cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QnA: augmenting an instant messaging client to balance user responsiveness and performance

The growing use of Instant Messaging for social and work-related communication has created a situation where incoming messages often become a distraction to users while they are performing important tasks. Staying on task at the expense of responsiveness to IM buddies may portray the users as impolite or even rude. Constantly attending to IM, on the other hand, may prevent users from performing tasks efficiently, leaving them frustrated. In this paper we present a tool that augments a commercial IM client by automatically increasing the salience of incoming messages that may deserve immediate attention, helping users decide whether or not to stay on task.
Minando ouro: utilizando o Nachlaβ e as preleções de Kant como fonte para sua ﬁlosoﬁa política

O trabalho inedito de Kant sobre ﬁlosoﬁa politica que sobreviveu se apresenta em tres tipos, como tres montanhas que escondem ouro em sua massa. Cada uma destas fontes tem um uso diferente e diferentes restricoes em seus valores. Os tres tipos de fontes sao a) prelecoes b) as notas de Kant para as prelecoes e outras reﬂexoes em geral c) rascunhos para livros e ensaios especiﬁcos. Como graus diferentes do minerio do qual o ouro deve ser extraido, estas diferentes fontes precisam ser avaliadas pelo seu valor e pelas ideias puras que elas contem. Como um exemplo da utilidade destas fontes ineditas, focarei no topico da punicao. Mostrarei como algumas delas podem lancar luzes sobre a visao de Kant publicada acerca da punicao. Tambem mostrarei como este topico se relaciona com a ideia de contrato social de um modo que ilumina tanto a ideia de contrato, como a justiﬁcativa da punicao. O resultado, eu espero, mostrara como o ouro extraido destas fontes vale tanto quanto o ouro que Kant incluiu em seus livros.
Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 mediate Aβ(1–42) activation of the innate immune response in a human monocytic cell line

The primary molecules for mediating the innate immune response are the Toll-like family of receptors (TLRs). Recent work has established that amyloid-beta (Abeta) fibrils, the primary components of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), can interact with the TLR2/4 accessory protein CD14. Using antibody neutralization assays and tumor necrosis factor alpha release in the human monocytic THP-1 cell line, we determined that both TLR2 and TLR4 mediated an inflammatory response to aggregated Abeta(1-42). This was in contrast to exclusive TLR ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4) and tripalmitoyl cysteinyl seryl tetralysine (Pam(3)CSK(4)) (TLR2). Atomic force microscopy imaging showed a fibrillar morphology for the proinflammatory Abeta(1-42) species. Pre-treatment of the cells with 10 microg/mL of a TLR2-specific antibody blocked approximately 50% of the cell response to fibrillar Abeta(1-42), completely blocked the Pam(3)CSK(4) response, and had no effect on the LPS-induced response. A TLR4-specific antibody (10 microg/mL) blocked approximately 35% of the cell response to fibrillar Abeta(1-42), completely blocked the LPS response, and had no effect on the Pam(3)CSK(4) response. Polymyxin B abolished the LPS response with no effect on Abeta(1-42) ruling out bacterial contamination of the Abeta samples. Combination antibody pre-treatments indicated that neutralization of TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 together was much more effective at blocking the Abeta(1-42) response than the antibodies used alone. These data demonstrate that fibrillar Abeta(1-42) can trigger the innate immune response and that both TLR2 and TLR4 mediate Abeta-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production in a human monocytic cell line.
Effect of advancing gestational age on the frequency of fetal ductal constriction in association with maternal indomethacin use

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether indomethacin is associated with an increased incidence of constriction of the human fetal ductus arteriosus with advancing gestational age. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of fetal echocardiograms performed in 44 patients with premature labor or hydramnios treated with indomethacin (25 mg orally every 6 hours) was undertaken. Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and log-rank techniques were used; a value of p RESULTS: The frequency of ductal constriction was similar for fetuses of singleton and multiple gestations. A dramatic increase in constriction was noted at 32 weeks' gestation when the rate of compromise approached 50%. CONCLUSIONS: The use of indomethacin should be restricted to gestational ages of
Changes in Gingival Dimensions Following Connective Tissue Grafts for Root Coverage: Comparison of Two Procedures

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in gingival dimensions and root coverage using the same surgical procedure but varying the amount of the connective tissue graft left uncovered. Methods: Twenty-five Class I or II recession defects in 20 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to test (exposed connective tissue group; E group) or control (fully covered connective tissue group; FC group) groups and treated with a connective tissue graft procedure. In the E group, 1 to 2 mm of the graft was left uncovered at the completion of the surgery, whereas the FC group had the graft completely covered by the flap. Clinical parameters assessed included probing depth, recession depth, clinical attachment level, width of keratinized tissue, mobility, and plaque score. Results: At 12 weeks, the mean root coverage percentages for FC and E groups were 93% and 88%, respectively. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.48). Complete root coverage was observed in 79% and 64% of the subjects in FC and E groups, respectively. There was greater increase in the width of keratinized tissue in the E group (1.5 ± 1.1 mm) than the FC group (0.9 ± 0.9 mm), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.16). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for the changes in other parameters. Conclusions: Both procedures resulted in successful root coverage with an increase in the width of keratinized tissue. Leaving a portion of the graft exposed resulted in a greater increase of keratinized tissue, and complete coverage of the graft resulted in greater root coverage. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance.
Neuropsychological servosystems, consciousness, and the problem of embodiment

Recent work in neurophysiology has begun to close the paradigmatic gap between neurophysiology and the psychology of embodied behavior and movement. The present paper surveys these developments, traces the origins of the split between neurophysiology and neuropsychology and suggests that recent work by Pribram may provide a link between the psychology of consciousness, the neurophysiology of movement, and the growing body of work on nonverbal communication.
Natural deduction rules for English

A system of natural deduction rules is proposed for an idealized form of English. The rules presuppose a sharp distinction between proper names and such expressions as ‘the c’, ‘a (an) c’, ‘some c’, ‘any c’, and ‘every c’, where ‘c’ represents a common noun. These latter expressions are called quantifiers, and other expressions of the form ‘that c’ or ‘that c itself’, are called quantified terms. Introduction and elimination rules are presented for any, every, some, a (an), and the, and also for any which, every which, and so on, as well as rules for some other concepts. One outcome of these rules is that ‘Every man loves some woman’ is implied by, but does not imply, ‘Some woman is loved by every man’, since the latter is taken to mean the same as ‘Some woman is loved by all men’. Also, ‘Jack knows which woman came’ is implied by ‘Some woman is known by Jack to have come’, but not by ‘Jack knows that some woman came’.
Establishing water body areal extent trends in interior Alaska from multi-temporal Landsat data

An accurate approach is needed for monitoring, quantifying and understanding surface water variability due to climate change. Separating inter- and intra-annual variances from longer-term shifts in surface water extents due to contemporary climate warming requires repeat measurements spanning a several-decade period. Here, we show that trends developed from multi-date measurements of the extents of more than 15,000 water bodies in central Alaska using Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data (1979–2009) were highly influenced by the quantity and timing of the data. Over the 30-year period from 1979 to 2009, the study area had a net decrease (p < 0.05) in the extents of 3.4% of water bodies whereas 86% of water bodies exhibited no significant change. The Landsat-derived dataset provides an opportunity for additional research assessing the drivers of lake and wetland change in this region.
Proportions of Factors—Advantage and Size

Diminishing Return, in social and static sense, points to bad proportions of labor to equipment, 594; in the social-dynamic sense, to changes in this proportion, 595.—Malthus' emphasis, 596.—The competitive-static law, 596; still a law of proportions, (a) in the technological sense, (b) in the value sense; the latter the important aspect, 598; relations of substitution and of complementarity for competitive purposes, 599.—Is the threefold classification of factors pertinent? 600.—Does the law apply only where land is used? 602.—Is the main reference to prices and to changes in prices? 603.—The applications to Distribution, 604; applications in general, 606.—Increasing Return restated as Law of Advantage (or Disadvantage) and Size, 610.—Not antithetical to the Law of Proportions, 612.—Readily mistaken for one aspect of Law of Proportions, 615.—Not dependent upon question of proportions, 616.—The applications, 617.
A pilot safety trial investigating a vector-based vaccine targeting carcinoembryonic antigen in combination with radiotherapy in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies metastatic to the liver.

Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of non-lethal doses of radiation to alter the phenotype of tumor cells to facilitate immune mediated killing. This pilot study evaluated the tolerability of a vector-based vaccine targeting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in combination with radiation therapy in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies metastatic to the liver. Methods: Patients enrolled had progressive CEA+ tumors with metastatic liver lesions. Patients had received a median of three previous chemotherapy regimens, with a median of 2 months since their last chemotherapy regimen. Only 58% had metastatic disease limited to the liver. Vaccination commenced day 1 with biweekly boosters and split-course radiation (total 32 Gy) starting on day 21. Blood was collected at baseline and day 91 for immunological analysis. Results/conclusion: A total of 12 patients were enrolled. There were no grade 3 or greater toxicities or grade 2 or greater hepatic toxicities. Median time on-study was 3 ...
Binding of thyroxine to human plasma low density lipoprotein through specific interaction with apolipoprotein B (apoB-100).

Abstract Human plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL), which binds 0.2% of plasma T 4 , was shown to interact with the hormone through its protein moiety, apolipoprotein B-100. LDL and LDL 2 , the major subfraction of LDL, were found to have 3 equivalent binding sites for T 4 with K a = 2.5 × 10 6 M −1 . Photoaffinity labeling of LDL with inner ring-labeled [ 125 I]T 4 , followed by SDS-PAGE or agarose-SDS-PAGE of the labeled products, revealed that apoB-100 and its proteolytic cleavage products, apoB-74 and apoB-26, bound [ 125 I]T 4 . In the presence of 1 or 10 μM T 4 , labeling was decreased in 7 separate experiments by 40–53% or 65–86%, respectively, consistent with a K a of ≈ 10 6 M −1 . Binding of T 4 to apoB-100 associated with VLDL was also demonstrated by photoaffinity labeling. The observed thyroid hormone binding property of lipid-complexed apoB-100 and the knowledge that receptors for the apolipoprotein exist in various tissues suggest a possible physiological role in thyroid hormone transport.
Long-time error estimation for semi-linear parabolic equations

The long-time error estimation approach of Sun and Ewing (Dyn. Contin. Discrete Impuls. Systems Ser. B Appl. Algorithms, 9 (2002) 115-129) is applied here for the error analysis and estimation of linear and semilinear parabolic partial differential equations. The analysis is carried out using the stability-smoothing indicator, the smoothing assumption, the moving attractor, the exact error propagation and the two-level error propagation analysis introduced by Sun and Ewing (Dyn. Contin. Discrete Impuls. Systems Ser. B Appl. Algorithms, 9 (2002) 115-129). Moreover, an inverse elliptic projection is employed here as a key technique in dealing with the spatial discretization error. The error estimates obtained are uniform in time. The results are substantiated by a complete mathematical analysis and numerical experiments.
A Note on the Graphical Analysis of Alternating-Current Networks

A simple proof is given of the following observed property of alternating-current networks: In a network consisting of any number of linear bilateral impedances, connected in any manner whatsoever, and any number of generators of the same frequency, the locus of any voltage or current in the system will be a circle as any one self-impedance is varied so that its locus is a straight line in the complex plane. The proof given is based upon the application of the fundamental theorems of network analysis to a general alternating-current network and upon the identification of a circular form of the linear fractional transformation of function theory. A simple analysis of alternating-current networks is frequently possible by virtue of this property. Reference is made to examples of circuit analysis based upon this property. It is further shown that as a result of the observed property the impedance looking into any two terminals of a general passive network of linear bilateral elements has a circular locus as any impedance in the system is varied so that its locus is a straight line.
Modeling Job Lifespan Delays in Volunteer Computing Projects

Volunteer Computing (VC) projects harness the power of computers owned by volunteers across the Internet to perform hundreds of thousands of independent jobs. In VC projects, the path leading from the generation of jobs to the validation of the job results is characterized by delays hidden in the job lifespan, i.e., distribution delay,in-progress delay, and validation delay. These delays are difficult to estimate because of the dynamic behavior and heterogeneity of VC resources. A wrong estimation of these delays can cause the loss of project throughput and job latency in VC projects. In this paper, we evaluate the accuracy of several probabilistic methods to model the upper time bounds of these delays. We show how our selected models predict up-and-down trends in traces from existing VC projects. The use of our models provides valuable insights on selecting project deadlines and taking scheduling decisions. By accurately predicting job lifespan delays, our models lead to more efficient resource use, higher project throughput, and lower job latency in VC projects.
Responses to GABA-A receptor blockade in the hypothalamic PVN are attenuated by local AT1 receptor antagonism

Blockade of GABA-A receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has been repeatedly shown to increase arterial blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR), and sympathetic nerve activity (...
Dolutegravir, a Second-Generation Integrase Inhibitor for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection:

Objective: To review the pharmacology, safety, and efficacy of dolutegravir, an integrase strand-transfer inhibitor (INSTI), and to discuss its role in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. Data Sources: PubMed articles indexed through August 2013 were identified using the search terms S/GSK1349572, dolutegravir, and integrase inhibitor. Information was also identified from the package insert, cited publication references, professional meeting abstracts, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English language articleswere selected for evaluation, with preference given to safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic studies conducted in HIV-1-infected patients. Data Synthesis: Dolutegravir is a new INSTI approved for combination treatment in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescent children. Four phase 3 studies provide the basis for current labeling in antiretroviral-naive and antiretroviral-experienced adults. Results from these studies demonstrate that dolutegravir is noninfe...
Organometallic C70 chemistry. Preparation and crystallographic studies of (η2-C70)Pd(PPh3)2 · CH2Cl2 and (C70) · 2{(η5-C5H5)2Fe}

Abstract Treatment of a solution of C70 with solutions of Pd(PPh3)4 or ferrocene result in the formation of either black–brown (η2-C70)Pd(PPh3)2 · CH2Cl2 or metallic-black C70 · 2{(η5-C5H5)2Fe}, respectively. Crystallographic examination of the palladium complex reveals that the metal is coordinated to the ab bond (a highly pyramidalized 6:6 ring junction) at the pole of the fullerene. The variable temperature 31P-NMR spectrum of the complex reveals the coalescence of the two doublets of the adduct at 80°C. This merging of the resonances results from a dynamic process that may involve rotation of the olefinic fullerene bond about the plane of the PdP2 unit or phosphine dissociation. X-ray crystallography of the ferrocene-containing compound, C70 · 2{(η5-C5H5)2Fe}, reveals that it involves co-crystallization of two ordered ferrocene molecules with an ordered C70 molecule with no unusual interaction between these entities. The structure is similar in many aspects to that of C60 · 2{(η5-C5H5)2Fe}.
State checksum and its role in system stabilization

Although a self-stabilizing system that suffers from a transient fault is guaranteed to converge to a legitimate state after a finite number of steps, the convergence can be slow if the harmful effects of the fault are allowed to propagate into many processes in the system. Moreover, some safety properties of the system may be violated during the convergence. To address these problems, we propose in this paper the concept of a state checksum - a redundancy that can be added to the state of a self-stabilizing system so that some classes of faults become visible to the system, and the system can limit the propagation of their harmful effects, and maintain its safety properties during the convergence. To make these concepts concrete, we discuss the case study of a token ring and show how to use fault-detecting and fault-correcting checksums to detect visible faults, limit the propagation of their harmful effects, and ensure that the safety properties of the ring are maintained during the convergence from these faults.
Intraprocedural passage of an obstructing ureteral calculus

The passage of a urinary calculus during an enhanced computed tomography examination demonstrates the perplexing incongruity one may encounter when there is rapid dynamic change in an organ or part during the relatively slow acquisition of sectional images.
An interdisciplinary perspective on the agitated brain injured patient

The Special Interest Group on Brain Injury of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation is developing a practice parameter for the agitated patient following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The eventual goal of the project is to create an interdisciplinary practice guideline for classifying and treating these patients using a common nosology, based on contributions from the literatures of neurosurgery, psychology, psychiatry and rehabilitation medicine. It is envisioned that a uniform classification system would ultimately promote interdisciplinary research and serve to advance our understanding and treatment of this patient population. In the acute post-injury period, many TBI patients can be characterized by confusion, agitation, post-traumatic amnesia and delirium. In various acute care settings, psychiatrists, psychologists or rehabilitation medicine physicians (physiatrists) are asked to evaluate and treat this population of patients. Each of these disciplines employ specialty-based diagnostic criteria and rating instruments, with little or no consensus across disciplines concerning the appropriateness of these tools. This article reviews the classification and rating systems utilized within the fields of neurosurgery, rehabilitation medicine, psychology and psychiatry, to describe patients displaying agitated behaviors. The authors review the literature establishing the definitions, measurement and possible neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic substrate for delirium and brain-injury agitation, with its characteristic cognitive and behavioral manifestations. Pharmacologic treatment is briefly reviewed to emphasize the significantly different viewpoints from the fields of rehabilitation medicine and psychiatry. The authors explore support from the literature for an interdisciplinary definition for agitation following TBI which includes criteria for delirium, post-traumatic amnesia, and associated behavioral excesses such as disinhibition, aggression, or emotional lability. Wide acceptance of this definition by medical and research professionals may potentially lead to a greater understanding of this clinical state and its neuropathogenesis through promotion of intra- and inter-disciplinary research.
Caste-Based Exclusion in Nepal's Communal Micro-Hydro Plants

Discriminatory practices rooted in an ethno-caste system have dominated Nepal for centuries. This paper investigates the existence of such practices in Nepal's communal micro-hydro plants. A field research on the role of caste in influencing access to electricity was carried out in Ghandruk, Nepal. The research indicates that although the costs of establishing the micro-hydro plant is shared equally between user-groups, benefit sharing is highly uneven. This analysis demonstrates the need for development projects to be more aligned with socio-economic ground realities. This article is available in Undergraduate Economic Review: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol4/iss1/14 1 Undergraduate Economic Review A Publication of Illinois Wesleyan University
Pulse generator design for UWB IR communication systems

This paper presents a low power impulse generator design for ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) applications. Simple digital delay elements and a NAND gate are used to generate short duration pulses. A varactor controls the pulse width of the generated signal. The low-end of the spectrum of the generated pulse is attenuated using an integrated high-pass filter while the high-end of the spectrum is extended using a peaking inductor. This makes efficient use of the FCC spectral mask. The designed pulse generator in 0.18 /spl mu/m TSMC CMOS technology consumes 0.4 mW at 100 MHz pulse repetition rate, and the spectral efficiency is more than 55%. The proposed IR generator topology gives a spectral efficiency improvement of more than 14% relative to the topology without the peaking inductor.
The Long-Term Effects of a Coal Waste Disaster on Social Trust in Appalachian Kentucky:

In October 2000, a coal impoundment structure emptied more than 300 million gallons of toxic coal waste into the streams of Martin County, Kentucky. This study compares surveys conducted in the mon...
Simulation of confocal microscopy through scattering media with and without time gating

An efficient and fast simulation technique is presented to calculate characteristic features of confocal imaging through scattering media. The simulation can predict the time-resolved confocal response to pulsed illumination that allows optimizing of imaging contrast when time-gating techniques are applied. Modest computational effort is sufficient to obtain contrast predictions for arbitrary numerical aperture, focus depth, pinhole size, and scattering density, while the simulation accuracy is independent of scattering density and pinhole size. In the case of isotropic scattering, our results indicate that reflection-mode confocal imaging through scattering media is limited to μd≈3.5 optical thicknesses for continuous-wave illumination. If time-gating is applied, imaging through scattering densities of μd≈8 is theoretically possible.
Nearest neighbor analysis of outer membrane proteins of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract The arrangement of outer membrane proteins on the surface of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae was investigated with cleavable and noncleavable bis-imidate cross-linking agents. Whole organisms were subjected to cross-linking agents, and oligomers of proteins were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and immunoblot assay, using monoclonal antibodies to outer membrane proteins. The major outer membrane protein (P2) formed dimers and trimers detected by all three methods. Oligomers of other outer membrane proteins were not detected. These data indicate that P2 exists as a trimer on the outer membrane and suggest that other outer membrane proteins exist as monomers on the outer membrane.
Reconsidering nutrition science: critical reflection with a cultural lens.

Background European culture gave birth to modern science as a means to investigate and explain the natural world. The biomedical disciplines that have since emerged, including nutrition, presuppose a web of basic presuppositions, background assumptions and implicit cultural values that are often overlooked and escape peer review. These "hidden subjectivities" are widely taken-for-granted while exerting a powerful hold on the scope, direction and patterns of disciplinary thought. Nutrition science currently has no accepted means of collectively attending to hidden subjectivities embedded within its methods and practice. Here I propose that directing inquiry into these dimensions holds potential to advance our discipline.
Understanding Failure: Examiners and the Bankruptcy Reorganization of Large Public Companies

This paper presents hand-collected docket-level and interview data on the use of examiners in large chapter 11 reorganizations. “Examiners” are private individuals appointed by the Unites States Trustee at the direction of a Bankruptcy Court to investigate and report on the causes of a company’s failure. Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code provides that examiners “shall” be appointed if requested in any case involving, among other things, more than $5 million in certain types of unsecured debt. In creating this position, Congress apparently expected examiners to be ubiquitous in the reorganization of large, public companies. In fact, they are rarely sought, and even less frequently appointed. Analysis of 576 of the largest chapter 11 reorganizations from 1991 to 2007 shows they were requested in only 15% of cases. Despite the seemingly mandatory language of the Bankruptcy Code, they were appointed in fewer than half of the cases where sought, or less than 7% of the sample. The infrequent use of examiners raises larger questions about the role of information-forcing and governance mechanisms in the reorganization system. This paper explores these questions and their implications. It also proposes changes to chapter 11 to address issues involving examiners.
Physical Therapy for the Acutely Ill Medical Patient

Chest physical therapy for acutely ill medical patients is a specialty that has evolved in response to patient need and medical progress. With the ability to support the patient's respiratory system mechanically came the requirement to manage acute and chronic lung injuries and their complications. Techniques of evaluation and treatment are discussed. A literature review focusing on treatment techniques for acutely ill patients and the efficacy of these treatments is included.
A Study of the True Taste of Saccharin

SUMMARY— When samples of saccharin were highly purified, bitterness and aftertaste were not significantly diminished. Numerous purification methods failed to remove these undesirable flavor notes. The presence of sequestering agents also failed to diminish bitterness and aftertaste. While the undesirable flavor notes of saccharin cannot be proven to be intrinsic, the hypothesis that they are due to impurities is most untenable. Conclusive evidence shows that the bitterness and aftertaste are at least in part a true property of saccharin.
Monocyte Recruitment and Neointimal Hyperplasia in Rabbits: Coupled Inhibitory Effects of Heparin

Among the many effects of heparin independent of its effects on coagulation are inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and regulation of leukocyte-blood vessel interactions. The potential link between these effects was examined in an animal model of vascular injury rich in inflammatory cells: the placement of endovascular metal stents in rabbit iliac arteries. Monocyte adhesion stimulated by early focal thrombus was maximal after 3 days, with infiltrating monocytes and intimal cell proliferation maximal after 7 days. Tissue monocyte number dictated cell proliferation at each time point (R2 = .92, P < .0001). Heparin reduced both early monocyte adhesion as well as monocyte infiltration within the neointima 7 and 14 days after stent placement. Reductions in adherent and tissue monocytes were commensurate with reductions in intimal cell proliferation and intimal thickening. At 14 days, heparin's inhibition of mononuclear cell adhesion was correlated with its suppression of intimal thickening (R2 = .82, P < .0001). Monocytes have been hypothesized to serve as markers, initiators, and promoters of arterial occlusive diseases. Heparin's ability to inhibit mononuclear cell adhesion and penetration and reduce neointimal size and cell proliferation after vascular injury may further implicate monocytes in the pathogenesis of neointimal hyperplasia after mechanical arterial injury.
Fitting of an ab initio potential of two linear-rigid-rotor dimer and the calculation of rovibrational energy levels by the pseudo-spectral approach

A least-squares fitting method that involves the use of the radial reproducing kernel to interpolate the radial coordinate has been applied to fit the potential of a four-dimensional linear-rigid-rotor dimer. Switching functions were used to improve the smoothness of the potential along the radial coordinate. We then use the pseudo-spectral approach to calculate the rovibrational energy levels of the dimer. For this system, the smoothed potential was tested in the calculation of the lowest eigenvalue. An observed increase in the rate of convergence as a function of the number of radial grid points and basis functions was compared to that of the unsmoothed reproducing kernel. The calculated eigenvalues were also found to converge exponentially as a function of the number of iterations. The negative of log10 of relative uncertainty, |(Eτ − E0)/E0|, for the energy of the lowest eigenvalue and the negative of log10 of tolerance, follow a linear relationship, where relative uncertainties between 10 −6 and 10 −10 can be obtained, when tolerances between 10 −6 and 10 −10 are used in the calculation.  2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Wavelets for computationally efficient hyperspectral derivative analysis

Smoothing followed by a derivative operation is often used in the analysis of hyperspectral signatures. The width of the smoothing and/or derivative operator can greatly affect the utility of the method. If one is unsure of the appropriate width or would like to conduct analysis for several widths, scale-space images can be used. This paper shows how the wavelet transform modulus-maxima method can be used to formalize and generalize the smoothing followed by derivative analysis and how the wavelet transform ran be used to greatly decrease computational costs of the analysis. The Mallat/Zhong wavelet algorithm is compared to the traditional method, convolution with Gaussian derivative filters, for computing scale-space images. Both methods are compared on two points: (1) computational expense and (2) resulting scalar decompositions. The results show that the wavelet algorithm can greatly reduce the computational expense while practically no differences exist in the subsequent scaler decompositions. The analysis is conducted on a database of hyperspectral signatures, namely, hyperspectral digital image collection experiment (HYDICE) signatures. The reduction in computational expense is by a factor of about 30, and the average Euclidean distance between resulting scale-space images is on the order of 0.02.
Anomalous pressure dependence of infrared spectra due to the combination of collisional broadening and instrument resolution

The combination of collisional line broadening and limited instrumental resolution can have peculiar and unexpected effects on the intensities of infrared spectra. An illustrative example is provided by the series of Q branches in the v7 band of ethane. Conventional FT-IR spectra, with a resolution of ~0.25 cm−1, show a dramatic increase in the absorbance of these branches as a function of increasing N2 partial pressure, an effect which could be construed as collisional narrowing. In contrast, high-resolution diode laser spectroscopy reveals a monotonic increase in branch width (0.14 cm−1/atm), and a concomitant decrease in intensity, as the N2 pressure is raised. The present work shows that absorption measurement of the inherently very narrow ethane Q branches with limited instrumental resolution and collisional line broadening conspire to give the appearance that the absorbance increases with N2 pressure. This effect in general, as well as its implications for the use of FT-IR spectroscopy to measure molecular concentrations in gaseous mixtures, is discussed.
Discerning the function of p53 by examining its molecular interactions

Of the many genes mutated on the road to tumor formation, few have received as much attention as p53. The gene has come to occupy center stage for the simple reason that it is more frequently altered in human tumors than any other known gene, undergoing mutation at a significant rate in almost every tumor type in which it has been studied. This association between p53 mutation and tumorigenesis has spurred a flurry of research attempting to delineate the normal function of p53 and, by extension, the role of p53 mutation in tumor formation. At the cellular level, p53 has been shown to suppress growth. Recent efforts to further discern the function of p53 have centered on the underlying molecular basis for this growth suppression. In particular, research has focused on the identification of cellular molecules (specifically DNA and proteins) with which the p53 protein associates. p53 has now been shown to bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner, and mounting evidence suggests that p53 acts as a transcription factor, perhaps regulating the expression levels of genes involved in the inhibition of cell growth. The logical next step in understanding p53 function involves the resolution of two questions: (1) what are the physiological transcriptional targets of p53, and (2) what cellular proteins regulate or mediate the ability of p53 to modulate transcription? Some initial clues to these puzzles are now emerging, and these form the subject of this review.
Precipitation of strong uncharged organic acids with various crown ethers or with acyclic polyethers from aqueous medium. Characterization of adducts in the solid state

It was found that substituted picric acids form slightly soluble 1 : 2 : 2 adducts with several simple crown ethers or with tri-, tetra-, or pentaethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glymes 4, 5 and 6) in water, whereas 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid forms a 1 : 1 : 1 adduct with dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (cis-syn-cis). The ability of a crown ether to precipitate a given acid follows the order dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (cis-syn-cis) > benzo-15-crown-5 > dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 > 18-crown-6 > 21-crown-7, 15-crown-5 ≫ 12-crown-4, roughly in the order of its base strength. Precipitation can occur even when the concentration(s) of one or more of the components are < 10−4 M. The solubility products of the 18-crown-6 complexes with dichloro- or dimethylpicric acids were estimated. In the solid state the 1 : 2 : 2 dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (cis-anti-cis)–dichloropicric acid–water complex, which reportedly has two pseudohydronium ions lacking C3v symmetry of H3O+, exhibits an IR spectrum in the OH stretching region characteristic of an aqua complex.
Perceptions of Pit Bulls and Other Canine Breeds

The purpose of this study is to research people’s attitudes towards pit bull breeds compared to other dog breeds. The term “pit bull” refers to a type of dog with certain physical features including a muscular and stocky build, short coats, and a large skull with a square jaw. Over 20 different breeds can be classified as pit bulls and many people (including legislation) do not recognize this. Breed specific legislation often targets pit bull breed dogs, leading to breed stereotyping and an increase of pit bulls in animal shelters. In order to better understand peoples’ views about behaviors of pit bull breed dogs, this survey asked questions about eight different dog breeds – four pit bull breeds and four non-pit bull breeds. The survey found significant differences in the way that people view dog breeds and their behaviors. Overall, the majority of pit bull breeds (except Boxers) were rated lower in behavior characteristics than non-pit bull breeds (with the exception of the Rottweiler). Respondents were 80% accurate at categorizing breeds as pit bulls or non-pit bulls. There were no correlation between any human factor (age, gender, etc) and a person’s perceptions of dog breeds.
Life-Span Extension by Caloric Restriction Is Determined by Type and Level of Food Reduction and by Reproductive Mode in Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera)

We measured life span and fecundity of three reproductive modes in a clone of the monogonont rotifer Brachionus manjavacas subjected to chronic caloric restriction (CCR) over a range of food concentrations or to intermittent fasting (IF). IF increased life span 50%-70% for all three modes, whereas CCR increased life span of asexual females derived from sexually or asexually produced eggs, but not that of sexual females. The main effect of CR on both asexual modes was to delay death at young ages, rather than to prevent death at middle ages or to greatly extend maximum life span; in contrast CR in sexual females greatly increased the life span of a few long-lived individuals. Lifetime fecundity did not decrease with CCR, suggesting a lack of resource allocation trade-off between somatic maintenance and reproduction. Multiple outcomes for a clonal lineage indicate that different responses are established through epigenetic programming, whereas differences in life-span allocations suggest that multiple genetic mechanisms mediate life-span extension.
Increased mortality associated with extreme-heat exposure in King County, Washington, 1980–2010

Extreme heat has been associated with increased mortality, particularly in temperate climates. Few epidemiologic studies have considered the Pacific Northwest region in their analyses. This study quantified the historical (May to September, 1980–2010) heat-mortality relationship in the most populous Pacific Northwest County, King County, Washington. A relative risk (RR) analysis was used to explore the relationship between heat and all-cause mortality on 99th percentile heat days, while a time series analysis, using a piece-wise linear model fit, was used to estimate the effect of heat intensity on mortality, adjusted for temporal trends. For all ages, all causes, we found a 10 % (1.10 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.06, 1.14)) increase in the risk of death on a heat day versus non-heat day. When considering the intensity effect of heat on all-cause mortality, we found a 1.69 % (95 % CI, 0.69, 2.70) increase in the risk of death per unit of humidex above 36.0 °C. Mortality stratified by cause and age produced statistically significant results using both types of analyses for: all-cause, non-traumatic, circulatory, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and diabetes causes of death. All-cause mortality was statistically significantly modified by the type of synoptic weather type. These results demonstrate that heat, expressed as humidex, is associated with increased mortality on heat days, and that risk increases with heat’s intensity. While age was the only individual-level characteristic found to modify mortality risks, statistically significant increases in diabetes-related mortality for the 45–64 age group suggests that underlying health status may contribute to these risks.
Results of High-Dose Therapy and Autologous Bone Marrow/Stem Cell Transplantation During Remission in Poor-Risk Intermediate- and High-Grade Lymphoma: International Index High and High-Intermediate Risk Group

We have conducted a pilot study to investigate the role of high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow/stem cell transplantation (ASCT) during first complete or partial remission in 52 patients with poor-risk aggressive lymphoma. There were 42 patients with intermediate-grade or immunoblastic lymphoma who were considered to be high (60%) and high-intermediate risk (40%) groups at diagnosis based on the age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (IPI) and 10 patients with high-grade, SNCCL (small non-cleaved cell, Burkitt's, and non-Burkitt's), who at presentation had poor-risk features defined as elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase level, stage IV, and bulky mass >/=10 cm. The median age was 34 years (range, 16 to 56 years). Thirty-nine were transplanted in first complete remission and 13 in first partial remission after conventional therapy. Conditioning regimens consisted of total body irradiation (TBI) administered as a single fraction 750 cGy in 3 patients and in fractionated doses for a total of 1,200 cGy in 44 patients, in combination with 60 mg/kg etoposide and 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Five patients with prior radiotherapy received 450 mg/m2 carmustine instead of TBI. Stem cell sources were either bone marrow and/or peripheral blood. No in vitro purging was used. All patients engrafted. Two SNCCL patients died of venoocclusive disease at 25 days and acute leukemia at 27 months posttransplantation. There were six relapses at 1.5 to 12.8 months posttransplantation. At a median follow-up of 44 months (range, 1 to 113 months), the estimated 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for all patients was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70% to 92%) and 82% (95% CI, 68% to 91%), respectively. In the subset of patients with intermediate-grade and immunoblastic lymphoma, the 3-year DFS was 89% (95% CI, 74% to 96%) for all patients, 87% (95% CI, 67% to 96%) for high-risk patients, and 92% (95 CI, 61% to 99%) for high-intermediate risk patients. The 3-year OS and DFS for SNCCL patients were identical at 60% (95% CI, 30% to 84%). These results suggest that high-dose therapy and ASCT during first remission may improve the survival and prognosis of patients with poor-risk intermediate- and high-grade lymphoma. A prospective randomized study comparing high-dose therapy and ASCT with conventional chemotherapy in IPI high-risk patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma should be undertaken.
Synthetic promoters capable of driving robust nuclear gene expression in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Algae have enormous potential as bio-factories for the efficient production of a wide array of high-value products, and eventually as a source of renewable biofuels. However, tools for engineering the nuclear genomes of algae remain scarce and limited in functionality. In this study, synthetic algal promoters (saps) were generated as a tool for increasing nuclear gene expression and as a model for understanding promoter elements and structure in green algae. Promoters were generated to mimic native cis-motif elements, structure, and overall nucleotide composition of top expressing genes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Twenty five saps were used to drive expression of a fluorescent reporter in transgenic algae. A majority of the promoters were functional in vivo and seven were identified to drive expression of the fluorescent reporter better than the current best endogenous promoter in C. reinhardtii, the chimeric hsp70/rbs2 promoter. Further analysis of the best synthetic promoter, sap11, revealed a new DNA motif essential for promoter function that is widespread and highly conserved in C. reinhardtii. These data demonstrate the utility of synthetic promoters to drive gene expression in green algae, and lays the groundwork for the development of a suite of saps capable of driving the robust and complex gene expression that will be required for algae to reach their potential as an industrial platform for photosynthetic bio-manufacturing.
Fracture and Fatigue are Three-Dimensional

There are in the literature many manifestations of fracture and fatigue three-dimensionality. In this conference alone, we will hear of a variety of attempts to measure and interpret such effects. Here, a slightly more historical approach will be appropriate.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling and Trafficking—Paradigms Revisited

The recognition of growth factors and other cell signaling agents by their cognate cell surface receptors triggers a cascade of signal transducing events. Ligand binding and subsequent activation of many signal transducing receptors increases their rate of internalization. Endocytosis of the receptor has always been viewed as primarily a mechanism for signal attenuation and receptor degradation, but recent evidence suggests that internalization may result in the formation of specialized signaling platforms on intracellular vesicles. Thus, understanding how interactions between receptors and intracellular signaling molecules, such as adaptors, GTPases, and kinases, are regulated will undoubtedly provide insight into the ways that cells sense and adapt to the extracellular milieu.
Mean and distributional impact of single-sex high schools on students’ cognitive achievement, major choice, and test-taking behavior: Evidence from a random assignment policy in Seoul, Korea

Abstract Single-sex schooling has been considered in many countries as a way to promote student achievement. This paper estimates the mean and distributional impact of single-sex high schools on students’ cognitive achievement, major choice, and test-taking behavior—by exploiting the random assignment policy adopted in Seoul, Korea. Based on administrative data for a period of seven years, I find that, on average, the positive effects of single-sex schooling on test scores are small, especially when the parental and teacher sorting are accounted for. Although the magnitude of the estimated effects is small, I find that the effect is relatively larger for students in quantiles 0.5–0.8 of the distribution of test scores. The impact is trivial, on the other hand, for students located at the very bottom and the very top quantiles. Moreover, I do not find any differences, both practically and statistically, in major choice and test-taking behavior.