cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Augmenting Data Retrieval with Information Retrieval Techniques by Using Word Similarity

Data retrieval (DR) and information retrieval (IR) have traditionally occupied two distinct niches in the world of information systems. DR systems effectively store and query structured data, but lack the flexibility of IR, i.e., the ability to retrieve results which only partially match a given query. IR, on the other hand, is quite useful for retrieving partial matches, but lacks the completed query specification on semantically unambiguous data of DR systems. Due to these drawbacks, we propose an approach to combine the two systems using pre-defined word similaritiesto determine the correlation between a keyword query (commonly used in IR) and data records stored in the inner framework of a standard RDBMS. Our integrated approach is flexible, context-free, and can be used on a wide variety of RDBs. Experimental results show that RDBMSs using our word-similarity matching approach achieve high mean average precision in retrieving relevant answers, besides exact matches, to a keyword query, which is a significant enhancement of query processing in RDBMSs.
Testing the Controversy

Critics of evolutionary psychology and sociobiology have advanced an adaptationists-as-right-wing-conspirators (ARC) hypothesis, suggesting that adaptationists use their research to support a right-wing political agenda. We report the first quantitative test of the ARC hypothesis based on an online survey of political and scientific attitudes among 168 US psychology Ph.D. students, 31 of whom self-identified as adaptationists and 137 others who identified with another non-adaptationist meta-theory. Results indicate that adaptationists are much less politically conservative than typical US citizens and no more politically conservative than non-adaptationist graduate students. Also, contrary to the “adaptationists-as-pseudo-scientists” stereotype, adaptationists endorse more rigorous, progressive, quantitative scientific methods in the study of human behavior than non-adaptationists.
Herpes simplex virus and cancer of the cervix

Abstract Antibody levels against herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 were measured in the sera from 27 women with invasive carcinoma of the cervix and from 47 control women; all were from the middle to high socioeconomic group. Both neutralization curves and doubling-dilution neutralization tests were employed. Both tests indicated a higher incidence of type 2 antibody among the carcinoma patients than among the control women. Somewhere between 30 and 48 per cent o f the carcinoma patients seemed to have type 2 antibody, as opposed to between 9 and 18 per cent of the controls. Due to the marked cross-neutralization of type 2 virus by antibody against type 1 virus, we regard our results with great caution. A number of other workers have observed a much higher incidence of type 2 antibody among cervical carcinoma patients. Whether or not there is an etiologic relationship between the virus and the cancer does, however, remain highly enigmatic.
Rise of a Cybered Westphalian Age: The Coming Decades

No frontier lasts forever, and no global commons extends endlessly. Today we are witnessing the fence building process of the cyberspace. The days of limited cyber spying through software backdoors or betrayals by trusted insiders, vandalism, or even theft had evolved into the ability to deliver devastating blows from afar. Thus, states are establishing sovereign control in the virtual world in the name of security and economic sustainability. This paper analyses the emergence of what we call cybered territorial sovereignty as a consequence of states’ efforts to secure their borders against cyber attacks. The case of Stuxnet is introduced as an instance of new threat faced in the cyberspace. We argue Stuxnet marks the beginning of a new cyber Westphalian world of virtual borders and national cyber commands. We have seen this phenomena before as states consolidated their position following the treaties of Onasbrucke and Munster. Existing theories about the emergence of international rules and institutions can help us understand how the Westphalian model will adapt to the demands of securing cyberspace.
Preexposure antiretroviral prophylaxis attitudes in high-risk Boston area men who report having sex with men: limited knowledge and experience but potential for increased utilization after education.

Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could protect individuals engaging in repeated high-risk behaviors from HIV infection. Understanding the demographic and behavioral predictors of intent to use PrEP may prove useful to identify clinical trial participants.
Multimedia Version of a Standard Medical Questionnaire Improves Patient Understanding Across All Literacy Levels

Purpose: Low health literacy is a significant problem in the United States. At the same time written screening tools such as the American Urological Association symptom score are used more frequently at hospitals and clinics. We previously reported that many patients do not fully understand this tool and often provide inaccurate information. To combat this problem we developed a novel multimedia version of the American Urological Association symptom score.Materials and Methods: In this randomized, controlled trial we divided 232 patients into a control arm that self-administered the traditional written version of the symptom score and an experimental arm that self-administered the new multimedia version. Patients in each arm were later administered the tool a second time by an interviewer for comparison. Using multivariate analysis we measured disagreement between the self-administered and interviewer administered scores, and compared the 2 arms.Results: Patients assigned the written and the multimedia ve...
Changes in plasma potassium and calcium levels and in the electrocardiogram after a single dose of succinylcholine preceded by d-tubocurarine

One hundred and eighteen patients undergoing surgical procedures not requiring immediate tracheal intubation, nor producing visceral reflexes, were pretreated with d-tubocurarine 6 mg, three minutes before the administration of a bolus of succinylcholine (2 mg/kg). Electrocardiographs changes, venous and arterial plasma potassium and calcium levels, CPK changes ( 12 patients ) and appearance of myoglobinuria ( 35 patients ) were followed. Pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine did not change the overall incidence and pattern of arrhythmias; it did, however, prevent increases in plasma potassium in 90.4 per cent of the patients, mean plasma potassium values remaining below pre-induction levels. The CPK level changed in only one of 12 patients (from 10 to 21I.U., the normal range being 0 to 34 I.U.). No myoglobinuria was detected in any of the patients tested. A rapid but short-lasting change in the K+/Ca++ ratio did not seem to influence the occurrence of arrhythmias. Pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine is effective in preventing or decreasing fasciculations, plasma potassium and CPK changes and myoglobinuria described after the intravenous administration of succinylcholine. The already useful role of succinylcholine in our armamentarium can be made safer by pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine.
Aortic thrombosis with paraplegia: an unusual consequence of blunt abdominal trauma.

Abstract Aortic thrombosis occurring after blunt abdominal trauma is a rare but recognized event. Most of these patients present with progressive and profound neurologic compromise. Successful management requires early diagnosis, maintenance of hemodynamic stability, and prompt revascularization. Despite appropriate management a large percentage of these patients (unprotected by heparin or collateral vessels) will remain paraplegic. (J VASC SURG 1987;6:412-4.)
Fast Ionic Transport in Solids

The discovery of inorganic solids with ionic conductivities comparable to those of aqueous electrolytes has revolutionized solid-state electrochemistry. Sodium beta alumina, a Na+ conductor, and LixTiS2, an intercalation compound with simultaneous Li+ and electronic conductivity, are two of the best and most versatile fast ionic conductors. A wide variety of cations can replace Na+ in beta alumina and Li+ in LixTiS2 and change the properties of the materials. Sodium beta alumina and LixTiS2 are currently used in the development of high-energy density batteries for electric vehicles and electrical utility load leveling. Current research in solid ionic conductors is exploring new intercalation compounds, solid polymer electrolytes, and alkali ion and proton transport in crystalline solids.
Radioimmunodetection of residual, recurrent or metastatic germ cell tumors using technetium-99 anti-(α-fetoprotein) Fab' fragment

Purpose: The majority of patients with germ cell tumors are cured by multimodality therapy that consists of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and/or surgical resection. Serum tumor markers and conventional radiographs are utilized to stratify patients into treatment categories. Efforts to individualize chemotherapy or minimize surgical interventions without compromising outcome are important. Immunomedics (Morris Plains, New Jersey) developed an anti-(α-fetoprotein) (anti-AFP) monoclonal antibody IMMU-30 labeled with 15–20 mCi technetium-99, and the purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of radio-immunoscintigraphy using 99mTc anti-AFP antibody for the diagnosis of active germ cell tumors. Methods: A group of patients with germ cell tumors were enrolled in a non-prospective fashion and 48 AFP scans using 99Tc anti-AFP Fab′ fragment were obtained. At the time of the AFP scan, serum AFP was elevated in 40 measurements with a median level of 21 ng/ml (1.6–66, 210.0 ng/ml). AFP scans were obtained at the initial staging, during treatment, at relapse or at long-term follow-up and compared with conventional radiographs done within 4 weeks of the AFP scans. Results: An overall diagnostic sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 58% were obtained. Conclusions: AFP scanning appears useful and to be sufficiently sensitive to justify prospective studies comparing the procedure with conventional imaging.
A new method for approximate solution of the equation of transfer

Abstract A new technique for approximate solution of the integro-partial-differential equation of transfer motivated by Lanczos' “τ method” is outlined and applied to several classical examples. The rapid convergence of the approximation technique allows us to obtain quite accurate results after a single iteration, which is easily performed analytically. In fact, physical considerations generally render further iterations superfluous. We treat the problem of a semi-infinite, pure, isotropically-scattering medium, obtaining the law of darkening and the law of diffuse reflection. Finally, the technique is applied to scattering media of finite optical depth and the transmission probability is obtained for several representative values of τ0. To illustrate the philosophy of the method, when a very crude order of approximation is used, then the Milne-Eddington approximation results. In Appendix D. we prove some general theorems on substitute kernels. These results indicate i.a. that so-called two-stream models are inherently dangerous. These conclusions are substantiated by some detailed precise calculations.
Identification of filarial larvae in vectors by DNA hybridization

Infectivity rates of insect vectors are the best criteria by which to assess the transmission of filarial parasites and the efficacy of filariasis control programs. Currently available DNA probes can be used to estimate the proportion of vectors containing larvae of a given filarial species but provide no information on three other important variables in the transmission dynamics of filarial nematodes: the developmental stage, the location and the actual number of larvae that are present in the vector, all of which can be reliably determined by microscopy. However, species identification is often difficult and sometimes impossible by conventional microscopy, which requires morphologically intact specimens. DNA is tough and DNA probing can identify worms that are dead and that have lost morphologic integrity; it also permits multiple analyses of the same specimen with different probes and has the potential for simultaneous processing of very large numbers of samples. Here, Senaroth Dissonoyake and Willy Piessens outline the route to the development of species- and life cycle stage-specific DNA/RNA probing reagents, and simple, reliable and quantitative technologies that can supplement and ultimately replace microscopic dissection.
Radiofrequency plasma deposition of oxygen-containing films on polystyrene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates improves endothelial cell growth.

Polystyrene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates were modified by radiofrequency plasma deposition with organic vapors comprised of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen (acetone, methanol, glutaraldehyde, formic acid, allyl alcohol, and ethylene oxide). The treatments resulted in the deposition of a film at least 100 A thick containing up to 26% atomic oxygen at the surface. A high oxygen incorporation was observed for vapors with a large oxygen-to-carbon ratio. Bovine aortic endothelial cell growth measured on acetone, methanol, and glutaraldehyde films was linearly correlated with the oxygen content of the treated surfaces. Nitrogen was incorporated in the surface by blending nitrogen gas into the organic vapors used for plasma deposition. The resulting nitrogen-containing substrates exhibited a high affinity for serum fibronectin but a moderate cell growth.
Concealment of Age Among Women Psychologists: Replication After a Quarter Century

Summary This study, using samples of 300 of each sex from the 1973 APA Directory, replicated 1948 research showing female age concealment and again found a significant (p < .001) sex difference. With BA dates yielding assumed age, 1948 data showed principally older women concealing. In 1973, there was significant (p < .01) concealment increase among the younger women, but age still had an influence, judging from actual ages of 35 concealers returning a questionnaire and from assumed ages of .55 nonreturning concealers; all women were significantly older (p < .01) than men; and returning concealers, contrasted with men and women revealers, received BA's when significantly older (p < .01; p < .02). Compared to 1948, both sexes were significantly older (p < .01), but female time distance from the BA was significantly longer (p < .02) than male. All such factors may augment concealment. There was also a significant (p < .01) geographical-concealment association, itself highly related to age. It is hypothesize...
Use of the term "trophoblast" for tissues in therian mammals.

Use of the term “trophoblast” in descriptions of therian (marsupial and eutherian) mammals has caused confusion because of misinterpretations of blastular homologies and because of imprecise application in functional versus ontogenetic-phylogenetic senses. Marsupials follow the plan of early development characteristic of noneutheian amniotes. Eutherians, in contrast, are unique in the early determination of presumptive embryonic versus extraembryonic cells through formation of inner cell mass versus trophoblastic (or trophectodermal) tissues, respectively. No cellular unit of the eutherian blastula is recognizable unequivocally as the homologue of a specific part of the protodermal marsupial blastula; progressive deletion of innovative but phylogenetically older ontogenetic steps probably figured importantly in the evolution of eutherian early embryogenesis. Because of marked differences in mode of formation and in cellular fates, homology of the blastocoel between marsupials and eutherians is questioned. It is suggested that use of the term “trophoblast” (1) be restricted to eutherians in discussions of ontogenesis or phylogenesis, and (2) be deemphasized in the functional sense (i.e., fetal-maternal exchanges) for marsupials, in favor of the more appropriate tissue terms of “choriovitelline” and “chorioallantoic” membranes. Integral to the origin of the eutherian style of embryogenesis was the evolution during Cretaceous time of neomorphic, extraembryonic tissues (i.e., trophoblast) having physiological properties that allowed the unique combination of (1) intimate apposition of fetal and maternal tissues and circulatory systems, along with (2) sustained, active morphogenesis. Marsupials have not achieved such a combination.
Spectroscopic Study of Neodymium(III) in Sodium Tellurite Glass

The local environment of Nd-O in a sodium tellurite glass was elucidated as a function of Nd 2 O 3 concentration, from 0.1 to 2.5 mol%, using optical spectroscopy. The Judd-Ofelt (J-O) theory was used to determine the oscillator strength parameters (J-O parameters) of the glasses. According to the J-O parameters, a significant change in the local environment of Nd-O was suggested for the glass containing 1 mol% Nd 2 O 3 ; the asymmetry of the Nd-O crystal field was shown to be at a maximum and the bond covalency at a minimum. The results were further supported by a significant shift of the structural hypersensitive band of the glass with 1 mol% Nd 2 O 3 , as compared with those of the other glasses.
Infant sex differences: Ecological effects

Mothers and their firstborn. year-old infants (30 girls, 30 boys) were observed during two counterbalanced situations. In the nonavailability situation, mothers were not to initiate interaction; during free play, mothers were free to interact. As in previous studies, sex differences in infant touching and proximity seeking appeared, dependent here upon the level of interaction, with girls higher on both measures. Boys and girls did not differ during free play. Sex differences in maternal behavior were rare in either situation. Moreover, the pattern of associations between maternal and infant behavior changed as the level of interaction changed. Maternal availability, manipulated by experimental instructions, should be considered as a factor in interpreting investigations of early sex differences.
How Smart Is Your Home

Individuals spend most of their time in their home or workplace; for many, these places are their sanctuaries. Over the course of the 20th century, technological advances have helped to enhance the comfort and shelter provided by our homes. Insights gained from capturing and modeling behavior in these places may be useful in making our environments more intelligent and responsive to our needs. Recent advances are bringing such “ambient intelligence” in the home closer to reality.
A Pilot Study of HIV/STI Risk among Men Having Sex with Men Using Erectile Dysfunction Medications: Challenges and Opportunities for Sexual Medicine Physicians

ABSTRACT Introduction A growing literature suggests relationships between erectile dysfunction medications (EDM) and riskier sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM). Questions remain concerning EDM use and related HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STI) risk among older MSM, particularly those 40 years and over, for whom EDM may be medically warranted. Aim This exploratory pilot study explores the relationship between EDM and risky sexual behavior in a convenience sample of MSM using EDM and attending historic sex‐on‐premises venues. Methods We examined anonymous surveys from 139 MSM. Bivariate relationships were examined. We then fit a multiple logistic regression model to determine predictors of engaging in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) at last EDM, using variables identified as being significantly related to UAI in the bivariate analyses. Potential predictors entered the model in a stepwise fashion. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was engaging in UAI at last EDM use. Results MSM participating in the study ranged from 27 to 77 years and averaged 52.0 years (standard deviation = 10.73 years). These participants were primarily older MSM; fewer were younger MSM (12.12%), under age 40. Participants reporting UAI at last EDM use (N = 41) were significantly younger ( P P P Conclusion Similar to reports from younger MSM, our findings suggest older MSM using EDM and reporting UAI are also recreational drug users. We include recommendations for urologists and other sexual medicine physicians treating MSM who may be at elevated risk for HIV/STI infection because of joint EDM and club drug use. Goltz HH, Coon DW, Catania JA, and Latini DM. A pilot study of HIV/STI risk among men having sex with men using erectile dysfunction medications: Challenges and opportunities for sexual medicine physicians. J Sex Med 2012;9:3189–3197.
Automatic categorization of case law

This paper describes a series of automatic text categorization experiments with case law documents. Cases are categorized into 40 broad, high-level categories. These results are compared to an existing operational process using Boolean queries manually constructed by domain experts. In this categorization process recall is considered more important than precision. This paper investigates three algorithms that potentially could automate this categorization process: 1) a nearest neighbor-like algorithm, 2) C4.5rules, a machine learning decision tree algorithm; and 3) Ripper, a machine learning rule induction algorithm. The results obtained by Ripper surpass those of the operational process.
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting: Comparison of Reports Received by a Specialized Registry and the Food and Drug Administration System

To examine the utility of dermatology subspecialty reporting of adverse drug reactions for early detection of unusual reactions, reports of five drug-induced adverse reactions are reviewed: Fansidar and severe skin reactions, isotretinoin and spontaneous abortion and teratogenesis, isotretinoin and pseudotumor cerebrii, ketoconazole and fatal hepatic necrosis, and Piroxicam and photosensitivity. Reports from the registry are analyzed for completeness and timeliness and compared with reports received by the FDA's Spontaneous Reporting System (SRS). Reports from both systems proved to be comparable in terms of completing nine data elements examined on the adverse reaction reporting form. Registry reports, however, were received later than FDA reports.
Quantifying microstructures in isotropic grain growth from phase field modeling: Methods

Abstract While digital microstructures can be produced using various numerical models, quantitative characterization of these microstructures is often limited to a few attributes, such as grain diameter, the number of faces per grain and their distributions. A large number of topological and geometric properties that are useful for both experimental and theoretical analysis of microstructure–property relations have yet to be explored. To address this problem, we developed a series of numerical methods to compute geometric and topological properties of the microstructures. To test these methods, we performed a quantitative analysis of the digital microstructures obtained from a phase field simulation during isotropic grain growth. The new characterization methods allow us to not only identify each individual microstructure entity, including grain cell, grain boundary interface, triple junction line and vertex point, but also calculate the interface area, the triple junction length, and the curvature of grain boundary interfaces and triple junction lines. The detailed time evolution of these microstructural attributes, particularly the distributions of interface area and the length of triple junction lines, is extracted during the grain-coarsening process. The quantitative information gives us a detailed picture of grain growth in the phase field model that has not been seen before. Both the quantitative microstructures and the dynamic behavior are expected to serve as a benchmark for comparison to the microstructures obtained from other methods, including experiments.
A Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) System for Submicron Aerosol Measurements at Ambient Relative Humidity

A new differential mobility analyzer (DMA) system for measuring submicron aerosol size distribution at ambient relative humidity (RH), with special attention to implementation on aircraft, is described. The system includes an active RH controller, a cylindrical differential mobility analyzer (CDMA), and a condensation particle counter. A cascade controller consisting of 2 Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) modules maintains the RH inside the CDMA at ambient RH. The flows are controlled with feedback PID controllers, which compensate for the variation of pressure as the aircraft changes altitude. This system was integrated into the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft and used to measure ambient size distributions during the ACE-Asia experiment, which was carried out from March to May 2001 in Japan.
What Makes State Leaders Brutal? Examining Grievances and Mass Killing during Civil War

What makes state leaders enmeshed in civil war commit mass killings against their own populations? This article explores this question by synthesizing grievances and mass killing. It investigates how factors or contexts that breed or exacerbate grievances can trigger state-sponsored mass killing during civil war. Severe political and economic marginalization and a history of intense armed conflict can engender staunch civilian support for insurgents, which prompts embattled rulers to orchestrate mass killing as a strategy of neutralizing insurgent combatants and warding off future rebellion. To verify this argument, a dataset is constructed that contains information on civil wars from 1945 to 2007 and large-N statistical analyses are conducted. The results corroborate the author's theoretical arguments with respect to political marginalization and history of armed conflict, but not with respect to economic marginalization. The argument and findings suggest that (1) grievances account for mass killing perp...
Solar energy collector orientation and tracking mode

Abstract The maximum solar energy available to an Earth-surface collector is examined as a function of latitude, the north-south tilt of the collector from the Earth's surface (θ), and whether the collector is an ideal tracker (follows the Sun both north-south and east-west), an east-west tracker (follows the Sun east-west but is fixed in the north-south direction) or a fixed type. It is shown that the ideal tracker gives maximum potentially available energy, the use of an east-west tracking device results in 5–10 per cent degradation in potential performance, while performance, while performance of fixed collectors is degraded by close to 50 per cent. Insolation data by season of the year is also provided.
Ionic association and mobility in propylene carbonate

Abstract Molar conductivities were measured at 298.15 K for symmetric quaternary ammonium picrates, R4NPic, with R equal to C1 to C5 as well as for potassium picrate in propylene carbonate. The molar conductivities at infinite dilution, association constants of ion pairs, ionic conductivities at infinite dilution, and Stokes radii were calculated for the ions employed. The salts, Me4NPic and Et4NPic, were found to be dissociated, the others are associated. For the associated salts the data conform to the Fuoss model for the association process.
The Dark Triad and risk behavior

Abstract The Dark Triad traits—Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy—are theorized to facilitate short-term, exploitative social tactics. Thus, the Dark Triad traits should be positively related to (a) similar short-term-focused traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking, and (b) risky behaviors. In two studies ( N > 1400), we examined the relationships among the Dark Triad traits and impulsivity and sensation-seeking. In Study 2, we incorporated risk behaviors, including blackjack betting and temporal discounting of money. Both studies showed positive relationships among the Dark Triad traits and impulsivity and sensation-seeking. Study 2 showed positive relationships among the Dark Triad traits, blackjack betting, and steeper temporal discounting. An experimentally manipulated ego threat in Study 2 marginally moderated the narcissism–discounting relationship; ego-threatened participants had a significantly positive relationship, whereas those who were not threatened showed no relationship. We discuss implications of the Dark Triad traits for understanding risk behavior.
Scanning electron microscopy of aggregating embryonic neural retina cells.

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy of in vitro reaggregation of trypsin-dissociated neural retina cells from 10-day chick embryos revealed that filopodial projections participate in the assembly of the dispersed cells into clusters. Freshly dissociated cells displayed numerous elongated, randomly projecting filopodia. With the onset of cell reaggregation these filopodia bridged and connected distant cells becoming shorter as the cells came together and formed aggregates. In 24-h cell aggregates only short microvilli were seen, mostly on cell surfaces facing the periphery of the aggregate. Cells dissociated from retina tissue pre-treated with inhibitors of protein synthesis, or cells exposed to these inhibitors immediately after dissociation were mostly devoid of filopodial projections; such cells failed to re-aggregate histotypically. Thus, metabolic and biosynthetic processes are required for the changes in the cell periphery which result in formation or maintenance of filopodia, and which enable trypsin-dissociated cells to reform histotypic associations. Possible relationships between the formation of filopodia and histotypic reaggregation of cells is discussed.
The relationship between socioeconomic status and recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To examine the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in physical functioning, pain, and depressive symptoms among newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with severe disease. appear to be more severe. It may be that the biologic impact of status differentials will become clearer as the effects of treatment and the course of the disease unfold over time. Methods. Data are from 11 8 non-Hispanic patients of European origin at baseline of a longitudinal study of earlx severe RA. Outcome measures were the Health Assessment Questionnaire [HA Q) functional disability index, the HAQ visual analog pain scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using a health status block (disease activity and comorbidities), a non-SES related social structure block (age, sex, and Lubben Social Network Scale), and indicators of SES [income and education). Results. Non-SES related social structure and SES were important independent determinants offunctiona1 disability and depressive symptoms, but both they and the health status variables were unrelated to pain. Further, neither income nor education was related to disease activity or comorbidities. Conclusion. It cannot be arguedfrom these data that poorer health status explains the link between SES and disability and depressive symptoms. Although, at baseline, the psychosocial effects of early RA are more severe for those with lower SES, the disease does not
The visceral manifestations of Kaposi's sarcoma

Idiopathic multiple hemorrhagic sarcoma or Kaposi's sarcoma is a rare and slowly progressive disease that primarily affects the skin but has an associated 10% incidence of visceral involvement. Previous autopsy studies , 2 have shown that the gastrointestinal tract is the most common extracutaneous site, but the tumor has been shown to affect almost every organ in the body. When the disease is limited to the skin, the prognosis is good with a life expectancy between 10 and 25 years, but when visceral involvement is proven, the prognosis is poor with a life span reported of only 1 to 2 years. Therapeutic measures include local radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is reserved for patients with proven visceral involvement. Unfortunately, gastrointestinal involvement may be asymptomatic and may occur in the complete absence of cutaneous disease. This report concerns an instance of asymptomatic visceral sarcoma that diffusely involved the gastrointestinal tract, and illustrates the endoscopic manifestations of the visceral disease.
Software-Defined Networking for Big-Data Science - Architectural Models from Campus to the WAN

University campuses, Supercomputer centers and RaE networks are challenged to architect, build and support IT infrastructure to deal effectively with the data deluge facing most science disciplines. Hybrid network architecture, multi-domain bandwidth reservations, performance monitoring and GLIF Open Lightpath Exchanges (GOLE) are examples of network architectures that have been proposed, championed and implemented successfully to meet the needs of science. Most recently, Science DMZ, a campus design pattern that bypasses traditional performance hotspots in typical campus network implementation, has been gaining momentum. In this paper and corresponding demonstration, we build upon the SC11 SCinet Research Sandbox demonstrator with Software-Defined networking to explore new architectural approaches. A virtual switch network abstraction is explored, that when combined with software-defined networking concepts provides the science users a simple, adaptable network framework to meet their upcoming application requirements.
Synthesis of (+/-)-epi-stegobinone utilizing silacyclopropanes as synthetic intermediates.

The synthesis of (±)-1‘-epi-stegobinone has been accomplished in ten steps and 17% overall yield from a recently reported silacyclopropane-derived diol. All stereocenters of the final product were established relative to the stereochemistry of the initial silacyclopropane. This synthesis represents the first time silacyclopropane reactivity has been employed in a target-directed synthesis.
Evidence that subunits of type A botulinum toxin need not be linked by disufide

Type A neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum strain 62A was purified by a modification of the procedure of TSE et al. (1982). Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gels (SDS - PAGE) indicated the mol. wt of the intact dichain molecule is 140,000 and that of its L subunit is 52,000, both expected from published values. However the mol. wt of 83,000 for the H subunit was lower than the mol. wt of 97,000 in the literature. The purified toxin separated in SDS-PAGE into H and L subunits when pretreated with 2-mercaptoethanol but it unexpectedly behaved similarly without the pretreatment. Specific toxicity (approximately 3 x 10(8) mouse LD50/mg protein) was not affected by the spontaneous molecular change that made dissociation into subunits possible. The subunits of dichain botulinum toxins are believed to be covalently joined by intersubunit disulfide(s) since they have been demonstrated only when samples are treated with 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. Since it is not always needed, the pretreatment is apparently not reducing a disulfide that connects the subunits. The strong chelating activity also possessed by the pretreating agents suggest that the subunits may be joined by a metallic divalent cation.
The Nature of Prejudice

Preferential Thinking * What Is the Problem? * The Normality of Prejudgment * Formation of In-Groups * Rejection of Out-Groups * Patterning and Extent of Prejudice Group Differences * The Scientific Study of Group Differences * Racial and Ethnic Differences * Visibility and Strangeness * Traits Due to Victimization Perceiving And Thinking About Group Differences * The Cognitive Process * Linguistic Factors * Stereotypes in Our Culture * Theories of Prejudice Sociocultural Factors * Social Structure And Cultural Pattern * Choice of Scapegoats * The Effect of Contact * Acquiring Prejudice * Conforming * The Young Child * Later Learning * Inner Conflict The Dynamics Of Prejudice * Frustration * Aggression and Hatred * Anxiety, Sex, and Guilt * Projection Character Structure * The Prejudiced Personality * Demagogy * The Tolerant Personality * Religion and Prejudice Reducing Group Tensions * Ought There to Be a Law? * Evaluation of Programs * Limitations and Horizons
Bivalent ligands and the message-address concept in the design of selective opioid receptor antagonists

Abstract Metabolically stable receptor antagonists that are subtype selective are indispensable pharmacological tools. In this article , Philip Portoghese describes the bivalent ligand approach to drug design which has resulted in the development of several highly selective non-peptide opioid receptor antagonists, such as the κ-selective norbinaltorphimine and the δ-selective naltrindole. Models used resemble Schwyzer's message-address concept which originally described the recognition elements of peptide hormones; their success augurs well for the possibility of altering antagonist selectivity in a predictable fashion by simulating a portion of the address peptide component with a rigid non-peptide moiety .
On the connectivity of social networks

In the context of analyzing social structures through the use of graph theory, some binary matrix operations for valued graphs are presented. These operations are demonstrated in the analysis of social network data presented by Kapferer. Further examples of where the procedures should prove useful are suggested.
Adsorption of thiophenes out of hydrocarbons using metal impregnated nanocrystalline aluminum oxide

Abstract Adsorption of thiophene and its derivatives was carried out using silver impregnated nanocrystalline metal oxides, with special emphasis on aluminum oxide. A modified nanocrystalline aluminum oxide was prepared by an impregnation method and characterized. The adsorption experiments were carried out for thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene. Incorporation of soft Lewis acid sites such as silver ion is necessary for the adsorption of thiophene related molecules. The modified adsorbent was found to retain its adsorption characteristics even after compaction and it can be used for adsorption again after regeneration by heating at modest temperatures. The adsorption properties of the silver impregnated aluminum oxide (prepared by aerogel procedure) (Ag-AP-Al 2 O 3 ) were compared with several other high surface area materials (>200 m 2 /g). Detailed characterization studies showed that the active site in Ag-AP-Al 2 O 3 is the Ag + ion coordinated to carbonate. Metallic silver nanoparticles do not appear to be effective in thiophene adsorption.
The Oxidation of Arachidonic Acid by the Cyclooxygenase Activity of Purified Prostaglandin H Synthase: Spin Trapping of a Carbon-Centered Free Radical Intermediate

The ESR spin trapping technique was used to study the first detectable radical intermediate in the oxidation of arachidonic acid by purified prostaglandin H synthase. The holoenzyme and the apoenzyme, reconstituted with either hematin or Mn2+ protoporphyrin IX, were investigated. Depending on the different types of enzyme activity present, arachidonic acid was oxidized to at least two free radicals. One of these radicals is thought to be the first ESR detectable radical intermediate in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and was detected previously in incubations of ram seminal vesicle microsomes, which are rich in prostaglandin H synthase. The ESR findings correlated with oxygen incorporation into arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation, where the spin trap inhibits oxygen incorporation and prostaglandin formation by apparently competing with oxygen for the carbon-centered radical. Substitution of arachidonic acid by octadeuterated (5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15)-arachidonic acid confirmed that the radical adduct contained arachidonic acid that is bound to the spin trap at one of these eight positions. An attempt was made to explain the apparent time lag between the metabolic activity observed in the oxygraph measurements and the appearance of the trapped radical signals.
PREPARATION, BIOLOGICAL ASSAY AND PROPERTIES OF RELAXIN1

IN 1926, it was demonstrated that the relaxation of the symphysis pubis of the guinea pig was under the hormonal control of a substance called relaxin (Hisaw, 1926). This hormone was found in the blood of several species of pregnant mammals, in extracts of rabbit placentae and corpora lutea of the sow (Hisaw, 1926,1927,1929). These findings were confirmed by subsequent investigators (Brouha and Simmonet, 1928; Pommerenke, 1934; Abramson, Hurwitt and Lesnick, 1937), but others (de Fremery, Kober and Tausk, 1931; Courrier, 1931; Tapfer and Haslhofer, 1935; Haterius and Fugo, 1939) were able to obtain relaxation of the pelvic ligaments with estrogen or with combinations of estrogen and progesterone. The discovery that relaxation of the symphysis pubis of the guinea pig could be induced with such pure substances as estrogen and progesterone has naturally led many investigators to doubt the existence of a separate hormone, relaxin.
Left pulmonary isomerism with normal arrangement of the heart and abdominal organs. Computed tomography of two adults

The computed tomography and the three-dimensional reformatting of the thorax of two adults with left pulmonary isomerism demonstrated: two right-sided and two left-sided pulmonary lobes, bilateral hyparterial upper lobe bronchi, symmetrical main bronchi in one and slightly longer left in the other, normal atrial arrangement as identified by a broader right atrial appendage and the coronary sinus on computed tomograms. The arrangement of the heart and abdominal organs was normal. Computed tomography could be a direct non-invasive approach in identification of the arrangement of the heart and organs.
Psychosocial characteristics of foster children

Abstract Psychosocial development of foster children was compared to that of home-reared children in two studies. The first explored differences between 29 foster children and children home-reared in both poverty (93) and nonpoverty (47) on a 12-item projective test (the Tasks of Emotional Development test) using discriminant function analysis. A function unique among faster children was found and interpreted as reliance upon and exploitation of externally determined events. The second study investigated whether subjective peer social deficits identified with the projective test are paraleled by objective peer social deficits relative to home-reared classmates. On the basis of peer sociometric data generated by classmates, 17 foster children were found to be more often disliked and rejected than home-reared peers. Externality and peer social deprivation as here-to-fore unrecognized risks for foster children were discussed.
Negative electroretinograms in the pediatric and adult population

Objective To assess the frequency of negative waveform electroretinograms (ERGs) in a tertiary referral center. Design Retrospective chart review. Participants All patients who had an ERG performed at the electrophysiology clinic at Emory University from January 1999 through March 2008 were included in the study. Methods Patients with b-wave amplitude ≤ a-wave amplitude during the dark-adapted bright flash recording, in at least one eye, were identified as having a “negative ERG”. Clinical information, such as age, gender, symptoms, best corrected visual acuity, and diagnoses were recorded for these patients when available. Results A total of 1,837 patients underwent ERG testing during the study period. Of those, 73 patients had a negative ERG, for a frequency of 4.0%. Within the adult (≥18 years of age) and pediatric populations, the frequencies of a negative ERG were 2.5 and 7.2%, respectively. Among the 73 cases, negative ERGs were more common among male than female patients, 6.7% versus 1.8% (P < 0.0001). Negative ERGs were most common among male children and least common among female adults, 9.6% versus 1.1%, respectively, (P < 0.0001). Overall in this group of patients, the most common diagnoses associated with a negative ERG were congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB, n = 29) and X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS, n = 7). Conclusions The overall frequency of negative ERGs in this large retrospective review was 4.0%. Negative ERGs were most common among male children and least common among female adults. Despite the growing number of new diagnoses associated with negative ERGs, CSNB, and XLRS appear to be the most likely diagnoses for a pediatric patient who presents with a negative ERG.
Bias Amelioration in Tradeoff Studies

Building large and complex systems continues to be a significant challenge for today's systems engineers and integrators. This tutorial sets forth new ways of thinking that could lead to improvements in how systems engineering and integration are carried out. In particular, nine new perspectives are suggested for “thinking outside the box”. Examples are provided for each, along with a discussion of their potential benefits. In addition, thinking in groups as well as historical thinking suggestions are examined. A summary provides an overview of notions that represent departures from current mainstream approaches.
On the «new constants of the motion of the free Dirac electron»

The covariant form of an axial vector commuting with the Dirac Hamiltonian and its physical interpretation as part of an internal dynamical algebra is discussed.
Open space, house prices, and the tax base

This paper examines the effect of public acquisitions of open space on changes in house prices and the municipal tax base using municipal-level data from New Jersey. We find that open-space expenditures yield a stream of benefits in the future but that any effect of open-space acquisitions on the tax base is immediate. Finally, we find that while higher tax rates are associated with a lower tax base, a larger tax base depresses tax rates.
Trait Psychology and the Revival of Personality and Culture Studies

Personality and culture studies have largely disappeared since the 1960s, but progress in trait psychology makes their revival feasible. A review of evidence on the consensual validity, longitudinal stability, heritability, and structure of personality traits suggests new approaches to old issues. At the transcultural level, claims of universality are addressed. At the intercultural level, associations are sought between mean levels of personality traits and corresponding culture-level variables; cultural institutions may be either causes or effects of personality. At the intracultural level, culture-specific manifestations of universal traits are documented. The new discipline of personality traits and culture draws on multiple methodologies to understand human nature in social context.
Aerosol MALDI with a Reflectron Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer.

Aerosol matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been combined with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer for improved mass resolution. A methanol solution of matrix and analyte was sprayed directly into a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and the aerosol particles were irradiated and ionized with a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm. Mass resolution of over 300 was observed for the peptides bradykinin, angiotensin II, and gramicidin D and for vitamin B12. This represents a resolution enhancement of approximately 10-fold over that previously reported for aerosol MALDI with a linear time-of-flight instrument.