cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hedge Funds, Asset Allocation, and Investable Benchmarks

The author starts by observing that new attempts to create an investable hedge funds index are several. Yet, in this article, he shows that, in spite of these serious efforts, the hedge funds universe lacks the elements necessary to construct an investable index that can be used as a passive hedge fund investment vehicle. He concludes that hedge funds do not meet the tests for an asset class and do not fit into any of the classifications of asset classes proposed by Greer [1997].
The Mullins Effect in the Vibration of a Stretched Rubber Membrane

The effect of stress-softening on the small amplitude transverse vibrational frequency of a stretched rubber membrane is investigated. The fundamental frequency is determined for a general incompressible and isotropic stress-softening material. It is shown that for each fixed value of the stretch λ e (1,Λ), the fundamental frequency of the virgin material membrane is greater than the corresponding frequency of the same membrane preconditioned to a maximum previous stretch Λ. Moreover, the stress-softened membrane frequency for the same stretch decreases further with the degree of softening damage incurred upon increasing the maximum previous stretch. A specific damage function is introduced and explicit results are illustrated for three material models.
Model selection and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for ultrawideband channel modeling

Accumulative Predictive Error has been previously used for time series modeling of psychological response time data. In this paper we extend its applicabilty to the identification of tap amplitude statistics of ultrawideband communication channels. We also present channel modeling results from two other model selection techniques: Minimum Description Length and Akaike's Information Criterion. Channel models are also identified by hypothesis testing using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results agree with recent findings that Rayleigh distribution can still be used to model tap amplitude statistics of line of sight ultrawideband communication channels.
The clinical significance of cereblon expression in multiple myeloma

Cereblon (CRBN) mediates immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) action in multiple myeloma (MM). We demonstrate here that no patient with very low CRBN expression responded to IMiD plus dexamethasone therapy. In 53 refractory MM patients treated with pomalidomide and dexamethasone, CRBN levels predict for decreased response rates and significant differences in PFS (3.0 vs. 8.9 months, p < 0.001) and OS (9.1 vs. 27.2 months, p = 0.01) (lowest quartile vs. highest three quartiles). While higher CRBN levels can serve as a surrogate for low risk disease, our study demonstrates that low CRBN expression can predict resistance to IMiD monotherapy and is a predictive biomarker for survival outcomes.
The RB/E2F pathway and regulation of RNA processing

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) is inactivated in a majority of cancers. RB restricts cell proliferation by inhibiting the E2F family of transcription factors. The current model for RB/E2F function describes its role in regulating transcription at gene promoters. Whether the RB or E2F proteins might play a role in gene expression beyond transcription initiation is not well known. This review describes evidence that points to a novel role for the RB/E2F network in the regulation of RNA processing, and we propose a model as a framework for future research. The elucidation of a novel role of RB in RNA processing will have a profound impact on our understanding of the role of this tumor suppressor family in cell and developmental biology.
Interplay of genetic risk factors and parent monitoring in risk for nicotine dependence

BACKGROUND: Several studies have found replicable associations between nicotine dependence and specific variants in the nicotinic receptor genes CHRNA5(rs16969968) and CHRNA3(rs3743078). How these newly identified genetic risks combine with known environmental risks is unknown. This study examined whether the level of parent monitoring during early adolescence modified the risk of nicotine dependence associated with these genetic variants. METHODS: In a cross-sectional case control study of US-based community sample of 2027 subjects, we use a systematic series of regression models to examine the effect of parent monitoring on risk associated with two distinct variants in the nicotinic receptor genes CHRNA5(rs16969968) and CHRNA3(rs3743078). RESULTS: Low parent monitoring as well as the previously identified genetic variants were associated with an increased risk of nicotine dependence. An interaction was found between the SNP(rs16969968) and parent monitoring (p=0.034). The risk for nicotine dependence increased significantly with the risk genotype of SNP(rs16969968) when combined with lowest quartile parent monitoring. In contrast, there was no evidence of an interaction between SNP(rs3743078) and parent monitoring (p=0.80). CONCLUSIONS: The genetic risk of nicotine dependent associated with rs16969968 was modified by level of parent monitoring, while the genetic risk associated with rs3743078 was not, suggesting that the increased risk due to some genes may be mitigated by environmental factors such as parent monitoring.
The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood meningitis mortality: a systematic review

Two of the most prevalent causes of severe bacterial meningitis in children, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, are preventable by existing vaccines increasingly available in developing countries. Our objective was to estimate the dose-specific effect of Hib and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) on childhood meningitis mortality in low-income countries for use in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). We systematically searched and reviewed published vaccine efficacy trials and observational studies reporting the effect of Hib or PCV vaccines on organism-specific meningitis, bacterial meningitis and all-cause meningitis incidence and mortality among children less than five years old in low- and middle-income countries. Data collection and quality assessments were performed using standardized guidelines. For outcomes available across multiple studies (≥2) and approximating meningitis mortality, we pooled estimates reporting dose-specific effects using random effects meta-analytic methods, then combined these with meningitis etiology data to determine the preventable fraction of childhood meningitis mortality for inclusion in LiST. We identified 18 studies of Hib conjugate vaccines reporting relevant meningitis morbidity and mortality outcomes (2 randomized controlled trials [RCTs], 16 observational studies) but few provided dose-specific effects. A meta-analysis of four case-control studies examined the dose-specific effect of Hib conjugate vaccines on Hib meningitis morbidity (1 dose: RR=0.64, 95% CI 0.38-1.06; 2 doses: RR=0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.27; 3 doses: RR=0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.22), consistent with results from single RCTs. Pooled estimates of two RCTs provided evidence for the effect of three doses of PCV on vaccine-serotype meningitis morbidity (RR=0.16, 95% CI 0.02-1.20). We considered these outcomes of severe disease as proxy estimates for meningitis mortality and combined the estimates of protective effects with meningitis etiology data to provide an estimate of the preventable fraction of childhood meningitis mortality with three doses of Hib (38-43%) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (28-35%) for use in LiST. Few RCTs or vaccine effectiveness studies evaluated the dose-specific impact of Hib and PCV vaccines on childhood meningitis mortality, necessitating use of proxy measures to estimate population impact in LiST. Our analysis indicates that approximately three-quarters of meningitis deaths are preventable with existing Hib and PCV vaccines.
Ultrastructural evidence for increased incidence of exocytosis in the stimulated adrenal medulla of the cat.

Abstract An ultrastructural study of the adrenal medulla of the cat was done to determine quantitatively if catecholamine secretion was accomplished by an increase in the incidence of exocytosis. An intra-arterial infusion of acetycholine, which stimulated a release of catecholamine from the adrenal, caused a 3-fold increase in the number of catecholamine-containing granular vesicles fused to the cell membrane. The vesicles involved were communicating directly with the extracellular space, and it appeared that the soluble components (catecholamines, adenine nucleotides and protein) of the granule could easily pass out of the cell. When evoked catecholamine secretion was blocked by pretreating the animals with hexamethonium, the increase was not observed. Exocytosis from the epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) cell types was proportional to the ratio of E and NE secreted. This electron microscopic study seemed to confirm directly the hypothesis that catecholamines are released from the adrenal medulla by exocytosis.
Quality of Life After an Esophagectomy

Specialized centers have reduced the adverse outcomes associated with esophagectomy in the last 2 decades and now report operative mortalities of less than 5%. With the expanding use of screening endoscopy, early invasive esophageal adenocarcinoma is diagnosed more commonly. As a result, more patients enjoy long-term survival after curative resection. Simultaneously, emerging evidence supports the equivalence of competing endoscopic therapies for treatment of very early cancers and benign diseases. Accordingly, surgical resection requires re-evaluation using enhanced parameters to enable more meaningful comparative outcome analyses. This article summarizes the current evidence and examines future directions regarding esophagectomy quality of life.
Chromium(II) chloride reduction of α,β-unsaturated nitroalkenes. a facile route to carbonyl compounds.

Abstract α,β-Unsaturated nitroalkenes are readily reduced by chromium(II) chloride to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in good yields.
5335577 Method and apparatus for preventing hazardous explosion of ammonium nitrate

A one-shot thermal fuse mounted directly on the casing of a centrifugal pump to prevent overheating and concentration of ammonium nitrate. The thermal fuse is screwed into a standard pipe coupling welded to a designated location on the pump casing. The thermal fuse has an electrical contact connected in the pump control circuit. A compressed spring is prevented from urging the electrical contact into an open position by a pellet of fusible material which is designed to melt at a desired threshold temperature below the temperature at which ammonium nitrate explodes. If the heat produced by the pump melts the pellet of fusible material, the spring is released, thereby opening the electrical contact and shutting off the pump. Alternatively, the temperature-sensitive element mounted on the pump casing can be a thermocouple or a temperature switch having a bimetallic element.
Venous Access Ports: Indications, Implantation Technique, Follow-Up, and Complications

The subcutaneous venous access device (SVAD or “port”) is a critical component in the care of patients with chronic disease. The modern SVAD provides reliable access for blood withdrawal and medication administration with minimal disruption to a patient’s lifestyle. Because of improved materials and catheter technology, today’s ports are lighter and stronger and capable of high-pressure injections of contrast for cross-sectional imaging. The majority of SVAD placement occurs in interventional radiology departments due to their ability to provide this service at lower costs, lower, complication rates, and greater volumes. Port-insertion techniques vary depending on the operator, but all consist of catheter placement in the central venous circulation followed by subcutaneous pocket creation and port attachment to the catheter with fixation and closure of the pocket. Venous access challenges occasionally occur in patients with central vein occlusions, necessitating catheterization of collateral veins or port placement in alternate locations. Complications of SVADs include those associated with the procedure as well as short- (<30 days) and long-term problems. Procedural and early complications are quite rare due to the near-universal use of real-time ultrasound guidance for vein puncture, but they can include hematoma, catheter malposition, arrhythmias, and pneumothorax. Late problems include both thrombotic complications (native venous or port-catheter thrombosis) and infections (tunnel or pocket infections or catheter-associated bloodstream infections). Most guidelines suggest that 0.3 infections/1000 catheter days is an appropriate upper threshold for the insertion of SVADs.
Flavin-Dependent Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductase from Salmonella typhimurium. 1. Purification and Enzymatic Activities of Overexpressed AhpF and AhpC Proteins†

The two components, AhpF and AhpC, of the Salmonella typhimurium alkyl hydroperoxide reductase enzyme system have been overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli for investigations of their catalytic properties. Recombinant proteins were isolated in high yield (25−33 mg per liter of bacterial culture) and were shown to impart a high degree of protection against killing by cumene hydroperoxide to the host E. coli cells. We have developed quantitative enzymatic assays for AhpF alone and for the combined AhpF/AhpC system which have allowed us to address such issues as substrate specificity and inhibition by thiol reagents for each protein. All assays gave identical results whether overexpressed S. typhimurium proteins from E. coli or proteins isolated directly from S. typhimurium were used. Anaerobic hydroperoxide reductase assays have demonstrated that cumene hydroperoxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, and hydrogen peroxide can all be reduced by the combined enzyme system. AhpF possesses multiple pyridine nuc...
Circulating Tumor Cells from Prostate Cancer Patients Interact with E-Selectin under Physiologic Blood Flow

Hematogenous metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths, yet the mechanism remains unclear. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood may employ different pathways to cross blood endothelial barrier and establish a metastatic niche. Several studies provide evidence that prostate cancer (PCa) cell tethering and rolling on microvascular endothelium via E-selectin/E-selectin ligand interactions under shear flow theoretically promote extravasation and contribute to the development of metastases. However, it is unknown if CTCs from PCa patients interact with E-selectin expressed on endothelium, initiating a route for tumor metastases. Here we report that CTCs derived from PCa patients showed interactions with E-selectin and E-selectin expressing endothelial cells. To examine E-selectin-mediated interactions of PCa cell lines and CTCs derived from metastatic PCa patients, we used fluorescently-labeled anti-prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody J591-488 which is internalized following cell-surface binding. We employed a microscale flow device consisting of E-selectin-coated microtubes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on parallel-plate flow chamber simulating vascular endothelium. We observed that J591-488 did not significantly alter the rolling behavior in PCa cells at shear stresses below 3 dyn/cm2. CTCs obtained from 31 PCa patient samples showed that CTCs tether and stably interact with E-selectin and E-selectin expressing HUVECs at physiological shear stress. Interestingly, samples collected during disease progression demonstrated significantly more CTC/E-selectin interactions than samples during times of therapeutic response (p=0.016). Analysis of the expression of sialyl Lewis X (sLex) in patient samples showed that a small subset comprising 1.9-18.8% of CTCs possess high sLex expression. Furthermore, E-selectin-mediated interactions between prostate CTCs and HUVECs were diminished in the presence of anti-E-selectin neutralizing antibody. CTC-Endothelial interactions provide a novel insight into potential adhesive mechanisms of prostate CTCs as a means to initiate metastasis.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Universal Killer Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium UK-1 (ATCC 68169)

The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain UK-1 exhibits the highest invasion and virulence attributes among the most frequently studied strains. S. Typhimurium UK-1 has been used as the foundation for developing recombinant vaccines and has been used extensively on virulence and colonization studies in chickens and mice. We describe here the complete genome sequence of S. Typhimurium UK-1. Comparative genomics of Salmonella Typhimurium will provide insight into factors that determine virulence and invasion.
HERMAPHRODISM: RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING CASE MANAGEMENT

Many a physician might understandably be nonplussed upon being presented for the first time with a case like the following: C.L. (HLH#B-6544), aged 6 years and 2 months, living as a boy, had been referred to he pediatric endocrine clinic of the Harriet Lane Home from another hospital where a diagnosis of female pseudohermaphrodism due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia had been established two years earlier.1 Recommendations were sought regarding future management; the question of a reassignment of sex was raised. The parents gave a story of harrowing indecision following the child's birth. Originally given a girl's name, the baby was 6 months old when a specialist consultant unequivocally declared the child to be a cryptorchid hypospadiac male. Laparotomy was not performed at that time and the appearance of pubic hair was dismissed as unimportant. Thenceforth the child's legal status was changed to that of a male and he was given a boy's name. At the age of 6, should this child have been left to live as a...
Automated handling of programmable on-product clock generation (OPCG) circuitry for delay test vector generation

Although on-product clock generation (OPCG) has been used for many years, often in conjunction with logic and memory BIST, it has usually been a very manual process to identify the cut-points and the OPCG behavior to ATPG tools so they can avoid dealing directly with the OPCG logic. To support programmable OPCG logic in an ASIC methodology flow required us to find a way to automate the handling of the OPCG logic and the various clocking sequences it can produce. This paper describes how we provide a means for dealing with the programmable aspects of OPCG for use during ATPG and shows some results.
Coupling Structure for Intrachip Optical Global Communication: Design and Simulation

Hybrid optical interconnects are a potential solution to the density, latency and power consumption issues of on-chip global wires. Simulations and analysis of an efficient coupling scheme for a MQW modulator-based waveguide fabric are presented.
The reliability of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in shock environments

As a first step toward formulating guidelines for the design of dynamically reliable MEMS, we analyze the mechanical response of, and formulate failure criteria for, a large class of shock loaded microsystems. MEMS are modeled as microstructures attached to elastic substrates, and the shocks are modeled as pulses of acceleration applied to the substrate over a finite time duration. The relevant time scales in the analysis are the acoustic transit time, the time period of vibrations, and the duration of the applied shock load. For many MEMS structures and shock loads (with durations in the range 50-5000 /spl mu/s), the substrates respond as rigid bodies and are expected to be immune to stress-wave-induced damage. Time-domain criteria, obtained to distinguish between the impulse, resonant, and quasistatic responses of the microstructures, correlate well with the experimentally observed responses of different MEMS devices. The formulation of displacement-based and stress-based failure criteria is discussed, along with their sensitivity to the applied strain rate. A case study, in which these results are applied to evaluate the reliability of a packaged surface-micromachined device, is presented.
Disease control and toxicity outcomes using ruthenium eye plaque brachytherapy in the treatment of uveal melanoma

Abstract Purpose Ruthenium-106 ( 106 Ru) eye plaques have the potential to achieve excellent tumor control with acceptable radiation toxicity. We evaluated our experience in the management of uveal melanoma treated with 106 Ru brachytherapy. Methods and materials The records of 40 patients with uveal melanoma treated with brachytherapy using 106 Ru plaques from 2003 to 2007 at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed. Endpoints assessed included tumor control and toxicity. Results Median ophthalmologic follow-up was 67 months. Actuarial 5-year rates of local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 97%, 94%, and 92%. There were 3 deaths, 2 related to melanoma. Fifteen patients experienced clinically significant visual loss; no patients were diagnosed with neovascular glaucoma, and 1 patient developed a clinically significant radiation-associated cataract. No patient required enucleation. Conclusions We report the largest published US cohort of patients treated with 106 Ru plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma. Tumor control was excellent, and toxicity was acceptably low. These data support the reintroduction of 106 Ru into clinical practice for ocular melanoma.
Modelling and optimization of a bioremediation system utilizing silica gel encapsulated whole-cell biocatalyst

Abstract In this study, a 3-step design and optimization method is presented for a bioremediation system utilizing silica gel encapsulated whole-cell biocatalyst. Characterization experiments were conducted to determine the parameters of a steady state reaction/diffusion model for encapsulated AtzA biocatalyst that was subsequently verified experimentally. Dimensionless numbers governing the reaction rate, the Thiele modulus (Φ) and effectiveness factor (η), were evaluated based on the design parameters of the material, ρ (cell loading density) and Lc (characteristic length). Mechanical properties of the gel were determined as a function of ρ. Optimal values for ρ and Lc were determined for a case study, based on biocatalytic performance, mechanical properties and cost. It was found that free biocatalyst reaction kinetics are first order with k free ′ = 7.38 × 10−2 s−1/(g cells/mL) and diffusivity of atrazine in the gel increases with ρ, from 3.51 × 10−4 mm2/s up to 6.93 × 10−4 mm2/s. Modeling results showed that ∼20% of activity was lost during encapsulation. Diffusion limitations became significant (Φ > 1) when Lc exceeded 0.1–0.3 mm. The optimal catalyst radius and cell loading density were determined to be Lc = 0.2 mm and ρ = 0.11 g cells/mL gel, for an atrazine bioremediation setup with a desired effluent
Expression and phylogenetic analysis of the zic gene family in the evolution and development of metazoans.

zic genes are members of the gli/glis/nkl/zic super-family of C2H2 zinc finger (ZF) transcription factors. Homologs of the zic family have been implicated in patterning neural and mesodermal tissues in bilaterians. Prior to this study, the origin of the metazoan zic gene family was unknown and expression of zic gene homologs during the development of early branching metazoans had not been investigated. Phylogenetic analyses of novel zic candidate genes identified a definitive zic homolog in the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, two gli/glis/nkl- like genes in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, confirmed the presence of three gli/glis/nkl-like genes in Porifera, and confirmed the five previously identified zic genes in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. In the cnidarian N. vectensis, zic homologs are expressed in ectoderm and the gastrodermis (a bifunctional endomesoderm), in presumptive and developing tentacles, and in oral and sensory apical tuft ectoderm. The Capitella teleta zic homolog (Ct-zic) is detectable in a subset of the developing nervous system, the foregut, and the mesoderm associated with the segmentally repeated chaetae. Lastly, expression of gli and glis homologs in Mnemiopsis. leidyi is detected exclusively in neural cells in floor of the apical organ. Based on our analyses, we propose that the zic gene family arose in the common ancestor of the Placozoa, Cnidaria and Bilateria from a gli/glis/nkl-like gene and that both ZOC and ZF-NC domains evolved prior to cnidarian-bilaterian divergence. We also conclude that zic expression in neural ectoderm and developing neurons is pervasive throughout the Metazoa and likely evolved from neural expression of an ancestral gli/glis/nkl/zic gene. zic expression in bilaterian mesoderm may be related to the expression in the gastrodermis of a cnidarian-bilaterian common ancestor.
UNSUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION THE CASE OF A COMPUTER‐BASED ORDER ENTRY SYSTEM

This paper discusses results of a longitudinal field experiment to evaluate the implementation of a computer-based system. This new system includes the introduction of an optically scanned order input form and new computer programs. It is hypothesized that successful implementation would be affected by the quality of service and the personal costs and benefits to the users of the new system. The experimental results show a marked reduction in job satisfaction after implementation of the new system. The implications of the findings for the implementation of computer-based systems in general are discussed.
What Starts Inflation: Evidence from the OECD Countries

We use a pooled cross-country time series framework to study the factors associated with the start of 73 inflation episodes in OECD countries since 1960. We find that policy-makers' pursuit of high real growthtargets and national elections were important factors in initiating inflation episodes. U.S. inflation turns out to be a triggering event for simultaneous outbreaks of inflation across countries. Several other explanations for inflation starts, including increases in the natural rate of unemployment, oil price shocks, changes in the political orientation of governments, and government debt policy, are not supported by the data.
On-line delivery of continuing medical education over the World-Wide Web: an on-line needs assessment.

On-line continuing medical education (CME) courses offer at least two potential advantages: They are extremely convenient and relatively inexpensive. Before expanding our department's 2-year-old on-line category 1 accredited CME program, we conducted a survey to assess the need for more courses of this type and to document those topics of most interest to our responders.An on-line survey form was designed and linked to the home page of our departmental Web server. The 8-month survey asked whether responders were interested in earning category 1 CME hours, how many hours they desired, how much they were willing to pay for each hour, and which topics would interest them most. Responders were also asked to specify their medical practice and medical specialty. All responses were tabulated, and simple descriptive statistics were calculated.Our survey received 317 responses: 188 from physicians, 42 from radiology technologists, 11 from physician assistants and nurse practitioners, and the remainder from 26 othe...
Time-dependent cooperative assignment

The problem of assigning multiple agents to time-dependent cooperative tasks is addressed using a mixed-integer linear program. A time-dependent cooperative task is a task requiring multiple agents to perform separate sub tasks simultaneously or within some predetermined margin where agent availability to perform a subtask is limited to specific intervals in time. By separating the underlying calculation of agent availability and cost from the mechanism of assignment, a method to solve complex cooperative assignment problems can be formulated. A cooperative UAV target tracking/target prosecution scenario is presented to illustrate the assignment method.
Who pays the bill for neonatal intensive care

The Children's Hospital Newborn Emergency Service conducted 174 transports to the Newborn Center during a four-month period in 1976. The transport charge directly related to the distance between the referring hospital and the NBC. Two years after the NBC discharged the last study infant, 150 of 174 accounts had been paid in full. Insurance paid 85%, families paid 4%, and the hospital wrote off 11% of all hospital charges. The Children's Hospital referred 2% of all hospital charges to a bill collection agency. One hundred-forty-four infants (84%) survived and 27 (16%) died. The mean charge per day for survivors was $338; the mean charge per day for nonsurvivors was $607.
What is beautiful is good, but…: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype.

This review demonstrates that the physical attractiveness stereotype established by studies of person perception is not as strong or general as suggested by the often-used summary phrase what is beautiful is good. Although subjects in these studies ascribed more favorable personality traits and more successful life outcomes to attractive than unattractive targets, the average magnitude of this beauty-is-good effect was moderate, and the strength of the effect varied considerably from study to study Consistent with our implicit personality theory framework, a substantial portion of this variation was explained by the specific content of the inferences that subjects were asked to make: The differences in subjects* perception of attractive and unattractive targets were largest for indexes of social competence; intermediate for potency, adjustment, and intellectual competence; and near zero for integrity and concern for others. The strength of the physical attractiveness stereotype also varied as a function of other attributes of the studies, including the presence of individuating information.
Reducing fault latency in concurrent on-line testing by using checking functions over internal lines

We describe a method to reduce the fault latency, i.e., the time it takes to detect a fault after it occurs, during concurrent on-line testing. A high fault latency can negatively affect the fault coverage in various ways. The fault latency is reduced by using what we call checking functions. A checking function cf/sub i/ expresses the function of a line g/sub i/ in the circuit as a function of one or more other lines. During concurrent on-line testing, the value of g/sub i/ is compared to the value of cf/sub i/. A mismatch indicates the presence of a fault. The advantage of checking functions is that they only use lines that already exist in the circuit. We demonstrate that benchmark circuits have large numbers of checking functions to choose from. We also demonstrate the increase in fault coverage and the reductions in fault detection times possible by using checking functions.
The Electron Microscopy of Rabies Inclusion (Negri) Bodies.

SummaryElectron micrographs of typical inclusion (Negri) bodies from the hippocampus of a mouse inoculated with rabies virus are shown together with smaller inclusions that may be early forms of the larger bodies. No particles have been recognized that could be identified with elementary bodies of this virus.
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) transporter family and drug disposition

Drug transporters are increasingly recognized as a key determinant of drug disposition. Recent studies have revealed that targeted expression of drug uptake and efflux transporters to specific cell membrane domains allows for the efficient directional movement of many drugs in clinical use. While the role of certain efflux transporters such as MDR1 (P-glycoprotein) in drug disposition has been extensively studied, emerging evidence suggests that uptake transporters may also be important to the intestinal absorption and renal or hepatic elimination of drugs. Members of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) family of drug uptake transporters have been found capable of transporting a large array of structurally divergent drugs. Moreover, expression of OATP isoforms in the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney, as well as at the level of the blood-brain barrier, has important implications for our understanding of the factors governing drug absorption, elimination and tissue penetration.
Optical field enhancement In tweezer trapping

Near-resonant light can be used to enhance optical trapping of particles with wavelength dependent optical responses. We present results from our study of optically enhanced forces acting on dielectric and metal nanoparticles in tweezers trapping.
A Generalized χ2 for the Significance of Differences in Repeated, Related Measures Applied To Different Samples:

When repeated measures are not independent, sample data can be used to estimate the average covariance among the measures, and this can be used to calculate an appropriate estimate of the variance in a sum of measures. When such an estimate of the variance is employed, a χ2 statistic can be used to test the significance of differences in repeated, related measures applied to different samples.
Adaptive design: Estimation and inference with censored data in a semiparametric model

In this article, we provide a method of estimation for the treatment effect in the adaptive design for censored survival data with or without adjusting for risk factors other than the treatment indicator. Within the semiparametric Cox proportional hazards model, we propose a bias-adjusted parameter estimator for the treatment coefficient and its asymptotic confidence interval at the end of the trial. The method for obtaining an asymptotic confidence interval and point estimator is based on a general distribution property of the final test statistic from the weighted linear rank statistics at the interims with or without considering the nuisance covariates. The computation of the estimates is straightforward. Extensive simulation studies show that the asymptotic confidence intervals have reasonable nominal probability of coverage, and the proposed point estimators are nearly unbiased with practical sample sizes.
Temporal and crustal effects on differentiation of tholeiite to calcalkaline and ferro-trachytic suites, High Lava Plains, Oregon, USA

[1] Strongly bimodal, basalt-rhyolite volcanism of the High Lava Plains Province of Oregon followed the Middle Miocene flood basalts of the Pacific Northwest and extends to recent time. During the 8 m.y. of volcanism recorded in the central High Lava Plains, in western Harney Basin, three distinct mafic magmatic trends originate from primitive high-alumina olivine tholeiites (HAOT); they are tholeiitic, calcalkaline and ferro-trachytic. Tholeiitic basalts occur throughout the history and their compositions are derived by crystal fractionation while traversing the crust and mixing with evolved mafic magmas. Scavenging of apatite from crustal rocks and minor contamination with felsic melts accounts for P, incompatible element enrichments and increasing tilts of incompatible element patterns with differentiation. The calcalkaline mafic suite occurs in temporal association with abundant silicic volcanism and is the only suite with Fe decreasing with Mg. Calcalkaline compositions are derived from evolved tholeiitic basalt by crystal fractionation coupled with assimilation of felsic crust or crustal melts. The ferro-trachytic suite occurs mainly late, is highly enriched in incompatible element with patterns parallel to tholeiites from which it is derived by protracted fractionation and recharge. The three suites primarily reflect changes in magma flux and crustal interactions in time. High magma flux promotes crustal melting and contamination of tholeiite to make the calcalkaline suite. On the other hand, ferrotrachytic magmas erupted mainly late in the sequence, during magmatic waning and after significant basaltification of the crust.
Some Effects of the Vitamin B Complex on Appetite and on Utilization of Food.

The relation of the vitamin B complex to the rate of growth, to the consumption of food and water and to the utilization of food in rats has been studied. The Evans and Burr diet (purified casein—25, sucrose—75, salt mixture—4) was used and was supplemented daily with 9 drops of cod liver oil. The B complex was supplied by daily additions of one or more of the following: whole dried hog liver (high B2-low B1), autoclaved liver (high B2), whole dried yeast (high B1-moderately high B2), tikitiki (high B1). Male rats were placed on the experimental diet when 50 gm. in weight and were kept in individual raised cages. Some of the data are shown in Table I. Groups 1 to 4 were restricted in food consumption to approximately the same number of calories. The remaining groups were fed the basal diet ad libitum.The weight increments for the first 4 groups were surprisingly uniform in spite of the fact that only one of the 4 supplements (Group 2) was adequate for optimum growth when the basal diet was fed ad libitum ...
BN rat myeloid leukemia transferred to the (LEW x BN)F1 rat.

Abstract The BN rat myelocytic leukemia was transferred to (LEW x BN)F1 rats. In the F1 host the growth, dissemination, and response of this leukemia to chemotherapy were predictable, stable through serial passage, and similar to this leukemia's behavior in the parent strain. Rats given 10(7) spleen cells iv from leukemic donors died in about 3 weeks if untreated or responded to cytosine arabinoside even after overt leukemia had developed. This animal leukemia is useful as a model for human acute myelocytic leukemia.
Critical illness myopathy associated with hyperthyroidism.

ABSTRACT A 51-year-old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She received antibiotics, neuromuscular blocking agents, and steroids. After 8 days in the intensive care unit, she was noted to be severely weak, her serum creatine kinase had risen to 1,692 U/L (normal, 20–220 U/L), and a muscle biopsy was consistent with critical illness myopathy. As a result of evaluating for resting tachycardia, the patient was found to be hyperthyroid. Her weakness rapidly improved within 1 month after treatment of her hyperthyroidism with iodine-131 and methimazole. The metabolic alterations associated with hyperthyroidism may enhance the risk of developing critical illness myopathy after the administration of antibiotics, neuromuscular blocking agents, and steroids in the intensive care unit.
Joint Cooperative Studies in the Field of Rural Life

In this paper no attempt will be made to encompass or to outline the field of research in social science as applied to rural life. No time will be spent in trying to designate the respective parts of the field which fall to the sociologists and to the economists. Rather, an effort will be made to show (1) that in the major problems dealing with farm life both the social and the economic aspects are involved and (2) that studies in either field must be augmented by a careful consideration of the principal factors in the other field if they are to yield a maximum of results for time and money expended in conducting them. Finally the attempt will be made to outline in project form one of several important problems awaiting solution through the joint efforts of sociologists and economists. That both the economic and the social aspects are involved in the major problems dealing with farm life is indicated by the different viewpoints expressed by economists and sociologists who have visited and studied the rural life of Denmark during the past decade. Some of the economists, on their return, have concluded that the rural progress of Denmark is due to economic manipulations, cooperative marketing, primarily. Some of the sociologists have said, "It isn't economic, it goes deeper than cooperative marketing, it is the spirit of Denmark's rural people as expressed in her folk schools and in her rural institutions." But some, and doubtless the majority, of both the economists and the sociologists are agreed that it is a coordination of the economic and the social factors or aspects which have enabled rural Denmark to throw off her yoke of oppression. And this group of economists and sociologists are pretty much in agreement, also, that only the fullest and the best directed use of human traits and human capacities can account for the great strides made by this little kingdom during the past three-quarters of a century.
The Paper Tiger Gets Teeth: Developments in Chinese Environmental Law

This very short essay reports on the 2014 amendments to China’s Environmental Protection Law, following a series of internationally reported air and water pollution crises leading to unprecedented public protests. The changes promise more meaningful oversight of industrial pollution and harsher penalties for violations, targeting not only polluters but officials who fail to enforce applicable regulations against them. The amendments also empower certain non-governmental organizations to bring environmental litigation on behalf of the public. Official news accounts openly acknowledge the government’s hope that increased public access to legal redress will reduce the growing trend of mass environmental protests. These are critical changes because they acknowledge that under-enforcement has been the downfall of Chinese environmental law to this point. If these enforcement incentives are themselves enforced (the big ‘if’), they have the potential to make a real difference for China’s environmental future. Efforts to shift environmental discontent toward legal channels must be effectively coupled with judicial reforms to ensure that legal channels approximate the rule of law — but if these reforms proceed together, both the environment and the rule of law in China will benefit. A similar version of this paper later appeared as an addendum to Erin Ryan, The Elaborate Paper Tiger: Environmental Enforcement and the Rule of Law in China, 24 Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum 184 (2014), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract= 2420677.
Plasmonic Field Effects on the Energy Transfer between Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) Fluorescent Polymer and Au Nanocages

Colloidal gold nanocages (AuNCs) with a wall length of 60 nm and wall thickness of 6 nm were prepared by the galvanic replacement method. The AuNCs were assembled into monolayers with different percents of surface coverage, using the Langmuir–Blodgett technique. The same technique was used to coat the assembled monolayers of AuNCs with another monolayer of poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) fluorescent polymer. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum of the AuNCs red-shifts as the percent of AuNCs coverage increases due to growth of the interparticle surface plasmon resonance field coupling as interparticle distance decreases. While after coating the AuNCs array with PPE, the SPR of all the AuNCs monolayers arrays were red-shifted to the same position (693 nm). This unsystematic red-shift behavior is based on the presence of two plasmon fields (inside and outside of AuNCs) and is described by discrete dipole approximation (DDA) simulation. The polymer fluorescence intensity is found to decrease when t...
Diversity in 2008, Homogeneity in 2012 The Ideal Candidate Revisited

Political image is a transactional process between candidates’ actions and speech and how voters assess them with their own individual ideas of the ideal presidential candidate. This 24-year longitudinal study of political communication serves to address the following four research questions. First, what attributes do voters find most important or desirable for a candidate to possess—in other words, what makes him or her an ideal presidential candidate? Second, how do these evaluations of ideal characteristics change across time and a different field of candidates? Third, how important are the candidates’ demographic variables? Fourth, how do the evaluations of ideal characteristics differ across the age, gender, and political party affiliation of the voters? These questions are posed and answered across 1988 to 2012 presidential campaign cycles in one of the longest research studies in the discipline of political communication.
Particle deposition on microporous membranes can be enhanced or reduced by salt gradients.

Colloidal particle deposition on membranes is a continuing scientific and technological challenge. In this paper we examine the role of a previously unexplored phenomenon—diffusiophoretic particle transport toward a membrane—in relation to fouling. Diffusiophoresis is an electrokinetic transport mechanism that arises in salt gradients, especially when the ions have different diffusion coefficients. Through experiments conducted with salt diffusing across microdialysis membranes, with no advection, we show experimentally that diffusiophoresis induces colloidal deposition on the surface of microporous surfaces. We used transient salt (NaCl, KCl, LiCl) gradients and fundamental electrokinetic modeling to assess the role of diffusiophoresis in colloidal fouling. Based on (i) difference in diffusion coefficients of ions, (ii) zeta potential on the particles, and (iii) ionic gradient applied across the walls of the membrane, colloidal fouling could be both quantitatively and qualitatively predicted. Our underst...
Ammonia Blood Levels and Valproic Acid

The prevalence and magnitude of valproic acid (VPA)-related hyperammonemia (HA) were estimated by a review of the literature, and the clinical symptomatology and risk factors for the development of HA determined by researchers at university hospitals in Santiago, Chile; and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
Effect of maternal hypercarbia on the newborn infant

The effect of maternal hypercarbia on the clinical condition and biochemical status of the fetus has been studied in 45 term pregnant women divided into 3 groups. In each group, management of anesthesia was different in terms of maternal Pco 2 , or anesthetic agent. Results of this study confirmed that maternal hypercarbia increases umbilical vein oxygen tension but does not significantly improve oxygen saturation. Higher one-minute Apgar scores and shorter times to sustained respiration were observed with higher carbon dioxide levels and could be explained by the stimulatory effect of carbon dioxide on initiation of respiration in the neonate.
Varied Approaches to the Ionization Behavior of Specific Glu Residues that Face the Lipids in Transmembrane Helices

GWALP23 (acetyl-GGALW5LALALAL12AL14AL16ALW19LAGA-amide) is a useful low-dynamic model peptide for investigations of single-residue influence on protein-lipid interactions and the properties of membrane-spanning helices (J. Biol. Chem. 285, 31723). To investigate the pH dependence, ionization behavior and orientational constraints when potentially negatively charged glutamic acid side chains are present, we have substituted a single Leu residue with Glu at different positions and have incorporated specific 2H-alanines in the core helix or near the ends (Ala-3 and Ala-21) of GWALP23. Solid-state NMR experiments show that the 2H-Ala quadrupolar splittings of core labels change very little over the pH range of 4 to 11.5 when E12, E14 or E16 is present in GWALP23, but show modest shifts above pH 12. The spectra from deuterium labels on alanines 3 and 21 show changes in the unwinding of helix terminals in all three mutants between pH 4.0 and 13. The combined results suggest that these Glu residues may titrate with a pKa near 12 in DLPC and DOPC lipid bilayers. The rather modest shifts in the core alanine 2H quadrupolar splittings, nevertheless, suggest that the orientation of the transmembrane helix actually may change rather little at high pH. Rather, the unwinding of helix ends may be a key indicator of Glu residue titration. Our results are consistent with the expectation that the buried negative charges will aggressively hold their waters of hydration. It is conceivable that the close proximity of E16 to the indole ring of W19 could influence the results.