cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of water oxidation from the blue dimer to photosystem II

The blue dimer, cis, cis-[(bpy)2(H2O)Ru(III)ORu(III)(H2O)(bpy)2](4+), is the first designed, well-defined molecule known to function as a catalyst for water oxidation. It meets the stoichiometric requirements for water oxidation, 2H2O --> -4e(-), -4H(+) O-O, by utilizing proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reactions in which both electrons and protons are transferred. This avoids charge buildup, allowing for the accumulation of multiple oxidative equivalents at the Ru-O-Ru core. PCET and pathways involving coupled electron-proton transfer (EPT) are also used to avoid high-energy intermediates. Application of density functional theory calculations to molecular and electronic structure supports the proposal of strong electronic coupling across the micro-oxo bridge. The results of this analysis provide explanations for important details of the descriptive chemistry. Stepwise e(-)/H(+) loss leads to the higher oxidation states [(bpy)2(O)Ru(V)ORu(IV)(O)(bpy)2] (3+) (Ru(V)ORu(IV)) and [(bpy)2(O)Ru(V)ORu(V)(O)(bpy)2](4+) (Ru(V)ORu(V)). Both oxidize water, Ru(V)ORu(IV) stoichiometrically and Ru(V)ORu(V) catalytically. In strongly acidic solutions (HNO3, HClO4, and HSO3CF3) with excess Ce(IV), the catalytic mechanism involves O---O coupling following oxidation to Ru(V)ORu(V), which does not build up as a detectable intermediate. Direct evidence has been found for intervention of a peroxidic intermediate. Oxidation of water by Ru(V)ORu(IV) is far slower. It plays a role late in the catalytic cycle when Ce(IV) is depleted and is one origin of anated intermediates such as [(bpy)2(HO)Ru(IV)ORu(IV)(NO3)(bpy)2](4+), which are deleterious in tying up active components in the catalytic cycle. These intermediates slowly return to [(bpy)2(H2O)Ru(IV)ORu(III)(OH2)(bpy)2](5+) with anion release followed by water oxidation. The results of a recent analysis of water oxidation in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II reveal similarities in the mechanism with the blue dimer and significant differences. The OEC resides in the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplasts of green plants, and careful attention is paid in the structure to PCET, EPT, and long-range proton transfer by sequential local proton transfers. The active site for water oxidation is a CaMn 4 cluster, which includes an appended Mn site, Mn(4), where O---O coupling is thought to occur. Photochemical electron transfer results in oxidation of tyrosine Y Z to Y Z (.), which is approximately 7 A from Mn(4). It subsequently oxidizes the OEC through the stepwise stages of the Kok cycle. O---O coupling appears to occur through an initial peroxidic intermediate formed by redox nucleophilic attack of coordinated OH(-) in Ca-OH(-) on Mn (IV)=O.
Mapping cerebral blood flow changes during auditory-cued conditioned fear in the nontethered, nonrestrained rat.

Conditioned fear (CF) is one of the most frequently used behavioral paradigms; however, little work has mapped changes in cerebral perfusion during CF in the rat—the species which has dominated CF research. Adult rats carrying an implanted minipump were exposed to a tone (controls, n = 8) or a tone conditioned in association with footshocks (CS group, n = 9). During reexposure to the tone 24 h later, animals were injected intravenously by remote activation with [14C]-iodoantipyrine using the pump. Significant group differences in regional CBF-related tissue radioactivity (CBF-TR) were determined by region-of-interest analysis of brain autoradiographs, as well as in the reconstructed, three-dimensional brain by statistical parametric mapping (SPM). CS animals demonstrated significantly greater, fear-enhanced increases in CBF-TR in auditory cortex than controls. The lateral amygdala was activated, whereas the basolateral/basomedial and central amygdala were deactivated. In the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, CBF-TR increased significantly ventrally but not dorsally. Significant activations were noted in medial striatum and the thalamic midline and intralaminar nuclei. However, the ventrolateral/dorsolateral striatum and its afferents from motor and somatosensory cortex were deactivated, consistent with the behavioral immobility seen during CF. Significant activations were also noted in the lateral septum, periaqueductal gray, and deep mesencephalic nucleus/tegmental tract. Our results show that auditory stimuli endowed with aversive properties through conditioning result in significant redistribution of cerebral perfusion. SPM is a useful tool in the brain mapping of complex rodent behaviors, in particular the changes in activation patterns in limbic, thalamic, motor, and cortical circuits during CF.
The Effect of the Sulcus Morphology on the Transduction of Impacts to the Brain

The human head, being a vulnerable body region, is most frequently involved in traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and life threatening injuries. Accurate modeling of the variability of the brain morphology is a fundamental problem in investigating TBI. Improved computational/mathematical structural models of the brain are needed to help investigators to have a better understanding of the phenomena of different traumatic brain injuries such as concussion. The human brain is the most complex region of the body. There is a very thin membrane known as a pia mater that covers all the surface of the brain. The pia mater follows all the fissure of the brain and covers all the surface of the sulci and gyri. Sulcus is referred to any furrow in the brain. Statistically there are about 72 main sulci in the human brain. Previous FE studies of TBI have ignored sulcus morphology in their modeling and thus, their results could be unreliable.In this paper, the effect of the brain sulcus structure on mechanotransduction of impacts to the brain has been investigated. This was accomplished by using series of parametric studies and comparing the results with the model without sulci. The results of this study reveal that the brain’s strain is reduced in the present of sulcus and gyrus structures. We have hypothesized that the presence of sulcus increases the surface area of the brain thereby decreases the normal and shear strain in the brain. That is, the presence of sulcus and gyrus reduce the transduction of the external load and impacts to the white and gray matters of the brain and thereby reduces the risk of TBI. Ignoring sulci in any FE modeling and analysis of the brain may lead to unreliable results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Distinguished retrospective viewpoint: study retailing and see the world?

The motivations behind Multinational Retailing were probably a combination of the author’s wanderlust and his perception of a gap in the retailing textbook literature. Research support emanated from complex circumstances. Thirty years later, more personnel‐oriented research and more study of the global retailer in a world of changing nation‐states are still needed.
Synthesis of Ruthenium Boryl Analogues of the Shvo Metal-Ligand Bifunctional Catalyst.

Metal boryl complexes have received significant attention in the literature in recent years due to their role as key intermediates in a number of metal-catalyzed borylation reactions. The ligand scaffold is known to have a significant impact on the observed reactivity of these metal boryl complexes. A synthetic strategy to access ruthenium boryl analogues of the Shvo metal−ligand catalysts is described. Heating a precursor to Shvo’s catalyst (1) with bis(catecholato)diboron at 50 °C provided ruthenium boryl complex 3, [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COBcat)Ru(CO)2Bcat] (Bcat = catecholatoboryl). Addition of bis(catecholato)diboron to complex 1 in the presence of a phenol results in ruthenium boryl complex 5, [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COH)Ru(CO)2Bcat], at 22 °C in 30% isolated yield. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of complex 5 confirmed the assigned structure. An improved synthesis of ruthenium boryl complex 5 was developed by the in situ formation of complex 3, [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COBcat)Ru(CO)2Bcat], followed by...
Fate of Ingested Clostridium difficile Spores in Mice

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, a major nosocomial complication. The infective form of C. difficile is the spore, a dormant and resistant structure that forms under stress. Although spore germination is the first committed step in CDI onset, the temporal and spatial distribution of ingested C. difficile spores is not clearly understood. We recently reported that CamSA, a synthetic bile salt analog, inhibits C. difficile spore germination in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we took advantage of the anti-germination activity of bile salts to determine the fate of ingested C. difficile spores. We tested four different bile salts for efficacy in preventing CDI. Since CamSA was the only anti-germinant tested able to prevent signs of CDI, we characterized CamSa’s in vitro stability, distribution, and cytotoxicity. We report that CamSA is stable to simulated gastrointestinal (GI) environments, but will be degraded by members of the natural microbiota found in a healthy gut. Our data suggest that CamSA will not be systemically available, but instead will be localized to the GI tract. Since in vitro pharmacological parameters were acceptable, CamSA was used to probe the mouse model of CDI. By varying the timing of CamSA dosage, we estimated that C. difficile spores germinated and established infection less than 10 hours after ingestion. We also showed that ingested C. difficile spores rapidly transited through the GI tract and accumulated in the colon and cecum of CamSA-treated mice. From there, C. difficile spores were slowly shed over a 96-hour period. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using molecular probes to obtain disease progression information for C. difficile infection.
Structure of the crust in the conterminous United States

Abstract On the basis of the newest interpretations of all sufficiently long seismic profiles, a contour map of the Mohorovicic discontinuity for the conterminous United States is compiled. Differences from earlier interpretations are discussed.
Language-agnostic program rendering for presentation, debugging and visualization

We describe a language-independent and specification-driven program rendering tool that is able to produce high-quality code renderings of arbitrary complexity. The tool can incorporate arbitrary types of information together with the program code, allowing it to be used for debugging and profiling as well as for producing beautiful renderings of programs for publications. We also present a model for the rendering of programs and apply it to the design of a rendering of Java control flow.
The Politics of Folly: Mis-Applying Financial Tools in the War on Terror

The Price of Fear, The Truth Behind the Financial War on Terror. By Warde Ibrahim. California: University of California Press, 2007. 261 pp., 24.95 hardcover (ISBN: 978-0-520-25370-4). The financial war on terror is a sham. Motivated by greed, driven by politics, manipulated by an American administration eager to show results, and sustained by rabid prejudice against Islam, the US government has undertaken measures, ostensibly to starve terrorists of their financial backing, that have in fact discredited the government's efforts and given succor to terrorists they were intended to fight. This is the principal message of Ibrahim Warde's important book on the consequences of America's attack on terrorist finances. Warde is a seasoned writer on the themes covered by this book (he published a book on the subject prior to September 11; see Warde 2000). In his latest missive, Warde asserts that America's responses to terrorism in general, and to its financial aspects in particular, have been based on faulty assumptions and been fueled by a zeal borne of a rigid world view and the political need to show immediate results. The George W. Bush administration has created a “parallel universe” of reality (Warde uses quotation marks liberally to express skepticism) imbued with dubious axioms, assumptions, and founding myths. These principles created a situation where action on the financial front has become a substitute for action on other fronts. Warde's list of bogus American assumptions are central to his thesis: (i) money is the causal factor in terrorist operations; (ii) terrorist acts, because of their destructiveness, cost a lot of money; (iii) there is a stash of money out there, which terrorists periodically tap into for their operations; and (iv) the indiscriminate and excessive use of …
THE INFLUENCE OF SUBMARINE CANYON MORPHOLOGY ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENTS OF MARINE FISHES

Monterey Bay contains a wide diversity of marine fishes. Although the diversity of fishes is great, the marine species inhabiting Monterey Bay are often concentrated in a few locations. Submarine canyons contain a variety of habitats that harbor large numbers of species. In the past several years, we have placed sonic tags in marine species to evaluate their movements relative to the morphology of submarine canyons. We first identify suitable fish habitat on canyon walls using bathymetric and habitat information, then we surgically implant sonic tags in fish. An array of receivers is placed along the walls of the canyon to record movements of tagged fish for a three to four month period. Results indicate that the morphology of the canyon influences the distribution and movements of several species of marine fishes.
Pretreatment of Agave americana stalk for enzymatic saccharification

Agave americana is one of commonly grown agave species but currently less valuable because its large flower stalk cannot be used for producing alcoholic beverage. In the present study, the stalk was pretreated with dilute acid (DA), sulfite (SPORL), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to preliminarily assess its potential as feedstock for bioethanol production. The changes of cell wall components during the pretreatments, enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated stalks, and the adsorption of cellulases on the substrates were investigated. Results indicated that the pretreatments significantly improved the enzymatic digestibility of the agave stalk. SPORL pretreatment gave higher substrate and sugar yields, while NaOH pretreated stalk had better digestibility under the investigated conditions. The better hydrolysability of NaOH-pretreated stalk was attributed to low lignin and hemicellulose content and high affinity to cellulases.
Value-Based Communication Preservation for Mobile Robots

Value-Based Communication Preservation (VBCP) is a behavior-based, computationally efficient approach to maintaining line-of-sight RF communication between members of robot teams in the context of other tasks. The goal of VBCP is, at each time step, to reactively choose a direction in which to move that provides the best communication quality of service with the rest of the team. VBCP uses information about other robots, real-time quality of service measurements and an a priori map of the environment to approximate an optimal direction in an efficient manner. Here, VBCP maintains communication between members of a robotic team while traversing an urban environment in formation. Quantitative and qualitative results are demonstrated in simulation and physical robot teams.
Immunotherapeutics in Development for Prostate Cancer

Whereas chemotherapy is the standard of care for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and is associated with a survival benefit, there remains a need for alternative approaches. Extensive work has been done evaluating multiple immunotherapies for the treatment of prostate cancer. This review discusses clinical results for the most promising developments. These include cytokine-based therapy with GM-CSF; vaccines; antibody-based immunotherapies, including anti–cytotoxic Tlymphocyteassociatedantigen4therapyandantibodies against additional targets; and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. The Oncologist 2009;14:391–398
Localized reversible frameshift mutation in an adhesin gene confers a phase‐variable adherence phenotype in mycoplasma

The variable adherence-associated (Vaa) antigen of Mycoplasma hominis is an abundant surface lipoprotein adhesin that may mediate important interactions of this wall-less prokaryotic pathogen with the human host. Extensive mutational variation of Vaa size, as well as sequence and antigenic divergence, has been described previously. Using a series of clonal isolates representing an isogenic lineage of variants oscillating in Vaa expression, Vaa is further shown in this study to undergo high-frequency phase variation in expression, which correlated precisely with the ability of M. hominis to adhere to cultured human cells. Although no DNA rearrangements or sequence differences in the 5' regions flanking vaa alleles were detected between Vaa+ and Vaa variants, intragenic vaa sequences from this lineage revealed an oscillating mutation involving a single nucleotide deletion/insertion in a short tract of adenine residues near the 5' end of the mature Vaa coding sequence, which created a translational frameshift resulting in either a complete Vaa ORF or an in-frame UAG stop codon immediately downstream of the poly-A tract. Evidence for the occurrence of this high-frequency frameshift mutation in vivo was obtained from analysis of PCR-generated vaa sequences amplified from the joint synovial fluid of a patient with M. hominis-associated arthritis, which indicated that Vaa phase variation occurs during M. hominis infection in the natural host. These results identify a distinctive frameshift mutator element in the vaa gene that governs M. hominis adherence and highlight the importance of mutational alteration of primary gene products on the mycoplasma surface as a means of generating and maintaining functional diversity in the host.
Geographic variability in North American mammal community richness during the terminal Pleistocene

In North America during the terminal Pleistocene (ca 15,000–10,000 BP), patterns of geographical variability in mammal community richness differed from those observed here today. This paper presents analyses of paleontological and archaeological faunal data from throughout the continental US, and these analyses control for factors that might confound paleontological measurement of past community richness. These analyses suggest that, in contrast to the present, and regardless of whether richness is measured at the local or the regional scale, terminal Pleistocene terrestrial mammal communities in the eastern portion of mid-latitude North America were richer than, or at least as rich as, communities in the west. In addition, the richness of large herbivores declined from south to north, in contrast to the current situation, in which large mammal richness increases with latitude across North America. The reversal in the north-south gradient in large mammal richness suggests that the richness of such taxa was determined primarily by available environmental energy during the terminal Pleistocene, whereas the modern pattern might be, at least in part, a result of the extinctions that occurred here near the end of the Pleistocene. The reversal in the east-west gradient indicates that two variables that have been proposed to be responsible for the gradient observed today—mean elevation and habitat heterogeneity associated with variability in elevation—could not have driven differences in richness between the east and the west during the terminal Pleistocene. Rather, these differences were likely the result of differences in energy and/or differences in habitat heterogeneity that were not related to elevational variability.
Advanced design concepts for a SeaWinds scatterometer follow-on mission

The SeaWinds wind scatterometer was first launched in June of 1999, and has contributed significantly to the study of global climate phenomena and to the fidelity of operational weather forecasting. A second SeaWinds instrument is planned to be launched aboard the Japanese ADEOS-II platform in late 2001, and operate until mid-decade. To extend the important Ku-Band scatterometer data base to the end of the decade and beyond, a follow-on system to the SeaWinds series of scatterometers is being developed. The goals for this system are to continue the core Ku-Band backscatter measurement, to further improve spacecraft accommodation constraints so as to be easily operated on a variety of platforms, and-where possible under existing cost constraints-improve wind retrieval performance. It is shown that a system, which meets these objectives, can be achieved by the addition of polarimetric measurement capability to the existing SeaWinds approach. Polarimetric scatterometry is demonstrated to improve wind measurement performance without impacting instrument complexity or cost, and has the long term potential to further ease spacecraft accommodation requirements.
Current trends in high performance parallel and distributed computing

Summary form only given. Parallel computing for high performance scientific applications gained widespread adoption and deployment about two decades ago. Computer systems based on shared memory and message passing parallel architectures were soon followed by clusters and loosely coupled workstations, that afforded flexibility and good performance for many applications at a fractional cost of MPP. Such platforms, referred to as parallel distributed computing systems, have evolved considerably and are currently manifested as very sophisticated metacomputing and Grid systems. This paper traces the evolution of loosely coupled systems and highlights specific functional, as well as fundamental, differences between clusters and NOW of yesteryear versus metacomputing Grids of today. In particular, semantic differences between Grids and systems such as PVM and MPICH are explored. In addition, the recent trend in Grid frameworks to move away from conventional parallel programming models to a more service-oriented architecture is discussed. Exemplified by toolkits that follow the OGSA specification, these efforts attempt to unify aspects of Web-service technologies, high performance computing, and distributed systems in order to enable large scale, cross-domain sharing of compute, data, and service resources. The paper also presents specific examples of current metacomputing and Grid systems with respect to the above characteristics, and discusses the relative merits of different approaches.
Modular heterogeneous system development: a critical analysis of Java

Java supports heterogeneous applications by transforming a heterogeneous network of machines into a homogeneous network of Java virtual machines. This approach abstracts over many of the complications that arise from heterogeneity, providing a uniform API to all components of an application. However, for many applications heterogeneity is an intentional feature where components and resources are co-located for optimal performance. The authors argue that Java's API does not provide an effective means for building applications in such an environment. Specifically, they suggest improvements to Java's existing mechanisms for maintaining consistency (e.g. synchronized), and controlling resources (e.g. thread scheduling). They also consider the recent addition of a CORBA API in JDK 1.2. They argue that while such an approach provides greater flexibility for heterogeneous applications, many key problems still exist from an architectural standpoint. Finally, they consider the future of Java as a foundation for component-based software in heterogeneous environments and suggest architectural abstractions which will prove key to the successful development of such systems. They drive the discussion with examples and suggestions from their work on the Actor model of computation.
The disability status scale for multiple sclerosis: apologia pro DSS sua

The Disability Status Scale (DSS),' with its associated Functional Systems (FS)2,3 and the latter's final revi- sions with the expanded DSS (EDSS)? has provided a system for encoding the neurologic deficits in MS which has had considerable use. It may be of value, then, to review the evolution of this system and its bases in the standard neurologic examination and the neu- ropathology of this disease. In 1953, we were attempting to evaluate the efficacy of a new treatment in MS, the use of isoniazid (INH).5 It was obvious that we needed, first, a group of patients to compare the subjects with, and, second, a way to mea- sure the effects of therapy. As to the latter, the only method of overall assessment that was then available and that might have been applicable in a treatment trial was that of Alexander.'j This comprised a complex schema of 30 neurologic signs and disabilities, some duplicated, with the items given arbitrary and differing numbers. The sum of these scores then defined the patient's neurologic status. This proved both unwork- able and undesirable. It was necessary, therefore, to devise a new method. The first step was to define what indeed are the deficits found at neurologic examination in this disorder. This was considered the primary question, since the entire basis of clinical neurology is that signs and symptoms indicate the localization of lesion(s) in the neuraxis. As a corollary, the more signs the more numerous or exten- sive should be the lesions, and the fewer signs, the fewer or smaller. Because symptoms can be unreliable, the goal was a system that was limited to objectivelyverifia- ble deficits. But it had to be one that would categorize the deficits seen in MS within a manageable number of groupings, each one mutually exclusive of all the others, and yet that together would define all the abnormalities of the nervous system clinically manifest in this disor- der. The exclusivity was necessary to avoid repeatedly counting the same phenomena. Available for this purpose were the records of nearly 250 men, all veterans of World War 11, who had been hospitalized for MS at the VA Hospital, Bronx, New York between 1944 and 1953. What was unique to this material was its completeness. At that time, neurology at the Bronx VA was an affiliate of Cornell, and H.G. Wolff of Cornell was director of training. At Cornell, the medical students then received, in the sophomore year, a course in neurologic diagnosis distinct from physical diagnosis. There was a 54-page typed neurologic exami-
Dynamic orientation of oligothiophenes in nematic liquid crystalline matrices

Abstract Polarized photoluminescence is observed from conjugated oligomers dissolved in nematic liquid crystalline matrices. In this host-guest system, conjugated oligomers (guest) exhibit an emission spectrum well separated from the emission of the liquid crystalline matrix (host). Therefore, the polarization of the photoluminescence spectrum in these systems is a well-defined measure of the orientation of the guest molecules (oligothiophenes) within the host matrix. The results clearly demonstrate the spontaneous orientation of the oligothiophenes along the director of the nematic matrix. Furthermore, upon applying an electric field perpendicular to the direction of the spontaneous orientation, the oligomers are dynamically reoriented (switched) with the host. This results in switching of the polarized photoluminescence. Keywords: Oligothiophene; Dynamic orientation; Crystals; Nematic matrices
Degradation and sorption of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in urban stream sediments.

Monitorings studies show that urban surface streams in the United States are commonly contaminated with pesticides, and contamination by organophosphates and carbamates is of particular concern because of their aquatic toxicity. The degradation and sorption of four common organophosphate and carbamate insecticides were studied in urban creek sediments from southern California, USA. In sediment, malathion was quickly degraded under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, with a half-life (t1/2) <3 d. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos were moderately persistent under aerobic conditions (t1/2 = 14–24 d). However, persistence of chlorpyrifos increased significantly under anaerobic conditions, and t1/2 was prolonged to 58 to 223 d. The greatest effect of redox potential was found with carbaryl. Although rapid dissipation occurred under aerobic conditions (t1/2 = 1.8–4.9 d), carbaryl became virtually nondegradable under anaerobic conditions (t1/2 = 125–746 d). The sorption coefficient consistently increased with time for all pesticides, and chlorpyrifos displayed greater sorption potential than the other pesticides. This study indicates that pesticides in sediment may become less available with time because of increased sorption, and pesticide persistence in sediment may vary greatly among compounds and with redox conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, long persistence may occur even for nonpersistent compounds.
The Harvard Expedition to Samaria

The ruins of the ancient capital of Israel lie on a large, detached hill about six miles northwest of Nablus and twenty miles from the Mediterranean. The hill rises about three hundred and fifty feet above the surrounding valleys, and about fourteen hundred and fifty feet above the sea. It is enclosed by mountains, some of which reach a much greater height. At its base the hill has the appearance of being between four and five miles in circuit. The ascent is everywhere steep, but, owing to a saddle connecting with the mountains on the east, is less steep on that side than on the others. Like all the mountains about it, the hill is covered with large artificial terraces, constructed to prevent the washing away of the soil and to make cultivation easier. The surface of these terraces has a gentle slope, but their sides are in many places so steep as to be climbed only with great difficulty. The entire hill is under cultivation, and there are extensive olive orchards, interspersed with fig and pomegranate trees. On the eastern slope is a village of about eight hundred inhabitants (Fig. 1).' The name of this village, Sebastiyeh (pronounced by the natives Sebustye), perpetuates the name Sebaste, which, in honor of Augustus, Herod gave to the city when he rebuilt it. On the western slope are the ruins of two towers, flanking the gateway through an ancient wall. The principal path on the hill runs south of the summit from this gateway to the village, half a mile distant. It passes by the side of a long row of columns, some standing, some prostrate, which were part of a great colonnade erected by Herod. There is also a group of columns on the
“Don't go on my property!”: A case study of transactions of user rights

Two hours of conversation among three children were examined for oral disputes concerning use of beds in their bedroom. Examination of transcript segments revealed that the children signaled a social order governing use of property and objects. The children were found to negotiate such use on an ongoing basis, and the form and content of the disputes differed dramatically according to whether the beds were being claimed for the purpose of play or sleep. The conversations reflected the ongoing construction and negotiation of social representations, within shared frames or finite provinces of meaning, for use of space and objects. (Ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, property, ownership)* At times, the function of a conversation is nothing beyond the prolongation of an interaction; in general, however, members of an interaction accomplish certain ends and constitute social orders with their talk. Through talk, members of society win fights (Brenneis & Lein 1977), change or mark social structure (Labov 1982, Mehan 1983, Katriel 1985, Maynard 1985), coordinate cognitions (Resnick 1991), and (as Rommetveit MS puts it), create and transmit social representations. The social representation under consideration here is use of space and the objects in it. The focus is on the social order which children construct in their argumentation over (a) who gets rights to particular objects, and (b) of what those rights consist. As Goffman 1971 so aptly pointed out, territorial claims are at the crucial center of social organization, with cultural members signaling and defending claims within a culturally shared and created system of reference. Snare 1972, in his analysis of ownership, also argued that property and possession are fundamentally involved in ordinary speech, and that language is used to index ownership. This state is not unique to adults. James ([1890] 1950:422) was one of the first to note in print that many of the earliest words and quarrels of children (D 1995 Cambridge University Press 0047-4045/95 $7.50 + .10
“Position Effect” on Dominance in the d-Serine Deaminase System of Escherichia coli K-12

A completely stable F32 merodiploid has been isolated, which has the dsd genotype dsdA+dsdCx3 /F -dsdA+dsdC+. The stabilization apparently does not result from an alteration in the F, or from its integration in the chromosome, but rather from a chromosomal aberration. The stable strain can exist in two forms, which interconvert at low frequency. In one form, the episomal dsd markers are in normal apposition with the chromosomal markers, and in this case cis dominance of dsdCx3 is incomplete. In the other form, the two regions are not in normal apposition, and dsdCx3 is completely cis dominant. A model to explain these findings is presented.
Performance-Oriented Synthesis of Large-Scale Domino CMOS Circuits

The quality of the design of large-scale integrated circuits is determined by such figures of merit as silicon area, power consumption, and switching-time performance. We address here the problem of the automatic synthesis of digital circuits with the goal of achieving high-performance designs. We assume we are given an intermediate circuit representation that optimizes area and/or power. We use timing optimization techniques to improve the circuit performance, possibly at the expense of the other figures of merit. We consider general classes of digital circuits, with a given partition into registers, combinational blocks, and I/O ports. Circuit performance is related to the worst-case propagation delay of signals between two register boundaries. In this context, circuit performance optimization is equivalent to minimizing the critical path delay through the combinational circuits. We assume a multiple-level implementation of the combinational logic, by means of an interconnection of logic gates implementing arbitrary multiple-input, single-output logic functions. We consider dynamic CMOS implementation of the logic gates, operating in the domino mode. We present a global approach to timing performance optimization, which involves operations at the logic, topological, and physical level of abstraction of the circuit. In particular, at the logic level, we look for optimal structures of multiple-level combinational networks. At the topological level, we search for the optimal positions of gates or groups of gates. At the physical design level, we optimize MOS device sizes. The algorithms are described, together with their implementation and the interface to the Yorktown Silicon Compiler system, which is an automated synthesis system described in [7]. The results of applying timing-performance optimization to a 32-bit microprocessor design are reported.
Threshold structure in the vibrational excitation of CO2 by low-energy electrons

Abstract Theoretical cross sections are reported for excitation of the first symmetric-stretch mode of CO 2 by electros in the energy range of 0.2 eV to 2.0 eV. The adiabatic-nuclear-vibration approximation is applied to obtain the vibrational excitation cross sections. The calculated cross sections exhibit a sharp threshold structure which can be interpreted in terms of a virtual state associated with the electron—CO 2 potential.
Multiple-Orifice Liquid Injection into Hypersonic Air Streams

Review of oblique water and fluorocarbon injection test results obtained in experimental studies of the effects of multiple-orifice liquid injection into hypersonic air streams. The results include the finding that maximum lateral penetration from such injections increases linearly with the square root of the jet-to-freestream dynamic-pressure ratio and is proportional to an equivalent orifice diameter.
Mature and functional viral miRNAs transcribed from novel RNA polymerase III promoters

Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) microRNAs were previously cloned from latently infected tumor cells and predicted to be processed from a series of RNA polymerase III primary transcripts. We detected maturely processed MuHV-4 miRNAs within total RNA from lytically infected cells in vitro and infected tissues ex vivo, using a highly sensitive reverse ligation meditated RTPCR strategy. We determined that the MuHV-4 microRNAs are biologically active during infection by a luciferase reporter system. We experimentally demonstrated that transcription of the MuHV-4 microRNAs is by RNA polymerase III by a-amanitin insensitivity and by specific deletion of the RNA polymerase III type 2-like promoter elements of MuHV-4, resulting in the complete loss of miRNA detection and function. Finally, we demonstrate that these 10 viral miRNAs, each transcribed from highly conserved and novel polymerase III promoter elements, vary markedly in their relative abundance and activity.
Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Epidemic Clone USA300 in Isolates from Florida and Washington

We examined 299 methicillin-resistant, community-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Florida and Washington State for the presence of the USA300 epidemic clone. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated the epidemic clone in 43% of our S. aureus strains and in isolates from both states. The majority of the USA300 isolates (88%) were from wound infections.
A totally transparent alignment sensor

We describe the development of a totally transparent CCD based optical beam position sensing device that can measure transverse displacements with an accuracy of a few microns at a distance of many meters. The device includes on sensor DSP processing of the signal spectra with background subtraction and calibration to produce a compressed beam position, sensor address/status readout in token serial strings of sensors. The position monitoring system for the CMS Endcap Muon detector is presented as an intended application.
Effects of Size-Grading on Variation and Growth in Channel Catfish Reared at Similar Densities

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus obtained from two spawns were size-graded into four weight groups: large, mean = 92.4 g ± 0.9 SE; medium = 64.2 ± 0.5; small = 36.1 ± 0.5; and communal = 49.0 ± 2.0 (a combination of large, medium, and small fish). Twelve indoor 643 L rearing units were stocked with the four size-graded groups at initial densities (but different numbers of fish) of 3.12 g offish per L water and were fed for 66 d at 3% of biomass daily. At harvest the final densities (mean = 9.95 g/L) were equal in all rearing units. Survival and feed conversion were similar among the size-groups. Initial Coefficients of variation for weight were significantly different among the size-graded group as large < medium < small < communal. Final coefficients of variations were significantly greater than initial values in the large, medium, and small size-graded group and were less in the communal group. Gain, survival, and coefficient of variation relationship within the communally stocked rearing units were similar to those for separately reared groups. Final coefficients of variation were greater (210, 204, and 115%) or less (89%) than initial values for large, medium, small, and communal groups, respectively, and indicate a repnrtitioning of variation, perhaps due to altered feeding behavior or social hierarchical order.
The longitudinal axis of the knee and the role of the cruciate ligaments in controlling transverse rotation.

Eleven knees were tested in a special jig to determine the location of the longitudinal axis of rotation and the role of the cruciate ligaments in controlling transverse rotation. It was found that the tibia rotates on the femur about an axis passing through the medial intercondylar tubercle of the tibial plateau. The cruciate ligaments stabilize but do not control this rotatory motion.
Simulating land use changes under alternative policy scenarios for conservation of native forests in south-central Chile

In this study, we combined policy analysis with landscape change modeling to simulate outcomes of alternative forest conservation instruments proposed by opposing policy coalitions. In 1992, concern over rapid land conversion to timber plantations (Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp.) in Chile gave rise to a protracted policy process resulting in the 2008 Native Forest Law (NFL), which subsidizes reforestation and management with native forest. To date, however, NFL has had little impact on native forest conservation. To understand how the policy process that created the NFL shaped its outcomes, we employed the Dyna-CLUE modeling approach to simulate land use changes in south-central Chile from 1993 to 2007, based on 3 scenarios: (1) enactment of NFL in 1993 when the law was originally debated, and the different configurations of subsidies and regulations proposed in the NFL policy debate by (2) the industrial forestry coalition and (3) the forest conservation coalition. We observed no major difference in native forest loss between simulated outcomes of the industry-advocated policy and the actual NFL legislation. The conservation coalition’s policy scenario increased native forest area, primarily in shrub steppe areas, but also via conversion of pine plantations if incentive payments were large enough. However, NFL payments are inadequate to make native forest management a viable economic land use alternative to industrial pine plantations, which are also subsidized in Chile. Gains in native forest cover occurred mostly on lands under ancestral indigenous claims (unrelated to the discussion of the NFL). We conclude that the NFL, even if enacted in 1993, would have been ineffective in preventing native forest loss, because tree plantations are more profitable and NFL regulations were weakened by the industrial coalition that opposed—and strongly shaped—the final legislation. Effective incentives for protecting early-successional forests and shrublands are needed to mitigate further losses and foster recovery of Chile’s native forests.
Survival of the Fittest: Export Duration and Failure into United States Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Markets

Recent contributions to the theoretical and empirical trade literature emphasize the channels by which exporting occurs and the duration and survival rates of trade relationships. However, for agricultural trade, few studies have considered the factors affecting export survival. This article identifies factors affecting the duration of fresh fruit and vegetable exports to the U.S. market, including U.S. sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) policy regulations. The main findings can be summarized as follows. First, our preferred model with exporter binary variables indicates that changes in U.S. commodity prices and exporter gross domestic product have the largest impact, whereas U.S. production variability and exporter experience have the lowest impacts on the hazard rate of export duration. Second, SPS treatment requirements have persistent impacts on trade duration. Water treatment requirements quadruple the average hazard rate in the first year of a spell of service, and while the hazard rate does diminish over time, it is still nearly three times the average hazard rate, even after the fourth year of the spell of service. Similarly, a combination treatment of fumigation and cold treatment/refrigeration more than triples the average hazard rate in the first year of the spell of service, but this effect diminishes more quickly over time.
Surgical management of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis in a developing country: case report

Tuberculosis has been increasing in incidence in recent years especially in developing countries. Tuberculous pericarditis is a form of extra pulmonary tuberculosis that is considered unusual.
Chemistry of Mandibular Gland Secretions of Small Carpenter Bees (Ceratina Spp.)

The mandibular gland secretion of Ceratina strenua F. Smith contains neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, and farnesyl acetate; whereas nerolic acid and geranic acid are present in that of C. calcarata Robertson, and 1-hexadecyl acetate in the secretion of males of C. cucurbitina Rossi. n -Pentadecane is a major glandular constituent of all species and is accompanied by C16-C23 alkanes and alkenes. The mandibular gland products appear to be effective defensive secretion against ants.
GENETICS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESISTANCE TO HOST FURANOCOUMARINS IN THE PARSNIP WEBWORM.

Depressaria pastinacella, the parsnip webworm, feeds almost exclusively on the flowers and fruits of Pastinaca sativa, the wild parsnip. Resistance to webworms in wild parsnip populations is largely attributable to genetically based variation in furanocoumarin chemistry; by differentially reducing fruit set among chemical phenotypes, parsnip webworms may act as selective agents on wild parsnip populations. To determine whether wild parsnip chemistry can act as a selective agent on webworm populations, it is necessary to establish that resistance mechanisms in the webworm to furanocoumarins are genetically based. In this study, we estimated the amount ofgenetic variation in behavioral and physiological responses of webworms to parsnip furanocoumarins. Virtually no variation was found among webworm families for feeding preferences for diets varying as much as fourfold in furanocoumarin content. Nor was significant variation found for mean furanocouma- rin intake over the assay period, except in one case, in which maternal effects may account for differences among families. In contrast, substantial familial variation existed for cytochrome P450- mediated metabolism of bergapten and xanthotoxin, two host furanocoumarins. The presence of additive genetic variation in metabolism, and the absence of such variation in discriminative feeding behavior, suggests that adaptation to changes in furanocoumarin chemistry, resulting either from changes in the distribution of chemical phenotypes in parsnip populations or from shifts to new chemically different host plants, is likely to be facilitated by physiological rather than behavioral means.
Survey Methods, Distribution, and Seasonality of Korscheltellus gracilis (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in the Green Mountains, Vermont

In 1983, large populations of Korscheltellus gracilis (Grote) were discovered in soil in the boreal zone of Camels Hump Mountain, Vt. A monitoring procedure was developed to evaluate population dynamics and abundance. The insect was most abundant at elevations of 1,000–1,150 m where red spruce and balsam fir grow and spruce decline is most evident. Flight occurs from late June through early August, and K. gracilis adults were trapped in 19 of 20 sites in the Green Mountain National Forest. They were significantly more abundant at high elevations and on even years.