cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of GPVI in Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation In Vivo.

Collagen is one of the major components of the vessel wall responsible for platelet adhesion and activation at sites of vascular injury. In vitro studies have shown that α2β1 and GPVI directly and αIIbβ3 and GPIb-IX-V indirectly, via vWF, are all involved in the adhesion of platelets to collagen. However, the importance of GPVI on the adhesion and activation of platelets in vivo is still controversial. Here we show that in vivo GPVI plays an important role in platelet adhesion and activation when collagen is exposed to blood. To determine the role of GPVI on thrombus formation, we compared thrombus formation in FcRγ null mice, which do not express GPVI on the platelet surface, and in wild type mice after vessel injury induced by ferric chloride or by a nitrogen dye laser. We studied arterial thrombus formation in the microcirculation of the cremaster and the mesentery muscles using high speed multi channel intravital fluorescence widefield microscopy. Real time platelet accumulation in the developing thrombus was detected using a fluorescent antibody directed against αIIb. After an injury induced by the ferric chloride, we observed a significant delay in both the time to formation of an initial thrombus and the time to vessel occlusion in FcRγ null mice in comparison with wild type mice. When activated platelets isolated from FcRγ null mice were injected into a recipient FcRγ null mouse, we were able to restore the formation of a thrombus. This effect was abolished by injection of Lamifiban, an inhibitor of activated αIIbβ3. These results indicate that GPVI is not only involved in vivo in the adhesion of platelets to collagen but also plays an important role in the activation of the platelet fibrinogen receptor αIIbβ3. In contrast, platelet accumulation after laser-induced injury in the FcRγ null and the wild type mice was comparable. No difference in the kinetics of platelet accumulation into the laser induced growing thrombus was observed. To understand the different pathways leading to thrombus formation in vivo after ferric chloride or laser induced injury, we examined collagen exposure after vessel injury and the accumulation of tissue factor (TF) in the developing arterial thrombus of FcRγ null and wild type mice using antibodies directed against mouse collagen type I and mouse TF. We observed a significant exposure of collagen at sites of thrombus formation after ferric chloride treatment. In contrast, we did not observe any collagen exposure on blood vessels after laser-induced injury. Furthermore, the ratio of TF/platelets present into the thrombus after injury was 5 fold greater after laser injury than after ferric chloride treatment. These results suggest that TF but not collagen plays an important role in thrombus formation induced by laser injury of the vessel wall. Altogether, our results indicate that the GPVI receptor is involved in vivo in platelet adhesion when collagen is exposed to blood and plays an important role in the activation of other platelet integrins such as αIIbβ3 leading to the formation of a stable thrombus.
Mechanistic Understanding of Lanthipeptide Biosynthetic Enzymes

Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) that display a wide variety of biological activities, from antimicrobial to antiallodynic. Lanthipeptides that display antimicrobial activity are called lantibiotics. The post-translational modification reactions of lanthipeptides include dehydration of Ser and Thr residues to dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, a transformation that is carried out in three unique ways in different classes of lanthipeptides. In a cyclization process, Cys residues then attack the dehydrated residues to generate the lanthionine and methyllanthionine thioether cross-linked amino acids from which lanthipeptides derive their name. The resulting polycyclic peptides have constrained conformations that confer their biological activities. After installation of the characteristic thioether cross-links, tailoring enzymes introduce additional post-translational modifications that are unique to each lanthipeptide and that fine-tune their acti...
Procedural Dungeon Generation Analysis and Adaptation

The objective of this article is to analyze several approaches that produce a particular form of procedural content in games - dungeon maps - and adapt the work to both 2D and 3D game projects. Procedural video game content provides unique levels for users to experience, reduced allocated memory, and more time for developers to focus on other aspects of a game. The work presented consists of two parts: the implementation and analysis of five different algorithmic approaches that generate a 2D dungeon map, consisting of traversable rooms and corridors; and the application of the original code to a 3D game environment in Epic Game's Unreal Engine 4.
Rapid evolution rescues hosts from competition and disease but—despite a dilution effect—increases the density of infected hosts

Virulent parasites can depress the densities of their hosts. Taxa that reduce disease via dilution effects might alleviate this burden. However, ‘diluter’ taxa can also depress host densities through competition for shared resources. The combination of disease and interspecific competition could even drive hosts extinct. Then again, genetically variable host populations can evolve in response to both competitors and parasites. Can rapid evolution rescue host density from the harm caused by these ecological enemies? How might such evolution influence dilution effects or the size of epidemics? In a mesocosm experiment with planktonic hosts, we illustrate the joint harm of competition and disease: hosts with constrained evolutionary ability (limited phenotypic variation) suffered greatly from both. However, populations starting with broader phenotypic variation evolved stronger competitive ability during epidemics. In turn, enhanced competitive ability—driven especially by parasites—rescued host densities from the negative impacts of competition, disease, and especially their combination. Interspecific competitors reduced disease (supporting dilution effects) even when hosts rapidly evolved. However, this evolutionary response also elicited a potential problem. Populations that evolved enhanced competitive ability and maintained robust total densities also supported higher densities of infections. Thus, rapid evolution rescued host densities but also unleashed larger epidemics.
Sustainable urbanism for a metropolitan corridor: An evidence-based urban design for Park 10 in Houston, Texas

This project is to develop a comprehensive master plan incorporating key principles of sustainable urbanism for a business district in Houston, Texas, USA. The main design objectives are to create a livable and sustainable urban business center, to promote economic growth and to implement a streetscape design guideline to promote walkability and bikeability.
Event pattern discovery by keywords in graph streams

Given an evolving network and a set of user-specified keywords, how to discover and maintain the active events specified by the keywords? In this paper, we study the problem of event pattern discovery by keywords in graph streams. (1) We propose a class of event patterns to capture events relevant to user-specified keywords, by integrating (approximate) topological and value bindings from keywords. We also introduce an activeness measure, to balance the pattern expressiveness and the cost of pattern discovery. (2) We develop both from-scratch and incremental algorithms to discover and maintain active events in graph streams. Using real-world graph streams, we experimentally verify the effectiveness of the event pattern model and the efficiency of our from-scratch and incremental algorithms.
EFFECT OF POTENT P2Y12 INHIBITORS ON SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF BIVALIRUDIN COMPARED TO HEPARIN IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown a reduced risk of major bleeding at the cost of an increase in stent thrombosis (ST) with bivalirudin compared with heparin (UFH) in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, it remains unknown if concomitant
On the Spontaneous Emergence of Neuronal Schemata

The generation of neural activity in the absence of specific sensory triggers raises some of the most fundamental and puzzling questions in neuroscience. How are spontaneous voluntary actions initiated? What guides thought processes? How is endogenous neural activity, arising from minimal cues or out of noise, fashioned into meaningful sequences of neural representations? I believe that two general principles play a significant role in the processes. One is the flow of information from the micro- to the macroscale, analogous to the dynamics of chaotic or turbulent mechanical systems. The other is a stochastic feedback process, called Alopex, which is capable of generating complex patterns under the guidance of a single scalar signal. This process has been applied to a study of visual receptive fields, but may be involved also in perception and so-called higher neural processes.
The effects of personality and perceived leader behaviors on performance in collegiate football

The present study used a multidimensional model of leadership (Chelladurai & Carron, 1978) to examine the influence of personality traits and perceived leader behaviors on performance in collegiate football. Collegiate football players (N = 272) from three southeastern United States universities were administered Cattells Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Leadership Scale for Sports and were subsequently grouped into three athletic performance categories (regulars, substitutes, and survivors). Regression analyses indicated that personality traits and leader behaviors taken together contribute significantly to the prediction of performance. Players who were more group dependent, tough-minded, extroverted, emotionally stable and who perceived their coach as offering more training and instruction, having a democratic decision style, being more socially supportive, and offering more positive feedback were associated with higher levels of performance, whereas players who perceived their coach as having an autocratic decision-style were associated with lower levels of performance.
Cloning and characterization of a class II DNA photolyase from Chlamydomonas

Damage to DNA induced by ultraviolet light can be reversed by a blue light-dependent reaction catalyzed by enzymes called DNA photolyases. Chlamydomonas has been shown to have DNA photolyase activity in both the nucleus and the chloroplast. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of a gene, PHR2, from Chlamydomonas encoding a class II DNA photolyase. The PHR2 protein, when expressed in Escherichia coli, is able to complement a DNA photolyase deficiency. The previously described Chlamydomonas mutant, phr1, which is deficient in nuclear but not chloroplast photolyase activity was shown by RFLP analysis not to be linked to the PHR2 gene. Unlike the recently reported class II DNA photolyase from Arabidopsis, the protein encoded by PHR2 is predicted to contain a chloroplast targeting sequence. This result, together with the RFLP data, suggests that PHR2 encodes the chloroplast targeted DNA photolyase.
The State, Class Struggle, and Capitalist Development in Indonesia and South Korea: A Marxist View

This paper aims to understand why similar efforts of state intervention can generate different economic outcomes. It argues that the different economic outcomes of state intervention can be traced back to the different processes of class struggle. Mobilizing Marxist view, it suggests that the state role in the economy should be understood as inseparable from capitalist development. That is, economic development is the terrain for class struggle between capital and labor. Although the contradictory relation between capital and labor is universal and global in capitalism, the form of contradiction will always be different across societies. That is the case because the form of class struggle depends on the specific development of the configuration of class power that has developed historically in each country alongside with its international process due to the expansive nature of capitalism itself.
Perturbations in DSGE models: An odd derivatives theorem

Abstract This paper extends a classical result in portfolio theory about the effect of risk on value functions to its effect more generally on policy functions. If odd moments of shocks are zero up to some order, then the odd order marginal effects on value and policy functions of introducing these shocks are zero as well. Mathematically, all coefficients of corresponding odd order in the perturbation parameter are zero. If shocks are symmetric, e.g. normally distributed, then this holds for all odd orders. The main theorem (1) generalizes past results on perturbations and unifies their economic intuition, (2) improves the computation of stochastic coefficients, and (3) illustrates how to derive properties of high order perturbations through simple induction.
A Comprehensive Analysis on Vulnerability of Active Shields to Tilted Microprobing Attacks

Microprobing attacks against integrated circuits used in security-critical systems have become a serious concern. With the help of advanced circuit editing technology, an attacker can remove layers of materials and expose wires carrying security critical information for probing. Active shields constitute the most widely used approach to deter microprobing attacks. However, a number of vulnerabilities have been found in existing active shield designs; in particular, their weakness to tilted bypass attacks has yet to be addressed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive investigation on tilted bypass attacks with a mathematical model to investigate how best an attacker can exploit geometric weakness of shield designs in three dimensions, as well as shield design techniques informed with such observations. We also include a numerical analysis with realistic parameters to validate theoretical predictions.
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND RISK FACTORS IN THE PRECISION TRIAL: A COHORT STUDY

Robust prospective RCT data on the development of clinical atrial fibrillation (AF) are sparse. We studied the incidence, prevalence and risk factors (RF) for AF in patients enrolled in the PRECISION trial. The PRECISION trial investigated the cardiovascular safety of celecoxib compared to
A phase II trial of durvalumab with or without tremelimumab in patients with persistent or recurrent endometrial carcinoma and endometrial carcinosarcoma.

5582Background: Monoclonal antibodies Durvalumab (D) and Tremelimumab (T) inhibit binding of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) to PD1 and inhibit activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated...
Effects of Phosphonic Acid Monolayers on the DehydrationMechanism of Aliphatic Alcohols on TiO 2

The kinetics for surface-catalyzed alcohol dehydration reactions often depend on the structure of the alcohol. Studies of structure–activity relations across primary, secondary, and tertiary alcoho...
Identifying Situational Clustering and Quantifying Its Magnitude in Dominant Case Configurations: New Methods for Conjunctive Analysis:

Steps for conducting Conjunctive Analysis of Case Configurations (CACC) are well documented in the literature; however, methods for identifying and quantifying “situational clustering” vary and are...
Phase 2 clinical trial of TORC1 inhibition with everolimus in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Abstract Background Activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway is common in advanced castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), typically through PTEN loss. Preclinical studies suggest that Akt-driven CaP cells are genetically susceptible to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, or TORC1) inhibition. Everolimus is a Food and Drug Administration-approved inhibitor of TORC1. Materials and Methods We performed a phase II study of everolimus in patients with mCRPC, who were refractory to standard of care hormonal and chemotherapeutic agents. Patients received everolimus 10 mg daily until unacceptable adverse events or disease progression. The primary efficacy outcome was confirmed 50% or greater prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response, using a 2 stage design with futility rules. Paired biopsies were utilized to assess for treatment effect on downstream TORC1 targets as well as tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. Results Out of 35 men enrolled with heavily pretreated mCRPC, 32 were evaluable for clinical efficacy. No PSA responses were observed, the median progression-free survival time was 3.6 months (95% confidence interval = 2.9–4.8) and the median overall survival time was 10.4 months (95% confidence interval = 5.8–15.8). Several patients had declines in serum PSA upon cessation of everolimus. Thus, the study was closed due to clinical futility. The most common toxicities were mucositis, fatigue, anorexia, hypertriglyceridemia, and thrombocytopenia and were largely low grade. Pathologic evaluation of paired metastatic biopsies demonstrated consistent inhibition of pS6, a downstream mTOR pharmacodynamics biomarker, but the tumor proliferation marker Ki-67 increased with therapy. Conclusions Everolimus demonstrated predictable toxicity in advanced and heavily pretreated patients with mCRPC. No clinical or clear pathologic effects despite downstream TORC1 target inhibition, suggesting that single agent everolimus has no clinical utility in men with mCRPC.
Temporal Resolution and Spatial Resolution of fMRI

In this article, the early history of fMRI methods is first described, followed by a description of the basics of the hemodynamic response as measured by fMRI. The rest of the article is a detailed description of the spatial resolution and temporal resolution limits of fMRI and how these limits have been addressed by novel hardware, pulse sequence, and activation paradigm advances.
ThermalTracker-3D: A thermal stereo vision system for quantifying bird and bat activity at offshore wind energy sites

Abstract We present a new, efficient method for extracting three-dimensional animal motion trajectories from thermal stereo video data. Understanding animal behavior in the wild or other unconstrained environments is often based on animal movements. The technology described here is for understanding how bird and bat behavior is affected by the presence of wind turbines, specifically offshore wind turbines which are challenging to monitor. There is a need for both baseline data prior to wind farm construction and post-construction data when the turbines are operating. Thermal cameras were chosen because they are equally effective both night and day. In previous work, we developed a method for generating two-dimensional images of animal motion using thermal video from a single camera. The motion track image is formed by combining a sequence of video frames into a single composite image that shows the entire flight trajectory. Here we demonstrate that the composite motion track images from a stereo pair of thermal cameras can be used directly to generate three-dimensional tracks in real time without the need for an explicit tracking algorithm. The method was evaluated using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) equipped with GPS. The UAS flew both straight and curving trajectories at distances between 50 and 325 m from the camera system. The ThermalTracker-3D estimated positions were within ±10 m of the GPS-derived positions in the x and y (flight height) dimensions, and within ±20 m in the z (range) dimension for 90% of the data points.The range estimates were within the bounds of the achievable accuracy of the cameras and camera arrangement used. The results demonstrate the practical usefulness of the method for assessing collision risk to seabirds at proposed offshore wind energy sites and for quantifying avoidance behavior at operating offshore wind farms.
What Can Spine Surgeons Do to Improve Patient Care and Avoid Medical Negligence Suits

Background Why do patients sue following spine surgery? Here we reviewed some of the most frequent reasons for medical negligence suits against surgeons, adjunctive medical personnel, and or institutions/hospitals. Methods Summarizing the multiple reasons for suits against spine surgeons, their colleagues/consultants, and hospitals should help surgeons identify the problems leading to suits, and improve patient care. Results Several of the most common reasons for medical negligence suits include: lack of informed consent, ghost surgery, failure to diagnose and treat (e.g. including preoperative, perioperative, and post-surgical complications), performing unnecessarily risky, excessive and/or unnecessary surgery; failure to provide adequate postoperative care; absent or inadequate intraoperative neural physiological monitoring; and spoliation (e.g. fraudulent surgical, office, and/or hospital notes/records). Conclusions There are many reasons why patients sue their spine surgeons. Being aware of the factors that lead to suits, spine surgeons should learn to provide better preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care, and, thus, limit perioperative morbidity and mortality.
Analysis of Nonstationary Radiometer Gain Using Ensemble Detection

Radiometer gain is generally a nonstationary random process, even though it is assumed to be strictly or weakly stationary. Since the radiometer gain signal cannot be observed independently, analysis of its nonstationary properties would be challenging. However, using the time series of postgain voltages to form an ensemble set, the radiometer gain may be characterized via radiometer calibration. In this article, the ensemble detection algorithm is presented by which the unknown radiometer gain can be analytically characterized when it is following a Gaussian model (as a strictly stationary process) or a 1st order autoregressive, AR(1) model (as a weakly stationary process). In addition, in a particular radiometer calibration scheme, the nonstationary gain can also be represented as either Gaussian or AR(1) process, and parameters of such an equivalent gain model can be retrieved. However, unlike stationary or weakly stationary gain, retrieved parameters of the Gaussian and AR(1) processes, which describe the nonstationary gain, highly depend on the calibration setup and timings.
Rereading Durkheim in light of Jewish law: how a traditional rabbinic thought-model shapes his scholarship

When studying the work of Emile Durkheim, scholars must consider how his intellectual development in a traditional Jewish environment contributed to and informed his ideas. This article details how Durkheim’s upbringing endowed him with a traditional rabbinic thought-model. The author analyzes five of Durkheim’s major works to argue that the system of classification, language, and style of argument Durkheim used to define concepts in his scholarship mirror streams of rabbinic thought. The article builds off the sociology of knowledge to illuminate how Durkheim employed his codified knowledge of biblical texts and modern Jews to bolster his arguments, and reveals the subtler ways he demonstrates his tacit knowledge of the texts and argument styles. The article ends with an exploration of how conceptual frameworks from the sociology of knowledge may be applied to other leading sociological thinkers—how the modes of thinking instilled during formative years may orient scholarship and the benefits and limitations of this approach.
Multiplication characteristics of Al 0.4 Ga 0.07 In 0.53 As avalanche photodiodes grown as digital alloys on InP substrates

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are used in short- and mid-wave infrared applications such as optical communication, LIDAR and 3D imaging [1] due to their internal gain, which improves the signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, the multiplication gain ( M ) gives rise to excess noise, caused by the stochastic nature of impact ionization, which can significantly degrade the SNR of APDs. The excess noise is quantitatively measured by excess noise factor, F(M) that is expressed by McIntyre’s local field theory [1] , F(M) = kM + (1-k)[2-(1/M)] where k is the ratio of the impact ionization coefficients for electrons and holes. According to the equation above, the low excess noise factor in APDs can be attained by a low k value.
Computational participation and the learner‐technology pairing in K‐12 STEM education

The role of technology in STEM education remains unclear and needs stronger operational definition. In this paper, we explore the theoretical connection between STEM and emergent technologies, with a focus on learner behaviors and the potential of technology‐mediated experiences with computational participation (CP) in shaping STEM learning. In particular, by de‐emphasizing what technology is used and bringing renewed focus to how the technology is used, we make a case for CP as an epistemological and pedagogical approach that promotes collaborative STEM practices. Utilizing Ihde's work as a conceptual framework, we explore how technology‐mediated relations shape STEM learner experiences and behaviors by empowering learners to develop scientific knowledge through collaborative participation and interactive relationships with technology. In particular, we focus on technology mediated game‐based learning and citizen science, and examine how CP creates opportunities for STEM learners to leverage learning with technology in innovative ways. We argue that through computational and collaborative learning experiences, learners participate as members of STEM learning communities in ways that mirror how STEM professionals collaborate, applying interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches to complex real‐world problems. Computational participation consequently creates opportunities for learner‐technology pairings to (re)shape STEM learning behaviors, empowering learners to engage collaboratively as members of a STEM community of practice.
Medically Optimizing the Cardiac Surgical Patient

Perioperative medicine is a discipline that plays an increasing role in reducing perioperative morbidity and mortality for patients with complex medical conditions. Given the chronic nature of many medical conditions, medical optimization is critical in achieving patients’ stability prior to elective surgery. This chapter highlights the integral parts of perioperative medical optimization: management of comorbid conditions, management of medications, and institution of preventative measures to reduce complications, e.g., smoking cessation. Internists are commonly engaged in managing hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and other chronic and complex conditions. Recognizing warning signs associated with such conditions that require postponement of elective operations and taking measures to reduce perioperative complications and mortality are important goals. Managing complex medication regimens in the perioperative period requires careful planning and must be tailored to the patient and the type of surgery. By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to identify such critical components of perioperative medicine.
A 2-D numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer in lithium bromide-water falling films and droplets

Abstract The absorber is the most crucial component of the vapor absorption system and has the largest impact on its performance. The horizontal tube bank geometry is by far the most commonly used absorber geometry, due to the high absorption efficiencies achievable without incurring commensurate pressure drops. The design of these falling film absorbers requires an understanding of the underlying heat and mass transfer mechanisms. A majority of the models proposed in the literature for absorption heat and mass transfer in horizontal tube banks make very simplistic assumptions about the flow profiles in the absorber. The effects on heat and mass transfer due to the mixing in the film caused by droplet impact are successfully modeled by the transient, 2-D spatial model developed in the present study. This 2-D model requires a significantly lower computational overhead compared to the transient, 3-D spatial model developed by the present authors in a previous study. The results from the baseline and parametric analyses are discussed. The key differences between the 2-D and 3-D models are also elucidated. The results obtained from this study will aid in the understanding and design of efficient vapor absorption systems.
Early maternal separation is not associated with changes in telomere length in domestic kittens ( Felis catus)

Objective Studies of multiple species have found that adverse early life experiences, including childhood trauma and maternal separation, can result in accelerated telomere shortening. The objective of this study was to determine if premature separation from the mother affected telomere length in domestic kittens (Felis catus). Subjects were 42 orphaned kittens and 10 mother-reared kittens from local animal rescue groups and shelters. DNA was extracted from whole blood collected from kittens at approximately 1 week and 2 months of age. Telomere length was assessed by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) from a total of 86 samples and expressed as a ratio of telomere PCR relative to a single copy gene PCR (T/S). Results A generalized linear mixed model found there were no detectable differences in telomere length based on survival (F 1, 76.2 = 3.35, p = 0.07), orphan status (F 1, 56.5 = 0.44, p = 0.51), time point (F 1, 43.5 = 0.19, p = 0.67), or the interaction between orphan status and time (F 1, 43.5 = 0.86, p = 0.36). Although in other species telomere shortening is commonly associated with aging, even early in life, we did not find evidence for telomere shortening by two months of age. Our results suggest that the experience of early maternal separation in domestic cats who are subsequently hand-reared by humans does not accelerate telomere shortening compared to mother-reared kittens, at least in the first few months of life.
Emma Annette Wilson. Digital Humanities for Librarians . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2020. 248p. Hardback, $115 (ISBN: 978-1-5381-1644-9).

Emma Annette Wilson has pulled together a very approachable and packed resource for aspiring Master of Library Science (MLS) students and those new to digital humanities (DH). The book is as easy to follow as it is informative, providing a balance between the practicality of various digital humanities methodologies, the development of those methodologies, and approaches to engage with them. The author does, at times, assume that, while you may not have a traditional library degree from which to draw, you have a cursory understanding of MLS-specific disciplines (such as cataloging). Yet, there is still ample discussion of relevant areas like metadata and insights into other types of librarianship activities that will be useful to DH project leads who are new to academic librarianship.
Analyzing Public Interest in Metabolic Health-Related Search Terms During COVID-19 Using Google Trends

Background In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a novel virus and initiated a series of events that culminated in the global coronavinis disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Throughout 2020 and the first half of 2021, massive investigational efforts towards identifying, treating, preventing, and slowing the spread of COVID-19 were carried out. Several predictors for clinical outcomes relating to metabolic health were identified. Aim and methods This study aimed to investigate how public interest in search terms associated with metabolic health has changed throughout and during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Google Trends was utilized as a tool to gather and compare public interest data in a variety of search phrases. The relative search values were plotted over time, compared pre-and post-COVID-19, analyzed for correlation, assessed for trend directionality, and checked for trend inclusion. Results The public interest measured by relative search volume in "metabolic health," "exercise," "home exercise,' "health," and "how to improve fitness" significantly increased from pre- to post-COVID-19 pandemic onset while "diet" and "fitness" significantly decreased. The search terms "COVID" and "coronavints" made up more than 95% of screen queries incorporating COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, "diabetes" and "weight loss" had the most significant increases in search volume. Conclusions Given the changes in public interest observed throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear that the association between metabolic health and COVID-19 is being successfully disseminated to the public. However, these changes also warrant increased public education surrounding diet and fitness to align public interest with measures proven to improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
Auditory closure with visual cues: Relationship with working memory and semantic memory

The role of working memory (WM) and long-term lexical-semantic memory (LTM) in the perception of interrupted speech with and without visual cues, was studied in 29 native English speakers. Perceptual stimuli were periodically interrupted sentences filled with speech noise. The memory measures included an LTM semantic fluency task, verbal WM, and visuo-spatial WM tasks. Whereas perceptual performance in the audio-only condition demonstrated a significant positive association with listeners' semantic fluency, perception in audio-video mode did not. These results imply that when listening to distorted speech without visual cues, listeners rely on lexical-semantic retrieval from LTM to restore missing speech information.
TNF/TNF Receptors

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) is a pleiotropic cyto­kine whose biological functions regulate the cellular responses of injury and repair, inflammation and immunity, and proliferation. In the liver, TNF exerts autocrine and paracrine effects that mediate a variety of pathophysiological states that involve liver injury and cell death and/or hepatocellular proliferation. Thus, TNF is a central regulator of hepatic physiology and delineation of the complex signaling pathways that mediate the disparate effects of this cytokine has contributed to our understanding of its function. In particular, investigations have attempted to determine how this factor could promote either cell proliferation or death in hepatocytes under different physiologic circumstances. With these studies has come an increased understanding of the complex events that determine whether a hepatocyte undergoes apoptosis or proliferation following TNF stimulation. This chapter will focus initially on signaling events that follow TNF ligand–receptor interaction, and subsequently on the precise functions of TNF signaling in specific pathophysiologic states. Although considerable progress has been made in defining TNF signaling pathways in hepatocytes, the challenge remains to determine how these signal cascades regulate disease states in order to mani­pulate these pathways for the treatment of human liver diseases.
Decadal changes of ENSO persistence barrier in SST and ocean heat content indices: 1958–2001

Decadal changes of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) persistence barriers in various indices of sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean heat content (OHC) are examined in this study using observations and ocean data assimilation products for the period 1958–2001. It is found that the SST indices in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific exhibit very different decadal barrier variability. The variability is large for the eastern Pacific SST indices (NINO1+2 and NINO3) whose persistence barriers shifted abruptly in 1976/1977 and 1989/1990. In contrast, the central Pacific SST indices (NINO3.4 and NINO4) experienced little decadal barrier variability and have had their persistence barriers fixed in spring in the past four decades. The zonal mean OHC index averaged over the equatorial Pacific shows decadal barrier changes similar to those in the eastern Pacific SST indices and always leads the NINO3 SST barrier by about one season. It is noticed that the SST persistence barrier appeared first in the eastern Pacific before 1976/1977, first in the central Pacific between 1976/1977 and 1989/1990, and almost simultaneous in both the eastern and central Pacific after 1989/1990. These timings coincide with the westward propagating, eastward propagating, and standing pattern of ENSO SST anomalies observed in these three periods. These results suggest that ENSO SST anomalies in the equatorial Pacific can be considered to consist of two different processes: a central Pacific process whose phase transition (such as onset) and barrier always happen in spring, and an eastern Pacific process whose phase transition and barrier change from decade to decade and are influenced by changes in the mean thermocline depth along the equatorial Pacific.
The Powers that Be: A Reexamination of the Federal Courts' Rulemaking and Adjudicatory Powers in the Context of a Clash of a Congressional Statute and a Supreme Court Rule

This Article assesses the federal courts' analysis of conflicts between congressional statutes and Supreme Court Rules that incorporate state law. Currently, courts treat these conflicts either as conflicts between two statutes of the same lawgiver or as conflicts between federal and state law. This Article concludes that both analyses are flawed - the first because the rulemaking authority of Congress and the Supreme Court differ and the second because Supreme Court Rules constitute federal law even if they incorporate state standards. Instead, the Article emphasizes that statute-Rule conflicts should be analyzed as presenting separation or allocation of power issues. The Article then demonstrates that correct analysis matters by analyzing the apparent conflict between Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b), which incorporates state law regarding the capacity of a dissolved corporation to be sued, and provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). When the CERCLA-Rule 17(b) conflict is viewed as a horizontal clash of the rulemaking authority of Congress and the Supreme Court, it becomes clear that federal courts should use a federal common lawmaking analysis, rather than an obstacle preemption analysis, to construe the CERCLA statute. Federal courts currently have less authority to construe federal statutes to serve congressional purposes that are unexpressed in statutory text under federal common lawmaking jurisprudence than they have under obstacle preemption analysis. Thus, when the CERCLA-Rule 17(b) clash is analyzed as creating a collision of congressional and Supreme Court rulemaking power, the decisions of the majority of courts to reach the issue would be overturned. The Article finally questions the validity of the different approaches to statutory construction under federal common lawmaking jurisprudence and obstacle preemption analysis.
Utilizing cool posing narrative and technique as leadership strategies among underrepresented individuals

“Cool posing” narrative and technique—or story and style—has implications for changes in how schools and organizations think about leadership. Cool posing is showing restrained emotion to gain advantages through the use of counterpoint to puzzle and baffle rivals. The intention to be paradoxical and confusing aids the narration of appropriate techniques that offset unfavorable situations and images. Cool posing is as much a part of some underrepresented groups' performance as their sense of self, and as valuable. This strategy is frequently exhibited orally through metaphor, which transforms facts into novel accounts of reality. It is as though the ability to comprehend their experience through cool posing provides many with “the only ways to perceive and experience much of the world” (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, p. 239). Leaders in schools and organizations could benefit by implementing the strategies suggested here that seek stability and flexibility for those underrepresented individuals traditionally studying, working, and living in less than adequate conditions. Findings suggest the consideration of additional intellectual dimensions aside from the traditional logical and mathematical ones as indicators of valid and reliable aptitude. These further dimensions include the interrelated elements of cool posing, which are spirituality (a vitalistic approach to life), verve (high levels of stimulation), movement (the interweaving of rhythm and dance), harmony (one's fate interrelates with others'), emotion (an emphasis on feelings), orality (a preference for both speaking and listening performances), expressive individualism (the cultivation of spontaneous expression), personal time (the belief that time is passing through a social space), and communalism (a commitment to social connectedness) (Boykins, as cited in Majors, 1987/2003a). Leaders need to broaden their ideas of standard leadership and become transformational and transformed to respond to less heard voices that scream as loudly as those that benefit through full representation. Innovative leaders can emerge from underrepresented groups and thrive in industries that become skilled at converting deficit orientations to resource orientations through “patience, a certain flexibility in world view, and a generous tolerance” (Lakoff & Johnson, p. 231). Knowledge from this study may equip teachers and leaders in multiethnic schools and organizations to respond empathetically across racial and ethnic boundaries of difference.
Induction of target-directed optic axon outgrowth: Effect of retinae transplanted to anophthalmic mice

In previous work using neural transplants (Hankin and Lund, 1987) we demonstrated two basic components of optic axon outgrowth in the mammalian retinotectal system: one category of outgrowth utilizes the subpial margin of the rostral brain stem as a preferential substrate (as do normal retinotectal axons); the other type of outgrowth, from retinae embedded deep within the midbrain parenchyma, is distance-dependent and highly target-oriented, but shows little apparent substrate specificity. One explanation for this directed outgrowth is that it is in response to a diffusible factor emanating from cells in the superior colliculus. In the present study we use congenitally anophthalmic mice as recipients for retinal transplants to test whether prior optic innervation of the superior colliculus plays a role in establishing either component of outgrowth. We show that outgrowth along the subpial pathway from a graft placed on the surface of the brain stem can take place in the absence of prior innervation of the superior colliculus. The target-directed outgrowth exhibited by embedded grafts only occurs if the tectum is also innervated by a second graft placed on the surface of the brain stem. It is proposed that tectal cells produce a factor in response to optic innervation and that this directs the growth patterns of embedded grafts. This suggests that optic innervation is a necessary prerequisite for the superior colliculus to produce the proposed diffusible chemotropic signal. In normal development such a factor could function to improve the efficiency of target-finding by later growing optic axons, but it might serve a quite different role, encouraging branching and trophic maintenance of the optic pathway once it has reached the tectum.
Controlled reduction of a five-link 3D biped with unactuated yaw

This paper presents a formulation of controlled geometric reduction with one degree of underactuation for mechanical systems with an unactuated cyclic variable subject to passive damping. We show that the first control term in the fully actuated case reduces to passive joint-velocity feedback, which can be equivalently provided by viscous friction. The underactuated control strategy is applied to a five-link 3D biped with a hip, torso, knees, and unactuated yaw at the foot contact point. We show asymptotically stable walking in the presence of passive yawing for realistic friction coefficients.
Chronic opioid antagonist treatment facilatates nonopioid, stress-induced analgesia

Abstract Chronic exposure to opioid antagonists produces increased brain opioid receptors and enhances morphine analgesia. Since opioid antagonists could affect both opioid and nonopioid analgesic systems, the present study evaluated whether chronic opioid antagonist treatment with naltrexone alters the nonopioid analgesia produced by cold-water swims (CWS). Rats were implanted (SC) with two, 30 mg naltrexone pellets. The pellets were removed 8 days later or left in place and rats tested 24 hr later for analgesia (tail-flick) following a 3.5 min CWS or morphine (3 mg/kg, SC). As expected, morphine analgesia was potentiated in rats with naltrexone pellets removed, but was blocked in rats tested with the naltrexone still implanted. In contrast, naltrexone pretreatment potentiated CWS analgesia, irrespective of whether the pellets were removed or left in place. These findings confirm the nonopioid nature of CWS analgesia and indicate that chronic treatment with an opioid antagonist can affect both opioid and nonopioid analgesic mechanisms.
Social Correlates of the Percentage of Suicides and Homicides Employing Firearms

Summary.-The percentage of firearms used for suicide and homicide was greater in rural or poor states, those with a southern subculture, and those with many Roman Catholics. Lester (1988) factor-analyzed a set of social measures for the 48 continental states of America in 1980 and identified six factors. Suicide rates were positively associated with the factor assessing social disintegration while homicide rates were associated with the factors assessing southernness, laborforce participation, and social disintegration. The present analysis showed that the percentage of suicides using firearms was positively associated with the factor scores for social disintegration (Pearson r = 0.30), southernness (r = 0.37), Roman Catholicism (r = 0.37), urban residence or wealth (7 = -0.62), and age (7 = -0.33). The percentage of homicides employing firearms was associated with the scores for southernness (r = 0.53), Roman Catholicism (r = 0.39), and urban residence or wealth (r = -0.31). Common to these two sets of correlations, the use of firearms for personal violence was associated with the social dimensions of southernness, rurality or poverty, and Roman Catholicism, three independent factors and different from those associated with suicide and homicide rates. REFERENCE LESTER, D. A regional analysis of suicide and homicide in the USA. Social Psychiatry &r Psychiatric Epidemiology, 1988, 23, 202-205.
Ureolytic activity of soybean and corn residue extracts.

The enzyme urease is responsible for the rapid hydrolysis of urea in agroecosystems where more than 50% of the applied nitrogen (N) can be lost via ammonia volatilization. The objectives of the study were to (1) extract urease from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) and (2) compare the urease activity from soybean and corn residues to Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) urease using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTI-R). Concentrations of urea and sodium bicarbonate ranging from 0 to 200 mM were analyzed with FTI-R to determine the correlation to peak height. Bicarbonate produced the most responsive peaks to concentration at 1,362 cm−1. Urease extracted from soybean residue was active, producing a bicarbonate peak at 1362 cm−1, whereas no urease activity was observed in corn residue. Variation among urease activities in crop residues could suggest a need for more precise nitrogen management in conservation tillage agroecosystems to reduce ammonia volatilization.