cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interval velocity estimation via NMO-based differential semblance

The differential semblance method of velocity analysis flattens image gathers automatically by updating interval velocity to minimize the mean square difference of neighboring traces. We detail an implementation using hyperbolic normal moveout correction as the imaging method. The algorithm is fully automatic, accommodates arbitrary acquisition geometry, and outputs 1D, 2D, or 3D interval velocity models. This variant of differential semblance velocity analysis is effective within the limits of its imaging methodology: mild lateral heterogeneity and data dominated by primary events. Coherent noise events such as multiple reflections tend to degrade the quality of the velocity model estimated by differential semblance. We show how to combine differential semblance velocity analysis with dip filtering to suppress multiple reflections and thus improve considerably the accuracy of the velocity estimate. We illustrate this possibility using multiple-rich data from a 2D marine survey.
PR Domain of Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Causes an Assembly/Budding Defect in Insect Cells

While baculovirus expression of Gag proteins from numerous retroviruses has led reliably to production of virus-like particles (VLPs), we observed that expression of Rous sarcoma virus Gag failed to produce VLPs. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the Gag protein reached the plasma membrane but was unable to correctly form particles. Addition of a myristylation signal had no effect on the budding defect, but deletion of the PR domain of Gag restored normal budding. The resulting VLPs were morphologically distinct from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 VLPs expressed in parallel.
On complemented versions of James's distortion theorems

Examples are given to show that two natural questions asked in (5) about complemented versions of James's distortion theorems have negative answers.
Wildlife Connectivity Approaches and Best Practices in U.S. State Wildlife Action Plans

As habitat loss and fragmentation threaten biodiversity on large geographic scales, creating and maintaining connectivity of wildlife populations is an increasingly common conservation objective. To assess the progress and success of large-scale connectivity planning, conservation researchers need a set of plans that cover large geographic areas and can be analyzed as a single data set. The state wildlife action plans (SWAPs) fulfill these requirements. We examined 50 SWAPs to determine the extent to which wildlife connectivity planning, via linkages, is emphasized nationally. We defined linkage as connective land that enables wildlife movement. For our content analysis, we identified and quantified 6 keywords and 7 content criteria that ranged in specificity and were related to linkages for wide-ranging terrestrial vertebrates and examined relations between content criteria and statewide data on focal wide-ranging species, spending, revenue, and conserved land. Our results reflect nationwide disparities in linkage conservation priorities and highlight the continued need for wildlife linkage planning. Only 30% or less of the 50 SWAPs fulfilled highly specific content criteria (e.g., identifying geographic areas for linkage placement or management). We found positive correlations between our content criteria and statewide data on percent conserved land, total focal species, and spending on parks and recreation. We supplemented our content analysis with interviews with 17 conservation professionals to gain specific information about state-specific context and future directions of linkage conservation. Based on our results, relevant literature, and interview responses, we suggest the following best practices for wildlife linkage conservation plans: collect ecologically meaningful background data; be specific; establish community-wide partnerships; and incorporate sociopolitical and socioeconomic information.
A global perspective on aerosol from low-volatility organic compounds

Abstract. Global production of organic aerosol from primary emissions of semivolatile (SVOCs) and intermediate (IVOCs) volatility organic compounds is estimated using the global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem. SVOC oxidation is predicted to be a larger global source of net aerosol production than oxidation of traditional parent hydrocarbons (terpenes, isoprene, and aromatics). Using a prescribed rate constant and reduction in volatility for atmospheric oxidation, the yield of aerosol from SVOCs is predicted to be about 75% on a global, annually-averaged basis. For IVOCs, the use of a naphthalene-like surrogate with different high-NOx and low-NOx parameterizations produces a global aerosol yield of about 30%, or roughly 5 Tg/yr of aerosol. Estimates of the total global organic aerosol source presented here range between 60 and 100 Tg/yr. This range reflects uncertainty in the parameters for SVOC volatility, SVOC oxidation, SVOC emissions, and IVOC emissions, as well as wet deposition. The highest estimates result if SVOC emissions are significantly underestimated (by more than a factor of 2) or if wet deposition of the gas-phase semivolatile species is less effective than previous estimates. A significant increase in SVOC emissions, a reduction of the volatility of the SVOC emissions, or an increase in the enthalpy of vaporization of the organic aerosol all lead to an appreciable reduction of prediction/measurement discrepancy. In addition, if current primary organic aerosol (POA) inventories capture only about one-half of the SVOC emission and the Henrys Law coefficient for oxidized semivolatiles is on the order of 103 M/atm, a global estimate of OA production is not inconsistent with the top-down estimate of 140 Tg/yr by (Goldstein and Galbally, 2007). Additional information is needed to constrain the emissions and treatment of SVOCs and IVOCs, which have traditionally not been included in models.
Targeting of an intestinal apical endosomal protein to endosomes in nonpolarized cells.

Polarized cells such as epithelial cells and neurons have distinct endosomal compartments associated with different plasma membrane domains. The endosomes of the neuronal cell body and the basolateral cytoplasm of epithelial cells are thought to perform cellular “housekeeping” functions such as the uptake of nutrients and metabolites, while the endosomes in the apical cytoplasm or axons are thought to be specialized for the sorting and transcytosis of cell type–specific ligands and receptors. However, it is not known if nonpolarized cells such as fibroblasts contain a specialized endosomal compartment analogous to the specialized endosomes found in neurons and epithelia. We have expressed a protein that is normally found in the apical early endosomes of developing intestinal epithelial cells in normal rat kidney fibroblasts. This apical endosomal marker, called endotubin, is targeted to early endosomes in transfected fibroblasts, and is present in peripheral as well as perinuclear endosomes. The peripheral endosomes that contain endotubin appear to exclude transferrin, fluid phase markers, and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, although in the perinuclear region colocalization of endotubin and these markers is present. In addition, endotubin positive structures do not tubulate in response to brefeldin A and instead redistribute to a diffuse perinuclear location. Since this endosomal compartment has many of the characteristics of an apical or axonal endosomal compartment, our results indicate that nonpolarized cells also contain a specialized early endosomal compartment.
Integral definition of the logarithmic function and the derivative of the exponential function in calculus

Defining the logarithmic function as a definite integral with a variable upper limit, an approach used by some popular calculus textbooks, is problematic. We discuss the disadvantages of such a definition and provide a way to fix the problem. We also consider a definition-based, rigorous derivation of the derivative of the exponential function that is easier, more intuitive, and complies with the standard definitions of the number e, the logarithmic, and the exponential functions.
Bidirectional hierarchical clustering for Web mining

We propose a new bidirectional hierarchical clustering system for addressing challenges of Web mining. The key feature of the approach is that it aims to maximize the intra-cluster similarity in the bottom-up cluster-merging phase and it ensures to minimize the inter-cluster similarity in the top-down refinement phase. This two-pass approach achieves better clustering than existing one-pass approaches. We also propose a new cluster-merging criterion for allowing more than two clusters to be merged in each step and a new measure of similarity for taking into consideration not only the inter-connectivity between clusters but also the internal connectivity within the clusters. These result in reducing the average complexity for creating the final hierarchical structure of clusters from O(n/sup 2/) to O(n). The hierarchical structure represents a semantic structure between concepts of clusters and is directly applicable to the future of semantic net.
UNJUST WAR AND THE CATHOLIC SOLDIER

Roman Catholic teaching holds both that wars must conform to certain criteria in order to be considered morally justifiable, and that individuals are accountable for the moral content of their actions. Are Catholics serving in the armed forces therefore required to refuse to serve in unjust wars? Are they entitled—or obligated—to defer to the judgments of others as to whether a war is just? If so, whose judgment? I suggest that there are exceptional characteristics of military service that may factor in the formation of conscience as it is described in Catholic teaching. Specifically, just as the Church sees the indispensable role of the armed forces in protecting society as reconciling the use of force with the Catholic injunction to seek peace, so too may the indispensable role of obedience and deference to authority in the armed forces—while never supplanting the responsibilities of individual discernment—reconcile fighting in an unjust war with the obligations of conscience.
Adjuvants enhance the biological control potential of an isolate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides for biological control of sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)

In greenhouse experiments, unrefined corn oil, Silwet L-77, and an invert emulsion were tested as adjuvants with the mycoherbicidal fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a weakly virulent pathogen of sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia). A 1:1 (v/v) fungus/corn oil tank mixture containing 0.2% (v/v) Silwet L-77 surfactant reduced the dew period requirements for maximum weed infection and mortality from 16 to 8 h, and delayed the need for free moisture for greater than 48 h. This formulation also resulted in the ability of the pathogen to infect and kill weeds in larger (>5 leaf) growth stages. The invert emulsion resulted in similar effects upon these parameters. These results suggest that invert emulsions, unrefined corn oil and Silwet L-77 surfactant greatly improve the bioherbicidal potential of this pathogen for control of sicklepod, a serious weed pest in the southeastern US.
Immune Responses of Female BALB/c and C57BL/6 Neonatal Mice to Vaccination or Intestinal Infection Are Unaltered by Exposure to Breast Milk Lycopene

Lycopene, a carotenoid produced by some commonly consumed plants such as tomatoes, is not synthesized by animals. Thus, the levels of lycopene found in the breast milk of lactating females reflect the dietary lycopene supply. Lycopene has potent antioxidant activity but has also been implicated in modulating immune function. Therefore, lycopene in breast milk has the potential to affect the development and/or function of the immune system in the suckling pups. Here, we have investigated the impact of breast milk lycopene on systemic and mucosal immunity in mouse neonates. Diets containing 0.3 g/kg lycopene (Lyc) or control (Con) diets were fed to mouse dams beginning at late gestation and continuing throughout lactation. Seven-day-old female BALB/c pups were parenterally immunized with a model vaccine antigen dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and then reimmunized as adults. The levels of DNP-KLH-specific IgG in the sera as well as keyhole limpet hemocyanin-specific IFNγ and IL-4 production by splenic CD4(+) cells were similar in the Lyc and Con pups. In addition, female neonatal (d7) C57BL/6 Lyc and Con pups were infected orally with the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Breast milk lycopene had no effect on the recruitment of neutrophils to intestinal lymphoid tissues or on bacterial tissue colonization of the intestines, spleens, and livers. Thus, suckling pups exposed to lycopene in breast milk appear to develop normal innate and adaptive responses both systemically and at intestinal mucosal surfaces.
A data-driven classification framework for conflict and instability analysis

Is it possible to identify and even forecast well in advance (6-12 months) the relative stability of a state to enable policy makers to successfully intervene? How does one acquire that understanding? One technique is to model and understand the social factors, which summarize the background conditions, attributes and performance factors of the country over time. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) present a generalized data-driven framework for conflict analysis and forecasting, (2) show that state-of-the-art pattern classification techniques provide significant improvements to forecasting accuracy, and (3) introduce classification problems arising in social sciences to the engineering community for further enhancement of analysis techniques. We evaluate the efficacy of our data-driven framework on macro-structural factors as relevant contributors to country instability, delineating the independent and dependent variables. The results demonstrate significant improvement over previous approaches in classification metrics of accuracy, precision, and recall.
Using Constructive Developmental Theory and Biodata to Bridge the Gap Between Personnel Selection and Leadership

This article proposes a strategy for integrating the research on a powerful selection tool (biographical data) with a promising approach to leader development (constructiveldevelopmental theory) in an attempt to bridge the gap between personnel selection and leadership theory. Building on previous calls for integrative approaches to the study of leader effectiveness, the strategy suggests that biodata be gathered in a manner that allows us to (a) understand the meaning that leaders derive from their life experiences and (b) assess leaders' developmental stages. It is expected that this strategy will help to explain the predictive validity consistently exhibited by biodata instruments and will help to better predict leadership effectiveness. The implications of this strategy for both managerial selection and leadership development are discussed.
A modified nanosphere lithography for the fabrication of aminosilane/polystyrene nanoring arrays and the subsequent attachment of gold or DNA-capped gold nanoparticles

A modified nanosphere lithographic method for producing arrays of silanized structures at silicon surfaces is described. Polystyrene (PS) particles (600 nm or 1000 nm in diameter) were self-assembled onto a silicon substrate to form a hexagonal close-packed pattern. The resultant patterned surface was then exposed to a solution of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), which deposited gradually in the interstitial voids of the PS particle array. When such a surface was sonicated in toluene to dislodge the PS particles, a mesoporous network containing truncated PS nanorings/shells was produced. Gold nanoparticles or DNA-capped gold nanoparticles, which are both negatively charged, can be electrostatically attached onto the PS/APTS nanoring array. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image the surface pattern and structure after each step of the procedure, while X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and UV-visible spectrometry were used to determine the composition of the surface patterns. The mechanisms for forming the PS/APTS nanostructures are discussed. These structures could potentially be used as biosensors, heterogeneous catalysts, and functionalized nano-devices.
Sequential continual reassessment method for two‐dimensional dose finding

It is common to encounter two-dimensional dose finding in phase I trials, for example, in trials combining multiple drugs, or in single-agent trials that simultaneously search for the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the optimal treatment schedule. In these cases, the traditional single-agent dose-finding methods are not directly applicable. We propose a simple and adaptive two-dimensional dose-finding design that can accommodate any type of single-agent dose-finding method. In particular, we convert the two-dimensional dose-finding trial to a series of one-dimensional dose-finding subtrials along shortened line search segments by fixing the dose level of one drug. We then conduct the subtrials sequentially. Based on the MTD obtained from the completed one-dimensional trial, we eliminate the doses that lie outside of the search range based on the partial order, and thereby efficiently shrink the two-dimensional dose-finding space. The proposed design dramatically reduces the sample size and still maintains good performance. We illustrate the design through extensive simulation studies motivated by clinical trials evaluating multiple drugs or dose and schedule combinations.
The determination of platinum in biological materials by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Methods for determination of platinum in body tissues and fluids by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy are described. Serum and urine could be analyzed without pretreatment or dilution. Wet and dry ashing techniques for tissue digestion were compared. Dry ashing tissues in a furnace resulted in significant and unexplained losses of analyte, whereas there was complete recovery of platinum added to the tissues when the tissues were wet ashed. The wet ashing technique is fast and convenient and requires minimal sample treatment.
A simple instructional computer

A fully functional computer is described that is simple enough to be built by junior-level undergraduate computer science students with no electronics experience. Any computable algorithm can be programmed using its tree instructions, which are modelled after Turing's original machine. Building this computer gives the computer science students confidence that computer hardware is real and understandable. Layered enhancements of this basic machine can prove to its builders that it can indeed execute any computable algorithm and provides practical exam questions to motivate the study of all six levels of modern computer systems: hardware, microprogram, instruction set, operating system, assembly language, and problem-oriented language level. Equally important, this computer provides a vehicle for practicing hardware/software tradeoffs at several architectural levels. Assigning computer development to small teams of students provides essential professional experience in solving open-ended design problems, working in teams, and presenting original ideas to their peers. >
Clinical and Materials Sciences: The Effects of Retraction Cords and Electrosurgery upon Blood Pressure and Tissue Regeneration in Rhesus Monkeys

evices were used for gingival retraction prior to impression-taking procedures. The effects of these retraction methods upon blood pressure and loss of gingival tissue height were evaluated on three Rhesus monkeys. Chamfer finishing lines were prepared on all of the teeth and penetrating into the gingival sulcus. All the retraction devices were used to produce the desired amount of retraction which would allow an acceptable impression. Contralateral teeth, on which a chamfer was cut but no retraction performed were used as control teeth.The only retraction device which had no effect on blood pressure and caused no tissue loss was the nonepinephrine retraction cord. The 8% r-epinephrine string and the two electrosurgical devices caused elevated blood pressures. With the 8% r-epinephrine retraction cord, no tissue loss was observed and complete healing occurred within nine days. Both electrosurgical devices caused tissue loss. The fully rectified current device caused a slight loss in gingival tissue height...
Trying to trust: Brain activity during interpersonal social attitude change

Interpersonal trust and distrust are important components of human social interaction. Although several studies have shown that brain function is associated with either trusting or distrusting others, very little is known regarding brain function during the control of social attitudes, including trust and distrust. This study was designed to investigate the neural mechanisms involved when people attempt to control their attitudes of trust or distrust toward another person. We used a novel control-of-attitudes fMRI task, which involved explicit instructions to control attitudes of interpersonal trust and distrust. Control of trust or distrust was operationally defined as changes in trustworthiness evaluations of neutral faces before and after the control-of-attitudes fMRI task. Overall, participants (n = 60) evaluated faces paired with the distrust instruction as being less trustworthy than faces paired with the trust instruction following the control-of-distrust task. Within the brain, both the control-of-trust and control-of-distrust conditions were associated with increased temporoparietal junction, precuneus (PrC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and medial prefrontal cortex activity. Individual differences in the control of trust were associated with PrC activity, and individual differences in the control of distrust were associated with IFG activity. Together, these findings identify a brain network involved in the explicit control of distrust and trust and indicate that the PrC and IFG may serve to consolidate interpersonal social attitudes.
Rational Psychiatric Care of Jail Inmates: It Happened in Monterey

This column describes a civil rights lawsuit over the conditions in the Monterey County, California, jail that resulted in a court order to make substantial reforms. The remarkable feature of the case was the parties' willingness to use neutral experts to assess the facility's deficiencies in general medical and mental health care, safety, and disability access. The authors outline areas in which the 2015 settlement affects matters such as drug abuse and withdrawal screening, suicide assessment, continuation of medications, and psychic harm caused by isolation. The elements of the court order could serve as a template for improvements in other jurisdictions.
Mapping Eloquent Brain with Functional MRI and DTI

The goal of surgery for brain tumors and epilepsy is maximal resection while respecting surrounding eloquent structures to avoid postoperative deficits. In order to preserve sensorimotor, language, and cognitive functions, delineating the patient-specific locations of structures supporting these networks is essential. Studies have shown that the identification of eloquent cortex in close proximity to the region of tumor or a resectable lesion is a strong predictor of worsened neurological outcome postoperatively or a limited extent of resection. Therefore, successful preoperative functional mapping of these regions, and their connections, can assist the neurosurgeon in preserving these fundamental abilities while maximizing extent of resection. This chapter reviews current evidence for using fMRI and DTI as noninvasive methods for mapping both eloquent cortex and critical white matter tracts in neurosurgical planning. Technical details and limitations of each method are discussed.
Data Driven Simplified Three-Way Catalyst Health Diagnostic Models: Experimental Results

Presented is the identification of simplified three-way catalyst (TWC) models from vehicle data. The simplified models are developed for multiple TWCs from two different classes: full useful life and threshold. The full useful life (FUL) TWCs represent catalysts from vehicles with 100,000 miles whereas threshold TWCs represent catalysts from vehicles with over 150,000 miles. The results showed that these simplified models have consistent parameter estimates when identified in a passive monitoring mode as the vehicle experiences a driving cycle from the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). Moreover the parameters of the simplified TWC models contain TWC health/age information. The model input is the air mass flow rate (AM) into the engine and the model output is a proposed TWC health measure developed in this paper. The impact of TWC temperature will also be detailed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A systematic analysis of the hCG augmentation assay for follicle stimulating hormone.

SummaryThis study was prompted by the initial observation of Steelman and Pohley [Endocrinology 53, 604 (1953)] that the dose-response curve was restricted to a narrow range of FSH standard and furthermore that at levels above 0.3 mg FSH (Armour standard 264-151-X of porcine origin) the curve begins to plateau. Later, indications of a similar plateau effect using NIH-FSH-(S1, S2, S3 and S8) all of ovine origin were noted (2–4). In this report optimal conditions for routine bioassay of FSH are presented. Separate site injections of NIH-FSH-S9 (90 and 180 μg) augmented with 40 IU hCG twice daily for 3 days yields a dose-response curve of satisfactory slope for bioassay. The validity and extent of the plateau effect in ovarian response to 180–1000 μg NIH-FSH-S9 augmented with 20, 40, 60 and 80 IU hCG are clearly illustrated. The possibility remains feasible that the plateau and apparent suppression of ovarian response to high FSH concentrations “may” be related to either the biological half-life of FSH in th...
Adaptation of a quantitative immunoassay for urine myoglobin. Predictor in detecting renal dysfunction.

Myoglobinuria, subsequent to rhabdomyolysis, may cause acute renal failure. For this reason, many qualitative and quantitative tests have been developed for the detection of myoglobin in urine. The authors describe the adaptation and optimization of the Stratus II serum myoglobin immunoassay to quantify urine myoglobin. In addition, the assay was used to accurately determine urine myoglobin concentrations in subjects at potential risk for myoglobin-induced renal dysfunction and the results obtained compared to conventional qualitative methods for urine myoglobin. The assay demonstrated with-in run and between-run coefficient of variations (CVs) of 6.2% and 7.2%., respectively, was linear from 0-950 μg/L, demonstrated good recovery, and was free from interference by hemoglobin, creatinine, and urea. Specimens were diluted with 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer, pH 9.0 containing 3% bovine serum albumin before analysis. Myoglobin was assayed on urine obtained from 30 patients suspected of having myoglobinuria. Fifteen of 17 patients with serum creatinine greater than 1.4 mg/dL had myoglobin concentrations greater than 20,000 μg/L, whereas the remaining 13 patients with normal serum creatinine had urine myoglobin concentrations of less than 18,000 μg/L. If serum creatinine is used as an indicator of renal function, it would appear that accurate measurement of urine myoglobin may facilitate identification of patients with increased susceptibility to myoglobin-induced acute renal failure.
Standards and Guidelines that Influence Conflict and Peace Education

Instructional standards and guidelines need consideration, especially in areas of direct violence and fragility, for their effect on peace education. The universal want for resolution of conflict without violence brings attention to how standards support or hinder peace education.
Enthalpic Breakdown of Water Structure on Protein Active-Site Surfaces

The principles underlying water reorganization around simple nonpolar solutes are well understood and provide the framework for the classical hydrophobic effect, whereby water molecules structure themselves around solutes so that they maintain favorable energetic contacts with both the solute and the other water molecules. However, for certain solute surface topographies, water molecules, due to their geometry and size, are unable to simultaneously maintain favorable energetic contacts with both the surface and neighboring water molecules. In this study, we analyze the solvation of ligand-binding sites for six structurally diverse proteins using hydration site analysis and measures of local water structure, in order to identify surfaces at which water molecules are unable to structure themselves in a way that maintains favorable enthalpy relative to bulk water. These surfaces are characterized by a high degree of enclosure, weak solute–water interactions, and surface constraints that induce unfavorable pa...
Introduction: A Feminist Project

In a matter-of-fact way, the engineer in this quote encapsulates the gendered division of labor in the professional workplaces I visited for this project. In North America, as in most of the world, women continue to be underrepresented at the higher ranks of traditionally male professions while they are simultaneously overrepresented in support staff positions in the same workplaces. They are likely to be the “girls” that “type.” Given this asymmetrical representation, even when women and men work side by side, women experience different work climates than do men. Gender bias is evidenced in the demographics, economics, and hierarchical positions of women in professional places of work, and differences in the status of women and men are also revealed in research on evaluative responses of both men and women toward women (Valian, 1998; Ridgeway & Correll, 2004). Popular self-help books and workshops urging women to improve their styles notwithstanding, the biases against women’s advancement are far more fundamental than changes in dress and talk can possibly remedy. In a contribution to a 1999 panel discussion on language and gender in the workplace, linguist Sally McConnell-Ginet emphasized the importance of attending to evaluative bias. She insisted that the major issue is not differences in women’s and men’s competency—including their communicative competency. The big problem is people’sattitudes towards women and men, their sharply differentiated expectations that lead, as psychologist Virginia Valian puts it, to persisting under-evaluation of women’s work and over-evaluation of men’s.
High Brilliance X-ray Sources and the Study of Amorphous Materials

Approximately two years ago, Bienenstock et al.1 reviewed the impact of the availability of x-ray synchrotron radiation on the study of atomic arrangements in amorphous materials. Since that time, it has become apparent that orders of magnitude increases in the x-ray spectral brilliance will soon become available as a result of the use of undulators on the 16 GeV storage ring PEP at Stanford University and proposed 6–8 GeV storage rings (the Advanced Photon Source APS in the U. S. and the European Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory ESRL). In this paper, we review briefly the new characteristics which the radiation will have, relative to that obtained from bending magnets and wigglers. We then discuss the manner in which the studies of atomic arrangements may be expected to be affected by these changes.
New Records of Entocytherid Ostracods from New York and New Jersey

Abstract Ostracods of the family Entocytheridae are obligate ectosymbionts, primarily of crayfishes. Although the distribution and diversity of crayfishes is well known in the northeastern US, little is known about entocytherids in this region. In this study, we examined 5 species of crayfishes—Procambarus acutus (White River Crayfish), Orconectes limosus (Spinycheek Crayfish), Orconectes propinquus (Northern Clearwater Crayfish), Cambarus bartonii (Common Crayfish), and Cambarus robustus (Big Water Crayfish)—from 3 counties in New York (Saratoga, Orange, and Tompkins) and 8 counties in New Jersey (Essex, Sussex, Atlantic, Burlington, Camden, Cumberland, Gloucester, and Ocean). We recovered 2 species of entocytherid ostracods: Donnaldsoncythere cayugaensis and Donnaldsoncythere donnaldsonensis. Records from our study expand the known range of D. cayuagensis and fill in gaps in the known range of D. donnaldsonensis.
Avaliação Externa como parâmetro para a Educação

Analisa-se, neste artigo, a avaliacao da educacao em larga escala, a Avaliacao Nacional do Rendimento Escolar (Anresc/Prova Brasil), a partir dos resultados obtidos desde sua primeira edicao em 1991. Articulando o resultado das avaliacoes a politicas de responsabilizacao, com atribuicoes de consequencias para os gestores e educadores escolares. Tendo como base de analise os objetivos e metas dessas avaliacoes, bem como pesquisas bibliograficas que geraram fatos relevantes sobre o tema. Discutem-se os riscos que as avaliacoes padronizadas como a Prova Brasil, que referenciam politicas de responsabilizacao, exacerbam a preocupacao dos gestores e professores com as atividades desenvolvidas para a preparacao dos educandos para esse teste, o que pode acarretar uma reducao dos conteudos escolares, alterando o curriculo escolar. Por outro lado, o resultado dessas avaliacoes podem levar os gestores e educadores a refletir, atraves da informacoes levantadas, sobre o curriculo escolar e quais as habilidades de leitura e matematica devem ser melhor trabalhadas para garanti-las a todos os educandos, ou seja, tornar a aprendizagem mais significativa e eficaz.
Multi-informant assessment of siblings of youth with autism spectrum disorder: Parent-child discrepancies in at-risk classification.

Abstract Background The behavioral and emotional functioning of typically-developing (TD) siblings of youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been frequently assessed in the literature; however, these assessments typically include only one informant, rarely considering differences between parent and self-reports of sibling adjustment. Aims This study examined parent-youth reported informant discrepancies in behavioral and emotional functioning, including whether parent and youth reports yielded the same conclusions regarding TD sibling risk status. Methods, procedures, and results Among 113 parents and TD siblings of youth with ASD, TD siblings self-reported more overall, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer problems (compared to parent reports). Although few siblings were considered at-risk, those who were identified were not usually identified as at-risk on both informants’ reports. Moreover, ASD symptoms, broader autism phenotype symptoms, parent mental health concerns, and social support from parents were all related to differences in at-risk classification between parent- and sibling self-report. Conclusions and implications This paper highlights the necessity of multi-informant reporting when considering TD sibling psychological functioning. What this paper adds This study helps to address gaps in the literature on assessment of emotional and behavioral functioning of TD siblings of youth with ASD. The results highlight the importance of utilizing both parent- and self-report when identifying TD siblings at-risk for maladjustment. Although few siblings were considered at-risk, those who were identified were not usually identified as such on both informants’ reports, and a variety of sibling- and parent-factors were associated with differences in at-risk classification. Thus, inclusion and examination of both parent- and self-report of TD sibling psychological functioning is vital for accurately identifying numbers of TD siblings at-risk of maladjustment.
Probable Maximum Precipitation in the U.S. Pacific Northwest in a Changing Climate

The safety of large and aging water infrastructures is gaining attention in water management given the accelerated rate of change in landscape, climate and society. In current engineering practice, such safety is ensured by the design of infrastructure for the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP). Recently, several numerical modeling approaches have been proposed to modernize the conventional and ad hoc PMP estimation approach. However, the underlying physics have not been fully investigated and thus differing PMP estimates are sometimes obtained without physics-based interpretations. In this study, we present a hybrid approach that takes advantage of both traditional engineering practice and modern climate science to estimate PMP for current and future climate conditions. The traditional PMP approach is modified and applied to five statistically downscaled CMIP5 model outputs, producing an ensemble of PMP estimates in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) during the historical (1970-2016) and future (2050-2099) time periods. The hybrid approach produced consistent historical PMP estimates as the traditional estimates. PMP in the PNW will increase by 50%±30% of the current design PMP by 2099 under the RCP8.5 scenario. Most of the increase is caused by warming, which mainly affects moisture availability through increased sea surface temperature, with minor contributions from changes in storm efficiency in the future. Moist track change tends to reduce the future PMP. Compared with extreme precipitation, PMP exhibits higher internal variability. Thus long-time records of high-quality data in both precipitation and related meteorological fields (temperature, wind fields) are required to reduce uncertainties in the ensemble PMP estimates.
Performance evaluation of the Aptima HSV-1 and 2 assay for the detection of HSV in cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesion specimens

Abstract Background Timely and precise laboratory diagnosis of Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) is required to guide clinical management. Objectives The study evaluated limit of detection (LOD) and performance characteristics of the Aptima HSV 1 & 2 assay in comparison to four assays. Study design The multi-center study compared qualitative detection of HSV-1 and 2 by the Aptima HSV-1 and 2 assay (Hologic) to ELVIS culture, Lyra Direct (Quidel), AmpliVue (Quidel) and a laboratory developed test (LDT). LOD was performed using VTM and STM diluted viral concentrations and clinical performance was evaluated using 505 swab specimens. Results The Aptima LOD studies performed showed a lower detection limit for STM specimens as 1450 copies/mL and 430 copies/mL for HSV1 and HSV-2 respectively; the LOD for VTM specimens was 9370 copies/mL and 8045 copies/mL for HSV-1 and HSV-2 respectively. When the assays were analyzed based on the positive consensus result established the Aptima had 95% of percent positive agreement (PPA) and 100% negative percent agreement (NPA) for the HSV-1. For the HSV-2, the PPA and NPA for Aptima were 96% and 100% respectively. AmpliVue had 1.8% invalid rate, while Lyra had no invalid results but an inhibition rate of 0.8%. Aptima and LDT did not have any invalid or inhibited results. Conclusion The results indicate that the Aptima HSV-1 & 2 assay is sensitive and the performance characteristics of the Aptima assay is comparable to the assays analyzed for the detection and differentiation of HSV-1 and 2 from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions.
Sized Out: Women, Clothing Size, and Inequality:

Feminist scholars have long critiqued the fashion industry’s ultra-thin beauty standards as harmful to women. Combining data from three qualitative studies of women’s clothing retailers—of bras, plus-size clothing, and bridal wear—we shift the analytical focus away from glamorized media images toward the seemingly mundane realm of clothing size standards, examining how women encounter, understand, and navigate these standards in their daily lives. We conceptualize clothing size standards as “floating signifiers,” given their lack of consistency within and across brands and the extent to which women engage in identity work and body work in relation to them. Our findings indicate that the instability of these unregulated standards allows some women—particularly those with bodies located closest to the boundaries between size categories—to claim conformity to body ideals and to access some of the associated psychological, social, and material privileges. However, even as individual women may benefit by dista...
Purine and pyrimidine transport and metabolism

Publisher Summary Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are phosphorylated, intracellular metabolites vital to virtually every biochemical and metabolic process within the living cell. The pathways by which pyrimidine nucleotides are synthesized in parasites are less well studied, because mostparasites synthesize pyrimidine nucleotides de novo, using essentially the same enzymatic machinery that is found in mammalian cells. The more recent advances in one's knowledge of purine and pyrimidine transport and metabolism in parasites originate from an interdisciplinary amalgamation of approaches and techniques from molecular biology, genetics, structural biology, and immunocytochemistry. Many genes encoding parasite purine and pyrimidine salvage enzymes are cloned, over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant proteins purified to homogeneity and characterized. A number of these proteins are crystallized and their three dimensional structures determined in atomic detail by X-ray crystallography. This chapter provides an overview of the key pathways in the more prominent model parasites, laying emphasis on the new knowledge that has accumulated recently.
Clients Helping Therapists Find Solutions to their Therapy

This paper is offered as a beginning toward including client perspectives on treatment and client participation in supervision. Rather than see therapists as “technical experts who do things to people,” many of us now see therapists as nonexperts “who create conversations with people” (Goolishian & Anderson, 1992). This new shift challenges the traditional training positions of supervisor and supervisee, respectively. Including clients' voices the supervisor participate from a “nonexpert” position.
Volatility Spillovers and Nonlinear Dynamics between Jet Fuel Prices and Air Carrier Revenue Passenger Miles in the US

This paper investigates the nonlinearities in the behavior of jet fuel prices and air carrier yields as measured by revenue passenger miles(RPMs), where one RPM is defined as one passenger flown one mile in revenue traffic. It indicates that previous research might have overlooked the possibilities of nonlinear dynamics between these two series. Drawing on existing tests of nonlinearities and chaos, this paper first investigates the existence of chaotic behavior as the source of nonlinearities in the monthly prices of jet fuel and RPMs. The findings show strong evidence that the two series exhibit nonlinear dependencies. Evidence is found, however, that this behavior may be inconsistent with chaotic structure. We propose and estimate bivariate GARCH(1,1) and bivariate EGARCH(1,1) models to ascertain the flow of information between jet fuel prices and revenue passenger miles. Estimation results of the bivariate GARCH models offer evidence that the shock transmission between the two series is mainly asymmetric, that is that positive and negative shocks impart degree of volatility differently. It is shown that the positive shocks to jet fuel prices show a substantially higher reaction from the revenue passenger miles. The conclusion is that, RPMs are quite responsive to upward volatility in prices of jet fuel, while falling jet fuel prices may not translate into efficiency gains.
Chemical filtration modeling

When a chemical solution of uniform and time-independent concentration is introduced at the inlet of a filter, an initially sharp concentration front begins to migrate through the filter due to advection, and simultaneously spread due to diffusion. When the filter is packed with particles that effectively absorb the dissolved solute, the rate of migration of the front may be orders of magnitude smaller than the solvent flow rate. It is then possible to pass large volumes of solution through the filter without appreciable solute exiting the outlet; the solute introduced at the inlet is held within the filter by the absorbing particles. This phenomenon is the fundamental basis of chemical-separation technology.
The Corporate Governance Behavior and Market Value of Russian Firms(Russian version)

I examine the relationship between corporate governance behavior and market value for a sample of 21 Russian firms. I use (1) fall 1999 corporate governance rankings for these firms, developed by a Russian investment bank, and (2) the "value ratio" of actual market capitalization to potential Western market capitalization for these firms, determined independently by a second Russian investment bank. The correlation between ln(value ratio) and governance ranking is striking and statistically strong: Pearson r = 0.90 (t = 8.97). A worst (51 ranking) to best (7 ranking) governance improvement predicts a 700-fold increase in firm value. These results are tentative because of the small sample. But they suggest that corporate governance behavior has a powerful effect on market value in a country where legal and cultural constraints on corporate behavior are weak. The Russian version of this paper is available below. The English version is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=263014
Linguistics: Core Concepts and Principles

Abstract Linguistics is the science of language. This chapter describes core concepts and principles of linguistics.
Witnessing intimate partner violence as a child: How boys and girls model their parents’ behaviors in adolescence

Childhood witnesses of adult violence at home are at risk for future violence. It is unclear how gender of the child and adult perpetrator are related to adolescent relationship violence. We explore how childhood witnessing of same-gender, opposite-gender, and bidirectional violence perpetrated by adults is associated with adolescent relationship violence victimization only, perpetration only, and combined victimization/perpetration for male and female undergraduates. We gathered cross-sectional data from 907 undergraduates attending 67 randomly-selected classes at three distinct East-Coast colleges using pencil-and-paper surveys administered at the end of class time. Multiple imputation with chained equations was used to impute missing data. Multinomial regression models controlling for gender, age, race, school, and community violence predicted adolescent outcomes for each witnessing exposure; relative risk ratios and average adjusted probabilities with 95% confidence intervals are presented. Adolescent relationship violence outcomes vary based on gender of the child witness and adult perpetrator. Witnessing adult males perpetrate is associated with higher perpetration for boys and higher combined victimization/perpetration for girls. Witnessing adult females perpetrate - either as the sole perpetrator or in a mutually violent relationship with an adult male - increases risk for combined victimization/perpetration for boys and girls during adolescence.