cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of added dietary cobalt on metabolism and distribution of radioactive selenium and stable minerals.

Abstract Retention of 75 Se following a single oral dose and stable Co, Cu, Zn, and Mg were determined in tissues of calves fed a diet containing 0, 10, or 40ppm supplemental Co for 21 d. Concentrations of 75 Se in tissue were numerically higher with 10ppm Co than with the other two diets, but the effect was significant only in small intestine tissues of calves fed 40ppm Co. Dietary Co did not affect fecal 75 Se. Average total fecal 75 Se excretion was 53, 48, and 51% of the dose over 6 d in calves fed 0, 10, and 40ppm added Co. Concentrations of Co in tissues increased with increased supplementation. Dietary Co did not significantly affect growth, feed intake, tissue Zn, tissue Cu, blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume, plasma alkaline phosphatase, or plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Magnesium in heart and skeletal muscle was increased in calves fed 40ppm Co. Although high amounts of added dietary Co had some influence on metabolism of Se, the magnitude and extent of the effects appeared to be too small to be of practical concern.
THE VERY IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY: ARISTOTLE, NEWMAN, AND US

The case that hostile critics have urged against Newman's The Idea of a University is impressive. J.M. Roberts wrote nearly twenty years ago that ‘it is no longer possible to write a book with such...
CXCR1 and CXCR2 enhances human melanoma tumourigenesis, growth and invasion

The aggressiveness of malignant melanoma is associated with differential expression of CXCL-8 and its receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2. However, the precise functional role of these receptors in melanoma progression remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the precise functional role of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in melanoma progression. CXCR1 or CXCR2 were stably overexpressed in human melanoma cell lines, SBC-2 (non-tumourigenic) and A375P (low-tumourigenic) exhibiting low endogenous expression of receptors. Functional assays were performed to study the resulting changes in cell proliferation, motility and invasion, and in vivo tumour growth using a mouse xenograft model. Our data demonstrated that CXCR1- or CXCR2-overexpressing SBC-2 and A375P melanoma cells had enhanced proliferation, chemotaxis and invasiveness in vitro. Interestingly, CXCR1 or CXCR2 overexpression in SBC-2 cells induced tumourigenicity, and A375P cells significantly enhanced tumour growth as examined in vivo. Immunohistochemical analyses showed significantly increased tumour cell proliferation and microvessel density and reduced apoptosis in tumours generated from CXCR1- or CXCR2-overexpressing melanoma cells. CXCR1- or CXCR2-induced modulation of melanoma cell proliferation and migration was observed to be mediated through the activation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Together, these studies demonstrate that CXCR1 and CXCR2 play essential role in growth, survival, motility and invasion of human melanoma.
Avoiding Advice and Consent: Recess Appointments and Presidential Power

This research note attempts to determine under what conditions presidents will use the unilateral tool of recess appointments, specifically to independent agencies. Multivariate analysis reveals that, after controlling for the effects of other variables, presidents are more likely to make a recess appointment if they lack partisan support in the Senate and when they have high public approval. Recess appointments are not cost free and, consequently, presidents use this power strategically and sparingly.
Backscatter in the rational LES model

Abstract This paper presents a comparison for the backscatter (the inverse transfer of energy from small to large scales) in the rational and the gradient large eddy simulation (LES) models. We applied both LES models in the numerical simulation of turbulent channel flows at Re τ =180 and 395. The rational LES model yielded improved results and was more stable numerically.
The 26.8 keV state of I129

The half life of the 26.8-kev level of /sup 129/I was measured and found to be 14.4 plus or minus 0.5 nsec. The angular correlation of the 450 kev-26.8 kev cascade of /sup 129/I was found to be isotropic to within 2%. (auth)
Access to the Complement Factor B Scissile Bond Is Facilitated by Association of Factor B with C3b Protein

Factor B is a zymogen that carries the catalytic site of the complement alternative pathway C3 convertase. During convertase assembly, factor B associates with C3b and Mg2+ forming a pro-convertase C3bB(Mg2+) that is cleaved at a single factor B site by factor D. In free factor B, a pair of salt bridges binds the Arg234 side chain to Glu446 and to Glu207, forming a double latch structure that sequesters the scissile bond (between Arg234 and Lys235) and minimizes its unproductive cleavage. It is unknown how the double latch is released in the pro-convertase. Here, we introduce single amino acid substitutions into factor B that preclude one or both of the Arg234 salt bridges, and we examine their impact on several different pro-convertase complexes. Our results indicate that loss of the Arg234-Glu446 salt bridge partially stabilizes C3bB(Mg2+). Loss of the Arg234-Glu207 salt bridge has lesser effects. We propose that when factor B first associates with C3b, it bears two intact Arg234 salt bridges. The complex rapidly dissociates unless the Arg234-Glu446 salt bridge is released whereupon conformational changes occur that activate the metal ion-dependent adhesion site and partially stabilize the complex. The remaining salt bridge is then released, exposing the scissile bond and permitting factor D cleavage.
Determination of the reversible and irreversible heats of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/mesocarbon microbead Li-ion cell reactions using isothermal microcalorimetery

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/Li half-cell and mesocarbon microbead (MCMB)/Li half-cell are studied at very low scan rates. The thermal behaviors of these two half-cells and LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/MCMB full-cell cycled at different current levels are studied with electrochemical-microcalorimeter technique in terms of reversible and irreversible heat generation. The calculated results show excellent agreement with the experimental data at low and moderate current levels (≤C/4). The quantitative heat contributions of the cathode and anode to the overall cell heat generation are also determined.
The apurinic acids from deoxyribonucleic acid fractions.

Abstract The preparation and composition of DNA from human spleen and the production of larger quantities of fractions of calf thymus DNA are discussed. Apurinic acids were prepared from all these products and shown to exhibit a close similarity, as regards composition, with their respective parent nucleic acids. The distribution of 5-methylcytosine in the apurinic acids both from unfractionated and fractionated DNA was determined. The study of the behavior of the various apurinic acids towards alkali is followed by a consideration of the evidence on the arrangement of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in DNA.
Transarterial Coil Embolization of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Small Dogs with 0.025‐Inch Vascular Occlusion Coils: 10 Cases

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common congenital cardiac disease in the dog and generally leads to severe clinical signs, including left-sided congestive heart failure. Historically, definitive treatment consisted of surgical ligation; however, the use of vascular occlusion devices by minimally invasive techniques has gained popularity in veterinary medicine during the past decade. Adequate vascular access is a major limiting factor for these minimally invasive techniques, precluding their use in very small dogs. The clinical management of PDA with 0.025-in vascular occlusion coils in a minimally invasive transarterial technique in 10 dogs is described. The dogs were small (1.38 +/- 0.22 kg), were generally young (6.70 +/- 5.74 months), and had small minimal ductal diameters (1.72 +/- 0.81 mm from angiography). Vascular access was achieved, and coil deployment was attempted in all dogs with a 3F catheter uncontrolled release system. Successful occlusion, defined as no angiographic residual flow, was accomplished in 8 of 10 (80%) dogs. Successful occlusion was not achieved in 2 dogs (20%), and both dogs experienced embolization of coils into the pulmonary arterial tree. One of these dogs died during the procedure, whereas the other dog underwent a successful surgical correction. We conclude that transarterial PDA occlusion in very small dogs is possible with 0.025-in vascular occlusion coils by means of a 3F catheter system and that it represents a viable alternative to surgical ligation. The risk of pulmonary arterial embolization is higher with this uncontrolled release system, but this risk may decrease with experience.
Spurious Convective Organization in Simulated Squall Lines Owing to Moist Absolutely Unstable Layers

Abstract A spurious updraft pattern has been documented in some numerical simulations of squall lines. The pattern is notable because of a regular, repeating pattern of updrafts and downdrafts that are three–six grid lengths wide. This study examines the environmental and numerical conditions that lead to this problem. The spurious pattern is found only in simulations of upshear-tilted convective systems. Furthermore, the pattern coincides with deep (2–3 km) and wide (5–20 km) moist absolutely unstable layers (MAULs)—saturated layers of air that are statically unstable. In this physical environment, small-scale perturbations grow rapidly. The necessarily imperfect numerical schemes of the model introduce spurious small-scale perturbations into the MAULs, and these perturbations amplify owing to the unstable stratification. Some techniques are investigated that diffuse the perturbations or minimize their introduction in the statically unstable flow.
High hopes for hydrogen.

This article looks at hydrogen fuel-cell technology as an alternative to the use of crude oil, which contributes major amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The use of hydrogen is ideal because its only waste product is water. Before hydrogen fuel-cell cars can become commercially feasible, automakers must develope safe, inexpensive, durable models that can travel long distances before refueling. Energy companies could produce large amounts of hydrogen at prices competitive with gasoline, but building the infrastructure of distribution will be costly.
ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY IN THE PATHOGENESIS (OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) is a major cause of neonatal respiratory morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of BPD may be related to an absence of the antiprotease alpha 1 anti-trypsin (αLat) in pulmonary tissue. Post-mortem pulmonary tissue was examined from 28 infants, histologically and by direct immunofluorescence. Histopathology documented 13 with BPD(Stage II-IV) 7 with idiopnthic Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS), 5 with non-IRDS pulmonary injury, and 3 controls dying of non-respiratory causes. Direct immunofluorescent staining with fluorescein tagged antiserum specific for fibrinogen, IgG, αlat, and α2 macroglobulin and albumin revealed a striking difference in fluorescence between infants dying with iRDS and BPD. αlat fluorescence was virtually absent in BPD(2/13) while infants with IRDS fluorescenced uniformly (7/7). Infants in the non-IRDS pulmonary injured population demonstrated erratic fluorescence varying with the etiology of the pulmonary insult. Failures to fluoresce with αlat were seen in pulmonary edema, atelectasis with hyaline membranes and pulmonary hemorrhage, suggesting a specific type of pulmonary insult is required for the diffusion of αlat, i.e. IRDS. The relative absence of αlat may be significant in the development of progressive BPD. In response to oxygen, pressure and ventilation alveolar macrophages and migrating leukocytes, relatively uninhibited by αlat, may elaborate proteolytic enzymes that destroy alveolar microarchitecture leading to the clinical, pathological, and radiographic findings consistent with BPD.
Inhibition of cytokinesis and akt phosphorylation by chaetoglobosin K in ras-transformed epithelial cells

Purpose: Chaetoglobosin K (ChK), a bioactive natural product previously shown to have anti-tumor promoting activity in glial cells and growth inhibitory effects in ras-transformed fibroblasts, inhibited anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth in ras-transformed liver epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to identify cellular targets of ChK that mediate its anti-tumor effects. Methods: Anchorage-independent cell growth assays, using soft agar-coated dishes, and anchorage-dependent growth assays were performed on transformed WB- ras1 cells. Phase/contrast and fluorescent microscopy were used to visualize cell morphological changes and DAPI-stained nuclei. Analyses of p21 Ras membrane versus cytosolic forms, p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, Akt kinase phosphorylation and connexin 43 phosphorylation were performed by Western blotting. Gap junction-mediated cellular communication was measured by fluorescent dye transfer. Results: Treatment of WB- ras1 cells with a non-cytotoxic dose of ChK inhibited both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth. Inhibited cells were generally larger and less spindle-shaped in morphology than vehicle-treated cells, many of which were multinucleate. Removal of ChK induced cytokinesis and a return to predominantly single-nucleate cells, suggesting that ChK inhibits cytokinesis. The proportion of membrane-associated versus cytosolic forms of p21 Ras was unchanged by ChK treatment, suggesting that ChK does not act as a farnesylation inhibitor. ChK treatment decreased the level of phosphorylation of Akt kinase, a key signal transducer of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. In contrast, ChK had no effect on phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK, which mediates the MAPK/ERK Ras effector pathway. Phosphorylation of the gap junction protein, connexin 43, shown previously to increase following treatment with other anti-Ras compounds, was also not altered by ChK, which correlated with its lack of effect on gap junction-mediated cellular communication. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that ChK inhibits Akt kinase phosphorylation and cytokinesis in ras-transformed cells, which likely contribute to its ability to inhibit tumorigenic growth.
General chi-square goodness-of-fit tests with data-dependent cells

The goodness-of-fit of a parametric model for non-categorical data can be tested using the x2 statistic calculated after grouping the data into a finite number of disjoint cells. Work of Watson, Cebysev, Moore and others shows that the classical limit distributions still hold even for certain methods of grouping that depend on the data themselves. These results are generalised to cover a much wider class of methods of grouping; the parameters can be estimated from either the grouped or the ungrouped data. The proofs use a Central Limit Theorem for Empirical Measures due to Dudley. The grouping cells are allowed to come from any Donsker class for the underlying sampling distribution.
Inverse Kinematics of Discretely-Actuated Manipulators Within a Bounded Grid Element

Discretely-actuated manipulators are defined in this paper as serial planar chains of many links and are an alternative to traditional robotic manipulators, where continuously variable actuators are replaced with discrete, or digital actuators. Benefits include reduced weight and complexity, and predictable manipulation at lower cost. Challenges to using digital manipulators are the discrete end-effector positions which make the inverse kinematics problem difficult to solve. Furthermore, for a specific application position in the manipulator workspace, there may not be an actual end-effector position. This research has relaxed the inverse kinematics problem around this challenge making each application position an element of a grid in which the end effector must reach. There may be many possible end-effector positions that would reach the element goal, the solution uses the first one that is found. The inverse kinematics solution assumes the assembly configuration of the digital manipulator is already solved specifically for the application grid. The Jacobian function, normally used to solve joint velocities, can be used to identify the exact shift vectors that are used for the inverse kinematics. Three methods to solve this problem are discussed and the third method was implemented as a four-part solution that is a directed and manipulated search for the inverse kinematics solution where all four solutions may be needed. A discussion of forward kinematics and the Jacobian function in relation to digital manipulators is also presented.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Children’s response alternation as a function of stimulus duration, intertrial interval, and trials

On each of a series of trials preschool children were required to make one of two responses, thus activating one of two stimuli. The relative frequency of response alternation decreased across trials, but did not vary with the stimulus duration or intertriai interval length. Response latency did not vary with stimulus duration, intertriai interval, or trials. Sequential response dependencies were examined.
Covalent Surface Modification of Calcium Hydroxyapatite Using n-Alkyl- and n-Fluoroalkylphosphonic Acids

This work investigates surface modification of calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAP) with organophosphonic acids (RP(O)(OH)2). The solution-phase reactions of RP(O)(OH)2 (R = n-C8H17, n-C18H37, and n-C8F17(CH2)2) were studied with two types of CaHAP substrates: high surface area powder (SN2,BET = 60 m2/g) and thin films supported on Ti/Si wafers. It has been found that the concentration of the RP(O)(OH)2 solution has a dramatic effect on the structure of modified surfaces. Solutions of low concentration (∼5−10 mM or less) yielded covalently attached monolayers supported on CaHAP. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the major products of the reaction were organophosphonic groups bound to the surface via PS−O−P bonds. Grafting densities of alkyl groups in these monolayers were ∼2.4 groups/nm2, which is only ∼0.55 of the maximum values typically observed for closely packed self-assembled monolayers, e.g., alkyltrichlorosilanes on silica, indicating a disordered structure of the surfaces. Loose pa...
Computational study of baryon number violation in high energy electroweak collisions.

We use semiclassical methods to study processes which give rise to change of topology and therefore to baryon number violation in the standard model. We consider classically allowed processes, i.e., energies above the sphaleron barrier. We develop a computational procedure that allows us to solve the Yang-Mills equations of motion for spherically symmetric configurations and to identify the particle numbers of the in and out states. A stochastic sampling technique is then used to map the region spanned by the topology changing solutions in the energy versus incoming particle number plane and, in particular, to determine its lower boundary. A lower boundary which approaches small particle number would be a strong indication that baryon number violation would occur in high energy collisions, whereas a lower asymptote at large particle number would be evidence of the contrary. With our method and the computational resources we have had at our disposal, we have been able to determine the lower boundary up to energies approximately equal to one and a half times the sphaleron energy and observed a 40{percent} decrease in particle number with no sign of the particle number leveling off. However encouraging this may be, the decrease in incoming particle numbermore » is only from 50 particles down to approximately 30. Nevertheless, the formalism we have established will make it possible to extend the scope of this investigation and also to study processes in the classically forbidden region, which we plan to do in the future. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Creativity differences among managers

Abstract Gender differences in creativity of managers were examined along with a large group of other work-related variables. Results indicate that male and female managers do not differ significantly in level of creative thinking, but do vary widely in creativity-job relationships. For male managers, need achievement is a significant predictor of creativity while for women it is need affiliation that predicts creativity. In addition, for women managers, age, education level, and hierarchical level are all positive predictors, but organizational tenure and propensity for risk taking were negative predictors of creativity scores.
Automatic testing of metallized ceramic-polyimide (MCP) substrates

The automatic testing and handling of MCP substrates at IBM is discussed. After a brief description of the product and the manufacturing processes, the challenges of testing the product, the defect mechanisms, automatic product handling, the test electronics, computer control, and alternative ways to contact the part are discussed. Every substrate is electrically tested twice. It is tested once after all of the photolithographic and wet processes, but before pinning and tinning (midline test) and once before it is put to stock (end-of-line test). The handler and electronics of the end-of-line tester are discussed. The mid-line tester is in many ways similar to the end-of-line tester. The differences between mid-line and end-of-line testing are briefly outlined. >
Development of an Online Course in Public Health for Undergraduates

Online courses offer students’ flexibility and universities more opportunities to expand their student enrollment. With the increase in online degrees to accommodate nontraditional students and working professionals, online courses serve as an avenue to reach more people and increase the dwindling public health workforce. With the start of accreditation of undergraduate baccalaureate programs in public health, the need for work on public health course development at the undergraduate level is needed. This article outlines how an online undergraduate introduction to public health course was developed. All elements of the course are discussed from course structure, design, and assignments. In addition, evaluations of the course from the instructor and the students are discussed along with lessons learned.
Positive Selection of the T‐Cell Repertoire Is Affected by Mutations in the Peptide‐binding Site of MHC Class I Molecules

H-2Kb mutant molecules (H-2Kbm) and the H-2Kb-restricted response to OVA and VSV N peptides were used to investigate the influence of polymorphism of structurally defined regions of the MHC class I molecules on intrathymic positive selection of the T-cell repertoire. We show that the positive selection of the T-cell repertoire in the thymus requires the self-peptide to be present in the MHC antigen-binding site. A correlation between the ability of four MHC molecules to present antigenic peptide and to positively select T cells specific for it was noted. The self-peptides involved in positive selection may therefore mimic the foreign peptide during intrathymic selection. A structural correlate of this mimicry may be a similar or identical binding requirement for the antigen-binding pocket(s)/residues of the MHC peptide-binding site.
A class of discrete signal-design problems in burst noise

The design of useful signaling alphabets in a burst-noise environment is treated as a discrete signal-design problem. A binary alphabet with minimum Gabor bandwidth is formulated as a discrete optimization problem to illustrate the design philosophy. The solution is obtained by using an eigenvalue approach. This technique is extended to the design of signals in a burst-noise environment where the burst is simulated by the removal of samples. Higher order alphabets are constructed for specific sample sizes and their performance evaluated.
Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome in cats.

A study describes a reliable laboratory method in producing pentobarbital physical dependency in the cat. The drug is administered via a chronically implanted intragastric cannula. A range of neurological signs of intoxication was scored before and after each dose and during the day at certain preset intervals. Based on the scoring of neurological impairment, each cat was given the maximally tolerable anesthetic dose of sodium pentobarbital twice daily for five weeks.
Quality Control in Radio-Tube Manufacture

Methods of quality control in the radio-tube manufacturing industry are surveyed. Typical mount-inspection service, use of statistical control charts, and sampling procedures are discussed.
A pyrolytic method for the determination of sulfate in water

Abstract A procedure for determining the sulfate content in drinking water and natural water systems has been developed. Interferences were removed with an ion‐exchange column and an acid treatment before precipitating the sulfate as the 2‐perimidinylammonium sulfate. This compound was then thermally decomposed to form sulfur dioxide which was measured by the West‐Gaeke procedure. The method has a working range of 0–120 ppm with a relative standard deviation of +2.0$ and a sensitivity of 1.8 ppm. Total untreated sample requirement is less than 20 ml, out of which replicate determinations can be performed.
Glycan Binding Avidity Determines the Systemic Fate of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 9

Glycans are key determinants of host range and transmissibility in several pathogens. In the case of adeno-associated viruses (AAV), different carbohydrates serve as cellular receptors in vitro; however, their contributions in vivo are less clear. A particularly interesting example is adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9), which displays systemic tropism in mice despite low endogenous levels of its primary receptor (galactose) in murine tissues. To understand this further, we studied the effect of modulating glycan binding avidity on the systemic fate of AAV9 in mice. Intravenous administration of recombinant sialidase increased tissue levels of terminally galactosylated glycans in several murine tissues. These conditions altered the systemic tropism of AAV9 into a hepatotropic phenotype, characterized by markedly increased sequestration within the liver sinusoidal endothelium and Kupffer cells. In contrast, an AAV9 mutant with decreased glycan binding avidity displayed a liver-detargeted phenotype. Altering glycan binding avidity also profoundly affected AAV9 persistence in blood circulation. Our results support the notion that high glycan receptor binding avidity appears to impart increased liver tropism, while decreased avidity favors systemic spread of AAV vectors. These findings may not only help predict species-specific differences in tropism for AAV9 on the basis of tissue glycosylation profiles, but also provide a general approach to tailor AAV vectors for systemic or hepatic gene transfer by reengineering capsid-glycan interactions.
Use of miniature biplane transesophageal echocardiography during pediatric atrial catheter interventional procedures

We reported the use of a new miniature biplane TEE probe during pediatric cardiac interventional catheterization procedures. Use of this imaging modality provided significant advantages during dilation of obstructed venous pathways and closure of interatrial defects. Procedural characteristics and specific congenital heart lesion-related advantages were discussed.
Processing of analogy in the thalamocortical circuit

The corticothalamic feedback and the thalamic reticular nucleus have gained much attention lately because of their integrative and modulatory functions. A previous study by the author suggested that this circuitry could process analogies (i.e., the analogy hypothesis). In this paper, the proposed model was implemented as a network of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons to test the analogy hypothesis. The previous proposal required specific delay and temporal dynamics, and the implemented network tuned accordingly functioned as predicted. Furthermore, these specific conditions turn out to be consistent with experimental data, suggesting that a further investigation of the thalamocortical circuit within the analogical framework may be worthwhile.
Use of Decision Frames by Elementary School Children

Summary.-This study evaluated Tversky and Kahneman's model of decision framing among 90 children, 30 each from Grades 1, 3, and 6. Students were first tested to determine their level of cognitive development. They then responded to two sets of decision tasks to determine the extent to which they corresponded to Tversky and Kahneman's predicted departures from rationality. Analyses showed that older children utilized mechanisms similar to those described for adults, while first and third graders did not. There was no effect as a function of cognitive level. The implications of these findings for theory and research are discussed. Traditionally, decision-making has been described as a problem-solving process using mechanisms of rational choice. According to traditional models, individuals will examine alternatives in terms of their probability, utility, and value, then choose the outcome which provides maximal gains and/or minimal losses (Raiffa, 1968; Slovic, Fischoff, & Lichtenstein, 1977). The recent work of Tversky and Kahneman ( 1974, 1981) has demonstrated that choices made by individuals often do not follow a strict rational approach. Through their investigations, they have identified and described several biases in reasoning which may account for these departures from rational choice. For example, people frequently fail to consider baserate frequencies of events thus predicting outcomes with insufficient data. Tversky and Kahneman (1974, 1981) have described other cognitive biases in decision making which reflect people's overreliance on familiar or recent events and their preferences based on personally valued factors. The majority of Tversky and Kahneman's research has examined the effects of "decision frames" on choice behavior. They have identified predictable shifts of preferences when the same problem is presented from slightly different perspectives. The decision frame is defined as the manner in which a problem is presented and affects the understanding of acts, outcomes, and contingencies associated with certain choices. One's conception of the decision frame is influenced by the formulation of the problem as well as through personal values, practices, and individual qualities. Traditional decision theory emphasizes rational choice irrespective of changes in the frame or vantage point of the problem. Alterations in the perspective of a decision, however, often do affect perceptions regarding relative value of each option (Kahneman & Tversky, 1984).
Energy absorption in glass‐reinforced continuous strand mat composites

A unique test fixture was developed for de- termining the energy-absorbing mechanisms in automotive composite material systems. The objective of the test method was to quantify the energy absorption and identify the fail- ure mechanisms associated with the observed frond forma- tion in progressive crush testing of composite tubes by test- ing less costly composite plates under progressive crush load conditions. Quasi-static progressive crush tests were performed on glass/polyurethane continuous strand mat (CSM) composite plate specimens. The effect of various test parameters on energy absorption was evaluated by varying the following parameters during testing: the loading rate, profile radius, and profile constraint condition. The experi- mental data in conjunction with the test observations were used to develop analytical models for predicting the crash- worthiness of automotive composite structures. The crush- ing process and the load-deflection curves were similar to the progressive crushing of tubes. Modification of the basic specimen geometry was required when testing material sys- tems that have low axial stiffness to prevent a global buck- ling mode. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3222-3232, 2003
Response to Metronidazole and Oxidative Stress Is Mediated through Homeostatic Regulator HsrA (HP1043) in Helicobacter pylori

Metronidazole (MTZ) is often used in combination therapies to treat infections caused by the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Resistance to MTZ results from loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding RdxA and FrxA nitroreductases. MTZ-resistant strains, when cultured at sub-MICs of MTZ (5 to 20 μg/ml), show dose-dependent defects in bacterial growth; depressed activities of many Krebs cycle enzymes, including pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR); and low transcript levels of porGDAB (primer extension), phenotypes consistent with an involvement of a transcriptional regulator. Using a combination of protein purification steps, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), and mass spectrometry analyses of proteins bound to porG promoter sequences, we identified HP1043, an essential homeostatic global regulator (HsrA [for homeostatic stress regulator]). Competition EMSAs and supershift analyses with HsrA-enriched protein fractions confirmed specific binding to porGDAB and hsrA promoter sequences. Exposure to MTZ resulted in >10-fold decreases in levels of HsrA and in levels of the HsrA-regulated gene products PFOR and TlpB. Exposure to paraquat (PQ), hydrogen peroxide, or organic peroxides showed near equivalence with MTZ, revealing a common oxidative stress response pathway. Finally, direct superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays showed an inverse relationship between HsrA levels and SOD activity, suggesting that HsrA may serve as a repressor of sodB. As a homeostatic sentinel, HsrA appears to be ideally positioned to enable rapid shutdown of genes associated with metabolism and growth while activating (directly or indirectly) oxidative defense genes in response to low levels of toxic metabolites (MTZ or oxygen) before they reach DNA-damaging levels.
Myocardial Infarction in Healthy Adolescents

OBJECTIVE. Chest pain in children and adolescents is a frequent cause for office or emergency department visits. However, it is unclear whether myocardial infarction occurs in children with no anatomic abnormality presenting with chest pain. METHODS. Clinical history, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac enzyme levels were evaluated in patients presenting to the emergency department over a period of 11 years (June 1995 to May 2006). Patients in whom findings were suggestive of acute myocardial infarction, in addition, underwent drug screening, serum lipid profile, and hypercoagulability workup and, when myocardial infarction was diagnosed, heart catheterization with coronary angiography. RESULTS. Nine patients (8 boys; age range: 12–20 years; mean: 15.5 years) met established criteria for myocardial infarction. Abnormal electrocardiograms were found in 8 patients (6 with ST elevation and 2 with nonspecific ST-T abnormalities), abnormal cardiac enzyme levels in all, and echocardiographic abnormalities in 3. Cardiac dysrhythmias were found in 4 patients, 3 with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Drug abuse, lipid profile, and hypercoagulability studies were negative in all. Left ventricular focal hypokinesia was seen by echocardiogram or angiography in 5 patients and abnormal coronary anatomy in none. Cardiac function normalized in 8 patients. One patient had a persistent focal inferior hypokinesis. Calcium channel blocker therapy was initiated in all of the patients with no recurrence of anginal chest pain on follow-up. One patient complained of chest pain distinct from anginal pain. CONCLUSIONS. Myocardial infarction can occur in adolescents with normal coronary arterial anatomy. Adolescents who present for emergency care with typical chest pain need electrocardiographic and cardiac enzyme workups. Those with results that are suggestive of acute infarction require additional workup. Coronary vasodilation therapy seems helpful, but given the lack of coronary thrombosis in these patients, thrombolytic therapy seems unwarranted. Long-term follow-up is necessary, and adjustments in therapy may be required with time.
Understanding the Antecedents of Effective Knowledge Management: The Importance of a Knowledge‐Centered Culture*

Within the context of knowledge management, little research has been conducted that identifies the antecedents of a knowledge-centered culture—those organizational qualities that encourage knowledge creation and dissemination. In this study, the existing literature on organizational climate, job characteristics, and organizational learning (in the form of cooperative learning theory) are linked with the current thinking and research findings related to knowledge management to develop a theoretical model explaining the relationships among organizational climate, the level of cooperative learning that takes place between knowledge workers, and the resulting level of knowledge created and disseminated as measured by team performance and individual satisfaction levels. The study goes on to empirically test the proposed research model by investigating the climate of organizations, and seeks to understand the linkage between a set of organizational and individual characteristics and knowledge-related activities found in cooperative learning groups and the resulting work outcomes. The hypothesized research model is tested using LISREL with data collected from 203 information systems (IS) professionals engaged in systems development activities. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications the results have for future research and managerial practice.
Living (dangerously) without a fiscal union

The euro area’s political contract requires member nations to rely principally on their own resources when confronted with severe economic distress. Since monetary policy is the same for all, national fiscal austerity is the default response to counter national fiscal stress. Moreover, the monetary policy was itself stodgy in countering the crisis, and banking-sector problems were allowed to fester. And it was considered inappropriate to impose losses on private sector creditors. Thus, the nature of the incomplete monetary union and the self-imposed taboos led deep and persistent fiscal austerity to become the norm. As a consequence, growth was hurt, which undermined the primary objective of lowering the debt burden. To prevent a meltdown, distressed nations were given official loans to repay private creditors. But the stress and instability continued and soon it became necessary to ease the repayment terms on official loans. When even that proved insufficient, the German-inspired fiscal austerity was combined with the deep pockets of the European Central Bank. The ECB’s safety net for insolvent or near-insolvent banks and sovereigns, in effect, substituted for the absent fiscal union and drew the central bank into the political process.
Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production Using Novel Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Under Solar Simulated Radiation

A transition to hydrogen as a major fuel could transform the United States and the global energy system, increasing energy security while reducing environmental impact. This major transformation of our energy system would require a sustainable production of hydrogen using renewable resources. Hydrogen production using photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been considered as a “holy grail” of sustainable hydrogen economy. PEC water splitting is achieved by direct utilization of solar energy using a semiconductor material as electrode. Despite four decades of research since it was first shown that n-type TiO2 can be used for water splitting using sunlight, the search for a material that can efficiently harness solar energy for photoelectrolysis is still on. This paper will address some of the key challenges in the development of a material that is photoactive, stable, corrosion resistant, and cost effective. For the first time, this paper presents the PEC characterization of a novel phosphorus–nitrogen-doped carbon material (PNDC). The photocurrent density obtained under visible radiation was 0.416 mA/cm2. This discovery opens up a large number of possibilities in development of a new class of carbon-based materials for PEC hydrogen production.
Barriers to implementation of opioid overdose prevention programs in Ohio

ABSTRACTBackground: Nationally, overdose fatalities have reached epidemic proportions. Ohio has one of the highest overdose death rates in the country, as well as high rates of prescription opioid trafficking. Methods: A cross-sectional self-report survey of opioid overdose prevention programs (OOPPs) in Ohio was conducted between August and October 2014 to characterize programs and ascertain barriers to successful implementation. A 91% response rate was achieved with 18 programs participating in the study. Results: The first Ohio OOPP opened in August 2012, a second program opened in 2013, and the remaining programs began in 2014. All of the programs distribute nasal naloxone and provide overdose prevention education, and 89% (n = 16) provide overdose kits for free. Six OOPPs are funded by the Ohio Department of Health, 3 programs are funded by a local health foundation, and several other public and private funding sources were reported. The OOPPs have funding to distribute a combined total of 8,670 over...
Epithelial Dysplasia and Adenomas

In the stomach, the term “adenoma” is used to describe polypoid dysplasia that does not fit into one of the other named polyp categories (ie, a recognizable fundic gland polyp with superimposed dysplasia would not technically be deemed an adenoma). In places where gastric cancer is common (such as East Asia), gastric adenomas are common as well. Here in the United States, we rarely encounter adenomas in biopsies from the stomach. By definition, an adenoma should appear as a polyp or nodule endoscopically. Most adenomas that we do encounter contain dysplastic intestinal-type epithelium. Rarer subtypes harbor dysplastic foveolar-type epithelium (so-called “type II” dysplasia) or are composed of pyloric gland-like structures. These polyps can contain low-grade or high-grade dysplasia, and must be carefully searched for evidence of an early adenocarcinoma invading the lamina propria (“intramucosal adenocarcinoma;” see Chap. 25). In the West, we use a two-tiered grading system for dysplasia that utilizes cytological and architectural features, and we require unequivocal evidence of invasion to diagnose adenocarcinoma. In Asia, more emphasis is placed on cytological features in making a carcinoma diagnosis. While this chapter focuses on polypoid gastric dysplasias, the approach to diagnosis and grading is similar for flat dysplasias in the stomach.
Response of Eastern and Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to Borate Dust and Soil Treatments

Workers of the termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) were topically treated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, a fine-grain zinc borate, or boric acid (+1% magnesium stearate) powder; they were also exposed to sand treated with borates in an indirect exposure tunneling assay. Dust treatment with boric acid powder caused the most rapid mortality, with application of all three powders causing 100% mortality within 15d. Treatment of 10-20% of the termite workers in test groups with borate dusts indicated that the toxicants are transmitted by grooming or trophallaxis (or both) to untreated individuals. However, less mortality occurred in groups of C. formosanus than in corresponding groups of R. flavipes workers when 10% of the workers were treated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate or zinc borate powders. Both termite species readily penetrated sand containing 5,000, 10,000, or 15,000 ppm disodium octaborate tetrahydrate or zinc borate. In the 10-d test period, ≥5,000 ppm (or greater) disodium octaborate tetra hydrate and 15,000 ppm zinc borate in the sand elicited high mortality (85-93%) in R. fla vipers . Responsesof C. formosanus workers were more variable. Only 10,000 and 15,000ppm zinc borate in the sand caused mortality (70-89%) significantly different from that in control groups. In both dust transmission and tunneling experiments, interspecific differences in grooming or tunneling behavior may cause reduced exposure of C. formosanus to the borates.
11,11-dimethyl-1,6-methano[10]annulene--an annulene with an ultralong CC bond or a fluxional molecule?

Extensive quantum chemical calculations involving more than 20 different methods and including vibrational, temperature, entropic, and environmental corrections suggest that 11,11-dimethyl-1,6-methano[10]annulene (1) is characterized by a broad, asymmetric single well potential minimum in which the molecule can carry out a large-amplitude vibration. This result is obtained by using CASPT2(14,14) and CCSD(T) together with a VTZ basis set. The average R(C1C6) distance of 1 is close to 1.8 A, in agreement with X-ray diffraction measurements. Lower level methods fail because a reliable account of the electronic structure of bridged annulenes requires a balanced description of nondynamical and dynamical electron correlation effects as well as a correct assessment of bridge–annulene interactions. An independent determination of the distance R using the mean deviation between the calculated and measured 13C NMR chemical shifts of 1 leads to a value of 1.79 A. By using electron density, energy density, and the lo...
Wavelet Analysis of Transitional Flow Data Under High Free-Stream Turbulence Conditions

Transitional flow data from boundary layers subject to strong acceleration (K as high as 9×10−6) and high free-stream turbulence (∼8%) were analyzed using wavelet transforms. Wavelet analysis provides the energy content of a signal on both a frequency and instantaneous time basis. It differs from traditional Fourier spectral analysis, which can only provide the spectral energy on a time averaged basis. Instantaneous velocity data from intermittent, transitional boundary layers were segregated into turbulent and non-turbulent zones through conditional sampling. Wavelet analysis was used to determine the frequency content of the velocity fluctuations and turbulent shear stress in the two zones separately. The streamwise velocity fluctuations in the turbulent and non-turbulent zones appeared similar. This was attributed to the effect of the free-stream turbulence, which had the same effects on both zones. The wall-normal fluctuations and turbulent shear stress were of significantly higher magnitude and frequency in the turbulent zone. These results suggest that turbulence models should be based on transport quantities rather than turbulent kinetic energy. The regions just upstream and just downstream of turbulent zones were also analyzed, to check for possible important frequencies leading to the initiation of turbulence or characteristic of the “calm” zone trailing a turbulent spot. No distinct behavior was observed in either of these zones. Uncertainty values associated with the wavelet spectra are high due to the short data records available. Results are shown to be valid in spite of these uncertainties, however longer data records should be acquired in future studies.Copyright © 1998 by ASME