cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrology of Late Eocene basaltic lavas at Cascade Head, Oregon Coast Range

Abstract Cascade Head is one of three prominent Middle to Late Eocene volcanic centers in the Oregon Coast Range that erupted alkalic basalt. At Cascade Head, 300–600 m of submarine to subaerial volcanic rocks are interbedded with thin-bedded, tuffaceous, brackish-water marine siltstone of the Nestucca Formation. The intercalated basalts in the Nestucca Formation are informally named Yachats Basalt of Cascade Head. This volcanic sequence consists of basal submarine basaltic breccia and lapilli tuff, ankaramitic basalt, aphyric submarine to subaerial alkali basalt lavas (which account for 75% of the volcanic pile), hornblende trachyandesite lavas and dikes, and an uppermost basaltic sandstone unit. The Nestucca Formation also contains andesitic and more silicic ash deposits. Major- and trace-element trends and mass-balance modeling of the Cascade Head lavas are compatible with fractional crystallization of the observed phenocryst phases: olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase + apatite ± ilmenite. The suite is characterized by enrichments in high field strength elements (HFSE) and by steeply negatively sloping rare earth element (REE) patterns ((La/Lu) n = 15–20). Transition metal contents are low (Ni, 5–36 ppm; Cr, 3–87 ppm; Sc, 1–22 ppm), indicating that none of the lavas are primitive. Elemental abundance diagrams are typical of continental alkalic basalt in that they show K depletion, and Nb and Ta enrichment. Element abundance diagrams of interbedded andesitic ash are distinct from those of the basalts, are depleted in Nb, Ta, and Ti, and indicate an arc source. The geochemical signature of the Yachats Basalt of Cascade Head is consistent with a fore-arc tectonic setting that was undergoing extension during late Eocene time. The basalts may be related to nearby hot spot activity but they could also have erupted through a “slab window” formed during plate reorganization during a decrease in the rate of convergence between the Farallon and North American plates.
Application of impedance measurement techniques to accelerating cavity mode characterization

Abstract Impedance measurements, using a central wire to simulate the electron beam, were performed on a 52 MHz accelerating cavity at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). This cavity was recently installed in the X-ray storage ring at the NSLS as a part of an upgrade of the ring. To damp higher-order modes (HOM) in this cavity, damping antennas have been installed. We implemented the impedance measurement technique to characterize the cavity modes up to 1 GHz and confirm the effectiveness of the damping antennas. Scattering parameters were measured using a network analyzer (HP 8510B) with a personal computer as a controller. Analysis based on S and T parameters for the system was used to solve for the cavity impedance, Z(ω), as a function of the measured transmission response, S21(ω). Search techniques were used to find the shunt resistance Rsh, and Q from the calculated Z(ω) for different modes. Our results for R Q showed good agreement with URMEL simulations. The values of Q were compared with other independent Q measurement techniques. Our analytical technique offers an alternative approach for cases where full thru-reflection-line (TRL) calibration is not feasible and a more time-effective technique for obtaining R Q , compared with the bead-pull method.
Comparing the classes of single replicate generalized cyclic factorial designs with and without pseudofactors

Abstract Single replicate generalized cyclic factorial block designs can be constructed either using or not using pseudofactors, yielding the classes of designs referred to as pseudofactor (PF) and generalized cyclic (GC) designs, respectively. The following is known: The two classes are equivalent if, for each factor, the number of levels has no prime-squared divisor; for any GC design with cyclic principal block, there is a degrees-of- freedom (d.f.) equivalent PF design; there exist PF design for which there is no d.f. equivalent GC design. I provide further evidence that the class of PF designs is the larger class by proving the following: For at least three factors, if there is a prime number p such that p 2 divides the number of levels of some factor and p divides the number of levels of two other factors, then there exist PF designs for which there is no d.f. equivalent GC design; if at most three factors have numbers of levels each divisible by a common prime number p , then for any GC design there does exist a d.f. equivalent PF design; if at most two factors have numbers of levels sharing any common prime divisor, then the classes are d.f. equivalent.
Herbivore feeding preferences as measured by leaf damage and stomatal ingestion: a mangrove crab example

Abstract The diet of the mangrove crab, Aratus pisonii, was assessed by determining the percent of damaged leaves at selected mangrove communities and by examining herbivore gut contents. This study compared the utility of both methods and tested if comparable levels of damage and dietary preference occurred using the methods. Percent of damaged leaves was determined for the three species of mangroves within Tampa Bay, FL, USA, including: the red, black, and white mangroves (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa, respectively) in four 5×10-m quadrats during summer 2001. For each species, in each of the quadrats, 200 leaves per tree were assessed for the presence or absence of crab damage. A. pisonii were sampled from the same quadrats from which leaf damage data were collected. Stomach contents were dissected and food items were classified into a number of categories. Species damaged and preferred were determined by comparing relative numbers of mangrove leaf stomata from the three mangrove species in gut contents. Results suggested that both methods provide similar estimates of preference. R. mangle leaves were preferred over those of A. germinans and L. racemosa. The percent of R. mangle leaves with damage was about 20–30 times greater than the other species, and R. mangle leaf stomata were 3 to 20 times more abundant in crab guts compared to leaf stomata of the other species. Gut contents indicated that A. pisonii is omnivorous, that average-sized adult crabs (1.4–1.7-cm width) prefer R. mangle, and that the diet of males is more varied than of females. While use of both percent leaf damage and crab gut contents reliably indicates preference, gut contents may describe better the actual diet and elucidate trends for different size or sex classes within a population.
Evidence in support of the climate change–Atlantic hurricane hypothesis

[1] The power of Atlantic tropical cyclones is rising rather dramatically and the increase is correlated with an increase in the late summer/early fall sea surface temperature over the North Atlantic. A debate concerns the nature of these increases with some studies attributing them to a natural climate fluctuation, known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and others suggesting climate change related to anthropogenic increases in radiative forcing from greenhouse-gases. Here tests for causality using the global mean near-surface air temperature (GT) and Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) records during the Atlantic hurricane season are applied. Results show that GT is useful in predicting Atlantic SST, but not the other way around. Thus GT “causes” SST providing additional evidence in support of the climate change hypothesis. Results have serious implications for life and property throughout the Caribbean, Mexico, and portions of the United States.
Toluidine blue in the corroboration of rape in the adult victim

Objective physical evidence to corroborate a claim of rape is frequently absent. Genital lacerations are considered evidence that rape has occurred. In this study, toluidine blue dye, a nuclear stain, was used to detect vaginal lacerations. The detection of vaginal lacerations in reported rape victims increased from one in 24 to 14 in 24 with toluidine application. Toluidine blue increases the detection of perineal lacerations in adult rape victims and the presence of lacerations is supportive of the documentation of rape.
Kinetic roughening in surfaces of crystals growing on disordered substrates

Substrate disorder effects on the scaling properties of growing crystalline surfaces in solidification or epitaxial deposition processes are investigated. Within the harmonic approach there is a phase transition into a low-temperature (low-noise) superrough phase with a continuously varying dynamic exponent z>2 and a nonlinear response. In the presence of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang nonlinearity the disorder causes the lattice effects to decay on large scales with an intermediate crossover behavior. The mobility of the rough surface has a complex dependence on the temperature and the other physical parameters
Lack of cytotoxicity of ticrynafen in primary cultures of rat liver cells.

Abstract Primary cultures of hepatocytes obtained from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were grown in arginine-deficient, ornithine-supplemented medium to inhibit fibroblastic overgrowth and to selectively isolate relatively pure cultures of parenchymal hepatocytes. This system of primary hepatocytes was used to study the potential cytotoxicity of ticrynafen by measuring cytoplasmic enzyme leakage, cell viability, and total protein per culture dish. Hepatic cultures were treated with the drug in concentrations ranging from 10 −3 M to 10 −6 M and for durations from 2 to 8 h. The results of the study indicate that ticrynafen was minimally toxic to the hepatocytes.
Early neural cell death: dying to become neurons

The importance of programmed cell death (PCD) during vertebrate development has been well established. During the development of the nervous system in particular, neurotrophic cell death in innervating neurons matches the number of neurons to the size of their target field. However, PCD also occurs during earlier stages of neural development, within populations of proliferating neural precursors and newly postmitotic neuroblasts, all of which are not yet fully differentiated. This review addresses early neural PCD, which is distinct from neurotrophic death in differentiated neurons. Although early neural PCD is observed in a range of organisms, from Caenorhabditis elegans to mouse, the role and the regulation of early neural PCD are not well understood. The regulation of early neural PCD can be inferred from the function of factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Wnts, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), which regulate both early neural development and PCD occurring in other developmental processes. Cell number control, removal of damaged or misspecified cells (spatially or temporally), and selection are the proposed roles early neural PCDs play during neural development. Data from developmental PCD in C. elegans and Drosophila provide insights into the possible signaling pathways integrating PCD with other processes during early neural development and the roles they might play.
Lactoferrin is an estrogen responsive protein in the uterus of mice and rats

To identify lactoferrin (LF) and determine its estrogen-responsiveness in the rat uterus, immature Sprague-Dawley rats were untreated or subcutaneously injected with 17beta-estradiol (500 microg/kg) for 3 days and uterine tissues collected. Outbred immature CD-1 mice, treated with 17beta-estradiol, provided the positive control. By using a polyclonal antibody raised against mouse LF, minimal detectable protein was immunolocalized in uterine epithelial cells of untreated immature rats and mice. After estrogen treatment, LF was localized in all uterine epithelial cells of both species, although staining was more intense in mice than rats. In mice, LF was evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm with intense staining in some cells, while in rats, it was seen mainly in the apical cytoplasm. For comparison to another well-known estrogen responsive protein in rats, complement C3 was immunolocalized within epithelial cells and it showed a different staining pattern than LF. Uterine tissue homogenates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blots showed cross-reactivity with the mouse LF antibody. These findings indicate that LF is present in the rat uterus, and is induced by estrogens as reported in other species. Thus, LF is an important marker of estrogenic activity across species and will, therefore, have utility in screening for effects of environmental estrogenic compounds.
Three Members of the Nitric Oxide Synthase II Gene Family (NOS2A, NOS2B, and NOS2C) Colocalize to Human Chromosome 17

Abstract Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are a family of enzymes responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide from l -arginine and molecular oxygen. Three human NOS enzymes (I, II, and III) with differing cellular distribution and regulatory mechanisms have been identified. To determine whether additional NOSs are encoded in the human genome, a bovine NOS II-related cDNA was used to screen two human genomic libraries. Clones containing three independent genes were isolated. One clone encoded the previously identified NOS II gene (NOS2A). The two other genes specified amino acids homologous, but not identical, to human NOS II (NOS2B and NOS2C). Southern blot hybridization demonstrated that all three genes are present in the human genome. DNA from human-mouse somatic cell hybrids were used to determine the chromosomal location of the NOS II-related genes. All three NOS II-related genes colocalized to human chromosome 17 between bands p13.1 and q25. These observations suggest that there is more than one NOS II-related gene in the human genome. This finding may have important implications for the design of NOS isoform-specific inhibitors.
NTAGONISM BETWEEN CADMIUM AND IRON IN THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA WEISSFLOGII1

Cadmium inhibits iron uptake and assimilation in the coastal diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii Grun. The effect of cadmium on short term Fe uptake fits ft competitive binding model: where (Fe3+) and (Cd2++) tire the free ferric and cadmium ion concentrations, respectively. The apparent binding constant Kcds, is calculated to be ca. lO8.2M-1 compared to a Kfe of lO19 M-1. At low free ferric ion concentrations. interference of cadmium with iron transport (at pCd = 8 and pFe* < 20) results in a simultaneous decrease in growth rate and Fe accumulation to a level known 1o limit growth. Upon decreasing the free cadmium ion concentration, cells accumulate a large amount oj iron prior to resumption of normal growth. At higher free ferric ion concentrations (pFe* < 20) normal or elevated Fe quotas are absented but “luxury consumption” of iron still occurs upon reversal of toxicity. Evidence that these algae with high cellular iron quotas are effectively Fe deficient is provided by a decrease in the cytochrome f/chlorophyll a ratio and a much greater decrease in NO3- reductase activity than in aldolase activity or H14C03 assimilation. Under the conditions of this study, cadmium had little effect on Si accumulation. The transport of methylamine (an analog of NH+4) is unaffected by short term exposure to high free cadmium ion concentration but is greatly inhibited upon long term (97 h) exposure.
Do short courses of oral corticosteroids and use of inhaled corticosteroids affect bone health in children

This Practice Point commentary discusses the findings of a prospective study by Kelly et al. that evaluated the effect of multiple short courses of oral corticosteroids and use of inhaled corticosteroids on bone accrual in children with asthma. The researchers determined the cumulative number of short courses of oral corticosteroids and the cumulative dose of inhaled corticosteroids over a 7-year study period. Multiple short courses of oral corticosteroids in boys, but not girls, were a dose-dependent risk factor for decreased bone-mineral accrual and osteopenia. Inhaled corticosteroid use in boys, but not girls, was also associated with decreased bone accrual, but the association was not dose-dependent. However, no effect of corticosteroids on fracture risk was found. Here, I discuss the relevance of these findings in relation to attainment of peak bone mass and outline how the findings could be complicated by disease-related effects of asthma on bone health.
Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy: A Short Review:

Currently, optimally precise delivery of intracranial radiotherapy is possible with stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. We present in this article a review of the underlying basic physical and radiobiological principles of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy and review the clinical experience for ateriovenus malformations, pituitary adenomas, mengiomas, vestibular schwanomas, low grade astrocytomas, malignant gliomas, and brain metatases.
Monoclonal antibody isolation of type II pneumocytes

A monoclonal antibody that identifies a membrane molecule unique in rat lung for type II alveolar epithelial cells was used to isolate these cells from enzymatically dispersed lung cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Although multistep physical separation techniques have permitted the isolation of large quantities of these cells and flow cytometry has been used by others to isolate lamellar body-containing cells, the application of this antibody-directed sorting has distinct advantages. Because the marker molecule is expressed on immature type II cells prior to the development of lamellar bodies, the antibody will also permit their isolation and study.
Enhanced Ubiquitylation and Accelerated Degradation of the Dopamine Transporter Mediated by Protein Kinase C

Dopamine transporter (DAT) localization in dopaminergic neurons plays an important role in regulating dopamine signaling. However, the mechanisms of DAT trafficking that control DAT localization are still poorly understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms, human DAT was purified in large amounts using a two-step affinity chromatography procedure from untreated HeLa cells or cells treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Mass spectrometric analysis of purified DAT complexes revealed the presence of several proteins, among which ubiquitin was particularly abundant in the PMA-treated sample. Western blotting of highly purified DAT protein confirmed constitutive ubiquitylation of DAT and a dramatic increase in DAT ubiquitylation in cells treated with PMA. This increase was blocked by pretreatment with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bis-indolylmaleimide. DAT ubiquitylation by ectopically expressed ubiquitin was demonstrated in cells transiently transfected with yellow fluorescent protein-tagged ubiquitin. In addition, fluorescence resonance energy transfer was detected between cyan fluorescent protein-tagged DAT and yellow fluorescent protein-tagged ubiquitin, indicative of DAT-ubiquitin conjugation. Interestingly, the largest fluorescence resonance energy transfer signals were observed in endosomes. Ubiquitylated DAT was detected in the plasma membrane using cell surface biotinylation as well as in intracellular compartments, suggesting that ubiquitylation begins at the plasma membrane and is maintained in endosomes. In both porcine aortic endothelial and HeLa cells, where PKC-dependent DAT ubiquitylation was observed, PKC activation resulted in rapid degradation of DAT (t12 = 1-2 h). Altogether, these data suggest that PKC-induced DAT ubiquitylation may target DAT to lysosomal degradation.
Correlating Bid Price with the Number of Bidders and Final Construction Cost of Public Street Projects

The vast majority of highway and street projects in the United States are procured by state or local governments through a competitive bidding process. In a competitively bid public project, awarding the contract to the lowest bidder is a predominant practice. A few studies measured the effect of awarding the contract to the lowest bidder on construction cost growth. This paper analyzes a sample of 435 bids on 113 public street projects in Clark County, Nevada, to determine a correlation between a lowest bid price and construction cost growth. The sample included projects completed between 1991 and 2008 and more than $554 million in construction value. The study also determined a correlation between the number of bidders and the deviation of the bid cost from the engineers' estimate. The study showed no correlation between the lowest bid price and the construction cost growth. It showed that public owners would have received the lowest construction bid price if more bidders had been involved in the biddin...
Acidemia and brain pH during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs

Background and Purpose Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) generating low perfusion pressures and beginning immediately after cardiac arrest maintains cerebral ATP but not cerebral pH or arterial pH. We tested the hypothesis that preventing severe arterial acidemia prevents cerebral acidosis, whereas augmenting arterial acidemia augments cerebral acidosis. Methods In dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital and fentanyl, cerebral pH and ATP were measured with 31P MR spectroscopy and blood flow was measured with radiolabeled microspheres. A pneumatically controlled vest was placed around the thorax, and chest compressions were begun immediately after electrically induced cardiac arrest. Cerebral perfusion pressure was maintained with epinephrine at 30 mm Hg for 90 minutes. The arterial acidemia observed during CPR was untreated in a control group, corrected to a pH of 7.3 with the use of sodium bicarbonate, or maintained below pH 6.5 with intravenous lactic acid after 14 minutes of CPR. Results At 10 minutes o...
Adult obesity and functioning in the family of origin.

Objective This study investigated the relationship between eating and weight behaviors and functioning in individuals' families of origin. Method: Subjects were 237 women and 242 men enrolled in the RENO (Relationship of Energy, Nutrition, and Obesity) Diet-Heart Study, a prospective 5-year study of the effects of weight fluctuation on cardiovascular disease risk factors in normal weight and obese adults. Variables of primary interest included subjects' body mass index (BMI), age of onset of obesity, eating attitudes, lack of control while eating, and family functioning. Results: In men, higher family cohesion was related to healthier eating attitudes and better control over eating, controlling for age, BMI, and adaptability, whereas higher adaptability (changing rules and poor leadership) was related to earlier onset of obesity and more disturbed eating attitudes. Cohesion and adaptability were not related to body weight or eating variables in women. Discussion: The lower societal pressure on men to be thin may increase the importance of family factors in influencing their shape and weight. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 22: 213–218, 1997.
Bonding to glass infiltrated alumina ceramic: Adhesive methods and their durability

Resin bonding to a glass-infiltrated aluminum oxide ceramic (In-Ceram) cannot be achieved by the methods commonly used for conventional silica-based dental caramics. This study evaluated the durability of alternative methods of adhesive bonding to In-Ceram ceramic. The tensile bond strength of six bonding systems to In-Ceram ceramic was tested after up to 150 days of storage in isotonic artificial saliva solution and theramal cycling. Sandblasting alone or additional use of a silane did not result in a durable bond of a conventional BIS-GMA composite resin to In-Ceram ceramic. A durable bond to In-Ceram ceramic was achieved with a combination of tribochemical silica coating and conventional BIS-GMA composite resin or with the combination of sandblasting and a composite resin modified with a phosphate monomer. These two chemomechanical bonding methods appeared suitable for clinical bonding of In-Ceram ceramic restorations. A delayed degradation in bond strength was recorded for the combination of thermal silica coating and a conventional BIS-GMA composite resin; no reduction was found after 30 days, but there was a pronounced decrease after 150 days. This degradation indicated that extended storage in a wet environment was needed in laboratory tests to evaluate the durability of chemical bonds.
Numerical filtering for the operation of robotic manipulators through kinematically singular configurations

The loss of independent degrees of freedom at singular configurations is an inherent characteristic of robotic manipulators. Due to the unavoidable singularity of mechanical wrists, singular configurations cannot be avoided by simply restricting the bounds of the workspace. Techniques for operating at singular configurations without inducing unacceptably high joint velocities or end effector tracking errors are presented. Extensions to the damped least-squares formulation which incorporate estimates of the proximity to singularities and selective filtering of singular components are illustrated. The generality of the technique presented is illustrated in a computer simulation of a commercially available manipulator operating through singular configurations.
Customized Adherence Enhancement for Individuals With Bipolar Disorder Receiving Antipsychotic Therapy

176 Objective: A three-month prospective trial of a psychosocial intervention—customized adherence enhancement (CAE)—was conducted with 43 medicationnonadherent individuals with bipolar disorder. Methods: CAE modules were administered as indicated by a screen that identifies reasons for nonadherence. The primary outcome was change in adherence to mood-stabilizing medications as measured by the Tablet Routines Questionnaire and pill counts. Secondary outcomes included change in symptoms, measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results: Participants completed 76%
Computer support system for aneurysm treatment

An important medical problem in the noninvasive treatment of brain aneurysms demands special attention. The main reason is that, in many cases, it is necessary to have direct information about the size, shape and exact location of the aneurysm. To provide a medical specialist with such information, a virtual aneurysm system has been created. Problems with its realization and efficiency are discussed in this paper. A novel approach to the simulation and visualization of biomedical systems is suggested, so as to achieve higher efficiency. This approach is called "branching simulation".
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein stimulation reverses cardiac allograft acceptance induced by CD40-CD40L blockade

CD40-CD40L blockade has potent immunosuppressive effects in cardiac allograft rejection but is less effective in the presence of inflammatory signals. To better understand the factors that mediate CD40-CD40L blockade-resistant rejection, we studied the effects of stimulation through glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), a costimulatory protein expressed by regulatory and effector T cells. Stimulation of CD40−/− or wild-type recipient mice treated with anti-CD40L mAb (WT
Surgery remains the most effective treatment for Paget-Schroetter syndrome: 50 years' experience.

Background Significant improvements were made in the diagnosis and management of Paget-Schroetter syndrome (thrombosis of the axillary–subclavian vein) secondary to thoracic outlet syndrome during the past 50 years. The diagnosis has often been extremely difficult. Methods Multiple approaches both in diagnosis and therapy have been tried during the years. After recognizing that the underlying pathologic process resulted from an abnormal insertion of the costoclavicular ligament laterally on the first rib, along with hypertrophy of the scalenus anticus muscle, 506 of 626 extremities have been managed by thrombolytic therapy followed by prompt transaxillary resection of the first rib. These patients have been followed up from 1 to 32 years (average of 7.2 years ± 1.0 standard deviation). Results Four hundred eighty-six patients (96%) improved. Because the pathophysiology is not well understood, many venograms suggest intraluminal disease rather than external compression. Therefore, attempts at opening the narrowed vein with intraarterial techniques do not work. Use of percutaneous venous angioplasty with stents have all occluded in our experience, making further management difficult. Venous bypass grafts fail because of low venous pressure. Conclusions Recognition that an abnormal congenital lateral insertion of the costoclavicular ligament on the first rib causes venous occlusion in Paget-Schroetter syndrome has led to acute thrombolysis, followed by prompt first rib resection, as the ideal management.
The relationship between loneliness, interpersonal competence, and immunologic status in hiv-infected men

Abstract The relationships among interpersonal competence, loneliness, depression. and immune status were examined in HIV-infected men and healthy controls. A sample of 108 men [88 HIV-1 antibody seropositive (HIV +) and 20 HIV-I antibody seronegative (HIV -)] completed the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire at baseline and the UCLA Loneliness scale at two consecutive six-month timepoints as part of the psychosocial component of the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center longitudinal study. Absolute number of CD4 + helper cells and depression were determined at baseline. Among seropositive men, loneliness was negatively correlated with self-perceived competence in all five relationship domains assessed: initiation of social interactions. turning down unreasonable demands (negative assertion). self-disclosure, providing emotional support to others, and conflict management. Competence or level of comfort in initiation of social interaction and management of interpersonal conflict accounted for 39% of the v...
Prioritized DCT for compression and progressive transmission of images

An approach is based on the block discrete cosine transform (DCT). The novelty of this approach is that the transform coefficients of all image blocks are coded and transmitted in absolute magnitude order. The resulting ordered-by-magnitude transmission is accomplished without sacrificing coding efficiency by using partition priority coding. Coding and transmission are adaptive to the characteristics of each individual image. and therefore, very efficient. Another advantage of this approach is its high progression effectiveness. Since the largest transform coefficients that capture the most important characteristics of images are coded and transmitted first, this method is well suited for progressive image transmission. Further compression of the image-data is achieved by multiple distribution entropy coding, a technique based on arithmetic coding. Experiments show that the approach compares favorably with previously reported DCT and subband image codecs. >
Noninvasive detection of experimental intestinal ischemia.

Acute intestinal &hernia is associated with a mortality of more than 80% [2, 3, 14, 181. Periods of &hernia greater than 6 to 12 hr often commit the surgeon to an extensive resection of gangrenous bowel from which few of these critically ill patients can recover [ 141. Delay in diagnosis is recognized as the major factor contributing to the high morbidity associated with this condition [3]. Clearly, early detection is essential for the successful treatment of acute intestinal ischemia. No methods are currently available for the rapid, noninvasive screening of patients at high risk for intestinal ischemia before substantial infarction has occurred. Findings by physical examination are not diagnostic, and when present, often indicate that the diagnosis has been made too late [ 14, 181. Other means of evaluation, including visceral arteriography [3], serum chemistries [4, 6, lo], radiologic appearance [ 161, dye dilution [7], intestinal radionuclide imaging [ 1, 11, 12, 131, and intestinal ~xylose absorption [ 151, have not proved to be accurate and specific in the early detection of intestinal ischemia. Recent investigations into the metabolic requirements of the small intestine have demonstrated that glutamine is extracted from the mesenteric bloodstream as a primary metabolic substrate for cells of the small intestinal
Teaching Foreign Languages in an Era of Globalization: Introduction

Through its mobility of people and capital, its global technologies, and its global information networks, globalization has changed the conditions under which foreign languages (FLs) are taught, learned, and used. It has destabilized the codes, norms, and conventions that FL educators relied upon to help learners be successful users of the language once they had left their classrooms. These changes call for a more reflective, interpretive, historically grounded, and politically engaged pedagogy than was called for by the communicative language teaching of the eighties. This special issue will explore how we are to conceive of such a pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Document Appreciation: Some Characteristics of Legal Documents (and Talking with Students About Them)

This working paper is about legal documents. It describes (from a practitioner’s point of view) some characteristics of documents, makes observations about useful habits of mind for lawyers working with them, and offers a few thoughts for law school teachers who introduce students, in the clinic or the classroom, to these products of the trade. The idea is that we might be inspired by others who make refined objects and help novices learn to make them. Engineers, for example, study bridges. Mechanics examine engines. Artists contemplate sculptures. All step back and consider the objects’ variety, features, properties, and fabrication, and the qualities demanded of the maker. For us lawyers, talking generally about the characteristics of the products we make, whether the mention be a simple riff in a classroom discussion, a comment in the margin of a draft, or a more systematic curricular move, may help students build facility with these materials, convey a sense of the imagination and discipline needed to produce them, and reinforce important messages about practice and craft. At least that’s the suggestion here; stepping back may provide a step up, and spark deeper understanding and appreciation of the product. This paper secondarily is intended for designers interested in law and legal documents. For designers, who begin a development process with deep study of user and context, the paper provides information about legal materials and some ways lawyers understand them.
Stop signs in hippocampal insulin signaling: the role of insulin resistance in structural, functional and behavioral deficits

In peripheral tissues insulin activates signaling cascades to facilitate glucose uptake from the blood into tissues like liver, muscle and fat. Although insulin appears to play a minor role in the regulation of glucose uptake in the central nervous system (CNS), insulin is known to play a major role in regulating synaptic plasticity in brain regions like the hippocampus. The concept that insulin regulates hippocampal neuroplasticity is further supported from animal models of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The goal of this review is to provide an overview of these studies, as well as the studies that have examined whether deficits in hippocampal insulin signaling are amenable to intervention strategies.
The relationship between U.S. retail gasoline and crude oil prices during the Great Recession: “Rockets and feathers” or “balloons and rocks” behavior?

Previous studies of the relationship between crude oil and gasoline prices have often found “rockets and feathers” behavior: a scenario where gasoline prices increase more rapidly when crude oil prices rise than they fall when crude oil prices drop. While we find this behavior in times of generally rising crude oil prices, we find the opposite to be true during times of generally falling crude oil prices, a phenomenon we call “balloons and rocks” behavior. This result was obtained by testing for parameter stability in error-correction models which were estimated for periods of significant variability in both crude oil and gasoline prices. The data used to estimate these results is unique in the literature as it is comprised of daily U.S. retail gasoline prices and daily crude oil prices. The sample was taken during the Great Recession, an exceptional period of time that saw both sharp increases and decreases in gasoline and crude oil prices.
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and its hybrids

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is the predominant cool-season grass in the United States of America, occupying an estimated 12 to 14 million ha (Buckner and Bush 1979). Its primary use is as pasture to support ruminant livestock production.
Fecundity and oviposition in laboratory colonies of the screwworm fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The screwworm fly is mass-produced using an artificial larval diet and an artificial oviposition substrate. On the artificial diet, mean fecundity was 185 eggs per female, whereas host-reared flies averaged 280 eggs per female. Host-reared flies were generally larger (head capsule width [HCW] > 3.6 mm) than laboratory-reared flies (HCW <3.6 mm). Larger flies are generally more fecund, and size is related to larval nutrition. Only 75-89% of females reared on artificial diet and maintained at 30°C were gravid at 6 d of age compared with 100% of host-reared females tested at 5-6 d. When gravid females were offered artificial substrate for oviposition, ≈28% failed to oviposit and another 11% laid only partial clutches. Among all females tested for oviposition, 25% of the total egg production was withheld. Fecundity influenced oviposition, because the more mature eggs a female had, the more likely she was to oviposit. Supplementing the adult diet of honey and water with raw meat increased fecundity by 14% under normal laboratory conditions, but by as much as 350% in flies in which larval feeding was curtailed by removal of the larvae from the media 1 d before the normal completion of development. Many females became gravid in 4-5 d at 30°C versus 8-9 d at 22°C. But fecundity and oviposition rate were more variable (less synchronous) in colonies maintained at the higher temperature. This suggests that there may be greater selection for laboratory adaptation at the higher maintenance temperatures.
Mechanisms of Kinetic Combustion Enhancement by O2(a1(delta)g)

The isolated enhancement effects of O2(a 1 Δg) on lifted flame propagation was investigated experimentally and numerically at reduced pressures. Through quantitative absorption measurements it was found that O2(a 1 Δg) was produced in excess of 5500 ppm and was isolated from all other plasma-produced species via NO injection before transport to the C2H4 lifted flame. Clear trends of increased flame propagation enhancement with increased O2(a 1 Δg) concentrations were found, with up to 3% enhancement observed. Numerical simulations with the current O2(a 1 Δg) kinetic mechanisms, containing only hydrogen species, showed significant trend deviations from the experimental results, indicating errors in the kinetics. The inclusion of new estimated temperature dependent rates of O2(a 1 Δg) collisional quenching by hydrocarbon species mitigated the deviation, but require validation. Flow reactor experiments with conditions mimicking the early stages of the flame showed that low temperature oxidation of C2H4 in the range of 583 K to 728 K mimicked the low temperature kinetic pathways of enhancement through NO sensitization with OH production. Therefore the inclusion of O2(a 1 Δg) quenching by hydrocarbon species, as well as low temperature chemistry is necessary for accurate modeling of the enhancement pathways by O2(a 1 Δg).
Metachronous Axillary and Splenic Lymphangiomatosis: Demonstration of Immunoreactive Factor VIII-Related Antigen

A 38-year-old woman developed symptomatic splenic lymphangiomatosis ten years after resection of an axillary lymphangioma. These sites are typical of the extra-osseous component/variant of lymphangiomatosis. Immunoperoxidase staining demonstrated immunoreactive Factor VIII-related antigen in endothelial cells of both lesions, despite suboptimal preservation; we know of no prior demonstration of this substance in lymphatic endothelium.
EUS-guided fine needle biopsy sampling using a novel fork-tip needle: a case-control study

Background and Aims EUS-guided fine needle biopsy (FNB) sampling and FNA are important methods for obtaining core tissues and cytologic aspirates. To improve the specimen quality for pathologic evaluation, a novel EUS-FNB Shark Core (SC) needle has been designed to acquire core tissue during EUS procedures. We compared the histology yield of EUS-FNB sampling using the SC needle (EUS-FNB-SC) to EUS-FNA in patients who had solid pancreatic and nonpancreatic lesions. Methods This was a retrospective case-control study design. Between July 2012 and July 2015 all patients who had EUS-FNB-SC and EUS-FNA were reviewed through a hospital EUS database. Consecutive samples from EUS-FNB-SCs were matched in a 1:3 ratio by lesion site (eg, pancreatic head) and needle gauge (ie, 19 gauge, 22 gauge, 25 gauge) to recent random samples of EUS-FNA. The procedures were performed with rapid onsite evaluation. For study purposes specimen slides were evaluated by 2 cytopathologists for histologic yield using a standard scoring system (0 = no material, 1-2 = cytologic, 3-5 = histologic). The main objectives were to assess the histologic yield of the samples and compare the median number of passes required to obtain core tissue by using EUS-FNB-SC and EUS-FNA needles. Results Of the 156 patients included in study, 25% patients (n = 39) were in the EUS-FNB-SC group and 75% (n = 117) in the EUS-FNA group. According to standard scoring criteria for histology, the median histology score for EUS-FNA was 2 (sufficient for cytology but not histology) and for EUS-FNB-SC was 4 (sufficient for adequate histology). Ninety-five percent of the specimens obtained from the EUS-FNB-SC group were of sufficient size for histologic screening, compared with 59% from the EUS-FNA group ( P = .01). The median number of passes required to achieve a sample was significantly lower in the EUS-FNB-SC group compared with the EUS-FNA group (2 passes vs 4 passes, P = .001). There was significant difference in the median number of passes to all lesion sites and needle gauges. Conclusions The histology yield was significantly higher using the EUS-FNB-SC needle compared with the EUS-FNA needle. Additionally, fewer passes were required to obtain histology cores when using EUS-FNB-SC.
In Situ Observation of Initial Stage in Dielectric Growth and Deposition of Ultrahigh Nucleation Density Dielectric on Two-Dimensional Surfaces

Several proposed beyond-CMOS devices based on two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures require the deposition of thin dielectrics between 2D layers. However, the direct deposition of dielectrics on 2D materials is challenging due to their inert surface chemistry. To deposit high-quality, thin dielectrics on 2D materials, a flat lying titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) monolayer, deposited via the molecular beam epitaxy, was employed to create a seed layer for atomic layer deposition (ALD) on 2D materials, and the initial stage of growth was probed using in situ STM. ALD pulses of trimethyl aluminum (TMA) and H2O resulted in the uniform deposition of AlOx on the TiOPc/HOPG. The uniformity of the dielectric is consistent with DFT calculations showing multiple reaction sites are available on the TiOPc molecule for reaction with TMA. Capacitors prepared with 50 cycles of AlOx on TiOPc/graphene display a capacitance greater than 1000 nF/cm2, and dual-gated devices have current densities of 10–7A/cm2 with 40 cycles.
Multimedia systems: A review and report of a pilot project

REVIEW OF RELATED ARTICLES AND REPORTS OF RESEARCH Much has been written of the uses and advantages of individual media, little about their interaction with students and teachers. Much is claimed for the effects of media on learning, but there has been little exploration of such effects through integrated media systems. Media and materials are being developed in greater numbers and variety to supplement and amplify the effects of texts, laboratories, and teacher presentations; they facilitate more effective use of the capacity of teachers to adjust to differences in students and environments. To overlook such means of increasing teacher effectiveness is to shirk one's responsibility as an educator. Meierhenry (~o) noted a need for investigation of the interactions of teacher, student, and medium, with emphasis on learner characteristics. Gilpin (4) had previously observed that " . . . when an important instructional task i s . . . specified [and] an instructional sys tem. . , designed to meet the specifications . . . a baseline will have been established." He also noted that the focus of research should be on criterion specification and measurement. Automation, implicit in any highly systematized
Immunosuppression by Tumor Viruses: Effects of Leukemia Virus Infection on the Immune Response*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses studies analyzing immunosuppression by tumor viruses, and the effects of leukemia virus infection on the immune response. In one study, mice infected with friend virus (FV) at different times, either prior to, simultaneously with, or after challenge immunization with sheep erythrocytes, showed varying levels of immunologic responsiveness. The fewest antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) to the erythrocytes occurred in mice infected with virus prior to immunization. Maximum suppression occurred when the interval between infection and immunity was the longest. Both the primary and secondary responses were depressed when mice were infected with virus 3–8 days or longer before challenge immunization. Although both 7S (IgG) and 19S (IgM) PFCs were affected during the secondary response, the greatest depression occurred in the number of low-efficiency 7S PFCs. The degree of suppression was also directly related to the dose of virus administered. A greater level of immunosuppression occurred with the most concentrated dose of virus. Splenomegaly of infected animals appeared to be related to the level of immunosuppression.
Anti-angiogenic properties of vitreous

Vitreous is vascularized in the fetus but is avascular through normal adult life. This gel changing from a pro-angiogenic to anti-angiogenic milieu accompanies the loss in vasculature. The avascularity of adult vitreous may be due to the myriad of anti-angiogenic proteins normally present that include transforming growth factor-β, pigment epithelial-derived factor, thrombospondin, and endostatin. In disease states such as diabetic and sickle cell retinopathies, preretinal neovascularization grows from retina into vitreous. These angiogenic events occur when there is a shift in balance between angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and anti-angiogenic factors and the vitreous returns to a pro-angiogenic environment.
Lessons from Katrina: commanding the military during disaster response - then and now

The 2005 US military response to Hurricane Katrina was one of the largest domestic response efforts in US history combining 70,000 military personnel from various state National Guards and the federal military. The size and scope of the response resulted in major coordination challenges between the states and federal government that have been well-documented. The lessons learned from Katrina brought about significant changes to domestic military civil support law and policies. This paper analyses the military response to Hurricane Katrina and chronicles the changes to the US' military civil support system as a result. It builds on this and discusses how such changes might prove useful on an international scale. Emphasising disaster response operations in Canada, Australia - and to a lesser extent multi-national efforts - the paper presents analysis to suggest how incorporating similar changes in other countries may lead to improved military disaster response capabilities worldwide.