cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of moist convection to multi‐scale surface flux heterogeneity

We investigate the response of moist convection to the spatial variation of surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in a mesoscale domain during the evolution of the afternoon convective boundary layer (CBL), using large-eddy simulation. The surface SHF heterogeneity in the domain is analytically created as a function of the spectral slope in the wavelength range from a few tens of kilometres to a few hundreds of metres in the SHF spectrum on a log–log scale. Assuming surface energy balance and spatially uniform available energy, the prescribed SHF has a phase lag of 180° with respect to the latent heat flux (LHF) in the domain. Two sets of three simulations are forced by heterogeneous surface SHF fields, which are characterized by similar statistics. One set, however, is created with a spectral slope of k−3 (where k is wave number) and the other with a slope of k−2. All of the simulations are integrated with the same observation-based initial sounding favourable for moist convection. In all of the k−3-slope cases, early non-precipitating shallow clouds further develop into deep thunderstorms. But in all of the k−2-slope cases, only shallow clouds develop. A key process in the transition to deep convection is the formation of a mesoscale pool of cool and moist air just above the top of the CBL. This high relative humidity (RH) pool is formed by repeated deep penetrations of turbulent plumes into the free atmosphere over a mesoscale surface of high SHF. These cross-scale fluxes, the vertical transports of mesoscale moisture and heat fluctuations by turbulent updraughts, are critical for the formation of the mesoscale pool of high RH. However, these cross-scale fluxes are cancelled out in the process of averaging, and thus appear negligible in the vertical profiles of domain-averaged moisture and heat fluxes.
Nurse practitioner coverage is associated with a decrease in length of stay in a pediatric chronic ventilator dependent unit

Nurse practitioner coverage is associated with a decrease in length of stay in a pediatric chronic ventilator dependent unit
Mapping Complex Marine Environments with Autonomous Surface Craft.

This paper presents a novel marine mapping system using an Autonomous Surface Craft (ASC). The platform includes an extensive sensor suite for mapping environments both above and below the water surface. A relatively small hull size and shallow draft permits operation in cluttered and shallow environments. We address the Simultaneous Mapping and Localization (SLAM) problem for concurrent mapping above and below the water in large scale marine environments. Our key algorithmic contributions include: (1) methods to account for degradation of GPS in close proximity to bridges or foliage canopies and (2) scalable systems for management of large volumes of sensor data to allow for consistent online mapping under limited physical memory. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the approach for mapping selected structures along the Charles River in Boston.
Fallacy in allergy.

The diagnosis and treatment of allergic conditions is confused by fallacies. The basic errors underlie five additional fallacies. These must be abandoned and the underlying errors understood before the study of allergy can progress. The most devastating fallacy is that concerning the accuracy of skin testing. This concept results in erroneous diagnosis both of the allergic state and of offending allergens. Detection of allergens must be based on clues. The best of these come from the patient's experience, the next best from tabulation of the most frequent allergens, and the most inaccurate from skin testing.
Nonlinear pattern matching in trees

Tree pattern matching is a fundamental operation that is used in a number of programming tasks such as mechanical theorem proving, term rewriting, symbolic computation, and nonprocedural programming languages. In this paper, we present new sequential algorithms for nonlinear pattern matching in trees. Our algorithm improves upon know tree pattern matching algorithms in important aspects such as time performance, ease of integration with several reduction strategies and ability to avoid unnecessary computation steps on match attempts that fail. The expected time complexity of our algorithm is linear in the sum of the sizes of the two trees.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Secondary to Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysm: Prognostic Significance of Cranial CT

Computed tomographic (CT) findings in 50 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to proven intracranial aneurysms were analyzed for prognostic significance in relation to the clinical grade and severity of vasospasm that developed preoperatively. Only patients who had CT within 4 days after the documented hemorrhage were included in the study. CT scans were classified according to the extent of subarachnoid bleeding. There was direct correlation between the extent of blood and the clinical grade, and between the extent of blood and the severity of vasospasm that developed. The importance of abnormal contrast enhancement was also investigated and found to be of no significance. Scans soon after subarachnoid hemorrhage can assist in identifying patients at risk for preoperative neurologic deterioration.
Robustness of Control Barrier Functions for Safety Critical Control

Abstract Barrier functions (also called certificates) have been an important tool for the verification of hybrid systems, and have also played important roles in optimization and multi-objective control. The extension of a barrier function to a controlled system results in a control barrier function. This can be thought of as being analogous to how Sontag extended Lyapunov functions to control Lypaunov functions in order to enable controller synthesis for stabilization tasks. A control barrier function enables controller synthesis for safety requirements specified by forward invariance of a set using a Lyapunov-like condition. This paper develops several important extensions to the notion of a control barrier function. The first involves robustness under perturbations to the vector field defining the system. Input-to-State stability conditions are given that provide for forward invariance, when disturbances are present, of a “relaxation” of set rendered invariant without disturbances. A control barrier function can be combined with a control Lyapunov function in a quadratic program to achieve a control objective subject to safety guarantees. The second result of the paper gives conditions for the control law obtained by solving the quadratic program to be Lipschitz continuous and therefore to gives rise to well-defined solutions of the resulting closed-loop system.
Theories for v = {1}/{2} in single- and double-layer systems

Abstract Recent experiments have shown that a quantized Hall plateau can occur in double-layer systems at total filling factor v = 1 2 , though there is no plateau at v = 1 2 in a normal single-layer system. For the single-layer system, considerable insight has been provided by a theory based on the fermion Chern-Simons picture, where the electrons are transformed into fermions that carry two flux quanta of a Chern-Simons gauge field. A similar picture can be used to characterize ground states which have been proposed for the two-layer system.
Achieving energy savings by intelligent transportation systems investments in the context of smart cities

Faced with the challenge of providing adequate transport services with limited resources, cities have, for several decades, been investing in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS utilize Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to make more efficient use of existing transport infrastructure with the aim of improving transport services and reducing congestion, accidents, and air pollution. In the past two decades, with the rapid advancement of ICT and intensive advocacy from big technology vendors, the concept of ‘smart cities’ has gained great popularity and many cities have started to undertake a more holistic approach to improving urban services using technology in the name of smart city initiatives. Section two introduces these themes, which serve as the analytical framework to understand how smart mobility investments lead to energy savings. The comparison in the search for similarities among the case studies and interviews helped us develop a conceptual model, emphasizing cause and effect and presented in section three, of how ITS deployment and operation in the context of smart cities leads to energy saving benefits. This conceptual model is presented with detailed discussions of institutional, technological, and physical conditions at each step in the model. Section four focuses on energy savings with quantitative evidence of energy saving potential of ITS investments collected from literature and case studies. Section five links the results of this study to the Wuhan Integrated Transport Development Project and how the knowledge has been incorporated into project design. To further explore the energy efficiency potential of Wuhan and to mainstream ITS and smart transport solutions as a source of achieving energy efficiency using results of this study, a TRACE analysis was also completed as part of this research effort. This analysis focused on the passenger transport sector. Finally, policy recommendations on the major conditions under which ITS investments in the context of smart cities achieve energy savings are summarized in Section 6 with specific implications for cities in the developing countries.
Diamond-nitrogen-vacancy electronic and nuclear spin-state anticrossings under weak transverse magnetic fields

We report on detailed studies of electronic and nuclear spin states in the diamond-nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center under weak transverse magnetic fields. We numerically predict and experimentally verify a previously unobserved NV hyperfine level anticrossing (LAC) occurring at bias fields of tens of gauss---two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported LACs at $\ensuremath{\sim}500$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}1000$ G axial magnetic fields. We then discuss how the NV ground-state Hamiltonian can be manipulated in this regime to tailor the NV's sensitivity to environmental factors and to map into the nuclear spin state.
Partial restoration of chiral symmetry in hot and dense neutron matter

We review efforts to describe the approach to chiral symmetry restoration in neutron matter from the low-energy realization of QCD, chiral effective field theory.
LIQUID ANTIBIOTICS IN BONE CEMENT - AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTIBIOTIC RELEASE IN ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT

The objective of this study was to compare the elution characteristics, antimicrobial activity and mechanical properties of antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) loaded with powdered antibiotic, powdered antibiotic with inert filler (xylitol), or liquid antibiotic, particularly focusing on vancomycin and amphotericin B. Cement specimens loaded with 2 g of vancomycin or amphotericin B powder (powder group), 2 g of antibiotic powder and 2 g of xylitol (xylitol group) or 12 ml of antibiotic solution containing 2 g of antibiotic (liquid group) were tested. Vancomycin elution was enhanced by 234% in the liquid group and by 12% in the xylitol group compared with the powder group. Amphotericin B elution was enhanced by 265% in the liquid group and by 65% in the xylitol group compared with the powder group. Based on the disk-diffusion assay, the eluate samples of vancomycin-loaded ALBC of the liquid group exhibited a significantly larger inhibitory zone than samples of the powder or the xylitol group. Regarding the ALBCs loaded with amphotericin B, only the eluate samples of the liquid group exhibited a clear inhibitory zone, which was not observed in either the xylitol or the powder groups. The ultimate compressive strength was significantly reduced in specimens containing liquid antibiotics. Adding vancomycin or amphotericin B antibiotic powder in distilled water before mixing with bone cement can significantly improve the efficiency of antibiotic release than can loading ALBC with the same dose of antibiotic powder. This simple and effective method for preparation of ALBCs can significantly improve the efficiency of antibiotic release in ALBCs. We thank H.Y. Hsu for performing the bioassay.
Nuclear Level Densities

Recent developments in the area of nuclear level densities are reviewed. The current research programs in heavy ion physics and nuclear astrophysics require more information about level densities at high energy and for nuclei which are off of the stability line. Some research in both theory and experiment promises to improve our understanding of level densities in both of these areas. Despite this progress, unanswered questions remain about level densities even for lower energies and for nuclei on the stability line.
Information‐Hedging Disclosures and Insider Trading

I model the effect of disclosure on the tradeoff between information risk, liquidity risk, and price risk for a well-informed, risk-averse insider. Revealing some information before trading decreases the variability of the insider's information advantage and thus reduces his information risk. Disclosure also lowers adverse selection costs for market makers, which reduces the insider's liquidity risk by increasing his trading flexibility. However, disclosure increases price risk for the insider because the price fully reflects the revealed information. The reduction in information and liquidity risks outweigh the rise in price risk when the insider is less risk averse because a less risk-averse insider's information-based motive for trading is stronger than his hedging motive. The opposite relation holds when the insider is more risk averse. Therefore, a less (more) risk-averse insider experiences an increase (decrease) in welfare when he discloses some information before trading. Cost of capital and policy implications are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
THE ALL POLY TIBIA IN PATIENTS < 60: AN AFFORDABLE CARE ACT ALTERNATIVE – OPPOSES

There is no question that excellent long-term results have been demonstrated with all-polyethylene tibial components. Moreover, improvements in polyethylene to increase wear resistance, maintain mechanical strength, and improve oxidative resistance lend even greater credence to the use of an all-polyethylene tibial component. There are several issues of concern. In revision knee replacement for reasons such as patellofemoral problems where the components are otherwise ideal, the arthrotomy performed during the revision usually creates a slight laxity requiring a thicker polyethylene or even a different tibial conformity. With an all-polyethylene tibia, this would require full component revision. It is also true that, even after careful trial reduction, the surgeon occasionally will find that the final construct is slightly lax requiring a thicker final insert. This again is difficult in the situation of all-polyethylene tibia. One of the advantages of an all-polyethylene tibia is to avoid back-sided wear that posed a substantial problem in the past. Most component systems have successfully dealt with a problem of back-sided wear making the advantage of a nonmodular all-polyethylene tibia moot. Finally, in a modular system, the surgeon has the advantage of cementing all components with the tibial trial and then having the ability to remove the trial component, clear the back of the knee and insert the final insert. Lowering health care costs is a laudable and necessary endeavor. We must choose TKR implants to fit patient demand and not overuse or underuse technology and know the true cost of the implants we use.
Population Structure of UK Biobank and Ancient Eurasians Reveals Adaptation at Genes Influencing Blood Pressure

Analyzing genetic differences between closely related populations can be a powerful way to detect recent adaptation. The very large sample size of the UK Biobank is ideal for using population differentiation to detect selection and enables an analysis of the UK population structure at fine resolution. In this study, analyses of 113,851 UK Biobank samples showed that population structure in the UK is dominated by five principal components (PCs) spanning six clusters: Northern Ireland, Scotland, northern England, southern England, and two Welsh clusters. Analyses of ancient Eurasians revealed that populations in the northern UK have higher levels of Steppe ancestry and that UK population structure cannot be explained as a simple mixture of Celts and Saxons. A scan for unusual population differentiation along the top PCs identified a genome-wide-significant signal of selection at the coding variant rs601338 in FUT2 (p = 9.16 × 10 −9 ). In addition, by combining evidence of unusual differentiation within the UK with evidence from ancient Eurasians, we identified genome-wide-significant (p = 5 × 10 −8 ) signals of recent selection at two additional loci: CYP1A2 - CSK and F12 . We detected strong associations between diastolic blood pressure in the UK Biobank and both the variants with selection signals at CYP1A2 - CSK (p = 1.10 × 10 −19 ) and the variants with ancient Eurasian selection signals at the ATXN2 - SH2B3 locus (p = 8.00 × 10 −33 ), implicating recent adaptation related to blood pressure.
A Review of the Methods and Problems of Quantitative Assessment of Loligo opalescens

AbstractAn examination of the knowledge about sampling Loligo opalescens populations leads to two general conclusions regarding the assessment of their abundance. First, it is suggested that studies concentrate on spawning ground organisms, since they aggregate during spawning, are commercially fished at this time, and their numbers can be assessed using a combination of data from market catch, adult and egg case densities, acoustic sensing, and perhaps larval densities. Second, it is suggested that large-scale acoustic surveys coupled with large midwater trawling activities be used to qualitatively assess adult organisms off the spawning grounds.
Solar spectral irradiance variability in cycle 24: observations and models

Utilizing the excellent stability of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), we characterize both short-term (solar rotation) and long-term (solar cycle) changes of the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) between 265 and 500 nm during the ongoing cycle 24. We supplement the OMI data with concurrent observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) and Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) instruments and find fair-to-excellent, depending on wavelength, agreement among the observations, and predictions of the Naval Research Laboratory Solar Spectral Irradiance (NRLSSI2) and Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstruction for the Satellite era (SATIRE-S) models.
Cotton, tomato, corn, and onion production with subsurface drip irrigation: A review

Citation: Lamm, F. R. (2016). Cotton, tomato, corn, and onion production with subsurface drip irrigation: A review. Transactions of the Asabe, 59(1), 263-278. doi:10.13031/trans.59.11231
Product Market Competition and Corporate Real Estate Investment under Demand Uncertainty

This article theoretically and empirically analyzes the interactions among corporate real estate investment, product market competition and firm risk. In our model, firms own strategic real estate or lease generic real estate. Our model predicts that strategic real estate ownership is positively correlated with industry concentration and negatively related to demand uncertainty. Also, firm risk is higher for firms with more strategic real estate operating in a more concentrated market. This prediction arises because smaller investments induce greater market competition, which effectively eliminates the right tail of the firm's profit distribution. We provide strong empirical support for our predictions. In particular, firm value is more volatile in less competitive markets for a given level of demand uncertainty.
The Welfare Cost of Uncertainty in Policy Outcomes

This paper proposes a simple index of the welfare significance of uncertainty in the public goods resulting as policy outcomes. Our measure is the ex ante compensation an individual would require to accept an uncertain level of service compared to receiving the expected value of the distribution of possible values for that service. Our compensation measure is a function of the coefficient of relative risk aversion, the variance in the measure of environmental service associated with policy and relevant for the individual, and a set of conventional parameters that describe the properties of nonmarket benefit measures under conditions of certainty. We would expect that the inverse virtual price elasticity of the for the environmental service and the square of the coefficient of relative variation are the primary factors influencing the size of our compensation index.
Emergent phenomena and partonic structure in hadrons

Modern facilities are poised to tackle fundamental questions within the Standard Model, aiming to reveal the nature of confinement, its relationship to dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB) – the origin of visible mass – and the connection between these two, key emergent phenomena. There is strong evidence to suggest that they are intimately connected with the appearance of momentum-dependent masses for gluons and quarks in QCD, which are large in the infrared: m g ~ 500MeV and M q ~ 350MeV. DCSB, expressed in the dynamical generation of a dressed-quark mass, has an enormous variety of verifiable consequences, including an enigmatic result that the properties of the (almost) massless pion are the cleanest expression of the mechanism which is responsible for almost all the visible mass in the Universe. This contribution explains that these emergent phenomena are expressed with particular force in the partonic structure of hadrons, e.g. in valence-quark parton distribution amplitudes and functions, and, consequently, in numerous hadronic observables, so that we are now in a position to exhibit the consequences of confinement and DCSB in a wide range of hadron observables, opening the way to empirical verification of their expression in the Standard Model.
Social Image and Economic Behavior in the Field: Identifying, Understanding and Shaping Social Pressure

Many people care about how they are perceived by those around them. Several recent field experiments in economics have found that such social image concerns can have powerful effects on a range of behaviors. In this article, we first review this recent literature aimed at identifying social image concerns or social pressure. We then highlight and discuss two important areas that have been comparatively less well explored in this literature: understanding social pressure, including the underlying mechanisms, and whether such pressure can be shaped or influenced.
Persistent path homology of directed networks

While standard persistent homology has been successful in extracting information from metric datasets, its applicability to more general data, e.g. directed networks, is hindered by its natural insensitivity to asymmetry. We extend a construction of homology of digraphs due to Grigoryan, Lin, Muranov and Yau to the persistent framework. The result, which we call persistent path homology or PPH, encodes a rich level of detail about the asymmetric structure of the input directed network. For example, we prove that PPH identifies a class of directed cyclic networks as directed analogues of the circle. In general, PPH produces signatures that differ from natural extensions of Rips or Cech persistence to the directed setting, but we prove that PPH agrees with Cech persistence on symmetric spaces. Additionally, we prove that PPH agrees with Cech persistence on directed networks satisfying a local condition that we call square-freeness. We prove stability of PPH by utilizing a separate theory of homotopy of digraphs that is compatible with path homology. Finally, we study computational aspects of PPH, and derive an algorithm showing that over field coefficients, computing PPH requires the same worst case running time as standard persistent homology.
Anesthetic considerations for labor and delivery in women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts.

Abstract Background The anesthetic management of labor and delivery in pregnant women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts can be challenging. We conducted a literature review to understand the anesthetic implications in pregnant women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Medline databases to identify reports of pregnant women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts during the 30-year period from 1985 to 2015. Twenty-four studies reporting anesthetic techniques for labor and delivery were included in the analyses. Results A total of 97 women with 130 pregnancies were included. Ventriculo-peritoneal shunts (77%) were the most common type of shunt. Twenty-eight (29%) women had shunt malfunction during pregnancy, with 20 (71%) requiring shunt revision. Overall, 73 women (56%) delivered vaginally and 23 (40%) received epidural analgesia. Fifty-seven women (44%) underwent cesarean delivery and general anesthesia was used in 45% of cases. Conclusion This review suggests that shunt malfunctions occurred commonly during pregnancy. The presence of neurological symptoms warrants careful evaluation of shunt function. Anesthetic management for labor and delivery varied and was dependent on shunt function. Epidural analgesia appears to be safe in women with functional shunts.
DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTION IN REVISION HIP ARTHROPLASTY WITH A METAL-ON-METAL BEARING OR CORROSION

Background: Failed metal-on-metal (MOM) bearings and corrosion reactions are being increasingly encountered with little to guide evaluation for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Our purpose was to determine the utility of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), synovial fluid white blood cell (WBC) count and differential (%PMN) in diagnosing PJI in failed hips with a MOM bearing or corrosion. Methods: 150 revision hips (92 MOM total hip arthroplasties, 19 MOM hip resurfacings, 30 non-MOM bearings with corrosion and 9 full-thickness bearing surface wear with metallosis) were retrospectively evaluated. Nineteen patients were diagnosed as infected using MSIS criteria. Mean laboratory values were compared between groups and receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC) generated with an area under the curve (AUC) to determine test performance and optimal cutoffs. Results: The synovial fluid WBC count was judged to be inaccurate secondary to cellular debris in 47 of the 141 patients where one was obtained (33.3%); a WBC count was still reported, however, in 35 hips, 11 of which were falsely positive. Infected patients had significantly higher mean serum ESR, CRP, synovial fluid WBC count, and differential (p Conclusions: The diagnosis of PJI is extremely difficult in patients with MOM bearings or corrosion and the synovial fluid WBC count can frequently be falsely positive and should be relied upon only if a manual count is done and if a differential can be performed. A more aggressive approach to preoperative evaluation for PJI is recommended in these patients to allow for careful evaluation of the synovial fluid specimen, the integration of synovial fluid culture results, and repeat aspiration if necessary.
Bricks and Mortar in a Borderless World: Globalization, the Backlash, and the Multinational Enterprise

Research summary Globalization, increased interconnectedness, and deep integration resulted in significant increases in trade and FDI from 1989 through 2008. The recession marked the end of that trend and the rise of a broad-based opposition that has economic, social, and political components. This article explores the backlash, arguing that is driven by sociotropic perceptions. While globalization can be explained as a cyclical or structural phenomenon, I argue that technological change results in a networked global economy, the transition from a space of places to a space of flows, and increases the potential cost of devolution to the point where economic independence is no longer feasible. Nonetheless, I conclude that MNCs face a period of prolonged uncertainty and develop implications for firm strategy. Managerial summary Globalization entailed explosive growth in trade and FDI from 1989 through 2008. The decline in both since the recession and the strident backlash may indicate the end of this wave. The economic, political, and social components of the backlash are explored, and I argue that while the economic and political factors that gave rise to globalization longer exist, structural factors—networked MNCs, dispersion of technology, and complex global supply chains—increase the cost of devolution to the point where a return to independent national markets is not feasible. We are likely to be stuck with an international economy from which we can neither withdraw nor manage effectively, a prolonged period of angst and uncertainty. I conclude with scenarios and implications for multinational firms. Copyright © 2017 Strategic Management Society
OSTEONECROSIS: IT'S AN ARTHROPLASTY SOLUTION

Osteonecrosis (ON) is a debilitating condition that can progress to severe arthritis of the hip. While its exact pathogenesis remains poorly understood, ON is known to be associated with risk factors such as corticosteroid use, alcoholism, and autoimmune disease. Initial radiographic evaluation can reveal sclerotic and cystic changes in the femoral head, which are usually the first clues in diagnosis. Despite these indicators, plain radiographs generally are not sufficient for diagnosis, therefore requiring subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Moreover, performing an appropriate assessment of these imaging modalities can help guide the course of treatment. Treatment options are aimed at slowing or stopping the onset of femoral head collapse and include non-operative management, joint preservation procedures, and total joint arthroplasty. Patients at risk of developing ON may benefit from early diagnosis because the characteristic small or medium-sized pre-collapse lesions that are associated with this stage can often be treated with a non-operative or joint preservation approach. However, patients typically present with advanced disease progression and sometimes an unsalvageable joint, thereby necessitating more invasive operative intervention. Surgical modalities include the use of osteotomy, core decompression, vascular grafts, bone graft substitutes, resurfacing, and finally, total hip arthroplasty. Additionally, reports from the past several decades describe improved outcomes and survivorship of these surgical treatment options. Therefore, our purpose is to highlight recent evidence regarding the management of ON with emphasis on the various forms of operative intervention as well as their outcomes.
Transient flow analysis of the AEDC/HPDE MHD generator

A hybrid Lax-Wendroff/method of characteristics computer code has been developed for numerical simulation of flow transients associated with the operation of MHD .generator facilities. The code employs the shock-fitting method with an Eulerian formulation of the basic conservation equations and explicit tracking of shock waves. Pressure, temperature, and velocity are used as primary integration variables to simplify the interfacing of the code with real-gas thermodynamic and transport property tables. Application of the code to the simulation of selected transients for the AEDC/HPDE MHD generator produced results that are in good agreement with experimental observations.
Aperiodic topological order in the domain configurations of functional materials

Domains and domain walls are relevant for the engineering of materials functionalities. In this Review, a new classification scheme for topological domain configurations is presented and applied to several materials, including multiferroics, ferroelectrics, transition metal dichalcogenides and magnetic superconductors.
Constant mean curvature surfaces in warped product manifolds

We consider surfaces with constant mean curvature in certain warped product manifolds. We show that any such surface is umbilic, provided that the warping factor satisfies certain structure conditions. This theorem can be viewed as a generalization of the classical Alexandrov theorem in Euclidean space. In particular, our results apply to the deSitter-Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrom manifolds.
Inference, prediction and control of networked epidemics

We develop a feedback control method for networked epidemic spreading processes. In contrast to most prior works which consider mean field, open-loop control schemes, the present work develops a novel framework for feedback control of epidemic processes which leverages incomplete observations of the stochastic epidemic process in order to control the exact dynamics of the epidemic outbreak. We develop an observation model for the epidemic process, and demonstrate that if the set of observed nodes is sufficiently well structured, then the random variables which denote the process' infections are conditionally independent given the observations. We then leverage the attained conditional independence property to construct tractable mechanisms for the inference and prediction of the process state, avoiding the need to use mean field approximations or combinatorial representations. We conclude by formulating a one-step lookahead controller for the discrete-time Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemic process which leverages the developed Bayesian inference and prediction mechanisms, and causes the epidemic to die out at a chosen rate.
A Geometric Perspective on Regularized Optimal Transport

We present new geometric intuition on dynamical versions of regularized optimal transport. We introduce two families of variational problems on Riemannian manifolds which contain analogues of the Schrodinger bridge problem and the Yasue problem. We also propose an analogue of the Hopf–Cole transformation in the geometric setting.
The CDS market reaction to restatement announcements

I investigate the credit market's reaction to restatement announcements through changes in credit default swap (CDS) spreads. I document an overall positive association between CDS returns and restatement announcements. Specifically, I find that more positive CDS returns are associated with restatements (1) involving fraud and (2) affecting more accounts. Moreover, these reactions are sensitive to the underlying entities’ credit ratings and the market-wide investor sentiment. Next, I compare CDS and stock market reactions and find that more negative stock returns are associated with restatements (1) involving fraud and (2) decreasing reported income.
OUTCOMES OF A MODERN TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT SYSTEM WITH NOVEL MORPHOLOGIC DESIGN AND COMPREHENSIVE SIZING

Introduction A modern total knee replacement system was introduced in 2012 in order to improve the mechanics of total knee replacement (TKR). The purpose of this study was to assess the early clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients who have been treated with this modern TKR system at two years postoperatively. Methods Patients who received this TKR system between June of 2012 and September of 2014 were included in this prospective registry-based follow-up study. Demographics, component, and surgical data were collected. Radiographic outcomes were also assessed. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) of all patients with 2-year follow-up data were collected. Reasons for revision and overall survival at 2-years were evaluated. Results The study population consisted of 290 patients (307 knees). The mean age was 66 years and 61% were women. 250 patients received cruciate retaining and 57 patients posterior stabilized implants. The median tibiofemoral axis was in 4° valgus and the femoral component was in 5° valgus and 2° flexion. The median coronal and sagittal alignment of the tibial component was −1° varus and −5° slope, respectively. Most patients had tibial components that fit the tibial resection. At one year, 7 of 80 knees had a radiolucency in the tibia or femur. At two years, two of 30 knees had a radiolucency in the tibia or femur. Mean PROMs for thirty-six patients at two years were: EQ-5D WHI 0.76 (range 0.31–1.00), EQ-5D VAS 82 (range 48–98), UCLA activity score 5.3 (range 2–10), KOOS pain 70.9 (22–100), symptoms 69 (14–96), ADL 74.2 (18–100), sports 51.4 (0–100), and QoL 59.8 (0–90). Cumulative 2-year implant survival was 97.1%. There were 7 revisions for infection and 2 revisions due to an unsatisfactory clinical outcome. Conclusion Clinical and radiographic outcomes at two years were good, and overall implant survival was excellent.
Effects of Ionospheric Scintillation on GNSS-Based Positioning

This paper presents a characterization of L-band ionospheric scintillation observed at a single site in the Arctic auroral zone, and an analysis of GPS-based point positioning error caused by carrier phase data degradation during scintillation. Observed amplitude and phase scintillations of L1CA, L2C, and L5 signals during auroral electrojet activities driven by space weather disturbances show the following three types: continuous, intermittent, and spike (sudden intensity drop). The relations of scintillation strength between different signals are derived for carrier phase, signal intensity, and code-carrier divergence fluctuations, showing precise linear relation, de-correlation, and different linear fitting slope, respectively. These relations can help predict phase scintillation behavior of one signal from measurements of another, except for amplitude scintillation. Experiments of precise point positioning show that phase data degradation due to scintillation can cause significant positioning error increase if the scintillation effects are not considered carefully in GNSS data processing and design of positioning approaches. Copyright © 2017 Institute of Navigation
Real-time surface fitting to RGBD sensor data

This article describes novel approaches to quickly estimate planar surfaces from RGBD sensor data. The approach manipulates the standard algebraic fitting equations into a form that allows many of the needed regression variables to be computed directly from the camera calibration information. As such, much of the computational burden required by a standard algebraic surface fit can be pre-computed. This provides a significant time and resource savings, especially when many surface fits are being performed which is often the case when RGBD point-cloud data is being analyzed for normal estimation, curvature estimation, polygonization or 3D segmentation applications. Using an integral image implementation, the proposed approaches show a significant increase in performance compared to the standard algebraic fitting approaches.
Varieties of capitalism's theory of innovation and a conceptual integration with leadership-oriented executives: the relation between typologies of executive, technological and socioeconomic performances

The economic literature suggests several approaches to explain the differences of technological performances among nations, such as the varieties of capitalism's theory of innovation. However, the relation between typologies of executive and technological performances of countries is generally absent in current frameworks. Results of the study here show that high levels of technological performance of nations seem to be associated to executive with parliamentary monarchy and monarchy (leadership-oriented governments), whereas nations with mixed executive tend to have lower technological performances. A possible reason of these results is that, in general, some typologies of executive leadership-oriented (e.g., monarchy) support the political stability of countries with subsequent socioeconomic developmental paths over the long run. Overall, then, this study shows that the structure of executives can be one of contributing factors that explains dissimilar patterns of technological innovation and socioeconomic growth of nations over time.
Tag-Latent Dirichlet Allocation: Understanding Hashtags and Their Relationships.

A hash tag is defined to be a word or phrase prefixed with the symbol "#". It is widely used in current social media sites including Twitter and Google+, and serves as a significant meta tag to categorize users' messages, to propagate ideas and topic trends. The use of hash tags has become an integral part of the social media culture. However, the free-form nature and the varied contexts of hash tags bring challenges: how to understand hash tags and discover their relationships? In this paper, we propose Tag-Latent Dirichlet Allocation (TLDA), a new topic modeling approach to bridge hash tags and topics. TLDA extends Latent Dirichlet Allocation by incorporating the observed hash tags in the generative process. In TLDA, a hash tag is mapped into the form of a mixture of shared topics. This representation further enables the analysis of the relationships between the hash tags. Applying our model to tweet data, we first illustrate the ability of our approach to explain hard-to-understand hash tags with topics. We also demonstrate that our approach enables users to further analyze the relationships between the hash tags.
Court-Ordered Finance Reforms in the Adequacy Era: Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sensitivity

We provide new evidence about the effect of court-ordered finance reforms that took place between 1989 and 2010 on per-pupil revenues and graduation rates. We account for heterogeneity in the treat...
Induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapy for age-related macular degeneration.

Introduction: In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), stem cells could possibly replace or regenerate disrupted pathologic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and produce supportive growth factors...
OPTIONS TO THE REALM: A COST NEUTRAL PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE POLITICAL INCENTIVES

In this article, we draw on the literature on political property rights, political accountability, and strategic management and entrepreneurship to propose a cost neutral reform aimed at promoting long‐run economic prosperity. We propose replacing politicians' defined benefit pensions with a financial contract that is tied to economic performance. In particular, we propose a contract that pays out a lump sum to a politician 30 years after their election if real gross domestic product per capita is above some preset benchmark. Furthermore, we show that the contract can be priced such that it is cost neutral in terms of present value with a defined‐benefit pension. We argue that this contract provides a net benefit to society. (JEL D70, D72)
Posttraumatic Impotence: Angiographic Evaluation

The onset of impotence was related to penile trauma in ten of 90 patients who underwent angiography. Angiographic results facilitated diagnosis in all patients. Trauma was secondary to a variety of injuries including fractures, soft-tissue perineal injuries without fractures, and repeated perineal pounding during long, jarring drives. The final diagnosis was arteriogenic impotence (n = 2), arteriovenogenic impotence (n = 2), venogenic impotence (n = 3), venoneurogenic impotence (n = 1), neurogenic impotence (n = 1), and psychogenic impotence (n = 1). Proper angiographic evaluation required refined angiographic techniques such as selective magnification pharmacoarteriography, pharmacocavernosography, and pharmacocavernosometry. A variety of therapeutic options were either recommended or applied, depending on the angiographic findings. These included venous ligation, arterial bypass, injections of papaverine hydrochloride, and insertion of penile prostheses.
Implicit Corporate Taxes and Income Shifting

The effects of tax rate changes on corporate profitability are not fully understood. Implicit tax theory predicts a positive relation between country-level tax rates and firm-level pretax returns. ...
Fibroblastic Tumor of the Urinary Bladder After Cyclophosphamide Therapy

An unusual fibroblastic tumor occurred in a teenage boy following treatment with cyclophosphamide for Hodgkin's disease. To our knowledge, only one other similar case has been reported. The cellular and structural composition of the tumor resembles that of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and therefore suggests a relationship between the two lesions.
Incentivized kidney exchange

Over the last 15 years, kidney exchange has become a mainstream paradigm to increase transplants. However, compatible pairs do not participate, and full benefits from exchange can be realized only if they do. We propose incentivizing compatible pairs to participate in exchange by insuring their patients against future renal failure via increased priority in deceased-donor queue. We analyze equity and welfare benefits of this scheme through a new dynamic continuum model. We calibrate the model with US data and quantify substantial gains from adopting incentivized exchange, both in terms of access to living-donor transplants and reduced competition for deceased-donor transplants.
Pulsating auroras produced by interactions of electrons and time domain structures

Previous evidence has suggested that either lower band chorus waves or kinetic Alfven waves scatter equatorial kilovolt electrons that propagate to lower altitudes where they precipitate or undergo further low altitude scattering to make pulsating auroras. Recently, time domain structures (TDS) were shown, both theoretically and experimentally, to efficiently scatter equatorial electrons. To assess the relative importance of these three mechanisms for production of pulsating auroras, eleven intervals of equatorial THEMIS data and a four-hour interval of Van Allen Probe measurements have been analyzed. During these events, lower band chorus waves produced only negligible modifications of the equatorial electron distributions. During the several TDS events, the equatorial 0.1-3 keV electrons became magnetic-field-aligned. Kinetic Alfven waves may also have had a small electron scattering effect. The conclusion of these studies is that time domain structures caused the most important equatorial scattering of ~1 keV electrons toward the loss cone to provide the main electron contribution to pulsating auroras. Chorus wave scattering may have provided part of the highest energy (>10 keV) electrons in such auroras.
Efficient Low-Redundancy Codes for Correcting Multiple Deletions

We consider the problem of constructing binary codes to recover from $k$ –bit deletions with efficient encoding/decoding, for a fixed $k$ . The single deletion case is well understood, with the Varshamov–Tenengolts–Levenshtein code from 1965 giving an asymptotically optimal construction with $\approx ~2^{n}/n$ codewords of length $n$ , i.e., at most $\log n$ bits of redundancy. However, even for the case of two deletions, there was no known explicit construction with redundancy less than $n^{\Omega (1)}$ . For any fixed $k$ , we construct a binary code with $c_{k} \log n$ redundancy that can be decoded from $k$ deletions in $O_{k}(n \log ^{4} n)$ time. The coefficient $c_{k}$ can be taken to be $O(k^{2} \log k)$ , which is only quadratically worse than the optimal, non-constructive bound of $O(k)$ . We also indicate how to modify this code to allow for a combination of up to $k$ insertions and deletions. We also note that among linear codes capable of correcting $k$ deletions, the $(k+1)$ -fold repetition code is essentially the best possible.