cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ca2+ and K+ ion effects on ultrastructure of isolated flounder kidney tubules.

Marked structural changes were seen in the morphology of incubated flounder kidney tubular cells when potassium or calcium ions were omitted from the incubation medium. When potassium ions were omitted, changes occurred in the basal region of the cells. When calcium ions were omitted, changes were seen in the apical region including loss of the junctional complexes and rearrangement of the apical microvilli. Physiologists have shown that the active transport of chlorphenol red from bathing medium to tubular lumen in isolated flounder renal tubules appears to be a two-stage process (8, 10, 21, 24, 28). The first step involved movement of dye into the cell and was shown to be dependent on the presence of potassium ions. The second step involved movement of the dye into the tubular lumen and required the presence of calcium ions. The present morphologic studies suggest reasons for the lack of dye transport and accumulation in each case.
Improvement of defect density for DUV halftone PSM

As the required minimum feature size is rapidly down to sub- micron at photomask, the fabrication of alternate lithography techniques to extend and prolong current technology becomes critical important. So recently MoSi PSM are being applied in semiconductor lithography, primarily for high density layers such as found in memory chips. The increasing use of MoSi based attenuated phase shift masks necessitates defect reducing on the MoSi phase shift mask reticles. In this paper, in order to reduce the defect on the phase shift mask reticles, we will discuss the results of several experiments, utilizing CHF3/)2 gas mixture and SF6/He gas mixture chemistries and various process sequences. This paper reports the results of defect reducing for MoSi attenuated phase shifting masks using an inductively coupled plasma system.
Influence of insecticide exposure on the in vivo and in vitro metabolic activity of rats.

Insecticides were administered to rats as single doses, oral and IP, at approximately 1/10 their acute oral LD50 levels, or in the diet at concentrations where the daily intake was equivalent to the single doses. Carbofuran decreased the rate of urinary elimination of carbaryl-14C from rats whereas Ruelene tended to increase the rates. However, the changes were minor, 12% or less, and the nature of the carbaryl metabolites was not altered. Carbaryl and carbofuran caused a reduction in liver protein of rats injected with the carbamates for five days, but had no affect when fed in the diet for 40 days. DDT increased the liver protein when injected but not when fed in the diet. When administered in combination, by injection or in the diet, DDT and carbaryl did not modify the protein content of the liver. Liver and kidney microsomes of rats fed DDT in the diet, alone or with carbaryl, resulted in increased oxidase activity. Neither of the compounds affected microsomal glucuronidation of 1-naphthol. In a four-week feeding study, the rate of weight gain was 15% less in animals fed carbaryl plus Ruelene or coumaphos plus Ruelene than in the control rats. No significant difference from the controls was observed with carbaryl or carbaryl plus carbofuran. Feeding these compounds did not affect urine pH; but the urea content was increased by all treatments and the glucose content increased by all except treatment with coumaphos plus Ruelene.
Reversal of the weekend effect in Canada: an empirical analysis

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to check for reverse weekend effect in the Canadian stock market.Design/methodology/approach – T‐tests, non‐parametric tests and regressions were employed.Findings – There is reverse weekend effect in the Canadian stock market. Canadian stocks are shown to exhibit the traditional weekend effect prior to 1988, dissipating after that year until 1998 and then reversing to become the first non‐US market for which a reverse weekend effect is found.Originality/value – This is the first paper on the Canadian stock market looking at reversal.
An application of game theory in the design of optimal air pollution control measures

Abstract Methods or game theory are used to develop a technique for finding optimal solutions to air quality problems that involve multiple objectives. The technique is demonstrated using a hypothetical problem in which sites for two new power plants are sought that optimally satisfy five objectives subject to given constraints. The five objectives are minimization of 1. (1) fuel and pollutant control costs 2. (2) long-term averaged SO 2 concentration 3. (3) peak short-term SO 2 concentration 4. (4) long-term averaged participate concentration 5. (5) peak short-term particulate concentration. The constraints include the number and locations of fuel sources, the energy and pollutant contents and cost of fuel from each source, the admissible areas for plant locations, etc. The focus of the paper is on concepts and technique development rather than the solution of specific problems.
Suppression of autoimmunity and organ pathology in lupus‐prone mice upon inhibition of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase type IV

Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with aberrant immune cell function. Treatment involves the use of indiscriminate immunosuppression, which results in significant side effects. SLE T cells express high levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV (CaMKIV), which translocates to the nucleus upon engagement of the T cell receptor–CD3 complex and accounts for abnormal T cell function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibition of CaMKIV would improve disease pathology. Methods We treated MRL/lpr mice with KN-93, a CaMKIV inhibitor, starting at week 8 or week 12 of age and continuing through week 16 and evaluated skin lesions, proteinuria, kidney histopathology, proinflammatory cytokine production, and costimulatory molecule expression. We also determined the effect of silencing of CAMK4 on interferon-γ (IFNγ) expression by human SLE T cells. Results CaMKIV inhibition in MRL/lpr mice resulted in significant suppression of nephritis and skin disease, decreased expression of the costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD80 on B cells, and suppression of IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor α production. In human SLE T cells, silencing of CAMK4 resulted in suppression of IFNγ production. Conclusion We conclude that suppression of CaMKIV mitigates disease development in lupus-prone mice by suppressing cytokine production and costimulatory molecule expression. Specific silencing of CAMK4 in human T cells results in similar suppression of IFNγ production. Our data justify the development of small-molecule CaMKIV inhibitors for the treatment of patients with SLE.
The primetime agora: Knowledge, power, and “mainstream” resource venues for women online

Abstract “Women’s web sites,” such as Oxygen and iVillage are for the most part absent from discussions of rhetoric and electronic communication. However, these sites accumulate a significant number of the hours women log online. This article argues that it is important to recognize the exchange and creation of knowledge by and for women that is taking place at women’s online resource venues. We also offer productive ways of viewing and discussing these sites as pedagogical tools in the writing classroom.
Effects of red imported fire ants on northern bobwhite chicks

Populations of red imported fire ants (RIFA ; Solenopsis invicta) have spread rapidly throughout the southeastern United States. RIFA, directly or indirectly, negatively affect many wildlife species, and northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) appear to be particularly susceptible. We examined the effect of exposure to different numbers of RIFA for 15 and 60 seconds on body mass and survival of captive northern bobwhite chicks. Compared to unexposed birds, survival of chicks was reduced with exposure to as few as 50 RIFA for 60 seconds, or 200 RIFA for 15 seconds, and body mass was lower in chicks exposed to 200 RIFA for 60 seconds. Our results support the hypothesis that quail populations can be adversely affected by direct exposure to RIFA.
Lack of predictability of chloramphenicol toxicity in paediatric patients.

We studied 45 patients (new-born to 12 year olds) who received 50-100 mg/kg/day chloramphenicol sodium succinate i.v. over 2-49 days for the treatment of central nervous system infections. Multiple blood samples were obtained to measure serum concentrations of chloramphenicol and its succinate ester by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Haematological parameters (haemoglobin, white cell, neutrophil, eosinophil and platelet counts) were also determined. Chloramphenicol therapy was effective in all patients. Anaemia was present in 10, leukopenia in four, neutropenia in four, and eosinophilia in 16 patients. These adverse effects occurred between 3 and 34 days after the initiation of therapy. Chloramphenicol therapy had to be discontinued only in three patients, who had absolute neutrophil counts less than 800/mm3. All adverse effects were reversible. Demographic factors, daily dose, duration of therapy, steady-state peak and trough serum concentrations, area under the serum concentration-time curve normalized for dose, and the elimination half-life were not correlated with the occurrence of adverse effects of chloramphenicol. The mean cumulative dose of chloramphenicol succinate was the only factor always higher but not statistically different in patients with adverse effects compared to those without. The mean cumulative dose of chloramphenicol succinate ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 g/kg in patients with adverse effects and 0.9-1.1 g/kg in those without. These data suggest that the adverse effects of chloramphenicol may not be predictable in paediatric patients. However, a high cumulative dose may possibly be an important factor in predisposing some patients to certain chloramphenicol toxicity.
MEAL PATTERN OF AVAILABLE IRON; ASCORBIC ACID; AND MEAT, FISH, POULTRY INTAKES BY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Abstract Written dietary questionnaires were kept for two nonconsecutive weekdays by 355 male and 382 female Utah school children, mean age 7.5 years, assisted by their parents and recorded by household measure. The intake of dietary ascorbic acid and total iron consumed was evenly distributed among the meals; approximately 10% of these nutrients was consumed at snacks. Approximately 36% of the meat, fish, poultry and the iron in those products was consumed at lunch while approximately 54% of the meat, fish, poultry and the iron contained in those products was consumed at dinner. Only 5% of the iron from meat, fish, poultry products was consumed as snacks. Intakes by percent of heme iron, nonheme iron, available heme iron, available nonheme iron and total available iron were calculated by meal. The available iron distribution for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks was 21%, 30.8%, 42.5% and 5.7%, respectively. Such information can be used to increase available iron intake of individuals.
A Gate Keeper for Axonal Transport

The axon and dendritic arbor of neurons require different sets of membrane proteins to carry out their functions. In this issue, Song et al. (2009) describe how a cytoplasmic diffusion barrier in the axon initial segment of rat hippocampal neurons ensures that only axonal (and not dendritic) membrane proteins enter the axon.
Toward a model for Co-surface-treated Fe-oxides

A series of Co-surface-treated particles was prepared from an acicular gamma -Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ containing 15.5% Fe/sup 2+/. The samples contained 4, 8 and 16% Co of total cation content. For all treated samples, H/sub c/ at 300 K increased by 250% over that of the precursor. Magnetic and structural measurements were made to determine the mechanism for this H/sub c/ increase. Surface treatment produced an epitaxial layer with spinel structure. It was determined that the epitaxial layer consisted of an initial monolayer or less of magnetically ordered Co/sup 2+/ ions covered by the spinel Co/sub 3/O/sub 4/ which orders antiferromagnetically at 40 K. This structure suggests that the magnetic behavior could arise from surface anisotropy, the neutralization of easy reversal sites, or the reduction of spin canting at the particles' surfaces. >
An in situ sem kossel x-ray diffraction study of pseudoelasticity☆

The coming of age of “smart” materials and structures, i.e. of materials and structures capable of sensing and acting upon changes in the surroundings, has prompted a resurgence of interest in elastic martensites. Here, we have used a miniature ball and ring deformation rig to study the nature of pseudoelastic behavior of a CuAlNi alloy single crystal. By photographing changes in the Kossel X-ray diffraction pattern from a deforming disc of this crystal and, in particular, by recording the pattern when line broadening arising from elastic strain is just sufficient to prevent resolution of the CuKα1/Kβ doublet, we have been able to estimate the level of local strain at which phase transformation occurs. Analysis of the breaking up, prior to this, of a point of triple intersection between sharp diffraction lines has permitted determination of a crystal structure, precursor to that for the low temperature phase.
18-Hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone in human hypertension.

18-Hydroxy-ll-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) was isolated from human adrenal vein blood in concentrations of the same magnitude as is aldosterone, and its structure was proved by a variety of meth...
Anticipation in families with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in their pedigree

Anticipation is an earlier onset and/or increasing severity in successive generations. This study was conducted to determine whether anticipation occurs in families that exhibit both Hodgkin's (HD) and non-Hodgkin's (NHL) lymphoma in their pedigrees. Nine published reports of multi-generational lymphoma and 33 previously unreported families with both lymphomas were analysed for evidence of anticipation. The difference between age at onset for each affected related pair was tested against the null hypothesis that there is no difference in age at onset. Differences between disease-free survival in affected generations were determined. These analyses were also conducted separately using only parent - child pairs with an age of onset above 25 years in an effort to avoid ascertainment bias. Age at onset in studied cases was also compared with the HD and NHL series from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program of the US National Cancer Institute. The mean age at onset in the child and parent generations of all case families (60.2 and 35.7 years, respectively) and in the selected pairs (61.5 and 45.6, years) were significantly different (mean difference -24.5 years; P < 0.00001, and -15.9 years, P < 0.00001, respectively). Mean anticipation for parents with HD and children with NHL was -6.8 years (P = 0.01) for the unpublished and -14.4 years (P = 0.002) for the published families (overall anticipation -10.1 years). Mean anticipation for parents with NHL and children with HD was -34.4 years (P < 0.0001) for the unpublished and -32.7 years (P < 0.0001) for the published families (overall anticipation -34.2 years, P < 0.0001). The signed rank test rejected the null hypothesis which stated that there was no difference in age at onset between parents and children for overall, as well as selected pairs (P < 0.00001). The null hypothesis was also rejected for both the parents with HD/children with NHL group and the parents with NHL/children with HD group pairs (P < 0.0001). Age at onset distributions were significantly different for all generations with HD or NHL when compared to the SEER population (P < 0.00001), except for the parents with NHL, which showed no difference. In addition, this study reports four previously unpublished families with three generations of lymphoma in their pedigrees. These data suggest that anticipation occurs in families that exhibit both HL and NHL and that both neoplasms may have a common genetic basis.
Modeling of the thermomechanical behavior of porous shape memory alloys

Abstract Two methods are used in this work to estimate the porous shape memory alloy (SMA) thermomechanical behavior. The porous SMA is assumed to be made of two components, the dense SMA matrix and the pores. An existing rate-independent type constitutive model is employed to describe the matrix behavior. Two contrasting strategies are used to estimate the overall thermomechanical behavior: (1) the unit cell finite element method (UCFEM) to account for periodic distribution of pores in the SMA matrix, and (2) an averaging micromechanics method based on the incremental formulation of the Mori–Tanaka method to account for random distribution of pores in the matrix. Cylindrical and spherical shapes are considered as approximations of open and closed pores, respectively, in both methods. Results are presented for both types of pores and comparisons are made between the two methods under various loading conditions. Both methods compare well in predicting the isothermal elastic material properties and pseudoelastic response under axial and out-of-plane shear loading. However, the transformation results differ under transverse and in-plane shear loading. This difference is found to be due to the use of an average value of stress for the SMA matrix in the micromechanics averaging method, which diminishes the effect of local stress concentration thereby delaying the onset of phase transformation caused by an applied load. On the other hand, the actual values of stress at all material points in the SMA matrix are used in the UCFEM causing phase transformation in regions near the pores at smaller applied load values than what is calculated by the micromechanics averaging method.
Multisequence Linear Shift Register Synthesis and Its Application to BCH Decoding

This concise paper demonstrates the decoding of BCH codes by using a multisequence linear feedback shift register (MLFSR) synthesis algorithm. The algorithm is investigated and developed. With this algorithm, a class of good codes has been found with errorcorrecting capability at least as good as the BCH bound. The application of this algorithm to BCH decoding is discussed.
Comparisons of in vivo BrdU labeling methods and spontaneous sister chromatid exchange frequencies in regenerating murine liver and bone marrow cells

BrdU and BrdC have been employed as DNA labeling agents for differentiation of sister chromatids and for extension of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) methods to regenerating murine liver cells in vivo. Comparisons were made between bone marrow and liver cells isolated simultaneously from mice following DNA labeling with either BrdC or BrdU. Although the total mitotic yield of bone marrow cells was considerably greater than in liver, a higher percentage of second division metaphases was observed in liver cell preparations. The percentages of second division c-metaphase cells observed were 31.5% in bone marrow and 73% in liver cell preparations. Utilizing either BrdU or BrdC, no significant difference in percentage of second division metaphases was discerned. The number of spontaneous SCEs per cell was distributed according to the Poisson probability function. No significant differences in mean numbers of SCEs per cell were found in comparisons of bone marrow (1.40) and liver cells (1.65) or of cells which had incorporated BrdU or BrdC.
Automatic evaluation and adaptation of automatic target recogition systems

Adequate tools for diagnosis and evaluation of Automatic Target Recognition (ATh) systems are very critical for their successful development. In this paper we describe system called: Automated Instrumentation and Evaluation (Auto-I). Auto-I provides many of the needed capabilities for rapid testing and evaluation of ATR systems. It also provides a module for automatic adaptation of algorithms parameters using algorithms performance models, optimization and Artificial Intelligence techniques. The current design of Auto-I is modular, it is designed so it can be interfaced to other ATh systems.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
National Efforts to Bring Reform to Scale in High-Poverty Schools: Outcomes and Implications.

ducation in the United States is a decentralized system composed of highly vari,able practices, programs, and school contexts. The primary technology of education, teaching, is highly complex and is typically designed and implemented by teachers who have traditionally enjoyed a great deal of autonomy and independence from regular inspection. The principal goals and products of education and whether they should be centered around creativity, knowledge of basic facts, sound moral judgment, or something else are constantly open to differing opinions and debate. Can such a diffuse system with uncertain technology and goals be served by centralized efforts to implement educational reform at scale? Furthermore, how can educational research support the scale up of promising programs and practices? This chapter discusses some of the ways in which recent national efforts to reform the country's high-poverty schools inform these questions. I begin by tracing the recent history of these reform efforts. In addition to considering the evolution of the interventions themselves, I consider how the national research and evaluation agenda has evolved, and can continue to evolve, to help advance the development of replicable programs and evidence-based educational policy. Finally, applying the lessons learned from two syntheses of the federal Title I and comprehensive school reform research literature, I offer four conclusions for methodologists, policymakers, and reform developers to consider when conducting research, crafting policy, and refining educational programs to support the scale up of educational innovations.
Simultaneous ultraviolet and optical spectrophotometry of T tauri stars

A set of simultaneous ultraviolet and optical spectra and U B V R j I j photometry on five T Tauri stars (TTS) has been analyzed. Ten ultraviolet "emission-free" continuum windows were defined and the corresponding UV colors were compared to the colors of main sequence stars from the IUE Spectral Atlas. The TTS stars, which have been assigned K spectral types on the basis of their optical spectra, have UV colors similar to A stars, implying the existence of a "hot" ultraviolet continuum source. This is presumably the UV extension of the "blue veiling" recognized 30 years ago by Haro and Herbig (1955). The shapes of this ~UV excess" for the TTS have been derived and compared to chromospheric models.
Grammatical relations in active systems: The case of Guaraní

An active system is frequently analyzed as the most semantically transparent case-marking system, where the agent-patient opposition underlies case marking and/or cross-referencing patterns. It has also been claimed that transitivity and its prototypical manifestation of subject-object opposition are irrelevant for this language type. This paper examines these claims in the light of the grammatical system of Guarani, an active language spoken in Paraguay. Based on lexical and morpho-syntactic data such as reflexivization, passivization, relativization, incorporation and external possession, the results suggest that grammatical relations are indeed semantically driven and that they do not correlate with subjects and objects. The paper clarifies the semantic underpinnings of the active-inactive distinction in this language and shows that the relevant opposition is not that of agent-patient but rather that of source-locative. The study argues for an analysis based on language-specific event typing and construal.
Humic acids coagulation: influence of divalent cations

The effects of the ionic strength (maintained by LiCl, NaCl or KCl) and Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration on the coagulation of purified humic acids (HA) was studied. Solutions of known ionic strengths, pcH, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were prepared with HA and filtered to obtain the fraction with a size smaller than 100 kD. After a 50 day storage, samples of these solutions were filtered again (100 kD) and the total organic C (TOC) of the filtered solutions measured. The HA coagulation increased with salt concentration, with the cationic charge, and for cations of the same charge, with the cationic charge density. The coagulation decreased for pcH values of 4 to 7–8 in the absence of and presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+. In the absence of the divalent cations, the coagulation has a constant value for pcH>8, but, in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, increases at pcH values greater than 9. The coagulation of humic materials occurs whether the samples are exposed to light or kept in the dark, although the coagulation kinetics are slower for the samples kept in the dark. The size distribution of size-fractionated humic solutions changes over time to a size distribution similar to that of the original humic solution before it was size-fractionated. The results are explained by the DLVO theory.
The effect of Zn and Mn On CdTe bond strength in Cd1-xZnxTe(x = 0.04 ± 0.01) and Cd1-xMnxTe(x = 0.1 ± 0.005)

Abstract Hydrostatic compression data have been obtained for CdTe, Cd0.955Zn0.0.045Te and Cd0.9Mn0.1Te using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction techniques with hetrochromatic, synchrotron produced radiation. Analyses of these data indicate that the addition of zinc to CdTe stiffens the lattice whereas the addition of manganese softens it.
Tubular Cell HIV-1 gp120 Expression Induces Caspase 8 Activation and Apoptosis

Renal biopsy data indicate that tubular epithelial cells serve as a reservoir for HIV-1 infection. We studied the effect of HIV-1 gp120 envelope gene expression on tubular cell apoptosis. HIV-1 gp120 was expressed in a lentiviral vector pHR-CMV-IRES2-EGFP-ΔB. This plasmid construct was used to produce pseudotyped virus using VSV-G envelope to enhance the tropism for efficient viral transduction. Human proximal tubular (HK-2) cells were transduced and assayed for cellular injury by trypan blue exclusion, Hoechst and PI staining, TUNEL, and cell cycle staging. HIV-1 gp120-transduced HK-2 cells showed cellular injury in a time-dependent manner. Gp120-transduced cells showed 2.5-fold greater apoptosis when compared with vector-transduced cells. Cell cycle analysis did not reveal any alteration between gp120-transduced cells and vector-transduced cells. Gp120-transduced cells showed higher expression of both Fas and FasL, whereas pretreatment with anti-FasL antibody partially inhibited gp120-induced tubular ce...
The geochemical effects of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) biodegradation

Abstract The geochemical effects of microbially mediated degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons were observed as changes in solution composition of an artificial groundwater in packed-sand laboratory columns. Benzene, toluene, and xylene, both individually and in a combined fashion, were used as substrates in biodegradation experiments conducted under oxygenated and anoxic conditions in columns filled with quartz, calcite, or Fe 3+ -coated quartz sand. Typically, column effluent had increased concentrations of dissolved inorganic C, decreased pH, and decreased concentrations of NO 3 and dissolved O 2 relative to column influent. Efficiency of CO 2 generation was similar for the three different substrates, ranging from 22.5 to 26.6% organic C converted to CO 2 . When all three substrates were combined, the percentage of CO 2 produced fell within the range observed in the single substrate experiments. Nitrate disappearance was more varied as a function of substrate identity, with greatest amounts lost when toluene was the substrate. Calcite dissolved as a result of CO 2 generated during the biodegradation reactions, and empirically calculated dissolution rates varied between 1.9 and 4.0 x 10 −9 mmol cm −2 s −1 . The calcite dissolution rate was slower than the biodegradation rate, as evidenced by excess generation of CO 2 relative to Ca 2+ production. The decrease in pH was less in experiments with calcite present than in those with quartz sand present due to buffering by calcite dissolution. Dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides was not observed under any experimental conditions.
Intramural papilloma of the vagina: evidence of Müllerian histogenesis.

A papillary tumor occurred in the posterior-superior vaginal wall of a 5-year-old girl who was free of recurrence one year following surgical excision. The light microscopic features included papillae lined by eosinophilic cells with uniform, bland nuclei, solid areas of identical cells, and scattered glandular lumina which contained mucopolysaccharides. Foci of eosinophilic hyaline globules were another distinctive feature. Electron microscopy of the tumor demonstrated features associated with mullerian neoplasms including projecting microvilli, whorls of perinuclear cytoplasmic microfilaments, conspicuous lysosomes, squamous metaplasia, complex cytoplasmic interdigitations, and pseudoinclusions of "cytoplasmic" collagen. Previously described "mesonephric papillomas" of the vagina and cervix are compared with the tumor of the authors' patient. The previously described tumors share some histologic and clinical features, although they were superficial rather than intramural proliferations. The authors conclude that the ultrastructure, location, and documented presence of mullerian structures in the vagina favor a mullerian origin for this vaginal tumor. A number of other vaginal tumors that occur in children and young women show different light microscopic features.
Preliminary test estimation for the second order autoregression

Consequences of preliminary test model identification procedures in time series analysis are examined in the context of a squared error risk function. Asymptotic risk comparisons and Monte Carlo studies are used in comparing these procedures.
A Review of Single-Phase Liquid Flow and Heat Transfer in Microchannels

Fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannels have been important research area during the past decade. The understanding and explanation of the fundamental mechanisms of flow and heat transfer are critical to the application of microchannel systems to many important industrial and research projects. We present a review of the literatures on fluid flow and heat transfer of single-phase liquid in microchannels. Recent experimental and theoretical studies are both covered. The emphasis has been on studies on single-phase liquid flows. As a conclusion, although further work needs to be done, carefully designed experiments have obtained data that agree well with the conventional theory developed for larger channels. The theoretical explanation of some experimental results, which deviate the conventional theory for larger channels, is still under development.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Robust Relocalization and Its Evaluation for Online Environment Map Construction

The acquisition of surround-view panoramas using a single hand-held or head-worn camera relies on robust real-time camera orientation tracking and relocalization. This paper presents robust methodology and evaluation for camera orientation relocalization, using virtual keyframes for online environment map construction. In the case of tracking loss, incoming camera frames are matched against known-orientation keyframes to re-estimate camera orientation. Instead of solely using real keyframes from incoming video, the proposed approach employs virtual keyframes which are distributed strategically within completed portions of an environment map. To improve tracking speed, we introduce a new variant of our system which carries out relocalization only when tracking fails and uses inexpensive image-patch descriptors. We compare different system variants using three evaluation methods to show that the proposed system is useful in a practical sense. To improve relocalization robustness against lighting changes in indoor and outdoor environments, we propose a new approach based on illumination normalization and saturated area removal. We examine the performance of our solution over several indoor and outdoor video sequences, evaluating relocalization rates based on ground truth from a pan-tilt unit.
Ectopic expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in the cerebellum in mice transgenic for a carbonic anhydrase II promoter-CAT construct that is without apparent phenotypic effect

We have developed six trans- genic lines of mice with constructs containing pre- sumptive 5' regulatory regions of carbonic anhy- drase II (CA 11). Four of the lines contained 1,100 bases of the 5' flanking region of the human CA II gene, and two transgenic lines resulted from a con- struct containing 500 bases of the 5' flanking re- gion of the mouse CA II gene. Tissue-specific ex- pression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene was not obtained in any of the trans- genic lines. One of the transgenic lines was found to have high levels of expression of CAT in cere- bellum. This expression persisted through multiple generations and was independent of the parental origin of the transgene. On the assumption that the expression was due to the insertion of the trans- gene in or near a gene expressed normally in cer- ebellum, homozygous mice were bred for the transgenic insert to see if a mutation might have been induced. Homozygous mice were found and seemed to be normal in all aspects of their pheno- type studied. Thus, in this case, neither the insertion of the gene nor the ectopic expression of CAT seemed to be harmful to the animals.
The birth of information in the brain: Edgar Adrian and the vacuum tube.

As historian Henning Schmidgen notes, the scientific study of the nervous system would have been “unthinkable” without the industrialization of communication in the 1830s. Historians have investigated extensively the way nerve physiologists have borrowed concepts and tools from the field of communications, particularly regarding the nineteenth-century work of figures like Helmholtz and in the American Cold War Era. The following focuses specifically on the interwar research of the Cambridge physiologist Edgar Douglas Adrian, and on the technology that led to his Nobel-Prize-winning research, the thermionic vacuum tube. Many countries used the vacuum tube during the war for the purpose of amplifying and intercepting coded messages. These events provided a context for Adrian's evolving understanding of the nerve fiber in the 1920s. In particular, they provide the background for Adrian's transition around 1926 to describing the nerve impulse in terms of “information,” “messages,” “signals,” or even “codes,” and for translating the basic principles of the nerve, such as the all-or-none principle and adaptation, into such an “informational” context. The following also places Adrian's research in the broader context of the changing relationship between science and technology, and between physics and physiology, in the first few decades of the twentieth century.
Dysglycemia induces abnormal circadian blood pressure variability

Prediabetes (PreDM) in asymptomatic adults is associated with abnormal circadian blood pressure variability (abnormal CBPV). Systemic inflammation and glycemia influence circadian blood pressure variability. Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats (n = 19) after weaning were fed either an American (AD) or a standard (SD) diet. The AD (high-glycemic-index, high-fat) simulated customary human diet, provided daily overabundant calories which over time lead to body weight gain. The SD (low-glycemic-index, low-fat) mirrored desirable balanced human diet for maintaining body weight. Body weight and serum concentrations for fasting glucose (FG), adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), and proinflammatory cytokines [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] were measured. Rats were surgically implanted with C40 transmitters and blood pressure (BP-both systolic; SBP and diastolic; DBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded by telemetry every 5 minutes during both sleep (day) and active (night) periods. Pulse pressure (PP) was calculated (PP = SBP-DBP). [mean(SEM)]: The AD fed group displayed significant increase in body weight (after 90 days; p < 0.01). Fasting glucose, adipokine (leptin and adiponectin) concentrations significantly increased (at 90 and 172 days; all p < 0.05), along with a trend for increased concentrations of systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1 and TNF-α) on day 90. The AD fed group, with significantly higher FG, also exhibited significantly elevated circadian (24-hour) overall mean SBP, DBP, PP and HR (all p < 0.05). These data validate our stated hypothesis that systemic inflammation and glycemia influence circadian blood pressure variability. This study, for the first time, demonstrates a cause and effect relationship between caloric excess, enhanced systemic inflammation, dysglycemia, loss of blood pressure control and abnormal CBPV. Our results provide the fundamental basis for examining the relationship between dysglycemia and perturbation of the underlying mechanisms (adipose tissue dysfunction induced local and systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and alteration of adipose tissue precursors for the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system) which generate abnormal CBPV.
Improved Wavelet-Based Embedded Image Coding Using a Dynamic Index Reordering Vector Quantizer

In this paper, we propose a temporal dynamic index reordering vector quantization for wavelet-based embedded coding. Da Silva et al. introduced a vector quantization concept that is similar to EZW called a successive approximation vector quantizer (SAVQ). The successive refinement process is defined as a temporal process in our proposed algorithm. The temporal updates are performed in every refinement pass, and the updates of codevectors reflect the updates of angles for vector approximation. Because the approximation trajectory of SAVQ is similar to that of the least-mean- square algorithm, temporal redundancy does not seem to be obvious. However, the redundancy becomes more clear in the improved SAVQ. By carefully analyzing the angle transitions, we are successfully able to apply dynamic index reordering vector quantization (DIRVQ) in the temporal domain and improve the coding performance. Efficient encoding and decoding algorithms for D4 lattice vector quantization are also proposed, and the algorithms can be applicable to DIRVQ to reduce the computational complexity of the reordering process. Experiments are performed with the 2x2 vector size. For almost all tested bpp's the PSNR performance of our proposed algorithm for a lena image outperforms that of SAVQ up to 0.18 dB. Improvement is measured for the highly detailed baboon image as well.
Reevaluating the Cost of Natal Dispersal: Post-Fledging Survival of Red-Bellied Woodpeckers

Abstract. Accurate estimates of juvenile survival are critical to understanding population processes. However, information about post-fledging vital rates is lacking for most avian species because of the difficulty of following individuals after they leave the nest. We radio-tagged 43 Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) as nestlings. We tracked the birds for 5 months after fledging, during exploratory forays and after natal dispersal. We modeled the influence of intrinsic, temporal, social, and landscape factors with the potential to affect survival during the post-fledging period. Estimates of post-fledging survival were best explained by fledgling age. Predictions of weekly survival rates were 0.94 for birds 1 week after fledging, then quickly increased to over 0.99 for birds 7–22 weeks after fledging. We calculated period survival for the entire 5 months as 0.80 (95% CI: 0.65–0.90). We observed no mortalities after the birds departed natal territories, suggesting that exploratory and dispers...
A sufficient optimality criterion in continuous time programming for generalized convex functions

The continuous time programming problem, originating from Bellman’s bottleneck problems [l], has been considered by number of authors. A partial list of references can be found in Farr and Hanson [2, 31. More recently, Singh and Farr [A established the optimality criteria of Kuhn-Tucker and Fritz John type without assuming differentiability of functions involved. However, all the work done so far in the nonlinear case is based on the assumption the functions involved are either convex or concave. In this paper we weaken the convexity/concavity restrictions by considering quasi-convex/quasi-concave and pseudoconvex functions. More specifically we will assume that the objective function involve pseudoconvexity “almost everywhere” and the constraints involve quasi-convex and quasi-concave functions. Having this set up we establish a sufficient optimality criterion of the classical type as presented in Mangasarian [5]. Functions are assumed to be FrCchet differentiable. For definition and properties of FrCchet differential the reader is referred to Luenberger [4] and Rall [6].
Millimeter-Wave Interferometric Angular Velocity Detection

A new method of detecting the angular velocity of moving objects using correlation interferometry is presented. As an object passes through the interferometer beam pattern, the frequency of the signal response is directly proportional to the angular velocity of the object. Only a simple frequency analysis is required to measure the velocity, whereas typical techniques require angle estimation and multiple looks to calculate the rate of angular change over time. The general response of the interferometer is derived, as well as the fringe frequency. The method is verified by detecting the angular velocity of a walking human with a millimeter-wave correlation interferometer, and experimental results of a walking human are presented.
Short channel effects in dual gate field effect transistors

The behavior of short channel dual gate FETs has been experimentally characterized and modeled using a numerical two dimensional simulation. The modeled results agree very well with the experiment and are used to understand the interaction of applied voltages with channel length. Comparison is made to modeled and experimental short channel behavior on single gate FETs with junction depth as a parameter.
Principled Communication for Dynamic Multi-robot Task Allocation

In the pursuit of an efficient cooperative multi-robot system, the researcher must eventually answer the question “how should robots communicate?”; a natural way to attack this question is to decompose it into three simpler corollaries: “what should robots communicate?”, “when should they communicate?” and “with whom should they communicate?”. In this paper, we propose answers to these questions in the form of a general framework for inter-robot communication and, more specifically, advocate its use in dynamic task allocation for teams of cooperative mobile robots. We base our communication model on publish/subscribe messaging and validate our system by using it in a tightly-coupled multi-robot manipulaion task and a loosely-coupled long-term experiment involving many robots concurrently executing different tasks.
A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca)

Cephalopoda represents a highly diverse group of molluscs, ranging in habitat from coastal regions to deep benthic waters. While cephalopods remain at the forefront of modern biology, in providing insight into fields such as neurobiology and population genetics, little is known about the relationships within the group. This study provides a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Cephalopoda (Mollusca) using a combination of molecular and morphological data. Four loci (three nuclear 18S rRNA, fragments of 28S rRNA and histone H3 and one mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) were combined with 101 morphological characters to test the relationships of 60 species of cephalopods, with emphasis within Decabrachia (squids and cuttlefishes). Individual and combined data sets were analyzed using the direct optimization method, with parsimony as the optimality criterion. Analyses were repeated for 12 different parameter sets accounting for a range of indel ⁄ change and transversion ⁄ transition cost ratios. Most analyses support the monophyly of Cephalopoda, Nautiloidea, Coleoidea and Decabrachia, however, the monophyly of Octobrachia was refuted due to the lack of support for a Cirroctopoda + Octopoda group. When analyzing all molecular evidence in combination and for total evidence analyses, Vampyromorpha formed the sister group to Decabrachia under the majority of parameters, while morphological data and some individual data sets supported a sister relationship between Vampyromorpha and Octobrachia. Within Decabrachia, a relationship between the sepioids Idiosepiida, Sepiida, Sepiolida and the teuthid Loliginidae was supported. Spirulida fell within the teuthid group in most analyses, further rendering Teuthida paraphyletic. Relationships within Decabrachia and specifically Oegopsida were found to be highly parameter-dependent. � The Willi Hennig Society 2004.
The Ongoing Revolution in Punishment Theory: Doing Justice as Controlling Crime

This lecture offers a broad review of current punishment theory debates and the alternative distributive principles for criminal liability and punishment that they suggest. This broader perspective attempts to explain in part the Model Penal Code's recent shift to reliance upon desert and accompanying limitation on the principles of deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.
The Role of Case Complexity in Judicial Decision Making

The literature on ideology and decision making offers conflicting expectations about how judges' ideology should affect their votes in cases that raise many legal issues. Using cases from the U.S. courts of appeals, I examine the strength of ideology as a predictor of sincere voting in single and multi-issue cases, and test whether the same effect for ideology can be seen for liberal and conservative judges. For all judges, ideology yields a larger effect as the number of issues increases; however, conservative judges are much more likely than liberal judges to cast sincere votes at all levels of complexity.
Responsible Data Releases

Data releases to the public should ensure the privacy of individuals involved in the data. Several privacy mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. One such technique is that of data anonymization. For example, synthetic data sets are generated and released. In this paper we analyze the privacy aspects of synthetic data sets. In particular, we introduce a natural notion of privacy and employ it for synthetic data sets.
Correlation of isomeric fatty acids in human adipose tissue with clinical risk factors for cardiovascular disease

The relationships between the adipose tissue concentrations of 19 geometric and positional fatty acid isomers and 10 cardiovascular disease risk factors were determined in 76 free-living adult males. The percentages for trans isomers (total x ± SO 4.14 ± 0.97%) and cis isomers (total.\: ± SO 2.91 ± 0.34%) in adipose tissue generally agreed with dietary estimates based on the consumption of hydrogenated oils. A major ex­ ception was the percentage of II c-18: I. which was twofold higher in adipose tissue. The total level orratty acid isomers in adipose tissue or a factor (derived by factor analysis) that was represen­ tative of isomers ofdietary origin was not significantly correlated with the cardiovascular risk factors. Only three trans isomers (l1i-18: I. 12(-18: I. and 5(-14: I ) and three cis isomers ( II c-18: I. 13c-18: I. and 7c-16: I) were weakly correlated either positively or negatively with age. body mass index. plasma and lipoprotein cholesterol. and/or blood pressure (P 0.231 l. Am J Clin NlIir 1991 :53:474-82.