cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A CRITICAL REVIEW AND APPROPRIATION OF PIERRE BOURDIEU'S ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL REPRODUCTION

Although Pierre Bourdieu is easily the most important current French sociologist of education, his work has largely been neglected by American educationalists. Part of this is undoubtedly Bourdieu'...
A tale of two food environments: Differences in food availability and food shopping behaviors between food insecure and food secure households

This research study was conducted to assess how neighborhood food environments (FE) impact households’ ability to purchase and consume a balanced diet. We conducted surveys with 449 food secure (FS...
New standby power targets

Leaving appliances and other devices in “standby power” mode is a significant source of continual electricity consumption in homes and workplaces. Over the years, a combination of policies and technologies has successfully reduced the amount of power used by devices and appliances when in standby power mode, but these energy savings have been offset by an increase in the number of products drawing standby power and new power requirements for maintaining network connections. Current technologies and policies to reduce energy use during standby have limitations and may not be appropriate for emerging trends in devices such as mobile products, networking, and direct DC power. This work proposes a new strategy to measure and further reduce standby energy consumption, the “Standzero” option, which encourages electrical products to be designed to operate for short periods without relying on grid-supplied electricity. Lower energy consumption is achieved through enhanced efficiency and by harvesting ambient energy. A sensitivity analysis indicates that many electrical devices could be designed to operate for at least an hour without relying on grid power and, in some cases, may be able to operate indefinitely at 0 W until activated.
Risk Factors for Pedestrian Injury on Tribal Lands

Background American Indians have the highest rate of pedestrian death per capita among ethnic groups in the United States. In North Dakota, the incidence rate for pedestrian involvement in crashes 3.9% on tribal lands compared to less than 0.1% among other rural populations in the state. The cultural foundation of the American Indians includes a proclivity toward walking and community-based solutions. Nationally, contributing factors such as limited sight zone, alcohol involvement, no sidewalk facility, and uncontrolled intersections are attributed in these crashes. Methods Descriptive Statistics and Case Study. Information regarding pedestrian motor vehicle crash (MVC) involvement is available nationally for fatal crashes. The fatal crash data will be coupled with all injury-level crashes in North Dakota to look at these crashes from a local perspective as well as the national view. This state database is a census of police-reported traffic crashes in the state. Both data sets include data on incident, vehicle, and occupant crash elements. While these data do not provide a means for predicting pedestrian crash involvement, it can be used to gain a better understanding of the crash events. Results Quantitative Problem Scope and Trend Discussions and Tribal Community Case Study Solutions/Interventions. This analysis will use crash records from the years 2012 to 2016. Descriptive statistical analysis of crash records is used in a diagnostic process to distinguish crash elements associated with tribal lands MVC where pedestrian involvement. The pedestrian-involved MVC crashes on other roads will be compared for statistical similarity. Significant differences in driver, vehicle, environment, and roadway elements will be examined using the chi-square test. Gaining a better understanding of these tribal pedestrian-involved crashes will help decision makers to more effectively select the most appropriate evidence based solutions. Conclusions Investigation into crashes the occurred locally on tribal lands and other rural locations provides insight to aid tribal communities as they prevent future traffic injuries.
Pulmonary Delivery of Free and Liposomal Insulin

The effects of oligomerization and liposomal entrapment on pulmonary insulin absorption were investigated in rats using an intratracheal instillation method. The results indicated that both dimeric and hexameric insulins can be rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation, producing a significant hypoglycemic response. Intratracheal instillation of insulin in two different oligomerized states has not resulted in any significant difference in the duration of hypoglycemic effect. However, the initial hypoglycemic response (first 10 min) obtained from intratracheal administration of 25 IU/kg hexameric insulin appears to be slower than that from the 25 IU/kg dimeric insulin, thereby suggesting that hexameric insulin may have a lower permeability coefficient across alveolar epithelium than the dimeric insulin. Intratracheal administration of insulin liposomes (dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline:cholesterol, 7:2) led to facilitated pulmonary uptake of insulin and enhanced the hypoglycemic effect. Nevertheless, similar insulin uptake and pharmacodynamic response were obtained from both the physical mixture of insulin and blank liposomes and liposomally entrapped insulin.
Using tutors to improve educational games

Educational games and tutors provide conflicting approaches to the assistance dilemma, yet there is little work that directly compares them. This study tested the effects of game-based and tutor-based assistance on learning and interest. The laboratory experiment randomly assigned 105 university students to two versions of the educational game Policy World designed to teach the skills of policy argument. The game version provided minimal feedback and imposed penalties during training while the tutor version provided additional step-level, knowledge-based feedback and required immediate error correction. The study measured students' success during training, their interest in the game, and posttest performance. Tutor students were better able to analyze policy problems and reported higher level of competence which in turn affected interest. This suggests that we can improve the efficacy and interest in educational games by applying tutor-based approaches to assistance.
Qualitative Valence Bond Theory

Much of the current popularity enjoyed by MO theory, at least in organic chemistry, is due to a preparatory phase which accomplished several things. First, it familiarized many chemists, including the principal author, with basic MO theoretical methodology. Second, it demonstrated that simple concepts can be extracted from simple equations. In addition, these concepts were shown to be operationally useful, i.e., they could be used to rationalize and sometimes predict experimental results. The basic tools of MO theory have been developed by a number of pioneer authors such as Mulliken,77 Coulson,78 Longuet-Higgins,79 and others.80 Early qualitative applications of MO theory to important chemical problems were contributed by Huckel, Mulliken, Fukui,81 and others. Finally, and quite importantly, the MO method and its applications were brought to the attention of organic chemists, by the pioneer monographs of Roberts82 and Streitwieser. It is not inaccurate to say that the pedagogical interlude of the early 1960’s paved the way to the wide acceptance of the one-electron FO-PMO concepts which now dominate the thinking of most chemists interested in the electronic structure of ground state molecules and transition state complexes.
SOME CONSEQUENCES OF INHIBITION OF THE DE NOVO PATHWAY OF PYRIMIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some consequences of inhibition of the de novo pathway of pyrimidtne biosynthesis. Inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis de novo has been accomplished by a variety of analogs. One of these agents, 6-azauridine, exhibited a modest degree of antineoplastic and antiviral activity. The chapter also presents some perspective on the effects of these agents in tumor bearing animals as it may relate to their demonstrable biochemical effects. The chapter also discusses the potential for combination therapy with inhibitors that deplete the pools of pyrimidine nucleotides and analogs that are activated by the salvage pathways are apparent. From such studies, an unexpected interaction with allopurinol has come that has the potential for increasing the selective toxicity of 5-fluorouracil for tumor cells. A more direct approach to effects at the tissue level has been the measurement of cellular accumulation of orotate and orotidine caused by a single dose of pyrazofurin after one or three days treatment with PALA at very large doses.
Supporting Parent Use of Evidence-Based Practices for Infants and Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder

As reliable diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) becomes possible for children at younger and younger ages, the need increases for early intervention systems and providers to be well acquainted with effective implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs). Implementing EBPs in natural settings, such as homes and communities, requires that knowledge and use of EBPs is accessible to parents and caregivers. This chapter describes a model, the ASD Toddler Initiative model, which through funding from Autism Speaks supports early intervention programs and providers in building and sustaining quality programs for coaching of parents on the selection, implementation, and monitoring of EBPs with their infants and toddlers. Grounded in implementation science, facilitators and challenges to implementing the ASD Toddler Initiative model are described at the system (i.e., state, agency) and personal (i.e., family, practitioner) levels. An integration of these implementation drivers with the model processes and professional development supports prepares early intervention systems and practitioners to meet the developing needs of families and their young children with ASD.
Hyperthyroidism with Biventricular Heart Failure and Cirrhotic Transformation of the Liver

Cardiovascular symptoms remain the most common presenting features and leading causes of death in hyperthyroidism. We report a young female with reported thyroid disease and medication noncompliance presenting with atrial fibrillation, severe atrioventricular regurgitation, severely dilated right heart with reduced function, and moderate pulmonary hypertension (PH), which was further complicated by congestive liver injury with ascites and pancytopenia. Thyroid work-up revealed suppressed TSH, elevated free T4 and T3 along with elevated anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin, suggesting Graves' thyrotoxicosis. Ultrasound of the abdomen was suggestive of liver cirrhosis and ascites, which was thought to be cardiac cirrhosis, after multiple negative work-ups for alternate causes of cirrhosis. Ascitic fluid analysis revealed portal hypertension as the cause. The patient was restarted on antithyroid medication with gradual improvement of thyroid function and in clinical and echocardiogram findings. In contrast to primary PH that carries a poor prognosis and has limited treatment options, PH due to Graves' disease carries a good prognosis with prior reports of resolution after appropriate treatment, emphasizing the importance of early recognition. Also, unlike cirrhosis caused by alcohol or viral hepatitis, the effect of cardiac cirrhosis on overall prognosis has not been clearly established.
The Button Bentall Procedure

Since the initial description of the composite valve-graft technique for repair of aneurysms of the aortic root and ascending aorta with associated aortic valve disease by Bentall and De Bono in 1968, modifications have been introduced to reduce the risks of major bleeding and false aneurysm formation that were associated with this procedure. Currently, the most widely used modification involves excision of the aortic valve, aortic root, and ascending aorta, suture of a composite graft into the aortic root and to the ascending aorta, mobilization of the coronary arteries with a small rim of aortic tissue, and anastomosis of the arteries to openings in the aortic graft. This has been termed the "Button Bentall" procedure, and is presented herein.
‘You can…’: An examination of language-minoritized learners’ development of metalanguage and agency as users of academic language within a multivocal instructional approach

Abstract In this study, we examine the possibility of using student-generated metalanguage as a primary instructional resource for building knowledge of academic language (AL) and for fostering students’ agency as AL users. We conducted this study over three academic years in a linguistically diverse 11th-grade English classroom in a high school in the Northeastern United States. Three cohorts of students were participants in a newly-designed instructional unit focused on supporting AL learning as a core component of fostering access to school literacy practices. In our analysis of classroom talk and focus group interviews, we examine the language students employed to discuss academic registers across the unit. Specifically, we investigate how they extend and expand their academic metalanguage resources and sense of agency as academic language users over the course of this short curricular unit. Results suggest the promise of using approaches that view student metalanguage as an instructional resource, and, in so doing, honor the lived experiences of students as language users.
The Spiritual Politics of Bio-Cultural Regeneration

Practical spirituality has a political as well as bio-cultural dimension. This essay explores the implications of spiritual politics and bio-cultural regeneration for the vision and practice of practical spirituality and sustainable development. It explores the theme ‘bio-cultural regeneration’ as well as the necessity to solve the problem of a sustainable livelihood in order to be able to obtain such regeneration. This is motivated by a keen concern for the cultural-environmental (or bio-cultural) destruction that development/modernization, as well as globalization and neoliberal policies, are bringing about. Having worked for many years with some Peruvian intellectual activist organizations dedicated to the cultural affirmation of its autochthonous peasantry, the author acquired a deep-seated admiration for this peasantry’s agricultural knowledge and its practices that are at once sustainable and rich in agro-bio-diversity. With them the author explored the possibility of putting in practice ancestral autochthonous practices as alternatives to development which meant a rejection of production for the market, rejection of monetization, rejection of the capitalist market economy, and rejection of modernization/westernization. The essay presents such works of critique, creativity, collaboration, and transformations.
EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTIONS OF TEACHERS AND INFORMAL EDUCATORS ABOUT SELECTED ASTRONOMY CONCEPTS

The purpose of this study was to (1) identify alternative conceptions concerning astronomy in groups of formal and informal educators, (2) discover the origins of some of these conceptions and (3) explore how practicing teachers planned to address the need for conceptual change in their students. In response to the first question, a number of alternative conceptions were identified in formal educators, with more for teachers of pre kindergarten through third grade than fourth through twelfth grade teachers, and very few alternative conceptions in the informal educators group. In regards to the second research question, a number of origins were indicated: logic, books, elementary school, high school, astronomy classes, self study and observation. In response to the third question, various practicing teachers used computer programs and modelling in order to address some of the alternative conceptions they noticed in their students. These findings were supported by the literature and theoretical frameworks on which the study was based. The study addressed gaps in the literature concerning alternative conceptions and how they related to Ohio’s Academic Content Standards along with nineteen other states. This study also addressed the need for a closer examination of informal educators and how they compare to formal educators in terms of having alternative conceptions. And finally, implications and recommendations were made for practicing educators, materials for practicing educators, teacher education, informal and formal education partnerships, standards modification, research methodology and areas of future research.
Vulnerabilities and Attacks Analysis for Military and Commercial IoT Drones

This Paper will explore the vulnerabilities that military and IoT commercial drones are exposed to in the wild and controlled environment. Drones have been used in military campaigns and this has seeped over to the commercial environment. Hobbyist are using commercial drones in higher percentages. Both military and commercial drones have vulnerabilities and are being attacked by attackers. These attackers are controlling drones or denying services to disable users from normal operations. These are attacks that target Confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) in some form or another. Attacks on CIA, military or commercial, are prevalent and will continue to happen due to how drones communicate. Almost, all the vulnerabilities and exploits can be mitigated using the resources on the drone. An attack that cannot be protected against is a Zero-day attack however, we are able to mitigate it. This document explore the dangers present by some UAV’s on the market and the exploitable aspects that these users may be prone to as well as how this may affect the drone operations for both military and commercial drones or what information can be gathered by the attacker while taking advantage of the exploits on the IoT device.
A High-Performance Computing Implementation of Iterative Random Forest for the Creation of Predictive Expression Networks

As time progresses and technology improves, biological data sets are continuously increasing in size. New methods and new implementations of existing methods are needed to keep pace with this increase. In this paper, we present a high-performance computing (HPC)-capable implementation of Iterative Random Forest (iRF). This new implementation enables the explainable-AI eQTL analysis of SNP sets with over a million SNPs. Using this implementation, we also present a new method, iRF Leave One Out Prediction (iRF-LOOP), for the creation of Predictive Expression Networks on the order of 40,000 genes or more. We compare the new implementation of iRF with the previous R version and analyze its time to completion on two of the world’s fastest supercomputers, Summit and Titan. We also show iRF-LOOP’s ability to capture biologically significant results when creating Predictive Expression Networks. This new implementation of iRF will enable the analysis of biological data sets at scales that were previously not possible.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Reentry Vehicles Based on Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Models

In this paper, we apply a discrete-time Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Model (TSFM) based model predictive controller (MPC) to a Martian aerocapture vehicle following an arbitrary trajectory. We compare two baseline controllers: a continuous-time TSFM based parallel distributed controller (PDC) and a finite-horizon linear quadratic regulator (LQR). We evaluate the change in velocity (ΔV) required to bring the orbit of the controlled exit conditions to the orbit of the reference trajectory exit conditions over a range of initial condition errors and perturbations to atmospheric density. The LQR controller was least robust but performed best in a smaller range of perturbations. The PDC controller was most robust but performed the worst. The MPC based controllers demonstrate a balance of robustness and performance.
Ground motion selection and modification evaluation for highway bridges subjected to Bi-directional horizontal excitation

Abstract Reinforced concrete (RC) highway bridges are primary lifeline infrastructures where accurate seismic structural analysis is essential to ensure the safety of bridges. The nonlinear seismic behavior of bridge structures generally exhibits distinct differences in the longitudinal and transverse directions, and thus studies on bi-directional ground motion excitation are needed. Performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodology explicitly takes into account uncertainties in hazard, structural response, damage, and loss estimation such that enables a comprehensive understanding of the structural performance in a probabilistic manner. For a given large ground motion scenario, this study takes advantage of the PBEE methodology (the first two stages of hazard and structural response) to develop a benchmark probability distribution of the seismic demands (PDSD) for a given bridge structure considering different assumed intercept angles of the input ground motions with the bridge longitudinal axis. The accuracy and reliability of the PDSD estimates from various ground motion selection and modification procedures for the purpose of future bridge designs are evaluated against this reference benchmark PDSD. Such an evaluation is conducted for several engineering demand parameters of three representative RC bridges in California.
Is post-phenomenology a critical geography? Subjectivity and difference in post-phenomenological geographies:

This article identifies two major problems within emerging formulations of ‘post-phenomenology’ in geography: its approach to the subject and its limited analytical engagement with concepts of soci...
A Validated Functional Analysis of PALB2 Missense Variants for Use in Clinical Variant Interpretation

Abstract Clinical genetic testing readily detects germline genetic variants. Yet, the evidence available for variant classification as benign or pathogenic is often limited by the rarity of individual variants, leading to many “variant of uncertain significance” (VUS) classifications. VUS cannot guide clinical decisions, complicating counseling and management. Laboratory assays can potentially aid reclassification, but require benchmarking against variants with definitive interpretations to have sufficient predictive power for clinical use. Of all clinically identified germline variants in hereditary breast cancer gene PALB2 (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2), ~50% are VUS and ~90% of VUS are missense. Truncating PALB2 variants have homologous recombination (HR) defects and instead rely on error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) for DNA damage repair (DDR). Recent reports show some missense PALB2 variants may also be damaging, but thus far functional studies have lacked benchmarking controls. Using the Traffic Light Reporter (TLR) to quantify cellular HR and NHEJ using fluorescent markers, we assessed variant-level DDR capacity in hereditary breast cancer genes. We first determined the TLR’s dynamic range using BRCA2 missense variants of known significance as benchmarks for normal/abnormal HR function. We then tested 37 PALB2 variants, generating functional data for germline PALB2 variants at a moderate level of evidence for a pathogenic interpretation (PS3_moderate) for 8 variants, or a supporting level of evidence in favor of a benign interpretation (BS3_supporting) for 13 variants, based on the ability of the assay to correctly classify PALB2 validation controls. This new data can be applied in subsequent variant interpretations for direct clinical benefit.
Implementation evaluation of an early intensive behavioral intervention program across three agencies serving young children with Autism: A mixed methods study

Abstract Introduction Autism evidence-based practices (EBPs), including early intensive behavioral interventions (EIBIs), are associated with improved and sustained positive outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about the quality of EIBIs delivered within community-based behavioral health systems, where many children with ASD receive services. These systems vary in their use and delivery of EBPs. Barriers and facilitators play a role in EIBI implementation within these settings. Therefore, this study sought to examine the naturally occurring implementation of the Early Learning Institute (ELI) program across three sites over a one-year period, in order to understand the implementation processes, identify barriers and facilitators to implementation, and explore staff perspectives of implementation outcomes. Methods A multi-phase mixed methods (QUAN → QUAL) design was utilized to: (1) examine implementation outcomes of acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of the EIBI; (2) explore staff perspectives of implementation strategy use; and (3) identify areas of strength and growth to deliver EIBIs in community-based settings. Twenty-three participants at time-point 1 and 29 participants at time-2, including behavioral technicians and directors/supervisors (n = 4) from three implementation sites participated in the study. All participants completed the Acceptability of Intervention, Intervention Appropriateness, Feasibility of Intervention measures, and Organizational Readiness for Change Context Subscale, at two time-points. Informed by QUAN findings at time-point 1, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sub-sample of participants (n = 13) who completed the surveys at time-point 1. Thematic analysis was completed with a comparison and consensus methodology. Quantitative and qualitative data were then integrated using a joint display to provide an in-depth assessment of implementation outcomes. Results Quantitative results indicated positive endorsements of implementation outcomes over time; notably, these results aligned with the qualitative data suggesting that the majority of staff shared positive attitudes about the implementation of this EIBI within their organizations. Qualitative results also highlighted key facilitators and barriers to implementation that fell within two major themes: inner contextual factors and innovation factors. Conclusions Findings highlighted several determinants to the naturally occurring implementation of ELI across three settings. These findings may be generalized to inform the implementation processes of EIBIs in usual-care settings thereby facilitating uptake in organizations providing services to children with ASD.
Correlates of plasma concentrations of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances among reproductive-aged Black women.

Abstract Background Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals used in commercial and consumer goods. Black women are underrepresented in studies of PFAS exposure. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of correlates of plasma PFAS concentrations among 1499 Black women aged 23–35 participating in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids (SELF), a Detroit-based cohort study. At baseline (2010–2012), participants provided questionnaire data on socio-demographics; behaviors; diet; and menstrual, contraceptive, and reproductive histories. Using mass spectrometry in non-fasting plasma samples collected at enrollment, we quantified several PFAS, including perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), and 2-N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetate (MeFOSAA). We used linear regression to calculate percentage differences (%D) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between selected correlates and PFAS concentrations, adjusting for all other correlates. Results PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA were detected in ≥97 % of women; PFDA in 86 %; MeFOSAA in 70 %; and PFUnDA in 52 %. Age, income, education, and intakes of water, alcohol, and seafood were positively associated with several PFAS. Current smoking was positively associated with MeFOSAA. Body mass index was inversely associated with most PFAS, except PFHxS. Strong inverse associations (%D; 95 % CI) were observed between parity (≥3 vs. 0 births) and PFHxS (−34.7; −43.0, −25.1) and PFOA (−33.1; −39.2, −26.3); breastfeeding duration (≥6 months vs. nulliparous) and PFOA (−31.1; −37.8, −23.7), PFHxS (−24.2; −34.5, −12.3), and PFOS (−18.4; −28.3, −7.1); recent birth ( Conclusions Reproductive factors that influence PFAS elimination showed strong associations with several PFAS (reduced concentrations with parity, recent birth, lactation, heavy menstrual bleeding; increased concentrations with DMPA use).
Maximum Lifecycle Tracking for Tidal Energy Generation System

Abstract— The tidal energy conversion system has become a major facility for ocean energy harvesting. The intermittency of tidal currents and the resulting large cyclic stresses in the tidal generator, however, make the energy harvesting from tidal currents more challenging than from other renewable sources, such as wind and solar. This paper presents a concept of maximum life-cycle tracking, which minimizes, the torque stress on the shaft, therefore maximizing the life cycle of the tidal energy systems by tracking power-speed curves with a power electronic inverter. By implementing the new concept, the life cycle of a the tidal generator can be extended tens of times.
Ionization stratification in [WR] winds

We summarize currently available evidence for ionization stratification in the winds of [WR] stars and point out that ionization stratification may be important to explain with radiation-driven wind theory the winds of [WR] stars, while also providing an empirical tool to investigate [WR] wind structures.
ASSESSMENT PLANNING: THE PIN PLANNING IS FOR POLITICS

This article describes the process by which a small rural community college developed a student outcomes assessment plan. Although the North Central Association (NCA) had established a requirement for member institutions to have an approved student outcomes assessment plan in place (Staff, 1991, 1994), no effort had been made to develop one. Only the threat of an NCA‐focused visit and the requisite self‐study created the urgency necessary to get the process moving. The simultaneous end of a disruptive period and the arrival of a new academic vice president and interim president saw the revitalization of the assessment planning process. The process began with no plan and no clear idea of how to develop an acceptable plan and concluded with data gathering and analysis. Intervening steps included selling to a suspicious faculty, identifying resources, and developing mechanisms for continuous review. The process is never ending and the product is constantly changing.
Glacial history of Michigan, U.S.A.: A regional perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the glacial history of Michigan, U.S.A. At its maximum, the Laurentide Ice Sheet in the Great Lakes region, comprised the Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Saginaw and Erie lobes, extended south of Michigan into central Ohio, Northwestern Indiana, and North-Eastern Illinois. The Saginaw lobe, the thinnest of the four lobes, melted the fastest uncovering south-central Lower Michigan first. During the next 5500 years, continued recession was interrupted by minor ice margin readvances in the ice sheet that formed a series of end moraines across central Lower Michigan. While retreating, a series of proglacial lakes formed at the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at sites where the land sloped towards the ice front. The earliest proglacial lakes to form in Lower Michigan were glacial Lake Chicago and Lake Maumee within the Lake Michigan and Erie basins. The lake level stabilised long enough to form three successively lower beach ridges. The chapter discusses that after the Lake Michigan and Saginaw lobes had melted Northward into Northern Lower Michigan, the Laurentide Ice Sheet surged back into Lake Michigan, Huron and Erie basins. This surge, called the Port Huron advance, resulted in the formation of glacial Lake Saginaw and Lake Whittlesey in the Lake Huron and Erie lake basins, respectively. The Port Huron end moraine, which marks this significant readvance, is a very prominent topographic feature throughout much of Michigan. Continued melting after the Port Huron advance, once again exposed the thumb of Michigan, leading to the formation of glacial Lake Warren around 12,800 B.P.
Functional Regeneration in the Larval Zebrafish Spinal Cord

Behavior is a consequence of the manner in which the central nervous system (CNS) senses its environment, processes the information, and reacts to it. Each step in this path is vulnerable to damage, often leading to devastating deficits. There are few preparations in which the full armamentarium of scientific techniques can be brought to bear at a variety of different levels, from molecules to behavior, with the goal of understanding and possibly manipulating these deficits. In this chapter we will explore the features of larval zebrafish that make it one of the few vertebrate preparations amenable to the direct study of spinal function and functional regeneration after spinal cord injury. Moreover, we will summarize the latest studies that have exploited the utility of this vertebrate and contributed to our understanding of spinal cord circuitry and functional axonal regeneration after injury.
The Influence of Comorbid Chronic Medical Conditions on the Adequacy of Depression Care for Older Americans

Objectives: To assess the effect of the co-occurrence of four common chronic medical conditions (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, heart disease) on the probability of receiving adequate depression treatment. Design: Retrospective analysis of the 2000 and 2001 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys (MEPS). Setting: Households in the United States. Participants: MEPS respondents aged 65 and older with self-reported depression (N=498). Measurements: Adequate depression treatment is defined as receiving eight psychotherapy sessions or filling at least four antidepressant prescriptions at a minimally adequate dosage. Comorbid diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, and arthritis in older persons with depression were identified from patient self-report. Results: An estimated 34% (95% confidence interval=28–39%) of older persons with self-reported depression received an adequate course of depression treatment during a calendar year. Having hypertension or diabetes mellitus was associated with significantly greater odds of receiving adequate depression care (hypertension odds ratio (OR)=1.81, P=.02; diabetes mellitus OR=1.77, P=.03). Having heart disease or arthritis was not significantly associated with the odds of receiving adequate depression care. Conclusion: Some chronic medical conditions are associated with a greater likelihood of receiving adequate depression care; comorbid medical conditions do not result in lower quality of depression treatment in older persons. The high prevalence rates of comorbid depression and low rates of adequate depression care in elderly persons with chronic illnesses point to the importance of improving primary care depression treatment or enhancing specialty mental health referral.
Knowledge of number: its evolution and ontogeny.

Can animals do math? In her Perspective, Carey discusses the abilities of primates to mentally represent and manipulate numbers--reported on p. 746 by Brannon and Terrance--and compares these to the cultural and ontogenic development of numerical representation in humans.
On the Development of an Artificial Satellite Theory

An analytic theory for an artificial satellite is developed that can accomodate all of the perturbations due to the earth’s gravitational potential. The short period terms are eliminated by two canonical transformations of the Lie type while a third transformation produces the secular Hamiltonian. The literal expressions are explicitly developed by computer in two cases, for the main problem in the theory of an artificial satellite and for several of the tesseral harmonics.
Evenness indices once again: critical analysis of properties

Various properties have been advocated for biological evenness indices, with some properties being clearly desirable while others appear questionable. With a focus on such properties, this paper makes a distinction between properties that are clearly necessary and those that appear to be unnecessary or even inappropriate. Based on Euclidean distances as a criterion, conditions are introduced in order for an index to provide valid, true, and realistic representations of the evenness characteristic (attribute) from species abundance distributions. Without such value-validity property, it is argued that a measure or index provides only limited information about the evenness and results in misleading interpretations and evenness comparisons and incorrect results and conclusions. Among the overabundant variety of evenness indices, each of which is typically derived by rescaling a diversity measure to the interval from 0 to 1 and thereby controlling or adjusting for the species richness, most are found to lack the value-validity property and some lack the property of strict Schur-concavity. The most popular entropy-based index reveals an especially poor performance with a substantial overstatement of the evenness characteristic or a large positive value bias. One evenness index emerges as the preferred one, satisfying all properties and conditions. This index is based directly on Euclidean distances between relevant species abundance distributions and has an intuitively meaningful interpretation in terms of relative distances between distributions. The value validity of the indices is assessed by using a recently introduced probability distribution and from the use of computer-generated distributions with randomly varying species richness and probability (proportion) components.
Performance Issues in Parallel Processing Systems

Simply put, the goal of performance analysis is to provide the data and insights required to optimize the execution behavior of application or system components. Using such data and insights, application and system developers can choose to optimize software and execution environments along many axes, including execution time, memory requirements, and resource use. Given the diversity of performance optimization goals and the wide range of possible problems, a complete performance analysis toolkit necessarily includes a broad range of techniques. These range from mechanisms for simple code timings to multi-level hardware/software measurement and correlation across networks, system software, runtime libraries, compile-time code transformations, and adaptive execution.
Screening Asymptomatic Diabetic Patients for Coronary Artery Disease: Why Not?

Given the elevated risk of cardiovascular events and the higher prevalence of silent coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic versus non-diabetic patients, screening asymptomatic diabetic patients for CAD is an appealing concept. However, many factors argue against implementing a broad-based screening program at the present time. Foremost is the lack of any published data demonstrating that a prospectively applied screening program improves outcome in asymptomatic diabetic patients. The true prevalence of CAD, and in particular prognostically important CAD, in this population is uncertain. Consensus documents recommend more aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia solely on the basis of diabetes status, without differentiation based on the presence or absence of identifiable CAD. There is no evidence that use of anti-ischemic medication can alter the natural history of CAD in these patients. Retrospectively performed studies using stress single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging have reported that approximately 50% and 20% of patients have abnormal and high-risk images, respectively. However, the only prospectively designed study, the DIAD (Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics) study, reported a much lower percentage of abnormal SPECT images (16%) and images with a very large (≥10% of the left ventricle) defect (1%). The financial implications of screening all asymptomatic diabetic patients determined to be at intermediate and high risk by clinical scoring systems is enormous. Clearly more data are needed to address this issue. Future studies should consider possible methods to enrich the patient subset that might benefit from screening and should include carefully performed cost-effective analyses.
Chapter 6 Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth

This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two “quasi-natural experiments” in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, and shape economic outcomes. As such, they are social decisions, chosen for their consequences. Because different groups and individuals typically benefit from different economic institutions, there is generally a conflict over these social choices, ultimately resolved in favor of groups with greater political power. The distribution of political power in society is in turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocate de jure political power, while groups with greater economic might typically possess greater de facto political power. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the state variables. These variables themselves change over time because prevailing economic institutions affect the distribution of resources, and because groups with de facto political power today strive to change political institutions in order to increase their de jure political power in the future. Economic institutions encouraging economic growth emerge when political institutions allocate power to groups with interests in broad-based property rights enforcement, when they create effective constraints on power-holders, and when there are relatively few rents to be captured by power-holders. We illustrate the assumptions, the workings and the implications of this framework using a number of historical examples.
Past symposium attendees in the group photographs

A group photograph of participants has been taken at every meeting in the International Symposium on Aquatic Oligochaete series. However, the only group photograph published was that taken at the first symposium (Brinkhurst & Cook, 1980).
Study and design of a broadband coplanar waveguide–fed modified folded slot antenna

[1] This paper presents the study and design of a coplanar waveguide–fed broadband modified folded slot antenna, including new techniques to achieve broad impedance bandwidth when the antenna size is small. Antenna impedance and bandwidth are investigated as functions of slot parameters, substrate dielectric constant, and substrate thickness. Prototypes of broadband antennas are fabricated on RO4003 (ɛr = 3.38) and are measured. Two types of antennas are proposed with respective bandwidths of 44.4 and 80% with less than 2:1 VSWR.
The Source Galerkin method: fermionic formulation

Abstract We present a new deterministic, numerical method to solve fermion field theories. The Source Galerkin approach is based on finding solutions Z [ J ] to the lattice functional equations for field theories in the presence of an external source J . Using Grassmann polynomial expansions for the generating functional Z , we calculate propagators for systems of interacting fermions. These calculations are straightforward to perform and are executed rapidly compared to Monte Carlo. The bulk of the computation involves a single matrix inversion. Because it is not based on a statistical technique, it does not have many of the difficulties often encountered when simulating fermions. Since no determinant is ever calculated, solutions to problems with dynamical fermions are handled more easily. This approach is very flexible, and can be tailored to specific problems based on convenience and computational constraints. We present simple examples to illustrate the method. More general schemes are desirable for more complicated systems.
Nanostructure Fabrication II

The techniques used to fabricate nanoscale structures are continually evolving, and comprise methods that have been developed for over three decades, as well as very new and promising approaches whose potential has not yet been fully realized. Any discussion of nanofabrication techniques will therefore soon be outdated, and can only hope to illustrate the range of possibility. In this and the next chapter, we will focus on a description of the more conventional techniques, outlining their use and their limitations, and in addition we will briefly mention some of the other techniques that are under development. These two chapter therefore cover a significantly different topic from the first nine chapters in this book; here the information discussed is primarily technical, specific to the problem of fabrication and not directed towards developing a theoretical understanding of mechanical structures. It is provided here for the use of researchers interested in developing an understanding of what is involved in fabricating nanostructures, and possibly employing some of these techniques in their own research.
Pharmacology and Therapeutic Use of Low-dose Dopamine

The renal pharmacologic effects of intravenous dopamine in doses of 0.5-3.0 micrograms/kg/min include increases in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, solute excretion, and urine flow. Clinical studies revealed that low-dose dopamine can reverse oliguria, but these studies were poorly controlled, were confounded by the use of other diuretics, had small patient populations, and often did not evaluate mortality or long-term renal function. When used in low doses, side effects are rarely seen. Because of dopamine's effect on hepatic and renal function, changes in drug clearance may occur. Low-dose dopamine may be considered in the early course of oliguric patients; however, specific advantages over other diuretic therapy have not been established.
tsg101: A Novel Tumor Susceptibility Gene Isolated by Controlled Homozygous Functional Knockout of Allelic Loci in Mammalian Cells

Abstract Using a novel strategy that enables the isolation of previously unknown genes encoding selectable recessive phenotypes, we identified a gene ( tsg101 ) whose homozygous functional disruption produces cell transformation. Antisense RNA from a transactivated promoter introduced randomly into transcribed genes throughout the genome of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts was used to knock out alleles of chromosomal genes adjacent to promoter inserts, generating clones that grew in 0.5% agar and formed metastatic tumors in nude mice. Removal of the transactivator restored normal growth. The protein encoded by tsg101 cDNA encodes a coiled–coil domain that interacts with stathmin, a cytosolic phosphoprotein implicated previously in tumorigenesis. Overexpression of tsg101 antisense transcripts in naive 3T3 cells resulted in cell transformation and increased stathmin-specific mRNA.