cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen - Oxygen Interactions in Silicon

Hydrogen plays many roles in crystalline Si, the best known of which are probably the shallow-dopant passivation reactions. But hydrogen also activates electrically inactive impurities, passivates many deep-level defects and some deep-level impurities, and creates its own electrically and optically active centers. Hydrogen also interacts with the A-center, and passivates O-related thermal donors (TDs) at low temperatures. However, the most exotic of all the reactions involving hydrogen is its ability to enhances the formation rate of O-related TDs in the 300 – 450 °C range. Under some conditions, H becomes a component of TDs. None of the microscopic interactions involving H and 0 are understood. However, various pieces of the puzzle are becoming available from experiment as well as theory. This paper summarizes the experimental and theoretical work on H - 0 interactions, with emphasis on the issue of H-enhanced diffusion of interstitial 0. Preliminary results of molecular dynamics simulations are also presented.
The ideological practice of nationality

En este ensayo, propongo que la ya clasica pregunta “Que es la Nacion”? no puede ser respondida sin considerar seriamente el desarrollo de una practica ideologica semiautonoma que conceptualiza, mas que imagina, la nacion. La pregunta de si los individuos que componen la nacion realmente comparten una definicion/imagen consensual de su nacionalidad es una vieja y crucial interrogante que debe ser resuelta para explicar lo que llamamos “identidad nacional”. La mayoria de los trabajos sobre identidad nacional y el nacionalismo asumen que, en cada nacion, existe un consenso social acerca del significado de este concepto asi tambien como de que significa la ¨nacionalidad¨. Sobre este consenso, se dice, descansa la idea de unidad nacional. La escasa evidencia empirica que poseemos, sin embargo, indica que los miembros de una misma nacion pueden no estar de acuerdo acerca de lo que definiria su identidad. Es mas, tambien sabemos que en general aunque la gente difiera en cuanto a que signifique su nacionalidad, es de todos modos muy nacionalista, y que la gran mayoria de las personas en el mundo hoy creen pertenecer a una “nacion”. La formacion y desarrollo de lo que yo denomino una practica ideologica de la nacionalidad (IPN) hace que estos datos que parecen contradictorios no lo sean. Palabras clave: Nacion, Nacionalidad, Moder-nidad, Estado, Identidad nacional, Burocracia, Ideologia. _________________________ In this paper I argue that the archetypical question, “What is the Nation?” cannot be answered without serious examination of a semi-autonomous “ideological practice” connected to the conceptualizing, rather than the imagining, of nations. The paper claims that this contributes to resolve a number of puzzling paradoxes that lay at the core of research on the nation and national identity. The question of whether members of a nation share a consensual definition/image of their national community seems crucial to explain nationality. Literature has assumed that this is definitely the case and that such consensual view binds members of a particular nation together. This argument, however, overlooks important empirical evidence. Research shows that members of the same nation can in fact harbor serious disagreements as to the meaning of their national identity. People can believe that they share the same nationality but still envision “the nation” in very different ways. In addition, while people can disagree as to what to be a member of the nation may mean, they can still worship flag and country all the same. Keywords: Nation, Nationality, Modernity, State, National Identity, Bureaucracy, Ideology.
Influence of Lithium Content on Performance of Layered Li1+z [Ni0.45Mn0.45Co0.1] 1−zO2 in Lithium Ion Batteries

Li1+z[Ni0.45Mn0.45Co0.1]1-zO2(0.8=1+z=1.2) has been synthesized by the co-precipitation method. It was found that 5excess lithium must be added to obtain the desired composition. XRD results show that an apparent single-phase structure appears except for the lowest lithium content. The layered character of the structure increases with increasing lithium content and Rietveld refinement reveals that cation disorder decreases rapidly as more lithium is added. This conclusion is further confirmed by magnetic studies in which only Li0.8[Ni0.45Mn0.45Co0.1]1.2O2 and Li0.9(Ni0.45Mn0.45Co0.1)1.1O2 show magnetization hysteresis loops. The electrochemical behavior of this series of samples is compared to figure out the best lithium to transition metal ratio.
Developmental Origins of Disease and Health Disparities: Limitations and Future Directions.

The developmental origins of disease (DOD) model seeks to replace the traditional epidemiologic risk-factor model with a perspective focused on the long-term consequences of nutritional resource scarcity during early life and the developmental trade-offs it creates. Research into the developmental origins of adult chronic disease has progressed substantially in recent years. However, a number of critical issues remain unexplored and underdeveloped. This chapter discusses some of those issues while providing an interdisciplinary population health perspective on the future of DOD research, with particular attention paid to health disparities and changes that are needed in health policy and intervention. I argue for research to provide greater specificity of the exposures of interest, a more comprehensive understanding of critical periods, and better theoretical and empirical integration of the developmental origins perspective within the life course and across multiple intergenerational processes.
Two parallel pathways for ferric and ferrous iron acquisition support growth and virulence of the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis Schu S4

Iron acquisition mechanisms in Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, include the Francisella siderophore locus (fsl) siderophore operon and a ferrous iron-transport system comprising outer-membrane protein FupA and inner-membrane transporter FeoB. To characterize these mechanisms and to identify any additional iron uptake systems in the virulent subspecies tularensis, single and double deletions were generated in the fsl and feo iron acquisition systems of the strain Schu S4. Deletion of the entire fsl operon caused loss of siderophore production that could be restored by complementation with the biosynthetic genes fslA and fslC and Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter gene fslB. (55) Fe-transport assays demonstrated that siderophore-iron uptake required the receptor FslE and MFS transporter FslD. A ΔfeoB' mutation resulted in loss of ability to transport ferrous iron ((55) Fe(2+) ). A ΔfeoB' ΔfslA mutant that required added exogenous siderophore for growth in vitro was unable to grow within tissue culture cells and was avirulent in mice, indicating that no compensatory cryptic iron uptake systems were induced in vivo. These studies demonstrate that the fsl and feo pathways function independently and operate in parallel to effectively support virulence of F. tularensis.
Der neue VW Scirocco

Volkswagen setzt bei dem neuen Scirocco auf die bei Liebhabern klassischer englischer Sportwagen als Shooting Brake bekannte Bauart und interpretiert diese mit einer Kombination aus emotionalem Design und Alltagstauglichkeit. Damit unterscheidet sich das Fahrzeug deutlich von den ersten beiden Generationen und vermittelt seine Dynamik mit einer langen, in den markanten Heckspoiler ubergehenden Dachlinie.
The Theme of the Helping Hand in Winter in the Blood

The emphasis that has been placed on the Indian side of James Welch's novel Winter in the Blood by some investigators has raised more questions than there are ready answers. The reputation of this Native American writer continues to grow and his work continues to challenge the reader, not only because it functions well in the western humanistic tradition but because it also offers specific details and insights into Indian life and thought. Being specific, or being cultural in an unfamiliar way, of course, has inspired pointed questions and has led this critic and that to attempt to isolate relevant practices or ideas belonging to Blackfeet or to the Gros Ventre and to view each in relation to the usual western literary viewpoints.' In a 1978 special symposium issue of the American Indian Quarterly, one participant expressed the general feeling of that discussion group when she stated, "It is extremely important to place the novel in its cultural context. We cannot move away from this and use expressions like 'Native American tradition is this' or 'oral traditions are that.' We have to refer to the specific culture we are discussing" (Beidler and Ruoff 164). The struggle to find one's bearings emerges somewhat in this remark, although others of the same group were already using Blackfeet information as a guideline. LaVonne Ruoff, for instance, saw "ambivalence" and "separation" as being two issues in Winter in the Blood; she saw both as having some connection with the Indian myth of the hero twins:
Numerical Study of Three Types of Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Leads for Current Measurement Applications

In a practical Faraday current sensing system, optical fiber leads have to be deployed to deliver light from the light source to the sensing elements and to return the optically encoded signal to the photodiode, enabling the sensor to be used in applications where the current is at high potential [1]. In order to obtain a definite state of polarization (SOP) of the output light beam with a constant intensity at the end of a long fiber run, a highly birefringent (HiBi) fiber can be used as the fiber lead. With the use of a finite element analysis method, the performance of three different types of HiBi fibers, Bow-Tie type, Panda type, and elliptical type, under different pressure, and subject to different temperature changes have been studied through computer simulation. In this work, a theoretical simulation with its results are reported.
Silicon oxide nanowires: facile and controlled large area fabrication of vertically oriented silicon oxide nanowires for photoluminescence and sensor applications

We describe a technique for the fabrication of dense and patterned arrays of aligned silicon oxide nanowires for applications in surface modification, optoelectronic, and electromechanical based devices. Conventional techniques for the fabrication of silicon oxide nanowires based on the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes involve the use of high temperatures and catalysts. We demonstrate a technique that extends the use of a plasma thermal reactive ion etching for the fabrication of aligned silicon oxide nanowires with aspect ratios extending up to 20 and lengths exceeding 1 μm. The process incorporates phase separated PS-b-P4VP block copolymer loaded with an iron salt. The iron salt preferentially segregates into the P4VP layer and during an O2 etch is not removed but forms a hexagonally packed array on the silicon oxide substrate. Further etching with CHF3/O2 gas mixture over time can generate nanodots, to nanopillars, and then nanowires of silicon oxide. The photoluminescence property of the as-fabricated nanowire arrays as well as the parasitic ferromagnetic effect from the iron oxide-tipped section of the wires resulting in coalescence under an scanning electron microscope (SEM) are demonstrated. This technique is simpler compared to existing VLS fabrication approaches and can be used for the direct fabrication of patterned arrays of nanowires when a laser interference ablation step is incorporated into the fabrication procedure.
Suppression of interferon and antibody and multiplication of Newcastle disease virus in cytomegalovirus infected mice.

SummaryMCMV inhibition of interferon response in mice was found to be specific for virus-induced interferon; endo toxin evoked a normal interferon response. NDV multiplied in the spleens of MCMV-infected mice during the first 72 hours after intravenous inoculation, a period when interferon response was suppressed. In these animals, in addition to the inhibition of interferon response, there was significant impairment of clearance and a suppression of NDV neutralizing antibody production. The relative role each plays in the multiplication of NDV in MCMV-infected mice remains undefined. Extensive MCMV replication in the spleen and significant pathologic alteration of it indicate that that organ is central to these effects. Despite these alterations of host response, NDV infection spontaneously terminated at 96 hours. At a stage during MCMV infection when interferon synthesis was suppressed, NDV multiplication was partially inhibited by administering exogenous interferon.
The Calibration Reference Data System

Abstract We describe a software architecture and implementation for using rules to determine which calibration files are appropriate for calibrating a given observation. This new system, the Calibration Reference Data System (CRDS), replaces what had been previously used for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) calibration pipelines, the Calibration Database System (CDBS). CRDS will be used for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) calibration pipelines, and is currently being used for HST calibration pipelines. CRDS can be easily generalized for use in similar applications that need a rules-based system for selecting the appropriate item for a given dataset; we give some examples of such generalizations that will likely be used for JWST. The core functionality of the Calibration Reference Data System is available under an Open Source license. CRDS is briefly contrasted with a sampling of other similar systems used at other observatories.
The role of cranial computed tomography in carotid surgery.

The cranial computed tomogram is a useful diagnostic procedure for patients being considered for carotid endarterectomy. The CT scan improves patient selection, defines patients at risk for perioperative ischemia, and aids in determining the timing of operation. A new classification system for patients with cerebrovascular disease is proposed.
Developmental Neurobiology of Human Disease: Familial Dysautonomia and Related Disorders

To experimental developmental neurobiologists, the human diseases of most interest are those in which an intrinsic error distorts the developing architecture of the nervous system. A very large number of crippling neurological deficits would remain even if it were possible to repair all such intrinsic errors. These results when unpredictable accidents such as infection, ischemia, or trauma distort what would otherwise have been a perfect organism. It is worthwhile to classify disorders of development of the human nervous system as shown in Table I, to highlight those that do have their basis in intrinsic anomalies and to determine those aspects of developmental neurobiology that are likely to contribute to the understanding of familial dysautonomia and related conditions.
Neonatal Pulmonary Graphics

Neonatal pulmonary graphics : , Neonatal pulmonary graphics : , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
Klebsiella pneumoniae Major Porins OmpK35 and OmpK36 Allow More Efficient Diffusion of β-Lactams than Their Escherichia coli Homologs OmpF and OmpC

ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the most important nosocomial pathogens, is becoming a major problem in health care because of its resistance to multiple antibiotics, including cephalosporins of the latest generation and, more recently, even carbapenems. This is largely due to the spread of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamases. However, antimicrobial agents must first penetrate the outer membrane barrier in order to reach their targets, and hydrophilic and charged β-lactams presumably diffuse through the porin channels. Unfortunately, the properties of K. pneumoniae porin channels are largely unknown. In this study, we made clean deletions of K. pneumoniae porin genes ompK35 and ompK36 and examined the antibiotic susceptibilities and diffusion rates of β-lactams. The results showed that OmpK35 and OmpK36 produced larger more permeable channels than their Escherichia coli homologs OmpF and OmpC; OmpK35 especially produced a diffusion channel of remarkably high permeability toward lipophilic (benzylpenicillin) and large (cefepime) compounds. These results were also confirmed by expressing various porins in an E. coli strain lacking major porins and the major multidrug efflux pump AcrAB. Our data explain why the development of drug resistance in K. pneumoniae is so often accompanied by the mutational loss of its porins, especially OmpK35, in addition to the various plasmid-carried genes of antibiotic resistance, because even hydrolysis by β-lactamases becomes inefficient in producing high levels of resistance if the bacterium continues to allow a rapid influx of β-lactams through its wide porin channels. IMPORTANCE In Gram-negative bacteria, drugs must first enter the outer membrane, usually through porin channels. Thus, the quantitative examination of influx rates is essential for the assessment of resistance mechanisms, yet no such studies exist for a very important nosocomial pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae. We found that the larger channel porin of this organism, OmpK35, produces a significantly larger channel than its Escherichia coli homolog, OmpF. This makes unmodified K. pneumoniae strains more susceptible to relatively large antibiotics, such as the third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Also, even the acquisition of powerful β-lactamases is not likely to make them fully resistant in the presence of such an effective influx process, explaining why so many clinical isolates of this organism lack porins.
Energy management and peak-shaving in grid-connected photovoltaic systems integrated with battery storage

This paper focuses on the application of BESS (Battery Energy Storage Systems) in improved operation of distribution grids that are highly penetrated with PV (Photovoltaic) systems. The paper features a state-space based model for BESS and implements a simple and effective approach for peak load shaving by considering device constraints. The grid-connected PV+BESS system proposed in this work contains bidirectional DC/DC and AC/DC converters and batteries, and is capable of simultaneous control of active power, reactive power, and DC-link voltage. In this work, an energy management strategy with the goal of peak-shaving has been proposed, which also considers degradation and ageing limits of the batteries. Simulations have been performed at different battery capacity cases to show the capabilities of the proposed PV+BESS.
Minority Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity Status and Suicidal Behavior: Serial Indirect Effects of Hope, Hopelessness and Depressive Symptoms

Death by suicide, and suicidal behaviors, are a significant public mental health problem, and individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and questioning (LGBTQ), may be at increased risk. Potential underlying mechanisms of this association are unknown, but may involve the impact of LGBTQ status on future orientation and mood. Our purpose was to determine the influence of sexual identity, sequentially, on cognitive and emotional functioning, and consequent relation to suicidal behavior. In a sample of 349 college students, we used serial mediation models to investigate the relation between self-identification as LGBTQ and suicidal behavior, with hope and hopelessness as first-order mediators and depression as a second order mediator. Supporting hypotheses, we found that LGBTQ status was related to less hope and greater hopelessness and, in serial fashion, to depressive symptoms and consequent suicidal behavior. Our findings may have clinical implications. Resolution of hopelessness and depression, and promotion of hopefulness, perhaps via Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy strategies, such as goal-setting, may reduce suicidal risk in LGBTQ young adults.
The Darwinian Dynamics of Motility and Metastasis

Cancer is a deadly disease, but it is rarely the primary tumor that kills patients. Most cancer deaths are due to metastasis, a complex and still poorly understood process. Metastatic cells may be particularly deadly not just because they can colonize new sites, but because they exhibit a much more plastic and adaptable phenotype compared to primary tumor cells. In this chapter we provide an overview of the evolution of metastasis. First, we review what is known about the mechanisms underlying cell motility/metastasis. Then we describe how evolution operates on cell motility, how evolution operates within tumors, how selection among micrometastases may be important and the role of co-evolution between tumor and stromal cells during metastasis. In addition to reviewing the literature, we describe a number of important insights from evolution that can help guide future work on the nature and dynamics of metastases. These include the application of ecological dispersal theory to the evolution of cell motility, the fact that somatic selection can favor plasticity in neoplastic cells, the possibility that selection among micrometastases may lead to the evolution of collective phenotypes that can extract resources from the host body, and the observation that the parameters of evolution may differ dramatically between primary tumors and metastases. By targeting the processes of evolution of cell motility, cell plasticity and the ability of cells to alter their environments, it may be possible for clinicians to substantially extend life and improve the quality of life for cancer patients. Evolutionary and ecological tools and approaches can help provide a basic framework for integrating what is already known about the evolution of metastasis and guiding future work on this topic.
What's trending now? An analysis of trends in internet searches for labor epidurals.

Abstract Background The study aim was to investigate internet use for obtaining information about epidurals for labor and delivery. Methods Google Trends for US data was queried from 2004 to 2015 to find the most common searches and determine temporal trends. The Google Trends query used the term [epidural] and evaluated changes in search trends over time. Search comparisons were made for each year from 2004 to 2015, and three equal time epochs during the study period (2004–07, 2008–11, 2012–15) were compared. We also compared searches for epidurals with commonly searched birth-related terms. Results Internet searches are increasing; there were 726000 searches for [epidural] in 2015. Search terms with the most significant growth in the past 4years (2012–15) were "birth with epidural," "pain after epidural," "labor without epidural," "epidural birth video," and "epidural vs natural". Searches for epidural side effects, risks, and pain on insertion were among the most common and were increasing most rapidly. Searches related to epidurals were more common than searches related to "natural births", "home births", and "labor pain", but were less common than searches for "midwives" or "doulas". Conclusion The findings provide an insight into internet use by those seeking information about labor analgesic options. Identifying the most common and rapidly increasing online search queries may guide physician-parturient interactions and online content creation, to address labor analgesic topics that most interest users.
Structure-activity relationships and docking studies of synthetic 2-arylindole derivatives determined with aromatase and quinone reductase 1.

Abstract In our ongoing effort of discovering anticancer and chemopreventive agents, a series of 2-arylindole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated toward aromatase and quinone reductase 1 (QR1). Biological evaluation revealed that several compounds (e.g., 2d, IC50 = 1.61 μM; 21, IC50 = 3.05 μM; and 27, IC50 = 3.34 μM) showed aromatase inhibitory activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the low micromolar concentrations. With regard to the QR1 induction activity, 11 exhibited the highest QR1 induction ratio (IR) with a low concentration to double activity (CD) value (IR = 8.34, CD = 2.75 μM), while 7 showed the most potent CD value of 1.12 μM. A dual acting compound 24 showed aromatase inhibition (IC50 = 9.00 μM) as well as QR1 induction (CD = 5.76 μM) activities. Computational docking studies using CDOCKER (Discovery Studio 3.5) provided insight in regard to the potential binding modes of 2-arylindoles within the aromatase active site. Predominantly, the 2-arylindoles preferred binding with the 2-aryl group toward a small hydrophobic pocket within the active site. The C-5 electron withdrawing group on indole was predicted to have an important role and formed a hydrogen bond with Ser478 (OH). Alternatively, meta-pyridyl analogs may orient with the pyridyl 3′-nitrogen coordinating with the heme group.
The Emerging Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Disease

Only a small fraction of the human genome corresponds to protein-coding genes. Historically, the vast majority of genomic sequence was dismissed as transcriptionally silent, but recent large-scale investigations have instead revealed a rich array of functionally significant elements, including non-protein-coding transcripts, within the noncoding regions of the human genome. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of noncoding transcripts with lengths >200 nucleotides, are pervasively transcribed in the genome, and have been shown to bind DNA, RNA, and protein. LncRNAs exert effects through a variety of mechanisms that include guiding chromatin-modifying complexes to specific genomic loci, providing molecular scaffolds, modulating transcriptional programs, and regulating miRNA expression. An increasing number of experimental studies are providing evidence that lncRNAs mediate disease pathogenesis, thereby challenging the concept that protein-coding genes are the sole contributors to the development of human disease. This chapter highlights recent findings linking lncRNAs with human diseases of complex etiology, including hepatocellular carcinoma, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes.
Hot Spot Conditions during Multi-Bubble Cavitation

Together with the chemical effects of ultrasound, light is often emitted [1–5]. Such sonoluminescence provides an extremely useful spectroscopic probe of the conditions created during cavitation bubble collapse. Acoustic cavitation is the origin of both sonochemistry and sonoluminescence. The collapse of bubbles caused by cavitation produces intense local heating and high pressures, with very short lifetimes. As we will demonstrate in this chapter, in clouds of cavitating bubbles, these hot spots have equivalent temperatures of roughly 5000 K, pressures of about 1000 atmospheres, and heating and cooling rates above 1010 K/s. In single bubble cavitation, conditions may be even more extreme [6–7]. Thus, cavitation can create extraordinary physical and chemical conditions in otherwise cold liquids.
How Land Surveying is Being Modernized

Leaders in the profession of land surveying in Canada are taking significant steps to modernize land parcel surveying and records. A few leaders in the United States are also making some progress. This paper summarizes several important projects in British Columbia, Ontario, and the Atlantic Provinces of Canada, and in California, Missouri, Texas and Wisconsin. It also comments on differences in surveying education in Europe, Canada and the U.S.A.
Case vs. positions in the locality of A-movement

This paper contrasts two families of approaches to the ban on A-movement out of a finite clause (hyperraising). One line of approach attributes the constraint to the positions involved in the movement chain (e.g., improper movement), the other derives the constraint from the case properties of the moving element (e.g., Activity Condition). Based on novel evidence from Hindi-Urdu, this paper develops an argument in favor of position-based approaches. In a nutshell, I argue that (i) A- and Ā-movement in Hindi-Urdu exhibit the same locality contrast as in English, that (ii) both apply to already case-marked DPs, and that (iii) they differ in the position they target in the same way as in English. As a result, the locality difference between the two movement types in Hindi-Urdu can be attributed to the positions that these movement types target, but not to their case properties. These results indicate that when case and positions diverge, locality tracks positions, not case. This conclusion supports the view that a comprehensive account of the locality of A-movement requires reference to syntactic positions in some form. The results also raise the possibility that case can be eliminated as a constraint on the locality of A-movement.
A Systematic Global Review of Condom Availability Programs in High Schools.

Abstract Purpose High levels of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and pregnancy among adolescents has motivated some countries to consider the implementation of condom availability programs (CAPs) in high schools. In this present study, we analyzed the impact of CAP on students' sexual behaviors and health outcomes. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2017. Results Twenty-nine articles from six countries were included in this review. We found that CAP does not increase sexual activity nor lead to a greater number of sexual partners. It also does not lower the age of sexual initiation. A majority of the studies reported an increase in condom uptake and use at last sex among students with CAP. All the studies that examined STI found a decrease of STI symptoms and rates for students with CAP compared with the control group. The data on HIV rates was inconclusive. There was no difference in pregnancy rates associated with participation in CAP programs. Conclusion This global literature review showed that the fears surrounding CAP and promiscuity are unfounded. Once CAP is in place, students utilize it, and condom use increases, which translates to improved sexual health outcomes.
Operation Study Abroad

“You were in the Zengakuren that turned away Eisenhower?”. In 1963, my second year of graduate school, Professor John Buttrick, who had come from University of Minnesota as a guest professor, asked me, his eyes wide with wonder. The name Zengakuren had gained notoriety in the U.S. His ancestor was Major John Buttrick, one of those who gave the order to “Fire!” on the British forces in Concord, on the outskirts of Boston, starting the American War of Independence in 1775. Having this republican heritage, he was a conscientious objector during World War II and a strong pacifist.
230) The Role of nNOS Positive Interneurons in Spinal Somatosensory Circuits

Somatosensory information, encoding pain, touch, itch, heat and cold all enter the central nervous system at the spinal cord dorsal horn. Here this information is modulated through both descending control and local microcircuitry before being relayed to higher brain centres for perception of the stimulus. In this study, we use a semi intact, ex vivo preparation to investigate the role of a population of dorsal horn interneurons that express neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in local spinal microcircuitry. In this preparation we dissect (in continuum) spinal cord, together with L2 and L3 roots, dorsal root ganglia, saphenous nerve and hind limb skin. This allows natural stimulation of the skin while performing whole cell patch clamp recordings from identified dorsal horn neurons. nNOScreER mice were crossed with either Ai9 or Ai32 reporter animals and given tamoxifen (0.4mg/kg, i.p) at day P14. Electrophysiology experiments were performed 3 weeks later. In some cases, DiI was injected to the parabrachial nucleus 4 days before experiments to retrogradely label spinal projection neurons. We found that nNOS positive interneurons receive input from both innocuous and noxious mechanical stimulation, but not a scratch stimulus. Further, optogenetic activation of these interneurons results in action potential discharge in identified projection neurons, suggesting an ability to send sensory information to higher brain areas. Using this ex vivo preparation will allow us to characterise spinal somatosensory circuits both under normal conditions (current study) and both acute and chronic pain states. This will help us understand how spinal microcircuitry is disrupted following injury.
The impact of disrupted caregiving for juvenile sexual offenders

Research that attempts to understand why young people commit sex crimes points to an array of family factors that may uniquely contribute to sexual offending over general juvenile delinquency. This...
Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders in the Emergency Department: Conceptualizing and Managing “Malingered” or “Exaggerated” Symptoms

Patients with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are often suspected of malingering or exaggerating symptoms, though there is no clear evidence that they do so more than other patients. We review the manifestations, etiology, and management of seemingly feigned symptoms in these disorders, particularly related to their presentation in the emergency department (ED). It is dangerous to assume that all patients with ASPD and BPD are intentionally feigning symptoms in the ED. However, when ASPD patients are known to be malingering, the focus should be shifted to addressing the motivation behind malingering and the patient’s true goals, ideally done with a curious rather than confrontational approach. BPD patients also may appear to be malingering or exaggerating symptoms, but their presentation often is more accurately attributed to the lack of ability to mentalize and effectively communicate their needs, as well as emotional hypochondriasis. Education of ED staff, demonstrating genuine concern, and attempting to find a common goal with patients will aid in keeping an objective view of the patient’s distress, minimizing escalation, and optimizing patient outcomes.
Turning Doctoral Students into Faculty in Gerontological Social Work: The AGESW Experience

ABSTRACTDeveloping faculty interested in aging may help social work meet the needs of our growing aging population. However, doctoral students need a variety of supports to complete PhDs and become...
Bioenergetic analysis of intact mammalian cells using the Seahorse XF24 Extracellular Flux analyzer and a luciferase ATP assay.

Abstract Metabolic pathways and bioenergetics were described in great detail over half a century ago, and during the past decade there has been a resurgence in integrating these cellular processes with other biological properties of the cell, including growth control, protein kinase cascade signaling, cell cycle division, and autophagy. Since many disease conditions are associated with altered metabolism and production of energy, it is important to develop new approaches to measure these cellular parameters. This chapter summarizes a new and exciting approach based on the Seahorse XF24 Extracelluar Flux analyzer, which takes real time measurements of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in living cells. These bioenergetic profiles are then compared with steady-state levels of cellular ATP as measured by a luciferase assay.
Following their Lead: Police Perceptions and their Effects on Crime Prevention

This study examines the effect that individuals’ perceptions of police have on their adoption of crime prevention measures. Unlike past research that conceptualized police perceptions as inversely ...
Recurrent neurenteric cysts compressing the brainstem.

Background Neurenteric cysts, also referred to as endodermal cysts and enterogenous cysts, are rare lesions of the neuroaxis occurring most frequently within the spinal cord and rarely intracranially. In the literature describing these lesions, examples of intraoperative imaging and cytology preparations are rare to non-existent. Case description Here, we describe a case of a recurrent posterior fossa neurenteric cyst compressing the brainstem in a 47-year-old female and causing incontinence and progressive quadriparesis. Intraoperative findings and cytologic and histologic features are presented. Conclusion Neurenteric cysts are generally considered to be benign and slow-growing though recurrence is common. This case of a recurrent neurenteric cyst is illustrated by intraoperative macroscopic and cytologic images.
Chinese Communist Espionage: An Intelligence Primer

Today, China’s intelligence activities abroad attract keen attention and heated commentaries from the Western observers. Yet only a very few experts possess a sophisticated understanding of the sub...
Systemic Treatment Modalities for Stress Fractures

Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are a common concern in athletes and occur when bone is unable to withstand repetitive, mechanical loading. Athletes who have delayed healing, incomplete healing, nonunion, or repeat BSI may benefit from systemic treatment modalities to optimize BSI recovery and outcomes. There are case studies of select systemic treatment modalities used in high-level athletes with BSI seeking faster return to competition. This chapter uses evidence-based medicine to highlight the impact of teriparatide, extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), and bone stimulation devices on BSI recovery. Evidence varies for each treatment modality based on the characteristics of the fracture as well as the duration and method of treatment delivery. Practitioners should research the relevant evidence and should consider a cost-benefit analysis of treatment prior to initiating a systemic treatment modality.
Distinct thalamocortical network dynamics are associated with the pathophysiology of chronic low back pain.

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia is a key pathology of chronic neuropathic pain, but few studies have investigated thalamocortical networks in chronic low back pain (cLBP) given its non-specific etiology and complexity. Using fMRI, we propose an analytical pipeline to identify abnormal thalamocortical network dynamics in cLBP patients and validate the findings in two independent cohorts. We first identify two reoccurring dynamic connectivity states and their associations with chronic and temporary pain. Further analyses show that cLBP patients have abnormal connectivity between the ventral lateral/posterolateral nucleus (VL/VPL) and postcentral gyrus (PoCG) and between the dorsal/ventral medial nucleus and insula in the less frequent connectivity state, and temporary pain exacerbation alters connectivity between the VL/VPL and PoCG and the default mode network in the more frequent connectivity state. These results extend current findings on thalamocortical dysfunction and dysrhythmia in chronic pain and demonstrate that cLBP pathophysiology and clinical pain intensity are associated with distinct thalamocortical network dynamics. Thalamocortical dysrhythmia is a key pathology of chronic pain. Here, the authors propose an analytical pipeline to study dynamic fMRI brain networks and demonstrate that chronic low back pain pathophysiology and clinical pain intensity are associated with distinct thalamocortical network dynamics.
Abstract 13399: Variable Exposure to Echocardiography Pathology and Core Competencies Among Cardiology Fellows-in-training

Introduction: Current guidelines recommend interpretation of at least 300 echocardiograms to achieve competency in echocardiography for independent practice (level II COCATS). Recommended core comp...
Corporate Lawyers as an Infant Industry?: Legal Market Access and Development Policy

In an effort to provide an appropriate tribute to his wonderful career, this study develops a set of themes that have been at the centre of Dave Trubek’s work for decades, including development economics and the roles of law in developing countries, the structure and regulation of legal professions, debates over industrial policy and ‘developmental states’, old and new, and global governance. It is enthusiastically Trubekian in frame and aspiration, emphasising, as Dave has done throughout his career, the socio-legal study of the complex interplay between legal institutions, markets and governance.
Short- and long-term opioid use in survivors of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract Objectives Opioids are frequently used for analgesia in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to a high prevalence of headache and neck pain. However, it is unclear if this practice may pose a risk for opioid dependence, as long-term opioid use in this population remains unknown. We sought to determine the prevalence of opioid use in SAH survivors, and to identify potential risk factors for opioid utilization. Methods We analyzed a cohort of consecutive patients admitted with non-traumatic and suspected aneurysmal SAH to an academic referral center. We included patients who survived hospitalization and excluded those who were not opioid-naive. Potential risk factors for opioid prescription at discharge, 3 and 12 months post-discharge were assessed. Results Of 240 SAH patients who met our inclusion criteria (mean age 58.4 years [SD 14.8], 58% women), 233 (97%) received opioids during hospitalization and 152 (63%) received opioid prescription at discharge. Twenty-eight patients (12%) still continued to use opioids at 3 months post-discharge, and 13 patients (6%) at 12-month follow up. Although patients with poor Hunt and Hess grades (odds ratio 0.19, 95% CI 0.06–0.57) and those with intraventricular hemorrhage (odds ratio 0.38, 95% CI 0.18–0.87) were less likely to receive opioid prescriptions at discharge, we did not find significant differences between patients who had long-term opioid use and those who did not. Conclusion Opioids are regularly used in both the acute SAH setting and immediately after discharge. A considerable number of patients also continue to use opioids in the long-term. Opioid-sparing pain control strategies should be explored in the future.
Radiated EMI Reduction with Double Shielding Techniques in Active-clamp Flyback Converters

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) issue becomes a headache problem when the switching frequency has been pushed higher and higher for the smaller size and higher power density. Up to now, the conducted EMI can be controlled very well with decades of exploration and research. However, the radiated EMI is still hard to be understood and controlled, the techniques to reduce the radiated EMI are limited. In this paper, active-clamp flyback converters are taken as the example, the radiation model is developed, the double shielding technique is proposed to mitigate the radiated EMI effectively no matter the EMI filters are placed on the AC line or DC bus. The concept of this technique is explained in detail, the experiments are conducted to verify the analysis. The guideline to choose the appropriate connection method of the double shielding technique is given for both the AC line and DC bus EMI filters.
Clinical Magnetoencephalography and fMRI

Over the past two decades, numerous studies have demonstrated that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) conveniently maps brain activity, both at rest and during a task. The spatial resolution of fMRI in clinical scanners can exceed 1 mm in plane resolution. The temporal resolution, however, is limited to around 1 s or perhaps a few hundred milliseconds depending on the technique and the paradigm used. Today, in the clinical and research setting, MEG directly measures neuromagnetic activity at a high temporal resolution and supplements or replaces the spatial information provided by fMRI.
Physician response to surveys. a review of the literature

Abstract Objective: Physician-specific surveys are a frequently used tool in health services research, but attempts at ensuring adequate response rates are rarely reported. We reviewed literature of survey methodology specific to physician surveys and report those found to be most effective. Data Sources: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and PSYCHInfo from 1967 through February 1999. We included all English-language studies that randomized physician survey respondents to an experimental or control group. The authors independently extracted data from 24 studies examining survey methodology of physician-specific surveys. We included Mantel–Haenszel chi-squares comparing treatment groups, if present. If not, these were calculated from study data. Results: Pre-notification of survey recipients, personalizing the survey mailout package, and nonmonetary incentives were not associated with increased response rates. Monetary incentives, the use of stamps on both outgoing and return envelopes, and short questionnaires did increase response rates. Few differences were reported in response rates of phone surveys compared with mail surveys and between the demographics and practice characteristics of early survey respondents and late respondents. Conclusions: We report some simple approaches that may significantly increase response rates of mail surveys. Surprisingly, the response rates of mail surveys of physicians compared favorably with those from telephone and personal interview surveys. Nonresponse bias may be of less concern in physician surveys than in surveys of the general public. Future research steps include specifically testing the more compelling results to allow for better control of confounders.
Navy Radar Trades at the Ship Interface

The next generation radar suite will include a radar that has sensitivity far greater than shipboard radars in use today. Most likely the radar will be a multi-faced, solid state, phased array system with each array consisting of thousands of individual radiating elements powered by transmit/receive (T/R) modules. It will likely need to be large, and the demands it makes on ship services will be unprecedented. Its electrical power demands could be larger than the total ship's load for present-day ships. Array size could significantly impact topside design. This paper examines top-level radar system design choices and illustrates the trends in the ship impact of those choices. Radar design options considered are aperture size and shape, coolant operating temperature, number of array faces, and power system architecture. These design options have an effect on the radar system's weight, footprint, power demand, and cooling load. The effects on ship design can be significant. The ship impact analyses consider a radar system that includes ship-provided equipment such as electrical power distribution equipment and chill water plants. An analysis of radar systems, all with the same performance, shows that radar system power demand can change by as much as four megawatts for a notional surface combatant depending upon the radar designer's configuration choices. Radar system weight can vary by more than 100 metric tons. There is a cubic relationship between T/R module power and array face area for a constant sensitivity radar system. This relationship is examined to show that there is often a choice of T/R module power that minimizes radar ship impact. The exact choice of T/R module power depends upon the customer's preferences, the manufacturer's capabilities, and choice of vendors. This paper does not convey any official US government position or US Navy endorsement of any particular radar architecture or design approach.
Processes of Sediment Exchange between Tidal Inlets, Ebb Deltas and Barrier Islands

Tidal inlets of barrier island systems generally are considered sediment sinks, whereas islands are sources. However, this simplified concept assumes that littoral transport is the only means of moving material through the system and that most inlets are inefficient by-passers of sediment. At tide-dominated inlets, material scoured from inlet gorges may provide a significant sediment source that influences delta growth and by-passing.