cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compatibility in Cognition and Decision

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the experimental study of decision making, which has developed in parallel with the field of cognitive psychology. The chapter emphasizes the role of human information processing in describing the ways in which people arrive at their decisions. Of particular interest are explanatory psychological principles that relate the characteristics of the tasks and stimuli under study to the ways in which people interpret and code the information and generate a response. Performance on complex manual tasks, for example, requires that the stimulus be efficiently coded and an appropriate action produced; successful communication requires that incoming information be appropriately interpreted and the response efficiently translated into an outgoing message; decision making requires that options be appropriately evaluated to lead to the formulation of a distinct choice. The chapter discusses the notion of stimulus-response compatibility, central to work in perception and motor performance. It reviews scale compatibility, particularly as it relates to persistent discrepancies between judgment and choice, known “preference reversal phenomena.” There is also a review of the semantic compatibility, which is seen to influence human performance in tasks ranging from choice and social judgment to visual estimation tasks and judgments of similarity. Some remarks about confirmation bias and a discussion regarding the normative and prescriptive implications of the aforementioned studies are also presented.
Is Winning Essential to the Success of Youth Sports Contests

(1978). Is Winning Essential to the Success of Youth Sports Contests? Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 42-43.
Attitude Dynamics Fundamentals

The rotational motion of a rigid body or system of rigid bodies is a fundamental field for the study of spacecraft pointing problems. This chapter presents the fundamental aspects of describing the orientation, angular momentum, energy and differential equations of motion of a rigid body. After discussing the rigid body kinematics, the inertia properties of a body about arbitrary reference points are developed. The angular momentum and energy of a rigid body are critical to discussing the equations of motion, as well as investigating the stability of torque-free spin solutions. Next, passive methods of attitude stabilization are discussed. Here the spacecraft angular momentum, or external torques such as the gravity gradient torque, are used to stabilize the orientation. These fundamental kinematics and kinetics properties form the foundation for follow-on chapters discussing more complex pointing scenarios including systems with multiple rigid bodies (reaction wheels, etc.), attitude estimation, as well active attitude pointing problems. Keywords: rigid body pointing; angular momentum; rotational equations of motion; dual-spin; spacecraft; gravity gradient torques
Professional paths over six decades researching and practicing play

Reflecting on more than a half century of research and clinical practice, we focus on one feature of the human condition, our ability to engage in mental imaginative representations. Our research deals with pretend play of children, and adult thought focusing on possible worlds, potential social interactions, stream of consciousness, and planful action sequences. We point to ways research on play, imagination, and self-systems, may be incorporated into clinical practice. Two cases representing how research affected treatment in a toilet phobic child, and treatment with an adult manifesting anxiety and depression are discussed. In both cases, we highlight how the use of imagination, in particular, affected the outcomes.
Do respiratory therapists receive training and education in smoking cessation? A national study of post-secondary training programs.

Abstract Objective To assess the tobacco-related education provided by post-secondary respiratory therapy training programs in the United States. Methods A cross-sectional research design was used to survey the entire population of program directors of post-secondary, respiratory therapy training programs in the United States. A valid and reliable questionnaire was developed and mailed using a 2-wave mailing technique (73% return rate). Internal reliability coefficients (Cronbach alpha) for the various components of the questionnaire ranged from 0.78 to 0.91. Results More than half of programs (56%) offered no teaching on the 5R's. Nearly half (47%) offered no teaching on the 5A's. Of the 13 tobacco-related topics listed in the basic science and clinical science sections of the questionnaire, only one topic (i.e., diseases linked to tobacco use) received 3 h or more of instruction by approximately a third of programs (35.8%). The majority of programs (>90%) spent no time teaching students about the socio-political aspects of tobacco use cessation. Moreover, 41% of programs did not formally evaluate students’ competence in providing smoking cessation counseling to patients. Conclusions Tobacco-related education is a very minor component of the education and training received by respiratory therapy students in the United States. Practice Implications Respiratory therapy training programs in the United States have great potential to strengthen the tobacco-related education that they provide to students. Practicing respiratory therapists would likely benefit from continuing medical education focused on how to use evidence-based smoking cessation counseling techniques with patients.
Tides and sea level in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat)

[1] In this paper, we discuss observations of tidal variations in currents and elevation taken in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat) over the fringing coral reef at Eilat, Israel. Both currents and elevations appear to be strongly affected by conditions in the main body of the Red Sea. Tidal currents, which vary considerably in strength throughout the year, appear to be associated with internal waves generated at the Strait of Tiran where density-driven exchanges between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea take place. Water level also has significant annual and interannual variations; as seen in other studies of the Red Sea, these appear to be associated with corresponding variations in winds acting on the entire Red Sea.
Bimodal Respiration in Aquatic and Terrestrial Apodan Amphibians

SYNOPSIS. New data on resting metabolism, aerobic capacity, respiratory morphology and bimodal breathing capacities offour caecilian species were combined with previously known data on caecilian and amphibian biology to discern differing or unifying themes of gas exchange within the Gymnophiona and among the Amphibia. Discoveries include 1) a uniform resting metabolism among caecilians that is distinctly lower than that of anurans and urodeles, 2) an aerobic capacity following activity that rivals or exceeds that of other amphibians, and 3) despite previous suggestions to the contrary, a substantial contribution of the skin to respiratory gas exchange, apparently sufficient to sustain the low resting metabolism. In contrast, pulmonary gas transport appears to dominate during metabolic recovery from exercise, which is comparatively fast. The contributing roles of the skin and lungs to this extreme scope of respiratory needs in caecilians are further discussed in light of the structural nature of and circulatory supply to each respiratory bed, and the respiratory properties of caecilian blood.
Viscoelastic Behavior of Hydrated Lime-Modified Asphalt Matrix and Hot-Mix Asphalt Under Moisture Damage Conditions

This paper characterizes the viscoelastic response of asphalt matrix (AM) and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures under dry and moisturedamaged conditions. The AM and HMA mixtures were made with two types of aggregates and one asphalt grade. The hydrated lime was used as a binder additive to reduce the moisture sensitivity of the mixtures. A dynamic shear rheometer was used to conduct frequency sweep and creep tests at various temperatures with AM specimens. The indirect tensile load test was conducted to characterize the creep response, tensile strength, elastic and plastic, and fatigue properties of the HMA mixtures. The results indicated that the generalized creep compliance mechanical model can effectively characterize the viscoelastic response of the AM and HMA mixtures under both wet and dry conditions. The AM testing demonstrated that the lime modification significantly improves the viscoelastic properties of the moisture-damaged AM. The fatigue life of the HMA mixtures improved because of the decrease ...
Dual olfactory representation in the rat thalamus: An anatomical and electrophysiological study

A combination of electrophysiological and anatomical techniques was used to determine the sites of termination of olfactory projections to the thalamus and the distribution of the cells of origin of these projections within the olfactory cortex. Following electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb, short-latency unit responses were recorded not only in the central segment of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus but also in the ventral and anterior parts of the submedial thalamic nucleus. Responses were not obtained in the ventral or lateral parts of the mediodorsal nucleus, in the dorsal part of the submedial nucleus, or in the intralaminar nuclei between the mediodorsal and submedial nuclei. The cells of origin of the projection were identified by making injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (HRP WGA) into the thalamus and examining the olfactory cortex for retrogradely labeled cells. Following injections into the mediodorsal nucleus, labeled cells were found in the polymorphic cell zone deep to the olfactory tubercle, in the ventral endopiriform nucleus deep to the piriform cortex, and in an equivalent position deep to the periamygdaloid and lateral entorhinal cortices. After injections into the submedial nucleus, a smaller number of labeled cells were found in similar locations, except that they were restricted to the rostral olfactory cortical areas and were not found deep to the lateral part of the piriform cortex. Retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled axons were also found in the lateral orbital and ventral agranular insular areas of the prefrontal cortex with injections into the mediodorsal nucleus, and in the ventrolateral orbital area with injections into the submedial nucleus. Anterograde tracing experiments, using the autoradiographic method, have confirmed these results. Injections of 3H-leucine deep to the junction between the anterior piriform cortex and the olfactory tubercle label axons in both the central segment of the mediodorsal nucleus and the ventral part of the submedial nucleus, while injections deep to the posterior piriform cortex label axons in the mediodorsal nucleus only. Within the mediodorsal nucleus, the projection also appears to be organized so that fibers which arise more rostrally terminate ventrolaterally in the central segment, while fibers which arise more caudally terminate more dorsomedially. These results indicate that there is a substantial and possibly dual thalamocortical mechanism available for processing of olfactory stimuli.
Neuroprotective effects of the strychnine-insensitive glycine site NMDA antagonist (R)-HA-966 in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease.

The neuroprotective effects of (R)-HA-966 and (S)-HA-966 (3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone) were examined in an MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced animal model of Parkinson's disease. Systemic pretreatment of C57 black mice with the strychnine-insensitive glycine site antagonist, (R)-HA-966 (3-30 mg/kg, i.p.), dose-dependently attenuated MPTP-induced depletion of striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Pretreatment with (R)-HA-966 also significantly protected the degeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra of mice treated with MPTP and alleviated the acute behavioral changes caused by the neurotoxin. In contrast, the other racemic form, (S)-HA-966, neither prevented the neurochemical depletions nor the neuronal injury caused by MPTP. These results indicate that excitatory mechanisms of neurodegeneration are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, and that strychnine-insensitive glycine site NMDA antagonists may serve as dopaminoprotective agents which intervene in the progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Ultra-broadband, low-power, 2×2 electro-optic switch using sub-micron silicon waveguides

We present a broadband Mach-Zehnder electro-optic switch capable of simultaneously routing multiple channels within 110-nm optical bandwidth with only 3.1-mW power consumption and a 4-ns switching time. Switching bandwidth is maintained over 30°C temperature variation.
Erosion resistance of coatings for metal protection at elevated temperatures

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate the behavior of coated metal substrates exposed to erosion by chromite particles. Chemical vapor deposition technique (CVD) was used to apply titanium carbide (TiC) on nickel based alloy INCO 718 and on AISI 410 (stainless steel 410). Another group of specimens made of the same substrate materials was subjected to surface treatment by nitriding in glow discharge plasma (ion nitriding). The erosive wear of the samples was investigated experimentally by exposing them to particle laden flow at velocities from 180 to 305 m s−1, temperatures from ambient to 538°C and impingement angles from 20 to 90° in a specially designed erosion wind tunnel. The erosion results show the effect of the velocity, temperature, and the impingement angle on the erosion rate. The cumulative effects of the impacting particles mass on the weight loss and on the erosion rate of the protective coating were also investigated. The coating erosion rate variation with the impingement angle shows brittle erosion patterns for the TiC coating and ductile patterns for the ion nitrided substrates. The CVD coated INCO 718 revealed longer lifetime than that of coated stainless steel 410 in sequential tests. Both substrate materials coated with TiC showed one order of magnitude less erosion rates compared to some commercial coatings on INCO 718. The ion nitrided samples did not reveal any improved erosion resistance compared to the uncoated metal substrates. In addition, the eroded surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study indicates that the tested CVD ceramic coating provides very good erosion resistance for stainless steel 410 and INCO 718 when exposed to elevated temperatures.
Ultrastructure and organization of the cutaneous microvasculature in normal and pathologic states.

The cutaneous microvasculature is organized into upper and lower horizontal plexuses with the dermal capillary loops arising from the upper plexus. The arteriolar and venular sides of the microvasculature can be identified by the ultrastructure of the mural basement membrane material. Collecting venules present in the lower dermis contain valves. Periadventitial cells (veil cells) are present around all microvessels. Their size and number appear to correlate with the quantity of mural basement membrane material found in cutaneous vessels in diabetes, actinic damage, and chronological aging. The contractile cells of the vascular wall surround the endothelial cell tube in a manner suggesting specific functions. The smooth muscle cells in the arteriolar segment form a sleeve, whereas each pericyte in the postcapillary venular simultaneously makes many contacts with several un-derlying endothelial cells. The common telangiectases can be explained by abnormalities in this organization and ultrastructure rather than by neovascularization or random anastomoses. The macular telangiectases seen in scleroderma, generalized essential telangiectasia, and nevus flammeus are produced by dilatation of the postcapillary venules of the upper horizontal plexus. Cherry angiomas are produced by spherical and tubular dilatations of capillary loops in dermal papillae with tortuous cross-connections between individual loops. Angiokeratomas of Fabry and Fordyce have the ultrastructure of collecting venules that contain valves, and appear to represent the ectopic development or placement of small valve-containing collecting veins. The cutaneous lesions of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia represent arteriovenous communications. J Invest Dermatol 93:2S–9S, 1989
Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi, and Brugia patei: Pulmonary pathology in jirds, Meriones unguiculatus

Abstract The chronological development of pulmonary lesions due to subperiodic Brugia malayi and related species was studied in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus . Major pathologic changes included (1) granulomas induced by larvae and adults, (2) obstructive endarteritis, and (3) chronic interstitial inflammation with degenerating microfilariae. The majority of pulmonary granulomas were initiated near the time of the final molt, about 30 days postinoculation, followed by involution and formation of residual vascular lesions over the next several months. A minority of granulomas arose about sexually mature adult worms and showed a characteristic sequence of development along the length of these worms. Ultrastructural observations suggested that within granulomas internal structures of the worm underwent an autolytic-like disintegration, while the cuticle remained intact. A material, presumably of parasitic origin, then appeared between the cuticle and adherent epitheloid and giant cells and was subsequently phagocytized by these cells. Obstructive endarteritis appeared to peak at about the time of the final molt, and became largely fibrotic by 125 days postinoculation; electron microscopy of the subintimal infiltrates revealed a variety of cells including inflammatory cells and others interpreted as modfied cells of vascular origin (smooth muscle cells and two types of endothelial cells). Parasitological data suggested that both larvae and adults migrated to the lungs and that mating occurred here, rather than in peripheral sites of development. In terms of development, reproduction and survival, the pulmonary arteries of the male jird offered a suitable alternative for the localization of these primarily lymphatic filariae; our results thus suggest that the pulmonary localization of these worms should not be considered indicative of an aberrant mode of development. The failure of female jirds to develop detectable peripheral microfilaremia was associated with a high rate of infertility among female worms, rather than pulmonary sequestration or destruction of microfilariae.
Neptune: assistive robotic system for children with motor impairments

This paper describes Neptune, a mobile manipulator designed as an assistive device for the rehabilitation of children with special needs, such as those suffering from Cerebral-Palsy. Neptune consists of a mobile robot base and a 6DOF robotic arm, and it is interfaced to users via Wii Remote, iPad, Neural Headset, a camera, and pressure sensors. These interfaces allow patients, therapists and operators to interact with the robot in multiple ways, as may be appropriate in assistive scenarios such as: direct physical interaction with the iPad, arm positioning exercises through WiiMote, remote navigation and object retrieval through the environment via the Neural Headset, etc. In this paper we present an overview of the system and discuss its future uses in rehabilitation of CP children.
Effect of interatomic separation and spatial spread of individual atoms in a collective state interferometer

We establish the precise role of interatomic distance and the irrelevance of free propagation broadening of atomic wavepacket in determining the fidelity of collective excitation in an ensemble based atom interferometer with high Compton frequency.
Cortisol response to challenge involving low controllability : the role of control beliefs and age

Cortisol responses are typically more pronounced under low controllability conditions, yet little is known about the role of individual differences. This study examined whether cortisol response to a situation with low controllability differs as a function of preexisting control beliefs and age. We manipulated level of controllability using a driving simulator. Control beliefs were assessed prior to the lab session. Salivary cortisol was measured before and after the driving simulation. Participants were 152 adults aged 22–84 from a Boston area sample. In comparison to the normal controllability condition, those in the low controllability condition reported less perceived control over driving, supporting the effectiveness of the manipulation. In the low controllability condition those with higher control beliefs showed a greater cortisol response than those with low control beliefs. Older adults showed a greater cortisol response than younger adults during the challenge. Implications of acute cortisol responses for performance outcomes are discussed.
Public Anthropology “at the Fair”: 1893 Origins, 21st‐Century Opportunities

ABSTRACT What have been the connections between anthropology and public fairs and festivals in the United States? Anthropologists have been involved in public fairs and festivals in the United States for over 100 years. Back in 1893, members of the new discipline of anthropology played a major role in the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition, both in the huge Anthropology Building and on the sprawling Midway Plaisance. Today, the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington, D.C., is in many ways a modern laboratory for research and experience in public anthropology, ethnomusicology, and folklore. In this essay, I examine the profound changes in the control of voices and discourse surrounding the activities at these types of fairs and festivals. I challenge anthropologists to observe and participate in this expanding discursive field and ask how sites like YouTube can aid in the process and enable critical future developments in pubic anthropology.
Changes in the concentration of free and collagen-bound hydroxyproline in muscle tissue of the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) as a function of age

Abstract 1. 1. Marked increases occur in the concentration of free hydroxyproline in muscle tissue of the bluehead wrasse ( Thalassoma bifasciatum ) at approx 4 month intervals. 2. 2. For each 4 month interval, the time between the initial increase in free hydroxyproline concentration and occurrence of maximum concentration decreases with increasing age of the wrasse. Theoretcal implications are discussed. 3. 3. The soluble collagen-bound hydroxyproline data demonstrate that a trend exists whereby the concentration of this component decreases as a function of increasing age in the wrasse, whereas the insoluble collagen-bound hydroxyproline data indicate an opposite trend.
Tyrosine hydroxylase of sheep brain: some catalytic and chemical properties of the detergent-solubilized, partially purified enzyme.

– Detergent-solubilized tyrosine hydroxylase from the caudate nucleus of the sheep was purified 3-fold by affinity chromatography on 3-iodotyrosine modified agarose. Supplementation of the standard assay with 1 mM Fe2+ resulted in only slight stimulation of the enzymic activity. The enzyme was, however, markedly inhibited by certain complexing agents specific for either Fe2+ or Fe3+. Double reciprocal plots of the kinetic data for a representative complexing agent, bathophenanthroline, showed the inhibition to be competitive with O2 (apparent Km 0.15 mM) and noncompetitive with either l-tyrosine or the synthetic tetrahydropterin cofactor DMPH4 (apparent Km's 0.12 and 0.29 mM, respectively). The combined inhibition and kinetics studies strongly suggest that brain tyrosine hydroxylase is an iron enzyme. Furthermore, the prosthetic iron very likely participates directly in catalytic function, presumably by binding molecular oxygen. The activity of ammonium sulphate-precipitated enzyme was found to be stimulated 2-fold by Fe2+, catalase or peroxidase, while untreated enzyme was markedly less affected by these agents. Since the only ostensible difference between the two preparations was the extensive aggregation present in the former case, the change in physical state evoked by ammonium sulphate precipitation appeared to be somehow related to this peculiar property of the enzyme.
Long-term arrhythmic outcome in survivors of ventricular fibrillation with absence of inducible ventricular tachycardia

While programmed electrical stimulation of the heart is useful in directing therapy in cardiac arrest survivors who exhibit inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT), controversy exists as to the risk of recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) and need for antiarrhythmic therapy in patients without inducible VT during drug-free control programmed stimulation studies. In this study, the clinical features and arrhythmic outcome of 43 survivors of VF without inducible VT at control programmed stimulation were examined. In 38 patients, factors that may have played a potentiating role in the genesis of VF included ischemia in 15, proarrhythmia in 18, rapid rate response to atrial fibrillation in 3 and acute alcoholism in 2. Three patients required antiarrhythmic drugs for supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and 40 patients were discharged without antiarrhythmic therapy. At 32 +/- 21 months (range 1 to 82), 37 (92%) have remained free of arrhythmic recurrence while 3 have had sustained subsequent major arrhythmic events (syncope 1 patient, VF 1, sudden cardiac death 1). Thus, survivors of VF without inducible VT at drug-free control programmed stimulation are characterized by (1) potentiating factors--often identifiable and correctable--that may be important to the genesis of VF; (2) generally low risk of arrhythmic recurrence; and (3) effective long-term management often achieved without the use of additional antiarrhythmic drugs or antitachycardia/defibrillation devices.
Disease-free survival difference between African Americans and whites after radical prostatectomy for local prostate cancer: a multivariable analysis

Abstract Objectives. Age-adjusted mortality rates (per 100,000) for men with prostate cancer from 1991 through 1997 reported by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results national registry have consistently demonstrated that African-American men (AAM) have twice the death rate of white men (WM). However, there has been considerable controversy as to how this relates to progression-free survival among these men. In an attempt to address this controversy of localized prostate cancer, we report on a multivariable analysis of survival data of a large number of AAM and WM who underwent radical prostatectomy. Methods. The study cohort was composed of 791 men whose only prostate cancer treatment was radical prostatectomy performed between July 1990 and December 1999. The variables analyzed were age, preoperative prostate-specific antigen level, pathologic grade and stage, and race/ethnicity. Pathologic examination of all specimens was performed in a uniform manner according to an established protocol. Multivariable analysis based on Cox’s proportional hazards regression model was performed to assess whether a significant difference in progression-free survival time between AAM and WM persisted after controlling for the main effects of other prognostic factors. Results. The study cohort consisted of 229 AAM and 562 WM. Our results indicated that all variables, except age, had highly significant effects on progression-free survival, even in the presence of other predictors. Conclusions. The effects of age, preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen level, and pathologic grade and stage did not account for the racial disparity in progression-free survival among men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer and treated with radical prostatectomy.
Cellular telephone transmission of 12-lead electrocardiograms from ambulance to hospital

Abstract Currently, only single-lead, serial telemetry rhythm strips can be transmitted from ambulances. Triage of patients with chest pain and administration of thrombolytic therapy in ambulances is limited by the lack of specific electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis. A new technique is described using cellular telephone transmission of simultaneous 12-lead ECGs from ambulance to hospital to overcome this limitation. A portable 12-lead ECG installed in an ambulance was connected via modem link to a cellular telephone and digitized ECG information was transmitted to an ECG device in the hospital emergency room. Paramedics in the field placed adhesive patch electrodes and attached ECG wires. Field ECGs from 23 patients were compared with corresponding transmitted ECGs. There were no differences in heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval or R- and T-wave axes. Baseline and transmitted ECGs had identical morphologic characteristics. Differences in R-wave amplitude in 5 transmitted tracings compared with hospital-recorded ECGs resulted in computer diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage, possibly due to differences in patient position. Twelve-lead ECGs can be easily transmitted from a moving ambulance using cellular telephones. This allows diagnosis before hospital arrival, improves prehospital triage of patients and may facilitate prehospital therapy with lidocaine or streptokinase. In addition, the cellular telephone link can convey both verbal and digitized information and thus improve on current telemetry systems.
Estimating the impact of state budget cuts and redirection of prevention resources on the HIV epidemic in 59 California local health departments

Background In the wake of a national economic downturn, the state of California, in 2009–2010, implemented budget cuts that eliminated state funding of HIV prevention and testing. To mitigate the effect of these cuts remaining federal funds were redirected. This analysis estimates the impact of these budget cuts and reallocation of resources on HIV transmission and associated HIV treatment costs.
A comparison of Newtonian and viscoelastic constitutive models for dry spinning of polymer fibers

A comparison is made of the predictions of one-dimensional mathematical model simulations of dry spinning based on Newtonian and viscoelastic constitutive equations for the spin dope. The viscoelastic model is based upon a modified Giesekus constitutive equation with a temperature and composition-dependent relaxation time. The simulation algorithm includes the effects of the glass transition on the expected solution viscosity and relaxation time behavior along the spinline. Predictions of axial velocity, tensile stress, and composition profiles for the two cases suggest the role of viscoelasticity in the locking-in behavior associated with fiber solidification along the spinline. The effects of model parameters and processing conditions are also discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2136–2145, 2003
Small tuber studies of sugar accumulation in potatoes

Small potato tubers, less than 1 cm in diameter, responded in a manner typical of larger tubers and accumulated sucrose and reducing sugars during storage at 1°C. Prolonged soaking (50% submerged) was used as a method for introducing metabolic inhibitors into intact, small tubers. Judging from the effects on respiration, cycloheximide was absorbed within 25 h. Cycloheximide treatment inhibited the sucrose and reducing sugar accumulation associated with storage at 1°C
The relative lengths and weights of metacarpals and metatarsals in baboons (papio hamadryas)

The lengths and weights of metacarpals and metatarsals were measured in two collections of baboon skeletons-33 animals, all born and raised in the wild, and 60 animals, nearly all born and raised in captivity. For both length and weight, ratios were constructed for all possible pairings of the five bones in each individual hand and foot. The pattern of results was not identical for the two collections, but substantial sex differences existed in both collections for many of the ratios calculated. Nearly all of the large sex differences were in the direction of the length or weight ratio being smaller for males than for females. For the length ratios showing the largest sex differences, those differences were larger for the right hand than for the left, and larger for the left foot than for the right, but this pattern was less evident for the weight ratios. Some length ratios for human fingers show sex differences of the sort seen in the metacarpals and metatarsals of these baboons, and the human differences in relative length exist early in life. The implication is that the marked sex difference in androgen exposure during prenatal development may effect the relative size of the individual bones of the extremities in male and female humans and baboons. The relative sizes of the bones of the hand and foot may provide helpful supplemental information on the relations between species, thus making the study of hand and foot bones in other primates and mammals worthwhile.
Improving chemical mapping algorithm and visualization in full-field hard x-ray spectroscopic imaging

X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) imaging, an advanced absorption spectroscopy technique, at the Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM) Beamline X8C of NSLS enables high-resolution chemical mapping (a.k.a. chemical composition identification or chemical spectra fitting). Two-Dimensional (2D) chemical mapping has been successfully applied to study many functional materials to decide the percentages of chemical components at each pixel position of the material images. In chemical mapping, the attenuation coefficient spectrum of the material (sample) can be fitted with the weighted sum of standard spectra of individual chemical compositions, where the weights are the percentages to be calculated. In this paper, we first implemented and compared two fitting approaches: (i) a brute force enumeration method, and (ii) a constrained least square minimization algorithm proposed by us. Next, as 2D spectra fitting can be conducted pixel by pixel, so theoretically, both methods can be implemented in parallel. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of parallel computing in the chemical mapping problem and investigate how much efficiency improvement can be achieved, we used the second approach as an example and implemented a parallel version for a multi-core computer cluster. Finally we used a novel way to visualize the calculated chemical compositions, by which domain scientists could grasp the percentage difference easily without looking into the real data.
Random logic design utilizing single-ended cascode voltage switch circuits in NMOS

A method is described for improving the functional efficiency of logic circuits through cascoding. Significant performance and density improvements and a simultaneous reduction in power consumption can be achieved. This is demonstrated through a design example.
An Integrated Inquiry Activity in an Elementary Teaching Methods Classroom.

ABSTRACT In this integrated inquiry, students in an elementary teaching methods class investigate a real-world problem outside the classroom. The students use the Cognitive Research Trust (CoRT) thinking strategy to find the causes of, impact of, and possible solutions to the problem. They present their findings and then discuss implementation of this activity in elementary classrooms. The activity is followed by a whole-class discussion about the activity and its application to the elementary classroom. This is an open-ended inquiry that future teachers will be able to do with their elementary school students.
The electrochemical oxidation of organics using tungsten oxide based electrodes

Abstract High surface area tungsten oxide (WO x ) based electrodes containing centers of Pt, Sn or Ru were synthesized. The WO x electrodes were found to display good capacitive behavior and relatively high specific capacitance values of up to 180 F g −1 . The oxidation behavior of particularly HCOOH and (COOH) 2 , using the WO x electrodes containing Pt and Sn centers (Pt/WO x and Sn/WO x , respectively), was studied in detail in aqueous solutions at high potentials, i.e. at which O 2 is evolved. Both HCOOH and (COOH) 2 appear to be oxidized following 1st order kinetics. The (COOH) 2 oxidation reaction is faster than the HCOOH reaction using otherwise the same experimental conditions. The reaction mechanism of both the HCOOH and (COOH) 2 oxidation was found to most likely involve the adsorptive interaction of the two organics with the anode surface. The WO x based anodes appear to be promising catalysts for the anodic oxidation of both (COOH) 2 and HCOOH.
Separation of time-scales in modeling and control

Asymptotic and aggregation methods are discussed as tools for separation of time scales in large dynamic systems.
Density Functional Characterization of the Band Edges, the Band Gap States, and the Preferred Doping Sites of Halogen-Doped TiO2

First-principles density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations were carried out for model halogen-doped anatase TiO2 structures to evaluate the effect of halogen doping on the band edges and the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. The model structures of X-doped TiO2 were constructed by using the 48-atom 2 × 2 × 1 supercell of anatase TiO2 with one O or one Ti atom replaced with X (=F, Cl, Br, I). The unit cell parameters and the atom positions of the resulting X-doped TiO2 with X at an O site (X@O) and that with X at a Ti site (X@Ti) were optimized by performing first-principles DFT calculations. On the basis of the optimized structures of X-doped TiO2 with X@O and X@Ti, the defect formation energies and the plots of the density of states were calculated to analyze the band edges, the band gap states, and the preferred doping sites. Our work shows that the doping becomes more difficult in the order F < Cl < Br < I for X-doped TiO2 with X@O, while the doping becomes less difficult in the ...
Beyond Columbus: Helping Young Children Develop a Conceptual Understanding of “Exploration”

This article presents an approach to teaching concepts through reading. It acknowledges the importance of children's active roles in the learning process as they make sense of the world around them through the content they are taught. In this article, the authors use the example of elementary level teachers who work to develop children's social studies concepts through content-rich texts. The findings suggest a strong relationship between students' domain-specific knowledge and their future success.
Novel roles for actin in mitochondrial fission

Mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion, fission and translocation, are crucial to cellular homeostasis, with roles in cellular polarity, stress response and apoptosis. Mitochondrial fission has received particular attention, owing to links with several neurodegenerative diseases. A central player in fission is the cytoplasmic dynamin-related GTPase Drp1, which oligomerizes at the fission site and hydrolyzes GTP to drive membrane ingression. Drp1 recruitment to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is a key regulatory event, which appears to require a pre-constriction step in which the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrion interact extensively, a process termed ERMD (ER-associated mitochondrial division). It is unclear how ER–mitochondrial contact generates the force required for pre-constriction or why pre-constriction leads to Drp1 recruitment. Recent results, however, show that ERMD might be an actin-based process in mammals that requires the ER-associated formin INF2 upstream of Drp1, and that myosin II and other actin-binding proteins might be involved. In this Commentary, we present a mechanistic model for mitochondrial fission in which actin and myosin contribute in two ways; firstly, by supplying the force for pre-constriction and secondly, by serving as a coincidence detector for Drp1 binding. In addition, we discuss the possibility that multiple fission mechanisms exist in mammals.
Vertigo and Dizziness in the Emergency Department

Understanding three peripheral vestibular disorders – vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and Meniere’s disease - is the key to the evaluation and management of vertigo and dizziness presentations in the emergency department. Each of these benign disorders is a common cause of a broad category of dizziness presentation. In addition, each of these disorders has characteristic features that allow for a bedside diagnosis. An effective strategy for “ruling-out” a serious disorder – such as stroke – is “ruling-in” a peripheral vestibular disorder. In this review, a focus is on the key features of these disorders.
Forecasting and the outcome of the 2001 British general election

Abstract Impressive progress has been made in forecasting election outcomes in a variety of institutional settings. In this issue of the journal, Lewis-Beck, Nadeau and Belanger suggest a plausible and parsimonious model to forecast the outcome of the 2001 British general election. This model has the advantage of generalizability, but it has the disadvantage of producing increasingly inaccurate predictions of the governing party’s vote share over the course of the 1990s. This comment speculates on why this might be the case and on how the model might be re-specified to overcome this problem. It focuses on the macroeconomic measures it employs, on its definition of the governing party’s vote share and on the possible distorting effects of turnout decline.
A general theory of linear signal transmission systems

Abstract The analysis and synthesis of signal transmission systems are usually conducted either in the time domain or in the frequency domain. In this paper a more general approach based on the resolution of signals in terms of some suitable, but otherwise arbitrary, set of component signals is outlined. A signal transmission system is characterized by a so-called characteristic function, of which such commonly used descriptive functions as the impulsive response, unit step response, and the system function are special cases. The general input-output relations are interpreted in geometrical terms by using the function space approach. The concept of ideal filter is introduced via the idempotent property of projections in function space, and the significance of this concept is indicated.Stability, operational symbolism, product relation, and inverse systems are briefly discussed.
Relationships among wetland indicators in Hawaiian rain forest

We applied established methods for wetland identification in lowland and montane wet forests (rain forests) on the island of Hawaii to determine whether rain forests exhibited wetland indicators specified in delineation manuals and to examine relationships among indicators of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology. Morphological characteristics and ferrous iron tests indicated pockets of hydric organic soils within areas mapped as Folists. Hydrophytic vegetation decisions based on prevalence values agreed with hydric soil determinations more often than did decisions based on dominant plant species. None of the rain forest types we studied exhibited wetland indicators throughout, but some sites contained scattered small wetlands occupying microtopographic lows created by cracks, folds, and undulating flow patterns in the lava bedrock. Further work is needed to identify reliable wetland indicators that can be used during drier portions of the year and to distinguish hydric from nonhydric organic rain forest soils.
Inclination toward Inclusion: Perceptions of Elementary and Secondary Education Teacher Candidates.

Abstract The coupling of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act has placed a large number of students with disabilities into general education settings. The continued trend toward educating students with disabilities in inclusive settings mandates that teachers be prepared to work with all learners. General education teacher candidates have voiced concerns over their levels of preparation in serving exceptional learners, a concern that may heighten their fear of the unknown when faced with increasing numbers of students with disabilities. For this reason, it is important to understand general education teacher candidates' attitudes toward inclusion in order to refine and augment existing personnel preparation programs. This article explores and compares perceptions of elementary and secondary education majors toward the inclusion of students with disabilities in their classrooms. Results reveal differing perceptions between majors and indicate several areas in nee...
How the Question We Ask Most About Race in Education Is the Very Question We Most Suppress

The race question that appears perhaps most in American achievement talk (“How and why do different ‘race groups’ achieve differently?”) is also our most often deleted race question, as it provokes our most difficult explanations. While Americans think about school achievement routinely in racial terms, this article suggests, whether or not we describe achievement publicly in racial terms depends upon who is listening. Expanding from an ethnographic study of a school and district in California, this article examines how adults both asked repetitively how achievement was linked to race and repetitively suppressed this very question. It also begins to explore the role educational research plays in these dynamics of talk and silence. An explanatory habit of framing isolated players as particularly responsible for racial patterns, I suggest, appears throughout both professional and lay analysis: Indeed, schooling analysts seem to name existing racial patterns primarily when holding other players responsible f...
A coverage model of emergency facility categorization

For any given type and severity of emergency, all hospitals in a region are divided into two classes, "definitive care facilities" and "stabilization facilities." A mathematical model is used to address the issue of the most appropriate mix of these two facility types were appropriateness is measured by the spatial "coverage" provided by the facility mix per dollar of system cost. Stablization facilities are described by their cost and coverage relative to definitive care facilities. Conditions are specified on these parameters under which it is preferable, from the perspective of coverage per dollar, that all facilities offer definitive care. These criteria depend on the overall spatial density of facilities and the mode of patient access; assigning many facilities to a stabilization role is hardest to justify when there are relatively few facilities and patients tend to enter the system at the nearest facility.
Sperm cryopreservation: state of the art.

Despite the lack of adequately controlled clinical trials and sophisticated cryopreservation protocols, infertility experts increasingly employ banked semen for TI, satisfied by the expectation of 10% monthly fecunditied and cumulative pregnancy rates of 65–75%. This arguably enviable position reflects, principally, the fact that human sperm cryosurvive well relative to other mammalian sperm. Moreover, unlike the case with eggs or embryos, the large number of cells involved allows success even in the face of relatively low cryosurvival rates. Undoubtedly, pregnancy rates will benefit by future basic and applied investigations on the direct and indirect factors involved in TI with banked semen.