cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review — critical for idenctification of a central nervous system transmitter

Abstract “An even greater disappointment to all interested in synaptic physiology has been the failure tu elucidate the nature of any chemical trasmitter in the mammalian nervous system other then acetylcholine. It is a sorry situation that despite considerable efforts we are totally presynaptic and postsynaptic spinal cord inhibitory systems, not to mention other areas. Sooner or later one hopes that the blunderbuss approach being pursued at present will lead to a breakthrough, but there is really little sing of this so far” (Burgen, 1964).
Rapid Fluorescent Antibody Tests for Infectious Hematopoeitic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) Utilizing Monoclonal Antibodies to the Nucleoprotein and Glycoprotein

Abstract A quick direct fluorescent antibody test incorporating a monoclonal antibody, 1NDW14D reacting with the nucleoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), revealed the presence of the 1989 Dworshak isolates of the virus 8 h after chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cells were incubated with fish homogenates containing the virus. An indirect fluorescence assay was performed to compare the ability of the anti-nucleoprotein antibody, 1 NDW 14D, with that of an anti-glycoprotein antibody, 3GH 135L, to detect IHNV. Although the nucleoprotein of IHNV is synthesized before the glycoprotein, both antibodies detected the presence of virusinfected cells with equal efficiency when tested on several isolates of IHNV. Both antibodies stained caps of glycoprotein or nucleoprotein in the cytoplasm contiguous with the plasma membrane of infected cells within 6–8 h after infection.
Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstructions of [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose metabolism in cat lumbosacral spinal cord following cutaneous stimulation of the hindfoot.

We report on computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of spinal cord activity associated with stimulation of the plantar cushion (PC) as revealed by [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) serial autoradiographs. Moderate PC stimulation in cats elicits a reflex phasic plantar flexion of the toes. Four cats were chornically spinalized at about T6 under barbiturate anesthesia. Four to 11 days later, the cats were injected (i.v.) with 2-DG (100 μCi/kg) and the PC was electrically stimulated with needle electrodes at 2–5 times threshold for eliciting a reflex. Following stimulation, the spinal cord was processed for autoradiography. Subsequently, autoradiographs, representing approximately 8–18 mm from spinal segments L6–;S1, were digitized for computer analysis and 3-D reconstruction. Several strategies of analysis were employed: (1) Three-dimensional volume images were color-coded to represent different levels of functional activity. (2) On the reconstructed volumes, “virtual” sections were made in the horizontal, sagittal, and transverse planes to view regions of 2-DG activity. (3) In addition, we were able to sample different regions within the grey and white matter semi-quantitatively (i.e., pixel intensity) from section to section to reveal differences between ipsi- and contralateral activity, as well as possible variation between sections. These analyses revealed 2-DG activity associated with moderate PC stimulation, not only in the ipsilateral dorsal horn as we had previously demonstrated, but also in both the ipsilateral and contralateral ventral horns, as well as in the intermediate grey matter. The use of novel computer analysis techniques—combined with an unanesthetized preparation—enabled us to demonstrate that the increased metabolic activity in the lumbosacral spinal cord associated with PC stimulation was much more extensive than had heretofore been observed.
Place meanings surrounding an urban natural area: A qualitative inquiry

Abstract This article describes a qualitative analysis of place-based meanings held by members of a conservation advocacy, or "Friends of…," group living within watershed boundaries surrounding a public, urban arboretum in South Central Wisconsin. Responses to semi-structured interview questions were analyzed using an iterative analytic method. Indicators of place-based meanings associated with this urban natural area were assessed from interview transcripts. An integrative model of Arboretum Meanings emerged from the analysis highlighting place meanings associated with various attributes of the area. Use of this urban natural area was often associated with a deep appreciation of its biodiversity, as a location for sanctuary or escape, a place for recreation and exercise, and as a meeting place for friends and family. Results are discussed in terms of how place-based meanings can inform land managers and conservation advocacy group leaders to better understand their stakeholders, maintain the most desirable elements of urban natural areas, and reduce potential conflict resulting from divergent place meanings among user groups.
Multiwavelength analyses of derivative spectra: An application for the determination of urinary porphyrins

Quantification of excreted poiphyrins is of value in the diagnosis of the various disorders of po~hy~n metabolism. However, by far the greatest use of po~hy~n testing is to exclude porphyria as the cause of an unexplained illness. For the purpose of excluding porphyria, the determination of urinary porphyrins can be considered a ‘screening’ procedure since this type of testing is most often done on urine samples that are essentially normal. For tests done on normal samples, the more sophisticated chromatographic methods [l-3] for porphyrin analyses are not warranted. Jones and Sweeney used first f4] and second-derivative [5] spectra obtained from acidified urine samples for the se~quantitative dete~nation of urinary po~hy~ns. They found that the wavelength where the second derivative maxima occurred correlated to the relative proportion of coproporphyrin and uroporphyrin in a mixture. They used the height of the peak to estimate the concentration of total porphyrin present. We have improved this method of analysis by employing curve-fitting of multiwavelength derivative data for the quantitation of coproporphyrin and uroporphyrin in the mixture. Sternberg et al [6] described a method for the cute-fitting of multiwaveleng~ absorbance data to quantitate indi~dual components of a complex mixture. Weiser and Pardue [7] extended this method of multiwavelength analysis to quantitate data from derivatives of absorbance spectra. They found that the precision for measuring methemoglobin progressively improved as the computations were applied first to absorbance, then to first-derivative, and finally to second-derivative data. The objective of our study was to evaluate the method of multiwavelength analysis for the quantitative determination of coproporphyrin and uroporphyrin in a complex mixture, such as acidified urine.
A combined testing protocol approach for mutagenicity testing.

Abstract The antischistosomal agent, hycanthone methanesulfonate (HMS), was employed to illustrate the utility of carrying out several mutagenicity tests in a single concurrent animal experiment. Several commonly used procedures that were successfully integrated into a multiple testing protocol included (1) metaphase analysis in bone marrow, (2) micronucleus test in bone marrow, (3) analysis of the urine for mutagenic constituents, and (4) the host-mediated assay using Salmonella typhimurium . In addition to these animal studies, in vitro mutagenicity testing with and without activation was carried out using S. typhimurium . HMS produced positive, dose—response effects in in vitro tests, metaphase analysis, micronucleus test, and urine analysis, but not in the host-mediated assay. The results of these integrated techniques suggest that such a protocol may be a benefit to those concerned with mutagenicity testing of chemicals.
Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in plasma and sinus mucosal tissue following administration of extended-release or immediate-release formulations in adult patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

This study compared the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin (AZI) following administration of extended-release (ER) and immediate-release (IR) formulations in plasma and sinus mucosa in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Patients (n=71) were randomised 1:1 to receive a single dose of AZI-ER 2g or up to three doses of AZI-IR 500 mg daily. Paired plasma and sinus tissue samples were taken during endoscopic sinus surgery at 2-168 h (four patients per time point) after the first dose. Samples were measured by a validated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry assay. Pharmacokinetics were determined using composite concentration-time profiles. Comparison between formulations showed that within the first 24 h, the AZI area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(24)) for ER was 5.2- and 7.0-fold higher than IR in plasma and sinus tissue, respectively. Comparison between matrices showed that the AUC(24) and AUC(168) in sinus tissue were 28.2- and 62.2-fold higher than in plasma for the ER formulation, whilst the AUC(24) in sinus tissue was 21.1-fold higher than in plasma for IR formulation. These results indicated that AZI has good penetration into sinus tissue regardless of formulation; however, dosing of AZI-ER (2 g) increased AZI exposure within the first 24 h compared with the Day 1 dose of 500 mg IR regimen.
Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) has recently been investigated for use in tissue regeneration studies that seek to utilize the numerous growth factors released from platelet alpha-granules. This study examined gene expression patterns, DNA, and collagen content of equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendon (SDFT) explants cultured in media consisting of PRP and other blood products. Blood and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) were collected from horses and processed to obtain plasma, PRP, and platelet poor plasma (PPP). IGF-I, TGF-beta1, and PDGF-BB were quantified in all blood products using ELISA. Tendons were cultured in explant fashion with blood, plasma, PRP, PPP, or BMA at concentrations of 100%, 50%, or 10% in serum-free DMEM with amino acids. Quantitative RT-PCR for expression of collagen type I (COL1A1), collagen type III (COL3A1), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), decorin, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) was performed as were DNA and total soluble collagen assays. TGF-beta1 and PDGF-BB concentrations were higher in PRP compared to all other blood products tested. Tendons cultured in 100% PRP showed enhanced gene expression of the matrix molecules COL1A1, COL3A1, and COMP with no concomitant increase in the catabolic molecules MMP-3 and MMP-13. These findings support in vivo investigation of PRP as an autogenous, patient-side treatment for tendonitis.
Parameter reduction for stable dynamical systems based on Hankel singular values and sensitivity analysis

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of reducing insignificant or redundant information in parameter sets associated with fundamental models of dynamical systems. Whilst these parameters are important for describing physical or chemical relationships between the process variables, some of them only provide a marginal contribution to the input–output behavior of the system. Consequently, the identification of the latter parameters is difficult on the basis of recorded process data. Since this important issue has not attracted considerable attention over the past decade, the paper introduces and evaluates three techniques to assess the importance of each parameter to the overall input/output description of the process under study. The three presented methodologies include: (1) parameter reduction where the contribution is measured by Hankel singular values; (2) reduction of the parameter space via singular value decomposition; and (3) a combination of the two techniques, where the number of parameters is reduced in a first step followed by reduction of the parameter space of the remaining parameters. The techniques are first developed for linear systems and an extension to nonlinear models is presented. The three techniques are compared using two case studies, one of which is a benchmark example from the nonlinear control literature.
Las raíces del “Mester de Clerecía”

The study of the “mester de clerecia” has to be made from a panromanic point or view, due to the existing connections between the Spanish poems and their counterparts written in Romance Languages. From this perspective, our work is focused on analyzing the origins of the tetrastich of monorhyme alexandrines, by exploring its Latin antecedents in the hymns and in the creation of “tropos” and “prosas”, forms considered by researchers as the first romance samples associated with the tetrastich. This study wants to contribute with new data to the confirmation of these relationships, by the analysis of one of the “tropos”: a provenzal version of the Epitres farcies de Saint Etienne , which combines Latin texts with strophes glossed in vernacular. One of these strophes shows revealing data related to the origin of our “mester”.
Application and feasibility of coal fly ash and scrap tire fiber as wood wall insulation supplements in residential buildings

Each year, nearly 55% of the fly ash (FA) produced by coal burning power plants in the United States is disposed of in landfills and ash ponds, while the amount of recycled fiber from scrap tires that is beneficially used in end-user markets is virtually negligible. This paper presents the results of a study carried out to investigate whether it might be possible to increase the thermal efficiency of a light-frame residential structure through addition of a fly ash-scrap tire fiber composite to traditional fiberglass insulation in light-frame wood residential construction. This type of construction represents more than 80% of the building stock in North America. The results of this study suggest that the fly ash-scrap tire fiber composite provides a sustainable supplement to traditional insulation that not only increases the efficiency of traditional insulation but can also help significantly reduce the environmental issues associated with disposal of these waste products.
On the possibility of observing electron-phonon UMKLAPP-processes in photoconductive spectral response of semiconductors

Abstract Dips in the photoconductive spectral response of many-valleyed semiconductors at multiples of the intervalley phonon emission threshold energies are predicted; in analogy to the photoconductivity oscillations due to LO phonon interaction observed in many semiconductors. The conditions for a successful experiment are discussed in detail for the case of donor-conduction band transitions in Si.
Beyond the Cells: Scaffold Matrix Character Affects the In Vivo Performance of Purified Adipocyte Fat Grafts

Background Little attention has been focused on the effect of fat graft structure on in vivo performance. Having hypothesized that a stable initial graft structure was important to fat graft take—similar to the importance of shear minimization in the take of skin grafts—we have previously shown that purified adipocytes suspended in a resorbable protein matrix (GFR Matrigel; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) improved in vivo graft longevity. Objective In the present study, the importance of the matrix composition was assessed. Methods Age- and sex-matched genetically identical mice were implanted with fat grafts consisting of the same number of purified adult adipocytes mixed with either PuraMatrix (simple peptide hydrogel; 3DM, Cambridge, MA) or GFR Matrigel (basement membrane proteins). Control grafts composed of GFR Matrigel alone, PuraMatrix alone, or syringe-harvested (unpurified) fat alone were also injected. Volume measurements and histologic sections were taken at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Results Purified fat/GFR Matrigel grafts showed statistically greater longevity and volume maintenance versus all other groups. Conclusions Differences in matrix composition in this study were associated with profound changes in graft longevity and volume maintenance. These results suggest that cell–extracellular matrix interactions play an important role in graft survival. Future research into the nature of these interactions may provide an avenue for optimizing fat graft outcomes.
Paper electrophoretic study of serum proteins in children with leukemia.

Summary 1. Serum protein analyses by paper electrophoresis on twenty-three children with leukemia have been presented. 2. Normal serum protein patterns were frequently observed. Variations from normal consisted of low albumin and gamma globulin and occasionally an increase in alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulins in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. In acute myelogenous leukemia a decrease in the albumin fraction and an increase in alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulins occurred. A low albumin and beta globulin and occasional elevation of the alpha 2 globulin were sometimes seen in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. The one patient studied with chronic lymphocytic leukemia showed a normal serum protein pattern. 3. The mean values for each serum protein constituent in each group of leukemia patients studied fell within the normal range; however, wide variations from the mean plus or minus (±) 1.96 standard deviations of the mean were encountered. 4. No direct correlation could be made between the alteration of serum protein constituents and the drugs employed in the therapy of these patients except for a decrease in the albumin fraction during steroid therapy. 5. Alterations in the normal serum protein fractions in patients with leukemia is probably of a nonspecific nature and may be related to tissue destruction, fever, or infection. 6. Changes in the electrophoretic serum protein components in the present study were of little value in the diagnosis of leukemia; however, the presence of abnormal patterns may lead one to suspect a relapse and progression of the disease.
A precise measurement of the cosmic microwave background temperature from optical observations of interstellar CN

Very precise observations (with S/N greater than 2000) of the 3874-angstrom band of interstellar CN toward zeta Per and omicron Per are presented. In the zeta Oph, zeta Per, and omicron Per lines of sight, the saturation-corrected CN line strengths yield respective excitation temperatures of 2.72 plus or minus 0.05 K, 2.76 plus or minus 0.05 K, and 2.78 plus or minus 0.07 K for the J = 0-1 rotational transition at 2.64 mm. By confirming the blackbody character of the cosmic microwave background spectrum at wavelengths near the peak of its flux, the simplest explanation of the background as primeval fireball radiation from a hot bang is reinforced.
Comparison of angiographic center and local site analysis of PTCA results in a multicenter angioplasty‐restenosis trial

We compared three methods of coronary stenosis (S) sizing in a multihospital PTCA restenosis trial: visual analysis by independent observers, single point caliper measurements, and quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). Cine films from 50 patients were submitted from the clinical site to the quantitative angiographic center, where visual analysis and computer quantitation were performed. Regression analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of .857 for caliper vs. QCA (p less than .0001) and .876 for visual observation vs. QCA (p less than .0001). No significant differences were found between any of the 3 methods for pre- or post-PTCA stenosis values. However, QCA yielded smaller PTCA changes in stenosis severity than either caliper or visual observation (p less than .05). Both caliper and visual methods correlated well with QCA in assessing stenosis size pre- and post-PTCA. Trained observers can visually assess lesion severity with accuracy approaching QCA. QCA is likely to be less expensive when compared to visual analysis by three experienced observers and should be the method used for estimating the results of PTCA in clinical trials.
“Never been done before”—Consultative issues in innovative therapies

The transition of a medical or surgical procedure from impossible to standard therapy requires a stage of experimentation, during which research priorities must be balanced with the interests of the patient. This paper examines such a "first case," and the interpersonal and group dynamics that play a part in the choice of a specific patient to be the first to receive that procedure.
Description of hypersensitivity adverse events following administration of heparin that was potentially contaminated with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate in early 2008.

Purpose To characterize the nature of a heparin contaminant's clinical effects in cases reported to the Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). The FDA received reports of heparin-associated adverse events (AEs) starting in late 2007–early 2008 during a national investigation of allergic-type events. The investigation identified Baxter Healthcare-brand heparin product due to its strongest association with the events. Later, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS), a heparin-like contaminant, was discovered. Methods This study was a case series of heparin reports in AERS received 1 January 2008 to 31 March 2008. Variables considered were frequency of treatment settings, AEs, mortality; as well as heparin dose and OSCS contamination. Results Five hundred seventy-four AERS cases (unduplicated reports) were identified and included. Of 94 cases with a fatal outcome, 68 reported at least one AE term from the list used to identify an allergic-type event. Nearly 75% of AEs in cases of IV administration (n = 170/233) reportedly occurred within 10 minutes, whereas over half of subcutaneous administration cases (n = 13/23) resulted in times-to-event of greater than 24 hours. Although cases with a time-to-event of less than 10 minutes appeared to correlate with higher levels of OSCS contamination, no clear differences were noted between high- and low-to-absent OSCS concentration lots with respect to AEs observed. Conclusions Intravenous administration and a higher OSCS concentration appeared to correlate with a more rapid onset of event. The FDA continues to monitor AEs associated with heparin use and has taken appropriate regulatory action to ensure a safe heparin drug supply. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A canine model of coronary artery thrombosis with superimposed high grade stenosis for the investigation of rethrombosis after thrombolysis

Abstract A canine model was developed to investigate coronary artery thrombolysis and reocclusion in the setting of endothelial cell damage and fixed stenosis, which simulate anatomic features occurring in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In open chest dogs, endothelial cell damage was produced in the left anterior descending coronary artery by external compression with blunt forceps, >90% stenosis was obtained by an external constrictor and thrombosis was induced by instillation of thrombin and fresh blood in an isolated arterial segment. In the absence of stenosis, intravenous infusion of 750,000 U of streptokinase over 1 h caused reperfusion in five of six dogs in 34 ± 25 min (mean ± SD). Urokinase, 600,000 U intravenously over 30 min followed by 600,000 U over 30 min by the intracoronary route, induced reperfusion in three of four dogs in 65 ± 23 min. Recombinant two chain tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) (G11021), infused intravenously at a rate of 15 μg/kg per min for 30 min or until reflow, induced reperfusion in all 12 dogs in 28 ± 13 min. In the absence of coronary artery stenosis, spontaneous reocclusion did not occur within 2 h after the end of the infusion. In the presence of the coronary artery constrictor, which reduced the blood flow to 40 ± 10% of baseline, streptokinase, urokinase and rt-PA caused coronary thrombolysis to proceed at comparable or only slightly slower rates. Cyclical reocclusion during or after the end of infusion of these thrombolytic agents, caused by platelet-rich thrombus, was almost invariably observed, generally within 30 min after the onset of reperfusion. It is concluded that this canine model simulates several characteristic features of coronary artery thrombosis in human patients and, therefore, appears to be useful for the study of both the potency of thrombolytic agents and strategies for the prevention of reocclusion after coronary artery thrombolysis.
Share and Share Ali Ke: Inheritance Patterns in Two Illinois Farm Communities:

How families choose to transfer resources to the next generation is shown to be determined by goals and priorities derived from ethnocultural values. Two ethnically distinct Illinois farm communiti...
Pilus biogenesis via the chaperone/usher pathway: an integration of structure and function.

Abstract The molecular basis of how pathogenic bacteria cause disease has been studied by blending a well-developed genetic system with X-ray crystallography, protein chemistry, high resolution electron microscopy, and cell biology. Microbial attachment to host tissues is one of the key events in the early stages of most bacterial infections. Attachment is typically mediated by adhesins that are assembled into hair-like fibers called pili on bacterial surfaces. This article focuses on the structure–function correlates of P pili, which are produced by most pyelonephritic strains ofEscherichia coli.P pili are assembled via a chaperone/usher pathway. Similar pathways are responsible for the assembly of over 30 adhesive organelles in various Gram-negative pathogens. P pilus biogenesis has been used as a model system to elucidate common themes in bacterial pathogenesis, namely, the protein folding, secretion, and assembly of virulence factors. The structural basis for pilus biogenesis is discussed as well as the function and consequences of microbial attachment.
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: diversity in America.

Abstract Background Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a potentially life-threatening complication of thyrotoxicosis, characterized by hypokalemia and muscle paralysis. Objective TPP, although becoming more prevalent in western countries, is still often not recognized due to lack of familiarity and the subtlety of the thyrotoxic symptoms. Early recognition by emergency physicians can prevent potential mortality. Case Report A 23-year-old Vietnamese male presented with a 2-h history of complete flaccid quadriplegia and chest tightness. Electrolyte studies revealed a critical potassium level of 1.4 mmol/L. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit where further workup revealed thyrotoxicosis and the patient was subsequently diagnosed with TPP. Conclusions TPP should always be considered as a differential in patients, especially in young males of Asian descent with lower-limb paralysis or weakness. We present this case, followed by a review of the literature.
H2O2-induced dilation in human coronary arterioles: Role of protein kinase G dimerization and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel activation

Rationale:Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) serves as a key endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor mediating flow-induced dilation in human coronary arterioles (HCAs). The precise mechanisms by which H2O2 elicits smooth muscle hyperpolarization are not well understood. An important mode of action of H2O2 involves the oxidation of cysteine residues in its target proteins, including protein kinase G (PKG)-Iα, thereby modulating their activities. Objective:Here we hypothesize that H2O2 dilates HCAs through direct oxidation and activation of PKG-Iα leading to the opening of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel and subsequent smooth muscle hyperpolarization. Methods and Results:Flow and H2O2 induced pressure gradient/concentration-dependent vasodilation in isolated endothelium-intact and -denuded HCAs, respectively. The dilation was largely abolished by iberiotoxin, a BKCa channel blocker. The PKG inhibitor Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP also markedly inhibited flow- and H2O2-induced dilation, whereas the solub...
Functional Behavior Assessment Training in Public Schools: Facilitating Systemic Change

The disciplinary regulations of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 imposed new demands on educators. These include the requirement to conduct functional behavioral a...
Student Achievement in the Cisco Networking Academy: Performance in the CCNA1 Course

This paper examines the student, program delivery and school factors that influenced student achievement in the Cisco Networking Academy. The Academy uses the Internet to distribute a centrally developed curriculum and standards-based online testing, and combines that with local instructors who teach classes to students. This study, conducted with 10,371 students at 1,651 schools, found that individual student ability, gender, age, and motivation were the most important influences on student achievement. Instruction quality was also important, but unlike prior studies, the impact of school level factors was small. We conclude that this combination of centralized curriculum, standards-based testing, and local instruction worked equally well in a variety of environments and enabled students to reach their own potential.
Effect of hydroxyapatite particles on stem cell response in nanofiber scaffolds

Rotator cuff tears are among the most common shoulder injuries that require surgery. High failure rates of biological graft-based repairs underscore the need for functional alternatives. Specifically, functional grafts must incorporate the gradient of mineralization from tendon to bone in order to be biomimetic. In this study, effects of varying concentrations of mineral content in aligned nanofiber scaffolds on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are evaluated. It is hypothesized that mineral content will regulate cell response, matrix deposition, and integrin gene expression. hMSC were seeded on aligned nanofiber scaffolds of polylactide-co-glycolide with 0%, 10%, and 15% hydroxyapatite content, and were maintained in chondrogenic medium. Cell proliferation (n=5), collagen deposition (n=5), and gene expression (n=5) for Collagen X, Sox9, osteopontin, osteonectin, and osteocalcin were determined over 42 days. Cell number was found to differ between the non-mineralized and mineralized groups. Significant increase in collagen deposition over time was observed in mineralized scaffold groups, and the 15% group showing significantly higher deposition than the 0% group by day 42. Lower expressions of chondrocyte hyperotrophy marker Collagen X and chondrogenic marker Sox9 and maintained high expressions of osteogenic markers osteopontin, osteonectin, and osteocalcin suggest an osteogenic lineage for the stem cells. In conclusion, addition of HA particles influenced hMSC proliferation, matrix deposition, and may induce an osteogenic differentiation response from the stem cells.
The Effects of an Anti-Coagulant Rat Poison on the Growing Chicken

Abstract THE problem of rodents in chicken houses demands the attention of poultrymen. Indiscreet use of rodenticides poses a possible hazard to poultry. It is important to evaluate the relative toxicity of these commercial products, because they may become inadvertently available to poultry on certain occasions. Kalmbach (1945) found that the rodenticide sodium fluoroacetate, popularly known as “1080,” was exceedingly toxic to a variety of small mammals, and pointed out that caution should be exercised in instances where its usage might make it available to farm animals. The LD 50% dosage for White Leghorn hens was determined as 10.00 mg. per kg. feed. Cottral, Dibble and Winton (1947) found the maximum tolerant and dosage of “1080” for White Leghorns of 2 to 4 months age or 1 to 2½ years age, to be between 4.0 and 5.0 mg. per kg. of feed. It was reported that all chickens dying of “1080”…
Microbial colonization influences early B-lineage development in the gut lamina propria

Primary B-cell development is thought to be restricted to the bone marrow; here it is shown to occur also in intestinal tissues of postnatal mice, that it peaks at the time of weaning and is increased upon colonization of germ-free mice, and is thus influenced by commensal microbes. Primary B-cell development is thought to be restricted to the bone marrow, but here Frederick Alt and colleagues present the surprising finding that it also occurs in the gut, where it is stimulated by the gut microbes. The authors describe a population of early B-lineage cells developing within the intestinal mucosa — specifically in the lamina propria — of postnatal mice. B-cell production peaks at the time of weaning and is increased upon colonization of germ-free mice. The repertoire of these B cells differs from that of cells derived from the bone marrow, and may be shaped by commensal microbes. The RAG1/RAG2 endonuclease (RAG) initiates the V(D)J recombination reaction that assembles immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chain variable region exons from germline gene segments to generate primary antibody repertoires1. IgH V(D)J assembly occurs in progenitor (pro-) B cells followed by that of IgL in precursor (pre-) B cells. Expression of IgH μ and IgL (Igκ or Igλ) chains generates IgM, which is expressed on immature B cells as the B-cell antigen-binding receptor (BCR). Rag expression can continue in immature B cells2, allowing continued Igκ V(D)J recombination that replaces the initial VκJκ exon with one that generates a new specificity3,4,5. This ‘receptor editing’ process, which can also lead to Igλ V(D)J recombination and expression3,6,7, provides a mechanism whereby antigen encounter at the Rag-expressing immature B-cell stage helps shape pre-immune BCR repertoires. As the major site of postnatal B-cell development, the bone marrow is the principal location of primary immunoglobulin repertoire diversification in mice. Here we report that early B-cell development also occurs within the mouse intestinal lamina propria (LP), where the associated V(D)J recombination/receptor editing processes modulate primary LP immunoglobulin repertoires. At weanling age in normally housed mice, the LP contains a population of Rag-expressing B-lineage cells that harbour intermediates indicative of ongoing V(D)J recombination and which contain cells with pro-B, pre-B and editing phenotypes. Consistent with LP-specific receptor editing, Rag-expressing LP B-lineage cells have similar VH repertoires, but significantly different Vκ repertoires, compared to those of Rag2-expressing bone marrow counterparts. Moreover, colonization of germ-free mice leads to an increased ratio of Igλ-expressing versus Igκ-expressing B cells specifically in the LP. We conclude that B-cell development occurs in the intestinal mucosa, where it is regulated by extracellular signals from commensal microbes that influence gut immunoglobulin repertoires.
Strain-Release Assembly of Nanowires on Stretchable Substrates

A simple yet effective method for assembly of highly aligned nanowires (NWs) on stretchable substrates is reported. In this method, NWs were first transferred to a strained stretchable substrate. After the strain was released, the NWs aligned in the transverse direction and the area coverage of the NWs on the substrate increased. This method can be applied to any NWs deposited on a stretchable film and can be repeated multiple times to increase the alignment and density of the NWs. For silver (Ag) and silicon (Si) NWs on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates, the probability of NW alignment increased from 29% to 90% for Ag NWs, and from 25% to 88% for Si NWs after two assembly steps; the density increased by 60% and 75% for the Ag and Si NWs, respectively. The large-strain elasticity of the substrate and the static friction between the NWs and the substrate play key roles in this assembly method. We find that a model that takes into account the volume incompressibility of PDMS reliably predicts the degree of NW alignment and NW density. The utility of this assembly method was demonstrated by fabricating a strain sensor array composed of aligned Si NWs on a PDMS substrate, with a device yield of 95%.
Digital holography of total internal reflection

We introduce a new microscopy technique termed total internal reflection holographic microscopy (TIRHM). Quantitative phase microscopy by digital holography is used to image the phase profile of light in total internal reflection, which is modulated by the materials present on or near the surface of internal reflection. The imaging characteristics are theoretically modeled and imaging capabilities are experimentally demonstrated.
A low temperature electrolyte for primary Li/CFx batteries

Abstract In this work, a 1:1 by weight blend of acetonitrile (AN) and γ-butyrolactone (BL) was studied as the solvent of low temperature electrolyte for high energy density Li/CF x batteries. Both visual observation and impedance analysis show that metallic Li is kinetically stable in a 0.5 m LiBF 4 1:1 AN/BL electrolyte. This property is attributed to the formation of a protective passivation film on the surface of metallic Li, and it has been successfully used to develop the low temperature electrolyte for Li/CF x cells. It is shown that the cell with such an electrolyte outperforms the control cell with 0.5 m LiBF 4 1:1 (wt.) propylene carbonate (PC)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolyte in both power capability and low temperature discharge performance. Impedance analyses reveal that the improved discharge performance is attributed to the reduction in both the bulk resistance and cell reaction resistance of the Li/CF x cell, which is related to the high ionic conductivity of the AN/BL electrolyte. Due to the chemical incompatibility between metallic Li and AN at high temperatures, the storage and operation temperature for the Li/CF x cells with 0.5 m LiBF 4 1:1 AN/BL electrolyte is limited to or below ambient temperature (30 °C).
Developing a program, a curriculum, a scenario.

Abstract Simulation in obstetrics and maternal–fetal medicine is an educational tool that can be employed to address local and national learning objectives for residents and fellows. Simulation may also be incorporated as part of a comprehensive patient safety program to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Our objective is to identify steps in designing an effective simulation program, curricula, and scenario using available evidence and drawing on experience. Identification of needs, leadership, and financial and logistic resources is the first step in program design. An appropriate curriculum may be crafted with the intended audience and clear learning objectives in mind. Simulation scenario design is best achieved in a stepwise, layered fashion and must incorporate time for debriefing, feedback, and didactics. Simulation programs of any size, budget, and scope can be successfully implemented at the local, regional, and national levels to enhance education and improve patient safety.
Characterization of chemical libraries for luciferase inhibitory activity.

To aid in the interpretation of high-throughput screening (HTS) results derived from luciferase-based assays, we used quantitative HTS, an approach that defines the concentration−response behavior of each library sample, to profile the ATP-dependent luciferase from Photinus pyralis against more than 70 000 samples. We found that approximately 3% of the library was active, containing only compounds with inhibitory concentration−responses, of which 681 (0.9%) exhibited IC50 < 10 µM. Representative compounds were shown to inhibit purified P. pyralis as well as several commercial luciferase-based detection reagents but were found to be largely inactive against Renilla reniformis luciferase. Light attenuation by the samples was also examined and found to be more prominent in the blue-shifted bioluminescence produced by R. reniformis luciferase than in the bioluminescence produced by P. pyralis luciferase. We describe the structure−activity relationship of the luciferase inhibitors and discuss the use of this d...
Myopericytoma of the kidney

Myopericytoma is a rare, histologically distinctive tumor that shows evidence of differentiation toward perivascular myoid cells. Myopericytoma is largely considered a neoplasm of skin and soft tissues, with examples of this lesion involving visceral sites being extremely limited. We present the clinical and pathologic details of an unusual case of myopericytoma occurring in the kidney. Histologically, the tumor was richly vascularized and composed of a perivascular proliferation of oval to spindle-shaped cells with bland cytologic features. The neoplastic cells were arranged in a concentric fashion around vascular lumina and also surrounded dilated, branching vessels, with a glomangiopericytomatous appearance. Mitotic figures were inconspicuous, and necrosis was absent. Perivascular myoid differentiation was supported by positive immunoreactivity for muscle-specific and smooth muscle actins, and absence of reactivity for desmin. The present case serves to expand the anatomical distribution of myopericytoma and also broadens the spectrum of primary mesenchymal neoplasms that may be encountered in the kidney.
Recent loss of plastid-encoded ndh genes within Erodium (Geraniaceae)

Plastid genomes in the flowering plant family Geraniaceae are known to be highly rearranged based on complete sequences representing the four major genera Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, and Pelargonium. In this paper we report on the genome sequence of a second species of Erodium, E. carvifolium, representing the second major clade (clade II) in the phylogeny of this genus. Comparison of this genome sequence to the previously published sequence of E. texanum from clade I demonstrates that the plastid genomes of these two species encode the same number of proteins but differ greatly in their relative degree of rearrangement; 14 kb of additional sequence in E. texanum contains complex repeats associated with rearrangement endpoints, whereas the plastid genome of E. carvifolium is streamlined at 116 kb and displays no unique alterations in gene order. Furthermore, these species from both major clades of Erodium contain intact NADH dehydrogenase (ndh) genes, but the 11 ndh genes are represented as pseudogenes in a small clade of 13 species. It is unclear whether plastid-encoded ndh genes have been lost entirely or functionally transferred to the nucleus. This is the third report of the absence of functional ndh genes, and the current study describes the most recent loss of these genes among photosynthetic seed plants and the second such loss among angiosperms. The other ndh losses from Pinaceae/Gnetales and Orchidaceae are much more ancient. Comparative biochemistry between Erodium species with and without plastid-encoded ndh genes may elucidate changes in photosynthetic function and the role of the Ndh complex.
Statistical Analysis of Fourier Transform Estimates: Monte Carlo and Stratified Sampling

We consider the estimation of the Fourier transform of continuous-time deterministic signals from a finite number N of discrete-time non-uniform observations. The primary focus is to investigate the properties of a class of stratified random sampling estimates. We obtain the statistical properties of the estimates including precise expressions and rate of convergence of the mean-square errors. We also optimize over the class in order to obtain the best performance. In particular we show that for finctions with a firstorder continuous derivative, the mean-square estimation error decays precisely at the fast rate of l/N3. This rate is signflcantly higher than the rate of 1/N for standard Monte Carlo. The analytical results are illustrated by numerical examples.
THE SPERM PLUG IS A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF MATING SUCCESS IN FEMALE DUNGENESS CRABS, CANCER MAGISTER

Abstract Exploitation rates for legal-sized (> 159-mm carapace width) male Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister, often reach 90% in the northern California fishery, thus making large male crabs scarce and possibly reducing mating success particularly among large (> 140-mm carapace width) female crabs. Relying on known laboratory molting and presumed mating, we characterized temporal changes in proximal sperm plugs of female C. magister from four days through 323 days following molting and mating. Although sperm plug surface area decreased steadily with increased days following mating, we found that complete sperm plugs and/or sperm plug remnants were present through approximately 180 days post mating, a period exceeding the approximately four month duration of the mating season for Dungeness crabs in northern California. Based on dissection and identification of sperm plug presence, we assessed mating success of female Dungeness crabs at two locations in northern California during June and July 1997, followin...
Determinants of Private Equity Fundraising: An Analysis of Competition, Uncertainty, and Barriers to Entry

We employ a two-stage, n-firm differentiated products framework to examine the effect of competition for investors' capital, uncertainty, and barriers to entry on private equity fundraising. In the first stage, firms simultaneously decide whether or not they will raise capital. Participating firms each pay an identical, fixed setup cost and subsequently compete in Cournot or Bertrand competition to sell partnership units in their funds. Our results help explain the fundraising process through analyses of equilibrium prices, quantities, firm profits, and the consumer surplus.
Emerging Opportunities in High-Energy X-ray Science: The Diffraction-Limited Storage Ring Frontier

The worldwide march to electron storage rings with diffraction-limited photon properties in the X-ray regime is well underway. First out of the gate is MAX-IV in Sweden, scheduled for operation in 2016, followed by SIRIUS in Brazil in 2018; both are greenfield rings operating at 3 GeV with ~520 m circumference and emittances of ~250 pm-rad. They will be followed by the upgrade of ESRF, operating at 6 GeV with a target emittance of 150 pm-rad and operational date of 2020. The upgrade of the APS at Argonne National Laboratory (6 GeV, 60 pm-rad) is anticipated to follow shortly thereafter.
Rubber-Thermoplastic Compositions. Part II. NBR-Nylon Thermoplastic Elastomeric Compositions

Abstract Thermoplastic elaslomeric compositions based on crosslinked NBR and nylon can be produced. A variety of nylons of differing melting points and NBR's of differing AN contents can be used in a broad range of proportions. The compositions can be further altered by the incorporation of fillers and plasticizers. The work indicates that a number of types of nylon-NBR based clastomeric materials, fabricable as thermoplastics and exhibiting good strength and excellent hot oil resistance, can be produced in a range of hardnesses.
A Case of Mistaken Identity: What Happens When Race is a Factor

In an era where black males increasingly lay victim to death at the hands of police officers in the United States, efforts must be made not only to address biases of individuals in power but also to intervene on institutional and structural levels. This paper aims to explore how dynamics of race, power, and a lack of critical consciousness play an instrumental role in a social work intern’s learning process, clinical efficacy, and adherence to professional ethical standards. Using a case vignette situated within the context of an agency setting, this paper follows a white intern’s process working with a black adolescent and his family to highlight decisions made by upper-level management in an agency that were discriminatory, reinforced power differentials, and resulted in interruption of services, lack of client self-determination, and missed educational opportunities for the intern. It addresses implications for clinicians at all stages of training with regard to the role of supervision and the importan...