cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
233 RESIDENCY EDUCATION ISSUES ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY INTERHOSPITAL TRANSPORT TEAMS: A NATIONAL SURVEY.

Purpose To evaluate the educational training in pediatric residency programs in interhospital transport. The survey seeks to assess various curricular structures that may be in place for residency training on the transport team focusing specifically on (1) qualifications and training prior to service on the team (pre-ransport), (2) senior physician support offered during the transport (intratransport), and (3) evaluation and feedback provided after the transport (post-transport). Method A 33-item questionnaire was mailed to chief residents at all 193 nonmilitary pediatric programs listed in the American Medical Association9s 2005-2006 Graduate Medical Education Directory in the continental United States. The study protocol received IRB approval. Results After three mailings and telephone follow-up, three programs were excluded and responses were received from 150 programs for an overall response rate of 79%. Sixty-eight respondents did not use residents consistently on the transport teams and so were excluded from the data analysis. The remaining 82 were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Pretransport qualifications were identified in 83% of the programs that used residents and most frequently included advanced life support certification (69%) and completion of a specific rotation (42%). Specific training prior to transportation was provided in 70% of programs and frequently included resuscitation skills (58%) and airway management (55%). During the transport, 81% of programs always identified a senior physician to field calls from the team. Fifty-five percent of programs viewed the transport team as having educational value for residents. Written materials, such as a manual, were available to residents in 39% of programs. No specific method existed to evaluate resident performance in 57% of programs, with 20% using informal verbal feedback to the resident. Conclusion Pretransport qualifications and training appropriately focused on the care of acutely ill children. Intratransport backup was common and resident evaluation after the completion of the transport was variable, relying mostly on informal feedback. The full educational value of pediatric transports may be realized, with additional attention being paid to enhancing various curricular components such as broader pretransport training experiences and more organized post-transport evaluation methods.
Evaluation of an On-Farm Culture System (Accumast) for Fast Identification of Milk Pathogens Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows

The present study aimed evaluate an on-farm culture system for identification of milk pathogens associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows using two different gold standard approaches: standard laboratory culture in study 1 and 16S rRNA sequencing in study 2. In study 1, milk from mastitic quarters (i.e. presence of flakes, clots, or serous milk; n = 538) was cultured on-farm using a single plate containing three selective chromogenic media (Accumast-FERA Animal Health LCC, Ithaca, NY) and in a reference laboratory using standard culture methods, which was considered the gold standard. In study 2, mastitic milk was cultured on-farm and analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing (n = 214). In both studies, plates were cultured aerobically at 37°C for 24 h and read by a single technician masked to gold standard results. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated based on standard laboratory culture in study 1, and PPV was calculated based on sequencing results in study 2. Overall accuracy of Accumast was 84.9%. Likewise, accuracy for identification of Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus sp. was 96.4%, 93.8%, and 91.5%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 75.0%, 97.9%, 79.6%, and 97.3% for identification of E. coli, 100.0%, 99.8%, 87.5%, and 100.0% for S. aureus, 70.0%, 95.0%, 45.7%, and 98.1% for other Staphylococcus sp., and 90.0%, 92.9%, 91.8%, and 91.2% for Streptococcus sp. In study 2, Accumast PPV was 96.7% for E. coli, 100.0% for Enterococcus sp., 100.0% for Other Gram-negatives, 88.2% for Staphylococcus sp., and 95.0% for Streptococcus sp., respectively. In conclusion, Accumast is a unique approach for on-farm identification pathogens associated with mastitis, presenting overall sensitivity and specificity of 82.3% and 89.9% respectively.
Privacy-preserving coordination for smart communities

Smart communities of the future have features that make them susceptible to a potential loss of privacy for the citizens they serve. These distributed systems need to be responsive to the individual needs of citizen owners yet still maintain the ability to coordinate actions across a neighborhood. The question we wish to address is how can we provide privacy for such open and decentralized environments? We propose the use of Bitcoin blockchain together with cryptographic primitives to guarantee that even in the absence of a trusted centralized control, users can agree on an optimal plan for sharing the community resources while not disclosing any private data. We do a case study on a smart community power sharing protocol. Our approach enables the citizens to coordinate this activity without revealing details of their power consumption. Blockchain provides the means to build and maintain a distributed storage for privacy sensitive energy usage data. Moreover, blockchain provides us with an append-only immutable chain of records which is essential for our system and ensures the users cannot insert fake points to their energy usage history.
Anemia in Elderly Hospitalized Veterans: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Impact.

Abstract Anemia occurs frequently in elderly and has been identified as a public health issue. The purpose of our study was to identify the prevalence, causes and clinical impact of anemia among hospitalized elderly veterans. We performed retrospective review of all medical records of patients 65 years or older admitted over 6-month period to the general internal medicine service at Cincinnati Veteran Medical Center. Anemia was defined according to WHO criteria ( Between January 2004-June 2004, 500 hundred patients 65 years or older were admitted to general medicine service. Mean age was 76 years. Majority of patients were males (97%) and white (71%). Coronary artery disease was the commonest identified reason for admission. Anemia was observed in 298 patients (59.6%) on admission. Mean hemoglobin level on admission was 12.2 +/− 2.39. The most common causes of anemia were iron deficiency anemia (25%), anemia of chronic disease/chronic renal disease 14%, blood loss 7%, vitamin B 12 deficiency (6%), Myelodysplastic syndrome (4%). Anemia was mutli-factorial in 10% of patients, 34% of patients had other causes of anemia or unknown cause. Baseline characteristics were similar between patients identified with anemia and non-anemic group except for race; where more Afro-American patients were in the anemia group 31% compared to 10 % in the non-anemic group (p-value This study is the first to address the high prevalence of anemia among hospitalized elderly veterans and suggests a clinical impact on survival. It raises questions to be better addressed in a prospective fashion. Download : Download high-res image (57KB) Download : Download full-size image
Some Characteristics of the Isothermal Martensitic Transformation

The isothermal formation of martensite is studied in Fe-Ni-Mn and Fe-Mn-C alloys under conditions where the athermal transformation is completely avoided, there being no martensite present at the beginning of the isothermal reaction. The initial rate of martensite formation is extremely low under these conditions, but it increases greatly as soon as some martensite is formed. It appears that true initial characteristics of the isothermal reaction can be studied only in samples wherein the formation of martensite on cooling is completely eliminated.
Hunting for Fox(A2): Dual roles in female fertility.

Pregnancy encompasses a complex orchestration of several sequential steps across tissue and cell types in the mother and fetus for embryo development and delivery of offspring at an opportune time for survival. These steps include embryo implantation, stromal cell proliferation and differentiation (decidualization), placentation, and ultimately parturition with delivery of offspring (1, 2). The outcome of each stage depends on the success of the preceding stages. Most pregnancy events in mice and other mammals are primarily regulated by ovarian estrogen and progesterone (2), yet the molecular discourse between the reproductive system and the embryo that guides pregnancy events is a prevailing mystery. The uterus is primarily comprised of two compartments: the outermost muscle layer (myometrium) and the underlying endometrium. The endometrium is composed of the stroma, the epithelium, and glands. These glands have been seen throughout pregnancy and are acknowledged as essential for implantation and pregnancy success (3), yet their formation and particular genetic and molecular contributions during distinct stages of pregnancy have not been fully appreciated. In PNAS, Kelleher et al. (4) show that Forkhead box a2 (FOXA2), a transcription factor expressed in neonatal and adult mouse uteri, plays dual, stage-specific roles in maternal tissues during pregnancy (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. A schematic of uterine FoxA2 function. ( Left ) In control females, FoxA2 regulates the secretion of glandular LIF, a requisite factor in implantation. With deletion of neonatal FoxA2 ( Center ), adenogenesis is impaired, with uteri becoming aglandular, reduced Lif expression, and infertility resulting from implantation failure. Deletion of adult FoxA2 ( Right ) does not perturb gland formation but disrupts gland differentiation and secretion of LIF, resulting in implantation failure and infertility. LIF replacement rescues implantation in both types of FoxA2 mutant mice but cannot sustain pregnancy in aglandular FoxA2 Pgr-Cre females. In contrast, LIF substitution in mice with uterine glands ( FoxA2 … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: sk.dey{at}cchmc.org. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Generalized maximum entropy estimation of linear models

In this article, we describe the user-written gmentropylinear command, which implements the generalized maximum entropy estimation method for linear models. This is an information-theoretic procedure preferable to its maximum likelihood counterparts in many applications; it avoids making distributional assumptions, works well when the sample is small or covariates are highly correlated, and is more efficient than its maximum likelihood equivalent. We give a brief introduction to the generalized maximum entropy procedure, present the gmentropylinear command, and give an example using the command
Promoting Gender Equality in the Era of Democracy and Constitutionalism in Southern Africa

This chapter explores the Southern African Development Community’s (SADC) gender equality project, which is embedded in its 2008 Protocol on Gender and Development. Using insights from the “three-legged equality stool” (Booth and Bennett, The European Journal of Women’s Studies, 9(4): 430–446, 2002) as an entry point, it examines the strategies underlying SADC’s gender equality project. Further, it discusses that project’s potential and challenges.
P097 An HLA typing assay using the illumina NGS system allows for the detection of poorly amplified HLA alleles, virtually eliminating allele dropout

Aim DNA sequencing has long been the gold standard for HLA typing, offering the ability to interrogate each base pair of a targeted region. Sanger sequencing-based typing assays are known to suffer from allele dropout, whereby one of two encoded alleles is less represented in the results, due to poor amplification. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) includes several distinct technologies, defined by their ability to sequence clonal DNA fragments in a high-throughput manner. One such technology, provided by Illumina, sequences thousands of short DNA fragments, with read depth orders of magnitude higher than Sanger sequencing, which may allow for the identification of poorly-amplified alleles. Here we sought to determine the rate of allele dropout in an Illumina-based HLA typing assay. Methods NGSgo (GenDx) was used to produce libraries for the HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DRB3/4/5, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1 loci for sequencing on a MiSeq (Illumina). NGSengine (GenDx) was used to analyze the data and type the loci. 85 unique samples were run in parallel by a combination of previously-validated assays (SBT, SSP, rSSOP) and by NGS. Results The NGS assay resulted in very high read depths (>100 for our clinical results) and a very low error rate. Use of NGSengine software allowed detection of both alleles at heterozygous loci when the alleles were unevenly represented (imbalanced). In cases of extreme allele imbalance, data visualization by NGSengine allowed detection of the minor allele during manual review. Of the 811 patient loci tested by the previously-validated assays, 584 were heterozygous, 108 were homozygous and 119 were absent; the NGS results were 100% concordant. Conclusions In our experience with a clinical NGS typing assay, we found the Illumina sequencing technology was able to successfully identify all alleles present in tested samples, including poorly-amplified alleles. While the possibility of rare allele dropout still exists with this technology, due to alleles with novel polymorphisms at a primer-binding site, we found that with an appropriate combination of NGS library construction, sequencing technology, and analysis software, allele dropout is a low frequency, to non-existent, event. This reduces the need for extra testing to confirm homozygous loci during routine clinical HLA typing.
A spiral radial line slot array antenna with metallic standoffs for deep space missions

A spiral Radial Line Slot Array antenna without dielectric loading or slow-wave material was designed for deep space applications. Metallic and Dielectric standoffs are investigated to separate the slotted plate from the ground plane. The antenna was designed for the X-band Deep Space Network (DSN) frequencies of 7.2 and 8.4 GHz. A Pareto genetic algorithm was used to determine the optimal trade-offs in performance at 7.2 and 8.4 GHz.
Principal Selection Decisions Made by Teachers: The Influence of Work Values, Principal Job Attributes, and School Level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate principal selection decisions made by teachers (N = 169) serving on school councils. Analysis involved a between-within split-plot factorial design. The dependent variable was teacher rating of a principal candidate. The between-groups factors were teacher-dominant work value and school level. The within-groups factors were principal-dominant work value and principal job attributes. Teachers preferred candidates with whom they shared a dominant work value. Elementary and middle school teachers preferred candidates oriented toward instructional leadership. High school teachers preferred candidates oriented toward management. Findings suggest teachers participating in principal selection decisions may need training in personnel selection practices.
Brillouin-Mandelstam spectroscopy of standing spin waves in a ferrite waveguide

This article reports results of experimental investigation of the spin wave interference over large distances in the Y3Fe2(FeO4)3 waveguide using Brillouin-Mandelstam spectroscopy. Two coherent spin waves are excited by the micro-antennas fabricated at the edges of the waveguide. The amplitudes of the input spin waves are adjusted to provide approximately the same intensity in the central region of the waveguide. The relative phase between the excited spin waves is controlled by the phase shifter. The change of the local intensity distribution in the standing spin wave is monitored using Brillouin-Mandelstam light scattering spectroscopy. Experimental data demonstrate the oscillation of the scattered light intensity depending on the relative phase of the interfering spin waves. The oscillations of the intensity, tunable via the relative phase shift, are observed as far as 7.5 mm away from the spin-wave generating antennas at room temperature. The obtained results are important for developing techniques fo...
Type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattice-based heterojunction phototransistors: Back to the future

Most of reported HPTs in literatures are based on InGaAs compounds that cover NIR spectral region. However, InGaAs compounds provide limited cut-off wavelength tunability. In contrast, type-II superlattices (T2SLs) are a developing new material system with intrinsic advantages such as great flexibility in bandgap engineering, low growth and manufacturing cost, high-uniformity, auger recombination suppression, and high carrier effective mass that are becoming an attractive candidate for infrared detection and imaging from short-wavelength infrared to very long wavelength infrared regime. We present the recent advancements in T2SL-based heterojunction phototransistors in e– SWIR, MWIR and LWIR spectral ranges. A mid-wavelength infrared heterojunction phototransistor based on type-II InAs/AlSb/GaSb superlattices on GaSb substrate has been demonstrated. Then, we present the effect of vertical scaling on the optical and electrical performance of heterojunction phototransistors, where the performance of devices with different base width was compared as the base was scaled from 60 down to 40 nm.
On Modeling and Design Problems in Micro Diffractive Optics

Consider a time-harmonic electromagnetic plane wave incident on a periodic surface. The optical medium may be linear, chiral, or nonlinear. The diffraction problem is to predict energy distributions of the propagating waves away from the structure. The process is governed by time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations. In this paper, direct, inverse, and optimal design problems in the mathematical modeling of diffractive optics are studied. Results on mathematical and computational aspects of the model problems are presented.
Functional nanofibers for water purification

Abstract: Based on breakthroughs in fundamental concepts in membrane design, novel thin-film nanofibrous composite (TFNC) membranes with hierarchical structures have been developed and demonstrated for various water purification processes. Benefits such as high throughput, high rejection, high durability, low energy consumption and low cost can be achieved simultaneously through this technology. Performance advantages of TFNC membranes over commercially available filtration membranes and additional challenges are illustrated in detail. This chapter is intended to serve as a reference for TFNC membranes that can significantly advance the future development of energy-efficient membranes.
Thermal events associated with active membrane transport in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Active transport of non-metabolizable compounds by Escherichia coli resulted in thermogenesis. With substrates of the lactose permease (thiomethyl galactoside, lactose) and of the glucose transport system (α-methylglucoside) the rate of heat production was largest on initial addition, but then decreased. The kinetics of heat production varied with the transport system. For the lactose transport system, more than turnover of the permease was required since heat was not produced in azide treated cells, where facilitated diffusion is known to take place. The lactose permease thermal effects are suggested to reflect operation of the energy coupling system. The thermal effects are considered to represent a useful approach in studying transport energetics and mechanisms.
Malignant lymphoma in homosexual men : Relationship to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

The definition of AIDS has encompassed the diagnosis of opportunistic infection (OI) or Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) arising in certain populations without any previously known immunologic defects [1]. As of April 2, 1984, 3954 patients fulfilling the criteria for AIDS had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia. The largest single risk group identified consists of males with homosexual or bisexual practices constituting 71.3% of the total cases, followed by intravenous (iv) drug users, Haitians, and hemophiliacs. Malignancies other than KS, particularly lymphomas have been well known to complicate a variety of genetically determined or induced immunodeficiency states [2–4] . B-cell proliferations including primary central nervous system (CNS) high grade lymphomas are represented with greater than expected frequency; however, Hodgkin’s disease and the whole spectrum of acute leukemias, also have been linked to immunodeficiencies.
Transforming Activity of Viruses after Dye—Light Inactivation

The phenomenon of photodynamie inactivation was first reported by Raab (1) at the beginning of this century (he observed that paramecia lived while suspended in acridine orange solution and kept in the dark, but were rapidly killed when exposed to normal daylight). More extensive investigations were subsequently carried out with bacteriophages (2–4) and animal viruses (5–11) and the procedure is receiving ever-increasing attention, particularly since it has been applied as a therapeutic measure for the treatment of patients with herpetic infections.
Smooth muscle: a stiff sculptor of epithelial shapes

Smooth muscle is increasingly recognized as a key mechanical sculptor of epithelia during embryonic development. Smooth muscle is a mesenchymal tissue that surrounds the epithelia of organs including the gut, blood vessels, lungs, bladder, ureter, uterus, oviduct and epididymis. Smooth muscle is stiffer than its adjacent epithelium and often serves its morphogenetic function by physically constraining the growth of a proliferating epithelial layer. This constraint leads to mechanical instabilities and epithelial morphogenesis through buckling. Smooth muscle stiffness alone, without smooth muscle cell shortening, seems to be sufficient to drive epithelial morphogenesis. Fully understanding the development of organs that use smooth muscle stiffness as a driver of morphogenesis requires investigating how smooth muscle develops, a key aspect of which is distinguishing smooth muscle-like tissues from one another in vivo and in culture. This necessitates a comprehensive appreciation of the genetic, anatomical and functional markers that are used to distinguish the different subtypes of smooth muscle (for example, vascular versus visceral) from similar cell types (including myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells). Here, we review how smooth muscle acts as a mechanical driver of morphogenesis and discuss ways of identifying smooth muscle, which is critical for understanding these morphogenetic events.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of Development'.
Depression symptomology groups among middle and older adult emergency department patients

Abstract Introduction Middle and late life adults may present depression symptomology differently than the expected symptoms of depression. Clusters of common symptoms may be overlooked when determining the most appropriate treatment options, leading to a less than effective treatment. Investigation of these clusters is needed to better understand patterns of depressive symptomology among middle and late life adults. Methods Consent, demographics, self-report items and PHQ-9 items were administered to subjects. Latent class analysis (LCA), was used to determine groupings of patients based on PHQ-9 items. Demographics were compared across classes for additional information. Results A total of 252 subjects aged 45–85 years old were enrolled. An LCA indicated that a 3 class solution explained the clusters endorsed: Low Concerns (35%), Many Concerns (34%), and Sleep and Fatigue Concerns (31%). Patients in the Low Concerns class were more likely to have private insurance compared to those in the Many Concerns class (57% vs 34%, p = 0.003). They also reported better general health (M = 2.39 vs M = 1.58, p Limitations Recall bias may have been present due to self-report of symptoms which was a report based on a low threshold for endorsement of items. Future larger studies should utilize more response options. Conclusion LCA suggests there are three unique groupings of symptoms as reported by the PHQ-9. These clusters may be valuable in determining treatment options and designing interventions.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and transdermal flunixin meglumine in meat goats

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) synthesis inhibiting effects of intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) flunixin meglumine in eight adult female Boer goats. A dose of 2.2 mg/kg was administered intravenously (IV) and 3.3 mg/kg administered TD using a cross-over design. Plasma flunixin concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations were determined using a commercially available ELISA. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods. Plasma PGE2 concentrations decreased after flunixin meglumine for both routes of administration. Mean λz -HL after IV administration was 6.032 hr (range 4.735-9.244 hr) resulting from a mean Vz of 584.1 ml/kg (range, 357.1-1,092 ml/kg) and plasma clearance of 67.11 ml kg-1 hr-1 (range, 45.57-82.35 ml kg-1 hr-1 ). The mean Cmax , Tmax, and λz -HL for flunixin following TD administration was 0.134 μg/ml (range, 0.050-0.188 μg/ml), 11.41 hr (range, 6.00-36.00 hr), and 43.12 hr (15.98-62.49 hr), respectively. The mean bioavailability for TD flunixin was calculated as 24.76%. The mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80 ) of PGE2 by flunixin meglumine was 0.28 μg/ml (range, 0.08-0.69 μg/ml) and was only achieved with IV formulation of flunixin in this study. The PK results support clinical studies to examine the efficacy of TD flunixin in goats. Determining the systemic effects of flunixin-mediated PGE2 suppression in goats is also warranted.
Multiple herbicide resistance in California Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum): Characterization of ALS-inhibiting herbicide resistance

Multiple resistance to glyphosate, sethoxydim, and paraquat was previously confirmed in two Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] populations, MR1 and MR2, in northern California. Preliminary greenhouse studies revealed that both populations were also resistant to imazamox and mesosulfuron, both of which are acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. In this study, three subpopulations, MR1-A (from seed of MR1 plants that survived a 16X rate of sethoxydim), MR1-P (from seed of MR1 plants that survived a 2X rate of paraquat), and MR2 (from seed of MR2 plants that survived a 16X rate of sethoxydim), were investigated to determine the resistance level to imazamox and mesosulfuron, evaluate other herbicide options for the control of these multiple resistant L. perenne ssp. multiflorum, and characterize the underlying ALS-inhibitor resistance mechanism(s). Based on LD50 values, the MR1-A, MR1-P, and MR2 subpopulations were 38-, 29-, 8-fold and 36-, 64-, and 3-fold less sensitive to imazamox and mesosulfuron, respectively, relative to the susceptible (Sus) population. Only MR1-P and MR2 plants were cross-resistant to rimsulfuron, whereas both MR1 subpopulations were cross-resistant to imazethapyr. Pinoxaden (ACCase inhibitor [phenylpyrazoline 'DEN']) only controlled MR2 and Sus plants at the labeled field rate. However, all plants were effectively controlled (>99%) with the labeled field rate of glufosinate. Based on I50 values, MR1-A, MR-P, and MR2 plants were 712-, 1,104-, and 3-fold and 10-, 18-, and 5-fold less responsive to mesosulfuron and imazamox, respectively, than the Sus plants. Sequence alignment of the ALS gene of resistant plants revealed a missense single-nucleotide polymorphism resulting in a Trp-574-Leu substitution in MR1-A and MR1-P plants, heterozygous in both, but not in the MR2 plants. An additional homozygous substitution, Asp-376-Glu, was identified in the MR1-A plants. Addition of malathion or piperonyl butoxide did not alter the efficacy of mesosulfuron on MR2 plants. In addition, the presence of 2,4-D had no effect on the response of mesosulfuron on the MR2 and Sus. These results suggest an altered target site is the mechanism of resistance to ALS inhibitors in MR1-A and MR1-P plants, whereas a non–target site based resistance apparatus is present in the MR2 plants.
Dispersible biopolymer particles loaded with lactase as a potential delivery system to control lactose hydrolysis in milk

To deliver lactase in milk, dispersible capsules were fabricated by anti-solvent precipitation of zein to form a zein-lactase core and a shell of low-methoxyl sugar beet pectin cross-linked by Ca2+, involving electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen-bonding, and Ca2+-bridging forces. At optimal conditions, an encapsulation efficiency of 93.0% and Z-average diameter of 652.7 nm were observed, and spherical particles smaller than 200 nm were observed in scanning electron microscopy. Contrasting with complete hydrolysis within 1 week by unencapsulated lactase, 50 units/mL encapsulated lactase resulted in 33.1 and 40.0% lactose hydrolysis in whole and skim milk, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 4 °C. In separate in vitro digestion assays, 50 units/mL encapsulated lactase resulted in 100% lactose hydrolysis in milk, contrasting with negligible activity by free lactase. These findings suggest the potential of the studied biopolymer particles to incorporate lactase in milk, prevent lactose hydrolysis during storage, and hydrolyze lactose in milk after ingestion.
The Evolving Family/Entrepreneurship Business Relationship (Special Issue)

This special issue of the Journal of BusinessVenturing seeks to further the understanding of family as a major source ofentrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship cannot grow without mobilization of thefamily forces, and families who own businesses thrive best when the family caneffectively mobilize the business for its well-being. The emphasis of thespecial issue is the relationship between family and business that leads tocreation and sustenance of each other. Similarities and differences betweenfamily businesses and entrepreneurship are discussed. Family business researchhas underutilized the family systems theory and sometimes treated business assecondary to the family. Researchers are encouraged to investigate such variables as family resourcemanagement, family functioning, family viability, interface between the familyand the business and the sustainable business model. (VRS) Table of Contents Evolving Research in Entrepreneurship and Family Business: RecognizingFamily as the Oxygen that Feeds the Fire of Entrepreneurship (editorial),Edward G. Rogoff and Ramona Kay Zachary Heck Commentary on the Special Issue: The Emergence of aField(discussion), Joseph H. Astrachan The Pervasive Effects of Family on Entrepreneurship: Toward a FamilyEmbeddedness Perspective,Howard E. Aldrich and Jennifer E.Cliff Variants of Agency Contracts in Family-Financed Ventures as a Continuum ofFamilial Altruistic and Market Rationalities,Lloyd Steier Ownership Structure, Founder Leadership, and Performance in Norwegian SMEs:Implications for Financing Entrepreneurial Opportunities, Trond Randoy andSanjay Goel The Impact of the Family and the Business on Family Business Sustainability,Patricia D. Olson, Virginia S. Zuiker, Sharon M. Danes, Kathryn Stafford,Ramona K. Z. Heck, and Karen A. Duncan Predictors of Satisfaction with the Succession Process in Family Firms,Pramodita Sharma, James J. Chrisman, and Jess H. Chua
Reduced Intensity Conditioning Regimen with a Variety of Stem Cell Grafts Is Well Tolerated, and Results in Timely and Sustained Donor Engraftment in Patients with a Diversity of Nonmalignant Diseases

Objectives To evaluate engraftment, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), and overall survival of a reduced intensity conditioning regimen. Methods From 2011 to 2019, 69 patients (table 1) with nonmalignant conditions (figure 1) underwent hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) following a novel reduced intensity conditioning regimen of dose-adjusted alemtuzumab (0.2-2.2 mg/kg), hydroxyurea (30 mg/kg/day), fludarabine (150 mg/m2), melphalan (140 mg/m2) and thiotepa (200 mg/m2) with GVHD prophylaxis of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Forty-nine (71%) were enrolled on clinical trial NCT01962415. Grafts were unmanipulated, with the exception of 5 mismatched and/or PBSC grafts that were ex-vivo T-cell depleted. All patients were recipients of their first HCT, except for a patient with relapsed hematophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, who received second transplant more than 7 years from the first. Results Donor neutrophil engraftment occurred in 68 of 69 patients at a median of 14 days (range 9-33) and platelet engraftment (>50K) occurred in 68 of 69 patients at a median of 37 days (range 14-105). Sustained donor chimerism was excellent (figure 2). There was 1 case of primary graft failure (GF) and 4 cases of secondary GF; 4 of 5 patients successfully underwent a second transplant using busulfan-based reduced toxicity conditioning. Patients endured minimal organ toxicity with one case of venoocclusive disease after first HCT which responded to defibrotide, no cases of hemorrhagic cystitis or pericardial effusions, no need for dialysis, and no persistent organ toxicity or failure. Fifteen (22%) developed grade II-IV aGVHD and 6 (9%) developed grade III aGVHD. There was no grade IV aGVHD, no therapy-refractory GVHD, or death due to GVHD. With an average follow up of 5 years (range 97 days-8 years), the overall survival of this cohort is 91%. Conclusion This regimen has demonstrated safety and efficacy with a low rate of severe GVHD for 28 unique nonmalignant conditions, including inborn errors of metabolism, immunodeficiencies, and transfusion-dependent anemias.
Novel KLHL26 variant associated with a familial case of Ebstein’s anomaly and left ventricular noncompaction

BACKGROUND Ebstein's anomaly (EA) is a rare congenital heart disease of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle. Patients with EA often manifest with left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), a cardiomyopathy. Despite implication of cardiac sarcomere genes in some cases, very little is understood regarding the genetic etiology of EA/LVNC. Our study describes a multigenerational family with at least 10 of 17 members affected by EA/LVNC. METHODS We performed echocardiography on all family members and conducted exome sequencing of six individuals. After identifying candidate variants using two different bioinformatic strategies, we confirmed segregation with phenotype using Sanger sequencing. We investigated structural implications of candidate variants using protein prediction models. RESULTS Exome sequencing analysis of four affected and two unaffected members identified a novel, rare, and damaging coding variant in the Kelch-like family member 26 (KLHL26) gene located on chromosome 19 at position 237 of the protein (GRCh37). This variant region was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in the remaining family members. KLHL26 (c.709C > T p.R237C) segregates only with EA/LVNC-affected individuals (FBAT p < .05). Investigating structural implications of the candidate variant using protein prediction models suggested that the KLHL26 variant disrupts electrostatic interactions when binding to part of the ubiquitin proteasome, specifically Cullin3 (CUL3), a component of E3 ubiquitin ligase. CONCLUSION In this familial case of EA/LVNC, we have identified a candidate gene variant, KLHL26 (p.R237C), which may have an important role in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation during cardiac development.
Partial Knowledge in the Development of Number Word Understanding

A common measure of number word understanding is the give-N task. Traditionally, to receive credit for understanding a number, N, children must understand that N does not apply to other set sizes (e.g. a child who gives three when asked for 'three' but also when asked for 'four' would not be credited with knowing 'three'). However, it is possible that children who correctly provide the set size directly above their knower level but also provide that number for other number words ('N + 1 givers') may be in a partial, transitional knowledge state. In an integrative analysis including 191 preschoolers, subset knowers who correctly gave N + 1 at pretest performed better at posttest than did those who did not correctly give N + 1. This performance was not reflective of 'full' knowledge of N + 1, as N + 1 givers performed worse than traditionally coded knowers of that set size on separate measures of number word understanding within a given timepoint. Results support the idea of graded representations (Munakata, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 309-315, 2001.) in number word development and suggest traditional approaches to coding the give-N task may not completely capture children's knowledge.
Analysis of Stabilized Crank-Nicolson Time-Stepping Scheme for the Evolutionary Peterlin Viscoelastic Model

The Peterlin viscoelastic model describes the motion of certain incompressible polymeric fluids. It employs a nonlinear dumbbell model with a nonlinear spring force law making it more nonlinear tha...
Heavy rain, come today

More intense precipitation is an expected consequence of anthropogenic climate change. Now research quantifies the effect of more concentrated rainfall on American agriculture.
Exploring Occupational Health Professionals Understanding and Needs in Regard to Total Worker Health (TWH).

Background:Occupational health professionals (OHPs) are in a unique position to impact the health and well-being of employees at work and outside of work. One way of achieving this holistic health ...
Angular Remanence and Anisotropy Orientation Distribution in Nickel Films on LiNbO 3

Nickel thin films (100 nm) deposited on $128^{\circ } Y$ -cut: LiNbO3 exhibits a well-defined, uniaxial, magnetic anisotropy after annealing at 325 °C. Simulating the magnetization of these films using a temperature-dependent Stoner–Wohlfarth (SW) model indicates that the films have a very narrow angular distribution of anisotropy axis orientations. Here, we report a direct measurement of the angular distribution of anisotropy orientation by measuring the angular remanence after magnetic saturation. When magnetized to saturation in any direction away from the hard axis, these samples remain nearly uniformly magnetized, with the easy axis remnant magnetization very close to the saturation magnetization (> $0.97M_{S}$ ). When the angle ( $\alpha$ ) between the saturating field and the hard axis is $\vert \alpha \vert °, the easy axis remanence drops dramatically, indicating that the sample is no longer uniformly magnetized and has broken up into domains. When magnetized on the hard axis, the easy axis remanence approaches zero. The angular range over which the easy axis remanence drops significantly is a measure of the angular distribution of the anisotropy axes. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the easy axis remanence as a function of angle $(\alpha)$ is approximately 0.44° for annealed nickel thin films on $128^{\circ } Y$ -cut: LiNbO3. The angular remanence is modeled numerically, assuming an ensemble of SW particles with a distributed anisotropy orientation. The magnetic domain structure of the films is confirmed by magneto-optic Kerr effect imaging.
Review of Communication Complexity and Applications by Anup Rao and Amir Yehudayoff

At its core, communication complexity is the study of the amount of information two parties need to exchange in order to compute a function. For instance, Alice receives a string of characters, Bob receives another, and they should decide whether these strings are the same with as few rounds of communication as possible. Multiple settings are conceivable, for instance with multiple parties or with randomness. Upper and lower bounds for communication problems rely on a wealth of mathematical tools, from probability theory to Ramsey theory, making this a complete and exciting topic. Further, communication complexity finds applications in different aspects of theoretical computer science, including circuit complexity and data structures. This usually requires to take a "communication" view of a problem, which in itself can be an eye-opening vantage point.
Seismic Anisotropy in the Upper Crust at DSDP Site 504B

Seismic anisotropy in the upper oceanic crust is observed in borehole data obtained at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 504B on DSDP Leg 92. Particle motion analysis of converted shear wave arrivals from explosive sources at various azimuths reveals a set of patterns which is indicative of hexagonally isotropic structure with a horizontal symmetry axis. There are four diagnostic patterns: 1) Along symmetry axes, where vertically polarized shear waves (SV) are generated, but horizontally polarized shear waves (SH) are not generated, the particle motions are purely vertical; 2) For azimuths at which both SV and SH are generated and the SH velocity is significantly faster than SV, a cruciform pattern with horizontal first motion is observed; 3) For azimuths at which both are generated and the SV velocity is significantly faster than SH, a cruciform pattern with vertical first motion is observed; and 4) for azimuths at which both are generated and SV and SH velocities are similar elliptical particle motions are observed. The shear wave particle motions and compressional wave travel times (from a 2 km radius circle) are consistent with an anisotropic model with hexagonal symmetry. The compressional wave velocity has a two theta variation between 4.0 and 4.8 km/sec. The symmetry axis is horizontal with an azimuth of N20°W ± 10°. The spreading direction at the site (6 my age) is north-south. The observed seismic anisotropy is most probably caused by the preferred orientation of large scale fractures and fissures in upper layer 2 which were created in the early stages of crustal development by near axis extensional processes and normal block faulting.
The Role of LRRK2 Kinase Activity in Cellular PD Models

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of LRRK2 kinase activity in cellular Parkinson's disease (PD) models. The presence of two catalytic domains and at least two protein–protein interaction domains within the 2500 amino acid LRRK2 protein sequence is predicted. Four of these regions, which are assumed to be independently folded and would thus fulﬁll the deﬁnition of a protein domain, contain one or more mutations whose pathogenicity can be deﬁnitively assigned. The dominant mechanism of inheritance of LRRK2 mutations suggests that they are associated with a gain of function, which might be predicted to have detrimental effects. It is shown that overexpression of mutant LRRK2 increased cellular toxicity when expressed for 2 days in either SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells or primary cortical neurons. Overexpression of mutant LRRK2 caused condensed and fragmented nuclei, suggesting that mutated proteins can drive toxicity by triggering apoptosis. It is suggested that the cellular toxicity of mutant LRRK2 can be prevented or ameliorated by inactivation of the kinase domain and that this can be explored using cell models.
Low-Temperature Thermal Expansion

Both this and the preceding chapter form a transition between the normal state mechanical and physical properties of Ti alloys and their superconductive ones, detailed discussion of which begins in Chapter 10. If treated phenomenologically as simply a “temperature-dependent property,” thermal expansion could be considered almost anywhere among the physical-property chapters of this book; if treated as a “thermal property,” it could logically be associated with the “thermal conductivity”-“specific heat” group. Mechanistically, however, the thermal expansion of a crystal is the result of an interplay between the thermal excitation of lattice vibrations (responsible for its heat capacity), the anharmonicity of those vibrations (which is also responsible for thermal resistivity), and the elastic properties of the lattice. “Thermal expansion,” a tensor, is considerably more complicated than “heat capacity,” the subject of the preceding chapter; thermodynamically, both can be regarded as deriving from the entropy (or free energy)—thermal expansion as its volume derivative and heat capacity as its temperature derivative. From the elastic-property standpoint, the following discussion of low-temperature thermal expansion can also be regarded as an extension of Chapter 4.
X-band outphasing GaN MMIC PA with power recycling

We demonstrate an outphasing GaN MMIC PA with power recycling operating at 10.35 GHz. The MMIC includes high-efficiency PAs, a miniaturized rat-race combiner, and a high-efficiency, self-synchronous transistor rectifier. A peak total efficiency of 65.2% is achieved with 6W of output power. Up to 2.24W of rectified power improves total efficiency by up to 6.5 points at −3.5 dB normalized output power, matching presented theory.
International Criminal Court's Protection of Women: The Hands of Justice at Work

Sexual violence against women during conflict and war has always had a place in history. However protection against such genderbased violence found a place in international criminal statutes only after World War II. The Nuremberg Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (“IMT”) did not criminalize rape but created the category of crimes against humanity which today encompasses gender-based crimes such as rape. Nearly a year later the International Military Tribunal for the Far East at Tokyo (“IMTFE”) included rape as a violation of war in the Tokyo Charter. While the significance of such prosecutable crimes in the Nuremberg and Tokyo Charters is arguable the inclusion of rape as a war crime served as the foundation for the wide acknowledgment of genderbased crimes and crimes specifically targeting women. Consequently an increased awareness of gender-based crimes is evident in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This Comment analyzes the Rome Statute and the degree to which the International Criminal Court (“ICC”) protects women from gender-based violence. Part I discusses the history of international criminal courts and the path leading up to the need for the ICC. It also explores discussions at the Rome Diplomatic Conference that placed gender-based crimes under the ICC’s jurisdiction. Part II addresses the protection that women receive under the ICC as regulated by the Rome Statute specifically Articles 7 and 8 (“the Articles”) which lend greatest protection to women. Part III applies the Rome Statute’s Articles 7 and 8 to two regions: the Democratic Republic of Congo (“DRC”) and Kosovo. (excerpt)
Idiopathic jaundice of pregnancy.

Summary A case of idiopathic jaundice of pregnancyof unknown etiology is reported. This disorder differs from the other types of jaundice occurring during pregnancy. Idiopathic jaundice of pregnancy is a syndrome having its onset in the last trimester, typically preceded by pruritus, and delivery usually leads to spontaneous recovery. Recurrence during subsequent pregnancies is common. Idiopathic jaundice of pregnancy must in particular be distinguished from obstructive jaundice due to gallstones and from viral hepatitis. The prognosis for mother and baby is excellent.
Localización de la Antigua Ciudad de Urci y delimitación de la Frontera Interprovincial entre las Provincias Bética y Tarraconense en Tiempos de Tolomeo

The main purpose of this article is to determine the probable location of the lost city of Urci from written documents by Pomponious Mela, Gaius Plinius Secundus y Claudius Ptolemaeus. The research, based on these sources, indicates that the location of this site could not have been on or around Almeria City, as proposed by some encyclopedias and by several historians, but to the west, on the lower basin of the Almanzora river. The paper also determines the frontier between the Baetica and Tarraconensis provinces in Ptolemy’s time.