cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Darwinian alchemy: Human genes from noncoding DNA.

At least since the publication of Susumu Ohno's Evolution by Gene Duplication (Ohno 1970), the conventional wisdom has been that, in the emergence of novel genes, “natural selection merely modified, while redundancy created.” In other words, new genes generally arise by the duplication of existing genes. While the notion that duplication plays a prominent role in the emergence of novel genes is perhaps most famously associated with Ohno, it actually traces back to the early days of the modern evolutionary synthesis (Bridges 1935; Muller 1936). Decades of modern sequence-based research have largely supported this general view (Graur and Li 2000). In recent years, the classic model of whole gene duplication and subsequent divergence has been enlarged to include phenomena such as exon shuffling, gene fusion and fission, retrotransposition, and lateral gene transfer (for review, see Long et al. 2003). Nevertheless, despite their additional complexity, these mechanisms remain essentially duplicative, in the sense that sequences encoding one or more protein-coding genes are copied, by one mechanism or another, and used as the starting point for a new gene sequence. (An exception is the exonization of noncoding transposable elements, such as Alus, but this process tends to generate individual exons rather than entire genes;Makalowski et al. 1994; Nekrutenko and Li 2001.) By contrast, the origination of protein-coding genes de novo from nonrepetitive, noncoding DNA has been thought to occur only as an exceptionally rare event during evolution. Indeed, the emergence of complete, functional genes—with promoters, open reading frames (ORFs), and functional proteins—from “junk” DNA would seem highly improbable, almost like the elusive transmutation of lead into gold that was sought by medieval alchemists.
Diesel-like and HCCI-like operation of a truck engine converted to hydrogen

Abstract In addition to the traditional spark ignition (SI), premixed, gasoline-like and compression ignition (CI), diffusion, Diesel-like operation of internal combustion engines, premixed, homogeneous charge, compression ignition (HCCI) operation has also been proposed to improve the fuel conversion efficiency and reduce the pollutant formation. To be attractive, the operation in HCCI mode has to be coupled with the other traditional operations, being HCCI in general difficult to be controlled and limited to values of the air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ within a narrow windows set by the lean burn limits with large λ and the peak pressure limits with small λ. Furthermore, the specific kinetics of hydrogen makes this fuel more difficult than other hydrocarbons to work in an engine operating HCCI without assistance. In a recent paper, the design of a 12.8 L in-line six cylinder turbo charged directly injected heavy duty truck Diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen has been discussed. Conversion of a latest Diesel engine with a novel power turbine has been studied replacing the in-cylinder Diesel injector and glow plug with a hydrogen injector and a jet ignition pre-chamber. The pre-chamber is a small volume accommodating another hydrogen injector and a glow plug being connected to the in-cylinder through calibrated orifices. This design permits to operate the engine in four different modes: – diffusion with jet ignition M1 - an injection occurs in the jet ignition pre-chamber before the main chamber fuel is injected and the engine operates therefore Diesel-like; – mixed diffusion/premixed Diesel/gasoline like M2 - an injection occurs in the jet ignition pre-chamber after only part of the main chamber fuel is injected and mixed with air; – premixed with jet ignition M3 - an injection occurs in the jet ignition pre-chamber after the main chamber fuel is injected and mixed with air and the engine operates gasoline-like; – premixed without jet ignition M4 - no injection occurs in the jet ignition pre-chamber and the engine operates HCCI-like. While only the Diesel-like operation was previously considered full load, all the modes including the operation HCCI-like are considered here over the full range of loads where the power turbine is either connected to the crankshaft or disconnected and the exhaust gases pass through this turbine or bypass the turbine. This paper deals with computational rather than experimental work. Computations are made with the latest predictive HCCI model using detailed kinetics of GT-POWER and the well established correlative Wiebe models for Diesel and gasoline combustion. HCCI-like operation is considered over a range of air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ much wider than usually considered with other fuels being perhaps even more suitable than hydrogen to this operation thanks to the jet ignition assistance.
THE EFFECTS OF MATCHED STIMULATION AND RESPONSE INTERRUPTION AND REDIRECTION ON VOCAL STEREOTYPY

Stereotypy has been classified as repetitive behavior that does not serve any apparent function. Two procedures that have been found to reduce rates of vocal stereotypy effectively are response interruption and redirection (RIRD) and noncontingent access to matched stimulation (MS). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of RIRD alone, MS alone, and MS combined with RIRD. One participant's results suggested similar suppressive effects on vocal stereotypy across treatment conditions. For the second participant, a slightly greater suppression of stereotypy was associated with MS + RIRD. In addition, both participants emitted a greater frequency of appropriate vocalizations in conditions with RIRD. Data suggest that the addition of MS might facilitate the implementation of RIRD in applied settings.
Dynamic Quenching of Porphyrin Triplet States by Two-Photon Absorbing Dyes: Towards Two-Photon-Enhanced Oxygen Nanosensors

Two-photon-enhanced dendritic nanoprobes are being developed for two-photon (2P) laser scanning microscopy of oxygen [1]. In these molecular constructs, phosphorescence of metalloporphyrins is coupled to two-photon absorption (2PA) of electronically separate antenna dyes via intramolecular Forster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET). In the originally developed probes, competing electron transfer (ET) between the antennae and the long-lived triplet states of metalloporphyrins partially quenched the phosphorescence, reducing the probe's sensitivity and dynamic range. The rate of such ET can be reduced by tuning the redox potentials of the chromophores. In order to identify the optimal metalloporphyrin-2P antenna pairs, we performed screening of several phosphorescent Pt porphyrins (FRET acceptors) and 2P dyes (FRET donors) using dynamic quenching of phosphorescence. Phosphorescence lifetimes of Pt porphyrins were measured as a function of the dye concentration in organic solutions. The obtained Stern-Volmer quenching constants were correlated with the corresponding ET driving forces (ΔGET), calculated using the Rehm-Weller equation. FRET-pairs with minimal quenching rates were identified. The developed approach allows convenient screening of candidate-compounds for covalent assembly of 2P-enhanced triplet nanodevices. Systematic electrochemical measurements in a series of Pt porphyrins with varying peripheral substitution and conjugation pathways are presented.
Vascular Abdominal Emergencies

Vascular emergencies are an uncommon but significant cause of abdominal pain, back pain, hemorrhagic shock, and death in adults. This article reviews abdominal vascular anatomy, risk factors, signs and symptoms, abdominal vascular thrombosis, mesenteric ischemia and infarction, and abdominal vascular emboli and aneurysms.
Synthesis of sulfonated polyaniline by polymerization of the aniline heterodimer 4-aminodiphenylamine-2-sulfonic acid

Abstract The aniline heterodimer 4-aminodiphenylamine-2-sulfonic acid has been polymerized in aqueous ammonium persulfate solution to yield a new form of sulfonated polyaniline (SPAn). This polymer, obtained as a green powder, is soluble in aqueous base (violet solution) and polar solvents (green solution, turning blue on standing). Its FTIR, UV–VIS and EPR spectra are quite similar to those of SPAn obtained by direct ring-sulfonation of polyaniline. The room temperature dc conductivity of the polymer is about 1.3×10 −5 S/cm, indicative of considerable disorder in the sample. Cyclic voltammetry in 1.0 M HCl shows two redox peaks at E 1/2,1 =0.50 V and E 1/2,2 =0.68 V against Ag/AgCl electrode, characteristic of SPAn.
INTERDEPENDENCE AND CAPABILITIES FOR EUROPEAN COOPERATION

SUMMARY It is a commonplace that the world has grown more interdependent during the twentieth century. One can point to revolutions in transportation, communication, and weapons capabilities, or to the financial interdependencies of Eurodollars and foreign exchange sensitivities. It is not generally appreciated, however, that many of the international capabilities for dealing with problems that arise from these interdependencies have suffered a decline during the same period, at least relative to the burdens of interdependence that must be borne and often relative even to the level of capabilities that existed several decades ago. Western Europe nevertheless constitutes a substantial exception to the general trend, an island of cohesion in an increasingly disorganized world. A historical and contemporary comparative perspective may help to point out the peculiarly favorable opportunities now open to Western Europe.
Genotoxicity in workers exposed to methyl bromide.

Abstract To address the genotoxicity of in vivo methyl bromide (CAS 74-83-9) exposure in humans, we collected blood and oropharyngeal cells as part of a cross-sectional morbidity study of methyl bromide-exposed fumigation workers and their referents. Micronuclei were measured in lymphocytes and oropharyngeal cells, and hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene (hprt) mutations were measured in lymphocytes. A total of 32 workers and 28 referents provided specimens. Among current non-smokers, mean hprt variant frequencies (Vfs) were found to be elevated among workers compared to referents (geometric mean: workers=4.49×10−6, referents=2.96×10−6; two-sided p=0.22); this difference was more pronounced among workers with 4 h or more of recent methyl bromide exposure compared to referents (geometric mean: workers=6.56×10−6, referents=2.96×10−6; two-sided p=0.06). Mean oropharyngeal cell micronuclei were higher among workers compared to referents (mean: workers=2.00, referents=1.31; two-sided p=0.08); the results were similar when workers with 4 h or more of recent methyl bromide exposure were compared to referents (mean: workers=2.07, referents=1.31; two-sided p=0.13). No consistent differences between workers and referents were observed for frequencies of kinetochore-negative lymphocyte micronuclei, or kinetochore-positive lymphocyte micronuclei. The study was limited by a sample size sufficient only for detecting relatively large differences, absence of a reliable method to measure the intensity of workplace methyl bromide exposures, and relatively infrequent methyl bromide exposure (e.g., the median length of exposure to methyl bromide during the 2 weeks preceding the survey was 4 h). In conclusion, our findings provide some evidence that methyl bromide exposure may be associated with genotoxic effects in lymphocytes and oropharyngeal cells. Further study on the genotoxicity of methyl bromide exposure in humans is warranted.
Fast face tracking using parallel particle filter algorithm

This paper proposed a multi-cue based face tracking algorithm with the help of parallel multi-core processing. Due to illumination and occlusion problems, face tracking usually does not work stably based on a single cue. Three different visual cues, color histogram, edge orientation histogram and wavelet feature, are integrated under the framework of particle filter to improve the tracking performance considerably. To handle the huge amount of computation cost resulted from the introduced multi-cue strategy, a map-reduce thread model is designed to parallel and speed up the observation steps. Besides, an online updating strategy makes our algorithm adaptable to some slight face rotations. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed face tracking algorithm works robustly for cluttered backgrounds and different illuminations. The multi-core parallel scheme achieves a good linear speedup compared to the corresponding sequential algorithms.
Relationship Between Discolorations in Eggs and Dietary-Free Gossypol Supplied by Different Cottonseed Products

Abstract THERE is ample experimental evidence that two different components of cottonseed cause discolorations in egg yolks. One, whose identity is not known, causes “pink” albumen as well as “reddish-brown” or “orange” yolks. The other causes discolorations commonly called “olive-green.” The appearance of olive-colored yolks in eggs laid by chickens fed cottonseed meal was apparently first reported by Lamon and Lee (1917), and the responsible substance first identified as gossypol by Schaible, Moore and Moore (1934). The observations of Swenson, Fieger and Upp (1942) and of Heywang, Denton and Bird (1949) show that yolk discolorations attributable to gossypol may range from olive-green or light chocolate brown to nearly black. The portion of the gossypol extractable by aqueous acetone is defined as free-gossypol (American Oil Chemists’ Society, 1952). All the gossypol in meals can be recovered by use of the acid treatment prior to extraction with aqueous acetone. The difference in value …
Multiresolution analysis. Haar bases, and self-similar tilings of R/sup n/

Orthonormal bases for L/sup 2/(R/sup n/) are constructed that have properties that are similar to those enjoyed by the classical Haar basis for L/sup 2/(R). For example, each basis consists of appropriate dilates and translates of a finite collection of 'piecewise constant' functions. The construction is based on the notion of multiresolution analysis and reveals an interesting connection between the theory of compactly supported wavelet bases and the theory of self-similar tilings. >
Wildfire promotes dominance of invasive giant reed (Arundo donax) in riparian ecosystems

Widespread invasion of riparian ecosystems by the large bamboo-like grass Arundo donax L. has altered community structure and ecological function of streams in California. This study evaluated the influence of wildfire on A. donax invasion by investigating its relative rate of reestablishment versus native riparian species after wildfire burned 300 ha of riparian woodlands along the Santa Clara River in southern California in October 2003. Post-fire A. donax growth rates and productivity were compared to those of native woody riparian species in plots established before and after the fire. Arundo donax resprouted within days after the fire and exhibited higher growth rates and productivity compared to native riparian plants. Arundo donax grew 3–4 times faster than native woody riparian plants—up to a mean of 2.62 cm day−1—and reached up to 2.3 m in height less than 3 months after the fire. One year post-fire, A. donax density was nearly 20 times higher and productivity was 14–24 times higher than for native woody species. Three mechanisms—fire-adapted phenology, high growth rate, and growth response to nutrient enrichment—appear to promote the preemption of native woody riparian species by A. donax after fire. This greater dominance of A. donax after wildfire increased the susceptibility of riparian woodlands along the Santa Clara River to subsequent fire, potentially creating an invasive plant-fire regime cycle. Moreover, A. donax infestations appear to have allowed the wildfire to cross the broad bed of the Santa Clara River from the north, allowing thousands of acres of shrubland to the south to burn.
Z-Contrast STEM Imaging and EELS of CdSe Nanocrystals: Towards the Analysis of Individual Nanocrystal Surfaces

We have applied Atomic Number Contract Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (Z-Contrast STEM) and STEM/EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy) towards the study of colloidal CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals embedded in MEH-PPV polymer films. Unlike the case of conventional phase-contrast High Resolution TEM, Z-Contrast images are direct projections of the atomic structure. Hence they can be interpreted without the need for sophisticated image simulation and the image intensity is a direct measure of the thickness of a nanocrystal. Our thickness measurements are in agreement with the predicted faceted shape of these nanocrystals. Our unique 1.3A resolution STEM has successfully resolve3d the sublattice structure of these CdSe nanocrystals. In [010] projection (the polar axis in the image plane) we can distinguish Se atom columns from Cd columns. Consequently we can study the effects of lattice polarity on the nanocrystal morphology. Furthermore, since the STEM technique does not rely on diffraction, it is superbly suited to the study of non-periodic detail, such as the surface structure of the nanocrystals. EELS measurements on individual nanocrystals indicate a significant amount (equivalet to 0.5-1 surface monolayers) of oxygen on the nanocrystals, despite processing in an inert atmosphere. Spatially resolved measurements at 7A resolution suggest a surface oxide layer. However, the uncertainty in the measurement precludes definitive assignment at this time. The source of the oxygen is under investigation as well.
Solutions for hard and soft constraints using optimized probabilistic satisfiability

Practical problems often combine real-world hard constraints with soft constraints involving preferences, uncertainties or flexible requirements. A probability distribution over the models that meet the hard constraints is an answer to such problems that is in the spirit of incorporating soft constraints. We propose a method using SAT-based reasoning, probabilistic reasoning and linear programming that computes such a distribution when soft constraints are interpreted as constraints whose violation is bound by a given probability. The method, called Optimized Probabilistic Satisfiability (oPSAT), consists of a two-phase computation of a probability distribution over the set of valuations of a SAT formula. Algorithms for both phases are presented and their complexity is discussed. We also describe an application of the oPSAT technique to the problem of combinatorial materials discovery.
Clinical safety of Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 (FAHF-2) and inhibitory effect on basophils from patients with food allergy: Extended phase I study

Background Food allergy is a common and increasing health concern in westernized countries. No effective treatment is available, and accidental ingestion can be life-threatening. Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 (FAHF-2) blocks peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine model of peanut-induced anaphylaxis. It was found to be safe and well tolerated in an acute phase I study of patients with food allergy. Objective We sought to assess the safety of FAHF-2 in an extended phase I clinical trial and determine the potential effects on peripheral blood basophils from patients with food allergy. Methods Patients in an open-label study received 3.3 g (6 tablets) of FAHF-2 three times a day for 6 months. Vital signs, physical examination results, laboratory data, pulmonary function test results, and electrocardiographic data were acquired at baseline and at 2-month intervals. During the course of the study, basophil activation and basophil and eosinophil numbers were evaluated by using CCR3/CD63 staining and flow cytometry. Results Of 18 patients enrolled, 14 completed the study. No significant drug-associated differences in laboratory parameters, pulmonary function study results, or electrocardiographic findings before and after treatment were found. There was a significant reduction ( P ex vivo stimulation at month 6. There was also a trend toward a reduction in eosinophil and basophil numbers after treatment. Conclusion FAHF-2 was safe and well tolerated and had an inhibitory effects on basophil numbers in an extended phase I clinical study. A controlled phase II study is warranted.
Sources of Structural Change in Input–Output Systems: A Field of Influence Approach

The analysis of structural change with input–output (IO) tables is extended beyond the initial ideas of Chenery and Watanabe, and beyond the recent applications of Feldman et al. and Dewhurst, to embrace a more comprehensive view. With this perspective, change is decomposed into three initial components, and these components are further divided into change initiated within the sector and outside the sector. The analysis is then linked with the notion of a ‘field of influence of change’ to provide a more complete view of the way in which changes penetrate the rest of the economic system. The analytical perspectives are illustrated with applications to a three-sector set of IO tables for the US economy for the period 1948–77.
The Attribute-Dynamic Attitude Model Adam

The traditional compensatory multi-attribute model persists in being inconsistent with empirical findings. It is suggested here that the model is based on a number of significant conceptual simplifications. Although the individual choice behavior is partially characterized by randomness, the model attempts to reveal the underlying deterministic rationale of the choice behavior, abstracted from random fluctuations. If such a model is conceptually false then no stochastic refinement can validate it, although some statistical tests might be improved slightly. We need a different kind of deterministic choice rationale, a new paradigm, capable of explaining and predicting those changes, intransitivities and inconsistencies of the individual choice behavior for which we currently have only a stochastic explanation. Such a methodology can then be further refined via stochastic extension. The model presented here is designed to explain and predict changes in individual choice behavior under varying conditions of choice.
The components of love: Romantic attraction and sex role orientation

Hypotheses derived from both Erich FROMM and the feminist literature linking sex-role orientation to type of love experienced were tested in a sample of 123 heterosexual dating couples. Factor analysis of questionnaire data identified 5 components of love: romantic dependency, communicative intimacy, physical arousal, respect, and romantic compatibility. Type of love was related to sex-role orientation, with traditional characterized by romantic dependency and romantic compatibility, while nontraditionals emphasized communicative intimacy. Sex differences showed females being more emotionally expressive in their love than males and scoring higher on communicative intimacy.
Combating the Obesity Epidemic: Community Pharmacists Counseling on Obesity Management

BACKGROUNDObesity is reaching an epidemic proportion in the US. Nearly two-thirds (64.7%) of US adults are overweight or obese. Given the myriad of issues related to the management of obesity, community pharmacists can facilitate weight loss among their patients.OBJECTIVETo identify factors that influence the frequency of counseling obese patients by community pharmacists.METHODSA mail survey was sent to a random sample of 400 Texas community pharmacists. The questionnaire collected information on frequency of counseling obese patients, perceived comfort level with counseling obese patients, perceived effectiveness of various obesity treatments, and perceived confidence in achieving positive outcomes as a result of counseling. Demographic information was also collected. Descriptive statistics, correlational analyses, and t-tests were used to examine the data.RESULTSA usable response rate of 35.2% was obtained (139 completed surveys out of 395 assumed delivered). Overall, pharmacists counseled patients rar...
Phase reversion to reduce power spectral density of multi-band UWB signals

Ultra wide-band (UWB) radio uses pulses of very short duration, thereby spreading the energy of the radio signal very thinly over several Gigahertz bandwidth. The power spectral density (PSD) of UWB signals consists of a continuous component and a discrete component. The discrete component presents greater interference to narrow-band communication systems than the continuous component. Multi-band UWB, recently proposed to IEEE 802.15.3a, divides the working spectrum into sub-bands, in each of which one waveform is used for the impulse. In this paper, we devise an efficient mechanism to suppress the discrete PSD component of multi-band UWB.
Examining the Effectiveness of Boot Camps: A Randomized Experiment with a Long-Term Follow Up

The boot camp model became a correctional panacea for juvenile offenders during the early 1990s, promising the best of both worlds—less recidivism and lower operating costs. Although there have been numerous studies of boot camp programs since that time, most have relied on nonrandomized comparison groups. The California Youth Authority’s (CYA’s) experimental study of its juvenile boot camp and intensive parole program (called LEAD)—versus standard custody and parole—was an important exception, but its legislatively mandated in-house evaluation was prepared before complete outcome data were available. The present study capitalizes on full and relatively long-term follow-up arrest data for the LEAD evaluation provided by the California Department of Justice in August 2002. Using both survival models and negative binomial regression models, the results indicate that there were no significant differences between groups in terms of time to first arrest or average arrest frequency.
Using Sociometry to Predict Team Performance in the Work Place

Abstract Teams are becoming an increasingly popular way to improve performance and quality in the work place. Little research, however, has addressed the question of how to predict high performance from individuals who are placed on teams. Sociometry can provide an alternative to previous methods by measuring preferred pairings among team members across a number of tasks or settings. The choices given and received among members within a social network can reveal the degree of mutual preference for working together, and is referred to as the group's density. In this study, the survey method was used to measure 29 squads at a military college for their density as well as for the level of satisfaction and perceived cohesion among team members. Sociometric strong or dense teams were found to perform better across a combination of several different criterion measures. Implications for future research and applied uses in organizations are discussed.
An acoustic charge transport digitally programmable transversal filter

A monolithic 64-tap digitally programmable analog transversal filter is described that uses an acoustic charge transport (ACT) tapped delay line and integrated GaAs MESFET circuits for coefficient storage and tap weight circuitry. The device has 6-b tap weights, an input sampling rate of 360 MHz, and an output tap spacing corresponding to an output sampling rate of 130 MHz. This results in the effective execution of 8*10/sup 9/ multiply and sum operations per second in a 38-mm/sup 2/ chip that dissipates less than 2 W. This effective computational rate is limited in the present design by the spacing of the ACT delay line taps, which is dictated by the geometry of the tap weight circuits. The chip uses fully random-access tap weight memory, which is easier to interface to typical digital controllers than the usual shift-register storage approach. Tap address and tap weight data are applied as parallel 6-b words, and the data work is clocked into the address location by the application of an enable pulse. The tap weight circuits use monolithic capacitors and GaAs MESFET analog switches to realize a multiplying converter based on a C/2C ladder configuration with a sign-and-magnitude tap weight word format. A ladder accuracy of 7 b is achieved by compensating the ladder component values for parasitics. >
Flip-chip fabrication of advanced micromirror arrays

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and testing of advanced micromirror arrays created using a novel, inexpensive, simple, reliable, and repeatable flip-chip assembly technique. The arrays are assembled by flip-chip bonding the upper structural layers of a micromirror array chip to the lower structural layers of a submount receiving chip using a custom built flip-chip bonding machine. Each chip is commercially prefabricated in the MUMPS process and then flip-chip bonded to form the working arrays such that many of the typical adverse effects of surface-micromachining were removed. Several arrays of piston and cantilever micromirror devices were flip-chip fabricated using this technique. These arrays demonstrated unprecedented features including 98% active surface area, five structural layers, less than 2 nm of RMS surface roughness per device, less than 80 nm of peak planarity variance across 1 mm arrays, address potentials compatible with CMOS control electronics and built-in masking capabilities for deposition of reflective materials. This work demonstrates that the demanding requirements of most micromirror applications can be met using a fast, simple, and low-cost technique that produces devices superior to those fabricated using far more costly techniques.
The Triumph of Innovation and the Hard Work of Caring for Patients With Diabetes

In this issue, Zaccardi and colleagues' network meta-analysis summarizes evidence about the efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. The editorialists discuss t...
The ABC'S of Lexicostatistics (Glottochronology)

(1956). The ABC'S of Lexicostatistics (Glottochronology) WORD: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 175-210.
Individual blade control for alleviation of helicopter ground resonance

Individual Blade Control (IBC) through blade root pitch actuation in the rotating system, based on rotor state feedback, is investigated as a means to alleviate ground resonance instability. Formal optimization techniques are used on two different model rotors to determine a combination of controller gains, for each rotor, that will alleviate resonance over a broad range of conditions. For both model rotors considered, IBC stabilized ground resonance over a wide range of rotational speeds and collective pitch values. The robustness of these IBC schemes is verified by their continued effectiveness in case of changes in fuselage inertia. IBC is shown to have a greater stabilizing effect on ground resonance than either aeroelastic couplings or active control through the swashplate based on fuselage state feedback. The optimized Individual Blade Control used to alleviate ground resonance was found to improve aeromechanical stability in hover.
MP40-18 LONG-TERM ONCOLOGICAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY FOR CLINICAL T1A AND T1B PROSTATE CANCER

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer (PCa) is incidentally found in 4e16% of patients surgically treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is staged as clinical T1a or T1b based on the percentage of tumor in the specimen: 0.2 ng/mL and/or biopsy-proven local recurrence. Metastasis was determined by imaging. Cause of death was obtained from death certificates. RESULTS: A total of 86 (34%) and 166 (66%) men had cT1a and cT1b PCa, respectively. Compared to cT1b, cT1a men had less positive surgical margins and lower pathological Gleason score (P 0.05). A total of 12 (14%) T1a and 45 (27%) T1b men developed disease recurrence over a median follow-up of 14.8 years. No cT1a and 9 (5%) cT1b men developed metastasis. No cT1a and 6 (4%) cT1b died of PCa. Compared to patients with cT1b tumors, cT1a patients had longer recurrence-free and metastasis-free survival (both P < 0.05) and a trend toward better disease-specific survival (P 1⁄4 0.078; Figure). CONCLUSIONS: cT1a PCa is associated with low stage and low grade disease. Although both cT1a and cT1b have very favorable prognoses after RP, a small but not negligible percentage of cT1b men will develop systemic progression and experience cancer-specific mortality, compared to no progression or PCa deaths in the T1a group. Our findings support active treatment for selected T1b PCa cases. Source of Funding: None
Unspanned Volatility in Non-Affine Short Rate Models and Conformal Symmetry

We employ conformal symmetries to provide a generic tractable framework for interest rate modelling. The approach combines calibration flexibility of market models with tractability and computational efficiency of shot rate models. The methodology enables robust calibration to the whole variety of caps and swaptions with various expirations, strikes and tenors. In the same time, low dimensionality enables backward induction allowing efficient valuation of bermudan swaptions without resorting to suboptimal American Monte Carlo.
C9ORF72-ALS/FTD: Transgenic Mice Make a Come-BAC.

For five years, since the landmark discovery of the C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in ALS/FTD, a transgenic mouse model has remained elusive. Now, two laboratories (Liu et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2016) report the development of BAC transgenic mice that recapitulate features of the human disease.
Impact of transfemoral versus transapical access on mortality among patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Abstract Objective To compare early and late mortality of transfemoral (TF) and transapical (TA) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients and assess predictors for mortality. Background Studies have shown conflicting results regarding impact of access on outcome in severe aortic stenosis (AS) patients undergoing TAVR. Methods AS patients undergoing TAVR between May 2007–December 2014 were included. Baseline demographic, clinical, and imaging parameters were compared according to access, and landmark analysis models were generated to assess outcomes and associated factors. Results Among 648 severe AS patients undergoing TAVR, TF was used in 516 and TA in 132. Baseline characteristics between groups demonstrated lower body mass index, higher STS score, and rate of peripheral vascular disease among TA patients. Procedural complications were more common in the TA group, especially major bleeding (15% vs. 6%, p 1 (8% vs. 1.4%, p 60 mmHg (HR = 3.08 95% CI [7.37–1.29], p = 0.01) and residual aortic regurgitation severity above mild (HR = 3.99 95% CI [10.2–1.56], p = 0.004). Conclusions Patients undergoing TAVR via TA have higher adjusted early mortality and similar late mortality rates compared to TF, despite higher risk profile.
Investigating the effect of F0 and vocal intensity on harmonic magnitudes: data from high-speed laryngeal videoendoscopy.

The relative magnitude of the first two harmonics of the voice source (H1*-H2*) is an important measure and is assumed to be one exponent of changes in vocal quality along a breathyto-pressed continuum. H1*-H2* is often associated with glottal open quotient (OQ) and glottal pulse skewness (as quantified by speed quotient, SQ), but may also covary with fundamental frequency (F0) and vocal intensity. We examined the relationship between H1*-H2*, F0, and vocal intensity using phonations in which vocal qualities varied continuously in F0 and intensity. Glottal area measures (OQ and SQ) and acoustic measures (F0, intensity, and H1*-H2*) were studied using simultaneously-collected laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy and audio recordings from 9 subjects. Analyses of individual speakers showed that H1*-H2* may sometimes vary as a function of F0 alone, with OQ and SQ remaining rather constant, hypothetically when nonlinear source-filter interaction is strong. Although conventionally H1*-H2* is assumed to decrease with increasing vocal intensity due to a decrease in OQ, results showed examples where H1*-H2* increased with increasing vocal intensity, hypothetically when the effect of decreasing pulse skewness exceeds the effect of decreasing OQ. In some phonatory modes, the relationship between SQ and H1*H2* may not be as monotonic as previously assumed.
Problems of the lacrimal system in children.

The lacrimal system is composed of various glands to produce tears and a drainge system for tear removal. The most common abnormality is a defect or blockage in the drainage system, a blocked nasolacrimal duct. Most of the evidence favors conservative management of this condition, reserving probing for those that fail to resolve by one year of age.
Sensitivity of Axisymmetric Tropical Cyclone Spinup Time to Dry Air Aloft

AbstractThe sensitivity of tropical cyclone spinup time to the initial entropy deficit of the troposphere is examined in an axisymmetric hurricane model. Larger initial entropy deficits correspond to less moisture above the initial lifting condensation level of a subcloud-layer parcel. The spinup time is quantified in terms of thresholds of integrated horizontal kinetic energy within a radius of 300 km and below a height of 1.5 km. The spinup time increases sublinearly with increasing entropy deficit, indicating the greatest sensitivity lies with initial moisture profiles closer to saturation. As the moisture profile approaches saturation, there is a large increase in the low-level, area-averaged, vertical mass flux over the spinup period because of the predominance of deep convection. Higher entropy deficit experiments have a greater amount of cumulus congestus and reduced vertical mass flux over a longer duration. Consequently, the secondary circulation takes longer to build upward, and the radial influ...
Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Preterm and Term Milk

BackgroundThe recommended food of preterm infants is milk from their own mothers, or, if not available, pasteurized donor milk, which typically consists of term milk from late lactation. Human milk...
Online Graph Partitioning with an Affine Message Combining Cost Function

Graph partitioning is a key step in developing scalable data mining algorithms on massive graph data such as web graphs and social networks. Graph partitioning is often formalized as an optimization problem where we assign graph vertices to computing nodes with the objection to both minimize the communication cost between computing nodes and to balance the load of computing nodes. Such optimization was specified using a cost function to measure the quality of graph partition. Current graph systems such as Pregel, Graphlab take graph cut, i.e. counting the number of edges that cross different partitions, as the cost function of graph partition. We argue that graph cut ignores many characteristics of modern computing cluster and to develop better graph partitioning algorithm we should revise the cost function. In particular we believe that message combing, a new technique that was recently developed in order to minimize communication of computing nodes, should be considered in designing new cost functions for graph partitioning. In this paper, we propose a new cost function for graph partitioning which considers message combining. In this new cost function, we consider communication cost from three different sources: (1) two computing nodes establish a message channel between them; (2) a process creates a message utilize the channel and (3) the length of the message. Based on this cost function, we develop several heuristics for large graph partitioning. We have performed comprehensive experiments using real-world graphs. Our results demonstrate that our algorithms yield significant performance improvements over state-of-the-art approaches. The new cost function developed in this paper should help design new graph partition algorithms for better graph system performance.
A comparison of numerical methods for solving multibody dynamics problems with frictional contact modeled via differential variational inequalities

Abstract We investigate two classes of solvers used to determine the time evolution of large systems of rigid bodies that mutually interact through contact with friction. The contact is modeled through a complementarity condition; the friction is posed as a variational problem. The system dynamics is described by a set of differential algebraic equations coupled with differential variational inequalities (DVI). Upon discretization in time, the complementarity conditions enforced at the velocity level are relaxed to obtain a cone complementarity problem (CCP). The solution of the CCP, which becomes the simulation bottleneck, is found by minimizing an equivalent quadratic optimization problem with conic constraints. Herein, we investigate two classes of solvers for this constrained optimization problem. The projected Gauss–Jacobi(PGJ), projected Gauss–Seidel (PGS), and accelerated projected gradient descent (APGD) methods are exponents of the first class of solvers. They are first order , using only cost-function value and gradient information. The second class of solvers is represented by a symmetric cone interior point (SCIP) method and a primal–dual interior point (PDIP) method. These second order methods rely on a Newton step to identify the descent direction and a line search to compute the step size. All five methods draw on parallel computing on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) cards; the Newton step employs a sparse parallel GPU solver. Two types of numerical experiments, filling and drafting, are carried out to evaluate the performance of the five solution strategies in terms of convergence rate, accuracy, and computational cost. For consistency, all numerical experiments were performed in the same open source code modified to host the five methods of interest.
Experimental demonstration of a trophic cascade in the Galápagos rocky subtidal: Effects of consumer identity and behavior

In diverse tropical webs, trophic cascades are presumed to be rare, as species interactions may dampen top-down control and reduce their prevalence. To test this hypothesis, we used an open experimental design in the Galapagos rocky subtidal that enabled a diverse guild of fish species, in the presence of each other and top predators (sea lions and sharks), to attack two species of sea urchins grazing on benthic algae. Time-lapse photography of experiments on natural and experimental substrates revealed strong species identity effects: only two predator species–blunthead triggerfish (Pseudobalistes naufragium) and finescale triggerfish (Balistes polylepis)–drove a diurnal trophic cascade extending to algae, and they preferred large pencil urchins (Eucidaris galapagensis) over green urchins (Lytechinus semituberculatus). Triggerfish predation effects were strong, causing a 24-fold reduction of pencil urchin densities during the initial 21 hours of a trophic cascade experiment. A trophic cascade was demonstrated for pencil urchins, but not for green urchins, by significantly higher percent cover of urchin-grazed algae in cages that excluded predatory fish than in predator access (fence) treatments. Pencil urchins were more abundant at night when triggerfish were absent, suggesting that this species persists by exploiting a nocturnal predation refuge. Time-series of pencil urchin survivorship further demonstrated per capita interference effects of hogfish and top predators. These interference effects respectively weakened and extended the trophic cascade to a fourth trophic level through behavioral modifications of the triggerfish-urchin interaction. We conclude that interference behaviors capable of modifying interaction strength warrant greater attention as mechanisms for altering top-down control, particularly in speciose food webs.
Sex differences in temperament: A partial explanation for the sex difference in the prevalence of serious antisocial behaviors

Abstract Although temperamental traits, which refer to biologically based early-developing behavioral and emotional tendencies, have long been understood to be important constructs for understanding normal and abnormal development, their relevance to criminal justice has only recently been recognized. This paper extended belated recognition to an examination of how the sex difference in three temperamental dimensions contributed to the massive sex difference in the severest forms of antisocial behavior. The dimensions were attention/regulation, activity level, and emotionality. A plausible biological mechanism influencing each of these sex differences was also discussed.
Experimental and analytical evalution of embedded link performance with small-scale channel fluctuations

We have deployed a first-of-its-kind, urban-scale wireless mesh network which provides Internet access to 1000's of users spanning multiple square kilometers in an underserved area in Houston, TX. However, in this and other urban environments, IEEE 802.11 link performance is both misunderstood and poor-performing due to complex node interactions which are affected by a vast array of factors including topology, channel conditions, modulation rate, packet sizes, and physical layer capture. In this thesis, I draw from 100's of thousands of urban measurements and develop an analytical model to understand the performance of links embedded in the aforementioned complex scenarios. My focus is on two fundamental concepts involving embedded links. First, choosing the modulation rate which maximizes the throughput is imperative since each bit of the (overly-)shared medium is critical. Yet, all existing rate adaptation mechanisrns fail to track the ideal rate even in a simple, non-mobile urban scenario. Using a custom cross-layer framework, I implement multiple and previously un-implemented rate adaptation mechanisms to reveal the reasons for the failure and design rate adaptation mechanisms which are able to track urban and downtown vehicular and non-mobile environments. Second, I pose a basic, yet unsolved problem: given a time-varying channel and traffic matrix in the aforementioned complex scenario, predict the throughput of an embedded link and understand the complex interactions of factors that lead to its performance. By performing thousands of measurements of embedded links on an urban mesh network and developing an analytical model, this work is the first to show that even a 1 dB change in channel state can yield a bi-modal shift in throughput that emulates a change in node connectivity. Finally, I apply our model and experimentation to modulation rate selection and the interaction of control and data traffic to show that understanding these complex interdependencies leads to operation in improved performance regimes. My work has implications for this and other urban communities which have unequal access to Internet resources, enabling a high-speed access infrastructure at extremely low cost.
Definition des optimalen Content-Fokus

Dieses Kapitel soll beleuchten, wie sich der Content-Fokus bei Webtexten definiert. Dabei gilt es, nutzerzentriert zu arbeiten – von der Strategie bis hin zur Umsetzung. Ebenso muss jedem Texter und Content-Marketer klar sein, dass sich ein Paradigmenwechsel vollzogen hat. Die heutige, digitale Gestaltung des Contents muss eigenen Regeln unterliegen und sich klar von den Zielen im Printbereich unterscheiden. Dieses Kapitel soll die Elemente darlegen, die den richtigen Content-Fokus setzen: Zielgruppe User-Intent Customer-Journey Aufgabe des Contents Abgrenzung zu klassischen Webtexten
2014 AGU Section and Focus Group Awardees and Named Lecturers

Thirty-eight scientists, in various stages of their careers, have been selected by AGU sections and focus groups to receive awards in 2014.