cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A boundary integral formulation for natural convection flows

A novel solver for natural convection flows based on the boundary integral equation method is presented here. The solver can be used to obtain flow solutions in arbitrary 2–D geometries with modest computational effort. Both the vorticity and thermal transport equations are treated as modified Helmholtz equations and solved using boundary integral methods. The non-linear inertial terms partially manifest themselves as volume sources which are computed iteratively using a method of characteristics approach. The buoyancy term is treated as a volume vorticity source. Rapid computation of the volume fields at each iteration level is achieved by precomputing the influence coefficient matrices. Results are presented for flow in a cavity driven by both shear and buoyancy.
Specific inactivation of Twist1 in the mandibular arch neural crest cells affects the development of the ramus and reveals interactions with hand2

Background: The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Twist1 fulfills an essential function in neural crest cell formation, migration, and survival and is associated with the craniosynostic Saethre-Chotzen syndrome in humans. However, its functions during mandibular development, when it may interact with other bHLH transcription factors like Hand2, are unknown because mice homozygous for the Twist1 null mutation die in early embryogenesis. To determine the role of Twist1 during mandibular development, we used the Hand2-Cre transgene to conditionally inactivate the gene in the neural crest cells populating the mandibular pharyngeal arch. Results: The mutant mice exhibited a spectrum of craniofacial anomalies, including mandibular hypoplasia, altered middle ear development, and cleft palate. It appears that Twist1 is essential for the survival of the neural crest cells involved in the development of the mandibular ramal elements. Twist1 plays a role in molar development and cusp formation by participating in the reciprocal signaling needed for the formation of the enamel knot. This gene is also needed to control the ossification of the mandible, a redundant role shared with Hand2. Conclusion: Twist1, along with Hand2, is essential for the proximodistal patterning and development of the mandible and ossification. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of ABT-335 (fenofibric acid) on meal-induced oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome

Abstract Objective Examine the effect of ABT-335 (fenofibric acid) on postprandial lipemia and susceptibility of plasma lipoproteins to Cu ++ -mediated oxidation in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods and results This is a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study with cross-over and includes a 4-week wash-out period between the two treatment periods. At the end of each 8-week treatment period, subjects were challenged with a standardized mixed meal followed by blood collection over the ensuing 6 h. Plasma lipoproteins were isolated by a combination of ultracentrifugation and FPLC for the continuous monitoring of conjugated dienes formation as an assessment of oxidative susceptibility. Fasting plasma TG was reduced by 20% ( p p p Conclusion ABT-335 therapy reduced fasting and postprandial triglycerides in patients with metabolic syndrome. Autologous HDL may be dysfunctional in these patients as co-incubation with HDL failed to reduce oxidative susceptibility of LDL. During ABT-335 therapy, LDL was less susceptible to Cu ++ -mediated oxidative modification, in spite of the lack of changes in LDLc levels.
Protein trafficking to the apicoplast: deciphering the apicomplexan solution to secondary endosymbiosis.

Almost 20 years ago, the first sequence was published from a 35-kb circular molecule found in Plasmodium falciparum , the most virulent of human malaria parasites ([20][1]). Consistent with the expected mitochondrial origin of the small genome, the sequence showed strong similarities to eubacterial
Maternal perspectives on lifestyle habits that put children of Mexican descent at risk for obesity.

PURPOSE. This article presents the views that mothers of Mexican descent have related to lifestyle habits that put children at risk for obesity. DESIGN AND METHOD. A qualitative, naturalistic design using ethnographic interviews was selected for this study. Informational redundancy was reached with 9 mothers of Mexican descent. Spradley's Developmental Research Sequence guided data collection and analysis. RESULTS. Participants held views that were congruent with the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendations. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Findings provide nurses with knowledge on how mothers of Mexican descent view appropriate nutrition, discipline in feeding, and the place of physical activity and television in young preschool children's lives.
The influence of viscous interaction on the diffusional deposition of particles

Viscous interaction may prevent or retard diffusional deposition of fluid-borne particles and droplets onto a collecting surface. The possible importance of viscous interaction has been recognized in the literature(1–3), but quantitative results which demonstrate the importance of viscous interaction are scant. Rather, the scant reported evidence is confusing. This paper reports the results of a theoretical investigation of the influence of viscous interaction on diffusional deposition of particles. The results show negligible influence in gaseous media, but sometimes significant retardation in liquid media, especially if electrical double layers also retard deposition. Une interaction visqueuse peut empěcher ou retarder le depǒt par diffusion, sur une surface collectrice, de particules transportees par des fluides et de gouttelettes. Des travaux deja publies(1–3) ont reconnu l'importance possible de l'interaction visqueuse, mais les resultats quantitatifs qui en demontrent l'importance sont clairsemes et les preuves qu'ils fournissent sont plutǒt confuses. On rapporte, dans le present travail, les resultats d'une etude theorique de l'influence de l'interaction visqueuse sur le depǒt de particules par diffusion; ils indiquent une influence negligeable dans les milieux gazeux, mais parfois un retard important dans les milieux liquides (surtout si les couches electriques doubles retardent aussi la formation du depǒt).
Preschoolers’ Search for Explanatory Information Within Adult–Child Conversation

This research examined children’s questions and the reactions to the answers they receive in conversations with adults. If children actively seek explanatory knowledge, they should react differently depending on whether they receive a causal explanation. Study 1 examined conversations following 6 preschoolers’ (ages 2–4 years) causal questions in naturalistic situations (using the Child Language Data Exchange System [CHILDES] database). Children more often agreed and asked follow-up questions following adult explanations and, conversely, more often reasked their original question and provided their own explanation following nonexplanations. Study 2 replicated these patterns within an experimental task in 42 children ages 3–5 years. Children’s reactions following explanatory versus nonexplanatory information confirm that young children are motivated to seek causal information actively and use specific conversational strategies to obtain it.
TRANSNATIONAL PROJECTS OF EMPIRE IN FRANCE, C.1815-C.1870

Rather than renouncing empire after the fall of Napoleon, this essay argues, French liberal thinkers expressed a sustained preference for a strategy based on transnational connections, or what imperial historians describe as informal imperialism. The eulogy of European Christian civilization exemplified by Francois Guizot's lecture at the Sorbonne in 1828 served not only to legitimize French global ambitions, but also to facilitate cooperation with other European imperial powers, especially Britain, and indigenous collaborators. Liberal enthusiasm for the spread of Western civilization also inspired the emergence of a French version of free-trade imperialism, of which the economist Michel Chevalier proved a consistent advocate. Only when such aspirations were frustrated did liberals reluctantly endorse colonial conquest, on an exceptional basis in Algeria after 1840 and on a global scale after 1870. The allegedly abrupt liberal conversion to empire in the nineteenth century may instead be construed as a tactical shift from informal to formal dominance.
Clinical and economic burden of Richter syndrome in inpatient cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia within the United States, 2001–2010

AbstractRichter syndrome (RS) is an aggressive transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) characterized by poor prognoses. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical and economic characteristics of RS within inpatient hospital settings in the United States from 2001 to 2010. This retrospective cohort study employed data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Overall, 46 613 cases of RS were observed across 695 080 inpatient cases of CLL, representing a national bill of $2.74 billion and involving a 9.3% inpatient mortality rate. Multivariate analyses found decreased national inpatient mortality from 2001 to 2010 of − 61.1% (p < 0.001), shorter length of stay of − 15.5% (p < 0.001) and higher charges of +20.9% (p = 0.003). Numerous characteristics were also associated with increased likelihoods of death, lengths of stay and charges. Clinically, the findings allow for an increased understanding of population-based RS case-mixes, outcome...
EXPLAINING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ADOLESCENT PARENTING AND PRESCHOOLERS’ SCHOOL READINESS: A RISK PERSPECTIVE

This study examined whether mother and father risk, child risk, family risk, and mother and father cognitive stimulation mediated the association between adolescent age status of co-residential mothers and fathers and 48-month child school readiness. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth cohort, it was found that the children of adolescent mothers and fathers scored lower on emerging literacy and math than those born to adult parents. The findings showed that individual mother and father cumulative risk and cumulative family risk at various times during early childhood partially mediated the associations between adolescent parent status and child outcomes as well as between young adult parent status and child outcomes. These findings indicated that multiple domains of risk, including father, mother, and family risk should be taken into account in order to gain a fuller understanding of the effects of adolescent parenting (and young adult parenting) on child outcomes.
A new method for discontinuity analysis in shielded microstrip

An integral equation method is described for the accurate full-wave analysis of shielded microstrip discontinuities. The integral equation is derived by the application of a reciprocity theorem and solved by the method of moments. Numerical and experimental results showing good agreement are presented for open-end and series gap discontinuities and for a coupled line filter. >
Phylo-VISTA: interactive visualization of multiple DNA sequence alignments

Motivation: The power of multi-sequence comparison for biological discovery is well established. The need for new capabilities to visualize and compare cross-species alignment data is intensified by the growing number of genomic sequence datasets being generated for an ever-increasing number of organisms. To be efficient these visualization algorithms must support the ability to accommodate consistently a wide range of evolutionary distances in a comparison framework based upon phylogenetic relationships. Results: We have developed Phylo-VISTA, an interactive tool for analyzing multiple alignments by visualizing a similarity measure for multiple DNA sequences. The complexity of visual presentation is effectively organized using a framework based upon interspecies phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic organization supports rapid, user-guided interspecies comparison. To aid in navigation through large sequence datasets, Phylo-VISTA leverages concepts from VISTA that provide a user with the ability to select and view data at varying resolutions. The combination of multiresolution data visualization and analysis, combined with the phylogenetic framework for interspecies comparison, produces a highly flexible and powerful tool for visual data analysis of multiple sequence alignments. Availability: Phylo-VISTA is available at http://www-gsd.lbl.gov/phylovista. It requires an Internet browser with Java Plug-in 1.4.2 and it is integrated into the global alignment program LAGAN at http://lagan.stanford.edu
Statistical modeling for automatic speech recognition

Since 1972, the Speech Recognition Group at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center has worked on a system for the automatic recognition of natural continuous speech. The goal of our research is to produce a voice-activated text-processing system. We have recently worked on a 5,000-word isolated-speech system for recognition of business correspondence and interoffice memoranda.Although speech recognition is performed with beguiling ease by human beings, the task of transferring this ability to computers has proven quite difficult. Our approach to the problem has been to develop general statistical techniques that allow the recognition system to organize itself when presented with a large sample of speech called training data. In essence, our system refines itself from some crudely specified initial configuration so as to take advantage of regularities present in a speech sample.Suppose that a talker wishes to convey to a listener the string of words W1, W2, ..., Wn. Each of the words has a pronunciation, in accordance with which the talker will guide his/her speech apparatus through an intricate cascade of gestures, with the result that a series of sound pressure waves will emanate. A microphone placed within the influence of these waves will respond to them in a fashion that is characteristic of the word sequence W1, W2, ..., Wn.Let the response of the microphone be denoted by the sequence A1, ..., Am. We can regard A1, ..., Am as a garbled version of the intended message W1, ..., Wn. The problem of recovering a message from a garbled transmission is the province of communication theory. The problem may be stated as follows: for a garbled transmission A (=A1, ...Am), determine the message W (=W1, ..., Wn) that is most probable given A. That is, find W such that Pr(W|A) is as large as possible.From Bayes's rule, we have Pr(W|A) = {Pr(W|A)}Pr(W)}Pr(A). Since we are interested in maximizing this for a particular fixed A, we can ignore the denominator on the right. The first term in the numerator constitutes a probabilistic characterization of the transmission channel. It tells us what A's to expect when the talker intends a particular word string W. The second term in the numerator is a probabilistic characterization of the word strings that the talker desires to convey. Pr(W) embodies all rules of grammar (ungrammatical word strings are less probable than grammatical ones) as well as all semantic constraints (meaningless word strings are less probable than meaningful ones).It is, of course, impossible to compute these probabilities exactly. We have, however, developed methods for obtaining useful approximations to them. We refer to the approximation of Pr(A|W) as a statistical model for the speech production process and to the approximation of Pr(W) as a statistical model for the language. A discussion of these models constitutes the body of the talk.
Protection schemes for various fault conditions for off-line flyback converters

Recently, most electronics manufactures require high reliability of switched mode power supply against various fault situations such as over load, output short or rectifier diode short. This paper presents simple and effective protection schemes for the off-line flyback converter. The proposed protection schemes can protect the power MOSFET from various abnormal conditions. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed schemes are verified through experimental results.
Chemistry of the 2‐thiobarbituric acid test for determination of oxidative rancidity in foods. II.—formation of the tba‐malonaldehyde complex without acid‐heat treatment

Acid-heat treatment is not necessary for the condensation of TBA with malonaldehyde nor for maximum colour development. Free malonaldehyde is produced during the oxidative breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids or food products. The amount of free malonaldehyde produced can be measured without acid-heat treatment. The reaction between malonaldehyde and TBA in water or 90% glacial acetic acid has been investigated at different temperatures. The results show that acid-heat treatment of the reaction mixture should be avoided, since the E530M of the coloured complex is considerably affected by the acid. On the contrary, heating without acid accelerates the condensation of TBA with malonaldehyde without affecting the E530M. A modification of the distillation method is proposed, according to which distillates of food products are reacted with TBA without the use of any acid.
Parental challenge: Developing and validating a measure of how parents challenge their adolescents

Baumrind's (1966, 1980) description of the authoritative parenting style included the notion of challenge through providing a stimulating environment; however, research has not largely focused on how parents challenge their children. The current work argues parental challenge should be assessed as a separate component of parenting style. Analyses of a new measure, developed across three studies, showed parental challenge can be distinguished from other parenting components. Further, parental challenge made unique contributions in predicting late-adolescents' psychosocial development beyond variance explained by parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control. As such, examining challenge as a separate component of parenting style may provide additional insights regarding the relationship between parenting behaviors and adolescent development.
Overestimation of Left Ventricular Volume by the Indicator Dilution Technique

The applicability of the indicator dilution method to the measurement of left ventricular volume has been studied. When compared with angiocardiographic measurements, the dilution technique overestimates volume by an average of 52 and 91% in end diastole and end systole respectively. Studies which demonstrated more rapid indicator washout from the outflow than from the apical portion of human and canine left ventricles suggest that faulty intraventricular indicator dispersion is the major cause of the volume over-estimates yielded by the dilution method. Procedures designed to alter ventricular size by altering venous return produced parallel changes in ventricular circumference and in ventricular indicator washout volume. The indicator dilution method does not provide a measure of left ventricular volume, but may, in carefully designed studies, yield an index of changes in ventricular size.
Nerve activity-independent regulation of skeletal muscle atrophy: role of MyoD and myogenin in satellite cells and myonuclei

Electrical activity is thought to be the primary neural stimulus regulating muscle mass, expression of myogenic regulatory factor genes, and cellular activity within skeletal muscle. However, the relative contribution of neural influences that are activity-dependent and -independent in modulating these characteristics is unclear. Comparisons of denervation (no neural influence) and spinal cord isolation (SI, neural influence with minimal activity) after 3, 14, and 28 days of treatment were used to demonstrate whether there are neural influences on muscle that are activity independent. Furthermore, the effects of these manipulations were compared for a fast ankle extensor (medial gastrocnemius) and a fast ankle flexor (tibialis anterior). The mass of both muscles plateaued at approximately 60% of control 2 wk after SI, whereas both muscles progressively atrophied to <25% of initial mass at this same time point after denervation. A rapid increase in myogenin and, to a lesser extent, MyoD mRNAs and proteins was observed in denervated and SI muscles: at the later time points, these myogenic regulatory factors remained elevated in denervated, but not in SI, muscles. This widespread neural activity-independent influence on MyoD and myogenin expression was observed in myonuclei and satellite cells and was not specific for fast or slow fiber phenotypes. Mitotic activity of satellite and connective tissue cells also was consistently lower in SI than in denervated muscles. These results demonstrate a neural effect independent of electrical activity that 1) helps preserve muscle mass, 2) regulates muscle-specific genes, and 3) potentially spares the satellite cell pool in inactive muscles.
Machine Learning to Boost the Next Generation of Visualization Technology

Visualization has become an indispensable tool in many areas of science and engineering. In particular, the advances made in the field of visualization over the past 20 years have turned visualization from a presentation tool to a discovery tool. Machine learning has received great success in both data mining and computer graphics; surprisingly, the study of systematic ways to employ machine learning in making visualization is meager. Like human learning, we can make a computer program learn from previous input data to optimize its performance on processing new data. In the context of visualization, the use of machine learning can potentially free us from manually sifting through all the data. This paper describes intelligent visualization designs for three different applications: (1) volume classification and visualization, (2) 4D flow feature extraction and tracking, (3) network scan characterization.
Comparative molecular field analysis of substrates for an aryl sulfotransferase based on catalytic mechanism and protein homology modeling.

Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) methods were used to produce a 3D-QSAR model that correlated the catalytic efficiency of rat hepatic aryl sulfotransferase (AST) IV, expressed as log(kcat/Km), with the molecular structures of its substrates. A total of 35 substrate molecules were used to construct a CoMFA model that was evaluated on the basis of its leave-one-out cross-validated partial least-squares value (q2) and its ability to predict the activity of six additional substrates not used in the training set. The model was constructed using substrate conformations that favored (1) proton abstraction by the catalytic histidine residue, (2) an in-line sulfuryl-group transfer mechanism, and (3) constraints imposed by the residues lining the substrate binding pocket of a homology model of AST IV. This CoMFA model had a q2 value of 0.691, and it successfully predicted the activities of the six molecules not used in the training set. A final CoMFA model was constructed using the same methodology but ...
Patterns of Lung Function in Asymptomatic Nonsmoking Men and Women in the People's Republic of China

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate patterns of lung function in healthy, working Chinese men and women in different geographic areas of the People's Republic of China (PRC). METHODS: We conducted lung function tests on 2926 asymptomatic, never smoking Chinese men and women aged 35–56 years residing in or around Beijing and Guangzhou. Within each of these locations, separate urban and rural samples were recruited. RESULTS: Age and height adjusted lung function was greater in Beijing than in Guangzhou, and within each city for residents of rural vs. urban areas. Among women, estimated rates of lung aging were greater in Beijing than in Guangzhou, and in urban vs. rural areas. Both FEV 1 and FVC exhibited a curvilinear association with body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Lung function data from this largely working cohort exhibited marked geographic and urban-rural differences in this never smoking, adult Chinese cohort. Such variation is not uncommon and may reflect differences in body size, diet, and environmental and occupational exposures across these different settings. Caution should be used in applying published reference equations to populations from different parts of the PRC.
Mongrel: hybrid techniques for standard cell placement

We give an overview of a standard-cell placer Mongrel. The prototype tool adopts a middle-down methodology in which a grid is imposed over the layout area and cells are assigned to bins forming a global placement. The optimization technique applied in this phase is based on the Relaxation-Based Local Search (RBLS) framework in which a combinatorial search mechanism is driven by an analytical engine. This enables a more global view of the problem and results in complex modifications of the placement in a single search "move". Details of this approach including a novel placement legalization procedure are presented. When a global placement has converged, a detailed placement is formed and further optimized by the proposed optimal interleaving technique. Experimental results are presented and are quite promising, demonstrating that there is significant room for improvement in state of the art placement.
Risk factors for Candida colonization and Co-colonization with multi-drug resistant organisms at admission

Candida species are major causes of healthcare-associated infections with colonization preceding infection. Understanding risk factors for colonization by Candida species is important in prevention. However, data on risk factors for colonization by Candida species alone or with other healthcare-associated pathogens is limited. From 2002 to 2006, 498 patients were enrolled into a prospective cohort study at our institution. Surveillance perirectal, nasal and skin swab samples were obtained upon enrollment. Samples were cultured for the presence of Candida species, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus, and Resistant Gram Negative organisms. Data on demographics, comorbidities, device use, and antibiotic use were also collected for each subject and analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Factors associated with Candida colonization at admission in univariate analysis included ambulatory status, a history of Candida colonization and the use of antibiotics prior to enrollment. In multivariate analysis, ambulatory status (odds ratio; OR = 0.45, 95 % CI: 0.27–0.73) and fluroquinolone use (OR = 3.01, 95 % CI: 1.80–5.01) were associated with Candida colonization at admission. Factors predicting Candida co-colonization with one or more MDROs at admission in univariate analysis included, older age, malnutrition, days spent in an ICU in the 2 years prior to enrollment, a history of MRSA colonization, and using antibiotics prior to enrollment. In multivariate analysis malnutrition (OR = 3.97, 95 % CI: 1.80–8.78) a history of MRSA (OR = 5.51, 95 % CI: 1.89–16.04) and the use of macrolides (OR = 3.75, 95 % CI: 1.18–11.93) and other antibiotics (OR = 4.94, 95 % CI: 1.52–16.03) were associated with Candida co-colonization at admission. Antibiotic use was associated with an increased risk of colonization by Candida species alone and in conjunction with other multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Antibiotic stewardship may be an important intervention for preventing colonization and subsequent infection by Candida and other MDROs.
Impacts of House Sizes, Appliance Ratings and Usage Patterns on Demand Response Applications: A Case-Based Study

A home energy management (HEM) system is an important element that potentially facilitates automated demand response (DR) participation for residential customers. This paper aims at analyzing the impact of different house sizes, appliance ratings and usage patterns on residential DR implementation based on a set of predefined DR strategies. In particular, several simulation studies are conducted to demonstrate how an HEM system performs differently when implemented in households that have different characteristics. Results show that houses of different sizes, appliance ratings and usage patterns have different impacts on customers’ comfort level violation, and determine the levels of DR that can be implemented.
Neonatal Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Summary A case of thrombocytopenic purpura in a newborn infant is.reported. The nother was -unaffected. The literature has been reviewed and summarized. It appears that in the newborn the disease is manifested by bleeding (especially into the skin) and thrombocytopenia. The prognosis is poor.
Interactive Crowd Content Generation and Analysis Using Trajectory-Level Behavior Learning

We present an interactive approach for analyzing crowd videos and generating content for multimedia applications. Our formulation combines online tracking algorithms from computer vision, non-linear pedestrian motion models from computer graphics, and machine learning techniques to automatically compute the trajectory-level pedestrian behaviors for each agent in the video. These learned behaviors are used to detect anomalous behaviors, perform crowd replication, augment crowd videos with virtual agents, and segment the motion of pedestrians. We demonstrate the performance of these tasks using indoor and outdoor crowd video benchmarks consisting of tens of human agents, moreover, our algorithm takes less than a tenth of a second per frame on a multi-core PC. The overall approach can handle dense and heterogeneous crowd behaviors and is useful for realtime crowd scene analysis applications.
Creating an Intentional Web Presence: Strategies for Every Educational Technology Professional

Educators are pushing for students, specifically graduates, to be digitally literate in order to successfully read, write, contribute, and ultimately compete in the global market place. Educational technology professionals, as a unique type of learning professional, need to be not only digitally literate – leading and assisting teachers and students toward this goal, but also model the digital fluency expected of an educational technology leader. Part of this digital fluency involves effectively managing one’s web presence. In this article, we argue that educational technology professionals need to practice what they preach by attending to their own web presence. We share strategies for crafting the components of a vibrant and dynamic professional web presence, such as creating a personal website, engaging in social networking, contributing and sharing resources/artifacts, and attending to search engine optimization (SEO).
Potential of Juvenoid Insect Growth Regulators for Managing Cotton Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Field and laboratory experiments demonstrated that the juvenoid insect growth regulators kinoprene and fenoxycarb and the insecticide synergist piperunyl butoxide- (PBO) slowed population growth, delayed adult emergence, and significantly alte-red cotton aphid. Aphis gossypii Clover. population structures. Normal cotton aphid populations have a large proportion of first-instar nymphs, fewer larger nymphs, and still fewer adults. Both juvenoid insect growth regulators and PBO decreased proportions of small nymphs and adults, resulting in populations concentrated at the larger nymphal age classes. In contrast, treatment With a conventional insecticide, dicrotophos, reduced numbers of all cotton aphid age classes similarly. Natural enemy populations were similar for control, juvenoid insect growth regulators, and PBO treatments, but were reduced by dicrotophos. The similarity in effects of juvenoid insect growth regulators and PBO suggests that PBO has insect juvenoid growth regulator activity. The ability of the juvenoid insect growth regulators and PBO to slow population growth and change population age distributions suggests their use in strategies for cotton aphid management that are not based strictly on mortality. Use of population-modulating chemicals for control of cotton aphid may be more efficient than current methods that kill the insects directly.
Perception, models, and data: Some comments

Some comments are offered on the papers given at the conference, which are divided into three groups: visual perception, models and neural networks, and data analysis. The analysis stresses the complexity faced by scientific theories in each of these three areas, and consequently why the demand for computing capacity will continue to increase, with no practical bound in sight.
Cardiac Surgery in the Critically III Infant During the First Three Months of Life

This article focuses on the newborn period, when many of the most critically ill patients must be treated. The authors review their experience with more than 400 procedures performed during the past five years. Primary repair remains their goal, but a disappointingly high mortality with primary repair in this group has caused the authors to perform palliative procedures when, in their experience, palliation offers a lower mortality.
Abstract A30: Using the principles of community-based participatory research to build an office of health equity within a nationally designated cancer institute

Across the nation academic health centers, including cancer centers are establishing offices or departments focused specifically on health disparities and health equity. This movement is critical to ensure health disparities research and its dissemination, becomes an ongoing theme in the fabric of an institution. Offices or departments of this nature can often be shaped and defined based on initial funder priorities and may miss the opportunity to engage authentically with the community in the initial stages of its development. Limited practical research is available to describe the development, implementation, and initial outcomes of a new Office of Health Equity built within a NCI designated cancer institute. Using CBPR methodology, this project conducted assessments reaching over 121 diverse community members, faith leaders, cancer survivors, and caregivers from Latino, Asian, African American and medically underserved communities. Community partnerships were developed to conduct group sessions designed to describe community attitudes on cancer, clinical trials and research participation. Participants provided recommendations to collaboratively overcome barriers to accessing cancer information and care, clinical trials education and participation, and reduce cancer health disparities. Findings are reported back to the community and a full research platform and strategic plan has been developed and currently implemented with the community, survivors and practitioners. Practical methods of authentic community engagement are utilized to improve outreach and access to cancer services, clinical trials education and minority participation, ensure cancer survivors have a seamless journey throughout the cancer continuum, and to enhance cancer disparities research. Citation Format: Nadine Josann Barrett, Valarie Worthy, Xiomara Boyce-Manon, Rebecca Reyes, Lamisha Banks, Steve Patierno, Claire Chu. Using the principles of community-based participatory research to build an office of health equity within a nationally designated cancer institute. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A30. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-A30
Antecedent Aspirin Use Is Associated with Less Severe Symptoms on Admission for Ischemic Stroke

Background Aspirin is known to reduce stroke risk; however, its role in reducing severity of ischemic syndrome is not clear. We sought to investigate the relationship between antecedent aspirin use and stroke severity in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods We retrospectively analyzed a prospectively collected database of consecutive AIS patients presenting to our center. Clinical characteristics (including antecedent aspirin use), imaging findings, and laboratory data were assessed in association with presenting stroke severity, as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Logistic regression models were used to determine univariate and multivariate predictors of baseline NIHSS. Results Of the 610 AIS patients with admission brain magnetic resonance imaging available for volumetric analysis of acute infarct size, 241 (39.5%) used aspirin prior to stroke onset. Antecedent aspirin use ( P = .0005), history of atrial fibrillation ( P P P = .041), admission glucose level ( P = .0027), and stroke subtype ( P P P P P = .038), and glucose level ( P = .0095) remained independent predictors of NIHSS in multivariable analysis. Conclusions Antecedent aspirin use was independently associated with milder presenting stroke severity, even after accounting for acute infarct volume. While the underlying biology of this apparent protective relationship requires further study, patients at high risk of stroke may benefit from routine aspirin use.
The Method of ‘Generalized Interpolation’ for Approximate Solution of Ill-Posed Problems

Suppose we seek the solution x* ɛ X of an ill-posed problem which can be formulated as an infinite system of scalar equations: λj(x) = sj (j = 1,2,…). The method of generalized interpolation defines approximants xN minimizing ‖x‖ among solutions of the finite system: λj (x) = sj (j = 1,…,N). Under quite mild conditions one has xN → x*, even when the method is modified for computational convenience.
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) silences genes responsible for neurodegeneration

Normal brain function depends on the interaction between highly specialized neurons that operate within anatomically and functionally distinct brain regions. Neuronal specification is driven by transcriptional programs that are established during early neuronal development and remain in place in the adult brain. The fidelity of neuronal specification depends on the robustness of the transcriptional program that supports the neuron type-specific gene expression patterns. Here we show that polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which supports neuron specification during differentiation, contributes to the suppression of a transcriptional program that is detrimental to adult neuron function and survival. We show that PRC2 deficiency in striatal neurons leads to the de-repression of selected, predominantly bivalent PRC2 target genes that are dominated by self-regulating transcription factors normally suppressed in these neurons. The transcriptional changes in PRC2-deficient neurons lead to progressive and fatal neurodegeneration in mice. Our results point to a key role of PRC2 in protecting neurons against degeneration.
Pretreatment with indomethacin results in increased heat stroke severity during recovery in a rodent model of heat stroke.

This paper suggests that in a translational mouse model, NSAIDs may be counterindicated in situations that put an individual at risk of heat injury. We show here that a small, single dose of the NS...
The Exposome Paradigm in Human Health: Lessons from the Emory Exposome Summer Course

The environment plays a major role in human health, yet tools to study the health impacts of complex environmental exposures are lacking. In 2005, Christopher Wild introduced the concept of the exposome, which encompasses environmental exposures and concomitant biological responses throughout the life course. Exposome-based approaches have the potential to enable novel insights into numerous research questions in environmental health sciences. To promote and develop the concept of the exposome, the Health and Exposome Research Center: Understanding Lifetime Exposures (HERCULES) Exposome Research Center at Emory University held the first Emory Exposome Summer Course from 13-17 June 2016. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1712.
Melt Miscibility in Diblock Copolymers Containing Polyethylene and Substituted Hydrogenated Polynorbornenes

The thermodynamic interaction strengths between linear polyethylene (PE) and members of a family of hydrogenated polynorbornenes prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization can be tuned across a wide range via the choice of substituent appended to the polynorbornene backbone at the 5-position. Isopropyl and certain n-alkyl groups yield polynorbornenes that are highly miscible with PE, capable of producing symmetric diblock copolymers with homogeneous melts at molecular weights in excess of 100 kg/mol. In contrast, phenyl-substituted polynorbornenes are quite immiscible with PE, exhibiting microphase separation in the melt at diblock molecular weights as low as 10 kg/mol. Interaction strengths within this series of polymers do not quantitatively obey regular mixing; entropic contributions to the mixing energy arising from mismatches in free volume and chain stiffness cannot account for the observed deviations. Instead, the interactions can be satisfactorily described by an empirical mixing rule of t...
Landscape simplification reduces classical biological control and crop yield

Agricultural intensification resulting in the simplification of agricultural landscapes is known to negatively impact the delivery of key ecosystem services such as the biological control of crop pests. Both conservation and classical biological control may be influenced by the landscape context in which they are deployed; yet studies examining the role of landscape structure in the establishment and success of introduced natural enemies and their interactions with native communities are lacking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between landscape simplification, classical and conservation biological control services and importantly, the outcome of these interactions for crop yield. We showed that agricultural simplification at the landscape scale is associated with an overall reduction in parasitism rates of crop pests. Additionally, only introduced parasitoids were identified, and no native parasitoids were found in crop habitat, irrespective of agricultural landscape simplification. Pest densities in the crop were lower in landscapes with greater proportions of semi-natural habitats. Furthermore, farms with less semi-natural cover in the landscape and consequently, higher pest numbers, had lower yields than farms in less agriculturally dominated landscapes. Our study demonstrates the importance of landscape scale agricultural simplification in mediating the success of biological control programs and highlights the potential risks to native natural enemies in classical biological control programs against native insects. Our results represent an important contribution to an understanding of the landscape-mediated impacts on crop yield that will be essential to implementing effective policies that simultaneously conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Run Length Distributions of Residual Control Charts for Autocorrelated Processes

A FORTRAN program is given to calculate the run length distribution (RLD), the average run length (ARL), and the standard deviation of the run length (SDRL) for residual control charts used to moni...
Pronunciation in foreign language classrooms: Instructors’ training, classroom practices, and beliefs:

The goal of this work was to explore the training, classroom practices, and beliefs related to pronunciation of instructors of languages other than English. While several investigations of this typ...
Glucocorticoids: Molecular Mechanisms of Action

Since their discovery in the 1940s, glucocorticoids remain one of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world to treat inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, ulcerative colitis, eczema, and psoriasis. They are also used as potent immunosuppressants after an organ transplant, and in the treatment of hematological cancers. Although the clinical value of glucocorticoids has been known for almost 80 years, the molecular mechanisms underlying their systemic and tissue-specific actions are still a subject of intense investigation. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the mechanisms regulating glucocorticoid synthesis, secretion, bioavailability, physiological effects, and their signaling via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We briefly review the gene and protein structure of the glucocorticoid receptor and its isoforms, as well as the glucocorticoid receptor genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of action. Finally, we discuss in detail the current knowledge of glucocorticoid effects on the regulation of the inflammatory response from a molecular perspective.
Service intensity and organizational attributes: a preliminary inquiry.

Service intensity can vary dramatically across the clients who are served within a psychosocial intervention. But studies of the determinants of intensity are disappointing, and examinations of its impacts on key client behaviors tend to be biased by unaccounted for reciprocal relations. The author argues that it may be useful to take into account organizational attributes. Service intensity may be more fully explained by attributes such as program life-cycles and learning routines, administrative reforms, worker attention spans, worker dispositions, and caseloads. Data from an intervention for adults with homeless experience and substance abuse problems (n=136) support the author's argument. Results suggest that intervention leaders must become aware of and capable of manipulating the organizational context of treatment.
EXTENDED KRONECKER SUMMATION FOR DETERMINING THE KERNEL AND OFFSPRING OF LTI SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE DELAYS

Abstract A new concept is presented for determining the kernel and the offspring hypersurfaces for general LTI dynamics with multiple delays. These hypersurfaces, as they are very recently introduced in a concept paper (Sipahi and Olgac 2005), form the basis of the overriding paradigm which is called the “Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR)”. In fact, these two sets of hypersurfaces exhaustively represent the locations in the domain of the delays where the system possesses at least one pair of imaginary characteristic roots. To determine these kernel and offspring we use the extraordinary features of “Extended Kronecker Summation” operation in this paper. The end result is that the infinite dimensional problem reduces to a finite dimensional one (and preferably into an eigenvalue problem). Following the procedure described in this paper we are able to shorten the computational time considerably in determining these hypersurfaces. We demonstrate these concepts via some example case studies.
Military–Industrial Complex, Organization and History

The military–industrial complex (MIC) has never been a neutral term. Dwight Eisenhower coined the term MIC in 1961 during his farewell address to warn the nation of a looming danger. The threat to democracy has been a recurrent theme in many studies of the MIC since Eisenhower’s warning, including works by Gordon Adams, Sydney Lens, Ann Markusen and Joel Yudken, and Seymour Melman. At a descriptive level, the MIC refers to military agencies and firms that produce military goods. In addition a number of political and economic actors are also dependent on the defense program and are included in the MIC including legislators, workers, and businesses that serve and depend upon the military market. Although the term was coined with specific reference to the United States it has been extended to identify industrialized military establishments in other times and places. This article will describe the firms, agencies, and institutions that comprise the MIC and will consider the dangers posed by this concentration of economic and military power.