cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Two-Phase Longitudinal Model of a Turnover Event: Disruption, Recovery Rates, and Moderators of Collective Performance

Blending theory on collective turnover and group adaptability, this paper develops a two-phase longitudinal model that explains how and why an individual-level turnover event has effects on collect...
Climate Driven Egg and Hatchling Mortality Threatens Survival of Eastern Pacific Leatherback Turtles

Egg-burying reptiles need relatively stable temperature and humidity in the substrate surrounding their eggs for successful development and hatchling emergence. Here we show that egg and hatchling mortality of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in northwest Costa Rica were affected by climatic variability (precipitation and air temperature) driven by the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Drier and warmer conditions associated with El Nino increased egg and hatchling mortality. The fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects a warming and drying in Central America and other regions of the World, under the SRES A2 development scenario. Using projections from an ensemble of global climate models contributed to the IPCC report, we project that egg and hatchling survival will rapidly decline in the region over the next 100 years by ∼50–60%, due to warming and drying in northwestern Costa Rica, threatening the survival of leatherback turtles. Warming and drying trends may also threaten the survival of sea turtles in other areas affected by similar climate changes.
Immunoprophylaxis against AIDS in macaques with a lentiviral DNA vaccine

We earlier reported that immunization of macaques with a reverse transcriptase-deleted SHIV(KU2) (DeltartSHIV(KU2)) plasmid that contained HIV-1(HXB2) env and SIV gag-nef induced protection against AIDS caused by challenge virus SHIV89.6P with a heterologous env. We further deleted vif and integrase from DeltartSHIV(KU2) and substituted the 3'LTR with SV40 poly A sequences, creating Delta4SHIV(KU2) (M) and a parallel construct containing gag-nef of HIV-1(SF2), Delta4SHIV(KU2) (H). Six macaques received two intramuscular injections of the (M) DNA, and another six received three injections of the (H) DNA. Three of the latter group received two post-challenge boosts with (M) DNA vaccine. Seven virus control macaques were inoculated with SHIV89.6P. All twelve immunized macaques were challenged with SHIV89.6P virus, and CMI responses were measured by ELISPOT assays. Virus control animals all developed progressive infection, whereas vaccinated macaques from both groups controlled virus replication, with plasma viral loads dropping to undetectable levels between weeks 6 and 126 p.i. This DNA vaccine was efficacious even though it encoded Env, Gag, and Nef that were genetically distinct from the proteins in the challenge virus. The DNA vaccine induced broad-based protection without using viral proteins to boost the immunity.
Praktische Erfahrung in der Unfallverhütung

In der Altersgruppe von 15 bis 24 Jahren ist nach einer amerikanischen Statistik die Sterblichkeit durch Unfalle groser als durch alle anderen Faktoren zusammen. Die relative Bedeutung des Unfalltodes ist somit fur diese Altersgruppe mindestens so gros wie fruher die Sterblichkeit durch Infektions- und Mangelkrankheiten. Ein Ruckblick auf die Methoden, die es ermoglichten, jener Volksseuchen Herr zu werden, zeigt, das die Erkenntnisse der Wissenschaft erst zu durchschlagenden Erfolgen fuhrten, nachdem eine Verhaltensanderung der Bevolkerung erreicht worden war. Es wird gezeigt, in welcher Hinsicht eine Verhaltensanderung gegenuber den Unfallgefahren notwendig ist und wie sie erzielt werden kann.
A comparative ethnoarchaeological analysis of corporate territorial ownership

Ecological models are a fundamental tool that archaeologists use to clarify our thinking about the processes that generate the archaeological record. Typically, arguments reasoned from a single model are bolstered by observing the consistency of ethnographic data with the argument. This validation of a model establishes that an argument is reasonable. In this paper, we attempt to move beyond validation by comparing the consistency of two arguments reasoned from different models that might explain corporate territorial ownership in a large ethnographic data set. Our results suggest that social dilemmas are an under appreciated mechanism that can drive the evolution of corporate territorial ownership. When social dilemmas emerge, the costs associated with provisioning the public goods of information on resources or, perhaps, common defence create situations in which human foragers gain more by cooperating to recognize corporate ownership rules than they lose. Our results also indicate that societies who share a common cultural history are more likely to recognize corporate ownership, and there is a spatial dynamic in which societies who live near each other are more likely to recognize corporate ownership as the number of near-by groups who recognize ownership increases. Our results have important implications for investigating the coevolution of territorial ownership and the adoption of food production in the archaeological record.
Evidence for neurotransmitter plasticity in vivo: Developmental changes in properties of cholinergic sympathetic neurons

We have examined the cholinergic sympathetic innervation of sweat glands in footpads of adult and developing rats. Acetylcholinesterase staining reveals a plexus of heavily stained fibers in the sweat glands of adult rats. Reaction product appears among and around bundles of axons that lie at a considerable distance from the cells of the secretory tubule. Each bundle contains 8-12 axons that possess numerous varicosities and contain small clear and large dense core vesicles. The glands of the hindpaws and their innervation develop during the first three weeks after birth. Catecholamine-containing axons were associated with the forming glands. At 7 and 10 days, intensely fluorescent fibers surrounded the tubules, and all of the axon profiles associated with the glands contained small granular vesicles (SGV) after permanganate fixation to reveal vesicular stores of norepinephrine. At 14 days the sweat gland plexus was less intensely fluorescent than at earlier ages and relatively few SGV were present. By 21 days, no endogenous catecholamine fluorescence and no SGV were detectable. However, following exposure to exogenous catecholamine, fluorescent fibers were present in the sweat glands of mature rats and they corresponded in position and density to the plexus localized with acetylcholinesterase staining. Catecholamine uptake was blocked by incubation in the cold and by desmethylimipramine and was not observed in cholinergic parasympathetic fibers in the iris or salivary glands. After intraperitoneal administration of 5-hydroxydopamine and permanganate fixation, all the axons in the sweat glands contained a few SGV. Thus, the developing sweat glands appear to be innervated by noradrenergic axons that lose their stores of endogenous catecholamines but not their capacity for uptake and storage as they elaborate an axonal plexus in the maturing glands. These observations support the hypothesis that cholinergic sympathetic neurons appear to undergo a transition from noradrenergic to cholinergic function during development in vivo similar to that previously described in cell culture.
Variable TE gradient and spin echo sequences for in vivo MR microscopy of short T2 species.

Collagen-rich tissues such as skin or fibrous cartilage have very short T2 and thus, in order to be visible, demand a commensurate reduction in echo time. Whereas short echo time for imaging of humans is straightforward at large fields of view with currently available whole body gradient hardware, the problem is more challenging in the microscopic resolution regime (<100μm). In this work a simple approach consisting of shortening the echo time dynamically toward the lower spatial frequencies is described for three–dimensional partial flip-angle gradient and spin-echo sequences. Microimages obtained in vivo at 50 μm resolution on a 1.5 T whole body scanner are shown to afford a signal-to-noise gain of over 100% in the dermis of the human skin. A point–spread function analysis indicates that the variable echo time gradient–echo sequence produces a unique not previously reported off-resonance artifact in the phase–encoding direction. The artifact results from the phase modulation occurring during the variable echo time and can manifest as both blurring and intensity fluctuations, as well as shifts of boundaries in the phase–encoding direction. However, for the on-resonance condition, the images are free from these artifacts and exhibit significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio.
Videoscopic Heller Myotomy for Achalasia— Results beyond Short-Term Follow-Up

Abstract Background. Heller myotomy has long been utilized for patients failing nonoperative management of achalasia. Videoscopy has been advocated to decrease the morbidity of Heller myotomy; however, few reports document outcome beyond 1 year after videoscopic Heller myotomy. Purpose. To determine perioperative morbidity, relief of dysphagia, and the incidence of postoperative reflux symptoms following videoscopic Heller myotomy with follow-up to over 4 years. Methods. Patients with achalasia documented by barium esophogram and esophageal manometry underwent videoscopic Heller myotomy beginning in 1992. Intraoperative peroral endoscopy was utilized to guide the cephalad and caudad extent of myotomy. A barium esophogram was undertaken in the immediate postoperative period to evaluate for subclinical leak and assess esophageal emptying. Results. Seventy-eight patients underwent videoscopic Heller myotomy. The mean age was 51 years ± 19 (range 14 to 91). Most (62%) patients had undergone pneumatic dilation prior to surgical consultation and 54% had previous botox injections. All patients complained of dysphagia and 40% had symptoms of heartburn prior to myotomy. After myotomy, 91% of patients stated that their swallowing was improved with myotomy. Thirteen patients (18%) experience heartburn more than once per week after myotomy. The average length of stay was 2 ± 2 days, with 72% of patients spending 2 days or fewer in the hospital. Six (7.7%) major complications occurred: five esophageal perforations and one enterotomy without long-term sequellae. Three procedures (3.8%) were converted to “open” procedures. No deaths occurred. We conclude that videoscopic Heller myotomy is safe and efficacious, with low morbidity and mortality. Videoscopic myotomy provides relief beyond the short term for dysphagia due to achalasia with minimal reflux symptoms. We advocate videoscopic Heller myotomy in the treatment of severe dysphagia due to achalasia not adequately palliated by or amenable to nonoperative management.
Evaluating Subject Attainment in Secondary Schools without a Prior Measure of Pupil Potential

Summary Recent developments in statistics have enabled much more effective use to be made of examination results both in educational research and in school management. These developments, however, have assumed that the educational potential of pupils can be assessed by some measure external to the teaching context, such as score on a standardised test of verbal reasoning. This paper considers the extent to which examination results can be used in this way without such an external measure. A method is described which involves comparing a pupil's grade in a given subject with what that pupil would expect on the basis of his/her grades in other subjects taken at the same time. Evidence is presented which suggests that, for most subjects, the resulting measure of subject attainment is not affected by the nature of the catchment area. Applications of the method in studying subject‐based patterns at school, regional and national levels are explored and limitations to its use in research and management are outlined.
Genetic analysis of root development

Abstract The development of roots represents a useful system to study many aspects of plant morphogenesis. Roots display a relatively simple growth pattern and possess radial symmetry in their cell layers. These features aid studies of pattern formation, meristem activity, and cell differentiation. Recent genetic approaches to the study of root development have focused on Arabidopsis thaliana. This research has led to the identification of several genes that regulate morphogenesis in roots. Genes have also been identified that are involved in the ability of roots to respond to various external stimuli, including gravity and obstacles.
Factors regulating macrophage endocytosis of nanoparticles: implications for targeted magnetic resonance plaque imaging.

Abstract Background: The presence of activated macrophages (M∅) is an early and consistent marker of the inflammatory nature of atherosclerotic disease. Dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO) are avidly endocytosed. These particles have a strong effect on magnetic resonance signal and have been proposed as a non-invasive probe for the presence of early non-occlusive atherosclerotic disease. We describe the extent to which endogenous and exogenous factors regulate M∅ uptake of SPIO particles. Methods and results: Cultured murine M∅-like cells (J744A.1) incubated with SPIO (0, 11.2, 112.0 and 1120μgFe/ml) demonstrated significantly reduced SPIO uptake when pretreated with lovastatin to 61% ( P P = 0.02) of control at 1.0μM and 17.5μM lovastatin respectively. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ, 1000U/ml) increased SPIO uptake to 163% of control, P P P Conclusions: Uptake of SPIO by activated M∅ is regulated by endogenous cytokines and serum components as well and exogenous lovastatin. Thus, MRI signal changes after SPIO administration may reflect M∅ phagocytic capacity as well as M∅ presence.
A maximum entropy model for prepositional phrase attachment

A parser for natural language must often choose between two or more equally grammatical parses for the same sentence. Often the correct parse can be determined from the lexical properties of certain key words or from the context in which the sentence occurs. For example in the sentence.
Rotational bands in odd-A Cm and Cf isotopes: Exploring the highest neutron orbitals

Rotational bands have been identified up to high spins ($\ensuremath{\approx}$$28\ensuremath{\hbar}$) in the odd-$A$ nuclei $^{247,249}\mathrm{Cm}$ and $^{249}\mathrm{Cf}$ through inelastic excitation and transfer reactions around the $Z=100$ region where stability results from shell effects. The [620]1/2 Nilsson configuration in $^{249}\mathrm{Cm}$ is the highest-lying neutron orbital, from above the $N=164$ spherical subshell gap, for which high-spin rotational behavior has been established. The data allow for an unambiguous experimental assignment of configurations to the observed bands, unusual for odd-$A$ nuclei near $Z=100$. The high-spin properties are described in terms of Woods-Saxon cranking calculations.
Disregarding familiarity during recollection attempts: Content-specific recapitulation as a retrieval orientation strategy.

People can use a content-specific recapitulation strategy to trigger memories (i.e., mentally reinstating encoding conditions), but how people deploy this strategy is unclear. Is recapitulation naturally used to guide all recollection attempts, or is it only used selectively, after retrieving incomplete information that requires additional monitoring? According to a retrieval orientation model, people use recapitulation whenever they search memory for specific information, regardless of what information might come to mind. In contrast, according to a postretrieval monitoring model, people selectively engage recapitulation only after retrieving ambiguous information in order to evaluate this information and guide additional retrieval attempts. We tested between these models using a criterial recollection task, and by manipulating the strength of ambiguous information associated with to-be-rejected foils (i.e., familiarity or noncriterial information). Replicating prior work, foil rejections were greater when people attempted to recollect targets studied at a semantic level (deep test) compared to an orthographic level (shallow test), implicating more accurate retrieval monitoring. To investigate the role of a recapitulation strategy in this monitoring process, a final test assessed memory for the foils that were earlier processed on these recollection tests. Performance on this foil recognition test suggested that people had engaged in more elaborative content-specific recapitulation when initially tested for deep compared to shallow recollections, and critically, this elaboration effect did not interact with the experimental manipulation of foil strength. These results support the retrieval orientation model, whereby a recapitulation strategy was used to orient retrieval toward specific information during every recollection attempt.
Multiple estrogen binding sites in the uterus: stereochemistry of receptor and non-receptor binding of diethylstilbestrol and its metabolites.

Abstract Indenestrol A (IA), an oxidative metabolite of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), has high binding affinity for estrogen receptor in mouse uterine cytosol but possesses weak biological activity. Racemic mixture of optically active [3H]indenestrol A (IA-Rac) was separated and purified into individual enantiomers on a semi-preparative scale by HPLC with a Chiralpak OP(+) column. The structure-activity relationship was investigated among the [3H]IA enantiomers (IA-R and IA-S) and [3H]DES through direct saturation binding assays using mouse uterine cytosol. Specific binding curves and Scatchard plots were obtained for each [3H]ligand; DES, IA-Rac, IA-R and IA-S. IA-S enantiomer (Kd=0.67) binds to the estrogen receptor with the same affinity as DES (Kd=0.71) and four times higher affinity than IAR(Kd=2.56). The number of binding sites for IA-S is approximately the same as estradiol, DES and IA-Rac while IA-R binds far fewer sites than the other ligands. Saturation binding assays indicated that [3H]DES and [3H]IA enantiomers exhibited a higher level of non-specific binding to the cytosol receptor compared to estradiol which has a low level of non-specific binding. These binding studies led to the detection of an additional binding component for the stilbestrol compounds in estrogen target tissue cytosol preparations. Sucrose density gradient separation assays under low salt conditions showed that both [3H]DES and [3H]IA compounds bound to the 8S form of the receptor, the same as E2. But, in addition both DES and IA bound to another binding component in 4S region. The binding to the 4S component were partially displayed by the addition of excess unlabeled E2 and DES. Further characterization of the 4S component is described.
Semi-analytical investigation of electronics cooling using developing nanofluid flow in rectangular microchannels

Abstract Thermal management issues are limiting barriers to high density electronics packaging and miniaturization. Liquid cooling using microchannels is an attractive alternative to bulky aluminum heat sinks. The channels can be integrated directly into a chip, and cooling can be further enhanced using nanofluids. The goals of this study are to evaluate heat transfer improvement of a rectangular channel nanofluid heat sink with developing laminar flow, taking into account the pumping power penalty. The proposed model uses semi-empirical correlations to calculate effective nanofluid thermophysical properties, which are then incorporated into heat transfer and friction factor correlations in literature for single-phase flows. The predictions of the model are found to be in good agreement with experimental studies. The validated model is used to predict the thermal resistance and pumping power as a function of four design variables that include the channel width, the wall width, the flow velocity and the particle volume fraction. The parameters are optimized using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) with minimum thermal resistance as the objective function, and fixed specified value of pumping power as the constraint. For a given value of pumping power, the benefit of nanoparticle addition is evaluated by independently optimizing the heat sink, first with nanofluid, and then with base fluid. Comparing the minimized thermal resistances revealed only a small benefit since the nanoparticles increase the pumping power which can alternately be diverted toward an increased velocity in a pure fluid heat sink. The benefit further diminishes with increase in available pumping power.
Solitary modes of bacterial culture in a temperature gradient.

We study the behavior of a bacterial culture in a one-dimensional temperature gradient. The bacteria first accumulate near their natural temperature due to thermotaxis. The maximum of the bacterial density profile then drifts to lower temperature with a velocity proportional to the initial concentration of bacteria (typical velocity $0.5\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{sec}﻿$). Above a critical concentration of ${10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\text{cells}}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, a new mode develops from the initial accumulation in the form of a sharp pulse moving at a faster velocity ($\ensuremath{\sim}3.5\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{sec}﻿$). The time of development of this mode diverges as the concentration approaches its critical value. This mode is a result of a positive feedback mechanism provided by interbacterial communication. A theoretical model shows good agreement with the experimental results.
Experiential aspects of exploratory behavior in rats

Twenty-four male rats were reared under three feeding conditions. These conditions manipulated the number and variety of exploratory behaviors required to obtain diets of powdered food and water in feeding boxes. One group performed minimal exploratory responses to obtain their diets. Another group shuttled between two feeding stations, thereby executing several exploratory components, primarily locomotor. The third group performed a considerable number and variety of exploratory components in search of their diets, located unsystematically throughout the feeding box. Adult testing occurred without food and water in an apparatus resembling the feeding boxes. The results showed that exploratory behavior was affected by feeding conditions, enhanced with increased dietary deprivation, and reduced across both trials and within-trial intervals. These results indicate that the particular exploratory behavior measured must be selected by reference to the subjects’ prior experience.
Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking by radiative corrections in supergravity

Abstract We investigate the Peccei-Quinn symmetry U(1)PQ in supersymmetric theories coupled to N = 1 supergravity. U(1)PQ is identified with a usual global symmetry of the superpotential, rather than an R-symmetry which is explicitly broken by the soft supersymmetry breakings induced by supergravity. The scale of U(1)PO breaking is found to be M PQ ∼M Planck × exp ( −4π λ 2 )∼10 8−12 GeV , as determined by the logarithmic evolution of soft supersymmetry breakings.
The impact of antisocial personality characteristics on anger management treatment for veterans with PTSD.

Using multilevel modeling, the authors examined the impact of antisocial personality characteristics on the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral anger management group treatment among 86 veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. A wide range of forms of anger, as well as use of physical aggression, decreased during treatment. As predicted, antisocial personality characteristics were associated with smaller decreases in trait anger, anger expression, and use of physical aggression during treatment. Conversely, these characteristics were associated with a greater decrease in state anger. Mechanisms of action and implications for the role of anger and antisocial personality in treatment are proposed.
Glycosylation of α-Dystroglycan O-MANNOSYLATION INFLUENCES THE SUBSEQUENT ADDITION OF GalNAc BY UDP-GalNAc POLYPEPTIDE N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINYLTRANSFERASES

O-Linked glycosylation is a functionally and structurally diverse type of protein modification present in many tissues and across many species. α-Dystroglycan (α-DG), a protein linked to the extracellular matrix, whose glycosylation status is associated with human muscular dystrophies, displays two predominant types of O-glycosylation, O-linked mannose (O-Man) and O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc), in its highly conserved mucin-like domain. The O-Man is installed by an enzyme complex present in the endoplasmic reticulum. O-GalNAc modifications are initiated subsequently in the Golgi apparatus by the UDP-GalNAc polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (ppGalNAc-T) enzymes. How the presence and position of O-Man influences the action of the ppGalNAc-Ts on α-DG and the distribution of the two forms of glycosylation in this domain is not known. Here, we investigated the interplay between O-Man and the addition of O-GalNAc by examining the activity of the ppGalNAc-Ts on peptides and O-Man-containing glycopeptides mimicking those found in native α-DG. These synthetic glycopeptides emulate intermediate structures, not otherwise readily available from natural sources. Through enzymatic and mass spectrometric methods, we demonstrate that the presence and specific location of O-Man can impact either the regional exclusion or the site of O-GalNAc addition on α-DG, elucidating the factors contributing to the glycosylation patterns observed in vivo. These results provide evidence that one form of glycosylation can influence another form of glycosylation in α-DG and suggest that in the absence of proper O-mannosylation, as is associated with certain forms of muscular dystrophy, aberrant O-GalNAc modifications may occur and could play a role in disease presentation.
Automated high‐resolution three‐dimensional fluorescence imaging of large biological specimens

Summary We describe a novel automated technique for visualizing the three-dimensional distribution of fluorochrome-labelled components, in which image resolution is uncoupled from specimen size. This method is based on computer numerically controlled milling technology and combines an arrayed imaging technique with fluorescence capabilities. Fluorescent signals are segmented by emission spectra such that multiple fluorochromes present within a single specimen may be reconstructed and visualized individually or as a group. The automated nature of the system minimizes the workload and time involved in image capture and volume reconstruction. As an application, the system was used to image zones of fluorochrome-labelled microdamage within an 8-mm diameter cylinder of trabecular bone at a voxel size of 3 × 3 × 8 μm3. Our reconstruction of this specimen provides a visual map and quantitative measures of the volume of damage present throughout the cylinder, clearly demonstrating the interpretive power afforded by three-dimensional visualization. The three-dimensional nature of this highly automated and adaptable system has the potential to facilitate new diagnostic tools and techniques with application to a wide range of biological and medical research fields.
Highly linear photoreceiver design for application to ultrahigh-bandwidth photonic A/D converters

Analog-to-digital converters operating at unprecedented speeds and resolutions are presently under development using a combination of photonics and electronics techniques. These systems impose stringent performance constraints on the photoreceivers used for photonic - electronic conversion, particularly in regard to linearity and noise. Photodetectors must accommodate optical pulses with very high input powers iwthout saturation, and the pulse input energy must be accurately determined. This paper presents design considerations and simulations of photodetectors and associated preamplifiers to meet these goals.
An ultrastructural study of the regenerating breast feather of the fowl.

The developmental morphology of regenerating male breast feathers of the jungle fowl was studied at the ultrastructural level. The process of keratinization was observed in the three types of cells which form feather barbs: barbule cells, cortical cells, and medulla cells. Keratinization first became evident in the barbule cells and resembled the process of keratinization as observed in hair cortical cells and embryonic down feathers. Eventually the whole cytoplasmic area of the barbule cell was occupied by keratin. The barb cortex cells became keratinized in a similar fashion as the barbule cells but not until they were developmentally twice as old as the barbule cells. When keratinization was complete in these cells, the keratin was in the form of large agglomerates scattered in the cytoplasm. The barb medulla cells showed no obvious signs of keratinization until they were developmentally three times as old as the barbule cells. Keratin filament bundles were first seen near the plasma membranes of the medulla cells. Large empty vacuoles appeared in the cytoplasm which also contained moderate amounts of glycogen.
Case study: Implementation of behavior modification techniques in summer camp settings

Application of behavior modification techniques in summer camp settings can serve the purpose of remediating severe behavioral problems in environments conducive to efficient behavioral engineering. Reasons for the paucity of research in camp settings are examined. A single-subject case study is presented to demonstrate that research in such environments can support the efficacy of behavioral remediation procedures. Advantages such settings offer in terms of conducting unobtrusive assessment, ease of staff training, and utilization of a wide-variety of potential reinforcers are discussed.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura subsequent to acute myelogenous leukemia chemotherapy

A woman in complete remission from acute myeloblastic leukemia developed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) subsequent to the third intensive consolidation cycle of cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin chemotherapy. The constellation of clinical manifestations indicative of TTP were recognized only in retrospect, as they were initially attributed to more usual complications of bone marrow-ablative chemotherapy. The manifestations, probably fueled by numerous red cell and platelet transfusions, increased at the time of recovery of hematopoiesis. At postmortem examination, characteristic microvascular lesions were found in most organs. Similar thrombotic microangiopathy has been described with mitomycin-based chemotherapy regimens and with the combination of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Successful management of this serious complication of chemotherapy requires increased awareness and earlier recognition.
Dissociation of data-based and expectancy-based memory following hippocampal lesions in rats

Sham-operated and nonoperated animals or animals with hippocampal lesions were presented with sets of trials to test both expectancy-based and data-based memory within the same task. During the study phase of each trial the animals were presented with a constant sequence of five arms on an eight-arm radial maze followed by a test phase in which a recognition test requiring a win—stay rule was used. Expectancy-based memory was measured during the study phase of the trials as a pattern of correct or incorrect orienting responses in anticipation of the ensuing doors in the constant sequence. Both groups of animals acquired correct orienting responses at the same rate, emitted the same pattern of correct orienting responses, and made the same number and pattern of intralist and extralist intrusion errors. Data-based memory was measured during the test phase of the trial as correct recognition test performance. During the test phase the animals with hippocampal lesions were impaired relative to controls on both immediate and 24-h recognition tests. These results suggest that the hippocampus might mediate only data-based, but not expectancy-based, memory and imply a possible dissociation between expectancy-based and data-based memory systems.
Magnetism at spinel thin film interfaces probed through soft X-ray spectroscopy techniques

Abstract Magnetic order and coupling at the interfaces of highly spin polarized Fe 3 O 4 heterostructures have been determined by surface sensitive and element specific soft X-ray spectroscopy and spectro-microscopy techniques. At ambient temperature, the interface between paramagnetic CoCr 2 O 4 or MnCr 2 O 4 and ferrimagnetic Fe 3 O 4 isostructural bilayers exhibits long range magnetic order of Co, Mn and Cr cations which cannot be explained in terms of the formation of interfacial MnFe 2 O 4 or CoFe 2 O 4 . Instead, the ferrimagnetism is induced by the adjacent Fe 3 O 4 layer and is the result of the stabilization of a spinel phase not achievable in bulk form. Magnetism at the interface region is observable up to 500 K, far beyond the chromite bulk Curie temperature of 50–95 K.
Korean–English dual language immersion: perspectives of students, parents and teachers

This qualitative study examines the experiences of Korean-American students, parents and teachers in a newly instituted 50/50 Korean–English dual language immersion programme, where the majority of the students are of Korean descent. Based on home and school observations, as well as interviews with six Korean-American students and their parents and teachers, the data provided insights into the perceived benefits and challenges of participation in a dual language immersion programme. Although parents and children recognised the potential of the programme to develop bilingualism and biculturalism and foster stronger ethnic identity, they also perceived inequities in the ways in which the programme was organised and instruction was executed. The characteristics of the programme brought forth tensions for the parents and teachers in terms of expectations for language development in English vs. Korean, academic outcomes of bilingual vs. English-only education, parental involvement among Korean vs. non-Korean p...
Photospheric signatures imprinted on the γ‐ray burst spectra

A solution is presented for the spectrum of high-energy γ -ray burst (GRB) photons confined to a quasi-thermal baryonic photosphere. The solution is valid in the steady-state limit assuming the region under consideration is optically thick to the continuously injected photons. It is shown that for a high-luminosity photosphere, the non-thermal electrons resulting from γ -ray Compton cooling lose their energy by up-scattering the soft thermalized radiation. The resulting spectral modifications offer the possibility of diagnosing not only the burst comoving luminosity but also the baryon load of the ejecta. This model leads to a simple physical interpretation of X-ray rich bursts and anomalous low-energy slopes. Ke yw ords: radiation mechanisms: non-thermal ‐ gamma-rays: theory.
Causes of compressional‐wave anisotropy in carbonate‐bearing, deep‐sea sediments

Forty indurated sediment samples from DSDP site 516 were studied with the principle objective of determining which of several proposed mechanisms is the cause of acoustic anisotropy in carbonate‐bearing deep‐sea sediments. Recovered from sub‐bottom depths between 388 and 1222 m, the samples have properties exhibiting the following ranges: wet‐bulk density, 1.90 to 2.49g/cm3; fractional porosity, 0.46 to 0.14; carbonate content, 34 to 88 percent; compressional‐wave velocity (at 0.1 kbar), 1.87 to 4.87 km/sec; anisotropy, 1 to 13 percent. Velocities were measured in three mutually perpendicular directions through the same specimen in 29 of the 40 samples studied. Calcite fabric has been estimated by x‐ray pole figure goniometry. The major findings of this study are. (1) Carbonate‐bearing deep‐sea sediments may be regarded as transversely isotropic media with symmetry axes normal to bedding. (2) Calcite c‐axes are weakly concentrated in a direction perpendicular to bedding, but the preferred orientation of c...
Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve restores motility in an animal model of achalasia.

Esophageal peristalsis generally does not return to normal after surgical treatment of achalasia. Direct electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve is known to stimulate antegrade peristalsis in the normal esophagus; however, it is not known whether electrical stimulation will induce return of peristalsis once an achalasia-like disorder has been established. The objective of this study was to perform quantitive and qualitative measurements of motility during electrical stimulation of the vagal nerve in an animal model of achalasia. An already established and verified animal achalasia model using adult North American opossums (Didelphis virginiana) was used. Fifteen opossums were divided into three groups. Sham surgery was performed on three animals (group 1). In group 2 (n = 6) a loose Gore-Tex band (110% of the esophageal circumference) was placed around the gastroesophageal junction to prevent relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing. In group 3 (n = 6) a relatively tighter band (90% of the esophageal circumference) was used to further elevate the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. At 6 weeks, after manometric and radiolologic confirmation of achalasia, electrical stimulation of the esophagus was performed before and after removal of the band using a graduated square-wave electrical stimulus. Changes in esophageal neural plexi were assessed histologically. Pre- and postoperative manometric data were compared using standard statistical techniques. No difference was observed in esophageal characteristics and motility after sham surgery in group 1. Animals in group 2 demonstrated a vigorous variety of achalasia (high-amplitude, simultaneous, repetitive contractions), moderate esophageal dilatation, and degeneration of 40% to 60% of intramuscular nerve plexi. Animals in group 3 developed amotile achalasia with typical low-amplitude simultaneous (mirror image) contractions, severely dilated (“bird beak”) esophagus, and degeneration of 50% to 65% of nerve plexi. Vagal stimulation in group 2 demonstrated a significant increase in the amplitude of contractions (P < 0.001) and return of peristaltic activity in 49% of swallows before band removal. After band removal, all of the contractions were peristaltic. In group 3 vagal stimulation before and after removal of the band demonstrated a significant increase in amplitude of contractions (P < 0.0001) but no return of propagative peristalsis before band removal, however, 44% of contractions were progressive in the smooth portion of the esophagus after removal of the band. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve improved the force of esophageal contractions irrespective of the severity of the disease; however, peristaltic activity completely returned to normal only in the vigorous (early) variety of achalasia. Removal of the functional esophageal outlet obstruction, as with a surgical myotomy, may be necessary to obtain significant peristalsis with vagal pacing in severe achalasia.
Coincidence of essential commutant and the double commutant relation in the Calkin algebra

Abstract Let B be a von Neumann algebra on a separable Hilbert space H. We show that, if the dimension of B as a linear space is infinite, then it has a proper C ∗ -subalgebra A whose essential commutant in B (H) coincides with the essential commutant of B. Moreover, if π is the quotient map from B (H) to the Calkin algebra B (H)/ K (H) , then π(A)≠π(B) and {π(A)}″=π(B).
Abstract 2264: Anticancer effect of gedunin against pancreatic cancer cell lines.

Pancreatic cancer is 4 th leading cause of cancer related deaths. It is highly aggressive and resistant to most chemotherapeutic treatments. Unfortunately, treatment options for pancreatic cancer are limited, leading to a poor prognosis and high mortality rates. The development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major obstacle to the treatment of cancer. Current therapies often target a single oncogenic protein; due to genetic plasticity/instability, pancreatic cancer cells are able to circumvent the drug effects. This type of resistance may be avoided, if multiple cancer signaling pathways are targeted simultaneously with a single therapeutic agent. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches are needed to treat pancreatic cancer. Natural products have been shown to play an important role as anticancer agents. Neem (Azadirachta indica) tree is known for its medicinal values. All parts of the tree including leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark are known to possess a wide range of medicinal properties. Neem leaf extracts, which are non-toxic and non-mutagenic, have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and potent immuno-stimulant activities in many cancer cells. We have demonstrated that ethanolic fraction of neem leaves has potent anticancer effect against mammary carcinogenesis. Gedunin is a tetraterpinoid isolated from neem leaves. Gedunin has been established as a potent inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The family of 90 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90) has emerged as a novel drug target that mediates multiple signaling nodes to combat cancer. In the current study, we investigated the anticancer effect of gedunin against pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our preliminary data clearly demonstrates that gedunin inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines. We also explored the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-cancer effect of gedunin on pancreatic cancer cells. As expected gedunin decreased the expression of Hsp90. Gedunin treatment also decreased the phosphorylation of mTOR, 4EBP. Furthermore, gedunin also induced autophagy and apoptosis simultaneously by regulating key factors involved in these processes like LC3B, WIPI-1, VMP-1, pJNK, cleavage of caspases and PARP. Overall, our preliminary results strongly suggest that gedunin could be a potential anticancer compound for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Thiyagarajan Boopalan, Anirudh Chaudhary, Sowmiya Murali, Arunkumar Arumugam, Rebecca Lopez, Sushmita Nandy, Christina Gutierrez, Jacqueline Parada, Pamela Agullo, Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy. Anticancer effect of gedunin against pancreatic cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2264. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2264
Design of a high-temperature neutron irradiation container

Abstract The design and construction of a neutron irradiation container in which all samples receive the same total neutron dose and the temperature is controlled to ±0.5° C in the 25°C to 200°C range is reported.
Astronomy Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

Astronomy has experienced a rapid rate of discovery and change in the recent past, particularly because of the space program and general technological development. Through information gathered from artificial satellites, radio astronomy, orbiting observatories, and space probes, astronomy has advanced rapidly since the 1950s. This progress has also affected standard reference sources in the field.
Discussion on the Steady Stability Reserving Coefficient in the Multigenerators System

The detailed description about the OMIS (One Machine-Infinite Bus) and the SLIS(Single Load -Infinite Bus)will be done in this paper and the detailed introduction of these two concepts(the coherent generators and the coherent buses) and their aggregation. Based on the new OMIS model, the new methods of identifying the coherent generators and aggregating the coherent generators will be advanced. Based on the coherent generators, the new algorithm for the reserving coefficient of the steady angular stability will comes into being. Based on the new SLIS model, the new methods of identifying the coherent buses and aggregating the coherent buses will be put forward. Based on the coherent buses, the new algorithm for the reserving coefficient of the steady voltage stability will be brought about. A real example is used to validate the idea in this paper. A discussion on the angular references between the online data and the offline data will be done when the phases from the WAMS are used. The steady stability of two generators model will be acquired.
Note on Binaural Masking‐Level Differences at High Frequencies

A quantitative “black‐box” model is developed for use in interpreting certain data on binaural masking‐level differences at high frequencies. The basic idea of this model is that these differences are the result of variations in the extent to which the envelopes of the signals presented to the two ears of the listener are unequal.
An analysis of roller skating injuries

This study retrospectively examines 186 patients treated for roller skating-related injuries. The average patient age was 25.3 years, with males comprising 44% and females 56% of the patients. Of the 202 injuries, there were 130 fractures and 72 soft tissue injuries. The majority of the injuries involved the wrist (47%), while the elbow ranked second (14%) and the ankle third (10%). All fractures of the tibia-fibula and ankle involved a rotational mechanism, with 75% of ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus. Ankle fractures accounted for 46% of all surgical cases. Although inexperienced skaters were involved in 77% of all accidents, experienced skaters' injuries required surgery twice as often. Female roller skaters were more frequently injured, but males had three times more operations. Over 90% of the skaters wore no protection. Skaters who seldom participated in other sports had a higher probability of being injured earlier, especially on their first try. This study indicates that roller skating injuries are influenced by skating experience, surface texture, skate type and quality, and protective equipment.
Incomplete Contracting, Commission Discretion and the Origins of EU Merger Control

Council Regulation 4064/89 on the Control of Concentration between Undertakings– more commonly known as the Merger Regulation – was a watershed development in the evolution of the EU's competition policy regime. In this article we seek to cast new analytical light on what, in many respects, is an established narrative. To do this we draw on insights from the new institutional economics (NIE). Specifically, we draw on the complementary concepts of incomplete contracting and delegation. We demonstrate how the Commission utilized the discretion attendant to its delegated authority to interpret and apply the indeterminate language of treaty competition articles so as to alter the economic, political and legal environment as it pertained to merger activity. It did so to such an extent that Member States, long resistant to Commission proposals for a merger control regulation, came to regard legislative action as preferable to the uncertainty represented by the evolving status quo.
"On the Taketa bound for normally monomial p-groups of maximal class"

Geoffrey T. Tims is a 2003 graduate of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Drake University.
Effect of methylene blue on refractory neonatal hypotension

Excess nitric oxide is a mediator of the hypotension in septic shock. Nitric oxide dilates vascular smooth muscle through activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. We report the increase in blood pressure caused by methylene blue (MB), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, in five neonates with presumed septic shock unresponsive to colloids, inotropic agents, and corticosteroids. MB was given intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg during a 1-hour period. MB increased blood pressure in each patient (average, 33% +/- 20%). Blood pressure subsequently decreased to near baseline values in three patients, who then received a second infusion of MB. Blood pressure again increased in these patients. Three of five patients were weaned from inotropic support within 72 hours. Three of five patients survived and were discharged home. We suggest that MB increased blood pressure in these neonates with refractory hypotension.