cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AIDS prevention evaluation: Conceptual and methodological issues

Abstract Determining the effectiveness of our current efforts to prevent the spread of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) poses significant methodological challenges. Evaluation efforts are impeded by a lack of clarity in the goals, objectives, and design of AIDS interventions, and by the emotionally charged political environment in which these evaluations take place. Evaluators must consider an array of conceptual, methodological, ethical, and political issues when designing evaluation strategies. Solutions to these problems vary from one risk population to another, further complicating evaluation efforts. This paper provides a conceptual framework for AIDS prevention research that takes into account the many determinants and behaviors that lead to HIV infection and disease. We examine the methodological issues for evaluation in three populations—the low risk general population, the accessible high risk population, and the hard-to-reach high risk population. Additionally, issues in the evaluation of HIV counseling and testing are discussed, since this is one of the most common prevention interventions. Suggestions for evaluation strategies are offered.
Algorithm for application of Fourier analysis for biorhythmic baselines of pharmacodynamic indirect response models.

The change of an indirect pharmacological response R(t) can be described by a periodic time-dependent production rate kin (t) and a first-order loss constant kout. If kin(t) follows some biological rhythm (e.g., circadian), then the response R(t) also displays a periodic behavior. A new approach for describing the input function in indirect response models with biorhythmic baselines of physiologic substances is introduced. The present approach uses the baseline (placebo) response Rb(t) to recover the equation for kin(t). Fourier analysis provides an approximate equation for Rb(t) that consists of terms (usually two or three) of the Fourier series (harmonics) that contribute most to the overall sum. The model differential equation is solved backward for kin(t), yielding the equation involving Rb(t). A computer program was developed to perform the square L2-norm approximation technique. Fourier analysis was also performed based on nonlinear regression. Cortisol suppression after inhalation of fluticasone pr...
Calculating slow-motional electron paramagnetic resonance spectra from molecular dynamics using a diffusion operator approach.

A number of groups have utilized molecular dynamics (MD) to calculate slow-motional electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of spin labels attached to biomolecules. Nearly all such calculations have been based on some variant of the trajectory method introduced by Robinson, Slutsky and Auteri (J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 96, 2609-2616). Here we present an alternative approach that is specifically adapted to the diffusion operator-based stochastic Liouville equation (SLE) formalism that is also widely used to calculate slow-motional EPR line shapes. Specifically, the method utilizes MD trajectories to derive diffusion parameters such as the rotational diffusion tensor, diffusion tilt angles, and expansion coefficients of the orienting potential, which are then used as direct inputs to the SLE line shape program. This approach leads to a considerable improvement in computational efficiency over trajectory-based methods, particularly for high frequency, high field EPR. It also provides a basis for deconvoluting the effects of local spin label motion and overall motion of the labeled molecule or domain: once the local motion has been characterized by this approach, the label diffusion parameters may be used in conjunction with line shape analysis at lower EPR frequencies to characterize global motions. The method is validated by comparison of the MD predicted line shapes to experimental high frequency (250 GHz) EPR spectra.
Evaluation of fast neutron teletherapy for advanced carcinomas of the major salivary glands

This review analyzes the local control rate of fast neutron beam teletherapy for malignant salivary gland carcinomas compared to conventional photon irradiation at the same institution. Thirty patients with malignant parotid or submaxillary gland tumors were treated with either cobalt-60 (19 patients) or neutrons +/- photons (11 patients). The 19 photon-treated patients were historical controls. No advantage is found for neutrons in patients with tumors less than 3 cm where 100% local control was achieved with either modality. In patients with tumor masses 3-6 cm in size, neutrons demonstrated a possible advantage with a local control rate of 100% (followup, 7-18 months) compared to a control rate of 33% with conventional photon irradiation. Acute treatment-related morbidity was slightly greater in neutron-treated patients, but no long-term complications have been observed to date.
Experimental comparison of hartree‐fock and slater exchange potentials in aluminum from the charge density point of view

Measurements on an absolute scale of the first nine structure factors of Al have been performed. Excellent agreement with calculations using the Hartree-Fock exchange potential was found for all but the first two, where solid state effects are important.
The neutral wind “flywheel” as a source of quiet‐time, polar‐cap currents

The neutral wind pattern over the summer polar cap can be driven by plasma convection to resemble the convection pattern. For a north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field Bz directed southward, the wind speeds in the conducting E-region can become approximately 25 percent of the electric field drift speeds. If convection ceases, this neutral wind distribution can drive a significant polar cap current system for approximately 6 hours. The currents are reversed from those driven by the electric fields for southward Bz, and the Hall and field-aligned components of the current system resemble those observed during periods of northward Bz. The current magnitudes are similar to those observed during periods of small, northward Bz; however, observations indicate that electric fields often contribute to the currents as much as, or more than, the neutral winds.
The effects of pyrene exposure on exercise performance, muscle contraction, and mitochondrial O2 consumption in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens)

The present study exposed frogs to the PAH pyrene and measured exercise performance, muscle contractile ability, mitochondrial O2 consumption, and membrane potential. Leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, were exposed for seven days in control or pyrene saturated water aquaria. Frogs were randomly placed into one of four groups: (i) pyrene-exposed exercised, (ii) control, exercised, (iii) pyrene-exposed, non-exercised, and (iv) control, non-exercised. Following the acute exposure, exercise duration, muscle contractile ability, blood gases and pH, glycogen levels, crossbridge formation and contractile length, and mitochondrial respiration were measured. The data revealed that pyrene exposure produced many adverse effects in Leopard frogs including significant reductions in exercise performance, muscle contractile ability, and alterations to muscle mitochondrial O2 consumption and membrane potential. These data suggest that PAH exposure may limit survival for frogs in the wild by limiting foraging, mating, and preda...
Further studies of the response of kidney lysosomes to aminoglycosides and other cations.

Rat renal cortical lysosomes were isolated in 0.3 M sucrose containing 1 mM EDTA by differential centrifugation. Lysosomes were incubated in isotonic sucrose or isotonic glycine with various concentrations of endogenous and exogenous compounds at 37° for 1 hr. Lysosomes were resedimented, and the N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was measured in the supernatant fraction and the disrupted pellet and the percentage of total NAG released was calculated. Gentamicin and its C1 and C2 components had similar potencies for inhibiting NAG release from lysosomes at low concentrations. The release of alpha-galactosidase and beta-galactosidase from lysosomes was also inhibited by streptomycin and gentamicin. Mepacrine at low concentrations stabilized lysosomes and at high concentrations disrupted lysosomes. This drug also enhanced the effect of low concentrations of gentamicin on lysosomes. Inositol hexaphosphoric acid was a potent antagonist of the effect of low concentrations of gentamicin and mepacrine on lysosomes. Rats were treated with gentamicin at doses of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg for 1 and 3 days. NAG excretion in gentamicin-treated groups as compared to saline controls was unchanged at day 1. Only the 160 mg/kg treatment group showed a tendency toward elevated renal cortical NAG at day 1 (P < 0.06). All treatment groups had elevated renal cortical NAG at day 3, while the 160 mg/kg group also had elevated NAG excretion. Lysine, arginine, l-canavanine and polymyxin B all affected NAG release from lysosomes in vitro. Lysine enhanced the disruptive effect of high gentamicin concentrations on lysosomes. Ferric and ferrous ions, tested over widely varied concentrations, inhibited NAG release at low concentrations while enhancing NAG release at high concentrations. We therefore conclude that the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside and other endogenous and exogenous renally excreted cationic compounds may be produced by their effects on lysosomes in the proximal renal tubule.
Can magnetic fields be generated in the icy mantles of Uranus and Neptune

Abstract It has been shown by us previously that a hydromagnetic dynamo can operate in the core of Uranus but probably not on Neptune. A similar analysis is made for the “icy” liquid mantles of both planets. It is concluded that pressure ionization and the associated increased conductivity of water is probably not enough to satisfy the necessary conditions for a dynamo on Uranus and that it is marginal for Neptune. On the other hand the expected presence of metallic water in a thick layer around the core of Neptune makes the operation of a dynamo on this planet plausible. A similar layer on Uranus might be too thin to play the same role. It appears that if a magnetic field is indeed present on Uranus it is probably generated in the core of the planet, while on Neptune it is more likely operating in the icy mantle.
The Activity of the Epithelial Sodium Channel Is Regulated by Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis

Activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a key determinant of sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. Liddle's syndrome, an inherited form of hypertension, is caused by mutations that delete or alter PY domains in the carboxyl termini of beta or gamma ENaC subunits, leading to increased channel activity. In this study we investigated the mechanism of this effect by analysis of wild-type and mutant ENaC activity in Xenopus oocytes. By inhibiting insertion of new channels into the plasma membrane with brefeldin A, we demonstrate that the half-life of the activity of channels containing Liddle's mutations is markedly prolonged compared with wild-type channels (t1/2 of 30 h in mutant versus 3.6 in wild-type, p < 0.001). We investigated the involvement of clathrin-coated pit-mediated endocytosis by co-expressing a dominant-negative dynamin mutant with wild-type ENaC in oocytes. Expression of this specific inhibitor of endocytosis leads to a large increase in the activity of wild-type channels, demonstrating that normal turnover of this channel is through the clathrin-coated pit pathway. In contrast, co-expression of Liddle's mutations and dynamin mutants leads to no further increase in channel activity, consistent with one of the effects of Liddle's mutations being the loss of endocytosis of these channels. These findings demonstrate the normal mechanism of turnover of ENaC from the cell surface and demonstrate a mechanism that can account for the increased number of channels in the plasma membrane seen in Liddle's syndrome.
Close Correlation Between Extent of Cardiac Fibrosis and Alterations in Myocardial Electrolyte Content

: A chemical method for the objective and fairly accurate measurement of the degree of experimental myocardial necrosis is described. The method is based on significant differences in the electrolyte composition of healthy myocardium and connective tissue, which permit estimation of the extent of myocardial fibrosis according to the degree of deviation of the myocardial electrolytes from the norm. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in studies of standardized myocardial fibrosis induced in the rat by three adrenergic amines (epinephrine, phenylephrine and isoproterenol), in which the extent of scarring observed with the naked eye and under the light microscope showed good correlation with the degree of persistent ionic shifts in the fibrotic myocardium. This simple method of estimating the degree of myocardial fibrosis by chemical means may aid in animal experimental investigations of the prevention and repair of myocardial injury. It may thus contribute to the development of therapeutic regimens for the prevention and treatment of human heart disease.
THE CHANGING SLEEP HABITS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS

By collating and inspecting data from previously published studies (N=7,958), we noted that over a 20-year period, the median hours of sleep reported by college students had dropped by one hour.
a Comparison of Chemical, Isotopic, and Enzymatic Methods for Measuring Nitrogen Assimilation of Marine PHYTOPLANKTON1

Shipboard cultures of natural seawater enriched with nitrate, ammonium, or urea were used to compare different techniques for measuring nitrogen assimilation by phytoplankton and to measure the rates of uptake of these nutrients when more than one was present. Increases in particulate nitrogen, decreases of nitrogenous nutrients, and the uptake by phytoplankton (using the 15N-isotope technique) balanced rather well and for the nitrate-enriched culture were in good agreement with the estimate of nitrogen assimilation from nitrite reductase activity. Glutamic dehydrogenase activity was present with both NADH and NADPH in all three cultures; either singly or as a sum it agreed poorly with ammonium uptake estimated by the 15N-isotope technique. The presence of ammonium almost totally suppressed the uptake of nitrate and urea over a wide range of concentrations. The suppression of nitrate uptake in the presence of urea was nearly the same as the suppression of urea uptake in the presence of nitrate. Comparisons between the isotopic and enzymatic techniques were also made in seawater samples. Nitrite reductase activity was usually much greater than the rate of nitrate uptake estimated by the 15N-isotope technique. Comparisons with chlorophyll a and ATP analysis indicate that chlorophyll-containing cells were primarily responsible for the nitrite reductase activity. The rate of pyridine nucleotide oxidation with both NADII and NADPII was more consistent with the ATP than with the chlorophyll a content of seawater samples, suggesting that this enzymatic activity was not restricted to the phytoplankton.
Corroborating cutoff frequency measurements with DC gain measurements

A test for the correct measurement of the cutoff frequency of bipolar transistors is described. The method tests the equality of the low frequency, small signal, current gain measured by a network analyzer, and by DC current measurements. The method is described, and sample data are shown to demonstrate its practical application. >
Yohimbine blockade of ionic channels in myocardial cells.

Abstract The effects of yohimbine, an alkaloid shown to have local anesthetic properties on nerve, were determined in isolated perfused chick embryonic (19–21-day-old) hearts. Effects on the fast Na + channels were studied in hearts perfused with normal Ringer solution by using the maximal upstroke velocity (+V max ) as an index of the inward current flowing during the rising phase of the normal action potential. Yohimbine (10 −5 –10 −4 M) depressed +V max and overshoot and prolonged the action potential. At 5 × 10 −4 M, yohimbine completely blocked the fast Na + channels, since this dose abolished the action potential when Mn 2+ (2 mM) was present to eliminate the slow Ca 2+ current. Effects on the slow channels were studied in hearts in which the fast Na + channels were voltage-inactivated inactivated by partial depolarization to about −40 mV with an elevated (25 mM) K + -Ringer solution or blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX), resulting in loss of excitability. Isoproterenol (10 −6 M) restored excitability by inducing a slowly rising overshooting electrical response (the “slow response”) that was accompanied by contractions. At low concentrations (10 −5 –10 −4 M), yohimbine enhanced the isoproterenol-induced slow response; yohimbine induced the slow response in the absence of isoproterenol, even in the presence of a β-adrenergic blocker. In contrast, at high concentrations (10 −3 M), yohimbine markedly depressed or blocked the low response. Consistent with this dual action, yohimbine exerted a small positive inotropic action at low doses in hearts perfused with normal Ringer solution and exerted a considerable negative inotropic action at high doses, causing complete blockade of the contractions within 20 min. Cultured reaggregated cells obtained from chick embryo (15–17-day-old) ventricles showed a similar response to yohimbine in that both the normal action potentials and the slow responses were abolished. It is concluded that yohimbine exerts a local anesthetic-like action on myocardial cells, since both fast and slow channels were blocked, but the fast channels were more sensitive to yohimbine.
Lichnerowicz-York equation and conformal deformations on maximal slicings in asymptotically flat space-times

The solvability of the Lichnerowicz-York equation is discussed on each sliceS t=IR3 of a spacelike, asymptotically Euclidean maximal foliation {S τ}. Following Cantor, the problem is reduced to a discussion of the properties of a smooth, time-dependent, family of conformal transformations,o t, relating the physical metrich tofS t to a metric ĥ t =o 4ht, with vanishing scalar curvature. An estimate is provided for info t. This allows us to examine the properties of the scale geometry on eachS twhen strong field regions are probed. It is shown that in such regions ĥ t tends to become degenerate exponentially as a suitable average of the scalar curvature of (S t, h t ) increases. This is interpreted as representing the approach to a singular regime for (S t, h t ). An estimate is also provided for the lapse function-N t defining {S t}. This is found to be in agreement with a similar estimate suggested, on heuristic grounds, by Smarr and York. This latter result indicates that asymptotically flat maximal slicings in general (but not always) avoid reaching regions where the above singular regime is approached.
Isolation and characterization of type III collagen from bovine cardiac muscle

Abstract 1. 1. Bovine cardiac muscle collagen was solubilized by limited digestion with pepsin and subsequently fractionated by differential salt precipitation. 2. 2. Chromatographie studies on CM-cellulose and agarose of pepsin-soluble collagen and its salt-precipitated fractions showed it to be composed of type I collagen and a species with a mol. wt of 285,000 daltons, having an amino acid composition characteristic of type III collagen. 3. 3. The molecular structure of the 285,000-dalton component was confirmed as [α1(III)]3 after reduction with dithiothreitol to a chains having the same amino acid composition. 4. 4. Cyanogen bromide peptides of pepsin-soluble collagen which co-eluted on CM-cellulose and were identified as α1(I)-CB8 and α1(III)-CB8 showed a molar ratio of 2:1 indicating that 25% of the collagen molecules solubilized are [α1(III)]3.
Sequence homology in the metalloproteins; purple acid phosphatase from beef spleen and uteroferrin from porcine uterus.

Abstract The primary structures of purple acid phosphatase and uteroferrin, two iron-binding glycoproteins isolated from beef spleen and porcine uterine fluids, respectively, have been examined by a combination of tandem mass spectrometry and classical Edman sequencing methods. Reported here are amino acid sequence data covering more than 90% of the primary structures for these two proteins. The sequence data reveal an unexpectedly high degree of homology, > 90%, for these two proteins.
Integration of TCR and IL-4 signals through STAT6 and the regulation of IL-4 gene expression.

Signals generated by both antigen and cytokines binding to CD4+ T cells synergize to promote helper T cell subset differentiation. For Th2 cell commitment neither IL-4 nor T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation are sufficient to drive differentiation. Th2 differentiation requires IL-4-receptor mediated signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) activation, but the possibility that IL-4 can directly enhance IL-4 production by T cells has remained unclear. In this report, IL-4 is shown to increase anti-CD3 or ionomycin induced IL-4 mRNA in differentiated murine Th2 cells. Anti-CD3 or ionomycin also enhances IL-4 induction of STAT6 activation, assayed by gel shift analysis of nuclear lysates. Surprisingly, cyclosporin A (CsA) also enhances STAT6 induction. Both ionomycin and CsA also enhance IL-4-induced transcriptional activity of a STAT6-linked promoter–reporter construct. In vitro calcineurin activity reduces STAT6 interactions with DNA, and CsA or FK506 can block this effect of calcineurin. These results indicate that IL-4 and TCR-generated calcium signals interact to maximize IL-4 gene expression and STAT6 activity. Calcineurin-mediated serine dephosphorylation of STAT6 and STAT6 serine phosphorylation may counter-regulate transcriptional activity of STAT6.
Response to Comment on "Phylogenetic MCMC Algorithms Are Misleading on Mixtures of Trees"

We presented a tree mixture in which Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have an exponentially slow convergence rate. We expect that many other mixture scenarios will show slow convergence. Ronquist et al . show that Metropolis-coupled MCMC (MC3) converges quickly on our mixture. However, they presented no theoretical or systematic experimental evidence determining the type of mixtures where MC3 or other methods are efficient.
Sexual assault in Virginia: A population-based study.

PURPOSE: Sexual assault is a serious social problem that affects the lives of many women, men, and children. Most sexual assaults are not reported to authorities and most victims do not seek services. As a result, accurate statistics on the prevalence and incidence of this problem are difficult to obtain. As in many states, the magnitude of sexual assault in Virginia is not known. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and determine the correlates of sexual assault among women in Virginia. METHODS: A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted among adult female residents of Virginia between November 2002 and February 2003. A total of 1,769 women aged 18 and older were interviewed using a random digit dialing method. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of sexual assault in Virginia was 27.6%. The majority (65%) were rape victims with a prevalence of 17.8%. Approximately 78% of the victims reported that the sexual assault occurred for the first time when they were children or adolescents. Women who reported sexual assault were more likely to be between 35 and 44 years old (OR = 3.57; 95% CI = 2.06-6.15), divorced/separated/widowed (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.13-2.30), consume alcohol four or more times a week (OR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.01-3.21), ideate suicide (OR = 4.48; 95% CI = 3.23-6.23), and perceive their health status to be poorer (OR = 2.74; 95% CI = 1.30-5.83). CONCLUSION: Sexual assault is a major public health problem in the Commonwealth of Virginia and children are disproportionately affected by the problem. Interventions and prevention programs should focus on children and adolescents.
Data driven mean-shift belief propagation for non-gaussian MRFs

We introduce a novel data-driven mean-shift belief propagation (DDMSBP) method for non-Gaussian MRFs, which often arise in computer vision applications. With the aid of scale space theory, optimization of non-Gaussian, multimodal MRF models using DDMSBP becomes less sensitive to local maxima. This is a significant improvement over standard BP inference, and extends the range of methods that are computationally tractable. In particular, when pair-wise potentials are Gaussians, the time complexity of DDMSBP becomes bilinear in the numbers of states and nodes in the MRF. Experimental results from simulation and non-rigid deformable neuroimage registration demonstrate that our method is faster and more accurate than state-of-the-art inference algorithms.
Detection of dinitrotoluene isomers using reactions with bases: A structural, spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational study

Abstract The reactions of dinitrotoluenes (DNT) with hydroxide ion or wet alkylamines can be used to detect and identify each isomer. The reaction products give visible spectra that can be used directly to determine the isomer speciation with sensitivities in the low micromolar range. NMR spectroscopy in dimethylformamide provides unambiguous identification of the products of each DNT when the base is hydroxide. Kinetic studies show that the initial product of this reaction is the deprotonated anion followed by subsequent formation of σ-adducts and, in some cases, a dimer, with the exception of 2,4-DNT, which does not react beyond the acid–base reaction. Alkylamines do not react with any DNT, even when the amine is acting as the solvent, unless there is water present. Water is the limiting reagent in these cases, implying that in all cases the reacting species is the hydroxide ion, not the free amine. Computational studies are consistent with the inability of the alkylamine to deprotonate the methyl group in any of the DNT isomers. A general mechanism that is applicable to hydroxide and amine bases is proposed.
Deformation in spinel

Stoichiometric MgAl2O4 spinel was deformed in compression at temperatures from 1790 to 1895‡ C and the dislocation structures analysed by transmission electron microscopy. {1 1 1}〈1 1 0〉 slip was observed on both the primary and cross-slip systems, and there was much secondary slip as well; all six 〈1 1 0〉 Burgers vectors were present in electron micrographs. This secondary slip leads to very high work-hardening rates, approximatelyΜ/70 at 1790‡ C, whereΜ is the shear modulus. Since it is known that deformation in nonstoichiometric (alumina-rich) spinel crystals occurs by {1 1 0}〈1 1 0〉 slip, the electrostatic and geometric aspects of 1/4 〈110〉 dislocations moving on {1 1 1} and {1 1 0} planes are considered in some detail. It is porposed that the octahedral cation vacancies present in non-stoichiometric spinel diffuse to dislocations during deformation and thus favour {1 1 0} slip.
The spatiotemporal cellular dynamics of lung immunity

The lung is a complex structure that is interdigitated with immune cells. Understanding the 4D process of normal and defective lung function and immunity has been a centuries-old problem. Challenges intrinsic to the lung have limited adequate microscopic evaluation of its cellular dynamics in real time, until recently. Because of emerging technologies, we now recognize alveolar-to-airway transport of inhaled antigen. We understand the nature of neutrophil entry during lung injury and are learning more about cellular interactions during inflammatory states. Insights are also accumulating in lung development and the metastatic niche of the lung. Here we assess the developing technology of lung imaging, its merits for studies of pathophysiology and areas where further advances are needed.
Family history of cancer and malignant germ cell tumors in children: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group

Family history of testicular cancer is an established risk factor for adult testicular germ cell tumors (GCT). We evaluated the association between family history of cancer and pediatric GCT in a Children’s Oncology Group case–control study that included 274 GCT cases (195 female and 79 male) diagnosed <age 15 years and 418 controls frequency matched to cases on sex and age. Family history data were collected through telephone interviews with biological mothers and fathers and unconditional logistic regression was used to evaluate associations with GCT adjusting for potential confounders. A family history of cancer with onset <age 40 years was associated with a reduced risk of GCT among female cases (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.50, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.28–0.89) and an increased risk among male cases (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.02–6.44). Male cases were more likely to report family history of melanoma compared with male controls (OR = 4.65, 95% CI 1.40–15.4). There was an inverse association between family history of ovarian or uterine cancers and GCT in girls (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.22–0.96). These sex and cancer site specific associations should be confirmed in additional studies as they may provide clues to the etiology of pediatric GCT.
Enzymatic measurement of ethanol or NAD in acid extracts of biological samples.

Abstract An enzymatic method for the measurement of ethanol has been developed to permit analyses with unneutralized acid extracts of blood, liver, cell suspensions, or other biological materials. Components of the assay mixture include NAD, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), and lysine. Tris is a trapping agent for the reaction product, acetaldehyde. Lysine is used to maintain the pH at 9.7 where oxidation of ethanol is quantitative and most rapid, even when as much as 0.2 ml of 0.5 n HClO4 is added. Lysine also causes the reaction to be 2 to 4 times faster than it is when either glycine or 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol is used as the buffer. The assay is linear up to an ethanol concentration of 0.125 m m in the reaction mixture and is complete by 4 min. By substituting ethanol for NAD in the reagents, the assay performs equally well in measuring NAD.
The efficacy of home security measures

Crime prevention through environmental design(CPTED) assumes criminal acts are influenced by their inherent costs and benefits. Policy implications drawn from CPTED suggest home security measures increase these costs and reduce the likelihood of burglary. This paper tests the efficacy of home security measures. A telephone survey of 566 residents in Mobile County, Alabama, inquired about security measures burglary victims and nonvictims employed. A logistic regression solution found some, but not all, of these security measures to be quite effective.
A Rewriting Logic Approach to Static Checking of Units of Measurement in C

Many C programs assume the use of implicit domain-specific information. A common example is units of measurement, where values can have both a standard C type and an associated unit. However, since there is no way in the C language to represent this additional information, violations of domain-specific policies, such as unit safety violations, can be difficult to detect. In this paper we present a static analysis, based on the use of an abstract C semantics defined using rewriting logic, for the detection of unit violations in C programs. In contrast to typed approaches, the analysis makes use of annotations present in C comments on function headers and in function bodies, leaving the C language unchanged. Initial evaluation results show that performance scales well, and that errors can be detected without imposing a heavy annotation burden.
Establishment of a long‐term adenocarcinoma of the prostate cell line in the nude mouse

There are few established human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell lines in existence. Most established lines are nonfunctional and hormonally insensitive. A human prostate adenocarcinoma (9479) has been serially transplanted for more than 4 years in athymic nude mice. The tumor is estrogen and androgen insensitive, is transplantable between mice with a high rate of success. The tumor does not produce enzymatically measurable acid phosphatase, but does produce immunologically identifiable acid phosphatase. Not only has the tumor retained its original morphology, it also appears to produce a factor producing hypophosphatemia. Current studies in regards to the endocrinological aspects of this tumor are in progress. We propose that acid phosphatase is produced, but in an altered form.
Pathways to Participation

The premise of this article is that adult participation in politics is affected by strong preadult forces in addition to the contemporaneous factors emphasized by recent studies. To test this premise, data are drawn from the 1965–1973 national socialization panel study of young Americans and their parents. Four causal models depicting pathways to participation among young adults are evaluated; each includes civic orientations as intervening variables. Three of the models assess the direct and indirect effects of parental characteristics—socioeconomic status, political activity, and civic orientations. The fourth model assesses the impact of adolescent involvement in high school activities. Taken individually, each pathway is shown to have an effect on adult participation, with parent socioeconomic status and high school activism having the most impact. When the four pathways are combined in a single model to reflect the connections among them, all remain important. The combined model illustrates the importance of a variety of methods of political learning. The combined model also demonstrates the crucial role of civic orientations in converting preadult experiences into later participation. Civic orientations are the primary carriers of preadult political learning. Overall, the results rebut the critics of socialization research who have questioned the existence of a linkage between early learning and adult political behavior.
Structure of the Elastin-Contractile Units in the Thoracic Aorta and How Genes That Cause Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections Disrupt This Structure

The medial layer of the aorta confers elasticity and strength to the aortic wall and is composed of alternating layers of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and elastic fibres. The SMC elastin-contractile unit is a structural unit that links the elastin fibres to the SMCs and is characterized by the following: (1) layers of elastin fibres that are surrounded by microfibrils; (2) microfibrils that bind to the integrin receptors in focal adhesions on the cell surface of the SMCs; and (3) SMC contractile filaments that are linked to the focal adhesions on the inner side of the membrane. The genes that are altered to cause thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections encode proteins involved in the structure or function of the SMC elastin-contractile unit. Included in this gene list are the genes encoding protein that are structural components of elastin fibres and microfibrils, FBN1, MFAP5, ELN, and FBLN4. Also included are genes that encode structural proteins in the SMC contractile unit, including ACTA2, which encodes SMC-specific α-actin and MYH11, which encodes SMC-specific myosin heavy chain, along with MYLK and PRKG1, which encode kinases that control SMC contraction. Finally, mutations in the gene encoding the protein linking integrin receptors to the contractile filaments, FLNA, also predispose to thoracic aortic disease. Thus, these data suggest that functional SMC elastin-contractile units are important for maintaining the structural integrity of the aorta.
Inservice Training for Head Start Staffs: A Communication-Oriented Approach:

This article describes a workshop procedure for inservice training of Head Start staffs who work with children with communication disorders. In addition to a traditional focus on developmental norms and referral criteria, the workshops stressed the communicative nature of the adult-child relationship and provided the staffs with information about and practice in using specific communicative behaviors. Special role-playing techniques were designed to allow participants to develop their interactive skills.
The informational value of sequential fundraising

Abstract This paper examines a puzzling inconsistency between the theoretical prediction of private provisions to public goods and actual fundraising behavior. While fundraisers often choose to announce past contributions, economic theory predicts that contributions will be largest when donors are uninformed of the contributions made by others. This paper suggests that an announcement strategy may be optimal because it helps reveal the charity’s quality. It is shown that when there is imperfect information about the value of the public good and contributors can purchase information regarding its quality, then there exist equilibria in which an announcement strategy is optimal. Interestingly, in equilibrium a high-quality charity receives contributions that exceed those that would result had the quality of the charity been common knowledge. Hence, an announcement strategy not only helps worthwhile organizations reveal their type, but it also helps the fundraiser reduce the free-rider problem.
Conformational epitopes at cadherin calcium-binding sites and p120-catenin phosphorylation regulate cell adhesion.

We investigated changes in cadherin structure at the cell surface that regulate its adhesive activity. Colo 205 cells are nonadhesive cells with a full but inactive complement of E-cadherin–catenin complexes at the cell surface, but they can be triggered to adhere and form monolayers. We were able to distinguish the inactive and active states of E-cadherin at the cell surface by using a special set of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Another set of mAbs binds E-cadherin and strongly activates adhesion. In other epithelial cell types these activating mAbs inhibit growth factor–induced down-regulation of adhesion and epithelial morphogenesis, indicating that these phenomena are also controlled by E-cadherin activity at the cell surface. Both types of mAbs recognize conformational epitopes at different interfaces between extracellular cadherin repeat domains (ECs), especially near calcium-binding sites. Activation also induces p120-catenin dephosphorylation, as well as changes in the cadherin cytoplasmic domain. Moreover, phospho-site mutations indicate that dephosphorylation of specific Ser/Thr residues in the N-terminal domain of p120-catenin mediate adhesion activation. Thus physiological regulation of the adhesive state of E-cadherin involves physical and/or conformational changes in the EC interface regions of the ectodomain at the cell surface that are mediated by catenin-associated changes across the membrane.
Histologic and Radiographic Evidence of Vertical Ridge Augmentation Utilizing Distraction Osteogenesis: 10 Consecutively Placed Distractors

Background: Vertical ridge augmentation for dental implant placement is one of the greatest challenges facing the surgeon. Inadequate vertical bone compromises the implant positioning and resulting restoration. The cleansibility, esthetics, and mechanical properties of the restoration can all be compromised. While the technique of distraction osteogenesis has been successfully employed for long bone applications for over 40 years, it has only recently been introduced as a technique for vertical ridge augmentation prior to dental implant reconstruction. Methods: In this study, the placement of 10 consecutive distractors in 7 patients was evaluated. The surgical technique, latency period, distraction rate, and consolidation period are reviewed. Results: The technique of distraction osteogenesis resulted in an average vertical augmentation of 7 mm, with a range of 5 to 9 mm. There were no complications affecting the outcome of the distraction procedure. No failures have occurred to date in the 16 implants th...
Candy Selling and Math Learning

An overview of accumulating research on children's out-of-school mathematics raises critical questions about how children come to form mathematical understandings in their out-of-school activities and about the interplay between informal and school mathematics learning. The author investigates these questions in an illustrative multimethod study on Brazilian child candy sellers. Findings show that sellers with little or no schooling develop in their practice a complex mathematics that contrasts sharply with school mathematics. Further, analyses reveal an interplay between what they learn in selling candy and what they learn at school: Sellers in school use their street mathematics to work school mathematics problems, and schooled sellers use some limited aspects of their school, mathematics to solve problems in their practice.
Evolution and Population Genetics of Exotic and Re-Emerging Pathogens: Novel Tools and Approaches

Given human population growth and accelerated global trade, the rate of emergence of exotic plant pathogens is bound to increase. Understanding the processes that lead to the emergence of new pathogens can help manage emerging epidemics. Novel tools for analyzing population genetic variation can be used to infer the evolutionary history of populations or species, allowing for the unprecedented reconstruction of the demographic history of pathogens. Specifically, recent advances in the application of coalescent, maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian methods to population genetic data combined with increasing availability of affordable sequencing and parallel computing have created the opportunity to apply these methods to a broad range of questions regarding the evolution of emerging pathogens. These approaches are particularly powerful when used to test multiple competing hypotheses. We provide several examples illustrating how coalescent analysis provides critical insights into understanding migration pa...
Prejudice Expectations Moderate Preconscious Attention to Cues That Are Threatening to Social Identity

Two studies examined whether chronic and situational expectations about being stigmatized predict attention toward cues that are threatening to social identity. In Study 1, women's chronic expectations about experiencing sexism were positively associated with their attention toward subliminal cues threatening to their social identity. In Study 2, women were vigilant toward subliminal cues threatening to their social identity when the experimental situation conveyed that their gender was devalued, but not when the experimental situation promoted value and respect for their gender. Women were vigilant toward consciously presented cues threatening to their social identity regardless of the attitudes the experimental context conveyed toward their group. These studies have important theoretical and practical implications for understanding the psychological experience of possessing a devalued social identity.
Criminal identity resolution using social behavior and relationship attributes

We propose a criminal identity resolution technique that utilizes both personal identity and social identity information. Guided by existing identity theories, we examine three types of identity features, namely personal identity attributes, social behavior attributes, and social relationship attributes. We also explore three matching strategies, namely pair-wise comparison, transitive-closure, and collective resolution. Our experiment on synthetic data sets show that both social behavior and relationship attributes improve the performance of identity matching as compared to the use of personal identity attributes alone. The results also show that the collective relational resolution approach outperformed other approaches in terms of F-measure.
Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Managed Telephone Lipid Clinic at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center

BACKGROUNDHeart disease is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the US, with dyslipidemia being a significant risk factor. Pharmacist-managed lipid clinics have been shown to be effective in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values in the veteran population. In addition, telephone-managed clinics are known to be an effective method to manage anticoagulation therapy. This type of appointment is very convenient; it reduces travel and waiting times, costs, and potential no-show rates.OBJECTIVETo assess changes in LDL-C levels from baseline to follow-up and number of patients attaining LDL-C goals during enrollment in the pharmacist-managed telephone lipid clinic (PMTLC).METHODSA retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients enrolled in the clinic who had follow-up laboratory data available. Baseline LDL-C values were compared with values obtained at follow-up. Patients' total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) va...
Chimerism and donor-specific nonreactivity 27 to 29 years after kidney allotransplantation.

Chimerism was demonstrated with immunocytochemical and/or polymerase chain reaction techniques in kidney allografts and in the native skin, lymph nodes, or blood of 5 of 5 patients who received continuously functioning renal transplants from 1 or 2 haplotype HLA mismatched consanguineous donors (4 parents, 1 aunt) 27–29 years ago. In the 4 cases where the kidney donor still was alive to provide stimulator lymphocytes for testing, these provoked no (n=2) or modest (n=2) MLR in contrast to vigorous MLR to third party lymphocytes. In all 4 cases, the donor cells failed to generate in vitro cytotoxic effector cells (cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity). These findings are in accord with the hypothesis that cell migration, repopulation, and chimerism are seminal events that define graft acceptance and ultimately can lead to acquired donor-specific nonresponsiveness (tolerance).
Integrated fiber optic displacement sensor based on multimode interference

An integrated fiber-optic displacement sensor based on multimode interference is characterized through analysis of experimental performance in comparison to the expected behavior that is theoretically predicted. Multimode interference and re-imaging theory applied to the specific fiber properties and geometry of the device can be used to design and predict the performance of the device. Essentially, the sensor consists of a multimode fiber of a specific length fusion spliced to a single mode fiber used in conjuction with an 80/20 splitter, source, and detector that are used to inject and detect reflected signals from targets. The sensor is fabricated into a robust, compact, and single arm device capable of operating as a calibrated displacement sensor over a large displacement range. This is achieved through analysis of power reflected off of a surface and back through the device over a finite wavelength range.
Misoprostol for Incomplete First Trimester Miscarriage

Misoprostol, administered by various routes, is as effective as expectant management and nearly as effective as uterine aspiration. All three options have high success rates for completing miscarriage. Women treated with misoprostol had higher rates of nausea, prolonged bleeding, and unplanned surgery, but roughly 95% (1,280 out of 1,355) were able to avoid having an invasive surgical procedure.