cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matriptase Deletion Initiates a Sjögren’s Syndrome-Like Disease in Mice

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effect of epithelial barrier disruption, caused by deficiency of the membrane-anchored serine protease, matriptase, on salivary gland function and the induction of autoimmunity in an animal model. Methods Embryonic and acute ablation of matriptase expression in the salivary glands of mice was induced, leading to decreased epithelial barrier function. Mice were characterized for secretory epithelial function and the induction of autoimmunity including salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction, lymphocytic infiltration, serum anti-Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB and antinuclear antibodies. Salivary glands immune activation/regulation, barrier function as well as tight junction proteins expression also were determined. Expression of matriptase in minor salivary gland biopsies was compared among pSS patients and healthy volunteers. Results Embryonic ablation of matriptase expression in mice resulted in the loss of secretory epithelial cell function and the induction of autoimmunity similar to that observed in primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Phenotypic changes included exocrine gland dysfunction, lymphocytic infiltrates, production of Sjogren’s syndrome-specific autoantibodies, and overall activation of the immune system. Acute ablation of matriptase expression resulted in significant salivary gland dysfunction in the absence of overt immune activation. Analysis of the salivary glands indicates a loss of electrical potential across the epithelial layer as well as altered distribution of a tight junction protein. Moreover, a significant decrease in matriptase gene expression was detected in the minor salivary glands of pSS patients compared with healthy volunteers. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that local impairment of epithelial barrier function can lead to loss of exocrine gland dysfunction in the absence of inflammation while systemic deletion can induce a primary Sjogren’s syndrome like phenotype with autoimmunity and loss of gland function.
Fine-tuning of defences and counter-defences in a specialised plant–herbivore system

1. The plant–herbivore arms race has been postulated to be a major driver for generating biological and biochemical diversity on Earth. Herbivore feeding is reduced by the production of chemical and physical barriers, but increases plant resistance against subsequent attack. Accordingly, specialisation is predicted to be an outcome of herbivores being able to circumvent plant-induced defences. 2. Using a specialised plant–herbivore system, in which adult chrysomelid beetles (Chrysochus auratus) feed on leaves and larvae feed on roots of dogbane (Apocynum spp.), this study investigated whether root latex and cardenolides are effective against the soil-dwelling larvae, and whether such defences could be circumvented by the herbivore. 3. Across two Apocynum species, C. auratus larvae were not affected by latex production or cardenolide amounts and diversity. By contrast, cardenolide apolarity was detrimental to larval growth. Yet larval feeding decreased average root cardenolide apolarity in A. cannabinum and larvae performed better on those plants. Finally, above-ground induction rendered the plants more toxic by increasing root cardenolide apolarity and maintaining it, even during subsequent larval herbivory. 4. Therefore, the intimate relationship and interaction between Chrysochus and Apocynum are maintained by a delicate balance of herbivore manipulation and plant chemical induction.
Information content of the near field: Three-dimensional samples

We present an analysis of the accuracy and information content of three-dimensional reconstructions of the dielectric susceptibility of a sample from noisy, near-field holographic measurements, such as those made in scanning probe microscopy. Holographic measurements are related to the dielectric susceptibility via a linear operator within the accuracy of the first Born approximation. The maximum-likelihood reconstruction of the dielectric susceptibility is expressed as a linear combination of basis functions determined by singular value decomposition of the weighted measurement operator. Maximum a posteriori estimates based on prior information are also discussed. Semianalytical expressions are given for the likely error due to measurement noise in the basis function coefficients, resulting in effective resolution limits in all three dimensions. These results are illustrated by numerical examples.
Nature of fecal sterols and intestinal bacterial flora.

Sterol excretion in the spontaneously atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau (WC) pigeon, the Silver King (SK) pigeon and the Show Racer (SR) pigeon was studied by thin layer chromatography (TLC), argentation TLC and gas liquid chromatography. Unlike man and the chicken, these pigeons excreted no coprostanol or coprostanone derivatives of sterols. Moreover incubation of14C-labeled cholesterol with pigeon feces indicated that, also unlike man and the chicken, these pigeons are unable to convert it to coprostanol. Bacteriologic examination revealed the absence of gram-negative anaerobic flora and of members of the genusBifidobacterium in both the WC and SR pigeons. On the other hand, one of the two SK pigeons examined showed evidence of the presence of bothBacteroids fragilis andB. bifidum in the upper intestinal tract. Although no qualitative experiments were performed, no unusual characteristics of the aerobic flora were noted in these pigeons. In addition, analysis of human stool specimens indicated a “normal” bowel flora. The flora of the intestinal tract of the chicken is similar to that of the human. Because of this similarity, it appears that differences in environment (living conditions, diets) between the human and the chicken are of little consequence. The results obtained in this study suggest the possibility that the anaerobic gram-negative flora and sponsible, at least in part, for the chemical conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol.
The Context and Content of Collaboration: Architecture and Sociology

Sociology and architecture have been linked in the past in collaborative efforts, but the results have not always been satisfying. Some of the issues Involved in such collaborative efforts and some...
Tissue engineered vessels: Cells to telomeres

Abstract Vascular diseases continue to affect people of all ages, and therapies are continually being improved. Cardiovascular tissue engineering is becoming an established field that will enable the replacement or modification of diseased tissues. Although commonly thought to affect older populations, cardiac disease afflicts many pediatric patients who come with a different set of needs. Particularly, with congenital defects, an engineered construct must be able to grow with the patient to avoid costly, repeated surgeries. Of the wide variety of congenital cardiac defects observed today, many concern the vessels in and around the heart. The selection of a proper cell source and attention to cellular lifespan are important factors that dictate the success of a vascular graft. Engineered blood vessels have been constructed from both synthetic and biological materials, using cells from human, bovine, and porcine species. Smooth muscle and endothelial cells taken from vessel explants, as well as cells derived from bone marrow, have been utilized to generate extracellular matrix components needed for conduit construction. The limited lifespan of these cells, especially after weeks in culture, has been addressed with the use of the telomerase enzyme. The catalytic subunit of telomerase, hTERT, has been used to maintain telomere length and consequently extend cellular lifespan. This review looks at current research that is expanding the vessel tissue engineering field by implementing novel use of cells and telomerase.
Admirable Wit: Deinofēs and the Rise and Fall of Lyric Wonder

Abstract : When lyric poets in late Renaissance England responded to the demand for wonder in poetry and all courtly activity by astonishing audiences through style, they drew upon the Greek rhetorical tradition, which presents roughness and obscurity as coordinate methods of making style deinos , or admirable. In the Life of Cowley , Samuel Johnson also sees roughness and obscurity as coordinate qualities in the verse of the “metaphysical poets” he says erred in pursuit of wonder. Before admirable style went out of fashion, poet-critics praised its ability to provoke the audience9s inferences and to transcend persuasion by “ravishing” the audience9s will, precisely the effects that Demetrius attributes to the charaktēr deinos in On Style . Yet deinolēs is the term used to describe both the most powerful style and the clever style of sophistic epideixis , and this breadth of meaning helps explain both the rise and fall of wit.
The Diffusion of Calcium, Phosphorous, and OD−Ions in Fluorapatite

Experiments are reported in which the diffusion coefficients for the migration of Ca2+, PO, and OD− ions have been measured in single crystals of fluorapatite for directions parallel and perpendicular to the crystalline c-axis. The measurements have been made over the temperature range between 1000 and 1800 K. Parallel to the c-axis the Ca2+ selfdiffusion coefficient can be empirically represented by D∥(Ca) = 9.3 × 106exp (−5.64/kT) + 3.6 × 10−3 exp (− 2.46/kT) cm2 s−1 and perpendicular to the c-axis by D⟂(Ca) = = 1.28 × 108 exp (−6.0/kT) + 7.92 × 10−8 exp (−1.15/kT) cm2 s−1. The diffusion coefficient of the phosphate ions is found to be at least two orders of magnitude smaller than that of calcium ions at 1700 K with D∥ (PO4) = 1.2 × 10−12 cm2 s−1 and D⟂(PO4) = 3.6 × 10−12 cm2 s−1. Preliminary data on the diffusion of OD− ions are also presented. A theoretical model for the calcium diffusion coefficients is discussed. The biological implications of the data are briefly examined. Les coefficients de diffusion correspondant a la migration des ions Ca2+, PO et OD− dans des monocristaux de fluorapatite, ont ete mesures, dans les directions parallele et perpendiculaire a l'axe cristallographique c. Les mesures on ete faites dans le domaine de temperature 1000 a 1800 K. Parallelement a l'axe c, le coefficient d'auto-diffusion de Ca2+ peut ětre represente empiriquement par D∥(Ca) = 9,3 × 106 exp (−5,64/kT) + 3,6 × 10−3 exp (−2,46/kT) cm2 s−1 et perpendiculairement a l'axe c par D⟂(Ca) = 1,28 × 108 exp (−6,0/kT) + 7,92 × 10−8 exp (−1,15/kT) cm2 s−1. Les coefficients de diffusion des ions phosphates sont au moins cent fois plus faibles que ceux des ions calcium a 1700 K avec D∥(PO4) = 1,2 × 10−12 cm2 s−1 and D⟂(PO4) = 3,6 × 10−12 cm2 s−1. Le premiers resultats sur la diffusion des ions OD− sont egalement presentes, ainsi qui une discussion d'un modele theorique pour les coefficients de diffusion du calcium, et une breve revue des implications biologiques de ces resultats.
Beyond Symptom Counts for Diagnosing Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder

Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) are among the most commonly diagnosed childhood behavioral health disorders. Although there is substantial evidence of heterogeneity of symptom presentations, DSM diagnoses of CD and ODD are formally diagnosed on the basis of symptom counts without regard to individual symptom patterns. We used unidimensional item response theory (IRT) two-parameter logistic (2PL) models to examine item parameters for the individual symptoms of CD and ODD using data on 6,491 adolescents (ages 13–17) from the National Comorbidity Study: Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). For each disorder, the symptoms differed in terms of severity and discrimination parameters. As a result, some adolescents who were above DSM diagnostic thresholds for disruptive behavior disorders exhibited lower levels of the underlying construct than others below the thresholds, based on their unique symptom profile. In terms of incremental benefit, our results suggested an advantage of latent trait scores for CD but not ODD.
Regulation of tissue factor expression in smooth muscle cells with nitric oxide.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on tissue factor (TF) expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Study Design: Rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) were exposed to NO delivered exogenously with the NO donor S -nitroso- N -acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or produced endogenously after infection with an adenoviral vector carrying human inducible NO synthase (AdiNOS). Functional TF activity was assessed with chromogenic TF assay. TF antigen was determined with immunohistochemistry. Northern blot analysis was used to determine steady- state TF messenger RNA (mRNA). Electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay was performed to determine the nuclear binding activity of nuclear factor κ-B (NFκB). NFκB activity was inhibited by either prior transduction of RASMCs with mutant IκB or treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Results: RASMCs exposed to SNAP or infected with AdiNOS exhibited increased functional TF activity and antigen. Regardless of the source of NO, a time-dependent and concentration-dependent increase in TF activity was observed. Steady-state TF mRNA levels were also increased by NO delivered via either method. NFκB nuclear binding activity was also increased by NO. Inhibition of NFκB activity by either pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate treatment or mutant IκB transduction abrogated NO-induced enhancement of TF mRNA and functional activity. Conclusion: In RASMC, NO exposure results in upregulation of TF functional activity, antigen, and mRNA. This effect appears to be mediated by an NFκB-dependent pathway. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:650-9.)
Comparison of osteoporosis knowledge in menopausal women who view a teaching video versus those who don’t

Abstract Objective: To determine the effectiveness of enhancing osteoporosis education for menopausal patients via a video. Methods: Data were collected from 194 menopausal, ambulatory patients: 98 patients observed an educational osteoporosis video before their office visit, and 96 patients did not view the video. After their gynecologic visit, all patients answered a standardized osteoporosis questionnaire. Results: No statistically significant differences were noted as to the demographics of the patients, including level of education. Test scores for the control group were 82%, versus 94% for the video group. The most notable differences: two-thirds of those who did not view the video did not know the role of hormone replacement therapy in osteoporosis treatment and prevention and did not understand the role of family history and the role of weight-bearing exercise. The video group answered these questions correctly. Conclusion: The study objectively demonstrated that the use of educational materials in addition to physician counseling improves patient understanding of osteoporosis.
Cryo-EM structure of a novel calicivirus, Tulane virus.

Tulane virus (TV) is a newly isolated cultivatable calicivirus that infects juvenile rhesus macaques. Here we report a 6.3 A resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the TV virion. The TV virion is about 400 A in diameter and consists of a T = 3 icosahedral protein capsid enclosing the RNA genome. 180 copies of the major capsid protein VP1 (∼57 KDa) are organized into two types of dimers A/B and C/C and form a thin, smooth shell studded with 90 dimeric protrusions. The overall capsid organization and the capsid protein fold of TV closely resemble that of other caliciviruses, especially of human Norwalk virus, the prototype human norovirus. These close structural similarities support TV as an attractive surrogate for the non-cultivatable human noroviruses. The most distinctive feature of TV is that its C/C dimers are in a highly flexible conformation with significantly reduced interactions between the shell (S) domain and the protruding (P) domain of VP1. A comparative structural analysis indicated that the P domains of TV C/C dimers were much more flexible than those of other caliciviruses. These observations, combined with previous studies on other caliciviruses, led us to hypothesize that the enhanced flexibility of C/C dimer P domains are likely required for efficient calicivirus-host cell interactions and the consequent uncoating and genome release. Residues in the S-P1 hinge between the S and P domain may play a critical role in the flexibility of P domains of C/C dimers.
Modifying ready-made science activities

Moving from a traditional didactic teaching approach to a student-centered inquiry approach to teaching as recommended byNational Science Education Standards is a challenging task for preservice teachers. The changing roles of the students and the teacher can be difficult to grasp and implement. To help our preservice teachers with these changes in their thinking and later in their teaching, students worked on modifying pre-existing science activities so that they would reflect the inquiry-based science advocated in the NSES. Students examined science texts, reworked activities, and assessed the new versions using a questionnaire.
Far-infrared reflectance spectra of optical black coatings

Far-infrared specular reflectance spectra of six optically black coatings near normal incidence are presented. The spectra were obtained using nine bandpass transmission filters in the wavelength range between 12 and 300 microns. Data on the construction, thickness, and rms surface roughness of the coatings are also presented. The chemical composition of two coatings can be distinguished from that of the others by a strong absorption feature between 20 and 40 microns which is attributed to amorphous silicate material. Inverse relationships between these spectra and coating roughness and thickness are noted and lead to development of a reflecting-layer model for the measured reflectance. The model is applied to the spectra of several coatings whose construction falls within its constraints.
Adsorption and transformation of trace element species at sulfide/water interfaces

The transformation of trace element species in aqueous systems includes the formation of surface complexes at the solid/solution interface. The reactions describing the formation of these surface coordination species follow all the concepts and mathematical formalism of coordination chemistry. The development of an electric field in the solid/solution interphase region requires either an explicit accounting for electrostatic effects or incorporation of field effects in rational activity coefficients. Reactions at sediment/water interfaces can be understood best when treated as polyligand systems. Both organic and inorganic materials are observed to exhibit variable binding intensities with trace metals. These systems can be modeled as polyligand systems with variable proton stoichiometry. Real soils and sediments exhibit similar variable binding intensities and can be modeled as polyligand materials.
Abstract A7: Roles of miRNAs in the switch of TGF-β from tumor suppressor to pro-oncogenic factor in cancer progression

Abstract TGF-β is a widely expressed pleiotropic growth factor that plays complex roles in tumorigenesis. TGF-β switches from tumor suppressor to pro-oncogenic factor during breast cancer progression. Our goal is to identify molecular determinants of the TGF-β switch. Since miRNA expression is deregulated in cancer, and TGF-β is reported to regulate expression and biogenesis of miRNAs, we hypothesize that miRNAs may contribute to this switch. To model the TGF-β switch, we used a series of human breast cancer cell lines derived from the spontaneously immortalized MCF10A human breast epithelial cell line. The model consists of 4 cell lines. In the MCF10A (M-I; normal), MCF10AT (M-II; premalignant) and MCF10CA1hcl4 (M-IIIcl4; low-grade tumor) lines, TGF-β is a tumor suppressor. In contrast, in the MCF10CA1a cell line (M-IV), which gives rise to aggressive metastatic tumors, the tumor suppressor activity is lost and TGF-β promotes metastasis. To test the possible involvement of miRNAs in the TGF-β switch, we compared expression profiles of miRNAs by Next Gen miRNA sequencing 1) basally in cultures of all four cell lines and 2) in M-IIIcl4 and M-IV with and without TGF-β treatment. A variety of patterns of change in basal miRNA expression with malignant progression were seen. We focused on miRNAs whose expression level differs basally between M-IIIcl4 and M-IV, since the switch occurs between these two cell lines. 46 miRNAs were expressed > 1.5 fold higher in M-IIIcl4 than in M-IV, whereas 29 miRNAs were expressed > 1.5 fold higher in M-IV than in M-IIIcl4. We selected several miRNAs whose expression was most different between the two cell lines, and examined whether these miRNAs regulate cellular responses to TGF-β. As an example, let-7i and let-7g were expressed higher in M-IV than in M-IIIcl4. Forced expression of these miRNAs partially reversed TGF-β-induced growth inhibition in M-IIIcl4. A similar strategy was applied to miRNAs whose regulation by TGF-β is different between M-IIIcl4 and M-IV. The results of these experiments will be discussed. Citation Format: Yoshiko Nagano, Maxwell P. Lee, Lalage M. Wakefield. Roles of miRNAs in the switch of TGF-β from tumor suppressor to pro-oncogenic factor in cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A7.
Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age

It is well documented that aging is associated with cognitive declines in many domains. Yet it is a common lay belief that some aspects of thinking improve into old age. Specifically, older people are believed to show better competencies for reasoning about social dilemmas and conflicts. Moreover, the idea of aging-related gains in wisdom is consistent with views of the aging mind in developmental psychology. However, to date research has provided little evidence corroborating this assumption. We addressed this question in two studies, using a representative community sample. We asked participants to read stories about intergroup conflicts and interpersonal conflicts and predict how these conflicts would unfold. We show that relative to young and middle-aged people, older people make more use of higher-order reasoning schemes that emphasize the need for multiple perspectives, allow for compromise, and recognize the limits of knowledge. Our coding scheme was validated by a group of professional counselors and wisdom researchers. Social reasoning improves with age despite a decline in fluid intelligence. The results suggest that it might be advisable to assign older individuals to key social roles involving legal decisions, counseling, and intergroup negotiations. Furthermore, given the abundance of research on negative effects of aging, this study may help to encourage clinicians to emphasize the inherent strengths associated with aging.
Risk stratification based on thyroid cytology: can we rely on national data?

Abstract Purpose Determine correlation of malignancy rates between fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and surgical specimen in an urban academic environment. Methods Retrospective review at an academic medical center of fine needle aspiration biopsies and surgical specimens in a head and neck otolaryngology practice between 2000 and 2012. Results Of the 74 biopsies diagnosed as follicular lesion, 34 (45.9%) were malignant. Of the 45 biopsies diagnosed as follicular neoplasm, 22 (48.9%) were malignant. These results are significantly higher than the average risk of malignancy cited by the American Thyroid Association of 5%–10% and 20%–30% for follicular lesions and neoplasms respectively. Conclusions The rate of malignancy based on a FNA diagnosis of indeterminate cytology (follicular lesion or follicular neoplasm) can vary greatly among different institutions. Thyroid surgeons should be aware of their local pathology practices to better guide therapy and counsel patients.
Life Cycle Assessment as a tool for Improving Service Industry Sustainability

The ideas of corporate citizenship and sustainable development have demonstrated that corporations have a larger role than simply generating a profit. Some corporations have begun to evolve by including the principles of sustainable development and the triple bottom line into their growth and development plans. Promoting social well-being, minimizing environmental degradation, as well as maximizing economic profitability, is quickly becoming common practice.
Heavy NP shift is the parser’s last resort: Evidence from eye movements

Two eye movement experiments explored the roles of verbal subcategorization possibilities and transitivity biases in the processing of heavy NP shift sentences in which the verb’s direct object appears to the right of a post-verbal phrase. In Experiment 1, participants read sentences in which a prepositional phrase immediately followed the verb, which was either obligatorily transitive or had a high transitivity bias (e.g., Jack praised/watched from the stands his daughter’s attempt to shoot a basket). Experiment 2 compared unshifted sentences to sentences in which an adverb intervened between the verb and its object, and obligatorily transitive verbs to optionally transitive verbs with widely varying transitivity biases. In both experiments, evidence of processing difficulty appeared on the material that intervened between the verb and its object when the verb was obligatorily transitive, and on the shifted direct object when the verb was optionally transitive, regardless of transitivity bias. We conclude that the parser adopts the heavy NP shift analysis only when it is forced to by the grammar, which we interpret in terms of a preference for immediate incremental interpretation.
Viewing the born model for ion hydration through a microscope

The hydration-free energy, energy, and entropy of monovalent ions are calculated using the extended RISM integral equation theory and computer simulations. Plots of these thermodynamic quantities against 1/R, where R is the Lennard–Jones radius, lie on two distinct curves corresponding to cations and anions. This result is attributed to differences in the microscopic structure of solvent surrounding the ions. Charge distribution functions are used to analyze solvent structure. It is found that the modified Born formula proposed by the Latimer et al. gives good agreement with the RISM results for the energy and the free energy, but not for the entropy. A microscopic interpretation of Latimer formula is attempted in light of the statistical mechanical theory.
Purification and N -Glycosylation Analysis of Melanoma Antigen Dopachrome Tautomerase

Dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) plays a critical role in lowering the oxidative stress resulting from melanogenesis. Levels of DCT are elevated in melanoma cell lines that are especially resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. DCT is processed as a melanoma antigen and is a potential target for immunotherapy. In order to establish a more complete understanding of the role that DCT may play in the etiology and treatment of melanoma skin cancer, isolation of highly pure and properly processed protein is necessary. Purification of native DCT has been problematic due to a hydrophobic transmembrane anchor and interactions with melanin. In this study, DCT was expressed, without its carboxy-terminal transmembrane region using an Sf9 insect cell protein expression system and its recombinant protein was purified by various chromatographic techniques. Analysis of DCT tryptic peptides by MALDI-TOF/TOF determined N-glycosylation as a primary post-translational modification. Our success in the expression of soluble mammalian DCT and the characterization of N-glycosylation sites is a useful reference toward the comprehensive understanding of the structure/function relationship of mammalian DCT.
A novel new metallocycle: Cyclohexa-1,4-(tetracarbonylchromium)-2,3,5,6-(dimethylarsenic)

Abstract The unusual metallocyclic compound, cyclohexa-1,4-(tetracarbonylchromium)-2,3,5,6-(dimethylarsenic), (OC)4 CrAsMe 2 Cr(CO) 4 AsMe 2 As Me2, has been prepared inadvertently from the reaction of cacodylic acid, Me2As(O)OH with chromium carbonyl. Large, well-formed yellow crystals were grown from CH2Cl2, and the structure was determined as a means of a definitive identification. The crystals are monoclinic and were assigned to the non-standard space group 12/m, with unit cell parameters: a = 9.920(2) A, b = 10.976(2) A, c = 12.233(2) A β = 107.56(1)°, V = 1269.8(4) A3, Z = 2. The structure was solved and refined using 727 nonredundant reflections for which Fo2 > 3σ(Fo2, to final residuals of R1 = 0.029 and R2 = 0.047. The molecule is a six-membered ring made up of Cr(CO)4 groups in the 1 and 4 positions with (CH3)2As groups in the remaining positions. The ring has a chair configuration and has crystallographic 2/m symmetry. The two-fold axis passes through the mid-points of the AsAs bonds and the chromium atoms lie in the mirror plane. Some important dimensions are: CrAs, 2.480(1) A; AsAs, 2.442(1) A; AsC(av), 1.971(6) A; CrC (trans to As), 1.87(1) A; CrC (cis to As), 1.90(1) A and 1.87(1) A;
Osseous lesions of the pre-sacral space

Surgical management of osseous tumors of the presacral space is difficult. The complex regional anatomy and the necessity for wide surgical margins make resection especially demanding. In addition to the usual concerns associated with resection of tumors, lesions involving the sacrum often require some degree of bony resection to achieve adequate margin, which introduces an added level of complexity. Depending on the extent and location of bone that needs to be resected for local disease control, the functional consequences can be devastating. The sacrum not only contains important neurological structures, but it also serves as the only structural connection between the axial skeleton and the lower extremities, through the sacro-iliac joints. It is therefore critical to be aware of the consequences of resections in this region, in terms of bony stability and neurological function.
Interpretation and prediction of inhaled drug particle accumulation in the lung and its associated toxicity

The increasing use of poorly-soluble inhaled dry powder pharmaceuticals means that animal toxicology studies of these drugs frequently produce lung changes related to the physical presence of undissolved particulate material within the alveolar spaces. These changes are independent of any chemically- or pharmacologically-mediated toxicity and present a challenge to drug developers and regulators in that risk depends on the retained lung burden of undissolved drug material, rather than the delivered dose, systemic exposure or duration of dosing as traditionally used in risk assessment for inhaled compounds.The methodology presented uses basic pharmacokinetic principles to estimate lung particulate burdens achieved in rat inhalation toxicity studies for four inhaled compounds which have reached clinical evaluation.The estimated lung particulate burdens and associated histopathological findings were compared with published thresholds for similar effects caused by inert particulates such as titanium dioxide. ...
An apparent similarity among ocean eddies

Abstract Large ocean eddies may be characterized by two dimensionless parameters, a Rossby number and an eddy number. Both parameters are shown to be of the same scale when the eddy motion is geostrophic. Eddy numbers calculated for twelve ocean eddies of varying size were found to be suprisingly constant in value, implying that their Rossby numbers were similarly restricted in value. It is not apparent why the eddies should display this similarity.
Automated adaptive time-discontinuous finite element method for unsteady compressible airfoil aerodynamics

An adaptive finite element methodology for unsteady compressible aerodynamics is presented. The automated adaptive environment consists of the finite quadtree automatic mesh generator, a time-discontinuous Galerkin least-squares finite element flow solver, an error indicator based on interpolation estimates, and a mesh enrichment procedure. Specifically, a linear space-time wedge element formulation was developed and implemented for two-dimensional problems with relative body motion. The mesh enrichment procedure is developed to enable the solution process to be spatially adaptive (h refinement), is edge based, and stores no mesh enrichment history.
Which Personality Attributes Are Most Important in the Workplace

Employees face a variety of work demands that place a premium on personal attributes, such as the degree to which they can be depended on to work independently, deal with stress, and interact positively with coworkers and customers. We examine evidence for the importance of these personality attributes using research strategies intended to answer three fundamental questions, including (a) how well does employees’ standing on these attributes predict job performance?, (b) what types of attributes do employers seek to evaluate in interviews when considering applicants?, and (c) what types of attributes are rated as important for performance in a broad sampling of occupations across the U.S. economy? We summarize and integrate results from these three strategies using the Big Five personality dimensions as our organizing framework. Our findings indicate that personal attributes related to Conscientiousness and Agreeableness are important for success across many jobs, spanning across low to high levels of job...
Impact of Stressful Life Experiences and of Spiritual Well-Being on Trauma Symptoms

Abstract Stressful life experiences, trauma symptoms, and spiritual well being were assessed in an adult college student population. Using a regression analysis, results indicated that both stressful life experiences and spirituality were significantly related to the level of trauma symptoms. Approximately 47% of the variance in trauma symptoms was predicted by the model. Spirituality was related to lowered traumatic stress. An additional finding was that trauma symptoms were significantly higher after the September 11 terrorist attacks than before the attacks, when samples from the same population were compared. Results are discussed in terms of the moderating effects of spirituality, and current literature on traumatic stress. Recommendations are made for the careful use of spirituality as a resource when addressing traumatic stress in prevention or intervention programs.
Hypoxic hepatocellular injury

Low flow hypoxia to the isolated, perfused rat liver produced stable, circumscribed zones of virtual anoxia which were confined to centrilobular regions of the liver lobule. As a result, centrilobular hepatocytes were injured while periportal tissue was spared. In hypoxic areas, blebs of hepatocyte plasma membrane cytoplasm protruded into sinusoids through fenestrations of the endothelium, evidently as a result of disruption of the cytoskeleton. Upon resumption of normal flow rates (reoxygenation), blebs disappeared and hepatocytes decreased markedly in volume. Concomitantly, sinusoids widened, endothelial fenestrations dilated, and lactate dehydrogenase activity appeared in the effluent. Filtration of perfusates following resumption of flow yielded cytoplasmic fragments, and it was concluded that blebs were released into the circulation. This shedding of cytoplasmic fragments may represent the cellular basis for the appearance of hepatic enzymes in the sera of patients with liver disease.
Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevi

Giant or large congenital melanocytic nevi (CMNs) measuring more than 20 cm in diameter are present in 1 out of 20 000 newborns, with an estimated 6.3% lifetime risk of developing malignant melanoma. Approximately half of all melanomas that arise within a giant congenital nevus do so by 5 years of age. They occur most commonly on the posterior trunk but may also appear on the head or the extremities. Congenital pigmented nevi have been categorized by size: Giant congenital nevi are more than 20 cm in diameter; small congenital nevi are less than 2 cm in diameter; and intermediate nevi are in between in size. Giant nevi frequently lie in the distribution of a dermatome and will cover areas like an arm, leg, or a significant part of the trunk. These lesions are usually termed in a descriptive manner, for example, coat-sleeve, stocking, bathing-trunk, or giant hairy nevi. Giant hairy nevi are associated with neurological disorders. Nevi on the scalp and neck are associated with an increased incidence of leptomeningeal melanocytosis, epilepsy, and other focal neurological abnormalities. Those located over the vertebral column are associated with increased risk of spina bifida and meningomyelocele. The presence of ‘‘satellite’’ melanocytic nevi increases the risk of leptomeningeal involvement, particularly when located on the head or midline on the trunk. Nevus cells within the leptomeninges may cause increased intracranial pressure with subsequent hydrocephalus, seizures, and motor deficits. We describe a newborn with a bathing-trunk giant congenital pigmented nevus. Case Report
Charge State Evolution in the Solar Wind. Radiative Losses in Fast Solar Wind Plasmas

We study the effects of departures from equilibrium on the radiative losses of the accelerating fast, coronal hole-associated solar wind plasma. We calculate the evolution of the ionic charge states in the solar wind with the Michigan Ionization Code and use them to determine the radiative losses along the wind trajectory. We use the velocity, electron temperature, and electron density predicted by Cranmer et al. as a benchmark case even though our approach and conclusions are more broadly valid. We compare non-equilibrium radiative losses to values calculated assuming ionization equilibrium at the local temperature, and we find that differences are smaller than 20% in the corona but reach a factor of three in the upper chromosphere and transition region. Non-equilibrium radiative losses are systematically larger than the equilibrium values, so that non-equilibrium wind plasma radiates more efficiently in the transition region. Comparing the magnitude of the dominant energy terms in the Cranmer et al. model, we find that wind-induced departures from equilibrium are of the same magnitude as the differences between radiative losses and conduction in the energy equation. We investigate which ions are most responsible for such effects, finding that carbon and oxygen are the main source of departures from equilibrium. We conclude that non-equilibrium effects on the wind energy equation are significant and recommend that they are included in theoretical models of the solar wind, at least for carbon and oxygen.
anti-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide Treatment Increases Levels of the Proteins p53 and p21WAF1 in the Human Mammary Carcinoma Cell Line MCF-7

Abstract The tumor suppressor p53 is involved in the recognition of DNA damage induced by radiation and chemicals. The effect of polycyclic hydrocarbons on p53 was investigated by treating MCF-7 cells with anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (B[a]PDE), an ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene. Western blotting of lysates with antibody mAb1801 showed that B[a]PDE doses of 0.1 to 0.5 μM caused detectable increases in p53 protein. In cells treated with 0.3 μM B[a]PDE, p53 protein levels increased by 2 hours after treatment, reached a maximum between 8 and 24 hours and returned to control value by 120 hours after treatment. Levels of p21WAF1 protein increased by 8 hours after treatment, reached a maximum by 48 hours and returned to control value by 168 hours after treatment. B[a]PDE-DNA adducts were quantitated by [γ-33P]ATP postlabeling and separation on reverse-phase HPLC. Adduct levels dropped rapidly between 2 and 24 hrs after treatment (48 to 15 pmol/mg DNA), and subsequently decreased...
Feature size dependence on hysteresis due to relative humidity ramping and patterning order in dip-pen nanolithography

The water meniscus that forms between an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and the substrate has been shown to have variable height and width due to relative humidity (RH) hysteresis. The current study investigates the effect of this variability in meniscus shape due to RH on the feature size of patterns written with mercaptohexadecanoic acid on a gold substrate, using dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). The patterns were written under conditions of increasing and decreasing RH cycles with different tip dwell times. The variation in resulting dot sizes during the RH ramping (up and down) cycles was then measured. DPN patterning was also performed with increasing and decreasing order of dwell times at constant RH, in order to quantify whether the order of patterning has an effect on feature size. Significant differences were observed in dot areas patterned over many RH ramping cycles; whereas the order of patterning was observed to have an effect only for dwell times ≤5 s.
Disentangling Methodologies: The Ethics of Traditional Sampling Methodologies, Community-Based Participatory Research, and Respondent-Driven Sampling

Simon and Mosavel (2010) provide no contextual basis for evaluation or ethical analysis of respondent-driven sampling (RDS). In their article, “Community Members as Recruiters of Human Subjects: Et...
Analog circuit design space description based on ordered clustering of feature uniqueness and similarity

This paper presents a symbolic technique to create ordered feature clustering schemes that express the main similarities and differences between analog circuits. Four separation scores, based on entropy, item characteristics, category characteristics, and Bayesian classifiers, were studied to produce clustering schemes that offer insight about the uniqueness and importance of specific design features in setting AC performance as well as the limiting factors of the designs. The experiments consider a set of 50 state-of-the-art amplifier circuits. The paper offers a detailed discussion on using the insight obtained from circuit feature clustering for topology synthesis and refinement.
Emissions from a Molecular Hydrogen Target Induced by the Impact of Fast Protons

Cross sections have been measured for the emission of bands of the molecular hydrogen spectrum induced by the impact of protons on a molecular hydrogen target under single-collision conditions. Comparisons are made with the general predictions of the Bethe-Born theory. Cross sections for the emission of Balmer radiation produced by simultaneous dissociation and excitation of the target are also presented.
The effects of fasting, diabetes, and hypophysectomy on adipose lactic dehydrogenase isozymes

Abstract Lactic dehydrogenase isozyme distributions have been examined in epididymal adipose tissue of fasting, diabetic, and hypophysectomized rats. In each of these conditions the electrophoresis patterns show an enhancement of H subunits relative to M subunits suggestive of an induction of H subunits. Careful assessment of the total lactic dehydrogenase activity of adipose tissue from fasted, diabetic, and hypophysectomized rats reveals, however, that these conditions decrease total lactic dehydrogenase activity to approximately one-half those of normal animals. When this factor and the relative activity of the M and H subunits are taken into consideration it is apparent that the pattern shift from normal in these three states is due to a disproportionate loss of M subunits. An explanation for these shifts is that some degradative process, possibly activation of a protease, is induced by each of these stress conditions which selectively degrades M subunits. An interesting reversal by phosphate of the electrophoresis patterns of fasting, hypophysectomized, and diabetic rats is demonstrated.
Does early caregiving matter? The effects on young caregivers' adult mental health

Limited information is available on the long-term effects of providing care for adults when caregiving begins in childhood in the United States. The current study provided an examination of the eff...
Control of Total Vascular Resistance in Hemorrhagic Shock in the Dog

Cardiac output in the dog was measured by indocyanine green dilution in 24 hemorrhagic shock experiments. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was calculated from the cardiac output and systemic arterial blood pressure. Early in the hypotensive phase resulting from hemorrhage to 50 mm Hg blood pressure, the cardiac output was 19.3±6.6 (SD) % of control and the total peripheral resistance was 199 ±73 (SD) % of control. During the hypotensive phase the peripheral resistance declined significantly. This decline in TPR was associated with a significant decrease in respiration and heart rates, indicating a partial failure of the neurogenic control of the cardiovascular system. Following transfusions of the shed blood, the TPR decreased to the control value, but during subsequent progressive decline in blood pressure, vascular resistance again increased. Occasionally, TPR again fell terminally as the blood pressure decreased below 60 mm Hg. Although there is evidence for partial failure of peripheral resistance vessel tone during severe hypotension and some evidence for this following reinfusion of the shed blood, this failure, when observed, is a minor component of the progressive cardiovascular failure and is not the cause of irreversibility.
Cellular localization of corticotrophin releasing hormone in the human placenta, fetal membranes and decidua

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), is produced by the human placenta, fetal membranes and decidua and has been detected in maternal and fetal plasma and amniotic fluid during human pregnancy. Previous studies of the cellular localization of CRH in the placenta and fetal membranes have yielded conflicting results. In this study, placentae were obtained from uncomplicated pregnancies immediately after elective termination or after normal delivery at term. Zamboni's fixed sections of villi and membrane-decidua, were cut at 10 microns by cryostat and immunocytochemistry was performed using an anti-rat/human CRH antiserum. In first and second trimester placentae, the amount of CRH reaction product present was variable. CRH was localized in both the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast in first and second trimester tissue. In term placentae, CRH was identified consistently in the syncytiotrophoblast. In addition, strong CRH reaction was localized to the amnion epithelium of the fetal membranes. Positive immunoreactivity was also detected in the chorion and decidua although at a lower level of intensity. In trophoblast cells and in the amnion epithelium, CRH reaction product was contained in distinct granules. The regulation of CRH and its physiological role may differ in these diverse cell types. Possible effects of CRH include autocrine or paracrine actions within the amnion, chorion and decidua while CRH derived from syncytiotrophoblast may have endocrine effects through access to the maternal and fetal circulations.
Embedding Hamiltonian Cycles into Folded Hypercubes with Faulty Links

It has been known that an n-dimensional hypercube (n-cube for short) can always embed a Hamiltonian cycle when the n-cube has no more than n?2 faulty links. In this paper, we study the link-fault tolerant embedding of a Hamiltonian cycle into the folded hypercube, which is a variant of the hypercube, obtained by adding a link to every pair of nodes with complementary addresses. We will show that a folded n-cube can tolerate up to n?1 faulty links when embedding a Hamiltonian cycle. We present an algorithm, FT_HAMIL, that finds a Hamiltonian cycle while avoiding any set of faulty links F provided that |F|?n?1. An operation, called bit-flip, on links of hyper-cube is introduced. Simple yet elegant, bit-flip will be employed by FT_HAMIL as a basic operation to generate a new Hamiltonian cycle from an old one (that contains faulty links). It is worth pointing out that the algorithm is optimal in the sense that for a folded n-cube, n?1 is the maximum number for |F| that can be tolerated, F being an arbitrary set of faulty links.