cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infliximab Prevents Crohn's Disease Recurrence After Ileal Resection

Background & Aims Crohn's disease commonly recurs after intestinal resection. We evaluated whether the administration of infliximab after resective intestinal surgery for Crohn's disease reduces postoperative recurrence. Methods We randomly assigned 24 patients with Crohn's disease who had undergone ileocolonic resection to receive intravenous infliximab (5 mg/kg), administered within 4 weeks of surgery and continued for 1 year, or placebo. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with endoscopic recurrence at 1 year. Secondary end points were clinical recurrence and remission and histologic recurrence. Results The rate of endoscopic recurrence at 1 year was significantly lower in the infliximab group (1 of 11 patients; 9.1%) compared with the placebo group (11 of 13 patients; 84.6%) (P = .0006). There was a nonsignificant higher proportion of patients in clinical remission in the infliximab group (8 of 10; 80.0%) compared with the placebo group (7 of 13; 53.8%) (P = .38). The histologic recurrence rate at 1 year was significantly lower in the infliximab group (3 of 11 patients; 27.3%) compared with the placebo group (11 of 13 patients; 84.6%) (P = .01). The occurrence of adverse events was similar between the placebo and infliximab groups, and none occurred in the immediate postoperative period. Conclusions Administration of infliximab after intestinal resective surgery was effective at preventing endoscopic and histologic recurrence of Crohn's disease.
Genome-wide analysis of hepatic gene silencing in hepatoma cell variants.

Genome-wide gene expression profiling was carried out on rat hepatoma cells and compared to profiles of hepatoma "variant" cell lines derived via a stringent selection protocol that enriches for rare cells ( 5-fold) repressed in each of the four variant cell lines tested. An additional 68 genes were repressed in 3 of 4 variant cell lines. Importantly, several of the repressed genes are members of transcriptional activation pathways, suggesting that they may contribute to maintaining the hepatic phenotype. Ectopic expression of the HNF1A gene in a variant cell line resulted in activation of 56 genes, 37 of which were included in the repressed data set. These data suggest that a high level of reprogramming occurs when hepatoma cells convert to a non-differentiated phenotype, a process that can be partially reversed by the introduction of transcription factors.
“It's Not What I Expected”: A Qualitative Study of Youth Mentoring Relationship Failures

Although estimates are that only about half of youth mentoring relationships established through formal programs last beyond a few months, almost no attention has been paid to understanding mentoring relationship failures. In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 adult and 11 adolescent male and female participants in a community-based one-to-one mentoring program whose relationships ended early. Line-by-line coding and a narrative approach to a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts yielded six salient factors that contributed to the demise of these mentoring relationships: (a) mentor or protege abandonment, (b) perceived lack of protege motivation, (c) unfulfilled expectations, (d) deficiencies in mentor relational skills, including the inability to bridge cultural divides, (e) family interference, and (f) inadequate agency support.
An Examination of Response-Surface Methodologies for Uncertainty Analysis in Assessment Models

Two techniques of uncertainty analysis were applied to a mathematical model that estimates the dose-equivalent to man from the concentration of radioactivity in air, water, and food. The response-surface method involved screening of the model to determine the important parameters, development of the response-surface equation, calculating the moments using the response-surface model, and fitting a Pearson or Johnson distribution using the calculated moments. The second method sampled model inputs by Latin hypercube methods and iteratively simulated the model to obtain an empirical estimation of the cdf. Comparison of the two methods indicates that it is often difftcult to ascertain the adequacy or reliability of the response-surface method. The empirical method is simpler to implement and, because all model inputs are included in the analysis, it is also a more reliable estimator of the cumulative distribution function of the model output than the response-surface method.
A priori performance prediction in pharmaceutical wet granulation: testing the applicability of the nucleation regime map to a formulation with a broad size distribution and dry binder addition

In this study, Hapgood's nucleation regime map (Hapgood et al., 2003) was tested for a formulation that consists of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of broad size distribution and a fine dry binder. Gabapentin was used as the API and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as the dry binder with deionized water as the liquid binder. The formulation was granulated in a 6l Diosna high shear granulator. The effect of liquid addition method (spray, dripping), liquid addition rate (29-245 g/min), total liquid content (2, 4 and 10%), and impeller speed (250 and 500 rpm) on the granule size distribution and lump formation were investigated. Standard methods were successfully used to characterize the process parameters (spray drop size, spray geometry and powder surface velocity) for calculating the dimensionless spray flux. However, the addition of dry binder had a very strong effect on drop penetration time that could not be predicted from simple capillary flow considerations. This is most likely due to preferential liquid penetration into the fine pores related to the dry binder particles and subsequent partial softening and dissolution of the binder. For systems containing a dry binder or other amorphous powders, it is recommended that drop penetration time be measured directly for the blended formulation and then scaled to the drop size during spraying. Using these approaches to characterize the key dimensionless groups (dimensionless spray flux and drop penetration time), Hapgood's nucleation regime map was successfully used to predict a priori the effect of process conditions on the quality of the granule size distribution as measured by lump formation and the span of the size distribution, both before and after wet massing for range of conditions studied. Wider granule size distributions and higher amount of lumps were obtained moving from intermediate to mechanical dispersion regime. Addition of the liquid in the dripping mode gave the broadest size distribution with ungranulated fines and highest percentage of lumps compared to spraying mode. Addition of the liquid by spraying in the intermediate regime gave the narrowest size distribution with the lowest amount of lumps. The effects of impeller speed and wet massing time on granule size distribution were complex. At 2% liquid content, increasing the impeller speed and adding wet massing time caused some breakage of lumps and the production of fines. At higher liquid contents, the effects were less clear, likely due to a balance between increased breakage and increased granule consolidation and growth. Nevertheless, this work has demonstrated that for complex formulations with dry binder addition, the final granule size distribution still depends strongly on the homogeneity of the initial liquid distribution which is well predicted by the nucleation regime map analysis.
The effects of Sb, Sn, and P on the strength of grain boundaries in a Ni-Cr Steel

The previously developed method of correlating the local intergranular fracture stress with the probable composition of the grain boundary on which fracture initiated has been applied to Ni-Cr steels doped with Sb, Sn, and P so that the relative embrittling potencies of these elements can be compared. The results are discussed in terms of a hypothesis offered to rationalize the observed embrittlement effects. Experiments on the Sb-doped steel with two different intergranular Sb distributions support the position that brittle fracture in these notched specimens is controlled by the grain boundary with the maximum Sb concentration in the highly-stressed volume of material ahead of the notch.
Teaming up: collaboration between welfare and child welfare agencies since welfare reform

Abstract Poverty and child abuse or neglect often co-occur. As a result, welfare and child welfare agencies have a large set of clients in common. Collaborative programs may ease the burden faced by families involved in both systems as they struggle to meet two case plans, or may prevent some welfare families from becoming involved with child welfare at all. Using data from a survey of state welfare directors and in-depth case studies in 12 states, this article finds that 1996 welfare reforms provided a fertile environment to improve collaborative efforts between welfare and child welfare agencies. These efforts generally focused on six target populations: families receiving welfare and involved with child welfare, sanctioned families or families nearing time limits, relative caregivers receiving child-only payments, welfare clients who experience domestic violence, teens that cannot live with parents due to abuse or neglect, and clients with complex service needs. This article discusses state policies and programmatic efforts to assist these groups and provides examples from various localities. The article concludes with a discussion of the elements necessary to ensure current programs continue and new efforts are undertaken: strategic planning, sufficient funding, training for caseworkers, and mechanisms for communication between agencies.
Measurement of the presampling modulation transfer function of film digitizers using a curve fitting technique.

A curve fitting technique combined with an angulated slit image has been developed for the measurement of the presampling modulation transfer function(MTF) of film digitizers. The noisy line spread functions (LSFs) acquired from an angulated slit image are fitted using a combination of two functions by means of a nonlinear least‐square fitting technique. The parameters in the model function for each LSF are obtained by minimizing the residual root mean square (RMS), and then averaged over all the LSF fittings. The resulting analytical function is representative of the continuous presampled LSF. We have found that a combination of Gaussian and exponential functions provides a good fit to the LSFs obtained with film digitizers. The corresponding analytical Fourier transformation of the model function yields the presampling MTF, without Nyquist frequency limitation. Measurements of spatial resolutionproperties using this method were performed for two laser scanners and an optical drum scanner.
Maternal-fetal electrocardiographic effects and pharmacokinetics after an acute IV administration of caffeine to the pregnant rat

The relationship between fetal exposure and cardiovascular functional effects in the caffeine-treated pregnant rat was investigated. Caffeine (100 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to dams on day 21 of gestation. The transplacental transport of caffeine was studied by obtaining maternal and fetal blood (umbilical vein) samples at designated times after drug administration. Concurrent maternal-fetal electrocardiograms (ECGs) were measured and evaluated for caffeine-induced changes. Maternal and fetal plasma caffeine levels as well as area under the curve values were proportionally related throughout the experiment, indicative of equal exposure to caffeine. The fetal ECG exhibited more extensive changes associated with caffeine than did the dam's, but the effects were not detected in the first 30 min, suggesting a lag period for the action of caffeine on the fetal heart. The frequency of fetal ectopic beats and abnormal T waves were directly related to fetal plasma caffeine levels. Fetal ECG combined with the fetal blood microsampling technique was a practical method of testing for prefunctional effects of caffeine in the rat fetus.
Load transfer analyses of buried pipe in different backfills

Nonlinear finite-element analyses have been carried out to assess the effects of different trench backfill materials, pipe burial depths, and pipe materials on the amount of traffic load transferred to buried pipe. The analyses show that the use of trench backfills such as controlled low strength material (CLSM) instead of traditional materials such as sand and clay, results in significantly reduced stresses in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe under traffic loading. This finding is in agreement with recent truck load tests carried out in the City of Edmonton, where strains were monitored on buried PVC water mains. The protection of buried pipes under or in CLSM backfill from traffic loading becomes more significant with the decrease in pipe burial depth and stiffness. The reasons behind the difference in load transfer between the traditional backfills and CLSM are the high elastic modulus and strength of CLSM, as well as uniform load transfer along the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
Can the ovarian hormones inhibit the mammary response to prolactin

The question as to why lactation is not normally initiated during pregnancy still remains unanswered. The concept which has probably gained widest acceptance is that the ovarian hormones, particularly estrogens, inhibit the secretion of prolactin by the pituitary (Nelson, 1936). This view is held despite the fact that no direct evidence has yet demonstrated that the ovarian hormones can reduce prolactin either in the pituitary or circulation. On the contrary such studies have consistently shown that the ovarian hormones, particularly estrogens, increase the prolactin content of the pituitary (Meites and Turner, 1948a,b) and blood (Meites and Turner, 1942). This has led us to re-examine the possibility that the ovarian hormones may suppress lactation by rendering the mammary gland refractory to prolactin stimulation. Nelson (1936) first suggested that estrogens may inhibit the mammary response to prolactin, but the experimental data bearing on this have been meager and inconclusive and their validity have ...
Fentanyl, Na-pentobarbital and halothane influence myocardial infarct size.

We investigated the effects of three anesthetics on the size of myocardial infarction and on blood flow distribution within the myocardial wall. Myocardial infarcts were induced in 34 dogs by ligating a coronary artery for 90 minutes, and permitting reflow for 90 minutes. The anesthetics used were fentanyl, Na-pentobarbital, and halothane. Under halothane the mean blood pressure (BP) during coronary artery ligation was 113±2/82±2 mm Hg and the heart rate (HR) was 135±2/min. Under fentanyl, the BP was 143±3/91±2 mm Hg and HR 99±3/min. Under Na-pentobarbital, BP was 141±2/104±2 mm Hg and HR 146±2/min. A higher mean BP combined with a slower HR, as seen under fentanyl, was associated with the smallest infarct (24±8%). Low BP and higher HR, as seen under halothane, was associated with the largest infarct (51±5%). Na-pentobarbital, with a higher BP but also a faster HR, resulted in an infarct size of 32±5%. We conclude that a higher mean BP combined with a slower HR might favor the preservation of a larger mass of vulnerable myocardial tissue in a totally occluded coronary artery.
The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout. Seven diets were each fed to four replicate lots of 300 first-feeding fry cultured in 75 l aluminum troughs for 8 weeks. Two basal diets were manufactured with approximately equal nutrient content, one using krill and squid meals and the other anchovy meal as the primary protein-containing ingredients. The meals used to manufacture the diets were separated into two fractions: lipid (ether-extractable); and protein/ash (non-ether-extractable) using a large soxhlet. The fractions were then recombined to create two additional diets; one containing anchovy protein/ash with krill/squid lipid, the other krill/squid protein/ash with fish lipid. A fifth diet recombined krill/squid protein/ash with krill/squid lipid to evaluate effects of the extraction process. Two additional treatments included a diet with a portion of the krill meal replaced by poultry by-product meal, and the basal anchovy meal diet supplemented with sodium, magnesium, and copper. Fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal as the primary protein source gained more weight ( P P P
Partnering with your leadership development provider: seven worst practices

Purpose – This paper aims to present seven things human resource (HR) leaders are wise to avoid when partnering with their executive education leadership development program providers who have been engaged to design and deliver a custom leadership development program.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on numerous years of working with corporations in the design and delivery of custom executive education leadership development programs. More precisely, it is based on experiencing the negative, unintended consequences of mistakes HR leaders sometimes make when sponsoring significant leadership development program endeavors.Findings – The seven worst practices are identified. These include the corporate sponsors' failure to sufficiently contextualize how the programs fit into larger corporate and personal agenda and a failure to embrace the best practices.Practical implications – The field‐based lessons presented here can serve as a cautionary checklist of things to avoid. The seven highlighte...
Frequency-domain multisource optical spectrometer and oximeter

We have designed and constructed a near-infrared spectrometer for the non-invasive optical study of biological tissue. This instrument works in the frequency-domain and employs multiple source-detector distances to recover the absorption coefficient ((mu) (alpha )) and the reduced scattering coefficient ((mu) s') of tissue. The light sources are eight light emitting diodes (LEDs) whose intensities are modulated at a frequency of 120 MHz. Four LEDs emit light at a peak wavelength of 715 nm ((lambda) 1), while the other four LEDs emit at a peak wavelength of 850 nm ((lambda) 2). From the frequency-domain raw data of phase, dc intensity, and ac amplitude obtained from each one of the eight light sources, which are located at different distances from the detector fiber, we calculate (mu) (alpha ) and (mu) s' at the two wavelengths (lambda) 1 and (lambda) 2. The concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, and hence hemoglobin saturation, are then derived from the known extinction coefficients of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin at (lambda) 1 and (lambda) 2. The statistical error in the measurement of the optical coefficients due to instrument noise is about 1 - 2%. The accuracy in the determination of the absolute value of the optical coefficients is within 10 - 20%. Preliminary results obtained in vivo on the forearm of a volunteer during an ischemia measurement protocol are presented.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A structure-based interpretation of E.coli GrpE thermodynamic properties.

Abstract GrpE is the nucleotide exchange factor for the Escherichia coli molecular chaperone DnaK, the prokaryotic homologue of Hsp70. Thermodynamic properties of GrpE structural domains were characterized by examining a number of structural and point mutants using circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry and analytical ultracentrifugation. These structural domains are the long paired N-terminal helices, the central four-helix bundle, and the C-terminal compact beta-domains. We show that the central four-helix bundle (tm∼75 °C) provides a stable platform for the association of the long paired N-terminal helices (tm∼50 °C), which can then function as a temperature sensor. The stability of the N-terminal helices is linked to the presence of the C-terminal compact beta-domains of GrpE, providing a potential mechanism for coupling of DnaK-binding activity of GrpE with temperature. On the basis of our thermodynamic analysis of E. coli GrpE, we present a structure-based model for the melting properties of the nucleotide exchange factor, wherein the long paired helices function as a molecular thermocouple.
“Red East”: Soviet Central Asia in the 1920s

The Soviet absorption of Central Asia in the 1920s followed the usual path of modern colonization, i.e. military intervention and subsequent Cultural Revolution which strived to rapidly transform a “backward people” into “civilized citizens” by changing their traditions and altering their nature (Khalid, 2006). The success of such a conquest required control over the conquered territories by establishing law and order. By the 1920s, the Red Army was winning battles over the Central Asia which included territories of Turkistan, Bukhoro and Semirechie. Soviet hopes the immediate “victory” of the socialist system in Central Asia was however shattered. The demise of the traditional hierarchical system did not automatically lead to the establishment of modern and secular republics. Instead what followedwas a decade of insurgency, lawlessness, and
Use of Gabor elementary functions to probe receptive field substructure of posterior inferotemporal neurons in the owl monkey.

Abstract The large receptive fields of inferotemporal neurons in the owl monkey were studied with visual stimuli whose luminance profiles were one-dimensional Gabor functions i.e. sinusoidal gratings within Gaussian envelopes. The members of one set of such patterns all had a full bandwidth at half-amplitude of 0.8 octaves, but different center frequencies and spatial extents. These spatially restricted stimuli were ideal for determining whether one or more than one spatial frequency band projected onto discrete subsections of the neuron's receptive field. The other set of Gabor stimuli comprised sine waves within Gaussian envelopes of constant size, but with different center frequencies and hence different bandwidths. These stimuli allowed assessment of the neuron's spatial frequency selectivity across the full breadth of its receptive field. Results suggest that only one orientation band and one spatial frequency band provide an input onto each inferotemporal neuron under our experimental conditions. The preferred spatial frequencies found (0.2–0.6 c/deg) were all in the very low spatial frequency range for this animal. Calculations show that about 3.5–7.0 full cycles of the optimal grating usually cover the full width of the receptive field, but the observed spatial frequency tuning is not nearly as sharp as that which would be predicted according to phase coherent linear summation. Moreover, at the preferred spatial frequency, the peak response to gratings in the constant aperture series was generally less than the response to the same preferred spatial frequency in the constant relative bandwidth series. These results suggest either incomplete phase coherent summation from contributing subgroups, non-linear processing, or both.
Exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to hyperbaric oxygen: inhibited growth and enhanced activity of polymyxin B.

SummaryThe growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in stationary broth cultures (11 mm deep) exposed to 100% oxygen at 3 atmospheres absolute (3 ATA). During exposure, growth was greatly inhibited. Cultures transferred to air after high pressure oxygen (HPO) resumed logarithmic growth at rates similar to unexposed cultures, but lag periods increased. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of polymyxin B was determined for 6 strains of P. aeruginosa after exposure to HPO for 3, 6 and 12 hours. The longer the exposure, the lower the MIC. Regardless of the strain, after 3 hours exposure to HPO about 75% of the amount of antibiotic required for the MIC of unexposed cultures was needed; after 6 hours exposure, about 50%; and after 12 hours exposure, about 30%. This suggests that it may be possible to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of an antibiotic administered at its maximum dosage if exposure of the patient to HPO can also bathe the infecting microorganisms with oxygen.
Relationship of radon concentration to spatial and temporal variations of reservoir thermodynamic conditions in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field

Abstract Measurements of radon concentration in geothermal fluids at Cerro Prieto are evaluated with respect to spatial and temporal variations in reservoir thermodynamic conditions and the rock — fluid mass ratio for radon emanation. Higher concentration of radon observed at wells with higher fluid enthalpy can be attributed to the higher steam fraction in the reservoir fluid. Regression analysis of radon concentration with specific volume of pore fluid shows a significant degree of correlation, resulting from the dependence of specific volume on both two-phase conditions and reservoir temperature. Temporal variations in radon concentration reflect changing phase conditions in the reservoir. Observations over a 2-year interval show significant changes in the producing zones. The constant low concentration along the western edge of the field indicates a fluid of low steam saturation. In the eastern area, radon concentrations have increased significantly suggesting an increase in the steam saturation in this part of the reservoir due to exploitation. Other areas, e.g. the southeast area, show decreased radon concentration indicating a decrease in steam saturation. Concurrent measurements of ammonia, a soluble component of the noncondensable gases, support the observations of partitioning of gas components, with wellhead concentration dependent on spatial variations in steam saturation over the field.
RAX, the PKR activator, sensitizes cells to inflammatory cytokines, serum withdrawal, chemotherapy, and viral infection

While the interferon (IFN)–inducible double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)–dependent protein kinase PKR is reported to initiate apoptosis in some instances, the mechanism by which diverse stress stimuli activate PKR remains unknown. Now we report that RAX, the only known cellular activator for PKR, initiates PKR activation in response to a broad range of stresses including serum deprivation, cytotoxic cytokine or chemotherapy treatment, or viral infection. Thus, knock-down of RAX expression by 80% using small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevents IFNγ/tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced PKR activation and eIF2α phosphorylation, IκB degradation, IRF-1 expression, and STAT1 phosphorylation, resulting in enhanced murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell survival. In contrast, expression of exogenous RAX, but not of the nonphosphorylatable, dominant-negative RAX(S18A) mutant, sensitizes cells to IFNγ/TNFα, mitomycin C (MMC), or serum deprivation in association with increased PKR activity and apoptosis. Furthermore, RAX(S18A) expression in Fanconi anemia complementation group C–null MEF cells not only prevents PKR activation but also blocks hypersensitivity to IFNγ/TNFα or mitomycin C that results in enhanced apoptosis. In addition, reduced RAX expression facilitates productive viral infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and promotes anchorage-independent colony growth of MEF cells. Collectively, these data indicate that RAX may function as a negative regulator of growth that is required to activate PKR in response to a broad range of apoptosis-inducing stress.
Detection of E119V and E119I Mutations in Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses Isolated from an Immunocompromised Patient: Challenges in Diagnosis of Oseltamivir Resistance

The clinical use of the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) oseltamivir is associated with the emergence of drug resistance resulting from subtype-specific neuraminidase (NA) mutations. The influenza A/Texas/12/2007 (H3N2) virus isolated from an oseltamivir-treated immunocompromised patient exhibited reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in the chemiluminescent neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assay (approximately 60-fold increase in its 50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] compared to that for a control virus). When further propagated in cell culture, the isolate maintained reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in both chemiluminescent and fluorescent NI assays (approximately 50- and 350-fold increases in IC(50), respectively). Sequencing analysis of the isolate revealed a mix of nucleotides coding for amino acids at position 119 of the NA [E119(V/I)]. Plaque purification of the isolate yielded E119V and E119I variants, both exhibiting reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir. The E119I variant also showed decreased susceptibility to zanamivir and the investigational NAIs peramivir and A-315675. The emergence of E119V variants in oseltamivir-treated patients has been previously reported; however, the E119I mutation detected here is a novel one which reduces susceptibility to several NAIs. Both mutations were not detected in unpropagated original clinical specimens using either conventional sequencing or pyrosequencing, suggesting that these variants were present in very low proportions (<10%) in clinical specimens and gained dominance after virus propagation in MDCK cells. All virus isolates recovered from the patient were resistant to adamantanes. Our findings highlight the potential for emergence and persistence of multidrug-resistant influenza viruses in oseltamivir-treated immunocompromised subjects and also highlight challenges for drug resistance diagnosis due to the genetic instability of the virus population upon propagation in cell culture.
Transitory inner medullary nerve terminals in the cat kidney.

Abstract An indirect immunohistochemical method was used to visualize nerves immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (THI) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBHI) in kidney sections of cats 6 weeks and 2 and 3 months of age. THI and DBHI nerve terminals innervate the renal pelvis, interlobar veins and arterial tree including medullary vascular bundles of cats of each age studied. In kidneys of 6-week-old cats, THI and DBHI axons form elaborate plexuses that are distributed throughout much of the inner medulla, whereas some medullary axons appear to degenerate at 2 months and no inner medullary plexuses were visualized in 3-month-old cats. Transitory inner medullary nerves in the cat kidney may influence cellular development and play a role in salt and water balance.
Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity in Cells Acutely and Chronically Transformed by Murine Sarcoma Virus

SummaryOrnithine decarboxyase (ODC) activity increases when cells are acutely transformed with murine sarcoma virus (MSV). Three contact inhibited or MSV transformed clones of Balb/3T3 were transformed or supertransformed by MSV or its accompanying non-transforming ‘helper’ virus (MuLV), and the relationships between ODC activity, morphology, virus production and growth rates were examined. Clones isolated from these lines were also studied. All of the virus infected lines released both MSV and MuLV. ODC activities could not be correlated with differences in growth rates. The only consistent relationship was between elevated ODC activity and acute morphological transformation, suggesting that polyamine metabolism plays a crucial role in the transformation process. With time, the elevated ODC activities returned towards baseline levels. Thus ODC activity does not appear to be a useful marker for chronic infection or transformation by type C viruses.The authors thank John Minna, Harold Stull, Herbert Oie, E...
SMIP-016 in Action: CD37 as a Death Receptor

CD37 is a tetraspannin that triggers cell death and is a potential therapeutic target in cancers. In this issue of Cancer Cell , Lapalombella et al. show that CD37 is tyrosine phosphorylated following engagement by a bivalent engineered antibody fragment that binds CD37 and activates both SHP-1-dependent apoptotic signaling and PI3K-AKT-mediated survival signaling.
Nanoscale Charge Transport and Internal Structure of Bulk Heterojunction Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells by Scanning Probe Microscopy

Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to probe the surface and internal structures of bulk heterojunction poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) films. AFM images obtained from the surface of the P3HT:PCBM film and from the cross section reveal for the first time the nanoscale three-dimensional P3HT and PCBM networks. Two different measurement modes of conducting atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) were used to study the nanoscale charge transport in P3HT:PCBM films. In C-AFM, the local current map at a constant bias and the surface topography are obtained simultaneously. Hole and electron current images can be used to determine the composition of the phase segregation domains. Alternatively, local current−voltage curves can be measured that can be used to calculate charge carrier mobilities. Hole current images and mobilities were obtained using Pt-coated silicon probes, whereas Mg-coated silicon probes were used to measure nanoscale electron mobilitie...
The Quilts of Gee's Bend: How Great Art Gets Lost

AbstractThe following short paper is a response to Anna M. Chave's paper “Dis/Cover/ing The Quilts of Gee's Bend, Alabama” in Journal of Modern Craft, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 221–254. It also considers the outcome of the lawsuit that was still pending when Chave's article was published.
Bridging the Gap between Spreadsheet Use and Control: An Instructional Case

End user applications (such as spreadsheets) have been cited as a previously ignored yet potentially significant risk to financial reporting in the wake of The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (PricewaterhouseCoopers [PwC] 2004; Ernst&Young [E&Y] 2004). We developed a realistic spreadsheet model in order to expose students to internal control issues inherent in a spreadsheet environment. By completing the case, students develop skills relating to auditing information systems and evaluating spreadsheet controls, functions, and formulas. Students also have an opportunity to improve written communication skills by conveying their findings to others in a memorandum.
Separation of spurious c.m. effects within the shell nucleon configuration framework in α-transfer structure studies

Abstract An exact method for the separation of the residual c.m. spurious contamination within the shell nucleon configuration framework has been derived from cluster model formulations. Expressions for the spurious weight α-spectroscopic amplitude and other factors relevant to α-transfer reactions have been obtained. Available methods to calculate α spectroscopic amplitude are extended to include excited shell nucleon configurations. Within the bounds of practically (i.e. within a few ħω above the lowest configurations), the number of configurations in the extended treatment is relatively small, and therefore easily manageable. The calculations proposed are applicable to wave functions decomposed in terms of shell configuration states in the jj as well as the LS scheme.
Modal Gating of Muscle AChRs having Loop C Mutations

Many ion channels exhibit multiple patterns of kinetic activity (‘modes’) in single-channel currents. This behavior is rare in WT mouse muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), where A2C↔A2O gating events are well-described by single exponentials. We have found that mutations of all loop C residues at the transmitter binding site (except αY190 and αY198) increase the probability of modes. The free energy of diliganded gating is the sum of that for unliganded gating and from agonist affinity-changes at 2 binding sites: ΔG2=ΔG0+2ΔGB. For WT adult AChRs these values are (−100 mV; kcal/mol): −1.9, +8.3 and −5.1 (ACh). All mutations of αP197 (ACDEGIKSVY) had at least 2 gating modes with all agonists (ACh, Cho, CCh and TMA). We focused on αP197A and ACh and Cho. There were 3 distinct modes at saturating [agonist] but only 1 mode without agonist. Hence, the kinetic heterogeneity for this construct is generated by fluctuations in ΔGB. ΔΔGB was estimated for each mode (kcal/mol) for ACh (−1.7, WT and +1.6) and Cho (−2.2, WT and +0.9). That is, the gating equilibrium constant for one mode was ∼30-times larger than the WT (for both agonists), for another was about the same as the WT and for the third was ∼8-times smaller. An added F mutation at αY190 or αW149 reduced modal gating whereas one at αY198 or αY93 did not. An F substitution at eW55 had no effect, but one at δW57 reduced the modes. We also examined AChRs having only 1 active binding site and observed less heterogeneity from αP197A at the fetal α-γ site vs. the adult α-e or α-δ sites. Our working hypothesis is that mutations in loop C allow the agonist to sample multiple, meta-stable positions within the binding pocket, to produce distinct ΔGB values.
III-V semiconductor nanowires for future devices

The monolithic integration of III-V nanowires on silicon by direct epitaxial growth enables new possibilities for the design and fabrication of electronic as well as optoelectronic devices. We demonstrate a new growth technique to directly integrate III--V semiconducting nanowires on silicon using selective area epitaxy within a nanotube template. Thus we achieve small diameter nanowires, controlled doping profiles and sharp heterojunctions essential for future device applications. We experimentally demonstrate vertical tunnel diodes and gate-all-around tunnel FETs based on InAs--Si nanowire heterojunctions. The results indicate the benefits of the InAs--Si material system combining the possibility of achieving high Ion with high Ion/Ioff ratio.
382 The Effect of Intrauterine Growth Restriction on Circulating Concentrations of Bone Collagen Markers in Full-Term Pregnancies

Background and aims: Intrauterine-growthrestriction (IUGR) is associated with impaired fetal skeletal development. We aimed to investigate the effect of IUGR on bone turnover in mother/infant pairs, by determining circulating bone markers of type I collagen in full-term IUGR and appropriatefor- gestational-age-(AGA) pregnancies. Methods: Circulating markers of bone formation (carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen- PICP) and resorption (cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen-ICTP) were measured by EIA and RIA, respectively, in 40 mothers and their 20 asymmetric IUGR and 20 AGA full-term fetuses and neonates on postnatal day 1-(N1) and 4-(N4). Results: Fetal PICP, as well as fetal and N4 ICTP concentrations were higher in the IUGR group (p=0.036, p=0.038 and p< 0.001, respectively). In both groups, maternal PICP and ICTP concentrations were lower than fetal, N1 and N4 ones (p< 0.001 in each case). In a combined group, N4 PICP concentrations were elevated compared to N1 ones (p=0.012). Fetal ICTP concentrations were higher in females (p=0.008). Conclusions: Type I collagen synthesis and degradation are higher in IUGR fetuses/neonates. Thus, we may speculate that IUGR may affect bone mineral density and bone protein matrix in opposite directions. Higher fetal/neonatal PICP and ICTP concentrations, as compared to maternal ones, may be attributed to the high rate of skeletal growth in the former. The postnatal rapid increase in bone metabolism may account for the gradual elevation in PICP concentrations during the first days of life. Finally, the higher fetal ICTP concentrations in females may be explained by gender-related differences in bone mass.
Epstein–Barr virus in the pathogenesis of NPC

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is consistently detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from regions of high and low incidence. EBV DNA within the tumor is homogeneous with regard to the number of terminal repeats. The detection of a single form of viral DNA suggests that the tumors are clonal proliferations of a single cell that was initially infected with EBV. Specific EBV genes are consistently expressed within the NPC tumors and in early, dysplastic lesions. The viral proteins, latent membrane protein 1 and 2, have profound effects on cellular gene expression and cellular growth, resulting in the highly invasive, malignant growth of NPC tumors. In addition to potential genetic changes, the establishment of a latent, transforming infection in epithelial cells is likely to be a major contributing factor to the development of this tumor.
Raman spectra and vibrational assignments for 1,1,1-trihaloethanes and their deuterium derivatives

Abstract Raman spectra of the first three members of the 1,1,1-trihaloethane series, CH3CX3, X = F, Cl, Br, were obtained for the liquids under low resolution. All but two active fundamental vibrational frequencies were observed, and for most bands it was possible to make a qualitative determination of the depolarization ratio. The completely deuterated compounds were synthesized and their spectra also were examined. Normal coordinate calculations were carried out to confirm the proposed assignments.
A systematic skills approach to the selection and training of foster parents as mental health paraprofessionals, II: Training

This is the second of two articles describing a systematic skills approach to the selection and training of foster parents to function as mental health paraprofessionals. This article presents a discussion of the training component that was designed to enhance the helping and parenting skills of the foster parents. Results from a pilot evaluation of the training program (with both formative and summative parts) are presented.
A brief history of T cell help to B cells.

The role of T cell help to B cells was discovered only a few years after the discovery of B cells. In this Timeline article, the author describes the key events that led to the identification of T follicular helper (TFH) cells as the main T helper cell type for B cells.
Electromechanical Restoration of the Micturition Reflex

Techniques for reflex simulation as a treatment for the neurologically impaired bladder must restore volitional control of bladder function. This paper outlines the engineering commitments necessitated by biological considerations and the exclusive biological problems that must be dealt with in order to accomplish this. An electromechanical system that includes patient controllable mechanisms to provide for retention of intravesical content interrupted by intermittent expulsion is then described.
Tolerogen-induced interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) protect against EAE

Natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Likewise, a new innate cell subset, interferon-producing killer DCs (IKDCs), shares phenotypic and functional characteristics with both DCs and NK cells. Here, we show IKDCs play an essential role in the resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon treatment with the tolerizing agent, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), genetically fused to reovirus protein σ1 (termed MOG-pσ1). Activated IKDCs were recruited subsequent MOG-pσ1 treatment of EAE, and disease resolution was abated upon NK1.1 cell depletion. These IKDCs were able to kill activated CD4(+) T cells and mature dendritic DCs, thus, contributing to EAE remission. In addition, IKDCs were responsible for MOG-pσ1-mediated MOG-specific regulatory T cell recruitment to the CNS. The IKDCs induced by MOG-pσ1 expressed elevated levels of HVEM for interactions with cognate ligand-positive cells: LIGHT(+) NK and T(eff) cells and BTLA(+) B cells. Further characterization revealed these activated IKDCs being MHC class II(high), and upon their adoptive transfer (CD11c(+)NK1.1(+)MHC class II(high)), IKDCs, but not CD11c(+)NK1.1(+)MHC class II(intermediate/low) (unactivated) cells, conferred protection against EAE. These activated IKDCs showed enhanced CD107a, PD-L1, and granzyme B expression and could present OVA, unlike unactivated IKDCs. Thus, these results demonstrate the interventional potency induced HVEM(+) IKDCs to resolve autoimmune disease.
Calculation of nuclear quadrupolar relaxation in liquid metals

The nuclear quadrupolar relaxation (NQR) rate W1q in liquid metals, in 69Ga, 115In and 201Hg is calculated by using the Warren theory. In order to do this, the experimental static interference function I(K) is considered and the dynamic interference function I(K, 0) is generated in the zero frequency limit. W1q is calculated in the temperature range 20 to 150 °C for 69Ga, 170 to 650 °C for 115In, and ---35 to 80 °C for 201Hg. It is found that in all the three cases, the temperature dependence of the calculated W1q is in very good agreement with that of the experimenta W1q, but numerically the magnitudes of W1q for 115In and 201Hg deviate considerably from the experimental values. It is concluded that the antishielding factors used may be in error and that the present theory is superior to the earlier classical diffusion theory. #Es wird die Kernquadrupolrelaxationsrate (NQR) W1q in flussigen Metallen, in 69Ga, 115In und 201Hg mit der Warrenschen Theorie berechnet. Um dies zu tun, wird die experimentelle statische Interferenzfunktion I(K) betrachtet und die dynamische Interferenzfunktion I(K, 0) im Grenzfall fur verschwindende Frequenz erzeugt. W1q wird im Temperaturbereich 20 bis 150 °C fur 69Ga, 170 bis 650 °C fur 115In und ---35 bis 80 °C fur 201Hg berechnet. Es wird gefunden, das in allen drei Fallen sich die Temperaturabhangigkeit der berechneten W1q in sehr guter Ubereinstimmung mit den experimentellen W1q befindet, jedoch weichen die Grosen von W1q numerisch fur 115In und 201Hg betrachtlich von den experimentellen Werten ab. Es wird angenommen, das die benutzten Abschirmfaktoren fehlerhaft sein konnen und das die vorgelegte Theorie die fruhere klassische Diffusionstheorie ubertrifft.
Comparison of Indiana University Cyclotron Facility Faraday cup proton dosimetry with radiochromic films, a calorimeter, and a calibrated ion chamber

The accuracy and utility of the dosimetry system used for radiation effects research with high energy protons at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility, IUCF, has been confirmed by comparison with an independently calibrated Markus ion chamber, a Schulz water calorimeter and GAFCHROMIC/sup TM/ films.
An Improved hierarchy for turbulent magnetized plasma Part 2. Application to resonant three-wave interactions

The resonant three-wave interactions in an infinite homogeneous magnetized plasma are re-examined using the improved hierarchy presented in part 1. An equation for the wave energy is obtained which, for a spectrum made up entirely of marginally stable waves, is shown to be a second-order Markoffian differential equation, rather than a first-order equation as obtained by others. The conditions under which a first-order equation is derived are examined and discussed. For a spectrum composed of waves with small growth, rates, it is shown that the equation for the plasmon density always has a stationary solution, thus eliminating the occurrence of an ‘explosive instability’ in such systems.
Association of alcohol dehydrogenase genes with alcohol dependence: a comprehensive analysis

Linkage evidence indicated that gene(s) located on chromosome 4q, in the region of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes, affected risk for alcoholism. We genotyped 110 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the seven ADH genes and analyzed their association with alcoholism in a set of families with multiple alcoholic members, using the pedigree disequilibrium test. There was strong evidence that variations in ADH4 are associated with alcoholism: 12 SNPs were significantly associated. The region of strongest association ran from intron 1 to 19.5 kb beyond the 3 0 end of the gene. Haplotype tag SNPs were selected for the block in the ADH4 gene that provided evidence of association and subsequently used in association analysis; the haplotype was significantly associated with alcoholism (P 5 0.01) There was weaker evidence that variations in ADH1A and ADH1B might also play a role in modifying risk. Among African-Americans, there was evidence that the ADH1B*3 allele was protective.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Intractable Seizures in Children

Forty-three children less than 12 years of age having intractable seizures were treated with vagus nerve stimulation. Five children were monitored for