cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature on Properties of Ormosils

Organically modified silicates, the so-called Ormosils, based on silica (SiO2) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), can have wide variations of mechanical properties depending on their chemical compositions and processing variables. The random network of the SiO2 is structurally modified by the reactive incorporation of PDMS chains to give materials ranging from hard glassy solids with Vickers number up to 200 Kg/mm2 to rubbery solids with resilience in excess of 75%. The variations of strength, elastic modulus and mechanical damping with temperature have been studied. The chemical stability of rubbery Ormosils as a function of temperature has been measured in air and in nitrogen. Examples of potential applications are presented.
Hypothesis testing with a computer model for force production in muscle

A computer model was designed based on the concept of common drive which suggests that motor units (group of muscle fibers and the single alpha-motoneuron that innervates them) in a muscle are controlled by a common input to the entire motoneuron pool. Where possible, the model utilized experimentally determined data and supplemented these with findings reported in the literature. It was validated by matching the simulated mean firing rates, power spectra, and compound muscle force outputs to that produced by data from the Tibialis Anterior muscle. The model was implemented using Matlab's/sup /spl reg// SIMULINK/sup /spl reg// tool. In this form, the model allows easy modification of parameters to allow for virtual experimentation that would otherwise be impossible with human or animal models. The developed model was used to evaluate a commonly used technique, spike-triggered averaging (STA), to estimate the twitch force of an individual motor unit. It was concluded that STA has the potential to produce valid estimates only at firing rates below 3 pulses per second which are physiologically unfeasible. Simulations suggest that the effects of common drive on reliable MU twitch estimation may not be as extensive as initially expected. Additionally, hypotheses regarding the effect of various mechanical characteristics under certain physiological paradigms such as hand dominance or fatigue on the electrical properties can be investigated using the model.
A Developmental Perspective on Word Literacy from Kindergarten Through the Second Grade

ABSTRACT Utilizing latent transition analysis and multidimensional scaling growth analysis, the authors studied the emerging developmental trajectories in word literacy (i.e., word-reading competence) of a group of 1,503 kindergarteners. Specifically, 3 hypotheses with respect to growth patterns in word literacy from kindergarten to Grade 2 were examined: (a) children come into kindergarten with different word literacy levels, and emerging differences would be likely to remain stable over time; (b) the differences in word literacy latent status would lead to differences in word literacy trajectories over time; and (c) students with a low growth level would lead to lower achievement in reading achievement at a later time. The results of the dynamic analyses support the hypotheses and are discussed in the context of word literacy development.
Attitudes Toward Marriage, Divorce, Cohabitation, and Casual Sex Among Working-Age Latinos Does Religion Matter?

The rapid growth of the Latino population in the United States has renewed interest in Latino family research. It has often been assumed that Catholicism is a key factor influencing Latinos’ attitudes toward the family, despite the fact that nearly one third of Latinos are not Catholic. This article uses data from the 2006 National Survey of Religion and Family Life, a survey of working-age adults (aged 18-59 years) in the lower 48 states, to explore the relationship between multiple dimensions of religiosity—denomination, church attendance, prayer, and beliefs about the Bible—and Latinos’ attitudes regarding marriage, divorce, cohabitation, and casual sex. Compared with Catholics, evangelical Protestants tend to hold more conservative attitudes on family-related issues. Latinos who attend services regularly and pray frequently also report more traditional views. Findings involving literalist views of the Bible are more equivocal. Taken together, religious variables are just as potent as socioeconomic and...
A New Signal From B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction What Does It Mean for B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Innovative Diagnostics?

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac-derived peptide hormone that consists of a 17-AA ring structure created by a disulfide bond joining 2 cysteine residues with distinct N and C terminal extensions. BNP binds to its particulate guanylyl cyclase receptor (GC) -A to activate the second messenger, cyclic GMP. Studies have established widespread pleuripotent actions that result in natriuresis, vasorelaxation, inhibition of renin and aldosterone, enhanced myocardial relaxation, inhibition of fibrosis and hypertrophy, promotion of cell survival, angiogenesis, and inhibition of inflammation.1,2 The clinical therapeutic potential of BNP continues to emerge, with studies demonstrating that it protects against diabetic nephropathy when genetically overexpressed by gene transfer,3 lowers blood pressure when delivered orally in experimental hypertension,4 and is cardioprotective when administered to humans undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.5 Article see p 255 Most recently, studies have focused on the processing of BNP from its production to its degradation. BNP is produced as a preprohormone that subsequently is processed into a prohormone by cleavage of an N-terminal signal peptide (see the Figure). Human preproBNP is a 134-AA peptide that is cleaved to the 108-AA proBNP.6 Processing of proBNP to mature BNP is mediated by corin, and a role for furin has also been implicated.7,8 Human BNP, a 32-AA peptide, is released from the myocardium in response to various physiological and pathophysiological stimuli such as myocardial wall stretch, with evidence that myocardial ischemia releases BNP.9 Once released, BNP is cleared by the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor, which is widely expressed.1 Importantly, BNP is degraded by neutral endopeptidase 24.1110 but also by dipeptidyl peptidase IV,11 the latter resulting in a novel BNP3-32, which possesses altered cardiorenal actions and may uniquely function at the tissue level as a locally acting BNP. Figure. PreproBNP amino acid sequences …
Divergent elbow dislocation and risk of compartment syndrome

BACKGROUND: Divergent pediatric elbow dislocations are very rare injuries. CASE: An eight-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with elbow pain after a fall. On examination his elbow was swollen; skin and neurovascular function were intact. Radiographs demonstrated a divergent elbow dislocation. After successful closed reduction under sedation, the arm was casted; gentle motion was initiated at three weeks. At four months, the patient had full strength, no symptoms, and nearly full range of motion. INTERPRETATION: The literature on the treatment of this injury is limited because of its rarity. We present a case of successful nonoperative management. The return of this patient for compressive symptoms should serve as a reminder that these injuries may be at high risk for compartment syndrome, possibly due to the high level of soft tissue disruption.
Rescaling the "Alien," Rescaling Personhood: Neoliberalism, Immigration, and the State

Through an exploration of relevant legislation and court cases, this article discusses the contemporary constitution of neoliberal subjects via the devolution of select immigration powers to state and local governments by the federal government of the United States. Since the latter decades of the nineteenth century, the federal government has had plenary power over immigration, which has enabled it to treat “people as immigrants” (or as “nonpersons” falling outside of many Constitutional protections), simultaneously requiring that states and cities treat “immigrants as people” (or as persons protected by the Constitution). Beginning in the mid-1990s, however, the devolution of welfare policy and immigration policing powers has challenged the scalar constitution of personhood, as state and local governments have newfound powers to discriminate on the basis of alienage, or noncitizen status. In devolving responsibility for certain immigration-related policies to state and local governments, the federal gov...
The anterior cardiac plexus: an intrinsic neurosecretory site within the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer productus.

SUMMARY The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of decapod crustaceans is modulated by both locally released and circulating substances. In some species, including chelate lobsters and freshwater crayfish, the release zones for hormones are located both intrinsically to and at some distance from the STNS. In other crustaceans, including Brachyuran crabs, the existence of extrinsic sites is well documented. Little, however, is known about the presence of intrinsic neuroendocrine structures in these animals. Putative intrinsic sites have been identified within the STNS of several crab species, though ultrastructural confirmation that these structures are in fact neuroendocrine in nature remains lacking. Using a combination of anatomical techniques, we demonstrate the existence of a pair of neurosecretory sites within the STNS of the crab Cancer productus . These structures, which we have named the anterior cardiac plexi (ACPs), are located on the anterior cardiac nerves ( acn s), which overlie the cardiac sac region of the foregut. Each ACP starts several hundred μm from the origin of the acn and extends distally for up to several mm. Transmission electron microscopy done on these structures shows that nerve terminals are present in the peripheral portion of each acn , just below a well defined epineurium. These terminals contain dense-core and, occasionally, electron-lucent vesicles. In many terminals, morphological correlates of hormone secretion are evident. Immunocytochemistry shows that the ACPs are immunopositive for FLRFamide-related peptide. All FLRFamide labeling in the ACPs originates from four axons, which descend to these sites through the superior oesophageal and stomatogastric nerves. Moreover, these FLRFamide-immunopositive axons are the sole source of innervation to the ACPs. Collectively, our results suggest that the STNS of C. productus is not only a potential target site for circulating hormones, but also serves as a neuroendocrine release center itself.
Images in cardiovascular medicine. ST-segment elevation in an unresponsive patient.

A distressed woman hailed a car for assistance several blocks from our institution. Upon arrival at the Emergency Department, she was unresponsive. Telemetry demonstrated ventricular fibrillation, and she was defibrillated to sinus rhythm with ECG, as shown in Figure 1. She was taken for emergent cardiac catheterization with a heart rate of 117 bpm and blood pressure of 95/55 mm Hg. Coronary angiography revealed no stenosis or flow abnormalities. During catheterization, ST-segment elevation resolved and …
USING VISUAL EVIDENCE OF MOGOLLON VOLES (MICROTUS MOGOLLONENSIS) TO PREDICT THEIR PRESENCE IN NORTHERN ARIZONA

Abstract Mogollon voles (Microtus mogollonensis) live in grassy areas primarily in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. We evaluated effectiveness of measuring visual evidence of Mogollon voles to monitor their populations. We used presence of five types of visual evidence and a combined measure (Index of Visual Evidence) to examine relationships between rate of capture of voles, presence, and visual evidence. We conducted our study in six meadows in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona, comparing evidence of presence of voles and rate of capture in an area with high density to an area with low density of voles in each meadow. We used linear regression to determine associations between visual evidence of voles and rate of capture, and we used logistic regression to investigate which visual evidence of voles were best predictors of presence. Relative abundance of voles was correlated with all types of visual evidence of voles. Relative density of fresh feces was the best predictor of rate of cap...
Lower bounds for maximum diameters of polytopes

The maximum diameter over all d-dimensional polytopes with n facets, Δ(d, n), represents the number of iterations required to solve the “worst” linear program using the ideal vertex-following algorithm. Hence Δ(d, n) measures, in a sense, the theoretical efficiency of such algorithms.
Studies on experimental bladder outlet obstruction in the cat: long-term functional effects.

AbstractExperimental bladder outlet obstruction in cats induces a significant increase in the in vivo leakage pressure. The effects of obstruction on the detrusor function were analyzed, using control, 3, 6 and 12 month obstructed cats. The in vivo leakage pressures were substantially increased in all obstructed groups. From a previous study on the short-term effects of obstruction in the cat; although there was an immediate increase in pressure, there were no significant differences between control bladders and two week obstructed bladders in: bladder weight, peak pressure response to field stimulation and bethanechol, and emptying of the in vitro whole bladder model.In this current study, although there was no direct relationship between duration of obstruction and severity of the impaired pharmacological response of the isolated whole bladder, there was a direct relationship between the magnitude of the increase in bladder weight, leakage pressure, and impaired functional response of the in vitro whole...
Development and Adaptation of Expertise: The Role of Self-Regulatory Processes and Beliefs

The attainment of expertise in diverse fields requires more than nascent talent, initial task interest, and high-quality instruction; it also involves personal initiative, diligence, and especially practice. Both the quality and quantity of an expert's practice have been linked directly to acquisition and maintenance of high levels of performance (Ericsson, 1996, Ericsson, Chapter 38). Regarding its quality, the practice of experts is characterized by its conscious deliberate properties – namely, a high level of concentration and the structuring of specific training tasks to facilitate setting appropriate personal goals, monitoring informative feedback, and providing opportunities for repetition and error correction (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993). Deliberate attention (i.e., strategic awareness) is believed to be necessary to overcome prior habits, to self-monitor accurately, and to determine necessary adjustments. Although a skilled teacher typically structures these desirable dimensions of practice episodes, a student must implement them on his or her own before returning to the teacher for evaluation and new assignments. Expert musicians rated both lessons with their teacher and their solitary practice as two keys to their improvement, but only the latter was solely under their control (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993). Interestingly, the quantity of deliberate practice, but not total amount of music-related activity, was predictive of the musicians' acquisition and maintenance of expert performance. Ericsson (2003) has discussed a person's attempts to acquire expertise as deliberate problem solving because they involve forming a cognitive representation of the task, choosing appropriate techniques or strategies, and evaluating one's effectiveness.
Epidemiologic Study of Leukemia in Twins (1928-1969)

A review of 62 cases of leukemia in twins reveals most cases occurred in MZ twins, although diagnosis of zygosity was at times admittedly questionable. Concordance was clearly highest in MZ twins of the perinatal-congenital period. This tendency was not maintained at later stages of life. The older concept of a human placental barrier has been greatly modified. Tracer substances have demonstrated that leukemic cells pass the placental barrier. Materno-fetal transmission of leukemia is well known; all forms of murine leukemia can be transmitted similarly from generation to generation. Certain requisites effect the transmission of neoplastic-hematopoietic disease during pregnancy. Rare cases are reported of pregnant women with leukemia who bear children in whom clinical leukemia subsequently develops. The maternal diagnosis was made at the time of, or shortly after, delivery, suggesting an evolution of the maternal disease late in pregnancy. That both partners of a pair of twins, either MZ or DZ, can become ill with leukemia within days or months of each other, appears more than coincidental. Chromosomal defects, common environmental factors, and conjoined intrauterine circulations may be important in the transmission of leukemia from one twin to another, a theory supported by the frequent concordance during the first year of life.
Optimal migration aperture for conflicting dips

We propose a method providing an optimal aperture for common-scattering-angle Kirchhoff migration. Migrated data are split into constant-dip-angle partial images. Then, in every partial image, we estimate slopes of reflectors and filter out horizons whose slant is far from the constant dip of the analyzed section. Integration of the filtered partial images corresponds to migration with an optimal aperture. The technique improves image quality and preserves reflection boundaries in the case of conflicting dips.
Abstract 3048: microRNA biomarkers associated with sunitinib-resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are anticancer agents capable of specifically targeting tyrosine kinase receptors (TKR) often up-regulated in certain cancers. Sunitinib is a TKI acting on multiple TKRs including VEGFR, PDGFRβ, and FLT3. Sunitinib is approved for the treatment of advanced kidney and GIST cancers and is currently in clinical trials in other solid tumors, including NSCLC. We sought to identify in vitro microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers associated with sunitinib resistance (SR) in NSCLC cell lines. Methods: Sunitinib sensitivity was determined in seven NSCLC cell lines. Drug IC50s were determined using Alamar Blue proliferation assays. The sensitive NSCLC cell line H1703 was used to create SR cells by exposing three independent sets of cells to half the IC50 dose of sunitinib over several weeks. miRNA microarray profiling was performed on the three H1703 SR cell lines and the parent H1703 cells using the GenoExplorer miRNA Expression System (Sanger miRNA Registry version 14). Differences between the parent cells and the SR cells were identified using a t test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction and validated by qPCR. qPCR data were normalized to RNU6, and fold changes (FC) were computed against the parental H1703 line. A two-sided z-test was used to compute the p-values for the FC. To determine whether a miRNA can determine resistance across cell lines, a score was calculated using the following method. First, the FC were ternarized: significant increase (+1; FC >1 AND p-value Results: Three H1703 SR cell lines were successfully created with 2-7 fold increases in resistance as compared to the parental H1703 line. miRNA profiling identified up-regulation of miR-21, miR-23a, miR-23b, and miR-29 in the H1703 SR cells. TKI resistance scores based on qPCR data revealed miR-23b to be the best indicator of SR having a score of 1 when analyzing only the H1703 SR lines and a score of 0.67 when analyzing the H1703 SR lines together with the other six NSCLC lines. Conclusions: miRNA markers for SR exist in NSCLC cell lines as well as in H1703 cells with acquired SR. miR-23b appears to be the best potential biomarker for SR in NSCLC and if validated in clinical samples, may assist in enriching stratification for enrollment on NSCLC treatment clinical trials. Evaluation of miR-23b9s mechanistic role in SR is ongoing. Supported by TGen Foundation, SHC Foundation, and the Flinn Foundation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3048.
Directional correlation measurements in 69 Ga

Gamma-gamma directional correlation measurements have been made on the 553.35-318.63, 234.79–871.98 and 1,052.02-871.98 keV cascades in69Ga from the decay of69Ge using a NaI(Tl)-Ge(Li) coincidence set up. On the basis of these measurements the spin parity of 1/2−, 3/2−, 3/2− and 5/2− have been assigned respectively to the 318.63, 871.98, 1,106.77 and 1,924.00 keV states in69Ga. The results have been discussed and compared with the previous works.
The Exceptional One Percent: U.S. Farmworker and Business Owner

This paper documents the exceptional confluence between employment as a U.S. farmworker and business owner. Hispanics compose the overall majority (79.7%) of U.S. farmworkers, with two-thirds (66.6%) of all farmworkers identifying as Mexican. Utilizing the National Agricultural Workers Survey conducted annually by the U.S. Department of Labor from 1989 to 2009, we explore the characteristics and determinants of these unique farmworker/business owners. Approximately 1% (or about 10,000) U.S. farmworkers are business owners either in the U.S. or in their native homeland. Both Hispanics (53.0%) and non-Hispanics (47.0%) form this unique subset, although Hispanic farmworkers are underrepresented in this business owner subset given that they make up a relatively high proportion of all U.S. farmworkers. Implications for business growth, entrepreneurship, and economic development abound; even in the most trying of occupations entrepreneurial outcomes may emerge. Two case studies outline possible pathways to business formation for agricultural workers.
Design and Characterization of the Michigan Hypersonic Expansion Tube Facility (MHExT)

The development of the new hypersonic impulse facility at the University of Michigan capable of generating aerothermal flow conditions representative of flight Mach numbers ranging between 4 and 11 is discussed. Three conditions were designed and run extensively for the purposes of validating and characterizing the generated flows. The conditions were chosen to span a range of accessible flow properties while maintaining relevance to the studies of supersonic combustion. The performance of the facility was assessed based on its ability to repeatedly and accurately generate flow conditions of interest. The temporal and spatial uniformity of the flow were determined using simultaneous pitotstatic pressure measurements, pressure measurements with a pitot rack, and schlieren imaging. Flow uniformity, useful test time, and core-flow sizes are established. A shot-to-shot statistical analysis of the resulting shock speeds reveal their variability to amount to a fraction of a percent, attributing to the ability of the facility to consistently generate the desired flow conditions.
Endothermic Reforming of n-Hexane on Metal (Pt, Ga) Containing H-ZSM-5 at High Pressures

The supercritical, high-pressure reaction of n-hexane over H-ZSM-5, with and without the addition of Pt and Ga, has been studied for application to endothermic reforming in scramjet engines. The endothermicities of the reactions were determined from the product distributions. For unpromoted H-ZSM-5, the product distribution indicated that the endothermicity is low and decreases with increasing pressure. The addition of Ga to H-ZSM-5 has a relatively small effect on n-hexane conversion but significantly increases the endothermicity of the reaction by increasing the selectivity to form small aromatics. The H(Ga)-ZSM-5 catalyst showed no deactivation for at least 5 h at 633 K and 137 bar of n-hexane. By contrast, the addition of Pt had a minor effect on both the rate and the reaction endothermicity.
RESEARCH ON CR SLAG DETOXICATION WITH HYDRAZINE HYDRATE

The percentage of moisture of Cr slag,temperature and reaction time,impact of medicine slag on detoxication effect are tested.The result shows it is lower than national standard value of hazardous waste identification.
Analysis on Short-circuit Current and Adaptability of Circuit Breaker in Xianyang Power Grid during the 12th Five-year

With the construction and development of 750 kV network in Shaanxi power grid during the 12th five-year plan,various 750 kV and 330 kV electromagnetic ring power point increase and the running of the ring network is bound to cause the power grid short-circuit current increases,and that make some 330 kV and 110 kV busbar short-circuit current are over the limit or close to over the limit.Combined with the 12th five-year plan of Xianyang region grid,this paper carries out the short circuit calculation of 110kV and above in 2012,2013,2015,and analyzes the substation and busbar that should focus on excessive or near excessive shortcircuit current in Xianyang region grid in 2012,2013,2015.
Priming effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are coupled to cholera toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding protein in human T lymphocytes

In addition to the mobilization of neutrophils and monocytes, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) also mobilizes lymphocytes into peripheral blood. We examined the ability of GM-CSF to induce the proliferation of purified human T cells (CD3+ CD4+ CD56- CD16- B1- MO2-) in two major aspects: (1) the mechanisms of GM-CSF interaction with interleukin-2 (IL-2) causing T-cell proliferation, and (2) the intracellular signals transmitted by GM-CSF in T lymphocytes. We observed that concentrations of GM-CSF between 0.01 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL had a synergistic effect with concentrations of IL-2 between 1 U/mL and 10 U/mL in stimulating T-cell proliferation. This effect of GM-CSF was maximal when it was added at the start of the culture. In situ hybridization showed the presence of mRNA for GM-CSF receptors in T cells. Further analysis showed that GM-CSF induced the expression of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) on the surface of T lymphocytes. These events coincide with the ability of GM-CSF to increase the intracellular levels of both cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in T cells, to increase the binding of (gamma-35S) GTP to T-cell membranes, and to enhance GTPase activity as determined by increased hydrolysis of 32P-GTP. IL-2 also induced IL-2R expression, cyclic nucleotide secretion, and G-protein activation. However, the presence of IL-2 reduced GM-CSF induction of these activities. Addition of antibodies to the alpha and beta subunits of IL-2R permitted the activation of G protein by GM-CSF even when IL-2 was present. Furthermore, GTP binding and GTPase activity induced by GM-CSF or IL-2 were inhibited by the addition of cholera toxin (CT), but not pertussis toxin (PT). Cumulatively, these results suggest that in T lymphocytes, receptors for GM-CSF or IL-2 may be coupled to the same CT-sensitive G protein, although other possibilities may exist. The role that G proteins play in mediating the intracellular signaling pathways induced by GM-CSF or IL-2 in human T cells is supported by adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation of a 44-kD or a 39-kD G protein in T-cell membranes by CT and PT, respectively.
Pathological changes found in material removed at operation in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

1. The changes in the head and neck of the femur in children with Perthes disease were constant. within fairly narrow limits, and included aseptic necrosis or necrobiosis, evidence suggestive of crushing, concurrent degeneration and repair, partial ossification of displaced cartilaginous tissue, loss of polarity of chondrocytes, small cartilaginous cysts, and areas of fibrous-cyst formation with giant cells in the walls, similar to those found in osteitis fibrosa cystica. 2. The pathological changes are those of disturbed metabolism rather than of trauma or infection, and suggest that each case should be studied for bone age and disturbances due to hormone and vitamin deficiencies. As no single deficiency seems to be present in all cases, each case should be studied individually. 3. Removal of the contents of the head should in itself be beneficial, since it eliminates debris that may lead to the formation of cysts and giant-cell reactions. 4. The interpretation of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, based on a study of the material presented, is (a) that the disease is primarily a prepuberal degenerative condition with aseptic necrosis of the epiphysis and upper portion of the metaphysis of the femur, depending in part upon some deficiency; (b) that the head becomes weakened to the point where weight-bearing injuries lead to slight flattening; and (c) that the remainder of the changes result from frustrated attempts at healing, which are obstructed by the presence of degenerated and displaced bone constituents and further complicated by the continued injuries of weight-bearing.
Using Autoimmunity To Inform Tumor Immunity.

My interest in immunology began while I was a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) working on DNA replication in bacteria ([1][1]). At the time there were few immunologists and no immunology graduate students at MIT. Norman Klinman came from the University of
Programmable shape transformation of elastic spherical domes

We investigate mismatch strain driven programmable shape transformation of spherical domes and report the effects of different geometric and structural characteristics on dome behavior in response to applied mismatch strain. We envision a bilayer dome design where the differential swelling of the inner layer with respect to the passive outer layer in response to changes in dome surroundings (such as the introduction of an organic solvent) introduces mismatch strain within the bilayer system and causes dome shape transformation. Finite element analysis reveals that, in addition to snap-through, spherical domes undergo bifurcation buckling and eventually gradual bending to morph into cylinders with increasing mismatch strain. Besides demonstrating how the snap-through energy barrier depends on the spherical dome shape, our analysis identifies three distinct groups of dome geometries based on their mismatch strain-transformed configuration relationships. Our experiments with polymer-based elastic bilayer domes that exhibit differential swelling in organic solvents qualitatively confirm the finite element predictions. We establish that, in addition to externally applied stimuli (mismatch strain), bilayer spherical dome morphing can be tuned and hence programmed through its geometry and structural characteristics. Incorporation of an elastic instability mechanism such as snap-through within the framework of stimuli-responsive functional devices can improve their response time which is otherwise controlled by diffusion. Hence, our proposed design guidelines can be used to realize deployable, multi-functional, reconfigurable, and therefore, adaptive structures responsive to a diverse set of stimuli across multiple length scales.
Portraits of White Racism: From theory to research and back again – a methodological discussion

INTRODUCTION D iscussions of research methodology follow theoretical presentations with nearly the same inevitability as night follows day. One can assume with a good deal of accuracy that a sociologist will immediately turn to a methodological discussion once his or her theoretical claims have been staked. The format is standard in any “scientific” presentation. The idea is that one begins with a theory and “tests” it against the “real” world. Methodological discussions supposedly link theories to findings; they tell readers how sociologists arrived at their conclusions. Stripped of pretense, talk about research methods is a claim to credibility. Essentially it is an attempt to persuade an audience that what a researcher says is “true.” Believability is established by suggesting that if the audience does what the researcher did they will reach the same conclusions. Understandably, then, a discussion of research methods is an important one. If a researcher's methods are suspect so are the findings. The traditional method for establishing believability in the social and behavioral sciences takes a sequential, narrative form. In the words of Schatzman and Strauss, it is a “linear series of thoughts, operations, and outcomes – beginning with a statement of the problem, followed by a description of procedural design as intention, then by a description of actual operations, and ending with an itemization and discussion of findings” (1973: 142). Descriptions of the research process are also linear or sequential.
Photoactivatable Silanes: Synthesis and Uses in Biopolymer Array Fabrication on Glass Substrates

We wish to report a fast and easy way to build hydrophobic layers and hydrophilic functional polymer layers thereafter onto glass surfaces. A benzophenone-based silane was synthesized and used to prepare stable, hydrophobic, photo-activatable coatings on glass supports. Hydrophilic polymers were then applied to the substrate, and photochemically cross-linked to the underlying silane. The resulting substrates had not only increased functional density due to plurality of functional groups on the polymer, but also enhanced stability against solvents and displacement reagents (such as water and phosphate salts). The substrates were suitable for fabricating oligonucleotide probe arrays either by in situ synthesis or immobilization methods.
Loop structures in the 5' untranslated region and antisense RNA mediate pilE gene expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Regulation of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilE gene is ill-defined. In this study, post-transcriptional effects on expression were assessed. In silico analysis predicts the formation of three putative stable stem–loop structures with favourable free energies within the 5′ untranslated region of the pilE message. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analyses, we show that each loop structure forms, with introduced destabilizing stem–loop mutations diminishing loop stability. Utilizing a series of pilE translational fusions, deletion of either loop 1 or loop 2 caused a significant reduction of pilE mRNA resulting in reduced expression of the reporter gene. Consequently, the formation of the loops apparently protects the pilE transcript from degradation. Putative loop 3 contains the pilE ribosomal binding site. Consequently, its formation may influence translation. Analysis of a small RNA transcriptome revealed an antisense RNA being produced upstream of the pilE promoter that is predicted to hybridize across the 5′ untranslated region loops. Insertional mutants were created where the antisense RNA is not transcribed. In these mutants, pilE transcript levels are greatly diminished, with any residual message apparently not being translated. Complementation of these insertion mutants in trans with the antisense RNA gene facilitates pilE translation yielding a pilus + phenotype. Overall, this study demonstrates a complex relationship between loop-dependent transcript protection and antisense RNA in modulating pilE expression levels.
Promoting Mental Health Equity: The Role of Integrated Care.

People suffering from mental illness experience poor physical health outcomes, including an average life expectancy of 25 years less than the rest of the population. Stigma is a frequent barrier to accessing behavioral health services. Health equity refers to the opportunity for all people to experience optimal health; the social determinants of health can enable or impede health equity. Recommendations from the U.S. government and the World Health Organization support mental health promotion while recognizing barriers that preclude health equity. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recently recommended screening all adults for depression. The Satcher Health Leadership Institute at the Morehouse School of Medicine (SHLI/MSM) is committed to developing leaders who will help to reduce health disparities as the nation moves toward health equity. The SHLI/MSM Integrated Care Leadership Program (ICLP) provides clinical and administrative healthcare professionals with knowledge and training to develop culturally-sensitive integrated care practices. Integrating behavioral health and primary care improves quality of life and lowers health system costs.
Corporate Governance and Business Ethics

Corporate governance can be an important defense against unethical corporate behavior (Carcello 2009). For example, a firm’s board of directors is responsible for overseeing firm management. If the board does not adequately perform this oversight, then it may be easier for managers to behave unethically. In fact, Hoffman and Rowe (2007) report that various investigations found that poor oversight of management by boards was an important factor in various corporate scandals. Two additional issues dealing with unethical corporate behavior that firms should consider when structuring their corporate governance are potential conflicts of interest between the firm and its shareholders and transparency concerning corporate activities. Possible conflicts of interest in corporate governance include whether the CEO is also the chairman of the board (often referred to as CEO duality), the independence of board members, executive compensation (including backdating of stock options), and director elections. Since all of these situations could result in directors or managers placing their interest ahead of shareholder interests, they are all ethical issues. Transparency is an ethical issue because “insiders” such as managers and directors essentially control the information that “outsiders” such as shareholders and regulators receive. As a result, “insiders” can prevent “outsiders” from learning about sub-optimal behavior (such as conflicts of interest) through less transparency. This essay discusses academic research concerning the impact of corporate governance on business ethics. Corporate governance issues discussed are board involvement in corporate ethics codes, board independence, CEO duality, executive compensation, director elections, and external auditors. The specific business ethics issues discussed are potential conflicts of interest and transparency.
Abstract FO02-02: Risk-based breast cancer screening

Breast cancer screening guidelines are primarily based on age. The discussion and science is changing focus from what age to start screening mammography to how best to identify women most likely to benefit from screening mammography, such as those at increased risk of breast cancer and advanced stage disease. The Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) and Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) are evaluating risk-based screening approaches aimed at maximizing the benefit of screening and minimizing the harms. This session will discuss how risk-based screening could maximize the potential benefits of screening by identifying and screening women at high risk of breast cancer and minimize the potential harms of screening by identifying women at low risk of breast cancer that could begin screening at a later age and/or be screened less often. Citation Format: Karla M. Kerlikowske. Risk-based breast cancer screening. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr FO02-02.
Annual Variability and the Influence of Embryonic Development On Red-Shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) Eggshell Characteristics

Abstract Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) eggs were examined to determine whether mass, eggshell thickness, and a thickness index corrected for egg shape and blowhole size changed as embryos developed. Four different stages of embryonic development (fresh, slight, large, and advanced) were described by the collector (C.F. Stone), or inferred from blowhole diameter measurements, for 286 Red-shouldered Hawk eggs collected in the late 1800s and early 1900s in central New York State. We examined changes in eggshell mass, thickness, and thickness index with linear mixed models with year of collection and clutch size specified as random variables. We also evaluated annual differences in eggshell characteristics with linear mixed models. There was an 8.8% decrease in eggshell mass between eggs with fresh and advanced embryos at the time of collection (F3,242 = 3.4, P = 0.02). Eggshell thickness tended to decrease by 7.5% between eggs with fresh and advanced embryos, but the difference was not significant (F3...
Effect of temperature on shear bands and bending plasticity of metallic glasses

Abstract We report the effect of testing temperature on the bending plasticity of Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 and Zr35Ti30Cu8.25Be26.75 metallic glasses. Bend tests ranging from liquid nitrogen to the glass transition temperature were conducted using a customized setup. The bending strain, the shear band density, and the critical shear offset at fracture decreased with increasing temperature in both the metallic glass formers. The constant strain experiments (without fracture) revealed that low temperature generates more shear bands of smaller lengths to accommodate the same applied strain. The results can be rationalized in terms of temperature dependence predicted by the nucleation and propagation models.
Functional Bowel Disorders: A Roadmap to Guide the Next Generation of Research.

In June 2016, the National Institutes of Health hosted a workshop on functional bowel disorders (FBDs), particularly irritable bowel syndrome, with the objective of elucidating gaps in current knowledge and recommending strategies to address these gaps. The workshop aimed to provide a roadmap to help strategically guide research efforts during the next decade. Attendees were a diverse group of internationally recognized leaders in basic and clinical FBD research. This document summarizes the results of their deliberations, including the following general conclusions and recommendations. First, the high prevalence, economic burden, and impact on quality of life associated with FBDs necessitate an urgent need for improved understanding of FBDs. Second, preclinical discoveries are at a point that they can be realistically translated into novel diagnostic tests and treatments. Third, FBDs are broadly accepted as bidirectional disorders of the brain−gut axis, differentially affecting individuals throughout life. Research must integrate each component of the brain−gut axis and the influence of biological sex, early-life stressors, and genetic and epigenetic factors in individual patients. Fourth, research priorities to improve diagnostic and management paradigms include enhancement of the provider−patient relationship, longitudinal studies to identify risk and protective factors of FBDs, identification of biomarkers and endophenotypes in symptom severity and treatment response, and incorporation of emerging "-omics" discoveries. These paradigms can be applied by well-trained clinicians who are familiar with multimodal treatments. Fifth, essential components of a successful program will include the generation of a large, validated, broadly accessible database that is rigorously phenotyped; a parallel, linkable biorepository; dedicated resources to support peer-reviewed, hypothesis-driven research; access to dedicated bioinformatics expertise; and oversight by funding agencies to review priorities, progress, and potential synergies with relevant stakeholders.
A Subranging-Based Nonuniform Sampling ADC With Sampling Event Filtering

We propose a two-stage subranging-based nonuniform sampling (NUS) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that preserves alias-free sampling and improves the effective voltage quantization resolution given the same number of comparators. The subranging architecture divides comparators into two stages (coarse and fine); the voltage reference levels of the fine stage are inserted between the coarse voltage reference levels in proximity to the input signal. A time-out mechanism is used to filter out portions of nonuniformly sampled events while minimizing the impact on the fidelity of the reconstructed signal. A 65-nm CMOS prototype implements 15- and 3-level voltage quantizers in the coarse and fine stages, respectively, and achieves a spurious-free dynamic range >77 dB, an improvement of more than 15-dB compared to an 18-level flash-based NUS ADC with the same average sampling rate. The proposed architecture also reduces the hardware and the number of nonuniform samples by more than $2 \times $ when a flash-based NUS ADC architecture is utilized for the same effective voltage quantization resolution.
The Role of Acetaldehyde in the Actions of Ethanol

Formaldehyde appears to be generally accepted as a cause of the toxicity from methanol, especially in the retina (Potts and Johnson, 1952). Certain symptoms of the “hangover” after drinking such as headache, sweating, nausea, and vomiting have been attributed to acetaldehyde (AcH) (Himwich, 1956). However, an analogous case to implicate acetaldehyde specifically in the causes of ethanol (EtOH) toxicity is much less widely recognized. The reasons for this reluctance to attribute a primary role to acetaldehyde in the toxic actions of ethanol are seldom discussed and have not been reviewed since 1966 (Truitt and Duritz). It will be the purpose of this chapter to examine critically and review some of the recent evidence which supports a possible role of this metabolite in the actions of ethanol.
Diffusion Modeling of Electrons in the Inner Zone and Slot Region

Wabs. Plasmaspheric hiss constitutes one of the main components of the waves, but lightning and VLF ground transmitters also make important contributions to the wave population. Benchmark models for each of these types of waves, pre-VAP but post-CRRES, were given by Abel and Thorne [1998]. Much work on refining these estimates has been done since then, using wave measurements from VAP as well as Cluster, THEMIS, and others. (The bulk of these observations have been equatorial, though informed by ray tracing.) The effects of very low frequency hiss, highly oblique whistlers, and magnetosonic (MS) waves have come to be recognized as significant. MS waves particularly come into consideration in discussions of butterfly pitch angle distributions. Of greater global significance is the presence or absence of MeV electrons at L <= 2, for which wave-particle interactions are likely to be crucial. Indeed, one set of arguments is based on a “VLF bubble” tied to VLF transmitters.
Case Study: Effects of inclusion of wet brewers grains on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing cattle

ABSTRACT Wet brewers grains (WBG) are an increasingly available by-product of the growing craft beer industry that may be useful in finishing cattle rations. Therefore, the objective of this pilot study was to determine the effects of including WBG sourced from craft brewing on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing steers and heifers. Twenty-four [n = 24; 12 heifers (303 kg), 12 steers (346 kg)] crossbred calves were blocked by BW within sex to 12 pens (2 calves of the same sex per pen) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 replications per treatment and fed for 140 d. Model factors included calf sex and finishing diet [corn silage and whole shelled corn finishing diet (control) and control + 7.2% WBG]. Primal ribs (Institutional Meat Purchase Specification #103) were obtained and rib eye steaks (Institutional Meat Purchase Specification #1112) were fabricated from the 9th to 11th rib portion for additional analyses. No differences were observed in total gain, ADG, or G:F between diets (P > 0.05). However, there was a diet × sex interaction (P 0.05) in HCW, YG, or marbling score, but rib fat thickness was less (P = 0.020) in WBG calves than in control calves. Diet did not alter Warner-Bratzler shear force, package purge, or cook loss measurements (P > 0.05). These data indicate low-level inclusion of WBG can maintain performance and quality of finishing cattle similar to conventional finishing diets.