cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous furuncular myiasis: Human infestation by the botfly.

La myiase furonculeuse cutanee : Une infestation humaine par l’hypoderme Le Dermatobia hominis, ou hypoderme, est indigene a l’Amerique centrale et a l’Amerique du Sud. Son hote habituel est un mammifere, souvent un cheval ou une vache. La myiase furonculeuse cutanee, une infestation humaine par l’hypoderme, a rarement ete declaree. Les symptomes d’infestation incluent une lesion furonculeuse ferme et douloureuse, souvent accompagnee d’un pore central. En raison de leur occurrence peu frequente, ces lesions sont souvent mal diagnostiquees comme une cellulite, une leishmaniose, une furonculose, un furoncle a staphylocoque, une piqure d’insecte ou un kyste sebace, des problemes aux manifestations similaires. Le present cas rappelle le besoin de garder l’esprit ouvert en presence d’une infestation qui a pu trouver son origine sur un autre territoire. CASE PRESENTATION A 25-year-old man presented to his primary care physician with what appeared to be an infected sebaceous cyst on his posterior scalp. Drainage was performed and a short course of oral antibiotics was administered. The infection recurred, and he was referred for a surgical consultation. Physical examination was again consistent with an infected sebaceous cyst, and repeat drainage was performed in the office setting. Five weeks later, after resolution of the infection, he was scheduled for formal excision of the presumed cyst. An elliptical incision was made over the subcutaneous mass to include the identified ‘punctum’. Upon subcutaneous dissection, a black, 1.4 cm long foreign body was encountered (Figure 1). It appeared to be a cocoon or insect larva. The surrounding tissues were excised, and the wound was closed. Postoperative questioning of the patient revealed that he had traveled to Costa Rica on his honeymoon three weeks before the initial infection. Upon microscopic examination, the dermatopathologist described the specimen as myiasis, with the identification of larval elements. The specimen was forwarded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA), who confirmed this diagnosis due to the presence of golden-colored chitinous spines and smooth muscle cells seen in the body of the larva (Figure 2). DISCUSSION The means of infection by the botfly are unique. The female botfly first captures an arthropod, usually a mosquito, and lays her eggs on its body – a phenomenon called phoresia. When the mosquito lands on a mammal and the eggs are deposited on the skin, the body heat causes the eggs to hatch. In a matter of minutes, the larvae penetrate the skin, often through
Blood pressure response to estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive after pregnancy-induced hypertension

Abstract Blood pressures have been measured before and during use of an oral contraceptive (mestranol, 50 mcg., plus norethindrone, 1 mg.) by 180 young primiparous women who had recently demonstrated overt pregnancy-induced hypertension, including 26 with eclampsia. Their mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures varied from no higher to only very slightly higher than those of 200 nulligravid women who were using the same contraceptive. The diastolic blood pressures rose to exceed 90 mm. Hg in nine of the women who were previously hypertensive late in their first pregnancies compared to a similar rise in five of the nulligravid women. In the majority of the nine with previous pregnancy-induced hypertension, but in none of the five nulligravid women, the hypertension was identified during the first 3 months after starting the oral contraceptive and persisted long after the contraceptive was stopped. The basis of the hypertension that reappeared during the first 3 months of use of the oral contraceptive as well as during the pregnancy, was most likely underlying chronic vascular disease. Absence of hypertension while using the oral contraceptive did not preclude the subsequent development of hypertension during pregnancy either by primiparous women with previous pregnancy-induced hypertension or by primigravid women. The observations reported here do not preclude the use of the oral contraceptive by young primiparous women with previous pregnancy-induced hypertension, including eclampsia, if one adheres to the contraceptive dosage, the method of patient selection, and the guidelines for follow-up cutlined in this article.
Adaptability and Tailorability in NoteCards

NoteCards is an information structuring system developed in the Intelligent Systems Lab at Xerox PARC. A major design goal has been that NoteCards be an adaptable system, that is, tunable or customizable by users for particular applications and styles of use. In this paper, we describe four ways that a system can be adaptable: (1) it can have a flexible underlying conceptual model, (2) its behavior can be parametrized, (3) it can be integratable with other facilities, and (4) it can be tailorable, i.e. users themselves can add new functionality. We discuss the adaptability of NoteCards according to each of the above criteria. Finally, an example of large-scale tailoring in NoteCards is presented.
Isoaspartyl modification of ZAP70 signaling molecule alters T cell responses (555.9)

The immune system is designed to protect the host by distinguishing self-proteins from invading pathogens. However, neo-epitopes generated from self-proteins by post-translational modifications can trigger autoreactive immune cells to break such immune tolerance. One such modification, isoaspartyl (isoAsp), is believed to contribute the onset of autoimmune B and T cell responses and lupus pathology. Protein L-isoaspartyl (D-aspartyl) methyltransferase (PIMT) is the only known repair system for abnormal isoaspartyl residues. Previously, we found that the isoAsp content in lupus-prone MRL autoimmune mice increased and accumulated with age in brain and kidney, the major target organs in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recently, we found that the content of isoAsp modification in erythrocytes is correlated with PIMT activity in humans with SLE. The aberrant lupus T cell hyperproliferation can be rescued by PIMT overexpression. Of interest, ZAP70 is an essential kinase in T cell signaling and several ZAP70...
Collapsing exchange-rate regimes: Some linear examples

Abstract We construct a pair of linear examples to study the collapse time of a fixed exchange-rate regime. The first example is a perfect-foresight, continuous-time model which allows calculation of the exact collapse time and the tracking of reserves. The second example is a discrete time, stochastic model which yields an endogenous probability distribution over the collapse time and produces a forward discount of the exchange rate.
Spectroscopy of Distant Galaxies in Clusters

Butcher and Oemler have reported that many clusters of galaxies at high redshift have enhanced populations of blue galaxies when compared to nearby clusters of similar type. Since this claim is based on broad-band colors alone, it is essential to obtain spectra of these blue objects to determine if they are actually cluster members. These spectra can also be used to provide a rough morphological classification of these objects that are too distant for detailed imaging with ground-based telescopes.
Women's Opposition to Race-Targeted Interventions

Work on the correlates of opposition to race targeted interventions (ORTI) has neglected gender specific analysis. Given that women themselves have been subject to collective discrimination, this experience could conceivably offset or reduce the effect of standard predictors of ORTI in the case of women. The present study employs multiple regression analysis on national data from the General Social Survey. The results indicate that indicators of all three standard theoretical perspectives (self interest, stratification ideology, and prejudice) tend to be more predictive of female ORTI than male ORTI. The hypothesis that the collective experience of discrimination would offset standard predictors of ORTI is not supported. The model explains 36% of the variance of womens' ORTI and 21% of the variance in ORTI among men.
Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction

Game theory, the formalized study of strategy, began in the 1940s by asking how emotionless geniuses should play games, but ignored until recently how average people with emotions and limited foresight actually play games. This book marks the first substantial and authoritative effort to close this gap. Colin Camerer, one of the field's leading figures, uses psychological principles and hundreds of experiments to develop mathematical theories of reciprocity, limited strategizing, and learning, which help predict what real people and companies do in strategic situations. Unifying a wealth of information from ongoing studies in strategic behavior, he takes the experimental science of behavioral economics a major step forward. He does so in lucid, friendly prose. Behavioral game theory has three ingredients that come clearly into focus in this book: mathematical theories of how moral obligation and vengeance affect the way people bargain and trust each other; a theory of how limits in the brain constrain the number of steps of "I think he thinks . . ." reasoning people naturally do; and a theory of how people learn from experience to make better strategic decisions. Strategic interactions that can be explained by behavioral game theory include bargaining, games of bluffing as in sports and poker, strikes, how conventions help coordinate a joint activity, price competition and patent races, and building up reputations for trustworthiness or ruthlessness in business or life. While there are many books on standard game theory that address the way ideally rational actors operate, Behavioral Game Theory stands alone in blending experimental evidence and psychology in a mathematical theory of normal strategic behavior. It is must reading for anyone who seeks a more complete understanding of strategic thinking, from professional economists to scholars and students of economics, management studies, psychology, political science, anthropology, and biology.
Small airways function in children with mild asthma and normal FEV1

Background Small airways disease is a hallmark in adults with persistent asthma but little is known in children with mild asthma and normal spirometry. Objective To assess ventilation heterogeneity, a marker of small airways function, using an easy single-breath washout (SBW) technique in school-aged children with mild asthma and normal FEV1 and healthy age-matched controls. Methods Primary outcome was the double-tracer gas phase III slope (SDTG), an index of ventilation heterogeneity in acinar airways derived from the tidal double-tracer gas SBW test. SBW testing is done during normal tidal breathing. Double-tracer gas constitutes 26.3% helium and 5% sulfur hexafluoride. Triplicate SBW and spirometry tests were performed in all children (n = 66) at baseline and after bronchodilation in asthmatic children (n = 31). Results Acinar (SDTG) ventilation heterogeneity was significantly increased in asthma compared to controls. SDTG was abnormal (≤-2 z-scores) in 11/31 asthmatic children, FEF25-75 in 3/31 and FEV1 in 0/31. After bronchodilaton SDTG, FEF25-75 and FEV1 significantly changed: Average (95% CI) change given as percentage from baseline was 36 (15-56)%, 17 (9-25)% and 6 (3-9)%, respectively. Conclusion Abnormal acinar ventilation heterogeneity in one third of children suggests that small airways disease may be present despite rare and mild asthma symptoms and normal spirometry. The easy tidal SBW technique has potential as a clinical and research outcome in children with asthma.
Accurate leakage models of gapped magnetic circuits

A general permeance model valid for any gap arrangement is developed. The main advantage is that a single set of measurements performed for an arbitrary gap configuration completely characterizes the core and allows predictions for any other gap arrangement. A method to predict the leakage permeance of a core from its geometry is suggested. >
Tumor Induction in BALB/c Mice after Fractionated or Protracted Exposures to Fission-Spectrum Neutrons

This study has examined the effect of dose rate or fractionation on the carcinogenic effects of fission neutrons with emphasis on the dose range below 50 rad. The induction of lung adenocarcinomas, mammary adenocarcinomas, and ovarian tumors in female BALB/c mice was examined after whole-body neutron irradiation delivered at a high dose rate as a single exposure, or delivered as two equal fractions separated by intervals of 24 hr or 30 days and compared these effects to those after neutron irradiation at low dose rates. The dose responses for ovarian tumorigenesis after the split-dose fractionation regimen were similar to that observed after single high-dose-rate neutron exposure. However, lowering the dose rate reduced the incidence over the dose range of 0-50 rad. For lung and mammary tumors the results were more complex. These data suggest that fractionation and dose-rate effects are different for different tumor types presumably because of the different mechanisms of tumorigenesis that may be involved.
TU-D-L100J-09: The Effect of Mid-Scan Changes of Breathing Frequency and Amplitude On 4D CT Quality

Purpose: Commercial 4D CT systems attempt to correlate imaging with the respiratory cycle of the patient. Though it is known that irregular breathing introduces artifacts, this has not been systematically explored. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively investigate the effect of changing the amplitude and frequency of the breathing pattern mid‐scan on image quality. Materials and Methods: The Washington University 4D phantom holding a 2 cm lungtumor object encased in solid water was scanned with the Philips Brilliance 64 slice CTscanner in retrospective helical mode using the “bellows” respiratory surrogate. The breathing cycle was obtained from a lungcancer patient, and the motion during the first half of the scan was produced at a baseline trajectory with a consistent frequency and amplitude. The two parameters were then varied mid‐scan to new frequency and amplitude values, throughout a range of 7.5 to 22.5 breaths/minute and 5 to 15 mm, respectively. Four phases were reconstructed using the commercial scanner software. Image quality was then evaluated by assessing volumetric, centroid, and geometric changes. Results: Changes in amplitude of more than 25%, regardless of change in frequency, caused measurable volumetric and geometric image artifacts. Conversely, changes in frequency alone did not cause a notable change in the presence of artifacts. The largest amount of volume change was present at the 0% phase (peak inhalation) where the change in amplitude was greatest, while the least amount of volume change was present at the 50% phase. Conclusions: These basic breathing statistics of the patient's respiratory wave would be useful in quickly assessing the quality of a helical 4D CT scan prior to image reconstruction. More work is necessary to generalize these results with other scan acquisition techniques and respiratory tagging algorithms. Conflict of Interest: Research funded by Philips Medical Systems.
Pattern of Response of Intact Drosophila to Known Teratogens

Drosophila, as the test organism, was used to assess 17 chemicals. The teratogenic potential of 15 of these chemicals is well established from animal studies or human epidemiology. The test involves examination of adult flies following treatment during larval stages of development. Flies are examined for abnormal external morphology. The incidence of abnormalities in treated and control populations is compared using the Chi-square test. All 17 chemicals were active to varying degrees in the test system. Most chemicals produced a unique response yielding individual patterns of abnormalities. These results suggest that Drosophila may have the potential to become a valuable teratogen screen, but further, more rigorous examination–particularly with nonteratogens–is required.
Doppler Echocardiographic evaluation of pseudoaneurysms complicating composite grafts of the ascending aorta

BACKGROUND Pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta is a rare and serious complication after composite graft surgery for combined disorders of the aortic valve and ascending aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS Echocardiographic and Doppler findings are described in eight patients (seven men, one woman; mean age, 45 +/- 12 years) with documented pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta and are compared with those by aortography and at surgery. The diameter of the ascending aorta ranged from 6 to 14 cm. Pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed by echocardiography in seven cases (six transthoracic, one transesophageal), by aortography in five, and by both methods in all patients. All three patients not diagnosed by aortography had a single dehiscence at the aortic annulus anastomosis. Five patients had more than one site of origin of the pseudoaneurysm. Periannular dehiscence (n = 7) was identified by color flow Doppler in six cases and by aortography in only one, and coronary artery dehiscence (n = 6) was detected by echocardiography in three and by aortography in two arteries. Of the three patients with distal graft dehiscence, one was identified by aortography and none by echocardiography. In cases of dehiscence at the aortic annulus, continuous wave Doppler further supported the diagnosis by demonstrating two distinct jets, one through the prosthetic valve and another with higher velocity through the communication. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiography with Doppler can diagnose the presence of pseudoaneurysms complicating composite grafts and identify their proximal sites of origin. Furthermore, it complements aortography in the overall evaluation of patients with suspected pseudoaneurysm, particularly in those with single dehiscence of the graft at the aortic annulus anastomosis.
Choosing the Appropriate Sclerosing Concentration for Vessel Diameter

With the development of novel sclerosing solutions, there has been an increase of choice in which sclerosant to utilize for a particular varicosity. It is not only important for the practitioner to define which sclerosant may be effective in a given clinical scenario, but also identify the minimal sclerosant concentration (MSC) that will produce effective results. This article will overview the salient points of choosing the appropriate sclerosant as well as review which MSC to choose based on patient profile, physician experience, FDA recommendations, and vessel diameter to maximize clinical outcomes while decreasing adverse effects.
Studies on the Nature of the Arterial Blood Oxygen Unsaturation in Chronic Pulmonary Disease

SUMMARY 1.Our studies indicate that shunting producing arterial blood oxygen unsaturation is one of varying magnitude whether it be due to an arteriovenous fistula of the lung, intracardiac shunting from right to left or at the alveolar level in chronic pulmonary diseases such as: pulmonary fibrosis, collagen diseases, sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis and emphysema. The decrease noted in the arterial blood oxygen saturation with exercise on air breathing was not restored to a normal level on a high oxygen breathing mixture (such as 32.0 per cent oxygen) as one would expect if the major difficulty were alveolar capillary-membrane block. 2.The use of (1) graded levels of oxygen breathing, especially 32.0 per cent oxygen and 40.0 per cent oxygen, and (2) the use of intermittent positive pressure breathing on compressed air only constitute simple tests indicating the nature of the arterial blood oxygen unsaturation. 3.The use of 100 per cent oxygen breathing at rest in an inadequate test to rule out shunting, as this not only obscures shunting at the alveolar level, but in some cases if measured with exercise a decreased saturation results in the presence of a normal resting saturation (100 per cent). 4.These studies indicate that in chronic pulmonary disease in general (except beryllosis) that the primary cause of the arterial blood oxygen unsaturation is due to the presence of poorly ventilated alveoli or to the perfusion of blood through nonventilated or poorly ventilated areas and that an alveolar-capillary membrane block is not a significant factor producing the hypoxia.
Tillage and Herbicides Affect Burcucumber Management in Corn

and burying the seeds of large-seeded species can increase germination due to better seed-to-soil contact The effect of tillage and herbicide application timing was examined (Clements et al., 1996). In no-till systems, the majority on established populations of burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) in corn (Zea mays L.). The field study consisted of three tillage regimes of weed seeds are found near the soil surface (Buhler (moldboard plow/disk, chisel plow/disk, and no-tillage) and three her- and Mester, 1991; Yenish et al., 1992). bicide treatments: atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N9-(1-methylethyl)- Field studies demonstrate that burcucumber seeds 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) plus the dimethylamine salt of dicamba; can germinate from depths of 15 cm (Mann et al., 1981). 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid applied preemergence (PRE) or This suggests that vigorous tillage, such as moldboard postemergence (POST); and no atrazine plus dicamba (no broadleaf plowing, may not prevent seedling emergence. Dor- herbicide). Postemergence treatments were applied to 3- to 6-leaf mancy of burcucumber seed is common and caused pri- corn and cotyledon to 8-leaf burcucumber. In two of three field loca- marily by an impermeable seed coat (Mann et al., 1981). tions, late-season burcucumber dry weight was approximately 65% Research with velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Med- less in no-tillage than in the moldboard plow treatment, while no icus), which has a similar dormancy mechanism, has difference in burcucumber dry weight was observed between chisel plow and no-tillage treatments. Regardless of tillage system, atrazine shown that germination does not readily occur on the plus dicamba applied POST was more effective than PRE applica- soil surface (Buhler and Oplinger, 1990). Under no-till tions. Corn grain yield was not affected by tillage treatment, but was conditions, burcucumber seeds could experience higher higher in both the PRE and POST treatments than in the no broadleaf mortality rates on the soil surface due to poor seed-to- herbicide treatment. Depth of burcucumber seedling emergence was soil contact, germination and subsequent desiccation, examined in the greenhouse. Pre-germinated burcucumber seeds were predators, and parasites (Fround-Williams et al., 1981; placed in the soil at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm deep. Percent emergence Reader, 1991; Roberts and Feast, 1972; Zorner et al., was highest in the 1 to 5 cm depth. Less burcucumber emerged from 1984). depths of 10 cm or greater or when burcucumber was placed on the Herbicides are an important component of weed man- soil surface. These data suggest that tillage and herbicide timing can agement programs. Atrazine applied PRE has been the influence burcucumber control.
Political Identities in the Initial Phase of Systemic Transformation in Poland: A Test of the Tabula Rasa Hypothesis

The basic premise of this article is that, contrary to the tabula rasa hypothesis, individuals in the new democracies of post-Communist Eastern Europe have been able to form meaningful political identities even under conditions of great fluidity and uncertainty. These identities are expressed through the pattern of voting choices that individuals make during successive elections. The authors based their analysis on a 1993 panel survey of a national sample of the adult Polish population first interviewed in 1988. They show that when political identity is conceptualized in a dynamic manner, the majority of the Polish electorate exhibit patterns of electoral choice that conform well to interpretable types of political identity. Such political identities are shaped by social group memberships and individuals' experiences under communism. These identities, in turn, shape individuals' orientations toward crucial issues related to the systemic transformation of their society.
The effect of site distribution on desorption kinetics: carbon monoxide from Ni(100)

Abstract The effect of binding site distribution of CO on its desorption kinetics from Ni(100) was investigated using temperature program desorption (TPD) and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Desorption of CO was studied from either surfaces presaturated at 100 K and annealed to 250 K (θco = 0.59 ML), 342 K (θco = 0.49 ML), and 414 K (θco = 0.21 ML) or by dosing to similar coverages without anneal at 100 K. The TPD spectra indicate that the initial desorption kinetics are significantly different for the two methods of preparation. Desorption kinetic parameters, Ed and vd, obtained using the threshold temperature program desorption (TTPD) analysis without anneal were 114 ± 2 kJ mol and 8.1 × 10 15 s −1 at 0.18 ML and 32 ± 2 kJ mol and 107 s−1 at 0.50 ML. At both of these coverages CO is initially distributed nearly equally between atop and bridged sites. Annealing the adlayer led to the dominance of atop sites in the adsorbate population, yielding less coveragesensitive desorption kinetics. At θ co = 0.21 ML, E d and v d were 128 ± 4 kJ mol and 3.9 × 1016s−1 and at 0.50 ML they were 92 ± 3 kJ mol and 1.3 × 1014 s−1.
Gender and Attitudinal Commitment to Organizations: A Meta-Analysis

Two competing theories-the gender model and the job model-have been used to explain diverse research findings on gender and organizational commitment. This study examines the relationship between gender and attitudinal commitment to organizations via a meta-analysis of prior research results, using data from 27 independent samples (IV = 14,081). Meta-analysis procedures reveal that gender and attitudinal commitment are unrelated. There is little evidence that the type of commitment instrument or job type moderates the relationship between gender and attitudinal commitment. Cumulative evidence provides no support for the gender model of organizational commitment, but the findings are consistent with a job model explanation of organizational commitment.
The effect of essential amino acid deprivation on poly(A) metabolism in Neurospora crassa

Abstract Poly(A) messenger RNA was isolated from a methionine auxotroph of Neurospora crassa grown to exponential and early stationary phases, and from mycelia deprived of the essential amino acid. The polyadenylate regions were isolated from the mRNA preparations by enzymatic digestion and affinity chromatography, and their lengths determined by electrophoresis on 10% acrylamide 90% formamide gels. There was no significant difference in the lengths of the poly(A) regions between exponential and early stationary phase cultures. However, the poly(A) regions of mRNA isolated from cells undergoing amino acid deprivation were larger and more heterogeneous than the poly(A) regions isolated from cells grown in amino acid-supplemented medium. Whole cell extracts prepared from both amino acid-supplemented and amino acid-deprived cultures were assayed for their ability to synthesize and degrade poly(A). No significant difference between the two extracts was detected in either poly(A) polymerase or poly(A)-degrading activities. It was concluded that continuing translational activity is required for the shortening of poly(A) tracts in N. crassa.
Postpartum Newborn Nursing: Simulation Into Practice

Abstract Clinical nursing instructors face the challenge of engaging students in consistent, meaningful, and appropriate clinical activities within the constraints of limited clinical time in hospitals. Simulation exercises offer students real-life scenarios in which they can pose questions, test skills, and apply concepts and meaning to their newfound knowledge. In addition, simulation exercises may have the potential for increasing the skill level and confidence of nursing students, enabling students to spend more of their clinical time perfecting skills taught in simulation. Hospital staff provide positive feedback about student readiness when students have gone through simulation exercises. This article provides postpartum–newborn nursing clinical instructors with a step-by-step guide for incorporating simple obstetrical simulation exercises into their courses, which can enhance their students' performance.
Single-molecule electrophoresis: applications to biomolecular detection

A new method for the detection and identification of biological molecules at the single molecule level of sensitivity has been developed. The technique involves measuring the electrophoretic velocity of each molecule present in a sample. Since different chemical species generally exhibit different electrophoretic velocities, identification is accomplished by classification according to electrophoretic velocity. The solution is contained in a capillary to which an external voltage is applied, and the velocity is determined by measuring the time taken by an individual molecule to travel the distance between two tightly focused laser beams due to the electrophoretic effect. The detection of the migration of individual molecules through each laser beam was accomplished by a modified version of our recently developed technique of single fluorescent molecule detection. Monte Carlo computer simulations of the process were performed beforehand in order to estimate the experimental feasibility of the method, and to determine the optimum values for the various experimental parameters. The method has been applied to the analysis of single-fluorophore molecules such as rhodamine 6G, and to biological macromolecules, such as mixtures of nucleic acids and of proteins. Applications of the technique to the detection of specific DNA sequences are discussed.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Use of the Food Guide Pyramid by Blue Collar, Inner City, and Suburban Consumers

Abstract The food pyramid, a representation of a balanced, mixed and varied diet, has been widely disseminated in nutrition education materials and food labels. This study explored socioeconomic and cultural variations in knowledge, use and attitudes about the pyramid. A guided interview was administered between 10 am and 5 pm on weekdays to 115 shoppers who were the primary food purchasers and preparers for 411 household members. Fully 85% said they had heard of and seen the pyramid. Although 42% had not heard of the 5-A-Day program, 86% and 50%, respectively, named vegetables and fruits as preventing disease. Persons over 50, African Americans (AA) and Mexican Americans (MA) were less likely to recognize the pyramid than younger respondents and Anglos, respectively. Of those who recognized it, 87% said that they believed and trusted it and that its goal was "balanced nutrition". Those over 50 and Anglos were less likely to trust the pyramid. AA and MA shoppers were 2-3 times most likely to have seen the pyramid in doctor's offices; younger shoppers said food labels; and lower income said school. About 3/4 did not use the pyramid in meal planning, but they disagreed that it was too "confusing" or "time consuming". Two-thirds of shoppers said the pyramid recommended 3 or fewer bread/grain servings per day, 1/5 said 2 or fewer vegetable servings, 1/3 said 2 or fewer fruit servings, and about 1/3 said 1 meat serving. Most could not identify or quantify the topmost section of the pyramid. Different educational strategies are needed to address (a) exposure, (b) knowledge, (c) utilization, (d) distrust, (e) servings and (f) perplexity about the pyramid peak.
Light hydrocarbon gases, C13, and origin of organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites

Carbonaceous chondrites composition by gas chromatography for light hydrocarbons and carbon, discussing origin of organic matter
Experience with the State Notation Language and run-time sequencer

Abstract The State Notation Language (SNL) has gained wide acceptance as a control system development tool. The SNL uses a subset of C with additional control statements that are based on the state transition diagram paradigm. In conjunction with a run-time sequencer, the SNL offers programming simplicity without significant performance penalty. As one of the major tools in the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS), the SNL has been successfully used on several control systems in a wide variety of applications, such as machine sequencing, operation of beam diagnostics and facilitating complex operator interface functions. This paper presents the results of a survey of the various users of the SNL. The intent is to judge how well the SNL has met its original objectives and to determine future improvements. Such improvements will include implementing a graphical sequencer builder and providing a comprehensive graphical debugging tool.
Metabolism of aminonucleoside-8-14C in the rat and guinea pig.

Abstract The aminonucleoside (PA) of puromycin is nephrotoxic to rats but not to guinea pigs. That guinea pigs are resistant to PA-nephrotoxicity has been confirmed in the Hartley strain. The metabolic disposition of subcutaneoulsy administered PA in the rat and in the Hartley guinea pig has been determined with the aid of the 8- 14 C-labeled compound. Unchanged PA is the major urinary excretion product in both the rat and guinea pig 8 hr after PA administration, and allantoin represents the major end-product of metabolism. Guinea pigs, but not rats, excrete part of the PA-8- 14 C as 14 CO 2 . The monodemethylated analog of PA, viz., 6-methylamino-9-(3′-amino-3′-deoxy-β- d -ribofuranosyl)purine, is the major nucleoside metabolite in the urine of rats and guinea pigs. The rat demethylates PA to this monodemethylated analog in vivo at a rate approximately 4-fold greater than the guinea pig.
Tillage effects on soil hydraulic properties in space and time: State of the science

Soil tillage practices can affect soil hydraulic properties and processes dynamically in space and time with consequent and coupled effects on chemical movement and plant growth. This literature review addresses the quantitative effects of soil tillage and associated management (e.g., crop residues) on the temporal and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. Our review includes incidental management effects, such as soil compaction, and natural sources of variability, such as topography. Despite limited research on space-time predictions, many studies have addressed management effects on soil hydraulic properties and processes relevant to improved understanding of the sources of variability and their interactions in space and time. Whether examined explicitly or implicitly, the literature includes studies of interactions between treatments, such as tillage and residue management. No-tillage (NT) treatments have been compared with various tillage practices under a range of conditions with mixed results. The trend, if any, is for NT to increase macropore connectivity while generating inconsistent responses in total porosity and soil bulk density compared with conventional tillage practices. This corresponds to a general increase in ponded or near-zero tension infiltration rates and saturated hydraulic conductivities. Similarly, controlled equipment traffic may have significant effects on soil compaction and related hydraulic properties on some soils, but on others, landscape and temporal variability overwhelm wheel-track effects. Spatial and temporal variability often overshadows specific management effects, and several authors have recognized this in their analyses and interpretations. Differences in temporal variability depend on spatial locations between rows, within fields at different landscape positions, and between sites with different climates and dominant soil types. Most tillage practices have pronounced effects on soil hydraulic properties immediately following tillage application, but these effects can diminish rapidly. Long-term effects on the order of a decade or more can appear less pronounced and are sometimes impossible to distinguish from natural and unaccounted management-induced variability. New standards for experimental classification are essential for isolating and subsequently generalizing space-time responses. Accordingly, enhanced methods of field measurement and data collection combined with explicit spatio-temporal modeling and parameter estimation should provide quantitative predictions of soil hydraulic behavior due to tillage and related agricultural management.
On the Extraction of Kaon Decay Amplitudes From Lattice Calculations

Abstract To extract kaon decay amplitudes from lattice QCD calculations one must subtract away the effect of shd mixing. A new method for doing this subtraction is presented. The method involves the use of only a single value for the quark mass, and thus reduces the computation time required.
APOL1 and Nephropathy Progression in Populations of African Ancestry

Marked familial aggregation of chronic kidney disease suggests that inherited factors play a major role in nephropathy susceptibility. Molecular genetics analyses have identified a number of genes reproducibly associated with a broad range of renal phenotypes. Most associations show polygenic inheritance patterns with limited effect size. In contrast, genetic association between the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene and several severe nondiabetic forms of kidney disease in African Americans approach Mendelian inheritance patterns and account for a large proportion of glomerulosclerosis in populations of African ancestry. Emerging data support an important role for APOL1 in the progression of diverse etiologies of kidney disease, in concert with requisite environmental (gene*environment) and inherited (gene*gene) interactions. This article reviews the current status of APOL1-associated nephropathy and discusses research questions under active investigation in the search for a cure for these severe and often progressive kidney diseases.
Soluble HIV-specific T cell receptor: expression, purification and analysis of the specificity

We have produced soluble T cell receptor (TCR) derived from a human CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone D3 that recognizes the immunodominant HIV Gag peptide SLYNTVATL (SL9) in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I protein HLA-A2. Drosophila Schneider cells (S2) were used to express genes coding the TCR alpha and beta chains under an inducible promoter. Both chains were labeled with two different tags: a (His)(6) was introduced at the C-terminal end of alpha chain, while beta chain was terminated by c-myc. Since an isolated alpha chain is unstable unless it is associated with a beta chain, this design permits rapid separation of alpha,beta-heterodimer from unpaired beta chain in a single step of Ni-NTA Agarose chromatography yielding 90% pure alpha,beta-TCR. Introduction of the c-myc epitope to the beta chain allows capture of soluble D3 from the culture supernatant by immobilized anti-c-myc antibody, without the need for receptor purification. The TCR specificity was then examined by analyzing the binding of peptide-HLA-A2/tetramer in an ELISA assay. Using this assay, we have also evaluated the binding of monomeric SL9-HLA-A2 complex to the immobilized D3 TCR and determined that the affinity measurement of the D3-SL9-HLA-A2 reaction is similar to that obtained by a biosensor instrument. We propose that the approach described here is generally useful for purification of other soluble TCRs and will allow rapid analysis of their specificity.
Effect of the Essentials of Critical Care Orientation (ECCO) Program on the Development of Nurses’ Critical Thinking Skills

It is essential for nurses to develop critical thinking skills to ensure their ability to provide safe and effective care to patients with complex and variable needs in ever-changing clinical environments. To date, very few studies have been conducted to examine how nursing orientation programs develop the critical thinking skills of novice critical care nurses. Strikingly, no research studies could be found about the American Association of Critical Care Nurses Essentials of Critical Care Orientation (ECCO) program and specifically its effect on the development of nurses' critical thinking skills. This study explored the perceptions of new graduate nurses regarding factors that helped to develop their critical thinking skills throughout their 6-month orientation program in the intensive care unit. A convenient non-probability sample of eight new graduates was selected from a hospital that used the ECCO program. Data were collected with demographic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. An exploratory qualitative research method with content analysis was used to analyze the data. The study findings showed that new graduate nurses perceived that they developed critical thinking skills that improved throughout the orientation period, although there were some challenges in the ECCO program. This study provides data that could influence the development and implementation of future nursing orientation programs.
Zum hydrolytischen Abbau der Poly(ethylenterephthalat)fäden

Die rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung von Poly(ethylenterephthalat)faden nach einer Hydrolyse bei 160 °C in Wasserdampf wird gemacht. Nur auf den starken hydrolysierten PET-Faden konnten wir Spalten finden. PET-Garne zerfallen in kleine Abschnitte quer zur Fadenachse, aber es handelt sich um kein physikalisch signifikantes Phanomen.
Molecular Mechanics Calculations in Coordination Chemistry

Mise au point. Principes de la methode, techniques de minimisation de l'energie, champs de forces utilises. Application aux calculs de conformation, isomerie, stabilite de complexes de coordination avec des coordinats bi-, di-, tri-, tetra, penta- et hexadentes
Jump risk in the U.S. stock market: Evidence using political information

Abstract We examine the impact of U.S. elections and partisan politics on the stock market using jump–diffusion models of daily stock returns from 1965 to 1996. Our approach permits us to track jump risk in stock markets stemming from political incentives, and to separate the impact of routine trading and informational surprises, or jumps, on the mean and volatility of stock returns in election years and across partisan administrations. Our estimates reveal that the pattern of jumps and of routine trading varies with the political calendar. We find that midterm elections are a more important source of uncertainty compared to presidential elections. Jump risk increases by 10 and 20 percent for small and large-cap stocks, respectively, in midterm election years. We also find that small stocks perform better under Democrats relative to Republicans. However, unexpected events are more frequent during Democratic administrations and these increase the jump risk, especially for large stocks, in these regimes.
Undocumented Research Participants: Ethics and Protection in a Time of Fear

President Obama characterized Arizona’s recent immigration law as undermining “basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans.” The authors’ extend the national discussion regarding immigration to ethics and research. Therefore, the purpose of this methodological article is to advance areas for ethical consideration when researching undocumented participants. Undocumented participants have been described as vulnerable and in need of protection when researched. The authors contend that undocumented participants are capable, competent, yet vulnerable simultaneously. Characterizing these participants as wholly vulnerable is a form of Otherization. The authors present a literature review of Other, vulnerable participants, illegal participants, and undocumented persons/participants. Authors have been ethics reviewers and/or researchers of undocumented participants. Drawing on these experiences throughout the article, they provide reflexively composed narrative interludes. Methodological and ethical con...
Cellular effects of garlic supplements and antioxidant vitamins in lowering marginally high blood pressure in humans: pilot study

The present investigation was carried out to determine the in vivo effects of garlic and antioxidants on marginally high blood pressure in human subjects as well as the in vitro effects on human endothelial cell (EC) nitric oxide (NO) production. The antioxidant vitamin C alone (2.0 g/d), garlic alone (2.5 g/d), or a combination was administered for 10 days in human subjects with marginally high blood pressure. Furthermore, the effect of garlic extract, garlic ingredients (including alliin, allyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide), or antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamins C + E), and combinations on human EC NO formation were examined. Vitamin C alone did not result in any changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure. In contrast, garlic resulted in a significant lowering (P < .05) of mean systolic but not diastolic blood pressure. In contrast, garlic plus vitamin C resulted in a distinct lowering of mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures to reference ranges. At the cellular level, the various garlic ingredients resulted in significant (P < .01) increase in EC NO production by about 2-fold above control. In contrast, vitamin C, E, or both resulted in slight but not statistically significant increase in EC NO production. However, combinations of the garlic ingredients with antioxidant vitamins resulted in enhanced (P < .01) EC NO production by about 3-fold. The effect of garlic ingredients or garlic ingredients and antioxidants on EC NO production might explain the effects of garlic and vitamin C in lowering marginally high blood pressure.
Aggregate production planning for process industries under oligopolistic competition

Abstract We consider a competitive version of the traditional aggregate production planning model with capacity constraints. In the general case, multiple products are produced by a few competing producers (oligopoly) with limited capacities. Production quantities, prices and consequently profits depend on production and allocation decisions of each producer. In addition, there is competition for the raw material whose supplies are limited, and where prices reflect these limitations. Such situations have recently occurred in several process industry settings including petro-refining, petrochemicals, basic chemicals, cement, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, rubber, paper, food processing and metals. We use a successive “Bertrand–Cournot” framework to address this problem and to determine optimal production quantities, prices and profits at the producers and at the raw material supplier. Our analysis allows a new way to understand and evaluate the marginal value of additional capacity when there is competition for the market and raw materials.
Single-layer and bilayer resist processes for EUV-type integrations

The high absorption of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation by all materials necessitates the use of thin photoresist films with thicknesses less than 200 nm for EUV lithography to ensure good imaging. Thinning the resist thickness below 150 nm or even 100 nm may produce benefits such as increased sensitivity, larger process latitude, and increased resolution. However, these potential benefits as well as the required need for thin resists come at the expense of reduced etch resistance. EUV lithography will require the use of some type of thin imaging technique such as top-surface imaging, bilayer resists, or single layer resists with hardmasks in order to achieve the necessary etch resistance. In this paper, we discuss results that demonstrate the feasibility of using thin resist approaches for fabricating working devices. We have successfully fabricated working 130-nm-node SRAMs using a single layer 248 nm ultrathin resist (< 150-nm-thick) with a hardmask for both gate and contact layers on the same wafer. This result represents the first demonstration of working devices fabricated using ultrathin resists on multiple device layers. We also present initial patterning experiments using a 193 nm bilayer resist for brightfield applications such as the gate layer, and compare imaging performance to that of a 193 nm single layer resist. The advantages and disadvantages of the single layer and bilayer approaches are discussed.