cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Narrowband terahertz emitters using metamaterial films

In this article we report on metamaterial-based narrowband thermal terahertz (THz) emitters with a bandwidth of about 1 THz. Single band emitters designed to radiate in the 4 to 8 THz range were found to emit as high as 36 W/m2 when operated at 400 °C. Emission into two well-separated THz bands was also demonstrated by using metamaterial structures featuring more complex unit cells. Imaging of heated emitters using a microbolometer camera fitted with THz optics clearly showed the expected higher emissivity from the metamaterial structure compared to low-emissivity of the surrounding aluminum.
Friedel Sum Rule for Anderson's Model of Localized Impurity States

The Friedel sum rule is derived for Anderson's model of localized impurity states in metals. The result is valid even when all many-body correlations are taken into account.
Relaxed chromatic numbers of graphs

Given any family of graphsP, theP chromatic number ? p (G) of a graphG is the smallest number of classes into whichV(G) can be partitioned such that each class induces a subgraph inP. We study this for hereditary familiesP of two broad types: the graphs containing no subgraph of a fixed graphH, and the graphs that are disjoint unions of subgraphs ofH. We generalize results on ordinary chromatic number and we computeP chromatic number for special choices ofP on special classes of graphs.
Regeneration of the rat gastrocnemius muscle from sibling and non‐sibling muscle fragments

Supported in part by grants from the Cancer Research Institute of the University of Michigan and from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America. Reported earlier in abstract from (Carlson, '68a).
PPARδ activation induces hepatic long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 expression in vivo and in vitro

The arachidonic acid preferred long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) is a key enzyme for fatty acid metabolism in various metabolic tissues. In this study, we utilized hamsters fed a normal chow diet, a high-fat diet or a high cholesterol and high fat diet (HCHFD) as animal models to explore novel transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for ACSL4 expression under hyperlipidemic conditions. Through cloning hamster ACSL4 homolog and tissue profiling ACSL4 mRNA and protein expressions we observed a selective upregulation of ACSL4 in testis and liver of HCHFD fed animals. Examination of transcriptional activators of the ACSL family revealed an increased hepatic expression of PPARδ but not PPARα in HCHFD fed hamsters. To explore a role of PPARδ in dietary cholesterol-mediated upregulation of ACSL4, we administered a PPARδ specific agonist L165041 to normolipidemic and dyslipidemic hamsters. We observed significant increases of hepatic ACSL4 mRNA and protein levels in all L165041-treated hamsters as compared to control animals. The induction of ACSL4 expression by L165041 in liver tissue in vivo was recapitulated in human primary hepatocytes and hepatocytes isolated from hamster and mouse. Moreover, employing the approach of adenovirus-mediated gene knockdown, we showed that depletion of PPARδ in hamster hepatocytes specifically reduced ACSL4 expression. Finally, utilizing HepG2 as a model system, we demonstrate that PPARδ activation leads to increased ACSL4 promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression, and consequently higher arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase activity. Taken together, we have discovered a novel PPARδ-mediated regulatory mechanism for ACSL4 expression in liver tissue and cultured hepatic cells.
Products of the Gas-Phase Reactions of a Series of Methyl-Substituted Ethenes with the OH Radical

Alkenes are a significant component of ambient air in urban areas, and in the atmosphere they react with OH radicals, NO{sub 3} radicals, and O{sub 3}, with the OH radical reaction often dominating as the tropospheric removal process. Products of the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical with 2-methylpropene, cis-2-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene in the presence of NO have been investigated at room temperature and 740 Torr total pressure of air by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, in situ Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, and in situ atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (API-MS). For all four alkenes, hydroxynitrate formation from the {beta}-hydroxyalkyl peroxy radical plus NO reaction accounted for {approximately} 10% of the overall products observed, with decomposition of the intermediate {beta}-hydroxyalkoxy radical dominating over the alternative reaction with O{sub 2} (isomerization via a six-member transition state is not possible for any of the intermediate {beta}-hydroxyalkoxy radicals formed in these reactions) and leading to the formation of the carbonyls expected from >C{double_bond}C< bond cleavage in {approximately} 90% yield each.
Relation of Heart-Rate Deceleration and Simple Reaction Time:

In two experiments, factors known to affect speed of simple reaction time (RT) were varied, and the phasic heart-rate deceleration preceding the reaction signal was measured. Both heart-rate deceleration and RT were affected by incentive, preparatory interval, and mode of presentation (whether predictable or unpredictable) of the preparatory intervals in a series. But the effect of a factor on one could not predict its effect upon the other, and heart-rate deceleration and RT were generally uncorrelated.
The Absorption Spectra of Krypton and Xenon in Their Regions of Autoionization.

The absorption cross-section spectra of krypton and xenon, obtained at narrow spectral bandwidths, are reported. Both gases were studied in their regions of autoionization, 840–880 A and 918–990 A for Kr and Xe, respectively. In Kr over the entire wavelength range, and in Xe from 918 to 939.5 A, the bandwidth employed was 0.04 A. From 939.5 to 990 A in Xe, a bandwidth of 0.08 A had to be used in order to avoid overlapping orders. Results are corrected for the integrating effect of the bandwidth where possible. More than twice as much structure than previously measured in the autoionizing series 1S0(4s)2(4p)6→(4p)5md′ and (4p)5ns′ for Kr and 1S0(5s)2(5p)6→(5p)5md′ and ns′ for Xe is reported.
Saturable gas absorber for a 9-μm-band CO 2 -laser amplifier

A two-component saturable gas absorber composed of formic acid and SF6 in separate cells has been successfully used as an isolator in a TEA-CO2-amplifier chain for amplifying several 9-μm-band transitions. This isolator suppressed all amplifier self-oscillations in both the 9- and 10-μm bands and was saturated at intensities over 1 MW cm−2 by 130-nsec, 9-μm band pulses.
Fatal Intravenous Injection of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Refilling Solution

The popularity of electronic cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is increasing. Data from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey demonstrates a nearly 50 % increase in ENDS usage over the last year among middle and high school students [1]. Similar increases in usage have been seen in adults [2]. ENDS are devices which vaporize a nicotine-containing solution so it can be inhaled [3]. In many cases, these devices can be refilled with nicotine-containing solutions called “eLiquid” [3, 4]. Some of these solutions contain potentially fatal amounts of nicotine [5]. Users of ENDS have reported negative symptoms involving multiple organ systems [6]. Serious morbidity or mortality related to these devices has not yet been reported. We report a fatality associated with the intentional injection of eLiquid.
Differentiation of aspartic and isoaspartic acids using electron transfer dissociation

Electron-transfer dissociation allows differentiation of isoaspartic acid and aspartic acid residues using the same c + 57 and z − 57 peaks that were previously observed with electron capture dissociation. These peaks clearly define both the presence and the position of isoaspartic acid residues and they are relatively abundant. The lower resolution of the ion trap instrument makes detection of the aspartic acid residue’s diagnostic peak difficult because of interference with side-chain fragment ions from arginine residues, but the aspartic acid residues are still clearly observed in the backbone cleavages and can be inferred from the absence of the isoaspartic acid diagnostic ions.
Interleukin 2 enhances natural killing of normal lymphocytes.

Abstract Purified Interleukin 2 (IL-2), free of interferon (IFN), significantly enhanced NK activity of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This enhancing activity was absorbed by IL-2 receptor-bearing cells but was not blocked by antibody to α-IFN. IFN in the culture supernatants was greatly increased after stimulation with poly(I:C) plus IL-2. There was less IFN produced by either modulator acting alone. Stimulation of PBMC with IL-2 and/or poly(I:C) increased the proportion of OKM1 + cells and anti-Leu-7 + cells. When cells expressing either surface antigen were specifically lysed to deplete NK, cytotoxic activity could be restored by overnight incubation in IL-2. This result suggests that IL-2 stimulates the development of NK cells from precursors that lack cell surface OKM1 or Leu-7. IL-2 acted directly on large granular lymphocytes and did not require the presence of adherent cells. These results suggest that IL-2 may act synergistically with other IFN inducers and may play an important role in the regulation of NK cells.
Observation of the onset of the in-plane rotation of perinaphthyl (phenalenyl, perinaphthenyl) in the solid state by EPR and ENDOR

Abstract The onset of the in-plane rotation of perinaphthyl in polycrystalline perinaphthenone tosylhydrazone and perinaphthene (phenalene) has been observed in preliminary EPR and ENDOR experiments. The temperature range over which the spectra exhibit the transition from the stationary state of the molecule to the rotating form is 210–220 K (in perinaphthenone tosylhydrazone) and 205–210 K (in perinaphthene). The EPR proton hyperfine and proton ENDOR powder spectra of stationary perinaphthyl below the transition range have been simulated with g ∥ (out-of-plane), g ⊥ (in-plane) equal to 2.00278, 2.00226, respectively, principal hyperfine constants, A xx p , A yy p , A zz p equal to 5.05(±0.30), 7.16(±0.30), 2.95(±0.35) MHz, respectively and A xx m , A yy m , A zz m equal to −8.84(±0.30), −26.04(±0.30), −17.68 (±0.25) MHz, respectively. ( p and m refer to protons at ring positions para, meta, respectively, to the central C atom of the molecule.) Spectra above the transition range have been simulated with the same g and out-of-plane A ∥ = A zz values and average in-plane values A ⊥ = ( A xx + A yy )/2. The following observations provide evidence for the existence of the in-plane rotation of the perinaphthyl molecule above the transition range: (a) The principal values of A m below the transition range equal the corresponding values of the protons of the terminal CH groups of the glutaconic acid radical scaled down to the spin density, p m = 0.28 on the meta C of perinaphthyl, as indicated by the solution spectrum. (b) The A p principal values below the transition range likewise scale to the glutaconic acid radical values for the central group (with p p = −0.08). (c) The in-plane principal A m and A p values observed below the transition range become averaged above the range, while the out-of-plane values remain unchanged.
From Reflecting to Making: Psychology in a World of Change

Everything or almost everything in this world of ours keeps changing: fashions we follow and the objects of our attention (constantly shifting attention, today drawn away from things and events that attracted it yesterday, and to be drawn away tomorrow from things that attracted us today), things we dream of and things we fear, things we desire and things we loath, reasons to be hopeful and reasons to be apprehensive. (p.1)
Embedded video compression with error resilience and error concealment

This paper presents an embedded video compression with error resilience and error concealment using three dimensional SPIHT (3-D SPIHT) algorithm. We use a new method for partitioning the wavelet coefficients into spatio-temporal (s-t) blocks to get higher error resilience and to support error concealment. Instead of grouping adjacent coefficients, we group coefficients in some fixed intervals in the lowest subband to get interleaved trees. All of the sub-blocks correspond to a group of full frames within the image sequence, because each group of interleaved trees has coefficients dispersed over the entire frame group. Then we separate the stream into fixed length packets and encode every one with a channel code. Experiments show that our proposed method brings higher error resilience in noisy channels since the decoded coefficients associated with early decoding error would be spread out to the whole area along with the sequence, and we can conceal the lost coefficients with the surrounding coefficients even if some of substreams are totally missing. In addition to that, our proposed method gives higher coding performance in noseless channels than the conventional grouping method of grouping contiguous trees.
THE INDUCTION OF BENZPYRENE HYDROXYLASE IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVER.

Abstract Induction of microsomal benzpyrene hydroxylase apparently occurs in the isolated perfused rat liver. This was demonstrated by assays of the benzpyrene hydroxylase activities of liver perfused with 3, 4-benzpyrene. These were compared with the enzyme activities in simultaneously perfused control livers and nonperfused livers from animals killed both at the time of mounting of the perfused livers and at the time of their removal for assay. The maximal enzyme induction was obtained after 6.5 hr of perfusion. The degree of stimulation at this time (two to threefold) was comparable to that obtainable in vivo for the same period, indicating that induction in the intact animal may occur independently of extrahepatic factors. Actinomycin D inhibited the increase in benzpyrene hydroxylase activity in perfused livers, indicating that an actual synthesis of new enzyme probably occurs. Microsomal zoxazolamine hydroxylase activity in perfused livers compared favorably with that observed in vivo, but addition of 3, 4-benzpyrene to the perfusate did not significantly affect this metabolic pathway during the intervals studied. Even in vivo, 3, 4-benzpyrene activation of zoxazolamine hydroxylase is apparently slow, being detected at 12 hr but not 6.5 hr after treatment with 3, 4-benzpyrene. Studies of enzyme activity after death revealed a rapid decline of zoxazolamine hydroxylation, so that maintenance of this enzymic activity appears to be a good criterion of the viability of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in perfused livers. The methods employed appear to be useful for the further study of rapidly acting microsomal enzyme stimulators.
The effect of long range many-molecule interactions on the absorption spectra of molecular fluids

Abstract On the basis of a mean field theory or an extended van der Waals theory of fluids the absorption spectrum of the fluids is obtained in terms of the dynamic susceptibility of the single molecule perturbed by the interactions with neighbouring molecules. It follows that any characteristic absorption line of sufficiently high frequency which is broadened in the bulk fluid by this perturbing effect is furthermore split into bands as a consequence of the resonant transfer of the absorbed energy between molecules via their many-body long range interactions.
The origin of fluids in the salt beds of the Delaware Basin, New Mexico and Texas

Abstract Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses have been made of (1) brines from several wells in the salt deposits of the Delaware Basin, (2) inclusion fluids in halite crystals from the ERDA No. 9 site, and (3) local ground waters of meteoric origin. The isotopic compositions indicate that the brines are genetically related and that they probably originated from the evaporation of paleo-ocean waters. Although highly variable in solute contents, the brines have rather uniform isotopic compositions. The stable isotope compositions of brine from the ERDA No. 6 site (826.3 m depth) and fluid inclusions from the ERDA No. 9 site are variable but remarkably regular and show that (1) mixing with old or modern meteoric waters has occurred, the extent of mixing apparently decreasing with depth, and (2) water in the ERDA No. 6 brine may have originated from the dehydration of gypsum. Alternatively, the data may reflect simple evaporation of meteoric water on a previously dry marine flat. Stable isotope compositions of all the waters analyzed indicate that there has been fairly extensive mixing with ground water throughout the area, but that no significant circulation has occurred. The conclusions bear importantly on the suitability of these salt beds and others as repositories for nuclear waste.
SPIRITUAL TRANSFORMATION, RITUAL HEALING, AND ALTRUISM

Based on studies of spirit healing in Puerto Rico and the United States, this essay proposes a model of ritual healing process focused on the core components of spiritual transformation and empathy. It describes the central role of spiritual transformation in healers from which emerges their capacity for relation, empathy, and altruism. Many spirit healers, following a spiritual transformation, begin to exercise what I label here radical empathy, in which individual differences between healer and sufferer are melded into one field of feeling and experience. This produces a type of altruism in which spirit healers feel compelled to be altruistic in responding to suffering whenever they encounter it. The model is compared and contrasted with aspects of healing process in some psychotherapeutic and analytic therapies. These comparisons are offered in the light of the growing interest in incorporating spirituality into psychological and medical treatments.
Career Development during Childhood and Adolescence.

Identity development is central to the career development of children and adolescents. This article reviews the literature pertaining to identity development as being composed of career exploration, commitment, and reconsideration and offers some implications for career interventions.
Induced, selective proteolysis of MLK3 negatively regulates MLK3/JNK signalling

MLK3 (mixed lineage kinase 3) is a MAP3K [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinase kinase] that activates multiple MAPK pathways, including the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) pathway. Immunoblotting of lysates from cells ectopically expressing active MLK3 revealed an additional immunoreactive band corresponding to a CTF (C-terminal fragment) of MLK3. In the present paper we provide evidence that MLK3 undergoes proteolysis to generate a stable CTF in response to different stimuli, including PMA and TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha). The cleavage site was deduced by Edman sequencing as between Gln251 and Pro252, which is within the kinase domain of MLK3. Based on our homology model of the kinase domain of MLK3, the region containing the cleavage site is predicted to reside on a flexible solvent-accessible loop. Site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that Leu250 and Gln251 are required for recognition by the 'MLK3 protease', reminiscent of the substrate specificity of the coronavirus 3C and 3CL proteases. Whereas numerous mammalian protease inhibitors have no effect on MLK3 proteolysis, blockade of the proteasome through epoxomicin or MG132 abolishes PMA-induced production of the CTF of MLK3. This CTF is able to heterodimerize with full-length MLK3, and interact with the active form of the small GTPase Cdc42, resulting in diminished activation loop phosphorylation of MLK3 and reduced signalling to JNK. Thus this novel proteolytic processing of MLK3 may negatively control MLK3 signalling to JNK.
Long-term amiodarone administration protects against global myocardial ischemia

Abstract Reports on the effects of amiodarone on cardiac function have been variable. This study addresses the effect of long-term amiodarone administration on recovery of cardiac function after a period of global ischemia. Normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats were used. Normotensive rats (n = 6) received 240 mg/kg amiodarone for 4 weeks, for a total of 72 ± 3 mg. Hypertensive rats (n = 6) received 500 mg/kg amiodarone for 4 weeks, for a total of 116 ± 5 mg. Final myocardial concentrations of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were 1.85 ± 1.75 and 0.50 ± 0.61 μg/g wet weight for the normotensive rats and 1.30 ± 0.58 and 0.31 ± 0.17 μg/g for the hypertensive rats (p = nonsignificant). Equal numbers of controls received sterile saline solution for 4 weeks. The hearts were excised and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus. The results indicate that, after 15 minutes of normothermic ischemia, hearts treated with this relatively low dose of amiodarone recovered a greater percentage of preischemic work (97% ± 13%) as compared with the controls (76% ± 17%) ( p
The B isozyme of creatine kinase is active as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli: In vivo detection by 31P NMR

A cDNA encoding the B isozyme of creatine kinase (CKB) has been expressed in Escherichia coli from a fusion with lacZ carried by λgt11. Western blots indicate that a stable polypeptide with the appropriate mobility for the β-galactosidase-creatine kinase (β-gal-CKB) fusion protein cross-reacts with both β-gal and CKB antiserum. No significant CK activity is detected in control E. coli; however, extracts from cells containing the λgt11-CKB construct have a CK activity of 1.54±0.07 μmol/min per mg protein. The fusion protein appears to provide this activity because immunoprecipitation of protein with β-gal antiserum leads to a loss of CK activity from extracts. That the enzyme is active in vivo was demonstrated by detection of a phosphocreatine (PCr) peak in the 31P NMR spectrum from E. coli grown on medium supplemented with creatine. As in mammalian brain and muscle, the PCr peak detected was sensitive to the energy status of the E. coli.
Development and evaluation of a computerized intervention for low distress tolerance and its effect on performance on a neutralization task.

Abstract Background and objectives A growing body of research has linked high distress intolerance (DI) to obsessions, but not other OCD symptom domains. However, existing research is correlational. Experimental studies are needed, but brief methods for reducing DI are lacking. To address these gaps in the literature, a brief, computerized intervention aimed at reducing DI was developed to determine if changing DI affected obsessional phenomena. Methods Individuals reporting high DI were randomized to a treatment or waitlist control group ( N = 53). Individuals in the treatment group received the DI treatment (i.e., a 2 h computerized intervention) over two weeks, and then underwent a post-assessment in which DI and obsession-relevant phenomena were measured. Individuals in the control group only received the post-assessment. Results Analyses revealed a greater reduction in self-reported DI on one measure and smaller decreases in behavioral DI in the intervention condition relative to the waitlist condition, as well as lower in-vivo urges to neutralize an intrusive thought; however, anxious reactivity to the intrusion and neutralization behavior were not affected. Further, bootstrapping analyses revealed that reductions in DI mediated the effect of the intervention on neutralization urges. Limitations A clinical sample and placebo control condition were not used. Conclusions These results provide experimental evidence for the role of DI in obsessional phenomena, specifically in affecting urges to neutralize intrusions, findings consistent with negative reinforcement models of DI. Further, results revealed that DI can be reduced with a brief, computerized intervention, which has important implications for future experimental research and treatment development.
Evaluating buffer-constrained routers under bursty and shaped traffic

We consider traffic models for the evaluation of buffer-constrained routers, such as routers with all-optical data paths. We show that conventional models may substantially underestimate the packet loss behavior. We propose an alternative method based on the multi-fractal wavelet model (MWM). Using this new model, we show that routers are susceptible to high losses under bursty Internet traffic conditions. However, if traffic can be shaped into a deterministic arrival stream, then large-scale buffer-constrained routers are possible within backbone networks.
Enzymatic coupled assay procedures that employ high-performance liquid chromatography: the synthesis of orotidylate from ribose.

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatographic assay procedures have been designed to monitor the catalytic activities of ribokinase and phosphoribosyl α-1-pyrophosphate (PRibPP) synthetase. These methods are only of qualitative value, when crude protein extracts are to be examined, because of the presence of myokinase. However, the product of the PRibPP synthetase reaction, can be detected quantitatively even in crude protein extracts through the addition of two enzymes (orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and inorganic pyrophosphatase) that catalyze the conversion of PRibPP into a spectroscopically detectable nucleotide product (orotidylate).
Food habits of different phenotypes of threespine stickleback in Paxton Lake, British Columbia

Abstract We investigated relationships between the diet and morphology of what appeared to be two undescribed species and intermediate morphs of the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus complex living in a closed-basin, coastal lake in British Columbia during 1969 and 1970. One “species” was without a pelvic girdle and lateral plates and the other had a complete pelvic girdle, pelvic spines, and five or more lateral plates per side. For convenience, the former species was referred to as “benthic” because of its association with the lake bottom and the other as “limnetic” because of its pelagic distribution. The two species and intermediate morphs were divided into four groups based on girdle condition (none, partial, complete with incomplete pelvic spine development, and complete with long pelvic spines). Each group was divided into four subgroups based on lateral plate number (0, 1–2, 3–4, and 5 or more) on one side. Plateless morphs of each group fed mostly on bottom prey. Consumption of pelagi...
Calculation of lanthanide-induced shifts from molecular structure. III. Other lanthanides

Abstract The NMR spectra of Ln(thd)3(sub)2 (where Ln = Pr, Sm, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, and sub = 3-pic and 3,5-lut) in CS2 were observed at 30°C and the lanthanide-induced shifts for all protons, including those of the chelate, were calculated using the complete dipolar shift equation. The values for the magnetic anisotropy parameters D1 and D2 and the location of the x magnetic axis were obtained by a least-squares fit of the observed data. The calculated magnetic anisotropies were found to be in fair to good agreement with the single-crystal anisotropy data. It was found that the location of the x magnetic axis was the parameter most sensitive to errors in the procedure.
SUBGOAL PARTITIONING AND GLOBAL SEARCH FOR SOLVING TEMPORAL PLANNING PROBLEMS IN MIXED SPACE

We study in this paper the partitioning of the constraints of a temporal planning problem by subgoals, their sequential evaluation before parallelizing the actions, and the resolution of inconsiste...
Dynamic helicity-reversal defects in polytetrafluoroethylene chains

Abstract Propagation of the excitation that changes a left-handed helix to a right-handed helix is studied as a model for the mechanism of certain phase transitions in polytetrafluoroethylene. Although energy considerations cause these dynamic helicity-reversal defects to decelerate after creation, the particular morphology of this polymer appears to permit them to traverse a lamellar thickness in times of the order of 10 ns.
Bioenergetic Analysis of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivators 1α and 1β (PGC-1α and PGC-1β) in Muscle Cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α is a coactivator of nuclear receptors and other transcription factors that regulates several components of energy metabolism, particularly certain aspects of adaptive thermogenesis in brown fat and skeletal muscle, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and fiber type switching in skeletal muscle. PGC-1α has been shown to induce mitochondrial biogenesis when expressed in muscle cells, and preliminary analysis has suggested that this molecule may specifically increase the fraction of uncoupled versus coupled respiration. In this paper, we have performed detailed bioenergetic analyses of the function of PGC-1α and its homolog PGC-1β in muscle cells by monitoring simultaneously oxygen consumption and membrane potential. Cells expressing PGC-1α or PGC-1β display higher proton leak rates at any given membrane potential than control cells. However, cells expressing PGC-1α have a higher proportion of their mitochondrial respiration linked to proton leak than cells expressing PGC-1β. Although these two proteins cause a similar increase in the expression of many mitochondrial genes, PGC-1β preferentially induces certain genes involved in the removal of reactive oxygen species, recently recognized as activators of uncoupling proteins. Together, these data indicate that PGC-1α and PGC-1β profoundly alter mitochondrial metabolism and suggest that these proteins are likely to play different physiological functions.
Distribution of catalase isoforms in Nicotiana tabacum

Abstract Total catalase activity per milligram protein averaged three-fold higher in leaves than in green stem or leaf midvein tissue of Nocotiana tabacum . The distribution of total activity between low-peroxidatic (LP-CAT) and enhanced-peroxidatic (EP-CAT) isoforms differed in the three tissues. In the leaf 85–90% of the total activity consisted of LP-CAT and EP-CAT was a minor form, whereas in the stem and midvein LP-CAT isoforms were less than 15% of the total and EP-CAT was the predominant isoform. The catalase mRNA levels were higher in the stem than in the leaves, which may result from the inability of the LP-CAT probe to distinguish between the two forms. The EP-CAT of stem was similar to EP-CAT of leaves in subunit size, specific activity, and in its ability to react with antibodies raised to leaf EP-CAT.
Observation of Sea Ice Using the 36-GHz Surface Contour Radar

In January 1984, a 36-GHz scanning pencil-beam radar was used at 175-m altitude over ice in the Greenland Sea to produce high-spatial-resolution (3 m by 5 m) topographic and backscattered power maps. Incidence angles from nadir to approximately 300 offnadir were included in the data set. When the radar maps were compared with the ice topography indicated by simultaneous photography and an analysis of the shadows of the ridges cast by the low sun angle (3.5°), it was found that the backscattered power data sharply delineated many of the features observed in the photography. The elevation data were less impressive but still consistent with the general variation of the topography.
Current issues in military program control

There is currently a national furore over the way large military programs are managed. Some of it is politically or journalistically inspired. But some of it reflects a genuine disagreement over how these programs should be controlled. This paper presents a number of issues involved in the disagreement and develops the thesis that two diverging camps are being formed on their resolution: one focused on resources and the other on products. It then concludes that because there is much merit to the argument presented on both sides of many of these issues, the direction that must be taken in the program-control field is not to attempt to resolve the individual issues directly; rather it is to deal with root causes that can accommodate both points of view. It then offers a sample of three suggestions in this regard.
Adolescents at Work Gender Issues and Sexual Harassment

This study describes adolescents' experiences with sexual harassment while working part-time and attending high school. In a sample of 712 high school students, 35% of the 332 students who work part-time report experiencing sexual harassment (63% girls, 37% boys). Results revealed that there are differences in the experience of sexual harassment by gender, work relationship, and emotional reaction. Students experienced harassment from supervisors (19%), coworkers (61%), and unidentified others at work (18%). Girls reported being significantly more upset and threatened by the sexual harassment they experienced at work than boys reported
PURE CULTURES OF LARGE MONONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES

1. Pure strains of mononuclear leucocytes were isolated from the blood of adult chickens and keptin active condition for nearly 3 months. 2. The cultures were composed of large mononuclear leucocytes which migrated and proliferated in vitro at a slower rate than fibroblasts. The cells had no tendency to form a tissue, as do fibroblasts and epithelial cells. They were much less resistant than fibroblasts. 3. Differentiation of the large mononuclears into cells assuming the appearance of fibroblasts took place under certain conditions. 4. The activity of the large mononuclears was increased by embryonic tissue juice and inhibited by homologous serum.
The time course of responses to intratracheally instilled toxic Stachybotrys chartarum spores in rats

Stachybotrys chartarum is a fungal species that can produce mycotoxins, specifically trichothecenes. Exposures in the indoor environment have reportedly induced neurogenic symptoms in adults and hemosiderosis in infants. However, little evidence has linked measured exposures to any fungal agent with any health outcome. We present here a study that focuses on quantitatively assessing the health risks from fungal toxin exposure. Male, 10 week old Charles River-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with approximately 9.6 million Stachybotrys chartarum spores in a saline suspension. The lungs were lavaged 0 h (i.e., immediately post-instillation), 6, 24 or 72 h after instillation. Biochemical indicators (albumin, myeloperoxidase, lactic dehydrogenase, hemoglobin) and leukocyte differentials in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and weight change were measured. We have demonstrated that a single, acute pulmonary exposure to a large quantity of Stachybotrys chartarum spores by intratracheal instillation causes severe injury detectable by bronchoalveolar lavage. The primary effect appears to be cytotoxicity and inflammation with hemorrhage. There is a measurable effect as early as 6 h after instillation, which may be attributable to mycotoxins in the fungal spores. The time course of responses supports early release of some toxins, with the most severe effects occurring between 6 and 24 h following exposure. By 72 h, recovery has begun, although macrophage concentrations remained elevated.
Changes in the Tangent Modulus of Rabbit Septal and Auricular Cartilage Following Electromechanical Reshaping

In order to correct deformities or injuries in the face, head and neck, cartilage must often be reshaped in facial reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Cartilage deformations may result from trauma, cancer, or they may be congenital, as in the case of microtia. Traditional techniques to correct these deformities are marked by destructive modification of the cartilage through cutting, scoring, and morselization [1]. Intrinsic resistance in the cartilage to deformation often necessitates complex and invasive incisions and sutures, increasing the level of skill demanded in the surgeon [2]. Applying these methods to commonly used facial cartilage grafts can result in warping and waste of an already limited supply of tissue. To address such drawbacks to traditional surgical methods, research has focused on the development of less invasive methods that can be implemented in situ. Established cartilage reshaping methods rely upon a variety of biophysical processes creating shape change. Two prominent methods, laser and radiofrequency reshaping, rely on heat generation within the tissue to facilitate shape change [3–6]. While the effectiveness of thermally induced shape change has been extensively verified, the heat generation that creates shape change comes at the expense of chondrocyte viability within the tissue. Nonthermally induced methods have also been investigated, including enzymatic digestion and sustained mechanical loading [7–8]. Another reshaping method, and the focus of this study, electromechanical reshaping (EMR), uses voltage applied to mechanically deformed cartilage to electrochemically reshape specimens (Fig. ​(Fig.1)1) [9,10]. It has been suggested that the EMR mechanism involves redox reactions initiated at the interfaces between the electrodes and cartilage, subsequently creating local and temporal alteration of pH [9,10]. Two electrode configurations for EMR have been studied: surface and needle electrodes (Fig. 1(b)) [9–11,23]. Although negligible heat generation has been demonstrated in previous studies [9], other potential compromises to native tissue properties related to EMR are present. Surface electrodes allow for a uniform treatment of a large volume of cartilage. However, they may produce extensive electrochemical damage extending along the entire tissue-electrode interface [11]. To minimize and spatially localize cartilage injury, EMR using arrays of needle electrodes has been suggested (Fig. 1(b)) [23]. Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Two types of EMR jigs with corresponding reshaped specimens. (a) Schematic of semicylindrical surface electrode jig with sandwiched cartilage (b) Schematic of right angle nonconducting jig with two 3 needle electrode arrays (c)–(d) Pre-EMR rabbit septal samples (e)–(f) EMR-reshaped samples corresponding to each jig after 30 min (e), or 10 min (f). (Black scale bar indicates 1 cm.)
Safety and efficacy of anticonvulsants in elderly patients with psychiatric disorders: oxcarbazepine, topiramate and gabapentin

Few controlled studies are available to guide the clinician in treating potentially assaultive elderly individuals with psychiatric disorders. Safety concerns limit the use of benzodiazepines and antipsychotic medications in the elderly individual, making anticonvulsants an attractive alternative. This paper reviews three specific anticonvulsants for this purpose: gabapentin, oxcarbazepine and topiramate, describing safety and efficacy in elderly patients with severe agitation from psychosis or dementia. Gabapentin, renally excreted, with a half-life of 6.5 – 10.5 h, may cause ataxia. Oxcarbazapine, hepatically reduced, may cause hyponatremia, and topiramate may cause significant cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, these are important medications to consider in the treatment of agitation.
Ventilating with Tracheal Gas Insufflation and Periodic Tracheal Occlusion During Sleep and Wakefulness

Introduction The current invasive and noninvasive methods for delivering long-term ventilatory support rely on cumbersome patient interfaces that may interfere with upper airway function. To overcome these limitations, a novel system was developed to ventilate conscious, spontaneously breathing dogs through a self-contained cuffed cannula that was used for tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) and periodic tracheal occlusion (PTO). We hypothesized that TGI + PTO would provide greater ventilatory support than would TGI alone and that its effect would be more pronounced during sleep than wakefulness. Methods Chronically tracheostomized dogs were monitored for sleep ( ie , EEG, electro- oculogram, and nuchal electromyogram) and breathing ( ie , tracheal pressure [Ptr] and upper airway flow via snout mask). A thin transtracheal cannula housed within a cuffed tracheostomy tube was used for TGI and PTO monitoring. V˙ e , gas exchange, and breathing patterns were examined during sleep and wakefulness at baseline ( ie , no TGI) and during the application of TGI alone (at 5, 10, and 15 L/min) and the application of TGI + PTO. Results Compared to baseline breathing without TGI, TGI at 5, 10, and 15 L/min decreased minute ventilation without influencing Pa co 2 . In contrast, TGI + PTO led to progressive increases in ventilation, positive Ptr swings, and decreases in Pa co 2 as the flow rate was increased during sleep and wakefulness. Moreover, spontaneous breathing efforts ceased during TGI + PTO at flow rates of 10 and 15 L/min during wakefulness, and at all flow rates during sleep. Conclusions The findings indicate that TGI + PTO can fully support ventilation in a spontaneously breathing canine model during sleep and wakefulness. Its streamlined interface could ultimately prove to be clinically significant, once technical concerns are addressed.
Privacy a Security Issues Related to Match Scores

Security and privacy issues remains a major hurdle in wide deployment of biometric based authentication system. For example, unauthorized access or regeneration of face templates has serious implications on the privacy of the concerned users. For robust and practical implementation of such system it is necessary to identify and explore the possible ways by which reconstruction of template is feasible. In this paper, we show that even match scores carries sufficient information for reconstruction of the original face templates. We propose a novel non-iterative scheme to reconstruct face templates from match scores. We use an affine transformation of the images to approximate the behavior of a given face recognition system using an independent set of face templates termed as "break-in" set. Selected templates from the break-in set are matched only once with the enrolled template of the target account and match scores are recorded. These scores are then embedded in the approximating affine space along with break-in set templates to compute the co-ordinates of the target template. The inverse transformation is used to reconstruct the original target template. We present the reconstruction of templates for a commercial off the shelf (COTS) face recognition system. The COTS system is set to operate at 1% False Acceptance Rate and 99% True Acceptance Rate with 100 enrollments. We observed that with proposed scheme, at most 450 attempts are required to achieve a 0.93 probability of break into the COTS face recognition system by choosing a random gallery target.
NK Cell CD94/NKG2A Inhibitory Receptors Are Internalized and Recycle Independently of Inhibitory Signaling Processes

Human CD94/NKG2A is an inhibitory receptor that recognizes HLA-E and is expressed by NK cells and a subset of T cells. We have analyzed the cellular trafficking of the CD94/NKG2A receptor using the NKL cell line and peripheral blood NK cells. Flow cytometric, confocal microscopic, and biochemical analyses show that CD94/NKG2A continuously recycles in an active process that requires the cytoskeleton between the cell surface and intracellular compartments that are distinguishable from recycling compartments used by well-characterized receptors, such as transferrin receptor (CD71). CD94/NKG2A, an inhibitory receptor, traffics differently from the closely related CD94/NKG2C molecule, an activating receptor. Using transfection/expression analyses of wild-type and mutant CD94/NKG2A molecules in the HLA-E negative rat basophilic cell line RBL-2H3, we demonstrate that CD94/NKG2A internalization is independent of ligand cross-linking or the presence of functional immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs. Thus, the mechanisms that control cell surface homeostasis of CD94/NKG2A are independent of functional signaling.
A Combined Theoretical/Experimental Approach to the Dynamic Characterization of Viscoelastic Materials

This research combines theoretical and experimental approaches to the dynamic mechanical characterization of viscoelastic materials. A detailed derivation is presented for the dynamic response of a typical viscoelastic rod sample. Particular attention is given to the effect of inertia on experimental results for storage modulus and loss factor. The limitations of the testing equipment are examined in comparison to the theoretical formulation.
Some Aspects of Acid-Base Metabolism in the Immature Central Nervous System

Tissue acid-base metabolism is an important, but often neglected, area of investigation for several reasons. In the first place, the millieu in which cellular enzymatic reactions occur and in which many drug effects are exerted is intracellular fluid rather than extracellular fluid or blood. Second, tissue pH affects drug distribution, particularly if the drugs are weak electrolytes and non-ionic diffusion is an important determinant of their tissue-plasma ratios. Third, the processes, both active and passive, that are responsible for cellular hydrogen ion homeostasis are perhaps closely linked with other cellular activities of demonstrated significance, e.g., sodium transport. Finally, in the central nervous system (CNS), tissue acid-base balance is intimately related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base parameters and their regulation. Thus, it is appropriate to include a discussion of CNS and CSF acid-base metabolism in a symposium concerned with drug effects and distribution in the developing nervous system. There are, however, few data available concerned with acid-base regulation in the immature CNS and CSF. The purpose of this report is to summarize this information, and, more importantly, to point out what is not known about CNS acid-base balance in the immature animal. It is hoped that the questions not answered, and, in some cases not even directly proposed, will serve as a stimulus for more inquiry in this special research area.
Chimeric NKG2D receptor-expressing T cells as an immunotherapy for multiple myeloma.

Objective Most myeloma tumor cells from patients express NKG2D ligands. We have reported the development of a chimeric NKG2D receptor (chNKG2D), which consists of the NKG2D receptor fused to the CD3ζ chain. T cells expressing this receptor kill and produce cytokines in response to NKG2D-ligand + tumor cells. Therefore, we investigated whether human chNKG2D T cells respond against human myeloma cells. Materials and Methods ChNKG2D T cells were generated from healthy donors and myeloma patients. The effector phase of chNKG2D T cells was analyzed by cell-surface marker expression and human myeloma cell lines were tested for expression of NKG2D ligands. Lysis of myeloma cell lines and cytokine secretion by chNKG2D T cells was determined. ChNKG2D T cells grown in serum-free media, or cyropreserved, were assessed for effector cell functions. Results Myeloma cell lines expressed NKG2D ligands. ChNKG2D T cells from healthy donors and myeloma patients lysed myeloma cells, and secreted proinflammatory cytokines when cultured with myeloma cells or patient bone marrow, but not with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or normal bone marrow. Lysis of myeloma cells was dependent on chNKG2D T-cell expression of NKG2D and perforin. Additionally, chNKG2D T cells upregulated CD45RO, did not express CD57, and maintained expression of CD27, CD62L, and CCR7, indicating that the T cells were at an early effector stage. Finally, we showed that chNKG2D T cells generated with serum-free media, or when cryopreserved, maintained effector functions. Conclusion ChNKG2D T cells respond to human myeloma cells and can be generated using clinically applicable cell culture techniques.