cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Na,K-ATPase response to osmotic stress in primary dog lens epithelial cells

Purpose. Na,K-ATPase activity increases in lens cells exposed to hypertonic stress. To test whether the increase in activity involves stimulation of Na,K-ATPase expression, dog lens epithelial cells were subjected to hypertonic stress, and the time course of Na,K-ATPase protein and mRNA response was measured. Methods. Primary cultures of dog lens epithelial cells were maintained in isotonic or hypertonic media over the course of several days. Rubidium-86 uptake measurements, immunoreactive protein, and northern blot analysis were performed. Results. Dog lens epithelial cells exposed to hypertonic stress from culture medium supplemented with 150 mM NaCl or 250 mM cellobiose showed a twofold increase in Na,K-ATPase activity. The increase in activity was blocked by cycloheximide and was reversible when the cells were returned to isotonic medium. This activity was unaffected by the aldose reductase inhibitor, tolrestat. Na,K-ATPase protein and mRNA levels increased in cells exposed to medium containing 150 mM NaCl. Northern blot analysis showed that the alpha-1 and beta-1 mRNA levels increased as early as 6 hours and maximally increased 1.5-fold to twofold by 12 to 24 hours. Conclusions. Elevation of Na,K-ATPase activity in dog lens epithelial cells exposed to hypertonic stress was associated with increased expression of Na,K-ATPase subunit mRNAs and was dependent on protein synthesis. These results suggest that upregulation of the enzyme activity is the result of an induction of Na,K-ATPase
INHIBITION OF A THYMINE-DEFICIENT MUTANT OF ESCHERICHIA COLI BY 5-SUBSTITUTED URACILS

Shapira, Jacob (Consolidated Veterans Administration Hospital, Little Rock, Ark.), Lois Lowden, and Ralph Hale. Inhibition of a thymine-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli by 5-substituted uracils. J. Bacteriol. 83:919-923. 1962.-Small inocula of well-washed cells of a thymine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli were incubated in a thymine-containing glucose-salts medium with a variety of 5-substituted pyrimidines and pyrimidine ribosides. After a lag phase, the turbidity of the cultures increased appreciably which, in the case of 5-ethyluracil and 5-ethyluridine, was primarily due to an elongation of the cells. 5-Ethyluracil at low thymine concentrations increased the lag phase and decreased the rate and final amount of growth. At high thymine concentrations, it had less effect on the final turbidity of the cultures. The inhibition index for this compound was relatively constant, suggesting competitive inhibition. Several other pyrimidine analogues inhibited growth. The nucleosides of 5-bromouracil and 5-aminouracil were no more effective than the free bases. The ribosides of 5-ethyluracil and 5-butyluracil were appreciably more inhibitory than the free bases and were the most potent compounds tested. It is likely that the inhibition of growth is a reflection of the effect of these compounds on ribonucleic acid synthesis by the cells.
From Berlin and Jerusalem: On the Germanness of Gershom Scholem

Although Gershom Scholem, one of the leading Judaic studies scholars of modern times, was born and raised in Germany, he consistently represented himself as an un-German Jew. Rejection of Germany and Germanness was a leitmotif of Scholem's self-presentation, particularly after immigrating to Jerusalem in 1923. Scholem became a central figure in the Jewish intelligentsia of mandate-era Palestine and later the state of Israel, and he helped shape Jewish discourse around the world. However, a re-examination of his unpublished and published correspondence, youthful journals, writings and interviews, and actual actions demonstrates that Scholem must also be seen as a German intellectual whose lifelong intellectual, political, social, and cultural predilections were the products of the German Jewish bourgeoisie and the German intelligentsia at the turn of the twentieth century. Long after emigrating from Germany, Scholem remained marked by Germanness and an ongoing relationship with Germany.
Sweet action: The dynamics of O-GlcNAcylation during meiosis in mouse oocytes.

Post-translational modifications regulate mitosis and meiosis. For example, O-GlcNAcylation –the addition of a single N acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine or threonine residues– is required for mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation; here we show that O-GlcNAcylation occurs in mouse oocytes during meiosis. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which respectively adds and removes this modification, are expressed and active during meiosis. Proteins modified with O-GlcNAc (green) are concentrated at the nuclear envelope at prophase I (top cells) and can be found throughout the cytoplasm at metaphase II (bottom cells), with an enrichment immediately adjacent to the condensed chromosomes. OGT (yellow) is distributed throughout the oocyte at prophase I, but is later concentrated at the metaphase-II spindle. In contrast, OGA (cyan) is enriched primarily at the cortex throughout meiosis. These distinct spatial distributions of OGT and OGA suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is maintained at discrete regions of the oocyte – e.g. the meiotic spindle. Studies investigating the precise function of O-GlcNAc, OGT, and OGA during meiotic maturation will provide new insights into the impact of post-translational modifications on gamete quality.
Advanced liner performance for extended experiments in hydrodynamics and material properties

Over the last few years a new application for high performance pulsed power technology has joined the family of traditional radiation source applications. This new application uses the magnetic fields from large current pulses to implode near-solid density cylindrical liners, with very high precision, for the study of material properties and hydrodynamics in complex geometries. The 24-MJ Atlas pulsed power system, operated since September 2001 in Los Alamos, has employed high-precision liners driven with currents up to 25 MA to conduct a variety of experiments involving the production of moderate to strong shocks to study material failure and the dynamic behavior of an interface at high relative velocities and high normal pressures and the compression of targets in complex geometries to validate sophisticated hydrodynamic simulations. This paper will describe the behavior of the initial liner implosions evaluating the physical cause for the perturbation growth and will describe the later, more uniform, implosions. The paper will attempt to address the physical behaviors that lead to different behaviors in each case.
Eccentric exercise does not affect common drive in the biceps brachii

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eccentric exercise on common drive. Methods: Eleven men, age 23.6 ± 2.1 (mean ± SD) years, performed trapezoid isometric muscle actions of the dominant forearm flexors immediately before and after 1 of 2 interventions: (a) 6 sets of 10 maximal eccentric isokinetic muscle actions of the forearm flexors; or (b) 10 minutes of quiet resting. Surface electromyographic signals were recorded from the biceps brachii and decomposed into individual motor unit action potential trains. Mean firing rate patterns were calculated for each motor unit, and all possible combinations were cross-correlated to measure common drive. Results: The peak cross-correlation coefficients were generally in the 0.2–0.5 range and occasionally as high as 0.7. Conclusion: These coefficients were not, however, affected by the eccentric exercise, despite a 19.5% decrease in strength, indicating that the eccentric exercise did not affect common drive. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Antigenic cross-reaction between a varicella-zoster virus nucleocapsid protein encoded by gene 40 and a herpes simplex virus nucleocapsid protein

Human sera from varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) seropositive individuals contain antibody to a 155-kilodalton (155 kDa) viral protein. In this study, we show that monoclonal antibodies (mAb10.1 and mAb1A1.4) prepared against VZV and HSV-1 proteins, respectively, reacted with nuclear antigens and recognized a 155 kDa protein in the infected cells. Immunoprecipitation of whole virions and viral nucleocapsids with these mAbs showed that the 155 kDa protein is located in VZV and HSV-1 nucleocapsids. In addition, immunofluorescence and cross-reaction experiments revealed the antigenic cross-reactivity between the VZV and HSV-1 155 kDa nucleocapsid proteins. To map the coding region of the VZV 155 kDa protein, a truncated DNA fragment from the predicted open reading frame 40 was cloned into an in vitro transcription vector (pGEM). The RNA transcribed from the inserted DNA was translated in vitro and immunoprecipitated with mAb10.1. The reactivity of the in vitro translation products with mAb10.1 indicated that the 155 kDa nucleocapsid protein is encoded by VZV gene 40. These findings demonstrated that the VZV 155 kDa nucleocapsid protein encoded by gene 40 induces humoral response which cross-reacts with both VZV and HSV.
Central venous catheter sepsis in surgical newborns

We examined central venous catheter (CVC) sepsis in newborn surgical patients, as this group appeared to have a higher incidence of this complication. During a 3-year period 79 patients on the surgical service required a tunneled, cuffed, Broviac CVC. Nineteen patients (24% or 9.9 episodes per 1000 catheter days) had proven sepsis and 8 (10% or 1.9/1000 catheter days) had suspected sepsis. An intestinal stoma was definitely related to CVC sepsis (p<0.001). Other risk factors included lower gestational age, more operations, and younger age at first stoma. Temperature, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count did not correlate with CVC sepsis. We found no better indicator of CVC sepsis than the presentation of an ill child. Certainly temperature, WBC, and platelet count are not reliable indicators. Surgeons have little control over the factors that were found to be related to CVC sepsis. It would appear reasonable from these results to maintain a high index of suspicion in the high-risk groups, to use peripherally inserted central catheters (PIC lines) as the first line of long-term vascular access, and to bring CVCs out of a nonabdominal site, perhaps the scalp, in patients with stomas.
DNA sequences of telomeres maintained in yeast

Telomeres, the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, have long been recognized as specialized structures. Their stability compared with broken ends of chromosomes suggested that they have properties which protect them from fusion, degradation or recombination. Furthermore, a linear DNA molecule such as that of a eukaryotic chromosome must have a structure at its ends which allows its complete replication, as no known DNA polymerase can initiate synthesis without a primer. At the ends of the relatively short, multi-copy linear DNA molecules found naturally in the nuclei of several lower eukaryotes, there are simple tandemly repeated sequences with, in the cases analysed, a specific array of single-strand breaks, on both DNA strands, in the distal portion of the block of repeats. In general, however, direct analysis of chromosomal termini presents problems because of their very low abundance in nuclei. To circumvent this problem, we have previously cloned a chromosomal telomere of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a linear DNA vector molecule. Here we show that yeast chromosomal telomeres terminate in a DNA sequence consisting of tandem irregular repeats of the general form C1-3A. The same repeat units are added to the ends of Tetrahymena telomeres, in an apparently non-template-directed manner, during their replication on linear plasmids in yeast. Such DNA addition may have a fundamental role in telomere replication.
Voting For and Against Unions: A Decision Model

Models of voting behavior in union representation elections have largely been concerned with the relationship between work dissatisfaction and pro-union voting and post-hoc analyses of election outcomes. A comprehensive model of union voting behavior should account for the reasons why employees vote for unions and also why they vote against unions in both certification and decertification elections. A model is developed which incorporates some variables not previously given prominence in the literature and some testable propositions are derived.
Determinants of Managerial Stock Ownership: The Case of CEOs

Research on the determinants of managerial equity ownership in firms is scant. To a limited extent, prior researchers have examined the variations in insider ownership proportions by combining the officers and directors into one group. This paper differs from earlier studies by focusing on the CEO. The evidence suggests that agency costs, free cash flow, and potential non-diversification losses and CEO attributes are important in explaining variations in CEOs' equity proportions in firms. Specifically, the paper finds that the proportion of CEO's ownership is related positively to the firm's debt level, diversification potential of the firm's common stock, free cash flows, and earnings volatility, and related negatively to the firm size.
Thermally induced solid state polycondensation of nylon 66, nylon 6‐10 and polyethylene terephthalate

The mechanism of solid state polycondensation has been subjected to a fundamental analysis. Equations were formulated for combined diffusion and chemical reaction for two separate situations. One was for solid state polycondensation in polymer flakes or chips. The other dealt with polymer powders. The resultant solutions related molecular weight changes to rate functions. A technique for deriving the rate functions from experimental data is described. Solid state polycondensations were then studied for nylon 66, nylon 6-10, and polyethylene terephthalate. These data which ranged from 120 to 200°C. were tested with various mechanisms. The most appropriate one was found to be that developed in the present work. Chemical reaction was found to be the rate controlling step in solid state polycondensation in nylon 66, polyethylene terephthalate, powders of nylon 6-10 and larger particles of nylon 6-10 at and above 160°C. Diffusion of byproduct through the solid was the rate controlling step for larger particles of nylon 6-10 at temperatures below 160°C. Thermograms of nylon 6-10 indicated morphological changes which possibly influenced the behavior of the larger nylon 6-10 particles. The Arrhenius relation was fitted to the situations where chemical reaction controlled.
Nicotine Enhances Excitability of Medial Habenular Neurons via Facilitation of Neurokinin Signaling

The medial habenula (MHb) densely expresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and participates in nicotine-related behaviors such as nicotine withdrawal and regulating nicotine intake. Although specific nAChR subunits are identified as being involved in withdrawal behavior, the cellular mechanisms through which nicotine acts to cause this aversive experience is unclear. Here, we demonstrate an interaction between the nicotinic and neurokinin signaling systems that may form the basis for some symptoms experienced during nicotine withdrawal. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in mouse brain slices, we show that nicotine (1 μm) increases intrinsic excitability in MHb neurons. This nicotine-induced phenomenon requires α5-containing nAChRs and depends on intact neurokinin signaling. The effect is blocked by preincubation with neurokinin 1 (NK1; L-732138, 10 μm) and NK3 (SB222200, 2 μm) antagonists and mimicked by NK1 (substance P, 100 nm) and NK3 (neurokinin B [NKB], 100 nm) agonists. Microinjections (1 μl) of L-732138 (50 nm) and SB222200 (100 nm) into the MHb induces withdrawal behavior in chronic nicotine-treated (8.4 mg/kg/d, 2 weeks) mice. Conversely, withdrawal behavior is absent with analogous microinjections into the lateral habenula of nicotine-treated mice or in mice chronically treated with a vehicle solution. Further, chronic nicotine reduces nicotine9s acute modulation of intrinsic excitability while sparing modulation by NKB. Our work elucidates the interplay between two neuromodulatory signaling systems in the brain through which nicotine acts to influence intrinsic excitability. More importantly, we document a neuroadaptation of this mechanism to chronic nicotine exposure and implicate these mechanisms collectively in the emergence of nicotine withdrawal behavior.
Origin and evolution of the grazing guild in new world terrestrial mammals

Although vertebrate herbivory has existed on land for about 300 million years, the grazingadaptation, principally developed in mammals, did not appear until the middle Cenozoic about 30 million years ago. Paleontological evidence indicates that grazing mammals diversified at the time of the spread of grasslands. Recently revised fossil calibrations reveal that the grazing mammal guild originated during the early Miocene in South America about 10-15 million years earlier than it did during the late Miocene in the northern hemisphere. Carbon isotopic analyses of extinct grazers' teeth reveal that this guild originated predominantly in C(3) terrestrial ecosystems. The present-day distribution of C(3) and C(4) grasslands evolved on the global ecological landscape since the late Miocene, after about 7 million years ago.
Critical time requirements for operational use of deterministic and ensemble tropical cyclone track forecasts

Tropical cyclone track forecasts have been improved, and forecast intervals have been extended to five days, owing to improved global and regional numerical model guidance. Critical time requirements that must be met for operational use of the deterministic model track forecasts are summarized for the U.S. and other selected non-U.S. tropical cyclone warning centers. One of the most accurate deterministic model forecasts from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts arrives too late to be used with other models at the + 6 h warning time, and thus is at least 12 h old before it can be operationally used. The time-critical nature of the tropical cyclone warning system is a major obstacle to operational use of single-model, or proposed multi-model, ensemble prediction system (EPS) mean and spread information, which is 12 h (or 18 h) delayed. This EPS mean and spread must also be superior to the mean and spread of the consensus of deterministic models that are available six hours earlier. These requirements must be met before the EPS tropical cyclone tracks will be operationally useful in specifying the uncertainty in the official track forecasts, which is the next challenge in tropical cyclone track warnings.
Effect of various biological factors on spontaneous marmoset and tamarin colitis. A retrospective histopathologic study.

Histological sections of colons from 69 tamarins (46 Saguinus oedipusand 23 Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri)and 27 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)that died between 1979 and 1984 were examined for colitis. Evaluated biological factors were species, age at death, source of animals, manner of death, presence of colon cancer, and time after importation. Most normal colons were found in young animals (dead at 3 years. At this time, no causative agent has been identified in marmoset colitis.
Investigation of Microstrip Applications for Varactor-Tuned UHF Tuners

The use of microstrip with varactor diodes to construct a UHF tuner for commercial television receivers is a marked departure from previous exploitations of microstrip. Usually, it has been used for network elements in broadband applications with fixed center frequency. Such applications are diametrically opposed to the conditions in UHF receivers, where fractional bandwidths less than 5% are required over nearly an octave variation of center frequency. The scope of this paper is a discussion of the most fundamental problems associated with microstrip in varactor-tuned UHF tuners. These problems are as follows: 1. Determination of parametric relationships 2. Delineation of device limitations 3. Formation of an approach to preselection
Valence-band discontinuity between GaN and AlN measured by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy

The valence-band discontinuity at a wurtzite GaN/AIN (0001) heterojunction is measured by means of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The method first measures the core level binding energies with respect to the valence-band maximum in both GaN and A1N bulk films. The precise location of the valenceb and maximum is determined by aligning prominent features in the valenceb and spectrum with calculated densities of states. Subsequent measurements of separations between Ga and Al core levels for thin overlayers of GaN film grown on A1N and vice versa yield a valence-band discontinuity of ΔEv = 0.8+- 0.3 eV in the standard Type I heterojunction alignment.
Quantitative Atomic And Molecular Laser Fluorescence In The Study Of Detailed Combustion Processes

The present ability of atomic and molecular fluorescence techniques to monitor quantitatively the concentrations of species in flames is reviewed. Atomic fluorescence measurements require a saturation mode with a laser pulselength that is sufficiently short to avoid induced chemical or ionization effects but long enough to produce a steady state distribution over the accessible energy levels. Molecular fluorescence techniques are available for both low laser power and saturated modes of operation and invariably involve some level of approximation due to the complex energy level manifold that is involved. Two-photon induced fluorescence detection of atoms and molecules is of potential interest in facilitating the monitoring of various additional species that previously was only possible spectroscopically in the vacuum ultraviolet. Results of the major applications of these techniques are presented. These include temperature measurements, studies of the SOX and NOx flame chemistries, methods of obtaining energy transfer rates, laser induced chemical kinetic data, and their potential for deriving thermochemical values.
On the suzuki effect and spinodal decomposition

Abstract A theory is presented for the segregation to stacking faults, twin boundaries or other types of two-dimensional faults satisfying certain conditions. It is based on Suzuki's theory for segregation to stacking faults though it is more general and pays special attention to the contribution to the fault energy from the concentration difference between the fault and the matrix. Expressions are derived for the concentration difference at equilibrium and for the fault energy as a function of the concentration difference. The theory is compared with earlier theories for the segregation to stacking faults, and its advantages are pointed out. In an extension of the theory the condition is dropped that the composition of the matrix must be homogeneous. Instead the composition is allowed to vary in the dimension perpendicular to the surface fault, assuming that the nearest neighbour model can be applied. The concentration profile around a stacking fault and a twin boundary is calculated and found to have a considerable width. The influence of segregation to stacking faults and twin boundaries on decomposition within a miscibility gap is studied. It is found that under certain circumstances the decomposition can occur spontaneously outside the spinodal when these faults are present. The influence of segregation on an ordering system is also discussed briefly.
Ticks of a Random clock

A simple way to convert a purely random sequence of events into a signal with a strong periodic component is proposed. The signal consists of those instants of time at which the length of the random sequence exceeds an integer multiple of a given number. The larger this number the more pronounced the periodic behavior becomes.
Emotion and Life Threatening Illness: A Typology of Hope Sources

This article presents a typology of hope sources for patients with life-threatening illness. Ten sources of hope are detailed in the typology, including five major hope sources: religion, medical science, fallibilism, self-discipline, and renewal and deception by others (false hope). These hope sources are also divided into cognitive and behavioral dimensions. Further analysis examines varying hope orientations among patients and physicians. Suggestions for additional research are outlined.
Rural-to-Urban Labor Migration, Household Livelihoods, and the Rural Environment in Chongqing Municipality, Southwest China

Rural migration and its relationship to the rural environment have attracted increasing research interest in recent decades. Rural migration constitutes a key component of human population movement, while rural areas contain most of the world’s natural resources such as land and forests. This study empirically evaluates a conceptual framework incorporating rural household livelihoods as an integrative mediating factor between rural migration and the rural environment in the context of rural-to-urban labor migration in Chongqing Municipality, Southwest China. The analysis draws on data collected through household surveys and key informant interviews from four villages. Results confirm the hypothesis that labor-migrant and non-labor-migrant households differ significantly in livelihood activities including agricultural production, agricultural technology use, income and consumption, and resource use and management. Implications for the subsequent environmental outcomes of rural labor out-migration and corresponding natural resource management and policy in rural origin areas are discussed.
Logistics: impact of an autonomic logistics system (ALS) on the sortie generation process

The current Air Force aircraft logistics system is reactive in nature, meaning that once a fault is detected, maintenance personnel must perform fault isolation procedures and then take steps to repair or replace the faulty item. The Autonomic Logistics System (ALS) concept changes this reactive process into a proactive one. This new approach to the logistics process shows the potential for cost savings, increased aircraft availability, and better system performance. With an ALS, certain logistics tasks can be handled autonomously such as ordering parts for a broken system, calling the right maintenance specialist to the right aircraft, or notifying the maintenance control center that a certain aircraft has a malfunctioning system and will not be available for the next sortie. This study employs an Arena 5.0 discrete-event simulation model to explore the effect of an ALS on the sortie generation process for a fighter squadron during day-to-day operations.
Controlling Executive Pay Through Effective Corporate Governance

The article presents an overview of books reviewed in this issue of the journal “Academy of Management Perspectives,” including “Pay Without Performance: The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation,” by Lucian Bebchuck and Jesse Fried, “Corporate Governance and Labor Management: An International Comparison,” by Howard Gospel and edited by Andrew Pendleton and “Top Pay and Performance: International and Strategic Approach,” by Shaun Tyson and Frank Bournois.
Real-time distortionless high-factor compression scheme.

Nowadays, digital subtraction angiography systems must be able to sustain real‐time acquisition (30 frames per second) of 512×512×8 bit images and store several sequences of such images on low cost and general‐purpose mass memories. Concretely, that means a 7.8 Mbytes per second rate and about 780 Mbytes disk space to hold a 100‐s cardiac examination. To fulfill these requirements at competitive cost, a distortionless compressor/decompressor system can be designed: during acquisition, the real‐time compressor transforms the input images into a lower quantity of coded information through a predictive coder and a variable‐length Huffman code. The process is fully reversible because during review, the real‐time decompressor exactly recovers the acquired images from the stored compressed data. Test results on many raw images demonstrate that real‐time compression is feasible and takes place with absolutely no loss of information. The designed system indifferently works on 512 or 1024 formats, and 256 or 1024 gray levels.
Unbalanced growth and cell death in HeLa S3 cultures treated with DNA synthesis inhibitors

Flow cytometry indicated that significant amounts of dsRNA were accumulated in HeLa S3 cells blocked at or near G1/S boundary by hydroxyurea (HU) or excess thymidine (TdR). The dsRNA/DNA ratio increased in these cells in a manner characteristic of unbalanced cell growth. In HU-treated cells, dsRNA content was maximal 16 hours after addition of the drug and did not change significantly during the next 24 hours. The DNA content in blocked cells increased by 10%. Cell viability assessed by colony formation in soft agar decreased exponentially in HU-treated cultures after 16 hours of incubation. Correlation between loss of cell viability and rate of cell proliferation after removal of HU was observed, as determined by cell count and analysis of cell cycle progression. In TdR-treated cultures cells slowly progressed into mid S-phase during 40 hours and dsRNA accumulation continued during this period. Cell viability was not significantly affected by treatment with excess TdR, indicating that unbalanced growth per se, as measured by dsRNA accumulation, is not lethal for the cells. After reversal of DNA synthesis inhibition by removal of the drug, cells treated with HU for 16 hours of TdR for 16--24 hours promptly progressed through the cell cycle. This progression was accompanied by accumulation of significant amounts of dsRNA. As a result, cells in G2 phase had a very high dsRNA content leading to retention of the unbalanced condition (increased dsRNA/DNA ratio) in the daughter cells. It is suggested that dsRNA accumulation in the cell is controlled to a certain degree by cell progression through the S phase. This type of control, evidently, was reflected in limited dsRNA accumulation in the cells blocked at or near G1/S border, in continuous dsRNA accumulation in the cells slowly progressing through S phase, and in accumulation of large amounts of dsRNA after renewal of progression through the S phase.
Comparison of Linear Scheduling Model (LSM) and Critical Path Method (CPM)

Due to an increasingly competitive environment, construction companies are becoming more sophisticated, narrowing their focus, and becoming specialists in certain types of construction. This specialization requires more focused scheduling tools that prove to be better for certain type of projects. The critical path method (CPM) is the most utilized scheduling tool in the construction industry. However, for certain types of projects, CPM's usefulness decreases, because it becomes complex and difficult to use and understand. Alternative scheduling tools designed to be used with specific types of projects can prove to be more practical than CPM solutions. This paper provides a comparison of the CPM and a specialized tool, the linear scheduling model, by identifying critical attributes needed by any scheduling tool both at the higher management level and at the project level. Two project examples are scheduled with each method, and differences are discussed. Conclusions support that specialization of scheduli...
Effects of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-elevating agents and retinoic acid on differentiation in retinoid-deficient tracheal cultures.

The ability of cyclic AMP-elevating agents to induce normal differentiation has been investigated in retinoid-deficient hamster tracheal epithelium in organ culture. Dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and other cAMP-regulating agents alone caused disappearance of keratin and regeneration of normal mucociliary epithelium in retinoid-deficient cultures. Incubation of retinoid-deficient cultures with dbcAMP, isoproterenol, and cholera toxin (CT) (without addition of exogenous retinoid) reversed keratinization in a dose-dependent manner. The ED50 of cultures treated with dbcAMP was 4×10−6 M; ED50 of isoproterenol was 7×10−5 M; and CT, 0.6 μg/ml. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and other cAMP analogs were inactive. Dibutyryl cAMP in combination with theophylline enhanced normal differentiation. Retinoid-deficient tracheas pretreated for 20 h with 10−9 M all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) responded to 10−6 M dbcAMP by potentiating normal differentiation; this concentration of dbcAMP alone was inactive. Isoproterenol showed a similar response but to a lesser degree. These cAMP-elevating agents applied in combination with theophylline did not increase activity.
Binding of Calmodulin to the HIV-1 Matrix Protein Triggers Myristate Exposure

Steady progress has been made in defining both the viral and cellular determinants of retroviral assembly and release. Although it is widely accepted that targeting of the Gag polypeptide to the plasma membrane is critical for proper assembly of HIV-1, the intracellular interactions and trafficking of Gag to its assembly sites in the infected cell are poorly understood. HIV-1 Gag was shown to interact and co-localize with calmodulin (CaM), a ubiquitous and highly conserved Ca2+-binding protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells, and is implicated in a variety of cellular functions. Binding of HIV-1 Gag to CaM is dependent on calcium and is mediated by the N-terminally myristoylated matrix (myr(+)MA) domain. Herein, we demonstrate that CaM binds to myr(+)MA with a dissociation constant (Kd) of ∼2 μm and 1:1 stoichiometry. Strikingly, our data revealed that CaM binding to MA induces the extrusion of the myr group. However, in contrast to all known examples of CaM-binding myristoylated proteins, our data show that the myr group is exposed to solvent and not involved in CaM binding. The interactions between CaM and myr(+)MA are endothermic and entropically driven, suggesting that hydrophobic contacts are critical for binding. As revealed by NMR data, both CaM and MA appear to engage substantial regions and/or undergo significant conformational changes upon binding. We believe that our findings will provide new insights on how Gag may interact with CaM during the HIV replication cycle.
An immunological aspect of melanoma and its potential application in adjuvant therapy.

In an attempt to understand some of the natural immunological characteristics of cutaneous melanoma so that we can plan justifiable immunotherapeutic approaches, 23 patients were studied. The autologous leukocyte migration inhibition assay was utilized to assess in vitro their tumor-specific cellular immunity. This assay was specifically used because when presensitized lymphocytes are exposed to the same antigen, they release lymphokines which inhibit the natural migration of the leukocytes. All the patients were staged pathologically according to the TNM system. Twelve of them had regional metastasis, i.e., stage III, and underwent regional lymphadenectomy. The other 11 had distant metastases, i.e., stage IV disease, and all their gross tumors were resected. These 23 patients were the source of tumor material and peripheral blood. Fresh autologous leukocytes were obtained for the assays, from each patient, on the day of surgery and prior to the administration of the preoperative medications. These were tested in vitro, on the same day, with freshly prepared autologous tumor extracts as the source of autologous tumor antigens. The results revealed that the preoperative leukocytes of patients with stage III melanoma expressed hypersensitivity to their tumors, with significant inhibition of their leukocyte migration, compared to those with distant metastases who expressed no such sensitivity, P = 0.012. Such hypersensitized lymphocytes may be capable of producing more efficient lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells for an effective adjuvant adoptive immunotherapy.
Alcohol Use and Antisocial Behavior in Late Adolescence: Characteristics of a Sample Attending a GED Program

This study examined peer deviance, disinhibition, and ADHD symptoms as differential predictors of alcohol use, alcohol use disorder symptoms, and antisocial behavior. It was hypothesized that peer deviance would most strongly predict alcohol use while disinhibition and ADHD would predict alcohol use disorder symptoms and antisocial behavior. Participants were 104 (60% male) GED students between 16 and 21 years old who completed questionnaires and clinical interviews. Hierarchical regression models confirmed that peer deviance was the primary predictor of alcohol use, whereas disinhibition and ADHD were stronger predictors of alcohol use disorder symptoms and antisocial behavior. Results suggest that association with deviant peers increased the likelihood that these students would consume alcohol but, beyond that, individual factors such as disinhibition and ADHD contributed to symptoms of alcohol use disorder and antisocial behavior. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Intrinsic verification methods in linear heat conduction

Verification of the codes that provide numerical heat transfer solutions obtained by finite difference and other methods is important. One way to verify these solutions is to compare the values with exact solutions. However, these exact solutions should also be verified. Fortunately, intrinsic verification methods are possible. Intrinsic verification utilizes at least two independent exact solutions to obtain accurate numerical values. Three different types of intrinsic verification for transient and steady state heat conduction are developed and illustrated by examples.
Solar Interface Dynamo Models with a Realistic Rotation Profile

Extensions of the interface dynamo model of Parker are considered through two-dimensional numerical simulations in spherical geometry. In the interface model, the production of the poloidal and toroidal components of the magnetic field occur in two separate regions coupled by diffusion. A large discontinuous jump in the diffusivity at the interface allows the production of a sufficiently strong toroidal magnetic field in the lower region while avoiding the difficulty of alpha quenching. When the rotation rate is assumed to vary only radially, dynamo waves that closely resemble the analytical solutions in Cartesian geometry found by Parker are found propagating along the interface. However, when a fit to the solar rotation profile—as determined from helioseismology, with both latitudinal and radial dependence—is included, no fully satisfactory solar-like oscillatory solutions are found. For an appropriately large diffusivity contrast, only steady modes are found for negative dynamo number, and only purely decaying solutions are found for positive dynamo number. Here the effect of the latitudinal variation of rotation is to suppress the oscillatory interface modes driven by the radial shear. Oscillatory solutions can be found for a small diffusivity contrast, but these solutions have field strengths that are too low for the solar case. The hybrid mode of Charbonneau & MacGregor found from similar calculations is shown to result from an incorrect boundary condition imposed at the interface and thus is not a valid solution.
MIMO downlink scheduling with non-perfect channel state knowledge

Downlink scheduling schemes are well-known and widely investigated. In the multiuser MIMO (broadcast) case, downlink scheduling in the presence of non-perfect CSI is only scantly treated. In this paper we provide a general framework within which the problem can be addressed systematically. Then, we focus on the special case of proportional fairness and “hard fairness”, with Gaussian coding and linear beamforming. We find that the naive scheduler that ignores the quality of the channel state information may be very suboptimal. We propose novel simple schemes that perform very well in practice. Also, we illuminate the key role played by the channel state prediction error: our schemes treat in a fundamentally different way users with “predictable” or “non-predictable” channels, and allocate these classes of users over time in a near-optimal fashion.
Metabolism of Myeloperoxidase-derived 2-Chlorohexadecanal

Numerous studies have suggested relationships between myeloperoxidase (MPO), inflammation, and atherosclerosis. MPO-derived reactive chlorinating species attack membrane plasmalogens releasing alpha-chloro fatty aldehydes including 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), which have been found to accumulate in activated neutrophils, activated monocytes, infarcted myocardium and human atheromas. The present study employed synthetically prepared 2-Cl-[3H]-HDA as well as stable isotope-labeled 2-ClHDA to elucidate the metabolism of 2-ClHDA. The results herein demonstrate that human coronary artery endothelial cells oxidize and reduce 2-ClHDA to its respective chlorinated fatty acid (alpha-ClFA) and chlorinated fatty alcohol (alpha-ClFOH). Within the first hour of incubations of human coronary artery endothelial cells with 2-Cl-[3H]-HDA, the label was incorporated into the alpha-ClFOH and alpha-ClFA pools. After 1 h, the radiolabel was predominantly found in the alpha-ClFOH pool. Cell-derived alpha-ClFOH and alpha-ClFA were also released into the cell culture medium. Additionally, chlorinated fatty acid was incorporated into complex endothelial cell glycerolipids, including monoglycerides, triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The oxidation and reduction of 2-ClHDA to alpha-ClFA and alpha-ClFOH, respectively, was further supported by mass spectrometric analyses of human coronary artery endothelial cells incubated with either 2-ClHDA or stable isotope-labeled 2-ClHDA (2-Cl-[d4]-HDA). 2-ClHDA was also oxidized to alpha-ClFA and reduced to alpha-ClFOH in both control and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophils. Taken together, these results show that a family of chlorinated lipidic metabolites is produced from alpha-chloro fatty aldehydes derived from reactive chlorinating species targeting of plasmalogens. These metabolites are incorporated into complex lipids and their biological roles may provide new insights into MPO-mediated disease.
Numerical simulation of a colloidal thruster in the droplet regime

Abstract Experiments with colloid thrusters have shown their ability to operate in various flow regimes extending from the pure droplet to the mixed ion-droplet regime, and in some cases to pure ion emission. Experimental research on this issue has been done using time of flight techniques which have characterized the specific charge of the extracted species, combined with stopping-potential energy analyses. We address this issue from the numerical perspective by developing a single emitter colloid simulation. In previous papers we have presented results from our numerical model for an axisymmetric colloidal jet [J.A. Carretero, M. Martinez-Sanchez, in: 38th Joint Propulsion Conf. and Exhibit, 7–10 July, 2002, Indianapolis, IN, AIAA-2002-3812, 2002; J.A. Carretero, M. Martinez-Sanchez, in: 28th Internat. Electric Propulsion Conf., 17–21 March, 2003, Toulouse France, 2003]. The numerical simulation models the cone-jet transition region of the colloid jet; starting from the needle to the extractor grid, thus reproducing the typical electrospray experimental configuration. The liquid is modelled as an incompressible viscous fluid with a constant conductivity. A Surface charge relaxation equation is included in the model, and the potential and electric fields in the fluid are solved for. The equations have been simplified by employing a slenderness approximation except for the free surface boundary conditions where the terms have been kept exact. Simulation results have been shown to compare well to experimental data for a variety of liquids, for flows 1 ρ K Q / ( γ e e 0 ) 6 .
A current-comparator-based system for on-site calibrations of high voltage PMU systems

The development of a current-comparator-based system for on-site calibrations of high voltage phasor measurement unit systems will be presented. Measurement can be made under actual power system operating conditions with voltages up to 100 kV line-to-ground and currents up to 2000 A at 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Optimizing Early De Novo Immunosuppression With Sirolimus

In the past, renal transplant deterioration was approached as a problem of "chronic rejection," which implied that deterioration of kidney function occurred because of past injuries that programmed the kidney for loss of function. New evidence suggests that deterioration occurs because of a new or recent source of injury. If a graft is losing function, the cause of deterioration needs to be identified. Some causes are treatable; those that are not should be diagnosed and further studied. To this end, we need to approach deterioration (loss of function or proteinuria) of renal transplant function by identifying distinct entities or components of the problem. Early and late kidney graft survival has improved considerably, owing to advances in clinical care, particularly immunosuppression. Many of the kidney transplants functioning today should serve their new owners for their life expectancy. The main cause of late kidney function deterioration remains allograft nephropathy. Often this reflects a failure of the immunosuppressive prescription. Subclinical rejection, chronic nephrotoxicity, recurrent disease, infections, or diabetes may contribute to this process. Optimal early and late immunosuppression is required to provide efficacy without attendant risk for graft dysfunction owing to nephrotoxicity. Because 1-year serum creatinine levels often provide an indication of long-term graft function, early evaluation of subtle degrees of graft dysfunction should prompt a graft biopsy to identify treatable causes.
Hemifacial Spasm and Other Craniofacial Movement Disorders

Craniofacial dyskinesias encompass a variety of abnormal spontaneous craniofacial movements that often appear similar in morphology but are, in fact, of varied cause and nature. Although hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm are the two most common abnormal craniofacial movements, the clinician should be cognizant of other dyskinesias, particularly craniofacial dystonias, tremor, tic, chorea, and stereotypies. Most craniofacial dyskinesias respond favorably to injections of botulinum toxin type A or oral medications. Surgical treatment may be beneficial for refractory cases.
High resolution electron microscopy of superconductors

Until recently, in the field of superconductivity, electron microscopy has played only a minor role in studies of structure and properties of existing superconductors (except Nb and its alloys) and in the development of new and improved superconductors. This situation has changed in recent years. Electron microscopy is now being extensively used to study the growth, microstructure, and kinetics of many superconductors, especially of A15 type. Electron microscopy has also contributed to the understanding of the nature of radiation damage in these materials. These contributions will be reviewed with selected examples.
Cranial histology of pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia: Marginocephalia) reveals transitory structures inconsistent with head-butting behavior

Abstract Modern histological techniques allow paleontologists to investigate the internal microstructure of bone tissue. We apply high resolution images of histological thin sections from an ontogenetic series (not conspecific) of pachycephalosaurid frontoparietal domes to test the hypothesis that these Late Cretaceous dinosaurs used their heads as battering rams, analogous to the behavior of the bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, or as a thermoregulatory device. Our analysis reveals that the internal structure of the pachycephalosaur dome is a dynamic tissue that reflects the changeable expansion and vascularity of the dome throughout ontogeny. The radiating structures within the frontoparietal dome, used previously to support “head-butting” hypotheses, are unexpectedly transitory, diminishing in mature individuals and nearly absent in adult skulls where head-butting behavior is presumed to occur. The unique architecture of the pachycephalosaurid dome is dividable into three distinct Zones. We demonstrate t...