cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and Anger in Adolescent Girls

The analysis of written descriptions of recent experiences of anxiety and anger of adolescent girls indicated that on a priori classification system of their behaviors had some validity. Anxiety and anger were conceptualized as arising in specific situations and focusing on expectations of self and others with disapproval being the catalyst for the reacting mode.
Nutlin-3 induces apoptosis, disrupts viral latency and inhibits expression of angiopoietin-2 in Kaposi sarcoma tumor cells

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) tumors often contain a wild-type p53. However, the function of this tumor suppressor in KS tumor cells is inhibited by both MDM2 and latent nuclear antigen (LANA) of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV). Here, we report that MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3 efficiently reactivates p53 in telomerase-immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (TIVE) that had been malignantly transformed by KSHV as well as in KS tumor cells. Reactivation of p53 results in a G 1 cell cycle arrest, leading to inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis. Nutlin-3 inhibits the growth of "KS-like" tumors resulting from xenografted TIVE-KSHV cells in nude mice. In addition, Nutlin-3 strongly inhibits expression of the pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokine angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2). It also disrupts viral latency by inducing expression of KSHV lytic genes. These results suggest that Nutlin-3 might serve as a novel therapy for KS.
Bioluminescent detection of insect pheromones using an enzyme-based flow injection analysis system

Abstract The combination of flow injection analysis with chemiluminescent detection is shown to provide extremely selective and sensitive detection of insect pheromones which possess an aldehyde moiety. The flow injection analysis system provides reproducible control of both the reaction chemistry and the sample introduction process. Microliter volume samples can be precisely handled and analyzed with this experimental configuration. The detection system is based on the luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of reduced flavin mononucleotide which occurs in the presence of aldehydes with carbon backbones of between 14 and 16 carbons. A limit of detection of 3 fmol of tetradecyl aldehyde is demonstrated and the system is shown to be insensitive to the presence of various organic solvents up to concentrations of approximately 10%. The key experimental variables which control sensitive detection of pheromone at the femtomole level with be investigated and discussed.
Comparisons of Radiative Heat Transfer Calculations in a Jet Diffusion Flame Using Spherical Harmonics and k-Distributions

A new nongray radiation modeling library for combustion gases has been implemented in OpenFOAM. The spectral models for single species include gray, correlation tables and full spectrum k-distributions (FSK) assembled from a narrow-band database. Mixing models for k-distributions include the multiplication and uncorrelated mixture models. Radiative transfer equation solvers for the library include spherical harmonics such as P1, P3, SP3 and SP5 as well as the optically thin approximation. The performance of the different solution methods is compared for accuracy and speed as a tool for future model strategy selection.
Lead phosphate glass as a stable medium for the immobilization and disposal of high-level nuclear waste☆

Abstract Investigations of the characteristics of lead phosphate glasses pertinent to the use of these materials as a storage medium for high-level nuclear waste have been carried out. By combining lead phosphate glass with various types of simulated high-level nuclear waste, it is possible to form a highly corrosion resistant, homogeneous, easily processed glass. For corroding solutions at 90° C, with solution pH values in the range between 5 and 9, the corrosion rate of the lead phosphate nuclear waste glass is at least 10 2 to 10 3 times lower than the corrosion rate of a comparable borosilicate nuclear waste glass. Lead phosphate nuclear waste glasses can be prepared at temperatures as low as 800°C, since they exhibit very low melt viscosities in the 800–1050°C temperature range. These waste-loaded glasses do not readily devitrify at temperatures as high as 550°C and are not adversely affected by large doses of gamma radiation in H 2 O at 135°C. It appears that lead phosphate waste glasses can be prepared with minimal modification of the technology developed for processing borosilicate glass nuclear waste forms.
A genetic search approach to unfalsified PI control design for a weigh belt feeder

This paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates an approach to automated PI tuning for an industrial weigh belt feeder that is based on unfalsified control concepts. Unfalsified control is used here as a means of using either open- or closed-loop test data to identify a subset of controllers (from an initial set) that is not proved to violate the multiple objectives specified by the control engineer. A novel feature of the unfalsified approach is that it allows controllers to be eliminated from consideration by predicting their performance without actually inserting the controllers in the loop. In addition, this methodology does not require an explicit model. However, in practice, it does require some closed-loop experimentation to determine the cost functions used to perform the unfalsification. When the unfalsified PI autotuning approach is applied to the industrial weigh belt feeder, it is able to successfully identify a subset of PI control laws that meets the performance specs. A key feature of this paper is the use of a genetic search algorithm to reduce the computational requirements of unfalsified control, especially when the initial set of controllers is large. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinking Nonlinear Elasticity and the Deformation of Magnesium

Despite a large body of work devoted to understanding the deformation of polycrystalline magnesium, there are still some outstanding questions, not the least of which are the nature of its microyielding and the nature of its fully reversible, hysteretic, stress-strain curves. In this article, we provide further evidence that Mg is a kinking nonlinear solid by showing excellent agreement between the predictions of our microscale model, in which fully reversible, dislocation-based incipient kink bands (IKBs) are the key microscale element, the experimental results obtained in our study, and, just as important, the results obtained by others. It follows that microyielding and the fully reversible hysteresis loops are most likely to be due to IKB formation, with the propensity for kinking being enhanced for coarse-grained samples up to a grain size of ≈50 μm, after which further increases in grain size have little effect. From the areas of the reversible loops, the critical resolved shear stresses (CRSSs) associated with the movement of basal plane dislocations are obtained and are shown to scale with the maximum flow stresses at which the loops are obtained. We also make the case that, at least for low strains, strains along the c-axis can be accommodated by invoking the formation of IKBs, mobile dislocation walls, and kink boundaries and should be included in future modeling of the deformation of polycrystalline Mg.
ETS1 Induces Human Trophoblast Differentiation

A possible role for the transcription factor v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1) in human trophoblast cell differentiation was examined using a highly enriched fraction of human mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells (CTBs) that differentiate spontaneously in vitro to a multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast cell (STB) phenotype. ETS1 mRNA and protein levels were abundant in freshly isolated CTBs and decreased as the cells differentiated. Silencing of ETS1 expression in freshly prepared CTBs markedly attenuated syncytialization, as demonstrated by desmoplakin staining, and blocked the induction of syncytin, the transcription factor activator protein-2α, placental lactogen, and other STB-specific genes. Conversely, overexpression of ETS1 in primary trophoblast cells induced STB marker gene mRNAs and transactivated each of the gene proximal promoters. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest a critical role for ETS1 in the induction of human villus CTB differentiation. The effect of ETS1 on syncytialization likely results, at least in part, from inhibition of syncytin expression, whereas the induction of STB marker genes likely results in part from transactivation by activator protein-2α.
Inhibition of Neutrophil Adherence to Antibody by Daspone: A Possible Therapeutic Mechanism of Dapsone in the Treatment of IgA Dermatoses

Abstract Dapsone is frequently effective in cutaneous diseases characterized by antibody deposition and accumulation of neutrophils. We hypothesized that this mechanism of action of dapsone may involve the inhibition of neutrophil adherence to antibody. The neutrophil adherence assay, which measures the binding of neutrophils to basement membrane zone-bound antibody on skin sections, was used to evaluate the effect of dapsone on neutrophil adherence to immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G. We evaluated the effect of dapsone on adherence of normal neutrophils to immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G from sera of linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis and bullous pemphigoid patients, respectively. Linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis or bullous pemphigoid antibody were bound to the basement membrane zone of normal skin sections as a substrate for the neutrophil adherence assay. Dapsone was added directly to the neutrophils or to the antibody source in concentrations of 0–50,μg/ml (pharmacologic range). Addition of dasone to neutrophils produced an incremental inhibition of neutrophil adherence up to 75% at 50,μg/ml. Dapsone produced similar inhibition when added directly to the antibody itself, despite washing prior to usage in the neutrophil-adherence assay. Control specimens including irrelevant fractions of patient sera failed to demonstrate binding. Serum from a patient on dapsone therapy also showed inhibition of neutrophil adherence compared to the same patient on no therapy. We conclude that dapsone inhibits the adherence of neutrophils to basement membrane zone anti-body in a dose-dependent manner. This may be related to an effect directly on antibody. This inhibition may contribute to the clinical efficacy of dapsone in antibody-mediated diseases.
“Missed” Diagnoses of Phyllodes Tumor on Breast Biopsy: Pathologic Clues to Its Recognition:

Fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumors of the breast exhibit a continuum of pathologic features. We examined phyllodes tumors initially called fibroadenoma for features that may accurately classify the tumor as phyllodes tumor on the first biopsy specimen. The phyllodes tumors initially called fibroadenoma for features that may accurately classify the tumor as phyllodes tumors on the first biopsy specimen are examined. Fifteen patients with phyllodes tumors were studied, initially called FA or another term short of PT. These tumors were compared with 16 true fibroadenomas, all with needle-core biopsy followed by excision. Resected phyllodes tumors were larger on average than fibroadenoma, 6.8 cm (range = 1.7-16.2 cm) versus 2.6 cm (range = 1.0-4.8 cm). In needle-core biopsy cases, sampling was limited, even in large breast masses. p53 and cleaved caspase-3 were noncontributory. Ki-67 showed higher proliferation indices in phyllodes tumors versus fibroadenoma (4.8% vs 0.6%). Features suggesting phyllodes tumors include tissue fragmentation, increased stromal cellularity especially around glands, stromal overgrowth, and increased mitoses. Increased sampling of a large tumor will likely yield more correct diagnoses.
Effects of Flow Restoration and Exotic Species Removal on Recovery of Native Fish: Lessons from a Dam Decommissioning

Flow diversion and invasive species are two major threats to freshwater ecosystems, threats that restoration efforts attempt to redress. Yet, few restoration projects monitor whether removal of these threats improve target characteristics of the ecosystem. Fewer still have an appropriate experimental design from which causal inferences can be drawn as to the relative merits of removing exotic fish, restoring flow, or both. We used a dam decommissioning in Fossil Creek, Arizona, to compare responses of native fish to exotic fish removal and flow restoration, using a before-after-control-impact design with three impact treatments: flow restoration alone where exotics had not been present, flow restoration and exotic fish removal, and flow restoration where exotics remain and a control reach that was unaffected by restoration actions. We show that removal of exotic fish dramatically increased native fish abundance. Flow restoration also increased native fish abundance, but the effect was smaller than that from removing exotics. Flow restoration had no effect where exotic fish remained, although it may have had other benefits to the ecosystem. The cost to restore flow ($12 million) was considerably higher than that to eradicate exotics ($1.1 million). The long-term influence of flow restoration could increase, as travertine dams grow and re-shape the creek increasing habitat for native fish. But in the 2-year period considered here, the return on investment for extirpating exotics far exceeded that from flow restoration. Projects aimed to restore native fish by restoring flow should also consider the additional investment required to eradicate exotic fish.
Hybrid solid state/fluidic cooling for hotspot removal

In this paper we describe a novel cooling scheme utilizing a combination of fluidic (single-phase convection and phase change) and solid-state (superlattice cooler) techniques to simultaneously remove high background heat fluxes (~100 W/cm2) over the entire chip and dissipate ultra high heat fluxes (~0.5-1 kW/cm2) from multiple localized hotspots. This paper focuses on the conceptual design to assess the feasibility of the proposed cooling scheme.
IRF8 regulates myeloid and B lymphoid lineage diversification

Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a member of the IRF family of transcription factors whose members play critical roles in interferon (IFN) signaling pathways governing the establishment of innate immune responses by myeloid and dendritic cells. IRF8 is also expressed in lymphoid cells and recent studies have documented its involvement in B cell lineage specification, immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangement, the distribution of mature B cells into the marginal zone and follicular B cell compartment, and the transcriptional regulation of critical elements of the germinal center reaction. Here we review the contributions of IRF8 to B cell development from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and its place in the hierarchical regulatory network governing specification and commitment to the B cell fate.
Time-dependent queueing network approximations as simulation external control variates

A strategy for efficient evaluation of a complex stochastic model's performance is to use a simpler model's known performance as an approximation. Another strategy is to simulate using the simpler model's known performance as an external control variate. We combine these two strategies. We also relax the assumption that the simpler model's performance is known exactly by introducing mean-squared-error optimal control variates.
A Clear Channel: Circulating Resistance in a Rural University Town.

0 0 1 149 855 Texas A&M-Commerce 7 2 1002 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} An extended treatment of two social justice efforts in a rural university town-- both initiated by African American students (one in 1967 and another in 1973)--as historical examples of civic engagement with contemporary implications for Writing Democracy and similar projects. As a student at this local college John Carlos, the sprinter best known for his heroic, silent protest against racism with Tommie Smith at the 1968 Olympics, found his local attempts to mobilize the community against ongoing racism to be relatively unsuccessful. Five years later students established the Norris Community Club (NCC) in partnership with residents of Norris, the historically segregated neighborhood, to provide what they called “a clear channel of communication” between Norris and city officials. This later attempt yielded far more significant community changes. Uses “a clear channel” as both the object of study and interpretive lens to examine these local efforts and their many implications for today.
Is Music an Active Developmental Tool or Simply a Supplement? Early Childhood Preservice Teachers' Beliefs About Music

This study examines early childhood preservice teachers' beliefs about the importance of music in early childhood and explores factors influencing those beliefs. The study found that preservice teachers in this study held relatively strong beliefs about the importance of music, including aesthetic, quality-of-life, and social-emotional benefits. Study participants had limited knowledge of music content in general, and higher musical knowledge predicted stronger beliefs about its importance. Preservice teachers' beliefs were associated with whether they viewed music as an active tool for development and learning, or as merely an enrichment. Other factors that influenced beliefs about the importance of music were personal experiences, aspects of teacher education and field experiences, and confidence about teaching music. Implications are discussed for shaping teacher education to better prepare teachers to include music in their classrooms.
Light scattering studies of the stability of liquid fuels

Storage stabilities of upgraded coal-derived liquids (H-coal and SRC-II), JP-5 jet fuels derived from petroleum and oil shale, and a petroleum-derived diesel fuel were compared using laser light scattering measurements. The most severely hydrotreated coal-derived liquids have stability characteristics comparable to the jet fuels derived from petroleum and oil shale. Fuel degradation was monitored in the presence of added specific heteroatomic compounds. Very pronounced enhancement of light scattering intensity has been observed for coal-derived liquids containing the following additives: 1. phenol + pyridine + Cu; 2. 2,6-di-tertbutylphenol (DTBP) + pyridine + Cu; 3. phenol + dimethylquinoline, (DMQ) + (Cu; and 4. 2,5-dimethylpyrrole (DMP) + thiophenol. Previous studies have shown that phenolic oxidative coupling is an important reaction responsible for the ageing of coal-derived liquids and this observation is confirmed here. Pyridine and DMQ complexed with Cu are shown to be effective catalysts for oxidative coupling. DMP by itself is deleterious to fuel stability, in that it promotes sediment formation and light scattering. During accelerated ageing of upgraded H-coal in the presence of DMP a sediment formed with empirical formula C7H8NO1.3, which was further characterized by solid-state C 13 n.m.r. and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Fluorometric determination of total phospholipids in rat tissues.

Abstract A simple, rapid, and sensitive fluorometric procedure for the quantitative determination of total phospholipids in lipid extracts of rat tissue and for monitoring column eluates for phospholipids is presented. It is based on the fluorescence of the phospholipid-rhodamine 6G complex formed by interacting the acidic phosphate group with the basic dye, and is specific for phospholipids. Cholesterol or neutral lipids from tissues do not affect the fluorescence in any manner. Standard curves of mixed phospholipids are prepared for each tissue investigated because each tissue has a different phospholipid composition and therefore a different fluorescent intensity. Total phospholipids were determined by the chemical, chromatographic, and fluorometric procedures and the results compared favorably.
Cardiac retransplantation in children.

Abstract Background Experience with pediatric cardiac retransplantation is limited. Outcomes should be inspected to insure proper use of donor hearts. Methods Of 152 pediatric heart transplantations, we performed 20 retransplants in 17 children (3 had a second retransplant). The retransplant children were older than the primary transplant children (11.1 ± 4.4 years versus 7.1 ± 6.0 years; p = 0.005). Excluding 1 early retransplant, the interval from primary transplant to retransplant was 5.5 ± 3.3 years (range, 1.1 to 11.1). The retransplant patients were clinically more ill than the primary transplant patients (United Network for Organ Sharing status I, 75% versus 63%; mechanical circulatory support or dialysis, 20% versus 3.8%). Results Donor ischemia time (188 versus 165 minutes) and cardiopulmonary bypass time (127 versus 127 minutes) were not significantly different for the retransplant patients. Excluding 1 retransplant patient who required a tracheostomy, days on the ventilator (2.7 versus 2.7), days on inotropic support (3.0 versus 3.2), intensive care unit days (7.2 versus 6.7), and hospital days (15.9 versus 13.8) were similar in the retransplant group. Freedom from rejection at 90 days and 1 year was not different in the retransplant patients. Actuarial patient survival in the patients undergoing first retransplant was similar to the primary transplant patients at 30 days (95% versus 94.7%), 1 year (94.1% versus 80.7%), and 3 years (78.4% versus 73.1%). Two of 3 children receiving a third transplant died within 1 year of redo retransplantation. Conclusions Cardiac retransplantation can be performed in children with results comparable with those for primary transplantation despite increased clinical acuity. These early results suggest that cardiac retransplantation in children is a reasonable therapeutic option. Children with repeat retransplantation do not fare as well.
The changing meaning of race in the social sciences: Implications for social work practice

Abstract This paper reviews the current debate over the relative merits of the term “race” as a scientific concept and highlights the need to reexamine the application of the term as it is utilized in research and professional discourse in a number of fields. Although long embraced as a valid term for sorting and characterizing human populations on the basis of physical traits, the term has been abandoned by a growing number of social scientists who see it as mired in a biological, cultural, and semantic swamp. The increasingly dominant perspective in the social sciences views race as socially constructed through political, legal, economic, and scientific institutions. From this perspective, the meaning of race finds its origins in social practices and in a system of social relations that signify social conflict and group interests. Some of the implications of this perspective for social work practice are explored.
Compositional breast imaging using a dual-energy mammography protocol

Purpose: Mammography has a low sensitivity in dense breasts due to low contrast between malignant and normal tissue confounded by the predominant water density of the breast. Water is found in both adipose and fibroglandular tissue and constitutes most of the mass of a breast. However, significant protein mass is mainly found in the fibroglandular tissue where most cancers originate. If the protein compartment in a mammogram could be imaged without the influence of water, the sensitivity and specificity of the mammogram may be improved. This article describes a novel approach to dual-energy mammography, full-field digital compositional mammography (FFDCM), which can independently image the three compositional components of breast tissue: water, lipid, and protein. Methods: Dual-energy attenuation and breast shape measures are used together to solve for the three compositional thicknesses. Dual-energy measurements were performed on breast-mimicking phantoms using a full-field digital mammography unit. The phantoms were made of materials shown to have similar x-ray attenuation properties of the compositional compartments. They were made of two main stacks of thicknesses around 2 and 4 cm. Twenty-six thickness and composition combinations were used to derive the compositional calibration using a least-squares fitting approach. Results: Very high accuracy was achieved with a simple cubic fitting function with root mean square errors of 0.023, 0.011, and 0.012 cm for the water, lipid, and protein thicknesses, respectively. The repeatability (percent coefficient of variation) of these measures was tested using sequential images and was found to be 0.5%, 0.5%, and 3.3% for water, lipid, and protein, respectively. However, swapping the location of the two stacks of the phantom on the imaging plate introduced further errors showing the need for more complete system uniformity corrections. Finally, a preliminary breast image is presented of each of the compositional compartments separately. Conclusions: FFDCM has been derived and exhibited good compositional thickness accuracy on phantoms. Preliminary breast images demonstrated the feasibility of creating individual compositional diagnostic images in a clinical environment.
Mutational analysis of the transferrin receptor reveals overlapping HFE and transferrin binding sites.

The transferrin receptor (TfR) binds two proteins critical for iron metabolism: transferrin (Tf) and HFE, the protein mutated in hereditary hemochromatosis. Previous results demonstrated that Tf and HFE compete for binding to TfR, suggesting that Tf and HFE bind to the same or an overlapping site on TfR. TfR is a homodimer that binds one Tf per polypeptide chain (2:2, TfR/Tf stoichiometry), whereas both 2:1 and 2:2 TfR/HFE stoichiometries have been observed. In order to more fully characterize the interaction between HFE and TfR, we determined the binding stoichiometry using equilibrium gel-filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation. Both techniques indicate that a 2:2 TfR/HFE complex can form at submicromolar concentrations in solution, consistent with the hypothesis that HFE competes for Tf binding to TfR by blocking the Tf binding site rather than by exerting an allosteric effect. To determine whether the Tf and HFE binding sites on TfR overlap, residues at the HFE binding site on TfR were identified from the 2.8 A resolution HFE-TfR co-crystal structure, then mutated and tested for their effects on HFE and Tf binding. The binding affinities of soluble TfR mutants for HFE and Tf were determined using a surface plasmon resonance assay. Substitutions of five TfR residues at the HFE binding site (L619A, R629A, Y643A, G647A and F650Q) resulted in significant reductions in Tf binding affinity. The findings that both HFE and Tf form 2:2 complexes with TfR and that mutations at the HFE binding site affect Tf binding support a model in which HFE and Tf compete for overlapping binding sites on TfR.
Expert System Methodology for Evaluating Reductive Dechlorination at TCE Sites

An expert knowledge site-screening methodology has been developed to evaluate naturally occurring reductive dechlorination as a remedial option for sites with TCE-contaminated groundwater. This methodology combines a causative model for the reductive dechlorination of TCE and expert knowledge within a Bayesian Belief Network. The knowledge base for this expert system was obtained from 22 experts via an expert elicitation protocol. The resulting expert system can be used to aid environmental decision making by evaluating the adequacy of reductive dechlorination at TCE-contaminated sites. Comparisons between this expert system and a commonly used screening tool show that this expert system produces predictive models that may better discriminate between locations that were sampled. The 22 elicitations revealed different beliefs and assumptions among experts about the biochemical processes involved in reductive dechlorination. The decision-making value of some types of evidence is a matter of dispute; however...
The activity of a low temperature lipase in the larvae of Sarcophaga bullata (Diptera:Sarcophagidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Minced larval tissues of the dipteran flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata, were stored at −20° C for periods up to 14 days. 2. 2. After cold storage, analysis of lipid classes revealed a decrease in the amount of triacylglycerols and an increase in the amount of free fatty acids. 3. 3. The change in the proportions of larval triacylglycerols and fatty acids was shown to be the result of enzymatic activity persisting at –20°C. 4. 4. The enzyme shows a high degree of specificity for triacylglycerols containing unsaturated acyl moieties.
Molar heat capacity and entropy of calcium metal

Abstract The heat capacity of calcium has been measured at 85 mean temperatures betweenT≈ 8 K andT≈ 369 K using an adiabatically-shielded calorimeter in an intermittent heating mode. AtT= 298.15 K, the recommended values for the molar heat capacity, molar entropy, and molar enthalpy increment referred toT= 0 are (25.77 ± 0.08) J·K−1·mol−1, (42.90 ± 0.11) J·K−1·mol−1, and (5811 ±12)J·mol−1, respectively. The uncertainties are twice the standard deviation of the mean.
Microstructural study of natural fractures in Cape Roberts Project 3 core, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica

Microstructures in natural fractures in core recovered offshore from Cape Roberts, Ross Sea, Antarctica, provide new constraints on the relative timing of faulting and sedimentation in the Victoria Land Basin along the Transantarctic Mountain rift flank. This study characterizes the textures, fabrics and grain-scale structures from thin section analysis of samples of microfaults, veins, and clastic dikes. Microfaults are abundant and display two different types of textures, interpreted to record two different deformation modes: pre-lithification shearing and brittle faulting of cohesive sediment. Both clastic dikes and calcite veins commonly follow fault planes, indicating that injections of liquefied sediment and circulating fluids used pre-existing faults as conduits. The close association of clastic injections, diagenetic mineralization, and faulting indicates that faulting was synchronous with deposition in the rift basin.
Using Hasse Diagrams to Synthesize Ternary Quantum Circuits

We present the results of application of Hasse diagrams to the problem of synthesizing ternary quantum circuits represented as input-output mapping vectors. The paper specifically focuses on ternary quantum circuits with relatively large number of variables where valid solutions exist in an exponentially expanding search space. Valid solutions represent the set of all input vector permutations (arrangements or sequences) which satisfy the circuit specification and are algorithmically convergent. We discovered that a) the ordering of the input vector has an impact on the size of the resulting circuit and, that b) only certain orderings are algorithmically convergent. Here we describe a method for systematically constructing such valid sequences using a ternary Hasse diagram and illustrate a detailed proof of the critical issue of algorithmic convergence. In essence, we illustrate the benefit of exploring many input sequences over limiting the synthesis to the natural binary order.
Au-In bonding below the eutectic temperature

A bonding method using Au-In alloy which requires a low process temperature of 200 degrees C to produce high temperature (454 degrees C) bonds is reported. Multiple layers of Au and In are deposited on semiconductor wafers in one vacuum cycle to reduce In oxidation. The semiconductor dice are then bonded to substrates coated with Au. Above 157 degrees C, the indium layer melts and dissolves the Au layers to form a mixture of liquid and solid. The solid-liquid interdiffusion process continues until the mixture solidifies to form the Au-In bond. A scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) was used to determine the excellent bonding quality before and after thermal shock tests while an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was employed to determine the composition of the resulting bonds. The resulting bond has an unbonding temperature greater than 545 degrees C. Due to the low process temperature, the stress on the bonded structure caused by thermal expansion mismatch is reduced. This type of bonding is useful when bonding at a low temperature is followed by a subsequent higher temperature process. >
Policy Support for and Barriers to Transit-Oriented Development in the Inner City: Literature Review

The promise of transit-oriented development (TOD) for increasing transit ridership, enhancing economic development, and establishing a sense of place at transportation nodes has been well documented in the literature. However, the majority of research addresses TOD in greenfield sites located primarily in suburban places in growing regions. The policies that are widely believed to be supportive of TOD are examined, the gap in knowledge about TOD in established city neighborhoods is addressed, and the challenges of TOD in different urban settings are compared. Findings reveal that (a) the literature appears to be consistent and confident in outlining the public policies that encourage TOD; (b) researchers tend to focus on TODs in suburban and greenfield areas of fast-growing regions in the western and southern United States; (c) TODs in older cities are not well publicized and are largely ignored by the literature; and (d) researchers who study inner-city TOD usually focus on the lack of it, or any type of development, in economically depressed areas. The conclusion of several researchers that a strong local economy is key to successful TOD offers a clue as to why recently built TOD is largely absent from many older, slow-growth cities like Buffalo, New York, and St. Louis, Missouri. It also offers some insight into why the TOD trend is strongest in high-growth metropolitan areas like San Diego, California, and why it seems to skip struggling neighborhoods within them, like South Central Los Angeles, California. Although pre-1950s TOD is common in older cities, that ubiquity appears to reduce the publicity and attention given to more recent TOD in those places.
Complex emergence patterns in a bark beetle predator

1 The emergence pattern of Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a common predator of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was studied under field conditions across different seasons. A simple statistical model was then developed to characterize the emergence data, using the truncated geometric distribution. Data are also presented on the mortality of T. dubius eggs at various temperatures and humidities in an effort to explain certain aspects of emergence behaviour. 2 Emergence of T. dubius from a given tree usually occurred in several discrete episodes across a two-year period, with most individuals emerging in spring or autumn. Almost no emergence occurred in July and August, which may be an adaptation to avoid high temperature mortality. Emergence patterns appeared similar across seasons, with the time of year serving mainly to shift the pattern through time. 3 Cycles in D. frontalis abundance may be the result of delayed density dependence generated by its natural enemy complex. The predator T. dubius is likely to be an important component of this delayed density dependence, because of its lengthy development time and apparent impact on D. frontalis.
An approximate dynamic programming approach to the Dynamic Traveling Repairperson Problem

This paper presents a novel suboptimal policy for the Dynamic Traveling Repairperson Problem (m-DTRP), a problem requiring dynamic planning for a team of vehicles. The suggested policy is adaptive, locally distributed, computationally efficient, and independent of traffic load intensities. It is shown that the policy is asymptotically optimal in the light traffic load case. Experimental results are provided to show that the performance in the moderate and heavy load cases is comparable to the best known policies.
Convergence of an Adaptive Filter with Signed Error Filtering

In recent years, the need for high speed adaptive filters has prompted the search for alternatives to the popular LMS algorithm. One modification is the replacement of the prediction error term in the LMS update kernel by its signum function. At the same time, in noise and echo cancellation problems, reduced residual noise variance often requires error filtering. In this paper we consider the situation where the signum function of such a filtered error appears in the update kernel. Without the signum function the error model of the filtered algorithms is similar to those in output error identifiers, and a Strictly Positive Real error filter suffices for convergence. We analyze this signed filtered error algorithm to show that the presence of the sign operator requires a stronger condition (labeled Strictly Dominant Passive) on the error filter and give a globally uniform convergence proof subject to their satisfaction.
Molecular Mechanism of Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes caused by the inability of insulin-target tissues to respond properly to insulin, and contributes to the morbidity of obesity. Insulin action involves a series of signaling cascades initiated by insulin binding to its receptor, eliciting receptor autophosphorylation and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). Phosphorylation of IRSs leads to activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and, subsequently, to activation of Akt and its downstream mediator AS160, all of which are important steps for stimulating glucose transport induced by insulin. Although the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance are not completely understood in skeletal muscle, it is thought to result, at least in part, from impaired insulin-dependent PI3K activation and downstream signaling. This review focuses on the molecular basis of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In addition, the effects of insulin-sensitizing agent treatment and lifestyle intervention of human insulin-resistant subjects on insulin signaling cascade are discussed. Furthermore, the role of Rho-kinase, a newly identified regulator of insulin action in insulin control of metabolism, is addressed.
Factors limiting the performance of CdZnTe detectors

In the past few years, significant progress has been achieved in the development of room-temperature semiconductor detectors, particularly those based on CdZnTe (CZT) crystals. Several types of electron-transport-only detectors have been developed: pixel, coplanar-grid, cross-strip, drift-strip, orthogonal coplanar strip, and virtual Frisch grid, many of which are now commercially available. Despite all these varieties in the detector designs, they have many common features and problems. This review summarizes the common detector design constraints and related factors limiting performance of CZT detectors: bulk and surface leakage currents, surface effects, properties of Schottky contacts and surface interfacial layers, charge sharing and loss in multielectrode devices, charge transport nonuniformities, and fluctuations in the pulse height for long-drift-length devices. We also describe unique capabilities at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, for CZT device characterization and recent progress utilizing these tools.
Sodium Absorption by Barley Roots: Its Mediation by Mechanism 2 of Alkali Cation Transport

When barley roots absorb Na(+) at concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 mm, in the presence of low concentrations of Ca(2+) and K(+), absorption of Na(+) is mediated by carrier mechanism 2 of alkali cation transport, mechanism 1 being unavailable for Na(+) transport under these conditions. The absorption isotherm depicting the rate of Na(+) absorption as a function of the external Na(+) concentration, over the 1 to 50 mm range of concentrations, shows several inflections. This stepwise response occurs whether Cl(-) or SO(4) (2-) is the counterion, but actual rates of Na(+) absorption are lower in the latter case.When the concentration of Na(+) is 50 mm, and the concentration of either K(+) or Ca(2+) is increased from nil to 50 mm, the rate of absorption of Na(+) is diminished not as a smooth function of increasing concentrations of the interfering ions but stepwise. Similarly, when the concentration of K(+) is 50 mm, and the concentration of either Na(+) or Ca(2+) is increased from nil to 50 mm, the rate of absorption of K(+) is diminished not as a smooth function of increasing concentrations of the interfering ions but stepwise.Together, this evidence supports the previous conclusion to the effect that mechanism 2 of alkali cation transport possesses a spectrum of carrier sites with different ionic affinities.When both K(+) and Na(+) are presented at equivalent concentrations over the 1 to 50 mm range, mechanism 2 transports Na(+) almost exclusively, and mechanism 1 K(+) almost exclusively. These findings support previous conclusions to the effect that the active sites of mechanism 2 have higher affinity for Na(+) than for K(+), whereas the reverse is true for mechanism 1.
Social Class Differentials in Health and Mortality: Patterns and Explanations in Comparative Perspective

Social class inequalities in health and mortality have become an increasingly prominent topic of study among sociologists, demographers, economists, and social epidemiologists. Considerable progress has been made in documenting such inequalities in a wide variety of settings using multiple measures of health and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. That social class inequalities are pervasive is now well established, but factors that underlie them are less clearly understood. This review discusses various measures used to define social class in studies of health inequalities. It then reviews the literature on patterns of these inequalities in developed countries as well as their potential explanations. Promising new research approaches include those that employ a life course perspective in the study of health inequalities and those that integrate multiple levels of analysis, including biological pathways that are likely to be involved in translating cumulative adversity to poor health.
A Comparison of the Temporally Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems and Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring Programs in the Adirondack Mountain Region of New York

This paper compares lake chemistry in the Adirondack region of New York measured by the Temporally Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems (TIME) and Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring (ALTM) programs by examining the data from six lakes common to both programs. Both programs were initiated in the early 1990s to track the efficacy of emission reduction policies and to assess the full impacts of acid deposition on surface water chemistry. They now serve to inform on the emerging chemical recovery of these waters. The Adirondack TIME program utilizes a probability-based approach to assess chronic acidification in a population of lakes using one summer sample per year. The ALTM attempts to track changes in both chronic and episodic acidification across a gradient of lake types using monthly samples. The ALTM project has two important attributes that contrast with the TIME program in the Adirondacks: higher temporal resolution (monthly versus once during the summer or fall) and speciation of aluminum. In particular, the ALTM program provides inorganic monomeric aluminum (AlIM), the fraction of Al that is most toxic. The monthly sampling of the ALTM program includes the spring snowmelt period when acid-neutralizing capacity and pH are near their lowest and Al levels are near their highest. We compare chemistry trends (1992–2008) for sulfate, nitrate, base cations, dissolved organic carbon, hydrogen ion, acid neutralizing capacity, and Al for the six lakes common to both programs. We also compare relatively high springtime AlIM concentrations from the ALTM with relatively low summertime total Al concentrations from the TIME, showing that the ALTM program provides a more biologically relevant indicator of the effects of acid deposition, illustrating the value of the complementary monitoring efforts in the Adirondack region.
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Renal Failure: Critical Assessment Is Required

A continuous approach to renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for critically ill patients was introduced in 1977 and was hailed almost immediately as an improved alternative to intermittent hemodialysis (IHD). Now that CRRT has been in clinical practice for three decades, it is fair to ask whether research-based evidence (rather than expert opinion) supports the use of this complex technology in comparison to IHD. Several randomized clinical trials have compared the outcomes of CRRT and IHD. In one trial, patients assigned to CRRT had a significantly higher intensive-care mortality rate. In other recent trials, there has been no significant difference in outcome. A meta-analysis of observational studies similarly shows no benefit of CRRT versus IHD, with recent trends actually favoring IHD. While considerable attention has been focused on perceived benefits of CRRT compared to IHD, comparatively less attention has been focused on the potential for increased risks. When examining the totality of evidence from recent observational studies and clinical trials, there is no convincing evidence to support superiority of CRRT over IHD in the treatment of critically ill patients with ARF.
On the entropy of fuzzy measures

Fuzzy measures provides a structure for modeling the knowledge available about variables whose values are unknown and uncertain. A large class of different types of uncertainty can be represented in this framework. In this work, we provide a measure of entropy that can be used to calculate the amount of uncertainty associated with a fuzzy measure.
CMAS: Clinical movement assessment system for neuromotor disorders

We are developing a clinical movement assessment system (CMAS) to quantify motor effort following neuromotor injury. The system will allow for easy and versatile data collection by non-technical staff and patients from a variety of devices by using recent advances in technology for real-time reconfiguration. We will demonstrate the effectiveness of our system by developing a patient-friendly device. A prototype of the device has been implemented and used to measure finger forces in flexion and extension. The efficiency of the CMAS devices will be demonstrated by making quantitative assessments of neuromotor efforts following stroke in a patient population. At present, our experimental results on two subjects show the effectiveness of our device.
MOLECULAR BASIS OF RECOGNITION BETWEEN PHYTOPHTHORA PATHOGENS AND THEIR HOSTS

▪ Abstract Recognition is the earliest step in any direct plant-microbe interaction. Recognition between Phytophthora pathogens, which are oomycetes, phylogenetically distinct from fungi, has been studied at two levels. Recognition of the host by the pathogen has focused on recognition of chemical, electrical, and physical features of plant roots by zoospores. Both host-specific factors such as isoflavones, and host-nonspecific factors such as amino acids, calcium, and electrical fields, influence zoospore taxis, encystment, cyst germination, and hyphal chemotropism in guiding the pathogen to potential infection sites. Recognition of the pathogen by the host defense machinery has been analyzed using biochemical and genetic approaches. Biochemical approaches have identified chemical elicitors of host defense responses, and in some cases, their cognate receptors from the host. Some elicitors, such as glucans and fatty acids, have broad host ranges, whereas others such as elicitins have narrow host ranges. M...