cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonoperative treatment for lumbosacral radiculopathy: what factors predict treatment failure?

Background Prior studies of nonoperative treatment for lumbosacral radiculopathy have identified potential predictors of treatment failure, defined by persistent pain, persistent disability, lack of recovery, or subsequent surgery. However, few predictors have been replicated, with the exception of higher leg pain intensity, as a predictor of subsequent surgery.
Poly(arenemethylidenes) — Low gap compounds with intriguing chemical and physical properties

Abstract A new class of conducting polymers, polyarenemethylidenes (PAM), are chemically prepared by polycondensation of heterocyclic dicarbinoles in coatings. The materials show high third-order non-linear optical coefficients χ(3) in the order of 10−9 esu and charge carrier mobilities up to 10 cm2/Vs.
Inhibition of the multiplication ofListeria monocytogenesin a murine hepatocyte cell line (ATCC TIB73) by IFN-γ and TNF-α

Abstract The effects of IFN- γ and TNF- α on intracellular multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes in a murine enbryonic hepatocyte cell line (ATCC TIB 73) were investigated. Neither IFN- γ nor TNF- α alone (10, 25, or 100 ng/ml) significantly inhibited intracellular multiplication of L. monocytogenes . In contrast, addition of both IFN- γ and TNF- α (10, 25, or 100 ng/ml) significantly inhibited intracellular listerial multiplication. The anti-listerial effects of IFN- γ and TNF- α were not blocked by adding aminoguanidine or catalase. Nor did IFN-γ and TNF-α treated hepatocyte monolayers produce detectable amounts of nitric oxide or hydrogen peroxide. These findings suggest that the effects of IFN- γ and TNF- α may be independent of reactive oxygen (ROI) and nitrogen (RNI) intermediates.
Experimental study of the influence of the flow rates in SMB chromatography

A Sorbex-type SMB separation instrument was operated for the separation of mixtures of 2-phenyl ethanol and 3-phenyl-1-propanol on a series of eight columns packed with Zorbax C18 bonded silica, using a 60:40 (v/v) solution of methanol and water as the mobile phase. The experiments were carried out with low-concentration mixtures under linear conditions. The elution profiles of both compounds between any two successive columns of the set under steady-state conditions were recorded while compositions of the raffinate and extract were measured. The four safety margin factors, β j , were divided into two groups: β 1 and β 4 ; β 2 and β 3 with different influence. Within the framework of the linear, ideal model of chromatography, a range of flow rates enables an SMB to operate successfully by completely separating the feed into its two components. The influence of different flow rates on the performance of the separator was studied by calculations and experiments with excellent agreement between both sets. With a simple optimization strategy, the four flow rates are selected to maximize the production rate or the concentration of extract and raffinate products, or to minimize the desorbent consumption. These optimum conditions are obtained by controlling the locations of concentration profiles inside the SMB. A reliable model for SMB operation allows a rapid and easy selection of the optimum experimental conditions.
Identification of clinically relevant aspergilli

As the number of cases of aspergillosis grows, the number of species reported to cause the disease is increasing. Historically, classification and identification of aspergilli was accomplished using morphological characteristics. A number of molecular, immunological and biochemical methods are now available. For the most part, the results of the various approaches concur, yielding similar results in identifying aspergilli, so the ‘best’ method for identification is the method that best suits the needs of the researcher or clinician. Each identification method has advantages and disadvantages which will be discussed herein. The paper contains a listing of some of the available identification systems from those that address the whole genus to those capable of separating intraspecific strains.
Polarization Fading Effects In Polarization-Preserving Fiber Ring Resonators.

A theoretical model is developed of ring resonators made from polarization preserving and polarizing fiber. The model predicts significant output variation with temperature, as a result of small amounts of polarization crosstalk in the coupler. It also allows determination of the polarizing fiber attenuation necessary for eliminating the output variation. Finally, a resonator configuration made from polarization preserving fiber is proposed, that shows greatly improved temperature stability without the use of polarizers.
Streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis of the eyelids and orbit

Streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in previously healthy persons can develop quickly and may be difficult to diagnose. In a number of cases, this potentially fatal condition has been seen originally in the eyelid and orbit. Intensive antibiotic therapy and prompt debridement are the usual course of treatment.
Process modeling and on-line monitoring of benzene and other species during the two-stage combustion of ethylene in air

Abstract The on-line measurement of combustion effluents is important in the study of reaction mechanisms, process control, and environmental monitoring and impact. Microtrap gas chromatography for real-time analysis of volatile organics preconcentrates the sample, and uses rapid desorption to yield low detection limits with a relatively rapid analysis. This technique is used here for the on-line monitoring of low levels of benzene, a known precursor to polyaromatics and dioxins, produced during the combustion of ethylene in air. In addition, several other species are monitored by more conventional on-line methods. Process modeling with detailed reaction mechanisms of the combustion runs provided reasonably good simulations of the observed concentrations.
A scale of primary classroom practices (SPCP)

The reliability and validity of a Scale of Primary Classroom Practices (SPCP) were tested using 12 independent observers who rated two first grade classrooms chosen for evaluation on the basis of their contrasting classroom practices. Observers were blind to the nature of these classrooms. Classroom A was identified as demonstrating a high degree of developmentally appropriate practices, while Classroom B was identified as demonstrating less developmentally appropriate practices. The mean percentages of exact agreement between the ratings of observers on the total SPCP was moderately high (85.30%) for Classroom A, but moderately low (50.50%) for Classroom B. However, the mean percentages of general agreement between the ratings of observers on the total SPCP was very high (98.10%) for Classroom A, and moderately high (76.00%) for Classroom B. Estimated alpha coefficients were very high, ranging for .95 to .99 for the total SPCP and its subscales. In addition, the total SPCP, including its subscales, signi...
Delamination Analysis for Laminated Composites. II: Numerical Verification

A validation of the delamination analysis models developed in a companion paper is provided through comparisons of predictions with finite-element and elasticity solutions. The models are applied to the analysis of composite compression specimens reinforced with end tabs. An elasticity solution for the gage section of the specimens is developed. A comparison of the characteristic roots shows that the predictions of the models include the material and geometric parameters that control the behavior, and the roots corresponding to the basic stretching and bending modes are accurately predicted. The stress distribution at the interface between tabs and specimen is in good agreement with a finite-element simulation. The interlaminar shear and peel stresses show an exponential increase with a maximum intensity at the free edges of the tabs. The behavior of previously tested specimens is explained; and practical guidelines for specimen design are provided to avoid unwanted extraneous modes of failure. The influence of the deformation modes associated with each model is investigated. An assessment of the accuracy and level of complexity is presented.
Serine 331 Is the Major Site of Receptor Phosphorylation Induced by Agents That Activate Protein Kinase G in HEK 293 Cells Overexpressing Thromboxane Receptor α

Human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells stably transfected with the His-tagged thromboxane receptor alpha (TPalpha) was used to study the phosphorylation and desensitization of the receptor induced by 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (8-Br-cGMP), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or S-nitroso-glutathione (SNG). These agents are known to activate cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Pretreatment of cells with these agents attenuated significantly agonist I-BOP induced Ca(2+) release. These agents also induced dose-dependent phosphorylation of the TPalpha as demonstrated by increased (32)P-labeling of the receptor from cells prelabeled with (32)Pi. To facilitate the identification of the intracellular domains involved in phosphorylation, glutathione S-transferase (GST)-intracellular domain fusion proteins were used as substrates for the purified PKG. It was found that only the GST-C-terminal tail fusion protein could serve as a substrate for the PKG. To identify the specific serine/threonine residues in the C-terminal tail being phosphorylated, various alanine mutants of these serine/threonine residues were checked for their ability to serve as substrates. It was found that the Ser-331 of the C-terminal tail was primarily involved in the PKG-mediated phosphorylation. That Ser-331 is a predominant site of phosphorylation was supported by in vivo studies in which HEK293 cells expressing the S331A mutant receptor showed little phosphorylation induced by any of the above three agents. Furthermore, HEK293 cells expressing the S331A mutant receptor pretreated with any of the above three agents became responsive to the agonist I-BOP-induced Ca(2+) release. These results indicate that Ser-331 of the TPalpha is the primary site responsible for the phosphorylation and the desensitization of the receptor induced by agents that activate the PKG.
Genetics of type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of pancreatic b cells and insulin deficiency. It is common in childhood and adolescence but can occur at any age. Although most cases lack a family history, first-degree relatives have a higher risk of developing T1D than does the general population. Within families, susceptibility depends on the degree of genetic identity with the proband. The highest risk is observed in identical twins. The disease concordance rate in twins can be up to 70% in studies with the longest follow-up period [1]. Although siblings have, on average, a lower prevalence of approximately 6%, this rate is still higher than the 0.4% observed in the white population in the United States, confirming a significant familiar clustering (ks = 6/0.4 = 15).
A Case Study of a Failed Organization Development Intervention Rooted in the Employee Survey Process.

This case study illustrates some of the problems of naive over-reliance on employee surveys as part of the organization development process, and makes recommendations to practitioners for effectively managing a theoretically sound approach to their performance improvement work. In addition, this case provides a close-up view of an inexperienced consultant and the distractions that resulted in a failed intervention.
Uprooting Nebuchadnezzar's Tree: Francis Bacon's Criticism of Machiavellian Imperialism

However boldly Francis Bacon might praise Machiavelli, he nevertheless formulates a powerful critique of his mentor's views regarding the means and aims of empire. Oriented by a prudential and normative commitment to philanthropia, Bacon reassesses the role of glory in political affairs and rejects key elements of Machiavelli's imperial vision. By deploying inversions of three Machiavellian images associated with empire—King Solomon rather than King David, the lowly mustard seed rather than Nebuchadnezzar's tree, and Themistocles rather than Fabius Maximus—Bacon signals his rejection of an imperial model based on violent conquest, a centralized and hierarchical structure, and conservative social and political values. In its place, he erects a new imperial model dedicated in principle to humanity, prosperity, and cosmopolitanism.
Formant transitions in varied utterance positions.

Aim: Acoustic characteristics associated with varied utterance positions were examined to understand the acoustic consequences of potential articulatory changes near utterance boundaries. Methods: Second formant transition characteristics, including transition duration (ms), transition extent (Hz), and derived slope of transition (Hz/ms), of 12 healthy speakers of American English were examined for two diphthong transitions in sew and sigh and one consonant-vowel transition in bee in utterance-initial, utterance-final, and utterance-end positions. Speakers performed a task of contrastive stress variation that served to demonstrate the changeability of acoustic characteristics as an index of articulatory change in shaping the vocal tract. Results: Contrastive stress, as compared to words spoken without increased stress, was associated with longer transition duration, greater transition extent, and a decreased slope. Although some utterance position effects were present, no systematic differences consistent with boundary strengthening or declination were found. Conclusion: Findings suggest that varied utterance positions may be associated with stimulus-dependent variation in articulatory changes that is reflected in the acoustic output. These results indicate the need to further understand the construct of utterance-level speech materials, such as carrier phrases, in clinical practice and research.
Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Microscopy at Video-Rate using Novel SCMOS-Specific Localization Algorithms

Single molecule localization based super resolution microscopy relies on precise and accurate localization of a large number of single molecules. However, the necessity of accumulating large numbers of localization estimates limits the time resolution to typically seconds to minutes.Two of the major limitations are the acquisition speed and the photon budget. Replacing EMCCD cameras which are usually implemented in such experiments with recently introduced SCMOS cameras results in a leap in both acquisition speed and effective quantum efficiency. However, the intrinsic pixel-dependent Gaussian noise of the SCMOS cameras introduces localization artifacts and greatly reduces the reliability of the results.Here, we present a set of specially designed statistics-based algorithms that allows for the first time to fully characterize an SCMOS camera and perform unbiased and precise localization analysis. Using this method we demonstrate Cramer-Rao lower bound-limited single molecule localization with an SCMOS camera. Combining this with a recently developed multi-emitter fitting algorithm and optimized imaging condition, we show that this technique shortens the typical acquisition time for fixed samples by up to two orders of magnitude without compromising the field of view. Furthermore, we demonstrate video-rate super-resolution microscopy of live cells by monitoring the transient clustering events of transferrin receptors with a reconstructed frame rate of 32 fps.The here presented method allows to replace EMCCD cameras with SCMOS technology and record faster and more precise super-resolution images without compromises.
Quantum states of a field partitioned by an accelerated frame.

The discrete Minkowski Bessel mode technology is developed. This development includes (i) the eigenvalue spectrum, (ii) the phase-space integral formulation of the quantized Klein-Gordon (KG) field in accelerated frames with a finite bottom ({ital b}{gt}0), and (iii) the procedure for making the transition to bottomless ({ital b}=0) frames. This technology is used to show that the Rindler vacuum state of an acceleration-partitioned real KG field is perpendicular not only to the Minkowski vacuum state, but also to every quantum state associated with a detector'' accelerating through what initially was the Minkowski vacuum. In fact, every element of the Hilbert space containing the Rindler vacuum is perpendicular to the Hilbert space containing the Minkowski vacuum.
Borderless worlds? Problematising discourses of deterritorialisation

(1999). Borderless worlds? Problematising discourses of deterritorialisation. Geopolitics: Vol. 4, Geopolitics at the end of the Twentieth Century, pp. 139-154.
Individual differences in cortisol levels and performance on a test of executive function in men and women

Despite evidence for a high concentration of corticosteroid receptors in prefrontal cortex, little research has examined the relationship between cortisol and prefrontal cortical function other than working memory. We investigated the association between salivary cortisol levels and performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) of executive function and on a test of mental rotation (to test specificity of the relationship between cortisol and cognitive performance) in men and women (n=116, ages 17-22). Higher cortisol levels at the beginning of the test session were associated with more errors in women on the WCST and fewer errors in men. However, men's cortisol levels were lower than women's at this point in time. Cortisol levels were not associated with mental rotation scores. Our results suggest that individual differences in cortisol levels among participants upon arrival to a test situation influence performance on a task involving the prefrontal cortex.
Pathogenesis of Endometriosis

Various theories have been promulgated to explain the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Interest in the genesis of the endometriotic lesion has been a focus since the earliest investigations. More recently, investigators have addressed aspects of the immune system and local peritoneal factors that may be involved with both the histogenesis of endometriosis as well as its sequelae. This review will consider evidence for different theories of histogenesis and will discuss our current understanding of the contribution of the immune system to the etiology of endometriosis. Data will be presented regarding recently described models of the early endometriotic lesion. The interaction of endometrial cells with the peritoneal mesothelium seems critical to our understanding the formation of the early endometriotic lesion. Evidence of rapid transmesothelial migration and invasion of the peritoneum will be considered. As well, candidate adhesion molecules that may facilitate the initial binding of endometrium to the peritoneum will be discussed.
Feasibility study of solid oxide fuel cell engines integrated with sprinter gas turbines: Modeling, design and control

Conventional recuperating solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)/gas turbine (GT) system suffers from its poor dynamic capability and load following performance. To meet the fast, safe and efficient load following requirements for mobile applications, a sprinter SOFC/GT system concept is proposed in this paper. In the proposed system, an SOFC stack operating at fairly constant temperature provides the baseline power with high efficiency while the fast dynamic capability of the GT-generator is fully explored for fast dynamic load following. System design and control studies have been conducted by using an SOFC/GT system model consisting of experimentally-verified component models. In particular, through analysis of the steady-state simulation results, an SOFC operation strategy is proposed to maintain fairly constant SOFC power (less than 2% power variation) and temperature (less than 2 K temperature variation) over the entire load range. A system design procedure well-suited to the proposed system has also been developed to help determining component sizes and the reference steady-state operation line. In addition, control analysis has been studied for both steady-state and transient operations. Simulation results suggest that the proposed system holds the promise to achieve fast and safe transient operations by taking full advantage of the fast dynamics of the GT-generator.
Micro-machined three-dimensional micro-optics for integrated free-space optical system

Novel, integrable three-dimensional micro-optical elements have been realized by surface micromachining technology. Rotatable mirrors, lenses and beam-splitters standing perpendicular to the substrate are demonstrated. The optical elements are precisely held at 90/spl deg/ angle to the substrate by side latches. The Si substrate serves as a "micro-optical bench" on which monolithic micro-optical systems consisting of movable and static micro-mirrors, lenses and other components are constructed. The optical system is pre-aligned by photolithography. This technology offers a new approach to free-space integrated optics and low-cost optical packaging. >
Forecasting in US firms: a role for TQM?

Focuses on the implementation of forecasting systems and processes by large organizations. Reports the results of a survey of US firms which reveal that, despite advances in computer technology, judgemental forecasting continues to be the method managers prefer. Notes, however, that the incorporation of total quality practices appears to be having some impact on improving systematic approaches to forecasting.
Dose-associated changes in safety and efficacy parameters observed in a 24-week maintenance trial of olanzapine long-acting injection in patients with schizophrenia

In a recently published 24-week maintenance study of olanzapine long-acting injection (LAI) in schizophrenia (Kane et al., 2010), apparent dose-associated changes were noted in both efficacy and safety parameters. To help clinicians balance safety and efficacy when choosing a dose of olanzapine LAI, we further studied these changes. Outpatients with schizophrenia who had maintained stability on open-label oral olanzapine for 4 to 8 weeks were randomly assigned to "low" (150 mg/2 weeks; N = 140), "medium" (405 mg/4 weeks; N = 318), or "high" (300 mg/2 weeks; N = 141) dosages of olanzapine LAI for 24 weeks. Potential relationships between dose and several safety or efficacy measures were examined via regression analysis, the Jonckheere-Terpstra test (continuous data), or the Cochran-Armitage test (categorical data). Safety parameters statistically significantly related to dose were mean weight change (low: +0.67 [SD = 4.38], medium: +0.89 [SD = 3.87], high: +1.70 [SD = 4.14] kg, p = .024; effect size [ES] = 0.264 high vs. low dose), mean change in prolactin (low: -5.61 [SD = 12.49], medium: -2.76 [SD = 19.02]), high: +3.58 [SD = 33.78] μg/L, p = .001; ES = 0.410 high vs. low dose), fasting triglycerides change from normal at baseline to high (low: 3.2%, medium: 6.0%, high: 18.9%, p = .001; NNT = 7 high vs. low dose) and fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol change from normal at baseline to low (low: 13.8%, medium: 19.6%, high: 30.7%, p = .019; NNT = 6 high vs. low dose). Efficacy measures significantly related to dose included Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score mean change (low: +2.66 [SD = 14.95], medium: -0.09 [SD = 13.47], high: -2.19 [SD = 13.11], p <.01; ES = 0.356 high vs. low dose), relapse rate (low: 16%, medium: 10%, high: 5%, p = .003; NNT = 9 high vs. low dose), all-cause discontinuation rate (low: 36%, medium: 30%, high: 24%, p = .037; NNT = 9 high vs. low dose), and rate of discontinuation due to efficacy-related reasons (low: 20%, medium: 14%, high: 6%, p <.001). Time to all-cause discontinuation (p = .035) and time to relapse (p = .005) were also significantly related to dose. Analyses of several safety and efficacy parameters revealed significant associations with dose of olanzapine LAI, with the highest dose generally showing greater efficacy as well as greater adverse changes in metabolic safety measures. When considering olanzapine LAI, as with all antipsychotics, it is important to carefully consider the potential benefits and risks for an individual patient. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00088491
Non-cancer adverse health conditions and perceived health and function among cancer survivors participating in a community-based cohort study in Washington County, Maryland

This study was conducted in an ongoing community-based cohort study to examine the prevalence of non-cancer adverse health conditions among cancer survivors and the association of these conditions with self-rated health and functional status. Data were analyzed from CLUE II, a community-based cohort study in Washington County, Maryland that began in 1989. Cross-sectional comparisons were made between 1,261 cancer survivors and 1,261 age- and gender-matched individuals without a history of cancer. Information on non-cancer adverse health conditions, self-rated health, and activities of daily living was based on self-report. Compared to individuals without a history of cancer, cancer survivors were significantly more likely to report a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (33.8% versus 29.8%; p = 0.009) and endocrine disease (other than diabetes) (17.0% versus 14.3%; p = 0.02). Further, cancer survivors reporting two or more non-cancer adverse health conditions had a greater likelihood of reporting fair or poor self-rated health (odds ratio (OR) 4.11; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 3.06, 5.54), and difficulty with at least one activity of daily living (OR 6.03; 95% CI 4.01, 9.05) compared to cancer survivors who did not report other adverse health conditions. Findings from this cross-sectional data analysis indicate that cancer survivors are at increased risk for non-cancer adverse health conditions, which are associated with poorer self-rated health, more interference with normal activities, and functional limitations. Increased attention must be given to the preventive care and treatment of non-cancer adverse health conditions among cancer survivors to decrease non-cancer morbidity and mortality and to maintain and improve quality of life.
A Manganese Carboxylate with Geometrically Frustrated Magnetic Layers of Novel Topology

A new two-dimensional coordination polymer, Mn2(THFTC)(H2O)3 (THFTC = tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylate), was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction...
Constrained geometry organoactinides as versatile catalysts for the intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization of primary and secondary amines having diverse tethered C-C unsaturation.

A series of “constrained geometry” organoactinide complexes, (CGC)An(NMe)2 (CGC = Me2Si(η5-Me4C5)(tBuN); An = Th, 1; U, 2), has been prepared via efficient in situ, two-step protodeamination routes in good yields and high purity. Both 1 and 2 are quantitatively converted to the neutrally charged, solvent-free dichlorides (1-Cl2, 2-Cl2) and slightly more soluble diiodides (1-I2, 2-I2) with excess Me3Si−X (X = Cl, I) in non-coordinating solvents. The new complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and (for 1 and 2) single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing substantially increased metal coordinative unsaturation vs the corresponding Me2SiCp‘ ‘2AnR2 (Cp‘ ‘ = η5-Me4C5; An = Th, R = CH2(SiMe3), 3; An = U, R = CH2Ph, 4) and Cp‘2AnR2 (Cp‘ = η5-Me5C5 ; An = Th, R = CH2(SiMe3), 5; An = U, R = CH2(SiMe3), 6) complexes. Complexes 1−6 exhibit broad applicability for the intramolecular hydroamination of diverse C−C unsaturations, including terminal and internal aminoalkenes (primary and seco...
Non-cooperative implementation of the core

The aim of this paper is to examine the non-cooperative basis of the core. We provide mechanisms that are motivated closely by the very description of the core, and have the property that their non-cooperative equilibrium outcomes coincide with the core. For general economic environments we construct an extensive form mechanism in which each player proposes a status-quo and then also has an opportunity to recontract with any other coalition. A proposal to recontract is enforced if and only if it meets with the unanimous approval of such a coalition. We show that subgame perfect outcomes of this mechanism coincide with the core allocations of the underlying economy. We also consider situations, such as labor managed firms, in which the mechanism designer does not know the set of feasible allocations but can observe the output (utility).
The Effects of Organizational Frames and Problem Ambiguity on Decision Making

This paper investigates how organizational climate and information quantity influences choice of decision making strategies. A simulated company with an organizational climate was manipulated to be either supportive or non-supportive of participative decision making methods. Subjects then solved problems in which information available to make a decision was manipulated. Results indicated that climate has an effect on choice of decision making strategies independent of information quantity. A second study was then conducted to assess how the climate manipulation affected subjects' decision-making. Organizational climate information appears to affect decisions in a manner analogous to Tversky and Kahneman's (1981) decision framing model.
Infrared emission studies of vibrational excitation in CH3 fragments produced from ArF and KrF laser photolysis of Cd(CH3)2 and Zn(CH3)2

Abstract Infrared emission from the ν2 out-of-plane bending mode and ν3 C-H stretching mode of CH3 has been observed following 193 and 248 nm pulsed excimer laser photolysis of Cd(CH3)2 and Zn(CH3)2. The relative numbers of ν2 and ν3 vibrational quanta produced as a result of photodissociation were determined from the emission intensities using a simple harmonic-oscillator analysis. For the Cd(CH3)2 system, the number of ν2 bending quanta produced relative to the numbers of ν3 stretching quanta was found to be 8 ± 2 and 2 ± 0.4 at 193 and 248 nm respectively. This is qualitatively similar to the analogous ratios of 6 ± 1.5 and 3 ± 1 found for the Zn(CH3)2 system. The observed experimental decrease in going from 193 to 248 nm is opposite to that predicted by a simple RRK statistical distribution of vibrational energy but is in qualitative agreement with recent studies of the absorption spectra of these metal alkyls, which indicate that photodissociation at 193 and 248 nm produces different amounts of bent and linear excited-state configurations.
C. parvum in germ-free mice

The effect of previous sensitization to C. parvum, by cross-reacting antigens from other bacteria, on the immunostimulatory effects of C. parvum treatment were studied in germ-free and conventional mice. It was found that the development of splenomegaly and specific delayed hypersensitivity following C. parvum injection were similar in both germ-free mice and conventional mice.
Arabidopsis gene expression patterns are altered during spaceflight

Abstract The exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) plants to spaceflight environments results in differential gene expression. A 5-day mission on orbiter Columbia in 1999 (STS-93) carried transgenic Arabidopsis plants engineered with a transgene composed of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene promoter linked to the β-Glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. The plants were used to evaluate the effects of spaceflight on gene expression patterns initially by using the Adh/GUS transgene to address specifically the possibility that spaceflight induces a hypoxic stress response (Paul, A.L., Daugherty, C.J., Bihn, E.A., Chapman, D.K., Norwood, K.L., Ferl, R.J., 2001. Transgene expression patterns indicate that spaceflight affects stress signal perception and transduction in arabidopsis, Plant Physiol. 126, 613–621). As a follow-on to the reporter gene analysis, we report here the evaluation of genome-wide patterns of native gene expression within Arabidopsis shoots utilizing the Agilent DNA array of 21,000 Arabidopsis genes. As a control for the veracity of the array analyses, a selection of genes was further characterized with quantitative Real-Time RT PCR (ABI - Taqman®). Comparison of the patterns of expression for arrays probed with RNA isolated from plants exposed to spaceflight compared to RNA isolated from ground control plants revealed 182 genes that were differentially expressed in response to the spaceflight mission by more than 4-fold, and of those only 50 genes were expressed at levels chosen to support a conservative change call. None of the genes that are hallmarks of hypoxic stress were induced to this level. However, genes related to heat shock were dramatically induced – but in a pattern and under growth conditions that are not easily explained by elevated temperatures. These gene expression data are discussed in light of current models for plant responses to the spaceflight environment and with regard to potential future spaceflight experiment opportunities.
Concomitant cardiac and vascular disease: “Through the looking glass”

The problem of coexisting coronary artery disease in vascular patients is well recognized, because early and late morbidity and mortality rates in patients undergoing peripheral arterial surgery in all locations is overwhelmingly of myocardial origin. In these days of financial constraints on diagnostic resources, ascertaining the extent of coronary artery disease with a reasonable degree of precision may be more difficult than the therapeutic recommendations following the discovery of coronary artery disease. Allan D. Callow, M.D.
A 39-Year-Old Woman With Hypercholesterolemia

Ms T, a 39-year-old woman, has a total cholesterol level of 277 mg/dL (7.17 mmol/L) and well-controlled hypertension; her brother had a stroke in his 30s. She is primarily concerned with her mother’s history of breast cancer, but she would like to know if she can take a dietary supplement or if she needs to take cholesterol-lowering medication, and if so, whether she will need to continue it as well as adhere to her diet for the rest of her life. Her estimated 10-year risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) is 1% to 2% using the Framingham Risk Score, but that may underestimate her true risk as an African American woman with a family history of CHD. Recommendations for her, her longer-term risk for CHD, and evidence for lipid-lowering therapies are discussed.
Assessing Local Government Sexual Harassment Policies

This article examines sexual harassment policies in local governments to assess compliance with model policies, and the nature and extent of training on the topic, and provides policy recommendations where policies appear lacking. A content analysis of municipal sexual harassment policies in the state of Michigan suggests that policy shortcomings are those of omission rather than commission. Few policies include any elements that have been identified as being detrimental to effective implementation processes. Rather, many policies are silent on aspects that are critical to successful implementation. And this silence has several very important potential repercussions for the effective implementation of policies as well as an ultimate reduction in the levels of workplace sexual harassment.
D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mediation of amphetamine-induced acetylcholine release in nucleus accumbens.

Abstract To assess the interaction of dopamine and acetylcholine systems in the rat nucleus accumbens in response to direct d -amphetamine administration, in vivo microdialysis measures of acetylcholine were used during reverse dialysis of amphetamine alone and in combination with D1 and D2 receptor antagonists SCH 23390 and sulpiride, respectively. During a 15 min exposure to amphetamine (50 μM) in the nucleus accumbens, acetylcholine increased to 33% of pre-infusion levels, became maximal at 15 min post-infusion (+41%) and gradually returned to baseline levels by 60 min post-amphetamine. Conversely, amphetamine (1 mM) administration caused a biphasic change in acetylcholine release with a trend toward a decrease (−14%) during exposure followed by a significant increase (+36%) at 30 min post-amphetamine that returned to baseline levels by 60 min after infusion. The increases observed during amphetamine (50 μM) exposure and during recovery from amphetamine (1 mM) were both blocked by co-administration with the D1 antagonist, SCH 23390 (10 μM), but not with the D2 antagonist, sulpiride (10 μM). Co-infusion of sulpiride eliminated the trend toward reduced acetylcholine release observed during 1 mM amphetamine whereas co-administration of SCH 23390 potentiated this decrease. A possible tonic D1 facilitation of nucleus accumbens acetylcholine release was indicated by the consistent reductions in acetylcholine release observed during infusion of SCH 23390. These results suggest that amphetamine administration in the nucleus accumbens induces a bidirectional change in acetylcholine release that is dependent on dose and opposing effects of nucleus accumbens D1 and D2 activation. In general, relatively low doses of amphetamine administered into the nucleus accumbens caused an increase in acetylcholine release that was dependent on dopamine D1 receptors whereas higher doses of amphetamine resulted in a D2-mediated decrease.
Ruffed Grouse Tolerance and Biotransformation of the Plant Secondary Metabolite Coniferyl Benzoate

Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) consumption of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) flower buds is determined, in part, by the concentration of coniferyl benzoate (CB) in the bud. Understanding the physiological effects of this compound may clarify whether the association between annual fluctuations in CB and Ruffed Grouse population levels has a cause/effect relationship. We determined the maximum level of dietary CB that Ruffed Grouse can tolerate by feeding captive grouse a formulated diet treated with eight concentrations of CB. Loss of body mass was used to indicate toxicity. Biotransformation products from CB were identified in order to determine the detoxication mechanisms em- ployed and the presence of potentially toxic CB metabolites. Ruffed Grouse will consume up to 2 g kgg' day-' of CB before rapid mass loss ensues. High dietary levels of CB were associated with decreased food intake and increased water excretion. Serum uric acid, as- partate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels did not change significantly with increased levels of dietary CB. Mass loss that was associated with a CB intake of 2.3 g kg-' day-' could be explained by decreased food intake but could not be attributed to any specific toxic effect. It is uncertain whether the decreased food consumption that occurred at high CB intake levels was prompted by toxicity avoidance or decreased food palatability. Ruffed Grouse appear to use glucuronic acid, sulfate, and omithine conjugation, along with hydrolysis, reduction, and oxygenation reactions, when detoxifying CB. Nine biotransfor- mation products were identified, including ferulic acid and 4-vinylguaiacol. The latter com- pounds are known to interfere with reproduction in other animals.
Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy with transcervical morcellation and sacrocervicopexy: initial experience with a novel surgical approach to uterovaginal prolapse.

Abstract The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a new laparoscopic technique for the treatment of uterovaginal prolapse using a transcervical access port to minimize the laparoscopic incision. From February 2008 through August 2010, symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse in 43 patients was evaluated and surgically treated using this novel procedure. Preoperative assessment included pelvic examination, the pelvic organ prolapse quantification scoring system (POP-Q), and complex urodynamic testing with prolapse reduction to evaluate for symptomatic or occult stress urinary incontinence. The surgical procedure consisted of laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy with transcervical morcellation and laparoscopic sacrocervicopexy with anterior and posterior mesh extension. Concomitant procedures were performed as indicated. All procedures were completed laparoscopically using only 5-mm abdominal port sites, with no intraoperative complications. Patients were followed up postoperatively for pelvic examination and POP-Q at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. The median (interquartile range) preoperative POP-Q values for point Aa was 0 (−1.0 to 1.0), and for point C was −1.0 (−3.0 to 2.0). Postoperatively, median points Aa and C were significantly improved at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months (all p
Exposure opportunity as a mechanism linking youth marijuana use to hallucinogen use

Abstract The aim of this study is to shed light upon an observed association between the use of marijuana and hallucinogens (e.g. LSD), with a specific focus on the idea that two separate mechanisms might link marijuana use to hallucinogen use: (1) greater hallucinogen exposure opportunity for marijuana users versus nonusers; (2) increased probability of hallucinogen use for marijuana users versus nonusers, once the opportunity to use hallucinogens has occurred. This work is based on a novel analysis of retrospective, self-report data from more than 40 000 young participants in the 1991–1994 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), with discrete time survival analysis models. Youths who had used marijuana were substantially more likely than nonusers to have the opportunity to use hallucinogens (estimated unadjusted relative risk, uRR=16.3; 95%. Confidence interval (CI)=14.3–18.6). Once an opportunity to use hallucinogens occurred, marijuana users were more likely than nonusers to initiate hallucinogen use (uRR=12.6; 95% CI=9.0–17.6). This evidence provides a more complete view of interconnections between marijuana use and hallucinogen use, and helps to clarify the pivotal role for drug exposure opportunities. Important next steps will be to understand what accounts for variation in the exposure opportunities experienced by marijuana users, and to understand why some marijuana users do not progress even when they have a chance to do so.
Differential Expression of the Lactose Transporter Gene Affects Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk

In this study, differential display polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to search for unique or enhanced expression of genes in prevalent bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus strains. Comparison of a pair of prevalent and rare strains revealed the differential expression of several genes. The lactose-specific permease, enzyme II (EII), was highly expressed in the prevalent strain. This gene was selected for further study due to its potential influence on bacterial growth, because lactose is the primary carbohydrate in milk. Growth analysis illustrated that prevalent strains reach significantly higher growth densities sooner than rare strains. Quantitative competitive reverse transcription PCR (QC RT-PCR) revealed increased EII mRNA expression in prevalent strains as compared to rare strains. Mutation of the EII gene resulted in abrogated growth and decreased EII mRNA expression in media containing lactose. These data suggest that increased EII expression may facilitate the pathogenesis of S. aureus mastitis by enhancing growth. This study is the first to implicate EII as a potential virulence factor in mastitis, and therefore may be useful in the development of novel therapeutic strategies against S. aureus mastitis.
External Barriers to Help Seeking for Older Women Who Experience Intimate Partner Violence

There has been relatively little research published to guide the field in identifying and addressing barriers to seeking help for older women who experience domestic violence (DV). The current article focuses on findings related to external behaviors to help-seeking in the Domestic Violence Against Older Women (DVAOW) study. Data were collected in 21 focus groups with 134 women, 45 to 85 years of age. External barriers, described by DVAOW respondents as contributing to the reluctance of some older women to seek help for domestic abuse, include response of family, response of clergy, response of the justice system, and responsiveness of community resources. These findings are discussed with implications for community outreach and future research.
Simple wideband models for disks and wires in the eddy current approximation

Abstract Wideband electromagnetic induction systems have shown improved false alarm rates when compared with traditional metal detectors. Calibration of these sensors and the development of algorithms for target discrimination could be assisted by a set of models for common targets. In this paper, simple wideband models of the eddy current response for a wire and disk are provided. These are provided in the form of a singularity expansion of the polarizability dyadic. In an effort to make this form more concrete, a major focus of the paper is on relating the terms of the expansion to graphs of the currents present on the disk. The models provided in the paper are based on limiting forms of a cylinder as computed using the body-of-revolutions finite element method. Measured polarizability dyadics are also shown to fit the forms provided reasonably well.
Environmental conditions and phosphorus removal in Florida lakes and wetlands inhabited by Hydrilla verticillata (Royle): implications for invasive species management

Hydrilla verticillata is considered the most problematic aquatic plant in the United States. In south Florida, Hydrilla dominance has also been documented in treatment wetlands. This paper characterizes (1) environmental conditions which favor Hydrilla growth and (2) understand its nutrient removal capability. Despite its occurrence over a wide range of environmental conditions, Hydrilla abundance increased with increasing pH, alkalinity, total P and total N, and decreased with water depth in selected Florida lakes. No relationship was found between color, Secchi depth and Hydrilla abundance. In several Hydrilla-dominated lakes, mean total P concentration (126 μg/l) at inflow was reduced to 106 μg/l at outflow. The maximum inflow total P concentration in a lake with positive nutrient reduction was 148 μg/l. Total P removal efficiency by Hydrilla-dominated lakes and wetlands was comparable to or higher than systems dominated by emergent and other submerged plants. Mean total P settling rates for lakes and a constructed wetland dominated by Hydrilla were estimated at 19 and 34 m/year, respectively, which were higher than or comparable to similar systems dominated by other aquatic plants. Results from this study suggest that reduction of Hydrilla from constructed wetlands will not likely improve nutrient removal performance.
Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III: complete sequence, overexpression, and characterization of the polC gene.

Abstract Genomic DNA encompassing polC, the structural gene specifying Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III (PolIII), was sequenced and found to contain a 4311-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 162.4-kDa polypeptide of 1437 amino acids (aa). The ORF was engineered into an Escherichia coli expression plasmid under the control of the coliphage λ represser. Derepression of E. coli transformants carrying the recombinant vector resulted in the high-level synthesis of a recombinant DNA polymerase indistinguishable from native PolIII. N-terminal aa sequence analysis of the recombinant polymerase unequivocally identified the 4311-bp ORF as that of polC. Comparative aa sequence analysis indicated significant homology of the B. subtilis enzyme with the catalytic α subunit of the E. coli PolIII and, with the exception of an exonuclease domain, little homology with other DNA polymerases. The respective sequences of the mutant polC alleles, dnaF and ts-6, were identified, and the expression of specifically truncated forms of polC was exploited to assess the dependence of polymerase activity on the structure of the enzyme's C terminus.
Activity Coefficients of Aqueous Potassium Chloride Measured with a Potassium-Sensitive Glass Electrode

Values of γ±KCl over temperature and molality ranges of 10° to 50°C and 0.01 to 1.0 molal were determined with an electromotive-force cell: potas sium-sensitive glass electrode, KCl (molality), Ag-AgCl. A more satisfactory method than is commonly employed was devised for treating the experimental measurements of potential.