cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erbb transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors are differentially expressed throughout the adult rat central nervous system

The neuregulin (NRG) family of growth and differentiation factors and their erbB receptors contribute importantly to the development of the nervous system, but their distribution and function in the adult brain are poorly understood. The present study showed that erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 transcripts and protein are distributed throughout all areas of adult rat brain. These three receptors were differentially expressed in neurons and glia. Some neurons expressed only a subset of erbB kinases, whereas other neurons expressed all three erbB receptors but sequestered each of these polypeptides into distinct cellular compartments. In synapse-rich regions, erbB immunoreactivity appeared as punctate-, axon-, and/or dendrite-associated staining, suggesting that NRGs are involved in the formation and maintenance of synapses in adult brain. ErbB labeling also was present in neuronal soma, indicating that NRGs act at sites in addition to the synapse. Glia in adult brain also differentially expressed erbB3 and erbB4. Approximately half of the erbB3 labeling in white matter was associated with S100beta+/glial fibrillary acidic protein negative macroglia (i.e., oligodendrocytes or glial fibrillary acidic protein negative astrocytes). In contrast, macroglia in gray matter did not express erbB3. The remaining erbB3 immunoreactivity in white matter and erbB4 glial staining seemed to be associated with microglia. These results showed that erbB receptors are expressed widely in adult rat brain and that each erbB receptor subtype has a distinct distribution. The differential distributions of erbB receptors in neurons and glia and the known functional differences between these kinases suggest that NRGs have distinct effects on these cells. The continued expression of NRGs and their erbB receptors in mature brain also implies that these molecules perform important functions in the brain throughout life.
The effect of pH and a bacteriocin (bovicin HC5) on Clostridium sporogenes MD1, a bacterium that has the ability to degrade amino acids in ensiled plant materials.

Fresh plant materials can be fermented and preserved as silage for cattle, but clostridia that deaminate amino acids increase pH. If the pH of the silage rises, spoilage microorganisms proliferate, and undesirable products accumulate. Rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria with spores were isolated from fresh alfalfa, fresh corn, and silages. Strain MD1 had the highest specific activity of amino acid deamination, and it was most closely related to Clostridium botulinum A and B. However, because strain MD1 did not produce a toxin, it was classified as Clostridium sporogenes. Washed cell suspensions of C. sporogenes MD1 had specific activities as great as 690 nmol ammonia mg protein−1 min−1, and this rate did not decrease until the pH was less than 4.5. Batch cultures of C. sporogenes MD1 did not initiate growth if the initial pH was less than 5.0, but continuous cultures (0.1 h−1 dilution rate) persisted until the pH in the culture vessel was 4.6. When C. sporogenes MD1 was co-cultured with a bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus bovis HC5, ammonia production was greatly reduced. The ability of S. bovis HC5 to inhibit strain MD1 was pH-dependent. When the pH was 5.5 or less, strain MD1 could no longer be detected. These latter results support the idea that bacteriocin-producing bacteria may be used to improve silage quality.
Hyperprotection against radiation by combining addition of cysteine with lyophilization.

BY the addition of protective agents, such as broth and gelatin, it has become possible to obtain X-ray survival curves for phages in solution which are the same as those obtained from dry phages1, thus making it possible to interpret the results as being due to direct hits of the radiation on the phages. This attractive possibility has been rendered tenuous by the finding of hyperprotection by irradiating at low temperatures2 or by irradiating in the presence of agents such as cysteine3. Both these devices decrease the slope of the survival curves by a factor of about 1.4. The purpose of this communication is to present a technique which decreases the slope of the survival curve by a factor of about 2.5.
Mesoscale nocturnal jetlike winds within the planetary boundary layer over a flat, open coast

Mesoscale nocturnal jetlike winds have been observed over a flat, open coast. They occur within the planetary boundary layer between 100 and 600 m. At times the wind shear may reach 15 m s-1 per 100 m. Unlike the common low-level jet that occurs most often at the top of the nocturnal inversion and only with a wind from the southerly quadrant, this second kind of jet exists between nocturnal ground-based inversion layers formed by the ‘cool pool’, or mesohigh, and the elevated mesoscale inversion layer over the coast. It occurs mostly when light % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiabgs% MiJkaaiwdacqGHsislcaaI2aGaaeyBaiaabccacaqGZbWaaWbaaSqa% beaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaOGaaiykaaaa!3FCF!\[( \leqslant 5 - 6{\text{m s}}^{ - 1} )\] geostrophic winds blow from land to sea and when the air temperature over adjacent seas is more than 5 °C warmer than that over the coast. This phenomenon may be explained by combined Venturi and gravity-wind effects existing in a region from just above the area a few kilometres offshore to 100–600 m in height approximately 40–50 km inland because this region is ‘sandwiched’ between the aforementioned two inversion layers.
Studies on Lateral Stereocontrol Using the (π-Allyl)molybdenum System

The preparation and reactions of several new (η3-allyl)molybdenum complexes are described. Functionalization of a carbon−carbon double bond adjacent to the π-allyl unit proceeds stereoselectively, ...
INCOLOY 908, a low coefficient of expansion alloy for high-Strength cryogenic applications: Part I. Physical metallurgy

INCOLOY 908 is a low coefficient of thermal expansion (COE) iron-nickel base superalloy that was developed jointly by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the International Nickel Company for cryogenic service. The alloy is stable against phase transformation during prolonged thermal treatments and has a COE compatible with that of Nb3Sn. These properties make the material ideal for use as a structural component in superconducting magnets using Nb3Sn. The evolution of microstructure has been studied as a function of time at temperature over the temperature range of 650 °C to 900 °C for times between 50 and 200 hours. A detailed analysis of precipitated phases has been conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and analytical scanning and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques. The primary strengthening phase has been found to be γ’, Ni3(Al, Ti). INCOLOY 908 is stable against overaging, which is defined as the transformation of γ’ to η, Ni3Ti, for times to 100 hours at temperatures up to 750 °C. Upon overaging, the strengthening phase transforms to η. A new phase,Hx, has been identified and characterized.
Group polarization: A critical review and meta-analysis.

This article critically reviews recent (1974–1982) group polarization studies that address themselves to either one of the two primary explanatory mechanisms thought to underly group polarization, namely social comparison and persuasive argumentation processes. A summary of the effect sizes of 21 pu
A proposed classification system for familial intestinal atresia and its relevance to the understanding of the etiology of jejunoileal atresia

Familial cases of the various types of intestinal atresia are well described, and we now report an additional family. Based on a review of the literature, a classification system for the different types of familial atresia is presented. Current teaching attributes most jejunoileal atresias to in utero vascular accidents occurring relatively late in gestation (after the 11th or 12th week). Although some cases clearly occur this way, as a result of processes such as volvulus and intussusception, knowledge of the familial form of the disease indicates that most cases of jejunoileal atresia actually result from disruption of a normal embryologic pathway, most likely the development of the superior mesenteric artery and its branches. They should be considered to be true embryologic malformations rather than acquired lesions.
Catabolite repression of the colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) operon of Escherichia coli

Experiments were performed to study whether the synthesis of the fimbrial colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli is affected by glucose. The CFA/I-producing strain H-10407 (O78:H11:CFA/I) was grown in CFA medium containing various concentrations of glucose. Addition of 1% glucose into the medium resulted in a pronounced decrease in CFA/I production by H-10407 as assessed by ELISA, hemagglutination, and electron microscopy. The repressive effect of glucose was reversed by the addition of 10 mM cAMP to the medium. Examination of the promoter sequence of thecfaA gene of the CFA/I operon revealed a consensus binding site for the catabolite activator protein-cAMP complex. With a reporter plasmid containing a fusion of thecfaA promoter, a portion of thecfaA gene, and thelacZ gene, it was shown that the activity of this promoter was influenced by glucose. In a wild-typeE. coli strain, addition of 0.5% glucose to the growth medium diminished the promoter activity more than 70%. ThecfaA promoter also exhibited a lower level of activity incya (adenyl cyclase) andcrp (cAMP receptor protein) mutants than in the wild-type strain. The addition of 10 mM cAMP resulted in a marked increase in the expression from thecfaA promoter in thecya but not in thecrp mutant. These results suggest that the suppressive effect of glucose in the CFA/I system is mediated via the mechanism of catabolite repression through thecfaA promoter of the CFA/I operon.
The Role of Agency Partnerships in Collaborative Watershed Groups: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest Experience

Collaborative watershed group experiences reveal commonalities in their approaches to facilitate decentralized and inclusive watershed planning and management in the United States, and increasingly around the world. Although watershed groups are widely recognized in the United States for positive accomplishments across local, state, and regional scales, the role of government agencies as watershed group partners often remains ambiguous and inconsistent. This paper details results of a survey used to determine the status of Pacific Northwest (PNW) watershed group-agency partnerships relative to planning and management. Specific inquiry was directed toward: (1) the role of technical information flow; and (2) watershed group needs. Mail surveys were administered to 304 watershed group participants in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Sixty-nine percent of the surveys were completed and returned. Based on the collected survey data, PNW watershed groups rely heavily on agency officials for technical watershed information. Respondents perceive support of state government to be the highest relative to federal agencies, local governments, and university Extension offices. However, evidence from the survey suggests that partnerships are underutilized across all agencies and organizations concurrently vested in watershed planning and management in the PNW. Sustained operational funding, increased group participation, and baseline watershed data are the most pressing needs of PNW watershed groups and present a significant opportunity for expanding watershed group-agency partnerships.
Lesbians and cancer: an overlooked health disparity.

Objective To evaluate the breast, cervical, ovarian, lung, and colorectal cancer literatures using a novel application of the cancer disparities grid to identify disparities along domains of the cancer continuum focusing on lesbians as a minority population.
Diagnosis of Multiple Fracture Stimulation in Horizontal Wells by Downhole Temperature Measurements

Diagnosis fractured well performance for a multiple-stage fractured horizontal well is critical to understand and improve fracture stimulation design. Production logging tools (PLT) can be used in this problem, and temperature distribution data (by PLT or fiber-optic sensors) is one of the valuable information for performance diagnosis. However, until today quantitative interpretation of dynamic temperature data is still challenging and requires indepth mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer during production in a complex flow system. In this study we developed a semi-analytical model to predict temperature and pressure behavior in a multiplefractured horizontal well during production. The tri-linear model is used to simulate flow in a fracture system for horizontal wells. The model can be applied for single phase oil or gas wells. For gas well, the non-Darcy effects are considered by permeability alteration using minimum permeability plateau. Flow in the wellbore is modeled under unsteady state condition modified from a steady state horizontal wellbore model presented before. This coupled model for fracture flow and wellbore flow can predict the pressure gradient along fracture and also the pressure and flow rate distribution in the wellbore. The thermal model calculates the heat transfer in the fracture/reservoir/wellbore system considering subtle temperature changes caused by the Joule-Thomson cooling and frictional heating effects. The fluid properties are set as functions of in-situ pressure and temperature. The result shows that transient temperature behavior can be used to estimate the fracture initiation points and length, number of created fractures and distribution of fluid along the wellbore. The temperature is sensitive to the flow rate distribution along the wellbore, the fracture geometry, and also the fracture conductivity. With the developed method, we can evaluate the fracture treatment by comparing the designed fracture half-length with the generated fracture-length. When applied in history match of production data, it also can predict conductivity decline as a function of production time.
Polyimides and polyamides with semiflexible spacers

Thirteen polyimides and three polyamides were synthesized with alternating rigid and semiflexible polymethylene units along the chain backbone. Derivatives of the pyromellitic species served as rigid segments in the polyimides and the sulfanilamide group was incorporated in the rigid segments of the polyamides. These systems were examined for a thermotropic liquid–crystalline phase. None was detected, probably because of the high crystalline melting temperatures of these polymers.
Bounding integrity risk subject to structured time correlation modeling uncertainty

Sequential state estimation of linear dynamical systems with time correlation uncertainty in the measurement and process noise is considered. The presence of random noise introduces a state estimate error that is defined in terms of a probability distribution. For high integrity navigation applications, the probability of the estimate error vector residing outside a specified boundary must be explicitly quantified. This probability, or integrity risk, can only be computed accurately when the measurement and process noise distributions are precisely known. Unfortunately, precise knowledge of the input noise distributions is rarely available; the use of inexact models can lead to optimistic integrity risks and potentially life-threatening situations can ensue. This paper focuses on developing a methodology to compute upper bounds on integrity risk subject to a bounded uncertainty structure on the input noise autocorrelation functions.
Albedo and vegetation demand-side management options for warm climates

Abstract For electric utilities, demand-side management (DSM) can reduce electric load and shift load from peak to off-peak periods. In general, the investor in DSM collects the reward with lower electric bills, excepting a positive externality because of reduced tropospheric and stratospheric air pollution from fossil fuel power plants. In warm climates, DSM options include increasing albedo and vegetation, respectively, by painting surfaces white and planting trees; these DSM options are distinguished from all other DSM options because of ecosystem effects. Ambient temperature falls, mitigating the urban `heat island', which reduces electric load and ozone formation. The investor in albedo and vegetation DSM options does not collect all of the reward from lower electric bills, since the lower ambient temperature provides savings to all customers who use electricity for air conditioning and refrigeration. Similar to other DSM options, air pollution is also reduced as a result of lower power plant emissions. Complex airshed models and electric utility system dispatch models are applied in this paper to account for some of these ecosystem effects. Unaccounted ecosystem effects remain, stymieing cost effectiveness analysis.
Interlocking transcriptional feedback loops control white-opaque switching in Candida albicans.

The human pathogen Candida albicans can assume either of two distinct cell types, designated “white” and “opaque.” Each cell type is maintained for many generations; switching between them is rare and stochastic, and occurs without any known changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genome. The two cell types differ dramatically in cell shape, colony appearance, mating competence, and virulence properties. In this work, we investigate the transcriptional circuitry that specifies the two cell types and controls the switching between them. First, we identify two new transcriptional regulators of white-opaque switching, Czf1 and white-opaque regulator 2 (Wor2). Analysis of a large set of double mutants and ectopic expression strains revealed genetic relationships between CZF1, WOR2, and two previously identified regulators of white-opaque switching, WOR1 and EFG1. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that Wor1 binds the intergenic regions upstream of the genes encoding three additional transcriptional regulators of white-opaque switching (CZF1, EFG1, and WOR2), and also occupies the promoters of numerous white- and opaque-enriched genes. Based on these interactions, we have placed these four genes in a circuit controlling white-opaque switching whose topology is a network of positive feedback loops, with the master regulator gene WOR1 occupying a central position. Our observations indicate that a key role of the interlocking feedback loop network is to stably maintain each epigenetic state through many cell divisions.
Exploring Facebook: Attachment Style and Nonverbal Message Characteristics as Predictors of Anticipated Emotional Reactions to Facebook Postings

The present study investigates people’s perceived likelihood of experiencing negative emotion in response to a potentially jealousy-inducing Facebook wall post that was ostensibly sent by a rival. Facebook messages were varied so that participants (n = 821) viewed a message containing text only or text plus either an attractive or unattractive photo of the sender, a winking face emoticon, words in all capitals, or triple exclamation points. Participants were then asked to indicate the degree of negative emotion they would feel if they saw this message on their romantic partner’s Facebook wall. The addition of wink-face emoticons and physical attractiveness cues in a Facebook wall post contributed to differences in likely experienced emotion. Participants also reported a greater likelihood of experiencing negative emotion if they were high in preoccupied attachment and low in dismissive attachment. Finally, women reported being more likely to experience negative interpersonal affect in response to the Facebook post than did men. Implications for the role nonverbal cues play in computer-mediated contexts, such as Facebook, are discussed.
The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (L.) (Hirudinea: Gnathobdellae), at Dungeness, Kent

WILKIN, P. J., 1989. The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (L.) (Hirudinea: Gnathobdellae), at Dungeness, Kent. An account of the ecology and conservation of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis (L.)) at Dungeness, Kent, is presented.
Prevalence of hypertension in 1,795 subjects with chronic renal disease: The modification of diet in renal disease study baseline cohort☆

The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study was a multicenter trial of the effect of protein restriction and strict blood pressure control on the progression rate of chronic renal failure of multiple causes. At the first baseline visit, 1,795 screened patients with renal disease had blood pressure measured, antihypertensive medications recorded, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determined by 125I-iothalamate clearance, a nutritional assessment, and a 24-hour urine collection to determine sodium and potassium levels. A total of 1,494 patients in this cohort were classified as hypertensive (83%) and the remainder (301 patients) as nonhypertensive. Ninety-one percent of the hypertensive subjects were on treatment, 54% being controlled to a blood pressure of < or = 140/90 mm Hg. To better understand the factors that contribute to the development of hypertension in chronic renal disease, some determinants of the prevalence of hypertension in this cohort were investigated. Compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive patients were older (51.2 +/- 12.7 years v 46.6 +/- 13.1 years [mean +/- SD]), had a higher body mass index (BMI; 27.5 +/- 4.7 kg/m2 v 25.4 +/- 4.2 kg/m2), and had a lower GFR (37.8 +/- 19.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 v 50.1 +/- 25 mL/min/1.73 m2). All these differences were significant (P < 0.01). The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher for men than for women (86% v 80%; P = 0.001), and for blacks than for whites (93% v 81%; P < 0.001). The prevalence of hypertension was higher in subjects with glomerular disease than in those with tubulointerstitial disease (85% v 62.6%; P < 0.001). The prevalence of hypertension varied inversely with GFR (from 66% at a GFR of 83 mL/min/1.73 m2 to 95% at a GFR of 12 mL/min/1.73 m2). The prevalence of hypertension varied directly with BMI (from 70% with a BMI at the 10th percentile to 94% with a BMI at the 97th percentile). This relationship was independent of GFR. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed five predictors in decreasing order of significance as determined by chi-square values: GFR, 83.2; BMI, 36.7; black race, 19.9; increasing age, 14.5 (all P < 0.001); and male gender, 5.1 (P = 0.024). Salt intake was not a determinant of blood pressure status. These results confirm previous reports indicating that hypertension in renal disease is determined by the level of renal function. For the first time, three factors known to predict blood pressure levels in populations with normal renal function were also shown to be determinants of blood pressure in renal disease: BMI, black race, and age. In addition, the data suggest that hypertension is inadequately treated in more than half of patients with chronic renal disease in the United States.
Modulated mountain waves

The theory of mountain waves is usually discussed for the case of a steady background wind. Here, the consequences of a superimposed diurnal (or other periodic) background wind variation are considered in outline. They are found to be sufficiently complicated as to warrant avoidance in detailed case studies. They include, however, the production of freely propagating waves and may be of interest on that account for other purposes.
Hierarchies without symmetries from extra dimensions

It is commonly thought that small couplings in a low-energy theory, such as those needed for the fermion mass hierarchy or proton stability, must originate from symmetries in a high-energy theory. We show that this expectation is violated in theories where the standard model fields are confined to a thick wall in extra dimensions, with the fermions ''stuck'' at different points in the wall. Couplings between them are then suppressed due to the exponentially small overlaps of their wave functions. This provides a framework for understanding both the fermion mass hierarchy and proton stability without imposing symmetries, but rather in terms of higher dimensional geography. A model independent prediction of this scenario is non-universal couplings of the standard model fermions to the ''Kaluza-Klein'' excitations of the gauge fields. This allows a measurement of the fermion locations in the extra dimensions at the CERN LHC or NLC if the wall thickness is close to the TeV scale. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Do small-scale exclosure/enclosure experiments predict the effects of large-scale extirpation of freshwater migratory fauna?

A variety of theoretical and empirical studies indicate that the abilities of small-scale experiments to predict responses to large-scale perturbations vary. Small-scale experiments often do not predict the directions of large-scale responses, and relatively few empirical studies have examined whether small-scale experiments predict the magnitudes of large-scale responses. Here we present an empirical example of small-scale manipulations predicting not only the directions but also the magnitudes of the effects of whole-catchment, decades-long decimation of migratory freshwater shrimp populations. In streams of Puerto Rico (USA), we used arena sizes of < 2 m2 in 1- to 4-week exclosure/enclosure experiments. Effects of small-scale experiments largely matched those of large-scale shrimp loss above dams for a variety of response variables (abiotic and biotic factors including epilithic fine sediments, algae and organic matter, and invertebrate grazers, detritivores, and predators). The results of our extrapolation contrast with studies of small- versus large-scale perturbations in the temperate zone. Our findings are likely explained by: a set of response variables that are more dominated by within-patch processes than exchange processes, an experimental manipulation that encompassed the characteristic scales of response variables, our use of open arenas lacking cage artifacts, and/or our combination of two distinct experimental approaches (exclosures and enclosures). Based on our study design, we suggest that extrapolation across experimental scales can be greatly enhanced by embedding open arenas within large-scale conditions that represent all treatment levels.
Influence of ovarian hormones on histology and histochemistry of the bovine oviduct.

Abstract The influence of estradiol benzoate, progesterone, or both upon the histology and histochemistry of the bovine oviduct (upper ampulla, middle oviduct, lower isthmus) was studied in ovariectomized females. Oviduct histology during the follicular phase (proestrus, estrus, and early postestrus) and the luteal phase (early, middle, and late) was compared. The secretory products, identified as mucoprotein and acid mucopolysaccharide, were produced by the influence of estrogen and were released or their replenishment inhibited by progesterone. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the ciliary apparatus and on the surface of isthmic secretory cells was increased by estrogen and decreased by progesterone treatment. Alkaline phosphatase also occurred in the lamina propria of the lower oviduct and in small blood vessels. Glycogen and ribonucleic acid were always present in moderate or large amounts in the epithelium; the largest amounts were generally associated with the secretory cell. Cellular extrusion and desquamation were observed and promoted by progesterone treatment.
Characterization of self-assembled InGaAs/InGaP quantum dot mid-infrared photoconductive detectors grown by low-pressure MOCVD

We report the first self-assembled InGaAs/InGaP quantum dot intersubband infrared photoconductive detectors (QDIPs) grown on semi-insulating GaAs substrate by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The InGaAs quantum dots were constructed on an InGaP matrix as self assembling in Stranski-Krastanow growth mode in optimum growth conditions. The detector structure was prepared for single layer and multi-stacked quantum dots for active region. Normal incident photoconductive response was observed at a peak wavelength of 5.5 micrometer with a high responsivity of 130 mA/W, and a detectivity of 4.74 X 107 cm Hz1/2/W at 77 K for multi-stack QDIP. Low temperature photoresponse of the single quantum dot photodetector was characterized. Peak response was obtained between 16 K and 60 K. The detailed dark current noise measurements were carried on single and multistack quantum dot infrared detectors. High photoconductive gain as 7.6 X 103 biased at 0.5 V results in increasing the intersubband carrier relaxation time as two order of magnitude compared quantum well infrared photodetectors.
Flow Cytometric Analysis Of The Optical Characteristics Of Marine Particulates

The flow cytometer, an instrument initially developed for biomedical research, has proven to be a useful and valuable tool in the study of oceanic particles. By using a finely tuned stream flow and elliptical optics (with a laser source) in conjunction with a computer-based data acquisition and display system, the flow cytometer is capable of analyzing several thousand particles (of up to approximately 35 μm diameter) per second. The instrument is designed to allow measurement of several optical parameters on an individual-particle basis. These) parameters include forward light scatter (in two zones from 1.5 to 10 and 10 to 19 ), 90 light scatter and fluorescence at a variety of emission and excitation wavelengths. In addition, the flow cytometer has the ability to sort the sample into subsamples by their optical characteristics. Light scattering measurements have been made on samples of monoclonal unialgal cultures. The capability of measuring the single cell light scatter has allowed for the analysis of variability in 90° light scatter from particle shape effects. Spectral variability in scattering among single-species samples can also be studied. Studies with growing cultures of phytoplankton have demonstrated that the matrix of forward versus 90 light scatter as measured with the flow cytometer may provide a useful method in identifying the physiological state of a sample. A major goal in the use of the flow cytometer for marine optical work is the development of an easily applied algorithm for the rapid determination of the size and refractive index distribution of oceanic particulate matter.
Evaluation of a system to spatially monitor hand planting of pine seedlings

A tree-planting dibble was outfitted with an accelerometer, a GPS, and associated data acquisition hardware to form a system to map the locations of seedlings as they were planted. The system was worn by a planter and collected a stream of position and maximum acceleration data at 1-s intervals. An experiment was conducted to test the performance of the data acquisition system in which a planter was videotaped while using the instrumented dibble. The video provided information on timing of the dibble ground impacts that could be synchronized with the output of the dibble data acquisition system. The positions of the planted seedlings (194 total) were also mapped with a real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS survey-grade system. Procedures were developed to process the instrumented dibble output data stream in two stages into a map of positions. The stages were (a) define the level of acceleration corresponding to an impact of the dibble with the ground, and (b) associate groups of impacts with the planting of individual seedlings. Results showed the procedures for detecting and mapping the seedling locations were robust and accurate in counting the number of seedlings and in defining their general location. Absolute accuracy of the seedling positions was, however, less than would be required to identify with certainty any individual seedling at some time in the future. Average deviation between dibble-defined and RTK position was 4.5m, three times the within-row spacing of the seedlings. The level of accuracy could be improved if a higher quality GPS were used in the data acquisition system. The procedures developed to interpret dibble output data were tested without modification on four other sites using different operators. Estimates of total numbers of tree planted based on the dibble output were found to be accurate to within 7%.
Category-specific covariate effects in longitudinal study designs

For polytomous ordinal response data, McCullagh (1980) proposed a proportional odds model that describes a regression relationship between the ordinal response and a set of covariates. In a longitudinal setting, Stram et al. (1988) apply a marginal modeling approach to repeated ordinal response data by choosing a proportional odds model at each time point and describe the overall response distribution using the joint asymptotic distribution of the parameter estimates collected across time. However, in clinical and medical research, the underlying proportionality assumption is not always true. This refers to a covariate or a set of covariates that influence each category of a polytomous ordinal response in a differential way leading to non-proportional odds. In this paper, we consider allowing for non-proportional odds arising at each time point from repeated ordinal response data in a longitudinal study context. Following the marginal modeling approach given earlier, we have fitted a category-specific cum...
Uncertainity Analysis for the Fiducial Calibration System

Previous work has established the Fiducial Calibration System (FCS), a technique, which, for the first time provides a method that allows for the accuracy of a CMM to be transferred to the shop floor. This paper addresses the range of applicability of the FCS, and provides a method to answer two fundamental questions. First, given a set of machines and fiducials, how much improvement in precision of the finished part can be expected? And second, given a desired precision of the finished part, what machines and fiducials are required? The achievable improvement in precision using the FCS depends on a number of factors including, but not limited to: the type of fiducial, the probing system on the machine and CMM, the time required to make a measurement, and the frequency of measurement. In this paper, the sensitivity of the method to such items is evaluated through an uncertainty analysis, and examples are given indicating how this analysis can be used in a variety of cases.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Model For End-Stage Liver Disease Score Does Not Predict Patient or Graft Survival in Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients

Although living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a successful procedure for most recipients, outcomes in patients who undergo transplantation as United Network for Organ Sharing status 2A are marginal. There are no published data on living donor liver transplant recipient outcomes relative to Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores. Such information could be useful in living donor liver transplant recipient selection. We retrospectively analyzed all non-fulminant hepatic failure, right hepatic lobe, adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant recipients at our center between August 1997 and March 2002. We calculated MELD scores at the time of LDLT and correlated scores with 1-year patient and graft survival and hospital days during the 90-day post-LDLT period. There were 62 recipients with greater than 6 months of follow-up: 38 men, 24 women; mean age, 47.9 years; 42 white, 1 black, 17 Hispanic, and 2 Asian patients. Twenty-nine patients had hepatitis C virus infection; 4 patients, hepatitis C virus infection and alcoholic liver disease; 4 patients, alcoholic liver disease; 4 patients, cryptogenic cirrhosis; 13 patients, primary sclerosing cholangitis; 5 patients, autoimmune hepatitis; and 3 patients, primary biliary cirrhosis. Mean and median MELD scores were 15.2 and 13, respectively (range, 6 to 40). One-year patient and graft survival were 59 of 62 patients (95%) and 52 of 62 patients (84%), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between median MELD scores of dead versus living patients (15 v 13; P =.15) or patients who underwent retransplantation versus those who did not (16.5 v 13; P =.30). Mean and median hospital days in the 90-day post-LDLT period were 23.7 and 16.0 days, respectively. Living donor liver transplant recipients with a MELD score of 18 or greater had significantly more hospital days compared with recipients with a MELD score less than 18 (35.2 v 19.8 days; P =.01). In conclusion, MELD scores did not predict post-LDLT patient or graft survival at 1 year. However, higher MELD scores (> or =18) were associated with more hospital days during the 3-month post-LDLT period.
Production of a "Standard" Radiation Environment to Minimize Dosimetry Errors in Flash X-Ray Parts Testing

Calculations have been performed to indicate the effects of differing device caps and of spectrum filtration on dosimetry errors in flash x-ray parts testing. Dosimetry typically used for upset or latch-up testing of microelectronic devices with flash x-ray sources can be in error by 300% or more due to interface dose enhancement effects. When the use of spectrum hardening is permissible, placing the device to be irradiated within a Pb/Ta box can reduce the dosimetry errors to less than 20% in most cases. Obtaining the interface dose enhancement factor by using the experimentally obtained ratio of effects on devices behind Kovar/Au caps to effects measured using alumina caps is shown to give erroneous results.
HAPPY NEWS FROM THE DISMAL SCIENCE: REASSESSING JAPANESE FISCAL POLICY AND SUSTAINABILITY

We analyze fiscal policy and fiscal sustainability in Japan using a variant of the methodology developed in Blanchard (1990). We find that Japan can achieve fiscal sustainability over a 100-year horizon with relatively small changes in the tax-to-GDP ratio. Our analysis differs from more pessimistic analyses in several dimensions. First, since Japanese net debt is only half that of gross debt, we demonstrate that the current debt burden is much lower than is typically reported. This means that monetization of the debt will have little impact on Japan's fiscal sustainability because Japan's problem is the level of future liabilities not current ones. Second, we argue that one obtains very different projections of social security burdens based on the standard assumption that Japan's population is on a trend towards extinction rather than transitioning to a new lower level. Third, we demonstrate that some modest cost containment of the growth rate of real per capita benefits, such as cutting expenditures for shrinking demographic categories, can dramatically lower the necessary tax burden. In sum, no scenario involves Japanese taxes rising above those in Europe today and many result in tax-to-GDP ratios comparable to those in the United States.
A UTC-TW Photo Detector Operating at Frequencies Exceeding 100 GHz

One of the approaches used to generate millimeter and sub-MM wave signals is the heterodyning of two optical signals in a photo detector. The UTC-TW photo detector has been identified as the device of choice for very high frequencies. In this paper we present the design, fabrication and testing of a new UTC-TW device, which can operate at frequencies exceeding 100 GHz. The new device was designed by a novel analytical model, which was developed by the authors and reported previously. This device is intended to be the first one in a series of devices, which eventually approach 1 THz, as predicted by our model.
Resolution of a common RNA sequencing ambiguity by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

One of the more common ambiguities which arise when using reverse transcriptase and dideoxynucleotide-chain termination to sequence RNA is a radioactive band of cDNA that extends over all four lanes on a sequencing gel. The adjacent sequences both above and below the band are not affected. Assuming then, that these ambiguities are caused by the termination of the DNA polymerase activity of reverse transcriptase for reasons other than the insertion of a dideoxynucleotide in the growing cDNA chain, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase should be able to continue to add deoxynucleotides to these products after the sequencing reaction is complete. It does, clearing the improperly terminated cDNA from these pileup sites, revealing the correct sequence. This technique can also be used to identity the template RNA’s S-terminal base, although far more units of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase are required.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Sinus Node Reentrant Tachycardia

Sinus node reentrant tachycardia is a relatively uncommon (5%-15%) form of recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). We describe a case of symptomatic sinus node reentrant tachycardia in a 67-year-old male with ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, and depressed ventricular function. Adenosine administered during an electrophysiology study caused prolongation of the tachycardia cycle length due to atrial cycle length prolongation (without atrio-His prolongation) prior to tachycardia termination. Right atrial mapping revealed the earliest site of atrial activation in the high lateral right atrium just below the superior vena cava. Low energy (10 and 20 W) radiofrequency lesions were applied at this site with termination of the tachycardia within 3 seconds of radiofrequency energy delivery. Tachycardia could not be reinduced after delivery of the radiofrequency lesions. The sinus node function immediately and 6 weeks after radiofrequency catheter ablation remained normal and the patient was without clinical recurrence of SVT. Mapping of sinus node reentrant tachycardia and elimination of the reentrant circuit with radiofrequency catheter ablation is possible without causing sinus node dysfunction. Adenosine causes prolongation of the atrial cycle length followed by termination of sinus node reentrant tachycardia.
Critically sampled wavelet representations for multidimensional signals with arbitrary regions of support

Transform/subband representations form an important element of many signal processing algorithms and applications. Until recently, representations have typically been designed for signals with convenient supports, e.g. 2-D signals with rectangular supports. However, a number of applications require representations for signals with arbitrary (non-rectangular) regions of support. We present a novel algorithm for creating critically sampled perfect reconstruction wavelet representations for signals defined over arbitrary supports. The proposed algorithm selects a subset of vectors from a convenient superset basis which under appropriate conditions provides a basis over the given arbitrary support. The algorithm can be interpreted as solving a corresponding sampling problem.
Temperature and pressure effects on the elimination reactions of diethyl ether with hydroxide and amide ions

Hydroxide and amide ion-induced elimination reactions of diethyl ether and diethyl ether-d10 were investigated with a variable temperature flowing afterglow apparatus. Temperature effects on reaction rates, kinetic isotope effects, and product distributions are reported. The pressure dependence of these transformations also were explored and mechanistic arguments are presented. This data confirms predictions based on statistical rate theory and ab initio calculations and provides valuable information on the potential energy surfaces for base-induced eliminations. (Int J Mass Spectrom 195/196 (2000) 411‐ 418) © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
Intestine-specific expression of Apobec-1 rescues apolipoprotein B RNA editing and alters chylomicron production in Apobec1 -/- mice.

Intestinal apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA undergoes C-to-U editing, mediated by the catalytic deaminase apobec-1, which results in translation of apoB48. Apobec1−/− mice produce only apoB100 and secrete larger chylomicron particles than those observed in wild-type (WT) mice. Here we show that transgenic rescue of intestinal apobec-1 expression (Apobec1Int/O) restores C-to-U RNA editing of apoB mRNA in vivo, including the canonical site at position 6666 and also at approximately 20 other newly identified downstream sites present in WT mice. The small intestine of Apobec1Int/O mice produces only apoB48, and the liver produces only apoB100. Serum chylomicron particles were smaller in Apobec1Int/O mice compared with those from Apobec1−/− mice, and the predominant fraction of serum apoB48 in Apobec1Int/O mice migrated in lipoproteins smaller than chylomicrons, even when these mice were fed a high-fat diet. Because apoB48 arises exclusively from the intestine in Apobec1Int/O mice and intestinal apoB48 synthesis and secretion rates were comparable to WT mice, we were able to infer the major sites of origin of serum apoB48 in WT mice. Our findings imply that less than 25% of serum apoB48 in WT mice arises from the intestine, with the majority originating from the liver.
Phase locking in chains of multiple-coupled oscillators

Phase locking in chains of weakly coupled oscillators with coupling beyond nearest neighbors is studied. Starting with a piecewise linear coupling function, a homotopy method is applied to prove the existence of phase locked solutions. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the existence and the properties of the solutions. Differences between multiple coupling and nearest neighbor coupling are also discussed. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Neutron Spectroscopy of Mouse Using Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography (NSECT)

Neutron spectroscopy is evolving as a non-invasive technique to measure element concentration in biological tissue. We have developed a neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT) system that maps the elemental composition of a body through a non-invasive scan. A neutron beam incident on a sample energizes the sample's atomic nuclei through inelastic scatter interactions. These energized nuclei then spontaneously return to their ground energy states emitting the extra energy as a characteristic gamma photon. An energy-sensitive gamma detector is used to detect this energy and hence identify the emitting atom. Such a technique has several applications in both humans and small animals. Here we demonstrate NSECT's feasibility in scanning small animals, and show results from a spectroscopic examination of a fixed mouse specimen. The mouse was flushed with saline and fixed using a gadolinium/formalin solution. Scanning was performed using a 5 MeV monochromatic neutron beam. Background was corrected using time-of-flight correction to reduce time-uncorrelated noise and polynomial curve-fit subtraction to remove the residual underlying background. The emitted gammas were measured using a high purity germanium (HPGe) clover detector. The resulting spectrum shows various peaks corresponding to elements expected in this specimen such as C, Ca and Gd, several other potential matches such as K and Zn, as well as some system related elements such as Fe, Al and Ge from the detector. This experiment demonstrates the ability of NSECT to obtain element information from an intact small animal specimen through a single non-invasive scan.