cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A molecular phylogeny of Solanum sect. Pteroidea (Solanaceae) and the utility of COSII markers in resolving relationships among closely related species

Solanum sect. Pteroidea is a lineage of ten species of neotropical herbs and vines with a center of distribution in the eastern Andean slopes. It is a member of the Potato clade of Solanum, a group that includes the potato (S. tuberosum) and tomato (S. lycopersicum). Members of S. sect. Pteroidea are characterized by inflorescences that emerge from the leaf axils and rugose, sharply pointed fruits in most species. The aim of this study is to infer phylogenetic relationships among sixteen species of Solanum, including all ten species of S. sect. Pteroidea, using DNA sequence data from the chloroplast trnT-trnF and five nuclear regions: ITS, the granule bound starch synthase gene (GBSSI or waxy), and three Conserved Orthologous Set II (COSII) markers. Results provide strong support for the monophyly of S. sect. Pteroidea and for its sister group relationship to S. sect. Herpystichum. Solanum mite, one of the most widespread and morphologically variable species in the section, is not monophyletic. Bayesian analyses using a total evidence concatenated approach and a coalescent approach implemented in BEST produced largely congruent topologies. The total evidence trees, however, were much more highly supported than the BEST trees. Although not useful individually in S. sect. Pteroidea, the three COSII markers were easy to amplify, provided clean sequences, and were tremendously useful in increasing resolution and support among the closely related species of S. sect. Pteroidea in combined analyses.
Co-integrated resonant tunneling and heterojunction bipolar transistor full adder

We present the first resonant tunneling bipolar transistor integrated circuits operating at room temperature. The circuits are comprised of co-integrated resonant tunneling and double heterojunction bipolar transistors based on III-V heteroepitaxy on InP substrates. The resonant tunneling bipolar transistors exhibit a peak-to-valley collector current ratio exceeding 70 which is higher than previous room temperature reports. Using this technology we demonstrate a 3-transistor XNOR, a 6-transistor XOR, a 5-transistor CARRY, and a 17-transistor full adder, all using a 3 V supply. >
A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing in the Era of Non-Invasive Staging: Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Masquerading as Serologic HCV Cirrhosis

A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing in the Era of Non-Invasive Staging: Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Masquerading as Serologic HCV Cirrhosis
"Trying, Failing, Succeeding, and Trying Again and Again": Perspectives of Teachers of Pupils with Severe Profound Multiple Learning Difficulties.

This article explores the perspectives of seven teachers in England who teach pupils with severe profound and multiple learning difficulties about their learning to teach this group of students. Te...
Incorporating Equity and Resiliency in Municipal Transportation Planning: Case Study of Mobility Hubs in Oakland, California:

This paper presents a multicriteria suitability analysis framework to aid municipal governments in efforts to determine optimal siting of mobility hubs in their jurisdictions. Mobility hubs are agglomerations of transportation modes that concentrate emerging shared mobility services in well-defined locations, delivering several benefits to users. These benefits include primarily increased connectivity among modes and augmentation of public transit with improved first- and last-mile connections. The framework was applied to a case study in Oakland, California. The presented methodology has the potential for broader use by transportation planners and policy makers to advance various qualitative values in their practice, including equity and resiliency, and can quantitatively inform geographic, values-oriented outcomes.
Multi-User Massive MIMO Relay Networks With Space-Constrained 2-D Antenna Arrays

The detrimental effects of spatially correlated fading are investigated for multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output relay networks with maximal-ratio combining detectors. To this end, the achievable sum rates are derived in closed form for quantifying the cumulative effects of: 1) imperfect channel state information and 2) spatially correlated fading at the co-located space-constrained 2-D antenna arrays with increasingly many antenna elements for 3-D fading channels. The achievable sum rate for the uncorrelated fading and the corresponding asymptotic sum rate limit are derived. Our results reveal that the correlated fading in 2-D antenna arrays significantly degrades the achievable sum rate even in the finite antenna regime. The sum rate loss gradually increases, and hence, the achievable sum rate becomes infinitesimal in the asymptotic regime of 2-D antenna arrays with finite dimensions over 3-D correlated fading channels.
Urban modeling of organic aerosol source emissions

A mathematical model was used to predict the characteristics of fine organic aerosol that would be present in the Los Angeles atmosphere if direct organic aerosol source emissions were transported without chemical reaction. The model was successful at tracking both the seasonal variations observed in ambient samples of organic aerosol, and the distribution of the urban organic material present as a function of gas chromatographic elution time. Using the model, the major sources of urban organic aerosol were identified for this urban area. Differences between ambient measurements and model predictions were used to assess the degree of secondary organic aerosol formation. 5 refs., 1 tab.
Perceived Benefits and Barriers of a Community-Based Diabetes Prevention and Management Program

This study examined the perceptions of benefits of and barriers to participating in a community-based diabetes program to improve program effectiveness. The Diabetes Prevention and Management (DPM) program was a twenty-two session, 1-year program, modeled after the evidence-based National Diabetes Prevention Program and AADE7 Self-Care Behaviors framework. Community-based participatory research approach was used to culturally tailor the curriculum. Participants included overweight or obese adults with dysglycemia. A benefits and barriers survey was developed to gather information on participants’ perception of the program, as well as information on demographics and health literacy levels. Eighty-nine adults participated in the DPM program (73% females; 62% diabetic; 77% had adequate health literacy); 79% of participants completed the benefits and barriers survey. Principal component analysis indicated two components representing benefits (Cronbach’s α = 0.83) and barriers (α = 0.65). The majority perceived high benefits and low barriers to program participation; benefits included helpful interaction with health coach or program leader (73%), improved lifestyle modification (65%) due to the program, and satisfaction with the program (75%). Open-ended questions confirmed themes related to benefits of program participation, suggestion for programmatic improvements as well as barriers to participation. Participant feedback could be used to guide interventions and tailor future program implementation.
Quantitative assessment of changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics along the courses of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar tracts secondary to supratentorial human brain glial tumors

Background The cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract (CPCT) is the largest projection pathway, which synapses at the pons. Remote effects of supratentorial brain tumors have not been evaluated along the infratentorial course of the CPCT. Aim The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possible lateralization of the diffusion tensor metrics of the affected CPCT in patients with supratentorial brain tumor. Methods and results We included 39 patients with 29 left-sided tumors (LST) and 10 right-sided tumors, retrospectively. We measured the magnitude of changes of the fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the CPCT prior to the brain surgery at the level of crus cerebri and middle cerebellar peduncle. Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed on the lateral side of crus cerebri, and ROI-1 (anterior 1/3), ROI-2 (middle 1/3), ROI-3 (posterior 1/3), and ROI-4 were placed at the level of middle cerebellar peduncle. We hypothesized that there would be decreased FA and increased ADC values of the ipsilesional CPCT compared with contralesional CPCT. Ipsilesional FA values were decreased with simultaneous increased ADC value along the CPCT compared with contralesional CPCT in following ROIs, ROI-1 (LST FA: P = .005, ADC: P = .037) and ROI-3 (LST FA: P = .049, ADC: P = .049), respectively. Affected ROI-4 in LST cases also showed lower FA values, although not statistically significant. Conclusion We observed a statistically significant FA value decrease and ADC increase along the left ROI-1 and ROI-3 as well as the nonstatistically significant FA decrease of the left ROI-4 at the second neuron level when there was a related supratentorial tumor. These findings are suggestive of presynaptic and postsynaptic microstructural changes of these tracts following the presynaptic involvement by a primary supratentorial brain tumor.
Making Sense of Teacher Evaluation Policies and Systems Based on Principals' Experience.

This qualitative study investigates how different types of work experience shape principal sense-making of new teacher evaluation policies and systems. The U.S. state of Michigan is a timely state ...
Using reflections and questioning to engage and challenge online graduate learners in education

This paper reports an action research that aimed to examine how the author’s weekly use of reflection and questioning instructional methods affected learners’ learning in an online graduate class at a midwestern public university in the USA. The author employed the asynchronous online discussion on the discussion board in Blackboard for learners to complete course assignments. Specifically, the online instructional approach started with learners’ initial written reflection posts based on the assigned readings and personal experience, then followed by the instructor’s challenging questions based on the Socratic method and learners’ written responses to those questions. This method included discipline-specific questioning, creating a community where learners replied to the instructor’s and learners’ questions through modelling and facilitation, and promoting the instructor’s thinking-encouraging approach. The results of both quantitative and qualitative data indicated that the use of the reflection and questioning methods was effective in engaging and challenging online graduate learners. International implications across the discipline will result from the study.
Clinical Manifestations of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis

The clinical manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) are protean and may vary over time as IPA progresses. Early, fever may be the sole manifestation. Later, cough, pleuritic pain, dyspnoea, haemoptysis, rales, and friction rub may occur. Several clinical findings are strongly suggestive of the diagnosis of IPA, but most are non-specific and other aetiologies may account for the constellation of clinical findings. Accordingly, pursuit of a microbiological diagnosis remains vital to establishing the correct diagnosis. Today, with the growing emphasis on early diagnosis to optimise treatment success, reliance on radiography and serologic biomarkers of IPA are making the usefulness of clinical manifestations for diagnosis less important. However, understanding of the evolution of clinical and radiographic findings over time and how these changes are associated with treatment outcome is important for sound decision making during treatment to avoid needless or misguided changes in therapy.
Prediction of stress and drug craving ninety minutes in the future with passively collected GPS data.

Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs), typically smartphone apps, learn to deliver therapeutic content when users need it. The challenge is to “push” content at algorithmically chosen moments without making users trigger it with effortful input. We trained a randomForest algorithm to predict heroin craving, cocaine craving, or stress (reported via smartphone app 3x/day) 90 min into the future, using 16 weeks of field data from 189 outpatients being treated for opioid-use disorder. We used only one form of continuous input (along with person-level demographic data), collected passively: an indicator of environmental exposures along the past 5 h of movement, as assessed by GPS. Our models achieved excellent overall accuracy—as high as 0.93 by the end of 16 weeks of tailoring—but this was driven mostly by correct predictions of absence. For predictions of presence, “believability” (positive predictive value, PPV) usually peaked in the high 0.70s toward the end of the 16 weeks. When the prediction target was more rare, PPV was lower. Our findings complement those of other investigators who use machine learning with more broadly based “digital phenotyping” inputs to predict or detect mental and behavioral events. When target events are comparatively subtle, like stress or drug craving, accurate detection or prediction probably needs effortful input from users, not passive monitoring alone. We discuss ways in which accuracy is difficult to achieve or even assess, and warn that high overall accuracy (including high specificity) can mask the abundance of false alarms that low PPV reveals.
Relationship between Citizen-Eyewitness Images and Audience Engagement with News

This study explores the extent to which U.S. newspaper organizations incorporate images captured by private citizens into their news articles as an audience engagement strategy, and examines the re...
Militant Competition: How Terrorists and Insurgents Advertise with Violence and How They Can Be Stopped

Militant groups often use violence, perversely, to gain attention and resources. In this book, the authors analyze how terrorist and rebel organizations compete with one another to secure funding and supporters. The authors develop a strategic model of competitive violence among militant groups and test the model's implications with statistical analysis and case studies. A series of model extensions allow the authors to incorporate the full range of strategic actors, focusing in particular on government efforts to counter and deter violence. The results indicate that the direct effects of competition are not as clear as they may seem, and interventions to alter competitive incentives may backfire if states are not careful. This is a timely contribution to a growing body of political economy research on militant group fragmentation, rivalry, fratricide and demonstrative violence.
Anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications do not affect aortic remodeling after thoracic endovascular aortic repair for type B aortic dissection.

Abstract Objective There is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications on aortic remodeling for aortic dissection after endovascular repair. We investigated whether anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications affect aortic remodeling after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for type B aortic dissection (TBAD). Methods Records of the Vascular Quality Initiative TEVAR registry (2012-2020) were reviewed. Procedures performed for TBAD were included. Aortic reintervention, false lumen thrombosis of the treated aorta, and all-cause mortality at follow-up were compared between patients treated with and without anticoagulation medications. A secondary analysis was performed to assess the effect of antiplatelet therapy in patients not on anticoagulation. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapies on outcomes. Results A total of 1210 patients (mean age, 60.7 ± 12.2 years; 825 males [68%]) were identified with a mean follow-up of 21.2 ± 15.7 months (range, 1-94 months). One hundred sixty-six patients (14%) were on anticoagulation medications at discharge and at follow-up. Patients on anticoagulation were more likely to be older (mean age, 65.5 vs 60 years; P Conclusions Anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications do not appear to negatively influence the midterm endpoints of aortic reintervention or death in patients undergoing TEVAR for TBAD. Moreover, it did not impair complete false lumen thrombosis. Anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications do not adversely affect aortic remodeling and survival in this population at midterm.
Regional Liquidity Shocks, Financial Markets, and Central Bank Policy

Financial markets and financial intermediation may be competing mechanisms in the provision of liquidity insurance and their co-existence may adversely impact risk-sharing. The question studied here is what is the optimal central bank policy when there is private information about liquidity shocks and alternative insurance mechanisms. Regions are subject to idiosyncratic liquidity demand shocks and households are subject to liquidity preference shocks, where both types of shocks are private information. In the absence of central bank intervention, competitive equilibria with interbank lending and financial intermediation are inefficient relative to the first-best, as are competitive equilibria when financial intermediation, interbank and financial markets co-exist, often resulting in over-investment in the long-term asset. The heterogeneous regions share a common central bank, which can implement welfare-improving policies by acting as a mechanism designer. Constrained competitive equilibria can support the first-best allocation when the central bank uses two policies: (i) a simple portfolio restriction in the form of a liquidity floor, creating a wedge between the endogenous marginal rate of transformation and the interbank lending rate; (ii) allowing intermediary liabilities to be negotiable, or to serve as collateral in loans or repurchase agreements. Both policies play a critical role in restoring efficiency. Although the central bank can prevent trading of intermediary liabilities in local financial markets, it is not optimal to do so. The issues studied here might arise, for example, in a banking union with a common central bank or a large country with regional liquidity shocks.
Nutrition and Lifestyle Change in Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome

In the USA, 44% of persons with self-reported diagnosed diabetes are aged 65 years or older and 18% are over age 75 years. The aim of diabetes intervention is to prevent or delay the development of long-term complications of high blood glucose and related metabolic abnormalities and improve the quality of life. “Metabolic syndrome” refers to a cluster of abnormalities that includes hypertension, dyslipidemia, abnormal blood glucose, and abdominal obesity. Over 40% of adults over the age of 70 have the metabolic syndrome. Hypoglycemia is a major limiting factor in the management of diabetes. Factors that may play a role in the increased risk of hypoglycemia in older adults include poor nutritional status, cognitive dysfunction, polypharmacy, and comorbid illnesses. Diabetes prevalence-related comorbidities such as diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure may result in decreased usual activity and limit activities of daily living, including transportation, shopping for food, and ability to read food labels and restaurant menus. Given the high rates of depression in the diabetes population, careful assessment of depressive symptomology and its impact on dietary intake, diabetes self-care, and health outcomes is critical.
Adaptive Tracking Control of a Switched Reluctance Motor Turning an Inertial Load

This paper uses a hand- crafted approach to develop a tracking controller for a switched reluctance (SR) motor turning as inertial load. Using nonlinear models of the motor and load, a global uniform ultimate boundedness (CUUR) stability [1] result for the motor position tracking error is obtained. The control is robust with respect to parametric uncertainty and additive bounded disturbances throughout the entire electromechanical system. The control requires measurement of the motor position, velocity, and the per phase winding currests. The control mathodology represents a specific application of the theoretical results developed in [2].
A Review of “Equal opportunity in higher education: The past and future of California's Proposition 209”

“Who should be admitted into the largest and most prestigious system of public universities in the world, and how should these decisions be made?” (p. 129). This is the ultimate question that Equal...
Gomberg–Bachmann reaction

Base-promoted radical coupling between an aryl diazonium salt and an arene to form a diaryl compound.
Accretion and episodic plutonism

Episodic calc-alkaline igneous activity in magmatic arcs contrasts with steady-state magmatism accompanying seafloor spreading. Gilluly1 examined this apparent anomaly in western North America and he and Lanphere and Reed2 concluded that igneous activity has been more or less continuous over the entire North American Cordillera since the Triassic. A similar view was held by Pitcher3 for the coastal batholith of Peru. Numerous studies, however, support the view that episodic magmatism characterizes areas of local to regional scale along convergent plate margins1,2,4–12. Grow and Atwater13 suggested that increased magmatic activity in Alaska might have been induced by subduction of a spreading ridge. If so, episodic igneous activity could be produced by successive subduction events involving spreading centres8. Dickinson7 suggested a model involving frictional heating along the Benioff zone, accumulation of magma above that zone, and periodic magmatism triggered by an unknown condition or event. However, he later8 proposed that regional episodicity is a function of the interaction between a specific site and a wavering (migrating back and forth) magmatic axis that occasionally passes through the site to produce a magmatic event. Migration of the magmatic axis results from accretion or erosion at the trench, variation in the dip of the subduction zone, and (or) reorganization of plate movements8,14–16. Shaw et al.17 suggest tidal power as a source of mechanical energy which, through periodic variations in shear melting of the mantle, produces magmatic periodicity. In contrast, Gilluly1 suggests that variations in the properties of the mantle and of the crust of the subducting plate may be responsible for magmatic episodicity. We propose an alternate explanation for local to regional plutonic episodicity. Although this ‘episodic accretion plutonism model’, is based on data from California, it is applicable to other segments of orogenic belts including southwestern Alaska, southern Japan and western Indonesia. We limit the discussion of igneous activity to plutonism, as geochronological data suggest that volcanism is not simply the surficial expression of plutonism. This possibility is supported by a recent re-evaluation of Andean magmatism18. We shall discuss the problem of volcanism and its relationship to accretion and plutonism elsewhere.
The Effect of EMD 57033 is Decreased in Myofilaments from Transgenic Mouse Hearts over-expressing Slow Skeletal Troponin I (ssTnI) • 81

The Effect of EMD 57033 is Decreased in Myofilaments from Transgenic Mouse Hearts over-expressing Slow Skeletal Troponin I (ssTnI) • 81
Ion beam self‐sputtering using a cathodic arc ion source

A low‐voltage/high‐current vacuum arc offers a means of producing high‐current ion beams. These beams can be employed in conjunction with suitable anode and sputter target configurations to permit coating production by self‐sputtering without the necessity for adding process gas. This paper describes the influence of sputtering angle and target voltage on coating rate and morphology.
ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITIES BASED ON UNIT-LOAD AND MATERIAL-HANDLING CONSIDERATIONS

In this paper, an important but frequently overlooked aspect of production batch-size planning is addressed: namely, the consideration of unit load and material handling. Thus, an additional cost factor to account for the transportation of unit loads is incorporated in the total cost function which is typically broken down into reorder cost, inventory holding cost, and backorder cost. A cost minimization model is developed that includes constraints related to volume and weight restrictions on unit loads and in-process storage space. A dynamic programming procedure is utilized to find the minimum cost solution. An example problem is also given.
Large distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm treated with resection and interposition graft: case report.

Objective Distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysms are rare, representing only 2% to 6.7% of all intracranial aneurysms. Most of them are small. Large and giant aneurysms are even rarer in this location. Only 26 giant pericallosal (PC) aneurysms have been reported thus far. Various surgical techniques have been used to treat these aneurysms, including direct aneurysm neck clipping, aneurysm trapping, proximal occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery, or a combination of clipping with coiling or a bypass procedure. The report presents an unusual case of a complex DACA aneurysm managed by resection and interposition arterial graft. Clinical presentation A 69-year-old woman presented with acute onset of a severe headache. A digital subtraction angiogram showed a partially thrombosed, complex broad-necked A2-A3 junction aneurysm involving the origin of PC and callosomarginal vessels with a probability of a dissection of the DACA. The left PC artery was significantly narrowed. Because of the complex neck and involvement of the origin of PC and callosomarginal arteries, endovascular treatment was not possible, and microsurgical treatment was planned. Technique A large, partially thrombosed, and fusiform anterior cerebral artery A2-A3 aneurysm, with evidence of previous bleeding, was found and treated with resection and a short interposition graft using a segment of the superficial temporal artery. Conclusion Surgical treatment of a large DACA aneurysm may be difficult due to a complex neck and the involvement of the branch vessels. Resection and interposition grafting and A3-A3 or A4-A4 anastomoses are treatment options for such patients.
THE LIPID CONTENT OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED RED MEATS

A definitive analysis of the lipids of mechanically deboned red meat (MDRM) was carried out on beef, pork and lamb. The total lipid content of lamb and pork MDRM was 28% while that of beef was 8.8%. The lipids of both lamb and pork were composed of 95% nonpolar, whereas the beef lipid was 83% nonpolar. Triglycerides were the major nonpolar lipid in the MDRM of all three species, whereas the major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The total lipid from each of the species was low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (acids with two or more double bonds). The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the phospholipid fraction from all species was 25% or higher. In beef and pork MDRM phosphatidylethanolamine was the most polyunsaturated phospholipid, whereas in lamb MDRM phosphatidylcholine was the most polyunsaturated. The MDRM lipids from all three species contained cerebrosides and sulfatides which were highly polyunsaturated.
Comparison of lithium ratio between African-American and Caucasian bipolar patients

Lithium RBC/plasma ratio (LR) was studied in 34 bipolar subjects on therapeutic doses of lithium carbonate. The sample was divided into 22 Caucasians and 12 African-Americans to observe possible ethnic differences in LR as previously reported. The latter group demonstrated a higher LR as well as increased reports of side effects (p < .05), even after controlling previous confounding factors. Our findings suggest that African-Americans may be more susceptible to the side effects associated with lithium treatment, and consequently, lower dosages may be necessary for this group.
Scanning electron microscope study of the rat subfornical organ.

Abstract The subfornical organ (SFO), which has been studied for many years, has no known function, but recent experiments on the rat SFO suggest that the organ may play a role in the reception of angiotensin II, leading to drinking. The surface morphology of the rat SFO has, therefore, become important and a scanning electron microscope study of the SFO has been made. Rats were perfused systemically or ventricularly. The SFOs of 5 adult rats showed that at least 3 zones can be distinguished. Zone 1, including the anterior stalk, is covered by cilia. Zone 2, which consists of about two-thirds of the surface, is virtually without cilia and the polygonal cell boundaries of the ependymal cells could be seen. Zone 3 is more posterior and contains (i) 3 types of cilia arrangements — ‘line’, ‘single’ and ‘circular’, (ii) numerous ‘bumpy’ surfaces, (iii) possible evidence of granular secretion, and (iv) entrances and exits of blood vessels. All the zones have numerous microvilli-like structures on the surface but at points these are in greater profusion. The 3 different zones suggest different functional significance. The conformities and the differences between the rat SFO and the rabbit SFO are discussed.
Effects of Phorbol Esters on Metabolic Variables in the Thyroid

Since 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) reproduced some of the effects of TSH on phosphorylation of polypeptides in the thyroid, its effects on several thyroid metabolic variables were investigated. Like TSH, TPA stimulated glucose oxidation, iodide organification, and 32P incorporation into phospholipids in thyroid slices. However, in contrast to TSH, it did not augment cAMP accumulation. An inactive phorbol ester, 4 alpha-phorbol, did not reproduce any of the effects of TPA. An initial incubation of thyroid slices with TPA decreased the stimulation of cAMP, glucose oxidation, and colloid droplet formation induced by TSH. However, an initial incubation with TPA did not modify the subsequent stimulation of glucose oxidation induced by (Bu)2 cAMP. TPA potentiated the ability of TSH to desensitize the adenylate cyclase system. Although both TPA and TSH increased 32P incorporation into phospholipids, the patterns were different when individual phospholipids were examined. These results indicate another regulatory mechanism for thyroid cell functions independent of cAMP.
Delayed presentation of intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia, an unusual cause of colon obstruction

The earliest symptoms of diaphragmatic hernia may not appear until viscera incarcerate in it years after the causal injury. The most unusual site for a diaphragmatic hernia to occur is through the central tendon of the diaphragm into the pericardium. We present the case of a 43-year-old man who suffered a bowel obstruction when the transverse colon and omentum became incarcerated in the intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. The defect presumably resulted from blunt chest and abdominal trauma received 15 years earlier. The delayed presentation of intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia is reviewed, and recommendations for evaluation and treatment are made.
Selective impact of filter-feeding gizzard shad on zooplankton community structure1

Comparison of ponds containing gizzard shad with control ponds without fish showed that gizzard shad predation suppressed populations of Keratella sp., Diaphanosoma brachyurum, copepod nauplii, Chaoborus sp., and cyclopoid copepodids and adults, but enhanced populations of Diaptomus pallidus copepodids and adults. These results confirm previous laboratory studies which showed that filter-feeding gizzard shad are not size-selective predators, as is typically assumed of planktivorous fish, but instead feed on those animals which have little ability to escape, so that their predation results in a community shift toward the more evasive prey.
A Computer Model for Simulating Population Development of the Indianmeal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Stored Corn

The Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a common pest of stored corn, Zea mays L. We developed a computer model to simulate population development of the Indianmeal moth in stored corn by using previously published data describing immature developmental times and survivorship, and adult longevity and fecundity. The model accurately simulated population development of Indianmeal moths in corn stored during fall and into winter of three separate storage seasons in South Carolina. This is the period when the Indianmeal moth is a pest in stored corn in South Carolina. The model predicted that populations would increase after winter as grain temperatures rose, but observed populations in the grain bins never increased after winter. Despite this, the model should be useful from a management perspective because the corn is being sold off or used up after winter, and the observed Indianmeal moth populations never reached damaging levels after winter.
Regulation of renal vitamin D receptor is an important determinant of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels in vivo

The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) is most strongly regulated by dietary calcium and the action of parathyroid hormone to increase 1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-OHase) and decrease 24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) in kidney proximal tubules. This study examines the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) synthesis, induced by dietary calcium restriction, is also the result of negative feedback regulation blockade. Rats fed a low calcium (0.02%, -Ca) diet and given daily oral doses of vitamin D (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 microg) remained hypocalcemic despite increasing levels of serum calcium in relation to the vitamin D dose. Plasma levels of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) rose to high levels (1200 pg/ml) at the high vitamin D dose levels. As expected, thyroparathyroidectomy caused a rapid fall in serum 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In rats fed a 0.47% calcium diet (+Ca) supplemented with vitamin D (4 microg/day), exogenous 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) suppressed renal 1alpha-OHase and stimulated the 24-OHase. In rats fed the -Ca diet, vitamin D was unable to suppress the renal 1alpha-OHase or stimulate the renal 24-OHase. In contrast, vitamin D was fully able to stimulate intestinal 24-OHase. Intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR) was present under all circumstances, while kidney VDR was absent under hypocalcemic conditions and present under normocalcemic conditions. It appears that tissue-specific down-regulation of VDR by hypocalcemia blocks the 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) suppression of the 1alpha-OHase and upregulation of the 24-OHase in the kidney, causing a marked accumulation of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in the plasma.
Computer generation of colored noise for time-domain analysis of integrated circuits

In many designs it is necessary to establish how noise affects the performance of the circuit under consideration. The type of noise analysis supported by most simulators is a frequency domain small-signal analysis around a DC operating point. This approach cannot be applied to circuits designed to operate in heavily nonlinear conditions. This paper presents an algorithm to generate random time-domain noise signals with a specified power density spectrum. The algorithm can be implemented easily and efficiently in a circuit simulator, and the noise signal thus generated can be used in ordinary transient analysis. Use of this algorithm is demonstrated in the analysis of the noise performance of a comparator and of an optical amplifier.
A comparison of student and faculty perceptions of clinical post-conference learning environment.

Summary The purpose of this study was to repeat a study by Letizia and Jennrich that described and compared perceptions of the clinical post-conference learning environment of undergraduate baccalaureate student nurses (BSN) and faculty. The Clinical Post-Conference Learning Environment Survey (CPCLES) was sent electronically to all traditional and accelerated BSN students and faculty; 178 usable responses were returned. Both faculty and students perceived the environmental characteristics captured by the CPCLES were important, but were used less than expected (p
Innate immune sensing of retroviral infection via Toll-like receptor 7 occurs upon viral entry.

Innate immune sensors are required for induction of pathogen-specific immune responses. Retroviruses are notorious for their ability to evade immune defenses and establish long-term persistence in susceptible hosts. However, some infected animals are able to develop efficient virus-specific immune responses, and thus can be employed for identification of critical innate virus-sensing mechanisms. With mice from two inbred strains that control retroviruses via adaptive immune mechanisms, we found that of all steps in viral replication, the ability to enter the host cell was sufficient to induce antivirus humoral immune responses. Virus sensing occurred in endosomes via a MyD88-Toll-like receptor 7-dependent mechanism and stimulated virus-neutralizing immunity independently of type I interferons. Thus, efficient adaptive immunity to retroviruses is induced in vivo by innate sensing of the early stages of retroviral infection.
Observer reliability in detecting surreptitious random occlusions of the monaural esophageal stethoscope

The esophageal stethoscope is used often during anesthesia to monitor ventilation and cardiac function. Deficiencies in observer vigilance may limit the effectiveness of this monitoring instrument. The aim of this study was to determine how long it took for an observer to detect a surreptitiously occluded monaural esophageal stethoscope in the setting of clinical anesthesia. During routine anesthesia, where an esophageal stethoscope was in use, a computer-guided device would artificially, silently, and at random time intervals, occlude the stethoscope tubing. Personnel using the stethoscope noted when they perceived the absence of stethoscope sounds. We studied 320 stethoscope occlusions in 32 patients. The time between stethoscope occlusion and detection was 34 ±59 seconds (mean ±SD). Eighty-seven percent of detections were made in less than 60 seconds. However, 13% of detections were delayed for more than 60 seconds, and 2.3% for more than 240 seconds. While anesthesia personnel using an esophageal stethoscope could detect most stethoscope occlusions, failure to appreciate such episodes occurred in a small but significant number of cases. This suggests that the esophageal stethoscope has some definite limitations as a continuous monitor and that other monitoring techniques, such as oximetry, capnography, and ventilator disconnect alarms, as well as visual/tactile inspection of the patient, should be used as well.
Cocycles and magnetic monopole

We discuss the meaning of 3-cocycle in group representation theory and give an example involving the translation group in the presence of a Dirac monopole.
Transfer of proteins across membranes, Biosynthesis in vitro of pretrypsinogen and trypsinogen by cell fractions of canine pancreas.

Canine pancreas was fractionated into free ribosomes and rough microsomes. Detached ribosomes were prepared by treatment of rough microsomes with detergent. Poly(A)-containing mRNA was extracted from rough microsomes. The biosynthesis of canine pancreatic secretory proteins was studied by comparing proteins synthesized in vitro by translation of mRNA or by completion of nascent chains present in free ribosomes, rough microsomes, and detached ribosomes with proteins synthesized in tissue slices using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and subsequent autoradiography. The banding pattern of authentic secreted proteins synthesized in tissue slices was largely congruent with that obtained from the translation products of rough microsomes indicating that the bulk of the mRNA engaged with rough microsomes codes for secretory proteins. The banding pattern of translation products from mRNA in the absence of microsomal membranes was not congruent with that of authentic secretory proteins. Primary translation products for trypsinogen and the other serine protease zymogens using mRNA appeared to be larger in molecular weight than authentic proteins by 1000–2000 and are thus designated ‘presecretory’ proteins. The banding pattern from the translation products of free ribosomes, which are essentially devoid of membranes, was similar to that of ‘presecretory’ proteins. Translation of mRNA in the presence of microsomal membranes yielded a banding pattern for serine protease zymogens congruent with that of the translation products of rough microsomes, and these products were resistant to posttranslational proteolysis, indicating that segregation and processing of these polypeptide chains had taken place during translation in vitro.
NMR visibility studies of N-δ proton of proximal histidine in deoxyhemoglobin in lysed and intact red cells

Recent in vivo 1H MRS studies of muscle oxygen levels by means of myoglobin (Mb) oxygenation have necessitated an investigation of the possible contamination from deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb). To determine the contribution of Hb in these NMR measurements, we studied the NMR visibility of histidyl N-delta proton of Hb in lysed and intact RBC (red blood cell) suspensions. We found that the visibility of deoxy-Hb was significantly lower in intact RBCs (ca. 16%) than the solution form at an equivalent concentration of beta heme-iron, even though the visibility of deoxy-Hb from lysed RBC and deoxy-Mb was almost identical. Our study also shows that visibility increases with RBC swelling. Based on the difference in concentration and compartmentation, we conclude that less than 17% contribution from Hb is expected in Mb measurements in vivo. The possible mechanisms which cause the low visibility of Hb in RBCs are discussed.
Pathogenesis of Venous Thrombosis

This brief review attempts to describe the present understanding of the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis in general with special reference to venous thromboembolism in spinal cord injury patients with paralysis. The component parts of Virchow's triad are examined. Most venous thrombi seem to originate in regions of slow blood flow, ie, the large venous sinuses of the calf and thigh or in valve cusp pockets. Decreased blood flow or even stasis due to lack of the pumping action of the large muscle packages in paralyzed patients is undoubtedly one of the major factors. As blood pools, activation products of the coagulation system accumulate locally leading potentially to local hypercoagulability. Activation products of clotting and fibrinolysis can induce endothelial damage which in turn leads to further activation of the hemostasis system. Endothelial damage may also result from distension of the vessel walls by the pooling blood. Blood flow is further decreased by hyperviscosity due to elevated fibrinogen levels and dehydration. Some spinal cord injury patients may sustain direct trauma to the legs; others may encounter vessel wall damage by the immobilized limbs. Shortly after injury, certain changes develop in the clotting system, especially increases in components of the von Willebrand factor macromolecular complex and increased platelet aggregability which could further contribute to hypercoagulability. Recently, an inhibition of the fibrinolytic system was suggested which also could add to a prothrombotic state. All of these interrelated processes clearly explain the high risk of venous thromboembolism in spinal cord injury patients with paralysis which has been clearly demonstrated by many investigators. It is hoped that intense thrombosis prophylaxis will reduce the incidence of this potentially devastating complication.
An econometric demand model of the U.S. potato market

An annual Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) reduced form econometric model capable of forecasting key price and quantity values was estimated for the U.S. potato market. Conditional forecasts, based on the assumption of certain exogenous variable values, to 1990, suggest that potato net exports and processed consumption will decline, fresh consumption will rise, both processed and fresh stocks will increase, and non-food demand will decrease. Also, both nominal and real prices for processed and fresh potatoes are expected to increase.
Does one trauma fit all? Exploring the relevance of PTSD across cultures

The wide reach and devastation of recent natural disasters and other traumatic events provides an opportunity to revisit the conceptualization of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, the majority of PTSD research focuses on the aftermath of isolated, single events for individuals, or time-limited trauma episodes (e.g., child abuse). This paper explores classification of traumatic experiences that questions the notion of the ‘post-’ in PTSD. Moreover, the authors focus on placing trauma in a cultural and social context, including an historical perspective and current responses to trauma across the world. Discussion and recommendations concern the role of mental health providers in the face of disasters and other traumatic events across the globe, with a specific consciousness of contexts in which a ‘post-’ is not applicable.
A summary of EPRI's fusion-fission hybrid evaluation activities

A summary is given of recently completed and planned fusion-fission hybrid projects. Electricity supply/demand projections and estimates of future uranium requirements for several different combinations of nuclear systems, including hybrids, are discussed.
Man's Activities and Subsequent Gypsy Moth Egg-mass Density Along the Forest Edge

When gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), egg-mass density was low (less than 50 egg masses/acre), density was 10 times higher along the forest edge than within the forest. Man-made objects (MMOs) left along the forest edge in suburban areas contained ca. ½ of the egg masses found at low densities. MMOs that were rough, or dry, or protected from light contained more egg masses than those that were smooth, or frequently moist, or exposed to light. Rough, dry MMOs that were protected from light contained the most egg masses. Apparently, these latter MMOs function as “bark flap” equivalents by providing a degree of protection for the growing larvae and pupae. It is postulated that sparse gypsy moth populations may tend to increase numerically from innocuous levels in situations where abundant larval resting and pupation locations other than the litter are available for the growing insects. Thus, littering the forest edge with MMOs could be a “triggering mechanism” for subsequent gypsy moth outbreaks.