the deuteron experiment.
In search of dynamic effects in dry sliding friction

Abstract There are many instances in mechanical systems when sliding contacts are subject to unsteady loads. Of interest for system modeling is the behavior of friction processes under such conditions. If quasi-static models can be applied one can focus on other, possibly more important aspects of the problem. In this paper, we suggest that a distinction between a constant (scalar) and non-constant friction coefficient be made. When unsteady friction and normal force measurements are made with care, we find that the average (or DC) friction coefficient can still be found to apply during contact vibrations at thousands of Hz. One only needs to invoke simple concepts (e.g., the Greenwood-Williamson theory of rough surface contact) to explain the relation between instantaneous normal and friction forces. When additional materials, e.g., wear particles or a solid lubricant are introduced at the interface, part of the dynamic normal contact load will be carried via damping mechanisms which do not, in general, contribute to tangential friction. It is unclear whether this effect should be considered a dynamic friction behavior or just a reflection of system and contact dynamics. The results of a series of concurrent average and time-varying friction measurements are used to illustrate these ideas.
A U.S. Court Issues First Analysis of an Appropriate Royalty that a Patentee Could Obtain after Promising to License its Patent on Reasonable and Nondiscriminatory (RAND) Terms (Microsoft v Motorola)

On April 25, 2013, Judge James L. Robart of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington offered the first analysis by a U.S. court of an appropriate royalty that a patentee could obtain after promising to license its patent on reasonable and nondiscriminatory (RAND) terms. Microsoft had sued Motorola for breach of contract, claiming that Motorola had breached its RAND obligation through two offer letters that (in seeking 2.25% of the net selling price of end products) would have required Microsoft to pay $4 billion.In an exhaustive, 207-page opinion, Judge Robart constructed a framework for determining an appropriate RAND rate and applied it to reach a result that, according to Microsoft, would require it to pay only $1.8 million. This 5-page article first recounts the court’s adjustment of the 15 “Georgia-Pacific” factors for determining reasonable royalties to account for the RAND context. It then describes the standards at issue: H.264 (video compression) and 802.11 (Wi-Fi). And it articulates the court's framework for determining royalties: a “hypothetical bilateral negotiation” between the two parties.In this framework, the court rejects Motorola’s suggested royalties because of the different context of settlement in which they arose. But it accepts Microsoft’s suggestion of rates received in patent pools even though such rates could be on the “low end” of the royalty range.The article concludes that, as the first determination of RAND terms by a U.S. court, Judge Robart’s opinion will garner much attention. But it may not be replicated so easily as it benefited from the availability of a range of comparable rates and was able to isolate the discrete minor contribution that Motorola offered to the standards. Finally, the ruling increases the hurdles faced by owners of standard essential patents (SEPs), who confront investigations by competition agencies on both sides of the Atlantic for seeking injunctions after promising to abide by RAND obligations.
Did the Chicago School Reject Frank Knight? Assessing Frank Knight's Place in the Chicago Economics Tradition

Two stories currently circulate regarding Frank Knight's relationship to the Chicago School of Economics. The first is a story of tradition, emphasizing the continuity of Chicago economics; the other emphasizes the new beginnings in the post-war period. The second story even implies that the Chicago approach rejected Knight's views. In order to assess these stories, the paper examines the grounds on which Knight's relationship with the Chicago School can be evaluated. The conclusion is that the Chicago School can be said to owe everything, and nothing, to Knight. Without his initiation of teaching price theory and persistence in defending it, there would be no Chicago tradition. Yet the methodological approach and research infrastructure which propelled the Chicago School to a central position in the economics profession owe little or nothing to him. In fact, the two central methodological principles of Chicago economics - Friedman's principle of positive economics, and the Stigler/Becker de gustibus principle - combine to deny the pluralism Knight advocated for social science in a liberal democracy.
Is expert peer review obsolete? A model suggests that post-publication reader review may exceed the accuracy of traditional peer review

The peer review process is the gold standard by which academic manuscripts are vetted for publication. However, some investigators have raised concerns regarding its unopposed supremacy, including lack of expediency, susceptibility to editorial bias and statistical limitation due to the small number of reviewers used. Post-publication review—in which the article is assessed by the general readership of the journal instead of a small group of appointed reviewers—could potentially supplement or replace the peer-review process. In this study, we created a computer model to compare the traditional peer-review process to that of post-publication reader review. We created a mathematical model of the manuscript review process. A hypothetical manuscript was randomly assigned a “true value” representing its intrinsic quality. We modeled a group of three expert peer reviewers and compared it to modeled groups of 10, 20, 50, or 100 reader-reviewers. Reader-reviewers were assumed to be less skillful at reviewing and were thus modeled to be only ¼ as accurate as expert reviewers. Percentage of correct assessments was calculated for each group. 400,000 hypothetical manuscripts were modeled. The accuracy of the reader-reviewer group was inferior to the expert reviewer group in the 10-reviewer trial (93.24% correct vs. 97.67%, p < 0.0001) and the 20-reviewer trial (95.50% correct, p < 0.0001). However, the reader-reviewer group surpassed the expert reviewer group in accuracy when 50 or 100 reader-reviewers were used (97.92 and 99.20% respectively, p < 0.0001). In a mathematical model of the peer review process, the accuracy of public reader-reviewers can surpass that of a small group of expert reviewers if the group of public reviewers is of sufficient size. Further study will be required to determine whether the mathematical assumptions of this model are valid in actual use.
Plant recovery following prolonged drought in a shortgrass steppe

Abstract The recovery cycle of Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Griffiths after a 56-day drying cycle has been monitored to assess the effect of a prolonged drought upon the ability of different plant processes to respond to an increase in water availability. Leaf water potential before dawn and at noon recovered rapidly indicating that the previous drought had a minimal effect upon these variables. Leaf conductances during the first seven days of the cycle were considerably lower than the potential values estimated by a simple model, indicating that the prolonged drought had a profound effect on the behavior of stomata. Since leaf conductance represents the major control of photosynthesis during recovery cycles we suggested that the ecological significance of prolonged droughts and the after effects lies in their impact upon carbon assimilation.
ELECTRON SCATTERING FROM THE DEUTERON AND THE NEUTRON-PROTON POTENTIAL

Electron scattering by the deuteron was studied experimentally at 400 and 500 Mev. The results of the scattering are compared with the scattering expected by three different static deuteron models. All three models satisfy the usual deuteron requirements such as binding energy, effective range, quadrupole moment, and percent D slate. Two of the models have Yukawa neutron-proton potentials; the third has a repulsivecore potential. The experimental results agree with the repulsive-core model and disagree with the Yukawa models. This result applies only to the triplet-S neutron-proton potential. (auth)
Formation of the Donor–Acceptor Charge-Transfer Exciton and Its Contribution to Charge Photogeneration and Recombination in Small-Molecule Bulk Heterojunctions

We report on the formation of charge-transfer (CT) excitons and their effect on photocurrent dynamics in composites with a fluorinated anthradithiophene (ADT-TES-F) donor (D) and acceptors (A) with (i) various LUMO energy offsets with respect to that of the donor (ΔLUMO) and (ii) several different side groups that modify spatial D/A separation at the D/A interface. Exciplexes and nonemissive CT excitons were formed in composites with ΔLUMO 0.6 eV, respectively. A competition between fast charge carrier photogeneration and CT exciton formation was observed, with outcomes depending on the applied electric field (E) and on the D/A separation. At low E fields, CT formation was dominant, and up to a factor of 2 increase in charge photogeneration efficiency due to CT exciton dissociation was observed in composites with large spatial D/A separation compared with that in pristine D films. At high E fields, fast charge carrier photogeneration was dominant in all composites, and no improvement in charge p...
Inferential Procedures for the Generalized Gamma Distribution

Abstract The maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters of the generalized gamma distribution are shown to have the property that are distributed independently of a and b. Similar properties are also obtained for some Weibull-type statistics. These results are applied in particular to the problem of discriminating between the Weibull model and the generalized gamma model, and several test statistics are considered. In general, the Weibull model is quite flexible and, unless the sample size is quite large, is perhaps a preferable assumption because of the computational complexity and other difficulties encountered with the generalized gamma distribution.
Clustering of detected changes in satellite imagery using fuzzy c-means algorithm

GeoCDX (Geospatial Change Detection and eXploitation) is an integrated system for detecting change between multi-temporal, high-resolution satellite or airborne images. Overlapping images are organized into 256x256 meter tiles in a global grid system. A tile change score measures the amount of change in the tile which is the aggregation of pixel-level change score. The tiles are initially ranked by these change scores. However, this ranking does not account for the wide variety of change types. To learn the change patterns in the data, we apply the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm to the tiles. Each resulting cluster contains tiles with similar type of change. Users looking for certain types of change can review the tile clusters rather than the more time consuming process of searching through the tile list based on the initial ranking. The clusters also provide users an overview of various types of change found in the scene.
Interference by polyamines in the measurement of magnesium ion at physiological pH with the divalent cation-selective electrode

Abstract The liquid ion exchange divalent cation-selective electrode responds in a non-Nernstian manner to a number of protonated amines and polyamines of biochemical interest. This electrode response is characterized for a number of amines and the interference of protonated amines in measurement of magnesium ions at physiological pH is discussed.
Technology Policy and Agriculture: Discussion

The papers by Anderson and Larson, and Frisvoid are similar in that each paper advocates the application of theories developed for other problems to technology generation and transfer: Anderson and Larson suggest greater application of the principal-agent paradigm, while Frisvold suggests greater use of industrial organization (among other) results. Although the advocacy of new applications is extremely ambitious, these papers make some progress toward their goals. The papers are similar in their style of argument. Each paper provides a brief description of the relevant theoretical results, discusses why some of the theoretical assumptions may (or may not) be appropriate for modeling technology generation or transfer, and gives a taste of policy implications that can be derived from these theories.
Thrombotic microangiopathy in juvenile dermatomyositis

Objectives and study A 4year-old boy was admitted to our hospital because of progressive proximal muscular weakness of 4 weeks duration, heliotrope rash, erythematous skin lesions in the trunk and limbs and febrile fever. The muscle enzymes were elevated: creatine kinase 7,056 IU/L (0– 170), aldolase 40.3 U/L (0–8), aspartate transaminase 601 U/L (10–37), alanine transaminase 289 U/L (10–37). The laboratory test revealed a hemoglobin level of 86 g/dL, a platelet count of 100,000/mm3, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 30 mm/h . A peripheral blood smear revealed schistocytes (2%). Urine analysis revealed large number of red blood cells and proteinuria 1.06 grams / liter. The level of total serum bilirubin was 37 μmol / l (normal up to 17 μmol / l). Serum creatinine was 200 μmol/l. Direct and indirect Coombs’ reaction was negative. Prothrombin and thrombin time and D-dimers were within normal limits.The serologic tests for the antinuclear antibody, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, antibodies to DNA, cardiolipin antibodies, antibodies to b2glycoproteins were negative. Lupus anticoagulant was not detected. The electromyographic findings were consistent with the inflammatory myopathy. A renal biopsy contained 43 glomeruli and was evaluated by light and immunofluorescence microscopies. Diffuse fibrin-platelet thrombi were revealed in glomerular capillaries. Small arteries was narrowed by the swelling of the endothelium. The expression of the fibrin + +. There were no immune deposits at any location.
Current mission design of the solar probe mission

Abstract Solar Probe mission is now a part of the NASA Earth–Sun connection theme under the Living With a Star program. A concept study was completed recently, and the latest conceptual mission design for the Solar Probe mission is presented in this paper. Present trajectory design provides a mission scenario that offers repeated pole-to-pole near Sun flybys at perihelion of 4 solar radii with favorable quadrature geometry that permits continuous real-time data transmission during all solar passes. Solar Probe is to be delivered to the solar polar orbit through a direct Jupiter gravity assist trajectory that has launch opportunities every 13 months. The first solar flyby occurs 3.1 years after launch, and the subsequent solar flybys come every 4 years periodically, providing 3 unique opportunities to probe the Sun in one solar cycle.
Anti–predator behaviour changes following an aggressive encounter in the lizard Tropidurus hispidus

Avoiding predators may conflict with territorial defence because a hiding territorial resident is unable to monitor its territory or defend it from conspecific intrusions. With persistent intruders, the presence of an intruder in the near past can indicate an increased probability of future intrusions. Therefore, following a conspecific-intrusion, territorial residents should minimize costs from future intrusions at the cost of higher predation risks. I conducted experiments with males of the territorial lizard Tropidurus hispidus recording approach distance (distance between predator and prey when the prey escapes) and time to re-emergence from a refuge after hiding. Past aggressive interactions affected anti-predator behaviour: lizards re-emerged sooner (compared to a control) when the predator attacked 5 min after an aggressive encounter. If the predator attacked while an aggressive encounter was ongoing, there was also a reduction in approach distance. The results are consistent with an economic hypothesis which predicts that T. hispidus incur greater predation risks to minimize future territorial intrusion; additionally they show that the effects of past and ongoing aggressive interactions are different, consistent with the minimization of present intrusion costs. These results are relevant for studies of the changes in aggressive behaviour due to changes in the social environment and for studies of the costs and (co) evolution of aggressive and anti-predator strategies.
Reaction of NO with Cp*3Co3(μ-H)4 preserves the tricobalt cluster and produces Cp*3Co3(μ3-NO)2

Abstract Cp*3Co3(μ-H)4 (4) reacts with NO to produce Cp*3Co3(μ3-NO)2 (3) which was characterized by X-ray crystallography. 3 is a diamagnetic 48 electron tricobalt cluster in which an equilateral triangular array of cobalt atoms (CoCoav=2.423(2) A) is capped on each face by a μ3-NO ligand (Co-μ3-NOav=1.863(7) A).