cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angle Resolved TEM Imaging of Pt Nanoparticles

Particle shape and size are two of the most important characteristics of nanoparticulate catalysts that determined their activity and selectivity. In many studies, the shapes of nanoparticles are characterized using transmission electron micrographs obtained at a single nanoparticle orientation and thus, the shape determination is based on viewing a single cross-sectional profile of the nanoparticle. A full determination of particle shape should require viewing over a range of angles. In this work Pt nanoparticles with controlled shapes and sizes have been synthesized using a high pressure technique. Angle resolved transmission electron microscopy techniques (electron tomography) are necessary to view the crystals over a range of orientations and determine their three dimensional shapes. In this work, angle resolved TEM imaging of nanoparticles reveals information about the nanoparticle shape and orientation on substrates that cannot be determined from single cross-sectional TEM images. Angle resolved TEM imaging of nanoparticles will be very valuable in catalysis and in the fields where the shapes of nanoparticles play an important role. Angle resolved TEM imaging of Pt nanoparticles. TEM images taken at −2° rotation and +36° rotation. The encircled particle appears to be cubic and hexagonal at different rotations
The role of the establishment in the antinuclear movement

Upper‐class, or establishment, support of the antinuclear movement is examined. Such activity is considered for its implications in the understanding of the antinuclear movement and the general understanding of social power and social movements. Evidence presented here indicates that the antinuclear movement has had substantial establishment support and is not, therefore, simply a grass‐roots revolt against a technology perceived to be too dangerous. Various explanations for establishment opposition to nuclear energy are considered, and a tentative conclusion is reached that this opposition is part of a broader antagonism toward industry and technology.
Reactive Effects of Self-Assessment and Self-Recording on Attention to Task and Academic Productivity

In two experiments, the effects of self-assessment and self-recording were compared as treatments for increasing on-task behavior and academic productivity. In Experiment 1, both procedures caused ...
Origin of the earth's moon - Constraints from alkali volatile trace elements

Although the moon is depleted in volatile elements compared to the earth, these depletions are not in accord with simple volatility. For example, the Cs/Rb ratios of the earth and moon inferred from basalt are approximately one seventh and one half of the CI ratio, respectively. Volatility considerations alone predict that the lunar Cs/Rb ratio should be equal to or lower than the terrestrial ratio if the moon was derived entirely from earth mantle material. Thus hypotheses such as rotational fission which invoke derivation of lunar material entirely from the earth's mantle may be excluded. The collisional ejection hypothesis of lunar origin requires at least 18 percent of lunar material to be derived from a projectile with dehydrated CI composition to match the lunar Cs/Rb ratio, and 25-50 percent to match both the lunar Cs/Rb ratio and absolute concentrations of Cs and Rb. It remains to be demonstrated that this relatively large contribution of projectile material is consistent with other elemental abundances and element ratios in the moon.
Mental illness, religion, and the rational mind: The case of Clifford W. Beers

This article focuses on the mental illness of Clifford W. Beers, who pioneered mental hospital reform in the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century, and the encouragement Beers received from William James in this endeavor. It argues that James supported Beers because he personally identified with the younger man's struggles with mental illness and with the high value that he placed on the vital importance of the rational mind in regaining one's sanity.
Binding of the competence factor to receptors in the spheroplast membrane of pneumococci

Abstract The existence of specific receptor sites for the attachment of competence factor is demonstrated in pneumococcus. The receptors seem to be components of the spheroplast membrane.
The effect of limbic damage on the retention and performance of a runway response

Rats were trained to run a linear runway while hungry for food. Then they were tested for retention, continued performance levels, and extinction after recovery from bilateral damage of the hippocampus, the septal area, or the posterolateral neocortex. Retention losses were observed in animals which had hippocampal or neocortical destruction. Slower running speeds were found in animals with hippocampal destruction, while the running speeds of animals with septal area damage increased. Animals with hippocampal destruction and with septal area damage showed greater resistance to extinction than other groups of animals.
Interplanetary Lyman-alpha: theory and experiment.

DISCUSSIONS of the results of the Vela 4 scattered Lyman–α experiment1 by Bowers2 and Blum arid Fahr3 contain errors and misinterpretation which we believe should be pointed out promptly. The use by both authors of “Vela 7” to refer to the Vela Launch 4 spacecraft also leads to confusion because the experimental data have been published as Vela 4 data.
Analysis of Stibonic Acids by Ion Exchange Chromatography with ESI‐MS/Photodiode Array Detection

Abstract A method utilizing the counter anion exchange properties of aqueous ammonium acetate at pH 9, increasing in concentration linearly from 0 to 0.1 M NH4OAc, using a Hamilton PRP‐X100 anion exchange column, is presented for the resolution of aromatic stibonic acids and their detection by UV and ESI mass spectrometry. Additional phase‐bonded silica or polymer backed C8 and C18 column types, eluted with various counter ion solutions (KClO4, NH4COOH, NaOH, NaH2PO4) were evaluated for suitability for stibonic acid analysis. #The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organization imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This project has been funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. N01‐CO‐12400. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a non‐exclusive, royalty‐free licen...
Estrogen Inhibition of Mammary Tumor Growth in Rats; Counteraction by Prolactin

The mechanism by which large doses of estrogen inhibit mammary tumor growth was studied. Whether estrogen-induced inhibition of growth of established mammary adenocarcinoma in rats could be overcome by giving prolactin was tested. 55-day-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were given a single iv injection of lipid emulsion containing 5 mg of 712-dimethylbenzanthracene. About 3 months later when most of the rats had mammary tumors the tumor-bearing rats were separated into 3 groups. Controls (Group 1) were injected once daily with .2 ml of corn oil. Group 2 was injected sc with 20 mcg of estradiol benzoate (EB) daily in .2 ml of corn oil. Group 3 was injected with 20 mcg of EB and 1 mg of ovine prolactin daily. The prolactin was injected sc in .2 ml of .9% saline. After 20 days of these treatments the control rats showed a gain in number of tumors and an increase in mean tumor diameter. Rats injected with 20 mcg of EB daily showed fewer tumors per rat and some reduction in average tumor diameter. Rats given both EB and prolactin showed a slight gain in average number of tumors per rat and a significant increase in mean total tumor diameters. Results show that injections of prolactin partially overcame the effects of estrogen.
Chronic Ethanol Exposure and Protracted Abstinence Alter NMDA Receptors in Central Amygdala

We recently reported that chronic ethanol treatment (CET) and early withdrawal (2–8 h) altered glutamatergic transmission at both pre- and postsynaptic sites in central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Acute ethanol (44 mM) inhibited the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated EPSCs (NMDA-EPSCs) more in CeA neurons from CET rats than from naive rats and also decreased paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of NMDA-EPSCs only in CET rats. To determine whether these CET effects persisted after prolonged withdrawal, we recorded intracellularly in rat CeA slices and measured mRNA and protein expression of CeA NMDAR subunits from CET rats and those withdrawn from ethanol for 1 or 2 weeks. At 1 week withdrawal, acute ethanol decreased evoked NMDA-EPSC amplitudes and NMDA currents induced by exogenous NMDA (∼20%) equally to that in naive rats, indicating that CET effects on postsynaptic mechanisms reversed 1 week after CET cessation. However, acute ethanol still decreased PPF of NMDA-EPSCs, indicating that the acute ethanol-induced increase in glutamate release in CeA seen in CET rats was still present at this time. CET also significantly increased mRNA levels of NR1 and NR2B NMDAR subunits compared to control rats. At 1 week withdrawal, mRNA levels for NR1 and NR2B subunits were significantly decreased. These changes reversed at 2 weeks withdrawal. In Western blots, a significant increase in protein for all three subunits occurred in CeA from CET rats, but not after 1 and 2 weeks of withdrawal. These data indicate that CET induces reversible neuroadaptations in synaptic function, gene expression, and protein composition of NMDAR at CeA synapses.
Nonrigid subocclusal connector for fixed partial dentures.

Abstract The indications and technique for a nonrigid subocclusal connector to be used in simple fixed partial dentures are presented. The connector utilizes a 14 gauge wire attached to the weaker retainer. It is inserted into an opening in the pontic of the bridge. The result is a nonrigid connector located gingival to the occlusal plane.
The Synthesis of Collagen and Glycosaminoglycans by Dedifferentiated Chondroblasts in Culture

Marked changes occur in the morphology of chick chondroblasts grown for 5 days in F-10 medium containing either 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine or embryo extract. The cells lose the characteristic polygonal morphology and assume a flattened ‘fibroblastic’ appearance. To determine whether the morphological changes reflect a biochemical transformation toward frank fibroblasts, changes in collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis were examined in these ‘dedifferentiated’ cells. Growth in either medium did not significantly affect the total amount of collagen synthesized. However, the subunit composition of the collagen chains was different. Freshly isolated cartilage trunks or control chondroblast cultures synthesized only α1 subunits (suggesting exclusive synthesis of α1(ll)3-type collagen), whereas dedifferentiated cultures synthesized both α1 and, in addition, some α2 subunits (suggesting synthesis of fibroblasttype α1(l)2α2-type collagen). Incorporation of labelled glucosamine in F-10 medium showed that the major glycosaminoglycan synthesized by either cartilage trunks or chondroblast monolayers is chondroitin sulphate; little, if any, hyaluronic acid could be detected. With growth in embryo extract (EE) glucosamine was incorporated equally into chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid, whereas in BUdR, chondroitin sulphate synthesis was completely inhibited. Distinct biochemical differences were therefore found for both collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis during growth in either BUdR or EE. Such changes were not identical but both demonstrate changes in synthetic programme tending to approach that of frank fibroblasts.
Impact of an antibiotic restriction program on antibiotic utilization in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center

The impact of an antibiotic restriction program (ARP) on the patterns of antibiotic use in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was examined. We also evaluated the association between the ARP and the length of hospital stay in regard to CAP treatment and cost savings associated with the implementation of the ARP. A retrospective cohort study of patients admitted with CAP was conducted during two 6-month periods, one prior to the ARP and one after the ARP. The health system’s computerized patient record system (CPRS) was used to obtain demographics, length of hospital stays, readmission rates, blood culture results, co-morbidities, antibiotic use, and durations of therapy. A total of 130 patients met the inclusion criteria for the final analyses. Average drug costs, employee salaries, and the cost of laboratory procedures were used to assess cost savings associated with the ARP. From a total of 132 antibiotics that were ordered to treat CAP in the pre-ARP period, 28 were restricted (21.2%). However, the number of restricted antibiotics ordered was significantly reduced to 12 out of 114 (10.2%) antibiotics ordered in the post-ARP period (P = 0.024). In post-ARP implementation, the mean length of hospital stay was also significantly reduced from 7.6 to 5.8 days (P = 0.017), and although not statistically significant, the 30-day readmission rates declined from 16.9 to 6.2% (P = 0.097). The ARP was also associated with a saving of $943 per patient treated for CAP. In addition to a decrease in the antibiotic utilization and the mean length of hospital stay, the ARP may have yielded cost savings and reduced the readmission rates for those patients admitted and treated for CAP.
A new single catheter technique for simultaneous measurement of action potential duration and refractory period in vivo

In vivo correlations of action potential duration measured by a monophasic action potential catheter and effective refractory period measured by a separate pacing catheter have been poor, probably because of the known variability of both action potential duration and effective refractory period between different ventricular sites. In this study, a new quadripolar contact electrode catheter designed for simultaneous pacing and monophasic action potential recording at closely adjacent sites (2 mm separation between recording electrodes and pacing electrodes) was tested in five closed chest dogs and four patients. Dog studies:Pacing thresholds were extremely low, ranging from 0.02 to 0.25 mA (mean ± SD 0.099 ± 0.051, n = 36) and were stable over time (l20% increase during 1 h of continuous pacing). Because of the close proximity of pacing and recording electrodes, the pacing artifact nearly coincided with the monophasic action potential upstroke. Because of the low pacing threshold, however, pacing artifacts were small (33 ± 17% of the monophasic action potential amplitude at twice diastolic threshold strength) and did not affect the duration or configuration of the simultaneously recorded monophasic action potential. The short stimulus response time and the undisturbed monophasic action potential signal fidelity during pacing allowed precise simultaneous measurements of action potential duration and effective refractory period at the same endocardial site. Linear regression analysis of 34 paired recordings made at various right ventricular locations and cycle lengths demonstrated a close correlation between action potential duration (measured at 90% repolarization) and effective refractory period (r = 0.87, p = 0.0001) and even better correlation for cycle length-dependent changes in action potential duration and effective refractory period (r = 0.92, p = 0.0001). At a single ventricular site, both action potential duration and effective refractory period showed a linear and parallel decrease with paced steady state cycle length, thus maintaining a near constant ratio between effective refractory period and action potential duration over a wide range of cycle lengths. Human studies:Use of this new pacing-monophasic action potential recording catheter in patients produced essentially similar results. In addition, the technique was found to be useful during programmed electrical stimulation, allowing on-line evaluation of the relation between changes in action potential duration and effective refractory period with each successive extrastimulus. In summary, action potential duration and effective refractory period measured at the same site in the in vivo heart show a close and constant correlation over a wide range of cycle lengths. The pacing-monophasic action potential recording combination catheter may provide important information on the effects of heart disease and antiarrhythmic drugs on the relation between membrane repolarization and refractoriness in the clinical setting.
Changes in bone strength after augmentation with hydroxylapatite or hydroxylapatite/bone

Adult, male New Zealand white rabbits had one humerus augmented with hydroxylapatite (HA) and one femur augmented with hydroxylapatite and autogenous, cortico-cancellous bone (HA-B). Contralateral bones were not augmented and used for controls. After periods of six and 16 weeks the animals were killed and the load sustained by the test and control bones at fracture was determined using three point loading. A significant increase in the load at fracture was noted in the bones augmented with either HA or HA-B.
High collection nonimaging optics

Nonimaging optics departs from the methods of traditional optical design to develop instead techniques for maximizing the collecting power of concentrating elements and systems. Designs which exceed the concentration attainable with focusing techniques by factors of four or more and approach the theoretical limit are possible (ideal concentrators). The methodology for designing high collection nonirnaging systems is described.
Ensuring the Reliability of Offshore Gas Compression Systems

Southwest Research Institute's practical discussion of vibration and fatigue failures of centrifugal and reciprocating machines, piping, and structural components installed offshore offers some state-of-the-art methods for analyzing and preventing such failures: acoustical modeling procedures, pulsation-control techniques, and mechanical technology for minimizing vibration- and fatigue-related problems in centrifugal-compressor installations. The design of such installations requires a consideration of rotor stability; evaluating the acoustical and mechanical response of piping systems can help minimize vibration and its undesirable effects on compressor operation. SwRl (1) describes the techniques used during initial design and in existing installations to accomplish these considerations, (2) discusses the applicability of various analog and digital computer systems for analyzing and modeling the different types of vibration and stress problems, and (3) provides a checklist for selecting, inspecting, and operating the equipment that serves as a practical guide for avoiding most dynamic-vibration and stress-related problems and ensuring the reliability of offshore systems.
Similarity is not enough: Tipping points of Ebola Zaire mortalities

Abstract In early 2014 an outbreak of a slightly mutated Zaire Ebola subtype appeared in West Africa which is less virulent than 1976 and 1994 strains. The numbers of cases per year appear to be ∼1000 times larger than the earlier strains, suggesting a greatly enhanced transmissibility. Although the fraction of the 2014 spike glycoprotein mutations is very small (∼3%), the mortality is significantly reduced, while the transmission appears to have increased strongly. Bioinformatic scaling had previously shown similar inversely correlated trends in virulence and transmission in N1 (H1N1) and N2 (H3N2) influenza spike glycoprotein mutations. These trends appear to be related to various external factors (migration, availability of pure water, and vaccination programs). The molecular mechanisms for Ebola’s mutational response involve mainly changes in the disordered mucin-like domain (MLD) of its spike glycoprotein amino acids. The MLD has been observed to form the tip of an oligomeric amphiphilic wedge that selectively pries apart cell–cell interfaces via an oxidative mechanism.
Social identity and community effects on contraceptive use and intentions in southern Ethiopia.

In the study data gathered in southern Ethiopia are used to explain how ethnic and religious identities affect current or intended contraceptive use. The only compositional factors that increase the likelihood of birth limitation are having a member of the family with a higher level of education and community access to health services. Compositional factors by themselves do not explain Muslim and ethnic variations in contraceptive use and intentions. Village health and economic crises do not promote birth limitation. One normative economic factor--the practices of sons inheritance of land from their fathers--considerably reduces the likelihood of contraceptive use but does not account for religious and ethnic differentials. No evidence is found of a minority-status effect on contraception. Exposure to ethnic and religious diversity in the community of residence substantially increases the likelihood of emergent birth limitation especially among the predominant Muslim Silte population. (authors)
Magnetism and local order: Ab initio tight-binding theory

The effects of the local environment on the electronic structure and magnetic moments of Fe, Co, and Ni have been studied by confining these atoms to assume various structural forms such as chains, surfaces, layers, and crystals. The coordination number of the atoms can thus be changed over a wide range. The local environment of the magnetic atom has also been altered by introducing defects such as impurities, vacancies, and vacancy complexes. A simple method based upon the real space was devised that enables us to calculate the electronic structure of perfect as well as imperfect systems with speed and accuracy. The method is based upon a cross between the molecular-cluster and the tight-binding theories and contains no adjustable parameters. The effect on the magnetic moments due to vacancies, vacancy clusters, and surface relaxations in Fe are studied to illustrate the versatility of the method. The results in chains, slabs, and bulk are compared with earlier theoretical results, as well as available experimental data. The excellent agreement achieved in these comparisons provides room for optimism that our theory can be useful in studying complex systems otherwise inaccessible to modern-day theories.
Adsorption and Reaction of 2-Chloroethylethyl Sulfide with Al2O3 Surfaces

The reaction of 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES) with a high-area Al2O3 surface was investigated. Two different reactive sites were created by thermally pretreating the Al2O3 powder: isolated hydroxyl sites and Lewis acid−base pair sites. The reaction of CEES with the isolated hydroxyl groups at 303 and 473 K produced a surface-bound species, which is characterized by a carbon−oxygen stretching mode near 1100 cm-1. This assignment was confirmed by isotopic substitution of 18O into the isolated hydroxyl groups prior to reaction with CEES. The other reaction product detected at 473 K was HCl. For a more highly dehydroxylated Al2O3 surface, the reaction of CEES with the Lewis acid−base pairs produced a surface−bound species also exhibiting a carbon−oxygen stretching mode near 1100 cm-1. This species is postulated to form at O2- Lewis base sites as Al3+−Cl- bonds form on adjacent Lewis acid sites. The adsorption of pyridine onto the Lewis acid sites prior to CEES exposure effectively closes this reaction pa...
The Magnetic Moment of the Oxygen Atom

The magnetic moment of the oxygen atom has been investigated by the atomic ray method of Stern and Gerlach. The atomic oxygen was formed by means of an electrodeless ring discharge and the ray was detected by its oxidizing action on freshly sublimed litharge. When the ray was passed through an inhomogeneous magnetic field the resulting image consisted of an undeviated central line and two broad lines displaced symmetrically, one on each side. Hydrogen was substituted for oxygen and the procedure was repeated. The separations obtained in the two cases provided the data necessary for the calculation of the effective magnetic moment of the oxygen atom. The experimental magneton values were zero and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.67. The magneton numbers expected from the spectroscopic ground term of oxygen are 0, $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{3}{2}$, and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3. The effective magneton numbers which (due to overlapping of the images) would result from these values are zero and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.71. The agreement is within the limits of experimental error.
Differential activation of human neutrophil cytosolic phospholipase A2 and secretory phospholipase A2 during priming by 1,2-diacyl- and 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerols

We have shown previously that both 1,2-diacylglycerol (AAG) and 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerol (EAG) prime neutrophil release of arachidonic acid via uncharacterized phospholipases A2. Therefore, we investigated the actions of EAG and AAG specifically on neutrophil cytosolic (cPLA2) and secretory (sPLA2) phospholipase A2s. We hypothesized that AAG as a protein kinase activator would activate cPLA2 via phosphorylation events. EAG is antagonistic to the AAG activation of PKC, thus it was not expected to act via phosphorylation of cPLA2. Neutrophils were primed with either AAG or EAG and then stimulated with fMLP. When neutrophils were primed with 5-20 microM 1,2-diacylglycerol, a shift was observed in cPLA2 migration on SDS-PAGE gels, consistent with phosphorylation of the protein. This gel shift was not seen after exposure to EAG. AAG also caused a parallel increase in enzymatic activity of cPLA2 that was not seen with EAG. We also investigated whether either diglyceride would cause similar priming or direct secretion of sPLA2. Both AAG and EAG directly caused significant secretion of neutrophil sPLA2. EAG also increased the release of sPLA2 in cells subsequently stimulated with fMLP. Thus, AAG activated cPLA2 and stimulated secretion of sPLA2. In contrast, EAG did not activate cPLA2, but directly activated secretion of sPLA2. We also demonstrated that human synovial fluid sPLA2 increased AA release from resting and fMLP-stimulated neutrophils. Given that diglycerides prime for release of AA, PAF, and LTB4, these current data support the hypothesis that such priming may be mediated by phosphorylation dependent (cPLA2) or phosphorylation independent (e.g. secretion of sPLA2) events.
Finite difference analysis of viscous laminar converging flow in conical tubes

The problem of laminar Newtonian converging flow in a conical tube is investigated. The inlet velocity profile is assumed to be parabolic. The equation of motion is simplified by assuming that the cone angle is small and that the streamlines are only slightly curved. A finite difference solution is derived for the variation in velocity and pressure downstream from the inlet. The finite difference solution reduces properly to known analytical solutions in the limiting cases of low Reynolds number and high Reynolds number. The technique demonstrated here should be applicable to flow development from an arbitrary inlet velocity profile.
Rheumatoid arthritis-associated lung disease

Comprehensive, up-to-date review of RA-associated lung diseases including pathogenesis and managementhttp://ow.ly/FBaNZ
Factors involved in macrophage: immune complex binding.

The interaction of the immune complex (IC) composed of DNA and monoclonal anti-DNA antibody with thioglycollate-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages was investigated. The immune complex: macrophage interaction was shown to be highly time and temperature dependent; at 37°C it proceeds faster than at 0°C, although there is higher overall binding of IC to macrophages at 0°C. The maximum bound IC detected was at a DNA/antibody ratio of 6.2ng/ml to 7.3μg/ml. Higher densities of either DNA or antibody inhibited IC: phagocyte interaction.Binding of the IC to macrophages is through cell surface Fc receptors and is enhanced in the presence of 40 mg/ml albumin. Fresh human and mouse sera at the concentration of 10 percent, inhibited the IC binding to mouse peritoneal macrophages. Macrophage receptors for IC are not saturated even after 60 minutes. Addition of either chloroquine or cytochalasin B, resulted in increased binding of IC to macrophages.
Fitting statistical models in bivariate allometry: scaling metabolic rate to body mass in mustelid carnivores.

Abstract The ongoing debate about methods for fitting the two-parameter allometric equation y = a x b to bivariate data seemed to be resolved recently when three groups of investigators independently reported that statistical models fitted by the traditional allometric method (i.e., by back-transforming a linear model fitted to log–log transformations) typically are superior to models fitted by standard nonlinear regression. However, the narrow focus for the statistical analyses in these investigations compromised the most important of the ensuing conclusions. All the investigations focused on two-parameter power functions and excluded from consideration other simple functions that might better describe pattern in the data; and all relied on Akaike's Information Criterion instead of graphical validation to identify the better statistical model. My re-analysis of data from one of the studies (BMR vs. body mass in mustelid carnivores) revealed (1) that the best descriptor for pattern in the dataset is a straight line and not a two-parameter power function; (2) that a model with additive, normal, heteroscedastic error is superior to one with multiplicative, lognormal, heteroscedastic error; and (3) that Akaike's Information Criterion is not a generally reliable metric for discriminating between models fitted to different distributions. These findings have apparent implications for interpreting the outcomes of all three of the aforementioned studies. Future investigations of allometric variation should adopt a more holistic approach to analysis and not be wedded to the traditional allometric method.
Fast-locking Hybrid PLL Synthesizer Combining Integer & Fractional Divisions

This paper reports a single-loop PLL that operates wide-bandwidth fractional-N mode(without any fractional spur reduction circuits) during transient and in a narrow-bandwidth integer-N mode in locked state. This hybrid operation executed via a simple reconfiguration of the single-loop attains both fast locking and design simplicity, a combination that has been previously difficult to achieve. The frequency division mode switching allows the loop bandwidth switching to be performed in a more digital fashion which increases the degree of design freedom for bandwidth switching. A 2.4GHz CMOS prototype synthesizer with a 1MHz resolution performing the hybrid operation has a 20mus lock time for a 64MHz frequency jump, which is 4 times faster than its fixed integer-N operation.
A new one-dimensional copper(I) halide lattice: (paraquat)Cu4Cl6

Abstract The crystal structure of a copper(I) halide salt is reported which contains a new type of one-dimensional lattice network. The structure contains chains of alternating Cu6Cl6 units and Cu2Cl6 units. The Cu(I) ions have either distorted tetrahedral (three) or trigonal (one) coordination geometries. The halide coordination geometries are diverse: bent two coordinate (four), trigonal pyramidal three coordinate(one) and square pyramidal four coordinate (one).
Genetic variation and population structure in Fraser fir (Abies fraseri): a microsatellite assessment of young trees

The island-like populations of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) have been isolated since the end of the late-Wisconsinian glaciation on the highest peaks of the Southern Appalachian Mountai...
The Importance of Older Family Members in Providing Social Resources and Promoting Cancer Screening in Families With a Hereditary Cancer Syndrome

Purpose: This study evaluates the role of older family members as providers of social resources within familial network systems affected by an inherited cancer susceptibility syndrome. Design and Methods: Respondents who previously participated in a study that involved genetic counseling and testing for Lynch syndrome and their family network members were invited to participate in a onetime telephone interview about family communication. Results: A total of 206 respondents from 33 families identified 2,051 social relationships (dyads). Nineteen percent of the respondents and 25% of the network members were older (≥60 years). Younger respondents (≤59 years) were more likely to nominate older network members as providers of social resources than younger members: instrumental support (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68), emotional support (OR = 1.71), help in crisis situation (OR = 2.04), and dependability when needed (OR = 2.15). Compared with younger network members, older members were more likely to be listed as encouragers of colon cancer screening by both younger (OR = 3.40) and older respondents (OR = 1.90) independent of whether support exchange occurred in the relationship. Implications: Engaging older network members in health interventions to facilitate screening behaviors and emotional well-being of younger members within families affected by inherited conditions may be beneficial. Findings can be used to empower older individuals about their important social roles in enhancing the well-being of their family members and to inform younger individuals about their older relatives’ resourcefulness to facilitate positive social interactions.
FET power performance prediction using a linearized device model

An analytic model has been developed which, based on a linearized device model, describes the power output at 1-dB gain compression, optimum load impedance, and load-pull contours of a field-effect transistor (FET) explicitly in terms of device parameters. Applications of the model to practical devices including commercial metal-semiconductor FETs and a 0.25- mu m-gate modulation-doped FET showed agreement with measurements to 40 GHz. >
Stridor accompanying red man's syndrome following perioperative administration of vancomycin

A neonate developed red man's syndrome and stridor following perioperative administration of vancomycin. The medical management of stridor and red man's syndrome are presented.
Abnormal Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations

Background and Purpose— Excessive degradation of the vascular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can lead to structural instability of vessels. In this study we examined the expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). Methods— We performed gelatin zymography for MMPs and Western blot for MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4. MMP-9 expression was localized by immunohistochemistry. Results— We analyzed 37 BAVM specimens and 9 control brain specimens from epilepsy surgery. Thirty-two BAVM patients had embolization treatment before resection. Eighteen BAVM patients had a history of hemorrhage from BAVMs. Neither MMP-2 nor TIMP-2 was detected in BAVMs or control brain specimens. Compared with control brain samples, BAVM samples had higher levels of total MMP-9, active MMP-9, pro-MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-3. TIMP-4 levels were higher in the control brain than in BAVM specimens. MMP-9 was localized to the endothelial cell/...
Implications of surgical simulation technology upon the training of arthroscopic surgeons

The implications of technology for the training of minimally invasive surgical techniques, particularly arthroscopic surgery, are analyzed. Widespread acceptance of minimally invasive surgical techniques has led to a need for better training methods. The status of arthroscopic techniques and the methods by which they are taught are described. The benefits of developing a surgical simulator for use as a training tool are analyzed. >
Contribution of the loss of nanocrystal ligands to interdot coupling in films of small CdSe/1-thioglycerol nanocrystals

The broadening of the exciton absorption peak in films composed of small, ∼2 nm diameter CdSe nanocrystals capped by 1-thioglycerol has been interpreted as evidence of interdot carrier coupling. This exciton broadening is seen here for 2.1 nm diameter CdSe nanocrystal arrays, and part of it is correlated with the loss of over half of the 1-thioglycerol molecules from the nanocrystal surfaces. These ligands are even more weakly bound in films of 4.1 nm diameter particles, as evidenced by the smaller shift in their ∼2560 cm-1 S−H stretching peak and the faster decay of this peak vis-a-vis that of the smaller particles, but no exciton broadening is observed for these films.
SALT: Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissues

Few tissues or organ systems are as complex as the immune system, except perhaps the nervous system. Eighty years ago, when the immune response was first described, investigators naively thought that the immune response of an organism to exogenous antigen was a unitary, if mysterious, process that equipped the individual to nullify once and forever the pathogenic potential of specific invading microorganisms. Now, as we proceed through the second “Golden Age of Immunology,” we know that the immune response is heterogenous and that it is comprised of effector mechanisms that are both molecular and cellular. Moreover, we know that specific immune responses to exogenous antigens are associated with specific tissues and organs. Thus, antigens that gain access to the body through the oral route confront the immunologic apparatus initially through the gut and elicit a relatively unique immune response at mucous membrane surfaces of the gut and perhaps of the respiratory tract. In fact, immune responses elicited by antigens within one tissue may be deleterious to the host when these antigens are encountered at or through a different, unrelated tissue or organ. Thus, the immune system appears to be comprised of subsystems, regional spheres of influence, in which a specific tissue, its constituent (sessile) cells, and complementary immunocompetent (mobile) lymphocytes are integrated into an internally consistent response to antigen. Blood-borne effector cells generated in these regional spheres can circulate to other tissues and express themselves inappropriately in the new territory. In this chapter, we will discuss the unique regional sphere of immunologic influence of the skin, which is comprised of sessile cells, mobile cells, and regional draining lymph nodes that have been designated as skin-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT).
Modeling Undesirable Measures

Both desirable (good) and undesirable (bad) outputs and inputs may be present. For example, the number of defective products is an undesirable output. One wants to reduce the number of defects to improve the performance. If inefficiency exists in production processes where final products are manufactured with a production of wastes and pollutants, the outputs of wastes and pollutants are undesirable and should be reduced to improve the performance.
Age trends in garnet-hosted monazite inclusions from upper amphibolite facies schist in the northern Grouse Creek Mountains, Utah

We performed in situ Th–Pb dating of monazite in upper amphibolite facies pelitic schist from the Grouse Creek Mountains in northwest Utah. Sixty-six ages from inclusions in four garnet grains range from 37 to 72 Ma and decrease with radial distance from garnet cores. The age range of 30 matrix monazite grains overlaps and extends to younger ages than inclusions (25– 58 Ma). The monazite grains are not intersected by cracks in the garnets, through which dissolution, reprecipitation or Pb loss might occur, and are generally too small (<20 lm) to allow for more than one age determination on any one grain. Processes that might explain inclusion ages that decrease with radial distance from garnet cores include: (1) Pb diffusion in monazite, (2) dissolution and reprecipitation of monazite, and (3) co-crystallization of monazite and garnet. After consideration of these possibilities, it is concluded that the co-crystallization of monazite and garnet is the most plausible, with monazite neoblasts deriving REEs from the breakdown of muscovite. Garnet ages derived by regression of the inclusion ages and assuming a constant rate of volume increase during garnet growth yield model ages with a maximum difference between core and rim of 22 m.y.
Effect of fiber coating on the fatigue crack initiation and multiplication of unnotched SCS-6/Ti3Al composites

Abstract The effect of fiber coating on the fatigue crack initiation and multiplication of an unnotched SCS-6 fiber-reinforced titanium aluminide (Ti 3 Al) matrix composite was investigated. The initiation and growth of each individual matrix crack, the evolution of matrix crack density and stiffness degradation of the composite with Ag/Ta-coated fibers were characterized quantitatively, and compared with those of the composite with uncoated fibers. The results showed that the composite with Ag/Ta-coated fibers exhibited a shorter crack initiation life, higher number of matrix cracks, and higher crack growth rate than the composite with uncoated fibers. Therefore, a higher matrix crack density and a lower residual stiffness were found in the composite with coated fibers during fatigue loading. The high interfacial cracking density and high interfacial bond strength in the Ag/Ta-coated SCS-6/Ti 3 Al composite is believed to be responsible for its poor fatigue damage resistance. Finally, an interface-controlled fatigue cracking model is used to predict the evolution of matrix crack density and residual stiffness of the composite under fatigue loading.
Dietary intake of folate and co-factors in folate metabolism, MTHFR polymorphisms, and reduced rectal cancer.

Little is known about the contribution of polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) and the folate metabolism pathway in rectal cancer alone. Data were from participants in a case–control study conducted in Northern California and Utah (751 cases and 979 controls). We examined independent associations and interactions of folate, B vitamins, methionine, alcohol, and MTHFR polymorphisms (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) with rectal cancer. Dietary folate intake was associated with a reduction in rectal cancer OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.48–0.92 (>475 mcg day compared to < = 322 mcg) as was a combination of nutrient intakes contributing to higher methyl donor status (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66–0.95). Risk was reduced among women with the 677 TT genotype (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.30–0.9), but not men (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.70–1.76) and with the 1298CC genotype in combined gender analysis (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46–0.98). These data are consistent with a protective effect of increasing dietary folate against rectal cancer and suggest a protective role of the MTHFR 677 TT genotype in women and 1298 CC in men and women. Folate intake, low methyl donor status, and MTHFR polymorphisms may play independent roles in the etiology of rectal cancer.
North Carolina dental hygiene students' opinions about tobacco cessation education and practices in their programs.

Inadequate training in tobacco cessation counseling (TCC) is a recognized, but mutable, barrier to implementation of tobacco cessation education (TCE) and intervention strategies in dental practice. The objective of this study was to identify the opinions and practices of senior dental hygiene (DH) students in North Carolina regarding their didactic training in TCE and integration of TCE into their clinical curricula. A pilot-tested questionnaire designed by the authors was administered to a cross-sectional, non-random convenience sample of 241 graduating senior DH students enrolled in all twelve North Carolina DH educational programs. Response rate was 65 percent (n=156). Of the respondents, 99 percent agreed that hygienists should be trained to provide TCE. Nearly all respondents (99 percent) had one or more patients who smoked, and 81 percent had one or more patients who used spit tobacco. Eighty-nine percent had one or more patients who had expressed a desire to quit. Most students were comfortable providing TCC to both smokers (92 percent) and spit tobacco users (93 percent); however, 26 percent reported that they were not comfortable providing quit messages to patients unwilling to quit. Enhancements to TCE in DH curricula may increase hygienists’ incorporation of TCE into their future practice.
Reforma escolar, racismo y políticas locales en Bahia, Brasil

Este articulo discute las conclusiones principales de mi investigacion en la que evaluo la reforma escolar en el estado de Bahia, Brasil. La recoleccion de datos fue realizada durante dos viajes exploratorios de investigacion a Salvador, la capital del estado, en 2001 y en 2005. La Reforma Educacional en Bahia iniciada por el gobierno del estado en 1999, y financiada en gran parte por el Banco Mundial, ha alcanzado algunos logros importantes como: la expansion de la educacion secundaria y la ampliacion del acceso a la ensenanza primaria en areas donde el acceso previo estaba distante de ser universal. No obstante, mi investigacion enfatiza en puntos deficientes con respecto a la situacion de los afro-brasilenos. El racismo estructural proporciona una de las explicaciones mas significativas de esta deficiencia. El racismo estructural hace que maestros y directores mantengan muy bajas expectativas acerca del potencial logro academico de los afro-brasilenos pobres; el racismo estructural amplia la brecha entre estudiantes y directores, contribuyendo a una enajenacion mutua de estos dos grupos, arriesgando asi, la creacion de alianzas y sinergias estrategicas dentro de escuelas y enajenando las escuelas de los barrios, impidiendo asi la participacion significativa de la comunidad en la administracion de la escuela. Finalmente, el bajo reconocimiento que maestros publicos reciben de la sociedad en general, reflejado en salarios bajos, y en la falta de estructuras institucionales que estimulen y recompensen el desempeno sobresaliente y sancionen el desempeno deficiente ha transformado la educacion publica de Bahia en un sistema de desespero, donde las motivaciones de maestros y estudiantes son negadas sistematicamente y sus esperanzas frustradas.
The Pattern of Divorce in Three Generations

graphic relationships usually exhibit considerable variation, and demographic trends are the resultants of multiple causal sequences. If the explanation of this variation is of importance (as it seems to be in studies of residential propinquity), a different level of analysis must be adopted. It should be noted also that the discussion in this section stresses the importance of homogeneity and social organization in the urban neighborhood. Given the research support for the theory of homogamy in mate selection and the evidence we have of residential segregation of relatively homogeneous segments of the population, we would expect a high degree of propinquity. We would also expect that the two basic reasons for variations in propinquity would be: (1) the lack of homogeneity or cohesiveness in the neighborhood, and (2) the various personal factors which impel an individual to make contacts outside the local area.