cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Measurements of the Amount of Surface Layer Air versus Height in the Entrainment Zone.

Abstract The structure of the atmospheric entrainment zone, an interfacial layer between the convective boundary layer and the stable air aloft, is studied using coincident high resolution aircraft and lidar observations obtained during Boundary Layer Experiment–1983 in Oklahoma. Humidity as measured by a fast-response Lyman alpha humidiometer is used as a tracer to estimate the amount of surface-layer origin air reaching various heights in the entrainment zone. Two approaches are taken to describe the humidity structure of the entrainment zone. The first approach models the frequency distributions of the three types of air in the entrainment zone: unmixed free atmosphere (dry); unmixed surface layer air (moist); and a mixture of these two. The resultant modeled frequency distributions of specific humidity capture the following observed features: Low in the convective boundary layer, surface layer air is frequently observed with little mixture air and no free atmosphere air. Higher in the convective bound...
Reproducing crystal binding modes of ligand functional groups using Site-Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS) simulations.

The applicability of a computational method, Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS), to identify regions on a protein surface with which different types of functional groups o...
Absorption Spectra of Salts in Liquid Ammonia

A preliminary investigation of the modifications in appearance and position of absorption bands of colored metallic salts and organic compounds dissolved in anhydrous liquid ammonia.
Surgery and Herbal Therapy: Essential Guidelines on Bleeding, Skin Reactions, and Wound Healing

Unlike other forms of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), herbal medi cine (phytomedicine) employs remedies possessing significant pharmacological activ ity and consequently potential adverse effects and drug interactions. The explosion in sales of herbal therapies has brought many products to the marketplace that do not conform to the standards of safety and efficacy that physicians and patients expect. Unfortunately, few surgeons question patients regarding their use of herbal medicines, and 70% of patients do not reveal their use of herbal medicines to their physicians and pharmacists (Eisenberg et al., 1993). All surgeons should question patients regarding the use of the following common herbal remedies, which may increase the risk of bleeding during surgical procedures: feverfew, garlic, ginger, gingko, Asian ginseng. Conversely, surgeons may employ herbal medicines such as aloe vera gel to aid in wound healing. When prescribing herbal medicines, practitioners are advised to select manufact...
A methodology for projecting course demands in academic programs

Abstract Several issues in academic course planning have received the attention of researchers. Foremost among them are problems involving faculty assignment to courses and course timetabling. This paper considers the problem of selecting courses and number of sections of each to offer based on demand projections. An algorithmic procedure is proposed to make this projection.
Cerebellar influences on cerebral units in visual cortex.

Abstract In cats prepared under ether and maintained under Flaxedil medication, electrical excitation of the cerebellum, especially the nucleus fastigii (NF), induced increased firing of unitary discharges in cortical area 17 as well as stereotyped EPSP with a latency of 24–60 msec. Lower thresholds were found in parts of NF which received Purkinje axons from visual area of the cerebellum. The NF stimulation also induced inhibition of spike discharges in cortical area 18 as well as stereotyped IPSP with latencies comparable to those observed in area 17. Inhibition of activity could be induced in units of area 19 by NF stimulation but the results were much less precise when compared to those taken from areas 17 and 18. Since the units studied also responded to photic stimulation and were located in areas 17, 18, and 19, and since they were identified by both extracellular and intracellular recording, we conclude that the cerebellum is more closely linked functionally to the cerebral visual cortex than has been believed. There is evidence that at least some of these influences ascend to the cerebrum by way of NF, superior colliculus, and pulvinar.
Suppression of Thyroid Function by Pituitary Tumor MtTW5

A transplantable pituitary tumor, MtTW5, which secretes prolactin and growth hormone but no TSH or ACTH, causes a marked increase in total body weight and in the weight of most internal organs. However, the pituitary glands of tumor-bearing rats weighed significantly less in proportion to body weight than did pituitaries in control rats. Incorporation of 131I into the trichloroacetic acid-soluble and the protein fractions of the thyroid and serum was measured. Less 131I was incorporated into these fractions of the thyroid and into the protein fraction of serum of tumor-bearing rats than in control rats. These results were obtained in intact female, spayed female, nephrectomized female and male rats. After acute treatment with propylthiouracil, tumor-bearing rats incorporated less 131I into their thyroids than did controls similarly treated with propylthiouracil. Thus, the primary defect in the thyroid of tumorbearing rats is in its inability to concentrate iodine from the blood. Histological examination o...
Geometry and Electronic Structure of Titanacycloalkenes

A number of titanacycloalkenes, H2TiC2H2, HTiC3H3, H2TiC4H4, and HTiC5H5, have been studied using ab initio techniques. Vibrational frequencies were computed at the RHF, MP2, BLYP, and B3LYP levels. Both a LANL2DZ pseudopotential and an all-electron TZV basis set was used for each method. The electronic structure of the systems of interest is characterized in terms of natural resonance theory (NRT) and the atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis. All rings are planar except for titanabenzene, HTiC5H5. H2TiC2H2 has C2v symmetry and has single Ti−C bonds. HTiC3H3, unlike the isovalent cyclobutadiene and silacyclobutadiene, has C2v symmetry and shows significant electron delocalization. In H2TiC4H4 the TiC4 ring is planar with equivalent single Ti−C bonds and has C2v symmetry. HTiC5H5 has a boat-shaped geometry where the angle between the CTiC plane and the plane formed by the neighboring four carbon atoms is nearly 90°. AIM analysis isolates a weak critical point between Ti and the para-C atom, and NRT analysis c...
SYPHILIS AMONG INSANE NEGROES.

In discussing the subject of syphilis among insane negroes, it is necessary to refer to the prevalence of this disease in all races, and especially in the negro race as a whole, so I hope you will pardon the many references that I shall quote to enmphasize the importance of this particular subject in a general way. Until a few years ago syphilis in the negro had received but little attention from medical men and health officials, and at the present time is not regarded as important as it should be. This is, in a great measure, due to the lack of accurate statistics on the frequency with which the disease occurs in the negro; and also due to the rather poor facilities (or lack of the same) that are offered the negro in the South for receiving treatment in hospitals and at free dispensaries. Three fourths, or over, of the entire negro populationi is in the South Atlantic and East South Central States, embr.acing the District of Columbia and twelve states, and until recently the majority of these states were outside the registration area for deaths as prescribed by the United States Census Bureau; consequently, accurate data as to the actual causes of death in the negro race is not available except in a few states and some of the larger cities. I am supplementing this paper with a tabulated report of the nuumber of deaths from syphilis in both the white and negro race for the last five years within the registration area. These reports were kindly fuirnished me by Director W. J. Harris, and Acting Director Austin of the Census Bureau. (See page 221.) Complete morbidity statistics are lacking in many states and cities, other thain those of the South. This is especially true of the latter regarding disease in the negro. Syphilis, according to Trask,* is a reportable disease in only six states and very few of the larger cities. With the above facts in view, the importance of gathering accurate mortality and nmorbidity statistics in the South caiuiot be over-estimated, especially if we expect to study intelligently the diseases Imiost prevalent in the negro. Some data and personal observations that I wish to present to you will, I hope, more forcibly emphasize what I have to say regarding general paralysis and syphilis in the negro race.
Calendar of state papers, Ireland, Tudor period, 1568–71

Bernadette Cunningham, Dublin, Irish Manuscripts Commission, 2010, xviii +365 pp., €65.00, ISBN 978 1 906865 01 6 The Calendar of State Papers, Ireland remains a fundamental resource for any study ...
Combined liquid chromatography–Tandem mass spectrometry as an analytical method for high throughput screening for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and other peroxisomal disorders: Preliminary findings

Utilizing combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as the analytical method, we have demonstrated a ten to sixtyfold excess of lysophosphatidyl choline containing hexacosanoic acid (26:0) in dried blood spots on a filter paper matrix from 25 male patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and nine patients with peroxisome biogenesis disorders compared to 19 controls. There was no overlap between normal subjects versus affected subjects.
POWER RELATIONS IN THE SAMARIA OSTRACA

Whereas recent studies have correctly identified a clan-based social structure presumed in the place names of the Samaria Ostraca, an analysis of the power relations within these structures has not been sufficiently developed. Approaching the evidence from a consumption perspective of the commodities for yn ysn (‘aged wine’) and smn rḥṣ (‘washed oil’) suggests that the economic significance of these items is tied to complex social interactions. Specifically, both archaeological and ethnographic studies associate such prestige commodities with elite feasting and ceremonial displays. By gifting these items, the central power engaged in a form of ‘competitive feasting’ to secure political capital for future use from clan leaders of the periphery of Samaria. Accordingly, the Samaria Ostraca hint at the use of redistributive mechanisms to secure power relations at elite gatherings.
Differentiation of submaxillary lymphadenopathy and submaxillary salivary gland pathology.

Abstract Emphasis has been placed on an outline of the diagnostic criteria utilized in differentiating submaxillary lymph node disease from submaxillary salivary gland disease. Six case reports have been presented to illustrate some conditions capable of producing submaxillary triangle swellings. At the same time, they serve to highlight the measures and resources used in making a diagnosis. It is not one piece of evidence alone but, rather, the sum total of information harvested from an exhaustive history and examination that leads to a valid diagnosis.
Granular materials: highly evolved grains.

By efficiently exploring the huge variety of possible grain shapes, computer algorithms that mimic evolution make possible the design of grains that pack into configurations with the desired mechanical or structural properties.
Fear and Trembling in the American High School Educational Reform and Teacher Alienation

This article reports findings from a two-year case study of teachers in a single public high school. Data were gathered and analyzed using a conceptual framework that conceived of alienation as a set of five sub-constructs: powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation, and estrangement. Findings suggested that teachers experienced each of these forms of alienation, but that each individual teacher interpreted them in a unique manner. Moreover, data suggested that for individual teachers, experiences of alienation varied from situation to situation and evolved over time. The authors concluded that teacher alienation was a fluid phenomenon, a seemingly basic assertion that has profound implications for teachers, administrators, and policymakers as they consider adopting or implementing reform initiatives.
Multiresponse surface models with random block effects

Abstract A multiresponse experiment is one in which a number of responses are measured for each setting of a group of input (control) variables. Quite often, the experimental units are subdivided into groups — or blocks — in order to control an extraneous source of variation. This necessitates adding block effects to the hypothesized multiresponse surface model, which typically contains fixed polynomial effects. Khuri and Valeroso (1998, J. Statist. Plann. Inference, Vol. 73, pp. 7–20) discussed the analysis of such a model when the block effects are considered fixed. There are many situations, however, where these effects should more appropriately be treated as random. In the present article, we address the analysis of a multiresponse model in the latter situations. In particular, we discuss the estimation of the model's polynomial effects in two cases: 1. The block effects are additive in the model. 2. The blocks have interactive effects with the polynomial portion of the model. Multiresponse optimization in the presence of blocks will also be discussed. A numerical example is presented for illustrative purposes.
Early first-trimester ultrasound provides a window through which the chorionicity of twins can be diagnosed in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) population

Purpose Early and accurate diagnosis of placentation alerts the obstetrician to potential clinical sequelae. The reproductive endocrinologist has a unique opportunity to sonographically evaluate the very early intrauterine pregnancy. We undertook this study to determine whether chorionicity could accurately be predicted using early first-trimester transvaginal ultrasound.
Chemospecific chromium[VI] catalyzed oxidation of C-H bonds at -40 °C

H5IO6 in the presence of catalytic chromoyl diacetate is a powerful method for oxidation of C−H bonds. Tertiary and oxygen activated C−H bonds are oxidized to tertiary alcohols or ketones at temperatures as low as −40 °C. The putative reagent is neutral dioxoperoxy chromium[VI] which undergoes C−H oxidation with retention of stereochemistry. This reagent appears to be the first reagent capable of oxidation of a C−H bond in the presence of an olefin without concomitant epoxidation.
Structural Controls on Geothermal Circulation in Surprise Valley, California: A Re-evaluation of the Lake City Fault Zone

Faults and fractures play an important role in the circulation of geothermal fluids in the crust, and the nature of that role varies according to structural setting and state of stress. As a result, detailed geologic and geophysical mapping that relates thermal springs to known structural features is essential to modeling geothermal systems. Published maps of Surprise Valley in northeastern California suggest that the "Lake City fault" or "Lake City fault zone" is a significant structural feature, cutting obliquely across the basin and connecting thermal springs across the valley. Newly acquired geophysical data (audio-magnetotelluric, gravity, and magnetic), combined with existing geochemical and geological data, suggest otherwise. We examine potential field profiles and resistivity models that cross the mapped Lake City fault zone. While there are numerous geophysical anomalies that suggest subsurface structures, they mostly do not coincide with the mapped traces of the Lake City fault zone, nor do they show a consistent signature in gravity, magnetics, or resistivities that would suggest a through-going fault that would promote connectivity through lateral fluid flow. Instead of a single, continuous fault, we propose the presence of a deformation zone associated with the growth of the range-front Surprise Valley fault. The implication for geothermal circulation is that this is a zone of enhanced porosity but lacks length-wise connectivity that could conduct fluids across the valley. Thermal fluid circulation is most likely controlled primarily by interactions between N-S–trending normal faults.
Some Observations on the Measurement of Transport Critical Current Density in Bulk Ceramic Superconductive Wire

The transition temperature and the critical current density of a bulk YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x -Ag microcomposite superconductive wire, prepared by powder processing followed by warm extrusion, have been measured employing the standard AC four probe technique. Measurements were performed, at 15K and zero applied field, with varying distance between the voltage contacts, while the current contacts remained a constant distance apart. It is observed that the resistance-temperature behavior remained identical in all the cases. Interestingly, the critical current density, determined from the experimentally recorded current-voltage characteristic by applying a constant electric field criterion, is seen to increase significantly, smoothly and steadily with increasing voltage tap length. However, the critical current density remains virtually unchanged if a constant voltages criterion is applied for its determination. This paradoxical dependence of critical current density, a material property, on measurement length has been explained with the help of a simple theoretical treatment, taking into account the nature of current-voltage chracteristics as well as the phenomenon of current transfer through the metallic to the superconducting ceramic phase. It is suggested that the constant electric field criterion may not be an appropriate one to use in the evaluation of critical current density of metal-ceramic superconductive composites.
The Meiosis-Specific Zip4 Protein Regulates Crossover Distribution by Promoting Synaptonemal Complex Formation Together with Zip2

We have characterized Zip4 (a.k.a. Spo22), a meiosis-specific protein essential for chromosome synapsis in budding yeast. In the absence of Zip4, the synaptonemal complex protein Zip1 fails to polymerize along chromosomes. Zip2 and Zip3 are previously characterized components of the synapsis initiation complex. Zip4 forms a functional unit with Zip2 that is distinct from Zip3. Zip2 and Zip4 are mutually dependent for their chromosomal localization; in polycomplexes, the pattern of Zip2/Zip4 localization is distinct from that of Zip3. Crossing-over is decreased in the zip4 mutant (as in zip1, zip2, and zip3); the remaining crossovers are largely dependent on a parallel pathway utilizing Mms4. zip4 displays a novel phenotype: negative crossover interference, meaning that crossovers tend to cluster. This clustering depends on Zip1. Our results suggest an interaction between crossover pathways such that a protein (Zip1) acting in one pathway influences the distribution of crossovers promoted by a parallel (Mms4-dependent) pathway.
The IgA nephropathy treatment dilemma

Although IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, our understanding of the pathogenesis of this complex disease remains limited. IgA nephropathy may appear with a variety of clinical presentations, a number of different clinical and histopathologic risk factors for progressive renal disease, and a very variable course over time. Thus, it is not surprising that a single therapeutic treatment plan has not been established. Many of the studies dealing with IgAN are retrospective, lack statistical significance, or have confounding designs, which hinder their general acceptance. Nevertheless, a number of well-designed studies have been performed. This paper reviews currently available therapeutic options for IgAN. It attempts to address several important questions: Why do we treat patients with IgAN? How do we decide which patients should be treated? What are the general treatment guidelines for all IgAN patients? What is the role of specific therapy such as fish oils, tonsillectomy, and immunosuppression in the treatment of patient with IgAN? It also addresses several on-going trials and goals for future therapeutic studies for IgAN patients.
Participation in science practices while working in a multimedia case‐based environment

The purpose of this study was to investigate how two female students participated in science practices as they worked in a multimedia case-based environment: interpreting simulated results, reading and writing multiple texts, role-playing, and Internet conferencing. Using discourse analysis, the following data were analyzed: students' published web posters, Internet conferencing logs between American and Zimbabwean university students, and a focus group interview. Three constructs supported the development of these students' identities in practice: (a) multimedia cases creating emotional involvement; (b) authoring web posters, and role-playing situated in cross-cultural social networks; and (c) altruism associated with relevant global topics. The investigators argue that educators and developers of online learning environments consider social contexts, authoring, and opportunities for cross-cultural interaction to support participation in science practices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 1116–1136, 2010
Murine Cytomegalovirus Is Present in Both Chronic Active and Latent States in Persistently Infected Mice

Cytomegalovirus induces serious disease in immunosuppressed individuals, often from an "activated" persistent infection. Whether the infection is chronically active or latent is unknown. Using murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in mice as a model system, we examined persistent infections in spleen, lung, and bone marrow of infected animals. At 28 days after infection, no virus could be recovered from any organs tested except salivary glands, and here, virus was cleared by 48 days. Virus could be retrieved at all times by cocultivation of spleen or lung with permissive cells. In addition, MCMV DNA was always present in spleen, lung, and bone marrow. After acute infection, RNA from the MCMV immediate early-1 (ie-1) gene was routinely found only in the lung. In spleen and bone marrow, only one sample from each organ examined at these times contained ie-1 RNA, and the RNA in these two samples was present at levels comparable to that found in acute infection. This suggests that the virus had reactivated. The ie-1 RNA found in the lung was present at a much lower RNA:DNA ratio than that found at early times. Taken together, these results indicate that persistent MCMV exists simultaneously in both chronic active and latent states.
China's Macroeconomic Performance and Management During Transition

Since reforms started in 1978, China has combined rapid growth with moderate price stability. This paper analyzes China's macroeconomic performance over the past fifteen years with special attention to factors responsible both for the pace of economic expansion and the periodic fluctuations. Regarding the former, the author identifies four sources of stimuli: administrative decentralization, high levels of fixed capital investment, the elastic supply and quality of the labor force, and the increasing volume of savings supplemented in recent years by a large inflow of foreign direct investment. Future growth with stability calls for controlling and implementing banking and fiscal reform.
Aspirin-Triggered Metabolites of EFAs

Aspirin triggers the biosynthesis of oxygenated metabolites from arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. In a preceding issue, Serhan et al. (2011) describe a novel aspirin-triggered DHA pathway for the biosynthesis of a potent anti-inflammatory and proresolving molecule.
Achievable schemes and limits for local recovery on a graph

Recently, a graph-theoretic model for a single-failure-recoverable distributed storage system was proposed. Unlike the usual local recovery model of codes for distributed storage, this model accounts for the fact that each server or storage node in a network is connectible to only some, and not all other, nodes. Here we provide bounds and constructive schemes for data storage in such networks. We also impose an additional requirement on the codes for such model — a minimum distance guarantee. The model is further generalized for multiple node failures and cooperative repairs.
Violence Exposure Among Children with Disabilities

The focus of this paper is children with disabilities exposed to a broad range of violence types including child maltreatment, domestic violence, community violence, and war and terrorism. Because disability research must be interpreted on the basis of the definitional paradigm employed, definitions of disability status and current prevalence estimates as a function of a given paradigm are initially considered. These disability paradigms include those used in federal, education, juvenile justice, and health care arenas. Current prevalence estimates of childhood disability in the U.S. are presented within the frameworks of these varying definitions of disability status in childhood. Summaries of research from 2000 to 2008 on the four types of violence victimization addressed among children with disabilities are presented and directions for future research suggested.
Option Value and the Diffusion of Energy Efficient Products

In a widely cited series of papers, Hassett and Metcalf argue that the slow diffusion of energy saving technology may be due to a high option value to waiting. While the authors clarify that this is relevant for yes/no decisions (such as whether to add insulation to a home), this argument has been widely cited even in investment decisions that involve a choice over multiple appliances or vehicles. In this note we consider how uncertainty and irreversibility would impact a consumer’s decision about when to buy which new product. We show that, a priori, applying an option value framework is as likely to lead to slow diffusion of inefficient products as to slow diffusion of efficient products. This casts some doubt on the idea that an option value framework is the primary driver of the slow diffusion of energy efficient technologies.
Silent renal damage in symptom-free siblings of children with vesicoureteral reflux: Assessment with technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy

Sixteen symptom-free siblings of children with vesicoureteral reflux were found to have the condition and underwent renal scintigraphy with technetium 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid. Of these 16 children, 6 had scintigraphic evidence of renal damage. Screening for vesicoureteral reflux in siblings of children known to have the condition should therefore be carried out early in life; when reflux is present, an immediate assessment of the renal parenchyma should be made.
Extrinsic compression of the left innominate vein in hemodialysis patients.

PURPOSE Central venous stenosis is a common problem in hemodialysis patients. The most well known cause is intrinsic stenosis, usually a result of subclavian vein catheterization. A lesser-known cause is extrinsic compression of the left innominate vein. This study investigates the prevalence of this phenomenon in a series of patients undergoing diagnostic fistulography. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred six fistulograms of 48 patients were reviewed retrospectively. In reviewing the fistulograms, attention was paid to the central veins, which were graded for extrinsic compression of the left innominate vein. Presence of collaterals was noted, as well as the presence of any intrinsic stenosis of the left innominate or subclavian veins. Medical records were reviewed for a history of catheterization of the left-side venous system for hemodialysis or any other reason. The type of vascular access (native fistula, synthetic graft) and indication for the fistulogram were recorded. RESULTS Some degree of extrinsic compression was observed in 21 of 48 of patients (44%). Twelve of 48 patients (25%) had mild, six of 48 patients (13%) had moderate and three of 48 patients had (6%) severe compression. Among patients with any degree of extrinsic compression only four of 21 patients (19%) had previous left subclavian or jugular catheterization. Intrinsic stenosis was observed in 11 of 48 patients (23%). All but two of them had undergone previous left subclavian or jugular catheterization and two had concomitant extrinsic compression. Collaterals were seen in 21 of 48 patients (44%). Eleven of 21 patients (52%) with extrinsic compression showed collateral veins. Ten of 11 patients (91%) with intrinsic stenosis had collateral veins. All three patients with severe extrinsic compression were symptomatic and were treated with stent placement after angioplasty failed because of elastic recoil. CONCLUSION Extrinsic compression is a common finding on diagnostic hemodialysis fistulography and may be hemodynamically significant. Unlike intrinsic stenosis, it is unrelated to previous central catheterization. Angioplasty alone may not be adequate for treatment and stent placement may be required.
Idealized model for the reactive collision AB + C - A + BC

Abstract The probability for the reaction AB + C → A + BC, in which the atom masses satisfy mB(mA+mB+ +mC)/mAmC=1, is derived by use of idealized potential energy surfaces. The probability varies between 0.5 and 1. A structured dependence of the probability on the translational energy is found when the energy does not greatly exceed the height of the potential barrier. A thermal-averaged probability is also derived.
CULTIVATION OF THE HOG CHOLERA VIRUS.

The work of Hecke on the cultivation, of hog cholera virus was confirmed with ease. Virus was grown in the presence of fresh minced swine testicle in flasks containing Tyrode solution, on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs, and on the surface of swine serum agar. In flasks it was grown for 14 transfers; while on eggs it was grown for 13 transfers, followed by an equal number of transfers on agar, making 26 transfers in all. Only one strain of virus was used and we do not know whether all strains can be cultivated so readily or whether we were particularly fortunate in the selection of the strain used. Neither do we know whether swine testicle is better than other tissues for growth. The cultured virus produces characteristic hog cholera when injected into swine, and its effect can be neutralized with commercial anti-hog cholera serum. No evidence of attenuation of the virus was obtained, the last culture being highly virulent when small amounts were injected. No evidence for the adaptation to the egg could be secured, since passages without swine testicle on the membrane or intravenously for 2 transfers resulted in a loss of the virus. No contaminating virus that might favor the cultivation could be detected by animal or egg inoculation. Not only has the virus been cultivated but it has been demonstrated in large amounts in the culture. Four suspensions containing slightly over 0.5 mg. of protein nitrogen produced typical hog cholera when 1 x 10–6 cc. was injected, and one suspension made in the same way was active in one-tenth this amount. Few titrations on what is commonly known as hog cholera virus, i.e . the serum from acutely ill pigs, are available. We made one such titration and produced a delayed disease with 1 x 10–5 cc. of infectious serum. It seems probable that the culture virus is more active than the commonly used virus and that its practical use in hog cholera vaccination and hyperimmunization would result in a considerable saving. All of the methods used yielded active cultures, but the serum agar method is the one of choice since larger amounts of suspension can be obtained with less labor.
Hydrologic, vegetation, and substrate characteristics of floating marshes in sediment-rich wetlands of the Mississippi river delta plain, Louisiana, USA

Floating marshes occur over 70% of the western Terrebonne Basin, Louisiana, USA, freshwater coastal wetlands. They are of several types: A free-floating thick-mat (45–60 cm) marsh dominated by Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia; a thick mat marsh dominated by Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia that floats part of the year, but whose vertical floating range is damped compared to adjacent water; and an irregularly-floating thin mat (< 30 cm) dominated by Eleocharis spp. in the spring and Ludwigia leptocarpa and Bidens laevis in the summer and fall. Floating mats must be almost entirely organic in order to be buoyant enough to float. The western Terrebonne wetlands receive large winter/spring supplies of suspended sediments from the Atchafalaya River. Even though sediment concentrations in the adjacent bayou are as high as 100 mg l−1, the Panicum hemitomon/Sagittaria lancifolia free-floating marsh probably receives no over-surface sediments since it floats continuously. The bulk density data of the damped-floating marsh, however, suggest some mineral sediment input, probably during winter when this marsh is submerged. These two types of floating marsh could not have developed in the present sediment regime of the Atchafalaya River, but as long as they remain floating can continue to exist. Thin floating mats are found in areas receiving the least sediment (<20 mg 1−1 suspended sediment concentration in adjacent bayous). This low sediment environment probably made possible their formation within the past 20 years. They may represent a transitional stage in mat succession from (1) existing thick-mat floating marsh to a degrading floating marsh, or (2) a floating marsh developing in shallow open water.
Correlation of nonspecific macromolecular labeling with environmental parameters during [3H]Thymidine incorporation in the waters of southwest florida

During routine [3H]thymidine incorporation measurements of environmental samples, significant amounts of radioactivity are often incorporated into macromolecules other than DNA. Although the percentage of nonspecific labeling varies both temporally and spatially, the cause(s) of these variations remain unknown. Correlations between the percent incorporated radioactivity in DNA and a variety of experimental and environmental parameters measured in the Alfia River, Crystal River, Medard Reservoir, and Bayboro Harbor were examined. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into DNA ranged from 6 to 95% (\(\bar x = 51 \pm 14\% \); n=121). Nonspecific labeling began immediately upon the addition of [3H]thymidine and was linear over time. Labeling patterns were independent of both the amount of thymidine added and cell-size fraction. A two year study of Bayboro Harbor indicated no conclusive relationship between nonspecific labeling and seasonality. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into DNA was inversely correlated with total rates of thymidine incorporation and a strong diurnal pattern was observed in the Crystal River. No consistent relationship was observed between labeling patterns and primary productivity, chlorophylla, particulate DNA, dissolved DNA, bacterial cell numbers, temperature, salinity, and dissolved organic carbon. The only relationship with dissolved inorganic nutrients (N and P) occurred in the Crystal River. In this phosphate limited river, the percent of radioactivity incorporated into DNA was positively correlated with phosphate concentrations. These results indicate that nonspecific labeling is not dependent on any one parameter but may be a function of many interacting environmental factors or a function of the specific ambient bacterial population.
Getting cool with nitrogen.

Variations in the marine nitrogen cycle are implicated in driving glacial–interglacial climate change and producing warm spells during glacial periods. But phosphorus may also need to be taken into account.
Effect of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on Tropical Atlantic Variability: A Regional Coupled Model Study

AbstractA simplified coupled ocean–atmosphere model, where an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is fully coupled to a 2½-layer reduced-gravity ocean model (RGO) over the tropical Atlantic basin, is presented in the context of studying the role of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in tropical Atlantic variability (TAV). In the ocean model, the strength of the AMOC is controlled by specifying mass transport at open boundaries. The fidelity of the reduced-physics model in capturing major features of tropical Atlantic variability, as well as its response to the AMOC changes, is demonstrated in a series of model experiments. The results of the experiments reveal the relative importance of oceanic processes and atmospheric processes in AMOC-induced tropical Atlantic variability–change. It is found that the oceanic processes are a primary factor contributing to the warming at and south of the equator and the precipitation increase over the Gulf of Guinea, while atmospheric process...
Classification of positive quaternion-Kähler -manifolds

Abstract We prove that the 12-dimensional complete quaternion-Kahler manifolds with positive scalar curvature belong to the list of symmetric spaces given by Wolf [12]. To cite this article: H. Herrera, R. Herrera, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 334 (2002) 43–46
Putting congeniality effects into context: Investigating the role of context in attitude memory using multiple paradigms.

In three experiments, we evaluated remembering and intentional forgetting of attitude statements that were either congruent or incongruent with participants’ own political attitudes. In Experiment 1, significant directed forgetting was obtained for incongruent statements, but not for congruent statements. In addition, in the remember group, recall was better for incongruent statements than congruent statements. To explain these findings, we propose a contextual competition at retrieval hypothesis, according to which incongruent statements become more strongly associated with their episodic context during encoding than do congruent statements. At the time of retrieval, incongruent statements compete with congruent statements due to the greater amount of contextual information stored in their memory trace. We tested this hypothesis in Experiment 2 by studying free recall of congruent and incongruent statements in a mixed-pure list design. In Experiment 3, memory for incongruent and congruent statements was tested under recognition test conditions that varied in terms of how much direct retrieval of contextual details they required. Overall, the results supported the contextual competition hypothesis, and they indicate the importance of context strength in both the remembering and intentional forgetting of attitude information.
Heat transfer pathways in flame spreading over thick fuels as a function of the flame spread regime : Microgravity, thermal, and kinetic

Abstract The mechanism of flame spread over thermally thick solid fuels in an opposing flow is explored. The pathways of forward heat transfer are computed with mathematical models of increasing complexity in all regimes. New formulas are developed that reproduce numerical results for the dominant forward heat transfer pathways in the thermal and chemical kinetic regimes and compare well with experimental data. The heat transfer structure at the leading edge of the flame computed by the comprehensive model agrees quite well with available experimental and numerical results. In the thermal regime, forward heat transfer through the gas is dominant, while in the chemical kinetic and microgravity regimes. forward heat transfer through the solid may assume a significant role. In the latter regime the contribution of forward radiation heat transfer is found to be negligible, although gas-phase radiation has a profound effect on the flame structure. The sensitivity of the dimensionless contribution of forward he...
The function of simian chemokine receptors in the replication of SIV.

Abstract The long sought co-receptors for primate lentiviruses were identified as belonging to a large family of cell surface proteins — the seven transmembrane proteins. These proteins normally function as cell surface receptors for chemokines and other ligands. The families of genetically divergent Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIV), which include the origins of HIV-1 and HIV-2, use simian and human chemokine receptors as their co-receptors. SIVmac, SIVsm, SIVagm and SIVcpz use monkey and human CCR5 for cell fusion and entry. Human-derived STRL33 (BONZO) and human-derived GPR-15 (BOB) are also used, but with variable efficiency. True primary strains of SIVsm, obtained from the naturally infected simian host, the sooty mangabey, use simian and human CCR5 in a strongly CD4 dependent manner. However, some brain and lymphoid isolates from the experimental simian host, the macaque use CCR5 independently of CD4. Unlike T cell line adapted (TCLA) CXCR4-tropic HIV strains (XR4 HIV), only a few laboratory SIV strains use CXCR4 for entry. Macaque and mangabey CXCR4 are fully functional, because they are highly efficient for entry of XR4 HIV. The CCR5 co-receptor is used by three of four SIV families tested thus far. The fourth family, represented by the isolate, S1Vrcm95GB1, is unique among SIV and HIV in its use of CCR2b but not CCR5.
Amnesia produced in cats by local seizure activity initiated from the amygdala

Abstract Cats were thoroughly trained to enter a small compartment for food. They then received an aversive mouth-shock while eating in the compartment. All cats used as controls showed great hesitation for entering the compartment when tested 24 hr subsequent to such a stimulus. When tonic-clonic convulsions were induced by stimulation applied across the brain, either alone or within 4 sec after an aversive mouth-shock, they unhesitantly entered the compartment 24 hr later, thus displaying full amnesia for the experience, and absence of aversiveness for the convulsion. Convulsions per se, however, are insufficient to produce such amnesia since cats subjected to mouth-shocks followed by tonic-clonic seizures initiated from the frontal cortex or clonic seizures from stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation had the same hesitancy as did control animals and thus presumably remembered the punishment. On the other hand, amnesia was produced if, within 4 sec after the mouth-shock, electrical afterdischarges without the production of overt convulsions were initiated by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus or amygdala; but not if initiated from the septum, fornix, or ventral hippocampus. Present interpretation is that near normal function in the amygdala is necessary for fixation of an aversive experience, and that seizure activity must engage it fully to produce amnesia for such an experience.
A proposed theoretical framework addressing the effects of informal caregivers on health-related outcomes of elderly recipients in home health care.

Purpose The purpose of this review is to develop a theoretical framework addressing the effects of informal caregivers on health-related outcomes of elderly recipients in home health care. Methods The investigator a) reviewed theories and literature related to informal caregiving and health-related outcomes of elderly recipients, b) critiqued the strengths and limitations of these theories and literature for research in this area, and c) developed a new conceptual framework by deductively applying these theories and literature to the effects of informal caregivers on health-related outcomes of elderly recipients in home health care. Results Social network theories, social support theories, and the literature on informal caregiving are useful in understanding how informal caregivers affect the outcomes of elderly recipients in home health care. This review synthesizes these theories and literature into a new theoretical framework in order to fully address the effects of informal caregivers on health-related outcomes of elderly recipients in home health care. Conclusion The proposed theoretical framework suggests that health-related outcomes of elderly recipients are the result of interactions among types of informal caregivers, the nature of the caregiving relationship, caregiving as a function of such relationships, and the internal processes of the care recipient.
Moral education and the teaching of public administration ethics

This article discusses two major objections to moral education and argues that a professional education in public administration cannot avoid some intrusions upon the personal freedom of its students nor can it avoid a certain degree of indoctrination. It is suggested that the benefits of a morally educated but civic-minded professional outweigh the costs of an autonomous professional.
Could a pelvic and abdominal symptom index assist in early detection of ovarian cancer

Not infrequently, women with advanced ovarian cancer present with a constellation of symptoms including bloating, increasing abdominal girth, early satiety, fatigue, changes in bowel or urinary habits, pelvic pressure and pain. The delay in evaluation for ovarian cancer is presumed to be related to the fact that the symptoms are not specific – similar complaints are reported for other diseases. Goff and colleagues present data fromwomenwith an a priori increase in awareness of their symptoms (see opposite). The subjects in this study were derived from three groups: womenwith a diagnosis of a pelvic mass who were undergoing surgery, women presenting for an ultrasound and healthy, high-risk women enrolled in an ovarian cancer early-detection screening programme. The questionnaires were distributed before surgical exploration, ultrasound, or during the ovarian cancer screening visit. The surveys queried the frequency and duration of 23 symptoms that are reported in ovarian cancer. Regression modelling was used to develop a symptom index from an exploratory group of 74 women with ovarian cancer and an additional 243 women without cancer. Highly-correlated symptoms were combined into a single variable. The model and index developed from the exploratory group was tested on the confirmatory group to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the symptom index. When tumours of lowmalignancywere excluded, the sensitivity of the symptom index to identify early-stage tumours was 60%. The sensitivity of the index to identify cancers in women <50 years and in women ≥50 yearswas 83.3%and72.3%, respectively. The sensitivity of this study to identify early-stage diseasewithin these two age groups was not presented. The identification of the symptom complex is important, particularly since other molecular and serum diagnostic tests have largely been unsuccessful. The lead time between symptoms and early or advanced ovarian cancer is unknown. In this article, although the symptom index was successful in identifying cancer in subjects who had been experiencing symptoms for less than six months, we are not provided with the stage of those cancers. Screening tools are most useful when cancer is
Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Women with and without Lymphedema following Breast Cancer Treatment

Following breast cancer (BC) treatment, many women develop impairments that may impact cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness. The aims of this study were to 1) evaluate CR fitness in women following BC treatment, 2) evaluate differences in CR fitness in those with and without breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) and compare these to age-matched norms, and 3) evaluate the contribution of predictor variables to CR fitness. 136 women post-BC treatment completed testing: 67 with BCRL, and 69 without. VO2 peak was lower in participants compared to published healthy age-matched norms. VO2 peak was statistically significantly lower in women withBCRL. Age, BMI, meeting recommended exercise criteria, and DASH scores explained 50% of the variance in VO2 peak (R=0.708, p<0.001). Following BC treatment CR fitness may be impaired, more-so in women with BCRL. This should be considered when providing rehabilitation for women following BC treatment as cardiorespiratory fitness has linked to improved health outcomes and survivorship.