cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of Midfrequency Reverberation Data Acquired During the Target and Reverberation Experiment 2013

The Target and Reverberation EXperiment 2013 (TREX13) included a comprehensive reverberation field project in the frequency band of 2–10 kHz, and was carried out off the coast of Panama City, FL, USA, from April 21 to May 17, 2013. A spatially fixed transmit and receive acoustic system was used to measure reverberation over time under diverse environmental conditions, allowing study of reverberation level (RL) dependence on bottom composition, sea surface conditions, and water column properties. Extensive in situ measurements, including a multibeam bathymetric survey, chirp sonar subbottom profiling, gravity/diver cores, sediment sound speed and attenuation, interface roughness, wind-generated sea surface waves, and water column properties, were made to support studies of environmental effects on RL. Beamformed RL data are categorized to facilitate studies emphasizing physical mechanisms of 1) bottom reverberation; 2) sea surface impact; and 3) biological impact. This paper is an overview of RL over the entire sea trial, intending to summarize major observations and provide both a road map and suitable data sets for follow-up efforts on model/data comparisons. Emphasis is placed on the dependence of RL on local geoacoustic properties and sea surface conditions.
Pity the poor biofuels policymaker: reconsidered

The purpose of this note is to clarify three significant misrepresentations published in a Policy Update [1] entitled ‘Pity the poor biofuels policymaker.’ The stated aim of the Policy Update [1] w...
Pursuing efficiency: a data envelopment analysis of MFIs in Latin America

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the overall profitability efficiency (PE) of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Latin America. The PE of each MFI in the study is broken down into two components: pur...
Primary Care Providers' Awareness of Physical Activity-Related Intensive Behavioral Counseling Services for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention.

Purpose:The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends that adults at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) be offered or referred to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a he...
Hemodynamic Effects of Strontium in the Dog

The divalent cation of strontium, Sr2+, has been shown to be capable of substituting for Ca2+ in maintaining excitability of certain nerve and muscle membranes (1,2); in electromechanical coupling in an alga (3); and in excitation-contraction coupling in both skeletal and cardiac muscle (4). Also, in some isolated cardiac muscle preparations it has been shown to have potent positive inotropic effects (5–7).
Effect of Remote Ply Orientation on the Perceived Mode I and Mode II Toughness of θ/θ and θ/−θ interfaces

Results are presented from an investigation of the effect of remote ply orientation on the perceived mode I and mode II toughness of a laminated graphite/epoxy. Experimental and numerical studies were conducted on four commonly used stacking sequences. Each sequence contained a midplane delamination and was subjected to bending loads that produced either predominantly mode I or predominately mode II conditions. Of the four sequences, two contained delaminations at 30/30 interfaces, and two contained delamination at 30/-30 interfaces. For each interface type, one stacking sequence exhibited a relatively small transverse curvature under the applied loadings but a relatively large twisting curvature, whereas the other sequence exhibited a small twisting curvature but a large transverse curvature. For the two types of loadings (mode I and mode II), each of the four sequences was analyzed by three dimensional finite element analyses and tested in precracked and non-precracked configurations. Using appropriate nondimensional parameters, the results of this study are combined with the results of companion numerical investigations to make recommendations regarding the choice of stacking sequences for the determination of the toughness of arbitrary interfaces.
Morphological and isotopic changes of heterocystous cyanobacteria in response to N2 partial pressure.

Earth's atmospheric composition has changed significantly over geologic time. Many redox active atmospheric constituents have left evidence of their presence, while inert constituents such as dinitrogen gas (N2 ) are more elusive. In this study, we examine two potential biological indicators of atmospheric N2 : the morphological and isotopic signatures of heterocystous cyanobacteria. Biological nitrogen fixation constitutes the primary source of fixed nitrogen to the global biosphere and is catalyzed by the oxygen-sensitive enzyme nitrogenase. To protect this enzyme, some filamentous cyanobacteria restrict nitrogen fixation to microoxic cells (heterocysts) while carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis in vegetative cells. Heterocysts terminally differentiate in a pattern that is maintained as the filaments grow, and nitrogen fixation imparts a measurable isotope effect, creating two biosignatures that have previously been interrogated under modern N2 partial pressure (pN2 ) conditions. Here, we examine the effect of variable pN2 on these biosignatures for two species of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena. We provide the first in vivo estimate of the intrinsic isotope fractionation factor of Mo-nitrogenase (efix = -2.71 ± 0.09‰) and show that, with decreasing pN2 , the net nitrogen isotope fractionation decreases for both species, while the heterocyst spacing decreases for Anabaena cylindrica and remains unchanged for Anabaena variabilis. These results are consistent with the nitrogen fixation mechanisms available in the two species. Application of these quantifiable effects to the geologic record may lead to new paleobarometric measurements for pN2 , ultimately contributing to a better understanding of Earth's atmospheric evolution.
Peptoids advance multidisciplinary research and undergraduate education in parallel: Sequence effects on conformation and lipid interactions

Peptoids are versatile peptidomimetic molecules with wide-ranging applications from drug discovery to materials science. An understanding of peptoid sequence features that contribute to both their three-dimensional structures and their interactions with lipids will expand functions of peptoids in varied fields. Furthermore, these topics capture the enthusiasm of undergraduate students who prepare and study diverse peptoids in laboratory coursework and/or in faculty led research. Here, we present the synthesis and study of 21 peptoids with varied functionality, including 19 tripeptoids and 2 longer oligomers. We observed differences in fluorescence spectral features for 10 of the tripeptoids that correlated with peptoid flexibility and relative positioning of chromophores. Interactions of representative peptoids with sonicated glycerophospholipid vesicles were also evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy. We observed evidence of conformational changes effected by lipids for select peptoids. We also summarize our experiences engaging students in peptoid-based projects to advance both research and undergraduate educational objectives in parallel.
Integrated Isothermal Atomic Layer Deposition/Atomic Layer Etching Supercycles for Area-Selective Deposition of TiO2

New approaches for area-selective deposition (ASD) are becoming critical for advanced semiconductor patterning. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and atomic layer etching (ALE), that is, “inverse ALD”, are considered important for ASD, but to date, direct integration of ALD and ALE for ASD has not been reported. This work demonstrates that self-limiting thermally driven ALE, using WF6 and BCl3, can be directly coupled with self-limiting thermal ALD, using TiCl4 and H2O, in a single isothermal reactor at temperature 0.9, nearly a 10× improvement over previous reports of inherent TiO2 ASD. After ALD/ALE (=30/5) 14 supercycles at 170 °C, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy da...
Effect of incidence and sidewall taper angles on plasmonic metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector enhancements

We investigate an interdigitated nanograting structure on a GaAs substrate for plasmonic metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector applications. This computational work has studied the effects that the taper angle of the nanograting sidewall and the light wave angle of incidence have on the optical and current enhancements in the device. The study, involving two types of taper angle structures—positive and negative—showed that both taper angle directions can generate more optical and electrical enhancements than perfectly vertical wall structures for light incident at both the Brewster angle and the normal incident angle. The enhanced electric field value at the optimum positive taper angle is ∼22% and ∼120% greater than the negative taper angle and vertical wall structure, respectively. In addition, the total weighted optical enhancement value for the optimal positive taper angle structure is ∼65% and ∼120% greater than the optimal negative taper angle and vertical wall structure, respectively. This work demonstrates that the increased enhancements are due to the nanoscale focusing of light and impedance matching. The incident wave angle along with the taper angle can significantly promote these enhancements, especially at the Brewster angle.
A Third Party’s Judgment in Same-Race and Cross-Race Crimes

Prior studies investigating racial bias in legal decisions have involved race combinations of an observer, defendant, and victim where the observers’ race was the same as either the defendants’ or victims’ race. Because of the research designs employed in those prior studies, the effects of the three actors all being of different races have not been investigated. It is timely to investigate race effects of the three actors all being different races, given that growing racial diversity in the criminal justice system makes the race combination plausible in a trial, and that race effects observed in prior studies may not generalize to the race combination. Therefore, we examined whether observers’ punitive judgments against a defendant would differ in cross-race crimes (e.g., a white observer–black defendant–Hispanic victim) and same-race crimes (e.g., a white observer–black defendant–black victim), when the observers’ race was different from both the defendant and victim. The present research demonstrated that observers rendered more punitive judgments against the defendant in same-race (vs. cross-race) crimes, particularly when the defendant and victim knew each other. We propose that observers, whose race is different from both the defendant and victim, perceive the defendant and victim in same-race (vs. cross-race) crimes as more homogeneous out-group members. This perceived homogeneity increases punitive judgments in same-race crimes.
Practical considerations in the management of shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: A summary of current practice

Abstract Practical considerations in the bedside management of the patient with shock as a complication of acute myocardial infarction are reviewed. Routine monitoring techniques include the electrocardiogram, measurements of arterial and central venous pressure, measurements of skin temperature and arterial blood gas analyses. The mainstays of treatment are the relief of pain and anxiety, prevention of hypoxia, fluid repletion and the conservative and selective use of vasoactive drugs based on assessment of the patient's hemodynamic status. Digitalis glycoside is used for treatment of congestive heart failure. Arrhythmias are controlled by electrical conversion, adrenergic drugs, by the selective use of lidocaine and atropine, or by electrical pacing. Mechanical techniques of circulatory support and most surgical procedures are not yet sufficiently perfected for routine clinical application.
Developing Preservice Teachers' Understanding of and Pedagogical Content Knowledge for History of Science-Integrated Science Instruction

Despite its positive impact on students’ understanding of the nature of science and science content knowledge, few secondary science teachers incorporate the history of science into their instruction. This article describes the effects of an online history of science course on preservice teachers’ perceptions of and content and pedagogical knowledge for history of science–integrated science instruction. Eleven secondary preservice science teachers participated in a semester-long history of science course focused on developing their conceptual understanding of and pedagogical knowledge for incorporating history of science into their science instruction. Data were collected from preservice teachers’ discussions, reflections, assignments, and surveys. Results indicate that participation in the online history of science course led to preservice teachers’ understanding of history of science content and pedagogy and to positive perceptions about history of science–integrated science instruction. Preservice teachers also demonstrated skills for developing history of science instructional materials using recurrent, storyline, and argumentation approaches. Implications of the findings for secondary science teacher preparation are discussed.
Incidence and risk factors for hardware removal following periacetabular osteotomy and its association with clinical outcomes.

Background:Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) can be used for joint preservation in symptomatic developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). 1 of the most common pro...
Impact of brain metastasis velocity on neurologic death for brain metastasis patients experiencing distant brain failure after initial stereotactic radiosurgery.

Patients with high rates of developing new brain metastases have an increased likelihood of dying of neurologic death. It is unclear, however, whether this risk is affected by treatment choice following failure of primary stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). From July 2000 to March 2017, 440 patients with brain metastasis were treated with SRS and progressed to have a distant brain failure (DBF). Eighty-seven patients were treated within the immunotherapy era. Brain metastasis velocity (BMV) was calculated for each patient. In general, the institutional philosophy for use of salvage SRS vs whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) was to postpone the use of WBRT for as long as possible and to treat with salvage SRS when feasible. No further treatment was reserved for patients with poor life expectancy and who were not expected to benefit from salvage treatment. Two hundred and eighty-five patients were treated with repeat SRS, 91 patients were treated with salvage WBRT, and 64 patients received no salvage radiation therapy. One-year cumulative incidence of neurologic death after salvage SRS vs WBRT was 15% vs 23% for the low- (p = 0.06), 30% vs 37% for the intermediate- (p < 0.01), and 31% vs 48% (p < 0.01) for the high-BMV group. Salvage WBRT was associated with increased incidence of neurologic death on multivariate analysis (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.13–2.39, p = 0.01) when compared to repeat SRS. One-year cumulative incidence of neurologic death for patients treated within the immunotherapy era was 9%, 38%, and 38% for low-, intermediate-, and high-BMV groups, respectively (p = 0.01). Intermediate and high risk BMV groups are predictive of neurologic death. The association between BMV and neurologic death remains strong for patients treated within the immunotherapy era.
Fabrication and Characterization of Direct Methane Fueled Thin Film SOFCs Supported by Microchannel-Structured Microtubular Substrates

Fuel flexibility is an attractive advantage of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology; however, carbon deposition issue with widely used Ni-cermet anodes in hydrocarbon fuels seriously limits its ...
Incorporating reflective writing into criminal justice courses

Reflective writing is a transformative approach to understanding experiences, beliefs, and actions. By taking part in purposeful reflection, one should gain new understandings and appreciations for...
The chemistry of allergens: XXI. Eight new antigens generated by successive pepsin hydrolyses of bovine β-lactoglobulin

Abstract β-lactoglobulin was hydrolyzed for 6 successive 8 minute periods during which approximately 90 per cent of the protein was split into fragments with a molecular weight of 12,000 or less. Six dialysates and 6 endofractions were separated and analysed for the presence of antigens distinct from that of β-lactoglobulin with the use of the Schultz-Dale technique and gel diffusion analysis, respectively. All of the dialysates contained common nonprecipitating new antigens. The first dialysate did not contain all of the new antigens common to the other 5, indicating at least 2 new antigens in the dialysates. Six precipitating new antigens were demonstrated in the endofractions. Precipitation of 2 of these was inhibited by β-lactoglobulin; Four were not so inhibited. By analogy to β-lactoglobulin, if pepsin hydrolysis generated at least 8 new antigens from each of the 12 to 14 known milk antigens, the immune system of the body would be exposed to about 100 potential allergens upon ingestion of milk. These results may explain why milk and undoubtedly other foods, in many cases, do not cause skin reactions on persons who give an immediate allergic response on ingestion of the food. Such persons may be sensitive to these new antigens formed by pepsin in the stomach during digestion.
P.1.21 The establishment of a cohort study in a semiconductor company of south korea

We have designed a ten-year prospective cohort study in semiconductor workers of South Korea. We aimed to determine the relationship between occupational exposure and not only cancers but also diseases related to reproductive toxicity such as spontaneous abortion and others. Further, we’re planning to establish a monitoring and surveillance system for the known and the unknown hazards like unexpected by-products. We were approved from Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy (KoNIBP) for cohort establishment in July 2017. We held cohort information session of over two hundred times for entire employees. In these sessions, the employees were encouraged to participate to the cohort study with full explanation related to the establishment of cohort system including the necessity, value, and vision of the system. The consent form was included specific sub-categories depending on the characteristics and source of personal and sensitive information to be used. A total of 22 490 employees were agreed to participate to SHE (SKHynix Employees) cohort (the participation rate: 93 percent) and we built up the foundation of the cohort with these higher rates. Various data included in the consent form, such as personnel information, health examination information, and job exposure matrix (JEM) and others were collected and refined to identify health status of our employees. The cohort was built on the basis of the need of our own healthcare system, and the establishment and the analyses of cohort DB are expected to deduct of the high risk group through tracking and monitoring for risk factors and major diseases. It is also expected proactive prevention through blocking potential risks.
Development of Insect Nervous Systems

As this is the first of a series of articles presented on the development of the nervous system in hemimetabolous insects, I would like to sketch the general sequence of events in this process as it is now understood and to indicate some major current approaches and problems. Most of the work in this area has involved orthopteran insects, primarily locusts, crickets, and cockroaches. These are large insects with a surprisingly sophisticated behavioral repertoire. Interest has focused on the simpler, highly stereotyped behavior patterns such as rhythmic or episodic behavior. The basic coordination underlying such patterns has been shown to be generated within the central nervous system by circuits of motor neurons (MNs) and interneurons (INs), whose output is then modulated to varying degrees by sensory input. The behavior is thus encoded in the physiological and structural properties of the central neural elements, all of which may be unique cells (Bullock, 1974; Goodman, 1976). We are interested in discovering how these neural programming circuits and their composite neurons are uniquely differentiated during development. The analysis currently involves three primary questions: (1) What are the sources of information which specify the properties of these networks? (2) How, in a descriptive sense, is a circuit constructed; that is, what are the directly observed changes in physiological and structural features during construction? (3) What are the underlying mechanisms guiding construction? How is the information translated from original sources into differentiation?
The basics of in situ hybridization

Abstract The biochemical differences between tissues fixed with cross-linking fixatives (formalin, paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde) and those fixed in denaturing fixatives (Carnoy’s, acetone, alcohols, and acetic acid) or unfixed samples are profound. An understanding of this point allows you to better understand the marked differences in signal strength, subcellular localization, and coexpression capability when comparing these two broad categories of tissues. This chapter takes you on a journey through each step used during in situ hybridization and focuses on the biochemical explanations regarding why variables such as the type of probe, the type of fixative, and the wash are so important for optimal results. Further, this chapter introduces the phenomenon that different formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, even if they share the same exact histologic diagnosis, may present very different three-dimensional biochemical profiles, which can have a strong impact on the optimal pretreatment condition for in situ hybridization.
All Your Database Are Belong to Us: In the big open world of the cloud, highly available distributed objects will rule.

In the database world, the raw physical data model is at the center of the universe, and queries freely assume intimate details of the data representation (indexes, statistics, metadata). This closed-world assumption and the resulting lack of abstraction have the pleasant effect of allowing the data to outlive the application. On the other hand, this makes it hard to evolve the underlying model independently from the queries over the model.
Cooperative Peak Shaving and Voltage Regulation in Unbalanced Distribution Feeders

This paper considers the co-operation of distributed generators (DGs), battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and voltage regulating devices for integrated peak shaving and voltage regulation in distribution grids through a co-optimization framework, which aims to minimize the operational costs while fulfilling the operational constraints of network and devices. To account for the uncertainties of load demand and generation, we then convert the co-optimization model into a two-stage stochastic program where state-of-charge (SoC) trajectories of BESSs and operation of voltage regulating devices are optimized at the first stage for day-ahead scheduling, while the reactive powers of DGs and BESSs are left at the second stage for potential intra-day scheduling to handle short-term voltage issues. The proposed co-optimization scheme is validated on the IEEE 37-node test feeder and compared with other practices.
Microfluidic Chips for Sepsis Diagnosis

This chapter discusses two microfluidic-based approaches for early sepsis detection that achieve a higher accuracy than traditional blood culture analysis. Patient blood samples were included in this work to validate the performance of our chips in diagnosing sepsis. The single-parameter chip demonstrated the increased accuracy if using CD64 as a biomarker for sepsis detection compared with C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) when applied alone. In addition, a multiparameter chip measuring a combined panel of CD25, CD64, and CD69, and achieved a high accuracy with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) of 0.978. The combined panel was also able to detect culture-negative patients and provided a faster diagnosis. Besides, microfluidics has advantages of less time consuming, easier to manufacture, less sample loading, less complex, and portable. Therefore, our approach is of great potential to become a bedside sepsis detection method.
Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: Diagnosis and Management in 2020

This review describes the mechanisms underlying trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) and the current strategies to measure and mitigate the negative effects of TIC during the initial stages of trauma resuscitation and care. Trauma patients can manifest both early hypocoagulable and later hypercoagulable phenotypes. These are not fixed states and patient transition between states postinjury. Recent trends in resuscitation, driven by the military experience, have promoted the return to whole blood as the initial resuscitative fluid in the severely injured patient, but goal-directed blood product administration remains critically important to restore coagulation homeostasis and avoid microvascular thrombotic events. As our understanding of TIC improves, we anticipate that whole blood resuscitation will replace empiric ratios for the severely injured patient with uncontrolled cavitary bleeding with a transition to goal-directed resuscitation and de-escalation of blood product administration once mechanical hemostasis is achieved.
Using mobile apps in social work behavioral health care service: The case for China:

Mobile apps have increasingly become an innovative tool that can provide information and resources to those who have service needs but often lack access to and knowledge about how to improve their ...
Biliary ascariasis

Biliary ascariasis is a less frequent, but important complication of ascaris infestation, because it may cause biliary colic, pyogenic cholangitis, and septicemia. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent these complications. We present here a five-year-old girl with biliary ascariasis, whose main complaint was abdominal pain. After giving piperazin salt, multiple ascaris worms were seen in the stool within 10 days. She is at the follow-up without any complication.
The Effects of Dexamethasone on the Time to Pain Resolution in Dental Periapical Abscess.

Abstract Background Dental infections are frequently encountered in the emergency department (ED), with periapical abscesses being among the most painful. Traditional pain management strategies include local anesthetic injections, oral analgesics, and intravenous opioids. Objectives We sought to identify an alternative pain management strategy with early use of dexamethasone as adjunct to conventional therapies for inflammation and pain at the site of infection. Methods We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the analgesic effect of dexamethasone and placebo in ED patients with periapical abscess during a 2-year timeframe at two urban academic EDs. Adult patients presenting with physical examination findings consistent with a diagnosis of periapical abscess were randomized to receive oral dexamethasone or an identical placebo. Pain was assessed using the verbal numeric scale in person at discharge and via telephone at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after discharge from the ED. Results Seventy-three patients were enrolled, with 37 receiving dexamethasone and 36 receiving placebo. Follow-up pain scores were obtained for 52 patients at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Ten patients from the dexamethasone group and 11 from placebo group were lost to follow-up. Patients who received dexamethasone reported a greater reduction in pain at 12 h compared with the placebo group (p = 0.029). Changes in pain scores from baseline and at 24, 48, and 72 h were not statistically significant. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions Single-dose dexamethasone as adjunct to conventional medical management for pain caused by periapical abscess demonstrated a significant reduction in pain 12 h post treatment compared with placebo.
Higher self-reported posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with poorer working memory in active-duty service members.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress is a significant issue facing military service members and can negatively impact working memory (WM), which is critical for performance success. Yet, few studies have examined the link between self-reported posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and WM performance in active-duty military cohorts. The present study utilized hierarchical linear modeling to examine this relationship by considering PTSS and underlying symptom clusters as well as WM demands related to load and affective interference in an active-duty military cohort (N = 515). METHOD PTSS severity was assessed via the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist-military version (PCL-M), and behavioral performance was measured on a delayed-recognition WM task that manipulated mnemonic load (low vs. high load) and affective interference (negative combat-related vs. neutral civilian images presented during the delay interval). RESULTS Examination of the relationship between PCL-M and WM performance demonstrated that higher total PCL-M scores (especially higher numbing and hyperarousal symptoms) were associated with poorer WM task performance, b = -0.083, p = .003, 95% CI [-0.137, -0.029], even after controlling for combat experiences and previous deployment status. This relationship was stronger on trials with negative, b = -0.114, p < .001, 95% CI [-0.175, -0.054], compared to neutral distracters, b = -0.052, p = .093, 95% CI [-0.112, 0.009]. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PTSS are associated with performance costs on a WM task with combat-related negative distracters. Broadly, these findings highlight the need to address PTSS in active-duty cohorts and further investigate vulnerabilities related to cognitive demands and psychological health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Immuno-stimulatory activity of a polysaccharide-enriched fraction of Sutherlandia frutescens occurs by the toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevance Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br. is an indigenous plant of southern Africa that has been traditionally used for various cancers, infections, and inflammatory conditions.
Realizing Liberty: The Use of International Human Rights Law to Realign Immigration Detention in the United States

This article takes a comprehensive look at the extensive U.S. immigration detention system from a human rights perspective. The article represents a first effort to synthesize and present recently-developed international human rights standards and apply those rules to the U.S. immigration detention system. It engages in an in-depth analysis to identify the changes necessary to realign U.S. law and scale back immigration detention in accord with international human rights law. The article proposes that U.S. courts should effect those changes through the interpretation of constitutional and statutory provisions in light of the international human rights law standards. This use of the human rights standards is appropriate, because the standards represent binding obligations for the United States as a matter of international law and closely track U.S. constitutional law principles relating to civil detention in contexts less contentious than immigration. The article demonstrates how the application of international human rights law standards can bring rationality and humanity to U.S. immigration detention by revitalizing the right to liberty, which constitutes a core conception in both international human rights law and U.S. constitutional law.
Becoming Researchers: The Participation of Undergraduate and Graduate Students in Scientific Research Groups

This study sought to understand how graduate and undergraduate students learn to do science by participating in research groups. A phenomenological approach was used to illuminate the experiences of the students. The results provide evidence that the students were in the role of apprentices, although this was not made explicit. As apprentices they learned by doing as legitimate peripheral participants in the groups. Mentoring was distributed among the group, with more advanced students providing much of it. The groups were both communities of practice and epistemic communities in which students gained methodological and intellectual proficiency. Finally, student learning in research groups can be conceptualized as learning trajectories that enter the group, traverse characteristics of communities of practice and epistemic communities, and leave with the students as novice researchers, proficient technicians, or knowledge producers. The implications for K-12 science education are that it is unrealistic to expect teachers to achieve the proficiency in traditional short-term research experiences that would prepare them to teach their students how to engage in authentic scientific research, and that these experiences should be structured so that the teachers are placed in tightly organized research groups with mentors who explicitly teach them how to do science. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:218–243, 2013
L`ajustement budgétaire dans les États ayant succédé à l`Union soviétique

La presente etude passe en revue l`experience des economies en transition d`Europe centrale et orientale en matiere d`ajustement budgetaire, afin d`en degager des enseignements pour l`ex-Union sovietique. Elle souligne en particulier la necessite, pour soutenir la stabilisation macroeconomique, de concentrer cet ajustement au tout debut du processus de transition. Parallelement, la reforme structurelle de la fiscalite et des depenses doit avoir pour objectif une repartition juste et efficace des ressources, et se derouler a un rythme qui tienne largement compte des contraintes administratives. Etant donne l`incertitude des previsions budgetaires, des mesures d`appoint sont en outre a prevoir pour parer a toute eventualite. Enfin, l`elimination des desequilibres latents, qui tiennent essentiellement aux operations quasi budgetaires des entreprises publiques et des institutions financieres, merite autant d`attention que la reduction du deficit public officiel.
Effect of age, ethnicity, and glucocorticoid use on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in pediatric renal transplant patients.

Tacrolimus has become an effective alternative to cyclosporine as a component of primary immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant patients, but the information on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus in young patients is still limited. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of patient age, ethnicity, and concurrent steroid administration on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in pediatric renal transplant patients. The study population consisted of 30 pediatric patients, age 1.5-18.6 yr, who received a kidney transplant between July 1999 and February 2004. After twice daily dosing was stabilized based on clinical judgment, at least 5 days postoperatively, tacrolimus levels were drawn prior to, and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after the morning dose. The mean dose of tacrolimus was 0.12 mg/kg/dose. Mean trough level was 11.9 +/- 5.0 ng/mL. Mean area under the curve (AUC) was 192 +/- 84 with a range of 78-360 h x (ng/mL). The correlation between trough level and AUC was only fair (r = 0.74); later time points correlated better with AUC, and an excellent correlation (r = 0.96) was obtained between the mean of trough and 2-h level (C(2)) and AUC. There was a negative correlation between age and dose per body weight (r = -0.68). African-American patients had marginally lower drug exposure with similar dosing. Three age groups ( 12 yr) were compared with respect to dosing and AUC. Despite similar AUC in all three groups, the mean dose per kg required to achieve the AUC was 2.7- and 1.9-fold higher in the 12-yr group. Nine of the 30 patients were on a totally steroid-free regimen. Their tacrolimus dose and trough levels were similar to those of steroid-exposed patients, but their mean AUC was 41% higher. Our results show an inverse correlation between age and required tacrolimus dose, wide interindividual variation, and greater exposure with steroid-free regimen despite no change in trough level.
Osteogenic protein‐1 (OP‐1, BMP‐7) induces osteoblastic cell differentiation of the pluripotent mesenchymal cell line C2C12

The effects of Osteogenic Protein-1 (OP-1, BMP-7) on the differentiation of the pluripotent mesenchymal cell line, C2C12, were examined. OP-1 at 50 ng/ml partially inhibited myotube formation in C2C12 cells, while OP-1 at 200 ng/ml completely inhibited myotube formation and induced the formation of cells displaying osteoblastic morphology. High concentrations of OP-1 elevated the alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity dramatically, both as a function of time and OP-1 concentration. Osteocalcin (OC) mRNA expression was detected as early as 8 days in OP-1-treated cultures and subsequently increased considerably. Expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) mRNA was low in control cultures and stimulated by OP-1. Collagen type I mRNA expression was enhanced by OP-1 during the early days in culture, but gradually decreased thereafter. MyoD mRNA expression, high in control cultures, was suppressed by OP-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. OP-1 enhanced ActR-I mRNA expression and significantly elevated the mRNA expressions of BMP-1, BMP-4, BMP-5, GDF-6, and GDF-8. The present results indicate that OP-1 is a potent inducer of C2C12 differentiation into osteoblastic cells.
Iron deficiency and gastrointestinal malignancy: a population-based cohort study

Abstract Purpose We investigated whether iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is associated with an increased likelihood of gastrointestinal malignancy. Subjects and methods Data were obtained from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Epidemiologic Followup Study, a nationally representative, prospective cohort study that measured hemoglobin levels and iron saturation and recorded follow-up diagnoses. We included persons 25 to 74 years of age with no previous gastrointestinal malignancy. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin value below the fifth percentile for each age group and sex. Iron deficiency was defined as an iron saturation below 15%. Results Eighteen (0.2%) gastrointestinal malignancies were identified among the 9024 participants during the first 2 years of follow-up. None of the 442 premenopausal women with iron deficiency (92 with anemia and 350 without anemia) were diagnosed with gastrointestinal malignancy. Among men and postmenopausal women, the proportion diagnosed with gastrointestinal malignancy was 31 times greater (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9 to 107) in those with iron deficiency anemia (3/51 [6%]) and five times greater (95% CI: 1 to 21) in those with iron deficiency without anemia (2/223 [1%]), compared with those with normal hemoglobin levels and iron saturation (11/5733 [0.2%]). Conclusion Gastrointestinal malignancy is uncommon in iron-deficient premenopausal women with or without anemia. Among men and postmenopausal women, gastrointestinal malignancy is significantly more common in those with iron deficiency than in persons with normal serum iron saturation and hemoglobin levels.
Use of geochemical mass balance modelling to evaluate the role of weathering in determining stream chemistry in five mid-Atlantic watersheds on different lithologies

The importance of mineral weathering was assessed and compared for five mid-Atlantic watersheds receiving similar atmospheric inputs but underlain by differing bedrock. Annual solute mass balances and volume-weighted mean solute concentrations were calculated for each watershed for each year of record. In addition, primary and secondary mineralogy were determined for each of the watersheds through analysis of soil samples and thin sections using petrographic, scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction techniques. Mineralogical data were also compiled from the literature. These data were input to NETPATH, a geochemical program that calculates the masses of minerals that react with precipitation to produce stream water chemistry. The feasibilities of the weathering scenarios calculated by NETPATH were evaluated based on relative abundances and reactivities of minerals in the watershed. In watersheds underlain by reactive bedrocks, weathering reactions explained the stream base cation loading. In the acid-sensitive watersheds on unreactive bedrock, calculated weathering scenarios were not consistent with the abundance of reactive minerals in the underlying bedrock, and alternative sources of base cations are discussed.
Univalence preserving operators

We investigate functions of the form that are analytic in . Sharp bounds on are found when and f is univalent or starlike of order α,0⩽α⩽1. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of {bn},b1 and b2 real, for f to be either a typically real or univalent cubic polynomial. Finally, for it is shown that , preserves univalence in U.
Novel crystal growth of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures on polar surfaces

Abstract Results on crystal orientation dependence of Si doping in molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) GaAs are presented. High electron and hole mobilities in modulation-doped AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures are demonstrated on many orientations rarely used in MBE. Due to different band structures for different orientations, quantum well heterostructures are likely to exhibit many interesting phenomena which are strongly orientation dependent.
A tyrosine-specific protein kinase from ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Abstract A protein tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates both α and β subunits of inactivated (Na + ,K + )-ATPase from dog kidney was purified about 500-fold from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell membranes. The enzyme required divalent cations Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , or Fe 2+ but was inhibited by Cu 2+ or Zn 2+ . The purified enzyme phosphorylated the β subunit about five times faster than the α subunit of the (Na + ,K + )-ATPase. The random polymer poly(Glu 80 Tyr 20 ) was an excellent substrate while casein was only marginally phosphorylated. In contrast, the purified transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylated all three substrates and the (Na + ,K + )-ATPase was preferentially phosphorylated on the a subunit. The transforming gene product of Fujinami sarcoma visue and EGF receptor kinase from A431 cells phosphorylated (Na + ,K + )-ATPase poorly whereas casein was an excellent substrate. The molecular weight of the partially purified protein tyrosine kinase from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells determined by gel filtration was about 60,000. One of two major phosphorylated phosphopeptides resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis had an M r of 60 kDa, thus suggesting that it might be the autophosphorylated protein tyrosine kinase. A phosphatase that hydrolyzes phosphorylated histones or poly(Glu 80 Tyr 20 ) was partially purified from the same membrane.
Double Conjugate Addition of a Nitropropionate Ester to a Quinone Monoketal: Synthesis of an Advanced Intermediate to (±)-Gelsemine

A double conjugate addition between the lithium dianion of ethyl 3-nitropropionate and p-benzoquinone dimethyl ketal afforded a mixture of diastereomeric [3.2.1]bicylooctanones. These products were converted into an advanced intermediate previously carried forward to (±)-gelsemine by Fukuyama and Liu.
Extended transoral approaches: surgical technique and analysis.

Background The transoral approach provides the most direct exposure to extradural lesions of the ventral craniovertebral junction. Lesions that extend beyond the exposure provided by the standard transoral approach require an extended transoral modification. The exposure can be expanded in the sagittal and axial planes by adding mandibulotomy, mandibuloglossotomy, palatotomy, and transmaxillary approaches to the standard transoral approach. Extended transoral approaches increase the surgical complexity and the risk of cosmetic and functional complications. Until recently, selection of an extended approach has been arbitrary and dependent on the surgeon's familiarity with the surgical approach. Objective We review the literature of extended transoral approaches and analyze the different modifications in terms of the technical aspects, added exposure, and complications. Methods Classic approaches and recently published morphometric studies that objectively document the gain in exposure provided by several modifications were analyzed and tabulated to outline the limits of exposure and risk of complications associated with the various modifications. Results Transmaxillary approaches expand the exposure to include the sphenoid sinus and upper lateral clivus. To expand the exposure more inferiorly to C4-C5, mandibulotomy or mandibuloglossotomy can be applied. Mandibuloglossotomy increases the rostral exposure as well to the upper third of the clivus. Palatotomy increases rostral exposure without requiring a facial incision or perioperative tracheostomy, but is associated with a significant risk of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Conclusion Surgical decisions can be based on comprehensive preoperative evaluation of anatomy, pathology, and radiographic studies to maximize exposure while minimizing complications.
Early Communicative Gestures Prospectively Predict Language Development and Executive Function in Early Childhood

Using an epidemiological sample (N = 1,117) and a prospective longitudinal design, this study tested the direct and indirect effects of preverbal and verbal communication (15 months to 3 years) on executive function (EF) at age 4 years. Results indicated that whereas gestures (15 months), as well as language (2 and 3 years), were correlated with later EF (φs ≥ .44), the effect was entirely mediated through later language. In contrast, language had significant direct and indirect effects on later EF. Exploratory analyses indicated that the pattern of results was comparable for low- and not-low-income families. The results were consistent with theoretical accounts of language as a precursor of EF ability, and highlighted gesture as an early indicator of EF.
Contraception Methods, Beyond Oral Contraceptives and Tubal Ligation, and Risk of Ovarian Cancer

Purpose Few studies have examined methods of contraception, beyond oral contraceptives (OCs) and tubal ligation, in relation to ovarian cancer risk. Methods Nine hundred two cases with incident ovarian/peritoneal/tubal cancer were compared with1800 population-based control subjects. Women self-reported all methods of contraception by using life calendars. Results Each of the contraceptive methods examined reduced the risk of ovarian cancer as compared with use of no artificial contraception. Comparing ever versus never use, after adjustment for potentially confounding factors and all other methods of contraception, the methods of contraception that emerged as protective were OCs (adjusted odds ratio [adj OR] 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61−0.93); tubal ligation (adj OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51−0.77); intrauterine devices (IUDs) (adj OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59−0.95); and vasectomy (adj OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61−0.99). Although for OCs and tubal ligation we found that the longer the duration of use, the greater the effect, for IUDs the pattern was reversed: significant protection occurred with short duration and progressively greater risk (albeit nonsignificant) was seen with longer duration of use. Conclusions In the largest case-control study to date, a range of effective methods of contraception reduced the risk for ovarian cancer. OCs and tubal ligation reduced ovarian cancer risk with lower odds ratios with longer duration of use, whereas IUDs reduced risk overall, having the greatest impact with short duration of use.