cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Mind and Social Science: Quantum semantics and meaning holism

Language is the most fundamental institution of human society. It sets us apart from all other species, and our other institutions would be impossible without it. However, to call language an “institution” is already to take sides in a debate about what language is, one which implicates the agent–structure problem. In recent years the dominant view in linguistics has been to think of language as being in the heads of individuals, whether as a “mental organ,” “computational device,” or even “instinct.” On this view linguistics is essentially a branch of cognitive science. A very different view is taken by those who emphasize the supra-individual character of language. Saussure, Wittgenstein, Davidson, and Searle – to drop just a few names – have all highlighted the ways in which our use of language is constituted and regulated by norms shared by a community of speakers. From this perspective language is less a cognitive than institutional fact. Of course, institutions cannot exist apart from people, so “top-downers” would agree that what is in people's heads matters too, just as “bottom-uppers” would agree that language must be shared for communication to be possible. But, as in the agent–structure problem more generally, it is not obvious how to combine parts and whole. Importantly, the interdependence between speakers and language communities means that an implicit subjective–objective polarity structures both perspectives. For social scientists the most familiar example of this polarity is probably Saussure's distinction between langue and parole , the former refer- ring to the structure of a language considered as an abstract system of signs, the latter to actual speech. As an institutionalist Saussure neglects speech, whereas as a cognitivist Chomsky neglects institutions, but his distinction between “competence” and “performance” reflects the same polarity. A speaker is competent if she can use a language's generative grammar (a kind of “ langue in the head”) to communicate, while her performances actualize this potential in speech.
The impact of national culture on corporate diversification

In this paper, we examine the relationship between national culture and corporate diversification using a sample of 840 firms in 28 countries. The results of our analysis show that the cultural dimensions of power distance, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance each have a positive and significant impact on corporate diversification. We find no significant impact of cultural masculinity on diversification. Our results provide evidence that cultural aversion to risk may help explain differences in corporate diversification between countries.
Medical student radiology curriculum: what skills do residency program directors believe are essential for medical students to attain?

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify radiology topics considered essential by residency program directors who will be working with our graduates. Secondary goals were to survey their satisfaction with incoming residents' radiology knowledge, inquire if radiology training was provided in their programs, and identify differences among specialties. Materials and Methods A questionnaire was mailed to all residency program directors in emergency medicine, family medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics, and general surgery programs that accepted our graduates between 2005 and 2010. Program directors were asked to rate a list of radiology knowledge and skills topics as essential or nonessential and to answer several questions regarding their residents and programs. Results Ninety-nine surveys were completed (51.3% response rate). Seven skills were considered essential by 90% or more of all respondents. On average, program directors identified 18/28 topics as essential prior to beginning their residency. The mean number identified as essential did not differ by program (F4, 93 = 0.732, P = .572). Based on analyses of variance comparing each topic by program, the importance of six topics differed significantly. Program directors generally agreed that incoming residents had adequate radiology skills and knowledge when they started their residencies. One hundred percent of the responding emergency medicine, family medicine, and pediatrics programs and 70% to 80% of the general surgery and internal medicine programs provide radiology training. Conclusion There is high agreement among program directors regarding imaging topics they consider essential. Topics considered essential by more than 60% should comprise our core curriculum for all students while less essential topics can be included in elective or program specific curricula.
A dual-function MIMO radar-communications system using PSK modulation

In this paper, we develop a new technique for information embedding into the emission of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar using dual-functionality platforms. A set of orthogonal waveforms occupying the same band is used to implement the primary MIMO radar operation. The secondary communication function is implemented by embedding one phase-shift keying (PSK) communication symbol in each orthogonal waveform, i.e., the number of embedded communication symbols during each radar pulse equals the number of transmit antennas. We show that the communication operation is transparent to the MIMO radar operation. The communication receiver detects the embedded PSK symbols using standard ratio testing. The achievable data rate is proportional to the pulse repetition frequency, the number of transmit elements, and the size of the PSK constellation. The performance of the proposed technique is investigated in terms of the symbol error rate. Simulations examples demonstrate that data rates in the range of several Mbps can be embedded and reliably detected.
Unions, Government Services, and Public Employees

This article analyzes the impact of public employee unionism and the interdependency among different levels of government on the demand for state and local government employees. The evidence suggests that highly organized public employees exert enough political pressure to alter the terms and conditions of employment. The interdependency among different levels of government indicates that employment decisions at one level of government are related to employment decisions of other governments serving the same population. Thus, although services provided to a given population come from different political jurisdictions, these jurisdictions complement each other in providing the service. The results suggest that both market and nonmarket forces affect state and local governments' employment portfolio. Consequently, consideration should be given to both collective bargaining and the political process in analyzing the demand for public employees.
Coping with the risk of internet connectivity in hotels: Perspectives from American consumers traveling internationally☆

Abstract A reliable and secure Internet connection may represent the only viable solution for international travelers to complete communication tasks in hotels (e.g., talking with loved ones at home, engaging in work-related activities, accessing restricted resources). Yet, the current cyber-environment accessible by connecting a mobile device to the Internet is characterized by a certain degree of risk, to which consumers generally respond via coping mechanisms. Based on data from a sample of 1017 American consumers who traveled internationally, this study validated a conceptual model that explains consumers' intentions to cope with the risk of connecting their mobile devices to hotel networks in order to access the Internet. The study recognizes consumers’ risk-benefit calculative mechanisms that influence coping intentions, and the roles of knowledge, habit, and convenience orientation in influencing the benefit-risk dyad.
Chance juxtapositions and (un)biased methods in science: More efficient at inefficiency.

A recent article in Neurology® hammered home several points made all the more cogent by proposals relative to the Federal budget and allegations made during the 2016 Presidential campaign. Shepheard et al.1 demonstrated that the extracellular domain (ECD) of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, is found in higher-than-normal concentration in the urine of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This urinary excess of p75ECD varies in magnitude in proportion to other more cumbersome and more expensive measures of nerve loss and muscle dysfunction. This may make measurement of urinary p75ECD a practical and reliable method for monitoring progression of ALS and response of patients with ALS to experimental therapeutics.
Invited Review: Matching forage systems with cow size and environment for sustainable cow-calf production in the southern region of the United States1

ABSTRACT Due to increasing red meat demand from the projected increase in world population coupled with reductions in available grazing lands, there has been increased interest in intensification of cow-calf production. Mature cow size has increased by over 30% since the mid-1970s, increasing cow ME requirements, reducing pasture carrying capacity, and increasing other input costs associated with cow maintenance. Research from the 1960s and 1970s indicates that in limited resource environments (western plains states for instance), the reduced efficiency of larger cows may be a limiting factor to the economics of production, whereas in less restricted environments (higher rainfall environments such as the humid southern states or in dry-lot feeding systems), mature cow size may not be a significantly limiting factor. Forage management strategies, which include targeted fertilization, stockpiling, and complementary forages, can be incorporated with improved grazing management to reduce reliance on often expensive supplemental feed and stored forages as well as fertilizer and fuel inputs to the enterprise. Integration of multiple management technologies (rotational grazing, stockpiling both cool-and warm-season perennials, and planting cool-season annuals) into a production system has been shown to enable increased stocking rates and calf BW weaned per hectare, while also decreasing the requirement for conserved forages. By intensifying the management of cow herds and pastures, ranch carrying capacity can be increased and thereby increase available stocking rates, offset the effects of increased cow mature size, increase total system productivity, and provide for an economically sustainable cow-calf production system.
The q-Ad Hoc Hub Location Problem for Multi-modal Networks

This research proposes a spatial optimization problem over a multi-modal transportation network, termed the q-Ad-hoc hub location problem (AHLP), to utilize alternative hubs in an ad-hoc manner in the wake of a hub outage. The model aims to reorganize the spatial structure of disrupted networks: unaffected hubs are utilized as ad-hoc hubs through which alternative routes connect supply and demand nodes. As a case study, the AHLP is applied to a multi-modal freight transport system connecting international destinations with the United States. The models are utilized to establish a new ranking methodology for critical infrastructure by combining metrics capturing nodal criticality and network resilience and recuperability. The results show that the AHLP is both an effective and practical recovery approach for a hub network to respond to the potential disruptions of hubs and a novel methodology for ranking critical infrastructure.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on Otologic and Audiologic Screening for Patients With Vestibular Schwannomas.

QUESTION 1 What is the expected diagnostic yield for vestibular schwannomas when using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate patients with previously published definitions of asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss? TARGET POPULATION These recommendations apply to adults with an asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss on audiometric testing. RECOMMENDATION Level 3: On the basis of an audiogram, it is recommended that MRI screening on patients with ≥10 decibels (dB) of interaural difference at 2 or more contiguous frequencies or ≥15 dB at 1 frequency be pursued to minimize the incidence of undiagnosed vestibular schwannomas. However, selectively screening patients with ≥15 dB of interaural difference at 3000 Hz alone may minimize the incidence of MRIs performed that do not diagnose a vestibular schwannoma. QUESTION 2 What is the expected diagnostic yield for vestibular schwannomas when using an MRI to evaluate patients with asymmetric tinnitus, as defined as either purely unilateral tinnitus or bilateral tinnitus with subjective asymmetry? TARGET POPULATION These recommendations apply to adults with subjective complaints of asymmetric tinnitus. RECOMMENDATION Level 3: It is recommended that MRI be used to evaluate patients with asymmetric tinnitus. However, this practice is low yielding in terms of vestibular schwannoma diagnosis (<1%). QUESTION 3 What is the expected diagnostic yield for vestibular schwannomas when using an MRI to evaluate patients with a sudden sensorineural hearing loss? TARGET POPULATION These recommendations apply to adults with a verified sudden sensorineural hearing loss on an audiogram. RECOMMENDATION Level 3: It is recommended that MRI be used to evaluate patients with a sudden sensorineural hearing loss. However, this practice is low yielding in terms of vestibular schwannoma diagnosis (<3%). The full guideline can be found at: https://www.cns.org/guidelines/guidelines-management-patients-vestibular-schwannoma/chapter_2.
Structure and Dynamics of Membrane Proteins from Solid-State NMR

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy elucidates membrane protein structures and dynamics in atomic detail to yield mechanistic insights. By interrogating membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers that closely resemble biological membranes, SSNMR spectroscopists have revealed ion conduction mechanisms, substrate transport dynamics, and oligomeric interfaces of seven-transmembrane helix proteins. Research has also identified conformational plasticity underlying virus-cell membrane fusions by complex protein machineries, and β-sheet folding and assembly by amyloidogenic proteins bound to lipid membranes. These studies collectively show that membrane proteins exhibit extensive structural plasticity to carry out their functions. Because of the inherent dependence of NMR frequencies on molecular orientations and the sensitivity of NMR frequencies to dynamical processes on timescales from nanoseconds to seconds, SSNMR spectroscopy is ideally suited to elucidate such structural plasticity, local and global conformational dynamics, protein-lipid and protein-ligand interactions, and protonation states of polar residues. New sensitivity-enhancement techniques, resolution enhancement by ultrahigh magnetic fields, and the advent of 3D and 4D correlation NMR techniques are increasingly aiding these mechanistically important structural studies.
Atherosclerosis and Nutrition

It has been well established that an elevated serum cholesterol level is one of the principal factors (risk factors) indicating a susceptibility to atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). Truswell (1978) has listed the large number of studies in which this relationship has been confirmed. The Framingham (Mass.) study (Kagan et al., 1962) has established the three major risk factors as elevated serum cholesterol levels (above 240 mg/dl), elevated systolic blood pressure (above 160 mm Hg) and excessive cigarette smoking (over 20 per day). There are data suggesting that serum triglycerides should also be considered a risk factor (Albrink et al., 1961; Carlson and Bottiger, 1972). In a recent comparison of ASHD death rates in 40-year-old Scottish and Swedish men, it was shown that the cholesterol levels of the two groups were similar, but the Scots, who had considerably higher coronary mortality, also had significantly higher serum triglyceride levels (Oliver et al., 1975). Strasser (1972) has listed over 30 factors related to the risk of ASHD, ranging from age to water softness and including items such as blood group, educational level, and personality type. The risk factors represent statistical diagnoses which are accurate for large populations but which may have less predictive value for individuals.
The Meteorological Development of Large Eddy Simulation

The development of what is now called large eddy simulation is traced from the early days of numerical weather prediction to Smagorinsky’s 1963 introduction of a first order subgrid scale closure, Lilly’s analysis of the technique and utilization in 2-dimensional simulations of convection, and Deardorff’s further development and exploitation through 3-dimensional simulations of boundary layer flows. Smagorinsky’s closure was originally based on an empirical smoothing device developed by von Neumann and Richtmyer for 1-dimensional shock wave calculations, extended to 2- and 3-dimensional flow by Charney and Phillips. In a series of papers from 1972–80, Deardorff largely developed and defined large eddy simulation, though not under that name. His work was aimed at elucidating the structure and behaviour of turbulent boundary layers at high Reynolds and low Mach numbers, and was interpersed with a series of laboratory simulations and theoretical analyses. He introduced or initially applied several modeling concepts and techniques which have been followed, and in most cases are still utilized in some form, by investigators in geophysical and engineering fluid dynamics. The sequence, methods and results are reviewed and reconsidered.
Characterization of the Transmit Power and Antenna Pattern of the GPS Constellation for the CYGNSS Mission

The Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) by GPS satellites is needed to accurately calibrate the normalized bistatic radar cross section (NBRCS) measured by the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). EIRP is the product of GPS transmit power and antenna gain. To determine EIRP, we first estimate the GPS transmit power. A ground-based GPS constellation power monitor (GCPM) system has been built and calibrated to precisely measure GPS signals. The received power is repeatable and verified with German Aerospace Center (DLR)'s independent measurements. The estimated GPS transmit powers are validated with DLR's results and successfully applied to CYGNSS L1 calibration. GCPM measurements also demonstrate GPS antenna pattern asymmetries. Full GPS antenna patterns (over their terrestrial service volume) are estimated using the measurements made with the CYGNSS zenith antennas. CYGNSS zenith antenna measurements are able to sample the full transmit antenna pattern within a very short time.
Identifying the ErbB/MAPK Signaling Cascade as a Therapeutic Target in Canine Bladder Cancer

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder comprises 2% of diagnosed canine cancers. TCC tumors are generally inoperable and unresponsive to traditional chemotherapy, indicating a need for more effective therapies. BRAF, a kinase in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, is mutated in 70% of canine TCCs. In this study, we use BRAF mutant and wild-type TCC cell lines to characterize the role of BRAF mutations in TCC pathogenesis and assess the efficacy of inhibition of the MAPK pathway alone and in combination with other gene targets as a treatment for canine TCC. Analysis of MAPK target gene expression and assessment of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation following serum starvation indicated constitutive MAPK activity in all TCC cell lines. BRAF mutant TCC cell lines were insensitive to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, with IC50 values greater than 5 μM, but exhibited greater sensitivity to a paradox-breaking BRAF inhibitor (IC50: 0.2-1 μM). All TCC cell lines had IC50 values less than 7 nM to the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor trametinib independent of their BRAF mutation status. ERK1/2 phosphorylation decreased after 6-hour treatments with MAPK inhibitors, but rebounded by 24 hours, suggesting the presence of resistance mechanisms. Microarray analysis identified elevated expression of the ErbB family of receptors and ligands in TCC cell lines. The pan-ErbB inhibitor sapitinib synergized with BRAF inhibition in BRAF mutant Bliley TCC cells and synergized with MEK1/2 inhibition in Bliley and BRAF wild-type Kinsey cells. These findings suggest the potential for combined MAPK and ErbB receptor inhibition as a therapy for canine TCC. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The results of this study (1) identify a novel combination strategy for canine bladder cancer treatment: targeting the ErbB/MAPK signaling cascade and (2) establish the utility of canine bladder cancer as a naturally-occurring model for human MAPK-driven cancers.
When is Imitation a Threat? The Case of Design in the Global Tire Industry

What if the outputs of innovation are unprotected and open to imitation? We scrutinize how imitation by firms in emerging economies changes the structure of innovation-based competition in a mature...
Existing Predictive Models for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications Perform Poorly in a Head and Neck Surgery Population

Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are common following major surgical procedures. Risk stratification tools have been developed to identify patients at risk for PPCs. While otolaryngology cases were included in the development of common predictive tools, they comprised small percentages in each tool. It is unclear how these tools perform in patients undergoing major head and neck surgery with free flap reconstruction. This retrospective review studied all free flap reconstructions in head and neck surgery over a 12-year period at a single institution in the southeastern US. Baseline demographic and medical information were included for each case. All cases were reviewed for development of major PPCs, including pneumonia and respiratory failure. The cohort underwent risk stratification using the ARISCAT and Gupta pulmonary risk indices. Performance of these predictive models for head and neck surgery was determined through receiver-operator curve comparison. 794 patients were identified with a median age of 62 years (IQR 41–83). Sixty-five percent were male. Forty-three (5.4%) developed pneumonia, 23 patients developed respiratory failure (2.9%), and 38 patients developed both (4.8%), resulting in a total PPC proportion of 13.1% (n = 104). Both ARISCAT and Gupta pulmonary risk indices demonstrated low discrimination to predict PPCs in head and neck free flap reconstruction, with areas under the curve of 0.60 and 0.65, respectively. Two major indices for prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications do not accurately identify risk in patients undergoing major head and neck surgery. Further studies are needed to develop predictive tools for PPCs in this high-risk population.
Boulding, Brundtland, Economics, and Efforts to Integrate Air Transportation Policies into Sustainable Development

This chapter focuses on the ideas of Kenneth Boulding and of the Brundtland Commission regarding sustainable development and the extent to which they have permeated air transportation policies. While aviation has seen a considerable reduction in the environmental footprints of individual travelers since the late 1970s as competitive markets have forced airlines to be more frugal in their use of fuel, at the same time, lower fares have given greater access for people to fly. The result has been an overall increase in CO2 emissions. In consequence, while sustainable objectives of greater economic equality and social integration have been achieved, objectives associated with maintaining the global resource base may have not. In addition, the policies used in trying to regulate the adverse environmental effects of air transportation have also tended to be based upon neoclassical economics and thus failed to account for the holistic nature of sustainable development. One practical reason for this has been a lack of integrated policy making. Air transportation is a mobile source of emissions with many global environmental implications, as well local effects such as airport noise and the pollution generated by land access vehicles. The institutional structures focusing on sustainable development seldom have either the appropriate geographical authority or policy tool kits to handle this.
Magical Embodiment: Strategic Deontology in Toni Morrison’s Fiction

Toni Morrison’s use of “magical embodiment” disrupts ontologies informing colonization and plantation logic, which have structured relation in the Atlantic world for over five centuries. Sylvia Wynter’s theories of the Human, as opposed to a Man/Other dichotomy, as well as her development of Fanon’s theory of the sociogenic principle, inform the discussion. Morrison takes a further step in the process of deontology, disrupting not only the Man/Other episteme but also suggesting ways to think past a Human/Other binary. Morrison’s works include the non-human living world, uniting those whom Wynter refers to as the “dys-selected” with other forms of life that have also felt the damaging consequences of colonialism and enslavement. Morrison’s novels suggest ways to practice an “ontological disruption” that builds on Wynter’s interventions in theorizing (post)colonialism in order to strategically resist the logic of the Western episteme.
Leveraging naturally occurring variation in financial stress to examine associations with inflammatory burden among older adults.

Background Financial strain is associated with earlier disability and mortality, but causal links are underexplored, partly because it is unethical to randomise people to financial stress. This study leverages naturally occurring random variation in days since monthly Social Security payment arrival among older adults to test associations with inflammatory biomarkers. Methods Biomarker data, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and C reactive protein (CRP), was collected from 2155 non-working healthy adults aged 70–79 years, participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Days since payment arrival was independent of all demographic, socioeconomic or health characteristics measured in this study. Restricted cubic spline models estimated associations separately for each week of the month, stratified by financial strain status (interaction term p value for TNF-α model Results Among financially strained older adults, more days since payment arrival was associated with higher TNF-α levels during the first week of the month (coefficient=0.102). Associations with IL-6 and CRP differed depending on the degree of financial strain (interaction term p values Conclusions Days since monthly payments were associated with inflammatory cytokines among older adults who have difficulty making ends meet financially and associations depended on financial strain severity, suggesting that results are attributable to monthly variation in financial stress. Future research should examine whether more frequent Social Security disbursement would modify financial strain and inflammatory biomarkers.
Product Specification under a Threat of Entry: Evidence from Airlines’ Departure Times

Abstract I examine how incumbent airlines adjust their departure times in response to the threat of entry by Southwest Airlines. I find that incumbents space their flights more evenly throughout the day when faced with potential entry. This reaction depends strongly on the level of the incumbent’s market share and hub status at the endpoint airports of a market. The evidence suggests that incumbents’ actions are designed to deter, rather than accommodate, entry. I do not find effects on flight frequency, suggesting that incumbents may rely more on the strategic choice of product attributes than on product proliferation to deter entry.
Starvation and Climate Change—How to Constrain Cancer Cell Epigenetic Diversity and Adaptability to Enhance Treatment Efficacy

Advanced metastatic cancer is currently not curable and the major barrier to eliminating the disease in patients is the resistance of subpopulations of tumor cells to drug treatments. These resistant subpopulations can arise stochastically among the billions of tumor cells in a patient or emerge over time during therapy due to adaptive mechanisms and the selective pressures of drug therapies. Epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in tumor cell diversity and adaptability, and are regulated by metabolic pathways. Here, I discuss knowledge from ecology, evolution, infectious disease, species extinction, metabolism and epigenetics to synthesize a clinically feasible approach to help homogenize tumor cells and, in combination with drug treatments, drive the extinction of cancer cells. Cycles of starvation and hyperthermia could help synchronize tumor cells, constrain epigenetic diversity and adaptability by limiting substrates and impairing the activity of chromatin modifying enzymes. Hyperthermia could also help prevent cancer cells from entering dangerous hibernation-like states. A pathway to a treatment paradigm is proposed that builds on the successes of fasting, hyperthermia and immunotherapy in cancer. Finally, I highlight the many unknowns, opportunities for discovery and the possibility that allele-specific epigenetic mechanisms pose a major barrier to cancer extinction and warrant deeper investigation.
"You Remember Those Days"-A Qualitative Study of Resident Surgeon Responses to Complications and Deaths.

OBJECTIVE Postoperative complications and deaths are unavoidable aspects of a surgical career, but little is known about the impacts of these unwanted outcomes on resident surgeons. The goal of this study was to characterize the impact of complications and deaths on surgery residents in order to facilitate development of improved support systems. DESIGN This qualitative study was designed to explore resident surgeons’ experiences with unwanted outcomes, including postoperative complications and death. Semi-structured interviews explored a range of topics related to personal experiences with unwanted outcomes. Analyses of interview transcripts were performed iteratively and informed by thematic analysis. SETTING An anthropologist at the University of Michigan conducted interviews with general surgery residents from academic, community, and hybrid training programs across the country. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight mid-level and senior residents (PGY3 and above) were recruited for participation from 14 different training programs across the United States. RESULTS Resident surgeons described an initial period of emotional response, characterized by feelings of sadness, frustration, or grief. Simultaneously or soon afterward, interviewees described a period of intellectual response aimed at understanding how and why an outcome occurred, with the expressed goal of learning from it. Many residents described impacts to their personal lives. Several factors that influenced the duration and intensity of these responses were identified, including a sense of ownership, which was a powerful driver for improvement. CONCLUSIONS This qualitative study provides a nuanced description of resident surgeons’ responses to unwanted outcomes. While emotional responses were characterized by strong feelings, such as sadness and grief, intellectual responses were focused on learning from the events. These data may help inform the development of structured support systems by residency programs. Structured Abstract Facing post-operative complications and deaths is an unavoidable aspect of surgical training, but the impacts on surgery residents has not been well characterized. Through semi-structured interviews with general surgery residents from programs across the United States, this qualitative study explored the ways that residents respond to unwanted outcomes. Residents described an initial period of emotional response, characterized by strong feelings, often of sadness or grief. There was a subsequent or concomitant period of intellectual response, in which residents examined how and why this outcome occurred, with the goal of learning from it. A feeling of ownership was strengthened by involvement in patient care and length of rotation. In light of this detailed description of resident experiences, residency programs can foster the development of improved support for trainees as they navigate these profoundly impactful events.
Sensitive parameter identification and uncertainty quantification for the stability of pipeline conveying fluid

Several uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis methods are used to determine the most sensitive geometric and material input parameters of a cantilevered pipeline conveying fluid when uncertainty is introduced to the system at the onset of instability. The full nonlinear equations of motion are modeled using the extended Hamilton’s principle and then discretized using Galerkin’s method. A parametric study is first performed, and the Morris elementary effects are calculated to obtain a preliminary understanding of how the onset speed changes when each parameter is introduced to a ± 5% uncertainty. Then, four different input uncertainty distributions, mainly, uniform and Gaussian distribution, are chosen to investigate how input distributions affect uncertainty in the output. A convergence analysis is used to determine the number of samples needed to maintain simulation accuracy while saving the most computational time. Then, Monte Carlo simulations are run, and the output distributions for each input distribution at ± 1%, ± 3% and ± 5% input uncertainty range are found and discussed. Additionally, the Pearson correlation coefficients are evaluated for different uncertainty ranges. A final Monte Carlo study is performed in which single parameters are held constant while all others still have uncertainty. Overall, the flow speed at the onset of instability is the most sensitive to changes in the outer diameter of the pipe.
Nose-down saddle tilt improves gross efficiency during seated-uphill cycling.

Riding uphill presents a challenge to competitive and recreational cyclists. Based on only limited evidence, some scientists have reported that tilting the saddle nose down improves uphill-cycling efficiency by as much as 6%. Purpose: here, we investigated if simply tilting the saddle nose down increases efficiency during uphill cycling, which would presumably improve performance. Methods: nineteen healthy, recreational cyclists performed multiple 5 min trials of seated cycling at ~ 3 W kg–1 on a large, custom-built treadmill inclined to 8° under two saddle-tilt angle conditions: parallel to the riding surface and 8° nose down. We measured subjects’ rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production using an expired-gas analysis system and then calculated their average metabolic power during the last two min of each 5 min trial. Results: we found that, compared to the parallel-saddle condition, tilting the saddle nose down by 8° improved gross efficiency from 0.205 to 0.208—an average increase of 1.4% ± 0.2%, t = 5.9, p < 0.001, CI95% [0.9 to 1.9], dz = 1.3. Conclusion: our findings are relevant to competitive and recreational cyclists and present an opportunity for innovating new devices and saddle designs that enhance uphill-cycling efficiency. The effect of saddle tilt on other slopes and the mechanism behind the efficiency improvement remain to be investigated.
Statistical Characteristics of a 3 × 3 Neutrally Stratified Wind Turbine Array Boundary Layer

The near- and far-wake characteristics of wind turbine arrays are studied using PIV data taken from wind tunnel experiments. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is employed to gain information about the energetically coherent structures present in the flow. Specifically, the structures responsible for the entrainment of turbulent kinetic energy in the near- and far-wake are explored. Furthermore, the important POD modes are determined, not only in relation to remediation of the momentum deficit, but also in relation to the extraction and dissipation of kinetic energy by the turbine.
THE CULTURAL DANGERS OF SCIENTISM AND COMMON SENSE SOLUTIONS

Who can deny the extraordinary achievements of science? The technology that we rely on everyday and the life-saving medical procedures that were unavailable to previous times are all the fruit of scientific research. Whether it is intellectually, in universities, where science receives great attention and funding, or more generally, in the culture, where the fruits of science are often revered and consumed en masse, science exerts tremendous influence over our lives. It is so easy to be proud of our scientific achievements that many have come to view science as the pinnacle of human knowledge. In fact, some scientists (and even some philosophers) hold that science is the only way to knowledge. This view is usually called ‘scientism’ and, as I will argue, it is a serious obstacle to renewing the Western culture. Although there is much that is good in modern science, misunderstanding its proper role in our intellectual and everyday lives is a serious danger, and the cause of much decline and confusion in the West. Unfortunately, some famous scientists have misused discoveries in science to promote the reductionism, materialism, and secularism we find today in the West. For example, scientists such as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris have targeted general audiences with the message that we should look to modern science to treat questions about ethics and the existence of God. In
Developmental cheating in the social bacterium Myxococcus xanthus

Cheating is a potential problem in any social system that depends on cooperation and in which actions that benefit a group are costly to individuals that perform them. Genetic mutants that fail to perform a group-beneficial function but that reap the benefits of belonging to the group should have a within-group selective advantage, provided that the mutants are not too common. Here we show that social cheating exists even among prokaryotes. The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus exhibits several social behaviours, including aggregation of cells into spore-producing fruiting bodies during starvation. We examined a number of M. xanthus genotypes that were defective for fruiting-body development, including several lines that evolved for 1,000 generations under asocial conditions and others carrying defined mutations in developmental pathways, to determine whether they behaved as cheaters when mixed with their developmentally proficient progenitor. Clones from several evolved lines and two defined mutants exhibited cheating during development, being overrepresented among resulting spores relative to their initial frequency in the mixture. The ease of finding anti-social behaviours suggests that cheaters may be common in natural populations of M. xanthus.
DNA Methylation in Development

Marked changes in DNA methylation occur during embryonic development to convert gamete-specific methylation patterns to the patterns required in the soma. Keywords: de novo methylation; demethylation; methylation spreading; methylation pattern; imprinting
Detection of biomolecules using In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ nanowires

In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ nanowire transistors have been used to detect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is the major carrier of cholesterol in blood and the offending agent in coronary heart diseases. Enhanced conductance was observed when the device was exposed to LDL, as well as a negative shift of gate threshold voltage. These phenomena can be explained by the chemical gating effect of LDL molecules to In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ nanowires.
The Earth Mover’s Distance

A ground distance between single visual image features can often be found by psychophysical experiments. For example, perceptual color spaces have been devised in which the Euclidean distance between two colors approximately matches the human perception of their difference. Measuring perceptual distance becomes more complicated when sets of features, rather than single features, are being compared. In Section 2 we showed the problems caused by dissimilarity measures that do not handle correspondences between different bins in the two histograms. Such correspondences are key to a perceptually natural definition of the distances between sets of features. This observation led to distance measures based on bipartite graph matching [65, 108], defined as the minimum cost of matching elements between the two histograms.
Finding the missing gene-environment interactions.

Gene-environment interactions, where the biological effect of an exposure depends on an individual’s genotype, are widely held to be ubiquitous—and rightly so, considering epidemiologists have long abandoned the paradigm of ascribing disease to either “nature” or “nurture” (if indeed they ever thought of etiology in unifactoral terms) and now seek to understand the joint action of both “nature” and “nurture.” However, statistical interactions, where a quantitative measure of exposure effect differs according to genotype, are far from ubiquitous in epidemiologic studies of human disease (1). The small number of replicated gene-environment interactions in human observational studies stands in sharp contrast to the widespread evidence for gene-environment interaction from experimental studies in model organisms (2). This discrepancy is a puzzle. Is there something fundamentally different about the biology of human complex traits? Are there limitations to how gene-environment interactions have been studied in humans? Or both?
Nipple Areola Reconstruction

Creation of the nipple areolar complex often represents the final hurdle in a long and arduous reconstructive process for women with breast cancer. It is as important as any aspect of the reconstruction, and closes the chapter for both patient and surgeon. In essence, it transforms the reconstructed mound into a breast. To facilitate the process of nipple-areola reconstruction (NAR) and subsequently complete the reconstructed breast, the procedure needs to be as convenient, painless and reliable as possible. The reconstructed nipple has both physical and psychological ramifications, and of primary importance is long-term patient satisfaction. Although nutritional and erotic capabilities cannot be reproduced, the essential characteristics of successful nipple reconstruction are the creation of symmetry with the opposite breast (size, color, texture, location) and adequately maintained projection. There are numerous techniques available for nipple reconstruction, which involve some variant of composite grafting or a local tissue flap. Areolar reconstruction ranges from simple tattooing to more complex grafting techniques. This chapter will discuss some of the more commonly used NAR techniques.
Soil carbon and nitrogen pools under long-term productivity of rhizoma peanut and perennial weeds management systems

Abstract The effects of a 10-year-old rhizoma peanut (RP) (Arachis glabrata Benth.), a perennial legume forage, and perennial weeds (PW) management systems on soil organic C (SOC), total N (STN), NH4-N, NO3-N, potential C and N mineralization (PCM and PNM), microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN), and particulate organic C and N (POC and PON) were evaluated in a Norfolk loamy fine sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult) in 2000 and 2001 in Georgia, USA. Aboveground biomass yield and N accumulation increased from June to October in 2000 and 2001, were greater in RP than in PW from July to October, and were greater in 2000 than in 2001 in RP. Root length density increased from June to September, and was greater in RP than in PW in September. The SOC, STN, POC, PON, MBC, MBN, PCM, and PNM varied seasonally but in different trends than those of biomass yield and root length density. In contrast, soil NH4-N in 2001 and NO3-N contents in 2000 and 2001 increased from June to September similar to t...
Maternal Behavior in Handled and Nonhandled Mice and its Relation to Later Pup's Behavior

12 C31 female mice were either handled or nonhandled during 21 days of pregnancy, and the offspring fostered or cross-fostered to mothers of the same or opposite treatment condition. Maternal behaviors of Lying Alone, Lying with Pups, Grooming, Sustenance Behavior, Nesting, Locomotion, and Neonatal Grooming were recorded for the first 3 wk. postpartum. Both prenatal treatment and postnatal maternal care altered open-field behavior of the offspring at 30 days. Neonatal grooming is considered a possible mediating mechanism because of its importance for infant physiological development and later sexual behavior.
Abstinence reinforcement maintenance contingency and one-year follow-up.

Abstract Background : Relapse to drug use is often seen when contingencies designed to reduce drug use are discontinued. This paper reports on a stepdown maintenance contingency and 1-year follow-up in 110 patients who were maintained on methadone (50 or 70 mg/day) and who had completed a contingency management trial targeted to decreasing their opiate use. In the prior study (induction phase, 8 weeks) participants received vouchers for each opiate-negative urine screen or noncontingently. Methods : In this study (maintenance phase, 12 weeks), participants were rerandomized to receive vouchers and take-home methadone doses contingent on providing opiate-negative urine specimens ( N =55) or noncontingently ( N =55). Since participants had been rerandomized from induction-phase contingencies, most study data were analyzed as if from a 2×2 (induction×maintenance) design. Follow-up interviews were conducted at 3, 6, and 12 months after study participation. Results : Patients who received the maintenance contingency following an 8-week induction contingency had better outcomes than those who received noncontingent incentives in either the maintenance or induction phases of the trial. Good outcome at follow-up was predicted by enrollment in methadone maintenance after the study. Significantly more participants in the maintenance contingency group transferred directly to another methadone program. Conclusion : These findings support the therapeutic value of extending the duration of contingency management and long-term methadone maintenance.
210Po and210Pb distributions in the central and eastern Indian Ocean

Abstract Disequilibrium between 210 Po and 210 Pb and between 210 Pb and 226 Ra has been mapped in the eastern and central Indian Ocean based on stations from Legs 3 and 4 of the GEOSECS Indian Ocean expedition. 210 Po/ 210 Pb activity ratios are less than 1.0 in the surface mixed layer and indicate a residence time for Po of 0.6 years. 210 Po and 210 Pb are generally in radioactive equilibrium elsewhere in the water column except at depths of 100–500 m, where Po may be returned to solution after removal from the surface water, and in samples taken near the bottom at a few stations. 210 Pb excesses relative to 226 Ra are observed in the surface water but these excesses are not as pronounced as in the North Pacific and North Atlantic. The difference is attributable to a lower flux of 210 Pb from the atmosphere to the Indian Ocean. Below the main thermocline, 210 Pb activities increase with depth to a broad maximum before decreasing to lower values near the bottom. Departures from this pattern are especially evident at stations taken in the Bay of Bengal (where 210 Pb/ 226 Ra activity ratios as low as 0.16 are observed) and near the Mid-Indian Ridge. The data suggest that removal of 210 Pb at oceanic boundaries, coupled with eddy diffusion along isopycnals, can explain gradients in 210 Pb near the boundary. Application of a simple model including isopycnal diffusion, chemical removal, production and radioactive decay produces fits the observed 210 Pb/ 226 Ra gradients for eddy diffusion coeffients of ∼ 10 7 cm 2 /s. High productivity in surface waters of the Bay of Bengal makes this region a sink for reactive nuclides in the northern Indian Ocean.