cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tests of an Adjoint Mesoscale Model with Explicit Moist Physics on the Cloud Scale

Abstract An adjoint modeling system based upon the Naval Research Laboratory’s Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System’s atmospheric component has been developed. The system includes the adjoint model of the explicit moist physics parameterization, which allows for gradients with respect to the initial hydrometeor concentrations to be calculated. This work focuses on the ability of the system to calculate evolved perturbations and gradients for the hydrometeor variables. Tests of the tangent linear and adjoint models for an idealized convective case at high model resolution (4-km horizontal grid spacing) are presented in this study. The tangent linear approximation is shown to be acceptable for all model variables (including the hydrometeors) with sizable perturbations for forecasts of 1 h. The adjoint model was utilized with the same convective case to demonstrate its applicability in four-dimensional variational data assimilation experiments. Identical twin experiments were conducted where ...
Influence of Tillage Practices on Anthracnose Development and Distribution in Dry Bean Fields

Three tillage practices-chiseling, rototilling, and moldboard plowing-were evaluated in 1993 and 1994 to determine their impact on initial disease development, distribution, and progression over time in a field of the susceptible kidney bean cultivar Horizon. The tillage treatments were administered in the spring in a field infested in 1992 with the bean anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum race β. Initial disease incidence was highest in the chiseled plots, where more bean debris was left on the surface than in the other treatments. Significantly higher final disease incidence and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) occurred in the chiseled plots than in the rototilled and moldboard plowed plots. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.75) between the percentage of debris left on the surface and subsequent disease incidence on pods in the field. Anthracnose incidence or severity in the field was highly correlated with disease incidence on harvested pods (r values ranged between 0.87 and 0.98). Results from the ordinary runs analysis showed that anthracnose occurred randomly within the field early in the season, indicating that initial inoculum was from bean debris within the field. Later in the season, plant-to-plant spread resulted in a more clustered distribution of diseased plants.
Preliminary comparison of predicted and observed structure of the solar corona at the eclipse of March 7, 1970.

Preliminary Comparison of Predicted and Observed Structure of the Solar Corona at the Eclipse of March 7, 1970
Oil markets under political and military stress

Abstract Econometric and linear programming models were used to evaluate petroleum markets during a politically based disruption and, alternatively, during a military confrontation in 1995. The market scenarios were characterized by a substantial loss of exports from the Persian Gulf region. The hypothetical disruptions resulted in substantially higher prices and reduced supply and demand of refined products, especially fuels for transportation. Oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve mitigated the impacts, though the International Energy Agency's oil sharing agreement was not a factor.
Opportunities for health services research in the VA with regard to care of the aged

The VA has recognized that it must respond vigorously to the problems of the aging veteran: the ways in which it responds can be significantly shaped by, and in turn will shape, health services research conducted in the VA medical care system. The VA has the resources necessary to conduct comprehensive, valuable research within its system—a large, aging patient population; the new Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Centers; and the Gerontology fellows program. Despite some barriers to research on all modalities of care for the aging veteran, there are four promising areas in which enterprising health services research can be conducted: prognostic studies, community care, geriatric manpower, and clinical epidemiology.
Next-generation DPP with Sangam and Facetop

This paper describes a state-of-the-art environment for distributed Extreme Programming that results from combining the Sangam editor, developed at NCSU and the Facetop user interface, developed at UNC-Chapel Hill. Sangam facilitates distributed Extreme Programming by sending events back and forth between a driver and a navigator working under the Eclipse development environment. Concurrently, Facetop allows the distributed pair to recapture some of the face-to-face communications that are lost in no-video distributed pairing sessions. The integrated tool is a quantum leap forward for distributed Extreme Programming as well as distributed agile development.
Political forces in Argentina

Introduction The Political Party System The Armed Forces The Labor Movement The Church and Catholic Lay Groups Students and Politics Bibliography Index
Electroexcitation of 4He in the near continuum.

Inelastic electron scattering cross sections for /sup 4/He have been measured at 180/sup 0/ for incident electron energies of 130 and 200 MeV. Spectra measured up to excitation energies of 54 MeV are relatively featureless and show no evidence for resolvable excitations. The data are compared with continuum shell-model calculations which include all one-body breakup channels.
Impact of Emissions from the Los Angeles Port Region on San Diego Air Quality during Regional Transport Events

Oceangoing ships emit an estimated 1.2-1.6 million metric tons (Tg) of PM10 per year and represent a significant source of air pollution to coastal communities. As shown herein, ship and other emissions near the Los Angeles and Long Beach Port region strongly influence air pollution levels in the San Diego area. During time periods with regional transport, atmospheric aerosol measurements in La Jolla, California show an increase in 0.5-1 microm sized single particles with unique signatures including soot, metals (i.e., vanadium, iron, and nickel), sulfate, and nitrate. These particles are attributed to primary emissions from residual oil sourcessuch as ships and refineries, as well as traffic in the port region, and secondary processing during transport. During regional transport events, particulate matter concentrations were 2-4 times higher than typical average concentrations from local sources, indicating the health, environmental, and climate impacts from these emission sources must be taken into consideration in the San Diego region. Unless significant regulations are imposed on shipping-related activities, these emission sources will become even more important to California air quality as cars and truck emissions undergo further regulations and residual oil sources such as shipping continue to expand.
LUMINESCENCE STUDIES OF QUINIZARIN AND DAUNORUBICIN

— The absorption and emission spectra of quinizarin (1,4-dihydroxy-anthraquinone) have been investigated in hydrocarbon and alcoholic solvents. Fluorescence spectra in 3 different Shpolskii matrices were recorded at 14 K. Vibrational analyses of these spectra revealed the presence of 3, 8, and 9 sites in octane, heptane, and hexane matrices, respectively. The fluorescence lifetime was found to be 6.5 ns in hexane and EPA. Fluorescence photoselection measurements in EPA (77 K) showed that the first 4 electronic transitions of quinizarin are polarized parallel, parallel, perpendicular, and parallel to the long molecular axis and can be assigned, in order of increasing energy, to 1B2, 1B2, 1A1 and 1B2 (ππ*)1A1(C2v,) transitions, respectively. The fluorescent transition is assigned as 1B1 (ππ*)1A1. The absence of phosphorescence is attributed to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding present which displaces the parent anthraquinone n* states above the ππ* states, thereby rendering the intersystem crossing (S1-T1) radiationless pathway inefficient. Photoselection measurements on daunorubicin, a substituted quinizarin and known anticancer drug, revealed an absorption band polarization pattern identical to that of quinizarin. These results are in part at variance with assumptions used in previous work on the intercalation specificity of daunorubicin with DNA.
The Perception of Difficulty in Project-Work Planning and its Impact on Resource Sharing

Managers both competent and willing to share resources can be critical to the performance of the multi-project settings increasingly common to modern organizations. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from the psychological ownership literature, we examine the impact of project manager (PM) task self-efficacy and perceptions of project work-planning difficulty on resource sharing behaviors. In this study we use a laboratory experiment involving practicing PMs to elicit work assignments for their subordinate team-members across a series of predefined projects. We control for the difficulty of these assignment tasks and follow-up by inquiring into the willingness of the PMs to share human resources that they’ve assigned to work in these projects. The results from the experiment involving 161 professional PMs suggest that difficulty in project work-planning in general has a significant impact on sharing behaviors. Consistent with the implications of psychological ownership theory, this relationship is significantly moderated by project managers’ task self-efficacy. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Gene expression in implanted rat hepatocytes following retroviral-mediated gene transfer.

An hepatocyte transplantation-gene transfer protocol has been developed whereby liver cells containing an expressing NeoRgene can be successfully implanted in vivo. Adult primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, after infection with the retroviral vector N2, were grown on a floating solid support (coated with purified collagen IV) in a serum-free hormonally defined medium designed for hepatocytes that also contained G418. Under these conditions, normal adult hepatocytes expressing the NeoRgene could be grown to high density. The solid supports holding the gene-engineered hepatocytes were then implanted into adult rats into subcutaneous and intraperitoneal sites. After one to two weeks, the supports were removed and shown to still contain the gene-engineered hepatocytes expressing the NeoRgene. These results suggest that cells from solid organs, such as the liver, are potential targets for gene transfer and expression studies in vivo.
Enhancing Battlefield Situational Awareness through Fuzzy-Based Value of Information

A major tenet of the US Army's data-to-decision initiative and a primary challenge for military commanders and their staff is the ability to shorten the cycle time from data gathering to decisions. Today, military operations require information from an unprecedented number of sources resulting in an unprecedented volume of collected data. Required are decision support technologies to improve the synthesis of data to decisions. Paramount to this process is the ability to better assess the applicability and relevance of information for decisions in complex military environments. Towards this end, this paper presents a soft computing approach and early results for calculating the Value of Information (VoI) in complex military environments using fuzzy associative memory as an effectively framework for contextually tuning its value based on content, reliability and latency.
Better measurement needed to move food-environment research forward.

TO THE EDITOR: Dubowitz et al. provide the latest data linking select aspects of local food environments to select obesityrelated health measures (1). The authors’ lengthy limitations section highlights some of the measurement challenges in conducting this type of research. If future research is to identify the most promising strategies to improve food environments, support healthy eating, and prevent obesity, then the field needs to move beyond some common measurement limitations of early studies.
Preliminary Optical Designs For An MMT Upgrade: A 256-Inch Filled-Aperture Optical/Infrared Telescope

A preliminary optical design is proposed to convert the existing Multiple Mirror Telescope (MT) on Mount Hopkins to the maximum diameter, filled-aperture optical/infrared telescope that can be accommodated by the existing telescope mounting and building without substantial modification. The design utilizes a 256-inch diameter f/1.00 primary mirror which is chosen to be parabolic in order to provide adequate field of view at the required f/45.0 infrared Cassegrain focus. A 40-arcmin-diameter flat field of view is provided at an f/4.5 optical Cassegrain focus such that the resulting image scale gives a sampling factor of 3.5 (27 μ) pixels per (2/3 arcsec) spatial information element. The three-element refracting field corrector contains material for an atmospheric dispersion compensator (ADC) and it is fully color-corrected such that the entire passband from 0.33 μ to 1.60 μ can be imaged simultaneously. An f/9.0 Cassegrain focal expander-corrector with (ADC) is provided which uses the f/4.5 secondary mirror and enables the new telescope optics to be coupled to existing ancillary MMT instrumentation without substantial modification to the latter. A two-element all-spherical null-lens design is presented which provides a diffraction limited optical null-test arrangement for the unprecedentedly large f/1.00 parabolic primary mirror.
Simple Derivation of Yakhot's Turbulent Premixed Flamespeed Formulad

Abstract A simple derivation is presented of the turbulent premixed flamespeed formula ur/uL = exp(u2/u2 T), where UL and UT are the laminar and turbulent flamespeeds, respectively, and u is the turbulence intensity. This formula was recently derived by Yakhot (1988) by dynamic renorrnalization group analysis of the evolution equation formulated by Kerstein et al. (1988). The present analysis is based on the postulate of exponential growth of a strained interface, rather than an explicit evolution equation for the interface. The analysis involves heuristic application of renormalization group concepts.
Lipid metabolism in isolated adipose tissue of the domestic pig (Sus domesticus)

Abstract 1. 1. The lipogenic capacity of adipose tissue of the domestic pig ( Sus domesticus ) was studied in vitro using tissue slices and free adipose tissue cells. With both systems pig adipose tissue demonstrated a high lipogenic capacity. 2. 2. Both glucose and acetate were readily utilized by pig adipose tissue for fatty acid synthesis, but glucose was the chief precursor of glyceride-glycerol. 3. 3. Subcutaneous adipose tissue appears to have a superior lipogenic capacity to that obtained from within the abdomen (mesenteric fat). 4. 4. Lipogenesis from glucose in adipose tissue taken from mature pigs (6 months old) does not appear to be dependent upon the presence of added insulin. 5. 5. The activity of the pentose cycle dehydrogenase enzymes and malic enzyme is high in abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue of the pig.
Cell migration during morphogenesis

During development, functional structures must form with the correct three-dimensional geometry composed of the correct cell types. In many cases cell types are specified at locations distant to where they will ultimately reside for normal biological function. Although cell migration is crucial for normal development and morphogenesis of animal body plans and organ systems, abnormal cell migration during adult life underlies pathological states such as invasion and metastasis of cancer. In both contexts cells migrate either individually, as loosely associated sheets or as clusters of cells. In this review, we summarize, compare and integrate knowledge gained from several in vivo model systems that have yielded insights into the regulation of morphogenic cell migration, such as the zebrafish lateral line primordium and primordial germ cells, Drosophila border cell clusters, vertebrate neural crest migration and angiogenic sprouts in the post-natal mouse retina. Because of its broad multicontextual and multiphylletic distribution, understanding cell migration in its various manifestations in vivo is likely to provide new insights into both the function and malfunction of key embryonic and postembryonic events. In this review, we will provide a succinct phenotypic description of the many model systems utilized to study cell migration in vivo. More importantly, we will highlight, compare and integrate recent advances in our understanding of how cell migration is regulated in these varied model systems with special emphasis on individual and collective cell movements.
CoolSim: using industrial modeling techniques to examine the impact of selective head cooling in a model of perinatal regionalization.

OBJECTIVE.A selective head-cooling device for the treatment of moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States. To reflect the complexity of health care delivery at the systems level, we used the industrial modeling technique of discrete event simulation to analyze the impact of various deployment strategies for selective head cooling and its partner technology, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography. METHODS.We modeled the course through the perinatal system of all births in Massachusetts over a 1-year period. Cohort and care characteristics were drawn from existing databases. Results of a recently published trial were used to estimate the effects of selective head cooling. One thousand cohort replications were conducted to assess uncertainty. Several policy alternatives were examined, including no use of selective head cooling and scenarios that altered the number and placement of selective head-cooling and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography units throughout the state. Patient-level outcome and cost data were assessed. RESULTS.For all scenarios tested, the use of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography/selective head cooling resulted in better outcomes at lower cost. However, substantial differences in transfer rates, failure-to-cool rates, and total costs were seen across scenarios. Optimal decision-making regarding the number and placement of devices led to a 16% improvement in cost savings and a 10-fold decrease in failure-to-cool rates, compared with other deployment scenarios. These results were insensitive to significant changes in model inputs. CONCLUSIONS.On the basis of currently available data, the package of amplitudeintegrated electroencephalography and selective head cooling seems to be an economically desirable intervention. Quantifiable techniques to assess system-wide technology performance provide a powerful approach to informing decisions regarding the structure and function of health care systems.
Increasing off-time improves sleep-disordered breathing induced by vagal nerve stimulation

Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been reported to adversely impact breathing in sleep. While continuous positive airway pressure is often employed to treat these patients, little data exist on the effects of adjusting various settings on VNS-induced sleep-disordered breathing. We describe a patient in whom increasing off-time caused resolution of VNS-induced arterial oxygen desaturations in sleep, which we believe is a novel observation.
The 8C Framework as a Reference Model for Collaborative Value Webs in the Context of Web 2.0

After a decade of innovations and advancement in Internet technologies (roughly from early 1990s to early 2000s), the first generation of Web-based applications (aka. Web 1.0) have evolved into a new trend of Web-based services, commonly referred to as Web 2.0. In this paper we present a framework for understanding the various design elements of a collaborative value Web in the context of Web 2.0. We first examine characteristics of Web 2.0 applications, and then discuss why the current 7C framework fails to capture all the design elements of a Web 2.0 application, especially with respect to collaboration, which is one of the unique features of Web 2.0 applications. Although the 7C Framework is a model commonly used by researchers to analyze the design elements of Web-based applications, it needs to be revised in order to accommodate new features present in Web 2.0 applications. We have extended the 7C framework to an 8C framework by incorporating into the model the collaboration element. A side-by-side comparison reveals how each of the design elements may be interpreted under Web 2.0 and Web 1.0. As a demonstration of using the extended framework as a reference model, we analyze a set of representative Web-based services using the 8C framework.
Stove on Gene Worship

David Stove's sarcastic dismissal of sociobiology rests on a false dilemma.Cuckoos lay their eggs in reed-warbler nests, and the large gape of cuckoo chicks so readily triggers the feeding reflex of the adult warbler that the warbler chicks go underfed. However, argues Stove, the cuckoos (or the cuckoos' genes) are ‘manipulating’ the warblers, getting them to feed cuckoo chicks, only if the cuckoos (or their genes) consciously intend their behaviour to have this effect: ‘The moon causally influences the tides, but it cannot manipulate them…. [C]ausal influence plus resulting advantage are not enough to constitute manipulation. The causal influence must also be purposeful and intended.’
Surface treatment of CuInGaSe2 thin films and its effect on the photovoltaic properties of solar cells

Solar cells have been fabricated with partial electrolyte treatments of CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) thin film absorbers in lieu of a CdS layer. Treatment of the absorbers in a Cd or Zn containing solution is shown to produce conditions under which efficient solar cells can be fabricated. A similar effect is also observed in CuInGaSSe2 (CIGSS) graded band gap absorbers. These observations can be explained by the ability of Cd and Zn to produce n-type doping or inversion in the surface region. We also provide a brief review of similar work done elsewhere and identify directions for future investigations.
Metabolic Stress in Autophagy and Cell Death Pathways

Growth factors and oncogenic kinases play important roles in stimulating cell growth during development and transformation. These processes have significant energetic and synthetic requirements and it is apparent that a central function of growth signals is to promote glucose metabolism to support these demands. Because metabolic pathways represent a fundamental aspect of cell proliferation and survival, there is considerable interest in targeting metabolism as a means to eliminate cancer. A challenge, however, is that molecular links between metabolic stress and cell death are poorly understood. Here we review current literature on how cells cope with metabolic stress and how autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis are tightly linked to cell metabolism. Ultimately, understanding of the interplay between nutrients, autophagy, and cell death will be a key component in development of new treatment strategies to exploit the altered metabolism of cancer cells.
Anti-Lock Braking Performance and Hydraulic Brake Pressure Estimation

Anti-Lock Brake Systems use hydraulic valves to control brake pressure and ultimately, wheel slip. The difference in pressure across these hydraulic valves affects their performance. The control of these valves can be improved if the pressure difference is known and the valve control altered accordingly. In practice, the delta-pressure is estimated. Estimating the wheel brake pressure introduces an error into the control structure of the system, i.e. the difference between the actual wheel brake pressure and the estimated wheel brake pressure. The effect of this error was investigated at the vehicle level via simulation, using stopping distance and vehicle yaw rate as evaluation criteria. Even with large errors in the brake pressure estimate, it was found that the vehicle performance was largely unaffected.
Inducing analytical orthogonality in tungsten oxide-based microsensors using materials structure and dynamic temperature control

The influence of material structure and dimension on the chemical sensing performance was investigated as a function of sensor operating temperature. Polycrystalline tungsten oxides (WO3) were prepared both as nanowires of different diameters (d ≈ 100 nm, 175 nm; l = 4–5m) using a template-directed electrodeposition process, and as a continuous film through thermal decomposition of peroxytungstate solution. The WO3 materials were integrated with microscale conductometric platforms featuring millisecond dynamic temperature control up to 500 ◦ C. The nanowires and film were assessed for efficacy as transducers in gas-phase chemical sensors using these platforms, both in a fixed-temperature operating mode and in a dynamic pulsed-temperature operating mode. Statistical analysis of the tungsten oxide chemiresistor responses to analytes at varied operating temperatures revealed that orthogonal information can be obtained from stoichiometrically similar materials; the differences were exaggerated by probing the sensor responses with different dynamic temperature programs. We conclude that nanowire sensors yield non-redundant analytical information with respect to their complementary film-based sensor. These results demonstrate that as sensors move to nanoscale structures, unique interactions will differentiate the materials and the devices’ performance from their microscale
Microstructure of cosputter-deposited metal- and oxide-MoS2 solid lubricant thin films

The effect of cosputtering small amounts of Ni (3%, 9%) and SbOx (20%) on the final microstructure of MoS2 lubricant thin films has been studied using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy imaging, and electron and x-ray diffraction techniques. The early-growth, near-interface microstructure of both MoS2 and 3% Ni–MoS2 cosputtered films is revealed to be a mixture of (002) basal and elongated, large-size (100) and (110) edge islands. Cosputtering with 9% Ni induces a dramatic change in the microstructure, i.e., primarily basal domains with very small isolated regions of edge islands, while cosputtering with 20% SbOx produces films having no long-range order. The results are compared with and are consistent with previously published x-ray absorption fine structure data. The impact of film morphology on tribological performance is discussed.
WHAT MAKES A GOOD NEST? BENEFITS OF NEST CHOICE TO FEMALE BAYA WEAVERS (PLOCEUS PHILIPPINUS)

Abstract The nests of some birds are built exclusively by males and then displayed to females. In such species, one expects females to choose those nests that provide maximum safety to themselves and their offspring. What attributes of a nest should females use in making these choices? Here, I examine the correlates of nesting success in the Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus), a species in which males provide nests and little else. In particular, I examine which of two suites of nest attributes best predicts nesting success: nest location (which reflects male competitive ability) or nest architecture (which reflects male building skill). Because whether a nest has successfully fledged young is sometimes uncertain, I supplement generalized linear model analyses with survival analyses, which can incorporate ambiguity in nest fate. Together, these analyses reveal that nests built in thorny trees and woven with fine fiber have high success. Nesting success also increases with nest height and with thickness of ...
Is histidine dissociation a critical component of the NO/H-NOX signaling mechanism? Insights from X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The H-NOX (Heme–Nitric oxide/OXygen binding) family of diatomic gas sensing hemoproteins has attracted great interest. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the well-characterized eukaryotic nitric oxide (NO) sensor is an H-NOX family member. When NO binds sGC at the ferrous histidine-ligated protoporphyrin-IX, the proximal histidine ligand dissociates, resulting in a 5-coordinate (5c) complex; formation of this 5c complex is viewed as necessary for activation of sGC. Characterization of other H-NOX family members has revealed that while most also bind NO in a 5c complex, some bind NO in a 6-coordinate (6c) complex or as a 5c/6c mixture. To gain insight into the heme pocket structural differences between 5c and 6c Fe(II)–NO H-NOX complexes, we investigated the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the Fe(II)–unligated and Fe(II)–NO complexes of H-NOX domains from three species, Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, Shewanella woodyi, and Pseudoalteromonas atlantica. Although the Fe(II)–NO complex of TtH-NOX is formally 6c, we found the Fe–NHis bond is substantially lengthened. Furthermore, although NO binds to SwH-NOX and PaH-NOX as a 5c complex, consistent with histidine dissociation, the EXAFS data do not exclude a very weakly associated histidine. Regardless of coordination number, upon NO-binding, the Fe–Nporphyrin bond lengths in all three H-NOXs contract by ∼0.07 A. This study reveals that the overall heme structure of 5c and 6c Fe(II)–NO H-NOX complexes are substantially similar, suggesting that formal histidine dissociation may not be required to trigger NO/H-NOX signal transduction. The study has refined our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying NO/H-NOX signaling.
Crosslinking of chlorine‐containing polymers by dicyclopentadiene dicarboxylic salts

Alkali- and alkali-earth-metal salts of dicyclopentadiene dicarboxylic acid (DCPDCA) were prepared and employed as crosslinkers for chlorine-containing polymers such as polychloromethylstyrene (PCMS), chlorinated polypropylene (CPP), polyepichlorohydrin (PECH), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Thermally reversible covalent crosslinks (i.e., DCPD bridges) between polymer chains were generated through esterification between the chlorine–carbon bonds of the polymer and the carboxylic salt groups of the crosslinker. The crosslinking reactivity decreased in the following sequence: K > Na > LiDCPDCA > alkali-earth-metal salts of DCPDCA. In addition, PCMS and CPP had higher gelation rates than PECH and PVC. Good flowability at about 195 °C and solubility in maleimide-containing dichlorobenzene on heating indicated that the crosslinked PCMS and CPP exhibited thermally reversible crosslinking because of dimer/monomer (cyclopentadiene) conversion of DCPD moieties via reversible Diels–Alder cycloaddition. Samples of PECH and PVC crosslinked by the alkali salts of DCPDCA were insoluble even when heated in maleimide-containing dichlorobenzene. However, these crosslinked polymers could be dissolved partially after the same treatment when the crosslinker was an alkali-earth-metal salt of DCPDCA. Thermal degradation such as dehydrochlorination of the PECH and PVC might have been responsible for uncontrolled crosslinking because these two polymers are known to be thermally unstable. The unreacted COOK, COONa, or COOLi of the crosslinkers might have initiated base-induced dehydrochlorination when PECH and PVC were heated at high temperatures. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 818–825, 2000
The contribution of emerging markets in international diversification strategies

New investment opportunities provided by emerging markets have intrigued investors striving to obtain a better risk - return combination for their international portfolios. With this expanded opportunity set, however, come some important questions: to take full advantage of international diversification benefits in a growing global market arena, must investors design comprehensive portfolios involving numerous countries and complex weighting schemes or do smaller portfolios using simplified weighting strategies perform as well? Furthermore, are emerging markets really a valuable component of these internationally diversified portfolios, or is an investor better off avoiding these markets in favour of the more established developed markets? Using theoretical portfolios which incorporate emerging markets to different extents and which reflect varying degrees of portfolio breadth and different weighting schemes, this study finds that the incremental benefits of broad-scale diversification efforts using compl...
Is Venous Thromboembolism in Colorectal Surgery Patients Preventable or Inevitable? One Institution's Experience

Background The rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in colorectal surgery patients is reportedly high. Herein, we describe characteristics of patients developing VTE in the early postoperative period. Study Design A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using institutional comprehensive data on colorectal surgery patients from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. All patients from July 2009 to July 2011 were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess which factors were associated with increased risk of developing VTE within 30 days of operation. Results There were 615 patients who underwent colorectal surgery. Twenty-five (4.1%) developed VTE; 16 (2.6%) deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 4 (0.7%) pulmonary embolus (PE), and 5 (0.8%) developed both DVT and PE. Among VTE patients, 23 (92%) were ordered risk-appropriate VTE prophylaxis. On multivariable analysis, risk factors associated with VTE included postoperative infection (odds ratio [OR] 4.21, 95% CI 1.79, 9.89; p = 0.001), disseminated cancer (OR 4.38, 95% CI 1.24, 15.42; p = 0.022), and emergent status (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.15, 6.85; p = 0.024). Fourteen (56.0%) of the 25 VTE patients also developed infectious complications compared with 168 (28.5%) of patients without VTE (p = 0.001). Organ space surgical site infections were the most common infection, present in 7 VTE patients. The infectious complications in 9 (64.3%) of the 14 patients occurred before or the same day as the VTE. Conclusions Most VTE events occurred in colorectal surgery patients ordered current best practice prophylaxis for VTE. Further investigation is warranted to identify patients at increased risk for VTE and to develop new strategies to further reduce the incidence of postoperative VTE.
Structuring modeling knowledge for collaborative environments

We explore how a collection of models and related modeling knowledge could be made available over an organizational Intranet. The objective is to create an environment that will enable sharing and reuse of models and will promote collaborative work on models. Because of their widespread use in organizations, we focus on spreadsheet models to illustrate our concepts. We begin by discussing the various kinds of knowledge about models that should be stored in this knowledge base and how such knowledge could be captured and stored on a corporate Intranet. Next, we describe how one could use Structured Modeling (SM) as the framework for organizing the knowledge contained in the spreadsheet models per se. We propose capturing the model schema graphically using a generic structure diagram. A spreadsheet consistent with the model schema would be generated automatically. The individual who is building the spreadsheet model would be asked to supply details (data and functional relationships). He or she would be free to modify the physical appearance of the spreadsheet in any way that did not violate the relationships shown in the diagram. Finally, we describe the architecture of a system that would store, retrieve, and distribute the models and modeling knowledge to users. This description includes a discussion about the distribution of the functionality between the client, the server and the middle layers. We also provide some references to existing tools that could be used to capture the various types of knowledge that we have identified.
Corporatism from the Firm Perspective: Employers and Social Policy in Denmark and Britain

This is an evaluation of the impact of corporatist and pluralist employers' associations on firms' programmatic participation in active labour-market and social policies in Denmark and Britain. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with randomly-selected companies, it explores whether employers' associations engage differently with their constituent firms in corporatist and pluralist settings, and whether corporatist countries have an advantage in implementing active social policies. Variations in type of employer organization are found to constitute a determinant of cross-national differences in business attitudes towards the welfare state. Membership in a Danish employers' association confers an entirely different set of effects from membership in a British group and associational membership is a significant positive determinant of firm participation in Denmark but not in Britain. Active social policy has been viewed as a growth opportunity in a new issue area by the Danish ‘peak’ employers' association and its sectoral members. Although this association is losing some control over collective bargaining, its constituent associations have developed other functions, such as creating deliberative forums for managers, especially at the local level. The research also highlights the role of the state in the renegotiation and survival of corporatist institutional arrangements.
A hybrid approach to target tracking

The author describes a proposed AI (artificial intelligence) system for tracking the activity of a known set of targets given a time sequence of reports which contain clues to targets' identity and position. The system is oriented toward tracking multiple highly agile targets; continuous motion is not assumed. An example concerns bird tracking. The system is hybrid in that it combines a production system with a Bayesian belief network. The author outlines the system architecture, along with some of the motivations which led to it. >
On the Analytical Description of the Elastic Stability of Rectilinear and Cylindrical Configurations

A variational derivation of the von Karman equations for thin plates is presented and extended to the derivation of the nonlinear equations for thin cylindrical shells. The description in cylindrical coordinates is derived from the invariant form of the equations because the nonlinear strain terms retained in the treatment include a term arising from the angular differentiation of a base vector. It is shown that this term results in a significant reduction in the uniform radially directed critical pressure that causes instability of the shell. The equations for the cylindrical shell are reduced to those for the cylindrical ring by taking the limit of the very narrow shell. The resulting equations are used in the treatment of a cylindrical arch with a uniform radially directed pressure applied. The critical pressure that causes instability of the arch is obtained simply by solving an ordinary boundary value problem, without employing any unusual conditions.
The DAF-3 Smad binds DNA and represses gene expression in the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx

Gene expression in the pharyngeal muscles of Caenorhabditis elegans is controlled in part by organ-specific signals, which in the myo-2 gene target a short DNA sequence termed the C subelement. To identify genes contributing to these signals, we performed a yeast one-hybrid screen for cDNAs encoding factors that bind the C subelement. One clone recovered was from daf-3, which encodes a Smad most closely related to vertebrate Smad4. We demonstrated that DAF-3 binds C subelement DNA directly and specifically using gel mobility shift and DNase1 protection assays. Mutation of any base in the sequence GTCTG interfered with binding in the gel mobility shift assay, demonstrating that this pentanucleotide is a core recognition sequence for DAF-3 binding. daf-3 is known to promote formation of dauer larvae and this activity is negatively regulated by TGFbeta-like signaling. To determine how daf-3 affects C subelement enhancer activity in vivo, we examined expression a gfp reporter controlled by a concatenated C subelement oligonucleotide in daf-3 mutants and other mutants affecting the TGFbeta-like signaling pathway controlling dauer formation. Our results demonstrate that wild-type daf-3 can repress C subelement enhancer activity during larval development and, like its dauer-promoting activity, daf-3's repressor activity is negatively regulated by TGFbeta-like signaling. We have examined expression of this gfp reporter in dauer larvae and have observed no daf-3-dependent repression of C activity. These results suggest daf-3 directly regulates pharyngeal gene expression during non-dauer development.
Unit Operation Energy Intensities for a Poultry Broiler Processing Plant

ABSTRACTEnergy use for a poultry broiler processing plant was analyzed using available monthly utility bill information, utility-provided 15-minute interval data, and short-term 30-second submetered data at the unit operation level. Energy intensities were determined in terms of the whole plant and unit operations, and both compared to three broiler processing plants that operated in the late 1970s. It was found that secondary utilities, including water chilling, ice making, and compressed air, are the largest energy consumers in the process, followed by offal, receiving, killing and picking (RKP) and evisceration. On a total energy (MMBtu) basis, natural gas usage for steam generation by boilers was higher than site electricity consumption. Overall, the total annual energy intensity was found to be 2.46 MMBtu/1000 head of broilers processed. The largest opportunities for reducing energy intensity exist in the process refrigeration and hot water generation systems. Finally, it was concluded that measuring...
Issues and Opportunities in Digital Rights Management

In the wake of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, of 1998, Digital Rights Management systems are beginning to provide copyright protection for digital content which magazine and book publishers, music companies, software and game producers, and business-to-business participants place online. Creators and providers of digital content are now increasingly able to control end users’ use of, and accessibility to, their products and stand to gain huge profits from this capability. However, as DRM technologies evolve and develop, so does end user concern about restrictions to their access to, and use of, information. The DRM industry will have to provide a balance between fair compensation for the creators of digital content and the rights of end-users to access and use the information they need.
Calculation of Defect Concentrations and Phase Stability in Cu $_2$ ZnSnS $_4$ and Cu $_2$ ZnSnSe $_4$ From Stoichiometry

The application of the quarternary compounds Cu $_2$ ZnSnS $_4$ (CZTS) and Cu $_2$ ZnSnSe $_4$ (CZTSe) as efficient solar cell absorber materials is dependent on the complex behavior of the large variety of intrinsic lattice defects. In this paper, a canonical approach is presented and applied to calculate the defect concentrations and the position of the Fermi level for CZTS and CZTSe at a given temperature as a function of stoichiometry (or a combination of stoichiometry and elemental chemical potentials). With the defect concentrations, the chemical potentials (which are generally not experimentally accessible) can be calculated, allowing the relation of sample composition to the phase stability of CZTS and CZTSe with respect to secondary compounds. Based on the model, it is shown that the stable CZTS with off-stoichiometric composition requires both Cu-poor and Zn-rich conditions, while the compositional space corresponding to stable CZTSe is wider than for CZTS. Additionally, the determination of the Fermi level directly relates the desired p-type conductivity to phase stability in both materials. The method used in this study is applicable to a wide range of complex materials.
The Drosophila miti-mere gene, a member of the POU family, is required for the specification of the RP2/sibling lineage during neurogenesis

The Drosophila POU gene miti-mere (previously known as pdm2) has a complex spatial and temporal pattern of expression during early development; initially it is expressed in gap-gene-like pattern, then in 14 stripes and finally in a subset of the cells in the developing CNS and PNS. To study the function of this gene during development, we generated a 'synthetic anti-morphic mutation' by expressing a truncated version of the miti protein from a constitutive hsp83 and an inducible hsp70 promoter. We show that these delta miti transgenes behave like classical antimorphic mutations. Using these dominant negative transgenes, together with deletions and a duplication for the gene, we show that miti is required during segmentation and neurogenesis. We have also used temperature-shift experiments with the hsp70 delta miti transgene to demonstrate that miti function in segmentation is distinct and separable from its function during neurogenesis. In segmentation, miti appears to be required in the specification of the segments A2 and A6. In the CNS, miti is required for the elaboration of the NB4-2-->GMC-1-->RP2/sib lineage. miti is initially required in this lineage to establish the identity of the parental ganglion mother cell, GMC-1. miti must then be down-regulated to allow the asymmetric division of GMC-1 into the RP2 and its sibling cell.
Lipoprotein Disorders in Women: Which Women are the Best Candidates for Hormone Replacement Therapy?

OBJECTIVE:To review the data examining hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the treatment of lipoprotein disorders in women.DATA SOURCE:A MEDLINE search (1975–1995) of the English-language literature was performed to identify pertinent primary literature and review articles. Articles were also identified through bibliographies of selected articles.DATA EXTRACTION:Controlled and uncontrolled studies evaluating the effects of lipoprotein concentrations on coronary risk and the effects of estrogen and HRT on coronary heart disease and lipoprotein concentrations in women were evaluated. Trials pertaining to adverse effects of therapy were also examined. Emphasis was placed on recent clinical trials.DATA SYNTHESIS:The National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP's) 1993 report recommends estrogen replacement therapy as a treatment option in postmenopausal women with hyperlipidemia. Recent trials suggesting that triglycerides and high-density lipoproteins are more closely related to coronary risks in women ne...
An Extension of Egorov's Theorem

(1980). An Extension of Egorov's Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 87, No. 8, pp. 628-633.
Serotonin2C receptors in the ventral pallidum regulate motor function in rats

The ventral pallidum is a limbic brain region that regulates motor function. This region is extensively innervated by serotoninergic neurons from the dorsal raphe nucleus. Serotonergic receptors, including the 5-HT(2C) receptor subtype, are located in the ventral pallidum. However, little is known regarding the behavioral consequences of serotonergic transmission in the ventral pallidum, and the role of 5-HT(2C) receptors has not been studied. To address this paucity, we measured the motoric consequences of injections of 0.33-10 ng of the 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist MK 212 into the ventral pallidum of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. We determined that locomotor activity was attenuated by 6.6 ng MK 212, and rearing was attenuated by both 1 and 6.6 ng. The motor suppressant effects of MK 212 were lost at the higher dose of 10 ng, likely reflecting a loss of selectivity of this ligand. These findings indicate negative regulation of motor function by 5-HT(2C) receptors in the ventral pallidum.