cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Utilization of Ras Signaling Pathways by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF) and Granulocyte-Macrophage CSF Receptors during Macrophage Differentiation

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) independently stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of macrophages from bone marrow progenitor cells. Although the GM-CSF and M-CSF receptors are unrelated, both couple to Ras-dependent signal transduction pathways, suggesting that these pathways might account for common actions of GM-CSF and M-CSF on the expression of macrophage-specific genes. To test this hypothesis, we have investigated the mechanisms by which GM-CSF and M-CSF regulate the expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR-A) gene. We demonstrate that induction of the SR-A gene by M-CSF is dependent on AP-1 and cooperating Ets domain transcription factors that bind to sites in an M-CSF-dependent enhancer located 4.1 to 4.5 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site. In contrast, regulation by GM-CSF requires a separate enhancer located 4.5 to 4.8 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site that confers both immediate-early and sustained transcriptional responses. Results of a combination of DNA binding experiments and functional assays suggest that immediate transcriptional responses are mediated by DNA binding proteins that are constitutively bound to the GM-CSF enhancer and are activated by Ras. At 12 to 24 h after GM-CSF treatment, the GM-CSF enhancer becomes further occupied by additional DNA binding proteins that may contribute to sustained transcriptional responses. In concert, these studies indicate that GM-CSF and M-CSF differentially utilize Ras-dependent signal transduction pathways to regulate scavenger receptor gene expression, consistent with the distinct functional properties of M-CSF- and GM-CSF-derived macrophages.
Assembly and Loading of LQS01, a Shell-Based 3.7 m Long ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Quadrupole Magnet for LARP

The LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has been engaged in the fabrication of the 3.7 m long quadrupole magnet LQS01 in order to demonstrate that Nb3Sn magnets are a viable option for future LHC Luminosity upgrades. The LQS01 design, a scale-up of the 1 m long Technology Quadrupole TQS, includes four 3.4 m long cos(theta) coils contained in a support structure based on four 1 m long aluminum shells pre-tensioned with water-pressurized bladders (shell-type structure). In order to verify assembly procedures and loading operations, the structure was pre-stressed around solid aluminum "dummy coils" and cooled-down to 77 K. Mechanical behavior and stress variations were monitored with strain gauges mounted on the structure and on the dummy coils. The dummy coils were then replaced with Nb3Sn coils in a second assembly and loading procedure, in preparation for the cool-down and test. This paper reports on the cool-down test with dummy coils and on the assembly and loading of LQS01, with a comparison between 3D finite element model predictions and strain gauge data.
Product Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Innovation is the new buzz word of the decade. This essay looks at definition issues, alternative processes of innovation, managing innovation for success, and the role of people in innovation. Working models for implementing innovation are offered to assist the reader. Keywords: innovation; entrepreneurship; organizational success
The circadian rhythm of sperm release in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

The release of sperm bundles from testes to the vas deferens is controlled by a circadian clock in several moth species. We investigated the pattern of sperm release in the codling moth, Cydia pomonnella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Sperm release in the codling moth follows a two-step rhythm in light-dark cycles: sperm is released from the testis before lights-off, remains in the vas deferens during the dark phase and is transferred to the seminal vesicles after lights-on. This rhythm continues in constant darkness indicating that it has a circadian nature. The release of sperm is asynchronous in moths held in constant light. In contrast to previously investigated moths, constant light has no adverse effects on the male reproductive capacity in the codling moth.
Surgical treatment of total bilateral ankyloblepharon in a child: unusual case report.

Purpose To report on the efficacy of surgical management of total bilateral ankyloblepharon in a child. Methods An 8-year-old African girl from Burundi presented with complete lid-corneo-conjunctival adhesion in both eyes, dating back 6 years. Preoperative ultrasound evaluation of anterior and posterior segment was detected. Electrophysiologic examinations showed low responses. Surgery was performed with scarring tissue removal through manual cleavage in order to separate tarsal conjunctiva and corneal stroma, followed by multiple human amniotic membrane grafts on the cornea, the entire bulbar surface, and fornices. Results Ankyloblepharon removal, excellent width of fornices, and lid motility recovery were obtained. Nevertheless, corneal stroma remained cloudy. The patient's visual acuity reached hand movements perception at 6 months follow-up. Conclusions Even in the presence of deep deprivation amblyopia, total ankyloblepharon surgical removal and anatomic restoration of ocular surface is mandatory in children. Subsequent surgery including corneal keratoplasty or keratoprosthesis implant should be taken into consideration after an accurate evaluation of the cost/benefit ratio. Furthermore, these young patients could be enrolled in specific visual rehabilitation programs to enhance residual visual abilities.
Freezing Tolerance Affected by Mineral Application during Cold‐Acclimated Conditions in Some Cool Crop Seedlings

Abstract The effect of mineral nutrient application on freezing tolerance in red cabbage, carrot, and spinach under cold‐acclimated and unacclimated conditions were evaluated in this study. Effects of nutrient‐solution application and cold acclimation on temperature at which 50% of leaves are injured (LT50), values, and ice nucleation activity in all of the plants were found to be statistically significant. Nutrient‐solution applications decreased LT50 values in all of the species under unacclimated and cold‐acclimated conditions. Freezing injuries in cold‐acclimated plants were significantly lower than in unacclimated plants in all of the nutrient application doses. In addition to this, 600–900 mg l−1 nutrient solutions also gave low plant injury in all conditions. Nutrient‐solution applications increased ice nucleation temperatures of apoplastic proteins, proline, and total chlorophyll contents in all of the plant species under unacclimated and cold‐acclimated conditions. Among the plant species, carrot...
Delayed contrast enhancement imaging of a murine model for ischemia reperfusion with carbon nanotube micro-CT.

We aim to demonstrate the application of free-breathing prospectively gated carbon nanotube (CNT) micro-CT by evaluating a myocardial infarction model with a delayed contrast enhancement technique. Evaluation of murine cardiac models using micro-CT imaging has historically been limited by extreme imaging requirements. Newly-developed CNT-based x-ray sources offer precise temporal resolution, allowing elimination of physiological motion through prospective gating. Using free-breathing, cardiac-gated CNT micro-CT, a myocardial infarction model can be studied non-invasively and with high resolution. Myocardial infarction was induced in eight male C57BL/6 mice aged 8–12 weeks. The ischemia reperfusion model was achieved by surgically occluding the LAD artery for 30 minutes followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Tail vein catheters were placed for contrast administration. Iohexol 300mgI/mL was administered followed by images obtained in diastole. Iodinated lipid blood pool contrast agent was then administered, followed with images at systole and diastole. Respiratory and cardiac signals were monitored externally and used to gate the scans of free-breathing subjects. Seven control animals were scanned using the same imaging protocol. After imaging, the heart was harvested, cut into 1mm slices and stained with TTC. Post-processing analysis was performed using ITK-Snap and MATLAB. All animals demonstrated obvious delayed contrast enhancement in the left ventricular wall following the Iohexol injection. The blood pool contrast agent revealed significant changes in cardiac function quantified by 3-D volume ejection fractions. All subjects demonstrated areas of myocardial infarct in the LAD distribution on both TTC staining and micro-CT imaging. The CNT micro-CT system aids straightforward, free-breathing, prospectively-gated 3-D murine cardiac imaging. Delayed contrast enhancement allows identification of infarcted myocardium after a myocardial ischemic event. We demonstrate the ability to consistently identify areas of myocardial infarct in mice and provide functional cardiac information using a delayed contrast enhancement technique.
Opthalmic Manifestations of Maxillary Sinus Mucoceles

Mucoceles involving any of the paranasal sinuses may present with ophthalmic disturbances. Maxillary antral mucoceles can encroach on the inferior orbit with ocular displacement and compression, proptosis or enophthalmos, lower lid distortion, tethering of extraocular muscles, and ptosis. Periocular pain, erosion of the inferior orbital rim, infraorbital nerve compression, epiphora, and inner canthal swellings are other important presentations. Postoperative mucoceles may involve only a portion of the antrum. Five illustrative cases are presented.
Formation of Droplets in a T-Junction Microfluidic Device Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

In recent years, microfluidic devices that generate micron sized droplets/bubbles have found widespread applications in drug delivery, microanalysis, tumor destruction, as ultrasound agents and in chemical reactions at the micron level. In the current work, simulations results are being presented for a T-junction device for formation of micron-sized droplets using the lattice Boltzmann method. In this work, the key parameters of interest for estimating the frequency and volume of the generated droplets are the flow rates and viscosities of the two fluids, and the geometry of the flow channel. Simulations at low Capillary number indicate that droplets formed occupy the whole volume of the main channel and undergo a squeezing regime. At higher Ca, droplets of size smaller than the width of the channel are formed, and the frequency is dependent on the flow rates of the two liquids. The effect of the width of the dispersed and continuous phase channels is also investigated.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Kinesin-8 Kif18B uses a Non-Canonical Form of Directed Motility to Target the Extreme Microtubule Plus-End

A defining feature of kinesins is that they are motile, using ATP-hydrolyzed energy to translocate along the microtubule (MT) lattice. The motile properties of kinesins can define their subcellular distributions. For example, the mitotic kinesin-8 Kif18A uses high processivity to enriches at the plus-end of long stable MTs. In contrast, the localization of Kif18B, a second kinesin-8, is governed by its binding to EB1, a MT plus-end tracking protein. It is therefore unclear whether Kif18B requires plus-end directed motility to accumulate at MT plus-ends. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), we show that a sub-population of Kif18B occupies the extreme tip of MT plus-ends ahead of EB1. This observation raises the possibility that Kif18B uses plus-end directed motility to “sample” protofilaments corresponding to the GTP cap. Using single molecule assays, we show that Kif18B is not highly processive, and that the motor switches frequently between plus-end directed and diffusive modes of motility. Diffusion is promoted by the tail of Kif18B. The tail of Kif18B is therefore multi-functional: it allows the motor to interact with EB1, and we show here that it also contains a second MT binding site, a property that increases the MT on-rate of the motor. Our mean squared displacement analysis shows that the speed of ATP-driven plus-end motility of Kif18B is well below the velocity of growing MT plus-ends. However, computer simulations suggest that a combination of directed motility and diffusion allows Kif18B to outpace a growing MT plus-end. Collectively, our work demonstrates that the motile properties of Kif18B deviate significantly from conventional transport motors. Instead, Kif18B is designed to efficiently explore the GTP cap, enabling it to promote catastrophes and thereby regulate MT length.
Proposing an evidence-based policy process.

Nurses' involvement with policy development may appear more feasible if the policy process is viewed as another example of an evidence-based decision-making process. Evidence-based practice is widely accepted in medicine and across health care as a sound principle or approach when attempting to esta
Laboratory and Field Evaluations of Imidacloprid Against Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on Small Grains

The toxicity of imidaloprid to the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), was measured in bioassays, greenhouse trials, and field trials. An LD50 of 53 and 86 ppm for the oral/topical applications of imidacloprid confirmed a low toxicity for this chemical when compared with carbofuran as a standard. However, 100% debilitation was observed at concentrations of > or = 1 ppm. Grasshoppers exhibited leg flexing, abdominal quivering, and tremors before becoming motionless and appearing dead. Knockdown was temporary with a high percentage of recovery within 1 h. Efficacy and feeding damage were determined from artificial infestations of M. sanguinipes at the 2nd, 4th, and early tillering growth stages of winter and spring wheat treated with foliar and seed treatments of imidacloprid. All rates of imidacloprid tested resulted in < 45% mortality to 4th instar and adult M. sanguinipes in the greenhouse and field. Although efficacy was low, high rates of debilitation in bioassays suggest that improved control may be gained by combining imidacloprid with insect pathogens or additional chemicals.
Preradiation dental extractions and the incidence of bone necrosis

Studies were done with 120 patients submitting to preradiation dental extraction within the radiation treatment volume. Bone necroses developed at the extraction sites in 17 patients (14.1%). The risk of bone necrosis in these patients is primarily dependent upon the size of the radiation treatment volume, radiation dose to mandibular bone, and healing time for the extraction wounds. Of the 13 mandibular bone necroses occurring at preradiation extraction sites, only two have not responded favorably to conservative management. Our data indicates that a policy of selected tooth removal, before radiation treatment, will minimize the risk of osteoradionecrosis. Mandibular molars with advanced chronic periodontal bone loss, residing within the proposed radiation field should be considered for removal before commencement of radiation treatment.
Comprehensive review of structural deterioration of water mains: statistical models

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive (although not exhaustive) overview of a large body of work carried out in the last 20 years to quantify the structural deterioration of water mains by analysing historical performance data. The physical mechanisms that lead to pipe failure often require data that are not readily available and are costly to obtain. Thus, physical models may currently be justified only for major transmission water mains, where the cost of failure is significant, whereas statistical models, which can be applied with various levels of input data, are useful for distribution water mains. The statistical methods are classified into two classes, deterministic and probabilistic models. Sub classes are probabilistic multi-variate and probabilistic single-variate group processing models. The review provides descriptions of the various models including their governing equations, as well as critiques, comparisons and identification of the types of data that are required for implementation. In some cases, a brief description of the methodology is provided where a decision support system was developed based on a specific statistical model. A companion paper “Comprehensive review of structural deterioration of water mains: physical models” helps to complete the picture of the work that has been done on the subject of water main deterioration and failure.
Notes from the Cancer Underground: Participation in the Laetrile Movement

Abstract: The most active component of the "cancer underground" is the Laetrile movement which has developed around a controversial and officially condemned anti-cancer drug. In this paper we examine the social context of the Laetrile movement and report findings from questionnaires completed by 252 participants at a Cancer Control Society symposium where national leaders of the Laetrile movement spoke. The Laetrile movement is characterized by a unique ideology: a blend of belief in the overriding importance of nutrition, opposition to orthodox medicine, officially denounced health beliefs, and right-wing politics. Our data show that people who participate in the Laetrile movement have attitude and behaviors consistent with that ideology: they believed in the efficacy of vitamins in preventing and treating disease, negatively evaluated M.D.s, regularly shopped at health food stores, and disapproved of the fluoridation of public water supplies. We speculate that the Laetrile movement will become increasingly active and popular unless and until orthodox medicine can effectively control and treat cancer.
Flash Code Simulations of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov Instabilities in Laser-Driven Experiments

We present two- and three-dimensional simulations involving Richtmyer—Meshkov and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities run with the adaptive mesh refinement code, FLASH. Variations in the rate of mixing layer growth due to dimensionality, perturbation modes, and simulation resolution are explored. These simulations are designed for detailed comparisons with experiments run on the Omega laser to gain understanding of the mixing processes and to prepare for validation of the flash code.
Ribosomal proteins from rabbit reticulocytes: number and molecular weights of proteins from ribosomal subunits.

Abstract The ribosomal proteins from 40 S and 60 S subunits of rabbit reticulocytes were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein spots stained with Coomassie brilliant blue were cut out and the proteins were extracted. The material extracted from each spot was mixed with proteins of known molecular weight and then analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Both the total number and the molecular weights of each of the proteins were determined by these procedures. Thirty-two proteins were identified in the 40 S subunits; their molecular weights ranged from 8000 to 39,000 (average mol. wt = 25,000). Thirty-nine proteins were identified in the 60 S subunit; their molecular weights ranged from 9000 to 58,000 (average mol. wt = 31,000). The sum of the molecular weights of the individual proteins from each subunit is in agreement with previous estimations, derived from physico-chemical measurements of the total protein in mammalian ribosomal subunits. The molecular weight distribution obtained for the isolated proteins was nearly identical to that derived from spectrophotometric analysis of polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels of the total protein mixtures from each subunit stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reticulocyte ribosomes contain one copy of most of their protein constituents.
Tensile Strength of Notched Composites

Two postulates on the strength of notched laminated composites are compared to experimental data. The first concerns the use of the fracture strength of angle ply composites to estimate the fractur...
Local Proliferation of Macrophages Contributes to Obesity-Associated Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Adipose tissue (AT) of obese mice and humans accumulates immune cells, which secrete cytokines that can promote insulin resistance. AT macrophages (ATMs) are thought to originate from bone-marrow-derived monocytes, which infiltrate the tissue from the circulation. Here, we show that a major fraction of macrophages unexpectedly undergo cell division locally within AT, as detected by Ki67 expression and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation. Macrophages within the visceral AT (VAT), but not those in other tissues (including liver and spleen), displayed increased proliferation in obesity. Importantly, depletion of blood monocytes had no impact on ATM content, whereas their proliferation in situ continued. Treatment with monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) induced macrophage cell division in AT explants, whereas mcp-1 deficiency in vivo decreased ATM proliferation. These results reveal that, in addition to blood monocyte recruitment, in situ proliferation driven by MCP-1 is an important process by which macrophages accumulate in the VAT in obesity.
Generalizing preference elicitation in combinatorial auctions

Combinatorial auctions where agents can bid on bundles of items are desirable because they allow the agents to express complementarity and substitutability between the items. However, expressing one's preferences can require bidding on all bundles. Selective incremental preference elicitation by the auctioneer was recently proposed to address this problem but the idea was not experimentally validated. This paper evaluates several approaches and finds that in many cases, automated elicitation is in fact beneficial: as the number of items for sale increases, the amount of information elicited is a small and diminishing fraction of the information collected in traditional "direct revelation mechanisms" where bidders reveal all their valuation information. In forward auctions, the benefit is slightly reduced by increasing the number of agents, while in reverse auctions the benefit increases with both agents and items. The exception is with rank-based elicitors, which limit themselves to eliciting the next-best bundle: these do not scale as the number of agents grows.A full-length version of this paper is on-line at: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sandholm/generalizing03.pdf
Public Values and Private Lives: Cott, Davis, and Hartog on the History of Marriage Law in the United States

The late-twentieth-century contestation over the place of marriage in American social life, and more specifically in public policy and law, shows no sign of abating in the twenty-first century. Those who celebrate personal freedom in marriage and pluralism in family forms are at odds with those who worry about the collapse of social stability and personal morality. The rising divorce rate has led some people who are anxious to preserve marriage to lobby state legislatures to enact provisions for "covenant" marriage, which would not permit no-fault divorce and would require a waiting period before issuance of a final divorce decree. Congress drew the line against same-sex marriage by passing the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in 1996, attempting to insure that even if some states legalize same-sex mar-
Mapping of the major histocompatibility complex and viral antigens on the plasma membrane of a measles virus-infected cell

Abstract The two measles virus glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and fusion protein, are expressed on the surfaces of infected cells. Although the two molecules are chemically distinct, they associate on the cell surface, judging from their ability to comigrate (cocap). However, neither is directly complexed with the major histocompatibility (MHC) gene products, HLA-A, -B, -C or -D, on the plasma membrane, based on results from three distinct assays. First, in tests of capping, these viral glycoproteins failed to comigrate with any HLA determinant. Second, electron microscopy showed that the viral glycoproteins occupied domains on the plasma membrane distinct from MHC gene products; 125 I labeling of cell surface determinants and subsequent analysis by immune precipitation and PAGE confirmed this result. Third, incubation of measles virus-infected cells in the presence of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to measles virus glycoproteins removed the viral glycoproteins from the cells' surfaces but did not cause a corresponding decrease in amounts of HLA molecules. These results indicate that the hemagglutinin and fusion polypeptides of measles virus lie in close association on the plasma membrane; however, neither is linked with MHC gene products.
Review of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (directed by David Farr for the Royal Shakespeare Company) at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, 5 August 2012

Entering the theatre, we saw a globe and a chess set, a piano and a bar, a bathtub and a bed. An old seaside hotel occupied the stage, flanked on one side by a birdcage elevator and on the other by...
Critical assessment of hybrid and zonal wall functions for missile aerodynamics simulations

A state-of-the-art wall function near-wall modelling capability was implemented into a general-purpose computational fluid dynamics solver to assess its performance in viscous missile aerodynamics simulations. Test cases included a simple two-dimensional boundary layer, a complex missile configuration with fixed control surfaces, and a spinning missile with dithering canards. Results indicate that judicious use of wall functions may provide a useful compromise between economy and accuracy for viscous missile aerodynamics simulations. However, the results do not indicate a substantial advantage to using any particular version of the wall functions, at least for the test cases addressed in this study.
Elimination of effects due to patterning imperfections in electrical test structures for submicrometer feature metrology

Abstract This paper describes the elimination of a substrate-dependent systematic error that was experienced in prior work on measuring the separation of parallel features with an electrical test structure with total errors less than 10 nm. The test structure was an enhancement of a sliding-wire voltage-dividing potentiometer which scaled the overall test structure geometry to obtain greater sensitivity. It also incorporated features to eliminate adverse effects of voltage tap- and bridge-linewidth scaling. The measurement algorithm that was developed provided the relative separations of sets of features of the 10 nm level. However, absolute measurements were offset by a quantity characteristic of the substrate for which they were extracted. The evidence suggested that these systematic errors were not caused by the primary pattern generation tool. As a result of observations, measurements and simulations, this paper attributes the substrate-characteristic systematic error to an orientation dependence of the quality of replication of certain features of the test structure. An alternative design and measurement algorithm is shown to be able to practically eliminate these errors.
Stimulated Raman spectroscopy in hydrogen gas

Abstract In most substances which exhibit the stimulated Raman effect under high intensity laser excitation, the presence of self-focusing makes quantitative measurements almost impossible. We show that in the hydrogen gas, which has a very high self-focusing threshold, the stimulated Raman effect in an amplifier behaves according to the simple parametric theory. We use the frequency sharpening in the stimulated emission to make a quantitative study of the line shift of the Q [1] vibrational line of H 2 as a function of pressure, temperature, and foreign gas admixture. We then use some of these results to measure the line width of the Q [1] line in a Raman amplifier. We present results of these experiments and discuss other cases in which the stimulated Raman effect can be used to yield information about the scatterer.
“You Just Have to Build a Bridge and Get Over It”: Low-Income African American Caregivers’ Coping Strategies to Manage Inadequate Food Supplies

This article examines the experiences of food shortages among a sample of low-income, African American caregivers of preschoolers and how they coped with the risk of inadequate food supplies. Data derived from qualitative interviews identified multiple food-based, social network-based, and institution-based strategies that caregivers used to alleviate or prevent food shortages. The configuration of strategies varied among households and reflected different approaches for coping with inadequate food supplies. Highlighting the resilience of low-income families, these findings expand on current research that misses the complex and diverse ways households coped with food shortages. The research also suggests strength-based interventions grounded in the firsthand experiences of households.
Microcontroller Based Water Computer: An Experiment with Tangible System Dynamics Modeling

The goal of designing effective methods to teach systems-thinking concepts has been an important focus within the education community. We propose a novel approach to introduce systems-thinking concepts in informal education environments by the use of a tangible user interface. We have designed an analog water computer based on the System Dynamics modeling framework in order to create a physical machine that exhibits complex system behaviors. Our model specifically facilitates enhanced understanding of differential equations and provides visual feedback of the system in real-time. Our tangible and interactive water computer simulates the behavior of the Lotka-Volterra differential equations model and provides an intuitive visual interface that maps symbolism in mathematical equations to discrete physical components of our machine. In addition, our machine has been designed to provide tangible interaction capabilities so that changes to the physical system will provide learners with a deeper understanding of mathematical relationships that are represented by the machine components. The objective is to narrow the gap which exists between the mathematically abstract and the real physical world, and to encourage exploration and stimulate curiosity as these intangible factors are important to foster learner engagement particularly in informal learning environments.
Axisymmetric shapes and stability of isolated charged drops

Axisymmetric equilibrium shapes and stability of isolated charged drops are found by solving simultaneously the Young–Laplace equation for surface shape and the Laplace equation for the electric field. Families of two‐, three‐, and four‐lobed shapes that branch from the trunk family of spheres are treated systematically by means of the Galerkin/finite element method and a tessellation that deforms with the free surface. The results show that at the limit found by Rayleigh in 1882 the spherical family exchanges stability with a family of two‐lobed shapes, a transcritically bifurcating family, one arm of which proves to consist of stable shapes. The results are reinforced by those of approximating the stable drop shapes as oblate spheroids. Thus oblate drops carrying charge in excess of the Rayleigh limit ought to be seen in experiments, though none have yet been reported.
The loop E–loop D region of Escherichia coli 5S rRNA: the solution structure reveals an unusual loop that may be important for binding ribosomal proteins

Abstract Background: 5S ribosomal RNA is the smallest rRNA. Its Watson–Crick helices were identified more than 20 years ago, but the conformations of its loops have long defied analysis. One of the three arms of 5S rRNA, residues 69–106 in Escherichia coli , contains a 14-residue internal loop called loop E. The sequence of loop E is conserved within kingdoms, and is terminated by a pyrimidine-rich loop called loop D. Loop E is the binding site for the ribosomal protein L25 in the E. coli ribosome. Results: The solution structure of a 42-nucleotide derivative of E. coli 5S rRNA that includes loops D and E has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Formally, loop E is not a loop at all; it is a double helical structure that contains seven, consecutive non-Watson–Crick base pairs. The major groove of the molecule is narrowed in loop E, and an unusual array of hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors appear in its minor groove. Loop D, which on paper looks like a three-pyrimidine terminal loop closed by a GC, is better thought of as a five-base loop because its closing GC is not a normal Watson–Crick pair. The two pyrimidines on the 5′-side of the loop are stacked on each other, and tilt into the minor groove of the adjacent helix. The third pyrimidine is fully exposed to solvent. Conclusions: This structure rationalizes all the biochemical and chemical protection data available for the loop E–loop D arm of intact 5S rRNA. While the molecule is double helical over its entire length, the geometry of its internal loop is highly irregular, and its irregularities may explain why the loop E–loop D arm of 5S rRNA interacts specifically with ribosomal protein L25 in E. coli .
Soil Mapping Using GIS, Expert Knowledge, and Fuzzy Logic

A geographical information system (GIS) or expert knowledge-based fuzzy soil inference scheme (soil-land inference model, SoLIM) is described. The scheme consists of three major components: (i) a model employing a similarity representation of soils, (ii) a set of inference techniques for deriving the similarity representation, and (iii) use of the similarity representation. The similarity representation allows the soil landscape to be considered as a continuum, and thereby overcomes the generalization of soils in conventional soil mapping. The set of inference techniques is based on the soil factor equation and the soil-landscape model. The soil-landscape concept contends that if one knows the relationships between each soil and its environment for an area, then one is able to infer what soil might be at each location on the landscape by assessing the environmental conditions at that point. Under the SoLIM, soil environmental conditions over an area are characterized using GIS or remote sensing techniques. The relationships between soils and their formative environmental conditions are extracted from local soil experts or from field observations using a set of artificial intelligence techniques. The characterized environmental conditions are then combined with the extracted relationships to derive a similarity representation of soils over an area. It is demonstrated through two case studies that the SoLIM for soil survey has many advantages over the conventional soil survey approach. Soil information products derived through the SoLIM are of high quality in terms of both level of spatial detail and degree of attribute accuracy. In addition, the scheme shows promise for improving the efficiency of soil survey and subsequent updates through reducing time and costs of conducting a survey. However, the degree of success of the SoLIM highly depends on the availability and quality of environmental data, and the quality of knowledge on soil-environmental relationships over the study area.
TARGET JUVENILE NEEDS TO REDUCE DELINQUENCY

We are more than 25 years, hundreds of studies, and dozens of metaanalyses removed from Robert Martinson’s (1974) infamous “Nothing Works!” attempt to debunk the notion of treatment and rehabilitation— and we still seem to have our doubts. During this time the research literature on juvenile delinquency intervention, treatment, and rehabilitation has burgeoned. It reveals compelling evidence to support the assertion that we can and do challenge delinquency through an array of successful delinquency intervention strategies. We know a great deal about the types of programs that work, the conditions under which such programs work best, and the types of juveniles with whom their impact is optimal. However, we also know that successful implementation of these programs is dependent on several factors. Palmer (1991, 1994, 1995) has long argued that the potential success of delinquency treatment is maximized when the decision maker has access to risk and needs information about the juvenile client and the ability to match this with information on the specific services provided by juvenile programs. Andrews (2001) has extended Palmer’s work through the concept of risk–need–responsivity—arguing that programs should prioritize treatment to medium/high-risk juveniles and ensure that specific criminogenic needs are being targeted.
Mitotic chiasmata in human diplochromosomes.

Three placental tissue cultures of spontaneous human abortions showed an unusually high frequency of metaphases with diplochromosomes. In 62 such cells, nine configurations were interpreted as mitotic chiasmata between the two sister chromosomes of a diplochromosome. One U-type exchange between two sister chromosomes was also found. This differs significantly from the 1:1 ratio of adjacent and alternate exchanges in translocations, thus supporting the idea that mitotic chiasmata are in principle different from chromatid translocations. The hypothesis is put forward that the frequency of homologous exchanges is determined by the intimacy of pairing which ranges from meiotic pairing through sister chromatid association, through sister chromosome association in diplochromosomes to accidental pairing of homologous regions in diploid cells.
Effects of estrogen on prolactin and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons

Serum prolactin concentrations and dopamine turnover in the striatum and median eminence were studied in male rats after the administration of estradiol benzoate. Theα-methyltyrosine-induced reduction of dopamine concentrations in these brain regions was used to evaluate relative rates of turnover. Steady state dopamine concentrations in the median eminence and striatum were not altered by 1, 3 or 5 days of estradiol treatment. However, 3 or 5 days of estradiol administration enhanced dopamine turnover in the median eminence but not in the striatum. Estradiol treatment failed to alter dopamine turnover in the median eminence of hypophysectomized rats. Estradiol increased serum prolactin concentrations at all of the times examined. Althoughα-methyltyrosine also increased serum prolactin, this increase was further enhanced in estradiol-treated rats. The increased prolactin response toα-methyltyrosine and increased dopamine turnover in the median eminence of estradiol-treated rats suggests that tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons may be part of a hormonalneuronal negative feedback loop which functions to regulate prolactin secretion.
Random copolymers in concentrated solutions

We study concentrated solutions of ideal A-B symmetric random copolymers in non-selective good solvents by computer simulations. When the effective net A-B interaction per thermal energy in the solution (χeff) is larger than 2, the scattering function has a peak at a molecular weight (N) independent wave vector k* ≠ 0. We find a certain characteristic cell size l < 1/k* below which the distribution of local monomer densities within the system is flat, i.e. the probability of finding a cell with an A monomer density ρA is uniform over a broad range of ρA values. We observe solvent enrichment in cells where ρA ~ ρB and solvent depletion in cells which are either A or B rich. The chains dynamics for all N studied (up to N = 64) are Rouse-like regardless of the value of χeff. When reptation dynamics are imposed, the diffusion of the center of mass decreases substantially as χeff increases, suggesting that long chains are quasi-frozen.
Faraday rotation spectroscopy of O 2 using a distributed feedback diode laser and a static magnetic field

Faraday rotation spectroscopy is used for measurement of O 2 at atmospheric conditions. Low operating powers (< 10 W) are achieved by using rare-earth magnets for DC magnetic field generation. A sensitivity of 1.7 ppmv/√Hz is demonstrated.
Which Arteries Are Expendable? The Practice and Pitfalls of Embolization throughout the Body

This article outlines general concepts of, and strategies for, therapeutic embolization throughout the body, touching on all major arterial distributions. Clinical scenarios that allow or prevent safe embolization of vessels are presented. Specific agents are recommended where appropriate, as are alternate approaches when embolization is not an option. Pre-embolization precautions and adjunctive measures are described in high-risk areas.
Bonding and magnetism of chemisorbed oxygen on Fe(001)

The electronic structure and magnetism of 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 O/Fe(001) was studied by the self-consistent localized-orbital (SCLO) method. A five-layer Fe(001) substrate was adopted in which the first interplanar spacing was 7.5% expanded compared with the bulk spacing. Oxygen atoms filled the fourfold hollow sites on both sides of the slab, with an Fe-O interplanar spacing of 0.48 A\r{}. This interface geometry was determined in a previous low-energy-electron-diffraction (LEED) analysis. We find that the oxygen atoms have significant bonding to both the surface and subsurface Fe layers. ``Horizontal'' bonding (within the surface plane) is primarily due to the on Fe atoms, and 2${p}_{x}$ and 2${p}_{y}$ orbitals on oxygen. ``Vertical'' bonding of oxygen to subsurface iron is accomplished through Fe and O 2${p}_{z}$ orbitals. Oxygenlike energy bands were obtained 4 to 8 eV below the Fermi energy ${E}_{F}$, with exchange splittings of 0.5 to 1.0 eV. The oxygen adlayer has a magnetic moment of 0.24${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per atom, while surface Fe atoms have a moment of 2.93${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, essentially unchanged from the clean-surface value 2.89${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$. Oxygen atoms have a net charge of 0.6 electron drawn from the surface and subsurface iron planes; as a result the work function increases 1.4 eV compared with the clean substrate, in disagreement with measurements on O/Fe(001), which obtain much smaller shifts. The discrepancy may be due to absorption of oxygen into the metal.
Lipid requirements and lipid uptake by Giardia lamblia trophozoites in culture

To better understand the lipid requirements of Giardia lamblia trophozoites and the mechanisms of lipid uptake, we supplemented serum-free TYI-S-33 medium with lipids incorporated into different lipid carriers. We found that serum lipoproteins, beta-cyclodextrins, and bile salts are able to supply cholesterol and phospholipids to Giardia and to support the multiplication of the parasite in vitro. The growth rates obtained with different lipoproteins or bile salts and lipid mixtures were similar to that in standard culture medium containing serum. Pulse labelling experiments using fluorescent lipid analogs demonstrated that Giardia can take up lipids from lipoproteins, beta-cyclodextrins, or bile salt micelles, but with different kinetics, and that bile salts greatly facilitated lipid transfer from lipoproteins and cyclodextrins to the parasite surface. The binding of different radioiodinated lipoprotein classes to the trophozoite surface, inhibition of lipoprotein interiorization at 4 degrees C or by cytochalasin D, and incorporation studies using fluorescent LDL suggested that a small component of lipid uptake by trophozoites was likely due to endocytosis of lipoproteins.
P‐184L: Late‐News Poster: Transient Thermal Stress Modeling of the Laser Frit Sealing Process

The frit laser sealing process has been modeled through the finite element method. Transient thermal stress results have been used to explain experimental observations, and to provide further processing recommendations and design guidelines. The results explained why high CTE glass is hard to seal. A simple and practical solution is demonstrated to reduce the transient thermal stress by elevating ambient temperature during high CTE glass sealing.
The Culture of Translational Science Research: Participants' Stories.

We apply a symbolic interactionist framework and a qualitative methodology to the examination of the everyday reality of translational science research (TSR). This is a growing scientific movement that aims to facilitate the efficient application of basic research to clinical service design and delivery. We describe the emerging culture of translational research at a mid-size medical center that received a Clinical and Translational Science Award from the National Institutes of Health. The stories related by scientists, clinicians, and students in interviews indicate that they make sense of the emerging inter- and cross-disciplinary, team-oriented culture of TSR through the refinement and redefinition of the significant symbols that inform their work while they attempt to master translational research by addressing the dilemmas it produces for them and their work. We see the strength, currency, adaptability, and energy of the core self-definition of “scientist” to be significant in shaping the emerging culture of translational research. We conclude by celebrating the value of interpretive ethnography for evaluation research.
100GbE- Optical LAN Technologies [Applications & Practice]

This article discusses optical and IC technologies feasible for use in the development of LAN interfaces based on future IEEE 100-gigabit Ethernet SMF and MMF standards. SMF approaches using 10-Gb/s and 25-Gb/s WDM, and DWDM WAN technologies are outlined, with the 25-Gb/s approach examined in detail. The MMF approach using 10-Gb/s parallel optics technology is also examined in detail. Future technologies required for high-volume, low-cost 100 Gb/s are previewed.
Vertebral development of the chick embryo during days 3-19 of incubation.

Chick embryo vertebral development has been studied during the period from 3 to 19 days of incubation. Whole mount preparations stained with alcian blue for cartilage and alizarin red for bone show the vertebral bodies as cartilaginous at 5 days, with dorsal spinous processes at 6½ days, the onset of bone formation at the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the bodies at 13 days, ossification extending dorsally within the neural arches at 13½ days, and bone development occurring throughout the vertebrae at 16 days. Descriptions at each time period center on the thoracic vertebrae with occasional inclusion of adjacent lower cervical and upper lumbar vertebrae. Histologic development is correlated with the Hamburger-Hamilton stages, which are based on external characteristics. The notochord and neural tube are well developed by 3 days and surrounded by sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome cells. Cartilage formation in the perinotochordal region of the vertebral body is seen at 5 days and precedes development of the neural arches and spinous processes. Separate centers of chondrocyte hypertrophy occur in the body (9 days), the lateral neural arches and the dorsal spinous process. Bone formation is under way at 13 days, beginning in the vertebral bodies. Intramembranous periosteal bone formation is seen adjacent to internal regions of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Vascular invasion of hypertrophic chondrocyte regions occurs, but the mechanism of endochondral ossification differs from that of mammals. The cartilage is resorbed by multinucleated chondroclasts and marrow round cells. Clumps of growth plate cartilage cells and matrix are surrounded occasionally by newly synthesized bone, but invasion of individual hypertrophic chondrocyte lacunae by vessels with bone deposition by accompanying osteoblasts on single trabeculae of cartilage does not occur. 3H-thymidine autoradiography shows high uptake at 3 and 5 days in the germinal neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube (spinal cord) and notochord. By 7 days, notochordal uptake is markedly diminished, and no uptake of isotope occurs from 8 days onward. Spinal cord uptake is highest in the first 8 days but persists in lessened amounts to 19 days. From 5 days onward, both undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and differentiated chondrocytes show positive 3H-thymidine uptake, but labeling is never seen in hypertrophic chondrocytes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.