cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Galvanomagnetic effects in n-InSb at low temperatures in strong magnetic fields

Data are given for three separate ingots of n-InSb with excess donor concentrations of 1.2 x 10/sup 16/ 1.4 x 10/sup 15/, and 2.8 x 10/sup 14/ cm/sup - 3/. The samples had dimensions of the order of 1 x 1 x 5 mm. Separate current and potential or Hall leads were soldered to the samples with indium solder. (W.D.M.)
Exact-Energy Self-Consistent Field

A self-consistent field Hamiltonian is constructed, for arbitrary pair interactions, which yields (in principle) an exact value for the energy of a chosen state of a system of $N$ particles, as well as estimates for other states. The method for extending the formalism to interactions involving arbitrary numbers of particles is indicated and is straightforward. The method is carried out within the bound-state framework, and while motivated by the recent work of Bethe, results in a Hamiltonian somewhat different from his. An argument is presented which indicates that the independent-particle eigenfunctions of this Hamiltonian are "good" representations of the original $N$-body system. A discussion of the practicality of the computations is included.
HEMATOLOGY: Irreversible oxidant injury in the erythrocytes of the newborn infant

It is generally recognized that the red cells of the newborn are more susceptible to injury, i.e. the appearance of Heinz bodies and glutathione instability, upon exposure to oxidant compounds. A more complete examination of the extent and nature of this injury was made. RBC's were incubated for 2 hours with and without glucose in the presence of acetylphenhydrazine (APH) or menadione (K3) and then reincubated in glucose media. Red cell hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, all SH containing enzymes, were irreversibly lost in the cells of the newborn when incubated in APH or K3 with no glucose in the medium. The cell's ability to consume glucose was reduced from 50 to 95%. The red cells of adults showed som fall in enzyme activity during drug exposure but full acitivity was restored and red cell glycolysis was unimpaired when reincubated in glucose. Incubation of the cells of the newborn in a carbon monoxide atmosphere during drug exposure prevented their adverse effects. In addition, in the presence of glucose, K3 increased the rate of fatty acid incorporation into adult cells and depressed the rate in newborn cells. Oxidant drugs apparently through alterations in the cells of the newborn and their use in the neonatal period appears contraindicated.
Monitoring Substrate-Driven Conformational Changes of ClC-ec1 by [Methyl-13C] Methionine NMR

ClC-ec1, a bacterial Cl-/H+ antiporter of the CLC family, has been crystallized under many conditions. Yet, only one major conformation of the protein has been observed, leading to the view that the antiport cycle only involves local conformational changes near the chloride binding sites. This view has been challenged in a recent study (Elvington et al, 2009), in which a residue up to 25 A away from the chloride binding sites was shown to undergo substrate-induced, antiport-dependent conformational changes. To gain further understanding of this conformational change, we are using specific 13C-methyl labeling to facilitate the study of the ClC-ec1 structure and dynamics by NMR. Use of a monomeric ClC-ec1 (Robertson et al, 2010) greatly improves spectral quality of this 50-kD (per subunit) membrane protein. Heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) spectra reveal substrate-dependent spectral changes that may correspond to functionally relevant conformational change. Resonance assignment is in progress.
Chebyshev-Grüss type inequalities via Euler type and Fink identities

In this article we establish new Chebyshev-Gruss type univariate inequalities by using the generalized Euler type and Fink identities. Our results involve the functions f,g, f^(^n^),g^(^n^),[email protected]?N, and are with respect to @[email protected][email protected]?"p,[email protected][email protected]?~.
Fundamental characterization of the moderate power He microwave induced plasma

Abstract Spatial profiles of fundamental properties for the moderate power (500 W) helium microwave induced plasma (MIP) have been obtained and the character of the plasma was carefully studied. Excitation (He and Fe), ionization and rotational temperatures of some molecular species (OH and N+2) show large differences among themselves, ranging from 2130 to 5890 K. The measured electron number density was 2.3 × 1014 cm−3. The differences in temperatures are greater than those reported for other Ar or N2 plasmas. Apparent overpopulation of higher energy levels in OH and N+2 suggests the existence of high energy species, probably electrons, in the plasma. The rotational temperature increases moderately for this plasma compared to those operated at lower power, but it is still not sufficiently robust to allow easy introduction of aqueous samples. The plasma approaches equilibrium more closely at the top owing to the collisional relaxation.
Protein Aggregation in Conventional and Ultra High-Temparature Heated Skimmilk

Abstract Ultracentrifugate supernatant fractions from raw and heated skimmilk were examined by Sephadex G-100 gel-filtration and zonal electorphoresis to investigate the protein aggregation produced by heating skimmilk at 90 C for 10 or 30 min, and at temperatures to 149 C for as long as 16 sec. Heating at 90 C caused preferential formation of intermediate size ≥75 to 100 S ≤425 to 500 S protein particles; whereas, the ultra high-temperature heat treatments favored formation of larger size ≥425 to 500 S particles. Ultra high-temperature heat treatments produced only slight alteration of Sephadex gel-filtration patterns for the smallest size ≤75 to 100 S protein components; whereas, all of the ≤75 to 100 S protein components in 90 C heated skimmilk were sufficiently aggregated as to be totally excluded from Sephadex G-100. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis data indicated that the rate and extent of heat-induced protein aggregation to particle sizes in excess of about 75 to 100 S closely parallel those for whey protein denaturation. The findings support the concept that ultra high-temperature heat treatments of 146 to 150 C may produce small amounts of nonsedimenting casein components by disaggregation of casein micelles.
Observations on gametogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum from continuous culture.

Synopsis. Gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum were produced in continuous cultures but eventually declined in numbers after 3–4 months in vitro. Their development progressed in a consistent pattern, from small rounded, through triangular, to ellipsoidal, and finally after 8 days to crescentic forms. Morphologic maturity occurred at 8–9 days, but the gametocytes would not exflagellate in vitro, even after 14–18 days of development. Thus, current culture methods cannot produce a continuous supply of functional gametes for further studies.
Exploratory study on end-of-life issues: Barriers to palliative care and advance directives:

Background.In the United States, as in most developed countries, death is rarely unexpected. It usually occurs in older persons with chronic progressive illnesses that often are complicated by infections or exacerbations. Many patients with terminal illnesses choose palliative care to relieve symptoms, improve the quality of their lives, and strive for a peaceful death. Professionals who serve dying patients need to recognize the importance of advance directives as part of a patient’s decision to forgo curative treatment for palliative care.Objectives.SOLACE™ (Supporters of Life-Affirming Care at End of Life) is a coalition of interdisciplinary professionals in the northern Virginia community dedicated to improving end-of-life care. The objectives of the SOLACE survey were to identify and describe: 1) professionals’ perceptions about barriers related to hospice and palliative care, 2) professionals’ opinions about barriers related to dying at home, 3) professionals’ perceptions about barriers related to a...
Backward masking as a function of interstimulus distance

A study was performed to determine the effect of inter-stimulus distance on visual backward masking. Utilizing the Method of Limits, stimuli were presented by means of a three field tachistoscope. When interstimulus distances were small, masked elements were not perceived at all. As distances increased a gradient effect was observed.
Hydrodynamic stability of the plane Poiseuille flow of an electrorheological fluid

Abstract A linearized stability analysis of the fully developed pressure driven plane Poiseuille flow of electrorheological fluids has been carried out. The constitutive equation considered here was developed by Rajagopal and Wineman (Acta Mech. 91, (1992) 57–70) and includes the constitutive equations for several other simple fluids such as the classical Newtonian fluid, the classical Bingham fluid, power-law fluids and fluids where the yield stress is continuously dependent on the shear rate as special cases. We employ a Galerkin weighted residual method and use B-splines to solve the stability equations. The previously established results for the classical Orr–Sommerfeld analysis is reproduced as a special case. We study the hydrodynamic stability of the plane Poiseuille flow of all the fluids mentioned above. Shear thickening and yield stresses are shown to have a stabilizing effect.
Determination of osmotic pressure and fouling resistance and their effects of performance of ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract A study was made of the effects of material and geometric properties of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes on flux decline due to concentration-polarization (osmotic pressure) and adsorption (fouling) resistances. UF experiments with solutions of β-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin on commercial membranes of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-coated polycarbonate (PC) and regenerated cellulose (RC) were carried out. A three-state experimental strategy based on an osmotic pressure-adsorption model was used to separately determine the effective hydraulic membrane resistance, osmotic pressure, and fouling resistance. By a normalization procedure, the performance of membranes with varying material and geometric characteristics could be compared and evaluated in terms of the extent of flux reduction individually due to concentration-polarization and fouling. Under all the conditions studied, the total flux reduction for the PC membrane was mainly controlled by the fouling resistance and for the RC membrane by the osmotic pressure build-up due to concentration-polarization. The effect of bulk protein concentration, transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity, pH, and NaCl concentration on the individual, relative contribution to flux reduction by osmotic pressure and fouling were found to depend on membrane material properties.
DFT study on structure, electronic properties, and reactivity of cis-isomers of [(NC5H4-S)2Fe(CO)2]

Three cis-isomers of [(NC5H4-S)2Fe(CO)2], models for the active site of [Fe] hydrogenase, have been examined by computational method at DFT B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) level. The computed geometric parameters are remarkably close to experimental values. DFT global chemical reactivity descriptors (chemical hardness, total energy, electronic chemical potential, and electrophilicity) are calculated for the isomers and used to predict their relative stability and reactivity. The chemical reactivity indices are found to be related to the bond angle defined by the cis carbonyls and the iron center.
Applications of sparse grid interpolation: sensitivity analysis and experiment design

Abstract We use adaptive sparse grid interpolation to produce accurate and efficient estimates of the sensitivity coefficients of Sobol’ and to guide the design of experiments based on model output. We illustrate this method on two models of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, one with 3 uncertain parameters and one with 18 uncertain parameters.
Score test for the first-order autoregressive model with heteroscedasticity

SUMMARY A score test is proposed for simultaneous testing of independence and homoscedasticity in the first-order autoregressive model with nonconstant variance. The relationships between the score test statistic and the local influence of minor perturbations on a statistical model are examined.
Journal and Publishing Characteristics for 42 Nursing Publications Outside the United States

A survey was conducted to learn about characteristics of English-language journals originating in countries other than the United States. Questionnaires were mailed to editors of 102 nursing journals; more than half responded. Information about 42 journals, from 14 countries, pertains to characteristics of the journals, their leadership, review process, and journal staff. Such information expands our awareness of publishing opportunities in a global society.
Intrusiveness and closeness-caregiving: rethinking the concept of family "Enmeshment"

This article analyzes the concepts of "enmeshment" and "cohesion" and their entanglement in the field of family therapy. Early theories in this area were concerned primarily with processes of self/other differentiation. More recent theories have favored spatial metaphors that emphasize closeness-distance. We contend that self/ other differentiation and closeness-distance are different classes of behavior and that their linkage in the literature has obscured useful distinctions. Our analysis reveals two separate dimensions that clinicians and researchers should consider: Intrusiveness (including coercive control, separation anxiety, possessiveness/jealousy, emotional reactivity, and projective mystification); and Closeness-Caregiving (including warmth, time together, nurturance, physical intimacy, and consistency). We give definitions of these constructs and briefly examine their clinical and gender-related implications.
Splicing and dicing in APP processing: Targeting proteases and mRNAs that regulate A-beta production

in relation to MCI conversion differed among clinical variables: Deceleration in gait speed occurred over a decade before the transition to MCI, followed by the acceleration in decline in neuropsychological tests and expansion in ventricular volume, the latter occurring about 3 to 4 years before the transition. Our exploratory analysis using quantile regression models, which focuses on multi-factorial changes within individuals, appears to be a useful and valid method to elucidate potential physiological mechanisms occurring during the pre-symptomatic phase of dementia. Conclusions: Understanding the order and combinations of intra-individual changes associated with transition to MCI is fundamental to recognition of meaningful change and the pathophysiological pathways underlying developing dementia. These data can ultimately be applied over time to help clinicians in the early identification of dementia and to institute early treatment strategies.
Flexible univariate and multivariate models based on hidden truncation

Abstract A broad spectrum of flexible univariate and multivariate models can be constructed by using a hidden truncation paradigm. Such models can be viewed as being characterized by a basic marginal density, a family of conditional densities and a specified hidden truncation point, or points. The resulting class of distributions includes the basic marginal density as a special case (or as a limiting case), but also includes an array of models that may unexpectedly include many well known densities. Most of the well known skew-normal models (developed from the seed distribution popularized by Azzalini [(1985). A class of distributions which includes the normal ones. Scand. J. Statist. 12(2), 171–178]) can be viewed as being products of such a hidden truncation construction. However, the many hidden truncation models with non-normal component densities undoubtedly deserve further attention.
An asymmetric theory of nonlocal elasticity—Part 1. Quasicontinuum theory

In this article, an asymmetric theory of nonlocal elasticity is developed on the basis of three dimensional atomic lattice model, the Galileo invariance for constitutive equations and by use of Fourier transformation of generalized function and energy method. It is shown that nonlocal characteristic functions (or constitutive parameters of internal elastic energy) can be explicitly expressed in terms of interacting forces connecting atoms, and the general model of nonlocal theory with rotation effects is asymmetric. Both symmetric stress and anti-symmetric stress is a nonlocal function of strain and local rotation for anisotropic materials. For isotropic materials, symmetric stress is only a nonlocal function of strain, while antisymmetric stress is only a nonlocal function of local rotation.
Primer on Multiple Regression Coding: Common Forms and the Additional Case of Repeated Contrasts

The use of categorical variable coding has a long history in the application of multiple regression (MR) techniques. The primary purpose of this article is to review and clarify existing MR coding techniques-such as dummy, effect, and contrast coding-and to discuss their properties with reference to analogous procedures in the traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) model (such as simple, deviation, Helmert, and trend contrasts). Furthermore, in this article, I introduce MR codes equivalent to repeated contrasts in ANOVA. Such explicit ties between MR coding techniques and ANOVA contrasts should increase the availability of both sets of procedures to students of statistics.
BILATERAL TRANSFER OF WARM-UP IN ROTARY PURSUIT

Transfer of warm-up (WU) from one verbal task to another or of facilitation of verbal recall by WU tasks has been frequently reported [see WU review by Adams (1961)] . O n the other hand, no direct evidence exists for transfer of W U from one skill task to another or of facilitation after a rest period by a WU task. Ammons ( 1951) utilized a wide variecy of potential set-reinstating activities prior to initial and post-rest practice on the pursuit rotor, wich no measurable effect on warm-up decrement. Adams (1955) provides the only indirect evidence available for the value of task-component practice for warming-up pursuic rocor performance. The primary purpose of his study was to isolate sources of work inhibition. T w o massed blocks of practice ( M P ) were given. During the intersession period, one group was required to observe a partner's performance and to press a button every time he judged him to be on target. This visual observation group did not show the rapid post-rest rise in performance usually found under these general work-rest conditions and commonly regarded as an index of WU. Adams (1955, 1961) noted that the visual activity produced work inhibition but affirmed his opinion that such active participation resulted in less WU than found for the control groups. Difficulties of interpretation arise when it is realized that increased inhibition could depress performance level so as to render invalid a measure of WU based on initial post-rest performance. Walker, DeSoto, and Shelley ( 1957) have reported failure to obtain bilateral transfer of WU on the pursuic rotor. Initial M P with the right hand was followed by a short rest and practice with the left hand. (All Ss were righthanded.) The critical group had one trial with the right hand just after the rest and just prior to practice wich the left hand. No facilitation was found for this group on the left-hand task. Walker, et al. concluded that WU is specific to the right and left hand rotor tasks, a t least for clockwise rotor performance. Their results and conclusion are in apparent contradiction to those obtained by Adams since bilateral practice is certainly active participation and does involve goal-directed visual activity. Ammons ( 1958) concluded that a right to left hand shift on the pursuit
The agar contact replica technique after isoelectric focusing as a screening method for the detection of enzyme variants

Electrofocusing has been adapted in order to make screening experiments for the detection of enzyme variants more efficient. The principle of the new technique consists in making agar copies of the polyacrylamide gel by contact; the original gel and the agar copies are then developed for different enzyme systems. By doing so, the number of enzymes, i.e. loci, per test animal screened after a single electrofocusing run is increased. This method has proved to be feasible for the detection of mouse variants with altered enzyme banding patterns due to parental treatment with chemical mutagens.
The NSSDC trapped radiation model facility

The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) trapped radiation models calculate the integral and differential electron and proton flux for given values of the particle energy E, drift shell parameter L, and magnetic field strength B for either solar maximum or solar minimum. The most recent versions of the series of models, which have been developed and continuously improved over several decades by Dr. James Vette and coworkers at NSSDC, are AE-8 for electrons and AP-8 for protons. The present status of the NSSDC trapped particle models is discussed. The limits of validity of the models are described.
Septic performance in hydrologically sensitive soils

Rapid growth on glacially sculptured terrain in the past several decades has resulted in urbanization of large areas of Fairfield County, Connecticut. An unsewered picture postcard region in Danbury was studied for its septic performance in RA-8 and IL-40 areas which are also hydrologically sensitive. Drumlinoid and valley soils respond to septic loading inefficiently. Highway construction and the alteration of watercourses by housing development commonly results in septic failures, increased maintenance costs, litigation between neighbors, and a call for sewers at a time when government support for these programs is declining.
Research Note: Influence of Damaged Spermatozoa on the Fertility of Turkey Semen Stored 24 Hours at 5 C

Abstract Turkey semen was stored for 24 h at 5 C in the presence or absence of added spermatozoa that were damaged by emersion in liquid nitrogen. The fertility of semen stored in the presence of damaged spermatozoa was significantly lower than semen stored in their absence. Unstored semen was not affected by the presence of damaged spermatozoa. Fertility was affected by a significant semen treatment × holding time interaction.
Track/trolley system transients

A simple yet effective method is presented for modeling a track/trolley/earth conductor system. The results from this approach can used to predict more accurately the system resistance, inductance, time constant, and transient current division between track and earth which can be used in the fuse protection of mine DC power systems. The agreement of the predicted values with measure values is shown to be better than that obtained with previously used methods for three reasons. First, the more accurate two-frequency model for the internal impedance of the track/trolley system conductors is used. Second, the external impedance model used is superior to an earlier model since the tunnel-type characteristics of the underground environment are taken into account. Third, a more accurate method is used to account for the conductor/conductor and earth/conductor interaction. >
Global Series and Stages for the Ordovician System: A Progress Report

There is no global standard set of chronostratigraphic/geochronologic subdivisions for the Ordovician System/Period. British series/epochs are often used as de facto nomenclature on stratigraphic correlation charts and geologic time scales. However, they were not widely adopted outside of the British Isles because the high degree of biogeographic provincialism and ecologic differentiation of Ordovician faunas prevent the British series from being correlated with precision and high resolution. As a result, several independent and very different regional sets of series and constituent stages were established for the Ordovician System with each generally applicable to a different paleoplate or modern continent. Of course, this has greatly confused Ordovician chronostratigraphy/geochronology and often results in imprecise correlations of Ordovician stratigraphic successions. An example is the Argentine Precordillera where British series are traditionally used to correlate Ordovician strata that contain faunas of predominately Laurentian affinity. The Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy of the International Commission on Stratigraphy is addressing this problem by developing a standard set of Global Series and Stages for the Ordovician System. The Subcommission has made considerable progress, but it must complete its work expeditiously. The new global standard will facilitate reliable global correlation. It will provide a common language for discussing Ordovician strata, fossils, and geologic events. It will be of fundamental importance in advancing research on Ordovician rocks worldwide.
Process integration, improvements, and testing of Si interposers for embedded computing applications

A high performance embedded computing module was enabled and demonstrated with the implementation of a 3D Si interposer. The interposer contained front and backside multilevel metallization (MLM) with through-Si vias (TSVs) on 150mm wafers. The front-side MLM (5 levels) was fabricated with a dual damascene process. Four 2 um thick Cu routing layers with 2 um oxide dielectric layers and one pad layer were used in the front-side MLM. The TSVs were fabricated using a vias-last, unfilled via process. Due to improved process modules, contact chain test structures between the front-side MLM layers with 20,064 vias had electrical yields as high as 100%. Etching process conditions for the TSV process flow were also optimized to result in 100% yield on contact chains that contain up to 540 TSVs. These optimized etching conditions produced low TSV resistances ( 100MQ/via at 3.3V) for the embedded computing module (ECM). Two die from the 1 st generation interposer (3.97 cm × 3.67 cm die size) showed good continuity and isolation for 99% of the functional circuit path nets. A second generation design was recently fabricated that, through a combination of design changes and process optimizations, resulted in improved test capacitor performance, higher via chain yields, and increased power plane yields. Design changes were also implemented to enhance the high speed signal propagation properties of the TSVs. Specifically, the selection of 80 μm TSV diameters in 500 μm thick 100 Ω-cm substrates was made to improve the S 11 and S 21 properties of the TSVs over the frequency range of 1-4 GHz. Details of the design changes and process improvements implemented on the completed second generation ECM die and test die are discussed, along with test results from each type of die.
Surrogate modeling of deformable joint contact using artificial neural networks.

Abstract Deformable joint contact models can be used to estimate loading conditions for cartilage–cartilage, implant–implant, human–orthotic, and foot–ground interactions. However, contact evaluations are often so expensive computationally that they can be prohibitive for simulations or optimizations requiring thousands or even millions of contact evaluations. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel surrogate contact modeling method based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). The method uses special sampling techniques to gather input–output data points from an original (slow) contact model in multiple domains of input space, where each domain represents a different physical situation likely to be encountered. For each contact force and torque output by the original contact model, a multi-layer feed-forward ANN is defined, trained, and incorporated into a surrogate contact model. As an evaluation problem, we created an ANN-based surrogate contact model of an artificial tibiofemoral joint using over 75,000 evaluations of a fine-grid elastic foundation (EF) contact model. The surrogate contact model computed contact forces and torques about 1000 times faster than a less accurate coarse grid EF contact model. Furthermore, the surrogate contact model was seven times more accurate than the coarse grid EF contact model within the input domain of a walking motion. For larger input domains, the surrogate contact model showed the expected trend of increasing error with increasing domain size. In addition, the surrogate contact model was able to identify out-of-contact situations with high accuracy. Computational contact models created using our proposed ANN approach may remove an important computational bottleneck from musculoskeletal simulations or optimizations incorporating deformable joint contact models.
Instability due to second normal stress jump in two-layer shear flow of the Giesekus fluid

Abstract The two-layer Couette flow of superposed Giesekus liquids is examined. In order to emphasize the effect of a jump in the second normal stress difference, the analysis is focused on flows where the shear rate and first normal stress difference are continuous across the interface. In this case, the flow is neutrally stable to streamwise disturbances, but can be unstable for spanwise disturbances driven by a jump in the second normal stress difference. Whether the long and order one waves are stable or not depends on the sign of this difference. Short waves are unstable. In the case of order one wave instability, the mode of maximum growth rate gives rise to stationary ripples perpendicular to the flow. The eigenvalue problem for purely spanwise wave vectors can in principle be solved analytically, although, in general, the analytical solution is too complicated to obtain. In most cases, however, a simplifying assumption can be made which makes analytical solutions feasible. We present such solutions and compare them with purely numerical solutions.
Common founder effect of rapsyn N88K studied using intragenic markers

Mutations in the human gene encoding rapsyn have been linked to a recessive form of postsynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome due to deficient clustering of acetylcholine receptors at the endplate. All patients reported to date carry the N88K mutation, suggesting a possible common founder effect. To decrease the likelihood of a recombination event occurring within the span of neighboring microsatellite markers, we used seven intragenic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 8 kb to characterize the haplotype associated with N88K. In three affected N88K homozygous individuals, we identified a common haplotype present in all heterozygous carriers of N88K. Of note, in two asymptomatic N88K homozygous individuals, a second haplotype was present that differed at three SNP sites downstream from the N88K mutation. Our findings of a common haplotype associated with the N88K mutation support a founder effect. The discordant haplotype found in homozygous individuals suggests that recombination events may have occurred within the rapsyn gene and that this may have implications in the phenotypic expression of the disease.
Nonelite Response to State-Sanctioned Terror:

A LTHOUGH mass-based civil violence has long been a focus of inquiry in the social sciences, it is only recently that violence by the state against its own constituents has been accorded explicit theoretical attention as well. As Nardin (1971), Gurr (1985a), and others have noted, state-sanctioned repressive violence has more typically been treated as largely reactive rather than proactive in character, with its forms and dimensions being determined primarily by the scope and intensity of opposition violence. Recently, however, scholars have begun to question this strictly reactive image of repressive violence, as they have explored such questions as the political forms (Duvall and Stohl 1983; Sloan 1983, 1984) and empirical dimensions (Wolpin 1986; Harff 1986; Harff and Gurr 1988) of state-sanctioned terror, the socioeconomic and political conditions that are conducive to its emergence (Lopez 1984, 1986; Gurr 1985a,b, 1986; Duvall and Stohl 1983; Jackson et al. 1978), and its varied manifestations in such nations as Brazil (Krane 1983), Argentina (Pion-Berlin 1984), Guatemala (Aguilera Peralta 1980; Premo 1981), the Philippines (Zwick 1984), and South Africa (Denemark and Lehman 1984). This paper represents an attempt to add to this body of research by presenting a model of the impact of state-sanctioned terror on the political loyalty, support, and behavior of nonelites. To date, much of the research on state-sanctioned terror has focused on motivations and
Using naturalistic driving data to identify variables associated with infrequent, occasional, and consistent seat belt use

Seat belt use is one of the most effective countermeasures to reduce traffic fatalities and injuries. The success of efforts to increase use is measured by road side observations and self-report questionnaires. These methods have shortcomings, with the former requiring a binary point estimate and the latter being subjective. The 100-car naturalistic driving study presented a unique opportunity to study seat belt use in that seat belt status was known for every trip each driver made during a 12-month period. Drivers were grouped into infrequent, occasional, or consistent seat belt users based on the frequency of belt use. Analyses were then completed to assess if these groups differed on several measures including personality, demographics, self-reported driving style variables as well as measures from the 100-car study instrumentation suite (average trip speed, trips per day). In addition, detailed analyses of the occasional belt user group were completed to identify factors that were predictive of occasional belt users wearing their belts. The analyses indicated that consistent seat belt users took fewer trips per day, and that increased average trip speed was associated with increased belt use among occasional belt users. The results of this project may help focus messaging efforts to convert occasional and inconsistent seat belt users to consistent users.
Confidence Intervals for Elasticities and Flexibilities from Linear Equations

Information regarding the precision of elasticity and flexibility estimates from equations linear in original variables is typically missing from empirical studies. A result due to Fieller which allows construction of exact confidence intervals for elasticities and flexibilities from such equations is demonstrated. Exact confidence intervals are not necessarily narrowest at mean levels nor are they symmetric about the point estimates of the elasticities and flexibilities. Empirical examples indicate that exact 95 percent confidence intervals for price flexibilities for food items can be quite wide.
The Impact of Interaction on Comprehension

The study reported in this article compared the comprehension of 16 nonnative speakers (NNSs) of English on directions to a task presented by a native speaker (NS) under two input conditions: premodified input, in the form of a NS baseline lecturette modified by decreased complexity and increased quantity and redundancy, and interactionally modified input, consisting of the NS baseline lecturette without linguistic premodification, but with opportunities for interaction with the NS. It was found that comprehension was best assisted when the content of the directions was repeated and rephrased in interaction; however, reduction in linguistic complexity in the premodified input was not a significant factor in NNSs' comprehension. It was also found that NS-NNS interfactional modifications in the form of comprehension and confirmation checks and clarification requests served as a mechanism for NS modification of input, either by encoding or, more frequently, by triggering repetition and rephrasing of input content, and thus played a critical role in comprehension. Results of the study support current theoretical claims regarding the role played by interfactional modifications in facilitating second language comprehension. These results also provide guidelines for restructuring interaction in the classroom to serve learners' needs for comprehensible input.
Maximum late Holocene extent of the western Greenland Ice Sheet during the late 20th century

10 Be exposure dating abstract The pattern of Greenland Ice Sheet margin change during the 20th century is variable. Large-scale retreat of marine-outlet glaciers contrasts with the often-negligible retreat observed along land-terminating margins of the ice sheet. We reconstruct a chronology of ice-margin change for two land-terminating ice margins in western Greenland using radiocarbon and 10 Be exposure dating. Our results indicate that two land-terminating lobes attained their maximum late Holocene position in the late 20th century. This contrasts with the nearby marine-terminating Jakobshavn Isbrae, which achieved a maximum late Holocene position during the Little Ice Age, and has since retreated ca 40 km. In addition, we survey ice- margin change across western Greenland, utilizing satellite imagery. We find that many land-terminating sectors of the ice sheet, in addition to our study area, may have attained their maximum late Holocene extent during the 20th century. This suggests a lagged ice-margin response to prior cooling, such as the Little Ice Age, which would imply significant retreat of land-terminating sections of the Greenland Ice Sheet in response to 20th and 21st century warming may be yet to come.
Music genre classification with taxonomy

Automatic music genre classification is a fundamental component of music information retrieval systems and has been gaining importance and enjoying a growing amount of attention with the emergence of digital music on the Internet. Although considerable research has been conducted in automatic music genre classification, little has been done on hierarchical classification with taxonomies. The underlying hierarchical taxonomy identifies the relationships of dependence between different genres and provides valuable sources of information for genre classification. This paper investigates the use of taxonomy for music genre classification. Our empirical experiments on two datasets show that using taxonomy improves the classification performance. We also propose an approach for automatically generating genre taxonomies based on the confusion matrix via linear discriminant projection. Our work also provides some insights for future research.
BER criterion and codebook construction for finite-rate precoded spatial multiplexing

Precoded spatial multiplexing systems with rate-limited feedback have been studied recently based on various precoder selection criteria. Instead of those based on indirect performance indicators, we in this paper propose a new criterion directly based on the exact bit error rate (BER) of the system. We show that in the asymptotic case of infinite-rate feedback, the optimal precoder design based on the BER criterion is drastically different from the counterparts with other criteria. In the finite-rate case, we apply the generalized Lloyd algorithm used in vector quantization to construct good precoder codebooks. The new found codebooks improve considerably the minimum distance relative to those currently available. Our numerical results compare the BER performance with different codebooks and with different selection criteria.
A combined weight window and biasing approach based on a subspace importance map in the Monte Carlo simulation of gamma-gamma lithodensity logging tool responses with the revised McLDL code

A combined weight window and biasing approach has been developed to optimize the specific purpose McLDL code for simulating the spectral response of gamma-gamma lithodensity logging tools. The method is based on the use of photon importance maps which are strongly dependent upon the geometric configuration of the logging tool. A subspace in the formation is taken as an importance region and a one-group importance generator is used in conjunction with the current McLDL code. The splitting of a photon only occurs within the important subspace, and direction biasing and the exponential transform are applied to drive photons into that region or the detector. The approach has been tested on a computational benchmark problem and the Atlas Wireline Services' commercial gamma-gamma lithodensity logging tool. Compared to the results from the previous McLDL code, this new approach has eliminated the unacceptably large weight fluctuations and substantially improved the code's performance in computational accuracy and efficiency by decreasing the relative standard deviation in total detection yield by an order of magnitude and increasing the figure of merit by more than 70 times. Also, the revised McLDL code is more efficient than the general purpose Monte Carlo code MCNP in the simulation of gamma-gamma lithodensity logging tool responses. >
Heart rate variability as a biomarker of fibromyalgia syndrome

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by widespread mechanical tenderness, fatigue, nonrefreshing sleep and depressed mood. Several biological abnormalities have been described in FM patients, including elevated substance P in the cerebrospinal fluid, increased CNS sensitivity to painful and nonpainful stimuli and pervasive dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Such ANS abnormalities include, but are not limited to: tachycardia, postural intolerance, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and diarrhea or constipation. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of FM patients can be used to assess ANS dysfunction, specifically related to sympathovagal balance, which has provided evidence for nonabating sympathetic hyperactivity in this chronic pain population. Although not specific for FM, ANS dysfunction can be readily determined by HRV analysis requiring only computer analysis of electrocardiogram recordings by commercially available software. HRV has been shown to correlate with FM pain and is sensitive to change; in particular, pain related to physical and mental stressors. Thus, ANS dysfunction as assessed by HRV analysis may serve as a useful biomarker, and may become part of future FM diagnostic criteria and serve as a surrogate end point in clinical trials.
Sonoelastographic imaging of interference patterns for estimation of the shear velocity of homogeneous biomaterials

The shear wave velocity is one of a few important parameters that characterize the mechanical properties of bio-materials. In this paper, two noninvasive methods are proposed to measure the shear velocity by inspecting the shear wave interference patterns. In one method, two shear wave sources are placed on the opposite two sides of a sample, driven by the identical sinusoidal signals. The shear waves from the two sources interact to create interference patterns, which are visualized by the vibration sonoelastography technique. The spacing between the pattern bands equals half of the shear wavelength. The shear velocity can be obtained by taking the product of the wavelength and the frequency. An alternative method is to drive the two vibration sources at slightly different frequencies. In this case, the interference patterns no longer remain stationary. It is proved that the apparent velocity of the moving patterns is proportional to the shear velocity in the medium. Since the apparent velocity of the patterns can be measured by analysing the video sequence, the shear velocity can be obtained thereafter. These approaches are validated by a conventional shear wave time-of-flight approach, and they are accurate within 4% on various homogeneous tissue-mimicking phantoms.
Tradeoff between estimation performance and sensor usage in distributed localisation problems

In distributed sensor networks, the tradeoff between application performance and resource consumption is a fundamental issue. In this paper, we analyse the tradeoff in the context of localisation problems. In particular, the localisation performance is characterised using the Cramer-Rao lower bound which reflects the performance limit in the family of unbiased estimators. For a variety of distance-sensitive sensing models, the bound comes in closed-form. In view of the tradeoff, we design a circular incremental inclusion scheme for efficient sensor tasking and propose to use the theoretical Cramer-Rao lower bound as a guiding heuristic. Our results reveal that there is a performance limit for collaborative sensing, and the expansion of sensing group size incurs fast diminishing returns on performance. The study results in new insights and provides general guidelines for sensor tasking in practical applications.
Sputter Oriented Nickel and Defect Inhibitors in Graphene

Understanding of nickel (Ni) grain size, distribution, and structure are critical parameters in a sputter-deposited Ni catalyst for achieving the desired number of graphene layers [1] grown by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD). The size and distribution of grains can be controlled by variations in sputtering parameters, but the final crystal structure and defects are not apparent until after the high temperature annealing. We analyzed the x-ray diffraction patterns in the Ni catalyst to determine effect of thermal annealing on the Ni grain size, orientation, and structural defects. Experiments have shown that in-situ sputter-deposited Ni films at 250 °C are highly oriented in the direction [111] that produced the high yield of graphene films with desired number of layers. Low defect density in a sputtered nickel (Ni) catalyst is a necessary ingredient for achieving precision number of graphene layers. These sputtering parameters can accelerate or postpone the final preferred orientation of the Ni film. A sputter temperature of 250 °C achieved complete transformation from polycrystalline film to the preferred [111] orientated film.
Responsibility and Health

Autonomy is good for you. A strong sense of competent self-control and effective choice-making promotes both physical and psychological well-being. Loss of autonomous control—and a sense of helplessness—causes depression, increased sensitivity to pain, greater vulnerability to disease, and death. Well established by a wide range of psychological and physiological studies, the positive effects of patient autonomy (and the harms of autonomy deprivation) are well known to competent physicians, nurses, and therapists. Conscientious caregivers are thus moving beyond grudging acceptance of informed consent toward clinical respect for patient autonomy.
Tidal debris morphology and the orbits of satellite galaxies

How do galaxies move relative to one another? While we can examine the motion of dark matter subhalos around their hosts in simulations of structure formation, determining the orbits of satellites around their parent galaxies from observations is impossible except for a small number of nearby cases. In this work we outline a novel approach to probing the orbital distributions of infalling satellite galaxies using the morphology of tidal debris structures. It has long been understood that the destruction of satellites on near-radial orbits tends to lead to the formation of shells of debris, while those on less eccentric orbits produce tidal streams. We combine an understanding of the scaling relations governing the orbital properties of debris with a simple model of how these orbits phase-mix over time to produce a `morphology metric' that more rigorously quantifies the conditions required for shells to be apparent in debris structures as a function of the satellite's mass and orbit and the interaction time. Using this metric we demonstrate how differences in orbit distributions can alter the relative frequency of shells and stream structures observed around galaxies. These experiments suggest that more detailed modeling and careful comparisons with current and future surveys of low surface brightness features around nearby galaxies should be capable of actually constraining orbital distributions and provide new insights into our understanding of structure formation.