cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyanuric acid + nitric oxide reaction at 700°C and the effects of oxygen

The reaction of cyanuric acid, (HNCO)/sub 3/, with nitric oxide has been examined in a flow tube under conditions similar to those initially reported for RAPRENO/sub chi/. Surface interactions are shown to play an important role in the observed chemistry. In a quartz flow tube at 700{sup 0}C, (HNCO)/sub 3/ decomposes slowly; addition of nitric oxide does not affect the (HNCO)/sub 3/ decomposition, and no NO reduction occurs. In an otherwise equivalent stainless-steel flow system, (HNCO)/sub 3/ decomposes rapidly to H/sub 2/, CO, and N/sub 2/ at 700{sup 0}C. In this stainless-steel flow tube, NO is efficiently reduced to N/sub 2/ by (HNCO)/sub 3/. At 700{sup 0}C, the stoichiometry of this fast chemistry is 2(HNCO)/sub 3/ + 9 NO{yields}3 H/sub 2/O + 7.5 N/sub 2/ + 6 CO/sub 2/. O/sub 2/ also reacts rapidly with (HNCO)/sub 3/ vapor at 700{sup 0}C in stainless steel. The dominant nitrogen-containing product of this reaction is NO. This reaction of (HNCO)/sub 3/ vapor with O/sub 2/ is faster than the corresponding reaction with NO. Under conditions examined here in stainless steel, reduction of NO by (HNCO)/sub 3/ in the presence of O/sub 2/ occurs only after the O/sub 2/ is consumed.
Dofetilide: a new class III antiarrhythmic agent.

Dofetilide is a relatively new class III antiarrhythmic agent that selectively blocks the rapid component of the cardiac ion channel delayed rectifier current. This results in an increase in the action potential duration and effective refractory period of the myocyte, thereby terminating reentrant tachyarrhythmias and preventing their re-induction. Oral dofetilide is effective in the conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter to sinus rhythm and in the maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion. It is generally well tolerated but like other antiarrhythmic agents in its class, torsades de pointes may be induced as a consequence of therapy. This risk is minimized by dosage adjustment according to creatinine clearance and QTc interval, by selecting patients without known risk factors for torsades and by initiating treatment in a monitored hospital setting for the first 3 days. Unlike other antiarrhythmic agents, oral dofetilide did not increase mortality in patients with a recent myocardial infarction o...
Monoaminergic mechanisms and experimental cataplexy

The effects of pharmacological alteration of the monoamine systems were investigated in a canine model of narcolepsy. Cataplexy was quantified in eight severely affected dogs by means of the food-elicited cataplexy test. The specific norepinephrine (NE) uptake blocker nisoxetine, and (to a much lesser extent) the specific serotonin (5-HT) uptake blocker fluoxetine, significantly suppressed cataplexy, as did the tricyclic antidepressants protriptyline, amitriptyline, and chlorimipramine. Thus, experimental cataplexy is suppressed more by inhibition of the uptake of NE than of 5-HT. Methylphenidate, the alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker clonidine, and the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide also suppressed cataplexy in dogs. The beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol, the fatty acid gamma-hydroxybutyrate, and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors clorgyline and pargyline had little or no effect. With one exception (pimozide), all the drugs that suppressed cataplexy are known to be potent suppressors of REM sleep. The suppression of cataplexy induced by nisoxetine or protriptyline was reversed by the anticholinesterase physostigmine, further supporting a postulated aminergic-cholinergic interaction in the mechanisms for cataplexy.
Acute choroidal ischemia as a complication of photocoagulation.

• Acute choroidal vascular insufficiency as a complication of photocoagulation has been little noticed. In 17 eyes of 16 patients photocoagulated with either xenon or argon sources for proliferative sickle cell retinopathy, gray lesions of the fundus developed peripheral to the photocoagulation sites. Histologic examination of similar gray lesions produced in monkeys showed necrosis and atrophy of the outer half of the retina. Intense photocoagulation of the human fundus, even with smaller spot sizes, may occlude a choroidal artery, producing separate gray lesions of distinctive shape. The lesions in both the patients and the monkeys progressed to granular hyperpigmentation by two to three weeks after photocoagulation.
Acid-Promoted Metallacyclization and Partial Hydrogenation of the Pendant Pyridine Ring in a Terpyridine Ligand by a Ruthenium Formyl Complex

The reaction of cis,syn-N-[Ru(bpy)(η2-tpy)(CO)(CHO)]PF6 (1) with p-toluenesulfonic acid in MeOH/CH2Cl2 yields two major products and a minor product, 3, formed by metallacyclization and partial hydrogenation of the pendant pyridine ring of the tpy ligand. The stereochemistry of 3 provides evidence for the accessibility of the linkage isomer of 1 in its chemical reactions; compound 1 and its linkage isomer are possible intermediates in catalytic CO2 reductions leading to C2 products.
Role of Substrates in Diabetes Therapy:Stem Cell Differentiation and Islet Transplantation

Type 1 diabetes affects more than a million people in the United States and many more across the world. While pharmaceutical interventions and insulin supplementation are the most commonplace treatment of diabetes, these are not essentially cures and can potentially lead to long-term complications. Transplantation of insulin-producing Islets of Langerhans from donor pancreas has been established as a promising alternative to diabetes therapy. While successful islet transplantation has the potential of providing a cure, the primary hurdles to be overcome for it to be clinically viable are the scarcity of donor islets and immune rejection of transplanted islets. Recent advances in stem cell culture and differentiation techniques have established stem cells as a likely source of transplantable islets. Different stem cell sources have been induced toward pancreatic differentiation using specific chemical perturbations along with use of specific substrates. An approach to overcoming the second hurdle of immune rejection of transplantable islets is to encapsulate the islets in specific biomaterials. In this review, we discuss the extensive use of various substrates for pancreatic differentiation of different stem cell sources, along with different biomaterial designs used for islet transplantation.
Gestational hypoxia up-regulates protein kinase C and inhibits calcium-activated potassium channels in ovine uterine arteries.

Objective: The present study tested the hypothesis that gestational hypoxia up-regulates protein kinase C (PKC) and inhibits calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa)-mediated relaxations of uterine arteries in pregnancy. Study design: Uterine arteries were isolated from nonpregnant (NPUA) and pregnant (PUA) (~140 day gestation) sheep maintained at either sea level or high altitude (3,820 m for 110 days, PaO2: 60 mmHg). Contractions of uterine arteries were determined. Key findings: In normoxic PUA, selective inhibition of large-conductance KCa (BK) channels significantly enhanced PKC activator phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu)-induced contractions. This effect was abrogated by chronic hypoxia in gestation. Unlike BK channels, inhibition of small-conductance KCa (SK) channels had no significant effect on PDBu-mediated contractions. In normoxic PUA, activation of both BK with NS1619 or SK with NS309 produced concentration-dependent relaxations, which were not altered by the addition of PDBu. However, in uterine arteries treated with chronic hypoxia (10.5% O2 for 48 h), both NS1619- and NS309-induced relaxations were significantly attenuated by PDBu. In NPUAs, inhibition of BK channels significantly enhanced PDBu-induced contractions in both normoxic and hypoxic animals. Conclusion: The results suggest that in the normoxic condition BK inhibits PKC activity and uterine vascular contractility, which is selectively attenuated by chronic hypoxia during gestation. In addition, hypoxia induces PKC-mediated inhibition of BK and SK activities and relaxations of uterine arteries in pregnancy.
Similarities between Stunted Outbursts in Nova‐like Cataclysmic Variables and Outbursts in Ordinary Dwarf Novae

Stunted outbursts have been reported in old novae and nova-like cataclysmic variables by Honeycutt, Robertson, and Turner. These 0.4-1 mag outbursts were concluded to be either mass transfer events or disk outbursts similar to dwarf nova eruptions, but seen under unusual conditions. Honeycutt, Robertson, and Turner did not have enough evidence to favor either of these possibilities. This paper uses additional long-term photometry and analysis to argue that the similarities of these stunted outbursts to dwarf nova eruptions are now so numerous that the dwarf nova outburst choice is strongly favored. The similarities discussed here include the range of outburst spacings, the coherence and stability of the outbursts, and the presence of isolated outburst/dip pairs. As part of this discussion we note the presence of unexpectedly stable clocks over 9 years for the repetition interval of dwarf nova outbursts in SY Cnc and of stunted outbursts in FY Per.
Violent youths' responses to high levels of exposure to community violence: what violent events reveal about youth violence

Recent work on the relationship between adolescent violence and its outcomes has posited that aggression by adolescents who are exposed to violence can be viewed as an adaptive strategy that seeks to order dangerous and unpredictable environments. Using reports from 416 active violent youth, we analyze lifetime exposure to community violence and reported involvement in 780 violent events to investigate under what circumstances violence can be viewed as adaptive or transactional. The results show that among individuals with high levels of exposure to community violence, violent behavior is bound up and contingent upon the interactions between personal characteristics and situational factors in violent encounters. Using event narratives to identify the schemas that highly exposed youth bring to violent contexts we find that the link between violence scripts and moral disengagement hinges primarily how actors read contextual cues related to the opponent, interpret the harmfulness of the opponents actions, or the assess the opponents' blameworthiness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PAPER Latitudinal diversity relationships of fiddler crabs: biogeographic differences united by temperature

Aim To investigate whether latitudinal diversity gradients differ among biogeographic realms for members of a closely related clade and to examine whether differences can be explained by environmental differences such as the temperature gradient. Location Indo-Pacific, eastern Pacific and western Atlantic temperate to tropical coastal intertidal. Methods We digitized the ranges of fiddler crabs (Decapoda, Ocypodidae, genus Uca) and calculated standing diversity as a function of latitude in the Indowest-Pacific, eastern-Pacific Americas and western Atlantic regions. We examined correlations between diversity and summer sea surface temperature, water column primary productivity, and also investigated the contribution of spatial autocorrelation. Results There was a latitudinal diversity gradient with a peak in the tropics or subtropics, but richness as a function of latitude differed by region. The western Atlantic had a broad zone of equal diversity with a peak that corresponds to the Gulf of Mexico‐Caribbean Basin. The eastern Pacific had a distinct peak of diversity at about 10° N latitude corresponding to Panama. The Indo-west-Pacific had a broad relatively flat upper level of diversity, reaching a peak at about 20° S latitude corresponding to the north coast of Australia. In both the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic, Northern Hemisphere diversity was greater than Southern Hemisphere. Species richness of the three regions was positively and strongly correlated with air and sea surface temperature at the start of summer. In contrast, diversities were weakly and inconsistently correlated with productivity. Main conclusions This paper shows that a physical factor is more important in explaining latitude distributions than regional cladal structure or presumed dispersal patterns. While observed diversity‐latitude functions are region specific, the feature seen across regions to most strongly explaining the pattern is temperature.
A Model for the Yield Behavior of Ni3Ai Alloys

Current models for predicting the unusual deformation characteristics of Ni3Al alloys are based upon the idea of cross-slip pinning of screw dislocation segments. These models assume an Arrhenius type framework which employs a stress-modified activation barrier for forward cross slip. Use of such models has been successful in describing the orientation, asymmetry and temperature characteristics of yielding. A limitation of current models is their inability to predict the apparent lack of a strain rate effect in Ni3Al alloys. The current model approaches the problem using both kinetic and thermodynamic arguments to describe the physical process. It is then demonstrated that the driving force for cross-slip controls the process. The model describes all aspects of deformation including apparent strain rate insensitivity. An additional feature of the model is its ability to provide analytical and physical justification for the use of Arrhenius type equations for representing experimental data.
Phonological constraints on children's production of English third person singular -s.

Purpose Children variably produce grammatical morphemes at early stages of development, often omitting inflectional morphemes in obligatory contexts. This has typically been attributed to immature ...
Spatial distribution of carbon and oxygen isotopes in laterally extensive carbonate-cemented layers; implications for mode of growth and subsurface identification

ABSTRACT Carbonate concretions and laterally extensive cemented layers are common features in the Prairie Canyon Member of the Mancos Shale at its type locality in western Colorado. Stable-isotope and petrographic data were obtained from these cemented zones in an attempt to determine: (1) how the cemented layers form, (2) whether or not they can be chemically correlated, and (3) if it is possible to differentiate them from concretions in the subsurface. The cement in both the layers and concretions consists of ferroan dolomite and lesser amounts of stoichiometric dolomite and ankerite. Samples for stable-isotope analysis were drilled from 10 grids, with a typical grid spacing of 10 cm10 cm. Gridded samples were obtained from two continuous cemented layers at several locations along the layers (2.3 m to 1.5 km apart on the same layer), and from isolated and stratabound concretions. Taken together, all the cements (regardless of spatial position) show a remarkably linear correlation (R2 = 0.98) between 13C and 18O. Systematic center-to-edge decreases in both 13C and 18O occur in each of the cemented zones and are persistent over lateral intervals of at least 1.5 km. The cores of the cemented zones have positive 13C values (up to > 10o/oo PDB), which result from incorporation of 13C-enriched carbon during methanogenesis. The edges of the cemented zones have negative 13C values (down to < -9o/oo PDB), which suggests incorporation of 13C-depleted carbon from thermocatalytic decarboxylation reactions. Oxygen isotope paleothermometry indicates that precipitation may have started at moderate temperatures ( 25°C) and ended at temperatures as high as 92°C. The spatial distribution of the isotopic data in the cemented layers can be explained as resulting from the coalescence of stratabound concretions, followed by growth above and below the coalesced concretions. Such growth may have occurred in a complex manner, in which early cements precipitated throughout the thickness of the layer but were more abundant in the core zone. Given the lateral persistence of the pattern of isotopic variation in the cemented layers, geochemical correlation of the layers may be possible in the subsurface. In addition, because laterally persistent cemented layers in the Prairie Canyon Member exhibit patterns of isotopic variation different from concretions (layers have a more asymmetrical vertical distribution), it should be possible to distinguish between the two styles of cementation from subsurface core data alone.
Cultural Economics: The State of the Art and Perspectives

The intellectual development of cultural economics has exhibited some notable similarities to the challenges faced by researchers pioneering in other areas of economics. While this is not really surprising, previous reviews of this literature have not focused on such patterns. Specifically, the methodology and normative implications of the field of industrial organization and antitrust policy suggest a series of stages identified here as foundation, maturation, reevaluation, and backlash that suggest a way of viewing the development of and controversies surrounding cultural economics. Also, the emerging field of sports economics, which already shares some substantive similarities to the questions addressed in cultural economics, presents a pattern of development by which core questions and principles are identified in a fragmented literature, which then slowly coalesces and becomes consolidated into a more unified literature that essentially reconfirms and extends those earlier core principles. This fragmentation and consolidation pattern is also exhibited by the development of cultural economics. While others could surely suggest different parallels in the search for such developmental patterns, this way of organizing ones thinking about the past and future of this field provides a hoped for alternative perspective on the state of the art of cultural economics.
Simulations of laser thrombolysis

The authors have shown that bubble expansion and collapse near the interface between two materials with modest property differences produces jet-like interpenetration of the two materials. The bubble dynamics at a water-viscous fluid interface is compared with that at the interface of water with a weak elastic-plastic material. The authors find that, despite rather similar behavior during bubble growth and the initial portion of bubble collapse, the terminal jetting behavior is quite different, even in direction. The elastic-plastic properties chosen realistically represent real and surrogate thrombus. Simulations using the elastic-plastic model quantitatively agree with laboratory thrombolysis mass removal experiments. In the earlier simulations of laboratory experiments, walls have been remote so as to not effect the dynamics. Here the authors present two-dimensional simulations of thrombolysis with water over elastic-plastic surrogate thrombus in a geometry representative of the clinical situation. The calculations include thin cylindrical elastic walls with properties and dimensions appropriate for arteries. The presence of these artery walls does not substantially change the interface jetting predicted in unconfined simulations.
Low-complexity rate-distortion optimal macroblock mode selection for MPEG-like video coders

Constrained optimization techniques provide an effective solution to the rate-distortion optimized mode selection in hybrid motion compensation-DCT based video encoders. However, the minimization of the Lagrangian cost function often presents a computational burden in real-time applications. In this paper, we propose a new method for rate distortion optimized coding mode selection. Instead of using the Lagrangian method, we employ a computationally efficient, yet highly effective rate-distortion model to minimize the overall distortion of a macroblock. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed method provides PSNR improvements of 2.79, 1.64 and 1.54 dB over TM5-based MPEG-2 encoder, at the bit-rates of 2, 4 and 6 Mbps, respectively, with negligible increase in computational complexity.
A Reflective Conversation With Joan Freeman

Joan Freeman has been studying gifted children and their families for more than 25 years. She has written numerous books and papers, and has been highly active in advocating for gifted children and gifted education. She is Founding President of the European Council for High Ability and has presented at conferences and other venues in most parts of the world. She is visiting Professor at Middlesex University, London, Senior Vice-President of the College of Teachers and a Fellow of the British Psychological Society. In this ‘interview’, partly culled from her book ‘Gifted Children Grown Up’ (2001) she responds to some salient questions regarding gifted children and their families.Starting in 1974, Joan's continuing in-depth comparative study of the development of the labelled gifted compared with unlabelled gifted and other children has provided a much richer seam of information than, for example, a phoned-in or ticked questionnaire. Not least, because every word was audio-recorded, it has demonstrated the ...
Temperature‐induced regulation of RpoS by a small RNA in Borrelia burgdorferi

The alternative sigma factor RpoS (sigma38 or sigmaS) plays a central role in the reciprocal regulation of the virulence-associated major outer surface proteins OspC and OspA in Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. Temperature is one of the key environmental signals controlling RpoS, but the molecular mechanism by which the signal is transduced remains unknown. Herein, we identify and describe a small non-coding RNA, DsrABb, that regulates the temperature-induced increase in RpoS. A novel 5' end of the rpoS mRNA was identified and DsrABb has the potential to extensively base-pair with the upstream region of this rpoS transcript. We demonstrate that B. burgdorferi strains lacking DsrABb do not upregulate RpoS and OspC in response to an increase in temperature, but do regulate RpoS and OspC in response to changes in pH and cell density. Analyses of the rpoS and ospC steady-state mRNA levels in the dsrABb mutant indicate that DsrABb regulates RpoS post-transcriptionally. The 5' and 3' ends of DsrABb were mapped, demonstrating that at least four species exist with sizes ranging from 213 to 352 nucleotides. We hypothesize that DsrABb binds to the upstream region of the rpoS mRNA and stimulates translation by releasing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and start site from a stable secondary structure. Therefore, we postulate that DsrABb is a molecular thermometer regulating RpoS in Borrelia burgdorferi.
The effects of molecular crowding on LTD expression

Long term depression (LTD) in the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse is a well characterized form of synaptic plasticity. The post-synaptic components of LTD are localized in dendritic spines. Spines contain volumes < 1 fL which traditionally have been thought to be well-mixed. Under such assumptions changes in concentration are quickly equilibrated. However, the presence of organelles, spine shape and macro-molecular density could make spines a more tortuous environment for molecules to diffuse and react. We studied the effects of large concentration of non-reacting macro-molecules in the expression of an LTD model. We translated a recently published well-mixed differential equation model of LTD into a Monte Carlo simulation [1]. We used known diffusion coefficients from the literature or calculated them based on a globular approximation using their molecular weight and the Stokes-Einstein relation. The simulations were implemented in MCell [2] and ran on a large cluster (http://www.cbi.utsa.edu). The simulation includes all the molecules involved in the phosphorylation of AMPA receptors (AMPAR) after [Ca2+] increase. The simulation includes translocation of molecules to the plasma membrane and diffusion in the cytosol and membrane. The simulation was instantiated in a box of 0.17 µm3, the average volume of a Purkinje cell spine; the post-synaptic density (PSD) occupied one of the box faces. We ran each simulation for 150 seconds, with an increase in [Ca2+] at t = 15 sec. [Ca2+] increases range from 2-10 mM. The stimulus resulted in AMPAR accumulation in the PSD as a function of different levels of [Ca2+]. LTD expression was determined by calculating the percentage drop in AMPAR at t = 150 sec compared from the initial condition. LTD under normal conditions showed a smooth expression of LTD as a function of the stimulus. Molecular crowding in the cytosol was implemented with 120 identical cubes randomly distributed inside the box. The cubes occupied 30 % of the intracellular volume. A classic approach to this problem would suggest that crowding would result in a shift to the right of the LTD curve due to a slowdown in the diffusion of molecules. However, instead, our results show that the sensitivity of LTD to [Ca2+] increases, consistent with non-classical theories of reaction and diffusion due to molecular crowding. LTD under molecular crowding conditions resembles the switch-like response reported in experiments [1]. Overall, our results show that there is a strong influence of molecular crowding in the activation of biochemical signals in spines.
Extinction retention predicts improvement in social anxiety symptoms following exposure therapy.

Background: Several researchers have argued that basic research on extinction learning can guide efforts to enhance the efficacy of exposure-based therapy. At the basis of this translational research paradigm is the assumption that extinction retention is important to the outcome of exposure-based therapy. This study is the first to examine the relationship between extinction retention, which comprises the amount of fear reduction that is retained between two exposure sessions and improvement in anxiety symptoms following exposure treatment. Methods: Adults (N 590), participating in two separate studies, who received three sessions of repeated exposure to public speaking provided ratings of peak fear during exposure treatment and completed the Liebowitz Social Anxiety ScaleSelf—Report version, LSAS-SR, Baker et al. [2002: Behav Res Ther 40:701–715] at baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up. Results: After controlling for within-session extinction, extinction retention accounted for significant variance in the improvement of LSAS-SR scores over time. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the consolidation of extinction learning into long-term memory is associated with improvements in fear and avoidance related to social situations following exposure therapy. Implications for exposure therapy augmentation studies are discussed. Depression and Anxiety 26:22–27, 2009. & 2008 Wiley-Less, Inc.
Protein 14-3-3ζ Binds to Protein Phosphatase PP1γ2 in Bovine Epididymal Spermatozoa

The protein phosphatase PP1gamma2 is critical in the regulation of sperm motility and fertility. Its activity is regulated by its binding proteins and by phosphorylation. We have recently shown that PP1gamma2 is phosphorylated and that the amount of phosphorylated PP1gamma2 increases during sperm epididymal maturation (Huang et al., Biol Reprod 2004; 70:439-447). Microsequencing revealed that protein 14-3-3 coeluted with phosphorylated PP1gamma2 during column chromatography of bovine sperm extracts. Western blot analyses confirmed the presence of protein 14-3-3 not only in bovine spermatozoa but also in spermatozoa of diverse species-bull, hamster, horseshoe crab, monkey, rat, turkey, and Xenopus. The binding between PP1gamma2 and protein 14-3-3 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments and in pull-down assays with recombinant GST-14-3-3. Western blot analysis and protein 14-3-3 immunoprecipitates with antibodies against the consensus binding domain of protein 14-3-3 reveal that, in addition to PP1gamma2, at least two other protein 14-3-3 binding partners are present in spermatozoa. Fluorescence immunocytochemistry results indicate that phosphorylated PP1gamma2 and protein 14-3-3 both localize to the postacrosomal region of the head and principal piece of bovine spermatozoa. Together, these results provide conclusive evidence that protein 14-3-3 is present in mature spermatozoa and that PP1gamma2 is one of its binding partners.
Focal brain malformations: Seizures, signaling, sequencing

Focal malformations of cortical development are highly associated with intractable epilepsy in children and adults. Most patients with focal cortical malformations and epilepsy will require epilepsy surgery. Recent studies have provided new insights into the developmental pathogenesis of cortical malformations specifically relating to alterations in cell signaling though the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Focal cortical dysplasias, hemimegalencephaly, and tubers in tuberous sclerosis complex all exhibit evidence for hyperactive mTOR signaling, suggesting that these disorders form a spectrum of malformations or "TORopathies" characterized by disorganized cortical lamination, cytomegaly, and intractable seizures. Alterations in mTOR activity in focal brain malformations provide a potential pathogenic pathway to investigate for gene mutations and to exploit for animal models. Most importantly, however, if select focal cortical malformations result from enhanced mTOR signaling, new therapeutic antiepileptic compounds, such as rapamycin, can be designed and tested that specifically target mTOR signaling.
Redeeming Immigrant Parents: How Korean American Emerging Adults Reinterpret Their Childhood.

Korean American youth experience immigration-related parent-child challenges including language barriers, parent-child conflicts, and generational cultural divides. Using grounded theory methods, this article examines the ways in which 18 Korean American college-enrolled emerging adults retrospectively made sense out of their experiences of immigrant family hardships. Of those who narrated childhood hardship, over half narrated positive change in which they reinterpreted their relationship to their parents and redeemed their immigrant parents either through their own maturation or through spirituality. This narrative strategy is consistent with cognitive change in emerging adults’ view of their parents that have been documented in other studies (Arnett, 2004). Only a minority of participants did not narrate positive changes and remained distressed over their relationship to their parents. Findings suggest the possibility that narration of positive change is a culturally salient process by which many Korea...
Germline Findings in Tumor-Only Sequencing: Points to Consider for Clinicians and Laboratories

Abstract Precision oncology holds great potential to improve patient therapies and outcomes. Tumor sequencing is rapidly moving into clinical care as our understanding of the cancer genome and the availability of targeted therapies increase. Analysis of the cancer genome is most informative when paired with germline genomic DNA to delineate inherited and somatic variants. Although tumor-only analysis remains the most common methodology for numerous reasons, it holds the potential to identify clinically significant germline variants. Here, we provide anticipatory guidance and points to consider for laboratories and clinicians regarding the potential for germline findings in tumor sequencing.
Liberalism's Ambivalence

This short comment on Nomi Stolzenberg's symposium paper, Liberalism in Love (28 Quinnipiac L. Rev. 593 (2010)), addresses the enduring conflict between rationalism and romanticism as it manifests itself in law. In psychology, the cognitive/behavioral revolution has brought about a dramatic decline in the prominence of psychoanalytic research and therapy. But I argue that this conquest should be seen more in terms of an ambivalence. In law, rationalist ideas about the self and individual decision making necessarily coexist with more romantic ideas about identity and selfhood. Nomi Stolzenberg's essay moves us to think about law in integrated terms: not defined by an opposition between reason and passion, but by their mutual interdependence.
Variable Thickness IPMC: Capacitance Effect on Energy Harvesting

Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs) are manufactured by electroless deposition of metal on Nafion. This deposition method results in the IPMCs with thickness between 0.17mm to 0.20mm with the electrode thickness of around a few m each. It is now generally accepted that on mechanical deformation IPMC produces charge thus making these materials potentially suitable for energy harvesting applications. Due to thin metal plating and inherited flexibility of the Nafion film the IPMCs suffer in stiffness that may be required for some energy harvesting applications. Also earlier works have shown that 0.20mm thick IPMC produce better battery charging than 0.17mm thick one. Hot pressing, using metal mold, Nafion films was employed to produce thicker and comparatively stiffer IPMCs electroded with Palladium metal. Palladium was used because of shorter manufacturing time. This IPMC shows improved energy harvesting. Due to the increased thickness these IPMCs also function as better capacitors than their conventional counterparts. On application of voltage, these IPMCs show charging and discharging effects of a capacitor. This property of IPMC may be useful for storing charge.
Social Obstacles to the Acceptance of Existing Social Science Knowledge

it, knowledge to the amelioration of problems of human relations is hampered by existing habits of thought andl action. Curiously enough this resistance is directly proportional to the soundness of this social science knowledge; the principles of human relations inductively derived from empirical research and observation of human behavior are less likely to be accepted by intelligent persons than are prevalent panaceas anid superstitions. At least eight social obstacles* to the acceptance of existing social science knowledge of a sound nature may be noted: the subject matter of social science (crime, sex, politics, wealth, etc.) arouses emotional reactions and diverts attention from an analysis of the qualities of the objects observed to an expression of how we feel. about these objects; a normative set or a value-judgment rather thain an impersonal approach to problems of social relations is traditional; the observer is himself a part of the social situationi or the social relationships he tries to observe; much significant sociological information has a confidential and privileged character; widespread conspiracies of silence exist and prevent effective decision making about acute problems; unpleasant consequences to minority groups usually follow the application of sound principles of human relationship; much of the subject matter of social science is pturely verbal or langtuage behavior and hence seems intangible; and an understanding of the problems of human relations requires conicentrated, consistent and sustained mental concentration of a new language which few are willing to learn. Let us now consider in more detail each of these obstacles.
Long-term Cognitive Trajectories and Mortality in Older Women

BACKGROUND Few studies have examined whether change in cognition is linked to mortality. This study examined the relationship between cognitive trajectories in older age and risk of death. METHODS We studied community-dwelling, nondemented women aged 65+ (mean age = 71) enrolled in a prospective study of aging and followed up to 25 years. A modified Mini-Mental State Examination (mMMSE) and Trail Making Task Part B (TMTB) were administered at multiple visits during follow-up. We examined the association between cognitive trajectories (analyzed by quintiles) from baseline to age 80 (n = 7,477 for mMMSE and n = 6,503 for TMTB) and all-cause mortality after age 80 using Cox regression models, both unadjusted and adjusted for education, physical activity, alcohol, depression score, current smoking and history of hypertension and diabetes. Cause of death was determined from death certificates, classified as cardiovascular, cancer and other. RESULTS Women with greater rate of decline were older, less educated, less physically active, had higher depression score and were more likely to have a history of hypertension and diabetes (all p < .01). Participants with the greatest decline (quintile 1) had an increased risk of death (mMMSE hazard ratio [HR] = 1.28; TMTB HR = 1.43] and those with the least decline (quintile 5) had a decreased risk of death (mMMSE HR = 0.73; TMTB HR = 0.61) compared with intermediate decliners (quintiles 2-4). Cognitive trajectories were associated with cardiovascular mortality and other causes of death, but not cancer deaths. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that greater decline in general cognition or executive function is associated with higher rates of mortality in oldest-old women.
Evaluation and Analysis of Rural Distribution Network Constructing and Upgrading Projects

The development power grid construction in our country at present is not balanced phenomenon,and has been insufficient investment in rural power grid construction,making rural power distribution network existence of old equipment,a series of defects such as power supply reliability,and rural power distribution network construction project evaluation work due to some factors influence also always didn't get paid enough attention. Based on this,this paper combining with engineering project economic evaluation theory knowledge,analyzes the rural power grid construction and reform of the characteristics of the project,and analyses the rural power grid construction and reform project evaluation significance,finally put forward a kind of method which can suitable for distribution network construction and retrofit evaluation.
Using iPad to Make E-Flashcards and Sharing the E-Cards Through Doceri

Chinese is logographic and its non-alphabetical nature poses extra difficulties for Chinese language learners to recognize and memorize Chinese characters. To help the learners effectively learn and memorize Chinese words, flashcards serve as an effective strategy for vocabulary development for Chinese language learners. In addition, researchers have found that flashcard drills have positive effects on the accuracy of word reading and the growth of vocabulary size. In this study, however, the main instrument was not traditional flashcards, but e-flashcards. E-flashcards were created to incorporate textual hints, visual aids such as images, and audio recordings. Students rely on visual resources to build word-image association, and video and audio resources to learn Chinese pronunciation. Forty-seven students from fourth and fifth grade in a Basic Chinese Class participated in this study. The participants used Doceri, an interactive whiteboard for iPad, to make e-flashcards. Students were encouraged to find visual resources online, and record their own pronunciation using the microphones on their iPad to add to the flashcards. At the final stage of the e-flashcard activity, students were asked to share their e-flashcards using Doceri. Doceri provided the students and the teacher a stage to share their work by using their own iPads. Over 90 % of students had positive feedback when they were interviewed about their perceptions of the use of e-flashcards and Doceri. According to the results of survey, they suggested that students who found Doceri to be technically easily to use are more likely to have confidence of understanding the instructional contents and a sense of accomplishment, and would like to do this activity again. However, a few students found it frustrating to use Doceri to make e-flashcards, indicating that teachers need to lower the technical threshold before introducing a technology assisted learning strategy.
The Dark Side of the Mushroom Spring Microbial Mat: Life in the Shadow of Chlorophototrophs. I. Microbial Diversity Based on 16S rRNA Gene Amplicons and Metagenomic Sequencing

Microbial-mat communities in the effluent channels of Octopus and Mushroom Springs within the Lower Geyser Basin at Yellowstone National Park have been studied for nearly 50 years. The emphasis has mostly focused on the chlorophototrophic bacterial organisms of the phyla Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi. In contrast, the diversity and metabolic functions of the heterotrophic community in the microoxic/anoxic region of the mat are not well understood. In this study we analyzed the orange-colored undermat of the microbial community of Mushroom Spring using metagenomic and rRNA-amplicon (iTag) analyses. Our analyses disclosed a highly diverse community exhibiting a high degree of unevenness, strongly dominated by a single taxon, the filamentous anoxygenic phototroph, Roseiflexus spp. The second most abundant organisms belonged to the Thermotogae, which have been hypothesized to be a major source of H2 from fermentation that could enable photomixotrophic metabolism by Chloroflexus and Roseiflexus spp. Other abundant organisms include two members of the Armatimonadetes (OP10); Thermocrinis sp.; and phototrophic and heterotrophic members of the Chloroflexi. Further, an Atribacteria (OP9/JS1) member; a sulfate-reducing Thermodesulfovibrio sp.; a Planctomycetes member; a member of the EM3 group tentatively affiliated with the Thermotogae, as well as a putative member of the Arminicenantes (OP8) represented ≥1% of the reads. Archaea were not abundant in the iTag analysis, and no metagenomic bin representing an archaeon was identified. A high microdiversity of 16S rRNA gene sequences was identified for the dominant taxon, Roseiflexus spp. Previous studies demonstrated that highly similar Synechococcus variants in the upper layer of the mats represent ecological species populations with specific ecological adaptations. This study suggests that similar putative ecotypes specifically adapted to different niches occur within the undermat community, particularly for Roseiflexus spp.
Insights into rooted and non-rooted Android mobile devices with behavior analytics

In the Android community, a commonly held belief is that rooted devices are more at-risk than their standard counterparts. Many applications include "protections" that disable certain functionality in the presence of a "rooted" device. In this paper, we carry out a detailed quantitative analysis on 6.14 million Android devices comparing rooted and non-rooted devices across a broad range of characteristics. Specifically our study focuses on measuring and analyzing various behavioral differences between rooted and non-rooted devices, and how such differences impact the security of rooted devices, e.g. making them more susceptible to malware or at higher risk. We further leverage our insights and implement a machine learning system to determine whether a device is rooted based on a comprehensive set of features with an accuracy of approximately 90%.
B-cell lymphomas

Abstract Lymphomas are cancer that arises from clonal proliferations of lymphoid cells at various stages of differentiation. Broadly lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This chapter focuses on B-cell lymphomas that may be clinically low grade or high grade. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a neoplasm of large B-lymphoid cells with the nuclear size equal to or exceeding normal macrophage nuclei that have a diffuse pattern. It is the most common lymphoma (second: follicular lymphoma [FL]) and accounts for about 25%–35% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas. FL is defined as a neoplasm composed of follicular center B cells (centrocytes and centroblast), which usually have at least a partial follicular pattern. Hairy cell leukemia is a rare neoplasm of peripheral B cells. In addition to describing various B-cell lymphomas, we also addressed diagnostic characteristics of these disorders.
Patient characteristics associated with undergoing cancer operations at low-volume hospitals

Background Although strong volume-outcome relationships exist for many cancer operations, patients continue to undergo these operations at low-volume hospitals. Methods Patients were identified from the National Cancer Data Base from 2010–2013 who underwent resection for bladder, breast, esophagus, lung, pancreas, rectum, and stomach cancers. Low-volume hospitals were defined as those in the bottom quartile by surgical volume for each cancer type separately. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess patient-level factors associated with undergoing cancer surgery at low-volume hospitals across cancer types while controlling for tumor characteristics. Survival outcomes (30- and 90-day mortality; overall survival) were also assessed. Results Low volume thresholds were 4, 84, 4, 18, 8, 7, and 4 resections per year for bladder, breast, esophagus, lung, pancreas, rectum, and stomach cancers, respectively, resulting in 772 (74.1%), 828 (57.5%), 664 (77.5%), 830 (64.7%), 716 (79.2%), 898 (65.1%), and 888 (68.5%) hospitals classified as low-volume hospitals, respectively. For all the cancers examined, patients were more likely to undergo operation at low-volume hospitals if they traveled shorter distances (home to surgical facility), resided in rural locations, or had not received neoadjuvant therapy. Other patient and tumor factors were not associated consistently with undergoing operation at low-volume hospitals. Patients who went to low-volume hospitals had poorer outcomes among the studied cancers. Conclusion Patients continue to undergo operation at low-volume hospitals due to where they live and how far they have to travel. Regionalization policy initiatives will remain challenging in this population. Efforts should therefore continue to emphasize quality improvement locally at each facility caring for patients with cancer.
Integrated Synthetic Bandstop Filters for Blocker Rejection at RF and Microwave Frequency Bands

In this paper, active synthetic band-stop filter (BSF) for interference rejection at 2–4, 4–8, and 8–16 GHz are presented. In the designs, a sharp notch, typically less than −50 dB for the entire frequency bands, is synthesized by subtracting the bandpass filter output from the all-pass (AP) output. The proposed synthetic notch filters allow optimization of filter dynamic range (DR) in the AP amplifier and frequency selectivity in the BPF independently, breaking the tradeoff between selectivity and DR ingrained in passive filters. In addition, the notch attenuation can be controlled independently of the filter bandwidth and center frequency tuning, providing more operational flexibility in suppressing blocker under a dynamic interference environment. The notch filters are fabricated in a 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ SiGe BiCMOS technology. The measured gain is 0–1 dB for all three filters. The 2–4 GHz notch filter shows a 12–13 dB noise figure (NF) and a $- 2\sim -1.5$ dBm input 1-dB compression point (IP $_{{-1\text {dB}}}$ ) in the passband while drawing 20–30 mA from a 3.3-V supply. For the 4–8-GHz design, the measurement shows a 8–10-dB NF and a −1–1 dBm IP $_{-1\text {dB}}$ in the passband at the expense of 20–27.6 mA from a 3.3 V supply. For the 8–16 GHz filter, the measured NF is 14–17 dB and the IP $_{-1\text {dB}}$ is 0–4 dBm with a 70–90 mW dc power dissipation. The die areas are $0.68 \times 0.72$ mm2, $0.63 \times 0.63$ mm2, and $0.62\times 0.57$ mm2 for the S-band, C-band, and X-/Ku-band filters, respectively.
Fine-grain vs. coarse-grain web-service for ETL correctness and performance in cloud databases

Cloud services can be consumed using web service calls through the APIs provided by the cloud provider. Although using a fine-grained web-service request allows better flexibility of services, this approach will require service consumers to make multiple service requests to the cloud. The cloud will end up receiving a significantly higher number of requests, lowering the performance and increasing latency. The fine-grain APIs can also leave the data in an inconsistent state and create maintenance problems. Using coarse-grain requests will reduce the load on the server, especially necessary for cloud PAAS (Platform as a service) with governor limits on the number of API requests. In our research, we have proved that encapsulating multiple objects in a single API request will also improve the bandwidth, latency and API consumption for cloud PAAS.
Measuring Explicit Word Learning of Preschool Children: A Development Study.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to present preliminary results related to the development of a new measure of explicit word learning. The measure incorporated elements of explicit vocabulary...