cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chloroplast Protein Translocation

The signal hypothesis, first put forth by G. Blobel and B. Dobberstein over 20 years ago, suggested that all proteins had as part of their primary amino acid sequence an amino-terminal region that defined the destination of proteins carrying that signal. This hypothesis has stood the test of numerous experiments and appears to be pertinent to most cellular compartments and proteins within eukaryotes and prokaryotes, including the chloroplast. Studies with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the subject of this chapter, have tested these concepts in live cells and have provided both new findings and the confirmation of in vitro results derived from vascular plants. Proteins synthesized outside the plastid carry chloroplast specific signals, often at their amino terminus. This signal can be removed upon entry of the protein into the chloroplast, but those destined for internal compartments within the plastid also contain additional signals. This sub-organelle targeting information can be removed once the protein is correctly localized. Thus chloroplast sorting is determined by multifunctional signal sequences. Experiments with isolated organelles have defined a number of different energetic parameters that are required for the translocation of proteins with distinct types of signal sequences, and models suggest that multiple mechanisms exist within the chloroplast. C. reinhardtii can be grown either heterotrophically or photoautotrophically thereby allowing for the selection and propagation of mutations that affect the biogenesis of chloroplasts, and thus some that affect protein translocation directly. The genetic analysis of thylakoid protein translocation in C. reinhardtii has revealed at least six loci whose products are involved in the process, and has provided genetic means to dissect those paths in vivo that have been described in isolated organelle studies. While there are likely to be a variety of requirements for the targeting and translocation of proteins to and within the chloroplast, these mechanisms may well share components between apparatuses, and between diverse groups of organisms.
Selective Predation by Blue Crabs on the Gastropod, Bittium varium: Confirmation From Opercula Found in the Sediments

Small blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 43–70 mm carapace width) can influence the size-distribution of the gastropod,Bittium varium, strongly reducing the contribution of snails >3 mm shell length in field enclosures. We test the hypothesis that these size-dependent effects are due to size-selective predation rather than size-dependent emigration from the field enclosures. In laboratory feeding trials, blue crabs showed negative selectivity for snails 3.3 mm. When feeding, blue crabs crushBittium shells, but the opercula are deposited undamaged in the sediment. Sediment from a field enclosure experiment contained 6.5× moreBittium opercula from enclosures with blue crabs than from enclosures without blue crabs. We reconstructed the size distribution ofBittium killed by blue crabs from the opercula recovered from sediment. This distribution qualitatively matched those “missing” from the size frequency distribution of surviving snails. Estimates of selectivity from laboratory feeding trials predicted the pattern of size-selection fromBittium killed in the enclosures. We also estimated Strauss's linear index of selectivity and Chesson's α based on the size distribution of snails available during the field enclosure experiment. These indices predicted both the pattern of selectivity and the size distribution ofBittium killed in enclosures with blue crabs. We conclude that size-selective predation by blue crabs can explain the observed shifts inBittium size distributions.
ALGAL EXCRETION OF 14C‐LABELED COMPOUNDS AND MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS IN CYANIDIUM CALDARIUM MATS1

SUMMARY Acid spring effluents are often covered with mats of the eucaryotic phycocyanin-containing alga. Cyanidium caldarium. The primary bacterial component of such mats is an acidophilic strain of Bacillus coagulans, and the primary fungal component is Dactylaria gallopava. Because of the limited species diversity, C. caldarium mats appeared to be an excellent system for studying algal excretion and various microbial interactions in nature. From 2 to 6% of the NaH14CO3 taken up by natural or laboratory populations of the alga was excreted as 14C-labeled materials. The maximum excretion occurred at temperature, light, and pH values optimum for NaH14CO3 uptake. However, when excretion was expressed as a percentage of NaH14CO3 uptake, a higher percentage of the radioactivity was excreted at nonoptimal conditions for NaH14CO3 uptake. Fungal biomass was directly proportional to algal density, but bacterial numbers varied widely and did not correlate with algal numbers. The bacterial and fungal components could be grown in mixed culture with either growing C. caldarium cultures or in an extract prepared, by healing algal cells.
Extended Temperature Cycling of Plastic and Ceramic I/C's with Thermal Shock Preconditioning

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if liquid-liquid thermal shock preconditioning would affect subsequent longterm temperature cycling performance of ceramic and/or plastic dual-in-line packaged devices or ceramic or metal flat packages. Three levels of preconditioning were investigated, each followed by three levels of temperature cycling to form a 3×3 balanced matrix, analyzed by an Analysis of Variance. Fifteen cycles of preconditioning were used (as required to process Class A 38510 parts), followed by up to 3,000 cycles of temperature cycling. This investigation showed that there was no significant thermal-shock/temperature cycling interactions, but that a wide range of life response was observed between and within package types. This experiment increases our knowledge of device behavior when subjected to extended temperature cycling and allows, direct comparisons between plastic and ceramic dual-in-line packages. End of life was observed for several of the samples. The results indicated that there was no significant interaction between the levels of preconditioning used and the subsequent extended temperature cycling used, regardless of package type or material used. For DC electrical failures, there was no independent effect due to temperature cycling, nor independent effect due to thermal shock preconditioning for any of the package types. There was a very strong independent effect due to thermal shock with respect to both indicated and confirmed fine leak failures within the black ceramic dual-in-line packages only. The white ceramic sidebraze package passed all leak testing without a single hermeticity failure.
A 600 MeV cyclotron for radioactive beam production

The magnetic field design for a 600 MeV proton cyclotron is described. The cyclotron has a single stage, a normal conducting magnet coil and a 9.8 m outside yoke diameter. It has 8 sectors, with a transition to 4 sectors in the center region. The magnetic field design was done using 1958 Harwell rectangular ridge system measurements and was compared with recent 3-dimensional field calculations with the program TOSCA at NSCL. The center region 4-8 sector transition focusing was also checked with TOSCA. >
Endomorphin-2 is Released from Newborn Rat Primary Sensory Neurons in a Frequency- and Calcium- Dependent Manner

Recent evidence indicates that endomorphins, endogenous mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, modulate synaptic transmission in both somatic and visceral sensory pathways. Here we show that endomorphin-2 (END-2) is expressed in newborn rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and nodose-petrosal ganglion complex (NPG) neurons, and rarely co-localizes with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In order to examine activity-dependent release of END-2 from neurons, we established a model using dispersed cultures of DRG and NPG cells activated by patterned electrical field stimulation. To detect release of END-2, we developed a novel rapid capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in which END-2 capture antibody was added to neuronal cultures shortly before their electrical stimulation. The conventional assay was effective at reliably detecting END-2 only when the cells were stimulated in the presence of CTAP, a MOR-selective antagonist. This suggests that the strength of the novel assay is related primarily to rapid capture of released END-2 before it binds to endogenous MORs. Using the rapid capture ELISA, we found that stimulation protocols known to induce plastic changes at sensory synapses were highly effective at releasing END-2. Removal of extracellular calcium or blocking voltage-activated calcium channels significantly reduced the release. Together, our data provide the first evidence that END-2 is expressed by newborn DRG neurons of all sizes found in this age group, and can be released from these, as well as from NPG neurons, in an activity-dependent manner. These results point to END-2 as a likely mediator of activity-dependent plasticity in sensory pathways.
Real-time correlative scan matching

Scan matching, the problem of registering two laser scans in order to determine the relative positions from which the scans were obtained, is one of the most heavily relied-upon tools for mobile robots. Current algorithms, in a trade-off for computational performance, employ heuristics in order to quickly compute an answer. Of course, these heuristics are imperfect: existing methods can produce poor results, particularly when the prior is weak. The computational power available to modern robots warrants a re-examination of these quality vs. complexity trade-offs. In this paper, we advocate a probabilistically-motivated scan-matching algorithm that produces higher quality and more robust results at the cost of additional computation time. We describe several novel implementations of this approach that achieve real-time performance on modern hardware, including a multi-resolution approach for conventional CPUs, and a parallel approach for graphics processing units (GPUs). We also provide an empirical evaluation of our methods and several contemporary methods, illustrating the benefits of our approach. The robustness of the methods make them especially useful for global loop-closing.
Survival of the Embedded: Expelling and Embedding Forces on Members of the Corporate Elite

Manuscript Type: Conceptual Research Question/Issue: Prior research on corporate elites has focused on how interlocking directorships serve to create inter-organizational linkages and on what happens when board members lose their seats and those linkages are broken. Rather than focusing on the ties in corporate networks, here we focus on the nodes of these networks, the individual members of boards of directors. Research Findings/Insights: We identify the conditions under which a director will be able to retain his/her board seat even after he or she loses the executive position that provided initial entry onto the board. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The case of outside directors who have lost their executive positions in their home organizations provides an excellent opportunity to examine two competing theoretical perspectives: the inter-corporate and intra-class perspectives on corporate elites. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002), directorships are demanding an increasing amount of directors' time and directors without full-time executive positions elsewhere can actually devote more energy to board activities. An unintended consequence of this legislation is a potential decrease in the number of directors who hold several board seats simultaneously. This may reduce the efficiency of information flow across organizations and slow the diffusion of innovation.
The craft debate at the crossroads of global visual culture: re-centring craft in postmodern and postcolonial histories

Over the last decade the craft debate has stimulated contemporary visual culture globally. Questions such as ‘what is craft?’, ‘how do we define craft against fine art and design?’, and ‘why is craft important to us?’ have been hotly debated topics. In Anglo-America, in a notable achievement among significant numbers of publications and exhibitions on crafts, Glenn Adamson led the creation of the field of academic craft studies through the launch of The Journal of Modern Craft (2008–) and The Craft Reader (2010). The differing camps of critics and makers have developed a broad range of criticism. In a tantalisingly interesting correlation, visual culture in Japan has also been excited by a craft debate led by Kaneko Kenji, Kitazawa Noriaki and Mori Hitoshi. This debate has excited the public as it involved the national concerns of re-centring crafts in Japanese art history. This paper compares and analyses the scope and nature of craft debate in Anglo-America with that of Japan, and investigates where the...
The electronic structure of grain boundaries in Nb

We present first-principles calculations of the electronic structure of Nb grain boundaries. These are the first such calculations for a bcc metal using the real-space multiple-scattering theory (RSMST). Local densities of states near a {Sigma}5 twist grain boundary are compared to those for bulk Nb. 5 refs., 1 fig.
A randomized trial of weighted vest use in ambulatory older adults: strength, performance, and quality of life outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Lower extremity weakness is a major risk factor for falls and hip fractures. Aging muscle is capable of responding to strengthening techniques. Strategies for providing accessible, inexpensive, safe, and effective strengthening programs for older adults are needed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether use of a weighted vest improved strength, physical performance, markers of bone turnover, or health-related quality of life. DESIGN: A 27-week randomized, controlled, unmasked clinical trial. The primary outcome was peak isokinetic knee extensor strength at follow-up, adjusted for baseline strength. SETTING: Home-based program. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 62 women and men, mean age 74 years. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were randomized to: no vest (n = 21), 3% body weight (BW) vest (n = 19), or 5% BW vest (n = 22). The vest is a nylon garment with pockets that are loaded with adjustable weights. The vest was prescribed for 2 hours daily, 4 days per week. No specific physical activities were mandated. MEASUREMENTS: All measures were made at baseline and 27 weeks. These included: knee strength and endurance by isokinetic dynamometer; timed physical performance tests; serum osteocalcin and urinary N-telopeptides; and health-related quality of life scales. RESULTS: Follow-up values of muscular strength and endurance, physical performance, bone turnover markers, and health-related quality of life did not differ by treatment assignment. The final study visit was attended by 19 (90%), 15 (80%), and 20 (91%) of the control, 3%, and 5% groups, respectively. Three permanent discontinuations of vest use occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Weighted vest use did not result in improvement in multiple domains of strength and function and did not affect bone turnover markers. We conclude that the training stimulus afforded by the vest (at the dosage tested) was below the required amount to produce strength gains or bone stimulation. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 305–311, 2000.
Learning to be rational

We study the dynamical system of expectations generated by a simple general equilibrium model of an exchange economy in which each agent considers a finite collection of models, each of which specifies a relationship between payoff-relevant information and equilibrium prices. One of the models under consideration is a correct description of the rational expectations equilibrium. We find that under a Bayesian type of learning process the rational expectations equilibrium is locally stable, but that nonrational equilibria may also be locally stable. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 021, 026.
Most Subsets Are Balanced in Finite Groups

The sumset is one of the most basic and central objects in additive number theory. Many of the most important problems (such as Goldbach’s conjecture and Fermat’s last theorem) can be formulated in terms of the sumset S + S = { x + y: x, y ∈ S} of a set of integers S. A finite set of integers A is sum-dominant if | A + A | > | A − A | . Though it was believed that the percentage of subsets of \(\{0,\ldots,n\}\) that are sum-dominant tends to zero, in 2006 Martin and O’Bryant proved a very small positive percentage are sum-dominant if the sets are chosen uniformly at random (through the work of Zhao we know this percentage is approximately 4. 5 ⋅ 10−4). While most sets are difference-dominant in the integer case, this is not the case when we take subsets of many finite groups. We show that if we take subsets of larger and larger finite groups uniformly at random, then not only does the probability of a set being sum-dominant tend to zero but the probability that | A + A | = | A − A | tends to one, and hence a typical set is balanced in this case. The cause of this marked difference in behavior is that subsets of \(\{0,\ldots,n\}\) have a fringe, whereas finite groups do not. We end with a detailed analysis of dihedral groups, where the results are in striking contrast to what occurs for subsets of integers.
Challenges of Rights-Based Law Implementing the Least Restrictive Environment Mandate

The least restrictive environment provision of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 1997) is an example of how American laws written to address structural barriers for people with...
ENDOTHELIN PEPTIDES AND THE KIDNEY

Renal homeostasis reflects a delicate balance of diverse signaling systems controlling renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and tubular reabsorp­ tion and secretion. Regulatory peptides such as angiotensin II, arginine vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic factor help maintain homeostasis by controlling virtually every aspect of renal function (9, 18). It is perhaps surprising that one of the most potent renal peptides, endothelin (ET), was only recently discovered (131). Although our understanding remains fragmen­ tary, the basic outline of how ET peptides regulate renal physiology is now becoming clear. ET is secreted by the endothelium and at several other sites in the kidney, where it acts in a paracrine or autocrine signaling mode on target cells. By virtue of its vasoactive properties, ET probably regulates, in part, the long-term control of renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and sodium and water excretion. ET has direct effects on tubular transport of sodium and water at different nephron sites, especially in the collecting duct. ET is also a potent mitogen for glomerular mesangial cells. Finally, it has been postulated that ET contributes to renal pathophysiology in such disorders as acute renal failure, cyclosporine-mediated renal toxicity, and perhaps even glomerular inflammation. The purpose of this review is to describe what is known about the actions of ET in the kidney and indicate what is less certain or unknown. We begin
Dynamic Sprites

Traditional methods for creating dynamic objects and characters from static drawings involve careful tweaking of animation curves and/or simulation parameters. Sprite sheets offer a more drawing-centric solution, but they do not encode timing information or the logic that determines how objects should transition between poses and cannot generalize outside the given drawings. We present an approach for creating dynamic sprites that leverages sprite sheets while addressing these limitations. In our system, artists create a drawing, deform it to specify a small number of example poses, and indicate which poses can be interpolated. To make the object move, we design a procedural simulation to navigate the pose manifold in response to external or user-controlled forces. Powerful artistic control is achieved by allowing the artist to specify both the pose manifold and how it is navigated, while physics is leveraged to provide timing and generality. We used our method to create sprites with a range of different dynamic properties.
A Methodology for Assessing Enabling Technology Uncertainty on Advanced Aircraft Configurations

Designing advanced aircraft concepts has always involved risk caused by the challenge of predicting the level of technology maturity that will be available when the concept enters production. As the benefits from the technologies cannot be guaranteed, there is significant uncertainty during the development of the vehicle in the early stages design; leading to major design changes in the later stages of development which can lead to a sub-optimal vehicle. Evaluating the impact of the technology uncertainty on the vehicle’s design can help identify the most important technology areas, allowing more efficient allocation of limited engineering resources. In the following report, a methodology to evaluate the uncertainty in the vehicle performance due to various aircraft technologies and design metrics is presented. This is demonstrated using the NASA N3-X vehicle concept as an example. The vehicle is modeled with the Environment Design Space (EDS) by adding physics-based modules to model when necessary. Surrogate models of this environment are then used to evaluate the uncertainty in the performance metrics due to the technology benefit uncertainty on the optimal configuration of the aircraft. The uncertainty is evaluated based on overall impact of technologies and the impact of individual technology combinations of interest.
The Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program: Energy Politics in the Truman Era

As the end of the era of abundant natural petroleum oils approaches, the United States finds itself heavily committed to a way of life based on cheap liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Whether such fuels will be available at any price in adequate quantities in the future, is the question today. Professor Vietor shows that it was also a serious question for some years after World War II, and that the United States carried a long way towards definitive demonstration a program for the development of high-volume synthetic liquid fuels production techniques. What that program accomplished; how the interests, public and private, who were responsible for the American fuel supply reacted to it; and why it was shelved for 25 years are among the points Vietor covers. The reader is left to weigh for himself the several reasons why this program was sidetracked, but he can hardly fail to conclude that where such fundamental matters as energy policy are concerned, American planning has been distressingly short range.
Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) Response to Traps in an Unsprayed Orchard in Oregon

Eight and 10 different trap types were compared for their effectiveness in attracting the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), adults during 1985 and 1986 seasons, respectively. Ladd yellow rectangles with red hemispheres in the center and a Ladd apple volatile attractant (consisting of a mixture of hexyl acetate, butyl 2-methyl butyrate, propyl hexanoate, hexyl propionate, butyl hexanoate, and hexyl butanoate in a 36:7:12:5:29: 11 ratio) trapped the largest number of flies. This trap performed better than all other traps tested during both study years. Analysis of the ratios of positive response to traps suggests that the Ladd trap with red hemispheres and apple attractant was superior to both Pherocon AM and red sphere traps under both relatively low and high population density conditions. Other moderately effective traps were red spheres with Ladd attractant, Ladd yellow panels with red hemispheres, red spheres alone, and Pherocon AM traps. The addition of Zoecon apple attractant did not increase the effectiveness of Pherocon AM trap.
A New Species of Psathyrella from North Carolina

(1965). A New Species of Psathyrella from North Carolina. Mycologia: Vol. 57, No. 5, pp. 757-760.
Effect of Mass Releases of Trichogramma pretiosum Against Lepidopterous Pests on Processing Tomatoes in Southern California, with Notes on Host Egg Population Trends

Mass releases of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley in processing tomatoes at rates equivalent to 200,000 to 318,000/0.4 ha in 1970 through 1974 resulted in an average parasitization of eggs of the tomato fruitworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), ranging from 53.1 to 85.4% in the release fields, compared to 0 to 41.4% in the nonrelease fields. Average parasitization of eggs of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and Manduca spp. ranged from ca. 3 to 47% and 18 to 68% higher, respectively, in the release fields than in the nonrelease fields. When harvested by mid-August, fruit injured by H. zea was considerably less in the release field (0.9%) than in the nonrelease field (5.4%). There was little difference in fruit injury between fields when the fruit was harvested in late August. Mean population trends of H. zea, T. ni , and Manduca spp. eggs, during a 5-year period (1968–72), showed 4 peak oviposition periods for each species between May and September. The highest egg population of H. zea occurred in June and that of the other 2 species in late August or early September.
Mathematical modelling of transcriptional heterogeneity identifies novel markers and subpopulations in complex tissues

Tissue heterogeneity is both a major confounding factor and an underexploited information source. While a handful of reports have demonstrated the potential of supervised computational methods to deconvolute tissue heterogeneity, these approaches require a priori information on the marker genes or composition of known subpopulations. To address the critical problem of the absence of validated marker genes for many (including novel) subpopulations, we describe convex analysis of mixtures (CAM), a fully unsupervised in silico method, for identifying subpopulation marker genes directly from the original mixed gene expressions in scatter space that can improve molecular analyses in many biological contexts. Validated with predesigned mixtures, CAM on the gene expression data from peripheral leukocytes, brain tissue, and yeast cell cycle, revealed novel marker genes that were otherwise undetectable using existing methods. Importantly, CAM requires no a priori information on the number, identity, or composition of the subpopulations present in mixed samples, and does not require the presence of pure subpopulations in sample space. This advantage is significant in that CAM can achieve all of its goals using only a small number of heterogeneous samples, and is more powerful to distinguish between phenotypically similar subpopulations.
Long non-coding RNAs in cancer metabolism

Altered cellular metabolism is an emerging hallmark of cancer. Accumulating recent evidence links long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a still poorly understood class of non-coding RNAs, to cancer metabolism. Here we review the emerging findings on the functions of lncRNAs in cancer metabolism, with particular emphasis on how lncRNAs regulate glucose and glutamine metabolism in cancer cells, discuss how lncRNAs regulate various aspects of cancer metabolism through their cross-talk with other macromolecules, explore the mechanistic conceptual framework of lncRNAs in reprogramming metabolism in cancers, and highlight the challenges in this field. A more in-depth understanding of lncRNAs in cancer metabolism may enable the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies targeting cancer metabolism.
Age as a Risk Factor in Abdominoplasty.

Background Recent studies reviewing large patient databases suggested that age may be an independent risk factor for abdominoplasty. However, these investigations by design considered only short-term major complications. Objectives The purpose of this investigation was: (1) to compare the safety of abdominoplasty in an elderly and younger patient population; (2) to determine the complication rates across all spectrums: major, minor, local, and systemic; and (3) to evaluate complications occurring both short and long term. Methods Abdominoplasty procedures performed from 2010 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects were divided into two groups: ≤59 years old and ≥60 years old. Major, minor, local, and systemic complications were analyzed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, perioperative details, adjunctive procedures were also assessed. Results A total of 129 patients were included in the study: 43 in the older and 86 in the younger age group. The median age of The elderly and young groups was 65.0 and 41.5 years, respectively (P .05). Median follow-up time of the elderly (4.0 months) was no different than the younger (5.0 months) patients (P > .07). Median procedure time in the elderly (4.5 hours) was no different than the younger group (5.0 hours) (P = .4). The elderly exhibited a greater American Society of Anesthesiologist score, median body mass index (28.7 vs 25.1 kg/m2), and number of comorbidities (2.7 vs 0.9) (P < .001). Conclusions There was no significant difference in either major or minor complications between the two groups. This suggests that with proper patient selection, abdominoplasty can be safely performed in the older age patient population. Level of Evidence 2.
Facial Injuries in Sports, Soft Tissue Injuries (Abrasions, Contusions, Lacerations)

This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of facial soft tissue injuries in athletics. General diagnostic algorithms are presented, including initial assessment aligned with Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines. Specific injury types are discussed along with possible collateral damage and adverse sequelae to limit morbidity. Treatment modalities are described using generally accepted principles refined to fit athlete patients. Return-to-play issues are outlined relative to level of participation, with the emphasis on safe return. Goals of treatment are defined, including prompt, accurate diagnosis; efficient, effective treatment; safe return; and optimum functional and esthetic outcome.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Language: en
Prevalence of Homelessness in the Emergency Department Setting.

Background/Objective: To determine the prevalence of homelessness or at-risk for homelessness in the ED setting. Methods: Using a 5 question screening tool derived from teh US department of Housing and Urband Development (HUD), Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Beterans Administration (VA) definition for homelessness, we surveyed all patients meeting inclusion criteria on scheudled shifts in one of three EDs in Northeastern Pennsylvania Two survey periods were selected to represent seasonal variations. Results: 4395 subjects were included in the analysis. The mean age of participants was 50.8 (SD 20.5) and 2,557(58.2%) were women. The mean age of those who screened positive for homelessness or at-risk for homelessness was 43.1 (SD16.6). Overall, 136 (3.1%) participants screened positive for at-risk for homelessness and 309 (7.0%) screened positive for homelessness. 103 (9.8%) subjects screened positive for homelessness or at-risk for homelessness on weekends and 312 (10.3%) on weekedays (p=-.64). The proportion of those screening positive for homelessness or at-risk for homelessness varied by site: 145 (7.5%) at hte trauma cetner, 151 (9.1%) at the suburban site and 149 (18.7%) at the center city site, p<0.001. There was no statistical significance to the difference between the trauma center and the suburban site (p=.088), but there was statistical significance between both the suburban and the trauma cneter when compared to the center city site (both p<0.0001). The proportion of those screening positive for homelessness in the summer months (156,7.5%) was similar to those in the winter months (153, 6.6%), p=-.23, but it did favor summer months if those who were at-risk for homelessness were included (230, 11.1%, summer versus 215, 9.2% winter; p=0.045). Conclusions: In our study, the overall prevalence of homelessness or at-risk for homelessness was 10.1%. This prevalence did not seem to vary between weekdays and weekends. Additionally summer months had a prevalence that was was concerning as winter months. The prevalence does, however, seem to vary by institutional characteristics even in the same geographic region. Understanding the patterns of prevalence of homelessness is a step toward considering possible interventions to assist this vulnerable population
Racial Differences in the Association Between Maternal Antenatal Depression and Preterm Birth Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Background: In the United States, racial/ethnic disparities in preterm birth (PTB) are well documented, but explanations for why the disparity persists remain to be fully explored. We examined racial/ethnic differences in the association of maternal antenatal depression with PTB (<37 completed weeks of gestation) risk. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, participants (n = 2073) included non-Hispanic (NH) black, NH white, Asian, and Hispanic women who received prenatal care at a university obstetric clinic January 2004–March 2010, and delivered at the university's hospital. We obtained data from self-reported questionnaires and electronic medical records. We assessed antenatal depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and self-reported antenatal antidepressant medication use. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the association between antenatal depression and PTB risk, within strata of race/ethnicity. Results: NH black (risk ratio [RR] = 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]...
Challenges of Using Gestures in Multimodal HMI for Unmanned Mission Planning

As the use of autonomous systems continues to proliferate, their user base has transitioned from one primarily comprised of pilots and engineers with knowledge of the low level systems and algorithms to non-expert UAV users like scientists. This shift has highlighted the need to develop more intuitive and easy-to-use interfaces such that the strengths of the autonomous system can still be utilized without requiring any prior knowledge about the complexities of running such a system. Gesture-based natural language interfaces have emerged as a promising new alternative input modality. While on their own gesture-based interfaces can build general descriptions of desired inputs (e.g., flight path shapes), it is difficult to define more specific information (e.g., lengths, radii, height) while simultaneously preserving the intuitiveness of the interface. In order to assuage this issue, multimodal interfaces that integrate both gesture and speech can be used. These interfaces are intended to model typical human-human communication patterns which supplement gestures with speech. However, challenges arise when integrating gestures into a multimodal HMI architecture such as user perception of their ability vs. actual performance, system feedback, synchronization between input modalities, and the bounds on gesture execution requirements. We discuss these challenges, their possible causes and provide suggestions for mitigating these issues in the design of future multimodal interfaces. Although this paper discusses these challenges in the context of unmanned aerial vehicle mission planning, similar issues and solutions can be extended to unmanned ground and underwater missions.
Mothering as Laboring: Navigating Cultural Discourses of Mothering as Marriage-Labor Immigrants in Korea

This paper examines the ways in which marriage-labor immigrants manage, facilitate, and fulfill discourses about mothering in Korea by giving birth to and raising children. Through a series of semi-structured ethnographic interviews, “go-along” interviews, and fieldwork with marriage-labor immigrants in Korea in 2013, 2014, and 2015, I investigated the emergent tension and anxiety around the recent demographic changes in Korea and the subsequent impact on discourses about mothering. This paper concludes by exploring the implications of how the reproductive and affective labor of marriage-labor immigrants functions in contemporary Korea to facilitate cultural discourses about gender, lineage, and national identity.
Seismic High Attenuation Region Observed Beneath Southern New England From Teleseismic Body Wave Spectra: Evidence for High Asthenospheric Temperature Without Melt

Seismic attenuation exhibits strong geographic variability in northeastern North America, with the highest values associated with the previously-recognized Northern Appalachian Anomaly (NAA) in southern New England. The shear wave quality factor at 100 km depth is 14 < QS < 25, the ratio of P-wave and S-wave quality factors is QP/QS = 1.2 ± 0.03 (95%), and the frequency dependence parameter is α = 0.39 ± 0.025 (95%) . The high values of QP/QS and α are compatible with laboratory measurements of unmelted rock and, in the case of α, incompatible with widespread melting. The low QS implies high mantle temperatures (~1550-1650 °C) at 100 km depth (assuming no melt). Small-scale variations in attenuation suggests structural heterogeneity within the NAA, possibly due to lithospheric delamination caused by asthenospheric flow.
Impact of Global Financial Crisis on Economic Wellbeing: A Case of South Asia

The financial crisis that began with problems in the subprime mortgage market in the USA and spread around the world in September 2008 marked the first global financial crisis of the twenty-first century. After the Second World War, it is considered as the most severe financial and economic crisis the world has witnessed. The devastating impact on the balance sheets of many of the leading investment banks, despite the “virtues” of transferring risk from bank balance sheets under the “originate and distribute” model of banking, quickly propagated across major financial centers. In an attempt to reduce the large counterparty credit risk, banks began calling in loans, including those in seemingly riskier emerging markets. The credit squeeze and the ensuing impact on real estate and housing asset markets led US firms and households to reduce spending, resulting in a sharp economic slowdown. The first-round effects gave way to a second round through slower export demand, further weakening global economic growth. The economies that were highly integrated with US economy suffered much owing to the contraction economic policy of the US government.
Mothers Perceptions and Responsiveness to Malnutrition among HIV-positive and HIV-negative Children in Ghana

The objective of this study was to assess mothers’ perceptions of the causes of their child’s malnutrition and thus their responsiveness to the child’s condition. This was a qualitative study. In-d...
Preliminary measurement of the critical Casimir effect near the tricritical point in 3He - 4He mixture films

We report a preliminary measurement of the critical Casimir effect in 3 He- 4 He mixture films near the tricritical point. Whereas we had found that the pure 4 He film adsorbed on Cu substrates thins due to the critical Casimir force near the lambda transition, in our present experiments we find that the adsorbed mixture film thickens near the tricritical point. This difference in behavior most likely reflects the difference in the universality class of these two phase transitions and the difference in boundary conditions that the order parameter must satisfy at liquid-substrate and liquid-vapor interfaces.
The Case for Speculative Multithreading on SMT Processors

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) processors achieve high performance by executing independent instructions from different programs simultaneously [1]. However, the SMT model doesn't help single-thread applications and performs at its full potential only when executing multithreaded applications or multiple programs. Moreover, to minimize the total execution time of one selected high priority thread, that thread has to run alone. Recently, several speculative multithreading architectures have been proposed that exploit far away instruction level parallelism in single-thread applications. In particular, the dynamic multithreading or DMT model [2] uses hardware mechanisms to fork speculative threads at procedure and loop boundaries along the execution path of a single program, and executes these threads on a multithreaded processor. In this paper, we explore the performance scope of an SMT architecture in which spare thread contexts are used to support the DMT execution of procedure and loop threads. We show two significant advantages of this approach: (1) it increases processor utilization and total execution throughput when few programs are running, and (2) it eliminates or reduces the performance degradation of one selected high priority program when running simultaneously with other programs, without reducing total SMT throughput.
Factors Associated with Continued Food Insecurity among Households Recovering from Hurricane Katrina.

In 2010, 14.5% of US households experienced food insecurity, which adversely impacts health. Some groups are at increased risk for food insecurity, such as female-headed households, and those same groups are often also at increased risk for disaster exposure and the negative consequences that come with exposure. Little research has been done on food insecurity post-disaster. The present study investigates long-term food insecurity among households heavily impacted by Hurricane Katrina. A sample of 683 households participating in the Gulf Coast Child and Family Health Study were examined using a generalized estimation model to determine protective and risk factors for food insecurity during long-term recovery. Higher income (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.84, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.77, 0.91), having a partner (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.89, 0.97), or “other” race were found to be protective against food insecurity over a five-year period following disaster exposure. Low social support (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.08, 1.20), poor physical health (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.03, 1.13) or mental health (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.09, 1.18), and female sex (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01, 1.10) were risk factors. Policies and programs that increase access to food supplies among high-risk groups are needed to reduce the negative health impacts of disasters.
Angiotensin system inhibitors during induction chemotherapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma: Analysis of survival.

e16066Background: Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) signaling affects tumorigenesis and treatment susceptibility of various cancers. We investigate the impact of angiotensin–system inhibitors (ASIs) o...
The No-Nonsense Guide to Born-Digital Content

The No-Nonsense Guide to Born-Digital Content addresses the growing problem of the proverbial gorilla in the room: Librarians are not keeping up with managing the digital materials that are originally created in an electronic format.
Political institutions and collective attachments

We argue that the geographic distribution of power across different levels of government influences citizens’ attachments to alternative collective groups. In federal states where authority is shar...
Motivation to Learn Neuroanatomy by Cadaveric Dissection is Correlated with Academic Performance

Implementing educational activities, such as a wet lab with cadaveric brain dissection, is known to have a direct impact on medical students' motivation. These activities demonstrate the clinical relevance of concepts taught in the classroom setting. The correlation between motivation and academic performance is not clear. First year medical students participated in wet lab activities. The wet lab included cadaveric dissection of the surface and internal anatomy of the brain, as well as discussions facilitated by the neuroscience faculty and clinicians. Discussions were centered around the clinical relevance of the neuroanatomical features dissected during the wet laboratory activities. Following completion of the laboratory activities, students completed a survey, which was used to assess the students' motivation for learning neuroanatomy based on the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) model of motivation. These results were then correlated with performance on a laboratory examination that tested three-dimensional and cross-sectional knowledge of neuroanatomy and practical skills including the use of imaging techniques. The total mean score of motivation was generally high for all categories of ARCS model of motivation (4.26/5) and was highest for Relevance (4.46/5). When these results were correlated with students' performance on the lab examination, a positive correlation between students' motivation and lab examination scores was found (R2 = 0.877). Implementation of the neuroanatomy cadaveric dissection lab led to increased student motivation, which was positively correlated with students' academic performance. Clin. Anat. 32:128-135, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Duramycin radiosensitization of MCA-RH 7777 hepatoma cells through the elevation of reactive oxygen species.

Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the radiosensitization effects of duramycin against the liver cancer hepatoma cells and relationship to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Materials and Methods: MCA-RH 7777 cells were treated with various combinations of duramycin concentrations and radiation doses. After the treatment, cell viabilities were determined by a cell proliferation assay; intracellular ROS levels were detected with the flow cytometric method. Results: MCA-RH 7777 cell viability was found significantly reduced after combining duramycin and radiation exposure (comparing to that of either treatment alone). Increased intracellular ROS levels were observed in cells treated with combinations of duramycin and radiation. Conclusion: Duramycin increased the intracellular ROS generation and also increased the radiosensitivity of MCA-RH 7777 cells.
Ablation of Hmgb1 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Causes Intestinal Lipid Accumulation and Reduces NASH in Mice.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a metabolic disorder in which poor nutrition and the gut-to-liver interaction play a major role. We previously established that hepatic high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is involved in chronic liver disease. HMGB1 increases in patients with NASH and it is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC); yet, the role of intestinal HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of NASH has not been investigated. Thus, we hypothesized that IEC-derived HMGB1 could play a role in NASH due to local effects in the intestine that govern hepatic steatosis. Control littermates and Hmgb1 ΔIEC mice were fed for 1 or 24 weeks a control diet or a high fat, high cholesterol (CHO) and fructose-enriched diet (HFCFD). Hepatic and intestinal injury were analyzed. Hmgb1 ΔIEC mice were protected from HFCFD-induced NASH after 1 or 24 weeks of feeding; however, they showed extensive atypical lipid droplet accumulation and increased concentrations of triglycerides (TG) and CHO in jejunal IEC together with lower TG and other lipid classes in serum. Olive oil or CHO gavage resulted in decreased serum TG and CHO in Hmgb1 ΔIEC mice, respectively, indicating delayed and/or reduced chylomicron (CM) efflux. There was significant up-regulation of scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) and down-regulation of apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) proteins, suggesting decreased lipid packaging and/or CM formation that resulted in lesser hepatosteatosis. Conclusion: Ablation of Hmgb1 in IEC causes up-regulation of SR-B1 and down-regulation of ApoB48, leads to lipid accumulation in jejunal IEC, decreases CM packaging and/or release, reduces serum TG, and lessens liver steatosis, therefore protecting Hmgb1 ΔIEC mice from HFCFD-induced NASH.