cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Definitive repair in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum

Between 1977 and 1988, 22 patients underwent definitive repair for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Fifteen underwent biventricular repair (mean age 24 months). All had mild to moderate right ventricular hypoplasia at the time of definitive repair. Repair consisted of closure of the atrial septal defect with enlargement of the right ventricular cavity and outflow tract with a patch in eight, insertion of a valved homograft in three, and superior vena cava-pulmonary artery connection in four. There was one operative death (7%). Seven patients had severe right ventricular hypoplasia at the time of definitive repair and underwent a Fontan procedure (mean age 46 months). In two a valved connection was made to the right ventricle and in five a right atrial-pulmonary artery nonvalved connection. There were two operative deaths (29%). Three patients had right ventricular-coronary sinusoids: Two of them underwent a Fontan procedure and one a biventricular repair. We conclude that with adequate early palliation a biventricular repair may be successfully performed for patients with mild or moderate right ventricular hypoplasia, and the Fontan procedure may be used for those with severe right ventricular hypoplasia.
Exploratory two-level analysis of individual- and school-level factors on truant youth emotional/psychological functioning.

ABSTRACTResearch on samples of truant adolescents is limited, with little known about mental health problems among truant youths. This study provided an exploratory, multilevel examination of mental health problems for a sample of 300 truant adolescents. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a single factor of multiple mental health problems at the individual level, but the structure of these problems was not the same at the school level. A number of covariate effects were found at the individual level on the mental health factor. Further, youths attending middle school were more likely to report attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) problems than those in high school. Service and practice implications of better understanding school and mental health issues of truant youth are discussed.
Abstract 1452: IL-15 overexpression protects cerulein-induced fibrosis in the mouse model of chronic pancreatitis

Introduction: Earlier, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β and IL-10 are implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Recently, we observed reduced level of IL-15 in cerulein- induced acute and chronic mouse model of pancreatitis. IL-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has an important role in innate immunity. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that IL-15 overexpression improves the pathogenesis of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Experimental procedure: Accordingly, we tested our hypothesis by inducing chronic pancreatitis in rIL-15 pretreated Balb/c mice. Cerulein was given by repetitive intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections as reported earlier (50 μg/kg, 6 hourly injections/day, 3 days/week) along with the rIL-15 (5 μg in 100μl saline/ two-times/week/mice) for up to 4 weeks; the control mice received 100μl saline or saline with 5 μg IL-15. Mice were sacrificed 3 days after the last cerulein injection. Histopathological evaluation of HE 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1452.
The Impact of Data Dependence on Speaker Recognition Evaluation

The data dependence due to multiple use of the same subjects has impact on the standard error SE of the detection cost function DCF in speaker recognition evaluation. The DCF is defined as a weighted sum of the probabilities of type I and type II errors at a given threshold. A two-layer data structure is constructed: Target scores are grouped into target sets based on the dependence, and likewise for non-target scores. On account of the needed equal probabilities for scores being selected when resampling, target sets must contain the same number of target scores, and so must non-target sets. In addition to the bootstrap method with i.i.d. assumption, the nonparametric two-sample one-layer and two-layer bootstrap methods are carried out based on whether the resampling takes place only on sets, or subsequently on scores within the sets. Due to the stochastic nature of the bootstrap, the distributions of the SEs of the DCF estimated using the three different bootstrap methods are created and compared. After performing hypothesis testing, it is found that data dependence increases not only the SE but also the variation of the SE, and the two-layer bootstrap is more conservative than the one-layer bootstrap. The rationale regarding the different impacts of the three bootstrap methods on the estimated SEs is investigated.
Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes

Abstract Amplified pain in childhood is common, very debilitating, and chronic and manifests in multiple forms including complex regional pain syndrome, localized pain, or diffuse pain such as fibromyalgia. It can be constant or intermittent. The pain signal is amplified leading to disproportionate pain and dysfunction. The etiology of the pain is likely a combination of injury, illness, stress, and hormones, and may be influenced by genetic factors. Once recognized, medications and investigations should be stopped and physical therapy begun. An evaluation of the role of stress should also ensue and be treated as indicated. There is no role for invasive procedures. The dose of physical and occupational therapy varies, but all forms can be successfully treated using a multidisciplinary team directly addressing function. Occasionally as much as 6 hours of daily physical and occupational therapy is required. Short- and long-term results with this approach are excellent.
Reallocation of Capital and Labor within Firms

Understanding how internal capital and labor markets function sheds light on one of the most fundamental questions in economics: what determines the boundaries of the firm? This essay reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on internal capital markets and firm boundaries, focusing in particular on the close link between the two subjects Emphasis is placed on the question of how firms reallocate capital and labor internally across individual firm units in response to plausibly exogenous shocks The essay concludes with directions for future research.
Climbing the Stairs to Leadership: Reflections on Moving Beyond the Stained-Glass Ceiling

The phrase Times are a changin’ was one that brought hope for a young African American woman who realized the importance of education and hard work. Entering the workforce in the mid-1970s provided many challenges and the proverbial glass ceiling was even more difficult to conquer for women of color. The move from cashier in the retail industry to a global leader in the automotive industry to administrative leader in higher education provided many the opportunity to learn what it means to be a women leader in an ever-changing world. The current paper provides an overview of women of color in leadership, leadership behaviors, lessons learned from the field, and what millennial women leaders can do to move from the status quo to leadership excellence.
THE MARKET FOR RESOURCES

All resources are generally called the factors of production. There are four broad categories of resources: (1) land, (2) labor, (3) capital, and (4) entrepreneur. All raw materials or, essentially, all resources that are in fixed supply are usually called land resources. Thus, lumber is a land resource, just as are water, iron ore, and land itself. The resource which supplies human productive effort is called a labor resource. There are different qualities of labor resources. Capital resources include all the producer's goods, plant, equipment, and invested capital that are necessary to produce the final product or output. There is a distinction between physical and monetary capital. Each type of capital has its own market. The marginal revenue product of a resource is the change in total revenue associated with a one-unit change in the number of units of the resource employed by a firm, with all other factors remaining equal. The profit-maximizing firm's input-purchase decisions are guided by the marginal revenue product and the marginal resource cost.
The Dynamic Duo of Consumer Protection: State and Private Enforcement of Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Laws

This article focuses on the critical importance to consumer protection of the “dynamic duo” of state and private enforcement mechanisms provided in state unfair and deceptive acts or practices (UDAP) statutes. The article begins by chronicling the origins of these state laws, rooted in a cooperative effort between the Federal Trade Commission and state governments in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. The two goals of the state laws are: (1) expanding consumer protection enforcement out to states and individuals, and (2) providing consumers with more adequate remedies for relatively small individual injuries from marketplace practices. The evolution of more aggressive state attorney general litigation, such as multi-state lawsuits and suits against large companies, led to some federal/state tensions over the years, but mostly the federal and state consumer protection missions have been in harmony. Private enforcement is also evaluated, including the public benefits of individual or class actions as deterrents to future unfair or deceptive practices, as well as the individual benefits to consumers who can obtain meaningful remedies. The article rebuts criticisms of the private right of action for state UDAP laws, but also endorses some limited judicial and legislative reforms that can both leave consumers adequately protected while shielding businesses from unwarranted litigation. The article concludes that both halves of the “dynamic duo,” i.e., state and private enforcement of state UDAP laws, are needed to provide the optimum level of consumer protection. This article has been published at 81 Antitrust Law Journal 911 (2017).
Phage technology in high throughput screening for pathogen detection in food

The increase in prevalence of foodborne disease has created a need for rapid detection methods, which can be used to prevent the spread of pathogens in the early stages of production. Several rapid detection methods have been developed in recent years. These methods can take advantage of the versatility and specificity of bacteriophages to enhance their detection properties. This chapter will briefly describe the basic biological properties of bacteriophages, which these new detection methods utilize, along with a brief description of traditional phage-based detection methods. We will also describe several types of new rapid detection methods that use phage or phage proteins and give examples where the methods and their adaptability to high throughput screening strategies have been used.
Designing and Running Super-Efficient Experiments : Optimum Blocking With One Hard-to-Change Factor

﻿Different methods of conducting super-efficient experiments for process improvement when there is one hard-to-change factor are discussed. It is shown how designs can be blocked to get small prediction variance and low cost. A blocked split-plot design..
Construyendo en la Fuerza: Approaches to learning and school readiness gains in Latino children served by head start

Abstract Latino children are the fastest growing minority group in the United States and in order to best serve this population we need research to inform educators on specific cultural strengths that can be fostered and developed. Despite the known academic achievement gap between Latino children and their non-Latino peers, ecocultural strength based research efforts have identified domain general skills like social emotional skills and executive functioning as unique strengths of Latino children. This study used the FACES 2009 dataset to explore approaches to learning as another possible set of domain general skills that may be a strength for Latino children from low-income families. On average, Latino children had higher scores in approaches to learning in the fall and spring of the Head Start year. Additionally, being Latino significantly predicted gains across the Head Start year in approaches to learning (β = 0.153, p = 0.024) (i.e., predicting spring score, controlling for fall), accounting for a constellation of relevant covariates. Conversely, being Latino negatively predicted academic school readiness in the fall (β = −0.175, p = 0.021), yet positively predicted gains in academic school readiness across the year (β = 0.129, p = 0.017), all controlling for the same covariates. However, once approaches to learning is added to the model it became a significant predictor of gains in academic readiness (β = 0.132, p
CTA-Aware Prefetching and Scheduling for GPU

Albeit GPUs are supposed to be tolerant to long latency of data fetch operation, we observe that L1 cache misses occur in a bursty manner for many memory-intensive applications. This in turn leads to severe contentions in GPU memory hierarchy, and thus stalls execution pipeline for many cycles as all warps end up waiting for their memory requests to be serviced by L1 cache. To spread such bursty L1 cache misses, we propose CTA-Aware Prefetcher and Scheduler (CAPS) consisting of a thread group-aware prefetcher and a prefetch-aware warp scheduler for GPUs. GPU kernels group threads into cooperative thread arrays (CTAs). Each thread typically uses its thread index and its associated CTA index to identify the data that it operates on. The starting base address accessed by the first warp in a CTA is difficult to predict since that starting address is a complex function of thread index and CTA index and also depends on how the programmer distributes input data across CTAs. But threads within each CTA exhibit stride accesses. Hence, if the base address of each CTA can be computed early, it is possible to accurately predict prefetch addresses for threads within a CTA. To compute the base address of each CTA, a leading warp is used from each CTA. The leading warp is executed early by pairing it with warps from currently executing leading CTA. The warps in the leading CTA are used to compute the stride value. The stride value is then combined with base addresses computed from the leading warp of each CTA to prefetch the data for all the trailing warps in the trailing CTAs. CAPS allows prefetch requests to be issued sufficiently ahead of time before the demand requests, effectively reorganizing warp executions to quickly detect the base address of each CTA and stride per load. CAPS predicts addresses with over 97% accuracy and is able to improve GPU performance by 8% on average with up to 27% for a wide range of GPU applications.
Association of small fiber neuropathy and post treatment Lyme disease syndrome.

Objectives To examine whether post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) defined by fatigue, cognitive complaints and widespread pain following the treatment of Lyme disease is associated with small fiber neuropathy (SFN) manifesting as autonomic and sensory dysfunction. Methods This single center, retrospective study evaluated subjects with PTLDS. Skin biopsies for assessment of epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD), sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD) and functional autonomic testing (deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver and tilt test) were performed to assess SFN, severity of dysautonomia and cerebral blood flow abnormalities. Heart rate, end tidal CO2, blood pressure, and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) from middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler were monitored. Results 10 participants, 5/5 women/men, age 51.3 ± 14.7 years, BMI 27.6 ± 7.3 were analyzed. All participants were positive for Lyme infection by CDC criteria. At least one skin biopsy was abnormal in all ten participants. Abnormal ENFD was found in 9 participants, abnormal SGNFD in 5 participants, and both abnormal ENFD and SGNFD were detected in 4 participants. Parasympathetic failure was found in 7 participants and mild or moderate sympathetic adrenergic failure in all participants. Abnormal total CBFv score was found in all ten participants. Low orthostatic CBFv was found in 7 participants, three additional participants had abnormally reduced supine CBFv. Conclusions SFN appears to be associated with PTLDS and may be responsible for certain sensory symptoms. In addition, dysautonomia related to SFN and abnormal CBFv also seem to be linked to PTLDS. Reduced orthostatic CBFv can be associated with cerebral hypoperfusion and may lead to cognitive dysfunction. Autonomic failure detected in PTLDS is mild to moderate. SFN evaluation may be useful in PTLDS.
Motion of the vaginal apex during strain and defecation

Although the main function of the suspensory ligaments of the vaginal apex is to prevent its descent toward the vaginal introitus, there remains limited information regarding its normal physiological motion. This study was aimed at quantifying the motion of the non-prolapsed vaginal apex during strain and defecation maneuvers. This study represents a sub-analysis of a parent study that was aimed at evaluating rectal mobility with regard to obstructed defecation symptoms. Patients with normal apical vaginal support who had undergone MR defecography were entered into the study. For each patient, midsagittal images at rest, maximum strain, and maximum evacuation were utilized. The location of the cervicovaginal junction, S4–S5 intervertebral disc, sacral promontory, and hymen were identified. Vectors were calculated from each of these landmarks to the vaginal apex to compare vector angles and magnitudes across subjects. Twelve patients were included in this study. At rest, the vagina extends from the hymen, which is inferior and posterior to the inferior symphysis pubis, to the vaginal apex at an angle of 45.2° ± 14.5° relative to the pubococcygeal line. This angle became more acute with strain and even more so during maximum evacuation (14.1° ± 9.0°, p < 0.001). Differences in the vector magnitude, although not statistically significant, showed a trend indicating shorter lengths with maximum evacuation. The vaginal apex is a highly mobile structure demonstrating significantly more mobility during defecation compared with strain. The data obtained contradict the general perception that the vaginal apex is relatively fixed within the pelvis of normally supported women.
Understanding US Housing Data in Relation to the 2017 Disasters

AbstractHousing is a first line of defense, literally and figuratively. It is also a critical, although too-often overlooked, component of a community’s physical infrastructure. Variations in housi...
Similar but unequal: Political polarization in the effects of perceived social similarity on support for redistribution

Abstract The inequality of wealth in the United States has reached record high levels in recent years. Although many people agree that the current level of inequality is extreme, public support for redistributive measures designed to reduce inequality is divided. Prior work predicts that perceiving high similarity can potentially boost individuals' support for redistribution. However, the present research proposes that the effect of social similarity on redistribution support may be more complex. Whereas high (vs. low) perceived social similarity increases support for redistribution among liberals, contrary to prior predictions, it may actually decrease redistribution support among conservatives. This happens because high (vs. low) perceived social similarity weakens liberals', but strengthens conservatives', beliefs that people deserve their unequal outcomes. The findings generate useful insights for researchers and policymakers by suggesting that strategies that aim to garner public support for redistribution by changing perceptions of social similarity should be tailored to the audience.
The Pedagogy and Benefits of Using Current Affairs Journals in Introductory International Relations Classes

This paper discusses the use and benefits of the Current Affairs Journals Assignment in the Introduction to International Relations Class. The assignment provides not only the immediate benefits of...
Thermotropic liquid crystal (5CB) on two-dimensional materials

We present ground-state electronic properties of the liquid crystal 4-cyano-4^{'}-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) on the two-dimensional materials monolayer graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and phosphorene. Our density functional theory results show that the physisorption is robust on all surfaces with the strongest binding of 5CB on phosphorene. All surfaces exhibit flexural distortion, especially monolayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. While we find type-I alignment for all three substrates, meaning the Fermi level of the system is in the HOMO-LUMO gap of 5CB, the band structures are qualitatively different. Unlike for graphene and phosphorene, the HOMO-LUMO of 5CB appear as localized states within the band gap of boron nitride. In addition, we find that the valence band for boron nitride is sensitive to the orientation of 5CB relative to the surface. The qualitatively different band structures demonstrate the importance of substrate selection for tailoring the electronic and optoelectronic properties of nematic liquid crystals on two-dimensional materials.
Gravitational-wave signal-to-noise interpolation via neural networks

Computing signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) is one of the most common tasks in gravitational-wave data analysis. While a single SNR evaluation is generally fast, computing SNRs for an entire population of merger events could be time consuming. We compute SNRs for aligned-spin binary black-hole mergers as a function of the (detector-frame) total mass, mass ratio and spin magnitudes using selected waveform models and detector noise curves, then we interpolate the SNRs in this four-dimensional parameter space with a simple neural network (a multilayer perceptron). The trained network can evaluate $10^6$ SNRs on a 4-core CPU within a minute with a median fractional error below $10^{-3}$. This corresponds to average speed-ups by factors in the range $[120,\,7.5\times10^4]$, depending on the underlying waveform model. Our trained network (and source code) is publicly available at this https URL, and it can be easily adapted to similar multidimensional interpolation problems.
Ohén:ton Karihwatéhkwen

In this concluding chapter of the book, we draw our conversation to a close and turn our attention to endings (and new beginnings)—to graduation, to closure, and to final words. Because we hear so much about developmental education at community colleges, it may surprise some readers to learn that approximately 1.5 million students earn degrees and certificates from community colleges each year (American). In this chapter, we celebrate graduation season at MCC, read the full text of the Thanksgiving Address: Greetings to the Natural World, and conclude the book with a final piece of student writing. In this book filled with student voices and student perspectives—writing, artwork, poems, correspondence—it is only fitting that a student provides our final words.
HIV Transgenic Rats Demonstrate Superior Task Acquisition and Intact Reversal Learning in the Within-Session Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task.

The HIV transgenic (HIVtg) rat is a commonly used animal model of chronic HIV infection that exhibits a wide range of cognitive deficits. To date, relatively little work has been conducted on these rats’ capacity for reversal learning, an assay of executive function and cognitive flexibility used in humans. The present study sought to determine the impact of HIV genotype on probabilistic reversal learning, effortful motivation, and spontaneous locomotion/exploration in rats. Male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) HIVtg rats and wildtype (WT) controls were utilized. Cognitive flexibility was assessed via the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task (PRLT), which reinforced responses to two stimuli on differential probabilistic schedules that periodically reversed. Effortful motivation and locomotor/exploratory behavior were assessed via the Progressive Ratio Breakpoint Task (PRBT) and the Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM), respectively. Regardless of sex, HIVtg rats required fewer trials to ascertain initial PRLT reward schedules than WT rats, and completed the same number of reversals. Secondary behaviors suggested that HIVtg PRLT performance was facilitated by a speed-accuracy tradeoff strategy. No main or interactive effects of genotype were observed in the PRBT or BPM. Relative to WT controls, HIVtg rats exhibited superior probabilistic reinforcement learning. Reversal learning was unaffected by HIV genotype, as was effortful motivation and exploratory behavior. These findings contrast with previous characterizations of the HIVtg rat, thus indicating a nuanced cognitive profile that is dependent upon such task specifications as within- versus between-session assessment and probabilistic versus deterministic reward schedules.
Transcriptome signature of immune cells post reovirus treatment in kras mutated colorectal cancer

Purpose Reovirus propagates with high efficiency in KRAS mutated colorectal cancer (CRC). About 45-50% of CRC patients possess a KRAS mutation. Oncolytic reovirus treatment in combination with chemotherapy was tested in patients possessing KRAS mutated metastatic CRC. This study evaluates the biological responses to reovirus treatment by determining the gene expression patterns in RAS-related signaling pathways. Methods Reovirus was administered as a 60-min intravenous infusion for 5 consecutive days every 28 days, at a tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of 3×1010. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole-blood pre- and post-reovirus administration at 48 hr, day-8, and day-15. Clariom_D_Human_Assay was used to determine the expression of vital genes compared to pre-reovirus treatment by RNA sequencing. Using exported sample signals, ΔΔCt method was used to analyze the fold changes of genes within seven gene pathways. Significance was calculated by students-two-tail-t-test. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram was constructed by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results As compared to the control, SOS1[48 hr; 2.49X], RRAS [48 hr; 2.24X], PIK3CB [D8, D15; 2.27X, 3.16X], MIR 16-2 [D15; 1.70X], CHORDC1 [48 hr, D15; 1.89X, 4.54X], RTN4 [48 hr; 4.66X], FAM96A [48 hr; 4.54X], NFKB [D8, D15; 19.0X, 1.42X], CASP8 [D8, D15; 2.11X, 1.77X], and CASP9 [D8; 1.45X] are upregulated post-reovirus. NOS3 [D15; 0.61X], SYNE1 [D8, D15; 0.78X, 0.71X], ANGPT1 [D8; 0.62X], VEGFB [48 hr, D8, D15; 0.44X, 0.28X, 0.28X], JUN [D15; 0.69X], and IGF2 [D8; 0.73X] are downregulated post-reovirus. Fold change values were significant [p<0.05]. Conclusion This study highlights reovirus as a novel treatment option for KRAS mutated CRC and showcases its effect on the expression of crucial genes.
Prevalence and correlates of restless legs syndrome in men living with HIV.

BACKGROUND Data on the prevalence and correlates of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in people with HIV are limited. This study sought to determine the prevalence of RLS, associated clinical correlates, and characterize sleep-related differences in men with and without HIV. METHODS Sleep-related data were collected in men who have sex with men participating in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Demographic, health behaviors, HIV status, comorbidities, and serological data were obtained from the MACS visit coinciding with sleep assessments. Participants completed questionnaires, home polysomnography, and wrist actigraphy. RLS status was determined with the Cambridge-Hopkins RLS questionnaire. RLS prevalence was compared in men with and without HIV. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine correlates of RLS among all participants and men with HIV alone. Sleep-related differences were examined in men with and without HIV by RLS status. RESULTS The sample consisted of 942 men (56% HIV+; mean age 57 years; 69% white). The prevalence of definite RLS was comparable in men with and without HIV (9.1% vs 8.7%). In multinomial regression, HIV status was not associated with RLS prevalence. However, white race, anemia, depression, and antidepressant use were each independently associated with RLS. HIV disease duration was also associated with RLS. Men with HIV and RLS reported poorer sleep quality, greater sleepiness, and had worse objective sleep efficiency/fragmentation than men without HIV/RLS. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of RLS in men with and without HIV was similar. Screening for RLS may be considered among people with HIV with insomnia and with long-standing disease.
Nanoimprint Technology for Patterned Magnetic Nanostructures

This chapter describes the principle of nanoimprint lithography, different nanoimprint forms and their relative merits and shortcomings, key factors in nanoimprinting (masks, materials, pressing methods and imprinting pressure uniformity, material dispensing methods, vacuum, mold separation), examples of nanoimprinting in magnetic nanostructure fabrication, control of magnetic structure properties by patterning, the principle of quantized magnetic disks (QMDs) (patterned magnetic media), and the fabrication and commercial future of QMDs. The invention and development of QMDs and nanoimprint are intertwined, and this history is briefly discussed. The chapter is primarily based on author's own research in the field in the last 16 years. Keywords: patterned magnetic media; quantized magnetic disks; bit-patterned media; nanoimprint; nanoimprint lithography; single domain magnetic structures
THE MEANING OF 'SPACE' IN KANT

My concern in this paper is with the meaning of the word ‘space’ — spatium, der Raum — in Kant’s usage. This is not an attempt merely at another exposition of Kant’s doctrine of space as transcendentally ideal and empirically real. I want to get at the meaning of the word as Kant understood it. This is worth doing, I suggest, since we tend to approach Kant’s theory with a meaning which has become implicit as a result of the virtually complete dominance of the Newtonian inheritance from the early nineteenth century onward. In our time the noun ‘space’, ‘der Raum’, implicitly carries the connotation of some sort of entity. This was not so with the word spatium — ‘space’ in English — in its original meaning, which persisted through the seventeenth century. In its original general and basic sense the word meant ‘an interval, a stretch or extent, between things’ — which certainly did not connote an entity. That is, originally spatium, and ‘space’ in English, was an abstract noun, whereas it later became a concrete noun.
Bacillus subtilis alkaline phosphatases III and IV : cloning, sequencing, and comparisons of deduced amino acid sequence with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase three-dimensional structure

Bacillus subtilis has an alkaline phosphatase multigene family. Two members of this gene family, phoAIII and phoAIV, were cloned, taking advantage of in vitro constructed strains containing a plasmid insertion within one or the other of the structural genes. The DNA sequences of the two genes showed approximately 64% identity at the DNA level and 63% identity in the deduced primary amino acid sequences. The phoAIII and phoAIV genes code for predicted proteins of 47,149 and 45,935 Da, respectively. Comparison of the deduced primary amino acid sequence of the mature proteins with other sequenced alkaline phosphatases from Escherichia coli, yeast, and humans shows 25-30% identity. Based on the refined crystal structure of E. coli alkaline phosphatase, it appears that the active site and the core of the structure are retained in both Bacillus alkaline phosphatases. However, both proteins are truncated at the amino terminus compared with other mature alkaline phosphatases, three sizable surface loops of E. coli are deleted, and a minidomain is replaced with a larger domain in the model. Neither Bacillus alkaline phosphatase sequenced contains any cysteine residues, an amino acid implicated in intrachain disulfide bond formation in other alkaline phosphatases.
Calculation of the time to lane crossing and analysis of its frequency distribution

This paper presents an algorithm to calculate time to lane crossing (TLC). Several factors which may affect the accuracy of TLC are investigated, among which, the vehicle vibration, external disturbances acting on a vehicle, and vehicle state measurement errors are found to be the most significant. Finally, the bandwidth of time to lane crossing for typical highway driving is studied; a bandwidth of 2.5 Hz is identified.
Transcriptional organization of the trans-regulatory locus which controls exoenzyme S synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The transcriptional organization of the exoenzyme S trans-regulatory locus was studied by using promoter fusion and transcriptional start site mapping analyses. The 59 regions flanking open reading frames encoding ExsC, ExsB, ExsA, and ExsD were cloned in both orientations into the promoter vector pQF26, which contains the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene (cat). CAT activity from each promoter fusion transformed into Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was measured. The trans-regulatory locus promoters demonstrated low to undetectable CAT activity in E. coli regardless of the orientation of the DNA fragment relative to the reporter gene. In P. aeruginosa two of the promoter clones containing DNA located 59 of exsC (pC) and exsD (pD) demonstrated significant CAT activity. Transcriptional initiation from pC and pD was dependent on the orientation of the DNA fragment, the inclusion of a chelator in the growth medium, and the presence of a functional exsA gene. Transcriptional start sites were mapped for the pC and pD promoter regions by using total RNA isolated from P. aeruginosa strains grown in medium including a chelator. Our data are consistent with an operon model for the transcriptional organization of the exoenzyme S trans-regulatory locus. In addition, ExsA appears to be involved in controlling transcriptional initiation from both the trans-regulatory locus and a region located immediately downstream of the exsA gene. Images
Influence of step composition on step geometry and flow resistance in step‐pool streams of the Washington Cascades

[1] Step-pool streams dissipate flow energy primarily through spill resistance. We compared the geometry, step characteristics, and flow hydraulics of 20 step-pool reaches without large woody debris (LWD) to 20 step-pool reaches with LWD. Non-LWD streams exhibited significantly shallower flows, lower steps, shorter step spacings, greater percentages of water-surface drop created by steps, larger grain sizes, and smaller Darcy-Weisbach friction factors. Grain resistance was negligible in both stream types. Form resistance created by irregularities in the channel shape associated with steps contributed more to the total flow resistance in LWD reaches. Although both stream types showed poor correlation between step height and flow resistance, the significant positive correlation between flow resistance and step height/length ratio in the non-LWD reaches demonstrates the increasing effect of spill resistance with increasing step height. The lack of such a trend in the LWD-loaded reaches suggests that spill resistance was highly influenced by a few large log steps in these reaches. LWD creates deep pools and increases flow resistance along step-pool streams. It thus stabilizes channels and stores sediment in steep headwater streams recently scoured by debris flows.
Would Mutual Funds Bite the Hand that Feeds Them? Business Ties and Proxy Voting

This paper analyzes conflicts of interest in proxy voting by mutual funds using newly-available data on funds' voting records for 2004. We first examine mutual funds' ties to corporate clients created via pension fund business and their patterns of portfolio ownership. We then link these to proxy votes at specific firms and to overall voting policies for 21 mutual fund families, CalPERS and CREF. Among large fund families, levels of ownership are essentially independent of client relationships between mutual funds and firms, and funds are no more likely to vote with management at client firms than non-clients. At the policy level, however, we find a positive relation between the volume of pension business a fund's parent does and its propensity to vote with management.
Una nueva división internacional del trabajo en la Cuenca del Caribe: ¿La materialización de un fantasma?

En la primera parte se discute la pertinencia de la teoria que preconiza la llegada del capitalismo a una "nueva division internacional del trabajo", intentando con ella dar cuenta de las tendencias actuales del capital. Una vez efectuada la critica a dicha concepcion, se analiza el caso de la inversion de las empresas multinacionales estadounidenses en America Central y en el Caribe, el cual no parece respaldar las posiciones teoricas aqui criticadas.
Universal Principles of Measurement and Language Functions in Evolving Systems

The ability to construct measuring devices and to predict the results of measurements using models expressed in formal mathematical language is now generally accepted as the minimum requirement for any form of scientific theory. The modern cultural development of these skills is usually credited to the Newtonian epoch, although traces go back at least 2000 years to the Milesian philosophers. In any case, from the enormously broader evolutionary perspective, covering well over three billion years, the inventions of measurement and language are commonly regarded as only the most recent and elaborate form of intelligent activity of the most recent and elaborate species.
Chloride, sodium and potassium utilization by subjects fed milk and calcium supplements

Abstract Eight adult males excreted on average 97%, 95% and 84% of their chloride, sodium and potassium intakes, respectively, in urine during a 56-day metabolic balance study. Variations in the levels and forms of chloride and calcium fed had no significant effects on apparent absorption or serum levels of chloride and sodium. Urinary chloride and sodium excretion were sensitive to seasonal changes. Apparent absorption of potassium was increased when subjects were fed supplemental calcium.
Determination of active ingredient within pharmaceutical preparations using flow injection mass spectrometry.

Abstract Two separate pharmaceutical blends, one containing 2% caffeine by weight, the other containing 2% creatine by weight, and 200 mg caffeine tablets were examined in this study. The purpose of the analyses was to determine the feasibility of using flow injection mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of active ingredient within a drug product or other form of pharmaceutical preparation. For more precise and accurate measurements, it was necessary to incorporate an internal reference within the samples. Further, flow injection analysis showed to provide quicker, more facile method development than the application of chromatographic separation. Samples were analyzed over an analyte concentration range of 5.0–15.0 μg/mL. Analyte selectivity was obtained through the observance of the ( M + H) + ions generated by positive electrospray ionization of each of the analytes ( m / z 195 for caffeine and m / z 132 for creatine), and accurate quantitation was achieved by determining the ratio of the analyte response versus the response of the incorporated reference compound. Sample-to-sample precision in these measurements was less than 3%, recovery values were shown to be accurate to within ±3% of the actual values, and both analytical methods proved to be linear over the assay range ( R 2 ≥ 0.999). Due to the excellent selectivity and low detection limits available to mass spectrometric detection, flow injection mass spectrometric analysis could be particularly applicable for analysis of formulations that contain either low doses of active ingredient, active ingredient with low solubility, or active ingredient that does not possess a strong chromophore. Additionally, this type of methodology shows to be conducive for rapid method development.
Eysenck's BIG THREE and Communication Traits: Three Correlational Studies.

Over the past decade, communication scholars have increasingly considered biological contributions to the ways in which we communicate. One approach to exploring the links between biology and communication involves analysis of relationships between communication variables and variables containing strong biological underpinnings. The present study was designed to provide an examination of the relationship between Eysenck's personality dimensions and communication variables. This essay reports the results of three separate studies that encompass more than a dozen communication variables. The results seem to indicate that non-neurotic extraverts are not shy or apprehensive about touch, tend to perceive themselves as more competent, view themselves as assertive and responsive, and express greater degrees of self-acceptance. Neurotic introverts report apprehension about communication, perceive themselves as less immediate, rate themselves as having a lower affect orientation, and somewhat higher levels of verb...
In search of general mechanisms for long-lasting plasticity: Aplysia and the hippocampus

Long-term synaptic plasticity is thought to underlie many forms of long-lasting memory. Long-lasting plasticity has been most extensively studied in the marine snail Aplysia and in the mammalian hippocampus, where Bliss and Lomo first described long-term potentiation 30 years ago. The molecular mechanisms of plasticity in these two systems have proven to have many similarities. Here, we briefly describe some of these areas of overlap. We then summarize recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of long-lasting synaptic facilitation in Aplysia and suggest that these may prove fruitful areas for future investigation in the mammalian hippocampus and at other synapses in the mammalian brain.
Resource Description and Access: 2014 Update

This article summarizes a presentation given March 14, 2014, at the 23rd Annual North Carolina Serials Conference by Kurt C. Blythe and Christee Pascale. The presenters reviewed the most important developments in RDA from 2013/2014 from a serialist point of view. Additionally, the lessons learned from training for and implementing RDA at North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Libraries were described by Pascale and Blythe respectively.
Flexible Mechanisms in the Corporate Greenhouse: Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and the Globalization of the Electric Power Industry

The contradictions and unresolved tensions between economic globalization and climate change negotiations have added urgency to the climate change debate. The paper argues that the declining role of the nation state in the global economy and the increasing reach of transnational corporations throughout the world present a serious challenge to the environmental integrity and success of international environmental treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol. In particular efficacy and equity of the flexible mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol are questioned as illustrated by the patterns of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of the U.S. electric power industry in the developing world. U.S. FDI in the electric power sectors of developing countries supports continued carbon-intensive development patterns which will make the long-term goals of the Kyoto Protocol more difficult to achieve. Consequently, FDI raises questions about justifiability of giving credits to Annex I countries through CDM projects undertaken by trans...
Comparison of the synthesis of the light and heavy chains of adult skeletal myosin

Abstract 1. Incorporation of amino acid into light chains and heavy chains of skeletal myosin has been studied by injection of radioactive leucine into adult rabbits. Light and heavy chain fractions were prepared by dissociation of myosin in 5 M guanidine hydrochloride. Three distinct polypeptide chain species were separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 with molecular weights of 23 000 (light chain 1), 16 000 (light chain 2) and 12 000 (light chain 3) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. The specific activities of myosin light and heavy chains 30 min and 4 h after injection were about 20 and 60 %, respectively, of the values at 24 h. 3. Differences in pool sizes of myosin chains were evaluated by comparing the ratio of specific activities of chains at different times after labeling, since polypeptide chains with larger pools would be expected to become labeled more slowly. The ratio of light chains to heavy chains after 30 min was smaller than after 4 and 24 h, suggesting that the pool of uncombined light chains is larger than that of uncombined heavy chains. 4. Following 4- and 24-h labeling periods the ratio of light chain 1 to heavy chain specific activities was about 0.7, light chain 2 to heavy chain 1.1, and light chain 3 to heavy chain 1.8. It is concluded that these differences in radioactive leucine incorporation after longer labeling periods probably reflect actual differences in synthesis of myosin chains.
The Disruptive and Transformative Potential of Hypertext in the Classroom: Implications for Active Learning

This article describes a further extension of a strategy to move from a teacher-oriented to a student-oriented learning environment through the use of “collaborative hypertext.” Students were trained in the use of MidasWeb, a Web-based environment for the organization, storage, and retrieval of hypertext documents and images. Over the course of the term students worked in teams to construct their MidasWeb sites by developing the underlying conceptual frameworks for their subject areas and uploading documents. The results of questionnaire surveys of the students suggest that the MidasWeb exercise did achieve our objective of disrupting the traditional relationship between teacher and student to create a more student-centered environment. The more students became involved in the exercise the more they felt empowered with respect to the subject matter of the course and took responsibility for deriving meaning from the information they had obtained. In addition, the experience encouraged them to think about the subject matter across interdisciplinary lines. Because the MidasWeb exercise was structured as a group activity, the effectiveness of the team coordinators had an impact on the success of the teams as well as the nature of the learning experience of the individuals involved. Although the MidasWeb exercise was a successful application of digital technology to classroom learning, it was not a resounding success, because the impact on the students in the course was not uniform. While a substantial majority of them found MidasWeb to be very involving and moved toward student-centered learning, approximately one third of them, especially students who were uncomfortable with computer technology, did not benefit fully from the exercise. This suggests that in the future more time should be spent on training, and that MidasWeb needs to be made more user friendly for unsophisticated users.
Trophoblast differentiation of human embryonic stem cells

Molecular mechanisms regulating human trophoblast differentiation remain poorly understood due to difficulties in obtaining primary tissues from very early developmental stages in humans. Therefore, the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a source for generating trophoblast tissues is of significant interest. Trophoblast-like cells have been obtained through treatment of hESCs with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or inhibitors of activin/nodal/transforming growth factor-β signaling, or through protocols involving formation of embryoid bodies (EBs); however, there is controversy over whether hESC-derived cells are indeed analogous to true trophoblasts found in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of previously described efforts to obtain trophoblasts from hESCs. We also discuss the merits and limitations of hESCs as a source of trophoblast derivatives.