cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
InterpretingEconomic Justice for all as a pre-economic essay on merit wants

It is fruitful to interpret The Bishops' Letter, in line with Robbins' classic definition of economics, as being a pre-economic document that identifies some “given ends” for economists to accept, if only provisionally, in carrying out their economic analyses. Such an interpretation is entirely consistent with the view of their own work that the bishops expressed in their letter. This interpretation leads to treating The Letter as a document dealling with the moral and ethical issues involved in selection of social goals and with incorporating these goals into welfare economics by identifying them as merit wants (or goals). A society that does have merit goods among its goals cannot achieve its goals without public action. The bishops recognize this, but The Letter is by no means statist.
Effect of hypoxia on carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity

Abstract The effect of hypoxia on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity was studied. Male rats were exposed to carbon tetrachloride for 2 hr in the presence of differing oxygen concentrations. Serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activities were measured 24 hr after the end of the exposure. Exposure of rats to 5000 ppm carbon tetrachloride in the presence of 100, 21,12, or 6% oxygen resulted in SGPT activities of 489, 420, 3768, and 1788 I.U./l respectively. Exposure of rats to air and 0, 1250, 2500, 5000, or 7500 ppm carbon tetrachloride gave SGPT activities of 35, 32, 69, 420, and 2188 I.U./l respectively; when 12% oxygen was used, the corresponding SGPT activities were 32, 665, 691, 3768, and 4200 I.U./l respectively. Exposure of rats to hypoxia produced histopathologically detectable condensation of hepatic cytoplasmic material, and exposure to 5000 ppm carbon tetrachloride in the presence of air produced mild centrilobular necrosis, which was much more severe when rats were exposed to 5000 pm carbon tetrachloride in the presence of 12% oxygen. Hepatic microsomal conjugated diene concentrations were increased by hypoxia and by exposure to carbon tetrachloride, but no synergistic interaction was observed. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations were decreased after exposure to carbon tetrachloride, but were the same after exposure to carbon tetrachloride and 12 or 21% oxygen. Hepatic carbon tetrachloride concentrations were the same in rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride in the presence of 12 or 21% oxygen; hepatic chloroform concentrations were higher in rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride in the presence of air than in the presence of 12% oxygen. The covalent binding of [ 14 C]carbon tetrachloride metabolites to hepatic microsomal lipids and proteins was increased markedly by hypoxia as compared with normoxia. The covalent binding of metabolites of carbon tetrachloride to cellular macromolecules may play a role in the potentiation of carbon tetrachloride toxicity by hypoxia.
Pitfalls in parathyroid evaluation in patients with calcium urolithiasis

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a major cause of calcium urolithiasis and is easily recognised when it is classically manifested. However, subtle presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism may cause confusion with other causes of calcium stone disease or cause diagnostic difficulty. Several pitfalls of parathyroid evaluation and treatment are illustrated by four cases of calcium urolithiasis. Cases 1 and 2 represent ineffective or useless parathyroid surgery rendered for renal hypercalciuria and absorptive hypercalciuria, respectively. Cases 3 and 4 had mild or intermittent hypercalcaemia. The correct diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made in Case 3 by parathyroid venous sampling and bone densitometry. In Case 4, the thiazide provocative test was used to establish the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.
Developmental differences in Ca2+-activated K+ channel activity in ovine basilar artery.

A primary determinant of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tone and contractility is the resting membrane potential, which, in turn, is influenced heavily by K+ channel activity. Previous studies from o...
MIGRATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF THE C-KIT RECEPTOR PROTEIN IN SPERMATOGENIC CELLS AND SPERMATOZOA OF THE MOUSE

AbstractPurpose: The c-kit receptor is a proto-oncogene important in germ cell migration and maturation and has also been demonstrated on the acrosomal region of mature sperm. The purpose of the present study was to examine the ultrastructural location of the c-kit receptor in mouse testis and sperm.Materials and Methods: Testis and sperm from mature male mice were examined for the c-kit receptor utilizing electron microscopy and Western blot analysis techniques. Thin sections of mouse testis and sperm were stained with immunogold-labeled anti-c-kit antibodies. The protein from these testes and sperm was also utilized for Western blot analysis.Results: The c-kit protein was localized within the mouse testes to the type A spermatogonia, the round spermatids, and the mature testicular spermatozoa. The c-kit receptor was noted to migrate from the lumen of the acrosomal vesicles in the early spermatids to the plasma membrane of the late spermatids. It was also noted in the acrosomal region of the testicular s...
Increased Survival in B-Cell-Deficient Mice during Experimental Cerebral Malaria Suggests a Role for Circulating Immune Complexes

The pathogenesis of malaria, an insect-borne disease that takes millions of lives every year, is still not fully understood. Complement receptor 1 (CR1) has been described as a receptor for Plasmodium falciparum, which causes cerebral malaria in humans. We investigated the role of CR1 in an experimental model of cerebral malaria. Transgenic mice expressing human CR1 (hCR1(+)) on erythrocytes were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and developed cerebral malaria. No difference in survival was observed in hCR1(+) mice compared to wild-type mice following infection with P. berghei ANKA; however, hCR1 detection was significantly diminished on erythrocytes between days 7 and 10 postinfection. hCR1 levels returned to baseline by day 17 postinfection in surviving animals. Immunoblot assays revealed that total erythrocyte hCR1 levels were diminished, confirming that immune complexes in association with erythrocyte hCR1 were likely removed from erythrocytes in vivo by clearance following immune adherence. Decreases in hCR1 were completely dependent on C3 expression, as mice treated with cobra venom factor (which consumes and depletes C3) retained hCR1 on erythrocytes during C3 depletion through day 7; erythrocyte hCR1 decreases were observed only when C3 levels recovered on day 9. B-cell-deficient mice exhibit a marked increase in survival following infection with P. berghei ANKA, which suggests that immune complexes play a central role in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. Together, our findings highlight the importance of complement and immune complexes in experimental cerebral malaria. IMPORTANCE Cerebral malaria is a deadly complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Despite its high prevalence, relatively little is understood about its pathogenesis. We have determined that immune complexes are generated and deposited on erythrocytes specifically expressing human complement receptor 1 in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. We also provide evidence demonstrating the importance of immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria in mice. These findings may have important implications in human cerebral malaria.
Early neuronal expression of tumor necrosis factor-α after experimental brain injury contributes to neurological impairment

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in inflammatory cascades associated with CNS injury. To examine the role of TNFα in the acute pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI), we studied its expression, localization and modulation in a clinically relevant rat model of non-penetrating head trauma. TNFα levels increased significantly in the injured cortex at 1 and 4, but not at 12, 24 or 72 h after severe lateral fluid-percussion trauma (2.6–2.7 atm). TNFα was not elevated after mild injury. At 1 and 4 h after severe TBI, marked increases of TNFα were localized immunocytochemically to neurons of the injured cerebral cortex. A small population of astrocytes, ventricular cells and microvessels, also showed positive TNFα staining, but this expression was not injury-dependent. Macrophages that were present in a hemorrhagic zone along the external capsule, corpus callosum and alveus hippocampus at 4 h after TBI did not express TNFα. Intracerebroventricular administration of a selective TNFα antagonist—soluble TNFα receptor fusion protein (sTNFR:Fc) (37.5 μg)—at 15 min before and 1 h after TBI, improved performance in a series of standardized motor tasks after injury. In contrast, intravenous administration of sTNFR:Fc (0.2, 1 or 5 mg/kg) at 15 min after trauma did not improve motor outcome. Collectively, this evidence suggests that enhanced early neuronal expression of TNFα after TBI contributes to subsequent neurological dysfunction.
Use-dependent inhibition of Na+ currents by benzocaine homologs

Most local anesthetics (LAs) elicit use-dependent inhibition of Na+ currents when excitable membranes are stimulated repetitively. One exception to this rule is benzocaine, a neutral LA that fails to produce appreciable use-dependent inhibition. In this study, we have examined the use-dependent phenomenon of three benzocaine homologs: ethyl 4-diethylaminobenzoate, ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate, and ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate. Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate at 1 mM, like benzocaine, elicited little use-dependent inhibition of Na+ currents, whereas ethyl 4-diethylaminobenzoate at 0.15 mM and ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate at 0.5 mM elicited substantial use-dependent inhibition--up to 55% of peak Na+ currents were inhibited by repetitive depolarizations at 5 Hz. Each of these compounds produced significant tonic block of Na+ currents at rest and shifted the steady-state inactivation curve (h infinity) toward the hyperpolarizing direction. Kinetic analyses showed that the decaying phase of Na+ currents during a depolarizing pulse was significantly accelerated by all drugs, thus suggesting that these drugs also block the activated channel. The recovery time course for the use-dependent inhibition of Na+ currents was relatively slow, with time constants of 6.8 and 4.4 s for ethyl 4-diethylaminobenzoate and ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate, respectively. We conclude that benzocaine and 4-hydroxybenzoate interact with the open and inactivated channels during repetitive pulses, but during the interpulse the complex dissociates too fast to accumulate sufficient use-dependent block of Na+ currents. In contrast, ethyl 4-diethylaminobenzoate and ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate dissociate slowly from their binding site and consequently elicit significant use-dependent block. A common LA binding site suffices to explain the presence and absence of use-dependent block by benzocaine homologs during repetitive pulses.
Stochastic Sleep Scheduling for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper studies the sleep scheduling problem for large scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which have hundreds to thousands of sensors. Sensors are extremely sensitive to energy consumption because they are powered by batteries. In this paper, we propose stochastic sleep scheduling, a generic duty- cycling scheduling method based on stochastic theory. It lets each sensor fall asleep based on certain stochastic processes. This strategy requires no clock synchronization, and a little coordination amongst sensors. In order to characterize this design, we analyze its end-to-end communication delay and energy consumption using stochastic methods. According to the analysis, this method actually has a reasonably small delay due to the redundancy in WSNs. Simulation studies are used to verify the analytical results. We also apply stochastic sleep scheduling to S-MAC, a state-of- the-art duty-cycled sensor MAC protocol. Simulation results verify the energy consumption of the new MAC protocol.
Patient-surrogate agreement of predictors of decision delay among patients with acute myocardial infarction: a questionnaire survey.

Abstract Background Studies that assessed predictors of patient delay to seek healthcare for acute myocardial infarction lack generalization to all patient population as it investigated patients who survived coronary events. Objectives To evaluate utility of using surrogates to proxy patients who cannot be interviewed and to examine patients–surrogate agreement. Design A cross-sectional descriptive survey study. The cognitive and emotional domains of the modified Response to Symptoms Questionnaire were used to interview participants. Participants and settings A convenient sample of patient–surrogate pairs was collected ( n =109). Hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction were eligible if they were at least 18 years old, hemodynamically stable, pain free or controlled pain during interview, and could identify a surrogate. Exclusions ( n =45) were patients transferred from other hospitals or those who had acquired heart attack following their admission. A surrogate was defined as an individual who witnessed the onset of symptoms and whom the patient has articulated symptoms with prior to admission. Methods Patient and surrogate were interviewed independently. Decision delay time was assessed by assisting participants and surrogates to triangulate the time of symptom onset and time of decision to seek help by placing it in the context of events that they would remember. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess agreement. Results Patients were mainly men (81%), married (79%) and ranged in age from 39 to 78 years while surrogates were mostly women (74%) and 55% of them were patients' spouses. Surrogates ranged in age from 18 to 75 years. Intraclass correlation coefficients levels varied across different variables ranging from lack of agreement ( p >0.05) to almost perfect agreement with decision delay time having the highest correlation coefficient (86%, p n =81) had higher agreement levels with their respective patients than male surrogates ( n =28). Conclusions Utilizing surrogates to proxy patients' account of decision delay time and its cognitive predictors is practical and feasible.
Tomographic Estimation of Shear Velocities From Shallow Cross-well Seismic Data

A cross-well, shear-wave data set posed two problems: 1) wells are separated by only 12.5 wavelengths, so thin raypaths are a poor approximation; 2) data are recorded through a high-velocity limestone surrounded by low-velocity shales. Waves are bent considerably, so either refracted or direct arrivals can arrive first. Only first-arrivals can be picked with any reliability. Ray tracing is avoided entirely by extrapolating traveltimes explicitly from sources or receivers to every point in a region of interest. Rather than search for a single fastest raypath, this method finds Fresnel regions containing all paths that add constructively to first-arrivals. This method also robustly finds minimum traveltimes, whether direct or refracted. The resolution of the estimated velocity model is controlled explicitly with basis functions of adjustablewidth. Wavepaths and velocities are estimated alternately: as the accuracy of paths improves, velocities are allowed to introduce sharper detail. No more two-dimensional detail is introduced than necessary.
Long‐term enhancements in solar wind speed

Long-term enhancements in solar wind speed over timescales on the order of a year appear to be a common feature throughout the heliosphere over heliocentric distances that range from less than 0.72 AU to greater than 60. The origin of these events remains to be determined, but they are almost certainly associated with long-term variations at the solar wind source, in contrast with smaller-scale structures such as CIRs, MIRs, and GMIRs which are dynamical in origin. We present a survey of the long-term speed enhancements observed at the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO), IMP 8, Voyager 2, and Pioneer 10 between 1974 and 1994 and compare this with published reports of smaller-scale events such as MIRs. We examine several of these long-term speed enhancements in detail to identify and characterize aspects of their structure, then describe how that structure evolves with heliocentric distance. Finally we discuss some of the implications of these events.
Finite Element Stress Analysis of a Restored Axisymmetric First Molar

A first molar with full crown preparation and three marginal configurations-chamfer, chisel, and shoulder with a bevel-was analyzed by the finite element method. The maximum, minimum, and shear stresses were plotted as a function of the radius along various horizontal planes. The chamfer geometry exhibited the most uniform stress distribution.
Increasing Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptability by Tailoring Messages to Young Adult Women’s Perceived Barriers

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is a safe and effective primary prevention strategy for cervical cancer. Despite the need for effective HPV vaccination interventions, relatively few have been tested. Moreover, existing interventions have tended to use a one-size-fits-all educational
Eulerian numbers, tableaux, and the Betti numbers of a toric variety

Abstract Let Σ denote the Coxeter complex of Sn, and let X(Σ) denote the associated toric variety. Since the Betti numbers of the cohomology of X(Σ) are Eulerian numbers, the additional presence of an Sn-module structure permits the definition of an isotypic refinement of these numbers. In some unpublished work, DeConcini and Procesi derived a recurrence for the Sn-character of the cohomology of X(Σ), and Stanley later used this to translate the problem of combinatorially describing the isotypic Eulerian numbers into the language of symmetric functions. In this paper, we explicitly solve this problem by developing a new way to use marked sequences to encode permutations. This encoding also provides a transparent explanation of the unimodality of Eulerian numbers and their isotypic refinements.
Chinese dominance of treaty port commerce and its implications, 1860–1875

Roughly one century after the establishment of regular foreign trade at Canton, mounting friction led to the Opium War of 184& 1842, after which the victorious foreigners gained control of several enclaves, or treaty ports, on the China coast. Both in the newly opened treaty ports and in Hong Kong, initial commercial expansion resulted from close cooperation among foreign administrators and traders and a body of Cantonese merchants who moved with the trade, some dealing independently while others worked for foreign merchant houses. By 1860, following eighteen years of adjustment and conflict culminating in the wars of 1856 and 1860, the treaties of Tientsin and Peking and the formation of a foreign-controlled Imperial Maritime Customs Administration, with the attendant regularization of duties, showed that a balance of power and responsibility in treaty port and trade administration had emerged. This paper seeks to approach an understanding of treaty port commerce by focusing on the role of the native mercantile community and of Chinese commercial institutions in the treaty ports between 1860 and 1875. Our conclusions relating to the status and significance of indigenous mercantile activity, within and outside the treaty ports, contrast sharply with the viewpoints taken in several historical and sociological studies. If confirmed by subsequent investigations, these conclusions necessitate the reexamination of certain aspects of China’s economic, political, and even intellectual history; a final sec-
Effect of the energy to protein ratio on serum and carcass cholesterol levels in chicks.

"Soft" fats were found to depress significantly serum cholesterol levels in diets of high energy to protein (E/P) ratio but not in diets of low energy to protein ratios. A low (E/P) ratio depressed serum cholesterol values, regardless of the type of fat in the diet. The E/P ratio may represent the unknown factor in the equations of workers who have tried to relate the effect of dietary fats to serum cholesterol levels.
Line widths of 14NH3 and 15NH3 applicable to planetary atmospheric observations

The collision-broadened half-widths of sP(1,0), sP(3,2), sP(4,1), sP(4,2), and sP(4,3) in the v2 sup s-fundamental bands of (N-14)H3 and (N-15)H3 have been measured at 198, 245, and 295 K employing the Doppler-limited spectral resolution of a tunable diode laser spectrometer. The temperature dependence of the collision-broadened half-widths of these lines broadened by H2 and N2 has been determined. In addition, we have also measured the air-broadened line widths of all of these lines at 295 K and the half-width of the sP(3,2) line of (N-15)H3 broadened by (N-14)H3 at 198, 245, and 295 K.
DPOAE suppression tuning: Cochlear immaturity in premature neonates or auditory aging in normal-hearing adults?

Previous work has shown that distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) suppression tuning curves (STCs) recorded from premature neonates are narrower than adult STCs at both low and high frequencies. This has been interpreted to indicate an immaturity in cochlear function prior to term birth. However, an alternative explanation for this finding is that adult DPOAE STCs are broadened and reflect cochlear hair cell loss in normal-hearing adults due to aging, and natural exposure to noise and ototoxins. This alternative hypothesis can be tested by studying suppression tuning in normal-hearing school-aged children. If normal-hearing children, who have not aged significantly or been exposed to noise/ototoxins, have DPOAE suppression tuning similar to adults, the auditory aging hypothesis can be ruled out. However, if children have tuning similar to premature neonates and dissimilar from adults, it implicates aging or other factors intrinsic to the adult cochlea. DPOAE STCs were recorded at 1500, 3000, and 6000 Hz using optimal parameters in normal-hearing children and adults. DPOAE STCs collected previously from premature neonates were used for age comparisons. In general, results indicate that tuning curves from children are comparable to adult STCs and significantly different from neonatal STCS at 1500 and 6000 Hz. Only the growth of suppression was not adultlike in children and only at 6000 Hz. These findings do not strongly support the auditory aging hypothesis as a primary explanation for previously observed neonatal–adult differences in DPOAE suppression tuning. It suggests that these age differences are most likely due to immaturities in the neonatal cochlea. However, nonadultlike suppression growth observed in children at 6000 Hz warrants further attention and may be indicative of subtle alternations in the adult cochlea at high frequencies.
Non-Formation of Vacuum States for Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations

We prove that weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for compress- ible fluid flow in one space dimension do not exhibit vacuum states, provided that no vacuum states are present initially. The solutions and external forces that we consider are quite general: the essential requirements are that the mass and energy densities of the fluid be locally integrable at each time, and that the L 2 -norm of the velocity gradient be locally integrable in time. Our analysis shows that, if a vacuum state were to occur, the viscous force would impose an impulse of infinite magnitude on the adjacent fluid, thus violating the hypothesis that the momentum remains locally finite.
Voiding urohydropropulsion: An alternative to cystotomy

(1997). Voiding urohydropropulsion: An alternative to cystotomy. Veterinary Quarterly: Vol. 19, No. sup1, pp. 30-31.
The martingale theory of jump processes

A jump process is best analyzed by investigating the space of all martingales which are generated by the process. The structure of this space of martingales becomes clear in the martingale representation results. Having understood this structure one can completely resolve the most important problems in i) modelling and description, ii) detection or hypothesis testing and iii) filtering of jump processes. The discussion here is not the most general possible, but it covers all the important practical situations.
Wideband frequency noise reduction and FM equalization in AlGaAs lasers using electrical feedback.

With the use of an optical frequency discriminator and negative electrical feedback, wide-bandwidth frequency noise suppression with simultaneous FM equalization of a semiconductor laser is achieved. With a heterodyne optical phase-lock loop the intermediate-frequency linewidth of two lasers, each using negative electrical feedback, was reduced from more than 25 MHz to less than 0.01 Hz.
Arousal, Increased respiratory efforts, blood pressure and obstructive sleep apnoea

The roles of hypoxaemia, of mechanical changes related to partial or complete airway obstruction and of arousals during sleep in the haemodynamic and heart rate changes seen in association with sleep-disordered breathing have been questioned. Several experiments have been performed by these authors to investigate the role of arousals and mechanical changes in the blood pressure changes associated with sleep disordered breathing. Investigation of the role of arousals. Two different populations were used in this study; one of normal, young volunteers without sleep-disordered breathing monitored at baseline (normal sleep) who were submitted to auditory stimulation during sleep, causing sleep fragmentation, and another of obstructive sleep apnoeic patients who were monitored at baseline and after nasal CPAP treatment. Before treatment and after one month of treatment while still being treated with nasal CPAP, these subjects were submitted to the same auditory stimulation and sleep fragmentation as normal controls. The studied variables were systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. In normal controls, auditory induced arousals lead to an increase in diastolic as well as systolic blood pressure. The increase was related to the type of arousal but was also noted with K complexes to a lesser degree. In OSAS patients under treatment with nasal CPAP, similar increases were noted with auditory stimulation. Compared to baseline hypoxaemia and hyperventilation periods, however, the haemodynamic increase was, at its highest, only one-third of the mean pressure monitored during the baseline, end-of-apnoea hyperventilation period with EEG arousals. Investigation of the role of nasal CPAP on blood pressure (BP) while patients had no hypoxaemia (SaO2>92%) but still showed increased respiratory efforts indicated a persistence of higher systolic and diastolic pressures than when nasal CPAP completely eliminated increased efforts. Possible long-term impact of arousals and mechanical changes. A last study was performed on patients with upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS). Out of 112 patients, 6 were identified using the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol and ambulatory monitoring as having borderline high BP (140-160//90-98). Subjects were calibrated with nasal CPAP and were asked to use their equipment on a nightly basis. The CPAP machines were equipped with counters that could accurately measure the number of hours that the device was used. Patients were their own controls and were re-monitored one month later. Four subjects used their nasal CPAP at least 6 nights per week and more than 5 hours per night. One patient used his CPAP approximately 3 nights per week and more than 4 hours per night. One patient used his CPAP a total of 3 nights in the whole month. Blood pressure was unchanged in the patient who failed to use his CPAP, but was normalized in the 5 others, as were nocturnal recordings.
Arc refractor methods for adaptive importance sampling on large Bayesian networks under evidential reasoning

Approximate Bayesian inference by importance sampling derives probabilistic statements from a Bayesian network, an essential part of evidential reasoning with the network and an important aspect of many Bayesian methods. A critical problem in importance sampling on Bayesian networks is the selection of a good importance function to sample a network's prior and posterior probability distribution. The initially optimal importance functions eventually start deviating from the optimal function when sampling a network's posterior distribution given evidence, even when adaptive methods are used that adjust an importance function to the evidence by learning. In this article we propose a new family of Refractor Importance Sampling (RIS) algorithms for adaptive importance sampling under evidential reasoning. RIS applies ''arc refractors'' to a Bayesian network by adding new arcs and refining the conditional probability tables. The goal of RIS is to optimize the importance function for the posterior distribution and reduce the error variance of sampling. Our experimental results show a significant improvement of RIS over state-of-the-art adaptive importance sampling algorithms.
Spatial Augmented Reality as a Method for a Mobile Robot to Communicate Intended Movement

Abstract Our work evaluates a mobile robot’s ability to communicate intended movements to humans via projection of visual arrows and a simplified map. Humans utilize a variety of techniques to signal intended movement in a co-occupied space. We evaluated an augmented reality projection provided by the robot. The projection is on the floor and consists of arrows and a simplified map. Two pilots and one quasi-experiment were conducted to examine the effectiveness of visual projection of arrows by a robot for signaling intended movement. The pilot work demonstrates the effectiveness of utilizing arrows as a communication medium. The experiment examined the effectiveness of a simplified map and arrows for signaling the short-, mid-range, and long-term intended movement. Two pilot experiments confirm that arrows are an effective symbol for a robot to use to signal intent. A field experiment demonstrates that a robot can use a projected arrow and simplified map to signal its intended movement and people understand the projection for upcoming short-, medium-, and long-term movement. Augmented reality, such as projected arrows and simplified map, are an effective tool for robots to use when signaling their upcoming movement to humans. Telepresence robots in organizations, museum docents, information kiosks, hospital assistants, factories, and as members of search and rescue teams are typical applications where mobile robots reside and interact with people.
Tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma in childhood and adolescence: case report and review of the literature

Abstract In children and adolescents, primary neoplasms of the tracheobronchial tree and lungs are rare, with most tumors involving the respiratory system being metastatic, small, blue cell tumors of childhood. Of the primary pulmonary neoplasms, most are malignant with mucoepidermoid carcinoma representing about 10% of these malignant tumors. We present an 8-year-old Hispanic male with hemoptysis and several episodes of pneumonia which initially was thought to be infectious upon biopsy during bronchoscopy, but proved to be mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree by microscopic examination during an open lung biopsy. This rare tumor is more common in adults than in children, and infrequently presents with hemoptysis. Mucoepidermoid tumors of the tracheobronchial tree carry a more favorable prognosis in children than adults. In the adult population, the overall mortality is slightly less than 30%. In contrast, of the 31 reported cases of tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma in pediatrics, all children are free of tumor involvement with a mean follow-up period of 5.8 years (range, 0.7–21 years). Based upon the available clinical outcome and survival data, it would appear that tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma may be successfully managed by surgical intervention alone in children and adolescents.
Epidemiology: Spinal manipulation utilization

The objectives of this article are to (1) describe spinal manipulation use by time, place, and person, and (2) identify predictors of the use of spinal manipulation. We conducted a systematic review of the English-language literature published from January 1, 1980 through June 30, 2011. Of 822 citations identified, 213 were deemed potentially relevant; 75 were included after further consideration. Twenty-one additional articles were identified from reference lists. The literature is heavily weighted toward North America, Europe, and Australia and thus largely precludes inferences about spinal manipulation use in other parts of the world. In the regions covered by the literature, chiropractors, osteopaths, and physical therapists are most likely to deliver spinal manipulation, often in conjunction with other conservative therapies. Back and neck pain are the most frequent indications for receiving spinal manipulation; non-musculoskeletal conditions comprise a very small percentage of indications. Although spinal manipulation is more commonly used in adults than children, evidence suggests that spinal manipulation may be more likely used for non-musculoskeletal ailments in children than in adults. Patient satisfaction with spinal manipulation is very high.
Performance-based response evaluation of reinforced concrete columns subject to vehicle impact

Abstract Structures are often subject to vehicle collision. A collision can be accidental, in the case of a vehicle going astray, or intentional, as in a terrorist attack. Bridge columns, building columns, traffic signal structures, and electric poles are the most vulnerable structural members to vehicle collisions. Columns are typically constructed from reinforced concrete (RC); therefore design and protection of RC columns against vehicle impact is an important consideration. The current analysis methods and experimental procedures to estimate the capacity of and demand on RC columns do not capture the complex mechanism of an impact event. Current code specifications have only provisions for collapse prevention and do not take into account different performance levels. The categorization of the different damage states and defining appropriate performance levels during various vehicle impacts is important to minimize damage and provide an economical design. The estimation of the dynamic shear force capacity and demand at different performance levels becomes key factor for design and protection of the structure. This research aims to develop a framework for estimation of the dynamic shear force capacity of and demand on an RC column subject to vehicle impact for different performance levels. The performance levels are related with the different impact levels of the vehicle for design. The proposed methodology is an improvement over the existing static or quasi-static analysis to the dynamic analysis which is a more realistic representation of the vehicle impact with structures. The proposed procedure can be used for the design of RC columns to minimize damage and meet a set of performance objectives during different vehicle impact scenarios. The current work can be extended to estimate the capacity of and demand on other members such as prestressed columns, steel columns, and beams and other hazards such as high velocity impacts due to blasts or missiles impact.
Necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

Necrotizing fasciitis of the abdominal wall is a rare clinical entity. The following case study is the first report of necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition11:583-585, 1987)
Synthesis, photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of bipyridyl platinum(II) bis(arylfluorenylacetylide) complexes.

A series of Pt(II) bipyridyl complexes with different aryl substituents (Ar = naphthyl (1a), anthryl (1b), pyrenyl (1c) and phenothiazyl (1d)) on the fluorenylacetylide ligands are synthesized and investigated. The influence of the aryl substituent on the photophysics of these complexes is systematically investigated by spectroscopic methods and simulated by time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). All complexes exhibit ligand-centered 1π,π* transitions significantly admixed with the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1MLCT)/ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (1LLCT) transitions in the UV and blue spectral region, and broad, structureless 1MLCT/1LLCT absorption bands in the visible spectral region. All complexes are emissive in solution at room temperature, with the fluorescence originating predominantly from the 1MLCT/1LLCT states. The triplet emitting state is dominated by the 3π,π* state localized on the fluorenylacetylide motif and mixed with some 3ML′CT character (metal-to-fluorenylacetylide ligand charge transfer) for 1a, 1b and 1d. For 1c, the phosphorescence predominantly originates from the pyrene localized 3π,π* state. The variation in the photophysical properties is related to the twisting angle of the aryl substituent from the fluorenyl plane, which defines the conjugation between the substituents and fluorenylacetylide ligands and, consequently, alters the energy and intensity of absorption and emission in these complexes. 1a–1d also exhibit broadband triplet excited-state absorption in the visible spectral region. Therefore, they show strong reverse saturable absorption at 532 nm for nanosecond laser pulses as demonstrated by the nonlinear transmission experiment.
Older women and mammography: factors influencing their attitudes.

Abstract Breast disease is a leading factor in the morbidity of older women. Unfortunately, this population segment receives less education on breast screening methods and has a lower rate of mammography use than others. This article focuses on the misconceptions concerning elderly breast care and the reasons why mammography use is lowest in this population segment. (Geriatr Nurs 1999;20:257-9)
Battered women who kill: Variables affecting simulated jurors' verdicts.

The present experiment investigated the effects of situational, participant and defendant variables on simulated jurors' verdicts in a case where a battered woman has killed her abuser. One-hundred thirty male and female undergraduates from multicultural and African American samples read a trial transcript in which the battered woman was either Caucasian or African American, and had been either physically or emotionally abused. The hypothesis that the defendant would be judged guilty more often in the emotional abuse case was confirmed. No significant differences were found between African American and Caucasian defendants, and between male and female participants, innumber of guilty verdicts. Male participants, and those who had no personal experience with domestic violence, showed significantly less knowledge of the battering situation. Situational factors, such as type of abuse, rather than defendant or participant variables, such as gender, race or prior knowledge, affected number of guilty verdicts.
Elastic strain effects in coherent perthitic feldspars

For coherent cryptoperthites, the compositions inferred from X-ray spacing curves are incorrect due to elastic distortions of the structure; a method is described for correcting these apparent compositions. This method uses the elastic compliances and stress-free lattice parameters to calculate the change in a * due to the coherency strain, and thus the corresponding compositional correction; this method applies only to cases in which both phases are monoclinic The magnitude of the correction depends on the bulk composition, but is typically on the order of 2 to 10 mol % Or. Compositional corrections calculated using this model are roughly half as large as those obtained using Smith's (1961) less rigorous constant volume method.
Comparison of bandwidth limits for on-card electrical and optical interconnects for 100 Gb/s and beyond

Aggregate chip bandwidths in server and high performance computing have exceeding Tb/s, and if present trends are to continue would lead to doubling the number of signal pins in each generation. For high bandwidth switch and server applications, bandwidth requirements could exceed the package pin limit as early as 2012. We defined metrics to compare the performance of electrical and optical interconnects, which includes bandwidth density (Gb/s/mm2/port), media bandwidth*distance product (GHz*m), power consumption (mW/Gb/s/Port), and technology comparison metric (Gb/s/mm2/port * GHz*m/mW/Port). We will show that optical interconnects offer a performance metric improvement factor of greater than 25 over electrical interconnects.
Role of the T-cell receptor in kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury

T cells have been demonstrated to modulate ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) in kidney, lung, liver and intestine. The underlying mechanisms for T-cell engagement in IRI are unknown. We hypothesized that the T-cell receptor (TCR) plays a role in renal IRI, and examined the effects of TCR alpha/beta ( αβ ) and gamma/delta ( γδ ) deficiency on ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). TCR-specific deficiency in specific mice was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis using monoclonal antibodies (Abs). IRI was induced by bilateral clamping of kidney pedicles for 30 min, followed by reperfusion. Serum creatinine and kidney histopathology were used to assess the severity of experimental ARF. TCR αβ -deficient mice were significantly protected from kidney dysfunction compared to wild-type (WT) littermates after IRI ( P αβ- and γδ- deficient mice compared to WT mice postischemia. TCR αβ -deficient mice had reduced tumor necrosis factor- α and interleukin-6 protein expression in kidney tissue compared to WT mice at 24 h postischemia using a microbead-based protein detection platform. Relative protection from kidney IRI did not correlate with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration of kidney tissue. Thus, the TCR plays a direct but modest pathophysiological role in kidney IRI. These data suggest that alloantigen-independent activation in IRI can lead to engagement of antigen-specific molecules on T cells. Furthermore, given that the TCR is already a target for diagnostics and therapeutic strategies in immune diseases, these approaches can now be harnessed for IRI.
Influence of reproductive factors on hip fracture risk in Chinese women

To assess the relationships between reproductive factors and the risk of hip fractures in postmenopausal Chinese women, the authors analyzed data from a matched case-control study conducted in the Beijing metropolitan area among women aged 50 years and older. One hundred and fifty-six cases who sustained a hip fracture after minor trauma between January 1994 and May 1996 were identified from hospital records, of whom 121 could be located (78%). All cases agreed to be interviewed. Two controls were selected from the neighbors of each hip fracture case and matched to the cases by age within a 5-year range. Information on reproductive factors and potential confounders was obtained through personal interviews. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using conditional logistic regression. Multiple imputation procedure was also employed to account for item non-response. Although univariate analyses revealed that later age at menopause, parity and breastfeeding were protective factors, only breastfeeding was statistically associated with risk of hip fracture after adjusting for potential confounding in multivariable logistic models. As compared with women with average duration of breastfeeding per child ≤6 months, women with average duration of breastfeeding per child 7–12 months, 13–23 months, and ≥24 months had odds ratios of 1.14 (95% CI: 0.48, 2.72), 0.28 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.82) and 0.34 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.92), respectively. Among parous women, 13% reduced risk was associated with every 6 months increase in breastfeeding per child. The authors conclude that extended breastfeeding is associated with a reduced hip fracture risk among Chinese women in Beijing.
Modeling very large scale systems: one-to-one modeling and simulation of unbounded systems: experiences and lessons

Conventional computer modeling and simulation have focused on computer objects that represent elements of the real world. In this paper we present a new approach to modeling and simulation in which authors describe the characteristics of the world being simulated without specifying how they are to be represented as computer objects. This approach is enabled by the EASEL modeling and simulation system (EMSS). Furthermore, this approach does not assume global visibility and centralized control, which are inherently inaccurate assumptions for unbounded systems (in which participants have incomplete or imprecise information about the system as a whole). Because this approach allows models to be one-to-one with the real world, models should be more accurate and simulations more realistic. The discussion includes the challenges faced in the modeling and simulation process of the distance vector IP routing protocol over a large-scale communications network, and the language features intended to address these problems.
Fuzzy clustering analysis and multifactorial evaluation for students' imaginative power in physics problem solving

Abstract This research details a fuzzy clustering analysis and multifactorial evaluation model. The purpose of the model is to classify imaginative power of students in physics problem solving. The three premise conditions using fuzzy clustering analysis model are determined. Four source traits of imaginative power from nine surface traits which are based on three principles of choosing surface traits were obtained. On the basis of this, the students are classified into four developmental levels according to the multifactorial evaluation model. In addition, three significant discrepancies of imaginative characteristics among the students are discussed.
Elektron und gravitation. I

Einleitung. Verhaltnis der allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie zu den quanten-theoretischen Feldgleichungen des spinnenden Elektrons: Masse, Eichinvarianz, Fernparallelismus. Zu erwartende Modifikatiou...
Brain Gray and White Matter Volume Loss Accelerates with Aging in Chronic Alcoholics: A Quantitative MRI Study

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study in vivo the brains of 49 patients with chronic alcoholism, 3 to 4 weeks post-withdrawal, and 43 normal healthy controls, all right-handed male veterans between the ages of 23 and 70 years. MRI scans were analyzed using a semi-automated procedure, which allowed the subcortical regions to be segmented into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue and the cortical regions to be segmented into CSF, gray matter, and white matter. An age regression model was used to examine the effects of alcohol on brain structure, over and above that expected from the normal aging process. The alcoholics exhibited decreased tissue and increased CSF after correcting for aging. In the cortex, there was significant loss of both gray matter and white matter volume. In this sample of alcoholics, no particular cortical region was preferentially affected or spared. Furthermore, brain tissue volume loss increased with advanced age in the alcoholics. In this group of alcoholics there was no relationship between length of illness and age, i.e., the younger alcoholics had as heavy alcohol use histories as did the older alcoholics. Thus, the increased brain tissue loss with advanced age is interpreted as evidence for age-related increase in brain vulnerability to chronic alcohol abuse.