cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Group Scheduling Heuristics in a Flow-through Cell Environment*

The increased use of cellular manufacturing configurations designed to grapple with increasing competitive pressures is providing manufacturing managers and engineers with a broad variety of operational challenges. Many questions concerning the best procedures and policies for the day-to-day operation of manufacturing cells are still unanswered. The primary objective of this study is to compare the performance of traditional single-stage heuristics and the two-stage group scheduling heuristics that have exhibited superior performance in previous studies in a flow-through cell environment under a rigorous set of experimental conditions. Such a comparison is of great interest since each previous study has focused on proposing new heuristics and testing them against some particular baseline heuristic, often without comprehensive comparisons to the broad variety of previously proposed heuristics. Two single-stage heuristics and four two-stage heuristics are examined under sixteen experimental conditions (four experimental factors at two levels each). The experimental factors examined are shop load, due date tightness, setup to run-time ratio, and interarrival time distribution. Results vary by experimental condition and performance criteria, but in general, two-stage heuristics outperformed single-stage heuristics under all experimental conditions, as well as being relatively insensitive to changing experimental conditions. In addition, two of the two-stage heuristics displayed superior performance on all performance measures under most experimental conditions. Finally, the results indicated that interarrival time distribution does have a major impact on the performance of scheduling heuristics.
Relation between the absorption and the emission spectra of chlorophyll a and its derivatives at room and low temperature

Abstract Stepanov's relation between the absorption and the emission spectra was applied to dilute solutions ( C = 1 × 10 −6 M) of chlorophyll a , pheophytin a and chlorin e 6 in EPA at 298°K and 77°K. The vibrational temperature T ∗ of the excited molecules, calculated from this relation, depends on the frequency of the exciting light and the ambient temperature. In the system studied, T ∗ agreed with the ambient temperature T = 298°K, in contrast to Knavtsov's T ∗ values of 420–630°K, proving its overall validity at room temperatures. At 77°K, the T ∗ values were, however, found to be considerably higher (between 33° and 133°K, depending upon the frequency of the exciting light). The presence of two species of chlorophyll a at 77°K was most likely the reason of higher T ∗ values. A similar Δ T ( T ∗ — T ), observed in solutions of pheophytin a and chlorin e 6 (where at 77°K, the second species may be present only in very small amounts), suggests that in addition to impurities, nonattainment of statistical equilibrium (due to lack of detailed balancing) of the excess vibrational energy between the excited and the non-excited molecules before emission may also cause higher values of T ∗ at low temperatures. An increase of T ∗ with the frequency of absorbed light was noted, which could be due to both the presence of impurities, and the increased amount of vibrational energy resulting from absorption at the shorter wave lengths.
The Heat Budget of a Midlatitude Squall Line and Implications for Potential Vorticity Production

Abstract The water and heat budgets for a midlatitude squall line are estimated from single- and dual-Doppler-radar data and thermodynamic data from rawinsonde and thermodynamic retrieval (from dual-Doppler winds). These data, along with models to retrieve the freezing, melting, and radiative heating rates, yield vertical profiles of the heating within the convective, stratiform, and overhanging anvil areas of the squall line and differentiate the processes contributing to the total heating. The use of radar-derived vertical velocity information provides a more accurate delineation of the convective and stratiform components of the heating than can be obtained from rawinsonde data. The effects of diabatic heating on the potential vorticity (PV) field are calculated using a simple two-dimensional model and the vertical profiles of heating from the heat budget. The diabatic heating produced a deep column of high PV air coincident with the convective region and produced several regions of negative PV. Simila...
Electron vibrational energy transfer under MHD combustion generator conditions

Abstract An analysis of the energy transfer rate between an electron gas and the vibrational modes of diatomic gases has been made. The electron vibrational energy transfer rate may be characterized by δv, the electron vibrational energy loss factor. For MHD combustion generator conditions, the electron vibrational energy transfer rate dominates and δv is approximately equal to δ, the total electron energy loss factor. Detailed numerical predictions have been obtained for N2 and CO. These results indicate that the energy transfer rate is strongly dependent upon the electron velocity distribution function. In particular, for a Maxwellian electron distribution function (which prevails in MHD combustion generators) δv has been found to exceed published experimental values of δ by a factor as large as 50 for N2. Consideration of the conditions under which the experimental values of δ were obtained shows that the electron distribution function was non-Maxwellian. An analytical re-determination of δv and δ, using appropriate non-Maxwellian distribution functions, resolves the discrepancy between the calculated values of δv and the measured values of δ.
Synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-1,2-di(1-adamanyl)ethene and their respective reactions with dichlorocarbene

Abstract The synthesis of ( Z )- and ( E )-1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethene ( 1a and 1b , respectively) is reported. Compound 1a reacts with dichlorocarbene to afford ( Z )-1-[3-(dichloromethyl)-1-adamantyl]-2-(1-adamantyl)ethene ( 2 , 27%), ( Z )-2,3-dichloro-1,3-di(1-adamantyl)propene ( 3 , 20%) and 1,1,2-trichloro-2-(1-adamantyl)chloromethyl-3-(1-adamantyl)cyclopropane ( 4 , 21%). The corresponding reaction of 1b produced (E)-1-[3- (dichloromethyl)-1-adamantyl],2-(1-adamantyl)ethene-( 5 , 34%) and ( E )-1,2-di[3-(dichloromethyl)-1-adamantyl]ethene ( 6 , 5%). The structures of 6, 7 , and 10 were established unequivocally via application of X-ray crystallographic methods.
Thermoelectric Properties of Non-equilibrium Synthesized Ce0.9Fe3CoSb12 Filled Skutterudites

The authors report on the thermoelectric properties of the filled skutterudite Ce{sub 0.9}Fe{sub 3}CoSb{sub 12} prepared via non-equilibrium synthesis method. Melt-spun ribbons were directly converting into single phase polycrystalline pellets under pressure. For comparison, pellets with the same composition were also prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction followed by long term annealing. It was found that the non-equilibrium synthesized samples have higher power factors and lower thermal conductivity, leading to substantially higher figure of merit.
The influence of written disabling, nondisabling, and unaltered disability descriptors on attitudes toward persons with a disability among persons with and without a head injury

Using a between-subjects design, 208 college students completed three versions of the Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP) to determine whether the language used to describe persons with a disability would affect respondents’ scores. The sample included individuals who had previously sustained a head injury with at least momentary loss of consciousness (N=59), students who had not experienced a head injury but who had lived with a relative who had (N=44), and students who had not experienced a head injury and who did not have a relative who had experienced a head injury (N=105). We randomly assigned different versions of the ATDP, using the original unaltered, disabling, or nondisabling descriptors, to paticipants who completed the forms they received. The descriptors used were “disabled person” (original descriptor), “person with a disability” (nondisabling descriptor), and “the disabled” (disabling descriptor). No significant differences in ATDP scores were evident for the effects of group or form. The only significant finding was a main effect for gender, indicating that more favorable attitudes were expressed by female respondents than by male respondents. These results have significant implications with regard to research on disabling language and the importance of process and content variables in defining disabling language.
Autoignition of hydrogen injected transverse to a supersonic airstream

A parametric study of autoignition characteristics of transverse fuel injector patterns for a hydrogen-fueled, supersonic-combustion ramjet was conducted in direct-connect tests over a range of simulated hypersonic flight conditions. Autoignition limits, defined directly by visual observations and indirectly by measured wall pressure and temperature, are compared with a semi-empirical ignition limit model which accounts for first order effects on autoignition. It is shown that to initiate combustion in the immediate region of the fuel injector, ignition must occur in the separation region ahead of the fuel jet. Autoignition within this separation zone exhibits strong dependence on flow pressure and temperature, injector diameter, local boundary layer energy thickness, wall temperature, and on fluid dynamic interactions with adjacent downstream facing steps (such as inlet isolation steps). Secondary effects are also discussed. The empirical model is used to define limits of test temperature, pressure, and scale required for autoignition in a current subscale engine test program.
Randomized, controlled trials for HIV/AIDS prevention in Africa: learning from unexpected results

Evaluation of: Wawer MJ, Makumbi F, Kigozi G et al.: Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 374, 229–237 (2009). A randomized, controlled trial (RCT) testing the hypothesis that circumcision in HIV-infected men would reduce HIV transmission to uninfected female sexual partners failed to confirm such findings from observational studies in Africa. Researchers noted no statistically significant differences in incident HIV to partners of circumcised or uncircumcised HIV-infected men. Surprisingly, by the time the trial was terminated because of futility, the trend was toward higher incidence in partners of circumcised men. The trial may have been stopped too early to adequately assess this unexpected trend. Since the investigators focused exclusively on sexual transmission, it is possible, if not likely, that unmeasured nonsexual (unsanitary puncturing) exposures caused some incident HIV infections, thus co...
The International Station Meteorological Climate Summary CD-ROM

Abstract : The International Station Meteorological Climate Summary (ISMCS) is a Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) containing climatic records for 640 primary weather-observation sites and over 5800 secondary sites around the world. When used with a personal computer (PC) equipped with a CD-ROM drive, the ISMCS provides convenient access to the equivalent of 250,000 pages of climatic tables. The ISMCS was developed at the Federal Climate Complex in Asheville, North Carolina, as part of an ongoing effort to distribute the massive climatic database maintained there. Although the access software included on the ISMCS is written for a DOS PC, methods to access the ISMCS data files from UNIX computers are being developed.... Environmental decision aids, environmental data processing.
Dynamic Strain Ageing of P91 Grade Steels of Varied Silicon Content

Abstract Plate materials of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel (P91) containing four levels of silicon (Si) exhibited dynamic strain ageing (DSA) phenomenon characterized by gradually reduced failure strain and serrations in the engineering stress–strain diagrams under tensile loading within a temperature range of ambient to 400 °C. Since parameters including dislocation density (ρ), activation energy (Q) and work-hardening index (n) can play important roles in developing a mechanistic understanding of DSA, efforts have been made to evaluate them. A maximum value of ρ was calculated at 400 °C due to the formation of critical sized precipitates near grain boundaries, thus impairing the dislocation motion. The average value of Q ranged between 64 and 80 kJ/mole depending on Si content. The magnitude of n was gradually enhanced with increasing temperature up to 400 °C, followed by significant drop at 550 °C. Except for the alloy with 2.0 wt.% Si, the other tested materials exhibited a combination of intergranular cracking and cleavage failures at the primary fracture surface.
Force, velocity and energy dynamics of nine load-moving muscles

Nine architecturally different muscles of the cat's hindlimb were investigated with respect to the kinetic energy, the potential energy, and the force variations associated with shortening contractions against gravitational loads. Insight about the energy dynamics of contractile muscle can provide a unifying concept for models of muscle performance capability. In this study, it was found that as contractions shortened from passive equilibrium against a constant mass load, acceleration and deceleration phases appeared. These phases were associated with muscular force variations of up to 25% of the mass weight in fast twitch muscles at low loads. In contrast, slow twitch muscles were associated with less than 10% force variations when shortening against a gravitational load. It also was found that optimal loads exist which maximize each muscle's ability to impart kinetic and potential energy; these optimal loads tend to be in the mid-force range for highly pennate muscle and in the low-force range for fusiform muscles. It was concluded that the kinetic energy provided by each muscle is a small percentage of that calculated from its length-force relationship, especially at low loads. This study confirms that the efficiency of kinetic energy conversion is very low at low loads (gradually improving as the loads increase) and thereby substantiates early experiments with heat and metabolic energy.
Power/energy: Homeostatic control for electric power usage: A new scheme for putting the customer in the control loop would exploit microprocessors to deliver energy more efficiently

Presents a new scheme for putting the customer in the control loop that would exploit microprocessors to deliver energy more efficiently. A homeostatic control scheme (homeostasis denotes a biological balance of separate functions in an organism) calls for continual updating of electrical rates, based on supply and demand, and continual communication of those rates to customers by the electric utility. Drawing heavily on today's load-management practices while greatly expanding the scope and nature of utility-customer interactions, homeostatic control would establish a marketplace for electric energy.
The Funeral Meal: A Significant Funerary Ritual

Historically, a meal in association with funerary ritual has been a reality in many cultural and religious settings. Our society has experienced a gradual demise of formal funerary ritual, with an accompanying psychological and social impoverishment. Both the immediate bereaved and the larger social community can benefit from a funeral meal which functions as a group experience that focuses on the needs of the living. It can be a shared experience in a familiar structured setting which enables the living to do significant grief work. Practical implications and potential problems will need to be, taken into consideration.
Regulation of angiogenesis by the C-X-C chemokines interleukin-8 and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 in the rheumatoid joint.

Objective Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, is vital to the ingress of inflammatory leukocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue and to the growth and proliferation of RA pannus. The factors that mediate the growth of new blood vessels have not been completely defined. This study examined the ability of Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR)–containing chemokines to induce angiogenesis in the RA joint. Methods To reflect angiogenic activity in vivo, we selected a model using whole human synovial tissue rather than isolated cells. Tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and tissue homogenates were immunoneutralized and assayed for their ability to induce endothelial cell chemotaxis and rat corneal neovascularization. Results Cells expressing interleukin-8 (IL-8) and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) were located in proximity to factor VIII–related antigen–immunopositive endothelial cells. RA homogenates produced more IL-8 and ENA-78 compared with normal synovial tissue homogenates. Moreover, homogenates from RA synovial tissue produced significantly more chemotactic activity for endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenic activity in the rat cornea in vivo than did normal synovial tissue homogenates. The effects of IL-8 and ENA-78 accounted for a significant proportion of the chemotactic activity of endothelial cells and angiogenic activity found in RA synovial tissue homogenates. Conclusion These results indicate that the ELR-containing chemokines IL-8 and ENA-78 are important contributors to the angiogenic activity found in the inflamed RA joint. It is possible that efforts aimed at down-regulating these chemokines offer a novel targeted therapy for the treatment of RA.
Evidence for distinct 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and geranyl-CoA carboxylases in Pseudomonas citronellolis

A highly purified preparation containing geranyl-CoA and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activities has been isolated from Pseudomonas citronellolis grown on the monoterpene, geranoic acid. These two activities and a separate 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase from isovalerate-grown cells exhibited identical purification behavior, suggesting similar ionic properties and molecular weight for these enzymes. The geranyl-CoA carboxylase preparation carboxylated both geranyl-CoA and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA at relative rates of 1.0 and 0.25, respectively; while 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase from isovalerate-grown cells was inactive towards geranyl-CoA. 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase from isovalerate-grown cells was more sensitive to heat denaturation than the geranyl-CoA and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activities associated with the geranyl-CoA carboxylase preparation. These results suggest that P. citronellolis contains two similar but distinct enzymes, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase and geranyl-CoA carboxylase, the latter having a broader acyl-CoA specifity.
Viscous effects on propagation and reflection of solitary waves in shallow channels

Abstract A numerical method for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for flows with a free surface, with emphasis on the exact kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions at the free surface, is described. The method is used to study the propagation of a solitary wave in a shallow channel, and the reflection of such a wave from a vertical wall. The numerical results are compared with analytical solutions which neglect or simplify the effects of viscosity and surface tension.
Focused Issue on the Future: Introduction to Part II

How will we dress in the future? How will we teach in the future? How will we design in the future? A special focused issue on the future in a field such as ours necessarily encompasses a broad range of approaches to the concept of ?futuring.? In this issue, the second part of a two-part focused look at the future, seven articles explore what the future might hold for the multiple dimensions of our subject matter. Each describes how, from production to distribution and consumption, textiles and apparel will undoubtedly remain central to the lives of individuals and to society at large well into the future. As in the first part of the special issue, the articles of the second part discuss how changes happening today might determine where we will be tomorrow and consider the ways innovation can be used as a starting point for envisioning what that tomorrow will look like.
On manifolds of negative curvature with isospectral potentials

On construit une variete M de courbure negative et deux potentiels Φ 1 et Φ 2 tels que le spectre de l'operateur Δ+Φ 1 egale celui de Δ+Φ 2 , mais Φ 1 et Φ 2 ne sont pas les memes
Evaluation of a manual DNA extraction protocol and an isothermal amplification assay for detecting HIV-1 DNA from dried blood spots for use in resource-limited settings

Abstract Background In resource-limited settings (RLS) dried blood spots (DBS) are collected on infants and transported through provincial laboratories to a central facility where HIV-1 DNA PCR testing is performed using specialized equipment. Implementing a simpler approach not requiring such equipment or skilled personnel could allow the more numerous provincial laboratories to offer testing, improving turn-around-time to identify and treat infected infants sooner. Objectives Assess performances of a manual DNA extraction method and helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) assay for detecting HIV-1 DNA from DBS. Study design 60 HIV-1 infected adults were enrolled, blood samples taken and DBS made. DBS extracts were assessed for DNA concentration and beta globin amplification using PCR and melt-curve analysis. These same extracts were then tested for HIV-1 DNA using HDA and compared to results generated by PCR and pyrosequencing. Finally, HDA limit of detection (LOD) studies were performed using DBS extracts prepared with known numbers of 8E5 cells. Results The manual extraction protocol consistently yielded high concentrations of amplifiable DNA from DBS. LOD assessment demonstrated HDA detected ∼470 copies/ml of HIV-1 DNA extracts in 4/4 replicates. No statistical difference was found using the McNemar's test when comparing HDA to PCR for detecting HIV-1 DNA from DBS. Conclusions Using just a magnet, heat block and pipettes, the manual extraction protocol and HDA assay detected HIV-1 DNA from DBS at levels that would be useful for early infant diagnosis. Next steps will include assessing HDA for non-B HIV-1 subtypes recognition and comparison to Roche HIV-1 DNA v1.5 PCR assay.
The factor structure of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale: Exploring the role of theistic and nontheistic approaches at the end of life.

The Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES; Underwood & Teresi, 2002) has made a distinctive contribution to the measurement of spirituality. However, the factor structure of the DSES has not been analyzed thoroughly and the instrument has not been administered to persons at the end of life (EOL). Thus, this study examined the dimensionality of the DSES using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and examined the unique impact of different types of spiritual experiences on several EOL outcomes. In 2 samples— one comprised of patients receiving hospice care (n 153) and a second of health care professionals working in EOL contexts (n 148)—DSES items consistently loaded according to theistic and nontheistic experiences of spirituality. In addition, when controlling for the effects of religious affiliation and intrinsic religiousness, hospice patients’ responses on the theistic and nontheistic factors were differentially predictive of their attitudes toward death and psychological well-being. While other results were not entirely dismissive of a 1-factor solution for the instrument, the combined evidence of this investigation indicates that a failure to appreciate the role of theism could lead clinicians and researchers to overlook centrally defining aspects of the spiritual experiences of many people at the EOL.
Stromal DNA synthesis is stimulated by young, but not serially aged, mouse mammary epithelium

Ductal elongation in young, proliferating mouse mammary gland is associated with a zone of DNA synthesis in stroma surrounding the end buds. In contrast, slowly growing, serially aged tissue fails to elicit a significant elevation of stromal DNA synthetic activity. Since fatty stroma is required for normal mammary growth and morphogenesis, this altered interaction may be a significant factor in the aging of mammary epithelium.
Increased fatalities and cost of traumatic injuries in elderly pedestrians in Hawaii: A challenge for prevention and outreach

This study was carried out to evaluate and quantify risk factors, mechanisms, and cost of traumatic injuries in Hawaii's elderly and to identify potential preventive strategies. A retrospective review of a prospective database of patients admitted to the only Trauma Center in the Pacific Basin, between January 2000 and December 2001, was conducted. Of 2634 trauma admissions, 11% were>/=65 years of age. Mechanisms of injury included falls, motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), pedestrians hit by automobiles, and miscellaneous causes. The incidence of elderly pedestrians hit by automobiles in Hawaii is higher than previously reported. Hospital mortality rate was highest for the pedestrian hit group, followed by falls, and then MVCs. The pedestrian hit group consumed the largest quantity of resources and MVCs the least. Given the high mortality rate and associated resource consumption in the pedestrian hit group, it would be appropriate to give priority to this group while developing preventive measures for this age group. Language: en
Access to care, unmet health needs, and poverty status among children with and without chronic conditions.

Objectives.— To compare insurance coverage, access to care, and unmet health needs of children with and without chronic conditions in a national probability sample of the US population and to examine the role of poverty status in any demonstrated differences between the 2 groups. Design.— We analyzed parent-report data on children 0–17 years old from the 1994 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement (NHIS-D) and from the health insurance and access to care files of the 1994 Family Resources Supplement to the NHIS. In the NHIS-D, 4452 (14.8%) of the 30 032 children were identified as having a chronic condition by a noncategorical method. We compared insurance coverage, access to care, and unmet needs of children with and without conditions overall and also compared them within 3 different income levels relative to the national poverty index: 1) below, 2) within 100%–200%, and 3) >200% above poverty level. Results.— In bivariate analyses, children with chronic conditions were more likely to be covered by some type of health insurance (odds ratio [OR], 1.3) and to have a usual provider both for medical ("sick") care (OR, 1.4) and for routine or preventive care (OR, 1.4). They also were more likely to have the same provider for medical care and routine or preventive care (OR, 1.2) and to have seen their health care provider in the last year (OR, 1.8) than children without chronic conditions (all P Conclusion.— Despite higher levels of insurance coverage and greater access to regular providers of medical and routine care compared with healthy peers, children with chronic conditions are reported by their parents to be less likely than other children to receive the full range of needed health services. The magnitudes of the differences are small, yet the pattern of disadvantage in meeting health care needs among children with conditions compared with healthy peers is consistent across many different variables and it exists across income levels.
Asplund operators and A. E. convergence

Abstract Theorem . Let E and F be Banach spaces, and U : E → F a bounded linear operator. The following are equivalent: 1. o 2. (a) U is an Asplund operator. 3. (b) Let ( X n ) be a sequence of Bochner measurable functions with values in E and sup n ‖; X n ‖ X n ) converges scalarly to 0 in E , then ( UX n ) converges to 0 weakly in F almost everywhere. 4. (c) If ( X n ) is a weak sequential potential of class (B) in E , then ( UX n ) converges to 0 weakly in F almost everywhere. 5. (d) If ( X n ) is a strong potential of class (B) in E , then ( UX n ) converges to 0 weakly in F almost everywhere.
Effect of Ni Alloying on the Corrosion Resistance of 355MPa High Weather-Resistant Steel

Based on the 355MPa high weather-resistant steel, three different kinds of high weather-resistant steels were designed by varying the content of Ni. The the corrosion resistance of the high weather-resistant steel as well as the influence of Ni content on the corrosion resistance were studied in the present investigation. The results of the cycle corrosion tests indicated that with the addition of Ni, the corrosion resistance was improved to some extent. The rust layer of the weathering steel was composed of α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH at the beginning of corrosion, and the α-FeOOH turned to γ-FeOOH which enhanced the corrosion resistance.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Durotaxis Depends on Substrate Stiffness Gradient Strength

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) respond to the elasticity of their environment, which varies between and within tissues. Stiffness gradients within tissues can result from pathological conditions, but also occur through normal variation, such as in muscle. MSC migration can be directed by shallow stiffness gradients before differentiating. Gradients with fine control over substrate compliance - both in range and rate of change (strength) - are needed to better understand mechanical regulation of MSC migration in normal and diseased states. We describe polyacrylamide stiffness gradient fabrication using three distinct systems, generating stiffness gradients of physiological (1 Pa/μm), pathological (10 Pa/μm), and step change (≥ 100Pa/μm) strength. All gradients spanned a range of physiologically relevant elastic moduli for soft tissues (1-12 kPa). MSCs migrated to the stiffest region on each gradient. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that migration velocity correlated directly with gradient strength. Directed migration was reduced in the presence of the contractile agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and cytoskeleton-perturbing drugs nocodazole and cytochalasin. LPA- and nocodazole-treated cells remained spread and protrusive on the substrate, while cytochalasin-treated cells did not. Nocodazole-treated cells spread in a similar manner to untreated cells, but exhibited greatly diminished traction forces. These data suggest that a functional actin cytoskeleton is required for migration whereas microtubules are required for directed migration. The data also imply that, in vivo, MSCs may preferentially accumulate in regions of high elastic modulus and make a greater contribution to tissue repairs in these locations.
Morphology change of oxygen-restructured TiO 2 (110) surfaces by UHV annealing: Formation of a low-temperature (1×2) structure

When reduced ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}(110)$ single crystals are oxidized at moderate temperatures (470--660 K), the surfaces restructure. Interstitial Ti atoms from the bulk diffuse to the surface where they react with gaseous oxygen and form new, added ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ layers. These are characterized by three structural elements: small $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ islands, irregular networks of pseudohexagonal rosettes, and [001]-oriented strands. The strands exhibit the same structural characteristics as the $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ surface reconstruction, which forms upon annealing at higher temperatures. Atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy images of the strands are consistent with the added-${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-row model. UHV annealing of oxygen-restructured surfaces smooths the surfaces and converts the rosette networks into strands and finally into regular $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ terraces. The composition of these oxygen-induced phases is quantified using ${}^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ gas in combination with low-energy ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ion scattering measurements. Dynamic processes for the conversion from rosette networks into $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ strands and ultimately into $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ terraces are discussed.
CONGENITAL LEUKOCYTE MOVEMENT DISORDER AND RECURRENT INFECTIONS

A 4½ month old black female with omphalitis at 4 days of age, recurrent infections of the skin, an acquired rectovaginal fistula, marked lymphadenopathy proximal to sites of infection and delayed wound healing had a peripheral WBC count of 70-100,000/mm3 with 70% PMN's and 10% monocytes. PMN's were absent in exudates of infected areas and a Rebuck skin window at 4, 8 and 12 hours. A chemotactic assay under agarose revealed absent directed movement and decreased non-directed movement of PMN's and monocytes. Zymosan activated serum from both patient and normal controls attracted normal cells to the same degree. No serum, plasma or cellular inhibitor to normal PMN movement was found. The patient's mean PMN velocity by direct observation was 2.4 μ/min. (control 11.9 μ/mtn.) and her mean monocyte velocity was 2.1 μ/min. (control 4.5 μ/min.). By light microscopy the patient's cells formed multiple, small lame 11ipodia without developing a single dominant lamel1ipodium; electron microscopy of the cells was normal. Associated findings included marked panhyperimmunoglobulinemia with an IgE of 2600-4300 ng/ml. Assays of the phagocytes' metabolic, phagocytic and bactericidal functions, T and B cell functions and complement system were normal. This black child with severe infections from birth, a markedly elevated IgE without allergic symptoms and defective movement of both PMN's and monocytes represents a congenital and possibly genetically determined abnormality of cell mobility.
Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

We aimed to describe nonconvulsive status epilepticus in terms of patient age, etiology, initial presentation, and electroencephalogram and neuroimaging findings. Twenty children with nonconvulsive status epilepticus were identified by a retrospective review of children who underwent long-term electroencephalogram monitoring in a pediatric intensive care unit. Age ranged from 2 months to 18 years, and in 30% of patients, the age was
Valuing Scientists as Educators

In their Editorial “Science learning, science opportunity” ( Science 's Compass, 8 Oct., p. [237][1]), Rita R. Colwell and Eamon M. Kelly discuss the efforts of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to improve kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) learning in science and mathematics. Such
The role of biomass in US industrial interfuel substitution

Abstract The role of biomass in US industrial interfuel substitution in the industrial sector has typically been analyzed using data for the four traditional fuels of coal, oil, electricity and natural gas. However, the use of biomass as an industrial fuel in the US has grown, and now exceeds that of coal. Using data from 1960 to 2011, interfuel substitution in the US industrial sector is modeled with a dynamic linear logit model which includes biomass alongside the other four traditional fuels. Adding biomass to the model reduces somewhat the estimated own-price and cross-price elasticities for the other four fuels, while revealing that biomass and natural gas are substitute fuels. This implies that previous studies excluding biomass may have overestimated the potential for interfuel substitution, giving policy makers an inaccurate impression of the ability of carbon taxes or other environmental regulation to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Complete Resection of Seminal Vesicles at Radical Prostatectomy Results in Substantial Long-Term Disease-Free Survival: Multi-Institutional Study of 6740 Patients.

OBJECTIVES To estimate the disease-specific survival of patients with complete removal of the seminal vesicles (SVs) at radical prostatectomy and to develop a nomogram for the prediction of SV invasion (SVI). METHODS An analysis of 6740 patients from three institutions was performed. The primary outcome was biochemical failure analyzed according to the presence or absence of SVI using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. The variables analyzed included age, biopsy Gleason score, clinical T stage, margin status, extracapsular extension, SVI, surgical Gleason score, initial prostate-specific antigen level, and institution. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the preoperative factors predicting for SVI and create the model for the nomogram. RESULTS Of the 6740 patients, 566 (8.4%) had positive SVs. The median follow-up was 33.4 months (range 1 to 239). The 5 and 10-year biochemical relapse-free survival rate was 38.0% and 25.6%, respectively, for patients with positive SVs and 85.7% and 77.2%, respectively, for patients with negative SVs (P <0.0001). In the multivariate model, all variables, except for biopsy Gleason score and T stage, were significant predictors of biochemical failure (P <0.05), and all variables, except for age, were predictors of SVI. The nomogram achieved an area under the curve of 0.80. CONCLUSIONS These results have demonstrated that a substantial number of patients with SVI are disease free at 5 and 10 years after complete excision without adjuvant therapy. These findings suggest the therapeutic efficacy of complete SV excision and can identify those with a nomogram-predicted increased risk of SVI who might benefit from complete excision.
Evaluation of the attributes of the computer science graduate

The business sector of our economy is responsible for the majority of the demand for current computer science graduates. This paper effectuates an approach at investigating this demand and how it concurs with the supply. To perform this task of serving as a communication link with industry, a questionnaire is to be utilized. Attributes, such as writing skills, documentation ability and planning techniques, are evaluated to determine if the graduate can effectively operate in an industrial environment. The overall purpose is to rate the current computer science graduate in relation to the needs of industry. It is not however, the design nor function of this paper to specifically rate educational institutions but, to provide an output medium to communicate industries needs.
Mechanism of butane isomerization over industrial isomerization catalysts

Abstract Double labeled 1,4- 13 C butane, 13 CH 3 - 12 CH 2 - 12 CH 2 - 13 CH 3 was used to test four industrial isomerization catalysts based on chlorinated alumina. Mass-spectrometric analysis of the iso-butane product shows that extensive intermolecular scrambling occurs in the conversion from n - to iso-butane. Apparently, the reaction mechanism over these catalysts involves a bimolecular reaction, leading to an adsorbed C 8 + intermediate. At low conversion, the fragmentation pattern of n -butane reveals an intramolecular rearrangement of carbon atoms, i.e. place exchange of C atoms in methyl and methylene groups. Both phenomena had been observed previously for sulfated zirconia (SZ) catalysts; however, for the present catalysts the distribution of the five isotopic iso-butane molecules does not obey the binomial law. The results suggest that isomerization of the C 8 intermediate is less extensive than over sulfated zirconia; β-fission of the 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl ion leads to two fragments with iso-butyl structure with (2+ n ) and (2− n ) 13 C atoms, respectively.
The effect of alum-precipitated pyridine ragweed extract on guinea pigs: II. Comparison of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis with Arthus reactivity after single low dose

To investigate further the enhanced antigenicity of alum-precipitated pyridine (APPR) as compared to aqueous ragweed extract (ARE), passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) experiments were performed using sera obtained from the guinea pigs prior to the studies for Arthus reactivity previously reported. 1 The APPR immunized animals produced a greater total number of Arthus reactions, whether moderate or maximum, and the sera from these same animals gave a larger total percentage of positive PCA tests, 39 of 120 (32.5) per cent, than did the ARE immunized animals, 5 of 36 (13.8 per cent). Chi square for this difference was 4.737 and is significant at the 5 per cent level. The APPR immunized animals appeared to develop two types of antibodies more consistently than the ARE immunized. Their sera gave positive PCA reactions earlier after immunization and with lower single doses of APPR than did ARE immunized animals. With immunizing doses of 10 μg of protein N or below, antibodies persisted longer in APPR immunized animals. On day 136, 10 of 10 animals immunized with this dose of APPR gave positive Arthus reactions and their sera produced 7 of 10 positive PCA tests. On the other hand, none of the ARE immunized animals developed Arthus reactions nor did their sera produce positive PCA tests.
Behavior of commercial spinning rotor gages in the transition regime

Abstract We have investigated the accuracy of commercial Spinning Rotor Gages (SRG) in the transitional regime between 0.1 and 133 Pa. We have found that commercial SRGs which have been calibrated at low pressure (10−2 Pa) are in good agreement with our standard for pressures up to 1.0 Pa. Above 1.0 Pa, we found that the SRG readings are systematically in error and are gas and rotor diameter dependent. The best performance was found with the lighter gases, H2 and He. Errors as large as a factor of 2 were observed for the heavier gases, Ar and N2. We also have found that different linearization schemes have been implemented in the two brands of SRGs. For one brand of SRG controller, the best performance with the heavier gases was for Ar and 4.76 mm rotors without temperature compensating for gage heating effects. For the other brand of SRG, errors are significantly reduced by temperature compensating for gage heating effects.
A test of sex differences in instrumental appetitive learning by rats

A total of 48 laboratory rats, half male and half female, were trained and extinguished on instrumental bar-pressing for either 16% or 64% sucrose incentives. No consistent sex differences were found in either acquisition or variability of bar-press responding, or in extinction. The only statistically reliable difference indicated that males were more variable in responding for the 16% sucrose incentive, as measured by the range of scores over each week. It is concluded that no real sex differences in learning proficiency obtain under the experimental conditions employed, and that therefore the practice of using mainly or exclusively female rats in our laboratory is methodologically sound.
Non—MHC—restricted target—cell lysis by a CD4−CD− TCRαβ T—cell line, as well as by TCR4gMδ T—cell lines, results from lymphokine—activated killing

A long-term CD4-CD8- TCR alpha beta human T-cell line, as well as similar CD4-CD8- TCR gamma delta T-cell lines for comparison, were generated from various tissues by negative selection using anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) followed by positive selection with specific anti-TCR MAb and then repeated in vitro stimulation with interleukin-enriched media and lectin. These cell lines all demonstrated non-MHC-restricted cytolysis on a variety of human tumor cell lines. However, removal of lymphokines from the culture media for 24 hr abrogated most of the non-MHC-restricted target-cell lysis without affecting TCR alpha beta or TCR gamma delta cell viability or TCR function as determined by antibody-triggered redirected target-cell lysis. Subsequent re-exposure to lymphokines reconstituted non-MHC-restricted cytolysis by these cell lines. Thus, much of the non-specific, non-MHC-restricted cytolytic activity generated by CD4-CD8- TCR alpha beta or TCR gamma delta cells is secondary to lymphokine-activated killing (LAK) activity. These cells have potent LAK activity and may be prominent in LAK-cell populations. In addition, after lymphokine deprivation, both CD4-CD8- TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta cells showed residual activity against some tumor-cell targets, the nature of which remains to be defined.
Living carbocationic polymerization. XXX. One-pot synthesis of allyl-terminated linear and tri-arm star polyisobutylenes, and epoxy- and hydroxy-telechelics therefrom

Preparation de PIB lineaires et en etoiles termines par des groupes allyls par polymerisation vivante amorcee par les systemes TiCl 4 /ether ou ester, suivie d'une fonctionnalisation electrophile des sites vivants par l'allyltrimethylsilane. L'hydroboration ou l'oxydation par le mCPBA de ces polymeres donne des PIB a groupes terminaux hydroxy et epoxy. Des elastomeres sont obtenus par reaction des PIB a groupes terminaux hydroxy avec le MDI et par durcissement des PIB a groupes epoxy avec la triethylene tetraamine
Depth-integrated free-surface flow with a two-layer non-hydrostatic formulation

This paper presents the derivation of a depth-integrated wave propagation and runup model from a system of governing equations for two-layer non-hydrostatic flows. The governing equations are transformed into an equivalent, depth-integrated system, which separately describes the flux-dominated and dispersiondominated processes. The depth-integrated system reproduces the linear dispersion relation within a 5% error for water depth parameter up to kd=11, while allowing direct implementation of a momentum conservation scheme to model wave breaking and a moving-waterline technique for runup calculation. A staggered finite-difference scheme discretizes the governing equations in the horizontal dimension and the Keller box scheme reconstructs the non-hydrostatic terms in the vertical direction. An semi-implicit scheme integrates the depth-integrated flow in time with the non-hydrostatic pressure determined from a Poisson-type equation. The model is verified with solitary wave propagation in a channel of uniform depth and validated with previous laboratory experiments for wave transformation over a submerged bar, a plane beach, and fringing reefs. Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exemplars and the need for content-based publication standards

This paper briefly reviews metrics used to judge journal articles. Previous research on exemplars is reviewed which underscores exemplar's effectiveness in communicating research results and as a potential means for increasing the quality of journal articles. Next, a typology is developed giving a means of classification of exemplars. The final portion of the paper outlines a major line of research (that of Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz), discusses exemplars from this research stream in the context of the research typology, and develops ideas for the integration of publication standards and exemplars.