cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perinatal Outcomes in Fetuses Prenatally Diagnosed with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and Concomitant Lung Lesions: A 10-Year Review.

Aim To describe perinatal outcomes of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of a concomitant lung lesion in the setting of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and to compare outcomes with an isolated CDH control group without a lung lesion, matched by ultrasound-based prognostic markers including presence of liver herniation and lung measurements. Material and methods This was a retrospective case-control study, wherein all pregnancies diagnosed with CDH and concomitant lung lesions were identified between July 1, 2008, and December 31, 2018. For each case, 2 controls with isolated CDH from the same study period were selected after matching for the presence of liver herniation into the thoracic cavity and ultrasound-based lung measurements either observed over expected lung-to-head ratio (LHR) or absolute LHR with their corresponding gestational age. The outcomes analyzed in the 2 groups included survival to hospital discharge, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) length of stay (LOS), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) requirement and need for supplemental oxygen (O2) at day 30 of life. Results A total of 21 pregnancies were identified with CDH and a concomitant lung lesion in the study period. All the lung lesions were stratified into a "low-risk category" with a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio of less than 1.0 at the time of presentation. None of these fetuses developed hydrops or required in utero intervention. Overall survival in the group was 80.7% (17/21) and rate of ECMO was 38.1%. Causes of mortality included pulmonary insufficiency, sepsis, renal failure, and bowel infarction. Upon comparison between the cases and controls, the 2 groups were similar with respect to pregnancy demographics. There were no fetal demises in either group. Outcomes including survival rate, NICU LOS, ECMO requirements and need for supplemental O2 at day 30 of life, were comparable among the 2 groups. Conclusions In our descriptive series, the presence of a concomitant, low-risk lung lesion in the setting of fetal CDH did not have a significant impact on the natural course of the disease, nor was it associated with a worse prognosis.
Does Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Provide a Quality-of-Life Benefit Over Traditional Closed Reduction of Mandibular Condyle Fractures?

Purpose This study sought to estimate patient-reported outcomes and compare quality-of-life (QOL) measures between patients electing for either open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) or closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation (CRIMF). Patients and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with unilateral condyle fractures who had undergone either ORIF or CRIMF at the New York University Tisch Hospital and Bellevue Hospital Center. The primary study predictor was treatment choice (ORIF or CRIMF). Other study predictors were patient age, gender, and the presence of any other coexisting facial fractures. The 9 study outcomes were derived from an 11-item postoperative QOL questionnaire evaluating self-reported perceptions of pain and function. Univariate comparisons and multivariate regression models were calculated. Results A total of 38 patients (21 CRIMF and 17 ORIF) comprised the study sample. All patients were eligible for either ORIF or CRIMF, and the choice of treatment was decided through shared decision making after a comprehensive discussion of risks and benefits. With respect to pain outcomes, patients who underwent ORIF reported lower overall pain scores at 2 weeks (P Conclusions Patients who underwent ORIF appeared to experience subjective favorable pain and functional QOL outcomes. Given the clinical controversy, the choice of treatment should synthesize patient-reported outcomes and be approached through shared decision making.
The Medical/Nursing Expert Witness: A Primer and Considerations for the Practitioner and the Profession

Advanced practice providers (APP) can be asked to be expert witnesses against colleagues in the healthcare profession and to render comment on care. There are several components to qualifying as an expert witness, and the role can take many forms. Malpractice cases against nurse practitioner and physician assistants are uncommon, but the emotional and financial challenges with a lawsuit are not inconsequential. However, there are steps that one can take to ensure that documentation does not open a door for questions regarding one’s skills and experience.
E-004 Sex-based difference in the utilization of endovascular therapy in cerebral sinus thrombosis: the USA based study

Introduction Cerebral sinus thrombosis (CVT) is an overall uncommon cause of cerebral venous infarction that accounts for approximately 0.5–1% of all strokes. The initial treatment for CVT is systemic anticoagulation, which has been associated with improved neurological outcomes in small randomized studies. However, with anticoagulation alone, large and extensive thrombi are unlikely to dissolve, and thus approximately one-third of patients with severe presentation have a high risk of incomplete recovery. Endovascular intervention is an alternative option for patients with neurological deterioration despite the use of anticoagulation or with the development of new or worsening intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on anticoagulation. Current endovascular techniques include direct catheter thrombolysis, balloon-assisted thrombectomy, rheolytic catheter thrombectomy, aspiration thrombectomy, and stent retriever thrombectomy. Prior studies have reported a higher risk of mortality and poor outcomes in the EVT group. However, there is a lack of contemporary data regarding sex-based differences in outcomes. The goal of our study was to understand the sex-based trend of EVT utilization and differences in outcomes following CVT. Methods We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from the year 2005–2015 to identify CVT hospitalizations who treated with EVT using ICD-9 CM code. To make the data nationally representative, weights were applied as per NIS recommendations. Chi-square test and student’s T-test were used for categorical and continuous variables to analyze descriptive data, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed on outcomes variables (discharge to home and in-hospital mortality) to avoid confounding effects. Result A total of 46,537 CVT were extracted from the years 2005–2015. Among them, 2,065 treated with EVT (female N=1,384 and male N=681). The mean age of the EVT treated group was male 48.7±1.38 vs. female 43.0±1.05 (p=0.002). While in medically treated group mean age was male 49.5±0.38 vs. female 40.6±0.26 (p Conclusion Our nationally represented sample showed no difference in outcomes in medically, and EVT treated groups among gender despite prior literature suggesting poor outcomes in the EVT group. Patient selection for EVT should be individualized based on patient presentation. Our analysis showed CVT treated with EVT hospitalization is trending up in the US. Disclosures S. Patel: None. N. Desai: None. M. Pervez: None.
Supercritical fluid processing of boron nitride nanosheets for polymeric nanocomposites of superior thermal transport properties

Abstract In the present study, a supercritical fluid (SCF) mixture was used for the rapid and efficient exfoliation of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), yielding high-quality boron nitride nanosheets (BNNs) of larger aspect ratios and less defects. The essence of this exfoliation strategy lies in the advantageous properties of SCFs, including especially the ultrahigh diffusivity and near-zero surface tension, as well as the special solvation power of water and ethanol under SCF conditions. These fluid medium conditions are ideally suited for the diffusion of solvent molecules into the interlayer spacing, coupled with their enhanced interactions with the B and N sites, to facilitate more efficient interlayer expansion and separation. The BNNs thus produced exhibited good compatibility with the selected polymer matrices, with the resulting polymeric nanocomposite films mechanically flexible and of superior thermal transport performance in terms of the observed thermal diffusivities higher than those based on BNNs from other exfoliation methods.
College Reading: Where it is

(1972). College Reading: Where it is. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 5, Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Reading: Putting All the Cards on the Table, pp. 75-83.
Google translate in healthcare: preliminary evaluation of transcription, translation and speech synthesis accuracy

Objective To assess the ability of Google Translate (GT) to accurately interpret single sentences and series of sentences commonly used in healthcare encounters from English to Spanish. Design English-speaking volunteers used GT to interpret a list of 83 commonly used sentences and series of sentences of different lengths containing both medical and non-medical terminology. A certified medical interpreter evaluated whether the meaning of these sentences was preserved. Participants Eighteen English-speaking subjects (nine males and nine females), with a mean age of 36 years, volunteered for this study to read sentences. Main outcome measures The accuracy of GTs (1) real-time voice recognition (ie, transcription) of English sentences, (2) real-time translation of these transcribed English sentences to Spanish, and (3) GTs speech synthesis ability to preserve the meaning of spoken English sentences after translation to Spanish. Results Speech synthesis accuracy, with preservation of the original English-spoken sentence(s), was 89.4% for single sentences with ≤8 words; 90.6% for single sentences with >8 words; 52.2% for two sentences and 26.6% for three sentences. Furthermore, the number of transcription and translation errors per sentence(s) significantly increased with the number of sentences (p Conclusions Despite the fact that GTs accuracy was widely variable and dependent on the length of the spoken sentence(s), GT is readily accessible, has no associated monetary costs, and offers nearly immediate interpretation services. As such, it has the potential to routinely facilitate effective one-way oral communication between English-speaking physicians and Spanish-speaking patients with limited English proficiency.
CD8 + T cell metabolism in infection and cancer

Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells play a key role in the elimination of intracellular infections and malignant cells and can provide long-term protective immunity. In the response to infection, CD8+ T cell metabolism is coupled to transcriptional, translational and epigenetic changes that are driven by extracellular metabolites and immunological signals. These programmes facilitate the adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the diverse and dynamic metabolic environments encountered in the circulation and in the tissues. In the setting of disease, both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic metabolic cues contribute to CD8+ T cell dysfunction. In addition, changes in whole-body metabolism, whether through voluntary or disease-induced dietary alterations, can influence CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Defining the metabolic adaptations of CD8+ T cells in specific tissue environments informs our understanding of how these cells protect against pathogens and tumours and maintain tissue health at barrier sites. Here, we highlight recent findings revealing how metabolic networks enforce specific CD8+ T cell programmes and discuss how metabolism is integrated with CD8+ T cell differentiation and function and determined by environmental cues.
Investigating Alternatives to the Root Mean Square for Adaptive Gradient Methods.

Adam is an adaptive gradient method that has experienced widespread adoption due to its fast and reliable training performance. Recent approaches have not offered significant improvement over Adam, often because they do not innovate upon one of its core features: normalization by the root mean square (RMS) of recent gradients. However, as noted by Kingma and Ba (2015), any number of $L^p$ normalizations are possible, with the RMS corresponding to the specific case of $p=2$. In our work, we theoretically and empirically characterize the influence of different $L^p$ norms on adaptive gradient methods for the first time. We show mathematically how the choice of $p$ influences the size of the steps taken, while leaving other desirable properties unaffected. We evaluate Adam with various $L^p$ norms on a suite of deep learning benchmarks, and find that $p > 2$ consistently leads to improved learning speed and final performance. The choices of $p=3$ or $p=6$ also match or outperform state-of-the-art methods in all of our experiments.
Ambivalence and Activism: Employment Discrimination in China

Chinese courts have not vigorously enforced many human rights, but a recent string of employment discrimination lawsuits suggests that, given the appropriate conditions, advocacy strategies, and rights at issue, victims can vindicate constitutional and statutory rights to equality in court. Specifically, carriers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) have used the 2007 Employment Promotion Law to ground legal challenges against employers who discriminate against them in the hiring process. Plaintiffs’ relatively high success rate suggests official support for making one prevalent form of discrimination illegal. Central to these lawsuits is a broad network of lawyers, activists, and scholars who actively support plaintiffs, suggesting a limited role for civil society in the world of Chinese law. Although many problems remain with employment discrimination, China has made concrete steps toward repealing a legal edifice of discrimination that stretches back decades and reshaping policies and attitudes to eradicate a prevalent form of discrimination, targeting carriers of infectious
Fasciculations in Children.

Abstract Fasciculations are the most common form of spontaneous muscle contraction. They frequently occur in healthy individuals. However, there are a minority of situations that fasciculations are observed in association with specific neurologic disorders. Publications concerning the evaluation of pediatric patients experiencing fasciculations are limited. These children may undergo invasive or expensive diagnostic investigations that are unnecessary. Moreover, without careful consideration of differential diagnoses, rare neuromuscular disorders that present with fasciculations in the pediatric age group can be under-recognized by pediatric neurologists. This review examines the most important pediatric disorders presenting with fasciculations and other spontaneous muscle contractions to guide pediatric neurologists in evaluating these children.
Influence of 3-D periodic stitching patterns on the strain distributions in polymer matrix composites

Abstract This study investigates the effects of periodic stitching patterns on the strain distribution of three-dimensional (3-D) stitched carbon composite structures. Quasi-isotropic composite specimens with three different periodic stitching patterns (0°, 45°, and 90°) were fabricated and tested under uniaxial loading. Surface strain fields were obtained using digital image correlation (DIC). Different strain distributions developed between the front and back of the stitch seams in the stitched specimens. Higher strain concentrations developed in a direction perpendicular to the in-plane stitching except in the case of the 45° stitched specimens, where strain concentrations developed in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The stitch seam geometry on the front side of the stitched specimens produced a significantly lower Poisson’s ratio compared to the back side. The load–displacement behavior and the tensile modulus were altered due to stitching and were found to increase with the stitch angle. This behavior indicates that stitching can give rise to localized zones of altered modulus of elasticity, which can be beneficial in tailoring the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composite structures.
Structural basis of ATP-dependent high-fidelity epigenome maintenance

Epigenetic evolution occurs over million-year timescales in Cryptococcus neoformans and is mediated by DNMT5, the first maintenance-type cytosine methyltransferase identified in the fungal or protist kingdoms. DNMT5 requires ATP and displays exquisite hemimethyl-DNA specificity. To understand these novel properties, we solved cryo-EM structures of CnDNMT5 in three states. These studies reveal an elaborate allosteric cascade in which hemimethylated DNA first activates the SNF2 ATPase domain by a large rigid body rotation while the target cytosine partially flips out the DNA duplex. ATP binding then triggers a striking structural reconfiguration of the methyltransferase catalytic pocket that enables cofactor binding, completion of base-flipping, and catalysis. Unmethylated DNA binding fails to open cofactor pocket and subsequent ATP binding triggers its ejection to ensure fidelity. This chaperone-like, enzyme-remodeling role of the SNF2 domain illuminates how energy can be used to enable faithful epigenetic memory. HighlightsO_LIStructures of DNMT5 reveal mechanism of ATP-dependent DNA methylation C_LIO_LIHemimethylated CpG recognition triggers partial base flipping of the target cytosine C_LIO_LIHemimethylated DNA induces rigid body rotation to activate the SNF2 ATPase domain C_LIO_LIMTase catalytic pocket is remodeled by the SNF2 ATPase to achieve specificity C_LI
Understanding the Psychological, Physiological, and Genetic Factors Affecting Precision Pain Medicine: A Narrative Review.

Purpose Precision pain medicine focuses on employing methods to assess each patient individually, identify their risk profile for disproportionate pain and/or the development of chronic pain, and optimize therapeutic strategies to target specific pathological processes underlying chronic pain. This review aims to provide a concise summary of the current body of knowledge regarding psychological, physiological, and genetic determinants of chronic pain related to precision pain medicine. Methods Following the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) criteria, we employed PubMed/Medline to identify relevant articles using primary database search terms to query articles such as: precision medicine, non-modifiable factors, pain, anesthesiology, quantitative sensory testing, genetics, pain medicine, and psychological. Results Precision pain medicine provides an opportunity to identify populations at risk, develop personalized treatment strategies, and reduce side effects and cost through elimination of ineffective treatment strategies. As in other complex chronic health conditions, there are two broad categories that contribute to chronic pain risk: modifiable and non-modifiable patient factors. This review focuses on three primary determinants of health, representing both modifiable and non-modifiable factors, that may contribute to a patient's profile for risk of developing pain and most effective management strategies: psychological, physiological, and genetic factors. Conclusion Consideration of these three domains is already being integrated into patient care in other specialties, but by understanding the role they play in development and maintenance of chronic pain, we can begin to implement both precision and personalized treatment regimens.
Selectively Disciplining Advocates

After lawsuits challenging the results of the 2020 presidential election failed spectacularly, some wondered whether the plaintiffs’ lawyers would be disciplined for filing frivolous complaints. Time will tell, but if these lawyers are not disciplined, one should not be surprised. This article presents an empirical study of the New York disciplinary process which confirms that advocates who violate disciplinary rules by overzealously pursuing their clients’ interests, such as by making frivolous claims, are rarely punished in the disciplinary process. That is because disciplinary prosecutors, operating in secret, have discretion whether to bring formal charges against lawyers who violate the rules. They ordinarily exercise that discretion by weeding out cases involving advocacy misconduct that they regard as minor or that they believe to be better addressed by trial courts. Employing the allegedly frivolous election challenges as an illustration, this article argues that disciplinary charging discretion raises four questions to which the legal profession and the public should give greater consideration: whether rule drafters should remove rarely-enforced advocacy rules from the disciplinary codes; whether disciplinary agencies are under-enforcing the advocacy rules; whether disciplinary authorities are arbitrary or unprincipled in selecting whom to prosecute for advocacy misconduct; and whether disciplinary authorities should be more transparent about how they make charging decisions so that the public can better understand whether advocacy rules, and authorities’ exercise of discretion in enforcing them, serve the public interest.
User-Defined Material Model for Progressive Failure Analysis

An overview of different types of composite material system architectures and a brief review of progressive failure material modeling methods used for structural analysis including failure initiation and material degradation are presented. Different failure initiation criteria and material degradation models are described that define progressive failure formulations. These progressive failure formulations are implemented in a user-defined material model (or UMAT) for use with the ABAQUS/Standard1 nonlinear finite element analysis tool. The failure initiation criteria include the maximum stress criteria, maximum strain criteria, the Tsai-Wu failure polynomial, and the Hashin criteria. The material degradation model is based on the ply-discounting approach where the local material constitutive coefficients are degraded. Applications and extensions of the progressive failure analysis material model address two-dimensional plate and shell finite elements and three-dimensional solid finite elements. Implementation details and use of the UMAT subroutine are described in the present paper. Parametric studies for composite structures are discussed to illustrate the features of the progressive failure modeling methods that have been implemented.
The effects of perturbations on the flammability limits

Based on the mechanism of heat losses, the known effects of external disturbances (pressure waves or turbulences) on the flammability limits are explained. This includes the sensitivity of near-limit flames to perturbations and the flame quenching by disturbances. The significance of the unstable solution as the criterion for dynamic extinction is stressed.
Geological Oceanography of the Bering Shelf

The Bering Sea is a unique and important subarctic sea. It has an area of 2.25 million km2, almost half of which is continental shelf. This broad shelf is extremely smooth, with a gentle uniform gradient. The climate is dominated by extratropical cyclonic and arctic anticyclonic storms which tend to be brief but violent. During winter most of the Bering Sea shelf is covered by ice.
Temperature characteristics of Schottky barrier diodes for low-voltage sensing applications

N-type Si Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have been fabricated in AMI 0.5 m process. The I-V characteristics have been characterised from -50 to 120-C. The bias voltages for achieving the zero temperature coefficient (ZTC) point were observed to be around 0.6-V, which are much smaller than the voltages for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effective transistors (MOSFETs) to obtain the same point. A physical model was extracted for the SBDs, demonstrating the low ZTC-point-bias-voltages which are advantageous for low-voltage applications.
Suspension Automata: A Decidable Class of Hybrid Automata

A hybrid automaton consists of a discrete state component represented by a finite automaton, coupled with a (vector) continuous state component governed by a differential equation. For hybrid automata it is possible to reduce certain verification problems to those of checking language containment or language emptiness. Here we present a class of hybrid automata called suspension automata for which conditions can be given under which these problems are decidable.
ONEChat: Enabling Group Chat and Messaging in Opportunistic Networks

Opportunistic networks, which are wireless network ”islands” formed when transient and highly mobile nodes meet for a short period of time, are becoming commonplace as wireless devices become more and more popular. It is thus imperative to develop communication tools and applications that work well in opportunistic networks. In particular, group chat and instant messaging applications are particularly lacking for such opportunistic networks today. In this paper, we present ONEChat, a group chat and instant messaging program that works in such opportunistic networks. ONEChat uses message multicasting on top of service discovery protocols in order to support group chat and reduce bandwidth consumption in opportunistic networks. ONEChat does not require any pre-configuration, a fixed network infrastructure or a client-server architecture in order to operate. In addition, it supports features such as group chat, private rooms, line-by-line or character-bycharacter messaging, file transfer, etc. We also present our quantitative analysis of ONEChat, which we believe indicates that the ONEChat architecture is an efficient group collaboration platform for opportunistic networks.
Lipid peroxides induce expression of catalase in cultured vascular cells

Various forms of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL) are thought to play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. The lipid components of Ox-LDL present a plethora of proatherogenic effects in in vitro cell culture systems, suggesting that oxidative stress could be an important risk factor for coronary artery disease. However, buried among these effects are those that could be interpreted as antiatherogenic. The present study demonstrates that various oxidants, including oxidized fatty acids and mildly oxidized forms of LDL (MO-LDL), are able to induce catalase (an antioxidant enzyme) expression in rabbit femoral arterial smooth muscle cells (RFASMC), RAW cells (macrophages), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In RFASMC, catalase protein, mRNA, and the enzyme activity are increased in response to oxidized linoleic acid (13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid [13-HPODE] and 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid [13-HODE]), MO-LDL, or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Such an increase in catalase gene expression cannot totally be attributed to the cellular response to an intracellular generation of H2O2 after the addition of 13-HPODE or 13-HODE because these agents induce a further increase of catalase as seen in catalase-transfected RFASMC. Taken together with the induction of heme oxygenase, NO synthase, manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), and glutathione synthesis by oxidative stress, our results provide yet more evidence suggesting that a moderate oxidative stress can induce cellular antioxidant response in vascular cells, and thereby could be beneficial for preventing further oxidative stress. —Meilhac, O., M. Zhou, N. Santanam, and S. Parthasarathy. Lipid peroxides induce expression of catalase in cultured vascular cells. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 1205–1213.
A Continuous Fluorometric Assay for the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Protease

A novel fluorogenic substrate for continuous feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) protease (PR) assay was developed in which 2-aminobenzoic acid (Abz) andp-nitrophenylalanine (F(NO2)) were used as the fluorescent donor and acceptor, respectively. The 14-amino-acid fluorogenic substrate of sequence RALTK(Abz)VQ ∼ F(NO2)VQSKGR (∼ indicates cleavage site) was modeled after a naturally occurring FIV PR capsid/nucleocapsid cleavage site in thegagpolyprotein. The 2-aminobenzoyl group was attached to the epsilon amino group of a lysine (K(Abz)) in position P3 and the F(NO2) is in position P1′ in order to promote efficient intramolecular quenching prior to cleavage by FIV PR. We measured aKmof 33 ± 6 μM and akcatof 0.29 ± 0.02 s−1for the enzymatic hydrolysis of this fluorogenic substrate by FIV PR under the conditions of our assay (0.05 M sodium citrate/0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 5.25, 0.2 M NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM dithiothreitol). This assay affords a rapid and convenient means for quantitating FIV PR activities and promises to be useful for judging the relative strength of inhibitors.
X-window-based 2K display workstation

A high-definition, high-performance display station for reading and review of digital radiological images is introduced. The station is based on a Sun SPARC Station 4 and employs X window system for display and manipulation of images. A mouse-operated graphic user interface is implemented utilizing Motif-style tools. The system supports up to four MegaScan gray-scale 2560 X 2048 monitors. A special configuration of frame and video buffer yields a data transfer of 50 M pixels/s. A magnetic disk array supplies a storage capacity of 2 GB with a data transfer rate of 4-6 MB/s. The system has access to the central archive through an ultrahigh-speed fiber-optic network and patient studies are automatically transferred to the local disk. The available image processing functions include change of lookup table, zoom and pan, and cine. Future enhancements will provide for manual contour tracing, length, area, and density measurements, text and graphic overlay, as well as composition of selected images. Additional preprocessing procedures under development will optimize the initial lookup table and adjust the images to a standard orientation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Laser Flash Photolysis Study of Phenylcarbene and Pentafluorophenylcarbene

Laser flash photolysis (LFP) (XeCl, 308 nm, 17 ns) of phenyldiazomethane and pentafluorophenyldiazomethane releases phenylcarbene (PC) and pentafluorophenylcarbene (PFPC), respectively. In acetonitrile solvent the carbenes react rapidly to form nitrile ylides which have convenient absorption maxima for optical detection (Imax ) 350 nm). Phenylcarbene and pentafluorophenylcarbene each react with acetonitrile with an absolute rate constant of 2.4 10 6 M -1 s -1 in CF2ClCFCl2 (Freon-113) at ambient temperature. The lifetimes of spin-equilibrated PC and PFPC are 190 and 500 ns in Freon-113, respectively, and the lifetime of each carbene is deduced to be 22 ns in neat acetonitrile. LFP of phenyl and pentafluorophenyldiazomethane in the presence of pyridine leads to the expected pyridine ylide. The observed absolute rate constants of reaction of spin equilibrated PC and PFPC with pyridine are 1.9 10 7 and 5.1 10 7 M -1 s -1 , respectively, in Freon-113 at ambient temperature. From this data, one can deduce singlet-triplet splittings ( ¢GST, 298 K) of 2.3 and 3.1 kcal/mol for PC and PFPC, respectively, which is the difference in energy between the triplet minimum and the point of intersection of the singlet and triplet carbene plus pyridine surfaces. LFP of phenyldiazomethane and pentafluorophenyldiazomethane in acetonitrile containing carbene scavengers (e.g., alcohols, alkenes, and silanes) gives reduced yields of nitrile ylides. Analysis of the yield of ylide as a function of quencher by the Stern-Volmer method gives kQU values of carbene quenching. Low-temperature (77 K) photolysis of pentafluorophenyldiazomethane generates the persistent EPR spectrum of triplet pentafluorophenylcarbene which is the ground state of this carbene. However, photolysis of pentafluorophenyldiazomethane at ambient temperature generates stable reaction products derived from capture of singlet pentafluorophenylcarbene. Thus the properties of pentafluorophenylcarbene are remarkably similar to those of phenylcarbene. Each carbene has a triplet ground state but reacts in solution at ambient temperature through a low-lying excited singlet state. The lack of a fluorine substituent effect on the behavior of phenylcarbene is compared to that in singlet phenylnitrene.
AMMONIUM SULFATE : EQUILIBRIUM AND METASTABILITY PHASE DIAGRAMS FROM 40 TO-50 C

The temperature-dependent phase diagrams, from 40 to −50 °C, of the binary (NH4)2SO4/H2O system are derived from data collected in a low-temperature, single-levitated-particle apparatus. The conditions of vapor pressure, temperature, and composition, at which particle phase transitions occur along the path of increasing relative humidity, define the equilibrium phase diagram, whereas the set of conditions that induce transitions in the reverse direction defines the metastability phase diagram. A new, stable crystalline phase of (NH4)2SO4·4H2O is identified. Below −19.35 ± 0.05 °C, the anhydrous (NH4)2SO4−ice eutectic point, ammonium sulfate does not deliquesce as the RH is increased but instead undergoes a solid−solid phase transition to form a tetrahydrate phase. (NH4)2SO4·4H2O incongruently melts at −19.35 °C. Equilibrium phase transition, as well as metastable to stable phase transitions, for this system are mapped out, and the derived phase diagrams allow for prediction of the composition and phase of...
Monte Carlo Simulation of Rodent Carcinogenicity Bioassays

In this paper we describe a simulation, by Monte Carlo methods, of the results of rodent carcinogenicity bioassays. Our aim is to study how the observed correlation between carcinogenic potency (beta or 1n2/TD50) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) arises, and whether the existence of this correlation leads to an artificial correlation between carcinogenic potencies in rats and mice. The validity of the bioassay results depends upon, among other things, certain biases in the experimental design of the bioassays. These include selection of chemicals for bioassay and details of the experimental protocol, including dose levels. We use as variables in our simulation the following factors: (1) dose group size, (2) number of dose groups, (3) tumor rate in the control (zero-dose) group, (4) distribution of the MTD values of the group of chemicals as specified by the mean and standard deviation, (5) the degree of correlation between beta and the MTD, as given by the standard deviation of the random error term in the linear regression of log beta on log (1/MTD), and (6) an upper limit on the number of animals with tumors. Monte Carlo simulation can show whether the information present in the existing rodent bioassay database is sufficient to reject the validity of the proposed interspecies correlations at a given level of stringency. We hope that such analysis will be useful for future bioassay design, and more importantly, for discussion of the whole NCI/NTP program.
Impact of feeding whole Upland cottonseed, with or without cracked Pima cottonseed with increasing addition of iron sulfate, on productivity and plasma gossypol of lactating dairy cattle

Lactating Holstein cows were fed one of four diets containing either whole Upland cottonseed (WCS) or whole Upland cottonseed and cracked Pima cottonseed (CrP) with increasing levels of iron sulfate. Effects of supplemental iron sulfate, and the impact of substitution of two-thirds of the WCS with CrP, on milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake of cows fed these diets containing relatively high levels of gossypol were determined. All diets contained 490 g/kg DM of a grain based concentrate, 100 g/kg DM of cottonseed and 410 g/kg DM of chopped alfalfa hay. The cottonseed portion of the Control diet contained 100 g/kg DM of WCS and the other three diets contained 67 g/kg DM of CrP and 33 g/kg DM of WCS. Cottonseed meats (i.e., the interior of the seeds after decortication) were analyzed for gossypol concentration, and whole cottonseed, whole Pima and CrP contained 6.5, 9.9 and 9.6 g/kg DM of free gossypol and 2.7, 5.2 and 5.2 g/kg DM of the minus (−) isomer of gossypol, respectively, in ‘meats’. Diets containing CrP were supplemented with 0, 250 or 500 mg of iron from iron sulfate/kg of diet DM. Eight cows (i.e., four primiparous and four multiparous) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with periods of 28 d. Milk yield (P = 0.02) and DM intake (P < 0.01) decreased linearly with increasing levels of iron sulfate in the diet. Total plasma gossypol (μg/ml) increased (P < 0.01) with substitution of CrP for WCS, and decreased at an increasing rate (linear P < 0.01; quadratic P = 0.04) with increasing inclusion of iron sulfate in the diet. Substitution of CrP for WCS increased DM intake (P < 0.03) but milk yield was unaffected. Although addition of iron sulfate to the CrP diets reduced plasma gossypol concentrations, the reduced yield of milk and DM intake suggests that this method of reducing plasma gossypol concentrations is not commercially applicable.
The atomic theory of John William Nicholson

The English mathematical physicist John William Nicholson1 proposed a theory of atomic structure in 1911, and for several years he explored its exact implications for stellar spectroscopy and for the periodic table of elements. When he is brought into accounts of the growth of modern physics it is usually to credit him with the interpretation of Planck's constant as an angular momentum. While the credit is earned, a historical distortion inevitably results when his notion of the quantization of angular momentum is abstracted from the body of atomic ideas and apparently successful predictions to which it applied. The manner in which he introduced and justified the quantum was intimately associated with the special features of his atomic model, and the significance and the impact and, ultimately, the limitation of his quantum theory can only be understood when it is seen in the context of the broader atomic theory from which it arose. It is therefore a principal objective of this paper to carefully trace the origins and growth of Nicholson's overall thought on atomic structure. It must strike many readers as odd on first looking at Niels Bohr's famous 1913 series of articles on the quantum theory of atoms and molecules that a name as unfamiliar as Nicholson turns up so frequently. Bohr's stressing of Nicholson's work was purposeful and revealing, and it is part of the plan of this paper to show that Nicholson's theory was very probably an important motivating influence on the direction of Bohr's own developing notions of atomic structure. That Bohr and other contemporaries took Nicholson's work seriously is in itself an assurance of Nicholson's historical significance. Nicholson's atomic theory, in a large measure through its probable involvement with the early stages of Bohr's work, played a notable role in the revolution in physical science of the first quarter of the twentieth century. In 1911, eleven years after Max Planck had introduced the quantum hypothesis, it was still possible for some to believe that there could be a theory of atoms which did not involve the concept of quanta. It is ironical that Nicholson is usually remembered only for his quantum theory of atoms; for it would be truer to the spirit of his work to describe it as starting with an attempt to understand the constitution of matter by wholly classical laws. His was one of the last of such efforts and perhaps the most ambitious of them all. It was over a
Discursive practices, genealogies, and emotional rules: A poststructuralist view on emotion and identity in teaching

Abstract This paper invokes a poststructuralist lens—and, in particular, Foucauldian ideas—in conceptualizing teacher emotions as discursive practices. It is also argued that within this theoretical framework, teacher identity is theorized as constantly becoming in a context embedded in power relations, ideology, and culture. In terms of the methodology used when studying teacher identity and emotion through this lens, it is shown that long-term ethnographic investigations offer important advantages. This is shown through an ethnographic study of the emotions of teaching with one teacher over three years (1997–1999) and a semester long follow-up study with the same teacher four years later (spring 2003). The contribution of this study in what is presently known about teacher emotions in educational settings consists in the following three ideas: first, that emotional rules in teaching are historically contingent; second, that a teacher plays a part in her own emotional control; and third, that a teacher's identity is constituted in relation to the emotional rules in the context in which she/he teaches. The contribution of a poststructuralist perspective in research on teacher emotion is discussed and analyzed.
A mystery tour through the lumber room: United States Census publications, 1820–1930, a descriptive essay

Abstract Census Bureau documents published between 1820 and 1930 constitute a rich but perhaps under-utilized group of primary sources for social scientists. This article briefly describes some of these documents topically (race, ethnicity, health, crime or industry, for example), indicating some of the methodology enumerators used to gather information and some of the social attitudes these approaches reflected. Finding aids useful in locating these works are discussed and an appendix listing both documents mentioned in the text and others with bibliographic information and Superintendent of Documents classification numbers is provided at the end of the article.
Host cell- and virus strain-dependent differences in oligosaccharides of hemagglutinin glycoproteins of influenza A viruses.

Abstract The effect of the host cell and virus strain on the glycosylation of influenza A virus hemagglutinin glycoproteins was investigated by analysis of Pronase-digested glycopeptides labeled with radioactive sugar precursors. When influenza A/WSN virus was grown in MDBK cells, HA 1 contained both complex galactose-containing (type I) and mannose-rich (type II) glycopeptides, but HA 2 lacked type II glycopeptides. In contrast, type I and type II glycopeptides were found in HA 1 as well as HA 2 isolated from virus grown in primary chick embryo fibroblast cells, indicating that whether type I or type II oligosaccharide chains are attached to HA polypeptides is determined in part by the host cell type. However, analyses of glycopeptides from various influenza A strains representative of all human antigenic subtypes grown in a single host cell type, MDCK cells, revealed that the oligosaccharide types associated with HA polypeptides also depend on the virus strain. Both type I and type II glycopeptides were found in all strains tested, and there was no significant difference in the sizes of these glycopeptides among the strains. However, strain-dependent differences were observed in the relative amounts of type I and type II glycopeptides in virions as well as isolated glycoproteins HA 1 or HA 2 . Such differences were evident among influenza A strains of the same as well as distinct HA subtypes, which suggests that changes in primary structure of the HA polypeptides induced by either antigenic drift or major antigenic shifts have caused the variation in oligosaccharide chains associated with these polypeptides.
Fuzzy logic and intelligent agents

Intelligent agents are software modules that can interact with its external environment in an autonomous fashion to achieve its goals. Fuzzy logic can play a major role in an intelligent agent for reasoning about the dynamic environment. FLAME (fuzzy logic adaptive model of emotions) is a new computational model of emotions that can be incorporated into intelligent agents and other complex, interactive programs.
Variability of blood lead concentrations during infancy.

ABSTRACT As part of a study of early childhood development, more than 200 children had their blood lead concentrations (PbB) determined semiannually during the first 2 yr of life. These children were selected from 11,837 consecutive births surveyed for umbilical cord PbB at Boston Lying-In Hospital. Candidate subjects were drawn from the highest, lowest, and middle deciles of PbB. The mean PbB was 7.2 ± 5.3 (standard deviation) μg/dl at birth and did not change appreciably with age. However, the average change in an individual's PbB every 6 months was 4 μg/dl, which was several fold in excess of the analytical reproducibility. Only 25% of the children in the highest category at birth were in the highest category at 2 yr of age. Approximately 40% of the children remained in their immediately previous PbB fertile category. A stochastic description of these patterns of change fits the data. Our results should caution investigators who might wish to rely on a single determination to categorize children with PbB.
A Critical Linguistic Approach to a Corpus of Business Letters in Greek

Following a multidimensional approach to text variation, the study interprets a corpus of Greek business letters as a composite of clusters of linguistic features, i.e. as factors which represent c...
An EPR study of the thermal decomposition of molten 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and its isotopic analogs

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to probe the decomposition pathway of neat molten 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The analogs of TNT labelled in the 2-, 2,6-, 4- and 2,4,6-positions with 15N, and labelled in the α-, 3,5- and α,3,5-position with 2H have been studied, and their spectra recorded at 240°C. The results indicate that the earliest observable radical produces a spectrum resulting from coupling with a para-N (aN = 10.8G), five equivalent hydrogens (aH = 2.7G) and two benzylic hydrogens (aH = 10.7G).
The McKeown Thesis: A Historical Controversy and Its Enduring Influence

The historical analyses of Thomas McKeown attributed the modern rise in the world population from the 1700s to the present to broad economic and social changes rather than to targeted public health or medical interventions. His work generated considerable controversy in the 1970s and 1980s, and it continues to stimulate support, criticism, and commentary to the present day, in spite of his conclusions' having been largely discredited by subsequent research. The ongoing resonance of his work is due primarily to the importance of the question that underlay it: Are public health ends better served by targeted interventions or by broad-based efforts to redistribute the social, political, and economic resources that determine the health of populations?
The perceived prognosis of endodontic treatment and implant therapy among dental practitioners

Objective The aims of this study were to understand if practicing dentists appreciate the difference in criteria for success used in the endodontic and implant literature, to evaluate the perceived outcome of implant therapy compared with endodontic treatment, and to evaluate current and projected utilization of implant and endodontic treatment. Study design A 16-question survey was distributed to 648 dentists who graduated from the University of Connecticut Dental School over the past 30 years. Results The response rate was 47%. Forty-nine percent of respondents did not know that different criteria are used in the literature to evaluate implant and root canal treatment. Thirty percent of respondents thought root canal treatment of teeth with necrotic pulp was superior to implants, and only 16% thought retreatment was preferable. Conclusion A shift in utilization toward implant treatment was not found; however, a perceived superior outcome of implant compared with endodontic treatment does exist among the dental community.