cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution mapping of the freshwater-brine interface using deterministic and Bayesian inversion of airborne electromagnetic data at Paradox Valley, USA

Salt loads in the Colorado River Basin are a primary water quality concern. Natural groundwater brine discharge to the Dolores River where it passes through the collapsed salt anticline of the Paradox Valley in western Colorado (USA) is a significant source of salt to the Colorado River. An airborne electromagnetic survey of Paradox Valley has provided insights into the three-dimensional distribution of brine in the surficial aquifer. A combination of stochastic and deterministic resistivity inversions was used to interpret the top of the freshwater–brine interface and to qualitatively describe the vertical salinity gradients across the interface. Low-resistivity regions indicative of brine occur near the land surface where brine discharges to the Dolores River and increase in depth several kilometers up-gradient along the axis of the valley. The most conductive parts of the brine plume are found in the areas below and adjacent to the river, suggesting that the brine becomes shallower and more concentrated as it reaches its natural discharge location. A significant freshwater lens overlying the brine west of the Dolores River is spatially correlated to the intermittent West Paradox Creek and agricultural irrigation. Below this lens, the transition from freshwater to brine appears to occur abruptly over a few meters and correlates to available well information. However, away from these regions and particularly with distance from the river, the freshwater–brine interface appears to be more diffuse.
Application of filtering methods in asset pricing

Filtering methods such as the Kalman Filter (KF) and its extended algorithms have been widely used in estimating asset pricing models in many topics such as rational stock bubble, interest rate term structure and derivative pricing. The basic idea of filtering is to cast the discrete or continuous time series model of asset prices into a discrete state-space model where the state variables are the latent factors driving the system and the observable variables are usually asset prices. Based on a state-space model, we can choose a specific filtering method to compute its likelihood and estimate unknown parameters using maximum likelihood method. The classical KF can be used to estimate the linear state-space model with Gaussian measurement error. If the model becomes nonlinear, we can rely on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) or Particle Filter (PF), for estimation. For a piecewise linear state-space model with regime switching, the Mixture Kalman Filter (MKF), which inherits merits of both KF and PF, can be employed. However, if the measurement error is non-Gaussian, only PF is the applicable method. For each filtering method, we review its algorithm, application scope, computational efficiency and asset pricing applications. This chapter provides a brief summary of applications of filtering methods in estimating asset pricing models.
Core principles of grounded theory in a systematic review of environmental education for secondary students

As systematic reviews (SRs) of research increase in number, the methods used to conduct the analyses are becoming more diversified. While named in the methodological literature as an analytical app...
Vacuuming in Crowded Dangerous Spaces: Aspiration of Large Ascending Aortic Thrombus

Abstract A patient had a stroke caused by a large, pedunculated aortic ascending mass and was deemed at high risk for near-term recurrent stroke. This case illustrates percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy of ascending aortic thrombus with the AngioVac system (Angiodynamics, Latham, New York), with conscious sedation for early stroke detection and with endovascular cerebral embolic protection. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)
Heterogeneous Circles for Liver Allocation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS In February 2020, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network replaced donor service area-based allocation of livers with acuity circles, a system based on three homogeneous circles around each donor hospital. This system has been criticized for neglecting to consider varying population density and proximity to coast and national borders. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data from July 2013 to June 2017, we designed heterogeneous circles to reduce both circle size and variation in liver supply/demand ratios across transplant centers. We weighted liver demand by Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)/Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) because higher MELD/PELD candidates are more likely to be transplanted. Transplant centers in the West had the largest circles; transplant centers in the Midwest and South had the smallest circles. Supply/demand ratios ranged from 0.471 to 0.655 livers per MELD-weighted incident candidate. Our heterogeneous circles had lower variation in supply/demand ratios than homogeneous circles of any radius between 150 and 1,000 nautical miles (nm). Homogeneous circles of 500 nm, the largest circle used in the acuity circles allocation system, had a variance in supply/demand ratios 16 times higher than our heterogeneous circles (0.0156 vs. 0.0009) and a range of supply/demand ratios 2.3 times higher than our heterogeneous circles (0.421 vs. 0.184). Our heterogeneous circles had a median (interquartile range) radius of only 326 (275-470) nm but reduced disparities in supply/demand ratios significantly by accounting for population density, national borders, and geographic variation of supply and demand. CONCLUSIONS Large homogeneous circles create logistical burdens on transplant centers that do not need them, whereas small homogeneous circles increase geographic disparity. Using carefully designed heterogeneous circles can reduce geographic disparity in liver supply/demand ratios compared with homogeneous circles of radius ranging from 150 to 1,000 nm.
Quality-Adjusted Life-Year Losses Averted With Every COVID-19 Infection Prevented in the United States.

Abstract Objective To estimate the overall quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained by averting 1 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection over the duration of the pandemic. Methods A cohort-based probabilistic simulation model, informed by the latest epidemiological estimates on COVID-19 in the United States provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and literature review. Heterogeneity of parameter values across age group was accounted for. The main outcome studied was QALYs for the infected patient, patient’s family members, and the contagion effect of the infected patient over the duration of the pandemic. Results Averting a COVID-19 infection in a representative US resident will generate an additional 0.061 (0.016-0.129) QALYs (for the patient: 0.055, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.014-0.115; for the patient’s family members: 0.006, 95% CI 0.002-0.015). Accounting for the contagion effect of this infection, and assuming that an effective vaccine will be available in 3 months, the total QALYs gains from averting 1 single infection is 1.51 (95% CI 0.28-4.37) accrued to patients and their family members affected by the index infection and its sequelae. These results were robust to most parameter values and were most influenced by effective reproduction number, probability of death outside the hospital, the time-varying hazard rates of hospitalization, and death in critical care. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the health benefits of averting 1 COVID-19 infection in the United States are substantial. Efforts to curb infections must weigh the costs against these benefits.
Got a minute for the future of the Rio Grande? Considering the prospects for a sustainability minute in the wake of the Colorado’s Minute 323

Despite tensions between Mexico and the United States, the countries continue to develop cooperative strategies to manage shared water resources under the Treaty on the Utilization of Waters of the...
Nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototype for immune complex mediated renal disease in man. The renal manifestations are pleomorphic in their expression. In the past 25 years, the natural history of the disease and its response to treatment have been related to the renal histology seen when the patient was initially studied. Patients with normal kidneys and those with membranous nephropathy have five-year survivals that are excellent and uninfluenced by treatment. Patients with mesangial disease may be a heterogeneous population — those with deposits doing comparatively worse; focal and diffuse proliferative nephritis carry a poorer prognosis. Extensive studies in the relatively homogeneous NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mouse have led to a better understanding of human lupus nephritis. Critical factors in getting a good response involve not only selection of the appropriate drug but also its mode of administration and timing in relation to the course of the disease. Intelligent treatment must be based on an understanding of etiopathogenesis. Recent studies have cast some light on the role of the mediators of inflammation, e.g. platelets, fibrinolysis, and the modulating role of the reticuloendothelial system. Future studies must take these into account in the discovery and evaluation of new forms of therapy.
MO-AB-BRA-05: Monte Carlo Simulation of Glandular Breast Dose in Mammography Using Breast CT-Derived Glandular Distributions

Purpose: To determine the effect of breast CT-derived fibroglandular distributions on glandular dose in mammography. Methods: Previously-reported 3D glandular distributions, obtained from a large cohort of breast CT (bCT) data sets (N=219), were fit to bi-Gaussian functions and used as probability density maps to assign glandular distributions within compressed breast models. Using a conventional mammography geometry, MCNPX was used to simulate monoenergetic normalized glandular dose “DgN(E)” values in compressed phantoms composed of either a homogeneous mixture of glandular and adipose tissue or heterogeneously distributed glandular tissue. The DgN(E) values were weighted by mammographic x-ray spectra to produce polyenergetic DgN (pDgN) values for the homogeneous (pDgNhomo) and heterogeneous (pDgNhetero) tissue compositions. This work quantified the effect of permutations in glandular fraction, phantom size, x-ray technique, and location of glandular distributions on pDgN values. Results: Averaged across all phantom sizes and glandular fractions, pDgNhetero values were 30.1% and 21.6% lower than the pDgNhomo values for the Mo and W x-ray spectra, respectively, when the heterogeneous distributions were centered within the breast phantom. Displacement of the glandular distributions in the superior and inferior directions resulted in pDgNhetero values 5.7% and 49.4% lower than pDgNhomo values, respectively, for Mo x-ray spectra. Lateral displacement of the glandular distributions resulted in no notable difference in pDgN values. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that glandular dose values in mammography are 20 to 30% lower than assumed using the homogeneous approximation resulting from overestimation of glandular tissue at the breast entrance where the dose deposition is higher. The sensitivity analysis also demonstrates that the differences depend on likely perturbations in the glandular distributions. While these results are robust because the glandular distributions are modeled from a large cohort of bCT data sets, future work will focus on improved quantification of the glandular distributions based on breast size and glandular fraction.
Predictive Controller Design for SISO Systems

This paper presents a fundamental analysis of the stability of single-input/single-output closed-loop systems with predictive controllers. The analysis can incorporate modeling errors and be used to calculate allowable modeling errors for a given system and controller. Design parameter selection guidelines for predictive controllers in SISO systems have been developed by considering performance, robustness, and ease of tuning. The performance and robustness of the resulting controllers are demonstrated on four numerical examples and compared to controllers designed using other parameter choices.
A death with dignity: a nurse's story of the end of life of her mother.

Purpose Recognizing and accepting when someone is within the palliative care trajectory is often a challenge, particularly for nursing students. In sharing this story of a nurse's experience of caring for her mother, it is hoped that the reader will gain insight into ways to enhance comfort and improve the quality of life of family members, friends, and patients. Through the lens of this lived experience, the challenges associated with honoring the wishes of a loved one during the palliative care trajectory through the end of life are shared. Practice Implications Exploring a person's perceptions about their quality of life is an important component of a nursing assessment. Nurses need to be prepared to maximize opportunities with patients and provide resources and information about options on their quality of life issues. Understanding and respecting another's choice develops with awareness and utilization of evidence-based knowledge in planning interventions. This article provides information on evidence-based resources and standards of practice in the context of a lived experience. Conclusion Experiencing the death of loved ones is always difficult. Accepting their wish to not seek medical treatment and the provision of end-of-life care is a challenge. Nurses who become comfortable and knowledgeable about the palliative care trajectory and the end of life experience will be able to provide a higher level of support and thus improve the quality of life for those they encounter.
Anastomotic Leaks and Fistulas

There are two chief clinical scenarios of postoperative intestinal leak: The leak is obvious — you see intestinal contents draining from the operative wound or from the drain site — if a drain was left. You suspect a leak but do not see one.
Statistical Debugging Using Latent Topic Models

Statistical debugging uses machine learning to model program failures and help identify root causes of bugs. We approach this task using a novel Delta-Latent-Dirichlet-Allocation model. We model execution traces attributed to failed runs of a program as being generated by two types of latent topics: normal usage topics and bug topics. Execution traces attributed to successful runs of the same program, however, are modeled by usage topics only. Joint modeling of both kinds of traces allows us to identify weak bug topics that would otherwise remain undetected. We perform model inference with collapsed Gibbs sampling. In quantitative evaluations on four real programs, our model produces bug topics highly correlated to the true bugs, as measured by the Rand index. Qualitative evaluation by domain experts suggests that our model outperforms existing statistical methods for bug cause identification, and may help support other software tasks not addressed by earlier models.
Timing of the Martian dynamo.

On Mars, the strong magnetization in the highland crust of the southern hemisphere and the absence of magnetic anomalies at the Hellas and Argyre impact basins have been taken as signs that the core dynamo that once drove the planet's magnetic field turned off more than 4 billion years (Gyr) ago. Here, we argue instead that the Martian dynamo turned on less than 4 Gyr ago and turned off at an unknown time since then. High spatial resolution magnetometry in both Martian hemispheres is needed to reveal the true history of the Martian dynamo.
Bulimia Nervosa: An Overview of Coping Strategies Therapy

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of coping strategies therapy for bulimia nervosa. Clinicians who treat patients with Bulimia Nervosa rely heavily upon altering coping strategies of these individuals. Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa is cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). However, CBT for Bulimia may be too narrow. It partially targets some of the skills deficits of those with this disorder. Two approaches that have received increasing attention are interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). IPT teaches interpersonal skills, and DBT teaches a variety of skills related to managing emotions, crises, and interpersonal relationships. These interventions may hold promise in the treatment of Bulimia Nervosa and have been the subject of some empirical study. Treatments that involve families can have a different type of focus than individual treatments, as the focus of treatment shifts from the patient's bulimic symptoms to systemic issues. Families can both be a cause and a cure for adolescents with Bulimia Nervosa, the family should typically be involved in the treatment process, if only to assure both the patient and the therapist that the parents support and understand the process of the child's recovery. Finally, it is vital for the therapist to understand the dynamics of the family system and how it serves to impede or promote recovery of the adolescent with Bulimia.
The Mechanism of Conversion of Saturated Hydrocarbons Catalyzed by Sulfated Metal Oxides: Reaction of Adamantane on Sulfated Zirconia

Abstract The high activity of sulfated zirconia (SZ) toward hydrocarbon conversions has been confirmed by the study of the isomerization of methylcyclopentane to cyclohexane. This catalytic activity is generally rationalized by the catalyst having superacidic strength. The reaction of methylcyclopentane with superacids is initiated, however, by the cleavage of a carbon–carbon bond with the formation of an acyclic carbocation, followed by hydride transfer giving the methylcyclopentyl cation which undergoes rearrangement. By contrast, no isohexanes (products of ring cleavage) were formed in the reaction on SZ, suggesting a different reaction mechanism. The mechanism of interaction of SZ with saturated hydrocarbons was elucidated by a study of adamantane. Small amounts of 1-adamantanol and adamantanone and traces of 2-adamantanol were observed after reaction at temperatures from 65 to 135°C, indicating that the reaction is an oxidation followed by hydride transfers. Small amounts of diadamantanes were also formed, proving that oxidation to carbocations goes through the free radical stage. At 150°C, additional reaction products were observed, 1-adamantanethiol (larger amount) and 2-adamantanethiol (smaller amount), indicating reduction of sulfate all the way to sulfide, which then traps the adamantyl cation in competition with the oxygen anions or water formed in the redox process. Ring cleavage and disproportionation to form alkyladamantanes and aromatics also occurred. Thus, the increase in activity of SZ over the parent oxide for carbocationic alkane and cycloalkane reactions can be ascribed to initiation through a one-electron oxidation of the hydrocarbon by sulfate to a carbocation precursor.
Where practice and theory intersect in the chemistry classroom: using cogenerative dialogue to identify the critical point in science education

This paper argues for an inclusive model of science education practice that attempts to facilitate a relationship between “science and all” by paying particular attention to the development of the relationship between the teacher, students and science. This model hinges on the implementation of cogenerative dialogues between students and teachers. Cogenerative dialogues are a form of structured discourse in which teachers and students engage in a collaborative effort to help identify and implement positive changes in classroom teaching and learning practices. A primary goal of this paper is to introduce a methodological and theoretical framework for conducting cogenerative dialogue that is accessible to classroom teachers and their students. I propose that researchers must learn to disseminate their findings to teachers in ways that are practical, in that they provide teachers with information needed to make concrete connections between the research and their teaching, while continuing to make available the theories that support their findings. Using an integration research framework in conjunction with a temporality of learning model, I introduce a method of disseminating research findings that provides both classroom teachers and researchers with access to different forms of knowledge about cogenerative dialogues in the same paper. In doing so, this article examines the relationships between teacher knowledge and researcher knowledge by exploring the practical application of cogenerative dialogues for classrooms teachers and the theoretical implications of using cogenerative dialogues for researchers.
Rank differences in the production of vocalizations by wild chimpanzees as a function of social context.

Rank differences in the production of vocalizations by wild, semihabituated, unprovisioned chimpanzees were investigated during a 10-month study in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. Vocalization rates were calculated from data collected during 230 hours of focal-animal sampling on adult females, adult males, and subadult males. Rates were calculated according to whether individuals were alone, with adult females only, or in mixed parties, and the results were compared with published data collected at the Gombe provisioning area. Adult females and low-ranking adult and sub-adult males were generally quiet except when they were in mixed parties, whereas high-ranking males vocalized in all social contexts. These results were in partial contrast to data collected at Gombe, which indicated that vocal production was similar across all age and sex classes. Vocal production at Gombe did, however, resemble that from mixed parties at Kibale, suggesting that the provisioning area at Gombe was comparable to a natural socioecological context occurring at large fruiting trees. It is suggested that low-ranking chimpanzees refrain from loud vocalizing when they are alone or with females only in order to avoid attracting feeding competition and/or potentially aggressive males. These individuals may vocalize when they are associating with high-ranking males in order to advertise the presence of large parties and to deter other individuals from joining them. The use of loud, interparty calls by high-ranking males, when alone or with others, is consistent with the greater sociality of adult male chimpanzees. Loud calling might be advantageous for adult males in attracting mates or allies. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Irreversible enzyme inhibitors. XCI. candidate active-site directed irreversible inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase. II. 2-amino-6-methyl-5-(p-tolylsulfonamidopropyl)-4-pyrimidinols with N-substituents on the sulfonamide moiety†

Three derivatives of 2-amino-6-methyl-5-(p-tolylsulfonamidopropyl)-4-pyrimidinol (I) with N - substituents on the sulfonamide group, namely bromoacetamidopropyl (XVI), m-bromoacetamidobenzyl (XXIVa), and p-bromoacetamidobenzyl (XXIVb), were synthesized as candidate active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase. The bromoacetamidopropyl derivative, (XVI), the p-bromoacetamidobenzyl derivative (XXIVb), and iodoacetamide showed irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthetase, but XXIVa did not. Since iodoacetamide did inactivate the enzyme, but XXIVa did not, it cannot be ascertained whether XXIVb and XVI inactivate the enzyme by a random bimolecular mechanism or by the active-site-directed mechanism without evaluation of additional candidate inhibitors. Two synthetic routes were employed. The key intermediates for the bromoacetamidobenzyl sulfonamides (XXIV) were the corresponding nitrobenzyl sulfonamides (XXI); the latter were best prepared by reductive alkylation of 2-amino-5-aminopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (XXV) with a nitrobenzaldehyde followed by tosylation. The key intermediate for XVI was a toluenesulfonamide with a carbobenzoxyaminopropyl substituent on the nitrogen (XIV); the latter was synthesized via N-carbobenzoxy-N'-tosyl-1,3-diaminopropane (XI).
Integrated play groups: A model for promoting the social and cognitive dimensions of play in children with autism

This investigation provides a description of a multifaceted model to promote peer play, and an evaluation of its impact on the social and cognitive dimensions of play in three children with autism. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the model application. A multiple-probe design across participants demonstrated (a) decreases in isolate play and collateral gains in more social forms of play, and (b) decreases in stereotyped object play and collateral gains in functional object play. While no symbolic play was observed in any of the participants during baseline, two participants demonstrated symbolic play in the final condition. Generalization and social validation measures indicated (a) advances in play behaviors were not limited to the play groups but observed in other contexts, and (b) were accompanied by language gains. Implications are discussed in terms of preferred service delivery models as well as of the importance of social interaction for the development of play and language.
Magnetic behavior of nickel ferrite–polyethylene nanocomposites synthesized by mechanical milling process

Abstract Magnetic properties of nanocrystalline nickel ferrite–polyethylene nanocomposites synthesized by mechanical milling process has been studied by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. Both zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetic measurements were made. The absence of hysteresis, remanence, and coercivity at room temperature suggests the superparamagnetic nature of the nanocomposite. The nickel ferrite–polyethylene nanocomposite exhibits a blocking temperature of ∼20 K and does not attain saturation magnetization even at a high field of 50 kOe. The lack of saturation magnetization at high field occurs in association with high field irreversibility and open loop at 50 kOe. This is attributed to the spin-glass like surface layer on the nanocrystalline nickel ferrites with a ferrimagnetically aligned core.
Nerve Conduction Velocity During Hypothermia in Man

Alterations in peripheral nerve impulse conduction during cooling were investigated in 7 surgical patients. A significant association between maximum conduction velocity and mean nerve temperature was found for peroneal nerve. Conduction velocity fell from 49.6 m./second at 35.5° C to one-half (25.9 m./second) at 23.5° C. and to one-fourth (12.1 m./second) at 21.5° C Conduction velocity decreased linearly at a rate of 1.84 m./second/degree centigrade between 36° and 23° C. (P
Optics at pilkington perkin-elmer

This short article describes the background and current programme of Pilkington Perkin-Elmer Ltd., set up four years ago by Pilkington Brothers of Great Britain and the Perkin-Elmer Corporation of the U.S.A. to design and manufacture sophisticated optical and electro-optical systems and devices.
Effective use of latent semantic indexing and computational linguistics in biological and biomedical applications

Text mining is rapidly becoming an essential technique for the annotation and analysis of large biological data sets. Biomedical literature currently increases at a rate of several thousand papers per week, making automated information retrieval methods the only feasible method of managing this expanding corpus. With the increasing prevalence of open-access journals and constant growth of publicly-available repositories of biomedical literature, literature mining has become much more effective with respect to the extraction of biomedically-relevant data. In recent years, text mining of popular databases such as MEDLINE has evolved from basic term-searches to more sophisticated natural language processing techniques, indexing and retrieval methods, structural analysis and integration of literature with associated metadata. In this review, we will focus on Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), a computational linguistics technique increasingly used for a variety of biological purposes. It is noted for its ability to consistently outperform benchmark Boolean text searches and co-occurrence models at information retrieval and its power to extract indirect relationships within a data set. LSI has been used successfully to formulate new hypotheses, generate novel connections from existing data, and validate empirical data.
Delineating Area of Review in a System with Pre-injection Relative Overpressure

Abstract The Class VI permit application for geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) requires delineation of an area of review (AoR), defined as the region surrounding the (GCS) project where underground sources of drinking water (USDWs) may be endangered. The methods for estimating AoR under the Class VI regulation were developed assuming that GCS reservoirs would be in hydrostatic equilibrium with overlying aquifers. Here we develop and apply an approach to estimating AoR for sites with pre- injection relative overpressure for which standard AoR estimation methods produces an infinite AoR. The approach we take is to compare brine leakage through a hypothetical open flow path in the base-case scenario (no-injection) to the incrementally larger leakage that would occur in the CO 2 -injection case. To estimate AoR by this method, we used semi-analytical solutions to single- phase flow equations to model reservoir pressurization and flow up (single) leaky wells located at progressively greater distances from the injection well. We found that the incrementally larger flow rates for hypothetical leaky wells located 6 km and 4 km from the injection well are ∼20% and 30% greater, respectively, than hypothetical baseline leakage rates. If total brine leakage is considered, the results depend strongly on how the incremental increase in total leakage is calculated, varying from a few percent to up to 40% greater (at most at early time) than base-case total leakage.
Vasopressin-independent regulation of collecting duct aquaporin-2 in food deprivation

Vasopressin-independent regulation of collecting duct aquaporin-2 in food deprivation. Background Humans and animals are frequently subjected to food deprivation or starvation. However, the adaptation of the kidney to this condition is not well understood. The purpose of these studies was to examine the effects of food deprivation on water handling by the kidney, the expression levels of collecting duct (CD) water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2), and to determine the role of vasopressin in the adaptation of AQP2 to food deprivation. Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Brattleboro rats were placed in metabolic cages and deprived of food but had free access to water for 72 hours. Water balance and urine osmolality were measured daily. Kidney tissues were isolated and examined for the expression of AQP2 using semiquantitative immunoblotting and Northern hybridization. The circulating level of vasopressin and the mRNA expression levels of its precursor were determined by radioimmunoassay and Northern hybridization, respectively. Results In SD rats, the first 24 hours of food deprivation is associated with a significant polyuria and decreased urine osmolality (Uosm). This correlated with a significant down-regulation of AQP2 in the cortex and outer medulla. After 72 hours of food deprivation, Uosm increased above baseline, and urine volume dropped to a lower value. This was associated with a rebound increase in AQP2 expression in the cortex and OM and its up-regulation in the inner medulla. Interestingly, vasopressin mRNA expression and plasma levels were unchanged during food deprivation. Further, in homozygous Brattleboro rats, in which endogenous vasopressin is absent, food deprivation caused changes in urine volume, urine osmolality, and AQP2 expression, which are qualitatively similar to those observed in normal rats. Conclusion Food deprivation impairs water handling by the kidney by causing dual changes in urine volume and urine osmolality. This effect is associated with parallel alterations in the expression of AQP2 and is independent of vasopressin activity. It is concluded that the increase in water reabsorption in the CD is an adaptive response of the kidney to a long period of food deprivation and is mediated via a vasopressin-independent mechanism.
The use of a cystic fibrosis patient registry to assess outcomes and improve cystic fibrosis care in Germany.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cystic fibrosis (CF) patient registries have become an important epidemiological tool for demography, networking, and quality management. This review describes recent developments in patient registries, outcome research, and pilot projects in quality improvement. RECENT FINDINGS National and international CF registry efforts have been producing consolidated data. Classical outcome indicators describing nutritional status and lung function are now being used in a more precise way, based on body mass index percentiles and longitudinal data. Projects involving single centers and quality groups, such as the German benchmarking project, have been showing that quality improvement is possible and that negative developments do not necessarily have to be accepted in CF. SUMMARY CF provides a model of the link between healthcare delivery and outcomes in patients. CF registry data can be used to improve quality in CF healthcare. Quality improvement is a continuous endeavor involving the reinforcement of standards and programs as well as individual attitudes and soft skills. One particularly powerful technique is benchmarking, that is, learning from the best.
Symbolic integration of logic in mixed-integer linear programming techniques for process synthesis

Abstract This paper deals with the branch and bound solution of synthesis problems that are modeled as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problems. Logic relations between potential units in a superstructure are considered through symbolic integration within the numerical based branch and bound scheme. The objective of this integration is to reduce the number of nodes that must be enumerated by using the logic to decide on the branching of variables, and to determine by symbolic inference whether additional variables can be fixed at each node. Two different strategies for performing the integration are proposed that use the disjunctive and conductive normal form representations of the logic, respectively. The paper also addresses the question of how to systematically generate the logic for process flowsheet superstructures. Computational results are presented to compare the performance of the proposed methods and a variant that includes violated logic inequalities in the model with the cases when all logic inequalities are included in or excluded from the model.
Ideologies and the measurement of academic effectiveness

Relationships between ideologies and organizational effectiveness indicators are examined for a sample of 35 university departments. Most differences in research and teaching effectiveness across different fields can be attributed to dissimilar ideologies. Implications for effectiveness evaluations involving university organizations are discussed, and questions are suggested for empirical investigation.
Reconceptualizing organizational change in the Comprehensive Gang Model

Abstract Organizational change and development is one of the cornerstones of successful crime prevention and intervention efforts, yet it has received little empirical attention in the areas of crime and justice. This lack of empirical attention extends to the national Comprehensive Gang Model, which explicitly states that organizational change and development is a key strategy. Borrowing concepts from the management field, the authors argue that the Comprehensive Gang Model should be reconceptualized so that organizational change and development is the foundation upon which other strategies are built. Application of this re-specified model is demonstrated through a case study in central Massachusetts utilizing learning communities as a vehicle to obtain sustainable change. Assessment of the organizational change and development is also discussed.
Viral Immune Complexes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: C-type Viral Complex Deposition in Skin

Punch biopsies were examined by indirect immunofluorescence for immune complex deposits containing C-type viral antigen. Antisera specific for immunoglobulins and HEL-12 virus mediated fluorescence at the dermal-epidermal junction and in vessel walls in 16 of 16 biopsies of involved skin from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Preimmune sera did not mediate fluorescence and gradient purified HEL-12 virus, simian sarcoma virus and baboon endogenous virus but not Rous sarcoma virus blocked the reaction of anti-HEL-12 virus serum with SEE tissue. Ten biopsies from uninvolved skin of the patients with SLE did not react with the antiviral serum, nor did tissue from 9 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, bullous pemphigoid or normal skin. These data support the hypothesis that C-type viral immune complexes participate in the pathogenesis of SLE.
A unique carbohydrate binding domain targets the lafora disease phosphatase to glycogen.

Lafora disease (progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Lafora type) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from defects in the EPM2A gene. EPM2Aencodes a 331-amino acid protein containing a carboxyl-terminal phosphatase catalytic domain. We demonstrate that the EPM2Agene product also contains an amino-terminal carbohydrate binding domain (CBD) and that the CBD is critical for association with glycogen both in vitro and in vivo. The CBD domain localizes the phosphatase to specific subcellular compartments that correspond to the expression pattern of glycogen processing enzyme, glycogen synthase. Mutations in the CBD result in mis-localization of the phosphatase and thereby suggest that the CBD targets laforin to intracellular glycogen particles where it is likely to function. Thus naturally occurring mutations within the CBD of laforin likely result in progressive myoclonus epilepsy due to mis-localization of phosphatase expression.
Affirmative Action and Percent Plans as Alternatives for Increasing Successful Participation of Minorities in Higher Education

Following the U.S. Supreme Court’s Grutter decision, universities must now make the judgment that student diversity is essential to their educational mission. This article examines the prospects fo...
μ and δ opioid synergy between the periaqueductal gray and the rostro-ventral medulla

Abstract Microinjection of [ d -Ala 2 , MePhe 4 , Gly(ol) 5 ]enkephalin (DAMGO) into either the periaqueductal gray (PAG) or the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) elicts analgesia in the tailflick assay in the rat. Co-administration of DAMGO into both regions together results in a profound synergistic interaction similar to that we previously reported with morphine. U50,488H and DPDPE are inactive when given into either region. [ d -Ala 2 , Glu 4 ]Deltorphin (deltorphin), on the other hand, elicits an analgesic response, although the maximal response is less than than μ agonists. Co-administration of DAMGO into one region with deltorphin in the other also results in a significant synergy. However, co-administration of DAMGO and deltorphin together in the same region gives only additive effects. These results confirm the existence of μ/μ synergy between the PAG and RVM. κ1 and δ1 agents are inactive, but the δ 2 agonist deltorphin is active in both regions. Our results indicate the presence of μ/δ 2 synergy between the PAG and RVM which appears to involve interactions of pathways rather than receptori nteractions at the cellular level.
Altering the gambler's maladaptive life goals.

This paper will serve as an explanation of how clinical counselors from various schools of thought, e.g., Freudian, Transactional Analysis, and Adlerian, work with or treat the excessive gambler. Because the presentation is short, it will be impossible to thoroughly cover the three schools of thought in depth. However, because of the writer's bias, the paper will examine in some detail the way in which an Adlerian counselor or therapist encourages his maladaptive clients to act and think more constructively, i.e., give up excessive gambling.
High resolution optoelectronic retinal prosthesis

Electronic retinal prostheses seek to restore sight in patients with retinal degeneration by delivering pulsed electric currents to retinal neurons via an array of microelectrodes. Most implants use inductive or optical transmission of information and power to an intraocular receiver, with decoded signals subsequently distributed to retinal electrodes through an intraocular cable. Surgical complexity could be minimized by an "integrated" prosthesis, in which both power and data are delivered directly to the stimulating array without any discrete components or cables. We present here an integrated retinal prosthesis system based on a photodiode array implant. Video frames are processed and imaged onto the retinal implant by a video goggle projection system operating at near-infrared wavelengths (~ 900 nm). Photodiodes convert light into pulsed electric current, with charge injection maximized by specially optimized series photodiode circuits. Prostheses of three different pixel densities (16 pix/mm 2 , 64 pix/mm 2 , and 256 pix/mm 2 ) have been designed, simulated, and prototyped. Retinal tissue response to subretinal implants made of various materials has been investigated in RCS rats. The resulting prosthesis can provide sufficient charge injection for high resolution retinal stimulation without the need for implantation of any bulky discrete elements such as coils or tethers. In addition, since every pixel functions independently, pixel arrays may be placed separately in the subretinal space, providing visual stimulation to a larger field of view.
Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling.

R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986; see record 1987-13085-001) provided clarion conceptual and methodological guidelines for testing mediational models with cross-sectional data. Graduating from cross-sectional to longitudinal designs enables researchers to make more rigorous inferences about the causal relations implied by such models. In this transition, misconceptions and erroneous assumptions are the norm. First, we describe some of the questions that arise (and misconceptions that sometimes emerge) in longitudinal tests of mediational models. We also provide a collection of tips for structural equation modeling (SEM) of mediational processes. Finally, we suggest a series of 5 steps when using SEM to test mediational processes in longitudinal designs: testing the measurement model, testing for added components, testing for omitted paths, testing the stationarity assumption, and estimating the mediational effects.
Effects of nitrobenzene and zinc on acetate utilizing methanogens

Determination of anaerobic degradation rates and toxic effects of nitrobenzene (NB) on acetate utilizing methanogens was the first objective of this research. Serum bottles were used for anaerobic toxicity assays with an acetate enrichment culture of methanogens. Ten mg/l of nitrobenzene did not inhibit total gas production in the acetate enrichment methanogenic culture. Twenty and thirty mg/l of nitrobenzene caused reversible inhibition of methanogenesis. Batch kinetic experiments showed that 20 mg/l of nitrobenzene was degraded with a first-order rate constant, k, of 0.37 d−1. Acetate was not degraded during the first 7 days when the measured nitrobenzene concentration was higher than about 1 mg/l. The second objective was to determine the effect of zinc on nitrobenzene degradation in methanogenic systems. Ten mg/l of spiked zinc caused a reduction of gas production in the systems with 10 mg/l of nitrobenzene; 20 mg/l of zinc led to failures of systems with 10 and 20 mg/l of nitrobenzene. With 10 and 20 mg/l of added zinc, the k value for nitrobenzene degradation decreased to 0.18 d−1 and 0.14 d−1, respectively. With 20 mg/l of Zn, acetate was not degraded at all even after nitrobenzene concentration reached 0.1 mg/l, indicating toxicity of Zn to methanogenesis. Abiotic control tests with autoclaved culture showed that adsorption alone could remove 60–70% of spiked nitrobenzene in 36 days. However, the samples extracted from solids in the methanogenic test systems showed that nitrobenzene was below the detection limit of 0.1 mg/l, indicating biodegradation of nitrobenzene in these systems. Traces of benzene were seen as an intermediate in the liquid samples. Headspace analysis showed that nitrobenzene and benzene were below detection limits.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the activity of the rat thyrotropin β-subunit gene promoter transfected into pituitary cells

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism(s) by which TRH regulates the biosynthesis of TSH, we are studying the effects of TRH on the expression of the TSH subunit genes (α and TSHβ). To study the structure-function relation of TRH stimulation of the activity of the single rat TSHβ gene, chimaeric plasmids were constructed. The 5′-flanking region of the rat TSHβ gene including exon 1 (5′-untranslated region) was inserted into a promoterless, modified pBR, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression vector. After transfection, specific TSHβ promoter activity was evident in both TRH-responsive pituitary-derived GH3 and primary pituitary cell cultures. To determine potential regulation of TSHβ promoter-directed activity in these cells by TRH, cells were incubated with media containing TRH (10−7 to 10−11 m) for 1 to 48 h. TRH stimulated a 1.5- to 3-fold increase in TSHβ promoter activity. Concomitant with an increase in CAT activity was an anticipated increase in PRL synthesis in the GH3 cells i...
A simple novel constitutive equation for concrete

A simple novel constitutive equation, three parameter strength criterion for concrete is proposed to represent the composite nature and complex failure mechanism of material of concrete. In this paper, the study is to demonstrate the use of scalar valued function, invariant theory, as applied to concrete failure prediction. Without the loss of accuracy of prediction, a three parameter strength criterion is developed.
Open Innovation Portal: A collaborative platform for open city data sharing

In recent years, many agencies and government authorities have been moving toward opening up their datasets, allowing external parties to create applications that can mash up this data. As the amount and the variety of data is increasing, it is important to create good metadata (descriptions, geographical boundaries, limitations, etc.) in order to allow individuals, who may not be domain experts, to easily search and consume data. In this paper we propose the Open Innovation Portal (OIP), a collaborative platform that allows Cities to annotate, publish and provide access to urban data from multiple sources in an intuitive, consistent and scalable way through open standards. In collaboration with Dublin City authorities and National University of Ireland Maynooth, we implemented a first prototype for Dublin. In the demo, we show how the collaborative metadata creation process works, from the raw data to the publishable information, and how the collaborative platform can be implemented both for a mobile-phone and web application.
Intestinal Ascaris lumbricoides.

A 12-year-old boy from Pakistan presented with abdominal pain. A US showed a long, curvilinear, peristaltic structure located within the distal small bowel. Longitudinal scans of the structure demonstrated two parallel outer echogenic lines (arrows) separated by a hypoechoic region (Fig. 1). Transverse view shows a target-like appearance (arrows) (Fig. 2). The stool ova and parasite examination revealed the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides ova. Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common human worm infection [1]. An adult worm averages 12 to 35 cm in length