cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
India's food procurement and distribution policy Impact on prices and welfare

Abstract India procures wheat, rice and sugar at a price below the market price and sells them in ration shops in the urban areas. The rest is sold in the open market. Various authors (including Dantwala, Mellor, and Hayami et al.) have claimed that such a policy raises the open-market price to such an extent that it leads to an increase in the average price received by farmers. They conclude that both farmers and low-income urban consumers with access to the ration shops gain, while high-income urban consumers who buy at the open-market price lose. We argue in this paper that the above result holds only in a special case and under unrealistic assumptions. We examine several alternative cases. We find that the impact of the policy on the average price is either negative or ambiguous. A negative impact implies that farmers lose from the procurement policy. The impact of the policy on the average price is unambiguously negative under rationing and an unsegmented market (access by the rich to the ration shops). Under rationing and market segmentation, the impact on the average price is ambiguous unless there is significant queuing at the ration shops in which case the impact is negative. The impact is also negative under free trade. The inclusion of distribution costs increases the probability that the policy will have a negative impact on the average price.
PROGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF A SINGLE-MOLECULE HIGH-SENSITIVITY CARDIAC TROPONIN ASSAY AFTER NON-ST ELEVATION ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: ANALYSIS FROM MERLIN-TIMI 36

New high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays measure levels of cTn previously undetectable by conventional assays; as such, their prognostic relevance remains debated. We investigated the prognostic performance of a novel single-molecule hs-cTnl assay along with established risk indicators
Excitatory response to music as a reciprocal inhibitor

Abstract In a case of a public speaking phobia and fear of authority figures, an excitatory response to music proved to be an effective reciprocal inhibitor of anxiety
Cervicothoracic ganglionectomy, trunk resection and ramisectomy by the posterior intrathoracic approach

Abstract 1. 1. This patient presented progressive involvement of all of the superficial lymph nodes. 2. 2. Obstructive phenomena were present. About 12,000 c.c. of chylous fluid were removed from the chest at various times. 3. 3. At autopsy we found enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes which obstructed the thoracic duct. The spleen was markedly enlarged and presented the appearance of a cross section of a Bologna sausage. 4. 4. The clinical syndrome was confused with Hodgkin's disease. 5. 5. The difficulties in diagnosis are evidenced by the differences in opinion expressed by the pathologists who have examined the specimens.
Effects of Certain Heavy Metal Ions on Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Milk Wastes

The influence of particular heavy metals on the biochemical oxygen demand of milk wastes was investigated for three concentrations each of mercury, copper, and lead, plus a control. Copper caused a 70% and mercury a 75% reduction in measured biochemical oxygen demand at .64 mg/liter while lead caused a similar reduction at five times (3.20 mg/liter) this concentration. Synergistic toxicity interactions were indicated from accrued data and earlier references. It was theorized that accumulation of certain heavy metals at less than .1 mg/liter could reduce the observed biochemical oxygen demand by 20 to 30%.
A methodology for construct development in MIS research

This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for developing constructs in MIS research. It is applicable to both individual and organizational levels of analysis, depending on the nature of the concept under study. The methodology is presented as a research guide progressing through three stages: (1) domain definition, (2) instrument construction, and (3) evaluation of measurement properties. The methodology addresses six key measurement properties (content validity, factorial validity, reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, nomological validity), which are discussed in detail. An assessment of the proposed methodology indicates that its adoption in MIS research would greatly improve the rigor of construct development projects. This is evidenced by the wide range of quality publications that have used its techniques and its performance when compared to a number of prominent standards for assessing construct development research.
Metastatic tumors to the jaws: retrospective study of 101 cases

Background Metastatic tumors to the jaws are rare lesions that often present with innocuous symptoms mimicking dental infection. In this study, we report 2 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to the mandible and review 101 cases of metastatic cancer from the archives of the oral pathology biopsy services of the University of Michigan and Indiana University Schools of Dentistry. Study design After IRB approval at both institutions, cases diagnosed as metastatic disease to the jaws were retrieved. Data collected from these cases included gender, age, clinical signs and symptoms, location, and primary tumor diagnosis. Case 1 The lesion presented as an expansile bony mass in the mandible of a 76-year-old male with a history of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Case 2 An 82-year-male with a history of prostatic adenocarcinoma presented with a lesion causing bone destruction and swelling of the mandibular alveolar ridge. Results In a retrospective analysis of archival cases there was an equivalent gender distribution and a 5:1 mandibular predilection. The breast and the lungs were the most common primary tumor sites for females and males, respectively. When all metastatic tumors were considered, regardless of gender or location, the breast was the most common site of origin. Pain was the most common presenting symptom, followed by paresthesia. There was a wide age distribution, but women exhibited twice as many jaw metastases as men in the 31-40 age group and a third as many in the 71-80 age group. Conclusion Metastatic jaw disease presents at an earlier age in women than in men and exhibits an equivalent distribution in both genders. Patients presenting with dental symptoms and with a history of malignancy should be evaluated for the possibility of metastatic disease.
Hormonal effects on diosgenin biosynthesis and growth in Dioscorea deltoidea tissue cultures

Abstract Analysis of Dioscorea deltoidea tissue cultures grown in the presence of 2,4-D, indole-3-butyric acid, isopentenyladenine, benzyladenine and GA singly and in combination showed that the medium with 2,4-D most consistently favored diosgenin production. GA and high benzyladenine concentrations were toxic.
Transformation of mitral valve prolapse to dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and back again in a patient with acute transient myocardial depression.

Abstract We describe an unusual case of transient resolution of preexisting mitral valve (MV) prolapse during acute cardiac dysfunction and the development of dynamic left ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction. The patient presented with lightheadedness, chest pain, and compromised hemodynamic status. Echocardiography revealed akinesis and deformation of the LV anterior wall and apex, hyperdynamic activity in the bases, anterior MV leaflet systolic anterior motion without prolapse, and a dynamic outflow tract gradient. Myocardial function fully recovered over 1 month. Repeat ultrasonography showed posterior MV leaflet prolapse and no anterior MV leaflet systolic anterior motion. Elongated MV leaflets may have contributed to dynamic outflow tract obstruction and life-threatening hemodynamic compromise during LV conformational change. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:319-21.)
Packaging of GaAs signal processors on multichip modules

The extensions that must be made to the deposited multichip module (MCM-D) fabrication technology and to the design and layout of these structures in order to accommodate high clock rate ECL and GaAs digital integrated circuits are discussed. Techniques for attachment of the high clock rate chips to the MCM-Ds are discussed, including wire bond, tape automated bond (TAB), flip-chip solder attachment, and flip adhesives. The tradeoffs between these different approaches are noted. Electrical issues are addressed. The problem of launching fast rise time, wide bandwidth signals onto and retrieving such signals from the MCM-Ds are noted. The thermal problems associated with the packing of 10-50 high power dissipation chips onto such small structures are discussed, along with methods of removing such high levels of heat by changes in materials incorporated into the stacked structures. Several MCM-D design and fabrication projects under way which attempt to address and solve some of the problems are described, along with some of the initial results of these studies. >
Clinical failure after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries

Abstract Objective: Anatomic patency after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries does not guarantee clinical success. The aim of this report is to determine the causes of clinical failure after PTA. Methods: The records of all patients who have undergone PTA of the femoropopliteal arterial segment by our vascular group were retrospectively reviewed. Only patients with complete records and at least one postprocedure clinical and anatomic assessment within the same 30-day time interval were included. Success was defined according to the Society for Vascular Surgery/International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Endovascular Procedures. Anatomic cumulative patency and clinical success were calculated according to life table analysis on an intent-to-treat basis. Results: We identified 85 patients who met inclusion criteria. We treated 112 lesions with an average stenosis of 80% ± 16% and lesion length of 2.3 ± 1.8 cm. Technical failure occurred in six (5.4%) of 112 lesions. Cumulative clinical success was 69% at 1 year, 54% at 2 years, 49% at 3 years, and 40% at 4 years. Anatomic patency was 74% at 1 year, 62% at 2 years, 57% at 3 years, and 52% at 4 years. There were 45 clinical failures; of these, twenty-seven (60%) occurred in conjunction with anatomic failure. Anatomic failure was due to restenosis in 12 patients (44%), occlusion in eight patients (30%), and restenosis with progression of disease in six patients (22%). Anatomic failure at the time of the procedure occurred in one patient (4%). Clinical failure occurred despite anatomic patency in the remaining 18 patients (40%). Etiology for clinical failure in this latter group included progression of disease within the treated vessel in 12 patients (67%), iliac disease in three patients (17%), tibial disease in two patients (11%), and bypass graft failure in one patient (5%). Fifty percent of all 45 clinical failures were successfully treated with supplemental percutaneous procedures. Conclusion: A PTA is an acceptable therapeutic option for the treatment of focal occlusive disease of the femoropopliteal arterial segment. Most clinical failures were due to anatomic failure, but a significant number occurred despite patency at the PTA site. Although primary clinical success rates were inferior to surgical bypass graft, supplemental PTA was possible in 50% of patients. Repeat percutaneous treatment may extend the interval of clinical success and may obviate the need for surgical bypass graft. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:880-8.)
ENSO and Soybean Prices: Correlation without Causality

In this paper we seek to characterize the robustness of the ENSO/soybean price relationship and to determine whether it has practical economic content. If such a meaningful relationship exists, the implications could be profound for commodity traders and for public sector investments in climate forecasting capabilities. Also, the validity of economic evaluations of climate impacts and climate forecasts based on ENSO-price independence would come into question. Our findings suggest a relationship between interannual climate and soybean prices, although we are not able to attribute the relationship to ENSO or to say that ENSO is economically important.
Analysis of macrophage activation in African trypanosomiasis

African trypanosomes cause a fatal disease of man and animals that is characterized by extensive functional, histological, and pathological changes in the lymphoid tissues of infected hosts, including an increase in the numbers and activation state of macrophages. Macrophage activation during infection is the result of exposure of these cells to parasite components and host-derived IFN-gamma, produced in response to parasite antigens. The balance of these different activation signals may determine the outcome of infection. In the experiments described here, we assessed the ability of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of the organism Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b. rhodesiense) to activate macrophages directly. Our results demonstrate that macrophages bind and are activated by the VSG molecule. The resulting profile of activation differs from that stimulated by IFN-gamma. These results suggest that the interaction of host macrophages with VSG released during parasite infection may be a key component of trypanosomiasis.
Patient and partner satisfaction and long-term results after surgical treatment for Peyronie's disease.

Abstract Objectives To assess the long-term functional outcome, patient and partner satisfaction, and predictive factors for unfavorable results in men treated with a surgical approach for severe Peyronie’s disease. Methods Sixty-one patients underwent surgical treatment for Peyronie’s disease between 1997 and 2001 and were retrospectively evaluated. All patients were assessed preoperatively with a detailed sexual and medical history, focused physical examination, and penile duplex ultrasonography. Nineteen patients underwent penile plaque excision/incision and grafting with Tutoplast cadaveric pericardial grafting material (group 1). Penile prosthesis implantation and manual modeling was performed in 31 patients (group 2a), and 11 men were treated with penile prosthesis implantation and pericardial grafting (group 2b). Results The mean follow-up of the patients was 21.9 ± 13.6 months (range 12 to 48). Complete penile straightening was achieved in 15 patients (78.9%) in the excision/incision and grafting group. In the 42 men who underwent reconstruction using penile prosthesis implantation (group 2a,b), penile curvature resolved completely in 37 patients (88%). Long-term postoperative residual curvatures greater than 30° occurred in 3 patients (15.7%) and 2 patients (4.8%) in groups 1 and 2a,b, respectively. One penile prosthesis (2.3%) was explanted in the second group for erosion. Patient responses to our questionnaire showed that overall 83.6% of the patients and 76.9% of the partners were satisfied with the surgical result. Conclusions According to the results of this long-term, retrospective study, pericardial grafting can be used successfully after plaque excision/incision procedures in men undergoing surgical treatment for severe Peyronie’s disease. In patients with Peyronie’s disease and erectile dysfunction, implantation of a penile prosthesis and correction of the curvature with a graft can provide an acceptable, functionally straight penis without any increased risk of complications compared with penile prosthesis implantation alone.
Development of a Low Cost Particle Image Velocimetry System for Fluids Engineering Research and Education

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has transformed fluid mechanics research in recent years. PIV also holds the possibility to transform fluids engineering undergraduate education with the ability of students to get hands-on experience in visualization of real flow fields. One barrier to use of PIV is the cost of a system. Research grade systems are often over $100,000 and inaccessible to many undergraduate students. Recent availability of low-cost high-frame-rate digital cameras, lasers, and public domain software offer potential accessibility for PIV for many labs at academic institutions.In this paper we describe the development of a PIV system for under $1000 including specific components and their costs. In our lab this system is currently being used for several liquid flow experiments including obtaining the flow field in and near small bifurcations. Although we are using the system for liquid flows, it may be used for gas flows as well. One issue that is addressed is the cost of flow seeding — this has been solved by using pulverized green algae as seed particles with a strong reflection by a 532 nm green laser.The system is small and portable and is useful for observing flow in locations that are not of direct interest for experiments, but may have a bearing on flow conditions in experimental measurements; such as upstream of test sections. We describe some examples of how we have used the lost-cost PIV system in our lab and how it can be used for fluids engineering education and research. The current research application of this system is performing loss coefficient calculations in a test section using the energy dissipation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Digital Dimension of Cultural Capital The (In)Visible Advantages for Students Who Exhibit Computer Skills

We update theories of teacher expectancy and cultural capital by linking them to discussions of technology. We argue for broadening the span of culturally important forms of capital by including th...
Decentralized motion planning for multiple mobile robots: the cocktail party model

This paper presents an approach for decentralized real-time motion planning for multiple mobile robots operating in a common 2-dimensional environment with unknown stationary obstacles. In our model, a robot can see (sense) the surrounding objects. It knows its current and its target‘s position, is able to distinguish a robot from an obstacle, and can assess the instantaneous motion of another robot. Other than this, a robot has no knowledge about the scene or of the paths and objectives of other robots. There is no mutual communication among the robots; no constraints are imposed on the paths or shapes of robots and obstacles. Each robot plans its path toward its target dynamically, based on its current position and the sensory feedback; only the translation component is considered for the planning purposes. With this model, it is clear that no provable motion planning strategy can be designed (a simple example with a dead-lock is discussed); this naturally points to heuristic algorithms. The suggested strategy is based on maze-searching techniques. Computer simulation results are provided that demonstrate good performance and a remarkable robustness of the algorithm (meaning by this a virtual impossibility to create a dead-lock in a “random” scene).
Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in ovine bronchial vasculature.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a major role in the metabolism of bradykinin, angiotensin, and neuropeptides, which are all implicated in inflammatory airway diseases. The activity of ACE...
Helicon modes in uniform plasmas. III. Angular momentum

Helicons are electromagnetic waves with helical phase fronts propagating in the whistler mode in magnetized plasmas and solids. They have similar properties to electromagnetic waves with angular momentum in free space. Helicons are circularly polarized waves carrying spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum due to their propagation around the ambient magnetic field B0. These properties have not been considered in the community of researchers working on helicon plasma sources, but are the topic of the present work. The present work focuses on the field topology of helicons in unbounded plasmas, not on helicon source physics. Helicons are excited in a large uniform laboratory plasma with a magnetic loop antenna whose dipole axis is aligned along or across B0. The wave fields are measured in orthogonal planes and extended to three dimensions (3D) by interpolation. Since density and B0 are uniform, small amplitude waves from loops at different locations can be superimposed to generate complex antenna patterns. With a circular array of phase shifted loops, whistler modes with angular and axial wave propagation, i.e., helicons, are generated. Without boundaries radial propagation also arises. The azimuthal mode number m can be positive or negative while the field polarization remains right-hand circular. The conservation of energy and momentum implies that these field quantities are transferred to matter which causes damping or reflection. Wave-particle interactions with fast electrons are possible by Doppler shifted resonances. The transverse Doppler shift is demonstrated. Wave-wave interactions are also shown by showing collisions between different helicons. Whistler turbulence does not always have to be created by nonlinear wave-interactions but can also be a linear superposition of waves from random sources. In helicon collisions, the linear and/or orbital angular momenta can be canceled, which results in a great variety of field topologies. The work will be contrasted to the research on helicon plasma sources.
An articulation of the concepts and skills which underlie engineering statics

Many instructional approaches are being developed with the goal of improving learning in statics. This paper is aimed at providing guidance to such developments by articulating the conceptual basis for statics. This paper recognizes the primary science prerequisite to statics, freshman Newtonian mechanics, and addresses the essential ways in which statics differs from freshman physics. A set of four concept clusters is proposed, together with a set of skills for implementing these concepts. Then, typical errors committed by students are presented. Examples of these errors are extracted from student solutions to statics problems. These typical errors are then explained by appealing to the proposed concepts and skills. It is hoped that this paper can provide an impetus for mechanics educators to come to a community-wide agreement on a conceptual structure of this subject that can inform future instructional developments.
Chinese Industrial Energy Efficiency Evaluation Considering Carbon Emissions

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is effective to evaluate energy efficiency, but few studies use this technique considering carbon emissions. This paper measures Chinese industrial sectori¯s energy efficiency considering carbon emissions based on the slack-based measure (SBM) model in1997-2008. The results show that Chinese industrial energy efficiency is relatively low, the average scores (SBM-based)fluctuated between 0.26 and 0.35, and the trend is decreasing gradually. By Comparative analysis, prove that SBM model considering undesirable outputs can better assess energy efficiency and the level of industrial low-carbon development, the last six sectorsi¯ energy efficiency are extremely low and have great potentiality for improvement.
An exact non‐linear Navier–Stokes compressible‐flow solution for CFD code verification

SUMMARY An exact similarity solution of the compressible-flow Navier–Stokes equations is presented, which embeds supersonic, transonic, and subsonic regions. Describing the viscous and heat-conducting high-gradient flow in a shock wave, the solution accommodates non-linear temperature-dependent viscosity as well as heat-conduction coefficients and provides the variation of all the flow variables and their derivatives. Also presented are methods to obtain time-dependent and/or multi-dimensional solutions as well as verification benchmarks of increasing severity. Comparisons between the developed analytical solution and CFD solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations, with determination of convergence rates and orders of accuracy of these solutions, illustrate the utility of the developed exact solution for verification purposes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structuring a Corporate Request: An International Website Critique Suited to the Net Generation

This tutorial is the outgrowth of a corporate request for a website critique by undergraduate, Net-Generation (Net-Gen) students. Fifty-four sophomores working in teams of four and five in the College of Business at the University of Southern Indiana critiqued the website of Kimball International. The report resulted in high-quality criticism of the technology, a deep response to the affective qualities of the website, and recommendations that were accepted by the corporation. This tutorial offers recommendations for this style project's repetition using pedagogical techniques appropriate to the Net-Gen.
Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles

Field of Reptile Toxinology: Snakes, Lizards, and Their Venoms, S.P. Mackessy Recent Advances in Venomous Snake Systematics, A. Quijada-Mascarenas and W. Wuster Reptile Venom Glands: Form, Function, and Future, S.A. Weinstein, T.L. Smith, and K.V. Kardong Snake Venom Metalloproteinases, J.W. Fox and S.M.T. Serrano Snake Venom Metalloproteinases: Biological Roles and Participation in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation, J.M. Gutierrez, A. Rucavado, and T. Escalante Thrombin-like Snake Venom Serine Proteinases, D.J. Phillips, S.D. Swenson, and F.S. Markland, Jr. Snake Venom Nucleases, Nucleotidases, and Phosphomonoesterases, B.L. Dhananjaya, B.S. Vishwanath, and C.J.M. D'Souza Snake Venom Phospholipase A2 Enzymes, R. Doley, X. Zhou, and R.M. Kini Snake Venom Acetylcholinesterase, M. Ahmed, J.B.T. Rocha, V.M. Morsch, and M.R.C. Schetinger Snake Venom L-Amino Acid Oxidases, N.-H. Tan and S.-Y. Fung Hyaluronidases, a Neglected Class of Glycosidases from Snake Venom: Beyond a Spreading Factor, K. Kemparaju, K. S. Girish, and S. Nagaraju Enzyme Inhibitors in Reptile Venoms and Innate Immunity to Snake Venoms, A.G. da Costa Neves-Ferreira, R.H. Valente, J. Perales, and G.B. Domont Snake Venom Three-Finger Toxins, R.P. Hegde, N. Rajagopalan, R. Doley, and R.M. Kini Sarafotoxins, the Snake Venom Homologs of the Endothelins, A. Bdolah Fasciculins: Toxins from Mamba Venoms That Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase, A.L. Harvey Cysteine-rich Secretory Proteins in Reptile Venoms, W.H. Heyborne and S.P. Mackessy Snake Venomics and Disintegrins: Portrait and Evolution of a Family of Snake Venom Integrin Antagonists, J.J. Calvete, P. Juarez, and L. Sanz Reptile C-type Lectins, X.-Y. Du and K.J. Clemetson Snake Venom Nerve Growth Factors, M.F. Lavin, S. Earl, G. Birrell, L. St. Pierre, J. de Jersey, and P. Masci The Role of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleosides in Snake Venoms, S.D. Aird Envenomation: Prevention and Treatment in Australia, J. White Snakebite in Africa: Current Situation and Urgent Needs, J.-P. Chippaux Envenomations by Reptiles in the United States, J. Smith and S. Bush Snakebite Envenomation in Central America, J.M. Gutierrez Index
Performance of an adaptive multipath diversity receiver in a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel

The performance of an adaptive multipath diversity receiver, operating in a quasi-static frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel, is considered. Phase coded direct sequence spread spectrum signaling is used. The receiver formulation is presented as an extension of a previously derived result by the authors (1988). Probability-of-error expressions are presented for channels with uniform and nonuniform delay cross power spectra. The performance with multiuser interference is considered by invoking the Gaussian assumption. The validity of this assumption is verified through simulation. >
Adolescent stress and coping: A longitudinal study

The purpose of this longitudinal panel study was to investigate developmental and gender influences on stress and coping in adolescents attending a suburban high school in Tennessee. Data were collected from the same 167 subjects during the freshman year and again during the senior year. Life events stress was measured through the Adolescent Life Change Event Scale (ALCES) and ways of coping were categorized from data gathered from an open-ended questionnaire. Girls reported more life events stress at both testings than boys. Life events stress was greater at senior testing for both girls and boys, but girls' scores increased more. The “gender intensification” phenomenon may account for the greater disparity in types of stress reported by boys and girls as seniors. Girls generally reported more life events associated with interpersonal and family relationships. Both girls and boys reported coping with stress mostly through active distraction techniques such as exercise. However, girls' use of active distraction decreased over time, while passive distraction increased. Self-destructive and aggressive coping behaviors increased for boys. There were no relationships between amounts or types of life events stress and ways of coping for subjects at either time.
Teaching comprehension and study strategies through modeling and thinking aloud

Abstract The ideas of teaching comprehension processes through the use of instructor modeling and thinking aloud are relatively new, yet potentially useful, instructional tools. This paper focuses on three key ideas pertaining to modeling and thinking aloud. First, we examine the components of successful modeling. Second, we present examples of how the processes can be applied to teaching both text comprehension and study strategies to college developmental readers. Finally, we discuss the reasons for routinely utilizing modeling and thinking aloud in the classroom and offer some suggestions for future research.
Human milk sharing practices in the U.S.

The primary objective of this study is to describe human milk sharing practices in the U.S. Specifically, we examine milk sharing social networks, donor compensation, the prevalence of anonymous milk sharing interactions, recipients' concerns about specific milk sharing risks, and lay screening behaviors. Data on human milk sharing practices were collected via an online survey September 2013-March 2014. Chi-square analyses were used to test the association between risk perception and screening practices. A total of 867 (661 donors, 206 recipients) respondents were included in the analyses. Most (96.1%) reported sharing milk face-to-face. Only 10% of respondents reported giving or receiving milk through a non-profit human milk bank, respectively. There were no reports of anonymous purchases of human milk. A small proportion of recipients (4.0%) reported that their infant had a serious medical condition. Screening of prospective donors was common (90.7%) but varied with social relationship and familiarity. Likewise, concern about specific milk sharing risks was varied, and risk perception was significantly associated (P-values = 0.01 or less) with donor screening for all risk variables except diet. Understanding lay perceptions of milk sharing risk and risk reduction strategies that parents are using is an essential first step in developing public health interventions and clinical practices that promote infant safety.
Foreword: After Actavis: Seven Ways Forward

The Supreme Court’s decision in FTC v. Actavis is one of the most important antitrust decisions in the modern era. This symposium in the Rutgers University Law Review, which accompanied a live conference at the University of San Francisco Law School, consists of seven articles that provide guidance on Actavis.This foreword introduces the articles, which (1) explain why courts have misconstrued Actavis (Davis & McEwan); (2) articulate the “Actavis inference” and show how it reveals errors in court opinions and scholarship (Edlin, Hemphill, Hovenkamp, & Shapiro); (3) offer a set of jury instructions that courts can use in reverse-payment cases (Sorenson & Shadowen); (4) explain why brand promises not to introduce their own generics constitute payment (Carrier); (5) show how state law can target reverse-payment settlements (Johnson); (6) explain why the Noerr-Pennington doctrine does not immunize reverse-payment settlements (Garcia); and (7) demonstrate how Actavis can apply beyond the pharmaceutical industry (Ghosh).
Evaluation of a solar-powered organic Rankine cycle using dry organic working fluids

AbstractThis paper presents a model to evaluate the performance of a solar-powered organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The system was evaluated in Jackson, MS, using five dry organic working fluids, R218, R227ea, R236ea, R236fa, and RC318. The purpose of this study is to investigate how hourly temperature change affects the electricity production and exergy destruction rates of the solar ORC, and to determine the effect of the working fluid on the proposed system. The system was also evaluated in Tucson, AZ, to investigate the effect of average hourly outdoor temperatures on its performance. The potential of the system to reduce primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions is also investigated. A parametric analysis to determine how temperature and pressure of the organic working fluid, the solar collector area, and the turbine efficiency affect the electricity production is performed. Results show that the ORC produces the most electricity during the middle of the day, when the temperatures are the h...
Peripartum and neonatal factors associated with the persistence of neonatal brachial plexus palsy at 1 year: A review of 382 cases

OBJECTIVE Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) occurs due to the stretching of the nerves of the brachial plexus before, during, or after delivery. NBPP can resolve spontaneously or become persistent. To determine if nerve surgery is indicated, predicting recovery is necessary but difficult. Historical attempts explored the association of recovery with only clinical and electrodiagnostic examinations. However, no data exist regarding the neonatal and peripartum factors associated with NBPP persistence. METHODS This retrospective cohort study involved all NBPP patients at the University of Michigan between 2005 and 2015. Peripartum and neonatal factors were assessed for their association with persistent NBPP at 1 year, as defined as the presence of musculoskeletal contractures or an active range of motion that deviated from normal by > 10° (shoulder, elbow, hand, and finger ranges of motion were recorded). Standard statistical methods were used. RESULTS Of 382 children with NBPP, 85% had persistent NBPP at 1 year. A wide range of neonatal and peripartum factors was explored. We found that cephalic presentation, induction or augmentation of labor, birth weight > 9 lbs, and the presence of Horner syndrome all significantly increased the odds of persistence at 1 year, while cesarean delivery and Narakas Grade I to II injury significantly reduced the odds of persistence. CONCLUSIONS Peripartum/neonatal factors were identified that significantly altered the odds of having persistent NBPP at 1 year. Combining these peripartum/neonatal factors with previously published clinical examination findings associated with persistence should allow the development of a prediction algorithm. The implementation of this algorithm may allow the earlier recognition of those cases likely to persist and thus enable earlier intervention, which may improve surgical outcomes.
Endocrinopathy and Aging in Ferrets

Ferrets have become more popular as household pets and as animal models in biomedical research in the past 2 decades. The average life span of ferrets is about 5-11 years with onset of geriatric diseases between 3-4 years including endocrinopathies, neoplasia, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiomyopathy, splenomegaly, renal diseases, dental diseases, and cataract. Endocrinopathies are the most common noninfectious disease affecting middle-aged and older ferrets. Spontaneous neoplasms affecting the endocrine system of ferrets appear to be increasing in prevalence with a preponderance toward proliferative lesions in the adrenal cortex and pancreatic islet cells. Diet, gonadectomy, and genetics may predispose ferrets to an increased incidence of these endocrinopathies. These functional proliferative lesions cause hypersecretion of hormones that alter the physiology and metabolism of the affected ferrets resulting in a wide range of clinical manifestations. However, there is an apparent dearth of information available in the literature about the causal relationship between aging and neoplasia in ferrets. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy and physiology of endocrine organs, disease incidence, age at diagnosis, clinical signs, pathology, and molecular markers available for diagnosis of various endocrine disorders in ferrets.
“2D or not 2D”: Shape-programming polymer sheets

Abstract This review summarizes progress toward programming two-dimensional (2D) polymer sheets which respond to a variety of external stimuli to form three-dimensional (3D) shapes or topographical features on macroscopically planar sheets. Shape programming strategically adds value or function to 2D sheets, films, or coatings that can be created inexpensively. 2D substrates are common form factors that are compatible with ordinary 2D patterning techniques (i.e., inkjet, photolithography, roll-to-roll printing) and may be stored, packed, and shipped efficiently. Polymer materials are attractive due to their flexibility, light weight, low price, and compatibility with high throughput processing. This review highlights strategies for triggering shape change in planar polymeric materials. The strategies are divided into four broad categories: (1) 2D substrates with latent topography “programmed” using conventional microfabrication, (2) 2D substrates that form topography due to imposed or self-generated stress, (3) 2D substrates that form 3D shapes by out-of-plane bending, and (4) 2D substrates that use “hinges” to achieve out-of-plane folding. The review highlights all strategies while focusing primarily on last two approaches.
Interface Between Citrus Rust Mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) and Dicofol: Implications for Resistance Management

Laboratory and field studies were conducted to characterize the interface between citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), and the acaricide dicofol. Direct and residual (continuous and discontinuous residues) contacts of dicofol on susceptible (S) and dicofol-resistant (R) strains of citrus rust mite were evaluated. The decay in biological activity of different formulations of dicofol was also measured with both strains. Differences between S and R strains were less pronounced in direct contact than residual contact with dicofol. When dicofol was used at high concentrations in residual bioassays (500-1,280 microgram [AI]/ml of water [ppm]), the expression of resistance was very poor on fresh residues of dicofol. However, as residues decayed, we observed substantially greater mortality of the S strain than the R strain. Field studies showed that dicofol on citrus fruits becomes biologically inactive to citrus rust mite relatively fast after its application (concentration of 1,280 ppm [AI]). Both S and R strains survived totally when transferred to a 6-d residue. The formulation of dicofol had an significant effect on the rate of decay in biological activity. Differences in the rate of decay observed in bioassays were consistent with the field performance of dicofol in controlling citrus rust mite.
Dark State-Modulated Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Quantitative Signal Recovery

Excitation of few-atom Ag cluster fluorescence produces significant steady-state dark state populations that can be dynamically optically depopulated with long wavelength coillumination. Modulating this secondary illumination dynamically repopulates the ground state, thereby directly modulating nanodot fluorescence without modulating background. Both fast and slow modulation enable unmodulated background to be quantitatively removed in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) through simple correlation-based averaging. Such modulated dual-laser FCS enables recovery of pure Ag nanodot fluorescence correlations even in the presence of strong, spectrally overlapping background emission. Fluorescence recovery is linear with Fourier amplitude of the modulated fluorescence, providing a complementary approach to background-free quantitation of modulatable emitter concentration in high background environments. Using the expanding range of modulatable fluorophores, such methodologies should facilitate biologically relevant studies in both complex autofluorescent environments and multiplexed assays.
Effect of level of chronic immune system activation on the growth and dietary lysine needs of pigs fed from 6 to 112 kg.

The effect of a low and a high level of chronic immune system (IS) activation on the rate, efficiency, and composition of body growth and dietary lysine needs of pigs fed from 6 to 112 kg body weight was evaluated. All pigs were of a single genetic strain and geographical site of origin, and the low and high IS pigs were created by physically isolating pigs from and continually exposing pigs to major vectors of environmental antigen transmission. In each IS group, five littermate barrows from each of seven litters were individually penned and randomly allotted to one of five dietary amino acid regimens (.6, .9, 1.20, 1.50, and 1.80% lysine from 6 to 27 kg BW and .45, .60, .75, .90, and 1.05% lysine from 27 to 112 kg BW). Dietary lysine concentrations were achieved by altering the ratio of corn to soybean meal in the diets, and diets were formulated such that lysine was the first-limiting amino acid. Low IS pigs possessed lower (P < .01) T lymphocyte CD4+:CD8+ ratios and serum alpha-1-acylglycoprotein concentrations. Low IS pigs also consumed more (P < .01) feed, gained body weight faster (P < .01), required less (P < .01) feed per unit of gain, and at 112 kg BW produced bodies with more (P < .12) muscle and less (P < .10) fatty tissue and offal than high IS pigs. To allow their elevated capacities for proteinaceous tissue to be expressed, low IS pigs required .15 to .30 percentage units greater dietary lysine concentrations and 2 to 5 g higher daily lysine intakes at each 14-kg BW increment from 6 to 112 kg BW.
Common Chromosomal Fragile Sites and Cancer

Chromosomal fragile sites are specific loci that show gaps, breaks, or rearrangements in metaphase chromosomes when cells are cultured under conditions that partially inhibit DNA synthesis, inducing replication stress. The common fragile sites (CFS) are numerous in the human genome, and are essentially observed in all individuals. Although the molecular basis for chromosome fragility of CFSs remains incompletely understood, there is now general agreement that CFS sequences have a distinct replication programme that combines late replication with failure to activate origins in the core regions of the CFSs during replication stress, resulting in the failure to complete replication. The CFSs exhibit several features characteristic of highly unstable or recombinogenic regions of the genome, and CFSs have been shown to mediate genetic instability in cancers, including during the early stages of tumourigenesis. In this chapter, we review the molecular features of CFSs, as well as the relationship of CFSs to genomic alterations in cancer cells.
Je Suis Charlie? The framing of in-group transgression and the attribution of responsibility for the Charlie Hebdo attack

This article examines the effect of historical transgressions associated with individuals’ in-group on attribution of responsibility for the attack on the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo . While the capacity of media frames to induce emotional states is well documented, the current study expands the understanding of the underlying processes associated with the framing effect by highlighting the ability of frames to induce collective-level emotions. Through an online experiment, we suggest that framing the attack in reference to American transgressions (abuses at the Abu Ghraib prison) initiated collective guilt, resulting in less attribution of responsibility for the attack to Islam and less support for anti-immigration policy in the United States. Conversely, framing the event in terms of American victimization (9/11 attack) engendered high levels of collective victimization, subsequently heightening the perceived responsibility of Islam in the attack and harnessing support for anti-immigration policy. Relevant moderators are considered, and practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Agricultural Water Allocation, Land Use, and Policy

Mathematical programming models were used to determine optimal water and land allocation and agricultural water needs in the year 2000. The models encompassed the whole of the nation's agriculture but included restraints and detail for 223 producing areas and 51 water regions. With elimination of farm programs withholding land from production, the nation could free water from agriculture for other uses in 2000. Total agricultural water use could be less than in 1964. Pricing policies could be an important means to lessen water demand in western states. These possibilities exist as land and technology is substituted for water. Without farm programs and with a population of 300,000,000 in the year 2000, irrigated acreage could decline by 13% over 1964. The problem facing the nation is not a water shortage for agriculture but an improved allocation of this resource.
Multifunctional Poly(amine-co-ester-co-orthoester) for Efficient and Safe Gene Delivery

Cationic polymers are used for nonviral gene delivery, but current materials lack the functionality to address the multiple barriers involved in gene delivery. Here we describe the rational design and synthesis of a new family of quaterpolymers with unprecedented multifunctionality: acid sensitivity, low cationic charge, high hydrophobicity, and biodegradability, all of which are essential for efficient and safe gene delivery. The polymers were synthesized via lipase-catalyzed polymerization of orthoester diester, lactone, dialkyl diester, and amino diol monomers. Polymers containing orthoester groups exhibited acid-sensitive degradation at endosomal pH (4–5), facilitated efficient endosomal escape and unpackaging of the genes, and were efficient in delivering genetic materials to HEK293 cells, human glioma cells, primary mouse melanoma cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We also developed a highly efficient lyophilized formulation of the nanoparticles, which could be stored for a ...
Fluid dynamics: Turbulence in a quantum gas.

The discovery of a cascade of sound waves across many wavelengths in an ultracold atomic gas advances our understanding of turbulence in fluids governed by quantum mechanics. See Letter p.72 An important signature of turbulence is the emergence of a cascade of excitations involving all length scales. While turbulence has been observed in quantum fluids—typically liquid helium—it is difficult to control such systems and to observe the properties of turbulence on demand, because the particles therein strongly interact. Here Nir Navon et al. trap a weakly interacting homogeneous Bose–Einstein condensate consisting of rubidium-87 atoms in a cylindrical optical box and shake the gas to produce turbulence. This methodology lets them observe the full turbulent cascade. This work demonstrates that ultracold atomic gases could serve as models for quantum turbulence.
Systemic Pathways for Social Transformation: School Change, Multicultural Organization Development, Multicultural Education, and LGBT Youth

This essay reviews key themes in the research on school change, multicultural organization development, and multicultural education initiatives to suggest a new perspective from which to understand efforts to meet the needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth in school settings. A model is proposed, which indicates that the range of current program efforts are best understood when seen in their relationship to each other and as parts of a continuum of school change strategies. By providing a systemic overview based on multicultural organization development principles, the strengths and applicability of a range of current change efforts may offer useful suggestions of practical, developmentally appropriate next steps for educators, parents, and community advocates working to change schools to better serve LGBT youth.