cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hollow-fiber bioreactor for expanding HIV-1 in human lymphocytes used in preparing an inactivated vaccine candidate.

Abstract An inactivated HIV vaccine intended to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies is designed to use a pool of population-prevalent HIV-1 from plasma (PHIV), isolated before evolution of antibody-mediated genetic mutations. A suitable cell substrate (CS) for isolating such PHIV is peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after stimulating with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Feasibility of employing a hollow-fiber bioreactor under optimized conditions was investigated for large-scale expansion and efficient recovery of concentrated PHIV. Each CS batch was infected in vitro with a prototype PHIV, the infected cells were introduced into the bioreactor for 7–10 days in co-culture, and the cell-free supernatants were assayed for p24 antigen as an index of HIV synthesis. PBMC versus CD8-depleted (CD8D) CS, 20 kDa versus 5 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) bioreactor cartridges, 7- versus 10-day culture periods, and varying concentrations of IL-2, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and glucose content in the medium were functionally evaluated for p24 yield. PBMC cultures in 20 kDa MWCO cartridges with 15% FBS, 80 IU/mL IL-2 and 2.0 g/L glucose produced the highest p24 yield; however, CD8D-CS, 20–30% FBS and 80 IU/mL IL-2 within 5 kDa cartridges and 2.0 g/L glucose in the circulating medium was more cost-effective for synthesis of virion p24.
C60H2: Synthesis of the Simplest C60 Hydrocarbon Derivative

The reaction of C(60) with BH(3): tetrahydrofuran in toluene followed by hydrolysis yielded C(60)H(2). This product was separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized as the addition product of H(2) to a 6,6-ring fusion (1alb isomer). The (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the product remained a sharp singlet between -80 degrees and +100 degrees C, which suggests a static structure on the NMR time scale. Hydrolysis of the proposed borane addition product with acetic acid-d(1) or D(2)O yielded C(60)HD, and its (3)J(HD) coupling constant is consistent with vicinal addition. The observation of a single C(60)H(2) isomer is in complete agreement with earlier calculations that indicated that at most 2 of the 23 possible isomers of C(60) would be observable at equilibrium at room temperature. These results suggest that organoborane chemistry may be applied to further functionalization of fullerenes.
A trans-membrane pore can account for protein movement across zymogen granule membranes

Abstract We have reported that the membrane of zymogen granules, secretion vesicles from the exocrine pancreas, is permeable to its contained proteins by measuring both the loss and accumulation of protein in response to mass action forces [1–3] However, the mechanism of transport has remained unknown. Here we consider evidence that this transport occurs through trans-membrane pores. Using freeze-fracture electron microscopic methods, Cabana et al. [4] have reported the presence of a 15 nm intramembrane particle in zymogen granule membrane which contains a 5 nm (± 0.1 nm, S.D.) diameter lucent center. In this article, we propose that this structure is a pore through which proteins can be transported, and test this hypothesis by comparing the predicted phenomenological permeability coefficient for transport by diffusion via this structure, to that calculated from protein flux measurements on granules using an X-ray microscope. The predicted and experimental values were essentially identical and hence support the hypothesis that this structure could be a protein transporting channel.
Colombia's Programme for Earning a Secondary School Diploma via Radio.

Abstract Colombia is raising the level of education of its adults by means of distance learning via radio. Begun in 1973, this joint endeavour of the Colombian Ministry of Education and The National Institute of Radio and Television (INRAVISION) has continued without interruption. To date, 600,000 Colombians have participated, and today it reaches people in 520 Colombian municipalities. The lessons are transmitted daily via Radio Nacional,the government radio network which covers most of the country. Being mostly adults, the students can handle the more concentrated and accelerated lesson material. The diplomas received are recognized by the Ministry of Education as equivalent to the traditional secondary school diplomas. With increasing numbers of non‐traditional students aspiring to university study, there has been a corresponding increase in the popularity of the secondary school diploma via radio project.
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the colorectum: case report and literature review of a rare entity

A case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum is presented. Although it is a rare condition, the diagnosis, treatment, and natural history of the disease are similar to that of adenocarcinoma of the colorectum. The patient in this report has done well to date with an abdominal perineal resection and early post-operative radiation. A review of the literature reveals that the precise etiology of this entity remains unknown.
Effect of Atmospheric Ammonia on the Surface Ultrastructure of the Lung and Trachea of Broiler Chicks

The surface ultrastructure of the lung and trachea of 7-week-old broiler chicks were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to obtain a more accurate understanding of structural changes due to atmospheric ammonia (NH3). In the first experiment, four broilers were randomly assigned to each of four chambers, and exposed to 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 ppm NH3 for 7 days. Chickens exposed to 100 ppm NH3 exhibited a large number of mucus-secreting cells that were not seen in the other treatments. Ciliary loss from the tracheal epithelium was not a consistent finding in either the exposed or the control groups. There was no evidence of goblet cell disappearance due to ammonia treatment. In the second experiment, four broilers were randomly allocated to each of four chambers and exposed to 0, 50, 75, or 100 ppm NH3 for 4 days. There was an increase in the thickness of the atrial walls and a shrinking of air capillaries with increasing NH3 concentration; in birds exposed to 75 and 100 ppm NH3, wall thickness was one to two times greater than in the control birds. There were no observable differences in gross appearance of lungs and tracheas between control and exposed groups except for hemorrhagic spots on one of the lungs exposed to 100 ppm NH3.
Induced Passivation Defect Study

An n-channel FET memory array chip whose quartz passivation layer is purposely disrupted in specific-nonrandom locations is used to study the propensity of these induced defects to fail due to localized inversion of the silicon surface stemming from positive ions contained within the defect which are residual from processing. Two distinct sizes of induced defects are considered; three and seven micron diamters; 800 of the larger size and 100 of the smaller. Vertical structures range from shallow indentations to holes completely-through the passivation layer thus exposing the underlying silicon. Positive ionic contamination is introduced into the defects via an overcoat of photoresist whose positive ionic species and levels are known. Accelerated temperature and voltage life stresses are performed. Temperatures employed are 85 and 150°C, while voltage levels (and E field) across the defect are nominal and twice nominal. Data obtained from these temperature/voltage accelerated stresses is presented which shows time-to-fail is related to the ionic (mostly sodium) levels contained within the defects. Voltage acceleration was found to be a nonlinear function while temperature follows the standard Arrhenius model with an activation energy of 1.1 eV. Hole size was found to be at best a second order effect on time-to-fail. High temperature no bias bake-out at 150°C for 48 hours was performed. Percent inversion is seen to decrease by approximately an order of magnitude in all cases.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COGNITIVE AND GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

The age of motor milestone achievement, collected in a prospective fashion during well baby examinations, was compared to the 3 year old Stanford Binet (SB) performance for 213 caucasian children. The population had 109 males and 104 females, was predominantly upper middle class (Hollingshead ≤3 for 205), and included 4 prematures. Mean SB IQ was 114 ±13 with 32 children 100. Milestones included: rolls supine to prone (S to P), sits (alone), crawls and walks. Mean ages of attainment in months and standard deviations are tabled. Milestones were related to SB performance using linear correlation. Pearson's r values are shown. To determine whether significant relationships existed when IQ stratification (IQ 117) was considered, milestones were regressed on SB groups. The t statistics refer to regression coefficients in this analysis. Significant but modest correlations exist between the ages of motor achievement and SB performance. This also holds when stratifying by IQ subgroups. Brighter children have earlier ages of gross motor achievement; however, this relationship is not strong enough to clinically discern SB subgroups.
Tetrazolium oxidase and superoxide dismutase: Evidence for identity

Abstract 1. (1) The “tetrazolium oxidase” activities of human red cells and of chicken liver are identical in electrophoretic mobility and in staining behavior to the superoxide dismutases purified from these sources. 2. (2) Neither a crude soluble extract of chicken liver, nor purified human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase are able to modify nitroblue tetrazolium, in a way which prevents its subsequentreduction to the blue formazan. They were also unable to decolorize the blue formazan. 3. (3) It is concluded that there is actually no tetrazolium oxidase and that the entity, which has been referred to by this name, is superoxide dismutase, which prevents the photochemical blueing of the tetrazolium, by intercepting the O 2 − , which is the photochemically generated reductant.
Vertical and Horizontal Trust Networks in Bureaucracies: Evidence from the Third Reich

In a seminal contribution to the literature on bureaucracy, Breton and Wintrobe (The Logic of Bureaucratic Conduct: An Economic Analysis of Competition, Exchange, and Efficiency in Private and Public Organization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1982) develop a model wherein subordinates and superiors in a bureaucratic structure “trade” with each other to advance the objectives of the superiors. The success of such an organizational arrangement (for superiors) is based upon the development of “vertical trust networks” in a way that facilitates the promise of “informal payments” by superiors in return for “informal services” provided by their subordinates. Breton and Wintrobe [Journal of Political Economy 94 (1986) 905] also provide a theoretical application of their model by describing the Nazi bureaucracy as a conglomeration of competing agencies that zealously carried out the “Final Solution” to the “Jewish question.” As an extension, this note develops two compelling empirical examples of vertical and horizontal trust networks within the Nazi regime: Einsatzgruppen A’s (Special Action Detachments) attempt to liquidate all Lithuanian Jews after the German invasion of the U.S.S.R. in 1941 and the 20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
Reproductive characteristics of female longnose dace in the Coweeta Creek drainage, North Carolina, USA

– We examined the reproductive characteristics of 38 female longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) from one of the southernmost populations of this species during two sampling periods in 1999 (ES=March 1999, LS=June 1999). Our data indicated that ES fish had not spawned, whereas LS fish had begun spawning. The smallest mature female captured was 56 mm SL (age 1+). Mean potential fecundity differed significantly between ES (mean±1 SD=1832±572 oocytes) and LS (mean±1 SD=775±415 oocytes) specimens. Potential fecundity was positively correlated with both standard length and somatic mass for both ES and LS specimens. Oocyte diameter frequency histograms indicated that ES specimens possessed two modes of oocytes, whereas LS fish contained two or three modes. Female longnose dace appeared to spawn more than once during a reproductive season. Oocyte number varied substantially both among individuals within periods and between periods. The number of Mode II oocytes in ES fish was positively correlated with both length and somatic mass. Female longnose dace appeared potentially capable of spawning 6+ clutches per year. GSI values for longnose dace ranged from a high of 21.4% (LS specimen) to 2.4% (ES specimen). Regression analysis demonstrated that there was no evidence of differential reproductive effort between longnose dace of different size in this population.
2H nuclear magnetic resonance order parameter profiles suggest a change of molecular shape for phosphatidylcholines containing a polyunsaturated acyl chain

Solid-state 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine the orientational order parameter profiles for a series of phosphatidylcholines with perdeuterated stearic acid, 18:0d35, in position sn-1 and 18:1 omega 9, 18:2 omega 6, 18:3 omega 3, 20:4 omega 6, 20:5 omega 3, or 22:6 omega 3 in position sn-2. The main phase transition temperatures were derived from a first moment analysis, and order parameter profiles of sn-1 chains were calculated from dePaked nuclear magnetic resonance powder patterns. Comparison of the profiles at 37 degrees C showed that unsaturation causes an inhomogenous disordering along the sn-1 chain. Increasing sn-2 chain unsaturation from one to six double bonds resulted in a 1.6-kHz decrease in quadrupolar splittings of the sn-1 chain in the upper half of the chain (or plateau region) and maximum splitting difference of 4.4 kHz at methylene carbon 14. The change in chain order corresponds to a decrease in the 18:0 chain length of 0.4 +/- 0.2 A with 18:2 omega 6 versus 18:1 omega 9 in position sn-2. Fatty acids containing three or more double bonds in sn-2 showed a decrease in sn-1 chain length of 0.7 +/- 0.2 A compared with 18:1 omega 9. The chain length of all lipids decreased with increasing temperature. Highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (three or more double bonds in sn-2) had shorter sn-1 chains, but the chain length was somewhat less sensitive to temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Posterior vitreous fluorophotometry in diabetic patients with minimal or no retinopathy.

Abstract Vitreous fluorophotometry (VFP) using the Fluorotron Master was performed in 25 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with either minimal or no retinopathy and 22 controls. At 30 minutes, baseline corrected vitreous fluorescence values 3 mm from the retina were significantly greater in diabetic patients with minimal retinopathy than in either controls or patients with no retinopathy but were similar in patients with no retinopathy and controls. At 1 hour, vitreous fluorescence values and fluorescein permeability indexes were similar in all three groups. The absence of increased posterior vitreous fluorescein leakage in the diabetic patients with no retinopathy suggests that the alteration in permeability of the blood retinal barrier, as assessed by current VFP measures, does not precede the development of clinical diabetic retinopathy. However, the significantly increased 30-minute 3-mm fluorescence values suggest that posterior fluorescein leakage is increased in minimal background diabetic retinopathy.
Quinine Causes Mitochondrial Uncoupling Independent Of K+/H+ Exchange Inhibition

Introduction: K+ influx into the respiring mitochondrial matrix is balanced by K+ efflux via K+/H+ exchange (KHE). Quinine (QN) is a reversible inhibitor of KHE. We have shown that QN blocks matrix K+ efflux when the K+ ionophore valinomycin is given to increase matrix [K+]. However QN may have other effects on mitochondria. Here we tested the effects of QN on mitochondrial respiration. Methods: Guinea pig heart mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation and then suspended in either KCl or choline Cl media inside a respirometer. Either the complex 1 substrate pyruvate (10 mM) or the complex 2 substrate succinate (10 mM) with rotenone (10 μM) was added to initiate state 2 respiration. QN (500 μM) was added to inhibit KHE. State 3 was initiated by adding ADP (250 μM) and state 4 occurred when ADP was converted to ATP. Results: In KCl buffer with pyruvate, QN increased states 2 and 4 respiration by 56±8% and by 48±10%, respectively, and decreased state 3 by 15±2%. With succinate and rotenone, QN increased states 2 and 4 respiration by 37±3% and by 15±2%, respectively, and decreased state 3 by 26±1%. QN had similar effects on respiration in choline Cl buffer. Conclusion: The similar effects of QN on respiration in both media suggest a K+-independent mechanism of QN, which also may be acting as an uncoupler to bring H+ inside the matrix. Additional experiments show that QN lowers matrix pH without changing membrane potential. More studies with QN and other putative blockers are required to reveal the mechanism by which QN affects mitochondrial transport and bioenergetics.
Towards a video-capable wireless underwater modem: Doppler tolerant broadband acoustic communication

Current wireless underwater modems are advertised with data rates of only a few kbps and the oil and gas industry has found them incapable of handling video and real-time control. Today, such communication underwater is almost entirely done through wired links. Using broadband acoustic signals with a bandwidth of 200kHz and more, we demonstrate the feasibility of wireless underwater communication at data rates greater than 1Mbps. Such data rates are capable of streaming video in real-time. As broadband acoustic signals propagate through water, they suffer extreme Doppler effects. Different propagation paths experience different Doppler and the level of Doppler on each path is highly time-variant. In our work, time-varying Doppler is explicitly modeled, tracked and compensated. In this paper, we provide the results from our acoustic communication experiments conducted in a 50m long wave tank. Our resampling equalizer reliably achieved 1.2Mbps over a distance of 12m.
Uptake and outcomes of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for uterine cancer

Objective While intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) allows more precise radiation planning, the technology is substantially more costly than conformal radiation and, to date, the benefits of IMRT for uterine cancer are not well defined. We examined the use of IMRT and its effect on late toxicity for uterine cancer.
Truthful and non-monetary mechanism for direct data exchange

In recent years, direct data transfer between mobile devices has attracted significant interest from the research community. In this paper, we focus on the scenario in which a group of clients need to exchange a set of files over a lossless broadcast channel. Initially, each client has a subset of files available to it as a side information and needs to obtain the some of the other files in the set. The clients employ the network coding technique to increase efficiency. We assume that each client is selfish, i.e., its goal is to minimize its own transmission rate while trying to receive as much information as possible from other clients. The process is mediated by a one of the clients, referred to as a broker, that obtains clients' bids and determines their transmissions rates. Our goal is to design a truthful mechanism that provides incentives for the clients to report the true values of the requested packets. While mechanisms based on the Vickery-Clarke-Groves (VCG) auction are known to be truthful, they involve monetary transactions, and hence are not suitable for the problem at hand. Accordingly, we propose a simple non-monetary algorithm that guarantees truthfulness. Our analytical results and a numerical study indicate that the total utility of all clients under our algorithm is very close to the optimum.
Cerebral dysfunction following infantile dietary chloride deficiency.

Abstract Twenty-two children who were chloride-depleted in infancy due to a chloride-deficient diet and who had resultant hypochloremic alkalosis were analyzed in regard to their signs and symptoms, metabolic studies, and growth parameters. Deceleration of weight, linear growth, and head growth occurred in most, and persistent growth failure occurred in some. The majority had cognitive deficits at follow-up. Comparison with growth parameters in a chronically malnourished group of children who had a variety of disorders revealed a similar degree of deceleration of weight (p = 0.50) and height (p = 0.70), but more severe deceleration of head growth (p = 0.01). Comparison with follow-up cognitive deficits reported in the United States medical literature in children with similar severity of nutritional deprivation indicates that the chloride-depleted infants had more frequent and more severe cognitive deficits (p = 0.09). Cognitive deficits have been documented in U.S. children who are nutritionally deprived only when disorders causing concomitant chloride depletion are responsible for the malnutrition.
SYNTHESIS AND STABILIZATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES ON CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL

Abstract Selenium nanoparticles of 10–20 nm in diameter have been prepared using cellulose nanocrystal (CNXL) as a reducing and structure-directing agent under hydrothermal conditions. Na 2 SeO 3 was reduced to form elemental selenium nanoparticles under hydrothermal conditions. During the hydrothermal process (120–160 °C), CNXL rods were mainly maintained and selenium nanoparticles were interfacially bound to the CNXL surface. The reaction temperature affects the sizes of interfacially bound selenium nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were employed to characterize interfacially bound selenium nanoparticles on CNXL surface.
HIGH‐TEMPERATURE CONDITIONING OF HOT‐BONED BEEF SUBPRIMALS

The right sides of 18 carcasses were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: (1) hot-boned at 2 h postmortem, vacuum packaged and high temperature conditioned at 37 C for 3 h (HTC) or (2) electrically stimulated, hot-boned 2 h postmortem, vacuum packaged and high temperature conditioned at 37 C for 3 h (ES + HTC). The left sides served as controls being boned 48 h postmortem. The longissimus (LD), semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles were examined for percentage thaw loss, cook loss, total weight loss and sensory attributes. HTC increased the tenderness of LD samples, had no effect on SM samples and decreased the tenderness of ST samples. Electrical stimulation of carcasses, prior to boning and high temperature conditioning, had little effect over and above high temperature conditioning alone but did reduce variability. In LD samples, ES improved the sensory attributes whereas in ST samples, ES tended to decrease sensory attributes.
Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

Background: Depression, anxiety, fatigue and sleep disorders occur commonly in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). These non-motor symptoms often contribute to the reduction of functional abilities in PD patients. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the treating neurologist for a variety of behavioral symptoms commonly associated with PD. Methods: A prospective evaluation of 101 patients with PD selected in no particular order was conducted. All patients were evaluated with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn & Yahr Stage (H/Y), and the Schwab & England Scale (S/E). The patients completed a brief screening questionnaire for depression and anxiety followed by the administration of a battery of standardized tests including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). Results: Standardized testing showed evidence of a problem with depression in 44% of patients, anxiety in 39%, fatigue in 42% and sleep disturbance in 43%. The prevalence of these conditions, identified by the treating neurologist was lower: 21% with depression, 19% with anxiety, 14% with fatigue and 39% with sleep disturbance. The diagnostic accuracy for the treating neurologists was 35% for depression, 42% for anxiety, 25% for fatigue, and 60% for sleep disturbance. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that during routine office visits, neurologists failed to identify the presence of depression, anxiety, and fatigue more than half of the time and failed to recognize sleep disturbance in 40% of patients. Awareness of the likelihood of underrecognition of behavioral symptoms in PD should generate approaches to improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate timely therapeutic interventions.
pH-dependent self-association of influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptides in lipid bilayers.

Abstract We have recently designed a host-guest peptide system that allows us to quantitatively measure the energetics of interaction of viral fusion peptides with lipid bilayers. Here, we show that fusion peptides of influenza hemagglutinin reversibly associate with one another at membrane surfaces above critical surface concentrations, which range from one to five peptides per 1000 lipids in the systems that we investigated. It is further demonstrated by using circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy that monomeric peptides insert into the bilayers in a predominantly α-helical conformation, whereas self-associated fusion peptides adopt predominantly antiparallel β-sheet structures at the membrane surface. The two forms are readily interconvertible and the equilibrium between them is determined by the pH and ionic strength of the surrounding solution. Lowering the pH favors the monomeric α-helical conformation, whereas increasing the ionic strength shifts the equilibrium towards the membrane-associated β-aggregates. The binding data are interpreted in terms of a cooperative binding model that yields free energies of insertion and free energies of self-association for each of the peptides studied at pH 7.4 and pH 5. At pH 5 and 35 mM ionic strength, the insertion energy of the 20 residue influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide is −7.2 kcal/mol and the self-association energy is −1.9 kcal/mol. We propose that self-association of fusion peptides could be a major driving force for recruiting a small number of hemagglutinin trimers into a fusion site.
Effect of growth hormone on oral glucose tolerance and circulating metabolic fuels in man

We infused growth hormone into normal subjects in doses that raised circulating hormone to levels (30–35 ng/ml) similar to those seen during stress. Growth hormone excess failed to alter fasting glucose and somatomedin concentrations. However, non-esterified fatty acids and ketones increased by 50% (p<0.05) and 120% (p<0.01), respectively, despite 35% higher plasma insulin concentrations. When oral glucose was ingested 5 h after initiating the growth hormone infusion, plasma glucose rose by 2–2.5 mmol/l above control (saline infusion) values and the area under the glucose curve increased twofold (p<0.005). This occurred in the face of twofold higher insulin levels and normal suppression of glucagon. Growth hormone also did not affect the hyperglycaemic response to a combined infusion of Cortisol, glucagon and adrenaline, but accentuated the rise in non-esterified fatty acids, ketones, and insulin caused by these hormones. Our data suggest that growth hormone excess rapidly produces insulin antagonistic effects that may contribute to stress-induced glucose intolerance and lipolysis, even though fasting glucose levels remain unchanged.
Transitions in suicide risk in a nationally representative sample of adolescents.

Abstract Purpose Suicide is the third leading cause of death among older adolescents, and represents a significant public health problem. Preventing suicidal behavior depends on an understanding of the developmental transitions in suicide risk and whether the likelihood of a suicide attempt can be predicted prospectively. Methods Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used for the study. The sample is nationally representative, and includes 10,424 youth assessed over three time points spanning 7 years. MPLUS was used to analyze the data. Results Latent class analysis showed that youth could be classified into three latent classes representing degree of suicide risk. Indicators of risk included depressive symptoms, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, having a family history of suicidal behavior, and having a friend history of suicidal behavior. Latent transition analyses showed that youth in the low-risk group remained at low risk both 1 and 7 years later. Although some youth who were classified as high-risk transitioned to a lower risk group 7 years later, a significant proportion remained at high risk. Analyses also revealed that the probability of making a suicide attempt was higher for youth in the high-risk latent class 1 and 7 years earlier. Conclusions Findings indicate that suicide prevention efforts should be targeted primarily at youth at high risk for suicide; most youth classified as "low risk" remained at low risk as they transitioned to young adulthood.
Increased Risk for Developmental Disabilities in Children Who Have Major Birth Defects: A Population-Based Study

Objective. We sought to quantify the strength of associations between each of four specific developmental disabilities (DDs) and specific types of major birth defects. Methods. We linked data from 2 independent surveillance systems, the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program and the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program. Children with major birth defects (n = 9142; born 1981-1991 in metro Atlanta) and 3- to 10-year-old children who were born between 1981 and 1991 in metro Atlanta and identified between 1991 and 1994 as having mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, or vision impairment (n = 3685) were studied. Prevalence ratio (PR), which is the prevalence of a DD in children with 1 or more major birth defects divided by the prevalence of the same DD in children without major birth defects, was measured. Results. Among the 9142 children who were born with a major birth defect, 657 (7.2%) had a serious DD compared with 0.9% in children with no major birth defect, yielding a PR of 8.3 (95% confidence interval: 7.6-9.0). In general, the more severe the DD, the higher was the PR. Birth defects that originated in the nervous system and chromosomal defects resulted in the highest PRs for a subsequent DD. For all other categories of birth defects, PRs were lowest when all major birth defects present were confined to a single category (ie, isolated defects). PRs for any DD increased monotonically with the number of coded birth defects per child or the number of different birth defect categories per child, regardless of the severity of the defect or whether defects of the nervous system, chromosomal defects, or other syndromes were counted. Conclusions. These data highlight the possible early prenatal origins of some DDs and suggest that both the number of coded birth defects present and the number of anatomic systems involved are strongly related to functional outcomes. Pediatrics 2001;108:728-734; birth defects, developmental disabilities, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, vision impairment, surveillance systems.
Self-evaluation of life function (self) scale: a short, comprehensive self-report of health for elderly adults

The development of a 54-item, multidimensional, self-report scale to measure physical, emotional, and social function is described in regard to reliability, validity, and factor structure. The scale appears to measure the following dimensions: physical disability, symptoms of aging, self-esteem, social satisfaction, depression, and personal control. The scale was derived from two studies of 826 persons age 60 and older. The scale is recommended when a comprehensive, relatively short, self-report assessment is needed for screening or research purposes.
Perceived Submaximal Force Production in Young Adults

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the force production patterns using perceived stimulus cues from 10% to 90% of maximal force. In Experiment 1, 54 men (age: 19-34 years) and 53 women (age: 18-37 years) performed leg extensions on a dynamometer at a speed of 60°/s. Participants produced actual forces perceived to be 10-90% of maximal force in 10% increments followed by a maximal force. A 2-min rest interval was maintained between each increment. Participants rested 5 min and repeated the protocol. Desired forces were calculated as the required percentage of the produced maximal force. In Experiment 2, 40 men (age: 18-30 years) followed the protocol of Experiment 1, but the submaximal stimuli were randomly presented. In Experiment 1, test-retest results indicated consistency between the trials for actual and maximal force (r = .90). The correlations between actual and desired forces were moderately high (r > .76). Actual forces trended above desired forces at 10% of maximal, with median erro...
Molecular biology and genetics of breast cancer development: A clinical perspective

Understanding the molecular and genetic events affecting breast cancer development not only helps oncologists address important questions commonly asked by their patients but also helps clinicians gain insights into the biology of the disease. Although the molecular and genetic determinants of most sporadic breast cancer remain unknown, significant advances in the understanding of events that contribute to breast cancer formation have been made. It is now recognized that mutations in some tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN, or ATM, or epigenetic functional inactivation of other tumor suppressor genes, such as SYK and NES1, appear to play important early roles in the formation of some breast cancers. In addition, alterations in proto-oncogenes, such as HER2/neu, may contribute to the development of some breast cancer. The goal of this article is to further introduce clinicians to molecular and genetic pathways that contribute to breast cancer formation. By participating in the study of breast cancer development at the molecular as well as the histopathological level, oncologists can help develop novel prevention, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for the future.
Acidic dopamine metabolites are actively extruded from PC12 cells by a novel sulfonylurea-sensitive transporter.

Incubation of PC12 cells with the sulfonylurea drug, glipizide (1–100 µM), increased intracellular levels of the acidic metabolites of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). The levels of these acids in the medium were decreased, indicating the presence of a sulfonylurea-sensitive organic anion transporter. In the present study, we demonstrate that the sulfonylurea-sensitive transport of acidic dopamine metabolites is unidirectional, ATP dependent, unaffected by ouabain or by tetrodotoxin and blocked by drugs that interact with the multidrug-resistance protein-1 (MRP1). However, over-expression of MRP1 did not affect transport of the acid metabolites. The pharmacological profile and ion dependence of the transporter also differs from that of known ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family members. Using microdialysis, we also demonstrated a sulfonylurea-sensitive transport process in the striatum of freely moving rats. These results show that acidic dopamine metabolites are actively secreted from dopaminergic cells into surrounding extracellular fluid by a previously undescribed transporter.
Response of adult lean and obese female Zucker rats to food restriction and refeeding

Abstract Lean and obese female Zucker rats were either fed ad libitum (ad libitum-fed lean and ad libitum-fed obese), food-restricted (restricted lean and restricted obese) at 50% of ad libitum intake for 3 weeks from 19–20 weeks of age, or food-restricted and then refed ad libitum for 1 week (restricted-refed lean and restricted-refed obese). Following food restriction, body weights of restricted rats were significantly lower than ad libitum-fed rats within genotype. Body weights of restricted-refed rats were not different from either ad libitum-fed or restricted rats within genotype. Restricted-refed lean rats returned to their previous ad libitum food intake, whereas restricted-refed obese rats ate significantly more food. Both restricted and restricted-refed lean rats had lowered serum insulin levels compared to ad libitum-fed lean rats, whereas there was no effect on serum insulin levels in obese rats. Liver weights and hepatocyte conversion of glucose to fatty acids, glyceride-glycerol and CO 2 were not affected by food restriction or refeeding in lean rats. Among obese rats, restricted obese rats had the smallest liver weights, and restricted-refed obese rats had the highest. Restricted-refed obese rats had greater rates of hepatic glucose metabolism compared to all other groups. Ad libitum-fed lean and restricted-refed lean rats had similar fat pad weights that were significantly greater than those of restricted lean rats. Dietary intervention had no effect on fat pad weight in obese rats. There was no effect of food restriction or refeeding on adipocyte glucose metabolism except for higher glucose conversion to CO 2 for restricted lean rats in comparison to values for all other groups. These results demonstrate that body weight changes of adult female obese rats in response to food restriction and refeeding are similar to those of lean rats; but the effects of liver and adipose tissue weights are different.
New method to estimate variability in groundwater volumes

As the warming climate and increasing population put stress on the world's water supply, it has become increasingly important to have a global understanding of how groundwater volumes vary from season to season and from year to year. Current global hydrological models do not include lateral groundwater flow, which plays a significant role in providing water to plants and in recharging lakes, rivers, and streams.
Molecular Cloning, Tissue-specific Expression, and Cellular Localization of Human Prostasin mRNA

We have purified a novel human serine proteinase, designated as prostasin, from seminal fluid ( Yu et al., 1994 ). In the present study, we have cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA encoding prostasin and identified its tissue-specific expression and cellular localization. A cDNA fragment was obtained by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from the NH2-terminal and internal amino acid sequences. A full-length cDNA sequence encoding prostasin was obtained by amplification of the 5′- and 3′-ends of the cDNA. It contains a 1,032-base coding region, a 572-base 3′-noncoding region and a 138-base 5′-noncoding sequence. Prostasin cDNA encodes a protein of 343 amino acids, which consists of a 32-amino acid signal peptide and a 311-amino acid proprostasin. Proprostasin is then cleaved between Arg12 and Ile13 to generate a 12-amino acid light chain and a 299-amino acid heavy chain, which are associated through a disulfide bond. The deduced amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has 34-42% identity to human acrosin, plasma kallikrein, and hepsin. A potential N-glycosylation site at Asn127 and the catalytic triad of His53, Asp102, and Ser206 have been identified. The deduced prostasin has a unique 19-amino acid hydrophobic portion at the COOH terminus, which makes it suitable to anchor in the cell membrane. Carboxyl-terminal sequencing of purified prostasin indicates that the hydrophobic portion is removed and that there is a cleavage between Arg290 and Pro291 during secretion. Southern blot analysis, following a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, indicates that prostasin mRNA is expressed in prostate, liver, salivary gland, kidney, lung, pancreas, colon, bronchus, renal proximal tubular cells, and prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Cellular localization of prostasin mRNA was identified within epithelial cells of the human prostate gland by in situ hybridization histochemistry.
Publication in professional journals: A survey of editors

Eighty-seven editors of professional journals in engineering and allied scientific fields answered a questionnaire about their journals and the evaluation and publication of material received. The journals focus on basic and applied research, theoretical development, applications, and new developments, with little emphasis on other matters. Supported primarily by subscriptions and page charges, most have part-time editors of whom half receive some payment. Almost all editors use referees, but most do not always accept referees' judgments. AH editors supply instructions for authors. The most common reasons for rejection of material are the subject (not suitable), coverage (questionable significance, too shallow, or questionable validity), and presentation (bad organization or ineffective expression). The most puzzling factors in working with authors relate to suggested changes and to the quality of expression. The most common mistakes are in organization and presentation of material and failure to follow instructions provided. The most common advice is to follow guidelines for manuscripts, write clearly and concisely, and present only material of interest to the reader in a logical sequence with citation of related work.
Estimating mixture of dirichlet process models

Abstract Current Gibbs sampling schemes in mixture of Dirichlet process (MDP) models are restricted to using “conjugate” base measures that allow analytic evaluation of the transition probabilities when resampling configurations, or alternatively need to rely on approximate numeric evaluations of some transition probabilities. Implementation of Gibbs sampling in more general MDP models is an open and important problem because most applications call for the use of nonconjugate base measures. In this article we propose a conceptual framework for computational strategies. This framework provides a perspective on current methods, facilitates comparisons between them, and leads to several new methods that expand the scope of MDP models to nonconjugate situations. We discuss one in detail. The basic strategy is based on expanding the parameter vector, and is applicable for MDP models with arbitrary base measure and likelihood. Strategies are also presented for the important class of normal-normal MDP models and...
In situ Raman spectroscopy studies of high-temperature degradation of thermal barrier coatings by molten silicate deposits

In situ Raman spectroscopy is used to understand the high-temperature interactions between air-plasma-sprayed 7 wt.% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (7YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) and calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate (CMAS) sand. These interactions result in the depletion of Y3+ in the YSZ grains. During cooling the Y-depleted YSZ grains transform to the monoclinic phase starting at ∼600 °C. The significant volume expansion associated with this phase transformation could play a role in determining the thermomechanical failure of CMAS-penetrated 7YSZ TBCs during thermal cycling.
Family Leave Policy in the United States

Between 1987 and 1993 twenty states and the federal government adopted family leave policies. None included any wage replacement. The similarities and differences among these policies are discussed within the context of six major categories: employees covered, company size, length of leave, eligibility, coverage of benefits, and job guarantee. Also discussed is the feasibility of adopting some type of wage replacement as well as the future of family leave in light of the changing demographics of America's families.
Preparation and characterization of emulsifiable glasses: Oil-in-water and water-in-oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract Oil-in-water or water-in-oil-in-water emulsion systems with unique physical properties may be prepared from solids. Novel aqueous emulsion systems may be prepared by preparing an oil containing glass via a solvent deposition process. The resultant glass is composed of sucrose and oil and in the case of the multiple emulsion system a low HLB surfactant. Contrary to conventional emulsion theory, the addition of water to the glass results in the self-emulsification of the oil phase with the formation of either an o/w or a w/o/w emulsion. X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the process results in a glass while infrared analysis indicates that the processing of the oil and sucrose does not form new chemical entities. Particle size analysis of the aqueous emulsions indicates that the particle size of the dispersed phase is reproducible and ranges from 0.1 to 35 μm. From these studies it is evident that o/w or w/o/w emulsions may be prepared using techniques new to the field of emulsions. These emulsions are unique in that they may be stored as solids, or more correctly, as glasses.
Strongyloides-Associated Left Ventricular Thrombus

Aexertional dyspnea, and a history of diarrhea. Echocardiography revealed a large intracavitary thrombus occupying the apical two thirds of the left ventricular (LV) cavity (Fig 1A) and severely elevated LV filling pressures. The mitral valve was mildly thickened, with significant subvalvular tethering. Further imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed these findings (Fig 1B, C, D). Stool samples tested positive for Strongyloides stercoralis larvae. She was taken to the operating room with the diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis secondary to hypereosinophilia caused by the Strongyloides infection. Right and left ventricular apical thrombus and fibrotic tissue were identified and aggressively excised. The mitral valve was immobile because of the intense reaction and involvement of the thrombus, with the subvalvular apparatus necessitating
Collaborative knowledge construction in digital environments: Politics, policy, and communities

How individuals share information with respect to politics and policy in networked research environments is an area ripe for interdisciplinary study. In this analysis, I explore some of the more current and salient research findings from several disciplinary literatures (communications, computer science, organizational behavior, information science, and public policy) to examine how current research perceives the influence of technology-aided communications on policy-making conversations. I suggest that a community-centric view, which takes into account online and offline group affiliations and their related power dynamics, is just as important as an individual-based unit of analysis. This understanding points to directions for the thoughtful creation of digital resources that appropriately reflect and support inter- and intra-group knowledge-sharing behavior.