cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical activity calorie expenditure (PACE) labels in worksite cafeterias: effects on physical activity

Regular physical activity is an important component of healthy living and wellbeing. Current guidelines recommend that adults participate in at least 150 min of moderate or vigorous-intensity physical activity weekly. In spite of the benefits, just over half of U.S. adults meet these recommendations. Calorie-only food labels at points of food purchase have had limited success in motivating people to change eating behaviors and increase physical activity. One new point of purchase approach to promote healthy behaviors is the addition of food labels that display the physical activity requirement needed to burn the calories in a food item (e.g. walk 15 min). The Physical Activity Calorie Expenditure (PACE) Study compared activity-based calorie-expenditure food labels with calorie-only labels at three Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina worksite cafeterias. After 1 year of baseline data collection, one cafeteria had food items labeled with PACE labels, two others had calorie-only food labels. Cohort participants were asked to wear an accelerometer and complete a self-report activity questionnaire on two occasions during the baseline year and twice during the intervention year. A total of 366 study participants were included in the analysis. In the PACE-label group, self-reported physical activity increased by 13–26% compared to the calorie-only label group. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) increased by 24 min per week in the PACE-label group compared to the calorie-label group (p = 0.06). Changes in accelerometer measured steps, sedentary time, and MVPA had modest increases. Change ranged from 1 to 12% with effect size values from 0.08 to 0.15. Baseline physical activity level significantly moderated the intervention effects for all physical activity outcomes. Participants in both label groups starting in the lowest tertile of activity saw the largest increase in their physical activity. Results suggest small positive effects for the PACE labels on self-reported and objective physical activity measures. Minutes of weekly MVPA, strength training, and exercise activities showed modest increases. These results suggest that calorie-expenditure food labels may result in some limited increases in physical activity.
From the dependable to the demanding partner: the renegotiation of French nuclear cooperation with India, 1974–80

This article examines the shift in French nuclear export policy during 1974–80 leading to renegotiation of bilateral contracts between India’s Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and France’s Commiss...
Telemedical Asthma Education and Health Care Outcomes for School-Age Children: A Systematic Review

Background Telemedicine in a school-based setting involving partnerships between a child with asthma and health care provider can provide patients and caregivers with opportunities to better manage chronic conditions, communicate among partners, and collaborate for solutions in convenient locations. Objective This systematic review examined outcomes for school-age children with asthma involving asthma-based telemedical education. Methods Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, we searched 4 databases with terms related to asthma, education, and pediatrics. Included articles involved a school-based setting, children and adolescents, a telemedical mechanism for training, empirical study designs, and peer review. We extracted data regarding (a) participant background, (b) research methods and purpose, and (c) outcomes. Results A total of 408 articles were identified. Five met inclusion criteria. Three studies were randomized and 2 were cohort studies. In addition to clinical and educational outcomes, studies reported on satisfaction, self-management, asthma knowledge gain, and quality of life (QOL). We found support for caregiver/parent QOL and participant self-management behaviors. We also found mixed results for participant QOL. Clinical outcomes showed mixed support regarding airway inflammation improvement, medication use improvement, improvements in symptom burden and symptom-free days, and spirometry improvements. Conclusions Results of real-time telemedically delivered asthma education to improve QOL, enhance symptom management ability, and reduce symptom burden were positive or nonsignificant. No study indicated negative effects due to telemedicine. Limited results indicate that patient education can, under certain circumstances, positively influence asthma burden. Further validation of intervention methods and tools as well as outcome measurement consistency is recommended.
Does Diabetes Distress Influence Clinical Response to an mHealth Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support Intervention?

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine whether baseline levels of diabetes distress (DD) impacted clinical benefit from a mobile health (mHealth) diabetes self-management education and sup...
Physics-informed Tensor-train ConvLSTM for Volumetric Velocity Forecasting.

According to the National Academies, a weekly forecast of velocity, vertical structure, and duration of the Loop Current (LC) and its eddies is critical for understanding the oceanography and ecosystem, and for mitigating outcomes of anthropogenic and natural disasters in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). However, this forecast is a challenging problem since the LC behaviour is dominated by long-range spatial connections across multiple timescales. In this paper, we extend spatiotemporal predictive learning, showing its effectiveness beyond video prediction, to a 4D model, i.e., a novel Physics-informed Tensor-train ConvLSTM (PITT-ConvLSTM) for temporal sequences of 3D geospatial data forecasting. Specifically, we propose 1) a novel 4D higher-order recurrent neural network with empirical orthogonal function analysis to capture the hidden uncorrelated patterns of each hierarchy, 2) a convolutional tensor-train decomposition to capture higher-order space-time correlations, and 3) to incorporate prior physic knowledge that is provided from domain experts by informing the learning in latent space. The advantage of our proposed method is clear: constrained by physical laws, it simultaneously learns good representations for frame dependencies (both short-term and long-term high-level dependency) and inter-hierarchical relations within each time frame. Experiments on geospatial data collected from the GoM demonstrate that PITT-ConvLSTM outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in forecasting the volumetric velocity of the LC and its eddies for a period of over one week.
Mental health literacy, self-efficacy, and stigma among college students

Research estimates that 39% of college-aged individuals have a mental health diagnosis. In response to these concerning trends, this study was designed to better understand variables associated wit...
Cingulate prediction of response to antidepressant and cognitive behavioral therapies for depression: Theory, meta-analysis, and empirical application

Objective: In the interest of precision medicine, we sought to derive preclinical markers of neural mechanisms associated with treatment response in unipolar depression, separated by treatment type. Methods: We conducted separate neuroimaging meta-analyses of neural predictors for response to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). We assessed whether reactivity of derived regions predicted clinical change in a preference trial of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who received CBT (n = 61) or SSRIs (n = 19). Results: The meta-analyses yielded regions within the perigenual (pgACC) and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) associated with SSRI and CBT response, respectively. In our sample, reactivity of the sgACC region was prognostic for response to CBT, but neither cingulate region was prognostic for response to SSRIs using a linguistic task; most prognostic SSRI studies used images. An exploratory analysis revealed a pgACC region for which reactivity to images was prognostic for response to SSRIs. Conclusions: Results suggest that neural reactivity of the sgACC and pgACC are associated with CBT and SSRI response for unipolar depression. Further research incorporating methodological considerations is necessary for translation.
Prospective Analysis of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Midlife and Beyond and Brain Damage on MRI in Older Adults.

Objective To test the hypothesis that greater levels of leisure-time moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) in midlife or late life are associated with larger gray matter volumes, less white matter disease, and fewer cerebrovascular lesions measured in late life, we utilized data from 1,604 participants enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Methods Leisure-time MVPA was quantified using a past-year recall, interviewer-administered questionnaire at baseline and 25 years later and classified as none, low, middle, and high at each time point. The presence of cerebrovascular lesions, white matter hyperintensities (WMH), white matter integrity (mean fractional anisotropy [FA] and mean diffusivity [MD]), and gray matter volumes were quantified with 3T MRI in late life. The odds of cerebrovascular lesions were estimated with logistic regression. Linear regression estimated the mean differences in WMH, mean FA and MD, and gray matter volumes. Results Among 1,604 participants (mean age 53 years, 61% female, 27% Black), 550 (34%), 176 (11%), 250 (16%), and 628 (39%) reported no, low, middle, and high MVPA in midlife, respectively. Compared to no MVPA in midlife, high MVPA was associated with more intact white matter integrity in late life (mean FA difference 0.13 per SD [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.004, 0.26]; mean MD difference −0.11 per SD [95% CI −0.21, −0.004]). High MVPA in midlife was also associated with a lower odds of lacunar infarcts (odds ratio 0.68, 95% CI 0.46, 0.99). High MVPA was not associated with gray matter volumes. High MVPA compared to no MVPA in late life was associated with most brain measures. Conclusion Greater levels of physical activity in midlife may protect against cerebrovascular sequelae in late life.
Length of Stay in the Emergency Department during COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Emergency Department overcrowding has become worsening problem internationally which may affect patient, emergency department efficiency and quality of care and this may lead to increased risk of in hospital mortality, higher costs, medical errors and longer times to treatment. With this pandemic COVID-19 likely to go on for months, if not a year or longer, the Emergency Department should be prepared for large influx of patients infected with COVID-19. The aim of this study is to find-out the length of stay in emergency department during COVID-19 pandemic at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the Emergency Department of Kanti Children’s Hospital. Ethical clearance was obtained from Institutional review committee Kanti Children’s Hospital. Data collection was done from the emergency records from July 23, 2020 to July 29, 2020. The calculated sample size was 211. The data thus obtained was entered in Statistical Package for the Social Science software version 20 and necessary calculations were done. Results: The median length of stay in emergency department was found to be 1.75 hours (Interquartile range 0 to 30 hours). Conclusions: Definitive management starts in respective wards and Intensive Care Units. During COVID-19, with longer emergency stay, chances of cross-infection increases, and the health workers serving in emergency department will be at risks. So guidelines for shorter emergency stay should be implemented.
Oral Is the New IV-Challenging Decades of Blood and Bone Infection Dogma: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT Background : We sought to determine if controlled, prospective clinical data validate the long-standing belief that intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy is required for the full duration of treatment for three invasive bacterial infections: osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and infective endocarditis. Methods : We performed a systematic review of published, prospective, controlled trials that compared IV-only to oral stepdown regimens in the treatment of these diseases. Using the PubMed database, we identified 7 relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of osteomyelitis, 9 of bacteremia, 1 including both osteomyelitis and bacteremia, and 3 of endocarditis, as well as one quasi-experimental endocarditis study. Study results were synthesized via forest plots and funnel charts (for risk of study bias), using RevMan 5.4.1 and Meta-Essentials freeware, respectively. Results : The 21 studies demonstrated either no difference in clinical efficacy, or superiority of oral vs. IV-only antimicrobial therapy, including for mortality; in no study was IV-only treatment superior in efficacy. The frequency of catheter-related adverse events and duration of inpatient hospitalization were both greater in IV-only groups. Discussion : Numerous prospective, controlled investigations demonstrate that oral antibiotics are at least as effective, safer, and lead to shorter hospitalizations than IV-only therapy; no contrary data were identified. Treatment guidelines should be modified to indicate that oral therapy is appropriate for reasonably selected patients with osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis.
Special Affects: Cinema, Animation and the Translation of Consumer Culture

This book examines the translation of classical Hollywood into Disney's feature films from a Deleuzian perspective. Special Affects retells the emergence of Disney animation and classical Hollywood cinema from the perspective of affect and the embodied modes of generating affection. The emergence of these media enables new modes of perception that create "special" sensations of wonder, astonishment, marvel, and the fantastic. Such affections subsequently become mined by consumer industries for profit, thereby explaining the connection between media and consumerism that today seems inherent to the culture industry. Such modes and their affections are also translated into ideology, as American culture seeks to make sense of the sociocultural changes accompanying these new media, particularly as specific versions of American Dream narratives. Special Affects is the first extended exploration of the connection between media and consumerism, and the first book to extensively apply Deleuzian film theory to animation. Its exploration of the connection between the animated form and consumerism, and its re-examination of 20th century animation from the perspective of affect, makes this an engaging and essential read for film-philosophy scholars and students.
Offering aneuploidy screening to HIV-positive women: routine counselling or not?

Non-invasive aneuploidy screening is now routinely offered to all pregnant women in most developed countries. In the HIV-positive population, the accuracy of first-trimester screening, second-trimester screening (e.g. the ‘quadruple’ or ‘penta’ screen), and integrated screening methods are not entirely clear (Tables 1 and 2). Within this population the question of false positives is of particular importance because of the possible risk of mother-to-child vertical transmission that accompanies invasive means of testing. In this month’s BJOG Makrina Savvidou et al. 1 report their findings from a case–control study examining the results of first trimester screening for chromosomal abnormalities among 90 HIV-positive women. Specifically, they evaluated the effect of HIV infection on the individual elements of the first-trimester screen: pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A); free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (free b-hCG) levels; and nuchal translucency thickness (NT).
Memento: Time Travel for the Web

The Web is ephemeral. Many resources have representations that change over time, and many of those representations are lost forever. A lucky few manage to reappear as archived resources that carry their own URIs. For example, some content management systems maintain version pages that reect a frozen prior state of their changing resources. Archives recurrently crawl the web to obtain the actual representation of resources, and subsequently make those available via special-purpose archived resources. In both cases, the archival copies have URIs that are protocolwise disconnected from the URI of the resource of which they represent a prior state. Indeed, the lack of temporal capabilities in the most common Web protocol, HTTP, prevents getting to an archived resource on the basis of the URI of its original. This turns accessing archived resources into a signicant discovery challenge for both human and software agents, which typically involves following a multitude of links from the original to the archival resource, or of searching archives for the original URI. This paper proposes the protocol-based Memento solution to address this problem, and describes a proof-of-concept experiment that includes major servers of archival content, including Wikipedia and the Internet Archive. The Memento solution is based on existing HTTP capabilities applied in a novel way to add the temporal dimension. The result is a framework in which archived resources can seamlessly be reached via the URI of their original: protocol-based time travel for the Web.
Ecological effects of tropospheric ozone: A U.S. perspective - past, present and future

Understanding the effects of tropospheric ozone on vegetation, as called for in the U.S. Clean Air Act, has involved collection of experimental data at the species level and, in particular, at the level of the individual and populations. Frequently the studies have been regression designs involving single species and single pollutants resulting in quantitative exposure-response functions that characterize the effects on biomass or reproduction (crop yield). Recently, the 1996 EPA Oxidant Criteria Document reviewed the published research on oxidant effects on crops, forests, and ecological resources, and concluded that the current secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone is neither protective or appropriate. The subsequent discussion and decision on what is an appropriate form and level of the secondary NAAQS utilized results from single pollutant and single species studies. To estimate concentrations causing effects composite response-functions for crops and trees from a large number of species were developed, predicting crop yield loss or annual biomass loss in seedlings. This approach is useful based on available quantitative data on biological effects; however it assumes that individual plant response does not change in the presence of other stresses or in natural systems which are considerably more complex (e.g. species' assemblages and competition for resources). For example, the importance of biological complexity is illustrated when we examine the below-ground ecosystem, an often overlooked portion of the ecosystem. We have found that incorporating natural biological complexity into potting soils can result in carbon fluxes opposite those predicted from individual plant studies using artificial media lacking natural soil foodwebs. A future research approach to understanding O3 effects on ecosystems is required that will develop the necessary linkages to extrapolate experimental data taken at the individual level, often in artificial conditions, to predict changes on individuals or populations in more complex native environments. We will present experimental and modelling activities from our laboratory that show how we are beginning to address the problems of scale, complexity, and multiple stresses in forested ecosystems exposed to ozone stress. Questions frequently posed in ecological risk assessments.
Right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension

During heart development chamber specification is controlled and directed by a number of genes and a fetal heart gene expression pattern is revisited during heart failure. In the setting of chronic pulmonary hypertension the right ventricle undergoes hypertrophy, which is likely initially adaptive, but often followed by decompensation, dilatation and failure. Here we discuss differences between the right ventricle and the left ventricle of the heart and begin to describe the cellular and molecular changes which characterize right heart failure. A prevention and treatment of right ventricle failure becomes a treatment goal for patients with severe pulmonary hypertension it follows that we need to understand the pathobiology of right heart hypertrophy and the transition to right heart failure.
Implication of Protein Kinase B/Akt and Bcl-2/Bcl-XL Suppression by the Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor SCH66336 in Apoptosis Induction in Squamous Carcinoma Cells

The farnesyltransferase inhibitor SCH66336 exhibits antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo; however, its mechanism of action is still unresolved. We found that SCH66336 suppressed growth and induced apoptosis of human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells (HNSCC). SCH66336 suppressed protein kinase B/Akt activity as well as the phosphorylation of the Akt substrates glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, forkhead transcription factor, and BAD. Infection of SqCC/Y1 cells with an adenovirus that contained a constitutively active form of Akt rescued cells from SCH66336-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that SCH66336 is a potent apoptosis inducer in HNSCC cells and that it may act by suppressing the Akt pathway.
A portable bi-polar millimetre-wave antenna near-field measurement system

Small millimetre-wave antenna designs present particular difficulties when measured. With most available antenna chambers and ranges originally designed for larger size and lower frequencies, physically smaller antennas are dwarfed by the large support structures and cannot be efficiently characterized. Modification of these existing ranges for small antennas and high frequencies may prove to be very difficult as large positional and RF equipment are not easily modified or replaced. Additionally, equipments associated with millimetre-wave antenna measurements such as vector network analysers, high frequency cable, and adapters, are typically very expensive and often exceed the cost of the rest of the system. With such difficulties, a custom antenna range, designed for the smaller size antennas operating at millimetre-wave frequencies and for lower cost is an attractive solution. In this presentation, a novel portable millimetre-wave bi-polar planar near-field antenna measurement system is presented. The system development, from the positional scanner design, measurement system software, and the post-processing options including phaseless measurements is discussed. Finally, representative measured results at Ka and W bands will be presented to demonstrate the functionality of this novel system.
Self-assembly lights up

Opals do it, even biomolecules do it, so why can't self-assembly be harnessed to create photonic crystals with near-perfect order? A new technique shows that absolute order may not require absolute control.
Implicit Attitudes in Media Psychology

Exposure to media has been shown to affect viewers' attitudes and behaviors in many ways, yet viewers often deny being influenced. One reason for this may be that influences of media are sometimes mediated by implicit processes that are overlooked by explicit self-reports. In this article, we examine the utility of implicit attitude measures for shedding light on questions in media psychology. In particular, we summarize the current state of research on popularly used implicit measurement techniques, including their strengths and limitations. We then review recent studies that have employed implicit techniques and consider conditions under which implicit and explicit measures diverge, and why.
Biochemical Reconstitution of the WAVE Regulatory Complex

The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) is a 400-kDa heteropentameric protein assembly that plays a central role in controlling actin cytoskeletal dynamics in many cellular processes. The WRC acts by integrating diverse cellular cues and stimulating the actin nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex at membranes. Biochemical and biophysical studies of the underlying mechanisms of these processes require large amounts of purified WRC. Recent success in recombinant expression, reconstitution, purification, and crystallization of the WRC has greatly advanced our understanding of the inhibition, activation, and membrane recruitment mechanisms of this complex. But many important questions remain to be answered. Here, we summarize and update the methods developed in our laboratory, which allow reliable and flexible production of tens of milligrams of recombinant WRC of crystallographic quality, sufficient for many biochemical and structural studies.
High-dose thiotepa with autologous bone marrow transplantation for metastatic malignant melanoma: results of phase I and II studies of the North American Bone Marrow Transplantation Group.

We evaluated thiotepa in escalating dose in a broad phase I and II study using cryopreserved autologous bone marrow transplantation to assure hematopoietic recovery. Thiotepa was administered intravenously (IV) over two hours daily for three consecutive days followed in three to four days by marrow transplantation. The daily dose ranged from 60 to 525 mg/m2 (total dose, 180 to 1,575 mg/m2). A total of 71 patients with malignant melanoma were treated. Forty-three patients (61%) had received prior cytotoxic therapy and 28 were untreated. Sixty-two patients (87%) had melanoma disseminated to at least one visceral site, nine patients had skin and/or lymphatic metastases only. As of January 1, 1988 one patient was too early to be evaluated, 15 patients were inevaluable for tumor response, four patients had a complete response (CR), and 25 patients had a partial response (PR) to treatment. The response rates (95% confidence interval) for the 55 evaluable patients and for all 71 treated patients were 53% (40% to...
Designing (for) desire: a critical study of technosexuality in HCI

This work builds upon recent work investigating erotic life and HCI, taking seriously the influences of interaction design on our sexual wellbeing. In the present work, we critically analyze the ways that system design choices and emergent social behavior constitute an erotic social media platform and its concomitant expressions of desire. The site is called I Just Made Love, and it is used to share people's "love making" experience with others. We draw from continental cultural theory to analyze how the system and its users form arrangements of agency, which in turn lead to particular configurations of performed sexual desire. Based on our analysis, we argue that technosexuality is not just about using technology to fulfill an existing desire, but rather that novel forms of sexual desire come into practice because of particular constellations of design choices and social behaviors.
The transpirometer for measuring the transpiration of desert plants

Abstract This study compares transpiration results using the electronic hygrometer and quick weighing methods. The study determined that quick weighing results from several species compare closely to hygrometer data in direction. The study describes the water loss from greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) branches differing in condition and from saltgrass (Distichlis stricta) where separate clumps were studied. The dark green leaves of greasewood appear to be better able to control water loss than are the yellow-green leaves. The study follows the curves for water loss during flowering and fruiting of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus albicaulis) using the same ten branches for study over a two-month period. Both of these latter species appear to be able to control water loss during the period of fruit expansion somewhat independent of air temperatures and relative humidity. Water loss is rapid in rabbitbrush as the fruit accessory tissues dry out.
Issues in Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Sexual Behavior

Sexual behavior is one of the reported similarities between Pan paniscus and Homo sapiens that has stimulated recent interest in the phylogeny of the Pan and the Australopithecus/Homo genera. Similarities do exist, but an understanding of the forms and functions of Van paniscus sexual behavior is best achieved through a comparison to Pan troglodytes. Pan paniscus shows increased female receptivity, variability in copulatory position, male or female initiation of sexual behavior, differential male and female preferences for copulatory position, and association of food sharing and sexual behavior. Their sexual behavior appears to function in proximate terms as a tension-reduction mechanism. Lowered tension, in turn, facilitates multi-male, multi-female social groups. Lowered levels of aggression and increased sexual activity appear to be associated with paedomorphism, and the behavioral and anatomical/physiological characteristics of the species appear to be a consequence of a feeding ecology that promotes large groupings of the animals at preferential and comparatively rich feeding sites.
Radioactive gas production and venting at a low-level radioactive burial site

Changes with trench age in the concentrations of stable and radioactive gases were investigated for the low-level radioactive burial trenches in West Valley, New York. The radioactive species in the trench gas included /sup 85/Kr, /sup 222/Rn, /sup 3/Hh, /sup 14/CO/sub 2/, and /sup 14/C and /sup 3/H as CH/sub 4/ and other hydrocarbon gases. Changes in concentration appear to be caused by container disintegration, biologic decomposition, water infiltration, and venting of gases through the trench caps. The concentrations of radioactive and stable CH/sub 4/ in the trench gas increased with trench age. Stable CH/sub 4/ and CO/sub 2/ were observed at concentrations as high as 27% and 11%, respectively. Gases venting through the trench caps were trapped in flux boxes and compared to the gas in the trenches. The trench gas was found to be depleted of stable and radioactive CH/sub 4/ as it passed through the trench cover soil.
The vertebral‐basilar system of dog in relation to man and other mammals

The basilar artery of the dog was studied and its branches traced to their terminations. The nomenclature used is based on the origin, course and termination of the arteries. The basilar artery arose from a spinal arterial circle formed in the vertebral canal at the level of the atlanto-occipital articulation by union of vertebral arteries and the ventral spinal artery. The arterial supply to the membranous labyrinth arose from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. After entering the porus acusticus, one or more tiny labyrinthine arteries arose and the parent trunk then looped dorsally out of the meatus to supply the lower portions of the cerebellum. A branch of the basilar artery, unnamed in the dog, was associated closely with the trigeminal nerve; a separate arterial supply to the caudal colliculus arose from the medial branch of the superior cerebellar artery. It was concluded that branches of the basilar artery of the dog and man are similar since, with exception of the middle inferior cerebellar artery, all branches of the basilar artery in man may be found in dog.
Limitations of power scaling for high energy short wavelength lasers

The role of power induced mirror distortion and flow induced jitter on the brightness potential of various wavelength lasers is studied. The results show a considerable payoff for seeking cooled optical component designs with a strong distortion reduction dependency on the mirror coolant flow rate. It is concluded that nonlinear phase conjugation approaches for beam control will be essential to the development of very short wavelength very high energy laser devices.
Cohomology of the Lie algebra ℌ2: Experimental results and conjectures

The cohomology with trivial coefficients of the Lie algebra ℌ of Hamiltonian vector fields in the plane and of its maximal nilpotent subalgebra L 1ℌ is considered. The cohomology H 2(L 1ℌ) is calculated, and some far-reaching conjectures concerning the cohomology of the Lie algebras mentioned above and based on an extensive experimental material are formulated.
Las Casas as Theological Counteroffensive: An Interpretation of Gustavo Gutiérrez’s Las Casas: In Search of the Poor of Jesus Christ

Peruvian liberation theologian Gustavo Gutierrez’s massive work, Las Casas: In Search of the Poor of Jesus Christ, should not be read as a defensive or retreating move for liberation theology in the face of two decades of opposition. Rather, it is best understood as a creative and strategic counteroffensive to advance liberation theology in terms that the Vatican can only find difficult to counter. Nevertheless, liberation theology struggles with the difficulty of intellectually justifying itself on nondependency and non-Marxist grounds. In any case, the struggle for the work of liberation in Latin America continues.
Development of a Decision Tree to Determine Appropriateness of NVivo in Analyzing Qualitative Data Sets

A decision tree was developed to determine when NVivo is an appropriate tool for qualitative analysis. NVivo, a qualitative analysis software package, was used to analyze interviews of 204 Asian, Hispanic, and white parents in 12 states. The experience provided insight into issues that should be considered when deciding to use the software. NVivo can enhance the qualitative research process, quickly process queries, and expand analytical avenues. Before using, however, the following must be considered: training time, establishing inter-coder reliability, number and length of documents, coding time, coding structure, use of automated coding, and possible need for separate databases or additional supporting software.
A structural basis for processivity

The structures of a number of processive enzymes have been determined recently. These proteins remain attached to their polymeric substrates and may perform thousands of rounds of catalysis before dissociating. Based on the degree of enclosure of the substrate, the structures fall into two broad categories. In one group, the substrate is partially enclosed, while in the other class, enclosure is complete. In the latter case, enclosure is achieved by way of an asymmetric structure for some enzymes while others use a symmetrical toroid. In those cases where the protein completely encloses its polymeric substrate, the two are topologically linked and an immediate explanation for processivity is provided. In cases where there is only partial enclosure, the structural basis for processivity is less obvious. There are, for example, pairs of proteins that have quite similar structures but differ substantially in their processivity. It does appear, however, that the enzymes that are processive tend to be those that more completely enclose their substrates. In general terms, proteins that do not use topological restraint appear to achieve processivity by using a large interaction surface. This allows the enzyme to bind with moderate affinity at a multitude of adjacent sites distributed along its polymeric substrate. At the same time, the use of a large interaction surface minimizes the possibility that the enzyme might bind at a small number of sites with much higher affinity, which would interfere with sliding. Proteins that can both slide along a polymeric substrate, and, as well, recognize highly specific sites (e.g., some site-specific DNA-binding proteins) appear to undergo a conformational change between the cognate and noncognate-binding modes.
Cocaine enhances myocarditis induced by encephalomyocarditis virus in murine model.

This study was designed to investigate whether cocaine can exacerbate viral myocarditis and increase its incidence. Recent clinical evidence suggests that cocaine abuse increases the incidence of m...
Two-Dimensional Radiation in Absorbing-Emitting Media Using the P-N Approximation

Radiative energy transfer in a gray absorbing and emitting medium is considered in a two-dimensional rectangular enclosure using the P-N differential approximation approximation. The two-dimensional moment of intensity partial differential equations (PDE's) are combined to yield a single second-order PDE for the P-1 approximation and four coupled second-order PDE's for the P-3 approximation. P-1 approximation results are obtained from separation of variables solutions, and P-3 results are obtained numerically using successive-over-relaxation methods. The P-N approximation results are compared with numerical Hottel zone results and with results from an approximation method developed by Modest. The studies show that the P-3 approximation can be used to predict emissive power distributions and heat transfer rates in two-dimensional media with opacities of unity or greater. The P-1 approximation is identical to the diffusion solution and is thus applicable only if the medium is optically dense.
Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Gas-Cooled Condenser Using Carbon Foams

Significant heat transfer enhancement by using carbon foam in the cold head of a cryocooler for liquefaction of cryogens is demonstrated. The development of an effective, lightweight and compact cold head for liquefaction of gaseous hydrogen and its subsequent densification to subcooled liquid hydrogen will require a condenser with high heat transfer coefficient and low pressure drop on the gas side. High-thermal-conductivity carbon foam is used to enhance the heat transfer coefficient. For convenience, as a first effort, this work uses air and vapor/liquid FC-87 to simulate heliumandgaseous/liquid hydrogen, respectively. Experiments are conducted on carbonblock foamand an alternative flow configuration called “corrugated” carbon foam, which has a lower flow resistance. Results of these experiments show that, comparedwith block carbon foam, corrugated carbon foamhas amuch lower pressure drop and a significant improvement in heat transfer performance. Experimental results of air and vapor/liquid FC-87 show that carbon-foam-based heat sinks can be 18 times better than conventional air-channel heat sinks at low speed (1 m=s).
Nanotubular Halloysite Clay as Efficient Water Filtration System for Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes

Halloysite nanotubes, chemically similar to kaolinite, are formed by rolling of kaolinite layers in tubes with diameter of 50 nm and length of ca. 1 μm. Halloysite has negative SiO2 outermost and positive Al2O3 inner lumen surface, which enables it to be used as potential absorbent for both cationic and anionic dyes due to the efficient bivalent adsorbancy. An adsorption study using cationic Rhodamine 6G and anionic Chrome azurol S has shown approximately two times better dye removal for halloysite as compared to kaolinite. Halloysite filters have been effectively regenerated up to 50 times by burning the adsorbed dyes. Overall removal efficiency of anionic Chrome azurol S exceeded 99.9% for 5th regeneration cycle of halloysite. Chrome azurol S adsorption capacity decreases with the increase of ionic strength, temperature and pH. For cationic Rhodamine 6G, higher ionic strength, temperature and initial solution concentration were favorable to enhanced adsorption with optimal pH 8. These results indicate a potential to utilize halloysite for the removal of ionic dyes from environmental waters.
Two Deviant Logics for Quantum Theory: Bohr and Reichenbach

Foundational studies in quantum theory have consisted in large part of attempts to avoid certain paradoxes. This paper concerns Bohr's and Reichenbach's attempts to avoid some of these seeming absurdities by altering quantum theory's logic rather than its specifically physical postulates. (A different logical change to the same end-a change involving the distributive laws-is discussed elsewhere (Gardner [1971]), along with solutions to the paradoxes which involve no changes in logic. The paradoxes themselves are described in somewhat more detail there.) The initial group of paradoxes we shall discuss consists of the two-slit paradox, the tunneling paradox, and the orbital electron paradox. Later we shall discuss the Schrodinger cat paradox and a modified version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox and show how they defeat Bohr's and Reichenbach's solutions to the first three.
Capacity criterion-based power loading for underwater acoustic OFDM system with limited feedback

In the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, some subcarriers may be subject to a deep fading. If the channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter, adaptive transmission techniques can be applied to mitigate deep fading effect and increase the overall system performance. Since most practical systems only obtain partial CSI at the transmitter, meanwhile, the concept of limited feedback was not been used for UWA channels and in particular not for shallow water in literature. Therefore, it's more valuable to analyze the underwater acoustic channel with limited CSI feedback. In this paper, it is for the first time combines ambient noise and UWA channel and calculates the ambient noise power in each subcarrier, which makes it extremely challenge. We explain the properties of UWA channel and investigate the optimal power loading strategy for UWA channel with different levels of transmitter CSI,which is combined with bit loading for a given system target bit-error rate (BER). The optimum results of the problem are derived by maximum system capacity with system total transmit power and target BER constraint. The Lloyd Algorithm is employed to quantize the CSI at receiver and construct the codebook, whose copy is also known to the transmitter. Simulation results compare the performances among different bits feedback, perfect feedback and non-feedback, which show that a few bits feedback can significantly improve the system performance.
Intrinsic Feedback Factors Producing Inertial Compensation in Muscle

An attempt was made to determine the factors causing the load-inertia compensation that has been observed in skeletal muscle. Cat skeletal muscle force output was determined as a function of the two variables, length and stimulus pulse rate. The results were represented in a system diagram from which it becomes apparent that: (a) the length-tension relationship in muscle forms a functional, non-neural servo feedback; (b) the force-velocity curve appears as an oscillation-damping, velocity feedback in the muscle servo; (c) the nonlinear action of pulse rate on response is, in effect, in the input element to the muscle servo system. For purpose of analysis of the motor system it appears that these signal handling characteristics of muscle make it more nearly a “position servo” than a “force motor.”
Potent Dual Thymidylate Synthase and Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors: Classical and Nonclassical 2-Amino-4-oxo-5-arylthio-substituted-6-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine Antifolates

N-{4-[(2-Amino-6-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)sulfanyl]benzoyl}-l-glutamic acid (4) and nine nonclassical analogues 5−13 were synthesized as potential dual thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. The key intermediate in the synthesis was 2-amino-6-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (16), which was converted to the 5-bromo-substituted compound 17 followed by an Ullmann reaction to afford 5−13. The classical analogue 4 was synthesized by coupling the benzoic acid derivative 19 with diethyl l-glutamate and saponification. Compound 4 is the most potent dual inhibitor of human TS (IC50 = 40 nM) and human DHFR (IC50 = 20 nM) known to date. The nonclassical analogues 5−13 were moderately potent against human TS with IC50 values ranging from 0.11 to 4.6 μM. The 4-nitrophenyl analogue 7 was the most potent compound in the nonclassical series, demonstrating potent dual inhibitory activities against human TS and DHFR. This study indicated that the 5-substit...
Effects of neonatal thyroxine and hydrocortisone administration on the development of dendritic spines in the visual cortex of rats.

Abstract Hydrocortisone and thyroxine were administered to neonatal rats in order to study the effects of these hormones on the morphology of cortical neurons and the formation of dendritic spines. Animals were killed at various times within 1 month and the rapid Golgi techniques performed. Counts of spines were calculated at stations on the apical, oblique, terminal, and basal dendrites. The lateral width of the basal dendrites, length of the apical dendrites, and the length and width of the cell bodies were also recorded. The spines first appeared at day 4 and at 12–14 days their density was roughly one-half of the density of maturity. The most rapid growth of spines occurred between 8 and 14 days of life. The administration of thyroxine accelerated the development of spines, whereas hydrocortisone slowed their development. The growth of basal dendrites was unaffected by thyroxine and perhaps slightly slowed by hydrocortisone. The shift in time of development produced by the administration of hydrocortisone and thyroxine corresponds to the shift in development of the evoked potential. The findings suggest that the development of spines is more relevant to the maturation of the evoked potential than the growth of dendrites.
Analysis of reconstructions in full view fluorescence molecular tomography

Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is an emerging modality for the in-vivo imaging of fluorescent probes which improves upon existing planar photographic imaging techniques by quantitatively reconstructing fluorochrome distributions in-vivo. We present here results using an FMT system capable of full view imaging for arbitrary surface geometries. Results are presented comparing single and multiple projection configurations, and illustrating the need for properly implemented non-negativity constraints.
General approximation solvability of a system of strongly g-r-pseudomonotonic nonlinear variational inequalities and projection methods

Let K be nonempty closed convex subsets of a real Hilbert space H. Approximation solvability of a generalized system of nonlinear strongly g-r-pseudomonotonic variational inequality (SNVI) problems based on the convergence of projection methods is presented as follows: find elements x^*,y^*@?K (and hence g(x^*),g(y^*)@?K) such that >=0,@?g(x)@?K and for @r>0, >=0,@?g(x)@?K and for @h>0, where T:K->H and g:K->K are nonlinear mappings.
Managing inter-domain traffic in the presence of bittorrent file-sharing

Overlay routing operating in a selfish manner is known to cause undesired instability when it interacts with native layer routing. We observe similar selfish behavior with the BitTorrent protocol, where its performance-awareness causes it to constantly alter the routing decisions (peer and piece selection). This causes fluctuations in the load experienced by the underlying native network. By using real BitTorrent traces and a comprehensive simulation with different network characteristics, we show that BitTorrent systems easily disrupt the load balance across inter-domain links. Further, we find that existing native layer traffic management schemes suffer from several downsides and are not conducive to deployment. To resolve this dilemma, we propose two BitTorrent strategies that are effective in resolving the cross-layer conflict.