cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Wave Measurements from Subsurface Floats

AbstractPressure gradient measurements on a subsurface Lagrangian float are used to measure the spectrum of surface waves for 100 days of measurements at Ocean Weather Station Papa. Along Lagrangian trajectories of surface waves, the pressure is constant and the vertical pressure gradient fluctuations equal the Eulerian fluctuations at the mean float depth to second order in wave height. Measurement of the pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the float can thus be used to measure the waves. Corrections for the wave decay with depth, for the vertical motion of the float, for the finite sampling interval, and for the sampling noise (among others) are necessary to obtain accurate results. With these corrections, scalar spectra accurately match those from a nearby Waverider buoy for significant wave heights greater than about 3 m. For smaller wave heights, noise in the pressure measurements biases the float spectral measurements. Significant wave height is measured with an rms error of 0.37 m...
Insulin signaling meets mitochondria in metabolism

Insulin controls nutrient and metabolic homeostasis via the IRS–PI3K–AKT signaling cascade that targets FOXO1 and mTOR. Mitochondria, as the prime metabolic platform, malfunction during insulin resistance in metabolic diseases. However, the molecular link between insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction remains undefined. Here we review recent studies on insulin action and the mechanistic association with mitochondrial metabolism. These studies suggest that insulin signaling underpins mitochondrial electron transport chain integrity and activity by suppressing FOXO1/HMOX1 and maintaining the NAD+/NADH ratio, the mediator of the SIRT1/PGC1α pathway for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Mitochondria generate moderately reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhance insulin sensitivity upon redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase and insulin receptor. However, chronic exposure to high ROS levels could alter mitochondrial function and thereby cause insulin resistance.
Suicide and potential occupational exposure to pesticides, Colorado 1990-1999.

A number of occupational studies have reported high rates of suicide among selected occupations, including farmers. Limited work has focused on occupational exposures that may increase the risk of suicide. The purpose of this study is to describe suicide among individuals potentially exposed to pesticides through their occupation. Data from Colorado death certificate files for the period 1990-1999 were obtained. Eligible records were those individuals who were Colorado residents at the time of death who had an occupation listed on their death certificates. Cases had suicide listed as the primary cause of death on the death certificates. The comparison group included Colorado residents who died from any cause during the same period other than cancer, mental disorders and injuries. A total of 4,991 suicide deaths were included and a total of 107,692 other deaths served as the comparison group. Occupations considered pesticide exposed included: veterinarians; pest control occupations; farmers and farm workers; farm managers and supervisors; marine life cultivators; nursery workers; groundskeepers and gardeners; animal caretakers; graders, sorters and inspectors of agricultural products; and forestry workers, supervisors and loggers. All other occupational categories were coded as unexposed. Logistic regression was used to compare the groups, separately for males and females. After controlling for age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, years of education, and marital status, males who were in pesticide exposed occupations had higher odds of suicide (odds ratio 1.14; 95% confidence interval 0.97, 1.34) and females in pesticide exposed occupations also had higher odds of suicide (odds ratio 1.98; 95% confidence interval 1.01, 3.88). Language: en
Growth, survival, and tag retention of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its application to survival estimates

Steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, are known to expel acoustic tags which can negatively bias population survival estimates. Tag burden may also affect the development and behavior of smolts, thereby impacting the results of population and behavioral studies. We monitored the growth, condition, and tag expulsion rate of steelhead trout in similar-sized individuals and used these data to adjust survival rates from an acoustic telemetry study conducted in the Sacramento River. Eighty fish were surgically implanted with tags—40 with cylindrical tags of 9 mm diameter and 21 or 24 mm length (V9, Vemco Ltd) and 40 with a 7 mm diameter and 20 mm length tag (V7, Vemco Ltd)—to examine the impact of tag size on peritoneal retention and survival rate of juvenile steelhead trout. A total of 20 % (16/80) of all tags were expelled by smolts during the 143-day study. Ten V9 tags were expelled between day 18 and day 66. Six V7 tags were expelled between day 21 and day 143. A statistical difference was found for retention rate by surgeon even though the surgeons were of equal experience and received the same training. There were no significant differences in the tag retention rate in relation to the tag/body weight ratio, or in growth (weight or fork length) among the control, V7 or V9 treatment groups over the duration of the study. All individuals survived throughout the experiment. Two methods were used to adjust the survival estimates of an acoustic telemetry data set from the Sacramento River based on the tag retention study. First, a simple individual censorship approach in Program MARK was utilized and next ATLAS, a software program designed to compensate for bias in survival estimates caused by tag failures was used. The results of the adjusted survival estimates were not significantly different from the unadjusted rates suggesting that it may be more important to focus on improving surgical techniques to reduce tag expulsion rather than adjusting survival estimates dependent on the study. The surgical techniques utilized in this study did not have significant impacts on the growth rates of either of the tag treatment groups compared to the control. However, tag retention was an issue regardless of the size and weight of the implanted tag and the size of the steelhead.
Effect of Time‐on‐Feed on the Palatability of Rib Steaks from Steers and Heifers

Rib steaks from steers (n=326) and heifers (n=68) that were either grass-fed or fed high-concentrate diets for 30–230 days were used in palatability studies. Extending time-on-feed beyond 100 days (steers) or 90 days (heifers) provided little additional palatability assurance. Within time-on-feed strata from 100 through 230 days, few differences in palatability were found between rib steaks from carcasses of different USDA quality grades. The minimum marbling requirement for the U.S. Choice grade could be lowered with no appreciable loss in palatability if the stipulation was made that cattle had been fed a high-concentrate diet for at least 90 days.
Matrix and Bioabsorbable Polymeric Coils Accelerate Healing of Intracranial Aneurysms Long-Term Experimental Study

Background and Purpose— Acceleration of intra-aneurysmal clot organization and fibrosis may be a solution to preventing aneurysm recanalization after endovascular treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term efficacy and long-term safety of the new Matrix coil system. Methods— Matrix coils consist of thin platinum coils covered with a bioabsorbable, polymeric material (polyglycolic acid/lactide). Fifty-two experimental aneurysms were created in 26 swine. All of the aneurysms were tightly packed with Matrix or Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC). Comparative angiographic and histopathologic data were analyzed at 2 weeks (n=14), 3 months (n=6), and 6 months (n=6) after embolization. Results— Three aneurysms treated with GDC ruptured despite tight packing. No recanalization or rupturing was observed in the aneurysms embolized with Matrix coils. At 14 days after embolization, the aneurysms treated with Matrix coils exhibited a more extensive area of organized thrombus when compared with th...
Product Contagion: Changing Consumer Evaluations Through Physical Contact with "Disgusting" Products

Abstract This research demonstrates the strong influence of disgust in a consumer context. Specifically, it shows how consumer evaluations may change in response to physical contact with products that elicit only moderate levels of disgust. Using evidence from six studies, the authors develop a theory of product contagion, in which disgusting products are believed to transfer offensive properties through physical contact to other products they touch, thus influencing evaluations.
Paleoseismicity of the North American-Caribbean plate boundary (Septentrional fault), Dominican Republic

The Septentrional fault zone, the major North American-Caribbean plate-boundary fault in Hispaniola, is a likely source of large earthquakes in the Dominican Republic. An excavation into a Holocene alluvial fan deposited across the fault in the central Cibao Valley, Dominican Republic, provides evidence that it has been at least 430 yr and probably more than 730 yr since the last ground-rupturing earthquake along this segment of the fault. On the basis of these data and published estimates of the plate-tectonic slip rate, we propose that the Septentrional fault is a source of high seismic potential in the densely populated and rapidly developing Cibao Valley in the northern Dominican Republic.
Designing an online dissertation research community of practice

This design case describes phase one (pilot phase) of an intervention strategy aimed to support students in a limited–residency doctoral program. Specifically, this case documents the process and decisions that were made along the way to design an online research community of practice (CoP) for students who have completed coursework and are working on their dissertations in the field of instructional design and technology. The case includes the designers’ guiding framework, a detailed description of the case including the site, participant and platform selection, and the preliminary state of the design. To date, a design team is in place, a guiding framework for the design of the CoP is established, a needs analysis has been conducted, the participants have been identified, the CoP strategy has been defined, the site has launched, and students are just now beginning to become a part of this online community. It will take time to cultivate the community and determine whether the design is effective in achieving the community’s goals. Data collection and documentation of design decisions continue as the design and development of the online CoP emerges.
The ovarian cystic fluid with special reference to its effect upon the reactions of the genital tract.

Recent studies1 on the morphology of the ovarian cysts tend to prove that their structures are, as a rule, not of a follicular origin, but result in most cases from the overgrowth of the embryological remains of the Wolffian duct system, part of which persists in a rudimentary form within the ovaries of mammals.Viewed from this standpoint, ovarian cysts should not be considered solely as pathological structures. There is a normal element in their existence, the study of which might be of some interest both morphologically and physiologically.Considerable work has been done on the morphology of the cystic structures but knowledge of the chemical nature and the physiological properties of the fluid contained within the cysts is very fragmentary.With a hope that such a study might contribute something to a better understanding of the ovarian functions as a whole, we have undertaken an investigation of this problem, the first report of which is given in this preliminary note.We have studied crude and barkefel...
User Mode and System Calls

Chapter 5 covers user mode processes and system calls. It explains the process images in user and kernel modes, the mechanism of transition between user and kernel modes and how to implement the transition. Then it shows how to create processes with user mode images and let the processes return to execute their images in user mode. Based on these, it shows how to implements simple system calls, which allow user mode processes to enter kernel, execute kernel functions and return to user mode. Then it implements other system calls for process management. These include fork, exec and the advanced technique of vfork. With fork-exec, it shows how to start up MTX with an INIT process, which forks a rudimentary sh process to run user commands. Then it explains the concepts and advantages of threads and extends the process model to implement threads support in the MTX kernel. In addition, it demonstrates threads applications by concurrent programs and shows how to synchronize threads executions to prevent race conditions.
Actomyosin Cortical Mechanical Properties in Nonadherent Cells Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy

The organization of filamentous actin and myosin II molecular motor contractility is known to modify the mechanical properties of the cell cortical actomyosin cytoskeleton. Here we describe a novel method, to our knowledge, for using force spectroscopy approach curves with tipless cantilevers to determine the actomyosin cortical tension, elastic modulus, and intracellular pressure of nonadherent cells. We validated the method by measuring the surface tension of water in oil microdrops deposited on a glass surface. We extracted an average tension of T ∼ 20.25 nN/μm, which agrees with macroscopic experimental methods. We then measured cortical mechanical properties in nonadherent human foreskin fibroblasts and THP-1 human monocytes before and after pharmacological perturbations of actomyosin activity. Our results show that myosin II activity and actin polymerization increase cortex tension and intracellular pressure, whereas branched actin networks decreased them. Interestingly, myosin II activity stiffens the cortex and branched actin networks soften it, but actin polymerization has no effect on cortex stiffness. Our method is capable of detecting changes in cell mechanical properties in response to perturbations of the cytoskeleton, allowing characterization with physically relevant parameters. Altogether, this simple method should be of broad application for deciphering the molecular regulation of cell cortical mechanical properties.
Numerical description of a pressure-swirl nozzle spray

Abstract Pressure-swirl nozzles are widely used in both industrial and experimental processes. However, the spray flow fields are difficult to predict due to the complexities of the dense break-up region. Herein, an inflow boundary condition approach is employed whereby droplets are computationally injected at 9 mm downstream of the orifice based on experimentally derived descriptions of the mean droplet and gas velocities, combined with empirical relations for turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation. The gas flow is then predicted with a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solution while the particle trajectories are computed with a discrete random walk model. This approach was found to reasonably describe downstream spatial distribution of gas and droplet velocity, with moderate mesh resolution and CPU time. In addition, the evolution of the droplet velocity fluctuations was found to be consistent with turbulent diffusion theory based on the local Stokes numbers and turbulent kinetic energy.
Seasonal and sex differences in energy reserves of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus on natural and artificial reefs in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

To evaluate the energetic condition of red snapper inhabiting natural and artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico, the liver-somatic index (LSI) and muscle tissue caloric density (CD) were measured for fish collected between September 2011 and October 2013. Liver energy reserves were highest in spring and decreased during summer, with greater LSI values at natural reefs in spring. While female red snapper LSI was greater than males at the natural reefs, indicating a larger energetic investment for spawning, it did not differ between males and females at the artificial reefs. Females at natural reefs have the ability to invest more energy in reproduction than females at artificial reefs, which is reflected in larger female LSI values at the natural reefs. Caloric density was highest in winter and decreased through fall at the natural reefs, with the opposite trend observed at artificial reefs. Muscle energy reserves are likely utilized for gonad development, while stored liver energy is utilized during and after spawning. Female red snapper at natural reefs can exhibit greater energy reserves, and thus a higher energetic condition than females at artificial reefs. Recognizing that energetic condition differs between habitats could enhance future red snapper stock assessments.
Accelerated Evaluation of Automated Vehicles Using Piecewise Mixture Models

The process to certify highly automated vehicles has not yet been defined by any country in the world. Currently, companies test automated vehicles on public roads, which is time-consuming and inefficient. We proposed the accelerated evaluation concept, which uses a modified statistics of the surrounding vehicles and the importance sampling theory to reduce the evaluation time by several orders of magnitude, while ensuring the evaluation results are statistically accurate. In this paper, we further improve the accelerated evaluation concept by using piecewise mixture distribution models, instead of single parametric distribution models. We developed and applied this idea to forward collision control system reacting to vehicles making cutin lane changes. The behavior of the cutin vehicles was modeled based on more than 403,581 lane changes collected by the University of Michigan Safety Pilot Model Deployment Program. Simulation results confirm that the accuracy and efficiency of the piecewise mixture distribution method outperformed single parametric distribution methods in accuracy and efficiency, and accelerated the evaluation process by almost four orders of magnitude.
Mogroside IIIE, a Novel Anti-Fibrotic Compound, Reduces Pulmonary Fibrosis through Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathways

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrotic lung disease, and eventually most patients develop respiratory failure with a median survival rate of 2 to 3 years after diagnosis due to the lack of clinically effective therapies. Mogroside IIIE (MGIIIE), a cucurbitane-type compound, was isolated from Siraitia grosvenorii MGIIIE has shown the strongest inhibition of nitric oxide release, a crucial inflammatory factor, from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells compared with other mogrosides. In the pulmonary fibrosis mouse model induced by bleomycin, MGIIIE treatment attenuated pulmonary fibrosis, indicated as a reduction in myeloperoxidase activity, collagen deposition, and pathologic score. MGIIIE also significantly suppressed expression of several important fibrotic markers, e.g., α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signal, and metalloproteinases-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Furthermore, MGIIIE blocked tansdifferentiation of lung resident fibroblasts into myofibroblast-like cells induced by TGF-β or LPS and subsequently inhibited collagen production in lung fibroblasts. These data indicate that MGIIIE is a potent inhibitor for pulmonary fibrosis. In vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies have shown that MGIIIE significantly decreased expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its downstream signals of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), an inflammatory signal essential for extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in pulmonary fibroblasts. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MGIIIE significantly prevents pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting pulmonary inflammation and ECM deposition through regulating TLR4/MyD88-MAPK signaling. Our study suggests that MGIIIE may have therapeutic potential for treating pulmonary fibrosis in clinical settings.
Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment: A reverse translational approach

Incentive salience, negative emotionality, and executive function are functional domains that are etiologic in the initiation and progression of addictive disorders, having been implicated in humans with addictive disorders and in animal models of addictions. Measures of these three neuroscience-based functional domains can capture much of the effects of inheritance and early exposures that lead to trait vulnerability shared across different addictive disorders. For specific addictive disorders, these measures can be supplemented by agent specific measures such as those that access pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic variation attributable to agent-specific gatekeeper molecules including receptors and drug-metabolizing enzymes. Herein, we focus on the translation and reverse translation of knowledge derived from animal models of addiction to the human condition via measures of neurobiological processes that are orthologous in animals and humans, and that are shared in addictions to different agents. Based on preclinical data and human studies, measures of these domains in a general framework of an Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA) can transform the assessment and nosology of addictive disorders, and can be informative for staging disease progression. We consider next steps and challenges for implementation of ANA in clinical care and research. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
Anarchy, Philanthropy, and the Provision of Public Goods in a Free Society

The provision of public goods is often used to justify the state. Since many highly-valued goods such as education, national defense, roads, etc., possess some public characteristics (i.e. non-rivalry and non-excludability), standard theory predicts such goods will be underprovided by private markets. The state is typically seen as the remedy to this problem. In contrast to this typical view, this paper analyzes the private provision of public and quasi-public goods in a free society. In particular, we examine philanthropy as an avenue through which such goods are already produced and may be provided in a society without a central government. We use Buchanan’s (1965) theory of clubs and Leeson’s (2011) discussion of clubs and “constitutional effectiveness” as a springboard to analyze how philanthropic giving and the provision of goods with public qualities under anarchy might work.
The U.S. Information Bulletin and Mixed Signals in the Democracy Lessons for Postwar Germany

Abstract In post-World War II Germany, the U.S. occupation government's Information Bulletin magazine reflected a fundamental tension between teaching the value of a free, open press and the press as a means to rally support against opposing forces. This paper examines content of the Information Bulletin from 1945, 1947 and 1950, tracing a shift over the course of this period. At the outset, the magazine reflected an emphasis on teaching the ideals of press freedom and acceptance of diverse points of view. By 1950, the tenor of the articles had shifted to a marked anti-Soviet tone, and the magazine questioned the legitimacy of communist publications in West Germany. This tension between liberal ideals of free expression and the protection of strategic interests finds parallels today in situations such as the U.S. presence in Iraq. This research also raises questions about Americans' acceptance of oppositional views and more broadly of different understandings of the mission of journalism.
Experimental Study on Activated Tungsten Inert Gas Welding- A Review paper

Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) is welding process which is used in those applications requiring a high degree of quality and accuracy. However, this welding process has disadvantage of less productivity. To overcome this disadvantage Activated Tungsten Inert Gas Welding is found. Experiments were performed on 304L stainless steel plates using A-TIG welding process. TIG welding fixture was designed and developed for getting fixed arc length and different welding speed. Different kinds of fluxes, TiO2, SiO2, CaO, MnO2 and Al2O3 were used to investigate the effect of A-TIG welding process on weld geometric characteristic and distortion of weldments. A-TIG welding was carried out with different process parameters are used like welding current (60-140 A), speed (100-150 mm/min), arc gap (2 mm), gas flow rate (10 L/min), tip angle (75 degree), electro diameter (4 mm). Inverted Optical microscope with image analyzer was used to capture microstructure of weldment. A-TIG welding process parameters optimization was performed by multiobjective optimization technique named as Gray Principal Component Analysis (G-PCA). The optimum process parameters were found to be 140 A current, 100 mm/min speed and mixture of SiO2 and TiO2 flux.
Assortative mating and couple similarity: Patterns, mechanisms, and consequences

Assortative mating refers to the tendency of two partners' characteristics to be matched in a systematic manner, usually in the form of similarity. Mating with a similar partner has profound implications at the species, societal, and individual levels. This article provides a comprehensive review of research on couple similarity since 1980s. The review begins with the general patterns and trends observed in couple similarity on a range of domains including demographic variables, physical/physiological characteristics, abilities, mental well-being, habitual behaviors, attitudes, values, and personality. Next the bulk of the review focuses on analyses of 4 mechanisms leading to similarity: initial active choice, mating market operation, social homogamy, and convergence. Specific future research avenues are outlined to improve understanding of these mechanisms. Finally, the review discusses genetic, social, and psychological consequences of couple similarity.
Homo-endotaxial one-dimensional Si nanostructures

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures are highly sought after, both for their novel electronic properties as well as for their improved functionality. However, due to their nanoscale dimensions, these properties are significantly affected by the environment in which they are embedded. In this paper, we report on the creation of 1D homo-endotaxial Si nanostructures, i.e. 1D Si nanostructures with a lattice structure that is uniquely different from the Si diamond lattice in which they are embedded. We use scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, density functional theory, and conductive atomic force microscopy to elucidate their formation and properties. Depending on kinetic constraints during growth, they can be prepared as endotaxial 1D Si nanostructures completely embedded in crystalline Si, or underneath a stripe of amorphous Si containing a large concentration of Bi atoms. These homo-endotaxial 1D Si nanostructures have the potential to be useful components in nanoelectronic devices based on the technologically mature Si platform.
Using Landscape Analysis to Test Hypotheses about Drivers of Tick Abundance and Infection Prevalence with Borrelia burgdorferi

Patterns of vector-borne disease risk are changing globally in space and time and elevated disease risk of vector-borne infection can be driven by anthropogenic modification of the environment. Incidence of Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, has risen in a number of locations in North America and this increase may be driven by spatially or numerically expanding populations of the primary tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. We used a model selection approach to identify habitat fragmentation and land-use/land cover variables to test the hypothesis that the amount and configuration of forest cover at spatial scales relevant to deer, the primary hosts of adult ticks, would be the predominant determinants of tick abundance. We expected that land cover heterogeneity and amount of forest edge, a habitat thought to facilitate deer foraging and survival, would be the strongest driver of tick density and that larger spatial scales (5–10 km) would be more important than smaller scales (1 km). We generated metrics of deciduous and mixed forest fragmentation using Fragstats 4.4 implemented in ArcMap 10.3 and found, after adjusting for multicollinearity, that total forest edge within a 5 km buffer had a significant negative effect on tick density and that the proportion of forested land cover within a 10 km buffer was positively associated with density of I. scapularis nymphs. None of the 1 km fragmentation metrics were found to significantly improve the fit of the model. Elevation, previously associated with increased density of I. scapularis nymphs in Virginia, while significantly predictive in univariate analysis, was not an important driver of nymph density relative to fragmentation metrics. Our results suggest that amount of forest cover (i.e., lack of fragmentation) is the most important driver of I. scapularis density in our study system.
Control of a 3D Quadruped Trot

Legged vehicles offer several advantages over wheeled vehicles, particularly over broken terrain, but are presently too slow to be advantageous for many tasks. Trotting, the precursor to galloping for many quadrupeds, employs high-speed actuation to coordinate the intermittent ground contacts for each leg. Compliant elements and high-power actuators combine to perform a complex interchange of potential and kinetic energy during these short thrust intervals. These complexities, the frictional and contact losses that occur during normal running, plus the high number of degrees of freedom make three-dimensional (3D) dynamic quadruped motion very difficult to model accurately for control. For this reason, most of the research effort has been focused on simplified planar systems, only allowing motion in the sagittal plane. Many of these controllers only perform well around a fixed operating point and cannot regulate heading for desired changes in running direction. A 3D trotting controller which overcomes the above problems is presented here. Simulation results show the system responding appropriately to changes in the desired speed up to 3 m/s and heading up to 20 deg/s.
Search, Bargaining, and the Business Cycle

In this paper we construct a model where workers engaging in repeated nonsequential search auction their labor services to the highest bidder. The auction mechanism results in a nondegenerate equilibrium wage distribution. Under the assumption that the cumulative distribution function of match specific productivity is log concave, workers search more than the socially efficient number of firms. 1f workers can repeatedly engage in nonsequential search, the workers’ reservation wage is too low for the efficient matching of workers and employers when firms make take-it-or-leave-it employment offers. When workers make take-it-or-leave-it employment offers, however, the workers’ reservation wage is set too high for the efficient matching of workers and employers. Finally, we allow for business cycle effects by assuming that only a portion of firms are hiring at any given time. Contrary to the standard sequential search model, we show that the marginal gains to additional search may increase as the portion of firms hiring declines.
Restoring guardianship of the genome: Anticancer drug strategies to reverse oncogenic mutant p53 misfolding.

Abstract p53 is a transcription factor that activates numerous genes involved in essential maintenance of genetic stability. P53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. One third of these mutations are structural, resulting in mutant p53 with a disrupted protein conformation. Here we review current progress in a relatively underexplored aspect of p53-targeted drug development, that is, strategies to reactivate wild-type function of misfolded mutant p53. Unfortunately, most p53-targeted drugs are still at early stages of development and many of them are progressing slowly toward clinical implementation. Significant challenges need to be addressed before clinical translation of new anti-misfolding p53-targeted drugs.
Membrane Androgen Receptors Unrelated to Nuclear Steroid Receptors

Rapid (nongenomic) membrane-initiated androgen actions have been described in nuclear androgen receptor-null cells. Four distinct proteins have been proposed as membrane androgen receptors (mARs) or sensors. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a calcium channel that acts as a pain receptor and mediates androgen- and menthol-induced increases in calcium levels and survival of prostate cancer cells. Testosterone (T) directly interacts with TRPM8, but extensive androgen receptor binding studies to confirm its role as an mAR are lacking. Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) is highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues, and its major ligand, 5-oxoeicosatretraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), is a potent inducer of prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. T competes for 5-oxo-ETE binding to OXER1 and antagonizes 5-oxo-ETE-mediated inhibition of cAMP production. However, OXER1 does not meet a traditional criterion for its designation as an mAR because T treatment alone does not alter cAMP signaling. GPRC6A is a class C G protein-coupled receptor activated by l-α-amino acids and is modulated by calcium. Although there has been controversy over the proposed role of T as a GPRC6A ligand, androgen induction of GPRC6A signaling has recently been confirmed by several researchers. ZIP9 belongs to the zinc transporter ZIP (SLC39A) family and displays specific T binding characteristic of an mAR. ZIP9 mediates androgen-dependent intracellular signaling and apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cells through activation of G proteins. Androgen-signaling functions of ZIP9 have been confirmed in other cells, but the overall importance of ZIP9 in androgen physiology remains unclear. Here, the current status of these four proteins as mARs or sensors is critically reviewed.
Laser-Based Detection Methods for Explosives

Publisher Summary Lasers offer multiple approaches for explosive detection that are not possible with other techniques. In general, these can be separated into two types: those based on the unique properties of lasers for long-distance propagation of intense energy and those that are based on the actual molecular and atomic spectroscopy, and as such utilize the high wavelength specificity that most lasers offer. Of course, the field of laser explosive detection is somewhat new, given the fact that lasers were invented fairly recently in 1958. As such, it is fair to say that laser explosive detection is still a work in progress, with much having been discovered in recent years and still more to be discovered in the near future, particularly as more exotic laser sources, for example, fem to second lasers, become more common, less expensive, more rugged, and generally more readily available. The expected dramatic improvements in probability of detection and reduction of false alarm rates suggest that laser-based explosive detection methods may evolve into a major new technology area in the next 1–3 years.
American Individualism: How a New Generation of Conservatives Can Save the Republican Party

Review of: "American Individualism: How a New Generation of Conservatives Can Save the Republican Party," by Margaret Hoover.
All-ceramic Computer-aided Design and Computer-aided Manufacturing Restorations: Evolution of Structures and Criteria for Clinical Application.

Background At a time when esthetics is becoming increasingly important in society, the metal-ceramic system, although clinically reliable in the long term, no longer grants satisfaction in terms of mimicry and biocompatibility. Over the last two decades, the growth of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems has promoted the development of new all-ceramic materials. However, the abundance and diversity of the suggested materials involved in fixed prosthetic rehabilitation place the practitioner in a situation of conflict regarding the choice of selecting the type of restoration appropriate to the clinical situation presented to him/her. Aim The aim of this article is to classify the different types of milled ceramics according to their microstructure, to review the clinical indications of each, and to indicate whether they should be cemented or bonded. Results The diverse sorts of milled ceramics using the CAD/CAM procedures are classified into four categories according to their chemical nature. Therefore, the large constitutional and structural variety of the all-ceramic materials will define the esthetic and mechanical properties of each group. Conclusion The all-ceramic CAD/CAM restorations are witnessing a well-deserved rise, knowing that none of those milled ceramics has a universal clinical application. Clinical significance Given the abundance and diversity of the new machined ceramics materials, it is necessary to familiarize with their properties as well as with their mode of assembling to the dental structures to ensure the success and durability of the restoration.
Message from the Editor-in-Chief and from the Associate Editor-in-Chief

Welcome to the December 2020 issue of the IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG) . This issue contains selected papers accepted at the IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). The conference was scheduled to take place in Recife, Porto de Galinhas (Brazil) but was moved to a virtual event due to the global coronavirus pandemic. This virtual conference took place from November 9-13, 2020.
A 3-dimensional microfluidic platform for modeling human extravillous trophoblast invasion and toxicological screening

Placental trophoblast cells invasion into the maternal uterus is an essential and complex event in the formation of the maternal-fetal interface. Commonly used two-dimensional (2D) cell invasion tools do not accurately represent the in vivo cell invasion microenvironment. Three-dimensional (3D) silicone polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic platforms are an emerging technology in developing organ-on-a-chip models. Here, we present a placenta-on-a-chip platform that enables the evaluation of trophoblast invasion with intraluminal flow within an engineered PDMS 3D microfluidic chip. This platform reproduces key elements of the placental microenvironment, including endothelial and trophoblast cells, layered with an extracellular matrix, and incorporates dynamic medium flow while allowing for real-time monitoring, imaging, evaluation of trophoblast cell invasion, and heterocellular cell-to-cell interactions. Coupled with fluorescent cell tagging and flow cytometry, this platform also allows collection of the invasive cells. This will help our understanding of pathways that regulate trophoblast cell invasion and may prove important for toxicological screening of exposures that interfere with invasiveness in a complex organ such as the placenta.
Human Resource Selection Experiential Learning Course-Long Activity

Providing experiential learning opportunities for students can greatly increase their learning. The purpose of this paper is to outline a course-long project, including multiple assignments for use in learning how to, strategically, select candidates for a job. The project requires students to work with an organization to determine their needs and provide real-world solutions for increasing the effectiveness of their employee selection program. The target audience includes undergraduate and graduate students in human resource management courses, particularly, a staffing course. Detailed notes and instructions as well as data on student success is included.
A confirmatory factor analysis of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale among OEF/OIF veterans.

INTRODUCTION: Military veterans of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (OEF/OIF/OND) are at-risk for increased alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. The Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS) has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of assessing strategies to facilitate more responsible drinking and to reduce alcohol-related harm among college student populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the PBSS among the OEF/OIF veteran population. METHOD: Participants were 251 veterans (94% male; 83% White; M age=31.77years) who were participating in a larger alcohol intervention trial and reported consuming alcohol within the past 30days. RESULTS: Confirmatory Factor Analyses indicated the model fit of the PBSS was similar to college student samples. Although a confirmatory three-factor model best fits the data, model fit indices were slightly below commonly accepted guidelines. All PBSS subscales were negatively correlated with alcohol outcomes. Greater use of Manner of Drinking (MOD) and Stopping/Limiting Drinking (SLD) strategies were associated with less alcohol consumption and lower peak BAC. Greater use of MOD strategies was associated with less alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide initial support for use of the PBSS among OEF/OIF veterans. Strategies aimed at Stopping/Limiting Drinking and the Manner of Drinking may be more effective with a veteran sample. Additional studies examining the external validity of this measure are encouraged. Language: en
A chlorine-36 study of regional groundwater flow and vertical transport in southern Nevada

Chlorine-36 data for groundwater from the Death Valley regional flow system is interpreted in the context of existing conceptual models for regional groundwater flow in southern Nevada. Chlorine-36 end member compositions are defined for both recharge and chemically evolved groundwater components. The geochemical evolution of 36Cl is strongly controlled by water–rock interaction with Paleozoic carbonate rocks that comprise the regional aquifer system, resulting in chemically evolved groundwater that is characteristically low in 36Cl/Cl and high in Cl. Groundwater from alluvial and volcanic aquifers that overlie the regional carbonate aquifer are generally characterized by high 36Cl/Cl and low Cl signatures, and are chemically distinct from water in the regional carbonate aquifer. This difference provides a means of examining vertical transport and groundwater mixing processes. In combination with other geochemical and hydrogeologic data, the end members defined here provide constraints on aquifer residence times and mixing ratios.
Interactive analysis of attack graphs using relational queries

Attack graph is important in defending against well-orchestrated network intrusions. However, the current analysis of attack graphs requires an algorithm to be developed and implemented, causing a delay in the availability of analysis. Such a delay is usually unacceptable because the needs for analyzing attack graphs may change rapidly in defending against network intrusions. An administrator may want to revise an analysis upon observing its outcome. Such an interactive analysis, similar to that in decision support systems, is difficult if at all possible with current approaches based on proprietary algorithms. This paper removes the above limitation and enables interactive analysis of attack graphs. We devise a relational model for representing necessary inputs including network configuration and domain knowledge. We generate the attack graph from those inputs as relational views. We then show that typical analyses of the attack graph can be realized as relational queries against the views. Our approach eliminates the needs for developing a proprietary algorithm for each different analysis, because an analysis is now simply a relational query. The interactive analysis of attack graphs is now possible, because relational queries can be dynamically constructed and revised at run time. Moreover, the mature optimization techniques in relational databases can also improve the performance of the analysis.
State-Of-The-Art Combustion Modification NoX Control for Stationary Combustion Equipment

ABSTRACT Nitrogen oxides (NO X ), principally nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), are atmospheric pollutants having potential for adverse effects on human health and welfare. Fuel combustion contributes about 99 percent of technology-associated NO X emissions. Because of human activities in urban areas, NO X concentrations are frequently 10 to 100 times higher there than in nonurban areas. NO X enters into complex atmospheric photochemical reactions in the presence of hydrocarbons and results in the formation of undesirable secondary species. Also, recent studies indicate that NO X contributes to the formation of acid precipitation. The effects of NO 2 were among the factors leading to the passage in the United States of the Clean Air Act of 1970 and succeeding amendments which require the control of pollutant emissions to protect human health and welfare. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established regulatory standards for NO X , as well as for other pollutants, from a range of sources. These regulations nave prompted an extensive effort on the part of industry, equipment manufacturers, various research organizations, and governmental agencies to identify and evaluate the performance of effective controls for NO X emissions. This paper presents a brief discussion and summary of state-of-the-art combustion modification NO X control technology for boilers and industrial process combustion equipment. These combustion modification techniques, when properly applied, offer the potential for cost-effective NO X control for the major fossil-fuel-fired stationary combustion sources in the near term.