cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenology shifts in leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) due to changes in sea surface temperature

Abstract Sea turtles have responded to climate change in the past, but it is unclear whether they will be able to respond to the unprecedented rate of anthropogenic climate change. One way to respond would be altering the timing of their nesting to align with changes in temperature, which may lead to altered incubation conditions, hatching success, sex ratios, and hatchling dispersal. This study aims to determine whether the timing of the nesting season for three populations of leatherback turtles (Playa Grande, Costa Rica; Tortuguero, Costa Rica; and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands) vary with (and putatively in response to) sea surface temperatures at either their nesting or foraging grounds, as a proxy for how they would respond to warming trends. Several candidate temperatures were examined at the foraging grounds: annual maximum and minimum of the year prior to nesting and month in which turtles were estimated to leave their foraging grounds. At the nesting grounds, candidate temperatures were: temperatures at the start of nesting and over the whole season as well as a measure of seasonality at the foraging grounds. Seasonality at the foraging grounds and temperatures at the nesting beaches do not affect nesting phenology, while temperatures at some foraging grounds do. Different temperature signals appeared related to nesting at different foraging grounds as was the direction in which these increased temperatures shifted nesting, suggesting that there might be a mediating factor explaining the temperature effect. The relationship between temperature and primary production at the foraging grounds was studied to explain these differences but no consistent relation was found. The overall pattern is that increased temperatures at the foraging grounds tend to delay nesting, which is different from previous studies for other species of sea turtles that show earlier nesting with increased temperatures either at nesting or foraging grounds. Further study is needed at the nesting beaches to determine how environmental conditions change within the season and how these changes affect nesting success. It will then be possible to predict what temperature, humidity, and currents will look like in the new, shifted nesting seasons and how that will affect hatching success, sex ratios, and hatchling dispersal; i.e., will delayed nesting seasons help mitigate climate change effects on these populations or exacerbate them?
Brown and White Fats: Development in the Hamster

Sites occupied by multilocular brown fat in the adult hamster are occupied by unilocular cells in very young animals. Immature brown fat cells are laid down in the unilocular cell matrix at 3 to 5 days of age. White fat in the hamster does not develop from cells closely resembling mature brown fat.
Thermomechanical Failure Analysis of Through-Silicon Via Interface Using a Shear-Lag Model With Cohesive Zone

An analytical approach to predict initiation and growth of interfacial delamination in the through-silicon via structure is developed by combining a cohesive zone model with a shear-lag model. Two critical temperatures are predicted for damage initiation and fracture initiation, respectively. It is found that via extrusion significantly increases beyond the second critical temperature. The dependence of the critical temperatures on the material/interfacial properties, as well as the via size (diameter and height), is discussed. In parallel with the analytical approach, finite-element models with cohesive interface elements are employed to numerically simulate the initiation and the progression of interfacial delamination. The numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical solution, and both are qualitatively consistent with reported experimental findings by others.
US rail freight performance under downsized regulation

Abstract The structure of the US freight railway industry has changed dramatically since economic regulation of the industry was downsized after 1975. The Class I sector of the industry has become highly concentrated. Paradoxically, the increase in concentration has been paralleled by a significant and almost continuous decline in rates, which poses potentially deleterious consequences for the recapitalization of rail infrastructure. Additionally, financial practices in some mergers have had negative impact on the ability of carriers to meet public service needs. Possible remedies for these conditions are presented.
Characteristics of the chromophore of a fluorescent protein from spinach chloroplasts.

A fluorescent protein (D-2), isolated from spinach chloroplasts, releases its fluorescent chromophore (P-compound) under treatment with acetone. Absorption and fluorescence spectra suggest that the P-compound is aromatic although the NMR spectrum shows no evidence for ring protons. The P-compound contains phosphorus which is removed only with difficulty. Both the P-compound and the parent D-2 protein stimulate photophosphorylation by isolated chloroplasts; attendant incorporation of 32P from inorganic phosphate into the P-compound provides evidence that it is involved in photophosphorylation. Identification of the P-compound has not been achieved. Like phosphodoxin, it has a number of the characteristics of unconjugated pteridines though it lacks an absorption peak at 260–280 mμ observed for most pteridines of biological origin.
Significance of the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) as the target of diflubenzuron in chitin synthesis inhibition in Drosophila melanogaster and Blattella germanica.

Abstract Diflubenzuron (DIMILIN ® ) is a powerful insecticidal chemical which has been known for many years to inhibit chitin synthesis in vivo in insects and related arthropod species. However, its action mechanism has remained unresolved partly because of its inaction on any of the enzymes involved in chitin synthesis in vitro. Based on our previous work (Diflubenzuron affects gamma-thioGTP stimulated Ca 2+ transport in vitro in intracellular vesicles from the integument of the newly molted American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24 (1994) 1009) showing that diflubenzuron inhibits Ca 2+ uptake by vesicles obtained from the integument of American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), in vitro, we tested the hypothesis that the action site of diflubenzuron is an ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter, probably a sulfonylurea-sensitive transporter. Glibenclamide, one of the most commonly used sulfonylureas for type II diabetes treatment, was the positive control. When given to immature insects, glibenclamide clearly caused toxicity, with symptoms indicating molting abnormality comparable to diflubenzuron. Its LD 50 (0.472 μg/nymph) was approximately 2.8 times the value obtained for diflubenzuron (0.17 μg/nymph, topical) in German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). However, in terms of the inhibitory activities on chitin synthesis, in isolated integuments glibenclamide showed an identical potency to diflubenzuron in B . germanica nymphs. A competitive binding assay with [ 3 H]-glibenclamide and unlabeled diflubenzuron clearly established that the latter is capable of competitively displacing the former radioligand. The K D values observed for vesicles prepared from fruit fly larvae, Drosophila melanogaster M., were 44.9 nM for glibenclamide and 65.0 nM for diflubenzuron, respectively. Furthermore, glibenclamide was found to affect Ca 2+ uptake by isolated cuticular vesicles from B . germanica in a manner very similar to diflubenzuron. These results support our conclusion that the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) is the target of diflubenzuron in inhibition of chitin synthesis in these two insect species.
A distribution‐free test for paired growth curve analyses with application to an animal tumour immunotherapy experiment

We describe distribution-free statistical methodology for assessing the equivalence of paired growth curves. This procedure may be used with incomplete observations, and in situations where parametric models for growth are inappropriate. We present data from an experiment investigating an immunotherapy regimen in a murine tumour system and which we have analysed with this technique.
The Demand for California Wine Grapes

Wine grapes contribute significantly to the economy of California, with a gross production value of more than $2 billion in 2010. Studies on economic issues in the industry require measures of demand response to price, but despite the economic importance of this industry, estimates of elasticities of demand for wine grapes have not been published. We use a flexible-form inverse demand system model to estimate elasticities of demand for wine grapes from three grape-growing regions in California, representing three different quality (price) categories. The resulting estimates of own-price elasticities are high, ranging from −2.6 for grapes in the low-price region to −9.5 for grapes in the high-price region. Such high elasticities are plausible given the role of international trade in wine, and they are consistent with synthetic estimates that we computed based on a combination of economic theory, data on market shares, estimates of some pertinent parameters in the literature, and informed guesstimates of values for other parameters. (JEL Classification: Q11, Q12, Q13)
Idiopathic atro hie blanche

Idiopathic atrophie blanche (segmental hyalinizing vasculitis; livedo reticularis with summer ulceration) is a chronic cutaneous disorder of young to middle-aged women that is characterized by persistent painful leg ulcerations. Primary lesions consist of purpuric macules and papules which undergo superficial ulceration, followed eventually by the development of irregular, atrophic, porcelain white scars with fine borders of ectatic vessels. We have studied twelve patients with idiopathic atrophie blanche by immunofluorescence, thin section light microscopy, and electron microscopy. All patients were examined extensively in order to rule out primary immunologic and vaso-occlusive disorders that may result in a similar clinical appearance. Subsequently, ten patients were treated for 1 to 12 years with combinations of phenformin and ethylestrenol. Each treated patient noted rapid improvement in existing lesions, significantly less pain, and a decrease in the development of new lesions. Side effects in all but two patients were minimal and well tolerated. Light and electron microscopic examination of early and well-developed lesions revealed fibrin plugs which first occlude superficial dermal vessels, followed by necrosis and obliteration of the affected vessel walls. Eventually, new vessel formation occurs in some areas of fibrin deposition. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells only rarely participate in this process. Although this disorder has previously been considered a localized form of cutaneous vasculitis, the absence of both leukocytes and nuclear fragmentation from the neighborhood of vascular structures in early lesions differentiates this disorder from immune complex-mediated necrotizing vasculitis. Thus the term vasculopathy describes this disorder more appropriately than the term vasculitis.
Cost and precision in a stream sampling program

Nomograms relating fixed, variable and total costs (time) to sample size and precision are presented for use in research planning. Time costs for a survey of a Montana, U.S.A., stream were dominated by fixed costs and the laboratory component of variable costs while variable field costs were small. Reductions in both fixed and variable costs influence precision of low-budget survey sampling while reduction of variable costs in large budget research sampling has more effect on total cost than on precision.
Modeling complex systems in the geosciences

Many geophysical phenomena can be described as complex systems, involving phenomena such as extreme or “wild” events that often do not follow the Gaussian distribution that would be expected if the events were simply random and uncorrelated. For instance, some geophysical phenomena like earthquakes show a much higher occurrence of relatively large values than would a Gaussian distribution and so are examples of the “Noah effect” (named by Benoit Mandelbrot for the exceptionally heavy rain in the biblical flood). Other geophysical phenomena are examples of the “Joseph effect,” in which a state is especially persistent, such as a spell of multiple consecutive hot days (heat waves) or several dry summers in a row. The Joseph effect was named after the biblical story in which Joseph's dream of seven fat cows and seven thin ones predicted 7 years of plenty followed by 7 years of drought.
V arc interplanetary coronal mass ejections observed with the Solar Mass Ejection Imager

[1] Since February 2003, the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) has been observing interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) at solar elongation angles e > 20°. The ICMEs generally appear as loops or arcs in the sky, but five show distinct outward concave shapes that we call V arcs. We expect to observe some V arcs, formed by trailing edges of ICME flux ropes or by leading ICME edges sheared by solar wind (SW) speed gradients at the heliospheric current sheet. We characterize the properties of these V arcs and compare them with average properties of all SMEI ICMEs. The typical V arc speeds argue against a slow MHD shock interpretation for their structures. We estimate the V arc solar source locations and their opening angle dynamics as tests for SW shearing. The first test contradicts but the second supports the SW shearing explanation. The implications of the small number of V arcs observed with SMEI is considered. The point P approximation used to determine the V arc locations and inferred solar source regions is critically examined in Appendix A.
The Nature and Importance of Interaction in Distance Education Credit Classes at Technical Institutes

Georgia has one of the largest distance learning networks in the United States with nearly 300 sites connected to a statewide network of two‐way interactive audio and video. Research was conducted to examine the nature and importance of participant interactivity in credit courses at technical institutes using the distance education technology. Six faculty and 62 students who enrolled at host and remote sites at the technical institutes constituted the population of the study. Data were collected from students through a structured, forced‐choice survey questionnaire. Information was collected from faculty through two questionnaires to measure changes in attitudes toward teaching the course. Overall level of satisfaction of both students and faculty was quite high. The students at the remote sites in this study reported more negative experiences with the various types of interaction, but overall they were satisfied with the experience. Experiences that enhance and maximize the various types of interaction n...
The Elements of Strategic Thinking

Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft. By Terry L. Deibel New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 435 pp., $85.00 cloth (ISBN: 978-0-521-87191-4); $29.99 paper (ISBN: 978-0-521-69277-9). “I am more afraid of our own blunders than of the enemy's devices.” So, reportedly, said the Athenian leader Pericles in 431 BCE, on the eve of war with Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian League (Strassler 1996: 83–84). Among the most serious blunders that a political leader can make is to embark upon a major policy initiative without a coherent plan for the coordinated use of the resources that a state possesses for achieving its goals. As illustrated by the ill-fated Sicilian expedition launched by the Athenians more than a decade after Pericles' death, foreign policy undertakings divorced from strategic thinking about the relationship between means and ends are unlikely to be successful. Arguing that “strategic thinking is far too useful to be limited to military subjects” (p. 4), Terry Deibel has written a guide on how to think strategically about foreign affairs. Given that the majority of texts on contemporary American foreign policy concentrate on the sources of policy proposals and the dynamics of the policy-making process, his focus on designing foreign affairs strategy is a welcome addition to the literature. To be sure, some current texts have chapters on military coercion and economic sanctions, but few delve into …
Visualization of flowfield modification by RCS jets on a capsule entry vehicle

Nitric oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence (NO PLIF) has been used to visualize the flow on the aft-body of an entry capsule having an activated RCS jet in NASA Langley Research Center's 31-Inch Mach 10 wind tunnel facility. A capsule shape representative of the Apollo command module was tested. These tests were performed to demonstrate the ability of the PLIF method to visualize RCS jet flow while providing some preliminary input to NASA's Orion Vehicle design team. Two different RCS nozzle designs - conical and contoured - were tested. The conical and contoured nozzles had area ratios of 13.4 and 22.5 respectively. The conical nozzle had a half-angle of 10 . Low- and high-Reynolds number cases were investigated by changing the tunnel stagnation pressure from 350 psi to 1300 psi, resulting in freestream Reynolds numbers of 0.56 and 1.8 million per foot respectively. For both of these cases, three different jet plenum pressures were tested (nominally 56, 250 and 500 psi). A single angle-of-attack was investigated (24 degrees). NO PLIF uses an ultraviolet laser sheet to interrogate a slice in the flow containing seeded NO; this UV light excites fluorescence from the NO molecules which is detected by a high-speed digital camera. The system has spatial resolution of about 200 microns (2 pixel blurring) and has flow-stopping time resolution (approximately 1 microsecond). NO was seeded into the flow two different ways. First, the RCS jet fluid was seeded with approximately 1-5% NO, with the balance N2. This allowed observation of the shape, structure and trajectory of the RCS jets. Visualizations of both laminar and turbulent flow jet features were obtained. Visualizations were obtained with the tunnel operating at Mach 10 and also with the test section held at a constant pressure similar to the aftbody static pressure (0.04 psi) obtained during tunnel runs. These two conditions are called "tunnel on" and "tunnel off" respectively. Second, the forebody flow was seeded with a very low flowrate (<100 standard cubic centimeters per minute) of pure NO. This trace gas was entrained into and allowed visualization of the shear layer forming between the expansion fan on the shoulder of the model and the recirculating separated flow in the wake of the model. This shear layer was observed to be laminar in the absence of the RCS jet operation and turbulent above a certain RCS jet flowrate. Furthermore, the operation of the RCS jet is seen to push the shear layer out away from the model, with a higher jet pressures resulting in larger deflections. Figures show some data from this test, partially processed. In the final paper, these images will be processed and rendered on a three dimensional visualization of the test hardware for clearer visualization and interpretation of the flowfields.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Elastic Behavior of Cubic Crystals

Finite deformation theory is used to calculate the effective second order elastic constants (cik′) of a cubic crystal subjected to very high pressures. We obtain cik′ = cik + A η + B, where A and B depend on the second order and higher order elastic constants and η depends on the pressure. Es wird eine endliche Deformationstheorie benutzt, um die effektiven elastischen Konstanten zweiter Ordnung (cik′) eines kubischen Kristalls unter sehr hohen Drucken zu berechnen. Wir erhalten cik′ = cik + Aη + B, wobei A und B von den elastischen Konstanten zweiter und hoherer Ordnung abhangen und η vom Druck abhangt.
Attitudes, beliefs, and prevalence of dumpster diving as a means to obtain food by Midwestern, low-income, urban dwellers

“Dumpster diving” is a term generally used for obtaining items, in this case food for consumption, from dumpsters. This study evaluates the prevalence of dumpster diving in two low-income urban communities in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Additionally, attitudes and beliefs of adults who engage in this behavior are reported. Surveys (n=396) were used to collect data including individual dumpster diving behavior, food security, health, and demographic data. Nearly one-fifth of those surveyed had used dumpster diving as a means to obtain food. Focus groups (n=17) were conducted to further evaluate dumpster divers’ attitudes and beliefs about dumpster diving, use of food assistance programs including benefits and barriers, and other strategies used to obtain food such as stealing. Focus group participants were primarily homeless and most were high school educated. Ways to improve delivery of food assistance are suggested. In conclusion, more research on the use of dumpsters as a source of food is needed. Utilizing more of the 96 billion pounds of food wasted each year in the US through food recovery and donation programs could help to provide socially acceptable means for low-income urban dwellers to obtain food.
Progress in quantum optical computing

Until recently, the paradigm of computing was the Turing machine and its numerous equivalents. All operations are made with state machines. Each operation is irreversible and brings about an increase of entropy and, therefore, an expenditure of energy of at least kTln2 per bit. We show that optics allows the first practical quantum mechanical digital processors. These processors require digital input and produce digital output but need no intermediate state machines. We show that, in the sense of not requiring material devices which would otherwise be required, nothing is superior to something for computing.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Toll-like receptors in pregnancy disorders and placental dysfunction

The Toll receptor was originally identified as a regulator of embryogenesis in Drosophila. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mammals recognize infectious agents and other danger signals. Activation of TLRs on trophoblast influences immune cell recruitment, cytokine secretion, and decidual responses to invading pathogens during pregnancy. Importantly, biological effects of TLR signal transduction at multiple maternal-fetal interfaces may contribute to several pregnancy pathologies associated with placental dysfunction, including pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm labor. We herein discuss mechanisms by which TLRs regulate the maternal immune response during normal and abnormal gestation, and we highlight recent data that assign a role to TLRs in the pathophysiology of selected pregnancy-associated complications.
Scaling limits of free-space tilt mirror MEMS switches for data center networks

We present a first-principles analysis of the scaling of switch response speed as a function of port count, crosstalk, and insertion loss, based on physical optics and kinematics of canonical MEMS tilt mirror switch structures.
Vitamin D deficiency in the spontaneously hypertensive heart failure [SHHF] prone rat.

Abstract Background and aims Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with the etiology and pathogenesis of heart disease including congestive heart failure. We previously observed cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D deficient rats and vitamin D receptor knockout mice. These studies indicate that the absence of vitamin D-mediated signal transduction and genomic activation results in increased sensitivity of the heart to ionotropic stimuli and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. This study's aim is to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and the heart failure phenotype in the rat. Methods and results Vitamin D status was assessed by measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and related to heart weight in young, middle-aged and aging spontaneously hypertensive, heart failure (SHHF) prone rats. We also measured the effects of the vitamin D hormone,1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , on cardiac function in SHHF rats. Cardiac hypertrophy in this model of the failing heart increased with age and related to decreasing vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency presented after cardiac hypertrophy was first observed. Additionally, we found that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment between 4.0 and 7.0 months of age prevented cardiac hypertrophy and permits decreased workload for the heart while allowing adequate blood perfusion and pressure, resulting in reduced cardiac index. Conclusions Our findings suggest that low vitamin D status is associated with the progression and final terminal phase of the heart failure phenotype and not with initial heart hypertrophy. Also, we report that in the vitamin D sufficient SHHF rat, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment provided protection against the progression of the heart failure phenotype.
Affective reactions to pictures of ingroup and outgroup members

A pervasive form of social categorization among humans is between us and them. In this study, we assessed emotional reactions when people viewed pictures depicting members of the same or different ethnic group. African American and European American participants viewed a series of pleasant and unpleasant pictures portraying either ingroup or outgroup members, while physiological, behavioral, and evaluative judgments were measured. Two hypotheses were assessed. The outgroup antipathy hypothesis predicts that people will respond to outgroup pictures with more negative affect than to ingroup pictures. In contrast, the ingroup empathy hypothesis predicts that people will show exaggerated (pleasant and unpleasant) affective responses to pictures of ingroup members, due to group identification or personal relevance. The data provided no support for the antipathy hypothesis, whereas facial EMG, skin conductance, rating, and viewing time data lent support to the ingroup empathy hypothesis, in which greater pleasure and displeasure were apparent when viewing ingroup pictures.
Research in the High-Stakes Era

The federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB; 2001), mandating standardized testing in public schools, provides researchers with unprecedented opportunities for scientific comparison. At the same time, the climate of high-stakes testing encouraged by the law merits empirical scrutiny from psychologists across an array of specialties. If researchers wish to advance policy through psychological science, they must take care to construct research designs that are meaningful to policymakers and professionals in other disciplines. The present study used data from 1,450 Virginia schools to provide a model of scientifically grounded research that is also informed by current legal and political contexts. Results indicate that student poverty and geography are associated with differential access to highly qualified teachers, and that differential access to qualified teachers is uniquely associated with performance on high-stakes achievement tests. Psychologists, with their unique training, are encouraged to take a more active role in using NCLB data.
Reciprocal relationships and potential feedbacks between biodiversity and disturbance

Two major foci of ecological research involve reciprocal views of the relationship between biodiversity and disturbance: disturbance determines community diversity or diversity determines realized disturbance severity. Here, we present an initial attempt to synthesize these two approaches in order to understand whether feedbacks occur, and what their effects on patterns of diversity might be. Our review of published experiments shows that (i) disturbance severity can be both a cause and a consequence of local diversity in a wide range of ecosystems and (ii) shapes of the unidirectional relationships between diversity and disturbance can be quite variable. To explore how feedbacks between diversity and disturbance might operate to alter expected patterns of diversity in nature, we develop and then evaluate a conceptual model that decomposes the relationships into component parts, considering sequentially the effect of diversity on disturbance severity, and the effect of realized disturbance on diversity loss, subsequent recruitment, and competitive exclusion. Our model suggests that feedbacks can increase mean values of richness, decrease variability, and alter the patterns of correlation between diversity and disturbance in nature. We close by offering ideas for future research to help fill gaps in our understanding of reciprocal relationships among ecological variables like diversity and disturbance.
TCP/IP Interaction Based on Congestion Price: Stability and Optimality

Despite the large body of work studying congestion control and adaptive routing in isolation, much less attention has been paid to whether these two resource-allocation mechanisms work well together to optimize user performance. Most analysis of congestion control assumes static routing, and most studies of adaptive routing assume that the offered traffic is fixed. In this paper, we analyze the interaction between congestion control and adaptive routing, and study the stability and optimality of the joint system. Previous work has shown that the system can be modelled as a joint optimization problem that naturally leads to a primal-dual algorithm with shortest-path routing using congestion prices as the link weights. In practice, the algorithm is commonly unstable. We consider three alternative timescale separations and examine the stability and optimality of each system. Our analytic characterizations and simulation experiments demonstrate how the step size of the congestion-control algorithm affects the stability of the system, and how the timescale of each control loop and homogeneity of link capacities affect system stability and optimality. The stringent conditions imposed for stability suggests that congestion price would be a poor feedback mechanism in practice.
How Should Middle-School Students with LD Approach Online Note Taking? A Mixed-Methods Study:

This explanatory sequential mixed-methods study explored how the encoding of text ideas is affected when students with learning disabilities (LD) take notes from Web-based text. In the quantitative phase of the study, 15 students took three kinds of notes - typed, copy and paste, and written - with each kind of notes addressing a different topic. After taking notes, students per- formed poorly on two immediate measures of facts learning. Cued-recall test performances were best for topics noted by writ- ing, whereas multiple-choice test performances were best for top- ics noted by copying and pasting. Students performed worse on the cued-recall test when it was readministered four days later. In the qualitative phase of the study, followup interviews indicated students preferred copying and pasting their notes (for practical reasons) and found typing notes to be distracting, which made learning problematic. A textual analysis of students' notes con- firmed that students took mostly verbatim notes when typing or writing, which has been linked to shallow processing, and per- haps further accounts for the low level of learning that occurred. The mixing of quantitative and qualitative data (in the qualitative data analysis phase of the study), along with learning and moti- vation theories, provides justification for teachers to instruct mid- dle-school students with LD to use copy and paste to take notes from Web-based sources.
2005 Special issue: Place from time: Reconstructing position from a distributed representation of temporal context

The temporal context model (TCM) [Howard, M. W., & Kahana, M. J. (2002). A distributed representation of temporal context. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 46(3), 269-299] was proposed to describe recency and associative effects observed in episodic recall. Episodic recall depends on an intact medial temporal lobe, a region of the brain that also supports a place code. Howard, Fotedar, Datey, and Hasselmo [Howard, M. W., Fotedar, M. S., Datey, A. V., & Hasselmo, M. E. (2005). The temporal context model in spatial navigation and relational learning: Toward a common explanation of medial temporal lobe function across domains. Psychological Review, 112(1), 75-116] demonstrated that the leaky integrator that supports a gradually changing representation of temporal context in TCM is sufficient to describe properties of cells observed in ventromedial entorhinal cortex during spatial navigation if it is provided with input about the animal's current velocity. This representation of temporal context generates noisy place cells in the open field, unlike the clearly defined place cells observed in the hippocampus. Here we demonstrate that a reasonably accurate spatial representation can be extracted from temporal context with as few as eight cells, suggesting that the spatial precision observed in the place code in the hippocampus is not inconsistent with the input from a representation of temporal-spatial context in entorhinal cortex.
A mass spectrometric analysis of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal modificationof cytochrome c

Cytochrome c is a key mitochondrial respiratory protein that is particularly susceptible to modification during oxidative stress. The nature of this susceptibility is linked to the mitochondrial membrane being rich in esterified linoleic acid, which predisposes this organelle to the formation of lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE). To better understand the nature of cytochrome c modification by 4-HNE, we initiated an in vitro study utilizing a combination of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, LC-ESI-MS/MS and isotope labeling to monitor 4-HNE modification of cytochrome c under various conditions. The overwhelming reaction observed is Michael addition by Lys side-chains in addition to the modification of His 33. While the Lys-4-HNE adducts were generally observed to be reversible, the 4-HNE-His 33 was observed to be stable with half of the formed adduct surviving the denaturation and proteolysis protocols used to generate proteolytic peptides for LC-ESI-MS/MS.
Sirtuins Are Evolutionarily Conserved Viral Restriction Factors

ABSTRACT The seven human sirtuins are a family of ubiquitously expressed and evolutionarily conserved NAD + -dependent deacylases/mono-ADP ribosyltransferases that regulate numerous cellular and organismal functions, including metabolism, cell cycle, and longevity. Here, we report the discovery that all seven sirtuins have broad-range antiviral properties. We demonstrate that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of individual sirtuins and drug-mediated inhibition of sirtuin enzymatic activity increase the production of virus progeny in infected human cells. This impact on virus growth is observed for both DNA and RNA viruses. Importantly, sirtuin-activating drugs inhibit the replication of diverse viruses, as we demonstrate for human cytomegalovirus, a slowly replicating DNA virus, and influenza A (H1N1) virus, an RNA virus that multiplies rapidly. Furthermore, sirtuin defense functions are evolutionarily conserved, since CobB, the sirtuin homologue in Escherichia coli, protects against bacteriophages. Altogether, our findings establish sirtuins as broad-spectrum and evolutionarily conserved components of the immune defense system, providing a framework for elucidating a new set of host cell defense mechanisms and developing sirtuin modulators with antiviral activity. IMPORTANCE We live in a sea of viruses, some of which are human pathogens. These pathogenic viruses exhibit numerous differences: DNA or RNA genomes, enveloped or naked virions, nuclear or cytoplasmic replication, diverse disease symptoms, etc. Most antiviral drugs target specific viral proteins. Consequently, they often work for only one virus, and their efficacy can be compromised by the rapid evolution of resistant variants. There is a need for the identification of host proteins with broad-spectrum antiviral functions, which provide effective targets for therapeutic treatments that limit the evolution of viral resistance. Here, we report that sirtuins present such an opportunity for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral treatments, since our findings highlight these enzymes as ancient defense factors that protect against a variety of viral pathogens.
A study of postpartum depression and maternal risk factors in Qatar.

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between maternal complications and postpartum depression (PPD) among postpartum women in Qatar by using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as well as a structured questionnaire.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of PPD of 1379 postpartum women within 6 months of delivery attending the primary healthcare centers of the State of Qatar.Results: The prevalence of PPD was 17.6% in the studied mothers. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for PPD included various socio-demographic risk factors such as education, occupation, consanguinity and access to transportation. Amongst the maternal factors studied, history of unplanned pregnancy and infertility and other medical complications such as gestational diabetes, heart disease, threatened abortion and cesarean section were found to be risk factors for PPD. Amongst the postpartum women with maternal complications, items relat...
On the melting of a semi-infinite body of ice placed in a hot stream of air

A simple mathematical model is proposed to describe the steady melting of a body of ice which presents a plane surface transverse to a stream of hot air; the temperature of the air is such that vaporization does not occur.The analysis takes into account the convection of heat away from the surface by the water released in melting and the results show that the rate of transfer of heat to the body and thus the rate of melting, is reduced by as much as 46% by this convection.Simple approximate expressions are obtained for the rate of melting, the thickness of the water layer, and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer in the ice, in terms of a basic parameter S which can be calculated in terms of known quantities. These results are compared with those obtained by a separate Pohlhausen calculation and are found to be in good agreement.It is also shown that there exists a thermal boundary layer, in the body, of thickness much greater than that of the boundary layer in the air, in which the temperature changes rapidly from its value at the melting surface to its value in the far interior.
A pathogenic new species of Eimeria from the pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis, in Washington and Oregon, with description of the sporulated oocyst and intestinal endogenous stages.

In January 2003, fecal samples from 13 live pygmy rabbits, Brachylagus idahoensis (Merriam, 1891), were collected at the Oregon Zoo in Portland, Oregon, and sent to the University of New Mexico (UNM), Albuquerque, New Mexico, to be examined for coccidia. In July 2004, 14 more fecal samples were collected and sent to UNM, 6 from some of the same rabbits and 8 from 16 other rabbits (4 were pooled samples from siblings). In addition, tissue sections from 3 dead rabbits (2 from the Oregon Zoo, 1 from Washington State University) also were examined. Two of 4 (50%) pooled fecal samples and 8 of 17 (47%) 1-rabbit samples were positive for a single species of Eimeria, which we describe here as a new species. Sporulated oocysts were subspheroidal, 25.6 × 23.8 (22–28 × 21–27) μm, with a length:width (L:W) ratio of 1.1 (1.0–1.2). A micropyle (∼2 μm wide) and 0–1 polar granules were present, but an oocyst residuum was absent. Sporocysts were ellipsoidal, 13.4 × 8.1 (11– 16.5 × 7.5–9) μm, with a L:W ratio of 1.7 (1.3–...
Toward efficient morphological shape representation

A shape representation scheme that is typically more computationally efficient than the morphological skeleton and MSD (morphological shape decomposition) is proposed. This method greatly augments the MSD. The authors introduce new constituent component types and incorporate a cost-based search strategy for finding an efficient representation. If representation error is permissible, even more efficient representations are possible. However, search time is an issue for the method. >
Loop Current Eddy Paths in the Western Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The paths of anticyclonic Loop Current eddies in the western Gulf of Mexico have been investigated using ARGOS-tracked drifters accompanied by hydrographic surveys. The analysis used orbit parameters derived from a least square fit of a translating ellipse kinematic model and showed that paths from four quite different eddies had a number of similar features. They are a general increase in rotational period over time, clockwise rotation of ellipse axes that slows with time and often becomes stationary in the far western Gulf, swirl velocities that decay quite slowly, and a tendency of the eddies to have low divergence. In three cases, 20- to 30-day oscillations of the orbit parameters were observed. Translation velocities of the orbits showed the characteristic stalls and sprints that have been previously observed. In two cases, stalls and deviations from solid body rotation could be attributed to the presence of vigorous lower continental slope cyclones situated to the northwest of the eddies in...
Atrioventricular node reentry that utilizes triple nodal pathways.

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To undeaf their ears: the spoken word in a multimedia world

The ability to store and retrieve sound marked a milestone for civilization. To be sure, texts and scores are storage devices, but they provide only the bare elements of the sounds we hear. Audio recordings (wax cylinders, reel to reel, cassettes, minidiscs, CDs) preserve our cultural heritage in the form it was created the sounds themselves—whether the source is voice, instrument, or ambient sound. It's hardly worth observing that ready access to recordings has transformed the musical experience as well as the musical tradition. As the medium by which we capture sound evolves, so have the methods of distribution. It's difficult to adequately capture in a metaphor the effects of music file sharing over peer-to-peer networks. Yet for all the power contained in the listening experience and shared by tens of millions of music lovers, we haven't yet made full use of spoken word resources nor shared them widely. What we are missing is a culture that recognizes the superiority of the spoken word in contrast to its next of kin: the transcript.
Approaches to the Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Magnetic Alloy Nanomaterials

The sections in this article are Introduction Magnetic Noble Metal Alloy Nanoparticles Magnetic Early Transition Metal Alloy Nanoparticles Summary and Future Perspectives Keywords: metal alloy; metal nanoparticles; magnetic metal nanoparticles; anisotropic metal nanoparticles
Supersymmetry and the positron excess in cosmic rays

Recently the HEAT balloon experiment has confirmed an excess of high-energy positrons in cosmic rays. They could come from annihilation of dark matter in the galactic halo. We discuss expectations for the positron signal in cosmic rays from the lightest superpartner (LSP). The simplest interpretations are incompatible with the size and shape of the excess if the relic LSPs evolved from thermal equilibrium. Nonthermal histories can describe a sufficient positron rate. Reproducing the energy spectrum is more challenging, but perhaps possible. The resulting light superpartner spectrum is compatible with collider physics, the muon anomalous magnetic moment, Z-pole electroweak data, and other dark matter searches.
Conditions That Diminish Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Activities Stimulate Cross-Protective Immunity

Immunity conferred by conventional vaccines is restricted to a narrow range of closely related strains, highlighting the unmet medical need for the development of vaccines that elicit protection against multiple pathogenic serotypes. Here we show that a Salmonella bivalent vaccine comprised of strains that lack and overproduce DNA adenine methylase (Dam) conferred cross-protective immunity to salmonella clinical isolates of human and animal origin. Protective immunity directly correlated with increased levels of cross-reactive opsonizing antibodies and memory T cells and a diminished expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that are responsible for the immune suppression linked to several conditions of host stress, including chronic microbial infections, traumatic insults, and many forms of cancer. Further, aged mice contained increased numbers of MDSCs and were more susceptible to Salmonella infection than young mice, suggesting a role for these cells in the immune declines associated with the natural aging process. These data suggest that interventions capable of reducing MDSC presence and activities may allow corresponding increases in B- and T-cell stimulation and benefit the ability of immunologically diverse populations to be effectively vaccinated as well as reducing the risk of susceptible individuals to infectious disease.
Glenoid revision is best treated with glenoid implants: Opposes

Abstract Glenoid component loosening is a common cause of failure for anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. Revision options include reimplantation of an anatomic total shoulder, conversion to a reverse shoulder arthroplasty, or bone graft of the glenoid defect alone. In the presence of an intact rotator cuff with significant glenoid bone loss, the most predictable revision option is bone graft of the glenoid defect alone. Recent studies have demonstrated good clinical outcomes and a lower complication and re-revision rate with bone graft alone compared to attempted glenoid component reimplantation.
The COLA Anomaly Coupled Model: Ensemble ENSO Prediction

Abstract Results are described from a large sample of coupled ocean–atmosphere retrospective forecasts during 1980–99. The prediction system includes a global anomaly coupled general circulation model and a state-of-the-art ocean data assimilation system. The retrospective forecasts are initialized each January, April, July, and October of each year, and ensembles of six forecasts are run for each initial month, yielding a total of 480 1-yr predictions. In generating the ensemble members, perturbations are added to the atmospheric initial state only. The skill of the prediction system is analyzed from both a deterministic and a probabilistic perspective. The probabilistic approach is used to quantify the uncertainty in any given forecast. The deterministic measures of skill for eastern tropical Pacific SST anomalies (SSTAs) suggest that the ensemble mean forecasts are useful up to lead times of 7–9 months. At somewhat shorter leads, the forecasts capture some aspects of the variability in the tropical Ind...