cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Beam Induced Damage of NaNO3 Single Crystals: An Energy, Temperature, and Quantum State Resolved Study

Electron beam induced damage of NaNO{sub 3} single crystals is examined using laser resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization detection of the neutral desorption products, post-irradiation temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), secondary electron emission microscopy (SEEM), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The damage initially involves destruction of the nitrate group and production of O ({sup 3}P{sub J}) and NO ({sup 2}II) fragments with nonthermal energy distributions. Specifically, the O ({sup 3}P{sub J}) J state distribution measured at 100 eV incident electron energy is 5:1.5:0.25 for J = 2:1:0, the NO ({sup 2}II) vibrational state distribution is 1:0.56:0.35:0.40:0.23 for {nu} = 0:1:2:3:4, and the NO ({sup 2}II{sub 1/2,3/2}) rotational distribution has a high population of the upper ({sup 2}II{sub 3/2}) spin-orbit component. Production and desorption of these nonthermal fragments are dominated by the decay of {l{underscore}brace}NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}{r{underscore}brace}*. At higher electron fluences, thermalized NO, O{sub 2}, and NO{sub 2} are also produced and released, through the NO{sub 2} is a minor product. The authors suggest that the formation and desorption of thermalized NO and O{sub 2} both involve NO{sub 2}{sup {minus}} defect states and unimolecular dissociation of NO{sub 3}{asterisk}. This is supported by the observation that the NO and O{sub 2} yields have the samemore » temperature dependence which is well described by the sum of two Maxwell-Boltzmann type equations with activation energies of 0.16 {+-} 0.03 and 0.010 {+-} 0.004 eV. O{sub 2} gas is also released in post-irradiation thermal cycling from 110 to 440 K with peaks at {approximately}260 and {approximately}340 K. The authors associate the post-irradiation TPD of O{sub 2} with reactions involving O atoms released during thermal decomposition of {l{underscore}brace}NO{sub 2}{sup {minus}}{hor{underscore}ellipsis}O{r{underscore}brace} and ONOO{sup {minus}}. The SEEM image shows damage features, and the AES spectra indicate that the irradiated region is depleted in both nitrogen and oxygen relative to Na. The elemental composition shows Na{sub 2}O as a final product of the NaNO{sub 3} radiation decomposition. The 100 eV electron beam damage cross section is at least {approximately}10{sup {minus}16} cm{sup 2}.« less
Culture Surprises in Remote Software Development Teams: When in Rome doesn’t help when your team crosses time zones, and your deadline doesn’t.

Technology has made it possible for organizations to construct teams of people who are not in the same location, adopting what one company calls "virtual collocation." Worldwide groups of software developers, financial analysts, automobile designers, consultants, pricing analysts, and researchers are examples of teams that work together from disparate locations, using a variety of collaboration technologies that allow communication across space and time.
Fetal leydig cess culture—An in vitro system for the study of trophic hormne and GnRH receptors and actions

Summary In fetal and neonatal rat Leydig cells cultured in the presence of LH, gonadotropin and GnRH receptors and acute testosterone responses to hCG, were maintained for up to 78 days. Addition of GnRH agonists markedly inhibited steroid production in LH-treated cultures, and abolished the acute testos- terone response to hCG. GnRH receptors were not detectable in fetal testes but were present post-natally and increased markedly with age. In cultured fetal testis, GnRH receptors were detected on the third day, and were increased by exposure to GnRH agonists. In LH-treated cultures, GnRH sites were reduced by about 50% and did not increase during incubation with GnRH agonists. LH supported 17c~-hydroxylase/ 17-20 desmolase activities and pregnenolone formation were observed in short (1-4 days) and long-term cultures. Also, LH stimulation of 3fl-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was observed by histochemical studies at 7 days of culture. GnRH agonists inhibited LH dependent steroid production in a dose- dependent fashion and abolished the acute testosterone response to human chorionic gonadotropin. The major component of the steroid inhibitory effect of GnRH agonist occurs beyond cAMP production. A distal lesion of the microsomal enzymes of the androgen pathway is largely responsible for the GnRH-induced decreases in LH-supported androgen production. The expression of functional GnRH receptors during culture and their suppression by LH suggest that pituitary gonadotropins exert a tonic inhibitory effect upon testicular GnRH receptors. The presence of functional GnRH receptors and inhibitory actions in cultured fetal and neonatal Leydig cells indicates that GnRH-related peptides can influence the actions of gonadotropins on the fetal Leydig cell population.
Toddler-age nodulocystic acne

Toddler-age nodulocystic acne is a rare disorder for which the etiology remains unknown. We report 2 cases and discuss the safety and efficacy of oral isotretinoin therapy. Oral isotretinoin is safe and effective in treating this condition but requires close monitoring.
Does Life Need Water or Can It Be Generated by Other Fluids

In the present work the Stochastic generalization of the quantum hydrodynamic analogy (SQHA) is used to obtain the far-from-equilibrium kinetics for a real gas and its fluid phase. In gases and their liquids, interacting by Lennard-Jones potentials whose mean distance is bigger than the quantum correlation distance and the molecular interaction distance r0, it is possible to define a Fokker-Plank type equation of motion as a function of the mean phase space molecular volume that far-from-equilibrium shows maximizing the dissipation of a part of the generalized SQHA-free energy. In the case of a real gas with no chemical reactions with small temperature gradients, the principle disembogues into the maximum free energy dissipation confirming the experimental outputs of electro-convective instability. In this case, the model shows that the transition to stationary states with higher free energy can happen and that in incompressible fluids, the increase of free energy is almost given by a decrease of entropy leading to the appearance of self-ordered structures. The output of the theory showing that the generation of order via energy dissipation, is more efficient in fluids than in gases, because of their incompressibility, which leads to the reconciliation between physics and biology furnishing the explanation why the life was born in water. The theoretical output also suggests that the search for life out of the earth must consider the possibility to find it in presence of liquid phases different from water.
The New Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Otitis Media: An Editorial

The new ‘‘acute otitis media guidelines’’ released in March 2004 suggest standards for the diagnosis and treatment for acute otitis media. These clinical practice guidelines, a product of a joint effort of the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American Academy of Pediatrics, have been anxiously awaited and are now published. It is worth reading the document because it contains valuable evidence-based information on acute otitis media. Although they certainly are not perfect, these guidelines provide what guidelines are supposed to: options of care within a stated framework based on the best peer-reviewed evidence available. The acute otitis media guidelines are important for at least 3 reasons. First, acute otitis media is one of the most commonly made diagnoses in children. Second, these new guidelines stress the importance of being as certain as one can about the diagnosis of acute otitis media. Withholding antibiotics is an option if the diagnosis of acute otitis media is not certain in children older than 6 months. This option to withhold antibiotics fits with the recent emphasis on decreasing the use of antibiotics if they are not needed. Acute otitis media is just 1 of the 5 common diagnoses in which overuse of antibiotics in children (and adults) tends to occur. These 5 diagnoses are nonstreptococcal pharyngitis, bronchitis or prolonged cough illnesses, upper respiratory tract infections, sinusitis or purulent rhinitis, and acute otitis media. Reevaluating our use of antibiotics and decreasing use for each diagnosis in this group is critical. Third, and directly related to antibiotic overuse, is the continuing increase in bacterial resistance. For example, it has been well established that overuse of antibiotics is directly linked to increasing Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance, the leading pathogen in acute otitis media. There are 6 recommendations in the acute otitis media clinical practice guidelines, which are summarized in bold below. 1. Recommendation: To diagnose acute otitis media, the clinician should confirm a history of acute onset, identify signs of middle ear effusion, and evaluate for the presence of signs and symptoms of middle ear inflammation. The first recommendation concerns the critical step of being certain about the diagnosis of acute otitis media. This ‘‘certainty’’ is established with 3 elements on examination. First,
The Zen Notion of “Mind”-Or, is it “No-Mind”: critical reflections on Dale Wright’sPhilosophical Meditations

One of the first great books on Zen Buddhism in the twentieth century was John Blofeld's translation, The Zen Teaching of Huang-~ o n the Transmission of Mind (Blofeld). This highly influential rendering of the Chuanxin Fqyao O" Denshin hoyo-) (g*bf , ,~) (Essential Teachings in the Transmission of Mina), a crucial text attributed to the Tang era master Huangbo (Huang-po), reflected Blofeld's personal interest and lifelong commitment to East Asian mystical thought. One of the last great books of the century was Dale Wright's critical philosophical meditations on Huang Bo's texts and on Blofeld's inspiring and yet problematic translation/interpretation, PhilosophicalMedita#ons o n Zen Buddhism (Wright). Wright finds Blofeld's still frequently consulted rendering inconsistent and to some extent inauthentic, due to its inability to extricate itself from underlying romanticist presuppositions that impede an appropriate access to the source materials. Wright's book represents a culmination of the kind of twentieth-century approach to the philosophical approach to Zen as exemplified by Blofeld. It also marks a transition to a new, twenty-first century philosophical methodology that is sensitive both to the nuances of textual history and to the significance of grounding a critical discussion of metaphysical issues in an insightful understanding of the historicity of Huangbo's life and times. Huangbo was a leading figure in Mazu's ~ Hongzhou ",#,'J'l'[ school lineage, which was known for initiating the irreverent, iconoclastic style of encounter dialogues that eventually became the dominant fashion in Zen pedagogy and the staple of the koan,, collections ,of the Song dynasty. Huangbo was the third member of the four houses (stria t ~ ) . His role is somewhat overshadowed by the other three masters. Mazu, the founder of
Breaking New Ground: From the History of Agriculture to the History of Food Systems

The author makes the case for an integrated approach to the study of agricultural history, an approach that explicitly connects matters pertaining to agricultural production, broadly conceived, to those pertaining to agricultural input acquisition and to the distribution and consumption of agricultural output. Drawing heavily on the economic approach known as input-output analysis (associated with the Nobel Prize-winning economist Wassily Leontief, and adapted to agriculture by John H. Davis and Ray A. Goldberg), the author lays out his systems approach to agricultural history and provides examples and cases illustrating how it might be used.
Incidence of Associated Reaction in Young Boys and Reliability of Observations

This study was conducted to examine the incidence of associated reactions in boys and to determine the reliability of observing these reactions. The subjects were 89 healthy boys: five, seven, and nine years old. Each boy was asked to perform a set of three upper extremity tasks with both his preferred and non-preferred hand under two conditions: first with his eyes closed, and then with the eyes open, attempting to prevent associated movements. All trials were videotaped and later scored by two raters. Intra-rater reliability of detecting extraneous movements was found to be 88 and 89 percent exact agreement. Inter-rater reliability was 90 percent exact agreement. The incidence of ipsilateral associated movements was found to exceed the incidence of contralateral associated movements in all tasks. Age differences were found in the incidence of contralateral associated movements in some tasks, but not in the incidence of ipsilateral movements. No age differences were found in the ability to prevent associ...
Structure of the alpha particle from elastic electron scattering

We have studied elastic electron scattering from 4He at values of q2, the momentum transfers squared. ranging from 0.5 fm−2 to 10.0 fm−2. Among the models which have been found to fit the new data is modified Gaussian distribution with a half density radius of 1.19 fm and a skin thickness of 1.61 fm.
The Kauffman skein module of a connected sum of 3-manifolds

Let k be an integral domain containing the invertible elements α, s and 1s−s−1. Let M be a compact oriented 3-manifold, let K(M) denote the Kauffman skein module of M over k. Based on the work on Birman–Murakami–Wenzl algebra by Beliakova and Blanchet [Math. Ann. 321 (2001) 347], we give an “idempotent-like” basis for the Kauffman skein module of handlebodies. We study the Kauffman skein module of a connected sum of two 3-manifolds M1 and M2 and prove that K(M1#M2) is isomorphic to K(M1)⊗K(M2) over a certain localized ring, where M1#M2 is the connected sum of two manifolds M1 and M2.
Social infrastructure and community economic development strategies: the case of self-development and industrial recruitment in rural Iowa

Abstract This research examines the relationship between features of community social organization and the existence of two contrasting types of economic development, self-development and industrial recruitment in rural places. Self-development is an endogenous form of development relying primarily on entrepreneurism and local resources. Industrial recruitment is an exogenous form of development that seeks outside investors and firms to locate in the community. Using data collected in a statewide sample of 99 Iowa communities, we hypothesize that social infrastructure, the group-level interactive aspects of community organizations and institutions, is more strongly related to the existence of self-development than industrial recruitment. A key finding is that social infrastructure, measured by the existence of active community organizations, businesses that support local community projects, community-wide fund-raising capacity, and extra-local linkages to peer communities and state government, is positively associated with the existence of self-development. The relationship between social infrastructure and industrial recruitment is also significant but more modest. Findings indicate that a community's social organization can be a resource for development, but may be more appropriate for endogenous development efforts than exogenous ones.
Anterior cricoid split: The chicago experience with an alternative to tracheotomy†

Twenty-six infants and children underwent anterior cricoid split (ACS) in an attempt to avoid tracheotomy. Twenty (77%) were extubated successfully without tracheotomy;six (23%) failed and required tracheotomy. Our experience corroborates that reported in the literature. To date, 106 (77%) of 138 patients who have undergone ACS have been extubated successfully without tracheotomy. These results substantiate the validity of the operation when done for the proper indications. Substantive glottic and tracheal pathology indicate a high likelihood of failure of ACS.
An initial study into the use of microwave remediation of hexachlorobenzene treated soil using selected oxidants and coated graphite rods

Microwave remediation has become an established method to treat contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges. Chlorinated contaminants are of particular interest due to their widespread industrial use in the past and current potential health hazards. Literature reports the use of microwave heating and oxidants for various reactions, but no work could be found combining microwave heating, persulfate, and coated graphite rods for remediation of halogenated hydrocarbon treated soil. Therefore, this research focused on combining microwave energy combined with oxidants, potassium hydroxide and potassium persulfate, and, coated and uncoated, graphite rods to remove hexachlorobenzene (HCB) from treated soil samples. Soil collected from a local pond was dried, sieved, and cleaned by extraction with methylene chloride. Samples were spiked with hexachlorobenzene, then depending on experimental parameters, heated in a microwave oven, had an oxidant added, and had a coated or uncoated graphite rod added. The samples were then extracted with methylene chloride using a Soxhlet extraction setup. The methylene chloride volume was then reduced and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Additional analysis on the soil and rods was done with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data show that heating alone remediated the soil, but the addition of graphite rods and oxidants enhanced the remediation amount. The oxidant alone removed 200% more HCB than just heating the sample. Using coated graphite rods caused the removal of 125% more than the uncoated graphite rod did. SEM and XRD data show no decomposition of the graphite rods. Thermal and chemical effects are likely causes for the enhanced removal. The maximum particle size increased after heating due to vitrification. Although an initial study, this research shows that microwave heating and the addition of oxidants and coated or uncoated graphite rods removed HCB from the treated soil. The removal is due to thermal, microwave and graphite rods, and chemical, oxidants, effects. Hexachlorobenzene remediation of soil was enhanced by microwave heating, insertion of a coated or uncoated graphite rod, and addition of oxidants. Therefore, these procedures could provide a method for solving a widespread problem and returning once contaminated soil back to its natural environment.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes as Secretory Organs of Inflammation

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes mediate that phase of inflammation at which vascular responses become translated into tissue injury. After phagocytosis, the PMN leukocyte generates derivatives of molecular oxygen (O 2 - ·, OH·, and H 2 O 2 ) that stimulate a metabolic burst and assist in the killing of microorganisms. They also release oxidation products of membrane fatty acids (e.g., arachidonate), which are detected as thromboxanes and prostaglandins. After interaction of phagocytic ligands (immune complexes and C3b-opsonized particles), the PMN leukocyte secretes lysosomal enzymes from open phagocytic vacuoles, and, especially when phagocytosis is blocked by cytochalasin B, secretes them directly into the cell's surrounding fluids. Secretion is enhanced by agents that elevate intracellular levels of cyclic GMP, and inhibited by agents that raise cyclic AMP. These reciprocal changes are associated with assembly and disassembly (respectively) of cytoplasmic microtubules. These cytoskeletal structures, together with contractile elements, regulate in part the secretory events of inflammation in which lysosomal constituents (e.g., elastase, collagenase, and cathepsin G) are diverted from their intracellular depots to an inappropriate assault on the tissues of the host.
Re‐establishing memory: memory's functions and the reference librarian

Purpose – This paper seeks to re‐establish memory's role within reference librarianship, and to argue that continued research on how memory affects the reference librarian can encourage growth within the profession.Design/methodology/approach – Neuroscience and psychological explanations of memory are introduced and then utilized to show how reference librarians access and impress memory. Perspectives on reference librarianship in relation to memory, service, education, and knowledge management are also presented and scrutinized.Findings – Memory is an integral part of librarianship, yet often overlooked. Memory is also a complex tool which comprising overlapping systems. Owing to the nature of these systems, it is sometimes difficult to decipher when one system is being utilized and another is not.Research limitations/implications – Memory is not tangible, though neuroscience has been able to map out some processes. Because of memory's elusive quality, the paper relies heavily on present biological and p...
Regulation of potassium channel trafficking in the distal nephron.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Potassium channels in the distal nephron are precisely controlled to regulate potassium secretion in accord with physiological demands. In recent years, it has become evident that membrane trafficking processes play a fundamental role. This short review highlights recent developments in elucidating the underlying mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Novel sorting signals in the renal potassium channels, and the elusive intracellular trafficking machinery that read and act on these signals have recently been identified. These new discoveries reveal that independent signals sequentially interact with different intracellular sorting, retention and internalization machineries to appropriately ferry the channels to and from the apical and basolateral membrane domains in sufficient numbers to regulate potassium balance. SUMMARY A new understanding of the basic mechanisms that control potassium channel density at polarized membrane domains has emerged, providing new insights into how potassium balance is achieved and how it goes awry in disease.
Electron microscopic observations on the development of fowlpox virus in chorioallantoic membrane

Abstract Chorioallantoic membranes were examined electron microscopically at varied intervals after inoculation with fowlpox virus. At 2 hours, adsorption and phagocytosis of particles by ectodermal cells were observed. Following a latent period of approximately 46 hours, areas of “reticulogranular” material were present associated with membranes which appeared to be forming immature viral particles. In addition, occasional nuclei contained mature particles and unusual membrane configurations. Inclusion bodies were formed from lipid granules, and it appeared that one of the function of the inclusions might be the elaboration of an outer layer for the viral particles. Release of mature particles from the cells was accomplished by a process of budding from the cell surface.
Improved data structures for fully dynamic biconnectivity

We present fully dynamic algorithms for maintaining the biconnected components in general and plane graphs. A fully dynamic algorithm maintains a graph during a sequence of insertions and and deletions of edges or isolated vertices. Let $m$ be the number of edges and $n$ be the number of vertices in a graph. The time per operation of the best known algorithms are $O(\sqrt{n})$ in general graphs and $O(\log n)$ in plane graphs for fully dynamic connectivity and $O(\min\{m^{2/3}, n\})$ in general graphs and $O(\sqrt{n})$ in plane graphs for fully dynamic biconnectivity. We improve the later running times to $(\min\{\sqrt{m}\log n, n \})$ in general graphs and $O(\log^{2}n)$ in plane graphs. Our algorithm for general graphs can also find the biconnected components of all vertices in time $O(n)$. The update times in general graphs are amortized. This shows that the biconnected components of a graph can be dynamically maintained almost as efficiently as the connected components.
Basal cell carcinoma in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery fixed-tissue technique.

. A case illustrating Mohs micrographic surgery fixed-tissue technique in the treatment of a large basal cell carcinoma of the left nasal alar groove in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is described. Fixation of the tissue before excision and appropriate infectious disease precautions minimize exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus by the surgical and laboratory personnel, while Mohs micrographic mapping assures complete removal of a potentially life-threatening cancer in an immunocompromised patient.
Chronic pancreatitis: Ultrasonic features

A retrospective analysis of 84 ultrasound examinations (in 77 patients) was performed to assess the frequency of sonographic findings in chronic pancreatitis. The findings included: inhomogeneously increased echogenicity in 53% of these examinations, focal or diffuse enlargement in 41%, focal dense echoes in 40%, pseudocyst formation in 21%, and a hypoechoic head mass in 7%. Thirteen per cent of our patients had a normal sonogram. Several presentations of chronic pancreatitis not previously described in the sonographic literature included: pancreatic or common bile duct enlargement or pseudocyst formation with otherwise normal-appearing glands. There was no direct relationship between the presence of focal high-intensity echoes within the pancreatic parenchyma and the presence of radiographic calcification. There was no difference in the frequency of ultrasonic abnormalities between patients with and without clinical evidence of pancreatic insufficiency. These results indicate that the sonographic findings in chronic pancreatitis are significantly more varied than previous reports would indicate.
Improving the power of long term rodent carcinogenicity bioassays by adjusting the experimental design.

Abstract Since long term rodent carcinogenicity studies are used to test a very large number of potential tumor endpoints, finding a balance between the control of Type 1 and Type 2 error is challenging. As a result, these studies can suffer from very low power to detect effects of regulatory significance. In the present paper, a new design is proposed in order address this problem. This design is a simple modification of the existing standard designs and uses the same number of animals. Where it differs from the currently used designs is that it uses just three treatment groups rather than four, with the animals concentrated in the control and high dose groups, rather than being equally distributed among the groups. This new design is tested, in a pair of simulation studies over a range of scenarios, against two currently used designs, and against a maximally powerful two group design. It consistently performs at levels close to the optimal design, and except in the case of relatively modest effects and very rare tumors, is found to increase power by 10%–20% over the current designs while maintaining or reducing the Type 1 error rate.
Testing grand unification at the CERN LHC and SLHC

We examine the possibility of measuring the three gauge couplings at high scales at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), in order to see the first steps as they run toward grand unification at much higher energies. Using the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) with sparticle masses of several hundred GeV as an example of a theory in which the couplings do unify at very high energies, we find that the processes pp{yields}l{sup +}{nu}, pp{yields}l{sup +}l{sup -}, and pp{yields}{gamma}j can be useful to discriminate the SM from the MSSM with masses at the few hundred GeV scale and determine that the couplings are converging at better than the SM prediction toward the GUT scale. Such measurements indirectly probe the existence of lower mass states, charged under the SM gauge groups, but which may be difficult to produce directly or extract from backgrounds at the LHC.
Teratogenic evaluation of 1,4-dichlorobutene-2 in the rat following inhalation exposure☆

Abstract The teratogenic potential of 1,4-dichlorobutene-2 (1,4-DCB) was evaluated in the rat. From inhalation toxicity studies, particularly ongoing lifetime studies, exposure levels of 0, 0.5, and 5.0 ppm were selected. Rats were exposed for 6 hr per day on Days 6 through 15 of gestation (sperm-positive vaginal smear considered Day 1). Female rats were killed 1 day prior to natural delivery and fetuses were examined for external development, structure and integrity of internal tissues and organs, and skeletal development. The only clinical sign of toxicity observed among rats exposed to 1,4-DCB, was a significantly-reduced rate of weight gain seen at the 5.0-ppm level. 1,4-DCB exposure did not change either the number of pregnant rats or the number of implantation sites, resorption sites, and fetuses per female. Treatment did not affect embryonal development as measured by fetal weight and crown-rump length, or by gross external, visceral, and skeletal examination of the fetuses. Under the test conditions of this study, 1,4-DCB was neither embryotoxic nor teratogenic.
Multiphoton absorption above ionization threshold by atoms in strong laser fields

We present an atomic model to study above-threshold ionization (ATI). We show that when the laser field is sufficiently intense the usual perturbation theory is not valid. We solve the model dynamics exactly, and several interesting quantities, including the initial-state decay rate and photoelectron spectrum, are calculated. These quantities are related to recent ATI experiments, and qualitatively they agree with these experiments. We specify the strong-field condition for continuum–continuum transitions and explore its physical meaning. Finally some comments on perturbation theory are made.
GC/MS and FT-IR spectra of methoxymethanol

In the course of recent investigations of the laser-induced reactions of the alkyl alcohols, irradiations of methanol in the gas phase with a carbon dioxide (infrared) laser produced very interesting results. The principal product of the reaction, formaldehyde, spontaneously reacted with excess methanol to form methoxymethanol, a molecule about which very little is known. Initially, due to the presence of excess reactant still in the sample cell, the infrared spectra displayed the bands of the mixtures of both methanol and methoxymethanol, enabling this laboratory to report only the combined infrared spectra with three infrared bands assigned to methoxymethanol. Additional research utilizing hyphenated chromatographic/spectroscopic techniques significantly advanced this effort. A gas chromatograph interfaced with a mass selective detector (GC/MS) and another gas chromatograph interfaced to a gold-plated lightpipe (GC/FT-IR) enabled the recording of both mass and infrared spectra, respectively. After extensive and innovative research efforts, which included the use of novel subambient temperature lightpipe studies, this laboratory recorded the infrared spectra of isolated methoxymethanol, a scientific first. Research in this area is ongoing. This paper reports the experimental parameters and techniques as well as infrared and mass spectra of all molecules investigated, including methoxymethanol, formaldehyde, and methanol, including one deuterated species.
Asymmetry of retrograde conduction and reentry within the His-Purkinje system: a comparative analysis of left and right ventricular stimulation.

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to delineate retrograde His-Purkinje system conduction and reentry (V3phenomenon) during left ventricular extrastimulation and compare them with right ventricular extrastimulation. Background. The V3phenomenon has been well described in the past during right ventricular extrastimulation; however, it has not been studied systematically during left ventricular extrastimulation. Methods. Left and right ventricular pacing were performed in 13 patients. Retrograde and anterograde routes of impulse propagation were determined on the basis of the sequence of His (H) and right bundle (RB) potentials, H-RB intervals, as well as the QRS configuration and axis of V3beats. Results. During right ventricular pacing, retrograde conduction of V2, when discernible, occurred exclusively through the left bundle at all coupling intervals equal to or shorter than the His-Purkinje relative refractory period, with the exception of two isolated beats. During left ventricular extrastimulation, His bundle activation was through the left bundle in nine patients and through the right or left bundle in three other patients. In one patient, the route could not be determined. The V3phenomena occurred in eight patients during right ventricular pacing. Seven patients had a left bundle branch block pattern QRS configuration, and one had a right bundle branch block pattern configuration. V3beats occurred in five patients during left ventricular apex pacing: left bundle branch block pattern configuration in one patient and right bundle branch block pattern configuration in four. In three of these four patients, the reentry was interfascicular and limited to the left bundle branch system. Conclusions. The left-sided His-Purkinje system is the preferred retrograde route of impulse propagation during both left and right ventricular extrastimulation. Reentry within the His-Purkinje system elicited by right ventricular extrastimulation involves both bundle branches, whereas this reentry tends to occur within the left-sided His-Purkinje system during left ventricular pacing.
Distribution, effective demand, and the orthodox macromodel

Abstract The ordinary IS-LM framework is revised to incorporate macro-distributional considerations. This permits us to cast a new light on Keynes' theoretical refutation of the usefulness of cutting money wages in the midst of a depression in a comparative statics context. We demonstrate that a generalized cut in money wages under conditions of complete price flexibility and perfect competition (marginal product factor pricing) can lower the volume of employment. This version of the orthodox macromodel also provides a potential handle on such seemingly elusive concepts as Keynes' notions of full employment and under-employment equilibrium.
Early Intervention of Eating- and Weight-Related Problems

Obesity and other eating-related problems are widespread and are associated with harmful physical, psychological, and social problems. The dramatic increases in rates of pediatric obesity has created a mounting need for psychologists and other mental health care providers to play a significant role in the assessment and treatment of youth with eating- and weight-related problems. Therefore, it is imperative for providers to be aware of the causes and consequences of eating- and weight-related problems and to be familiar with evidence-based assessment and intervention approaches. Currently, the most well-established intervention approaches are family-based behavioral treatments, and weight loss maintenance treatments with a socio-ecological focus are promising. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these topics and highlights the important roles that mental health care providers can have. Medical settings are often the patient’s first point of contact within the healthcare system, making mental health care providers in such settings uniquely suited to assess for a broad range of eating- and weight-related problems and associated comorbidities, to deliver relevant evidence-based interventions, and to make appropriate referrals. Moving forward, providers and researchers must work together to address key questions related to the nature of eating- and weight-related problems in youth and to achieve breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of such problems in this vulnerable population.
Focusing On The Matter of Topic: A Study of Wa and Ga in Japanese

It is shown first that wa is not a topic marker and ga is not a focus marker. Next, the theory of judgments is introduced. The distribution patterns of the functions of wa(contrastive or not) and ga(exhaustive listing or not) in independent as well as embedded clauses are described as manifestations of the distinction between judgments and propositions. Contrastive reading concerns propositions while exhaustive listing reading is a matter of judgments. The claim that wa sentences express categorical judgments and non-wa sentences, whether with a SL or IL predicate, express descriptions (thetic judgments in the extended sense) is elaborated. This extension is justified on the ground that a cognitive act expressed by a non-wa sentence is affirming, as opposed to asserting, an act expressed by a categorical judgment. Finally, it is claimed that the maximality constraint imposed on descriptions accounts for the exhaustive listing implicature associated with ga.
Transcriptional organization of the Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA locus

Two different transcriptional start sites, as well as promoter regions and translational starts, have been proposed for the fimA gene encoding a long fimbriae subunit protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis. In this study, the fimA promoter regions and organization of the fimA operon were characterized. The two putative promoter regions for fimA were fused with a lacZ reporter gene, cloned into the shuttle plasmid vector pT-COW, and the recombinant plasmids were introduced to P. gingivalis 33277. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated mRNA production from the promoter proximal to the translational start. LacZ activities of P. gingivalis containing the recombinant plasmids showed that maximal expression of fimA was promoted by the proximal promoter in combination with distal regulatory sequences. A polycistronic message spanning PG2130, PG2131 and fimA (PG2132) was observed, thus fimA transcripts may also be generated by processing of the polycistronic message.
The effect of degree of polymerization on glass-transition temperatures

Finite-molecular-mass homopolymers are modeled as binary random mixtures of high polymers and oligomers or chain ends, in proportions determined by the number-average degree of polymerization. This leads directly to an entropic equation for the effect of molecular mass on Tq in terms of the glass-transition temperatures and transition increments of heat capacity of these two components. Predictions of the theory are found to be in satisfactory agreement with calorimetric measurements of Tg over a wide range of molecular mass.
Motor perseveration in geriatric medical patients.

Abstract Perseveration has long been considered as a pathognomonic sign of neurological disease, yet, surprisingly, little research exists regarding the accuracy of this assumption. This study matched 56 geriatric medical inpatients with 56 inpatients with recent cerebrovascular accidents. Participants were given one of two measures of general cognition and four Lurian tasks of motor coordination. The results suggest that both motor incoordination and across-tasks perseveration were associated with decreased cognitive status. After controlling for cognitive status, individuals with a neurological history evidenced greater dyscoordination and increased perseveration when compared to age-equivalent general medical patients. Perseveration in participants with recent strokes appeared more related to the amount of neural system disruption as opposed to specific lesion sites. Overall, the results suggest that motor incoordination and “stuck-in-set” perseveration are more indicative of global than localizable brain dysfunction. Possible nonneurologic factors associated with this behavior are also proposed as benchmarks for future research.
Systematic Sorting Teacher Characteristics and Class Assignments

Although prior research has documented differences in the distribution of teacher characteristics across schools serving different student populations, few studies have examined the extent to which teacher sorting occurs within schools. This study uses data from one large urban school district and compares the class assignments of teachers who teach in the same gradeand in the same school in a givenyear. The authors find that less experienced, minority, and female teachers are assigned classes with lower achieving students than are their more experienced, white, and male colleagues. Teachers who have held leadership positions and those who attended more competitive undergraduate institutions are also assigned higher achieving students. These patterns are found at both the elementary and middle/high school levels. The authors explore explanations for these patterns and discuss their implications for achievement gaps, teacher turnover, and the estimation of teacher value-added.
Failure to produce lesions or auto-antibodies in rabbits by injecting tissue extracts, streptococci and adjuvants.

SummaryThe inoculation of rabbits with suspensions of homologous kidney or heart tissue, in combination with heat-killed cultures of Group A and Group C beta hemolytic streptococci and Freund's adjuvants, did not bring about the formation of detectable antibodies for homologous tissue.Rabbits inoculated in this manner did not develop myocardial or renal lesions suggestive of rheumatic myocarditis or glomerulonephritis. In experiments involving approximately 350 rabbits, the only significant pathological finding consisted of acute inflammatory lesions in the myocardium of the right ventricle which occurred in ten animals. The latter animals had received injections of homologous heart and kidney tissue in combination with Group A streptococci and the adjuvants. The lesions did not resemble rheumatic myocarditis. Repeated attempts to confirm this observation, under similar conditions, yielded uniformly negative results.
Simultaneous all-optical 3R regeneration of multiple WDM channels

A 3R (re-timing, re-amplifying, and re-shaping) regeneration system is proposed, for the first time, to process multiple WDM (wavelength-division-multiplexing) channels simultaneously Its re-timing capability is investigated by applying polarization-scrambling-induced jitter. Jitter tolerance up to 0.5UI/sub pp/ is demonstrated.
Overcoming barriers to Parent Involvement in Public Schools

(1994). Overcoming barriers to Parent Involvement in Public Schools. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 148-152.
Just Text Me: The Mutually Shaped Story of the Short Messaging Service (SMS)

While text messaging provides excellent benefits – including social connectivity and a platform for immediate, direct exchanges – it also raises controversial concerns. Texting while driving, dining, and socializing are now all common place, and yet often frowned upon. Through an analysis of various texts, including scholarly research, news articles, and web resources, this article considers how critical attitudes are towards the short message service (SMS), despite the large social influence in its rising adoption. This text argues that mobile technology and its texters shape each others' development in ways far less one-sided than usually depicted. For instance, the more users texted, the better phone keyboards became; the more texts users were allowed to send, the more they wrote. Awareness of this bidirectional, mutually shaping social process will hopefully lead to more effective double-pronged solutions to future tech-related social controversies - ones that may only start with the ambiguity of texting etiquette.
Overexpression of GluR6 in rat hippocampus produces seizures and spontaneous nonsynaptic bursting in vitro.

We hypothesized that overexpression of specific glutamate receptors within the hippocampus would induce seizures and the associated cellular changes seen in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The GluR6 kainate receptor was overexpressed by injecting rat hippocampi with HSVGluR6, a viral vector transducing fully edited GluR6. These animals experienced limbic seizures approximately 4 h following the injection. Control animals injected with HSVlac, a vector expressing beta-galactosidase, did not have seizures. Recordings from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells were performed 12 to 48 h and 1 week to 1 month postinjection. We observed nonsynaptic Na(+)-mediated bursting in 77.5% of cells 12 to 48 h following injection of HSVGluR6 but not HSVlac. The synaptic responses were normal in both groups. However, the physiological properties of cells from HSVGluR6-injected hippocampi changed over time. Two weeks following HSVGluR6 injection, synaptic bursts could be evoked, but intrinsic bursting became rare. These changes persisted for at least 1 month. We postulate that this transition from intrinsic to synaptic hyperexcitability may be important in the development of TLE.
Combined heart- kidney transplant after CardioWest total artificial heart bridge

Combined, single-donor, heart and kidney transplant (HKTx) recipients have survival rates comparable with those after heart transplantation alone. Although HKTx provides superior outcomes in patients with dual-organ failure, appropriate single-donor organ pairs are very scarce. Mechanical circulatory support thus seems an attractive option as a bridge to HKTx. We report the case of an adult with end-stage cardiomyopathy and renal failure who was successfully bridged to combined, single-donor HKTx with a total artificial heart. Infectious complications associated with the CardioWest cavity were encountered prior to transplantation. The patient recovered and was discharged 14 days after transplantation. At 4 months post-transplantation, the patient required single-vessel coronary stenting for a high-grade stenosis. At 1 year, he has had no further complications and has excellent function of both transplanted organs. Despite limited availability of same donor organ pairs, patients with combined cardiac and renal failure can be bridged effectively to transplant with the CardioWest total artificial heart.
DNA analysis of cholangiocarcinoma cells: prognostic and clinical importance.

Abstract Introduction : The clinical value of established prognostic factors seems to be limited since they fail to predict reliably survival of patients after resection of cholangiocarcinoma. DNA ploidy reflecting irregularities of chromosome number and content might be an alternative predictor. In this study, we evaluated the DNA ploidy as a prognostic factor for survival of patients after resection of cholangiocarcinoma. Methods : This prospective study included 34 patients with cholangiocarcinoma which were surgically resected and followed up to death or more than 3 years. Tissue specimens were taken from the liver tissue immediately after resection and DNA ploidy determined. Survival was related to the type of DNA ploidy as well as to five established prognostic factors. Results : Multivariate analysis revealed that in this study only DNA ploidy ( P =0.012) was significantly associated with prediction of survival. In contrast, neither tumor stage pT ( P =0.073) nor tumor grade pG ( P =0.154), resection margins R ( P =0.322), metastasis M ( P =0.060), lymph node stage pN ( P =0.209), age ( P =0.13) nor sex ( P =0.849) could significantly predict survival. Three-year survival was best for patients with diploid tumors ( n =6) of whom 75% survived more than 3 years. Poor prognostic signs associated with short term survival of less than 18 months were tumors classified as aneuploid ( n =17), large tumors pT4 ( n =8), metastasis pM1 ( n =11), undifferentiated tumors pG3 ( n =9) and non-tumor-free resection margins R2 ( n =14). The best predictor for poor prognosis was aneuploidy since it could identify more patients with a fatal outcome than other prognostic factors. DNA ploidy turned out to discriminate highly significant between diploid, polyploid and aneuploid tumors. Discussion : The most accurate prognostic factor for survival of patients after resection of cholangiocarcinoma was DNA ploidy. Most patients suffering from a diploid tumor turned out to be long term survivors whereas aneuploid tumors indicated a poor prognosis with a rather short survival time of less than 18 months. We conclude that DNA ploidy is a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying subgroups of patients that are at higher risk for tumor progression.