cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An enterprise-wide approach to GIG internet protocol multicast

The Department is increasingly relying on IP multicast to support a growing demand for disseminating intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and to maximize bandwidth savings across strategic and resource-constrained tactical edge networks. A number of operational communities, including Global Broadcast Service (GBS), US Central Command (CENTCOM) Digital Video Broadcast — Return Channel Service (DVB-RCS), Unified Video Dissemination Service (UVDS), the Joint Communications Support Element (JCSE), Deployable Joint Command and Control (DJC2), Army (through its WIN-T program), and Missile Defense Agency (MDA) are currently using or planning the deployment of multicast across their networks. This paper will first discuss a short-term architecture for deploying IP multicast associated with the dissemination of UVDS, GBS, and DVB-RCS video streams to tactical users. This design involves the configuration of multicast Rendezvous Points (RPs) at strategic locations, combined with IPsec VPNs (used for transporting multicast across the Defense Information Systems Network (DISN)) to disseminate multicast traffic between fixed/tactical sources and receivers. Although this short-term solution will yield considerable benefits, it exhibits shortcomings that result from the lack of a common/standardized enterprise-wide multicast approach-programs are independently developing their own multicast architectures, leading to designs that are not scalable, interoperable, or efficient and require much more engineering to implement in an enterprise environment. A key component of this enterprise multicast architecture is the enabling of native multicast services across the DISN. A DISN multicast service, coupled with the enabling of multicast across DoD Gateways, Defense Enterprise Computing Centers (DECCs), Base / Camp / Post / Stations (B/C/P/S), and Deployed Networks (DNs), allows a standardized approach for subscription of these services, reduces engineering time to stand-up program specific multicast solutions, and increases the overall scalability and efficiency of traffic distribution. This paper will present the enterprise-wide multicast architecture and explain how the native enterprise multicast service will benefit existing and future strategic and tactical users. Lessons learned and implementation guidance, produced as part of several multicast Modeling and Simulation (M&S) and testing efforts throughout DISA, will be conveyed.
Aging analysis in large-scale wireless sensor networks

Most research on the lifetime of wireless sensor networks has focused primarily on the energy depletion of the very first node. In this study, we analyze the entire aging process of the sensor network in a periodic data gathering application. In sparse node deployments, it is observed that the existence of multiple alternate paths to a sink leads to a power law relation between connectivity to a sink and hop levels, where the probability of connection to a sink decreases in proportion to the hop level with an exponent, when device failures occur over time. Then, we provide distance-level analysis for the dense deployment case by taking into account the re-construction of a data gathering tree and workload shift caused by the energy depletion of nodes with larger workload. Extensive simulation results obtained with a realistic wireless link model are compared to our analytical results. Finally, we show through an analysis of the aging of first-hop nodes that increasing node density with a fixed radio range does not affect the network disconnection time.
Multiparticle simulation of adiabatic excitation of longitudinal parametric resonances

In order to further understand phenomena observed during studies of adiabatic excitation of longitudinal bunch shape oscillations [M. Bai et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 3, 064001 (2000)], we have developed a simulation using a one-turn map. In this report we will present the physical foundations for the simulation and the methods used in the simulator. We will present simulation results using parameters of actual experiments, along with the corresponding experimental results.
Ethanol effects on delayed spatial matching as modeled by a negative exponential forgetting function.

Performance on delayed matching-to-position as a function of ethanol was investigated in rats and dose effects assessed by fitting an exponential decay model of forgetting to signal detection sensitivity scores. Three ethanol doses (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g/kg) and one isovolume saline control were examined. For further comparison, one dose of chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 5 mg/kg) and its saline control were also given. Forgetting functions were reasonably well described by the decay model under all treatment conditions. In addition, the functions's decay constant (−b) proved to be differentially sensitive to both drug and dose effects. Reduced decay estimates were obtained following the two lowest ethanol doses, the reduction being statistically significant for the 0.25 g/kg dose. In contrast, the function estimate of initial sensitivity, the intercept parameter (SI0), was not significantly affected by ethanol. Consistent with the low-dose ethanol effects, CDP significantly decreased the value of the decay parameter while leaving the intercept parameter unaffected. But unlike ethanol, the variance accounted for by the model for the individual data was less following CDP administration. Drug effects were interpreted using the exponential decay model of forgetting, and the results suggest independent discriminative control over SI0 and b. The significant effect of the low-dose sedative-hypnotics upon b, with no attendant effects upon SI0, is suggested to result from enhanced, spontaneous, delay interval mediation.
Leakage Flow Over Shrouded Turbine Blades

In this paper the flows over shrouded turbine blades with single, double, and triple tip seals were simulated by using the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and a compressible k-e turbulence model. A multi-zone technique was used to generate the grids in the complex flow channel. The calculation results showed that the flow in the seal channel is very complicated and the leakage flow rate is dominated by the minimum flow area and the pressure difference. It showed that the leakage flow rate varies as a function of the number of seals to the power of −0.45. For the cases of multiple-seals the space between two seals has little effect on the total mass flow rate. Finally, it appears there is not a simple function between the leakage flow and the pressure difference.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Consequences of twisting solar magnetic fields in solar neutrino experiments.

The transverse component of the solar magnetic field may change its direction along the path of neutrinos. We examine possible consequences of such a twisting magnetic field in the proposed Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and BOREXINO experiments. Although for certain magnetic field configurations twisting can give rise to the production of electron antineutrinos, we show that such a process is sensitive to the detailed structure of the magnetic field.
Drop breakup in a turbulent flow. II: Experiments in a small mixing vessel

Abstract Using measured droplet size data for various oil-in-water systems, as well as fairly detailed statistics on the turbulent velocity field in a new type of mixing vessel with grid-type impellers, viscous and inertial breakup models developed in a preceding companion paper are tested. All evidence suggests that breakup in the new vessel is controlled by mean pressure fluctuations in the impeller region.
Diagnosing primary immunodeficiency: a practical approach for the non-immunologist.

AbstractObjective:This review will provide an overview of the most common clinical presentations of primary immunodeficiency (PI), navigating through various affected organ systems. The goal is to accurately portray the high variability of this disease and provide a resource that helps to raise the index of suspicion of PI among physicians, aid in recognition of various PI disorders, and trigger more frequent screenings with appropriate referrals to immunologists for further evaluation and treatment.Summary:Patients with PI comprise more than 200 defined genetic abnormalities. Patients have an array of clinical manifestations, ranging from the most widely associated recurrent and chronic bacterial infections to other associated comorbid conditions involving many organ systems. There is still considerable delay between the onset of symptoms and the time of diagnosis of PI. This review will present an overview of the clinical manifestations that will enhance a physician’s recognition of a possible PI. Parti...
Functionalization of 3D covalent organic frameworks using monofunctional boronic acids

Abstract Co-crystallizing a monomer capable of forming a three-dimensional covalent organic framework (3D COF) with a truncated analog represents a robust strategy to functionalize the pores of these crystalline polymer networks. Here we elaborate this approach by demonstrating that monofunctional arylboronic acids serve as effective truncation/functionalization agents for COF-102, a boroxine-linked 3D network derived from the dehydration of a tetrahedral tetrakis(boronic acid) monomer. The COF-102 network forms under typical solvothermal conditions, even in the presence of a large excess of 4-tolylboronic acid, which is incorporated into the polymer's boroxine linkages up to a maximum loading level of ca. 33 mol%. This finding indicates the maximum truncation level for the COF-102 network and suggests that framework crystallization is irreversible. At high feed ratios of the monofunctional boronic acid, the isolated COF-102-tolyl powders are initially contaminated by significant amounts of tris(4-tolyl)boroxine, which is removed through a solution-based activation process to provide COF-102-tolyl samples with high functionalization density, long-range order, and permanent porosity. We also demonstrate the generality of this truncation study by evaluating several other readily available arylboronic acids, each of which are incorporated into the COF similarly. Together these findings demonstrate the simplicity and generality of this truncation/functionalization approach, as well as its fundamental limits.
Semi-active control of flexural vibrations with an MR fluid actuator

The objective of this paper is to show an application of structural vibration control using a magnetorheological (MR) fluid actuator for a structural system to which is applied external forces. In order to control the structural vibration two control methods are applied and compared on the basis of variation control performance and energy consumption. One method is a fully-on control where the MR fluids are energized all the time so that the actuator performs as a tuned passive damper. The other method is a semi-active control of the input voltage whereby an MR fluid actuator is activated only for part of the vibration cycle. The structure used in this paper is a simply supported, uniform, homogeneous flexible beam. The MR fluid actuator is attached to the structural system in parallel. In this system the control inputs are moments at the points of the actuator attached to the system. The results of this paper show that the MR fluid actuator with the semi- active control method provide good vibration suppression with low energy consumption.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fatigue cracking in rigid airfield pavements at large commercial-service airports

Fatigue of airport pavements is an important consideration in the analysis of high-traffic pavements. The current pavement condition index (PCI) method of pavement evaluation does not adequately evaluate fatigue cracking of airport pavements and should be considered for modification. Recent field inspections by the authors of Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, and Albuquerque International Sunport have shown the fatigue cracking in thick concrete pavements to be prevalent. However, it is not normally recorded in a normal PCI inspection because the crack widths are less than 3 mm (1/8 in.). A properly designed, constructed, and maintained pavement should theoretically fail only in fatigue because all other distresses caused by construction deficiencies, material deficiencies, environmental distresses, and maintenance deficiencies would be avoided. Therefore, it is important for the management of airport pavements that receive high levels of traffic to conside...
Crystallization statistics, thermal history and glass formation

Abstract The formal theory of transformation kinetics describes the volume fraction of a phase transformed in a given time at a given temperature. The basic concepts are extended for isotropic crystal growth in a material having a known thermal history T ( r , t ). A crystal distribution function ψ ( r , t , R ) is defined such that the number of crystallites in a volume d υ at r having radii between R and R + d R at time t is ψ ( r , t , R ) d υ d R . The function ψ contains essentially complete statistical information about the state of crystallinity of a material. Formal expressions for ψ are obtained. Applications are discussed, including predictions of crystallinity when T ( r , t ) is known; predictions of glass-forming tendencies; experimental determination of nucleation rates; and the determination of the thermal history of a sample from post mortem crystallinity measurements. As an example, ψ ( r , t , R ) is calculated for a lunar glass composition subjected to a typical laboratory heat treatment.
Transgenic Mice in Developmental Toxicology

Recent advances in molecular biology and embryology are being utilized for experiments in mammalian genetics and toxicology. Some of the most important developments are based on the generation of transgenic mice, which are animals that contain specific additions, deletions, or modifications of genes or sequences in their DNA. Originally, pronuclear microinjection or retroviral infection of early-stage embryos was used to generate transgenic mice, and the integration of the exogenous DNA constructs occurred randomly throughout the host genome (reviewed by Palmiter and Brinster, 1986). In the past several years, mouse embryonic stem cells and homologous recombination procedures have made it possible to target specific DNA structural alterations to highly localized region in the host chromosomes (reviewed by Capecchi, 1989; Frohman and Martin, 1989). Most important, the majority of the DNA structural rearrangements in transgenic mice can be passed through the germ line and used to establish new genetic traits in the carrier animals. Since the use of transgenic mice is having such an enormous impact on so many areas of mammalian biological research, including developmental toxicology, it will be the objective of this review to briefly describe the fundamental methodologies for generating transgenic mice and to describe one particular application that has direct relevance to the field of genetic toxicology.
Power electronic transformer with reduced switch count and dual matrix converters to eliminate load common-mode voltage and input snubber requirement

This paper presents a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique for a reduced switch count high frequency power electronic transformer (PET) with direct ac-ac power conversion using dual matrix converters. High frequency switching common-mode voltages produced by power electronic converters across a machine can cause bearing currents, leading to premature bearing failure. The proposed PWM method for the PET with dual matrix converters aims at eliminating common-mode voltages across the open-end winding load. Also, the proposed PWM method facilitates zero current switching (ZCS) of PET primary side switches, thus eliminating snubber requirements for these switches. In addition, using dual matrix converters instead of a single matrix converter (proposed in a previous paper) results in increased maximum output voltage to input voltage ratio.
A parameterized Hough transform approach for estimating the support of the wideband spreading function of a distributed object

A multidimensional Hough transform is used in conjunction with continuous wavelet transforms to aid in solving a parameterized inverse problem. The inverse problem under consideration is the characterization of distributed scatterers by means of active wideband remote sensing. Wavelet transforms are used to obtain estimates of distributed scatterers in the delay/scale plane. From a noisy wavelet transform estimate, the Hough transform is used to estimate a support region which is directly related to the physical parameters describing the distributed object.
Partial eigenstructure assignment and its application to large scale systems

The notion of partial eigenstructure assignment (PEA) via linear state feedback control in linear multivariable systems is introduced. This notion is a natural extension of eigenstructure assignment and partial eigenvalue assignment. Some theoretical basis for PEA is provided, and a parametric expression for feedback gain matrices achieving PEA is derived. An effective numerical algorithm for PEA tailored to large-scale systems is presented. As an extension of the algorithm, a recursive algorithm for eigenstructure assignment is presented. These algorithms possess the following desired properties: (1) compared to existing methods, the presented algorithms significantly reduce the required computation time via transforming high-dimensional matrix computations into low-dimensional matrix computations; (2) they can be implemented in a parallel fashion. The proposed algorithm for PEA is applied to modal control of large flexible space structure systems. >
Anaerobic polymers as high vacuum leak sealants

The behavior and properties of anaerobic polymers are summarized. Their use as high‐vacuum leak sealants at temperatures up to 300 °C is discussed.
A model that takes into account the influence of chemical binding on neutron scattering in a resonance

Abstract The static model is widely in use in nuclear data processing codes, like NJOY, to describe neutron scattering in the resonance domain. With this model the influence of chemical binding on the transfer cross section is not taken into account since the nucleus is considered to be isolated and at rest in the laboratory system. Consequently, no gain of energy by the neutron is allowed. Further, the application of the free gas model to the resonant scattering of neutrons shows that the upscattering probability is strongly dependent on the incident neutron energy. If the latter is smaller than the resonance energy then the free gas model may predict an enormous chance for the neutron to gain energy after collision. The situation is opposite if the incident neutron energy is greater than the resonance energy. Neither static nor free gas model is adequate to describe the resonant scattering of neutrons in a solid state environment. This fact can induce non-negligible errors in reactor calculations and, in particular, in the estimation of Doppler coefficient. In the present paper I propose the study of the neutron resonant scattering in the harmonic crystal framework. The general description of the neutron scattering in crystals allows an approximation. This approximation enables one to take into account the influence of chemical binding on the transfer cross-section for heavy isotopes in the resonance domain and estimate the probabilities of up and down-scattering in the quantum mechanics framework.
The NTree: a two dimension partial order for protection groups

The benefits of providing access control with groups of users rather than with individuals as the unit of granularity are well known. These benefits are enhanced if the groups are organized in a subgroup partial order. A class of such partial orders, called ntrees, is defined by using a forest of rooted trees or inverted rooted trees as basic partial orders and combining these by refinement. Refinement explodes an existing group into a partially ordered ntree of new groups while maintaining the same relationship between each new group and the nonexploded groups that the exploded group had. Examples are discussed to show the practical significance of ntrees and the refinement operation. It is shown that ntrees can be represented by assigning a pair of integers called lr-values to each group so that g is a subgroup of h if and only if l[g] ≤ l[h] and r[g] ≤ r[h]. Refinement allows a complex ntree to be developed incrementally in a top-down manner and is useful for the initial definition of an ntree as well as for subsequent modifications. To make the latter use of refinement practical, a method is presented for assigning lr-values to the new groups introduced by refinement so lr-values assigned to nonexploded groups need not be changed. It is also shown how to guarantee that the lr-values of the exploded group will get assigned to one of the new groups.
Transfer of Files Between the Deep Impact Spacecrafts and the Ground Data System Using CFDP: a Case Study

The CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) Standard could reshape ground support architectures by enabling applications to communicate over the space link using reliable-symmetric transport services. JPL utilized the CFDP standard to support the Deep Impact Mission. The architecture was based on layering the CFDP applications on top of the CCSDS Space Link Extension Services for data transport from the mission control centers to the ground stations. On July 4, 2005 at 1:52 A.M. EDT, the Deep Impact impactor successfully collided with Comet Tempel 1. During the final 48 hours prior to impact, over 300 files were uplinked to the spacecraft, while over 10 thousand files were downlinked from the spacecraft using the CFDP during the encounter timeframe. This paper uses the Deep Impact Mission as a case study in a discussion of the CFDP architecture, Deep Impact Mission requirements, and design for integrating the CFDP into the JPL deep space support services. Issues and recommendations for future missions using CFDP are also provided.
Inhibition of Human Sperm Motility by Contraceptive Anti-Eppin Antibodies from Infertile Male Monkeys: Effect on Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Epididymal protease inhibitor (eppin [official symbol, SPINLW1]) is of interest as a male contraceptive target because of its specificity and location on the human sperm surface. We have examined the effect of anti-eppin antibodies from infertile male monkeys and the effect of recombinant human semenogelin on human sperm motility. Anti-eppin antibodies significantly decreased the progressive motility of human spermatozoa as measured by decreased total distance traveled, decreased straight-line distance, and decreased velocity. Anti-eppin treatment of spermatozoa significantly increased the amount of cAMP present in nonprogressive spermatozoa; however, approximately 25% of antibody-treated spermatozoa could be rescued by the addition of cAMP-acetoxymethyl ester, indicating that anti-eppin-treated spermatozoa have a compromised ability to utilize cAMP. Addition of recombinant human semenogelin has a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on progressive motility (increased tortuosity and decreased velocity). We tested the hypothesis that anti-eppin antibodies bound to eppin would subsequently block semenogelin binding to eppin. Anti-eppin antibodies from infertile monkeys inhibited eppin from binding to semenogelin. Addition of affinity-purified antibodies made to the dominant C-terminal epitope of eppin had an inhibitory effect on progressive motility (increased tortuosity, decreased velocity, and straight distance). Our results suggest that the eppin-semenogelin binding site is critical for the removal of semenogelin in vivo during semen liquefaction and for the initiation of progressive motility. We conclude that the eppin-semenogelin binding site on the surface of human spermatozoa is an ideal target for a nonsteroidal male contraceptive.
What is the clinical utility of a 6-month computed tomography in the follow-up of endovascular aneurysm repair patients?

Objective A drawback of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is the need for ongoing surveillance. Follow-up schedules including 1-, 6-, and 12-month computed tomography (CT) established by regulatory trials have been carried into clinical practice without critical assessment. The utility of a 6-month CT, with its associated radiation exposure and contrast toxicity, obtained after a normal result at 1-month CT has not been established. Methods All EVAR patients from 1996 to 2004 at one institution with complete local 1-year follow-up were reviewed for clinically significant CT findings at 1, 6, and 12 months. Before 2000, all patients underwent 1-, 6-, and 12-month CT. In 2000, a policy of omitting the 6-month CT in patients who had a normal result on the 1-month scan was adopted. Results During the study period, 573 patients underwent EVAR, and 376 patients who had complete local 1-year follow-up were included in this review. All had a 1-month CT scan and the result was abnormal in 40 (10.6%): five had type 1 leaks (1.3%), 34 had type 2 leaks (9.0%), and one had a type 3 leak (0.3%); all were followed with 6-month CT. The 1-month CT scan result was normal for 336 (89.4%) patients. Of these, group I (130 patients, 67 treated after 2000) underwent routine 6-month CT, with only two abnormalities noted (1.5%); both were type 2 endoleaks not associated with sac growth. No 6-month CT in this group demonstrated findings warranting intervention. The 6-month CT was omitted in group II (206 patients, all treated after 2000), and follow-up was only at 1 year. In this group, no patient's management would have been altered by findings on a 6-month CT. No patient in either group experienced aneurysm sac growth by 1 year. Clinical complications occurred in three group I patients (2.3%): seroma, limb occlusion, and main body thrombosis. Only one group II patient (0.5%) experienced a complication ≤1 year, a limb occlusion at 9 months. Conclusions After EVAR, a 6-month CT after a normal 1-month CT result does not identify any clinically significant findings warranting intervention and can be omitted safely from the follow-up schedule.
Effects of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on the intact rat, with special reference to cytochemical changes in the adrenal cortex.

The availability of adequate quantities of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone provided the opportunity for testing the hypothesis that, in the rat, the secretion of only the cortical “sugar” factors is under pituitary control (Swann, 1940; Sarason, 1943; Deane and Greep, 1946). Morphological evidence obtained thus far suggests that these hormones (the 11-oxygenated corticosteriods) are secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. This zone atrophies following hypophysectomy, but may be restored to normal by the administration of adrenocorticotropin (Simpson, Evans and Li, 1943). Furthermore, the zone enlarges and appears hyperactive when animals with intact pituitaries are subjected to physiological demands for increased gluconeogenesis (Dalton, Mitchell, Jones and Peters, 1944; Deane and McKibbin, 1946). The salt-regulating hormones of the adrenal do not seem to be under pituitary control in the rat. Salt balance is not seriously disturbed following hypophysectomy. Moreover, retention of so...
A study of brain structure evolution in simple embodied neural agents using genetic algorithms and category theory

Brain connections formed during the nurturing period of an infant's development are fundamental for survival. In this paper, elementary brain (neural interconnection pattern) evolution is simulated for various individuals in two similar artificial species. The simulation yields information about the learning, performance and brain structure of the population over time. Concepts from Categorical Neural Semantic Theory (CNST) are used to analyze the development of neural structure as evolution progresses. FlatWorld, a virtual two dimensional environment, is used to test survival skills of simple embodied neural agents. A combination of Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Neural Networks (NN) is applied within FlatWorld to study the relationship between the nurturing of the infant individuals during their developmental period with their subsequent behavior in the environment and the evolution of the associated brain structures. The results show evidence that during evolution, learning performance increases when brain structures required from CNST are formed, and that survival skills increase over evolutionary time-scales due to the formation of these structures.
Implementation and Spread of Interventions Into the Multilevel Context of Routine Practice and Policy: Implications for the Cancer Care Continuum

The promise of widespread implementation of efficacious interventions across the cancer continuum into routine practice and policy has yet to be realized. Multilevel influences, such as communities and families surrounding patients or health-care policies and organizations surrounding provider teams, may determine whether effective interventions are successfully implemented. Greater recognition of the importance of these influences in advancing (or hindering) the impact of single-level interventions has motivated the design and testing of multilevel interventions designed to address them. However, implementing research evidence from single- or multilevel interventions into sustainable routine practice and policy presents substantive challenges. Furthermore, relatively few multilevel interventions have been conducted along the cancer care continuum, and fewer still have been implemented, disseminated, or sustained in practice. The purpose of this chapter is, therefore, to illustrate and examine the concepts underlying the implementation and spread of multilevel interventions into routine practice and policy. We accomplish this goal by using a series of cancer and noncancer examples that have been successfully implemented and, in some cases, spread widely. Key concepts across these examples include the importance of phased implementation, recognizing the need for pilot testing, explicit engagement of key stakeholders within and between each intervention level; visible and consistent leadership and organizational support, including financial and human resources; better understanding of the policy context, fiscal climate, and incentives underlying implementation; explication of handoffs from researchers to accountable individuals within and across levels; ample integration of multilevel theories guiding implementation and evaluation; and strategies for long-term monitoring and sustainability.
Chatrooms in MOOCs: all talk and no action

We study effects of introducing a real-time chatroom into a massive open online course with several thousand students, supplementing an existing forum. The chatroom was supported by teaching assistants, and generated thousands of lines of discussion by 28\% of 681 consenting chat condition participants, mostly on-topic. Despite this, chat activity remained low ($\mu=8.2$ messages per hour) and we could find no significant effect of chat use on objective or subjective dependent variables such as grades, retention, forum participation, or students' sense of community. Further investigation reveals that only 12\% of chat participants have substantive interactions, while the remainder are either passive or have trivial interactions that are unlikely to result in learning.We also find that pervasive, highly visible chat interfaces are highly effective in encouraging both active and substantive participation in chat. When compared to chat interfaces that are restricted to a single webpage, the pervasive interface exhibits \changes{2.8 times} as many users with substantive interactions.
Optimizing Cross Enterprise Collaboration Using a Coordination Hub

In this manuscript, we present a new system architecture for cross collaboration among multiple service enterprises. This collaboration is through relaxing the ideal skill set requirements and distributing service requests among the enterprises using an intelligent hub. The hub operates under knowledge of current and expected future service request arrival for all enterprises. We also present an optimal operation logistic for the hub under which objectives such as cost can be optimized. We illustrate the overall system operation as well as details of the coordination hub service request assignment strategy.
Development of a risk adjustment mortality model using the American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR) experience: 1998-2000.

OBJECTIVES We sought to develop and evaluate a risk adjustment model for in-hospital mortality following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures using data from a large, multi-center registry. BACKGROUND The 1998-2000 American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR) dataset was used to overcome limitations of prior risk-adjustment analyses. METHODS Data on 100,253 PCI procedures collected at the ACC-NCDR between January 1, 1998, and September 30, 2000, were analyzed. A training set/test set approach was used. Separate models were developed for presentation with and without acute myocardial infarction (MI) within 24 h. RESULTS Factors associated with increased risk of PCI mortality (with odds ratios in parentheses) included cardiogenic shock (8.49), increasing age (2.61 to 11.25), salvage (13.38) urgent (1.78) or emergent PCI (5.75), pre-procedure intra-aortic balloon pump insertion (1.68), decreasing left ventricular ejection fraction (0.87 to 3.93), presentation with acute MI (1.31), diabetes (1.41), renal failure (3.04), chronic lung disease (1.33); treatment approaches including thrombolytic therapy (1.39) and non-stent devices (1.64); and lesion characteristics including left main (2.04), proximal left anterior descending disease (1.97) and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions lesion classification (1.64 to 2.11). Overall, excellent discrimination was achieved (C-index = 0.89) and application of the model to high-risk patient groups demonstrated C-indexes exceeding 0.80. Patient factors were more predictive in the MI model, while lesion and procedural factors were more predictive in the analysis of non-MI patients. CONCLUSIONS A risk adjustment model for in-hospital mortality after PCI was successfully developed using a contemporary multi-center registry. This model is an important tool for valid comparison of in-hospital mortality after PCI.
Through the Eye of a Child A Meta-analytic Study of Children's Understanding of Advertising Intent

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that allows one to combine the results from multiple studies to glean inferences on the overall importance of a certain phenomenon. This study employs a substantive meta-analysis approach to quantitatively summarize the results of empirical studies of the direct impact of age on children's understanding of advertising intent. When all the available estimates are combined and averaged, there seems to be a genuine and positive effect of age on children's understanding of advertising (average effect size = 0.367, aggregate N = 9307). The findings of this study significantly refine the body of knowledge concerning the impact of age on children's understanding of advertising intent, and thereby offer an improved conceptual framework for marketers and policy makers.
Editorial: Types of Articles in JM3

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: Types of Articles in JM3” for JM3 Vol. 4 Issue 04
ControlH: a fourth generation language for real-time GN&C applications

Describes the defining characteristics of the language ControlH. ControlH is being designed under the ARPA DSSA (Domain Specific Software Architectures) Program. ControlH is designed for describing guidance, navigation and control (GN&C) algorithms in a concise yet rigorous manner. The language objects, structure, data types, and operations have been tailored to the domain of GN&C algorithm specification. The language also provides hooks for optimization of the software produced from the specification. A translator has been developed which generates high-quality, modular Ada, based on ControlH specifications. The language and the translator are used to provide software reuse and configuration at the high level of GN&C algorithm specification. >
Management of Laryngeal Fractures—A 10-Year Experience

Summary Objectives Laryngeal fracture patients can present with a spectrum of clinical findings ranging from normal to airway collapse and death. We will therefore examine and emphasize clinical presentation, an algorithm for appropriate diagnosis and acute airway management, and radiological or physical examination findings and demonstrate the appropriate surgical approach for optimum clinical outcome in cases of blunt and penetrating laryngeal injury. Herein, we present one of the largest series of management of laryngeal and tracheal fractures from a tertiary care level I trauma center. Study Design A retrospective chart review from 1998 to 2008. Methods A retrospective chart analysis on patients presenting to the head and neck trauma service. Institutional review board approval was obtained before the start of the research. Results Our series consisted of 11 men and one woman with a mean age of 41.8 years presenting with laryngeal fractures caused by blunt (n = 10) or penetrating (n = 2) trauma. One patient presented with complete laryngotracheal separation, which was successfully managed by immediate tracheotomy and early surgical intervention. The other 11 patients had a combination of conservative (n = 6) and surgical (n = 5) management. All patients who required a tracheotomy (n = 7) were decannulated. Conclusions Early suspicion and diagnosis of acute laryngeal and tracheal injuries are crucial. The airway must be secured via tracheotomy when possible. Computed tomography scans play a central role in diagnosis. Proper restoration of the laryngeal framework with appropriately timed open reduction and internal fixation is critical for optimal recovery of the airway, voice, and swallowing.
Case–sibling studies that acknowledge unstudied parents and permit the inclusion of unmatched individuals

Background Family-based designs enable assessment of genetic associations without bias from population stratification. When parents are not readily available — especially for diseases with onset later in life — the case-sibling design, where each case is matched with one or more unaffected siblings, is useful. Analysis typically accounts for within-family dependencies by using conditional logistic regression (CLR). Methods We consider an alternative to CLR that treats each case-sibling set as a nuclear family with both parents missing by design. One can carry out maximum likelihood analysis by using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to account for missing parental genotypes. We compare conditional logistic regression and the missing-parents approach under several risk scenarios. Results We show that the missing-parents approach improves power when some families have more than one unaffected sibling and that under weak assumptions the approach permits the incorporation of supplemental cases who have no sibling available and supplemental controls whose case sibling is unavailable (e.g., due to disability or death). Conclusion The missing-parents approach offers both improved statistical efficiency and asymptotically unbiased estimation for genotype relative risks and genotype-by-exposure interaction parameters.
Quantitative PET Imaging Using a Comprehensive Monte Carlo System Model

We present the complete image generation methodology developed for the RatCAP PET scanner, which can be extended to other PET systems for which a Monte Carlo-based system model is feasible. The miniature RatCAP presents a unique set of advantages as well as challenges for image processing, and a combination of conventional methods and novel ideas developed specifically for this tomograph have been implemented. The crux of our approach is a low-noise Monte Carlo-generated probability matrix with integrated corrections for all physical effects that impact PET image quality. The generation and optimization of this matrix are discussed in detail, along with the estimation of correction factors and their incorporation into the reconstruction framework. Phantom studies and Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the reconstruction as well as individual corrections for random coincidences, photon scatter, attenuation, and detector efficiency variations in terms of bias and noise. Finally, a realistic rat brain phantom study reconstructed using this methodology is shown to recover >; 90% of the contrast for hot as well as cold regions. The goal has been to realize the potential of quantitative neuroreceptor imaging with the RatCAP.
A Bacteroides Conjugative Transposon, CTnERL, Can Transfer a Portion of Itself by Conjugation without Excising from the Chromosome

CTnERL, a Bacteroides conjugative transposon, transferred DNA by an Hfr-type mechanism during conjugation when it was excision deficient due to an insertion in the integrase gene. Rescue of the conjugative transposon sequences required the recipient to be RecA proficient and to contain an integrated CTnERL. The transfer efficiency was only 10- to 30-fold lower than the normal element transfer efficiency, and the direction of transfer from the oriT gene showed that the integrase end was transferred first and that the transfer genes were transferred last.
Circumcision Circumscribed: Female Excision and Cultural Accommodation in the Medieval Near East

In a famous passage in his Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, E. W. Lane described the ceremonies commonly held to celebrate the circumcision of a young boy in 19th-century Cairo. Family and friends of the boy, his schoolteacher, the barber who performed the operation and his assistant, musicians, and other retainers all participated in a celebration of an overtly public character. Dressed in fancy clothes and feted with song and dance, the boy, aged five or six or slightly older, was paraded through the streets of his neighborhood, often on horseback, to his parents' house, where the operation was performed. Cups of coffee might be distributed to passersby while guests and relations were, of course, treated to a celebratory feast. Modes of celebration may have changed, but festivities surrounding the circumcision of a young boy are still common in the Muslim countries of the Near East.
Ammonia and Acid-Base Balance During High Ammonia Exposure in a Marine Teleost (Myoxocephalus Octodecimspinosus)

For the first time in a marine teleost (the long-horned sculpin; Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus ), the maintenance of blood pH, P Co Co2 , [HCO 3 − and the net movements of NH 4 + HCO 3 − and H + between the fish and the water have been studied during exposure to ammonia stress induced either by infusion (NH 4 Cl or NH 4 HCO 3 ; 5 mmol kg −1 ) or by external application (NH 4 Cl; approx. 1 mmoll −1 ). Following NH 4 Cl infusion, a rapid decrease in blood pH (0.36 units) and [HCO 3 − ] (2.38 mmoll −1 ) was observed, and within 1 h about 40% of the ammonia load had been excreted to the water. Analysis of NH 4 + and HCO 3 − transfers revealed that the total ammonia (T Amm ) efflux was due to a loss of NH 3 and NH 4 + in approximately equal proportions when an outwardly directed NH 3 diffusion gradient was established. Infusion of NH 4 HCO 3 induced only small changes in plasma pH, and the rate of net HCO 3 − excretion was some 90% higher than that of NH 4 + over 20 h. These data indicate a predominance of NH 3 as the form of ammonia lost. In both infusion experiments, a presumed intracellular buffering of a majority of the ammonia load was noted. High external T Amm induced an initial uptake of NH 4 + , but after 4 h of exposure ammonia efflux resumed even though NH 3 diffusion gradients were negligible. Thus, in this seawater teleost, a role for the excretion of ammonia in the form of NH 4 + is also likely.
Downlink Scheduling and Power Allocation in Cognitive Femtocell Networks

We consider resource assignment and power allocation problem in femtocells under channel estimation errors. Our formulation is to maximize the throughput of femtocell users that share spectrum resources with macrocell base station (MBS) while limiting interference between macrocell and femtocells. Using cognitive capabilities, femtocell basestations (FBS) can acquire the needed information about the neighboring MBS users to reduce cross-tier interference between FBS and MBS users. We analyze the distributions of signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) of MBS users and signal to interference ratio (SIR) of FBS users. Based on the analytical results, we present resource assignment and power allocation solutions to maximize the mean sum rate subject to SINR and SIR outage constraints, along with simulation verifications.
Groove Pancreatitis: A Rare form of Chronic Pancreatitis.

Context: Groove pancreatitis is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis affecting the groove of the pancreas among the pancreatic head, duodenum, and common bile duct. The exact cause is unknown, although there are associations with long-term alcohol abuse, smoking, peptic ulcer disease, heterotopic pancreas, gastric resection, biliary disease, and anatomical or functional obstruction of the minor papilla. The diagnosis can be challenging. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are the preferred imaging modalities. The treatment of choice is conservative although surgical intervention can sometimes be required. Case Report: A 57-year-old male with a history of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B presented with 4 days of epigastric pain. Abdominal exam revealed absent bowel sounds and epigastric tenderness. He had a creatinine of 1.72 mg/dL, potassium of 2.9 mmol/L, and a normal lipase level of 86 U/L. Liver enzymes and total bilirubin were normal. Computed tomography abdomen showed high-grade obstruction of the second portion of the duodenum without any obvious mass. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a mass at the duodenal bulb causing luminal narrowing, with biopsies negative for malignancy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass in the region of the pancreatic head and descending duodenum. EUS revealed a 3 cm mass in the region of pancreatic head with irregular borders and no vascular invasion. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was nondiagnostic. The patient then underwent a Whipple's procedure. Pathology of these specimens was negative for malignancy but was consistent with para-duodenal or groove pancreatitis. Conclusion: The low incidence of groove pancreatitis is partly due to lack of familiarity with the disease. Groove pancreatitis should be considered in the differential for patients presenting with pancreatic head lesions and no cholestatic jaundice, especially when a duodenal obstruction is present, and neither duodenal biopsies nor pancreatic head FNA confirm adenocarcinoma.
The Strategies and Contexts of Social Protest: Political Mediation and the Impact of the Townsend Movement in California

We contend that the collective action of state-oriented challengers is politically mediated, and that the impact of collective action will differ according to political contexts. More specifically, we argue that mobilization and limited protest will yield collective benefits in specified favorable political circumstances; more assertive action is required in specified less favorable circumstances. In addition to specifying these arguments, we go some distance toward appraising them, by examining the Townsend Movement, an American old-age pension challenger of the 1930s and 1940s, and the politics of old-age pensions in California. Historical, "similar systems," and regression analyses indicate that the movement had an impact on California old-age policy that varied according to the expectations of our political mediation arguments.