cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated districting, fleet composition, and inventory planning for a multi-retailer distribution system

We study an integrated districting, fleet composition, and inventory planning problem for a multi-retailer distribution system. In particular, we analyze the districting decisions for a set of retailers such that the retailers within the same district share truck capacity for their shipment requirements. The number of trucks of each type dedicated to a retailer district and retailer inventory planning decisions are jointly determined in a district formation problem. We provide a mixed-integer-nonlinear programming formulation for this problem and develop a column generation based heuristic approach for its set partitioning formulation. To do so, we first characterize important properties of the optimal fleet composition and inventory planning decisions for a given retailer district. Then, we utilize these properties within a branch-and-price method to solve the integrated districting, fleet composition, and inventory planning problem. A set of numerical studies demonstrates the efficiency of the solution methods discussed for the investigated subproblems. An additional set of numerical studies compares the branch-and-price method to a commercial solver and an evolutionary heuristic method. Further numerical studies illustrate the economic as well as environmental benefits of the integrated modeling approach for various settings.
Metalorganic solution deposition of lead zirconate titanate films onto an additively manufactured Ni-based superalloy

Abstract Recent advances in additive manufacturing of high-temperature alloys for structural aerospace applications has led to interest in integrating additional functionality into such parts. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is a prototypical ferroelectric ceramic used as the electro-active material in many piezoelectric sensors and actuators. In this study, 300 nm thick PbZr 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3 (PZT 20/80) films were grown using metalorganic solution deposition onto additively manufactured substrates of Inconel 718. The microstructures of the films and the nature of the film/substrate interfaces were characterized using a combination of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques. Electrical measurements were performed to determine the ferroelectric, dielectric, and conductive responses of the PZT films. Our findings show that the PZT films exhibit robust ferroelectricity characterized by well-defined polarization-applied electric field ( P - E ) hysteresis loops. The samples display internal bias of up to ∼40 kV/cm. The room temperature remnant polarization and the small signal dielectric permittivity are ∼70 μC/cm 2 and 205, respectively. The dielectric loss (tan δ ) and the leakage current at 1 kHz are 9% and 1 nA at 1 V, respectively. We attribute the internal bias observed in the hysteresis loops and the overall large dielectric losses to the presence of an intermediate oxide layer at the PZT/Inconel interface, which forms during the high temperature crystallization of the ferroelectric film. These results show that it is possible to grow functional oxides with promising electrical properties onto additively manufactured metallic substrates.
Ethnic Conflict and the Ethics of Care

I will consider in this paper problems of ethnic conflict and violence, the inadequacies of much contemporary political and moral theory in dealing with these problems, and the greater suitability of Peter French’s work for conceptualizing and handling various issues involved. I will conclude with a discussion of the newly developed moral theory of the ethics of care, its greater promise for understanding ethnic conflict, and its compatibility with many of French’s concerns.
PI 3-Kinase and Receptor-Linked Signal Transduction

Classical phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism leading to the well-known second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), was elucidated more than 10 years ago (Fig. 4-1A). Many mitogenic signals stimulate PI turnover and transformed cells have constitutively activated PI turnover. It was work on this classical pathway that eventually led to the discovery of the novel PI pathway. Let us first look briefly at the classical pathway, in which phosphatidylinositol (Ptdlns) is phosphorylated by PtdIns 4-kinase to PtdIns-4-P, which is subsequently phosphorylated by PtdIns-4-P 5-kinase to form PtdIns-4,5-P2. Much of the PtdIns-4,5-P2 in the cell is found on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. This lipid can serve as a substrate for PI-specific phospholipase C (PLC), liberating DAG and IP3. IP3 is a water-soluble molecule which, when released into the cytosol, acts to liberate intracellular stores of Ca2+, increasing the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ from the resting level of ~110 nM to 400–1000 nM, which in turn can activate a number of Ca2+-sensitive enzymes and channels. The DAG released from Ptdlns-4,5-P2 remains in the membrane and serves as a cofactor in activating many of the protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes.
Progressive Brain Disorders in Childhood

Progressive neurodevelopmental disorders that affect the development of the infant brain can have detrimental impacts on a range of cognitive and emotional behaviors. The identification and management of these disorders can be challenging for neurologists, pediatricians and other healthcare professionals who encounter these conditions in their practices. This book is essential for teaching medical practitioners how to promptly identify neurological regression during childhood development and investigate disorders in sufficient depth to be able to arrive at a precise syndromic diagnosis, plan appropriate management for the patient, and offer advice to caregivers. The text provides a platform for clinicians - new and experienced - to expose their knowledge gaps in the field of neurodegenerative and related disorders. Individual disorders are analyzed by age of onset, with attention given to disorders present in utero, in the newborn, in the infant, and the adolescent, making this a practical and comprehensive guide for any healthcare professional.
Cannabis-Related Problems and Social Anxiety: The Mediational Role of Post-Event Processing

ABSTRACTBackground: Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the US, and is associated with a range of psychological, social, and physical health-related problems. Individuals who endorse elevated levels of social anxiety are especially at risk for experiencing cannabis-related problems, including cannabis use disorder, despite not using cannabis more often than those with more normative social anxiety. Identification of mechanisms that underlie the relationship between social anxiety and cannabis-related problems may inform treatment and prevention efforts. Post-event processing (PEP, i.e., cognitively reviewing past social interactions/performances) is a social anxiety-related phenomenon that may be one such mechanism. Objectives: The current study sought to test PEP as a mediator of the relationship between social anxiety and cannabis-related problems, adjusting for cannabis use frequency. Method: Cannabis-using (past 3-month) undergraduate students recruited in 2015 (N = 244; 76.2% female; 7...
Comparison of Double-Freeze versus Modified Triple-Freeze Pulmonary Cryoablation and Hemorrhage Volume Using Different Probe Sizes in an In Vivo Porcine Lung.

Abstract Purpose To determine size of ablation zone and pulmonary hemorrhage in double-freeze (DF) vs modified triple-freeze (mTF) cryoablation protocols with different probe sizes in porcine lung. Materials and Methods In 10 healthy adult pigs, 20 pulmonary cryoablations were performed using either a 2.4-mm or a 1.7-mm probe. Either conventional DF or mTF protocol was used. Serial noncontrast CT scans were performed during ablations. Ablation iceball and hemorrhage volumes were measured and compared between protocols and probe sizes. Results With 1.7-mm probe, greater peak iceball volume was observed with DF compared with mTF, although difference was not statistically significant (16.1 mL ± 1.9 vs 8.8 mL ± 3.6, P = .07). With 2.4-mm probe, DF and mTF produced similar peak iceball volumes (14.0 mL ± 2.8 vs 14.6 mL ± 2.7, P = .88). Midcycle hemorrhage was significantly larger with DF with the 1.7-mm probe (94.3 mL ± 22.2 vs 19.6 mL ± 2.1, P = .02) and with both sizes combined (93.2 mL ± 17.5 vs. 50.9 mL ± 12.6, P = .048). Rate of hemorrhage increase was significantly higher in DF (10.4 mL/min vs 5.1 mL/min, P = .003). End-cycle hemorrhage was visibly larger in DF compared with mTF across probe sizes, although differences were not statistically significant ( P = .14 for 1.7 mm probe, P = .18 for 2.4 mm probe, and P = .07 for both probes combined). Rate of increase in hemorrhage during the last thaw period was not statistically different between DF and mTF (3.0 mL/min vs 2.8 mL/min, P = .992). Conclusions mTF reduced rate of midcycle hemorrhage compared with DF. With mTF, midcycle hemorrhage was significantly smaller with 1.7-mm probe; although noticeably smaller with 2.4-mm probe, statistical significance was not achieved. Iceball size was not significantly different across both protocols and probe types.
Clinical Ethics and Resource Allocation: The Problem of Chronic Illness in Childhood

The special burdens of families with severely ill children provide a vivid illustration of the problems of combining compassion with justice in resource allocation. Both should be used in framing public policy affecting them. This paper is written from two perspectives: that of a general pediatrician caring for many chronically ill children who is also a student of public policy exploring program choices for families and children at the federal, state and local levels.1
Bridging Interdisciplinary Boundaries: The Case of Kin Terms

A great debate over kin term analysis was waged for two decades beginning in the mid-1950s. By the end of this period, the principal dispute was between two different approaches to fractionating the meanings of the terms. In componential analysis, each term took a unique set of values on a set of abstract dimensions such as sex, generation and lineality; the results were displayed in a tabular format (componential paradigm). In relational analysis, each term was analyzed as a composition of one or more relational components; for example, a grandparent is the parent of a parent. This dispute petered out by the mid-1970s despite the fact that it remained unresolved. In this paper I take up where the debate left off, for two reasons: (1) an integrated account can now be offered, within which the two approaches that appeared to be at odds fit together as pieces of a solution; and (2) the history of the debate and its resolution in an integrated account provide a particularly illuminating case study of how disciplines such as linguistics and psychology relate to one another. In what follows, first, the debate over kin terms is placed in the context of an account of disciplinary structure and interrelationships which I recently proposed (Abrahamsen, 1987, from which some of the following exposition is drawn); second, the high points of the debate are introduced, and the integrated account is discussed in some detail.
Association between bovine viral diarrhea virus load in subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in persistently infected animals and health outcome

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can cause acute and persistent infections. BVDV acute infection results in generalized immunosuppression characterized by lymphocytopenia typically associated with depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. BVDV persistent infection is the result of immune tolerance and is not associated with lymphocytopenia. The health outcome of persistently infected (PI) calves varies widely; some die of mucosal disease, some succumb to ill thrift and others survive to adulthood. Detection of BVDV at the single lymphoid cell level is important to the study of subsets of PBMC in acute and persistent infections, however there are few methods available for the detection and quantification of BVDV at the single cell level. To circumvent this difficulty, a novel PrimeFlow RNA assay using in-situ detection of BVDV was developed. This assay was used to evaluate differences in viral distribution within subsets of PBMC over time in PI calves carrying one of two different species of BVDV (type 1 and type 2). Calves were sampled at 3 different time points at least one month apart. During the course of the study, a subset of the calves died from ill thrift. Mucosal disease was not indicated in any of the deaths. Using RNA probes specific for the BVDV N pro -E rns coding region for each respective virus, BVDV RNA was detected in all PBMC of PI that appeared clinically healthy. Calves that succumbed to ill thrift were found to have no or little virus in T cells. The clearance of virus from T cells suggests a breakdown in immune tolerance in these calves. This is the first report of an association between viral load in the T cell populations and survival in PI calves.
Integrating herbarium specimen observations into global phenology data systems.

Premise of the study The Plant Phenology Ontology (PPO) was originally developed to integrate phenology observations of whole plants across different global observation networks. Here we describe a new release of the PPO and associated data pipelines that supports integration of phenology observations from herbarium specimens, which provide historical and modern phenology data. Methods and results Critical changes to the PPO include key terms that describe how measurements from parts of plants, which are captured in most imaged herbarium specimens, relate to whole plants. We provide proof of concept for ingesting annotations from imaged herbarium sheets of Prunus serotina, the common black cherry. We then provide an example analysis of changes in flowering timing over the past 125 years, demonstrating the value of integrating herbarium and observational phenology data sets. Conclusions These conceptual and technical advances will support the addition of phenology data from herbaria, but also could be expanded upon to facilitate the inclusion of data from photograph-based citizen science platforms. With the incorporation of herbarium phenology data, new historical baseline data will strengthen the capability to monitor, model, and forecast plant phenology changes.
Supernumerary Body Schema Extension to Non-Corporeal Object by Adding Artificial Tactile Feedback using Electrical Stimulation

Technological advancement could increase the degree of freedom in devices and tools, which often results in complex control interface. To decrease the learning time and increase usability of complex control interface, intuitiveness becomes an important issue. One interesting and powerful solution to increase intuitiveness in controlling non-corporeal objects is integrating them to the existing body schema. The hypothesis here is that this can be done by establishing a bi-directional communication interface between the body and the non-corporeal object (i.e., establishing control and sensory feedback, along with congruent visual feedback). In this study, a table tennis racket was modified to provide a bi-directional communication interface between the table tennis racket and the peripheral nervous system on the right palm.Two types of experiments were conducted on a single subject to test the hypothesis of body schema extension. The first experiment was designed to test congruent mapping of racket locations to the hand. The second experiment was designed to test the accuracy of perceived location along with the ownership and agency. We measured the error between the location of local pressure on the table tennis racket and the perceived location on the hand, along with a subjective questionnaire on ownership and agency of the table tennis racket. The first experiment confirmed an accurate and congruent mapping of the racket onto the hand. The second experiment showed a significant decrease in error in perceived location, with t-tests displaying statistical difference, after the subject was trained with the bi-directional interface. This study suggests that a bi-directional interface may extend the body schema to include non-corporeal objects.
Open Source Timber Systems as a Democratic Tool for Construction

Architecture, as it exists today, is deeply rooted in perceptions that were established during the Renaissance, which credited the architect as the sole author of creative thinking processes and the resultant design ideas. Since then, the architectural profession has desired to develop new and innovative ways of building, often without being bound by traditions, the environment, or any other constraints and limitations. This approach has frequently failed to address the needs and concerns of many. As a result, architects have not been successful in imparting significant social change that is valuable to large portions of the population. In contrast, however, many other industries have adopted shared design and production practices for the benefit of the masses, warranting further exploration into how architectural practice might evolve its current modes of operation. Wood as a building material has many beneficial characteristics–specifically its widespread availability, versatility, and ease of workability–which make it particularly suitable for investigating shared authorship and collective production methodologies. As an alternative to steel and concrete for mid-rise and high-rise buildings, mass timber construction, in particular, has experienced significant advancements in recent years, resulting in the development of entirely new building processes that rely on innovative engineered wood products, digital manufacturing, and prefabrication techniques. However, this has frequently led to expensive one-off proprietary solutions that are limited in their application. To foster innovation and disseminate knowledge, an open source culture of designing and sharing is necessary. To this end, this paper will present approaches for open source mass timber construction systems that can be applied to a wide range of scenarios and settings, with the aim of ultimately increasing the acceptance and market share of wood construction for the benefit of society at large.
Self-reported emotional eating is not related to greater food intake: results from two laboratory studies.

Objective: Despite widespread use of emotional eating self-report measures, the validity of these measures has been questioned. Most of this research has focused on the validity of the Dutch Eating...
The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) collaboration is developing an international multi-kiloton Long-Baseline Neutrino experiment to be located about a mile underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), in Lead, SD, USA. In the current configuration four cryostats will contain a modular detector and a total of 68,400 ton of ultra pure liquid argon, with a level of impurities lower than 100 parts per trillion (ppt) of oxygen equivalent contamination. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) provides the conventional facilities and the cryogenic infrastructure (including the cryostats housing the detector) to support DUNE. This contribution presents the modes of operations, layout and main features of the LBNF cryogenic system. The system is comprised of three sub-systems: External/Infrastructure (or LN2), Proximity (or LAr) and Internal cryogenics. The External/Infrastructure provides the infrastructure and equipment to store, produce and distribute the cryogenic fluids needed for the operation of the Proximity Cryogenics, which delivers them to the Internal at the pressure, temperature, mass flow rate, quality and purity required by the detector inside the cryostat. The External/Infrastructure cryogenics includes the LN2 refrigeration system and the surface facilities, with the receiving stations, the LN2 and LAr storage tanks and the vaporizers. The Proximity Cryogenics includes the LAr and GAr purification systems, the phase separators, the condensers, and the piping connecting the various parts. The Internal Cryogenics consists of all the cryogenic equipment located inside the cryostat, namely the GAr and LAr distribution systems and the systems to cool down the cryostats and the detectors. An international engineering team will design, manufacture, commission, and qualify the LBNF cryogenic system. The expected performance, the functional requirements and the status of the design are presented in this contribution.
Community-Based Participatory Research with Invisible, Geographically-Dispersed Communities: Partnering with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Communities on the California Central Coast

This article reports on the community-based participatory research (CBPR) process of a 3.5-year studydocumenting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community members’ perceptions oflocal LGBTQ communities on the Central Coast of California. This three-phase study consisted of online andpaper-and-pen surveys to analyze community strengths, challenges, priorities, and feelings of connection;collaborative interpretation of survey results through community forums; and a regional “LGBTQ Summit” toenvision and initiate data-based actions to address community priorities. The focus throughout the project wason establishing collaborative partnerships to plan and guide the project, cultivating community participationin interpreting and disseminating findings, and honoring diverse LGBTQ community members’ voicesthrough data-driven community action. This article documents lessons learned about building and facilitatingcommunity-university partnerships, organizing and maintaining a sustained community research collaborative,engaging community participation, and ultimately, creating lasting, community-driven interventions.
#foodie: Implications of interacting with social media for memory

Social media is an increasingly popular outlet for leisure and social interaction. On many social media platforms, the user experience involves commenting on or responding to user-generated content, such as images of cats, food, and people. In two experiments, we examined how the act of commenting on social media images impacts subsequent memory of those images, using Instagram posts as a test case. This project was inspired by recent findings of laboratory studies of conversation which found that describing a picture for a conversational partner boosts recognition memory for those images. Here we aimed to understand how this finding translates to the more ecologically valid realm of social media interactions. A second motivation for the study was the popularity of food- and dieting-related content on Instagram and prior findings that use of Instagram in particular is associated with disordered eating behaviors. Across two experiments, we observed that commenting on Instagram posts consistently boosted subsequent recognition and that correct recognition increased with comment length. Stable individual differences in recognition memory were observed, and “unhealthy” food images such as chocolates were particularly well remembered; however, these memory findings did not relate to self-reported eating behavior. Taken together, our findings show that the way in which we engage with social media content shapes subsequent memory of it, raising new questions about how our online lives persist in memory over time, potentially shaping future behavior.
Valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement versus redo surgical aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM With the growing contemporary use of bioprosthetic valves, whose limited long-term durability has been well-documented, an increase in the need for reintervention is expected. We perform a meta-analysis to compare the current standard of care, redo surgical aortic valve replacement (Redo SAVR) with the less invasive alternative, valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement (ViV TAVR) for treating structural valve deterioration. METHODS After a comprehensive literature search, studies comparing ViV TAVR to Redo SAVR were pooled to perform a pairwise meta-analysis using the random-effects model. Primary outcomes were 30-day and follow-up mortality. RESULTS A total of nine studies including 9127 patients were included. ViV TAVR patients were significantly older (mean difference [MD], 5.82; p = .0002) and more frequently had hypercholesterolemia (59.7 vs. 60.0%; p = .0006), coronary artery disease (16.1 vs. 16.1%; p = .04), periphery artery disease (15.4 vs. 5.7%; p = .004), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (29.3 vs. 26.2%; p = .04), renal failure (30.2 vs. 24.0%; p = .009), and >1 previous cardiac surgery (23.6 vs. 15.9%; p = .004). Despite this, ViV TAVR was associated with decreased 30-day mortality (OR, 0.56; p < .0001). Conversely, Redo SAVR had lower 30-day paravalvular leak (OR, 6.82; p = .04), severe patient-prosthesis mismatch (OR, 3.77; p < .0001), and postoperative aortic valve gradients (MD, 5.37; p < .0001). There was no difference in follow-up mortality (HR, 1.02; p = .86). CONCLUSIONS Despite having patients with an increased baseline risk, ViV TAVR was associated with lower 30-day mortality, while Redo SAVR had lower paravalvular leak, severe patient-prosthesis mismatch, and postoperative gradients. Although ViV TAVR remains a feasible treatment option in high-risk patients, randomized trials are necessary to elucidate its efficacy over Redo SAVR.
Cross-Sectional Associations Among Symptoms of Pain, Irritability, and Depression and How These Symptoms Relate to Social Functioning and Quality of Life: Findings From the EMBARC and STRIDE Studies and the VitalSign6 Project.

Objective The aim of this report was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Pain Frequency, Intensity, and Burden Scale (P-FIBS), a brief measure of pain, as well as the association of pain with irritability and depression and how these symptoms relate to functional impairments. Methods Participants of 2 randomized controlled trials (Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response in Clinical Care [EMBARC; n = 251 with DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder; study duration: August 2011-December 2015] and STimulant Reduction Intervention Using Dosed Exercise [STRIDE; n = 302 with DSM-IV diagnosis of stimulant abuse or dependence; study-duration: July 2010-February 2013]) and treatment-seeking patients in primary care clinics from an ongoing quality-improvement project (VitalSign6; n = 4,370; project duration: August 2014-July 2019) were included. Psychometric properties of the P-FIBS were evaluated with confirmatory factor and item response theory analyses in EMBARC and VitalSign6. The approach of Baron and Kenny was used to assess whether irritability accounted for the effect of pain on depression. Results Cronbach α (0.84-0.89) and model fits for single-factor structure of P-FIBS were acceptable. Pain was positively correlated with irritability (r = 0.22-0.29) and depression (r = 0.10-0.33). Irritability accounted for 40.7%-65.5% of the effect of pain on depression. Higher irritability and depression were associated with poorer social functioning, quality of life, and productivity in work- and non-work-related activities. Pain was associated with non-work-related activity impairments even after controlling for irritability and depression. Conclusions The P-FIBS is a brief and reliable measure of pain. Irritability is associated with pain and accounts for a large proportion of the effect of pain on depression. Symptoms of pain, irritability, and depression are associated with functional impairments. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01407094 (EMBARC), NCT01141608 (STRIDE).
The effects of substance use on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection risks and outcomes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) infection rates are currently occurring at alarmingly accelerated rates. There is also a long-standing and concurrent rise in the prevalence and severity of substance use disorders (SUD). Therefore, the intersection between these two conditions needs to be carefully considered to ensure a more effective delivery of healthcare. RECENT FINDINGS: Generally, those with SUDs are more likely to have higher risk social determinants of health factors. Therefore, these patients are more likely to have barriers that can create difficulties in following appropriate infection control measures which in turn increases the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV2. In addition, these individuals have higher rates of medical comorbidities which increases the risk of all adverse outcomes, including mortality, from SARS-CoV2 infection. SUMMARY: Individuals with SUDs are at increased risk of both contracting SARS-CoV2 infection and suffering from worse outcomes afterwards. Though these risks of adverse outcomes are specific of SARS-CoV2 infection, the risk of exposure to other infectious diseases is increased in this population too. Healthcare providers and policymakers should then consider how to better protect this at-risk population and alleviate this increased disease burden.
He was the woman of his dreams: Identity, gender, and Kurt Cobain

(1995). He was the woman of his dreams: Identity, gender, and Kurt Cobain. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 19, Grunge, Youth, and Communities of Alienation, pp. 69-85.
Parvovirus replication in normal and transformed human cells correlates with the nuclear translocation of the early protein NS1.

The parvovirus H-1 infection of the normal human diploid fibroblast strain MRC-5 produces a cytopathic effect, but no increase in infectious virus has been observed. Previously, we reported that large amounts of empty capsids are assembled in the nucleus of H-1 infected MRC-5 cells (S. Singer and S. Rhode, in D. Ward and P. Tattersall, ed., Replication of Mammalian Parvoviruses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1978). The level of viral replicative-form DNA synthesis as shown by metabolic labeling is markedly reduced in these cells. Synthesis of the early protein NS1 is normal or slightly decreased, and the usual amount of the 92,000-molecular-weight (92K) posttranslationally modified NS1 was seen. The second deficient parameter that we have observed in the abortive infection is the nuclear translocation of NS1. In contrast, the simian virus 40-transformed MRC-5 cell line MRC-5 V1 and the simian virus 40-transformed human kidney cell line NB undergo a productive infection by H-1 accompanied by more efficient translocation of NS1 to the nucleus. The results indicate that there is an association between defective translocation of the NS1 rep protein to the nucleus and defective amplification of parvovirus replicative-form DNA. The nuclear translocation of specific proteins seems to be a function that is altered by development or neoplastic transformation.
Touchdown General Primer (GP5+/GP6+) PCR and optimized sample DNA concentration support the sensitive detection of human papillomavirus.

The GP5+/GP6+ PCR assay is a well-established HPV detection technique. This study has examined the effects of incorporating 'hot start' and 'touchdown' steps into the protocol. In addition, dTTP was substituted with dUTP to permit contamination control measures against carry-over PCR product. Firstly, HPV-16 was amplified from SiHa cell DNA (0.1 ng–100 ng) diluted in a background of C-33A DNA (100 ng-2 μg). Secondly, the detection of small quantities (15ag-1.5pg) of HPV recombinant plasmids (types 16, 31, 33, 45, 51, 52, and 56) diluted in C-33A DNA was investigated. Thirdly, clinical sample DNA extracts (cervical smears, formalin-fixed vaginal lesions and breast tumors) were tested for HPV. Six different PCR protocols were assessed. HPV was detected by gel electrophoresis, and by Southern and dot blot hybridization. HPV detection sensitivity was dependent on the total amount of DNA in a PCR. Touchdown protocols supported HPV-16 detection from 1 ng or 0.5 ng SiHa cell DNA in a background of 2 μg or 1 μg C-33A DNA respectively, and from 0.1 ng of SiHa cell DNA (~28 copies HPV-16) in 500 ng or 100 ng background DNA. Under standard GP5+/GP6+ annealing conditions, HPV-16 went undetected when the DNA content of a PCR was 2 μg or 1 μg, and with 500 ng C-33A DNA the sensitivity limit was 1 ng SiHa cell DNA. HPV recombinant plasmids were each detected with high (albeit varying) sensitivity by a touchdown protocol. HPV-31 was better amplified under standard annealing conditions (1.5fg in 100 ng background DNA) than by a touchdown approach (15fg detection limit). HPV-52 was not amplified by the standard protocol at the dilutions tested. Seventeen different HPV types were demonstrated in 47/65 (72%) abnormal cytology samples recorded as HPV negative by standard GP5+/GP6+ conditions. Twenty-one different HPV types were recorded in 111/114 (97%) vaginal lesions. Multiple infections were also detectable using a touchdown approach. Of 26 breast tumors, 5 (19%) tested HPV positive by the standard assay and 15/26 (58%) using a touchdown protocol. Touchdown modification of the GP5+/GP6+ PCR assay enables the detection of HPV undetected under regular assay conditions. The use of standardized DNA quantities in a PCR rather than standard sample volumes containing arbitrary amounts of DNA is supported. A touchdown approach may be beneficial as an analytical test for the re-evaluation of (apparently) HPV negative abnormal cervical cytological or histological samples, and for investigating the association of HPV with disease conditions at diverse organ sites. The clinical utility of a touchdown approach for HPV detection requires further investigation as increased assay analytical sensitivity may not necessarily equate with improved clinical sensitivity or specificity.
Mitochondrial Redox Signaling during Apoptosis

The regulatory role of cellular redox state during apoptosis is still controversial. Early redoxsignaling can transduce divergent upstream signals to mitochondria and initiate apoptosis. Onthe other hand, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c triggers generation of reactive oxygenspecies (ROS) and renders apoptotic cells much more oxidized. Although the sequential caspaseactivation does not have apparent redox-sensitive components, redox signaling provides aseparate pathway that is parallel with the caspase cascade. The function of theapoptosis-associated redox change is uncertain. It could provide positive feedback mechanisms, such asactivating mitochondrial permeability transition and apoptosis signaling kinase (ASK-1). Sinceapoptotic cells are designated to be quickly eliminated, the dramatic cellular oxidation couldbe involved in the final degradation of apoptotic bodies and even the termination of theproteolytic activity after phagocytosis.
Direct dynamic nuclear polarization targeting catalytically active 27Al sites

Here we present a systematic study of direct 27Al Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) as induced by three different mono-radical probes with side groups of varying charge states. By employing 4-amino TEMPO that adsorbs to negatively charged surface sites of Al-SBA-15, we achieve a 27Al signal enhancement factor of ∼13 compared to a signal enhancement factor of ∼3–4 from mono-radicals that do not adsorb as strongly to the surfaces of Al-SBA-15, here 4-carboxy- and 4-hydroxy-TEMPO. By performing Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) experiments and continuous wave (cw) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) lineshape analysis using various nitroxide probes imbibed in Al-SBA-15, we find that direct 27Al DNP enhancements achieved with different spin probes can be attributed to proximity and local concentration of the spin probes to aluminum on the surface of mesoporous alumina–silica.
Generalizing the Certainty Equivalence Principle and Separation Theorems Beyond the Usual Heuristics

In the existing literature the certainty equivalence principle is often used as an accepted heuristic. The certainty equivalence principle allows one replace exact knowledge of the state by an estimate while preserving stability and performance. Separation theorems specify when the design of the controller with full state feedback is independent of the design of the state observer. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that there is no need for the use of heuristics in applying the certainty equivalence principle and the separation principle in many control applications. Instead, this paper suggests using existing theorems that state when the certainty equivalence principle and separation theorems are applicable in the stabilization problem for a given system and outlines an approach for extending and refining these results.
A practical escape and effect analysis for building lightweight method summaries

We present a unification-based, context-sensitive escape and effect analysis that infers lightweight method summaries describing heap effects. The analysis is parameterized on two values: k, indicating the heap depth beyond which objects escape; and b, a branching factor indicating the maximum number of fields per object that the analysis precisely tracks. Restricting these parameters to small values allows us to keep the method summaries lightweight and practical. Results collected from our implementation shows that the analysis scales well to large code bases such as the GNU Classpath libraries. They also show that summaries can help analysis clients approximate the effects of method calls, avoiding expensive inter-procedural computations, or imprecise worst-case assumptions.
Radiative corrections to the Higgs-boson decay rate Γ(H-->ZZ) in the minimal supersymmetric model

We consider radiative corrections to the decay rate [Gamma]([ital H][r arrow][ital ZZ]) of the heavy [ital CP]-even Higgs boson of the minimal supersymmetric model to two [ital Z] bosons. We perform a one-loop Feynman diagram calculation in the on-mass-shell renormalization scheme, and include the third generation of quarks and squarks. The tree-level rate is suppressed by a mixing angle factor and decreases as 1/[ital M][sub [ital H]] for large [ital M][sub [ital H]]. The corrected rate overcomes this suppression and increases with [ital M][sub [ital H]] for [ital M][sub [ital H]] sufficiently large. The corrections can be very large and depend in detail on the top-squark masses and [ital A] term, as well as the supersymmetric Higgs-boson mass parameter [mu].
Metal-free carbon dioxide reduction and acidic C–H activations using a frustrated Lewis pair

Abstract Activation of CO2 and acidic C–H bonds by the lutidine-tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [Lut/B(C6F5)3] frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) are described (lutidine = 2,6-dimethylpyridine). Lut/B(C6F5)3 reacts with CO2 and H2 at ambient temperature and 4 atm of pressure to form the lutidinium boro-formate salt [LutH+][HC( O)OB(C6F5)3−]. This salt has been fully characterized including an X-ray crystal structure and independent synthesis from formic acid and Lut/B(C6F5)3. Attempts to activate a C–H bond in methane by Lut/B(C6F5)3, analogous to its heterolytic cleavage of H2, were unsuccessful, which are consistent with published calculations showing significant barriers to this reaction. Lut/B(C6F5)3 does react with more acidic C–H bonds, including acetone and nitroalkanes. With nitromethane, the boro-nitrone anion H2C NO2B(C6F5)3− is formed, as indicated by NMR and mass spectral analyses.
Origin of the 44-mm behind-armor blunt trauma standard.

ABSTRACTA number of armed assaults on public officials occurred in the early 1970s, which prompted the Lightweight Soft Body Armor Program to develop modern, concealable, soft body armor. Methodology needed to be developed to (1) determine the effectiveness of the soft body armor to stop bullet penetration and (2) assess the potential injury from nonpenetrating blunt impacts to the body. Extensive research was performed under the program to develop methodologies to assess soft body armor, including behind-armor blunt trauma (BABT) evaluation. This methodology is still used today, and it has been applied extensively beyond the original intent. However, the origin of this methodology is not well understood by many researchers in the various fields in which it is being applied because the original documentation is difficult to obtain. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the BABT to offer researchers information about its history and limitations.
Economic benefits of advanced materials in nuclear power systems

A key obstacle to the commercial deployment of advanced fast reactors is the capital cost. There is a perception of higher capital cost for fast reactor systems than advanced light water reactors. However, cost estimates come with a large uncertainty since far fewer fast reactors have been built than light water reactor facilities. Furthermore, the large variability of industrial cost estimates complicates accurate comparisons. Reductions in capital cost can result from design simplifications, new technologies that allow reduced capital costs, and simulation techniques that help optimize system design. It is plausible that improved materials will provide opportunities for both simplified design and reduced capital cost. Advanced materials may also allow improved safety and longer component lifetimes. This work examines the potential impact of advanced materials on the capital investment cost of fast nuclear reactors.
The hard-hexagon model and Rogers—Ramanujan type identities

Abstract In regime II of Baxter's solution of the hard-hexagon model [Baxter, R. J. (1980) J. Phys. A 13, L61-L70], he presents six conjectures identifying certain one-dimensional partition functions with infinite products. An outline of the proof of these conjectures is given here.
Current Concepts in Minimal Access Surgery for Children

Since the introduction of minimal access surgery to general surgeons in the 1980s, pediatric surgeons have been employing this innovative technology to perform surgery on children. Video technology and miniaturized instruments have brought the laboratory to the operating room; in many cases several small incisions are the only access necessary to perform complicated procedures that would otherwise require a large wound. Additional benefits of minimal access surgery may include reduced postoperative analgesic requirements, shortened length of stay, and faster resumption of normal activities. Increased operative costs offset some of these gains. The pediatric surgical community has embraced minimal access techniques for some operations; others remain controversial.
Quality course development for online learning

The workshop will be based on the Quality Matters Program. Not only does the program use current education research in its development, but they also provide grants for further research. We wish to share with the international community what we have learned and provide the tools and connections further their own goals as they develop courses for an online environment.
Arrival-Based Uniform Delay Model for Oversaturated Signalized Intersections with Poor Progression

For oversaturated traffic conditions, the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) does not apply a progression adjustment factor to the delay model for signalized intersections when there is an initial queue. This causes counterintuitive results in the calculation of delay; for some cases, delay for a nonzero initial queue condition ends up being less than the delay with zero initial queue conditions. Also, for oversaturated traffic conditions, the delay model in the 2000 edition of HCM yields the same uniform delay values for all arrival types when there is an initial queue. This does not seem reasonable because it ignores the effect of platooning on delay. This paper introduces a new approach for computing uniform delay for oversaturated traffic conditions when progression is poor. This approach directly considers the platooning effects in delay and thus eliminates the need to apply a progression adjustment factor. The proposed model is applicable whether there is an initial queue or not. The approach was validat...
Guidelines for the safe administration of high-dose interleukin-2.

High-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) results in objective clinical regression of metastatic cancer in 15% to 17% of patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Durable complete regression of all metastases is seen in 6% to 8% of patients. Based on these findings, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of high-dose IL-2 for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Interleukin-2 administration is associated with many different side effects, and after many years of use, clinicians have learned how to safely administer high-dose IL-2. This article details practical guidelines for the safe administration of high-dose IL-2.
Evaluating persistent pain in long term care residents: what role for pain maps?

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the pain map as a pain assessment tool in frail nursing home residents. The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, nursing home staff's knowledge of the locations of resident pain complaints was examined. We found significant deficiencies in this knowledge. In Phase 2, we examined the following test characteristics of pain extensity (number of painful body areas annotated on pain map): (1) test-retest reliability, (2) convergent validity as compared with pain intensity measured by a pain thermometer (modified vertical verbal descriptor scale) and an 11 point numerical graphic rating scale (NGRS), and (3) predictive validity with depression, functional impairment and self-rated health. Pain map scoring was performed by counting the number of involved body areas (i.e., numbered segments) using an established scoring template. Test-retest reliability by body area was excellent. Pain extensity was modestly associated with pain thermometer-scored pain intensity but not with NGRS-scored pain intensity. Pain extensity also demonstrated modest predictive validity with self-rated health, but not with depression or functional impairment. The advantage of knowing where residents hurt is that this allows staff to target their assessment and thus determine the functional implications of residents' pain. It appears that pain maps add a useful dimension to pain assessment in residents of long term care facilities.
Magnetic auditory M100 source location in normal females

We recorded magnetoencephalographic auditory evoked fields from the left and right hemispheres of six normal adult female subjects, in response to unattended tone pips. Magnetic field data was used to estimate location, orientation, depth, and strength of the 100-ms latency evoked field component (M100). M100 source locations did not significantly differ in left and right hemispheres. Previous studies in six normal males demonstrated M100 sources to be significantly further anterior in the right hemisphere. Compared to the previously reported male subjects, M100 sources in the right hemisphere of these females were significantly further posteriorly, by a mean value of 2.1 cm. These findings, while preliminary, support sex-related functional and/or structural differences in the superior temporal lobe, and would be compatible with the female right temporal planum extending further posteriorly. They suggest MEG recordings may be a useful addition to studies of sex-related difference in brain function and/or structure.