cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of charge rate and depth of discharge on the cycle life of sealed lead-acid aircraft batteries

The authors present cycle life data of sealed lead-acid aircraft batteries tested under various charge and discharge conditions. The results show that the cycle life is strongly affected by the rate of charge, as well as the depth of discharge (DOD). To achieve this maximum cycle life from sealed lead-acid batteries, not only should the DOD be kept as low as possible, but the charge current limit should be as high as possible. Increasing the charge current, however, required an increase in the size and weight of the charging source. Therefore, an important tradeoff exists between these two tradeoff parameters. This conclusion applies primarily to deep cycling conditions, but it may also apply to some extent when shallow cycling conditions are involved. >
Comparison of resolution enhanced eigenspace based spectral, rooting and ESPRIT direction-of-arrival estimators

The objective is to provide a useful comparison of several popular eigenspace source localization approaches. Specifically, the authors compare spectral, rooting and ESPRIT methods. For this comparison direction of arrival (DOA) estimation with a uniform linear array is considered. The consideration is limited to resolution, and DOA estimate variance and bias. Since resolvability is a principal interest, resolution enhancements are addressed. The algorithms are described. The comparison is based on Monte Carlo simulation. >
A dense plasma ultraviolet source

The intense ultraviolet emission from the NASA Hypocycloidal-Pinch (HCP) plasma is investigated. The HCP consists of three disk electrodes whose cross section has a configuration similar to the cross section of a Mather-type plasma focus. Plasma foci were produced in deuterium, helium, xenon, and krypton gases in order to compare their emission characteristics. Time-integrated spectra in the wavelength range from 200 nm to 350 nm and temporal variations of the uv emission were obtained with a uv spectrometer and a photomultiplier system. Modifications to enhance uv emission in the iodine-laser pump band (250 to 290 nm) and preliminary results produced by these modifications are presented. Finally, the advantages of the HCP as a uv over use of conventional xenon lamps with respect to power output limit, spectral range, and lifetime are discussed.
Leptin and the Kidney

The kidneys play a vital role in the metabolism and clearance of leptin. As renal failure ensues, leptin clearance is reduced causing elevated leptin levels. Chronic inflammation is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and may also contribute to the development of hyperleptinemia. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or glucose intolerance present in up to half of patients with CKD; insulin and growth hormone may contribute to stimulation of leptin production in patients with CKD. The method of dialysis for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) also plays a role in the likelihood and severity of hyperleptinemia, while renal transplantation has been shown to rapidly normalize leptin levels. This chapter examines prevalence and severity of hyperleptinemia in CKD and ESRD, the factors which increase or decrease leptin levels, and metabolic and clinical significance of leptin changes in CKD, ESRD, and renal transplant recipients.
Relationships between selected auditory and phonatory latency measures in normal speakers.

Interaction between auditory and phonatory systems was explored in normal speakers by comparing laryngeal reaction time (LRT) with interpeak intervals from the auditory brainstem response (ABR) obt...
Managed Health Care, Ethics, and Psychotherapy

Clinical psychologists express major concerns about the interplay of managed care, psychotherapy, and professional ethics that center around issues of quality, quantity, and continuity of care; patient-provider autonomy; patient abandonment; third-party intrusiveness; guidelines, outcome research, utilization review; malpractice; confidentiality; truth in advertising; and allocation of resources. To guide psychologists working in today's ever-changing health care system the current code of ethics needs revision to encourage use of accurate, empirical standards to study health care delivery; determination of psychotherapy as an entitlement or a business; distinguishing between necessary and discretionary psychotherapy; and articulating a clear-cut social ethic that would assure fair and equal access to needed therapy for all.
Determination of Aromatic Compounds in Water by Solid Phase Microextraction and Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy. 2. Application to Fuel Aromatics

Solid phase microextraction is coupled with ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy to determine fuel aromatic hydrocarbons from unleaded gasoline, jet fuel (JP4), and no. 1 diesel fuel in water. A rectangular “chip” of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (OV-1) was used as the sorbent medium to selectively partition the various fuels from real water matrices without interferences from naturally occurring organics (e.g., humic and fulvic acids). Equilibration times are under 45 min for the majority of aromatic compounds and range from 150 to 300 min for the three fuels. However, it is shown that the fuels can be quantitated at significantly shorter extraction times (45 min), resulting in only a loss of ∼2× in the detection limits. Detection limits for unleaded gasoline, JP4, and no. 1 diesel fuel (obtained at their 100% equilibration times) are 4.9, 17, and 9.0 ppb, respectively. In addition, recovery data for the aromatic components from unleaded gasoline, JP4, and no. 1 diesel fuel from two real water matrices are in th...
Autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions in progressive systemic sclerosis

The autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR), observed when peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were used, were compared with those of age-, sex-, and race-matched normal controls. Such cells were separated by gradient centrifugation of sheep red blood cell (E) rosettes into stimulator (E- or non-T cell) and responder (E + or T cell) populations. The autologous MLR of both the progressive systemic sclerosis and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells varied widely but there was no statistical difference between the means of each group. In the allogeneic MLR, proliferation between progressive systemic sclerosis non-T cells and normal T cells was significantly less than that of normal non-T cells and progressive systemic sclerosis T cells (P = 0.001). A decreased autologous MLR, while noted with other autoimmune diseases, was lacking in progressive systemic sclerosis. This suggests a different defect. The differences in the allogeneic MLR also suggest that either progressive systemic sclerosis non-T cells were poor stimulators or T cells associated with this disease were better responders when compared with similarly prepared cell populations from normal individuals. The MLR differences could have also resulted from compositional subset alterations or the sharing of a common antigen. HLA-DR5 was found in 9 of the 17 white patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Although these individuals were evenly distributed as low, medium, and high responders, this finding showed that some progressive systemic sclerosis non-T cells shared a common antigen.
Analytical Models for Economic Demanufacturing Inventory Management

For value recovery activities to be successful in the U.S., the components recovered through demanufacturing operations must be sold at a profit. One of the most important challenges faced by demanufacturing facilities is the management of inventory, which can significantly impact company profitability. In order to achieve profitability, demanufacturers require tools to effectively manage recovered component inventories and scrap/recyclate. In this paper, analytical models are developed to predict the optimal selling quantity and selling period for recovered parts and scrap/recyclate in a demanufacturing system. In addition, total system profit is examined, including break-even conditions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Response to ‘The Impact of Microcredit on the Poor in Bangladesh: Revisiting the Evidence’

‘The Impact of Microcredit on the Poor in Bangladesh: Revisiting the Evidence,’ by David Roodman and Jonathan Morduch (2009; henceforth RM) is the most recent of a sequence of papers and web postin...
Mode shift of an inhaled aerosol bolus is correlated with flow sequencing in the human lung

We studied the effects on aerosol bolus inhalations of small changes in convective inhomogeneity induced by posture change from upright to supine in nine normal subjects. Vital capacity single-breath nitrogen washout tests were used to determine ventilatory inhomogeneity change between postures. Relative to upright, supine phase III slope was increased 33 +/- 11% (mean +/- SE, P < 0.05) and phase IV height increased 25 +/- 11% (P < 0.05), consistent with an increase in convective inhomogeneity likely due to increases in flow sequencing. Subjects also performed 0.5-microm-particle bolus inhalations to penetration volumes (V(p)) between 150 and 1,200 ml during a standardized inhalation from residual volume to 1 liter above upright functional residual capacity. Mode shift (MS) in supine posture was more mouthward than upright at all V(p), changing by 11.6 ml at V(p) = 150 ml (P < 0.05) and 38.4 ml at V(p) = 1,200 ml (P < 0.05). MS and phase III slope changes correlated positively at deeper V(p). Deposition did not change at any V(p), suggesting that deposition did not cause the MS change. We propose that the MS change results from increased sequencing in supine vs. upright posture.
Decision-Making for Patients With Patent Left Internal Thoracic Artery Grafts to Left Anterior Descending

Background It is unknown whether coronary reintervention confers a survival advantage when a previously placed left internal thoracic artery graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) is patent. We compared survival after medical therapy, percutaneous intervention, and reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting in such patients who developed non-LAD territory jeopardy. Methods From 1971 to 2000, 4,640 patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting that included left internal thoracic artery to LAD grafting were found on angiography during active follow-up to have a patent left internal thoracic artery to LAD graft, but at least 50% stenosis of non-LAD territories or grafts to them. Two survival analyses were performed: (1) intent-to-treat, which included patients undergoing reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 731) or percutaneous intervention (n = 994) within 6 weeks of angiography or medical management (n = 2,782), and (2) competing risk/crossover, in which patients were classified as medically managed until crossover to coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous intervention. Results In the intent-to-treat analysis, propensity-adjusted early ( Conclusions Patients with patent left internal thoracic artery to LAD grafts who develop non-LAD territory jeopardy derive no survival benefit from reintervention, consistent with previous observations that for coronary reintervention to improve survival, the LAD territory must be jeopardized. Reintervention in patients with a patent left internal thoracic artery to LAD graft may be warranted to relieve symptoms, without expecting a survival benefit.
Anaphor Comprehension in Younger and Older Adults

This research was aimed at evaluating adult age differences in language comprehension, which has been hypothesized to decline in normal older adults. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the comprehension rate of pairs of related sentences. In Experiment 1, the related material consisted of either terms repeated from the first sentence or terms associatively related to the antecedent. In Experiment 2, the generality of the antecedent term in the sentence pairs varied, as did its typicality. In both experiments, young-old (age 55-69) and old-old (age 70-87) adults read the target sentences in the pairs more slowly than did young adults (age 20-36); age, however, did not interact with the condition. Experiment 3 repeated the conditions of Experiment 2, but, since only one sentence at a time was visible during a trial, the participants had to remember the first sentence while reading the target sentence. Young participants (aged 20-35) showed the same treatment effects as in Experiment 2, but the old (aged 55-86) showed deficits in online comprehension. The results of the three experiments suggest that the speed of comprehension processes required to match related terms in sentence pairs are not impaired with age as long as they do not have to be remembered.
Recombinant plasmid gene transfer in amended soil

Genetically engineered E. coli amended into a non-sterile soil microcosm were able to mobilize their recombinant plasmid DNA into a plasmidless E. coli recipient. This transfer required participation of a mobilizer bacterium containing a self-transmissible (conjugative) plasmid. Mobilization also depended on mob sequences present on the non-conjugative recombinant plasmid. Sequences from the non-conjugative plasmid pHSV106, which contains the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, were identified by DNA hybridization in recipient cells isolated from the soil.
Evaluating changes in stream fish species richness over a 50-year time-period within a landscape context

Worldwide, streams and rivers are facing a suite of pressures that alter water quality and degrade physical habitat, both of which can lead to changes in the composition and richness of fish populations. These potential changes are of particular importance in the Southeast USA, home to one of the richest stream fish assemblages in North America. Using data from 83 stream sites in North Carolina sampled in the 1960’s and the past decade, we used hierarchical Bayesian models to evaluate relationships between species richness and catchment land use and land cover (e.g., agriculture and forest cover). In addition, we examined how the rate of change in species richness over 50 years was related to catchment land use and land cover. We found a negative and positive correlation between forest land cover and agricultural land use and average species richness, respectively. After controlling for introduced species, most (66 %) stream sites showed an increase in native fish species richness, and the magnitude of the rate of increase was positively correlated to the amount of forested land cover in the catchment. Site-specific trends in species richness were not positive, on average, until the percentage forest cover in the network catchment exceeded about 55 %. These results suggest that streams with catchments that have moderate to high (>55 %) levels of forested land in upstream network catchments may be better able to increase the number of native species at a faster rate compared to less-forested catchments.
An accurate analytical representation for the electron screening function

Abstract The screening function Φ [ = V ee ( R ) - V ee (∞)], a key quantity in the theory of isoelectronic molecules, has been given an accurate analytical representation for a large number of states of the species Na 2 , Na 2 + Li 2 and Li 2 + . The election-electron repulsion V ee at various internuclear distances has been obtained from high-quality MC SCF/SCF wavefunctions.
Composition of Swine Arterial Tissue

The effects of trans-fatty acid-rich and saturated acid-rich diets on the fatty acid composition and morphology of swine arterial tissues were studied. Three groups of two-month-old swine were fed either a basal diet or a basal diet containing 8.3% margarine or butter for 4 months. The most significant change observed in the fatty acid pattern was the accumulation of 18 : 2 omega 6 and the suppression of both 20 : 4 omega 6 and 22 : 4 omega 6 acids in the aortic tissues of swine fed either butter or margarine as compared to swine fed the basal diet. Also, omega 6 metabolites were significantly decreased in swine fed diets containing butter or margarine, as compared to those fed a basal diet. The group of swine which were fed either butter or margarine containing diets suffered a significant increase in intimal thickening of the coronary artery compared to those fed the basal diet. These thickened intima were characterized by the presence of modified smooth muscle cells, lipid containing cells, and degenerated cells without stainable lipids. However, there was no significant difference in the incidence and extent of intimal thickening of the coronary arteries between swine fed either of the two fat containing diets.
Self-authenticating experiences of God: A reply to Professor Oakes

In a recent essay I argued that Robert Oakes' attempt to resuscitate the notion of the possibility of self-authenticating experiences of God by means of the idea of modality de re fails.1 According to Oakes, to claim that self-authenticating experiences of God are possible, in terms of the accidental/ synthetic distinction, is to deny that veridicality must be an accidental property of any experience that has it.2 If it is possible that there is an experience to which the property "beinga-veridical-experience-of-God" is essential, then there could conceivably be selfauthenticating experiences of God. Oakes argued that since it is not clear that there can be no experience that has such an essential property, it is not clear that there can be no self-authenticating experiences of God. In my essay I claimed that Oakes confused an ontological property (i.e. being veridical essentially) with an epistemic property (i.e. knowing that some experience is essentially veridical). Even if it is logically inconceivable that an essentially veridical experience should lack the property of being veridical, how is one to know this? That it is inconceivable for the essentially veridical experience to not be veridical seems to be impossible to know by virtue of the experience itself. If this is impossible, then it is mistaken to suppose that such an experience can be self-authenticating. In this response to my criticism Professor Oakes remarks on my accurate rendering of his thesis.3 However, it is clear that he thinks nothing I said is damaging to his argument that "being veridical essentially" entails "being self -authenticating." His response has helped to point out what the real differences between us are, and more importantly, what the real issue is concerning self-authenticating experiences of God.
Effect of\bar K^0 - K^ - mass difference on K−-N interactions at low energiesmass difference on K−-N interactions at low energies

TheR matrix formalism of Wigner and Eisenbud is used to modify the zero rangeS wave analysis of the scattering and absorption of K−-mesons on protons proposed byJackson, Ravenhall andWyld so as to take into account the kinematical effects of the\(\bar K^0 - K^ - \) mass difference. It is found that even with a mass difference, the elastic, charge exchange, and absorption cross sections can be expressed in terms of two complex scattering lengths. The elastic and absorption cross sections exhibit cusps at the threshold for charge exchange scattering. The shape of the cusps can be used to distinguish between otherwise indistinguishable sets of scattering lengths. If the\(\bar K^0 \) and K− have opposite parities there is no cusp in the elastic scattering cross section, so that in principle it is possible to determine the relative parity of\(\bar K^0 \) and K− from the energy dependence of the K− scattering cross section.
Factors Affecting the Production of Vietnamese Tones: A Study of American Learners.

This study investigates factors that affect the accuracy of tone production by American students of Vietnamese as a second language (L2). Nine hypotheses are examined, each of which isolates a factor expected to affect production accuracy: (a) task type, (b) the position of a tone in a clause, (c) discourse distance between a model provided by a native speaker and the learner's utterance, (d) markedness relationships of the tones, (e) emphasis, (f) the preceding and following tones in the string, (g) voicing of the initial consonant, (h) postvocalic elements in the syllable, and (i) vowel height. The findings show that the patterns of tone production by the American learners of Vietnamese are influenced by universal mechanisms of phonetics and phonology, first language structures, and L2-specific rules. The results also provide a framework for determining the difficulty of tones in different environments.We would like to thank the students and teachers at the Southeast Asian Studies Summer Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for their participation in this study. We thank Richard Young, the late Craig Chaudron, and the anonymous SSLA reviewers for helping us strengthen this paper. We are responsible, however, for any errors that remain.
A reevaluation of bone scans in breast cancer

A retrospective analysis of 151 patients with breast cancer over 2 years was performed to assess laboratory values as predictors of metastatic disease demonstrated by technecium-99 bone scan. In 105 patients with normal alkaline phosphatase (AP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values, only one positive bone scan (0.95%) was obtained. If either the AP or LDH value was abnormal, 15 of 29 scans (51.7%) were positive. If both values were abnormal, six of nine patients (66.7%) had positive bone scans. Of 41 patients with either an elevated AP or LDH, 26 (63.4%) were shown to have metastatic breast disease. In our subgroup of 120 consecutive admissions for primary evaluation and treatment of breast cancer, the 95 patients with normal AP and LDH values had 41 negative bone scans and no evidence of distant metastases in any patient. According to these results, we recommend that breast cancer metastatic screening be done by alkaline phosphatase and LDH determinations, and that isotope scans should be reserved for those patients having normal values or symptoms that suggest metastases.
Trout and Salmon Movements in Two Idaho Streams as Related to Temperature, Food, Stream Flow, Cover, and Population Density

Abstract Many juvenile salmon and trout migrated from the Lemhi River drainage each fall-winter-spring period. Seaward migration of anadromous trout and salmon normally occurred in the spring but pre-smolt anadromous and non-anadromous fishes also left the stream usually beginning in the fall. I compared data on temperature, food abundance, stream flow, cover and population density with movements and conducted field and laboratory tests to determine reasons for the two types of movements. Smolts of the anadromous species migrated for an obvious reason but none of the factors I examined appeared to “stimulate or release” their seaward migration. Movement frequently coincided with changes in water temperature and stream flow, but I could not establish a consistent causal relationship and concluded that photoperiod and perhaps growth must initiate the physiological and behavioral changes associated with seaward migration. Non-anadromous and pre-smolt anadromous species emigrated from the streams for differen...
Vibrational studies of the disulfied group in proteins part IV. SS and CS stretch frequencies of known peptide and protein disulfide bridges

Abstract We have used our previously derived ab initio disulfide and empirical polypeptide force field to calculate SS and CS stretch frequencies of disulfide bridges in a cyclic octapeptide and six proteins of known structure. Comparisons with Raman spectra show that the observed bands are very well reproduced by the normal mode calculations, thus validating the use of these force fields in studying detailed correlations between such spectra and disulfide bridge geometry.
Lingual abscess from a grill cleaning brush bristle.

Objectives: 1) Describe the clinical presentation of a lingual abscess secondary to a foreign body. 2) Discuss the workup of glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN). 3) Review existing literature. Methods: Illustrative case report and literature review generated by PubMed citation search. Results: This is a report of a patient who presented with severe tongue and ear pain, initially diagnosed with glossopharyngeal neuralgia. He subsequently returned with acute neck swelling, altered mental status, and rapidly progressive airway edema. After securing his airway, radiographic imaging confirmed a lingual abscess with a linear foreign body. He was taken emergently to the operating room for neck exploration with incision and drainage of the abscess. Despite inability to locate the foreign body, he had complete resolution of the abscess and airway edema. Subsequent CT scanning confirms the continued presence of the foreign body consistent with a grill cleaning brush bristle. Discussion: Lingual abscesses are extremely uncommon. Diagnosis may be difficult and as a consequence, when they occur, they may result in airway compromise or sepsis. Major textbooks often omit description of this entity, which has been associated with oral trauma and with retained foreign bodies such as fish bones. This is the first case report of a near fatal lingual abscess due to a bristle from a grill cleaning brush. Conclusions: To date, there has been no published literature describing the development of a lingual abscess secondary to a bristle from a grill cleaning brush. We describe the presentation and management of this condition and how it may mimic glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Laryngoscope, 119:79–81, 2009
TU-C-AUD A-02: Middleware for the Clinic — Taking Small Steps Towards Implementing New Technologies Into Routine Practice

New products from vendors may not work immediately in many clinics due to a variety of reasons. One of the main reasons, however, is due to the fact that most clinics are in a multi‐vendor environment. The workflow demonstrated by the vendor may not completely work in a multi‐vendor / hospital‐specific environment. Similarly, new technologies are not perfect; they often require supplementary workflow solutions to accomplish the main goal. Often in time, vendor's support is limited. Simply waiting for the next product release is not always working. As the technology leader in a radiation oncology team, medical physicists should be actively involved in the technology implementation process, which can be hospital‐specific. However, there are common steps in achieving the goal of technology integration. The first step is often involved in identifying why things are not working. This trouble‐shooting process may require the assistant from vendors or friends in other hospitals. Once the main problem is identified, value‐adding new ideas should be sought as alternative solutions. After an alternative solution is judged feasible, resources need to be identified to implement it in the clinic. This resource‐seeking process may require you to “sell” your idea to your chief physicist, the vendor, or other members of the radiation oncology team. It is important to get buy‐ins in the clinic before you invest time significantly. Successful clinical implementation often relies on the key clinical issues identified. Technologies used for such implementation do not need to be complicated, definitely not a complete overhaul of the existing workflow. While inventing a technical solution may not be easy, the biggest challenge is to take it live in your clinic. In addition, continuous support, improvement and adapting to changes are required. It is worth mentioning that many of these middleware solutions can be short‐lived. The goal is not to insist “in‐house” solutions. Rather, the eventual goal is the clinical efficacy for your clinic. Examples of in‐house solutions will be discussed to illustrate these processes and experience will be shared among other presenters. Educational Objectives: 1. To suggest common strategies for in‐house implementation of new technologies. 2. To share experience on how to work effectively with your vendors. 3. To identify challenges in in‐house solutions.
A study of proteins in the auditory system of rabbits using two-dimensional gels: identification of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein

Abstract Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and computerized optical densitometry were employed to compare the relative content of proteins across major auditory brain regions in rabbits. Areas examined included the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei which receive the primary afferents from the organ of the Corti, the lateral superior oli vary nucleus which has strong reciprocal relationships with the cochlear nucleus, and the successively more rostral projections of the auditory pathways to inferior colliculus, medial geniculate and auditory cortex. Twelve proteins demonstrated significant decreases and 5 proteins significant increases in content at successively more rostral levels of the auditory system, including 2 proteins which were highly localized to the cochlear nuclei and 2 proteins greatest in amounts in the auditory cortex. One proteins which was localized to the cochlear nuclei and lateral superior olive (molecular weight (MW) = 50.3, isoelectric point (pI) = 5.7) was identified as the glial fibrillary acidic protein by reaction of specific antisera on blots. Antisera to the vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein reacted specifically with one protein (MW= 27.2,pI= 4.8) which was greatest in the amount in the lateral superior olive (LSO) versus other auditory regions examined. The significance of these findings rests in the potential for identifying specific markers for cellular elements that are important in auditory function and which might be lost as a consequence of developmental abnormalities or other traumas.
Novel Polymer Architectures via the Selective Polymerization of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals of Heterobifunctional Amphiphiles

The reactivity of polymerizable amphiphiles in supramolecular assemblies, such as lipid bilayers, is dependent on the mode of initiation, the polymerizable group, and the position of the reactive group in the amphiphile. This report describes the synthesis, characterization, and polymerization of a novel heterobifunctional lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-(2,4,12,14-tetraenehexadecanoyl)phosphatidylcholine (1), that contains a diene and a dienoyl group in the sn-2 acyl chain. The difference in polarity of local sites of each group within the bilayer makes it possible to perform simultaneous or selective polymerizations of these groups. Simultaneous polymerization of both reactive groups was achieved by either redox polymerization or direct photoirradiation. Selective polymerization of the dienoyl was accomplished by photoirradiation with filtered light from a high-pressure Hg/Xe lamp. The diene was selectively initiated by thermal decomposition of AIBN. The degree of polymerization depended strongly on the initiation...
Constructed wetland systems for efficient and effective treatment of contaminated waters for reuse

Using a basic biogeochemical approach, constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTSs) can be designed to renovate contaminated waters for beneficial reuse. The purpose of this article is to present the fundamental design strategy for CWTSs for a variety of contaminated waters. In designing a CWTS, the contaminants of concern are identified in the water to be treated, and effective biogeochemical pathways by which the targeted constituents can be transferred or transformed are determined. Specific transfer processes in wetland cells of a CWTS include sorption, volatilization, precipitation (and settling), and bioconcentration. Transformation processes in the wetland cells include photolysis, hydrolysis, speciation and ionization, oxidation, reduction, and biotransformation. Physical models (pilot-scale CWTSs) are built according to the process-based design, and their performance is measured in terms of rate and extent of removal of targeted constituents as well as functional parameters indicating readiness to perform. Demonstration-scale systems may be used to provide additional site-specific data. Full-scale CWTSs are designed for site conditions, and performance is monitored as part of the operation and maintenance to ensure treatment. A variety of contaminated waters can be treated effectively and efficiently using well-designed CWTSs.
The United States needs a health system like other countries.

Every developed country except the United States has a comprehensive health system for coverage, service provision, and finance. Social policy in the United States once was guided by thinkers who realized this, and the Social Security system—complete except for health insurance—resulted. The climate of thinking changed, and health policy for some time has been dominated by classical economists who argue that free competitive markets will solve all problems. They justify their arguments by claiming that the only alternative is full government takeovers of service and financing, as in Canada. While this debate has dragged along, problems in the United States have become grave. Instead of reviving the institutional economics and social policies that once served the United States well, the Clinton administration has turned policy over to devotees of managed competition. But the problem is how to organize the country, and national health insurance—easily observed in other countries—is superior to the current chaos and free-market utopias in the United States. Important aims would be achieved, such as expanding coverage, obtaining stable revenue, and containing costs. Important political barriers can be overcome, such as resistance by small business. Such a health system includes machinery for setting goals and implementing results, involving collaboration among providers, payers, and government. ( JAMA . 1993;270:980-984)
Measuring child maltreatment risk in communities: a life table approach

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this article is to: (1) illustrate the application of life table methodology to child abuse and neglect report data and (2) demonstrate the use of indicators derived from the life tables for monitoring the risk of child maltreatment within a community. Method: Computerized records of child maltreatment reports from a large, urban county in Ohio are cumulated for 11 years and linked for each child. Life table methods are used to estimate the probability that children from birth to age 10 will be reported victims of maltreatment by age, race, and urban or suburban residence. Results: Using life tables, the estimates in the county of this study are that 33.4% of African American children and 11.8% of White children will appear in substantiated or indicated child abuse or neglect report(s) by their 10th birthday. The age-specific probability of a maltreatment report is highest in the first year of life for both groups. The probability of a child being reported for a substantiated or indicated incident of maltreatment before his or her 10th birthday is more than three times higher for city dwellers than for suburbanites in the urban county studied here. Conclusions: Life table methodology is useful for creating child well-being indicators for communities. Such indicators reveal that a larger portion of the child population is affected by maltreatment reports than would be concluded from examining cross-sectional rates and can be used to identify racial or geographic disparities.
Variable Structure in DEVS Component-Based Modeling and Simulation

Variable structure refers to the ability of a system to dynamically change its structure according to different situations. It provides component-based modeling and simulation environments with powerful modeling capability and the flexibility to design and analyze complex systems. In this article, the authors discuss variable structure--specifically, the structure change and interface change capability--in DEVS-based modeling and simulation environments. The operations of structure change and interface change are discussed, and their respective operation boundaries are defined. Three examples are given to illustrate the role of variable structure and how it can be used to model and design adaptive complex systems. Principles for the implementation of variable structure are also presented and illustrated in the DEVSJAVA modeling and simulation environment.
Interactions between intrauterine contraceptive device use and breast-feeding status at time of intrauterine contraceptive device insertion: analysis of TCu-380A acceptors in developing countries.

OBJECTIVE: This paper is a reassessment of earlier findings from a preliminary analysis of data from a multicenter international trial regimen on breast-feeding and non-breast-feeding women in which events related to insertion, expulsion, and removal of the TCu-380A intrauterine contraceptive device (ParaGard 380) were investigated. STUDY DESIGN: Performance of the TCu-380A through 12 months after insertion was compared with life-table rate analysis, χ 2 . Fisher exact test, or Student's t test. Variables were events reported during intrauterine contraceptive device insertion and events throughout the 12 months of study participation by breast-feeding status. RESULTS: Breast-feeding among intrauterine contraceptive device users was associated with fewer insertion-related complaints and lower removal rates for bleeding and pain. No uterine perforations were reported throughout the study. CONCLUSION: Differences in the performance of the TCu-380A intrauterine contraceptive device suggest physiologic effects associated with lactational amenorrhea. The TCu-380A intrauterine contraceptive device is a viable option for women breast-feeding at the time of intrauterine contraceptive device insertion.
Review of "Data structures and programming techniques, by Herman H. Maurer", Prentice-Hall 1977.

Professor Maurer's book has been translated into English by C. C. Price from the original Dataenstrukturen und Programmierverfahren. The text is based on the author's revised and expanded lecture notes. The four major topics are: A Model for the Manipulation of Data Structures, Lists, Trees, and Complex Data Structures. It concludes with an Index of Symbols, a Bibliography of 67 references, of which 79 percent are in English, and a Subject Index. In Addition, the translator had each segment of a program tested on a computer using a subset of PL/I.
Aging and photoperiod regulate glutamic acid decarboxylase67 messenger RNA expression

Abstract Aging and short photoperiod exposure both induce similar long-term changes in circadian rhythms, including alterations in the timing and the amplitude of rhythms. Furthermore, these chronic conditions affect the function of the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) by altering rhythmic expression of neuropeptide messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Because GABA modulates SCN neuronal activity, and GABAergic neurons innervate peptidergic neurons in the SCN, the present study investigated whether photoperiod or aging affect the expression of mRNA for GAD67, the enzyme responsible for regulating the tonic levels of GABA. As a control for regional specificity, the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) was also examined. In situ hybridization for GAD67 mRNA was performed on brain sections derived from Siberian hamsters exposed to a long day or a short day photoperiod for 15 days, and on brain sections from young (3–4 months old) and old (12–17 months old) Syrian hamsters exposed to a long photoperiod. The results showed that photoperiod and aging have different effects on GAD67 mRNA expression. Exposure to short day photoperiod significantly increased GAD67 mRNA expression in both the SCN and RTN of Siberian hamsters, while aging significantly decreased GAD67 mRNA expression in the RTN of Syrian hamsters but had no effect on GAD67 mRNA expression in the SCN. These findings suggest that modulation of GAD67 mRNA expression in the SCN is associated with photoperiodic regulation of neuropeptide mRNA expression, but is not a common mechanism for chronic regulation of circadian rhythms. Also, GAD67 mRNA expression in the RTN is differentially affected by photoperiod and aging.
Chondrosarcoma of the tongue: A case report and a review of the literature

Chondrosarcoma of the head and neck is uncommon and reported to constitute between 1% to 12% of all chondrosarcoma cases.1, 2, 3 Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma of the tongue is an extremely rare type of neoplasm with only three previously reported cases. The underlying origin of chondrosarcoma arising in the tongue is controversial. We describe a case of a low-grade chondrosarcoma arising in the base of the tongue of a 54-year-old woman with a central area of dedifferentiation. The patient was treated with complete surgical resection with no evidence of recurrence at 1 year follow-up.
Toxic penicillia isolated from lesions of kernel-spotted pecans.

Incidence of kernel spot lesionson pecan kernels caused by feeding punctures of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), was 1.8% on the thick-shelled cultivar ‘Stuart’ and 3.4% on the thin-shelled cultivar ‘Schley.’ Of 730 lesion sections plated, 52% harbored fungi, 15.5% of which belonged to the genus Penicillium Other genera isolated were Alternaria or Epicoccum (41.1%), Pestalotia or Monochaeta (9.2%), Phoma (6%), Fusarium (4.7%), Cladosporium (4.2%), Aspergillus (0.8%), and others (18.5%). Thirteen of the 59 Penicillium isolatesbioassayed for toxicity were persistently toxic to day-old cockerels over a 1-year testing period. Seven of the toxic isolates were P. terrestre , two were P. cyclopium , and one each was P. funiculosum, P. frequentans, P. ochraceum , and P. citrinum. The toxic metabolite of P. citrinum was citrinin. Toxins of six of the seven isolatesof P. terrestre were Penitrem A and an unknown compound resembling the roquefortins. Toxins of P. funiculosum and P. cyclopium were tentatively identified as funiculosin and bissecodehydrocyclopiazonic acid, respectively. Toxins of one strain of P. terrestre and of P. ochraceum and P. frequentans could not be identified.
The isolation of some heptoses, heptuloses, octuloses, and nonuloses from primula officinalis jacq☆

An aqueous extract of 20 kg of the dried roots of Primula officinalis Jacq. has been deproteinized, deionized, fermented with bakers' yeast, and fractionated by chromatography on cellulose columns, Dowex 50W-X8 (Ba2+) resin columns, and sheets of filter paper. The following higher-carbon sugars were isolated: D-altro-heptulose (sedoheptulose), D-manno-heptulose, D-allo-heptulose, D-altro-3-heptulose, D-glycero-D-manno-heptose, D-glycero-D-gluco-heptose, D-glycero-D-manno-octulose, D-glycero-L-galacto-octulose, D-erythro-L-gluco-nonulose, and D-erythro-L-galacto-nonulose. Two higher-carbon polyhydric alcohols —volemitol (D-glycero-D-manno-heptitol) and β-sedoheptitol (D-glycero-D-gluco-heptitol)—were also isolated, as well as glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, myo-inositol, D-xylose, and primeverose. Of all these substances, only volemitol had previously been isolated from P. officinalis, although primeverose was known to occur there as a constituent of the glycosides primeverin and primulaverin. In addition, primeverose has been reduced to primeveritol (6-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-D-glucitol), which was characterized further as the crystalline octaacetate; and the crystalline D-glycero-β-D-gluco-heptose has been converted into the new, crystalline D-glycero-β-D-gluco-heptose hexaacetate.
Shortening of nerve fibers associated with propagated nerve impulse.

Abstract Conduction of the action potential along a crab nerve is accompanied by a 5–10 nm decrease in the length of the nerve. The tension developed during this shortening is 15–20 μg.
Comparative epigenomics of leukemia.

Proving that aberrant CpG island methylation has a functional role in human tumorigenesis is a chief goal in cancer epigenomics. A study now shows that a predictable mouse model of acute lymphocytic leukemia faithfully recapitulates the pattern, targets and frequency of aberrant methylation observed in its human counterpart and may soon allow the timing, and perhaps even the cause, of aberrant CpG island methylation to be investigated.
Characterization of the genetic element coding for lactose metabolism in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KP3.

Abstract The Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KP3 Lac genetic element was investigated. KP3 is a lactosepositive (Lac+) transconjugant which contains no detectable plasmid DNA. The KP3 Lac genetic element was self-transmissible (Tra+) and encoded a reduced bacteriophage sensitivity (Rbs+) phenotype. Matings of KP3 with a recombination-deficient (Rec−) recipient resulted in Lac+ transconjugants which were phenotypically indistinguishable from KP3 and contained a 96-MDa plasmid (pJS96). Phenotypic and physical analyses of pJS96 indicated that it was a deletion derivative of a putative pKB32::pJS88 Lac+ Tra+ cointegrate. pKB32 is the Lac plasmid and pJS88 is the Tra+ Rbs+ plasmid in L. lactis subsp. lactis 11007, the donor used in obtaining KP3. The results presented suggest that pJS96 is an episome, since it appeared to replicate both as a plasmid and as an integrated part of the chromosome. Conjugal transfer of chromosomal DNA mediated by pJS96 was not observed. Conjugal transfer of pJS96 resulted in Lac+ transconjugants containing plasmids ranging in size from 21 to 90 MDa. Only in Rec+ recipients were transconjugants isolated which appeared to contain pJS96 integrated into the host chromosome. Restriction analysis of several plasmids in the 21 to 90 MDa range suggested the deletions were due to intramolecular transposition of a transposable element on pJS96. This report suggests that a selftransmissible episome exists in KP3 and provides an explanation of how plasmids which vary in size yet encode similar phenotypes may be formed and disseminated.
Climate change hearings and policy issues.

The Random Samples item “As earth warms, Congress listens” (6 Oct., p. 29) ends with a proclamation by the National Resources Defense Council's David Doniger that climate change hearings “don't do anything.” Although Doniger's frustrations are understandable, his lament misses a crucial
An Exploratory Study of Exiting from Criminal Careers

In order to explain criminal behavior, one must consider at least three stages within criminal careers: its emergence, its patterning, and its abandonment. This chapter explores the third stage, the abandonment of criminal behavior. The primary goal of this research is to gain an understanding of exiting as a natural career stage as it is experienced by the offenders themselves. The data were collected during tape-recorded interview conversations with twenty inmates of a south-eastern correctional institution. The interviews were conducted within the institution and were unstructured or nonstandardized in format. The interviews reveal that successful exits involve the practical recognition of the irreversibility of time, and consequently a personal decision by the respondents to "start anew." The formal completion of a successful exiting project requires a symbolic component, certification. In order to impress the conventional community with their success at exiting, and in order to achieve social certification, the respondents employed some adept forms of self-presentation.