cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wire-snare technique with distal flow control for coil occlusion of a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt.

Coil occlusion of Blalock-Taussig shunts has been associated with a high rate of device embolization. We describe a technique consisting of transvenous snaring and exteriorization of a guidewire advanced through a modified left Blalock-Taussig shunt, allowing distal shunt flow control and successful coil occlusion of the shunt. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 49:51-54, 2000.
Factor Structure of a Coping Scale Across Two Samples1

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the structure of a coping with illness scale. Two HIV-positive samples from different geographical areas were used to verify the underlying factor structure: a sample of 320 young adults (M age = 20.9 years; 72% males) and a second sample of 273 older adults (M= 38.1 years; 81% females). Exploratory results with the young adult sample assuming correlated factors showed 7 reliable factors; CFA results supported these findings in that sample. Confirmation of the 7 derived subscales using the adult sample was found using CFA, although 2 subscale reliabilities were just below .50. Correlations between the 7 sub-scales and other scales used for construct validation were generally as predicted. Coping similarities and differences between HIV-infected young adult and adult populations are discussed.
Lecture 4: psychogenic erectile dysfunction-a theoretical approach.

In spite of substantial progress in understanding theperipheral mechanisms involved in erection anderectile dysfunction (ED), the key mechanismsrelevant to psychogenic ED have so far eluded us.While helpful attempts have been made to deﬁne thetypes of psychological problem that are found inpsychogenic ED,
Program testing versus proofs of correctness

It is argued that the goal in verification and validation is not correctness, but the detection of the occurrence of errors in the program construction process. Different methods, such as proofs and testing, should not be viewed as competing techniques, but as complementary methods used to detect different kinds of error. Proofs, for example, are appropriate for the detection of logical errors made during algorithm design, but are not appropriate for detecting detailed programming errors. Testing is useful for detecting other kinds of error. Mutation testing, for example, can be used to detect “typographical errors”, such as the use of the wrong arithmetic operator. Functional static analysis can be used to detect decomposition errors in which a programmer working on one part of a system makes a false assumption about the properties of objects that are established in some other part of the system. A brief summary of different methods is given, along with a description of the kind of error classes for which they are appropriate. An integrated approach to verification and validation is suggested in which, error classes are characterized, and methods, identified as being particularly appropriate for such classes, are combined.
Qualitative and quantitative studies of pteridine eye pigments in Drosophila. A statistical analysis of fluorometric data on seven Hawaiian species

Abstract Two dimensional thin layer chromatography followed by fluorometric quantification of pteridine eye pigments promises to be a very useful methodology for biochemical taxonomy to identify the relationships among species of Hawaiian Drosophila. This protocol and the statistical interpretation of the data provide a new way to look at relationships among various species of the Genus Drosophila. They imply new relationships among groups of Drosophila species hot easily detected by other procedures, and also confirms some of the taxonomic relationships between species while at the same time providing a new window to clarify and expand other relationships. With improvements in the methodology, additional species to work with, and more precise environmental data, this tool can greatly expand our understanding of the evolutionary pathways and ecological genetics of the Hawaiian Drosophila.
Luminescence from praseodymium doped AlN thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering and the effect of material structure and thermal annealing on the luminescence

Thin films of Praseodymium doped AlN are deposited on silicon (111) substrates at 77 K and 950 K by rf magnetron sputtering method. About 500–1000 nm thick films are grown at 100–200 watts RF power and 5–8 mTorr nitrogen, using a metal target of Al with Pr. X-rays diffraction results show that films deposited at 77 K are amorphous and those deposited at 950 K are crystalline. Cathodoluminescence studies are performed at room temperature and luminescence peaks are observed in a wide range from ultraviolet to infrared region. The most intense peak is obtained in green at 526 nm from amorphous films as a result from 3P1→3H5 transition. In crystalline films the intense peak was obtain in red at 648 nm as a result from 3P0→3F2 transition. Films are thermally activated at 1300 K for half an hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thermal activation enhances the intensity of luminescence. Two peaks at 488 nm and 505 nm merged after thermal activation, giving rise to a single peak at 495 nm.
The political economy of development: An empirical analysis of the effects of the institutional framework on economic development

Researchers suggest that societies characterized by high levels of political freedom are expected to exhibit significantly higher rates of economic growth than those in which civil liberties and political rights are abridged. In the present study, four sets of national-level data and panel regression analysis are used to examine the relationship between the institutional framework and various measures of economic development. While the results from the full sample support the hypothesis that political freedom enhances economic development, the results obtained from the disaggregated models cast doubts on this conclusion. An important lesson to be learned from the present study is that there is yet no single empirical model of economic development that can be applied to all societies.
Acquisition and maintenance of Sidman avoidance with paired rat subjects

Rat Ss were used to study the acquisition and maintenance of Sidman avoidance as a function of either single or paired training. Ss receiving paired training failed to acquire the leverpress response even after a block of individual training sessions. Within the paired training condition, Ss that were housed separately evidenced better acquisition than Ss housed as pairs. When Ss that were efficiently avoiding under individual training conditions were paired, avoidance was severely disrupted.
Ectopic atrial rhythms in the primate.

Abstract P-wave polarity was studied in small primates during electrical stimulation of both atria. Negative P-waves in Leads II, III, and aV F were obtained during stimulation of the lower right atrium near the inferior vena cava, the lower anterior left atrium near the inferior pulmonary vein, and the infero-posterior left atrium. The P-R interval was affected inconsistently. These studies confirm findings originally observed in the canine and human heart, and call for caution in making the diagnosis of "coronary rhythm" and "left atrial rhythm." The term "ectopic atrial rhythm" seems preferable.
The Rational Unconscious

The most invidious distinction that has ever been made in philosophy is that between mind and matter. It is very old and it has accomplished a great deal of confusion. For consider that we judge between them on the basis of a difference in their reality. Either mind is more real and matter a construction, or matter is more real and mind epiphenomenal. Mind got somewhat spiritualized in the process of separation, and matter was made more crudely actual. As a consequence, men were led to believe either in this world or in the next. If one believed in this world, he did so in terms of creature comforts and pleasures; if in the next, then he was fully prepared to do without them. These beliefs led to some fairly bizarre behavior.
Reactions of diiron enneacarbonyl with pyrylium iodides

Abstract Reaction of Fe2(CO)9 with 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium iodide or 2,6-diphenylpyrylium iodide affords tricarbonyliron products derived from apparent reductive coupling of the pyrylium cation. The regiospecificity of coupling differs in each case.
Adsorption of NO on promoted Ag/α-Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract Nitric oxide was used to probe Ag/ α -Al 2 O 3 epoxidation catalysts. NO dissociated on reduced silver catalysts to oxidize metallic silver sites and desorb N 2 O at 300 K. Uptake measurements and DRIFTS results showed that AgO sites were the principal surface species formed after NO adsorption at 300 K on reduced, unpromoted Ag catalysts, as indicated by the formation of gas-phase N 2 O as well as a value of unity for the NO/O uptake ratio. The formation of nitrite species was time dependent and a weak band due to chelating nitrito was observed after long exposure times for the unpromoted catalyst after reduction at 473 K. On the unpromoted, O-covered Ag surface, NO adsorption produced a band at 1396 cm −1 which was assigned to a nitrate species. Bands at 1238 and 1345 cm −1 , assigned to chelating nitrito and nitrate species, respectively, were detected after NO adsorption on Cs-promoted Ag surfaces reduced at 473 K or covered with chemisorbed oxygen following reduction at 673 K. Only the 1238 cm −1 band was observed after NO adsorption on the Cs-promoted catalyst following reduction at 673 K, and this band was the only absorption feature after NO adsorption on a Ag surface promoted with both Cs and Cl, regardless of the pretreatment. In the presence of Cs, all results indicated that the chemistry of oxygen at the Ag surface was different and more oxygen existed on the surface. The presence of surface oxygen enhanced NO x adsorption, and the presence of both Cl and Cs may decrease the surface concentration of nucleophilic oxygen, which forms nitrate species. After O 2 and NO coadsorption on unpromoted Ag, the O 2 desorption peak was shifted 100 K higher to 660 K. When NO was adsorbed in the presence of gas-phase O 2 , bulk Ag nitrate was a dominant species.
A Spatiotemporal Correlation Technique to Improve Satellite Rainfall Accumulation

AbstractA spatiotemporal correlation technique has been developed to combine satellite rainfall measurements using the spatial and temporal correlation of the rainfall fields to overcome problems of limited and infrequent measurements while accounting for the measurement accuracies. The relationship between the temporal and spatial correlation of the rainfall field is exploited to provide information about rainfall beyond instantaneous measurements. The technique is developed using synthetic radar data. Nine months of Operational Program for the Exchange of Weather Radar (OPERA) data are used on grid sizes of 100, 248, and 500 km with pixel resolutions of 8, 12, and 24 km to simulate satellite fields of view and are then applied to the real satellite data over the Southwest to calculate 3-h rainfall accumulations. The results are compared with the simple averaging technique, which takes a simple mean of the measurements as a constant rainfall rate over the entire accumulation period. Using synthetic data,...
A Method of Directly Demodulating Color Signals

Color TV signal evolution is examined from a sampling encoder (modulator) viewpoint. This logically leads to an analysis of decoding (demodulating) the NTSC color signal with sampling techniques. In the process of enumerating and solving the problems that arise by attempting to demodulate by time - interruption of the signal, basic concepts relating to direct demodulation of the NTSC signal are derived.
A Method for Associating Patterns of Motion in Events from Video: A Case Study

Representing, associating, interpreting and learning behavioral patterns and rules from observation is always a challenging research problem for cognitive systems and human computer interaction. This problem becomes more difficult in complex environments with many unexpected behavioral patterns from objects, or cells, or individuals or small group of people acting under certain plans at the same time in different locations. This paper targets the development of a novel synergistic methodology for automatically monitoring, representing,, associating and interpreting behavioral patterns and activities, and learning rules from complex environments using videos.
Hypericum perforatum—Chemical profiling and quantitative results of St. John's Wort products by an improved high-performance liquid chromatography method

The analysis of flavonoids, naphthodianthrones, and the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin in H. perforatum is described in this article. In a 35-min HPLC run nine major compounds could be identified and baseline separated in the methanolic plant extracts. For an optimum separation the mobile phase consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) and an acetonitrile/methanol mixture; a Synergi MAX-RP 80 A column (C-12 material) was used as stationary phase. Detection was performed at 270 nm, and the identity of the compounds was confirmed in an LC-MS experiment. Commercial St. John's Wort products were analyzed and qualitative and quantitative results are discussed. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:623–630, 2002
Gas Turbine Inlet Filtration System Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Gas turbine inlet filtration systems play an important role in the operation and life of gas turbines. There are many factors that must be considered when selecting and installing a new filtration system or upgrading an existing system. The filter engineer must consider the efficiency of the filtration system, particles sizes to be filtered, the maintenance necessary over the life of the filtration system, acceptable pressure losses across the filtration system, required availability and reliability of the gas turbine, and how the filtration system affects this, washing schemes for the turbine, and the initial cost of any new filtration systems or upgrades. A life cycle cost analysis provides a fairly straightforward method to analyze the lifetime costs of inlet filtration systems, and it provides a method to directly compare different filter system options. This paper reviews the components of a gas turbine inlet filtration system life cycle cost analysis and discusses how each factor can be quantified as a lifetime cost. In addition, an example analysis, which is used to select a filtration system for a new gas turbine installation, is presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Integration workshop: SYSIM: a simulation tool for systolic processors

A simulation tool for systolic processor design has been built. The tool is implemented using synchronous communicating processes. The simulation language allows for hierarchical definition of processor cells. Both high-level and low-level operations can be defined in the system for ease of simulation. Off-line and interactive simulation are possible.
NASA SmallSat modular hardware and software standardization

The NASA Explorers Program has initiated a study with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) for the purpose of invigorating the Small Explorer (SMEX) program. The goal of this study was to introduce innovative approaches to lower cost and improve the performance of spacecraft and instrument platforms suitable for future small satellite (SmallSat) missions.
Abnormal causal attribution leads to advantageous economic decision-making: A neuropsychological approach

People tend to assume that outcomes are caused by dispositional factors, for example, a person's constitution or personality, even when the actual cause is due to situational factors, for example, luck or coincidence. This is known as the "correspondence bias." This tendency can lead normal, intelligent persons to make suboptimal decisions. Here, we used a neuropsychological approach to investigate the neural basis of the correspondence bias, by studying economic decision-making in patients with damage to the ventromedial pFC vmPFC. Given the role of the vmPFC in social cognition, we predicted that vmPFC is necessary for the normal correspondence bias. In our experiment, consistent with expectations, healthy n = 46 and brain-damaged n = 30 comparison participants displayed the correspondence bias during economic decision-making and invested no differently when given dispositional or situational information. By contrast, vmPFC patients n = 17 displayed a lack of correspondence bias and invested more when given dispositional than situational information. The results support the conclusion that vmPFC is critical for normal social inference and the correspondence bias. The findings help clarify the important and sometimes disadvantageous role of social inference in economic decision-making.
Integrated tunable liquid optical fiber

We present an integrated tunable liquid-core/liquid-cladding (L2) optical fiber, based on a novel three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing scheme that enables the production of a tunable circular liquid core located in the center of the channel, regardless of the flow-rate ratio of the cladding and core liquids.
Meadow Voles and Prairie Voles Differ in the Length of Time They Prefer the Top‐Scent Donor of an Over‐Mark

Scent over-marking occurs when one individual places its scent mark on top of one deposited by a conspecific. Studies have shown that animals investigating an over-mark later behave as if the top-scent mark is more important than the bottom-scent mark. Differences in response to over-marks may reflect differences in social and mating systems. Here, we ascertained the length of time that meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), exposed to an over-mark, maintain a preference for the mark of the top-scent donor compared with that of the bottom-scent donor. If voles had no previous sexual experience with their top-scent and bottom-scent donors, male and female meadow voles maintained a preference for their top-scent donor’s mark over their bottom-scent donor’s mark for 48 h. In contrast, male and female prairie voles maintained such preferences for 24 h and 12 h, respectively. If voles had prior sexual experience with either their top- or bottom-scent donor, such experience did not affect the length of time meadow voles and male prairie voles maintained a preference for their top-scent donor. Female prairie voles maintained a 12-h preference for the top-scent mark if it belonged to the mate. If the mate was the bottom-scent donor, female prairie voles showed no preference for it or the top-scent mark. These findings are discussed within the framework that an association may exist between the manner in which voles respond to over-marks and their social and mating systems.
Product architecture assessment: a tool to link product, process, and supply chain design decisions

Increasingly heterogeneous markets, together with shorter product life cycles, are forcing many companies to simultaneously compete in the three domains of product, process, and supply chain. Dependencies among decisions across these domains make this competitive situation very complex. To address this complexity, three-dimensional concurrent engineering (3D-CE) has been suggested ([Fine, C.H., 1998. Clockspeed—Winning Industry Control in the Age of Temporary Advantage. Perseus Books, Reading, MA.]). Applying 3D-CE requires an operationalization of one of its core elements: the product architecture. In this paper, I develop a multi-dimensional framework that enables comprehensive product architecture assessments. The framework builds on existing product characteristic concepts such as component commonality, product platforms, and product modularity. The framework’s utility is illustrated with two example products, showing how individual product architecture dimensions link decisions across different domains. This framework can be used to focus advice for product design on product architecture dimensions that are critical for a given operational strategy, to assess advantages and limitations of operational strategies in conjunction with given product architectures, or to develop dynamic capabilities such as planning effective product–operation strategy combinations. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A 106dB audio digital-to-analog converter employing segment flipping technology combined with cascaded dynamic element matching

A 106dB stereo audio digital-to-analog converter having high power supply rejection and reduced jitter sensitivity using newly developed segment flipping technology combined with cascaded dynamic element matching is presented. Current source has high power supply rejection as a segment, however it has worse mismatch characteristics than other commonly used segment device such as resistor and capacitor. Proposed segment flipping technology combined with cascaded dynamic element matching highly reduces the mismatch problems enough to increase the number of current segments for higher jitter tolerance. A 106dB stereo audio digital-to-analog converter using proposed technologies, having high tolerance against power supply noise and clock jitter, is designed, and the fabricated device shows 106.1dB SNR, 104.6dB channel separation, and 0.0018% THD+N at full scale input within 3.39mm/sup 2/ die area.
Longevity of Ortho Creme (R) and Gynol II (R) in the contraceptive diaphragm

Abstract A literature review yielded no scientific basis for the currently accepted recommendations on the length of time spermicides used with diaphragms continue to kill sperm. Twelve volunteers provided 68 spermicide samples representing 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours of in vivo insertion in a contraceptive diaphragm using Ortho Creme (R), Gynol II (R), and vehicle controls. Testing for continued spermicidal effect was performed in the laboratory using quality semen from 2 donors and employing the Multiple Exposure Photography system of semen analysis. Results showed effective spermicidal action after 12 hours of insertion, mixed effectiveness after 18 hours, and poor effectiveness after 24 hours with both products, with Ortho Creme (R) being more effective in the longer insertions. Placebo jelly enhanced spenn activity while placebo creme had a moderate inhibitory effect. Recommendations for further study are made.
Reynolds Number Effects on the Turbulence Field in Compressible Boundary Layers

Detailed experiments were conducted in a zero pressure gradient, supersonic turbulent boundary layer, including measurements of the three components of velocity fluctuations and the turbulent shear stress, for Reynolds numbers ranging from 11.7 million to 105 million at a freestream Mach number of 2.3. The mean flow measurements established the fully developed and equilibrium nature of the boundary layer. Measurements of the turbulence field show that the vertical and transverse fluctuations are essentially equal throughout the boundary layer at all Reynolds numbers, a feature that is different from observations in incompressible flows. The data show that the boundary layer exhibits similarity in the turbulence profiles for the entire Reynolds number range and agrees with previous compressible and incompressible data using Morkovin's scaling to account for compressibility effects.
Crack‐Interface Grain Bridging as a Fracture Resistance Mechanism in Ceramics: II, Theoretical Fracture Mechanics Model

A fracture mechanics model is developed for nontransforming ceramics that show an increasing toughness with crack extension (R-curve, or T-curve, behavior). The model derives from the observations in Part I, treating the increased crack resistance as the cumulative effect of grain bridging restraints operating behind the advancing tip. An element of discreteness is incorporated into the formal distribution function for the crack-plane restraining stresses, to account for the primary discontinuities in the observed crack growth. A trial forceseparation function for the local bridge microrupture process is adopted, such that an expression for the microstructureassociated crack driving (or rather, crack closing) force may be obtained in analytical form. The description can be made to fit the main trends in the measured toughness curve for a coarse-grained alumina. Parametric evaluations from such fits conveniently quantify the degree and spatial extent of the toughening due to the bridging. These parameters could be useful in materials characterization and design. It is suggested that the mechanics formulation should be especially applicable to configurations with short cracks or flaws, as required in strength analysis.
Adaptation and software architecture

1. ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the need to adapt software components and software architectures. Too often, examples from the literature avoid the difficult problem of constructing a software system from sets of (possibly independently constructed) software components. Consider the following example: given a set of components, an application builder attempts to construct a software system. Along the way, however, some components are adapted with new code to suit the requirements of the final application. If the components have architectural specifications, how are these adaptations reflected? In particular, changes in the component implementation (i.e., new classes, modified methods, new lines of code) must be reflected in the specification of the component (i.e., ports). This problem is more important than simply keeping documentation synchronized with software -the architectural description of a software system is essential in understanding the interconnections between the various software components. 1.1
A rib optical waveguide with cutoff mesa isolation

A rib optical waveguide using the concept of optical cutoff to provide isolation between adjacent waveguides in a photonic integrated circuit is disclosed. Due to the evanescent nature of light propagation in cutoff waveguides, this cutoff mesa rib waveguide permits fabrication of single-moded rib waveguides with minimal self-interference and crosstalk by means of light guided in a remaining slab waveguide. Design rules are given and operation of a single-moded cut-off mesa rib waveguide and an MZI using this waveguide are demonstrated.
Mode S data link applications for general aviation

The Mode S data link is a high capacity air/ground digital communications system that can deliver information to the cockpit in a form that will significantly improve pilot situational awareness and aircraft utility. The FAA is deploying Mode S surveillance sensors with data link capability at 143 sites across the United States. Three Mode S data link applications: Traffic Information Service, Text Weather Service, and Graphical Weather Service have been developed to meet the specific needs of General Aviation. Traffic Information Service uses the surveillance capability inherent in the Mode S sensor to provide the pilot with a display of nearby traffic. Text Weather Service and Graphical Weather Service provide a means to deliver real-time weather text and graphics to the cockpit. An additional Mode S data link application, the use of the Mode S quitter for Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B), also offers significant benefits to GA. Low-cost avionics have been developed to support these, and other Mode S data link applications for General Aviation.
Borderline Clients: Practice Implications of Recent Research

Current research on treatment of borderline clients with medication, individual counseling, and family interventions is reviewed. Recent studies indicate that the borderline personality is a heterogeneous condition in which different underlying disorders (affective, schizotypal, and neurological) may be present. Research on biological treatments has shown that a range of medications may be helpful depending on the biological substrate of the borderline disorder. Research on psychotherapeutic and socioenvironmental approaches indicates that providing a structured, supportive, consistent "holding" environment is helpful for most borderline clients, whereas intensive psychodynamic therapy is effective [corrected] for only a small subset. Behavioral interventions have been effective in reducing parasuicidal (self-destructive) behaviors that are characteristic of the borderline client.
Ayurvedic Psychotherapy: Transposed Signs, Parodied Selves

I am sitting around a table in an Ayurvedic hospital in North India with a psychologist, a doctor, the office gopher and a patient, a student in her early twenties. The patient, who has been here before, complains of pain in her lower back. The psychologist inquires after her sister and explains to the doctor that the sister has many mental problems. The psychologist, doctor and gopher take several minutes to discuss anxiety and depression while the patient sits silently. The psychologist talks about the need for a counseling and guidance center for students. Then the psychologist examines the patient's case form and comments that she is extremely "sensitive," using the English word ("bahut zyada sensitif). The young woman says she is sleeping fitfully. The psychologist suggests that she have a positive outlook and tell herself that everything will be okay. She reassures her that the physical pain she is experiencing will go away. They discuss the patient's career plans. She would like to get a job and live alone; then, she says, she would feel happy and peaceful. The psychologist tells her that remaining unmarried is out of the question for Indian women. You will be harassed by men, she says; you have to compromise. If you don't marry who will you talk to? They discuss the placement of planets in the patient's birth chart. Mars is poorly positioned (kharab). The conversation turns then to the young woman's stomach problems. The psychologist and gopher launch into a long discussion of the patient's diet. They recommend pomegranate and milk with cardamom. The young woman tells us of her fantasy of living in a village. The psychologist tells her she wouldn't be able to adjust; villagers, she says, are very "orthodox," using the English word. They discuss further details of the young woman's diet. After she leaves the psychologist comments, "bahut emotional hai," i.e. she is very emotional. She diagnoses the young woman with "secondary depression" due to physical problems.
The Feasibility of Packaging High-Frequency Microcircuits Inside the Magnetic Core

A design goal for miniaturization has long been the elimination of the magnetic circuit. In practice, the size/weight penalties are decreased by operation at higher frequency where core size can be effectively reduced. When microcircuitry is considered, the magnetic circuit is designed out. Either RC or active networks replace inductance, or it is externally added to the microcircuit. This paper will demonstrate that the microcircuit elements can be readily interconnected inside of ferrite pot cores. Linear circuits using the magnetic circuit to advantage can be packaged in the same volume as the transformer, inductance, or filter alone. The natural RFI and radiation shielding, as well as heat transfer capabilities, are inherent with this form of packaging. For illustration, a 2-kV, 20-?A power supply featuring a 60-kHz, class C oscillator; a 10-volt, 100-mA converter featuring a 300-kHz square-wave oscillator; and a 9.5-volt, 100-mA switching regulator are packaged inside ferrite pot cores. With this technique only functional input-output connections are necessary, since the microcircuitry interconnections are inside the pot core.
Gr1+ Cells Suppress T-Dependent Antibody Responses in (NZB × NZW)F1 Male Mice through Inhibition of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Formation

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by elevated production of autoreactive Abs. The disease has a much higher prevalence in women than in men. Although testosterone has been shown to be protective in the disease, and estrogens exacerbating, the discrepancy in prevalence between men and women is still not well understood and the mechanism behind it is unknown. We have recently described that male (New Zealand black [NZB] × New Zealand white [NZW])F1 mice have higher levels of Gr1(+)CD11b(+) cells, and that these cells suppress autoantibody production in vivo. In this article, we extend our findings to show that similarly to humans, female lupus-prone (NZB × NZW)F1 mice also respond with stronger Ab responses to thymus-dependent Ag immunization than male littermates. Furthermore, the presence or absence of Gr1-expressing cells not only control Ag-specific Ab responses in male, but not female, (NZB × NZW)F1 mice, but also significantly alter the activation and differentiation of CD4(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we found that Gr1(+) cells from male (NZB × NZW)F1 mice suppress the differentiation and effector function of CXCR5(+)PD-1(+) T follicular helper cells, thereby controlling germinal center formation and plasma cell differentiation. This new finding strongly supports efforts to develop new drugs that target myeloid cell subsets in a number of T and B cell-mediated diseases with a female predominance.
Adaptive Sampling for Field Reconstruction With Multiple Moblie Robots

When a scalar field, such as temperature, is to be estimated from sensor readings corrupted by noise, the estimation accuracy can be improved by judiciously controlling the locations where the sensor readings (samples) are taken. In this chapter, we formulate solve the following problem: given a set of static sensors and a group of mobile robots equipped with the same sensors, how to determine the data collecting paths for the mobile robots so that the reconstruction error of the scalar field is minimized. In our scheme, the static sensors are used to provide an initial estimate, and the mobile robots refine the estimate by taking additional samples at critical locations. Unfortunately, it is computationally expensive to search for the best set of paths that minimizes the field estimation errors (and hence the field reconstruction errors as well). We propose a heuristic to find ‘good’ paths for the robots. Our approach first partitions the sensing field into equal gain subareas and then we use a single robot planning algorithm to generate a path for each robot separately. The properties of this approach are studied in simulation. Our approach also implicitly solves a multi-robot coordination/task allocation problem, where the robots are homogeneous and the size of task set might be large.
Economics of Pharmacogenomic Testing in Clinical Practice

The realization of pharmacogenomic testing or any new clinical laboratory program from the research bench into routine practice requires economic justification. It is insufficient for clinical laboratories to simply report a genotype for a particular individual. Test results must be interpreted by qualified individuals taking consideration of the clinical context of the tested patient. Ultimately, these interpretations must have the potential to lead to clinically actionable decisions.
Combating Malaria: Where do We Stand?

The disease now known as malaria was described as early as 2700 B.C. In the twenty-first century, this disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. WHO statistics estimate that to date there were 214 million cases of malaria and 438000 deaths in 2015 [1]. While five Plasmodium species can cause malaria in humans, Plasmodium, vivax and P. falciparum are the predominant species in humans. P. vivax has the wider distribution among the two pathogens but P. falciparum is responsible for the majority of malaria deaths. P. falciparum is prevalent on the African continent. Consequently, it is here where most malaria related deaths occur.
Mental Well-Being in First Year Medical Students: A Comparison by Race and Gender: A Report from the Medical Student CHANGE Study.

Purpose In this study, authors sought to characterize race and gender disparities in mental health in a national sample of first year medical students early in their medical school experience.
Improved force-field parameters for QM/MM simulations of the energies of adsorption for molecules in zeolites and a free rotor correction to the rigid rotor harmonic oscillator model for adsorption enthalpies

Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations provide an efficient avenue for studying reactions catalyzed in zeolite systems; however, the accuracy of such calculations is highly dependent on the zeolite MM parameters used. Previously reported parameters (P1), which were chosen to minimize the root mean square (RMS) deviations of adsorption energies compared with full QM ωB97X-D/6-31+G** adsorption energies, are shown to overestimate binding energies compared with experimental values, particularly for larger substrates. To address this issue, a new parameter set (P2) is derived by rescaling the previously reported characteristic energies of the Lennard-Jones potential in P1. The accuracy of the thermal correction for adsorption enthalpies determined by the rigid rotor-harmonic oscillator approximation (RRHO) is examined and shown to be improved by treating low-lying vibrational modes as free translational and rotational modes via a quasi-RRHO model. With P2 and quasi-RRHO, adsorption energies...
Vortex dynamics simulation in aeroacoustics by the space-time conservation element and solution element method

The space-time conservation element solution element (CEASE) method is employed to numerically study several vortex dynamics problems in aeroacoustics. The scheme possesses low dispersion error and the implementation of non-reflecting boundary conditions is simple and effective. The scheme is advantageous for vorticity computation since the spatial derivatives of the flow variables are computed as an integral part of the solution, i.e. no further numerical differentiation with associated loss of accuracy is needed. The scheme is tested for several nonlinear vortex-shock and vortexblade problems to demonstrate its robustness. The method is found to be valuable for vortex simulation as well as computational aeroacaustics.
Large Bowel Obstruction

Management of large bowel obstruction (LBO) is challenging and complex. Colorectal cancer and diverticular stricture are the most common mechanical causes of LBO. Nonmechanical causes, including pseudo-obstruction, have also been described. Regardless, initial management strategies are similar and include aggressive fluid resuscitation, bowel rest, diagnostic imaging, and proximal decompression in the presence of small bowel distension and emesis. CT scan has replaced plain films as the diagnostic modality of choice. Management strategies, such as proximal diversion alone, segmental resection, or endoluminal stenting, are complex and are often guided by the underlying etiology, location of the obstruction, clinical condition of the patient, operative findings, and surgeon and hospital factors.
The Molecular Circuitry Underlying Pluripotency in Embryonic Stem Cells and iPS Cells

This chapter describes the mechanistic details that regulate the maintenance of the pluripotent state at the level of signal transduction and transcription factor control and focuses on the signaling circuitry regulating human embryonic stem cell (ESC) self- renewal. It also discusses the advent of induced pluripotency, or the reprogramming of somatic cells into embryonic stem cells, and the processes that govern their formation and maintenance. Initial derivation and maintenance of murine ESCs involves plating cells isolated from the inner cell mass on feeder cells consisting of embryonic fibroblasts and a medium containing serum proteins. Upon removal of the feeder cells or medium conditioned by the feeder cells, ESCs spontaneously differentiate into all three germ layers of the developing organism. Human embryonic stem cells require TGFβ/activin and FGF signaling to self-renew and remain. TGFβ and activins account for the second branch of the TGFβ superfamily of ligands, and binding to receptors Alk4, Alk5, and Alk7 triggers serine/theonine phosphorylation of the C-terminal region of Smads 2 and 3, which also dimerize with Smad 4 to allow nuclear entry and transcription. Fibroblast growth factors function through tyrosine receptor dimerization upon ligand binding and subsequent activation of phosphorylation events in the MAP kinase cascade. Polyubiquitination of the Smad proteins by Smurf1 leads to subsequent degradation of the Smad proteins and termination of the signal. Hence, there may exist an intricate balance of antagonistic signaling inputs in the maintenance of human ESC pluripotency.
Evolution: a basic science for medicine

The 2009 celebrations of Darwin's birth and the publication of The Origin of Species were grand not only because his discoveries changed biology, but also because they are continuing to benefit society. Nowhere is this more evident than in medicine and public health. You might think that Darwin's discoveries would have been fully applied long ago, but a deep fracture in the intellectual landscape has prevented medicine from making full use of evolutionary biology. This is changing fast. Scientists are now recognising that diseases need evolutionary explanations as well as explanations based only on the body's mechanisms. The field that tries to understand why natural selection has left the body vulnerable to diseases is called Darwinian medicine. Also called evolutionary medicine, it applies every aspect of evolutionary biology to every problem in medicine and public health. It has grown quickly since 1991 (Williams and Nesse, 1991). Major edited volumes have illustrated the opportunity in areas from infectious disease epidemiology to genetics, anatomy and physiology. The most significant ones are already in second editions (Stearns and Koella, 2007; Trevathan et al ., 2007). They are being widely read and studied except, it seems, by physicians. Most doctors never take a course in evolutionary biology before medical school, and evolution is not part of the usual medical curriculum.
The Role of Spatial Reasoning in Learning Computer Science

Spatial reasoning concerns the locations of objects, their shapes, their relations to each other, and the paths they take as they move. People with high spatial reasoning scores are more likely to major in degrees in STEM disciplines and go into STEM careers than those with low scores. Spatial reasoning tends to be low amongst students of low socioeconomic status. We need to understand the the relationship between spatial reasoning, socioeconomic status, and success in learning computer science. If there are causal relationships among these variables, we will need appropriate interventions in order to broaden participation and improve success in computing education.
Soil Neighbors II. Traces of Other Organisms in Paleosols. Vertebrates and Roots

Vertebrate burrows are common trace fossils in paleosols. Size, surface morphology and remains are some criteria to distinguish invertebrate from small vertebrate burrows. Basic types comprise vertical, vertical with terminal chamber, inclined, inclined with terminal chamber, helical, horizontal networks and inclined boxworks. Lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs, and mammals are the most common producers. Descriptions of fossil and extant vertebrate burrows are scattered in the biological, paleontological and ichnological literature, including some partial reviews on fossil examples. In comparison with the unnamed cases, there are few ichnotaxa described, including Torridorefugium, Kladosystemites, Daemonelix, Alezichnos, Nagtuichnus, Polychoredrites, and Katarrhedrites, which are reviewed. Megaburrows corresponding to large mammals are also discussed. Also common in paleosols, root traces have been always treated as a distinct item in ichnology because of their plant origin. Different approaches to its treatment are reviewed. Particular cases of rhizoliths, drab-haloed root traces, rhizohaloes, megarhizoliths, paleorhizospheres and rhizolith balls are reviewed. Megarhizoliths, paleorhizospheres and false termite nests. A blueprint-style plate concentrates significant trace fossils produced by vertebrates in paleosols. Color plates of extant and fossil traces and morphological details are provided.
Cross-Sectional Imaging for the Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules and Cancer

Neck ultrasound is the primary imaging modality in the evaluation of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, and no further imaging is indicated in most cases. Additional cross-sectional imaging, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), can be useful in a minority of select patients. Supplemental cross-sectional imaging is usually indicated when the disease cannot be completely imaged by ultrasound, when there is evidence of invasion of aerodigestive structures, or there is a lack of ultrasound expertise.
The Heterogeneity Of Competitive Forces

How does competition for resources affect the fundraising performance of local UW affiliates? Drawing upon population ecology we hypothesize a non-linear relationship between competition and organi...
Bistatic High-Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Cross Section Incorporating a Dual-Frequency Platform Motion Model

The first- and second-order high-frequency radar cross sections of the ocean surface are derived for an antenna on a floating platform. In this analysis, simulations are conducted for a more complicated platform motion than appear in earlier work and comparisons are made to model outputs for a fixed antenna. Results show that motion-induced peaks appear symmetrically in the Doppler frequency and have less energy in the second-order radar cross section than those in the first-order radar cross section. The magnitude and width of the Bragg peaks are seen to decrease and broaden, respectively, as compared to the case for a fixed antenna. The platform motion modulates the radar signals as a frequency modulator, and the modulation indices are related to the amplitudes of the platform motion. With a larger amplitude of platform motion, more energy is transferred from the Bragg peaks to the motion-induced peaks, and more motion-induced peaks need to be considered.
The Use of Supplements, Herbs, and Alternative Therapies in the Treatment of Insomnia

Insomnia, one of the most common complaints seen in the primary care office, affects at least 30% of the U.S. adult population at an estimated cost to the healthcare system of $241 billion annually. A number of medications—both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription—are used to treat insomnia, yet all have varying degrees of unwanted side effects. Antihistamines are the most widely used OTC medications and can have side effects ranging from dizziness to urinary retention. Benzodiazepines, one of the most-used classes of prescription medications for insomnia, can also have deleterious side effects, including daytime sedation and memory impairment. Due to both the real and perceived side effect profiles of these OTC and prescription medications, more patients are turning to alternative and non-pharmacological therapies to treat their insomnia. Some popular herb and dietary supplements used to treat insomnia include melatonin, tryptophan, valerian, chamomile, lemon balm, and kava. Non-herbal treatments for insomnia include osteopathic cranial manipulation and acupuncture. With the continuing widespread use and acceptance of complementary and alternative therapies for a wide range of medical conditions, family medicine physicians need to be aware of what alternative therapies their patients may be using for sleep disturbances. While many patients believe that alternative or ”natural” products are completely safe, herbs and other supplements can have unwanted side effects and interactions with prescription medications of which both physicians and patients need to be aware.