cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle simulation of industrial plasma devices

Summary form only given, as follows. A multipurpose package for simulating a wide range of industrial processes based on glow discharges is presented. In recent years, many different industrial processes based on applications of plasma sciences have been studied and introduced in the market. The attention is now focusing on realistic simulations of the complex interactions among physical processes in actual applications. Many different processes have to be simulated (e.g., plasma properties, distribution of contaminants, chemical reactions, surface processes) and complex geometrical features need to be accurately described. Very often, small geometrical features are important in determining critical engineering and economical factors. As an example, the contamination of a wafer and the uniformity of its processing, very important in plasma processing devices, depends heavily on small features. In flat panel displays small but important parts are used to prevent the activation of one pixel from affecting the neighbors. Recently, a new simulation method based on the particle in cell (PIC) method has been developed. In this approach every physical component of a device is represented by particles. Different properties and equations of motion characterize particles representing different elements. The common paradigm provided by the PIC method makes a modular approach very natural. When a new component or a new physical process needs to be included, the use of a common data structure for all the modules of the code allows a very simple and fast upgrade of the existing code. In the present work, we present some applications of the new method. First, we apply the powerful object module to simulate complex geometries, using particles to represent any material object. The module has been recently described. A typical industrial device composed of a substrate holder, a wafer and the surrounding wall and dielectric bell-shaped jar is simulated. A new module to study the motion of dust contaminants is also presented. Simulations of the dust motion in the geometry described above are also presented.
List-arithmetic distributive categories: Locoi

Abstract A finitely complete category with stable disjoint coproducts and a parameterized list construction is called a locos . The paper proves that the property of being a locos is local in the sense of being inherited by slice categories. This is proven by establishing two important properties of the list construction in this setting. The first of these is that lists can be characterized as objects which satisfy a domain equation and have their tail maps contractions . A contraction is an endomorphism which, when it is applied frequently enough, becomes fixed. It is a central technical notion in this development. As this characterization only uses the number arithmetic of the setting, it provides a powerful tool for establishing the existence of lists. The second result is that list construction preserves and creates connected limits. Because lists satisfy a domain equation they are models of a certain type of sketch. Models of such sketches are preserved and created by connected limits. However, it is the fact that the contractions are also preserved by these limits which is crucial. This observation immediately gives the localness of list construction in a locos and is fundamental to many of the other properties of list construction.
Resolution and Signal to Noise Ratios in Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Abstract The effect that resolution has on the calculated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an emission line measured in the visible by a high resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer is discussed. The resolution varies from a physically resolved profile (0.02 cm−1) to a shape dominated by the instrumental function (2 cm−1). The effects that incorporating inaccurate signal-to-noise ratios has on figures of merit for a FT-UV/VIS system is discussed.
Financialisation and the dynamics of offshoring in the USA.

Imports are linked to higher cost mark-ups and firm profits, and the gains from such non-competitive imports—the result of offshoring—are increasingly associated with the reinvestment of these higher profits. Our regression analysis of 35 US manufacturing and service industries over the period 1998–2006 supports aggregate and firm-level studies showing that offshoring is associated with a higher share of corporate profit in total value added. But the ‘dynamic’ gains from offshoring have not been fully realised because firms have purchased financial assets—especially share buybacks and higher dividend payments—to raise shareholder value, rather than investing in productive assets that raise productivity, growth, employment and income. Despite the corporate sector’s contribution to national savings over the past decade, the offshoring–financialisation linkage reduces the capacity of non-financial corporations to act as a driver of the recovery from the economic crisis that emerged in 2008.
Dynamics of the Kv1.2 Voltage-Gated K+ Channel in a Membrane Environment

All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are used to better understand the dynamic environment experienced by the Kv1.2 channel in a lipid membrane. The structure of the channel is stable during the trajectories. The pore domain keeps a well-defined conformation, whereas the voltage-sensing domains undergo important lateral fluctuations, consistent with their modular nature. A channel-like region at the center of the S1–S4 helical bundle fills rapidly with water, reminiscent of the concept of high-dielectric aqueous crevices. The first two arginines along S4 (R294 and R297) adopt an interfacial position where they interact favorably with water and the lipid headgroups. The following two arginines (R300 and R303) interact predominantly with water and E226 in S2. Despite the absence of a structurally permanent gating pore formed by protein residues and surrounding the S4 helix, as traditionally pictured, the charged residues are located in a favorable environment and are not extensively exposed to the membrane nonpolar region. Continuum electrostatic computations indicate that the transmembrane potential sensed by the charged residues in the voltage sensor varies abruptly over the outer half of the membrane in the arginine-rich region of S4; thus, the voltage gradient or membrane electric field is “focused”. Interactions of basic residues with the lipid headgroups at the intracellular membrane-solution interface reduce the membrane thickness near the channel, resulting in an increased transmembrane field.
The Development and Impact of De Novo Circulating Antibodies in Non-Sensitized Patients after Heart Transplantation

Purpose According to the 2012 ISHLT Registry, two-thirds of patients at the time of transplant do not have circulating antibodies. For these non-sensitized patients, the incidence of post-transplant de novo antibody production has not been firmly established. Its impact on outcome in patients on routine triple drug immunosuppression has also not been determined. Methods and Materials Between 2006 and 2011, we evaluated 133 non-sensitized heart transplant patients for the development of de novo circulating antibodies [both non-specific and donor-specific antibodies (DSA)] in the first year after transplant. Blood for detection of circulating antibodies are routinely drawn at 1,3,6,12 months after heart transplant. Post-transplant outcomes assessed included 3-year survival, freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), 1-year treated cellular rejection (CR) and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Results Of the 133 non-sensitized heart transplant patients, the development of non-specific antibodies was detected in 29 (22%) patients, DSA in 10 (7.5%) patients and no antibodies in 94 (70.5%) patients. Patients with first-year DSA had significantly lower survival and a trend for less freedom from CAV. The DSA and non-specific antibody groups had less freedom from first-year treated AMR (see table). Conclusions Non-sensitized pre-transplant patients who developed first year DSA after transplant have poor outcome. Treatment of these patients with anti-humoral therapies appears warranted, but merits a randomized trial. Outcomes No Ab (n=94) Non-Specific Ab (n=29) DSA (n=10) Log-Rank p-value 3-Year Actuarial Survival 93% 93% 50% 3-Year Freedom from CAV 84% 96% 70% 0.076 1-Year Freedom from Any-Treated CR 92% 90% 90% 0.970 1-Year Freedom from Any-Treated AMR 100% 90% 90% 0.007
Solid-state devices for single-photon generation

General requirements for single-photon devices in various applications are presented and compared with experimental progress to date. The quantum information applications that currently appear the most promising require a matter qubit-enabled single-photon source, where the emitted photon state is linked to the state of a long-lived quantum system such as an electron spin. The nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond is a promising solid-state system for realizing such a device due to its long-lived electron spin coherence, optical addressability, and ability to couple to a manageable number of nuclear spins. This system is discussed in detail, and experimental results from our laboratory are shown. A critical component of such a device is an optical microcavity to enhance the coupling between the nitrogen-vacancy center and a single photon, and we discuss theoretically the requirements for achieving this enhancement.
Optimal energy management of a rural microgrid system using multi-objective optimization

Electrification of rural areas has always been a challenge. In addition, large livestock farms such as dairy farms, also face environmental problems due to inappropriate treatment of animal wastes. Therefore, improvement of the electrical system in farms vis-a-vis efficient waste management is of great importance to industry. In this paper, a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) microgrid model was built to improve system efficiency of energy utilization and lessen environmental problems caused by animal wastes based on multi-objective optimization. In this proposed model, the animal manure is used to produce biogas, which is used to feed internal combustion engines (ICEs), gas boilers, and absorption chillers. The generated electricity would offset that would otherwise be bought from main grids. PV generation is introduced to further increase the renewable fraction of energy contents. The electrical storage is also included to balance power demand and power supply. To increase system efficiency of energy utilization, coolant water from ICEs, plus their exhaust, could be utilized based on the thermal storage modeled, by inclusion of absorption refrigerator and heat exchanger. The final goal is to maximize energy output from distributed energy resources (DERs) and meanwhile minimize daily system operating cost. Extra electricity generated beyond the load demand could be used to charge battery storage. In this way, system energy cost is reduced with energy system improvement and reconfiguration, and surrounding environmental problems due to animal wastes are also lessened.
Magnetic relaxation-based platform for multiplexed assays

We explore the use of magnetic relaxation sensors as an in vitro assay platform. Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles that exhibit transverse relaxation time (T2) changes with the introduction of an analyte have previously been used to detect proteins, antibodies, receptor ligands, peptides, nucleic acids, oligonucleotides, and other small molecules. The standard procedure for sensitizing particles towards specific targets is, however, time-consuming and cumbersome. We report here a new approach that exploits primary–secondary antibody binding for easily derivatizing particles against specific targets. The assay is shown to be quantitative and a multiplexed assay against three target analytes is demonstrated.
Photostability of kainic acid in seawater.

The environmental degradation of a mixture of domoic acid (DA) and kainic acid (KA) in seawater with and without added transition metals is reported. The association constants for kainic acid with FeIII and CuII were determined using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; K1,FeIII = 2.27 × 1012, K2,FeIII = 8.99 × 108, K1,CuII = 1.38 × 1010, and K2,CuII = 4.35 × 107). The photochemical half-life of kainic acid has been determined to be significantly longer (40–100 h) than that of domoic acid in corresponding marine systems (12–34 h). The significance of this finding was highlighted by a comparison of the quantification of a mixture of kainic and domoic acids during photodegradation by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) techniques and the widely used competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA; Biosense Laboratories) method. The MS-based analysis showed that approximately 50% of the DA was photodegraded within 15 h. In contrast, the domoic acid cELISA assay reported that the co...
Decreased expression of Mac-2 (carbohydrate binding protein 35) and loss of its nuclear localization are associated with the neoplastic progression of colon carcinoma.

Abstract The Mac-2 lectin (carbohydrate binding protein 35) is a soluble, 32- to 35-kDa phosphoprotein that binds galactose-containing glycoconjugates. We report here that the colonic epithelium is a major site of Mac-2 expression in vivo based on immunohistochemistry of human tissue specimens. In this epithelium, proliferating cells at the base of the crypts do not express Mac-2 but its expression increases with differentiation along the crypt-to-surface axis. Mac-2 expression is concentrated in the nuclei of these differentiated epithelial cells. The progression from normal mucosa to adenoma to carcinoma is associated with significant changes in Mac-2 nuclear localization and expression. In all adenomas (9/9) and carcinomas (13/13) examined, Mac-2 was not present in the nucleus but was localized in the cytoplasm. Sequencing of Mac-2 cDNAs from normal mucosa and carcinoma revealed no specific mutations that could account for this loss of nuclear localization. We also observed a 5- to 10-fold decrease in Mac-2 mRNA levels in cancer compared to normal mucosa as well as a significant reduction in the amount of Mac-2 protein expressed. These observations suggest that Mac-2 exclusion from the nucleus and its decreased expression may be related to the neoplastic progression of colon cancer.
Modeling Disjoining Pressures in Submicrometer Liquid-Filled Cylindrical Geometries.

Abstract This work develops models for calculating the disjoining pressures of a cylindrical fluid “plug”, specifically in submicrometer cylindrical pores. This modeling produces closed-form, cylindrical-pore disjoining pressures for London/van der Waals and solute/pore-wall adsorption interactions, which are the slit-pore models with the characteristic pore size replaced by the radius and multiplied by 6, resulting in a 48-fold or more increase in magnitude. In addition, this work contains a numerical solution for electrostatic interactions. The result of the numerical solution was a 9-fold increase in the modeled disjoining pressure compared to that in the slit-pore model. The cylindrical models may apply to the chemical coating of the interior walls of cylindrical pores or to the thermodynamics within droplets after the breakup of a fluid coating a surface. However, the application used as the base case in this paper is the extension of transport and thermodynamic laws for porous media, previously developed with capillary pressure models, to fully saturated porous media with submicrometer-sized pores. As such, the models could apply to mass transport in ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse-osmosis membranes.
Barriers to a trial of atherosclerosis prevention in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective The effectiveness of aggressive management of traditional risk factors for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been advocated but not proven. We conducted a pilot, randomized, controlled trial of known prevention medications (pravastatin, ramipril, aspirin, and a combination B vitamin) plus individualized cardiovascular prevention education. We describe our experience in recruiting and retaining patients with SLE in this trial. Methods Patients with SLE by American College of Rheumatology criteria who lived within 1 hour of the hospital and had visits within the past 3 years were screened. All eligible patients were contacted by the principal investigator who was not their physician. The reasons for nonparticipation were elicited in a nonjudgmental manner. Results A total of 662 patients met the selection criteria for the study. Of these, 295 patients (45%) with contraindications to study medications were excluded. Ninety-seven (40%) of 244 eligible patients refused to participate. More than 40% of those phoned were unwilling to participate and, among those, 19% felt they were too sick, too well, or taking too many medications already. A total of 41 patients were enrolled in the trial, and 22 dropped out within 4 months. Conclusion SLE is a chronic disease, and the development and testing of interventions aimed at the prevention of long-term sequelae are of paramount importance. Prevention trials in SLE face serious challenges, including the recruitment and retention of participants. Our experience provides insights into the barriers to participation in randomized prevention trials in SLE.
Education: The personal computer invades higher education: College students will be using their computers for tasks ranging from sending `Dear Dad: Send money ¿¿ messages to editing term papers

Discusses the increasing usage of personal computers by students of technology in the United States.
Cell protrusions and tethers: a unified approach.

Low pulling forces applied locally to cell surface membranes produce viscoelastic cell surface protrusions. As the force increases, the membrane can locally separate from the cytoskeleton and a tether forms. Tethers can grow to great lengths exceeding the cell diameter. The protrusion-to-tether transition is known as the crossover. Here we propose a unified approach to protrusions and tethers providing, to our knowledge, new insights into their biomechanics. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a crossover to occur, a formula for predicting the crossover time, conditions for a tether to establish a dynamic equilibrium (characterized by constant nonzero pulling force and tether extension rate), a general formula for the tether material after crossover, and a general modeling method for tether pulling experiments. We introduce two general protrusion parameters, the spring constant and effective viscosity, valid before and after crossover. Their first estimates for neutrophils are 50 pN μm−1 and 9 pN s μm−1, respectively. The tether elongation after crossover is described as elongation of a viscoelastic-like material with a nonlinearly decaying spring (NLDs-viscoelastic material). Our model correctly describes the results of the published protrusion and tether pulling experiments, suggesting that it is universally applicable to such experiments.
LACK OF THYMIC EFFECT ON WOUND HEALING.

SummaryTensile strength and rate of contraction of standard wounds were comparable in neonatally thymectomized and intact control Sprague-Dawley rats. Quantitative and qualitative histochemical and histological estimation of fibrillar, substrate and exudative stages of wounding were also similar. It is concluded that lymphocytes exert no thymus-dependent immunologic influence on this type of inflammatory response.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) op adsorbed zinc on amorphous hydrous ferric oxide

Abstract The adsorption of Zn on amorphous hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) was monitored using both solution measurements of the non-absorbed Zn and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of the adsorbed Zn. Solution results suggest that, at low adsorption densities and/or low pH's, the mechanism of Zn adsorption may be similar to the adsorption of Cd, Cu and Pb. However, at higher adsorption densities and higher pH's, there is an apparent change in Zn speciation. Chemical shift and adsorbate thickness values derived from XPS provide information on the mechanism of the surface adsorption of Zn. The XPS studies show that submonolayer coverages of Zn are largely chemically adsorbed at solution pH's less than 6.5, while at higher pH's the Zn is partially hydrolyzed to form a surface layer containing physisorbed Zn(OH)2 which may exceed monolayer thicknesses.
Control of retinal isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin in the high-intensity regime

A learning algorithm was used to manipulate optical pulse shapes and optimize retinal isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin, for excitation levels up to 1.8 × 1016 photons per square centimeter. Below 1/3 the maximum excitation level, the yield was not sensitive to pulse shape. Above this level the learning algorithm found that a Fourier-transform-limited (TL) pulse maximized the 13-cis population. For this optimal pulse the yield increases linearly with intensity well beyond the saturation of the first excited state. To understand these results we performed systematic searches varying the chirp and energy of the pump pulses while monitoring the isomerization yield. The results are interpreted including the influence of 1-photon and multiphoton transitions. The population dynamics in each intermediate conformation and the final branching ratio between the all-trans and 13-cis isomers are modified by changes in the pulse energy and duration.
Issues in Vapor Phase Lubrication of Magnetic Data Storage Media

Vapor phase lubrication (VPL) integrates media lubrication with the vacuum processing steps used throughout most of the hard disk media fabrication process. This avoids exposure of the unlubricated a-CHx overcoat surface to the ambient air and airborne contamination. In vapor lubrication the a-CHx surface can be oxidized under controlled conditions immediately prior to lubricant adsorption. The kinetics of a-CHx oxidation have been studied using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy in an apparatus that allows oxidation of freshly deposited a-CHx films. The dissociative sticking coefficient of oxygen is ∼10−6 and the initial oxidation kinetics can be described by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Advances in Multiscale modeling and characterization of granular matter

In this paper we report some key advances in the characterization and modelling of granular matter. Recent developments on experimental and imaging techniques (X-ray CT, 3D-DIC) are allowing modellers to leverage the rich information encoded at subscales that are inherent to sands and other geologic and granular materials. One of the major outcomes from these joint efforts is the development of novel multiscale computational frameworks that are able to bypass phenomenological laws by extracting fundamental sets of information at lower scales that are then used to enrich continuum plasticity models embedded in finite element codes. The effectiveness of one of these promising techniques is showcased by two examples: one linking discrete element computations with finite elements and another example linking a triaxial compression experiment using computed tomography and digital image correlation with finite element computation. In both cases, dilatancy and friction are used as a fundamental set of information and are obtained directly from grain kinematics. The results show three-dimensional multiscale results in the post-bifurcation regime with real materials and good quantitative agreement with experiments for the very first time.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in the Emergency Department: Case Series and Literature Review

Introduction: Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) often has variable presentations and causes, with common radiographic features—namely posterior white matter changes on magnetic resonance (MRI). As MRI becomes a more frequently utilized imaging modality in the Emergency Department, PRES will become an entity that the Emergency Physician must be aware of and be able to diagnose. Case Report: We report three cases of PRES, all of which presented to the emergency department of a single academic medical center over a short period of time, including a 53-year-old woman with only relative hypertension, a 69-year-old woman who ultimately died, and a 46-year-old woman who had a subsequent intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Conclusion: PRES is likely much more common than previously thought and is a diagnosis that should be considered in a wide variety of emergency department patient presentations. [West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(1):–0.]
Turn-off failures in individual and paralleled MCT's

A turn-off failure mode in individual MOS-controlled thyristors (MCTs), initiated by a long gate voltage rise-time, is identified and analyzed. It is shown to be caused by turn-off current crowding in the MCT. In addition, a differential failure mode in paralleled devices is demonstrated in which the slower of the two MCTs fails to turn off. This is caused by the increase in anode current through the slower device and the decrease in gate voltage rise-time due to the MCTs Miller capacitance.
Steady flow in an aneurysm model: correlation between fluid dynamics and blood platelet deposition.

Laminar and turbulent numerical simulations of steady flow in an aneurysm model were carried out over Reynolds numbers ranging from 300 to 3600. The numerical simulations are validated with Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) measure­ ments, and used to study the fluid dynamic mechanisms that characterize aneurysm deterioration, by correlating them to in vitro blood platelet deposition results. It is shown that the recirculation zone formed inside the aneurysm cavity creates condi­ tions that promote thrombus formation and the viability of rupture. Wall shear stress values in the recirculation zone are around one order of magnitude less than in the entrance zone. The point of reattachment at the distal end of the aneurysm is charac­ terized by a pronounced wall shear stress peak. As the Reynolds number increases in laminar flow, the center of the recirculation region migrates toward the distal end of the aneurysm, increasing the pressure at the reattachment point. Under fully turbulent flow conditions (Re = 3600) the recirculation zone inside the aneurysm shrinks considerably. The wall shear stress values are almost one order of magnitude larger than those for the laminar cases. The fluid dynamics mechanisms inferred from the numerical simulation were correlated with measurements of blood platelet deposition, offering useful explanations for the different morphologies of the platelet deposition curves.
Lightning protection certification for high explosives facilities at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

This paper presents an innovation in lighting safety certification, and a description of its implementation for high explosives processing and storage facilities at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Lightning rods have proven useful in the protection of wooden structures; however, modern structures made of rebar, concrete, and the like, require fresh thinking. Our process involves a rigorous and unique approach to lightning safety for modern buildings, where the internal voltages and currents are quantified and the risk assessed. To follow are the main technical aspects of lightning protection for modern structures and these methods comply with the requirements of the National Fire Protection Association, the National Electrical Code, and the Department of Energy. At the date of this release, we have certified over 70 HE processing and storage cells at our Site 300 facility.
High-precision frequency-domain measurements of the optical properties of turbid media

We report high-precision measurements of the absorption and the reduced scattering coefficients for turbid media. Using a frequency-domain measurement technique for a point-source infinite-medium geometry, we find that the standard deviations of multiple measurements of the absorption coefficient mu(a) and the reduced scattering coefficient mu(s)(?) are less than 0.6%, and three independently derived values for mu(a) and mu(s)(?) agree to better than 1%. Measurements of mu(a) agree with measurements of a nonscattering medium to within 1.2%. To obtain high precision requires attention to proper conditions for the spherical photon-density wave model, the detection linearity, and the ratio of the absorption rate to the source modulation rate. Frequency-domain amplitude and phase measurements deviate from fitted curves by 0.1% and 0.06 degrees rms, respectively.
Capillary Filtration in the Small Intestine of the Dog

The purpose of these studies was to determine the capillary filtration coefficient of the small intestine of anesthetized dogs by the gravimetric technique. Capillary filtration was produced by elevating venous pressure. Filtration rate increased as venous pressure was increased but the relation between the two was not proportional. At venous pressures greater than 10 mm Hg, filtration rate tended to reach a limit. As a consequence, the filtration coefficient decreased at higher pressures. Mean capillary pressure was estimated by the isogravimetric technique. When capillary pressure was 10 mm Hg, the filtration coefficient averaged 0.37 ml/min per 100 g and decreased to 0.11 when capillary pressure was elevated to 20 mm Hg. The reduction in filtration coefficient at high capillary pressures was apparently due to closure of precapillary sphincters.
Gene expression profiles in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen dramatically in the last two decades. As with other malignancies, changes in gene expression play a key role in the development and progression of these tumors. Methods Microarray analysis was used to study gene expression of 12,000 genes in EAC specimens. Adenocarcinoma tissue samples (n = 10) and controls of normal stomach (n = 6) and esophageal (n = 7) mucosa were collected fresh, then rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) from the samples was isolated, reverse transcribed, and used to generate biotin-labeled mRNA fragments, which were hybridized to Affymetrix U95 gene chips (AME Bioscience, Norway) for analysis. Additional samples analyzed included tissue containing dysplastic Barrett's epithelium from three patients, metastatic lymph nodes from two patients with EAC, one squamous carcinoma, and two esophageal cancer cell lines. Samples were segregated into groups with similar patterns of gene expression using clustering algorithms and gene sets that differentiated tumors from normal tissue were generated. Results There were 150 genes that were fourfold up regulated and 183 genes that were fourfold down regulated in the esophageal adenocarcinoma specimens, as compared to normal esophageal mucosa tissue controls. Using paired specimens (n = 5) and the paired t -test ( p Value of 0.05) as a filter, only 64 genes were fourfold up regulated and 110 were fourfold down regulated. These groups included cytoskeletal, cell adhesion, tumor suppressor, and signal transduction genes. Hierarchical clustering segregated the samples into the expected divisions. The esophageal cancer cell lines, OE19 and OE33, clustered separately from the EAC specimens. Extremely high gene expression levels of the ERBB2 gene, seen in the microarray analysis of the 2 cell lines, correlated with amplification of the gene determined by Southern blotting. Conclusions Gene expression patterns from a small subset of genes distinguish EAC specimens from normal controls. This technique can rapidly identify genes for targeted chemotherapeutic approaches to cancer treatment.
Lysine Requirement of White Leghorn Pullets From 8 to 21 Weeks of Age

White Leghorn pullets were fed rations in which the protein supplementary to that provided by the grain portion of the ration was derived from soybean meal, meat and bone meal, anchovy fish meal or cottonseed meal from 8 to 21 weeks of age. Protein levels were varied so that each protein supplement was tested in a feeding program in which pullets received 16% protein diets from 8 to 14 weeks and 14% protein from 14 to 21 weeks and in another feeding program in which 14% protein was fed from 8 to 14 weeks and 12% protein from 14 to 21 weeks. Each of the developing rations contained sufficient nutrient to enable pullets to develop and attain high rate of laying performance. The 14% and 12% protein cottonseed meal diets contained only 0.50% and 0.45% lysine respectively. Thus the lysine requirement of White Leghorn pullets from 8 to 14 weeks and from 14 to 21 weeks is not over 0.50% and 0.45% respectively.
An Examination of the Leaving Home Transition for Children of Alcoholics and Their Families: A Comparison of Latino and Non-Latino European Americans

Researchers examined whether ethnicity alters the risk for difficulty in the transition out the home among children of alcoholics (COAs). We tested this question in a community based, longitudinal sample of 705 COAs and matched with non-COA controls as well as their parents. Latino COAs were less likely to leave home than were Euro-American COAs. Ethnicity and COA status independently influenced young adult and parental experiences of the transition out of the home. Compared with Euro-American controls, Latino families reported more difficulty and feelings of abandonment in the transition out of the home regardless of COA status. Although COA status increased risk for greater difficulty in the transition among Euro-American young adults, Latinos experienced the transition out of the home similarly regardless of COA status. Future studies examining normative family transitions in at-risk populations should incorporate ethnicity in their models as culture and at-risk status may both influence these transitions.
Role of rapid photothermal processing in environmentally conscious semiconductor manufacturing

Compliance with the increasingly stringent environmental laws will force the phasing out of conventional methods for the manufacture of all semiconductor devices. Development of processes with the highest possible material and energy efficiencies is the heart of the present ecological preservation efforts. Besides other benefits, rapid isothermal processing (RIP) also uses less energy than furnace processing. Further increase of material and energy efficiencies is possible by using rapid photothermal processing. Central to this method is the use of quantum photoeffects in conventional RIP systems. This approach can be consolidated with advanced chemical vapor deposition methods that further lower the wastages leading to systems that can give significant improvements over those presently used. Key experimental results and possible future directions are presented.
Determining longest common subsequences of two sequences on a linear array of processors

This paper presents special-purpose linear array processor architecture for determining longest common subsequences (LCS) of two sequences. The algorithm uses systolic and pipelined architectures suitable for VLSI implementation. The algorithms are also suitable for implementation on parallel machines. The author first develops a 'greedy' algorithm to determine some of the LCS and then proposes a generalization to determine all LCS of the given pair of sequences. Earlier hardware algorithms were concerned with determining only the length of LCS or the edit distance of two sequences. >
Variations in the response of enzyme-dissociated rat pituitary cells to thyrotropin releasing hormone.

Abstract While exploring the interaction between thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and normal rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture we observed that cells dissociated with the use of trypsin did not respond to TRH with an increase in either TSH or prolactin (PRL) release. The dissociated cells were cultured for 3 days, then washed to remove serum proteins and exposed to 10−6M TRH for 3 hours. TSH and PRL secretion from stimulated and unstimulated cultures was determined by radio-immunoassay and normalized using cell protein. When such trypsin-dissociated cells were exposed to 0.5 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP the release of both TSH and PRL doubled indicating that the intracellular secretory machinery was functional and that the block to TRH was proximal to the formation of cyclic AMP and presumably at the level of a TRH surface receptor. Previous studies have shown that such trypsin-dissociated cells respond to LHRH and a crude hypothalamic extract with a dose dependent increase in LH, FSH and ACTH release. This rules out a non-specific effect of trypsin. When pituitary cells were dissociated with a non-trypsin technique, the unstimulated release of both TSH and PRL was comparable to that found with the trypsin-dissociated cultures. However, these cultures did respond to TRH with an increase in TSH release although again no effect was seen with PRL. The susceptibility of the cells to trypsin suggests the possibility that a protein moiety may be closely associated with the function of the receptor.
High-fidelity Simulation in Teaching Problem Solving to 1st-Year Nursing Students

Abstract Background The efficacy of using high-fidelity simulation to facilitate 1st-year nursing students' learning of problem-solving skills has not been established. Method The authors tested the efficacy of using high-fidelity simulation to facilitate understanding of problem-solving skills among 1st-year nursing students. Knowledge and attitude changes were evaluated using pre- and posttests. Results/Conclusions Of students who completed the pre- and postsimulation assessments, 82% showed a significant gain in knowledge. All students (114) showed a significant positive difference for multiple attitudinal items, including critical thinking skills, overall nursing knowledge, confidence, and communication. Facilitating acquisition of problem solving through the use of high-fidelity simulation is effective and welcomed by all participants in this study cohort. More research is needed to determine the long-term effects of this method.
DEFINING AND MEASURING SEXUAL ORIENTATION : A REVIEW

How to define and identify sexual orientations for the purpose of constructing representative samples of homosexuals, bisexuals, and heterosexuals is unclear and confusing to researchers. Different definitions and measures have been proposed and used to develop samples since the 1860s when sexual orientations first gained widespread research interest. Unfortunately, the definitions and measurement tools used since men result in the selection of divergent and incomparable samples. If advances in the understanding of sexual orientations are to be made, it is critical that definitions and measures of sexual orientation be standardized. This paper reviews and critiques definitions and measures of sexual orientation mat have been proposed and used by researchers over the past century. This review is intended to further our understanding of this subject and to encourage researchers to be critical of how they classify subjects based upon sexual orientation.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTRACELLULAR LIPID BINDING PROTEINS OF ADIPOCYTES

Adipocytes express two lipid-binding proteins; the major one termed the adipocyte lipid-binding protein or aP2 (ALBP/aP2) and a minor one referred to as the keratinocyte lipid-binding protein (KLBP). In order to evaluate the potential physiological roles for these proteins, their biochemical and biophysical properties have been analyzed and compared. ALBP/aP2 and KLBP exhibit similar binding affinities for most long-chain fatty acids; however, ALBP/aP2 exhibits a two to three-fold increased affinity for myristic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, the predominant fatty acids of adipocytes. As measured by guanidinium hydrochloride denaturation, the stability of ALBP/aP2 is nearly 3 kcal/mol greater than that of KLBP. While the pI of ALBP/ aP2 was determined to be 9.0, that of KLBP is 6.5 suggesting differing net charges at physiological pH. Analysis of surface electrostatic properties of ALBP/aP2 and KLBP revealed similar charge polarity, although differences in the detailed charge distribution exist between the proteins. The distribution of hydrophobic patches was also different between the proteins, ALBP/ aP2 has only scattered hydrophobic surfaces while KLBP has a large hydrophobic patch near the ligand portal into the binding cavity. In sum, these results point out that despite the striking similarity between ALBP/aP2 and KLBP in tertiary structure, significant differences in ligand binding and surface properties exist between the two proteins. Hence, while it is tempting to speculate that ALBP/aP2 and KLBP are metabolically interchangeable, careful analysis suggests that the two proteins are quite distinct and likely to play unique metabolic roles. (Mol Cell Biochem 192: 33–40, 1999)
Arctic lakes are continuous methane sources to the atmosphere under warming conditions

Methane is the second most powerful carbon-based greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and its production in the natural environment through methanogenesis is positively correlated with temperature. Recent field studies showed that methane emissions from Arctic thermokarst lakes are significant and could increase by two- to four-fold due to global warming. But the estimates of this source are still poorly constrained. By using a process-based climate-sensitive lake biogeochemical model, we estimated that the total amount of methane emissions from Arctic lakes is 11.86 Tg yr−1, which is in the range of recent estimates of 7.1–17.3 Tg yr−1 and is on the same order of methane emissions from northern high-latitude wetlands. The methane emission rate varies spatially over high latitudes from 110.8 mg CH4 m−2 day−1 in Alaska to 12.7 mg CH4 m−2 day−1 in northern Europe. Under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5 future climate scenarios, methane emissions from Arctic lakes will increase by 10.3 and 16.2 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively, by the end of the 21st century.
Rating Quality: A Literature Review

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature dealing with the current topic of rating quality. Due to the close interrelation of ratings with the financial system, it is crucial to understand what exactly determines their accuracy. To provide a unique and holistic overview on central insights from recent research, I compare 122 published and working papers along two perspectives and several sub-dimensions. In particular, I show that both, internal and external forces determine the rating process, thereby either leading to an increased or a decreased level of rating quality, and moreover, I derive various implications for further research.
Teachers use of writing to support students’ learning in middle school: A national survey in the United States

A random sample of middle school teachers (grades 6–9) from across the United States was surveyed about their use of writing to support students’ learning. The selection process was stratified so there were an equal number of English language arts, social studies, and science teachers. More than one-half of the teachers reported applying 15 or more writing to learn strategies at least once a month or more often. The most commonly used writing to learn strategies were writing short answers to questions, note taking for reading, note taking while listening, and completing worksheets. While teachers reported using a variety of writing to learn strategies, most of them indicated they received minimal or no formal preparation in college on how to use writing to learn strategies to support student learning, less than one-half of teachers directly taught students how to use the writing to learn strategies commonly assigned, and the most commonly used writing to learn strategies did not require students to think deeply about the material they were learning. We further found that teachers’ reported use of writing to learn strategies was related to their preparedness and the composition of their classroom in terms of above and below average writers, English Language Learners, and students with disabilities.
Abstract 224: No Difference in Complications or Mortality by Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillator Type in Veterans Enrolled in The Outcomes Among Veterans with Implantable Devices (OVID) Registry

Introduction: Dual chamber ICD implantation has been associated with higher complication rates than single chamber ICD implantation without associated decrease in morbidity or mortality in prior reports. If this association is present using validated long term outcomes or whether the same is true for cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) devices is not well described. Methods: The OVID registry enrolled 3,918 veterans between 2003 and 2009. Retrospective chart abstraction from enrollment to implant date captured pre- and peri-procedural data. Patients were then followed prospectively until death or study conclusion. Abstraction was done by trained abstractors. Clinical outcomes and mortality were abstracted and validated. Mortality was cross referenced with the social security death index. Association of ICD type (single chamber, dual chamber, CRT-D) with mortality, non-fatal major events (major adverse cardiac events, TIA, stroke, cardiogenic syncope, cardiac hospitalization, device com...
TEM study on relationship between stacking faults and non-basal dislocations in Mg

Recent interest in the study of stacking faults and non-basal slip in Mg alloys is partly based on the argument that these phenomena positively influence mechanical behaviour. Inspection of the published literature, however, reveals that there is a lack of fundamental information on the mechanisms that govern the formation of stacking faults, especially I1-type stacking faults (I1 faults). Moreover, controversial and sometimes contradictory mechanisms have been proposed concerning the interactions between stacking faults and dislocations. Therefore, we describe a fundamental transmission electron microscope investigation on Mg 2.5 at. % Y (Mg–2.5Y) processed via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and extrusion at 623 K. In the as-HIPed Mg–2.5Y, many 〈c〉 and 〈a〉 dislocations, together with some 〈c + a〉 dislocations were documented, but no stacking faults were observed. In contrast, in the as-extruded Mg–2.5Y, a relatively high density of stacking faults and some non-basal dislocations were documented. Specifical...
Contributions by Host Trees and Insect Activity to Bacterial Communities in Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Galleries, and Their High Overlap With Other Microbial Assemblages of Bark Beetles

Bark beetles are associated with a diversity of symbiotic microbiota that can mediate interactions with their host plants. Dendroctonus valens LeConte is a widely distributed bark beetle in North and Central America, and initiates solitary attacks on several species of Pinus in the Great Lakes region. In this study, we aimed to further characterize the bacterial community associated with D. valens feeding galleries using next-generation sequencing, and the possible contributions of both tree-resident and insect-associated bacteria to these consortia. We found that D. valens galleries harbor a diversity of microbial associates. Many of these associates were classified into a few taxonomic groups, of which Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant class. Of the Gammaproteobacteria detected, many formed clades with 16S-rRNA sequences of bacteria previously associated with D. valens Many of the bacteria sequences detected in the galleries were similar to bacteria that function in detoxification, kairomone metabolism, and nitrogen fixation and cycling. The abundance of bacteria in galleries were 7× and 44× higher than in the surrounding uninfested tissues, and that were not attacked by D. valens, respectively. This suggests that the bacteria present in beetle galleries are largely introduced by D. valens and proliferate in this environment.