cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of bilateral vestibular loss on podokinetic after-rotation

We asked what the role of the vestibular system is in adaptive control of locomotor trajectory in response to walking on a rotating disc. Subjects with bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) were compared to age- and gender-matched controls (CTRL). Subjects walked in place on the surface of a rotating disc for 15 min and then attempted to step in place without vision on a stationary surface for 30 min. CTRL subjects demonstrated podokinetic after-rotation (PKAR), involuntarily and unknowingly turning themselves in circles while attempting to step in place. PKAR in CTRLs was characterized by a rapid rise in turning velocity over the first 1–2 min, followed by a gradual decay over the remaining 28 min. Subjects with BVL also demonstrated PKAR and had no knowledge of their turning. However, PKAR in BVLs was characterized by an extremely rapid, essentially instantaneous rise. Subjects with BVL immediately turned at maximum velocity and exhibited a gradual decay throughout the entire 30 min period. Despite this difference in the initial portion of PKAR in BVLs, their responses were not significantly different from CTRLs during minutes 2 to 30 of the response. These results suggest that vestibular inputs normally suppress PKAR velocity over the first 1–2 min of the response, but do not greatly influence PKAR decay. PKAR is therefore a process mediated primarily by somatosensory information and vestibular inputs are not required for its expression. Additionally, the absence of vestibular inputs does not result in increased somatosensory sensitivity that alters podokinetic intensity or decay time constants.
A New Look at the So-Called Trammel of Archimedes

The paper begins with an elementary treatment of a standard trammel (trammel of Archimedes), a line segment of fixed length whose ends slide along two perpendicular axes. During the motion, points on the trammel trace ellipses, and the trammel produces an astroid as an envelope that is also the envelope of the family of traced ellipses. Two generalizations are introduced: a zigzag trammel, obtained by dividing a standard trammel into several hinged pieces, and a flexible trammel whose length may vary during the motion. All properties regarding traces and envelopes of a standard trammel are extended to these more general trammels. Applications of zigzag trammels are given to problems involving folding doors. Flexible trammels provide not only a deeper understanding of the standard trammel but also a new solution of a classical problem of determining the envelope of a family of straight lines. They also reveal unexpected connections between various classical curves; for example, the cycloid and the quadratrix of Hippias, curves known from antiquity.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal meningitis treated with intrathecal streptomycin

Enterococcal meningitis is a rare complication of neurosurgical procedures. We present a patient who developed vancomycin-resistant enterococcal ventriculitis - meningitis after a brain tumor resection and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, treated successfully with intrathecal streptomycin through bilateral cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters in addition to systemic antibiotics. This is the first report of such treatment for this resistant organism.
The chimpanzee α-fetoprotein-encoding gene shows structural similarity to that of gorilla but distinct differences from that of human

The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-encoding gene (AFP) spans 18,867 bp from the transcription start point to the polyadenylation site, and the nucleotide (nt) sequence reveals that the gene is composed of 15 exons, which are symmetrically placed within three domains of AFP. In addition, we report 3121 bp of 5'-flanking sequence and 4886 bp of 3'-flanking sequence. The entire 26,874 bp of contiguous DNA reported here was determined from three overlapping lambda phage clones. The deduced polypeptide chain is composed of a 19-amino-acid (aa) putative leader peptide, followed by 590 aa of the mature protein. The sequence of chimpanzee AFP was compared with those of the previously published human AFP [Gibbs et al., Biochemistry 26 (1987) 1332-1343] and gorilla AFP [Ryan et al., Genomics 9 (1991) 60-72]. At the aa level, the human AFP differs from the chimpanzee at 6 aa positions and from the gorilla at 4 aa positions; the chimpanzee and gorilla differ at 8 aa positions. There are four types of repetitive sequence elements (X, Alu, Xba and Kpn) in the introns and flanking regions of chimpanzee AFP, and they are located in orthologous positions in the human and gorilla AFP. However, one specific Alu and one Xba repeat in introns 4 and 7, respectively, found in human AFP, are absent from orthologous positions in chimpanzee and gorilla AFP. These two repeats represent human-specific novelties that arose from recent DNA transpositions in primate phylogeny.
The analysis of variance and pairwise scaling.

Variance analyses are presented for two data layouts—each corresponding to the class of all ordered pairs from a single finite set. The analysis of the dominance layout is in terms of a fixed effects linear model which includes parameters representing the scale values of the elements of the set, response bias, and pairwise interactions. A parallel parametrization is carried out for the composition layout for which corresponding point estimates and hypothesis tests are given. A joint treatment of concurrently observed dominance and composition layouts is suggested and illustrative data are presented.
Computer‐Assisted Research into Cross‐Disciplinary Subjects

Every lawyer and law teacher is familiar with the basic developments in computer-assisted legal research that have changed at least the method of legal research. Computer-assisted research has gone far beyond LEXIS and Westlaw (computerized collections of state and federal legislation and decisions, as well as other legal material) in areas that are of critical importance to effective research for the teacher of health law. The nature of health law research has special, although perhaps not unique, characteristics that are particularly benefited by computer assistance. Research in health law, especially policy-oriented research, rarely relies entirely on case law. Rather, its reach extends to interdisciplinary or cross-disciplinary research, comparative research, and the popular, as well as the scholarly, view. While health law teachers develop the ability to keep abreast of the rapid changes in case law and federal statutes and regulations, it is more difficult to keep pace with legislative developments on a state-bystate basis.
Sidedness of Phospholipid Synthesis on Brain Membranes

: We have investigated the localization of the site of incorporation and the subsequent equilibration of newly synthesized phospholipids in brain membranes. Rats were injected intracranially with [3H]glycerol; the animals were killed at varying times afterwards, and microsomal fractions were isolated from the brains. In some cases, microsomes were subfractionated on sucrose gradients. Initially, most of the radioactive phosphatidylethanolamine appeared in a pool that reacted with the impermeable reagent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). This probe presumably modified only the lipid on the outer face of microsomal vesicles (which may, in large part, consist of pinched-off endoplasmic reticulum). At 5 min after injection, the specific radioactivity of the TNBS-modified phosphatidylethanolamine (cytoplasmic face) was four times that of the unmodified (luminal or inner face) phosphatidylethanolamine. With time, the ratio of the specific activities in the modified and unmodified pools of phosphatidylethanolamine approached 1.0, with kinetics that suggested a half-time on the order of 30 min form vivo conversion of the TNBS-accessible to the -inaccessible pool. This equilibration in specific activities could be the result of either translocation of phospholipids across endoplasmic reticulum membranes or conversion with time of initially labeled endoplasmic reticulum to other membranous organelles which form randomly oriented vesicles upon homogenization. A similar experimental design, using phospholipase C to hydrolyze outer face phospholipids preferentially, verified this conclusion for phosphatidylethanolamine and yielded similar results for phosphatidylcholine. Control studies measuring radioactive sucrose permeability indicated that neither TNBS nor phospholipase C treatment significantly disrupted microsomal vesicles under the conditions used.
The development of a broad spectrum treatment for patients with alcohol dependence in early recovery

Estimates of the prevalence of alcohol dependence among Americans approach 14% (Read, Kahler, & Stevenson, 2001). Alcohol dependence was once considered among the most recalcitrant of problem behaviors, with only 20% to 30% attaining sustained abstinence (Hunt Barnett & Branch 1971). Although current definitions of treatment success now consider lapses and recycling (e.g., DiClemente, 2003), sustained abstinence remains the gold standard and is achieved in up to 60% of people in efficacy trials of current psychosocial treatments (e.g., Project MATCH). This article describes our efforts to develop the next-generation CBT treatment manuals for patients in early abstinence from alcohol, Broad Spectrum Treatment (BST). BST attempts to simultaneously address two seemingly incompatible treatment research goals. First, BST is a flexible but manual-guided treatment that can be standardized and used in the field with the broad spectrum of alcohol abusers. Second, BST seeks to maximize treatment effectiveness by tailoring the specific treatment package to the individual patient's needs and capacities. Use of explicitly defined a priori decision trees is the vehicle through which these goals can be accomplished. This article describes the manual in its current form, and discusses the manner in which we are presently testing the efficacy of the manual as it stands.
Generalized moment functions and conformal transforms

We propose a new class of generalized moment functions (GMFs) that scan the object with different probing functions. Using the GMF, it is possible to extract a unique geometric point within the object, called the generalized centroid (G-centroid). We can obtain a set of discrete G-centroids from the same object by using different GMFs. The GMFs, which are similar to traditional moment functions, can also be used to describe the global shape of the object, including symmetry and fullness. However, the GMFs, along with the G-centroids, can further serve to construct a feature vector of the object, which is critical to the process of image registration and pattern recognition. Conformal transforms (C-transforms) are another tool used to probe the object by rearranging the latter's mass distribution, without distorting its shape. Using the C-transformed object, it is possible to detect a new mass centroid and G-centroid. More distinguishing feature points can be extracted from the same object by changing the combination of different GMFs and C-transforms. As GMF and centroid detection can be performed by convolution, the centroid and G-centroid can be detected optically in real time. It is also possible to optically implement some of the C-transforms. We present the results of GMF and C-transform applications, including image registration and pattern recognition.
Large solar flare radiation shielding requirements for manned interplanetary missions.

Estimates are given for the radiation shielding thicknesses required to protect astronauts on interplanetary missions from the effects of large solar flares, on the basis of the integral proton fluences for several past solar particle events. NASA-Langley's nucleon transport deterministic computer code, BRYNTRN, is used to transport primary protons and secondary protons and neutrons through any number of layers of target material of arbitrary thickness and composition. The results of each flare are presented as estimates of dose equivalents to the skin, eyes, and blood-forming organs behind various thicknesses of aluminum shielding.
Time Changes for Scheduled Nursing Assessments: Impact on Clinical Decisions and Patient Discharge

Using a shared governance model, a clinical nursing practice change was implemented to increase collaborative decision making among health care providers at morning rounds. The goal of this project was to improve nursing workflow at the beginning of the shift and improve patient flow by discharging patients earlier. By changing the time of morning vital signs and nursing assessments from 0800 to 0600, staff reported increased collaboration among the multidisciplinary team and improved nursing workflow.
Histone acetyltransferase in chromatin. Evidence for in vitro enzymatic transfer of acetate from acetyl-coenzyme A to histones.

Chromatin isolated from purified rat liver nuclei was found to be capable of transferring radioactive acetate in vitro from 14C-acetyl CoA to its own histones, with the formation of mainly epsilon-N-acetyl lysine groups. In view of reports which indicate that this reaction occurs spontaneously upon incubation of free histones in the presence of 14C-acetyl CoA, special consideration was given to the possibility of a nonenzymatic process. Evidence is presented which indicates that the in vitro transfer of acetate from acetyl CoA to histones in chromatin is catalysed by an enzyme and does not occur spontaneously in contrast to acetylation of free histones.
Low cumulative manganese exposure affects striatal GABA but not dopamine

The introduction of the anti-knock methylcyclopentadienyl manganese (Mn) tricarbonyl (MMT) in gasoline has raised concerns about the potential for manganese neurotoxicity. Because subpopulations such as the elderly in the early stages of neurodegenerative disease may be at increased risk for manganese toxicity, a pre-Parkinsonism rat model was used to evaluate whether sub-chronic manganese exposure can aggravate the neurochemical and behavioral dysfunctions characteristic of Parkinsonism. Sub-threshold levels of dopamine depletion of 3.5, 53 and 68% were generated via intrastriatal unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) doses. A sub-chronic dosing regimen of low cumulative manganese exposure (4.8 mg Mn/kg body weight, 3 i.p. injections per week x 5 weeks) was started 4 weeks after 6-OHDA treatments. Neurochemical and neuromotor (functional observational battery (FOB)) measures were evaluated. Manganese produced significant (P < 0.05) reductions of 30-60% in motor function. This effect was exacerbated in the presence of a pre-Parkinsonism condition [Neurotox. Teratol. 22 (2000) 851]. Manganese did not affect striatal dopamine, but resulted in significant increases in striatal y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of 16 and 22% (P < 0.01) in both striati and a borderline non-significant 4% increase in frontal cortex (P = 0.076). Manganese treatment produced increased aspartate (P < 0.01) in the manganese and 6-OHDA treated striatum. In light of previous studies predominantly showing dopamine depletion with elevated manganese exposures, the significant effects of manganese on striatal GABA but not on striatal dopamine at the low cumulative exposure administered here suggest a progression in manganese toxicity with increasing cumulative dose, whereby GABA levels are adversely affected before striatal dopamine levels. Because these neurochemical disruptions were accompanied by motor dysfunction that was exacerbated in the presence of a pre-Parkinsonism condition, an increased environmental burden of manganese may have deleterious effects on populations with sub-threshold neurodegeneration in the basal ganglia (e.g. pre-Parkinsonism).
Effect of jitter-reducing encoders on CAN error detection mechanisms

It is well known that bit stuffing in CAN may interfere with error detection and, in particular, with CRC-based approaches, so that the residual error probability can be noticeably higher than the theoretical value. Encoding techniques that prevent the insertion of stuff bits in the payload of the frame are a simple remedy, which improves integrity of data exchanged over the network noticeably. A thorough experimental campaign was carried out in order to evaluate the benefits the adoption of such encoding schemes provides over plain CAN. Results confirm that, for realistic error models, the probability of having residual errors decreases by about two orders of magnitude at most payload lengths, which makes such an approach very effective. This implies that much higher reliability can be obtained from conventional CAN controllers, which resembles newer solutions like CAN FD.
Short distances between extreme microhabitats do not result in ecotypes in Syntrichia caninervis

AbstractPhenotypic variation occurs in many populations of plants. When this variation occurs along an environmental gradient, the immediate question is whether the variation is attributed to phenotypic plasticity, ecotypes, or some combination of the two. The moss Syntrichia caninervis appears morphologically variable along an environmental gradient changing rapidly from low light, low temperature, and high moisture levels in the understory microhabitat to high light, high temperature, and low moisture levels in the intershrub microhabitat. We tested for the presence of physiological variation using recovery from a heat-shock event in a mimicked microhabitat light environment, and for morphological variation using a common garden with the ultimate goal of attributing observed variation to plasticity, genetic variation, or a combination. The results suggest that plasticity plays a large role in trait variation. Photosynthetic recovery depended on the current light levels of an environment and not the orig...
Work Time, Gender, and Inequality: The Conundrums of Flexibility

Because work time and its control are unevenly distributed, it shapes opportunities across different groups in society, both reflecting and reinforcing existing forms of inequality. Work time flexibility is seen by many as a way to promote gender equality by increasing the ability of women to exercise some control over their work time, thus facilitating their ability to participate in paid work while maintaining families. Yet, flexibility may take on very different meanings in different contexts, particularly with respect to the degree of control workers have over important aspects of their working time. This paper examines the meaning and distribution of work time flexibility for women in the United States. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the social construction and gendered nature of work time, and the complex and evolving distribution of work time in the United States. Measures of flexibility that seek to capture different aspects of workers' control over work time are then defined and exam...
An uncommon illness with a rare presentation: neurosurgical management of ADEM with tumefactive demyelination in children.

This study determined the statewide incidence and prevalence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and examined the course of three pediatric patients treated for tumefactive demyelination (TD) at the Blair E. Batson Children’s Hospital. Analyses of ICD-9-CM code hospital records and clinical database were conducted. From 2001 through 2007 the incidence in pediatric patients under 20 years was 0.4/100,000/year, with a prevalence of 8.6/100,000 during 2008. Three patients presented with TD. Case 1 had a 3-week history of ataxia and diplopia; case 2 presented with a sudden onset of coma, while the third child had a 4-month history of increasing lethargy and clumsiness in all extremities. Cerebrospinal fluid examinations were nondiagnostic. MRI examinations revealed asymmetric T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity within the pons (case 1), a large heterogenously enhancing temporal lobe mass, with extensive edema (case 2), and multiple small brain lesions with occasional ring enhancement (case 3). In case 1, intralesional MR spectroscopy demonstrated changes consistent with ADEM. Case 2 required intracranial monitoring, and medical treatment to control elevated ICP. Cases 2 and 3 underwent cortical biopsies that revealed ADEM. All three patients improved with corticosteroid therapy. At a minimum of 15 months follow-up, cases 1 and 2 showed resolution of deficits and MRI lesions, while the third patient demonstrated additional MRI lesions and increasing paraparesis. These cases demonstrate that appropriate neuroradiological evaluation, treatment of acutely elevated ICP, and brain biopsy can play critical roles in the management of children with undiagnosed ADEM and TD.
Cholesteryl ester analogs inhibit cholesteryl ester but not triglyceride transfer catalyzed by the plasma cholesteryl ester-triglyceride transfer protein.

A lipid transfer protein complex (LTC), purified from human plasma by immunoaffinity chromatography, catalyzed the interlipoprotein transfer of cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG). The CE transfer activity of LTC was governed by the strucutre of the CE. Incubation of LTC with long chain CE both activated and stabilized LTC. Short chain CE also enhanced the CE and TG transfer activity of LTC during the initial time of incubation. However, LTC's incubation with short chain CE induced a subsequent and time-dependent loss of CE transfer activity without concomitant loss of TG transfer activity. The data indicate that the CE and TG transfer activity of LTC can be reglated independently.
Friction between α-Al2O3(0 0 0 1) surfaces and the effects of surface hydroxylation

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the friction between hydroxylated α-Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1) surfaces at the temperature of 300 K. Effects of the degree of surface hydroxylation and sliding velocity have been discussed. Results indicate that the friction coefficient decreases with increased degrees of hydroxylation. For all degrees of surface hydroxylation, the friction law crosses over from thermal activation to viscous damping at sliding velocity of 80 m/s.
Extracellular DNA traps are associated with the pathogenesis of TRALI in humans and mice.

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-related death. The biologic processes contributing to TRALI are poorly understood. All blood products can cause TRALI, and no specific treatment is available. A “2-event model” has been proposed as the trigger. The first event may include surgery, trauma, or infection; the second involves the transfusion of antileukocyte antibodies or bioactive lipids within the blood product. Together, these events induce neutrophil activation in the lungs, causing endothelial damage and capillary leakage. Neutrophils, in response to pathogens or under stress, can release their chromatin coated with granule contents, thus forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Although protective against infection, these NETs are injurious to tissue. Here we show that NET biomarkers are present in TRALI patients' blood and that NETs are produced in vitro by primed human neutrophils when challenged with anti–HNA-3a antibodies previously implicated in TRALI. NETs are found in alveoli of mice experiencing antibody-mediated TRALI. DNase 1 inhalation prevents their alveolar accumulation and improves arterial oxygen saturation even when administered 90 minutes after TRALI onset. We suggest that NETs form in the lungs during TRALI, contribute to the disease process, and thus could be targeted to prevent or treat TRALI.
Oxide-Based Photonic Crystals from Biological Templates

The world of insects is full of structural colors, lending butterfly wings, bird feathers, and beetle scales their strikingly iridescent appearance. Since many of the structures behind these optical effects are so-called photonic crystals, they have recently attracted the interest of optical engineers and scientists as unique structural templates. This chapter aims to discuss recent developments in replicating biological structures into oxide-based photonic crystals operating at visible frequencies. Following a brief introduction into the physics and properties of photonic crystals, this chapter will focus on the following topics: (1) recent advances and limitations of top-down and bottom-up photonic crystal engineering routes; (2) examples and properties of biological photonic crystals; and (3) conversion of biological structures into oxide-based replicas by deposition methods (atomic layer deposition and conformal-evaporated-film-by-rotation) and sol–gel chemistry routes. The chapter will conclude with an outlook on the potential of biotemplating for achieving complete photonic band gaps at visible frequencies.
Spatial uncertainty analysis: propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models

Abstract In simulation modelling, it is desirable to quantify model uncertainties and provide not only point estimates for output variables but confidence intervals as well. Spatially distributed physical and ecological process models are becoming widely used, with runs being made over a grid of points that represent the landscape. This requires input values at each grid point, which often have to be interpolated from irregularly scattered measurement sites, e.g., weather stations. Interpolation introduces spatially varying errors which propagate through the model. We extended established uncertainty analysis methods to a spatial domain for quantifying spatial patterns of input variable interpolation errors and how they propagate through a model to affect the uncertainty of the model output. We applied this to a model of potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a demonstration. We modelled PET for three time periods in 1990 as a function of temperature, humidity, and wind on a 10-km grid across the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed were interpolated using kriging from 700–1000 supporting data points. Kriging standard deviations (SD) were used to quantify the spatially varying interpolation uncertainties. For each of 5693 grid points, 100 Monte Carlo simulations were done, using the kriged values of temperature, humidity, and wind, plus random error terms determined by the kriging SDs and the correlations of interpolation errors among the three variables. For the spring season example, kriging SDs averaged 2.6°C for temperature, 8.7% for relative humidity, and 0.38 m s−1 for wind. The resultant PET estimates had coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 14% to 27% for the 10-km grid cells. Maps of PET means and CVs showed the spatial patterns of PET with a measure of its uncertainty due to interpolation of the input variables. This methodology should be applicable to a variety of spatially distributed models using interpolated inputs.
Simultaneous vs sequential discriminations of Markov-generated stimuli

This experiment required Ss to make same-different classifications of Markov-generated histoforms that were distortions of three different prototypes. Task memory requirements were varied by presenting stimuli either simultaneously or sequentially for comparison, and the effects of shifts in memory requirements were also assessed. Classification performance in all cases was found to be superior under the simultaneous condition. Postshift performance was strictly a function of the mode of stimulus presentation following the shift, rather than the memory requirements present in the initial trials. These results, coupled with the observed relationships between performance and a measure of individual stimulus variability under the two memory conditions, strongly suggest that prototype encoding has limited relevance to performance in the same-different classification task used here.
Irreproducible Results in Thompson Et Al., “Abrupt Tropical Climate Change: Past and Present” (PNAS 2006)

In a prestigious and influential article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Thompson et al. [1] put forward a Tropical Composite Z-score series (TCZ), purportedly computed from ice core d18O ratios, as evidence of tropical warming over the past 2000 years. This note demonstrates that it bears no replicable linear relationship to the seven series on which they claim it is based, as archived by the authors themselves on the PNAS website. Although TCZ does equal the average of the two Himalayan and Andean component series (HCZ and ACZ) to within rounding error, HCZ cannot be constructed linearly from the four Himalayan isotope ratio series with an error less than 100 times the expected rounding error, and ACZ cannot be constructed from the three Andean isotope ratio series with an error less than 30 times the expected rounding error. The authors should provide PNAS with corrected and internally consistent data sets and figures for these series.
Sorting out Genes that Regulate Epithelial and Neuronal Polarity

Unlike the postsynaptic role for LIN-10 in worms, the CASK (LIN-2)/Veli (LIN-7)/Mint1 (LIN-10) complex is proposed to function presynaptically in mammalian neurons (Butz et al. 1998xButz, S, Okamoto, M, and Sudhof, T.C. Cell. 1998; 94: 773–782Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (378)See all ReferencesButz et al. 1998). This suggestion of a presynaptic role is based on the known binding partners for CASK and Mint1. As mentioned above, CASK was originally identified as a binding partner for neurexin, which is thought to have a presynaptic role in regulating both synaptic adhesion and transmitter release. A presynaptic function for Mint1 is suggested by its interaction with Munc18-1, a synaptic vesicle trafficking protein. In addition to its presynaptic roles in adhesion and vesicle trafficking, the CASK/Veli/Mint1 complex may also serve related functions at postsynaptic and nonsynaptic sites. CASK, for instance, is concentrated at both pre- and postsynaptic sites in brain and binds to syndecan-2, a heparin sulfate proteoglycan (5xCohen, A.R, Wood, D.F, Marfatia, S.M, Walther, Z, Chishti, A.H, and Anderson, J.M. J. Cell Biol. 1998; 142: 129–138Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (275)See all References, 10xHsueh, Y, Yang, F, Kharazia, V, Naisbitt, S, Cohen, A.R, Weinberg, J, and Sheng, M. J. Cell Biol. 1998; 142: 139–151Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (247)See all References). While the anatomical localization of Mint1 has not yet been analyzed in brain, a role in the ER/Golgi is suggested by studies showing that Mint1 binds to and regulates processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (Borg et al. 1998xBorg, J.P, Yang, Y, De Taddeo-Borg, M, Margolis, B, and Turner, R.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 14761–14766Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (167)See all ReferencesBorg et al. 1998). As Mint1 is homologous to LIN-10 and can restore postsynaptic localization of GLR-1 in lin-10 mutants (Rongo et al. 1998xRongo, C, Whitfield, C.W, Rodal, A, Kim, S.K, and Kaplan, J.M. Cell. 1998; 94Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (199)See all ReferencesRongo et al. 1998), it is tempting to speculate that Mint1 might also regulate clustering of vertebrate glutamate receptors, which are known to bind to PDZ proteins at the synapse (Dong et al. 1997xDong, H, O’Brien, R.J, Fung, E.T, Lanahan, A.A, Worley, P.F, and Huganir, R.L. Nature. 1997; 386: 279–284Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (668)See all ReferencesDong et al. 1997).While many such interesting questions remain, these three papers establish that LIN-2/-7/-10 form an evolutionarily conserved protein complex and mediate fundamental aspects of protein targeting in neurons and epithelial cells. Future genetic and biochemical studies of these proteins in both invertebrates and mammals promise to help sort out protein sorting.
Fibrous histiocytoma of lung--a clinicopathological study of two cases.

Two cases of fibrohistiocytic tumours of the lung are presented and histogenesis of this group of this group of tumours is discussed. An essentially bisphasic pattern of histiocytes and fibroblasts, and the presence of myofibroblasts and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells is similar to the fibro histiocytic neoplasms in other locations.
Understanding Pediatric Inner‐City Asthma: An Explanatory Model Approach

Explanatory models (EMs) for asthma among inner‐city school‐age children and their families were examined as a means of better understanding health behaviors. Children and parents were interviewed about their concepts of asthma etiology, asthma medications, and alternative therapies. Drawings were elicited from children to understand their beliefs about asthma. Nineteen children with 17 mothers from a variety of cultural backgrounds were interviewed. Among children, contagion was the primary EM for asthma etiology (53%). Twenty‐five percent of children reported fear of dying from asthma, while fear of their child dying from asthma was reported by 76% of mothers. Mothers reported a variety of EMs, some culturally specific, but the majority reported biomedical concepts of etiology, pathophysiology, and triggers. Although 76% of mothers knew the names of more than one of their children's medications, 47% thought their child's medications all had similar functions. Thirty‐five percent of families used herbal ...
Daily Associations Between Alcohol Use and Unprotected Anal Sex Among Heavy Drinking HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men

Men who have sex with men (MSM) account for the largest proportion of new HIV infections in the United States. Alcohol may facilitate HIV transmission by increasing unprotected anal sex, but few studies have focused on transmission behaviors in HIV-positive MSM. This study explored daily associations between alcohol use and sexual behavior among heavy drinking HIV-positive MSM using a 30-day Timeline Followback interview. Results of generalized estimating equations indicated that greater alcohol consumption on a given day was associated with a linear increase in the odds of having unprotected anal sex with partners of any HIV status. However, the odds of reporting unprotected anal sex with HIV-negative or HIV-status unknown partners increased in a curvilinear fashion, occurring primarily at very heavy levels of use (12+ drinks). Results suggest that very heavy drinking increases the risk of engaging in sexual behavior that has the potential for transmitting HIV to other men.
The value of pointillism? Integrating trade and development and the European Union as a global actor

As the contributions to this volume make clear, the intersection between the European Union's (EU) trade and development policies is populated by a diverse array of policies. The EU's selection of policies reflects, in part, the level of development of the developing country and competing understandings of how to best foster development. The contributions also hint at significant contributions to wider debates about the EU as a global actor, particularly the extent to which it is motivated by normative considerations and how affective it is in achieving its objectives. This article reviews the main findings of the contributions to this volume and advances some suggestions so as to enable a clearer picture to emerge that could more readily inform wider debates.
Learning to Extract International Relations from Political Context

We describe a new probabilistic model for extracting events between major political actors from news corpora. Our unsupervised model brings together familiar components in natural language processing (like parsers and topic models) with contextual political information— temporal and dyad dependence—to infer latent event classes. We quantitatively evaluate the model’s performance on political science benchmarks: recovering expert-assigned event class valences, and detecting real-world conflict. We also conduct a small case study based on our model’s inferences. A supplementary appendix, and replication software/data are available online, at: http://brenocon.com/irevents
Regional comparisons of watershed determinants of dissolved organic carbon in temperate lakes from the Upper Great Lakes region and selected regions globally

We analyzed how dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in lakes of the North American temperate forest (Upper Great Lakes region) is related to nine catchment characteristics (lake area, lake perimeter, drainage area, ratio of drainage area to lake area, proportion of watershed occupied by wetlands, proportion of lake perimeter in wetlands, shoreline development, elevation, and watershed slope) and compared selected relationships to those from other regions across the globe. For the temperate lakes, the proportion of the lake perimeter and the proportion of the watershed occupied by wetlands were the best predictors of DOC in both univariate (r 2 5 0.34 and 0.30, respectively) and multivariate regression models. Forested wetlands, in particular those with coniferous vegetation, explained the largest proportion of lake DOC variability. Wetlands with scrub-shrubs and emergent vegetation explained very little or no variability. Secondary to wetlands, lake DOC decreased with lake area and watershed slope. When we combined the temperate lake data set with that of 10 other geographical regions of the world (ranging from subtropical to tundra), the only two variables significant in predicting DOC were proportion of wetlands in the watershed (r 2 5 0.36) and lake elevation (r 2 5 0.34). We conclude that regional or small-scale DOC models likely have limited applicability in predicting DOC in other geographical areas of the world.
Experience with the evaluation of natural language question answerers

Research in natural language processing could be facilitated by thorough and critical evaluations of natural language systems. Two measurements, conceptual and linguistic completeness, are defined and discussed in this paper. Testing done on two natural language question answerers demonstrated that the conceptual coverage of such systems should be extended to better satisfy the needs and expectations of users.
Moderate Drinking, Inflammation, and Liver Disease

It is well known that heavy drinking increases the risk of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). Female gender, hepatitis C or B, obesity, and other cofactors increase susceptibility to ALD, so “safe” levels of alcohol consumption in regard to ALD vary among individuals. Inflammation is one mechanism by which alcohol causes liver damage. Increasing evidence suggests that in contrast to the proinflammatory activation by chronic excessive alcohol consumption, acute moderate alcohol administration has anti-inflammatory effects. Long-term alcohol administration results in increased baseline nuclear regulatory factor κB (NF-κB) activation in the livers of mice; in contrast, acute alcohol administration in mice attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation in the liver and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) induction. Consistent with this notion, peripheral blood monocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis spontaneously produce increased amounts of TNFα and respond to ex vivo LPS stimulation with increased TNFα levels, while acute moderate alcohol consumption in normal volunteers results in the attenuation of TNFα production by various stimulants and attenuates monocyte production of other proinflammatory cytokines. To date, no evidence for a beneficial role of the anti-inflammatory effect of acute moderate alcohol consumption on the liver has been demonstrated, but this may contribute to the effect of alcohol on other organ systems.
On the propulsion efficiency of swimming flexible hydrofoils of finite thickness

This paper presents some recent theoretical results on the energy exchange between a swimming flexible two-dimensional hydrofoil of finite profile thickness and the inviscid incompressible fluid in which the body swims. The rate at which kinetic energy is transferred to the fluid by the undulating hydrofoil, the power required to maintain the prescribed motion, and the resulting power available for propulsion are calculated in terms of the thickness to chord ratio and the displacement and rate of displacement of the hydrofoil. With a small unsteady perturbation theory, the analysis is decomposed to show separately the effects of the circulatory and non-circulatory flows, both depending on the first-order terms of the unsteady perturbation velocity components. In addition, an analysis is presented showing the effect of the non-linear unsteady pressure distribution on the surface of the hydrofoil. Contrary to what might be expected, this latter effect is of the same order of magnitude for a thick rounded-nose profile as for the flat plate where the effect is concentrated at the sharp leading edge and is related to the so-called suction force. However, except for small values of the reduced frequency, the non-linear contribution is negligible in comparison with the linear contribution.New functions associated with the retarded flow in the wake are introduced and special techniques for their solution are presented, these being related to Theodorsen's function of unsteady airfoil theory for the special case of the undulating flat plate.The numerical results reveal that the kinetic energy imparted to the fluid, the power required to maintain the motion, and the resulting propulsive power, follow closely those of an infinitesimal model for small values of the reduced frequency of oscillation, but diverge somewhat from the classical thin plate analysis for large reduced frequencies. Of particular interest is the fact that a very large percentage of the power required to maintain the motion is used in the generation of the wake, whereas a very small percentage of the power available for propulsion comes from the wake. This indicates that, if some mechanism could be devised to control the wake, very high swimming efficiencies could be attained. Fish, in all probability, have been succeeding in doing this for millions of years.
Physical activity recommendations, exercise intensity, and histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Physical Activity Recommendations, Exercise Intensity, and Histological Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Production rates of walleye and their relationship to exploitation in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, 1965–2009

Understanding variability in fish production, biomass, production/biomass (P/B) ratios, and their relationship to exploitation is central to fisheries sustainability. At Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, USA, data from a compulsory creel census (1965–2009) were combined with survey data on fish populations to test for empirical relationships between annual production and exploitation rates of walleye (Sander vitreus). Empirical estimates of walleye production were relatively high and temporally variable in Escanaba Lake. Annual production, biomass, and P/B ratios ranges were 2.4–11.3 kg·ha−1·year−1, 9.1–49.4 kg·ha−1, and 0.15–0.30 year−1, respectively. Walleye production rates were significantly and positively correlated with adult (i.e., age 3+) walleye density — the core metric used to manage walleye populations in the Ceded Territory of Wisconsin. However, adult walleye density correlated best with ages 4–6 production. Annual exploitation based on the percentage of individuals removed from the population was l...
Counterfactuality and Future Time Reference: The Case of Paraguayan Guarany´ı –'mo’˜a'

Paraguayan Guaranhas a verbal suffix-mo' ˜ athat realizes future time reference in one type of clause and counterfactuality in another. This paper explores the truth- conditional semantics of-mo' ˜ ain the two types of clauses and identifies parallels and differences between counterfactual and future time interpretation. The paper concludes by discussing the feasibility of a unified analysis of-mo' ˜ a.
Product Market Imperfections and Customs Unions Theory

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the welfare implications of trade creation and trade diversion within the context of the standard model of customs unions to which increasing returns and domestic monopoly have been added. The problem we consider is particularly important to the less-developed countries in which both types of product market imperfections are encountered. It is shown that, in the presence of product market imperfections, trade creation I and trade creation II may entail welfare loss, while trade diversion I and trade diversion II may be welfare-improving.
Acute and chronic head-down tail suspension diminishes cerebral perfusion in rats

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that regional brain blood flow and vascular resistance are altered by acute and chronic head-down tail suspension (HDT). Regional cerebral blood flow, arterial pressure, heart rate, and vascular resistance were measured in a group of control rats during normal standing and following 10 min of HDT and in two other groups of rats after 7 and 28 days of HDT. Heart rate was not different among conditions, whereas mean arterial pressure was elevated at 10 min of HDT relative to the other conditions. Total brain blood flow was reduced from that during standing by 48, 24, and 27% following 10 min and 7 and 28 days of HDT, respectively. Regional blood flows to all cerebral tissues and the eyes were reduced with 10 min of HDT and remained lower in the eye, olfactory bulbs, left and right cerebrum, thalamic region, and the midbrain with 7 and 28 days of HDT. Total brain vascular resistance was 116, 44, and 38% greater following 10 min and 7 and 28 days of HDT, respectively, relative to that during control standing. Vascular resistance was elevated in all cerebral regions with 10 min of HDT and remained higher than control levels in most brain regions. These results demonstrate that HDT results in chronic elevations in total and regional cerebral vascular resistance, and this may be the underlying stimulus for the HDT-induced smooth muscle hypertrophy of cerebral resistance arteries.
INTERACTION BETWEEN PROFLAVINE AND GUANOSINE 5‘-PHOSPHATE: IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOEXCITATION

— The stoichiometry of the complex formed between the mutagenic drug proflavine and the nucleotide guanosine 5'-phosphate has been demonstrated to be 1:1. Its association constant at room temperature is found to increase from 310 M-1 when proflavine is in its ground electronic state, to 1550 M-1, when proflavine is in its first excited singlet state. Thus, light absorbed by the drug alters its reactivity which, in turn, results in an appreciable increase in its ability to bind to the nucleotide. The enthalpy and the entropy of the ground state proflavine-guanosine 5'-phosphate complex formation are -12.6 kJ/mol (-3 kcal/mol) and -6.7 J/mol/deg (-1.6 cal/mol/deg), respectively. The implications of these findings concerning the proflavine-DNA interaction as well as the possible importance of electronic excitaton in acridine mutagenesis are discussed. An appraisal of the methodology for analyzing fluorescence quenching data is also given.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an increasingly common condition which poses many challenges. High resolution CT scanning offers a non-invasive technique which can secure an accurate diagnos
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SLOW RELEASE POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE FOR ABSORPTIVE HYPERCALCIURIA: A RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL

AbstractPurpose: We examined the physiological effects and tolerance of UroPhos-K, ∥ ∥Mission Pharmacal Co., San Antonio, Texas.[parallel] a slow release neutral form of potassium phosphate (155 mg. phosphate and 8 mEq. potassium per tablet) in patients with absorptive hypercalciuria.Materials and Methods: A total of 31 patients with absorptive hypercalciuria were studied at baseline and after 3 months of treatment with 4 tablets twice daily of UroPhos-K or placebo (identical in appearance) in a prospective randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial during a 4-day inpatient study with a daily constant metabolic diet containing 400 mg. calcium, 100 mEq. sodium and 800 mg. phosphate.Results: Treatment with UroPhos-K did not cause significant gastrointestinal side effects, increase fasting serum potassium or phosphorus, or reduce hemoglobin or creatinine clearance. It reduced urinary calcium excretion from 277 +/- 72 to 166 +/- 43 mg. per day (p <0.001), associated with a reduction in serum 1,25-dihy...