cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro studies of aspects of the metabolism of sodium by human erythrocytes using sodium22.

Abstract 1.1. Human whole blood was maintained under simulated physiological conditions in vitro and the exchange of sodium between the plasma and red cells studied using Na 22 . 2.2. In the majority of experiments, substantially all of the red cell sodium was found to exchange at a uniform and rapid rate with the plasma. 3.3. In one subject, there remained a portion of the red cell sodium which had not exchanged with the plasma in six hours. 4.4. A mean of 3.7 meq. of sodium entered a liter of red cells in one hour. This was 64 per cent of the rapidly exchanging sodium content of the cells. 5.5. Reducing the temperature at which the blood was incubated from 38 °C. to 28 °C. resulted in a more than 50 per cent decrease in the exchange rate. 6.6. The significance of these observations is discussed.
The Determination of Grazing Fees on Federally-Owned Range Lands

President Hayes' suggestion was not acted upon by that, or ensuing, congresses until 1934 when a system for the supervision of Federal range lands was approved by Congress in the Taylor Grazing Act. In the intervening years much of this land was transferred to private ownership through homestead acts, grants to railroads and various other disposal methods. The government still retained however, a vast residue of leftover lands in the deserts and high plateaus of the arid West. This land was generally too dry, rough or rocky for crop production and had commercial value mainly as pasturage. Over much of the territory west of the one hundredth meridian land itself was worthless unless that land contained a creek, spring, or other source of water. Competition for water and the scant grass and browse of this free land was chiefly responsible for the range wars and the "romantic" legend of the guntoting cowboy. Stockmen attempted to reserve grazing rights for themselves by homesteading waterholes, by acquiring land along creeks, by checkerboard patterns of ownership, and by various other devices. Public lands reserved by the acquisition of these "key" tracts had, of course, little value for other potential users. Conversely, the "key" tract ordinarily had limited value in itself unless it was supplemented by free government land. In spite of the many ingenious methods used to reserve Federal land for private use, there was considerable land which never became stabilized into this reserved status. This land belonged to everyone and to no one. It was "free land."
Zircon U/Th model ages in the presence of melt heterogeneity

Abstract In situ U-series zircon dating has yielded unique insights into magmatic processes and the complexity of zircon crystallization. However, the approach requires some knowledge of the state of isotopic disequilibrium of the melt from which zircon crystallizes. Current practices for correcting initial 230Th include use of an isochron array (defined by several coexisting zircons) or two-point isochrons based on a tie between each zircon and a common glass (or whole rock) measurement. However, magmas are complex and measured U/Th in zircons from a single extrusive can vary by up to a factor of seven, casting doubt on the assumption that a single glass composition is representative of the magma from which each zircon crystallized. We propose a correction scheme using the measured zircon 238U/232Th, a U/Th partition coefficient ratio between zircon and melt, and the observation that most magmas are within 15% (1σ) of the equiline. Using this correction scheme, we show that uncertainties can be underestimated by up to a factor of three and that published dates are potentially biased towards older ages.
A Vessel-Preserving Surgical Hip Dislocation Through a Modified Posterior Approach: Assessment of Femoral Head Vascularity Using Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI.

Background Surgical hip dislocation allows circumferential access to the femoral head and acetabulum and is utilized in the treatment of intra-articular hip disorders. Surgical hip dislocation is currently performed with a trochanteric osteotomy that reliably preserves the femoral head arterial supply; however, trochanteric nonunion or painful hardware requiring removal may occur. In a cadaveric model, using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gross dissection, we evaluated whether modifications to the posterior approach preserve the femoral head arterial supply after a posterior surgical hip dislocation. Methods In eight fresh-frozen pelvic specimens, a surgical hip dislocation was performed through the posterolateral approach with modifications in the tenotomy of the short external rotators and a capsulotomy designed to preserve the medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA). Modifications included tenotomies of the quadratus femoris, conjoined tendon of the short external rotators, and obturator externus made 2.5 cm medial to their insertion on the greater trochanter and a T-type capsulotomy originating below the cut edge of the obturator externus tendon and continuing circumferentially along the acetabular rim. After hip dislocation, the MFCA was cannulated and MRI scans were acquired before and after gadolinium enhancement for evaluation of femoral head perfusion, with the contralateral hip, which was left intact, used as a control. Anatomic gross dissection was performed after the injection of polyurethane in the MFCA and confirmed MFCA vessel integrity. Results Quantitative MRI showed that the operatively treated hip retained a mean perfusion (and standard deviation) of 95.6% ± 9.7% in the femoral head and 94.7% ± 21.5% in the femoral head-neck junction compared with the control hip (p = 0.66 and p = 0.85, respectively). Dissection after polyurethane injection confirmed that the superior retinacular and inferior retinacular arteries entering the femoral head were intact in all specimens. Conclusions In a cadaveric model using gadolinium-enhanced MRI, we found that standardized modifications to the posterior approach, specifically with regard to the location of the short external rotator tenotomy and capsulotomy, successfully preserved the femoral head arterial supply after posterior surgical hip dislocation. Clinical relevance While further research is necessary before these modifications can be recommended for widespread clinical use, the results of this study suggest the extracapsular vascular anatomy can be safely preserved during posterior surgical hip dislocation.
Automatic Boundary Detection Using Potential-Field Data

The boundary detection problem uses image transformations and gradient properties to identify the location of possible subsurface boundaries from geophysical data. Automatic methods exist that show the boundary locations either as pixels in a raster image or represent those lineaments as vectors. We present a framework to extract lineaments as vectors while maintaining a space filling mesh. We formulate the solution as one of an optimizaton problem with two separate steps. A lattice of nodes is first distributed horizontally on an image of the data so that the generated mesh aligns with features in the data. To deal with the noise in the data, we require the second step of vertical node optimization. This is achieved by embedding the 2-dimensional lattice and data into a 3-dimensional domain. The resultant optimized node heights allow for a more reliable extraction of mesh lines concordant with lineaments. We demonstrate the framework with a synthetic example and two airborne magnetic data sets.
The prognostic value of functional tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) undergoing Y-90 selective internal radiation treatment (SIRT)

109 Objectives Functional tumor volume (FTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) are measures of metabolic activity of tumors determined by FDG-PET/CT images. These parameters could potentially have clinical value in response to treatment evaluation and disease prognostication. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between functional tumor parameters (FTV and TLG) and clinical outcomes in patients with CRCLM undergoing Y-90 resin microsphere SIRT (SIR-Spheres®, Sirtex Medical Limited, Lane Cove, Australia). Methods FDG-PET/CT studies of 20 Patients with unresectable CRCLM who underwent Y-90 SIRT under a phase II clinical trial were analyzed. FTV and TLG were calculated using PET VCAR (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) on pre-treatment, and 4-weeks post-treatment scans. The effects of pretreatment and post-treatment functional tumor activity on patient survival were evaluated using Kaplan- Meier survival curves. Results The median survival in the study group was 14.8 months (range 2.0-27.7 months). The median survival for patients with pre-treatment FTV values of above and below 200cc were 11.2 months and 26.9 months respectively (p Conclusions Pre-treatment and post-treatment FTV and TLG showed very strong association with survival. These values can be useful quantitative criteria for patient selection and disease prognostication when Y-90 SIRT is contemplated in patients with CRCLM
Seasonal Incidence of Emergent Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery

Background: Emergent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is often required in the case of severe coronary artery disease, which is refractory to traditional management. The objective of our study was to test the hypothesis that there is seasonal variation in the incidence of emergent CABG. Methods: A sinusoidal logistic regression model was used to analyze operative data at our cardiovascular institute of 270 cases spanning 5939 calendar days. Results: A cyclic peak risk for emergent CABG was observed for late winter (calendar day 66; P = .036). The odds ratios for the 1-, 2- and 3-month window surrounding this peak were 1.8 (95% CI = 0.94-3.5, P = .072), 1.6 (95% CI = 1.06-2.5, P = .024) and 1.4 (95% CI = 0.9-1.8, P = .066), respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a seasonal variation may exist in the incidence of patients presenting with severe coronary artery disease requiring emergent CABG. This information is useful in the scheduling of hospital resources and staff. It also provides important etiology clues underlying coronary artery disease that may lead to future interventions or targeted therapies.
Exogenous melatonin on TNF-α and IL-6 in serum of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

Objectives To study changes of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in peripheral immune system of neonatal rats after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD)and the effect of exogenous melatonin on them. Methods One hundred and twenty(120)postnatal 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups:control group,sham operation group,HIBD group and melatonin treated group. The serum sample were obtained at different time point after HIBD and radioimmunoassay(RIA)was used to measure the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in the serum. Results There were no obvious changes of sham group in both TNF-α and IL-6 levels and no significant difference between sham group and control group. In HIBD group,TNF-α level had raised at 2 h after HIBD,peaked at 12 h,and then decreased rapidly at 24 h. The way of TNF-α level changes in melatonin treated group were similar to that of HIBD group,but the level was significantly lower in melatonin treated group than that of HIBD IL-6 level raised at 2 h,kept rising after then and was significantly higher than that of HIBD group during the period of 24 h(P 0.01). Conclusions The production of both TNF-α and IL-6 increased in neonatal rats with HIBD. Melatonin can reduce the changes of TNF-α and increase IL-6 in HIBD rat.
A Probabilistic Model for Designing Multimodality Landmine Detection Systems to Improve Rates of Advance

The ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a popular and successful remote sensing modality that has been investigated for landmine detection. GPR offers excellent detection performance, but it is limited by a low rate of advance (ROA) due to its short sensing standoff distance. Standoff distance refers to the distance between the sensing platform and the location in front of the platform where the GPR senses the ground. Large standoff (high ROA) sensing modalities have been investigated as alternatives to the GPR, but they do not yet achieve comparable detection performance. This paper proposes a new sensor management approach, called multistate management (MSM), which combines large and short standoff sensors on the same platform in a way that leverages their respective advantages, yielding a system with better ROA and detection performance. MSM is more difficult to analyze than traditional systems because it allows sensor activity and system velocity to change over time. Therefore, a new probabilistic model based on queuing theory, called Q-MSM, is also proposed for analyzing and designing detection systems operating with MSM. Simulations were conducted using real field-collected data for a system with a large standoff forward-looking infrared camera and a GPR. The system is operated with MSM, and the results show that this leads to better ROA and detection performance than can be attained otherwise. Furthermore, the results show that Q-MSM can accurately predict the behavior of the MSM system, validating its utility for analyzing and designing such systems.
Variants in CCL16 are associated with blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid CCL16 protein levels

CCL16 is a chemokine predominantly expressed in the liver, but is also found in the blood and brain, and is known to play important roles in immune response and angiogenesis. Little is known about the gene’s regulation. Here, we test for potential causal SNPs that affect CCL16 protein levels in both blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in a genome-wide association study across two datasets. We then use METAL to performed meta-analyses with a significance threshold of p < 5x10−8. We removed SNPs where the direction of the effect was different between the two datasets. We identify 10 SNPs associated with increased CCL16 protein levels in both biological fluids. Our results will help understand CCL16’s regulation, allowing researchers to better understand the gene’s effects on human health.
Client-based experiential learning and the librarian: Information literacy for the real world

ABSTRACTBusiness schools have increasingly turned to client-based experiential learning to better prepare their graduates with skills and abilities that translate to the workplace. The shift from academic learning to experiential learning requires a corresponding shift in the way librarians approach information literacy. This article explores this trend through the literature and through personal interviews and proposes ways in which library instruction, collection development, and liaison relationships can be tailored to meet the needs of experiential learners.
On-site correlations in optical lattices: Band mixing to coupled quantum Hall puddles

We extend the standard Bose-Hubbard model to capture arbitrarily strong on-site correlations. In addition to being important for quantitatively modeling experiments, for example, with rubidium atoms, these correlations must be included to describe more exotic situations. Two such examples are when the interactions are made large via a Feshbach resonance and when each site rotates rapidly, making a coupled array of quantum Hall puddles. Remarkably, even the mean field approximation to our model includes all on-site correlations. We describe how these on-site correlations manifest themselves in the system's global properties: modifying the phase diagram and depleting the condensate.
Collaborative Memory: A Selective Review of Data and Theory

As social beings, people intuitively value shared reminiscing. One reason for this seems to be the need for social bonding, and another has to do with the common belief that it improves memory. To understand shared remembering from a memory standpoint, we discuss the cognitive experimental research on the process and the consequences of collaborative remembering. Interest in the experimental investigations of social memory can be traced back to the traditions of Hermann Ebbinghaus and Frederic Bartlett, traditions that have heavily influenced our own approach to investigating these questions in the laboratory. In this chapter, we present the modal collaborative memory paradigm that has enabled an impressive array of experimental studies and a descriptive framework that our group has developed to organize several key mechanisms that come into play when individuals remember together. We discuss cognitive processes that are activated through collaborative recall, such as forgetting or rebounding of memory, social contagion of true memories (or reexposure) as well as false memories, pruning of memory errors, cross-cueing during collaboration, and the power of retrieval during collaboration. We also discuss how these processes shape collaborative recall, and some experimental manipulations that influence the operations of these cognitive processes. In describing these influences of collaboration on memory, we also outline some antecedent cognitive conditions that shape collaboration as well as several postcollaborative phenomena that result from collaborative recall. The collaborative memory movement in memory research provides experimental tools to study questions on the social transmission of memory, the memory reconstruction process for individuals who engage in collaboration, and the emergence of collective memory for groups as a whole.
A Systematic Framework for Root-Cause Analysis of the Aliso Canyon Gas Leak Using the AcciMap Methodology

According to the US Energy Information Administration [1], the natural gas industry supports 33% of electricity generation in the US. Despite this critical role, the importance of safety and safety culture in the natural gas industry has not been adequately highlighted. The absence of strict regulations and lack of attention towards precautionary measures have allowed the industry to persevere with insufficient urgency for implementing innovative technologies and safety-first protocols. On October 23, 2015, the Aliso Canyon natural gas accident highlighted how the lack of regulatory oversight in a low probability, high consequence industry could have such impactful and unpredictable repercussions. This paper analyzes the concatenation of events that led to the Aliso Canyon gas leak. It adopts the AcciMap methodology, which was originally introduced by Rasmussen in 1997 as an accident investigation framework, to conduct a systematic root-cause analysis and capture different involved socio-technical factors that contributed to the leak.
Decolonization in Infection Control of Gram-Negative Bacilli

Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract or skin with Gram-negative bacilli often precedes clinical infection. Decolonization of the gastrointestinal tract and skin may be effective in eradicating these organisms, thereby preventing subsequent clinical infection and healthcare-associated transmission. The goal of this chapter is to review available evidence addressing these practices evaluating both their effectiveness and the potential adverse consequences of these strategies, including the selection of organisms resistant to the decolonizing agent.
Update in Current Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Dry Eye Disease

Dry eye disease (DED) represents a heterogeneous group of conditions with tear film insufficiency and signs and/or symptoms of ocular surface irritation. The clinical manifestations of DED can be highly variable; hence the diagnosis is often based on a combination of symptoms, signs, and clinical tests, given that any one of these alone would miss a significant number of patients. Similarly, the treatment must often be tailored to each patient by targeting the specific mechanisms involved in his or her disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances that have allowed us to better recognize, categorize, and treat patients with DED. The most notable new diagnostic tests in DED are tear film osmolarity, inflammatory biomarkers, and meibomian gland imaging. Therapeutically, anti-inflammatory therapy, meibomian gland heating and expression, and scleral contact lenses are some of the latest options available for treating DED.
Optic Disc Image Subtraction as an Aid to Detect Glaucoma Progression

Author(s): Amini, Navid; Alizadeh, Reza; Parivisutt, Nucharee; Kim, EunAh; Nouri-Mahdavi, Kouros; Caprioli, Joseph | Abstract: PURPOSE:To present a digital image subtraction technique to alert clinicians to signs of glaucomatous optic disc progression. METHODS:Ninety-two glaucomatous eyes (65 patients) were included. Thirty-three eyes were identified as progressive and 59 as stable based on comparison of baseline and follow-up stereoscopic disc photographs by three masked glaucoma specialists. The disc images were aligned and converted to gray scale and underwent histogram matching to enhance contrast and account for illumination differences. The difference in image intensity between baseline and follow-up images was shown as a colormap superimposed on the grayscale follow-up image. A graded scale (1, no progression, to 5, definitive progression) was used by three masked glaucoma experts to score progression probability on the colormap images. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the classification were computed. Weighted κ statistics summarized agreement of categorical gradings. RESULTS:Median time interval between two visits was 4.4 years (range: 1.0-16.8). Clinicians detected glaucoma deterioration in 25 to 27 of the progressive group and 8 to 10 of stable eyes based on subtraction maps. Sensitivities/specificities of the clinicians were 0.76 to 0.82 and 0.86 to 0.89, respectively. Classification accuracy ranged from 81.5% to 84.8%. Agreement among clinicians was good (weighted κ = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60-0.77) for progression grades (1-5 scales) and was substantial (weighted κ = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.74-0.85) for binary scores. CONCLUSIONS:The proposed software provides a single static image that clinicians can use with other structural/functional tests to detect glaucoma progression. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE:Provision of a subtraction colormap in the setting of electronic medical records can improve monitoring of glaucoma by alerting clinicians to possible signs of progression.
Cancer genetics nursing: impact of the double helix.

Purpose/objectives To describe the impact of genetic information on oncology nursing practice and to identify roles for oncology nurses in the field of cancer genetics. Data sources Published articles, abstracts, books, and clinical experience. Data synthesis Oncology nurses in all areas of practice are affected by the recent explosion of genetic information. The identification of genetic mutations associated with increased risk for certain cancers and subsequent development of cancer predisposition testing have created a tremendous need for health care professionals who can explain and interpret genetic information. Conclusions Oncology nurses already have many basic skills essential in the management of genetic information. An area in which oncology nurses may have the most to offer is in helping patients who carry a genetic predisposition to cancer understand the cancer surveillance and risk-management options available to them. Oncology nurses will be on the forefront in helping patients understand what this information means to them and how to apply it to their lives. Implications for nursing practice As we enter the 21st century, the advances in genetic information and the impact of the Human Genome Project will change oncology nursing as we know it. Oncology nurses will be expected to assess and interpret genetic and nongenetic cancer risk as an integrated whole, including genetic risk factors, environmental and lifestyle risk factors, and the interaction of the two. The challenge will be to make this complex information meaningful to patients as they make choices to manage their own cancer risk.
Food Supply Chain Safety and Security: A Concern of Global Importance

Supply chain security is a topic that received considerable attention over the last 16 years, especially after the September 11 attacks in the United States (U.S.). The devastation caused by the te...
Scoping the scope: endoscopic evaluation of endoscope working channels with a new high-resolution inspection endoscope (with video)

Background and Aims Outbreaks of transmission of infection related to endoscopy despite reported adherence to reprocessing guidelines warrant scrutiny of all potential contributing factors. Recent reports from ambulatory surgery centers indicated widespread significant occult damage within endoscope working channels, raising concerns regarding the potential detrimental impact of this damage on the adequacy of endoscope reprocessing. Methods We inspected working channels of all 68 endoscopes at our academic institution using a novel flexible inspection endoscope. Inspections were recorded and videos reviewed by 3 investigators to evaluate and rate channel damage and/or debris. Working channel rinsates were obtained from all endoscopes, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence was measured. Results Overall endoscope working channel damage was rated as minimal and/or mild and was consistent with expected wear and tear (median 1.59 on our 5-point scale). Our predominant findings included superficial scratches (98.5%) and scratches with adherent peel (76.5%). No channel perforations, stains, or burns were detected. The extent of damage was not predicted by endoscope age. Minor punctate debris was common, and a few small drops of fluid were noted in 42.6% of endoscopes after reprocessing and drying. The presence of residual fluid predicted higher ATP bioluminescence values. The presence of visualized working channel damage or debris was not associated with elevated ATP bioluminescence values. Conclusion The flexible inspection endoscope enables high-resolution imaging of endoscope working channels and offers endoscopy units an additional modality for endoscope surveillance, potentially complementing bacterial cultures and ATP values. Our study, conducted in a busy academic endoscopy unit, indicated predominately mild damage to endoscope working channels, which did not correlate with elevated ATP values.
Cumulative Burden of Depression and All-Cause Mortality in Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Background Research linking depression to mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) has largely focused on binary "always vs never" characterizations of depression. However, depression is chronic and is likely to have cumulative effects on mortality over time. Quantifying depression as a cumulative exposure may provide a better indication of the clinical benefit of enhanced depression treatment protocols delivered in HIV care settings. Methods Women living with HIV (WLWH), naive to antiretroviral therapy, from the Women's Interagency HIV Study were followed from their first visit in or after 1998 for up to 10 semiannual visits (5 years). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. An area-under-the-curve approach was used to translate CES-D scores into a time-updated measure of cumulative days with depression (CDWD). We estimated the effect of CDWD on all-cause mortality using marginal structural Cox proportional hazards models. Results Overall, 818 women contributed 3292 woman-years over a median of 4.8 years of follow-up, during which the median (interquartile range) CDWD was 366 (97-853). Ninety-four women died during follow-up (2.9 deaths/100 woman-years). A dose-response relationship was observed between CDWD and mortality. Each additional 365 days spent with depression increased mortality risk by 72% (hazard ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.20). Conclusions In this sample of WLWH, increased CDWD elevated mortality rates in a dose-response fashion. More frequent monitoring and enhanced depression treatment protocols designed to reduce CDWD may interrupt the accumulation of mortality risk among WLWH.
Quantifying environmental and health benefits of using woody biomass for electricity generation in the southwestern United States.

Abstract The majority of National Forests in the southwestern United States need fuels-reduction treatments that have not kept pace with tree growth and fuels accumulation. The harvested small-sized trees are commonly disposed of through pile burning on the site due to their low market values. We assessed the environmental and health benefits of using small diameter wood from the fuels-reduction treatments as a renewable energy source for electricity production to increase forest health and environmental quality. Our study area was located in northern Arizona within the Four Forest Restoration Initiative project area. We investigated eight air pollutants, projected stand conditions, calculated pollutant emissions from power generators and assessed damage costs from power production. We further used life cycle assessments to investigate emissions from feedstock production, transportation and power generation. Our life cycle assessment results indicate that the annual total damage costs of three treatment-energy scenarios, 1) no thin-coal, 2) thin & pile burning-coal, and 3) thin-bioenergy, are $978,157, $1,732,300 and $43,216, respectively. We determined that in comparison with the no-action (no thin-coal) scenario, the total environmental and health damage cost avoided by utilizing removed woody biomass for the yearly output of a 1 MW (megawatt) power plant was $934,941 annually.
Primary and Secondary Immune Responses in the Evaluation of Immunocompetence and Prognosis in Cancer Patients

Tumor antigens and specific tumor immunity have been well-documented in several human malignant diseases [3]. There have also been several studies which have indicated that the degree or type of tumor immunity relates to the prognosis of the tumor-bearing patient [8]. Therefore if a patient’s general immunocompetence is impaired, his tumor immunity is also likely to be impaired and his prognosis will be poor. Several studies have suggested that this is indeed true. Thus, several investigators [2, 7, 8, 11] have found that immunological evaluation of solid tumor and lymphoma patients prior to treatment could identify patients with a good prognosis on the basis of their immunocompetence.
Molecular Genetics of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Rationale for “Transcription Therapy” for Cancer

The last few years have been crucial for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of human leukemia [1]. In particular, more than 80% of myeloid leukemias have been attributed to, or associated with, one or more specific molecular lesions. In the vast majority of cases these molecular events are chromosomal translocations that rearrange the regulatory and coding regions of a variety of genes which encode transcription factors. These proteins can interfere with the normal transduction, at the transcription level, of pivotal cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, and survival. The identification of these lesions renders it possible to reclassify myeloid leukemias according to new “molecular” criteria, and to develop new diagnostic and prognostic tools. Furthermore, the understanding of the aberrant transcriptional mechanisms underlying leukemia pathogenesis allows the development of new therapeutic approaches. In particular, the recent elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia has allowed us to propose and exploit what we regard as a new concept for the treatment of cancer, which we refer to as “transcription therapy.”
User-centered, interaction design research approaches to inform the development of health risk behavior intervention technologies.

Abstract Background Computers have tremendous potential for helping people change behaviors that put their health at risk. This potential has led to the development of a variety of health behavior intervention technologies (BITs) in recent years. While many of these BITs have been informed by scientific theories on behavior change, poor design can fail to engage intended users. User-centered, interaction design (IxD) research can help BIT developers create tools that are intuitive and enjoyable and that align with intended users' goals. In this manuscript, we describe an IxD research process we used to inform the development of a tablet-optimized web application designed to help heavy drinking gay and bisexual men reduce their risk for HIV when they seek HIV testing. Methods We conducted focus groups with subject matter experts (SMEs, N = 10) and intended users (N = 25). In the SME group, HIV test counselors were recruited to provide an understanding of the priorities and challenges of post-test counseling. In focus groups with intended users, participants created detailed, personalized models of two “typical” users of the proposed app (“personas”) that could be used to guide design decisions. Results SMEs emphasized the importance of putting patients at ease, and suggested that interventions should prioritize identifying personal risks and provide options for change. Personas created by intended users provided important details about users' attitudinal and emotional contexts, and their possible motivations and goals for using the app. These suggested that users might be most motivated to use the app in order to understand their personal risks, compare their behavior with others like them, help them decide whether they want to change to reduce their risk, and see all their options for doing so. Personas also provided insights about the aesthetic experience that might be most appealing to users. Conclusions Interaction design research can provide BIT development teams with personal models of likely users to help guide decisions about the allocation of design resources and the overall form and spirit of the software. These insights can help teams build BITs that are more engaging and interesting to intended users.
Chapter 7 – Pretransfusion Testing

Testing of donor and recipient samples in the blood bank is a critical part of ensuring the safety of blood-product transfusion. Part of this chapter focuses on the regulatory aspects/safety measures that ensure blood samples used for testing are correctly identified. The remainder of the chapter focuses on testing that occurs in the blood bank including the following: proper identification of reagents; ABO typing and discrepancies; antibody screens and panels; and special techniques. Case scenarios are also included to reinforce knowledge and problem-solving skills for everyday clinical practice.
High Resolution Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy of Excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs Multiple Quantum Well Structures

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the high-resolution nonlinear laser spectroscopy of excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structures. Frequency domain nonlinear laser spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying resonant optical excitation in solids. It provides a means for obtaining line shapes related purely to the relaxation of optically excited states of the system. In addition, it eliminates contributions from inhomogeneous broadening and enables studies of the homogeneous line shape and the effects of spectral diffusion. The chapter discusses the measurements of excitons in a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well (MQW). GaAs MQWs are semiconductor heterostructures that are of importance to electronic and optoelectronic devices. They consist of a periodic structure of thin layers of GaAs and A1GaAs. The larger band gap of AlGaAs confines the optical excitation to the thin GaAs, resulting in the quantum confinement of the exciton and an increase in the exciton binding energy.
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Procedure

Chapter 2 introduces nonlinear systems of solid mechanics. In Sect. 2.1, fundamental characteristics of nonlinear problems are explained in contrast to linear problems, followed by four types of nonlinearities in solid mechanics: material, geometry, boundary, and force nonlinearities. Section 2.2 presents different methods of solving a nonlinear system of equations. Discussions on convergence aspects, computational costs, load increment, and force-controlled versus displacement-controlled methods are provided. In Sect. 2.3, step-by-step procedures to solve nonlinear finite element analysis are presented. Section 2.4 introduces NLFEA, a MATLAB code for solving nonlinear finite element equations. NLFEA can handle different material models, such as elastic, hyperelastic, and elastoplastic materials, as well as large deformation. Section 2.5 summarizes how commercial finite element analysis programs control nonlinear solution procedures. This section covers Abaqus, ANSYS, and NEi Nastran programs.
Information (In)Efficiency in Prediction Markets

We analyze the extent to which simple markets can be used to aggregate dispersed information into efficient forecasts of unknown future events. From the examination of case studies in a variety of financial settings we enumerate and suggest solutions to various pitfalls of these simple markets. Despite the potential problems, we show that market-generated forecasts are typically fairly accurate in a variety of prediction contexts, and that they outperform most moderately sophisticated benchmarks. We also show how conditional contracts can be used to discover the markets belief about correlations between events, and how with further assumptions these correlations can be used to make decisions.
Prevalence, trends, and correlates of malnutrition among hospitalized children with cerebral palsy.

Aim This cross-sectional study characterized the prevalence, trends, sociodemographic factors, and clinical factors that are associated with a coded diagnosis of malnutrition (CDM) among hospitalized children with cerebral palsy (CP) in the USA. Method We used data from the 2002 to 2015 National Inpatient Sample database and restricted the analysis to hospitalized children with CP between 2 and 17 years of age. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes for CP, malnutrition, and comorbidities associated with CP were used to characterize hospitalizations for this population. Logistic regression models were conducted to identify the sociodemographic factors and comorbidities associated with a diagnosis of malnutrition. Results The average documented rate of CDM among hospitalized children with CP was 7.9% and nearly doubled during the study period. The model suggests that younger age, non-white ethnicity, lower income, and non-private insurance/payer status were associated with increased odds of documented malnutrition. Concomitant inpatient diagnoses of epilepsy, dysphagia, scoliosis, reflux, and constipation were associated with higher rates of CDM. Interpretation The rate of CDM in hospitalized patients with CP is well under the estimated clinical prevalence of 30% to 40%. Multiple sociodemographic, hospital, and clinical factors are associated with higher rates of CDM. What this paper adds The documented rate of malnutrition in hospitalized children with cerebral palsy (CP) averaged 7.9% yearly. For hospitalized children with CP, documentation of malnutrition nearly doubled between 2002 and 2015. Economically disadvantaged and minority ethnic groups had a greater likelihood of malnutrition documentation. Inpatient malnutrition documentation was more likely with some comorbidities indicative of greater impairments. Gastrointestinal disorders increased the likelihood of an inpatient-documented diagnosis of malnutrition.
Eczema numular - um desafio diagnóstico

Enquadramento: O Medico de Familia (MF) lida frequentemente com utentes com manifestacoes dermatologicas, cujo diagnostico e um desafio. O eczema numular e um tipo disseminado de eczema que se caracteriza por lesoes discoides pruriginosas e bem delimitadas. Atinge mais frequentemente individuos do sexo masculino com idade superior a 50 anos. O seu diagnostico e clinico. Com este caso pretende-se sensibilizar o MF para a sua apresentacao clinica, diagnosticos diferenciais, tratamento e prognostico. Descricao do caso: Homem de 53 anos, serralheiro, casado, com antecedentes pessoais de tabagismo, alcoolismo, dislipidemia e hipoacusia de transmissao, que recorre a consulta por aparecimento de maculas e placas eritemato-descamativas, arredondadas, de diâmetro variavel (1-3 cm), muito pruriginosas, dispersas nos membros superiores e inferiores, com cerca de tres meses de evolucao. Referia agravamento noturno do prurido. Sem atingimento do estado geral ou outros sintomas sistemicos. Desconhecia processo infecioso no inicio das manifestacoes cutâneas. Previamente ao diagnostico, o utente foi observado em tres consultas efetuadas por medicos diferentes: inicialmente, as lesoes foram interpretadas como reacao alergica, uma vez que manuseava produtos irritantes no local de trabalho, posteriormente foi tratado para Tinea corporis e por ultimo, foi colocada a hipotese de se tratar de uma Psoriase gutata e foi medicado em consonância, sem melhoria. Dada a dificuldade diagnostica, foi pedido parecer a Dermatologia, via Alert, que considerou tratar-se de um eczema numular . Discussao: O eczema numular e uma entidade com etiopatogenia desconhecida, cujas manifestacoes clinicas sao caracteristicas, atingindo preferencialmente as extremidades. E importante considerar outros diagnosticos diferenciais, como dermatite atopica, dermatite alergica, Tinea corporis e Psoriase gutata . O tratamento incluiu aplicacao de hidratantes e corticoides topicos. O seu prognostico e excelente, apesar de existir possibilidade de recorrencia. A divulgacao deste caso clinico permitira refletir acerca desta patologia, reforcando a importância do diagnostico diferencial e do tratamento adequado. Palavra-chave: Eczema numular, diagnostico, tratamento.
Update of the BEVQ‐15, a beverage intake questionnaire for habitual beverage intake for adults: determining comparative validity and reproducibility

Introduction The BEVQ-15 is a beverage intake questionnaire that estimates the habitual average daily intake of 15 beverage categories (kcal and fl oz), as well as total sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and total beverages. However, subsequent to its initial validation in 2010, it has not been updated. The present study aimed to assess the convergent validity and reproducibility of the updated form of the BEVQ-15 to better reflect current beverage consumption trends. Methods The study population included adults (n = 50) aged ≥18 years, recruited from a local university community. Participation consisted of three laboratory visits within a 4-week period in which the updated BEVQ-15 was administered during the first and last visit and four 24-h dietary recalls were collected. BEVQ-15 modifications included removing limits of 60 fl oz per beverage, adding a nut milk category, and providing creamer and sweetener preferences for coffee/tea categories. Convergent validity was assessed by comparing reported beverage intake between the BEVQ-15 and dietary recalls. Reproducibility was assessed by comparing both BEVQ-15 administrations. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Bland-Altman plots and Spearman's correlations. Results For validity, Bland-Altman plot agreement between the BEVQ-15 and recalls was in the range 92-96% for total SSB and total beverage intake. For reproducibility, all beverage categories, total SSB, and total beverage intake were significantly correlated between the two BEVQ-15 administrations (r = 0.41-0.85; P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions This updated version of the BEVQ-15 demonstrated moderate convergent validity and reproducibility for total beverage consumption among well-educated southwest Virginia adults.
Brain response to emotional faces in anxiety and depression: neural predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy outcome and predictor-based subgroups following therapy.

Background Neuroimaging studies have shown variance in brain response to emotional faces predicts cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) outcome. An important next step is to determine if individual differences in neural predictors of CBT response represent distinct patient groups. Methods In total, 90 patients with internalizing disorders completed a face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after 12 weeks of CBT and 45 healthy controls completed the task before and after 12 weeks. Patients exhibiting a pre-to-post CBT >50% reduction in symptom severity on two measures were considered treatment responders. Regions of interest (ROIs) for angry, fearful, and happy faces were submitted to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Significant ROIs were then submitted to decision tree analysis to classify responder/non-responder subgroups. Psychophysiological interactions (PPI) were used to explore functional connectivity in the region(s) that delineated subgroups. Results A total of 51 patients were treatment responders and ROC curve results were significant for all face types though specific regions varied. Decision tree results revealed superior occipital response to angry faces identified patient subgroups such that the subgroup with 'high' occipital activity had more responders than the 'low' occipital subgroup. Following CBT, the high, relative to low, occipital subgroup was less symptomatic. Controls exhibited stable superior occipital activation over time. Whole-brain PPI showed reduced baseline superior occipital-postcentral gyrus functional connectivity in responders compared to non-responders. Conclusions Preliminary findings indicate patients characterized by relatively more pre-treatment superior occipital gyrus engagement to angry faces and reduced superior occipital-postcentral gyrus connectivity, relative to non-responders, may represent a phenotype likely to benefit from CBT.
Updated ferritin reference intervals for the Roche Elecsys® immunoassay.

Abstract Reference intervals (RI) for ferritin are the subject of some controversy, with indications that changes in lifestyle and demographics (e.g., obesity) have limited the validity of RIs established decades ago. Package insert RIs for the Roche Elecsys® immunoassay do not include expected values for pediatric ( 60 years) individuals; furthermore the female ranges were established in mostly premenopausal volunteers. To establish more robust RIs, we utilized 5 years of retrospective patient data from physician-ordered ferritin measurements and excluded results from patients with diagnoses known to affect ferritin concentrations. Ferritin results from 1438 unique patients aged 7 months to 91 years were included in the study. Continuous RIs were fitted for females (n = 951) and males (n = 487) as a function of age; these were then divided into clinically relevant sex-specific age breaks. RIs were established for pre-adolescent ( 50 years) females. Established RIs were verified using specimens obtained from healthy donors.