cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geostationary Imaging FTS (GIFTS) data processing: measurement simulation and compression

GIFTS (Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer), a forerunner of next generation geostationary satellite weather observing systems, will be built to fly on the NASA EO-3 geostationary orbit mission in 2004 to demonstrate the use of large area detector arrays and readouts. Timely high spatial resolution images and quantitative soundings of clouds, water vapor, temperature, and pollutants of the atmosphere for weather prediction and air quality monitoring will be achieved. GIFTS is novel in terms of providing many scientific returns that traditionally can only be achieved by separate advanced imaging and sounding systems. GIFTS' ability to obtain half-hourly high vertical density wind over the full earth disk is revolutionary. However, these new technologies bring forth many challenges for data transmission, archiving, and geophysical data processing. In this paper, we will focus on the aspect of data volume and downlink issues by conducting a GIFTS data compression experiment. We will discuss the scenario of using principal component analysis as a foundation for atmospheric data retrieval and compression of uncalibrated and un-normalized interferograms. The effects of compression on the degradation of the signal and noise reduction in interferogram and spectral domains will be highlighted. A simulation system developed to model the GIFTS instrument measurements is described in detail.
Group majorization, eaton triples and numerical range ∗

Let G be a closed subgroup of the orthogonal group on a finite dimensional real inner product space V. The triple(V,G,F) is an Eaton triple if F≌V is a nonempty closed convex cone such that is nonempty for each x∊V. for all x,y∊F The Eaton triple (W,H,F)is called a reduced triple of the Eaton triple (V,G,F) if . In this event, by using a recent result of Niezgoda, a generaliszation of a result of Thompson and Poon on the convex hull of the G-orbit is given. Some matrix inequalities of Ky Fan on the sum of matrices are also extended. A generalized numerical range is introduced and we extend some results of Au-Yeung and Tsing on the equivalent statements of the convexity of the generalized numerical range associated with some Lie group. A question raised in [21]is answered by using a polygonal path result of Eaton and Perlman. We also discuss a possible extension of Schur-Horn-Kostant convexity result. Some questions are asked. The studies are motivated by some existing Lie theoretical results.
Prolonged QT interval with markedly abnormal ventricular repolarization in diphenhydramine overdose

Diphenhydramine is a histamine-1 receptor antagonist of ethanolamine origin with anticholinergic, sedative, antivertigo, antiemetic, antidyskinetic, and local anesthetic properties. It inhibits the fast sodium channels and, at higher concentrations, also the potassium channels, inhibition of which may result in QT interval prolongation on electrocardiogram. The markedly abnormal ventricular repolarization is rare with diphenhydramine overdose. We report a case where a young woman who took moderate overdose of diphenhydramine (625 mg) along with acetaminophen developed prolonged QT interval with strikingly abnormal T waves. These changes reverted to normal with treatment. Patient did not experience torsade de pointes, possibly secondary to the protective effect of the diphenhydramine overdose-related tachycardia. As the tachycardia caused by diphenhydramine overdose seems to protect against torsade de pointes, it may be practical to avoid bradycardia in acute phase of diphenhydramine toxicity. Acetaminophen has not been shown to prolong QT interval or effect cardiac repolarization.
The LCB4 (YOR171c) and LCB5 (YLR260w) genes of Saccharomyces encode sphingoid long chain base kinases.

Sphingolipid long chain bases (LCBs) and phosphorylated derivatives, particularly sphingosine 1-phosphate, are putative signaling molecules. To help elucidate the physiological roles of LCB phosphates, we identified two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes, LCB4 (YOR171c) andLCB5 (YLR260w), which encode LCB kinase activity. This conclusion is based upon the synthesis of LCB kinase activity in Escherichia coli expressing eitherLCB gene. LCB4 encodes most (97%)Saccharomyces LCB kinase activity, with the remainder requiring LCB5. Log phase lcb4-deleted yeast cells make no LCB phosphates, showing that the Lcb4 kinase synthesizes all detectable LCB phosphates under these growth conditions. The Lcb4 and Lcb5 proteins are paralogs with 53% amino acid identity but are not related to any known protein, thus revealing a new class of lipid kinase. Two-thirds of the Lcb4 and one-third of the Lcb5 kinase activity are in the membrane fraction of yeast cells, a puzzling finding in that neither protein contains a membrane-localization signal. Both enzymes can use phytosphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, or sphingosine as substrate. LCB4 and LCB5 should be useful for probing the functions of LCB phosphates in S. cerevisiae. Potential mammalian cDNA homologs of the LCB kinase genes may prove useful in helping to understand the function of sphingosine 1-phosphate in mammals.
Macaulay's (Cyber) Children: The Cultural Politics of Outsourcing in India

This article explores how globalization is shaping the aspirations and identities of the Indian middle class and in particular those employed by the outsourcing industry. While these aspirations do not have a clearly defined object, they cluster around an idea of the West as the locus of modernity.The West's mystique derives, no doubt as it did in the colonial period, from the fact that it is the author of dramatic change. But this also prompts a certain anxiety among the middle class that such change is somehow corrupting. Drawing on in-depth interviews and ethnographic fieldwork in India, I argue that globalization does not herald an era of unprecedented personal freedom, a belated modernity, nor does it signify a crisis of the `traditional' Indian family. It is an Indian morality play where the pleasure principle clashes with the demands of custom and obligation, where kama (pleasure) and dharma (duty) meet in uneasy suspension.
Age differences in temporal monitoring and equal sharing in a fixed-duration sharing task

Previous research has demonstrated age differences in prosocial behaviours and has focused on the development of theoretically prescribed cognitive abilities thought to be prerequisite. However, the empirical relations between cognitive abilities and prosocial behaviours have typically not been large and there has been considerable inconsistency in these findings. The present studies were based upon an information processing perspective that assumes task-specific cognitive demands for prosocial behaviours. In these studies, the effect of children's temporal monitoring abilities was examined as a logical prerequisite for the equal sharing of a desirable object within a limited time period. In the first study, age differences in equal sharing were partially accounted for by age differences in the temporal monitoring abilities of 5–12-year-old-children. In the second and third studies, 3–5-year-old preschool children shared more equally when there was a reduction in the cognitive demands involved in temporal monitoring. In addition, in all three studies motivational manipulations consisting of either an instructional set or the friendship status of the participating peer influenced equal sharing. These findings support the proposition that the range of prosocial behaviours available to children is limited by the development of task-specific cognitive abilities, and that the motivation properties of the situation also influence the expression of prosocial behaviours.
Probing spin-orbit mixing and the singlet-triplet gap in dichloromethylene via Ka-sorted emission spectra.

The magnitude of the singlet–triplet gap in dichloromethylene (CCl2) has been a point of controversy in the recent literature. In this study, we report single vibronic level emission spectra of the A1B1 → 1A1 system of the carbene C35Cl2, which probes the vibrational structure of the 1A1 state up to ≈10 000 cm−1 above the vibrationless level. By the careful selection of bands where complete isotope and Ka′ selectivity in excitation was possible, we measured Ka′-sorted emission spectra in order to test the previously established hypothesis [M.-L. Liu, C.-L. Lee, A. Bezant, G. Tarczay, R. J. Clark, T. A. Miller and B.-C. Chang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2003, 5, 1352] that unassigned lines lying above ≈5000 cm−1 belong to levels of the a3B1 state. The Ka′-sorting method discriminates between singlet and triplet levels via the (A″ − ″) rotational constant, which is significantly larger for pure triplet levels due to the larger equilibrium bond angle. In the region between 3500 and 9000 cm−1 above the vibrationless level of the 1A1 state, we find only a very modest increase in (A″ − ″), and ∼86% of the lines observed between 5000 and 9000 cm−1 can be assigned to 1A1 levels within 3 standard deviations of our Dunham expansion fit, which included more than 140 levels in total. A nearly complete set of Dunham parameters was determined for the C35Cl2 isotopomer, and the 1A1 state term energies up to 4000 cm−1 are in excellent agreement with recent variational calculations of Tarczay, et al. [G. Tarczay, T. A. Miller, G, Czako and A. G. Csaszar, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2005, 7, 2881]. Finally, the implication of our results for the singlet–triplet gap in dichloromethylene is discussed.
Presentation functions, fixed points, and a theory of scaling function dynamics

Presentation functions provide the time-ordered points of the forward dynamics of a system as successive inverse images. They generally determine objects constructed on trees, regular or otherwise, and immediately determine a functional form of the transfer matrix of these systems. Presentation functions for regular binary trees determine the associated forward dynamics to be that of a period doubling fixed point. They are generally parametrized by the trajectory scaling function of the dynamics in a natural way. The requirement that the forward dynamics be smooth with a critical point determines a complete set of equations whose solution is the scaling function. These equations are compatible with a dynamics in the space of scalings which is conjectured, with numerical and intuitive support, to possess its solution as a unique, globally attracting fixed point. It is argued that such dynamics is to be sought as a program for the solution of chaotic dynamics. In the course of the exposition new information pertaining to universal mode locking is presented.
On neuronal homology: a comparison of similar axons in Musca, Sarcophaga, and Drosophila (Diptera: Schizophora).

Thoracic axons occurring in Musca and Sarcophaga are similar to those previously reported in the giant fiber pathway of Drosophila. Serial section reconstruction of both species has shown that the cervical giant fiber descending from the brain into the thoracic ganglion and the thoracic motor axon innervating the tergotrochanteral muscle follow courses matching those of similar axons in Drosophila. Likewise in both Musca and Sarcophaga a thoracic axon establishes axoaxonal synapses onto dorsal longitudinal muscle motor neurons. This axon is similar in both course and synaptic configuration to the peripherally synapsing interneuron in Drosophila. Although these similarities suggest that the three axon pairs are homologous in all three fly species, several differences are also observed. Thus this system of identified axons may be a useful model for investigating phylogenetic variation in specific neuronal form and connectivity.
Affective disorders in children and adolescents: addressing unmet need in primary care settings

Affective disorders are common among children and adolescents but may often remain untreated. Primary care providers could help fill this gap because most children have primary care. Yet rates of detection and treatment for mental disorders generally are low in general health settings, owing to multiple child and family, clinician, practice, and healthcare system factors. Potential solutions may involve 1) more systematic implementation of programs that offer coverage for uninsured children; 2) tougher parity laws that offer equity in defined benefits and application of managed care strategies across physical and mental disorders; and 3) widespread implementation of quality improvement programs within primary care settings that enhance specialty/primary care collaboration, support use of care managers to coordinate care, and provide clinician training in clinically and developmentally appropriate principles of care for affective disorders. Research is needed to support development of these solutions and evaluation of their impacts.
Sense and Segmentarity: Some Markers of a Deleuzian‐Guattarian Sociology

Although the focus of their work was rarely explicitly sociological, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari developed concepts that have important and often profound implications for social theory and practice. Two of these, sense and segmentarity, provide us with entirely new ways to view sociological problems of meaning and structure. Deleuze conceives sense independently of both agency and signification. That is, sense is neither the manifestation of a communicating subject nor a structure of language-it is noncorporeal, impersonal, and prelinguistic, in his words, a "pure effect or event." With Guattari, Deleuze notes that it is not a question of how subjects produce social structures, but how a "machinics of desire " produces subjects. In Deleuze and Guattari, desire is not defined as a want or a lack, but as a machinerv offorces, flows, and breaks of energy. The functional stratification we witness in social life is only the molar effect of a more primary segmentation of desire that occurs at the molecular level, at the level of bodies. In Deleuze and Guattari, bodies are not just human bodies, but "anorganic" composites or mixtures, organic form itself being a mode of the body's subjectification. The problem of the subject, and thus of the constitution of society, is first a problem of how the sense of bodies is produced through the assembly of desiring-machines. The subject, we could say, is the actualization of desire on the incorporeal surface of bodies.
Surgical debridement of mineral pitch and nonviable penile tissue using water-jet power: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVE To report our experience of debriding genital wounds embedded with mineral pitch (MP) from asphalt, using a water jet-powered surgical tool, the Versajet Hydrosurgery System (VHS, Smith and Nephew, Key Largo, FL) before reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used the VHS for penile debridement in two patients. The first was 42-year-old Hispanic man involved in a truck-bike accident, who was dragged ≈60 m after the collision. He presented with 25% body-surface abrasion impregnated with MP. The scrotal soft tissue had been lost and both testicles were exposed and ruptured, with no viable tissue. Moreover, the distal two-thirds of the penile urethra and the ventral glans were completely damaged and his penis entirely degloved. Several procedures were required for surgical debridement and reconstruction, including the skin grafting to 25% of his body surface. All surgical debridement was done with the VHS. A modified Thiersch-Duplay urethroplasty was used over a 16 F Foley catheter to reconstruct the missing urethra. The second patient was a 32-year-old man with no previous medical history, who presented with Fournier’s gangrene after a penile abrasion following unprotected sexual intercourse. He required several surgical debridements. The VHS was applied to an 8 × 10 cm area, followed by a free-radial graft to the inferior epigastric. RESULTS The clinical follow-up was 9 and 6 months, respectively; both patients had satisfactory granulation tissue and proper wound healing. Neither of the patients had infection after surgical debridement with the VHS, even when used in the case of Fournier’s gangrene. CONCLUSION The VHS appears to be effective for genital soft-tissue surgical debridement even when the tissue is impregnated with MP or infected, without causing any spread of infection. Larger series and a longer follow-up are needed to validate the effectiveness of the VHS in managing complex genital wounds.
RADIATION THERAPY IN EARLY CARCINOMA OF THE TRUE VOCAL CORDS (STAGE I AND II)

Seventy-four patients with Stage I and twenty patients with Stage II carcinoma of the true vocal cords received radiation therapy from 1971 to 1983. Sixteen patients had second primary cancers with the most common site being the lung. The patients were treated with 4 MeV linear accelerator X ray or 60Co machine with the average total dose of 6600 rads in 33 fractions, 5 days a week by parallel opposing ports. Local control rate by radiation therapy was 86% in Stage I and 70% in Stage II. Eight of twelve (8 of 12) failures were salvaged by surgery. The actuarial 5-year survival was 92 and 80%. Seventy-six (76%) of patients had good quality of voice after treatment.
Existence of Surface Waves and Band Gaps in Periodic Heterogeneous Half-spaces

We find a sufficient condition for the existence of surface (Rayleigh) waves based on the Rayleigh-Ritz variational method. When specialized to a homogeneous half-space, the sufficient condition recovers the known criterion for the existence of subsonic surface waves. A simple existence criterion in terms of material properties is obtained for periodic half-spaces of general anisotropic materials. Further, we numerically compute the dispersion relation of the surface waves for a half-space of periodic laminates of two materials and demonstrate the existence of surface wave band gaps.
New strategies using 'low-dose' mycophenolate mofetil to reduce acute rejection in patients following kidney transplantation.

Context—Tacrolimus, microemulsion cyclosporine (Neoral), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) at 2 and 3 grams daily have demonstrated superior immunosuppressive properties in several recent clinical trials involving solid-organ transplants. An effective immunosuppression may be maintained with lower doses of MMF administered with either tacrolimus or microemulsion cyclosporine.Objective—To compare tacrolimus plus "low-dose" MMF-based immunosuppressive regimen (TMBIR) with Neoral plus "low-dose" MMF-based immunosuppressive regimens (NMBIR) among kidney transplant recipients.Design—Prospective, randomized study.Patients—53 consecutive adult recipients of kidney transplant. Both groups (TMBIR and NMBIR) were equally matched on demographic characteristics.Interventions—Participants were randomized to receive orally either tacrolimus (0.08 mg/kg twice daily) (n=27) or Neoral (4 mg/kg twice daily) (n=26). Both regimens were started before surgery and continued when allograft demonstrated no postoperative acute tubu...
Analysis of methods in human maze learning

*Accepted for publication by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board and received in the Editorial Office July 25, 1930. †The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Professor W. R Miles, under whose guidance this study was carried on at Stanford University.
Positional uncertainty in lateral masking and the perceptual superiority of words

The possible role of positional uncertainty as a basis for lateral masking and the perceptual superiority of words was examined. The stimuli were five-letter strings, of which the middle three letters were the targets and the end letters were distracting flankers which were positioned either adjacent to the target or separated from it. The trigram targets were of three types (words, pseudowords, and nonwords). The positional uncertainty of individual letters was varied through the use of two response modes, with 18 college students participating in each mode. One group used a response mode which did not allow transpositions of letter sequence, while the other group had no such restriction. The results showed that positional uncertainty affected the magnitude of lateral masking but not that of the word superiority effect, suggesting that different processes underlie these two phenomena. Error analyses within response mode as well as response bias comparisons further confirmed this conclusion.
FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS IN CALLOSAL AREA

We considered the hypothesis that the richness of callosal interhemispheric connections has a role in determining the degree of behavioural laterality and time-sharing ability in dual-task performance. Behavioural laterality as measured by dichotic word listening, line bisection and turning bias tests correlated inversely with the midsagittal cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum, as seen on MRI. The amount of dual task interference was strongly inversely correlated with the callosal area in both within-hemisphere and between-hemispheres conditions. These relationships between normal variations in callosal area, and outcomes on tests both of laterally and time-sharing capacity in normal adults suggest that the corpus callosum assumes a cross-excitatory role when subjects perform these tasks.
A micromachined polyimide aperture for stable bilayer lipid membrane (BLM)s

Summary form only given. Silicon micromachining is used to fabricate reproducible miniature apertures over photosensitive polyimide (PPI) layers (septa), with highly controllable dimensions. PPI, having a high level of planarization, chemical inertness, a low dielectric constant, and good mechanical strength, is a very suitable material to be used as BLM septa. Apertures of approximately 5 mu m thickness and approximately 40 mu m diameter in PPI septa suspended over thick silicon rims were realized. The fabrication process includes double-side oxide growth on the wafer, spin-coating the PPI and its patterning, back surface anisotropic window etching, and a final cleaning step. Apertures with high circular symmetry were fabricated using this process. The BLM is formed by dropping a small amount of phospholipid-alkane solution over the PPI aperture. An initially few- mu m-thick membrane spontaneously thins down to an approximately 50 AA thick BLM. Specific capacitance measurements of these BLMs revealed stability of up to 50 h. >
ON THE VISIBILITY OF RADIATION AT THE HUMAN FOVEA

1. Seeing-frequency functions (ψ[S]) determined uniocularly for small (1.6'), brief images at the thoroughly dark-adapted human central fovea take the form of log-Gaussian integrals, for intensity or for exposure-time as the independent variable. They cannot be of Poisson type, since mean (τ') and standard deviation (σ) are quite independently modifiable. 2. The properties of τ', the abscissa of inflection in the log-Gaussian integrals, and of σ, are discussed in relation to customary determinations of spectral visibilities; agreements and certain necessary divergences are considered. 3. The values of σlogΔIlogΔI0, are distributed periodically, with 5 maxima in the range λ383 to λ712. Outside the fovea this is not the case. These maxima, and the intervening minima, are definitely correlated with "irregularities" in the values of τ' as function of λ, with data on color threshold intensities, with data on "saturation," and quite specifically with minima and maxima in the data of λ discrimination. They are unmistakably of analytical significance. 4. The interpretation of these properties is taken to require (consistent with the indications of other evidence) that under specified conditions the magnitude of σ is a measure of the "size" of the population of excitable elements of neural effect, in the range of 0 to 100 per cent response-frequency as a function of wave number. This means that under the procedure used there is detectable the spectral distribution of local, specific, photosensitization. The σ's refer to a property of the excitation process which is not affected by the action of irrelevant absorbers. 5. A preliminary test of this has been made by the use of mixed "monochromatic" lights. The total energy is empirically the significant quantity, although the separate effects of λ's are sharply exhibited. 6. The λ distribution of photosensitization indices, σlogΔIlogΔI0, is necessarily taken to have the nature of "action spectra." Careful search discloses, surprisingly enough, precise and apparently unique correspondence with the maxima and minima (and details of shape) required for the participation of: cytochrome-c reductase; the reduced forms of cytochromes-a and -c; and the often overlooked ferric-prophyrin bands of oxidized cytochrome-c. 7. For the central fovea, in which blood vessels are absent, and in which resistance to anoxia is at a maximum, the presence of an enzyme system of the sort here indicated is entirely reasonable. It is pointed out that a number of specific experiments can be based upon the general finding, whatever the causal mechanism for the sensitized λ regions may in the end prove to be. The data cannot be reconciled to the demands of existing color primary theories, although apparently quite accurately consistent with varied observational data.
Corrigendum to: “Optimization of Convex Risk Functions,” Mathematics of Operations Research31 (2006) 433--452

Proposition 6.2 is not correct, because the set dom ∗ may be not weakly∗ compact. The correct statement should read as follows: Proposition 6.2. Suppose that is a Banach space, = ∗, the mapping F → is convex, the function → is proper, lower semicontinuous and assumptions (A1)–(A4) are satisfied. If is continuous at 0, then the optimal value of problem (6.1) is equal to the optimal value of problem (6.4). Moreover, problem (6.4) has an optimal solution. Proof. The supremum over in (6.2) may be replaced by the supremum over = dom ∗ . Due to (A1), (A4), and the continuity of at 0, = 0 and is weakly∗ closed and bounded. Thus it is weakly∗ compact in ∗. (This could not be guaranteed without the additional continuity assumption.) The function z · is concave and weakly∗ continuous, and the function · is convex. Our assertion then follows from the asymmetric min-max theorem [2, Theorem 6.2.7]. In Proposition 6.3 we need the stronger condition that · is continuous at X, rather than just subdifferentiable. The correct statement reads as follows. Proposition 6.3. Let F → be convex and let → satisfy conditions (A1)–(A3). Suppose that a point ẑ ∈ S is an optimal solution of problem (6.1) and that · is continuous at X = F ẑ . Then there exists a measure ∈ X such that that ẑ is an optimal solution of problem (6.5). Proof. As is continuous, it is subdifferentiable at X. Then ∗∗ X = X , and it follows by (3.3) that X = argmax ∈ { X − ∗ . Since dom ∗ ⊂ , X = argmax ∈ ẑ . By monotonicity of · , (6.1) is equivalent to (6.9). As ẑ is optimal in (6.1), the pair ẑ X is optimal in (6.9). By convexity of F , the set U is convex. Problem (6.9) can be equivalently written as: min X + U z X . Define  z X = X . The optimality of ẑ X implies that 0 ∈ + U ẑ X . By continuity of · at X, we can use the Moreau– Rockafellar theorem: + U ẑ X =  ẑ X +NU ẑ X , with NU denoting the normal cone to U , see [19, Theorem 3.23]. Thus, there exists ∈ X such that X− X ≥ 0 for all z X ∈U . Setting X = F z , we obtain F z − F ẑ ≥ 0 for all z ∈ S. Hence ẑ is a solution of (6.5). Under the assumptions of Proposition 6.3, the optimal values of (6.2) and (6.4) are equal, and (6.4) has an optimal solution. Proposition 6.2 is fully absorbed by Proposition 6.3. All references to Proposition 6.2 should be replaced by references to Proposition 6.3. Finally, for (8.6) to hold true, we need to additionally assume that F is continuous at z. We apologize to the readers of Mathematics of Operations Research for possible confusion.
Local graft irradiation after failure of modern immunosuppression in acute cellular and vascular graft rejection

Abstract Purpose: With improved chemical immunosuppressive agents, approximately 90% of rejection episodes can be reversed. However, in situations of failed immunosuppression, graft loss becomes inevitable. Our objective is to ssess the efficacy of local graft irradiation (LGI) as an effort of last resort in a contemporary group of patients in whom graft failure to irreversible cellular and vascular rejection is imminent. Methods and Materials: A total of 308 renal transplantations were performed at our institution from 1992 to 1995, and an overall 1-year graft survival rate of 90% has been seen as a result of improvement in chemical immunosuppression. However, 6 patients were referred for LGI when all other measures failed to reverse the rejection crisis. Parameters that were studied in these patients included graft funciton and postirradiation graft history. Results: Irradiation was associated with reversal of the rejection crisis and resulted in documented histological long-term graft survival in 1 of the 6 patients (17%). Two of the six patients (33%) had reversal of the rejection episode based on postirradiation biopsy of the renal allograft. Three of the six patients showed some level of clinical improvement of graft function for varying periods of time. One patient maintained stable allograft function without deterioration and with continued independence from hemodialysis. One recipient died from sepsis despite histologic improvement after irradiation. Conclusions: Our impression is that LGI is indicated when all other measures have failed to reverse an acute rejection episode in the transplanted renal allograft. The role of radiation in this setting should be studied further.
Bristlecone Pine: Science and Esthetics: A 7100-year tree-ring chronology aids scientists; old trees draw visitors to California mountains

A 7100-year tree-ring chronology has been developed for bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata Engelm., in the White Mountains of east-central California by the addition of data from long-dead specimens to the 4600-year record from living trees. These dendrochronological studies have major applications to climatic interpretations, radiocarbon analysis, and the dating of past events. The great age of these trees and the esthetic appeal of both the trees and their environment are drawing increasing numbers of visitors to the bristlecone pine areas. Concern is expressed for the preservation of this ancient wood.
A Monte Carlo Radiation Model for Simulating Rarefied Multiphase Plume Flows

A Monte Carlo ray trace radiation model is presented for the determination of radiative properties of Al2O3 particles in the high altitude plume of a solid propellant rocket. A polydisperse distribution of non-gray particles is modeled as an emitting, absorbing and scattering medium of arbitrary optical thickness. Strong two-way coupling is allowed between radiation and flowfield calculations, where the gas is simulated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method and particle phase properties are determined using a similar Lagrangian approach. Effects of anisotropic scattering and nozzle searchlight emission are considered, and a procedure is described for the calculation of spectral radiance. The model is applied to the simulation and radiation analysis of the freely expanding plume from a subscale solid rocket motor, and various flowfield properties are presented and discussed.
Physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system

Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs), the immediate downstream targets of RhoA, are ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine protein kinases that are involved in diverse cellular functions, including smooth muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion and motility, and gene expression. Recent studies have shown that ROCKs may play a pivotal role in cardiovascular diseases such as vasospastic angina, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. Indeed, inhibition of ROCKs by statins or other selective inhibitors leads to the upregulation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and reduction of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Thus inhibition of ROCKs may contribute to some of the cholesterol-independent beneficial effects of statin therapy. Currently, two ROCK isoforms have been identified, ROCK1 and ROCK2. Because ROCK inhibitors are nonselective with respect to ROCK1 and ROCK2 and also, in some cases, may be nonspecific with respect to other ROCK-related kinases such as myristolated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), protein kinase A, and protein kinase C, the precise role of ROCKs in cardiovascular disease remains unknown. However, with the recent development of ROCK1- and ROCK2-knockout mice, further dissection of ROCK signaling pathways is now possible. Herein we review what is known about the physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system and speculate about how inhibition of ROCKs could provide cardiovascular benefits.
Different Effects of Tetrahymena IFT172 Domains on Anterograde and Retrograde Intraflagellar Transport

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles are multiprotein complexes that move bidirectionally along the cilium/flagellum. The Tetrahymena IFT172 gene encodes a protein with an N-terminal WD domain (WDD) and a C-terminal repeat domain (RPD). Epitope-tagged Ift172p localized to the basal body and in cilia along the axoneme, and IFT172 knockout cells lost cilia and motility. Using serial deletion constructs to rescue the knockout cells, we found that neither the WDD nor the RPD alone is sufficient to assemble cilia. Ift172p containing only the WDD or the RPD failed to enter cilia. Constructs with a partial truncation of the RPD still rescued although cilia were assembled less efficiently, indicating that the WDD and a part of the RPD are sufficient for anterograde transport. Partial truncation of the RPD caused the accumulation of truncated Ift172p itself and of Ift88p at ciliary tips, suggesting that IFT turnaround or retrograde transport was affected. These results implicate different regions of Ift172p in different steps of the IFT process.
Low Power SOC Design Using Partial-Trench-Isolation ABC SOI (PTI-ABC SOI) for Sub-100-nm LSTP Technology

The bodies of partially depleted SOI devices are selectively biased so that circuits operate at low supply voltages without area overhead. Applying forward body bias to logic gates reduces delay variation by 7-21%. A level shifter (LF) and data retention FF (DRFF) circuits can operate at lower supply voltages below 1.0-V when the body bias of the key transistors is suitably controlled. The technology reduces operating and standby power of SOC with 90-nm LSTP CMOS technology by 40 and 98%, respectively
The Need for the Identification of the Constituents of a Destination's Tourist Image: A Promotion Segmentation Perspective

ABSTRACT This study was designed to examine the dimensions of tourist image as it may affect the promotion strategy for a given tourist destination. Identification of the different constituents of a destination's tourist image may provide important information that can be used in developing focused promotional strategies in well segmented markets to promote a tourist destination. Constituents of a destination's tourist image for the state of Utah were identified using factor analysis based upon a priori assumption about the nature of constituents of a state's tourist image. Four major constituents of a destination's/state's tourist image emerged. Each dimension represents a potential source of focus for regionally promoting a given destination to various target segments.
Experimental observations of intersonic crack growth in asymmetrically loaded unidirectional composite plates

Abstract Some recent experimental observations of highly dynamic crack growth events in thick unidirectional composites are presented. The specimens used in this study were 48-ply thick unidirectional graphite–epoxy composite plates which were either symmetrically (mode I) or asymmetrically (mode II) loaded by impact in a one-point bend configuration with an edge pre-notch machined in the fibre direction. Moderate impact speeds of up to 57 ms−1 were used. The lateral shearing interferometric technique of coherent gradient sensing in conjunction with high-speed photography was used to visualize the failure process in real time. Mode-I cracks propagated subsonically with crack speeds increasing to the neighbourhood of the Rayleigh wave speed. For asymmetric mode-II types of loading the results revealed highly unstable and intersonic shear-dominated crack growth along the fibres. These cracks propagated with unprecedented speeds reaching 7400 ms−1, a speed which is more than three times the shear wave speed ...
Viennese Chairs: A Case Study for Modern Industrialization

We examine the Austro-Hungarian bentwood furniture industry as a case study for modem industrialization during the second half of the nineteenth centuly. We establish that, through the implementation of innovative production methods and aggressive and insightful marketing strategies, this industry constitutes an important example of the modem industrial enterprise. Furthermore, we find evidence of cooperative behavior in the industry, making it an interesting case study in the history of industrial organization.