cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Theta Point

We exploit the relationship between the limit of the n → 0 of the n-vector model and self-avoiding walks (SAW) to relate the number of closed polygons, N of N + 1 links to the radius of gyration RN of SAW’s of N steps, i.e., N(N + 1) ~ R N −d where d is the dimensionality of the space. The relationship also holds at the Theta point: N ω(N + 1) ~ R θ −d where Rθ is the radius of gyration of the interacting SAW’s at the θ-temperature and Nω is the appropriately weighted polygon number. We show that a walk on the hull of the percolation clusters at the critical threshold Pc of the triangular lattice is identical to an interacting SAW and the critical properties of this walk are the θ-point critical properties.
Chapter 8 – Applications to Physics

This chapter begins with three projects related to Newton's law of acceleration. The first considers what happens when a real ladder slides down a wall with the base pulled out at constant velocity. The second project considers air resistance for an object falling a long distance with the approximation of a linear force because of the air. The third project considers nonlinear air resistance and an elastic force — bungee diving.
Time-Dependent Dynamics of an Atom in an Intense Laser Field

In recent years we have seen very rapid advances in the technology of short pulse, very high intensity lasers. Lasers with pulse lengths of 0.1–1 ps and wavelengths from 0.2–1 μm can be focused to produce intensities from 1012 to above 1018 W/cm2. One major use of these systems has been to study the response of atoms and molecules to such intense, well characterized electromagnetic fields. These pulses are short enough that neutral atoms survive to experience intensities where traditional perturbation expansions, based on the field-free states of the system, will fail completely to describe the dynamics of the system. Evidence for non-perturbative ionization can be found in the photoelectron energy spectra which contain numerous peaks separated by the photon energy. These peaks indicate a high probability of absorbing many more photons than the minimum required for ionization. This phenomenon, called above threshold ionization (ATI), has been observed in many experiments1 and is reproduced theoretically from an energy analysis of the final state wave function obtained from a time-dependent calculation.2 A second remarkable observation in high intensity experiments is the unexpectedly efficient production of very high-order harmonic radiation during the laser pulse. Harmonics up to the 109th order of a 140 fs Ti-sapphire (806nm) laser in neon have been reported.3 Again, the time-dependent wave function contains the information that explains this highly nonlinear, non-perturbative behavior. The Fourier transform of the dipole induced in the electronic charge distribution gives the spectrum of emitted radiation. For many atomic systems, the calculated spectra agree quantitatively with the observed harmonic emission.4
Advanced Coincidence Processing of 3D Laser Radar Data

Data collected by 3D Laser Radar (Lidar) systems, which utilize arrays of avalanche photo-diode detectors operating in either Linear or Geiger mode, may include a large number of false detector counts or noise from temporal and spatial clutter. We present an improved algorithm for noise removal and signal detection, called Multiple-Peak Spatial Coincidence Processing (MPSCP). Field data, collected using an airborne Lidar sensor in support of the 2010 Haiti earthquake operations, were used to test the MPSCP algorithm against current state-of-the-art, Maximum A-posteriori Coincidence Processing (MAPCP). Qualitative and quantitative results are presented to determine how well each algorithm removes image noise while preserving signal and reconstructing the best estimate of the underlying 3D scene. The MPSCP algorithm is shown to have 9x improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, a 2-3x improvement in angular and range resolution, a 21% improvement in ground detection and a 5.9x improvement in computational efficiency compared to MAPCP.
Best practice: evidence from the clinical trials

`What is heart failure?’ is a question that can be addressed from the point of view of the doctor, the health service, and of the patient. From the medical viewpoint, heart failure is where the heart is damaged to the extent that it is no longer an effective pump. There is a pronounced neurohormonal activation, and the affected patient is breathless, tired, and retains fluid and has a poor quality of life. Furthermore, as has been shown in several population based studies, patients have a reduced life expectancy, irrespective of the age at which they present. The Hillingdon heart failure study looked at incident heart failure in a west London population of 151 000 individuals. A total of 220 incident cases were identified and during a median follow up of 42 months there were 126 deaths. The survival curve dropped rapidly, such that by three months a quarter of these patients had died. At six months only 70% survived and at 12 months this was down to 63% (fig 1).1 Survival among those patients who developed heart failure in the Framingham heart study between 1948 and 1988 was remarkably similar: two years after diagnosis half of the men had died.2 Figure 1 Survival of incident cases of heart failure from the Hillingdon heart failure study (95% confidence intervals also shown). Modified from Cowie et al .1 From the point of view of the health service, heart failure represents a serious problem in that it poses a steadily rising burden on the secondary care sector: it accounts for 5% of acute medical admissions and around 10% of all medical bed days. These patients tend to have prolonged admissions and it is often difficult to discharge them home. Hospital discharge data from Scotland show that from 1983 to 1996 there was …
Glossopharyngeal nerve transection does not compromise the specificity of taste-guided sodium appetite in rats

The chorda tympani nerve (CT) has been shown to be critical in the sodium-specific drinking behavior of sodium-depleted rats, but the role of other gustatory nerves and the contribution of the major salivary glands remain to be elucidated. In this study, rats received either bilateral section of the CT (CTX) or the glossopharyngeal nerve (GLX), extirpation of the sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands (DSAL), or sham surgery. After recovery, rats were sodium depleted with furosemide and tested for their licking responses to 0.05 and 0.3 M NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and NH4Cl, as well as distilled water in an automated gustometer. Rats that received GLX maintained a specific sodium appetite comparable to controls despite denervation of approximately 64% of the taste buds. In contrast, compared with control rats, CTX and DSAL rats had altered response profiles, showing much smaller differences in licking to NaCl relative to the other stimuli. This was accompanied by a substantially lower lick rate in DSAL rats, raising the possibility that general licking impairments contributed to the decreased NaCl responsiveness in these rats. These findings imply that the CT, but not the glossopharyngeal nerve, is necessary for the maintenance of normal sodium-specific, taste-guided behavior under sodium deplete conditions.
Benjamin's ethical strategy in the New Almaden case

F EW judicial arguments in American history offer the wide opportunity for study of the careful development of ethical appeals and their use in a forensic situation as does the argument of Judah P. Benjamin in the case of the United States v. Andres Castillero, or as it was most often termed, the New Almaden Case. This litigation, which was argued before the U. S. District Court in San Francisco in October, i860, might have become an incident of far-reaching judicial and political significance had not the Civil War overshadowed it in public concern and dispersed the personalities involved.
A Case of ACTH Secreting Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC) of Bronchus

Bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors account for only 20% of all lung carcinomas. These tumors are separated into four subtypes of low-grade (typical carcinoids), intermediate-grade (atypical carcinoids) and high-grade carcinomas which include large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). LCNEC is a rare entity of aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. LCNEC is typically seen in older male with significant smoking history. We are presenting a young man with only five pack year smoking history and cushingoid features who was found to have LCNEC.
Intermediate mass scales and proton decay

Abstract Simple sufficient conditions are obtained for ensuring baryon number conservation at intermediate mass scales between M W and the grand unification mass in grand unified theories. These conditions are applied to obtain an SO(14) model which can accommodate fractionally charged physical particles and which is consistent with the present experimental limits on the proton lifetime and sin 2 θ w ( M w ).
Effects of immunocastration and time after second Improvest dose on adipose tissue fatty acid profile of finishing barrows.

The effects of immunocastration and time after second Improvest dose on proximate composition and fatty acid profile of adipose tissue from jowl and bel- ly of finishing barrows were determined. Physically cas- trated (PC) and immunologically castrated (IC) barrows were assigned to treatments at birth. Within 5 d of age, PC barrows were physically castrated and IC barrows were administered Improvest (gonadotropin-releasing factor analog; Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI) at 16 and 20 wk of age. Diets were formulated with corn and soybean meal and did not contain ethanol coproducts. Subsequently, PC (n = 23) and IC (n = 24) barrows were slaughtered biweekly from 22 to 28 wk of age, 2 to 8 wk following second Improvest dose. Adipose tissue samples were col- lected from the jowl and belly. Main effects of castration method and time after second Improvest dose and their interaction were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Overall, IC barrows were heavier at slaughter (136.1 vs. 100.6 kg; P < 0.01), had similar HCW (P = 0.13), and were leaner (50.9 vs. 48.9%; P < 0.01) than PC barrows. In jowl adipose tissue, IC barrows had less lipid content (64.7 vs. 80.2%; P < 0.01) than PC barrows at 2 wk. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.75) in lipid content between IC and PC barrows from 4 to 8 wk. Total MUFA content was reduced (42.5 vs. 44.8%; P = 0.04) and PUFA content was greater (16.9 vs. 14.8%; P < 0.01) in IC compared to PC barrows. Increasing time after second dose reduced (P = 0.04) PUFA content from 17.5% at 2 wk to 15.4% at 8 wk. In IC barrows, iodine value (IV) was increased by 6.9 and 3.3 g/100 g compared with PC barrows at 2 and 4 wk, but IV was not different between castration methods (P ≥ 0.95) at both 6 and 8 wk. Meanwhile, in belly adipose tissue, IC barrows had less lipid content than PC barrows (75.3 vs. 82.7%; P < 0.01). Lipid content was unchanged over time (P = 0.34) in either PC or IC barrows. Total SFA and MUFA con- tent of the belly were similar for both IC and PC barrows. Belly adipose tissue from IC barrows had greater concen- trations of PUFA than PC barrows (16.2 vs. 14.7%; P < 0.01). In IC barrows, IV was increased by 5.3 g/100 g compared with PC barrows at 2 wk, but IV was not differ- ent between castration methods (P ≥ 0.91) from 4 to 8 wk. Results indicate that as time after second Improvest dose progressed, IV of jowl and belly was reduced. This was accompanied by an increase in lipid deposition in jowl, while lipid content remained constant in belly.
Abstract 1968: Breast cancer cells escape from chemotherapy and hypoxia by distinct mechanisms

Cancer relapse following treatment remains a significant barrier to achieving cures for many patients. An emerging framework for addressing this problem focuses on cancer stem cells (CSCs). Clinical and preclinical data suggest that CSCs survive chemotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy. In breast cancer, CSCs are marked by the cell surface expression of CD44, the major receptor for hyaluronic acid. The SKBR3 cell line was previously shown to be a clinically relevant model of breast CSCs in vivo, and we have further developed this model to enable mechanistic studies of tumor relapse in vitro. We found that chemotherapy and hypoxia both enriched for CD44 hi populations in SKBR3, but surprisingly, the populations were phenotypically distinct. CD44 hi cells from chemotherapy but not hypoxia exhibited increased tumor cell growth and increased sensitivity to the CSC-specific inhibitor salinomycin, compared to CD44 lo cells. To examine these CD44 hi and CD44 lo populations further, we performed transcriptional profiling with sorted cells. We found that the growth factor TGF beta-2 was upregulated in chemotherapy-treated CD44 hi cells and also enhanced the growth of these cells, which suggests that TGF beta-2 autocrine/paracrine signaling can promote the growth of surviving cells. We also observed an increase in xCT (SLC7A11) expression upon chemotherapy treatment and identified the CD44v8-10 variant expressed in the CD44 hi SKBR3. CD44v could therefore stabilize xCT and promote survival by lowering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have also established a functional role for CD44 in SKBR3 cell growth: CD44 knockdown prevented colony formation, and conversely the CD44 ligand hyaluronic acid enhanced colony formation. These findings indicate that CD44 not only marks CSC populations that arise in response to chemotherapy but also functions in their survival. Our work suggests that mechanisms of tumor relapse vary based on the particular therapy, and defining these mechanisms will allow for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to enable long-term responses in the clinic. Citation Format: Siobhan O9Brien, Liang Chen, Wenyan Zhong, Douglas Armellino, Maximillian Follettie, Marc Damelin. Breast cancer cells escape from chemotherapy and hypoxia by distinct mechanisms. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1968. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1968
Possible molecular targets of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in neuronal cells.

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and bioaccumulative environmental toxicants. Although health effects associated with exposure to these chemicals, including motor dysfunction and impairment in memory and learning, have been identified, their molecular site of action is unknown. Previous study from this laboratory demonstrated that, while ortho PCBs perturbed intracellular signaling mechanisms including Ca2+ homeostasis, receptor-mediated inositol phosphate production and translocation of PKC, non-ortho PCBs did not. Since PKC signaling pathway is implicated in the modulation of motor behavior, as well as learning and memory, and the roles of PKC are isoform-specific, we have now studied the effects of two structurally distinct PCBs on isoforms of PKC in cerebellar granule cell culture model. Cells were exposed to 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl (ortho PCB; 2,2′-DCB) or 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl (non-ortho PCB; 4,4′-DCB) for 15 min, respectively, and subsequently fractionated and immunoblotted against the selected PKC monoclonal antibodies (α, γ, δ, ϵ, λ, ι). While 2,2′-DCB induced a translocation of PKC-α [cytosol (% control): 54 ± 12 at 25 μM and 66 ± 10 at 50 μM; membrane (% control): 186 ± 37 at 25 μM and 200 ± 48 at 50 μM] and −ϵ [cytosol (% control): 92 ± 12 at 25 μM and 97 ± 15 at 50 μM; membrane (% control): 143 ± 23 at 25 μM and 192 ± 24 at 50 μM] from cytosol to membrane fraction in a concentration-dependent manner, 4,4′-DCB had no effects. 2,2′-DCB induced translocation of PKC-α was blocked by pretreatment with sphingosine, suggesting a possible role of sphingolipid pathway. Although reports on implication of PKC-γ with learning and memory are relatively extensive, the expression of this particular isoform in the primary cerebellar granule cells was below the detectable level. PKC-δ, -λ and -ι were present in these cells, but were not altered by PCB exposure. These results suggest that the effects of 2,2′-DCB on PKC is isoform-dependent and PKC-α as well as PKC-ϵ may be target molecules for ortho-PCBs in neuronal cells.
Fixation versus replacement of radial head in terrible triad: Is there a difference in elbow stability and prognosis?

Background Surgical treatment for terrible triad injuries of the elbow (defined as elbow dislocations with concomitant fractures of the radial head and coronoid) remains a challenging clinical problem. Specifically, the question of whether to repair or replace the radial head remains controversial.
On your own with naturalistic evaluation

If one undertakes naturalistic evaluation without formal training, there are some important considerations and sources of information to keep in mind.
Species‐Specific Effects of Sarcoplasmic Extracts on Lipid Oxidation in vitro

ABSTRACT: The degree to which lipid and myoglobin (Mb) oxidation processes interact in meat can be species-specific. We investigated the effects of beef and pork sarcoplasmic extracts containing different Mb concentrations on lipid oxidation in a liposome system. Sarcoplasm was extracted from beef and pork longissimus dorsi and psoas major muscles. Beef sarcoplasm was diluted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer to obtain a Mb concentration equivalent to that in pork sarcoplasm. Conversely, equine heart Mb was added to pork sarcoplasm to match the myoglobin concentration of beef sarcoplasm. This resulted in beef and pork sarcoplasms, each with 2 different Mb concentrations for the longissimus (0.02 mM and 0.07 mM) and psoas (0.05 and 0.12 mM). Sarcoplasm (or phosphate buffer control) was incorporated within a phosphatidylcholine liposome preparation and incubated at 25°C. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of incubation. Regardless of species, greater Mb concentration within the sarcoplasm increased lipid oxidation (P < 0.05). Across muscles, pork sarcoplasm had lower TBARS values than beef sarcoplasm (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that pork sarcoplasm has a lesser effect on lipid oxidation than beef sarcoplasm for a common Mb concentration. However, increased myoglobin concentration within sarcoplasm promotes lipid oxidation regardless of species.
Transdermal selegiline in patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy.

Background Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) during a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is controversial. Objective In this report, the authors present outcomes of this concurrent treatment approach. Method The authors present two cases of patients taking the newest MAOI approved for depression, namely, transdermal selegiline, while receiving ECT. Results The authors conclude that there is no evidence of complications or adverse events associated with concurrent use of ECT and low-dose transdermally administered selegiline. Conclusion The authors further conclude that beginning a low dose of transdermal selegiline before finishing a course of ECT is a viable option for relapse prevention in the treatment of depression.
Role of phenylalanine in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and cinnamic acids in strawberry leaf disks

Abstract Alteration of the turnover of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamic-4-hydroxylase in leaf disks actively synthesizing phenolics was accomplished by inhibition and by withholding substrate. Measurement of the result of these manipulations on the accumulation of cinnamic acids and flavonoids suggested that the ammonia-lyases are obligatory enzymes in phenolic synthesis but are not necessarily rate limiting.
THE IMPACT OF SUPPORT RESOURCES ON LOCAL CHAPTER OPERATIONS IN THE ANTIDRUNK-DRIVING MOVEMENT

Resource mobilization is critical for the development of social movement organizations. This study evaluates the differential impact of membership support and community organization support on the goals and operations of local chapters of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). It was found that membership support is associated with the programming goals of local chapters, that is, public awareness, victim assistance, and promoting antidrunk-driving legislation. Community organization support was only associated with youth education as a programming emphasis. In terms of organizational operations, membership support was associated with more central office contacts and increased contacts with other MADD chapters and more cooperative programming with the national central office of MADD. In contrast community organization support was associated with less contact and more disagreement with the central office on policies and less cooperation on programs. In this article the relationship between the organizational resources of membership support and community organization support on the operations of local chapters of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) will be examined in the light of the theoretical work done on resource mobilization in social movements. The growing salience of the drunk-driving problem in highway safety reported by Gusfield (1981) has helped propel MADD, since its founding in 1980, into being the largest antidrunk-driving organization in the nation with approximately 380 local chapters. As a major part of a single issue reform movement, MADD can be used to examine the impact of organizational resource mobilization on the operations of social movement organizations (SMO) at the local level. It is a basic tenet of resource mobilization that an SMO will attempt to develop various resources for its benefit but ultimately the types of resources available to the
COMMON MOLECULAR PATHWAYS FOR PATTERNING OF THE BODY AXIS, LIMBS, CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM, AND FACE DURING EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT

Many congenital anomalies affecting the face are known to appear as syndromes or associations, in combination with other defects. Often, these involve the limbs, eyes, central nervous system, and body axis. A general, and understandable, tendency among clinical researchers has been to seek a single cell type or definable embryologic process on which to ascribe the etiologic basis for such associations. The possibility of a gene, or group of genes, under coordinate control has not received much attention until recently. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology and the current explosion in basic research on the molecular bases of embryonic development, however, several possibilities are beginning to emerge. Here, I will list a few genes whose expression during development suggests that the molecules they encode are used as part of a coordinate molecular pathway, and that they play a role in the development of systems that often appear together in congenital associations or syndromes.
The transmission of shifts and shift blurring in the QR algorithm

Abstract The QR algorithm is one of the most widely used algorithms for calculating the eigenvalues of matrices. The multishift QR algorithm with multiplicity m is a version that effects m iterations of the QR algorithm at a time. It is known that roundoff errors cause the multishift QR algorithm to perform poorly when m is large. In this paper the mechanism by which the shifts are transmitted through the matrix in the course of a multishift QR iteration is identified. Numerical evidence showing that the mechanism works well when m is small and poorly when m is large is presented. When the mechanism works poorly, the convergence of the algorithm is degraded proportionately.
Mechanisms for creating population inversions in Ne-like ions

We investigate the effects of inner-shell ionization of sodiumlike ions on the kinetics of neonlike selenium, using a simple model that separates the calculation of the excited-state kinetics from that of the ionization balance. Our model includes collisional and radiative transitions between the neonlike states, inner-shell ionization of sodiumlike states, and dielectronic recombination from fluorinelike ions. By examining the relative importance of these various population mechanisms, we demonstrate that inner-shell ionization of sodiumlike ions has a significant effect on the inversion kinetics of neonlike selenium, although it is not sufficient alone to account for the discrepancy with experimental observation.
WE-C-224C-05: Tumor Brachytherapy Using Intratumoral Injection of Beta-Emitting Therapeutic Radionuclides Carried Within Nanoparticles

The use of beta‐emitting therapeutic radionuclides carried within nanoparticles for brachytherapy potentially offers significantl advantages over sealed sources. By using an active trapping technique, both therapeutic radionuclides, 186Re and 188Re, and diagnostic radionuclides, 99mTc, can be encapsulated in liposomes with high efficiency and high specific activity. 186Re and 188Re are beta emitters with appropriate ratio and energies of gamma emission which enable the imaging of in vivo distribution with a clinical gamma camera. The 90% absorbed dose deposit distances in soft tissue of beta ray from 186Re and 188Re are 1.8 mm and 4.2 mm respectively. To study the potential of using therapeutic radionuclides carried within liposomes for tumorbrachytherapy, the intratumoral distribution and retention of 99mTc‐liposomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude rats were determined using imaging with a dedicated dual modality animal micro‐SPECT / CT scanner. Using an intratumoral administration technique developed in our lab, the volume of administered radioactivity up to over 40 % of tumor volume can be delivered to tumor with a high local retention. The 99mTc‐liposome studies show that about 40 % of injected activity remained in tumor with a very slow clearance. The cleared activity was not retained in the nearby critical organ. Using pin‐hole collimators with a spatial resolution of 1 mm, the 99mTc‐activity had a broad diffusion throughout the tumor even though the injection was at one point within the tumor. This study has shown the potential of using beta‐emitting therapeutic radionuclides carried within nanoparticles for tumorbrachytherapy. The high intratumoral retention enables a high intratumoral radiation absorbed dose, while the penetration of beta‐particles within only a few mm decreases the toxicity to nearby critical organs, and the intratumoral diffusion makes the intratumoral administration simpler and provides for a better intratumoral absorbed dose homogeneity.
Solo mothers: quality of parenting and child development

Abstract Introduction: Any consideration of the development of children in solo mother families is essentially addressing the more fundamental question “Do fathers really matter?” This presentation will explore the empirical evidence relating to the two areas of child development where fathers are generally considered to matter a great deal, (i) children's psychological adjustment and (ii) children's sex role development, and will examine whether fathers really do matter for these key aspects of children's lives. Children's psychological adjustment: The role of fathers in promoting children's psychological adjustment has been examined in the following ways: (i) Fatherless families have been studied to determine whether children without fathers differ from those who grow up with a father in the home; (ii) Lesbian families have been investigated to establish whether it is a father's maleness, or his role as an additional parent, that is important; (iii) Research has been carried out on families where the father is the primary caregiver to examine what effect this has on the child; and (iv) Traditional two-parent families have been studied to increase understanding of the processes through which fathers' relationships with their children influence children's psychological adjustment. Children's sex–role development: Whether or not fathers matter for children's sex–role development depends on the extent to which it is possible for parents to influence the gender development of their children. Different theoretical perspectives range from the view that fathers are essential to the position that fathers make no difference at all. Empirical evidence regarding the sex–role development of children in different family types will be presented to examine the role of fathers in children's gender development. Solo mothers: There has been much controversy in recent years about whether single heterosexual women should have access to assisted reproduction. The concerns that have been expressed center around the negative effects of growing up in a fatherless family following parental separation or divorce. However, children born to single mothers following assisted reproduction have not experienced the adverse factors associated with divorce, although they may be exposed to other pressures that may increase their vulnerability to emotional and behavioral problems. Findings will be presented from a controlled study of women who have had a child through donor insemination (DI) and who are raising that child without a father right from the start.
Pat1 protects centromere-specific histone H3 variant Cse4 from Psh1-mediated ubiquitination

Evolutionarily conserved histone H3 variant Cse4 and its homologues are essential components of specialized centromere (CEN)-specific nucleosomes and serve as an epigenetic mark for CEN identity and propagation. Cse4 is a critical determinant for the structure and function of the kinetochore and is required to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. The kinetochore protein Pat1 regulates the levels and spatial distribution of Cse4 at centromeres. Deletion of PAT1 results in altered structure of CEN chromatin and chromosome segregation errors. In this study, we show that Pat1 protects CEN-associated Cse4 from ubiquitination in order to maintain proper structure and function of the kinetochore in budding yeast. PAT1-deletion strains exhibit increased ubiquitination of Cse4 and faster turnover of Cse4 at kinetochores. Psh1, a Cse4-specific E3-ubiquitin ligase, interacts with Pat1 in vivo and contributes to the increased ubiquitination of Cse4 in pat1∆ strains. Consistent with a role of Psh1 in ubiquitination of Cse4, transient induction of PSH1 in a wild-type strain resulted in phenotypes similar to a pat1∆ strain, including a reduction in CEN-associated Cse4, increased Cse4 ubiquitination, defects in spatial distribution of Cse4 at kinetochores, and altered structure of CEN chromatin. Pat1 interacts with Scm3 and is required for its maintenance at kinetochores. In conclusion, our studies provide novel insights into mechanisms by which Pat1 affects the structure of CEN chromatin and protects Cse4 from Psh1-mediated ubiquitination for faithful chromosome segregation.
Synthesis of novel molybdenum chalcogenides

Abstract Recently, there has been substantial interest in using molybdenum chalcogenides as active cathodes in lithium batteries. It has been observed that the structural make-up of the material (crystalline or amorphous) is often of critical importance in the ability of the compound to intercalate lithium. We have directly synthesized molybdenum chalcogenides with different molybdenum/chalcogen stoichiometries by reacting various molybdenum halides with hexamethyldisilthiane. The resulting sulfides have been intercalated by using n-butyl lithium, and show high lithium uptake. Initial electrochemical measurements show that 3Li Mo may be reversibly discharged in our MoS3.
A Preliminary Investigation into Critical Thinking Skills of Urban High School Students: Role of an IT/STEM Program

th , 2012; revised March 18 th , 2012; accepted March 31 st , 2012 This paper reports the development of critical thinking of urban high school students in an IT/STEM program-using information technology (IT) within the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The study used a quasi-experimental time-series design, involving 47 initial participants in an eighteen-month intervention period. Data were collected from the Test of Everyday Reasoning (TER), which provides an overall score on critical thinking skill (CTS) and five sub-scale scores (analysis, inference, evaluation, inductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning). Findings indicate that based on a mean score of 15.77, the average participant scored between the 16th and 19th percentiles at the beginning of the program compared to an aggregated national sample. Participants who completed the program and responded to all three time-series TER tests (14) significantly improved their critical thinking skills throughout the program. Program completers’ overall post-program CTS test score was more homogeneous than the pre-program scores with a 20.07 mean score. In addition, data showed significant improvement in inductive reasoning skills of the program participants during the first nine months with continuing improvement in the second nine months. In contrast, data presented improved inference skills during the first nine months with significant gains during the second half of the program. The study estimates the relative effects of IT/STEM experiences with technology-enhanced, inquiry and design-based collaborative learning strategies on CTS of urban high school students.
Evaluating the efficiency of the Essential Air Service program in the United States

Essential Air Service (EAS) is a federally funded program in the United States that provides connecting, commercial air service between rural communities and their nearest large or medium commercial hub airport. During fiscal year 2010, $170 million dollars were spent to provide this service to 107 communities in the US. However, with significant variations in subsidies to each airport (ranging from $427,757 to $3,082,403) and marked differences in passengers served, there are serious concerns regarding the overall efficiency of the EAS program. The purpose of this paper is to use data envelopment analysis integrated in a geographic information system for evaluating service efficiencies at the community level. Policy implications and strategies to improve the EAS program are discussed.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL INTEGRATION IN MICROELECTRONICS: MOTIVATION, PROCESSING, AND THERMOMECHANICAL MODELING

Three-dimensional integration (3D-I) of multiple layers of active devices into a single chip is opening up opportunities for disruptive microelectronic, optoelectronic, and microelectromechanical systems. Integrated circuit (IC) designers are driving 3D-I for new products, which in turn is providing opportunities in process technology and modeling. This article reviews the status of 3D-I and describes some research opportunities for both process engineers and modeling and simulation engineers. The opportunities discussed center around “stacking” and interconnecting multiple active and/or passive layers or strata of traditional planar designs into “hyperfunctional” 3-D systems. The focus is on electrical 3D-ICs, using BCB as the adhesive to bond wafers, and copper-based, through-silicon-vias or through-strata-vias (TSVs) for interconnection. However, much of the material applies to other approaches to 3D-I and other 3-D systems. Both recently established methods and advanced research efforts are discussed ...
An Effective Ground Conductivity Map for Continental United States

The Federal Communications Commission has recently adopted a new effective ground conductivity map. The derivation of this map and its estimated accuracy are discussed in this paper.
Recognizing Student Fear: The Elephant in the Classroom

Understanding fear, its causes, and its impact on students can be important for educators who seek ways to help students manage their fears. This paper explores common types of student fears such as performance-based anxiety, fear of failure, fear of being laughed at, and cultural components of fear that impact learning. The cognitive, emotional, and physiological components of fear are also investigated, including its role in memory deficits and key functions of the central nervous system that may be short-circuited when students are overwhelmed by feelings of fear. Specific strategies for educators are provided to help students manage fear-based behaviors and achieve emotional balance and academic success in the classroom. These strategies include educating oneself and students about fear, creating a nurturing environment for students, taking advantage of campus resources, being proactive about communicating with students outside of the classroom, and incorporating active learning strategies.
Hepatic metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: review of literature and case report.

Metastatic involvement of the liver by squamous cell carcinoma of the anus is of rare occurrence. Medical literature on this subject is reviewed and an illustrative case is presented. Twenty-four instances of hepatic metastasis have been reported.
INTERPERSONAL RELATEDNESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPISTS

Recovery from a mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a challenging process for injured persons and their families. Guided by attachment theory, we investigated whether relationship conflict, social support, or sense of belonging were associated with psychological functioning. Community-dwelling persons with TBI (N = 75) and their relatives ⁄ significant others (N = 74) were surveyed on relationship variables, functional status, and TBI symptom severity. Results from this cross-sectional study revealed that only sense of belonging was a significant predictor of postinjury psychological functioning, although interpersonal conflict approached significance. No relevant preinjury or injuryrelated variables impacted these relationships, except marital status. Our findings suggest that interventions targeting strengthening the injured persons’ sense of belonging and lowering interpersonal conflict may benefit those living with TBI.
Modeling competitive pricing and market share: Anatomy of a decision support system *

Even with today's high emphasis on management decision support systems, relatively little has been published on the motivations, tribulations, and post mortems that generally accompany the development of such systems. This paper reports (in a mixture of narrative style and more formal model exposition) how a computerized decision support system for optimal price determination was developed, implemented, and finally applied to a broad range of industry problems.
A molecular dynamics study of grain boundary phase equilibria: The case of the Σ = 13 boundary

Abstract Computer molecular dynamics simulations of a two-dimensional Σ = 13 bicrystal, interacting through a Lennard-Jones potential, have been performed. Grain boundary phase equilibria were studied through the temperature dependence of the bicrystal enthalpy. Two phenomena were studied: a transition to a liquid-like layer at approximately 80% of the bulk melting point, and a reorientation of the grain boundary from the Σ = 13 misorientation of 27.80 ° to a misorientation of approximately 44 °.
Electronic properties of metal/III-V semiconductor interfaces

Abstract In this paper, we give a short status report on the electronic properties of metal/III–V semiconductor interfaces. A large numer of metals, ranging from strongly reactive Ni, Co, Cr, Mn, Pd and Al to less reactive or nonreactive Cu, Ag, Au, Ga, Sn and In, have been studied for GaAs(110) and InP(110) systematically with the intent to correlate the interfacial chemistry with the Schottky barrier formation. Soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy based on synchrotron radiation has been used to characterized the chemical reactions at the interface on an atomic scale, and the barrier heights for these structures have been compared to those for thick metal films prepared under identical conditions and measured with standard electrical methods. This review will illustrate, with a few examples for metal overlayers (Ni, Al, In) on InP(110), the current status of this field.
BOND STRENGTHS IN CYCLOPENTADIENYL METAL CARBONYL ANIONS

Abstract Energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation of metal cyclopentadienyl carbonyl anions CpM(CO) x − (Cp c -C 5 H 5 , MV, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) is used to determine metal–carbonyl bond energies in these systems. These bond energies are, in general, slightly stronger than those for the corresponding homoleptic metal carbonyl anions. The bond strength in CpCo(CO) 2 − , a 19-electron complex, is notably weaker than most of the others. D[CpMn − -CO] is also weak; this is attributed to a mismatch in the electronic ground states of CpMn − and CpMnCO − . D[CpCo − -CO], on the other hand, is substantially larger than the others, and is comparable to the bond energy measured in solution for CpMn(CO) 3 .
Interprofessional initiatives at the University of Washington

Pharmacists must collaborate with other health professionals to promote the optimal use of medications, relying on coordinated, interprofessional communication and care to do so. In 2003, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended “all health professionals should be educated to deliver patient-centered care as members of an interdisciplinary team, emphasizing evidence-based practice, quality improvement approaches, and informatics.”2 At the University of Washington, the Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education (CHSIE) was established in 1997 to promote interprofessional curricular and clinical innovation in education, faculty development, and student activities, and to conduct evaluative research regarding the impact of interprofessional innovations. In this manuscript, we will describe the Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education, and highlight key projects that serve as examples of pharmacy involvement in interprofessional education, research, and service.
Altered maturation and function of peritoneal macrophages: Possible role in pathogenesis of endometriosis

Human peritoneal macrophages from healthy women and patients with endometriosis were analyzed with flow cytometry for size distribution, cell membrane antigen expression, and membrane function. Endometriosis was associated with a significantly increased number of peritoneal macrophages and a higher proportion of large macrophages with increased expression of three antigen markers. Peritoneal macrophages from normal patients exhibited diminished cell membrane capping function as compared with that of endometriosis-related macrophages or blood monocytes. On the basis of these findings, a hypothesis is formulated suggesting that endometriosis is associated with an increased influx of macrophages that are allowed to undergo further maturation-activation. The resultant population of large macrophages may contribute to the maintenance of the disease or associated infertility.
Stability analysis of the Crank–Nicolson-Leapfrog method with the Robert–Asselin–Williams time filter

Geophysical flow simulations have evolved sophisticated implicit–explicit time stepping methods (based on fast-slow wave splittings) followed by time filters to control any unstable models that result. Time filters are modular and parallel. Their effect on stability of the overall process has been tested in numerous simulations. In this paper, we study the stability of the Crank–Nicolson-Leapfrog scheme with the Robert–Asselin–Williams time filter.
Effect of short-term hormone therapy on oxidative stress and endothelial function in African American and Caucasian postmenopausal women.

Abstract Objective In postmenopausal women (PMW), the effect of a short-term course of estrogen/progestin HT on free radical oxidative stress was evaluated. In addition, HT's effect on plasma nitric oxide (NO) activity was determined as a measure of vascular endothelial function. We investigated the relationship of these markers and HT across race and the cardiovascular risk factors of smoking, diabetes and hypertension. Design A prospective, observational study comparing preintervention and postintervention. Setting Academic research center. Patient(s) Twenty-seven (14 African American and 13 Caucasian) PMW volunteers. Intervention(s) Six weeks of continuous, combined estrogen/progestin HT. Main outcome measure(s) Plasma concentrations of free 8-epi-prostaglandin F 2α (8-isoprostane) before and after HT were compared as a measure of oxidative stress. Nitrite, the stable oxidation metabolite of NO, was measured by the Greiss reaction after nitrate reduction to nitrite with cadmium. Results Plasma levels of free 8-isoprostane decreased significantly after 6 weeks of HT. Although almost all subjects benefited from the reduction in free 8-isoprostane, PMW with at least one cardiovascular risk factor (n = 19) demonstrated higher free 8-isoprostane than did subjects with no risk factors. Plasma levels of nitrite increased after 6 weeks of HT, but the difference was not statistically significant. Caucasian PMW demonstrated a greater increase in plasma levels of nitrite after 6 weeks of HT as compared with African American subjects, who exhibited almost no change. Conclusion(s) Short-term administration of HT significantly reduces oxidative stress in PMW and is consistent across race. However, there was an observed racial difference in endothelial NO response to HT between African American and Caucasian PMW.
Fast numerical methods for robust optimal design

A fast numerical approach for robust design optimization is presented. The core of the method is based on the state-of-the-art fast numerical methods for stochastic computations with parametric uncertainty. These methods employ generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) as a high-order representation for random quantities and a stochastic Galerkin (SG) or stochastic collocation (SC) approach to transform the original stochastic governing equations to a set of deterministic equations. The gPC-based SG and SC algorithms are able to produce highly accurate stochastic solutions with (much) reduced computational cost. It is demonstrated that they can serve as efficient forward problem solvers in robust design problems. Possible alternative definitions for robustness are also discussed. Traditional robust optimization seeks to minimize the variance (or standard deviation) of the response function while optimizing its mean. It can be shown that although variance can be used as a measure of uncertainty, it is a weak measure and may not fully reflect the output variability. Subsequently a strong measure in terms of the sensitivity derivatives of the response function is proposed as an alternative robust optimization definition. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the gPC-based algorithms, in both the traditional weak measure and the newly proposed strong measure.