cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Outcomes for Adult Children of Parents with Severe Mental Illnesses: Demographic and Clinical History Predictors

Children of parents with mental illness are at risk of psychiatric and behavioral problems. Few studies have investigated the psychosocial outcomes of these children in adulthood or the parental psychiatric history variables that predict resilience. From a sample of 379 mothers with serious mental illnesses, 157 women who had at least one adult child between the ages of 18 and 30 were interviewed. Mothers reported that about 80 percent of these adult children were working, in school, or in training. However, about one-third had not completed high school, and 54 percent were judged to have a major problem in psychological, drug or alcohol, or legal domains. Although nearly 40 percent were parents of minor children, only about 12 percent were in a committed relationship. Mothers' bipolar diagnosis was a significant predictor for number of adult child problems. The results indicate a need for more attention to the parenting status of adults with mental illnesses and to their parenting concerns and needs.
Spatial simulation of landscape changes in Georgia: A comparison of 3 transition models

Spatial simulation models were developed to predict temporal changes in land use patterns in a piedmont county in Georgia (USA). Five land use categories were included: urban, cropland, abandoned cropland, pasture, and forest. Land use data were obtained from historical aerial photography and digitized into a matrix based on a 1 ha grid cell format. Three different types of spatial simulation were compared: (1) random simulations based solely on transition probabilities; (2) spatial simulations in which the four nearest neighbors (adjacent cells only) influence transitions; and (3) spatial simulations in which the eight nearest neighbors (adjacent and diagonal cells) influence transitions. Models and data were compared using the mean number and size of patches, fractal dimension of patches, and amount of edge between land uses. The random model simulated a highly fragmented landscape having numerous, small patches with relatively complex shapes. The two versions of the spatial model simulated cropland well, but simulated patches of forest and abandoned cropland were fewer, larger, and more simple than those in the real landscape. Several possible modifications of model structure are proposed. The modeling approach presented here is a potentially general one for simulating human-influenced landscapes.
Navajo Use of Native Healers

Background Although the Indian Health Service provides extensive health care service to Navajo people, the role of native healers, or medicine men, has not been quantitatively described. Objective To determine the prevalence of native healer use, the reasons for use, cost of use, and the nature of any conflict with conventional medicine. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional interview of 300 Navajo patients seen consecutively in an ambulatory care clinic at a rural Indian Health Service hospital. Results Sixty-two percent of Navajo patients had used native healers and 39% used native healers on a regular basis; users were not distinguishable from nonusers by age, education, income, fluency in English, identification of a primary provider, or compliance, but Pentecostal patients used native healers less than patients of other faiths. Patients consulted native healers for common medical conditions such as arthritis, depression, and diabetes mellitus as well as "bad luck." Perceived conflict between native healer advice and medical provider advice was rare. Cost was the main barrier to seeking native healer care. Conclusions Among the Navajo, use of native healers for medical conditions is common and is not related to age, sex, or income but is inversely correlated with the Pentecostal faith; use of healers overlaps with use of medical providers for common medical conditions. Patients are willing to discuss use of native healers and rarely perceive conflict between native healer and conventional medicine. This corroborates other research suggesting that alternative medicine is widely used by many cultural groups for common diseases.
Compound-cavity laser modes for arbitrary interface reflectivity.

Calculations of the longitudinal mode functions for the electric field of a compound-cavity laser show that the loss and gain coefficients are given by the Airy formula, as a function of the mode frequencies. Further, when the external cavity is longer than the gain-medium cavity, the frequency dependence of the gain is stronger than that of the loss, even when the intracavity surfaces are antireflection coated. These results provide a generalization of the oft used dielectric-bump model, in which the intracavity reflectivity has a lower bound fixed by the index mismatch at the interface between the gain medium and the external cavity.
Jobless innovation [Spectral Lines]

The creative destruction unleashed by Silicon Valley start-ups spawns whole new industries but may kill more jobs than it generates.
Calcineurin activity is required for cardiac remodelling in pregnancy

Aims Calcium fluctuations and cardiac hypertrophy occur during pregnancy, but the role of the well-studied calcium-activated phosphatase, calcineurin, has not been studied in this setting. The purpose of this study was to determine whether calcineurin signalling is required for cardiac remodelling during pregnancy in mice. Methods and results We first examined calcineurin expression in the heart of mice during pregnancy. We found both calcineurin levels and activity were significantly increased in early-pregnancy and decreased in late-pregnancy. Since progesterone levels start to rise in early-pregnancy, we investigated whether progesterone alone was sufficient to modulate calcineurin levels in vivo . After implantation of progesterone pellets in non-pregnant female mice, cardiac mass increased, whereas cardiac function was maintained. In addition, calcineurin levels increased, which is also consistent with early-pregnancy. To determine whether these effects were occurring in the cardiac myocytes, we treated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) with pregnancy-associated sex hormones. We found that progesterone treatment, but not oestradiol, increased calcineurin levels. To obtain a functional read-out of increased calcineurin activity, we measured the activity of the transcription factor NFAT, a downstream target of calcineurin. Progesterone treatment significantly increased NFAT activity in NRVMs, and this was blocked by the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA), showing that the progesterone-mediated increase in NFAT activity requires calcineurin activity. Importantly, CsA treatment of mice completely blocked pregnancy-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusion Our results show that calcineurin is required for pregnancy-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and that calcineurin activity in early-pregnancy is due at least in part to increased progesterone.
Paths to statistical fluency for ecologists

Twenty-first-century ecology requires statistical fluency. Ecological observations now include diverse types of data collected across spatial scales ranging from the microscopic to the global, and at temporal scales ranging from nanoseconds to millennia. Ecological experiments now use designs that account for multiple linear and non-linear interactions, and ecological theories incorporate both predictable and random processes. Ecological debates often revolve around issues of fundamental statistical theory and require the development of novel statistical methods. In short, if we want to test hypotheses, model data, and forecast future environmental conditions in the 21st century, we must move beyond basic statistical literacy and attain statistical fluency: the ability to apply statistical principles and adapt statistical methods to non-standard questions. Our prescription for attaining statistical fluency includes two semesters of standard calculus, calculus-based statistics courses, and, most importantl...
An examination of the relationship between international telecommunication networks, terrorism and global news coverage

This research examines the relationship between a country’s position in the international telecommunications (telephone and Internet) network and whether or not it is a state sponsor or a provider of sanctuary for terrorists. It also examines the structure of global news coverage of terrorism. A longitudinal analysis of international telephone calls and Internet traffic, as well as the news coverage among countries, identifies changes in the network structures, which provides an understanding of network dynamics and how they evolve alongside international relations. Changes in the co-occurrences of countries coverage in the international news network were examined to determine how the telecommunication and news coverage networks co-evolve.
Is Female Orgasm a Covert Mate Choice Mechanism

Debate surrounds whether women’s orgasm is an adaptation or by-product of orgasm in men. We clarify what evidence would decide this debate and review evidence that female orgasm is an adaptation for promoting fertilization by men of high genetic quality. Female orgasm does not appear vestigial as by-products do. Rather, cross-species data suggest that female orgasm depends on the quality of a female’s mate and evolves where females copulate polyandrously. Sex differences in human orgasm frequency mirror sex differences in choosiness over mates, and orgasm frequency tracks conception risk across the cycle, another indicator of a sire choice function. Manipulations of orgasm-related hormones and brain regions in humans and nonhuman mammals indicate that female orgasm promotes conception. We review evidence of men’s concern over female orgasm in order to gauge paternity certainty, and evidence that women feign orgasm in order to maintain male investment.
Natural Selection and the Frequency Distributions of “Silent” DNA Polymorphism in Drosophila

In Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Drosophila melanogaster, codon bias may be maintained by a balance among mutation pressure, genetic drift, and natural selection favoring translationally superior codons. Under such an evolutionary model, silent mutations fall into two fitness categories: preferred mutations that increase codon bias and unpreferred changes in the opposite direction. This prediction can be tested by comparing the frequency spectra of synonymous changes segregating within populations; natural selection will elevate the frequencies of advantageous mutations relative to that of deleterious changes. The frequency distributions of preferred and unpreferred mutations differ in the predicted direction among 99 alleles of two D. pseudoobscura genes and five alleles of eight D. simulans genes. This result confirms the existence of fitness classes of silent mutations. Maximum likelihood estimates suggest that selection intensity at silent sites is, on average, very weak in both D. pseudoobscura and D. simulans (|N(e)s| & 1). Inference of evolutionary processes from within-species sequence variation is often hindered by the assumption of a stationary frequency distribution. This assumption can be avoided when identifying the action of selection and tested when estimating selection intensity.
Exchangeable zinc pool size at birth is smaller in small-for-gestational-age than in appropriate-for-gestational-age preterm infants.

BACKGROUND Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants are susceptible to postnatal zinc deficiency, but whether this susceptibility is due to intrauterine factors or to high postnatal growth requirements is unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the size of the exchangeable zinc pool (EZP), which reflects metabolically available zinc, would be smaller in SGA than in appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants born prematurely. DESIGN Intravenous 70Zn (45 microg/kg) was administered to 10 SGA infants (8 boys) with a mean (+/-SD) gestational age of 33.3 +/- 1.8 wk and to 11 AGA infants (8 boys) with a mean (+/-SD) gestational age of 32.4 +/- 1.2 wk within 24 h of birth. The EZP was determined from isotope enrichment in spot urine collections on days 3-7. RESULTS The mean birth weight of the SGA infants was 1.30 +/- 0.2 kg and of the AGA infants was 1.84 +/- 0.3 kg (P = 0.0001). The EZP size was significantly smaller in the SGA than in the AGA infants on an absolute basis (13.3 +/- 2.8 and 25.2 +/- 8.1 mg; P = 0.0002) and relative to body weight (10.3 +/- 2.5 and 13.9 +/- 4.5 mg/kg; P = 0.02). The difference remained significant after adjustment for gestational age and birth weight. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence for differential zinc status at birth between SGA and AGA infants born prematurely at similar stages of gestation and offer at least a partial explanation for the reported benefits of postnatal zinc supplementation.
Hope, Readiness, and Coping in Family Recovery From Addiction

Addiction adversely affects families, making family recovery important. Family members appear to benefit from hope, healthy coping skills, and a readiness to change. Family recovery research is limited and relationships between these variables are underexplored. Using structural equation modeling, preparation for change at initial assessment before a family treatment program predicted higher hope and coping skills after participation. Initial levels of hope predicted coping skills posttreatment. Gender, treatment track of the addict, and family members’ relation to the addict showed significant effects. The importance of family members’ hope, coping, and readiness to change in family recovery are discussed.
MEMS based Braille system

Visually impaired individuals are not able to peruse like ordinary people. Tactile technologies are helpful for those to read through sense of touch but these technologies are not yet widely available, due to their high cost, non ideal response and degree of safety. In this research an attempt is made on designing an affordable and useable MEMS (Microelectromechanical system) based Braille system, offering an efficient way in improving readability of visually impaired people. Our ultimate goal is to design a wearable system that converts digital text files into tactile signals using USB port. This system will be based on MEMS actuators that would mimic these Braille dots. In this paper such a Braille system is presented having overall size of 9mm* 16mm. In comparison with other MEMS based Braille systems, this design requires low input voltage i.e. 0.6V in order to produce required deflection of 0.25mm of Braille dot. With the help of this tactile display visual impaired person can read with the speed of sighted human beings. The device is easy to wear as the material and operating temperature are not harmful to the human skin.
Abstract TP278: Prevalence Of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and its Impact On Outcome In Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving IV tPA Therapy

Background: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is a generalized inflammatory state linked to a release of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and associated with fibrin deposition, platelet aggregation, and coagulopathies. Although SIRS is associated with various inflammatory and ischemic conditions, its prevalence and impact on patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has not been extensively studied. Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study was used to look at the prevalence of SIRS and its impact on outcome in AIS patients treated with IV tPA between 2009-2011 at our tertiary care center. SIRS was diagnosed if two or more of the following were present: temperature 38°C, heart rate > 90/min, respiratory rate >20/min or PaCO 2 3 or >12000/mm 3 or 10% bands. Patients meeting the SIRS criteria for at least 24h were included in the study. Patients with signs of active infection such as pneumonia, UTI, bacteremia, and sinusitis or deep venous thrombosis were excluded from the study. The discharge modified Rankin score (mRS) was used to compare the short-term outcomes between patients with and without SIRS. An mRS of 4-6 was used to define poor functional outcome. Results: Out of the 212 patients screened, 44 met the SIRS criteria (21%). The median NIHSS for SIRS patients was 9 (range 0-32). SIRS patients were more likely to have a longer length of stay than non-SIRS patients (5 vs. 3 days; p Conclusions: One out of five AIS patients treated with IV tPA developed SIRS. The presence of SIRS is associated with poor short-term functional outcomes and prolonged length of stay.
Autoradiographic evaluation of [3H]CUMI-101, a novel, selective 5-HT1AR ligand in human and baboon brain

1769 Objectives [11C]CUMI-101 is the first selective serotonin receptor (5-HT1AR) partial agonist radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) tested in vivo in nonhuman primates and humans. We evaluated specific binding of [3H]CUMI-101 by quantitative autoradiography studies in postmortem baboon and human brain sections and compared the binding data with that of known agonist ligand [3H]8-OH-DPAT and antagonist ligand [3H]WAY100635. Methods Postmortem brain (20 micron) sections of baboons and human including prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and thalamus were used for quantitative autoradiography studies with [3H]CUMI-101. Adjacent sections were incubated with 3H-CUMI and prazosin or WAY-100635 to determine specific binding to alpha1-adrenergic receptors and 5-HT1ARs, respectively. Slides were exposed to tritium-sensitive screen and developed using a Packard Cyclone phosphor-imager. The autoradiograms were sampled using a computer-based image analysis system. Results The regional and laminar distributions of [3H]CUMI-101 binding in baboon and human brain sections matched the known distribution of [3H]8-OH-DPAT and [3H]WAY100635. Blocking studies with prazosin did not measurably displace [3H]CUMI-101 binding in baboon or human brain sections, thereby ruling out [3H]CUMI-101 binding to alpha1−adrenergic receptors. Conclusions [3H]CUMI-101 appears to be a sensitive tool for in vitro and [11C]CUMI-101 for in vivo studies in baboon and human to quantify high affinity 5-HT1AR in the central nervous system.
Optimizing Economic Benefits by Encouraging Use of Design Registration and Patent Protection

The extent of design registration protection by residents in several countries is analyzed. These statistics are compared with resident patent data to evaluate the ratio of resident design registrations to resident patents. The results of this analysis showed that many countries have significant design registration activity, and major design registration activity relative to patent protection, while other countries have very low design registration activity levels relative to patent protection. An analysis of these statistics is provided. A conclusion reached is that optimization of economic benefits for a country's novel product developments should have a substantial balance of design and patent protection. A specific ratio of DR grants to patent grants of at least 1 is suggested.
Bioerosion and Coral Reef Growth: A Dynamic Balance

Bioerosion, involving the weakening and breakdown of calcareous coral reef structures, is due to the chemical and mechanical activities of numerous and diverse biotic agents. These range in size from minute, primarily intra-skeletal organisms, the microborers (e.g., algae, fungi, bacteria) to larger and often externally-visible macroboring invertebrate (e.g., sponges, polychaete worms, sipunculans, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoids) and fish (e.g., parrotfishes, acanthurids, pufferfishes) species. Constructive coral reef growth and destructive bioerosive processes are often in close balance. Dead corals are generally subject to higher rates of bioerosion than living corals, therefore, bioerosion and reef degradation can result from disturbances that cause coral mortality, such as sedimentation, eutrophication, pollution, temperature extremes, predation, and coral diseases. The effects of intensive coral reef bioerosion, involving El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Acanthaster predation, watershed alterations, and over-fishing, are re-examined after ~20 years (early 1990s–2010). We review the evidence showing that the biologically-mediated dissolution of calcium carbonate structures by endolithic algae and clionaid sponges will be accelerated with ocean acidification. The CaCO3 budget dynamics of Caribbean and eastern tropical Pacific reefs is reviewed and provides sobering case studies on the current state of coral reefs and their future in a high-CO2 world.
Pollination biology of Gelsemium sempervirensL. (Ait.) (Gelsemiaceae): do male and female Habropoda laboriosa F. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) differ in pollination efficiency?

SummaryIn the outer coastal plain of Georgia, USA, Gelsemium sempervirens (Gelsemiaceae) is heavily visited (69–100% of all flower visits) by male and female blueberry bees, Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera-Apidae). Fruit set is, however, consistently low (8–36% range). The pollination efficiency of male and female blueberry bees was studied using: 1. comparison of pollen loads on foraging male and female bees; 2. calculation of pollen loads on fresh stigmas of flowers exposed to a single visit by a female bee; and 3. an experimental test of fruit and seed set following exposure to one to eight visits by both male and female bees. Females had larger pollen loads in four of five body regions, but male bees consistently carried pollen in quantities sufficient for fertilization. A single visit from a female bee resulted in mixed pollen deposition of 76 pollen grains, 20 of which were from Gelsemium and 56 from Vaccinium. There was no significant relationship of either fruit or seed set with number of visits ...
MEASURING SELECTION ON REACTION NORMS: AN EXPLORATION OF THE EUROSTA-SOLIDAGO SYSTEM.

The sensitivity of genotypic expression to the environment can be depicted as the reaction norm, which is defined as the array of phenotypes produced by a single genotype over a range of environments. We studied selection on reaction norms of the gall-inducing insect Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera; Tephritidae), which attacks tall goldenrod Solidago altissima (Compositae). Gall size was treated as a component of insect phenotype and attributes of the host plant as environmental influences on gall development. Genetic differences in the response of gall size to plant lag time (the number of days before a plant responds to the gall maker) were examined. Reaction norms for full-sib families of flies were quantified as linear functions; the elevation of the function denoted gall size produced by the family averaged across all plants, and the function's slope denoted family sensitivity to lag time. Expected fitness of each family was regressed over reaction norm elevation and slope to yield selection gradients on these reaction norm parameters. Directional selection on gall size averaged across environments is four times stronger than selection on sensitivity. Yet, genetic variation for sensitivity contributes more than twice as much to gall phenotypic variance as family mean gall size. Our results suggest that selection on environmental sensitivity will be weak for populations restricted to a narrow segment of an environmental gradient, but strong for broadly distributed species.
The Effective Application of Incandescent Lamps for Motion Picture Photography

THE outstanding advance of the motion picture producing industry during the year just past has been the business approach to every phase of its operation; paralleled by technical developments in film emulsions, both factors have profoundly affected studio lighting practice. One result has been a rapid trend toward incandescent lighting.
Proliferation and vascularization of adult human epithelium in subcutaneous tissues of x-irradiated heterologous hosts.

SummaryIn 6 experiments, minced fragments of normal adult human epithelium implanted subcutaneously in previously x-irradiated heterologous hosts (rats and hamsters) became vascularized, proliferated and increased for approximately 15 days. After this period they died suddenly. In un-irradiated control animals the epithelial material survived in poor condition for 3-7 days but did not become vascularized. When transferred every 10 days to new groups of x-irradiated animals, human epithelium remained viable and in active mitosis for the duration of the experiment (3 generations or 31 days).
Automated Robust Path Following Control Based on Calculation of Lateral Deviation and Yaw Angle Error

Automated driving vehicles are expected to be ready for series production by 2020. An important component of automated driving technologies is controlled path following under longitudinal speed control. In this paper, a robust path following controller design based on lateral deviation and yaw angle error determination of the vehicle is proposed. The constrained least square method is used for obtaining continuity and smoothness of the segment boundaries of the digital trajectory map to be followed. The lateral deviation and yaw angle error are calculated by comparing the generated digital map trajectory and the vehicle position. The parameter space approach is used in the design stage of the controller considering D-stability requirements. The solution regions of the controller are plotted in three dimensional parameter space. The designed controller is tested with simulations on a path chosen from the Ohio State University campus.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
CONTINGENCY AND DETERMINISM IN MAMMALIAN BIOGEOGRAPHY: THE ROLE OF HISTORY

Although history is commonly thought to create unique and contingent consequences, historical effects in biogeography are often strikingly deterministic. The role of history in shaping de­ tenninistic biogeographic outcomes is evaluated over four temporal scales and against four biogeographic paradigms. First, history is shown to represent an important parameter for island biogeography; over ecological time spans, trenchant differences arise in patterns of species richness and species composition as a reflection of island history. Second, predictions arising from Quaternary studies of palynology and fossils can be refined by history; over millennia, dramatically different biogeographic responses are shown by historically differentiated faunas inhabiting the same mountain tops in the American Southwest. Third, phylogenetic analyses recover historical signals not in categories but rather in sequence; while "phylogeographic" studies provide unique explanations for specific taxa, the series of range expansions and dis­ junctions that are implied by these relationships offer "general" explanations for many other taxa Finally, over tens of millions of years, taxa respond differentially to the complex scenarios created by plate tectonics. For sigmodontine rodents invading South America, this response has involved differentiation and diversification at a continental scale. Over time, this effect has involved fundamental transformations of the invading lineage and reinvasions of formerly occupied range. Widespread evidence for historical influences in these and other biogeographic scenarios suggest that few, if any, systems are actually in equilibrium,
Efficacy of screening MR angiography and Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of carotid artery stenosis.

Abstract Significant progress has been made in the development of noninvasive screening techniques for evaluation of the carotid bifurcation prior to contrast angiography. The role and significance of Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) as an efficient cost effective screening examination for carotid artery stenosis remains to be determined. To that end, 120 carotid vessels, in 60 consecutive patients with carotid artery disease, were studied using MRA, Duplex ultrasonography (U/S), and conventional Digital Subtraction Arteriography (DSA). In a prospective blinded manner, using a standard scoring schematic, each carotid artery was evaluated with regard to degree of stenosis, zone of stenosis, and quality of the screening examination. The efficacy of MRA and U/S for detection of extracranial carotid stenoses was correlated with conventional DSA, which was used as a "standard of reference" for each patient. Screening studies were considered positive if the vessel stenosis was determined to be greater than 40 per cent. As a screening examination, U/S yielded a sensitivity of 88 per cent and a specificity of 81 per cent with 11 false positive and 7 false negative studies. MRA yielded a sensitivity of 84 per cent and a specificity of 81 per cent with 11 false positive and 9 false negative studies. Range of cost of each imaging modality was surveyed from our region as well as ease of access to each modality. MRA and U/S achieved equivalent accuracy as screening examinations and correlated well in sensitivity and specificity when quality of the examination and experience of the examination center was taken into consideration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Charged Propargyl-Linked Antifolates Reveal Mechanisms of Antifolate Resistance and Inhibit Trimethoprim-Resistant MRSA Strains Possessing Clinically Relevant Mutations

Drug-resistant enzymes must balance catalytic function with inhibitor destabilization to provide a fitness advantage. This sensitive balance, often involving very subtle structural changes, must be achieved through a selection process involving a minimal number of eligible point mutations. As part of a program to design propargyl-linked antifolates (PLAs) against trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Staphylococcus aureus, we have conducted a thorough study of several clinically observed chromosomal mutations in the enzyme at the cellular, biochemical, and structural levels. Through this work, we have identified a promising lead series that displays significantly greater activity against these mutant enzymes and strains than TMP. The best inhibitors have enzyme inhibition and MIC values near or below that of trimethoprim against wild-type S. aureus. Moreover, these studies employ a series of crystal structures of several mutant enzymes bound to the same inhibitor; analysis of the stru...
The Problem: Ethnicity and Community

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, no one travelled along the fast-flowing rivers that snake toward the mountainous centre of Borneo without remarking on the stupendous buildings that were to be found along their banks. They were massive structures, accommodating hundreds of residents under one high-pitched roof, their floors raised well above ground level on sturdy pilings, their roomy interiors shady and inviting after the tropical brightness outside. To travel at all in the region was to travel between longhouses, and every arrival was a surprise. After hours of seeing nothing along the riverbanks but mangroves and palms and behind them the great trees of the rainforest, the first indication was a clump of canoes drawn up around an impromptu dock made of floating logs. On the bank above was a screen of fruit trees, and behind that the looming bulk of the longhouse. From apparently empty forest, the visitor was abruptly immersed in the social density of a city. Why Longhouses? No simple feature of ecology or geography requires this peculiar mode of residence. In other parts of Southeast Asia, populations with similar forest environments and technologies of swidden agriculture live dispersed more evenly across the terrain. Throughout large areas of the Philippines and Indonesia, relatively insubstantial single-family houses are typically sited in small clusters directly adjacent to current farm sites. Indeed, there are obvious advantages to this arrangement, as compared to travelling back and forth between longhouses and jungle farms that have to be cleared anew every year.
Building the Golden Gate Bridge: A Workers’ Oral History. By Harvey Schwartz

Evan “Slim” Lambert worked on a fishing boat in Alaska and as a cowboy in Arizona in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but nothing could have prepared him for working on the Golden Gate Bridge. Slim ...
Most Physically Educated Contest

It is seldom that the accomplishments of secondary physical education students are celebrated. The Most Physically Educated Contest was developed to allow students from several school districts to ...
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Diagnosis and Glycemic Control Among Women of Reproductive Age.

Abstract Background: Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus complicate pregnancies and threaten the health of women of reproductive age and their children. Among older adults, diabetes morbidity disproportionately burdens racial/ethnic minorities, but diabetes emergence among younger adults has not been as well characterized. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, suboptimal preconception glycemic control, and prediabetes among women of reproductive age across racial/ethnic backgrounds. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data collected in 2007–2008 from 6774 nonpregnant women, ages 24–32, in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes were identified by fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and diagnosed diabetes by self-report or antihyperglycemic medication use. We used multinomial regression models to predict prediabetes or diabetes versus normoglycemia. Within wo...
Frances Wright (D’Arusmont) (1795–1852)

Despite John Stuart Mill’s pronouncement after the death of Frances Wright that she had been one of the most important women of her day, Wright is almost unknown by philosophy students who study Mill’s Utilitarian feminism.1 Wright had claimed Jeremy Bentham, Mill’s mentor, “my philosopher,” and he in turn identified her as “of strongest mind.” Wright’s notoriety was extensive: Lafayette called her “daughter,” Mary Shelley “wonderful and interesting,” Frances Trollope “glorious,” Walt Whitman “a brilliant woman, of beauty and estate,” the Swiss economist Sismondi “a new St. Theresa.” But Catherine Beecher accused her of being “brazen” and others called her a “red harlot of infidelity.”
Renal Safety of Ibuprofen: Pharmacokinetic Aspects

The role of pharmacokinetics in determining the renal safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is not widely appreciated. Indeed, the impact of NSAIDs’ pharmacokinetics on efficacy and toxicity generally receives little attention and few studies examine this issue. However, pharmacokinetics could be an important determinant of NSAIDs’ renal safety. This paper discusses two emerging aspects of NSAIDs’ pharmacokinetics. Firstly, NSAIDs’ effects on renal function in patients susceptible to renal ischaemia and, secondly, the role of racemic inversion in determining ibuprofen’s duration of action.
Case 12: Zone III Rupture Requiring Muscle Take-Down After Hockey Stick Injury

A 31-year-old man presented with a Zone III open globe injury of the left eye following severe blunt trauma from a hockey stick. The vision was hand motions (HM), intraocular pressure (IOP) was 5, and there was an afferent pupillary defect (APD) by reverse. During surgical exploration, the rupture was identified at the equator, approximately 15 mm posterior to the limbus. The wound ran posterior to the lateral rectus muscle insertion, which was temporarily disinserted to provide adequate exposure for wound closure. Postoperative B-scan revealed a funnel retinal detachment (RD), for which he underwent complex repair with 360 relaxing retinectomy and silicone oil tamponade. On the most recent follow-up, 8 months after injury, his vision was HM, IOP 14, and his remaining retina remained attached under oil.
Risk of Serious Bacterial Infection in Infants Aged ≤60 Days Presenting to Emergency Departments with a History of Fever Only.

Objective To compare the risk of serious bacterial infection between infants aged ≤60 days who are febrile in the emergency department (ED) and those who have only a history of fever and are afebrile on arrival to the ED. Study design In this secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective study using data collected between December 2008 and May 2013, we compared the rate of serious bacterial infection (urinary tract infection [UTI], bacteremia, and/or bacterial meningitis) between infants who have a history of fever but are afebrile on arrival to the ED and those with fever documented in the ED (rectal temperature ≥38.0 °C) using relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. Stratified analyses were performed for age (≤28 and 29-60 days) and serious bacterial infection type. Infants born prematurely and those with a clinical focal infection or serious illness were excluded. Results A total of 3825 infants (mean age, 35.2 days; 56.9% male) were included. Of the 1233 (32.2%) who were afebrile in the ED, 108 (8.8%) had a serious bacterial infection (UTI, n = 94 [7.6%]; bacteremia, n = 19 [1.5%]; bacterial meningitis, n = 8 [0.6%]). Of the 2592 infants (67.8%) who were febrile in the ED, 331 (12.8%) had a serious bacterial infection (UTI, n = 285 [11.0%]; bacteremia, n = 61 [2.4%]; bacterial meningitis, n = 17 [0.7%]). The RR for serious bacterial infection for afebrile vs febrile infants was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.56-0.84). A lower risk of serious bacterial infection was also seen among afebrile vs febrile infants aged ≤28 days (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.52-0.93) and age 29-60 days (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.50-0.89). Conclusions The prevalence of serious bacterial infection is lower in infants aged ≤60 days with a history of fever compared with those who are febrile on arrival to the ED. The small risk reduction in this group is unlikely to alter decision making.
Effects of System Time Delay as Humans Learn to Control Dynamic Systems

We present results from an experiment in which 22 human subjects each interact with a dynamic system 50 times over a one-week period. For each interaction, a subject is asked to perform a command-following task, which is the same task for all 50 of the subject's trials. However, the time delay of the dynamic system is increased twice during the 50 trials. We use the experimental results to examine the effects of system time delay on the subjects' performance, control strategies, and learning process. For example, we examine the effects of time delay on the subjects' step-command following performance (e.g., transient error, steady-state error, settling time). We also use subsystem identification to model the control strategies (feedback, feedforward, and feedback delay) that each subject uses on each trial of the experiment. The average identified feedforward controller approximates the inverses dynamics of the system with which the subject interacts better after numerous trials than on the first trial. In addition, increasing the system time delay tends to degrade the subjects' ability to approximate the inverse system dynamics in feedforward.
Enhanced metastatic potential in the MB49 urothelial carcinoma model

Recent data suggest that patients with a basal/stem-like bladder cancer (BC) subtype tend to have metastatic disease, but this is unconfirmed. Here we report the identification of murine MB49 cell line sub-clones with stem-like characteristics in culture. Subcutaneous implantation of S2 and S4 MB49 sub-clones into immunocompetent mice resulted in lung metastases in 50% and 80% of mice respectively, whereas none of the mice implanted with the parental cells developed metastasis. Gene profiling of cells cultured from S2 and S4 primary and metastatic tumors revealed that a panel of genes with basal/stem-like/EMT properties is amplified during metastatic progression. Among them, ITGB1, TWIST1 and KRT6B are consistently up-regulated in metastatic tumors of both MB49 sub-clones. To evaluate clinical relevance, we examined these genes in a human public dataset and found that ITGB1 and KRT6B expression in BC patient tumor samples are positively correlated with tumor grade. Likewise, the expression levels of these three genes are correlated with worse clinical outcomes. This MB49 BC metastatic pre-clinical model provides a unique opportunity to validate and recapitulate results discovered in patient studies and to pursue future mechanistic therapeutic interventions for BC metastasis.
Spatial Distribution of Silica-Bound Catalytic Organic Functional Groups Can Now Be Revealed by Conventional and DNP-Enhanced Solid-State NMR Methods

Understanding the spatial distribution of functionalities on surfaces with atomic-scale resolution is very important for catalytic applications, yet very challenging for analytical inquiry. Recent ...
Bottlenecks, cooperation, and competition in nascent ecosystems

Douglas P. Hannah and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt were recognized as a runner up for the 2019 Ralph Gomory Best Industry Studies Paper Award.
A Neural Network Approach for Waveform Generation and Selection with Multi-Mission Radar

Nonlinear frequency modulated (NLFM) pulse compression waveforms have become a mainstream methodology for radars across multiple sectors and missions, including weather observation, target tracking, and target detection. NLFM affords the ability to generate a low-sidelobe autocorrelation function and matched filter while avoiding aggressive amplitude modulation, resulting in more power incident on the target. This capability can lead to significantly lower system design costs due to the possibility of sensitivity gains on the order of 3 dB or more compared with traditional, amplitude-modulated linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveforms. Generation of an optimal NLFM waveform, however, can be an arduous task, and may involve complex optimization and non-closed-form solutions. For a multi-mission or cognitive radar, which may utilize a wide combination of frequencies, pulse lengths, and amplitude modulations (among other factors), this could lead to an extremely large waveform table for selection. This paper takes a neural network approach to this problem by optimizing a set of over 100 waveforms spanning a wide space and using the results to interpolate the waveform possibilities to a higher resolution. A modified form of a previous NLFM method is combined with a four-hidden-layer neural network to show the integrated and peak range sidelobes of the generated waveforms across the model training space. The results are applicable to multi-mission and cognitive radars that need precise waveform specifications in rapid succession. The expected waveform generation times are addressed and quantified, and the potential applicability to multi-mission and cognitive radars is discussed.
Searching for Graphite Nodule Nuclei Using Automated SEM/EDX Analysis

Nonmetallic inclusions play a vital role for graphite nodule nucleation in cast iron with spheroidal graphite (SGI). Therefore, knowledge about composition of heterogeneous nuclei is practically important and can be used to control solidification in SGI castings. Thermodynamic simulations were performed to predict types of nonmetallic precipitates formed in the entire SGI processing, including melt nodularization and inoculation as well as followed melt cooling and casting solidification. To verify simulation results, the experimental SGI heats were performed with variations in nodularization and inoculation practices. Two types of specimens were collected. The first one was direct-quenched from the inoculated melt, and the second one was taken from the castings. An automated SEM/EDX inclusion analysis was used for evaluation of families of nonmetallic inclusions located in the matrix and inside graphite nodules. Nucleation activity of different precipitates was determined from the partitioning of active elements (Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ce, La, Ti, Zr) between the graphite nuclei and the matrix. Simulation and experimental data were used to discuss a nucleation mechanism of graphite nodules in inoculated SGI. Engineering of nonmetallic inclusions can be used to control SGI solidification.
Chapter 19 – Membrane Transport

Life depends on a membrane's ability to precisely control the level of solutes in the aqueous compartments, inside and outside, bathing the membrane. The membrane determines what solutes enter and leave a cell. Transmembrane transport is controlled by complex interactions between membrane lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. How the membrane accomplishes these tasks is the topic of this chapter.
A combined loading transducer for calculating the bending moment and torque in a slender circular beam using the minimum numbers of strain gauges, strain grids, and measurement channels:

The purpose of this work is to develop a new methodology that uses the minimum numbers of strain gauges, strain grids, and measurement channels to calculate the bending moment and torque in a slend...
Life history variation in two populations of California Newt, Taricha torosa

California Newts (Taricha torosa) are common amphibians throughout much of California, yet their life history has been little studied. We examined T. torosa in 2 physically separated breeding locations, a farm pond and a nearby stream, between February and June 2015. We synoptically collected physical measurements on adults as well as tissue samples from a subset of the newts present in both locations throughout the time period. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were used to characterize the trophic niche space among newts of different locations and ages. Our results suggest differentiated breeding phenologies as well as unique trophic signatures in the 2 different locations. In our sampling, the pond group bred and developed a few weeks earlier in the season and ate at a higher trophic level, while the stream group bred and developed later and ate lower on the food chain. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that the newts in this area exhibit some degree of ecological and life history plasticity.
Epac1 (Exchange Protein Directly Activated by cAMP 1) Upregulates LOX-1 (Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1) to Promote Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis Development.

Objective: The cAMP second messenger system, a major stress-response pathway, plays essential roles in normal cardiovascular functions and in pathogenesis of heart diseases. Here, we test the hypot...
The Modernist Novel and the Decline of Empire

In the early twentieth century, subjects of the British Empire ceased to rely on a model of centre and periphery in imagining their world and came instead to view it as an interconnected network of cosmopolitan people and places. English language and literature were promoted as essential components of a commercial, cultural, and linguistic network that spanned the globe. John Marx argues that the early twentieth century was a key moment in the emergence of modern globalization, rather than simply a period of British imperial decline. Modernist fiction was actively engaged in this transformation of society on an international scale. The very stylistic abstraction that seemed to remove modernism from social reality, in fact internationalized the English language. Rather than mapping the decline of Empire, modernist novelists such as Conrad and Woolf celebrated the shared culture of the English language as more important than the waning imperial structures of Britain.
The Complexity of Health Disparities: More Than Just Black--White Differences

Health disparities have once again moved to the forefront of America's consciousness with the recent significant observation of dramatically higher death rates among African Americans with COVID-19...