cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in Elliptical Galaxies

The X-ray emission from normal elliptical galaxies has two major components: soft (kT ? 0.2-1 keV) emission from diffuse gas and harder (kT ? 6 keV) emission from populations of accreting (low mass) stellar X-ray binaries. If the low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) population is intimately tied to the field stellar population in a galaxy, its aggregate X-ray luminosity is expected to be simply proportional to the optical luminosity of the galaxy. However, recent ASCA and Chandra X-ray observations show that the global luminosities of LMXB components in elliptical galaxies exhibit significant scatter (a factor of ~4) at a given optical luminosity. This scatter may reflect a range of evolutionary stages among X-ray binary populations in elliptical galaxies of different ages. If so, the ratio of the global LMXB X-ray luminosity to the galactic optical luminosity, LLMXB/Lopt, may in principle be used to determine when the bulk of stars were formed in individual elliptical galaxies. To test this we compare variations in LLMXB/Lopt for LMXB populations in elliptical galaxies to optically derived estimates of stellar ages in the same galaxies. We find no correlation, which suggests that variations in LLMXB/Lopt are not a good age indicator for elliptical galaxies. Alternatively, LMXBs may be formed primarily in globular clusters (through stellar tidal interactions) rather than comprise a subset of the primordial binary star population in a galactic stellar field. Since elliptical galaxies exhibit a wide range of globular cluster populations for a given galactic luminosity, this may induce a dispersion in the LMXB populations of elliptical galaxies with similar optical luminosities. Indeed, we find that LLMXB/Lopt ratios for LMXB populations are strongly correlated with the specific globular cluster frequencies in elliptical galaxies. This suggests that most LMXBs were formed in globular clusters. If so, Chandra observations of central dominant galaxies with unusually large globular cluster populations should find proportionally excessive numbers of LMXBs.
Increasing the oxidative stability of poly(dicyclopentadiene) aerogels by hydrogenation

Abstract Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cycloolefins is a promising new route for the preparation of polymeric aerogels. The resulting unsaturation in the polymer backbone, however, makes these particular systems susceptible to oxidative degradation under ambient conditions. One method to increase the oxidative stability of these aerogels is to hydrogenate the material. In the present study, hydrogenation of poly(dicyclopentadiene) gels was achieved through thermolysis of para-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide in the presence of tripropylamine followed by solvent exchange and supercritical drying to form the hydrogenated aerogel (H- p DCPD). Aerogels were prepared with varying densities and were characterized by FTIR-ATR, elemental analysis, BET, SEM, XPS, DSC and TGA. The oxidative stability of H- p DCPD aerogels over p DCPD was investigated through thermolysis in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. We report herein the synthesis and characterization of this new material.
Ranking investment projects

This paper describes conditions under which one investment project dominates a second project in terms of net present value, irrespective of the choice of the discount rate. The resulting partial ordering of projects has certain similarities to stochastic dominance. However, the structure of the net present value function leads to characterizations that are quite specific to this context. Our theorems use Bernstein's (1915) innovative results on the representation and approximation of polynomials, as well as other general results from the theory of equations, to characterize the partial ordering. We also show how the ranking is altered when the range of discount rates is limited or the rate varies period by period.
Financial market dynamics

Abstract A necessary precondition for modeling financial markets is a complete understanding of their statistics, including dynamics. Distributions derived from nonextensive Tsallis statistics are closely connected with dynamics described by a nonlinear Fokker–Planck equation. The combination shows promise in describing stochastic processes with power-law distributions and superdiffusive dynamics. We investigate intra-day price changes in the S & P 500 stock index within this framework. We find that the power-law tails of the distributions, and the index's anomalously diffusing dynamics, are very accurately described by this approach. Our results show good agreement between market data and Fokker–Planck dynamics. This approach may be applicable in any anomalously diffusing system in which the correlations in time can be accounted for by an Ito–Langevin process with a simple time-dependent diffusion coefficient.
Hydrogen bonding Part 43. IR and thermodynamic study of the stoichiometry and stability of hydrates of triethylenediamine oxide

Abstract Triethylenediamine oxide, C6H12N2O, forms three stable crystalline hydrates at 25°C, a trihydrate, a monohydrate and a hemihydrate. At temperatures above 36.35°C a dihydrate is also formed, which, however, is unstable relative to the trihydrate below that temperature. Hydrogen bonds from H2O to NO have a strength of approx. 20 kcal mol−1 in the trihydrate and approx. 10 kcal mol−1 in the mono-and hemihydrates. IR and thermodynamic comparisons suggest that the mono- and hemihydrates have similar bridging H2O molecules. No specific evidence for involvement of the unoxidized nitrogen atom of the cage in the hydrogen bonding structure is observed.
Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of NaK3(NpO2)4(SO4)4(H2O)2 and NaNpO2SO4H2O: Cation−Cation Interactions in a Neptunyl Sulfate Framework

Two novel neptunium(V) sulfates, NaK3(NpO2)4(SO4)4(H2O)2 and NaNpO2SO4H2O, have been prepared by hydrothermal methods. The structure of each has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction using Mo Kα radiation and a charge-coupled device area detector. Both structures are monoclinic with space group C2/c. NaK3(NpO2)4(SO4)4(H2O)2 (R1 = 0.0351) has unit cell parameters a = 18.0998(12), b = 5.7030(4), c = 23.1988(16), β = 104.6330(10)°, V = 2317.0(3) A3, and Z = 16. NaNpO2SO4H2O (R1 = 0.036) has unit cell parameters a = 18.3638(13), b = 5.6424(4), c = 23.5512(17), β = 103.366(2)°, V = 2374.2(3) A3, and Z = 16. Both structures contain chains of Np(V)O7 pentagonal bipyramids linked into a framework structure through the sulfate tetrahedra. The neptunyl polyhedra are involved in multiple cation−cation interactions. Magnetic susceptibility data, together with field-dependent studies, indicate the presence of ferromagnetic ordering at 6.5(5) K for NaK3(NpO2)4(SO4)4(H2O)2 and 7.4(1) K for NaNpO2SO4H2O.
Empirical Analysis Using Scanner Data: Econometric Issues and Policy Implications

Scanner data, data collected at the store or distribution point through electronic means, are now available for food products and offer new opportunities for empirical research. Large retail chains use scanner data to track price and inventory movement and control product movement along their supply chain. In addition, the two major market tracking firms-A.C. Nielsen and Information Resources, Inc. (IRI)-assemble, collect, and provide two types for market analysis: supermarket/store-level data collected from a nationally representative survey of stores, and household panel data collected at the household level (see Cotterill for a review). The three papers make use of both types of data and illustrate new opportunities and challenges faced in using the scanner data. Chung and Kaiser use household panel data to evaluate the issue of aggregation for cross-section analysis in evaluating consumers' response to advertising programs, and whether the heterogeneity of households (captured by the use of scanner data) leads to differences in estimated response to advertising estimated when more aggregated household data are used. Capps and Love explore fundamental aggregation issues related to appropriate demand system model specification by using national (retail market) scanner data. Cotterill and Samson take advantage of the product and brand detail available in market-level data combined
Metallicity and nuclear star formation in nearby galaxy pairs: evidence for tidally induced gas flows

We derive the first luminosity-metallicity relation for a large objectively selected sample of local galaxy pairs and we compare the pairs LZ relation with the relation for the Nearby Field Galaxy Survey (NFGS). Galaxy pair members with small projected separations (s < 20 kpc/h) have systematically lower metallicities (� 0.2 dex on average) than the field galaxies, or than more widely separated pairs at the same luminosity. There is a strong correlation between metallicity and central burst strength in the galaxy pairs. All five galaxies in the pairs sample with strong central bursts have close companions and metallicities lower than the comparable field galaxies. Our results provide strong observational evidence for a merger scenario where galaxy interactions cause gas flows towards the central regions, carrying less enriched gas from the outskirts of the galaxy into the central regions. The less enriched gas dilutes the pre-existing nuclear gas to produce a lower metallicity than would be obtained prior to the interaction. These gas flows trigger central bursts of star formation, causing strong central burst strengths, and possibly aiding the formation of blue bulges. We show that the timescale and central gas dilution required by this scenario are consistent with predictions from hydrodynamic merger models. Subject headings: galaxies:starburst–galaxies:abundances–galaxies:fundamental parameters– galaxies:interactions
Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Substituted Cyclohexanones to Phenols

Aromatic molecules are key constituents of many pharmaceuticals, electronic materials, and commodity plastics. The utility of these molecules directly reflects the identity and pattern of substituents on the aromatic ring. Here, we report a palladium(II) catalyst system, incorporating an unconventional ortho-dimethylaminopyridine ligand, for the conversion of substituted cyclohexanones to the corresponding phenols. The reaction proceeds via successive dehydrogenation of two saturated carbon-carbon bonds of the six-membered ring and uses molecular oxygen as the hydrogen acceptor. This reactivity demonstrates a versatile and efficient strategy for the synthesis of substituted aromatic molecules with fundamentally different selectivity constraints from the numerous known synthetic methods that rely on substitution of a preexisting aromatic ring.
Two-jets of conformal fields along their zero sets

The connected components of the zero set of any conformal vector field v, in a pseudo-Riemannian manifold (M, g) of arbitrary signature, are of two types, which may be called ‘essential’ and ‘nonessential’. The former consist of points at which v is essential, that is, cannot be turned into a Killing field by a local conformal change of the metric. In a component of the latter type, points at which v is nonessential form a relatively-open dense subset that is at the same time a totally umbilical submanifold of (M, g). An essential component is always a null totally geodesic submanifold of (M, g), and so is the set of those points in a nonessential component at which v is essential (unless this set, consisting precisely of all the singular points of the component, is empty). Both kinds of null totally geodesic submanifolds arising here carry a 1-form, defined up to multiplications by functions without zeros, which satisfies a projective version of the Killing equation. The conformal-equivalence type of the 2-jet of v is locally constant along the nonessential submanifold of a nonessential component, and along an essential component on which the distinguished 1-form is nonzero. The characteristic polynomial of the 1-jet of v is always locally constant along the zero set.
FpSynt: A fixed-point datapath synthesis tool for embedded systems

Digital mobile systems must function with low power, small size and weight, and low cost. High-performance desktop microprocessors, with built-in floating point hardware, are not suitable in these cases. For embedded systems, it can be advantageous to implement these calculations with fixed point arithmetic instead. We present an automated fixed-point data path synthesis tool FpSynt for designing embedded applications in fixed-point domain with sufficient accuracy for most applications.
Hypertension Treatment for Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease is common and frequently complicated with hypertension. As a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in this high risk population, treatment of hypertension in chronic kidney disease is of paramount importance. We review the epidemiology and pathogenesis of hypertension in chronic kidney disease and then update the latest study results for treatment including salt restriction, invasive endovascular procedures, and pharmacologic therapy. Recent trials draw into question the efficacy of renal artery stenting or renal denervation for hypertension in chronic kidney disease, as well as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade as first line therapy of hypertension in end stage renal disease. Positive trial results reemphasize salt restriction and challenge the prevailing prejudice against the use of thiazide-like diuretics in advanced chronic kidney disease. Last, clinical practice guidelines are trending away from recommending tight blood pressure control in chronic kidney disease.
Spacecraft trajectory planning with avoidance constraints using mixed-integer linear programming

Amethod for e nding fuel-optimal trajectoriesfor spacecraft subjected to avoidancerequirements is introduced. These include avoidance of collisions with obstacles or other vehicles and prevention of thruster plumes from one spacecraft impinging on another spacecraft. The necessary logical constraints for avoidance are appended to a fuel-optimizinglinearprogramby includingbinaryvariablesin theoptimization.Theresulting problem isa mixedintegerlinearprogram (MILP)thatcan besolved using availablesoftware. Thelogical constraints can also beused to express the cone guration requirements for maneuvers where only the e nal relative alignment of the vehicles is important and the assignment of spacecraft within the e eet is not specie ed. The collision avoidance, trajectory optimization, and e eet assignment problems can be combined into a single MILP to obtain the optimal solution for these maneuvers. The MILP problem formulation, including these various avoidance constraints, is presented, and then several examples of their application to spacecraft maneuvers, including recone guration of a satellite formation and close inspection of the International Space Station by a microsatellite, are shown. These examples clearly showthat the trajectory design methods presented areparticularly wellsuited to proposed formation e ying missions that involve multiple vehicles operating in close proximity. Nomenclature G = number of global cone gurations available for end states M = large number for logical constraints N = number of dimensions P = plume length T = number of time steps u = control input V = number of vehicles W = plume width x = vehicle state Subscripts g = global cone guration for e nal states i = time step l = obstacle n, m = axes in some orthogonal coordinate frame p, q = vehicles r = position within e nal cone guration
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION, RISK PERCEPTION, AND THE VIABILITY OF PREVENTIVE VACCINATION AGAINST COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Because of the nature of preventive vaccination programs, the viability of these public health interventions is particularly susceptible to public perceptions. This is because vaccination relies on a concept of ‘herd immunity’, achievement of which requires rational public behavior that can only be obtained through full and accurate communication about risks and benefits. This paper describes how irrational behavior that threatens the effectiveness of vaccination programs ‐ both in crisis and non-crisis situations ‐ can be tied to public perceptions created by media portrayals of health risks. I concentrate on childhood vaccination as an exemplar of ‘non-crisis’ preventive vaccination, and on the recent flu vaccine shortage as a ‘crisis’ situation. The paper concludes with an examination of the steps necessary to resolve these threats through better public communication. The shortage of flu vaccine caused by contamination at the manufacturing plant of vaccine maker Chiron has necessitated social policies that restrict access to vaccine, targeting distribution to ‘high-risk’ groups such as infants, pregnant women, the elderly, and the immuno-compromised. Despite attempts at public education about these restrictions, problems have arisen concerning compliance with distribution standards: while many high-risk people have had difficulty gaining access to flu vaccine, the vaccine has been available to many who are not eligible for access under CDC guidelines. For example, bioethicist Art Caplan describes not only a litany of access violations, but his own personal experience of offers of access to flu vaccine in an editorial published
Performance Guarantee Under Longest-Queue-First Schedule in Wireless Networks

Efficient link scheduling in a wireless network is challenging. Typical optimal algorithms require solving an NP-hard subproblem. To meet the challenge, one stream of research focuses on finding simpler suboptimal algorithms that have low complexity but high efficiency in practice. In this paper, we study the performance guarantee of one such scheduling algorithm, the longest-queue-first (LQF) algorithm. It is known that the LQF algorithm achieves the full capacity region, $\Lambda $ , when the interference graph satisfies the so-called local pooling condition. For a general graph $G$ , LQF achieves (i.e., stabilizes) a part of the capacity region, $\sigma ^{\ast }(G) \Lambda $ , where $\sigma ^{\ast }(G)$ is the overall local pooling factor of the interference graph $G$ and $\sigma ^{\ast }(G) \leq 1$ . It has been shown later that LQF achieves a larger rate region, $\Sigma ^{\ast }(G) \Lambda $ , where $\Sigma ^{\ast }(G)$ is a diagonal matrix. The contribution of this paper is to describe three new achievable rate regions, which are larger than the previously known regions. In particular, the new regions include all the extreme points of the capacity region and are not convex in general. We also discover a counterintuitive phenomenon in which increasing the arrival rate may sometime help to stabilize the network. This phenomenon can be well explained using the theory developed in this paper.
Diastereocontrol in the asymmetric dihydroxylation of chiral 3-alkenyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazoles

Abstract Catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of 4 afforded virtually one diastereomer using (DHQD)2-PHAL as a chiral auxiliary (matched pair; 96% d.e.); the other diastereomer was heavily predominant with (DHQ)2-PHAL as the chiral auxiliary (mismatched pair; 90% d.e.).
A novel selective route to 1‐substituted benzotriazoles via lithiation of simple 1‐alkylbenzotriazoles

1-Methylbenzotriazole (2a) is lithiated readily with butyllithium or LDA at the methyl group to 4 and the subsequent reaction with various electrophiles provides 1-substituted benzotriazoles 5. Other 1-(n-alkyl)benzotriazoles 2 also undergo lithiation with LDA, the carbanions can be trapped with alkyl halides giving benzotriazoles 6 bearing secondary alkyl groups on the N-1 atom. On standing in the absence of electrophiles, all the lithium derivatives decompose to afford complex mixtures.
Domain walls of D=5 supergravity and fixed points of N=1 super-Yang–Mills

Employing the AdS/CFT correspondence, we give an explicit supergravity picture for the renormalization group flow of couplings 4-d super-Yang–Mills with four supercharges. The solution represents a domain wall of 5-d, N=2 supergravity, that interpolates between two (different) AdS5 vacua and is obtained by gauging a U(1) subgroup of the SU(2) R-symmetry. On the supergravity side the domain wall couples only to scalar fields from vector multiplets, but not to scalars from hypermultiplets. We discuss the c-theorem, the β-functions and consider two examples: one is the sugra solution related to Z_k orbifolds (corresponding to N=2 SYM) and the other is an orientifold construction for an elliptically fibered CY with F_1 basis (corresponding to N=1 SYM).
Synthesis, reactivity, and coordination chemistry of secondary phosphines

Abstract The coordination chemistry of secondary phosphines is reviewed. Although the number of secondary phosphine complexes is still relatively small, a number of important uses for these complexes have emerged. In particular, they are useful precursors in the synthesis of asymmetric tertiary phosphines, and they are important synthetic intermediates in the preparation of phosphine macrocycles. The use of secondary phosphine complexes in homogeneous catalysis is limited because the complexes are generally unstable under catalytic conditions. The physical properties of secondary phosphines are briefly discussed first, followed by a review of the synthetic routes used to prepare them. The metal complexes of secondary phosphines are then reviewed according to their group in the periodic table. A special focus of this latter section is on secondary phosphine complexes used in the preparation of phosphine macrocycles.
Charmonium cross-sections and the QGP

In this contribution we summarize experimental information and theoretical results for the dissociation cross-sections of charmonium by light hadrons, which are of great importance for the identification of a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Recent theoretical predictions for these cross-sections differ by orders of magnitude over the physically relevant energy range. The methods discussed here include a color-dipole model, meson exchange models, a quark interchange model, and QCD sum rules.
Measuring the Effect of Sexual Orientation on Income: Evidence of Discrimination?

The effect of nonheterosexuality on individual income is estimated using 1991–1996 General Social Survey data. Other researchers have concluded that homosexuals earn less than similarly qualified workers, in contrast to the popular perception that homosexuals are more affluent than nonhomosexuals. Using improved statistical techniques, this article finds noticeable earnings effects that go in opposite directions across genders. Nonheterosexual men earn 22% less than heterosexual men, and nonheterosexual women earn 30% more than heterosexual women. These findings, viewed together with previous empirical work on this topic, help narrow the field of theories that can explain the sexual-orientation earnings gaps present in the data.
The Operator Hilbert Space OH and Type III Von Neumann Algebras

A proof is given to show that the operator Hilbert space OH does not embed completely isomorphically into the predual of a semi-finite von Neumann algebra. This complements Junge’s recent result, which admits such an embedding in the non-semi-finite case. In remarkable recent work [5], Marius Junge proves that the operator Hilbert space OH (from [8]; see also [10]) embeds completely isomorphically into the predual M∗ of a von Neumann algebra M which is of type III; thus this algebra M is not semi-finite. In this paper, we show that no such embedding can exist when M is semi-finite. The results that we have just stated all belong to the currently very active field of ‘operator spaces’, for which we refer the reader to the monographs [2, 11]. We merely recall a few basic facts, relevant to the present paper. An operator space is a Banach space, given together with an isometric embedding E ⊂ B(H )i nto the algebra B(H) of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space H. Using this embedding, we equip the space Mn(E) (consisting of the n × n matrices with entries in E) with the norm induced by the space Mn(B(H)), naturally identified isometrically with B(H ⊕···⊕ H).
Subsequent singularities in mean-convex mean curvature flow

We use Ilmanen’s elliptic regularization to prove that for an initially smooth mean convex hypersurface in $$\mathbf {R}^n$$ moving by mean curvature flow, the surface is very nearly convex in a spacetime neighborhood of every singularity. In particular, the tangent flows are all shrinking spheres or cylinders. Previously this was known only (1) for $$n\le 7$$ , and (2) for arbitrary $$n$$ up to the first singular time.
Spatiotemporal Organization of Energy Release Events in the Quiet Solar Corona

Using data from the STEREO and SOHO spacecraft, we show that temporal organization of energy release events in the quiet solar corona is close to random, in contrast to the clustered behavior of flaring times in solar active regions. The locations of the quiet-Sun events follow the meso- and supergranulation pattern of the underling photosphere. Together with earlier reports of the scale-free event size statistics, our findings suggest that quiet solar regions responsible for bulk coronal heating operate in a driven self-organized critical state, possibly involving long-range Alfvenic interactions.
Parameter estimation for process control with neural networks

Abstract Neural networks are applied to the problem of parameter estimation for process systems. Neural network parameter estimators for a given parametrized model structure can be developed by supervised learning. Training examples can be dynamically generated by using a process simulation, resulting in trained networks that are capable of high generalization. This approach can be used for a variety of parameter estimation applications. A proof-of-concept open-loop delay estimator is described, and extensive simulation results are detailed. Some results of other parameter estimation networks are also given. Extensions to recursive and closed-loop identification and application to higher-order processes are discussed.
CEO turnover and the firm's investment decisions

Abstract This paper examines the relation between management turnover and divestitures of recently acquired divisions. The empirical results indicate that at the time of a management change, there is an increased probability of divesting an acquisition at a loss or one considered unprofitable by the press. The probability increases by about the same amount regardless of whether the change is an apparent age-65 retirement or a resignation. Overall, the results are consistent with a variety of agency-based theories of corporate investment and suggest that management changes are important events for corporations because they lead to reversals of poor prior decisions.
Delusional thinking and cognitive disorder.

A hypothesis is presented regarding the genesis of paranoid delusion that attempts to take into account certain data. The data of interest are (a) the failure to find evidence of cognitive impairment in diagnosed paranoid patients, (b) the evidence of perceptual disorder as a primary and prior condition in the natural history of the clinical development of delusions and the empirical relationship of the perceptual disorder to presence of “thought disorder,” (c) the failure to find evidence supporting universal psychodynamic patterns of etiology, (d) appearance of “delusional” phenomena in normal subjects in situations of deviant sensory experience, and (e) the reports of articulate patients writing of their experiences.
Neuroprotective Agents in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Recent scientific data suggest that there is a “window of opportunity” between the onset of brain ischemia and irreversible neuronal death. Although neurons can withstand complete absence of blood flow for only minutes, collateral circulation typically surrounds the “core” of the stroke. In these brain regions known as the ischemic penumbra, brain tissue can survive for several hours following stroke onset. Recent studies suggest that neuroprotective agents would give these viable neurons the chance for recovery. This article reviews the mechanisms of ischemic neuronal injury, mechanism of action of neuroprotective agents, current neuroprotective clinical trials, and guidelines for patient care management.
Mergers that harm competitors

Standard models of oligopolistic interdependence predict that firms remaining outside of a horizontal merger will benefit from it. Why, then, do nonparticipating firms feel threatened by mergers? This paper shows that under reasonable conditions a non-participating firm is harmed by a merger. The analysis is based on a spatial equilibrium with suppliers and demanders located at fixed points. Mergers harm non-participating firms as a result of the decrease in the level of marginal costs of the merged firm attributable to decreased output in markets where competition is eliminated. This lowered marginal cost makes the merged firm a more formidable competitor in markets in which outsiders participate. This effect is in almost all cases sufficient to make outsiders worse off after a merger. Simulations on a sample of spatial equilibria show that the harm to outsiders is a reliable index of the harm that the merger causes to social welfare.
X-ray analog pixel array detector for single synchrotron bunch time-resolved imaging

Dynamic X-ray studies can reach temporal resolutions limited by only the X-ray pulse duration if the detector is fast enough to segregate synchrotron pulses. An analog integrating pixel array detector with in-pixel storage and temporal resolution of around 150 ns, sufficient to isolate pulses, is presented. Analog integration minimizes count-rate limitations and in-pixel storage captures successive pulses. Fundamental tests of noise and linearity as well as high-speed laser measurements are shown. The detector resolved individual bunch trains at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source at levels of up to 3.7 × 103 X-rays per pixel per train. When applied to turn-by-turn X-ray beam characterization, single-shot intensity measurements were made with a repeatability of 0.4% and horizontal oscillations of the positron cloud were detected.
Practical stability of high eccentricity orbits quasi-normal to the ecliptic.

Practical stability of highly eccentric orbits quasi-normal to ecliptic, discussing parameters influence on orbital lifetime with reference to approximate stability criteria
The Influence of Rest Period Instructions on the Default Mode Network

The default mode network (DMN) refers to regional brain activity that is greater during rest periods than during attention-demanding tasks; many studies have reported DMN alterations in patient populations. It has also been shown that the DMN is suppressed by scanner background noise (SBN), which is the noise produced by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, it is unclear whether different approaches to "rest" in the noisy MR environment can alter the DMN and constitute a confound in studies investigating the DMN in particular patient populations (e.g., individuals with schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease). We examined 27 healthy adult volunteers who completed an fMRI experiment with three different instructions for rest: (1) relax and be still, (2) attend to SBN, or (3) ignore SBN. Region of interest analyses were performed to determine the influence of rest period instructions on core regions of the DMN and DMN regions previously reported to be altered in patients with or at risk for Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. The dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) exhibited greater activity when specific resting instructions were given (i.e., attend to or ignore SBN) compared to when non-specific resting instructions were given. Condition-related differences in connectivity were also observed between regions of the dmPFC and inferior parietal/posterior superior temporal cortex. We conclude that rest period instructions and SBN levels should be carefully considered for fMRI studies on the DMN, especially studies on clinical populations and groups that may have different approaches to rest, such as first-time research participants and children.
A New Culprit in the Second-Parameter Problem in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy?

Color-magnitude diagrams from deep, wide-field CCD photometry of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy reveal that the red horizontal branch (RHB) stars are strongly concentrated toward the center of the galaxy relative to the dominant old population in Sculptor, confirming an earlier claim of such a gradient. Since we find no radial gradients of the age or metallicity distribution within Sculptor, neither age nor metallicity can individually account for the internal "second-parameter" problem observed within the galaxy. We have also identified an unusual "spur" of stars that extends from the main-sequence turnoff region and is located between the canonical blue straggler region and the subgiant branch. These stars are also more centrally concentrated than the oldest stars in Sculptor, although not as extremely as the RHB stars. Unable to convincingly interpret the spur either as an unusual young population or as a foreground population of stars, we conclude that binary stars offer the most reasonable explanation for the origin of the spur that is also consistent with other features in the CMD of Sculptor. We infer that 30%-60% of all apparently single stars in the inner region of Sculptor may be binaries. We speculate that the possible radial gradient in the binary-star population may be related to the variation of the HB morphology in Sculptor.
Structure and composition of the Ag (111) surface as a function of electrode potential in aqueous halide solutions

Studies by means of Auger spectroscopy, LEED and voltammetry are reported of the surface layers which were formed when a well-defined Ag (111) surface was immersed into aqueous halide solutions (KF, KCl, KBr or KI) at controlled pH and electrode potential. Electrode potentials spanning the range from water reduction to silver oxidation were studied at pH 4 and 10. Surface composition (F, Cl, Br or I, O, K and Ag) was monitored as a function of electrode potential by means of Auger spectroscopy following immersion. Strong adsorption of Cl, Br and I but not F occurred throughout most of the potential range, including simple immersion at open-circuit. Strength of adsorption of Cl and Br diminished significantly at extremely negative potentials near the solvent-reduction limit at pH 10; however, iodide was adsorbed strongly at all potentials studied. Reductive desorption of Cl and Br from Ag (111) involved transfer of one electron per halogen atom in a very broad voltammetric peak spanning much of the accessible potential range, Cl and Br formed Ag (111) ()R30° structures, while iodide yielded some of the same complex structures as reported for Ag deposition at iodine-pretreated Pt (111). That is, the silver surface is reconstructed in I− solutions.
Energy Losses and Mean Free Paths of Electrons in Silicon Dioxide

Theoretical models and calculations are combined with experimental optical data to determine a model energy-loss function for SiO2. Sum-rule checks and comparisons with experimental information are made to insure overall consistency of the model. The model energy-loss function is employed to calculate electron inelastic mean free paths and stopping powers for electrons with energies ? 10 keV in SiO2.
Anisotropic models of the upper mantle

Long period Rayleigh wave and Love wave dispersion data, particularly for oceanic areas, have not been simultaneously satisfied by an isotropic structure. In this paper available phase and group velocity data are inverted by a procedure which includes the effects of transverse anisotropy, anelastic dispersion, sphericity, and gravity. We assume that the surface wave data represents an azimuthal average of actual velocities. Thus, we can treat the mantle as transversely isotropic. The resulting models for average Earth, average ocean, and oceanic regions divided according to the age of the ocean floor, are quite different from previous results which ignore the above effects. The models show a low-velocity zone with age dependent anisotropy and velocities higher than derived in previous surface wave studies. The correspondence between the anisotropy variation with age and a physical model based on flow aligned olivine is suggestive. For most of the Earth SH > SV in the vicinity of the low-velocity zone. Neat the East Pacific Rise, however, SV > SH at depth, consistent with ascending flow. Anisotropy is as important as temperature in causing radial and lateral variations in velocity. The models have a high velocity nearly isotropic layer at the top of the mantle that thickens with age. This layer defines the LID, or seismic lithosphere. In the Pacific, the LID thickens with age to a maximum thickness of ∼50 km. This thickness is comparable to the thickness of the elastic lithosphere. The LID thickness is thinner than derived using isotropic or pseudo-isotropic procedures. A new model for average Earth is obtained which includes a thin LID. This model extends the fit of a PREM, type model to shorter period surface waves.
A Novel and Efficient Synthesis of 2,3-Dichloroquinoline

Abstract 2,3-Dichloroquinoline was prepared in three steps in good overall yield from commercial 3-bromoquinoline via N-oxide formation and rearrangement to 3-bromocarbostyril, followed by a one-pot conversion to 3-bromo-2-chloroquinoline and halogen exchange to the title compound.
Predecisional Distortion of Evidence as a Consequence of Real‐Time Audit Review

With the current shift toward real‐time audit review, subordinates become aware of supervisors' views earlier in the audit process. I use an experiment to examine whether earlier knowledge of supervisors' views increases subordinates' tendencies to agree with those views because subordinates predecisionally distort evidence. In a going‐concern task, I find that auditors who learn the partner's view before evaluating evidence (1) evaluate individual evidence items as more consistent with the partner's view, and (2) make going‐concern judgments that are more consistent with the partner's view, than do auditors who learn the same partner's view after evaluating evidence. In a second experiment, I examine whether auditors anticipate the distortion's effect on subordinates' judgments. I find that auditors expect subordinates to make judgments that agree with supervisors' views, but auditors do not expect subordinates to agree even more with those views when subordinates learn those views earlier in the audit p...
The Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy after Tubal Sterilization

Background Tubal sterilization is an increasingly common method of contraception in the United States. Although pregnancy after sterilization is uncommon, it can occur and may be ectopic. We used data from the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization to estimate the risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who had undergone the common types of tubal sterilization. Methods A total of 10,685 women undergoing tubal sterilization were followed in a multicenter, prospective cohort study. We intended to follow all the women for 5 years by means of annual telephone interviews; for women enrolled early in the study, we attempted an additional follow-up telephone interview 8 to 14 years after sterilization. To assess the risk of ectopic pregnancy in these women, we used cumulative life-table probabilities and proportional-hazards analysis. Results There were 47 ectopic pregnancies in the 10,685 women; the 10-year cumulative probability of ectopic pregnancy for all methods of tubal sterilization combined was 7.3 per 10...
A complex Frobenius theorem, multiplier ideal sheaves and Hermitian-Einstein metrics on stable bundles

A complex Frobenius theorem is proved for subsheaves of a holomorphic vector bundle satisfying a finite generation condition and a differential inclusion relation. A notion of 'multiplier ideal sheaf' for a sequence of Hermitian metrics is defined. The complex Frobenius theorem is applied to the multiplier ideal sheaf of a sequence of metrics along Donaldson's heat flow to give a construction of the destabilizing subsheaf appearing in the Donaldson-Uhlenbeck-Yau theorem, in the case of algebraic surfaces.
Extension of Euler's theorem to n-dimensional spaces

Euler's theorem states that any sequence of finite rotations of a rigid body can be described as a single rotation of the body about a fixed axis in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The usual statement of the theorem in the literature cannot be extended to Euclidean spaces of other dimensions. Equivalent formulations of the theorem are given and proved in a way which does not limit them to the three-dimensional Euclidean space. Thus, the equivalent theorems hold in other dimensions. The proof of one formulation presents an algorithm which shows how to compute an angular-difference matrix that represents a single rotation which is equivalent to the sequence of rotations that have generated the final n-D orientation. This algorithm results also in a constant angular velocity which, when applied to the initial orientation, eventually yields the final orientation regardless of what angular velocity generated the latter. The extension of the theorem is demonstrated in a four-dimensional numerical example. The issue of the correct n-D representation of angular velocity is discussed. >
Computer-Based Structure Determination: Then and Now

A widely practiced approach to structure elucidation is based on the chemical and/or the spectral properties of the compound of unknown structure. As the power and sophistication of spectrometers improved, spectral data assumed a more central role. With increasing amounts of such data to process, it was natural to look to the computer to enhance productivity. This paper traces the development of computer-based tools for structure elucidation.
STRIPES, NON-FERMI-LIQUID BEHAVIOR, AND TWO-COMPONENT TRANSPORT IN THE HIGH-Tc CUPRATES

Abstract Non-Fermi-liquid features of the high- T c cuprates, and specifically the systematic behavior of the resistivity, Hall constant, and thermoelectric power, are shown to result from an electronic structure based on “large- U ” and “small- U ” orbitals, and the resulting striped structure.
Predicting success using individualized scheduled toileting for memory‐impaired elders at home

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of an individualized scheduled toileting (IST) program on incontinent, memory-impaired elders being cared for at home. Using a 2 x 2 mixed design analysis of variance (group by time), 118 patients were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. Caregivers in the experimental group were taught the IST procedure. Urinary incontinence (UI) was measured at baseline and at 6 months. Weeklong voiding records were kept by caregivers and were used to calculate the percentage of times the incontinence occurred. UI significantly decreased in the experimental group, whereas in the control group it did not. The baseline cognitive ability, mobility, and consistency of implementing IST were entered into a discriminant function equation and significantly predicted patients who would improve with IST. Cognitive ability was the best predictor, with mobility also emerging as a meaningful predictor. Candidates for IST should be selected based on elders' cognitive ability and their ability to cooperate with toileting. Moderately cognitively impaired elders and ones able to cooperate with toileting protocols are prime candidates for IST.
Young L Dwarfs Identified in the Field: A Preliminary Low-Gravity, Optical Spectral Sequence from L0 to L5

We present an analysis of 23 L dwarfs whose optical spectra display unusual features. Twenty-one were uncovered during our search for nearby, late-type objects using the Two Micron All Sky Survey, while two were identified in the literature. The unusual spectral features, notably weak FeH molecular absorption and weak Na I and K I doublets, are attributable to low gravity and indicate that these L dwarfs are young, low-mass brown dwarfs. We use these data to expand the spectral classification scheme for L0- to L5-type dwarfs to include three gravity classes. Most of the low-gravity L dwarfs have southerly declinations and distance estimates within 60 pc. Their implied youth, on-sky distribution, and distances suggest that they are members of nearby, intermediate-age (~10-100 Myr), loose associations such as the β Pictoris moving group, the Tucana/Horologium Association, and the AB Doradus moving group. At an age of 30 Myr and with effective temperatures from 1500 to 2400 K, evolutionary models predict masses of 11-30 MJupiter for these objects. One object, 2M 0355+11, with J – Ks = 2.52 ± 0.03, is the reddest L dwarf found in the field and its late spectral type and spectral features indicative of a very low gravity suggest it might also be the lowest mass field L dwarf. However, before ages and masses can be confidently adopted for any of these low-gravity L dwarfs, additional kinematic observations are needed to confirm cluster membership.
Reactions of mixtures of toluene and methanol over ZSM-5

Abstract Methanol, in the presence of toluene, was completely converted to hydrocarbons above 400 °C. However, depending on the ratio of toluene to methanol in the feed mixture and the reaction severity, only a fraction of the methanol participated in the toluene alkylation reaction, with the remainder being converted to gaseous hydrocarbons. Alkylation is found to be ortho/para -directing over the small-crystal ZSM-5, similar to that found with aluminum chloride and amorphous silica/alumina catalysts, whereas the large crystals showed high para selectivity. The catalytic results are shown to be consistent with the diffusion characteristics of the zeolite.
Investment incentives and effective tax rates in the Philippines: a comparison with neighboring countries

This paper compares the general tax provisions and investment incentives in the Philippines to six other East Asian economies – Malaysia, Indonesia, Lao, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. It finds that general effective tax rates are relatively high in the Philippines, while investment incentives are comparable to those in neighboring countries. Tax holidays are most attractive for very profitable firms, creating redundancy, and for investment in short-lived assets. Two recently proposed tax reforms would replace tax holidays by a reduced corporate income tax rate or a low tax on gross receipts. The results suggest that this would result in stronger incentives to invest, while government revenue would increase. Alternatively, replacing tax holidays with a general reduction in the corporate tax rate and accelerated depreciation would either not provide the same incentives or be very costly.
Unitarity limits on the mass and radius of dark-matter particles

Using partial wave unitarity and the observed density of the Universe, it is show that a stable elementary particle which was once in thermal equilibrium cannot have a mass greater than 340 TeV. An extended object which was once in thermal equilibrium cannot have a radius less than 7.5 x 10(exp -7) fm. A lower limit to the relic abundance of such particles is also found.
Neural Network Modeling of Growth Processes

Process control based on physics-based modeling requires detailed real-time reactor simulations, which are currently not realistic. For such process control models to be feasible, information from reactor simulations must therefore be represented in a compact model. In this paper, we have developed a neural network based model for chemical vapor deposition. Detailed reactor simulations are used to train the neural network and the network predictions are then validated by additional simulations, We show that the current model is capable of accurately representing the process parameter space, thereby enabling use of the trained network for process control and design.