cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infant Health during the 1980s Peruvian Crisis and Long-term Economic Outcomes

Summary In 1988, Peru entered a severe economic crisis as a corollary of unfavorable external economic conditions, high levels of debt, and heterodox policies (the so-called debt crisis of 1980s). This paper investigates the short-term health shock experienced by infants during the crisis and its long-term impact on human capital accumulation. Because no longitudinal data are available, the estimation of causal effects is performed using multiple cross-section surveys that are representative of the same population over time. The short-term and the long-term effects are estimated exploiting the heterogeneous impact of the crisis across and within birth cohorts. Results indicate that the Peruvian crisis significantly affected the health of infants, particularly that of children born to low-educated mothers. From 1988 to 1990 vaccination declined 12 percentage points and infant mortality increased 2.3 percentage points among children born to low-educated mothers. In the long run, the children who suffered the most severe health shocks during the economic downturn of the 1980s performed worse in school. They had 0.12 fewer years of formal education and their probability of completing primary education by age 15 was three percentage points lower in relation to similar children born after the crisis. The results have strong policy implications. Children in developing countries should be safeguarded against health shocks during economic crises to avoid a decline in the accumulation of human capital in the long-run.
Vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems including inelastic sources in ocean waters

Inelastic scattering plays an important role in ocean optics. The main inelastic scattering mechanisms include Raman scattering, fluorescence by colored dissolved organic matter (FDOM), and fluorescence by chlorophyll. This paper reports an implementation of all three inelastic scattering mechanisms in the exact vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean Systems (CAOS). Simulation shows that FDOM contributes to the water radiation field in the broad visible spectral region, while chlorophyll fluorescence is limited in a narrow band centered at 685 nm. This is consistent with previous findings in the literature. The fluorescence distribution as a function of depth and viewing angle is presented. The impacts of fluorescence to the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and orientation of the polarization ellipse (OPE) are studied. The DoLP is strongly influenced by inelastic scattering at wavelengths with strong inelastic scattering contribution. The OPE is less affected by inelastic scattering but it has a noticeable impact, in terms of the angular region of positive polarization, in the backward direction. This effect is more apparent for deeper water depth.
The case of Café Ambiental, SPC: A new business model for a Nicaraguan fair trade cooperative

The global coffee crisis in the early 2000’s had a devastating effect on Nicaraguan coffee producers. In response, cooperatives were formed with the purpose of supporting the communities as they survived the crisis and moved toward coffee quality improvement for access to global specialty markets. Usually, humanitarian support agencies work with existing cooperatives, but in this case Catholic Relief Services embarked on a project to support over 300 of the poorest coffee producers in the Matagalpa in their initiation of CECOSEMAC cooperative. This report describes how the process of forming a social enterprise introduced the Seattle University students to CECOSEMAC and revealed inadequacies in the fair trade and organic coffee export model. The innovative solution to this problem is to offer the producers a premium above fair trade and organic price and pay them up front. In addition, the supply chain was simplified and shortened that enabled the business to return another 12% of the sale price directly to the producers and 27% to an educational fund to support the children. This unique combination of educational focus, fulfilling community needs, and the empowerment of students has created a successful model that has transferrable potential to other educational institutions.
Chemically activated luminopsins allow optogenetic inhibition of distributed nodes in an epileptic network for non-invasive and multi-site suppression of seizure activity

Although optogenetic techniques have proven to be invaluable for manipulating and understanding complex neural dynamics over the past decade, they still face practical and translational challenges in targeting networks involving multiple, large, or difficult-to-illuminate areas of the brain. We utilized inhibitory luminopsins to simultaneously inhibit the dentate gyrus and anterior nucleus of the thalamus of the rat brain in a hardware-independent and cell-type specific manner. This approach was more effective at suppressing behavioral seizures than inhibition of the individual structures in a rat model of epilepsy. In addition to elucidating mechanisms of seizure suppression never directly demonstrated before, this work also illustrates how precise multi-focal control of pathological circuits can be advantageous for the treatment and understanding of disorders involving broad neural circuits such as epilepsy.
Large-area grown MoS 2 and its integration in geometrically tunable photonic crystal cavities

Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently attracted great interest in the field of photonics because of their distinctive optical and spin properties. In contrast to bulk TMD materials, which are indirect bandgap semiconductors, monolayer TMDs are highly optically active due to a direct bandgap ranging between 1 and 2 eV [1]. The coupling of TMD excitons to optical fields can be dramatically enhanced by integration with nanophotonic resonators. For instance, enhanced light extraction, signatures of Purcell enhanced emission and even lasing in coupled systems of TMD monolayers transferred onto two-dimensional GaP-based photonic crystal cavities (PCCs) [2,3] as well as microdisk cavities [4] was reported.
A Recent Shift in the Monsoon Centers Associated with the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation

AbstractThe tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) is conventionally considered to involve transitions between the Indian and Australian summer monsoons and the interactions between these two monsoons and the underlying Indo-Pacific Oceans. Here it is shown that, since the early 1990s, the TBO has evolved to mainly involve the transitions between the western North Pacific (WNP) and Australian monsoons. In this framework, the WNP monsoon replaces the Indian monsoon as the active Northern Hemisphere TBO monsoon center during recent decades. This change is found to be caused by stronger Pacific–Atlantic coupling and an increased influence of the tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Indian and WNP monsoons. The increased Atlantic Ocean influence damps the Pacific Ocean influence on the Indian summer monsoon (leading to a decrease in its variability) but amplifies the Pacific Ocean influence on the WNP summer monsoon (leading to an increase in its variability). These results suggest that the Pacific–Atlantic intera...
Effect of rectifier alpha min limiter on dynamic response of HVDC transmission system

Rectifier Alpha Min Limiter (RAML) is a standard configuration in the control system of modern HVDC systems. Considering the fact that RAML could be a double-edged sword to the satisfying operation of the AC/DC hybrid power system, this paper makes a detailed assessment of RAML. First, the RAML control logic is introduced. Secondly, an HVDC system model which has the same control logic as that used in a real HVDC system is built in PSCAD/EMTDC, based on this model, the effect of RAML on the dynamic responses of the rectifier side is studied. Finally, the sensitivity of the dynamic responses of the rectifier side to the parameters of RAML is investigated. The analysis results indicate that theoretically, by increasing RAML_MAX or U set , or by decreasing RAML_DEC, the restoring speed of the DC voltage, DC current and the active power transferred by the HVDC system will be slowed down.
Comment on the Definition of "Eligible Organization" for Purposes of Coverage of Certain Preventive Services Under the Affordable Care Act

This comment letter was submitted by U.C. Berkeley corporate law professors in response to a request for comment by the Health and Human Services Department on the definition of "eligible organization" under the Affordable Care Act in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby. "Eligible organizations" will be permitted under the Hobby Lobby decision to assert the religious principles of their shareholders to exempt themselves from the Affordable Care Act's contraceptive mandate for employees. In Hobby Lobby, the Supreme Court held that the nexus of identity between several closely-held, for-profit corporations and their shareholders holding “a sincere religious belief that life begins at conception” was sufficiently close to justify granting such corporations an exemption from the Affordable Care Act's contraceptive mandate pursuant to the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993. More specifically, the Court ascertained that the overall interests of the corporations and their natural-person shareholders were sufficiently identical to warrant ascribing the religious commitments of the shareholders to their corporations. Notably, the Court stopped short of articulating a diagnostic test for determining when a sufficient overlap of interests exists; instead, it concluded that well-established principles in state corporate law should provide such guidance. We believe that state corporate law does in fact provide the diagnostic test the Court desires for determining when it is appropriate to disregard the distinct identity of a corporation for the identity of its shareholders. This test is rooted in the long-standing case law that constitutes the alter ego doctrine (commonly referred to as “veil piercing”). To sustain a claim of veil piercing, state corporate law uniformly requires there to be “unity of ownership and interest” between the corporation and its shareholders. If a corporation is operated as the effective alter ego of its shareholders to such an extent that its separate corporate existence ceases to exist as a practical matter, then a veil piercing claim can be established that effectively attributes the corporation’s legal rights and obligations to its shareholders, and vice versa. A veil piercing conclusion effectively holds that there is no practical difference between the corporation and the shareholders themselves.We therefore propose that for purposes of defining an “eligible organization” under Hobby Lobby, the HHS and other federal organizations should follow the corporate law doctrine of veil piercing. Indeed, to make this doctrine administratively feasible, we further suggest that shareholders of a corporation should have to certify that they and the corporation have a unity in identity and interests, and therefore the corporation should be viewed as the shareholders’ alter ego.
Regadenoson stress induced wall motion abnormalities during cardiac MRI

Methods Patients underwent regadenoson CMR that included 3 (basal, mid, apical) slices of rest and peak stress real-time cines, with matching stress and rest first-pass perfusion, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging. The reference standard for presence or absence of CAD was derived from invasive coronary angiography or coronary CT angiography (CTA). Invasive angiography established significant CAD based on a threshold of ≥70% stenosis and could rule-in or exclude CAD. CTA was only used to exclude CAD if the calcium score was 30%; CT was not used to diagnose CAD. Two blinded, readers qualitatively scored RWM of pre and post-regadenoson.
Chromosome and Telomere Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of chromosome content and structure in the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. The genome of both the bloodstream form and insect form of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei is diploid and consists of approximately 120 mitotically stable chromosomes. One hundred of these chromosomes are small, 50–150 kilobase (kb) minichromosomes, for which the genome may be considered aneuploid. Most of the roughly 20 larger chromosomes, accounting for 90% of the genome, can be grouped into homologous pairs. The identification of chromosome homolog is based on three criteria: (1) several housekeeping genes could be shown to distribute two differently sized chromosomes, generating specific linkage groups; (2) for most of these genes the physical maps of the flanking regions could be shown to be virtually identical over hundreds of kilobasepairs on the two different chromosomes; and (3) for one of the largest chromosome bands, which could not be further separated by pulsed field gradient (PFG) electrophoresis, in situ hybridization revealed two distinct sites of hybridization in the interphase nucleus, indicative of alleles of genes on homologous chromosomes.
Thermoelectric Power of Selected Binary Alloy Systems Part II — Copper-Palladium, Gold-Palladium, and Silver-Palladium

Because the scale of the absolute thermoelectric power commonly used throughout the world in the past 45 years or so had become known to be much in error, a revised scale of the absolute thermoelectric power from 0 to 1300 K had been developed to replace the old scale, which was reported in Part I of this work [1] along with the recommended values for the thermoelectric power of aluminum-copper, copper-nickel, and iron-nickel alloy systems.
Judge Posner's Pragmatism in Action 1981–2011

While Richard A. Posner's scholarly writings on law and pragmatism have been extensively discussed in the legal literature, his influence as a judge - and on other judges - regarding pragmatic approaches to law has been underappreciated. This Article discusses Judge Posner's judicial opinions on pragmatism and the influence of Posner's thinking on pragmatism with other judges.
CHAPTER 35 – Overview: Function and Three-Dimensional Structures of Ion Channels

Beyond the classical pore-forming subunits and auxiliary subunits that comprise ion channels, it is becoming ever more clear that, in real biological settings, ion channels are part of large protein networks. These networks include cytoskeletal components, signaling proteins such as protein kinases and phosphatases, and channel-associated proteins that recruit these signaling molecules to the channel to modify its function. To understand the biological structure of ion channels, it will be necessary to move from thinking about channels as proteins that simply form ion conduction pores to thinking about them as electrical signaling centers (electrosomes), large, multiprotein macromolecular complexes that not only generate electrical signals or changes in the membrane potential but also generate and respond to other chemical signals within a cell. Understanding the activity of channels, the systems that regulate their action (such as G-protein-coupled receptors), and the complex interplay between chemical and electrical signaling pathways in cells will be essential for developing an molecular understanding of complex processes such as the regulation of heartbeat and the molecular basis of learning and memory.
The Y chromosome sequence of the channel catfish suggests novel sex determination mechanisms in teleost fish

Sex determination mechanisms in teleost fish broadly differ from mammals and birds, with sex chromosomes that are far less differentiated and recombination often occurring along the length of the X and Y chromosomes, posing major challenges for the identification of specific sex determination genes. Here, we take an innovative approach of comparative genome analysis of the genomic sequences of the X chromosome and newly sequenced Y chromosome in the channel catfish. Using a YY channel catfish as the sequencing template, we generated, assembled, and annotated the Y genome sequence of channel catfish. The genome sequence assembly had a contig N50 size of 2.7 Mb and a scaffold N50 size of 26.7 Mb. Genetic linkage and GWAS analyses placed the sex determination locus within a genetic distance less than 0.5 cM and physical distance of 8.9 Mb. However, comparison of the channel catfish X and Y chromosome sequences showed no sex-specific genes. Instead, comparative RNA-Seq analysis between females and males revealed exclusive sex-specific expression of an isoform of the breast cancer anti-resistance 1 (BCAR1) gene in the male during early sex differentiation. Experimental knockout of BCAR1 gene converted genetic males (XY) to phenotypic females, suggesting BCAR1 as a putative sex determination gene. We present the first Y chromosome sequence among teleost fish, and one of the few whole Y chromosome sequences among vertebrate species. Comparative analyses suggest that sex-specific isoform expression through alternative splicing may underlie sex determination processes in the channel catfish, and we identify BCAR1 as a potential sex determination gene.
Genetics of Colon Cancer Susceptibility

Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibits a strong familial risk with first-degree relatives of cases having a two to three times greater risk of developing CRC than the general population. An estimated 35% of CRC cases are due to genetic factors. Highly penetrant predisposing genes have been identified for several inherited CRC syndromes (e.g., FAP, Lynch syndrome, and juvenile polyposis) through genetic linkage studies. However, despite these considerable successes, mutations in these rare syndromes explain less than 6% of CRCs and only a small fraction of familial risk. While two recently described syndromes, MUTYH-associated polyposis, with its pattern of recessive inheritance, and familial CRC type X, account for additional genetic burden, they still account for only a small fraction of CRC risk. In the last few years, considerable effort has been directed toward the identification of common, low-penetrance mutations through the promising approach of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). With respect to CRC, 15 novel disease loci have been identified through GWAS including several genes involved in the TGFβ signaling pathway. The familial and population risks explained by these loci remain small, but it is expected that additional novel susceptibility markers will be identified as larger ongoing and pooled GWAS are completed. While the role of the majority of susceptibility genes identified through linkage studies and GWAS in energy balance remains unclear, a pattern is emerging of a possible link given that several TGFβ-related genes have been implicated in energy balance including susceptibility genes identified through linkage analyses or GWAS.
Fast Acoustic Aberration Correction with the Angular Spectrum Approach

Ultrasound, in concert with circulating microbubble contrast agents, has emerged as a promising modality for therapy and imaging of brain diseases. Despite progress, existing methods for correcting skull-related distortions require significant computation, which hampers their use in applications that require fast implementations, including adaptive focusing and tracking of the microbubble dynamics. While the angular spectrum approach (ASA)-a frequency domain method-can overcome these challenges, current implementations do not intrinsically account for heterogeneity in the propagation medium. Here, we derive the general solution for the ASA in a heterogeneous medium, we provide analytical solution for the special case of a stratified medium, and, subsequently, we evaluate these solutions for (human) skull-related aberration correction and trans-skull passive acoustic mapping. Collectively our findings indicate that the proposed phase correction method based on the ASA could provide a computationally efficient and accurate method for trans-skull focusing and imaging of point scatterers, potentially opening new possibilities for treatment and diagnosis of brain diseases.
A Switched Systems Approach to Consensus of a Distributed Multi-agent System with Intermittent Communication

A novel switched systems approach is leveraged to enable a distributed multi-agent system to reach consensus under intermittent communication. A mobile information service provider (leader), that has full state feedback, switches between various (follower) agents lacking absolute position sensors to provide each follower with intermittent state information. The leader uses a neural network learning approach to develop a predictor of the location of the uncertain followers. Lyapunov-based analysis methods are used to show the followers asymptotically converge to a desired goal location. A novel switched systems analysis determines the maximum dwell-time the leader can allow each follower to drift from a predicted trajectory before state correction is necessary, despite the fact that the neural network predictor only achieves asymptotic convergence. Simulation results are included to validate the results.
Sleep problems and recall memory in children with Down syndrome and typically developing controls.

Abstract Background Research conducted with typically developing (TD) infants and children generally indicates that better habitual sleep and sleep after learning are related to enhanced memory. Less is known, however, about associations between sleep and recall memory in children with Down syndrome (DS). Aims The present study was conducted to determine whether parent-reported sleep problems were differentially associated with encoding, 1-month delayed recall memory, and forgetting over time in children with DS and those who were TD. Methods and procedures Ten children with DS (mean age = 33 months, 5 days) and 10 TD children (mean age = 21 months, 6 days) participated in a two-session study. At each session, recall memory was assessed using an elicited imitation paradigm. Immediate imitation was permitted at the first session as an index of encoding, and delayed recall was assessed 1 month later. In addition, parents provided demographic information and reported on child sleep problems. Outcomes and results Although parents did not report more frequent sleep problems for children with DS relative to TD children, regression-based moderation analyses revealed that more frequent sleep problems were associated with increased forgetting of individual target actions and their order by children with DS. Evidence of moderation was not found when examining encoding or delayed recall. Conclusions and Implications Although group differences were not found when considering parent-reported sleep problems, more frequent sleep problems were positively associated with increased forgetting by children with DS relative to those who were TD. Although future experimental work is needed to determine causality, these results suggest that improved sleep in children with DS might reduce forgetting, ultimately improving long-term recall memory.
Bordering the other, building the nation-state: positioning the refugee as a subject of school knowledge

The refugee has become part of the scholarly discourse of schooling, largely centring considerations of psychological trauma that refugee children may have experienced. However, the role that schoo...
Chapter 17 – Leukemias

Publisher Summary Most cases of leukemia do not stem from an inherited genetic predisposition but from somatic genetic alterations. The etiology of acute leukemia is unknown. The factors are important in the pathogenesis of leukemia have been highlighted in this chapter. Acute leukemias represent a clonal expansion and arrest at a specific stage of normal myeloid or lymphoid hematopoiesis. They constitute 97% of all childhood leukemias and consist of the following types: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) ─ 75%, acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), also known as acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) ─ 20%, acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) ─ <0.5%,and acute mixed-lineage leukemia (AMLL). Chronic myeloid leukemias constitute 3% of all childhood leukemias and consist of philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph1 positive) myeloid leukemia and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). The treatment consists of supportive transfusions initially and specific antileukemic chemotherapy, when leukemia is diagnosed. Supportive care including the use of packed red cells, platelet transfusions and human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), are required fairly frequently, especially when aggressive multiagent chemotherapy is employed, resulting in temporary bone marrow failure. When high fever and possible septicemia occur in the presence of neutropenia, antibiotic therapy should be started after taking appropriate blood cultures and a chest radiographs.
An Algorithm for the Prevention and Treatment of Pain Complications of the Radial Forearm Free Flap Donor Site.

Background The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is a staple of microsurgical reconstruction. Significant attention has been paid to donor-site morbidity, particularly vascular and aesthetic consequences. Relatively few authors have discussed peripheral nerve morbidity such as persistent hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia, or allodynia in the hand and wrist or neuroma formation in the wrist and forearm. Here, we present a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for painful neurologic complications of the RFFF donor site. Materials and Methods The peripheral nerves that can be involved with the RFFF are reviewed with respect to the manner in which they may be involved in postoperative pain manifestations. A method for prevention and for treatment of each of these possibilities is also presented. Results Nerves from the forearm that can be harvested with the RFFF will have the most likelihood for injury and these include the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, the radial sensory nerve, and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. A nerve that may be injured at the distal juncture of the skin graft to the forearm is the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. The “prevention” portion of the algorithm suggests that each nerve divided to become a recipient nerve should have its proximal end implanted into a muscle to prevent painful neuroma. The “treatment” portion of the algorithm suggests that if a neuroma does form, it should be resected, not neurolysed, and the proximal portion should be implanted into an adjacent muscle. The diagnostic role of nerve block is emphasized. Conclusion Neurological complications following RFFF can be prevented by an appropriate algorithm as described by devoting attention to the proximal end of recipient nerves. Neurological complications, once present, can be difficult to diagnose accurately. Nerve blocks are critical in this regard and are employed in the treatment algorithm presented.
CSLM: Convertible Short-Term and Long-Term Memory in Differential Neural Computers

External memory-based neural networks, such as differentiable neural computers (DNCs), have recently gained importance and popularity to solve complex sequential learning tasks that pose challenges to conventional neural networks. However, a trained DNC usually has a low-memory utilization efficiency. This article introduces a variation of DNC architecture with a convertible short-term and long-term memory, named CSLM-DNC. Unlike the memory architecture of the original DNC, the new scheme of short-term and long-term memories offers different importance of memory locations for read and write, and they can be converted over time. This is mainly motivated by the human brain where short-term memory stores large amounts of noisy and unimportant information and decays rapidly, while long-term memory stores important information and lasts for a long time. The conversion of these two types of memory is allowed and is able to be learned according to their reading and writing frequency. We quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the proposed CSLM-DNC architecture on the tasks of question answering, copy and repeat copy, showing that it can significantly improve memory efficiency and learning performance.
#Arabhealth on Instagram: Examining Public Health Messages to Arabian Gulf State Audiences.

Instagram is a social media platform used for communicating health information to audiences in the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), but little is known about the specific use of...
Dynamics and extensional rheology of polymer–surfactant association complexes

Understanding and characterizing the influence of polymers and surfactants on rheology, application, and processing is critical for designing complex fluid formulations for enhanced oil recovery, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods, inks, agricultural sprays, and coatings. It is well-established that the addition of anionic surfactant like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to an aqueous solution of an oppositely-charged or uncharged polymer like poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) can result in the formation of the polymer–surfactant association complexes (P0S−ACs) and a non-monotonic concentration-dependent variation in zero shear viscosity. However, the extensional rheology response of polymer–surfactant mixtures remains relatively poorly understood, partially due to characterization challenges that arise for low viscosity, low elasticity fluids, even though the response to strong extensional flows impacts drop formation and many processing operations. In this article, we use the recently developed dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) rheometry protocols to characterize the pinching dynamics and extensional rheology response of aqueous P0S− solutions formulated with PEO (P0) and SDS (S−), respectively. We find the PEO–SDS mixtures display a significantly weaker concentration-dependent variation in the extensional relaxation time, filament lifespan, and extensional viscosity values than anticipated by the measured shear viscosity.
Linkage Sensitive Particle Swarm Optimization

In many optimization problems, the information necessary to search for the optimum is found in the linkages or inter-relationships between problem components or dimensions. Exploiting the information in linkages between problem components can help to improve the quality of the solution obtained and to reduce the computational effort required. Traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) does not exploit the linkage information inherent in the problem. We develop a variant of particle swarm optimization that uses these linkages by performing more frequent simultaneous updates on strongly linked components. Prior to applying the linkage-sensitive variant of PSO to any optimization problem, it is necessary to obtain the nature of linkages between components specific to the problem. For some problems, the linkages are known beforehand or can be set by inspection. In most cases, however, this is not possible and the problem-specific linkages have to be learned from the data available for the problem under consideration. We show, using experiments conducted on several test problems, that the quality of the solutions obtained is improved by exploiting information held in the inter-dimensional linkages.
Behavioral Subtyping, Specification Inheritance, and Modular Reasoning

Verification of a dynamically dispatched method call, E.m(), seems to depend on E’s dynamic type. To avoid case analysis and allow incremental development, object-oriented program verification uses supertype abstraction. In other words, one reasons about E.m() using m’s specification for E’s static type. Supertype abstraction is valid when each subtype in the program is a behavioral subtype. This article semantically formalizes supertype abstraction and behavioral subtyping for a Java-like sequential language with mutation and proves that behavioral subtyping is both necessary and sufficient for the validity of supertype abstraction. Specification inheritance, as in JML, is also formalized and proved to entail behavioral subtyping.
The magic of a via-configurable regular fabric

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study of the mappability of a via-configurable gate array (VCGA). Although, the base cell of the VCGA is simple, by customizing only via masks it can implement various combinational logic functions, sequential elements, and SRAM cells. Our VCGA can be efficiently configured into SRAM arrays, adders and multipliers. The strong configurability of our VCGA allows us to minimize the number of fixed parts in a general-purpose VCGA fabric, which greatly improves area utilization.
Migration and marital status: The effect of geographic mobility on the earnings of young women☆

Abstract This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women to document for the first time that single women have substantial earnings gains associated with migration. Married women who migrate lose relative to their non-migrant counterparts.
The Mechanism of Action of Ethanolamine Deaminase IV. COBAMIDE-DEPENDENT BINDING OF SUBSTRATE TO ETHANOLAMINE DEAMINASE

Abstract In the presence of a number of alkyl cobalamins, a complex is formed between ethanolamine deaminase and radioactive ethanolamine which can be isolated by gel filtration. Studies with the methylcobalamin-dependent complex have shown that the amount of substrate bound reaches a maximum at a cobamide to enzyme ratio of 2. The binding of substrate to this complex is depressed by ethanolamine analogues which are competitive inhibitors of the catalytic reaction. Measurements of binding as a function of substrate concentration indicate a dissociation constant for the complex of 2 x 10-7 m, a value which is surprisingly high in view of the apparent stability of the complex. Incubating the complex with unlabeled ethanolamine or allowing it to reside on the gel column for various periods of time leads to a loss of radioactivity from the complex which is almost complete by 6 min. This loss does not occur if the complex is exposed to light prior to incubation with unlabeled substrate. However, exposure of a mixture of enzyme and methylcobalamin to light in the absence of substrate prevents the complex from forming when radioactive substrate is added. Although the photolyzed complex is stable in the presence of unlabeled substrate, treatment with 6 m urea results in the release of all the radioactivity from the complex. With both the unphotolyzed and the photolyzed complexes, the radioactive compound associated with the enzyme was shown to be unchanged ethanolamine. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex is reversible in practical terms, but that in the presence of certain cobalamin derivatives the dissociation of the complex is slowed to the extent that it can be observed experimentally. Thus, the apparent stability of the complex is kinetic rather than thermodynamic in origin.
Phase space for face pose estimation

Face pose estimation from standard imagery remains a complex computer vision problemthat requires identifying the primary modes of variance directly corresponding to pose variation, while ignoring variance due to face identity and other noise factors. Conventional methods either fail to extract the salient pose defining features, or require complex embedding operations. We propose a new method for pose estimation that exploits oriented Phase Congruency (PC) features and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to define a latent pose-sensitive subspace. The oriented PC features serve to mitigate illumination and identity features present in the imagery, while highlighting alignment and pose features necessary for estimation. The proposed system is tested using the Pointing'04 face database and is shown to provide better estimation accuracy than similar methods including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and conventional CCA.
Impact of electron density on the fixed-node errors in Quantum Monte Carlo of atomic systems

Abstract We analyze the effect of increasing charge density on the fixed-node errors in diffusion Monte Carlo (FNDMC). We compare FNDMC ground state energies of 4-electron atomic systems with nuclear charge Z using Hartree–Fock and restricted Configuration Interaction trial wave functions. We perform these calculations for several different values of the nuclear charge, and we analyze the systematic trends of the recovered correlation energies as a function of Z . For this testing system we demonstrate that the fixed-node error of the Hartree–Fock trial wave functions increases linearly with increasing the nuclear charge.
Construction of Einstein-Sasaki metrics in D≥7

We construct explicit Einstein-Kaehler metrics in all even dimensions D=2n+4{>=}6, in terms of a 2n-dimensional Einstein-Kaehler base metric. These are cohomogeneity 2 metrics which have the new feature of including a NUT-type parameter, or gravomagnetic charge, in addition to..' in addition to mass and rotation parameters. Using a canonical construction, these metrics all yield Einstein-Sasaki metrics in dimensions D=2n+5{>=}7. As is commonly the case in this type of construction, for suitable choices of the free parameters the Einstein-Sasaki metrics can extend smoothly onto complete and nonsingular manifolds, even though the underlying Einstein-Kaehler metric has conical singularities. We discuss some explicit examples in the case of seven-dimensional Einstein-Sasaki spaces. These new spaces can provide supersymmetric backgrounds in M theory, which play a role in the AdS{sub 4}/CFT{sub 3} correspondence.
Pneumatic Control Devices

Chapter 1 dealt with the fundamentals of control circuits. This chapter and the three following will consider various types of control devices: pneumatic, electric, electronic and fluidic. Succeeding chapters will discuss the use of these devices in control systems.
The Whole Story: Retrieving Narratives for Cross-Cultural Understanding

We present a narrative-based approach to computer-mediated building of cross-cultural competence, and describe work on a case-based approach to the indexing and automated retrieval of culturally specific narratives. The narrative approach to culture reflects an anthropological view of the cross-cultural understanding problem, seeking understanding of cultural factors by creating computational representations of observed and reported narratives operant in various cultures, as well as narratives of cross-cultural interaction. These narratives constitute cases which can be retrieved using case-based reasoning, based on their applicability to a user's problem or environment, in a particular cultural context. The use of narrative in its original form has the advantage that it can be derived relatively intuitively from experts, literature, and historical record, and in addition to its direct suitability for gaining understanding, may be appropriate for adaptation to social media and simulation through automated agents.
Thinking the Break: Rancière, Badiou and the Return of a Politics of Resistance

Politics today seems to be marked either by fear or conciliation. The idea of a radical break with the present has, for many, been removed from the agenda. What tie together the thought of Jacques Ranciere and Alain Badiou is a commitment to politics as offering the possibility of a break with the present. This paper examines their common thought, as well as what divides them, from the perspective of a renewal of the political project of resistance.
Optimal Tile Size Selection Problem Using Machine Learning

One of the key feature of modern architectures is deep memory hierarchies. In order to exploit this feature, one has to expose data locality with-in a program. Loop tiling is an optimization phase in modern compilers which is used to transform a loop for exposing data locality. Selecting the best tile size for a given architecture and compiler is known as Optimal Tile Size Selection Problem. It is a NP-hard problem. People have build cost models for this problem that characterize the performance of a program as a function of tile sizes. The best tile size for a given loop is determined directly by using these models. Hand crafting an accurate tile size selection cost model is hard. Can we automatically learn a tile size selection model? This is an important question. In this paper, we have shown that a fairly accurate model can be learned using simple program dynamic features with standard machine learning techniques. We evaluate our approach on different architecture and compiler combinations. The model given by us consistently shows near-optimal performance (within 4% of the optimal) across all architecture and compiler combinations.
Comments on dynamic dielectric behaviour of structuring dispersions. I. Development of a measuring device

Describes a circuit which uses a 3554 Burr-Brown OA which has a 1.7 GHz gain-bandwidth product, full differential input and an input impedance of 1011 Omega .
The role of dietary carbohydrate in the decreased glucose tolerance of the elderly.

In this study we have attempted to evaluate the role of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) in the decreased glucose tolerance of aging. Eighteen healthy young (mean age, 27 ± 1 standard error of the mean) (SEM) and 18 old (71 ± 1 SEM) subjects matched for relative weight and socioeconomic group were studied. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed while eating ad lib diet and after being given high (85%), medium (45%), and low (20% to 30%) CHO formula diets for at least three days. A three- to seven-day food record was used to determine the major nutrients including CHO and fiber intake in the ad lib diet at home. Our older subjects consumed significantly less total calories and slightly less carbohydrate but there was no difference in dietary fiber, protein, and fat intake. When studies were performed on matched CHO diets, decreased glucose tolerance was present in the older group. However, the mechanism(s) involved may vary with dietary CHO and with age. During the low CHO formula diet and the medium CHO ad lib diet, impaired insulin secretion was prominent in the elderly but was not present in the young. During the high CHO formula diet, insulin response was adequate in both old and young, but decreased glucose tolerance persisted in the older group, suggesting that insulin resistance may be the major contributing factor. We conclude that decreased glucose tolerance in the elderly is modified by CHO intake, but is present even when dietary CHO variability is acutely controlled. The mechanism of this age-related, decreased glucose tolerance may vary with dietary CHO.
A Statistical Approach To An Expert Diagnostic Ultrasonic System

The techniques of statistical pattern recognition are implemented to determine the best combination of tissue characterization parameters for maximizing the diagnostic accuracy of a given task. In this paper, we considered combinations of four ultrasonic tissue parameters to discriminate between normal liver and chronic hepatitis. The separation between normal and diseased samples was made by application of the Bayes test for minimum risk which minimizes the error rate for classifying tissue states while including the prior probability for the presence of disease and the cost of misclassification. Large differences in classification performance of various tissue parameter combinations were demonstrated by ROC analysis. The power of additional features to classify tissue states, even those derived from other imaging modalities, can be compared directly in this manner.
Feasibility of field-based light scattering spectroscopy.

Light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is a new technique ca- pable of accurately measuring the features of nuclei and other cellular organelles in situ. We present the considerations required to imple- ment and interpret field-based detection in LSS, where the scattered electric field is detected interferometrically, and demonstrate that the technique is experimentally feasible. A theoretical formalism for mod- eling field-based LSS signals based on Mie scattering is presented. Phase-front uniformity is shown to play an important and novel role. Results of heterodyne experiments with polystyrene microspheres that localize LSS signals to a region about 30 mm in axial extent are re- ported. In addition, differences between field-based LSS and the ear- lier intensity-based LSS are discussed. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instru- mentation Engineers. (S1083-3668(00)00902-3)
Clinical Decision Support for Imaging in the Era of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Imaging clinical decision support (CDS) systems provide evidence for or against imaging procedures ordered within a computerized physician order entry system at the time of the image order. Depending on the pertinent clinical history provided by the ordering clinician, CDS systems can optimize imaging by educating providers on appropriate image order entry and by alerting providers to the results of prior, potentially relevant imaging procedures, thereby reducing redundant imaging. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) has expedited the adoption of computerized physician order entry and CDS systems in health care through the creation of financial incentives and penalties to promote the "meaningful use" of health IT. Meaningful use represents the latest logical next step in a long chain of legislation promoting the areas of appropriate imaging utilization, accurate reporting, and IT. It is uncertain if large-scale implementation of imaging CDS will lead to improved health care quality, as seen in smaller settings, or to improved patient outcomes. However, imaging CDS enables the correlation of existing imaging evidence with outcome measures, including morbidity, mortality, and short-term imaging-relevant management outcomes (eg, biopsy, chemotherapy). The purposes of this article are to review the legislative sequence relevant to imaging CDS and to give guidance to radiology practices focused on quality and financial performance improvement during this time of accelerating regulatory change.
Determining Spacecraft Angular Position with Delta VLBI: The Voyager Demonstration

A demonstration of a new VLBI-based radio metric data type for interplanetary navigation has been conducted using the Voyager spacecraft on their approach to Saturn. Pseudo-range measurements from stations on intercontinental baselines were employed, in conjunction with interferometric observations of quasars, to obtain a precise measure of the spacecraft angular position. In addition to its high accuracy this technique requires significantly less station time than conventional range and Doppler and can be used in a downlink only mode. The paper describes the data type, acquisition system, and processing procedures. Anticipated measurement accuracy is established by analysis of various system error sources. Results obtained from Voyager observations are given to show that the system performance is in accordance with expectations.
Relativistic solitons and shocks in magnetized e--e+-p+ fluids.

A new type of relativistic magnetosonic soliton, which is electrically charged with a gigavolt potential, is found to exist in a magnetized electron-positron-proton plasma. Relativistic collisionless shocks resulting from such solitons can carry an even larger electric potential at the shock front. GeV electrons and positrons in some active astrophsyical sources may be produced due to acceleration by these electric fields.
The prospects for red-cell substitutes.

Blood is still the best thing possible to have in our veins, according to Woody Allen, and that is certainly the case when the blood is our own. We are not so confident, however, about other people...