cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of manual versus automated blood pressure measurements in treated hypertensive patients.

Abstract This study assesses differences in blood pressure (BP) levels prospectively between office (manual) measurement and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in 70 treated, essential, hypertensive patients. The objective was to determine whether ABPM is superior to office measurement for assessing adequacy of therapy. Twenty-four patients received monotherapy and 46 received multiple therapy. Thirty-five patients were administered medication in the morning only, whereas 33 were administered medication in the morning and evening both. Mean systolic BP by manual method was identical to that obtained by ABPM (141.98 ± 14.98 mm Hg versus 141.46 ± 16.33 mm Hg, respectively). However, mean diastolic BP by manual method was signifi-cantly higher than that obtained by ABPM (90.38 ± 9.01 mm Hg versus 86.69 ± 10.65 mm Hg, respectively; P
Iris transillumination defects in the pigment dispersion syndrome as detected with infrared videography: A comparision between a group of blacks and a group of nonblacks

Background. Infrared image analysis has been reported to be the most sensitive method to detect iris transillumination defects (ITDs) associated with the pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS). Although a common sign of PDS in patients with lighter irides, ITDs that are demonstrated with standard slit lamp examination are frequently absent in blacks with the disease. This absence may lead to confusion in diagnosis; therefore improved methods of evaluation could be beneficial. Although infrared image analysis has been investigated in nonblacks, it has not been applied to a group of blacks with the condition. Methods. Six blacks (11 eyes, all irides brown) with PDS and eight nonblacks (15 eyes, 10 blue irides, 5 brown irides) with PDS underwent analysis. ITDs were searched for with traditional slit lamp examination and with infrared videography. Results. Among the blacks, 2 of 11 eyes (18%) showed ITDs via infrared analysis, a frequency that was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the frequency exhibited among the nonblacks (100%) when examined with the same technique. Standard slit lamp examination also showed a significantly lower frequency of ITDs among the blacks compared to the nonblacks (p < 0.001). Infrared videography detected ITDs at least one grade higher in 1 of 11 eyes (9%) among the black group and in 7 of the 15 eyes (47%) among the nonblacks. Using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, the difference in the ability of infrared videography to detect and rank the iris defects in the nonblack PDS group was significantly greater when compared to standard slit lamp examination (p = 0.011), but infrared analysis did not increase detection or change the mean ranking of those in the black group (p = 0.317). Conclusion. In this group of patients, infrared videography did not significantly improve the detection and visibility of ITDs in blacks, as it did in the nonblacks. The frequency that ITDs were detected with standard slit lamp examination and with infrared videography was significantly greater in the group of nonblacks compared to the blacks who exhibited PDS.
Carbonate platforms in wedge-top basins: An example from the Gunung Mulu National Park, Northern Sarawak (Malaysia)

Abstract The Melinau carbonate platform initiated during the Mid-Eocene on a rotating slice of the Rajang accretionary prism. The differential sedimentary loading enhanced a rotation of the mobile substratum and created an elongated, asymmetrical wedge-top basin. The extensional southern margin of the basin consists of a 2100–2200-m-thick section of Eocene-to-Oligocene carbonates. These thin laterally towards the northern margin of the basin, where a carbonate factory was active on a postulated underlying thrust. Backstepping and dismemberment of the carbonate system started during the latest Oligocene and deep-marine sedimentation became prevalent over the entire region during the Early Miocene.
Characterizing configuration problems in Java EE application servers: An empirical study with GlassFish and JBoss

We present a characterization study on configuration problems for Java EE application servers. Our study analyzes a total of 281 bug-reports in two phases: a longer (Study-1) and a shorter (Study-2) phase, from bug tracking systems of two popular open source servers, GassFish and JBoss. We study configuration problems in four orthogonal dimensions: problem-type, problem-time, problem-manifestation and problem-culprit. A configuration problem, by type, is classified as a paramater, compatibility or a missing-component problem. Problem-time is classified as pre-boot-time, boot-time or run-time. A configuration problem manifestation is either silent or non-silent. Problem-culprit is either the user or the developer of the application server. Our analysis shows that more than one-third of all problems in each server are configuration problems. Among all configuration problems for each server in study-1 at-least 50% of problems are paramater-based and occur at run-time. In study-2, which focuses on specific versions over a shorter time-period, all three problem types parameter, compatibility and missing-component have an almost equal share. Further, on average 89% of configuration problems result in a non-silent manifestation, while 91% of them are due to mistakes by the developer and require code-modification to fix the problem. Finally, we test the robustness to configuration by injecting configuration-bugs at boot-time with SPECjEnterprise2010 application deployed in each server. JBoss performs better than GlassFish with all of the injections giving a non-silent manifestation as opposed to only 65% non-silent manifestations in GlassFish.
Physics pathway: a digital library filled with synthetic interviews

Physics Pathway is a digital library available through an Adobe Flash portal whose contents are a series of interviews with four experts who answer questions about the pedagogy of teaching physics. The answers were collected over a broad time span, but are presented to the user as if he or she is conducting the personal interview, similar to naturally conversing with the expert. This "synthetic interview" style is discussed in this paper, with a mixed methods evaluation by 19 high school teachers who used Physics Pathway for a 14-week period at the end of 2010. The evaluation with teachers showed that the synthetic interviews validated or reinforced their ideas on their course materials and delivery. As these are teachers who are relatively new to physics instruction, confirmation that they are teaching well is important. Physics Pathway is linked with comPADRE, a member of the National Science Digital Library.
Clinical characteristics of patients in studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD)

The Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials were designed to evaluate the effects of enalapril on long-term mortality in patients with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Patients with LV ejection fractions less than or equal to 0.35 and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF) were enrolled in the treatment trial, whereas those with no history of overt CHF and taking no treatment directed for LV dysfunction were enrolled in the prevention trial. The baseline clinical characteristics of SOLVD patients were compared to characterize differences between patients in these 2 separate but concurrent trials. From over 70,000 patients screened with LV dysfunction, 4,228 patients were enrolled in the prevention trial and 2,569 patients in the treatment trial. Ischemic heart disease was the primary cause of LV dysfunction in both prevention (83%) and treatment (71%) trial patients. Prior myocardial infarction was present in 80% of the prevention and 66% of the treatment trial patients (p less than 0.001). In the prevention trial, infarction was recent (less than or equal to 6 months) in 27% patients and remote (greater than 6 months) in 57% patients. Treatment trial patients had proportionately more women (20 vs 13%; p less than 0.001) and non-Caucasians (20 vs 14%; p less than 0.001), as well as the coexisting risk factors of hypertension (42 vs 37%; p less than 0.001) and diabetes (26 vs 15%; p less than 0.001) than did prevention trial patients. Clinical characteristics of patients in both trials were influenced by the gender and race of enrolled patients. Similarly, coronary artery bypass surgery was performed less often in women and non-Caucasians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fitness analyses of all possible point mutations for regions of genes in yeast

Deep sequencing can accurately measure the relative abundance of hundreds of mutations in a single bulk competition experiment, which can give a direct readout of the fitness of each mutant. Here we describe a protocol that we previously developed and optimized to measure the fitness effects of all possible individual codon substitutions for 10-aa regions of essential genes in yeast. Starting with a conditional strain (i.e., a temperature-sensitive strain), we describe how to efficiently generate plasmid libraries of point mutants that can then be transformed to generate libraries of yeast. The yeast libraries are competed under conditions that select for mutant function. Deep-sequencing analyses are used to determine the relative fitness of all mutants. This approach is faster and cheaper per mutant compared with analyzing individually isolated mutants. The protocol can be performed in ∼4 weeks and many 10-aa regions can be analyzed in parallel.
Intraspecific nest parasitism in the sand wasp Stictia heros (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae).

Two forms of intraspecific nest parasitism are described for the neotropical sand waspStictia heros (Fabr.). Females behaving aggressively made aerial attacks on prey-laden females as they approached their nest for provisioning. Attacks resulted in prolonged grappling on the sand, and the relative sizes of the contestants influenced final possession of the prey. Also, the probability that returning females were attacked was directly related to the size of the prey being delivered. Females displaying marauding behavior entered the nests of other females, removed prey, and deposited it in their own nest. Females usually raided nests that were near their own nest and tended to concentrate raiding attempts on nests that previously yielded prey. We also describe the behavior associated with the delivery of hunted prey and examine possible interrelationships between wasp size, prey size and hunting trip duration.
Validation of Runway Capacity Models

Many runway capacity estimation models are available today, and developers usually claim that their models have been validated. However, information about the validation process is often limited, and different models are validated at differing levels of complexity. This paper proposes two validation methodologies for use in testing model predictions against reality. It demonstrates the two methodologies on two models [the airfield capacity model (ACM) and the runway simulator (rS)] and two airports (San Francisco International and Los Angeles International in California). The results indicate that when arrivals and departures are considered separately, both ACM and rS tend to overpredict capacities under good visibility conditions and to predict larger ranges of capacity values than are seen empirically. However, when considering total operations (arrivals and departures together), the results show that both models failed to provide good estimates of total throughput at both airports. Overall, arrival and...
Raman Spectrophotometric Study of Complex Formation in Aqueous Solutions of Calcium Nitrate

The Raman spectra of nitrate solutions of Ag I, Cu II, Zn II, Hg II, Ca II, Al III, In III, Ce III, and Th IV were measured. In every case there was evidence of specific association between the cation and nitrate with lowering of the nitrate symmetry from D3h to C28. The system Ca II–NO3— was studied in detail by making quantitative intensity measurements in solutions of various concentrations of Ca(NO3)2, some with added NH4NO3 and some with added Ca(ClO4)2. From these measurements it was found that the only associated species of importance was CaNO3+ for which the association constant in the ionic strength range of 10 to 40 was 0.12 to 0.17. This value was independent of temperature in the range 26° to 94°C.
Gender Flux: Transatlantic Influence on Fashioning the Cross-dresser in American Silent Cinema

AbstractFrom the post-Victorian era to the enforcement of the Hays Code in 1934, European theater and film played a significant role in the temporal conditional, sociocultural acceptance of gender fluidity in the USA. My claim is that during a time period that spanned between approximately 1906 and 1934, the popularization of female/male impersonators served as a transgressive force that propelled a meaningful dialogue surrounding social tolerance. The selection of films in this article represents an attempt to narrow the vast field and introduce the strongest evidence to substantiate my assertion. Each film reveals a direct link to a European artistic tradition; all cast the cross-dresser as protagonist; costume/fashion plays a central role in characterization; and finally the narratives demonstrate a socially progressive point of view regarding the negotiation of gender roles. Through detailed film sequence readings and costume and cultural analysis, I conduct an examination of these North American pivo...
The Ghost of Social Justice Education Future: How the words of graduates contribute to self-transformation

The aim of this self-study was to better understand and improve my practice in preparing elementary credential candidates to create positive, educative learning environments for all children, especially those in high-need urban contexts. I felt I could learn most about this question by studying how graduates were engaging in this work and how their students were responding. Thus, a second aim of the research was to investigate what the implications of studying former students might be for the methodology and practice of self-study. I observed and interviewed six graduates and gathered affective data from their children. With the help of a “critical friend,” I discovered that for the most part my graduates had much strength in this area, which helped to clarify which aspects of my practice should be continued. However, I also identified areas for improvement. Most transformative were revelations that my unconscious uncertainties about working with extreme challenges had placed limitations on these teachers...
What is Property P, anyway?

McGinn (1991) argues that we will never be able to understand the mindbody relationship because we are cognitively unable to grasp property P, the property which explains consciousness. In a recent paper, Garvey (1997) proposes four possible interpretations of McGinn's claim that we are unable to grasp property P, and argues that McGinn is not entitled to his conclusion on any of these interpretations. But Garvey's arguments fail, because he has misapprehended the nature of property P.
A competitive kinetic model of nucleic acid surface hybridization in the presence of point mutants

Microarray analysis has become increasingly complex due to the growing size of arrays and the inherent cross-binding of targets. In this work, we explore the effects of matched and mismatched target species concentrations, temperature, and the time of hybridization on sensing specificity in two-component systems. A finite element software is used to simulate the diffusion of DNA through a microfluidic chamber to the sensing surface where hybridization of DNA is modeled using the corresponding kinetic equation. Comparison between a single-component system, where only one target is allowed to bind to a specific zone, and a two-component system, where more than one target can hybridize in a sensing zone, uncovers significant kinetic disparities during the transitory state; however, at thermodynamic equilibrium a modified Langmuir isotherm governs the bound amount of both species. The results presented suggest that it may be more appropriate to consider collective rather than quasi-independent interaction of targets in multicomponent systems.
Metabolic and anthropometric evaluation of insulin resistance in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Metabolic and anthropometric evaluation of insulin resistance in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Tobacco outlet density and demographics: a geographically weighted regression analysis.

Previous studies have indicated that tobacco outlets seem to be clustered in low-income minority neighborhoods. This study utilized a cross-sectional design to examine the relationships among minority status, median household income, population density, commercial land use, and location of tobacco outlets at the census tract level in Polk County, Iowa. Using geographically weighted regression, this study re-examines one previously carried out in the same location by Schneider et al. (Prevention Science 6: 319–325, 2005). Contrary to that and some other previous studies, this research found no relationship between tobacco outlet density and percent Hispanic, and found a negative relationship with regard to two variables—that of being African American and median household income. Positive significant relationships were found with population density and land use.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of copper corrosion in aqueous perchloric acid

Copper has been imaged with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) during immersion in aqueous HCIO4 solutions of different concentrations. STM images were recorded continuously to follow the dynamic processes of the surface. The images indicate that the surface changes become more pronounced with increasing acid concentration. The surface change is predominantly due to copper dissolution. The local corrosion rate estimated from the STM images has been compared with those obtained from SEM micrographs and found to be in satisfactory agreement.
Experimental evaluation of Microsoft Kinect's accuracy and capture rate for stroke rehabilitation applications

To meet the challenges of ubiquitous computing for stroke rehabilitation, researchers have been trying to break away from traditional therapist-based modes of assessment. In this paper, the suitability of the Kinect to this end is experimentally evaluated. A set of thirteen gross movements, derived from common clinical stroke impairment level assessments (Wolf Motion Function Test, Action Research Arm Test, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment) were utilized to explore the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) in position for data captured by Kinect as compared to a research-grade OptiTrack motion capture system. The specific joints of interest were the shoulder, elbow and wrist. A latency and capture rate estimation of the Kinect and its effects on data quality was also conducted. The NRMSE in position varied between 0.53cm to 1.74cm per data point among all axes and joints on average, when initial calibration was conducted via the OptiTrack system. The mean capture period was measured as 33.3ms with 3.86ms standard deviation, and the latency was observed to be on the order of two capture periods (66.6ms on average). Our results summarize the capabilities as well as limitations of Kinect in gross movement-based impairment assessment, in game-based rehabilitation paradigms, as well as in full-body motion capture applications in general.
Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray fluxes and cosmogenic neutrinos

Abstract We discuss the possible origin of the two neutrino shower events reported by the IceCube Collaboration at the Neutrino 2012 conference in Kyoto, Japan. The suspicion early on was that these two events are due to cosmogenic neutrinos and possibly by electron antineutrinos generating the Glashow resonance. The difference of the energy of the W − in the resonance and the energy estimates of the detected cascade events makes this assumption unlikely. The conclusion then may be that these high energy neutrinos are produced at sources of high energy cosmic rays such as Active Galactic Nuclei.
Exchange mechanisms in europium chalcogenides

Superexchange mechanisms, which are mostly responsible for the nnn exchange constanIt I2 in Eu chalcogenides, are investigated in detail. In contrast with the usual 3d transition metal compounds, the Kramers-Anderson mechanism is estimated to be one order of magnitude too small to explain the experimental results due to a small 4f → 2p transfer energy. The mechanism by which a p electron is transferred to a 5d state through the d-f exchange interaction gives the correct order of magnitude for I2, with a negative sign, even though it is a sixth-order perturbation. The cross term between the above two mechanisms is shown to be nearly as important as the second mechanism and may have a positive sign. The indirect exchange mechanisms, in which the anion p level has no important role, are responsible for the nn exchange constant I1. The phonon-assisted mechanism proposed by Smit is estimated to be more than one order of magnitude smaller than the experimental value. The d-f mixing term is proved to be responsible for I1, in good agreement with experiment.
From Ancient Greece to Beloch's Crease: The Delian Problem and Origami

The problem of how to double the volume of a cube, also known as the Delian problem, has intrigued mathematicians for millennia. The great variety of solutions discovered over the centuries have used diverse tools, mathematical and otherwise. Recently, in 1936, Margherita Piazollo Beloch discovered a simple and elegant solution to this question. It uses a single piece of paper and a handful of folds. The solution has renewed interest in geometrical constructability problems, in particular those that incorporate origami. And ultimately, it's given rise to the field of origami mathematics. Faculty Sponsor: Shenglan Yuan
A faster single-term divisible electronic cash: ZCash

Abstract This paper presented a new unlinkable, single-term divisible electronic cash scheme, whose name is ZCash. This scheme overcomes the problems of previous schemes through its greater efficiency and the unlinkability of every cash it generates. Compared with Okamoto’s scheme [Advances in Cryptology—Crypto ’95, Springer, New York, 1995: 438–451] and Chan’s scheme [Advances in Cryptology—Eurocrypt ’98, Springer, New York, 1998: 561–575] (the two best known E-cash schemes), ZCash achieve higher efficiency by not using range-bounded commitment schemes. In addition, to prove the correctness of the blind candidate, we use some simple zero-knowledge protocols instead of the Account Opening protocol and Electronic License. By using the indirect disclosure proof in the payment protocol, ZCash realizes revocable anonymity, which allows a trustee to trace the owner of the E-cash according to its payment transcript. ZCash is the first E-cash scheme which realizes both divisibility and revocable anonymity.
Photocatalytic Activity of Ce-Doped Hematite for Hydrogen Production

Hematite is one of the most promising photoanodes for water splitting, but its photoelectrochemical (PEC) efficiency is still low. This work proved that the PEC efficiency of hematite can be improved by Ce doping. The Ce doped hematite was successfully prepared by co-sputtering CeO2 and Fe2O3, and followed by thermal oxidation treatment. The results of J-V test showed that the photocurrent of 5 at.% Ce doped α-Fe2O3 film can reached 1.35mA/cm2 in 1 M NaOH (pH=13.6) at 1.23V vs. NHE, which is nearly 15 times higher than the undoped one. The enhancement of PEC efficiency was proved by the enhancement of absorbance of visible light, as well as increased carrier density after Ce doping.
The influence of home-based reading interactions on 5-year-olds’ reading motivations and early literacy development

Abstract In order to understand the impact of home-based reading practices on young children’s literacy development, we need to consider both the types of comments made while reading as well as the affective quality of the reading interaction. Five-year-olds, during the summer prior to kindergarten, were observed reading both a familiar and an unfamiliar book with a member of their family, usually a parent but in one-third of the cases, an older sibling. Children came from either African-American or European-American families. Most of the children (about 83%) came from low income families. Both the nature of comments made about each book and the affective quality of the interactions were coded. Parents also were interviewed about the frequency with which their children engaged in reading activities at home. Children’s phonological awareness, orientation toward print, and story comprehension were assessed during the spring of kindergarten; their motivations for reading were assessed at the start of first grade. Comments about the content of the storybook were the most common type of utterance during reading interactions. Reported reading frequency was the only significant correlate of children’s early literacy-related skills. In contrast, the affective quality of the reading interaction was the most powerful predictor of children’s motivations for reading. These results emphasize the importance of the affective quality of reading interactions for fostering children’s interest in literacy.
Low 1-hour glucose screens and small for gestational age infants

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a 1-hour glucose screen done at 26 to 29 weeks’ gestation that is below the fifth percentile is predictive of having a small for gestational age (SGA) infant. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnancies with 1-hour glucose screens were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 600 cases had values below the fifth percentile (<71 mg/dl). A total of 6784 controls had values between the 25th and 75th percentiles. Infants were classified as being SGA if they had birth weights less than the 10th percentile adjusted for gestational age and infant gender. The Student’s t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of SGA infants differed significantly between cases and controls, 16.2% versus 12.0% (p = 0.0043). This association remained significant after adjustment for race (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: A 1-hour glucose screen with a result that is less than the fifth percentile is an independent risk factor for having an SGA infant.
S-100 Protein Levels in Children with Kawaski Disease: Correlation with Irritability

Kawasaki Disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis with central nervous system (CNS) manifestations including irritability, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and cerebral hypoperfusion. S-100, a dimeric protein present in glial cells, is elevated in patients with brain tumors and stroke and following cardiopulmonary bypass. The purpose of this study was to determine if serum S-100 protein levels are abnormally elevated in children with KD and to correlate these measurements with markers for systemic and CNS inflammation. We measured S-100 levels in 15 children with classical KD, mean age 3.0 years (range 7 months-6 years), at 3 intervals: presentation, 11-21 days from onset of disease and 22-63 days from onset. Elevated S-100 levels (>0.2μg/L) were found in 3/15 (20%) both at presentation, and at 11-21 days, and 4/15 (26.7%) at 22-63 days. The subjects were subdivided into Group I (n=8), at least 1 abnormal S-100 measurement and Group II (n=7), normal S-100 at all times. The groups were compared for, age, duration of fever, echocardiographic changes, irritability and systemic inflammatory markers at each time period. Clinical associations were made independent of knowledge of S-100 levels. There was no difference in clinical signs or echo findings between the groups following treatment. Patients in Group I were younger at presentation (1.7±1.4 yrs. vs. 4.1±1.9 yrs., p=0.05) and more irritable at diagnosis (71% vs. 13% p=0.04). Fever persisted longer in Group II (9.6±2.8 days) following treatment than in Group I (6.1±1.8 days, p=0.035). The findings show that S-100 protein was elevated in a number of patients with KD who were younger and more irritable at presentation. We speculate that inflammatory changes of the CNS can lead to increased levels of S-100 which can serve as a marker for CNS inflammation.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors increase COAT-platelet production in vitro.

Abstract Platelets activated simultaneously with thrombin and collagen reveal a subpopulation of cells that express on their surfaces high levels of several α-granule proteins, including factor V and fibrinogen; these COAT platelets ( co llagen a nd t hrombin–activated platelets) represent roughly 30% of the total population. Evidence of enhanced stability of proteins on the COAT-platelet surface was provided by the observation that PAC-1, a mAB recognizing the activated form of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, did not inhibit fibrinogen binding to COAT-platelets. We therefore undertook a systematic evaluation of the effects of other GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors on the production of COAT platelets. Not only did GP IIb/IIIa antagonists fail to inhibit the retention of fibrinogen on COAT-platelets, but several actually increased the absolute percentage of COAT platelets produced. The increases over control values in the presence of eptifibatide, tirofiban, and DMP-802 were 1.36-, 1.20-, and 1.05-fold, respectively (P
Eight ways of looking at an amusement park

The amusement park is solidly part of the national experience as a pleasure of the multitudes, and has been many things to many people— escape, fantasy, otherworldliness, illusion, drama, total theater, spectacle; a safety zone of enjoyment, absurdity and release from the habits, norms and rules of everyday life. The dangerous, the absurd, the erotic, the hilarious and the weird invite the participant into a world of role-playing and the glories of play in its purest form, in modes both ancient and futuristic. Perhaps no single subject affordsso many aspects and approaches for study as the amusement park; from the most avant-garde technological problems of engineering attractions to the manifold psychological impact of those attractions and their ambience on the mood and motivation of the patron. The variety of departure-points is as dazzling and overwhelming as those to be found within the magic territory of the parks themselves. In exploring the possibilities of subject and theme for the study of the amusement park, Russel Nye provides a broad spectrum of park history and a generous taste of the many delights parks have provided to millions since their beginnings in the last century.
American historians on the Cold War: A historiographical interpretation

This article categorizes the American historical scholarship on the Cold War into five, perhaps six, clusters. After discussing these clusters, it argues that in spite of paradigmatic differences, there are also areas of agreement in the literature. For one thing, it is clear that before the end of World War II, and therefore before the Cold War acquired its distinctiveness, the U.S. had a well-articulated vision of the world order it desired in place of the one shattered by World War II: this was essentially an international political economy which conformed with, protected and promoted U.S. prosperity and security. But at the same time, American leaders convinced themselves that the Soviets were a potential threat to this objective. The evidence is clear that this conviction derived from an ingrained American aversion to the Soviet Union which dates back to the 1917 Bolshevik revolution. In this context, the Cold War began when it became clear that Moscow would not participate in the multilateral global order envisioned and led by Washington. Lagos Historical Review Vol. 6, 2006: 1-38
Pathology is a critical aspect of preclinical aging studies.

Experimental design for mouse aging studies has historically involved lifespan, but it is now clear that survival data without pathology data limit the information that can be obtained on aging animals. This limitation becomes more serious when interventions of any sort are implemented. Pathology gives an insight into the health of an animal by revealing lesions not readily observable in the live animal. As such, it is a snapshot of disease conditions at the time of death. Therefore, a long-term goal is to establish pathology information as an essential component of studies involving health span and lifespan of aging animals. Given that pathology assessment is essential to help define the progression of lesions associated with aging, the real challenge is including it in aging studies because there is currently a lack of specialized expertise and resources. An increase in the level and scope of pathology assessment of tissues from old mice involved in aging studies is needed. A focus on the correlation of pathology data with longitudinal and cross-sectional lifespan data and health span physiology data can be established by enhancing standard histologic assessment of lesions observed in tissues from old mice. An environment for the development and integration of pathology data into aging studies of mice is needed to encourage more pathologists and other scientists to specialize in pathology of aging, and establish relevant standards to compare with other species including humans. Such results will have an important positive impact on aging studies because of the significant empowerment on data analyses and interpretation. Keywords: pathology; aging; mouse; histopathology grading; lifespan; health span (Published: 20 August 2013) Citation: Pathobiology of Aging & Age-related Diseases 2013, 3 : 22451 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/pba.v3i0.22451
Craniometric variation in large-bodied hominoids : testing the single-species hypothesis for Homo habilis

Abstract The species question regarding Homo habilis remains unresolved. This study tests the null hypothesis that this hominid taxon represents a single paleospecies by comparing the fossils' magnitude and pattern of craniometric variation to samples of extant, large-bodied hominoids including Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus and Homo sapiens . Unlike previous quantitative approaches to this problem, randomization methodology is used to assess the significance of univariate and multivariate measures of variation. The benefits of randomization include its applicability to problems of small sample size, its robusticity in producing statistical probabilities, and its freedom from underlying assumptions concerning the normality of variable distribution. This study demonstrates that the magnitude of variation in H. habilis does not exceed that displayed by the most sexually dimorphic apes such as orang-utans and gorillas, but that the pattern of variation in these early Homo fossils is unlike that shared by any of the modern referents. Although the effects of geological time are considered as possibly responsible for the unique pattern of craniometric variation seen in H. habilis , we interpret these results as providing tentative support for a multiple-species solution, thereby provisionally rejecting the null hypothesis of Homo habilis as a single species.
High efficiency optical reconstruction of binary phase-only filters using the Hughes liquid crystal light valve.

The Hughes liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) has been evaluated for its applicability in writing and reading binary phase-only filters (BPOFs) in optical correlators. Experimental measurements of relevant performance characteristics of the LCLV as well as experimental results demonstrating its use for reconstructing BPOF’s are reported. We also find that this device allows a significant optical system throughput. In addition, we discuss generation of the BPOF with a MacIntosh computer system.
Age-dependent changes in the postnatal intestinal microcirculation.

Significant changes occur in intestinal hemodynamics during the transition from fetal to newborn life and then again during the first postnatal month. Most importantly, basal vascular resistance substantially decreases following birth. It then decreases further between postnatal days 1 and 3, plateaus, and then begins a slow, progressive increase between postnatal days 12 and 30. The basal rate of intestinal blood flow mirrors the changes in vascular resistance in an inverse manner. The postnatal changes in vascular resistance appear to be mediated, in large part, by an increase in the constitutive and stimulated production of nitric oxide. Most importantly, the diameter of terminal mesenteric arteries (150-300 microm diameter) in newborn (i.e., 1 day old) swine is determined by three intrinsic vascular control systems: endothelial production of nitric oxide and endothelin, and the inherent myogenic response of vascular smooth muscle. In contrast, these vessels in older subjects (i.e., 35 days old) are primarily passive in nature and fail to demonstrate significant diameter change in response to blockade of endogenous nitric oxide production or endothelin receptors, or applied perturbations of pressure or flow rate. The circulatory physiology of the perinatal and newborn intestine is exceptional when compared to the adult condition inasmuch as several hemodynamic variables change quite dramatically between fetal and neonatal life and during the first postnatal month. The unique hemodynamic conditions that characterize the perinatal and newborn intestine appear to be part of the overall physiological transition that occurs as the fetus, once born, replaces the placenta with his gastrointestinal tract to obtain nutrition. The goal of this review is to describe the circulatory physiology of the perinatal and newborn intestine, with a particular emphasis on those portions of the intestinal microcirculation that have thus far been studied. First, however, it is important to discuss the age-dependent changes that occur within the intestinal circulation during perinatal and early newborn life.
Two-dimensional adaptive LMS IIR filter

Two-dimensional (2-D) adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) filters based on the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm are presented. The algorithm for updating the coefficients of the 2-D adaptive direct form quarter-plane filters is derived. Computer simulations, which demonstrate its capability in enhancing noisy images, are included. >
Antisense-mediated Specific Inhibition of P120 Protein Expression Prevents G1- to S-Phase Transition

A pentadecadeoxyribonucleotide (5'-AAAGCCCCCCACCAC), complementary to a splice junction site of mRNA for human proliferation-associated nucleolar protein P120, inhibited expression of the P120 gene and the mitogen-induced proliferation of human lymphocytes. The inhibition of P120 gene expression and proliferation was concentration dependent and reached 90% at 200 microM, as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake and by densitometric scanning of Northern (mRNA) and Western (protein) blots of P120. Inhibition was not observed in cells treated with the correspondent nonsense oligomer. P120 antisense oligomer treatment prevented S-phase entry of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, as determined by flow cytometric analysis, but did not block G0-G1 transition assessed by morphological blast transformation and induction of [3H]uridine incorporation. Results of this study suggest that P120 expression may be required for the upregulation of nucleolar function necessary for cell proliferation.
Animating Talk and Texts: Culturally Relevant Teacher Read-Alouds of Informational Texts

This article describes the classroom interactions surrounding teacher read-alouds of nonfiction texts in the classroom of a teacher who strived for cultural relevancy. Participants in this study we...
Concanavalin A-inducible Suppressor Cells in Regional Lymph Nodes of Cancer Patients

Regional tumor-draining lymph nodes of 11 of 14 patients with urological tumors and one of four controls studied contained suppressor cell precursors that could be activated by concanavalin A (Con A) to suppress the proliferative response of autologous lymphocytes to Con A. In contrast, no suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by lymph node cells that were not activated with Con A was observed in four patients tested. The suppressive effect was not due to decreased viability or increased release of cold thymidine by Con A-activated cells nor to alteration in the time course of the proliferative response of Con A-activated cells. Mitomycin C treatment of lymph node cells 24 hr after activation did not abrogate their suppressive activity. Peak suppression was observed after 72 hr in culture. The amount of suppression measured could be maximized by treatment of suppressor cells with mitomycin C 24 hr after activation and by washing the cells immediately before pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine. The concentration of Con A required to produce peak suppression varied from patient to patient with optimal doses ranging from 5 to 25 µg/ml.
Effects of three-dimensional velocity structure on the seismicity of the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, aftershock sequence

Abstract A three-dimensional velocity model for the area surrounding the 24 April 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake has been developed by simultaneously inverting local earthquake and refraction arrival-time data. This velocity model corresponds well to the surface geology of the region, predominantly showing a low-velocity region associated with the sedimentary sequence to the southwest of the Madrone Springs fault. This low-velocity sequence extends to a depth of approximately 5 km. Previously constructed geologic cross-sections for this region had suggested that these sediments extended to a depth of less than 2 km. Relocation of 2,179 hypocenters with the three-dimensional velocity model did not show great differences when compared to locations done with a one-dimensional velocity model with station corrections. In both cases, the Calaveras fault is steep but has a noticeable dip to the northeast and the seismicity does not intersect the surface along the trace of the Calaveras fault in the southern half of the rupture zone. The greatest differences between the two sets of locations was that the locations using the three-dimensional velocity model were deeper, and fewer earthquakes were located within the low-velocity region. The focal mechanisms were also determined for 946 earthquakes using both the one-dimensional and three-dimensional earth models. Both earth models yield similar focal mechanisms for these earthquakes.
The History and Current Status of Informed Consent

The purpose of this article is to examine the process of informed consent as it relates to the practice of psychology and as a part of Human relations Standards (3.10) of the American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Before a psychologist provides any type of psychological service to a client/patient, whether it involves conducting research, administering a test or assessment/ therapy, counseling, clinical supervision, or providing consulting services, he or she must ensure that informed consent is obtained (oral, written, or other methods). This information must be delivered using language that is reasonably understandable to a competent individual. The term reasonably understandable describes the level of complexity and completeness that is required of psychologist when obtaining informed consent. The process of informed consent implies that a patient/client is made fully aware of the purpose as to why a service is being provided, the intended use of the information, and the benefits and risks associated with the process, involvement of any third parties, and limits and risks of confidentiality. It is recognized as a decision-making process where a psychologist communicates sufficient information to a potential client/patient so that he or she is able to make a well-informed decision as to whether they will participate in the professional relationship. If any information is taken during the session whether it is written, video, or audio, the client/patient is to be made aware of how this information will be used, if it will be released or disclosed to others a formal writing is to be provided indicating who these individuals will be. While the informed consent process is recognized as an important aspect for any psychologist to cover when it involves providing any type of service to a client this can often times be neglected which places the psychologists in jeopardy for lawsuits or loss of licensure. The informed consent process, is just that, a process, and not a single event not only protects the privacy rights of the client/patient but safeguards the psychologist from being liable in the case that a client/patient reports they were not adequately informed about a psychological service.
Enhancements to the eXtensible Data Model and Format (XDMF)

The extensible data model and format (XDMF) is an active common data hub used to pass meta data and value between application modules in a standard fashion. XDMF views data as consisting of two basic types: light data and heavy data. Light data is both meta data and small amounts of values. Heavy data typically consists of large arrays of values. Support for XDMF is included in the widely used visualization package ParaView, computational codes like ALE3D from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the SIERRA computational framework from Sandia National Laboratory (SNL). A major effort is now under way to enhance XDMF to more directly support concepts like adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), mixed topologies, higher order elements and parallel datasets. Discussed here are the motivations for the enhancements and the benefits of the new version.
Preparation of conductive carbons with high surface area

Abstract The preparation of graphitized carbons with high specific surface area was achieved by graphitization, followed by ozone treatment and then activation. This method gave a higher specific surface area, but less structural order, than that involving activation, followed by graphitization and then a second activation (needed because the preceding graphitization step greatly diminished the specific surface area). Excluding the ozone treatment step resulted in low specific surface areas, though it yielded carbons with more structural order. The ozone treatment increased the surface oxygen content of all carbons. At any stage of the treatments, catalytically grown submicron carbon filaments exhibited much larger pore size and pore volume and lower d002 than PAN-based or pitch-based carbon fibers.
Towards building a MetaQuerier: extracting and matching Web query interfaces

We witness the rapid growth and thus the prevalence of databases on the Web. Our recent study in April 2004 estimated 450,000 online databases. On this deep Web, myriad databases provide dynamic query-based data access through their query interfaces, instead of static URL links. It is thus essential to integrate these query interfaces for integrating the deep Web. The overall goal of the MetaQuerier project aims at opening up the deep Web to users, by building a system to help users exploring and integrating deep Web sources. In particular, to start with, we focus on the integration of deep Web sources in the same domain, which is itself an important integration task. To automate this integration scenario, we need to solve two critical problems: extracting query interfaces and matching query interfaces. To solve the interface extraction problem, we introduce a parsing paradigm by hypothesizing the existence of hidden syntax which describes the layout and semantic of Web interfaces. Also, unlike traditional pairwise schema matching, we propose a holistic matching approach, which matches all schemas at the same time with the hypothesis of a hidden schema model. Therefore, our techniques explore, in essence, "data mining for information integration." That is, we mine the observable information to discover the underlying semantics.