cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in urinary diversion after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma.

To assess how trends in urinary diversion (UD) type following radical cystectomy (RC) have changed in recent years and investigate pre-operative predictors of UD type. Data were abstracted from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) from 2011 to 2015. We quantified the percentages of continent diversions (CD) versus incontinent diversions (ID) completed over this time frame. Using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses, we compared UD type across year of operation as well as predictors of type of diversion. We identified 4790 patients in the cohort, of which 81% underwent an incontinent diversion. Patients undergoing incontinent diversions were older (p < 0.001), more likely to be female (p < 0.001), had higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification (p < 0.001) and had more comorbidities with worse preoperative lab values. On multivariable analysis, the odds of incontinent diversion increased per year (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06–1.26; p = 0.001). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) was associated with lower odds of receiving an ID (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.17–0.64; p = 0.001). Being male, healthy and young were associated with higher odds of CD. We demonstrate that there has been a decrease in continent diversion use in recent years. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, proxies of life expectancy and gender are significant predictors of continent diversion. Further investigation to determine the underlying cause of decreased utilization of CD is warranted.
Does Cooperating Teachers’ Instructional Effectiveness Improve Preservice Teachers’ Future Performance?:

Increasingly, states and teacher education programs are establishing minimum requirements for cooperating teachers’ (CTs’) years of experience or tenure. Undergirding these policies is an assumptio...
Testability features of the MC68020

Functional testing of VLSI devices may require a prohibitive amount of engineering time and/or produce poor fault coverage. Fully structured testing can grow the die enough to impact yield. A Judicious mixture of the two makes the MC68020 a highly testable chip without significantly affecting die size.
Copper(II) complexes of 2-pyridineformamide N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone

Reduction of 2-cyanopyridine by sodium in dry MeOH in the presence of N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazide produces 2-pyridineformamide N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone, HAm4M. Copper(II) complexes have been prepared and characterized by molar conductivities, magnetic susceptibilities and spectroscopic techniques. Coordination is via the pyridyl nitrogen, imine nitrogen and thione or thiolato sulfur, when coordinating as the neutral or anionic ligand, respectively.
Natural Form Modeling

Most engineering software has been designed and optimized for parametric shapes. Sophisticated modeling of natural objects is free-form based, reflecting their inherent design. The merging of natural with parametric-based forms presents additional challenges. While work is needed, there are solutions that enable natural form modeling and analysis. Our focus is to use medical imaging and 3D modeling to analyze the natural form of human joint structure with specific application to joint replacement. The need for natural form modeling is also present in such other fields as varied as art, archeology and paleontology. In this chapter we illustrate examples of the breadth and power of natural form modeling.
Heuristic Search Methods

Heuristic search methods are search procedures that rely on task-independent information to facilitate the search. In many instances, the act of problem solving can be regarded as a systematic process of constructing or searching for a solution. This has led to the development of various search methods for computer problem solving in the artificial intelligence domain [117]. Problems such as puzzles, theorem proving, chess. etc.. can be solved albeit not very efficiently in some cases, by computer programs. Typically, the search procedure involves examining the search space, evaluating various alternative paths that have the potential of leading to a solution, and keeping a record of the various paths that the search has considered.
CHAPTER 59 – Electrophysiological Changes in Hypertrophy

This chapter focuses on the various electrophysiological changes in hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with characteristic changes in the electromechanical properties of enlarged myocytes. These functional changes during hypertrophy appear to be part of an overall adaptation to the alterations in the working conditions of the heart. However, these adaptations make the heart prone to arrhythmias and can produce diastolic and systolic contractile defects. Progressive deterioration of cardiocyte function is thought to be centrally involved in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to congestive heart failure (CHF). Ventricular myocytes from hypertrophied hearts with or without CHF have prolonged action potential (AP) durations. Prolongation of the AP duration is most prominent at slow heart rates (in large mammals such as humans) and causes a parallel prolongation of electrical refractory periods. Prolongation of ventricular refractoriness increases the probability that a premature beat will find the ventricle in a partially repolarized state, setting the stage for the lethal reentrant arrhythmias, which are associated with hypertrophy and CHF. The most likely candidates for AP prolongation in human ventricular myocytes appear to be the K currents that control the terminal portion of the AP plateau. Cardiac hypertrophy and CHF are associated with alterations in the contractile properties of cardiac myocytes. Mild to moderate hypertrophy is associated with modest changes in contractility. However, in progressive or chronic heart diseases—coronary artery disease and hypertension—the heart eventually makes a transition from a compensated hypertrophic state in which heart function is well preserved to congestive heart failure.
Droplet manipulation with bioinspired liquid-infused surfaces: A review of recent progress and potential for integrated detection

Abstract Point-of-need (PON) diagnostics offer promising methods to gather information relevant to health and safety on-site without the requirement for a fully equipped laboratory. In this review, we discuss how liquid-infused surfaces offer a promising platform to expand the capabilities of PON devices in the areas of biological sample preparation and system integration, providing new methods of controlling the movement of droplets and facilitating detection of biological and chemical compounds contained therein. Modifications to the underlying surface structure can be used to passively control the direction of droplet movement, and the careful selection of responsive solid substrates and/or overlying liquids can allow active control through induced temperature gradients, electrical stimulation, and exposure to magnetic fields. Recent work leveraging other advantages of liquid-infused systems such as ultra-low friction, noncoalescence of droplets, and liquid–liquid patterning has demonstrated the unique ways in which this approach can be used to both enhance current detection methods as well as enable new ones. Together, these recent developments in the manipulation of droplets on liquid-infused surfaces point to their significant potential for furthering the capacity of PON devices for both biological and environmental samples.
Let thermodynamics do the interfacial engineering of batteries and solid electrolytes

Abstract This review/perspective article critically assesses recent efforts and emerging opportunities to utilize the equilibrium formation of 2D interfacial phases to tailor batteries and solid electrolytes. In contrast to traditional kinetically-controlled atomic layer deposition (ALD) and other interfacial engineering methods, these 2D interfacial phases form spontaneously at thermodynamic equilibria; they are also termed as “complexions” to differentiate them from thin layers of 3D bulk phases whose thicknesses are controlled by kinetic/processing parameters such as the number of ALD cycles or deposition time. Here, two classic examples are represented by the impurity (dopant) based surface amorphous films (SAFs) and intergranular films (IGFs), both of which possess thermodynamically-determined “equilibrium” thicknesses on the order of 1 nm. Recently, the spontaneous formation of nanometer-thick SAFs and other less-disordered 2D surface phases have been utilized to improve the rate capability and cycling stability of various electrode materials. Detrimental and beneficial IGFs and other prewetting-like 2D interfacial phases have also been found in solid electrolytes or the solid electrolyte-electrode interfaces. A variety of other complexions, e.g., ordered adsorbates, can also play important, yet unrecognized, roles in various battery systems and solid electrolytes. Opportunities of utilizing 2D interfacial phases to control or improve the processing, ionic conductivity, and interfacial stability in solid electrolytes as well as solid-state and other battery systems are discussed. A potentially transformative idea is to utilize 2D interfacial phases to achieve superior properties unattainable by conventional bulk phases since they can exhibit structures that are neither observed nor necessarily stable as 3D bulk phases.
Pattern of local-regional relapse and survival after bimodality therapy for esophageal cancer: Implications for the surveillance strategy.

4083 Background: Evidence for definitive chemoradiotherapy (bimodality therapy [BMT]) has been established for patients with esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer (EGEJC) who do not quali...
Stress Analysis of an Inclined Borehole Subjected to Fluid Discharge in Saturated Transversely Isotropic Rocks

AbstractThe hydraulic fracturing process in the oil and gas industry, which can be represented by a borehole subjected to three-dimensional in situ stresses and a fluid discharge over a finite leng...
Targeted head CT reduction for pediatric patients with hydrocephalus and traumatic brain injury: academic center institutional experience as an example of opportunities for further improvement

Recent studies aim to reduce radiation exposure associated with computed tomography (CT) using rapid-sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We evaluated imaging modalities used for hydrocephalus and traumatic brain injury (TBI) to identify opportunities for further radiation exposure reduction. Pediatric (≤ 18 years) patients, with either hydrocephalus or TBI receiving a head CT or head MRI from 2009 to 2017, were quantified using ICD9, ICD10, and CPT codes at a large university hospital. The odds ratios of receiving each imaging modality year-to-year and receiving a MRI or CT in a given year with each diagnosis were calculated. Beginning in 2015, hydrocephalus patients were more likely to receive a MRI vs CT (p < 0.0001), with likelihood increasing in the following 2 years. TBI patients were more likely to receive a CT than an MRI from 2009 to 2017. There was a smaller overall decrease in CT scans in TBI patients (p < 0.05) than hydrocephalus patients (p < 0.0001) and a larger increase in MRI use in hydrocephalus patients (p < 0.05) than TBI patients (p < 0.05) from 2009 to 2017. Use of CT to evaluate hydrocephalus significantly decreased over the last 3-year time period. However, CT use for TBI patients was inconsistent and did not decrease proportionally, potentially representing a belief that CT is more effective than MRI for detecting hemorrhage. There was greater use of MRI as an alternate imaging method in hydrocephalus patients than TBI patients. Head injury remains an area of improvement to decrease pediatric radiation exposure at our institution and may be an area in need of attention more broadly.
An Insurance Contract Design to Boost Storage Participation in the Electricity Market

Energy storage technologies are key to improving grid flexibility in the presence of increasing amounts of intermittent renewable generation. We propose an insurance contract that suitably compensates energy storage systems for providing flexibility. Such a contract provides a wider range of market opportunities for these systems while also incentivizing higher renewable penetration in the grid. We consider a day-ahead market in which generators, including renewables and storage owners, bid to be scheduled for the next operating day. Due to production uncertainty, renewable generators may be unable to meet their day-ahead production schedule, and thus be subject to a penalty. As a hedge against these penalties, we propose an insurance contract between a renewable producer and a storage owner, in which the storage reserves some energy to be used in case of renewable shortfalls. We show that such a contract incentivizes the renewable player to bid higher, thus increasing renewable participation in the electricity mix. It also provides an extra source of revenue for storage owners that may not be profitable with a purely arbitrage-based strategy in the day-ahead market. We validate our analysis through two case studies.
Protecting Milk Supply During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the pandemic, supporting needs of childbearing families and the role of human milk as a lifesaving medical intervention should not be forgotten International organizations such as the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization (WHO) have recommended early, exclusive breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact during COVID-19 including women who are positive for the virus Here, Spatz offers details of breastfeeding recommendations In the small number of studies conducted to date, Covid-19 has not been detected n human milk, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) If the mother is expressing milk, it is important that all pumping equipment is washed well with hot sopay water, rinsed well, and dried Each day equipment should be sanitized (CD) Appropriate hand hygiene is necessary both before and after pumping, as well as when handling expressed milk (CDC)
Role of Nucleic Acid Polymers and Entry Inhibitors in Functional Cure Strategies for HBV

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most common viral infections worldwide with an estimated 2 billion people exposed to HBV and 240 million with active chronic infection. Despite this, less than 1% of patients with chronic HBV infection receive treatment, and less than 3% of those achieve functional cure with traditional therapies. This review summarizes recent advances in the treatment of chronic HBV utilizing nucleic acid polymers (NAP) and entry inhibitors (EI). A recent phase 2 study evaluating the use of NAP following tenofovir and pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) demonstrated increased rates of functional cure which persisted in 35% of patients after 48 weeks of follow-up. In addition, the EI Myrcludex B has demonstrated HBsAg response in up to 40% of patients when used in combination with PEG-IFN at week 72. Functional cure is considered the “holy grail” of treatment, and many new therapies are under investigation for the treatment of chronic HBV. As we work towards functional cure for chronic HBV, NAPs and EIs have shown efficacy in reducing HBV DNA and HBsAg levels and have emerged as potential therapeutic agents that may lead to a functional cure for HBV.
Cognitive trajectory of proof by contradiction for transition-to-proof students

Abstract History and research on proof by contradiction suggests proof by contradiction is difficult for students in a number of ways. Students’ comprehension of already-written proofs by contradiction is one such aspect that has received relatively little attention. Applying the cognitive lens of Action-Process-Object-Schema (APOS) Theory to proof by contradiction, we constructed and tested a cognitive model that describes how a student might construct the concept ‘proof by contradiction’ in an introduction to proof course. Data for this study was collected from students in a series of five teaching interventions focused on proof by contradiction. This paper will report on two participants as case studies to illustrate that our cognitive trajectory for proof by contradiction is a useful model for describing how students may come to understand the proof method.
Changes in Affective Network Variability Among Youth Treated for Anxiety Disorders

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be an efficacious treatment for youth anxiety, but we need to know more about the process of change. Affective network variability, or the “spread” of positive and negative emotions activated across a given time period, has been found to be positively associated with anxiety disorder symptomatology, but it is not yet known how this construct changes in response to intervention or its association with anxiety-focused treatment outcomes. The present study used a dynamical systems framework to model ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data collected via a cellular telephone from 114 youth aged 9–14 years (Mage = 10.94, SD = 1.46) who were seeking treatment for a primary anxiety disorder. We examined patterns of affective network variability over time and across (a) CBT and (b) client-centered therapy (CCT) to determine whether affective network changes were specific to CBT or due to nonspecific factors. Associations between treatment outcomes and patterns of affect at pretreatment and over the course of the treatments were also examined. Results revealed significant decreases in affective network variability over the course of treatment for youth who received CBT, but not for youth who received CCT. Changes in affective network variability over the course of treatment did not predict treatment outcomes. Findings provide initial support for the dynamical systems approach to examining changes that occur during treatment. Implications and future research are discussed.
Funic potassium chloride injection during intact dilation and evacuation.

Abstract Objective To describe effectiveness of funic potassium chloride (KCl) injection for fetal demise during intact dilation and evacuation (D&E). Study design We abstracted medical records of patients who underwent standard or intact D&E to identify those who had intact D&E from 20 weeks 0 days through 23 weeks 6 days from February 2016 to August 2017 at one academic center. We extracted data on time to asystole following KCl injection, as well as incidents including hemorrhage, infection, uterine perforation, and unplanned admissions for up to 6 months following each procedure. Results Of 57 procedures, 32 (56%) were intact. Median time from KCl injection to fetal asystole was 48 seconds (interquartile range [IQR] 34-100). Median time to asystole at weeks 20 and 21 (46 seconds [IQR 34-60 seconds]) did not differ significantly from weeks 22 and 23 (85 seconds [IQR 34-200 seconds]), p = 0.15. Asystole occurred in less than four minutes in all cases but one. No adverse events occurred with either the funic KCl injections or the intact D&E procedures. Conclusion Funic KCl injection for intact D&E usually causes fetal asystole in less than 4 minutes. Implications Funic KCl injection under direct visualization is a feasible method to induce fetal asystole at the time of intact dilation and evacuation.
Learning Yeast Genetics from Miro Radman.

Miroslav Radman’s far-sighted ideas have penetrated many aspects of our study of the repair of broken eukaryotic chromosomes. For over 35 years my lab has studied different aspects of the repair of chromosomal breaks in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From the start, we have made what we thought were novel observations that turned out to have been predicted by Miro’s extraordinary work in the bacterium Escherichia coli and then later in the radiation-resistant Dienococcus radiodurans. In some cases, we have been able to extend some of his ideas a bit further.
Protein shape sampled by ion mobility mass spectrometry consistently improves protein structure prediction

Abstract Among a wide variety of mass spectrometry (MS) methodologies available for structural characterizations of proteins, ion mobility (IM) provides structural information about protein shape and size in the form of an orientationally averaged collision cross-section (CCS). While IM data have been predominantly employed for the structural assessment of protein complexes, CCS data from IM experiments have not yet been used to predict tertiary structure from sequence. Here, we are showing that IM data can significantly improve protein structure determination using the modeling suite Rosetta. The Rosetta Projection Approximation using Rough Circular Shapes (PARCS) algorithm was developed that allows for fast and accurate prediction of CCS from structure. Following successful rigorous testing for accuracy, speed, and convergence of PARCS, an integrative modelling approach was developed in Rosetta to use CCS data from IM experiments. Using this method, we predicted protein structures from sequence for a benchmark set of 23 proteins. When using IM data, the predicted structure improved or remained unchanged for all 23 proteins, compared to the predicted models in the absence of CCS data. For 15/23 proteins, the RMSD (root-mean-square deviation) of the predicted model was less than 5.50 A, compared to only 10/23 without IM data. We also developed a confidence metric that successfully identified near-native models in the absence of a native structure. These results demonstrate the ability of IM data in de novo structure determination.
Uncertainty-aware machine learning for high energy physics

Machine learning techniques are becoming an integral component of data analysis in high energy physics. These tools provide a significant improvement in sensitivity over traditional analyses by exploiting subtle patterns in high-dimensional feature spaces. These subtle patterns may not be well modeled by the simulations used for training machine learning methods, resulting in an enhanced sensitivity to systematic uncertainties. Contrary to the traditional wisdom of constructing an analysis strategy that is invariant to systematic uncertainties, we study the use of a classifier that is fully aware of uncertainties and their corresponding nuisance parameters. We show that this dependence can actually enhance the sensitivity to parameters of interest. Studies are performed using a synthetic Gaussian dataset as well as a more realistic high energy physics dataset based on Higgs boson decays to tau leptons. For both cases, we show that the uncertainty aware approach can achieve a better sensitivity than alternative machine learning strategies.
Crown Gall Specific Gene Products: Octopine and Nopaline Synthase

The crown gall disease appears to be a unique interaction between a prokaryote {Agrobacterium tumefaciens (E. F. Sm. & Town.) Conn.} and a eukaryote (dicotyledons plants). This interaction results in the transer of bacterial DNA to the plant cell1 where it is stably integrated2 and possibly expressed3,4. This being the case, the crown gall system certainly demonstrates that genetic engineering at the molecular level is possible. However, the crown gall system per se may never be a useful genetic engineering system since it has evolved for the specific purpose of causing plant tumors. Nevertheless, an understanding of how this system operates at the molecular level may allow us to design a vehicle with just those characteristics we desire. One desirable characteristic of a useful system is that the transferred DNA is expressed, i.e., a functional, structural protein is produced. It is still not certain whether or not the crown gall system fulfills this characteristic.
The Ross Sea and its rich life: research on molecular adaptive evolution of stenothermal and eurythermal Antarctic organisms and the Italian contribution

The official involvement of Italy in Antarctic research dates back to 1985, when Mario Zucchelli Station (the former Terra Nova Bay Station) was established in Terra Nova Bay. Italy joined the Antarctic Treaty in 1987. This article is an overview of the wide-ranging research in marine biology performed in the last three decades by the author’s team in the Ross Sea. Fundamental questions have been addressed, related to cold adaptations—with special attention to the molecular bases—evolved by marine organisms along with progressive cooling in this geographic area, also analysed in comparison with other important areas, such as the Peninsula, the Weddell Sea, the sub-Antarctic and the Arctic. The basic stepping stone of this research was the integration of ecophysiology with molecular aspects, in the general framework of biodiversity, adaptation and evolution. Investigations have addressed a number of Ross Sea taxa, comprising fish, birds, urchins, whales, seals and bacteria. Its significance has special meaning in view of the control that Antarctica exerts on the world climate and ocean circulation, which has awakened great interest in the evolutionary biology of the organisms that live there.
Rural‐Urban Differences in Perceptions of Child Overweight Among Children and Adolescents, Their Guardians and Health Care Professionals in the United States

Research Objective Children and adolescents residing in rural environments with higher prevalence of an overweight population may develop inaccurate perceptions of a healthy weight. This study examines rural-urban differences in perceptions of child overweight among overweight (85 ≤ BMI percentile < 95) and obese children (BMI percentile ≥ 95), their guardians and health care providers (HCPs), and children's concomitant weight control. Methods The cross-sectional study was based on the 2005-2010 NHANES data (1,844 overweight and obese children and adolescents, aged 8-15 years). Rurality was defined using the 2003 RUCC. The weight status was based on the standardized measures of children's height and weight. Children reported whether they considered themselves overweight and whether they were trying to lose weight. Proxy respondents (ie, guardians) reported whether they considered their child to be overweight and whether an HCP had ever told them their child was overweight. Weighted percentages and predicted probabilities from multivariable logistic regressions were calculated, accounting for the complex, multistage, probability sampling design and nonresponse. Findings Rural residents comprised 18.8% of the study population; 41.8% of them were overweight and 58.2% were obese compared to 46.7% and 53.3% of urban peers, respectively. Misperceptions of children's weight status were 11.3 and 6.0 percentage points higher in rural children and their guardians, respectively. Recall of an HCP identification of child overweight was 6.3 percentage points lower among rural versus urban guardians. Conclusion Obesity prevention efforts may be fostered by improving accuracy of child overweight perceptions. This may be particularly impactful in rural settings, where weight misperceptions are high.
Web page presenter

Currently, PowerPoint presentations have many useful features. The basic features are dividing the presentation into slides, dividing the slides into segments, displaying the slides and the segments sequentially and applying special effects to the slides and/or segments.However, the PowerPoint software has a few significant limitations: • The presentation files are large and in proprietary format. • The presentation could be posted on the Web, but then it loses the special effects • The presentation is not portable to different platforms (e.g., Linux)On the contrary, html files are text files with relatively small size, they could be easily accessed and displayed on the Internet, they are portable across platforms and they are not in proprietary format. We wanted to combine the portability of plain text html files and the special effects of PowerPoint presentations in order to enable making presentations off the Web."WEB PAGE PRESENTER" is Java software that we have developed that uses html files as a source data for displaying presentations similar to those of Microsoft PowerPoint. Thus, users can view any html file, either posted on the Web or local, as a PowerPoint presentation. The software obtains html content from user-specified URL and divides the content logically into slides and segments. After that, the user can present the logically divided slides, using presentation options that can be set and changed before or during the presentation. In addition, the user does not have to insert any new tags into the html file in order to present it with this software.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

The category of somatic symptom and related disorders includes somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder), psychological factors affecting other medical conditions, factitious disorder, and other specified and unspecified somatic symptom and related disorder. Following a historical perspective, somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, psychological factors affecting other medical conditions, and factitious disorders are discussed.
Primary peritoneal mesothelioma: A rare cause of malignant ascites

Introduction: The evaluation of peritoneal masses requires a focused, systematic approach. While peritoneal fluid analysis and axial imaging are essential to the workup, further analysis is often needed for a final diagnosis. We present a case of primary peritoneal mesothelioma mimicking peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastrointestinal origin on computerized tomography (CT) imaging. Case presentation: A 61-year-old man presented to the hospital with an approximate 1-month history of abdominal distention, dyspnea, nausea and fatigue. Peritoneal studies revealed serum-ascites-albumin-gradient (SAAG) of lessthan 1.1, consistent with non-portal hypertension ascites. CT abdomen revealed large-volume ascites with omental caking, concerning for peritoneal carcinomatosis. Peritoneal fluid cytology was initially inconclusive, prompting ultrasound-guided peritoneal biopsies, which revealed primary abdominal mesothelioma. Conclusions: Neither CT nor peritoneal cytology are typically sufficient for the diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma. When strong clinical suspicion exists, early tissue biopsies should be pursued.
Estimation of Hepatic Proton-Density Fat Fraction by Using MR Imaging at 3.0 T

Correctly performed MR imaging is accurate with respect to MR spectroscopy in hepatic proton-density fat fraction measurement at 3.0 T.
Plant idioblasts: Remarkable examples of cell specialization

1. Three major categories of plant idioblasts, viz., excretory, tracheoid and sclerenchymatous, are illustrated and discussed from a comparative morphological point of view. 2. Certain aspects of recent ontogenetic investigations on the foliar sclereids of dicotyledons are briefly summarized and the importance of “terminal sclereids” in certain families is examined with reference to the general problem of “pattern” in the development of idioblastic cells. 3. The significance of differential and unequational cell divisions in the determination of cellular specificity in plants is briefly discussed with particular reference to idioblasts.
Engaging Mexican origin families in a school-based preventive intervention.

This study describes a culturally sensitive approach to engage Mexican origin families in a school-based, family-focused preventive intervention trial. The approach was evaluated via assessing study enrollment and intervention program participation, as well as examining predictors of engagement at each stage. Incorporating traditional cultural values into all aspects of engagement resulted in participation rates higher than reported rates of minority-focused trials not emphasizing cultural sensitivity. Family preferred language (English or Spanish) or acculturation status predicted engagement at all levels, with less acculturated families participating at higher rates. Spanish-language families with less acculturated adolescents participated at higher rates than Spanish-language families with more acculturated adolescents. Other findings included two-way interactions between family language and the target child’s familism values, family single- vs. dual-parent status, and number of hours the primary parent worked in predicting intervention participation. Editors’ Strategic Implications: The authors present a promising approach—which requires replication—to engaging and retaining Mexican American families in a school-based prevention program. The research also highlights the importance of considering acculturation status when implementing and studying culturally tailored aspects of prevention models.
Professorial Capital: Blue-Collar Reflections on Class, Culture, and the Academy:

Merging theory with autoethnographic reflections, the author critically explores the relationship between social class and the reproduction of inequality within the upper ranks of the academy, while reflexively and purposefully challenging traditional modes of academic discourse. Drawing from the author's experiences as a blue-collar sociology doctoral student, the concept of an academic class ceiling is elaborated. In an attempt to link everyday practices within a larger structural framework, the author advances a theory of professorial capital derived from Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital. This article argues that unless the everyday dynamics of class exclusion are explicitly problematized, institutions will continue to implicitly reproduce the culture of the elite, and working-class voices will remain marginalized and silent.
Examining the effects of mass media campaign exposure and interpersonal discussions on youth's drug use: the mediating role of visiting pro-drug websites.

To extend past research on interpersonal communication and campaign effects, we hypothesized that anti-drug mass media campaign message exposure indirectly affects visiting anti- and pro-drug websites through targeted parent–child and friend-to-friend communication against drugs, as well as through having drug-related discussions during organized group activities. Second, we posited that engaging in anti-drug interpersonal communication indirectly affects adolescents' drug use through two intervening variables: visiting anti-drug websites and visiting pro-drug websites. Using self-reported longitudinal data from 2,749 youth, we found that as youth reported higher levels of anti-drug mass media campaign message exposure, they were more likely to talk to friends about the bad consequences of drugs, how to avoid drugs, and anti-drug ads. In turn, however, they were more likely to visit pro-drug websites, and subsequently, to smoke cigarettes.
Conductivity at the interface between pyrex glass and solutions of potassium chloride.

Abstract 1. 1. Surface conductances at the interface of fritted Pyrex glass-0.0005 N potassium chloride have been observed with precision of 1%. 2. 2. This surface conductance is independent of frequency and intensity of the measuring current, but varies greatly with time over periods of months and with cleaning of the surface. 3. 3. Hydrodynamic resistance to flow through the fritted glass may increase with time by an order of magnitude, while its resistance to movement of ions remains constant to within 0.1%. 4. 4. This hydrodynamic resistance is not due to occlusion of air bubbles nor to electrokinetic effects.
Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Stiffness in Man

An approach to the quantitative assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic stiffness in man has been developed utilizing strip-chart recordings of simultaneous ultrasonic LV dimensions, LV pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG). In 23 patients without regional abnormalities of contraction, LV pressure, and LV internal diameter (D = distance between endocardial surfaces of LV posterior wall and septum at the plane of the mitral valve) were determined at the onset (P1, D1) and peak (P2, D2) of left atrial mechanical systole. In addition, left ventricular volumes, V1 and V2, were calculated from D1 and D2 using a regression formula for end-diastolic volume previously determined from biplane angiographic studies. This allowed calculation of ΔP/ΔD and ΔP/ΔV associated with the "a" wave of the LV pressure trace, and these ratios were utilized as measures of LV stiffness late in diastole. Patients with LV hypertrophy by standard ECG criteria had much greater late diastolic stiffness (11 patients, ΔP/ΔD = 6.1 ±...
Effects of a burrowing mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis (Dana), on abundances of macro-infauna

Abstract Burrowing ghost shrimp (Callianassidae) have been shown to exert a strong influence on the abundance of macro-infauna in soft-sediment communities, especially through reduction in the densities of many sedentary species. However, relatively little is known about the community effects of other burrowing shrimp, such as mud shrimp, Upogebia spp., that occur commonly in many estuaries of North America. A transplant/exclusion experiment was conducted to examine the effects of Upogebia pugettensis (Dana) on the abundance of other macro-infauna in a Pacific Northwest tideflat. Several numerically dominant, sedentary crustaceans and polychaetes exhibited lower abundances in the presence of Upogebia as compared to treatments where the mud shrimp was absent. The overall pattern of faunal response to the presence of U. pugettensis was similar to that reported for Callianassa californiensis (Dana), an unexpected finding given the different burrowing and feeding habits of these two crustaceans.
Equilibrium mean charge states for low- Z ions at ≤ 1 MeV / u in carbon

Equilibrium mean charge states have been measured for 3--7 MeV lithium, boron, and carbon ions passing through thin carbon foils. The data are compared to the predictions of several semiempirical models of charge equilibrium in the $\ensuremath{\le}1\text{ }\text{MeV}/\text{u}$ regime. The current work underscores the general problem of extrapolating models developed for high-$Z$ projectiles to ions of low $Z$. A compilation of experimental data for low-$Z$ ions in the low-energy regime has been used to reparametrize a few of the charge equilibrium models. Experimental techniques, comments and suggestions on the nature of the equilibrium charge states of low-$Z$ ions are presented.
Chemically induced choreiform activity: Antagonism by GABA and EEG patterns

Abstract Relative potencies were determined for several agents capable of inducing choreiform activity when applied unilaterally to the striatum of unanesthetized rats. Picrotoxinin, 2.59 × 10 −10 moles 10 μ l , was followed in order of decreasing potency by d -tubocurarine, alcuronium, carbachol, bicuculline, and thiosemicarbazide. The involuntary movements induced by d -tubocurarine were blocked by intrastriatal infusions of either γ-aminobutyric acid or glutamic acid but not by glycine, aspartic, acid or homocysteic acid. The blocking actions of glutamic acid were attenuated by the presence of allylglycine, a glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibitor. Similarly, striatal infusions of glutamic acid reduced or blocked the choreiform activity induced by picrotoxinin, carbachol, alcuronium, or thiosemicarbazide.. The EEG patterns following intrastriatal d -tubocurarine in unanesthetized, immobilized rats were characterized by large cortical potentials, 0.5–1.5 mv, with a frequency of 0.5/sec. This activity was interrupted every 30–90 sec by episodes of seizurelike activity, lasting 5–10 sec. Unilateral perfusion of the cat caudate nucleus, using a push-pull cannula and Locke's solution containing d -tubocurarine, 1–2 mg/ml, produced large rhythmic discharges in both cerebral cortices and the caudate nucleus. In most animals, this discharge pattern was interrupted periodically by seizure-like activity. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), added to the perfusion fluid, did not antagonize the effects of d -tubocurarine on the EEG. These results suggest that the involuntary movements induced by d -tubocurarine in the rat may be due to GABA-receptor blockade in the striatum or an increased dopamine release resulting from GABA-receptor blockade. These conclusions are consistent not only with the long-held theory that human hyperkinetic disorders are the result of an increased dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia, but also with the more recent finding of an abnormally low GABA content in the basal ganglia of patients with Huntington's chorea. Although the EEG changes induced in rats and cats by d -tubocurarine are not consistent with clinical EEG data in Huntington's chorea, the apparent biochemical, behavioral, and pharmacological correlates between this model and hyperkinetic syndromes in man may suggest some common neurochemical denominator.
Interpersonal Problems as a Mediator between Attachment and Intimate Partner Violence

Although attachment and interpersonal problems are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), their interrelationship in predicting IPV has not been examined. The present study examined whether hostile dominant interpersonal problems (i.e., domineering, vindictive, and intrusive) mediate the relationship between attachment (anxious and avoidant) and IPV (violence severity and psychological aggression) in a sample 100 partner violent men. Several meditational analyses were conducted based on Baron and Kenny’s (1986) model for mediation, including the bootstrap analysis of the sampling distribution of the indirect effect. Significant results indicated that (a) hostile dominant interpersonal problems mediated the relationship between avoidant attachment and violence severity, and (b) hostile dominant interpersonal problems mediated the relationship between avoidant attachment and psychological aggression. Hostile dominant interpersonal problems did not mediate the relationship between anxious attachment and violence severity or psychological aggression. Implications of the findings for the treatment of IPV are discussed.
Effect of anthropogenic aerosols on biologically active ultraviolet radiation

Aerosols from anthropogenic sources contribute significantly to the scattering of solar radiation in the atmosphere over most populated areas. By using observed values of visual range we estimate that in non-urban areas of the industrialized countries the amount of biologically active solar radiation (UVB, 280 to 315 nm) reaching the surface has decreased by a range of 5 to 18% since the industrial revolution, primarily due to aerosols formed from emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2). The UVB reduction in the industrialized countries may have offset partly or fully the UVB increases associated with current stratospheric ozone depletion at NH continental mid-latitudes. However, this offset is not expected to continue because the SO2 emissions are leveling off in the industrialized countries.
Three-dimensional transmural mechanical interaction between the coronary vasculature and passive myocardium in the dog.

The "garden hose" effect of coronary perfusion on diastolic left ventricular (LV) mechanics has been proposed to cause changes in systolic function by altering diastolic sarcomere length. We measured transmural distributions of three-dimensional shape change using radiopaque markers implanted in the LV free wall of eight isolated arrested canine hearts as functions of coronary arterial perfusion pressure (Pp) and LV pressure (PLV) and related these deformations to the local muscle fiber architecture. Increased Pp from 0 to 110 mm Hg produced a 10% reduction in LV chamber volume (P < .01) and 25% to 40% decreases in local three-dimensional wall strain at matched PLV, indicating myocardial stiffening. Significant decreases in the magnitudes of local deformation occurred preferentially in the cross-fiber and radial directions (P < .02), with no change in fiber strain. This suggests that changing coronary Pp does not alter diastolic fiber length; hence, the Frank-Starling law may not mediate the Gregg effect. Since the myocardial microvessels are primarily oriented parallel to the muscle fibers, the observed myocardial stiffening occurs in the directions transverse to the microvessels rather than along their length. Local myocardial wall volume in the unloaded LV demonstrated a uniform 5% increase from the unperfused state to Pp of 50 mm Hg. With further increases in Pp up to 110 mm Hg, the change in regional wall volume from the unperfused state developed a substantial transmural gradient increasing by 7% at the epicardium and 15% at the subendocardium. This reflects a significant increase (P < .02) in intramyocardial coronary capacitance from epicardium to endocardium, which may be related to a transmural gradient in coronary distensibility or vascularity.
Reasons for psychiatric medication prescription for new nursing home residents.

Objectives: This article focuses on justification of psychoactive medication prescription for NH residents during their first three months post-admission. Method: We extracted data from 73 charts drawn from a convenience sample of individuals who were residents of seven nursing homes (NHs) for at least three months during 2009. Six focus groups with NH staff were conducted to explore rationales for psychoactive medication usage. Results: Eighty-nine percent of the residents who received psychoactive medications during the first three months of residence had a psychiatric diagnosis, and all residents who received psychoactive medications had a written physician's order. Mental status was monitored by staff, and psychoactive medications were titrated based on changes in mental status. One concern was that no Level II Preadmission Screening and Annual Resident Review (PASRR) evaluations were completed during the admissions process. Further, while 73% had mental health diagnoses at admission, 85% of the NH re...
Residue analysis of carbaryl on forest foliage and in stream water using HPLC

Field tests conducted by the U.S. Forest Service in 1974 and 1975 included the use of carbaryl against defoliating insects. Monitoring the insecticide under forest conditions was part of the program, Preliminary to analysis of carbaryl residues on some forest substrates, several techniques were examined. Available methods based on colorimetry (ANON. 1974, JOHNSON 1964, STANSBURY and MISKUS 1964) or spectrophotofluorometry (ARGAUER and WEBB 1972) were unsatisfactory because of low sensi t iv i ty and interfer ing extractives. Analysis by gas chromatography (LORAH and HEMPHILLI97~ RIVA and CARISANO 1969) was unsuccessful due to thermal degradation of the insecticide. Satisfactory results were obtained with high performance l iquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC for analysis of carbaryl has been reported (COLVIN et al. 1974, ISHII 1975, MOYE 1975) with a UV detector absorbing at 254 nm. A UV detector absorbing at 280 nm, as suggested by DOROUGH and THORSTENSON (1975) was used in this study with HPLC in reverse phase operation. Sample cleanup was mainly by F lor is i l column chromatography and l iqu idl iqu id part i t ion in9. Foliage samples were surface extracted rather than homogenized (ANON. 1974). METHODS
Analysis and evaluation of the slugging form of ridesharing

Ridesharing is a promising method to address transportation problems such as traffic jams and parking. Although traditional carpooling and taxi ridesharing have been investigated by many, slugging, as a simple yet effective form of ridesharing, has not been well-studied. In this paper, we formally define the slugging problem and its generalization. We provide proofs of their computational time complexity. For the variants of the slugging problem that are constrained by the vehicle capacity and travel time delay, we prove NP-completeness and also propose some effective heuristics. In addition, we discuss the dynamic slugging problem. We conducted experiments using a GPS trajectory data set containing 60 thousand trips. The experimental results show that our proposed heuristics can achieve close-to-optimal performances, which means as much as 59% saving in vehicle travel distance.