cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Dynorphin and Orexin Neuropeptide Systems to the Motivational Effects of Alcohol.

Understanding the neural systems that drive alcohol motivation and are disrupted in alcohol use disorders is of critical importance in developing novel treatments. The dynorphin and orexin/hypocretin neuropeptide systems are particularly relevant with respect to alcohol use and misuse. Both systems are strongly associated with alcohol-seeking behaviors, particularly in cases of high levels of alcohol use as seen in dependence. Furthermore, both systems also play a role in stress and anxiety, indicating that disruption of these systems may underlie long-term homeostatic dysregulation seen in alcohol use disorders. These systems are also closely interrelated with one another – dynorphin/kappa opioid receptors and orexin/hypocretin receptors are found in similar regions and hypocretin/orexin neurons also express dynorphin – suggesting that these two systems may work together in the regulation of alcohol seeking and may be mutually disrupted in alcohol use disorders. This chapter reviews studies demonstrating a role for each of these systems in motivated behavior, with a focus on their roles in regulating alcohol-seeking and self-administration behaviors. Consideration is also given to evidence indicating that these neuropeptide systems may be viable targets for the development of potential treatments for alcohol use disorders.
Integration of speed and time for estimating time to contact

To coordinate movements with events in a dynamic environment the brain has to anticipate when those events occur. A classic example is the estimation of time to contact (TTC), that is, when an object reaches a target. It is thought that TTC is estimated from kinematic variables. For example, a tennis player might use an estimate of distance (d) and speed (v) to estimate TTC (TTC = d/v). However, the tennis player may instead estimate TTC as twice the time it takes for the ball to move from the serve line to the net line. This latter strategy does not rely on kinematics and instead computes TTC solely from temporal cues. Which of these two strategies do humans use to estimate TTC? Considering that both speed and time estimates are inherently uncertain and the ability of the human brain to combine different sources of information, we hypothesized that humans estimate TTC by integrating speed information with temporal cues. We evaluated this hypothesis systematically using psychophysics and Bayesian modeling. Results indicated that humans rely on both speed information and temporal cues and integrate them to optimize their TTC estimates when both cues are present. These findings suggest that the brain's timing mechanisms are actively engaged when interacting with dynamic stimuli.
A Tribute to Samuel Walker Shattuck

(1916). A Tribute to Samuel Walker Shattuck. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 45-46.
A Complex Adaptive System Approach to Evaluation: Application to a Pay-for-Performance Program in the USA.

Evaluators frequently confront situations in which local programs struggle to meet the expectations and requirements specified by the external program funder. How can evaluators meaningfully evaluate programs (for both the funder and grantee) in situations in which the external program logic clashes with local complexities? This paper discusses complex adaptive system (CAS) evaluations as one method that addresses this question. To exemplify a CAS evaluation approach, we use the case of a pay-for-performance program, the Teacher Incentive Fund (TIF) program, a United States federal program implemented in numerous jurisdictions. Evaluation findings generated through a complex adaptive system approach have the potential to inform policy as well as assist the local program with ongoing improvements.
Decoupling of second-order linear systems by isospectral transformation

We consider the class of real second-order linear dynamical systems that admit real diagonal forms with the same eigenvalues and partial multiplicities. The nonzero leading coefficient is allowed to be singular, and the associated quadratic matrix polynomial is assumed to be regular. We present a method and algorithm for converting any such n-dimensional system into a set of n mutually independent second-, first-, and zeroth-order equations. The solutions of these two systems are related by a real, time-dependent, and nonlinear n-dimensional transformation. Explicit formulas for computing the $$2n \times 2n$$ real and time-invariant equivalence transformation that enables this conversion are provided. This paper constitutes a complete solution to the problem of diagonalizing a second-order linear system while preserving its associated Jordan canonical form.
Femtosecond laser-matter interactions in ternary zinc phosphate glasses

We investigate the interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with ternary zinc phosphate glasses. We explore the viability of ten different glass compositions with different levels of alumina to inscribe optical waveguides via the fs-laser direct writing technique, finding that only samples with [O]/[P] ratios of 3.25 are suitable candidates. We also test a zinc magnesium phosphate glass to fabricate waveguide Bragg gratings in order to generate filters and mirrors with specific spectral properties. Confocal Raman spectroscopy inspection shows that laser-damaged material exhibits a relative intensity decrease and a subtle blue-shift on the 1209 cm-1 Raman peak, which implies a relative reduction on the content of Q(2) tetrahedra species within the glass network thus suggesting a laser-induced depolymerization. In contrast, optical waveguides and smooth laser-induced changes do not exhibit such noticeable structural modifications.
Water hydrogen degrees of freedom and the hydrophobic effect

Hydrogen bonds are the key interaction that establishes the liquid and solvent properties of water. Nevertheless, it is possible to construct an accurate molecular model of water which does not include hydrogens or any orientational interactions. Using this model, we calculate the structural and thermodynamic properties for the hydration of methane and ethane. The addition of the hydrophobic solute leads to changes in structure, as can be seen in slightly enhanced tetrahedral geometries and slightly reduced Voronoi volumes of water near the solute. The entropy of hydration from the model is about half the experimental value, suggesting that what is left out of the model—the orientational or hydrogen response—contributes to about half the entropy. For the hydrophobic association of two methane molecules in water, the hydrogen degrees of freedom do not seem to play an important role and the entropy of association is similar to all-atom models.
Lobbying Externalities and Competition

I show that lobbying generates negative externalities, which affect non-lobbying companies. When a piece of new legislation passes in Congress, non-lobbying companies in aggregate lose $1.9bn in market value. I obtain this result using a novel dataset combining comprehensive information on corporate lobbying activity with congressional activity on bills. To explain why negatively affected companies do not lobby, I identify two frictions that hinder them. First, non-lobbying companies do not represent enough voting power to support politicians in the elections. Second, trade associations, which could represent their collective interests, are captured by companies that lobby individually. I demonstrate this mechanism using unique hand-collected data on membership in the main trade associations. These findings have important policy implications: they highlight the economic mechanisms which could be targeted by policies regulating corporate lobbying.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS AND EMBOLIC CEREBROVASCULAR EVENTS IN ADULT PATIENTS ADMITTED FOR ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Atrial septal defect is a common congenital heart disease. We designed a propensity-match analysis to describe the outcomes of acute PE in patients with ASD. Our primary outcome of interest was embolic cerebrovascular events (stroke/TIA). Using the National Inpatient Sample database, we extracted
Differentiation of holographic-moire patterns

Partial derivatives of displacement are optically determined by superimposing two shifted holographic reconstructions which correspond to single components of displacement. Two different methods are proposed, one of which involves shifting a holographic-moire pattern on itself. A second method takes advantage of holographic multiplexing techniques to incorporate an initial pattern into the shifting process. The latter facilitates the formation of the moire corresponding to strain information. This paper demonstrates that either method of obtaining derivatives is feasible by documenting an investigation of a disk subjected to diametral compression.
Acute ingestion of neuromuscular enhancement supplements do not improve power output, work capacity, and cognition.

BACKGROUND Improving motor unit recruitment and function is trainable and positively affects performance. Evidence suggests that supplementation of choline, uridine, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may also enhance neuromuscular function. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of acute ingestion of these supplements on anaerobic exercise performance and cognition. METHODS Twenty college-aged trained males (21.2±1.4 years, 181.2±6.1 cm, 94.4±20.5 kg, and 15.9±6.6% body fat) received the supplements (SUPP: 500 mg alpha glycerophosphocholine [AGPC], 250 mg uridine-5'-monophosphate, and 1500 mg DHA) or a placebo (PLA) in a randomized cross-over study design. All participants completed one familiarization and two experimental testing sessions, consisting of a warm up, vertical jump assessment, 61-kg bench press rep max, and completion of the ImPACT neural cognition test. In the two testing sessions, participants received, in random order, either the SUPP or a PLA, 90 minutes before testing. RESULTS There was no significant difference between SUPP and PLA on exercise performance or neural cognition (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated no benefit from acute ingestion of a DHA, uridine, and choline supplement versus a placebo on anaerobic performance or cognition. It is likely that acute ingestion of these supplements did not provide the necessary elements to increase acetylcholine concentration or number of dendritic spines, rather ingestion for a longer time period and subsequent days may provide a benefit.
Arts education partnerships: sources of harmony and dissonance with cultural institutions’ collaborative efforts

Due to budget constraints, schools in the United States have increasingly turned to community arts organizations for support. School-community arts partnership stakeholders collaborate because of s...
KRAS mutant tenosynovial giant cell tumor in a pediatric patient: a case report

Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TSGCT) are a group of rare, benign soft tissue tumors with common histologic and cytogenetic features, with a median age of diagnosis being 47 years. Generally divided into localized and diffuse subtypes, TSGCTs are typically driven by overexpression of macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor-1 (CSF1R). Treatment of TSGCT is tumor resection, followed by radiation therapy in cases of incomplete resection. Even when the tumor is completely removed, recurrence rates can be as high as 30% in some anatomical locations. Here we report the identification of a previously undescribed KRAS p.G12D activating mutation within a pediatric TSGCT patient, who clinically presented with an enlarging right lower extremity mass pathologically consistent with TSGCT. The patient continues to be in remission three years after complete surgical removal. KRAS mutations are usually found in adult cancers, such as lung and pancreatic, as well as giant cell lesion of the jaw. This case demonstrates the utility of integrative clinical sequencing in identifying lesions with aggressive potential and aiding in complex diagnoses.
Being Here and Now: The Benefits of Belonging in Space and Time

Research suggests that a sense of belonging is a critical prerequisite of happiness and well-being. While some have focused on belonging provided by relationships, other work demonstrates the value of belonging in certain places. In the current research we join these efforts to understand belonging by offering a novel framework for exploring an understudied but no less fundamental aspect of human experience—time. We situate this framework within an existential analysis of human action and test general predictions about the psychological value of experiencing a sense of belonging in time, what we call temporal rootedness. Two samples (Studies 1 and 2) collected across cultures provide converging evidence that temporal rootedness is a unique psychological phenomenon that is predictive of personal psychological well-being. Two additional experiments (Studies 3 and 4) offer promising evidence that temporal rootedness can be situationally induced and threatened with consequences for well-being. These findings demonstrate the potential value of further exploration into this sense of belonging.
Fluent or nonfluent? Part A. Underlying contributors to categorical classifications of fluency in aphasia

The concept of fluency is widely used to dichotomously classify aphasia syndromes in both research and clinical practice. Despite its ubiquity, reliability of fluency measurement is reduced due to ...
SAVED BY THE VEST: A CASE OF POSTPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY AND SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is often misdiagnosed in females of childbearing age, leading to a percentage of these patients to present as sudden cardiac death (SCD). Once a diagnosis of SCAD is made, wearable cardioverter defibrillators (WCD) present a valid option in these high-
High-quality casts of the missing holotype of Petalodus ohioensis Safford 1853 (Chondrichthyes, Petalodontidae) at the Field Museum of Natural History and their bearing on the validity and priority of the species

The validity of the chondrichthyan species Petalodus ohioensis Safford 1853, has long been in doubt due to the poor quality of the published figures and the unknown whereabouts of the holotype. That situation changed with the discovery of casts of the holotype in the collections of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. The quality of the casts is poor, but sufficient to establish P. ohioensis as a valid species and as a senior synonym of P. alleghaniensis Leidy 1856. Recently, casts of the holotype of much better quality were found in the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History, accompanied by documentation indicating that they were likely obtained directly from Safford by O.P. Hay in 1896. The Field Museum casts clearly show the bands of ridges at the base of the crown on the labial and lingual sides, which are not visible on the Yale Peabody Museum casts.
Adversariality, Plea Bargaining, and Prison Population Growth: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

During the two decades after the end of the Cold War, the U.S. promoted Latin America's deepest criminal justice transformation. By the end of 2010, approximately 70% of Latin American countries had abandoned their inquisitorial system and adopted the U.S. model. In the mass- incarceration era, the U.S. expanded its adversarial model without considering the consequences in foreign penitentiary systems. Despite a large body of literature documenting the scale of imprisonment in the U.S. and its effects on inequality outcomes, we know relatively little about the U.S. impact in Latin American prisons. After the reform took place, almost every country that introduced it experienced an acceleration in incarceration rates. Almost three decades after this transformation, Latin America lives one of its majors' prison crisis, while the effect of adversariality remains empirically unexplored. In this project, I seek to advance the literature on mass-incarceration studying the consequences of the U.S. transnational agenda in one key jurisdiction -Colombia. Mainly, I will explore the effects of adversariality and introducing controversial institutions like plea bargaining into the Latin American context. To carry out this analysis, I exploit the Colombian quasi-experimental case showing that the U.S. model caused an increase of 18%-30% in Colombian incarceration rates.
The Solutions Come from Science and Knowledge.

Jodi Doering, a nurse from South Dakota, tweeted that many patients dying from COVID-19 infections did not believe that the virus was real. Bill Gates expressed disbelief about vaccination conspiracy theories including that he was behind the coronavirus pandemic to microchip and control the
Coxford Lecture: Honour, Oaths, and the Rule of Law

Impersonality is frequently invoked as a core element of the rule of law. In this article, I discuss a troika of values and institutions–office, honour, and the oath–that provide deeply personal springs for the conduct of judges and other office-holders. In so doing, these institutions make possible the sort of impersonality valued by the rule of law. A focus on office emphasizes the importance of duty rather than power. Honour is the desire to be well thought of by others, and the internalized desire to deserve to be thought well of by others, especially one’s peers. Honour is often treated as an obsolete value that has been superseded by dignity. But it remains an essential force, providing judges and other office-holders with a source of energy and agency that motivates them to fulfil the duties of their office with virtue and excellence. The oath serves as a linchpin that connects the individual to the office and the office-holder to the commitment to serve honourably. Taken together, this troika of institutions encourages the faithful and energetic performance of one’s judicial office in a modern democratic constitutional society. Thinking about the rule of law this way encourages us to shift our focus from power to duty, and from doctrine to character and virtue. It encourages us to revive and revise honour rather than abandon it. It helps show that an impersonal “government of laws and not men” is and ultimately must be deeply personal.
Genetic vulnerabilities upon inhibition of DNA damage response.

Because of essential roles of DNA damage response (DDR) in the maintenance of genomic integrity, cellular homeostasis, and tumor suppression, targeting DDR has become a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. However, the benefits of cancer therapy targeting DDR are limited mainly due to the lack of predictive biomarkers. To address this challenge, we performed CRISPR screens to search for genetic vulnerabilities that affect cells' response to DDR inhibition. By undertaking CRISPR screens with inhibitors targeting key DDR mediators, i.e. ATR, ATM, DNAPK and CHK1, we obtained a global and unbiased view of genetic interactions with DDR inhibition. Specifically, we identified YWHAE loss as a key determinant of sensitivity to CHK1 inhibition. We showed that KLHL15 loss protects cells from DNA damage induced by ATM inhibition. Moreover, we validated that APEX1 loss sensitizes cells to DNAPK inhibition. Additionally, we compared the synergistic effects of combining different DDR inhibitors and found that an ATM inhibitor plus a PARP inhibitor induced dramatic levels of cell death, probably through promoting apoptosis. Our results enhance the understanding of DDR pathways and will facilitate the use of DDR-targeting agents in cancer therapy.
The prefrontal cortex and neurosurgical treatment for intractable OCD

Over the past two decades, circuit-based neurosurgical procedures have gained increasing acceptance as a safe and efficacious approach to the treatment of the intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Lesions and deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the longitudinal corticofugal white matter tracts connecting the prefrontal cortex with the striatum, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus (STN), and brainstem implicate orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal, frontopolar, and ventrolateral cortical networks in the symptoms underlying OCD. The highly parallel distributed nature of these networks may explain the relative lack of adverse effects observed following surgery. Additional pre-post studies of cognitive tasks in more surgical patients are needed to confirm the role of these networks in OCD and to define therapeutic responses to surgical intervention.
Highly Stable Low Redox Potential Quinone for Aqueous Flow Batteries

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage. However, the design of stable and inexpensive electrolytes is challenging. Here, we report a highly stable, low redox potential, and potentially inexpensive negolyte species, sodium 3,3',3'',3'''-((9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-diyl)bis(azanetriyl))tetrakis(propane-1-sulfonate) (2,6-N-TSAQ), which is synthesized in a single step from inexpensive precursors. Pairing 2,6-N-TSAQ with potassium ferrocyanide at pH 14 yielded a battery with the highest open-circuit voltage, 1.14 V, of any anthraquinone-based cell with a capacity fade rate <10%/yr. When 2,6-N-TSAQ was cycled at neutral pH, it exhibited two orders of magnitude higher capacity fade rate. The great difference in anthraquinone cycling stability at different pH is interpreted in terms of the thermodynamics of the anthrone formation reaction. This work shows the great potential of organic synthetic chemistry for the development of viable flow battery electrolytes and demonstrates the remarkable performance improvements achievable with an understanding of decomposition mechanisms.
Semantics with Partial Orders

I will start with Priorian tense logic. (For more thorough discussion: see Prior, 1967; van Benthem, 1983; and Burgess, 1984.) Priorian tense logic is based on three assumptions. The first is that tenses (like the past tense) are sentential operators. The second is that tenses are (implicitly) quantifiers over times. The third is that times are instants.
18F-FDG PET-CT in the evaluation of acute deep venous thrombosis

602 Objectives Uptake of 18F-fluordeoxyglucose (FDG) in acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a common incidental finding on FDG PET but has not been systemically studied. The objective of this study was to define the sensitivity, specificity and time course for resolution of FDG uptake in acute DVT. Methods FDG PET-CT scans were performed prospectively in patients within 10 weeks of symptomatic onset of unilateral acute proximal lower extremity DVT (n=12) and in control subjects without DVT (n=24). The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were determined in thrombosed and matching non-thrombosed vein segments. Sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET for the diagnosis of DVT was calculated by ROC analysis. In two patients with DVT, 3 serial FDG PET-CT scans were performed and the changes in the SUVmax of thrombosed vein segments were determined over time. Results Uptake of FDG was increased in all thrombosed vein segments compared to non-thrombosed contralateral veins or corresponding veins of control subjects (p 1.645 was 87.5% sensitive and 100% specific for acute DVT. Metabolic activity in thrombosed veins correlated inversely with time from onset of DVT. Best-line fit analyses suggested that by 84-91 days following acute DVT, the metabolic activity of thrombosed vein segments would return to normal levels.segments returned to normal levels. Conclusions FDG PET-CT is accurate for detecting symptomatic, proximal DVT. Metabolic activity in thrombosed vein segments decreases with time from DVT onset, suggesting that FDG PET can distinguish acute from chronic DVT. Research Support NIH RO1CA 121003 Molecular Imaging Program, Huntsman Cancer Institut
Studies of iron requirements in infants and children. II. The influence on normal infants of oral iron in therapeutic doses.

The influence of administration of approximately 90 mg. of iron per day as ferrous sulfate was studied in 23 normal infants averaging 14 months of age. Comparison of hematologic values observed at the start and end of a 6-week therapeutic course were made. The results were compared with hematologic values of normal infants of the same age. Reports by other investigators that a significant rise in the hemoglobin concentrations in normal infants can be achieved, with a therapeutic course of iron given orally were confirmed. Cytologic manifestations of "physiologic" anemia of infancy were not altered significantly after 6 weeks of therapy. These included the mean cell volume (microcytosis) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (hypochromasia). The chemical manifestations of iron deficiency previously reported in a normal infant population were confirmed; these included, compared to normal values in adult males, hypoferremia, hypercupremia, reduced saturation of the total serum iron binding capacity and increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. As indicated previously, these values suggest that in addition to the mild degree of iron deficiency anemia in the normal infant, there is depletion of his iron stores. The short course of iron therapy employed in this study did not significantly alter the chemical manifestations of depleted iron stores.
The late spliced 19S and 16S RNAs of simian virus 40 can be synthesized from a common pool of transcripts.

Abstract The late transcripts from the simian virus 40 (SV40) are alternatively spliced into two classes of spliced RNAs, 19S and 16S in size. We are interested in understanding the precursor-product relationships that result in the excision of different intervening sequences (introns) from the late transcripts. SV40 mutants containing precise deletions of the introns for each of the spliced 19S and 16S RNA species, including a previously undetected doubly spliced 19S RNA species, were isolated. Analysis by S1 mapping and a modified primer extension technique of the viral RNAs made in monkey cells transfected with each of these mutants led to the following conclusions. (i) Spliced late 19S RNA is not an intermediate in the synthesis of the late 16S RNAs. (ii) The 3' splice site used in the synthesis of the late 16S RNAs can join, albeit inefficiently, with alternative 5' splice sites in the absence of the 5' splice site normally used to synthesize 16S RNA. (iii) There is no obligatory order of excision of introns in the formation of the doubly spliced SV40 late 19S and 16S RNA species. A mutant was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in which the 5'-proximal 3' splice site used in the synthesis of the doubly spliced RNAs is inactive. Cells transfected with this mutant processed transcripts into 19S RNA which, in wild-type-transfected cells, would have become doubly spliced 16S RNA. Therefore, we conclude that some of the spliced late 19S and 16S RNA can be synthesized from a common pool of transcripts.
The Lull of Tradition: A Grounded Theory Study of Television Violence, Children and Social Work

This article results from a study of television violence and social work practice with children. Twenty-one social workers who work primarily with children in schools, in community mental health agencies and in private practice were interviewed. A qualitative analysis using grounded theory indicates that social workers do little to elicit television content or information about children's television viewing. They do not believe that television experiences are central to their work. Although social workers express concern about the influence of television violence on children, their traditional beliefs in cause and effect, values neutrality, and gender lead many to minimize its importance.
A new excitation model for linear predictive speech coding at low bit rates

Systems for high-quality low-bit-rate speech coding based on linear prediction, such as CELP, multipulse LPC, and self-excited vocoders (SEV) are among the best techniques for coding audio at medium-to-low bit rates (9.6 kb/s to 4.8 kb/s). For rates of 4.8 kb/s and below, vector quantization (or block coding methods) applied to the excitation signal has been shown to be very promising. An approach is presented that is similar to the CELP and SEV systems in that it uses an analysis-by-synthesis scheme but differs greatly in its method of representing the excitation information of the audio signal. In particular, the excitation system is based on a multistate model where the state transition parameters are determined by an external classifier. Experiments are reported that demonstrate the feasibility of the class structuring approach used and provide some basic information about the system's adaptation processes. >
Endangered Florida panther population size determined from public reports of motor vehicle collision mortalities

Summary 1. Reliably estimating the abundance of rare or elusive animals is notoriously difficult. An archetypical example is the endangered Florida panther, whose conservation status is intrinsically linked to population size, but for which reliable abundance information is lacking across its range. This is due not only to the inherent difficulty of sampling a rare and elusive species over a large geographic area, but also because of restricted scientific access to private land. 2. Human interactions with wildlife are a regular occurrence, and interactions with non-scientists constitute an important and underutilized source of information about species distribution and abundance. For example, motor vehicle collisions with Florida panthers are recurrent on the vast network of roads within the public and private lands comprising its range in southern Florida, USA. 3. Capitalizing on a tendency for the public to report collisions with species of concern to wildlife officials, we describe a novel methodology using public reports along with routine telemetry monitoring data to produce the first statistically defensible population estimates for the Florida panther across its entire breeding range. In essence, our approach uses traffic volume and road density to estimate the probability of motor vehicle collision mortality from telemetered animals and models counts reported by the public accordingly. 4. Despite low motor vehicle collision mortality probabilities, our methodology achieved abundance estimates of reasonable precision (29% CV) that was similar to that of previous panther studies using conventional approaches on much smaller study areas. While recovery criteria require establishment of three distinct populations of 240 Florida panthers, we found this single population may never have exceeded 150 individuals from 2000 to 2012. 5. Synthesis and applications. By extracting critical demographic information from underutilized aspects of human–wildlife ecology, our citizen-based approach can cost less than conventional alternatives and could conceivably be used for long-term population monitoring of other species over broad geographic areas, for example from reports of avian wind farm collisions, beached whales or marine mammal boat strikes. An additional benefit is that it can be applied to historical data sets of carcass recovery programmes, in our case permitting abundance estimation over a 13-year period.
Comparison between the light extinction aerosol mass concentration relationship of atmospheric and air pollutant emission aerosols

Abstract A comparison between the measured and calculated light extinction-aerosol mass concentration relationship for atmospheric and source emission aerosols is presented. A parameter K , defined as the specific particulate volume/light extinction coefficient ratio (cm 3 m −3 /m −1 ) is used in the comparison. The measured magnitudes range from 0·256 to 0·487 for averaged atmospheric K s and from 0.06 to 0.78 for individual source emission K s. Additional K data for source emissions and background atmospheric aerosols would be useful for estimating the contribution of various aerosol sources to atmospheric visibility reduction.
Plasticity, Hippocampal Place Cells, and Cognitive Maps

Memory of even the briefest event can last a lifetime. Thus, learning and memory require neuronal mechanisms that allow rapid, yet persistent, changes to brain circuits. Hippocampal neuropsychology, synaptic and cellular electrophysiology, pharmacology, and molecular genetics converge and begin to reveal these mechanisms. Lesions of the hippocampus profoundly impair memory for recent events in humans and rodents. Circuits within the hippocampus are remarkably plastic, and this plasticity is mediated in part through changes in synaptic strength and revealed by long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a subtype of glutamate receptor, are crucial for inducing these plastic changes, and blocking these receptors reduces plasticity and impairs learning in tasks that require the hippocampus. Molecular genetic alterations that disrupt signaling mechanisms downstream of the NMDA receptor also prevent LTP induction and impair hippocampus-dependent learning. N-methyl D-aspartate receptor mechanisms have also been linked to information coding by hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal cells fire selectively in specific and restricted locations (place fields) as rodents move through open environments. Place fields form within minutes and persist for months. N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonists prevent the establishment of stable place fields. The same molecular genetic manipulations that interfere with hippocampal NMDA receptor function, prevent LTP induction, and impair spatial learning also disrupt the formation of stable hippocampal place fields. Finally, learning has been improved in mice with genetically modified NMDA receptors that enhance LTP induction. Thus, hippocampal cells "learn" to encode the salient features of experience through NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity mechanisms, and this rapid and persistent neuronal encoding is a crucial step toward the formation of long-term memory. Disruption of these plasticity mechanisms may underlie age-related memory deficits.
“I Like to Get Around” City Girls in Chicago Music Saloons, 1858–1906

This article examines the previously unstudied history of Chicago’s nineteenth-century music saloons, tracing their development from transplanted German beer halls to Americanized entertainment resorts to commercial dance halls. Drawing on evidence from scattered newspaper sources, the article documents women’s ubiquitous presence in music saloons as waiters, performers, prostitutes, and patrons and then interprets what their presence reveals about the public role of women in nineteenth century American cities. The women in music saloons asserted considerable social freedom, articulated a public identity that emphasized sexual expressiveness, and helped create a morally ambiguous environment that defied the prevailing Victorian distinctions between respectable and disreputable. In doing so, they helped define what it meant to be a modern city girl. The article also examines the affect that municipal regulation had upon the operation of Chicago’s music saloons. City officials restricted the presence of mus...
Superconducting Transition-Edge Sensors Optimized for High-Efficiency Photon-Number Resolving Detectors

Superconducting photon detectors have emerged as a powerful new option for detecting single photons. System detection efficiency that incorporates the quantum efficiency of the device and system losses is one of the most important single-photon detector performance metrics for quantum information applications. Superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) are microcalorimeters that have the ability of distinguishing single photons with negligible dark counts. In addition, TESs are capable of directly measuring the photon number in a pulse of light. We have achieved near-unity system detection efficiency with TESs at particular wavelengths in the near-infrared by using multilayer structures that enhance the absorption of light into the active device material. We describe the design of the multilayer structure enabling high detection efficiency TESs including issues and requirements for obtaining detection efficiency values higher than 99 %. We describe the device fabrication and finally, show recent results of devices optimized for high detection efficiency using the multilayer structure.
mod_kaPoW: mitigating DoS with transparent proof-of-work

Unwanted traffic remains a fundamental problem for networked systems. Proof-of-work (PoW) is a defense mechanism that adds a client-specific challenge at the start of a networked protocol. The challenge acts as a filter for clients based on their willingness to solve a computational task of varying difficulty. The difficulty is tailored to the individual client and is set proportional to its relative load on the server.
A geography of men’s fear

Abstract Men are at significantly greater risk than women to violent crime victimization in the US, especially in the public sphere. Despite this, their fears and vulnerabilities have received considerably less attention in recent social discourse than have women. Men’s risk in, and fear of, public space is overshadowed by their apparent fearlessness in public space. This paper begins to address this apparent paradox using the conceptual lenses of masculinity and control. I explore fear and fearlessness among men as objects and subjects of masculinity. Stated fearlessness among men is counterbalanced by a chronic fear of violent crime victimization. Conditioned fearlessness combines with actual risk and chronic fear to shape men’s experiences in the public sphere. I study the dynamics of men’s fear using data gathered from a group of young men and women in Philadelphia. Gendered differences in fear and how environments are perceived and judged as to their relative safety are demonstrated and explored. Compared to women’s fears and perceived geographical vulnerabilities, the men of this study demonstrate a persistent and chronic wariness of their environmental context that precedes any judgment of perceived safety. Violence and fear among both men and women in this study is further explained as a function of racism and economic marginalization.
The RGG domain in hnRNP A2 affects subcellular localization.

The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) associate with pre-mRNA in the nucleus and play an important role in RNA processing and splice site selection. In addition, hnRNP A proteins function in the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm. Although the hnRNP A proteins are predominantly nuclear, hnRNP A1 shuttles rapidly between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. HnRNP A2, whose cytoplasmic overexpression has been identified as an early biomarker of lung cancer, has been less well studied. Cytosolic hnRNP A2 overexpression has also been noted in brain tumors, in which it has been correlated with translational repression of Glucose Transporter-1 expression. We now examine the role of arginine methylation on the nucleocytoplasmic localization of hnRNP A2 in the HEK-293 and NIH-3T3 mammalian cell lines. Treatment of either cell line with the methyltransferase inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde dramatically shifts hnRNP A2 localization from the nuclear to the cytoplasmic compartment, as shown both by immunoblotting and by immunocytochemistry. In vitro radiolabeling with [3H]AdoMet of GST-tagged hnRNP A2 RGG mutants, using recombinant protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT1), shows (i) that hnRNP A2 is a substrate for PRMT1 and (ii) that methylated residues are found only in the RGG domain. Deletion of the RGG domain (R191-G253) of hnRNP A2 results in a cytoplasmic localization phenotype, detected both by immunoblotting and by immunocytochemistry. These studies indicate that the RGG domain of hnRNP A2 contains sequences critical for cellular localization of the protein. The data suggest that hnRNP A2 may contain a novel nuclear localization sequence, regulated by arginine methylation, that lies in the R191-G253 region and may function independently of the M9 transportin-1-binding region in hnRNP A2.
Bladder Calculi in a Tertiary-Care Institution

During a 7-year period, 44 patients were treated for bladder calculi in our tertiary-care hospital. The rate of bladder calculi was 11 per 1,000 admissions to the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service and 16 per 1,000 admissions to the Urology Service. The two major risk factors were neurological disorders (particularly spinal cord injury), occurring in 30 of 44 cases (68%), and bladder outlet obstruction, occurring in 9 cases (13%). The most common clinical presentations were urinary tract infection (59%), particularly with urease-producing organisms, urinary obstruction (14%), passage of gravel (11%), and hematuria (9%). Most patients were treated successfully with endoscopic methods with minimal morbidity. Bladder calculi remain a treatable cause of morbidity in patients with neurological diseases and bladder outlet obstruction.
Imaging for renal colic and hematuria.

C l n o t r maging has traditionally played a entral role in the evaluation of atients with renal colic or hemauria. Recently, multidetector omputed tomographic (CT) rography has replaced convenional plain-film excretory urogaphy (also known as intravenous yelography or intravenous urogaphy) as the diagnostic study of hoice for these patients. Comuted tomographic protocols to valuate the urinary tract are taiored to answer specific clinical uestions. Dedicated protocols ave been developed, including he “stone protocol” for detecting rinary tract calculi, CT urograhy for evaluating patients with ematuria, and the “renal-mass rotocol” to characterize known enal masses (Table 1). To approriately evaluate renal colic or heaturia, a referring physician ust be familiar with the various T imaging protocols, as well as he strengths and limitations of he other modalities available for maging the urinary tract.
Antenatal steroid therapy before 33 weeks' gestation

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine those factors influencing contemporary antenatal steroid use in pregnancies delivered prior to 33 weeks of gestation. METHOD: We analyzed the clinical circumstances of 86 consecutive patients who delivered prior to 33 weeks of gestation and compared the 20 women who received dexamethasone prior to delivery with the remaining 66 untreated cases. RESULT: Known risk factors for preterm delivery (e.g. prior preterm birth, n = 17; prior admission and tocolysis during the index pregnancy, n = 15) did not discriminate between treated and untreated subsets. Premature membrane rupture ( 3 20 vs. 34 66 ; P 1 20 vs. 23 66 P ) were more common in the untreated cohort and a shorter mean interval from admission to delivery was also observed (2.8 vs 11.2 days). However, a full course of steroids would have been possible in 22 66 untreated women, since delivery was delayed for at least 36 h in these patients. CONCLUSION: These observations reflect the fact that many preterm births cannot be anticipated, even among hospitalized patients. We would therefore suggest that universal steroid treatment be considered for all women with documented preterm labor prior to 33 weeks of gestation. Initiation of steroid therapy at the referral center, (prior to maternal transport) should also be considered. Since both premature membrane rupture and early gestational age (24–28 weeks') confounded many of these cases, steroid use in patients with these circumstances should be reevaluated.
Diffusion of small molecules in polymers

Abstract A very large amount of information is available in the open literature on the diffusion, or transport, of small molecules in polymers. A comprehensive discussion of this field would require an amount of space exceeding by far the confines of the present monograph. It is to be hoped that this herculean but extremely useful task will be undertaken by some enterprising investigator, or investigators, in the not-too-distant future. In the meantime, a review is presented here of some of the important and more recent work on the diffusion of small molecules in both rubbery and glassy polymers. The main purpose of the review is to outline the thrust of this work and thus provide a perception of possible new developments in the field.
Toxoplasma gondii: disease patterns in mice treated with the folate antagonist methotrexate.

Abstract Methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid antagonist, was administered to Toxoplasma-infected mice in an attempt to inhibit acquired resistance to the parasite. Several time- and dose-dependent drug regimes were examined, with the following results. MTX administered during the first week of infection converted subclinical, nonlethal infections into severe disease with pronounced morbidity, either with or without high mortality. Depending on the drug regime employed, three different patterns of disease emerged. Constant findings in the MTX-treated mice were persistence of Toxoplasma trophozoites in peritoneal exudate and viscera; earlier appearance and increased numbers of cysts in the brain; development of many cysts in large, grapelike clusters; and a severe, disseminated meningoencephalitis. When administration of MTX was delayed until the twelfth day postexposure, its infection-modifying ability was lost, indicating that immunogenesis by this time has provided a high level of acquired resistance to Toxoplasma. MTX had no discernible effects when started 30 days postexposure. Reactivation of the latent infection did not occur.
TelEmergency: Distance Emergency Care in Rural Emergency Departments Using Nurse Practitioners

388 roviding quality emergency care in rural hospitals P low patient volumes can be cost prohibitive. Additionally, recruiting and retaining physicians in these rural areas is difficult. Mississippi, a mostly rural state, shares this nationwide problem: There simply are not enough Board Certified Emergency Medicine physicians to serve rural hospitals in the state. As a result, emergency departments have been staffed with physicians and/or nurse practitioners (NPs) who are not trained in emergency medicine, often are temporary employees, and are not invested in the community. Nevertheless, rural hospitals are burdened financially when they attempt to retain these contract providers. Patients, hospitals, and communities in Mississippi were dissatisfied with this staffing method, its cost, and the level of care provided. A telemedicine system that uses NPs and the emergency department at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) has become a viable alternative and has provided effective, appropriate, emergency care to these rural hospitals. The program presented in this article, TelEmergency, combines specially educated family nurse practitioners (FNPs) via a telemedicine link with the emergency medicine (EM) physicians at UMMC. It provides increased access and improved quality of care to hospital emergency departments across Mississippi. An analysis of the first 2 years of operation shows positive patient outcomes, costeffectiveness, and user satisfaction.
Correction of dispersive line shape artifact observed in diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy and absorption/reflection (transflection) infrared micro-spectroscopy

We report a computational method to remove or reduce dispersion artifacts from infrared microspectral data collected in transflection (reflection/absorption) mode. This artifact occurs along the edges of tissue samples, in particular if the tissue does not adhere well to the substrate. The method proposed for the removal of the artifact is similar to the phase correction used in standard Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Oversampled ADC's

Oversampled ADC's are steadily reaching higher effective bandwidths and resolutions at lower power dissipation levels through the use of clever design techniques. The use of continuous time architecture enhances the system level usability by reducing the need for anti-aliasing filters.
Monojets from Z decay in the massive majoron model

Abstract We show that in a very simple extension of the standard SU(2) × U(1) electroweak model with complex triplet Higgs particles (the massive majoron model) the monojet events seen at the CERN collider can be explained as Z decays into Higgs scalars.