cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural Product Cancer Chemopreventive Agents

At the current time, cancer claims the lives of approximately seven million people worldwide on an annual basis. In the United States alone, there are approximately one million new cases diagnosed each year, and approximately one-half million succumb to the disease. However, various cancer causes and methods of prevention are now obvious, and this knowledge should be brought to bear by members of an enlightened society. As an example, over 100,000 individuals in the United States die per year due to the manifestations of lung cancer, and a large percentage of these deaths could undoubtedly be negated by abolishing the smoking of cigarettes. In fact, the National Cancer Institute has devised a campaign in which the goal is to reduce the 1985 cancer mortality rate by 50% by the year 2000.1 The approach to achieving this goal is understandably comprehensive. In addition to primary prevention strategies (e. g., cessation of cigarette smoking, reduction of exposure to chemical carcinogens), elements such as early diagnosis, dietary modification, and cancer training programs will need to be emphasized.2
"Thinking for success": a cognitive restructuring intervention for female adolescent athletes

Adolescent girls have been shown to be at increased risk for experiencing depression (Atwater, 1996), emotional distress (Covey & Feltz, 1991), lower self-esteem (Bush & Simmons, 1987), and dissatisfied body image (Covey & Feltz, 1991). Female athletes are more likely to attribute successful outcomes to factors independent of themselves (e.g., luck rather than skill) (Hendy & Boyer, 1993). Such cognitive distortions provide an unrealistic framework from which girls evaluate themselves and situations in which they are involved. "Thinking for Success" is an intervention designed to provide adolescent girls with active strategies to overcome self-defeating cognitions. The intervention was conducted with a sample of 32 female-adolescent athletes on a cross-country team. Results suggested that the intervention improved participants' levels of self-efficacy for improving their body image, coping with daily life stress, managing cross-country and physical-fitness abilities, and implementing workshop skills. There was a suggestive, but nonsignificant, trend for lowered trait anxiety. Skills taught throughout the intervention, and level of efficacy for practicing said skills, significantly predicted this decline in trait anxiety. Contrary to expectations, athletic performance was not affected by intervention participation. Power analyses indicated that the current sample size was sufficient to detect only large effects. A larger sample size would have been required to detect small or medium effects.
Crossing Borders, Building Solidarity: Affective Labor in Shaping Coalitional Murals

In art worlds, as well as in popular representations of social movements, the product—whether it be a sculpture, painting, or performance for the former; or a demand, legislative win, or march for ...
Transparent Conductive Adhesives for Tandem Solar Cells

Methods of making silicon based tandem cells include wafer bonding, depositing absorber layers on the surface, and mechanical stacking. Of these, mechanically stacking after growth retains the individual cell quality during production, but typically requires a four-terminal device. We present a transparent conductive adhesive (TCA) interlayer, designed for transparency in wavelengths that Si absorbs, conductivity for out-of-plane conductivity between cells, and adhesive strength, enabling two-terminal stacked tandems. The developed TCA material is a polymer-particle blend of common transparent adhesives and metal-coated flexible microspheres, capable of bridging micro-scale gaps between uneven/textured surfaces. At 10% microsphere coverage, experimental and theoretical series resistance is compatible with high-efficiency tandem cells on silicon.
Incidence and safety profile of outpatient unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Outpatient surgery is an increasingly attractive option for patients undergoing procedures with established, acceptable risk profiles. Benefits of outpatient surgery include cost savings, enhanced patient experience and improved resource allocation at busy hospitals. The purpose of this study was to compare 90-day complication and readmission rates for patients undergoing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) in the outpatient as opposed to the inpatient setting. Methods Patients who underwent UKA (CPT code 27446) between 2007 and 2016 were retrospectively selected from a national private insurance database. Patients were defined as ambulatory if their coded location of procedure was in an ambulatory surgery center or as an in-hospital outpatient. Postoperative complications were identified using the Reportable Center for Medicare Services (CMS) Complication Measures. Risks of complications were compared between the inpatient and outpatient cohorts using multivariate logistic regression controlling for age, gender, and comorbidities. Results 2600 patients undergoing ambulatory UKA and 5084 patients undergoing inpatient UKA were identified. The percentage of UKA procedures performed on an outpatient basis significantly increased over the course of the study (14.5% to 58.1%, p Conclusion Ambulatory discharge following UKA is increasing in popularity, does not increase risk for perioperative complications or readmission, and may even portend a safer post-operative course.
Acquisition without evidence: English infinitives and poverty of stimulus in adult second language acquisition:

This article provides a Poverty of Stimulus argument for the participation of a dedicated linguistic module in second language acquisition. We study the second language (L2) acquisition of a subset...
Error propagation from the PIV-based pressure gradient to the integrated pressure by the omnidirectional integration method

This paper reports a theoretical analysis and the corresponding numerical and experimental validation results of the error propagation characteristics of the omni-directional integration method used for pressure reconstruction from the PIV measured pressure gradient. The analysis shows that the omni-directional integration provides an effective mechanism in reducing the sensitivity of the reconstructed pressure to the random noise imbedded in the measured pressure gradient. Accurate determination of the boundary pressure values is the first step in ensuring the accuracy of the reconstructed pressure. The boundary pressure error consists of two parts, with one part decreasing exponentially in magnitude and eventually vanishing, and the other remaining as a constant with small magnitude through iteration. These results are verified by using a direct numerical simulation database of isotropic turbulence flow superimposed with noise at various noise levels and spatial distribution schemes to simulate noise embedded data. The nondimensionalized average error of the reconstructed pressure based on 1000 statistically independent pressure gradient field realizations with a 40% added noise level is 0.854±0.406 for the pressure Poisson equation with Neumann boundary condition, 0.154±0.015 for the circular virtual boundary omni-directional integration and 0.149±0.015 for the rotating parallel ray omni-directional integration. If the converged boundary pressure values obtained by the rotating parallel ray are used as Dirichlet boundary conditions, the average pressure error by Poisson is reduced to 0.151±0.015. Of the different variations of the omni-directional methods, the parallel ray method shows the best performance and therefore is the method of choice. Comparisons of the performance of these pressure reconstruction methods using an experimentally obtained turbulent shear layer flow over an open cavity are in agreement with the conclusions obtained with the DNS simulation data. With the noise added DNS data, limitations regarding the pressure reconstruction methods in determining pressure fluctuation statistics are also identified and quantified.
CRISPR-TRAPSeq identifies the QKI RNA binding protein as important for astrocytic maturation and control of thalamocortical synapses

Abstract Quaking RNA binding protein(QKI) is essential for oligodendrocyte development as myelination requires MBP mRNA regulation and localization by the cytoplasmic isoforms(e.g. QKI-6). QKI-6 is also highly expressed in astrocytes, which were recently demonstrated to have regulated mRNA localization. Here, we show via CLIPseq that QKI-6 binds 3’ UTRs of a subset of astrocytic mRNAs, including many enriched in peripheral processes. Binding is enriched near stop codons, which is mediated partially by QKI binding motifs(QBMs) yet spreads to adjacent sequences. We developed CRISPR TRAPseq: a viral approach for mosaic, cell-type specific gene mutation with simultaneous translational profiling. This enabled study of QKI-deleted astrocytes in an otherwise normal brain. Astrocyte-targeted QKI deletion altered translation and maturation, while also increasing synaptic density within the astrocyte’s territory. Overall, our data indicate QKI is required for astrocyte maturation and demonstrate an approach for a highly targeted translational assessment of gene knockout in specific cell-types in vivo.
Survival in Lung Transplant Recipients on a Calcineurin Free Regimen: Is It Possible?

Purpose Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are the cornerstone of immunosuppression in lung transplantation. The International Heart and Lung Transplant registry data estimates that almost 99% of patients are on a CNI-based immunosuppression regimen. The population of lung transplant (LTx) recipients not on a calcineurin inhibitor is exceedingly rare and their outcomes have not been previously examined in a systematic way. Methods An IRB-approved, retrospective, observational, cohort study of LTx recipients who received CNI-free, everolimus (EVR)-based immunosuppression at the University of Colorado from January 1, 1995 - October 1, 2019. The health system's electronic medical records was queried to identify and collect data on eligible LTx recipients. All continuous variables are presented as median(range). Results Seven of 12 were single LTx (ILD, COPD), five were bilateral LTx,(ILD, COPD, CF) and one was a re-transplant. The majority (8/12) of patients were transitioned to CNI-free, EVR-based immunosuppression due to renal insufficiency, 3/12 due to metastatic cancer, and 1/12 due to both renal failure and cancer. Five of 12 were maintained on three agents (EVR, corticosteroid, and either methotrexate or azathioprine) and the others were on corticosteroids with EVR alone. The median time to transition to CNI-free immunosuppression was 8.8 (2.3 to 21.3) years. Median age at CNI cessation was 67 years old (40-72 years old). Median survival on CNI-free immunosuppression for all comers was 1.6 years with median survival in the deceased cohort (n=8) of 1 year (4 days to 4.6 years) and median survival in the living cohort (n=4) of 2.1 years (1.2 years to 8.2 years). At least three patients were treated with high dose steroids for presumed acute rejection after stopping the CNI. Conclusion This review demonstrates that in certain situations withdrawal of CNI and transition to CNI-free, EVR- based immunosuppression may result in durable patient survival. Larger multicenter cohort analysis may be the next step in understanding the safety, efficacy and role of CNI-free immunosuppression, as equipoise would be impossible to achieve in a randomized controlled trial.
[Development of multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-PCR-universal DNA microarrays for detection of foodborne pathogens].

Objective To develop a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-polymerase chain reaction( MOL-PCR) based universal microarray assay for multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogens. Methods Eight common foodborne pathogens causing bacterial food poisoning were selected as detection models. An upstream and downstream adjacent detection probes were designed within specific primer pair for each of eight pathogens. Target fragments of the eight pathogens were enriched by multiplex PCR and used as ligation templates. Abundant fluorescently labeled single-stranded amplicons containing anti-tag sequences were gained by multiplex ligase detection reaction and asymmetric PCR labeling with universal primers. The products could be detected by hybridization with corresponding tag sequences immobilized on DNA microarrays. Results The results indicated that the assay could specifically identify all eight pathogens in single and multiple infections. The detection limits were( 1. 1- 8. 5) × 10~2 CFU /mL of pure bacterial cultures. The microarray results for 96 food poisoning and clinical diarrheal samples were consistent with that of traditional culture, biochemical identification and real-time PCR. Conclusion The assay provides a novel platform for rapid, accurate, sensitive and high-throughput detection of pathogenic bacteria of foodborne diseases.
A Machine Vision-Based Method for Monitoring Broiler Chicken Floor Distribution

The proper spatial distribution of chickens is an indication of a healthy flock. Routine inspections of broiler chicken floor distribution are done manually in commercial grow-out houses every day, which is labor intensive and time consuming. This task requires an efficient and automatic system that can monitor the chicken's floor distributions. In the current study, a machine vision-based method was developed and tested in an experimental broiler house. For the new method to recognize bird distribution in the images, the pen floor was virtually defined/divided into drinking, feeding, and rest/exercise zones. As broiler chickens grew, the images collected each day were analyzed separately to avoid biases caused by changes of body weight/size over time. About 7000 chicken areas/profiles were extracted from images collected from 18 to 35 days of age to build a BP neural network model for floor distribution analysis, and another 200 images were used to validate the model. The results showed that the identification accuracies of bird distribution in the drinking and feeding zones were 0.9419 and 0.9544, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of the BP model were 0.996, 0.038, and 0.178, respectively, in our analysis of broiler distribution. Missed detections were mainly caused by interference with the equipment (e.g., the feeder hanging chain and water line); studies are ongoing to address these issues. This study provides the basis for devising a real-time evaluation tool to detect broiler chicken floor distribution and behavior in commercial facilities.
High-power few-cycle Cr:ZnSe mid-infrared source for attosecond soft x-ray physics

The development of mid-infrared, high-energy pulses of extremely short pulse duration is of great importance to the strong-field physics community, as it enables extension of the high-harmonic cutoff towards the keV range of photon energies. Here we demonstrate a Cr2+:ZnSe laser amplifier delivering 7 mJ, 100 fs pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate and 2.4 µm central wavelength with excellent energy stability and beam quality. These pulses are post-compressed to 39 fs, 6.2 mJ, and 115 GW peak power in a novel nonlinear compression scheme. The laser system was used to generate coherent soft x-ray radiation up to 0.6 keV covering the entire water window, which is of high importance for bio-relevant applications. The obtained results open a wide range of applications in nonlinear optics, attosecond and strong-field physics, and remote sensing.
Habituation during encoding: A new approach to the evaluation of memory deficits in schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Memory is significantly impaired in schizophrenia. However, memory measures are often complex and confounded by additional impairments such as motivation and task comprehension, which can affect behavioral performance and obscure neural function during memory tasks. Neural signatures of memory encoding that are robust to potential confounds may shed additional light on neural deficits contributing to memory impairment in schizophrenia. Methods Here, we investigate a potential neural signature of memory—habituation—and its relationship with healthy and impaired memory function. To limit potential confounds, we used a passive depth of encoding memory task designed to elicit neural responses associated with memory encoding while limiting other cognitive demands. To determine whether habituation during encoding was predictive of intact memory processing, we first compared neural habituation over repeated encoding exposures with subsequent explicit memory in healthy individuals. We then tested whether a similar relationship existed in patients with schizophrenia. Results Explicit memory performance was impaired in patients with schizophrenia relative to healthy control subjects. In healthy participants, more habituation over repeated exposures during encoding was associated with greater repetition-related increases in accuracy during testing. However, in patients with schizophrenia, better performance was associated with less habituation, or a more sustained neural response during encoding. Conclusions These results suggest that sustained neural activity is required for normal repetition-related improvements in memory performance in schizophrenia, in line with a neural inefficiency model. Habituation may serve as a valuable index of neural processes that underlie behavioral memory performance.
Factors associated with admission after implementation of a same-day discharge pathway in patients undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM)

Although peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has emerged as a highly efficacious procedure in the treatment of a variety of esophageal motility disorders, currently no standard pathway for postprocedural care exists. Our study aims to report institutional outcomes in performing POEM as an outpatient procedure with same-day discharge. Additionally, we seek to determine factors associated with admission. Demographic, perioperative, and postoperative outcome data of 115 patients who underwent POEM between June 2014 and January 2020 on a same-day discharge pathway were analyzed. Cohorts were compared using the t test, Wilcoxon rank-sum, or chi-square test. Multivariable logistic regression with a manual backward selection method was used to identify factors associated with admission. Fifty-five patients (48%) were successfully discharged same-day. The most common primary reasons for admission were delay in obtaining an esophagram (25%), intraoperative complication (13.3%), and pain (10%). There were no differences in 30-day ED visit rate (12.7% vs 15.0%, p = 0.725) or 30-day readmission rate (9.1% vs 16.7%, p = 0.373) between patients who were discharged same-day versus patients who were admitted. Patients discharged same-day had fewer intraoperative complications (1 vs 9, p = 0.017), shorter OR time (69 vs 100 min, p < 0.001), and earlier cessation of narcotic use (day 0 vs day 1, p = 0.001). On multivariable analysis, intraoperative complication (p = 0.048) was associated with overnight admission. Patients did not experience additional morbidity with same-day discharge after POEM. A delay in obtaining an esophagram was the most common reason that patients were admitted and those who suffered an intraoperative complication are more likely to require admission.
Clinical Restaging and Tumor Sequencing are Inaccurate Indicators of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

Abstract Background: Standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) includes neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (NAC) followed by consolidative therapy with either chemoradiation or radical cystectomy (RC). Some patients experience robust pathologic responses to NAC, and these have been reported to associate with somatic mutations in specific gene pathways including DNA damage response genes. Objective: To evaluate the ability of post-NAC clinical restaging, with or without tumor sequencing, to predict final RC pathologic staging. Design, setting, and participants: We reviewed our institutional review board–approved institutional database to identify patients with MIBC who underwent NAC followed by RC from 2003 to 2016. Following NAC prior to RC, cystoscopy was performed routinely, with resection of residual visible tumor and/or tumor base (transurethral resection [TUR]). For patients with pre-NAC tumor tissue available, tumor sequencing was performed. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Clinical restaging and tumor sequencing were evaluated for their ability to predict the final pathologic stage accurately at RC using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Results and limitations: A total of 114 patients underwent restaging TUR following NAC and prior to RC. The diagnostic accuracy of post-NAC clinical restaging including TUR was poor, with 32% of patients being downstaged falsely when compared with their final RC pathology. Forty-nine patients had sequencing of pre-NAC tumor tissue, of whom 32 showed at least one mutation of interest. However, NAC responses and rates of false downstaging did not differ significantly according to tumor mutation status. Conclusions: This study highlights the inaccuracy of post-NAC clinical restaging TUR with or without adjunctive tumor mutation analysis, to assess pathologic residual disease accurately. Caution must be taken when performing post-NAC restaging, especially when considering conservative management strategies such as active surveillance on this basis. Patient summary: Several groups are evaluating whether certain patients, whose bladder cancer responds well to upfront chemotherapy, may be able to forego cystectomy safely. We demonstrate that currently available staging tools and tumor DNA sequencing cannot identify such patients reliably and accurately.
A systematic investigation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry with dynamic pressure gradient modulation for high peak capacity separations.

Abstract Dynamic pressure gradient modulation (DPGM) in full modulation mode is optimized for comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC × GC) with time-of-fight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) detection to obtain high peak capacity separations and demonstrate broad applicability for complex samples. A pulse valve introduces an auxiliary carrier gas flow at a T-union connecting the first dimension (1D) column to the second dimension (2D) column. At a sufficiently high auxiliary pressure (Paux) the 1D flow is temporarily stopped. Then, during each modulation period (PM) the valve is turned off briefly, a period termed the pulse width (pw), allowing the 1D effluent to essentially be reinjected onto the 2D column for the modulated separations. Modifications to the modulator assembly are provided to improve performance. Method optimization is demonstrated for a 116-component test mixture by tuning the Paux and the pw. For a PM = 2 s and 1F of 0.10 ml/min, the optimal pw and initial Paux selected were 200 ms and 330.9 kPa (33 psig), respectively. The 30 min separation of the test mixture provided a 1D peak capacity of 1nc = 330 and a 2D peak capacity of 2nc = 15, hence an ideal 2D peak capacity nc,2D = 1nc × 2nc = 4950. Likewise, the 2D peak capacity corrected for undersampling of the 1D separation was 4500 and corrected for both undersampling and sampling variation via statistical overlap theory was 4090. These results provide a 2-fold improvement in peak capacity relative to the previous DPGM study in full modulation mode for GC × GC-TOFMS. The optimized conditions were applied for a variety of applications: diesel fuel, derivatized cow serum, solid phase microextraction (SPME) of coffee headspace, and SPME of river water headspace. Additionally, the fraction of 2D separation space utilized (fcoverage), as defined by the minimum convex hull method, ranged from 0.60 to 0.85. We observed that any fcoverage correction to 2D peak capacity is highly sample dependent, since all samples, except for the diesel sample, were run with the same separation conditions, and yet the fcoverage ranged from 0.60 to 0.80.
Strain game revisited for complex oxide thin films: Substrate-film thermal expansion mismatch in PbTiO 3

The sensitivity of materials properties, particularly those of perovskite oxides, to epitaxial strain has been exploited to great advantage to create materials with new or enhanced properties. Although it has certainly been recognized that mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients of the bulk and substrate material will contribute to the misfit strain, the significance of this contribution for ferroelectric perovskite thin films has not been systematically explored. We use first-principles density functional theory and the example of ferroelectric ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ thin films on various substrates to show that ignoring the thermal expansion of the substrate (that is, assuming that the in-plane lattice parameter of the film remains roughly constant as a function of temperature) results in ferroelectric transition temperatures and structural trends that are completely qualitatively different from calculations in which thermal expansion mismatch is properly taken into account. Our work suggests that the concept of a misfit strain defined as a single number is particularly ill defined for ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ and invites further study of the interplay between thermal expansion mismatch and structural and functional properties in other thin-film materials.
Understanding extreme fast charge limitations in carbonate mixtures

Charging large format lithium ion batteries within ten to fifteen minutes requires changes to the electrolyte composition in addition to modification of electrode and cell architectures. Several approaches to address this need have been proposed; but there is not a lot of clarity on understanding which factors limit the performance of existing electrolytes. This work takes a closer look at the solvated components of a mixture of LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) in the context of extreme fast charging and relates these findings to cell-level requirements. Molecular dynamics studies of the Gen-2 electrolyte compositions with increasing salt concentrations, have been performed to estimate transport properties like diffusivity, transference number and conductivity. Molecular-level differences in the structure of solvation shells under extreme LiPF6 concentrations are probed here and some key aspects on solvent structure that help overcome barriers to Li+ transport under extreme fast charge are discussed.
Abstract P239: Trends in Ischemic Stroke Treatments and Mortality in the United States From 2012-2018

Introduction: The establishment of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) as a first line treatment for select patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and the resulting expansion of stroke systems of care have be...
Calibrated Optimal Decision Making with Multiple Data Sources and Limited Outcome

We consider the optimal decision-making problem in a primary sample of interest with multiple auxiliary sources available. The outcome of interest is limited in the sense that it is only observed in the primary sample. In reality, such multiple data sources may belong to different populations and thus cannot be combined directly. This paper proposes a novel calibrated optimal decision rule (CODR) to address the limited outcome, by leveraging the shared pattern in multiple data sources. Under a mild and testable assumption that the conditional means of intermediate outcomes in different samples are equal given baseline covariates and the treatment information, we can show that the calibrated mean outcome of interest under the CODR is unbiased and more efficient than using the primary sample solely. Extensive experiments on simulated datasets demonstrate empirical validity and improvement of the proposed CODR, followed by a real application on the MIMIC-III as the primary sample with auxiliary data from eICU.
Clinical Implications of Nasal Airflow Simulations

This chapter provides an up-to-date literature review on the relevance of CFD modeling results in clinical settings and the efforts made in the field to establish normative ranges for some CFD-derived variables. We discuss the significance of CFD-derived variables such as unilateral nasal airflow partitioning, nasal airway resistance, heat flux and wall shear stress on nasal function or symptomatology, and the strong associations established with these variables. Two important issues are discussed: (i) a need to establish meaningful representation involving combinations of different computed variables in order to accurately capture the full dynamical nature of patient-reported symptomatology; (ii) a need to develop a robust database of normative values for CFD-derived variables since typical healthy human sinonasal airway anatomies are characterized by substantial intersubject variability that confound concise description of normal airflow profile.
Femtosecond Melting of Diamond

We have performed time-resolved reflectivity and transmission studies of crystalline diamond in order to understand the complex nature of the solid-liquid phase transition in carbon. Above a well defined melting critical fluence of 0.55±0.1 J/cm2, diamond undergoes a transition into a metallic liquid state, in agreement with both theoretical predictions of the liquid carbon and previous experiments conducted on graphite. Below the critical fluence, we observe the creation of a photogenerated electron-hole plasma.
Characteristics of the fat globule membrane of cow's milk.

Abstract Fragmented fat globule membrane material, separated from thrice-washed fat globules, was ultracentrifugally classified into three fractions of 7,500 S (> 7,500), 230 S (230 to 7,500), and 35 S (35 to 230) sedimentation characteristics. Their composition was from 82.5% protein and 17.5% lipid for the 7,500 S fraction to 44.7% protein and 55.3% lipid in the 35 S frcation. The proportion of polar lipids in the lipid moieties decreased with increasing lipid content. The protein moieties contained approximately 14% nitrogen and varying amounts of hexose (2.82 to 4.15%), hexosamine (2.48 to 4.17%), and sialic acid (1.29 to 1.77%). These data indicate an increasing proportion of glycoproteins in successively lighter membrane fractions. No appreciable differences in amino acid composition were noted for the protein moieties. Electron micrographs of the membrane fractions revealed differences in the size and structure of the particulate material. A proposed model for the fat globule membrane, as it exists in milk, provides for a protein or lipid-protein matrix to which lipoprotein micelles are adsorbed.
The Basic Difference in Constitution between the Mammalian X and the Drosophila X

During the course of evolution progressive genetic deterioration occurred to the Y-chromosome. As a result, the Y-chromosome of placental mammals became a highly specialized male-determiner, having but one function namely to induce the indifferent embryonic gonad to develop as testis. The consequence of this specialization by the Y was that almost all of the original Mendelian genes which had been maintained by the X-chromosome, had to accommodate themselves to a hemizygous existence in the heterogametic male sex. The hemizygous existence for all the genes on the X should be very perilous since monosomy for even the smallest autosome (only one-fourth the size of the X) is apparently lethal in man.
Acoustic κ-density fluctuation waves in suprathermal κ function fluids

Abstract We describe a new wave mode similar to the acoustic wave in which both density and velocity fluctuate. Unlike the acoustic wave in which the underlying distribution is Maxwellian, this new wave mode occurs when the underlying distribution is a suprathermal κ -function and involves fluctuations in the power law index, κ . This wave mode always propagates faster than the acoustic wave with an equivalent effective temperature and becomes the acoustic wave in the Maxwellian limit as κ → ∞.
Disclosure of Student Status to Clients: Where Do MSW Programs Stand?

A survey was sent to 163 MSW programs in the United States and Canada that asked directors of fieldwork to respond to questions related to their school’s policies on disclosure of student status in the field. With a response rate of 66.3% (N = 108), most of the schools (68.5%, n = 74) reported policies requiring disclosure and most directors supported this position. The authors review the ethical and legal reasons in favor of disclosure. They strongly suggest that a pro-disclosure policy be written and adopted by social work programs and the discipline’s professional organizations.
A guide to Lie superalgebras

We give an elementary presentation of the Lie superalgebras, their classification and some properties of their representations. A sketch of the classical Lie supergroup is also given.
Canonical scattering theory for relativistic particles

A multichannel relativistic scattering theory can be formulated in a manner similar to the nonrelativistic multichannel theory. The mass operator plays the role of the Hamiltonian of the nonrelativistic theory. The problems of existence and completeness of wave operators are formally the same. Poincare invariance and cluster separability of the S operator impose nontrivial restrictions. The purpose of this paper is to review the known solutions for the case where the number of constituent particles is bounded and explicit representations for the physical one-particle states exist.
Role of SNX17 in receptor recycling and antigen recognition by T cells. (IRC2P.445)

A key component in T cell activation is the endosomal recycling of receptors to the cell surface allowing for continual integration of signaling and antigen recognition. Multiple early endosomal associated proteins have been found to interact with T cell surface receptors and play a role in the recycling and transport of these receptors to the cell surface. One endosomal protein possibly involved in T cell receptor transport is sorting nexin 17 (SNX17). SNX17 has been found to bind with receptors involved in T cell activation, but its role in receptor recycling and T cell activation is unknown. Using lentivirus shRNA against SNX17, we have found that the knockdown of the SNX17 protein resulted in fewer T-APC conjugates, lower CD69, TCR, and LFA-1 surface expression, as well as lower overall TCR recycling compared to control T cells. Using immunofluorescence, we have found that SNX17 colocalizes with TCR and localizes to the peripheral-SMAC at the immune synapse in T-APC conjugates. This data suggest that SNX17 plays a synergistic role in the maintenance of normal surface levels of activating receptors and integrins to permit optimum T cell activation at the immune synapse.
Accuracy and reproducibility of manual and semiautomated quantification of MS lesions by MRI.

Purpose To evaluate the accuracy, reproducibility, and speed of two semiautomated methods for quantifying total white matter lesion burden in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with respect to manual tracing and to other methods presented in recent literature. Materials and Methods Two methods involving the use of MRI for semiautomated quantification of total lesion burden in MS patients were examined. The first method, geometrically constrained region growth (GEORG), requires user specification of lesion location. The second technique, directed multispectral segmentation (DMSS), requires only the location of a single exemplar lesion. Test data sets included both clinical MS data and MS brain phantoms. Results The mean processing times were 60 minutes for manual tracing, 10 minutes for region growth, and 3 minutes for directed segmentation. Intra- and interoperator coefficients of variation (CVs) were 5.1% and 16.5% for manual tracing, 1.4% and 2.3% for region growth, and 1.5% and 5.2% for directed segmentation. The average deviations from manual tracing were 9% for region growth and 5.7% for directed segmentation. Conclusion Both semiautomated methods were shown to have a significant advantage over manual tracing in terms of speed and precision. The accuracy of both methods was acceptable, given the high variability of the manual results. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:300–308. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mental Illness and the Economy

By correlating extensive economic and institutional data from New York State for the period from 1841 to 1967, Harvey Brenner concludes that instabilities in the national economy are the single most important source of fluctuations in mental-hospital admissions or admission rates.
At what point does warm ischemia cause permanent renal damage during partial nephrectomy

Surgical resection remains the only curative treatment for renal tumors, although the operative approach continues to evolve. Radical nephrectomy including ipsilateral adrenalectomy became the standard of therapy in the late 1960s. However, this was challenged in the 1980s by several reports demonstrating favorable results with open partial nephrectomy [1,2]. During the last decade, open partial nephrectomy has been accepted as a safe and effective alternative to radical nephrectomy in elective situations. In fact, many urologists now consider partial nephrectomy to be the standard of care for small renal tumors even in the setting of a normal contralateral kidney [3–7]. As treatment of renal tumors continues to evolve, less invasive approaches have found new applications in our field. Laparoscopy has become an increasingly important part of our surgical armamentarium. Several groups have now reported their results with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy accompanied with diminished postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization time, and satisfactory oncologic outcomes. However, as more complex laparoscopic procedures are being performed, the reported warm ischemia times appear to be longer compared with partial nephrectomy done via an open approach [3]. Even in the most skilled laparoscopic hands, collecting system repair and parenchymal defect closure result in longer ischemia times compared with the open
Student mentality: intentionalist perspectives about the principal

The purpose of this study is to examine student perspectives about the principal from an intentionalist perspective. The following claims are made: One, that student mentality appears as a knowledge construction and reified mode of consciousness out of which students perceive and interpret principals’ practices. This mental mode is composed of unconscious and conscious negative images and representations that are shared as general background knowledge to students’ collective intentionality about the principal. Two, that through metaphor we can discover this phenomenon in the reification of consciousness ‐ the objectification of the principal and self‐objectification of students in the relationship based on an information fetishism in the communicative form of gossip. And three, furthermore, that student mentality is supported and reproduced in the traditional hierarchical organization of schools, institutionalized routine practices of principals, and extended through social knowledge networks that students share with other members of the school. Provides a metaphorical analysis of this mental configuration, identifies the social networks and school contexts that contribute to and sustain its construction and suggests that leadership needs to become better informed and sensitively aware in their reflective practices of intentional leadership.
Recombinant breast carcinoma-associated mucins expressed in a baculovirus system contain a tumor specific epitope

Abstract Mucins are highly immunogenic glycoproteins that are abundantly expressed by breast and other adenocarcinomas. In order to progress in the understanding of the structure–immunity relationship of the breast tumor associated mucin and normal tissue mucin, two forms of breast carcinoma associated mucin, muc7-BV and pem-BV, were expressed in a baculovirus expression system. The muc7-BV was constructed by inserting the seven tandem repeats of mucin core cDNA fragment into transfer vector pAc360, forming a fusion protein containing 14 amino acids of the baculovirus polyhedrin N-terminus. The pem-BV was constructed by cloning full-length mucin cDNA into the transfer vector pVL1392. The recombinant mucins were purified using immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified muc7-BV and pem-BV had molecular weights of 28 and 59 kd, respectively. No carbohydrate was detected on these recombinant mucins and is speculated to explain why both forms of recombinant mucin showed strong affinity to tumor-specific monoclonal antibody SM3. These recombinant mucins may have the potential value to develop vaccines against breast and other adenocarcinomas and to induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte lines for immunotherapy of the same.
The formation of polymeric films directly on rubbing surfaces to reduce wear

Abstract A new concept—the reduction of wear by the use of particular compounds capable of forming protective polymeric films directly on rubbing surfaces—is presented; and the idea is supported by experimental data obtained in high contact stress systems with a variety of compounds. In addition, this idea has led to the development of several new and potent additives for reducing wear and scuffing. According to this concept, the potential polymer-forming compound (or compounds) is dissolved or mixed at low concentrations in a carrier ( e.g. , a liquid hydrocarbon). Due to the high surface temperatures in regions of greatest contact and possibly to the added catalytic action of certain freshly exposed surfaces, very thin protective polymeric films will form in these areas. The first step may involve concentration of the polymer-former on the solid surface by adsorption. In a dynamic system, the polymer films are continually being formed and worn away. However, the system tends to have a built-in control; the very formation of the polymer film will tend to reduce contact and friction and therefore the rate at which the film continues to form. As the polymer film is physically worn away, friction and surface temperatures will tend to increase, thereby causing the rate of film formation to increase.The interposed film is a deposited one and may be relatively thick.Its basic function is to reduce contact and adhesion between solids. Evidence in support of the in situ polymer film mechanism includes (a) the superiority of polymer-forming compounds over closely-related non polymer-formers in a variety of boundary lubrication tests, (b) indications of localized and adherent surface films, (c) the existence and solvent removal behavior of pronounced beneficial carryover effects, (d) the results of mechanism studies in a dynamic sliding system with radioactively-labeled compounds, and (e) the overall success of the approach in developing new classes of effective additives for reducing wear, scuffing, and surface damage. An outstanding example of the application of this concept to a real problem was demonstrated by the striking effectiveness of partial ( e.g. , mono-) esters made by reacting long-chain C 36 dimer acids with glycols ( e.g. , ethylene glycol). These compounds are believed to act by the formation of polyester films as follows: HOOC-R-COO-C 2 H 4 OH→ HO[-OC-R-COO-C 2 H 4 O] H + H 2 O↑ It was found that useful polymer-formers may be of the condensation type ( e.g. , to form polyesters, polyamides) or of the addition type; but the condensation or step-reaction approach appears to be more effective in the systems investigated. The picture is complex, however, and not all polymer-formers function. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Distances to the sources of observed gamma-ray bursts

WE suggest that the brief, intense outbursts of hard X rays, or soft γ rays of cosmic origin which have been termed γ-ray bursts1 are mainly, though not necessarily entirely, of Galactic origin. More specifically, the γ-ray bursts reported so far2 seem to originate in the local (Orion) spiral arm of our Galaxy, at distances of, typically, several hundred parsec. If we assume that the sources radiate into 4π sr, the absolute luminosities are ∼ 1039 erg per event. (It may be significant that this is of the order of the predicted Eddington limit radiation from accretion disks around collapsed stars.)
Safety and licensing of the PRISM Liquid Metal Cooled Reactor

Abstract The US Advanced Liquid Metal Cooled Reactor (ALMR) program under the sponsorship of the Department of Energy is based on the PRISM modular design conceived by General Electric and on the integral metal fuel cycle developed by Argonne National Laboratory. The concept incorporates innovative design and passive safety features to simultaneously achieve favorable safety and economics. The first round of safety reviews by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Staff and the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards has been completed. The results of the reviews have been generally favorable. Questions have been raised regarding severe accidents and containment, and these are being addressed under the continuing ALMR program.
Reversible integer 2D Fourier transform

This paper describes the 2-D reversible integer discrete Fourier transform (RiDFT), which is based on the concept of the paired representation of the 2-D signal or image. The Fourier transform is split into a minimum set of short transforms. By means of the paired transform, the 2-D signal is represented as a set of 1-D signals which carry the spectral information of the signal at disjoint sets of frequency-points. The paired transform-based 2-D DFT involves a few operations of multiplication that can be approximated by integer transforms. Such one-point transforms with one control bit are applied for calculating the 2-D DFT. 24 real multiplications and 24 control bits are required to perform the 8x8-point RiDFT, and 264 real multiplications and 168 control bits for the 16 x 16-point 2-D RiDFT of real inputs. The computational complexity of the proposed 2-D RiDFTs is comparative with the complexity of the fast 2-D DFT.
Sleep and cognitive (memory) function: research and clinical perspectives

The field of memory and sleep is controversial and extremely interesting, and the relationships between thought processes, i.e. cognition and sleep, have recently been examined in a variety of clinical and basic research settings, as well as being the object of intense interest by the general public. For example, there are data which demonstrate that insomnia, as well as specific sleep disorders, can have a negative impact on sleep cognition as well as affect daytime patterns of cognitive functioning. Thus, sleep, disturbed sleep and the lack of sleep appear to affect cognitive and memory functions. An International Workshop dealing with Sleep and Cognitive Function: Research and Clinical Perspectives was convened in Cancun, Mexico, 1-4 March 1999 under the auspices of the World Health Organization Worldwide Project on Sleep and Health and the World Federation of Sleep Research Societies. A great number of areas of intersection between sleep and cognitive function were examined during the course of the Workshop, such as aging, cognition and sleep and the dream process and sleep. The results of these discussions are included in a WHO publication (WHO Doc.: MSD/MBD/00.8). In the present report we concentrate on presenting a summary of a coherent set of data which examine memory consolidation during sleep and the impact of insomnia on cognitive functions. Based upon these data, a review of memory and drug effects that are sleep-related, and an examination of the relationship between hypnotics and cognitive function are included. Finally, a summary of recommendations of the Workshop participants is presented.
Clinical evaluation of a system for measuring functional residual capacity in mechanically ventilated patients

The ability to track the functional residual capacity (FRC) volume for a patient treated with ventilator therapy may be useful for guidance in improving or preserving gas exchange and for avoiding ventilator-associated injury to the lung. We tested the repeatability of the FRC measurement at the bedside for mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU.