cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoanisotropic incoherent-to-coherent conversion using five-wave mixing

In this paper we present a new approach to incoherent-to-coherent optical conversion based on a real-time five-wave mixing technique in photoanisotropic organic film. A uniform grating is holographically written in the sample, and then locally erased by an incident white light image. Subsequent coherent diffraction of the spatially modulated grating imposes the inverse of the incoherent image onto the reading laser beam, allowing subsequent coherent optical processing. A theoretical analysis of the holographic recording and erasing mechanism in these photoanisotropic materials is presented, and the saturation is shown to be responsible for the grating intermodulation that produce the incoherent-to-coherent conversion. Experimental results of white light images converted to inverted coherent images in real-time are presented, and the resolution is shown to exceed 28 lp/mm.
THE EFFECT OF THE REPLACEMENT OF FREE SILICA BY ALUMINA AND ZIRCONIA IN ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN1

Effect on electrical porcelain of the replacement of free silica by alumina and zirconia.—Since it had been suggested that free silica may be detrimental to the mechanical and the dielectric strengths of electrical porcelain, a series of sixteen batches was prepared in which various proportions of the free silica were replaced, weight for weight, by alumina, zirconia or combinations of both, and bars and disks, after burning at cone 8 l/2 to 9 or at cone 12, were tested for shrinkage, transverse strength, impact strength, heat resistance, absorption of moisture and dye penetration. The results show that resistance to sudden temperature changes can be greatly improved by substituting zirconia,—that the danger of overburning can be greatly decreased by substituting alumina and that the mechanical strengths can be increased by substituting either or both; but in the case of dielectric strength, no improvement was obtained by substituting for the free silica.
Improving the assessment of risk from pathogens in biosolids: fecal coliform regrowth, survival, enumeration, and assessment.

Reactivation or regrowth of fecal coliform bacteria in biosolids has recently become a concern due to knowledge that Class B materials may fail to meet this criterion after storage or even after land application. In this paper, data show the two types of fecal coliform increases that have been characterized: immediate reappearance of large concentrations directly after dewatering; and the rapid, but less immediate, increases that follow dewatering with some biosolids after dewatering. The latter phenomenon is shown to extend over a time period of days prior to gradual decrease in fecal coliform numbers. Modeling shows that anaerobic or fermentative growth cannot simulate the observed growth, but that a straightforward biokinetic model can duplicate the observed conditions if a doubling time of one hour is assumed, which is supported by literature. Thus regrowth cannot be ruled out as the underlying phenomenon
Selective contributions of neuronal and astroglial interleukin-1 receptor 1 to the regulation of sleep.

Abstract Interactions between sleep and immune function are bidirectional. Although the mechanisms that govern these interactions are not fully elucidated, the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1), is a known regulator of sleep and mediator of immune responses. To further clarify the underlying substrates of sleep and immune interactions, we engineered two transgenic mouse lines that express interleukin-1 receptor 1 (IL1R1) only in the central nervous system (CNS) and selectively on neurons (NSE-IL1R1) or astrocytes (GFAP-IL1R1). During spontaneous sleep, compared to wild type (WT) animals, NSE-IL1R1 and GFAP-IL1R1 mice have more rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) that is characterized by reduced theta power in the electroencephalogram (EEG) spectra. The non-REM sleep (NREMS) EEG of each of the IL1R1 transgenic mouse strains also is characterized by enhanced power in the delta frequency band. In response to 6 h of sleep deprivation, sleep of both IL1R1 transgenic mouse strains is more consolidated than that of WT animals. Additionally, the NREMS EEG of NSE-IL1R1 mice contains less delta power after sleep deprivation, suggesting astroglial IL1R1 activity may modulate sleep homeostasis. Intracerebroventricular injection of IL-1 fails to alter sleep or brain temperature of NSE-IL1R1 or GFAP-IL1R1 mice. These data suggest that selective IL1R1 expression on neurons or on astrocytes is not sufficient for centrally-administered IL-1 to induce sleep or fever. Lack of sleep and febrile responses to IL-1 in these IL1R1 transgenic mouse strains may be due to their inability to produce IL-6 in brain. Overall, these studies demonstrate, through the use of novel transgenic mice, that IL1R1 on neurons and astrocytes differentially mediates aspects of sleep under physiological conditions and in response to central IL-1 administration.
Current gain in sub-10 nm base GaN tunneling hot electron transistors with AlN emitter barrier

We report on Gallium Nitride-based tunneling hot electron transistor amplifier with common-emitter current gain greater than 1. Small signal current gain up to 5 and dc current gain of 1.3 were attained in common-emitter configuration with collector current density in excess of 50 kA/cm2. The use of a combination of 1 nm GaN/3 nm AlN layers as an emitter tunneling barrier was found to improve the energy collimation of the injected electrons. These results represent demonstration of unipolar vertical transistors in the III-nitride system that can potentially lead to higher frequency and power microwave devices.
Palladium-chromium strain gauges for high temperatures

Abstract To meet urgent needs in aerospace research, an electrical resistance strain gauge of palladium-13 weight per cent chromium alloy is being developed in fine wire and thin film forms. The wire strain gauge has platinum wire wound around the gauge grid to serve as the temperature compensator, and is coated with a special alumina-based overcoat. This gauge has a sufficiently small apparent strain, with good reproducibility between thermal cycles to 800°C. The apparent strain of the gauge can therefore be corrected within a reasonable error up to this temperature. The thin film gauge, which provides a means for non-intrusive strain measurements, demonstrates the possibility of extending the use of this palladium alloy to approximately 1000°C.
Intensive Care Unit Admission for Asthma: A Marker for Severe Disease

Background. There appears to be an asthma epidemic in the United States and other developed countries, with increasing prevalence and severity of asthma. Despite these trends, the understanding of severe asthma remains limited. Research has been hampered by the lack of clear methodology for identifying a cohort of adults with severe asthma. We systematically evaluated a method for defining a cohort of adults with severe asthma based on recent intensive care unit admissions for asthma. Methods. We used survey interview and computerized utilization data from a cohort of 400 adults with severe asthma who were enrolled after hospitalization at 17 Northern California Kaiser Permanente hospitals. To assess asthma severity, we used a multifaceted approach that combined structured telephone interview data with computerized utilization data. Using a referent group of adults who were hospitalized without intensive care unit (ICU) admission (n = 282), we examined whether ICU admission is a valid marker for severe di...
A Homologous Radioimmunoassay for Chicken Insulin

Abstract A homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for chicken insulin is described. The RIA sensitivity and specificity are sufficient to measure circulating levels of insulin in chickens and turkeys of various metabolic states. The antisera are specific for chicken insulin, and do not cross-react with glucagon and only very poorly with porcine insulin.
Static and tetracycline-based bone histomorphometric data from 34 normal postmenopausal females

Transilial bone biopsies were obtained from 34 healthy postmenopausal women following in vivo fluorochrome labeling. Stained and unstained undecalcified sections were evaluated using a Merz grid. Standard histomorphometric data from cancellous bone tissue were collected and the results were evaluated and presented as variables commonly used in bone histomorphometry. The normal ranges, medians, means, and standard deviations for the group of 34 are presented in tabular form for structural, surface, basic dynamic, and derived dynamic data. Similar data for individuals grouped by ages 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 are also presented. Secular trends for the whole group are evaluated. The structural and surface data are not much different from previous reports of sudden-death accident victims, when methodologic differences are considered. The mineral apposition rate (MAR) was 0.53 +/- 0.08 micron/day, similar to previous reports in cancellous bone, but one-third less than in cortical bone. MAR showed a marked decline with age. In contrast, the extent of tetracycline-labeled surfaces varied widely without a secular trend. Double-label surface (dLS/BS) ranged from 0.5 to 8.0% and single-label surface (sLS/BS), from 0.5 to 10.5%. Mineralizing osteoid surface (MS/OS) varied from 2 to 64%. Using only double-label surface to represent mineralizing surface, volume-based bone formation rate (BFR/BV) ranged from 0.7 to 28%/yr, and the remodeling period (Rm.P) varied from 0.28 to 4.5 years. Calculations using other representations of mineralizing surface [double plus one-half single label (MS/BS"); all label (MS/BS')] are also presented. These bone histomorphometric data are important because: (1) they come from a cohort of living subjects that was recruited solely for the purpose of establishing normal bone histomorphometry; (2) they represent the age range of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis; and (3) they markedly expand the bone histomorphometric database of healthy persons given in vivo fluorochrome labeling prior to transilial biopsy.
Linear simulation of the stationary eddies in a GCM. Part II: the "mountain' model

Linear stationary wave theory is used to account for zonal asymmetries of the winter-averaged tropospheric circulation obtained in a GCM. The eddy zonal velocity field in the upper troposphere indicates that the orographic and thermal plus transient contributions are nearly equal in amplitude, while the eddy meridional velocity field (which is dominated by shorter zonal scales) shows the orographic contribution to be dominant. The two contributions are found to be roughly in phase over the east Asian coast, and they contribute roughly equal amounts to the low level Siberian high. Results indicate that the 300 mb extratropical response to tropical forcing reaches 50 gpm over Alaska, and that the responses to sensible heating and lower tropospheric transients are strongly anticorrelated.
Neoadjuvant external beam radiation and proctectomy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the survival rate, local failure, and perioperative morbidity in patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum undergoing curative proctectomy who were felt to have transmural disease on preoperative assessment. Eighty-nine percent of these patients were treated with preoperative external beam radiotherapy. METHODS: The records of 191 consecutive patients undergoing abdominal surgical procedures for primary treatment of rectal cancer were reviewed. The product-limit method (Kaplan-Meier) was used to analyze survival rate and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: One patient was excluded from survival analysis because of incomplete record of tumor stage. The study population comprised 109 males and 81 females, median age 64 (range, 33–91) years. Curative resection was performed in 152 of these 190 patients (80 percent), including low anterior resection with coloproctostomy or coloanal anastomosis (n=103), abdominoperineal resection (n=44), Hartmann's procedure (n = 4), and pelvic exenteration (n=1). Mean follow-up of patients undergoing curative resection was 96±48 months. Palliative procedures were performed in 38 of 190 patients (20 percent). Perioperative mortality was 0.5 percent (1/190). Complications occurred in 64 patients (34 percent). The anastomotic leak rate was 4 percent (5/128). Disease-free five-year survival rate by pathologic stage was as follows: Stage I, 90 percent; Stage II, 85 percent; Stage III, 54 percent; Stage IV, 0 percent; and no residual tumor, 90 percent. Of the 152 patients treated with curative resection, disease-free survival rate was 80 percent at five years. Preoperative external beam radiation was administered to 135 of these 152 patients (89 percent). Tumor recurred in 32 of 152 patients (21 percent) treated with curative resection. The predominant pattern of recurrence was distant failure only. Kaplan-Meier overall local recurrence (local and local plus distant) at five years was 6.6 percent. The local recurrence rate paralleled tumor stage: Stage I, 0 percent; Stage II, 6 percent; Stage III, 20 percent; and no residual tumor, 0 percent. CONCLUSION: Preoperative external beam radiotherapy and attention to mesorectal dissection can achieve low local recurrence and excellent long-term survival rate in patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Moreover, these goals can be obtained with low morbidity and mortality.
Purification of DNA polymerase II stimulatory factor I, a yeast single-stranded DNA-binding protein

Incidental to the purification of yeast DNA polymerase II was the observation that various chromatographic fractions contained activities that stimulated synthesis by this polymerase. In this paper we report the purification and initial characterization of one such factor, stimulatory factor I (SFI). SFI, which is associated with an apparent complex of three polypeptides of 66, 37, and 13.5 kDa, binds preferentially to single-stranded DNA, possibly explaining its ability to stimulate DNA polymerase II. Single-stranded DNA-binding activity is associated with the 66-kDa polypeptide.
Magnetic Properties of Co Films on Cu/Si(110) and Cu(111)

The magnetic anisotropy of strained epitaxial Co films deposited on strained Cu(111) on Si(110) and miscut Cu(111) are reported. First, a Cu(111) buffer layer with an in-plane strain is formed by epitaxial growth on Si(110). Co films deposited on the buffer layer develop a uniaxial anisotropy axis originating from the strain along the twofold axis of the Si(110) surface. The magnetic anisotropy of this film is compared to that of a Co film deposited on a miscut Cu(111) single crystal with uniaxial step-induced anisotropy in the Co layer. The measured hysteresis loops are compared to hysteresis loops simulated within a Stoner-Wolfarth model with a varying fraction of uniaxial and triaxial anisotropies. The measurements and the model are in qualitative agreement and reveal uniaxial and triaxial anisotropies of the same order of magnitude for both systems.
Vertical Distribution of Small Arthropods in a California Pine Forest Soil

Vertical distribution patterns of arthropod populations in a pine forest soil near Grass Valley, Calif., are described from 7 deep soil samples taken between March 1973 and January 1974. Each sample included the litter and humus layer (3.81 cm) and a vertical sequence of a 7.62-cm stratum in the mineral subsoil. Maximum depths ranged from 80.0–156.2 cm. Mean depth, depth deviation, and soil levels above which 50, 75, and 90% of the population occurred in each profile are used to describe distribution patterns of Collembola, Protura, Pauropoda, Cryptostigmata, Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, total Acarina, and total Arthropoda. Results indicate that substantial proportions of all major groups occur below the humus layer during all parts of the year, apparently due to seasonal drought conditions typical of this region. Data on rainfall and soil moisture levels are included. The mean depth of the total population ranged from 8.5–24.4 cm. Levels above which 75% of the animals in each profile occurred ranged from 12.9–31.0 cm for the Collembola, 3.2–81.9 cm for the Protura, 43.0–80.0 cm for the Pauropoda, 8.2–32.8 cm for all Acarina, and 10.4—32.6 cm for all Arthropoda. All groups except the Prostigmata tended to occur at deeper levels during the dry part of the year. Data presented indicate that unusually deep soil corings are necessary to sample soil arthropod populations under California climatic conditions.
Sophisticated and myopic? Citizen preferences for Electoral College reform

Different institutions can produce more (or less) preferred outcomes, in terms of citizens’ preferences. Consequently, citizen preferences over institutions may “inherit”—to use William Riker’s term—the features of preferences over outcomes. But the level of information and understanding required for this effect to be observable seems quite high. In this paper, we investigate whether Riker’s intuition about citizens acting on institutional preferences is borne out by an original empirical dataset collected for this purpose. These data, a survey commissioned specifically for this project, were collected as part of a larger nationally representative sample conducted right before the 2004 election. The results show that support for a reform to split a state’s Electoral College votes proportionally is explained by (1) which candidate one supports, (2) which candidate one thinks is likely to win the election under the existing system of apportionment, (3) preferences for abolishing the Electoral College in favor of the popular vote winner, and (4) statistical interactions between these variables. In baldly political terms, Kerry voters tend to support splitting their state’s Electoral College votes if they felt George W. Bush was likely to win in that state. But Kerry voters who expect Kerry to win their state favor winner-take-all Electoral College rules for their state. In both cases, mutatis mutandis, the reverse is true for Bush voters.
Diabetes induces neural degeneration in nucleus ambiguus (NA) and attenuates heart rate control in OVE26 mice

Baroreflex sensitivity is impaired by diabetes mellitus. Previously, we found that diabetes induces a deficit of central mediation of baroreflex-mediated bradycardia. In this study, we assessed whether diabetes induces degeneration of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and reduces heart rate (HR) responses to l-Glutamate (L-Glu) microinjection into the NA. FVB control and OVE26 diabetic mice (5-6 months) were anesthetized. Different doses of L-Glu (0.1-5 mM/l, 20 nl) were delivered into the left NA using a multi-channel injector. In other animals, the left vagus was electrically stimulated at 1-40 Hz (1 ms, 0.5 mA, 20 s). HR and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) responses to L-Glu microinjections into the NA and to the electrical stimulation of the vagus were measured. The NA region was defined by tracer TMR-D injection into the ipsilateral nodose ganglion to retrogradely label vagal motoneurons in the NA. Brainstem slices at -600, -300, 0, +300, and +600 mum relative to the obex were processed using Nissl staining and the number of NA motoneurons was counted. Compared with FVB control, we found in OVE26 mice that: 1) HR responses to L-Glu injection into the NA at doses of 0.2-0.4 (mM/l, 20 nl) were attenuated (p 0.05). 2) HR responses to vagal stimulation were increased (p<0.05). 3) The total number of NA (left and right) motoneurons was reduced (p<0.05). Taken together, we concluded that diabetes reduces NA control of HR and induces degeneration of NA motoneurons. Degeneration of NA cardiac motoneurons may contribute to impairment of reflex-bradycardia in OVE26 diabetic mice.
Study of Natural Glasses through their Behaviour as Membrane Electrodes

THE low-temperature chemical alteration of natural glass occurs in two stages: an initial stage in which it remains glassy but absorbs as much as 6 per cent water1, and a final stage in which devitrification to clay minerals, with release of silica, occurs2,3. During the first stage the composition of the glass may change, with gain of K2O and water and loss of Na2O (Smith, R. L., personal communication). This change is due to ion exchange.
Prospects for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the United States and Japan: A general equilibrium analysis

Abstract The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) may offer a potential near term, low-carbon alternative to today’s gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles. A representative vehicle technology that runs on electricity in addition to conventional fuels was introduced into the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model as a perfect substitute for internal combustion engine (ICE-only) vehicles in two likely early-adopting markets, the United States and Japan. We investigate the effect of relative vehicle cost and all-electric range on the timing of PHEV market entry in the presence and absence of an advanced cellulosic biofuels technology and a strong (450 ppm) economy-wide carbon constraint. Vehicle cost could be a significant barrier to PHEV entry unless fairly aggressive goals for reducing battery costs are met. If a low-cost PHEV is available we find that its adoption has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions, refined oil demand, and under a carbon policy the required CO2 price in both the United States and Japan. The emissions reduction potential of PHEV adoption depends on the carbon intensity of electric power generation. Thus, the technology is much more effective in reducing CO2 emissions if adoption occurs under an economy-wide cap and trade system that also encourages low-carbon electricity generation.
Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus

The three books to Autolycus of Theophilus of Antioch enjoyed a considerable measure of popularity among later Christian writers. His work was used not only by Greek but also by Latin writers. Eusebius found it in one of the libraries he used, probably at Caesarea; it was also employed by Methodius, Epiphanius, Procopius of Gaza, and John of Damascus. Novatian, Lactantius and Jerome certainly knew his writings; probably Minucius Felix should be added to the list. Three manuscripts of the Ad Autolycum survive; two are copies (one incomplete) of a third, an eleventh or twelfth-century manuscript now in Venice.
Intercomparisons of new and old schedules in fractionated radiotherapy

I n this review the author will compare the schedules mentioned in this issue, and a few other well-known ones, using a standard computed diagram for each, approximately in the order in which they appear in this issue. The emphasis is on whether the high total doses obtained by hyperfractionation can compensate for the rather long overall times of 7 weeks that leave the tumor vulnerable to rapid proliferation. Thames et al ~ pointed out in 1983 that accelerated fractionation (AFX) would in general be better than hyperfractionation (HFX) only for tumor cell populations that doubled more rapidly than every 5 days. The present modeling does not contradict this, but displays many variations, depending on the various schedules. Since then, flow cytometry has made it possible to measure the potential doubling times in human tumor biopsies before the start of treatment. The median value ofTpo , in many types of tumor is in fact about 5 days, with a large spread of 2 to 30 days within each type. Individual values of Tpo ~ are found to correlate well with local control in radiotherapy of head and neck tumors, and also with the outcome of long (7-week) or short (5-week) schedules (see the articles by Begg et al and Awwad in this issue). We do not know whether T~, the actual doubling time of tumor cells during treatment, remains the same as T,~,. It might even speed up, becoming closer to To, the cell cycle time of 1 or 2 days. Reasons for To,. being similar to T~,o, measured before the start of treatment are discussed in the article "Brief Summary of Radiobiological Principles" earlier in this issue, as well as definitions of terms used in this review.
Fetal Diagnosis of Right Ventricular Aneurysm Associated With Supraventricular Tachycardia With Left Bundle-Branch Block Aberrancy

A36-week female fetus was referred for evaluation because of an irregular heart rate and a prenatal ultrasound that suggested an abnormal tricuspid valve and dilated right ventricle (RV). Fetal echocardiography demonstrated frequent atrial ectopy and an increased cardiothoracic ratio due to a relatively thin-walled, poorly contracting aneurysmal portion of the RV basal region and free wall (Figure 1). Maternal digoxin therapy was initiated. The baby was born at a gestational age of 37 weeks and weighed 4778 g. Transthoracic echocardiography confirmed the prenatal findings. Angiography demonstrated a large, trabeculated, poorly contracting RV chamber lateral to the tricuspid valve, covering and …
Escherichia coli promoters: neural networks develop distinct descriptions in learning to search for promoters of different spacing classes

Back-propagation neural networks were trained to recognize promoter sequences of each of the three major spacing classes found in E. coli. These networks were trained with the object of maximizing their ability to generalize while maintaining the level of false positive identifications at a fraction of 1 percent. These objectives were generally met. Networks for the 16 base spacing class captured between 78 and 100% of previously unseen promoters in different tests; networks for the 17 base class identified 97% of the test promoters; networks for the 18 base class identified 79% of the test promoters. A tandem poll of networks for all three spacing classes produced a cumulative false positive level of less than 0.5%. In each case, the weight matrices used by the networks in their classification were analyzed to determine the relative weight assigned to the occurrence of a given base at a given position within the promoter. In this fashion, an approximate description of the network's definition of the promoter can be obtained.
Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment

Mammals and birds have evolved three primary, discrete, interrelated emotion–motivation systems in the brain for mating, reproduction, and parenting: lust, attraction, and male–female attachment. Each emotion–motivation system is associated with a specific constellation of neural correlates and a distinct behavioral repertoire. Lust evolved to initiate the mating process with any appropriate partner; attraction evolved to enable individuals to choose among and prefer specific mating partners, thereby conserving their mating time and energy; male–female attachment evolved to enable individuals to cooperate with a reproductive mate until species-specific parental duties have been completed. The evolution of these three emotion–motivation systems contribute to contemporary patterns of marriage, adultery, divorce, remarriage, stalking, homicide and other crimes of passion, and clinical depression due to romantic rejection. This article defines these three emotion–motivation systems. Then it discusses an ongoing project using functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain to investigate the neural circuits associated with one of these emotion–motivation systems, romantic attraction.
The interpersonal significance of a fork: what biomedical engineering should do!

The unique value to humankind of a project in biomedical engineering is to be found in its potential to restore the ability to experience deep and meaningful relationships. Thus, the ultimate goal of biomedical engineering is not just maintenance of physical life, or the amelioration of some aspect of physical disease or dysfunction, per se. Rather, what is done in these areas is ultimately to restore the person, as completely as possible, to the network of personal relationships.
Power-aware pipelined multiplier design based on 2-dimensional pipeline gating

Power-awareness indicates the scalability of the system energy with changing conditions and quality requirements. Multipliers are essential elements used in DSP applications and computer architectures. Although Boolean multipliers have natural power awareness to the changing of input precision, deeply pipelined designs do not have this benefit. A 2-dimensional pipeline gating scheme is proposed in this paper to solve this problem and improve the power awareness in these designs. 2-Dimensional pipeline gating is to gate the clock to registers in both vertical direction (data flow direction in pipeline) and horizontal direction (within each pipeline stage). This technique only needs very little additional area and the overhead is hardly noticeable. A set of array multipliers were designed and tested. Results show that the new 16-bit array multiplier using this technique has an average power saving of 66% and an average latency reduction of 47% over original design under equal input precision probabilities.
A comparison of genetic algorithms for the Dynamic Job Shop Scheduling Problem

The majority of the research using evolutionary algorithms for the Job Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) has studied only the static JSSP. Few evolutionary algorithms have been applied to the Dynamic Job Shop Scheduling Problem (DJSSP) which is more similar to real-world applications. We implement a hybrid genetic algorithm for solving the dynamic job shop problem. A direct chromosome representation, containing the schedule itself, is used. Order-based operators are combined with techniques that produce active and non-delay schedules. We refer to our algorithm as the Order-Based Giffler and Thompson (OBGT) Genetic Algorithm. OBGT is compared in terms of the quality of solutions against published solutions for benchmark problems. OBGT consistently finds better solutions on larger problems compared to several other evolutionary algorithms, including Temporal Horizon GA (THX) and Heuristically guided GA (HGA).
John R. Brinkley and the Kansas City star

(1978). John R. Brinkley and the Kansas City star. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 33-45.
Bacterial Virulence Gene Regulation: An Evolutionary Perspective

Coevolution between bacteria and their plant or animal hosts determines characteristics of the interaction, the bacterial virulence genes involved, and the regulatory systems controlling expression of virulence genes. The long-standing association between Salmonellae and their animal hosts has resulted in the acquisition by Salmonella subspecies of a variety of virulence genes and the evolution of complex regulatory networks. The particular repertoire of virulence genes acquired by different Salmonella enterica subspecies and the regulatory systems that control them dictate subspecies-specific infection characteristics. Although the association between Vibrio cholerae and humans appears to be more recent, to reflect a simpler pathogenic strategy, and to involve fewer virulence genes than that of Salmonellae, complex virulence-regulatory networks have nonetheless evolved. In contrast, there is no evidence for acquisition of virulence genes by horizontal gene transfer in bordetellae, and their virulence regulon is less complex in overall structure than those of salmonellae and Vibrio cholerae. In Bordetellae, subspecies-specific differences in pathogenic strategy appear to result from differential gene expression within and across Bordetella subspecies.
Recent advances in the synthesis of functionalized carbohydrate azides

Carbohydrate azides1 are versatile precursors for the synthesis of amino sugars, glycosylamines, N-glycopeptides, N-glycoproteins as well as important templates of certain glycoconjugates and complex natural products. In 2006 Gyorgydeak and Thiem1 provided an excellent overview of this fascinating c...
Comorbid Conditions, Patient Criteria, and Costs Associated with Bariatric Surgery

Obesity as defined by the World Health Organization and the National Institutes of Health is measured by the relationship of height to weight, commonly known as ‘‘body mass index’’ (BMI). A person is considered overweight with a BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 and obese with BMI of 30 to 39.9 kg/m 2 . Morbid obesity is defined as a BMI equal to or greater than 40 kg/m 2 or body weight 100 lb above ideal [1]. With the rising trend of obesity, the numbers of bariatric surgeries has risen significantly as an alternative to managing this prevalent condition. In a recent study funded by the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, the number of bariatric surgeries in the United States has quadrupled between 1998 and 2002, with a significant increase in costs incurred in treating weight-loss reduction patients [2]. General consensus among practitioners including the National Institutes of Health recommends bariatric surgery for patients with a BMIO40 kg/m 2 or with BMIO35 kg/m 2 and one or more significant
Lost in Translation: The Flow of Graduate Education Models Between Germany and the United States

This paper examines the origins and current system of doctoral education in both Germany and the United States emphasizing the extent to which each country has mythologized the contribution of the other. In the United States it is widely believed that “the” German university in the 19th century was the model for the creation of US doctoral programs. Today in Germany under the Bologna Agreement and the Excellence Initiative it is believed that both of them are modeled on the American higher education system, particularly on the research university. The argument made here is that there is a broad lack of real knowledge about the systems in the model country as well as significant historical, legal, and social reasons why the ability of either to copy from the other is limited. The discussion is comparative including the different origins of the research university, home of the doctoral degree, a short summary of the post World War II period, how and why doctoral education developed in both countries up to now, and significant current issues. Greater weight is given to discussing the US, however, because of its diverse universities, the variety of doctoral programs, and the way they are run. Emphasis is given to internal evaluation of the success of US doctoral training by doctoral students versus how it seems to be viewed in Germany.
A MYXOMA OF THE PULMONARY VALVE CAUSING SEVERE STENOSIS IN INFANCY.

Abstract A 2-month-old male infant with severe pulmonary stenosis was found to have a myxoma of the pulmonary valve; the diagnosis was suggested by angiocardiography and confirmed by open-heart surgery. Previous reports indicate that myxomas of valvular origin are rare and asymptomatic, relative to mural myxomas.
Tree Orbits under Permutation Group Action: Algorithm, Enumeration and Application to Viral Assembly

This paper uses combinatorics and group theory to answer questions about the assembly of icosahedral viral shells. Although the geometric structure of the capsid (shell) is fairly well understood in terms of its constituent subunits, the assembly process is not. For the purpose of this paper, the capsid is modeled by a polyhedron whose facets represent the monomers. The assembly process is modeled by a rooted tree, the leaves representing the facets of the polyhedron, the root representing the assembled polyhedron, and the internal vertices representing intermediate stages of assembly (subsets of facets). Besides its virological motivation, the enumeration of orbits of trees under the action of a finite group is of independent mathematical interest. If G is a finite group acting on a finite set X, then there is a natural induced action of G on the set TX of trees whose leaves are bijectively labeled by the elements of X. If G acts simply on X, then |X| := |Xn| = n � | G|, where n is the number of G-orbits in X. The basic combinatorial results in this paper are (1) a formula for the number of orbits of each size in the action of G on TXn , for every n, and (2) a simple algorithm to find the stabilizer of a tree � ∈ TX in G that runs in linear time and does not need memory in addition to its input tree.
Layers of permanence: toward a spatial—materialist reading of Ivan Vladislavić's The exploded view

Abstract Critics of Vladislavic's early fiction have tended toward dehistoricized textual readings focusing on the author's clear preoccupation with words and word games. Such readings have often ignored or downplayed Vladislavic's equally clear interest in the material processes and socio-physical spaces that shape and enable life in the city. This essay develops a spatial-materialist interpretation of his most recent novel The exploded view, reading word games and puzzles as part of a larger attempt to map the labyrinthine geographies of the post-apartheid city. Vladislavic forges a mode of representation that can register the continual inscription and effacement of social relations onto the physical urban landscape. This narrative strategy, similar to what William Kentridge calls an aesthetic of “imperfect erasure”, operates in tandem with the trope of the “exploded view” to dissect contemporary Johannesburg and lay bare the social and economic processes that create and intersect it.
International Archival Adventures: A Reminiscence

Based on his personal diary, this article recalls Robert Warner's experiences in international archival affairs from 1968 through 1989. The period from 1980 to 1985, when Warner was archivist of the United States, explores the special problems caused by the General Services Administration and the Cold War tensions reflected in international archival activities. Also discussed are similarities and differences between the International Council on Archives and the International Federation of Library Associations.
The Use of Brain Imaging to Investigate the Human Mirror Neuron System

This article reviews the strategies, pitfalls, and main findings of investigating the human mirror neuron system with noninvasive brain imaging techniques. It also discusses the main hypotheses regarding the functional role of the mirror neuron system, from action understanding to imitation, from empathy and social cognition to language and speech.
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of SiC MOSFETs and SBDs for 3.3 kV 400 A Full SiC Modules

Characteristics of SiC MOSFETs and SBDs with 3.3 kV-class have been presented. Static Characteristics of the MOSFET showed a specific on-resistance of 14.2 mΩ cm2. A breakdown voltage of 3850 V is obtained by using the dose optimized edge termination structure as we have previously reported [1]. At the same time, reverse leakage current of the 3.3 kV SiC SBDs can be suppressed by the JBS structure and the edge termination which is also used in the MOSFETs. By using the MOSFETs and SBDs, we have demonstrated the superior capability of the 3.3 kV 400 A full SiC 2 in 1 modules with a compatible case and terminal configurations to Si IGBT modules. Dynamic characteristics of the full SiC module in an inductive load switching exhibits superior turn-on and turn-off properties even at a high drain voltage of 1650 V, demonstrating the availability of high voltage SiC power systems.
Post-Petition Tax Compliance Under the Bankruptcy Code: Can the IRS Enforce Tax Collection After Bankruptcy is Filed?

Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code provides the broadest discharge available to consumer debtors. Despite chapter 13's broad discharge, it has its limitations as to the discharge of taxes. There is little discussion in the Bankruptcy Code regarding the payment of post-petition tax claims under chapter 13, but for section 1305(a). There is no precise provision for the payment of post-petition taxes or provision that requires the filing of post-petition tax returns. Section 1305(a) provides that "[a] proof of claim may be filed by any entity that holds a claim against the debtor - for taxes that become payable to a governmental unit while the case is pending." As such, only the entity holding the claim has the right and ability to file a claim for post-petition taxes. 28 U.S.C. Section 960 imposes a duty on debtors to prepare and file tax returns and to pay taxes as required by law. Nonetheless, there are some instances where the United States must prove that debtors are taxpayers within the confines of the Internal Revenue Code. Additionally, Internal Revenue Code section 6020(b) provides that the Secretary of the IRS "shall" make a return if any person fails to file a return. The section is permissive and not mandatory. Section 6020(b) - the Substitute for Return (SFR) program - was developed to deal with taxpayers who do not file voluntarily, and for whom the IRS has income information available to substantiate a significant income tax liability. The IRS can use the "Substitute for Return" approach where it has reliable income and/or wage data, and has the resources to prepare returns. The IRS's ability to prepare and file a section 1305(a) claim is compromised when there is no return or income information. Therefore the IRS's remedies to enforce tax collection and compliance should include dismissal of a case under 11 U.S.C. Section 1307(c) for failure to file tax returns. Section 1307(c) reads in relevant part "on request of a party in interest or the United States trustee and after notice and a hearing, the court . . . may dismiss a case under this chapter . . . for cause." Section 1307(c) does not specifically mention the failure to file tax returns as a basis for dismissal. The United States argues that the failure to file tax returns is "cause" for dismissal. For example, debtors should not be permitted to take advantage of the discharge without first providing a complete and accurate account of the debtors' affairs. A debtors' failure to file tax returns is "bad faith" in the filing of their chapter 13 petition. Moreover, where the sole purpose of the debtors' chapter 13 filings was to frustrate tax collection and contest the validity of the tax system, the debtor's bankruptcy case was not properly filed. In the alternative, the IRS may dismiss a case for failure to pay a post-petition tax liability. Arguably, willful avoidance by a debtor of legal obligations as they become due post-petition is inconsistent with Congress' purpose in establishing chapter 13.
The Politics of Urban Space

It is the intention of this essay to present a case for studying urban politics from an ecological perspective. While it will not be maintained that urban politics can be reduced to political ecology, the obverse argument will be made: that urban politics cannot be understood without incorporating an ecological perspective. This is so because a city is, by its nature, a spatially organized population and this spatial organization, at any point in time, is the product, in part, of an inherently political process. Governmental structures, local or otherwise, are but one element in shaping the distribution of benefits through this urban political process. Finally, consideration will be given to the application of traditional political concepts to urban politics. These concepts, which are essentially normative in character, are useful both in establishing what are relevant objects of inquiry and in evaluating what has been observed. I. Location: The First Urban Variable
Rapid detection of candidemia.

The Sterifil lysis-filtration (SLF) blood culture technic was compared with a standard trypticase soy broth (TSB) procedure for the detection of candidemia. Of a total of 3,554 blood cultures run in parallel, 29 Candida isolates were obtained with the SLF technic, whereas only 17 were recovered with the TSB method, a statistically significant difference ( p < 0.005). All fungi isolated with the TSB method were also isolated with the SLF method. Also of significance is that detectable growth appeared in 1 to 2 days in the SLF method, as compared with several weeks to 1 month with the TSB procedure. The lysing solutions employed in the SLF procedure, Triton X-100 (alkyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol) and sodium carbonate, did not adversely affect the viability of frequently encountered human yeast pathogens.
Characterization of pleuropneumonia-like organisms of avian origin. II. Cultural, biochemical, morphological and further serological studies.

Strains of PPLO.?Eight strains of PPLO, designated S6, F, SV, SA, O, C, Tu, and N, were studied. As determined in a previous cross-agglutination study, these strains consisted of at least four distinct antigenic types (Groups I through IV). The S6, F, and SV strains were classified into Group I; the C and Tu strains into Group II; the SA strain into Group III; and the O strain into Group IV. At that time the N strain could not be definitely classified. Rabbits repeatedly injected with it did not produce agglutinins for homologous or heterologous antigens (Yamamoto and Adler, 1957a). However, later studies with immune chicken serum (Yamamoto and Adler, 1957b) showed that the N strain was another distinct antigenic type which was classified into Group V. Pathogenicity studies indicated that only the organisms of Group I and Group V were pathogenic to birds. Mediums and methods for the various procedures. ?The mediums for the propagation and maintenance of strains were PPLO agar and broth (Difco), each supplemented with 10% horse serum and 1 % yeast hydrolysate. In preliminary experiments a semisolid medium prepared by the addition of 0.75% agar to PPLO broth was found satisfactory for the tetrazoliumblue reduction test. After sterilization by autoclaving, the medium was enriched with 10% horse serum, 0.25% yeast hydrolysate, and
COEVOLUTION OF PIERID BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR CRUCIFEROUS FOODPLANTS. II. THE DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS ON POTENTIAL FOODPLANTS.

The extreme specificity of most phytophagous insects for their food resources is the hypothesized result of coevolution between insects and their foodplants (e.g. Ehrlich and Raven, 1965; Dethier, 1970; Whittaker and Feeny, 1971; Janzen, 1968, 1973; Atsatt and O'Dowd, 1976; Feeny, 1976). Knowledge of the plant species which phytophagous insects attempt to utilize and the degree to which these plants support insect development is necessary to assess potential evolution of such plant-insect associations. Holometabolous insects such as butterflies exploit different food resources in adult and larval stages, and thus adults must often choose for their relatively immobile progeny resources which would be inappropriate for themselves. These choices determine the distribution of the insect's eggs among potential foodplant species in a community and may therefore affect the evolution of plant populations whose members are consumed or damaged (e.g. Breedlove and Ehrlich, 1968). This paper will examine the oviposition behavior of two butterfly species, and explore the implications of this behavior for the further evolution of foodplant utilization by these butterfly populations. The oviposition behaviors of Pieris napi macdunnoughii Remington and P. occidentalis Reakirt (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were observed in natural plant communities. These butterflies, native to the montane region of the southern Rocky Mountains, usually deposit eggs singly on the leaves of
Zinc Interactions with Glucosamine-Functionalized Fused Silica/Water Interfaces

The adsorption of Zn2+ to glucosamide-functionalized fused silica/water interfaces is studied using second harmonic generation (SHG). We characterize each step of the surface functionalization using vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), where specific vibrational modes in the C−H region and binding energies in the C1s and N1s region are determined to be indicative of glucose covalently tethered to the surface. We employ the SHG χ(3) technique to track Zn2+ adsorption and desorption directly at the glucosamide-functionalized fused silica/aqueous interface at pH 7 and 10 mM NaCl and determine the electrostatic and thermodynamic binding parameters using standard electrical double layer models to quantify the change in interfacial potential upon zinc adsorption. The results presented here allow for the possibility of 2:1 to 3:1 carbohydrate:metal coordination complexes and suggest the possibility for multivalent interactions which have not been observed with gl...