cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Interpersonal Distancing Behavior in Young and Elderly Adults

Differences in cortical activation (arousal), age, and race were used to test several hypotheses on interpersonal distancing behaviors which have implications for intergenerational and cross-cultural interaction. The investigation centered on the relationship of sensory deficits in the elderly to their use of personal space in peer interactions. A comparison of young, white female college students and elderly white females indicated no significant differences in arousal level, but the younger adults used significantly closer distancing behaviors with their peers. However, a similar comparison of elderly white and black females revealed no differences in either arousal level or interpersonal distancing. The findings suggest that interpersonal distancing behaviors may be less influenced by the need for cortical stimulation than by the prevalence of cultural norms. It also suggests that the proxemic behavior of adult college students may be more adolescent than adult in its personal space scheme.
Compactification of chiral N=2, D=10 supergravity

Abstract A general analysis is made for the possible compactifications of chiral N = 2, D = 10 supergravity down to four dimensions.
Breast cancer detection.

This review of methods of breast cancer detection refers briefly to some methodologies, which the author refers to as unestablished, and then comments on the role of physical examination and breast self-examination and mammography. Reference is made to risk factors in determining frequency of examination and the current recommendations of the American Cancer Society for guidelines of breast cancer examinations. Cancer 47:1164–1169, 1981.
Seat belt laws and traffic fatalities: A research update

Abstract For nearly a decade it has been commonly assumed that seat belt laws save lives. Using traffic fatality data from 1983 through 1993 this paper offers evidence to call this assumption into question. For several years traffic fatality rates have been declining in roughly equal proportions in both law states and non-law states. Moreover, the most current data reveals that while seat belt legislation is positively associated with increased safety belt use, neither seat belt laws nor seat belt use rates are associated in any substantial way with traffic death rates. Also included in the paper is an extended discussion of some of the most prominent difficulties involved in researching the relationship between seat belt laws and traffic fatalities.
Hydrocephalus requiring urgent external ventricular drainage in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis and cerebral edema: case report.

Objective and importance Neurological deterioration, typically attributed to cerebral edema, is a rare but life-threatening complication in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We report the case of a child with DKA who became comatose but demonstrated acute obstructive hydrocephalus, instead of cerebral edema. Clinical presentation An 11-year-old male patient presented with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and DKA. He was initially responsive but, after several hours of treatment, became unresponsive, with dilated pupils and decerebrate posturing. Cranial computed tomographic scanning demonstrated obstructive hydrocephalus resulting from focal cerebellar and brain stem edema. Intervention The patient was initially managed with medical treatment but ultimately required urgent ventricular drainage to arrest a progressive herniation syndrome. To our knowledge, this report describes only the second such case reported and the first requiring urgent ventriculostomy. Conclusions These observations emphasize the importance of recognizing hydrocephalus as a potentially reversible cause of coma in DKA and of initiating prompt neurosurgical intervention, if warranted.
NBTI stress relaxation design for scaling high-voltage transistors in NAND Flash memories

For decades, advances in lithography and improvements in device technology have been scaling the NAND Flash memory cells in L and W directions. On the other hand, Z direction, or tunnel oxide thickness, has not been scaled. This is because of stress-induced leakage current that results in program and erase voltages and high-voltage (HV) transistors unscaled. This paper focuses on scaling the HV transistors with a proposed circuit design relaxing the gate stress. The proposed circuit enables the gate oxide thickness of HV transistors to be reduced by 10%, which results in a die size reduction of 2.4%. This paper also proposes a simple estimation equation for HV PMOS negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) lifetime in case of step-up programming pulses.
Alkylresorcinol homologs in cereal grains

Abstract An extraction, isolation, and identification procedure was developed to determine alkyresorcinol homologs in rye, triticale, wheat, durum, millet, and barley. The major alkyresorcinol homologs in cereals have saturated odd-numbered carbons with predominant chain lengths of C15, C17, C19, C21, C23, and C25. The relative composition of each homolog varies among cereal varieties. Rye, triticale, and millet homolog patterns as well as the Hard Red Spring wheat and durum patterns are similar. The C19:0 homolog is present in the highest amount in rye, triticale, and millet, but the C21:0 homolog is predominant in wheat and durum. C25:0 is the highest alkylresorcinol homolog found in barley.
Impaired automatization of a cognitive skill in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia

We studied healthy, first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia to test the hypothesis that deficits in cognitive skill learning are associated with genetic liability to schizophrenia. Using the Weather Prediction Task (WPT), 23 healthy controls and 10 adult first-degree Relatives Of Schizophrenia (ROS) patients were examined to determine the extent to which cognitive skill learning was automated using a dual-task paradigm to detect subtle impairments in skill learning. Automatization of a skill is the ability to execute a task without the demand for executive control and effortful behavior and is a skill in which schizophrenia patients possess a deficit. ROS patients did not differ from healthy controls in accuracy or reaction time on the WPT either during early or late training on the single-task trials. In contrast, the healthy control and ROS groups were differentially affected during the dual-task trials. Our results demonstrate that the ROS group did not automate the task as well as controls and continued to rely on controlled processing even after extensive practice. This suggests that adult ROS patients may engage in compensatory strategies to achieve normal levels of performance and support the hypothesis that impaired cognitive skill learning is associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia.
Purification and Enzymatic Properties of a Recombinant Fusion Protein Expressed in Escherichia coli Containing the Domains of Bovine P450 17A and Rat NADPH-P450 Reductase

Abstract A fusion protein containing the heme domain of bovine cytochrome P450 17A and the flavin domains of rat NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase has been genetically engineered by linking the modified cDNAs for each gene with the codons for serine and threonine. Transformation of Escherichia coli (DH5α) and growth under defined conditions permits expression of 600-700 nmol of membrane-bound fusion protein per liter of growth medium (approximately 4% of cellular protein). A method has been developed for the solubilization, isolation, and purification to homogeneity of this protein. In the presence of NADPH the purified fusion protein catalyzes the 17α-hydroxylation of progesterone and pregnenolone as well as the conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone. The 17,20-lyase activity is enhanced sixfold by the addition of purified rat liver cytochrome b5. Further, dehydroepiandrosterone is slowly metabolized to a number of additional more polar metabolites while 17α-hydroxy-pro-gesterone is slowly converted to dihydroxy-progesterone metabolites as well as a small amount of androstenedione in a reaction not influenced by cytochrome b5. Use of 5α-pregnan steroids as substrates show the importance of the 3β-hydroxyl group for cytochrome b5 stimulated 17,20-lyase activity. Studies investigating the factors affecting electron transport between the flavin and heme domains suggest that the protein exists as a tight complex functioning as a self-contained biocatalytic unit.
Early evolution and biogeography of lorisiform strepsirrhines.

This brief review summarizes new paleontological and molecular data that together support a late middle Eocene Afro-Arabian origin for crown Lorisiformes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that late Eocene Karanisia is a possible stem lorisiform, late Eocene Saharagalago and Wadilemur and Miocene Komba are stem galagids, and early Miocene Mioeuoticus and Progalago may be crown lorisids. Character evolution along the lorisid and galagid stem lineages is reconstructed as having occurred primarily in postcranial and dental morphology, respectively. These patterns have important implications for interpreting an early lorisiform fossil record that is still composed primarily of jaws and isolated teeth. Am. J. Primatol. 69:27–35, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Submillisecond-Response Vertical-Aligned Liquid Crystal for Color Sequential Projection Displays

We developed a fluorinated, UV-stable, high birefringence and low viscosity liquid crystal mixture for projection displays. With this mixture in a thin-cell-gap LCOS, we can achieve submillisecond gray-to-gray response time at an elevated temperature, which enables color sequential projection displays with negligible color breakup.
Formation of dense and non-agglomerated lead oxide particles by spray pyrolysis

Submicrometre, highly pure and dense PbO particles were synthesized by pyrolysis of a spray of a lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 solution generated by an ultrasonic transducer in a tubular-flow reactor at 300–800 °C and at various carrier gas flow rates. The produced particles were non-agglomerated, non-porous, and mainly tetragonal PbO above 500 °C. Below this temperature, the conversion could not be completed. The high purity, completely densified particles could be obtained at high gas flow rates. The observed particle yields higher than 90%, indicated the high efficiency of this process. Preheating of the mist before the pyrolysis stage was found to be necessary for densification of the particles. Experiments indicated that the spray was dried at the end of the preheating stage forming dense and non-porous Pb(NO3)2 particles. These non-porous particles decomposed and shrunk to PbO particles without any particle bursting into pieceS. Therefore, it was concluded that the decomposition occurred through the liquid phase allowing the evolution of gaseous reaction products by bubbling.
Cerebrovascular pathogenesis in the telencephalon of the loop-tail mouse: a transmission electron-microscopic study.

Cerebral capillaries in the telencephalon of normal (+/+;Lp/+)_and abnormal (Lp/Lp) loop-tail mutant mice were studied chronologically by means of electron microscopy at stages ranging from 15 through 18 days of gestation. In the abnormal tissue, neural rosettes were common, and cellular material and red blood cells were often contained within the lumen of the rosettes. The endothelial cells of telencephalic blood vessels in the abnormal brains showed a persistence of cellular projections, subluminal vacuoles, and swollen mitochondria beyond the stage when these features ordinarily disappear in normal embryonic cerebral vessels. The endothelial cells in the abnormal brains also failed to become fully invested with pericytes, and red blood cells gradually infiltrated the neural tissue, particularly in subependymal regions, at 16–18 days of gestation.
The ontogeny of feeding behavior and cranial morphology in the leopard shark Triakis semifasciata (Girard 1854): A longitudinal perspective

While much is known about the ecological and functional morphology of feeding in lower vertebrates, studies of elasmobranch feeding over ontogeny are broadly lacking. In this study, the ontogeny of feeding behavior and morphology were investigated in neonatal and young-of-the-year leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata using morphometric measurements of growth and high-speed videography in a longitudinal study. Five food types were used during filming sessions to facilitate differentiation of modulation and variation over ontogeny. Functional aspects of muscle and buccal volume scaling were investigated through dissection. Growth over ontogeny was shown to influence numerous kinematic variables, while intra- and inter-individual variability was the dominant factor affecting feeding behavior. Modulation of feeding behavior based on food size and elusiveness was present for timing variables and predator motion during the strike, but not for food motion or the relative extent of buccal expansion. Allometric growth occurred in all aspects of external cranial morphology measured, resulting in a shallower head profile, anterior displacement of the mouth, and relatively larger jaw musculature over ontogeny. While the degree to which morphology constrains or enhances behavior cannot be directly quantified, variability in behavior greatly exceeds variability in morphology over early ontogeny. Maintenance of a behaviorally and morphologically versatile feeding apparatus throughout ontogeny is proposed to enhance the exploitation of resources and facilitate a diverse diet in T. semifasciata under variable environmental conditions.
Iron complexes of dendrimer-appended carboxylates for activating dioxygen and oxidizing hydrocarbons.

The active sites of metalloenzymes are often deeply buried inside a hydrophobic protein sheath, which protects them from undesirable hydrolysis and polymerization reactions, allowing them to achieve their normal functions. In order to mimic the hydrophobic environment of the active sites in bacterial monooxygenases, diiron(II) compounds of the general formula [Fe2([G-3]COO)4(4-RPy)2] were prepared, where [G-3]COO- is a third-generation dendrimer-appended terphenyl carboxylate ligand and 4-RPy is a pyridine derivative. The dendrimer environment provides excellent protection for the diiron center, reducing its reactivity toward dioxygen by about 300-fold compared with analogous complexes of terphenyl carboxylate ([G-1]COO-) ligands. An FeIIFeIII intermediate was characterized by electronic, electron paramagnetic resonance, Mossbauer, and X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses following the oxygenation of [Fe2([G-3]COO)4(4-PPy)2], where 4-PPy is 4-pyrrolidinopyridine. The results are consistent with the for...
Signaling in transitional type 2 B cells is critical for peripheral B-cell development

Splenic peripheral B-cell development and the events regulating this functionally significant but relatively poorly defined developmental process have become a major focus in recent studies in B-cell immunology. Following the exit from the bone marrow, peripheral B cells develop through transitional type 1 (T1) and transitional type 2 (T2) B-cell stages. Emerging data suggest that the T2 subset is the immediate precursor of the mature B-cell populations present in the spleen. In this review, we first elaborate on the evidence describing the unique properties of CD21hiCD24hiCD23hiIgMhiIgDhi T2 B cells. T2 cells uniquely activate a proliferative, pro-survival, and differentiation program in response to B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) engagement. The potential mechanisms leading to the differential BCR responsiveness of T1 versus T2 B cells are discussed. We also review evidence that distinguishes key BCR-dependent signaling pathways operative in T2 and mature B cells. These signaling cascades include a protein kinase Cbeta (PKCbeta)-dependent cell-survival pathway and a second PKCbeta-independent pathway essential for BCR-driven differentiation. Finally, we discuss recent intriguing results suggesting that the type of signal(s) encountered by T2 cells leads to their differential maturation toward the follicular mature versus marginal zone mature B-cell populations. These combined observations suggest important implications with regard to B-cell selection and tolerance, potential novel therapeutic targets for B-cell lymphomas, and how the intricate balance of commensal organisms and other microenvironmental signals interact to promote the generation of 'innate-like' versus adaptive effector B-cell populations.
Spoken Sentence Comprehension by Good and Poor Readers: A Study with the Token Test

Abstract Good and poor readers in the third grade (age nine years) were examined on (a) a test of immediate memory for word strings and (b) on a version of the Token Test (De Renzi and Faghoni, 1978) to assess sentence comprehension. The poor readers made more errors than the good readers in recall of word strings and on some Token Test items. Those Token Test items that impose the greatest burden on short-term memory were the most sensitive to reader group differences; syntactic complexity alone did not distinguish the groups. The findings support other indications that poor readers make less effective use of working memory in processing spoken sentences than good readers; they do not indicate a syntactic deficit on the part of the poor readers.
How to construct all fibered knots and links

A FIBERED LINK in a 3-dimensional manifold M is a collection of disjointly imbedded circles L = LI U . . . U Lk such that M - L is the total space of a fiber bundle over S’. M - L is therefore homeomorphic to F x I with ends glued by a homeomorphism h cf F. One generally requires that the fiber F meet L nicely so that h determines the pair (M, L) and the boundary of the closure F of F is L. When M = S3 this means P is a Seifert surface for L. Alexander [l] proved that every 3-manifold contains a fibered link. In the classical case M = S3 and k = 1 it was shown by Neuwirth[lO] and Stallings[l2] that a knot L is fibered if and only if the commutator subgroup of x,(M -L) is finitely generated or, equivalently, free. In the geometric vein Murasugi[9] and Stallings[l3] have given techniques for constructing fibered knots and links: The first we will use involves “plumbing” a simple fibered link of two components to a more complicated one. A sequence of plumbings increases the genus of the fiber to any needed size. The name for this operation comes from the fact that the topological type of the new fiber is that obtained by matching the two old fibers along neighborhoods of properly imbedded arcs (Fig. 3). The second construction, called “twisting,” involves a It 1 surgery on a circle C C F which is unknotted in S3. When the Seifert linking of C is correct this surgery replaces the homeomorphism h by its composition with a Dehn twist about C. The conditions guarantee a new fibered pair in S3. The roots of this operation are in[81. This connection between Dehn twists and surgery brings in the calculus of framed links [7] and allows us to prove in § l-3 our main result: THEOREM 1. Ellery fibered link in S3 is related to the unknot by a sequence of these two operations.
The use of children's drawings in multiple family group therapy

This paper describes the advantages, difficulties and techniques of including young children in multiple family group therapy (MFGT). Multiple family group therapy consists of weekly sessions where three or more families meet conjointly with a therapist or cotherapists. Clinical vignettes demonstrate how to use children's drawings with parents to improve family communication. The efficiency of MFGT is compared to family therapy or individual therapy. The effective use of this modality with some children under 10 years is discussed.
Suprapubic Sling Adjustment: Minimally Invasive Method of Curing Recurrent Stress Incontinence After Sling Surgery

ABSTRACTPurpose: Recurrent stress urinary incontinence after sling surgery is a complex problem. A minimally invasive method of correcting recurrent stress urinary incontinence after pubovaginal sling surgery is described.Materials and Methods: We performed suprapubic sling adjustment in 10 women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after sling surgery. Of these 10 women 4 had received antibacterial polytetrafluoroethylene patch sling, 3 an autologous dermis patch sling and 3 an autologous rectus fascia patch sling but stress incontinence recurred. To correct recurrent incontinence, a pubovaginal sling was revised by adjusting the sling tension suprapubically with the aid of a cotton swab test and bladder leak test.Results: Mean followup was 13 months (range 8 to 28). Of the 10 women 9 became completely dry and 1 was greatly improved. One patient who had persistent stress incontinence generated an abdominal leak point pressure of 189 cm. H2O compared to a preoperative pressure of 120 cm. H2O. The in...
Examining the Association Between Thought Suppression and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Men

Previous studies have shown an association between eating disorder symptoms and both negative affect and avoidance-based emotion regulation strategies among women and men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the cognitive emotion regulation strategy of thought suppression and eating disorder symptoms in the understudied population of men. Two-hundred ninety-six undergraduate men completed a series of questionnaires including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the White Bear Suppression Inventory, and the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. Results supported an association between chronic thought suppression and both global and specific eating disorder symptoms (shape concern, weight concern, eating concern, and, to a lesser extent, restraint) among men. Further, thought suppression was found to fully mediate the relationships between negative affect and both global eating disorder symptoms and the specific eating disorder symptom of shape concern, and to partially mediate the relationship between negative affect and the eating disorder symptoms of eating and weight concerns. These findings suggest that chronic efforts to suppress unpleasant or unwanted thoughts may be one avoidance strategy that underlies the relationship between the experience of negative affect and eating disorder symptoms in men.
Ethical pluralism and global information ethics

A global information ethics that seeks to avoid imperialistic homogenization must conjoin shared norms while simultaneously preserving the irreducible differences between cultures and peoples. I argue that a global information ethics may fulfill these requirements by taking up an ethical pluralism --- specifically Aristotle's pros hen ["towards one"] or "focal" equivocals. These ethical pluralisms figure centrally in both classical and contemporary Western ethics: they further offer important connections with the major Eastern ethical tradition of Confucian thought. Both traditions understand ethical judgment to lead to and thus require ethical pluralism --- i.e., an acceptance of more than one judgment regarding the interpretation and application of a shared ethical norm. Both traditions invoke notions of resonance and harmony to articulate pluralistic structures of connection alongside irreducible differences. Specific examples within Western computer and information ethics demonstrate these pluralisms in fact working in praxis. After reviewing further resonances and radical differences between Western and Eastern views, I then argue that emerging conceptions of privacy and data privacy protection laws in China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Thailand in fact constitute a robust, pros hen pluralism with Western conceptions. In both theory and in praxis, then, this pluralism thus fulfills the requirement for a global information ethics that holds shared norms alongside the irreducible differences between cultures and peoples.
Immigration reform and the browning of America: tensions, conflicts and community instability in metropolitan Los Angeles.

Tensions conflicts and community instability associated with heightened immigration--especially of nonwhite immigrant groups--threaten to balkanize America. This article highlights the root causes of the growing opposition to both immigrants and U.S. immigration policy--the nativist backlash presents a typology of the community-level conflicts that have arisen as a consequence of heightened immigration--legal and illegal--to the United States over the last 30 years and outlines the conditions under which diversity can be brought to the forefront as one of societys strengths....The 1992 Los Angeles County Social Survey (LACSS)...provides insights into the nature and magnitude of intergroup stereotyping and prejudice in a community in which large numbers of immigrants have settled. (EXCERPT)
BMD and Risk of Hip and Nonvertebral Fractures in Older Men:A Prospective Study and Comparison With Older Women

In a prospective study of 5384 older men, hip BMD was a very strong predictor of hip fracture, much stronger than spine BMD. The relationship between hip BMD and hip fracture risk seemed to be stronger than observed in a large prospective study of women. Hip BMD is an excellent test for predicting fracture risk in men. Introduction: There have been few studies of the relationship between BMD and risk of fractures in men and none for the association between lumbar spine BMD and risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures. There is also controversy about whether the associations between BMD and risk of fracture are the same in men and women. Materials and Methods: We measured proximal femur and lumbar spine BMD in 5384 men, ≥65 years of age. We compared the results to the very similar cohort of 7871 women ≥65 of age. During 4.4 years of 99% complete follow-up, we validated 317 nonvertebral (59 hip) fractures in men and 1169 nonvertebral (208 hip) fractures in women. Results: Total hip BMD was very strongly associated with risk hip fracture in men (3.2-fold increased risk per sex-specific SD decrease in BMD; 95% CI, 2.4–4.1). The association was stronger than observed in SOF (2.1; 95% CI, 1.8, 2.4; p < 0.001 for interaction). Among the men, lumbar spine BMD was weakly associated with risk of hip fracture (relative risk [RR] per sex-specific SD decrease in BMD: 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2, 2.0). The association between total hip BMD and risk of nonvertebral fractures was somewhat stronger for men (RR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5, 1.8) than found for women (p = 0.01 for interaction). The risk of nonvertebral fracture was substantially higher in women than in men for all T scores of hip BMD, regardless of whether sex-specific or female reference values were used. Conclusions: Hip BMD is strongly associated with risk of nonvertebral, and especially hip fracture, in older men. These associations are at least as strong as in women. As in women, lumbar spine BMD in men is only weakly associated with risk of hip fracture. Regardless of whether sex-specific or female reference values were used, T scores indicated different risks of fractures in men than in women.
General thoracic surgery and the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association: the second 25 years

When one reviews the most recent 25 years of general thoracic history several subjects predominate: video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS), lung transplantation, lung volume reduction surgery, and the use of new tools in the staging of thoracic malignancies such as positron emission tomography (PET), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and molecular staging. Members of the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association (STSA) as well as invited speakers at the annual meetings have contributed greatly to these subject areas. However a perusal of the program books reveals another important STSA contribution: the appreciation and value of collected reviews and series that highlight the wisdom and experience gained by individuals and institutions. It is this balance that the STSA has and will continue to foster. One remembers when it was claimed that all thoracic surgery would be done by VATS. We have watched the pendulum swing far and in fact it is still swinging but in a less erratic manner. Southern thoracic surgeons have usually heeded the caution of “not throwing out the baby with the bath water.” Embracing new concepts and techniques, pushing the limits of known surgical premises but heeding the lessons of past history have brought balance to the annual meetings, to the literature, and to the field of general thoracic surgery. Although thoracoscopy was first performed by Jacobaeus in 1910, video technology in the late 1980s and early 1990s expanded the operative possibilities for thoracoscopy. “Minimally invasive surgery” has certainly been the buzz word of the past decade. Although controversy remains over its ultimate role in certain procedures, VATS has become a standard component of the general thoracic surgeon’s repertoire. Members of the STSA were very early contributors to the role thoracoscopy could play in the diagnosis and treatment of thoracic disease [1–3]. Special mention should be made of
Mediators of ethnic-associated differences in infant birth weight.

Purpose To examine whether ethnic differences in low birth weight babies of low-income women may be explained in part by group differences in prenatal health behaviors and psychosocial factors.
Non-vacuum electron beam welding through a plasma window

Abstract The plasma window is a novel apparatus that utilizes a stabilized plasma arc as interface between vacuum and atmosphere or pressurized targets without solid material. Additionally, the plasma has a lensing effect on charged particles. This feature enables beam focusing to very small spot sizes and overcoming beam dispersion due to scattering by atmospheric atoms and molecules. Recently, the plasma window was mated to a conventional electron beam welder. And, electron beam welding in atmosphere was accomplished with electron beams of unprecedented low power and energy. Weld quality for the non-vacuum plasma window electron beam welding approached the quality of in-vacuum electron beam welding. Indications exist that electron beam attenuation is lower than theoretically predicted. Results suggest that air boring was achieved with 6–15 mA, 90–150 keV electron beams compared to the previously used kA, MeV electron beams. It may explain the better than expected welding results.
Genetic Tools in the Study of Drug Self‐administration

Recent studies have shown that large genetic differences exist in the extent to which orally delivered ethanol will come to serve as a positive reinforcer under operantly defined conditions. In addition, these studies suggest that a significant correlation exists between results from two-bottle choice studies of ethanol drinking and operant self-administration studies of ethanol functioning as a reinforcer. The present paper reports further genetic influences on ethanol self-administration which were found using Long Sleep and Short Sleep mice, bred selectively for high and low duration of loss of the righting reflex in responses to ethanol, respectively. It was possible to establish ethanol as a reinforcer in Long Sleep mice but not in Short Sleep mice. These results indicate that neurosensitivity to ethanol may determine the absolute amount of ethanol consumption but is not highly related to the ability of ethanol to serve as a positive reinforcer. In addition, this paper presents genetic correlations which indicate that (a) ethanol preference and self-administration are highly correlated across genotype; (b) sensitivity to ethanol and self-administration of this drug are not highly genetically correlated; (c) ethanol is not self-administered in operant studies solely for its caloric value; and (d) there exist important genetic determinants of drug reinforced behavior.
Essential Fatty Acid Supplementation during Early Alcohol Abstinence

Interactions between ethanol, prostaglandins, and essential fatty acids (EFA) have led to the hypothesis that acute alcohol withdrawal and the sequelae of chronic alcoholism may be related to an EFA/prostaglandin deficiency. To test this hypothesis, EFA profiles in blood-lipid fractions, serum liver enzymes, cognitive function, and alcohol craving were measured in 27 acutely abstinent alcoholics before and after a 3-week double-blind trial of EFA supplementation. Upon entry into the study, alcoholics had significant differences in EFA levels as compared to normal controls, and serum levels of liver enzymes tended to correlate with these EFA levels. After 21 days, cognitive function, alcohol craving, and liver enzymes all improved in both the EFA and placebo groups; most EFA levels also approached normal values. There were no treatment effects of EFA supplementation at the dose used.
Some generalizations of the circular city model

This paper contains two generalizations of a previous model studied by Zitron which dealt with a continuous approach to the determination of minimal cost transportation routes. That model consisted of a circular central business district where the cost density of construction is constant surrounded by an annular transition region whose cost density varies inversely as the distance from the center. The region surrounding the annular transition region has constant cost density. In the previous case, an analysis was carried out which permitted the determination of minimal-cost routes between two diametrically opposite points at the city limits. The present paper generalizes these results to the case where the origin and destination are at the city limits but need not be diametrically opposite and to the case where the points are diametrically opposite but lie outside the city limits.
Detection of False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Grid Communication Systems

The transformation of traditional energy networks to smart grids can assist in revolutionizing the energy industry in terms of reliability, performance and manageability. However, increased connectivity of power grid assets for bidirectional communications presents severe security vulnerabilities. In this letter, we investigate Chi-square detector and cosine similarity matching approaches for attack detection in smart grids where Kalman filter estimation is used to measure any deviation from actual measurements. The cosine similarity matching approach is found to be robust for detecting false data injection attacks as well as other attacks in the smart grids. Once the attack is detected, system can take preventive action and alarm the manager to take preventative action to limit the risk. Numerical results obtained from simulations corroborate our theoretical analysis.
Bases of Minimum-Weight Vectors for Codes from Designs

An explicit basis of incidence vectors for thep-ary code of the design of points and hyperplanes of the affine geometryAG"m(F"p) for any primepand any integerm>=2 is obtained, which, as a corollary, gives a new elementary proof that this code is a generalized Reed-Muller code. In the proof a class of nonsingular matrices related to Vandermonde matrices is introduced.
Odor intensity after self-adaptation and cross-adaptation

Psychophysical functions for the odor intensity of n-propanol and n-pentanol were obtained after no adaptation and after self-adaptation and cross-adaptation. Adaptation caused the psychophysical function to become steeper and generally concave downward in log-log coordinates. Increase in the in tensity of a: self-adapting stimulus produced relatively greater increases in the steepness of the functions than did increases in adapting duration. A comparison between the odorants revealed that propanol and pentanol have equal self-adapting effects when their respective adapting concentrations are matched for subjective intensity. Cross-adaptation had approximately the same effect as self-adaptation on the form of the psychophysical function, but a cross-adapting stimulus of a specified subjective intensity was less effective than a self-adapting stimulus of the same intensity. Adaptation to pentanol caused a larger reduction in the perceived intensity of propanol than adaptation to propanol caused in the perceived intensity of pentanol.
ERasing breast cancer resistance through the kinome.

Estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancers often find a way to circumvent endocrine therapies such as tamoxifen. A newly described ERα kinase, lemur tyrosine kinase-3 (LMTK3), may provide both a diagnostic advance and a new therapeutic target to fight these resistant, aggressive tumors.
Adrenocorticotropin, glucocorticoid, and androgen secretion in patients with new onset synovitis/rheumatoid arthritis: relations with indices of inflammation.

To determine whether alterations in adrenocortical function occur early in the development of inflammatory joint disease, we examined patients with new onset synovitis ( or =45 yr), but similar levels of ACTH, cortisol, DHEA, DHEA sulfate, and total testosterone. In addition, the positive correlations between ACTH-cortisol, ACTH-DHEA, and cortisol-DHEA, observed in the normal controls, were weakened or abolished in the patients (both total and RA subset). No positive relations between inflammatory indices and ACTH or cortisol were noted, yet an inverse correlation between these indices and DHEA and testosterone was observed. Moreover, a steeper age-associated decline in DHEA was observed in our cross-sectional sample of patients with new onset synovitis. We conclude that patients with synovitis (including those fitting criteria for RA) have adrenocortical hormone alterations within a year of disease onset. Paradoxically, these patients have no positive relation between indices of inflammation and ACTH or cortisol, but rather serum androgen levels are inversely correlated with these indices. In addition, the relations between ACTH, the classic stimulus of cortisol and adrenal androgens, and these hormones are weakened or abolished, whereas the negative relation between age and zona reticularis function is steeper than that of controls.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-Dependent Formate Dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum: Purification and Properties

The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-dependent formate dehydrogenase in Clostridium thermoaceticum used, in addition to its natural electron acceptor, methyl and benzyl viologen. The enzyme was purified to a specific activity of 34 (micromoles per minute per milligram of protein) with NADP as electron acceptor. Disc gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme yielded two major and two minor protein bands, and during centrifugation in sucrose gradients two components of apparent molecular weights of 270,000 and 320,000 were obtained, both having formate dehydrogenase activity. The enzyme preparation catalyzed the reduction of riboflavine 5′-phosphate flavine adenine dinucleotide and methyl viologen by using reduced NADP as a source of electrons. It also had reduced NADP oxidase activity. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by cyanide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. It was also inhibited by hypophosphite, an inhibition that was reversed by formate. Sulfite inhibited the activity with NADP but not with methyl viologen as acceptor. The apparent Km at 55 C and pH 7.5 for formate was 2.27 × 10−4 M with NADP and 0.83 × 10−4 with methyl viologen as acceptor. The apparent Km for NADP was 1.09 × 10−4 M and for methyl viologen was 2.35 × 10−3 M. NADP showed substrate inhibition at 5 × 10−3 M and higher concentrations. With NADP as electron acceptor, the enzyme had a broad pH optimum between 7 and 9.5. The apparent temperature optimum was 85 C. In the absence of substrates, the enzyme was stable at 70 C but was rapidly inactivated at temperatures above 73 C. The enzyme was very sensitive to oxygen but was stabilized by thiol-iron complexes and formate.
Foreign Entrepreneurship in Russian Industrialization, 1880–1914

It is well known that foreign capital was very important in Russian industry before the revolution. Various investigators have attempted to quantify this foreign investment by industry and nationality; according to the most generally reproduced estimate, almost one third of the total capital of all industrial corporations operating in Russia was held by foreigners in 1914. These statistical studies, which sum up much of our present knowledge of foreign enterprise in Russia, are set forth in the introductory chapters.
Stratifying medical and pharmaceutical administrative claims as a method to identify pediatric asthma patients in a Medicaid managed care organization

Claims data are a problematic indicator of underlying clinical diagnosis. They are attractive because of their affordability, a criterion especially salient in resource-shy environments such as the Medicaid Managed Care Organization. This study tested the validity of administrative medical and pharmaceutical claims stratified by treatment modality to identify true pediatric asthma patients. Primary and secondary data were used. Secondary data consisted of 1997 medical and pharmaceutical claims. Primary data consisted of chart data collected through expert chart review. We stratified claims by treatment modality hypothesized to better identify true asthma patients. Claim patterns were analyzed for support of expectations. Expert chart review determined true asthma status on study sample. We found that claims are patterned in accordance with hypotheses about stratification groups. The combined use of both medical and pharmaceutical claims was more effective in identifying asthmatics than the use of either set of claims by itself. The Medicaid Managed Care Organization can begin to identify its asthma population using the stratification meth.
Optimizing the HW/SW boundary of an ECC SoC design using control hierarchy and distributed storage

Hardware/Software codesign of Elliptic Curve Cryptography has been extensively studied in recent years. However, most of these designs have focused on the computational aspect of the ECC hardware, and not on the system integration into a SoC architecture. We study the impact of the communication link between CPU and coprocessor hardware for a typical ECC design, and demonstrate that the SoC may become performance-limited due to coprocessor data- and instruction-transfers. A dual strategy is proposed to remove the bottleneck: introduction of local control as well as local storage in the coprocessor. We quantify the impact of this strategy on a prototype implementation for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and measured an average speed-up in the resulting design of 9.4 times over the baseline ECC system, while the resulting system area increases by a factor of 1.6. The optimal area-time product improvement of our ECC coprocessor is 4.3 times compared to that of the baseline ECC coprocessor. Using design space exploration of a large number of system configurations using the latest FPGA technology and tools, we show that the optimal choice of ECC coprocessor parameters is strongly dependent on the efficiency of system-level communication.
Integrated circuit (IC) pricing

Abstract This article examines the method by which firms set prices for integrated circuits and some of the assumptions used for price projections by manufacturers. A brief review of the literature on pricing is compares pricing practices of some major manufacturers. A rule of thumb pricing forecast used by some analysts is examined against 10 years of historical data. The data suggest that producers commonly achieve excess capacity in their markets as products mature resulting in unanticipated price cutting.
A Social Psychological Perspective on Perceiving and Reporting Discrimination

This article reviews social psychological theory and empirical research on perceiving and reporting discrimination. The article begins with an examination of factors that affect whether individuals perceive themselves as targets of discrimination. We then turn toward addressing whether individuals who perceive discrimination are willing to report their perceptions, as well as the interpersonal consequences they might face for so doing. Throughout this article, we examine how endorsement of the meritocratic worldview shapes these discrimination-related processes. Finally, we conclude by noting the potential for important theoretical, empirical, and applied advances on discrimination scholarship that can arise from interdisciplinary collaboration among legal scholars and social scientists. At a recent academic conference examining the underrepresentation of women in fields such as mathematics and science, former Harvard University president Lawrence Summers made some now infamous remarks about one potential cause of this gender disparity. Summers suggested that gender differences in “innate abilities” might be one explanation for the underrepresentation of women in these fields. Not surprisingly, his comments provoked a firestorm of attention and controversy. For example, one supporter stated, “I think that Larry Summers is an excellent president of Harvard, firmly committed and deeply respectful of the role of women in universities and one who is anxious to strengthen and enhance that.” In contrast, a critic remarked, “when [Summers] began talking about innate differences in aptitude between
Mitigating multiple access interference and intersymbol interference in uncoded CDMA systems with chip-level interleaving

The presence of intersymbol interference (ISI), in addition to multiple access interference, severely hampers the performance of a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication system. In such a situation, channel coding can be used to obtain better performance, but at the cost of a reduction in rate of flow of information. In this paper, it is shown with the help of simulation results that the chip-interleaved CDMA system effectively combats ISI without requiring additional channel coding. The system differs from the conventional CDMA system in the sense that, the chip sequence resulting from the pseudo noise (PN) sequence modulation is interleaved before transmission. Two receivers are proposed, one based on the turbo equalization method which employs a maximum a posteriori equalizer of exponential complexity and the other based on minimum-mean square error-optimized iterative interference cancellation principles which is of linear complexity. Simulation results are provided which show that error rates close to the no-ISI single-user case can be obtained. The shortcomings of the coded CDMA with turbo detection system in the presence of ISI are also discussed.
Modulation of CD8+ T cell response to antigen by the levels of self MHC class I.

The response of H-Y-specific TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cells to Ag is characterized by poor proliferation, cytolytic activity, and IFN-γ secretion. IFN-γ secretion, but not cytotoxic function, can be rescued by the B7.1 molecule, suggesting that costimulation can selectively enhance some, but not all, effector CD8+ T cell responses. Although the H-Y epitope binds H-2Db relatively less well than some other epitopes, it can induce potent CTL responses in nontransgenic mice, suggesting that the observed poor responsiveness of transgenic CD8+ T cells cannot be ascribed to the epitope itself. Previously reported reactivity of this TCR to H-2Ab is also not the cause of the poor responsiveness of the H-Y-specific CD8+ T cells, as H-Y-specific CD8+ T cells obtained from genetic backgrounds lacking H-2Ab also responded poorly. Rather, reducing the levels of H-2b class I molecules by breeding the mice to (C57BL/6 × B10.D2)F1 or TAP1 +/− backgrounds partially restored cytotoxic activity and enhanced proliferative responses. These findings demonstrate that the self MHC class I gene dosage may regulate the extent of CD8+ T cell responsiveness to Ag.