cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surfactant effects of indium on cracking in AlN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors grown via metal organic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract Aluminum Nitride (AlN) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) superlattice structures are often characterized by a network of cracks resulting from the large lattice mismatch and difference in thermal expansion coefficients, especially as the thickness of the layers increases. This work investigates the influence of indium as a surfactant on strain and cracking in AlN/GaN DBRs grown via Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). DBRs with peak reflectivities ranging from 465 nm to 540 nm were grown and indium was introduced during the growth of the AlN layer. Image processing techniques were used to quantify the crack length per square millimeter and it was observed that indium has a significant effect on the crack formation and reduced the total crack length in these structures by a factor of two.
A multistage, semi-automated procedure for analyzing the morphology of nanoparticles

This article presents a multistage, semi-automated procedure that can expedite the morphology analysis of nanoparticles. Material scientists have long conjectured that the morphology of nanoparticles has a profound impact on the properties of the hosting material, but a bottleneck is the lack of a reliable and automated morphology analysis of the particles based on their image measurements. This article attempts to fill in this critical void. One particular challenge in nanomorphology analysis is how to analyze the overlapped nanoparticles, a problem not well addressed by the existing methods but effectively tackled by the method proposed in this article. This method entails multiple stages of operations, executed sequentially, and is considered semi-automated due to the inclusion of a semi-supervised clustering step. The proposed method is applied to several images of nanoparticles, producing the needed statistical characterization of their morphology.
The Emerging Presence of the Qur’an in American Broadcast Media: 1998–2008

: The genesis of this article was an invitation to present a 30-page paper for the second Religion and Media Conference sponsored by the IRIBU, the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting University located in Tehran. The original paper was to be addressed to a mainly Shia Muslim audience. Nine days before the conference, the Americans invited were informed that they could not attend because the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tehran would not issue visas. What persists from this disappointing occurrence is a paper revealing the gradual recognition of another sacred scripture in the Abrahamic faith community in America, the Qur’an. The change of audience, to a predominantly America one, is reflected in this new essay.
The Social Construction of Spelling.

Children focus on spelling, even in the context of meaningful and social literacy activities and even when they are discouraged from doing so. This chapter discusses children's interest in spelling and illustrates how it can be considered within a social constructionist theory of literacy development.
Evidence that the early postnatal restriction of the cells of origin of the callosal projection is due to the elimination of axonal collaterals rather than to the death of neurons

By using two fluorescent dyes that are retrogradely transported along axons, we have been able to demonstrate that many of the neurons in the parietal region of the rat cerebral cortex that can be labeled from the contralateral hemisphere early in postnatal development, persist well beyond the period when the callosal projection normally becomes restricted. This indicates that the major factor in the progressive restriction of the callosal projection is the withdrawal or degeneration of axon collaterals, rather than the selective death of many of the cells that initially project to the opposite side.
Modular computer programs for flow cytometry and sorting: The LACEL system

A computer-based data acquisition, display and processing system for flow cytometers has been developed. The Los Alamos Cell Analysis (LACEL) programs and electronic hardware provide the capability to acquire list mode or histogram data for up to eight parameters and control bidirectional sorting based on up to four parameters for each direction. The programs described in this paper also enable the display of single parameter and bivariate histograms and the graphical manipulation of the list mode data. The electronic hardware is described in a companion paper.
Renewable energy sources for generation of electrical power in developing and emerging nations

Renewable energy is a viable option for electrical power in developing and emerging nations. In most of these nations, there is a huge demand for energy that far exceeds what the countries are currently able to generate. While some nations are exploring renewable and alternative energy to reduce the impact their energy consumption has on the environment, others are still seeking avenues to boost energy generation to support economic and developmental activities. Renewable energy comes in various forms and has different implications and applications. This study aims to examine various renewable sources and ascertain their suitability for generation of electrical power in developing and emerging nations. Social, political, economic, climatic and environmental factors that will inform a decision to prefer and adopt particular sources of renewable energy are identified. The study setting is in Nigeria, West Africa, which by analogy reflects situations prevalent in most developing and emerging nations. Recommendations are provided on the sources of renewable energy that can best be utilised in developing and emerging nations for electrical power, in cognisance of their social, political, economic, climatic and environmental realities.
Anomalous radiochemical recovery of post-detonation gold residues at the National Ignition Facility

Activated Au from a fragmented and dispersed NIF hohlraum is of interest to measure the induced 14.1-MeV 198m+gAu/196gAu isotope ratio as an assessment of shot performance. A radiochemical recovery procedure, based on Au complexation by cyanide in NaOH-NaCN solution, was developed to reclaim radiogold (*Au) residues from post-detonation graphite collector foils. The average overall radiochemical yield from grafoils in an equatorial position relative to the hohlraum was 88 %. However, the yield from the identical procedure applied to post-shot grafoils positioned axially (polar) was much decreased. The chemical dependency of explosion reaction products on collector position around an ostensibly symmetric fusion source is currently unexplained.
Myelin lipids in the brain after transplacental intoxication with ethylnitrosourea

Summary At day 15 of gestation pregnant mice were injected with a single intravenous dose of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) (80 mg/kg of body weight). The lipid composition of the myelin fraction isolated by means of differential centrifugation from brains of their offsprings was studied. The transplacentally introxicated mice developed severe changes in the lipid composition of their central myelin sheaths, such as a markedly decreased galactolipid (both cerebroside and sulfatide) as well as plasmalogen contents. The results show, that besides being a well known carcinogenic agent, ENU is capable of affecting the lipid metabolism of the developing central nervous system. The resultant effect is the formation of a chemically defective myelin sheath.
Two yeast PUF proteins negatively regulate a single mRNA.

mRNA stability and translation are regulated by protein repressors that bind 3′-untranslated regions. PUF proteins provide a paradigm for these regulatory molecules: like other repressors, they inhibit translation, enhance mRNA decay, and promote poly(A) removal. Here we show that a single mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding the HO endonuclease, is regulated by two distinct PUF proteins, Puf4p and Mpt5p. These proteins bind to adjacent sites and can co-occupy the mRNA. Both proteins are required for full repression and deadenylation in vivo; their removal dramatically stabilizes the mRNA. The two proteins act through overlapping but non-identical mechanisms: repression by Puf4p is dependent on deadenylation, whereas repression by Mpt5p can occur through additional mechanisms. Combinatorial action of the two regulatory proteins may allow responses to specific environmental cues and be common in 3′-untranslated region-mediated control.
Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis strain IS53 for the production of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen

An asporogenous strain of Bacillus subtilis, IS53, transformed with plasmid pPA102, produces the protective antigen (PA) component of the tripartite toxin of B. anthracis. Addition of yeast extract was required to support growth and PA production in all the media examined. Protective antigen expression was down-regulated during exponential growth and extracellular proteases caused marked degradation of the mature protein.
Boundaries. Boundaries...Boundaries

One way to modulate transcription is by partitioning the chromatin fiber within the nucleus into the active or inactive domains through the establishment of higher-order chromatin structure. Such subdivision of chromatin implies the existence of insulators and boundaries that delimit differentially regulated chromosomal loci. Recently published data on transcriptional interference from the repeated component of the genome fits the classic definition of insulator/boundary activity. This review discusses the phenomena of transcriptional interference and raises the question about functionality of genomic "junk" along with the need to stimulate a dialogue on how we would define the insulators and boundaries in the light of contemporary data. Rule 19 (a) (Boundaries)"Before the toss, the umpires shall agree the boundary of the field of play with both captains. The boundary shall, if possible, be marked along its whole length" Rules of Cricket.
The Role of Religion in the Collective Identity of the White Racialist Movement

This paper applies the concept of identity to the white racialist or separatist movement, typically referred to as the white supremacist movement in many mainstream publications. While similar racial identity and shared perceptions of the meaning of racialism bind the movement together, there are other important concerns that potentially divide the movement but also have served to attract members to it. One of these potentially divisive areas, the differences in religious views, is explored here through an analysis of the white separatist literature and interviews with movement members. Three belief systems of movement members-Christian or Israel Identity, Church of the Creator, and Odinism-are examined. All three contribute to strengthening the racial identity of white racialists, but are at the same time potentially antagonistic to each other. It is suggested that this religious divide will be a key issue in influencing the future development of the movement.
Thermal and electrochemical gate effects on DNA conductance

In an attempt to understand the complexities of DNA charge transport we have used a scanning tunnelling microscope break junction to repeatedly form a large number of Au–DNA–Au junctions. The DNA is covalently bound to the Au electrodes via gold–thiol bonds, and all measurements are carried out in an aqueous buffer solution to maintain a biological conformation of the duplex. A statistical analysis is carried out to determine the conductance of a single DNA duplex. Previously, we have seen an algebraic dependence of the conductance on length, suggesting a hopping mechanism. To attempt to verify this as the conduction mechanism we have changed the solution temperature and applied an electrochemical gate to the molecular junction to help elucidate the charge transport properties. In an alternating GC sequence with a length of eight base pairs, neither the temperature nor the gate potential caused a significant change in the conductance within the available experimental window.
Developmental theory: unsolved problem for child psychiatry.

Recently described problem areas of child psychiatric training, service and research are viewed as possible adaptations to the lack of a theory of child development adequate to the usual clinical tasks of prediction and intervention. A frame of reference for developmental theories is offered and possible applications of the frame of reference are discussed.
Coordinate inhibition of alkaline phosphatase and type X collagen syntheses by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultured hypertrophic chondrocytes

The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) (2.3×10-12-1.4×10-6 [M]) on alkaline phosphatase, collagen, and cell proliferation were examined in primary cultured hypertrophic chondrocytes prepared from the distal epiphyseal growth plate of the tibias of 12-day chick embryos. 1,25(OH)2D3 showed time- and dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the alkaline phosphatase and collagen levels. The inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity became detectable at 2×10-11 [M] and reached 10% of control at 10-7 [M]. The concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3 giving a 50% inhibition of the enzyme level was approximately 3×10-10 [M]. Of the two extracellular collagen pools, a cell-associated matrix pool showed a more dramatic decrease (to 10% of control) than a culture medium pool (to 50% of control) at increased 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations. The degree of inhibition was different for each type of chondrocyte-specific collagen (types II, IX, X, and XI). Types II and IX were inhibited in a parallel manner to only 60–80% of control. On the other hand, types X and XI were more greatly reduced up to 10% of control, and their dose-dependent inhibitory curves were similar to that of alkaline phosphatase. On cell proliferation, 1,25(OH)2D3 had a biphasic effect: stimulation at 10-10–10-8 [M] and inhibition at higher levels. The results revealed the significant involvement of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the metabolism of two probable calcification-related products, alkaline phosphatase and type X collagen.
Dose-calculation algorithms in the context of inhomogeneity corrections for high energy photon beams

Radiation therapy has witnessed a plethora of innovations and developments in the past 15 years. Since the introduction of computed tomography for treatment planning there has been a steady introduction of new methods to refine treatment delivery. Imaging continues to be an integral part of the planning, but also the delivery, of modern radiotherapy. However, all the efforts of image guided radiotherapy, intensity-modulated planning and delivery, adaptive radiotherapy, and everything else that we pride ourselves in having in the armamentarium can fall short, unless there is an accurate dose-calculation algorithm. The agreement between the calculated and delivered doses is of great significance in radiation therapy since the accuracy of the absorbed dose as prescribed determines the clinical outcome. Dose-calculation algorithms have evolved greatly over the years in an effort to be more inclusive of the effects that govern the true radiation transport through the human body. In this Vision 20/20 paper, we look back to see how it all started and where things are now in terms of dose algorithms for photon beams and the inclusion of tissue heterogeneities. Convolution-superposition algorithms have dominated the treatment planning industry for the past few years. Monte Carlo techniques have an inherent accuracy that is superior to any other algorithm and as such will continue to be the gold standard, along with measurements, and maybe one day will be the algorithm of choice for all particle treatment planning in radiation therapy.
Sources of resistance to pathotype QCC of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in barley

The occurrence of a wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) pathotype (Pgt-QCC) with virulence for the Rpg1 gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) necessitated the search for resistant barley germplasm. From preliminary screenings of over 18 000 barley accessions, 13 lines were identified as possessing resistance to pathotype QCC: «Diamond», «Hietpas 5», Q21861, PC 11, PC 84, PC 249, PC 250, CI 5541, PI 452406, PI 452421, PI 477843, PI 477854, and PI 477860. This study was conducted to further characterize the reaction of the selected lines to pathotype QCC
Effect of buckling material on ocular rigidity

Enucleated human eyes were banded with metal and silicone bands to produce reductions in their diameter of 2 mm and 4 mm. The ocular rigidity produced by each banding material at each diameter was measured in the pressure range of 10 mmHg to 40 mmHg. Metal bands produced mild reductions in ocular rigidity that were significantly ( P P
Production of perfluoroalkylated nanospheres from buckminsterfullerene.

Perfluoroalkylated nanospheres have been prepared by reaction of fullerenes with a variety of fluoroalkyl radicals. The latter are generated by thermal or photochemical decomposition of fluoroalkyl iodides or fluorodiacyl peroxides. Up to 16 radicals add to C60 to afford easily isolable fluoroalkylated derivatives. The monosubstituted radical adducts were detected by electron spin resonance in the early stages of the fluoroalkylation reactions. These spheroidal molecules are thermally quite stable, soluble in fluoroorganic solvents, chemically resistant to corrosive aqueous solutions, and more volatile than the parent fullerenes. Films of the sublimed material display properties typical for a perfluoroalkylated material.
Peak Flow Lability: Association With Asthma and Spirometry in an Older Cohort

Objective To determine the success rate and correlates of ambulatory peak expiratory flow (PEF) monitoring in an epidemiologic study. Design An observational survey. Setting Several communities in California. Participants We studied 1,223 nonsmoking men and women (mean age, 66 years) from an established cohort. Outcome measures A standard respiratory symptoms and diagnoses questionnaire, spirometry before and after bronchodilator, and a diary of PEF recorded four times per day for 7 days at home. Results A physician diagnosis of asthma was reported in 8.6% of the women and 9.4% of the men. Of those who agreed to complete PEF diaries at home, 87% successfully provided a valid measure of PEF lability. The mean PEF lability from those with asthma was significantly higher than the others (12.0% vs 8.9% in women and 10.2% vs 8.1% in men). Independent correlates of higher PEF lability included asthma, wheezing symptoms, airways obstruction by spirometry, older age, and male gender. Conclusions Middle-aged and elderly persons are largely successful at providing a measure of PEF lability at home. In nonsmoking adults living in California, increased PEF lability is correlated with asthma, wheezing, airways obstruction, and older age, validating its use in epidemiology studies as an index of airways hyperreactivity.
Advocacy for gender equity: the case of bridewealth in Uganda

This article presents The UN Population Fund s (UNFPA s) advocacy intervention in Uganda; it is directed at the traditional institution of bridewealth and is intended to reinforce gender equity and equality in keeping with the UNFPA s statement on Gender Population and Development. Cultural practices in Uganda related to marriage and bridewealth put women in a difficult position. They are burdened by social economic and cultural conditions. Bridewealth involves payment in cash and/or kind from the groom to the brides family and results in a lack of equality within the marriage. To address this issue the UNFPA has organized several IEC and advocacy campaigns. These activities culminated in a 2-day Round Table organized in November 1996. The Round Table meeting addressed six priority themes: conceptualizing the issue of bridewealth the prevalence and significance of the practice its impact and legal significance changing roles in relation to the practice implications of the institution for the status of women and the family and youth perspectives. Other issues concerning bridewealth s negative impact on women were also addressed. Workshops on Reproductive Health Advocacy were conducted and a Task Force was established. The high point of these advocacy activities was the publication of recommendations to reform the law and the regulations related to marriage (including bridewealth) by the Law Reform Commission. This publication was referred to as the Domestic Relations Bill; it dealt with property rights sexual rights (marital rape) age of marriage (defilement) and inheritance practices (property female children and widows).
Fatty acid and molecular species compositions of phospholipids and diacylglycerols from rat retinal membranes.

Abstract The relative proportions and compositions of the diacyl molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA), and diacylglycerol (DG) from rat retinal membranes were determined. Two membrane fractions were derived by discontinuous sucrose gradient floatation: rod outer segment (ROS) and ‘rest of the retina’ (ROR). ROR is defined as those membranes pelleted at 100 000 g following removal of the ROS. Diacylglycerols were prepared from PC, PE and PS by phospholipase C treatment and were converted into the corresponding 1,2-diacylglycerobenzoates (DGBZ), PI, PA, and DG were converted into 1,2-diacylglyceroacetates (DGAC) by acetolysis. The molecular species of the DGBZ and DGAC were resolved by reverse-phase HPLC and detected by UV absorption at 230 and 210 nm, respectively. Fatty acid methyl esters of PC, PE, PS, PI and DG from ROS and ROR were prepared and analysed by GLC. The fatty acid and molecular species patterns of PC, PE and PS were similar in both membrane fractions, although the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3) and 22:6-containing molecular species were lower in ROR than in ROS. PE and PS were enriched in 22:6ω3 and 18:0, as evidenced by the high levels of 18:0–22:6 and 22:6–22:6 molecular species. PC contained relatively more saturated and monoene species, such as 16:0–16:0, 16:0–18:0, 16:0–18:0, 16:0–18:1 and 18:0–18:1. The fatty acids and molecular species patterns of DG, PI and PA in ROS and ROR differed from those of PC, PE and PS. The major fatty acids of DG and PI were 16:0, 18:0 and 20:4ω6, and the predominant molecular species were 18:0–20:4 and 16:0–20:4. Thus, whereas the most abundant glycerolipids (PC, PS and PC) of rat retina contain 22:6ω3 as the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the minor lipids (DG, PI, and PA) have 20:4ω6 as the major PUFA.
Endothelial progenitor populations in differentiating embryonic stem cells. II. Drug selection and functional characterization.

Despite the enormous potential of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for use in tissue engineering and cell therapies, clinical use of ESCs has been deterred by difficulties in obtaining desired cell populations without undifferentiated or other undesired cell phenotypes. Previously we demonstrated the time-dependent variation of endothelial specific promoter activities in differentiating mouse ESCs. Here, we evaluated the functional behavior of endothelial cells (ECs) selected using a drug resistance gene (PuroR) under the control of different EC promoters (Flk1, Tie1, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), as well as vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin). All four promoters tested yielded cells with EC-specific protein expression and acetylated low density lipoprotein, labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl–3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI-Ac-LDL) uptake after puromycin treatment. However, the percentage of puromycin-surviving cells varied depending on EC promoters, indicating dif...
Symposium on Diseases of Cats—I. Some Problems of Cat Practice

— A general review of some problems encountered in cat practice. The development of the speciality is discussed together with the availability of clinical literature. Resume— –Compte-rendu general de quelques problemes rencontres dans le traitement du chat. Discussion sur le developpement de la specialite et la disponibilite d'une litterature clinique. Zusammenfassung— Ein allgemeiner Uberblick uber einige der Probleme, die in der Katzenpraxis auftreten. Die Entwicklung dieses Spezialfach.es, sowie das Vorhandensein von klinischen Schriften wird besprochen.
Complex formation between polyacrylic acid and cationic/nonionic mixed micelles: effect of pH on electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding

Abstract The interaction of a weak polyacid, sodium polyacrylate (PAA), and cationic mixed micelles of n-hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride/n-dodecyl hexaoxyethylene glycol monoether (CTAC/C12E8) was studied by turbidimetric titrations at varying pH, in order to determine the effect of polymer charge. Electrostatically-driven complex formation is controlled by three variables: the polymer linear charge density (ξ), the micelle surface charge density (σ), and the ionic strength (I) or the related Debye–Huckel parameter (κ). In this system, the former two parameters depend, respectively, on α, the degree of ionization of the polymer carboxylic acid groups, and on Y, the micellar mole fraction of ionic surfactant. In 0.10 M salt, the critical mole fraction of CTAC corresponding to the onset of polymer-micelle complex formation, Yc, varies inversely with pH, as expected, in the range 0.80
All Clear: Improving the Code Process

Childbearing Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The simulation facilitators at Baylor University Medical Center recognized the need to create best practice surrounding maternal codes; therefore, a new process for annual Mock Code was developed that used the concept of simulation‐based learning. Proposed Change For the past 5 years our facility used simulation‐based learning that focused on high‐risk obstetric events; however, we still performed Mock Codes on the unit in a didactic type format with skills check‐off. Following a maternal code on our unit, we incorporated simulation concepts with a hands‐on approach, which focused on documentation, communication, full use of the defibrillator, and crash cart knowledge. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Because maternal codes are rare, staff were not comfortable with the different aspects of the defibrillator/automated external defibrillator (AED). In addition, staff were not accustomed to using the code documentation sheet. The Perinatal Simulation Team developed an anaphylactic syndrome of pregnancy or amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) scenario and recorded it. Using this video, we were able to debrief our entire staff regarding the processes they viewed. Initially, we made them serve as the documenter and record what they observed as the video played. We then had them discuss and compare documentation to gain an understanding of the importance of speaking up to ensure all necessary information is gathered during a code. Then we reviewed the tape again, this time debriefing the scenario and addressing teamwork, communication, and technical skills. Following this discussion, we ran a simulation scenario that mimicked what they just watched. They had to perform CPR, place the pads from the defibrillator/AED and deliver shock as advised, print the EKG strip from the defibrillator, change from AED mode to defibrillator mode, increase joules as requested, draw up code medications, retrieve any necessary equipment or supplies from the crash cart, prepare for a STAT bedside delivery, document the code events, and communicate appropriately to the medical team. Our training increased staff confidence, knowledge of the crash cart and defibrillator, and awareness of communication needs during the maternal code. Implications for Nursing Practice When applying the science of simulation by creating a unique learning experience, nurses' confidence level, knowledge, and skills in recognizing the signs and symptoms of AFE can be improved. The use of simulation also improves the nurses' ability to use the defibrillator, draw up code medications, serve as documenter, and effectively use closed‐loop communication in a code situation.
Periodization, Comparative Literature, and Italian Modernism

In her article "Periodization, Comparative Literature, and Italian Modernism" Donata Meneghelli discusses why periodization is one of the most problematic issues in literary studies. Following a discussion of literary history and comparative literature, Meneghelli focuses on the notion of Italian modernism which has recently begun to circulate in literary studies referring to Italian literature of the beginning of the twentieth century. Meneghelli argues that Italian modernism is a paradoxical and contradictory notion which calls into question the relationships between literary history, geography (literary, cultural, political), and comparative literature while at the same time challenging the new framework of world literature(s) and the blending of local/global dichotomies.
Distributed Power Allocation in Prosumer Networks

Abstract Due to requirements of renewable and distributed energy integration,sustainability and energy security, the existing power grid is undergoing radical changes.The lines between producers and consumers are becoming blurred. In this paper, we provide a constrained formulation of the power allocation problem, which is emerging in such producer-consumer hybrid environments, and obtain decentralized protocols for its solution. We show that the information required by the individual prosumers to solve the problem varies depending on the choice of constraints in the optimization problem. As a consequence of this, we demonstrate that there exist fundamental trade-offs between the information required and the convergence rates associated with the power allocation problem.
The importance of pharmacoeconomics and outcomes in modern healthcare

This month's issue is dedicated to pharmacoeconomics, outcomes, formulary management and the psychiatric pharmacist. Pharmacoeconomics is the branch of pharmacy practice which deals with the financial implications of medication use. Outcomes research is a broader term, which studies drug use in terms of economic, clinical and humanistic outcomes (often referred to as the ECHO model). Formulary management, on the other hand, is a common strategy used to apply pharmacoeconomic considerations and outcomes research within the practice of a specific health system.
An open-source LabVIEW application toolkit for phasic heart rate analysis in psychophysiological research.

The cardiovascular system has been extensively measured in a variety of research and clinical domains. Despite technological and methodological advances in cardiovascular science, the analysis and evaluation of phasic changes in heart rate persists as a way to assess numerous psychological concomitants. Some researchers, however, have pointed to constraints on data analysis when evaluating cardiac activity indexed by heart rate or heart period. Thus, an off-line application toolkit for heart rate analysis is presented. The program, written with National Instruments’ LabVIEW, incorporates a variety of tools for off-line extraction and analysis of heart rate data. Current methods and issues concerning heart rate analysis are highlighted, and how the toolkit provides a flexible environment to ameliorate common problems that typically lead to trial rejection is discussed. Source code for this program may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society Web archive atwww.psychonomic.org/archive/.
Deoxyribonucleic acid binding of 3-hydroxy- and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene following further metabolism by mouse liver microsomal cytochrome P1-450

Abstract In the presence of NADPH and microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated C57BL/6N mice, [3H]3-OH-benzo[a]pyrene is metabolized to reactive intermediates which covalently bind to deproteinized salmon sperm DNA in vitro. Enzymatically digested DNA, containing bound [3H]3-OH-benzolajpyrene derivatives, generates an elution profile from Sephadex LH20 chromatography which resembles similar chromatograms with [3H]benzo[a]pyrene. All peaks resulting from [3H]benzo[a]pyrene activation appear to be prominently represented in [3H]3-OH-benzo[a]pyrene activation, except that several peaks which emerge near the end of the eluting gradient of methanol and water are much reduced. Notably, a peak designated E, and attributed to benzo[a]pyrene-7, 8-diol-9, 10-oxide binding in [3H]benzo[a]pyrene incubations, is also prominently represented in incubations with [3H]3-OH-benzo[a]pyrene. Radioactivity in all of these peaks is inhibited effectively if one-seventh the concentration of 1-OH-benzo[a]pyrene is included in the incubation with [3H]3-OH-benzo[a]pyrene. Microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated DBA/ 2N mice cause insignificant binding. UDP-glucuronic acid markedly reduces all peaks except E, and 1, 2-epoxy-3, 3, 3-trichloropropane reduces all peaks except C and E. 9-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene is further metabolized to DNA binding species by microsomes from either 3-methylcholanthrene-treated DBA/2N or C57BL/6N mice. UDP-glucuronic acid prevents about 50 per cent of the binding with microsomes from DBA/2N mice but not with microsomes from C57BL/6N. In contrast, UDP-glucuronic acid does prevent binding in some of these same peaks when [3H]benzotaipyrene is the starting substrate with microsomes from C57BL/6N mice. UDP-glucuronic acid does not prevent binding in peak E in incubations with [3H]benzo[a]pyrene or [3H]3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene.
Planetary-Scale Waves in the Venus Atmosphere

Observed wave-like cloud features on Venus, which at times form a Y-like structure which encircles the planet, were modelled numerically. Linearized primitive equations for a shallow, hydrostatic atmosphere are defined, along with upper boundary layer conditions for the 4-6 day periods detected in the atmospheric response to forcing. The basic state of the Venus atmosphere was considered to display variations in static stability and the mean zonal wind as a function of altitude. Forcing was introduced over a wide range of frequencies in order to produce the target oscillation modes. Combination of a midlatitude Rossby wave and an equatorial Kelvin wave was found to yield the observed Y-shape, which could be preserved with nonlinear coupling.
Flow counterbalanced capillary electrophoresis using packed capillary columns: resolution of enantiomers and isotopomers.

A method with the ability to increase greatly both the resolution and efficiency of a given capillary electrophoretic system is described. This method differs from traditional capillary electrophoresis (CE) in that a counterflow is induced in the direction opposite to the electrokinetic migration of the analyte. This has the effect of extending not only the time the analytes migrate in the electric field but also the effective length and the effective applied voltage of the system. Previous work in our group with flow counterbalanced capillary electrophoresis has utilized an open tube of small inner diameter to reduce peak broadening caused by hydrodynamic flow. Narrow-diameter capillaries (5−10 μm) restricted analysis to fluorescent analytes and laser-induced fluorescence detection. The method described here uses a capillary of much larger inner diameter (75 μm) that has been packed with nonporous silica particles. The packing material reduces the amount of band broadening caused by pressure-induced flow...
An Improved Space Debris ISAR Imaging Algorithm

According to the Characteristics of space debris, single-range matching filtering (SRMF) can be used for space debris inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. Combined SRMF and Coherent CLEAN algorithm can effectively solve high sidelobes problem brought by Fourier transform. However, when the SNR is low, the position error of scattering centers extracted by SRMF-CLEAN is big, and even some weak scatterings can't be extracted. This paper uses Sequence CLEAN instead of Coherent CLEAN to availably solve the above problems. The experiment results confirm the validness of the proposed algorithm. Coherent CLEAN algorithm exists instability, so Bose etc (3-5) puts forward Sequence CLEAN. Sequence CLEAN algorithm searches highest m peaks, and forms a tree. Among, every father node contains m child nodes. The m nodes are the peaks after reducing the parent. Each node presents a real target. The node stores the location and the scattering intensity of the object. At last, search the tree, from the all Sequence of the tree of the most energy select the possible path. The experiment results verify that the Sequence CLEAN algorithm can effectively solve the above problems.
‘Doubling down’ on the autophagy pathway to suppress tumor growth

In this issue of Genes & Development, Wei and colleagues (pp. 1204-1216) use elegant genetic approaches to simultaneously delete the essential autophagy gene FIP200 (FAK family-interacting protein of 200 kDa) and the signaling adaptor p62/SQSTM1 within established murine tumors, which reveals an unexpected synergism between the autophagy pathway and p62 in driving tumor growth. Intriguingly, these observations suggest that the combined targeting of autophagy and p62 may serve as an effective approach to treat specific cancers.
Occupational Ideologies and Individual Attitudes of Call Girls

Exploration of available information, including part of the subsequent careers of patients newly-admitted to the treatment-oriented psychiatric unit of a large general hospital, suggests the possibility that the chances of readmission may be associated with social selection into the hospital society. The exact nature of the selection process is not clear. However, among new patients, those whose psychiatric ideologies are more expert and humane are more likely to apply for readmission at some later time and to be readmitted.
Benzo-a-Pyrene: Environmental Partitioning and Human Exposure:

A multimedia transport model was used to evaluate the environmental partitioning of benzo-a-pyrene (BaP). Measured and predicted environmental concentrations were used to estimate the accumulation of BaP in the food chain and the subsequent extent of human exposure from inhalation and ingestion. Results show that BaP partitions mainly into soil (82%) and sediment (17%) and that the food chain is the dominant pathway of human exposure, accounting for about 97% of the total daily intake of BaP. Inhalation and consumption of contaminated water are only minor pathways of human exposure. The long-term average daily intake of BaP by the general population of the U.S. is estimated to be 2.2 micrograms (micrograms) per day. Cigarette smoking and indoor activities do not substantially increase human exposure to BaP relative to exposures to background levels of BaP present in the environment. Since the increased lifetime risk associated with human exposure to background levels of BaP is 3.5 {times} 10(-4), the authors conclude that ingestion of food items contaminated with BaP may pose a serious health threat to the U.S. population.72 references.
Modes of reasoning in self-initiated study groups in chemistry

Characterizing the modes of reasoning typically applied by students to solve different types of chemistry problems is of central importance for the design of instructional strategies that can better support their learning of specific content. Thus, the central goal of this study was to identify dominant modes of reasoning expressed by college chemistry students while working in self-initiated study groups. We were particularly interested in exploring potential relationships between modes of reasoning, content focus of group discussions, and levels of cognitive processing. Our study was based on the analysis of student conversations in 34 study sessions of 14 study groups involving over 100 students enrolled in the first semester of college organic chemistry. Our analysis indicated that most of the content-related conversations in the study could be categorized as involving at least one of four major reasoning modes: Model-based reasoning, case-based reasoning, rule-based reasoning, and symbol-based reasoning. In general, group talk was largely focused on issues of representation and structure which preferentially invoked rule-based reasoning; discussions about chemical reactions heavily relied on case-based reasoning. Overall, model-based reasoning was minimally applied. In general, over 70% of the content-related conversations corresponded to lower levels of cognitive processing. Rule-based thinking and case-based thinking were often based on students remembering and applying knowledge. Although model-based reasoning was used scarcely, it more frequently led to higher levels of cognitive processing. The results of our work provide insights into how to modify instruction to better support students' reasoning inside and outside the classroom.
Microstructure of triblock copolymers in asphalt oligomers

A model asphalt has been separated into two parts, asphaltene and maltene, through solvent extraction by n-heptane. The interactions of asphaltene and maltene with the triblock copolymer poly( styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM ), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Asphaltene was found to be essentially immiscible with both blocks of SEBS, while maltene was miscible with SEBS. An unusual sequence of morphological transformations of SEBS microstructure with respect to the addition of maltene was observed. The morphology transformed from hexagonal cylinder, to perforated layers, to lamellae and then back to the original hexagonal cylinder. The observed transformation reflects a limited solubility for both S and EB domains: at lower concentration maltene is a preferential additive for S domains, while increasing concentration the swelling of EB-rich microdomains by maltene becomes significant. The basic understanding of the interactions of the components of asphalt with SEBS gives a simple path to characterize and predict the microstructure of triblock copolymers in asphalt oligomers.
Some Basic Properties of the Surrogate Subgrid-Scale Heat Flux in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The development of improved subgrid-scale (SGS) models for large-eddy simulation of scalar transport in the atmospheric boundary layer requires an improved understanding of basic properties of the SGS fluxes. High frequency atmospheric wind speed and temperature data sampled at a height of 1.7 m are used to measure SGS heat fluxes and dissipation of temperature variance, by means of one-dimensional filtering and invoking Taylor's hypothesis. Conditional averaging is used to isolate interesting features of the SGS signals, and to relate them to the large-scale characteristics of the flow, such as the presence of coherent structures. Both mean and conditionally averaged SGS quantities are compared with those obtained using a standard eddy-diffusivity model. Within the limitations imposed by the one-dimensional data analysis, we observe that the model appears unable to reproduce important features of the real signals, such as the negative dissipation of temperature variance associated with strong negative resolved temperature gradients due to the ejection of warm air under unstable atmospheric stability conditions.
Classification Typology and Assessment of Five Levels of Woman Battering

Family violence is a prevalent, dangerous, and often life-threatening social and public health problem. It is an indiscriminating crime that knows few boundaries, as recent annual estimates indicate that over 8.7 million women are battered by husbands, boyfriends, and other intimate partners [Roberts, 2002; Roberts & Roberts, 2005]. This article examines a new five-level classificatory schema or typology detailing the duration and severity of woman battering. Five hundred and one battered women completed in-depth interviews which formed the basis for a new classification typology ranging from short-term to chronic to homicidal levels. The current research on different types of battering relationships provides clinicians and forensic specialists with psychosocial indicators that can be utilized as a basis for early intervention and prevention of lethal consequences. The concept of the unknown prevalence of women abuse, or the “dark figure,” is also addressed in this article. Additionally, practical suggestions are made for implementing crisis intervention protocols.
Lidar remote sensing of forest biomass : A scale-invariant estimation approach using airborne lasers

article i nfo Researchers in lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) strive to search for the most appropriate laser-based metrics as predictors in regression models for estimating forest structural variables. Many previously developed models are scale-dependent that need to be fitted and then applied both at the same scale or pixel size. The objective of this paper is to develop methods for scale-invariant estimation of forest biomass using lidar data. We proposed two scale-invariant models for biomass: a linear functional model and an equivalent nonlinear model that use lidar-derived canopy height distributions (CHD) and canopy height quantile functions (CHQ) as predictors, respectively. The two models are called functional regression models because the predictors CHD and CHQ are themselves functions or functional data. The model formulation was justified mathematically under moderate assumptions. We also created a fine-resolution biomass map by mapping individual tree component biomass in a temperate forest of eastern Texas with a lidar tree- delineation approach. The map was used as reference data to synthesize training and test datasets at multiple scales for validating the two scale-invariant models. Results suggest that the models can accurately predict biomass and yield consistent predictive performances across a variety of scales with an R 2 ranging from 0.80 to 0.95 (RMSE: from 14. 3 Mg/ha to 33.7 Mg/ha) among all the fitted models. Results also show that a training data size of around 50 plots or less was enough to guarantee a good fitting of the linear functional model. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of CHD and CHQ as lidar metrics for estimating biomass as well as the capability of lidar for mapping biomass at a range of scales. The functional regression models of this study are useful for lidar-based forest inventory tasks where the analysis units vary in size and shape. They also hold promise for estimating other forest characteristics such as below-ground biomass, timber volume, crown fuel weight, and Leaf Area Index.
Decidable subclassing-bounded quantification

Bounded Quantification allows Quantified types to specify subtyping bounds for the type variables they introduce. It has undecidable subtyping and type checking. This paper shows that subclassing-bounded Quantification---type variables have subclassing bounds---has decidable type checking. The main difficulty is that, type variables can have either upper bounds or lower bounds, which complicates the minimal type property.
Mutations of F110 and C126 of the formyl peptide receptor interfere with G-protein coupling and chemotaxis.

Background: Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) is a disease characterized by rapid loss of alveolar bone in teeth of otherwise healthy patients. Neutrophils from LAgP patients have been shown to exhibit diminished chemotaxis and low levels of formyl peptide receptor (FPR) surface expression. A recent study has associated LAgP with 2 polymorphisms in the FPR: 110Phe→Ser and 126Cys→Trp. Methods: We transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells with wtFPR, FPR-110Phe→Ser, FPR-126Cys→Trp, or FPR-110 Phe→Ala and determined their surface expression of FPR, their ligand binding affinity, their G-protein coupling, and their chemotaxis toward N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). Results: FPR-110Phe→Ser mutants failed to show any significant surface expression or chemotaxis toward FMLP. FPR- 126Cys→Trp mutants exhibited slightly lower than normal binding affinity, markedly lower G-protein coupling response, and markedly lower chemotaxis toward FMLP than that observed with wtFPR. We also analyzed another...