cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence and triplet yield quenching of β-apo-14′-carotenal (C22 aldehyde) by aromatic molecules

Abstract The fluorescence and triplet yields of β-apo-14′-carotenal in cyclohexane at room temperature are quenched in the presence of submolar concentrations of aromatic molecules predominantly through a dynamic interaction. The observed Stern-Volmer constants KSVF for fluorescence quenching vary from 0.06 M−1 for mesitylene to 45 M−1 for indole, giving excited state quenching rate constants in the range of 6 × 107 − 4.5 × 1010 M−1 s−1. With methoxy-substituted benzene derivatives as quenchers, the KSVF data correlate well with the half-wave oxidation potentials of the quenchers, suggesting a modest involvement of charge transfer. Interestingly, the Stern-Volmer constants KSVT for triplet yield quenching are significantly higher than the corresponding KSVF values. This result is explained in terms of scheme(s) where the singlet excited state species that acts as precursor for triplet is assumed to be kinetically distinguishable from that responsible for fluorescence.
Cathepsin A/protective protein: an unusual lysosomal multifunctional protein

Cathepsin A/protective protein [3.4.16.5], carboxypeptidase A, is a lysosomal serine protease with structural homology to yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) carboxypeptidase Y. Cathepsin A is a member of the α/β hydrolase fold family and has been suggested to share a common ancestral relationship with other α/β hydrolase fold enzymes, such as cholinesterases. Several lines of evidence indicate that cathepsin A is a multicatalytic enzyme with deamidase and esterase in addition to carboxypeptidase activities. Cathepsin A was recently identified in human platelets as deamidase. In vitro, it hydrolyzes a variety of bioactive peptide hormones including tachykinins, suggesting that extralysosomal cathepsin A plays a role in regulation of bioactive peptide functions. Recent reports emphasize the lysosomal protective function of cathepsin A rather than its protease function. The protective function of cathepsin A is distinct from its catalytic function. Human lysosomal β-galactosidase and neuraminidase exist as a high molecular weight enzyme complex, in which there is a 54-kDa glycoprotein termed ‘lysosomal protective protein’. Based on cell culture studies, protective protein was found to protect both β-galactosidase and neuraminidase from intralysosomal proteolysis by forming a multienzyme complex and was shown to be deficient in patients with galactosialidosis, a combined deficiency of β-galactosidase and neuraminidase. Molecular cloning and gene expression studies have disclosed that protective protein is cathepsin A. The cathepsin A precursor has the potential to restore both β-galactosidase and neuraminidase activities in fibroblasts from patients with galactosialidosis. Cathepsin A knockout mice showed a phenotype similar to human galactosialidosis and the deficient phenotype found in the mutant mice was corrected by transplanting erythroid precursor cells overexpressing cathepsin A. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the significance of cathepsin A as a key molecule in the onset of galactosialidosis and also highlight the therapeutic potential of the cathepsin A precursor for patients with galactosialidosis.
Integrating the Life Course and Life-Span: Formulating Research Questions with Dual Points of Entry

Abstract Although life-span psychology and life course sociology share much in common, they also differ in significant ways. One such difference concerns their points of entry into the study of human behavior: When formulating questions, life-span psychologists typically begin with cognitive, emotional, or motivational characteristics of the person, and life course sociologists often begin with social context and roles. Yet by developing research programs with dual points of entry, encompassing both psychological functions and social context and roles, behavioral scientists will encourage interdisciplinary work that cuts across the life-span and life course. This strategy also encourages research that examines person–context interactions, which are likely features of development and aging. We illustrate the dual points of entry approach by considering career development during the transition to adulthood.
A novel spin-label method for monitoring dissolved oxygen in the perfluorochemical blood substitute, FC-43 emulsion

Abstract TEMPO-laurate, a lipid spin probe, was found to partition favorably into perfluorotributylamine (PFT), either in pure form or in the emulsified preparation, FC-43 emulsion. The signal amplitude of the ESR spectrum of TEMPO-laurate was shown to be sensitive to the levels of oxygen in perfluorochemical preparations. The spin probe dissolved into pure PFT gave rise to a single-component ESR spectrum. Partition of the probe into the micelles of FC-43 emulsion, however, revealed a two-component ESR spectrum: a major component attributed to the probe inside the micelles and a minor component probably due to the probe associated with the surface of the micelles. The results suggest that the ESR signal of TEMPO-laurate may be a useful parameter for determining the uptake and release of oxygen in perfluorochemical blood substitutes.
Acetylcholine and cholinesterase in tunicates

Abstract 1. 1. The ganglion of Ciona intestinalis L. was isolated and extracted. Acetylcholine determinations by bioassay on isolated hearts of Venus and Tapes indicated an acetylcholine content of 20–120 μg/g wet weight. The acetylcholine content of the body wall (without tunic) was found to be between 0·01 and 0·2 μg/g wet weight. 2. 2. Unboiled homogenates of Ciona ganglia lose their acetylcholine activity almost completely within 90 min, but the activity remains if an anticholinesterase (eserine) is added initially. 3. 3. Unboiled homogenates of Ciona ganglia prepared in isotonic medium maintain a major amount of their acetylcholine content. This bound acetylcholine is released upon boiling. 4. 4. The muscles of the body wall respond with contraction to acetylcholine. This effect is not potentiated by eserine. 5. 5. A cholinergic motor innervation is likely. The observed low cholinesterase activity explains the slow relaxation of the musculature in vivo.
Intercultural education as social justice

John sat nervously, tapping a pencil on his desk. As Blue River High School's dean of students, he had asked me to help ‘mediate’ the growing tension between the school's administrators and an incr...
YEPS: Running real-time experiments on a timesharing system

The Yale experimental programming system is described. This system consists of user-callable subroutines and a set of modifications to the UNIX operating system which support the development and execution of real-time psychology experiments. The interactions between a timesharing operating system and the provision of real-time facilities for experiments are discussed.
The Spatial Dependence of Judicial Data

This article examines the significance of spatial dependence in judicial activity rates using aggregated geographical data of 60 Mexican metropolitan areas. It begins with a theoretical discussion on spatial variation, spatial dependence, and spatial heterogeneity. Later, spatial statistics demonstrate a strong clustering of judicial activity in northern Mexico. In terms of social correlates, judicial activity is found to significantly increase with better public institutions and to decrease with better urban infrastructure conditions. Spatial models accounted for the spatial autocorrelation in the residuals, telling that the spatial variation in judicial activity is not independent of the aggregate social characteristics of the population. These results support the functional versus the local contextual hypothesis of spatial variation. However, additional research is needed to evaluate the impact of future institutional and urban infrastructure developments. A crucial implication of the results is that future legal empirical research must incorporate spatial effects into their models.
A citation study of public health Masters' theses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to devise methodologies and attain results that would allow the author to evaluate local collections that support public health users.Design/methodology/approach – The largest available source of data was local Masters' student theses. The methodology is a case study employing citation analysis of Masters' theses.Findings – The study provided a list of the journals most used by Masters' students in their theses to be compared to currently subscribed titles to evaluate local holdings. It confirmed that ISI journal rankings were not a useful tool for local collection building.Originality/value – The study provides a methodology for evaluating and improving the local journal collection and could be combined with further studies to create a core list of public health journals locally. It also provides guidance on types of resources to buy and confirmed the importance of journals to the collection. The study could be combined with similar studies at other institutions to ...
Probable male heterogamety in the deep-sea fish Bathylagus wesethi (Teleostei: Bathylagidae)

A presumed XY chromosome pair is described fromt estis squashes from the mesopelagic deep-sea fish Bathylagus wesethi, whose 2N chromosome number was determined as 34-“XY”. Although the metacentric “X-chromosome” is the largest in the entire compliment, the “Y” is the smallest and only acrocentric element. The positive heteropycnosis of the sex elements was not easily distinguishable in the nuclei of first meiotic prophase. Tetraploid nuclei were observed in peripheral supporting cells of the testis. Males of at least two other congeners have similar karyotypes.
Reversal in photic orientation in Volvox and the nature of photic stimulation

1. Volvox usually is photopositive in low and photonegative in high illumination, but the opposite obtains under certain conditions. 2. If it is dark adapted, it is always positive when exposed to light, no matter how intense, but it soon becomes negative if the light is sufficiently intense and the higher the intensity the shorter the time required. 3. If Volvox is fully adapted to any given illumination it becomes positive if the intensity is increased and negative if it is decreased, provided the change in intensity is sufficiently great and sufficiently rapid. 4. Colonies which have thus become positive remain so for a time, then they become neutral and later negative if the change of intensity is sufficiently great. The greater the change in intensity the sooner they become negative. The reverse obtains in colonies which have become negative. 5. If colonies are negative in a given luminous intensity and the intensity is momentarily reduced they become positive, remain so for a time, then become negative again. The time they remain positive varies directly with the magnitude of the reduction of the light and the time it remains reduced. The opposite obtains for colonies which are positive in a given luminous intensity. 6. Volvox may be either photopositive or photonegative in every condition of luminous intensity in which orientation occurs. 7. Darkness or reduction in luminous intensity induces changes which result in reversal from photonegative orientation in a given illumination to photopositive orientation in the same illumination, and light or increase in luminous intensity induces changes which result in the opposite. 8. If colonies are subjected to any given constant illumination, they become neutral, i. e. they become adapted to that illumination and orientation ceases. 9. Colonies which in any given illumination are not fully adapted, usually become negative if the intensity is increased and positive if it is decreased, precisely the opposite from that which obtains in colonies which are fully adapted. 10. Photopositive orientation is brought about primarily by a change in the direction of the stroke of the flagella on the shaded side of the colonies from diagonally backward to more nearly directly backward and photonegative orientation by the same change on the illuminated side. The one is due to decrease, the other to increase in the illumination of the sensitive tissue in the eyes. 11. Decrease in the illumination of the photoreceptors in colonies in the photopositive state has the same effect as increase in the illumination of the same structure in colonies in the photonegative state. 12. This difference is probably associated with the difference in the electric charge on colonies in the two states, indicated in the results presented in a subsquent paper. 13. It is assumed that response to light in Volvox is associated with photochemical changes, and an attempt has been made to account for reversal in the direction of photic orientation on the basis of postulated photochemical processes.
The natural line shape of the giant dipole resonance

Abstract Investigation of photoabsorption experiments in the spherical nucleus 141 Pr, the quasispherical dynamically deformed 197 Au, and the statically deformed 165 Ho showed that the function which describes best the energy dependence of the reduced transition probability is given by the Breit-Wigner form rather than the Lorentz form. However, the form of the resulting measured cross section is approximately of the Lorentz type. The dependence of the giant resonance width Γ on the excitation energy was also investigated, and found to be less than 1% per MeV if one considered the known isovector E2 resonance above the giant dipole resonance. Best fit values of the reduced transition probabilities for the three nuclei are given and compared to (e, e′) results.
Plastoquinone C involved in Electron Transport in Chloroplasts

CHLOROPLASTS contain at least nine quinones. These are plastoquinones A, B, C and D, vitamin K1, α, β, γ tocopherolquinones and an unknown naphthoquinone1. Of these quinones plastoquinones A and C, vitamin K1 and α tocopherolquinone occur in sufficient quantity to be considered as candidates for a role in photosynthetic electron transport. Evidence for a role of plastoquinone A has been reviewed2,3. We can now show evidence for a specific role of plastoquinone C in addition to plastoquinone A as an electron carrier between the second and first light reactions of chloroplasts.
Bone: target and source of environmental pollutant exposure.

Abstract The skeleton can play a unique role in modulating and responding to environmental air pollutants. Bone and its metabolic activities may be immediate targets for particular agents, leading to skeletal disease. However, bone is also an important storage site in the body. Chemical pollutants may be actively absorbed into bone mineral and released later during the normal process of bone remodeling. Critical periods when bone remodeling is enhanced, such as pregnancy, lactation, menopause, immobilization, and exposure to microgravity, may be important to recognize because of the potential for enhanced release of previously stored chemical agents. Lead has been identified as a “criteria air pollutant” by the 1970 Clean Air Act because of its ubiquity in the environment and its effect on a multiplicity of health outcomes. It is used in this article as an example of a substance that can have both a direct effect on bone and a latent effect on other organ systems through release from bone long after the initial exposure. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;114:220-3.)
Polyribonucleotide phosphorylase fromDictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Polyribonucleotide phosphorylase activity was detectable in cell-free extracts prepared from stationary-phase myxamoebae and young sorocarps of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum . Following electrophoresis, enzymatic activity was localized and assayed in polyacrylamide gels in the direction of polyribonucleotide formation. Polymer synthesis was: (1) detectable by staining with either acridine orange or methylene blue; (2) dependent on the presence of nucleoside diphosphate (either UDP or ADP); (3) a linear function of time; and (4) independent of the presence of a primer, e.g., adenyladenosine. With myxamoebal extracts, the major band of enzymatic activity had an R m identical to that (i.e., 0.37) for the purified Escherichia coli phosphorylase, while the major isozymic forms of the enzyme from young sorocarps had R m values of 0.27 and 0.37.
Population ageing in Central and Eastern Europe and its demographic and social context

The article focuses on several demographic and socio-economic idiosyncrasies in Central and Eastern Europe, which impact the process of population ageing and intergenerational relations. These include the adverse mortality trends and especially the excess male mortality in certain countries, which exacerbated sex differences in life expectancy beyond anything ever recorded in peace-time population history, the combination of natural population decrease and net emigration, the disordered cohort flows and the shorter generational length. The rapid demographic change in these countries coincided with political, economic and social transformations. The shock of the fall of communism affected differently younger people, who could relatively easily reorganize their life cycles so as to adapt to the changed circumstances, and older persons for whom such reorganization was more difficult, or even impossible. This created the possibility for the opening of an intergenerational rift, as older generations felt being the losers of the transition. The article explores the implications of these idiosyncrasies and social context for living arrangements, kin networks, individual wellbeing and inter-generational relations, and identifies areas where particular challenges are likely to be faced when it comes to policies and programs aimed at older persons.
Minutia-based fingerprint matching

Several years ago the Federal Bureau of Investigation initiated the development of a reader to extract detailed information from single fingerprints. The fine details or minutiae consist of the position and angle of ridge endings and bifurcations, A free standing laboratory reader now exists which accepts an inked fingerprint at its input and outputs this minutia data.
Structural Dimensions of Social Support Groups

(1980). Structural Dimensions of Social Support Groups. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 106, No. 2, pp. 157-177.
Genetic-algorithm energy minimization for point charges on a sphere

We demonstrate that a recently developed approach for optimizing atomic structures is very effective for attacking the Thomson problem of finding the lowest-energy configuration of $N$ point charges on a unit sphere. Our approach uses a genetic algorithm, combined with a "cut and paste" scheme of mating, that efficiently explores the different low-energy structures. Not only have we reproduced the known results for $10l~Nl~132$, this approach has allowed us to extend the calculation for all $Nl~200$. This has allowed us to identify series of "magic" numbers, where the lowest-energy structures are particularly stable. Most of these structures are icosahedral, but we also find low-energy structures that deviate from icosahedral symmetry.
Notch receptor regulation of intestinal stem cell homeostasis and crypt regeneration

The Notch signaling pathway regulates intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis, including stem cell maintenance, progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Notch1 and Notch2 receptors are expressed in the epithelium, but individual contributions to these functions are unclear. We used genetic deletion to define receptor roles on stem cell function, cell proliferation/differentiation, and repair after injury. Loss of Notch1 induced a transient secretory cell hyperplasia that spontaneously resolved over time. In contrast, deletion of Notch2 had no secretory cell effect. Compound deletions of Notch1 and Notch2 resulted in a more severe secretory cell hyperplasia than deletion of Notch1 alone. Furthermore, only double deletion of Notch1 and Notch2 decreased cell proliferation, suggesting a low threshold for maintenance of proliferation compared to differentiation. Stem cells were affected by deletion of Notch1, with reduced expression of Olfm4 and fewer LGR5+ stem cells. Deletion of Notch2 had no apparent affect on stem cell homeostasis. However, we observed impaired crypt regeneration after radiation in both Notch1- and Notch2-deleted intestine, suggesting that higher Notch activity is required post-injury. These findings suggest that Notch1 is the primary receptor regulating intestinal stem cell function and that Notch1 and Notch2 together regulate epithelial cell proliferation, cell fate determination, and post-injury regeneration.
Population coding in the retina

Recent advances in multi-electrode recording have brought us closer to understanding how visual information is encoded by populations of retinal ganglion cells. By monitoring the visual responses of many ganglion cells at once, it is now possible to examine how ganglion cells act together to encode a visual scene.
THE GECKO OPSIN: RESPONSES TO GEOMETRIC ISOMERS OF RETINAL and 3‐DEHYDRORETINAL

Abstract— The opsin of the visual pigment (P521) of the Tokay gecko rapidly regenerates four spectrally different photopigments with the 9-cis and 11-cis isomers of both the vitamin A,- and A2-aldehydes. The opsin displays the classic stereospecificity for both A1- and A2-series of isomers. The two photopigments regenerated with 9-cis- and ll-cw-3-dehydroretinals respond to chloride and nitrate ions as do the comparable pigments formed with 9-cis- and 11-ris-retinal. The result is a family of pigments absorbing with spectral maxima ranging from 464 to 540 nm, a span of some 3000 cm-1. The photosensitivity of all four pigments was determined and found to be in relative order: 100% (11-cis-A2), 77% (11-cis-A2), 36% (9-cis-A,) and 14% (9-cis-A2).
Transistorized Motor Speed Controls for Satellite Tape Recorders

The proposed paper discusses the problems arising in the design of an ac transistorized power supply for low power synchronous motors used in satellite recorders. It treats a current design for a specific satellite application, presents the design of the over-all system, and states alternate methods that can be used. The paper also discusses the over-all system parameters which must be considered in the choice of a hysteresis synchronous motor, the motor's operating frequency, and its characteristics. Also treated in the paper is a transistorized dc motor control used in a Signal Corps tape recorder. It discusses the servo loop used to accomplish the control of speed, and the accuracy that may be obtained. Diagrams of the exact circuit are presented and analyzed so that the reader may apply the technique to his future needs. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the dc motor and ac synchronous motor in the low-power output range are discussed. The system is designed to meet the environment of the satellite package. The emphasis is on a system requiring a minimum of power consumption and smallest possible size and weight, with no sacrifice of reliability or performance.
Nested uncertainties and hybrid metrology to improve measurement accuracy

In this paper we present a method to combine measurement techniques that reduce uncertainties and improve measurement throughput. The approach has immediate utility when performing model-based optical critical dimension (OCD) measurements. When modeling optical measurements, a library of curves is assembled through the simulation of a multi-dimensional parameter space. Parametric correlation and measurement noise lead to measurement uncertainty in the fitting process resulting in fundamental limitations due to parametric correlations. We provide a strategy to decouple parametric correlation and reduce measurement uncertainties. We also develop the rigorous underlying Bayesian statistical model to apply this methodology to OCD metrology. These statistical methods use a priori information rigorously to reduce measurement uncertainty, improve throughput and develop an improved foundation for comprehensive reference metrology.
Effects of poly depletion on the estimate of thin dielectric lifetime

Poly-gate depletion during the accelerated time-dependent breakdown (TDDB) test of single-doping-type capacitors (both electrodes of the doping type) results in an overestimate of dielectric lifetime at operation voltage. Simple high-field data extrapolation fails to take into account the voltage-dependent poly band bending. A three-orders-of-magnitude overestimate of lifetime at 5 V for 68-AA oxide equivalent poly/poly capacitors was found. After correcting for the poly depletion effects, the slope of the TDDB projection line decreases by 18%. The effects can be minimized by performing TDDB testing below the top poly inversion voltage. Fermi-Dirac statistics quantitatively explained the phenomenon. Calculated maximum allowable TDDB voltages for different gate doping and oxide thickness are presented as guidelines for test design. >
Assistive technology can play an instrumental role in improving employment outcomes of people with cognitive disabilities, but the support strategies and solutions that have the potential to promote success in work place remain unexplored

Sauer, A. L., Parks, A., & Heyn, P. C. (2010). Assistive technology effects on the employment outcomes for people with cognitive disabilities: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 5, 377–391. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Education grant H325040122–05. The original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
An Empirical Correlation between Amide Deuterium Isotope Effects on 13Cα Chemical Shifts and Protein Backbone Conformation

Three-dimensional, triple resonance NMR techniques are described for measurement of two-bond (intraresidual) and three-bond (sequential) amide deuterium isotope effects on 13Cα chemical shifts. Measurements were carried out for uniformly 15N and 13C labeled human ubiquitin equilibrated in a 50% H2O/50% D2O mixed solvent. The three-bond isotope shift, 3ΔCα(ND), ranges from about 10−50 ppb, and, except for residues with positive φ angles and residues followed by Gly, its magnitude is described by 3ΔCα(ND) = 30.1 + 22.2 sin(ψ) ± 3.4 ppb. The two-bond isotope shift, 2ΔCα(ND), ranges from 70 to 116 ppb and is also dominated by the local backbone geometry at the Cα position: 2ΔCα(ND) = 93.1 + 10.1 sin(φ+62°) + 12.0 sin(ψ+42°) ± 4.1 ppb.
AGR2 is a SMAD4-suppressible gene that modulates MUC1 levels and promotes the initiation and progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia

The mechanisms controlling expression of the putative oncogene Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are not well understood. We now show that AGR2 is a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-responsive gene in human pancreatic cancer cells, whose downregulation is SMAD4 dependent. We also provide evidence supporting a role for AGR2 as an ER-chaperone for the cancer-associated mucin, MUC1. AGR2 is both sufficient and required for MUC1 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, AGR2 is coexpressed with MUC1 in mouse pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPanIN)-like lesions and in the cancer cells of four distinct genetically engineered mouse models of PDAC. We also show that Pdx1-Cre/LSL-Kras(G12D)/Smad4(lox/lox) mice heterozygous for Agr2 exhibit a delay in mPanIN initiation and progression to PDAC. It is proposed that loss of Smad4 may convert TGF-β from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter by causing the upregulation of AGR2, which then leads to increased MUC1 expression, at which point both AGR2 and MUC1 facilitate mPanIN initiation and progression to PDAC.
A numerical study of cavity growth controlled by surface diffusion

Abstract The growth of grain boundary cavities is examined using a finite difference numerical scheme. The mechanism studied is that proposed by Chuang and Rice in which atoms are driven by gradients in curvature along the surface of the cavity to the grain boundary. Atomic transport in the grain boundary is assumed to be fast compared to that along the cavity surface. In the present paper the shape evolution of an initially lenticular cavity is followed in detail and in this respect the treatment differs from the Chuang-Rice approach in which a steady-state crack-like configuration is assumed. This allows us to examine the effects of capillarity and transients on the growth process. For an isolated cavity on an infinite boundary, it is found that the Chuang-Rice treatment accurately describes cavity growth once the steady state is achieved. The effect of capillarity is manifested by an incubation period during which a ‘nose’ protrudes from the tip of the cavity. It is the nose of the cavity that behaves like the Chuang-Rice steady-state crack. An array of cavities is also studied to determine the effects of cavity interaction on the growth process. The results of this investigation compare favorably with rupture data for silver containing implanted grain boundary water vapor bubbles.
Effect of feeding yeast culture on reproduction and lameness in dairy cows under heat stress.

Abstract Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 717) from two dairy farms were blocked at calving by parity and previous lactation milk yield and, within each block, randomly assigned to one of two treatments: a diet containing no yeast culture (Control; n = 359) or 30 g/d of a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YC; n = 358) from 20 to 140 d postpartum. Only cows calving during months of heat stress, May–August were enrolled. Lameness score (1–5 scale) was evaluated at study enrollment and again at 100 d postpartum. The body condition score (BCS, 1–5 scale) was evaluated at calving, 28, 58 and 140 d postpartum. Cows received two injections of PGF2α at 37 and 51 d postpartum, and those observed in estrus were inseminated. Cows not in estrus were enrolled in a timed AI protocol at 65 d postpartum and inseminated at 75 d postpartum. Ovaries were examined by ultrasonography at 37 and 51 d postpartum to determine whether estrous cycling had been initiated by the presence of a corpus lutem (CL) in at least one of the two examinations. Pregnancy was diagnosed at 31, 38 and 66 d after the first AI and at 38 and 66 d after the second and third AI. Diet did not affect time of onset of estrous cycles postpartum, and 8.2% of the cows were anovular. Detection of estrus in the 7 d after the second injection of PGF2α was similar for control and YC. For control and YC, conception rates 38 d after AI at first (30.8% and 31.4%), second (39.3% and 35.1%) and third (25.8% and 30.6%) inseminations, and pregnancy losses did not differ, which resulted in similar median days to pregnancy and proportion of pregnant cows at 140 d postpartum. Yeast culture did not affect incidence of lameness, but tended to reduce lameness score. Lame cows and anovular cows had lesser conception rates at first AI, and extended interval from calving to conception. A THI of 71 was identified as the critical point in which fertility was reduced in lactating dairy cows, although the sensitivity and specificity were minimal. Cows exposed to a THI > 71 on the day of first AI had a 33% reduction in the rate of pregnancy resulting in extended interval to pregnancy. Feeding a yeast culture of S. cerevisiae had minor effects on lameness score, but no impact on reproduction of multiparous cows under heat stress.
Disordered eating and body image in Chinese and Caucasian students in the United States.

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the roles of exposure to Western culture and language choice and gender differences in disordered eating symptoms in Chinese and Caucasian students. Method 796 Caucasian and 194 Chinese students completed measures of eating disorder symptoms, body image, and body esteem. Participants chose their survey language (English or Chinese). Results Caucasian women had higher levels of body dissatisfaction than Chinese women. Women of both ethnicities reported more disordered eating symptoms and body dissatisfaction than men; these differences were smaller for the Chinese group. Differences emerged on certain dimensions of body esteem between Chinese women who responded in Chinese and those who responded in English. Conclusions There were few differences between ethnicities, suggesting that mechanisms other than Western culture play a role. Cultural variables may account for the degree of intra-ethnic gender differences. Individuals who complete studies in their native language may differ from their English-responding counterparts in areas of body esteem.
Integration Of Optical Components

GaAs is the material of greatest interest for active integrated optical devices or circuits which include light source as well as other optical circuit elements. In this paper we shall review the current status of integrated optics in GaAs, discussing both the technology of integration and development of devices.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
What happens when ‘dyslexic’ subjects do not meet the criteria for dyslexia and sensorimotor tasks are too difficult even for the controls?

© 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. children at familial risk for dyslexia: birth to early school age. Annals of Dyslexia , 54 (2), 184–220. Nicolson, R.I., Daum, I., Schugens, M.M., Fawcett, A.J., & Schulz, A. (2002). Eyeblink conditioning indicates cerebellar abnormality in dyslexia. Experimental Brain Research , 143 (1), 42–50. Nicolson, R.I., & Fawcett, A.J. (1994). Reaction times and dyslexia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 47A , 29–48. Nicolson, R.I., & Fawcett, A.J. (2000). Long-term learning in dyslexic children. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 12 , 357–393. Nicolson, R.I., Fawcett, A.J., Berry, E.L., Jenkins, I.H., Dean, P., & Brooks, D.J. (1999). Association of abnormal cerebellar activation with motor learning difficulties in dyslexic adults. Lancet , 353 , 1662–1667. Nicolson, R.I., Fawcett, A.J., & Dean, P. (2001). Developmental dyslexia: the cerebellar deficit hypothesis. Trends in Neurosciences , 24 (9), 508–511. White, S., Milne, E., Rosen, S., Hansen, P., Swettenham, J., Frith, U., & Ramus, F. (2006). The role of sensorimotor impairments in dyslexia: a multiple case study of dyslexic children. Developmental Science , 9 (3), 237–255. Wolf, M., & Bowers, P.G. (1999). The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias. Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 , 415–438.
Effect of Mixture and Storage on the Palatability of Beef‐Turkey Patties

Beef and turkey mixtures were formulated to contain 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80 or 0/100% lean beef/lean turkey with a constant fat content. Sensory parameters and physical characteristics were measured to evaluate the product during storage. There were no differences (p>0.05) in beef flavor between 80% and 100% beef products or between 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% beef patties. Juiciness scores were increased by adding turkey while texture scores were decreased. Similarly, 80% and 100% beef patties had greater (p<0.05) hardness than other mixtures. Off-flavor scores were not affected by mixture although malonaldehyde content of cooked patties increased markedly as the percentage of turkey increased. In general, ground beef products containing between 20% to 80% turkey had similar sensory, storage and physical characteristics.
Nevada: The Electrical Surface

Gravity and well logging resistivity data Covering the entire surface of the state of Nevada are examined to determine the feasibility of directly detecting conductance values from acquired in gravity data the area. resistivity Thirty-six well logs, all located in basins, with depths ranging from 1.2 to 4.0 Km, were digitized. Digitized resistivity values for each log were converted to total integral conductance values, as defined by Maillet (1947). Conductance values were corrected for different well elevations and a new value of corrected total conductance was found for each well. Resistivities of the surface layer to depths up to the basement were calculated at each well. A median value of resistivity for the surface layer was derived and input into a theoretical relationship relating residual gravity to conductance. Through this expression, knowing the residual gravity of the basins of Nevada, it has been possible to plot a contour map of surface conductance covering the entire state. The result is a surface conductance map of Nevada which showed very high values of conductance in accordance with previous studies (Keller, 1989) and with the regional geology setting of the area. Nevada highly conductive surface may pose therefore serious problems for magnetotelluric surveys because of its screening effect resulting in a distortion of the magnetotelluric curves. Neverthless, a good knowledge of high conductance values may help to correct those curves for the caused distortion. Furthermore the author suggests that the present methodology can be successfully applied in other areas where high surface conductance rocks are encountered, provided that gravity measurements, in terms of Bouguer gravity, be available in order to estimate the corresponding conductance values. INTRODUCTION
M-shell X-ray production cross sections of rare-earth elements by 4He2+ impact in the energy range 0.7–7.0 MeV

Abstract M-shell X-rays of the rare-earth elements 57La, 60Nd, 62Sm, 63Eu, 64Gd, 66Dy, 67Ho, 66Dy, 67Ho, 68Er, 70Yb, 71Lu, and 72Hf were measured for 4He2+ bombardment in the energy range 0.7–7.0 MeV. The M-shell X-rays with energies of 0.64–1.90 keV were detected with a windowless Si(Li) detector. The efficiency of the detector was determined by using the known atomic-field bremsstrahlung cross sections from low energy electron beams, K-shell X-ray measurements with light projectiles, and calibrated radioactive sources. The measured cross sections are compared to the predictions of the first Born approximation and the ECPSSR (energy loss and Coulomb deflection effects, perturbed stationary state approximation with relativistic correction) theories.
Protein tyrosine nitration in cellular signal transduction pathways

How specificity and reversibility in tyrosine nitration are defined biologically in cellular systems is poorly understood. As more investigations identify proteins involved in cell regulatory pathways in which only a small fraction of that protein pool is modified by nitration to affect cell function, the mechanisms of biological specificity and reversal should come into focus. In this review experimental evidence has been summarized to suggest that tyrosine nitration is a highly selective modification and under certain physiological conditions fulfills the criteria of a physiologically relevant signal. It can be specific, reversible, occurs on a physiological time scale, and, depending on a target, can result in either activation or inhibition.
Stochastic modeling of a two‐echelon multiple sourcing supply chain system with genetic algorithm

Purpose – To establish a strategic resource allocation model to capture and encapsulate the complexity of the modern global supply chain management problem.Design/methodology/approach – A mathematical model was constructed to describe the stochastic multiple‐period two‐echelon inventory with the many‐to‐many demand‐supplier network problem. Genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to derive optimal solutions through a two‐stage optimization process. A practical example and its solution were included to illustrate the GA‐based solution procedure.Findings – The model simultaneously constitutes the inventory control and transportation parameters as well as price uncertainty factors.Originality/value – The model can be utilized as a collaborative supply chain strategic planning tool to determine efficiently the appropriate inventory allocation and effectively manage the distribution/re‐distribution process according to real‐time demand.
Dynamic inversion based flight control for autonomous RMAX helicopter

A dynamic inversion based flight control architecture is developed for autonomous operation of the Yamaha RMAX helicopter. The controller is composed of a nested sequence of attitude, velocity and position dynamic inversion loops with feedforward of acceleration and velocity commands. This architecture greatly improves trajectory tracking for quick collision avoidance and trajectory tracking or position keeping in windy conditions. Sensitivity to modeling errors is reduced by relying on residualized models of the aircraft and exploiting the stabilizer bar and yaw rate gyro feedback. The closed loop system performance is analyzed for both hover and cruise conditions.
THE RULE OF REASON IN PLATO'S STATESMAN AND THE AMERICAN FEDERALIST

The Federalist, written by “Publius” (Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison) in 1787-1788 in defense of the proposed constitution of the United States, endorses a fundamental principle of political legitimacy: namely, “it is the reason of the public alone, that ought to control and regulate the government.” This essay argues that this principle—the rule of reason—may be traced back to Plato. Part I of the essay seeks to show that Plato's Statesman offers a clearer understanding of the rule of reason than his more famous Republic, and it also indicates how this principle gave rise to the ideal of constitutionalism, which was adopted and reformulated by Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero, as well as moderns including Locke and Montesquieu. Part II argues that The Federalist agrees with Plato when it argues that popular sovereignty must be tempered by the rule of reason. A proper distance should be maintained between the people and the actual exercise of power in order that political decisions be based on reason rather than passion. The people must therefore act through a federal system divided between national government and state governments, and these governments must themselves possess separated powers which control each other by means of checks and balances. Indeed, federalism itself may be viewed as a modern counterpart of Plato's “art of weaving,” which unites naturally disparate and opposed parts of the city-state into a concordant whole. In declaring, “If men were angels, no government would be necessary,” The Federalist concedes that politics is the art of the possible. But statesmanship is not an exercise in pragmatism devoid of principles. Here “Publius” shares Plato's vision of politics as a “second sailing,” that is, an attempt to approximate the ideal of rational governance as far as possible in ordinary politics.
Rapid induction of tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity in naive splenic T cells by simultaneous CD80 (B7.1) and CD54 (ICAM‐1) co‐stimulation

The co-expression of B7.1 (CD80) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (CD54) on tumor cells can induce tumor immunity and immunological memory. We show here that the non-immunogenic tumor lines Lewis lung carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma, co-transfected with B7.1 and ICAM-1, induced cytotoxic levels of membrane tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on naive syngeneic T cells within 24 h. Membrane TNF expression, primarily on CD4 cells, was responsible for tumor cell lysis by naive spleen cells and could be completely abolished by anti-TNF antiserum. It is suggested that the strong induction of TNF cytotoxicity may be important in the establishment of tumor immunity.
La utopía banal: la urbanización, la globalización y lo anti-bucólico en Últimas noticias del paraíso

One of the consequences of globalization in Spain has been the import of the so-called Anglo suburban culture coming from the western world. The development of this culture comes from pastoral roots, in that humans seek to live peacefully with each other as well as with non-humans. Nevertheless, as it has come into contact with capitalism, this pastoral culture has failed because it is commodified like any other consumer product. The Spanish residential communities that have inherited this cultural history in part are known as urbanizaciones. In Clara Sanchez's novel, Ultimas noticias del paraiso, these communities reveal themselves as places built to bring together humanity and nature but that, from the perspective of a coming-of-age adolescent, in actuality are centers of artificiality condemned to banality. What this current work proposes is that Ultimas noticias del paraiso presents itself as an anti-pastoral and in this way underlines the problems that the globalization of capitalistic culture brings with it by spreading alienation and ambivalence on the part of humanity when confronted with the natural world, even while maintaining a pastoral mask. Resumen Una de las consecuencias de la globalizacion en Espana ha sido la importacion de la cultura particularmente angla de los suburbs, procedente del mundo occidental. El desarrollo de esta cultura tiene sus raices en un deseo por lo bucolico, en el que los humanos buscan vivir en paz entre si y con lo no humano. Sin embargo, al mezclarse con el capitalismo, esta cultura se ha mercantilizado como cualquier otro producto para el consumo. Las comunidades residenciales en Espana que en parte reflejan la herencia de esta historia cultural se conocen como urbanizaciones. En la novela de Clara Sanchez, Ultimas noticias del paraiso, las urbanizaciones se revelan como lugares hechos para unir lo humano a la naturaleza, pero que, desde la perspectiva de un adolescente en aprendizaje vital, en realidad son centros de artificialidad condenados a lo banal. Lo que este trabajo propone es que Ultimas noticias del paraiso se presenta como anti-bucolica y asi subraya los problemas que trae la globalizacion de la cultura consumista al propagar alienacion y ambivalencia a la humanidad frente el mundo natural, a pesar de que lleva el antifaz de lo bucolico.
Information bounds and quick detection of parameter changes in stochastic systems

By using information-theoretic bounds and sequential hypothesis testing theory, this paper provides a new approach to optimal detection of abrupt changes in stochastic systems. This approach not only generalizes previous work in the literature on optimal detection far beyond the relatively simple models treated but also suggests alternative performance criteria which are more tractable and more appropriate for general stochastic systems. In addition, it leads to detection rules which have manageable computational complexity for on-line implementation and yet are nearly optimal under the different performance criteria considered.
Dominance Attributions Following Damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Damage to the human ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VM) can result in dramatic and maladaptive changes in social behavior despite preservation of most other cognitive abilities. One important aspect of social cognition is the ability to detect social dominance, a process of attributing from particular social signals another person's relative standing in the social world. To test the role of the VM in making attributions of social dominance, we designed two experiments: one requiring dominance judgments from static pictures of faces, the second requiring dominance judgments from film clips. We tested three demographically matched groups of subjects: subjects with focal lesions in the VM (n = 15), brain-damaged comparison subjects with lesions excluding the VM (n = 11), and a reference group of normal individuals with no history of neurological disease (n = 32). Contrary to our expectation, we found that subjects with VM lesions gave dominance judgments on both tasks that did not differ significantly from those given by the other groups. Despite their grossly normal performance, however, subjects with VM lesions showed more subtle impairments specifically when judging static faces: They were less discriminative in their dominance judgments, and did not appear to make normal use of gender and age of the faces in forming their judgments. The findings suggest that, in the laboratory tasks we used, damage to the VM does not necessarily impair judgments of social dominance, although it appears to result in alterations in strategy that might translate into behavioral impairments in real life.