cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A High-Throughput Method for Direct Detection of Therapeutic Oligonucleotide-Induced Gene Silencing In Vivo

Preclinical development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics requires a rapid, accurate, and robust method of simultaneously quantifying mRNA knockdown in hundreds of samples. The most well-established method to achieve this is quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), a labor-intensive methodology that requires sample purification, which increases the potential to introduce additional bias. Here, we describe that the QuantiGene(®) branched DNA (bDNA) assay linked to a 96-well Qiagen TissueLyser II is a quick and reproducible alternative to qRT-PCR for quantitative analysis of mRNA expression in vivo directly from tissue biopsies. The bDNA assay is a high-throughput, plate-based, luminescence technique, capable of directly measuring mRNA levels from tissue lysates derived from various biological samples. We have performed a systematic evaluation of this technique for in vivo detection of RNAi-based silencing. We show that similar quality data is obtained from purified RNA and tissue lysates. In general, we observe low intra- and inter-animal variability (around 10% for control samples), and high intermediate precision. This allows minimization of sample size for evaluation of oligonucleotide efficacy in vivo.
A transgenic, visual screenable marker for soybean seeds

Most soybean cultivars produce buff colored seeds due to a seed coat specific siRNA mechanism. This phenomenon is specifically limited to the seed coat and produces a strong visual effect, thus, a strategy to evade the silencing was used to produce a maternal transgenic marker for soybeans. Expression of a rice chalcone synthase transgene with little DNA sequence homology to the soybean siRNAs resulted in dark colored seed coats. This phenotype is the result of anthocyanin pigment production and does not appear to affect other tissues. This novel approach for producing an easily scored transgenic marker for soybean will facilitate high-throughput screening and analysis of transgenic soybean.
Rapunzel syndrome due to ingested hair extensions: Surgical and psychiatric considerations.

Abstract Introduction Rapunzel syndrome is a unique clinical manifestation of trichotillomania and trichophagia. The resulting gastric trichobezoar can be massive and necessitate surgical extraction. Presentation of case We present a case involving a 15 year-old female with a known history of trichotillomania. The patient possessed symptoms of nausea and early satiety, and admitted that she had recently consumed a large number of hair extensions. Computed tomography imaging revealed a massive gastric bezoar not amenable to endoscopic extraction. The patient underwent surgical laparotomy, and a large gastric trichobezoar was removed through an anterior gastrotomy. The trichobezoar extended past the pylorus into the duodenum, thus confirming a diagnosis of Rapunzel syndrome. Discussion Trichobezoars formed from the consumption of hair extensions is a rare cause of Rapunzel syndrome. Surgical extraction is often necessitated due to the sheer size of the gastric bezoar that results from consuming hair extensions. If not previously established, psychiatric consultation should be pursued in the immediate post-operative course as these patients may require pharmacologic management along with behavioral therapy to avoid further episodes of trichotillomania. Conclusion This case presents a unique and modern manifestation of Rapunzel syndrome. Surgical treatment most often is required when a patient presents with a massive gastric trichobezoar. Regular post-operative psychiatric follow-up is necessary to prevent recurrent episodes.
Trending classic: the cultural register of Moroccan Malhun poetry

ABSTRACTThis article demonstrates how the heteroglossia of malḥūn performances affects Moroccans as they negotiate identities and re-imagine Moroccan society. Performers' poetic devices and interpretations of the genre facilitate a process of representing and ’voicing’ social groups within contemporary Moroccan public discourse. I apply Bakhtinian dialogic analysis to address voices of stability that reinforce social structures of authority (‘centripetal’) and voices of diversification (‘centrifugal’) that re-envision diversity in Moroccan society. Artistic innovations, such as theatrical productions of a narrative malḥūn poem, make space for rethinking Moroccan identity. Malḥūn emerges from this study as a literary and cultural form that functions as a cultural register to inform public discourses regarding the nature of Moroccan identity.
Poverty and the Development of Psychopathology

Poverty and low socioeconomic status (SES) play a profound role in the etiology and trajectories of child psychopathology. In order to better understand how poverty/SES can influence child psychopathology, we first describe the individual and social costs of SES-related psychopathology before summarizing the internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with childhood deprivation across the life stages of early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Next, underlying mediating processes that help explain how deprivation leads to psychopathology as well as moderating factors that alter the course of SES impacts on child and youth psychopathology are discussed. Primary mediators include parenting, stress, executive functioning and coping, as well as the brain. Moderators discussed include gender, ethnicity, social support, coping, and social context (e.g., school, community). Implications for intervention science and policy are presented and an outline of future directions is presented. Keywords: poverty; internalizing; externalizing, socioeconomic status (SES); mediators; moderators
Development and evaluation of an online, multicomponent working memory battery.

Research has demonstrated strong connections among working memory (WM), higher-level cognition, and academic achievement. Despite the importance of WM, currently available WM tests have practical limitations and lack comprehensive coverage of multiple WM components. The Working Memory Battery (WOMBAT) includes nine subtests measuring multiple content domains and processing demands, in accordance with contemporary WM theoretical frameworks. The current study evaluated the WOMBAT factor structure and identified misfitting items using confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch modeling with scores from 125 adolescents and 177 adults (N = 302). Overall, results indicated the WOMBAT measures separate Verbal, Static Visual-Spatial, and Dynamic Visual-Spatial dimensions, and that more than 98% of items contribute to measurement of those dimensions. This provides support for the theoretical organization of WM into three distinct content domains in the WOMBAT. Misfitting items were identified using infit and outfit in...
Biological Effects of Honey

SummaryHoneys from eight different floral sources and geographical regions were studied for their biological effects. All eight honeys showed bacteriostatic effects at 100% concentration against three out of four species of micro-organisms; all but one inhibited the fourth species. Rats fed on diets in which honey replaced sucrose or cornstarch in general showed greater weight gains. Stimulation of yeast growth greater than that shown by 1 μg biotin was observed with most of the honeys, with optimum concentration between 10% and 40%. Guinea-pig wrist-joint stiffness was decreased (marginally) only by sweet-clover honey, as well as by ergostanyl acetate, the positive control. Chrysanthemum cuttings dipped in solutions of tupelo, citrus, cotton, or sweet-clover honey developed more roots than cuttings dipped in sugar solution; however, for pyracantha cuttings only tupelo and buckwheat showed such results. Efforts to demonstrate an oestrogenic activity in rats by injection with honey were fruitless. Treatmen...
Mission San Luis Rey, California—Excavations in the Sunken Gardens

ABSTRACTRecent excavations at San Luis Rey Mission, California, have yielded data on elaborate sunken gardens and lavenderias constructed in 1798, by Indians under the direction of Fr. Antonio Peyri, O.F.M. Information on the sunken gardens was previously available in historical accounts, but details of construction were imperfectly known. Reconstruction work is being done on the gardens and lavenderias.
Big Data Techniques as a Solution to Theory Problems

This chapter proposes a general approach for solving a broad class of difficult optimization problems using big data techniques. We provide a general description of this approach as well as some examples. This approach is ideally suited for solving nonconvex optimization problems, multiobjective programming problems, models with a large degree of heterogeneity, rich policy structure, potential model uncertainty, and potential policy objective uncertainty. In our applications of this algorithm we use Hierarchical Database Format (HDF5) distributed storage and I/O as well as message passing interface (MPI) for parallel computation of a large number of small optimization problems.
Evaluation of beta-blockers and survival among hypertensive patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives Beta-blocker use is associated with improved survival for multiple nonurologic malignancies. Our objective was to evaluate the association between beta-blocker use and survival among surgically managed hypertensive patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods Hypertensive patients with ccRCC treated with either radical or partial nephrectomy between 2000 and 2010 were identified from our Nephrectomy Registry. Beta-blocker use within 90 days before surgery was identified. The associations between beta-blocker use and risk of disease progression, death from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and all-cause mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results In total, 913 hypertensive patients were identified who underwent either partial or radical nephrectomy for ccRCC. Of these, 104 (11%) had documented beta-blocker use within 90 days before surgery. At last follow-up (median 8.2 y among survivors), 258 patients showed progression (median 1.6 y following surgery), and 369 patients had died (median 4.1 y following surgery), including 138 who died of RCC. After adjusting for PROG (progression-free survival) and SSIGN (cancer-specific survival) scores, beta-blocker use was not significantly associated with the risk of disease progression (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.61–1.47; P = 0.80) or the risk of death from RCC (HR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.38–1.41; P = 0.35). Similarly, on multivariable analysis adjusting for clinicopathologic features, there was not a significant association between beta-blocker use and the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.59–1.16; P = 0.27). Conclusions Beta-blocker use for hypertension within 90 days before surgery was not associated with the risk of progression, death from RCC, or death from any cause.
A Framework for Evaluation Technical Assistance

The authors reflect on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP) evidence review standards and the framework for evaluation technical assistance (TA) as of 2016. Approval for funded grantees' proposed evaluation designs is examined, along with the monitoring of the application of evaluations plans to real-world problems. Group TA presentations are assessed, along with the evaluation TA contract funded by the HHS Office of Adolescent Health (OAH).
Bond durability assessment and long-term degradation prediction for GFRP bars to fiber-reinforced concrete under saline solutions

Abstract This study presents the bond durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars to fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) exposed to saline solutions. Total 105 pullout specimens reinforced with steel and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers were prepared and immersed in the saline solutions at 50 and 70 °C under 30, 45, and 60 days, respectively. Their durability was quantified in terms of failure mode, adhesion stress as well as the bond strength. Test results revealed that the steel FRC samples exhibited the better bond durability than that of PVA FRC ones, when the same fiber volume fraction was used. Besides, the experimental data also aided to calibrate the analytical models, mBPE and CMR models, to better define the GFRP bond to FRC by considering the environmental effects. Also, a detailed procedure using Arrhenius law and time shift factor (TSF) methods was developed to predict the long-term bond degradation under different environmental temperatures and relative humidity. Degradation predictions over 75 years showed the FRC with 1.0% steel fiber volume fraction will have 96.76%, 92.88%, and 74.47% bond strength retention under dry, moist, and saturated environments in cold regions, respectively; while these values will decrease to 95.83%, 90.85%, and 67.19% in warm regions, respectively.
Reactive Oxygen Species via Activation of Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Mediate Cholesterol Crystals-Induced CD36 Expression and Foam Cell Formation

In understanding the mechanisms of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, previous studies from other laboratories have demonstrated that cholesterol crystals (CCs) induce scavenger receptor CD36 expression and NLRP3-mediated inflammasome formation. In understanding the mechanisms by which CCs could enhance CD36 expression and foam cell formation, here we report that CCs via NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase-mediated ROS production activates BTK, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. In addition, CCs induce p300 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in a BTK-dependent manner, which in turn, leads to STAT1 acetylation and its interaction with PPARγ in CD36 expression, oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation. Furthermore, p300, STAT1 and PPARγ bound to a STAT binding site at 107 nt in CD36 promoter and enhanced its activity in ROS-mediated BTK activation-dependent manner. Disruption of this STAT binding site by site-directed mutagenesis abolished CCs-induced CD36 promoter activity. Together these results reveal that CCs via producing ROS and activating BTK causes p300-mediated STAT1 acetylation and its interaction with PPARγ in CD36 expression, oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation in macrophages.
Stress and Immunity in Pregnancy

The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in research on the effects of environment and behavior on pregnancy and infant development. A key aspect of these efforts has been to examine how prenatal stress affects pregnancy and maternal and child health and to identify candidate mechanisms for these effects. This chapter describes research addressing how prenatal stress can alter the course of pregnancy and affect infant development and the potential role of neural-immune interactions in mediating these effects. Background research in psychoneuroimmunology, discussion of the role of the immune and endocrine systems in normal and complicated pregnancy, and foundational and ongoing research on how neural-immune interactions are involved in stress-related pregnancy outcomes are presented. The chapter concludes by identifying key future directions and ongoing challenges for research in this field with an eye toward affecting clinical practice.
The Impact of Reduced Gravity on Free Convective Heat Transfer from a Finite, Flat, Vertical Plate

Convective heat transfer is governed by a number of factors including various fluid properties, the presence of a thermal gradient, geometric configuration, flow condition, and gravity. Empirically-derived analytical relationships can be used to estimate convection as a function of these governing parameters. Although it is relatively straightforward to experimentally quantify the contributions of the majority of these variables, it is logistically difficult to assess the influence of reduced-gravity due to practical limitations of establishing this environment. Therefore, in order to explore this regime, a series of tests was conducted to evaluate convection under reduced-gravity conditions averaging 0.45 m/sec2 (0.05 g) achieved aboard a parabolic aircraft. The results showed a reduction in net heat transfer of approximately 61% in flight relative to a 1g terrestrial baseline using the same setup. The average experimental Nusselt Number of 19.05 ± 1.41 statistically correlated with the predicted value of 18.90 ± 0.63 (N = 13), estimated using the Churchill-Chu correlation for free convective heat transfer from a finite, flat, vertical plate. Extrapolating this to similar performance in true microgravity (10−6 g) indicates that these conditions should yield a Nusselt Number of 1.27, which is 2.6% the magnitude of free convection at 1g, or a reduction of 97.4%. With advection essentially eliminated, heat transfer becomes limited to diffusion and radiation, which are gravity-independent and nearly equivalent in magnitude in this case. These results offer a general guideline for integrating components that utilize natural (free) convective gas cooling in a spacecraft habitat and properly sizing the thermal control system.
Introducción. Aprender del pasado: breve historia de los procesos de paz en Colombia (1982-1996)

Titulo del numero: Edicion Especial: Seminario sobre procesos de negociacion y Paz (October 1996). Dossier
Trauma patients with lower extremity and pelvic fractures: Should anti-factor Xa trough level guide prophylactic enoxaparin dose?

Abstract Background Adequate venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is essential after trauma, especially in patients with lower extremity and/or pelvic fractures. We sought to investigate if prophylactic enoxaparin dosed by anti -Xa trough levels could reduce clinically evident VTE in trauma patients with lower extremity or pelvic injury. Methods Prospective data was collected on trauma patients admitted for at least two days with any lower extremity and/or pelvic fracture and who received enoxaparin for VTE prophylaxis between October 2013 and January 2016. Patients in the control cohort received enoxaparin at 30 mg twice daily. Patients in the adjustment cohort had anti -Xa trough levels measured after three or more consecutive doses of enoxaparin. Those with a trough level of 0.1 IU/mL or lower had their dosage increased by 10-mg increments. Results Of the 159 patients included, 58 (36.5%) were monitored with anti -Xa trough levels. The cohorts were similar in age, sex, regional AIS, ISS score, ICU and hospital length of stay, proportion of patients with diagnostic testing for VTE, and time to first enoxaparin dose. Initial enoxaparin dosing in the majority of patients (84.5%) who had anti -Xa trough levels measured was subprophylactic. Patients receiving enoxaparin dosed by anti -Xa trough level had a significantly lower VTE rate than those who did not (1.7% v. 13.9%, p = 0.03). Conclusions Prophylactic enoxaparin adjusted by anti -factor Xa level may lead to a decreased rate of clinically evident VTE among trauma patients with lower extremity and/or pelvic fractures. Our findings indicate that the initial dose of enoxaparin was frequently too low.
An energy efficient epileptic seizure detector

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting up to 1% of the world's population and approximately 2.5 million people in the United States. Seizures in more than 30% of epilepsy patients are resistant to anti-epileptic drugs. A significant biomedical research is focused on the development of an energy efficient implantable integrated circuit for real-time detection of seizures. In this paper we propose an architecture for an implantable seizure detector using a hyper-synchronous signal detection circuit and signal rejection algorithm (SRA). The proposed seizure detector (SD) continuously monitors neural signals for hyper-synchronous pulses and extracts the seizure onset signal. If the pulses in an epoch exceed a threshold value, a seizure is declared. The design was validated using Simulink®. The signal rejection algorithm (SRA) reduces false detection and minimal circuitry leads to a 12% reduction of power consumption.
Atypical fibroxanthoma in a young female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report and literature review

Abstract A 23-year-old woman presented with an asymptomatic erythematous subcutaneous nodule on her right shin that had been present for the preceding 6 months. She had been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren's syndrome 6 years ago and was controlled with prednisolone and hydroxychloroquine. The nodule was excised and the pathologic diagnosis was atypical fibroxanthoma. This case is reported because this tumor occurred in an atypical site in a young female patient with SLE. The occurrence of this unusual atypical fibroxanthoma is believed to be related to altered immunity.
Dissipative quantum entanglement dynamics of two and three qubits due to the dynamical Lamb effect

A theoretical framework to investigate the time evolution of the quantum entanglement due to the dynamical Lamb effect between two and three superconducting qubits coupled to a coplanar waveguide in the presence of different sources of dissipation is developed. Guidelines on how to proceed in the $N$-qubit case are also given. We quantitatively analyze the case of single switching of the coupling and absence of dissipation within a perturbative approach and show that it is a good approximation to the case of periodic switching of the coupling for high frequencies of switching. The same systems are analyzed for the general case of periodic switching of the coupling at any frequency and in the presence of dissipation via numerical calculations. Different measures of entanglement compatible with mixed states are adopted. It is demonstrated that the different measures show a different level of detail of the latter. The concurrence and the negativity are obtained in the two-qubit case; the three-$\ensuremath{\pi}$ and the negativity are obtained in the three-qubit case. It is shown that time-dependent Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states can be created even in the presence of dissipation. To maximize the quantum entanglement between the qubits, the effects of tuning several parameters of the system are investigated.
Modeling of Optical Gain Due to Excitonic Transitions in Index-Guided ZnCdSe/ZnMgSSe Multiple Quantum Well Blue-Green Lasers

Optical gain coefficient involving excitonic transitions are calculated for index-guided ZnCdSe/ZnMgSSe multiple quantum well (MQW) layers as a function of operating wavelength. Comparison of threshold current density among unstrained, compressively strained and tensile strained cases are presented. The calculations include strain induced changes in energy band gaps and band offsets. The tensile strained Zn.8Cd .2SeZn.2Mg.8S.03Se.97 quantum well lasers, grown on lattice matched InP substrates, are predicted to operate at threshold current density as low as 175 A/cm2.
Selecting appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with osteoporosis: Holistic risk-benefit analysis

In the US, the major pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the pre- vention or treatment of osteoporosis in women are estrogen-based hormone replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, salmon calcitonin, bisphosphonates, calcium, and vitamin D. All of these treatments are beneficial in increasing bone mineral density and reducing fractures in patients with osteo- porosis. However, each of the therapies possesses a unique mechanism of action and other potential benefits and side effects. Estrogen replacement ther- apy may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, but it increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and may increase the risk of breast cancer. Unopposed estrogen therapy is associated with increased risk for endometrial cancer, but the addition of progestins virtually eliminates this adverse event. The selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene is associated with positive car- diovascular effects and demonstrates a protective effect against some types of breast cancer. Like estrogen, raloxifene increases the risk of VTE. Salmon cal- citonin has a strong analgesic effect and is not associated with any serious long- term adverse events, but some individuals may not be able to tolerate the nasal formulation. Bisphosphonates are associated with serious upper GI effects. The concomitant administration of calcium and vitamin D in all patients being treat- ed for osteoporosis is generally recommended. Selecting optimal treatment relies on an individualized risk-benefit analysis that takes into account the patient's medical history, concomitant diseases, cur- rent medications, general physical and mental well being, and personal feelings about the various therapies. Careful consideration of the various treatment options may lead to improved compliance and more effective management of osteoporosis.
Nematodes of Agricultural Importance in Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri and Ohio

In the North Central Region of the U.S, in the five states of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri and Ohio agricultural production is predominated by maize and soybean. In this southern portion of the Mississippi River Drainage Basin, precipitation is mostly distributed throughout the year allowing for efficient dryland farming on fertile soils. The large-acre crops maize and soybean have a limited number of plant-parasitic nematodes that cause economic damage. Especially Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode, SCN) is a constant threat to sustainable soybean production. Other plant-parasitic nematodes, e.g. root-knot nematodes, are more localized in occurrence but can cause severe yield losses in specialty crops like watermelon or other vegetable crops.
Proteomic profiling of urine: implications for lupus nephritis.

Introduction: Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and significant manifestation, affecting 60% of adults and 80% of children with systemic lupus erythematosus, with up to 30% of patients progressing t...
Noninvasive, in vivo rodent brain optical coherence tomography at 2.1 microns

In biological tissue, longer near-infrared wavelengths generally experience less scattering and more water absorption. Here we demonstrate an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system centered at 2.1 microns, whose bandwidth falls in the 2.2 micron water absorption optical window, for in vivo imaging of the rodent brain. We show in vivo that at 2.1 microns, the OCT signal is actually attenuated less in cranial bone than at 1.3 microns, and is also less susceptible to multiple scattering tails. We also show that the 2.2 micron window enables direct spectroscopic OCT assessment of tissue water content. We conclude that with further optimization, 2.2 micron OCT will have advantages in low-water-content tissue such as bone, as well as applications where extensive averaging is possible to compensate absorption losses.
The nephroureterectomy: a review of technique and current controversies

The nephroureterectomy (NU) is the standard of care for invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and has been around for well over one hundred years. Since then new operative techniques have emerged, new technologies have developed, and the surgery continues to evolve and grow. In this article, we review the various surgical techniques, as well as present the literature surrounding current areas of debate surrounding the NU, including the lymphatic drainage of the upper urinary tract, management of UTUC involvement with the adrenals and caval thrombi, surgical management of the distal ureter, the use of intravesical chemotherapy as well as perioperative systemic chemotherapy, as well as various outcome measures. Although much has been studied about the NU, there still is a dearth of level 1 evidence and the field would benefit from further studies.
Hyperammonemia syndrome due to Ureaplasma urealyticum in a kidney transplant recipient: A case of disseminated disease from a fluoroquinolone-resistant isolate.

Ureaplasma species (spp.) are common colonizers of the urogenital tract but may cause systemic infection in immunocompromised patients. They release significant amounts of ammonia via urea hydrolysis and have been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperammonemia syndrome after organ transplantation. We describe a unique case of hyperammonemia syndrome after kidney transplant caused by U urealyticum infection, and the first, to our knowledge, case of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Ureaplasma strain causing hyperammonemia syndrome. A 17-year-old female developed intermittent fevers, rising creatinine, sterile pyuria and debilitating polyarthritis approximately 1 year after kidney transplant. Serum ammonia level was elevated, and urine PCR was positive for U urealyticum. Near the end of treatment with levofloxacin, she had rebound hyperammonemia, which preceded clinical relapse of polyarthritis and encephalopathy. Blood and urine PCR and synovial fluid culture were positive for U urealyticum. Susceptibility testing showed fluoroquinolone resistance, but she responded well to azithromycin and doxycycline. The frequency of Ureaplasma spp. infection in immunocompromised patients is probably underestimated due to diagnostic challenges. Ammonia levels were helpful biomarkers of response to antimicrobial therapy in our case. Susceptibility testing of clinical isolates should be pursued. In serious Ureaplasma spp. infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients, two empiric antibiotics may be indicated given the potential for antimicrobial resistance.
A model for radiative heating of a high-Z pusher

Several approaches to Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), including double-shell, pushered-single-shell, and the Revolver designs, have fuel surrounded by pushers made from high-Z materials. An advantage of these designs is that radiation emitted by the hot fuel will be absorbed and re-radiated into the fuel to reduce cooling. This process is referred to as radiation-trapping, and it lowers the fuel temperature required for ignition. To elucidate the physics of radiation trapping, a simplified model comprising a set of coupled differential equations has been developed to model the arbitrary time-dependent wall temperature from the Hammer and Rosen solution [J. H. Hammer and M. D. Rosen, Phys. Plasmas 10, 1829 (2003)] to a Marshak wave. The derivation of the model and a set of analytical power-law solutions will be presented. A discussion on numerical implementation of the differential equations into a model for burn in ICF capsules is also included.
Influence of process parameters in AFP fiber steering on cylinders: Constant curvature paths

Abstract Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) is a flexible manufacturing technique which allows the manufacturing of complex layups where steered paths are necessary to achieve the surface coverage. However, steering tows using the AFP process introduces challenges in terms of quality and productivity due to steering induced defects. The quality of AFP layup is highly dependent on the geometry and the curvature of the path as well as the manufacturing process parameters such as layup temperature, head speed and compaction force. Understanding how these parameters affect the process is important to achieve the desirable quality of the final part. In this paper, several paths are steered at different radii of curvature (1270, 635 and 318 mm) on a cylindrical tool using different combinations of process parameters. The quality of the obtained layup is assessed through image processing of acquired profilometry scans. In-plane tow displacement and out-of-plane tow deformations are captured over the length of each placed course. Using numerical techniques, the defect occurrence is correlated to the input process parameters. Results show that the path curvature is the main feature driving defect formation. The remaining process parameters are ranked according to their influence.
Statistical procedures for evaluating trends in coronavirus disease-19 cases in the United States

Objectives: In late 2019, a novel respiratory disease was identified as it began to spread rapidly within China’s Hubei Province soon thereafter, being designated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Unfortunately, trends in cases and rates of infection have been consistently misunderstood, particularly within the media, due to little, if any, statistical analysis of trends. Critical analysis of data is necessary in order to determine how to best manage local restrictions particularly if there are resurgences of infection. As such, researchers have been calling for data-driven, statistical analysis of trends of disease in order to provide more context and validity for significant policy decisions. Methods: This quantitative study sought to explore different statistical methods that can be used to evaluate trend data to improve decision-making and public information on the spread of COVID-19. Analyses were conducted using Spearman’s rho, Mann-Whitney U tests, Mann-Kendal tests, and Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests with follow up Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin tests. Results. The results indicated a mix of both surprising and expected findings. Variations among COVID case reporting for each day of the week were identified but not deemed significant. Spearman correlation data appeared to perform well in identifying monotonic trend while Mann-Kendal tests appeared to provide the most intelligible results. Conclusions. This study provides examples of statistical tools and procedures to more thoroughly examine trends in COVID-19 case rate data. It is advocated that such metrics be made available to health and policy stakeholders for potential use for public health decisions.
Locating the Launching Region of T Tauri Winds: The Case of DG Tauri

It is widely believed that T Tauri winds are driven magnetocentrifugally from accretion disks close to the central stars. The exact launching conditions are uncertain. We show that a general relation exists between the poloidal and toroidal velocity components of a magnetocentrifugal wind at large distances and the rotation rate of the launching surface, independent of the uncertain launching conditions. We discuss the physical basis of this relation and verify it by using a set of numerically determined large-scale wind solutions. Both velocity components are in principle measurable from spatially resolved spectra, as has been done for the extended low-velocity component (LVC) of the DG Tauri wind by Bacciotti et al. For this particular source, we infer that the spatially resolved LVC originates from a region on the disk extending from ~0.3 to ~4.0 AU from the star, which is consistent with, and a refinement over, the rough estimate of Bacciotti et al.
Correcting Transcranial Ultrasound Aberrations Through Acoustoelectric Derived Time Reversal Operations

Transcranial ultrasound (US) is impeded by attenuation and aberration of the pressure wave induced by the skull. One method for correcting for these errors is through time-reversal of the transmit US waveform. However, robust innate acoustic reflectors, which are typically necessary for time-reversal US, do not exist in the brain. Some methods exist to either create or embed reflectors or US emitters at target locations. However, these methods lack in either specificity, accuracy or are invasive. In this paper we explore the use of acoustoelectric imaging (AEI) in order to utilize an electrical current as a point for performing time-reversal aberration corrections. We modeled a section of human skull and brain in MatLab and used the k- Wave package to simulate transcranial US propagation. A monopole was modeled in the brain in order to simulate AEI for performing time-reversal and correct for focal aberrations. Our AEI TR results were compared to TR delays determined through direct detection of the pressure wave itself for validation. Both TR methods resulted in very similar pressure profiles at the target focal point and outperformed an uncorrected delay profile in lateral FWHM (1.17 vs 3.4), peak amplitude (0.41MPa vs 0.24MPa), and side lobe power (~-27dB vs ~17dB). Collectively, these results advocate the use of AEI for utilizing current sources in the brain, natural or implanted, as a source for performing TR-based aberration corrections and enhancing transcranial US focus.
How are bariatric patients coping during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic? Analysis of factors known to cause weight regain among postoperative bariatric patients.

Abstract Background The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is wreaking havoc on society. Bariatric patients are more prone to severe infection due to their high body mass index (BMI) and are more vulnerable to the effects of isolation, such as depression or disruption of their health habits. Objectives To quantify the impact of self-quarantine on bariatric patients and self-quarantine’s relationship with weight gain. Setting Academic hospital, United States. Methods A 30-item survey examining several known contributors to weight regain was distributed among the postoperative bariatric patients of our clinic. Changes in eating habits, exercise, depression, social support, loneliness, and anxiety were studied, among others. Results A total of 208 patients completed the survey (29.3% response rate). A large percentage of patients reported increases in their depression (44.2%), loneliness (36.2%), nervousness (54.7%), snacking (62.6%), loss of control when eating (48.2%), and binge eating (19.5%) and decreases in their social support (23.2%), healthy food eating (45.5%), and activity (55.2%). Difficulty in accessing vitamins was reported by 13%. Patients more than 18 months out of surgery regained more than 2 kg during an average of 47 days. Risk factors for weight regain were found to be loss of control when eating, increases in snacking and binge eating, reduced consumption of healthy food, and reduced physical activity. Conclusion Bariatric patients are negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social isolation on many levels. This patient population is vulnerable to crisis situations; thus, additional intervention is needed to address behaviors that lead to weight regain.
Enteral Iron Supplementation in Infants Born Extremely Preterm and its Positive Correlation with Neurodevelopment; Post Hoc Analysis of the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives To test whether an increased iron dose is associated with improved neurodevelopment as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, third edition (BSID-III) among infants enrolled in the Preterm Erythropoietin (Epo) Neuroprotection Trial (PENUT). Study design This is a post hoc analysis of a randomized trial that enrolled infants born at 24-28 completed weeks of gestation. All infants in PENUT who were assessed with BSID-III at 2 years were included in this study. The associations between enteral iron dose at 60 and 90 days and BSID-III component scores were evaluated using generalized estimating equations models adjusted for potential confounders. Results In total, 692 infants were analyzed (355 placebo, 337 Epo). Enteral iron supplementation ranged from 0 to 14.7 mg/kg/d (IQR 2.1-5.8 mg/kg/d) at day 60, with a mean of 3.6 mg/kg/d in infants treated with placebo and 4.8 mg/kg/d in infants treated with Epo. A significant positive association was seen between BSID-III cognitive scores and iron dose at 60 days, with an effect size of 0.77 BSID points per 50 mg/kg increase in cumulative iron dose (P = .03). Greater iron doses were associated with greater motor and language scores but did not reach statistical significance. Results at 90 days were not significant. The effect size in the infants treated with Epo compared with placebo was consistently greater. Conclusions A positive association was seen between iron dose at 60 days and cognitive outcomes. Our results suggest that increased iron supplementation in infants born preterm, at the doses administered in the PENUT Trial, may have positive neurodevelopmental effects, particularly in infants treated with Epo. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT01378273 .
Enhanced Myometrial Vascularity: Case Presentation and Review

Study Objective To describe the etiology of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV) and review updates in management for patients with retained products of conception (RPOC) associated with EMV through a case presentation. Design The etiology, symptoms, imaging findings/interpretation, and updates in management based on symptoms are reviewed in detail. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients or Participants Eight weeks following suction dilation and curettage (D&C) for an incomplete abortion, a 28-year-old G1P0 patient presented with RPOC, menorrhagia and an acute drop in hemoglobin to an outside facility. After a diagnosis of a uterine AVM was made, she was transferred to our facility for further care. Interventions After transfer to our center, ultrasound demonstrated RPOC, with prominent internal vasculature containing peak systolic velocity (PSV)>20 cm/sec. A diagnosis of EMV was made. An MRI confirmed prominent serpentine vessel at the endometrium and in the RPOC. Due to her anemia, she underwent a uterine artery embolization (UAE) followed by suction D&C. Hysteroscopy was performed before and after suction D&C and following curettage, a large vascular bundle was appreciated at the surface of the endometrium. Measurements and Main Results The patient presented to clinic 2 weeks post operatively with resolution of AUB symptoms and a negative Beta hCG. Conclusion The management of patients with EMV is dependent on the extent of their symptoms. If significant bleeding is present, surgical management is required. Previous reports suggested that patients with EMV and RPOC should undergo UAE prior to D&C, but more recent studies suggest that D&C may be initiated without UAE, as EMV associated with RPOC may be a normal transient placentation phenomenon and have less risk of hemorrhage than previously suspected. Each patient requires individualized management based on symptoms, signs, imaging, and plans for future fertility. The ideal management of patients with RPOC and EMV remains to be determined.
The Chile Reader: History, Culture, Politics edited by Elizabeth Quay Hutchison, Thomas Miller Klubock, Nara B. Milanich, and Peter Winn; The Paraquay Reader: History, Culture, Politics edited by Peter Lambert and Andrew Nickson

Hutchison, Elizabeth Quay, Thomas Miller Klubock, Nara B. Milanich, and Peter Winn, eds. The Chile Reader: History, Culture, Politics . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. Review by Yoly Zentella. Lambert, Peter and Andrew Nickson, eds. The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Review by Yoly Zentella.
The Jupiter system

Voyager 1’s dramatic 1979 flyby of Jupiter and its satellites doubled the number of objects available for geologic analysis. Prior to that time, only the surfaces of Earth, Moon, Mercury and Mars were known. Voyager, for the first time, revealed the complexity and diversity of Jupiter’s major satellites and provided tantalizing clues to their surface histories. The features seen on the satellites prompted a re-examination of traditional geologic processes. The new data caused planetologists to consider such bizarre processes as volcanism driven by sulfur compounds, fracturing of ice-rich planetary crusts, and flooding of surfaces by liquid water.
Comments on ''calibration of Preston tubes in supersonic flow.''

Calibration curve for Preston tubes in supersonic flow obtained by reference-temperature method
Caring Analytics for Adults With Special Needs

Editor’s notes: Medical cyber–physical systems are expected not only to provide a more appropriate control of human physiological processes, but also to enable a significant improvement in care for adults with special needs. This paper describes a caring analytics system that collects and mines heterogeneous sensor network data for identifying the actions that should be taken for improving the care and quality of life of adults with special needs.
Electromagnetic Unbalance of Untransposed Transmission Lines; II. Single Lines With Horizontal Conductor Arrangement [includes discussion]

Various configurations of single-circuit overhead lines without and with ground wires have been considered in a previous investigation of unbalance factors mo and m2.1 In this part of the study, electromagnetic unbalance has been calculated and balance factors plotted for single-circuit overhead transmission lines with horizontal conductor arrangement and two ground wires, so located in many different positions that the protective angle differs from the 30 degrees of the earlier analysis. Since many new lines have been built with a smaller protective angle, the arrangements covered in the investigation may become valuable for application considerations. All computations have been made on an International Business Machines card program calculator, and the basic procedure is given in the Appendix.
Active Experiments in Magnetospheric Physics

Magnetospheric physics has been and continues to be primarily an observational science, aided and guided by theory. However, increasing emphasis is being given to active experiments for the purpose of clarifying specific phenomena in the magnetospheric plasma. The earliest global scale experiments were the production of artificial radiation belts by high altitude nuclear bomb bursts in 1958–62 and the observation of their geophysical effects. Other active experiments involve the injection of ionized clouds of exotic vapors, the decay products of radioactive sources, and beams of artificially accelerated ions and electrons at selected points in the magnetosphere. The effects of such perturbations of the natural situation as well as those of very low frequency radio waves have been observed by sophisticated diagnostic instrumentation. The in situ determination of the ambient electric field point-by-point in the auroral zone is one of the most important and difficult undertakings. This paper reviews the achievements of active experiments and their future promise.
Measurement-based Analysis of Networked System Availability

The dependability of a system can be experimentally evaluated at different phases of its life cycle. In the design phase, computer-aided design (CAD) environments are used to evaluate the design via simulation, including simulated fault injection. Such fault injection tests the effectiveness of fault-tolerant mechanisms and evaluates system dependability, providing timely feedback to system designers. Simulation, however, requires accurate input parameters and validation of output results. Although the parameter estimates can be obtained from past measurements, this is often complicated by design and technology changes. In the prototype phase, the system runs under controlled workload conditions. In this stage, controlled physical fault injection is used to evaluate the system behavior under faults, including the detection coverage and the recovery capability of various fault tolerance mechanisms. Fault injection on the real system can provide information about the failure process, from fault occurrence to system recovery, including error latency, propagation, detection, and recovery (which may involve reconfiguration). But this type of fault injection can only study artificial faults; it cannot provide certain important dependability measures, such as mean time between failures (MTBF) and availability. In the operational phase, a direct measurement-based approach can be used to measure systems in the field under real workloads. The collected data contain a large amount of information about naturally occurring errors/failures.