cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 6b 0.2-to-0.9V Highly Digital Flash ADC with Comparator Redundancy

Microsensor wireless networks and implanted biomedical devices have emerged as exciting new application domains. These applications are highly energy constrained and require flexible, integrated, energy-efficient ADC modules that can ideally operate at the same supply voltage as digital circuits. In many applications, the performance requirements are quite modest (100s kS/s). This paper presents a highly digital ADC architecture compatible with advanced CMOS processes, capable of operating down to a supply voltage of 200mV (i.e., subthreshold regime) and up to 900mV. However, leakage and device variation must be addressed, particularly at low supply voltages.
The ζ Isoform of Diacylglycerol Kinase Plays a Predominant Role in Regulatory T Cell Development and TCR-Mediated Ras Signaling

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a critical second messenger that mediates T cell receptor (TCR)–stimulated signaling. The abundance of DAG is reduced by the diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), which catalyze the conversion of DAG to phosphatidic acid (PA) and thus inhibit DAG-mediated signaling. In T cells, the predominant DGK isoforms are DGKα and DGKζ, and deletion of the genes encoding either isoform enhances DAG-mediated signaling. We found that DGKζ, but not DGKα, suppressed the development of natural regulatory T (Treg) cells and predominantly mediated Ras and Akt signaling downstream of the TCR. The differential functions of DGKα and DGKζ were not attributable to differences in protein abundance in T cells or in their localization to the contact sites between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. RasGRP1, a key DAG-mediated activator of Ras signaling, associated to a greater extent with DGKζ than with DGKα; however, in silico modeling of TCR-stimulated Ras activation suggested that a difference in RasGRP1 binding affinity was not sufficient to cause differences in the functions of each DGK isoform. Rather, the model suggested that a greater catalytic rate for DGKζ than for DGKα might lead to DGKζ exhibiting increased suppression of Ras-mediated signals compared to DGKα. Consistent with this notion, experimental studies demonstrated that DGKζ was more effective than DGKα at catalyzing the metabolism of DAG to PA after TCR stimulation. The enhanced effective enzymatic production of PA by DGKζ is therefore one possible mechanism underlying the dominant functions of DGKζ in modulating Treg cell development.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with unusual locations of left ventricular hypertrophy undetectable by M-mode echocardiography. Identification by wide-angle two-dimensional echocardiography.

Twenty-one patients without evidence of hypertrophy by M-mode echocardiography were studied by wide-angle two-dimensional echocardiography to determine if they had a form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that could not be detected by conventional M-mode echocardiography. Each patient was suspected clinically of having hypertrophic cardiomyopathy because of a distinctly abnormal ECG and either a family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or cardiac symptoms. Patients were 5-49 years old (mean 16 years) and 16 of the 21 had no functional limitation. The most common electrocardiographic abnormalities were deep Q waves, T-wave inversion and right ventricular hypertrophy. Using wide-angle two-dimensional echocardiography to reconstruct the geometry of the left ventricular wall, 16 of the 21 patients (76%) were shown to have prominent but unusually located regions of left ventricular wall hypertrophy. In each instance, the hypertrophy involved regions of the left ventricular wall through which the M-mode ultrasound beam does not usually pass, i.e., posterior ventricular septum (seven patients), anterior or lateral left ventricular free wall (seven patients) and ventricular septum near the apex (two patients). There was no echocardiographic or hemodynamic evidence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in any patient. Hence, some patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may have substantial hypertrophy present in unusual locations of the left ventricular wall. Although electrocardiographic abnormalities suggested the presence of myocardial disease, conventional M-mode echocardiography (performed from standard parasternal positions) did not reliably identify such sites of hypertrophy, which were limited to regions of the left ventricle not accessible to the M-mode beam. Only wide-angle two-dimensional echocardiography permits definitive identification of these unusually located regions of cardiac hypertrophy and confirmation of the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
A Theory of Integration and Freedom

The relation betwee freedom and social integration is examined using the theories of Landecker and of Kolb. Data are from a purposive sample of 25 communal and formal organizations. Information was gathered through questionnaires and participant observation. Two dimensions of integration are used, normative and consensual; three types of freedom are employed, ego, conditional, and disciplined. The basic hypothesis is that the dimensions of integration vary with the types of freedom. Normative and consensual integration will be positively associated with disciplined freedom, these dimensions will vary inversely with ego freedom, and conditional freedom will occupy an intermediate position. The hypotheses are confirmed through multiple regression analysis. Durkheim's mechanical solidarity is seen to be associated with disciplined freedom. Because we consider freedom and integration inseparable, this association is labeled consensual integration. Again following Durkheim, we hypothesize a new form of integration—contractual—based on ego freedom. They type accompanied by conditional freedom is called provisional integration. Observations are offered on the relation of these forms of integration to social change.
Narcissistic crises of aging and suicidal despair

After reviewing some of the dangers inherent in oversimplifying the nature of suicide for public education purposes, a model (the "wedding-cake model") of elderly suicide is outlined. This model is derived from a community-based psychological autopsy study. It is hypothesized that elderly persons who die by suicide have a lifelong character fault that remains invisible until aging life-changes force the issue into the open.
FPCS: A Formal Approach for Privacy-Aware Context-Based Services

The emergence of new technologies and the proliferation of mobile and handheld devices have facilitated development of context-based services. Common examples include the location based services. However, the revelation of the context and static information gives rise to new and very complex privacy concerns in such services. In this paper, we propose a formal model to regulate the privacy level of information passed to the service provider without disrupting the quality of information required for service access. The framework takes on two forms based on the receiver of the request generalization task to a trusted party or local device. A formal attack model assumes different levels of knowledge by the attacker and demonstrates the relative concerns of static information over contexts.
Do online communication attitudes mitigate the association between Facebook use and relational interdependence? An extension of media multiplexity theory:

Given Facebook’s popularity for the maintenance of interpersonal relationships, this investigation examined the extent to which frequency of Facebook communication with a specific friend predicts relational interdependence. The chief goal of the investigation was to extend media multiplexity theory by examining whether attitudes toward (a) online self-disclosure and (b) online social connection moderated this association. Results not only replicated previous findings that multiple media are associated with relational interdependence, but also supported the hypothesized moderation of online communication attitude. Based on these results, the manuscript explores how media multiplexity theory might be extended to account for communicator cognitions about communication media.
Does Newman's “On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine” Rest upon a Mistake?

Newman, in the famous essay in question, cited the Nicene orthodoxy of the faithful during the Arian controversy as this main, and only extended, argument for the thesis that there were situations in the life of the church where the Christian faith was upheld more consistently by the ordinary faithful than by their pastors. This article shows that historical evidence does not support Newman's claim for the faithful in the Arian controversy, and raises the question as to whether this fact undermines his thesis about the dogmatic importance of the sensus fidelium.
Magnetic Fields from Currents

We have just learned how a B field can be detected through its effect on an electric current. Conversely, we next learn how a B field is produced by an electric current.
Chloride Channel Agents

The chloride channel agents are activators and inhibitors of various subtypes of chloride channels. Most are used solely for research purposes. Included in this group are 5 amino 2 (2 furyl) 7 (2 phenylethyl)pyrazolo[4,3 e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5 c]pyrimidine; 5 nitro 2 (3 phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid; 9-AC; DIDS; DPC; Gossypol; GTPgammaS; levamisole; NS004; niflumic acid; SIT S. There have been a number of review articles describing the chloride channels affected by these substances …
Use of novel high-resolution 3D marine seismic technology to evaluate Quaternary fluvial valley development and geologic controls on shallow gas distribution, inner shelf, Gulf of Mexico

The first deployment of the P-Cable™ high-resolution 3D (HR3D) seismic acquisition system in the Gulf of Mexico has provided unprecedented resolution of depositional, architectural, and structural features related to relative sea-level change recorded in the Quaternary stratigraphy. These details are typically beyond conventional 3D seismic resolution and/or excluded from commercial surveys, which are generally optimized for deeper targets. Such HR3D data are valuable for detailed studies of reservoir analogs, sediment delivery systems, fluid-migration systems, and geotechnical hazard assessment (i.e., drilling and infrastructure). The HR3D survey (31.5 km 2 ) collected on the inner shelf (<15 m water depth) offshore San Luis Pass, Texas, imaged the upper 500 m of stratigraphy using peak frequency of 150 Hz and 6.25 m 2 bin size. These data provided an exceptionally well-imaged example of shallow subsurface depositional system and stratigraphic architecture development during a lowstand period. The system evolved from a meandering channel with isolated point-bar deposits to a transgressive estuary characterized by dendritic erosional features that were eventually flooded. In addition, HR3D data have identified a previously unidentified seismically discontinuous zone interpreted to be a gas chimney system emanating from a tested (drilled) nonproductive, three-way structure in the lower Miocene (1.5 km depth). Within the shallowest intervals (<100 m) and at the top of the chimney zone, seismic attribute analysis revealed several high-amplitude anomalies up to 0.5 km 2 . The anomalies were interpreted as reaccumulated thermogenic gas, and their distribution conforms to the stratigraphy and structure of the Quaternary interval, in that they occupy local fault-bounded footwall highs within remnant coarser-grained interfluvial zones, which are overlain by finer grained, transgressive deposits.
Phase relationships between velocity, wall pressure, and wall shear stress in a forced turbulent boundary layer

A large scale spatio-temporally periodic disturbance was excited in a turbulent boundary layer via a wall-actuated dynamic roughness. Streamwise velocity, wall pressure, and direct wall shear stress measurements were made with a hot wire, pressure microphone, and a micro-scale differential capacitive sensor, respectively. Phase-averaged fields for the three quantities were calculated and analyzed. A phase calibration between the various sensors was performed with an acoustic plane wave tube over a range of operating conditions to validate a direct phase comparison between the respective quantities. Results suggest encouraging agreement between the phase of the wall shear stress and velocity near the wall; however, more refined velocity measurements are needed to make quantitative comparisons to the wall pressure. Overall, this work highlights the potential for wall-based control with applications towards reducing turbulent drag.
Perspectives on a Lifestyle Medicine Fellowship Curriculum From Interested Medical Students

Background. Lifestyle behaviors have a significant effect on preventing and treating disease, yet there is minimal graduate medical training in lifestyle medicine (LM). LM stakeholders' perspectives regarding components of a LM fellowship have been examined. However, the student perspective has not been studied. Methods. A cross-sectional study design analyzed medical student perceptions surrounding LM domains and educational experiences. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and a Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test were performed for each topic. Results. In all, 21 medical students completed the survey. All domains (nutrition, physical activity, behavior change, stress resiliency, and personal health), except smoking cessation, were rated as important or very important by at least 75% of the respondents (P = .002). The 4 highest-rated educational experiences, by at least 69% of respondents, included developing LM interventions and health promotion programs, clinical experiences, and teaching other health care providers about LM. Significant differences overall were found among the educational experiences (P = .005), with research and fund raising considered the least important. Conclusions. Medical students felt strongly about including nutrition, physical activity, behavior change, personal health, and stress resiliency as part of a LM fellowship curriculum. There was significantly less interest in smoking cessation. Desired experiences of students focused on delivery of LM.
From Active‐Site Models to Real Catalysts: Importance of the Material Gap in the Design of Pd Catalysts for Methane Oxidation

Rapid computational screening to aid novel catalyst design has evolved into an important and ubiquitous tool in modern heterogeneous catalysis. A possible shortcoming of this approach, however, is the material gap, that is, simplified computational models used for catalyst screening do not always capture the complexity of real catalytic systems. Here we investigate the importance of the material gap for complete methane oxidation over supported Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalysts using a combination of DFT simulations and temperature-programmed oxidation experiments. The Pd/γ-Al2O3 active site was approximated by four models of increasing complexity, namely Pd(1 0 0), Pd(2 1 1), PdO(1 0 1), and Pd10/γ-Al2O3(1 1 0), and each was also modified with metal promoters to discover reactivity trends. Although the unpromoted Pd model surfaces exhibit different methane activation activities, our DFT results indicate that an experimentally verified performance trend can be predicted for their promoted counterparts irrespective of the active-site representation. We attribute the robustness of the trend predictions in this particular system to localized changes in the electron density during methane activation. Overall, our work supports the commonly practiced active-site model simplifications during computational catalyst screening and provides fundamental insight into the qualitative agreement between theory and experiment for methane oxidation over promoted Pd catalysts.
Thermal Atomic Layer Etching of ZnO by a “Conversion-Etch” Mechanism Using Sequential Exposures of Hydrogen Fluoride and Trimethylaluminum

The atomic layer etching (ALE) of ZnO thin films was demonstrated using sequential, self-limiting thermal reactions with hydrogen fluoride (HF) and trimethylaluminum (TMA) as the reactants. The initial polycrystalline ZnO films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using diethylzinc (DEZ) and H2O at 150 °C. The thermal ZnO ALE process was then studied between 205 and 295 °C using various techniques. In situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements monitored ZnO ALE at 265 °C. The ZnO etching was linear versus number of ALE cycles. The HF exposure caused a mass gain of ΔMHF = +53 ng/cm2 from fluorination. The subsequent TMA exposure caused a large mass loss of ΔMTMA = −172 ng/cm2. This mass loss was much larger than expected from metal fluoride removal resulting from ligand-exchange transmetalation. The large mass loss suggested that there is a “conversion-etch” mechanism where TMA also converts the ZnO surface to an Al2O3 surface layer. This conversion reaction is believed to occur according t...
Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Factor 4 in Pitt Hopkins Syndrome.

Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that results from mutations of the clinically pleiotropic transcription factor 4 (TCF4) gene. Mutations in the genomic locus of TCF4 on chromosome 18 have been linked to multiple disorders including 18q syndrome, schizophrenia, Fuch’s corneal dystrophy, and sclerosing cholangitis. For PTHS, TCF4 mutation or deletion leads to the production of a dominant negative TCF4 protein and/or haploinsufficiency that result in abnormal brain development. The biology of TCF4 has been studied for several years in regard to its role in immune cell differentiation, although its role in neurodevelopment and the mechanisms resulting in the severe symptoms of PTHS are not well studied. Here, we summarize the current understanding of PTHS and recent findings that have begun to describe the biological implications of TCF4 deficiency during brain development and into adulthood. In particular, we focus on recent work that has looked at the role of TCF4 biology within the context of PTHS and highlight the potential for identification of therapeutic targets for PTHS. PTHS research continues to uncover mutations in TCF4 that underlie the genetic cause of this rare disease, and emerging evidence for molecular mechanisms that TCF4 regulates in brain development and neuronal function is contributing to a more complete picture of how pathology arises from this genetic basis, with important implications for the potential of future clinical care.
Legal Protections for Home Dwellers: Caulking the Cracks to Preserve Occupancy

The sacred status of a home is reflected in legal norms that safeguard or promote various aspects of home ownership or occupancy, including homestead legislation, residential rent controls, constitutional privacy protections, and tax rules. Despite these significant protections, there is no explicit legal recognition of a home dweller's noneconomic interest in continuing to occupy a home when another stakeholder challenges occupancy. This article suggests a means of ascribing legal value to a home dweller's noneconomic interest in maintaining a particular residence as a home. It does so by focusing on the interests of low-income families living in federally-subsidized housing. Specifically, I suggest that a decision maker evaluate various factors that I prescribe to assess the degree to which a subsidized tenant considers a dwelling to be a home. Where this inquiry indicates that a subsidized tenant's dwelling exemplifies the attributes of a home, the burden should shift to the opposing stakeholder to justify the basis for eviction. This article does not argue for a newfound right but posits that existing legal safeguards for home dwellers reflect a societal determination that a home embodies values worthy of protection. This legal acknowledgement of the social value of home casts a penumbra broad enough to resolve conflicts over occupancy where the law has not previously provided express protection for a home dweller's interest in preserving a particular home.
Practical considerations for the encapsulation of multi-enzyme cargos within the bacterial microcompartment for metabolic engineering

Abstract Subcellular organization, the sequestration of enzymes and metabolites within a synthetic organelle, is an important emerging technology for the optimization of microbial hosts for industrial applications. The bacterial microcompartment (MCP) performs this sequestration function to enhance various native metabolic processes. The defining feature of the MCP is a protein shell surrounding a series of enzymes. To apply the MCP for metabolic engineering, efforts in the field are directed towards localizing enzymes within the MCP. There have been recent advances in the understanding of protein interactions involved in MCP assembly, the application of encapsulation-mediating peptides to model cargos, and control over loading of such cargos. With these techniques, it is possible to encapsulate multi-enzyme cascades.
Time Scale Energies in Large Power Systems

Abstract Large-scale power systems commonly have weak connections which can be exploited to decompose the system into slowly coherent areas. The mathematical theory is based on time-scale separation when the dynamic model is put in a singularly perturbed form. In this paper we assume an area separation and construct expressions for energies associated with the areas, and the energies of machines within an area. We show that these time-scale models are adequate for use of direct methods of stability analysis. Attention is focused on the mode of instability for a particular fault and the nature of the slow energy and the fast energy for this particular fault. A three-machine example is used to illustrate modes of instability.
Propuesta para la vida colectiva II (homenaje a Sir John Soane)

espanolA partir de la casa-museo de John Soane – una coleccion de objetos que transforma el espacio por completo – esta propuesta reconceptualiza el valor de la acumulacion de cosas. Transformando el interior en exterior y reemplazando los objetos de valor museistico de Soane por artefactos baratos comprados en tiendas, la coleccion se transforma en un ensamblaje donde el conjunto vale mas que la suma de sus partes. EnglishStarting with John Soane’s house - a collection of objects that completely transforms the space of the house - this proposal reconceptualizes the value of accumulation. Turning the interior into an exterior and replacing Soane’s museum-valued objects with cheap artifacts purchased in stores, the collection is transformed into an assembly where the whole worths more than the sum of its parts
Menstrual Dysfunction in Girls From the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) Study

Context Little is known about reproductive function in girls with youth-onset type 2 diabetes. Objectives To characterize girls with irregular menses and effects of glycemic treatments on menses and sex steroids in the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Youth (TODAY) study. Design Differences in demographic, metabolic, and hormonal characteristics between regular- vs irregular-menses groups were tested; treatment group (metformin with or without rosiglitazone, metformin plus lifestyle) effect on menses and sex steroids over time in the study was assessed. This is a secondary analysis of TODAY data. Setting Multicenter study in an academic setting. Patients TODAY girls not receiving hormonal contraception and those at least 1-year postmenarche were included. Irregular menses was defined as three or fewer periods in the prior 6 months. Results Of eligible participants with serum measurement of sex steroids (n = 190; mean age, 14 years), 21% had irregular menses. Those with irregular vs regular menses had higher body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.001), free androgen index (P = 0.0003), and total testosterone (P = 0.01) and lower sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (P = 0.004) and estradiol (P = 0.01). Differences remained after adjustment for BMI. There was no treatment group effect on menses or sex steroids at 12 or 24 months, and no association of sex steroids was seen with measures of insulin sensitivity or secretion. Conclusions Menstrual dysfunction is common in girls with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes and associated with alterations in sex steroids, SHBG, and AST but not with alteration in insulin sensitivity or β-cell function and did not improve with 2 years of antihyperglycemic treatment.
Activation of NF-KB in Airway Epithelia Protects Against Hyperoxia-Induced Proinflammatory Lung Injury

Hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) during mechanical ventilation can lead to excessive proinflammatory responses, endothelial and epithelial cell damage, and alveolar edema. We and others have demonstrated that NF-kB activation has a protective effect on cultured lung epithelial cells. The present study investigates the effects of NF-kB activation on ALI using CC10-I- κBαSR transgenic mice that are deficient in the NF-kB activation in airway epithelial cells. These mice showed significantly more severe lung injury than wild type mice after being exposed to 95% oxygen for 3 d, characterized by higher wet/dry weight ratios of lung tissue and increased total protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). Severe lung injury was associated with elevated neutrophil infiltration and extracellular HMGB1 accumulation in BALF. In addition, prolonged exposure of cultured human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells to hyperoxia induced the release of HMGB1. Higher levels of extracellular HMGB1 were observed in HBE cells cultured with BAY 11–7082, an inhibitor of NF- kB activation. These results indicate that the NF-kB signaling pathway in airway epithelial cells plays an important protective role against HMGB1-mediated hyperoxic inflammatory lung injury.
Abstract 5119: In vivo characterization of the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) in the breast cancer microenvironment

Chemokines are small inflammatory molecules that, in combination with their receptors, recruit lymphocytes to influence immune and inflammatory responses. This work specifically follows an atypical chemokine receptor, known as the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC). DARC is a non-signaling receptor able to bind both the CC and CXC chemokine classes, and mainly functions to regulate homeostatic levels of chemokines in circulation, and aid in chemokine transcytosis from sites of inflammation to mediate immune response. DARC serves as a portal of entry for the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium vivax. In Sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria is endemic, a regulatory variant arose removing DARC expression from red blood cells (RBCs). This mutation, known as the Duffy-Null allele, was highly beneficial in this population, as removal of DARC from RBCs conferred immunity to Duffy-Null individuals. The Duffy-Null allele quickly rose to fixation in this population, and today recent decedents of Sub-Saharan Africans carry this allele. In the context of breast cancer (BCa) we are particularly interested in how Duffy-Null status impacts the tumor microenvironment. In clinic, we observe that pre-menopausal women of African descent have higher incidence rates of BCa, and that regardless of age, these women are disproportionately diagnosed with the most aggressive molecular subtype of BCa, triple-negative BCa. Knowing the important role that DARC plays in immune response, and that the Duffy-Null allele is prevalent in this population of women, we aim to investigate how Duffy-Null status impacts the tumor microenvironment in vivo through establishment of mouse models that depict Duffy-Null status in the BCa environment. To do this, we are using the C3(1)-TAg BCa transgenic mouse, alongside a DARC-KO mouse to characterize cancer progression and aggressiveness in BCa transgenic mice with varying global DARC expression. At 6 and 12 week time points, mice were sacrificed and the following information was obtained: total number of tumors, tumor location, tumor size and weight, and hematoxylin and eosin staining of tumor sections. Removal of DARC could lead to an excess of chemokines in the tumor microenvironment, promoting processes of tumor progression and metastasis, leading to the more aggressing tumor phenotypes we observe in women of African descent in clinic. Citation Format: Rachel Martini, Nancy Manley, Melissa Davis. In vivo characterization of the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) in the breast cancer microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5119.
Raman study of the α-->β structural phase transition of solid N 2

Raman spectra of solid ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ have been obtained at small temperature intervals in the range 4 to 40 K. Relative intensities of both the low-frequency lattice modes and the higher-frequency vibrational stretching modes have been measured with a spectral resolution of approximately 2 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. In addition to changes associated with the structural transition between a low-temperature ordered cubic (\ensuremath{\alpha} phase) and a high-temperature hcp lattice (\ensuremath{\beta} phase) at ${T}_{c}$=35.6 K, we report a dramatic evolution of the Raman intensity with temperature within the \ensuremath{\alpha} phase, and present evidence for a partial relaxation of the orientational ordering approximately 10 K below ${T}_{c}$. The results support the existence of a ``plastic phase'' within the \ensuremath{\alpha} phase, near the \ensuremath{\alpha}-\ensuremath{\beta} phase boundary.
Biochemical studies of bacterial protein export.

Studies on the mechanisms of protein secretion and transport have been, until recently, confined to animal cells. In the past few years genetic and biochemical studies with bacteria have contributed greatly to our knowledge of mechanisms of protein secretion and localization (reviews by Davis and Tai 1980; Wickner 1980; Osborn and Wu 1980; Michaelis and Beckwith 1982; Randall and Hardy 1984; Benson et al. 1985). In particular, selection of mutants has permitted the definition of the function of the cleavable signal sequence and the identification of many gene products that may be involved in protein export (see Beckwith and Ferro-Novick, this volume; Lunn et al., this volume). In addition, several signal peptidases have been purified and characterized and their genes identified (Date and Wickner 1981; Innis et al. 1984; Yu et al. 1984; Zwizinski and Wickner 1980; Ray et al., this volume). Moreoever, since the outer surface of the bacterial membrane is readily accessible to manipulation, we have been able to use extracellular radioactive labeling or protease digestions of protruding secreted nascent chains to demonstrate directly the contranslational secretion (Smith et al. 1977, 1978) that had been inferred from the earlier in vitro work. The study of accessibility of nascent chains accumulates on the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane before the chains reach the outer surface (Randall 1983).
Buildup of Pressure in Closed Systems

From the large volumetric ratios shown in Table 1.1, one can infer that as confined volumes of cryogens experience heat input, which they must unless there is a source of refrigeration, pressure can build up. Unless gas can be vented from the system, this pressure increase will continue until eventually either liquid density at ambient temperature is approached or the container ruptures. Starting with saturated liquid at 1 atm, the upper pressure limits that can be attained in this manner are enormous and, in most cases, cannot be sustained without vessel rupture. Table 5.1 presents estimates of these pressure limits, which can only be reached if, at the start of the confinement, the container is completely filled with the liquid phase of the cryogen.
An Application of Isotonic Regression to Multivariate Density Estimation

Unrestricted nonparametric multivariate density estimation suffers from difficult convergence and computational problems. One way to overcome these problems is to exploit presumed or estimated structure in the density. The isopieth density estimator presumes or estimates the structure of the contours of the density to effectively reduce the dimensionality. The estimator incorporates an order-preserving algorithm to insure that higher isopleths have higher density estimates than lower isopleths. Convergence properties and a simulation are presented. The importance of edge effects is also noted.
In-Hospital Pediatric Stroke Alert Activation.

Abstract Background Pediatric stroke alerts or “code strokes” allow for rapid evaluation, imaging, and treatment of children presenting with stroke-like symptoms. In a previous study of emergency department-initiated pediatric stroke alerts, 24% of children had confirmed strokes. The purpose of this study was to characterize in-hospital pediatric stroke alerts. Methods Demographic and clinical information was obtained from a quality improvement database and medical records for children (zero to 20 years) at a single institution for whom a stroke alert was activated after hospital admission between April 2011 and December 2016. Stroke alert activation criteria included a new focal neurological defect occurring within 48 hours. A neurologist evaluated the patient within 15 minutes and rapid magnetic resonance imaging was available. Results Medical personnel activated in-hospital stroke alerts for 56 children (median age 6.5 years, interquartile range 1 to 13, 52% male). Stroke was the final diagnosis of 25 (45%), 72% ischemic, and 28% hemorrhagic strokes. Other diagnoses included neurological urgencies: seizure (21%), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (7%), transient ischemic attack (5%), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (4%). Of the stroke diagnoses, 68% were stroke alerts called in the pediatric intensive care unit or pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Rapid neuroimaging was completed in 91%; magnetic resonance imaging brain was the first image in 55%. Conclusions Of in-hospital pediatric stroke alerts, 45% were stroke while 38% were other neurological conditions requiring urgent evaluation. In-hospital stroke alerts were commonly activated for children with complicated medical histories. Rapid neurological evaluation facilitated care. No child underwent thrombolysis or thrombectomy.
Examining the Relationship between High School Physical Education and Fitness Outcomes in College Students.

The decline in physical activity (PA) from youth to young adulthood is evident, though limited research has addressed whether specific factors of K–12 physical education (PE) have any influence on outcomes during college years. This study examined the relationship between college students’ physical fitness and PA behavior and their high school PE experiences. College student volunteers (n = 537) completed a fitness assessment examining aerobic endurance, muscular endurance, body composition, and blood glucose and lipids. A survey examined current PA and PE experience in high school (number of semesters, enjoyment, requirements). Analyses were conducted separately for males and females. Pearson correlations examined relationships between fitness, behavioral, and PE outcomes. Differences in behavioral and fitness outcomes were compared with t tests. The final sample was 56.6% male (n = 298) and 43.4% female (n = 227). For males, analyses revealed that PE enjoyment was significantly related to VO2 max, curl-ups, and vigorous physical activity. Number of semesters of PE in high school was negatively associated with triglycerides and total cholesterol and positively associated with moderate physical activity. Those who took PE when it was not required were more vigorously active than those who did not. Males who had a waiver for PE had a lower body fat percentage, performed more curl-ups, and were more vigorously and moderately active compared with those who had no waiver. Number of semesters of PE in high school was negatively associated with triglycerides and total cholesterol. PE enjoyment was positively associated with VO2 max and push-ups. For females, those who took PE when it wasn’t required had a higher VO2 max and vigorous physical activity compared with those who did not. Females with a waiver for PE class had higher triglycerides and total cholesterol compared with those who did not. Females in a coed PE class had a higher BMI and VO2 max compared with those in a combination class. Effective PE programs that encourage participation and educate students on the benefits of physical activity have the capability to establish lifelong healthy and active habits that translate to the college years, and likely beyond. The main findings of this study have the potential to influence the policies regarding PE requirements for school-aged students in all states, such as possibly increasing PE requirements for all grades and discovering certain aspects of PE that could make it more enjoyable for a larger number of students.Subscribe to TPE
On the Convergence of the Inexact Running Krasnosel'skii-Mann Method

This paper leverages a framework based on averaged operators to tackle the problem of tracking fixed points associated with maps that evolve over time. In particular, the paper considers the Krasnosel'skii-Mann method in a settings where: (i) the underlying map may change at each step of the algorithm, thus leading to a "running" implementation of the Krasnosel'skii-Mann method; and, (ii) an imperfect information of the map may be available. An imperfect knowledge of the maps can capture cases where processors feature a finite precision or quantization errors, or the case where (part of) the map is obtained from measurements. The analytical results are applicable to inexact running algorithms for solving optimization problems, whenever the algorithmic steps can be written in the form of (a composition of) averaged operators; examples are provided for inexact running gradient methods and the forward-backward splitting method. Convergence of the average fixed-point residual is investigated for the non-expansive case; linear convergence to a unique fixed-point trajectory is showed in the case of inexact running algorithms emerging from contractive operators.
Gut microbiome-Mediterranean diet interactions in improving host health.

The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in host health and disease. Host diet is one of the most significant modulators of the gut microbial community and its metabolic activities. Evidence demonstrates that dietary patterns such as the ‘Western diet’ and perturbations in gut microbiome (dysbiosis) have strong associations with a wide range of human diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, consumption of Mediterranean-style diets is considered healthy and associated with the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, colorectal cancers and many other diseases. Such beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet might be attributed to high proportion of fibers, mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and polyphenols. Concurrent literature has demonstrated beneficial modulation of the gut microbiome following a Mediterranean-style diet in humans as well as in experimental animal models such as rodents. We recently demonstrated similar positive changes in the gut microbiome of non-human primates consuming a Mediterranean-style diet for long term (30 months). Therefore, it is rational to speculate that this positive modulation of the gut microbiome diversity, composition and function is one of the main factors intermediating the health effects of Mediterranean diet on the host. The present perspective discusses the evidences that the Mediterranean diet induces gut microbiome modulation in rodents, non-human primates and human subjects, and discusses the potential role of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites as one of the fundamental catalysts intermediating various beneficial health effects of Mediterranean diet on the host.
Plasma Jet Formation Disruption From a Critical Applied Uniform Axial Magnetic Field

We examine the effects of varying the magnitude of an applied, uniform, axial magnetic field ( $B_{z}$ ) on the formation of laboratory plasma jets produced by a 1-MA 100-ns rise time pulsed power generator in a radial foil configuration. A Helmholtz coil applies the external magnetic field (0 to 2 T). With a small-enough applied field, the foil surface ablation is relatively azimuthally uniform, and $J\times B$ forces drive the ablated plasma inward and upward to form a well-defined azimuthally symmetric jet. Using applied field strengths larger than a critical $B_{z} = 1.1\pm 0.1$ T with aluminum foils, the plasma ablation is not azimuthally uniform, discrete bursts of plasma initiate from the foil surface, and the formation of a well-defined jet is disrupted. The critical $B_{z}$ for this plasma jet formation disruption correlates with the foil material’s electrical resistivity and equation of state (EOS). To better understand the material-dependent phenomenon, we compare the experimental results with 3-D extended magnetohydrodynamics simulations of ablation of a 2 mm $\times 2$ mm by 25- $\mu \text{m}$ slab that represents a section of the radial foil. The simulations initialize the slab in the solid state and include the material resistivity and EOS from the solid to plasma phases. As is observed in the experimental disruption, these simulations show enhanced nonuniform plasma ablation with an applied $B_{z}$ , which can inhibit the azimuthal uniformity necessary to produce a well-defined plasma jet. Furthermore, the simulations also show a material and resistivity dependence on the ablation process similar to the trend shown by the experiments. These results demonstrate the necessity of accurate, detailed modeling of material properties during the transition from solid to plasma phases.
Dynamics of random pressure fields over bluff bodies: a dynamic mode decomposition perspective

Aerodynamic pressure field over bluff bodies immersed in boundary layer flows is correlated both in space and time. Conventional approaches for the analysis of distributed aerodynamic pressures, e.g., the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), can only offer relevant spatial patterns in a set of coherent structures. This study provides an operator-theoretic approach that describes dynamic pressure fields in a functional space rather than conventional phase space via the Koopman operator. Subsequently, spectral analysis of the Koopman operator provides a spatiotemporal characterization of the pressure field. An augmented dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method is proposed to perform the spectral decomposition. The augmentation is achieved by the use of the Takens's embedding theorem, where time delay coordinates are considered. Consequently, the identified eigen-tuples (eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and time evolution) can capture not only dominant spatial structures but also identify each structure with a specific frequency and a corresponding temporal growth/decay. This study encompasses learning the evolution dynamics of the random aerodynamic pressure field over a scaled model of a finite height prism using limited wind tunnel data. The POD analysis of the experimental data was also carried out. To demonstrate the unique feature of the proposed approach, the DMD and POD based learning results including algorithm convergence, data sufficiency, and modal analysis are examined. The ensuing observations offer a glimpse of the complex dynamics of the surface pressure field over bluff bodies that lends insights to features previously masked by conventional analysis approaches.
Application of Digital-Image-Based Models to Microstructure, Transport Properties, and Degradation of Cement-Based Materials.

As multi-phase composites, cement-based materials have physical properties that are strongly influenced by the volume fractions and topologies of the individual phases. Because of their inherent random nature, these materials often defy a simple geometrical description. The use of digital-image-based models allows one to realistically represent this class of materials, as resultant microstructures can be quickly quantified with respect to the volume fraction and interconnectivity or percolation of each phase or any combination of phases. In addition, physical properties such as diffusivity and permeability can be conveniently computed using finite-difference or finite-element techniques. These computer modelling techniques will be demonstrated for microstructural models of these materials at two scales: hydrated cement paste at the micrometer level and calcium silicate hydrate gel at the nanometer level. The properties computed for the gel at the nanometer level can be used as input for the micrometer-level model. Examples of the importance of volume fraction and phase topology in determining physical properties will be presented for each of the four major phases of cement paste: anhydrous cement, capillary porosity, calcium silicate hydrate gel, and calcium hydroxide. Results of the models are compared to existing experimental data, and good agreement is observed. These techniques are seen as one critical link in developing sound scientific relationships between the microstructure and the transport properties and durability of cement-based materials.
Minnesota, microgrids and MISO: Getting down to brass tacks on utilizing utility owned/operated microgrids (UOMs) in organized electricity markets

Abstract The need for resilient and reliable electric power sources have led to the rise of microgrids. These small power systems are able to provide continued electric power supply to those connected in times of very large scale events (VLSEs) that affect a portion of the larger electric grid. Microgrid systems have also being proposed as a route to “leap frog” the development of electric power systems in parts of the world that still lack access to electricity. In this paper microgrids in the state of Minnesota are considered. The concept of a Utility Owned/Operated Microgrid (UOM) is considered. An important Microgrid Potential Study for Minnesota is analyzed. The potential of using UOMs to provide grid reliability and resilience services in Minnesota, while at the same time providing value for electric utilities through their participation in the Midcontinent Independent System Operator’s (MISO) electricity market is considered.
Chapter 32 – Essential Tremor

Publisher Summary Essential tremor (ET) is a progressive neurological disorder that is characterized by a 4- to 12-Hz kinetic tremor in the hands or head. IThis chapter focuses on the genetic form of the disease, or hereditary ET. In this disorder, patients may show signs of more widespread cerebellar involvement abnormalities referable to the basal ganglia and cognitive deficits. The tremor occurs when the hands are being used actively to perform voluntary activities such as writing, pouring, eating, and other daily activities. Patients with severe ET also have a postural tremor, which appears when the arms are held outstretched in front of the body. Tremor in ET most commonly affects the arms, but it may also affect additional regions, including the head, voice, and occasionally the trunk and lower extremities. The tremor probably originates from an abnormality in cerebellar-thalamic loops, suggesting that the disease is a cerebellar outflow disease. The etiologies of ET are both genetic and nongenetic. Differences between the genetic and nongenetic forms of the disease are not yet identified, other than a possibly younger age of onset in genetic forms of the disease.