cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation Between the Activities of Daily Living Assessment and Gross Motor Function Measures in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Purpose: This study was to identify the whether there is any correlation between Gross Motor Function Measures (GMFM) and Functional independence Measurement for children (WeeFIM) in order to identify a relevance of daily life motor with gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Subjects were instructed to evaluated by an occupational therapist using WeeFIM (reliability 0.83-0.99) and by a physical therapist using GMFM (reliability 0.93). 10 male children and 13 female children among 23 children being diagnosed as cerebral palsy were targeted for this study. A correlation between GMFM and WeeFIM was analyzed with Kendall correlation. Results: Participants showed significant correlation between GMFM and WeeFIM in all categories, except in the GMFM’s walking· running·jumping category, standing category of GMFM and self care, sphincter control, communication category of WeeFIM. Lying·rolling and sitting and crawling· kneeling area of GMFM showed a significant correlation with self care(r=0.35, 0.39, 0.4), sphincter control (r=0.45, 0.43, 0.61), mobility transfer (r=0.44, 0.36, 0.64), locomotion (r=0.41, 0.35, 0.74), communication (r=0.4, 0.44, 0.51), and social cognition (r=0.43, 0.51, 0.64) area of WeeFIM (p<0.05). Standing of GMFM and mobility transfer (r=0.74), locomotion (r=0.47) and social cognition (r=0.4) area of WeeFIM showed a significant correlation (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicated significant correlation between activity of daily living (ADL) and gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy. However, because there are a few results that are not significant, both assessment tools should be used for evaluations so that treatment can be achieved with an accurate assessment and establish a therapeutic plan.
Analysis of cosmetic skin phototoxicity test results

Objective:To understand the quality of sunscreen and freckle cosmetics,and provide reference for cosmetic products Monitoring assessment.Methods:The skin phototoxicity test method refer to " Hygienic Standard for cosmetics"(2007 edition) of The Ministry Health.Results:7 samples with a primary stimulus of 169 copies of sunscreen cosmetics,skin phototoxicity test results showed a pass rate of 98.8%,the pass rate of imports cosmetics slightly higher than that of China-made cosmetics;6 copies of freckle cosmetics are with a primary stimulus and they are all Chinese-made products,41 freckle cosmetics skin phototoxicity test results showed a pass rate of 100%.Conclusion:The recipe and market supervision and managementof Sunscreen and freckle products should be strengthened domestically.
Contesting the Public School: Reconsidering Charter Schools as Counterpublics

Although technically open to all, charter schools often emphasize distinctive missions that appeal to particular groups of students and families. These missions, especially ones focusing on ethnic, linguistic, and cultural differences, also contribute to segregation between schools. Such schools raise normative questions about the aims of education. Are they a troubling retreat from an integrated public school system? Or are they new public spaces relevant to the needs of certain communities? Through a case study of one potentially counterpublic school, I describe how this school embodied aspects of public-ness. I argue that a counterpublic framework—in emphasizing shared decision making, expanded discursive space, and a publicist orientation—offers resources for considering under what circumstances distinctive schools might serve public goals.
Deception for the Electrical Power Industry

“Industrial Mirage” is a defensive deception approach to disrupt and investigate cyberattacks on critical infrastructure and industrial control systems in particular. The main thrust is to create a decoy (“mirage”) system that cyberattacks can target harmlessly. The idea is to adapt the concept of decoy data (honeytokens) to an industrial-control context. The honeytokens represent dynamics, configuration, operation, and location of systems that attackers want to manipulate. The decoy data resides in phantom I/O devices like those in Chap. 14 and on computers that perform control-systems tasks.
Conformational differences and intermolecular C—H…N interactions in three polymorphs of a bis(pyridinyl)‐substituted benzimidazole

The structural characterization of several polymorphic forms of a compound allow the inter­play between mol­ecular conformation and inter­molecular inter­actions to be studied, which can contribute to the development of strategies for the rational preparation of materials with desirable properties and the tailoring of inter­molecular inter­actions to produce solids with predictable characteristics of inter­est in crystal engineering. The crystal structures of two new polymorphs of 5,6-dimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1-[(pyridin-2-yl)meth­yl]-1H-benzimidazole, C20H18N4, are reported. The previously reported polymorph, (1) [Geiger & DeStefano (2014). Acta Cryst. E70, o365], exhibits the space group C2/c, whereas polymorphs (2) and (3) presented here are in the Pnma and P\overline{1} space groups, respectively. The mol­ecular structures of the three forms differ in their orientations of the 2-(pyridin-2-yl)- and 1-[(pyridin-2-yl)meth­yl]- substituents. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the relative energies of the mol­ecule in the three conformations follows the order (1) < (2) < (3), with a spread of 10.6 kJ mol−1. An analysis of the Hirshfeld surfaces shows that the three polymorphs exhibit inter­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions, which can be classified into six types. Based on DFT calculations involving pairs of mol­ecules having the observed inter­actions, the C—H⋯N energy in the systems explored is approximately −11.2 to −14.4 kJ mol−1.
A carrier recovery architecture for next generation wideband modems

We propose a joint matched filtering (MF) and carrier recovery architecture based on perfect reconstruction (PR) non-maximally decimated filter bank (NMDFB). The NMDFB based processing not only provides low speed processing feature but also effectively deals with the cascade and parallel filtering problems that most conventional receivers adopt. We will show the NMDFB implementation of conventional receivers offers significant workload reduction. Given the PR property, any desired spectral shape can be well approximated by properly designing the analysis/synthesis chain with intermediate processing elements (IPEs), which transforms the conventional filters into IPE processors. The proposed carrier recovery is implemented by performing band-edge (BE) filtering in the channelized domain. The error from the synthesized BE filter outputs drives the frequency locked loop (FLL) and the IPE based low speed direct digital synthesizer (DDS). Similarly, the constellation phase offset is removed via phase shifter IPE driven by a phase locked loop (PLL). And, the MF is performed via a third spectral shaping IPE. Compared to existing architectures, the proposed approach implements close to optimal BE filters while exhibiting significant workload reduction.
Simple Difference Equation Models

The rate of energy transfer between ecosystem compartments either does or does not depend upon the current state of the recipient compartment. In the former case the compartments are said to be involved in a predation interaction. Dairy cattle grazing grass, mosquitoes drawing blood from humans, ravens comsuming carrion, and soil bacteria digesting detritus are all examples of predator-prey pairs in predation interactions. Energy transfer between ecosystem compartments which is not a predation interaction is called detritus donation. The donation of energy from the moss compartment to the peat compartment in a model of a northern bog would be an example of detritus donation. This chapter concerns modeling a predation interaction at the simplest level.
A field test on the effectiveness of milfoil weevil for controlling Eurasian watermilfoil in Wisconsin lakes

We tested the effectiveness of milfoil weevils (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) for reducing biomass of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum, EWM) under natural lake conditions in a 3-year field experiment. In each of four lakes, we randomly chose two EWM beds for stocking and two beds as controls. A total of ca. 40,000 weevils were added to the eight stocked beds. During June and August 2013–2015, we measured plant diversity, biomass of EWM and native plants, and weevil abundance in the 16 study beds. Background weevil densities varied widely among beds and were often greater than the densities stocked. Weevil stocking had no significant effect on EWM or native plant biomass. Nevertheless, weevil damage to EWM was common and its extent appeared strongly related to observed densities of the weevil. ANCOVA results indicated that weevil density was a significant predictor of EWM biomass in both June and August, but not on growth during summer. Overall, our study found that weevil density is an important factor for predicting EWM biomass, while weevil density is likely affected by a large number of environmental factors. This work highlights the importance of carefully considering lake conditions that may influence the efficacy of stocking for biological control.
The Development of an Interactive Voice Response Survey for Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Estimation: Technical Assessment and Cognitive Testing

Background: The rise in mobile phone ownership in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) presents an opportunity to transform existing data collection and surveillance methods. Administering surveys via interactive voice response (IVR) technology—a mobile phone survey (MPS) method—has potential to expand the current surveillance coverage and data collection, but formative work to contextualize the survey for LMIC deployment is needed. Objective: The primary objectives of this study were to (1) cognitively test and identify challenging questions in a noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factor questionnaire administered via an IVR platform and (2) assess the usability of the IVR platform. Methods: We conducted two rounds of pilot testing the IVR survey in Baltimore, MD. Participants were included in the study if they identified as being from an LMIC. The first round included individual interviews to cognitively test the participant’s understanding of the questions. In the second round, participants unique from those in round 1 were placed in focus groups and were asked to comment on the usability of the IVR platform. Results: A total of 12 participants from LMICs were cognitively tested in round 1 to assess their understanding and comprehension of questions in an IVR-administered survey. Overall, the participants found that the majority of the questions were easy to understand and did not have difficulty recording most answers. The most frequent recommendation was to use country-specific examples and units of measurement. In round 2, a separate set of 12 participants assessed the usability of the IVR platform. Overall, participants felt that the length of the survey was appropriate (average: 18 min and 31 s), but the majority reported fatigue in answering questions that had a similar question structure. Almost all participants commented that they thought an IVR survey would lead to more honest, accurate responses than face-to-face questionnaires, especially for sensitive topics. Conclusions: Overall, the participants indicated a clear comprehension of the IVR-administered questionnaire and that the IVR platform was user-friendly. Formative research and cognitive testing of the questionnaire is needed for further adaptation before deploying in an LMIC. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(5):e112]
3D shape measurement using image-matching-based techniques

Image matching involves detecting the same points in two or multiple images that are captured from different viewpoints, at different time, and/or by different cameras. This paper presents using the image-matching-based techniques to carry out the static and dynamic 3D shape measurements. The process contains two crucial steps: (1) calibrate the cameras to get the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters; (2) perform matching of pixel points to detect the location disparities of the same physical points in the involved two or multiple images. A number of experiments are shown to demonstrate the applications to 3D shape, deformation, motion and vibration measurements.
Introduction: Citizenship and citizenship-oriented care

Citizenship as understood and evaluated by the editors of this special issue and several authors of the articles included here, is defined as the person’s strong connection to the 5 Rs of rights, r...
Discourse measurement in aphasia: consensus and caveats

Our intention was to use this clinical forum to start a dialogue regarding the multitude of discourse outcome measures currently used in studies of aphasia. Based on the commentary papers, it is ob...
Inspiratory muscle performance predicts response to physical therapy in patients with chronic low back pain

Introduction: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is prevalent, costly, and has a high rate of poor outcomes worldwide. There are few known predictors for treatment response of CLBP to physical therapy (PT). However, an association between breathing dysfunction and CLBP has been suggested. The Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance (TIRE) is a novel examination of strength and inspiratory endurance/work reflected primarily by the sustained maximal inspiratory pressure (SMIP) which may provide insight into breathing and CLBP. Aim: To examine the predictive value of SMIP on perceived disability (PD) in subjects with CLBP. Methods: TIRE SMIP was measured from residual volume to total lung capacity in seventeen CLBP patients (8 men, 9 women) prior to 1 month of standard PT (exercise, manual therapy, and physical agents). The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was administered before and after PT using standard methods to measure PD. Results: Prior to PT, the mean±SD age, SMIP, and ODI were 56±13 years, 477±226 PTU, and 33±12%, respectively. After 1 month of PT, the mean ODI score decreased 4±8%, with only 6/17 subjects exceeding the minimal detectable change of 5% for ODI scores. Baseline SMIP was a significant predictor of ODI change scores (r=.56; p=.03). Conclusions: Baseline SMIP predicts change in PD after 1 month of PT. Lower baseline SMIP scores were associated with greater improvements in PD. Thus, PD in subjects with CLBP, and concurrent low SMIP, may be associated with deconditioning rather than structural pathology and therefore be more responsive to PT. PT targeted at improving SMIP may improve PD in CLBP.
Sodium and Potassium MRI in Cerebral Ischemia

Ischemia can be accompanied by dramatic disturbances in the tissue ion balance. This chapter reviews the mechanisms of brain Na+/K+ imbalance in ischemia, their implications for using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for basic understanding, diagnostics, and therapy of stroke, as well as MRI challenges and experimental approaches. Experimental stroke studies demonstrated the potential of 23Na MRI to determine stroke onset time, which is critical for compliance with the time window for thrombolysis. 23Na MRI revealed heterogeneity in the time of the beginning and the rate of increase in the Na+ content within the ischemic core and between cortical and subcortical areas in the rat brain, with the maximum rate of Na+ accumulation at the periphery of the ischemic core. K+ in ischemic rat brain has been assessed by K/Rb substitution and 87Rb MRI. Multiquantum filtering techniques have a capability to discriminate between intra- and extracellular cations. 23Na MRI techniques are directly transferrable to the clinical setting, although one might anticipate a significant heterogeneity of the human stroke progression compared to the animal models. It is expected that estimates of brain Na+ and K+ by MRI could provide an enhanced physiological characterization of ischemic lesion and may be helpful for assessing tissue viability and amenability to therapy and outcome prognosis.
Spatial modeling of cell signaling networks.

The shape of a cell, the sizes of subcellular compartments and the spatial distribution of molecules within the cytoplasm can all control how molecules interact to produce a cellular behavior. This chapter describes how these spatial features can be included in mechanistic mathematical models of cell signaling. The Virtual Cell computational modeling and simulation software is used to illustrate the considerations required to build a spatial model. An explanation of how to appropriately choose between physical formulations that implicitly or explicitly account for cell geometry and between deterministic vs, stochastic formulations for molecular dynamics is provided, along with a discussion of their respective strengths and weaknesses. As a first step toward constructing a spatial model, the geometry needs to be specified and associated with the molecules, reactions and membrane flux processes of the network. Initial conditions, diffusion coefficients, velocities and boundary conditions complete the specifications required to define the mathematics of the model. The numerical methods used to solve reaction-diffusion problems both deterministically and stochastically are then described and some guidance is provided in how to set up and run simulations. A study of cAMP signaling in neurons ends the chapter, providing an example of the insights that can be gained in interpreting experimental results through the application of spatial modeling.
Thinking Spatially in Cultural Policy

This book is an investigation of the arts in American cities and analyzes how cultural policy studies scholars and policymakers have been thinking about this connection. In particular, I look at the urban cultural policy discourse through the lens of space, unpacking how academia and cities’ administrations have accounted for and acted upon the geographic configuration of the arts and their spatial relations. This chapter provides an overview of the debate within which this examination takes place starting with an illustration of cultural policy research and urban policy studies focused on the creative city. After the contextualization of the discussion, this chapter structures the theoretical framework of the book that aims to contribute to the debate using the lens of thirdspace to help think spatially about urban cultural policy. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book that describes the intended audience, the overall organization I begin my exploration of the connection between arts and place with the concept of cultural planning structure of each chapter.
Imaging Evaluation of Lung Transplantation Patients: A Time and Etiology-based Approach to High-resolution Computed Tomography Interpretation

Lung transplantation is an established therapeutic option for patients with irreversible end-stage pulmonary disease limiting life expectancy and quality of life. Common indications for lung transplantation include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis
Quantification of Drug Molecules in Live Single Cells Using the Single-Probe Mass Spectrometry Technique

Analyzing cellular constituents on the single-cell level through mass spectrometry (MS) allows for a wide range of compounds to be studied simultaneously. However, there is a need for quantitative single-cell mass spectrometry (qSCMS) methods to fully characterize drug efficacy from individual cells within cell populations. In this study, qSCMS experiments were carried out using the Single-probe MS technique. The method was successfully used to perform rapid absolute quantifications of the anticancer drug irinotecan in individual mammalian cancer cells under ambient conditions in real time. Traditional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) quantifications of irinotecan in cell lysate samples were used to compare the results from Single-probe qSCMS. This technique showcases heterogeneity of drug efficacy on the single-cell level.
Possible magneto-mechanical and magneto-thermal mechanisms of ion channel activation in magnetogenetics

The palette of tools for perturbation of neural activity is continually expanding. On the forefront of this expansion is magnetogenetics, where ion channels are genetically engineered to be closely coupled to the iron-storage protein ferritin. Initial reports on magnetogenetics have sparked a vigorous debate on the plausibility of physical mechanisms of ion channel activation by means of external magnetic fields. The criticism leveled against magnetogenetics as being physically implausible is based on the specific assumptions about the magnetic spin configurations of iron in ferritin. I consider here a wider range of possible spin configurations of iron in ferritin and the consequences these might have in magnetogenetics. I propose several new magneto-mechanical and magneto-thermal mechanisms of ion channel activation that may clarify some of the mysteries that presently challenge our understanding of the reported biological experiments. Finally, I present some additional puzzles that will require further theoretical and experimental investigation.
El grito republicano de Antequera y la metáfora del memorial por Ramírez Santacruz

En el marco de una reflexion sobre los procesos de confiscacion de la democracia en paises hispanoamericanos nuestro estudio enfoca el irrenunciable compromiso del escritor paraguayo que expone —en un tipo particular de relato novelado— el acontecimiento de la primera republica hispanoamericana y el memorial que lo registra. El discurso expresa la preocupacion etica. La palabra es reflexion, examen, toma de conciencia de la realidad socio-politica y cuenta por la exigencia que instala, apelando al lector para que eleve su nivel de juicio. Nuestro estudio revisa las esquematizaciones modelicas que conceptualizamos generos. La teorizacion que delineamos rescata la relacion entre historiografia y literatura, desde la epica, donde la articulacion de documentos se transfiere a lo imaginario en la semantizacion del mythos desde una dianoia: un eje ideologico: una preocupacion social de base etica. Ramirez Santacruz, lucido lector de la historiografia, claramente implicado, expone el acontecimiento de la rebelion comunera en Paraguay desde sus consecuencias y en sus proyecciones. La presentacion del ideario es eje de la representacion de los hechos en juego de interpretaciones. Se acentua la indole de artefacto porque en la transcripcion de los documentos los personajes historicos se articulan en figuras representativas/ plenas -Antequera, Mompox- y figuras significadoras, claves en la interpretacion y version del acontecimiento: el comun, el pueblo. Nuestro estudio asedia la semantica extensional, los contextos, la dimension epica de la configuracion.
Domestic Political Consequences of International Rivalry

Given the conventional claim that external threats increase internal cohesion and government capacity, cross-country studies have examined how interstate conflict events influence domestic politics...
Growth Drivers of Bakken Oil Well Productivity

This paper identifies the drivers of the phenomenal growth in productivity in hydraulically fractured horizontal oil wells producing from the middle member of the Bakken Formation in North Dakota. The data show a strong underlying spatial component and somewhat weaker temporal component. Drivers of the spatial component are favorable reservoir conditions. The temporal component of well productivity growth is driven by increasing the number of fracture treatments and by increasing the volume of proppant and injection fluids used on a per fracture treatment basis. Random Forest, a nonparametric modeling procedure often applied in the context of machine learning, is used to identify the relative importance of geologic and well completion factors that have driven the growth in Bakken well productivity. The findings of this study suggest that a significant part of the well productivity increases during the period from 2010 to 2015 has been the result of improved well site selection. For the more recent period, that is, from 2015 through 2017, part of the improved well productivity has resulted from substantial increases in the proppant and injection fluids used per stage and per well.
Sabal palmetto: Sabal or Cabbage Palm

The sabal palm, or cabbage palm, is native to Florida and coastal regions of North and South Carolina and Georgia and is the state tree of both South Carolina and Florida. The name “cabbage palm” comes from its edible immature leaves, or “heart,” which has a cabbage-like flavor. This 5-page fact sheet was written by T. K. Broschat, and published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, July 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st575
Boundary Value Problems

In this chapter, we’ll discuss the essential steps of solving boundary value problems (BVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using MATLAB’s built-in solvers. The only difference between BVPs and IVPs is that the given differential equation in a BVP is valid within two boundary conditions, which are the initial and end conditions. A BVP can be formulated with the following expressions:
We Heart Japan: Fan Citizenship and the Role of Institutions in the Response to Japanese Earthquakes:

The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and resulting tsunami that devastated the nation created a situation that, through the global flows of media content, necessitated a response from the internati...
Repurposing Drugs for COVID-19: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine

BACKGROUND: A new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the etiological agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, COVID-19, the source and cause of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have gathered extraordinary attention as therapeutic candidates against SARS-CoV-2 infections While there is growing scientific data on the therapeutic effect, there is also concern for toxicity of the medications The therapy of COVID-19 by hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine is off-label Studies to analyze the personalized effect and safety are lacking METHODS: A review of the literature was performed using Medline/PubMed/Embase database A variety of keywords were employed in keyword/title/abstract searches The electronic search was followed by extensive hand searching using reference lists from the identified articles RESULTS: A total of 126 results were obtained after screening all sources Mechanisms underlying variability in drug concentrations and therapeutic response with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in mediating beneficial and adverse effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were reviewed and analyzed Pharmacogenomic studies from various disease states were evaluated to elucidate the role of genetic variation in drug response and toxicity CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is necessary for effective and safe dosing and to avoid treatment failure and severe complications
Is It "True" Pain? Pain Treatment Discharge Planning for Seriously Injured Patients.

Background: The United States is experi­encing an opioid overdose crisis accounting for as many as 130 deaths per day. As a result, health care providers are increas­ingly aware that prescribed opioids can be misused and diverted. Prescription of pain medication, including opioids, can be in­fluenced by how health care providers per­ceive the trustworthiness of their patients. These perceptions hinge on a multiplicity of characteristics that can include a patient’s race, ethnicity, gender, age, and present­ing health condition or injury. The purpose of this study was to identify how trauma care providers evaluate and plan hospital discharge pain treatment for patients who survive serious injuries. Methods: Using a semi-structured guide from November 2018 to January 2019, we interviewed 12 providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) who pre­scribe discharge pain treatment for injured patients at a trauma center in Philadelphia, PA. We used thematic analysis to interpret these data. Results: Participants identified the impor­tance of determining “true” pain, which was the overarching theme that emerged in analysis. Subthemes included perceptions of the influence of reliable methods for pain assessment, the trustworthiness of their patient population, and the consequences of not getting it right. Conclusions: Trauma care providers de­scribed a range of factors, beyond patient-elicited pain reports, in order to interpret their patients’ analgesic needs. These included consideration of both the risks of under treatment and unnecessary suffering, and overtreatment and contribution to opi­oid overdoses. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(1):139- 148; doi:10.18865/ed.31.1.139
Section 529 Plan Distributions and College Refunds for COVID-19

Tax planning and compliance challenges may arise for taxpayers who utilize 529 plans to pay for qualifying education expenses and subsequently receive refunds as a result of COVID-19. This article examines the scenarios taxpayers may be faced with and options available to help preserve the tax-efficiency of these plans and distributions made during college years.
Can a Signal Mitigate a Dilemma? Quality Management Standards, Corruption, and Business Ethics

Firms operating in corrupt environments routinely face an ethical dilemma. On the one hand, bribery can be used as an efficient strategy to “get things done”. On the other hand, corruption is unethical, illegal, and a social ill that people detest. A corrupt environment is also informationally opaque, as the illegality of bribery is necessarily linked to secrecy. Hence, business strategies conducive to reducing information asymmetry help mitigate the ethical dilemma. One such strategy is signaling through adopting internationally recognized quality management standards such as ISO certifications. We examine the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) data for almost 100 thousand firms from 2006-2019 across 141 mostly developing countries where corruption is rampant. We find that certified firms exhibit higher sales growth than uncertified firms. More importantly, we find that ISO adoption has a moderating effect on corruption activities and that the effect is stronger where corruption is more severe. Our findings have two important strategic implications. First, firms in developing countries can use ISO certification as a signal to overcome the inherent information asymmetry and facilitate growth. Second, ISO adoption also sends a signal to bureaucrats that certified firms have a more ethical culture, stronger internal controls and are not easy picks, thus mitigating the ethical conundrum.
Micronutrients May Be a Unique Weapon Against the Neurotoxic Triad of Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: A Perspective.

Excitotoxicity has been implicated in many neurological disorders and is a leading cause of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the nervous system. Most of the research to date has focused on each of these conditions individually; however, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation have the ability to influence one another in a self-sustaining manner, thus functioning as a “neurotoxic triad.” This perspective article re-introduces the concept of the neurotoxic triad and reviews how specific dietary micronutrients have been shown to protect against not only oxidative stress, but also excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Future dietary interventions for neurological disorders could focus on the effects on all three aspects of the neurotoxic triad.
Principle-Based Parsing: Computation and Psycholinguistics Edited by Robert C. Berwick, Steven P. Abney, and Carol Tenny (Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston/Dordrecht/London, 1991)

Principle-based parsing is parsing in which the rules of grammar are not stated explicitly, but rather inferred from more general principles. In practice this means Government and Binding (GB) theory (Chomsky 1982). Readers unfamiliar with GB theory will find it largely demystified by Berwick's introductory article; Sells (1985) gives a good concise overview.
Michael Huemer’s A Priori Defense of Metaethical Internalism

Versions of internalism have played important roles in metaethics, for example, in defending irrealist options such as emotivism. However, internalism is itself as controversial as the views it is used to defend. Standard approaches to testing the view, such as thought experiments about amoralists, have failed to gain consensus. Michael Huemer offers a defense of internalism of a different kind which he calls the “argument from interpretation.” He presents the argument as one Humeans could embrace, but versions could be accepted by others, including Huemer himself. The argument begins from the assumption that a certain principle of charity is true and knowable a priori. But it can only be known a priori if internalism is true. Hence internalism is true. In this paper I argue that this important argument fails. My main objection makes use of recent work in empirical psychology. Huemer needs the principle of charity to be known a priori. I argue that rather than being an a priori issue, it is an empirical one and that the empirical evidence is strong enough to undermine his argument for internalism.
Growth Rates of Natural Populations of Marine Diatoms as Determined in Cage Cultures

The term ‘cage’ culture, as defined by Sakshaug and Jensen (1978), refers to “ a population of living organisms retained behind a membrane which is permeable to the dissolved constituents of the growth medium as well as to the soluble metabolites excreted by the organisms.”
Energetic Winds and Circumstellar Disks Associated with Low Mass Young Stellar Objects

The properties of energetic winds (Lwind/L* > 0. 01) and circumstellar disks are reviewed for three classes of low mass (M 0. 01 MΘ) disks. The best available evidence suggests that these disks are self-luminous, viscous accretion disks and it seems attractive to suggest that accretion of material through such disks may be the ultimate powering source for the winds. The formation of disks of solar system mass and dimension appears to be a common, if not an inevitable consequence of the star formation process. The timescale for disk exhaustion (through accretion of all remnant circumstellar matter) or dissipation (through disruption by winds, possibly following planet building) appears to range from ~105 to ~107 years. The transition between an active TTS (characterized by an energetic wind and an accretion disk producing excess uv, optical and infrared emission) and a NTTS (no disk, no wind, relatively weak chromospheric emission) is suggested to arise from disk exhaustion or dissipation. The factors which control the rate of disk evolution (and thus the lifetime of a YSO as a TTS) may be linked to the initial conditions which obtain in protostellar cores (mass, velocity dispersion, angular momentum).
Metabolism in vitro of para-substituted styrenes. Kinetic observations of substituent effects.

Abstract The metabolism of six para-substituted styrene derivatives ( p -XC 6 H 4 CH CH 2 ; X = CN, Br, Cl, Ph, CH 3 , CH 3 O) was studied in vitro using rat liver microsomes. With p -methyl-, p -methoxy- and p -phenylstyrene it was shown that metabolic attack was completely confined to the vinyl group (as is the case with styrene itself); aromatic hydroxylation, benzylic hydroxylation, and O -demethylation could not be detected. All six styrenes gave a type 1 difference binding spectrum with microsomes in vitro , and the role of cytochrome P450 in the metabolism of p -phenylstyrene was further confirmed by its inhibition by CO and stimulation by phenobarbital pretreatment. The spectral dissociation constants ( K s ) for the styrenes showed no dependence on the nature of the substituents and were confined to a narrow range of values, each being close to the K m value observed for the metabolism of that substrate. While the latter varied slightly more than K s , there was again no regular dependence on the properties of the substituent. Similarly the V m values obtained for these substrates showed no dependence on the nature of the substituents, which is in contrast to previously observed substituent effects on aromatic hydroxylation by P450 enzymes. These results, as well as related examples from other studies, are discussed in terms of chemical selectivity and mechanistic versatility on the part of a single multi-potential oxygen atom-transfer reagent generated by P450 enzymes.
Synaptically activated burst-generating conductances may underlie a group-pacemaker mechanism for respiratory rhythm generation in mammals.

Abstract Breathing, chewing, and walking are critical life-sustaining behaviors in mammals that consist essentially of simple rhythmic movements. Breathing movements in particular involve the diaphragm, thorax, and airways but emanate from a network in the lower brain stem. This network can be studied in reduced preparations in vitro and using simplified mathematical models that make testable predictions. An iterative approach that employs both in vitro and in silico models argues against canonical mechanisms for respiratory rhythm in neonatal rodents that involve reciprocal inhibition and pacemaker properties. We present an alternative model in which emergent network properties play a rhythmogenic role. Specifically, we show evidence that synaptically activated burst-generating conductances—which are only available in the context of network activity—engender robust periodic bursts in respiratory neurons. Because the cellular burst-generating mechanism is linked to network synaptic drive we dub this type of system a group pacemaker.
Contemporary Meaning and Expectations in Statutory Interpretation

This Article introduces and explores an approach to, or theme within, statutory interpretation, one grounded in contemporary meaning and expectations. This approach posits that judges interpreting ambiguous statutes are and should be constrained by the understanding and expectations of the contemporary public as to the law’s meaning and application. These are developed in response to, and mediated by, the actions and statements of government officials and the broader community. The Article argues that this apparently radical approach is necessary in order for law to maintain its moral force, and further that the principles underlying it are embedded in several doctrines and modalities of statutory interpretation. Further, the approach serves judicially conservative ends: promoting accessibility of the law to those governed by it, supporting social and legal stability and predictability, privileging organic and incremental change over radical breach, encouraging judicial minimalism and legislative maximalism, and fostering equality.
A note on dimensions and factors

In this short note, we discuss several aspectsof "dimensions" and the related constructof "factors". We concentrate on those aspectsthat are relevant to articles in this specialissue, especially those dealing with the analysisof the wild animal cases discussed inBerman and Hafner's 1993 ICAIL article. We reviewthe basic ideas about dimensions,as used in HYPO, and point out differences withfactors, as used in subsequent systemslike CATO. Our goal is to correct certainmisconceptions that have arisen over the years.
Disparities in subjective well-being, participation, and health after spinal cord injury: a 6-year longitudinal study.

Objective: To identify disparities and changes in subjective well-being, participation, and health over a 6-year period as a function of race-ethnicity and gender in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Stratified sampling was used to maximize inclusion of women and racial-ethnic minorities. Three model SCI systems participated, representing the Southeastern, Western, and Mountain regions of the United States. 250 participants completed measures on two occasions. Similar portions of Caucasians (n = 62), African-Americans (n = 61), American-Indians (n = 56), and Hispanics (n = 71) participated. Women made up approximately 43.1% of the sample. Three sets of outcome measures assessed: (a) subjective well-being and depressive symptoms, (b) participation, and (c) health. Results: MANOVA indicated significant effects for race-ethnicity (between subjects effect) and time (within subjects effect) but not for gender or the interaction effects. A Bonferroni correction was used to compare outcomes as a function of race-ethnicity and time. Five outcomes were significantly related to race-ethnicity, whereas no items were significantly related to the time effect after the Bonferroni correction. Caucasians reported best subjective well-being scores in several domains followed by African-Americans. Caucasians also reported more hours out of bed than either African-Americans or Hispanics. Conclusion: Over a 6-year period, race-ethnicity continued to be related to differences in subjective well-being and participation but not health. Disparities in outcomes did not systematically increase or diminish over time, suggesting that once developed, such disparities are unlikely to change in the absence of intervention. Language: en
Cytomegalovirus-infected human endothelial cells can stimulate allogeneic CD4+ memory T cells by releasing antigenic exosomes.

Human CMV infection is controlled by T cell-mediated immunity and in immunosuppressed transplant patients it is associated with acute allograft rejection as well as chronic allograft vasculopathy. CMV infects endothelial cells (EC) and it is thought that CMV-specific host immune responses to infected allograft EC contribute to rejection. In vitro, CD4 + T cells from CMV-positive donors (but not CMV-negative donors) are readily activated by CMV-infected allogeneic EC, although it is unclear how allogeneic CMV-infected EC activate self-class II MHC-restricted memory CD4 + T cells. In this study, we confirm that purified CD4 + T cells from CMV + donors are activated by allogeneic CMV-infected EC, but find that the response is dependent upon copurified APC expressing class II MHC that are autologous to the T cells. The transfer of CMV Ags from infected EC to APC can be mediated by EC-derived exosome-like particles. These results provide a mechanism by which CMV can exacerbate allograft rejection and suggest a novel function of EC-derived exosomes that could contribute in a more general manner to immune surveillance.
A Generation-X ultra high throughput X-ray astronomy observatory with a new mission architecture

The launch of the Chandra X-ray Observatory in June 1999 together with the X-ray Multi-Mirror Observatory by ESA initiated a new era in X-ray astronomy. This new generation of 1 m class facilities provides astronomers with much better imaging capability, larger collecting power and for the first time, true high resolution spectroscopy. However, most X-ray measurements will still be limited by a small number of photons. To probe more deeply into the early Universe, at the large distances where dust obscures visible light, we require future generation ("Generation-X") 30-m class telescopes with several orders of magnitude larger collecting area than the above missions or even NASA's next generation Constellation X-ray Mission. However, this cannot be achieved within the architecture of current missions. We describe a new approach based upon formation flying between a large single focus X-ray telescope aboard its own spacecraft and a cluster of smaller spacecraft with detectors and spectrometers, at a quasi-stable point such as the Sun-Earth L2. The telescope mass and volume are too large to be put in space with a single launch. Furthermore we desire that the success of the mission not be dependent upon a single launch. Consequently, the telescope will have to be assembled in situ where humans are not likely to venture. Mirror segments would be delivered over a period of several years and assembled with robotic means. This work was supported was by the NASA Institute of Advanced Concepts.
Review of Ken Wilber’s Book: Integral Spirituality: A Startling New Role for Religion in the Modern and Postmodern World

Wilber writes of the great repression of spirit by the intellectual West. He writes (page 183): "They jettisoned the amber God, and instead of finding orange God, and then green God, and turquoise God, and indigo God, they ditched God altogether, they began the repression of the sublime, the repression of their own higher levels of spiritual intelligence. The intellectual West has fundamentally never recovered from this cultural disaster." I agree the tragedy is very apparent, sense-certain in fact. Nevertheless, Wilber's investigation of 8 perspectives carries the weakness presented by his caricature-mode thinking here, and any caricature is revealed to be a strawman if we care to dig deeper. You can find this book at Amazon: Integral Spirituality: A Startling New Role for Religion in the Modern and Postmodern World .
Thermodynamic Analysis of Alumina Refractory Corrosion by Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide in Glass Melting Furnaces

In this paper the high-temperature corrosion of Al 2 O 3 refractories by MOH(g) (M = Na, K) found in the combustion atmospheres of typical air- and oxygen-fired glass-melting furnaces is examined using thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. These hydroxide species are considered to be the primary reactive alkali species since their partial pressures are significantly larger than those of M(g), the next most abundant gas-phase alkali-containing species expected in typical furnace atmospheres. Thermochemical simulations show that corrosion of α-alumina by NaOH(g) at typical furnace P NaOH(g) of around 200 ppm under oxy/fuel-fired conditions is unlikely as long as the refractory temperature exceeds 1564 K. For KOH(g) at 200 ppm, the temperature of the refractory must exceed 1515 K to avoid corrosion. Under air-fired conditions, p NaOH(g) is considerably lower (40-80 ppm); at 50 ppm, corrosion is thermodynamically unfavorable at temperatures above 1504 K. For KOH(g) at furnace levels of ∼50 ppm, temperatures must be above 1458 K. The paper also presents a re-evaluation of the thermodynamic and phase equilibrium properties of the Na 2 O-Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O-Al 2 O 3 binary systems to develop accurate and self-consistent thermodynamic data. The data for MAl 9 O 14 (β-alumina) and M 2 Al 12 O 19 (β-alumina) are particularly critical since these phases are likely products of the corrosion of alumina refractories by MOH vapors in glass melting furnaces.
The interfacial microstructure of joined single crystal and polycrystalline alumina

Abstract The interfacial microstructures of 96 and 98% polycrystalline alumina joined with single crystal sapphire have been investigated in relation to the joining parameters. Joining has been evaluated based on either using a thin spin-on silica interlayer or by placing the alumina and sapphire in direct contact. The materials were joined by placing the coated or uncoated surfaces in contact and heating in the range of 1340–1475 °C with minimum external load. With the aid of a silica interlayer, sapphire and 98% polycrystalline alumina were successfully joined in 180 min at 1400 °C and above, while samples without a silica interlayer failed to join under these conditions. However, sapphire and 96% polycrystalline alumina were joined both with and without the use of silica interlayer. A variety of interfacial morphologies have been observed, including amorphous regions, fine crystalline alumina, and intimate contact between the sapphire and polycrystalline alumina.
Papova virus-like particles in focal epithelial hyperplasia.

– An electron microscopic study of 9 biopsies of focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa in South-west Greenlanders showed the presence of intranuclear papova virus-like particles with a diameter of 400–600 A. The cells containing the particles showed clumping and margination of the chromatin, disintegration of the nuclear membrane, and condensation of tonofilaments.