cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hierarchical perspective on the diversity of butterfly species' responses to weather in the Sierra Nevada Mountains

An important and largely unaddressed issue in studies of biotic-abiotic relationships is the extent to which closely related species, or species living in similar habitats, have similar responses to weather. We addressed this by applying a hierarchical, Bayesian analytical framework to a long-term data set for butterflies which allowed us to simultaneously investigate responses of the entire fauna and individual species. A small number of variables had community-level effects. In particular, higher total annual snow depth had a positive effect on butterfly occurrences, while spring minimum temperature and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sea-surface variables for April-May had negative standardized coefficients. Our most important finding was that variables with large impacts at the community-level did not necessarily have a consistent response across all species. Species-level responses were much more similar to each other for snow depth compared to the other variables with strong community effects. This variation in species-level responses to weather variables raises important complications for the prediction of biotic responses to shifting climatic conditions. In addition, we found that clear associations with weather can be detected when considering ecologically delimited subsets of the community. For example, resident species and non-ruderal species had a much more unified response to weather variables compared to non-resident species and ruderal species, which suggests local adaptation to climate. These results highlight the complexity of biotic-abiotic interactions and confront that complexity with methodological advances that allow ecologists to understand communities and shifting climates while simultaneously revealing species-specific variation in response to climate.
Community-level firearm injury surveillance : Local data for local action

In the United States, firearms are used to commit homicide more frequently than all other methods combined. According to the US Department of Justice, firearms are used to commit more than 1 million crimes each year. Despite the magnitude of this problem, little is known about the epidemiology of firearm crimes and assaults. Many states require medical personnel to report all nonfatal shootings to law enforcement, but the rate of compliance with this requirement is unknown. To enhance cooperation between community emergency departments and law enforcement agencies, we created a unified firearm injury notification system for the City of Atlanta, Georgia, and 5 surrounding counties: Fulton, DeKalb, Cobb, Gwinnett, and Clayton. Our findings are reported here.
Vibrioanguillarum antigen stimulates mitogenesis and polyclonal activation of salmonid lymphocytes

An antigen preparation of Vibrioanguillarum, a salmonid pathogen, acts as a potent invitro mitogenic stimulator of splenic and pronephric (anterior kidney) lymphocytes from coho salmon (Oncorhynchuskisutch), chinook salmon (O.tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Salmogairdneri). This antigen (VA) is comparable in its mitogenic activity to Concanavalin A (Con A), Escherichiacoli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). VA gives peak mitogenic responses in coho five days after initiation of cell culture. VA also appears to be a nonspecific polyclonal activator as determined by the generation of plaque forming cells to trinitrophenyl (TNP) and fluorescein (FI) haptenic determinants. Chemical characterization is limited, but it appears that Vibrio LPS could be responsible for these activities.
Predictors of weight increases over 7 years in fire fighters and paramedics.

Background.Excess body weight among adults is associated with increased risk of disease. Therefore, we sought predictors of weight gain that might be used to prevent increases in weight.Methods.Participants were 438 male fire service personnel, 20–58 years of age, who filled out a questionnaire in 1984 and were weighed in 1984 and 1991.Results.Sixty-five percent gained ≥5 lb, 42.1% gained ≥10 lb, and 26.1% gained ≥15 lb. Unmarried fire fighters gained 11.7 lb; those married or living as married gained 7.0 lb (P< 0.001). Black non-Hispanics increased by 15.7 lb, white Hispanics by 8.9 lb, and white non-Hispanics by 6.7 lb (P< 0.001). New ex-smokers gained 13.0 lb; all other fire fighters gained 7.7 lb (P< 0.004). Fire fighters who reported eating “faster” at the station than elsewhere gained 9.9 lb compared with 6.8 lb for all others (P< 0.006). Those worried over financial security gained 11.2 lb versus nonworriers who gained 7.4 lb (P< 0.005).Conclusion.Prevention programs will reach fire fighters likely to gain the most weight if aimed at those who are unmarried, younger, black, recent ex-smokers, fast eaters, and experiencing certain stressful life events.
Selective formation of heteroligated Pt(II) complexes with bidentate phosphine-thioether (P,S) and phosphine-Selenoether (P,Se) ligands via the halide-induced ligand rearrangement reaction.

Bidentate phosphine-selenoether (P,Se) ligands were synthesized, and their heteroligated Pt(II) complexes were made and studied. The unique “P,S/P,Se” ligand coordination to Pt(II) can be realized via the halide-induced ligand rearrangement reaction. In all cases, the exclusive formation of semi-open heteroligated complexes was achieved as shown by 31P and 77Se NMR spectroscopy and from single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. This is the first example of the use of 77Se NMR spectroscopy to characterize these types of structures through direct observation of the weak-link interaction with the metal center. Heteroligated structure formation is believed to be driven by the relative electron-donating ability of the substituent groups on the seleno or thioether moieties. This effect is studied by comparing the structures of corresponding “P,SMe” and “P,SeMe” complexes bearing a hemilabile “P,SCH2CF3” group, which is less sterically demanding than “P,SPh” but is similar in terms of electron withdrawing ability.
The LIM Protein Zyxin Binds CARP-1 and Promotes Apoptosis

Zyxin is a dual-function LIM domain protein that regulates actin dynamics in response to mechanical stress and shuttles between focal adhesions and the cell nucleus. Here we show that zyxin contributes to UV-induced apoptosis. Exposure of wild-type fibroblasts to UV-C irradiation results in apoptotic cell death, whereas cells harboring a homozygous disruption of the zyxin gene display a statistically significant survival advantage. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism by which zyxin promotes apoptotic signaling, we expressed an affinity-tagged zyxin variant in zyxin-null cells and isolated zyxinassociated proteins from cell lysates under physiological conditions. A 130-kDa protein that was co-isolated with zyxin was identified by microsequence analysis as the Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Regulator Protein-1 (CARP-1). CARP-1 associates with the LIM region of zyxin. Zyxin lacking the CARP-1 binding region shows reduced proapoptotic activity in response to UV-C irradiation. We demonstrate that CARP-1 is a nuclear protein. Zyxin is modified by phosphorylation in cells exposed to UV-C irradiation, and nuclear accumulation of zyxin is induced by UV-C exposure. These findings highlight a novel mechanism for modulating the apoptotic response to UV irradiation.
Individualized cancer therapy: molecular approaches to the prediction of tumor response

A major issue with current cancer therapy is how to ensure the maximum benefit with minimum toxicity for individual patients. With the progress of the human genome project have come high-throughput technologies for the analysis of DNA, gene expression or tumor protein in an efficient and quantitative manner. This review will highlight areas of progress with use of molecular approaches to improve the prediction of tumor response, towards the goal of optimized therapy for each individual patient.
Microstructural and corrosive interactions in phosphorus ion implanted 304L stainless steel—I. Alterations in microstructure by implantation

Abstract Ion implanting phosphorus (P+) ions into 304L stainless steel is shown to improve its corrosion resistance (Part II). Pivotal to this improvement is the production of an amorphous phase throughout the implanted layer. The present paper addresses the microstructures induced by P+ implantation, particularly the role of phosphorus concentration and the influence of the P+ ions' energies in promoting amorphous phase. Phosphorus ions accelerated to 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 keV were implanted into electropolished 304L stainless steel specimens near room temperature to fluences between 0.16 and 19.2 × 1017P+cm−2. Initial implantations produce an f.c.c. to b.c.c. transformation at ⋍ 8% P, followed by amorphous phase formation from the b.c.c. matrix, particularly at concentrations beyond 20% P. Fully amorphous specimens are observed at concentrations near 35% P. Further P+ implantation precipitates a phase isomorphous to hexagonal Fe2P from the amorphous matrix, with a phase isomorphous to FeP present at even higher fluences. The role of radiation damage in determining phase formation is addressed through the use of calculated Fe-P free energy/concentration curves. At all the accelerating energies investigated, the presence of the amorphous phase is concentration dependent rather than atomic displacement dependent. The amorphous phase is observed at all energies in the concentration range 35–41% P. The role of accelerating energy is to provide the atomic transport needed to accomplish the various phase transformations and to control the ion depth of penetration. Crystallization of the amorphous phase, induced by annealing at 300–600°C, generates FeCrP and the phase isomorphous with Fe2P. The formation of these phases requires diffusion of chromium and phosphorus as observed by the experiments.
Capital-budgeting decisions using “crystal ball”

Abstract The uncertainties inherent in capital-budgeting decisions can be captured using a “Crystal Ball”
Are 2-micron absorptions and 11-micron emissions of M stars related?

Three properties of M stars are compared: (1) /3.5/ - /11/ colors, (2) two measures of 2.3-micron band absorption, and (3) two measures of 1.9-micron band absorption. We find that the 2.3-micron bands of 21 M giants and supergiants correlate with /3.5/ - /11/ colors at better than 99 per cent confidence. A comparable relation exists between the mean 1.9-micron bands and /3.5/ - /11/ colors of 23 M giants and Miras. The sum of the 1.9-micron + 2.3-micron band intensities correlates with /3.5/ - /11/ color at better than the 99.8 per cent level for 31 M stars. These relations are consistent with both CO and H2O cooling of M star boundaries. Binaries and Ia supergiants appear to depart from these relations.
Actin distribution along the lateral wall of gerbil outer hair cells

Abstract Outer hair cells can contract parallel to their long axis, and it has been hypothesized that actin may play a role in this contraction. In this study, actin distribution was examined in the gerbil organ of Corti using postembedment immunoelectron microscopy. In addition to regions typically labelled by actin antibodies and observed by epifluorescence—the cuticular plate, stereocilia, and supporting cell processes—these procedures preserved the ultrastructure of the cell and allowed us to demonstrate actin reactivity along the lateral wall of the outer hair cells between the subsurface cisterns and the plasma membrane. This region is the location of structures (pillars and cortical cytosketeton) thought to be associated with contraction of the outer hair cells.
Organizational Social Media: A Comprehensive Framework and Research Agenda

Social media refer to technology artefacts that support various actors in a multiplicity of communication activities for producing user-generated content, developing and maintaining connections and social relationships, or enabling other computer-mediated interactions and collaborations. Despite the growing proliferation of social media articles, the topic of Organization Social Media (OSM) has hitherto received little attention despite the fact that social media technologies are likely to have a tremendous effect on various organizational processes of communication and collaboration. To set the stage for future OSM research, we review the full set of existing literature on social media to date -- 618 journal and conference articles -- in general, as well as papers on OSM, in particular. We augment these with insights from general organization science and management literature that addresses collaboration in order to develop a comprehensive research framework, identify important research gaps and present crucial research topics to guide future OSM research.
Quantum counter for correcting fluorescence excitation spectra at 320- to 800-nm wavelengths.

Abstract A procedure for recording corrected fluorescence excitation spectra to wavelengths as long as 800 nm is described. The procedure involves the use of a commercial spectrofluorometer, which is modified by substituting 1,1′,3,3,3′,3′-hexamethylindotricarbocyanine perchlorate in place of rhodamine B as the quantum counter dye. This modification is applicable to spectrofluorometers supplied by several different manufacturers and can be accomplished by a user having only modest technical skills. A study of the fluorescence excitation spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll a is presented as an illustration of the use of the procedure. The procedure will be valuable in biological and biochemical studies that involve the use of long-wavelength fluorescent probes of either natural or synthetic origin.
Solubility of crude oil in methane as a function of pressure and temperature

The solubility of a 44° API (0.806 sp. gr.) whole crude oil has been measured in methane with water present at temperatures of 50 to 250°C and pressures of 740 to 14,852 psi, as have the solubilities of two high molecular weight petroleum distillation fractions at temperatures of 50 to 250°C and pressures of 4482 to 25,266 psi. Both increases in pressure and temperature increase the solubility of crude oil and petroleum distillation fractions in methane, the effect of pressure being greater than that of temperature. Unexpectedly high solubility levels (0.5–1.5 grams of oil per liter of methane—at laboratory temperature and pressure) were measured at moderate conditions (50–200°C and 5076–14504 psi). Similar results were found for the petroleum distillation fractions, one of which was the highest molecular weight material of petroleum (material boiling above 266°C at 6 microns pressure). Unexpectedly mild conditions (100°C and 15,200 psi; 200°C and 7513 psi) resulted in cosolubility of crude oil and methane. Under these conditions, samples of the gas-rich phase gave solubility values of 4 to 5 g/l, or greater. Qualitative analyses of the crude-oil solute samples showed that at low pressure and temperature equilibration conditions, the solute condensate would be enriched in C5–C15 range hydrocarbons and in saturated hydrocarbons in the C15+ fraction. With increases in temperature and especially pressure, these tendencies were reversed, and the solute condensate became identical to the starting crude oil. The data of this study, compared to that of previous studies, shows that methane, with water present, has a much greater carrying capacity for crude oil than in dry systems. The presence of water also drastically lowers the temperature and pressure conditions required for cosolubility. The data of this and/or previous studies demonstrate that the addition of carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, or butane to methane also has a strong positive effect on crude oil solubility, as does the presence of fine grained rocks. The n-paraffin distributions (as well as the overall composition) of the solute condensates are controlled by the temperature and pressure of solution and exsolution, as well as by the composition of the original starting material. It appears quite possible that primary migration by gaseous solution could ‘strip’ a source rock of crude-oil like components leaving behind a bitumen totally unlike the migrated crude oil. The data of this study demonstrate previous criticisms of primary petroleum migration by gas solution are invalid; that primary migration by gaseous solution cannot occur because methane cannot dissolve sufficient volumes of crude oil or cannot dissolve the highest molecular weight components of petroleum (tars and asphaltenes).
ATYPICAL UTERINE GROWTHS PRODUCED BY PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF ESTROGENIC HORMONES1

RECENT STUDIES have demonstrated that the estrogenic substances are definitely related to carcinoma of the mammary gland. This was be′ lieved to be true for many years, but it remained for Lacassagne (i) and others to show, by the administration of large amounts of estrogenic hormone to mice for many months, that true mammary carcinoma could be induced. That the estrogenic hormone may be involved in the etiology of neoplastic growths of the uterus has been suspected. Indeed, Witherspoon (2), on the basis of the observation that fibromyomas are frequently associated with cystic ovaries, suggested that the former may be due to a stimulation of the uterine muscle and connective tissue by estrogenic hormone.During the past two years we have injected 137 female guinea pigs with estrogenic hormone in oil solution for periods ranging from 3 weeks to 14 months. About 50 of these animals are still under treatment
Work as cultural production: Labour and self-identity among Southwest French wine-growers

La critique des insuffisances dans la conceptualisation marxiste du travail en tant qu'action instrumentale est un point de depart pour evaluer le rapport entre travail et identite personnelle chez des viticulteurs du Sud-Ouest de la France qui sont membres de cooperatives. La distinction symbolique entre deux regions viticoles, et la tension entre la viticulture comme pratique artisanale et la viticulture comme science, sont utilisees historiquement et ethnographiquement a l'appui d'une vision culturelle du travail et de l'identite personnelle, qui puisse reconnaitre les potentiels et les contraintes du pouvoir. L'A. utilise aussi des materiaux ethnographiques francais pour aborder des questions plus generales portant sur l'anthropologie du travail, la critique de la science et les moyens culturels par lesquels les sujets subalternes defient la culture hegemonique et l'economie politique de l'exploitation.
Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Two Concentric Spheres When the Outer Shell has a Variable Refractive Index. Numerical Results

Scattering functions have been calculated for a homogeneous sphere surrounded by a concentric spherical shell. The scattering is insensitive to radial variation of the refractive index in the shell. The scattering from the radially varying case can be approximated by a sphere with a homogeneous concentric shell whose refractive index is intermediate between the internal and the external media.
Sweet’s syndrome with CML cell infiltration of the skin in a patient with chronic-phase CML while taking Imatinib Mesylate

Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by an acute onset of erythematous plaques, fever, and leukocytosis. This syndrome has been reported to be associated with leukemia including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Sweet's syndrome seen in patients with leukemia is usually associated with active and/or refractory disease. Imatinib Mesylate (STI-571, Gleevec) is widely used for therapy of CML. In this case report, CML cell infiltration of the skin was documented by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in a patient with chronic-phase CML on Imatinib Mesylate (STI-571, Gleevec), who was at the time in molecular remission.
Conspecific sperm precedence is a reproductive barrier between free-spawning marine mussels in the northwest atlantic mytilus hybrid zone.

Reproductive isolation at the gamete stage has become a focus of speciation research because of its potential to evolve rapidly between closely related species. Conspecific sperm precedence (CSP), a type of gametic isolation, has been demonstrated in a number of taxa, both marine and terrestrial, with the potential to play an important role in speciation. Free-spawning marine invertebrates are ideal subjects for the study of CSP because of a likely central role for gametic barriers in reproductive isolation. The western Atlantic Mytilus blue mussel hybrid zone, ranging from the Atlantic Canada to eastern Maine, exhibits characteristics conducive to the study of CSP. Previous studies have shown that gametic incompatibility is incomplete, variable in strength and the genotype distribution is bimodal—dominated by the parental species, with a low frequency of hybrids. We conducted gamete crossing experiments using M. trossulus and M. edulis individuals collected from natural populations during the spring spawning season in order to detect the presence or absence of CSP within this hybrid zone. We detected CSP, defined here as a reduction in heterospecific offspring from competitive fertilizations in vitro compared to that seen in non-competitive fertilizations, in five of the twelve crosses in which conspecific crosses were detectable. This is the first finding of CSP in a naturally hybridizing population of a free-spawning marine invertebrate. Our findings support earlier predictions that CSP can promote assortative fertilization in bimodal hybrid zones, further advancing their hypothesized progression towards full speciation. Despite strong CSP numerous heterospecific fertilizations remain, reinforcing the hypothesis that compatible females are a source of hybrid offspring in mixed natural spawns.
CAUSALITY: MODELS, REASONING, AND INFERENCE , by Judea Pearl, Cambridge University Press, 2000

This book seeks to integrate research on cause and effect inference from cognitive science, econometrics, epidemiology, philosophy, and statistics. It puts forward the work of its author, his collaborators, and others over the past two decades as a new account of cause and effect inference that can aid practical researchers in many fields, including econometrics. Pearl adheres to several propositions on cause and effect inference. Though cause and effect relations are fundamentally deterministic (he explicitly excludes quantum mechanical phenomena from his concept of cause and effect), cause and effect analysis involves probability language. Probability language helps to convey uncertainty about cause and effect relations but is insufficient to fully express those relations. In addition to conditional probabilities of events, cause and effect analysis requires graphs or diagrams and a language that distinguishes intervention or manipulation from observation. Cause and effect analysis also requires counterfactual reasoning and causal assumptions in addition to observations and statistical assumptions.
Evaluation of the Four Most-used Alternative Medicine Databases to Answer Common Herbal Information Questions

ABSTRACT Selecting the right tool to answer herbal product questions is essential for medical and information professionals. This study's objective was to compare and evaluate the four most-used alternative medicine databases in terms of adverse reactions, therapeutic use, interactions, and dosage of specific herbal products. MICROMEDEX (AltMedDex and POISINDEX), The Review of Natural Products (eFacts), Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, and Natural Standard were compared for their completeness in answering patient questions related to garlic, Echinacea, saw palmetto, ginkgo, and cranberry. The results of this study will be helpful in making better database usage or purchasing decisions by librarians, pharmacists, and other medical professionals.
Structure of nucleosomal DNA at high salt concentration as probed by hydroxyl radical.

Abstract The structure of a 146 base-pair nucleosomal DNA has been probed using hydroxyl radical cleavage in buffers containing NaCl concentrations ranging from 80 mM to 800 mM. The highest salt concentrations used here are close to those required to dissociate core histone H2A and H2B from nucleosomal DNA. Nonetheless, the cleavage pattern of the DNA id unchanged over the tenfold salt concentration range, retaining the ∼10·0 base-pairs per turn helical periodicity in the flanking regions and ∼10·7 base-pairs per turn periodicity in the DNA is similarly unaffected by salt. These results support the contention that the differential free energy of bending of DNA around the nucleosome is independent of salt concentration.
The Cultural Organizing of Youth Ethnographers: Formalizing a Praxis‐Based Pedagogy

This article illustrates how elements of praxis within George Spindler's cultural therapy and Paul Willis's cultural production are useful precedents for a praxis-based pedagogy. I argue that combining the praxis elements within cultural therapy and cultural production engenders a third mode of ethnographic praxis that I call “cultural organizing.” The article provides an example of cultural organizing among Latina/o high school students in Tucson, Arizona. [cultural organizing, ethnography, Latina/o students, praxis, pedagogy]
Patterns of adult abundance vary with recruitment of an invasive barnacle species on Oahu, Hawaii

Abstract The ability of non-native species to establish and spread is an interplay between the characteristics of the recipient ecosystem (e.g., biotic resistance) and the characteristics of the invading species (e.g., if it is a habitat generalist, fast-growing, highly fecund). In the Hawaiian Islands, the successful establishment and high impacts of many non-native species have been attributed to a disjunct flora and fauna that results in resources that can be readily exploited. Along these lines, the speed with which the Caribbean-Atlantic barnacle Chthamalus proteus became widespread in Hawaii has been attributed to the availability of settlement space in the intertidal zone. I investigated the relative importance of competition and recruitment in regulating the abundance of C. proteus at three sites on the island of Oahu. Recruitment of C. proteus and other barnacle species mirrored adult abundance. Competition with adult barnacles did not appear to be a factor at two sites. At a third site, where recruitment was the highest, competition between C. proteus and an early invader, Amphibalanus reticulatus , in the form of space pre-emption was occurring, apparently mediated at least in part by the preference of A. reticulatus to settle near conspecifics. C. proteus and the native barnacle Nesochthamalus intertextus displayed no such settlement preference. Earlier studies linked differences in recruitment rates of barnacles and other invertebrate species on Oahu to differences in circulation patterns that bring offshore waters into shore at some sites and hold near-shore water flowing out of lagoons and harbors close to shore in others. The present study adds to a growing body of work that suggests that while the relative importance of pre-settlement vs. post-settlement factors to invasion success varies with location, knowledge of local oceanographic conditions could help predict the spread of non-native marine species.
Sodium appetite and cerebrospinal fluid sodium concentration during hypovolemia

A lowered concentration of sodium in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been suggested as a critical signal for the elicitation of sodium appetite. This was evaluated in naive male Long-Evans rats made hypovolemic by subcutaneous injection of the colloid polyethylene glycol (PEG) in a hyperoncotic concentration. At 2, 5 or 8 h after PEG or vehicle injection, under conditions of availability or non-availability of water and 0.3 M NaCl for ingestion, the rats were anesthetized and samples of CSF and blood were taken. Water intakes of the PEG treated rats were elevated at 5 and 8 h, and 0.3 M NaCl intakes were elevated at 8 h in comparison to vehicle treated rats. When fluids were not available, CSF sodium concentrations were greater in PEG than in vehicle treated rats at 2, 5 and 8 h. When fluids were available, CSF sodium concentrations were greater in PEG than in vehicle treated rats at 5 and at 8 h. There was no correlation between CSF sodium concentration and saline intake. In summary, a lowered CSF sodium concentration is not a necessary condition for sodium appetite in the hypovolemic rat.
Developmental patterns of aluminum in mouse brain and effects of dietary aluminum excess on manganese deficiency

Previous studies have shown that excess dietary Al during development can effect neurobehavioral measures and decrease tissue Mn of 21-day-old weanling mice without a corresponding increase in tissue Al concentrations. Al and Mn have similar tissue concentrations and similar affinities for transferrin, which is the major plasma transport protein for Al and Mn as well as Fe. In the present study, brain Al, Mn and Fe were studied at 6, 12, 18 and 24 days of age in offspring of Swiss Webster mice fed a semi-purified diet containing excess Al (Al[+], 1000 μg Al/g diet, Al as Al lactate), marginal Mn (mn[−], 3 μg Mn/g diet) or both excess Al and marginal Mn (Al[+]Mn[−]) from conception to day 24 postnatal (weaning on day 18). Brain Al concentrations were higher at 6 days of age than at later ages and were significantly elevated by the excess Al diet (P = 0.017) but returned to control levels by weaning. Brain Mn concentrations increased from day 6 to day 24 and were lower in the Mn deficient groups (P < 0.001) and also in the excess Al group (P = 0.024) than in controls. Brain Fe concentrations were not influenced by diet. Similar patterns were seen in liver as in brain. The marginal Mn diet led to postnatal growth retardation which was more severe in litters of dams fed Al[+]Mn[−] diets than in litters fed Mn[−] diet. These data suggest that excess Al in diet can interact specifically with Mn metabolism during development.
A Study of Composite Strengthening Through Application of an Electric Field

This paper studies effects of an electric field on the mechanical response of unidirectional carbon fiber polymer matrix composites. The existing experimental evidence suggests that exposure of a composite material to the electromagnetic field leads to changes in the material's strength and resistance to delamination. We have analyzed the effects promoting this phenomenon: coupling of mechanical and electromagnetic fields and Joule heat effects and develop an experimental setup for impact tests of the composites carrying an electric current. Experimental results of low velocity impact tests on unidirectional carbon fiber polymer composite plates carrying a DC electric current show that electrified composites fail at higher impact load. Moreover, a larger electric field leads to a larger impact load that may be sustained by the composite. Finally, analysis of the Joule heat effects reveals that it is not a primary mechanism for the strengthening phenomenon observed in the experiments.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of colorectal cancer: an overview

Numerous lifestyle factors have been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis. These include diet, inadequate physical activity, obesity, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Epidemiologic studies, animal experiments, and randomized clinical trials have shown that dietary factors can influence all stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, from cell proliferation to transformation to cancer. Defining the precise role of diet and other lifestyle factors in colorectal carcinogenesis may require the elucidation of genetic susceptibility and genetic-environmental interactions. Despite the preoccupation with nutrition by the public and the media in the United States, trends in food consumption have not been favorable. The average U.S. diet is still too high in calories and fat and too low in fiber, cereals, fruits, and vegetables. Dietary modifications along with secondary prevention measures may have a major impact on reducing the mortality from colorectal cancer.
High energy acute Lisfranc fractures and dislocations

High impact Lisfranc injuries are becoming more common, often resulting in dislocations that should be reduced emergently to preserve soft tissue integrity. Open reduction and internal fixation of Lisfranc disruptions should be used to stabilize the midfoot, even if the injury is primarily ligamentous. Arthrodesis is not necessary and should not be routinely used as the definitive treatment. Reduction and fixation proceeds proximally to distally and medially to laterally, wherein the goal is to provide stability to the medial foot while preserving lateral column motion.
Culture and Language in the Emergence of Autobiographical Memory

Current conceptualizations of childhood amnesia assume that there is a "barrier" to remembering early experiences that must be overcome in order for one to begin to accumulate autobiographical memories. In contrast, we present a social-cultural-developmental perspective on the emergence of autobiographical memory. We first demonstrate the gradual emergence of autobiographical memories across the preschool years and then relate this developmental process to specific developments in language, narrative, and understanding of self and other that vary among individuals, as well as by culture and gender.
Le Développement participatif Exige une Conception participative de la Communication

The most common approach to health communication, characterized by a top-down, one way flow of information through which individuals and communities are provided with solutions to their problems, is increasingly in question. The belief that the main goal of health communication programmes is to disseminate carefully worded messages to community target groups in order to trigger individual behaviour change is increasingly questioned in terms of both effectiveness and appropriateness. An alternative belief is that the aim of these programmes should be to involve both community members and health workers in critical analysis of health problems and potential solutions in order to develop strategies for action. This article describes two contrasting models of communication, the "information-dissemination for individual change model" and the "participatory, problem solving for action model". The two models are discussed in terms of the communication process, levels of programme intervention, communication activities and communication materials and an argument is given for the participatory model with examples of successful programmes that have adopted this approach.
Excessive doses of drugs.

To the Editor.— Baum et al 1 describe an increase in "overall drug use" as a result of both increasing numbers of prescriptions and increasing prescription size (number of tablets, capsules, or other units). We wish to point out another dimension of "overall use" and to suggest that the prescribed dosage of drug, when inappropriately high, may entail unnecessary morbidity. Hydrochlorothiazide is noted by the authors to be the most prescribed drug substance in the United States. The November 1983 FDA Drug Bulletin recommends 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide or its equivalent as the maximum dose of diuretic for treatment of hypertension. Blaschke and Melvin 2 state that "small doses of thiazide (eg, 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide or its equivalent) will produce little change in plasma electrolytes but have about as much anti-hypertensive action as do much larger doses." Kaplan 3 emphasizes the dangers of hypokalemia and recommends the equivalent of
The Odyssey of Malcolm X: An Eriksonian Interpretation

(1990). The Odyssey of Malcolm X: An Eriksonian Interpretation. The Historian: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 47-62.
Equivalence of interaction hamiltonians in the electric dipole approximation

Abstract The interaction of an atomic system with an externally applied electromagnetic field can be treated in the electric dipole approximation by means of either the minimal coupling (p · A) or direct coupling (d · E) Hamiltonian. It is shown that both methods lead to identical and unambiguous predictions for observable quantities as long as the atomic wavefunctions are transformed when used in the minimal-coupling formulation. The physical meaning of kinetic momentum is used to show that the atomic states must be described by wavefunctions calculated in the absence of an electromagnetic field when using the d · E (but not the p · A) form of the interaction Hamiltonian. When, however, observables are calculated using the common approximations of resonance atomic physics – the two-level approximation and the rotatingwave approximation – the two formulations can lead to measurably different results. This point is illustrated by calculating the induced polarization (and hence the refractive index) of an a...
History in Ousmane Sembène's Guelwaar and Ceddo

The legendary Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembene, who once likened an African filmmaker to the "griot," a sort of public historian cum social critic, engaged Africa's precolonial past and its neocolonial present to visualize the possibility of a "transcendental subjectivity." Departing from binary paradigms in which Africa is "traditional," Europe "modern," and imperialism "modernizing," Sembene saw his society as a space imbued with plural modernities; his historical narratives not only contest the usual representations of colonial Africa but also demystify all fundamentalist historical narratives. Sembene's films imagine alternatives to the recorded past and become a resource for continuous reinvention: Guelwaar inscribes a path out of divisive ethnoreligious essentialisms into a unified vox populi, and Ceddo uses the imagery and rhetoric of slavery to expose concentric layers of subordination, pointing to the instability of social identities and the possibility of subversion.
Band-gap narrowing in the space-charge region of heavily doped silicon diodes

Abstract The densities of states of the valence and conduction bands have been calculated in the space-charge region of a heavily doped linearly graded p - n junction silicon diode. Both the donor and acceptor densities were chosen to be equal to 6.2 × 10 18 cm −3 . The results showed the emergence of band tails which penetrated deeply into the energy gap and accounted for the band-gap narrowing observed in such a diode by analysis of capacitance vs voltage measurements of the built-in voltage.
Cost effectiveness of an integrated service delivery model as measured by worker retention

Abstract This study sought to examine the impact of housing child welfare ongoing teams in the community, near client neighborhoods, and in a setting that also co-locates other service providers that serve the same clients. The focus was the impact of location and service integration on perceptions of worker stress and actual worker turnover. Thirty four workers from this type of setting and from a more traditional setting in two urban cities in a Southern state were interviewed. In addition turnover rates were calculated and compared. It was found that those located near clients and with staff from other agencies had better morale, lower stress levels, more positive attitudes toward clients and client contexts, knew more about the communities the clients lived in and had more chances to collaborate to solve client problems than those in a more traditional setting with co-location only with family support staff. The turnover rate was lower in the integrated service delivery setting than in either the traditional setting or the state overall. Thus, integration of service delivery benefits not only the child welfare workforce participants, but also the clients who have greater access to other service providers and to the bottom line of the agency through the retention of workers. Implications are described.
Gliosarcoma with primitive neuroectodermal differentiation: case report and review of the literature

The clinical and pathological features of a gliosarcoma with a primitive neuroectodermal component in a 52-year-old male are presented. To our knowledge, only three other cases of such an entity have been reported in the English literature.
Airway surface liquid depth imaged by surface laser reflectance microscopy

The thin layer of liquid at the surface of airway epithelium, the airway surface liquid (ASL), is important in normal airway physiology and in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis. At present, the best method to measure ASL depth involves scanning confocal microscopy after staining with an aqueous-phase fluorescent dye. We describe here a simple, noninvasive imaging method to measure ASL depth by reflectance imaging of an epithelial mucosa in which the surface is illuminated at a 45-degree angle by an elongated 13-µm wide rectangular beam produced by a 670-nm micro-focus laser. The principle of the method is that air–liquid, liquid–liquid, and liquid–cell interfaces produce distinct specular or diffuse reflections that can be imaged to give a micron-resolution replica of the mucosal surface. The method was validated using fluid layers of specified thicknesses and applied to measure ASL depth in cell cultures and ex vivo fragments of pig trachea. In addition, the method was adapted to measure transepithelial fluid transport from the dynamics of fluid layer depth. Compared with confocal imaging, ASL depth measurement by surface laser reflectance microscopy does not require dye staining or costly instrumentation, and can potentially be adapted for in vivo measurements using fiberoptics.
Implications of Altered Drug Disposition in the Elderly: Studies of Benzodiazepines

Article de synthese sur l'alteration de la pharmacocinetique en fonction de l'âge, chez l'homme. Exemple des benzodiazepines chez le vieillard
Relationships between Teachers' Occupational Stress and Their Burnout and Distress: Roles of Coping and Negative Mood Regulation Expectancies

Teaching school is a highly stressful occupation. Consequences of this stress are burnout, physical and emotional distress, and choosing to leave the profession. Research on teacher stress and burnout has largely focused on environmental and contextual factors while ignoring personality characteristics of teachers that may have an impact on relationships between job stress and its consequences. The current study has a cross-sectional self-report design, focusing on teachers' negative mood regulation (NMR) expectancies as predictors of their coping, burnout and distress, in response to occupational stress. NMR expectancies are people's beliefs that they can control the negative moods they experience. Participants were 86 primary and secondary school teachers, who filled out questionnaire measures of teacher stress, NMR expectancies, coping, burnout, and distress. Simultaneous regression analyses showed that higher stress on the job did indeed predict greater burnout and distress. Additionally, stronger NMR...
Zinc chromate modification of the Golgi technic.

A modification of the Golgi technic is described in which the reaction takes place in well fixed formalin material. Thin slices (whole sections of adult monkey, cat and rat cerebrum) 2 to 3 mm. thick, from brains fixed 3 to 4 months in 10% formalin, are chromated for two days in 3 g. of zinc chromate dissolved in 98 ml. of distilled water and 2 ml. of formic acid. Slices are then removed, blotted dry and immersed, suspended by a thread, in 0.75% silver nitrate solution for two days. Solution should be changed after the first day. After silvering, the slices are dehydrated rapidly (total time about one hour) in 95% and absolute alcohol, placed in xylene 10 minutes, in low melting point paraffin 10 minutes and embedded in low melting point paraffin. Only surface infiltration is necessary since sections are cut 90 to 100 u. Sections are collected in 95% alcohol, dehydrated in absolute alcohol, cleared in several changes of xylene and mounted in Fisher's Permount. Results with fetal and new born material were...
Hyper-X Stage Separation: Background and Status

This paper provides an overview of stage separation activities for NASA's Hyper-X program; a focused hypersonic technology effort designed to move hypersonic, airbreathing vehicle technology from the laboratory environment to the flight environment. This paper presents an account of the development of the current stage separation concept, highlights of wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics investigations being conducted to define the separation event, results from ground tests of separation hardware, schedule and status. Substantial work has been completed toward reducing the risk associated with stage separation.
BOOK REVIEW: REVIEW ESSAY California Farmiń: Promise and Reality

Privatizing Poland: Baby Food, Big Business, and the Remaking of Labor. Elizabeth C. Dunn. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Sol-Gel Synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7-& Using Yttrium, Barium and Copper Polyether Alkoxide Precursors

Homogeneous solutions of yttrium, barium and copper 2-(2-methoxy)-ethoxyethoxides in 2-(2-methoxy)ethoxyethanol of appropriate lY:2Ba:3Cu stoichiometry have been prepared and used in sol-gel synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7-δ. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the preparation of a homogeneous solution of yttrium, barium and copper homoleptic alkoxides dissolved only in the parent alcohol. These solutions provide an excellent starting point for sol-gel synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7-° since the metals are mixed on the molecular scale, and because the solutions are stable with no possibility of ligand exchange to give insoluble products. Hydrolysis and careful heat treatment of gels produced from these solutions yield nearly pure tetragonal YBa2Cu3O7-δ at temperatures as low as 725°C. The preparation of these solutions and their characterization by small-angle x-ray scattering measurements and TEM are reported, as well as preliminary data pertaining to their use in the sol-gel synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7-δ.
Distributed Approaches for Proportional and Max-Min Fairness in Random Access Ad Hoc Networks

We consider the question of distributed rate optimization in a wireless random access network, with the goal of achieving global fairness objectives. Since the wireless medium is broadcast in nature, a MAC (medium access control) protocol is essential to reduce collisions and ensure high system throughput. For random access MAC protocols, the feasible rate region is typically a complex, non-convex and non-separable function of the MAC protocol parameters, like the transmission probabilities or back-off window sizes. These factors make the question of distributed rate optimization in a wireless random access network a complex one, and imply that cross-layer coordination is necessary to attain end-to-end fairness. Despite its complexity, significant progress has been made in recent years towards addressing this question for certain fairness measures. In this paper, we summarize our recent results in designing distributed approaches in a random access ad hoc network, with the goal of achieving proportional and max-min fairness at the link layer, and for the end-to-end sessions. We also pose some open questions on this topic that are currently being investigated.