cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A realistic colour realism

Whether or not one endorses realism about colour, it is very tempting to regard realism about determinable colours such as green and yellow as standing or falling together with realism about determinate colours such as unique green or green 31 . Indeed some of the most prominent representatives of both sides of the colour realism debate explicitly endorse the idea that these two kinds of realism are so linked. Against such theorists, the present paper argues that one can be a realist about the determinable colours of objects, and thus hold that most of the colour ascriptions made by competent speakers are literally true, while denying that there are any positive facts of the matter as to the determinate colours of objects. The result is a realistic colour realism that can certify most of our everyday colour ascriptions as literally correct, while acknowledging the data regarding individual variation.
Combined quantum and molecular mechanics (QM/MM).

We describe the current state of the art of mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methodology, with a particular focus on modeling of enzymatic reactions. Over the past decade, the effectiveness of these methods has increased dramatically, based on improved quantum chemical methods, advances in the description of the QM/MM interface, and reductions in the cost/performance of computing hardware. Two examples of pharmaceutically relevant applications, cytochrome P450 and class C β-lactamase, are presented.
Nonplanar domain walls in ferroelastic Gd2(MoO4)3 and Pb3(PO4)2

Abstract A new stable, mobile zigzag-shaped domain wall configuration has been discovered in the Gd2(MoO4)3 and Pb3(PO4)2 structures. Previous work on these materials had not predicted this type of domain wall. The zigzag walls have mobilities 30–40 times that of planar walls in the same material. This increased mobility can be explained as a geometrical effect.
Total body screening: predicting actionable findings.

Rationale and Objectives Total body screening, despite its popularity, has not been evaluated in clinical trials. Even the appropriate target for screening has not been addressed. In this study, we determined the variables from a subject’s demographic and medical and family history that are predictive of actionable findings on total body screening. Materials and Methods Over a 3-year period, 982 self-referred subjects underwent total body screening with multislice computed tomography and completed a demographic and medical history questionnaire. The study sample was divided into training and testing samples. Univariate and multiple-variable statistical methods were used on the training sample to derive models that predict actionable lung findings, actionable heart findings, actionable abdomen/pelvis findings, and any actionable findings on total body screening. The training models were then applied and evaluated on the test sample. Results A subject’s age at the time of screening was the single most important predictor and often the only significant predictor of actionable findings. Among subjects younger than 40 years of age, 22.5% had actionable findings; this number nearly doubled, to 43.5%, for subjects between 40 and 49, and increased to 80% for subjects 80 years and older. Overall, every increase of 10 years in age brings an increase of 1.6 in the likelihood of an actionable finding. Conclusions Total body screening targeted at older subjects has the highest yield of actionable findings. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of total body screening for older subjects is unknown and needs further assessment.
Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal female mice.

The fat-derived hormone, leptin, is proposed to serve as an adipostatic signal to the brain to reduce food intake and body weight. In addition to its effects on body weight, chronic leptin treatment restores puberty and fertility to ob/ob mice with total leptin deficiency, and acute treatment substantially corrects hypogonadism in mice starved for 2 d without affecting body weight. Leptin may therefore be a critical signal, linking adiposity and reproduction. Since body weight and adiposity appear to play a critical role in the timing of puberty in humans and rodents, and leptin levels rise with increasing adiposity, we studied the effects of once daily injections of recombinant leptin on the onset of puberty in female mice weaned on day 21 and fed ad libitum. There was a linear increase in body weight during the study period, which was not altered by the dose of leptin used. Mice injected with leptin had an earlier onset of three classic pubertal parameters (i.e., vaginal opening, estrus, and cycling) compared with saline-injected controls. Leptin is the first peripheral molecule demonstrated to accelerate the maturation of the reproductive axis in normal rodents. We propose that leptin is the signal that informs the brain that energy stores are sufficient to support the high energy demands of reproduction, and may be a major determinant of the timing of puberty.
Afferent connections to neocortex in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana).

Afferent axons to the opossum's neocortex were carefully traced to their areas of termination using the Nauta-Gygax silver technique for degenerating axons. The two major systems of incoming fibers arise primarily from contralateral neocortex (commissural fibes), and ipsilateral thalamus (thalamocortical fibers). Following complete transection of the anterior commissure-corpus callosum amalgam, degenerating fibers could be traced to almost all areas of neocortex. The same pattern resulted from total removal of neocortex from one cerebral hemisphere. Commissural fibers arising from neocortex cross the midline in teh posterior two-thirds of the anterior commissure before terminating in contralateral neocortcial areas. The vast majority of fibers terminated in the deep cortical layers IV, V, VI. There was degeneration in layer III and occasionally in layer II, but essentially never in layer, I. A small central portion of striate cortex receives very few commissural fibers. Following thalamectomy, degenerating fibers could be traced to all areas of neocortex. One system of thalamocortical fibers terminates coextensively with commissural fibers in the deep layers IV, V, VI. A second system of thalamic projection arises from thalamic cells, traverses the cortical layers in parallel fascicles at 900 to the pial surface, bifurcates and ends in the thick outer plexiform lamina (layer I) of neocortex. These fibers run for some distance parallel to the pial surface before terminating among apial dendrites of neurons from all cell layers. This system of layr I thalamocortical connectiions appears in all neocortical areas, even in primary receptive cortex in teh opossum. There is little evidence of the highly specialized axonal arborizatiions that characterize layer IV thalamic terminations in the primary receptive cortex of eutherian mammals.
Response to Assini et al.

Summary Animals have evolved behavioral and neural specializations which are optimal for survival within their respective physical environments. I recently proposed [1] that socially interacting rats may monitor each other's sniffing through perception of subtle auditory and/or tactile cues given off by the act of sniffing and further hypothesized the "likely possibility that reciprocal sniffing behavior coincides with other established forms of communication (ultrasonic vocalizations, odor emission) that together allow optimal intraspecific communication". Assini et al. [2] provide a timely test of this hypothesis, and in doing so, show that reciprocal sniffing behavior [1] and ultrasonic vocalizations coincide in their display by submissive rats. Here I attempt to frame these two supportive studies together with the goal of a greater understanding of animal social cognition and communication.
FPGA synthesis with retiming and pipelining for clock period minimization of sequential circuits

In this paper, we present a new algorithm, named TurboSYN,for FPGA synthesis with retiming and pipelining to minimizethe clock period for sequential circuits.For a target clockperiod, since pipelining can eliminate all critical I/O paths,but not critical loops, we concentrate on FPGA synthesis toeliminate the critical loops.We combine the combinationalfunctional decomposition technique with retiming to performthe sequential functional decomposition, and incorporate itin the label computation of TurboMap to eliminate allcritical loops.The results show a significant improvementover the state-of-the-art FPGA mapping and resynthesis algorithms(1.7 ~ 2 times reduction on the clock period).Moreover,we develop a novel approach for positive loop detectionwhich leads to over 10 ~ 50 times speedup of the algorithm.As a result, TurboSYN can optimize sequential circuits ofover 104 gates and 103 flipflops in reasonable time.
Synthesis and structure assignment of the minor metabolite arising from the frog pathogen Mycobacterium liflandii

Total synthesis and structure assignment of the minor metabolite present in lipid extracts of the frog pathogen Mycobacterium liflandii are reported.
Relatedness, Conflict, and the Evolution of Eusociality

The evolution of sterile worker castes in eusocial insects was a major problem in evolutionary theory until Hamilton developed a method called inclusive fitness. He used it to show that sterile castes could evolve via kin selection, in which a gene for altruistic sterility is favored when the altruism sufficiently benefits relatives carrying the gene. Inclusive fitness theory is well supported empirically and has been applied to many other areas, but a recent paper argued that the general method of inclusive fitness was wrong and advocated an alternative population genetic method. The claim of these authors was bolstered by a new model of the evolution of eusociality with novel conclusions that appeared to overturn some major results from inclusive fitness. Here we report an expanded examination of this kind of model for the evolution of eusociality and show that all three of its apparently novel conclusions are essentially false. Contrary to their claims, genetic relatedness is important and causal, workers are agents that can evolve to be in conflict with the queen, and eusociality is not so difficult to evolve. The misleading conclusions all resulted not from incorrect math but from overgeneralizing from narrow assumptions or parameter values. For example, all of their models implicitly assumed high relatedness, but modifying the model to allow lower relatedness shows that relatedness is essential and causal in the evolution of eusociality. Their modeling strategy, properly applied, actually confirms major insights of inclusive fitness studies of kin selection. This broad agreement of different models shows that social evolution theory, rather than being in turmoil, is supported by multiple theoretical approaches. It also suggests that extensive prior work using inclusive fitness, from microbial interactions to human evolution, should be considered robust unless shown otherwise.
Altered CNS neuroanatomical organization of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats

Compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive control rats, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats have significantly reduced brain weights (-10.6%) and brain volumes (-11.8%). Computerized morphometric analysis of soma cross-sectional areas of single neurons in 12 selected hypothalamic regions revealed significant differences between SHR and WKY animals. Neurons from the periventricular, medial and lateral preoptic nuclei and ventromedial hypothalamus show significantly increased soma cross-sectional areas in SHR animals when compared to normotensive controls. Cells located in the two circumventricular organs, organ vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO), also showed significantly greater cross-sectional areas in the SHR. In contrast, neurons in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei and dorsomedial hypothalamus were significantly smaller in spontaneously hypertensive rats when compared to normotensive controls. Only neurons in supraoptic nucleus, lateral and anterior hypothalamus have equivalent cross-sectional areas in WKY and SHR animals. Differences also exist in the number of cells in certain nuclei in SHR animals. Cell densities in periventricular preoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial and anterior hypothalamus, organ vasculosum lamina terminalis and subfornical organ were reduced in SHR animals compared to WKY controls. Because of decreased brain weight and volume along with observed morphometric differences in individual neuronal soma size and cell densities, it is suggested that the SHR brain differs significantly from normotensive control rats. The differences may underlie some of the abnormalities in cardiovascular and endocrine regulation associated with neurogenic hypertension.
Second harmonic gyrotron based on a 12 T superconducting magnet

Near-THz gyrotrons are of interest for applications such as remote sensing, materials processing, and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications. We are setting up a gyrotron test-bed based on a Cryomagnetics 12-T cryogen-free, 3-inch warm-bore, superconducting magnet to investigate second- and higher-harmonic gyrotrons operating at frequencies up to 1 THz. A Varian VUW-8010 triode electron gun originally designed for a 35 GHz gyrotron and driven by a hard-tube modulator will be used initially. The cathode radius is 7 mm and the gun can be operated at voltages up to 70-keV. Adiabatic scaling laws have been used to determine the approximate parameters of the gyrating electron beam that can be produced by this gun in the axial magnetic field profile of the 12-T magnet. The first experiments will operate at the second harmonic at frequencies up to 600 GHz and powers in the kilowatt range. A cavity has been designed with an interaction length of about 1 cm and a Q of 8400. Operating modes of interest include the TE 18,2 and the TE 57 modes. A Vlasov-type output coupler has been designed using geometric optics. Design calculations and the status of the experiment will be discussed.
Memories of Patients With a Giant Left Atrium

This article emphasizes that the abnormalities noted on chest x-ray films of the chest can be diagnostic of giant left atrium. It also points out that a giant left atrium that occasionally occurs in patients with rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation does not occur in patients with mitral regurgitation due to other causes.
Television's 'Nova' and the construction of scientific truth

The PBS documentary science series NOVA dramatizes science for an elite audience. The goal of demystifying science is left behind in this process; instead, a variety of devices are used to maintain dramatic tension and to define the scientist as a special type of person. Since control over scientific information is an important form of power in postindustrial society, the failure of NOVA in this respect has ideological significance.
MECHANISMS OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF DIETARY VITAMIN A

▪ Abstract Mechanisms involved in the digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A require the participation of several proteins. Dietary retinyl esters are hydrolyzed in the intestine by the pancreatic enzyme, pancreatic triglyceride lipase, and intestinal brush border enzyme, phospholipase B. Unesterified retinol taken up by the enterocyte is complexed with cellular retinol-binding protein type 2 and the complex serves as a substrate for reesterification of the retinol by the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). The retinyl esters are then incorporated into chylomicrons, intestinal lipoproteins containing other dietary lipids, such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and free and esterified cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. Chylomicrons containing newly absorbed retinyl esters are then secreted into the lymph. Although under normal dietary conditions much of the dietary vitamin A is absorbed via the chylomicron/lymphatic route, it is also clear that under some circumstances there is substantia...
Early, non-psychotic deviant behavior in schizophrenia: A possible endophenotypic marker for genetic studies

Early non-psychotic deviance occurs in some, but not all, pre-schizophrenic patients and has been linked to the later course of the disorder, suggesting its relationship with the schizophrenia syndrome. However, early deviance has rarely been explored as an endophenotypic marker in large samples of schizophrenic patients. We characterized the early childhood behavior and syndrome history of 205 adults with DSM-IV schizophrenia. Sixty percent of our sample had poor socialization, extreme fears/chronic sadness, and/or attention impairment/learning disabilities beginning before age 10. The remaining 40% were without behavioral difficulties until the onset of schizophrenia. Logistic regression analyses suggested that the risk of syndrome onset before age 17 was 2.5 times more likely among patients with poor socialization beginning before age 10. Schizoaffective disorder was 3.75 times greater among patients with extreme fears/chronic sadness in childhood, and schizophrenic patients with early attention impairment/learning disabilities were 2 times more likely to have a 1°, 2° or 3° relative with schizophrenia. We concluded that early deviant behavior indicated a distinct subgroup of patients, and was linked to syndrome characteristics specifically relevant to genetic studies, in particular age at onset and family history of schizophrenia. Since early syndrome onset has been associated with specific genetic anomalies in other complex neuropathologic disorders, it may prove valuable to regard these early deviant behaviors as an indicator of early syndrome onset for future genetic studies of schizophrenia.
Hunting Cyclic Energy Wasters

Smart grid and smart meter initiatives seek to enable energy providers and consumers to intelligently manage their energy needs through real-time monitoring, analysis, and control. An essential element of intelligent management and control is access to information. The nonintrusive load monitor (NILM) identifies the operation of electrical loads from an aggregate service, making installation inexpensive, and speeding data collation and analytics. Smart meters are likely, in the near future, to be tasked with finding energy waste without requiring unreasonable demands for communication bandwidth. This paper presents NilmManager and NilmDB; tools for finding electromechanical energy wasters with a minimum of network bandwidth.
A novel fluorescent probe that senses the physical state of lipid bilayers.

Cell membrane lipids and proteins are heterogeneously distributed in the membrane plane. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the heterogeneous distribution of the lipid components, particularly the formation of cholesterol-rich domains that are thought to be important in signaling processes. This has led to renewed interest in the phase diagrams of complex lipid mixtures, such as three-component mixtures containing phospholipids and cholesterol. We report here a novel fluorescent probe (NBD-R595) that is useful for exploring the phase behaviors of one-, two-, and three-component large unilamellar vesicles. In one-component fluid-phase membranes, the probe has the expected spectral characteristic of monomeric 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol, with a fluorescence maximum of 540 nm when excited at 470 nm. But below the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature, an additional emission peak appears at ∼610 nm, because of Forster resonance energy transfer from NBD-R595 monomers to NBD-R595 Jelley aggregates of limited size formed by the association of 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol moieties. This may be the first report of Forster resonance energy transfer from a single fluorophore in two different physical states. In a test of the probe, we found NBD-R595 to be remarkably sensitive to the molar composition of large unilamellar vesicles formed from cholesterol, distearoylphosphatidylcholine, and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine.
Gonadotroph responsiveness in orchidectomized sheep: IV. Effect of estradiol infusion during the breeding and anestrous seasons.

The interaction between estradiol (E,) and season on gonadotroph function was assessed in orchidectomized sheep (wethers). Wethers in the breeding (November) or anestrous (May) season received E2(in 20% ethanol-saline [vehicle]) by continuous infusion at rates of 0.31, 1.25, 5, or 20 p.g/h (n = 6 wethers/group). Controls received vehicle alone. Gonadotroph responsiveness (LH release induced by 500 ng GnRH, i.v.) was assessed at the end of the 48-h infusion period. Mean serum concentrations of E, at the end of infusion were 0.05) with season in controls. Infusion of E, at 5 or 20 g/h decreased (p 0.05) between seasons and was evident, regardless of season, at rates of E 2, delivery of 1.25 gg/h or higher. In a companion study, anterior pituitary tissue was collected after 48-h infusion of vehicle or E2 at 0.31, 1.25, 5, or 20 gtg/h (n = 6 wethers/group) in May or November. Tissue concentrations of GnRH receptor did not differ (p > 0.05) with season in wethers receiving vehicle alone. Infusion of E2 increased (p 0.05) with season. However, the sensitivity of this E,-induced response varied with season. Concentration of GnRH receptor was significantly increased above the level in controls in wethers receiving 0.31 gg E2/h in November, but not in May. Tissue concentrations of LH and FSH were not affected by season (p > 0.05) in controls. However, the E,-induced increase in pituitary stores of LH was significantly more pronounced in November than May. Steady-state concentrations of mRNA for the a and FSH subunits were not affected (p > 0.05) by season in control wethers. In contrast, the tissue concentration of LHP mRNA was significantly reduced during the breeding season in controls. Infusion of E, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in tissue levels of FSHP mRNA in both seasons. In contrast, E2-induced reduction in tissue concentrations of mRNA for LHfi was evident only during the anestrous season. These data demonstrate that wethers display differential sensitivity to E, during the breeding and anestrous seasons. Sensitivity to the negative feedback effects of E, on secretion of the gonadotropins is most pronounced during the anestrous season. Conversely, the stimulatory effects of E, on gonadotroph responsiveness and GnRH receptor concentration are most clearly evident during the breeding season.
The Impact of Mini-Lessons on Writing Skills:

The effects of mini-lessons on writing skills during whole-group instruction were investigated. Four sixthgrade students with learning disabilities in two classrooms were taught two skills during the writing process by the teacher in the general classroom. The two skills taught were the use of adverbial phrases and the use ofpossessives. The replicated multiple baseline across behaviors with counterbalancing orders demonstrated increases in the skills for three of the four students. Limitations of this study are seen in the ascending baseline of two of the eight baselines. The ascending baselines may be due to the students hearing the instructions for the skill being taught to the other group. The results indicate that mini-lessons during the writing process in general classroom instruction can be employed to teach skills to students with learning disabilities. The results from the treatment and the maintenance phase support the use of mini-lessons to increase learning of skills for students with learning...
The influence of extraoral traction

OF all the orthodontic appliances in use today, the headgeaz is the hardest for the patient to accept. Almost any malocclusion is far less noticeable than the remarkable arrangement of wires, straps, and elastics that the orthodontist prescribes for its correction. Yet, in many areas of this country, the use of headgear is the rule rather than the exception for ort,hodontic patients. Is this justified% The application of extraoral force to the maxillary dentition suggests acceptance of the belief that no orthodontic appliance can significantly increase the amount of mandibular growth. Normal growth will carry the mandible downward and forward and move the mandibular teeth with it. However, although large variations in the amount of growth can be shown, t,hcre is no convincing evidence that this can be changed through appliance therapy.l Even if a morphologic analysis of the patient points to an underdeveloped mandible rather than protrusion and overdevelopment of the maxilla, treatment eff0rt.s are generally directed toward retraction of the maxillary t,eeth in order to effect, correction of the problem.
Risk of Suicide in Juvenile Justice Facilities The Problem of Rate Calculations in High-Turnover Populations

Two recent publications have reported vastly different rates of suicide in juvenile-justice residential facilities using the same data. Similarly, divergent rates were calculated on juvenile suicides while in custody using the same data in the 1980s. Using data from the Juvenile Residential Facility Census and the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement, this article demonstrates the underlying differences in the suicide rate calculations by drawing on the historical and epidemiological literature. It highlights the arithmetical relationships between the rates and suggests which methods are best depending on the purpose of the exercise. Facility administrators may find beds-based rates more meaningful for comparisons on rates of suicide across facilities, whereas mental health professionals may prefer person-based rates to describe the risk of suicide in the juvenile justice population.
Observer variation in measured ST-segment elevation.

Study objective: St-segment elevation is used to make early decisions about using thrombolytic therapy in patients with suspected myocardial infarction. This study was performed to assess interobserver and intraobserver variation in subjects' measurements of ST-segment elevation in isolated ECG complexes. Methods: We performed a masked, paired-sample experiment. Emergency physicians, emergency medicine residents, and senior medical students were asked to measure ST-segment elevations in a packet of 40 isolated single ECG complexes from patients with proven myocardial infarction. Each packet consisted of 20 pairs of randomly ordered ECG complexes. Subjects were masked to the duplicate nature of the pairs of complexes. Estimates of each ST-segment measurement pair were subtracted; summary statistics were calculated for these differences. Agreement between first and second ST-segment estimates was analyzed by using weighted κ values. Tests for differences in the paired ST-segment estimations among groups were carried out with 1-factor analysis of variance. Results: Fifty-two subjects completed the study and measured a total of 2,070 ST segments (1,035 pairs). The mean difference in segment height among all groups was 0.28 mm (95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.27 to 0.30). The median was 0.2 mm, the 80th percentile was 0.5 mm, and the 95th percentile was 0.9 mm. Statistical agreement between paired ST-segment measurements was very good (κ=0.85; 95% Cl, 0.83 to 0.87). However, by using a threshold of at least 2.0 mm for ST-segment elevation, 143 (14%) of 1,035 paired estimations (95% Cl, 12% to 16%) produced inconsistent classifications. Physicians, residents, and students had similar median differences ( P =.77). Some subjects exhibited more intraobserver variation than did others, and some complexes were associated with greater intraobserver variation than others ( P Conclusion: One fifth of the time, intraobserver measurements of paired ST-segment elevations differed by more than half a millimeter. Independent interpretations of the same ST segment by the same reader as greater than or equal to 2.0 mm or not were different 14% of the time. This could result in misclassification of candidates for thrombolytic therapy.
The Effect of Minor Alcohol Stress on Decision Processes in a Step-Tracking Task

Twenty men were tested in step-input tracking. Minor stress was imposed by moderate alcohol dosage and an incompatible directional relation between control and display. Some target movements demanded a response in an improbable direction and posed a choice between long delay in response and a movement in the wrong direction. The duration of response latency (rl) and the number of directional errors revealed a Ss preference for accuracy or speed and his ability to estimate probabilities.
Effects of DL-ethionine on mouse liver tRNA base composition

Treatment of mice with DL-ethionine and adenine causes a reduction of all methylated bases of liver tRNA. This effect is dose-dependent and specific for the methylated bases. Individual methylated components are affected to different extents, m22G being most sensitive to inhibition.
Estimating evapotranspiration with land data assimilation systems

Advancements in both land surface models (LSM) and land surface data assimilation, especially over the last decade, have substantially advanced the ability of land data assimilation systems (LDAS) to estimate evapotranspiration (ET). This article provides a historical perspective on international LSM intercomparison efforts and the development of LDAS systems, both of which have improved LSM ET skill. In addition, an assessment of ET estimates for current LDAS systems is provided along with current research that demonstrates improvement in LSM ET estimates due to assimilating satellite-based soil moisture products. Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter in the Land Information System, we assimilate both NASA and Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) soil moisture products into the Noah LSM Version 3.2 with the North American LDAS phase 2 (NLDAS-2) forcing to mimic the NLDAS-2 configuration. Through comparisons with two global reference ET products, one based on interpolated flux tower data and one from a new satellite ET algorithm, over the NLDAS2 domain, we demonstrate improvement in ET estimates only when assimilating the LPRM soil moisture product.
CMOS RF Design for Reliability Using Adaptive Gate–Source Biasing

An adaptive gate-source biasing scheme to improve the MOSFET RF circuit reliability is presented. The adaptive method automatically adjusts the gate-source voltage to compensate the reduction in the drain current subjected to various device reliability mechanisms. The MOS DC circuit using the adaptive technique is less sensitive to a threshold voltage and mobility degradations from a long-term stress effect. A class-AB RF power amplifier example shows that the use of a source resistance makes the power-added efficiency robust against the threshold voltage and mobility variations, whereas the use of a source inductance is more reliable for the input third-order intercept point.
A proapoptotic function of p21 in differentiating granulocytes

Abstract p21waf1/cip1 (p21), best known for its ability to regulate the cell cycle, has been noted also to exert cell cycle-independent effects on apoptosis and differentiation. Inhibition of apoptosis by p21 has been reported in hematopoietic models, particularly in monocytes exposed to apoptogenic agents. The effect of p21 on survival has not hitherto been analyzed during the myeloblast to granulocyte transition. Using 32Dcl3 murine myeloblasts, a cell line that proliferates in IL-3 and differentiates in G-CSF, we studied the effects of forced expression of p21 on cell survival. We hypothesized that exogenous p21 would suppress the modest levels of cell death associated with G-CSF-mediated differentiation of 32Dcl3 cells. Contrary to expectations, we found that exogenous p21 enhanced apoptosis of cells removed from IL-3. The p21 overexpression led to decreased cell growth, caspase-3 activation and annexin positivity. These effects occurred only in the presence of G-CSF. These findings suggest that p21 is proapoptotic in granulopoiesis, and that this effect is masked by IL-3-mediated survival signals. Our results also indicate there are distinct and opposing effects of p21 on monocytic and granulocytic survival. Aberrantly high levels of p21 may contribute to disease processes involving excessive apoptosis of granulocyte precursors.
Microstructural Aspects of the Fracture of Hardened Cement Paste

For microstructural studies, samples of hardened cement paste were fractured, impregnated with epoxy using a procedure that does not produce drying cracks, and examined using a scanning electron microscope. Cracks generally appear to pass around unhydrated cement grains and along calcium hydroxide cleavage planes. Cracks are often branched or forked at their tips, and a few microcracks are sometimes observed just ahead of the tips. Perhaps more importantly, the crack path is often offset, with the interjacent material between these offset crack segments forming a bridge across the crack. Even though the crack plane is most likely continuous in three dimensions, these bridging materials may provide local regions of ligamentary tractions across the crack, thereby providing a plausible explanation for the rising fracture resistance (R -curve behavior) of hardened cement paste.
Restoring the Hormone-Making Machinery

More than 30 million people worldwide suffer from type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes, and insulin therapy is not a cure. Most often diagnosed in childhood, a lifetime of the disease and of insulin treatment can damage the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels and cause hypoglycemia and substantial weight gain (with all of its comorbidities), respectively. Despite advances in disease management, no existing treatment permanently restores the body’s glucose-responsive insulin-production machinery—the pancreatic β cells. Stem cell–based strategies that enable β cell replacement might be the answer. But what progenitor cell is the most suitable source? In a recent study, Kumar et al . provided an exceptionally detailed characterization of a strategy for in vitro differentiation of two sources of multipotent progenitor cells to differentiated ones that resembled pancreatic β cells. The progenitor cells were isolated from embryonic and adult rats (blastocysts and bone marrow, respectively) and over a 3-week period were subjected to a series of differentiation steps, from their original multipotent state to a β cell–like phenotype. At every stage of the four-step process, gene and protein expression moved closer to that of a naive insulin-secreting β cell, with some notable exceptions: In the most differentiated cell pool, C-peptide staining per cell was low, glucagon was undetectable, and the MafA protein was expressed in the perinuclear region, all of which are hallmarks of immature cells. Yet, the cells responded in vitro to high glucose concentrations by secreting C-peptide. Studies performed in nude Balb/C type 1 diabetic mice revealed that implantation of a population of either type of cells after the four-stage differentiation protocol resulted in normalization of serum glucose concentrations in half of the mice. Normoglycemia was achieved 1 month after transplantation of the cell grafts, whereas previous recent reports needed 4 months of in vivo maturation of the progenitor cells to achieve glucose control. Immunohistological analysis of the excised grafts revealed that the progeny of the implanted cell population were able to mature in vivo to generate the three major endocrine hormones: insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Glucose levels were normal for 1 week, even in the absence of treatment with subcutaneous insulin pellets. Why only half of the animals responded to cell transplantation is not yet known. What is known, however, is that the search for a cure must go on. Thirty million people are depending on it. A. Kumar et al ., Reversal of hyperglycemia by insulin-secreting rat bone marrow-and blastocyst-derived hypoblast stem cell-like cells. PLoS One 8 , e63491(2013). [[Full text]][1] [1]: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0063491
Brain arteriovenous malformations in adults

Summary Arteriovenous malformations of the brain (AMB) can cause stroke when they rupture. Epidemiological and imaging research has found that about 50% of patients with AMB present with haemorrhage, and the other 50% either present with non-focal symptoms, such as headache, seizure, or focal neurological deficit, or have no symptoms and the lesion is found during unrelated investigations. Treatment for arteriovenous malformations aims to prevent and resolve haemorrhage and is a growing interdisciplinary challenge. Although treatment uses enormous resources, there have been few studies on the risk–benefit ratios for treatment of unruptured AMB and the best approaches.
Developmental Issues in Lesbian and Gay Adulthood

The developmental issues of adulthood for lesbians and gay men are poorly characterized compared with descriptions of adolescent development in sexual minority persons, on the one hand, and adult development in the U.S. general population, on the other hand. As Harry (1993) noted, “Coming out has little to say to adults and life seems to end at about age twenty-five with the rest of the life span left unanalyzed and unexplained” (p. 38). Yet examining the rest of the life span is likely to yield important information about how sexual minority status shapes adult experience and the ongoing revision of personal identity in the context of cumulative life history, an increasing awareness of less time remaining in life, and social and cultural norms that define what it means to be an adult (Erikson, 1959; Neugarten, 1968; Levinson, 1980; Colarusso and Nemiroff, 1981).
Democratizing the State and the International

Sheldon Wolin once suggested that the state, not democracy, is the guardian of the international order. That order views financial market stability as the sine qua non of nearly all aspects of international politics. No modern society, Wolin argued, has yet managed to democratize the state. As the crises of 2008-09 have shown, nearly all politics is derived from financial and economic determinants traversing the globe. This paper considers what kind of theorization must respond to recent trends and circumstances in the global political economy which, while not in themselves new, have acquired a new political status as acceptable practices and eventualities of neoliberal regimes and the forms of state power propping them up. Democratizing the state and the international requires diagnosing contingencies of state and corporate power located in a multitude of sub-, quasi-, and extra-political formations which support countless economic legitimations of late capitalism. The paper explores the political meaning of critical theory in the time of late capitalism and construes democracy not as form, but as 'norm' or 'interpretive mode' that reconnects past and present experiences, and encourages a rethinking of what it means to be politically independent of the state and financial-economic determinants of late capitalism.
Evaluation of EVA Egress Concepts for a Dual-Orion NEA Mission

Among the various missions being considered for future human space exploration beyond low Earth orbit, a number of near Earth asteroids (NEAs) are emerging as candidate destinations. Lockheed Martin’s Plymouth Rock NEA mission proposal, which utilizes a baseline dual-Orion/Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) configuration, appears to be among the most viable near-term options for such a mission. The baseline extra-vehicular activity (EVA) scenario for Plymouth Rock calls for egress via the MPCV hatch. This study presents and evaluates alternative egress approaches that could facilitate EVA operations and also improve the overall mission design. Among the secondary benefits are a potential reduction in atmosphere mass purged per EVA and an increase in crew habitable volume. The latter is particularly significant given that potential mission durations, which are target dependent, are expected to range from 150 to 210 days. As a result, the focus of this study is to propose and evaluate a number of potential changes to the Plymouth Rock baseline spacecraft configuration versus anticipated high level mission trade criteria. By way of a decision matrix, which applies weighting factors to both mission trade criteria and egress concepts, a numerical analysis is undertaken to identify the most favorable egress concepts for further evaluation. The ultimate goal of this study is to thoroughly characterize the various concepts by identifying the most sensitive mission trade criteria and how they would impact design choices. This will provide mission planners with generic, quantitative trade values and analysis tools to aid in the evaluation of potential EVA egress concepts.
Ethnic Variables and Negative Life Events as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Behaviors in Latino College Students: On the Centrality of Receptivo a los Demás

In the present study, we examined ethnic variables (viz., multigroup ethnic identity and other group orientation) along with negative life events as predictors of depressive symptoms and suicidal b...
Investigation and analysis of the infectious status of Demodex in the crowd

Objective To realize the infectious status of Demodex in the crowd.Methods Group sampling,using transparent adhesive tape to identify the species of Demodex.Results The total rate of incidence was 39.28% among the investigated peoples,42.21% of male,34.24% of female;the total infectiosity was 1.11 strip per person,1.22 strip per person of male,0.94 strip per person of female;the total load of Demodex was 2.84 strip per person,2.88 trip per person of male,2.75 strip per person of female.Conclusion It provided scientific evidence for Controlling Demodex.
Molecules and Maxwell’s Demon

In the reading selection that follows, from the second half of Chap. 22, Maxwell develops the kinetic theory in more detail, explaining how it may be used to understand material properties (such as the viscosity and specific heat capacity of a gas) and natural processes (such as diffusion, evaporation and electrolysis). Perhaps most interestingly, near the end of this chapter, he introduces what is now referred to as “Maxwell’s Demon,” a tiny intelligent being which seemingly has the ability to violate the second law of thermodynamics. Does it? Also, in the final part of this chapter,Maxwell considers the broader implications of accepting the molecular theory of matter. To what surprising conclusion is he led? Do you agree with Maxwell’s conclusion?
Report of the Woman’s Rights Convention: Seneca Falls, N.Y., July 19–20, 1848

The length and complexity of this report reflected the strength of the reform culture that created it. Those who attended the Seneca Falls Convention were experienced conference goers. They knew how to create a community of concerns from diverse individual perspectives, and how to gain a hearing for those concerns within the broader society.
Psychological Distress Moderates the Intention-Behavior Association for Sexual Partner Concurrency Among Adults.

Research suggests that intentions are an important determinant of sexual risk behavior. However, this association is often weaker than hypothesized. This research investigated whether psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety) can help to explain the intentions–behavior gap. We used data from 397 patients seeking care at an STI clinic to test whether the association between partner concurrency intentions and behavior 3 months later was moderated by distress. Intentions predicted concurrency behavior only among less-distressed individuals; however, exploratory analyses for condom use did not demonstrate this effect. Comprehensive sexual health intervention programs should address affective determinants of risk behavior.
High-order solution methods for grey discrete ordinates thermal radiative transfer

This work presents a solution methodology for solving the grey radiative transfer equations that is both spatially and temporally more accurate than the canonical radiative transfer solution technique of linear discontinuous finite element discretization in space with implicit Euler integration in time. We solve the grey radiative transfer equations by fully converging the nonlinear temperature dependence of the material specific heat, material opacities, and Planck function. The grey radiative transfer equations are discretized in space using arbitrary-order self-lumping discontinuous finite elements and integrated in time with arbitrary-order diagonally implicit RungeKutta time integration techniques. Iterative convergence of the radiation equation is accelerated using a modified interior penalty diffusion operator to precondition the full discrete ordinates transport operator.
A Context of Connection

The context of safety and empathic connection inherent in a well-maintained therapeutic relationship provides the disconfirmation of danger necessary for emotional healing. The process involves a two-way information exchange identical to that between a mother and a toddler who has fallen. In mindfulness meditation, it appears that healing takes place without the presence of a witness, but a closer examination suggests that the mental state achieved by the meditator may actually put the individual in a context of connection with an internalized presence. When the goal is behavior change, a context of connection is a regular and important part of the coaching role of the therapist as the patient traverses the stages of change.
Longer-term Baerveldt to Trabectome glaucoma surgery comparison using propensity score matching

To apply propensity score matching to compare Baerveldt glaucoma drainage implant (BGI) to Trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT). Recent data suggests that AIT can produce results similar to BGI which is traditionally reserved for more severe glaucoma. BGI and AIT patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. The primary outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, and a Glaucoma Index (GI) score. GI reflected glaucoma severity based on visual field, the number of preoperative medications, and preoperative IOP. Score matching used a genetic algorithm consisting of age, gender, type of glaucoma, concurrent phacoemulsification, baseline number of medications, and baseline IOP. Patients with neovascular glaucoma, with prior glaucoma surgery, or without a close match were excluded. Of 353 patients, 30 AIT patients were matched to 29 BGI patients. Baseline characteristics including, IOP, the number of glaucoma medications, type of glaucoma, the degree of VF loss and GI were not significantly different between AIT and BGI. BGI had a preoperative IOP of 21.6 ± 6.3 mmHg compared to 21.5 ± 7.4 for AIT on 2.8 ± 1.1 medications and 2.5 ± 2.3 respectively. At 30 months, the mean IOP was 15.0 ± 3.9 mmHg for AIT versus 15.0 ± 5.7 mmHg for BGI (p > 0.05), while the number of drops was 1.5 ± 1.3 for AIT (change: p = 0.001) versus 2.4 ± 1.2 for BGI (change: p = 0.17; AIT vs BGI: 0.007). Success, defined as IOP 0.05) and 50% versus 52% at 2.5 years. A propensity score matched comparison of AIT and BGI demonstrated a similar IOP reduction through 1 year. AIT required fewer medications.
The Small Diameter Vascular Graft — A Challenging Biomaterials Problem

The surface composition of a biomaterial can have an important influence on biologic responses. In this paper we report on a surface treatment using a gas discharge which deposits a thin fluorocarbon polymer coating onto tie surface of a synthetic vascular graft. The surface chemistry of the graft is significantly changed, while there is no measurable change in porosity, compliance or surface topography. Treatments with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) gas yield dramatic improvements in both thrombo and emboli-resistance of the graft, based on in vitro measurements and ex vivo shunt tests in a baboon.