cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutional Incorporation of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) in Residency Training: Achieving a Sustainable Curriculum

The success of implementing a screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) program within a medical residency program for sustainability is contingent upon a well-crafted training curriculum that incorporates substance abuse education and clinical practice skills. The goal of the Howard University (HU) SBIRT program is to train residents in providing culturally competent evidence-based screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment for patients who have a substance use disorder or who are at risk for developing the disorder. Utilizing the Office of Graduate Medical Education (GME) allows all residents to be trained in SBIRT techniques and receive continuing education in SBIRT and SBIRT-related topics through new resident orientation and the core lecture series. The utilization of Graduate Medical Education office has allowed a robust SBIRT training program to be implemented into medical residency education, contributing to the sustainability of SBIRT as a component of patient care.
Upper Layer Protocols and Their Use in MAP

The Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) activity at General Motors (GM) is directed at satisfying the computer communications needs of the factory floor. The MAP specification document is being developed to formalize those needs and identify protocols to be used to meet those needs. The MAP protocol specifications are based on adherence to the International Standards Organization (ISO) seven-layer model for open systems interconnection.
The Harvard Pigeon Lab in context.

tion theory. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29, 331–336. de Villiers, P. A. (1974). The law of effect and avoidance: A quantitative relationship between response rate and shock-frequency reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 223–235. Herrnstein, R. J. (1970). On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 243–266. Herrnstein, R. J. (1991). Experiments on stable suboptimality in individual behavior. American Economic Review, 81, 360–364. Herrnstein, R. J., & Prelec, D. (1991). Melioration: A theory of distributed choice. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 137–156. Herrnstein, R. J., Rachlin, H., & Laibson, D. I. (Eds.). (1997). The matching law: Papers in psychology and economics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Herrnstein, R. J., & Vaughan, W., Jr. (1980). Melioration and behavioral allocation. In J. E. R. Staddon (Ed.), Limits to action (pp. 143–176). New York: Academic Press. Heyman, G. M., & Bouzas, A. (1980). Context dependent changes in the reinforcement strength of schedule-induced drinking. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, 327–335. Heyman, G. M., & Tanz, L. E. (1995). How to teach a pigeon to maximize overall reinforcement rate. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64, 277–297. Logue, A. W. (1983). Signal detection and matching: Analyzing choice on concurrent variable-interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 39, 107–127. Mazur, J. E. (1975). The matching law and quantifications related to Premack’s principle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1, 374–386. Miller, H. L., Jr. (1976). Matching-based hedonic scaling in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 26, 335–347. Prelec, D., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1978). Feedback functions for reinforcement: A paradigmatic experiment. Animal Learning & Behavior, 6, 181–186. Vaughan, W., Jr. (1981). Melioration, matching, and maximization. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36, 141–149.
RED-PENCILED: THE NEGLECT OF CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES IN INTRODUCTORY CRIMINAL JUSTICE TEXTBOOKS

ABSTRACT Several commentators have complained that critical criminology is neglected in mainstream publications in criminology and criminal justice. We examined this criticism through an empirical analysis of the coverage of critical criminology in 27 introductory criminal justice textbooks published from 1990 to 1999. Our data show that criminal justice textbooks devoted less coverage to critical perspectives than recent introductory criminology textbooks. The theoretical orientations of criminal justice textbooks (critical or mainstream) strongly affected the extent of coverage in the books. Among the areas associated with critical criminology, the textbooks devoted the most attention to peacemaking topics and the relationship between class, race, and/or gender oppression and criminal behavior and criminal justice practice; anarchist criminology, critical feminism, left realism, and postmodern/constitutive criminology received little or no attention. Our analysis indicates that textbook authors recogniz...
THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE p38 IS NECESSARY FOR INTERLEUKIN-1β-INDUCED MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN 1 EXPRESSION BY HUMAN MESANGIAL CELLS

Abstract Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases have been suggested as potential mediators for interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced gene activation. This study investigated the role of the MAP kinases p38 and ERK2 in IL-1β-mediated expression of the chemokine MCP-1 by human mesangial cells. Phosphorylation of p38 kinase, which is necessary for activation, increased significantly after IL-1β treatment. p38 kinase immunoprecipitated from IL-1β-treated cells phosphorylated target substrates to a greater extent than p38 kinase from controls. SB 203580, a selective p38 kinase inhibitor, was used to examine the role of p38 kinase in MCP-1 expression. SB 203580 decreased IL-1β-induced MCP-1 mRNA and protein levels, but did not affect MCP-1 mRNA stability. Because NF-κB is necessary for MCP-1 gene expression, the effect of p38 kinase inhibition on IL-1β induction of NF-κB was measured. SB 203580 (up to 25 μM) had no effect on IL-1β-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation or DNA binding activity. Our previous work showed that IL-1β also activates the MAP kinase ERK2 in human mesangial cells. PD 098059, a selective inhibitor of the ERK activating kinase MEK1, had no effect on IL-1β-induced MCP-1 mRNA or protein levels, or on IL-1β activation of NF-κB. These data indicate that p38 kinase is necessary for the induction of MCP-1 expression by IL-1β, but is not involved at the level of cytoplasmic activation of NF-κB. In contrast, ERK2 does not mediate IL-1β induced MCP-1 gene expression.
Patient referrals: a linchpin for increasing the value of care.

Thesuccessofaccountablecareorganizations(ACOs)under global payment may depend in part on a com-mon yet poorly understood clinical decision: the pa-tientreferralintheoutpatientsetting.Fundamentaltocollaboration among physicians and other health careprofessionals, patient referrals have been largely ig-noredinthepaymentreformdebate.ReferralratesintheUnitedStatesmorethandoubledfrom1999to2009,withabout10%ofoutpatientvisitsresultinginaconsultationorvisittoanotherphysician.
Mesenteric lipoblastoma: a rare location in children

Lipoblastoma is a rare childhood tumor composed of embryonic fat. It is benign and most often presents in children younger than 3 years. These tumors primarily present as a rapidly enlarging mass in the extremities or trunk with abdominal lipoblastomas comprising less than 10% of all reported cases. Abdominal lipoblastomas are most commonly found in the retroperitoneum with less than 15 reported cases arising in the mesentery. We report the unusual presentation of a lipoblastoma arising in the mesentery of a 3-year-old boy.
Looking just below the eyes is optimal across face recognition tasks

When viewing a human face, people often look toward the eyes. Maintaining good eye contact carries significant social value and allows for the extraction of information about gaze direction. When identifying faces, humans also look toward the eyes, but it is unclear whether this behavior is solely a byproduct of the socially important eye movement behavior or whether it has functional importance in basic perceptual tasks. Here, we propose that gaze behavior while determining a person’s identity, emotional state, or gender can be explained as an adaptive brain strategy to learn eye movement plans that optimize performance in these evolutionarily important perceptual tasks. We show that humans move their eyes to locations that maximize perceptual performance determining the identity, gender, and emotional state of a face. These optimal fixation points, which differ moderately across tasks, are predicted correctly by a Bayesian ideal observer that integrates information optimally across the face but is constrained by the decrease in resolution and sensitivity from the fovea toward the visual periphery (foveated ideal observer). Neither a model that disregards the foveated nature of the visual system and makes fixations on the local region with maximal information, nor a model that makes center-of-gravity fixations correctly predict human eye movements. Extension of the foveated ideal observer framework to a large database of real-world faces shows that the optimality of these strategies generalizes across the population. These results suggest that the human visual system optimizes face recognition performance through guidance of eye movements not only toward but, more precisely, just below the eyes.
Industrial Mentors: An Often Untapped Resource in Undergraduate Research Programs

Students taking part in a 10-week summer research experience for undergraduates (REU) program in the department of mechanical engineering at Oakland University receive three levels of mentorship: from faculty, graduate students and researchers/engineers from industry. Industrial mentors, all of whom volunteer to take part in the experience, play a variety of roles as part of the program and are viewed by the authors as an often untapped resource in undergraduate research programs. This paper focuses on the experience gained from involving industrial mentors in the REU program and on the lessons learned: what worked, what didn’t work and what improvements can be made in the following years.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Environment for engineering design, analysis, and simulation for education using MATLAB via the World Wide Web. I. Environment description and development

In Part I of this paper, we present the development of tools for engineering design, analysis and simulation over the World Wide Web accessible via a web browser. The tools utilize the power and versatility provided by the software package MATLAB and the features of the web toolbox. This work aims at improving the understanding of engineering fundamentals through interactive real-time simulation. The current environment consists of a number of modules for the interactive real-time simulation of linear time invariant dynamic systems and for analysis and synthesis of planar mechanisms. The properly designed input interface facilitates the easy understanding of the required inputs from the user. The returned information to the user's web browser consists of ASCII (textual), graphical, and pictorial representations, and provides information of the input and solutions. In addition, where appropriate, the user has the option to view an animation of the system. This work demonstrates advantages of using this technology to aid in classroom instruction, ease of implementation for application in other domains, and provides valuable analysis tools to students and engineering professionals. Examples will be presented in Part II to demonstrate the developed tools. Users with access to the Internet can use the developed mechanism synthesis and analysis modules at http://zodhia.uta.edu/development. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 99–108, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10018
In vitro binding of bile acids by okra, beets, asparagus, eggplant, turnips, green beans, carrots, and cauliflower

Abstract The in vitro binding of bile acids by okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), beets (Beta vulgaris), asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), eggplant (Solanum malongena), turnips (Brassica rapa rapifera), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), carrots (Daucus carota), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis) was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted, testing various fresh raw vegetables on an equal dry matter basis. Considering cholestyramine (bile acid-binding, cholesterol-lowering drug) as 100% bound, the relative in vitro bile acid binding on dry matter (DM) and total dietary fibre (TDF) basis was 1–16% and 2–54%, respectively. Bile acid binding for okra was significantly higher than for all the other vegetables tested. For beets, binding values were significantly higher than for asparagus. Binding values for asparagus were significantly higher than for eggplant, turnips, beans green, carrots and cauliflower. These results point to the health promoting potential of okra > beets > asparagus > eggplant = turnips = green beans = carrots = cauliflower, as indicated by their bile acid binding, on a dry matter basis.
Media Literacy and the Teaching of Civics and Social Studies at the Dawn of the 21st Century

This article discusses the critical importance of media education to the teaching of civics and social studies and examines approaches to civics via media literacy. Useful Web site resources are al...
Hypnotherapeutic Management of Pediatric and Adolescent Trichotillomania

Trichotillomania in children is regularly described as analogous to a habit disorder. As such, it is thought at times to be benign in a manner analogous to habits such as thumb sucking and nail biting. It is also considered by some to be an obsessive-compulsive disorder, to be more recalcitrant to intervention, and to be more socially disabling than simple habits, particularly when persistence and intensity eventuate in obvious alopecia. This report presents five cases of trichotillomania in which self-monitoring, dissociative hypnotic techniques, and self-hypnosis (relaxation/mental imagery) practice were used in teaching children successful management of this vexing problem. Specific emphasis is placed on the nature and importance of modifying the described techniques for the personal and specific developmental needs of individual patients.
Energy Spectrum of the Dicke Hamiltonian

In this paper we analyze the energy eigenvalues of the Dicke Hamiltonian which describes the interaction of $N$ two-level atoms with an electromagnetic field. Using as a starting point the classification of the collective states proposed by Tavis and Cummings, we first derive approximate analytic expressions for the energy eigenvalues which are appropriate for special values of the collective parameters. We next evaluate a first-order correction which allows the application of our results to a wider class of collective states. An accurate description of the energy spectrum for arbitrary values of the collective parameters is provided using a method first introduced by Scharf for the case of resonant interaction, suitably generalized to account for possible frequency detuning between the radiation and the atomic resonant frequency. The limit of validity of the approximation is analyzed and the results compared with the numerical diagonalization of the Dicke Hamiltonian. With the exception of asymptotically small ranges of values of the parameters, the analytic expression for the density of energy eigenvalues derived in this paper compares very well with the results of the numerical diagonalization.
Normal families and the Nevanlinna theory

1. Let ~ be a family of nonconstant holomorphic functions defined in the disc A = {Izl < 1}. :~ is said to be normal if every sequence of functions in :~ either contains a subuniformly convergent subsequence, or contains a subsequence which converges subuniformly to the constant co. A family :~ of meromorphic functions is normal when every sequence of functions of :~ has a subsequence which is subuniformly convergent with respect to the chordal metric. P. Montel [15] first realized the scope and coherence of these families, and used them to give a particularly unified t reatment of Picard's great theorems, and Schottky's and Landau's theorems. The fact that these results were so intimately related led A. Bloch to the hypothesis tha t precisely those properties which reduce a function meromorphic in C (= { I z I < ~ }) to a constant, make normal a family of functions meromorphic in A.
Risk, Respect for Persons, and Informed Consent in Comparative Effectiveness Research

We agree with David Wendler (2013) when he argues that the risks that should be conveyed in standard of care research should be those the research adds to standard of care. This is a common challen...
An assay for inhibitors of nucleoside transport based upon the use of 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine as permeant.

Abstract 5-[125I]Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IdUrd) has been shown to serve as a permeant for the nucleoside transport system of human erythrocytes and to be metabolically inert in these cells. Linear initial velocities were obtained at 20°C for 125IdUrd transport, yielding a Km of 73 ± 18 μ m (n = 6). Low-affinity inhibitors of 125IdUrd transport, such as adenosine (Ki = 32 ± 2 μ m , n = 2), could be characterized by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. However, high-affinity inhibitors, such as 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-β- d -ribofuranosylpurine, caused nonlinear initial velocities when added to the cells simultaneously with 125IdUrd. Conditions were defined (viz., 20-min pretreatment of cells with test compound followed by 5.0-min incubation with 1.0 μ m 125IdUrd, all at 20°C) whereby high-affinity inhibitors of IdUrd transport can be identified and evaluated according to their 50% inhibitory concentrations. The use of 125IdUrd as permeant greatly expedites the testing of compounds as inhibitors of nucleoside transport by allowing the cell pellets generated in these assays to be monitored directly in a gamma spectrometer, thereby circumventing the solubilization and decolorization of cell pellets required by assays that use 3H- or 14C-labeled nucleoside permeants.
Marketing and Technology: A Strategic Coalignment:

The authors present a case for integrating technology and marketing strategy as key elements that affect corporate success in rapidly changing environments. After describing the implications of tec...
The active center of human plasmin.

Studies on the active center of human plasmin indicate that it is functionally identical with those of bovine plasmin and bovine trypsin. Its similarities to and differences from bovine thrombin duplicate those previously demonstrated between the latter and both bovine plasmin and trypsin. The data suggest that the basic structural geometry and group function of an active center capable of catalyzing a successful enzymatic mechanism, in these studies the tryptic function, is maintained for the active centers of different tryptic enzymes both within a species and in evolutionary shifts from species to species.
The effect of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) on bone mineralization.

SummaryThe process or bone mineralization in the tibial diaphysis, in response to treatment with a lathyrogen, βAminopropionitrile (BAPN), at a dose known to inhibit collagen crosslinking, was studied in growing rats. BAPN treatment impaired the initial rate of mineralization but not its onset. In addition, in the BAPN treated group, there was a 5% decrease in diaphyseal ash weight, a decrement estimated to be greater than expected from the decreased rate of mineralization. This suggests that the maximal level of mineral deposition was also decreased as a result of BAPN treatment.
Diseased renal glomeruli are getting soft. Focus on "Biophysical properties of normal and diseased renal glomeruli".

tissues and cells are characterized by mechanical properties that are variously described as elasticity, deformability, or stiffness, which are critical components in determining their normal structure and function (reviewed in Ref. 25). However, biologists and physicians are not used to thinking of mechanical signals as having a primary role equivalent to biochemical signals in normal biology and disease. Appreciation of the importance of mechanical factors in biology, including the elastic properties of tissues and cells, has increased over the past 20 years. In many situations, mechanical factors, in collaboration with biochemical signals, have primary roles in the development and maintenance of tissue phenotype as well as disease. In this context, change from a soft (deformable ∼0.2 kPa) to a hard/dense (nondeformable >4 kPa) breast tissue represents a major risk factor for developing breast cancer, and females with higher levels of breast density are at higher risk for developing breast cancer (1). This is probably due to the fact that normal breast cells exposed to a stiff/hard extracellular environment (i.e., collagen-rich environment) lose their epithelial morphology as well as the ability to form acini and tend acquire a more invasive/malignant phenotype (18). Another example of how the elasticity of the surrounding environment determines cell behavior is offered by the liver. The elastic modulus of normal liver is ∼0.5 kPa but can increase to ∼15 kPa in the course of injury or fibrosis (6, 23). As a consequence of increased matrix stiffness, hepatocytes, stellate cells, and portal fibroblasts divide more rapidly, thus contributing to the disease (15). A third example is from studies showing that neurons grow selectively when brain cortical cells are plated on soft substrates (0.15–0.3 kPa) (7, 8). However, when the same cells are plated on more rigid substrate (2 kPa), glia grow selectively (7, 8). Thus it is clear that the mechanical properties of the extracellular environment are important contributors to cell lineage, cell proliferation, cell migration/invasion, and ultimately disease phenotypes.
Multiple solutions for a Dirichlet problem with jumping nonlinearities, II

On considere l'existence des solutions pour le probleme −x″(t)=g(x(t))−p(t)−c, t∈[0,1], x(0)=x(1)=0 ou p(t) est une fonction continue et c est une constante. On suppose que g est de classe c 1 et que g est positive et strictement croissante sur (0,∞)
Providing interdisciplinary geriatric team care: What does it really take?

We concur with Speer and Schneider's arguments (2003; this issue) that more psychologists should offer mental health services to older adults and that the primary care system is a good focus of such efforts. Three issues deserve more prominence in their review. First, their argument that older adults are averse to mental health services seems incorrect, given research indicating that older adults prefer psychotherapy to medication for treatment of depression. Second, psychologists working in primary care need to be aware of new Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes that allow documentation of psychological work in medical settings. Third, Speer and Schneider allude to interdisciplinary team functioning, but provide little information about models of team care or issues in developing a well-functioning interdisciplinary team; this commentary expands on those topics.
Identification of a new phospholipase C activity by analysis of an insertional mutation in the hemolytic phospholipase C structural gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The phospholipase C (PLC) gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes a heat-labile secreted hemolysin which is part of a Pi-regulated operon. The structural gene for PLC, plcS, was mutated in vitro by insertion of a tetracycline resistance gene cartridge. Gene replacement techniques were used to introduce the mutated plcS gene into the P. aeruginosa chromosome in place of the wild-type gene. The precise replacement of wild-type sequences by mutant sequences was confirmed by Southern hybridization. The mutant strain, designated PLC S, is nonhemolytic and lacks a 78-kilodalton protein corresponding to the size of the wild-type PLC. However, there is an additional phospholipase activity present in PLC S capable of hydrolyzing p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine, a synthetic PLC substrate, and phosphatidylcholine. This enzymatic activity is not a result of a truncated product produced from the mutated plcS gene. The phospholipase activity of PLC S was identified as a nonhemolytic PLC.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for Twisted-Tape Inserts in Isothermal Tubes: Part II—Transition and Turbulent Flows

Thermal-hydraulic design correlations are developed to predict isothermal f and Nu for in-tube, turbulent flows with twisted-tape inserts. Experimental data taken for water and ethylene glycol are analyzed, and various mechanisms attributed to twisted tapes are identified. Tube blockage and tape-induced vortex mixing are the dominant phenomena that result in increased heat transfer and pressure drop; for loose- to snug-fitting tapes, the fin effects are insignificant. The limiting case of a straight tape insert correlates with the hydraulic-diameter-based smooth tube equation
A Self-Management Approach to Reducing AIDS Risk in Sexually Active Heterosexual College Students

This study investigated the effectiveness of a self-management skills training (SMST) program in modifying at-risk sexual behaviors among a group of 51 college-aged heterosexual, sexually active, males and females. The frequency of condom use and related responses were self-monitored before, during, and after participation. In addition, pre- and post-test treatment measures were used to analyze attitudes and beliefs related to issues such as risk of HIV and AIDS, sexual communication skills, and condoms. The SMST program focused on identifying antecedent variable, planning appropriate response sequences, and arranging positive consequences. These skill were then practiced in the program sessions and via home work assignments. Results showed significant increases in reported condom use, condom purchase, and in condom-use dialogue with sexual partners. The findings of this study may be useful in developing effective intervention programs to reduce the risk of AIDS on college campuses.
Sex Concerns of Young Adolescents

: A 10-week sex education program was designed for 55 students who were 14 to 15 years old. A 25-item check list of sexual concerns was given at the beginning and end of the course. The course had little effect in reducing the number of students expressing concern on listed topics, and several topics were of more concern after the course than before. The use of list to measure the impact of such programs is discussed.
Running, swimming and diving modifies neuroprotecting globins in the mammalian brain.

The vulnerability of the human brain to injury following just a few minutes of oxygen deprivation with submergence contrasts markedly with diving mammals, such as Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), which can remain underwater for more than 90 min while exhibiting no neurological or behavioural impairment. This response occurs despite exposure to blood oxygen levels concomitant with human unconsciousness. To determine whether such aquatic lifestyles result in unique adaptations for avoiding ischaemic–hypoxic neural damage, we measured the presence of circulating (haemoglobin) and resident (neuroglobin and cytoglobin) oxygen-carrying globins in the cerebral cortex of 16 mammalian species considered terrestrial, swimming or diving specialists. Here we report a striking difference in globin levels depending on activity lifestyle. A nearly 9.5-fold range in haemoglobin concentration (0.17–1.62 g Hb 100 g brain wet wt K1 ) occurred between terrestrial and deep-diving mammals; a threefold range in resident globins was evident between terrestrial and swimming specialists. Together, these two globin groups provide complementary mechanisms for facilitating oxygen transfer into neural tissues and the potential for protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen groups. This enables marine mammals to maintain sensory and locomotor neural functions during prolonged submergence, and suggests new avenues for averting oxygen-mediated neural injury in the mammalian brain.
FGF ligand family mRNA expression profile for mouse preimplantation embryos, early gestation human placenta, and mouse trophoblast stem cells

Signaling by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is essential is for trophoblast stem (TS) cells and preimplantation embryos. FGF4 provides essential signaling, but the expression of the complete set of 23 FGF family members has not been analyzed. Here, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and microarray analyses were used to define expression of all FGF ligand mRNA. RT-PCR was done for developmentally important FGF subfamilies, FGF10/FGF22 and FGF8/FGF17/FGF18 as well as FGF11. FGF4 and FGF18 are detected at highest levels by RT-PCR and microarrays. FGF10 was detected at low levels in both assays. FGF11 was detected at moderate levels by microarray, but not by RT-PCR. FGF17 was detected at low levels by array and moderate levels by RT-PCR. FGF8 and FGF22 were detected by RT-PCR, but not by microarrays during late cleavage divisions. FGF8, FGF5, and FGF9 were detected in the oocyte by microarray. FGF2, FGF3, and FGF7 were not detected by RT-PCR or microarrays and FGF13, FGF14, and FGF23 were not detected by microarray. Since a major role of FGF is to maintain TS cells, we tested human and mouse placental cell lines and early gestation human placenta for expression of FGF ligands. Expression in mouse TS cells was compared with preimplantation embryos, and human placental cell line expression was compared with human placenta, to infer which ligands are expressed in placental lineage vs. other cell lineages. The data suggest that human and mouse placenta share FGF18 and its high expression suggests preimplantation and early placental function.
Stratospheric and mesospheric HOx : Results from Aura MLS and FIRS-2

[1] Observations of OH and HO2 from Aura MLS for four seasons and diurnal profiles from the FIRS-2 balloon instrument for Fall 2004 are compared with photochemical model simulations testing three sets of kinetics parameters. MLS and FIRS-2 OH profiles, between 25–60 km, are lower than model results using standard kinetics. Use of a faster, previously published rate constant for O+OH leads to better agreement with MLS and FIRS-2 profiles of OH. A 20% increase in the rate of HO2+OH and the faster rate for O+OH results in improved overall agreement with observations of OH, HO2, HOx, and HO2/OH. Since the MLS and FIRS-2 observations of HOx are reasonably well described by these models, they are therefore not consistent with the previously reported HOx dilemma. However, all models considered here result in calculated odd oxygen loss exceeding production, consistent with the long standing ozone deficit problem.
Time-dependent action of carbon monoxide on the newborn cerebrovascular circulation

Carbon monoxide (CO) causes cerebral arteriolar dilation in newborn pigs by the activation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. In adult rat cerebral and skeletal muscle arterioles, CO ...
Early, but not late chronotypes, are up during their biological night when working the night shift.

Bhatti et al 1 recently examined the impact of chronotype on melatonin levels in shift-workers and concluded that ‘(…) morning type shift-workers were better able to maintain normal patterns of melatonin secretion (…), suggesting that morning types may be protected against the negative effects of shift-work related melatonin disruption’. However, their data show that, compared to daytime workers sleeping at night, early chronotypes have lower melatonin …
Three Countries' Experience with Norplant Introduction

Despite international efforts to plan for Norplant introduction, the method has drawn the attention of critics of family planning programmes, and has raised several issues for debate since it was introduced into family planning programmes. The experiences of three countries with the introduction of Norplant highlight some of the unique features of the method that have affected its introduction. Indonesia, Bangladesh and the United States represent diverse cultural settings and systems of family planning provision. Experience in each country has highlighted the need to focus on quality of care for clients, most notably the need for good counselling and attention to removal as well as insertion. The cost of Norplant also has influenced its introduction in each country. Another issue includes the need to work with women's health advocacy groups, which is illustrated particularly in Bangladesh. Finally, the role of litigation in the United States, and its potential role in influencing Norplant introduction in other countries, is discussed. These three countries' experience illustrate the importance of understanding the programmatic context of contraceptive introduction.
Anatomy of a revolution.

WITH this volume, Genetics announces that Arabidopsis has joined the Security Council of Model Genetic Organisms. These favored few form the standard to which all other organisms are compared. Like the Security Council of the United Nations, where there is broad geographical representation, the
Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: Gene structure, expression, and evolution

We describe three novel genes, encoding members of the Toll-like receptor (Tlr) family (TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9). These Tlr family members, unlike others reported to date, were identified within a genomic database. TLR7 and TLR8 each have three exons, two of which have coding function, and lie in close proximity to one another at Xp22, alongside a pseudogene. The remaining gene (TLR9) resides at 3p21.3 (in linkage with the MyD88 gene), and is expressed in at least two splice forms, one of which is monoexonic and one of which is biexonic, the latter encoding a protein with 57 additional amino acids at the N-terminus. The novel Tlrs comprise a cluster as nearest phylogenetic neighbors. Combining all sequence data related to Toll-like receptors, we have drawn several inferences concerning the phylogeny of vertebrate and invertebrate Tlrs. According to our best estimates, mammalian TLRs 1 and 6 diverged from a common mammalian ancestral gene 95 million years ago. TLR4, which encodes the endotoxin sensor in present-day mammals, emerged as a distinct entity 180 million years ago. TLRs 3 and 5 diverged from a common ancestral gene approximately 150 million years ago, as did Tlr7 and Tlr8. Very likely, fewer Tlrs existed during early vertebrate evolution: at most three or four were transmitted with the primordial vertebrate line. Phylogenetic data that we have adduced in the course of this work also suggest the existence of a Drosophila equivalent of MyD88, and indicate that the plasma membrane protein SIGIRR is close functional relative of MyD88 in mammals. Finally, a single present-day representative of the Toll-like proteins in Drosophila has striking cytoplasmic domain homology to mammalian Tlrs within the cluster that embraces TLRs 1, 2, 4, and 6. This would suggest that an ancestral (pre-vertebrate) Tlr may have adopted a pro-inflammatory function 500 million years ago.
A cascade model connecting life stress to risk behavior among rural African American emerging adults

A three-wave cascade model linking life stress to increases in risk behavior was tested with 347 African American emerging adults living in the rural South. Data analyses using structural equation modeling and latent growth curve modeling demonstrated that life stress was linked to increases in risk behavior as African Americans transitioned out of secondary school. The cascade model indicated that life stress fostered increases in negative emotions. Negative emotions, in turn, were linked to increases in affiliations with deviant peers and romantic partners; this forecast increases in risk behavior. The findings supported a stress proliferation framework, in which primary stressors affect increases in secondary stressors that carry forward to influence changes in risk behaviors that can potentially compromise mental health.
On the capacity of MIMO broadcast channel with partial side information

Since having full channel state information in the transmitter is not reasonable in many applications and lack of channel knowledge does not lead to linear growth of the sum rate capacity as the number transmit antennas increases, it is therefore of interest to investigate transmission schemes that employ only partial CSI. In this paper, we propose a scheme that constructs M random beams and that transmits information to the users with the highest signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratios (SINRs), which can be made available to the transmitter with very little feedback. For fixed M and n increasing, the sum-rate capacity of our scheme scales as M log log n, which is precisely the same scaling obtained with perfect channel information. We furthermore show that linear increase in capacity can be obtained provided that M does not grow faster than O(log n). We also study the fairness of our scheduling scheme and show that, when M is large enough, the system becomes interference-dominated and the probability of transmitting to any user converges to 1/n, irrespective of its path-loss. In fact, using M = /spl alpha/ log n transmit antennas emerges as a desirable operating point, both in terms of providing linear increase in capacity as well as in guaranteeing fairness.
Gender and Spanish Cinema

Edited by Steven Marsh and Parvati Nair. Oxford/New York: Berg. 2004. x+230 pp. Una de las vetas mas prolificas del hispanismo actual ha sido la consolidacion del cine como objeto de estudio y su p...
Genetic variation in the Myzus persicae complex (Homoptera: Aphididae): evidence for a single species.

Abstract Genetic variation was assessed for the closely related aphids Myzus nicotianae Blackman and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), previously classified as a single species. Populations of both red and green color morphs, collected from tobacco and nontobacco hosts from 3 continents, were analyzed via random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (COII) and elongation factor- 1 alpha (EF-1α) gene sequencing. Three other Myzus species—M. cerasi (F.), M. hemerocallis Takahashi, and M. varians Davidson)—were used as outgroups in our analyses. RAPD-PCR analysis revealed many, easily detectable genetic polymorphisms between the Myzus persicae complex and the outgroup species. The small number of polymorphisms detected within the complex were not correlated with host plant or the geographic origin of populations. The sequences of both COII and EF-1α for all populations within the M. persicae complex were identical, although significant variation was e...
Removal of ofloxacin antibiotic using heterogeneous Fenton process over modified alginate beads.

Abstract The aim of this work is to study the heterogeneous oxidative degradation of ofloxacin antibiotic using a composite material prepared from sodium alginate and cyclohexane dinitrilo tetraacetic acid (CDTA). The characterization tests indicated the successful incorporation of metal chelator and iron. It was also demonstrated that the synthesized beads are mesoporous. The influence of several experimental parameters (i.e.: H2O2 dose, working temperature, beads loading and initial drug concentration) on the process performances was evaluated. The reaction temperature significantly affects the drug conversion efficiency. It was also observed that the synthesized material was efficient toward the target antibiotic degradation in the presence of small quantities of hydrogen peroxide. Under optimum conditions (0.05 g of granules, initial drug concentration = 10 mg/L, 25 μL of 10 mmol/L H2O2), conducted in a batch reaction, 94% degradation of ofloxacin was reached. The results also indicate that the composite material showed a reasonable stability; a relatively low decrease of activity after four successive runs (only 9%) and a negligible iron leaching (0.8%) have been observed. The synthesized composite material offered interesting advantages in terms of simplicity, good stability, ease of recovery from the liquid medium after use and its efficiency in the presence of low quantities of oxidant. It constitutes a good candidate in the water treatment area.
Notice-Posting of Employee Rights: NLRB Rulemaking and the Upcoming Backfire

This article begins by noting the typical fear of unions by nonunion employers, a fear that traditionally results in various efforts — both legal and illegal — to prevent employees from achieving union representation. It focuses upon two unusual products of those efforts, two federal appellate decisions which — rather than directly discouraging employees from joining unions — make it difficult for most of them to even learn about their statutory rights to engage or not to engage in union-related activity. Those decisions — each differently and uniquely premised — invalidated a substantive rule of the National Labor Relations Board that would have required employers to post a government-supplied notice that informs employees at their workplaces about those rights. It is the author’s opinion that because both of those decisions are grossly contrary to established canons of administrative law and settled NLRB case law and unambiguous statutory text, which the article demonstrates, failure to seek certiorari-review was a serious mistake. Their presence leaves a wake of confusion that raises a disturbing combination of questions under both labor and administrative law regarding the future of the canonical Chevron doctrine, which has long-governed the authority of federal agencies to construe their enabling statutes when those statutes are silent or ambiguous regarding the matter in issue. The matter here in issue is whether the Labor Board had the right to require the posting of the same type of governmental notice that commonly exists in most American workplaces, a notice that clearly complied with the Act’s never-amended policy of encouraging collective bargaining and union representation.The article reviews the past and present features of NLRB substantive rulemaking, both generally and with reference to the invalidated rule, which is followed by detailed analyses of the two Opinions, revealing their cross-purposes with existing law. And finally, it identifies and describes a different but potentially effective new measure which, notwithstand the aforesaid decisions, will allow employees, in their workplaces, to engage in posted communications about their NLRA rights and other related communications. That measure is a proposed new workplace rule, the legal authority and workable features of which the author offers as an effective backfire emanating from the aforesaid two ventures in judicial obstructionism.
Flexible self-forming swimmers with catalytic propulsion and magnetic navigation

We report on an inexpensive rapid process for creating soft, mm-scale, self-forming catalytic swimmers for potential biomedical and environmental applications. The swimmers contain a catalyst that upon exposure to H2O2 result in bubble formation and self-propulsion. With the additional incorporation of ferrofluid (a suspension of iron oxide nanoparticles), we control the navigation of the swimmers using a magnetic field. Fabrication uses techniques which are scalable, economical, and adaptable for large-volume manufacturing (e.g., roll-to-roll). The devices are created using a planar design that upon immersion in an aqueous environment fold up to create a 3D structures (tapered cylinder). A maximum swimming speed of 7.2 mm/s is observed using 20 % H2O2.
Analysis of ETF bid-ask spread components

Abstract In this study we examine on intradaily basis (milliseconds) the largest 100 ETFs’ bid-ask spread components in the period March 21, 2014 to April 17, 2014. We document that ETFs have lower proportion of adverse selection in the bid-ask spread relative to stocks, which also means that the order processing cost component is higher in ETFs. This suggests that uninformed investors prefer to trade ETFs relative to individual stocks. The data in our study also suggests a U-shaped form of the adverse selection component across four categories of ETF trading volume and not a monotone decreasing relation from lowest to highest trading volume ETFs. Fixed-income ETFs have the highest adverse selection component coefficient whereas real estate ETFs have the lowest. Additionally, mutual fund structured ETFs have lower adverse selection component coefficient than the trust structured ETFs. We also document that ETFs with more quotes have lower adverse selection; whereas ETFs with higher average bid price, higher expense ratio and trust structuring of the ETF have higher adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread.
Augmented Particle Filters

ABSTRACTParticle filters have been widely used for online filtering problems in state–space models (SSMs). The current available proposal distributions depend either only on the state dynamics, or only on the observation, or on both sources of information but are not available for general SSMs. In this article, we develop a new particle filtering algorithm, called the augmented particle filter (APF), for online filtering problems in SSMs. The APF combines two sets of particles from the observation equation and the state equation, and the state space is augmented to facilitate the weight computation. Theoretical justification of the APF is provided, and the connection between the APF and the optimal particle filter (OPF) in some special SSMs is investigated. The APF shares similar properties as the OPF, but the APF can be applied to a much wider range of models than the OPF. Simulation studies show that the APF performs similarly to or better than the OPF when the OPF is available, and the APF can perform ...
Village Government in New England

Throughout the United States there are provided special, though simple, forms of municipal government for villages under the various names of village, borough or town. Oddly enough the notable exceptions to this general practice are to be found in New England, the region which includes three of the most densely populated states in the Union. Moreover, it is in the two most densely populated of these that the least progress has been made toward the development of an orderly system of village government. At one time the whole area of New England, except certain unorganized tracts in the north, was under town government and so continued until the growth of urban conditions led to city incorporation. In every case incorporation was by special act, and such is the method employed in every case to the present time. The readiness of the town government to assume the functions proper to an urban community not only retarded city incorporation, but prevented, in large measure, the growth of special forms of government for villages. It is not unusual to find towns which include within their limits many square miles of rural territory, providing all or part of its population with fire protection, water, sewers, lights, side-walks, parks and libraries. But there has grown up, sometimes under general laws though more commonly as a result of special legislation, a heterogeneous collection of municipal governments and taxing authorities variously denominated villages, fire, water, lighting, sewer, highway and improvement districts, producing a confusion comparable only to the conditions in England before the municipal reforms of recent date.