cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detergents Stabilize the Conformation of Phosphodiesterase 6

Membrane-bound phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) plays an important role in visual signal transduction by regulating cGMP levels in rod photoreceptor cells. Our understanding of PDE6 catalysis and structure suffers from inadequate characterization of the α and β subunit catalytic core, interactions of the core with two intrinsically disordered, proteolysis-prone inhibitory PDEγ (Pγ) subunits, and binding of two types of isoprenyl-binding protein δ, called PrBP/δ, to the isoprenylated C-termini of the catalytic core. Structural studies of native PDE6 have been also been hampered by the lack of a heterologous expression system for the holoenzyme. In this work, we purified PDE6 in the presence of PrBP/δ and screened for additives and detergents that selectively suppress PDE6 basal activity while sparing that of the trypsin-activated enzyme. Some detergents removed PrBP/δ from the PDE complex, separating it from the holoenzyme after PDE6 purification. Additionally, selected detergents also significantly reduced the ...
A model for counterparts in international nursing

Abstract The concept of counterpart is used by international health agencies to achieve the transfer of skills necessary for the ongoing viability of international nursing programs. The goal of the counterpart relationship is for the host group counterpart to assume responsiblity for the project. The counterpart relationship is seen as a spectrum across which knowledge is transferred from counterpart to counterpart. Where each counterpart relationship falls on the spectrum depends on the degree of knowledge each brings to the relationship and changes across the life of the project. The tasks each counterpart must accomplish to ensure a successful relationship are illustrated by a faculty preparation program developed in the People's Republic of China.
Soviet Managers View Organizational Change in Large State Enterprises

The introduction of Mikhail Gorbachev′s perestroika in 1985 marked the beginning of enormous change in the former USSR. Most articles and studies, thus far, have concentrated on the macro economic, political, and social issues involved. Little has been done to assess the changing situation for the managers of Soviet enterprises. This 1990 study of 108 Soviet managers employed in large state‐owned enterprises (including aviation, precision instruments, construction, light industrial machinery, building and wood products) focused on the changes they perceived in their decision‐making authority in four major decision areas. These were: (1) long‐term investments; (2) product considerations; (3) the value chain external to the enterprise; and (4) human resource management. Results indicate that they perceived meaningful change in their authority since the advent of perestroika, and that they foresaw a continuation of such change in the future.
Totally Geodesic Seifert Surfaces in Hyperbolic Knot and Link Complements I

The first examples of totally geodesic Seifert surfaces are constructed for hyperbolic knots and links, including both free and totally knotted surfaces. Then it is proved that two bridge knot complements cannot contain totally geodesic orientable surfaces.
Launching the Post-College Career: A Study of Mentoring Antecedents.

Drawing upon role-making theory, this study examines which new job market entrants, following college graduation, find informal mentors and how much mentoring they receive from these mentors using a predictive design. Our results suggest that individuals lower in negative affectivity and higher in cognitive ability as well as women, individuals who have previously had a mentor, and those who go to work for organizations with developmental climates are more likely to find informal mentors. In contrast, individuals higher in learning goal orientation and mentoring instrumentality receive more mentoring once a mentoring relationship has been established.
Corpus callosum in cognitive and sensory processing: insights into autism

ABSTRACT Atypical corpus callosum size and functional connectivity have been repeatedly implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Conversely, individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum often present with diagnostic features characteristic of autism. An emerging literature has identified genetic and environmental factors which may contribute to both ASD symptomatology and the neuroanatomic finding of altered white matter in the corpus callosum. In this review, we consider what is known about the structure and function of the corpus callosum and provide an update on research identifying corpus callosum abnormalities in individuals with ASD. We also review the literature on behaviors characteristic of autism that are observed in individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum in an effort to identify some of the neuropathology that is likely to be associated with these behaviors. Finally, we suggest a conceptual model of ‘sensory processing inefficiency’ for future research aimed at elucidating...
Municipal Neoliberalism and Municipal Socialism: Urban Political Economy in Latin America

The following article identifies two different urban policy regimes in Latin America — neoliberal and socialist — and traces their origins to the distinct interests and capacities of local elites and activists in the region's cities in the mid-to-late twentieth century. While agricultural and commercial interests paid a high price for the growth of import-substituting industrialization, and therefore deployed free trade zones (and similar institutions) in traditional export centers in the 1960s and 1970s, their industrial rivals bore the brunt of austerity and adjustment in the free market era, and therefore adopted compensatory measures designed to increase the ‘social wage’ in the 1980s and 1990s. Examples are drawn from municipalities in Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela, and call the conventional portrait of impotent Latin American cities — and omnipotent central governments — into question. Resume Cet article identifie deux regimes de politique urbaine differents en Amerique latine : neoliberal et socialiste. Leurs origines tiennent aux divers interets et moyens des elites et militants locaux dans les grandes villes regionales au cours de la seconde moitie du vingtieme siecle. Si les milieux agricoles et commerciaux ont paye le prix fort de l’essor d’une industrialisation visant a remplacer les importations, et ont donc mis en place des zones de libre echange (ou des institutions similaires) dans les poles exportateurs traditionnels au cours des annees 1960–1970, leurs rivaux industriels ont porte le poids de l’austerite et de l’ajustement a l’epoque de la liberalisation des marches, adoptant par consequent des mesures compensatoires destinees a accroitre le ‘salaire social’ au cours des annees 1980–1990. Des exemples, issus de municipalites situees au Bresil, au Mexique, en Republique dominicaine, en Uruguay et au Venezuela, remettent en question le tableau conventionnel des villes latino-americaines impuissantes face aux gouvernements centraux omnipotents.
Real-time open-platform-based control of cooperating industrial robotic manipulators

The real-time control of multiple robots requires the design and implementation of innovative techniques to overcome the inherent complexities of a multi-agent closed kinematic system. This paper presents an application of software based control as a means for utilizing novel control algorithms on real-world multiple robotic systems. The configuration and motivation of the robotic system definition, application notes, and results are included. Remote real-time computer control allows software-enabled controllers to handle tasks with far greater computational complexity than through currently available industrial controllers. The methodology is based upon hierarchical interfaces defined by timing and complexity constraints. A supervisory control interface abstracts the control algorithms from the hardware, allowing new tools to be added, removed, or upgraded with minimum system downtime and reconfiguration. In order to demonstrate a real time control task, two industrial 6-axis robots are used to manipulate a common heavy load. The hierarchical control scheme used is devised to manage the interfaces between the manipulators, robot controllers, and a supervisory computer controller. This control system is developed in Mathworks Simulink control environment as a combination of high-level control modules, middleware interface functions, and low-level software drivers.
The SILO Architecture for Services Integration, controL, and Optimization for the Future Internet

We propose a new internetworking architecture that represents a departure from current philosophy and practice, as a contribution to the ongoing debate regarding the future Internet. Building upon our experience with the design and prototyping of the just-in-time protocol suite, we outline a framework consisting of (1) building blocks of fine-grain functionality, (2) explicit support for combining elemental blocks to accomplish highly configurable complex communication tasks, and (3) control elements to facilitate (what is currently referred to as) cross-layer interactions. In this position paper, we take a holistic view of network design, allowing applications to work synergistically with the network architecture and physical layers to select the most appropriate functional blocks and tune their behavior so as to meet the application's needs within resource availability constraints. The proposed architecture is flexible and extensible so as to foster innovation and accommodate change, it supports a unified Internet, it allows for the integration of security and management features at any point in (what is now referred to as) the networking stack, and it is positioned to take advantage of hardware-based performance-enhancing techniques.
PPM model cleaning

The prediction by partial matching (PPM) algorithm uses a cumulative frequency count of input symbols in different contexts to estimate its probability distribution. Compression ratios yielded by the PPM algorithm have not instigated broader use of this scheme mainly because of its high demand for computational resources. An algorithm that improves the memory usage by the PPM model is presented. The algorithm identifies and removes portions of the PPM model, which are not contributing toward better modeling of the input data. As a result, our algorithm improves the average compression ratio up to 7% under the memory limitation constraint at the expense of increased computation. Under the constraint of maintaining the same level of compression ratios, the algorithm reduces the memory usage up to 70%.
Fragility Functions for Steel Plate Shear Walls

Abstract Fragility functions are developed to predict the method of repair required for steel plate shear walls damaged due to earthquake loading. The results of previous experimental studies are used to develop empirical relationships between damage states and story drift. Damage states are proposed and linked deterministically with commonly employed methods of repair; these damage states are characterized by parameters such as yielding and tearing of the steel plate and yielding, buckling and fracture of frame members. Lognormal probability distributions are fit to the empirical data and evaluated using standard statistical methods. The results of this effort are families of fragility functions that predict the required method of repair for a damaged wall.
Elements of resilience after the World Trade Center disaster: reconstituting New York City's Emergency Operations Centre.

In this paper we examine the reconstitution of the Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) after its destruction in the World Trade Center attack, using that event to highlight several features of resilience. The paper summarises basic EOC functions, and then presents conceptions of resilience as understood from several disciplinary perspectives, noting that work in these fields has sought to understand how a natural or social system that experiences disturbance sustains its functional processes. We observe that, although the physical EOC facility was destroyed, the organisation that had been established to manage crises in New York City continued, enabling a response that drew on the resources of New York City and neighbouring communities, states and the federal government. Availability of resources — which substituted for redundancy of personnel, equipment and space — pre-existing relationships that eased communication challenges as the emergency developed and the continuation of organisational patterns of response integration and role assignments were among the factors that contributed to resilience following the attack.
Socially-Aware Publish/Subscribe System for Human Networks

The development of modern communication technologies fosters human networks (HUNETs)-an information dissemination platform comprised of human-carried wireless-enabled devices. These networks are promising applications of delay tolerant networks (DTNs). However, existing DTN routing protocols do not address unique problems in HUNETs and are unable to utilize the benefits of human mobility. In this paper, we present a publish/subscribe system for HUNETs. In our system, brokers are responsible for collecting subscriptions and dispatching messages, which provide better flexibility and scalability. The core component of our system is a socially-aware broker allocation algorithm called, social election. Social election trades off between the efficiency and overhead, by dynamically controlling the number of brokers in the network. A replication scheme and a buffer management method based on utility are also proposed to facilitate efficient message forwarding. We demonstrate, through simulations, that our system performs well in realistic networks under extensive conditions.
First-Pass Metabolism of Ethinyl Estradiol in Dogs and Rats

The contraceptive steroid ethinyl estradiol was extensively metabolized when given orally in solution to dogs. It was thought at first that metabolism occurred exclusively in the liver. However, use of standard equations to predict the oral bioavailability of drugs known to be metabolized by hepatic first pass resulted in significantly higher values than those obtained experimentally. To rationalize the data and to determine whether ethinyl estradiol also is metabolized in the gut Wall during absorption, metabolism in rats was studied. The drug was administered in solution intraduodenally, intraportally, and intravenously as a bolus and by first-order infusion. The results indicate that, in rats, 40% of the drug is metabolized by the gut wall and 79% of the drug in the portal blood is metabolized by the liver after intraduodenal administration.
How To Ensure Good Thermal Performance of Cellulose Fiber Insulation. Part Ii. Exterior Walls

The achievement of good thermal performance of cellulose fibre insulation applied in exterior walls is discussed.
Proposal for an extreme-ultraviolet Auger laser at 63.8 nm in Cs III

A system is proposed in which Cs atoms photoionized by soft x rays from a laser-produced plasma undergo selective Auger decay, causing inversion and lasing at 63.8 nm in Cs iii. Rate-equation calculations show that lasing should occur when a small (1-J) 532-nm pump laser is used. A similar system in Rb iii is briefly discussed.
A new class of Steiner tree heuristics with good performance: the iterated 1-Steiner approach

Virtually all previous methods for the rectilinear Steiner tree problem begin with a minimum spanning tree topology and rearrange edges to induce Steiner points. This study presents a more direct approach: the authors iteratively find optimal Steiner points to be added to the layout. The method gives improved average-case performance, and also avoids the worst-case examples of existing approaches. Sophisticated computational geometry techniques allow efficient and practical implementation, and the method is naturally suited to real-world VLSI regimes where, e.g., via costs can be high. Extensive performance results show almost 3% wirelength reduction over the best existing methods. A number of variants and extensions are described. >
Rheology of highly swollen chitosan/polyacrylate hydrogels

Abstract Recently we reported on chitosan hydrogel systems having excellent laser damage resistance. The measured laser damage threshold (LDT) was better than BK7 glass and quartz, commonly used inorganic optical materials, and 20 to 35 times higher than commercial PMMA, a popular polymer optical material. In this study, we continue our investigation of the phase transition behavior of water within the hydrogels by means of oscillatory shear rheology. The crystallization and melting behavior of ice in these hydrogels is greatly affected by the internal structure of the network. Changes in this structure are probed by comparing differences in the rheological measurements at temperatures above and below freezing. Trends among the measured shear storage modulus ( G ′), shear loss modulus ( G ″) and shear loss tangent (tan δ ) are shown to be related to the mobility of water within the gels. The activation energy associated with the melting of ice in a particular hydrogel was found to be significantly higher than the melting enthalpy of pure ice, suggesting imperfection in the ice crystals and/or a low degree of crystallinity in the hydrogel.
A system for semiconductor process specification

The SPEC system for capturing and managing semiconductor fabrication process information is discussed. The SPEC data model decomposes process specifications into equipment, step, process, and flow hierarchies. Mechanisms within an interactive graphical user interface provide a high degree of user control over the expression and organization of objects within each layered hierarchy and control the information in terms of collection, propagation to other layers, and the appearance of the data within specification folders using a what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG) folder builder. Implementation on a concurrent object-oriented database permits simultaneous use of the SPEC system by many users. >
On the performance of the dynamic packet reservation multiple access scheme

The performance of the dynamic packet reservation multiple access (DPRMA) protocol over a Gilbert-Elliott (1960, 1963) fading channel is investigated in this work. The DPRMA protocol is designed for use in a wireless ATM system. A primary feature of DPRMA is the intelligent allocation of resources based on the requests submitted by each active mobile and on the quality of service (QoS) requirements of each type of user. The ability of a mobile to dynamically change its bandwidth reservation request is another feature of the system. The system investigated in this work contains voice, video conferencing, and data traffic. We demonstrate that DPRMA performs well in a harsh wireless environment.
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis during polystyrene microsphere-induced pulmonary embolism in the rat

Our objective was to test the effect of inhibition of thromboxane synthase versus inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/2 on pulmonary gas exchange and heart function during simulated pulmonary embo...
Development and Validation of a Novel RP-HPLC Method for the Analysis of Reduced Glutathione

The objective of this study was the development, optimization, and validation of a novel reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the quantification of reduced glutathione in pharmaceutical formulations utilizing simple UV detection. The separation utilized a C18 column at room temperature and UV absorption was measured at 215 nm. The mobile phase was an isocratic flow of a 50/50 (v/v) mixture of water (pH 7.0) and acetonitrile flowing at 1.0 mL/min. Validation of the method assessed the methods ability in seven categories: linearity, range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, and selectivity. Analysis of the system suitability showed acceptable levels of suitability in all categories. Likewise, the method displayed an acceptable degree of linearity (r(2) = 0.9994) over a concentration range of 2.5-60 µg/mL. The detection limit and quantification limit were 0.6 and 1.8 µg/mL respectively. The percent recovery of the method was 98.80-100.79%. Following validation the method was employed in the determination of glutathione in pharmaceutical formulations in the form of a conjugate and a nanoparticle. The proposed method offers a simple, accurate, and inexpensive way to quantify reduced glutathione.
Pancreatic Cancer Metastases Harbor Evidence of Polyclonality

Studies of the cancer genome have demonstrated that tumors are composed of multiple subclones with varied genetic and phenotypic properties. However, little is known about how metastases arise and evolve from these subclones. To understand the cellular dynamics that drive metastasis, we used multicolor lineage-tracing technology in an autochthonous mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Here, we report that precursor lesions exhibit significant clonal heterogeneity but that this diversity decreases during premalignant progression. Furthermore, we present evidence that a significant fraction of metastases are polyclonally seeded by distinct tumor subclones. Finally, we show that clonality during metastatic growth—leading to either monoclonal or polyclonal expansion—differs based on the site of metastatic invasion. These results provide an unprecedented window into the cellular dynamics of tumor evolution and suggest that heterotypic interactions between tumor subpopulations contribute to metastatic progression in native tumors. Significance: Studies of tumor heterogeneity indicate that distinct tumor subclones interact during cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate by lineage tracing that metastases often involve seeding by more than one clone and that subsequent cellular outgrowth depends on the metastatic site. These findings provide insight into clonal diversity and evolution in metastatic disease. Cancer Discov; 5(10); 1086–97. ©2015 AACR . This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, [p. 1005][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/5/1005?iss=10
Archival Literacy Competencies for Undergraduate History Majors

Abstract Undergraduate history majors need to know how to conduct archival research. This article describes the second phase of a project to identify “archival literacy” competencies. Faculty, archivists, and librarians from baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral/research institutions commented on a draft list. This resulted in competencies in six major categories: accurately conceive of primary sources; locate primary sources; use a research question, evidence, and argumentation to advance a thesis; obtain guidance from archivists; demonstrate acculturation to archives; and follow publication protocols. Archivists, faculty, and librarians can collaborate to integrate the competencies throughout undergraduate history curricula in their institutions.
Initiation factor 2 stabilizes the ribosome in a semirotated conformation

Intersubunit rotation and movement of the L1 stalk, a mobile domain of the large ribosomal subunit, have been shown to accompany the elongation cycle of translation. The initiation phase of protein synthesis is crucial for translational control of gene expression; however, in contrast to elongation, little is known about the conformational rearrangements of the ribosome during initiation. Bacterial initiation factors (IFs) 1, 2, and 3 mediate the binding of initiator tRNA and mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit to form the initiation complex, which subsequently associates with the large subunit by a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we use single-molecule FRET to monitor intersubunit rotation and the inward/outward movement of the L1 stalk of the large ribosomal subunit during the subunit-joining step of translation initiation. We show that, on subunit association, the ribosome adopts a distinct conformation in which the ribosomal subunits are in a semirotated orientation and the L1 stalk is positioned in a half-closed state. The formation of the semirotated intermediate requires the presence of an aminoacylated initiator, fMet-tRNA(fMet), and IF2 in the GTP-bound state. GTP hydrolysis by IF2 induces opening of the L1 stalk and the transition to the nonrotated conformation of the ribosome. Our results suggest that positioning subunits in a semirotated orientation facilitates subunit association and support a model in which L1 stalk movement is coupled to intersubunit rotation and/or IF2 binding.
Application of waveform modeling to determine focal mechanisms of four 1982 Miramichi aftershocks

The objective of this study is to determine the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes at very near epicentral distances and use them to predict the observed waveforms. To achieve our objectives, the following steps were adopted before attempting to match the entire waveform: (a) obtain an appropriate velocity model; (b) calculate the Green's functions and predict ground motions due to an earthquake specified by dip (δ), slip (λ), and strike ( ϕ ) of a fault; (c) select all mechanisms which satisfy the first-motion polarity at all stations; (d) select a subset of focal mechanisms from those obtained in step (c) which produce P and S amplitudes and P/SV and SV/SH amplitude ratios correctly; and (e) use focal mechanisms of step (d) to match waveforms. As an alternative approach, a least-squares inversion for the moment-tensor elements was performed and decomposition of moment tensor matrix to two double couples (major and minor) was performed. Green's functions were computed using the Cagniard-de-Hoop theory (Helmberger and Harkrider, 1978). We applied the above approaches to four aftershocks ( mbLg ≦ 3.5) of the New Brunswick earthquake of 9 January 1982 and succeeded in obtaining focal mechanisms and producing synthetic waveforms very similar to the observed waveforms. Two groups of focal mechanisms are found. Two of the earthquakes are found to have reverse fault geometry similar to that of the main event of 9 January 1982 ( mb = 5.7), while the other two have significant components of strike-slip motion on a dipping plane. The results obtained from the least-squares analysis support the results of the search method. The fault geometries determined by the search method correspond well to the results of the major double couple of the least-square inversion. For completeness of the source characteristics investigation, spectral analysis of the seismograms was performed to determine the source parameters: corner frequencies, fc , seismic moments, source dimensions, and stress drops.
Generational Change in American Electoral Behavior

The relationship of social class to partisan choice in the United States has declined during the postwar years. Through an analysis of presidential election surveys conducted by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan from 1948 through 1968, it is demonstrated that this decline is largely a result of generational change. Strong relationships between class and partisan choice persist among older voters, but among younger voters these relationships are weak. A time-series cohort analysis provides considerable support for an historically based generational explanation for age-group differences and permits examination of one process through which partisan realignments may occur.
Ecology of Mosquitoes in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge

Because of the unusual topography, climatic conditions, isolated semi-natural conditions, and biotic associations in the Refuge, the mosquito fauna includes a wide variety of eastern and western species of mosquitoes, which fact would suggest that the Refuge is an area of transition or ecotone. Thirty-three species of mosquitoes distributed among 2 subfamilies and 10 genera were collected. The largest numbers of larval collections were made from tree-hole (22.6%), pooled-stream (19.6%), and rockhole (13.6%) habitats. The most abundant larval mosquitoes collected were Aedes triscriatus (Say) and A. atropalpus (Coquillett). The most abundant species of adult mosquitoes collected were Culex erraticus (Dyar & Knab) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. Species associated with the transient type larval habitats usually completed their larval development in relatively short periods. However, the developmental period of Psorophora discolor (Coquillett) was considerably longer. Larvae associated with the transient type larval habitats were nearly always species of Aedes or Psorophora. The permanent type larval habitats, particularly impoundments, provided a relatively small number of C. erraticus and Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae. Larvae were most abundant in this type habitat when aquatic vegetation and intermittent shade were present. A comparison with light-trap collection records gathered in 1947, indicates that the incidence of A. quadrimaculatus has increased considerably, whereas, that of C. tarsalis Coquillett has decreased sharply. Aedesatropalpus and A. zoosophus Dyar & Knab are much more abundant at the Refuge than previously indicated in the literature. Laboratory experiments suggest that the seasonal periodicity of tree-hole species of mosquitoes appears to be directly related to temperature rather than length of photoperiod.
CRT-200.89 Incidence and Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Carotid Disease Among Patients With Known Coronary Artery Disease at an Urban Safety Net Hospital

High-risk patients for severe carotid stenosis are defined as those with age >65 years, left main disease, peripheral arterial disease, history of cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, smoking or diabetes. Little has been published on patients from low socioeconomic populations and minority groups
Development and Field Testing of a Quantitative Technique for Extracting Bean Leaf Beetle Larvae and Pupae from Soil

We describe a rapid and efficient technique for extracting from soil samples immature bean leaf beetles (BLB), Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), other than small first instars. The percent recovery did not differ between 2 soil types and differed only slightly with larval size. Recovery from samples stored at 12°C (one layer deep to avoid crushing) was about 90% after one week but then declined rapidly. Some extracted larvae survived to maturity, suggesting that this method could be used to extract some species which cannot be identified as larvae. Other samples were frozen, killing the larvae, but giving a recovery rate of about 89% after 18 days. In field samples, 92.3% of the BLBs were found within 7.6 cm of the soil surface. Immature BLBs were most abundant in 5.1×5.1-cm samples centered on the row, but also occurred in samples of the same size contiguous to the center sample on either side of the row.
A New Method of Well Division of Gathering and Transferring the Natural Gas Pipeline Network

During the optimal process of gathering and transferring the natural gas pipeline network, the limitation of the well-type and the maximum throughput of gas gathering station will probably lead to building move gas gathering stations and increase the investment of the pipeline network system, resulting in a poor economic efficiency of the pipeline network system. Considering the relationship between pipeline and the construction investment of gas gathering stations,set up well division models and brought forward a homologous calculation method,which could be used to solve the problem mentioned above.
Analysis on epidemiological features of 519 severe hand- foot- mouth disease cases

Objective To investigate the epidemic features of severe hand- foot- mouth disease( HFMD) cases so as to provide scientific evidence for HFMD control. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data collected from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Results 519 severe HFMD cases were reported in Fuyang from 2009 to 2013 and the constitute ratio was 0. 54%. There was obvious seasonality between April to July in the onset of severe HFMD. There were significant difference in the constitute ratios between age groups( χ2= 42. 839,P 0.01),years( χ2= 439. 558,P 0. 01) and areal distribution( χ2= 138. 272,P 0. 01). In occupational distribution,the number of scattered children occupied a large proportion of cases. Conclusions The incidence of severe HFMD in Fuyang had significant differences of seasons and populations. Prevention and control measures should still be implemented.
Operative Duration and Risk of Surgical Site Infection in Neurosurgery

Background The association of surgical duration with the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) has not been quantified in neurosurgery. We investigated the association of operative duration in neurosurgical procedures with the incidence of SSI. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study involving patients who underwent neurosurgical procedures from 2005 to 2012 and were registered in the American College of Surgeons National Quality Improvement Project registry. To control for confounding, we used multivariable regression models and propensity score conditioning. Results During the study period there were 94,744 patients who underwent a neurosurgical procedure and met the inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 4.1% developed a postoperative SSI within 30 days. Multivariable logistic regression showed an association between longer operative duration with higher incidence of SSI (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–1.20). Compared with procedures of moderate duration (third quintile, 40th–60th percentile), patients undergoing the longest procedures (>80th percentile) had higher odds (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.86–2.31) of developing SSI. The shortest procedures ( Conclusions In a cohort of patients from a national prospective surgical registry, longer operative duration was associated with increased incidence of SSI for neurosurgical procedures. These results can be used by neurosurgeons to inform operative management and to stratify patients with regard to SSI risk.
Anatomical characterization of subcortical descending projections to the inferior colliculus in mouse

Descending projections from the thalamus and related structures to the midbrain are evolutionarily highly conserved. However, the basic organization of this auditory thalamotectal pathway has not yet been characterized. The purpose of this study is to obtain a better understanding of the anatomical and neurochemical features of this pathway. Analysis of the distributions of retrogradely labeled cells after focal injections of retrograde tracer into the inferior colliculus of the mouse revealed that most of the subcortical descending projections originated in the brachium of the inferior colliculus and the paralaminar portions of the auditory thalamus. In addition, the vast majority of thalamotectal cells were found to be negative for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, parvalbumin or calretinin. Using two different strains of GAD-GFP mice, as well as immunostaining for GABA, we found that a subset of neurons in the brachium of the inferior colliculus is GABAergic, suggesting that part of this descending pathway is inhibitory. Finally, dual retrograde injections into the inferior colliculus and amygdala plus corpus striatum as well into the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex did not reveal any double labeling. These data suggest that the thalamocollicular pathway comprises a unique population of thalamic neurons that do not contain typical calcium binding proteins and do not project to other paralaminar thalamic forebrain targets, and that a previously undescribed descending GABAergic pathway emanates from the brachium of the inferior colliculus. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Elucidation of Primary Events in Bacteriophytochrome Photoreceptors.

Plants, fungi, and bacteria regulate many physiological responses using phytochrome photoreceptors that absorb light in the red and infrared wavelength ranges (1). For example, growth of plants toward sunlight, germination of seeds, and flowering are all regulated by the phytochrome system. As shown in Fig. 1, the functionality of phytochromes in bacteria is controlled by the geometry of an open-chain tetrapyrrole cofactor known as a bilin. Absorption of red light initiates isomerization of one of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the bilin, which ultimately transforms the protein from inactive to functional forms, respectively denoted as “Pr” and “Pfr”.
Friedrich Schiller, 1759–1959. Ed. Matthijs Jolles: Deutsche Beiträge zur geistigen Überlieferung, Vol. IV. Bern and Munich: Francke, 1961. Pp. 181. $3.50.

(1963). Friedrich Schiller, 1759–1959. Ed. Matthijs Jolles. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 168-169.
Relationship between m-TOR-Mediated Upregulation of Glycolysis, Chemoresistance, and Prognosis in Patients with ALL.

Background: The serine/threonine kinase AKT, a major downstream PI3K target, promotes continued cell growth and metabolism by increasing glucose uptake, stimulating glycolysis and ATP production. It has been proposed that cancer cells with a high level of constitutively active AKT depend on glucose for survival. Recent data in transgenic models demonstrated that AKT activation results in mTOR dependent transcriptional upregulation of the glycolytic enzyne HK2 and glucose transporter Glut1 via induction of HIF1-α (Nature Med 2004;10:594). The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and prognostic significance of increased expression of HK2 in patients with ALL, to determine if proglycolytic conditions, high glucose (HG) or hypoxia, promote chemoresistance in ALL blast cells, and if chemoresistance is affected by mTOR inhibition. Methods: HK2 mRNA expression was measured by quantitative Taqman PCR in 28 primary ALL samples (14 newly diagnosed and 14 relapsed). Primary bone marrow samples (N=5) were co-cultured on either MS-5 or HS-5 stroma supplemented with 4 or 14 mM glucose for 24–48 hours. Jurkat cells were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with 4 or 14 mM glucose under hypoxic (3% O2) or normoxic (21% O2) conditions. All samples were treated with doxorubicin (DOX - 25–50 ng/mL) +/− RAD001 (10–20 nM) or CCI779 (2.5–5 mg/mL). Results: Increased expression of HK2 (≥ 2-fold relative to normal samples) occurred in 5/28 samples (18%). Patients with HK2 levels above the median (0.43) had a worse failure free survival (FFS) (HR 2.95; CI 0.89–9.81; P=0.08) and a significantly worse overall survival (OS) (HR 5.01; CI 1.21–20.7; P=0.03). In 4/5 (80%) of primary ALL samples, exposure to HG (14 mM) resulted in decreased apoptosis with DOX compared to normal glucose (4 mM) (mean % Ann+ 32.0 vs 42.0; P=0.047). This effect was reversed with addition of RAD001 or CCI779 (mean % Ann+ 49.36 vs 54.02; P=0.11). Jurkat cells cultured under hypoxic conditions and treated with DOX demonstrated decreased apoptosis and increased cell viability compared to normoxic conditions [mean % Ann (+) cells 39.85 (Hypoxic) vs 55.00 (Normoxic); P=0.016). This effect was reversed with addition of RAD001 under hypoxic conditions [mean % Ann (+) cells 39.85 (DOX) vs 51.92 (DOX+RAD); P=0.009] in association with decreased expression of HK2 mRNA (RE to DMSO mean 62 vs 47; P=0.26). Conclusions: Overexpression of HK2 is associated with worse OS in pts with newly diagnosed or relapsed ALL. Exposure of ALL blast cells to high glucose or hypoxic environment results in chemoresistance to DOX. This effect is abrogated by mTOR inhibition in association with decreased expression of HK2 mRNA, suggesting that upregulation of glycolysis via the AKT/mTOR/HIF1a pathway may be an important mechanism of chemoresistance in ALL and that mTOR inhibition or glucose normalization may play an important role in chemosensitization and improved outcomes in ALL.
The Contested Status of the Garden Pavilion: “Perfect ‘Bijou’” or Royal Blunder?

Months before its completion in the summer of 1845, the garden pavilion emerged as a site of narrative contest over the taste of Victoria and Albert, the capabilities of British artists, the efficacy of royal patronage, and the viability of the state-sponsored project to decorate the new Houses of Parliament with frescoes. Ranging from effusive praise to blistering criticism, responses recorded by Queen Victoria, Benjamin Robert Haydon, William M. Thackeray, Anna Jameson, and anonymous authors writing for the periodical press constitute a dialogic reception history that re-presents the garden pavilion as a controversial hub of artistic activity. Considered as such, the small pavilion not only provides grounds for rejecting monolithic models of “Victorian” aesthetics but also provokes new arguments about the Victorian arts.
Neoadjuvant Multimodality Therapy for Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Head Cancer

Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) requires multimodal therapy in order to obtain best treatment outcomes. While surgical resection remains the only cure, this is often not achievable at time of presentation. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy are therefore often considered as first-line therapy to decrease tumor burden and increase the chances at an R0 section. Many different treatment strategies exist; however, FOLFIRINOX-based chemotherapy remains the gold standard. In addition, radiation therapy can be considered; however, there are no current standard radiotherapy regimens for the treatment of BRPC.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Uninsured Children in Texas.

Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among US children is 12% according to the 2012 National Health Interview Study. Certain pediatric populations have higher CAM use. We studied an ...
Stable Isotopes in Stream Food Webs

Stable isotope analysis has become a common tool for studying stream food webs and for testing hypotheses about stream ecosystem processes and stressors that may affect the structure of the food web or resources available to consumers. In this chapter, we provide a brief discussion of use of natural abundances of stable isotopes to study stream food webs, including a primer on stable isotope terminology, fractionation processes that govern differential cycling of stable isotopes of the same element, and some of the applications of the specific elements most often commonly used for stable isotope studies in stream ecosystems. Our objectives are to illustrate a generalized method ( Basic Method ) for characterizing and comparing stream food webs using δ 13 C and δ 15 N, and three more advanced experimental approaches ( Advanced Methods 1–3 ) for examining specific questions or hypotheses about resource use in stream food webs using δ 13 C, δ 15 N, and δD.
Hidden leaders: results of the national study of associate deans

Associate deans serve critical leadership roles in the functioning and management in higher education administration, but there is little professional preparation for the role. This study surveyed ...
Teachers’ Noticing of Students’ Thinking in Science Through Classroom Artifacts: In What Ways Are Science and Engineering Practices Evident?

Building on the work of teacher noticing, this study investigated teachers’ noticing of students’ thinking evident in artifacts from their science teaching context. Prior work on teachers’ noticing...
The Seasonality of Physically Driven Export at Submesoscales in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

Submesoscale dynamics O(1–100 km) are associated with enhanced vertical velocities and evolve on a time scale similar to that of biological production (hours to days). Here we consider an annual cycle of submesoscale dynamics and their relation to productivity and export in a small (20 × 20 km) region of the northeast Atlantic Ocean. In this region, a springtime bloom is initiated by restratification of the mixed layer in June, although intermittent shoaling of the mixed layer maintains phytoplankton populations throughout the year. An optical community index suggests a dominance of large species (e.g., diatoms) during spring and picophytoplankton during the winter. We review three types of submesoscale instabilities—mixed layer (baroclinic), gravitational, and symmetric—and consider the impact of each on export of fixed carbon out of the surface layer. Mixed layer instabilities can potentially export material out of the mixed layer during winter, although the vertical velocity across the base of the mixed layer is sensitive to the parameterization scheme. Symmetric instabilities, in contrast, provide a clear mechanism for rapid export out of the mixed layer. A crucial factor determining export potential is the strength of the pycnocline at the base of the mixed layer. Export production is sensitive to the degree of overlap that exists between intense submesoscale activity associated with deep mixed layers in the winter and high productivity associated with the spring restratification, meaning that physically driven export of fixed carbon will likely happen over a short time window during spring.
Electret nanofibrous membrane with enhanced filtration performance and wearing comfortability for face mask

Abstract Airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution has become a serious threat to human health, thus it is highly desired for a high-filtration-performance and good-wearing-comfort face mask. Herein, a highly breathable and thermal comfort filter medium consisting of electret polyethersulfone/barium titanate nanofibrous membrane (PES/BaTiO3 NFM) integrated on a nonwoven polypropylene substrate was developed. Benefiting from the high porosity and optimized injection charge energy, the PES/BaTiO3 membrane was endowed with a good air permeability of 743 mm s−1, a modest water vapor permeability of 6.24 kg m−2 d−1, and an enhanced charge storage stability. In addition, the electret PES/BaTiO3 NFM1.5 medium with a low basis weight of 4.32 g m−2 still shows a high filtration efficiency of 99.99% and a low pressure drop of 67 Pa after being treated at 200 °C for 45 min, which is better than that of commercial media. Moreover, 3D simulation based on the characters of composite membrane was processed to graphically express the airflow distribution during the filtration process. Significantly, the NFM1.5 with a high infrared (IR) transmittance of 93.4% led to an effective radiative cooling to human body radiation. This multifunctional fibrous medium design may provide new insights into the development of environmental adaptive protection materials.
Institutional analysis for new public governance scholars

ABSTRACTOver the past several decades, prominent public management and policy scholars have repeatedly identified institutional analysis as a promising tool for empirical research, particularly for...
Executive Branch Support for Civil Legal Aid

For government, access to justice is about more than legal justice. Legal services are essential tools to enable government programs to achieve a wide range of goals that help to provide an orderly...