cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gut peptides and food in the gut produce similar satiety effects.

Abstract We compared the satiety effects and mechanisms of action of food stimuli delivered to anatomically restricted areas of the gut with the satiety effects and mechanisms of action of the gut peptides cholecystokinin (CCK) and bombesin (BBS). When food is limited to contact with the pregastric and gastric gut surfaces at a test meal, rats stop eating and display the fixed sequence of postprandial behaviors which characterizes normal satiety. This “gastric satiety” effect is unaffected by total abdominal vagotomy. Intraperitoneal administration of BBS produces a large, specific, and dose-related inhibition of food intake at a test meal; this action, like the gastric satiety effect of food, is unaffected by total abdominal vagotomy. Since a BBS-like peptide is present in high concentration in the stomach, these parallels between gastric satiety and BBS-induced satiety suggest that an endogenous BBS-like peptide plays a role in gastric satiety. When small amounts of food are infused directly into the small intestine of sham feeding rats, they stop eating and display the behavioral satiety sequence. This “intestinal satiety” effect requires the synergistic input of oropharyngeal food stimulation in close temporal association. Intraperitoneal administration of CCK alone to sham feeding rats stops eating and elicits the behavioral satiety sequence; this action, like the intestinal satiety effect of food, requires the synergistic input of oropharyngeal food stimulation in close temporal association. Since CCK is present in high concentration in the upper small intestine, and is released into the circulation by food at this site, the parallels between intestinal satiety and CCK-induced satiety suggest that endogenous CCK plays a role in intestinal satiety.
Of man in mice.

L1 retrotransposition is ongoing, and has dramatically affected the evolution and structure of mammalian genomes. Despite their impact on the genome, little is known about when, where or how frequently L1s retrotranspose in vivo. The establishment of a mouse model of human L1 retrotransposition is a major step toward answering these questions.
Human colorectal cancers display abnormal Fourier-transform infrared spectra.

Abstract Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was applied to the study of tissue sections of human colorectal cancer. Pairs of tissue samples from colorectal cancer and histologically normal mucosa 5-10 cm away from the tumor were obtained from 11 patients who underwent partial colectomy. All cancer specimens displayed abnormal spectra compared with the corresponding normal tissues. These changes involved the phosphate and C-O stretching bands, the CH stretch region, and the pressure dependence of the CH2 bending and C = O stretching modes. Our findings indicate that in colonic malignant tissue, there are changes in the degree of hydrogen-bonding of (i) oxygen atoms of the backbone of nucleic acids (increased); (ii) OH groups of serine, tyrosine, and threonine residues (any or all of them) of cell proteins (decreased); and (iii) the C = O groups of the acyl chains of membrane lipids (increased). In addition, they indicate changes in the structure of proteins and membrane lipids (as judged by the changes in their ratio of methyl to methylene groups) and in the packing and the conformational structure of the methylene chains of membrane lipids. The cell(s) of the malignant colon tissues responsible for these spectral abnormalities is unknown. Cultured colon adenocarcinoma cell lines displayed similarly abnormal FT-IR spectra. The diagnostic potential of the observed changes is discussed.
Endoscopic hemostasis with fibrin glue for refractory postsphincterotomy and postpapillectomy bleeding.

Background Bleeding is a feared complication of endoscopic sphincterotomy and papillectomy. Fibrin glue has been proposed as an effective adjunct in securing hemostasis. However, its use has been limited by the risk of early occlusion of the injecting needle, and its role has not been defined in the setting of refractory post-ERCP bleeding. We present a modified technique of endoscopic hemostasis with diluted fibrin glue in the setting of postsphincterotomy and postpapillectomy bleeds. Objective We aimed to verify that diluted fibrin glue can be easily and successfully injected and is effective in the endoscopic treatment of refractory post-ERCP bleeding. Design Case series. Setting A tertiary-care academic medical center. Patients Six patients with refractory post-ERCP bleeding were treated (3 after sphincterotomy and 3 after papillectomy) with fibrin glue injection. Intervention Endoscopic hemostasis with diluted fibrin glue injection. Main Outcome Measurements Successful endoscopic hemostasis with diluted fibrin glue injection. Results One session of fibrin glue injection stopped the refractory post-ERCP bleeding in all 6 patients. Limitation Small number of patients. Conclusion This case series provides evidence that our modified injection technique of diluted fibrin glue allowed an easy submucosal injection and may be considered to be an effective endoscopic modality to treat refractory post-ERCP bleeding.
Telemetered EEG from a football player in action.

Abstract 1. 1. This study has dealt with the telemetering of the EEG from a football player in action. 2. 2. The dominant frequency of the background rhythm is not static, but is constantly changing (“dynamic EEG”) according to the moment to moment changes in the environmental conditions. Relatively high frequencies (up to 13 c/sec) were seen during conditions of great anxiety and anticipation. Rarely, theta rhythms appeared after severe head impact, but their paucity and short duration suggested that no significant head trauma had occurred. 3. 3. It is hoped that this study will encourage others to investigate the dynamic aspects of EEG in various life situations.
Isolation and analysis of a symbiosis-regulated and Ras-interacting vesicular assembly protein gene from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor

Summary •A yeast two-hybrid library prepared from Laccaria bicolor × Pinus resinosa mycorrhizas was screened using a LbRAS clone, previously characterized, as a bait to isolate LbRAS interacting signaling-related genes from L. bicolor . • Using this method, a novel line of Ras-interacting yeast two-hybrid mycorrhizal ( Rythm ) clones were isolated and analysed for their symbiosis-regulation. One such clone identified ( RythmA ) had homology to Ap180-like vesicular proteins. • Sequence homology and parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis showed its relatedness to Ap180-like proteins from other systems. DNA analysis suggested that L. bicolor had one or two copies of the RythmA gene. • An RNA analysis showed that the expression of RythmA could be detected 36 h after interaction with the host, which follows the expression of Lbras . Immunolocalization of LbRAS near dolipore septum of the fungal cells in the Hartig net area suggests that RythmA protein may be involved in the transport of signaling proteins such as LbRAS.
Some Relations between the Bound State Problem and Scattering Theory

It was shown by Sawada1l a few years ago that there exists a linear relation between the self-energy of the nucleon due to the pion field and the eigen phase shifts of pion-nucleon scattering. However, this is not correct in some cases, for instance, in the static neutral scalar theory, where the pion is never scattered by the nucleon, but still there appears a self-energy of the nucleon. Quite recently, A. Reifman, B. S. DeWitt, and R. Newton2l have discussed the relation between the bound state problem and scattering theory in the ordinary nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, according to which the energy shift of the system should be given in terms of the diagonal element of the reaction matrix in the limit of infinite volume. Thus it seems to give a definite justification for the boundary condition which Brueckner and others3J took in their works in connection with nuclear modek The purpose of this paper is to show that Sawada's relation holds exactly in the non-relativisitic case insofar as the range of the potential is negligibly small compared
Isolation of the high molecular form of bovine factor X and some of its physical properties

A high molecular form of bovine factor X has been isolated from freshly collected bovine blood by BaSO4 absorption, exhaustive washing with 0.001 M BaCl2 and chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose column employing a linear salt gradient. This isolated factor X showed a single protein band on analytical polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Only one single protein peak was observed in the chromatogram of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography conducted at 3 degrees C. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of this bovine factor X revealed no apparent heterogeneity or self association-dissociation phenomena. It yielded a weight-average molecular weight of 74 000 for the native factor X. In the absence of any reducing agent, factor X migrated in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis as a single component with an estimated molecular weight of 74 300. Both dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and agarose gel chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride revealed that this native factor X is composed of two polypeptide chains of molecular weights of 56 000 and 22 100. Factor X can be converted to the enzymatically active factor Xa by Russell's viper venom and in the presence of Ca2+. Factor Xa was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. This Russell's viper venom activated factor Xa also showed a single protein band upon analytical polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of this factor Xa yields a weight-average molecular weight of 59 000 with no apparent heterogeneity or self-association phenomena. In the absence of any reducing agent, factor Xa migrated as a single component in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis with an estimated molecular weight of 58 500. From the results of dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol as well as agarose gel chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride, factor Xa is also composed of two polypeptide chains of molecular weights of 36 700 and 22 800. Therefore, the heavy and light chains of both native factor X and factor Xa are linked together by disulfides. Great care was taken in washing the BaSO4 precipitate and it is this effective washing which enabled us to isolate the higher molecular from of bovine factor X.
Asymptomatic SLAC wrist: Does it exist?☆

Twenty-five patients (30 wrists) had x-ray evidence of scapholunate advanced collapse. Twenty-two wrists had no pain; 12 of these were diagnosed and treated for carpal tunnel syndrome. Eight wrists had mild pain. All patients were reevaluated an average of 2 years later. At that time, 20 wrists were totally free of symptoms and 10 had occasional pain, especially with increased activity (no patients required analgesics). No patient had undergone surgical management for the scapholunate advanced collapse. We believe that there are some patients (especially older and low-demand persons) in whom x-ray evidence of arthritis and clinical findings do not correlate. In these circumstances surgical intervention for treatment of the arthritis may not be warranted.
Three-dimensional analysis for liquid hydrogen in a cryogenic storage tank with heat pipe–pump system

Abstract This paper presents a study on fluid flow and heat transfer of liquid hydrogen in a zero boil-off cryogenic storage tank in a microgravity environment. The storage tank is equipped with an active cooling system consisting of a heat pipe and a pump–nozzle unit. The pump collects cryogen at its inlet and discharges it through its nozzle onto the evaporator section of the heat pipe in order to prevent the cryogen from boiling off due to the heat leaking through the tank wall from the surroundings. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model is employed in a set of numerical simulations to solve for velocity and temperature fields of liquid hydrogen in steady state. Complex structures of 3-D velocity and temperature distributions determined from the model are presented. Simulations with an axisymmetric model were also performed for comparison. Parametric study results from both models predict that as the speed of the cryogenic fluid discharged from the nozzle increases, the mean or bulk cryogenic fluid speed increases linearly and the maximum temperature within the cryogenic fluid decreases.
Inhibition of the activity of the native γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor by metabolites of thyroid hormones: correlations with molecular modeling studies

Abstract To characterize the direct effects of thyroid hormones on native γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) receptors, rapid (5 s) actions of a series of iodothyronines on muscimol-stimulated uptake of 36 Cl − were investigated in synaptoneurosomes prepared from rat brain. The results were correlated with molecular modeling of the active compounds. Dose–response curves for muscimol in the presence of 3,3′, 5- l -triiodothyronine ( l -T3) indicated a noncompetitive inhibition of muscimol-stimulated 36 Cl − uptake by the thyroid hormone. Synaptoneurosomes prepared from cerebellum were less sensitive to l -T3 than those from cerebral cortex, in terms of the potency of the hormone. The overall efficacy approached complete inhibition for both brain regions. Muscimol-stimulated 36 Cl − uptake was inhibited differentially by iodothyronine derivatives. One group of compounds with IC 50 values of 18–30 μM included l -thyroxine ( l -T4), d -thyroxine ( d -T4), 3,3′, 5,5′-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac), and 3,3′, 5-triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac). A second group with values of 75–100 μM included 3,3′, 5′- l -triiodothyronine (reverse T3; r-T3), 3,3′-diiodo- l -thyronine (3,3′- l -T2) and 3,5-diiodo- l -thyronine (3,5- d -T2). A final group of inactive compounds with IC 50 values greater than 100 μM included 3′,5′-diiodo- l -thyronine (3′,5′- l -T2), 3-iodo- l -thyronine ( l -T1), 3′-iodo- l -thyronine (3′- l -T1), and l -thyronine ( l -T0). Molecular modeling of the active iodothyronines using the Gaussian03 series of programs indicated close correspondences with models of the GABA-inhibitory neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PREGS), suggesting common mechanisms of action at the GABA A receptor.
Global climatic change, hurricanes, and a tropical forest

Most, if not all forests in the Caribbean are subject to occasional disturbances from hurricanes. If current general circulation model (GCM) predictions are correct, with doubled atmospheric CO2 (2 × CO2), the tropical Atlantic will be between 1 °C and 4 °C warmer than it is today. With such a warming, more than twice as many hurricanes per year could be expected in the Caribbean. Furthermore, Emanuael (1987) indicates that in a warmed world the destructive potential of Atlantic hurricanes could be increased by 40% to 60%. While speculative, these increases would dramatically change the disturbance regimes affecting tropical forests in the region and might alter forest structure and composition. Global warming impacts through increased hurricane damage on Caribbean forests are presented.
Analysis and simulation of collision avoidance TCAS antennas mounted on aircraft

Two different implementations of the TCAS (traffic-alert collision avoidance system) are discussed: one uses an eight-element circular antenna array and works on a monopulse principle: the other uses a four-element antenna array and an amplitude comparison scheme. The system models and results for the TCAS on a Boeing 737-200 aircraft are presented. Both the elevation angle and the distance of the antenna from the nose were varied. The performance of the systems was shown to get better in the forward quadrant as one gets closer to the nose of the aircraft. The performance of the four-element TCAS was was generally not as good as that of the eight-element monopulse system, except in the nose quadrant where they were comparable. However, the four-element amplitude system is much simpler in its implementation than the eight-element monopulse system. >
TEM observations of the mechanism of delamination of chromium films from silicon substrates

We have observed the complete delamination of polycrystalline chromium films from single crystal silicon substrates during deposition due to the formation of high internal stresses. These intrinsic stresses can give rise to interfacial defects which assist in the separation of the film from the substrate. Stresses in the film are balanced by stresses in the substrate, which cause mechanical failure in the substrate near the interface. Extensive arrays of dislocations and cracking of the substrate have been observed. We find that the delamination of the films from the substrate is initiated by the formation of damage in the substrate, rather than to the film or the interface.
Uniform Building Code-1994 Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method

Several seismic building codes are currently in use in different regions of the United States. The Uniform Building Code (UBC) published by the International Conference of Building Officials (1994), is the building code most extensively used, particularly in the western part of the country. In addition to the UBC, two other major building codes are used: (1) The BOCA, or Basic Building Code [Building Officials and Code Administrators International 1996]; and (2) The Standard Building Code, of the Southern Building Code Congress International (1994).
Pharmacology of Antiepileptic Drugs

Several different types of chemical compounds are useful as antiepileptic drugs. Their mechanisms of action, as well as their physical structures, differ. Compounds such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and probably valproate act by modifying ionic conductances, particularly sodium and calcium, in excitable membranes, thus limiting sustained high-frequency neuronal discharges. In contrast, barbiturates and benzodiazepines tend to affect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediation of the chloride channel opening. Knowledge of drug mechanisms is important for choosing the proper drug for various seizures types. In addition, an understanding of antiepileptic drug pharmacokinetics, nontherapeutic effects, and interactions is essential for optimal therapy. The lack of uniform pharmacokinetics among patients and among different formulations of a drug can make it difficult to arrive at uniform criteria for both seizure control and determinations of toxicity. both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions can occur between antiepileptic medications and other drugs. Three major types of side effects with anticonvulsants can be identified: dose-related alterations of neurologic function, idiosyncratic reactions, and nonidiosyncratic function, idiosyncratic reactions, and nonidiosyncratic direct actions on other organ systems. These effects often compromise treatment.
Multidimensional oriented solid-state NMR experiments enable the sequential assignment of uniformly 15N labeled integral membrane proteins in magnetically aligned lipid bilayers.

Oriented solid-state NMR is the most direct methodology to obtain the orientation of membrane proteins with respect to the lipid bilayer. The method consists of measuring 1H-15N dipolar couplings (DC) and 15N anisotropic chemical shifts (CSA) for membrane proteins that are uniformly aligned with respect to the membrane bilayer. A significant advantage of this approach is that tilt and azimuthal (rotational) angles of the protein domains can be directly derived from analytical expression of DC and CSA values, or, alternatively, obtained by refining protein structures using these values as harmonic restraints in simulated annealing calculations. The Achilles’ heel of this approach is the lack of suitable experiments for sequential assignment of the amide resonances. In this Article, we present a new pulse sequence that integrates proton driven spin diffusion (PDSD) with sensitivity-enhanced PISEMA in a 3D experiment ([1H,15N]-SE-PISEMA-PDSD). The incorporation of 2D 15N/15N spin diffusion experiments into this new 3D experiment leads to the complete and unambiguous assignment of the 15N resonances. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated for the membrane protein sarcolipin reconstituted in magnetically aligned lipid bicelles. Taken with low electric field probe technology, this approach will propel the determination of sequential assignment as well as structure and topology of larger integral membrane proteins in aligned lipid bilayers.
Feedback control of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

Abstract This work focuses on linear finite-dimensional output feedback control of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation (KSE) with periodic boundary conditions. Under the assumption that the linearization of the KSE around the zero solution is controllable and observable, linear finite-dimensional output feedback controllers are synthesized that achieve stabilization of the zero solution, for any value of the instability parameter. The controllers are synthesized on the basis of finite-dimensional approximations of the KSE which are obtained through Galerkin’s method. The performance of the controllers is successfully tested through computer simulations.
Effect of physical activity and fasting on gut and liver proteolysis in the dog.

The aim of this study was to determine how gut and liver protein kinetics adapt to acute exercise in the 18-h-fasted dog (n = 7) and in dogs glycogen depleted by a 42-h fast (n = 8). For this purpo...
Impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy on clinical outcomes in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.

Abstract Background Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) can improve survival in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recipients. However, the impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT-D) on outcomes in continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) patients is not known. We sought to determine if CRT-D improved clinical outcomes in CF-LVAD patients compared with ICDs alone. Methods and Results Sixty-one consecutive CF-LVAD patients with an ICD or CRT-D were evaluated. Impacts of CRT-D on mortality, all-cause hospitalization, and incidence of atrial (AA) and ventricular (VA) arrhythmias after LVAD implantation was compared with patients with ICD alone. Of the 61 LVAD patients, 31 (age 59.8 ± 16 years, 84% male) had CRT-D and 30 (age 57.2 ± 13 years, 74% male) had ICD. Before LVAD implantation, no significant differences were noted between the groups in demographic and clinical characteristics, LVAD indications, and incidence of AA and VA. Over 682 ± 45 days of LVAD support, 8 patients (25.8%) died in the CRT-D arm versus 5 (16.7%) in the ICD arm ( P = .35). No differences were noted between the CRT-D and ICD groups in all-cause (96.8 vs 93.3%; P = .63) and HF (19.4 vs 26.7%; P = .78) hospitalizations, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameter (6.4 ± 1.5 vs 6.2 ± 1.1 cm, P = .47), and incidence of AA (35.4% vs 33.3%; P = .80), VA (29% vs 26.6%; P = .86), and ICD shocks (22.6% vs 16.7%; P = .93). Beta-blocker and antiarrhythmic drug use after LVAD implantation was similar in both groups. Conclusions In patients with refractory HF who received CF-LVADs, CRT-D, compared with ICD, did not significantly improve mortality, all-cause hospitalization, LV dimensions, and incidence of AA and VA.
Radiographic manifestations of transfusion-related acute lung injury

Abstract Objective The purpose of this article is to describe the clinical symptoms and illustrate the radiological manifestations of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) as the condition develops. We mention those findings that aid the discrimination from transfusion-associated cardiac overload. We will also point some of the characteristics that increase the risk of TRALI. Conclusion TRALI generally occurs within 1 to 2 h of the start of a blood transfusion. Though the radiographic features of TRALI are nonspecific, the diagnosis is established using clinical and radiological parameters. The diagnosis warrants a high index of suspicion as well as knowledge of its risk factors. There are no specific treatments; the best chance of survival in TRALI is with early diagnosis and prevention.
Interactive Decision Support System for Predicting Flashing Yellow Arrow Left-Turn Mode by Time of Day

Accommodation of left turns at signalized intersections has been a challenge for traffic engineers seeking a balance between two conflicting goals: capacity and safety. The use of a four-section display for the left-turn lane only with a flashing yellow arrow indication for permissive left turns has been deemed the new standard for signalization. With the advent of this new signal configuration, the opportunity to take the protected-permitted left-turn mode to a new level of operation has been presented. Although numerous studies have developed warrants and guidelines for selecting types of left-turn control, no clear or uniform standards for the implementation of a variable left-turn mode that changes by time of day are currently available. This study developed an interactive decision support system for evaluating left-turn phasing alternatives by time of day by the use of a custom-design approach. The resultant model predicts the number of left turns during the permitted phase under different intersecti...
Change in Physical Education Motivation and Physical Activity Behavior during Middle School

Purpose: To test a mediational model of the relationships among motivation-related variables in middle-school physical education and leisure-time physical activity behavior. Methods: Sixth- and seventh-grade physical education students from five middle schools in the midwest United States completed a survey containing measures of study variables on two occasions, 1 year apart. Results: Motivation-related constructs positively predicted leisure-time physical activity behavior. Enjoyment of activities in physical education and physical activity during class mediated the relationship between self-determined motivation in physical education and leisure-time physical activity. Perceived competence, autonomy, and relatedness were important antecedent variables in the model, with autonomy and relatedness showing less stability over time and positively predicting self-determined motivation. Conclusions: Students' leisure-time physical activity is linked to motivation-related experiences in physical education. Perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, self-determined moti- vation, enjoyment, and physical activity in the physical education setting directly or indirectly predict leisure-time physical activity. The associations suggest that more adaptive motivation corresponds to transfer of behavior across contexts. Also, the findings suggest that the efficacy of school-based physical activity interventions, within and outside of school, is linked to the degree of support for students' self-determined motivation. © 2008 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
Using Discourse Analysis to Study a Cross-Disciplinary Learning Community: Insights from an IGERT Training Program

A major challenge for fostering integrative cross-disciplinary collaborations at the graduate level arises from the divergent exposure and training of students from uni-disciplinary graduate programs. In this report, we present the design and preliminary analysis of an experimental forum to facilitate cross-disciplinary discourse within a NSF-sponsored Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Program (IGERT) at Rutgers. This forum brings together IGERT Graduate Training Fellows and faculty from four diverse graduate programs in the engineering area and four related programs in life sciences and physical sciences for structured seminars and interchanges. Our report offers methodological and analytical tools grounded within a conceptual framework for promoting discourse that integrates content across diverse disciplines as well as across levels of inquiry. Both the theoretical framework and the research tools may be valuable to others seeking to develop integrative training environments for coalescing learning communities between engineers and their collaborators.
Hemoglobin Function in Stored Blood: XIX. Inosine Maintenance of 2,3-DPG for 35 Days in a CPD-Adenine Preservative

This study establishes that 10 mM inosine is a sufficient additive to maintain 2,3-DPG levels in blood for five weeks of storage in CPD-adenine. No previous experiments were done with CPD-adenine (0.25 mM) using a design which would give statistical proof of the optimal concentration of inosine needed for maintenance of normal hemoglobin function (2,3-DPG) for five weeks of blood bank storage.
An equilibrium existence theorem for a general model without ordered preferences

In a recent paper the second author has shown that some of the usual hypotheses on consumers’ preferences are not needed for the proof of existence of a Walrasian General Equilibrium [Mas-Cole11 (1974)]. Specifically, it is not necessary that preferences come from a preference ordering. The only order property required is irreflexivity (meaning that a given commodity bundle is not preferred to itself). The properties of non-satiation, continuity and convexity of preferred sets turn out to be sufficient to obtain the existence result. The main purpose of the present note is to give a second proof of this fact which seems simpler than that of Mas-Cole11 (1974), and no more lengthy or complicated than the known equilibrium existence proofs which use ordered preferences. In two additional respects the model studied here generalizes the usual equilibrium model. The standard Walras, Arrow-Debreu theory treats what might be called the laissez-faire model in which each agent’s income is whatever he gets from selling goods plus his share of the profits of any firm in which he may own stock. In the present model the income of a consumer may be any continuous function of the prices, so the laissez-faire income function is included, but so also would any rule for assigning income to consumers (e.g., according to his ability or his need or the color of his eyes). Another way of saying this is that the model includes the possibility of arbitrary lump sum transfers of income among consumers, as might be achieved, for example, by a program of income taxes and subsidies. This substantial economic generalization requires no change whatever in the mathematical argument. The second generalization concerns production. The only requirement on our production set, besides the usual closure, convexity, and free disposal, is that it intersect the positive orthant in a boundedset.This means that the usual assumption
Comment on Gregory Nixon’s “From Panexperientialism to Individual Self Consciousness”

Semantic and substantive issues raised by Nixon’s essay are explored. Despite questions regarding the semantics, it is concluded that Nixon effectively challenges the Cartesian paradigm of consciousness by demonstrating that experience is not limited to the reflective self-consciousness of human beings but pervades nature at every level.
Coaxial Jet Flame Subject to Long-Wavelength Acoustic Oscillations

A linear model is developed to relate the response of energy release rate per unit volume to velocity and pressure oscillations in a liquid-propellant rocket engine. Coaxial injection of fuel (outer flow) and oxygen (inner flow) is considered with chemical reaction in a thin flame and turbulent mixing as the controlling factor in an axisymmetric diffusion flame. The combustion process has a characteristic time for mixing, producing a time lag in the energy release rate relative to pressure. The model applies to an individual injector but can be used to couple the multipoint combustion processes and wave dynamics for a multi-injector chamber. In particular, the impacts of long-wavelength oscillations of pressure and velocity in the surrounding chamber gas on the mixing and burning rates are determined. The results are developed in a way that feedback to the chamber oscillations can be determined for either a computational analysis or a perturbation analysis of the chamber wave dynamics. Both the steady-sta...
The Canon of the English Dictionary

When Starnes and Noyes wrote their study of the early history of the English dictionary, they placed The Alphabetical Dictionary (1668) of Wilkins and Lloyd in the footnotes; they claimed that the dictionary did not belong in the history because it was embedded in a universal language project. I have previously argued that the dictionary should not be judged by the putative intentions of the authors, but should be judged by its content: that it has its own title page within the larger text, that it is called a dictionary and that it is constructed on linguistic and lexicographical principles. I have also argued that the dictionary stands in a textual tradition: discrete portions of the text can be found in a textual chain of transmission; that is, definitions found first in Wilkins and Lloyd can be traced through subsequent dictionary databases. There are some intriguing questions that follow from my assertions: what constitutes the dictionariness of a database? how do we decide the issue of "textual transmission" (using methods of textual scholarship? creating an approach unique to dictionaries?)? should we view English dictionaries as The Dictionary of the English Language, edited and revised through time, or as separate author-ized dictionaries of English? My paper will address these questions by attempting to provide an approach founded upon historical, linguistic and textual methodologies. I will also look at the ideological need, such as it presents itself, to erase Wilkins and Lloyd from the history of English lexicography. Thus, the sociology of scholarship will be an underlying theme in this paper.
Resistivity dependence of 1 f noise in metal films

The $\frac{1}{f}$ noise of a number of different types of metal films has been studied at room temperature. We find that the noise of nominally identical samples can vary by as much as a factor of 10, which is well outside the estimated experimental uncertainties for the quantities thought to be relevant in determining the noise. This suggests that some other variables play an important role in the noise process. Despite these sample-to-sample variations, we find that the minimum level of $\frac{1}{f}$ noise for a given metal is a fairly well-defined quantity. Moreover, the minimum noise level exhibits a systematic resistivity dependence which has not been observed previously, and which cannot be accounted for by the semiempirical formula of Hooge. These results are compared with those of previous workers, and a modification of Hooge's formula is suggested.
Tri-layer, vertical Y-junction, Si3N4/SiO2 3D photonic integrated circuits with arbitrary splitting ratio

We design Si3N4 tri-layer vertical Y-junction with arbitrary splitting ratio and low reflection, fabricate bi-layer asymmetric vertical coupler, and demonstrate tri-layer vertical Y-junction with splitting ratio of 1:1 and 3:2 for multilayer photonic integrated circuits.
A Framework for Behavior Learning in Differential Games and Safe Strategies

Realistic game scenarios are often incomplete-information games in which the players withhold information. A player may not know its opponent’s objectives and strategies prior to the start of the game. This lack of information can limit the player’s ability to play optimally. If the player can observe and predict the opponent’s actions, it can better optimize its achievements by taking corrective actions. In this research, a framework to learn an opponent’s behavior and take corrective actions is developed. The framework will allow a player to observe the opponent’s actions and formulate behavior models. The developed behavior model can then be utilized to find the best actions for the player that optimizes the player’s objective function. In addition, the framework proposes that the player plays a safe strategy at the beginning of the game. A safe strategy is defined in this research as a strategy that guarantees a minimum pay-off to the player independent of the other player’s actions. During the initial part of the game, the player will play the safe strategy until it learns the opponent’s behavior.
Cellular ATP release by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.

Recent studies from our laboratory indicate that members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters, including P-glycoprotein and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (...
Security and Privacy for Real Time Video Streaming Using Hierarchical Inner Product Encryption Based Publish-Subscribe Architecture

In this era of digitization, there are many applicationswhich can be used for sharing videos to a group ofpeople around the world in real time. During the acquisitionof real time data, many sensitive information also gets captured along. This poses a threat to privacy of data. In this paper, we consider the scenario of real time sharing of video from multiple sources to multiple end users through a secure publish subscribe architecture. We propose a system that provides a secure user profile based data privacy using Hierarchical Inner Product Encryption (HIPE) and a broker with anonymous pub sub architecture. System provides multiple levels of data access control to end users based on their roles so that they will be able to see only those videos for which they have access. In order to ensure secure communication, the broker publishes data on encrypted topic and uses HIPE for data subscription. In this paper, we demonstrate the end-to-end working of the system through prototype implementation. Further, we also present the system performance and evaluate the system security both with and without HIPE.
Systemic hypertension in children and adolescents: causes and treatment.

The pediatrician is in an ideal position to practice preventive medicine as well as detect and study diseases which may have their origin in childhood, though they take their highest toll in adult life. In this review an attempt has been made to draw together published reports about hypertension in children and to pose some of the many unanswered questions which need solutions. Techniques for taking blood pressure in children, an approach to diagnostic evaluation of the child with persistent hypertension, and specific antihypertensive drugs are among the individual aspects discussed.
One-To-One Computing and Student Achievement in Ohio High Schools

AbstractThis study explores the impact of one-to-one computing on student achievement in Ohio high schools as measured by performance on the Ohio Graduation Test (OGT). The sample included 24 treatment schools that were individually paired with a similar control school. An interrupted time series methodology was deployed to examine OGT data over a period of 5 to 8 years. Overall student performance and content-specific achievement in math, reading, science, social studies, and writing were not significantly affected by the introduction of 1:1 computing. Treatment schools using a netbook device produced the greatest overall change in scores.
Specification of Stereotopic Molecular Faces

This chapter presents a novel, simple, and universal system (HED system) for specifying any molecular face of acyclic and cyclic planar systems. The HED system identifies the relative stereotopicity of the paired faces differentiates between the stereotopic faces, and reveals chirotopicity of the molecule. The system incorporates the existing CIP rules for determining R/S, as well as the Blackwood E/Z configurations. The planar molecular entities presented include acyclic systems A1-A12 and monocyclic systems C1-C4. This method is extendable to larger rings, and to alternant/non-alternant conjugated bicyclic and oligocyclic systems. In a molecule with two or more detached, isolated, or independent moieties - each with two stereotopic half-spaces, each moiety is considered independently.
Organizing an App Inventor Summer Camp for Middle School Girls: What the Experts Don't Tell You.

In this paper, we report on our experience as rookies organizing, funding, and running a summer computing camp for middle school girls. The focus of the camp was building mobile applications using App Inventor. The three day/two night camp targeted girls in rural, high poverty school districts and was funded through an award from the National Center for Women & Information Technology and Microsoft Research. The award allowed girls to attend the camp at no cost. Although a number of institutions and organizations run successful summer camp programs, our experience as first-time organizers should provide other novices with guidance and potential pitfalls for organizing their own camps.
Addressing statistical significance of fault injection: empirical studies of the soft error susceptibility

Soft errors are becoming an important issue in computing systems. Near-threshold voltage (NTV), reduced circuit sizes, high performance computing (HPC), and high altitude computing all present interesting challenges in this area. Much of the existing literature has focused on hardware techniques to mitigate and measure soft errors at the hardware level. Instead, in this paper, we explore the soft error susceptibility of three common sorting algorithms at the software layer. We focus on the comparison operator and use our software fault injection tool to place faults with fine precision during the execution of these algorithms. We explore how the algorithm susceptibilities vary based on input and bit position and relate these faults back to the source code to study how algorithmic decisions impact the reliability of the codes. Finally, we look at the question of the number of fault injections required for statistical significance. Using standard practice equations used in hardware fault injection experiments, we calculate the number of injections that should be required to achieve confidence in our results. Then we show, empirically, that more fault injections are required before we gain confidence in our experiments.
Heating, weakening and shear localization in earthquake rupture

Field and borehole observations of active earthquake fault zones show that shear is often localized to principal deforming zones of order 0.1–10 mm width. This paper addresses how frictional heating in rapid slip weakens faults dramatically, relative to their static frictional strength, and promotes such intense localization. Pronounced weakening occurs even on dry rock-on-rock surfaces, due to flash heating effects, at slip rates above approximately 0.1 m s −1 (earthquake slip rates are typically of the order of 1 m s −1 ). But weakening in rapid shear is also predicted theoretically in thick fault gouge in the presence of fluids (whether native ground fluids or volatiles such as H 2 O or CO 2 released by thermal decomposition reactions), and the predicted localizations are compatible with such narrow shear zones as have been observed. The underlying concepts show how fault zone materials with high static friction coefficients, approximately 0.6–0.8, can undergo strongly localized shear at effective dynamic friction coefficients of the order of 0.1, thus fitting observational constraints, e.g. of earthquakes producing negligible surface heat outflow and, for shallow events, only rarely creating extensive melt. The results to be summarized include those of collaborative research published with Nicolas Brantut (University College London), Eric Dunham (Stanford University), Nadia Lapusta (Caltech), Hiroyuki Noda (JAMSTEC, Japan), John D. Platt (Carnegie Institution for Science, now at *gramLabs), Alan Rempel (Oregon State University) and John W. Rudnicki (Northwestern University). This article is part of the themed issue ‘Faulting, friction and weakening: from slow to fast motion’.
Heat shock protein 72 regulates hepatic lipid accumulation

Induction of the chaperone heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) through heat treatment (HT), exercise, or overexpression improves glucose tolerance and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Less is k...
Nature of Development in L2 Acquisition and Implications for Theories of Language Acquisition in General

The systematic and controlled study of adult second language (L2) acquisition within a Universal Grammar (UG) framework is important for both linguists and psychologists. Its study may not only inform us about adult L2 acquisition, a major feat of human learning which is little understood, but it may also inform us about the nature of first language (L1) acquisition and about the nature of the hypothesized language faculty. Results of this work may also yield new insights concerning the interaction of the language component with other domains of human cognition. This is all possible because the study of adult L2 acquisition, in contrast to the study of L1 acquisition, involves learners who have already reached mature states both in terms of their L1s and overall cognition. This means that patterns of development that emerge in adult language learning cannot be attributed to a lack of access to a full set of language principles nor can they be attributed to deficits in general cognitive development. Thus, if we find commonalities in patterns between L1 and L2 acquisition, these similarities could be argued to follow from a set of commonly shared language principles and they would also suggest that the essential language faculty argued to characterize L1 acquisition also holds in adult L2 acquisition. Stated in another way, comparable patterns in L1 and L2 acquistion could be argued to follow from properties that hold of the language learning faculty itself as an independent domain of human cognition.
Preference Summaries for Stochastic Tree Rollback

A stochastic tree is a convenient structure to represent the future health process of a patient, and it can be used to make complex medical decisions or to carry out cost effectiveness analyses of expensive medical treatments. Several types of von Neumann utility functions defined on stochastic trees are recursive in that they allow rollback of the stochastic tree, as in the case of decision trees. Most recursive utility functions also admit preference summaries that can be used to decompose a stochastic tree into preference elements and probabilistic elements. Through an example, we describe this decomposition and subsequent utility computations.
The effect of processing temperature and time on the structure and fracture characteristics of self-reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate).

A novel material, self-reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate) (SRC-PMMA) has been previously developed in this laboratory. It consists of high-strength PMMA fibers embedded in a matrix of PMMA derived from the fibers. As a composite material, uniaxial SRC-PMMA has been shown to have greatly improved flexural, tensile, fracture toughness and fatigue properties when compared to unreinforced PMMA. Previous work examined one empirically defined processing condition. This work systematically examines the effect of processing time and temperature on the thermal properties, fracture toughness and fracture morphology of SRC-PMMA produced by a hot compaction method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that composites containing high amounts of retained molecular orientation exhibit both endothermic and exothermic peaks which depend on processing times and temperatures. An exothermic release of energy just above Tg is related to the release of retained molecular orientation in the composites. This release of energy decreases linearly with increasing processing temperature or time for the range investigated. Fracture toughness results show a maximum fracture toughness of 3.18 MPa m1/2 for samples processed for 65 min at 128°C. Optimal structure and fracture toughness are obtained in composites which have maximum interfiber bonding and minimal loss of molecular orientation. Composite fracture mechanisms are highly dependent on processing. Low processing times and temperatures result in more interfiber/matrix fracture, while higher processing times and temperatures result in higher ductility and more transfiber fracture. Excessive processing times result in brittle failure.