cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalization and Motor Control: Implications for Instruction with Learners Who Exhibit Severe Disabilities

The activity which is the subject of this report was supported in whole or in part by the U.S. Department of Education, Contract 300-82-0362. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the U.S. Department of Education, and no official endorsement by the Department should be inferred.
Super-resolution of remote sensing images using edge-directed radial basis functions

Edge-Directed Radial Basis Functions (EDRBF) are used to compute super resolution(SR) image from a given set of low resolution (LR) images differing in subpixel shifts. The algorithm is tested on remote sensing images and compared for accuracy with other well-known algorithms such as Iterative Back Projection (IBP), Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm, interpolation of scattered points using Nearest Neighbor (NN) and Inversed Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation, and Radial Basis Functin(RBF) . The accuracy of SR depends on various factors besides the algorithm (i) number of subpixel shifted LR images (ii) accuracy with which the LR shifts are estimated by registration algorithms (iii) and the targeted spatial resolution of SR. In our studies, the accuracy of EDRBF is compared with other algorithms keeping these factors constant. The algorithm has two steps: i) registration of low resolution images and (ii) estimating the pixels in High Resolution (HR) grid using EDRBF. Experiments are conducted by simulating LR images from a input HR image with different sub-pixel shifts. The reconstructed SR image is compared with input HR image to measure the accuracy of the algorithm using sum of squared errors (SSE). The algorithm has outperformed all of the algorithms mentioned above. The algorithm is robust and is not overly sensitive to the registration inaccuracies.
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation in Liver by Structurally Dissimilar Pesticides

The structurally dissimilar polyhalogenated cyclic hydrocarbons (PCH), chlorinated acetamide herbicides (CAH) and organophosphate insecticides (OPS) are classified as pesticides or contaminants of pesticides, and/or environmental pollutants. PCH such as endrin and chlordane, and CAH such as alachlor are halogenated and lipophilic [1–3], while OPS as fenthion and chlorpyrifos are organic triesters of phosphoric acid and phosphorothioic acid and are also lipophilic and highly toxic [3].
Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Purified Brain Gangliosides in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Experience with Peripheral Neuropathies

As fully reviewed in earlier chapters in this volume, the gangliosides are a complex series of acidic glycolipids, which are concentrated in neuronal cell membranes, and appear to play a role in neuronal excitability, enzyme activity and receptor function. In tissue culture of spinal cord and muscle, exogenous gangliosides enhance the development of neuromuscular junctions.1 In the human and feline gangliosidoses, the neurons have excessive proliferation of dendritic trees.2-4 These observations led to the suggestion that exogenous gangliosides might increase regeneration in diseases caused by neuronal degeneration. Bovine brain gangliosides have been reported to enhance axonal regeneration and reinnervation of denervated skeletal muscle following nerve section,5-9 and in neuropathies in animals10,11 and in humans.12-14 It is suggested that ganglioside treatment causes faster reinnervation by stimulating axonal sprouting.15
Incus Interposition And Ossiculoplasty With Hydroxyapatite Prostheses

This article traces the evolution of transplant material in ossicular reconstruction of the middle ear. The first transplant consisted of the body and short process of the homograft incus. It was repositioned or wedged between the stapes head and the manubrium of the malleus. Further modification consisted of the sculpture of prostheses from homograft incudes; these were known as the notched incus with short or long process. By means of a notch in the short process, they were locked in place. The final phase is the use of hydroxyapatite as a biocompatible material from which similar prostheses may be precisely manufactured. These hydroxyapatite prostheses, known as the incus and incus-stapes replacement prosthesis, appear to be well tolerated and to produce excellent hearing results.
Blue Light Responses in the Siphonaceous Alga Vaucheria

During the past two decades, there has been a great deal of work on the influence of light on chloroplast movement (Haupt and Schonbohm 1970; Haupt 1973). Indeed much has been learned about the photoreceptor phytochrome from studies of light-regulated chloroplast movement in the alga Mougeotia (Haupt 1970). The regulation of chloroplast movement by light acting through phytochrome, however, seems to be the exception; more commonly regulation is achieved via a blue light photoreceptor system. Such is the case with the siphonaceous alga Vaucheria (Fischer-Arnold 1963; Blatt and Briggs 1980). A blue-absorbing pigment not only regulates chloroplast movement in this alga, but in addition induces phototropic curvature (Kataoka 1975 a, 1977b) and lateral branching (Kataoka 1975b). The present paper provides a brief review of these responses, with emphasis on the response mechanism at the cellular level when possible.
Healthy Places Research: Emerging Opportunities

Empirical research provides a solid foundation for designing and building healthy places. Such research has not always been used in the design professions. Research performed to date can guide many health-promoting design choices now, although further research is needed to answer remaining questions. Numerous opportunities are available for students and practitioners in public health, planning, architecture, and other fields to advance the evidence base for creating healthy places. Data collected for purposes unrelated to health can sometimes be used creatively to document links between health and the built environment. Natural experiments are a valuable approach to documenting the links between health and the built environment, especially because randomized controlled trials are rarely possible in community settings. Case studies can be helpful for identifying areas in which further research would be useful.
Sparse Circular Coordinates via Principal \(\mathbb {Z}\)-Bundles

We present in this paper an application of the theory of principal bundles to the problem of nonlinear dimensionality reduction in data analysis. More explicitly, we derive, from a 1-dimensional persistent cohomology computation, explicit formulas for circle-valued functions on data with nontrivial underlying topology. We show that the language of principal bundles leads to coordinates defined on an open neighborhood of the data, but computed using only a smaller subset of landmarks. It is in this sense that the coordinates are sparse. Several data examples are presented, as well as theoretical results underlying the construction.
Development of a Piano Frequency Detecting System Using the Goertzel Algorithm

In this paper, a piano frequency detecting system is developed utilizing the Goertzel Algorithm. The system is capable of detecting piano key frequencies ranging from “G3” to “B6” in a low background noise environment. Frequency detection is made possible by applying the Goertzel algorithm on a digital signal processing board, i.e. TMS320C6713 DSK. Then a microcontroller, the Arduino Due, is used to encode and decode the detected key using a frequency-based encoding scheme similar to binary. The decoded key information is finally output to a liquid crystal display (LCD) to display the detected piano key.
Bifurcation Analysis of Spin-Torque Nano Oscillators Parallel Array Configuration

The ability for a Spin Torque Nano Oscillator (STNO) to perform as a nano-scaled microwave voltage oscillator continues to be the focus of exten- sive research. Due to their small size (on the order of 10 nm), low power consumption, and ultrawide frequency range STNOs demonstrate significant potential for applications in microwave generation. To date, the ability for a STNO to produce microwave signals is achievable, however, the low power output produced by a single STNO currently renders them inoperable for applications. In response, various groups have proposed the synchronization of a network of STNOs such that the coherent signal produces a strong enough microwave signal at the nanoscale. Achieving synchronization, however, has proven to be a challenging task and raises complex problems related to the field of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems. In this work we analyze the problem of synchronization for networks of STNOs connected in parallel. Bifurcation diagrams for small networks of STNOs are computed which depicts bistability between in-phase and out-of- phase limit cycle oscillations for much of the phase space. In order to extend the analysis for large networks of STNOs, we exploit the \(S_{N}\) symmetry ex- hibited by the system all-to-all coupled STNOs. We develop implicit analytic expressions for Hopf bifurcations which yield synchronized limit cycle oscil- lations, allowing for the computation of the Hopf loci for an arbitrarily large network of oscillators. Through stability analysis we determine the parame- ter space for which the Hopf bifurcation is supercritical and exhibits a stable center-manifold. This analysis is completed for large arrays and used to nu- merically demonstrate synchronization in up to \(N =\) 1000 STNOs. These results should help guide future experiments and, eventually, lead to the design and fabrication of a nanoscale microwave signal generator.
Reliability of Consumer Choices for Conflicting Price Promotions

Decisional conflict arises when all options of a multiple dimensional decisions task has equal or close to equal expected utility, causing additional mental effort. In this study, we investigated the potential of capturing decisional conflict related mental effort in a realistic complex decision-making task. In a binary choice paradigm, participants made decisions related to electricity supply plans. The study presented in each trial a choice with two different utility plans where variables related to fixed rate or time-of-use plans with peak-rate value and duration were compared against each other. We monitored the anterior prefrontal cortex of participants during binary decision-making, to assess the level of conflict using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results indicate that fNIRS is able to measure the difference between conflict and no conflict decision making processes consistent with the neural efficiency hypothesis.
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Survival Outcome of Lung Transplant Recipients: An Analysis of OPTN/UNOS Data.

Background There are limited data on the outcome of diabetic lung recipients, especially in those with new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). Methods We studied prevalence of pre-transplant diabetes mellitus (PDM) and cumulative incidence of NODAT in lung recipients using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network /United Network for Organ Sharing database. Between 2004 and 2011, adult (≥18 years old) recipients transplanted with either first single- or double-lung were included. Those who lacked a diabetes record or received multi-organ transplants were excluded. Patient survival were studied in recipients who had functioning grafts for at least one year. Results There were 10,226 recipients who had at least one diabetes record, the prevalence of PDM was 18.25% and the cumulative incidence of NODAT during the five years post-transplant was 39.43%. Of 9,117 recipients who had functioning grafts for at least one year, adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of PDM and NODAT, compared to the diabetes-free group, were 1.12 (p=0.048) and 1.12 (p=0.025), respectively. Independent risk factors for mortality included the presence of rejection in the one year, cytomegalovirus serology donor positive/recipient negative, and recipient age >60 years. Among recipients with cystic fibrosis, there was no statistical difference in mortality between diabetic recipients and the diabetes-free group. Compared to the diabetes-free group, the adjusted HRs for mortality of PDM and NODAT in recipients without cystic fibrosis were 1.15 (p=0.031) and 1.14 (p=0.011), respectively. Conclusions Diabetes was associated with mortality in lung transplant recipients overall and in lung recipients without cystic fibrosis. However, there was no association between diabetes and mortality in lung recipients with cystic fibrosis.
Commentary: Lessons learned from the development of Dietary Reference Intakes and Dietary Guidelines among different countries

The compilations of papers derived from the presentations at the 2nd Asian Network Symposium that are published concurrently in this issue offer an opportunity for the reader to gain a better understanding of the processes used for the development of country-specific nutrient reference intake recommendations and national dietary guidelines. This commentary offers a perspective of lessons learned from both the similarities and differences of approaches used among the Asian countries. Additionally, selected comparisons are made to actions and considerations related to nutrient requirements and national guidelines within the United States. It is hoped that continued dialogue among different countries on these topics should further harmonization of nutritional recommendations and provide an understanding for differences when they may occur.
Improved engineering simplification model of silicon solar cells

Through the analysis of the silicon solar cell mathematical model, this paper presents a method to determine the model parameters by using the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of silicon solar cell and the voltage and current at the maximum output power point, a method to modify the model parameters of silicon solar cells under different light intensity is proposed; The silicon solar cell was simulated and experimentally measured, the data analysis results show that the model determined by this method can reflect the characteristics of silicon solar cells at low light intensity.
Successful Treatment of Massive Choroidal Invasion in Retinoblastoma with Intra-arterial Chemotherapy (Ophthalmic Artery Chemosurgery).

Abstract Retinoblastoma eyes with choroidal invasion may not have to be enucleated and may be successfully managed with OAC using Melphalan, Carboplatin and Topotecan without compromising patient survival.
Design of a Non-PLL Grid-forming Inverter for Smooth Microgrid Transition Operation

This paper develops a controller for a grid-forming (GFM) inverter that is capable of operating as either a GFM or grid-feeding source that can improve the operation of a microgrid during on-off grid transitions through use of a novel synchronization approach. Furthermore, this controller avoids use of a phase-locked loop (PLL) and the inverter is able to synchronize with the grid with self-generated voltage and frequency. This prevents the inverter from replicating any grid voltage disturbances in its output—a key disadvantage of many grid-connected inverters that use a PLL. To enable fast synchronization, active synchronization control is adopted both during inverter start-up and microgrid reconnection operation and a method of coordinating synchronization of the inverter with a microgrid controller and grid interconnection circuit breaker is presented. Simulation results for multiple microgrid transition operations and unplanned islanding events demonstrate that the developed non-PLL grid-connected GFM inverter controller and synchronization method are effective in synchronizing the inverter and microgrid to the grid, avoiding phase jump during microgrid transition operation, and improving microgrid islanding transients versus a traditional configuration.
Diarrhea caused by a Cyanobacterium-like organism.

Seven cases of watery diarrhea of explosive onset, three of them ending within two weeks, are discussed. The cause of diarrhea is believed to be the presence of an organism calledCyanobacterium-like organism. These are non-refractile, spherical bodies, 8–9 micrometers in diameter, which take on a faint to deep pink color after modified kinyoun acid-fast staining. Risk factors such as travel to and from warm regions, and water as a possible source of infection are briefly discussed.
Projection Microstereolithographic Microbial Bioprinting for Engineered Biofilms

Microbes are critical drivers of all ecosystems and many biogeochemical processes, yet little is known about how the three-dimensional (3D) organization of these dynamic organisms contributes to their overall function. To probe how biofilm structure affects microbial activity, we developed a technique for patterning microbes in 3D geometries using projection stereolithography to bioprint microbes within hydrogel architectures. Bacteria were printed and monitored for biomass accumulation, demonstrating postprint viability of cells using this technique. We verified our ability to integrate biological and geometric complexity by fabricating a printed biofilm with two E. coli strains expressing different fluorescence. Finally, we examined the target application of microbial absorption of metal ions to investigate geometric effects on both the metal sequestration efficiency and the uranium sensing capability of patterned engineered Caulobacter crescentus strains. This work represents the first demonstration of the stereolithographic printing of microbials and presents opportunities for future work of engineered biofilms and other complex 3D structured cultures.
Health processes in personality

Abstract With personality traits emerging as robust predictors of a variety of health outcomes and longevity, this chapter summarizes the underlying processes that explain how certain personality characteristics result in poor health. Specifically, personality traits influence health outcomes through the behaviors one engages in, the physiological arousal to stress, and through engagement in social interactions. The chapter highlights both theoretical and empirical evidence supporting these mechanisms, and also discusses the methodological limitations of current research and future directions to remedy these issues. The chapter also presents the Personality and Health Processes (PHP) Model to guide future work linking personality to health and longevity. The chapter ends with a discussion of the translational potential of using personality to improve lifespan health outcomes.
Bioprocess systems analysis, modeling, estimation, and control

The production of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics, a rapidly growing multi-billion-dollar enterprise in the biopharmaceutical industry, faces major challenges in achieving desired productivity and product quality consistently. These challenges, traditionally addressed by genetic engineering and media recipe development, are now being addressed with process systems engineering (PSE) techniques. In this perspective paper, we discuss how this alternative approach, comprising three components — process modeling, estimation, and control — is being used to address biomanufacturing challenges. We survey the state of current practice for each component, identify existing gaps, and highlight some advances needed to achieve routine implementation of fully automated systems for optimal bioprocess operations.
An evaluation of the SAFIRE grading scale as a predictor of long-term outcomes for patients in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial.

OBJECTIVE The SAFIRE grading scale is a novel, computable scale that predicts the outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients in acute follow-up. However, this scale also may have prognostic significance in long-term follow-up and help guide further management. METHODS The records of all patients enrolled in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) were retrospectively reviewed, and the patients were assigned SAFIRE grades. Outcomes at 1 year and 6 years post-aSAH were analyzed for each SAFIRE grade level, with a poor outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale score > 2. Univariate analysis was performed for patients with a high SAFIRE grade (IV or V) for odds of poor outcome at the 1- and 6-year follow-ups. RESULTS A total of 405 patients with confirmed aSAH enrolled in the BRAT were analyzed; 357 patients had 1-year follow-up, and 333 patients had 6-year follow-up data available. Generally, as the SAFIRE grade increased, so did the proportion of patients with poor outcomes. At the 1-year follow-up, 18% (17/93) of grade I patients, 22% (20/92) of grade II patients, 32% (26/80) of grade III patients, 43% (38/88) of grade IV patients, and 75% (3/4) of grade V patients were found to have poor outcomes. At the 6-year follow-up, 29% (23/79) of grade I patients, 24% (21/89) of grade II patients, 38% (29/77) of grade III patients, 60% (50/84) of grade IV patients, and 100% (4/4) of grade V patients were found to have poor outcomes. Univariate analysis showed that a SAFIRE grade of IV or V was associated with a significantly increased risk of a poor outcome at both the 1-year (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5-4.2; p < 0.001) and 6-year (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.2-6.2; p < 0.001) follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS High SAFIRE grades are associated with an increased risk of a poor recovery at late follow-up.
Coordinated data falsification attack detection in the domain of distributed generation using deep learning

Abstract This paper proposes a deep learning-based multi-label classification approach to detect coordinated and simultaneously launched data falsification attacks on a large number of distributed generators (DGs). The proposed approach can detect coordinated additive, deductive, and combination of additive and deductive (attackers use the combination of additive and deductive attacks to camouflage their attacks) types of power output manipulation and falsification attacks on DGs. In training the proposed classifier, readings from DG meters and data from supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems along with meteorological data are used as input and class labels (additive, deductive, and combination) are used as output. The output class labels are developed based on the comparison between normal and compromised outputs of DGs. Two parallel data falsification classifiers with separate class labels are developed to increase the detection accuracy. The proposed approach is demonstrated on several systems including a 240-node real distribution system (based in the USA) and the IEEE 123-node distribution test system. The results show that the proposed approach can detect low margin coordinated attacks (as low as 5% of actual DG readings) with up to 99.9% accuracy. The performance of the proposed work is compared with multi-layer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural network (CNN), and residual neural network. All of the developed source codes (including unbalanced quasi-static power flow in OpenDSS-MATLAB environment and deep learning in Python) of the proposed solution are publicly available at GitHub .
Cross-Fitted Residual Regression for High-Dimensional Heteroscedasticity Pursuit

There is a vast amount of work on high-dimensional regression. The common starting point for the existing theoretical work is to assume the data generating model is a homoscedastic linear regressio...
Strong Hero or Violent Playboy? Portrayals of Masculinity in Children’s Animated Movies

Given the significant influence of media on the development of children’s beliefs and attitudes regarding gender, it is important to investigate the portrayal of masculinity in children’s media. This content analysis sought to examine themes of masculinity expressed by male characters in the 30 top-grossing animated movies for children. Results indicated that masculinity themes were prevalent in children’s animated movies regardless of whether the movies featured humanoid or non-humanoid characters. The most common themes reported across the movies included violence, inspires fear, and risk taking. Although more positive traits associated with masculinity, such as leadership and assertiveness, were also present in the movies, we argue that violence and inspiration of fear are characteristics associated with toxic masculinity and may have negative implications for young viewers. We recommend that parents and interested stakeholders monitor the quality of children’s media exposure for deleterious messages regarding masculinity and look for ways to enhance media literacy.
Clavicular curvature and locomotion in anthropoid primates: A 3D geometric morphometric analysis

Objectives: As a component of the primate shoulder, the clavicle is expected to reflect locomotor adaptations. Whereas previous work has generally focused on clavicular length and torsion, the shape of clavicular curvature may better distinguish taxa and provide additional information about upper limb use in locomotion. This study uses three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to analyze shape differences in the curvatures of the clavicle in different locomotor groups of anthropoid primates. Methods: Sliding semi-landmarks were placed on clavicles of 10 Anthropoid primate species (total n = 85) that display a range of locomotor behaviors. Landmarks (k = 39) were chosen to capture the overall curvature of the clavicle in three dimensions. Results: The degree of ventral curvature in the clavicle represents a gradient from most-curved in suspensory genera (e.g., Ateles, Hylobates, and Pongo) to least-curved in genera that are rarely suspensory (e.g., Papio and Gorilla). This curvature may allow an increased range of craniodorsal movement without the clavicle impinging on the thoracic outlet. An inferior curvature of the medial clavicle is found in hominoids and brachiators. This curvature could help stabilize the shoulder and prevent superior dislocation of the clavicle in suspension. Finally, a superior curvature in the lateral part of the clavicle, most pronounced in quadrupedal monkeys, may be related to the relative position of the scapula and sternum. Conclusions: Patterns of clavicular curvature in anthropoid primates reflect locomotor behavior and successfully distinguished among taxonomic and locomotor groups. In the future, this method could be used to assess locomotor behavior in fossil primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:257–268, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of Submicron Diameter Carbon Filaments

The applications of submicron diameter carbon filaments grown catalytically from carbonaceous gases are reviewed. The applications relate to structural applications, electromagnetic interference shielding, electromagnetic reflection, surface electrical conduction, DC electrical conduction, field emission, electrochemical applications, thermal conduction, strain sensors, porous carbons and catalyst support.
Epidemiological Concepts and Methods

The epidemiology of infectious diseases is concerned with the circumstances under which both infection and disease occur in a population and the factors that influence their frequency, spread, and distribution. This concept distinguishes between infection and disease because the factors that govern their occurrence may be different and because infection without disease is common with many viruses. Infection indicates the multiplication of an agent within the host and is determined largely by factors that govern exposure to the agent and by the susceptibility of the host. Disease represents the host response to infection when it is severe enough to evoke a recognizable pattern of clinical symptoms. The factors that influence the occurrence and the severity of this response vary with the particular viruses involved and their portal of entry, but the most important determinants for many common infections lie within the host itself. Of these, the age at the time of infection is most crucial.
Translation Of Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) And Coping Self-Efficacy (CSE) From English Into Kiswahili For Use In Kenya

There is a growing body of international research focusing on social factors and their impact on mental health of people living in developing countries. Because of the novelty of these studies and high cost associated with developing survey tools, researchers may choose to translate preexisting survey tools instead. Research findings are only reliable if a translated instrument is equivalent in content, semantics, and concept to the original instrument. The objective of this study was to translate the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) and the Coping Self-Efficacy (CSE) from English into Kiswahili. The original version of each instrument was translated from English into Kiswahili (forward translation) and then the Kiswahili version was translated back into English (back-translation). The Kiswahili version was reviewed against the original version by a committee of experts. The committee corrected and modified the translated version to create the final Kiswahili version. The final versions were pretested by ten bilingual individuals living in New York to determine the instrument’s face-validity. The raters accepted the Kiswahili version as equivalent to the original English version. The Kiswahili versions were then administered to a sample of 212 people living with HIV in Kenya. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for the composite measures of ISEL and CSE were 0.905 and 0.860, respectively. The step-wise process of creating an equivalent translated version of a proven survey instrument may require adjustments specific to the cultural background of each target population of interest. Based upon the scientific rigor with which the translations took place, the authors support that both translated versions of the ISEL and CSE questionnaires are valid and reliable instruments to measure the social support and beliefs of Kiswahili-speaking people in Kenya.
Maternal intake of methyl-donor nutrients and child cognition at 3 years of age

Methyl-donor nutrients are substrates for methylation reactions involved in neurodevelopment processes. The role of maternal intake of these nutrients on cognitive performance of the offspring is poorly understood. We examined the associations of maternal intake of folate, vitamin B12, choline, betaine and methionine during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, with tests of cognitive performance in the offspring at 3 years of age using data from 1210 participants in Project Viva, a prospective pre-birth cohort study in Massachusetts. We assessed nutrient intake with the use of food frequency questionnaires. Children's cognition at age 3 years was evaluated with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III (PPVT-III) and visual-motor skills with the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities test. In multivariable models adjusting for potential sociobehavioural and nutritional confounders, for each 600 µg/day increment in total folate intake during the first trimester, PPVT-III score at age 3 years was 1.6 points [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1, 3.1; P = 0.04] higher. There was a weak inverse association between vitamin B12 intake during the second trimester and PPVT-III scores [-0.4 points per 2.6 µg/day; 95% CI -0.8, -0.1; P = 0.01]. We did not find associations between choline, betaine or methionine and cognitive outcomes at this age. Results of this study suggest that higher intake of folate in early pregnancy is associated with higher scores on the PPVT-III, a test of receptive language that predicts overall intelligence, at age 3 years.
Anxiety: The Uncanny Borderline of Psychoanalysis?

Freud begins his well-known essay on the Uncanny with a disclaimer that raises the question of why he writes the essay in the first place. This text argues that the explanation is to be found in the shift his thinking was undergoing at the time, not only in moving "Beyond the Pleasure Priniple" but also in rethinking its relation to Anxiety.
ATM regulates a DNA damage response posttranscriptional RNA operon in lymphocytes

Maintenance of genomic stability depends on the DNA damage response, a biologic barrier in early stages of cancer development. Failure of this response results in genomic instability and high predisposition toward lymphoma, as seen in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) dysfunction. ATM activates multiple cell-cycle checkpoints and DNA repair after DNA damage, but its influence on posttranscriptional gene expression has not been examined on a global level. We show that ionizing radiation modulates the dynamic association of the RNA-binding protein HuR with target mRNAs in an ATM-dependent manner, potentially coordinating the genotoxic response as an RNA operon. Pharmacologic ATM inhibition and use of ATM-null cells revealed a critical role for ATM in this process. Numerous mRNAs encoding cancer-related proteins were differentially associated with HuR depending on the functional state of ATM, in turn affecting expression of encoded proteins. The findings presented here reveal a previously unidentified role of ATM in controlling gene expression posttranscriptionally. Dysregulation of this DNA damage response RNA operon is probably relevant to lymphoma development in ataxia-telangiectasia persons. These novel RNA regulatory modules and genetic networks provide critical insight into the function of ATM in oncogenesis.
The Effects of Sacred Value Networks Within an Evolutionary, Adversarial Game

The effects of personal relationships and shared ideologies on levels of crime and the formation of criminal coalitions are studied within the context of an adversarial, evolutionary game first introduced in Short et al. (Phys. Rev. E 82:066114, 2010). Here, we interpret these relationships as connections on a graph of N players. These connections are then used in a variety of ways to define each player’s “sacred value network”—groups of individuals that are subject to special consideration or treatment by that player. We explore the effects on the dynamics of the system that these networks introduce, through various forms of protection from both victimization and punishment. Under local protection, these networks introduce a new fixed point within the game dynamics, which we find through a continuum approximation of the discrete game. Under more complicated, extended protection, we numerically observe the emergence of criminal coalitions, or “gangs”. We also find that a high-crime steady state is much more frequent in the context of extended protection networks, in both the case of Erdős-Renyi and small world random graphs.
Considerations of cutouts in composite cylindrical panels

Abstract Over the past five years the Air Force Institute of Technology has been carrying out an investigation of small and large unreinforced cutout effects on composite cylindrical panels acting under compressive axial loads. Some of the original findings are reviewed and, in addition, new results are presented relating to different loading conditions. In general, not only does a small cutout reduce the panel's collapse load by at least 50%, but the cutout's position and size have further effect.
IQs and etiologies: The two-group approach to mental retardation

A review of the mental retardation literature failed to reveal any empirical studies supporting the assumption that “the retardate having an extremely low I.Q. (below 40) is almost invariably of the physiologically defective type... (while familial retardates... are almost invariably mildly retarded)” (Zigler, 1967, p. 1). Thus, the two-group approach to mental retardation, despite its research and clinical implications, rests on assumption. We report herein on 20,218 institutionalized retardates on whom both IQ and etiologies were available. For institutionalized retardates, the criterion of “invariability” was not met. Since our sample was small relative to the total estimated retarded population, the two-group theory still retains research and practical merit, and suggestions for increasing its heuristic value are provided.
VEGF: is it just an inducer of heme oxygenase-1 expression?

Inflammatory reactions are often associated with hemolysis and consequently with the accumulation of free heme released from oxidized hemoglobin. This results in internalization of the free heme by vascular endothelial cells (ECs), where the iron in the core of the heme structure acts as a potent
Modulation of hSlo BK current inactivation by fatty acid esters of CoA.

Lipid metabolism influences membrane proteins, including ion channels, in health and disease. Fatty acid esters of CoA are important intermediates in fatty acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. In the present study, we examined the effect of acyl-CoAs on hSlo BK currents. Arachidonoyl-CoA (C20-CoA) induced β2-dependent inhibition of hSlo-α current when applied intracellularly but not extracellularly. This action was also mimicked by other long-chain acyl-CoAs such as oleoyl-CoA (C18-CoA) and palmitoyl-CoA (C16-CoA), but not acetyl-CoA (C2-CoA, shorter chain), suggesting that the length of acyl chains, rather than CoA headgroups, is critical. When hSlo-α inactivation was induced by a free synthetic cationic β2 NH2-terminus inactivation ball peptide, long-chain acyl-CoAs inhibited hSlo-α current and facilitated inactivation. The precursor fatty acids also facilitated the ball peptide-induced inactivation in a chain length-dependent manner, whereas sphingosine (positively charged) slowed this inactivation. When the β2-induced inactivation was compared with that of the ball peptide, there was a negative shift in the steady state inactivation, slower recovery, and a reduced voltage-dependence of inactivation onset. These data suggest that electrostatic interactions with the cytosolic inactivation domain of β2 mediate acyl-CoA modulation of BK currents. BK channel inactivation may be a specific target for lipid modulation in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Adjunctive use of AndroGel (testosterone gel) with sildenafil to treat erectile dysfunction in men with acquired androgen deficiency syndrome after failure using sildenafil alone.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate whether combination therapy with testosterone gel (T-gel) and sildenafil citrate is effective in achieving adequate potency in subjects with low-normal serum testosterone levels in whom sildenafil alone has failed. Methods From July 2000 to June 2001, we evaluated 90 men (aged 32 to 72 years) in whom 3 months of sildenafil therapy at the maximal recommended dose (100 mg) with at least three attempts at intercourse during the 3-month period had failed. Of these, 24 men had testosterone levels less than 400 ng/dL (range 92 to 365, mean 231.4) and were subsequently started on 1% T-gel monotherapy (AndroGel, 5 g daily). After 4 weeks of T-gel alone (week 4), sildenafil citrate (Viagra, 100 mg) was added to the treatment regimen for an additional 12 weeks (through week 16). Potency was defined as the ability to have at least one episode of satisfactory intercourse during the treatment period. Results All the men had normalized serum testosterone levels after 4 weeks of T-gel monotherapy (range 424 to 596 ng/dL, mean 525). However, none of the men regained potency. At week 16, almost all (22 of 24, 92%) of the men reported improved potency with combination therapy. Improvement in erection quality was also observed. Conclusions The results of this study support the use of T-gel with sildenafil citrate in men with low-normal serum testosterone levels in whom sildenafil alone fails. It also underscores the numbers of men with low to low-normal testosterone levels who would benefit from testosterone screening when evaluated for erectile dysfunction.
Toward Inclusivity in Family Narratives: Counter-Stories from Queer Multi-Parent Families

While literature on gay and lesbian families has increased in the past two decades, much of the literature is shrouded in the Western, heteronormative notion that a family equates to a unit with two parents and children. Even though this norm is not the reality for many families, outdated notions of family persist. This article shares the findings from an in-depth qualitative study of five queer individuals who constructed multi-parent families. Their counter-narratives challenge narrow heteronormative notions of family and offer inspiration to anyone interested in creating a family that includes multiple parents. Common themes among their familial experiences included creativity, time, and effort in familial construction; communication and compromise among multiple parents; parenting outside the norm; and sharing counter-narratives as activism.
Clinical, biochemical and histological differences between HIV-associated NAFLD and primary NAFLD: a case-control study.

Summary Background There are limited data regarding the clinical, biochemical and liver histological characteristics of patients with HIV-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and whether this entity differs in presentation and severity from primary NAFLD Aim To examine the clinical and histological differences between HIV-associated NAFLD and primary NAFLD. Methods This is a cross-sectional, case–control study comparing patients with HIV-associated NAFLD vs. patients with primary NAFLD. HIV-infected patients were identified from a database of consecutive liver biopsies performed at the University of California at San Diego, over a 13-year period. HIV-infected patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD were selected as cases, after exclusion of other causes of liver disease and hepatic steatosis. Age–sex-matched controls with biopsy-proven primary NAFLD were randomly identified from the same pathology database. All biopsies underwent a standardised, detailed, histological research evaluation by a liver pathologist who was blinded to clinical and case–control status. Results Compared to age–sex-matched patients with primary NAFLD (n = 33), patients with HIV-associated NAFLD (n = 33) had significantly higher mean aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.003) and serum triglycerides (P = 0.024). Similarly, compared to age–sex-matched primary NAFLD, patients with HIV-associated NAFLD had significantly higher rates of definite steatohepatitis (37% vs. 63%, P = 0.04), and more features of liver injury, including lobular inflammation (<0.001) and acidophil bodies (<0.001). Conclusion Compared to age–sex-matched primary NAFLD, HIV-associated NAFLD has increased severity of liver disease and a higher prevalence of NASH.
A grammatical approach to routing flexibility in large manufacturing systems

This paper considers the nature of routing flexibility in manufacturing systems and proposes methods for its quantification. Firstly, a measure of flexibility appropriate to Markovian routing is presented. It is shown that various other measures of the flexibility of systems so modelled presented in the literature are unrepresentative of the degree of routing flexibility. The information-theoretic approach to the Markovian model is then extended to a more realistic grammatical model, along with an example. It is shown that an adequate measure of the flexibility of the manufacturing system is given by the entropy of the language produced by the productions of its grammar. Shortcomings of such a measure are discussed along with proposals for future work.
Inexpensive Apparatus to Rapidly Collect Water Samples from a Linear-Design, Plug-Flow Hatchery Raceway

Abstract In July 2001, we conducted a study to determine whether a target concentration of chloramine-T (a waterborne chemical) could be achieved and maintained for 60 min in linear-design, plug-flow hatchery raceways (devoid of fish) via a “charged” flow-through treatment methodology. In each of four independent trials, a raceway was charged to achieve the target concentration by turning off the inflow water (creating a static bath) and manually mixing in a premeasured volume of chloramine-T stock solution. Water inflow was then turned on, and the target concentration was maintained by metering additional chloramine-T stock solution into the inflow water via a calibrated chicken-watering system. To help verify chloramine-T concentrations during treatment, we built an apparatus to rapidly collect many water samples from throughout a raceway. The apparatus comprised three fixed sampling stations, each of which was equipped with 9 water collection devices (i.e., nine 60-mL plastic syringes fitted with fixed...
Effect of NGF and dexamethasone on phenyl-ethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) activity in neonatal rat superior cervical ganglia.

— Nerve-growth factor (NGF) or dexamethasone administered to newborn rats result in increased levels of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) activity in the superior cervical ganglia. Treatment with dexamethasone, but not NGF, also results in increased levels of epinephrine which parallel the increased PNMT in the ganglia. Dexamethasone slows the decrease in PNMT levels after cessation of NGF treatment, suggesting that dexamethasone decreases the rate of PNMT destruction. Examination of the ganglia by histofluorescence indicates that NGF increases the bundles of fibres while dexamethasone increases the number of small intensely fluorescent cells.
Image Pickup And Display Devices

Most training devices require a visual system to present an out-the-window scene to the trainee. This session is devoted to two important subsystems of a visual system. These are: 1) Image pickup of model terrain and airfield by a servoed optical probe and camera assembly. 2) Display of visual image to the trainee.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Presidential address productivity and the spatial implications of structural change: Empirical evidence for Simon's model

As society changes, so Regional Science must devise new methods to analyze these changes, for technical change affects not merely society but also the social sciences. This claim is illustrated by an analysis and a test of Simon's (1947) model of productivity, economic structure, and spatial distribution of activities.
Coagulation of hemolymph of the larval honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Haemolymphe der HonigbieneApis mellifica wurde auf das Vorhandensein von verschiedenen Koagulantien untersucht, die im menschlichen Blut vorkommen. Die Haemolymphe gerann nicht, weil sie kein Proconvertin enthielt. Zudem konnte ein zirkulierendes Anticoagulans nachgewiesen werden.
Geochemistry of corals: Proxies of past ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate

This paper presents a discussion of the status of the field of coral geochemistry as it relates to the recovery of past records of ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate. The first part is a brief review of coral biology, density banding, and other important factors involved in understanding corals as proxies of environmental variables. The second part is a synthesis of the information available to date on extracting records of the carbon cycle and climate change. It is clear from these proxy records that decade time-scale variability of mixing processes in the oceans is a dominant signal. That Western and Eastern tropical Pacific El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) records differ is an important piece of the puzzle for understanding regional and global climate change. Input of anthropogenic CO2 to the oceans as observed by 13C and 14C isotopes in corals is partially obscured by natural variability. Nonetheless, the general trend over time toward lower delta18O values at numerous sites in the world's tropical oceans suggests a gradual warming and/or freshening of the surface ocean over the past century.