cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One approach to classification of users and automatic clustering of documents

Abstract This paper shows how to automatically construct a classification of users and a clustering of documents on the basis of users' information needs, that is, how to create clusters of documents and cross references among clusters using users' search requests. The paper also addresses a question of feedback in the construction of this classification and clustering so that the classification can be changed over time to reflect the changing needs of the users.
A special form of Galerkin's method applied to heat transfer in plane Couette-Poiseuille flows

Abstract The heat-transfer problem for plane Couette-Poiseuille flows is solved by a Galerkin's procedure for which the system of representing functions has a close relation to the governing equation. A coordinate transformation brings the principal part of the partial differential equation into a standard form, for which the eigenfunctions can be determined once and for all. The resulting system of ordinary differential equations has strong diagonal dominance and is integrated by a predictor corrector method for stiff equations. The accuracy of the method is examined by a comparison of the eigen-functions of Galerkin's operator with those of the exact problem. The dimensionless temperature field has been computed for various pressure gradients.
Genomic organization and tissue expression of mouse proteasome gene lmp-2

LMP7 is one of the two proteasome subunits encoded in the major histocompatibility complex and is speculated to play a role in the generation of endogenous peptides for presentation by class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. Here we report the genomic organization of the mouse Lmp-7 gene and the tissue distribution of its messenger RNA. In contrast to human LMP7 which is composed of seven exons and six introns, the mouse Lmp-7 gene is organized in six exons and five introns. Interestingly, the region corresponding to the first exon of human LMP7 is highly modified by numerous insertions and deletions and contains two in frame stop codons. Consequently, the mouse Lmp-7 gene does not allow the alternative exon usage described in humans and most likely encodes for only one LMP7 protein. Thus, the Tap-1 3′ end gene region and the Lmp-7 initial translation codon are separated by an 1182 nucleotide region which contains a TATA-box, a cAMP regulatory element, two SP1 sites, and two G-C-rich regions. Expression of the Lmp-7 messenger RNA was analyzed on different tissues from unstimulated mice. Lmp-7 messenger RNA is expressed in spleen, thymus, lung, liver, heart, and, at a very low level, in kidney but not in brain and testis. The possible role of Lmp genes in antigen processing is discussed.
Federal Offices of the Inspector General Thriving on Chaos

Rapid change in responsibilities, requirements, and human resource demands has been the constant for federal Offices of the Inspector General over the past decade. They have been drawn into work on the management challenges facing their agencies, new requirements levied by the Chief Financial Officers Act and the Government Performance and Results Act, and crisis management efforts imposed by recent homeland security threats. This study replicates previous surveys of the Office of the Inspector General community undertaken in 1992 and 1996 to assess how it is meeting current challenges and has changed in its roles and responsibilities over the past decade. The study found the Inspector General community evolving and stretching to meet newdemands while retaining core functions. It is expanding its repertoire of analytical services, working closely with agency management to address management challenges, and confronting new human capital needs, especially in the field of information technology.
J. Walter Thompson: building trust in troubled times

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how J. Walter Thompson (JWT) utilized its private forums for its executives over the period 1936‐1938 to build trust both within its own organization as well as with the public in the 1930s. This was a time when the advertising industry was under public scrutiny resulting from using what consumers considered emotional and irrational appeals in their advertising practices.Design/methodology/approach – This archival research examines the meeting minutes of these forums to discover what topics were most important to the leaders of JWT at this time. The archives are located at the Hartman Center at Duke University.Findings – This paper highlights the importance of these forums that were led by the top management team and attended by the creative staff of JWT. These forums played an important role in strengthening the culture of JWT, by building organizational trust and fostering organizational communication with a new generation of JWT leadership.Originalit...
Research Synthesis of Controlled Studies Evaluating the Effect of Hypocapnia and Airway Protection on Cerebral Outcome

Summary Hyperventilation is a standard method of treating patients with intracranial hypertension. I reviewed all the relevant peer-reviewed literature to identify the documented benefits of hyperventilation as treatment for cerebral disease. Studies were identified by searches of the Medline database between 1966 and September 1996, interviews with experts, and reviews of reference lists. Retained manuscripts reported results of a human or animal controlled trial that tested effect of hyperventilation and/or systemic hypocapnia on mortality, histopathology, or neurologic examination. Studies could be either randomized or observational and need not have been blinded. I found that for no clinical studies of cerebral disease, other than in acute head injury patients, was there any suggestion of a clinical benefit from hyperventilation. Three controlled, observational studies examined effects of airway management and ventilatory support in head-injured patients. These studies found that maintaining such patients hypocapnic, versus spontaneously breathing without ventilatory support, decreased mortality. However, by design the studies could not establish whether hypocapnia itself contributed to the decreased mortality. Two clinical studies examined the effect of P3CO2 itself in patients with head injury. In both, hypocapnic patients did not have better neurologic outcome. In conclusion, securing the airway and supporting ventilation probably reduces mortality in unconscious, neurosurgical patients. However, there are virtually no clinical data that hypocapnia improves outcome in patients with cerebral disease.
Safety and efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in humans with spinal cord injury: a long-term, controlled trial.

Study Objective. To determine the effects of the long-term administration of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on sensorimotor function in humans with longstanding spinal cord injury (SCI). Design. Randomized, open-label, active-treatment control, dosage-blinded study. Setting. University-affiliated, tertiary-level care, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients. Twenty-one healthy men and women outpatients suffering from traumatic SCI (14 tetraplegic, 7 paraplegic) for 2 years or more. Interventions. Dosages of an immediate-release formulation of 4-AP were titrated. At 3 months, 16 subjects were receiving 4-AP 30 mg/day (high dose); 5 subjects were receiving 4-AP 6 mg/day (low dose) and served as an active-treatment control group. Measurements and Main Results. Composite motor and sensory scores had statistically significant increases at 3 months. Maximal expiratory pressure, maximal inspiratory pressure, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second showed clinically meaningful and/or statistically significant increases among patients receiving 4-AP 30 mg/day. These subjects also had significant decreases in spasticity (modified Ashworth Scale). Serial biochemical profiles and electroencephalographs were unchanged from baseline, and no clinically significant drug toxicity was encountered. Conclusions. Long-term oral administration of immediate-release 4-AP was associated with improvement in and recovery of sensory and motor function, enhanced pulmonary function, and diminished spasticity in patients with long-standing SCI. 4-Aminopyridine appears to be safe and relatively free from toxicity when administered orally over 3 months. Each patient who received immediate-release 4-AP 30 mg/day showed a response in one or more of the outcome measures.
Restaurant servers, tipping, and resistance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a next step in Greta Foff Paules' groundbreaking analysis of control‐resistance in service work by exploring the work practices of restaurant servers in regard to ways they resist and reshape the tipping system that structures their work life. Specifically, the author explores how workers will attempt to manipulate the system to elicit higher tips from customers and when servers forgo an economic tip, so that they can exercise dignity and self‐respect. Central to this analysis is to highlight the space in between Paules' notions of “getting” and “making” a tip. In this space, servers can exercise resistance and still acknowledge the humanness of the customer.Design/methodology/approach – The research methodology is participant observation and interviews.Findings – Restaurant servers see their ability to manipulate the tipping system as routes to exercising agency and resistance in work interactions. Moreover, servers see their ability to earn tips (and eve...
969-92 Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction is Superior to MVO2 in Predicting Event-free Survival in Advanced Heart Failure

Functional capacity assessed by maximum oxygen consumption (MV0 2 ) and percent age-sex adjusted MVO 2 achieved (% MVO 2 ) predicts survival in heart failure (HF). To determine the exercise parameters which best predict survival, 66 patients with advanced HF (mean age 51 ± 9.9 mean ± SD; 58% NYHA III, 18% NYHA IV; mean LVEF 0.22 ± 0.07) underwent simultaneous cardiopulmonary exercise testing and first-pass rest/exercise radionuc1ide ventriculography during transplant (TX) evaluation. Mean MV0 2 was 11.8 ± 4.2 ml/kg/min, mean % MVO 2 38 ± 11.9%. During median followup 93 weeks, 16/66 patients (25%) died. Univariate predictors of survival included restRVEF g 0.35, exRVEF g 0.35, and % MVO 2 g 45% (all p l 0.05). In a multivariate proportional hazards survival model, exRVEF g 0.35 (p l 0.01) and % MV0 2 g 45% (p = 0.01) were selected as predictors. 28/66 patients (42%) reached the combined end-point of death or hospitalization for inotropic/mechanical bridging (IN) to cardiac TX. Univariate predictors of IN-free survival included restRVEF g 0.35 (p = 0.01), exRVEF g 0.35 (p l 0.01). NYHAC (p l 0.05), mid % MV0 2 g 45% (p = 0.05). exRVEF g 0.35 (p = 0.01) was the only predictor of IN-free survival selected in a multivariate proportional hazards model. MV0 2 , CI rest/exercise, LVEF rest/exercise, exercise-related rise or fallg 0.05 in LVEF or RVEF were not predictive of survival or IN-free survival in any univariate or multivariate analysis. Conclusions 1) RVEF g 0.35 at rest and exercise is a more potent predictor of survival in advanced HF than MVO 2 or % MVO 2 ; 2) % MVO 2 but not MVO 2 predicts survival in advanced HF; 3) neither % MVO 2 nor MVO 2 predict survival to the combined end-point death or admission for inotropic or mechanical support.
Generation of marker-free transgenic maize by regular two-border Agrobacterium transformation vectors

By introducing additional T-DNA borders into a binary plasmid used in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation, previous studies have demonstrated that the marker gene and the gene of interest (GOI) can be carried by independent T-strands, which sometimes integrate in unlinked loci in the plant genome. This allows the recovery of marker-free transgenic plants through genetic segregation in the next generation. In this study, we have found that by repositioning the selectable marker gene in the backbone and leaving only the GOI in the T-DNA region, a regular two-border binary plasmid was able to generate marker-free transgenic maize plants more efficiently than a conventional single binary plasmid with multiple T-DNA borders. These results also provide evidence that both the right and left borders can initiate and terminate T-strands. Such non-canonical initiation and termination of T-strands may be the basis for the elevated frequencies of cotransformation and unlinked insertions.
Experiments and Simulations With Large Gas Bubbles in Mercury Towards Establishing a Gas Layer to Mitigate Cavitation Damage

One of several options that shows promise for protecting solid surfaces from cavitation damage in liquid metal spallation targets, involves introducing an interstitial gas layer between the liquid metal and the containment vessel wall. Several approaches toward establishing such a protective gas layer are being investigated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory including large bubble injection, and methods that involve stabilization of the layer by surface modifications to enhance gas hold-up on the wall or by inserting a porous media. It has previously been reported that using a gas layer configuration in a test target showed an order-of-magnitude decrease in damage for an in-beam experiment. Video images that were taken of the successful gas/mercury flow configuration have been analyzed and correlated. The results show that the success was obtained under conditions where only 60% of the solid wall was covered with gas. Such a result implies that this mitigation scheme may have much more potential. Additional experiments with gas injection into water are underway. Multi-component flow simulations are also being used to provide direction for these new experiments. These simulations have been used to size the gas layer and position multiple inlet nozzles.
Improved quantitation for PET/CT image reconstruction with system modeling and anatomical priors

Accurate quantitation of positron emission tomography (PET) tracer uptake levels in tumors is important for staging and monitoring response to treatment. Quantitative accuracy in PET is particularly poor for small tumors because of system partial volume errors and smoothing operations. This work proposes a reconstruction algorithm to reduce the quantitative errors due to limited system resolution and due to necessary image noise reduction. We propose a method for finding and using the detection system response in the projection matrix of a statistical reconstruction algorithm. In addition, we use aligned anatomical information, available in PET/CT scanners, to govern the penalty term applied during each image update. These improvements are combined with Fourier rebinning in a clinically feasible algorithm for reconstructing fully three-dimensional PET data. Results from simulation and measured studies show improved quantitation of tumor values in terms of bias and variance across multiple tumor sizes and activity levels with the proposed method. At common clinical image noise levels for the detection task, the proposed method reduces the error in maximum tumor values by 11% compared to filtered back-projection and 5% compared to conventional iterative methods.
Dynamic Analysis of Folded Plate Structures

A spectral element method for analyzing wave propagation in multiply connected plates oriented at arbitrary angles is presented. These plate elements may be joined to model structures with stiffeners, open or closed thin-walled tubes, corrugated plates, channels, and ducts. The element models exactly both in-plane and out-of-plane responses over large domains. Results for point impact of a plate with stringers and a thin-walled box beam show excellent agreement with finite element solutions.
Fluorescent Schiff-Type Reagents for Cytochemical Detection of Polyaldehyde Moieties in Sections and Smears

THE standard Schiff reagent (basic fuchsin plus sulphurous acid) has been used widely in cytochemistry to localize such aldehyde moieties as deoxyribonucleic acid by the Feulgen reaction and 1, 2 glycols (polysaccharides) by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Work in this laboratory designed to provide other reliable aldehyde-specific reagents (Schiff-type reagents) has been completed1,2.
Microscopic radiation quantities

The physical quantities ordinarily used in relation to ionizing radiation are macroscopic in that they represent averages over large numbers of particles and absorption events. However, many radiation effects and in particular cellular radiobiological effects are often due to the action of very few particles and frequently only due to one particle. Under these conditions the microscopic quantities which specify the energy concentrations actually existing can differ greatly from their macroscopic counterparts.Among possible microscopic quantities the local energy density and the event size are defined and their inter-relation is discussed.Brief reference is made to experimental determinations of event size distributions with walled and wall-less proportional counters.A number of ways are considered in which microdosimetric quantities can be employed in theoretical radiobiology.
Electron spin relaxation of triarylmethyl radicals in fluid solution.

Abstract Electron spin relaxation times of a Nycomed triarylmethyl radical ( sym -trityl) in water, 1:1 water:glycerol, and 1:9 water:glycerol were measured at L-band, S-band, and X-band by pulsed EPR methods. In H 2 O solution, T 1 is 17±1 μs at X-band at ambient temperature, is nearly independent of microwave frequency, and exhibits little dependence on viscosity. The temperature dependence of T 1 in 1:1 water:glycerol is characteristic of domination by a Raman process between 20 and 80 K. The increased spin–lattice relaxation rates at higher temperatures, including room temperature, are attributed to a local vibrational mode that modulates spin–orbit coupling. In H 2 O solution, T 2 is 11±1 μs at X-band, increasing to 13±1 μs at L-band. For more viscous solvent mixtures, T 2 is much shorter than T 1 and weakly frequency dependent, which indicates that incomplete motional averaging of hyperfine anisotropy makes a significant contribution to T 2 . In water and 1:1 water:glycerol solutions continuous wave EPR linewidths are not relaxation determined, but become relaxation determined in the higher viscosity 1:9 water:glycerol solutions. The Lorentzian component of the 250-MHz linewidths as a function of viscosity is in good agreement with T 2 -determined contributions to the linewidths at higher frequencies.
Sarcoidosis mortality in the United States, 1979–1991: An analysis of multiple-cause mortality data

Purpose We sought to describe sarcoidosis mortality in the United States from 1979 through 1991. Methods We analyzed death certificate reports compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics for the period 1979 through 1991. Results Of the 26,866,600 people who died during the study period, 9,014 had a diagnosis of sarcoidosis listed on their death certificates. We restricted our study group to 5,791 people who died because of sarcoidosis or one of its complications. Among men, age-adjusted mortality rates increased from 1.3 per 1,000,000 in 1979 to 1.6 per 1,000,000 in 1991, and among women, these rates increased from 1.9 per 1,000,000 in 1979 to 2.5 per 1,000,000 in 1991. Age-adjusted mortality rates were consistently higher among blacks than among whites. Age-adjusted mortality rates, stratified by race, varied by state. Among whites, the highest rates were in northern states, while among blacks, the highest rates were in the Middle Atlantic and northern Midwestern states. Conclusions Reported mortality due to sarcoidosis varies by region, sex, and race. We cannot determine whether these differences are related to characteristics of the disease, or problems in death certification and coding.
Tissue culture and international phytosanitary controls1

The growing importance of micropropagation has led to the appearance of micropropagated material in international trade. Plant quarantine services have to decide whether this material should be handled like any other plants (phytosanitary certificate) or whether special inspection and certification systems, at source, can be developed to simplify the phytosanitary handling of this material.
2001 Lawrence R. Klein Lecture Estimating Distributions of Treatment Effects with an Application to the Returns to Schooling and Measurement of the Effects of Uncertainty on College Choice

This article uses factor models to identify and estimate the distributions of counterfactuals. We extend LISREL frameworks to a dynamic treatment effect setting, extending matching to account for unobserved conditioning variables. Using these models, we can identify all pairwise and joint treatment effects. We apply these methods to a model of schooling and determine the intrinsic uncertainty facing agents at the time they make their decisions about enrollment in school. We go beyond the “Veil of Ignorance” in evaluating educational policies and determine who benefits and who loses from commonly proposed educational reforms.
Oscillatory depletion models for renewable ecosystems

Abstract The usual logistic model of ecology is augmented by multiplying the carrying capacity K by 1 − D ( t ), where D ( t ) is a resource depletion fraction that is determined by the time-varying population level N ( t ) over the last T time units. Two examples are given to show that N ( t ) and D ( t ) can oscillate antiphasically. The model is used to explain a boom-and-bust cycle of reindeer on an island in the Bering Sea.
Second-stage dissociation of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (“bes”) in water and in 50 mass per cent methanol + water from 278.15 to 328.15 K

Abstract The second thermodynamic dissociation constants of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (hereafter known as “ bes ”), a useful secondary standard biochemical buffer within the pH range 6.6 to 7.4, have been determined from 278.15 to 328.15 K at intervals of 5 K (including 310.15 K), both in water and in 50 mass per cent methanol + water solvent mixtures. E.m.f. measurements in cells without liquid junction (using hydrogen and silver + silver bromide electrodes) were made. The pK2 (in water) for the process bes ± = bes − + H+ is expressed by the equation p K 2 = 1302.6( K T ) + 2.6850 + 0.00044289( T K ) , whereas that in 50 mass per cent methanol-water is expressed by p K 2 = 2198.7( K T ) − 2.8868 + 0.0085509( T K ) . The thermodynamic quantities associated with the ionization of bes in the two solvents have been calculated from the above pK2 expressions. The transfer thermodynamic functions for the dissociation process from water to 50 mass per cent methanol + water have also been evaluated. These results (obtained in water) are compared with those of compounds similar to bes .
Lifetime Extension of a Realistic Model of an In-Service Bridge through a Response Modification Approach

Many highway bridges in the United States are reaching their intended design lives and are in need of attention. To avoid replacing these bridges simultaneously, methodologies to safely extend their lives are important to help avoid high replacement costs and to allow for bridge replacement to occur over a longer time window. This paper expands an approach to extend the fatigue life of vulnerable steel bridges through a response modification (RM) apparatus, consisting of a mechanical amplifier and a RM device, which provide efficient supplemental stiffness and damping to the bridge. Because of the relatively small deflections encountered under typical service loads, the use of a mechanical amplifier allows for a more efficient and less intrusive apparatus to provide the required RM forces imparted to the bridge for increased bridge life. This paper presents a parameter study exploring the flexibility of the elements in the RM apparatus, the length of the apparatus, and the characteristics of the RM device. The analyses also add superstructure damping and other model improvements to a comprehensive numerical model of a realistic in-service bridge. The paper carries out dynamic analyses in the frequency domain to ensure the robustness of the RM apparatuses for various loading frequencies. The most important characteristic of the RM apparatus is found to be the cross-sectional area of the members. Additionally, the parameter study showed that a smaller apparatus is most cost effective. Finally, the dynamic analyses showed that the use of a semiactive device may be beneficial to the effectiveness of the RM approach.
Morphology of Au/GaAs interfaces

The interface morphology of gold contacts on ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) cleaved, air‐exposed, and chemically prepared GaAs surfaces has been studied by electron microscopy. Diodes formed on atomically clean cleaved (110) GaAs surfaces, subsequently annealed at 405 °C, were found to have flat interfaces. In contrast, diodes formed on air‐exposed and chemically prepared GaAs surfaces, also subsequently annealed at 405 °C, were found to have rough and uneven interfaces with a large number of protrusions extending into the semiconductor. They have different orientation relationships with the GaAs substrate than the diodes prepared in situ in UHV. The results of this study show that, upon annealing, the interfacial chemistry and morphology depend strongly on the surface preparation of GaAs before gold deposition.
The time of the nation

Homi K. Bhabha, ed., Nation and Narration. London and New York: Routledge, 1990. 333 pages.
Dynamic T1-weighted spin-echo MR imaging: the role of digital subtraction in the demonstration of enhancing brain lesions.

We compared subtracted and non-subtracted images obtained from a contrast-enhanced dynamic T1-weighted spin echo (SE) magnetic resonance (MR) technique for the demonstration of enhancing brain lesions with and without associated hemorrhage. Thirty-four patients with enhancing brain lesions or subacute parenchymal hematomas were imaged using a contrast-enhanced dynamic T1-weighted SE MR technique modified by a keyhole scheme. On-line digital subtraction was performed. Non-subtracted and subtracted dynamic scans were compared for conspicuity and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of enhancing brain lesions. The presence and pattern of enhancement in the subacute parenchymal hematomas were evaluated on the subtracted images. In all, 47 enhancing brain lesions were detected on both the non-subtracted and the subtracted images. The enhancing brain lesions were more conspicuous on the subtracted images (P < 0.05). There was an increase in CNRs of the enhancing lesions on the subtracted images compared with the non-subtracted ones (P < 0.001). Seventeen subacute parenchymal hematomas were detected on the non-subtracted images. The subtracted images demonstrated enhancement in 15 hematomas (8 rim enhancement only/7 both nodular and rim enhancement). Digital subtraction in contrast-enhanced dynamic T1-weighted SE MR imaging is helpful in demonstrating enhancing brain lesions with and without associated hemorrhage.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;9:503–508, 1999 © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relative Roles of Heme-Irons and Globin-Thiols in the Genesis of Acellular Hemoglobin Mediated Vasoconstriction

Abstract:In addition to heme-irons, reactive (β-globin thiols (βCys93s) of hemoglobin (Hb) also have been shown to interact with endogenous nitric oxide (NO) thereby contributing to vascular tone regulation. What relative roles do these NO binding sites contribute to the overall Hb-mediated vasoactivity? Several test Hbs with either or both the NO binding sites preliganded or blocked were prepared and tested in a rat thoracic aortic ring model. Hbs tested were: NEM-Hb (ferrous Hb with masked thiols), HbNO (ferrous Hb preliganded with NO), Hb+CN (ferric Hb liganded with CN−), NEM-HbNO and NEM-Hb+CN (Hbs with both heme-iron and cysteine sites preliganded or blocked). Typically, >0.2 μM control Hb significantly increased isometric tension in agonist stimulated vessel rings (58.1 ±7.0% over baseline). At comparable concentrations, NEM-Hb also caused a significant contraction (50.7±9.5%) while HbNO and Hb+CN did not (−5.5±6.0% and −3.7±4.6%, respectively). For these Hbs, masking thiols as well did not signific...
Mass Shell and Non-Locality in Electrodynamics

Much criticism can be brought against our present theory of electromagnetic interactions. Most of it can be summarized as follows.
Relief of Right Ventricular Angina and Increased Exercise Capacity with Long-term Oxygen Therapy

Long-term low-flow oxygen therapy can lead to improved exercise capacity and improved hemodynamics in selected patients with pulmonary hypertension. We report a patient who presented with severe exercise limitation and anginal chest pain that appeared to result from pulmonary hypertension and predominantly right ventricular ischemia. Acute oxygen therapy led to relief of pain but no change in exercise capacity or of pulmonary hypertension. After eight months of oxygen therapy, the patient's pulmonary hypertension was unchanged, but right ventricular hypertrophy and marked increases in exercise cardiac output and exercise capacity developed. Thus, oxygen can relieve right ventricular angina and facilitate the development of compensatory hypertrophy. (Chest 1991; 100:534-39)
The role of diver training in submersible use

URI is a leader in scientific research diver training. Our goal has been to train scientists to become safe and effective diving researchers. Good scientists and good divers seem to have divergent objectives dictated by their training and experience. Before diver training can begin, instructors must "untrain" many scientists by emphasizing safety awareness over research. As technology advances, the majority of these scientists will have access to mid-water, one-man, one-atm, diving systems (OMADS). It is extremely critical that these scientists, now solely responsible for onboard operations, have sufficient safety training to take advantage of this cost effective research tool. Further, it is mandatory that the system prove itself from the onset not only as a valuable technological asset, but a safe and productive tool. Because of similarities in objectives, the scientific diver research training program forms a suitable basis for OMADS training. This paper will discuss various strategies and methods that the instructional staff at URI have developed to meet these goals.
Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720–1829

In 1826, Sultan Mahmud II orchestrated the slaughter of 6,000–7,000 janissaries and, in order to incinerate any janissary remnants that had taken refuge there, burned the Belgrade Forest outside Istanbul. During his reign (1808–39), the sultan attacked many of the other bases of the ancien regime, such as the timar system, the lifetime tax farms, and the political autonomy of provincial notables. He also centralized the pious foundations, brought them under a special ministry, and expropriated their revenues. Such stories of Sultan Mahmud's dramatic and violent policies, as well as their 18th-century origins and their 19th-century legacies, are familiar ones in Ottoman and Middle Eastern history. It is a commonplace that Sultan Mahmud aimed to dismantle the power of the military and religious classes in favor of a new bureaucracy of administrators and scribes. And it is also known that his efforts had a major impact on the subsequent evolution of the Tanzimat reform programs during the later 19th century.
Contemporary anticoagulation therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention

The proper use of anticoagulants is crucial for ensuring optimal patient outcomes post percutaneous interventions in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Anticoagulant agents such as unfractionated heparin, a thrombin inhibitor; low-molecular weight heparins, predominantly Factor Xa inhibitors; fondaparinux, a Factor Xa inhibitor and bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor have been developed to target various steps in the coagulation cascade to prevent formation of thrombin. Optimal anticoagulation achieves the correct balance between thrombosis and bleeding and is related to optimal outcomes with minimal complications. This review will discuss the mechanisms and appropriate use of current and emerging anticoagulant therapies used during percutaneous interventions.
Purification and characterization of two rabbit lung Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins

Abstract Two Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (PLBPs) in rabbit lung cytosolic fraction have been purified to homogeneity. The apparent molecular weights of these two proteins are 36000 and 33000. Both the 36000 and 33000 PLBPs aggregated certain negatively charged unilamellar liposomes, but not the neutral phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes, in the presence of Ca2+. However, both PLBPs fused PC unilamellar liposomes to membrane acceptors. The 36000 and 33000 PLBPs had different specificities for phospholipid head groups, effects of Ca2+ and membrane charges and amino acid compositions. Both the PLBPs aggregated the surfactant membranes (lamellar bodies or from lung lavage) and nonsurfactant membranes (microsomes or mitochondria) to a level similar to that of the synthetic acidic phospholipid vesicles, but the proteins fused [14C]|PC liposomes to the surfactant membranes 13- to 16-times more than to the synthetic phospholipid vesicles. The 36000 PLBP fused [14C]PC liposomes to microsomes or mitochondria only half that of the fusion to the surfactant; the 33000 PLBP fused [14C]PC liposomes to the surfactant and nonsurfactant alike. The PLBP's aggregate activity was not affected by the depletion of biological membrane proteins and the disruption of the native membrane integrity, but its fusion activity was greatly reduced. These results suggest that: (1) the 36000 and 33000 PLBPs are two different proteins; (2) the PLBPs may possess two catalytic reactions, one for the aggregation of small vesicles due to the binding of the protein to phospholipid vesicles and one for the fusion of small vesicles to acceptors; (3) the fusion activity was probably regulated by biological membrane proteins or structures; and (4) lung PLBP(s) might play a role in lung surfactant biogenesis.
Stability of Lurie-type functional differential equations

Sufficient conditions are obtained for the absolute stability of systems that are described by Lurie-type functional differential equations. It is assumed that the uncontrolled system is unstable. The problem of Lurie consists of finding conditions for the feedback coefficients and characterizing the feedback function which makes the trivial solutions of the differential equation stable. It is assumed that the system is complete controllable. The method is based on the use of Lyapunov functionals. A set of 'easily verifiable' sufficient conditions on the roots of certain 'quasi-polynomials' are obtained. >
Regional implications of the geology of the Ogallala Group (upper Tertiary) of southwestern Morrill County, Nebraska, and adjacent areas

A part of a filled Ogallala Group (upper Tertiary) paleovalley system exhumed by recent stream erosion in southwestern Morrill County, Nebraska, and adjacent areas contains steep gradient gullies filled with locally derived sediments. Younger channels filled with granitic gravels derived by stream erosion of the Rocky Mountains to the west and southwest cut across and through these older filled gullies, indicating that there were at least two periods of downcutting followed by periods of filling during the development of this system. Individual clasts from younger Ogallala gravels are often as large as or larger than clasts from Quaternary gravels transported comparable distances by streams. This fact supports the idea that streams of Ogallala age were often at least as competent as their Quaternary counterparts. In a tributary to Greenwood Creek, six major volcanic ash lentils occur in superposition. These ash deposits range in geometry from tabular to channel-shaped and were deposited on land surfaces or in ponds and gullies at different times during the deposition of the Ogallala Group. Some of the lentils grade laterally into diatomites. Caliches are common throughout the Ogallala Group. Major caliches are developed in older rocks directly beneath the Ogalalla and in sediments beneath the eroded upper surface of the group. Caliche horizons occur at many horizons within the group and have “tepee,” honeycomb, and other typical structures. The preceding observations are in part directly opposed to observations made by earlier workers for the Ogallala in general or specifically for the study area. The Ogallala Group should be re-examined to see whether the earlier models or those offered here better explain its geologic history.
Literalizing the metaphor of soviet savagery: President Truman's plain style

After examining Harry S. Truman's plain style to determine its role in literalizing the Cold War image of Soviet savagery, this essay concludes that Truman's blunt and straightforward manner of addressing the nation reinforced the connotations of a decivilizing metaphor and, thus, enhanced its capacity for constructing political reality.
Distribution of Residual Pesticide Within Textile Structures as Determined by Electron Microscopy

An electron microscopical technique was developed to determine the location and distribution of the organophosphorus pesticide, malathion, on and within yams and fibers. X-ray microanalysis and backscattered electron imaging of contaminated fiber cross sections was accomplished by using OsO4 as a tag for the pesticide. On contaminated 50% cotton/50% polyester fabric with and without a durable press finish, malathion was observed on the surface of the cotton and polyester fibers and in the lumen of the cotton fibers, but no malathion was found inside the polyester fibers. A statistical comparison of differences in the distribution of malathion was made for durable press finished and unfinished cotton/polyester fabrics and between various regions on fiber cross sections for each fabric. X-ray mapping was also used to define the location of malathion on yams and in fiber cross sections.
Thirty years of lithography simulation

Thirty years ago Rick Dill and his team at IBM published the first account of lithography simulation - the accurate description of semiconductor optical lithography by mathematical equations. Since then, lithography simulation has grown dramatically in importance in four important areas: as a research tool, as a development tool, as a manufacturing tool, and as a learning tool. In this paper, the history of lithography simulations is traced from its roots to today’s indispensable tools for lithographic technology development. Along the way, an attempt will be made to define the true value of lithography simulation to the semiconductor industry.
Permian paleoclimate data from fluid inclusions in halite

Abstract This study has yielded surface water paleotemperatures from primary fluid inclusions in mid Permian Nippewalla Group halite from western Kansas. A `cooling nucleation' method is used to generate vapor bubbles in originally all-liquid primary inclusions. Then, surface water paleotemperatures are obtained by measuring temperatures of homogenization to liquid. Homogenization temperatures ranged from 21°C to 50°C and are consistent along individual fluid inclusion assemblages, indicating that the fluid inclusions have not been altered by thermal reequilibration. Homogenization temperatures show a range of up to 26°C from base to top of individual cloudy chevron growth bands. Petrographic and fluid inclusion evidence indicate that no significant pressure correction is needed for the homogenization temperature data. We interpret these homogenization temperatures to represent shallow surface water paleotemperatures. The range in temperatures from base to top of single chevron bands may reflect daily temperatures variations. These Permian surface water temperatures fall within the same range as some modern evaporative surface waters, suggesting that this Permian environment may have been relatively similar to its modern counterparts. Shallow surface water temperatures in evaporative settings correspond closely to local air temperatures. Therefore, the Permian surface water temperatures determined in this study may be considered proxies for local Permian air temperatures.
QT interval and repolarization time in patients with intraventricular conduction delay

A prolonged QT interval is an important prognostic indicator for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. The conventional QT interval measurement, however, includes in its measure the cardiac depolarization (QRS) as well as the cardiac repolarization (JT) intervals. To evaluate the relative contribution of the depolarization and the repolarization time prolongation to the prolonged QT interval in patients with intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD), the QRS, QT, and JT intervals were measured in 72 subjects with various types of IVCD. The observed intervals in IVCD subjects were compared to similar intervals in 33 healthy individuals in whom there was no evidence for intraventricular conduction abnormalities. The QTc (QT interval corrected for heart rate) in subjects with IVCD were 445 +/- 6.8 msec (mean +/- SEM) in those with LAD, 470 +/- 9.1 msec with RBBB, and 489 +/- 6.9 msec with LBBB. All of these intervals were significantly prolonged compared to 430 +/- 4.3 msec in the control group. The prolongation of QTc interval in each category of IVCD subjects was entirely secondary to a prolonged depolarization time, as the repolarization intervals were not significantly different from those observed in the control group (F = 0.5, p = NS). These observations may provide an explanation for the differential prognosis for subjects with prolonged QT interval with prolonged repolarization time as compared to those with prolonged QT interval with prolonged depolarization time.
Effects of twin and surface facet on strain-rate sensitivity of gold nanowires at different temperatures

We use classical molecular-dynamics simulations to examine the strain-rate sensitivity of single-crystalline and twinned Au nanowires (NWs) with a diameter of 12.3 nm deformed in tension at temperatures between 10 K and 450 K. It is found that the strain-rate sensitivity above 100 K is significantly smaller in twinned Au NWs with perfectly circular cross-section than in similar NWs without twins, while the activation volume remains in the same range of $1{b}^{3}--15{b}^{3}$ with $b$ the magnitude of Burgers vector. This behavior is markedly different from that generally observed in bulk face-centered cubic metals where addition of nanoscale twins increases both strength and strain-rate sensitivity. Furthermore, our simulations show a threefold decrease in strain-rate sensitivity in twinned Au NWs with zigzag morphology constructed by assembly of {111} surface facets in comparison to the different types of circular Au NWs. The rate-controlling deformation mechanisms related to surface dislocation emission and twin-slip interaction, and their dependence on temperature and surface morphology are analyzed in detail. The combination of ultrahigh strength and decreased sensitivity to strain-rate predicted above 100 K in twinned Au NWs with faceted surface morphology holds great promise for creating metallic nanostructures with increased failure resistance to extreme loading conditions.
Structural abnormalities in brain magnetic resonance images of depressed children.

ABSTRACT Objective Brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 65 children and adolescents who were hospitalized with depressive disorders (DD) were compared with the brain MRIs of 18 hospitalized psychiatric controls (PC) without a depressive disorder. Method Volumetric analyses were used to measure frontal lobe volumes (FLV), lateral ventricular volumes (W), and total cerebral volumes (CV) for all subjects. To correct for differences in absolute cerebral volume associated with different body and head size, the ratios of FLV/CV and VV/CV were used to compare differences between the two groups. A multivariate analysis was used to control for the effects of several independent variables (age, sex, diagnosis). Results Significant differences were seen in the FLV/CV ratio and the W/CV ratio when the results were compared between the two groups (DD versus PC). The DD group had a significantiy smaller FLV/CV ratio ( t = 2.148, df = 79, p = .035) and a significantly larger W/CV ratio ( t = −2.093, df = 79, p=.040). Conclusion The findings are consistent with previous reports in depressed adults and may implicate the frontal lobes in the pathogenesis of early-onset depressive disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adotesc. Psychiatry , 1996, 35(3):307–31
Maximum entropy Gaussian approximations for the number of integer points and volumes of polytopes

We describe a maximum entropy approach for computing volumes and counting integer points in polyhedra. To estimate the number of points from a particular set X@?R^n in a polyhedron P@?R^n, by solving a certain entropy maximization problem, we construct a probability distribution on the set X such that a) the probability mass function is constant on the set P@?X and b) the expectation of the distribution lies in P. This allows us to apply Central Limit Theorem type arguments to deduce computationally efficient approximations for the number of integer points, volumes, and the number of 0-1 vectors in the polytope. As an application, we obtain asymptotic formulas for volumes of multi-index transportation polytopes and for the number of multi-way contingency tables.
The Gender/Sexuality Reader: Culture, History, Political Economy

The Gender/Sexuality Reader: Culture, History, Political Economy. Roger N. Lancaster and Micaela di Leonardo. eds. New York; Routledge, 1997. 574 pp.
Complications of HIV infection in an ageing population: challenges in managing older patients on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy

With the use of combination antiretroviral therapy, the proportion of HIV-infected patients over age 50 has greatly increased. The rate of progression of untreated HIV disease, response to therapy and complicating effects of co-morbidities differ in older versus younger patients. Compared with younger individuals, older untreated HIV patients demonstrate faster rates of CD4+ cell loss and more rapid progression to AIDS and death. With treatment, older patients have a better virological response, but a less robust immunological response. The treatment of older HIV-infected patients is further complicated by pre-existing co-morbid conditions including cardiovascular, hepatic and metabolic complications that may be exacerbated by the effects of HIV infection per se, modest immunodeficiency (i.e. at CD4+ counts >350 cells/mm³), and the metabolic and other adverse effects of combination antiretroviral therapy. Based on these considerations guidelines for the treatment of HIV-infected patients state that increased age is a consideration in initiating antiretroviral therapy in persons with >350-500 CD4+ cells/mm³.
Psychiatric Emergency Services a Decade Later

The changes in the functioning of the psychiatric component of a general hospital emergency room were assessed over the past decade. The effect of its incorporation into a community mental health center as its emergency service was seen to exert a significant increase in its utilization. Admissions increased threefold over the ten year period and the 15–21 age group increased by twice that amount. Analysis of census and social class data showed a significant effect of distance on only the lower socioeconomic groups. Diagnostic and dispositional shifts were seen as showing an increase in utilization by less disturbed patients who use the emergency room as their primary treatment resource. The rise in the drug addictions is striking and may mask other diagnoses.