cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
My Mind Set on Freedom: A History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968

Part 1 Preface ix Part 2 THE GATHERING STORM 3 Chapter 3 First legal challenges. The New Deal. Regional protest groups. Local organizations. The Emmett Till case. The Brown decision announced. Part 4 THE SCHOOLHOUSE DOOR 27 Chapter 5 Reaction to the Brown decision. Autherine Lucy. Crisis at Little Rock. Massive resistance. James Meredith at Ole Miss. George Wallace and the University of Alabama. Part 6 "I HAVE A DREAM" 51 Chapter 7 The Montgomery Bus Boycott. The rise of martin Luther King, Jr. King's philosophy. The formation of SCLC. Failure at Albany. The Birmingham campaign. Kennedy's involvement. The March on Washington. Part 8 "SITTING-IN FOR JUSTICE, RIDING FOR FREEDOM" 81 Chapter 9 The Greensboro movement. The movement spreads. Freedom Rides. Origins of SNCC. The Voting Rights campaign. "Freedom Summer." Malcolm X. Part 10 THE NATIONAL RESPONSE 106 Chapter 11 The Eisenhower administration. The election of 1960. Kennedy and civil rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964. White backlash. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic party. The election of 1964. Part 12 THE END OF THE MOVEMENT 127 13 The Selma campaign. The Voting Rights Act of 1965. The end of school segregation. Collapse of the movement. "Black power." King's Chicago sojourn. The "Poor People's campaign." The death of Martin Luther King. Part 14 THE NEW SOUTH 149 Chapter 15 Effect of the Voting Rights Act. Black political participation. School desegregation and its effects. Southern justice. The wealth disparity. King's legacy. Part 16 A Note on Sources 165 Part 17 Index 169
Educational Characteristics of Budget Office Personnel and State Budgetary Processes

Although the importance of budget office personnel to the performance of state budget systems seems to be self-evident, few studies have been conducted of this important subject. Using data from state budget office surveys, this study reviews changes in the educational characteristics of budget office staff between 1970 and 1990. Educational characteristics are examined as possible predictors of how budget systems operate. Topics of concern are the use of program information, the use of program analysis, and the exercise of accounting control. Consideration is given to the implications of current trends for future personnel requirements of budget offices.
Engineering tissues for in vitro applications

Engineered tissues can be employed for studies on the fundamental mechanisms of embryology and adult physiology and for investigating the evolution of disease processes. They also provide platforms to evaluate the behavior of new chemical entities in drug development. The recent development of three specific technologies has greatly facilitated the engineering of tissues for in vitro applications: the microfabrication tools that serve to both define the cellular microenvironment and enable parallelization of cell-based assays; synthetic, tunable hydrogels to create three-dimensional microenvironments; and bioreactors to control nutrient transport and fluid shear stress. Furthermore, convergence of these tools is providing investigators with the opportunity to construct and study tissues in vitro with unprecedented levels of sophistication.
Biosynthesis of pregnenolone from cholesterol in Haplopappus heterophyllus

Abstract After administration of cholesterol-4- 14 C (I) to the leaves of a Haplopappus heterophyllus plant, radioactive pregnenolone (II) was isolated and purified to constant specific activity by chromatography and recrystallization of both pregnenolone and its acetate. Cholesterol was identified as a natural constituent of the plant by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.
First-in-Human Off-Pump Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement

Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) faces significant challenges arising from the heterogeneous pathology of the mitral valve and the anatomic complexity of the mitral annulus, leaflets, and subvalvular apparatus [(1,2)][1]. The Tendyne mitral prosthesis (Tendyne Holdings, Roseville,
Tryptophan fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decays of human serum albumin resulting from one-photon and two-photon excitation.

Abstract We measured the emission spectra, intensity decays and anisotropy decays of the single tryptophan residue of human serum albumin (HSA) resulting from one-photon (295–298 nm) and two-photon (590–596) excitation. The emission spectra and intensity decays were independent of the mode of excitation. The anisotropy decays were superficially similar for one- and two-photon excitation. However, upon consideration of the different orientation photoselection for one- and two-photon excitation, the anisotropy data reveal different angles between the absorption and emission oscillators for one-photon and two-photon excitation. This result suggests different relative one-photon and two-photon cross-sections for the 1 L a and 1 L b transitions of the indole residue. This first report of the time-resolved anisotropy decay of a protein resulting from two-photon excitation suggests that such measurement will yield insights into the complex photophysical properties of tryptophan residues in proteins.
Hemodynamic Performance of Stage-2 Univentricular Reconstruction: Glenn vs. Hemi-Fontan Templates

Flow structures, hemodynamics and the hydrodynamic surgical pathway resistances of the final stage functional single ventricle reconstruction, namely the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) anatomy, have been investigated extensively. However, the second stage surgical anatomy (i.e., bi-directional Glenn or hemi-Fontan template) has received little attention. We thus initiated a multi-faceted study, involving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), phase contrast MRI, computational and experimental fluid dynamics methodologies, focused on the second stage of the procedure. Twenty three-dimensional computer and rapid prototype models of 2nd stage TCPC anatomies were created, including idealized parametric geometries (n = 6), patient-specific anatomies (n = 7), and their virtual surgery variant (n = 7). Results in patient-specific and idealized models showed that the Glenn connection template is hemodynamically more efficient with (83% p = 0.08 in patient-specific models and 66% in idealized models) lower power losses compared to hemi-Fontan template, respectively, due to its direct end-to-side anastomosis. Among the several secondary surgical geometrical features, stenosis at the SVC anastomosis or in pulmonary branches was found to be the most critical parameter in increasing the power loss. The pouch size and flare shape were found to be less significant. Compared to the third stage surgery the hydrodynamic resistance of the 2nd stage is considerably lower (both in idealized models and in anatomical models at MRI resting conditions) for both hemi- and Glenn templates. These results can impact the surgical design and planning of the staged TCPC reconstruction.
Anticoagulation for Prosthetic Valves

Implantation of prosthetic valve requires consideration for anticoagulation. The current guideline recommends warfarin on all mechanical valves. Dabigatran is the new generation anticoagulation medication which is taken orally and does not require frequent monitoring. This drug is approved for treatment for atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism, but the latest large trial showed that this drug increases adverse events when used for mechanical valve anticoagulation. On-X valve is the new generation mechanical valve which is considered to require less anticoagulation due to its flow dynamics. The latest study showed that lower anticoagulation level lowers the incidence of bleeding, while the risk of thromboembolism and thrombosis remained the same. Anticoagulation poses dilemma in cases such as pregnancy and major bleeding event. During pregnancy, warfarin can be continued throughout pregnancy and switched to heparin derivative during 6–12 weeks and >36 weeks of gestation. Warfarin can be safely started after 1-2 weeks of discontinuation following major bleeding episode.
Statistical thermodynamics of ABA block copolymers. III. Microstructural transitions and model verification

The predictions of a model presented previously are tested with data on five styrenebutadiene–styrene copolymers. Differential scanning calorimetry and laser light transmission are the primary tools, spanning 180–630°K, with some evidence supplied also by electron microscopy and mechanical properties. The existence of a first-order phase transition, characterized by a separation temperature Ts, is verified and found to be predictable by the model. Details of morphology, including transitions in microstructure in certain temperature ranges, are also reported and shown to be consistent with the theory.
Understanding forecast verification statistics

Although there are numerous reasons for performing a verification analysis, there are usually two general questions that are of interest: are the forecasts good, and can we be confident that the estimate of forecast quality is not misleading? When calculating a verification score, it is not usually obvious how the score can answer either of these questions. Some procedures for attempting to answer the questions are reviewed, with particular focus on p-values and confidence intervals. P-values are shown to be rather unhelpful in answering either question, especially when applied to probabilistic verification scores, and confidence intervals are to be preferred. However, confidence intervals cannot reveal biases in the value of a score that arises from an inadequate experimental design for testing on truly out-of-sample observations. Some specific problems with cross validation are highlighted. Finally, in the interests of increasing the insight into forecast strengths and weaknesses and in pointing towards methods for improving forecast quality, a plea is made for a more discriminating selection of verification procedures than has been adopted to date. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Correlation in negative ions

MCHF calculations recently predicted a positive binding energy for the 4p electron in the 4s24p 2P state of Ca−, in good agreement with experiment. These calculations were extended to other ns2np systems and, in cases where the (n - 1)d shell of the atom was unfilled, theoretical calculations predict the existence of stable, negative ions. These calculations modeled the atom as (Core)ns2 and the ion as (Core)ns2np and included correlation only among the outer electrons. Similar calculations have been performed for Rb and Cs where the neutral atom can be modeled as (Core)ns. In this case, the interesting question is whether (Core)nsnp 3P is a bound state, but because of fewer electrons outside the core, the calculations were able to include core polarization or correlations with the core. A survey of some of these results is presented.
Retention of Differential Autonomic Conditioning and Memory for Conditional Stimulus Relationships

Corollary to the hypothesis that awareness of the conditional stimulus relationships is necessary for the acquisition of differential conditioning, it was predicted that memory for the conditional stimulus relationships (i.e., awareness at retention testing) would be necessary for the retention of differential autonomic conditioning. Groups of 20 subjects each were tested for retention of differential skin conductance and vasomotor conditioning, differential expectancies of the unconditional stimulus, and memory for the CS-US relationships either 1 day or 28 days after initial acquisition. A continuous measure of expectancy of the unconditional stimulus was obtained during initial acquisition and retention testing. Retention testing consisted of a series of unreinforced presentations of the conditional stimuli and a reacquisition series. The 28-day interval resulted in more forgetting of the conditional stimulus relationships and greater retention loss of differential autonomic conditioning and differential US expectancies than did the 1-day interval. Within the group tested after 28 days, retention loss was related to the subjects' post-experimental reports of whether or not they remembered the CS-US relationships. Subjects reporting having forgotten showed complete retention loss of differential autonomic conditioning and differential US expectancies while subjects reporting having remembered showed good retention, similar to that shown after the 1-day retention interval. The hypothesis that memory for the conditional stimulus relationships is necessary for retention of autonomic conditioning was supported. It was also found that long-term memory for the conditional stimulus relationships was related to greater autonomic responsivity during initial acquisition.
Transgenic production of epoxy fatty acids by expression of a cytochrome P450 enzyme from Euphorbia lagascae seed.

Seed oils of a number of Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae species are enriched in 12-epoxyoctadeca-cis-9-enoic acid (vernolic acid), an unusual 18-carbon Δ 12 -epoxy fatty acid with potential industrial value. It has been previously demonstrated that the epoxy group of vernolic acid is synthesized by the activity of a Δ 12 -oleic acid desaturase-like enzyme in seeds of the Asteraceae Crepis palaestina and Vernonia galamensis . In contrast, results from metabolic studies have suggested the involvement of a cytochrome P450 enzyme in vernolic acid synthesis in seeds of the Euphorbiaceae species Euphorbia lagascae . To clarify the biosynthetic origin of vernolic acid in E. lagascae seed, an expressed sequence tag analysis was conducted. Among 1,006 randomly sequenced cDNAs from developing E. lagascae seeds, two identical expressed sequence tags were identified that encode a cytochrome P450 enzyme classified as CYP726A1. Consistent with the seed-specific occurrence of vernolic acid in E. lagascae , mRNA corresponding to the CYP726A1 gene was abundant in developing seeds, but was not detected in leaves. In addition, expression of the E. lagascae CYP726A1 cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was accompanied by production of vernolic acid in cultures supplied with linoleic acid and an epoxy fatty acid tentatively identified as 12-epoxyoctadeca-9,15-dienoic acid (12-epoxy-18:2Δ 9,15 ) in cultures supplied with α-linolenic acid. Consistent with this, expression of CYP726A1 in transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) callus or somatic soybean ( Glycine max ) embryos resulted in the accumulation of vernolic acid and 12-epoxy-18:2Δ 9,15 . Overall, these results conclusively demonstrate that Asteraceae species and the Euphorbiaceae E. lagascae have evolved structurally unrelated enzymes to generate the Δ 12 -epoxy group of vernolic acid.
Tissue characterization and detection of dysplasia using scattered light

In this paper, the structural parameters of dysplasia formation in the epithelial tissue are estimated using a stochastic decomposition algorithm (SDM) by means of scattered light. We extract texture parameters obtained from the decomposition that capture the signature of dysplasia formation. These parameters include the number and mean energy of coherent scatterers; deviation from Rayleigh scattering; average energy of diffuse scatterers; and normalized correlation coefficient. The tests are performed on simulations, and tissue-mimicking phantom data. The simulations are based on the light scattered from the cells with varying parameters such as, index of refraction, number of cells, and size of cells. The obtained results demonstrate the proof-of-concept in being able to differentiate between tissue structures that give rise to changes in cell morphology as well as other physical properties such as change in index of refraction. Fusing all the estimated parameter set together results in the differentiation performance (Az value) up to 1(perfect detection) for simulated data, and Az > 0.927 for the phantom data.
The addition of abdomen and pelvis CT to limited cancer screening does not increase diagnosis of cancer in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism

Commentary on : Carrier M, Lazo-Langner A, Shivakumar S, et al., SOME Investigators. Screening for occult cancer in unprovoked venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2015;373:697–704.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] In patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism, occult malignancy is of concern. Studies have shown that more than 60% of occult cancers are diagnosed following unprovoked venous thromboembolism and up to 10% of patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism are diagnosed with cancer within the following year.1 Despite this, the approach to evaluating patients for occult malignancy varies widely. Studies have described a limited technique of history, physical examination and laboratory tests, as well as utilising multimodal imaging techniques to detect cancer in these patients.2 ,3 Carrier and colleagues compared comprehensive and limited occult-cancer screening strategies in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism. This multicentre, randomised trial … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D373%26rft.spage%253D697%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1506623%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26095467%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1506623&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=26095467&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F21%2F1%2F19.atom
Small Firm Adaptation: Responses of Physicians' Organizations to Regulatory and Competitive Uncertainty

This study addressed the pattern of small organizations's adaptation responses to uncertainty in the regulatory and competitive sectors of their environment using data from physicians in solo pract...
Large pose invariant face recognition using feature-based recurrent neural network

Cellular Simultaneous Recurrent Network (CSRN) is a novel bio-inspired recurrent neural network that mimics reinforcement learning in the brain. CSRN has been proven to be a powerful tool for learning and predicting temporal information in face image sequences. In this work, we propose a novel implementation of feature-based CSRN for large-scale pose invariant face recognition. We also report systematic evaluation and performance comparison of our feature-based CSRN method with other well-known standard algorithms (PCA, LDA, Bayesian Classifier and EBGM) using face recognition technology standards for large-scale pose invariant face recognition.
Radio link admission algorithms for wireless networks with power control and active link quality protection

Presents a distributed power control scheme, which maintains the signal/interference ratios (SIRs) of operational (active) links above their required thresholds at all times (link quality protection), while new users are being admitted; furthermore, when new users cannot be successfully admitted, existing ones do not suffer fluctuations of their SIRs below their required thresholds values. The authors also present two admission/rejection control algorithms, which exercise voluntary drop-out of links inadmissible to the network so as to reduce interference and possibly facilitate the admission of other links.
Comparison of Affirm VPIII and Papanicolaou Tests in the Detection of Infectious Vaginitis

To compare the Affirm VPIII molecular test (Becton Dickinson, Burlington, NC) with morphologic identification used in routine Papanicolaou (Pap) test screening in the detection and identification of Candida species, Trichomonas vaginalis , and Gardnerella vaginalis , we identified 431 cases with a concomitant Pap test and Affirm VPIII assay performed from the archives of a large academic institution. The study population consisted of women ranging in age from 17 to 79 years (mean and median ages, 33 and 31 years, respectively). With a routine Pap test, 60 patients (13.9%) were found to have bacterial vaginosis, 60 (13.9%) candidiasis, and 3 (0.7%) Trichomonas infection. With the Affirm VPIII assay, 183 (42.5%) patients tested positive for G vaginalis , 70 (16.2%) positive for Candida species, and 10 (2.3%) positive for T vaginalis. The differences were statistically significant. The results demonstrate that our patient population had a high incidence of bacterial vaginosis/ Candida vaginitis; however, the Affirm VPIII was a more sensitive diagnostic test for the detection and identification of all 3 organisms compared with the Pap test.
Miniaturized microstrip bandpass filter with interdigitated fingers

In this paper, a compact microstrip bandpass filter with improved selectivity and spurious harmonic suppression is presented. The proposed filter design makes use of a resonator with interdigitated fingers to achieve compactness as well as high-selectivity by introducing two transmission zeros, with just two resonators. Miniaturization of about 48% and 20% is achieved in comparison to filters realized using open-loop resonators and stepped-impedance resonators, respectively. In addition, the filter design is modified to suppress the spurious resonances without significant increase in the filter size. Spurious resonances are suppressed to frequencies more than 5 times the fundamental resonance frequency. Good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained.
Expecting the unexpected: applying the Develop-Distort Dilemma to maximize positive market impacts in health

Although health interventions start with good intentions to develop services for disadvantaged populations, they often distort the health market, making the delivery or financing of services difficult once the intervention is over: a condition called the ‘Develop-Distort Dilemma’ (DDD). In this paper, we describe how to examine whether a proposed intervention may develop or distort the health market. Our goal is to produce a tool that facilitates meaningful and systematic dialogue for practitioners and researchers to ensure that well-intentioned health interventions lead to productive health systems while reducing the undesirable distortions of such efforts. We apply the DDD tool to plan for development rather than distortions in health markets, using intervention research being conducted under the Future Health Systems consortium in Bangladesh, China and Uganda. Through a review of research proposals and interviews with principal investigators, we use the DDD tool to systematically understand how a project fits within the broader health market system, and to identify gaps in planning for sustainability. We found that while current stakeholders and funding sources for activities were easily identified, future ones were not. The implication is that the projects could raise community expectations that future services will be available and paid for, despite this actually being uncertain. Each project addressed the ‘rules’ of the health market system differently. The China research assesses changes in the formal financing rules, whereas Bangladesh and Uganda’s projects involve influencing community level providers, where informal rules are more important. In each case, we recognize the importance of building trust between providers, communities and government officials. Each project could both develop and distort local health markets. Anyone intervening in the health market must recognize the main market perturbations, whether positive or negative, and manage them so as to maximize the benefits to the health system and population health.
Phyllosilicate mineral assemblages of the SAFOD Pilot Hole and comparison with an exhumed segment of the San Andreas Fault System

[1] This paper establishes a reference phyllosilicate data set from the SAFOD Pilot Hole for future SAFOD drilling and presents an application of these data for studies of exhumed fault segments. The chlorite assemblages in cuttings from two intervals of the SAFOD Pilot Hole are separated into two populations based on X-ray diffraction characteristics. The first population is found in granite in both the deeper and shallower interval, whereas the second population occurs only in clastic sedimentary rocks in the shallower interval. The characteristics of the first population match those for protolith and cataclasite of the exhumed Punchbowl Fault, whereas samples from intensely deformed ultracataclasite are most similar to the second. This supports previous findings that the mineral assemblages in the ultracataclasite formed after the cessation of motion along the fault, above a depth of ∼2 km, and that mineral assemblages in these exhumed fault rocks have been overprinted by post-faulting alteration.
Pre-processing methods for handwritten Arabic documents

In order to improve the readability and the automatic recognition of handwritten document images, preprocessing steps are imperative. These steps in addition to conventional steps of noise removal and filtering include text normalization such as baseline correction, slant normalization and skew correction. These steps make the feature extraction process more reliable and effective. Recently Arabic handwriting recognition has received some attention from the research community. Due to the unique nature of the script, the conventional methods do not prove to be effective. In our work, we describe an orientation independent technique for baseline detection of Arabic words. In addition to that we describe, in the rest of the paper, our techniques for slant normalization, slope correction, line and word separation in handwritten Arabic documents. We show how the baseline can be exploited for slope and skew correction before proceeding with the steps of line and word separation.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Once-Daily Oral Low-Dose Mesylate Salt of Paroxetine (LDMP 7.5 mg) Following Single and Multiple Doses in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

Abstract Background Low-dose mesylate salt of paroxetine (LDMP 7.5 mg) is being investigated for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. Objective This Phase I, open-label, single- and multiple-dose study evaluated the pharmacokinetic properties, safety and tolerability of LDMP in postmenopausal, nonsmoking women aged ≥40 years. Methods After a 3-week screening period, subjects received LDMP 7.5-mg capsules as a single dose on day 1 and then as multiple doses (once daily for 14 days) on Days 6–19. Blood samples were collected predose and up to 120 hours postdose on day 1 (single-dose pharmacokinetic profile), at predose (after 12 doses) on day 18, and at predose and up to 24 hours postdose on day 19 (multiple-dose pharmacokinetic profile). Capsules were taken with 240 mL of water while subjects were fasted. Safety was evaluated throughout the study. Results Twenty-four women (mean age, 56 years) completed the study. On day 1, median T max was ~6 hours, and mean t 1/2 was 17.30 hours. Mean plasma concentrations attained predose on days 18 and 19 (days 13 and 14 of multiple dosing) and at 24 hours postdose (day 20) were similar, suggesting that steady state was achieved by day 13 of multiple dosing after 12 daily doses. Mean AUC 0–24 h at steady state (day 14 of multiple dosing) was ~3-fold greater than AUC 0–∞ on day 1, indicating nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Mean C max on day 14 of multiple dosing was ~5-fold greater than that attained on day 1, and the accumulation index (AUC day 19 /AUC day 1 ) at steady state was 9.71. Fluctuation index (calculated as [(C max – C min )/C avg ss ] × 100) was 75.8%. Most subjects (23/24 [95.8%]) experienced at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event (AE); however, most AEs (67 events in 22/24 subjects [91.7%]) were mild, and the remainder were moderate. Seventeen subjects experienced 33 AEs that were deemed possibly or probably related to LDMP. No serious AEs were reported, and no clinically meaningful changes in laboratory values, vital signs, or ECGs were observed. Conclusions On multiple dosing, LDMP exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics and was well tolerated in these healthy postmenopausal women; the extent of accumulation was consistent with data from the published literature. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01829919.
Flip-chip flex-circuit packaging for 42 V/16 A integrated power electronics module applications

This paper presents a novel flex-circuit power packaging platform that enables integration of power dies and control components with an advantageous form factor. The flex-circuit offers the benefits of planar interconnection and multilayer layout design flexibility with reduced parasitic inductance compared to conventional wire bonds. A half-bridge test vehicle that implements the flex-circuit packaging platform has been designed and fabricated for automotive applications (42 V, 16 A). The power flex module presents a compact configuration with electrical results indicating improved package parasitics.
Poster: A lung cancer mortality risk calculator based on SEER data

We analyze the lung cancer data available from the SEER program for developing survival prediction models using data mining techniques. The prototype mortality risk calculator developed as a result of this study is available at info.eecs.northwestern.edu:8080/CancerMortalityRiskCalculator
Acoustic emission assessment of fatigue crack growth from a transverse weld toe

AbstractAcoustic emission (AE) has been increasingly used for assessment and prediction of fatigue cracks in steel bridge members. Fatigue cracks develop at the transverse weld toe of stiffeners, attachments, and cover plates in steel bridge members. Effectiveness of AE to assess fatigue crack initiation from weld toe is investigated in this study, and an attempt is made to predict the crack growth behavior using AE signal features. Cruciform specimens consisting of a single tension pull plate with transverse fillet-welded plates attached at midspan are tested in this study. The transverse plates represent stiffeners and/or short attachments typical of welded steel bridge details. The specimen provides realistic initial conditions of fatigue crack initiation and growth from high stress concentration regions. Consequently, AE waveform characteristics representative of those expected on bridge structures are produced. Accurate stress intensity factor values are difficult to obtain because of the small, nonu...
A Successful New Primary Health Care Provider in the Newborn Nursery

The mothers' acceptance of the Child Health Associate ("CHA") as a qualified health profes sional and the documentation of CHA's clinical abilities to provide broad-based health care for normal infants attest to their capabilities to function as primary health care providers in a newborn nursery. In "low-risk" nursery set tings, where other capable health professionals may not be available, the CHA can assume primary and direct responsibility for the care of the normal newborn infant.
A task migration algorithm for load balancing in a distributed system

Task migration from heavily loaded processors to lightly loaded or idle processors is one way to balance the load across all processors and thus reduce average response time. A description is given of a dynamic task migration protocol based on proposed set strategies which is used to minimize the communication cost and reduce the processing overhead at each processor. The decision to migrate is based on the information exchange between processors. The performance of the algorithm is examined by simulation. >
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SINGLE-WALL CARBON NANOTUBES

The thermal conductivity of several single-wall carbon nanotubes has been calculated over a temperature range of 100-500 K using molecular dynamics simulations with the Tersoff-Brenner potential for C-C interactions. In all cases, starting from similar values at 100 K, the thermal conductivities show a peaking behaviour before falling off at higher temperatures. The peak position shifts to higher temperatures for nanotubes with larger diameters and no significant dependence on the tube chirality is observed. It is shown that this phenomenon is due to the onset of Umklapp scattering, which shifts to higher temperatures for nanotubes with larger diameters.
Virus and Bacteria Transport in a Sandy Aquifer, Cape Cod, MA

Transport of the bacteriophage PRD-1, bacteria, and latex microspheres was studied in a sandy aquifer under natural-gradient conditions. The field injection was carried out at the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology research site on Cape Cod. The three colloids and a salt tracer (Br−) moved along the same path. There was significant attenuation of the phage, with PRD-1 peak concentrations less than 0.001 percent of Br− peaks 6 m from the source; but the low detection limit (one per ml) enabled tracking movement of the PRD-1 plume for 12 m downgradient over the 25-day experiment. Attenuation of phage was apparently due to retention on soil particles (adsorption). Attenuation of bacteria and microspheres was less, with peak concentrations 6 m from the source on the order of 10 and 0.4 percent of Br−, respectively. Injection of a high-pH pulse of water 20 days into the experiment resulted in significant remobilization of retained phage, demonstrating that attached phage remained viable, and that PRD-1 attachment to and detachment from the sandy soil particles was highly pH dependent. Phage behavior in this experiment, i.e. attenuation at pH 5.7 and rapid resuspension at pH 6–8, was consistent with that observed previously in laboratory column studies. Results illustrate that biocolloids travel in a fairly narrow plume in sandy (relatively homogeneous) media, with virus concentrations dropping below detection limit several meters away from the source; bacteria concentrations above detection limits can persist over longer distances.
INITIATING CHANGE IN PROSPECTIVE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS' ORIENTATIONS TO MATHEMATICS TEACHING BY BUILDING ON BELIEFS

Many mathematics educators have found thatprospective elementary school teachers' beliefsinterfere with their learning of mathematics.Often teacher educators consider these beliefsto be wrong or naive and seek to challengethem so prospective teachers will reject themfor more generative beliefs. Because of theresilience of prospective teachers' beliefs inresponse to these challenges, teacher educatorscould consider alternative ways of thinkingabout and addressing beliefs, particularly thepotential of building on rather than tearingdown pre-existing beliefs. Data from anearly-field experience linked to amathematics-for-teachers course provideevidence that when prospective teachers workintimately with children, in this case tryingto teach 10-year-olds about fractions, theexperience has the intensity from which beliefscan grow. Most of the prospective teachers inthe study were surprised that mathematicsteaching was more difficult than they hadanticipated. They began to consider theimportance of providing children time to thinkwhen solving mathematical problems. The changedescribed in the study is incremental ratherthan monumental, suggesting that building uponprospective teachers' existing beliefs will bea gradual process.
Maximum Induced Voltage between Coaxial Coils

The use of two coaxial coils, whose winding planes are horizontal, for signaling between a surface coil and a coil within the earth is well known. Simple formulas are given for the maximum induced voltage and the frequency at which the maximum occurs. The formulas apply to many combinations of soil conductivity and dielectric constant and are accurate to within ten percent.
The perils of public health by press release.

The study by Christian Laurent and colleagues is an important one. As the investigators point out there are no clinical trials assessing the effectiveness safety and quality of fixed-dose combination drugs in resource-limited environments. Such studies are vital for assessing the drugs that WHO recommends and that numerous donor agencies purchase. To distinguish between what is reported in the study and what the popular press and some policy makers conclude from this information is also important. Although this study provides important supportive data the results are not conclusive evidence that the Indian produced fixed-dose combination drug Triomune is safe and efficacious. There is an incremental process for drug assessment that can be helpful to policy makers in making distinctions between conclusions based on science and hyperbole. (excerpt)
Imaging infrared spectroscopy for fixation-free liver tumor detection

ABSTRACT Infrared (IR) imaging spectroscopy of human liver tissue slices has been used to identify and characterize a liver metastasis of breast origin (mucinous carcinoma) which was surgically removed from a consenting patient and frozen without formalin fixation or dehydration procedures, so that lipids and water remain in the tissues. Previously, a set of IR metrics was determined for tumors in fixation-free liver tissues facilitating a k-means cluster analysis differentiating tumor from nontumor. Different and more in depth aspects of these results are examined in this work including three metric color imaging, differencing for lipid identification, and a new technique to simultaneously fit band lineshapes and their 2 nd derivatives in order to better characterize protein changes. Keywords: liver tumors, infrared metrics, k-means cluster analysis, human liver lipid, FTIR imaging. 1. IMAGING FTIR AND A LIVER TUMOR Incisive observations about molecular changes in tissue associated with tumors can be extracted from the large amount of data generated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging spectroscopy
Viral Causes of Hearing Loss: A Review for Hearing Health Professionals:

A number of viral infections can cause hearing loss. Hearing loss induced by these viruses can be congenital or acquired, unilateral or bilateral. Certain viral infections can directly damage inner ear structures, others can induce inflammatory responses which then cause this damage, and still others can increase susceptibility or bacterial or fungal infection, leading to hearing loss. Typically, virus-induced hearing loss is sensorineural, although conductive and mixed hearing losses can be seen following infection with certain viruses. Occasionally, recovery of hearing after these infections can occur spontaneously. Most importantly, some of these viral infections can be prevented or treated. For many of these viruses, guidelines for their treatment or prevention have recently been revised. In this review, we outline many of the viruses that cause hearing loss, their epidemiology, course, prevention, and treatment.
An Analysis Of The Technical Efficiency Of The Russian Stock Market

In this paper, we evaluate the weak form efficiency of the Russian Stock Market using the Russian Trading System Index for the period from when the market opened, September 4, 1995 to June 1, 2007. There does appear to have been a speculative bubble in the run-up to the market peak in late 1997/early 1998 that burst when the government defaulted on debt. However, based on the empirical results of this paper, it appears that the RTSI is generally weak form efficient, particularly in the last eight periods of the study. This weak form efficiency is not surprising given the international interest in the Russian Stock Market and because the RTSI is denominated in US dollars.
NVH Aspects of a Downsized Turbocharged Gasoline Powertrain with Direct Injection

The European Automotive Industry has committed to reduce the CO 2 emissions. In order to comply with these requirements, the introduction of fuel efficient technologies is absolutely mandatory. Therefore 'Downsizing' is aknown way to reduce part load fuel consumption by combining significant displacement reduction with turbocharging to achieve equivalent torque and power levels [1]. To fulfill these demands, an inline gasoline three cylinder powertrain with turbocharged direct injection (SCi Turbo) has been developed. The challenge during the development of such a powertrain is that no degradation on customer demands regarding the key criteria, among others driveability and NVH, 'is allowed. This paper will show the powertrain components that are affected most by these NVH attributes; this concerns mainly the engine and the power conversion system. The results, achieved by CAE and Measurements, show clearly that a potential deterioration of the different noise sources can be more than compensated by the introduction of certain countermeasures.
Careerism and the Ethics of Autonomy: A Theological Response

This essay analyzes the moral and theological significance of the preoccupation of today's college students with careers and preprofessional training and illustrates how the theology component of the undergraduate curriculum can respond to the moral dilemmas presented by careerism. It contends that careerism is but a symptom of a more fundamental malaise of the social ethos and that by engaging in a critical inquiry into the moral roots of the ethos of liberalism—the ethos that gives rise to careerism—students can be challenged to investigate their own personal career choices in the context of the society in which they live. This can be done successfully only if analytic categories are available that provide a “bridge” between the personal experience of the students and the social experience of the larger society. The Ethics component of the Theology curriculum can provide these categories of analysis. Ethos, narrative, character, and vocation—terms integral to the discourse of Christian Ethics—provide helpful ways of structuring this analysis in the classroom.
Extraction of DNA by magnetic ionic liquids: tunable solvents for rapid and selective DNA analysis.

DNA extraction represents a significant bottleneck in nucleic acid analysis. In this study, hydrophobic magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) were synthesized and employed as solvents for the rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from aqueous solution. The DNA-enriched microdroplets were manipulated by application of a magnetic field. The three MILs examined in this study exhibited unique DNA extraction capabilities when applied toward a variety of DNA samples and matrices. High extraction efficiencies were obtained for smaller single-stranded and double-stranded DNA using the benzyltrioctylammonium bromotrichloroferrate(III) ([(C8)3BnN+][FeCl3Br–]) MIL, while the dicationic 1,12-di(3-hexadecylbenzimidazolium)dodecane bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide bromotrichloroferrate(III) ([(C16BnIM)2C122+][NTf2–, FeCl3Br–]) MIL produced higher extraction efficiencies for larger DNA molecules. The MIL-based method was also employed for the extraction of DNA from a complex matrix containing albumin, revealing a competitive...
Failure of blighted Russet Burbank potatoes to produce congenital deformities in rats.

SummaryPregnant rats were gavaged with massive doses of freeze-dried late blight infected Russet Burbank tuber tissue, freeze-dried early blight infected tuber tissue, or an extract of the latter containing terpenoid phytoalexins. There were no grossly detected deformities observed in over 500 offspring. The results suggest that neither early nor late blight infected Russet Burbank potatoes are teratogenic in rats at massive doses and, by extension, that the terpenoid phytoalexins likely are not either.
Elongation of the surface plasmon polariton propagation length without gain

We have demonstrated that the presence of dye in an adjacent dielectric can elongate the propagation length of a surface plasmon polariton even without optical gain.
EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF BIRDS. VI. A REEXAMINATION OF PROTEIN DIVERGENCE USING VARIED ELECTROPHORETIC CONDITIONS.

The recent application of multilocus protein-electrophoretic techniques to avian taxa has led to a rather surprising generalization: genetic distances between lower taxa of birds are exceptionally small compared to those observed between many other vertebrates of equivalent levels of taxonomic distinction (Smith and Zimmerman, 1976; Barrowclough and Corbin, 1978; Avise et al., 1980a, 1980b, 1980c, 1982; Barrowclough et al., 1981; Yang and Patton, 1981; Patton and Avise, unpubl.; Avise and Aquadro, 1982). For example, species of amphibians currently placed within a given genus are, on average, 11-22 times more divergent than congeneric avian species when assayed by common gel electrophoretic conditions (for a comprehensive review of genetic distances in vertebrates, see Avise and Aquadro, 1982). Genetic distances among fish, mammal and reptile congeners typically fall intermediate to those exhibited by amphibians and birds. This "conservative" pattern of protein evolution is not restricted to passerine birds but has also been observed in anseriforms (waterfowl: Patton and Avise, unpubl.) and procellariiforms (tube-nosed birds: Barrowclough et al., 1981). Evidence also exists for a conservative level of immunological divergence in albumins and transferrins among avian orders (Prager et al., 1974; but see Wilson et al., 1977). Perhaps the most striking example of the apparent protein conservatism in birds involves
A Combined Diffuse Correlation and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Instrument for Continuous monitoring of Absolute Cerebral Blood Flow

We investigate the feasibility of constructing an instrument, which can help critical care physicians by real-time monitoring/measuring absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) to facilitate fast diagnosis of Ischemia.
A Meta-analysis on the Effects of Attentional Focus on Motor Learning

Purpose: This study was to apply a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of attentional focus on motor learning.Subject: 57 published(SCI and SSCI) and unpublished(thesis and conference papers) studies that examined the effects of attentional focus on motor learning.Result:1) The entire effect size is 0.617 shows that the instruction or feedback of external attentional focus generally produces better motor learning than internal attentional focus does;2) Research designs(between groups or within groups) or different participants produce no difference on effect size,but comparing with internal focus,different tasks influence the effect level of the instruction or feedback of external attentional focus on learning;3) There are significant differences of effect sizes between the advantages of internal and external attentional focus.The advantage of external focus of attention accounts for 74.6% of the literatures,and to the contract,the advantage of internal focus is only 25.4%.It shows the advantage of external focus has a dominant impact in the entire studies.Conclusion: Comparing with internal attentional focus,external attentional focus produces a greater positive effect on the motor learning.
Progress in emulsion liquid membrane technique

The separation mechanism of emulsion liquid membrane technique is presented.The progress of research in the application of emulsion liquid membrane technique to the recovery and extraction of metal ions,wastewater treatment,powder materials preparation and biomedicine is introduced.The separation performance and the types of membrane solvents,surfactants,internal phase,carriers used in different application researches are discussed in detail.The problems that restrict the commercialization of emulsion liquid membrane technique and it research directions are presented.
Research on the Quality Guarantee System of Urban Road Atmospheric Environment

With the rapid development of our country transportation enterprise,vehicle emission pollution has become the major source of atmospheric pollution.This article through to the atmospheric environmental quality analysis,from the urban road operation management,environmental monitoring,vehicle technology update and vehicle environmental protection system of atmospheric quality guarantee measures of urban road in our country,so as to realize the sustainable development of urban road atmospheric environmental quality.