cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Treatment Therapies for Pediatric Migraine: A Qualitative Systematic Review

Objective We sought to conduct a qualitative systematic review to evaluate the safety and efficacy of available treatments for pediatric patients with migraine or benign primary headache in the emergency department, in an effort to inform future practice. Methods Scopus, Medline, and PubMed databases were searched for randomized controlled trials retrospective reviews, review articles, and case studies discussing migraine or benign primary headache management that were conducted in the emergency room or outpatient acute care setting in pediatric patients (less than 18-years old). Meeting abstracts and cited references within articles were also evaluated. Multiple variables were recorded, including type of treatment, study design, dosing, primary outcome, and side effects. Therapeutic gain was calculated in studies with a placebo arm. Treatments were subjectively assessed based on methodology and number of trials for a particular therapy. Results Thirty-one studies were included in the final analysis. Of these, 17 were randomized controlled trials, 9 were retrospective reviews, and 5 were prospective chart review studies. One pertained to IV fluids, 2 to nonspecific analgesic use, 5 to dopamine receptor antagonists, 2 to valproic acid, 1 to propofol, 1 to magnesium, 1 to bupivicaine, 13 to triptan medications, and 3 to dihydroergotamine (DHE). Treatments considered effective for acute migraine or benign primary headache in the analgesic category include ibuprofen, and to a lesser degree acetaminophen. Ketorolac was not compared to other NSAIDs, but was found to be less effective than prochlorperazine. Of the phenothiazines, prochlorperazine was considered most effective. Of the triptan medications, almotriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan nasal spray, sumatriptan nasal spray, and combination sumatriptan/naproxen are effective agents for acute treatment. Treatments considered probably effective included IV fluids, chlorpromazine, valproate sodium, injectable sumatriptan, and IV DHE. Treatments with oral zolmitriptan showed inconsistent results, while treatments considered ineffective included isolated oral sumatriptan and oral DHE. There is insufficient evidence to comment on propofol, magnesium, and bupivicaine efficacy. Conclusions Of the available evidence, ibuprofen, prochlorperazine, and certain triptan medications are the most effective and safe agents for acute management of migraine and other benign headache disorders in the pediatric population. Additional studies in this population are needed, and should take into consideration variables such as dosing, co-administered medications, treatment duration, and length of treatment effect.
Synthesis and Reactivity of New Copper(I) Hydride Dimers

The expanded-ring N-heterocyclic carbenes 6Dipp and 7Dipp (6Dipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene and 7Dipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-diazepin-2-ylidene) support isolable neutral copper hydride dimers. [(6Dipp)CuH]2 reacts with 1-hexene to give (6Dipp)copper(I) hexyl by 1,2-insertion and with benzyl isonitrile to afford an η1-formimidoyl by 1,1-insertion.
Pain perception and extraversion.

Eysenck's ( 1960) theory of personality indicates a positive relationship between Extraversion and the inhibition of stimulation. Ss high on Extraversion should, accord~ng to this theory, have higher thresholds for pain and greater tolerance of pain than low Ss H~gh scorers should, in other words, interpret a given amount of stimulation as less painful than would low scorers. Haslam (1967), using radiant energy as the pain-inducing stimulus, found that high scorers had significantly higher pain thresholds than low scorers. She did not find sex differences for pain threshold with either high or low group. The current study was undertaken to examine the relationships between Extraversion and the initial perception of pain, and between sex and the initial perception of pain, using electric shock as rhe pain-inducing stimulus. Ss were 20 male and 20 female undergraduate students who scored at least 1 SD above (high Extraversion) or below (low Extraversion) the mean on an Extraversion test' which had previously been standardized on 2500 undergraduate students. S's initial pain-perception level was determined by administering an increasing series of electric shocks to S's right index finger. S was asked to indicate the first shock felt and the first shock perceived as painful. The pain-perception level was defined as the difference, in volts, between these two shocks. High and low Extraversion males had mean initial pain-perception levels of 29.8 and 27.7 v, respectively, while high and low females had mean pain-perception levels of 18.8 and 19.8 v, respectively. An analysis of variance showed no significant differences in painperception level as a function of Extraversion for either males or females. The over-all sex difference was significant = 11.01, P < .01). The lack of a systematic relationship between Extraversion and pain-perception level does not seem to support Haslam (1967). Perhaps this discrepancy results from the current study's use of American Ss where Haslam used European Ss. As Mann (1958) suggests, different cultural backgrounds may yield varied behavioral manifestations of Extraversion. An alternate explanation may be found in Haslam's use of continuous stimulation, causing the high scorers to inhibit the stimulation after sufficient build-up. The current study used a series of discrete administrations of the stimulus. Note also, Haslam used the Maudsley Personality Inventory and this study an original device. The sex difference found in the current study also seems not to support Haslam. This discrepancy may be due to the differing physiological effects of the two stimuli used to induce pain. Since the pain-threshold level is much closer to the tissue-damage level with radiant energy than with electric shock, a ceiling effect may well have obscured sex differences in Haslam's study.
Morningness–Eveningness and Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls: Menarche as a Transition Point

This study identified trajectories of morningness-eveningness (M-E) and physical activity when chronological (i.e., time since birth) versus gynecological (i.e., time since menarche) age is used to indicate maturation. Piecewise models were fit for girls (N = 262, ages 11-19) using chronological or gynecological age as the time metric. Girls stayed up later (i.e., eveningness) as they approach menarche. After menarche no change in M-E was observed. In contrast, no change in M-E was detected with chronological age. No change in physical activity was observed before menarche, and physical activity declined after menarche. With chronological age, physical activity declined as girls got older. Gynecological age may be more appropriate than chronological age as a metric for understanding changes in M-E and physical activity.
PREPARATION OF COAGULATON FACTOR IX COMPLEX CONCENTRATE

OBJECTIVE:To promote the recovery of activity and thrombogenic safety of factor IX complex concentrate, and decrease the cost of the preparation.METHODS: A new factor IX complex concentrate has been prepared from fresh frozen plasma by DEAEsepharose fast flow chromatography and Ca 3(PO 4) 2 absorption. RESULTS:The recovery of activity was 67.42%±4.48% and 73.31%±3.17%,respectively.CONCLUSION: The recovery of activity of the preparation is promoted.The cost for the preparation has been sharply decreased. In addition, The protein contaminants in new factor IX complex concentrate has been decreased compared with traditional factor IX concentrate. This demonstrates that the purity and thrombogenic safety of new factor IX complex concentrate have been increased to a centain extent.
Design and Implementation of Bluetooth wireless management and monitoring system

This paper introduces the design and implementation of Bluetooth wireless management and monitoring system. Combined with hospital information system, this system replaces the current monitoring system in hospital, and thus the efficiency of hospital can be improved.
The Design and Implementation of ERP in Metallurgy Enterprise

In this paper, we mainly present the layout and techniques of carrying out Enterprise Resource Planning in metallurgy enterprise based on Internet. Here includes the purpose of the project, network program, environmental planning, design of system function, ect. . We also talk about the characters of system and technology. This article also has brought into good effect in metallurgy enterprise.
Identification and functional analysis of novel cAMP response element binding protein splice variants lacking the basic/leucine zipper domain.

Two novel cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) splice variants were found by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction cloning by using mouse brain RNA as a template. One splice variant, named Δ-14, lacks 14 nucleotides at the beginning of exon 9 of the CREBΔ isoform. The other, named Δ-35, lacks 35 nucleotides at the beginning of exon 8 of CREBΔ. These nucleotide deletions cause frame shifts for codon usage, producing proteins which conserve the major phosphorylation site (Ser133) but lack the basic/leucine zipper domain, which is essential for binding to DNA and to other transcription factors. Both variants are widely expressed in peripheral tissues, but are enriched in brain, thymus, and testis. CREBΔ-14 and Δ-35 variant proteins were expressed by using an in vitro translation system and by transfecting into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Both variants were detected by a CREB antibody that recognizes the CREBΔ amino terminus, but not by an antibody which recognizes the CREBΔ carboxy terminus, as would be predicted based on the frame shift. Activation of the cAMP pathway increased phospho-CREB immunoreactivity, indicating that these variants are substrates of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In addition, immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that CREBΔ-14 and Δ-35 are primarily cytosolic, whereas CREBα is predominantly in the nucleus. Finally, expression of CREBΔ-14 or Δ-35 decreased cAMP responsive element-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter activity, demonstrating that both can function as repressors of endogenous CREB.
Pharmacology and therapeutic use of trastuzumab in breast cancer.

The development, pharmacology, safety, efficacy, and dosage and administration of trastuzumab are reviewed. The discovery of HER2 gene amplification in up to 30% of women with breast cancer led to the development of trastuzumab, a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against the HER2-receptor protein on breast cancer cells. In large, multicenter trials of trastuzumab as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy as first-line or second-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC), response rates have ranged from 12% to 23% for single-agent trastuzumab and from 25% to 62% for trastuzumab plus chemotherapy. Trastuzumab increased time to disease progression and survival time when administered in combination with chemotherapy. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for the treatment of breast cancer now include trastuzumab and paclitaxel as an option for patients with MBC or recurrent breast cancer in which the HER2-receptor protein is overexpressed. Trastuzumab is administered weekly, with an initial i.v. dose of 4 mg/kg followed by weekly doses of 2 mg/kg. Most clinical trials continued treatment until disease progression occurred. Adverse effects include infusion-related reactions manifested by fever and chills, exacerbation of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and myelosuppression, and cardiotoxicity. Trastuzumab, either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy, can be an effective therapeutic option for MBC patients who overexpress the HER2-receptor protein and has changed the standard of care.
The Clinical Dimension: Causes, Treatments, and Outcomes of Preterm Birth

This chapter examines the clinical dimension of preterm birth as it reflects guiding interpretative paradigms in Western medicine. The chapter examines current clinical beliefs about the triggers for two types of early delivery, the type that occurs when pregnant women spontaneously go into labor before their pregnancy reaches 37 weeks gestation, and the type that occurs when physicians intervene to deliver a baby early, in order to avoid complications anticipated if the pregnancy is allowed to continue. It also describes the therapies that have been tried to prevent preterm births, and notes that nearly all of them have failed. Treatment for newborns born preterm is more successful than preventive interventions, but still, a significant portion of infants born very prematurely die or suffer serious long-term consequences. It is not possible, at the point of delivery, to determine with certainty what the outcome will be for any given preterm infant. After a discussion of alternative ways to think about preterm birth besides as a single syndrome or disease-like phenomenon, this chapter concludes with a discussion of the clinical perspective on the reasons that the U.S. preterm birth and preterm survival rates are higher than those in Canada, Great Britain, and Western Europe.
Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies for Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Epilepsy and Depression

Sexual dysfunction is a frequently encountered comorbid condition in patients with many medical and psychiatric conditions, such as epilepsy and depression. Most depressed patients experience some type of sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual desire being the most common. The association of sexual dysfunction with epilepsy is less clear. Changes in sex hormone levels are common in patients with epilepsy and may be attributable to the disease or to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Sexual dysfunction associated with depression or epilepsy is generally treated according to standard guidelines for the management of sexual disorders, since data from special populations are not available. The most common forms of female sexual dysfunction are lack of sexual desire and difficulty achieving orgasm. There are no approved pharmacotherapies for female hypoactive sexual desire disorder or female orgasmic disorder. Female sexual arousal disorder is treated with estrogen replacement therapy when indicated or vaginal lubricants. The most common male sexual dysfunction disorders are premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor drugs are now the first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and topical anesthetic creams are nonapproved but effective treatments for premature ejaculation. Testosterone and aromatase inhibitors have been used investigationally to treat sexual dysfunction in men taking AEDs. Patient education and follow-up appointments are essential to ensure optimal outcomes of pharmacologic treatments for sexual dysfunction.
Overtraining in classical conditioning: A comparison of motor and cardiac systems in dogs

Data from the analysis of the Overlearning Reversal Effect (ORE) noted in a simultaneous, visual discrimination task, and the lack of this effect in a position habit discrimination, led to the prediction that the ORE would not be noted in classical conditioning. It was further noted that very little work on discrimination learning had been reported in Pavlovian conditioning. The idea of schizokinesis, as observed by Gantt and others in classical conditioning, has been elaborated using the simple conditioning paradigm, and no data were available to test whether this same split would occur on a more complex level of conditioning, such as a discrimination task.
Molecular influence in high-strain-rate microparticle impact response of poly(urethane urea) elastomers

Abstract The dynamic deformation response of select model poly(urethane urea) elastomers (PUU) at high strain rates is investigated via an all-optical laser-induced projectile impact test (LIPIT). LIPIT measurements allow the direct visualization of the impact of micro-projectiles (silica spheres) on substrates and in-situ characterization, including depth of penetration and the extent of rebound of the micro-projectiles. PUUs are proven to be robust and the silica spheres are observed to rebound from them upon impact. In addition, for PUUs a strong correlation was noted between the coefficient of restitution and the maximum depth of penetration. Also, the coefficient of restitution data is comparable to that of glassy polycarbonate (PC), which is in great contrast to the comparison of the corresponding ambient storage modulus data obtained via dynamic mechanical analysis at 1 Hz. We hypothesize that high-rate deformation-induced glass transition is a plausible molecular relaxation mechanism towards macroscopic, dynamic stiffening/strengthening in PUUs.
Risky Decision Making in College Students as a Function of Self-Reported Eating Behaviors

Individuals with eating disorder diagnoses may experience difficulties with decision making, in which the focus is placed on immediate gains at the expense of long-term outcomes. Previous research showed decision making deficits in Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder. However, many college-aged individuals engage in disordered eating behaviors (e.g., food restriction and ritualistic caloric consumption) that do not meet criteria for an eating disorder. We examined behavioral decision making in college students self-reporting a range of typical and atypical eating behaviors. Participants ( n = 550) completed an online session that assessed eating behaviors. Of these, 110 participants then completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Game of Dice Task (GDT) as part of a separate, in-lab session. A total of 11.27% of screening session participants scored above the cut-off score of 20 on the Eating Attitudes Test, indicating the presence of possible disordered eating behaviors. Multiple regressions indicated higher scores on the Eating Concern subscale of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire were associated with decreased risk-taking on the IGT (fewer Deck B selections, p = .006; greater Deck D selections, p = .010). We failed to find significant predictors of GDT performance, p s > .232. The present results suggest that decision making deficits seen in eating disorder samples may not be present in individuals self-reporting disordered eating behaviors. However, this initial examination utilized college student participants, and it is important for replication to occur. Keywords: eating behaviors, disordered eating, decision making, Iowa gambling task, game of dice task
Management of acute infectious diarrhea

382 JCOM July 2006 Vol. 13, No. 7 www.turner-white.com Worldwide, acute infectious diarrhea remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children younger than 5 years. Recent estimates suggest that diarrhea accounts for 1.4 to 2.5 million deaths per year in children worldwide [1] and about 500 every year in the United States. In U.S. adults, the incidence of diarrhea is still high, with 0.72 episodes per person-year, but the mortality is low, with the elderly at greatest risk. A study from 1991 showed that most diarrheal deaths were among those older than 74 years (51%), followed by adults 55 to 74 years (27%) and young children (11%) [2]. Age is also an important risk factor for death following hospitalization for gastroenteritis, with a case-fatality ratio higher in the elderly than in children [3]. Traveler’s diarrhea is another challenge in treatment and prevention, with a risk of about 7% in travelers to developed countries and 20% to 50% in travelers to the developing world [4] . Thus, it is important for clinicians to understand the management of acute diarrhea with respect to evaluation, treatment, and prevention [5].
Preparation of Decellularized Liver Scaffolds and Recellularized Liver Grafts

Severe liver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the USA, with organ transplantation often being the only viable option for treatment. However, due to the shortage of viable donor livers, it is estimated that over 1200 patients died in 2015 while waiting for liver transplantation. This highlights the need for alternative sources of viable organs. In this study, we describe a method that provides the groundwork for the development of functional liver grafts. The approach described here is for removal of cells from intact livers and subsequently repopulating them with functional liver cells. Briefly, rat livers are harvested and subjected to a series of perfusion decellularization steps using an anionic detergent such that an intact decellularized liver matrix (DLM) scaffold with preserved vascular architecture is obtained. Further, we describe methods to recellularize DLM scaffolds with adult primary hepatocytes, creating a liver graft that exhibits hepatic functions in vitro.
Review of Race Talk and the Conspiracy of Silence: Understanding and Facilitating Difficult Dialogues on Race

We are regularly confronted in the classroom by the need to enhance our pedagogical skills in moderating hard discussions surrounding the issue of race. Unfortunately, as this book by educational p...
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome Repair

Floppy eyelid syndrome is a common cause of exposure keratoconjunctivitis and is often seen in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Nonsurgical treatment for these patients and alteration of sleep habits are paramount, not only for these patients to improve their ophthalmic symptoms but also to decrease the risk of cardiopulmonary consequences. Surgery can be utilized to improve commonly found problems including upper and lower eyelid laxity, upper eyelid ptosis, lash ptosis, and dermatochalasis.
The Jacobian Conjecture and Inverse Degrees

If k is a commutative ring and n is a positive integer we have the polynoinial algebra k [n] = k[x1, ...,xn] and the affine space . A k-endomorphism F of will be identified with its sequence F = (F 1,...,F n) of coordinate functions . Its Jacobian matrix is J(F) = (әFi/әXj). From the chain rule, we see that, if F is invertible then J(F) is invertible, i.e., det . (If k is reduced, i.e., has no nonzero nilpotent elements, then .) The Jacobian Conjecture asserts the converse when k is a field of characteristic zero: If J(F) is invertible then F is invertible.
Nanoscale Texturing and Interfaces in Compositionally Modified Ca3Co4O9 with Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance

Oxide thermoelectric materials are nontoxic, chemically and thermally stable in oxidizing environments, cost-effective, and comparatively simpler to synthesize. However, thermoelectric oxides exhibit comparatively lower figure of merit (ZT) than that of metallic alloy counterparts. In this study, nanoscale texturing and interface engineering were utilized for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of oxide polycrystalline Ca3Co4O9 materials, which were synthesized using conventional sintering and spark plasma sintering (SPS) techniques. Results demonstrated that nanoscale platelets (having layered structure with nanoscale spacing) and metallic inclusions provide effective scattering of phonons, resulting in lower thermal conductivity and higher ZT. Thermoelectric measurement direction was found to have a significant effect on the magnitude of ZT because of the strong anisotropy in the transport properties induced by the layered nanostructure. The peak ZT value for the Ca2.85Lu0.15Co3.95Ga0.05O9 specimen...
Specific basal forebrain–cortical cholinergic circuits coordinate cognitive operations

Based on recent molecular genetics, as well as functional and quantitative anatomical studies, the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic projections, once viewed as a diffuse system, are emerging as being remarkably specific in connectivity. Acetylcholine (ACh) can rapidly and selectively modulate activity of specific circuits and ACh release can be coordinated in multiple areas that are related to particular aspects of cognitive processing. This review discusses how a combination of multiple new approaches with more established techniques are being used to finally reveal how cholinergic neurons, together with other BF neurons, provide temporal structure for behavior, contribute to local cortical state regulation, and coordinate activity between different functionally related cortical circuits. ACh selectively modulates dynamics for encoding and attention within individual cortical circuits, allows for important transitions during sleep, and shapes the fidelity of sensory processing by changing the correlation structure of neural firing. The importance of this system for integrated and fluid behavioral function is underscored by its disease-modifying role; the demise of BF cholinergic neurons has long been established in Alzheimer's disease and recent studies have revealed the involvement of the cholinergic system in modulation of anxiety-related circuits. Therefore, the BF cholinergic system plays a pivotal role in modulating the dynamics of the brain during sleep and behavior, as foretold by the intricacies of its anatomical map.
Heat storage and its effect on the surface energy balance closure under advective conditions

Abstract High quality estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) are needed for water-limited agriculture where irrigation is necessary to efficiently grow crops. Eddy covariance (EC) systems are observational tools used to measure water and heat fluxes, but a tendency to underestimate fluxes causes a lack of surface energy balance closure. Surface energy budgets are useful for verifying ET estimates, especially in advective conditions that affect energy partitioning. Here, we explored the effect of heat storage and advective conditions on surface energy balance closure for the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons in Bushland, Texas. Storage components were estimated near the center of an irrigated sorghum field using an array of soil and surface layer measurements. A comparison of EC estimated turbulent fluxes and available energy consisting of net radiation, soil heat flux, and storage was used to identify advective conditions and assess surface energy balance closure. Our results indicated daytime mean heat storage of approximately 40 W m−2 with a diurnal pattern featuring a midday peak that exceeded the evening minimum in magnitude, mostly reflective of soil heat storage but also affected by air, water, and biomass heat storage during the morning hours and photosynthesis storage during midday hours. Daytime advective conditions were associated with higher heat storage frequently under stable atmospheric conditions. The surface energy balance was more closed in 2014 than 2015; the 2014 energy balance exhibited a hysteretic pattern with a surplus of turbulent energy in the afternoon, whereas systematic underestimation was common in 2015. This finding is related to a larger proportion of data in 2014 being advective, characterized by a lower Bowen ratio and greater ET, particularly during the late afternoon. Regardless of advection classification, heat storage was demonstrated to be important for daytime energy balance in this irrigated cropland.
Use-After-Free Mitigation via Protected Heap Allocation

Use after free (UAF) exploits have contributed to many software memory corruption attacks in recent practice. They are especially popular in the world of web browsers. Despite many successful UAF exploits against widely-used applications, state-of-the-art defense mechanisms have proved to still leave the systems vulnerable. In this paper, we argue that a successful UAF exploit is feasible because of the fine-grained determinism provided by existing heap memory allocators. We introduce a new defense strategy, Zeus, that leverages additional memory buffers to make allocation outcomes locally unpredictable to adversaries. This fine-grained non-determinism prevents exact alignment of subsequent allocations and in-object member fields. It significantly lowers the success rate of a UAF exploit even in the presence of heap sprays. We validated our defense using real recent UAF exploits against several CVE vulnerabilities in large and popular software packages (FireFox and Tor browsers). Zeus was able to terminate all the exploits in early stages and prevented successful location of the gadget addresses for the follow-up return-oriented programming steps of the intrusion. Zeus's runtime performance overhead was negligible (1.2% on average).
Supratentorial White Matter Tracts

Abstract Cerebral white matter has been studied for over 2000 years. The first description of white matter tracts (WMTs) was made by Galen in ad 100. These studies were based on postmortem dissection techniques, but newer technology allows the study of these tracts based on the directional water diffusion along axonal projections to provide in vivo information. These tracts can be classified into three general fiber categories depending on the areas that these WMTs connect—projection fibers, commissural fibers, and association fibers. Projection fibers are those that connect cortical areas with lower subcortical and spinal regions. The most iconic projection pathway is the corticospinal tract, which is the major contributor to voluntary movement as it runs from the cortex and descends into the spinal cord. Commissural fibers are those that connect areas between the two hemispheres. The most iconic commissural pathway is the corpus callosum, which plays a major role in higher order cognitive functions. Association fibers are those that connect areas within the ipsilateral hemisphere. These bundles include the superior, middle, and inferior longitudinal fasciculi; the arcuate fasciculus; the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus; and the optic radiations; among others. These fibers play a major role in language and vision. Having a complete understanding of these tracts is essential for neurosurgery, and these WMTs will be reviewed in this chapter.
A thermal conductivity model for microporous insulations in gaseous environments

Abstract Ceramic insulations are often used to mitigate heat losses from high temperature systems. In the case of thermal batteries, insulation is exposed to high temperatures, high axial loads, shock and vibration scenarios, and alternate gaseous environments. All of these conditions influence the effective thermal conductivity of the material and subsequently the performance of the battery. To properly balance the thermal design of these systems, a model that can capture the influence of these variables on the effective thermal conductivity is necessary. A previous publication presented the development of an effective thermal conductivity model for two common materials used for thermal batteries. This paper investigates the application of this model to Min-K TE1400 board, whose microstructure interrupts gas phase conduction to minimize thermal conductivity. This necessitates modifications to the model to accurately represent effective thermal conductivity for this type of material. Thermal conductivity was measured as a function of temperature and compression in air, helium, and partial vacuum environments using the Transient Plane Source (TPS) technique. The trends observed in the measured thermal conductivity are explained through pore size measurements of compressed samples. The effective medium model was tuned using this data and is shown to agree with experimental data. Lastly, the anisotropy of the material was evaluated using the TPS data and specific heat estimations. This showed that axial conductivity is consistently less than radial thermal conductivity, as is corroborated by X-ray CT analysis of the fiber orientations in the material. The results and implications of the anisotropic results are also discussed.
An effective splog detector for Chinese weblogs

The splogs are those blogs created for commercial purposes and purely copies contents from other blogs or webs. The splogs will block the contents of regular blogs and deprecate the value of the blog web server. The problems of detecting the splogs become the research topics in web engineering recently. In this paper, the methodologies and algorithms for detecting the splogs from the Chinese web logs are proposed. The goal of this study is to help blog server maintainers to detect and reduce the possible barricading splogs so that the functions of the web server can be maintained normally. In this paper, a new approach mixed with three factors of blog content similarity and a framework based on the SVM algorithm is proposed. This proposed method can correctly detect the Chinese splogs from a large set of Chinese web log and reduce the possible traffic loads of the Chinese we blog server.
A proteolytic C-terminal fragment of Nogo-A (reticulon-4A) is released in exosomes and potently inhibits axon regeneration.

Glial signals are known to inhibit axonal regeneration and functional recovery after mammalian central nervous system trauma, including spinal cord injury. Such signals include membrane-associated proteins of the oligodendrocyte plasma membrane and astrocyte-derived, matrix-associated proteins. Here, using cell lines and primary cortical neuron cultures, recombinant protein expression, immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assays, transmission EM of exosomes, and axon regeneration assays, we explored the secretion and activity of the myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A and observed exosomal release of a 24-kDa C-terminal Nogo-A fragment from cultured cells. We found that the cleavage site in this 1192-amino-acid-long fragment is located between amino acids 961–971. We also detected a Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1)–interacting Nogo-66 domain on the exosome surface. Enzyme inhibitor treatment and siRNA knockdown revealed that β-secretase 1 (BACE1) is the protease responsible for Nogo-A cleavage. Functionally, exosomes with the Nogo-66 domain on their surface potently inhibited axonal regeneration of mechanically injured cerebral cortex neurons from mice. Production of this fragment was observed in the exosomal fraction from neuronal tissue lysates after spinal cord crush injury of mice. We also noted that, relative to the exosomal marker Alix, a Nogo-immunoreactive, 24-kDa protein is enriched in exosomes 2-fold after injury. We conclude that membrane-associated Nogo-A produced in oligodendrocytes is processed proteolytically by BACE1, is released via exosomes, and is a potent diffusible inhibitor of regenerative growth in NgR1-expressing axons.
Computing GPS satellite velocity and acceleration from the broadcast navigation message

We present an extension to the Global Positioning System (GPS) broadcast navigation message user equations for computing GPS space vehicle (SV) velocity and acceleration. Although similar extensions have been published, the extension presented herein includes a distinct kinematic method for computing SV acceleration, which significantly reduces the complexity of the equations and improves the mean magnitude results by approximately one order of magnitude by including oblate Earth perturbation effects. Additionally, detailed analyses and validation results using multiple days of precise ephemeris data and multiple broadcast navigation messages are presented. Improvements in the equations for computing SV position are also included, removing ambiguity and redundancy in the existing user equations. The recommended changes make the user equations more complete and more suitable for implementation in a wide variety of programming languages employed by GPS users. Furthermore, relativistic SV clock error rate computation is enabled by the recommended equations. A complete, stand-alone table of the equations in the format and notation of the GPS interface specification is provided, along with benchmark test cases to simplify implementation and verification.
ObsCovgTools: Assessing observer coverage needed to document and estimate rare event bycatch

Abstract Observer program design and evaluation often overlook the challenges of documenting rare-event bycatch. To support and facilitate consideration of threatened, endangered, and protected species bycatch in evaluating observer programs and assessing fisheries impacts, we developed a software tool to assess observer coverage with respect to several objectives for documenting or estimating rare-event bycatch. The ObsCovgTools package for the R programming language, also available as an online application, predicts observer coverage performance for a given total fishery effort in relation to three metrics: (1) the conditional probability of observing any bycatch given that bycatch occurred in the fishery and the probability of any bycatch in the total fishery effort, (2) the upper confidence limit for total bycatch when none is observed, and (3) precision (coefficient of variation) of the bycatch estimate. We describe the tool; explore how specific observer coverage targets for these metrics vary with total effort, BPUE, and dispersion index; and apply it to evaluate observer coverage in the California drift gillnet fishery. Our results underscore the importance of considering effort as well as percentage in assessing how well an observer program documents bycatch. We caution that rare species interactions may not be documented in many observer programs, and should be anticipated through a complementary risk assessment approach. The tool’s modular design and open source programming approach encourage adaptation and augmentation to address additional objectives or complexities in sampling design or estimation.
TRPV4, a Regulatory Channel in the Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid by the Choroid Plexus

Transient receptor potential, vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel is an osmo- and mechano-sensitive nonselective cation channel expressed throughout the body. TRPV4 is activated and regulated by a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. In addition to its relatively ubiquitous distribution and regulation by diverse stimuli including pressure, pH, inflammation, cell swelling and cytokines, TRPV4 appears to be a hub protein in many signaling cascades integrating input from multiple receptors and kinases. TRPV4 is present in the apical membrane of choroid plexus epithelial cells and emerging studies have linked this channel with changes in transepithelial ion and water flux.
Debilitating Darier's Disease and Its Impact on the Quality of Life.

Darier's disease (DD) is a rare, autosomal dominant genodermatosis that occurs due to mutations in the ATP2A2 gene on chromosome 12q23-24 that codes for sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), causing desmosomal breakdown and acantholysis. The disease usually persists for life and is characterized by a relapsing-remitting course. It can be challenging to treat and can cause several complications that may result in frequent hospitalizations. Sepsis, with the damaged skin as the portal of entry, and widespread herpes can occur. Studies have shown genetic links and associations between DD and psychiatric conditions like recurrent depression and bipolar disorder. We report the case of a 70-year-old male with a severe form of the condition and highlight his clinical course. We describe the severe nature of his disease that resulted in multiple complications like recurrent bacterial skin infections, significantly impairing his quality of life and leading to his ultimate demise.
Social Media in Accommodating Sex Education Exigency in China

Drawing on digital genre theory with a focus on textual analysis, this research focuses on a WeChat official account, MAYLOVE, to analyze how it create various genres of multimodal texts to communicate sex-related knowledge to the subscribers. With regular updates and push notifications, MAYLOVE works as education and empowerment by spreading sex-related knowledge, which may help accommodate sex education exigency in China.
Soft Money and Hard Choices: Why Political Parties Might Legislate Against Soft Money Donations

In contrast to the bulk of the campaign finance literature that highlights political action committee (PAC) contributions and single donations, this paper emphasizes soft money and the rationale for dual contributions. Employing a formal model of unregulated contributions and political access, we show that donors will rationally choose to contribute to both political parties. While the parties accept these dual contributions, they lead to an imbalance between the benefits of contributions and the costs of providing access. This race to acquire unlimited soft money leads to a situation where the parties agree to campaign finance reform legislation.
Selves as Solutions to Social Inequalities: Why Engaging the Full Complexity of Social Identities is Critical to Addressing Disparities

Social disparities tied to social group membership(s) are prevalent and persistent within mainstream institutions (e.g., schools/workplaces). Accordingly, psychological science has harnessed selves - which are malleable and meaningfully shaped by social group membership(s) - as solutions to inequality. We propose and review evidence that theoretical and applied impacts of leveraging 'selves as solutions' can be furthered through the use of a stigma and strengths framework. Specifically, this framework conceptualizes selves in their fuller complexity, allowing the same social group membership to be associated with stigma, risk, and devaluation as well as strengths, resilience, and pride. We provide evidence that by enacting policies and practices that (a) reduce/minimize stigma and (b) recognize/include strengths, mainstream institutions can more fully mitigate social disparities tied to inclusion, achievement and well-being. Using social groups that vary in status/power we examine implications of this framework including the potential to foster positive, recursive, and intergroup impacts on social inequalities.
Associations of alcohol, marijuana, and polysubstance use with non-adherence to COVID-19 public health guidelines in a US sample.

Background: We sought to understand the association between heavy alcohol and frequent drug use and non-adherence to recommended social distancing and personal hygiene guidelines for preventing the spread of COVID-19 early in the US pandemic. Methods: A survey was offered on the crowdsourcing platform, Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) during April 2020 (the early days of strict, social distancing restrictions). The study included 1,521 adults ages 18 years and older who resided in the US and were enrolled as MTurk workers, i.e., workers who are qualified by Amazon to complete a range of human interaction tasks, including surveys through the MTurk worker platform. Main predictors included measures of heavy drinking, marijuana, and polysubstance use. The dependent measures were measures of social distancing and personal hygiene, based on guidelines recommended at the time of the survey by the US Centers for Disease Control to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Results: We found consistent negative associations between heavy drinking and drug use and adherence to social distancing and personal hygiene. Additionally, three control variables, age, gender, and race/ethnicity, were significant correlates of adherence to these measures. Conclusions: The findings here are consistent with previous research exploring links between substance use and other adverse health behaviors. Further, the negative association between heavy drinking (five or more drinks in one sitting) and adherence underscore the public health risks entailed with the unrestricted reopening of public drinking establishments.
Two-grid method on unstructured tetrahedra: Applying computational geometry to staggered solution of coupled flow and mechanics problems.

We develop a computational framework that leverages the features of sophisticated software tools and numerics to tackle some of the pressing issues in the realm of earth sciences. The algorithms to handle the physics of multiphase flow, concomitant geomechanics all the way to the surface of the earth and the complex geometries of field cases with surfaces of discontinuity are stacked on top of each other in a modular fashion which allows for easy use to the end user. The current focus of the framework is to provide the user with tools for assessing seismic risks associated with energy technologies as well as for use in generating forward simulations in inversion analysis from data obtained using GPS and InSAR. In this work, we focus on one critical aspect in the development of the framework: the use of computational geometry in a two-grid method for unstructured tetrahedral meshes
Value Analysis of Methods of Inguinal Hernia Repair.

OBJECTIVE Value is defined as health outcomes important to patients relative to cost of achieving those outcomes: Value = Quality/Cost. For inguinal hernia repair, Level 1 evidence shows no differences in long-term functional status or recurrence rates when comparing surgical approaches. Differences in value reside within differences in cost. The aim of this study is to compare the value of different surgical approaches to inguinal hernia repair: Open (Open-IH), Laparoscopic (Lap-IH), and Robotic (R-TAPP). METHODS Variable and fixed hospital costs were compared among consecutive Open-IH, Lap-IH, and R-TAPP repairs (100 each) performed in a university hospital. Variable costs (VC) including direct materials, labor, and variable overhead ($/min operating room [OR] time) were evaluated using Value Driven Outcomes, an internal activity-based costing methodology. Variable and fixed costs were allocated using full absorption costing to evaluate the impact of surgical approach on value. As cost data is proprietary, differences in cost were normalized to Open-IH cost. RESULTS Compared to Open-IH, VC for Lap-IH were 1.02X higher (including a 0.81X reduction in cost for operating room [OR] time). For R-TAPP, VC were 2.11X higher (including 1.36X increased costs for OR time). With allocation of fixed cost, a Lap-IH was 1.03X more costly, whereas R-TAPP was 3.18X more costly than Open-IH. Using equivalent recurrence as the quality metric in the value equation, Lap-IH decreases value by 3% and R-TAPP by 69% compared to Open-IH. CONCLUSIONS Use of higher cost technology to repair inguinal hernias reduces value. Incremental health benefits must be realized to justify increased costs. We expect payors and patients will incorporate value into payment decisions.
Optimization of Primary Frequency Regulation of 650MW Thermal Power Plant

Wind power and photovoltaic power generation are developing rapidly, and installed capacity accounts for an increasing proportion of the power system. However, most new energy power stations are not equipped with energy storage equipment. Wind power and photovoltaic power generation do not yet have primary frequency modulation capabilities. For a long time in the future, the participation of thermal power generation in primary frequency modulation will still be the main method of primary frequency modulation in my country. The primary frequency regulation capacity of the combined heat and power unit often fails to meet the requirements due to heating. This article takes a 650MW thermal power heating unit as an example, and optimizes the primary frequency regulation of the unit. After optimization, the primary frequency regulation capacity of the unit is greatly improved. The optimization method in this paper has certain guiding significance for the optimization of primary frequency regulation of other heating units.
Self-Avoiding Walks

The study of self-avoiding walks arose in chemical physics as a model for long polymer chains. Roughly speaking, a polymer is composed of a large number of monomers which can form together randomly except that the monomers cannot overlap. This restriction is modelled by a self-repulsion term.