cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution PS-OCT of enamel remineralization

Previous studies have demonstrated that Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PS-OCT) can be used to image the remineralization of early artificial caries lesions. However, the depth resolution of the imaging system employed in those previous studies was limited and the outer surface structure of the lesions were not resolved as clearly as desired. The purpose of this study was to repeat the earlier remineralization study using a broadband light-source of higher resolution to determine if there can be improved resolution of the remineralized surface zones of the lesions. An all polarization-maintaining fiber based PS-OCT system operating at 1310-nm was used to acquire polarization resolved images of bovine enamel surfaces exposed to a demineralizing solution at pH-4.9 followed by a fluoride containing remineralizing solution at pH-7.0 containing 2-ppm fluoride. The structure of the surface zones could be clearly resolved using PS-OCT in the samples that underwent remineralization. The PS-OCT measurements indicated a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the integrated reflectivity between the severity of the lesions that were exposed to the remineralization solution and those that were not. The lesion depth and mineral loss were also measured with polarized light microscopy and transverse microradiography after sectioning the enamel blocks. These results show that PS-OCT can be used to non-destructively monitor the remineralization potential of anti-caries agents.
Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background Metformin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent that has been shown to reduce total mortality compared to other anti-hyperglycemic agents, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin, however, is thought to increase the risk of lactic acidosis, and has been considered to be contraindicated in many chronic hypoxemic conditions that may be associated with lactic acidosis, such as cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and pulmonary disease, and advancing age. Objectives To assess the incidence of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis, and to evaluate blood lactate levels, for those on metformin treatment compared to placebo or non-metformin therapies. Search strategy A comprehensive search was performed of electronic databases to identify studies of metformin treatment. The search was augmented by scanning references of identified articles, and by contacting principal investigators. Selection criteria Prospective trials and observational cohort studies in patients with type 2 diabetes of least one month duration were included if they evaluated metformin, alone or in combination with other treatments, compared to placebo or any other glucose-lowering therapy. Data collection and analysis The incidence of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis was recorded as cases per patient-years, for metformin treatment and for non-metformin treatments. The upper limit for the true incidence of cases was calculated using Poisson statistics. In a second analysis lactate levels were measured as a net change from baseline or as mean treatment values (basal and stimulated by food or exercise) for treatment and comparison groups. The pooled results were recorded as a weighted mean difference (WMD) in mmol/L, using the fixed-effect model for continuous data. Main results Pooled data from 347 comparative trials and cohort studies revealed no cases of fatal or nonfatal lactic acidosis in 70,490 patient-years of metformin use or in 55,451 patients-years in the non-metformin group. Using Poisson statistics the upper limit for the true incidence of lactic acidosis per 100,000 patient-years was 4.3 cases in the metformin group and 5.4 cases in the non-metformin group. There was no difference in lactate levels, either as mean treatment levels or as a net change from baseline, for metformin compared to non-metformin therapies. Authors' conclusions There is no evidence from prospective comparative trials or from observational cohort studies that metformin is associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis, or with increased levels of lactate, compared to other anti-hyperglycemic treatments.
Significance of Average Domain Purity and Mixed Domains on the Photovoltaic Performance of High-Efficiency Solution-Processed Small-Molecule BHJ Solar Cells

© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Whereas the role of molecularly mixed domains in organic photovoltaic devices for charge generation is extensively discussed in the literature, the impact on charge recombination and thus fill factor is largely unexplored. Here, a combination of soft X-ray techniques enables the quantification of phases at multiple length scales to reveal their role regarding charge recombination in a highly efficient solution processed small molecule system 7,7′-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluoro-4-(5′-hexyl-[2,2′-bithiophen]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole) (p-DTS(FBTTh2)2). A quantitative (linear) relationship between the average composition variations and the device fill-factor is observed. The results establish the complex interrelationship between average phase purity, domain size, and structural order and highlight the requirement of achieving sufficient phase purities to diminish bimolecular and geminate recombination in solution processed small molecule solar cells.
Military Training in Virtual Environments: User Interface Evaluations

Infantry platoons from both the US Army and UK Army conducted small-unit exercises in a common terrain database using two game-based simulation (GBS) systems, the On-Line Interactive Virtual Environment (OLIVE™) and Virtual Battlespace 2 (VBS2™). After introductory training and a series of exercises in each GBS, Solders completed usability questionnaires addressing avatar characteristics, general fidelity, and the control operations in the graphical user interface. Following the complete series of exercises, Leaders and Soldiers also participated in guided interviews. Results suggest that US and UK Soldiers had similar opinions of both GBS systems. Both groups rated VBS2 higher on avatar characteristics and fidelity scales after exercises were completed. During the interviews, Leaders and Soldiers identified specific functions of each GBS that were useful, and described features that were difficult to use or unrealistic. Leaders and Soldiers also suggested that for military training and rehearsal a hybrid...
Reach-scale channel geometry of mountain streams

Abstract The basic patterns and processes of steep channels remain poorly known relative to lower-gradient channels. In this analysis, characteristics of step-pool, plane-bed, and pool-riffle channels are examined using a data set of 335 channel reaches from the western United States, Nepal, New Zealand, and Panama. We analyzed differences among the three channel types with respect to hydraulics, channel geometry, boundary roughness, and bedforms. Step-pool channels have significantly steeper gradients, coarser substrate, higher values of shear stress and stream power for a given discharge, and larger ratios of bedform amplitude/wavelength (H/L). Pool-riffle channels have greater width/depth ratios and relative grain submergence (R/D84) than the other channel types. Plane-bed channels tend to have intermediate values for most variables examined. Relative form submergence (R/H) is statistically similar for step-pool and pool-riffle channels. Despite the lesser relative grain submergence and greater bedform amplitude of step-pool channels, mean values of Darcy–Weisbach friction factor do not change in response to changes in relative grain submergence. These patterns suggest that adjustments along mountain streams effectively maximize resistance to flow and minimize downstream variability in resistance among the different channel types.
The Stiles-Crawford Effects, 75 Years: A Brief History and Experiences at the National Physical Laboratory, (Teddington, UK) with W. S. Stiles and B. H. Crawford

In 1933, retinal directional sensitivity, reported by Stiles and Crawford, was a landmark discovery in vision science. Monochromatic and chromatic propeties are affected. Photoreceptor waveguide optics and properties are largely responsible. We celebrate this discovery.
Isolation of protein bodies on sucrose gradients

Storage protein bodies from sunflower cotyledons during early stages of seed germination were isolated on sucrose density gradients by isopycnic centrifugation. The density of this organelle on the gradients ranged between 1.26 and 1.36 g cm-3. A proteinase with a pH optimum of 5.2 was associated with this organelle, and is probably responsible for degradation of storage protein. A NADH-dependent cytochrome-c reductase, a membrane marker enzyme with a pH optimum of 8.4, was also present in this organelle fraction.
Germination and seedling development of Halophila engelmannii aschers. (hydrocharitaceae) under axenic conditions

Abstract Seeds of Halophila engelmannii Aschers. stored in seawater in the dark after collection in Redfish Bay and Laguna Madre, TX, were germinated in the light under axenic conditions following ultrasonic and chemical (EtOH, NaOCl, HgCl 2 ) cleaning. After germination, axenic seedlings were transplanted individually into sterile media and their development compared with seedlings under non-axenic soil culture. Seedling development in a medium composed of 10% coconut milk, 1% charcoal and 1.5% agar in artificial seawater (ASP 2 ) approximated the rhizome production and stem and leaf pseudowhorl formation in non-axenic sediment cultures. After development under axenic conditions, rhizomal ramets with attached stems and leaf pseudowhorls were established in clonal, axenic cultures during a 6-month period following germination. The sustained culture of clones of H. engelmannii in an axenic system represents a long-sought goal for seagrass investigations and should promote efforts to understand the role of cation exchange in seagrass biology and the nature of chemical interactions with other organisms.
Binocular flicker appears faster than monocular flicker

Observers adjusted the frequency of an auditory click to match the apparent flicker rate of a sinusoidally modulated visual display. Matches made for binocularly viewed flicker were nearly twice those for monocularly viewed flicker but only at high rates of temporal modulation.
Fine structure of the carotid body of normal and anoxic cats

Certain modifications and clarifications of current concepts of the fine structure of the carotid body are described. The two principal cell types are here designated “enclosing” and “enclosed” to emphasize the enveloping nature of the former. The enclosed cells have numerous processes, contain lysosome-like bodies which are sometimes related to crystals with a period of about 100A. In addition to the typical dark-cored vesicles, a few with lighter content are always present. The enclosing cells are in most respects similar in their contents to the enclosed, even to the presence of occasional dark-cored vesicles. The fenestrations of the blood vessels apparently are closed by thin diaphragms. In addition to the type of nerve endings previously described, there is a second type which extensively surrounds the enclosed cells, in the manner of a basket, and differs from the first type in having relatively empty cytoplasm with few synaptic vesicles or mitochondria. It is postulated that this is the afferent ending, while the former may be efferent. Severe anoxia rendered both cell types more dense than normal. In contrast to previous reports, the dark-cored vesicles of the enclosed cells did not disappear but rather increased in relative number, and their mitochondria were less opaque. No comparable changes were noted in control anoxic tissues of liver, kidney or adrenal medulla. The possibility is discussed that the enclosing cell has more than a simple supportive function, as the usual name “sustentacular” seems to imply.
Revascularization of Onyx Induced Intra-Operative Occlusion of Vertebro-Basilar Artery Using the Merci Device

Endovascular embolization is an important modality in the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Onyx is an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide that is approved for use as an embolic agent for brain AVMs. We describe a case of revascularization of an occluded vertebro-basilar artery during embolization of an AVM with Onyx, by using the Merci device. Reflux embolization of patent vessels is a rare complication of using Onyx to treat AVMs. It can be successfully managed by retrieving the Onyx substance using mechanical retrieval devices like the Merci device.
Computer engineering using innovative instructional technologies at the University of Southern California

Our ultimate goal as university educators is to guide students through perhaps the most important stage of a life-long learning experience. The principal challenges associated with achieving this goal for computer engineering students are to• teach them the engineering fundamentals and specializations they need to successfully develop and integrate various software and hardware components into a complex product,• provide them with the underlying engineering ethics and economics as well as liberal arts exposure that will guide them to develop products beneficial to our society,• empower them with the oral and written communication skills needed to thrive in typical team-based engineering environments, and• impart to them a learning experience that is rewarding rather than frustrating by better teaching back-breaker concepts and by more finely interlacing lectures with hands-on lab experience.
Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on autonomic cardiac control during sleep

The present study investigated whether autonomic control of the heart for persons with low and high levels of sleep apnea/hypopnea differed between sleep stages and across the sleep period. Electrocardiography and impedance cardiography of 24 patients referred to polysomnography were recorded through the night. A mixed repeated-measures and between-subjects, quasi-experimental design was utilized. Heart period, high frequency heart rate variability, and pre-ejection period were computed, respectively, as measure of heart rate and estimates of parasympathetic and sympathetic control. The cardiac and autonomic measures for participants with low apnea–hypopnea indices were compared to those of patients with high rates of apnea–hypopnea across the sleep period and sleep stages. Cardiac rates of the two groups decreased incrementally through the sleep period. Cardiovascular measures during sleep from the group with high rates of apnea–hypopnea indicated larger parasympathetic activation in relation to wake baseline for epochs without arousals than from the group with low apnea–hypopnea rates. Parasympathetic activation during nonrapid-eye movement (non-REM) sleep (sleep stage 2) was significantly greater than during REM sleep. Higher levels of apnea–hypopnea seem to be associated with increased parasympathetic control, especially during lighter, non-REM sleep. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is a compensatory response to oxygen desaturation caused by disturbed breathing.
Hybrid Pade´-Galerkin Technique for Differential Equations

A three-step hybrid analysis technique, which successively uses the regular perturbation expansion method, the Pade expansion method, and then a Galerkin approximation, is presented and applied to some model boundary value problems. In the first step of the method, the regular perturbation method is used to construct an approximation to the solution in the form of a finite power series in a small parameter epsilon associated with the problem. In the second step of the method, the series approximation obtained in step one is used to construct a Pade approximation in the form of a rational function in the parameter epsilon. In the third step, the various powers of epsilon which appear in the Pade approximation are replaced by new (unknown) parameters (delta(sub j)). These new parameters are determined by requiring that the residual formed by substituting the new approximation into the governing differential equation is orthogonal to each of the perturbation coordinate functions used in step one. The technique is applied to model problems involving ordinary or partial differential equations. In general, the technique appears to provide good approximations to the solution even when the perturbation and Pade approximations fail to do so. The method is discussed and topics for future investigations are indicated.
Benthic primary production and O2-CO2 dynamics in a shallow-water sediment: Spatial and temporal heterogeneity

Abstract The time-dependent vertical and horizontal distribution of O2-concentration in a photosynthic sediment revealed spatial heterogeneity at a mm scale with “hotspots” of intense photosynthesis and respiration. On a horizontal scale, sediment-water O2-exchange may vary by a factor of 3 and 10 for O2-uptake and O2-release, respectively over distances of 2 mm. Results also show that steady state O2-fluxes are obtained only several hours after large changes in light intensity. Diel measurements of O2 and inorganic C exchange rates revealed that anaerobic metabolites (e.g., metallic sulphides) were immobilised during darkness resulting in an O2-debt. When the sediments were subsequently illuminated O2-consumption therefore exceeded that needed for carbon remineralisation. Consequently the sediment-water O2-exchange represents an underestimate of net photosynthesis during the light period as well as of mineralisation processes in the dark; these processes are more accurately estimated by fluxes of dissolv...
Universal Cervical Length Screening and Treatment with Vaginal Progesterone to Prevent Preterm Birth: A Decision and Economic Analysis

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate which strategy is the most cost-effective for the prevention of preterm birth and associated morbidity. Study Design We used decision-analytic and cost-effectiveness analyses to estimate which of 4 strategies was superior based on quality-adjusted life-years, cost in US dollars, and number of preterm births prevented. Results Universal sonographic screening for cervical length and treatment with vaginal progesterone was the most cost-effective strategy and was the dominant choice over the 3 alternatives: cervical length screening for women at increased risk for preterm birth and treatment with vaginal progesterone; risk-based treatment with 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHP-C) without screening; no screening or treatment. Universal screening represented savings of $1339 ($8325 vs $9664), when compared with treatment with 17-OHP-C, and led to a reduction of 95,920 preterm births annually in the United States. Conclusion Universal sonographic screening for short cervical length and treatment with vaginal progesterone appears to be cost-effective and yields the greatest reduction in preterm birth at
Pathology of Extramedullary Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis encompasses a group of clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disorders most commonly involving the skin, which typically takes the form of urticaria pigmentosa. Mastocytosis may also involve other organs, most often bone marrow, followed by gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The presence of extracutaneous involvement by mastocytosis is a major diagnostic criterion for systemic disease. However, mast cell infiltrates are often subtle in skin and extracutaneous organs, and the histologic features of mastocytosis at different anatomic sites may be variable. This article reviews the pathologic features and clinical correlates of mastocytosis involving skin and other extramedullary sites.
X‐Rays from the Impact of SN 1987A with Its Circumstellar Ring

We present models for the hydrodynamics of the impact of the envelope of SN 1987A with its inner circumstellar ring and for the resulting X-ray spectra and light curves. If the impact begins in A.D. 2000, the X-rays should be bright enough to resolve several emission lines with spectrometers on-board AXAF and Astro-E; if it begins in A.D. 2005, the X-rays will be roughly an order of magnitude brighter and have harder spectra. We compare our results with those from previous models and provide scaling laws to extend our results to models with impact times and ring densities different from those presented here. Within a few years after impact, the X-rays will brighten and their spectra will harden, owing to a complex variation of temperature within the shocked ring caused by the merger of primary and reflected shocks. The impact will continue for decades, and the X-rays will steadily increase in luminosity and temperature as the shock enters heretofore unseen matter in the ring.
Making a Situational Diagnosis: Psychiatrists at the Interface of Psychiatry and Ethics in the Consultation-Liaison Setting

Psychiatrists bring a unique understanding to clinical ethics, but psychiatrists need a precise awareness of the difference between exercising their clinical expertise and facilitating ethical decisionmaking. The author outlines a schema for recognizing and honoring that distinction and illustrates "pseudoethics," "pseudopsychiatry," and "psychiatry/ethics" consultations. The author describes how to make a "situational diagnosis" that includes patient/family issues, staff issues, joint issues, legal/regulatory issues, and ethical issues, thus enabling the psychiatrist to institute an appropriate "hierarchy of interventions": educational, psychological, and ethical. The literature on ethics education for psychiatric practitioners is reviewed and a program is suggested.
The formation of tumorlike lesions in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae after anal blockage

Abstract Sealing the anus of the Madeira cockroach, Leucophaea maderae , prevented the elimination of wastes and resulted in an abnormally engorged gut. These stressful conditions induced the formation of inflammatory lessions of the alimentary canal—lesions which were not unlike those resulting from severance of the recurrent nerve. These results support the hypothesis that any treatment—nerve severance, anal blockage, etc.—that causes the accumulation of toxic amounts of secretions or waste products, and/or the tearing of the gut wall due to engorgement, and/or the proliferation of pathogenic organisms may induce the formation of inflammatory lesions of the gut wall.
Synergetic carbon nanotube growth

Abstract We report an effect in vertically-aligned carbon nanotube growth in which small catalyst features in proximity to large features show an enhanced growth rate. We apply this so-called “synergetic growth” effect in micrometer-scale patterns to produce vertical-like growth horizontally. This approach enables carbon nanotube integration into device applications requiring a fair degree of carbon nanotube alignment. The synergetic growth effect corroborates growth mechanisms describing carbon nanotube growth as a more complex process than elemental carbon supersaturating metal catalyst.
Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering and Voltammetry Study of the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen by the μ-Oxo Dimer of Iron(III) Tetra-4-N-methylpyridylporphyrin

In this study, surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering, SERRS, and voltammetric techniques (cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrochemistry, and rotating ring disk electrochemistry) are used to elucidate the mechanism of oxygen reduction on a silver electrode with iron(III) tetra-4-N-methylpyridylporphyrin. The results indicate that after the oxidation reduction cycle at pH 10 and pH 4, the iron porphyrin is adsorbed on the silver surface as a high-spin, five-coordinated μ-oxo-bridged dimer. On the forward voltage scan, this dimer undergoes two successive one-electron reductions at about −0.3 and −0.5 V to form a high-spin fully reduced Fe(II) μ-oxo-bridged dimer. SERRS spectra show that the first electron transfer forms a mixed-valence Fe(II)−O−Fe(III) μ-oxo-bridged dimer system. At pH 2, only the high-spin reduced Fe(II) monomer is adsorbed on the surface. At pH 4 and pH 10, a shift in the reduction of the oxygen overpotential by approximately +150 mV is observed and the active catalyst in this p...
Contributions to Law and Economics: A Survey of Recent Books

The interaction between law and economics has become an important specialty of the economics discipline. This article reviews several of the important books in this field and the schools of thought they embody. The review provides a useful guide for personal reading in this specialty as well as for course needs.
Effect of Oral Immunotherapy to Peanut on Food-Specific Quality of Life

JM Factor, L Mendelson, J Lee, G Nouman, MR Lester. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol . 2012;109(5):348–352.e2 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of peanut oral immunotherapy on food-specific quality of life. The study enrolled 100 children, 5 to 18 years of age, with suspected or known peanut allergy based on history, elevated specific immunoglobulin E to peanut, and skin testing. If a subject did not meet inclusion criteria (eg, skin-prick wheal ≤7 mm, no anaphylaxis, reaction more than 1 year ago, or peanut immunoglobulin E <15), a single blind food challenge was performed to confirm allergy before …
Blind Source Separation of Photoacoustic Depth Profiles into Independent Components

Step-scan photoacoustic spectroscopy is a powerful tool to nondestructively retrieve depth related information from a sample. Through digital signal processing a series of spectra with effectively different modulation frequencies, probing different thermal diffusion lengths within a sample, can be collected simultaneously. For layered samples spectra of the constituent layers can then be obtained by calculating spectra at specific phase angles from the inphase and quadrature data through phase projection. However, without prior knowledge of the spectra of the constituent layers, this approach can be difficult. In this report we present an alternate possibility for evaluating step scan photoacoustic data, namely independent component analysis (ICA), which allows for 'blind separation' of the mixed photoacoustic spectra without prior knowledge of the constituent spectra. Phase projection and ICA are applied to photoacoustic data acquired from a multilayer sample in an attempt to isolate the spectra of the constituent layers. The results for the two methods are comparable, with ICA offering the advantage that no prior information about the pure spectra of the sample layers is needed.
Almost Free: A Story about Family and Race in Antebellum Virginia. By Eva Sheppard Wolf. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012. Pp. xi, 174. $19.95.)

Employing an investigative approach reminiscent of Winthrop Jordan's Tumult and Silence at Second Creek: An Inquiry into a Civil War Slave Conspiracy [1993], the author of this new study pieces tog...
Review and update: oncogenic osteomalacia-rickets.

Oncogenic or tumor-induced osteomalacia-rickets is a syndrome characterized by hypophosphatemia, renal phosphate wasting, and decreased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels. The tumors secrete a phosphaturic substance that causes total body phosphate depletion, leading to osteomalacia or rickets. Although the tumors are histologically polymorphous, personal review of 16 tumors documented to cause this syndrome revealed four morphologic patterns. The first contained 10 unique-appearing, mixed connective tissue tumors having variably prominent vessels, osteoclastlike giant cells, focal microcystic changes, dystrophic calcification, osseous metaplasia, and/or poorly developed cartilagelike areas. With one exception, all tumors of this group occurred in soft tissue and were benign. The single malignant tumor originated in bone, recurred locally, and metastasized to lung. The remaining tumors occurred in bone and showed benign clinical behavior. They resembled tumors known to occur in bone, that is osteoblas-...
On the uniqueness of the equilibrium state for Ising spin systems

We show that for an Ising spin system of arbitrary spin with a ferromagnetic pair interaction and a “periodic” external magnetic field there is a unique equilibrium state if and only if the magnetization is continuous with respect to a uniform change in the external field. Hence, if the critical temperatureTc is defined as the temperature where the spontaneous magnetization (which is a non-increasing function of the temperature) becomes positive, then the equilibrium state is unique forT>Tc and is non-unique forT Tc.
Effect of Product Design on Buyback Price of End-of-Use Consumer Electronics

Buying back used products and reselling them to the second-hand market has emerged as a new business model in the consumer electronics market. The price that a buyback company pays for a used product is important for manufacturers in that it affects new product sales as well as end-of-life recovery. To clarify what the key factors are in deciding buyback price of used electronics and to help manufacturers manage the buyback price from the design stage, this paper presents an empirical study of buyback price with an example of laptop. Several hundred laptops of the past decade are examined and their buyback prices as of now are estimated using a pricing engine of a real buyback company. The statistical analysis shows the relations of design specification to buyback price as well as the impacts of cosmetic condition and hardware reliability.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
PCB and metal concentrations in American lobsters from the Acushnet River Estuary and Long Island Sound.

The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is commonly found in coastal waters adjacent to heavily industrialized areas where pollutant input generally occurs. Environmental contamination is known to affect many aspects of lobster biology. Heavy metals, pesticides, pulp mill effluent, petroleum hydrocarbons and other pollutants can adversely affect lobster physiology and behavior. Sublethal concentrations of contaminants can stress lobsters, making them more susceptible to disease or other conditions that would normally be tolerated. Lobster embryos and larvae, particularly the first-stage, are sensitive to a variety of organic and metal pollutants. Sediments in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, are heavily contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); edible tissues of lobsters collected there have been found to contain PCB concentrations exceeding the FDA action level of 2 [mu]g/g wet wt. PCBs are strongly lipophilic and accumulate in fatty tissues including egg masses. Metals and PCBs are contaminants of concern in Long Island Sound. This study examines whether field exposure of ovigerous female lobsters to PCBs results in subsequent contamination of embryos, first-stage larvae, postlarvae, and juvenile offspring of [open quotes]berried[close quotes] lobsters from New Bedford Harbor and selected locations in Long Island Sound. Metal contamination in the embryos and offspring of Long Island Sound lobsters wasmore » also measured. 15 refs., 3 tabs.« less
Parametric Instability of a Traveling Plate Partially Supported by a Laterally Moving Elastic Foundation

The parametric excitation of an axially moving plate is examined in an application where a partial foundation moves in the plane of the plate and in a direction orthogonal to the plate’s transport. The stability of the plate’s out-of-plane vibration is of interest in a magnetic tape data storage application where the read/write head is substantially narrower than the tape’s width and is repositioned during track-following maneuvers. In this case, the model’s equation of motion has time-dependent coefficients, and vibration is excited both parametrically and by direct forcing. The parametric instability of out-ofplane vibration is analyzed by using the Floquet theory for finite values of the foundation’s range of motion. For a relatively soft foundation, vibration is excited preferentially at the primary resonance of the plate’s fundamental torsional mode. As the foundation’s stiffness increases, multiple primary and combination resonances occur, and they dominate the plate’s stability; small islands, however, do exist within unstable zones of the frequency-amplitude parameter space for which vibration is marginally stable. The plate’s and foundation’s geometry, the foundation’s stiffness, and the excitation’s amplitude and frequency can be selected in order to reduce undesirable vibration that occurs along the plate’s free edge. DOI: 10.1115/1.2948394
Quaternionic multi-S4 instantons in general covariant SU(2) Yang-Mills and HP(n) σ-models☆

It is shown that the quaternionic maps xn = S4 → S4 are realized by the n-instanton solutions of two related types of general covariant field theories in four dimensions. They are, respectively, the Einstein-SU(2) Yang-Mills theory with a cosmological term and the new HP(m) σ-models
Comparative social behavior of two grapsid crabs, Sesarma reticulatum (Say) and S. cinereum (Bosc)

Abstract Aspects of feeding, burrowing and social behavior were examined in Sesarma reticulatum (Say) and S. cinereum (Bosc). Both species were herbivorous, feeding on Spartina. Only Sesarma reticulatum constructed burrows, although S. cinereum may do so given suitable substratum. The burrows of S. reticulatum were complex and consisted of numerous interconnecting branches. Social systems correlated with each species habitat, feeding preference, and pattern of reproduction, including the number and size of young each produced. Encounters between individuals of S. cinereum were short and relatively non-aggressive and a great deal of time was spent on courtship. S. reticulatum had an elaborate territorial system centered around burrows, with longer and more aggressive agonistic encounters. This species also courted less than S. cinereum. These differences in social behavior are consistent with those expected given the ecological differences between these two species.
LABEL-FREE DETECTION OF ANTIGENS USING IMPLANTABLE SERS NANOSENSORS

Monitoring the presence, production and transport of proteins inside individual living cells can provide vital information about cellular signaling pathways and the overall biological response of an organism. For example, cellular response to external stimuli, such as biological warfare (BW) agents, can be monitored by measuring interleukin-II (IL-2) expression inside T-cells as well as other chemical species associated with T-cell activation. By monitoring such species, pre-symptomatic detection of exposure to BW agents can be achieved, leading to significantly increased post-exposure survival rates. To accomplish such monitoring, we have developed and optimized implantable nanosphere-based nanosensors for the intracellular analysis of specific proteins in a label-free fashion. These sensors consist of 300-520 nm diameter silica spheres that have been coated with silver and antibodies to allow for trace protein detection via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). They have been optimized for SERS response by evaluating the size of the nanospheres best suited to 632.8 nm laser excitation, as well as the various nanosensor fabrication steps (i.e., silver deposition process, antibody binding, etc.). During usage, the presence of the specific protein of interest is monitored by either directly measuring SERS signals associated with the protein and/or changes in the SERS spectrum of the antibodies resulting from conformational changes after antigen binding. In this work, human insulin was used as a model compound for initial studies into the sensitivity of these optimized nanosensors.
Hemicarcerands containing tosylamide bridges

Two new hemicarcerand hosts with tosylamide bridges are found to be relatively selective binders. The tosyl groups could not be removed without destroying the hosts. A crystal structure of the smaller host suggests that two of the four 28-membered ring portals are rigidly locked in an open position.
Zintl Salts Ba2P7X (X = Cl, Br, and I): Synthesis, Crystal, and Electronic Structures

Two barium phosphide halides, Ba2P7Br and Ba2P7I, were synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/m (No. 11) and are isostructural to Ba2P7Cl. The crystal structures of Ba2P7X (X = Cl, Br, I) feature the presence of heptaphosphanortricyclane P73− clusters along with halogen anions and barium cations. According to the Zintl concept, Ba2P7X compounds are electron-balanced semiconductors. Quantum-chemical calculations together with UV-Visible spectroscopy confirm the title compounds are wide bandgap semiconductors. The bonding in the P73− clusters was analyzed by means of electron localization function. The elemental compositions were confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Ab initio structure of the active site of phosphotriesterase.

This research exploits two recent developments to obtain a fundamental understanding of the metalloenzyme active site using the bimetallic enzyme phosphotriesterase as an example of this class. First is the theoretical prediction that the structure and spectroscopy of a native metalloenzyme active site is qualitatively determined by the supermolecule complex of the metal(s) and the first shell of ligands with proper charge states including waters directly bonded to ionic ligands. The second is the development of an effective potential for representing the molecular environment interacting with an all-electron active site in the quantum Hamiltonian. The GAMESS suite of electronic structure codes has implemented this new methodology, effective fragment potentials (EFP), to make theoretical calculations on structure, spectroscopy, and reactivity tractable for systems involving hundreds of atoms. Since there are transition metal cations at the active site of these enzymes, the all-electron part of the complex...
Chemical Transfer of in-situ Functionalized Aligned Carbon Nanotube Structures for Microelectronic Packaging Applications

As IC performance increases, many technical challenges appear in the areas of current-carrying capacities, thermal management, I/O density, and thermal-mechanical reliability. To address these problems, the use of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been proposed in IC packaging for electrical interconnect and thermal interface materials (TIMs). The theoretically superior electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of CNTs promise to reduce the interconnect pitch size, increase thermal conductivity, and enhance system reliability, which is expected to bring about revolutionary improvement to microelectronics. However, the problems with the CVD growth process such as high growth temperature and poor adhesion of CNTs to substrates, challenges in selectively patterning CNT structures and high contact resistance of CNT/electrodes become barriers for CNT applications. To circumvent these problems, great efforts have been made to separate the CVD process and the ACNT assembly by various ACNT transfer technology with moderate success. For the popular wet chemical process, pristine CNTs are functionalized in acids and then assembled onto the substrate in a solution. The functionalization process usually truncates the CNTs randomly and introduces high defect density to the lateral walls of the CNTs, which greatly degrades the intrinsic electrical and thermal properties of the 1-D structure of the CNTs. Furthermore, big challenges exist in selective patterning, length control and quality control of functionalized ACNTs. In this study, we proposed the "chemical transfer" method to directly assemble aligned CNTs onto gold-coated substrates.
Application of the process scoring system ot waking, dream and therapy reports

Extended the Process Scoring System, originally developed for measuring dream dynamics and content, to waking and therapy experiences and applied it in a study of 5 new and 5 experienced Ss in an intensive outpatient psychotherapy. Two areas were examined: First, differences on process and content variables related to length of time in therapy and, second, the parallel relationship in these variables between waking, dream, and therapy experiences. The Process Scoring System proved useful in measuring these variables in all three types of experiences. The results indicated significant differences between the new and experienced patients and measurable interaction between the waking, dream, and therapy areas.
INJECTION OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION JETS INTO A SUBSONIC CROSSFLOW: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Atomization and Sprays, 24 (4): 303–348 (2014) INJECTION OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION JETS INTO A SUBSONIC CROSSFLOW: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Chris D. Bolszo, Vincent G. McDonell, ∗ Guillermo A. Gomez, & G. Scott Samuelsen Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3550, USA Address all correspondence to Vincent G. McDonell E-mail: mcdonell@ucicl.uci.edu Original Manuscript Submitted: 8/6/2013; Final Draft Received: 11/13/2013 In this work, the influence of introducing water in oil, as an emulsion, in a liquid jet injected into a gaseous crossflow is investigated. Of particular interest is the relationship between emulsion charac- teristics on spray penetration and spray droplet size. Tests are conducted at atmospheric conditions, with liquid jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios spanning 30–120, and water addition to 40% by mass. Gas velocities range from 20 to 80 m/s and liquid velocities from 10–20 m/s are considered. Backlit high-speed video is used to document the overall spray characteristics and laser diffraction is used to measure the spray droplet sizes. Sobel edge filtering and intensity thresholding are utilized to establish the spray plume upper edge for the spray morphology, which was used to establish the spray trajectory. The Buckingham π theorem is used to identify the important functional groupings for the current physical problem. For time-averaged trajectories, an existing liquid jet trajectory equation form from Wu and co-workers successfully correlates the penetration of emulsion spray plumes. These findings show that momentum flux of the bulk emulsion jet remains the dominant factor governing jet penetration. The influence of emulsification on spray plume droplet size distributions is quanti- fied in the current work. A new nondimensional quantity is proposed to account for the effect of body forces and repulsive interfacial tension on correlating breakup. For the conditions studied, an addi- tional primary breakup mode for emulsions, interfacial tension breakup, is identified and observed to influence spray plume development and droplet size. KEY WORDS: jet in crossflow, jet penetration, droplet size, interfacial tension, laser diffraction spectroscopy, high-speed cinematography, Buckingham π theorem 1. INTRODUCTION In many applications, liquid atomization is achieved by injecting a column of liquid as a plain jet, perpendicularly (or angles near to) into a gaseous flow. This strategy has been utilized for various combustion systems including rocket propulsion, turbofan, turbojet, c 2014 by Begell House, Inc.
Experiments with a spectral tropical cyclone model

Abstract The three-layer balanced axisymmetric tropical cyclone model presented by Ooyama is generalized to dimensions and the resultant primitive equations are solved using the spectral (Galerkin) method with Fourier basis functions on a doubly-periodic midlatitude β-plane. The nonlinear terms are evaluated using the transform method where the necessary transforms are performed using FFT algorithms. The spectral equations are transformed so that the dependent variables represent the normal modes of the linearized equations. For the three-layer model, the normal modes correspond to internal or external gravity or rotational modes or to inertial oscillations associated with the constant depth boundary layer. When the governing equations, are written in terms of the normal modes, the linear terms can be evaluated exactly and the application of the nonlinear normal mode initialization scheme proposed by Machenhauer is straightforward. Results from a simulation with an axisymmetric initial condition on an f-p...
European Diversification Opportunities in the 1990's

This paper attempts to identify potential countries in Europe for direct foreign investment. Correlations of GNP per capita across international borders indicate Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia may qualify. The countries that seem to be in the best position to make the investment include Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom from those countries included in the study.
ProDV — A case study in delivering visual analytics

We present a custom visual analytics system developed in conjunction with the test and evaluation community of the US Army. We designed and implemented a visual programming environment for configuring a variety of interactive visual analysis capabilities. Our abstraction of the visualization process is based on insights gained from interviews conducted with expert users. We show that this model allowed analysts to implement multiple visual analysis capabilities for network performance, anomalous sensor activity, and engagement results. Long-term interaction with expert users led to development of several custom visual analysis techniques. We have conducted training sessions with expert users, and are working to evaluate the success of our work based on performance metrics captured in a semi-automated fashion during these training sessions. We have also integrated collaborative analysis features such as annotations and shared content.
Simultaneous transport of synthetic colloids and a nonsorbing solute through single saturated natural fractures

Tracer transport experiments involving colloids that showed little tendency to attach to rock surfaces and a nonsorbing solute (iodide) -were conducted in three different well-characterized natural fractures in tuff. The colloids always arrived earlier in the effluent than the iodide, which we believe is evidence of (1) hydrodynamic chromatography and/or (2) the fact that the colloids experience a smaller effective volume in the fracture because they diffuse too slowly to enter low-velocity regions (dead zones) along the rough fracture walls. The iodide also approached the inlet concentration in the effluent more slowly than the colloids, with the concentration at a given elution volume being greater at higher flow rates. By contrast, the rate of approach of the colloid concentration to the inlet concentration did not vary with flow rate. We attribute this behavior to matrix diffusion of the iodide, with the colloids being too large/nondiffusive to experience this phenomenon. Dispersion of all tracers was greatest in the fracture of widest average aperture and least in the fracture of narrowest aperture, which is consistent with Taylor dispersion theory. The tracer experiments were modeled/interpreted using a three-step approach that involved (1) estimating the aperture distribution in each fracture using surface profiling techniques, (2) predicting the flow field in the fractures using a localized parallel-plate approximation, and (3) predicting tracer transport in the fractures using particle-tracking techniques. Although considered preliminary at this time, the model results were in qualitative agreement with the experiments.
The Nitroglycerin-Flicker Test

The nitroglycerin-flicker test, as suggested and modified by Krasno and Ivy, has been used to test normal individuals and patients with a variety of cardiovascular diseases. The hypothesis that this test would serve as an index of the presence of vascular disease or spasm elsewhere in the body than the retina was explored. These studies have failed to justify the drawing of conclusions based on the results of this test regarding the presence or absence of generalized vascular disease or of localized vascular disease or spasm elsewhere than the retinal vessels. It is concluded that the use of this test in mass surveys to detect cardiovascular disease is not justified.