cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived Processing Strategies of Students Watching Captioned Video

Abstract: This study is an examination of the use of captioned video with beginning students of Spanish. Two groups of students watched a Spanish-language video with or without Spanish captioning and the groups' comprehension scores were compared. Students in the captioning group described how they used the pictures, sound, and captioning to understand the video. To test for differences due to the length of Spanish study, the data were divided into first-year students versus those with 3 to 4 years of study. Students with more study outscored those in their first year in the captioning session, but not in the no-captioning session. The strategy measure indicated that more first-year students than third-year students found the captions distracting and had difficulty attending to all three channels of sound, image, and captions. Nevertheless, students in both sessions expressed unsolicited positive attitudes toward the captions. The issue is raised whether, with exposure and practice, captioned video can be a valuable aid to comprehension for beginners.
Central Neuropeptide Y in Anxiety- and Stress-related Behavior and in Ethanol Intake

One of the most profound properties of central neuropeptide Y (NPY) is its anxiolytic, or anti-anxiety, effect. This has been demonstrated repeatedly in a number of animal models. In addition, stressors affect NPY expression in the central nervous system, with acute and repeated (chronic) stress having differential effects. Here, a brief summary of some work performed in our laboratory is presented that supports a role for NPY in regulation of stress responses and behaviors.
Cation disordering in Ag2HgI4 and Cu2HgI4

Abstract The cation order-disorder transitions in Ag 2 HgI 4 and Cu 2 HgI 4 are first order. This is unusual, since in other superionic conductors the cation disordering is gradual with temperature if there is no structural phase transition. These two materials are also unique in that they have two disordering cations rather than one. A study of a two species lattice gas model shows that this extra degree of freedom is responsible for the first order nature of this transition on the fcc lattice.
A glutamic acid-glycine medium for prolonged maintenance of high mitotic activity in grasshopper neuroblasts.

Abstract 1. 1. A medium more compatible with grasshopper embryonic tissues than a medium previously used, was described. It has been designed easily to permit further modifications. 2. 2. The ratios of sodium to potassium and of chlorides to organic anions are similar to those ratios found in the fluids of larval insects. 3. 3. Mitotic activity of neuroblast cultures in the new medium is maintained at a usable level for 24–48 hours, a much longer period than previously possible. 4. 4. The supplementation of the medium with the amino compounds cysteine, cystine, methionine, and ethanolamine phosphoric acid in addition to the amount provided by the yolk in the hanging-drop cultures, does not affect the level or duration of mitotic activity in neuroblast cultures.
Inhibition of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism by the steroid hydroxylase inhibitor Su-10'603

Abstract SU-10'603 is a pyridine derivative that has been widely used as a steroid 17-hydroxylase inhibitor. Studies were done to compare the effects of SU-10'603 with those of the structurally related compound, metyrapone, on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in vitro in rats and guinea pigs. In rat liver microsomes, SU-10'603 produced a concentration-dependent (0.01 to 1.0 mM) inhibition of ethylmorphine demethylation, aniline hydroxylation, and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation. A concentration of 0.1 to 0.2mM decreased the metabolism of all three substrates by approximately 50%. SU-10'603 was a more potent inhibitor of ethylmorphine metabolism than metyrapone, and its relative potency was even greater with respect to aniline and benzo[a]pyrene metabolism. Similar results were obtained with guinea pig liver microsomes. SU-10'603 and metyrapone produced type II spectral changes in hepatic microsomes, but the apparent affinity of SU-10'603 for cytochrome(s) P-450 was greater than that of metyrapone. Both compounds inhibited the binding of type I substrates to microsomal cyto-chromes P-450; SU-10'603 was the more potent inhibitor. The results indicate that SU-10'603 is a potent inhibitor of hepatic microsomal monooxygenases whose mechanism of action is similar to that of metyrapone.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Hemophilia A

Objective.—A patient with hemophilia A and long-standing recurrent symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is described. During his relapses, he experienced headache, and attention and language disturbance, but no visual symptoms. Background.—Hemophilia A is a rare inherited coagulation disorder secondary to factor VIII deficiency. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension has been reported in association with prothrombotic conditions and iron deficiency anemia, but not in patients with hemophilia A. Recurrent or chronic headache is not a typical symptom of hemophilia, but headache is a presenting sign of intracranial bleed in persons with hemophilia. Methods.—Medical history review, clinical neurologic examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, computed head tomography, and electroencephalogram were performed. Results.—Neurologic examination revealed bilateral papilledema during relapses of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Multiple lumbar punctures preceded by the intravenous administration of factor VIII early in the course of the illness confirmed the presence of elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressures and absence of subarachnoid blood. He had no complications from lumbar punctures. Initial electroencephalograms showed background slowing but later normalized. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and computerized tomography of the head were normal. Relapses of idiopathic intracranial hypertension were eventually controlled with the administration of acetazolamide. Conclusion.—Idiopathic intracranial hypertension may develop in patients with hemophilia A in the absence of visual symptoms. Therapeutic and diagnostic lumbar punctures were safe to perform on this patient, following the administration of factor VIII.
Brain Estradiol Content in Newborn Rats: Sex Differences, Regional Heterogeneity, and Possible de Novo Synthesis by the Female Telencephalon

Accurate assessment of gonadal steroid levels in the developing brain is critical for understanding naturally occurring steroid-mediated sexual differentiation as well as determining the physiological relevance of exogenous steroid treatments commonly used in the study of this phenomenon. Using RIA, we measured the estradiol (E(2)) content of six regions of the developing brain immediately post partum, 1 d post partum, and after injection of exogenous estradiol benzoate, testosterone propionate, or the aromatase inhibitor formestane. We found sexually dimorphic E(2) content in several regions of the newborn brain. At 2 h of life, there was significantly higher E(2) content in males vs. females in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus and preoptic area but not in the hippocampus, brainstem, or cerebellum. Surprisingly, the female hippocampus had significantly higher E(2) content than all other female regions examined. By d 1 post partum, E(2) levels had decreased precipitously in most brain regions, and only the hypothalamus maintained a sex difference. Injection of female pups with estradiol benzoate raised tissue levels to that of the male in the hypothalamus but 2- to 3-fold higher in the other five regions. Testosterone administration increased E(2) content exclusively in the preoptic area, suggesting local variation in aromatase activity and/or substrate availability. Central administration of formestane decreased estrogen content in the male cortex, hypothalamus, and preoptic area. Formestane treatment also decreased endogenous E(2) in female cortex and hippocampus, suggesting de novo synthesis selectively in these brain regions. These data corroborate and extend previous findings of sex differences in brain E(2) levels perinatally and reveal an unexpected regional heterogeneity in E(2) synthesis and/or metabolism.
Potentiation of GluN2C/D NMDA Receptor Subtypes in the Amygdala Facilitates the Retention of Fear and Extinction Learning in Mice

NMDA receptors are glutamate receptor ion channels that contribute to synaptic plasticity and are important for many forms of learning and memory. In the amygdala, NMDA receptors are critical for the acquisition, retention, and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. Although the GluN2B subunit has been implicated in both the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear, GluN2C-knockout mice show reduced conditioned fear responses. Moreover, D-cycloserine (DCS), which facilitates fear extinction, selectively enhances the activity of GluN2C-containing NMDA receptors. To further define the contribution of GluN2C receptors to fear learning, we infused the GluN2C/GluN2D-selective potentiator CIQ bilaterally into the basolateral amygdala (3, 10, or 30 μg/side) following either fear conditioning or fear extinction training. CIQ both increased the expression of conditioned fear 24 h later and enhanced the extinction of the previously conditioned fear response. These results support a critical role for GluN2C receptors in the amygdala in the consolidation of learned fear responses and suggest that increased activity of GluN2C receptors may underlie the therapeutic actions of DCS.
Collaboration-aware peer-to-peer media streaming

Peer-to-Peer(P2P) media streaming has emerged as a promising solution to media streaming in large distributed systems such as the Internet. Several P2P media streaming solutions have been proposed by researchers, however they all implicitly assume peers are collaborative, thus they suffer from the selfish peers that are not willing to collaborate. In this paper we introduce an incentive mechanism to urge selfish peers to behave collaboratively. It combines the traditional reputation-based approach and an online streaming behavior monitoring scheme. Our preliminary results show that the overall performance achieved by collaborative peers do not suffer from the existence of non-collaborative peers. The incentive mechanism is orthogonal to the existing media streaming solutions and can be integrated into them.
Optical coherence tomography captures rapid hemodynamic responses to acute hypoxia in the cardiovascular system of early embryos

Background: The trajectory to heart defects may start in tubular and looping heart stages when detailed analysis of form and function is difficult by currently available methods. We used a novel method, Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT), to follow changes in cardiovascular function in quail embryos during acute hypoxic stress. Chronic fetal hypoxia is a known risk factor for congenital heart diseases (CHDs). Decreased fetal heart rates during maternal obstructive sleep apnea suggest that studying fetal heart responses under acute hypoxia is warranted. Results: We captured responses to hypoxia at the critical looping heart stages. Doppler OCT revealed detailed vitelline arterial pulsed Doppler waveforms. Embryos tolerated 1 hr of hypoxia (5%, 10%, or 15% O2), but exhibited changes including decreased systolic and increased diastolic duration in 5 min. After 5 min, slower heart rates, arrhythmic events and an increase in retrograde blood flow were observed. These changes suggested slower filling of the heart, which was confirmed by four-dimensional Doppler imaging of the heart itself. Conclusions: Doppler OCT is well suited for rapid noninvasive screening for functional changes in avian embryos under near physiological conditions. Analysis of the accessible vitelline artery sensitively reflected changes in heart function and can be used for rapid screening. Acute hypoxia caused rapid hemodynamic changes in looping hearts and may be a concern for increased CHD risk. Developmental Dynamics 241:534–544, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Review Paper on the Effect of Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols on Climate Modification

Abstract This article reviews the information on the climatic effect of carbon dioxide and aerosols and outlines man's part in contributing to their occurence. Recent downward trends in the average surface temperature of the biosphere has lead some scientists to conclude that albedo increases due to the effect of aerosol backscatter is the causative mechanism. While there is evidence for and against this hypothesis, this paper emphasizes that albedo changes due to aerosol modification of cloud cover may be a more significant mechanism for explaining temperature trends.
Phase transitions in one-dimensional cluster-interaction fluids II. Simple logarithmic model

Abstract The one-dimensional many-body cluster interaction models studied in Part I are here specialized to the case where the many-body potentials, when they act, are constants independent of the particle coordinates. The nature and location of the phase transition which arises when the surface energy W(l) varies as ln l is studied. The behavior of various thermodynamic properties along and near the vapor pressure curve, pσ(T), is investigated in detail. It is shown that critical-like phenomena occur all along the vapor pressure curve; specifically, p − pσ varies as (v − vG)δ(T) as the specific “volume” v approaches the gaseous side of the coexistence curve at constant T, with δ(T) ⩾ 1 depending on T T c .
Interactive Deformation Through Mesh-Free Stress Analysis in Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) techniques are used to create an environment that allows an engineer to modify the shape of a part and see the changes in the stress state immediately. A virtual reality application, Interactive Virtual Design Application (IVDA), that allows fast mesh-free analysis of multiple element types, including two-dimensional (2D) elements, is described in detail. Taylor series approximations and Pre-conditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) methods are used with mesh-free analysis to perform quick reanalysis during interactive shape modification. Prior to this work, only 3D elements were incorporated into the method. The addition of 2D elements greatly expands the potential application of this work. Several software packages including VR Juggler, OpenHaptics, OPCODE, Tahoe and OpenGL/GLM/GLUT libraries are combined in the resulting application to handle a variety of elements. This approach also supports concurrent product design and assembly methods prototyping. The addition of 2D analysis capability is discussed in this paper. The method is described and a sample problem presented.
Profiles of Supportive Alumni: Donors, Volunteers, and Those Who “Do It All”

In the competitive marketplace of higher education, college and university alumni are increasingly called on to support their institutions in multiple ways: political advocacy, volunteerism, and charitable giving. Drawing on alumni survey data gathered from a large research extensive university, we employ a multinomial logistic regression model to distinguish characteristics of inactive alumni from those who give, volunteer, or give and volunteer at their alma mater. Economic, social exchange, expectancy, and investment theories shed light on lifecycles, attitudes, and lifestyles associated with alumni giving and voluntary support for higher education.
Mechanical turk as an ontology engineer?: using microtasks as a component of an ontology-engineering workflow

Ontology evaluation has proven to be one of the more difficult problems in ontology engineering. Researchers proposed numerous methods to evaluate logical correctness of an ontology, its structure, or coverage of a domain represented by a corpus. However, evaluating whether or not ontology assertions correspond to the real world remains a manual and time-consuming task. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using microtask crowdsourcing through Amazon Mechanical Turk to evaluate ontologies. Specifically, we look at the task of verifying the subclass--superclass hierarchy in ontologies. We demonstrate that the performance of Amazon Mechanical Turk workers (turkers) on this task is comparable to the performance of undergraduate students in a formal study. We explore the effects of the type of the ontology on the performance of turkers and demonstrate that turkers can achieve accuracy as high as 90% on verifying hierarchy statements form common-sense ontologies such as WordNet. Finally, we compare the performance of turkers to the performance of domain experts on verifying statements from an ontology in the biomedical domain. We report on lessons learned about designing ontology-evaluation experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Our results demonstrate that microtask crowdsourcing can become a scalable and efficient component in ontology-engineering workflows.
The multiscale-minima meshless (M3) method: A novel approach to level crossings and generalized fractals with applications to turbulent interfaces

A purely meshless multiscale approach, denoted as the multiscale-minima meshless (M3) method, is presented which offers a new tool useful for studies of generalized level crossings and fractals in complex phenomena including turbulence. The M3 method has its roots in the largest-empty box method pioneered by the author based on generalized level crossings, but with the key new aspect that it does not require any type of box. The M3 method enables a purely meshless evaluation of the generalized fractal dimension as a function of scale, i.e. in a completely grid-free manner without the use of boxes required in box-based methods, and offers an alternative tool to other meshless methods such as the wavelet-decomposition method and the caliper method. The key idea of the present M3 approach is the consideration of the shortest distance, or generalized level crossing scale, from each location within a reference region to the nearest turbulent feature of interest. This provides a new definition of the generalize...
Follow-up of morphologically reactive lymphoid proliferations in fine-needle aspirates of elderly patients.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is an effective tool in evaluating the cause of lymphadenopathy. While the morphologic diagnosis of a reactive lymphoid proliferation is common in younger patients, this diagnosis should be made carefully in older patients (those over the age of 50 yr) in light of the facts that such purely reactive conditions occur much less frequently in this population, and that follow-up of these patients reveals a malignancy (usually lymphoma) in a significant number of cases. In this series, we identified 40 patients with a morphologic diagnosis of reactive lymphoid proliferation on FNA and obtained their follow-up information. Of 19 patients under the age of 50 yr, 5 underwent subsequent biopsies and only one revealed a definitive malignancy (5%). In contrast, 7 of 21 patients over the age of 50 yr underwent a subsequent biopsy, and 6 were found to have a malignancy (5 malignant lymphomas, 1 metastatic melanoma). The higher rate of positive follow-up (29%) in this age group supports previous suggestions that morphologically reactive (mixed) lymphoid proliferations be viewed with increased suspicion in the elderly patient, and that additional studies, such as flow cytometry, be performed when material is available.
Prevalence and associated factors of spiritual needs among patients with cancer and family caregivers.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To measure the prevalence of spiritual needs and identify factors associated with spiritual needs among patients with cancer and family caregivers. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative. SETTING Inpatients and outpatients at a university medical center in the southwestern United States. SAMPLE 156 patients with cancer and 68 family caregivers who were primarily white and Christian and mostly perceived their cancer as not life threatening. METHODS Self-report questionnaires, including the Spiritual Interests Related to Illness Tool and Information About You. Statistical analysis involved analyses of variance, correlations, and factor analysis. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Spiritual needs and desire for nursing help with spiritual needs. FINDINGS The most important spiritual needs included being positive, loving others, finding meaning, and relating to God. The least important were needing to ask "why" questions and preparing for dying. Desire for nursing assistance with spiritual needs was moderate and varied. Variables correlated with spiritual needs and desire for nurse help included religiosity, being an inpatient, and perceiving the cancer as incurable. Desire for nurse help and importance of spiritual needs were directly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Distressing spiritual needs were reported least frequently. Certain factors appear to be associated with how much spiritual need is perceived and how much nurse help with those needs is wanted. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Patients with cancer and family caregivers have similar spiritual needs that may require care. Spiritual assessment and therapeutics can target specific types of spiritual needs. A nurse's help with spiritual needs, however, is not always wanted.
Parameter-space screening: a powerful tool for high-throughput crystal structure determination. Corrigendum

Fig. 4 in the article by Liu et al. [(2005), Acta Cryst. D61, 520–527] was labelled incorrectly. A corrected version of the figure is given here. Also in §3.1.3 of the original article the Cr Kα wavelength was given incorrectly. It should be 2.29 A.
Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron-containing dermal granules from Molpadia intermedia.

Abstract Dermal granules containing hydrous ferric oxide cores from Molpadia intermedia were studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy from 1.5 t0 300 K and in magnetic fields up to 80 kOersted at 4.2 K. A magnetic phase transition to an antiferromagnetically ordered state is observed at 10 K. The results are compared with the magnetic behavior of micellar cores of ferritin from eukaryotes and iron-storage materials from prokaryotes.
Characterization of the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) 3'UTR and differential expression of PIGR mRNA during colon tumorigenesis.

The human cell lines VACO-235 and VACO-411 constitute a novel in vitro model of colon adenoma to carcinoma progression. By differential display RT-PCR we identified a transcript that is expressed in the parental nontumorigenic adenoma line (VACO-235E), but is not expressed in the tumorigenic daughter (VACO-235L) or granddaughter (VACO-411) lines. This cDNA represents a previously uncharacterized portion of the 3'UTR of human PIGR. Human PIGR mRNA was found to be highly expressed in normal colon epithelium, but was decreased in 6 of 8 colon tumors and was negligible in 8 of 10 colon tumor cell lines. We sequenced the entire 1.8 kb 3'UTR of human PIGR, and found it to contain multiple repetitive elements as well as elements that could affect the processing and stability of PIGR mRNA. We hypothesize that differential regulation of PIGR mRNA stability may contribute to its downregulation in colon cancer.
Emergence of a Multiple f3-lactam-Resistance Phenotype in Group B Streptococci of Bovine Origin

Streptococcus agalactiae displaying resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, and several other antibiotics have been isolated from the udders of dairy cattle receiving antibiotic exposure in the form of routine antibiotic infusions between lactations (dry cow treatment). Expression of penicillin resistance was induced by subinhibitory concentrations of penicillin, and growth in penicillin broth increased the ability of resistant strains to form colonies on penicillin agar. beta-Lactamase activity was not detected by standard assays of either resistant cells or cell lysates. However, resistant cells were able to remove penicillin activity from broth during a 4-18 hr growth period and so allow subsequent growth of sensitive strains in culture filtrates. Some resistant strains were capable of transfer of multiple beta-lactam resistance to sensitive recipients during incubation of mixed cultures on filters. Since culture filtrates and cell lysates of donors were also capable of transfer, and the transfer was inhibited by deoxyribonuclease, the transfer appears to occur by transformation.
Design Considerations of Step-Down Switching Converters

Abstract To obtain the design method of inductance and capacitance of a step-down switching converter, its Output Voltage Ripple (OVR) in CCM and DCM is analyzed. The Maximum OVR(MOVR) in each operating region is obtained, respectively. It is pointed out that the minimum inductance to guarantee the lowest OVR is the critical inductance of CCM and DCM under the highest input voltage and heaviest load. The design method of inductance and capacitance is proposed according to the desired OVR level within the total operating range. The analysis and feasibility of the proposed method are verified by the experiment results.
Dielectric-covered waveguide longitudinal slots with finite wall thickness

An accurate method for analyzing dielectric covered waveguide slot arrays with nonzero wall thickness is presented. The method is based on an integral equation formulation which results in the evaluation of the slot's parameters such as self-admittance and resonant frequency. This formulation is supplemented by a simple model to correct for the resonant frequency shift caused by the finite thickness of the walls. Results derived using the above method are compared to available experimental data and are in excellent agreement. >
NATURAL HISTORY OF ASYMPTOMATIC AND SYMPTOMATIC MITRAL STENOSIS UNDER MEDICAL MANAGEMENT, 1949-1962.

Abstract 1. 1. The course and survival of 203 patients over the age of 14 with dominant rheumatic mitral stenosis, followed in the period 1949–1962, are presented. 2. 2. Patients who were asymptomatic at the beginning of the study, with or without regressed murmurs, had a 14-year survival of nearly 100 per cent. 3. 3. Of the symptomatic group (Classes II and III) 57 per cent survived 10 years and 42 per cent survived 14 years. The presence of concomitant aortic insufficiency, auricular fibrillation, or markedly enlarged heart, unfavorably influenced survival. 4. 4. Comparisons of these data are made with the data from other medical and surgical series. Variables in the patient composition renders most such direct comparisons invalid. 5. 5. The evidence is clear that a technically successful mitral valvulotomy significantly prolongs life in symptomatic patients showing clinical deterioration. The desirability of surgical intervention is less clear in those patients with mitral stenosis of moderate severity whose clinical course, with medical management, has been stable over a long period of observation. Patients with minimal or no symptoms have a normal or near normal survival and thus do not require valvulotomy.
Distribution of thiamine phosphate esters in normal and thiamine-deficient brain.

Abstract Experiments were undertaken to determine whether depletion of thiamine phosphate esters occurs in a selective manner in portions of rat brain which are known to be most vulnerable to thiamine deprivation, namely, the pons and midbrain. We found that total thiamine in the brain diminished in all regions over the course of the study, which comprised 9 weeks on a thiamine-deficient diet; however, the pattern of diminution of thiamine phosphate esters varied. In cerebral cortex and cerebellum, nearly normal proportions of thiamine phosphate esters were maintained throughout depletion. In contrast, thiamine pyrophosphate became markedly depleted proportionately in the pons and midbrain. A striking proportionate increment in thiamine triphosphate was noted in these regions. Both changes tended to be most marked in animals showing more severe clinical signs of depletion.
In situ DNA hybridization study of 'primary' cytomegalovirus (CMV) oophoritis.

We report the case of a 50 year old woman with metastatic breast carcinoma refractory to chemotherapy who died of candidal septicemia after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Although there was no apparent active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (negative cultures and serology for active infection), autopsy revealed histologic evidence of CMV inclusions limited to both ovaries. DNA in situ hybridization was performed on multiple organs, and additional foci of infection in one fallopian tube and the adrenal glands were detected. Previous reports of isolated CMV oophoritis may represent sampling error. An ascending route of infection is suggested. Tuboovarial changes due to CMV infection may occur more frequently than suspected; they are difficult to diagnose because even actively CMV intrated cells may not be detected by routine histology alone, and because, after the active infection ‘heals’, no evidence of the virus can be found on histologic examination.
Aluminum zoning in ZSM-5 as revealed by selective silica removal

Abstract Treatment of ZSM-5 crystals with an aqueous base results in partial dissolution of the sample with preferential removal of silica. The treated zeolites, which now have lower silica/alumina ratios, exhibit higher exchange capacities and enhanced catalytic activities. Scanning electron micrographs of base-treated large-crystal ZSM-5 samples revealed that highly selective dissolution of the interior of the crystals had occurred, while leaving the exterior surface relatively intact. These results provide dramatic evidence for aluminum zoning in large-crystal ZSM-5 synthesized in the presence of quaternary directing agents.
The grain boundary energy and configuration of inert gas crystals—II

Abstract The expression derived in the previous paper (1) (hereafter referred to as (1)) for the average inverse power potential energy of interaction between a particle at a fixed distance above a half-crystal face and the half-crystal is applied to a calculation of the minimum energy spacing and interfacial energy between two perfect half-crystals placed together to form a “completely misfitting” grain boundary. The grain boundary energies and spacings of various juxtiposed surfaces of face-centered cubic argon at 0°K are calculated as examples with the following results in ergs cm 2 : (100)–(110), 41.7; (100)–(111), 22.8; (111)–(111), 16.0. This method would seem to be applicable to any system obeying the specified type of potential function when there is a continuous spontaneous generation of dislocations in two dimensions at the boundary as appears to be the case for large angle twist or tilt boundaries.
An isotopic study of chain growth during the CO/H2 reaction over Ni/Al2O3

Steady-state tracing by switches from 12COH2 to 13COH2 have been used to study the growth of hydrocarbon chains on a 10 wt% NiAl2O3 catalyst at 1 atm. Temperatures between 225 and 275 °C, and H2CO ratios between 1 and 9 have been used in an effort to shift rate-determining steps and hydrocarbon populations. Experiments were conducted in a gradientless microreactor at low conversions. N-Alkanes and 1-olefins were produced, and the selectivity to methane varied between 40 and 91%. Traces of acetaldehyde were also detected. Under all conditions, the 13C enrichment of C+3 hydrocarbons was substantially greater than that of methane and ethane. The results indicate that some of the monomers for C+3 production may have been either CO or CRx, species derived from CO very rapidly. Discrimination between these two mechanisms was not possible.
Heat and mass transfer processes in connected saturated He II baths

Abstract We report on a preliminary experiment designed to study combined heat and mass transfer processes associated with two-phase vapour/He II flow systems. The experiment consists of two separate baths connected by two channels, the upper one being for vapour flow and the lower one containing He II. Thus, the experiment simulates a two-phase flow with constant and known void fraction. Heat transfer between the two baths is governed by the counterflow process in the lower tube and vapour mass flow in the upper tube. Steady state and dynamic models, based on the energy and momentum equations, agree well with experimental results. We also explore the use of a porous plug in the lower channel to compensate for the level changes in the two baths.
A Finite-Deformation Constitutive Model of Bulk Metallic Glass Plasticity

A constitutive model of bulk metallic glass (BMG) plasticity is developed which accounts for finitedeformation kinematics, the kinetics of free volume, strain hardening, thermal softening, rate-dependency and non-Newtonian viscosity. The model has been validated against uniaxial compression test data; and against plate bending experiments. The model captures accurately salient aspects of the material behavior including: the viscosity of Vitreloy 1 as a function of temperature and strain rate; the temperature and strain-rate dependence of the equilibrium free-volume concentration; the uniaxial compression stress-strain curves as a function of strain rate and temperature; and the dependence of shear-band spacing on plate thickness. Calculations suggest that, under adiabatic conditions, strain softening and localization in BMGs is due both to an increase in free volume and to the rise in temperature within the band. The calculations also suggest that the shear band spacing in plate-bending specimens is controlled by the stress relaxation in the vicinity of the shear bands.
Excess functional disability among demented subjects? Findings from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging.

Dementia has been recognized as the strongest determinant for developing functional disability. However, dementia patients typically present with concomitant illness, thereby making difficult a determination of the fraction of disability due to dementia. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of functional disability among demented and nondemented people and to estimate the excess disability in demented subjects net of conditions independently associated with disability in older people, using data on nearly 2,900 subjects from the clinical examination of the 1991 Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Unadjusted specific disability prevalence (in bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting and stool and urinary incontinence) is considerably greater among demented subjects than among cognitively normal or cognitively impaired but not demented subjects. After adjustments, specific disability in demented subjects is somewhat reduced in comparison to nondemented and cognitively impaired but not demented subjects. Thus, even when one considers the influence of a history of physical illnesses that typically result in disability, the link between disability and dementia is only marginally attenuated.
A Supplemental Indicator of High‐Value or Low‐Value Spatial Clustering

Most test statistics for detecting spatial clustering cannot distinguish between low-value spatial clustering and high-value spatial clustering, and none is designed to explicitly detect high-value clustering, low-value clustering, or both. To fill this void in practice, we introduce an adjustment procedure that can supplement common two-sided spatial clustering tests so that a one-sided conclusion can be reached. The procedure is applied to Moran's I and Tango's CG in both simulated and real-world spatial patterns. The results show that the adjustment procedure can account for the influence of low-value clusters on high-value clustering and vice versa. The procedure has little effect on the original global testing methods when there is no clustering. When there is a clustering tendency, the procedure can unambiguously distinguish the existence of high-value clusters or low-value clusters or both.
Enzymes of glucose catabolism in Monilinia fructicola

All enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway were detected in cell-free extracts ofMonilinia fructicola. Hexokinase activity was dependent on the presence of the fluoride ion. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction lasted only a short time. Extracts contained active glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases of the hexose-monophosphate shunt. No pyruvic dehydrogenase activity could be detected.
Dexamethasone suppresses gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and has direct pituitary effects in male rats: differential regulation of GnRH receptor and gonadotropin responses to GnRH.

Endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid excess leads to the development of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, but the site(s) and mechanisms of glucocorticoid action are uncertain. We studied the effects of various doses of dexamethasone (Dex) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in intact and castrate testosterone-replaced (cast + T) male rats and attempted to determine possible sites of Dex effects. A dosedependent suppression of basal gonadotropin secretion was induced by 5 days of Dex treatment (20, 100, 500, or 2500 μg/kgday), and the highest dose completely abolished the postcastration rise in pituitary GnRH receptor number (GnRH-R) and serum gonadotropin levels. Administration of exogenous GnRH (0.02-200 μg/day over 2 days) resulted in a dose-dependent induction in GnRH-R in both intact and cast + T rats, but the effect was significantly (P < 0.01) augmented in Dex-treated animals. In contrast, acute LH and FSH responses to GnRH (10, 25, 50,100, or 250 ng, iv) were significantly blunted in Dextrea...
A general expression for the variance-covariance matrix of estimates of gene frequency: the effects of departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Summary Error variances and covariances are derived for estimates of gene frequencies found by allele counting in cases where the Hardy–Weinberg law does not necessarily hold.
Kinetic isotope effects as a probe of hydrogen transfers to and from common enzymatic cofactors

Enzymes use a number of common cofactors as sources of hydrogen to drive biological processes, but the physics of the hydrogen transfers to and from these cofactors is not fully understood. Researchers study the mechanistically important contributions from quantum tunneling and enzyme dynamics and connect those processes to the catalytic power of enzymes that use these cofactors. Here we describe some progress that has been made in studying these reactions, particularly through the use of kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). We first discuss the general theoretical framework necessary to interpret experimental KIEs, and then describe practical uses for KIEs in the context of two case studies. The first example is alcohol dehydrogenase, which uses a nicotinamide cofactor to catalyze a hydride transfer, and the second example is thymidylate synthase, which uses a folate cofactor to catalyze both a hydride and a proton transfer.
Interpretable credit model development via artificial neural networks

Poor credit granting decisions are coming back to haunt providers of loan finance. Past poor credit granting decisions are in part due to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1975). This act requires lenders to explain the decision to grant or refuse credit. As a result, models such as artificial neural networks, which offer improved ability to identify poor credit risks but which do not offer easy explanations of why a loan applicant has scored badly, remain unused. This paper investigates whether these models can be interpreted so that explanations for credit application rejection can be provided. The results indicate that while the artificial neural networks can be used (with caution) to develop credit scoring models, the limitations imposed by the credit granting process make their use unlikely until interpretation techniques are developed that are more robust and that can interpret multiple hidden-layer artificial neural networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foraging behavior of honeybees on white clover

Measurements of several aspects of foraging behavior of honeybees on white clover and of factors that might influence it were made at one-to-two-week intervals during the season. Other measurements were made on intervening days. Individual blossoms yielded a mean of from 0.02 to 0.08 μl of nectar containing 42 to 65% sugar during the season. On one day when the nectar averaged 65% sugar, bees with pollen on their corbiculae carried a mean of 5.2 mg of pollen and 37.3 mg of nectar; bees without pollen carried a mean of 37.9 mg of nectar. On 10 occasions each of 50 bees were timed while foraging a single blossom; the mean foraging speed differed significantly on the 10 occasions, and varied from 1.5 to 3.0 seconds per blossom. Each of 18 bees was timed during visits to 25 blossoms, and the total time required for the same bees to forage from the blossoms on 25 racemes was also measured. The mean foraging speed of these bees varied from 1.1 to 4.5 seconds per blossom; the differences were highly significant. These bees foraged 7.0 to 26.0 blossoms per minute, and there was a strong negative correlation between the mean seconds required for bees to forage blossoms and the mean number of blossoms foraged per minute. Fifty one bees observed for a total of 314.5 minutes foraged an average of 18.4 blossoms per minute and 3.4 blossoms per inflorescence. Sixty one per cent of the flights of foraging bees were made to inflorescences estimated to be less than 5 inches from the starting point.
A comparative study of several agents alone and combined in protection of the rodent kidney from warm ischaemia: Methylprednisolone, propranolol, furosemide, mannitol, and adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride

The effect of 60 min of in situ warm ischaemia (37°C) on renal function was investigated in the rat model. In addition, the effect of pretreatment with intravenously administered furosemide, mannitol, propranolol, methylprednisolone, and adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride (ATP-MgCl2), singly or in combination, was studied. The ischaemic kidney was effectively protected by the administration of methylprednisolone alone but not by furosemide, mannitol, ATP-MgCl2, or propranolol singly or in combination. These results demonstrate that rat kidneys subjected to 60 min of warm ischaemia can be safely protected with methylprednisolone pretreatment (3mg/100 g of body weight) 30 min before warm ischaemia.
IGF-I Synergizes with FGF-2 to Stimulate Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Entry into the Cell Cycle

Secreted peptide growth factors are critical extracellular signals that interact to promote the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of progenitor cells in developing tissues. IGF-I signaling through the IGF type I receptor provides a mitogenic signal for numerous cell types, including stem and progenitor cells. We have utilized the O-2A oligodendrocyte progenitor to study the mechanism of IGF-I mitogenic actions since these progenitors respond to IGF-I in vitro, and gene targeting studies in mice have demonstrated that IGF-I is essential for normal oligodendrocyte development in vivo. The goal of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which IGF-I promotes the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in the context of other mitogens critical for their proliferation. Results presented here show that IGF-I significantly amplified the actions of FGF-2 and PDGF to promote DNA synthesis in O-2A progenitors. Investigation of cell cycle kinetics revealed that IGF-I had no significant effect on the rate of cell cycle progression. Instead, IGF-I promoted increased recruitment of O-2A progenitors into the S phase of the cell cycle. These studies support a role for IGF-I as a cell cycle progression factor for progenitor cells.
Feasibility and acceptability of restorative yoga for treatment of hot flushes: a pilot trial.

Abstract Objective To determine the feasibility and acceptability of a restorative yoga intervention for the treatment of hot flushes in postmenopausal women. Methods A pilot trial in 14 postmenopausal women experiencing ≥4 moderate to severe hot flushes per day or ≥30 moderate to severe hot flushes per week. The intervention consisted of eight restorative yoga poses taught in a 3-h introductory session and 8 weekly 90-min sessions. Feasibility was measured by recruitment rates, subject retention and adherence. Acceptability was assessed by subject interview and questionnaires. Efficacy measures included change in frequency and severity of hot flushes as recorded on a 7-day diary. Results Recruitment was accomplished as planned. The majority of study subjects (93%) completed the trial. Of those who completed the trial, 92% attended seven or more of the eight yoga sessions. The majority of the subjects were satisfied with the study and 75% continued to practice yoga 3 months after the study. Mean number of hot flushes per week decreased by 30.8% (95% CI 15.6-45.9%) and mean hot flush score decreased 34.2% (95% CI 16.0-52.5%) from baseline to week 8. No adverse events were observed. Conclusions This pilot trial demonstrates that it is feasible to teach restorative yoga to middle-aged women without prior yoga experience. The high rates of subject retention and satisfaction suggest that yoga is an acceptable intervention in this population. Our results indicate that a larger, randomized controlled trial to explore the efficacy of restorative yoga for treatment of menopausal symptoms would be safe and feasible.
Phase transformations in thin films

Abstract Several aspects are reviewed which cause phase transformations in films to differ from those in the bulk material. Amorphous to crystalline transformations and precipitation effects in FeAu films are described. The influence of film surfaces on precipitation is discussed.
Dethroning the dictionary

Abstract Though absolute lexical equivalence is now regarded as an impossible goal by most translation theorists, a vestige of this long‐held ideal is a tendency among literary translators to focus solely on lexical meaning, while ignoring non‐lexical features of a text. This article explores the implications of this ‘tyranny of the dictionary’ as it applies to poetry translation in particular, using an example of translation from Danish into English. It goes on to consider the obstacles poetry translators face when seeking permission to publish their work, especially when source‐language authors and publishers who hold the keys to copyright, continue to judge translations according to the myth of lexical equivalence.
Coronal Observations from the Solar Maximum Mission Satellite

The Coronagraph/Polarimeter on board the Solar Maximum Mission satellite operated successfully for over 6 months. This paper addresses first, the scientific goals and coronal observations obtained, and second, the instrument design and control. The coronal observations are discussed with particular emphasis on studies of evolutionary changes in the corona and of material ejected from the sun. The instrument design section describes some of the more unique features of the coronagraph. These include 1) an optical design incorporating an achromat objective lens resulting in 10-arc sec resolution in imaging and an instrumentally scattered radiance of less than 10~flso!ar, the mean solar disk radiance, and 2) an SEC vidicon detector, allowing integration on the low light levels of the corona. The instrument control section describes 1) the microprogram sequence controllers using the "algorithmic state machine" concept which control the vidicon camera and data acquisition, and 2) CORMAX, the program resident in the onboard computer used to command the desired observations. The computer control assures flexibility in the observing program to optimize observations of changing solar phenomena and allows rapid response to either SMM or ground-commanded solar flare alerts.
Observations on phoresy by oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatei).

Abstract Phoretic oribatid mites are recorded from specimens of 31 insect species, mostly passalid beetles. Mites were predominantly of the families Mesoplophoridae, Oppiidae and Oribatulidae. The former attaches by grasping a hair between the aspis and genital plate. A degree of attachment site specificity, but not host-species specificity, is exhibited by certain mites.