cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of Diabetes in Aged C57B6 Mice Results in Severe Nephropathy: An Association with Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Inflammation

Kidney aging is a slowly progressive process that is postulated to be accelerated by intervening diseases, such as diabetes, due in part to the addition of excessive stress and inflammation from the intervening disease to the underlying aging process. This hypothesis was tested by inducing diabetes with streptozotocin in 18-month-old, aging mice. After 4 months of diabetes, these mice developed severe albuminuria, elevated creatinine levels, and renal lesions including extensive apoptotic cell death, glomerulosclerosis, afferent and efferent hyalinosis, and tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. These symptoms were associated with elevated oxidative stress. The presence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in 22-month-old diabetic kidneys resulted in up-regulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), which may play a role in increasing kidney lesions because CHOP-deficient proximal tubular cells were resistant to ER stress-induced cell death, and CHOP-deficient mice were protected from diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, CHOP-deficient mice did not develop albuminuria as they aged. Inflammation, another key component of progressive diabetic nephropathy, was prominent in 22-month-old diabetic kidneys. The expression of tumor-necrosis factor-α in 22-month-old diabetic kidneys may play a role in inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis. Thus, diabetes may accelerate the underlying kidney aging process present in old mice.
Monoclonal antibodies distinguish several differentially phosphorylated states of the two largest rat neurofilament subunits (NF-H and NF-M) and demonstrate their existence in the normal nervous system of adult rats.

A new panel of greater than 300 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was prepared to the high, middle, and low Mr rat neurofilament (NF) subunits (NF-H, NF-M and NF-L, respectively). NF proteins were purified both from native, i.e., phosphorylated rat NFs and from enzymatically dephosphorylated rat NFs. The resulting mAbs were used to biochemically and immunochemically distinguish and characterize distinct and differentially phosphorylated isoforms of NF subunits. By immunoblot, all mAbs specific for NF-L and some mAbs specific for NF-M detected their specific NF subunit regardless of whether or not the NFs had been treated with alkaline phosphatase, and such antibodies were termed “phosphate-independent” or P[ind] mAbs. The other mAbs were specific for NF-M, NF-H, or for both NF-M and NF-H, and they recognized epitopes in the COOH termini of these subunits. Significantly, the latter mAbs could discriminate different isoforms of NF-M and NF-H, depending on the phosphorylation state of each variant. Such mAbs were assigned to one of 4 distinct categories on the basis of their performance in immunoblots of progressively dephosphorylated rat NF samples and by immunohistochemistry of various adult rat nervous tissues: (1) P[-] mAbs preferentially stained neuronal perikarya and dendrites, and they recognized only extensively dephosphorylated (and nonphosphorylated) NF- H; (2) P[+] mAbs stained axons more strongly than perikarya, and primarily blotted phosphorylated, but not nonphosphorylated, forms of NF-H and NF-M; (3) P[++] mAbs stained axons almost to the exclusion of perikarya, and in blots recognized only the extensively phosphorylated forms of NF-H and NF-M (i.e., subunits subjected to limited enzymatic dephosphorylation); (4) P[ ] mAbs also predominantly stained axons, but the briefest alkaline phosphatase treatment abolished the NF-M and NF-H immunobands produced by these mAbs. Two-dimensional gel analysis and immunoblotting of total proteins from adult rat dorsal root ganglion verified mAb specificity in situ, and showed that differentially phosphorylated isoforms of NF-M and NF-H occur in vivo. This provided additional evidence that mAbs can detect all 4 phosphorylation- dependent endogenous isoelectric variants of NF-H and NF-M.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Reproducibility and Temporal Structure in Weekly Resting-State fMRI over a Period of 3.5 Years

Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) permits study of the brain’s functional networks without requiring participants to perform tasks. Robust changes in such resting state networks (RSNs) have been observed in neurologic disorders, and rs-fMRI outcome measures are candidate biomarkers for monitoring clinical trials, including trials of extended therapeutic interventions for rehabilitation of patients with chronic conditions. In this study, we aim to present a unique longitudinal dataset reporting on a healthy adult subject scanned weekly over 3.5 years and identify rs-fMRI outcome measures appropriate for clinical trials. Accordingly, we assessed the reproducibility, and characterized the temporal structure of, rs-fMRI outcome measures derived using independent component analysis (ICA). Data was compared to a 21-person dataset acquired on the same scanner in order to confirm that the values of the single-subject RSN measures were within the expected range as assessed from the multi-participant dataset. Fourteen RSNs were identified, and the inter-session reproducibility of outcome measures—network spatial map, temporal signal fluctuation magnitude, and between-network connectivity (BNC)–was high, with executive RSNs showing the highest reproducibility. Analysis of the weekly outcome measures also showed that many rs-fMRI outcome measures had a significant linear trend, annual periodicity, and persistence. Such temporal structure was most prominent in spatial map similarity, and least prominent in BNC. High reproducibility supports the candidacy of rs-fMRI outcome measures as biomarkers, but the presence of significant temporal structure needs to be taken into account when such outcome measures are considered as biomarkers for rehabilitation-style therapeutic interventions in chronic conditions.
Regulation of Root Growth by Auxin-Ethylene Interaction

A large portion of indoleacetic acid (IAA)-induced inhibition of excised root tips and virtually all such inhibition of intact roots are the result of IAA-dependent ethylene production. Under certain conditions an additional effect of IAA accounts for a small portion of the inhibition of excised root tips. Ethylene production in response to applied IAA is governed by the level of applied auxin found inside the root. Evidence is presented to confirm the participation of ethylene in the geotropic response of roots.
The structure of games

Machine Learning in games and other areas of computer science that use games to analyze problems are hampered by the lack of a common language to define games. This paper presents the development of a general game language called RGL.
Turbulent heating of heavy ions on auroral field lines

Electrostatic ion cyclotron turbulence and the associated acceleration of ions on auroral field lines are investigated analytically and by plasma simulations. The auroral plasma is assumed to consist of drifting electrons and stationary hydrogen and oxygen ions. It is found that for a given critical drift, the maximum ion perpendicular heating is generally larger for oxygen ions than for hydrogen ions. Simulation results show that unless the oxygen ions are a minority species, oxygen transverse heating generally exceeds that of hydrogen ions. Theory and numerical simulations are in good agreement.
Behavior modification of smoking: the experimental investigation of diverse techniques.

Abstract Three behavior modification group treatment techniques were contrasted with each other and with both a placebo drug treatment group and a nontreated control condition in terms of relative effectiveness in reducing smoking rates of volunteer subjects. The behavior modification treatments used were: “coverant control,” a specialized form of operant conditioning; the “breath-holding technique,” a type of fantasy control through aversive conditioning; and “negative practice” or massed practice. The placebo drug treatment was included in the experimental design to provide for another group of subjects to receive “attention-placebo” procedures encompassing all of the nonspecific aspects of treatment except for the therapeutic techniques being evaluated. While an analysis of variance yielded no significant difference between the four treatment conditions, the treated Ss were significantly more successful than were a group of nontreated control Ss in achieving smoking reduction or total abstinence. Of major focus was the relationship of certain S characteristics to the outcome of treatment. Ten demographic, smoking history, and personality variables, hypothesized to be related to success in treatment, were analyzed in this regard. Only one of the statistical relationships between such variables and treatment outcome was significant: the higher the “Effective Cognitive Dissonance” score, the better the outcome of treatment.
The effects of optic disc drusen on the latency of the pattern-reversal checkerboard and multifocal visual evoked potentials.

PURPOSE To determine the effect of optic disc drusen on the latency of the pattern-reversal checkerboard visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and multifocal (mf)VEPs and to better understand the pathophysiology of the condition.
From Design Concepts to Design Descriptions

The paper examines the process of articulation and development of design concepts from a computational standpoint. The context of the research is the architectural studio and the process of designing from scratch. The scope of the research is educational. Shape grammar formalism is used in a retrospective analysis, to show how the concept of "porosity" was used by architect Steven Holl and his team in designing Simmons Hall, a 350-unit student residence, at MIT.
Role of C-Terminus in the Function of the Yvc1p Saccharomyces Cerevisiae TRP Channel

Yvc1p is a TRP channel found on the vacuolar membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yvc1p plays a key role in Ca2+ homeostasis and can be activated by hyperosmotic shock1. The transmembrane topology of TRP channels is very similar to voltage-dependent K+ channels: there are six transmembrane domains and the N- and C-termini are generally depicted as being cytoplasmic. Yvc1p is unusual in that its N- and C-termini are much lengthier than most related TRP channels. In this study, we have focused on understanding the contribution of the C-terminus to the activity of Yvc1p.The C- terminus contains ∼210 amino acid residues. within this segment, there is only one putative domain: a DDDD motif that is thought to bind calcium2. We are using two different functional assays to examine a panel of C-terminal deletion constructs. We used an in vivo luminescence assay to monitor channel activity induced by hyperosmotic shock. In this assay, luminescence is generated when Ca2+, released from the vacuole by Yvc1p, binds to cytoplasmic aequorin. We find that aequorin luminescence is adversely affected by deletions of more than the last 12 residues. The second functional assay examines a Yvc1p-dependent phenotype observed during growth on agar plates: Yvc1p overexpression causes diminished growth in high [Ca2+]2. With this assay, constructs truncated in the region of 578 and 633 affect growth in high [Ca2+], but also in the control conditions of low salt and high [Mg2+] as well, suggesting perturbations of this region may have non-specific consequences for channel function. Ongoing experiments examine how the level and localization of Yvc1p is affected by truncations of the C-terminus.1Denis V, Cyert MS (2002) J Cell Biol 156: 29-34.2Su Z. et al., (2009) J Membr Biol 227:141-150.
The place of individuals in the politics of scale

Conceptualizations and re-conceptualizations of scale have been powerful tools for explaining spatial processes that transcend traditionally-bounded territories. Examining the role of individuals within a politics of scale can do even more to explain multi-scalar conflicts. This paper does so by examining struggles over airport expansion in the US, showing how an understanding of the various roles of individuals in the politics of scale – as sites of multiple scales, as actors constituting other scales, and as scales in and of themselves – better explains multi-scalar conflicts and offers more opportunities for resolving them.
Genomic search for prostate cancer predisposition loci in Utah pedigrees.

BACKGROUND We report a genome linkage scan in extended Utah pedigrees, utilizing a pedigree-splitting approach to reduce intra-familial heterogeneity. METHODS Fifty-nine pedigrees with at least four Prostate cancer (PrCa) cases and no more than two meioses separating PrCa cases were analyzed using the CIDR genomic search STRP marker set. Parametric linkage analyses using dominant and recessive models were performed on four datasets resulting from a pedigree splitting algorithm. In addition, age at diagnosis subset analyses were performed. RESULTS Four regions of interest (LODs > 1.9) were identified on chromosomes 1p, 3q, 5q, and 22q. The linkage peaks on 1p, 3q, and 22q have been previously implicated for PrCa, though not significantly. The 1p region was supported by a single large Utah pedigree with a multipoint LOD score of 3.1. An additional 10 regions gave LOD scores > 1.22 (nominal linkage evidence), including moderate evidence supporting the HPC20 region with a recessive model. CONCLUSIONS Our genome-wide search in the informative, extended Utah pedigrees continues to illustrate an ability to identify and replicate linkage peaks, and supports four regions of interest for PrCa predisposition genes. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Grain-based activated carbons for natural gas storage.

Abstract Natural gas has emerged as a potential alternative to gasoline due to the increase in global energy demand and environmental concerns. An investigation was undertaken to explore the technical feasibility of implementing the adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage in the fuel tanks of motor vehicles with activated carbons from biomass, e.g., sorghum and wheat. The grain-based activated carbons were prepared by chemical activation; the experimental parameters were varied to identify the optimum conditions. The porosity of the resultant activated carbons was evaluated through nitrogen adsorption; and the storage capacity, through methane adsorption. A comparative study was also carried out with commercial activated carbons from charcoal. The highest storage factor attained was 89 for compacted grain-based activated carbons from grain sorghum with a bulk density of 0.65 g/cm 3 , and the highest storage factor attained is 106 for compacted commercial activated carbons (Calgon) with a bulk density of 0.70 g/cm 3 . The storage factor was found to increase approximately linearly with increasing bulk density and to be independent of the extent of compaction. This implies that the grain-based activated carbons are the ideal candidates for the ANG storage.
Negative regulation of the Wnt–β-catenin pathway by the transcriptional repressor HBP1

In certain cancers, constitutive Wnt signaling results from mutation in one or more pathway components. The result is the accumulation and nuclear localization of β‐catenin, which interacts with the lymphoid enhancer factor‐1 (LEF)/T‐cell factor (TCF) family of HMG‐box transcription factors, which activate important growth regulatory genes, including cyclin D1 and c‐ myc . As exemplified by APC and axin, the negative regulation of β‐catenin is important for tumor suppression. Another potential mode of negative regulation is transcriptional repression of cyclin D1 and other Wnt target genes. In mammals, the transcriptional repressors in the Wnt pathway are not well defined. We have previously identified HBP1 as an HMG‐box repressor and a cell cycle inhibitor. Here, we show that HBP1 is a repressor of the cyclin D1 gene and inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway. The inhibition of Wnt signaling and growth requires a common domain of HBP1. The apparent mechanism is an inhibition of TCF/LEF DNA binding through a physical interaction with HBP1. These data suggest that the suppression of Wnt signaling by HBP1 may be a mechanism to prevent inappropriate proliferation.
SU-C-BRD-07: The Radiological Physics Center (RPC): 45 Years of Improving Radiotherapy Dosimetry

Purpose: The RPC, established in 1968 has contributed to the development, conduct, and QA of NCI funded multi-institutional cooperative group clinical trials and institutions, primarily in the USA/Canada and 242 other countries, participating in trials. Methods: The RPC QA program components were designed to audit the radiation dose calculation chain from the NIST traceable reference beam calibration, to inclusion of dosimetry parameters used to calculate tumor doses, to the delivery of the radiation dose. The QA program included: 1) remote TLD/OSLD audit of machine output, 2) on-site dosimetry review visits, 3) credentialing for advanced technologies, and 4) review of patient treatment records. The RPC presented and published their findings to the radiation oncology community. Results: The number of institutions monitored by the RPC increased from around 1200 in the late 90s, to ∼2000 in 2013. There were over 4000 megavoltage therapy machines and ∼28,000 therapy beams in the 1991 institutions monitored by the RPC by the end of 2013. Within the 14,000 photon, electron and proton beam outputs remotely monitored with TLD/OSLD annually, between 10-20% of the institutions have one or more beams outside the RPC 5% criterion. Dosimetry site visits to photon and proton centers continue to result in 2-4 recommendations affecting key dosimetry parameters that impact patient treatment times. One in four patient treatment records reviewed by the RPC have their dose data corrected by >5% before trial groups use them for outcomes analysis. Twelve of fourteen clinically active proton centers are approved to participate in NCI funded clinical trials. The RPC published 222 peer reviewed articles since 1972. Conclusion: Findings from the RPC suggest that human errors continue to play a role in radiotherapy discrepancies and without the RPC independent QA program, the number of undetected errors and time elapsed before their discovery would have been greater. Work supported by MGH C06 CA059267 and grants CA10953, CA081647 awarded by NCI, DHHS.
Some Comments on the Folk Taxonomy of the Papago

The purpose of this paper is to point out some of the difficulties that can arise from the use of a method that approaches the taxonomy of a people and attempts to make generalizations about that people's cognitive processes solely on the basis of grammatical criteria. I will try to demonstrate that, although grammatical criteria should not be ignored and should indeed be more fully utilized than is often the case, they are of limited usefulness and may lead to results that are contradictory to those reached by following other lines of evidence. For this purpose, I shall use Madeleine Mathiot's article "Noun Classes and Folk Taxonomy in Papago" (1962) as a "straw man" and attempt to show that the conclusions drawn in that article do not agree in many ways with the conclusions that could be drawn from the study of Papago folk taxonomy that I made utilizing the evidence drawn from the semantic elements of Papago "folk definitions." I will also try to show why these conclusions differ and where and why they agree. Madeleine Mathiot examined the Papago folk taxonomy from the viewpoint of noun classes and clause syntax. She found that although there are no Papago terms for "animal" or "plant," plants can be distinguished from animals on the basis of noun classes and clause syntax. Animals tend to be represented by individual nouns, which have plural forms; and plants tend to be represented by aggregate nouns, which do not have plural forms. This approach yielded the taxonomy implicit in the structure of the Papago language. From this evidence that "noun classes and the category of number each show gradual rather than yes/no binary oppositions," and from the fact that Papago taxonomic labels are never mass nouns and that many of these "cultural categories" (taxa) are defined in terms of perceptual criteria, Mathiot drew the tentative conclusions that (1) Papago perception and behavior are better described in terms of a continuum or
Left aortic dissection following repair of coarctation of the aorta. The contribution of abnormal hemodynamics to medial degeneration.

Although aortic dissection is a frequent complication of coarctation of the aorta, its occurrence after successful repair has not been previously reported. It has been assumed, therefore, that alleviation of the hypertension prevents progressive aortic changes leading to dissection or rupture. This paper presents two patients in whom aortic dissection or rupture occurred despite previous successful coarctation repair. Abnormal hemodynamics in coarctation may be secondary to hypertension, changes in pulsatile flow, dilatation of the ascending aorta and/or a bicuspid aortic valve. Only the first two factors are abolished with surgical repair. The contribution of abnormal hemokinetics in the propagation of aortic disruption of other etiologies is discussed.
Nonsense and Sense Suppression Abilities of Original and Derivative Methanosarcina mazei Pyrrolysyl-tRNA Synthetase-tRNAPyl Pairs in the Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) Cell Strain

Systematic studies of nonsense and sense suppression of the original and three derivative Methanosarcina mazei PylRS-tRNAPyl pairs and cross recognition between nonsense codons and various tRNAPyl anticodons in the Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cell strain are reported. is orthogonal in E. coli and able to induce strong amber suppression when it is co-expressed with pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and charged with a PylRS substrate, Ne-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-lysine (BocK). Similar to, is also orthogonal in E. coli and can be coupled with PylRS to genetically incorporate BocK at an ochre mutation site. Although is expected to recognize a UAG codon based on the wobble hypothesis, the PylRS- pair does not give rise to amber suppression that surpasses the basal amber suppression level in E. coli. E. coli itself displays a relatively high opal suppression level and tryptophan (Trp) is incorporated at an opal mutation site. Although the PylRS- pair can be used to encode BocK at an opal codon, the pair fails to suppress the incorporation of Trp at the same site. fails to deliver BocK at an AGG codon when co-expressed with PylRS in E. coli.
Increasing dissolution rates and gastrointestinal absorption of drugs via solid solutions and eutectic mixtures IV: Chloramphenicol—urea system

The dissolution rates of a number of chloramphenicol-urea samples were studied. Solubility studies indicated that urea increased significantly the solubility of chloramphenicol; this resulted in a large increase in the initial dissolution rate of chloramphenicol from physically mixed samples of the drug with urea. The α solid solution of chloramphenicol in urea was found to dissolve twice as rapidly as a physical mixture of the same composition, and almost 4 times as rapidly as the pure drug.
Suppressor t-cell inactivation of a helper t-cell factor.

THE ability of a subpopulation of T cells to inhibit both cellular and humoral responses is well documented1,2. These regulatory or suppressor T cells have been produced by both antigen-specific and nonspecific stimuli, and both antigen-specific and nonspecific suppressive mechanisms have been suggested. In various studies T cells, B cells and macrophages have all been implicated as the primary target of the suppressor cells. We3,4 and others5,6 have reported the nonspecific activation of both helper and suppressor murine T cells by concanavalin A (con A). The helper cell produces a nonantigen-specific mediator (NSM), of molecular weight 35,000, which can substitute for antigen-specific helper cells in the in vitro plaque-forming-cell (PFC) response of murine B cells to the antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC)3,4. We report here the inhibition of this response by con A-activated suppressor cells and present evidence that the mode of action of the suppressors in this system involves the inactivation of the helper factor, NSM, and not a direct effect on the responding B cells.
Portafolio. by RAMOS, ALICIA, & ROBERT DAVIS

The article reviews the books "Portafolio, Vol. 1" and "Portafolio, Vol. 2" by Alicia Ramos and Robert Davis, along with an accompanying audio CD, a DVD, text available online as an electronic book, and online resources of the "Online Learning Center" at www.mhhe.com/portafolio.
Some New Derivatives of Gentisic Acid*: II. Pharmacological Tests Upon Some New Derivatives of Gentisic Acid

Seven new esters of gentisic acid were subjected to four selected pharmacological testing procedures: acute toxicity, antispasmodic activity, local anesthetic activity, and anticonvulsant activity. All of the seven new esters were more toxic than the parent, gentisic acid, when given intraperitoneally in mice in a soluble form. Of the four esters with amino alcohols, only 2-diethylaminoethyl-5-ethoxy salicylate hydro-chloride possessed antispasmodic or local anesthetic activity. None of the four esters of gentisic acid tested for anticonvulsant activity possessed this activity.
Regulation of platelet‐derived growth factor A and B chain gene expression in bone marrow stromal cells

MBA-2, bone marrow-derived endothelial stromal cells, express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A and B chain mRNAs and secrete PDGF activity that is induced by TGF-beta. Either chain of the PDGF molecule could modulate hematopoiesis and stromal cell growth. Intracellular pathways that regulate PDGF expression in the marrow microenvironment are unknown. In the present study, we examined the mechanisms that mediate PDGF A and B chain mRNA induction by TGF-beta and the role of protein kinase C (PKC) and cyclic AMP in PDGF regulation. TGF-beta was tested in parallel with PMA, an activator of phorbol ester-dependent PKC isoforms. Both PMA (10(-7)M) and TGF-beta (2.5 ng/ml) increased PDGF A and B chain mRNA levels. The serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor, H7, blocked PDGF A and B chain mRNA induction in response to TGF-beta. However, down-regulation of PKC by prolonged incubation with PMA failed to abolish TGF-beta induction of PDGF A and B chain mRNAs. These findings indicate that induction of PDGF A and B chain mRNAs can be mediated via phorbol ester-dependent PKC pathway. In contrast, H7-sensitive protein kinase(s) other than phorbol ester-sensitive protein kinase C mediate the effect of TGF-beta. Agents that increase cAMP were also tested for their effect on PDGF gene expression. TGF-beta-mediated induction of PDGF A and B chain mRNAs was markedly inhibited by cAMP. cAMP also blocked stimulation of PDGF A chain mRNA by PMA. The positive and negative signaling mechanisms involved in modulating PDGF in the microenvironment may be important for determining hematopoietic and stromal cell responses in vivo.
What Food is “Good” for You? Toward a Pragmatic Consideration of Multiple Values Domains

What makes a food good, for you? With respect to food, the expression “good for you” usually refers to the effect of the food on the nutritional health of the eater, but it can also pertain more broadly. The expression is often used by a person who is concerned with another person’s well-being, as part of an exhortation. But when framed as a question and addressed to you, as an individual, the question can require a response, calling for accountability beyond the realm of nutrition or other material qualities of the food. Economic value may be considered as a ratio: goodness/price. In this paper, we examine the numerator, exploring a broad range of values domains related to food, attempting to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the meaning of goodness of food. We present a typology of values domains with respect to food, divided into three main categories: (1) material considerations, (2) psychological, psychosocial, and spiritual health, and (3) the well-being of society. This understanding that results from comprehensive consideration of these values domains has important implications for an individual for use in considering the question “what food is good for you?” in order to guide his or her future actions, helping to distinguish between what Dewey termed immediate good and reasonable good. A pragmatic approach to a fuller consideration of food-related values domains by individuals also has broad social, political, and economic implications. If, according to the FAO, food security involves both needs and preferences, consideration of what preferences are appropriate is fundamental to achieving food security. The questions about what is considered to be good food are central to questions about the sorts of food and agricultural systems human societies will seek to sustain. The approach to resolving this important aspect of sustainability might help inform a more general question as to appropriate limitations on preferences, a question fundamental to achieving sustainability in general.
Blood Flow to the Adrenal Cortex and Medulla

The indicator fractionation technique has been applied to the measurement of adrenal cortical and medullary blood flow in the rat. Medullary perfusion per unit of weight is greater than cortical. In stress produced by unilateral carotid artery ligation both cortical and medullary flows increase. The results do not support the hypothesis that stress increases cortical perfusion by medullary arteriolar constriction. (Endocrinology 81: 403,1967)
A Hierarchical Decision Model for Re-manufacturing and Re-use

This paper presents a model to facilitate managerial decision-making for re-manufacturing and re-use. A system designed for product re-use relies on product returns. Reverse logistics models assume that the product returns process is exogenous and outside the control of the firm. The proposed approach is unique because it allows financial incentives to control product returns. That way timing, quantity and product quality as well as associated logistics functions are more predictable. The model consists of three stages and is intended for decision support in product acquisition, operational planning and control, as well as demand management and product pricing.
Statistical optimization of operating conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide-based pretreatment of guayule bagasse

Abstract A central composite design (CCD) was used to find the optimal temperature, pressure, moisture and duration for the supercritical CO 2 -based pretreatment of guayule, a desert shrub for commercial production of hypoallergenic latex. The pretreatment involved: adding water to the biomass, raising system temperature, pressurizing with supercritical CO 2 , holding the system for a period of time, and exploding the biomass by rapidly opening the vent valve. The pretreated biomass was then hydrolyzed at 30 °C for 72 h in an enzyme solution with 5% (w/v) solid loading. The yields of released glucose and pentose were determined and used as the CCD response variables. Statistical analysis of results led to the following recommended condition: 175 °C, 26.2 MPa (3800 psi), 60% moisture and 30 min. The corresponding glucose and pentose yields were 56% and 61%. X-ray diffraction analysis was done to get the crystallinity index of the bagasse before and after pretreatment. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to examine the structural changes caused by pretreatment. These characterizations indicated that at milder conditions, the pretreatment exposed cellulose and hemicellulose for subsequent enzyme attack; at harsher conditions, the pretreatment destroyed cellulose crystallinity and gave higher glucose yields. To isolate the explosion effect (caused by instantaneous pressure drop, Δ P ) from the reaction (pressure) effect, a series of experiments was made with the bagasse pretreated at the same condition (27.6 MPa) but exploded against different back pressures. The explosion needed to be severe enough (with Δ P > 17 MPa) to give a sugar yield of over 50%.
Markovian network processes: congestion-dependent routing and processing

A Markovian network process describes the movement of discrete units among a set of nodes that process the units. There is considerable knowledge of such networks, often called queueing networks, in which the nodes operate independently and the routes of the units are independent. The focus of this study, in contrast, is on networks with dependent nodes and routings. Examples of dependencies are parallel processing across several nodes, blocking of transitions because of capacity constraints on nodes, alternate routing of units to avoid congestion, and accelerating or decelerating the processing rate at a node depending on downstream congestion. We introduce a general network process representing the numbers of units at the nodes and derive its equilibrium distribution. This distribution takes the form of a product of functions of vectors in which the arguments of the functions satisfy an interchangeability property. This new type of distribution may apply to other multi-variate processes as well. A basic idea in our approach is a linking of certain micro-level balance properties of the network routing to the processing rates at the nodes. The link is via “ routing-balance partitions” of nodes that are inherent in any network. A byproduct of this approach is a general characterization of blocking of transitions without the restriction that the process is reversible, which had been a standard assumption. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions under which a unit moving in the network sees a time average for the unmoved units (called the MUSTA property). Finally, we discuss when certain flows between nodes in an open network are Poisson processes.
Light-Induced Electron Transfer Counter to an Electric Field Force in an Asymmetric Double Quantum Well

Abstract Electron transfer counter to an electric-field force is predicted for an asymmetrical double quantum well subjected to a dc bias in response to optical (far IR) excitation of an intersubband electronic transition. This transfer exhibits a resonance enhancement when the bias electric field aligns the excited levels in the wide and narrow wells. The transfer effect is driven by the quantum- mechanical delocalization caused by the coherent resonant tunneling which prevails over the electric force. The effect brings about a photoinduced increase of the potential difference at the double well and a transient electric current opposite to the direction favored by the bias.
Effect of wavefront error on 10 −7 contrast measurements

We have measured a contrast of 6.5 {center_dot} 10{sup -8} from 10-25{lambda}/D in visible light on the Extreme Adaptive Optics testbed using a shaped pupil for diffraction suppression. The testbed was designed with a minimal number of high-quality optics to ensure low wavefront error and uses a phase shifting diffraction interferometer for metrology. This level of contrast is within the regime needed for imaging young Jupiter-like planets, a primary application of high-contrast imaging. We have concluded that wavefront error, not pupil quality, is the limiting error source for improved contrast in our system.
Similarity and the development of rules

Similarity-based and rule-based accounts of cognition are often portrayed as opposing accounts. In this paper we suggest that in learning and development, the process of comparison can act as a bridge between similarity-based and rule-based processing. We suggest that comparison involves a process of structural alignment and mapping between two representations. This kind of structure-sensitive comparison process – which may be triggred either by experiential or symbolic juxtapositions – has a twofold significance for cognitive development. First, as a learning mechanism, comparison facilitates the grasp of structural commonalities and the abstraction of rules; and, second, as a mechanism for the application and extension of previously acquired knowledge, comparison processes facilitate the application of abstract knowledge to new instances.
On the Lead Mining Districts of Yorkshire

In comparison with the vast coal-fields and ironstone beds of Yorkshire, the lead producing districts of this county seem trifling; yet, in consideration of the large population dependent upon the mining and manufacture of lead, they necessarily claim our attention. That lead mines in Yorkshire were prosecuted by the Romans, is fully proved by the discovery of two pigs of lead near Pateley Bridge, inscribed with the name of the Emperor Domitian, and bearing date A.D. 82; but it is very probable that they were worked at even a more remote period by the ancient Britons. Generally speaking, lead mines are situate on rugged and barren elevations; and in this respect the Yorkshire mines are not exceptions. If on the map we measure ten miles east and ten west from Ilkley, on a line bearing 12° north of east and south of west; and at right angles to this base, draw lines northward thirty-five miles from the two points so obtained, we shall, in this area of 700 square miles, include the high grounds bounding Airedale, Wharfedale, Nidder-dale, Wensleydale, Arkendale, and Swaledale, in which the principal lead mining fields of Yorkshire are situate. The strata throughout this area, are the lower members of the carboniferous series. Though the same class of rock prevails throughout the lead bearing districts, each individual stratum does not always occur in neighbouring mines, while the thickness of each bed is exceedingly variable. In the metalliferous portion of the carboniferous rocks, we have the rake vein, ...
A tailored web-based psychoeducational intervention for cancer patients and their family caregivers

BACKGROUND: Most programs addressing psychosocial concerns of cancer survivors are in-person programs that are expensive to deliver, have limited availability, and seldom deal with caregivers' concerns. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the feasibility of translating an efficacious nurse-delivered program (FOCUS Program) for patients and their caregivers to a tailored, dyadic Web-based format. Specific aims were to (1) test the preliminary effects of the Web-based intervention on patient and caregiver outcomes, (2) examine participants' program satisfaction, and (3) determine the feasibility of using a Web-based delivery format. METHODS: A phase 2 feasibility study was conducted with cancer patients (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate) and their family caregivers (N = 38 dyads). The Web-based intervention provided information and support tailored to the unique characteristics of each patient, caregiver, and their dyadic relationship. Primary outcomes were emotional distress and quality of life. Secondary outcomes were benefits of illness/caregiving, communication, support, and self-efficacy. Analyses included descriptive statistics and repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Dyads had a significant decrease in emotional distress, increase in quality of life, and perceived more benefits of illness/caregiving. Caregivers also had significant improvement in self-efficacy. There were no changes in communication. Participants were satisfied with program usability, but recommended additional content. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to translate a clinician-delivered program to a Web-based format that was easy to use and had positive effects on dyadic outcomes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The Web-based program is a promising way to provide psychosocial care to more patients and caregivers using fewer personnel. It needs further testing in a larger randomized clinical trial.
Solvent structure contributions to the small-angle scattering from colloidal dispersions

Supposant une forme analytique approximative pour la force entre deux particules colloidales, on analyse, dans le cadre d'une theorie de perturbation fondee sur l'approximation de phase aleatoire, l'influence de la structure du solvant sur la diffusion centrale de dispersions colloidales. On observe que la contribution a la force entre deux particules colloidales due a la structure du solvant exerce en general une influence minime mais non negligeable sur la compressibilite osmotique et sur la forme du facteur de structure statique de la dispersion aux petits vecteurs d'ondes
Burying the undertaker: A eulogy for the eulogists of rhetorical epistemology

(1990). Burying the undertaker: A eulogy for the eulogists of rhetorical epistemology. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 73-77.
NONLINEAR ELECTROABSORPTION IN ASYMMETRIC TRIANGULAR QUANTUM WELI SELF-ELECTRO-OPTIC EFFECT DEVICES

The electroabsorptive behavior of asymmetric triangular quantum wells (ATQW) in the active region of a p-i-n self-electro-optic effect device (SEED) structure is experimentally investigated. Excition transition energies are measured by photoluminescence and photocurrent spectroscopy at room temperature and at low temperatures. Room-temperature excitonic linewidths of 9.2 meV for a 265-A ATQW have been obtained. The electric field modulation of excitonic absorption in ATQWs with compositional grading, both increasing and decreasing in the growth direction is presented. When compared with a similar rectangular quantum-well device, it is observed that ATQWs have intrinsically higher responsivity, comparable room temperature linewidths, and higher device on/off ratios.
Classroom age composition and developmental change in 70 urban preschool classrooms

Abstract A multilevel modeling approach was used to investigate the influence of age composition in 70 urban preschool classrooms. A series of hierarchical linear models demonstrated that greater variance in classroom age composition was negatively related to development on the Child Observation Record (COR) Cognitive, Motor, and Social subscales. This was true when controlling for class size, general classroom quality, and socioeconomic status at the classroom level and for age, gender, and baseline ability at the child level. Additionally, to address possible concerns related to nonrandom assignment to classrooms, a series of models were run including variance in developmental age (i.e., baseline ability) at the classroom level and at the child level. The results were consistent for chronological age composition and developmental age composition at the classroom level; greater variance in classroom developmental age composition was negatively related to Time 2 scores on the COR Cognitive, Motor, and Social subscales. Furthermore, a cross-level interaction indicated that negative influence of greater variance in classroom developmental age composition was stronger for children older in developmental age. Implications for early childhood education policy are discussed.
The Gut-Brain Dopamine Axis: A Regulatory System for Caloric Intake

Post-ingestive factors are known to strongly modulate feeding behavior by providing feedback signals to the central nervous system on the current physiological state of the organism. Of particular interest is the identification of the physiological pathways that permit the brain to sense post-ingestive signals. We will review recent evidence supporting the concept that direct stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with nutrients induces release of the catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine. In addition, changes in dopamine efflux produced by direct stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract were found to reflect the caloric load of the infusates, suggesting that dopamine signaling may function as a central caloric sensor that mediates adjustments in intake according to the caloric density of a meal. Consistent with the above, blockade of dopamine signaling disrupts flavor-nutrient associations and impairs the regulatory capacity to maintain constant caloric intake during intra-gastric feeding. Future research must determine the exact pathways linking gut nutrient administration to dopamine efflux. Current evidence points to parallel contributions by pre- and post-absorptive pathways, indicating that dopamine systems constitute a site of convergence through which distinct physiological signals can exert control over ingestive behaviors.
Monoclonal antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus react with pathogenic arenaviruses

Certain arenaviruses have become widely recognized as important human pathogens1–3, the most notable among these being Lassa virus, the causative agent of Lassa fever4. Two other members of the group, Junin and Machupo virus, are the aetiological agents of Argentine and Bolivian haemorrhagic fevers, respectively2. All these agents share both morphological features and to varying degrees serological cross-reactivity with other non-pathogenic arenaviruses3,5,6. Despite the evident clinical importance of these viruses, work to define their physiochemical structure and to develop rapid and precise diagnostic techniques has been slow. Consequently, the definitive relationships among West African Lassa strains, strains of a related agent from Mozambique and of an Old World arenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), have not been established. This problem is of more than simple taxonomic importance in view of the fact that a Mozambique virus strain produced subclinical infection in experimental monkeys which were then resistant to challenge with monkey and human virulent Lassa virus from Sierra Leone7. We have explored the use of monoclonal hybridoma antibodies generated against relatively less hazardous arenaviruses to define antigens cross-reactive with the important human pathogens of the group. Here we describe the use of monoclonal antibodies directed against LCM virus to define antigenic specificities shared among LCM, Lassa and Mozambique viruses.
Rhizobium alters inducible defenses in broad bean, Vicia faba

Conversion of inorganic nitrogen by mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria is essential for plant growth and reproduction, as well as the development of chemical and mechanical defenses. It is unclear, however, how these bacteria alter co-occurring symbioses at higher trophic levels; e.g., extrafloral nectary (EFN) induction, in response to herbivory, to attract defensive mutualists. We hypothesized that plants colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria would mount a larger inducible, defensive response than plants lacking symbioses, as defensive traits are costly. We predicted that bean plants, Vicia faba L., harboring Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Frank would produce more EFNs upon leaf damage, than plants lacking the symbionts, as EFN induction in V. faba is resource-dependent. Here we report that V. faba colonized by R. leguminosarum produced similar numbers of EFNs as did plants without symbionts. Plants with symbionts, however, produced significantly fewer EFNs over 1 week in response to leaf damage, than those without leaf damage. As such, nitrogen-fixing bacteria may not always benefit the host plant, but rather, the utility of these bacteria may be dependent on the prevailing ecological conditions.
THE STIMULATION BY CHLORAMPHENICOL OF "REPRESSOR" FORMATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Abstract A study has been made to determine the mechanism for the chloramphenicol-promted repression of the synthesis of repressor-controlled enzymes in Escherichia coli. 1. 1. General metabolic inhibitors such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and 5-methyltryptophan will preferentially inhibit β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) synthesis in arithmetically growing cultures, but not in cultures growing exponentially. The chloramphenicol-pormoted repression of this enzyme occurs in exponentially growing cultures. 2. 2. From several lines of evidence, it is concluded that the chloramphenicol-promoted repression of β-galactosidase synthesis is not a manifestation of catabolite repression. 3. 3. The repression by chloramphenicol of tryptophan synthetase (EC 4.2.1.20) formation is not attributable to end-product repression by internal trytophan. 4. 4. Certain mutations in the regulator genes for β-galactosidase and tryptophan synthetase render these enzymes non-repressible by chloramphenicol. 5. 5. These results suggest that the chloramphenicol-promoted repression of enzyme synthesis in exponentially growing cultures is the result of increase in the levels of specific repressor molecules.