cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microseismic waveform and shear‐wave splitting analysis with model data

ABSTRACT Accurate and precise estimation of microseismic event location in anisotropic reservoirs is challenging with borehole acquisition, due to limited azimuthal and inclination coverage. Inclusion of shear‐wave splitting information from microseismic data can improve estimates of event directivity, source location and the degree of reservoir anisotropy compared with using P‐waves alone. Additionally, S‐waves typically have a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio than P‐waves, due to higher amplitudes, decreasing the overall azimuthal and depth uncertainty in comparison with P‐wave only location methodologies. We present a joint P‐ and S‐wave hodogram workflow to reduce azimuthal uncertainty and estimate shear‐wave splitting. In this paper, finite‐difference waveform synthetics verify the workflow and illustrate interference effects associated with reflections and head‐waves. Multiple shear‐wave splitting techniques are applied to the synthetic data set in order to understand the limitations between splitting methodologies. Combining the P‐wave hodogram calculation of azimuth and inclination with the shear‐wave splitting analysis lowers the azimuthal uncertainty and improves waveform rotation results. From the comparison of three splitting methods, the minimum second eigenvalue is the most optimum for the data set. Post‐splitting analysis was key as the results are affected by the complexities in the waveforms and arrivals. Using receiver‐by‐receiver splitting quality analysis with shot and receiver clustering improves the identification of quality splitting results.
A prospective, real-world, clinical pharmacokinetic study to inform lacosamide dosing in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous haemofiltration (PADRE-02)

AIMS Although the use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has increased, limited dosing information exists on the effect of CRRT on antiepileptic drug pharmacokinetics. The objectives of this practice-based study are to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of lacosamide and recommend individualized dosing recommendations in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH). METHODS Seven patients receiving lacosamide and CVVH in a neurocritical care unit were enrolled. Pre-filter, post-filter and ultrafiltrate samples were obtained at baseline, right after the completion of the infusion, and up to six additional sampling time points post-administration. Patient-specific flow rates and clinical measures were also collected simultaneously at the time of sampling. Plasma concentrations were measured using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet radiation detection (HPLC-UV) bioanalytical method. Non-compartmental analysis was utilized to characterize the pharmacokinetics of lacosamide. RESULTS The observed mean sieving coefficient for lacosamide was 0.80 ± 0.10, suggesting high removal of lacosamide. Concentrations measured in six out of seven patients were observed to be outside the therapeutic range (5-12 mg/L). The estimated average volume of distribution was found to be similar to healthy patients (0.58 L/kg). The mean bias and precision of the estimated total clearance was -2.53% and 14.9%, respectively. Simulations of various doses suggest that effluent flow rate-based dosing regimens could be used to individualize lacosamide therapeutics. CONCLUSIONS CVVH clearance contributed a major fraction of the total lacosamide clearance in neurocritically ill patients. Given that drug clearance increases with higher effluent flow rates, lacosamide dosing regimens should be increased to match exposures observed in patients with normal renal function.
Electrospray Printing of Polyimide Films Using Passive Material Focusing

In electrospray printing, a high electric potential is used to atomize a liquid solution containing the print material into a spray of charged microdroplets. Rapid solvent evaporation from the drop...
7 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the findings that pertain principally to the control of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase through reversible phosphorylation. HMG-CoA reductase is an enzyme that is tightly bound to the endoplasmic reticulum of higher eucaryotic cells. HMG-CoA reductase appears to share the lipid environment of the endoplasmic reticulum with the terminal steroid-polyprenoid processing multienzyme systems, as well as with the lipid intermediates and products that are formed within the lipoprotein domain. Compactin, a fungal metabolite, binds and severely inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. Current information on the topology of the native HMG-CoA reductase enzyme places it among the intrinsic glycoproteins of the endoplasmic reticulum, securely anchored to the membrane with multiple hydrophobic regions attached to a catalytically active hydrophilic tail extending into the cytoplasm. This particular deployment probably permits the observed multivectorial regulation of HMG-CoA reductase and of cholesterol synthesis. It has been suggested that cholesterol or hydroxycholesterol may act as a repressor of HMG-CoA reductase synthesis, or may inhibit the activity of reductase directly in the endoplasmic reticulum by diminishing the fluidity of the lipoprotein structure in the immediate environment of the enzyme.
Brain research and the social self in a technological culture

The paper does not claim to be a novel contribution to any field. It simply opposes claims by philosophers of consciousness--I take Daniel Dennett as an example (though no more than that) that non-conscious robot-like neurons (Dennett's phrase) can, taken together, add up to an explanation of (even the illusion of) consciousness. To this I oppose G. H. Mead's so-called social behaviorism. My argument, such as it is, proceeds in well-defined stages: 1. I first introduce the history of anti-reductionism among philosophers, including those of the analytical persuasion, especially among North American philosophers; 2. the "new archaeology" of hominid prehistory is then introduced to show how some eminent archeologists oppose the reductionist view that large brains--deduced from finds of larger and larger skulls--constitute the best explanation we have for the advent of Homo sapiens; 3. the heart of my paper is then a reference to--not a proper summary of--Terence Deacon's masterful book, The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain--where the idea of co-evolution of human communication and brain development (along with other physiological traits such as a proper voice box) is put forward as a better--as co-evolutionary--explanation of human symbolic behavior than the standard ones (including Dennett's); 4. I then make equally brief summaries of confirming evidence of such co-evolution; 5. this is followed by similar summaries of the alleged science of historical linguistics--none of it explaining the beginning, but only the development of human languages in non-reductionist terms; 6. I then introduce Berger and Luckmann's Social Construction of Reality to make a central claim: that even reductionist science--whether genetic reductionism or brain-studies-based reductionism--is and must be socially constructed; and 7. I conclude with a preference for a Meadian (similar to a Deweyan) social responsibility activism. One note relative to item number 1: I make no claim here to discuss Merleau-Ponty or any other well-known anti-reductionist; this is in answer to one referee of the paper.
Removing Proteins from an Aerated Yeast Fermentation by Pulsing Carbon Dioxide

Salting-out is a common technique used for precipitating proteins and other materials from fermentation and tissue culture processes. It leaves a salt residue in the system. Foam fractionation can also be used to remove proteins by protein precipitation from a dilute solution. In doing so, there is usually a trade-off between enrichment and recovery. An increase in the airflow rate will increase the recovery, but only at the expense of the enrichment. A new method for increasing the recovery in foam fractionations and in yeast fermentations is to add a burst of CO2 to the process and then restore the air. This CO2 acts like a temporary salt, but it does not leave behind a residue. The recovery increases as a result of the joint use of these gases, perhaps by more than 10-fold, without sacrificing the enrichment. Chicken egg albumin in a foam fractionation column can serve as a simple, experimental model for the proposed recovery process in lieu of the fermentation process.
Fatal pulmonary hypersensitivity reaction to HL-A incompatible blood transfusion:report of a case and review of the literature

A girl with Thalassemia major reacted to a transfusion of packed red blood cells with increasing respiratory distress until death 12 1/2 hours later. Chills and fever were followed by dry cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary edema. The recipient had lymphocytotoxic antibodies specific for donor leukocyte antigens HL-A11 and possibly W14. At autopsy, the lungs showed pulmonary edema with extensive nonspecific acute alveolar injury. Similar cases in the literature are reviewed.
Roles of urease in plant cells

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of urease in plant cells. Urease is important for efficient nitrogen assimilation. Considerable amounts of plant nitrogen flow through urea (urease substrate), which can be recycled only by urease action. This recapture can have significant quality impact on protein rich crops. It appears to have an important role in germination of protein poor seeds. The urease substrate urea is derived from arginine and ureides. Arginine is the richest nitrogen repository among the amino acids of seed storage proteins. On the other hand, ureides are not only significant sources of nitrogen in nucleic acid turnover but are also a predominant transport from of fixed nitrogen in soybean and other tropical legumes. Urease-negative plants accumulate substantial, nonutilizable urea in both maternal and embryonic tissue. During germination of urease-negative seeds, further urea accumulates as a dead end in nitrogen metabolism. Abundant seed ureases, such as, Sumner's jackbean urease, may play a chemical defense role. All of the ureases, both from bacteria and plants, resemble each other in primary structure and in their requirement for accessory genes.
Robotic Arm for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Guided Interventions

The purpose of this work is to develop and evaluate the performance of a seven degree of freedom (DOF) remotely controlled manipulator to perform minimally invasive interventions with real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance inside clinical cylindrical scanners. Control of the device is based on MR images collected in real time during the procedure. A user interface fuses all MRI and non-MRI sensor information for man-in-the-loop control. The system offers both stereotactic and "free-hand" (manual) control. Stereotactic guidance uses pre-operatively collected multislice and/or three-dimensional MR images to set a path of insertion. Manual guidance uses a master/slave control device, which replicates the kinematics structure of the arm, to control its motion. In this mode, the manipulator sends instructions to the MRI scanner for on-the-fly continuous adjustment of the imaging plane position and orientation to image the end-effector and the interventional tool, as it maneuvers to acquire a target. The commanded movements of the manipulator are continuously checked by the control software whether they are within an allowable volume, extracted from the MR images, to avoid collision with the scanner or the subject. The device control is performed in real time with a host/target computer configuration. The manipulator compatibility with the MR environment and image-guided maneuvering was tested on a 1.5 Tesla MR scanner
Overview of the Microwave Tokamak Experiment operation and developments

The Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX) is being operated to demonstrate the feasibility of using intense microwave pulses (up to 6 GW peak power) from a free electron laser (FEL) to provide electron cyclotron heating for use in tokamaks, particularly high field machines. Initial results were obtained with the single pulse 140 GHz FEL at peak power levels of 200 to 400 MW late in 1989. Due to excessive transverse electron beam motion, and arcing in the accelerator cells, the accelerator was modified. These modifications have been successfully tested on a small portion of the rebuilt accelerator and have been incorporated in the remaining portion of the accelerator. A 140 GHz, 400 kW gyrotron was used to perform preliminary heating experiments during the fall of 1990. This same gyrotron system is serving as the master oscillator for the burst mode FEL. The new IMP steady state wiggler will be used to produce the high power microwaves for the burst mode. The FE construction has been completed, and it will be used for heating experiments scheduled for this fall. >
AMF Tutorial: The Basics (Part 1)

Abstract This tutorial provides an introduction to the AMF language by walking through an example of a simple pyramid shape composed of two solid materials. This is the first in a series of tutorials that cover graded materials, colors, textures, lattices, curved triangles, constellations, and other AMF features.
Measurements of line positions and strengths of HD18O and D218O in the 2500–4280 cm−1 region

Abstract Measurements of line positions and strengths of D 2 18 O and HD 18 O were obtained with a Fourier transform spectrometer. The data were analyzed to obtain energy levels of the (100), (020), and (001) vibrational states of HD 18 O and the (001) and (011) states of D 2 18 O and the vibrational bands of these states connected to the ground state covered the spectral region from 2500 to 4278 cm −1 . 456 absorption lines of D 2 18 O and 856 lines of HD 18 O were assigned from the spectra. The measurements were of oxygen-18 enriched samples of deuterated water vapor and the spectra also contained features of HD 16 O, D 2 16 O, H 2 16 O, H 2 17 O and H 2 18 O of which several were used as frequency calibration standards.
G.H. Mead's Contact Theory of Reality: The Manipulatory Phase of the Act in the Constitution of Mundane, Scientific, Aesthetic, and Evaluative Objects*

Mead's identification of ultimate reality with the experience of physical contact is rooted in his studies of animal perception. Many of his writings on the nature of science, aesthetic experience, and values can be viewed profitably as an attempt to generalize his theory of the act from an analysis of action toward mundane objects to include these other classes of perceptual objects.
Tax Increment Financing as a Value Capture Strategy in Funding Transportation

Value capture strategies apply a benefit principle to public infrastructure investment by creating a mechanism to capture the value created by infrastructure improvements. This paper focuses on one value capture strategy, tax increment financing (TIF), which uses future increases in property taxes generated by infrastructure improvements to finance the initial costs of the development. This paper reviews the history of TIF, its extent of use, and its mechanisms. Then it evaluates the applicability of TIF as a revenue strategy based on four criteria: efficiency, equity, revenue sustainability, and feasibility. Finally, it provides recommendations on how to improve and expand the use of TIF.
Horace, Odes I. xii. and the Forum Augustum .

Interpretation of this ode has not been very happy in spite of the care lavished upon it by editors obviously determined to extract some sort of consistent sense. That Horace started from Pindar's Olymp . II. is evident enough; when and why, under what stimulus, or for what occasion he wrote is not so clear. The older commentators do not give much help. I believe, however, that in attending to the list of gods, demi-gods, and Roman heroes given in the ode we have a chance of coming somewhere near to an adequate understanding of the poem.
Potent blocking action of lead on voltage-activated calcium channels in human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y

Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) have two types of voltage-activated calcium channels, which are equivalent to the N and L types. Both types of calcium channels were equally blocked by lead in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner, withKi⋍ μM. This lead concentration is in the same order of magnitude as that found in the blood of children exhibiting neurosychological disorders. Sodium and potassium channel currents were not significantly affected by lead at a concentration of 10 μM.
Hot-Mix Asphalt Overlay Design Concepts for Rubblized Portland Cement Concrete Pavements:

The Illinois Department of Transportation's (IDOT's) first interstate rubblization project was constructed in 1990 on I-57 near Pesotum as part of a rehabilitation study. Hot-mix asphalt overlays (HMA OL) were constructed over a rubblized jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP) with a granular subbase. Excellent performance was achieved on the project, which had accommodated 7.5 million equivalent single-axle loads through 1998. Periodically collected falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data indicate the sections have retained their structural capacity and integrity. HMA fatigue distress has not developed. The success of the project prompted IDOT to consider portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) rubblization and HMA OL a viable and cost-effective rehabilitation option. Rubblization is particularly appropriate for eliminating reflective cracking and for use when PCCP patching quantities are high or concrete deterioration is in an advanced stage. HMA OL fatigue considerations control the HMA OL thickn...
Seniors' Program for Injury Control and Education

The Seniors' Program for Injury Control and Education (SPICE) examines the effects of exercise and physical fitness on falls and related injuries among older persons. The design is a two-group, randomized trial with 2 years of follow-up. The study is at Northwest Region of Kaiser Permanente (NWKP), a large hospital-based prepaid group practice HMO in Portland, OR. The participants are 1,323 community-living persons 65 years or older who are enrolled in NWKP and are at moderate risk of falling. A multifaceted intervention strategy uses a group approach to falls and injury prevention which includes moderate intensity endurance-building exercise (walking), strength and balance training, home safety improvements, and mental practice. Sessions of 20-25 participants are led by two nurses. Participants set their own realistic goals for exercising to accommodate to differing functional abilities and baseline conditioning. The control group receives usual care from the HMO. Participants report all falls for 2 years after randomization. Outcome measures include health status, physical functioning, falls, and fall-related medical care use and cost. If SPICE is effective, cost-effectiveness analysis will examine the relative efficiency of SPICE versus other successful FICSIT interventions. Thus far, recruitment and intervention compliance goals have been met from a population of frail elderly HMO members.
Occupational exposure to blood and other bodily fluids at a military hospital in Iraq.

Background: Exposure to bloodborne pathogens, namely HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, remains a risk for healthcare workers. Given the austere and challenging environments in a combat zone, it is unclear to what extent blood and other bodily fluid occupational exposures pose a risk of infection for military healthcare workers deployed to a level III military treatment facility in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Methods: This is a retrospective review of electronic infection control records at the Air Force Theater Hospital in Iraq in which blood and other bodily fluid occupational exposure data were available: October 1, 2005 through May 31, 2006 and January 15, 2007 through April 30, 2007. Results: During the first study period, there were 46 exposures for an average monthly exposure of 5.8 (range, 2–16 per month). The majority of exposures were percutaneous fingersticks (74%), whereas the remainder were splashes (17%) or not documented (9%). During the second study period, there were 19 exposures with percutaneous device and splash exposure encompassing 68% and 32% of cases, respectively. The majority of occurrences were in the intensive care unit (53%) and primarily among nurses (37%). Overall, there were 65 exposures per 1,000 persons during the year review. Conclusions: During the time periods evaluated, a substantial number of blood and other bodily fluid exposures occurred in a combat zone military healthcare facility. This finding is comparable to US civilian institutions. Maintaining programs for preventing, tracking, and implementing postexposure prophylaxis remain a worthy and achievable goal at every military treatment facility, regardless of the austerity of the environment.
Displacive radiation effects in the monazite- and zircon-structure orthophosphates

Monazite-structure orthophosphates, including ${\mathrm{LaPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{PrPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{NdPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{SmPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{EuPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{GdPO}}_{4},$ and natural monazite, and their zircon-structure analogs, including ${\mathrm{ScPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{YPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{TbPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{TmPO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{YbPO}}_{4},$ and ${\mathrm{LuPO}}_{4},$ were irradiated by $800{\mathrm{keV}\mathrm{}\mathrm{Kr}}^{2+}$ ions in the temperature range of 20 to 600 K. The critical amorphization dose was determined in situ as a function of temperature using selected-area electron diffraction. Amorphization doses were in the range of ${10}^{14}$ to ${10}^{16}{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2},$ depending on the temperature. Materials with the zircon structure were amorphized at higher temperatures than those with the monazite structure. The critical amorphization temperature ranged from 350 to 485 K for orthophosphates with the monazite structure and from 480 to 580 K for those with the zircon structure. However, natural zircon $({\mathrm{ZrSiO}}_{4})$ can be amorphized at over 1000 K. Within each structure type, the critical temperature of amorphization increased with the atomic number of the lanthanide cation. Structural topology models are consistent with the observed differences between the two structure types, but do not predict the relative amorphization doses for different compositions. The ratio of electronic-to-nuclear stopping correlates well with the observed sequence of susceptibility to amorphization within each structure type, consistent with previous results that electronic-energy losses enhance defect recombination in the orthophosphates.
Inversion of Gradiometer Data And Comparison With Gravimetry And Satellite Altimetry

Order of magnitude calculations are made in order to determine which of the methods to record the gravity field are most suitable. At long wavelength the satellite altimetry method is most suitable. At very short wavelengths gradient data provide the best information. In between, gravimeter measurements should be the measurements of choice. Quantitative results are presented. The suitability of each type of measurement depends, in addition to wavelength, on the accuracy of the measuring device. For the inversion of gradient data it is suggested that those gradients or combination of gradients that are invariant under a rotation along a vertical axis be utilized. An inversion method involving iterative perturbation of an initial model is presented together with inversions of synthetic forward modeled gradient data.
MP 4 The aging brain and creativity

The development of the brain and its interaction with the mind could be understood by studying the effect of music on humans. The findings of such studies on musicians can have implications on the treatment of neurological disorders and even in teaching children. Music played an important role in the evolution of the human mind, and was instrumental in selection of mates, social cohesions (in group efforts such as pulling heavy objects), conflict reduction and trans-generational communication to convey useful information to future generations. Almost all parts of the brain were involved in the appreciation of music, and studies on the effect of music on humans helped understand how the brain integrated complex perception and behaviour tasks, exploring the links connecting music, neurology and psychiatry. Neuroscientists are starting to address questions regarding the brain and its plasticity by studying changes in the brain structures of musicians. For instance, it was found that merely playing melodies in the mind could activate sections of the brain. Certain parts of the brain were more developed in musicians who had started learning music at an early age. Explaining the emotive aspect of music, studies had revealed that music activated the same pathways in the brain that were triggered by pleasurable activities, such as eating and sex. Even people with dementia or Alzheimer9s Disease—conditions that disconnected them from reality—were moved to tears if they heard voices of close relatives or tunes that reminded them of their past. This presentation will review some of the new concepts regarding the ageing process and the adaptation of the brain to perform the same cognitive tasks but using a reorganisation of hemispheric functions and neural networks. Epidemiological, clinical and neuroimaging data will be presented to explain the process of adaptation to old age. The centuries study as well as the nun9s follow-up study will be discussed. The concept of creativity will be discussed. We will portray Pablo Casals to illustrate the process of creativity in old age.
An explorative and exploitative mutation scheme

Exploration and exploitation are the two cornerstones which characterize Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) capabilities. Maintaining the reciprocal balance of the explorative and exploitative power is the key to the success of EA applications. Accordingly, in this work the canonical Genetic Algorithm is augmented by a new mutation scheme that is capable of exploring the unseen regions of the search space, and simultaneously exploiting the already-found promising elements. The proposed mutation operator specifies different mutation rates for different sites (loci) of the individuals. These site-specific rates are wisely derived based on the fitness and structure of the population individuals. In order to retain the balance of the required exploration and exploitation, the mutation rates are adapted during the evolution. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, the method is evaluated using a set of benchmark problems and the outcome is compared with a series of well-known relevant algorithms. The results demonstrate that the newly suggested method significantly outperforms its rivals.
Speech intelligibility and quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors.

Objective: Poor speech intelligibility adversely affects quality of life self-assessment in long term survivors of head and neck cancer treatment. Study Design: Observational case series including both objective clinical speech testing and subjective quality of life questionnaire administration. Methods: Five-year head and neck cancer survivors were recruited to study the association between speech intelligibility and quality of life. Survivors were analyzed as an entire group, and also subdivided into laryngectomees and non-laryngectomees. Objective testing included sentence and word intelligibility. Subjective testing included quality of life questionnaires (UWQOL, FACT, FACT-head and neck, and PSS-HN) and a locally prepared “cancer concern” question. Associations were sought between intelligibility, quality of life and demographics. Results: Sixty-two survivors underwent testing. Lower sentence intelligibility and word intelligibility scores were associated with diminished self-perceived UWQOL Speech (P = .0001 and P = .0001, respectively) and PSS-HN Understandability of Speech (P = .009 and P = .005). Decreased word intelligibility was additionally associated with decreased UWQOL Chewing (P = .003), UWQOL Swallowing (P = .02), UWQOL Recreation (P = .05), PSS-HN Willingness to Eat in Public (P = .03), and PSS-HN Normalcy of Diet (P = .0001). The associations continued even after patients who had undergone laryngectomy were excluded. Conclusions: Long-term survivors of head and neck cancer continue to have both objective and subjective deficits in speech parameters five years after treatment. Objective deficits are associated with subjective concerns about speech, eating, and recreation. Understanding how communication deficits affect quality of life in long-term head and neck cancer survivors may allow more effective therapies to modulate these concerns in the recovery period.
Fugitive Slaves and Community Creation in Nineteenth-Century Kenya: An Archaeological and Historical Investigation of Watoro Villages

Fugitive Slaves and Community Creation in Nineteenth-Century Kenya: An Archaeological and Historical Investigation of Watoro Villages. University of Virginia, 2011. Integrating the analysis of arch...
Health-Related Quality of Life Assessment in Children Followed in a Cardiomyopathy Clinic

As our ability to diagnosis cardiomyopathy matures and genetic testing becomes more widespread, there has been an increase in the number of children followed for cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this study was to compare health-related quality of life (HRQoL) between children with cardiomyopathy and healthy controls and with children seen in clinic who are at risk for the development of cardiomyopathy. Patient and parent-proxy perspectives were obtained using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQLTM) 4.0 Core Scales (ages 2–18 years) and the disease-specific Cardiac Module. Cardiomyopathy physicians’ perceptions of the impact of cardiomyopathy on the functional status of the patients were collected. In addition, data regarding disease-specific medical and socioeconomic information were collected from chart review and parental report. The questionnaires were completed by 100 parent-proxies and 71 children. The PedsQLTM scores reported by children and their parent-proxies were compared to scores reported by pediatric norms. Compared to healthy controls, patients followed in a pediatric cardiomyopathy clinic scored lower in Total score when compared to pediatric norms (80.7 vs 86.4, p = 0.002). Interestingly, children with a family history of cardiomyopathy who are at risk for developing the disease scored similar to those children with a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy. Parental and patients perceptions were discrepant when compared, which may deter appropriate referral to behavioral health services. These results should encourage cardiomyopathy clinics to screen all patients for HRQoL impairments and to have behavioral services available to assist these children.
Molecular composites of poly( p-phenylene terephthalamide) anion and poly(propylene oxide): mechanical properties

Abstract Molecular composites have been prepared by mixing rigid rod molecules of PPTA anion (K-salt) and poly(propylene oxide) in a common solvent and compression molding the precipitated material. As the PPTA anion content of the composites is increased, an upward shift occurs in both the glass transition temperature and the decomposition temperature. The tensile strength, stiffness and resistance to stress relaxation of the composites are significantly increased, even at relatively low concentrations of the rigid rod reinforcement. The enhancement in mechanical properties results from a good dispersion of the rigid PPTA anion molecules and from the presence of ion-dipole interactions between the ionic groups of the PPTA anion and the dipolar units of the poly(propylene oxide) matrix. Additional increases in strength and rigidity may be achieved by changing the counterion from monovalent K + to divalent Ca 2+ .
OCCUPATION NUMBERS IN DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS

It is the intention of this paper to rigorously clarify the role of occupation numbers in the current practical applications of the density-functional formalism. In these calculations one has to decide how to distribute a given, fixed number of electrons over a set of single-particle orbitals. The conventional choice is to have single-particle orbitals below the Fermi level completely occupied (with possible fractional occupations at the Fermi level) and the orbitals above the Fermi level empty. Although there is a certain confusion in the literature why this choice is superior to any others, the general belief is that is can be justified by treating the occupation numbers as variational parameters and then applying Janak`s theorem or similar reasoning. We demonstrate that there is a serious flaw in those arguments, mainly the kinetic-energy functional and, therefore, the exchange-correlation functional are not differentiable with respect to the density for arbitrary occupation numbers. It is rigorously shown that in the present context of the density-functional calculations there is no freedom to vary occupation numbers. Occupation numbers cannot be considered as variational parameters.
Structural memory model of slow defect relaxation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Structural memory is a model of the timescales and energetics of defect structural relaxation after carrier capture in an amorphous solid. In this paper, an outline of the theory is given and the energetics of relaxation and the various pathways for carrier re-emission are discussed in detail. In the model, bond angle relaxation is rapid (picoseconds) after carrier capture as it is at most crystalline defects. However, complete structural relaxation at higher neighbors is far slower and can be reversible under some conditions. The structural memory model provides a physically reasonable, quantitative, explanation of recent anomalous transient capacitance data in hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
Arm Weakness and Deformity

A healthy 58-year-old man presented to the emergency department with right arm weakness first noticed while playing hockey that day. He could not recall the onset of injury, but endorsed several weeks of antecedent intermittent right shoulder discomfort. Examination revealed a deformity of the right biceps brachii with distal bunching of the muscle (Figure). Tenderness existed along the proximal humerus near the long head of the biceps. The patient had full range of motion with decreased elbow flexion strength on the right. He was diagnosed clinically with an acute biceps brachii tendon rupture. Figure Appearance of the patient’s affected right arm and normal left arm. Acute biceps tendon rupture most commonly occurs at the proximal end of the long head of the biceps brachii and is usually associated with trauma. Acute biceps tendon rupture frequently occurs in patients with underlying overuse injuries and tendinopathies—thus the actual moment of rupture may go unnoticed.1–4 While the diagnosis can generally be made by history and physical examination, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can aid in diagnosis.1–4 Most injuries are managed conservatively and the typical post-injury reductions in strength are mild to moderate and well tolerated.2–5 Surgical management may lessen loss of elbow flexion and supination strength and may be considered in the management of highly active patients.3,5 This patient underwent surgical open subpectoral biceps tenodesis with successful resolution of his biceps contour and restoration of full strength and mobility.
Central sensitization theory of migraine: Clinical implications

The clinical science of migraine headache continues to evolve. Theories of the pathophysiology of migraine have progressed from the early vascular basis of migraine to more complex current theories that emphasize the centrality of neuronal dysfunction. The most recently articulated theory of migraine is the central sensitization hypothesis, which proposes that altered processing of sensory input in the brainstem, principally the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, could account for many of the temporal and symptomatic features of migraine, as well as its poor response to triptan therapy when such treatment is initiated hours after the onset of pain. Both preclinical and clinical data support the central sensitization theory. A critical clinical implication of this theory is that drugs that are capable of either aborting or arresting the process of central sensitization, most prominently dihydroergotamine, may have a unique role in the treatment of migraine. An additional, and highly practical, implication is based upon the finding that cutaneous allodynia-pain arising from innocuous stimulation of the skin, as in hair brushing or the application of cosmetics-is an easily identifiable marker of central sensitization. Thus, the presence or absence of cutaneous allodynia can be integrated into the routine clinical assessment of migraine and utilized as a determinant of treatment. Future basic and clinical research on central sensitization is likely to be of ongoing importance to the field.
To cooperate or not to cooperate: Using new methodologies and frameworks to understand how affiliation influences cooperation in the present and future

Abstract How can changes in degrees of group affiliation or identity change one’s decision to cooperate or defect in a dilemma? According to the logic of appropriateness, decision changes result from changes in answer to the question, “what does a person like me do in a situation like this?” In two studies, transient group affiliation is systematically manipulated to test its influence on the appropriateness question both in the present and future. Novel methodologies (videotaping group interactions to obtain observed levels of group affiliation, implicit measures of social concept activation and aspect listing protocols) were used to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the influence of group affiliation. Increases in group affiliation are accompanied by increases in the accessibility of social constructs, higher levels of cooperation, personal satisfaction and trust in one’s group. Similar patterns are observed for decisions in the present and future. There is an order effect observed with decisions to cooperate in the future carrying over to subsequent decisions to cooperate in the present, but a decision to initially cooperate in the present does not translate as strongly to a decision to cooperate in the future. This is in part because a more analytical approach is used for decisions pertaining to the future, while decisions in the present tend to be more affect-based.
Antiparasitic activity of flavonoids and isoflavones against Cryptosporidium parvum and Encephalitozoon intestinalis

Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds found in plants, have demonstrated activity against several parasites and can augment the efficacy of other drugs by either increasing the uptake or decreasing the efflux of these drugs. We evaluated 11 of these compounds alone or in combination in order to test the hypothesis that flavonoids are effective against Cryptosporidium parvum and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Using in vitro cell culture assays, HCT-8 cells or E6 cells were infected with C. parvum and E. intestinalis, respectively, and treated with compounds at doses ranging from 1 to 200 microM. We found that six compounds were active against C. parvum. Naringenin and genistein had the greatest activities with EC(50) of 15 and 25 microM, respectively. Two compounds, quercetin and apigenin, had activity against E. intestinalis at EC(50) of 15 and 50 microM, respectively. The EC(50) of trifluralin, a dinitroaniline compound, was decreased significantly when combined with genistein in an in vitro assay, suggesting that compounds may be used alone on in combination with other moderately active drugs to increase efficacy. In addition, induction of apoptosis by these compounds was studied but not observed to be a significant mechanism of action.
Regenerative Hyperplasia Is Not Required for Liver Tumor Induction in Female B6C3F1Mice Exposed to Trihalomethanes

Chloroform (TCM), a water disinfection by-product, induced liver tumors in female mice when administered by gavage in corn oil but not when given in drinking water at comparable daily doses. Because short-term studies showed that the gavage doses also induced liver toxicity, it has been suggested that the liver tumor response occurs secondary to cytotoxicity and consequent regenerative hyperplasia induced by oxidative metabolism of TCM to the toxic dihalocarbonyl intermediate. This study compares dose–response relationships of gavage-administered chlorinated/brominated trihalomethanes for hepatotoxicity, replicative DNA synthesis, and hepatocarcinogenicity in female B6C3F1mice. The liver tumor data were obtained from previously published studies. Because bromine is a better leaving group than chlorine, metabolism of bromodichloromethane (BDCM) should produce the same intermediates as would be formed from TCM. Hence, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of BDCM was expected to be qualitatively similar to that of TCM. Dose responses for liver weight, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, hepatocyte degeneration, and hepatocyte labeling index (LI, a measure of replicative DNA synthesis) in female mice were similar following 3 weeks of gavage administration (once per day, 5 days per week) with TCM, BDCM, or chlorodibromomethane (CDBM). Fits of composite data for these trihalomethanes to a Hill equation model revealed sigmoidal dose responses for ALT activity and hepatocyte LI and a nearly linear low-dose response for liver tumor incidence. For this family of chemicals, the mouse liver tumor response was not associated with an elevated hepatocyte LI at doses of approximately 1 mmol/kg or less. High incidences of liver tumors were observed with BDCM and CDBM at doses that had a marginal effect or no effect on the hepatocyte LI. Thus, the carcinogenic effects of trihalomethanes are not simply a consequence of cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia. The possible contributions from other activation pathways, including GSH conjugation and reductive metabolism, need to be considered in assessments of the carcinogenicity of the trihalomethanes.
Analysis of N-glycans from recombinant immunoglobulin G by on-line reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

An on-line reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS) method has been developed for profiling and characterizing N-glycans from recombinant immunoglobulin G antibodies. In this method, released N-glycans are derivatized at their reducing end with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) and separated on a RP column with on-line fluorescence and MS detection. The method achieves good resolution of all major glycans and segregates glycan types (high-mannose, hybrid, and complex) to different regions of the chromatogram, thus allowing accurate quantification of N-glycans from the fluorescent signal alone. Moreover, the mobile phase used allows high quality on-line MS detection. The 2AB-labeled N-glycans demonstrate good ionization efficiency in electrospray and generate primarily doubly charged [M+2H](2+) ions. The mass and structural information can be readily obtained from the on-line MS and tandem MS data. As little as 70 fmol glycan species can be detected and identified.
Development of a 12-hole omnidirectional flow-velocity measurement probe

M ULTIHOLE pressure probes are widely used in aerodynamic flow studies. Their general design and working principles have been widely studied and are well documented [1–5]. The most popular ones, the fiveand seven-hole probes, measure flow velocity up to 55 and 70 deg, respectively, from the probe axis. A spherical probe with 18 holes [6] was developed recently that considerably reduced the range limitation bymeasuring flows up to nearly 160 deg from the probe axis. The 18-hole probe was essentially an extension of the five-hole probe design. Its design was driven by the necessity to use the reduction method of a conventional five-hole configuration, the only method available at the time. Consequently, over a large region of its measurable range, there are more than four ports available with valid (attached-flow) pressure data. Because there are typically only four unknown variables during flow measurement, there is a redundancy in the number of ports in the 18-hole probe. When new calibration and reduction algorithms were developed by the authors [7] for tackling any generic arrangement of ports, it became possible to consider designing an optimized version of the omnidirectional probe, which would be free of redundancy. These algorithms do not depend on the axisymmetry of the port distribution pattern to define the nondimensional pressure coefficients. In this work, an optimal spherical-probe design for omnidirectional flow measurement is presented. The calculation of the four unknown flow quantities (two flow angles, flow speed, and static pressure) is achieved with the minimum necessary number of ports on the probe tip. This has significant implications in the instrument’s spatial resolution, frequency response as well as cost of interfacing, and usage. A prototype probe was fabricated with a spherical tip diameter of 0.375 in. (9.53 mm) and a sting diameter of 0.122 in. (3.1 mm). The probe was calibrated and its measurement accuracy assessed in a calibration facility. II. Design and Fabrication
Apical phosphatidylserine externalization in auditory hair cells.

In hair cells of the inner ear, phosphatidylserine (PS), detected with fluorescent annexin V labeling, was rapidly exposed on the external leaflet of apical plasma membranes upon dissection of the organ of Corti. PS externalization was unchanged by caspase inhibition, suggesting that externalization did not portend apoptosis or necrosis. Consistent with that conclusion, mitochondrial membrane potential and hair-cell nuclear structure remained normal during externalization. PS externalization was triggered by forskolin, which raises cAMP, and blocked by inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase. Blocking Na+ influx by inhibiting the mechanoelectrical transduction channels and P2X ATP channels also inhibited external PS externalization. Diminished PS externalization was also seen in cells exposed to LY 294002, which blocks membrane recycling in hair cells by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These results indicate that PS exposure on the external leaflet, presumably requiring vesicular transport, results from ...
Epithelial axon guidance in Drosophila

Evidence is offered that the axons of developing sensory neurons in the wing of Drosophila are guided (given both location and polarity information) by the epithelium over which they grow. This guidance is effective in the absence of such potential additional cues as guidepost neurons and physical channels.
In the eye of the beholder: mothers' perceptions of poor neighborhoods as places to raise children†‡

This study explores how mothers facing similar neighborhood conditions evaluate their neighborhoods as places to raise children. The authors relied upon a triangulation of methods, using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, with a sample of 91 low-income mothers. Content analysis of qualitative interviews revealed that mothers often hold divergent views about the quality of the same or similar neighborhoods. Mothers’ overall neighborhood perceptions were influenced by several specific indicators, including social interaction, collective efficacy, fear of crime, personal victimization, and neighborhood incivilities. Moreover, mothers’ subjective neighborhood perceptions were related to their parenting strategies. This study thus underscores the importance of not solely relying on ‘‘objective’’ neighborhood criteria such as census data, but of also attending to residents’ subjective perceptions of their own neighborhoods. C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.