cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of the history, physical examination, and laboratory testing for giant cell arteritis.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), an inflammation of temporal arteries, can lead to multiple complications including vision loss if not diagnosed promptly.1 Unfortunately, diagnoses can often be delayed, particularly in those without classic features.2 Once the diagnosis is suspected, patients are typically started on high-dose glucocorticoids and referred for urgent temporal artery biopsy (TAB) or advanced imaging (e.g., computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging). Unfortunately, high-dose glucocorticoids have significant side effects. Moreover, TAB is not sensitive enough to exclude the disease.3,4.
Droplet-based single cell RNA sequencing of bacteria identifies known and previously unseen cellular states

Abstract Clonal bacterial populations rely on transcriptional variation to differentiate into specialized cell states that increase the community’s fitness. Such heterogeneous gene expression is implicated in many fundamental microbial processes including sporulation, cell communication, detoxification, substrate utilization, competence, biofilm formation, motility, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance1. To identify these specialized cell states and determine the processes by which they develop, we need to study isogenic bacterial populations at the single cell level2,3. Here, we develop a method that uses DNA probes and leverages an existing commercial microfluidic platform (10X Chromium) to conduct bacterial single cell RNA sequencing. We sequenced the transcriptome of over 15,000 individual bacterial cells, detecting on average 365 transcripts mapping to 265 genes per cell in B. subtilis and 329 transcripts mapping to 149 genes per cell in E. coli. Our findings correctly identify known cell states and uncover previously unreported cell states. Interestingly, we find that some metabolic pathways segregate into distinct subpopulations across different bacteria and growth conditions, suggesting that some cellular processes may be more prone to differentiation than others. Our high throughput, highly resolved single cell transcriptomic platform can be broadly used for understanding heterogeneity in microbial populations.
Splenomegaly, Non-Traumatic Splenic Rupture, and Pancytopenia in Patient with Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis.

BACKGROUND Splenic rupture is a well-described complication of babesiosis but is rarely associated with anaplasmosis. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 37-year-old man with no significant past medical history who presented with malaise, myalgias, arthralgias and severe left upper quadrant pain. He was found to have splenic rupture secondary to infection by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. He reported a single tick bite the week prior to onset of his symptoms. On presentation, he was found to have left upper quadrant abdominal tenderness, pancytopenia, and splenomegaly with evidence of splenic rupture and hemoperitoneum on contrasted computed tomography. Blood smear did not demonstrate intraerythrocytic parasites or morulae. His hemoperitoneum was treated conservatively and he was empirically treated for babesiosis. Diagnosis was confirmed by a positive serum PCR for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. CONCLUSIONS This case study adds to the small number of prior case reports and provides evidence for anaplasmosis-associated splenic rupture.
Comparative Analysis of Quality Control Tests of Traditional PET/CT scanner vs Total Body PET/CT Scanner

3067 Objectives: A thorough Quality Assurance program consists of tests for quality control (QC) and calibration defined by the manufacturer, along with additional tests to be periodically completed based on National Electrical Manufacturer Association (NEMA) to document system performance. Many of the QC and calibration protocols use phantoms that are manufacturer, and often scanner, specific. For PET/CT, these tests should be conducted, recorded, and monitored consistently, so that any drift or change in the system can be corrected prior to having any effect on the clinical diagnosis of patients. The objective of this work is to describe the QC program developed at UC Davis for the uExplorer total-body PET/CT system and to compare that with other QC programs implemented for traditional PET/CT scanners having an axial length ~15 cm. Methods: The quality control tests of a GE DISCOVERY 690 PET/CT scanner with an axial FOV of 157 mm was compared to a uExplorer PET/CT scanner with an axial FOV of 1940 mm. Daily, Weekly, Quarterly, Semi-Annual and Annual Quality Control tests were performed using NEMA and manufacturer recommended standards. QC tests including Sensitivity, System Spatial Resolution, ACR Image Quality, and Normalization calibration were evaluated and compared, based on completion time, methodology used, and protocol. Results: Time of completion and methodology were similar between the uExplorer and the GE Discovery for Daily and Weekly QC tests. Sensitivity, System Spatial Resolution, ACR Image Quality and Normalization calibration with uExplorer require testing at multiple locations along the axial FOV due to the extended length, which increases the overall time required for scanning, though many of the testing methodologies remains similar. When compared to a traditional PET scanner, calibration methods for uExplorer are more challenging due to the significantly elongated phantom geometries, which can be difficult to fill and are cumbersome to transport and position. Discussion: With the addition of a newly manufactured Total Body PET/CT scanner, consideration in the length of time and periodicity of recommended tests should be evaluated in order to organize a thorough Quality Assurance Program. A list of tests that are to be done can be scheduled accordingly with respect to clinical workflow. Conclusions: The extended Axial FOV of a Total Body PET/CT scanner does not increase scan time of daily and weekly QC and are comparable to a traditional PET/CT scanner. Calibrations prove to be more challenging due to having to test the full length of the extended FOV. However, due to the more modern design of the uExplorer scanner compared to the DISCOVERY 690, the manufacturer recommends less frequent calibrations.
The Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation

What effects do external rewards have on intrinsic motivation? People describe the types of motivations differently. When asked, what motivates you? People tend to name some things that motivate them intrinsically and some extrinsically; everyone has different meanings for each and therefore different answers to the inquiry. There is a wealth of research on the subject of motivation. The research distinguishes between the two aspects of motivation. Generally, the research delineates intrinsic motivation as the motivational behavior that stems from within the individual while performing a task rather than the motivation that comes from various external rewards (i.e. extrinsic motivation). As a consequence, this paper will focus on conducting a literature review, in the form of introducing previously established theories, to discover what others are reporting about the issue of external rewards and their effects on intrinsic motivation.
Antagonistic surround responses in different cones are mediated by feedback synapses from different horizontal cells.

Abstract Cone photoreceptors are the first neurons along the visual pathway that exhibit center-surround antagonistic receptive fields, the basic building blocks for spatial information processing in the visual system. The surround responses in cones are mediated by the horizontal cells (HCs) via multiple feedback synaptic mechanisms. It has been controversial on which mechanisms are responsible for the surround-elicited depolarizing responses in cones (ΔVCone(s)), and whether the surround responses of various types of cones are mediated by the same HC feedback mechanisms. In this report, we studied ΔVCone(s)) of four types of cones in the salamander retina, and found that they are mediated by feedback synapses from A-type, B-type or A- and B-type HCs. ΔVCone(s) are observable in the presence of concomitant center light spots, and surround + center light stimuli of various intensity, size and wavelength differentially activate the feedback synapses from A- and B-type HCs to cones. We found that ΔVCone(s) of the L-cones are mediated by both A- and B-type HCs, those of the P- and S-cones by B-type HCs, and those of the A-cones by the A-type HCs. Moreover, our results suggest that B-type HCs mediate ΔVCone(s) through both GABAergic and GluT-ClC feedback synaptic mechanisms, and A-type HCs mediate ΔVCone(s) via the GluT-ClC feedback mechanism. Feedback synaptic mechanisms that increase calcium influx in cone synaptic terminals play important roles in mediating the antagonistic surround responses in the postsynaptic bipolar cells, but they may not generate enough current to depolarize the cones and significantly contribute to ΔVCone(s).
Unsupervised Models of Mouse Visual Cortex

Abstract Task-optimized deep convolutional neural networks are the most quantitatively accurate models of the primate ventral visual stream. However, such networks are implausible as a model of the mouse visual system because mouse visual cortex has a known shallower hierarchy and the supervised objectives these networks are typically trained with are likely neither ethologically relevant in content nor in quantity. Here we develop shallow network architectures that are more consistent with anatomical and physiological studies of mouse visual cortex than current models. We demonstrate that hierarchically shallow architectures trained using contrastive objective functions applied to visual-acuity-adapted images achieve neural prediction performance that exceed those of the same architectures trained in a supervised manner and result in the most quantitatively accurate models of the mouse visual system. Moreover, these models’ neural predictivity significantly surpasses those of supervised, deep architectures that are known to correspond well to the primate ventral visual stream. Finally, we derive a novel measure of inter-animal consistency, and show that the best models closely match this quantity across visual areas. Taken together, our results suggest that contrastive objectives operating on shallow architectures with ethologically-motivated image transformations may be a biologically-plausible computational theory of visual coding in mice.
Determining Quality FDI: A Commentary on the OECD's 'FDI Qualities Project

The OECD Secretariat launched, in 2018, a “FDI qualities project”. Its objective is to provide governments with a tool kit to attract investment that contributes as much as possible to sustainable development; for that purpose, it has identified “FDI qualities indicators”. This brief note discusses the approach used to identify these indicators and the approach taken to identify FDI sustainability characteristics. This work will — and should — have implications for future arbitral proceedings, as well as the WTO’s Structured Discussions on investment facilitation.
The Global Configuration of Visual Stimuli Alters Co-Fluctuations of Cross-Hemispheric Human Brain Activity.

We tested how a stimulus gestalt, defined by the neuronal interaction between local and global features of a stimulus, is represented within human primary visual cortex (V1). We used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which serves as a surrogate of neuronal activation, to measure co-fluctuations within sub-regions of V1 as (male and female) subjects were presented with peripheral stimuli, each with different global configurations. We found stronger cross-hemisphere correlations when fine-scale V1 cortical sub-regions represented parts of the same object, as compared to different objects. This result was consistent with the vertical bias in global processing and, critically, was independent of the task and local discontinuities within objects. Thus, despite the relatively small receptive fields of neurons within V1, global stimulus configuration affects neuronal processing via correlated fluctuations between regions that represent different sectors of the visual field. SIGNIFICANCE We provide the first evidence for the impact of global stimulus configuration on cross-hemispheric fMRI fluctuations, measured in human primary visual cortex. Our results are consistent with changes in the level of gamma-band synchrony, which has been shown to be affected by global stimulus configuration, being reflected in the level fMRI co-fluctuations. These data help narrow the gap between knowledge of global stimulus configuration encoding at the single-neuron level versus at the behavioral level.
Quantum Hydrodynamics Approach to Electron Emission Physics

The emission of charged particles from solid surfaces into electromagnetic devices remains a limiting technological challenge for high-power microwave devices, vacuum electronics sources, free-electron lasers, and particle accelerators, in addition to an area of fundamental physics study involving questions of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. A particular challenge is understanding the fundamental role played by various solid-state physical quantities, such as the fermi level, work function, the charge exchange-correlation potential, the image charge potential, and the electron affinity in devices that also have free charge in vacuum adjacent to the material surface. These questions become particularly vexing when the energy in the applied electromagnetic field and the energy in the space-charge fields of the emitted particles become of comparable magnitude. While considerable progress has been made in practical models to see scaling laws for particle emission physics, as well as development of algorithms that support high-fidelity emission physics in large-scale particle-in-cell “gun-code” models, here, we strive to reconsider the fundamental nature of the solid-vacuum barrier in the context of a one-dimensional quantum hydrodynamics approach that employs an orbital-free dynamical density functional theory. In particular, we strive to separate the physical role of the image charge and the exchange-correlation potential. Our methods explicitly compare the fidelity of the basic Thomas-Fermi model, the Kirzhnits-corrected Thomas-Fermi model, the addition of an exchange-correlation functional, and finally all these components to isolate the role each of these models plays in the complex physical process of electron emission. In particular, we stress the role of boundary conditions and emphasize questions of steady-state and equilibrium behavior in an emitting high-power electron diode.
Preferences’ Significance Does Not Depend on Their Content

Moral theories which include a preference-fulfillment aspect should not restrict their concern to some subset of people’s preferences such as “now-for-now” preferences. Instead, preferences with all contents—e.g. ones which are external, diachronic, or even modal—should be taken into account. I offer a conceptualization of preferences and preference fulfillment which allows us to understand odd species of preferences, and I give a series of examples showing what it would mean to fulfill such preferences and why we ought to do so.
Battery modeling for electric vehicle applications using neural networks

Neural networking is a new approach to modeling batteries for electric vehicle applications. This modeling technique is much less complex then a first principles model but can consider more parameters then classic empirical modeling. Test data indicates that individual cell size and geometry and operating conditions affect a battery performance (energy density, power density and life). Given sufficient battery data, system parameters and operating conditions a neural network model could be used to interpolate and perhaps even extrapolate battery performance under wide variety of operating conditions. As a result the method could be a valuable design tool for electric vehicle battery design and application. This paper describes the on going modeling method at Texas A and M University and presents preliminary results of a tubular lead acid battery model. The ultimate goal of this modeling effort is to develop the values necessary to be able to predict performance for batteries as wide ranging as sodium sulfur to zinc bromine.
Handling Complex Program Structure

In this chapter, we begin asking you to use an orderly approach to solving problems with the computer. This is the first chapter in which you will have to synthesize some of the program specifications based on a general description of the problem.
Pharmacological hypothermia by Trpv1 agonism provides neuroprotection following ischemic stroke (877.13)

Stroke is the leading cause of death and major cause of long-term disability. Current therapeutic hypothermia by physical cooling shows the potential for neuroprotection in animal ischemic stroke, but causes complications and often requires sedation and muscle paralysis. The limitations restrict the translational application in clinic. Our previous studies show agonism of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) by dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) induces reliable and reversible pharmacological hypothermia (PH). We hypothesize that DHC induced hypothermia provides neuroprotection in ischemic stroke mice. Acute response of HR, BP and cerebral perfusion to the therapeutic dose of DHC were measured. C57BL/6 WT and TRPV1 KO mice were treated with therapeutic doses (1.25, 1.25 mg/kg) and high doses (30, 15 mg/kg) at two consecutive days. After one month recovery, the temperature change response of DHC (1.25 mg/kg) was applied to evaluate the potential TRPV1 desensitization. Focal cerebral I/R (one hour ischemia ...
Constituent attachment and thematic role assignment in sentence processing: Influences of content-based expectations

Abstract The experiments reported here use individual word reading times in a self-paced word-by-word reading task to examine the processing of prepositional phrase constituents in sentences like “The spy saw the cop with a revolver but the cop didn't see him”. In Experiment 1 we show that reading times for words immediately following the prepositional phrase (“with a revolver”) are predictable from the consistency of subjects' expectations for the attachment of such prepositional phrases with the attachment dictated by the content of the prepositional phrase itself. These expectations vary from sentence to sentence with the content of the material preceding the prepositional phrase and do not appear to reflect the syntactic principle of Minimal Attachment. Experiment 1 conflated violations of expectations for prepositional phrase attachment with violation of role and filler expectations; Experiment 2 examined the contribution of each of these three types of expectation violations to the slowing of reading times. Violations of filler expectations that did not change expected role or attachment produced a small but significant slowdown in processing the words just following the prepositional phrase. Violations of thematic role expectations and filler expectations produced a much larger slowdown, but violation of attachment expectations as well as filler and role expectations did not produce any additional slowing of processing. We interpret these results as supporting models of sentence processing in which thematic role expectations for upcoming constituents play a role in guiding the interpretation of these constituents as they are initially processed.
Loss of phosphatase activity in Ptp69D alleles supporting axon guidance defects

PTP69D is a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that was identified as a key regulator of neuromuscular axon guidance in Drosophila, and has subsequently been shown to play a similar role in the central nervous system and retina. Three Ptp69D alleles with mutations involving catalytically important residues exhibit a high degree of phenotypic variation with viability of mutant adult flies ranging from 0 to 96%, and ISNb motor nerve defects ranging from 11 to 57% [Desai and Purdy, 2003]. To determine whether mutations in Ptp69D affecting axon guidance and viability demonstrate losses of phosphatase activity and whether differences in catalytic potential underlie phenotypic variability, we expressed full-length wild-type and mutant PTP69D protein in Schneider 2 cells, and assessed phosphatase activity using the fluorogenic substrate 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferone phosphate (DiFMUP). Detailed biochemical characterization of wild-type PTP69D, including an examination of sensitivity to various inhibitors, in vitro catalytic efficiency, and the pH-k(cat) profile of the enzyme, suggests a common tyrosine phosphatase reaction mechanism despite lack of sequence conservation in the WPD loop. Analysis of mutant proteins revealed that every mutant had less than 1% activity relative to the wild-type enzyme, and these rates did not differ significantly from one another. These results indicate that mutations in Ptp69D resulting in axon guidance defects and lethality significantly compromise catalytic activity, yet the range of biological activity exhibited by Ptp69D mutants cannot be explained by differences in catalytic activity, as gauged by their ability to hydrolyze the substrate DiFMUP.
Contributions of motoneuron hyperexcitability to clinical spasticity in hemispheric stroke survivors.

Objective Muscle spasticity is one of the major impairments that limits recovery in hemispheric stroke survivors. One potential contributing mechanism is hyperexcitability of motoneurons. Previously, the response latency of the surface electromyogram (EMG) record evoked by joint rotation has been used to characterize motoneuron excitability. Given the limitations of this method, the objective of the current study was to reexamine the excitability of motoneurons in chronic stroke survivors by estimating reflex latency using single motor unit discharge.
Further Investigation of Oxidized Cholesterol Derivatives in Heated Fats

The oxidation of cholesterol in tallow heated at various frying temperatures, 135°, 150°, 165°, and 180°C was studied by capillary gas chromatography. The linearity of formation of 7-ketocholesterol with heating time was confirmed. However, no significant differences in rate of formation of 7-ketocholesterol were noted among temperatures of 135°, 150°, and 165°C. Therefore, it was not possible to construct a kinetic equation. The possible efficacy of antioxidants at frying temperatures was demonstrated by incorporating ascorbyl palmitate plus dl-α-tocopherol into tallow at 135°C.
Inhibition of Neutral Sphingomyelinase-2 Perturbs Brain Sphingolipid Balance and Spatial Memory in Mice

The sphingolipid ceramide is a bioactive signaling lipid that is thought to play important roles in modulating synaptic activity, in part by regulating the function of excitatory postsynaptic receptors. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ceramide exerts its effects on synaptic activity remain largely unknown. We recently demonstrated that a rapid generation of ceramide by neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2; also known as "sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase-3") played a key role in modulating excitatory postsynaptic currents by controlling the insertion and clustering of NMDA receptors (Wheeler et al. [2009] J. Neurochem. 109:1237-1249). We now demonstrate that nSMase2 plays a role in memory. Inhibition of nSMase2 impaired spatial and episodic-like memory in mice. At the molecular level, inhibition of nSMase2 decreased ceramide, increased PSD-95, increased the number of AMPA receptors, and altered the subunit composition of NMDA receptors. Our study identifies nSMase2 as an important component for efficient memory formation and underscores the importance of ceramide in regulating synaptic events related to learning and memory.
Potential impact of Medicare Part D in the end-stage renal disease population

Since 2006, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients enrolled in Medicare are also eligible to enroll in the voluntary prescription drug program, Medicare Part D, which is administered by private sector entities called prescription drug plans (PDPs) or Medicare Advantage Part D plans. Approximately 84% of ESRD patients should be eligible to receive Part D benefits based on Medicare coverage, but the percentage who lack adequate prescription coverage and are enrolled is unclear. Dually eligible (Medicare and Medicaid) ESRD patients were automatically enrolled in PDPs if they did not self-enroll. Many experienced problems after Part D implementation, including interruptions in prescription drug coverage, formulary issues, and difficulties when seeking appeals. Several key ESRD medications are not covered by Part D plans. Trade-name ESRD medications are often placed in higher formulary tiers requiring higher copayment. Enhanced plans covering more medications require higher premiums. ESRD patients have higher out-of-pocket expenses under Part D than general Medicare patients and are more likely to reach and go through the coverage gap and to reach catastrophic coverage. The complexities of Medicare Part D make problems inevitable; ESRD patients may be more vulnerable to these problems than the general Medicare population, but further data are needed.
AN UPDATE ON FERRET LYMPHOMA: A PROPOSAL FOR A STANDARDIZED CLASSIFICATION OF FERRET LYMPHOMA

Abstract Lymphoma is one of the most commonly diagnosed conditions in ferrets in the United States and in Europe. Despite the high frequency of occurrence, ferret lymphoma is poorly understood and is considered to be one of the more difficult diseases to diagnose accurately and successfully treat in these animals. An update on ferret lymphoma will be provided, along with a proposal to standardize a classification system for this common disease presentation.
Territorial shift in the yellow‐handed titi monkey (Callicebus torquatus)

In this study, the ranging pattern of a single group of monogamous and territorial Callicebus torquatus was recorded over a 7-year period from 1974 to 1980. Data on ranging pattern were recorded by direct observation; daily movement patterns were plotted on an accurate, scaled map of the territory. Data were obtained during 1-3-month studies each year from 1974 to 1978 and in 1980, as well as during a 12-month study in 1979-1980. These studies show that the exclusive territory maintained by the group was not spatially stable over the 7-year period. The group gradually moved its territory to the northeast, to the extent that the territory used in 1980 was completely noncoincident with the territory used in 1974 by the same group. Analysis of the ranging pattern from the 12-month study indicates that the group did not exhibit seasonal preferences for different parts of its range. Seasonal ranging patterns, therefore, are not likely to account for the observed territorial shift. It is suggested that territorial shifting may be related to the need for monogamous groups to find new territories for their offspring.
A Methodology for Assessing Agile Software Development Methods

Agile methods provide an organization or a team with the flexibility to adopt a selected subset of principles and practices based on their culture, their values, and the types of systems that they develop. More specifically, every organization or team implements a customized agile method, tailored to better accommodate its needs. However, the extent to which a customized method supports the organizational objectives, i.e. the 'goodness' of that method, is questionable. Existing agile assessment approaches focus on comparative analyses, or are limited in scope and application. In this research, we propose a structured, systematic, and comprehensive approach to assessing the 'goodness' of agile methods. We examine an agile method based on (1) its adequacy, (2) the capability of the organization to support the adopted principles and practices specified by the method, and (3) the method's effectiveness. We propose the Objectives, Principles and Practices (OPP) Framework to guide our assessment. The Framework identifies (1) objectives of the agile philosophy, (2) principles that support the objectives, (3) practices that are reflective of the principles, (4) linkages among the objectives, principles and practices, and (5) indicators for assessing the extent to which an organization supports the implementation and the effectiveness of that practice. In this paper, we discuss our solution approach, preliminary results, and future work.
How does a drug molecule find its target binding site

Although the thermodynamic principles that control the binding of drug molecules to their protein targets are well understood, detailed experimental characterization of the process by which such binding occurs has proven challenging. We conducted relatively long, unguided molecular dynamics simulations in which a ligand (the cancer drug dasatinib or the kinase inhibitor PP1) was initially placed at a random location within a box that also contained a protein (Src kinase) to which that ligand was known to bind. In several of these simulations, the ligand correctly identified its target binding site, forming a complex virtually identical to the crystallographically determined bound structure. The simulated trajectories provide a continuous, atomic-level view of the entire binding process, revealing persistent and noteworthy intermediate conformations and shedding light on the role of water molecules. The technique we employed, which does not assume any prior knowledge of the binding site's location, may prove particularly useful in the development of allosteric inhibitors that target previously undiscovered binding sites.
Three dimensional solid-shell transition finite elements for heat conduction

Abstract This paper presents a finite element formulation for a special class of finite elements referred to as ‘Solid-Shell Transition Finite Elements’ for three dimensional heat conduction. The solid-shell transition elements are necessary in applications requiring the use of both three dimensional solid elements and the curved shell elements. These elements permit transition from the solid portion of the structure to the shell portion of the structure. A novel feature of the formulation presented here is that nodel temperatures as well as nodal temperature gradients are retained as primary variables. The element geometry is defined in terms of coordinates of the nodes as well as the nodal point normals for the nodes lying on the middle surface of the element. The temperature field with the element is approximated in terms of element approximation functions, nodal temperatures and nodal temperature gradients. The properties of the transition element are then derived using the weak formulation (or the quadratic functional) of the Fourier heat conduction equation in the Cartesian coordinate system and the element temperature approximation. The formulation presented here permits linear temperature distribution in the element thickness direction. Convective boundaries as well as distributed heat flux is permitted on all six faces of the elements. Furthermore, the element formulation also permits internal heat generation and orthotropic material behavior. Numerical examples are presented firstly to illustrate the accuracy of the formulation and secondly to demonstrate its usefulness in practical application. Numerical results are also compared with the theoretical solutions.
Elk browsing increases aboveground growth of water-stressed willows by modifying plant architecture

In the northern elk wintering range of Yellowstone National Park, USA, wolf (Canis lupus) removal allowed elk (Cervus elaphus) to overbrowse riparian woody plants, leading to the exclusion of beaver (Castor canadensis) and a subsequent water table decline in many small stream valleys. Reduced elk browsing following wolf reintroduction may or may not facilitate willow (Salix sp.) recovery in these areas. To determine if the effect of elk browsing on willow interacts with that of beaver abandonment, we manipulated elk browsing and the water table in a factorial experiment. Under the condition of an ambient (low) water table, elk browsing increased shoot water potential (Ψs), photosynthesis per unit leaf area (A), stomatal conductance per unit leaf area (gs), and aboveground current annual growth (CAG) by 50%. Elk browsing occurred entirely during dormancy and did not affect total plant leaf area (L). Improved water balance, photosynthetic rate, and annual aboveground productivity in browsed willows appeared to be due to morphological changes, such as increased shoot diameter and decreased branching, which typically increase plant hydraulic conductivity. An elevated water table increased Ψs, A, gs, CAG, and L, and eliminated or lessened the positive effect of browsing on CAG for most species. Because low water tables create conditions whereby high willow productivity depends on the morphological effects of annual elk browsing, removing elk browsing in areas of water table decline is unlikely to result in vigorous willow stands. As large willow standing crops are required by beaver, a positive feedback between water-stressed willow and beaver absence may preclude the reestablishment of historical conditions. In areas with low water table, willow restoration may depend on actions to promote the re-establishment of beaver in addition to reducing elk browsing.
Factorization of permutations into n-cycles

Using the character theory of the symmetric group "n, an explicit formula is derived for the number g"k(@p) of ways of writing a permutation @p @? "n as a product of kn-cycles. From this the asymptotic expansion for g"k(@p) is derived, provided that when k=2, @p has O(log n) fixed points. In particular, there follows a conjecture of Walkup that if @p"[email protected]?"n is an even permutation with no fixed points, then lim"n~ g"2(@p"n)(n-2)!=2.
Three dimensional MHD models of active region loops

Abstract Present imaging and spectroscopic observations of active region loops allow to determine many physical parameters of the coronal loops, such as the density, temperature, velocity of flows in loops, and the magnetic field. However, due to projection effects many of these parameters remain ambiguous. Three dimensional (3D) imaging in EUV by the STEREO spacecraft will help to resolve the projection ambiguities, and the observations could be used to setup 3D MHD models of active region loops to study the dynamics and stability of active regions. Here the results of 3D MHD models of active region loops, and the progress towards more realistic 3D MHD models of active regions are presented. In particular the effects of impulsive events on the excitation of active region loop oscillations, and the generation, propagations and reflection of EIT waves are shown. It is demonstrated how 3D MHD models together with 3D EUV observations can be used as a diagnostic tool for active region loop physical parameters, and to advance the science of the sources of solar coronal activity.
Models of Coastally Trapped Disturbances

During the spring and summer, the climatological northerly flow along the U.S. west coast is occasionally interrupted by transitions to southerly flow that have a limited offshore scale and appear to be manifestations of marine-layer flow that is rotationally trapped by the coastal mountains. Existing climatological and observational studies suggest that a synoptic-scale offshore flow initiates these coastally trapped disturbances (CTDs). Using idealized simulations produced with a 3D nonhydrostatic model, the authors find that an imposed offshore flow will produce CTDs in idealized coastal environments. The imposed flow first weakens the prevailing northerly flow in the marine layer and lowers the pressure at the coast. The marine-layer flow around this low pressure evolves toward geostrophic balance, but is retarded as it encounters the coastal mountains to the south of the low and subsequently deepens the marine layer in this region. The elevated marine layer then begins progressing northward as a Kelvin wave and later may steepen into a bore or gravity current, this progression being the CTD. Many observed features accompanying CTDs are found in the numerical simulations, including the formation of a mesoscale pressure trough offshore and deep southerlies in the CTD at the coast. Stability in the atmosphere above the marine layer can give rise to topographically trapped Rossby waves and stronger CTD winds. In these stable conditions, propagation of wave energy away from the disturbance does not preclude strong, quasi-steady, propagating CTDs.
Spectral shifts in the absorption spectrum of trapped electrons in glassy 3-methylpentane☆

Abstract When trapped electrons produced in glassy 3-methylphentane by γ irradiation or by photoionization of tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine are exposed to 700–1000 nm light at 72°K, their spectrum (λmax = ca. 1600nm) is red-shifted. Following illumination the shift reverses slowly over minutes. At 23°K the red-shift is relatively stable.
Radial and horizontal deployment of clonally related cells in the primate neocortex: Relationship to distinct mitotic lineages

Abstract To analyze cell lineage in the rhesus monkey neocortex, we used recombinant retroviruses to label individual progenitor cells in the ventricular zone (VZ), then determined histochemically the distribution of their progeny during and after the period of cortical neurogenesis. Distribution patterns of labeled cells in the VZ suggested the coexistence of asymmetrically and symmetrically dividing progenitor cells, indicating that both postmitotic and mitotic progeny are produced during cortical neurogenesis. In the cortex, several distinct patterns of clonal distribution were observed and interpreted as follows: clones aligned radially suggested that asymmetrically dividing progenitors generate sequential "siblings" that migrate, in tandem, along a common radial path to the cortex. In contrast, clones oriented horizontally within a single lamina suggested that symmetric divisions produce multiple, laterally displaced progenitors which, in turn, simultaneously generate "cousin" cells that migrate, in concert, to the same cortical layer. Thus, we propose that different mitotic lineages, which coexist in the monkey VZ, produce distinct radial or laminar patterns of clone deployment that foreshadow the cytological organization of the adult neocortex.
Mechanism of Water Oxidation by the μ-Oxo Dimer [(bpy)2(H2O)RuIIIORuIII(OH2)(bpy)2]4+

The kinetics and mechanism of CeIV oxidation of the water oxidation catalyst [(bpy)2(H2O)RuIIIORuIII(OH2)(bpy)2]4+ (1, RuIIIORuIII) have been investigated by UV−visible measurements with application of global analysis. The reaction proceeds by stepwise oxidation of RuIIIORuIII to RuVORuV with oxidation of RuIVORuIII the slow step. RuVORuV has been identified as an intermediate by the appearance of its ClO4- salt as a black suspension in concentrated solutions at 5 °C. It is the key intermediate in water oxidation. The mechanism may involve a bimolecular step and formation of a peroxo-bridged intermediate. Catalytic water oxidation is greatly retarded after just a few catalytic cycles because of anation induced by O2 evolution.
“We have got results”: A document on the organization of domestics in the progressive era

(1976). “We have got results”: A document on the organization of domestics in the progressive era. Labor History: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 103-108.
A Delicate Balance in Amazonia

In their letter “Deforestation in Amazonia” (21 May 2004, p. [1109][1]), W. F. Laurance et al. cogently summarize the threats that roads and other infrastructure development projects pose to Amazonian forests. However, their implicit suggestion that the best way to prevent forest loss is by
Homohysteria: A Commentary and Critique

McCormack and Anderson (2014) present a case for using homohysteria as a lens through which to examine the effects of declining homophobia. This commentary addresses limitations of the concept of homohysteria, and offers suggestions on ways to improve the concept as a theoretical lens. We identify two central concerns in this presentation of homohysteria; a definitional problem in operationalizing the construct of homohysteria, and a logical weakness in the construction of the definition of a homohysteric society. We offer suggestions based in psychological and historical data aimed to improve homohysteria as a lens through which to view shifts in attitudes toward sexual orientation minorities.
Transport properties of lateral superlattices grown on vicinal GaAs (100) surfaces

Abstract We report on the growth and the transport characterization of sub-monolayer inserted quantum wells grown on vicinal GaAs (100) surfaces. The deposition conditions were carefully adjusted to ensure an ordered array of steps on the surface during growth. In magneto-transconductance we observe that the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations of the samples vanish at intermediate gate-voltages. In the same regime, the resistance across the steps exhibits a pronounced plateau-like increae whereas the resistance along the steps remains essentially unchanged. Lateral miniband formation as well as the presence of a limited number of traps are discussed as possible explanations for the experimental findings.
Pushing the epsilon to the abyss post-modern finance

Abstract This is a condensed and edited version of two roundtable discussions titled “Post-Modern Finance,” that took place at the EFA, and FMA 1997 meetings, respectively. Both the editing and the condensation were made for the sake of contextual clarity and continuity. Utmost effort was made to preserve the content of what was said during these two events. Data are not information. Information is not knowledge. Knowledge is not truth. Truth is not reality.
Poor People, Poor Health: The Health Status of the Homeless

Clinical data from the National Health Care for the Homeless program are analyzed to provide a portrait of the health status of the urban homeless. Ill health, physical as well as mental, is both a cause and a consequence of homelessness; homeless people suffer from many physical disorders at dramatically elevated rates. Homelessness also greatly complicates the delivery of adequate health care. The paper concludes that homelessness should be considered as a remediable condition of the environment that places a large and growing portion of the urban poverty population at high health risk.
Very low temperature search for superconductivity in Pd, Pt, and Rh

In connection with the possible occurrence of triplet pairing in metals, we have made a search for superconductivity in high-purity specimens of Pd, Pt, and Rh at temperatures down to ∼1.7mK and for fields less than 1.7 mG; no superconductivity was observed under these conditions.
Flat-top resonant reflectors with sharply delimited angular spectra: an application of the Rayleigh anomaly

We introduce the concept of Rayleigh reflectors where extremely sharp angular spectra with unity reflectance are obtained across considerable angular extents. Enabling the device is a rapid, high-efficiency transition from an evanescent to a propagating first-order substrate wave occurring at the Rayleigh angle. A high-index nanolayer located adjacent to the substrate is seen to critically affect the resulting spectra. Away from the Rayleigh anomaly, the device is a basic guided-mode resonance (GMR) high reflector. Hence, this device connects the fundamental concepts of GMR and the Rayleigh anomaly with interesting possible applications, including filters and couplers.
Current sheet crossings in the distant magnetotail

A computer search of crossings of the field reversal region in the middle of the distant magnetotail has been done with ISEE-3 data. It is found that the instantaneous direction of the magnetic field at the crossings Bz is northward on average at a distance of 220 earth radii, with moderate values of the plasma flow. This result suggests that the magnetic field lines are closed; since the flow is tailward, the Dungey (1961) model with a steady state reconnection line across the magnetotail earthward of the spacecraft is invalidated. The present result gives strong support to a model in which tailward boundary layer flow provides the viscous interaction proposed by Axford and Hines (1961). At higher values of the plasma velocity, negative values of Bz are found.
Lip replantation and delayed inset after a dog bite: a case report and literature review.

Dog bites to the face are common in children and often involve amputation of the lip or cheek resulting in a devastating facial injury. When feasible, replantation of the amputated lip segment provides the optimal cosmetic outcome. Here, we present the case of a partial upper lip replantation with delayed inset as a new treatment option. Revascularization of the central upper lip segment was enabled by anastomosis to a single labial artery. Inset compression at the time of initial closure caused arterial insufficiency. Therefore, a delayed, sequential inset was performed over the following 2 weeks resulting in an esthetically and functionally successful replantation. A comprehensive review of the literature on published lip replantation techniques is also provided and discussed. We add delayed inset to the armamentarium of the microsurgeon when faced with these difficult injuries. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Effects of Prazosin and Clonidine on Sympathetic and Baroreflex Function in Patients with Essential Hypertension

Prazosin, a peripherally active alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, and clonidine, a centrally active alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, both reduce blood pressure but with different alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity. We studied the effects of monotherapy with either prazosin or clonidine in 10 and 30 patients, respectively, with essential hypertension. Prazosin reduced blood pressure without affecting heart rate or circulating plasma catecholamines. Sensitivity to injected phenylephrine was markedly reduced by prazosin, and sensitivity to isoproterenol was increased, whereas baroreflex sensitivity was not significantly altered. Blood pressure response to prazosin was correlated with basal plasma norepinephrine concentration (r = 0.64, P less than 0.04). In contrast, clonidine reduced heart rates and plasma concentrations of both norepinephrine and epinephrine, increased the sensitivity to phenylephrine, and increased baroreflex sensitivity. Blood pressure response to clonidine was correlated with reduction in plasma norepinephrine concentration (r = 0.51, P less than 0.004). Thus, blood pressure reduction resulting from monotherapy with either prazosin or clonidine occurs through different antisympathetic effects, suggesting that combined therapy might be useful in those unresponsive to either drug alone.
The ideological turn in modern criticism

This essay offers an approach to the ideological underpinnings of 20th‐century criticism, especially but not only American speech criticism. In juxtaposing social events with critical and metacritical statements offered by Herbert Wichelns, Kenneth Burke, Forbes Hill, Lawrence Rosenfield, and Martin Heidegger, the study isolates the ideological force of varied approaches to criticism.
Antiresonances in the Rydberg spectrum of naphthalene. A new analysis

Abstract The Rydberg “antiresonances” in the spectra of large molecules are reexamined under the assumption that Rydberg level-valence vibronic level mixing is of primary importance in determining the interference phenomenon. The line shape calculated using this point of view fits very well the observed “antiresonance” line shape in the naphthalene spectrum. The formalism also provides a satisfying rationalization for the absence of antiresonances in the Rydberg spectra of most large molecules.