cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung transplant for corona virus diseases (Covid-19) pulmonary fibrosis

Introduction: Persistent radiographic and pulmonary function abnormalities are increasingly recognized following Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pneumonia. We present a case of rapidly progressive pulmonary fibrosis in a Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) pattern. Successful lung transplantation was performed two months following COVID-19 infection. Description: 68 years old with known history of mild Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) , not on home oxygen, initially presented in July 2020 with worsening shortness of breath and cough. There was a strong family history for Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Her last pulmonary function tests showed a Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) of 2.24 Liters (99%) and Forced Vital Capacity of 2.69 Liters (92%). Her last High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) showed chronic stable mild interstitial fibrosis. On admission, she was positive for COVID 19 on her Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Initial CT chest showed diffuse new ground glass changes. She was treated with remdesavir, dexamethasone and antibiotics. She did not require endotracheal intubation and showed improvement in her symptoms. Unfortunately, she could not be weaned off oxygen and was discharged on six liters flow oxygen through a nasal cannula. She presented again to the hospital, one month later with worsening shortness of breath. Her PCR was negative for COVID 19. Her CT angiogram of thorax however showed interval worsening of her interstitial changes. An urgent inpatient evaluation for lung transplantation was completed and she deemed to be a suitable candidate. After 4 days into her stay, acute deterioration in her respiratory status developed with tachypnea and increased work of breathing requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Repeat CT chest showed fibrotic interstitial disease with associated traction bronchiectasis and a large amount of ground glass. She was subsequently placed on veno-venous Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VV ECMO) which allowed extubation. A donor offer for bilateral lungs was accepted after one day on ECMO. She successfully underwent bilateral lung transplant in September 2020. Her post-operative course was uncomplicated. She is doing well 3 months post transplant without evidence of cellular rejection. Her explant pathology showed Diffuse Alveolar Damage plus UIP Discussion: Persistent and progressive pulmonary fibrosis may develop following COVID-19 pneumonia. Risk factors may include underlying ILD and family history of IPF. In suitable candidates, lung transplantation is a viable option.
Enabling Lithium Metal Anode in Nonflammable Phosphate Electrolyte with Electrochemically Induced Chemical Reactions

Lithium metal anode holds great promises for next-generation battery technologies but is notoriously difficult to work with. The key to solving this challenge is believed to lie in the ability of forming stable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers. To further address potential safety issues, it is critical to achieve this goal in nonflammable electrolytes. Building upon previous successes in forming stable SEI in conventional carbonate-based electrolytes, here we report that reversible Li stripping/plating could be realized in triethyl phosphate (TEP), a known flame retardant. The critical enabling factor of our approach was the introduction of oxygen, which upon electrochemical reduction induces the initial decomposition of TEP and produces Li3 PO4 and poly-phosphates. Importantly, the reaction was self-limiting, and the resulting material regulated Li plating by limiting dendrite formation. In effect, we obtained a functional SEI on Li metal in a nonflammable electrolyte. When tested in a symmetric Li∥Li cell, more than 300 cycles of stripping/plating were measured at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2 . Prototypical Li-O2 and Li-ion batteries were also fabricated and tested to further support the effectiveness of this strategy. The mechanism by which the SEI forms was studied by density functional theory (DFT), and the predictions were corroborated by the successful detection of the intermediates and products.
Hanoi's Quiet Diplomat

America’s warming relationship with Vietnam owes much to a slight and smiling man who died a decade ago this month. Without Le Mai, Hanoi’s former deputy foreign minister, the Communist country wouldn’t be hosting U.S. President George Bush come November, nor as close as it is to joining the World Trade Organization. Yet Mai remains unknown to most people outside Vietnam.
The Other Pandemic: Gun Violence and Its Impact on Children and Youth.

My town is in the national news this week—and not for something that could engender civic pride. Instead, I feel heartbroken. The headline in The New York Times says it all:“Living with the Specter...
Helipad: A Framework for Agent-Based Modeling in Python

Agent-based modeling tools commonly trade off usability against power and vice versa. On the one hand, full development environments like NetLogo feature a shallow learning curve, but have a relatively limited proprietary language. Others written in Python or Matlab, for example, have the advantage of a full-featured language with a robust community of third-party libraries, but are typically more skeletal and require more setup and boilerplate in order to write a model. Helipad is introduced to fill this gap. Helipad is a new agent-based modeling framework for Python with the goal of a shallow learning curve, extensive flexibility, minimal boilerplate, and powerful yet easy to set up visualization, in a full Python environment. We summarize Helipad’s general architecture and capabilities, and briefly preview a variety of models from a variety of disciplines, including multilevel models, matching models, network models, spatial models, and others.
Response of avian communities to edges of tropical montane forests: Implications for the future of endemic habitat specialists

Abstract Tropical montane landscapes harbor diverse flora and fauna, and many species there are ecological specialists with narrow elevational distributions, limited geographic ranges, and small global populations. Along elevational gradients, environmental conditions and community composition change dramatically over small spatial scales. As forests are disturbed and edges formed with modified habitat, natural communities could be affected differently across elevations by the many physical and biotic changes at edges. We asked whether forest edges produced altered patterns of avian species composition along a cloud forest - dry forest gradient on the Pacific slope of the Tilaran mountains in Monteverde, Costa Rica. A strong moisture gradient produces cloud forests near the ridgetops, with a concentration of species endemic to the Costa Rica – Panama highlands that are habitat specialists. We conducted 552 point counts across 110 locations from 1100 to 1800 m elevation, yielding 6586 detections of 115 species in 10 km2 of montane forest. We analyzed differences in species composition and single-species abundances between interior and near-edge forest habitats for species grouped by geographic range size. Species composition changed markedly from forest edge to interior in cloud forest habitats, but not in drier forests downslope. Endemic species, especially in cloud forest, were detected less frequently in mature forest near edges than in mature forest interior, and this difference was more pronounced than for cosmopolitan species. On tropical mountainsides, we can expect habitat-specialist endemic species to be more sensitive to further habitat modification. This sensitivity could limit the resilience of tropical bird communities.
Glioblastoma Genetic Drivers Dictate the Function of Tumor-Associated Macrophages/Microglia and Responses to CSF1R Inhibition.

Background Tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) are prominent microenvironment components in human glioblastoma (GBM) that are potential targets for anti-tumor therapy. However, TAM depletion by CSF1R inhibition showed mixed results in clinical trials. We hypothesized that GBM subtype-specific tumor microenvironment convey distinct sensitivities to TAM targeting. Methods We generated syngeneic PDGFB-driven and RAS-driven GBM models that resemble proneural-like and mesenchymal-like gliomas, and determined the effect of TAM targeting by CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 on glioma growth. We also investigated the co-targeting of TAMs and angiogenesis on PLX3397-resistant RAS-driven GBM. Using single-cell transcriptomic profiling, we further explored differences in tumor microenvironment cellular compositions and functions in PDGFB- and RAS-driven gliomas. Results We found that growth of PDGFB-driven tumors was markedly inhibited by PLX3397. In contrast, depletion of TAMs at the early phase accelerated RAS-driven tumor growth and had no effects on other proneural and mesenchymal GBM models. In addition, PLX3397-resistant RAS-driven tumors did not respond to PI3K signaling inhibition. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling revealed that PDGFB-driven gliomas induced expansion and activation of pro-tumor microglia, whereas TAMs in mesenchymal RAS-driven GBM were enriched in pro-inflammatory and angiogenic signaling. Co-targeting of TAMs and angiogenesis decreased cell proliferation and changed the morphology of RAS-driven gliomas. Conclusions Our work identify functionally distinct TAM subpopulations in the growth of different glioma subtypes. Notably, we uncover a potential responsiveness of resistant mesenchymal-like gliomas to combined anti-angiogenic therapy and CSF1R inhibition. These data highlight the importance of characterization of the microenvironment landscape in order to optimally stratify patients for TAM-targeted therapy.
Does spatial region of interest (ROI) matter in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging of segmented wheat kernels

Advances in optics technology and computational processing have brought multispectral and hyperspectral imaging to commercial sorting of fruits and vegetables, yet the application of imaging to single cereal seeds has lagged due to the enormity in numbers of seeds and challenges posed by lighting, shadowing, and seed curvature that are less problematic with larger objects. This study examined the effect of region of interest (ROI) size on the seed surface with respect to the ability to sort seed into accept and reject categories. Regions of interest (ROI) size ranged from 5 centrally located pixels arranged in a cross to all pixels (typically 100) contained in the viewed surface of a kernel. Two modeling structures were used; the first involving all 87 samples, with approximately 220 kernels per sample, in which mixture level of sound and fusarium-damaged kernels is known, but individual kernel class is unknown; and the second involving 5 samples, of which an equal number of 287 known sound and known fusarium-damaged kernels were used. Accordingly, the larger set model characterised the dispersion (by standard deviation) of kernel-to-kernel reflectance at a single representative wavelength, while the smaller set was used to develop linear discriminant analysis classification models using one to three wavelengths. With either case, it was found that the smaller ROIs should be sufficient for a two-class (accepts, rejects) structure.
Improvement in Midline Shift is Associated with Survival After Decompressive HemiCraniectomy in Large Hemispheric Infarctions (P2.287)

OBJECTIVE: We investigated factors associated with in-hospital mortality in a cohort of patients with large hemispheric infarction (LHI) who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC). BACKGROUND: It remains uncertain which patients with malignant edema after LHI remain at risk of death despite DHC. DESIGN/METHODS: This retrospective cohort study conducted over a five-year period identified 24 LHI patients who underwent DHC. Patient demographics, pre- and post-DHC clinical and neuro-imaging data, were recorded. These variables were analyzed in relation to in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly male (17/24), with a mean age of 55±15 years and a baseline NIHSS score of 18.5± 4. Despite DHC, performed at a median of 52 hours, mortality still occurred in 9 patients (38[percnt]), with 11 (46[percnt]) going to acute rehabilitation and remainder to long-term care facility (LTC). Patients had a mean pre-operative mid-line shift (MLS) of 11 ± 3 mm. When compared with a head CT obtained 48 hours after DHC, MLS improved the most in patients going to rehabilitation (by 6 ± 4.2 mm), compared to those going to LTC (3.2 ± 5 mm), while the least improvement was seen in those who died (1 ± 5 mm). Survivors had significant improvement in MLS (5.3 ± 4.4 mm) compared to the non-survivors (1 ± 5 mm), p = 0.04. The survivors were also significantly younger (50 ± 17 years) compared to those who died (62 ± 7 years). Other variables (baseline NIHSS score, MLS and time to surgery, ICP measures) did not predict death in the cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality remains high in LHI patients even after DHC. Improvement in MLS after DHC appears to separate survivors from nonsurvivors. However, our sample size is small and additional studies with larger population sizes are required for validation of our findings. Disclosure: Dr. Ramiro has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhar has received personal compensation for activities with Astellas Pharma and Mid-America Transplant Services as a speaker and/or consultant. Dr. Feen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kumar has nothing to disclose.
Mental Cues And Verbal Reports In Learning

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation between learning and thinking. The chapter emphasizes two points. First, mental cues consist of mental context generated by the cognitive system and are present in conscious memory during learning. This contextual information resides in conscious memory along with mental representations created by perception of the immediate environment. When a particular arrangement of mental context and perceived information is stored in permanent memory, learning occurs. This allows for the mental context to be later reconstructed by the cognitive system and to serve as a memory cue for the perceived information. The second point to be emphasized is that mental context present during learning can often be concurrently described by the learner. This communication between learner and investigator provides valuable data that can be used by the experimenter in a scientific manner.
Mating Systems and Evolution in Flowering Plants

Flowers are not only “designed as organs for a plant’s sexual reproduction.” They are, as Sprengel [2] pointed out more than two centuries ago, also designed to attract pollinators. Because plants are sessile, outcrossing among them requires that an external agent be recruited to move pollen from one to another. The enormous variety of external agents available—wind, water, bees, flies, bats, butterflies, and moths, to name only a few—is complemented by an equally enormous variety of floral forms. Pollination biologists have explained this variety by following the grand tradition established by Darwin [3–5] and the encyclopedists [6,7], i.e, they have explained this diversity as a result of natural selection to ensure outcrossing.
The Architecture of Accountability: A Case Study of the Warrantless Surveillance Program

This Article identifies mechanisms that help to hold the federal government’s executive branch accountable for complying with the law, and shows how claims of national security secrecy undermine the effectiveness of these accountability mechanisms. It identifies four distinct stages in the process of accountability, sets out a typology based on the mechanisms’ location inside or outside of government, and identifies some of the specific mechanisms that hold the executive branch accountable for violations of the law. These multiple overlapping mechanisms would appear to constitute a robust system of accountability.A review of how this system of accountability operated in connection with the Bush Administration’s warrantless surveillance program, however, reveals that all of these mechanisms share a common characteristic, which turns out to be a weakness: a dependence on the provision of information. Remove the information, and the entire structure of apparently robust accountability collapses. The executive branch was able to prevent these multiple accountability mechanisms from scrutinizing the warrantless surveillance program by asserting national security secrecy. This systematic weakness in the accountability architecture has significant policy implications, including the need to recognize a crime-fraud exception to the state secrets privilege.
Combined Cramer-Rao/Weiss-Weinstein Bound for Tracking Target Bearing

A recursive Bayesian Cramer-Rao/Weiss-Weinstein bound for the discrete-time nonlinear filtering problem for the special case when the state-space model consists of a linear process model and a general (nonlinear) measurement model is developed. This type of model arises in many applications including target tracking. It is often the case that the recursive Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound (BCRB) developed by Tichavsky et al is a good predictor of mean-square error performance for some of the state vector parameters, but is a weak bound for other components. The recursive Weiss-Weinstein bound (WWB) developed by Rapoport & Oshman and Reece & Nicholson offers a potentially higher bound but is generally more difficult to derive and implement, and its evaluation involves choosing "test points" in the parameter space. It becomes equal to the BRCB in the limiting case when the test points equal zero. A bound which combines the BCRB with the WWB using non-zero test points only for a subset of the state-vector components can provide as tight a bound as the WWB while keeping the complexity manageable. We first derive the recursive bound for the linear process/nonlinear measurement model, then apply the bound to the problem of tracking the bearing and bearing rate of a narrowband source using observations from a sparse linear array. The bound is compared to the recursive BCRB and to simulated tracking performance. The BCRWWB provides a tighter bound than the BCRB for the bearing tracking error, which is subject to ambiguities
The application of image analysis techniques to forward looking terrain database integrity monitoring

This paper describes image analysis techniques that can be used for the comparison of terrain profiles obtained from a weather radar (WxR) in ground-mapping mode and the terrain information stored in a database. A synthetic vision system (SVS) provides the pilot with a virtual display of the surrounding environment to improve the situational awareness and reduce the number of aviation accidents caused by controlled flight into terrain. If the databases used for generating an SVS display do not have a quantifiable level of integrity, an integrity monitor may be a critical subsystem whose inclusion may guarantee the required integrity level in the terrain databases. The terrain information available for processing during the entire flight path is the stored terrain database and data obtained from onboard sensors. Integrity monitoring (IM) is done by making a comparison of these available data. The onboard sensor used for analysis in this research is a forward looking sensor, WxR. The comparison of the WxR data and the terrain database requires a common domain representation. This paper describes the generation of a common domain image representation from the WxR data and the terrain database and possible image analysis techniques to compare these images. The main feature used for the comparison of the images is the shadow region. The algorithms are tested using data obtained from a series of flight tests, one of which was conducted at Juneau, Alaska by Ohio University. The similarity results obtained are used as a criterion to determine any horizontal bias existent in the database.
The Ratio of H2 to HI Gas in Infrared Luminous Galaxies

The majority of infrared active galaxies (ffir/fb ≥ 2) have molecular to atomic mass fractions in the range of 0.5 to 2.0. Among the galaxies with the higher infrared excesses there are spectacular cases of HI deficient systems, where less than 15% of the total mass of interstellar gas is in atomic form. The optical morphology of luminous infrared galaxies suggest that the overall mass fractions of molecular to atomic gas, and the infrared luminosities per nucleon of interstellar gas are enhanced during galaxy-galaxy interactions.
Coastal geomorphology and culture in the spatiality of whaling in the Faroe Islands

This paper explores the suggested relationship between the physical structure of beaches in the Faroe Islands and the spatial history and regulation of the grindadrap – the traditional method of whaling practised by the Faroese in which entire pods of whales are driven ashore by collective effort. Using coastal survey methods, this research shows a lack of strong correlation between beach morphology and the practice and regulation of whaling, except in the case of dramatic near-shore bathymetric features. The gap between these data points can best be filled through cultural-historical analysis, which informs our understanding of the dynamics behind the spatiality of Faroese whaling and whale conservation efforts.
Palaeogeography of an 'Ubaid archaeological site, Saudi Arabia

Palaeogeographic analysis and radiocarbon dating indicate that sometime in the second half of the fifth millennium BC a sea-level rise occurred along the coast of the western side of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf. Cultural remains of the‘Ubaid archaeological period are intimately associated with the event and the palaeogeographic environment that accompanied it. The sea-level rise appears to have had a catastrophic effect on habitation sites.
Consideration of grain-size effect and kinetics in the plastic deformation of metal polycrystals

Abstract This work extends the constitutive model for the prediction of grain-size dependent hardening in f.c.c. polycrystalline metals proposed by Acharya and Beaudoin [1] (Grain-size effect in fcc viscoplastic polycrystals at moderate strains, 1999, in press) to include effects of temperature and strain rate dependence. A comparison is made between model predictions and compression data, taken at varying temperature and strain rate, for pure Ag having two different grain sizes. It is shown that an initial increase in yield stress and concomitant decrease in hardening rate for a fine-grained material, relative to a coarse-grained counterpart, can be captured through initialization of a state variable serving to describe stress response at prescribed reference conditions of temperature and strain rate. A grain-size dependence of hardening rate during parabolic (stage III) hardening is characterized by the evolution of net dislocation density in a finite element model of a polycrystal aggregate. Finally, observations from simulations of deformation of the polycrystal aggregate are introduced into an existing macroscopic constitutive model for metal plasticity based on the mechanical threshold.
A New Family of Photoconducting Oxide Glassy Materials

By a systematic variation of the crystal-chemical parameters, we have found a new family of photoconducting-materials that are glassy oxides containing no variable valency ions. The “best” compositions group around the general formula 65 MO-20 R2O3-15 XO2. Electronic conduction and near-ohmic behaviour are established. The spectral response shows a peak at 380 nm corresponding to the absorption edge of the glass. Very small (∼10 ppm) concentrations of impurities nearly destroy the photo effects. A conduction model based on Goodenough's d-orbital overlap is presented to account for the data.
Conditions influencing yield and analysis of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in oxidatively damaged DNA.

Abstract We have conducted studies to obtain practical knowledge regarding the stability, digestion, and analytical determination of the content of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in oxidatively damaged DNA. Utilizing H 2 O 2 plus uv light to form oxidatively damaged DNA, we found that storage of the DNA at −20°C at alkaline pH caused a significant loss of 8-OHdG, whereas storage at −20°C at neutral or acidic pH prevented loss of 8-OHdG. The 8-OHdG within DNA is stable at 100°C for at least 15 min. Formation of 8-OHdG within DNA using uv light and H 2 O 2 as a hydroxyl free radical-generating system yields the highest amounts when low levels of phosphate buffer are used; but the use of Tris or citrate buffers causes a lower yield of 8-OHdG because these buffers act as scavengers for the hydroxyl free radicals. Independent assessment of hydroxyl free radical flux by the use of salicylate trapping allows assessment of competitive radical reactions. Ethanol washing of plastic microfuge tubes prior to DNA enzymatic digestion improved the yield of 8-OHdG and reduced the variability between samples. Digestion of the oxidatively damaged DNA by the use of a method involving DNase I, endonuclease, phosphodiesterase, and alkaline phosphatase produced the highest yield of 8-OHdG.
Experimental Evidence for the Mechanism of Charge Transfer into Continuum States

We have observed a prominent peak in the energy spectrum of electrons ejected in the forward direction from helium bombarded by protons ranging in energy from 100 to 300 keV. The peak occurs at an ejected-electron velocity equal to the velocity of the incident proton. The experimental results verify the existence of the mechanism of charge transfer into continuum states of the incident ion.
Diagnostic evaluation of the patient with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of patients with possible coronary artery disease is a challenge to clinicians who face conflicting pressures in the current practice environment. Sensitivity, accuracy, cost, and access have become considerations in the appropriate selection of diagnostic studies. OBJECTIVE: To review and compare the strengths and shortcomings of commonly employed noninvasive techniques for diagnosing coronary artery disease. DISCUSSION: The patient's history is still key in establishing a diagnosis. Exercise electrocardiography (ECG) is not as sensitive or specific as exercise echocardiography or radionuclide studies, but it is relatively inexpensive and accessible. Further, new criteria for interpreting the results of exercise ECG may improve its diagnostic accuracy. The predictive value of any test increases in populations where the prevalence of disease is higher, as in patients with known risk factors for coronary artery disease. Patients who cannot exercise or who have concomitant conditions that obscure the results of exercise ECG are candidates for other diagnostic techniques. CONCLUSION: Rational diagnostic plans for evaluating patients who may have coronary disease can be developed on the basis of existing information and reported experience.
The uses of kinship

Larissa Adler de Lomnitz. Como Sobreviven los Marginados. Mexico: Siglo XXI, 1975. 229 pp. Tables, figures, illustrations, references, and bibliography. $60 Mexican ($4.80 U.S.).
Convenient fiber-optic-based sample cell for Shpol'skii and low-temperature phosphorescence spectrometry

A sample cell for observing the Shpol'skii effect at 77 K is described and analytically assessed. The cell employs fiber-optic light guides to transport excitation and emission radiation. The system is compact, inexpensive, and simple to construct from commercially available laboratory components, and it alleviates several problems inherent in conventional refrigerated-cell designs. Detection limits for anthracene, coronene, and pyrene obtained with the sample cell are 8.8 × 10−8 M, 8.4 × 10−7 M, and 3.5 × 10−7 M, respectively. The linear dynamic range for each compound is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude.
Duodenal tuberculosis presenting as acute ulcer perforation

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis (TB) is rare, but its incidence is increasing in industrialized countries because of the growing numbers of individuals at risk for TB. Herein, we report the exceptional case of a young, HIV-negative, African refugee who presented with acute perforation of an isolated duodenal tuberculous ulcer. Clinical patterns of duodenal TB are discussed. The difficulty of obtaining a diagnosis on the basis of clinical features, endoscopy, and imaging is emphasized, as well as the importance of obtaining a biopsy specimen and its limitations.
Mean Values ofL-Functions over Function Fields

Abstract In this paper, we find the average value of the quadratic twists of automorphic L -functions over a function field. The main tools used are the theory of metaplectic forms and the Rankin–Selberg method. A new sieve technique has been developed to compute the average value of the square free twists of the automorphic L -functions.
Measuring velocity of sound with nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering

Nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering is used to measure the projected partial phonon density of states of materials. A relationship is derived between the low-energy part of this frequency distribution function and the sound velocity of materials. Our derivation is valid for harmonic solids with Debye-like low-frequency dynamics. This method of sound velocity determination is applied to elemental, composite, and impurity samples which are representative of a wide variety of both crystalline and noncrystalline materials. Advantages and limitations of this method are elucidated.
Platelet factor V to the rescue.

In this issue of Blood, Duckers and colleagues show that residual platelet factor V is sufficient to promote thrombin generation and likely protects against major bleeding in patients with undetectable plasma factor V.
In vivo multiple-mouse imaging at 1.5 T.

A multiple-mouse solenoidal MR coil was developed for in vivo imaging of up to 13 mice simultaneously to screen for tumors on a 1.5 T clinical scanner. For the coil to be effective as a screening tool, it should permit acquisition of MRIs in which orthotopic tumors with diameters >2 mm are detectable in a reasonable period of time (<1 hr magnet time) and their sizes accurately measured. Using a spin echo sequence, we demonstrated that this coil provides sufficient sensitivity for moderately high resolution images (156–176 μm in plane-resolution, 1.5 mm slice thickness). This spatial resolution permitted detection of primary brain tumors in transgenic/knockout mice and orthotopic xenografts. Brain tumor size as measured by MRI was correlated with size measured by histopathology (P < 0.001). Metastatic tumors in the mouse lung were also successfully imaged in a screening setting. The multiple mouse coil is simple in construction and may be implemented without any significant modification to the hardware or software on a clinical scanner. Magn Reson Med 49:551–557, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Repetitive and consistent cervicovaginal exposure to certain viral pathogens appears to protect against their sexual acquisition in some women: potential mechanisms

Several groups have proposed that human female promiscuity or polyandry, with repetitive and consistent cervicovaginal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), can lead to protection against sexual acquisition of HIV-1 in some of these women. The mechanism of this phenomenon, the highly exposed persistently HIV-seronegative (HEPS) state, is unknown. Thus far, it has been correlated with viral epitope-specific immune responses in only about half of the women evaluated. But when present, these responses decline rapidly following interruption of pathogen exposure, and correlate with prompt acquisition of HIV. I have extended the concept of HEPS to another sexually transmitted viral pathogen, human papillomavirus (HPV). Supporting clinical and immunological information were identified from a literature search using PubMed as well as several sets of epidemiological data, including longitudinal surveys of HIV-1 incidence among female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Africa and Thailand, and follow-up of a Danish cohort of CSWs and a large group of Brazilian women, both at high risk for HPV infection. These studies suggest that male-to-female penile-vaginal transmission of at least two viruses, HIV-1 and HPV, is blocked by local mucosal responses, immunologic or otherwise, which require repetitive, uninterrupted exposure to pathogen. Exploration of the mechanisms underlying such ostensibly protective responses may facilitate development of STD vaccines.
Relations of eating behavior and symptoms of depression and anxiety to the dimensions of perfectionism among undergraduate women

Two studies examined the associations of overall perfectionism and dimensions of perfectionism to pathology in college women. In both studies, depressive symptoms were related to increased concern about mistakes, doubts about actions, and parental expectations. However, those higher in depressive symptoms tended to set lower personal standards, significantly so in Study 2. In both studies, eating disturbance was related to concern over mistakes and doubts about actions, but not to parental expectations or personal standards. In Study 2, perfectionism dimensions related differentially to anxiety symptoms. Concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, and, marginally, low personal standards, related to anxiety symptoms, but parental expectations and parental criticism did not. When depressive symptoms were controlled, neither overall perfectionism nor any of the perfectionism subscales predicted anxiety symptoms. However, perfectionism was still related to depressive symptoms after controlling for anxiety symptoms. Perfectionism may thus be more specific to depressive than to anxiety symptoms.
Dissociation of the Disappearance of Bioactive and Radioimmunoreactive ACTH from Plasma in Man

ABSTRACT The disappearance of ACTH from human blood in vivo and in vitro has been measured simultaneously by bioassay and by radioimmunoassays using 2 antisera, one directed against the N-terminal steroidogenic portion of the ACTH molecule, the other directed against the C-terminal portion. Bioactive ACTH disappeared from the circulation faster than immunoreactive ACTH in normal subjects given either single injections or 6-hr infusions of ACTH. A similar dissociation between bioactivity and immunoreactivity was seen in vitro when ACTH was incubated in blood, plasma or plasmin solution. Disappearance of added ACTH was faster from whole blood and from frozenthawed plasma than from fresh plasma. The enzyme inhibitor Trasylol slowed the disappearance of both bioactive and immunoreactive ACTH. C-terminal ACTH immunoreactivity disappeared more slowly than N-terminal ACTH immunoreactivity. High-speed centrifugation prior to freezing or heat inactivation after freezing, addition of sodium edetate, or incubation a...
Integrated Hydrodynamic Modeling and Frequency Analysis for Predicting 1% Storm Surge

Abstract This paper presents a method of integrating hydrodynamic modeling with frequency analysis to predict a 100-year storm surge in the coastal waters of Pensacola Bay, Florida. The ADCIRC hydrodynamic model was applied to Pensacola Bay, and was calibrated by using observations of water levels from the storm surge of Hurricane Ivan in 2004. The calibrated hydrodynamic model was used to predict extreme flood areas in Pensacola Bay, and was based on the frequency analysis of annual maximum water levels at the NOAA station in the Bay. The water levels of a 100-year return period at the NOAA station were obtained from frequency analysis, and further used to derive a synthetic storm-surge hydrograph at the ocean boundary. Under the gravity forcing as specified in 100-year boundary storm surge hydrograph, hydrodynamic modeling was conducted to predict spatial distributions of maximum water levels in the bay. The model prediction of a water level of 3.2 m at the NOAA station matches well with that from the f...
Tourism and the value of culture in regions

It is clear that tourism can no longer be thought of as a luxury or unnecessary, it is now regarded as an entitlement. In fact, it has become the defining feature for rites of passage of life events – for the student it is attending summer camp or study abroad, for brides and grooms going on their honeymoon, and for the retiree embarking on that long-awaited and well-deserved cruise. No one on his or her deathbed ever said, ‘‘I should have spent more time in the office.’’ Instead, one would be much more likely to say, ‘‘I should have eaten more ice cream and gone on more trips.’’ A groundbreaking treatise on tourism is John Urry’s (2002) book ‘‘The Tourist Gaze’’ first published in 1990. He said ‘‘the tourist gaze is directed to features of landscape and townscape, which separate them off from everyday experience.’’ Such aspects are ‘‘viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary.’’ For example, the aging baby boomers, obsessed with self-improvement on an apparent quest to be a ‘‘noble savage,’’ seek natural foods, Pilates bodies, botoxed faces, and being one with nature. Consider how the universal and pervasive tourist gaze is changing the notions of region. Urry describes what is happening with mass tourism as a death of tourism into a ‘‘culture of travel.’’ Whereas mass tourism was once characterized by democratization and standardization in travel, today’s sophisticated traveler is seeking customization for individualized tastes, giving rise to new cultural elite who seeks the authentic, aesthetic, and even ascetic. Further, we are bombarded with a myriad of burgeoning choices in travel and leisure that is giving rise to new industry in transportation, accommodations, food and beverages, recreation and sport, retail, health and wellness, photography, entertainment, culture and arts, electronics and so forth. It is no wonder that tourism, including transportation, is the largest industry in the world at $4.4 trillion, far surpassing expenditures on world military expenditures. (Assis 2004)
Effects of Sin− versions of histone H4 on yeast chromatin structure and function

Previous studies have identified single amino acid changes within either histone H3 or H4 (Sin- versions) that allow transcription in the absence of the yeast SWI-SNF complex. The histone H4 mutants are competent for nucleosome assembly in vivo, and the residues that are altered appear to define a discrete domain on the surface of the histone octamer. We have analyzed the effects of the Sin- versions of histone H4 on transcription and chromatin structure in vivo. These histone H4 mutants cause an increased accessibility of nucleosomal DNA to Dam methyltransferase and to micrococcal nuclease. Sin- derivatives of histone H4 also grossly impair the ability of nucleosomes to constrain supercoils in vivo. Nucleosome-mediated repression of the PHO5 gene is severely impaired by these histone H4 mutants; PHO5 expression is derepressed to 31% of the wild-type induced level. In contrast to the induction caused by nucleosome depletion, full PHO5 derepression by Sin- versions of histone H4 requires upstream regulatory elements. In addition, Sin- derivatives of histone H4 do not activate expression from CYC1 or GAL1 promoters that lack UAS elements. We propose that these Sin- mutations alter histone-DNA contact residues that play key roles in restricting the accessibility of nucleosomal DNA to transcription factors.
Thyroid Hormone Action: In vitro Demonstration of Putative Receptors in Isolated Nuclei and Soluble Nuclear Extracts

Saturable binding activities for triiodothyronine were demonstrated in vitro with isolated nuclei and soluble nuclear extracts of rat liver, kidney, and cultured GH 1 cells. The binding activity can be extracted from nuclei in soluble form with no significant change in hormone affinity and has properties of a nonhistone protein.
Prioritization of kanbans in the case of a single station serving multiple downstream stations

When implementing the kanban method in non-serial production lines, an interesting prioritization problem arises. Often a single server station will be linked with M different downstream stations via M separate kanban loops. Then the K-priority problem may be described as determining which kanban card should be processed next, given that empty cards are waiting in more than one loop. The objective in prioritizing the kanbans is to reduce back order or shortage costs and inventory costs at the downstream stations. Utilizing the theory of Markovian decision process and dynamic programming concepts, a solution to the K-priority problem is developed. This solution is labelled the K-rule, and was found to outperform the first-come-first-served and longest queue rules, plus a cost inclusive heuristic rule, in experimental tests,
The Karatsuba integer middle product

We study the problem of computing middle products of multiple-precision integers. In particular we adapt the Karatsuba polynomial middle product algorithm to the integer case, showing how to efficiently mitigate the failure of bilinearity of the integer middle product noted by Hanrot, Quercia and Zimmermann.
Alcohol use among college students: Some competing hypotheses

This paper presents a longitudinal study of alcohol use among college students. Three hypothesized predictors of alcohol use are found to have an independent effect when the other predictors and prior drinking are held constant: the drinking context of the dormitory living group, informal social involvement in college, and lack of commitment to religious and academic values. These predictors are also related to the onset of drinking during the freshman year for those who entered college as abstainers. The pattern varies somewhat for males and females, with the dormitory contextual effect larger for females. Formal involvement in college activities and psychological stress have no independent effect on drinking. The results are discussed in relation to previous work on alcohol use.
Dynamic coronary tone in precipitation, exacerbation and relief of angina pectoris

Until recently, understanding of the pathogenesis of angina pectoris was based primarily on the concept of a fixed stenosis of one or more coronary arteries: Myocardial ischemia and angina occurred when myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) outstripped the capacity of the diseased coronary artery to delivery oxygen. Therapeutic strategies focused on interventions designed to reduce MVO2. The concept of dynamic obstruction, first applied to coronary spasm induced at rest and more recently to spasm induced by exercise, adds an additional important pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for causing angina pectoris. This study deals with the possibility that the concept of "spasm," as commonly understood, is too narrowly defined. It develops the hypothesis that subcritical increases in large vessel coronary tone occur, either in a "normal" coronary artery or in one with an existing lesion, that augment the degree of large vessel coronary resistance but not enough to exceed the vasodilator reserve of the coronary arterioles. Hence, although total coronary resistance, and thereby coronary flow, is unaltered at rest, the impingement on arteriolar vasodilator reserve would diminish the capacity to augment flow in response to increases in MVO2. Such coronary constriction would not precipitate angina at rest but would increase anginal threshold. Conversely, dilatation of a stenotic coronary artery could decrease the degree of obstruction and increase anginal threshold. This concept of dynamic coronary obstruction in the presence of "normal" or diseased coronary arteries implies a direct role for coronary vasodilators in some patients with angina pectoris, even when frank coronary spasm is absent. Also implicit in this hypothesis is the concept that dynamic and fixed components to obstruction may contribute variably to the degree of obstruction in different patients. Some patients with largely fixed obstruction would benefit mainly from attempts to lower MVO2 with nitrates and beta blocking agents. Dynamic coronary obstruction may constitute the major mechanism responsible for angina in other patients. In these persons nitrates or calcium channel blocking agents might provide the most efficacious form of therapy. Both fixed and dynamic obstruction may play an important role in symptom production in yet other patients. In such persons attempts to decrease MVO2 and the magnitude of coronary obstruction might provide the most successful form of therapy.
Linguistic layering: social language development in the context of multimodal design and digital technologies

In our contemporary society, digital texts circulate more readily and extend beyond page-bound formats to include interactive representations such as online newsprint with hyperlinks to audio and video files. This is to say that multimodality combined with digital technologies extends grammar to include voice, visual, and music, among other modes for articulating ideas beyond written language. In this paper, I discuss these multimodal designs in relation to a group of transcultural youth and their multilingual exchanges online. I examine patterns that reveal how their linguistic exchanges both drew from and extended beyond in-school literacy practices. Using discourse and multimodal analyses, I examine data from a 3-year ethnography that documents specific ways in which their multimodal design migrated across contexts and facilitated their social language development. In so doing, I describe their artistic approach to attending to language variety beyond code-switching through a process I identify as ling...
THERMOVISCOPLASTICITY BY FINITE ELEMENTS: DYNAMIC LOADING OF A THICK-WALLED CYLINDER

The coupled thermoviscoplasticiry equations for a thick-walled cylinder subjected to thermomechanical loading at the inner surface are presented and implemented in a finite-element program. The numerical solution for a steel cylinder subjected to a single traction and temperature pulse shows considerable temperature rise due to mechanical energy dissipation. The results also suggest a criterion for the yield stress in order to avoid failure due to excessive viscoplastic deformation at the inner surface.
Child and family-level correlates of direct and indirect peer victimization among children ages 6-9

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and child and family-level correlates of direct and indirect victimization by peers among children ages 6–9. Four hundred and twenty-five children were included in the final sample. Data for this study were drawn from the first wave of the Developmental Victimization Survey. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between children's demographics, anxiety, depression, anger, parent–child relationship, and exposure to family violence and children's experience of direct or indirect victimization by peers. The results showed that increased depression scores and exposure to family violence were associated with increased risk for direct and indirect victimization by peers. Black children were more likely to experience direct victimization and less likely to experience indirect victimization compared to White children. Child's race significantly moderated the association between parental criticism and indirect victimization. Child's gender did not significantly moderate these associations. Implications for developmentally specific prevention and intervention approaches that are grounded in a social-ecological framework are discussed.