cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Art of Consumer Drafting

I made up the term "consumer drafting" a few years ago to describe legal drafting aimed at nonlawyers. I believe that most consumer drafting is bad. I believe that most consumer drafting cannot be read and understood by the people who need to read and understand it. And I believe that lawyers should do something about it. This piece discusses what I've done to prepare myself to improve consumer drafting. After highlighting the nature of the problem briefly, I first discuss some words-and-sentences, grammar-and-usage aspects of consumer drafting. Then, in the main part of the piece, I discuss the ways I had to change my thinking, the ways I had to become more like an artist than a lawyer. I believe that anyone can take the same steps and do some real work in consumer drafting. In taking the steps, you may come to believe, as I did, that consumer drafting is an art.
Λ b →Λ ℓ + ℓ - form factors, differential branching fraction, and angular observables from lattice QCD with relativistic b quarks

Using ($2+1$)-flavor lattice QCD, we compute the 10 form factors describing the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ matrix elements of the $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s$ vector, axial vector, and tensor currents. The calculation is based on gauge field ensembles generated by the RBC and UKQCD Collaborations with a domain-wall action for the $u$, $d$, and $s$ quarks and the Iwasaki gauge action. The $b$ quark is implemented using an anisotropic clover action, tuned nonperturbatively to the physical point, and the currents are renormalized with a mostly nonperturbative method. We perform simultaneous chiral, continuum, and kinematic extrapolations of the form factors through modified $z$ expansions. Using our form factor results, we obtain precise predictions for the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}(\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{p}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}){\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ differential branching fraction and angular observables in the Standard Model.
Coexistence of Two Congeneric Praying Mantids: A 7-Year Field Study of Reproductive Success and Failure.

Two species of Asian praying mantids, Tenodera angustipennis (Saussure) and Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Saussure), which have become common to old fields in the northeastern United States, share a common resource base that raises the question of how they can coexist in the same habitat. We studied the reproductive output measured by numbers of oothecae of naturally established populations of these two species in an old field during 7 yr (2009–2015) of secondary succession. During the initial herbaceous vegetation-dominated stage, T. angustipennis oothecae were more abundant than those of its congener, but numbers steadily declined, until it had nearly disappeared by 2014. In contrast, numbers of T. a. sinensis oothecae increased from 2007 until 2014, and then sharply declined in 2015. The steady increase in abundance of this species throughout most of the successional development during the study may be owing to greater diversity of plant species used for oviposition. We believe that the most likely reasons for the continuous decline in T. angustipennis were a combination of intraguild predation by the larger T. a. sinensis, and egg parasitism by the wasp Podagrion mantis, which is not able to parasitize oothecae of T. a. sinensis. The later decline in T. a. sinensis may reflect the fact that the site had become dominated by trees, and neither of these species is typically found in forest habitats.
Student Personnel Activites: The Evaluation of Higher Institutions, Number V: Student Personnel Service

(1936). Student Personnel Activites: The Evaluation of Higher Institutions, Number V: Student Personnel Service. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 398-400.
Advertising Campaigns as Arms Races: A Test of a Mathematical Model

This study tests a mathematical model of through-time conflicts, which was first developed and tested using data from arms races of modern nation states. The behavior of competing firms advertising their respective products is viewed as similar to the behavior of the parties engaged in an arms race. The data consist of the annual advertising expenditures of corporations in four industries. The findings support the hypothesized model.
Intrapartum asphyxia, neonatal encephalopathy, cerebral palsy, and obstetric interventions in the term and near-term infant

Intrapartum asphyxia (IA) as a cause of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and cerebral palsy (CP) is a concern for obstetric providers due to the significant neonatal sequelae that ensue. CP is a nonprogressive static neuromuscular disorder appearing early after birth that occurs in 2 per 1,000 births. NE is a clinical syndrome of disturbed neurologic function in the first week after birth, and it occurs in 6 per 1,000 live births. Only ∼6% of all term infants diagnosed with CP have a history of NE, and without the development of NE, IA cannot be considered as the sole cause of CP. There are various preconceptional, antepartum, and intrapartum risk factors associated with CP. Obstetric interventions, including various modalities of fetal monitoring and cesarean delivery, have not led to improvement in outcomes or a reduction in the incidence of CP. The goal of this review was to discuss the association of IA with NE and CP in term and near-term infants, with a focus on the diagnosis and risk factors for IA and potential obstetric interventions.
Hysterical hemiplegia and hemianesthesia.

In cases of hysterical hemiplegia and hemianesthesia, paresis or paralysis develops on one side of the body, usually on the left side, and a diminution or loss of all modalities of sensation, including the special senses, occurs on that side of the body.The disease must be distinguished from organic neurologic disease. The differential diagnosis of these two diseases is described in detail.
By land or by sea: a modified C-start motor pattern drives the terrestrial tail-flip

Aquatic C-start escape responses in teleost fishes are driven by a well-studied network of reticulospinal neurons that produce a motor pattern of simultaneous contraction of axial muscle on the side of the body opposite the threatening stimulus, bending the fish into the characteristic C shape, followed by a traveling wave of muscle contraction on the contralateral side that moves the fish away from the threat. Superficially, the kinematics of the terrestrial tail-flip resemble the C-start, with the anterior body rolling up and over the tail into a tight C shape, followed by straightening as the fish launches off of the caudal peduncle into ballistic flight. We asked whether similar motor control is used for both behaviors in the amphibious mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus Fine-wire bipolar electrodes were percutaneously inserted into repeatable paired axial locations in five individual fish. Electromyograms synchronized with high-speed video were made of aquatic C-starts, immediately followed by terrestrial tail-flips. Tail-flips took longer to complete than aquatic escapes; correspondingly, muscles were activated for longer durations on land. In the tail-flip, activity was seen in contralateral posterior axial muscle for an extended period of time during the formation of the C shape, likely to press the caudal peduncle against the ground in preparation for launch. Tail-flips thus appear to be produced by modification of the motor pattern driving the aquatic C-start, with differences consistent with the additional requirement of overcoming gravity.
Three-dimensional Real-time Temperature Display Method for Electrical Equipment

With the promotion of on-line monitoring technologies for substation equipment,the on-line infrared temperature monitor will be widely used in condition-based maintenance of electric equipment.This paper proposes a three-dimensional real-time temperature display method of electrical equipment,which combines 3DMax modeling and real-time temperature interpolation.With this method maintenance personnel can obtain the real-time heating status of power equipment in operation,and evaluate equipment state more effectively,thus efficient condition-based maintenance of the equipment can be realized.Simulation results show that this method is of simple calculation and easy implementation,and the temperature distribution of equipment model highly consists with the actual temperature.
Content Determination of Sugar and Fiber in Watermelon by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

In this article, the amount of sugar and fiber in watermelon was determined by NIRs(near-infrared spectroscopy). The correlation coefficient of chemical assay value vs. predicted value of sugar is 0.994.The correlation coefficient of chemical assay value vs. predicted value of fiber is 0.985.This method can be used for the rapid determination of watermelon quality.
HMO Selection Criteria: An Exploration of Differences Between Family and Individual Enrollees

Since the passage of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act of 1973, HMOs have become an integral part of the consumer health care landscape. HMO choice factors, usually expressed in enrollment or disenrollment decisions, have been studied from a variety of perspectives: a framework for analyzing HMO enrollment decisions (Berki and Ashcraft, 1980); consumer choice decisions between HMOs and either service benefit organizations like Blue Cross/Blue Shield or independent health insurance plans (Bashshur and Metzner, 1967; Juba, Lave, and Shaddy, 1980; Tessler and Mechanic, 1975); differences in criteria for HMO re-enrollment and initial enrollment decisions (Scotti, Bonner, and Wiman, 1986); and determinants of voluntary HMO disenrollment (Travis, Russell, and Cronin, 1989).
A Journey in Science: The Privilege of Exploring the Brain and the Immune System.

Real innovations in medicine and science are historic and singular; the stories behind each occurrence are precious. At Molecular Medicine we have established the Anthony Cerami Award in Translational Medicine to document and preserve these histories. The monographs recount the seminal events as told in the voice of the original investigators who provided the crucial early insight. These essays capture the essence of discovery, chronicling the birth of ideas that created new fields of research; and launched trajectories that persisted and ultimately influenced how disease is prevented, diagnosed, and treated. In this volume, the Cerami Award Monograph is by Lawrence Steinman, MD, of Stanford University in California. A visionary in the field of neurology, this is the story of Dr. Steinman’s scientific journey.
Update on Gender-Affirming Treatment for the Transgender Woman.

Transgender women often transition with cross-sex hormone therapy and some opt to further affirm themselves with breast augmentation, facial feminization procedures, and/or vaginoplasty surgery. When considering medical and surgical transition for the transgender woman, careful preoperative evaluation and individual assessment is imperative and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care provide the framework from which health care providers and surgeons may assess eligibility for affirming treatments. Vaginoplasty for the transgender woman may be performed by a variety of techniques, mainly penile inversion vaginoplasty or intestinal segment vaginoplasty. Surgical outcomes vary according to technique, and the unique risks, advantages, and disadvantages must be considered. Outcomes appear to be satisfactory following vaginoplasty surgery, but prospective, long-term data are still lacking. Providers should be aware of the peri- and postoperative management of the transgender women after genital surgery, as many women require ongoing care and management after surgery.
Mean medical costs associated with vaginal and vulvar cancers for commercially insured patients in the United States and Texas.

Abstract Objective To estimate the average medical costs for vaginal and vulvar cancers in a commercially insured population in the U.S. and Texas. Methods 2011–2014U.S. MarketScan databases were used to estimate the average medical costs associated with vaginal and vulvar cancers. Women with newly diagnosed vaginal or vulvar cancer were matched to a comparison group without cancer using propensity score. Year 1 and year 2 costs after index diagnosis date were estimated. A generalized linear model was used to estimate the cost for censored months. The differential costs between groups were defined as the net costs associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment. Results The analysis included 355 women with vaginal cancer and 997 with vulvar cancer in the U.S. The year 1 and year 2 costs for vaginal cancer were $86,995 and $51,107, respectively. The year 1 and year 2 costs for vulvar cancer were $37,657 and $19,139, respectively. The major factors associated with higher monthly vaginal and vulvar cancer costs were higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score and higher medical costs prior to cancer diagnosis. Monthly costs for vaginal and vulvar cancers decreased rapidly from month 1 to month 6 after diagnosis and then remained stable. Conclusions Seventy to 75% of all vaginal and vulvar cancers are due to HPV infections and mean medical costs associated with these cancers are substantial. These data will serve as key cost parameters in the economic evaluation of HPV vaccination dissemination and estimation of the long-term net economic benefit of promoting HPV vaccination.
Management of Serrated Polyps of the Colon.

The purpose of this review is to summarize the management of serrated colorectal polyps (SPs), with a particular focus on the most common premalignant SP, sessile serrated adenoma or polyp (SSA/P). These lesions present a challenge for endoscopists with respect to detection and resection, and are also susceptible to pathologic misdiagnosis. Patients with SSA/Ps are at an increased risk of future colorectal neoplasia, including advanced polyps and cancer. Reasonable benchmarks for SP detection rates are 5–7% for SSA/Ps and 10–12% for proximal SPs. Certain endoscopic techniques such as chromoendoscopy, narrow band imaging, water immersion, and wide-angle viewing may improve SSA/P detection. Emerging endoscopic techniques such as underwater polypectomy, suction pseudopolyp technique, and piecemeal cold snare polypectomy are helpful tools for the endoscopist’s armamentarium for removing SSA/Ps. Proper orientation of SSA/P specimens can improve the accuracy of pathology readings. Patients with confirmed SSA/Ps and proximal HPs should undergo surveillance at intervals similar to what is recommended for patients with conventional adenomas. Patients with SSA/Ps may also be able to lower their risk of future polyps by targeting modifiable risk factors including tobacco and alcohol use and high-fat diets. NSAIDs and aspirin appear to be protective agents. SPs and SSA/Ps in particular are important colorectal cancer precursors that merit special attention to ensure adequate detection, resection, and surveillance.
Time, or the mediation of the now: on Dan Zahavi’s “irrelational” account of self-temporalization

On Dan Zahavi’s Husserlian account of the subject, the self-temporalization of subjectivity presupposes what he calls an “immediate impressional self-manifestation.” It follows from this view that self-awareness is an inherent power of the one who will be subject, rather than a product of sociality introduced into life from without. In this paper, I argue against Zahavi’s position by going over the development of Husserl’s account of time-consciousness, examining the positions Husserl takes and the reasons that he comes to these positions. Once we reach Husserl’s ultimate account, it becomes evident that Zahavi’s position is untenable.
What is Deontology? Part Two: Reasons to Act

Part One of this essay considered familiar ways of characterizing deontology, which focus on the notions of the good and the right. Here we will take up alternative approaches, which stress the type of reasons for actions that are generated by deontological theories. Although some of these alternative conceptualizations of deontology also employ a distinction between the good and the right, all mark the basic contrast between deontology and teleology in terms of reasons to act.
Prescription drugs in medicare and the ESRD program

Prescription drugs have improved the length and quality of life for many persons, particularly those with chronic disease. However, their contribution to total health care costs has been increasing, making it difficult for patients to afford necessary medications. Current Medicare policy, derived from statutory enactments by Congress, precludes payment for prescription medications with the exception a few medications for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. A more comprehensive prescription drug benefit for Medicare has been proposed that might benefit ESRD patients. Design and implementation of a medication drug benefit involves several issues including what medications should be covered, under what circumstances, how cost should be shared, the payment structure, level of payment, and management of the benefit. This report describes the experience with Medicare coverage of prescription drugs for ESRD patients and explores issues in offering a general medication insurance benefit under Medicare.
Applying Ecological Principles to Genetic Programming

In natural ecologies, niches are created, altered, or destroyed, driving populations to continually change and produce novel features. Here, we explore an approach to guiding evolution via the power of niches: ecologically-mediated hints. The original exploration of ecologically-mediated hints occurred in Eco-EA, an algorithm in which an experimenter provides a primary fitness function for a tough problem that they are trying to solve, as well as “hints” that are associated with limited resources. We hypothesize that other evolutionary algorithms that create niches, such as lexicase selection, can be provided hints in a similar way. Here, we use a toy problem to investigate the expected benefits of using this approach to solve more challenging problems. Of course, since humans are notoriously bad at choosing fitness functions, user-provided advice may be misleading. Thus, we also explore the impact of misleading hints. As expected, we find that informative hints facilitate solving the problem. However, the mechanism of niche-creation (Eco-EA vs. lexicase selection) dramatically impacts the algorithm’s robustness to misleading hints.
Structure and Properties of Aluminum-Containing Adjuvants

This chapter is concerned with the identification, characterization, and behavior of aluminum-containing adjuvants with proteins and anions similar to those occurring in vaccines and interstitial fluid. Aluminum-containing adjuvants referred to commercially as aluminum hydroxide have been identified as poorly crystalline aluminum oxyhydroxide with the structure of the mineral boehmite. Relevant properties of this material include its high surface area and its high pI, which provide the adjuvant with a high adsorptive capacity for positively charged proteins. Aluminum phosphate and alum-precipitated adjuvants may be classified as amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate with little or no specifically adsorbed sulfate. Variations in the molar PO4/A1 ratio of amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphates result in PI values that range from 5 up to 7; the materials are negatively charged at a physiological pH of 7.4. The amorphous nature of these compounds gives them high surface area and high protein adsorptive capacity for positively charged proteins. Observations on the interactions of anions and charged proteins with charged adjuvant surfaces have provided a framework for predicting behavior of complex systems of vaccines and for designing specific combinations of adjuvants and antigens to optimize the stability and efficacy of vaccines.
Exploring spatio-temporal neural dynamics of the human visual cortex

The human visual cortex is organized in a hierarchical manner. Although a significant body of evidence has been accumulated in support of this hypothesis, specific details regarding the spatial and temporal information flow remain open. Here we present detailed spatio-temporal correlation profiles of neural activity with low-level and high-level features derived from a "deep" (8-layer) neural network pre-trained for object recognition. These correlation profiles indicate an early-to-late shift from low-level features to high-level features and from low-level regions to higher-level regions along the visual hierarchy, consistent with feedforward information flow. To refine our understanding of information flow, we computed three sets of features from the low- and high-level features provided by the neural network: object-category-relevant low-level features (the common components between low-level and high-level features), low-level features roughly orthogonal to high-level features (the residual Layer 1 features), and unique high-level features that were roughly orthogonal to low-level features (the residual Layer 7 features). Contrasting the correlation effects of the common components and the residual Layer 1 features, we observed that the early visual cortex exhibits a similar amount of correlation with the two feature sets early in time (60 to 120 ms), but in a later time window, the early visual cortex exhibits a higher and longer correlation effect with the common components/low-level task-relevant features as compared to the low-level residual features---an effect unlikely to arise from purely feedforward information flow. Overall, our results indicate that non-feedforward processes, for example, top-down influences from mental representations of categories, may facilitate differentiation between these two types of low-level features within the early visual cortex.
Silicate coating to prevent leaching from radiolabeled surrogate far-field fallout in aqueous environments.

Abstract Recent characterization of radioactive particles indicate that a large percentage of the radioactivity observed during the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear meltdown was insoluble 137Cs bound within silica microparticles. Therefore, much of the decontamination research performed prior to the Fukushima incident that used either soluble radionuclides deposited onto wet surfaces or large (∼100 μm) particles characteristic of nuclear weapons fallout do not accurately represent the characteristics of potential contamination. Thus, the common practice of extrapolating radioactive decontamination methods generically to all radioactive release events is, at best, suspect. In response, a method to produce chemically-inert, radiolabeled silica particles was developed. Binding 152Eu within a sodium silicate coating required proper temperature control and ethanol was beneficial as a volatile dispersant to limit residues. In the end, a step-wise method, which first deposited 152Eu or 241Am as a nitrate salt, decomposed the salt to a sesquioxide, and finally coated the surface with sodium silicate led to dispersed particles of the desired 2 or 0.5 μm diameters. Dynamic light scattering and scanning election microscopy confirmed the particle size was unchanged. Leaching studies into several common decontaminants were performed to ensure particle inertness. Our approach allows for substitution of other radionuclides making it a robust, simple, and novel method to produce inert particle surrogates for a release event that allows direct comparison of decontamination techniques and contaminant fate studies, greatly aiding the development of response and recovery plans.
A moment-based kinetic theory model for polydisperse gas–particle flows

Abstract Starting from a generalized population balance equation and the Boltzmann–Enskog collision model for hard spheres, a kinetic theory model for polydisperse gas–particle flows is presented. Here, polydispersity results from spherical particles with the same material density but different diameters. The particle size distribution (PSD) of the particles is allowed to evolve in space and time due to physical processes such as mixing. In order to treat a continuous PSD, the particle-phase model is formulated in terms of the moments of the PSD, and velocity moments conditioned on the particle size. Velocity moments up to second order are included, resulting in transport equations for the mass, momentum and granular temperature, all conditioned on the particle size. In the numerical implementation, the PSD is represented using quadrature-based moment methods (QBMM). With QBMM, a continuous PSD can be treated using a relatively small number of moments as compared to class or sectional methods. Here, a realizable numerical algorithm for solving the moment system in a finite-volume code is proposed, valid for dilute systems wherein frictional forces are negligible. The ability of the proposed model to describe polydisperse gas–particle systems is demonstrated using cluster-induced turbulence and riser flow.
Mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of macro synthetic polypropylene (PP) fiber-reinforced rubber concrete

Abstract In this study, the synergistic effect of combining macro polypropylene (PP) fiber and rubberized concrete was evaluated based on mechanical and durability performance, as well as microstructure. The specimens were prepared with two different rubber volume contents at 10% and 15%, incorporating with a consistent fiber volume fraction of 0.5%. The plain concrete specimens and specimens with only PP fiber were also produced for comparison. The mechanical test results indicated that the fracture energy of plain concrete could be enhanced with both macro PP fiber and rubber aggregates. Besides, all specimens achieved compressive strength higher than 40 Mpa, and the ultrasonic pulse velocity demonstrated the good quality of concrete specimens. The fracture morphology and ESEM imaging showed the positive function of rubber aggregates and PP fibers on the post-crack propagation. The durability performance, including drying shrinkage, ASR expansion, and frost resistance were also strengthened in macro PP fiber-reinforced rubber concrete compared with plain concrete. The macro PP fiber-reinforced rubber concrete will enlarge the post-failure flexural residual load capacity and deformation and distribute stress for multiple crack propagation, thus increasing overall fracture toughness and reducing brittleness. The sustainable applications can be further explored with the combination of macro PP fiber and recycled rubber aggregate.
Physical Phenomena that Affect the Effectiveness of the Energy Transfer in Electrical Systems

The effectiveness of the energy delivery from its producers to customers is affected by a number of physical phenomena, but the nature of these phenomena is unclear and debated over a century. This debate has resulted in a number of power theories and a great variety of definitions of different power quantities. All of them are mathematically correct but differ as to the interpretation of the physical phenomena which accompany the energy transfer and affect the effectiveness of this transfer. These definitions and physical interpretations affect the method of the power factor improvement and unfortunately, they can cause a compensator malfunction. Presently, the most advanced power theory is based on the Currents' Physical Components (CPC) concept. Results of this theory are used in this paper for a discussion on physical phenomena which affect the effectiveness of the energy transfer in electrical systems.
Current Ecosystem Changes in the Arctic

Abstract This article untangles the story of environmental change in the Arctic in the 21st century, and explores some of the interactions between the arctic biosphere, cryosphere, and marine environments. The Arctic region comprises about 30 million km2 of land and sea north of the Arctic Circle (66° 33′ 44″). The northern polar latitudes comprise an almost equal mix of land and sea. The land regions of the Arctic are divided into the northern sectors of the Eurasian and North American continents, the island of Greenland, and numerous high arctic island groups. The current environmental changes in the Arctic are happening at a pace and an amplitude hitherto unknown. Global warming from anthropogenic GHG emissions is probably having the greatest impacts on Arctic environments. Because of the intricate interactions between land, sea, and ice, the global warming signal is greatly amplified in the Arctic, and all but the most stringent scenarios to reduce GHG emissions will very likely lead to a complete transformation of Arctic environments. No one knows just how the Arctic biota will respond to these environmental changes, but modeling efforts point to a breakdown of existing ecosystems.
Ultrasound-Guided Localization of Nonpalpable Lesions

In the same way that it has revolutionized the detection and percutaneous biopsy of minute nonpalpable breast masses, ultrasound (US) has revolutionized the preoperative localization of these masses for the surgeon. Localization of nonpalpable breast lesions can be done preoperatively in the breast imaging section, immediately prior to surgery in the operating room, or even during surgery. This chapter covers the various US-guided localization techniques that are available today, which range from US-directed skin marking of the projection of a not-too-deep lesion or usage of a US scanner during surgery to sophisticated and expensive new technique, such as the preoperative US-guided insertion of radioactive or magnetic seeds.
Role of the electronically-active amorphous state in low-temperature processed In2O3 thin-film transistors

Metal oxide (MO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are expected to enable low-cost flexible and printed electronics, given their excellent charge transport, low processing temperatures and solution processability. However, achieving adequate mobility when processed scalably at low temperatures compatible with plastic electronics is a challenge. Here, we explore process-structure-transport relationships in blade-coated indium oxide (In2O3) TFTs via both sol–gel and combustion chemistries. We find that the sol–gel chemistry enables n-type TFTs when annealed at 200 °C to 225 °C with noticeable electron mobility ((3.4 ± 0.4) cm2 V−1 s−1) yet minimal In2O3 crystallinity and surprisingly low levels of the metal–oxygen–metal (M–O–M) lattice content (≈46%). Increased annealing temperatures result in the appearance of nanocrystalline domains and an increase in M–O–M content to ≈70%, without any further increase in mobility. An acetylacetone combustion-assisted ink lowers the external thermal budget required for In2O3 crystallization but bypasses the electronically-active amorphous state and underperforms the sol–gel ink at low temperatures. Grain boundary formation and nanocrystalline inclusions in these films due to rapid combustion-assisted crystallization are suggested to be the likely origin behind the significantly compromised charge transport at low-temperatures. Overall, this study emphasizes the need to understand the complex interplay between local order (nanocrystallinity) and connectivity (grain boundary, amorphous phases) when optimizing low-temperature processed MO thin films.
Assessing climate change impacts on water availability of snowmelt-dominated basins of the Upper Rio Grande basin

Abstract Study region Upper Rio Grande, Colorado and New Mexico, USA. Study focus Climate change is predicted to further limit the water availability of the arid southwestern U.S. We use the snowmelt runoff model to evaluate impacts of climate change on snow covered area (SCA), streamflow timing and runoff volume. Simulations investigate four future conditions using models downscaled to existing climate stations. Twenty-four subbasins of the Upper Rio Grande containing appreciable snowmelt and a long-term gauging station are simulated. New hydrological insights for the region Future annual volume is 193–204 million m3 more to 448–476 million m3 less than the pre-climate change value of 2688 million m3. There is disparity between increased volume in wetter simulations (+7%) and decreased volume (−18%) in drier simulations. SCA on 1 April reduced by approximately 50% in all but the warmer/wetter climate. Peak flow is 14–24 days early in the future climates. Among the 24 subbasins there is considerable range in mean melt season SCA (−40% to −100%), total volume change (−30% to +57%) and runoff timing advancement indicating that climate change is best evaluated at the subbasin scale. Daily hydrographs show higher streamflow in March and April, but less from mid-May until the end of the water year. The large decrease in volume in May, June and July will compound water management challenges in the region.
Photodynamic Therapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Immune checkpoints including PD-1 and CTLA-4 help to regulate the intensity and timeframe of the immune response. Since they become upregulated in cancer and prevent sufficient antitumor immunity, monoclonal antibodies against these checkpoints have shown clinical promise for a range of cancers. Multimodal treatment plans combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other therapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), may help to expand treatment efficacy and minimize side effects. PDT's cytotoxic effects are spatially limited by the light activation process, constraining PDT direct effects to the treatment field. The production of damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-associated antigens from PDT can encourage accumulation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells and reprogram the tumor microenvironment to be more susceptible to therapies targeting immune checkpoints.
Dry Needling Curricula in Entry-Level Education Programs in the United States for Physical Therapists

Objectives: The objective of this paper was to determine the extent to which dry needling is instructed in entry-level education programs for physical therapists. Methods: Program directors from 226 entry-level education programs recognized by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education were recruited via e-mail to participate in an anonymous 35-item electronic survey during the 2017-2018 academic year. The survey evaluated dry needling curricula, faculty qualifications, attitudes and experience, and programs' future plans for teaching dry needling. Results: A total of 75 programs responded to the survey (response rate = 33.1%). Forty (53.3%) had integrated dry needling theory and psychomotor training into their programs and 8 (10.6%) planned to include such content in their curriculum in the future. Of the 40 respondents, 28 indicated that dry needling education was integrated into a required course, 4 indicated that dry needling was an elective course, and 8 did not specify how dry needling education was integrated. Faculty teaching dry needling appear to be well qualified, with the majority having 5-10 years of experience using dry needling in clinical practice. The primary reason for programs not teaching dry needling is that it was not considered an entry-level skill. Discussion: There appeared to be variability in how dry needling was integrated into the curricula, as well as in the depth and breadth of instruction. Our research may serve as a baseline for faculty to assess existing dry needling curricula and as a guide for developing curricula in new or existing physical therapy programs.
The Changing U.S. Health Care System: Challenges for Responsible Public Policy

The "managed care backlash" arguably topped the list of media and policy concerns in 1998. Yet, against the background of the highly charged environment in which the future of our health care system continues to be debated, there is a dearth of concrete, "objective" facts on the nature of the changes, the reasons for them, and their meaning. An analysis of five important themes that emerged from a review of the recent literature on health system change concludes that an inherent tension exists between the interest in rapidly driving down health care costs through organizational change and the long time frames that are required to make fundamental changes in structure, process, and orientation. Unfortunately, in an environment in which purchasers are driven to seek cost savings and the political will supports a pluralistic and mixed public/private system, the health system may chart an alternative course, with the result that purchasers may rely increasingly on individual cost sharing and continue to cut back the amount of coverage they are willing to offer. The real challenge for public policy makers is to confront the issues directly, avoiding political incentives to adopt easy and fast solutions for these complex matters.
U–Pb zircon eruption age of the Old Crow tephra and review of extant age constraints

Abstract Eruption of the Old Crow tephra deposited ~200 km3 of volcanic ash throughout Alaska and the northwestern Yukon (eastern Beringia), providing an isochronous marker across the region on a scale unique in the Pleistocene. The Old Crow tephra represents a critical temporal piercing point used extensively to link geographically disparate stratigraphic sections and the paleo-environmental records they contain. Although the canonical age of the Old Crow suggests eruption during the transition between the glacial and interglacial periods of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5 and 6 at ~125 ka, recent U–Th–Pb and (U–Th)/He zircon dating of the tephra suggests eruption at ~200 ka, within MIS 7. If accurate, this revised eruption age begets significant change to existing models describing the geologic and biotic evolution of Beringia in the Pleistocene. Thus, confidently knowing the age of the tephra is critical to its time-stratigraphic utility and for past and future work in the region where the tephra has been found. With this contribution, we review existing Old Crow age constraints and present an eruption age for the tephra determined via high spatial resolution ion microprobe U–Pb surface analysis on zircon crystals isolated from source-proximal (
Counter-Insurgency Strategies and Transnational Attacks by Rebel Groups

International attacks by rebel groups are an historically important phenomenon. Yet, few scholars have sought to understand why some rebel organizations “go abroad” and commence international attac...
“Is It Not Wrong, a Balance Which Tilts, a Plummet Which Deflects”: A Survey of Social Contract Theory

This chapter will examine the philosophical roots of social contract theory from its Platonic origins to its appearance in the writings of the Modern philosophers, Hobbes, Rousseau, and Locke, who articulate the fundamental conceptual premises and elements of Modern social contract theory.
The added economic and environmental value of plug-in electric vehicles connected to commercial building microgrids

Connection of electric storage technologies to smartgrids or microgrids will have substantial implications for building energy systems. In addition to potentially supplying ancillary services directly to the traditional centralized grid (or macrogrid), local storage will enable demand response. As an economically attractive option, mobile storage devices such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) are in direct competition with conventional stationary sources and storage at the building. In general, it is assumed that they can improve the financial as well as environmental attractiveness of renewable and fossil based on-site generation (e.g. PV, fuel cells, or microturbines operating with or without combined heat and power). Also, mobile storage can directly contribute to tariff driven demand response in commercial buildings. In order to examine the impact of mobile storage on building energy costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a microgrid/distributed-energy-resources (DER) adoption problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program with minimization of annual building energy costs applying CO2 taxes/CO2 pricing schemes. The problem is solved for a representative office building in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2020. By using employees' EVs for energy management, the office building can arbitrage its costs. But since the car battery lifetime is reduced, a business model that also reimburses car owners for the degradation will be required. In general, the link between a microgrid and an electric vehicle can create a win-win situation, wherein the microgrid can reduce utility costs by load shifting while the electric vehicle owner receives revenue that partially offsets his/her expensive mobile storage investment. For the California office building with EVs connected under a business model that distributes benefits, it is found that the economic impact is very limited relative to the costs of mobile storage for the site analyzed, i.e. cost reductions from electric vehicle connections are modest. Nonetheless, this example shows that some economic benefit is created because of avoided demand charges and on-peak energy. The strategy adopted by the office building is to avoid these high on-peak costs by using energy from the mobile storage in the business hours. CO2 emission reduction strategy results indicate that EVs' contribution at the selected office building are minor.
Abstract P4-05-02: Overexpression of the chemokine receptor CCR2 in the breast epithelium is associated with progression of DCIS

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer diagnosed in women and an immediate precursor to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). It is largely unclear why some cases of DCIS progress to IDC, while others remain non-invasive. Current cyto- and histopathological approaches do not accurately predict disease progression, resulting in patients being under-treated or over-treated for DCIS. Our long-term goals are to identify key factors that lead to IDC that will enable the development of a molecular based approach to predict the risk of IDC, and a more tailored approach to treat DCIS. The CCL2/CCR2 chemokine pathway is best known for regulating macrophage recruitment to late stage breast tumors. In recent studies, we found that CCR2 and its binding ligand CCL2 were overexpressed in breast ductal carcinomas, correlating with tumor grade and poor patient prognosis. To further investigate the significance of CCR2 and CCL2, we performed flow cytometry analysis of breast epithelial cell lines, and found that increased CCR2 overexpression but not CCL2, was associated with invasive potential of the cell lines. CCL2 was found to be increased in stromal cells, particularly in cancer associated fibroblasts. Using a mammary intra-ductal injection model, we further examined for expression patterns of CCR2 and CCL2 in DCIS lesions derived from DCIS.com and Sum225 cells. Increased CCR2 was detected in DCIS.com lesions, which progressed to IDC within 10 weeks of injection, while CCR2 expression was found to be lowly expressed in non-invasive Sum225 lesions. CCL2 was detected in the stroma of both DCIS.com and Sum225 lesions. Overexpression of CCR2 in cultured non-invasive 67NR mammary carcinoma cells enhanced cell survival and increased wound closure. CCL2 treatment further enhanced cell survival and wound closure of CCR2 overexpressing 67NR cells. Knockdown of CCR2 in DCIS.com cells in 3D Matrigel: collagen cultures inhibited cellular invasion into the matrix. These studies indicate that CCR2 overexpression in ductal carcinoma cells, enhances intracellular signaling, and contributes to development of IDC. These data suggest that targeting the CCR2 pathway may be promising strategy for prevention or treatment of IDC. Citation Format: Benford Mafuvadze, Wei Bin Fang, Nikki Cheng. Overexpression of the chemokine receptor CCR2 in the breast epithelium is associated with progression of DCIS [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-05-02.
The Race to Understand the Outlier

Lore of Running 4th ed. Tim Noakes. Oxford University Press Southern Africa, Cape Town, 2001. 1277 pp. R400. ISBN 0-19-578016-7. Before presenting the advice on training, racing, and medical aspects that form the bulk of this volume, Noakes reviews the physiology and biochemistry of running. His account offers a novel interpretation of fatigue during exercise.
Network Independent Available Bandwidth Sampling and Measurement

Available bandwidth knowledge is very useful to network protocols. Unfortunately, available bandwidth is also very difficult to measure in packet networks, where methods to guarantee and keep track of the bandwidth (eg, weighted fair queuing scheduling) do not work well, for example the Internet. In this paper we are dealing with an available bandwidth sampling technique based on the observation of packet time dispersion in a packet train or pair. In standard techniques the available bandwidth is sampled by using a "bytes divided by dispersion" (or "bytes over time", BoT) calculation and then filtered. This method of calculating available bandwidth samples has been used in all packet dispersion related work. We propose a new sampling method of available bandwidth called ab-probe. The ab-probe method uses an intuitive model that helps understand and correct the error introduced by the BoT sample calculation. We theoretically compare the new model with the previous one, exploring their differences, observability and robustness. We argue that the model may significantly improve protocols that can use an available bandwidth measurement, in particular transport-level protocols that currently use the BoT calculation.
Overcoming Organizational Defenses: Facilitating Organizational Learning

Organizational defences that exist in most organizations can inhibit organizational performance. This book shows how to diagnose the organization to expose the weaknesses. Each chapter contains advice about how to reduce organizational defences to bring about improved involvement and performance.
Exact Analytical Solutions for Elastodynamic Impact

Abstract We consider the one-dimensional impact problem in which a semi-infinite flyer collides with (and adheres to) the front face of a stationary target plate of finite thickness, with the back face of the target bonded to another semi-infinite medium. All three bodies are assumed to be linear elastic and homogeneous. Our interest is in explicit expressions for the stress and velocity in the target at all times after impact. The analysis of this problem is simplified by reducing it to an initial-boundary value problem for the target only, which is solved by combining the d’Alembert solution of the wave equation with the Laplace transform method. An appropriate impact boundary condition is required on the front face of the target. In the literature this is usually taken as a prescribed step in stress or velocity, but the correct boundary condition involves a linear combination of the unknown stress and velocity at the impact face. Our solutions are expressed in an apparently new, compact form involving the floor (or greatest-integer) function. The results are amenable to asymptotic analysis; in particular, solutions for stress-free or rigid back faces follow easily as limiting cases of the backing impedance, and the long-time asymptotes of stress and velocity in the target are seen to be independent of the target’s elastic properties. All of our results are corroborated by derivation of exact discrete solutions from recursive equations for the impact problems.