cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student Performance Evaluation of Distributed Algorithms Assignment in an Undergraduate Algorithms Course

Distributed algorithms are now present in many computing activities. The price decline of computer hardware, increase in speed of communication, the versatility of the Internet, and the advancement of network technology all have contributed immensely to the incredible growth and importance of distributed computing. Therefore, even an undergraduate is now expected to know at least the basics of distributed algorithms. This paper describes the experience and performance of students who are introduced to distributed algorithms in an undergraduate Algorithms course. The paper shows that for teaching new concepts, providing in-class examples should be emphasized more for effective student learning. It is more important compared to prior knowledge of similar concepts.
Current-Fed Converters

The chapter deals with the principles and applications of a class of converters that are fed by a current source instead of voltage source. A current-fed converter is similar to a voltage-fed converter in many respects. In a current-fed converter, the voltage source is replaced by a current source and the parallel dc-link capacitor is replaced by a series inductor, and forward blocking devices are replaced by symmetric blocking devices. Generally, current-fed converters are preferred in medium-to high-power applications (hundreds of kilowatts to megawatts). The examples of high-power applications are ship propulsion and high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) systems. The advantages of current-fed converters are higher reliability and easy recoverability from short-circuit faults. The disadvantages of current-fed converters are that they are less efficient and involve a higher cost. This is mainly due to the bulky dc-link inductor and series diodes. The line harmonic problems in a converter can be alleviated by pulse width modulation (PWM) control or multipulsing (12 pulses instead of 6 pulses). However, the low-power factor can be improved by PWM only. In an overall comparison for general applications, a voltage-fed converter system is always preferred.
Some Quotients of Chain Products are Symmetric Chain Orders

Canfield and Mason have conjectured that for all subgroups $G$ of the automorphism group of the Boolean lattice $B_n$ (which can be regarded as the symmetric group $S_n$), the quotient order $B_n/G$ is a symmetric chain order. We provide a straightforward proof of a generalization of a result of K. K. Jordan: namely, $B_n/G$ is an SCO whenever $G$ is generated by powers of disjoint cycles. In addition, the Boolean lattice $B_n$ can be replaced by any product of finite chains. The symmetric chain decompositions of Greene and Kleitman provide the basis for partitions of these quotients.
Preliminary Evaluation of Flight Delay Propagation through an Airline Schedule

Airline schedules are based on the carefully-planned use of resources, airports, planes, crews, etc., to provide passengers with on-time arrivals. When airport capacity is reduced below demand, the...
Regulation, the Market, and Interest Group Cohesion: Why Airlines Were Not Reregulated

Since airlines were deregulated, shareholders, management and workers, already well organized, have suffered severe, sometimes catastrophic losses, while the benefits have been spread among unorganized consumers and the investors and managers of new entrant airlines, which themselves have had a high failure rate. While the gains greatly outweigh the losses, their incidence violates traditional versions of the economic theory of regulation. Organized subgroups should be able to protect their rents against less-organized subgroups, especially when the organized subgroups experience concentrated effects while the impact on the less organized subgroups is much more dispersed. Under the circumstances, it is reasonable to ask why the airlines were not reregulated once the incidence of deregulation became clear. I hypothesize that there are two principal reasons, one requiring a refinement of the theory. The first is that under regulation the incentives of both regulators and their regulated population face incentives to make the firms and the interests connected with them more alike and that deregulation very rapidly allows the development of firms and other organized interests with different incentives. Political cohesion, and hence changes, become more difficult to achieve. The second reason and theory refinement is that rent creation and wealth transfer through regulation requires both political unity and "slack", that is, protection from public scrutiny. Slack is the normal state of affairs in a world of information costs and lack of incentive for the electorate to overcome them. Deregulation often occurs when a dramatic event or an issue entrepreneur manages to get the regulatory arrangement on the public agenda. Then slack disappears, leaving the rent-creation and wealth transfer mechanism transparent to the general public.
A Pseudopotential SCF-MO Study of Te$+

A recently developed ab initio pseudopotential molecular orbital approach was applied to the Teq’ ion, a system outside the practical reach of conventional all-electron treatments. Computations were carried out with a minimal STO-4G basis set. Results account reasonably well for the observed optical absorption spectrum and suggest the origin of a hitherto unassigned weak band. Ground-state properties, which included the structure, force field, and vibrational frequencies, were also investigated. Treated as a free, gas-phase ion, tetratellurium (11) yielded a bond length 0.05 A shorter than the experimental value for the ion in a crystal lattice. Placement of static, point-charge counterions in the Te:’ coordination sphere increased the bond length to a value 0.005 A longer than derived by experiment. Calculations on neutral, cyclic Te4 provided a theoretical single-bond reference length 0.09 A longer than that obtained for the ion in a counterion environment. Comparisons between observed and calculated frequencies suggest an assignment of the vibrational spectrum different from the provisional assignment in the literature. The enormous impact of ab initio molecular orbital calculations on the field of chemistry during the last decade is well known. Nevertheless, practical considerations have severely limited the region of the periodic table that receives attention. A recent development that promises to reduce this restriction drastically is the successful procedure described elsewhere for incorporating the Phillips-Kleinman pseudopotential operator into polyatomic, molecular orbital calc~lations.~-3 Calculations based on this procedure, which requires an explicit accounting only of the valence electrons, appear to yield orbital energies, structures, and force fields in close agreement with those of ab initio all-electron calculations without introducing empirical parameters. Therefore, calculations are virtually as simple to carry out with systems of heavy atoms as with those of light atoms, although, to be sure, relativistic corrections may become important for the former cases. One interesting class of compound not amenable to treatment by standard ab initio procedures constitutes the heavy-atom homopolyatomic cations principally studied by Gille~pie,”~ Corbett,10-12 Bjerrum,13-15 and Stephens.16J7 An attractive candidate for study, whose “beautiful crimson red color,” noted two centuries ago,18 was interpreted only recently, is Te;’. Because its structure is known accurately from x-ray analyses,12 and some information is available about its vibrational spectrum,8>9J1J2 it is a useful trial system for the pseudopotential method. As discussed below, the method was found not only to account for established properties of the ion but also to provide an alternative interpretation of the vibrational spectrum and to corroborate the recent assignment of the crimson color. PROCEDURE Pseudopotential Method
Milestones in the development of pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation—50 years of progress

In the 1950s, the first infusions of hematopoietic stem cells were given as a form of treatment for childhood leukemia. This heralded the beginning of a field that has expanded to include the treatment of immune deficiencies, a variety of leukemias and solid tumors, and then genetic diseases. A number of milestones are highlighted, particularly in regard to the use of alternative sources of hematopoietic stem cells such as unrelated donors, peripheral blood stem cells and umbilical cord stem cells. In addition, newer techniques of using non-myeloablative preparative regimens helped to reduce the toxicity and long-term consequences of hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Many diseases now benefit from the replacement of the marrow stem cells and the provision of a new immune system and improved immune surveillance.
Heme oxygenase-1 fused to a TAT peptide transduces and protects pancreatic β-cells

Transplantation of islets is becoming an established method for treating type 1 diabetes. However, viability of islets is greatly affected by necrosis/apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and other insults during isolation and subsequent in vitro culture. Expression of cytoprotective proteins, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), reduces the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in transplantable islets. We have generated a fusion protein composed of HO-1 and TAT protein transduction domain (TAT/PTD), an 11-aa cell penetrating peptide from the human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein. Transduction of TAT/PTD-HO-1 to insulin-producing cells protects against TNF-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity. TAT/PTD-HO-1 transduction to islets does not impair islet physiology, as assessed by reversion of chemically induced diabetes in immunodeficient mice. Finally, we report that transduction of HO-1 fusion protein into islets improves islet viability in culture. This approach might have a positive impact on the availability of islets for transplantation.
Numerical Simulations of the Near-Field Region of Film Cooling Jets Under High Free Stream Turbulence: Application of RANS and Hybrid URANS/Large Eddy Simulation Models

This paper investigates the ﬂow ﬁeld and thermal characteristics in the near-ﬁeld regionof ﬁlm cooling jets through numerical simulations using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and hybrid unsteady RANS (URANS)/large eddy simulation (LES) models.Detailed simulations of ﬂow and thermal ﬁelds of a single-row of ﬁlm cooling cylindricalholes with 30deg inline injection on a ﬂat plate are obtained for low (M¼0.5) and high(M¼1.5) blowing ratios under high free stream turbulence (FST) (10%). The realizablek- emodel is used within the RANS framework and a realizable k- -based detached eddysimulation (DES) is used as a hybrid URANS/LES model. Both models are used togetherwith the two-layer zonal model for near-wall simulations. Steady and time-averagedunsteady ﬁlm cooling effectiveness obtained using these models are compared with avail-able experimental data. It is shown that hybrid URANS/LES models (DES in the presentpaper) predict more mixing both in the wall-normal and spanwise directions compared toRANS models, while unsteady asymmetric vortical structures of the ﬂow can also be cap-tured. The turbulent heat ﬂux components predicted by the DES model are higher thanthose obtained by the RANS simulations, resulting in enhanced turbulent heat transferbetween the jet and mainstream, and consequently better predictions of the effectiveness.Nevertheless, there still exist some discrepancies between numerical results andexperimental data. Furthermore, the unsteady physics of jet and crossﬂow interactionsand the jet lift-off under high FST is studied using the present DES results.[DOI: 10.1115/1.4028646]Keywords: ﬁlm cooling, unsteady simulation, turbulence modeling, high free streamturbulence, detached eddy simulation
Recent Developments in Molecular Detection of Food-Borne Disease Bacteria and GMOs

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) constitutes a powerful method for rapidly detecting low numbers of pathogenic and toxigenic bacteria in complex food matrices. Recent developments have resulted in the ability to detect as low as 1 CFU of Salmonella enterica in a 25g sample of ground beef within 4.5 hrs without enrichment. Isothermal DNA amplification such as loop mediated DNA amplification (LAMP) results in ˜1,000 times greater amplicon yield compared with the PCR and has the additional advantage in that a simple temperature controlled water bath is the only piece of equipment needed. These innovations have the potential to eliminate most costly recalls and related illnesses by allowing raw food processors to detect the presence of pathogens in products well before shipment. The development of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has allowed the presence of very precise levels of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to be determined to the second decimal point, which the PCR is incapable of achieving. This art...
Effects of classroom context on university students’ judgments about cheating: mediating and moderating processes

Hypothetical vignettes were used to examine the effects of classroom context variables (pedagogical quality and classroom goal structure) on undergraduate (study 1) and graduate (study 2) students’ judgments about cheating. Consistent with attribution theory and previous findings, poor (versus good) pedagogy and performance (versus mastery) goals structures resulted in more teacher blame and less student blame for cheating, and cheating was rated as more acceptable and more likely in these situations. Participants’ own prior cheating history but not their experience as a classroom teacher also affected these judgments. Relations between classroom context variables and assigned blame for cheating were mediated by students’ assessments of the fairness of the classroom situation.
Study of the effect of reactive-element addition by implanting metal ions in a preformed oxide layer

Abstract The influence of ion-implanted Y, Hf, Zr and Cr on the oxidation behavior of a Ni-25 wt.% Cr alloy at 1000 °C has been investigated. The implantation dose was 5 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 . Two methods of implantation have been used. One was to implant ions directly into a clean alloy surface; the other was to implant into an approximately 0.6 μm thick Cr 2 O 3 layer formed at 1000 ° C on the alloy. In neither case did the Cr implantation show any beneficial effects. Implantations of Y, Hf and Zr produced all the reactive element effects, i.e. reduction in oxidation rate, elimination of base-metal oxide formation and improvement in scale adhesion, only if the ions were initially implanted in the alloy. When the ions were implanted into a preformed oxide, the subsequent oxidation process was altered to the same degree as before, but the scale adhesion was not affected. Implications of these results to the mechanism of the reactive-element effect are discussed.
Ion resonance electromagnetic field stimulation of fracture healing in rabbits with a fibular ostectomy

Rabbits with a fibular ostectomy were exposed for 28 days to magenetic fields that satsfied the ion resonance conditions for calcium or magnesium. The rabbits were exposed to whole body treatment for 1/2 hour, 3 hours, or 24 hours per day. The fibulae from the experimental and control animalas were removed surgically and were subjected to force-deflection testing to establish the stiffness of the healed fracture. The fibulae from the rabbits exposed to the ion resonance magnetic fields were found to be 55-299% (p < 0.01) more robust than the fibulae from the control animals.
Robust Flow Admission Control and Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks suffer from route breakups caused by nodal mobility. In a network that aims to support critical interactive real time data and flows, as well as the uninterrupted transport of a complete file or a critical series of messages, it is essential to identify robust routes that can be used for the un-interrupted transport execution of such transactions. Noting that route failures can induce long re-routing delays that may be highly interruptive for many applications and message/stream transactions, it is beneficial to configure the routing scheme to send a flow across a route whose lifetime is longer, with sufficiently high probability, than the estimated duration of the activity burst that it is selected to carry. We evaluate the ability of a mobile ad hoc wireless network to distribute flows across robust routes by introducing the robust throughput measure as a performance metric. For example, only transactions that are completed without being prematurely interrupted may convey data to their intended users that is of acceptable utility and is thus accounted for. We describe the mathematical calculation of a network's robust throughput measure, as well as its robust throughput capacity. In order to transport flows in mobile ad hoc wireless network in a robust fashion, we introduce the robust flow admission and routing algorithm (RFAR). Under this on-demand routing scheme, during the route discovery phase, nodal routers configure routing forwarding entries to forward flow packets only across links that induce a sufficiently high cumulative route robustness level. Shortest (or least end-to-end delay) such routes are subsequently discovered and established, serving to best utilize network capacity resources while meeting flow robustness objectives. We demonstrate through mathematical analysis and by using simulation evaluations that such a robust routing mechanism serves to significantly enhance the robust throughput performance of mobile ad hoc wireless network systems
Dexamethasone inhibition of interleukin 1 beta production by human monocytes. Posttranscriptional mechanisms

Dexamethasone is known to have an inhibitory effect on IL-1 production. To determine the mechanism(s) of this inhibition, adherent human blood monocytes were stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 micrograms/ml) in the presence of dexamethasone. Nuclear transcription run-off assays showed that LPS induced IL-1 beta gene transcription two- to fourfold and that this induction was unaffected by dexamethasone exposure (10(-5) M). The lack of dexamethasone's transcriptional effects was further supported by the absence of any significant change in IL-1 beta mRNA accumulation between LPS-stimulated monocytes exposed or unexposed to dexamethasone, as determined by Northern blot analysis. Posttranscriptionally, dexamethasone was found to have multiple effects: slight prolongation of IL-1 beta mRNA half-life, moderate inhibition of translation of the IL-1 beta precursor, and profound inhibition of the release of IL-1 beta into the extracellular fluid. The data indicate that IL-1 beta is first translated as the 33,000-D pro-IL-1 beta protein, the predominant intracellular form, and the processed to a 17,500-D IL-1 beta protein before or during extracellular transport. The major inhibitory effects of dexamethasone appear to be directed at the translational and posttranslational steps involved in these events.
The Impact of Stadium and Professional Sports on Metropolitan Area Development

More and more cities are being encouraged to subsidize sports stadiums as an economic development tool. In this paper regression analysis using census data on nine different metropolitan areas is employed to evaluate the impact of stadiums and professional sports teams on area development. Previous attempts to estimate the effectiveness of sports-based development have used assumption-driven trade multiplier models. The evidence presented here is that the presence of a new or renovated stadium has an uncertain impact on the levels of personal income and possibly a negative impact on local development relative to the region. These results should serve as a caution to those who assume or assert a large positive stadium impact.
Trends in Low-Power, Digitally Assisted A/D Conversion

This paper discusses recent trends in the area of low-power, high-performance A/D conversion. We examine survey data collected over the past twelve years to show that the conversion energy of ADCs has halved every two years, while the speed-resolution product has doubled approximately only every four years. A closer inspection on the impact of technology scaling, and developments in ADC design are then presented to explain the observed trends. Finally, we review opportunities in digitally assisted design for the most popular converter architectures.
Expression of 72-kDa gelatinase and TIMP-2 in early and late passage human fibroblasts

The expression and regulation of 72-kDa gelatinase and TIMP-2 were examined in cultures of early and late passage human fibroblasts. In contrast to collagenase expression, which was low in early passage cells and highly expressed in late passage fibroblasts, 72-kDa gelatinase mRNA expression was enhanced only slightly in late passage cultures and 72-kDa gelatinase protein expression was similar in early and late passage cultures. In contrast to published reports of decreased TIMP-1 expression, TIMP-2 mRNA and protein were increased in late passage cells. Exposure to Il-1 alpha increased the steady-state level of 72-kDa gelatinase mRNA by 3x in early passage cells but had no effect on late passage cells. Although Il-1 alpha had no significant effect on TIMP-2 mRNA or on expression of 72-kDa gelatinase, in either early or late passage cells, Il-1 alpha increased the level of a TIMP-2-72-kDa gelatinase complex. Using monoclonal antibodies to TIMP-2 and to 72-kDa gelatinase we detected two forms of TIMP-2. One form was complexed to 72-kDa gelatinase and migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 72 kDa and the other migrated at the expected molecular weight of 21 kDa. Autoradiography in conjunction with Western analysis confirmed that in the late passage cell medium the newly synthesized 72-kDa gelatinase-TIMP-2 complex was increased even though the expression of 72-kDa gelatinase did not change. The present results establish that the regulation of 72-kDa gelatinase and TIMP-2 in early and late passage cultures of human fibroblasts are different from collagenase and TIMP-1 regulation. Further, they establish that in late passage cultures the activity of 72-kDa gelatinase may be regulated through the formation of a denaturation-resistant complex.
The nonplanar one-loop amplitude in Witten's string field theory

Abstract We develop methods for calculating the one-open-string-irreducible diagrams for Witten's string field theory. These provide the coefficients for an expansion of the quantum effective action in a power series in the string field Φ. Each external leg of a diagram is labelled by an element of the BRST first-quantized string state space. We choose the standard oscillator Fock states as a convenient basis for this labelling. Our method is to represent each Feynman diagram as a path integral over space-time coordinates xμ and the bosonized world-sheet ghost field φ. The dependence of the diagram on the external strings and ghost insertions is obtained by completing the square. The coefficient of this dependence, the “measure”, is then inferred by exploiting the Weyl invariance of the Polyakov path integrals. As an illustration of our methods, we analyze in detail the one loop nonplanar two string function. This is the simplest diagram containing information on closed strings. Calling pμ the energy-momentum carried by one of the external legs, we find poles in p 2 at −α′p 2 = 1 2 n − 4, with n=0,1,2,… . The pole locations with n≠8k are unphysical and such poles must disappear for physical open string states. We confirm this explicitly for n=1,2 and argue that this decoupling happens generally.
Skin test reactivity to dog‐derived antigens

Summary Skin test reactivity to canine antigens was studied by testing atopic patients and veterinarians using a commercially prepared mixed-dog epithelial antigen and breed-specific antigens including dander extracts, serum and urine, obtained from thirty-one different pure-bred dogs. Increased skin test reactivity was noted using breed-specific antigens as compared to the mixed-dog commercial screening extract. Variation in skin test responsivity related to specific breed antigens was also noted. The results suggest that skin tests using canine urine and serum antigens, in addition to the conventional dander antigens, may be useful in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to dogs.
Large tunneling magnetoresistance in a field-effect transistor with a nanoscale ferromagnetic gate

We demonstrate large, and hysteretic, tunneling magnetoresistance (MR) in field-effect transistors (FETs), when their usual nonmagnetic gate is replaced with a nanoscale ferromagnet. Our analysis indicates that the enhanced MR in the tunneling regime results from the ability of the fringing magnetic fields, which emanate from the nanomagnet into the FET channel, to provide an additional modulation of the electrostatic barrier induced by the applied gate voltage. The ability of this device to detect changes in magnetization may eventually allow the implementation of reprogrammable devices for universal logic and memory applications.
Effects of hypothermia upon endothelial cells: mechanisms and clinical importance.

Abstract The endothelial cell is vital in the regulation of blood vessel wall structure, vasomotor tone, and thrombogenicity. Hypothermic temperatures alter both the physiological and biochemical dynamics of endothelial cells. However, there has been no systematic investigation of the influence of cold temperatures upon endothelial cell biology. This review summarizes the current clinical areas of interests. identifies the problems, and addresses the fundamental requirement for further research in endothelial cell cryobiology.
Sexually dimorphic DNA demethylation in the promoter of the Slp (sex-limited protein) gene in mouse liver.

Abstract Mouse Slp, a duplicate of the fourth complement component (C4) gene, exhibits EDTA-independent complement activity with a hepatic expression that is male specific. To provide an underlying mechanism for the male-specific expression, we have analyzed the promoter activity of the various 5'-flanking sequences and CpG demethylation of the Slp gene. Transient transfections using HepG2 cells indicate that the element TTCCGGGC (nt -124 to -117) regulates the promoter activity. Moreover, CpG at position -121 of this regulatory element is demethylated to a much higher degree in males than in females. This sexually dimorphic DNA demethylation is consistent with the male-specific expression of the Slp gene in DBA/2 males. The regulatory element binds to the different TTCCGGGC-specific nuclear proteins depending on the methylation of the CpG site. In contrast, the corresponding CpG at position -119 of the C4 gene, which is expressed in both males and females, is demethylated at equal and high levels in both sexes. We therefore propose that the DNA demethylation and methylation-sensitive transcription factors may be a part of the regulatory mechanism for the male-specific expression of the Slp gene.
Abstract B29: Increased vertebral marrow adiposity in long-term survivors of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is associated with deficits in trabecular microarchitecture

Background: As treatment-related mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (alloHSCT) declines, a major unmet need is the identification and prevention of late effects. Long-term survivors of hematologic malignancies requiring alloHSCT show impaired bone density and structure with excess whole body adiposity (Mostoufi-Moab, JBMR, 2012). Marrow adipocytes share common mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with bone-forming osteoblasts, with an inverse relation between MSC differentiation into osteoblasts or adipocytes. The impact of alloHSCT and total body irradiation (TBI) on marrow adipose tissue (MAT) and trabecular bone microarchitecture (TBA) has not been addressed. Methods: Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and high-resolution structural imaging were used to quantify vertebral MAT and distal tibia TBA on a 1.5 Tesla magnet. Twenty-five alloHSCT recipients with underlying diagnosis of acute leukemia, ages 12-24 years, were enrolled, a median of 11 years (range 5-19) after alloHSCT and TBI, and compared with age-, sex- and race-matched healthy controls. Results: AlloHSCT survivors had lower height Z-scores (-1.39 ± 0.98 vs. -0.04 ± 0.98; p Conclusion: Survivors of childhood alloHSCT after TBI demonstrate marked increases in vertebral MAT combined with abnormal trabecular bone microarchitecture. Future studies are needed to determine the metabolic effects and fracture implications of excess MAT, and to identify therapies for improved bone accrual following childhood alloHSCT. Citation Format: Sogol Mostoufi-Moab, Wenli Sun, Jeremy Magland, Elizabeth Isaacoff, Nancy J. Bunin, Jill P. Ginsberg, Felix Wehrli, Justine Shults, Mary B. Leonard. Increased vertebral marrow adiposity in long-term survivors of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is associated with deficits in trabecular microarchitecture. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr B29.
Simultaneously determining the mix of space launch vehicles and the assignment of satellites to rockets

Abstract The manifest problem is faced by aerospace firms that produce launch vehicles to shoot satellites into space. The demand for satellites has increased dramatically over the past decade, as both commercial and military applications have grown. Launch vehicles can be built in different sizes, and launch vehicles of a given type have known capacity, cost a known amount to launch, and may be limited in the number or mix of satellites that can be carried into space. Similarly, available satellites can be of different types, and satellites of a given type consume a known amount of a launch vehicle’s payload capacity. Given a commitment to shoot a known number of each type of satellite into space over a finite horizon, the objective is to determine the mix of launch vehicles to produce, as well as the assignment of individual satellites to launch vehicles, such that the firm’s total cost is minimized. We formulate the launch vehicle manifest problem, and develop and computationally test solution approaches for the problem. Possible applications of the problem and further extensions are discussed.
Semi-inertial velocity variations along the Gulf Stream axis

Abstract It is suggested that velocity variations along the Gulf Stream core may be characterized by a Lagrangian periodicity of a full pendulum day, on the average, as in the atmospheric jet stream. This is consistent with the condition that particle velocities vary at twice the rate of change of the geostrophic velocity.
Tumor‐derived Growth Factors That Support Proliferation and Differentiation of Normal and Leukemic Hemopoietic Cells

The conditioned media of 34 human tumor cell lines were screened for the ability to induce granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro in bone marrow cultures, to stimulate proliferation of a murine IL-3 dependent hemopoietic cell line (32D clone 3) and to stimulate thymidine incorporation in suspension cultures of acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Twelve tumor cell lines produced factors that were active in these assays. The conditioned medium of the glioblastoma cell line U87 MG was characterized in detail and found to contain G-CSF and GM-CSF. Cloning and sequencing of the U87 MG G-CSF indicated that it was derived from G-CSF b mRNA, which encodes a protein with a deletion of 3 amino acids at residues 36-38. The gene for G-CSF was mapped to human chromosome 17 band q21, a region involved in translocations frequently found in acute promyelocytic leukemia. G-CSF (U87MG) was able to induce granulocytic differentiation of the total population of a murine IL-3 dependent cell line, 32D clone 3; this effect was antagonized by IL-3. GM-CSF (U87-MG) supported the proliferation without inducing differentiation of two growth factor-dependent leukemic cell lines, TALL 101 and AML-193.
Informatics-driven Protein-protein Docking

Predicting the structure of protein assemblies is fundamental to our ability to understand the molecular basis of biological function. The basic protein-protein docking problem involving two protein units docking onto each-other remains challenging. One direction of research is exploring probabilistic search algorithms with high exploration capability, but these algorithms are limited by errors in current energy functions. A complementary direction is choosing to understand what constitutes true interaction interfaces. In this paper we present a method that combines the two directions and advances research into computationally-efficient yet high-accuracy docking. We present an informatics-driven probabilistic search algorithm for rigid protein-protein docking. The algorithm builds upon the powerful basin hopping framework, which we have shown in many settings in molecular modeling to have high exploration capability. Rather than operate de novo, the algorithm employs information on what constitutes a native interaction interface. A predictive machine learning model is built and trained a priori on known dimeric structures to learn features correlated with a true interface. The model is fast, accurate, and replaces expensive physics-based energy functions in scoring sampled configurations. A sophisticated energy function is used to refine only high-scoring configurations. The result is an ensemble of high-quality decoy configurations that we show here to approach the known native dimeric structure better than other state-of-the-art docking methods. We believe the proposed method advances computationally-efficient high-accuracy docking.
Aversive stimuli drive drug seeking in a state of low dopamine tone

Abstract Background Stressors negatively impact emotional state and drive drug seeking, in part, by modulating the activity of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Unfortunately, the rapid regulation of dopamine signaling by the aversive stimuli that cause drug seeking is not well characterized. In a series of experiments, we scrutinized the subsecond regulation of dopamine signaling by the aversive stimulus, quinine, and tested its ability to cause cocaine seeking. Additionally, we examined the midbrain regulation of both dopamine signaling and cocaine seeking by the stress-sensitive peptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Methods Combining fast-scan cyclic voltammetry with behavioral pharmacology, we examined the effect of intraoral quinine administration on nucleus accumbens dopamine signaling and hedonic expression in 21 male Sprague-Dawley rats. We tested the role of CRF in modulating aversion-induced changes in dopamine concentration and cocaine seeking by bilaterally infusing the CRF antagonist, CP-376395, into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Results We found that quinine rapidly reduced dopamine signaling on two distinct time scales. We determined that CRF acted in the VTA to mediate this reduction on only one of these time scales. Further, we found that the reduction of dopamine tone and quinine-induced cocaine seeking were eliminated by blocking the actions of CRF in the VTA during the experience of the aversive stimulus. Conclusions These data demonstrate that stress-induced drug seeking can occur in a terminal environment of low dopamine tone that is dependent on a CRF-induced decrease in midbrain dopamine activity.
Effect of single or repeated formaldehyde exposure on minute volume of B6C3F1 mice and F-344 rats.

Abstract To characterize species differences in sensory irritation to formaldehyde (HCHO) and to determine if tidal volume ( V T ) compensation parallels the respiratory rate (ƒ) depression, ƒ, V T , and minute (V E ) of B6C3F1 mice and F-344 rats were measured during 10-min, head-only HCHO exposures. Comparisons also were made between naive (no previous HCHO exposure) and pretreated animals (HCHO, 2, 6, or 15 ppm, 6 hr/day for 4 days). HCHO exposure elicited immediate and simultaneous decreases in ƒ and V E in a concentration-dependent manner. No significant compensation in V T was observed in either species except the 15-ppm-pretreated rats. While ƒ and V E remained maximally depressed in mice for the remainder of the exposure period, recovery occurred in rats. In addition to tolerance development, rats were also less sensitive to HCHO. The RD50 (concentration at which ƒ decreased by 50%) of naive rats was 31.7 ppm vs 4.9 ppm for mice. Similar RD50 values and time-response curves for V E and ƒ were observed among naive and pretreated groups, although the baseline ƒ of pretreated animals was significantly depressed as compared to naive animals. In summary, HCHO exposure depressed V E in both mice and rats. But, because of greater sensitivity and lack of tolerance, mice were able to minimize inhalation of HCHO more than rats. This species difference may contribute to differences in respiratory tract toxicity from inhaled HCHO.
Should a staff nurse’s age be a consideration in making patient and shift assignments?

I think it is entirely appropriate to consider a nurse’s age in making assignments. The mean age of staff nurses is now well over 40, and many aging nurses have concerns about their own health and safety as well as the health and safety of their patients (Yox, 2004). Numerous reports point to a deepening nursing shortage, which is unlikely to reverse as other shortages have in the past. Therefore, it is imperative that we not only recruit new people into nursing, but that we also retain our older, more experienced nurses in the workforce. Statistics, however, show that many nurses leave the workforce entirely between the ages of 50 to 55. The demands of shift work, high patient-to-nurse ratios, increasing patient acuity, and flat wage structures that fail to reward years of experience have left older nurses with little reason to stay in the nursing work-force. It is not unusual to hear aging nurses talk about being overworked, underpaid, and underappreciated (Yox, 2004). To stem the tide of nurses who retire “before their time,” it is crucial to recognize the importance of these clinical experts and give consideration to their age and their longevity in the profession when assigning them to patient care. For instance, providing nursing staff positions that require less on-call, shift, weekend, and holiday work and reduced patient care loads could be viewed as incentives for remaining in the profession and be used effectively to retain aging nurses.
Operational Research and Formal Education

This paper, which was originally presented at the Second International Working Seminar of the University of Sussex in April 1978, gives an overview of Operational Research as applied to formal education in the United States. It first reviews past work in the field, much of which dates from the mid 1960's, when administrators first turned to O.R. for resolution of education's peculiar crisis situation. From this base, it develops a projection of an attainable state of the science and a proposal for its attainment.
Findings suggest possible link between geomagnetic reversals and field intensity

For the past 2000 years the Earth's magnetic field has been weakening. At the going rate of decay, the field's dipole—generated within the convecting metallic fluid of the outer core—would totally vanish, perhaps passing through zero and reversing polarity, in the coming millennia. This scenario of a coming attempt by Earth's dynamo to reverse its polarity is suggested by direct observation of the field since the 19th century and laboratory investigation of historic lavas and other fired materials that record the ambient field while cooling. The ongoing weakening of the field does not insure that a reversal will occur. After all, the north-south axial dipole changes to the opposite direction only on occasion; it currently reverses a few times each million years. How the dynamo actually approaches an attempted change of polarity and, moreover, the degree to which such a process can be predicted, are unclear. Nonetheless, a major step toward such an understanding may have been made through recently reported paleomagnetic findings obtained from the long, quasi-continuous records derived from Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) marine sediment cores.
Suffering and Death among Early American Roentgenologists: The Power of Remotely Anatomizing the Living Body in Fin de Siècle America

This manuscript has two aims. First, I extend the historiography on early American roentgenology that demonstrates that dozens of early adopters knowingly suffered intense pain, mutilation, and death for the sake of the X-ray. The objective is to pinpoint as precisely as possible when and to what extent the roentgenologists knew of the life-threatening risks of X-ray exposure. Second, I articulate a partial explanation for their behavior that is rooted in the social power of remotely anatomizing the living body in fin de siecle American scientific and medical culture.
Disjunctures for Women and Frontline Workers: Implementation of the Family Violence Option

This research uses analysis of qualitative interviews with 10 battered welfare clients and 15 frontline welfare workers to examine the implementation of the Family Violence Option (FVO) under welfare reform. States adopting the FVO agree to screen for domestic violence, refer identified victims to community resources, and waive program requirements that would endanger the women or with which they are unable to comply. The analyses find that none of the 10 clients in this study received these services. This lack of services reflects four critical disjunctures between the formal policy and the policy experienced by the clients. It also reveals several more basic structural factors that provide conflicting mandates to frontline workers. Frontline workers’ discretionary behaviors enforce core rules related to welfare eligibility and reduce welfare caseloads but do not provide violencerelated services to victims.
PROTEIN QUALITY OF DRY ROASTED SOYBEANS: AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO

SUMMARY– A study was undertaken to determine the effect of the dry-roasting process on the quality of soybean protein as indicated by amino acid analyses and PER. Amino acid analyses revealed losses in tryptophan, available and total lysine, cystine and histidine of 35, 31, 17, 15 and 6% respectively. These losses are reflected in both the essential amino acid index (EAAI) and PER. Average EAAI values decreased with increasing degree of roast (68.4, 67.7 and 63.8) compared with a value of 71.4 for the raw samples. The PER values for the same roasted samples were 1.70. 1.46 and 1.28 respectively. A depressed PER value of 0.6 was obtained for the raw sample because of anti-nutritional factors in the raw beans. Results indicate that the dry roasting process is a means of producing a palatable, nutritious food from soybeans. However, optimum palatability is gained at the expense of protein utilization.
Design, operation and analysis of microwave heated chemical reactors

A microwave heated fluidized bed reaction system has been under development at Arizona State University (ASU) since 1981. The initial application was the production of semiconductor grade polysilicon in a continuous system. Subsequent applications have included calcination of a catalysts and gasification of biomass materials. In the course of these investigations, various modifications have been implemented to improve the performance and operational reliability of the system. The present configuration consists of an 8" diameter reactor, 0-30 kW (915 MHz) generator and related auxiliary and transmission equipment. The history of the ASU project will be reviewed with the intent of exploring opportunities for the processing concept for other potential applications.
Chromatography of AC-ASP-TYR-MET-GLY-TRP-MET-ASP-NH2 on the Horizontal flow-Through Coil Planet Centrifuge and the High-Speed Multi-Layer Coil Planet Centrifuge

Abstract The peptide Ac-Asp-Tyr-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-NH2 was purified by countercurrent chromatography in the horizontal flow-through coil planet centrifuge. The solvent system used was ammonium acetate, pH 8.5 and n-butanol (1:1 by volume). The high pH served to maintain the peptide in solution. When the upper phase was utilized as the mobile phase better separation of the peptide from impurities resulted. The peptide was also chromatographed in a new apparatus, the high-speed multi-layer coil planet centrifuge. With the lower phase mobile and at a higher temperature, the peptide was fractionated very rapidly in 30 min compared to 7 hr on the other instrument.
Infrared spectral assignments for a semicrystalline thermoplastic polyimide

Abstract Infrared spectral assignments are made for the semicrystalline thermoplastic polyimide derived from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-(4-aminophenoxy)-propane (DMDA). Model imide compounds have been synthesized to assist in the interpretation of the polyimide's infrared spectrum. The infrared and Raman spectra of BTDA and DMDA have also been analyzed to aid in the identification of the peak assignments for the polyimide.
The Cardiac Notch in Decapods

ABSTRACT The 1899 description and discussion by Henri Coutiere of the cardiac notch on the posterior margin of the carapace in certain decapods is translated and reviewed, with special emphasis on the alpheids, in which it is usually present, and the otherwise similar hippolytids, in which it is almost invariably absent. The genus Yagerocaris Kensley, 1988, is transferred from the hippolytids to the alpheids. Similar notches in other decapod families are deemed not to be homologous, even though the practical importance of the structures described by Coutiere continues to defy explanation.
Theorizing without Totalizing: Specularity and Televised Sports.

A theory must involve tradeoffs between an ability to describe the complexity of experience and an ability to generalize about categories of experience. Insufficient complexity leads to unwarranted totalizations, which has sometimes been the fate of theories of mass communication. This essay specifically indicts theories of specularity in cinema and television as risking totalization through unjustified generalizations about how the look functions for each medium as a whole. Integrating some technological, discursive, and social dimensions of the experience of televised sports, the essay proposes a middle‐range theory which challenges received notions of specularity in television.
Quenched spin tunneling and diabolical points in magnetic molecules. I. Symmetric configurations

The perfect quenching of spin tunneling first predicted for a model with biaxial symmetry, and recently observed in the magnetic molecule ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{8},$ is further studied using the discrete phase integral or WKB (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) method. The analysis of the previous paper is extended to the case where the magnetic field has both hard and easy components, so that the Hamiltonian has no obvious symmetry. Herring's formula is now inapplicable, so the problem is solved by finding the wave function and using connection formulas at every turning point. A general formula for the energy surface in the vicinity of the diabolo is obtained in this way. This formula gives the tunneling amplitude between two wells unrelated by symmetry in terms of a small number of action integrals, and appears to be generally valid, even for problems where the recursion contains more than five terms. Explicit results are obtained for the diabolical points in the model for ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{8}$ that closely parallel the experimental observations. The leading semiclassical results for the diabolical points are found to agree precisely with exact results.