cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract T P296: Diagnostic Testing in Acute Stroke Patients- The Weekend Waiting Game

Background: Inpatient hospital stays contribute considerable costs to our total healthcare expenditures in the US. Increased lengths of stay can lead to increased costs. At the University of Kentucky, there appears to be delays in care in patients admitted over the weekend compared to those who are admitted during weekdays, due to availability of certain testing, such as MRI and transthoracic echocardiogram. This may lead to delays in delivering appropriate care, increase in length of stay, and possibly costs. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts for patients admitted to the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center between September to November 2012. Patients were divided into two groups based on the day of the week tests were ordered. Group 1 included patients on whom MRI or echocardiogram was ordered between Monday through Thursday. Group 2 included patients on whom tests were ordered Friday through Sunday. Results were compared using the two sample t-test. Results: A total of 275 MRIs were performed on stroke patients. For Group 1 (n=168) procedures, mean time to completion was 13.2 hours +/- SD 12.6. For Group 2 (n=97), the mean time to completion was 20.7 hours +/- SD 19.5 (p=.002). A total of 272 echocardiograms were performed. For group 1 (n=171), mean time to completion was 17.4 hours +/- SD 11.2. For Group 2 (n=97), the mean time to completion was 33.4 hours +/- SD 21.6, (p Conclusion: There was a 57% increase in the time needed to complete MRI and 92% increase in the time needed to complete echocardiogram when it was ordered on the weekend. This represents a significant delay in care and may impact lengths of stay. The hiring of additional MRI and echocardiogram technicians could reduce delays in patient care and lengths of stay. This in turn may reduce costs for both patients and the system.
The determination of tryptophan in plasma, liver, and urine.

Abstract A fluorometric method for the measurement of tryptophan in biological materials has been developed based on the formation of the fluorophore norharman. The sensitivity and range permit the measurement of 0.04 to 20 nmoles of tryptophan in standard 1 cm. 2 cuvettes. The standard deviation of measurement is less than 3 per cent when determining tryptophan in biological materials. The specificity of the method is such that, of the compounds tested, only tryptamine produces appreciable fluorescence: one tenth of the molar fluorescence of tryptophan. The simplicity permits 60 determinations per day. The fluorophore produced is stable in the assay solution for 1 week and all reagents used are stable for at least 2 months.
Poly Implant Prothèse™ (PIP) experience in the United Kingdom: A prospective cohort study into the accuracy of diagnostic imaging findings in comparison to operative findings of 1029 implants

tp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2016.0 48-6815/a 2016 British Association of The authors have provided valuable information for readers who evaluate and treat patients with any type of silicone gel implant. First and foremost, the authors’ forthright disclosure of their results will benefit all plastic surgeons and their patients. Their large data set, that can be downloaded from the online version of this article, will allow any interested
The 1946 Atomic Bomb Tests: Atomic Diplomacy or Bureaucratic Infighting?

The term "atomic diplomacy" gained currency in the 1960s. It was identified with revisionist historians of the New Left, particularly with Gar Alperovitz, who in 1965 argued that the United States had employed nuclear weapons in 1945, not so much to bring a speedy conclusion to World War II, but to achieve political objectives: to end the conflict before the Red Army had had a chance to make major advances in Manchuria and, quite possibly, to gain diplomatic leverage over the Soviet Union. Although it was Alperovitz who acquired notoriety for that thesis, its essence had been stated as early as 1948, when the British physicist P. M. S. Blackett wrote: "So we may conclude that the dropping of the atomic bombs was not so much the last military act of the second World War, as the first major operation of the cold diplomatic war with Russia now in progress. " ' Numerous historians have criticized Alperovitz's thesis. Yet the concept of atomic diplomacy has not been dropped from historical literature. In a more sophisticated and more scrupulously documented fashion, it was central to Martin J. Sherwin's A World Destroyed and forms a major theme in Gregg Herken's The Winning Weapon. 2 Aided by declassification of materials from the postwar years, Herken is but one of several scholars who have made outstanding contributions to our under-
Correlations between histology and neuronal activity recorded by microelectrodes implanted chronically in the cerebral cortex.

Objective To quantify relations between the neuronal activity recorded with chronically-implanted intracortical microelectrodes and the histology of the surrounding tissue, using radial distance from the tip sites and time after array implantation as parameters. Approach 'Utah'-type intracortical microelectrode arrays were implanted into cats' sensorimotor cortex for 275-364 days. The brain tissue around the implants was immuno-stained for the neuronal marker NeuN and for the astrocyte marker GFAP. Pearson's product-moment correlations were used to quantify the relations between these markers and the amplitudes of the recorded neuronal action potentials (APs) and their signal-to-noise ratios (S/N). Main results S/N was more stable over post-implant time than was AP amplitude, but its increased correlation with neuronal density after many months indicates ongoing loss of neurons around the microelectrodes. S/N was correlated with neuron density out to at least 140 μm from the microelectrodes, while AP amplitude was correlated with neuron density and GFAP density within ∼80 μm. Correlations between AP amplitude and histology markers (GFAP and NeuN density) were strongest immediately after implantation, while correlation between the neuron density and S/N was strongest near the time the animals were sacrificed. Unlike AP amplitude, there was no significant correlation between S/N and density of GFAP around the tip sites. Significance Our findings indicate an evolving interaction between changes in the tissue surrounding the microelectrodes and the microelectrode's electrical properties. Ongoing loss of neurons around recording microelectrodes, and the interactions between their delayed electrical deterioration and early tissue scarring around the tips appear to pose the greatest threats to the microelectrodes' long-term functionality.
COMPARATIVE DECOLONIZATION: FRENCH WEST AFRICA, FRENCH CARIBBEAN, FRENCH INDIA1

Ne pas confondre decolonisation et independance : etude des modalites des rapports France-colonies en fonction de la nature des pays consideres
Single Event Upset Hardening of Interconnects

With advances in technology scaling, circuits are increasingly more sensitive to transients caused by Single Event particles. Hardening techniques for CMOS combinational logic have been developed to address the problems associated with Single Event Transients , but in these designs, SET coupling effects have been ignored. In order to complement the Single Event Upset (SEU) hardening process, coupling effects among interconnects need to be considered in the SE Hardening of CMOS logic gates due to technology scaling effects that increase both SE vulnerability and crosstalk effects. This chapter studies hardening techniques to reduce SE crosstalk and delay effects.
Three-Dimensional Running is Unstable but Easily Stabilized

We analyze a simple three-dimensional model for running: the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (3D-SLIP). Our formulation reduces to the vertical plane (SLIP) and horizontal plane lateral leg spring (LLS) models in the appropriate limits. Using the geometry and symmetries intrinsic to the system, we derive an explicit approximate stride-to-stride mapping and show that all left-right symmetric gaits are unstable. Continuation to fixed points for the ‘exact’ mapping confirms instability, and we describe a simple feedback control of leg placement at touchdown that stabilizes them.
Thermal stability of ZIF-8 membranes for gas separations

Abstract The thermal stability of ZIF membranes is important for high temperature separation applications but has not been systematically studied. This work highlights the results of a thermal stability study of ZIF-8 membranes in terms of material structure, H2/CO2 gas permeation and separation characteristics. During binary and single gas temperature dependent permeance tests conducted from 25 to 250 °C, both H2 and CO2 permeances decrease as a function of temperature. In the binary test, H2/CO2 selectivity increases between 25 and 225 °C, and then decreases as temperature is further increased between 225–275 °C. The results can be explained by the adsorption/diffusion mechanism. Beyond 275 °C, H2/CO2 permeance and selectivity drastically increase with respect to temperature and is indicative of ZIF-8 membrane partial carbonization during the dynamic 30 h temperature dependent test. The time/temperature dependency of the onset of ZIF-8 thin film structural change was deconvoluted in isothermal transient permeation experiments. Transient tests performed at 50, 100, 150 and 300 °C for 24 h indicate that ZIF-8 thin films maintain their crystallinity and structural integrity below 150 °C. However, at temperatures of 150 °C and greater the framework undergoes increased magnitudes of thermally induced carbonization as a function of temperature. Thermomechanically induced stresses between the ZIF-8 membrane thin film and α–alumina support may account for differences in static thermal stability observed when comparing ZIF-8 membranes and ZIF-8 crystalline powders.
Family Violence and Abuse in the Context of Faith and Belief

Violence perpetrated against family members likely occurs in all religious and spiritual groups. The perpetration of physical and emotional violence against family members is sometimes not recognized or acknowledged as abuse because of individuals’ understandings derived from interpretations of scriptural passages, often taken out of historical and literary context. This chapter explores the ways in which violence may be effectuated by individuals against themselves and/or family members on the basis of religious or spiritual belief and offers suggestions to address such situations. The ethical and legal obligations of the social worker to report abuse in this context are also discussed.
China Electric Motor Hits the Street (a)

This case is used in Darden's Global Executive MBA core ""Accounting for Managers"" course. In January 2011, an independent registered investment advisor has noticed that in the previous year 300 Chinese-owned companies had launched initial public offerings in the United States. A number of U.S. investors had purchased broad market exposure through exchange-traded funds and mutual funds to capitalize on China's growth. With reports of the Chinese economy overheating and a possible bubble in the housing market, some of those investors had asked the investment advisor whether they should be more selective and pick individual growth companies instead. While casting his eyes over the list of companies from his favorite research report, one in particular caught the investment advisor's attention—China Electric Motor, Inc. (China Electric). But in his research, the investment advisor uncovered mixed results about China Electric. Excerpt UVA-C-2338 Rev. Jan. 24, 2013 CHINA ELECTRIC MOTOR HITS THE STREET (A) It was the last day in January 2011. Throughout the month, John Cotter had received numerous phone calls from investors inquiring about putting their money to work in individual Chinese companies. Before his retirement from a large U.S.-based international bank, Cotter had spent three years on a bank assignment in Hong Kong and had developed a keen interest in China's developing market. After retiring, Cotter earned the required licenses to work as an independent registered investment advisor, which he had been doing for the past four years. Within the previous year, over 300 Chinese-owned companies had launched initial public offerings (IPOs) in the United States—a trend that captured Cotter's attention. A number of U.S. investors had purchased broad market exposure through exchange-traded funds and mutual funds to capitalize on China's growth. With reports of the Chinese economy overheating and a possible bubble in the housing market, some of those investors had questioned whether they should be more selective and pick individual growth companies instead. And while casting his eyes over the list of companies from his favorite research report, one in particular caught Cotter's attention—China Electric Motor, Inc. (China Electric). Following a successful offering of 5 million shares at $ 4.50 on January 28, 2010, the company was listed on the NASDAQ (it had not traded on an exchange before then). Throughout the year, the stock price had risen to a high of $ 9.44 before essentially falling back to the initial offering price on daily volume averaging 182,000 shares (Exhibit 1 shows stock prices). . . .
Adsorbed Hydroxyl and Water on Ni(111): Heats of Formation by Calorimetry

Adsorbed hydroxyl is a common intermediate in many catalytic reactions on Ni catalysts. The heat of the dissociative adsorption of D2O onto an O-precovered Ni(111) surface producing adsorbed hydroxyls is measured here by single crystal adsorption calorimetry, with an average value of 67.3 kJ/mol up to 0.23 ML coverage. From this, the enthalpy of formation for adsorbed hydroxyl on Ni(111) and the bond energy of hydroxyl to Ni(111) were estimated to be −278.3 and 314.1 kJ/mol, respectively. The molecular adsorption of D2O on clean Ni(111) gave an integral heat of 53.6 kJ/mol at 0.5 ML. In comparison to Pt(111), adsorbed hydroxyl binds to Ni(111) 67 kJ/mol more strongly and adsorbed D2O binds to Ni(111) ∼ 2 kJ/mol more strongly. These energetics help clarify the different catalytic properties of Ni versus Pt, and serve as benchmarks to evaluate the energy accuracy of quantum mechanical methods used in surface chemistry.
Marine environment microfiber contamination: Global patterns and the diversity of microparticle origins.

Abstract Microplastic and microfiber pollution has been documented in all major ocean basins. Microfibers are one of the most common microparticle pollutants along shorelines. Over 9 million tons of fibers are produced annually; 60% are synthetic and ∼25% are non-synthetic. Non-synthetic and semi-synthetic microfibers are infrequently documented and not typically included in marine environment impact analyses, resulting in underestimation of a potentially pervasive and harmful pollutant. We present the most extensive worldwide microparticle distribution dataset using 1-liter grab samples (n = 1393). Our citizen scientist driven study shows a global microparticle average of 11.8 ± 24.0 particles L−1 (mean ± SD), approximately three orders of magnitude higher than global model predictions. Open ocean samples showed consistently higher densities than coastal samples, with the highest concentrations found in the polar oceans (n = 51), confirming previous empirical and theoretical studies. Particles were predominantly microfibers (91%) and 0.1–1.5 mm in length (77%), a smaller size than those captured in the majority of surface studies. Using μFT-IR we determined the material types of 113 pieces; 57% were classified as synthetic, 12% as semi-synthetic, and 31% as non-synthetic. Samples were taken globally, including from coastal environments and understudied ocean regions. Some of these sites are emerging as areas of concentrated floating plastic and anthropogenic debris, influenced by distant waste mismanagement and/or deposition of airborne particles. Incorporation of smaller-sized microfibers in oceanographic models, which has been lacking, will help us to better understand the movement and transformation of synthetic, semi-synthetic and non-synthetic microparticles in regional seas and ocean basins.
Scanning Light-Diffracted Microscopy

We simulated and experimentally demonstrated a novel subwavelength resolution microscopy technique by illuminating the sample with the hollow-cone of light produced by a ring-shaped condenser and scanning the diffracted light using a slit.
Reclamation of Bogs

Both the state and Ny Jord programs have received considerable aid, sometimes indirect, from another source. This is Det Norske Myrselskap, The Norwegian Bog Association. It is a semi-public organization, founded in 1902 and very active since the early 1930s, whose task was to sponsor the proper use of Norwegian bogs and peat. The Association is composed of citizen members but the state provides grants for its research.
Method in the Philosophy of Science and Epistemology

To those attempting to understand the knowledge-seeking and knowledge-acquiring enterprise — to understand how we should go about trying to get knowledge, and what it is that we have if we get it — one of the major lessons of science in the twentieth century is this: The results of scientific investigation could not have been anticipated by common sense, by the suggestions of everyday experience, or by pure reason.
Effects of Pentachlorophenol on the Meiobenthic Nematodes in an Experimental System

Aquaria containing clean sand received a continuous supply of seawater from Santa Rosa Sound, Florida, mixed with known quantities of PCP for nine weeks (May 10 — July 12, 1976) for the first experiment and Dowicide® G-ST for thirteen weeks (December 27, 1976 — March 28, 1977) for the second experiment. The measured concentrations of PCP in the former experiment were 7, 76 and 622 μ while the concentrations of 1.8, 15.8 and 161 μ/l were used in the latter experiment. At the end of each experiment the meiofauna established in the control and experimental aquaria were examined. Nematodes were the dominant group and averaged 83% of all the meiofauna encountered. Concentrations of 1.8, 7 and 15.8 μg PCP/1 did not affect the biomass and density of nematodes. An intermediate concentration of PCP (76 μg/1) caused an increase in biomass and density of nematodes compared to control aquaria. Higher concentrations of PCP (161 and 622 μ1/) caused a decrease in biomass and density of nematodes compared to control aquaria. Marked changes in nematode species composition and shifts in nematode feeding types were noticed in the aquaria exposed to 161 and 622 μg PCP/1. Nematodes classified as epistrate feeders were most abundant in the control aquaria and those exposed to 1.8, 7, 15.8 and 76 μg PCP/1. Deposit feeders were relatively abundant among the nematodes in aquaria exposed to 161 and 622 μg PCP/1. The alterations in nematodes observed in this investigation appeared to be due to the variations in macrobenthic fauna and food (algae) supply caused by the biocidal effects of PCP and also due to the toxic effects of PCP on meiofauna.
Making MOC Quality Improvement Participation Meaningful.

* Abbreviations: ACGME — : Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education MOC — : Maintenance of Certification QI — : quality improvement Maintenance of Certification (MOC) is intended to ensure the lifelong learning and continued competence of board-certified physicians. The American Board of Pediatrics aligned the MOC process with the core competencies set forth by the American Board of Medical Specialties and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).1 The 4 components of MOC, MOC parts I to IV, require that physicians demonstrate (I) good professional standing, (II) lifelong learning and self-assessment, (III) cognitive expertise, and (IV) participation in improving professional practice or in quality improvement (QI). To obtain part IV credit, pediatricians must demonstrate competence in systematic measurement and improvement by participating in 1 approved QI project or by completing 1 Web-based improvement activity during every 5-year MOC cycle. In this issue of Pediatrics , Freed et al2 evaluated participation in, motivations for, and attitudes toward QI as well as perceived support for QI activities and self-confidence in the QI skills of >8000 pediatricians enrolling in MOC. The authors compared outcomes across different groups of physicians, including generalists and specialists, academic and nonacademic physicians, and those graduating before … Address correspondence to Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE, Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 9016, Cincinnati, OH 45229. E-mail: samir.shah{at}cchmc.org
Phase Transformations and Microstructural Development in the U-10 Wt Pct Mo Alloy with Varying Zr Contents After Heat Treatments Relevant to the Monolithic Fuel Plate Fabrication Process

Decomposition of metastable, isotropic, body-centered cubic γ-phase in the U-10 wt pct Mo alloys with varying Zr contents was investigated as function of heat treatment parameters (i.e., temperature and time) relevant to the fabrication of monolithic fuel plate in development for research and test reactors. Phase constituents and microstructural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction via Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy with quantitative image analysis, and analytical transmission electron microscopy. Results were compared with the amount of equilibrium phases calculated using the lever rule from the available ternary phase diagrams. After sequential three-step heat treatment (900 °C for 168 hours, 650 °C for 3 hours, and 560 °C for 1.5 hours) decomposition of γ-phase was observed in alloys containing 2 wt pct or higher Zr. Decomposition of γ-phase occurred by the depletion of Mo in γ-phase due to the formation of Mo2Zr. Formation of Mo2Zr at 900 °C and 650 °C produced γ-phase with low-Mo content which in turn promoted a faster onset of eutectoid decomposition at 560 °C. The U-10Mo-4Zr and U-10Mo-10Zr alloys had the highest amount of Mo2Zr, and exhibited the largest amount of γ-phase decomposition after the heat treatment at 560 °C. Cooling rate from the heat treatment at 560 °C did not influence the phase constituents of the U-10Mo-xZr alloys, but the slower cooling promoted the better-defined lamellae microstructure associated with eutectoid decomposition. Trace amount of δ-phase was also observed in the microstructure after the heat treatment at 560 °C, presumably due to local inhomogeneity in alloy compositions.
Discovery of under immunized spatial clusters using network scan statistics

Clusters of under-vaccinated children are emerging in a number of states in the United States due to rising rates of vaccine hesitancy and refusal. As the measles outbreaks in California and other states in 2015 and in Minnesota in 2017 showed, such clusters can pose a significant public health risk. Prior methods have used publicly-available school immunization data for analysis (except for a few, which use private healthcare patient records). School immunization data has limited demographic information—as a result, such analyses are not able to provide demographic characteristics of significant clusters. Further, the resolution of the clusters identified by prior methods is limited since they are typically restricted to disks or well-rounded shapes. We use realistic population models for Minnesota (MN) and Washington (WA) state, which provide a model of activities for all individuals in the population. We combine this with school level immunization data for these two states, to estimate vaccine coverage at the level of census block groups. A scan statistic method defined on networks is used for finding significant clusters of under-immunized block groups, without any restrictions on shape. Further we provide the demographic characteristics of these clusters. We find 2 significant under-vaccinated clusters in MN and 3 in WA. These are very irregular in shape, in contrast to the circular disks reported in prior work, which rely on the SatScan approach. Some of the clusters found by our method are not contained in those computed using SatScan, a state-of-the-art software tool used in similar studies in other states. The emergence of under-immunized clusters is a growing concern for public health agencies because they can act as reservoirs of infection and increase the risk of infection into the wider population. Higher resolution clusters computed using our network based approach and population models provide new insights on the structure and characteristics of such clusters and enable targeted interventions.
Geographic variation and evolutionary history of Dipodomys nitratoides (Rodentia: Heteromyidae), a species in severe decline

We examined geographic patterns of diversification in the highly impacted San Joaquin kangaroo rat, Dipodomys nitratoides, throughout its range in the San Joaquin Valley and adjacent basins in central California. The currently recognized subspecies were distinct by the original set of mensural and color variables used in their formal diagnoses, although the Fresno kangaroo rat (D. n. exilis) is the most strongly differentiated with sharp steps in character clines relative to the adjacent Tipton (D. n. nitratoides) and short-nosed (D. n. brevinasus) races. The latter two grade more smoothly into one another but still exhibit independent, and different, character clines within themselves. At the molecular level, as delineated by mtDNA cytochrome b sequences, most population samples retain high levels of diversity despite significant retraction in the species range and severe fragmentation of local populations in recent decades due primarily to landscape conversion for agriculture and secondarily to increased urbanization. Haplotype apportionment bears no relationship to morphologically defined subspecies boundaries. Rather, a haplotype network is shallow, most haplotypes are single-step variants, and the time to coalescence is substantially more recent than the time of species split between D. nitratoides and its sister taxon, D. merriami. The biogeographic history of the species within the San Joaquin Valley appears tied to mid-late Pleistocene expansion following significant drying of the valley resulting from the rain shadow produced by uplift of the Central Coastal Ranges.
Atheism, Social Networks and Health: A Review and Theoretical Model

Despite accumulating evidence of the importance of social capital in predicting health outcomes, no work has yet systematically investigated the structural differences between the social networks of god-believers and atheists. This is an especially important gap in the religion/secularism research because religiosity appears to be declining throughout the Western world (Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale, 2016). Despite stereotypes of atheists as atomized, psychologically unhealthy and anti-social (e.g., Bainbridge, 2005), a growing body of evidence suggests that strongly-identified atheists are more likely to join secular social clubs as well as benefit from better mental and physical health compared to less affirmatively-identified secular individuals. As a step toward developing this line of research, the present article operationalizes social network structure within the study of secularism, discusses the available research with a focus on atheism in particular, and integrates this research into a schematic theoretical model of atheist self-identity, network structure and health.
Central Pattern Generators

Essential behaviours such as walking or breathing are rhythmic, that is, characterised by repetitive activation of muscles in a specific temporal sequence. A basic version of the underlying neural activity is generated in the central nervous system by networks called central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs can produce these patterns even in the absence of inputs that carry specific timing information. The core rhythmic activity can be based on intrinsic oscillatory properties of pacemaker neurons or emerge from the synaptic connectivity of nonoscillatory neurons. In both cases, other neurons are recruited into this rhythmic activity to generate a whole pattern. Neuronal and synaptic properties underlying the precise temporal patterning of sequential bursting activity are shaped by neuromodulators to generate different versions of motor patterns. The circuitry controlling rhythmic behaviours of a whole animal is organised in modules that control different body parts and can be coordinated in different ways to generate different behaviours. Key Concepts Essentially all rhythmic motor behaviours are based on CPGs. CPGs can produce patterned activity in the absence of patterned input. Rhythm generation can be based on intrinsically rhythmic neurons or network interactions. The speed, strength and specific temporal sequence in which CPG neurons fire arise from complex interactions of synaptic and intrinsic neuronal properties governed by diverse types of ion channels. CPG activity is modified by sensory feedback to adapt the motor pattern to changing environmental parameters. CPGs can be activated and reshaped by neuromodulators that adjust neuronal excitability by modifying or suppressing existing ionic currents or adding new currents and changing the properties of synapses. Neuromodulation provides flexibility of motor pattern generation to adjust output to changing behavioural demands. The central networks controlling rhythmic behaviours are inherently modular and allow different coordination of body parts for different behaviours or different versions of the same behaviour. Keywords: fictive motor pattern; pacemaker; half-centre oscillator; neuromodulation; unit oscillator
The Limits of Infrastructure Stimulus

There is renewed interest in a significant economic stimulus package to build and improve public works infrastructure. The experience of the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) suggests that marrying the goals of infrastructure provision and putting unemployed individuals back to work is likely to result in a double disappointment: while some unemployed workers will be hired, many workers—especially high-skilled ones—will be shifting from another job rather than be hired directly from the unemployment lines. Infrastructure spending should be evaluated mostly on the merits and value of the projects it funds and should not be seen as a reliable way to quickly increase aggregate demand or to put the newly unemployed back to work. This brief highlights five findings from two empirical studies we released in 2011 on the microeconomic effects of the ARRA that should illuminate the current public debate on the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Warpage Simulation And Prediction For BGA Package With Different BOM And Structure

The warpage performance of BGA package especial warpage under high temperature is very critical to the board SMT process and later quality control. There are many factors that have effects on the warpage control, include assembly materials, substrates, package dimension etc. We want to know how we can get desired warpage through material selection and package structure design. Thus we selected some key factors to set up ANSYS simulation model, and compared the simulation result with the actual measured shadow moire data under different condition include compound material with different shrinkage, different substrate core thickness, different lid type(for FCBGA product) to know which factor is more critical and whether the simulation model is consistent with the actual performance.
Integrated COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Treatment and Antibody Research Program at a Single Academic Medical Center

Background: Convalescent plasma is a potential therapy for COVID-19 Using existing resources at a single academic medical center, we established an integrated
New solutions for rotating boson stars

It has been shown that scalar fields can form gravitationally bound compact objects called boson stars. In this study, we analyze boson star configurations where the scalar fields contain a small amount of angular momentum and find two new classes of solutions. In the first case all particles are in the same slowly rotating state, and in the second case the majority of particles are in the nonrotating ground state and a small number of particles are in an excited rotating state. In both cases, we solve the underlying Gross-Pitaevskii-Poisson equations that describe the profile of these compact objects both numerically as well as analytically through series expansions.
Quality of life before and after epilepsy surgery: Age is just a number.

Abstract Background In a rapidly aging population, it is critical to analyze if the quality of life (QOL) in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and the change in it after epilepsy surgery is dependent on the age at operation. Methods A prospective registry-based retrospective cohort study including adults with a completed pre- and post-surgery Quality of Life in Epilepsy 10 (QOLIE‐10) survey. Multivariable linear regression models analyzed the baseline, postoperative, or change in QOLIE-10 score. Results We analyzed 416 patients (51% females) with the mean age of 39.6 (SD = 12.6) years at the time of surgery, including 100 (24%) individuals 50 years or older. The younger and older adults (dichotomized as Conclusion With QOL, before or after surgery, being independent of a patient's age, our findings suggest that well-selected older adults and the elderly should be offered epilepsy surgery without concern for an inferior improvement in QOL compared to their younger counterparts.
Risk of target coverage loss for stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment of synchronous lung lesions via single-isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy.

Treating multiple lung lesions synchronously via single-isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) improves treatment efficiency and patient compliance. However, aligning multiple lung tumors accurately on single pretreatment cone beam CTs (CBCTs) can be problematic. Tumors misaligned could lead to target coverage loss. To quantify this potential target coverage loss due to small, clinically realistic setup errors, a novel simulation method was developed. This method was used on 26 previously treated patients with two metastatic lung lesions. Patients were treated with 4D CT-based, highly conformal noncoplanar VMAT plans (clinical VMAT) with 6MV-flattening filter free (FFF) beam using AcurosXB dose calculation algorithm with heterogeneity corrections. A single isocenter was placed approximately between the lesions to improve patient convenience and clinic workflow. Average isocenter to tumor distance was 5.9 cm. Prescription dose was 54 Gy/50 Gy in 3/5 fractions. For comparison, a plan summation (simulated VMAT) was executed utilizing randomly simulated, clinically relevant setup errors, obtained from pretreatment setup, per treatment fraction, in Eclipse treatment planning system for each of the six degrees of freedom within ± 5.0 mm and ± 2°. Simulations yielded average deviations of 27.4% (up to 72% loss) (P < 0.001) from planned target coverage when treating multiple lung lesions using a single-isocenter plan. The largest deviations from planned coverage and desired biological effective dose (BED10, with α/β = 10 Gy) were seen for the smallest targets (<10 cc), some of which received < 100 Gy BED10. Patient misalignment resulted in substantial decrease in conformity and increase in the gradient index, violating major characteristics of SBRT. Statistically insignificant differences were seen for normal tissue dose. Although, clinical follow-up of these patients is ongoing, the authors recommend an alternative treatment planning strategy to minimize the probability of a geometric miss when treating small lung lesions synchronously with single-isocenter VMAT SBRT plans.
Mother’s Reentry: A Relative Contribution Perspective of Dual-Earner Parents’ Roles, Resources, and Outcomes

The reentry period after maternity leave can be a stressful but important transition for mothers, their significant others, and their organizations. In the present study, we integrate conservation ...
Biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis

The utilization and identification of biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to facilitate timely diagnosis and the optimal management of the disease is an area of active investigation. This review focuses on biomarkers available for routine clinical use, details potential investigational biomarkers, and raises outstanding clinical questions.
The Molecular Physiology and Toxicology of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels in Insects.

Inward rectifier K+ (Kir) channels have been studied extensively in mammals, where they play critical roles in health and disease. In insects, Kir channels have recently been found to be key regulators of diverse physiological processes in several tissues. The importance of Kir channels in insects has positioned them to serve as emerging targets for the development of insecticides with novel modes of action. In this article, we provide the first comprehensive review of insect Kir channels, highlighting the rapid progress made in understanding their molecular biology, physiological roles, pharmacology, and toxicology. In addition, we highlight key gaps in our knowledge and suggest directions for future research to advance our understanding of Kir channels and their roles in insect physiology. Further knowledge of their functional roles will also facilitate their exploitation as targets for controlling arthropod pests and vectors of economic, medical, and/or veterinary relevance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Experience With an Automated Microwave-Assisted Rapid Tissue Processing Method

We studied the effect of a fully automated microwave-assisted rapid tissue processor (RTP) on histologic examination and on the turnaround time for surgical pathology reports. A quality assurance program reviewed the histologic sections obtained by the rapid processing method for the last 3 calendar years. In addition, the histologic results from this method were compared blindly with those obtained from the conventional overnight tissue processing (CTP) method by 9 pathologists with different levels of experience. The surgical pathology turnaround times for 1 year of use of the RTP were compared with the last year for CTP. We found that the RTP reproducibly yielded histologic material comparable in quality to CTP. The turnaround time for surgical pathology reports was improved substantially, and, in particular, same-day reporting was achieved in approximately 55% of cases compared with fewer than 1% before use of the RTP. Moreover, use of the RTP enhanced safety by eliminating formalin and xylene from the procedure.
Computing Constrained Shortest-Paths at Scale

Motivated by the needs of modern transportation service platforms, we study the problem of computing constrained shortest paths (CSP) at scale via preprocessing techniques. Our work makes two contr...
Displacing Marginalized Bodies: How Human Rights Discourses Function in the Law and in Communities

In this article, we examine disability and eugenics discourses and the ways they function in spaces where vulnerable persons have been historically excluded by the state and blamed for their own “immiseration.” We ask how queer theories of repudiation, abjection, and vulnerability lend insight into the ways that people with intellectual disabilities are discursively located outside normative discourses of home, care, and quality of life, and whether these discourses shifted to serve this vulnerable population when historically the very places in question repudiated them, infringed on their human rights, and questioned their sexuality. To address these questions, we focus on the recent and impending closures of Virginia’s Training Centers, residential institutions for persons with intellectual disabilities now scheduled for staggered closures before 2020.
The Laboratory Woodchuck (Marmota monax)

The Eastern woodchuck, Marmota monax, is in the family Sciuridae of the order Rodentia. Common names include groundhog, whistle-pig, and chuck. Natural distribution includes the Eastern and Midwestern United States, Southeastern Alaska, and Southern Canada. The woodchuck is a large, burrow- digging animal with a thickset body, short legs, long claws, broad flat head, almost no neck, small, round ears, and a short, hairy tail. Adults in captivity reach an average body size of 3–5 kg in males, and 2.5–5 kg in females. Colors vary from a grizzly gray-brown to reddish, with a darker head and black feet. Black as well as white (presumably albino) woodchucks have been reported. The fur consists of a soft dense undercoat and a longer, coarse upper fur.
BUDDHIST ETHICS: A Review Essay

I argue that three recent studies (Imagining the Life Course, by Nancy Eberhardt; Sensory Biographies, by Robert Desjarlais; and How to Behave, by Anne Hansen) advance the field of Buddhist Ethics in the direction of the empirical study of morality. I situate their work within a larger context of moral anthropology, that is, the study of human nature in its limits and capacities for moral agency. Each of these books offers a finely grained account of particular and local Buddhist ways of interpreting human life and morality, and each explores complex conceptions of moral agency. I suggest that these three studies share similar interests in moral psychology, the human being across time, the intersubjective dimensions of moral experience, and what life within a karmic framework looks like. I propose that their contributions offer some of the most refreshing and interesting work generated in Buddhist ethics in the last decade.
THE OPTX PROJECT III: X-RAY VERSUS OPTICAL SPECTRAL TYPE FOR AGNS 1

We compare the optical spectral types with the X-ray spectral properties for a uniformly selected (sources with fluxes greater than the 3 � level and above a flux limit of f2−8 keV > 3.5 × 10 −15 erg cm −2 s −1 ), highly spectroscopically complete (> 80% for f2−8 keV > 10 −14 erg cm −2 s −1 and > 60% below) 2 − 8 keV X-ray sample observed in three Chandra fields (CLANS, CLASXS, and the CDF-N) that cover ∼ 1.2 deg 2 . For our sample of 645 spectroscopically observed sources, we confirm that there is significant overlap of the X-ray spectral properties, as determined by the effective photon indices, eff, obtained from the ratios of the 0.5 − 2 keV to 2 − 8 keV counts, for the different optical spectral types. For example, of the broad-line AGNs (non-broad-line AGNs), 20%±3% (33%±4%) have eff< 1.2 ( eff≥ 1.2). Thus, one cannot use the X-ray spectral classifications and the optical spectral classifications equivalently. Since it is not understood how X-ray and optical classifications relate to the obscuration of the central engine, we strongly advise against a mixed classification scheme, as it can only complicate the interpretation of X-ray AGN samples. We confirm the dependence of optical spectral type on X-ray luminosity, and for z < 1, we find a similar luminosity dependence of eff. However, this dependence breaks down at higher redshifts due to the highly redshift-dependent nature of eff. We therefore also caution that any classification scheme which depends on eff is likely to suffer from serious redshift bias. Subject headings: cosmology: observations — galaxies: active
Don't Keep "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

Arguments in support of the US military’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy restricting soldiers’ openness about sexual orientation are heavily flawed: they fail to define key terms, treat groups differently without just cause, and overlook highly relevant facts. While those pushing to ban the policy also present a flawed argument, those issues are less severe and are resolvable. Policymakers should heed those who wish to repeal “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” because their argument is much more credible and convincing. This essay provides background information on the policy and present the arguments on each side of the debate. Each argument is critically analyzed to reveal weaknesses, and the argument against “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” proves to be stronger.
Bioinformatics analysis for interactive proteomics.

High-throughput protein-protein interaction data are becoming a foundation for new biological discoveries. A major challenge is to manage, analyze, and model these data. In this unit several databases are described that are used to store, query, and visualize protein-protein interaction data. Comparison between experimental techniques reveals that each high-throughput technique has its limitations in detecting certain types of interactions; however, the techniques are generally complementary. In silico prediction methods for protein-protein interactions can expand the scope of experimental data and increase the confidence of certain interactions. Use of protein-protein interaction networks, preferably integrating them with other types of data, allows assignment of cellular functions to novel proteins and derivation of new biological pathways. As demonstrated in this unit, bioinformatics can be used to transform protein-protein interaction data from noisy information into knowledge of cellular mechanisms. Keywords: protein-protein interaction; high-throughput data; yeast two hybrid; protein complex; proteome; bioinformatics
A Reader's Guide to Semantic Originalism and a Reply to Professor Griffin

The purpose of this essay is two-fold. The first aim is to introduce the reader to Semantic Originalism - a version of the New Originalism that is fully articulated in a long article of that name. The reader's guide in Part II provides a very short summary and accessible guide to the argument of Semantic Originalism. The second aim is to provide access to an exchange between Stephen Griffin and myself in the Blogosphere. Griffin's eight questions and comments about Semantic Originalism and my replies are reproduced in lightly edited form in Part III. My concluding remarks about Griffin's questions included a three dimensional model of the space of theoretical argument about originalism: that model is presented in Part IV.
Partial Purification and Some Properties of the Staphylococcus aureus Cytoplasmic Nitrate Reductase

The cytoplasmic nitrate reductase in heme mutant H-14 of Staphylococcus aureus was partially purified by steps which included ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on Bio-Gel A 1.5m and ion-exchange columns. The active fractions from the ion-exchange columns showed two forms of the enzyme upon electrophoresis in nondenaturing gels of polyacrylamide; these corresponded to proteins of R(f) 0.16 and 0.28. Each form contained a predominant polypeptide of molecular weight 140,000, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The R(f) 0.16 form contained another major polypeptide of molecular weight 57,000, but the R(f) 0.28 form contained several other polypeptides. The sedimentation properties of the enzyme were examined after partial purification on Bio-Gel A 1.5m. In sucrose gradients containing Triton X-100 the enzyme sedimented as a homogeneous peak with an estimated molecular weight of 225,000; without detergent a heterogeneous profile was observed of molecular weight greater than 250,000. Treatment of the enzyme with trypsin increased the specific activity, and the enzyme sedimented as a homogeneous peak in sucrose gradients without Triton X-100, with an estimated molecular weight of 202,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that trypsin treatment converted the polypeptide of molecular weight 140,000 to a polypeptide of molecular weight 112,000. We conclude that the cytoplasmic nitrate reductase of S. aureus has a large subunit of molecular weight 140,000, which can be modified by trypsin to a polypeptide of molecular weight 112,000 without loss of catalytic activity.