cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Artificial magnetism in one-dimensional multilayer metamaterials

Artificial magnetism is usually investigated in rather complex two- and three-dimensional metamaterials. We propose and experimentally demonstrate non-unity permeability in planar multilayer structures. We further demonstrate the existence of TE hyperbolic modes and magnetic plasmons.
Global downscaling of remotely sensed soil moisture using neural networks

Abstract. Characterizing soil moisture at spatiotemporal scales relevant to land surface processes (i.e., of the order of 1 km) is necessary in order to quantify its role in regional feedbacks between the land surface and the atmospheric boundary layer. Moreover, several applications such as agricultural management can benefit from soil moisture information at fine spatial scales. Soil moisture estimates from current satellite missions have a reasonably good temporal revisit over the globe (2–3-day repeat time); however, their finest spatial resolution is 9 km. NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite has estimated soil moisture at two different spatial scales of 36 and 9 km since April 2015. In this study, we develop a neural-network-based downscaling algorithm using SMAP observations and disaggregate soil moisture to 2.25 km spatial resolution. Our approach uses the mean monthly Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) as ancillary data to quantify the subpixel heterogeneity of soil moisture. Evaluation of the downscaled soil moisture estimates against in situ observations shows that their accuracy is better than or equal to the SMAP 9 km soil moisture estimates.
Automated segmentation and feature extraction in cardiac electrical impedance tomography images

A non-invasive and accurate modality that can continuously monitor stroke volume (SV) for extended periods of time is desired to allow for more proactive care of an increasing population of patients living with heart failure. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been proposed as a method for accurate, non-invasive, continuous, and long-term SV monitoring. While cardiac EIT has been explored, clinical translation has yet to occur and a standardized method for evaluation and comparison of cardiac EIT images is desired. This work explores an automated process for segmenting and extracting features from the images that allow for evaluation and comparison. A simulation study was conducted using the 4D XCAT model to evaluate the proposed method’s ability to automatically segment and extract features from images reconstructed at various phases of the cardiac cycle. The same procedure was then applied to EIT reconstructions on data collected from five healthy volunteers. The automated segmentation is able to accurately capture the heart region-of-interest (ROI) in various images and extract features, which allows comparison of desired signals across reconstructions. ROI mean conductivity, ROI area, sum of conductivities within the ROI, and ROI maximum conductivity were chosen as promising features from the simulation study, with R2 values of 0.61, 0.73, 0.75, and 0.66 for a single heart-cycle, and minimum SV distinguishability of 25.54, 12.16, 12.16, and 17.22 ml. In experimental data, the area feature showed the least variation across individual reconstructions while the sum feature showed the highest variation.
G Proteins and G Protein-Coupled Receptors

Cells live in a constantly changing milieu. The structure and biochemical nature of this environment is dynamic and in order for normal cellular function to proceed in a manner appropriate for the benefit of the organism, cells must be able to access this changing information. The biochemical mediators of this information exchange are cell surface receptors. Receptors transduce information from the extracellular space to the intracellular compartment. This process involves the following steps: receptor activation, G protein coupling, and second messenger generation. Equally important in cell signaling is the termination of this signal including desensitization, internalization and resensitization. All these steps represent potential regulatory checkpoints and possible targets for therapeutic intervention. Cell surface receptors include G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as well as, ion channels and enzyme-linked receptors. GPCRs are responsible for physiological responses as diverse as visual perception, neurotransmission, cell growth and cell differentiation.
A Multi-Criteria Model for Warehouse Layout Design

In this paper, a three-dimensional multi-criteria mathematical model for class based warehouse layout is proposed. This model is intended to increase the effective use of space and decrease the material handling cost through allocating items with different sizes and volumes to the most appropriate locations within the warehouse. This model incorporates the realistic constraints normally present in a real-world warehouse planning such as aisle structures, closeness relationships, loading/unloading docks, products orientation, number of stacking and safety. The capability of the model is shown by applying it to a warehouse layout design for a dynamic food manufacturing and packaging company.
Renal cell carcinoma: Cytogenetic analysis of tumors and cell lines

Successful cytogenetic analysis was performed on 27 samples from 25 patients with RCC, including 7 of 11 tumors studied and 20 cell lines. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities were detected in all 27 samples. The most frequently involved chromosomes were 7, 1, 3, 9, and the Y (20, 17, 17, 14, and 10 cases, respectively). Polysomy 7 or rearrangement of 7q was seen in 80% (20/25) of the patients, and loss or rearrangement of 3p was seen in 48% (12/25); of the latter, four patients had loss of the whole chromosome and 10 patients had deletions or translocations involving 3p, with breakpoints at either 3p11-14 or 3p21-23 (5/7 translocation breakpoints were at 3p21-23). Loss of the sex chromosomes was seen in 15 patients, including -Y in 10/22 males. Other clonal changes included structural abnormalities of chromosome 1 centromere and the long arm, breakpoints at or near the centromere of chromosome 9 (10 patients), polysomy 16, monosomy 17, polysomy 20, and monosomy 22. With the exception of chromosome 3p loss, which was primarily confined to the nonpapillary cases, no specific clonal abnormality was noted for any particular subtype of RCC. Trisomy or tetrasomy 7 and -Y were seen in all subtypes of renal cell carcinoma.
Trends in Performance Improvement: Expanding the Reach of Instructional Design and Technology

This chapter describes the development and implementation of a graduate-level course on human performance technology (HPT) at Arizona State University – Tempe. It includes a list of HPT competencies that graduates of instructional design and technology (IDT) programs should attain and a description of a performance improvement project designed to help them acquire those skills. The chapter concludes by providing some “lessons learned” aimed at faculty who are thinking about implementing a course on HPT and students who are considering enrolling in one.
Overview of “Head & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives, Advances, and Challenges”

Cancers arising in the Head & Neck region are a complex group of diseases which require equally complex approaches to diagnose and treat. There is a common misconception that these are self inflicted cancers due to life style choices such as the use/abuse of alcohol and tobacco products. This volume is intended to help educate the reader about the many facets of these diseases and to provide a broad overview of this discipline. While this volume is written such that it can be understood by readers of all levels of education, it still has the content and details that professionals seek in order to stay abreast of this changing field. It should be refreshing to readers to find a volume like this one which explains in great detail many aspects of cancer biology and treatment methodologies, many of which can be applied to cancers arising throughout the body, in a way that is easily understood. In a similar fashion, readers should walk away with a sense of having their preconceived notions of Head & Neck cancer permanently changed, based on the data presented, along with thought provoking concepts that can be applied outside the field of Head & Neck cancer.
Control of Synthesis and Breakdown of Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developments related to the control of synthesis and breakdown of glycogen, starch, and cellulose. The main emphasis is laid on the regulation of biosynthetic and degradative pathways. The synthesis of glycogen, in vitro , by the action of a purified enzyme was achieved by C.F. Cori, G. Schmidt and G. T. Cori in 1939. From this time until rather recently the prevalent view among biochemists was that in living systems the same reversible enzymatic reactions are responsible for synthesis and degradation of energy stores. Thus, it was generally accepted that phosphorylase in vivo acted both ways and catalyzed the formation and the breakdown of glycogen. This view was further supported by the fact that the phosphorylase reaction is without a doubt reversible and can form glycogen in vitro . However, thermodynamically, the synthetase reaction favors the formation of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds, which is much more than the phosphorylase reaction and the thermodynamic advantages beat the comparatively low actual activity of the synthetase.
“I know English”: Self-assessment of foreign language reading and writing abilities among young Chinese learners of English

Abstract A growing number of studies have examined self-assessment (SA) of language abilities; however, SA has not been investigated extensively in the context of language teaching and learning in China. This study aims to explore SA of reading and writing abilities among young Chinese learners of English, and the relationship between SA and objective tests of reading and writing. 106 Chinese learners of English (ages 12 to 14) completed a Reading Comprehension Test (captured by Free Recall, Sentence Completion, and Multiple-Choice Questions), a Writing Task (a picture-based writing prompt), and criterion-referenced SA Items. Correlational analyses revealed a significant correlation between scores of SA reading and reading comprehension. The correlation between scores of SA writing and writing production was also found to be significant. Findings indicate that young learners tend to self-assess their foreign language reading and writing abilities accurately. Findings add some empirical information useful for a better understanding of the trajectories of SA with young learners. Young learners’ self-perceived strengths and weaknesses in reading and writing abilities are presented. The potential to use SA as a tool to promote foreign language instruction for young learners is explored.
Resident Involvement in Shoulder Arthroscopy Is Not Associated With Short-term Risk to Patients.

Background Shoulder arthroscopy is a commonly performed, critical component of orthopaedic residency training. However, it is unclear whether there are additional risks to patients in cases associated with resident involvement. Purpose To compare shoulder arthroscopy cases with and without resident involvement via a large, prospectively maintained national surgical registry to characterize perioperative risks. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods The prospectively maintained American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry was queried to identify patients who underwent 1 of 12 shoulder arthroscopy procedures from 2005 through 2012. Multivariate Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to compare the rates of postoperative adverse events and readmission within 30 days between cases with and without resident involvement. Multivariate linear regression was used to compare operative time between cohorts. Results A total of 15,774 patients with shoulder arthroscopy were included in the study, and 12.3% of these had a resident involved with the case. The overall rate of adverse events was 1.09%. On multivariate analysis, resident involvement was not associated with increased rates of any aggregate or individual adverse event. There was also no association between resident involvement and risk of readmission within 30 days. Resident involvement was not associated with any difference in operative time (P = .219). Conclusion Resident involvement in shoulder arthroscopy was not associated with increased risk of adverse events, increased operative time, or readmission within 30 days. The results of this study suggest that resident involvement in shoulder arthroscopy cases is a safe method for trainees to learn these procedures.
Impact of breast milk on respiratory outcomes in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Background The objective of our study was to examine whether outpatient respiratory morbidities in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are influenced by the human milk consumption. Methods Caregivers of subjects recruited from a BPD clinic completed questionnaires regarding breast milk intake and respiratory outcomes. Results One-hundred eighty-eight caregivers completed the questionnaire. Of these, 173 (92.0%) reported that the child received some breast milk. Infants who received breast milk for fewer months were more likely to be non-white, and have a lower household income, public insurance, and secondhand smoke exposure. A longer receipt of breast milk was associated with reduced likelihoods of emergency department visits, systemic steroid courses, and cough or chest congestion, and a trend towards a lower risk of re-hospitalizations. Conclusions Longer duration of breast milk intake was associated with markers of higher socio-economic status, and reduced likelihood of acute and chronic respiratory morbidities among preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
A simulation model of front-end electronics for high-precision timing measurements with low-gain avalanche detectors

In this paper we report simulation results of a study aiming to optimize parameters of a detector that uses low-gain avalanche detectors (LGAD) for high-precision timing measurements. The detector is assumed to be composed of a 50μm LGAD sensor coupled to front-end readout electronics which is used to measure the time of arrival of minimum ionizing particles. The simulation includes modeling of signal fluctuations in the LGAD sensor, variations of the analog bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the front-end electronics, time bin quantization, and radiation damage of the LGAD sensors. Two approaches to measure the timestamp are considered: leading edge and constant fraction. Simulated LGAD pulses before irradiation, and after irradiation with neutron fluences of 5×10^(14) n/cm^2 and 1×10^(15) n/cm^2, are studied. The time resolution for a 50μm LGADs was found to be 35 ps for front-end electronics bandwidths larger than 350 MHz and SNRs larger than 30. The time resolution at SNR of 30 for fluences of 5×10^(14) n/cm^2 and 1×10^(15)n/cm^2 were found to be 31 ps and 37 ps, respectively.
Implementation and verification of gust modeling in an open-source flow solver

Abstract A gust simulation and modeling capability will support the aircraft certification process and therefore reduces the development cost. Two different gust modeling techniques are considered in this article: 1) a user-defined boundary condition available in the commercial flow solver of Cobalt and 2) a field-velocity method implemented in the open-source flow solver of FlowPsi . Specifically, this article describes implementation of gust models in the FlowPsi code including a new time-stepping scheme and a new grid-motion capability that could be used in the simulation of responding vehicles to wind gusts. In more detail, the three stage time-stepping scheme, as here developed, provides much better convergence properties than the Crank–Nicolson scheme available in the code. The grid motion using an external code, as here implemented, is a part of larger development plans to make FlowPsi communicate with external processes such as a finite element code. In addition, the FlowPsi code uses a field-velocity approach to simulate the wind gust which offers a reduced computational expense for simulating wind gust responses when compared to Cobalt . Instead of propagating the gust perturbation from the far inflow boundary as used in Cobalt , an artificial velocity profile is imposed on the grid cells to induce the gust effects on the vehicle. This article aims to determine the accuracy of FlowPsi in predicting gust responses when compared to Cobalt which has already been verified to produce accurate results. The two methods in different codes are compared for a number of gust profiles such as one-minus-cosine, step (sharp-edged), and a random gust profile. FlowPsi shows close convergence and agreement to Cobalt predictions for smooth gust profiles such as the one-minus-cosine, however, the code produces a numerical oscillation pattern at low free-stream Mach numbers when modeling gusts with a rapid change of velocity such as the step gust.
The Effect of Tax Avoidance on Capital Structure Choices

In this study, we examine whether tax avoidance affects firm-level external financing choices. We hypothesize that firms marginally choose equity over debt because tax avoidance generates incremental cash flows but is likely risky. Consequently, we predict that tax avoidance induces a relative price increase in debt relative to equity. Our results are consistent with tax avoidance inducing firms to choose equity over debt. Importantly, our theory and results are distinct from the effects of marginal tax rates on capital structure (e.g., Modigliani and Miller 1963) and we control for marginal tax rates in all specifications. From an identification standpoint, we use path analyses, a plausibly exogenous 9th Circuit decision and cross-sectional tests to support our main results. To our knowledge, our study is the first to examine the relationship between capital structure decisions and tax avoidance.
Exploring the Connection between Impostor Phenomenon and Postgraduate Students Feeling Academically-Unprepared.

Impostor phenomenon refers to an overwhelming feeling of being an intellectual fraud despite evidence to the contrary, and it affects highly capable individuals in many fields, including those in p...
Research on the Wheel Model Automatic Identification System

Machine vision [1-2] is a branch of artificial intelligence that measures and judges by computers replacing the human eyes. Machine vision recognition technology has the advantages of high speed, high precision and high robustness, which can meet the real-time requirements of industrial production and achieve accurate identification of product model. In this paper, an automatic identification system of wheel model is designed by using image processing technology and machine vision technology. The system converts the acquired target image information into digital signal through industrial camera, and then the computer program processes the acquired image through template matching algorithm. Calculation results determine the model of the target wheel, and finally automatic sorting of the wheel is achieved by the PLC system. The experiments prove that the wheel model automatic identification system has high accuracy and good stability. Meanwhile, the system meets the real-time performance of industrial production.
Jon A. Leydens and Juan C. Lucena

This book posits that there is a lack of social justice coverage in today’s engineering curriculum. The authors’ fundamental premise is that, while some social aspects may be covered in engineering courses, the general approach to engineering subject matter presents only the technical details, not other aspects. The book examines how culture and other social issues are a part of engineering practice. The authors want to get educators thinking, as well as changing and making courses and programs more aware of cultural, political, and social issues. The authors assert that the social impacts of the engineering curriculum are hidden and generally ignored. The book opens an interesting discussion of social justice and engineering professionals. The underlying message is that professional engineers—and the engineering curricula being taught—are not emphasizing the inclusion of social justice within those programs. Current curricula include social justice as only a minor component in the training of engineers, with the technical aspects overriding social needs except in small doses. The book addresses a truly significant problem to society: Who bears the responsibility of ensuring that social injustice is addressed and corrected? The authors provide thoughts and insights, but the solution is very complex and cannot be solved with one book. Each person needs to accept the responsibility of correcting injustice where they can. Understanding the problem may still not provide a solution that prevents social injustice completely; it’s a start. Introducing a semester course on social justice is insufficient, but it may foster changes in other curricular offerings. Such introductions and changes will take time. Regarding limitations, it would have helped to make the case if the book did more to address potential naysayers. Professors in engineering who do not see the importance of the matter might claim that the engineering curriculum already meets accreditation requirements, and therefore, they might justify not making changes by saying that accreditation agencies must believe that social justice is being adequately covered.
61 – Factoring Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses factoring of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. If a differential equation can be factored into simple terms, then the solution to each of the factors is a solution to the original equation. It is first attempted to factor a differential equation. If this is possible, then each factor is solved separately. Each of the solutions of the different factors will be a solution of the original differential equation. The chapter highlights that the nonlinear ordinary differential equation y(y' + y) = x (x + y) for y(x) may be factored into (y' + y + x) (y' − x) = 0. The complete solution to the original differential equation may switch from one solution branch to another.
Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm in a Patient With an Apical Aneurysm

Abstract Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is a potentially life-threatening complication of acute myocardial infarction. Timely diagnosis is crucial to improve the patient’s prognosis. We describe a...
Exposures to Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Environments and Associations with the Gut Microbiomes of Children

Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are widely detected in many indoor environments due to their frequent use in building materials, textiles, furniture, electronics, and other consumer products...
Orbeez ingestion can mimic duplication cysts as a cause of pediatric small bowel obstruction

Abstract Foreign body ingestion poses significant morbidity to the pediatric patient population, but the threat of the foreign body ingested varies based on the object type as some are inherently more dangerous than others. A newer toy marketed towards young children known as Orbeez is a superabsorbent polymer sphere shaped toy ball that expands in size when introduced to water or other liquids. While the company's consumer report suggests these objects are safe if ingested, we describe a unique case of Orbeez ingestion-associated small bowel obstruction that necessitated operative intervention. Additionally, imaging and clinical presentation of the patient was consistent with duplication cysts of the small intestine, rather than foreign body ingestion, which unnecessarily led to a higher morbidity procedure to manage the patient's presentation. Based on this case report and the small amount of literature that currently exists around Orbeez, we conclude that the company should consider amending their consumer report warning appropriately and modify their product to make it safer for the population they market their product towards.
The Effect of Race and Gender on Response to Milrinone and Time to LVAD or Transplant

Purpose This study aims to determine whether a patient's race or gender has any effect on the hemodynamic response to milrinone and time to LVAD or transplant. Methods Patients with systolic heart failure in an urban academic center were referred for a right heart catheterization and milrinone drug study between June 2014 and November 2018. Drug studies were performed and hemodynamics, including Fick cardiac index (Fick CI) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), were measured before and after infusion of milrinone at 5mcg/kg/min for 10 min. In addition, time to LVAD or transplant was recorded and results were compared by gender and race. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were then performed and the results were analyzed retrospectively. Results A total of 237 milrinone drug studies were performed during the study period. 54% of the patients were black (n=127), 46% identified as other (white, asian, latino, arabic; n=110), 34% were women (n=80) and 66% were men (n=157). Black patients had a less robust percent decrease in PCWP than patients of other race (-0.2096 ± 0.2299 vs -0.2687 ± 0.2290, p=0.05) and black patients had a greater percent increase in Fick CI, though results did not reach significance (0.3776 [0.1667-0.5714] vs 0.3125 [0.1667-0.4444], p=0.10). Women had a less robust percent decrease in PCWP than men (-0.1721 ± 0.2264 vs -0.2687 ± 0.2270, 0.002), but women did not have a significant change in Fick CI compared to men (0.3298 [0.1579 - 0.5217] vs 0.3604 [0.1694 - 0.5188], p=0.61). Freedom from LVAD or transplant for black patients was 50% at 65 months and 30% at 52 months for other race (p=0.008). There was no significant difference in freedom from LVAD or transplant between men and women (Fig 1). Conclusion Black patients and women may have a less robust response to milrinone than their counterparts, and black patients may be referred for LVAD or transplant less quickly than patients of other race. Additional studies are needed to determine if pharmacogenomics and implicit bias may play a role in these results.
Fragments of the theory of the enumeration degrees

Abstract We prove that every finite distributive lattice can be strongly embedded into the enumeration degrees as an interval, i.e., that there is an interval [ a 0 , a 1 ] of enumeration degrees isomorphic to the lattice, and any enumeration degree b ≤ a 1 lies in this interval or below a 0 . As corollaries, we conclude that the ∃ ∀ ∃ -theory of D e is undecidable, while the extension of embeddings problem (a subproblem of the ∀∃-theory) is decidable.
Analysis of a generalised expectation–maximisation algorithm for Gaussian mixture models: a control systems perspective

The expectation–maximisation (EM) algorithm is one of the most popular methods used to solve the problem of parametric distribution-based clustering in unsupervised learning. In this paper, we prop...
Pilot Study to Characterize Middle Cerebral Artery Dynamic Response to an Acute Bout of Moderate Intensity Exercise at 3- and 6-Months Poststroke

Background The primary aim of this study was to characterize the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) dynamic response to an acute bout of exercise in humans at 3- and 6-months poststroke. As a secondary objective, we grouped individuals according to the MCAv dynamic response to the exercise bout as responder or nonresponder. We tested whether physical activity, aerobic fitness, and exercise mean arterial blood pressure differed between groups. Methods and Results Transcranial Doppler ultrasound measured MCAv during a 90-second baseline followed by a 6-minute moderate intensity exercise bout. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and end-tidal CO2 were additional variables of interest. The MCAv dynamic response variables included the following: baseline, time delay, amplitude, and time constant. Linear mixed model revealed no significant differences in our selected outcomes between 3- and 6-months poststroke. Individuals characterized as responders demonstrated a faster time delay, higher amplitude, and reported higher levels of physical activity and aerobic fitness when compared with the nonresponders. No between-group differences were identified for baseline, time constant, or exercise mean arterial blood pressure. In the nonresponders, we observed an immediate rise in MCAv following exercise onset followed by an immediate decline to near baseline values, while the responders showed an exponential rise until steady state was reached. Conclusions The MCAv dynamic response profile has the potential to provide valuable information during an acute exercise bout following stroke. Individuals with a greater MCAv response to the exercise stimulus reported statin use and regular participation in exercise.
Atrial Fibrillation Genomics: Discovery and Translation.

Our understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular factors leading to atrial fibrillation (AF) remains stagnant despite significant advancement in ablation and device technologies. Diagnosis and prevention strategies fall behind that of treatment, but expanding knowledge in AF genetics holds the potential to drive progress. We aim to review how an understanding of the genetic contributions to AF can guide an approach to individualized risk stratification and novel avenues in drug discovery. Rare familial forms of AF identified monogenic contributions to the development of AF. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) further identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) suggesting polygenic and multiplex nature of this common disease. Polygenic risk scores accounting for the multitude of associated SNPs that each confer mildly elevated risk have been developed to translate genetic information into clinical practice, though shortcomings remain. Additionally, novel laboratory methods have been empowered by recent genetic findings to enhance drug discovery efforts. AF is increasingly recognized as a disease with a significant genetic component. With expanding sequencing technologies and accessibility, polygenic risk scores can help identify high risk individuals. Advancement in digital health tools, artificial intelligence and machine learning based on standard electrocardiograms, and genomic driven drug discovery may be integrated to deliver a sophisticated level of precision medicine in this modern era of emphasis on prevention. Randomized, prospective studies to demonstrate clinical benefits of these available tools are needed to validate this approach.
Modeling and Parameterizing the Ocean Planetary Boundary Layer

The portion of a geophysical fluid that is directly influenced by the presence of a boundary is referred to as a planetary boundary layer, PBL. The two most notable examples are the atmospheric boundary layer, ABL, where the lower surface is either land or ocean, and the ocean’s surface boundary layer, OBL, bounded above by the atmosphere. Although the focus here is the OBL, it should become evident that the observational database is incomplete in some important ways and that the state of modeling is immature relative to that of the atmosphere. Therefore, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, ABL theory, observations and models are presented as being similar to the OBL. However, it is important to identify unique characteristics of the OBL. The ocean’s benthic boundary layer and its parameterization are the subjects of Beckmann (1998, this volume). Shallow coastal regions where the OBL and benthic boundary layer interact, and where ocean tidal mixing can be strong are excluded. Also excluded are ocean interior mixing processes, except when they interact with the OBL.
Arachidonic acid epoxygenase. Stereochemical analysis of the endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids of human kidney cortex.

Mass spectral and Chromatographic analysis demonstrates the presence of 14,15-, 11,12- and 8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (44%, 33% and 23% of the total, respectively) in human kidney cortex. Chiral analysis of the human renal expoxyeicosatrienoic acids shows the formation of 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in a 1:1, 4:1 and 2:1 ratio of antipodes, respectively. These results demonstrate the biosynthetic origin of the human kidney 11,12- and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and suggest a role for renal cytochrome P-450 in the bioactivation of endogenous pools of arachidonic acid.
Standards, Teaching, Learning

Standards are criteria used to judge competence, and we rely on them every day, all the time: in sports or cooking, in raising children or voting, in forming relationships or teaching school. Another basic truth about standards is that we argue about them. This is surely true in education where standards have a contentious history. When I was working in programs for underprepared high school and college students back in the 1980s, a national debate emerged over standards, expressed as a conflict between equity—increasing access to higher education—and excellence, holding firm on merit and achievement. The nation then saw the rise of the standards movement, an attempt to articulate precisely what students should know K-12, grade by grade about history or mathematics or social studies—and to align instruction to these standards. And this movement led to another set of debates about district or state control versus local autonomy and teacher independence, among other things. An emphasis on accountability then became part of standards talk, and it all intensified considerably with the advent of high-stakes testing, most notably, the federal No Child Left Behind Act. And, these days, there is pressure to bring standards-based accountability models to higher education.
Their Preservation Is Our Sacred Trust—Judicially Mandated Free Exercise Exemptions to Historic Preservation Ordinances Under Employment Division v Smith

Religious property owners have both successfully and unsuccessfully challenged historic preservation ordinances as burdens on the free exercise of religion. Courts considering this conflict typically rely on Employment Division v. Smith, in which the United States Supreme Court held that neutral laws of general applicability that incidentally burden religion are not subject to strict scrutiny. Ambiguities in Smith, however, have left courts free to use their own interpretive discretion and have made attempts to apply free exercise precedent particularly difficult in the historic preservation context. This Note reviews the historic preservation movement and free exercise jurisprudence, then analyzes cases that have attempted to balance these two often conflicting interests. The Note argues that the strictures of Smith are too rigid, producing results either overor under-inclusive of free exercise rights. Only through the application of a case by case balancing test can courts adequately adjudicate inevitable free exercise/historic preservation conflicts.
Maximally Alpha-Like Operations.

Any two Z-related set-classes will map onto one another under 1) TnM or TnMI, or 2) TnM or TnMI in tandem with Morris‘s alpha operations, or 3) maximally alpha-like operations, the original contribution of the present paper. This brief ?research notes? paper explores the theoretical formulation and analytical application of maximally alpha-like operations.
Reprise: Case Management in Substance Use Services in the Age of the Affordable Care Act

This article asserts that case management, particularly in the area of substance use, be promoted as an integral tool to complement the integrated care models put forth under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The potential expansion of addictions services under the ACA reaffirms and elevates the importance of case management in contemporary systems of care. The article briefly reintroduces the rationale for the continuation and expansion of case management in substance use intervention programs and discusses the efficacy of this service based on available research. Given the expertise social workers have in case management, social work leaders will be critical participants in health care system and policy discussions to ensure the enactment of best practices in case management in substance use services.
Employing a Multi-level Approach to Recruit a Representative Sample of Women with Recent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus into a Randomized Lifestyle Intervention Trial

Objective The postpartum period is a window of opportunity for diabetes prevention in women with recent gestational diabetes (GDM), but recruitment for clinical trials during this period of life is a major challenge. Methods We adapted a social-ecologic model to develop a multi-level recruitment strategy at the macro (high or institutional level), meso (mid or provider level), and micro (individual) levels. Our goal was to recruit 100 women with recent GDM into the Balance after Baby randomized controlled trial over a 17-month period. Participants were asked to attend three in-person study visits at 6 weeks, 6, and 12 months postpartum. They were randomized into a control arm or a web-based intervention arm at the end of the baseline visit at six weeks postpartum. At the end of the recruitment period, we compared population characteristics of our enrolled subjects to the entire population of women with GDM delivering at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH). Results We successfully recruited 107 of 156 (69 %) women assessed for eligibility, with the majority (92) recruited during pregnancy at a mean 30 (SD ± 5) weeks of gestation, and 15 recruited postpartum, at a mean 2 (SD ± 3) weeks postpartum. 78 subjects attended the initial baseline visit, and 75 subjects were randomized into the trial at a mean 7 (SD ± 2) weeks postpartum. The recruited subjects were similar in age and race/ethnicity to the total population of 538 GDM deliveries at BWH over the 17-month recruitment period. Conclusions Our multilevel approach allowed us to successfully meet our recruitment goal and recruit a representative sample of women with recent GDM. We believe that our most successful strategies included using a dedicated in-person recruiter, integrating recruitment into clinical flow, allowing for flexibility in recruitment, minimizing barriers to participation, and using an opt-out strategy with providers. Although the majority of women were recruited while pregnant, women recruited in the early postpartum period were more likely to present for the first study visit. Given the increased challenges of recruiting postpartum women with GDM into research studies, we believe our findings will be useful to other investigators seeking to study this population.
Nothing New Under the Sun: A Historical Overview of Religion in U.S. Public Schools

As we think about current religious diversity and conflict in U.S. schools, it is important to note that religious conflict is not a new phenomenon in the history of U.S. schooling. This article briefly outlines the current and historical connections among religion, ethnicity, and K-12 education in the U.S. in order to note its persistence as well as possible directions for change so that schools can be more equitable for all students.
A general lumped parameter model for the interpretation of tracer data and transit time calculation in hydrologic systems

Abstract We present a general lumped parameter mathematical model for hydrologic tracer data interpretation and mean transit time calculation in hydrologic systems. The model takes the form of the three-parameter gamma distribution and accounts for different mixing types: perfect mixing; no mixing (piston flow); partial mixing (dispersive mixing, or the type between perfect mixing and no mixing); and various combinations of the above types. In these combinations, the different mixing types simulated by the model conceptually represent reservoirs in series. We introduce the mixing efficiency to characterize the extent or degree of natural mixing in hydrologic systems. This parameter equals zero for piston flow (no mixing), unity for perfect mixing, and a value in between these two extremes for partial mixing. The general model simulates the combination of perfect mixing, partial mixing, and piston flow. Six other models that simulate one or two of these mixing types can be obtained as special cases from the general model. Therefore, seven models are introduced in this effort. Of these, four (including the general model) are new, and three are currently existing in the field of tracer hydrology. The three existing models are the perfect mixing model, piston flow model, and the perfect-piston flow model which simulates the combination of perfect mixing and piston flow. The new models are the perfect-partial-piston flow model (the general model), perfect-partial mixing model, partial-piston flow model, and partial mixing model. Modeled mean transit times for three case studies agree with previous estimates: 21 and 2.4 years for two springs (sites 2 and 45, respectively) on Cheju Island, Republic of Korea; and 3.0 years for the Ottawa River basin, Canada.
Electron Scattering from Surface Excitations

Surface modes play an important role in a solid's response to external disturbances. A charged particle on approaching or leaving the surface may suffer inelastic scattering owing to its coupling with these modes. The scattering rate is calculated in the Born approximation for two instances: (i) in metals, where the surface modes are plasma oscillations and (ii) in dielectrics, with optical surface phonons. For electrons in a parabolic band with energy of the order of a few electron volts, it is found that on traversing the sample, the probability of scattering is of order 1. Furthermore, this probability is highly anisotropic. These findings strongly suggest that this scattering effect should be incorporated in the analysis of energy or spatial distribution of charged-particle probes, at least in the low-energy regime.
Vital phase of space science

Space science began with the indirect phase where the activity in space was inferred from such terrestrial phenomena as geomagnetic storms, ionospheric variations, and fluctuations in the cosmic ray intensity. The direct phase was initiated with spaceflight placing instruments directly in space and permitting the direct observation of UV and X rays, as well as precision observations of solar luminosity variations. The evidence from these many direct studies, together with the historical record of terrestrial conditions, shows that the variations of the luminosity of the Sun affect the terrestrial atmosphere at all levels, with devastating changes in climate tracking the major changes in the activity level and luminosity of the Sun. The quantification and understanding of this vital connection should be the first priority of space science and geophysics, from oceans and atmosphere through the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and all the way to the convective zone of the Sun. It becomes the vital phase of space science, focused on the basic science of the changing habitability of Earth.
Adrenocortical nuclear size and function in response to high environmental temperature (37°C)☆

Abstract Groups of mature male rats (15 rats each) were exposed at 37°C for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours. Plasma corticosterone concentration was significantly increased (P zona fasciculata and to a lesser extent the zona reticularis .
MobA, the DNA Strand Transferase of Plasmid R1162 THE MINIMAL DOMAIN REQUIRED FOR DNA PROCESSING AT THE ORIGIN OF TRANSFER

MobA is a DNA strand transferase encoded by the plasmid R1162 and required for plasmid DNA processing during conjugal transfer. The smallest active fragment was identified using phage display and partial enzymatic digestion of the purified protein. This fragment, consisting of approximately the first 184 amino acids, is able to bind and cleave its normal DNA substrate, the origin of transfer (oriT). Smaller fragments having one of these activities were not obtained. An active intermediate consisting of MobA linked to DNA was isolated and used to show that a single molecule of MobA is sufficient to carry out all of the DNA processing steps during transfer. These results, along with those obtained earlier, point to a single large, active site in MobA that makes several different contacts along the oriT DNA strand.
Relative Dispersion of Ice Crystals in Seeded Cumuli

Abstract Relative dispersion of ice crystals was measured in 30 seeded cumulus clouds. A quasi-instantaneous, vertical area source of ice was generated by releasing dry-ice pellets from an airplane. The ice concentration distribution and relative dispersion were measured normal to the source and were complemented by cloud turbulence measurements, namely, velocity variances and the energy dissipation rate ϵ. The clouds were selected based on an objective set of criteria and were treated as members of the same ensemble. The observed mean relative dispersion σrx agreed well with predictions from a Lagrangian stochastic two-particle model, which reproduces Batchelor's theoretical results for σrx. For short times t after the seeding time ts, the predictions and observations suggested a growth like σrx ∝ t − ts rather than Batchelor's “intermediate” time prediction, σrx ∝ ϵ1/2 (t − ts)3/2. This difference was attributed to the rather large initial dispersion σ0 of ice crystals, 2753 m, inferred from the measur...
Biofabrication and testing of a fully cellular nerve graft

Rupture of a nerve is a debilitating injury with devastating consequences for the individual's quality of life. The gold standard of repair is the use of an autologous graft to bridge the severed nerve ends. Such repair however involves risks due to secondary surgery at the donor site and may result in morbidity and infection. Thus the clinical approach to repair often involves non-cellular solutions, grafts composed of synthetic or natural materials. Here we report on a novel approach to biofabricate fully biological grafts composed exclusively of cells and cell secreted material. To reproducibly and reliably build such grafts of composite geometry we use bioprinting. We test our grafts in a rat sciatic nerve injury model for both motor and sensory function. In particular we compare the regenerative capacity of the biofabricated grafts with that of autologous grafts and grafts made of hollow collagen tubes by measuring the compound action potential (for motor function) and the change in mean arterial blood pressure as consequence of electrically eliciting the somatic pressor reflex. Our results provide evidence that bioprinting is a promising approach to nerve graft fabrication and as a consequence to nerve regeneration.
Fractal dimensions of marine snow determined from image analysis of in situ photographs

Seventy seven in situ photographs of marine snow ranging in size from 1 to 60 mm were used to calculate one- and two-dimensional fractal dimensions, D1 and D2, in order to characterize aggregate morphology with respect to aggregate perimeter and cross-sectional area. The lowest fractal dimension of D2 = 1.28 ± 0.11 was calculated for marine snow aggregates composed predominantly of a single type of particle (e.g. diatoms or fecal pellets) containing large amounts of miscellaneous debris. Marine snow formed by the aggregation of fecal pellets (D2 = 1.34 ± 0.16), non-identifiable particles (amorphous, D2 = 1.63 ± 0.72), and diatoms (D2 = 1.86 ± 0.13) had increasingly larger fractal dimensions. When combined into a single group, all marine snow aggregates had a fractal dimension of 1.72 ± 0.07. Larvacean houses, formed originally from a single, nearly spherical particle, were found to have a D2 value close to the Euclidean value of 2. Based on fractal geometrical relationships, D2 should have been equal to previous estimates of D3, a three-dimensional fractal dimension. Instead, the D2 value of 1.72 for the combined group was larger than previous estimates of D3 of 1.39 and 1.52, probably because of the dominant influence of the diatom aggregates on the combined group. Diatom aggregates had the highest fractal dimensions and covered the widest size range of all categories of particles examined.