cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aristotle's Ethics and the Virtuous Lawyer: A Study on Legal Ethics and Clinical Legal Education

This Article addresses the difficult question of what legal educators can do to instill in law students a sense of ethical responsibility toward their clients, the legal system, and society. Aristotle's writings on ethics are especially noteworthy in this regard because of the great many things he had to say about moral education. Indeed, large segments of the Nicomachean Ethics are devoted solely to the issue of character development. In terms of legal ethics, this paper demonstrates two points using the writings of Aristotle. First, that law students need to be taught how to reflect critically on ethical dilemmas from a practical perspective if they are to develop the kind of "excellence" in virtue necessary to recover the "human side" of the profession. Second, that clinical legal education--to the extent that it is truly committed to both learning from experience and promoting the practice of critical reflection--offers a rich opportunity for students to reestablish and redefine the values of the profession. Both of these conclusions assume that not only can students be taught about values, but also that they must if we are to overcome the moral indifference that currently permeates the practice of law. Finally, in terms of ethical legal theory, we will see that what students learn about ethics is intimately related to how we choose to teach them. According to Aristotle, in order to have knowledge of ethical principles, we need to first experience and understand "the particulars" of a situation. This theory of ethics differs from moral relativism, which implies that no rational agreement on ethical principles can be reached. But so too does it differ from traditional Kantian moral philosophy, since it seeks to establish a conception of ethics that is based on reasoned investigation into the complex nature of human experience and practice.
Contact-induced emigration of potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from alfalfa-forage grass mixtures

Studies were conducted to evaluate the mechanisms leading to increased potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), emigration from alfalfa–forage grass mixtures. A laboratory behavioral bioassay was used to measure daily emigration rates of adult leafhoppers from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.; smooth bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss.; orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L.; and timothy, Phleum pratense L., alone and in 1:1 mixtures of each grass with alfalfa. Emigration was ≍9-fold greater from pure bromegrass and orchardgrass treatments versus alfalfa alone, and ≍5-fold greater than from mixtures of alfalfa and each grass species. In a 2nd experiment, alfalfa and forage grasses were separated by a barrier permeable to plant volatiles. Only 31% of the potato leafhoppers placed on alfalfa adjacent to either alfalfa or grass emigrated. However, when introduced to the side containing a forage grass, <85% of the leafhoppers emigrated, regardless of adjacent plant. Thus, stimuli obtained from physical contact with the grass versus grass volatiles alone were required to elicit emigration. Observations of potato leafhoppers on single plants of smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass, and alfalfa revealed that individuals fed on all 3 species; however, the frequency and duration of probing differed as did mean residency time (10.7 h alfalfa, 7.5 h bromegrass, 5.9 h orchardgrass). These experiments suggested that physical contact is necessary to elicit emigration from grasses. By increasing emigration, alfalfa–forage grass mixtures may reduce potato leafhopper damage to alfalfa. Additionally, intercropping with forage grasses may lower the number of feeding bouts on alfalfa and reduce subsequent hopperburn.
Postcolonial Civility: Review Article

Richard Werbner and Terence Ranger (Eds) Postcolonial Identities in Africa (London and Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Zed Books, 1996) xi+292 pp £18.95 paperback 1 85649 416 0 Richard Werbner (Ed....
Growth and Characterization of ZnSe/ZnCdSe Diode Structures on (In, Ga)As Buffer Layers

ZnSe/ZnCdSe diode structures were grown on (In,Ga)As buffer layers by molecular beam epitaxy. Lattice distortions and defect distributions in buffer layers and diode structures were examined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Diode structrues with low dislocation densities were obtained by the growth on tetragonally distorted In0.043 Ga0.957 buffer layers, the lattice spacing of which is slightly smaller than that of ZnSe.
Effects of caesarean delivery upon maternal behavior in rats.

Experience in building nests and caring for young is not essential for biologically effective maternal behavior in laboratory rats, for pri-miparous females reared in isolation bear and rear young successfully (Sturman-Hulbe and Stone(l); Beach(2). Wiesner and Sheard (3) reported that female rats will display maternal behavior even though their young are removed by caesarean section, but this experiment lacked several necessary controls and there were no quantitative measures of the behavior. The present study was conducted to compare the maternal reactions of primiparous females that gave birth normally with those of females delivered by caesarean operation.Methods. Twenty virgin female rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were mated to males and placed in individual observation cages iy2 days before parturition was expected. The cages were 3 feet square and 2 feet deep, and 100 strips of paper toweling were suspended from the walls in such a way that the rat could easily detach them for use in nest buildin...
Equal Time for Psychological and Biological Contributions to Human Variation

The recent increase in the number of studies designed to document the contributions of biological processes to human psychological variation has been accompanied by a decreased interest in discovering the particular experiences that are associated with class of rearing and identifications that contr
Developing a Commercial Code in the Baltic States

The paper was written during the transition from communist to democratic rule in the Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) in 1991, as part of an advisory program under grant from the United States government. Written under the auspices of the Hudson Institute, the paper outlines some of the key elements of a modern commercial law system in a market economy.
An Integrative Approach to Marital Therapy: Transactional Analysis

This article presents an approach to marital therapy that considers behavior, interpersonal relationships, and intrapsychic issues. This integrative model offers the opportunity to be eclectic in an organized, systematic way and helps avoid the pitfalls of biases, inexperience, dogmatism, and rigidity on the part of the therapist. In addition, because of clearly delineated stages, the possibility exists for problem resolution in one of the early stages, leaving the deeper stages for those marital problems that warrant more in-depth therapeutic intervention.
A compact model for tunnel FET for all operation regimes including trap assisted tunneling

Overview: We present a rigorous compact model for Tunnel Field Effect Transistors (TFET) that captures all essential features including Trap Assisted Tunneling (TAT) originating from surface traps (Dit). Inclusion of the TAT accurately captures the subthreshold behavior matching well with experimental data (Fig. 1). With self-consistent channel potential, ψ and drain injection, we show that the TFET quantum capacitance, C q and ψ are controlled by both gate and drain biases resulting in Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) for negative drain bias (Fig 2). A Landauer-formalism-based source-drain saturation function F sd is derived that obtains the effective tunnel energy window based on ψ and also the superlinear current depending on source degeneracy. We apply the model to an In 0 53 Ga 0 47 As homojunction TFET but the model is sufficiently general to use for other device structures. The model can be used to assess TFET performance in presence of different amounts of D it .
Contextualizing the Digital City

In this chapter, I situate my investigation of the digital city in a variety of larger contexts, beginning with an explanation of how digital technologies are both mediating and part of the larger urban ecology. I also work to identify the intersections at which each city arises as a digital, smart, or cyber-city and elaborate on what theories are pertinent to the larger conversation. While I discuss each city in its specificity throughout this book, some common themes and discursive practices emerged, although often in distinct ways, and usefully addressed through broader theoretical frameworks, such as digital utopianism, neoliberalism, security and surveillance, and digital citizenship. I explore, for instance, how a certain urban ethos and technological utopianism plays a role in the production of certain discourses and functions to support dominant ideologies. I also explain how the digital city becomes inextricably intertwined with the logic of neoliberalism and discuss how the phenomenon of e-governance is increasingly mediated. Thinking also about how these cities either implicitly or explicitly draw upon concerns for security and safety and how the use of digital technologies, more broadly, both work to assuage those concerns and further heighten them. I also raise questions about how the use of certain surveillance technologies articulates with democratic practice. And I discuss how data collection and aggregation play an increasingly crucial role in urban policy decisions—but not always to the benefit of urban residents.
Inflection-point B − L Higgs inflation

Inflection-point inflation is an interesting possibility to realize a successful slow-roll inflation when inflation is driven by a single scalar field with its initial value below the Planck mass (${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{I}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{M}_{\mathrm{Pl}}$). In order for a renormalization group (RG) improved effective $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{4}$ potential to develop an inflection point, the quartic coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}(\ensuremath{\phi})$ must exhibit a minimum with an almost vanishing value in its RG evolution, namely $\ensuremath{\lambda}({\ensuremath{\phi}}_{I})\ensuremath{\simeq}0$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}({\ensuremath{\phi}}_{I})\ensuremath{\simeq}0$, where ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ is the beta function of the quartic coupling. As an example, we consider the minimal gauged $B\ensuremath{-}L$ extended Standard Model at the TeV scale, where we identify the $B\ensuremath{-}L$ Higgs field as the inflaton field. For a successful inflection-point inflation, which is consistent with the current cosmological observations, the mass ratios among the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ gauge boson, the right-handed neutrinos and the $B\ensuremath{-}L$ Higgs boson are fixed. Our scenario can be tested in the future collider experiments such as the high-luminosity LHC and the SHiP experiments. In addition, the inflection-point inflation provides a unique prediction for the running of the spectral index $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}2.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{(\frac{60}{N})}^{2}$ ($N$ is the $e$-folding number), which can be tested in the near future.
Abstract B88: Factors influencing colorectal cancer screening in low-income African Americans in Tennessee

Background: African Americans bear a disproportionately high burden for colorectal cancer. They have higher incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer and have poorer 5-year survival rates than their Caucasian counterparts. Potential explanations for these disparities include poorer utilization of early detection services and poorer access to beneficial treatments. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the barriers to colorectal cancer screening to improve understanding of the issues that need to be addressed to motivate African Americans to engage in early detection of colorectal cancer. Methods: As part of the Meharry Community Networks Program (CNP) needs assessment, a 123-item community survey was administered to assess demographic characteristics, health care access and utilization, and screening practices for various cancers in low-income African Americans. Participants were recruited from African American communities in Nashville, Chattanooga, and Memphis. For this study, only African Americans 50 years and older were selected from the Meharry CNP community survey database. The final sample size was 403. The primary outcome of interest was screening for colorectal cancer with a colonoscopy/sigmiodoscopy within the past five years. Results: The screening rate for receiving a colonoscopy/sigmiodoscopy in the past 5 years was 40%. Several demographic factors were associated with screening practice. For example, participants 60 years and older, those who had a family history of cancer, those who where employed, and who had health insurance were more likely to get screened (p Discussion: Demographic differences in the likelihood of screening and regional differences in barriers to getting screened needs to be incorporated into educational interventions aimed at improving colorectal cancer screening and knowledge.
Effects of Gait Speed of Femoroacetabular Joint Forces

Alterations in hip joint loading have been associated with diseases such as arthritis and osteoporosis. Understanding the relationship between gait speed and hip joint loading in healthy hips may illuminate changes in gait mechanics as walking speed deviates from preferred. The purpose of this study was to quantify hip joint loading during the gait cycle and identify differences with varying speed using musculoskeletal modeling. Ten, healthy, physically active individuals performed walking trials at their preferred speed, 10% faster, and 10% slower. Kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data were collected and used to estimate hip joint force via a musculoskeletal model. Vertical ground reaction forces, hip joint force planar components, and the resultant hip joint force were compared between speeds. There were significant increases in vertical ground reaction forces and hip joint forces as walking speed increased. Furthermore, the musculoskeletal modeling approach employed yielded hip joint forces that were comparable to previous simulation studies and in vivo measurements and was able to detect changes in hip loading due to small deviations in gait speed. Applying this approach to pathological and aging populations could identify specific areas within the gait cycle where force discrepancies may occur which could help focus management of care.
The Relationship between Psychopathology and Self-Disclosure

This chapter explores a fundamental question in the self-disclosure field: How is self-disclosure related to psychopathology? This can lead us to at least four underlying questions. Does the disclosure of individuals with psychopathology differ from that of individuals without such pathology? What is the nature of any difference? Why would such a difference exist? Finally, what are the implications of such a difference for helping us understand either psychopathology or the phenomenon of self-disclosure?
Relationship between lignocellulosic biomass dissolution and physicochemical properties of ionic liquids composed of 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions

The ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Acetate) has been widely used for biomass processing, i.e., to pretreat, activate, or fractionate lignocellulosic biomass to produce soluble sugars and lignin. However, this IL does not achieve high biomass solubility, therefore minimizing the efficiency of biomass processing. In this study, [EMIM]Acetate and three other ILs composed of different 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions ([EMIM]Formate, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium ([AMIM]) formate, and [AMIM]Acetate) were analyzed to relate their physicochemical properties to their biomass solubility performance. While all four ILs are able to dissolve hybrid poplar under fairly mild process conditions (80 °C and 100 RPM stirring), [AMIM]Formate and [AMIM]Acetate have particularly increased biomass solubility of 40 and 32%, respectively, relative to [EMIM]Acetate. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that strong interactions between IL and specific plant biopolymers may contribute to this enhanced solubilization, as the calculated second virial coefficients between ILs and hemicellullose are most favorable for [AMIM]Formate, matching the trend of the experimental solubility measurements. The simulations also reveal that the interactions between the ILs and hemicellulose are an important factor in determining the overall biomass solubility, whereas lignin–IL interactions were not found to vary significantly, consistent with literature. The combined experimental and simulation studies identify [AMIM]Formate as an efficient biomass solvent and explain its efficacy, suggesting a new approach to rationally select ionic liquid solvents for lignocellulosic deconstruction.
Perfluoroalkylsulfonic and carboxylic acids in earthworms (Eisenia fetida): Accumulation and effects results from spiked soils at PFAS concentrations bracketing environmental relevance

Abstract Effects of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in soils contaminated with these compounds at 0.1, 1, 10, 1,000, and 100,000 μg kg−1 dry weight, covering concentration levels found in background, biosolid–amended, and facility–surrounding soils, were investigated. Earthworms were exposed to spiked soil for 21 days. Concentrations of these compounds in earthworms after 21-d exposure ranged from below detection to 127 mg kg−1 wet weight with the rank order of PFNA > PFHxS > PFHpA > PFBS; no mortality of earthworms was observed in all treatments including controls, except PFBS at 1,000 μg kg−1 and all PFASs at 100,000 μg kg−1. The highest weight loss (29%) was observed for earthworms exposed to PFNA at 100,000 μg kg−1, which was significantly different from all other treatments except PFHpA at 100,000 μg kg−1. These results are expected to fill some data gaps in toxicity of PFASs in terrestrial environments and provide helpful information on the potential for trophic transport of PFASs from soil to higher organisms.
Sensitivity of Regulated Flow Regimes to Climate Change in the Western United States

AbstractWater management activities modify water fluxes at the land surface and affect water resources in space and time. Conventional understanding on the role of water management suggests that regulated river flow would be less sensitive to future climate conditions than natural flow in terms of the absolute changes in mean monthly flows. In this study the authors evaluate such an assumption by redefining sensitivity as the difference in the emergence of changes in cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of future regulated and natural flows in response to climate change with respect to their respective historical regulated and natural flow conditions. The emergence of changes (shift in CDFs) in natural and regulated river flow regimes across the western United States from simulations driven by multiple climate models and scenarios were compared. Forty percent of Hydrologic Unit Codes 4 (HUC4s) over the western United States might perceive such a shift in seasonal regulated flow earlier than they would...
Recent advances in respiratory monitory in nonoperating room anesthesia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sedation for nonoperating room procedures is experiencing a considerable increase in demand. Respiratory compromise is one of the most common adverse events seen in sedation. Capnography is a modality that has been widely adopted in this area, but may not be well suited to the special demands of nonoperating room sedation. This review is an assessment of new technologies that may improve outcomes beyond those achievable with capnography. RECENT FINDINGS New devices for detecting the onset of apnea and for assessing respiratory depression have emerged which have advantages over conventional capnography for detecting apnea without excessive false positive and false negative rates. In addition, monitors that assess respiratory drive have become available, and these may prove useful in regulating depth of sedation. SUMMARY No single monitor is ideal for all settings. During brief endoscopic sedation, detection of apnea is paramount, while during longer procedures, avoiding excessive respiratory depression is more critical. The clinician must choose the appropriate monitor based on an understanding of the challenges of the particular environment.
Identification of a Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant Form (CRF01_AE/07_BC) in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing, China

Abstract HIV-1 CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC have been two mainly circulating HIV-1 strains in the men who have sex with men (MSM) population in Beijing for years. These two subtypes together were accounti...
The Effect of Psychological Impairment on Outcomes in Patients With Prearthritic Hip Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis:

Background:Recent studies have suggested that mental health disorders negatively affect postoperative outcomes in patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). However, the outcome measures rep...
Ecological validity of trait emotion regulation strategy measures

Research on emotion regulation (ER) strategies has often relied on trait self-report measures, where individuals retrospectively report their tendency to engage in a specific strategy. Although this method is convenient and useful in many clinical and research settings, it is subject to a number of response and memory biases and may not accurately reflect ER as it is naturalistically employed in daily life. We examined the ecological validity of 10 self-report measures of ER strategies (i.e., acceptance, behavioral avoidance, experiential avoidance, expressive suppression, procrastination, reappraisal, reflection, rumination, savoring, social support) with their reported daily use in intensive longitudinal designs in two samples (109 students, 135 treatment-seeking adults). Zero-order correlations revealed convergence between most trait measures and their daily ER strategy counterparts. However, analyses evaluating the specificity of trait measures in their associations with daily ER strategies (both zero-order and multivariate) did not support trait measures' discriminant validity. Rather, correlations between trait measures and factors of the between-person variance in daily ER strategies suggest that most ER trait measures may reflect broader tendencies to use or not use avoidance strategies in daily life. Implications for research using trait measures of ER strategies and recommendations for ER strategy assessment are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Timing Cache Accesses to Eliminate Side Channels in Shared Software.

Timing side channels have been used to extract cryptographic keys and sensitive documents, even from trusted enclaves. In this paper, we focus on cache side channels created by access to shared code or data in the memory hierarchy. This vulnerability is exploited by several known attacks, e.g, evict+reload for recovering an RSA key and Spectre variants for data leaked due to speculative accesses. The key insight in this paper is the importance of the first access to the shared data after a victim brings the data into the cache. To eliminate the timing side channel, we ensure that the first access by a process to any cache line loaded by another process results in a miss. We accomplish this goal by using a combination of timestamps and a novel hardware design to allow efficient parallel comparisons of the timestamps. The solution works at all the cache levels and defends against an attacker process running on another core, same core, or another hyperthread. Our design retains the benefits of a shared cache: allowing processes to utilize the entire cache for their execution and retaining a single copy of shared code and data (data deduplication). Our implementation in the GEM5 simulator demonstrates that the system is able to defend against RSA key extraction. We evaluate performance using SPECCPU2006 and observe overhead due to first access delay to be 2.17%. The overhead due to the security context bookkeeping is of the order of 0.3%.
D2p-fed:Differentially Private Federated Learning with Efficient Communication

In this paper, we propose the discrete Gaussian based differentially private federated learning (D2p-fed), a unified scheme to achieve both differential privacy (DP) and communication efficiency in federated learning (FL). In particular, compared with the only prior work taking care of both aspects, D2p-fed provides stronger privacy guarantee, better composability and smaller communication cost. The key idea is to apply the discrete Gaussian noise to the private data transmission. We provide complete analysis of the privacy guarantee, communication cost and convergence rate of D2p-fed. We evaluated D2p-fed on INFIMNIST and CIFAR10. The results show that D2p-fed outperforms the-state-of-the-art by 4.7% to 13.0% in terms of model accuracy while saving one third of the communication cost. The code for evaluation is available in the supplementary material.
How Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Urban Schools Shapes Intergroup Relations and Well-Being: Unpacking Intersectionality and Multiple Identities Perspectives.

Today's urban schools provide a unique intergroup context in which the students vary not only by race/ethnicity but also by the relative representation of their racial/ethnic groups. In two studies, we examined how this diversity aligns with intersectionality and multiple identities perspectives to affect the power and status associated with each group to shape intergroup dynamics. Study 1 focused on the perception of intergroup bias to investigate how perceived presence of same-race/ethnicity peers affects middle school students' intersectional intergroup attitudes based on race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. Middle school students (N = 1,107; Mage = 12.10; SD = 0.99) were randomly assigned to view Facebook-like profiles of peers that varied by gender (boy, girl), race/ethnicity (African American, Latinx), and sexual orientation (straight, lesbian, gay) and offered their first impressions as a way to assess various domains of intergroup attitudes. The perceived presence of same-race/ethnicity peers influenced intersectional intergroup attitudes, however, differentially so depending on stereotypes, prejudice, and behavioral tendencies. Study 2 focused on the experience of intergroup bias and simultaneously examined race, gender, and weight discrimination and its consequences among middle school students (N = 4,172; Mage = 13.5; SD = 0.87). Using latent profile analysis, five profiles of youth based on the pattern of perceived discrimination due to gender, race/ethnicity, and weight were identified. Being African American, Latinx, and male with a high body mass index (BMI) and few same-race/ethnicity peers at school predicted membership in a race profile, whereas being White or Asian with high BMI and more same-race/ethnicity peers predicted membership in a weight profile. Perceiving oneself as gender atypical was associated with all discrimination profiles.
Power from Wind Over Water

In this chapter the major elements of the techno-economic analysis for displacement-type energy ships are presented.
Effect of Droplet Collisions on Evaporation in Spray-drying

Excess vapor content in the spray-drying system leads to various issues such as undesired agglomeration or caking of products. The majority of the drying in spray-dryers occurs during the initial p...
Difference in absolute lymphocyte count among male and female heart transplant recipients.

The impact of sex on immune composition in the setting of solid organ transplantation is unknown. Immunocompetent men and women have quantitative differences in multiple markers of immunity, including lymphocyte subsets. Lymphocytes are of particular interest given the routine use of medications targeted at cell-mediated immunity. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to compare absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) measurements of male and female heart recipients immediately before, and 1 month after, transplantation. Data was collected on 375 adult recipients (104 female and 271 male) from 2000 to 2018 at a single center. Mean ALC was compared using Student's t-test. Women had higher mean ALC both at baseline (female 1.6 × 103 cells/μl vs. male 1.3 × 103 cells/μl; P < .001) and at 1 month post-transplantation (mean 1.2 × 103 cells/μl vs. .8 × 103 cells/μl; P < .001). This finding could have important implications for sex-based differences in predisposition to rejection or response to infection or vaccination.
Characterization of LRP4/Agrin Antibodies From a Patient With Myasthenia Gravis.

Background and Objective To determine whether human anti-LRP4/agrin antibodies are pathogenic in mice and to investigate underpinning pathogenic mechanisms. Methods Immunoglobulin (Ig) was purified from a patient with myasthenia gravis (MG) with anti-LRP4/agrin antibodies and transferred to mice. Mice were characterized for body weight, muscle strength, twitch and tetanic force, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) functions including compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and endplate potentials, and NMJ structure. Effects of the antibodies on agrin-elicited muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) activation and AChR clustering were studied and the epitopes of these antibodies were identified. Results Patient Ig-injected mice had MG symptoms, including weight loss and muscle weakness. Decreased CMAPs, reduced twitch and tetanus force, compromised neuromuscular transmission, and NMJ fragmentation and distortion were detected in patient Ig-injected mice. Patient Ig inhibited agrin-elicited MuSK activation and AChR clustering. The patient Ig recognized the β3 domain of LRP4 and the C-terminus of agrin and reduced agrin-enhanced LRP4–MuSK interaction. Discussion Anti-LRP4/agrin antibodies in the patient with MG is pathogenic. It impairs the NMJ by interrupting agrin-dependent LRP4–MuSK interaction.
Examining learning experiences designed to help teacher candidates bridge coursework and fieldwork

Abstract Given the scarcity of research on how teacher educators prepare teacher candidates to successfully bridge coursework and fieldwork, we conducted a case study of six literacy teacher educators to investigate how they described learning experiences designed to help teacher candidates navigate varied coursework and fieldwork. Teacher educators described intentionally creating learning experiences that connected coursework and fieldwork, but often lacked an explicit articulation of these connections to candidates. Few educators described learning experiences that engaged and supported candidates to critically examine encountered curricular contexts and then enact responsive literacy instruction using curricular materials from fieldwork.
Assessing Local “Diversity”: A Nationally Representative Analysis:

The meanings and definition of “diversity” can change across different applications and contexts, but many such meanings have implications for racial difference and racial ideology in the United St...
Practical Review of the Management of Animal Bites.

Animal bites are common worldwide. Due to the plethora of animals, there are diverse pathogens with specific associated risks and treatment algorithms. It is crucial to understand these to develop and execute appropriate management plans. This practical review was designed to amalgamate the most common bites worldwide and synthesize data to help guide treatment plans. Methods A PubMed literature search was performed focusing on the major animal bites. High-level studies were preferred and analyzed but lower-level studies were also used if high-level studies did not exist. Results The tables presented in this article cover the pertinent information regarding the incidence, common presentation, initial treatment, and potential complications associated with bites from dogs, cats, horses, rodents, snakes, marine life, and spiders. Many of the pathogens associated with the bites are treatable with various and somewhat common antimicrobials, though some are less easy to access. Basic irrigation, debridement, and wound culture are common to almost every animal and should be the first step in treatment. Conclusions Based on the current studies, the most important factor in treating animal bites is timely presentation to a medical facility and/or physician. It is critical that the offending animal be accurately identified to help guide medical and surgical algorithms, including specific antimicrobial treatment guided by the most commonly presenting pathogens specific to certain animals.
On A Conformal Invariant of Three-Dimensional Manifolds

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a conformal invariant of 3-D manifolds. Φ ( M ) is a conformal invariant, that is, it remains unchanged under a conformal transformation of the metric. Φ (M) has a critical value at M if and only if M is locally conformally flat. The chapter gives direct proofs of the theorems, both because the 3-D case has special features and because the invariant Φ ( M ) has come up in various other connections. The chapter uses arbitrary frame fields to develop the Riemannian geometry on M . The chapter provides an equation that helps to compute Φ (M) through an arbitrary frame field. To the integral of the last term the Stokes theorem is applied to reduce it to an integral involving only the υ ij and not their derivatives.
Vijjana: A collaborative agent model for creating a knowledge advantage machine

In this paper we describe the Discovery Agent of Vijjana, an umbrella project for creating a person-specific knowledge repository based on classification and analysis. Vijjana provides a framework designed for building collaborative knowledge networks that are domain specific and well bounded in search categories. Using the Vijjana model, we can envision creating an intelligent agent that presents context based information that is drawn from a personalized knowledge base. We call such an agent a Knowledge Advantage Machine (KaM) as it enables a user to take advantage of the personalized knowledge base to perform the task at hand more effectively — in much the same way mechanical advantage had been helping industrial workers. In this paper we discuss only the first part, namely the discovery agent. In this part the focus is on a conceptual way to bridge the gap between the presentation layer and the data access layer which is discussed here using the Object Relational Mapping through the Hibernate framework.
Medical Resource Allocation as a Function of Selected Patient Characteristics

This study assessed how changes in the characteristics of parental status, intelligence level, and mental health of hypothetical patients suffering from a kidney disease altered participants' decisions about allocating access to a life-supporting artificial-kidney machine. Participants were given a list of hypothetical prospective patients who were described as having a kidney disease, yet varied with respect to the three aforementioned characteristics. Participants rank-ordered patients on the basis of priority for treatment. Participants clearly favored hypothetical patients who (a) had children, (b) were of high intelligence, and (c) were mentally healthy.
Foot problems in infants and children

Summary 1. An outline has been presented for a rational approach to the problem of handling the child who toes in or toes out. 2. Causes for each of these situations have been enumerated. 3. The methods that we, as practicing physicians, one a pediatrician and the other an orthopedist, use to cope with these conditions are discussed.
Transmission-disequilibrium tests for quantitative traits.

Abstract The transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT) of Spielman et al. is a family-based linkage-disequilibrium test that offers a powerful way to test for linkage between alleles and phenotypes that is either causal (i.e., the marker locus is the disease/trait allele) or due to linkage disequilibrium. The TDT is equivalent to a randomized experiment and, therefore, is resistant to confounding. When the marker is extremely close to the disease locus or is the disease locus itself, tests such as the TDT can be far more powerful than conventional linkage tests. To date, the TDT and most other family-based association tests have been applied only to dichotomous traits. This paper develops five TDT-type tests for use with quantitative traits. These tests accommodate either unselected sampling or sampling based on selection of phenotypically extreme offspring. Power calculations are provided and show that, when a candidate gene is available (1) these TDT-type tests are at least an order of magnitude more efficient than two common sib-pair tests of linkage; (2) extreme sampling results in substantial increases in power; and (3) if the most extreme 20% of the phenotypic distribution is selectively sampled, across a wide variety of plausible genetic models, quantitative-trait loci explaining as little as 5% of the phenotypic variation can be detected at the .0001 alpha level with <300 observations.
Ernährungskrankheiten bei Kindern vom Avitaminosentypus

Diese uberaus wichtige Volkskrankheit entsteht vorwiegend im ersten und zweiten Lebensjahre. Allerdings wurde wahrend des letzten Krieges die Erkrankung fast in jedem Alter angetroffen, so das sich die Grenzen zwischen der eigentlichen Rachitis, Rachitis tarda und Osteomalazie fast verwischt haben. Wie wir sehen werden, besitzt Rachitis eine komplizierte Atiologie. In der Praxis handelt es sich wohl um Kombination von einigen Faktoren, unter welchen der Mangel an antirachitischem Vitamin, Misverhaltnis zwischen dem Kalzium und Phosphor der Nahrung, der Eiweisgehalt der Nahrung, sowie die Belichtung die Hauptrolle spielen. Die Rachitis ist besonders an Orten verbreitet, wo die naturliche Ernahrungsweise wenig verbreitet ist und wo die Wetterverhaltnisse ungunstig sind. Dies ist besonders in Grosstadten der Fall, in armeren Bezirken, wo die diatetischen und die hygienischen Masregeln zu wunschen ubrig lassen. Glisson (1591) in seinem klassischen Werk uber Rachitis, das im Jahre 1650 erschien, glaubte schon, das feuchtes nebliges Klima zu der Erkrankung pradisponiert. Die relativ atiologische Wichtigkeit der diatetischen und der hygienischen Momente wurden besonders gut von Mann (1592) und Engel (1593) behandelt. Dieser letzte Autor gab einige statistische Data aus Dortmund an. Von 1384 zwischen dem Alter von 2–10 Jahren untersuchten Kindern waren 42,8% rachitisch, 21,3% mit schweren Formen.
Rapid induction of systemic resistance in cucumber by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae

Inoculation of the first leaf of cucumber with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (wheat isolate) elicited a rapid hypersensitive response and also induced systemic resistance to Colletotrichum lagenarium. Systemic increases in peroxidase activity and resistance were observed within 1 day of inoculation with P. syringae pv. syringae. The induction of systemic resistance and peroxidase activity by P. syringae pv. syringae was at least 4 days faster than that observed for the cucumber pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. Detaching the leaf inoculated with P. syringae pv. syringae at intervals after inoculation demonstrated that the signal(s) involved in systemic induced resistance and increases in peroxidase was generated within 6 h after the inducing inoculation and before the development of visible necrosis. Tn5 mutants of P. syringae pv. syringae, selected for their inability to induce the hypersensitive response and systemic peroxidase activity in cucumber, had also lost their ability to elicit systemic disease resistance in cucumber and cause disease on wheat. A genomic clone was isolated from a library of P. syringae pv. syringae which restored the ability of both mutants to induce the hypersensitive response, systemic disease resistance and peroxidase activity. The rapidity and level of resistance induced by P. syringae pv. syringae suggest that this organism may be useful in future studies on the nature of systemic signaling and the regulation of induced resistance in cucurbits.
Enzymes of normal and malignant trophoblast: phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract In this study we compare the specific activities and isoenzyme patterns of five enzymes—phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase—in term placenta with the analogous enzymes in a clone of choriocarcinoma cells grown in culture. Phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, and lactate dehydrogenase specific activities of the choriocarcinoma did not differ by more than two or three times from the mean activities of the comparable enzymes in placenta; the specific activity of hexokinase in the choriocarcinoma amounted to 14 per cent of the mean value for placenta. In contrast, the mean specific activity of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the choriocarcinoma amounted to only 1 per cent of the mean value for placenta. By growing the cells in 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 20 μg per milliliter, we were able to increase alkaline phosphatase activity to 68 per cent of the mean value for placenta. For both extracts, phosphoglucose isomerase zymograms were similar and phosphoglucomutase zymograms were similar. The hexokinase zymogram of term placenta showed two isoenzymes which stained more intensely with 0.5 mM. glucose than with 0.1M glucose. A hexokinase isoenzyme was observed in zymograms of both extracts which stained more intensely with 0.1M glucose than with 0.5 mM. glucose. Lactate dehydrogenase exhibited an extra isoenzyme in the choriocarcinoma extract. When the cells were cultivated in medium containing 5 μg per milliliter of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, the induced phosphatase in the cell line was electrophoretically similar to placental phosphatase. At higher concentrations of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, the most anodal isoenzyme was 0.5 cm. slower in mobility than the comparable placental isoenzyme.
Detection of a Coronary Artery Anomaly after a Sudden Cardiac Arrest in a 17 Year-old with D-transposition of the Great Arteries Status Post Arterial Switch Operation: A Case Report

Long-term follow-up and testing for patients who have undergone congenital heart surgery is an evolving field. We report the case of a 17-year-old patient who had an arterial switch operation as an infant for d-transposition of the great vessels and suffered sudden cardiac arrest while participating in a cross-country event. Previous evaluations, including a cardiac catheterization and stress testing, did not indicate any identifiable abnormalities. After the arrest, a computed tomography angiogram of his chest showed an abnormal takeoff of the reimplanted left coronary artery.
Remarks on Graph Complexity

We revisit the notion of graph complexity introduced by Pudlak, Rodl, and Savický [PRS]. Using their framework, we show that sufficiently strong superlinear monotone lower bounds for the very special class of 2-slice functions would imply superpolynomial lower bounds for some other functions. Given an n-vertex graph G, the corresponding 2-slice function f G on n variables evaluates to zero on inputs with less than two 1’s and evaluates to one on inputs with more than two 1’s. On inputs with exactly two 1’s, f G evaluates to 1 exactly when the pair of variables set to 1 corresponds to an edge in G. Combining our observations with those from [PRS], we can show, for instance, that a lower bound of n 1 + Ω(1) on the (monotone) formula size of an explicit 2-slice function f on n variables would imply a 2Ω(l) lower bound on the formula size of another explicit function g on l variables, where \(l={\it \Theta}(\log n)\).
Aged regulatory T cells protect from autoimmune inflammation despite reduced STAT3 activation and decreased constraint of IL-17 producing T cells.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are specialized CD4(+) T lymphocytes helping defend against autoimmunity and inflammation. Although age is associated with increased inflammation and autoimmunity, few reports address age effects of immune regulation or auto-aggressive T cells. We show here that young and aged naive CD4(+) T cells are equivalently auto-aggressive in vivo in T cell-driven autoimmune colitis. Young and aged CD4(+) Tregs equally suppressed age-matched T cell proliferation in vitro and controlled clinical and pathologic T cell-driven autoimmune colitis, suggesting equivalent regulatory function. However, whereas young and aged CD4(+) Tregs suppressed interferon (IFN)-γ(+) T cells equivalently in this model, aged CD4(+) Tregs unexpectedly failed to restrain interleukin (IL)-17(+) T cells. Nonetheless, young and aged CD4(+) Tregs equally restrained IL-17(+) T cells in vivo during acute inflammation, suggesting a chronic inflammation-related defect in aged CD4(+) Tregs. In support, aged Tregs expressed reduced STAT3 activation, a defect associated with poor IL-17-producing T cell restraint. Aged naive mice had markedly increased programmed death (PD)-1(+) T cells, but these exhibited no significant auto-aggressive or regulatory functions in T cell-driven colitis. Young CD8(+) CD122(-) T cells induce autoimmune bone marrow failure, but we show that aged CD8(+) CD122(-) T cells do not. These data demonstrate no apparent age-related increase in auto-aggressive T cell behavior, but disclose previously unrecognized functional defects in aged CD4(+) Tregs during chronic inflammation. IL-17 can be inflammatory and contributes to certain autoimmune disorders. Reduced aged Treg function during chronic inflammation and reduced IL-17 restraint could contribute to age-related inflammation or autoimmunity.
Surviving Democracy's “Mistake”: Japanese Americans & the Enduring Legacy of Executive Order 9066

This discussion provides an alternative to the customary manner of treating the Internment as past history, as a voluminous body of literature has done, and instead examines the interaction of structural and psychological factors that led Japanese Americans to engage in an arduous, controversial, and largely unexpected process of resurrecting and coming to grips with the Internment. Like other events in the group histories of American racial minorities, the Internment is usually viewed as a distant and past tragedy, which will probably never happen again, and which has no enduring impact on or significance for the group or its members. It is largely considered to be a topic for historiographic investigation or a classroom discussion on American history. It serves as another benchmark for illustrating the severity of America's past racial oppression, or in a more optimistic vein as a frame of reference for assessing the progress which the society has made in improving its racial conditions.
Bending Creep Test to Measure the Viscosity of Porous Materials during Sintering

A bending creep test is proposed for measuring the change in viscosity of a porous material during densification. Equations, based on simple beam deflection theory, were derived to obtain the viscosity from a series of loading experiments using rectangular samples of different densities. By measuring the deflection in the center of the specimen between the spans, the viscosity of a porous material during densification can be measured. Experiments with porous Y 2 O 3 -stabilized ZrO 2 beams were used to illustrate the bending creep test. Consistent with theory the viscosity increased from 50 to 400 GPa.s as the sample densified from 87% to 98% density. The rapid increase in viscosity was considered to be a result of both densification and grain growth.