cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DELIGHTFUL COXCOMBS TO INDUSTRIOUS MEN: FASHIONABLE POLITICS IN CECIL AND PENDENNIS

THOMAS CARLYLE’S CONTEMPTUOUS DESCRIPTION of the dandy as “a Clothes-wearing Man, a Man whose trade, office, and existence consists in the wearing of Clothes” (313) has survived as the best-known definition of dandyism, which is generally equated with the foppery of eighteenth-century beaux and late nineteenth-century aesthetes. Actually, however, George Brummell (1778–1840), the primary architect of dandyism, developed not only a style of dress, but also a mode of behavior and style of wit that opposed ostentation. Brummell insisted that he was completely self-made, and his audacious self-transformation served as an example for both parvenus and dissatisfied nobles: the bourgeois might achieve upward mobility by distinguishing himself from his peers, and the noble could bolster his faltering status while retaining illusions of exclusivity. Aristocrats like Byron, Bulwer, and Wellington might effortlessly cultivate themselves and indulge their taste for luxury, while at the same time ambitious social climbers like Brummell, Disraeli, and Dickens might employ the codes of dandyism in order to establish places for themselves in the urban world. Thus, dandyism served as a nexus for the declining aristocratic elite and the rising middle class, a site where each was transformed by the dialectic interplay of aristocratic and individualistic ideals.
Effects of self-administered ethanol or water preloads on appetitive and consummatory behavior in the alcohol-preferring (P) rat.

Objective: Ethanol intake control in the selected alcohol-preferring lines of rats appeared to have shifted in some lines for both increased ethanol seeking and increased consumption once ethanol was available. It was unknown whether a small preload of ethanol would alter either the seeking or the consumption in a selected line. This study examined this issue. Method: Alcohol-preferring (P) rats from Indiana University School of Medicine were initiated to drink ethanol using a sucrose-substitution procedure and a single daily limited-access trial. Following 30 responses on a lever, a sipper tube containing 10% ethanol extended into the operant chamber for 20 minutes. Self-administered ethanol and water preloads were tested prior to either a regular session or an extinction session. In extinction sessions, no access to the sipper tube occurred, and the number of responses occurring during 20 minutes was taken as a measure of ethanol seeking. Results: The ethanol and water preloads had no effect on the foll...
Maximum likelihood and optimum location of observation sites in geodetic and spatial surveying

In geodetic and spatial surveying, accurate statistical es-timates of the Cartesian coordinates of a stationary target depend, in general, on such factors as target position, number and type of instruments, their location, their accuracy, and their mix. Direct measurements are assumed to be made in elevation, azimuth, and range with errors independently and normally distributed. For a mix of instruments, theoretical arguments are established using maximum likelihood estimation to determine the optimal siting of the instruments which minimizes (GDOP)2 or the square of the geo-metric dilution of precision = sum of the variances of the estimates in the three orthogonal directions.
Application of two-component phase doppler interferometry to the measurement of particle size, mass flux, and velocities in two-phase flows

Two-component phase Doppler interferometry is described, along with its application for the spatially-resolved measurements of particle size, velocity, and mass flux as well as continuous phase velocity. This technique measures single particle events at a point in the flow; droplet size is deduced from the spatial phase shift of the Doppler signal. Particle size influence and discrimination of continuous and discrete phases are among issues covered. Applications are presented for four cases: an example of the discrimination of two sizes of glass beads in a jet flow; a demonstration of the discrimination of phases in a spray field; an assessment of atomizer symmetry with respect to fuel distribution; and a characterization of a droplet field in a reacting spray. It is noted that the above technique is especially powerful in delineating droplet interactions in the swirling, complex flows typical of realistic systems.
Thermal Analysis and Strength Evaluation of Cargo Tanks in Offshore FLNGs and LNG Carriers

The objective of this study is to develop a procedure for thermal analysis and strength evaluation of cargo tank structures in offshore FLNGs and LNG carriers. In this paper, a heat transfer analysis methodology has been employed, and a computational tool has been developed for its application on hull and tank structures in both membrane-type and independent Self-supporting Prismatic type B (SPB) LNG vessels. Using this method, the temperature distribution and corresponding heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) in both the hull structure and void spaces can be estimated so the appropriate steel grade can be selected for the inner hull and the boil-off rate (BOR) can be calculated for LNG vessels. Based on these estimated temperature environmental profiles and HTCs in void spaces, the detailed temperature distribution of an independent SPB tank including the tank boundary and internal structures can be calculated using steady-state thermal FE analysis. Then, the temperature distribution obtained from thermal FE modeling is applied to the FE model as loading conditions for thermal stress FE analysis on cargo tanks. In stress FE analysis, design loads usually include temperature distribution, design vapor pressure, and internal pressure caused by cargo during vessel acceleration. For temperature distribution among design loads, there are three loading conditions which are: cooling down, partial filling level, and full filling level loading conditions in an independent tank. Finally, FE results are to be used for assessing the yielding and buckling strength of a tank structure in terms of acceptance criteria. A case study for an LNG SPB tank demonstrates strength assessment considering thermal effects. The complete procedure has been developed for thermal analysis and strength evaluation of cargo tank structures in offshore FLNGs and LNG carriers.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Plasmid-dependent temperature-sensitive phase in crown gall tumorigenesis

Abstract Two methods have been used to show that the temperature-sensitive (ts) genes for plasmid maintenance located on pTiC58 are responsible for the presence of a specific 37°C ts period during crown gall tumorigenesis. Tumors induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 become resistant to 32°C by 96 hr after infection, indicating that the “inception phase” of crown gall is complete at that time. However, C58 tumors remain sensitive to 37°C until 168 hr after infection. When pTiC58 is replaced in strain C58 by a plasmid that is temperature resistant for maintenance within the bacterium at 37°C (B6806) the tumors induced by the new strain (A277) become resistant to 37°C by 96 hr after infection. Furthermore, when pTiC58 is selected for temperature resistance in strain C58 at 37°C, the tumors induced by the new strain, C58TR, become resistant to 37°C approximately 40 hr earlier than do tumors induced by the parent strain C58. These results prove that the 37°C ts period (96-168 hr after infection) is coded for ts plasmid maintenance genes located on pTiC58. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into pTiC58 in strain C58 is specifically inhibited at 37°C compared to chromosomal DNA and is not inhibited at 32°C. The data presented support a mechanism in which the 37°C, ts period between 96 and 168 hr after infection is due to the requirement for the plasmid-coded maintenance genes involved in plasmid replication within incipient tumor cells. The fact that the 37°C ts period ends after 168 hr indicates a transient requirement for the ts gene product, perhaps due to the stable integration of plasmid DNA into plant genetic elements by that time.
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ISOLATION ON JOB SATISFACTION OF BANK TELLERS: A RESEARCH NOTE

A multiple discriminant analysis was used to compare the job satisfaction of inside and outside bank tellers with respect to pay and promotion policies, supervision, nature of work, and co-workers. Significant differences between inside and outside tellers were found on these variables, with inside tellers expressing greater job satisfaction. It was concluded that isolation of employees from routine communication contacts with other personnel may be detrimental to employee morale.
Observations of offshore shelf-water transport induced by a warm-core ring

Gulf Stream warm-core rings often are observed to entrain water from the continental shelf and transport filaments of shelf water out over the continental slope. In June 1982 the R. V. Endeavor made a transect through one such shelf-water “streamer” that was seen from satellite thermal imagery to the east of warm-core ring 82B. Acoustic doppler current profiles together with repeated CTD stations were made through the streamer. The CTD system was also equipped with a dissolved oxygen sensor and transmissometer. We were able to make an unprecedented section of velocity and water mass structure of the shelf-water filament. The offshore velocity structure observed was complicated with velocities ranging from 10 to 50 cm s−1, temperatures, in a sub-surface temperature minimum, of less than 8°C, surface salinities less than 33‰, with high levels of suspended particulate matter and manganese, and with shelf-water properties as deep as 100 m in the center of the streamer. Transports calculated in different temperature and salinity classes showed a total volume transport of waters in the filament of 0.8–0.9 × 106 m3 s−1 for water with a salinity <35‰. Thermal imagery shows that the streamer was not “wrapped around” the ring but was advected by the ring and deposited at the inshore edge of the Gulf Stream. Using adjacent stations not in the streamer, but in the Slope Water, as a reference for water that presumably replaced the above amount of shelf water, estimates have been made of the net exchange of heat, salt, particulates, dissolved oxygen and Mn due to the offshore transport of shelf water by 82B. These estimates indicate that warm-core rings are capable of inducing significant exchange across the Shelf/Slope Water front off the northeast coast of the U.S.A.
Reactivity controlled compression ignition and conventional diesel combustion: A comparison of methods to meet light-duty NOx and fuel economy targets:

This study compares conventional diesel combustion and reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion in a light-duty engine at NOx levels equivalent to US Tier 2 Bin 5 and proposes a simple...
Evolution of the circumstellar molecular envelope. I. A bima co survey of evolved stars

This paper reports the results of a small imaging survey of eight evolved stars including two AGB stars (IRC +10216 and Mira), five proto-planetary nebula (PPN) candidates (AFGL 2688, IRAS 22272+5435, HD 161796, 89 Her, and HD 179821), and a planetary nebula (PN, NGC 7027). We present high-resolution 12CO J = 1 → 0 maps of their full molecular envelopes made by combining BIMA Millimeter Array and NRAO 12 m telescope observations. For the PPNe and PN, the neutral molecular envelopes are compared with images taken at optical, near-IR, and mid-IR wavelengths. Drawing from the literature, we augmented our BIMA survey sample to 38 well-studied sources with CO emission maps. We classified this sample of sources based on the kinematics and morphologies of the CO emission into three types: spherical/elliptical/shell sources, disk sources, and structured outflow sources. Confirming previous studies, we find strong evidence for the photodissociation of the molecular envelope as an object evolves from the AGB to PN stages. While the spherical AGB stars follow theoretical expectations for mass-loss rate versus envelope size, the post-AGB structured outflow sources have significantly higher mass-loss rates than expected probably because of their recent superwinds. We find evidence that the structured outflows are clearly younger than the AGB wind. The disk sources have little correlation between mass-loss rate and envelope size because their properties are determined more by the properties of the central stars and disk evolution than by the mass-loss rate history that shapes the spherical and structured-outflow sources.
Accounting for the energies and entropies of kinesin’s catalytic cycle

When the processive motor protein kinesin walks along the biopolymer microtubule it can occasionally make a backward step. Recent single molecule experiments on moving kinesin have revealed that the forward-to-backward step ratio decreases exponentially with the load force. Carter and Cross (Nature 435, 308-312, 2005) found that this ratio tightly followed 802 × exp[−0.95F], where F is the load force in piconewtons. A straightforward analysis of a Brownian step leads to L/(2k B T) as the factor in front of the load force, where L is the 8 nm stepsize, k B is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. The factor L/(2k B T) does indeed equal 0.95 pN−1. The same analysis shows how the 802 prefactor derives from the power stroke energy G as exp[G/(2k B T)]. There are indications that the power stroke derives from the entropically driven coiling of the 30 amino acid neck linker that connects the two kinesin heads. This idea is examined and consequences are deduced.
Pulmonary Function after Uncomplicated Myocardial Infarction

Derangement of pulmonary function following myocardial infarction is related to the severity of hemodynamic dysfunction. Abnormalities of pulmonary function appear even in patients without clinical or radiologic evidence of congestive failure. There is a reduction in vital capacity and rates of air flow. There is evidence for dysfunction of "small airways" and diminished ventilation to dependent parts of the lung. Total lung capacity may be normal or reduced, and residual volume may be increased slightly in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Residual volume falls with more pronounced pulmonary congestion and edema. Distribution of pulmonary perfusion is altered after myocardial infarction, with a shift of perfusion away from the dependent parts of the lung (bases) towards the apices. Pulmonary gas exchange is impaired, with hypoxemia (due to both ventilation-perfusion inequality and increased shunting); and the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide is diminished. Dead space is increased. The basic pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for abnormalities of pulmonary function is increased pulmonary water, which may be very minimal with uncomplicated myocardial infarction and stay primarily in the pulmonary interstitial space, but becomes progressively more severe with eventual alveolar flooding and marked impairment of pulmonary function.
Determination of nitric acid concentration by using europium ion fluorescence

Abstract A method is presented for the determination of 2–1O M nitric acid based on the fact that the presence of high nitric acid concentration causes an enhancement of the intensity of some bands in the fluorescence spectra of rare earth ions in solution. The 616-nm band of Eu 3+ shows the most dramatic intensity enhancement with increasing nitric acid concentration. The present method, based on the measurement of the ratio of Eu 3+ fluorescent band intensities is shown to be independent of Eu 3+ concentration and realtively free of interference. This robust method allows the presence of an interferent to be determined from the experimental data.
Complementary anti-inflammatory effects of a β-blocker and a corticosteroid in an asthma model

Glucocorticosteroids are the mainstay treatment for chronic asthma; however, adverse effects can limit their usefulness. We previously determined in experimental asthma that chronic administration of β2-adrenoceptor inverse agonists reduced airway hyperresponsiveness and indexes of inflammation. However, the effect of co-administration of glucocorticosteroids with β2-adrenoceptor inverse agonists is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of co-administration of dexamethasone, a glucocorticosteroid, and nadolol, a β2-inverse agonist, in a murine asthma model. We measured eosinophils and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and mucin content in epithelial cells after exposure to different concentrations of dexamethasone and nadolol. Dexamethasone was administered for 3 days and nadolol for 24 days prior to ovalbumin challenge. Both drugs were continued during five daily intranasal challenges with ovalbumin. Independent administration of dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg/day) or nadolol (25 ppm) reduced bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils by 58% and 36%, respectively (P < 0.05). Co-administration of both drugs yielded an additive reduction in eosinophils (81%, P < 0.05). Co-administration of both drugs (dexamethasone 0.4 mg/kg/day and nadolol 25 ppm) also yielded a greater reduction in mucin volume density (83%) than either drug alone (18% for dexamethasone and 62% for nadolol) and greater than high-dose dexamethasone (71%) alone (P < 0.05). Similarly, co-administration of both drugs (dexamethasone 0.4 mg/kg/day and nadolol 25 ppm) yielded an additive effect on the reduction of type 2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid equivalent to the administration of a 10-fold higher dose of dexamethasone. In Summary, the simultaneous administration of a glucocorticosteroid and a β2-adrenoceptor inverse agonist was more effective at reducing indexes of airway inflammation than either drug given alone; suggesting nadolol may possess “glucocorticoid-sparing” properties.
The Effect of Body Weight in Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys upon Fertility and Hatchability

Abstract MOST comparisons of Bronze or Broad Breasted Bronze with smaller breeds show that hatchability of all eggs set is lower for the larger variety (Sampson and Wilson, 1944; Walter and Hoffman, 1947; Marsden and Olsen, 1950). Somewhat poorer results from hatch of all eggs were reported from larger than from smaller Bronze hens by Funk (1950) although Parker and Harper (1950) found no convincing evidence of such differences among somewhat smaller Bronze hens. Fertility is at times a factor in the low hatchability of turkey eggs and when such low fertility occurs in healthy flocks it can be improved by artificial insemination (Stotts and Darrow, 1955). The experiment reported here was designed to compare fertility and hatchability of hen and tom turkeys of different weights in a commercial flock of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys under conditions of supplemental insemination. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The Broad Breasted Bronze hens were divided into six …
Load and resistance convex models for optimum design

This paper is concerned with the optimal design of structures that are affected by uncertainties present in the loads applied to the structure, and by uncertainties affecting the internal resistance of the structural members. The magnitude of the applied loads and the modulus of elasticity of the structural members are assumed to vary within deterministic bounds. These uncertainties are idealized using a nonprobabilistic method, the convex model. The two types of uncertainties are considered simultaneously by employing the Cartesian product of convex sets. Two different convex models are examined to account for the uncertainties: the ellipsoidal convex model, and the uniform bound convex model. The optimum designs of a truss using the two convex models are compared to a worst case scenario optimum design in order to evaluate their performance. It is shown that it is not possible to identify a single worst case scenario that would be able to account for all possible combinations of uncertainties. However, both the ellipsoidal and the uniform bound convex model designs are found to be superior to the worst case scenario design in terms of constraint violations.
Optimal protein-folding codes from spin-glass theory

Abstract Protein-folding codes embodied in sequence-dependent energy functions can be optimized using spin-glass theory. Optimal folding codes for associative-memory Hamiltonians based on aligned sequences are deduced. A screening method based on these codes correctly recognizes protein structures in the "twilight zone" of sequence identity in the overwhelming majority of cases. Simulated annealing for the optimally encoded Hamiltonian generally leads to qualitatively correct structures.
Identification of a selective nuclear import signal in adenosine deaminases acting on RNA

The adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) comprise a family of RNA editing enzymes that selectively modify single codons within RNA primary transcripts with often profound impact on protein function. Little is known about the mechanisms that regulate nuclear RNA editing activity. Editing levels show cell-type specific and developmental modulation that does not strictly coincide with observed expression levels of ADARs. Here, we provide evidence for a molecular mechanism that might control nuclear import of specific ADARs and, in turn, nuclear RNA editing. We identify an in vivo ADAR3 interaction partner, importin alpha 1 (KPNA2) that specifically recognizes an arginine-rich ADAR3 sequence motif and show that it acts as a functional nuclear localization sequence. Furthermore, whereas KPNA2, but not KPNA1 or KNPA3, recognizes the ADAR3 NLS, we observe the converse binding specificity with ADAR2. Interestingly, alternative splicing of ADAR2 pre-mRNA introduces an ADAR3-like NLS that alters the interaction profile with the importins. Thus, in vivo RNA editing might be regulated, in part, through controlled subcellular localization of ADARs, which in turn is governed by the coordinated local expression of importin alpha proteins and ADAR protein variants.
Non-public water use in fluoridated water areas can increase caries risk in primary dentition

Original Article Armfield JM, Spencer AJ. Consumption of nonpublic water: implications for children's caries experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32:283-96. Level of Evidence 3b Question Given that many children are consuming more bottled water that contains no supplemental fluoride, can this increase their caries experience in the primary and permanent dentitions? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study
Music camp: experiential consumption in a guitar workshop setting

Purpose – This paper and video aim to present findings of an investigation into the consumption of weeklong music camps for adults.Design/methodology/approach – Video‐ethnography is an emerging research technique in marketing academe. The technique derives from the ethnographic tradition in anthropology and incorporates a blend of participant observer and thick description interview techniques. The video evidence does not replace field notes. Rather the video evidence contributes strongly to an edited deliverable that complements and in some instances substitutes for a traditional manuscript.Findings – Participants spend hundreds, sometimes thousands of dollars purchasing a week of music classes, concerts and jam sessions located in campus‐like venues, often rural and remote and without many of the comforts of home. Three strong themes emerged from the observations and interviews. Consumer immersion in a musical enclave for a week to develop their musicianship is the first theme. The second theme intertwi...
Fast Hamilton-Jacobi equation solver and neural fiber bundle extraction

The Hamilton-Jacobi equation (HJE) appears widely in applied mathematics, physics, and optimal control theory. While its analytical solution is rarely available, the numerical solver is indispensable. In this work, firstly we propose a novel numerical method, based on the fast sweeping scheme, for the static HJE. Comparing with the original fast sweeping method, our algorithm speeds up the solution up to 8 times in 3D. The efficiency is due to incorporating the ideas of the fast marching into the fast sweeping. Essentially, the sweeping origin is selected so that the sweeping direction is more consistent with the information flow direction and the regions where the two directions are against are avoided. Moreover, the successive-overrelaxation nonlinear iterative method is used for faster convergence. Secondly, we provide a complete pipeline for brain tractography, in which the proposed solver is the key component for finding the optimal fiber tracts. Besides, the pipeline contains components from orientation distribution function estimation, multiple fiber extraction to the final fiber bundle volumetric segmentation, completing the process from DW-MRI image to segmented fiber bundles. The pipeline is integrated into the publicly available software 3D Slicer. The new solver has been tested and compared with the original scheme on various types of HJEs and the tractography pipeline was tested and performed consistently on all the 12 brain DW-MRI images.
Integral identities for random variables

Abstract Using a general method for deriving identities for random variables, we find a number of new results involving characteristic functions and generating functions. The method is simply to promote a parameter in an integral relation to the status of a random variable and then take expected values of both sides of the equation. Results include formulas for calculating the characteristic functions for x 2, √x, 1/x, x 2 + x, R 2 = x 2 + y 2, and so forth in terms of integral transforms of the characteristic functions for x and (x, y), and so forth. Generalizations to higher dimensions can be obtained using the same method. Expressions for inverse/fractional moments, E{n!}, and so forth are also presented, demonstrating the method.
Novel pathway engineering design of the anaerobic central metabolic pathway in Escherichia coli to increase succinate yield and productivity

A novel in vivo method of producing succinate has been developed. A genetically engineered Escherichia coli strain has been constructed to meet the NADH requirement and carbon demand to produce high quantities and yield of succinate by strategically implementing metabolic pathway alterations. Currently, the maximum theoretical succinate yield under strictly anaerobic conditions through the fermentative succinate biosynthesis pathway is limited to one mole per mole of glucose due to NADH limitation. The implemented strategic design involves the construction of a dual succinate synthesis route, which diverts required quantities of NADH through the traditional fermentative pathway and maximizes the carbon converted to succinate by balancing the carbon flux through the fermentative pathway and the glyoxylate pathway (which has less NADH requirement). The synthesis of succinate uses a combination of the two pathways to balance the NADH. Consequently, experimental results indicated that these combined pathways gave the most efficient conversion of glucose to succinate with the highest yield using only 1.25 moles of NADH per mole of succinate in contrast to the sole fermentative pathway, which uses 2 moles of NADH per mole of succinate. A recombinant E. coli strain, SBS550MG, was created by deactivating adhE, ldhA and ack-pta from the central metabolic pathway and by activating the glyoxylate pathway through the inactivation of iclR, which encodes a transcriptional repressor protein of the glyoxylate bypass. The inactivation of these genes in SBS550MG increased the succinate yield from glucose to about 1.6 mol/mol with an average anaerobic productivity rate of 10 mM/h (approximately 0.64 mM/h-OD600). This strain is capable of fermenting high concentrations of glucose in less than 24 h. Additional derepression of the glyxoylate pathway by inactivation of arcA, leading to a strain designated as SBS660MG, did not significantly increase the succinate yield and it decreased glucose consumption by 80%. It was also observed that an adhE, ldhA and ack-pta mutant designated as SBS990MG, was able to achieve a high succinate yield similar to SBS550MG when expressing a Bacillus subtilis NADH-insensitive citrate synthase from a plasmid.
Network Coding for Joint Storage and Transmission with Minimum Cost

Network coding provides elegant solutions to many data transmission problems. The usage of coding for distributed data storage has also been explored. In this work, we study a joint storage and transmission problem, where a source transmits a file to storage nodes whenever the file is updated, and clients read the file by retrieving data from the storage nodes. The cost includes the transmission cost for file update and file read, as well as the storage cost. We show that such a problem can be transformed into a pure flow problem and is solvable in polynomial time using linear programming. Coding is often necessary for obtaining the optimal solution with the minimum cost. However, we prove that for networks of generalized tree structures, where adjacent nodes can have asymmetric links between them, file splitting ? instead of coding ? is sufficient for achieving optimality. In particular, if there is no constraint on the numbers of bits that can be stored in storage nodes, there exists an optimal solution that always transmits and stores the file as a whole. The proof is accompanied by an algorithm that optimally assigns file segments to storage nodes.
Drivers of declining sea ice in the Arctic winter: A tale of two seas

[1] While the summer perennial Arctic sea ice has declined markedly in recent decades, the maximum extent of the winter ice cover had decreased only slightly, until the past few years when it also receded dramatically. This investigation reveals that the timing of maximum extent varies greatly, and the drivers of ice-edge location differ strikingly between two of the areas where it varies most: the Bering and Barents Seas. Between 1979 and 2005 in the Bering Sea, the ice edge is influenced mainly by anomalies in easterly winds associated with the Aleutian Low, which was particularly strong during the 1980s. The Barents Sea ice edge, in contrast, is driven primarily by two factors: anomalies in sea-surface temperature, particularly close in time to the maximum extent, and by southerly wind (from the south) anomalies integrated back to mid- and early winter. The hemispheric-mean decline in winter ice extent is due in large part to increasing sea-surface temperatures in the Barents Sea and adjoining waters, which are consistent with increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.
Design of a computerized, temperature-controlled, recirculating aquaria system

We built a recirculating aquaria system with computerized temperature control to maintain static temperatures, increase temperatures 1 °C/day, and maintain diel temperature fluctuations up to 10 °C. A LabVIEW program compared the temperature recorded by thermocouples in fish tanks to a desired set temperature and then calculated the amount of hot or cold water to add to tanks to reach or maintain the desired temperature. Intellifaucet® three-way mixing valves controlled temperature of the input water and ensured that all fish tanks had the same turnover rate. The system was analyzed over a period of 50 days and was fully functional for 96% of that time. Six different temperature treatments were run simultaneously in 18, 72 L fish tanks and temperatures stayed within 0.5 °C of set temperature. We used the system to determine the upper temperature tolerance of fishes, but it could be used in aquaculture, ecological studies, or other aquatic work where temperature control is required.
Orphan enzyme cuts down on sugar

The reclusive enzymes that catalyze proteolysis inside the cell membrane are among the most widespread in nature, yet most remain ‘orphans’ whose cellular functions are poorly understood. Now, Voss et al identify Golgi‐resident glycosyltransferases and glycosidases as substrates for the presenilin‐like protease SPPL3. Shedding of these glycan‐modifying enzymes from the membrane down‐regulates global protein N‐glycosylation.
Refinement, validation, and application of a benthic condition index for Northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries

By applying discriminant analysis to benthic macroinvertebrate data, we have developed an indicator of benthic condition for northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. The data used were collected by the United states Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) in the Louisianian Province from 1991 to 1994. This benthic index represents a linear combination of the following weighted parameters: the proportion of expected species diversity, the mean abundance of tubificid oligochaetes, the percent of total abundance represented by capitellid polychaetes, the percent of total abundance represented by bivalve mollusks, and the percent of total abundance represented by amphipods. We successfully validated and retrospectively applied the benthic index to all of the benthic data collected by EMAP in the Louisianian Province. This benthic index was also calculated for independent data collected from Pensacola Bay, Florida, in order to demonstrate its flexibility and applicability to different estuarine systems within the same biogeographic region. The benthic index is a useful and valid indicator of estuarine condition that is intended to provide environmental managers with a simple tool for assessing the health of benthic macroinvertebrate communities.
Activation of the A3 Adenosine Receptor Suppresses Superoxide Production and Chemotaxis of Mouse Bone Marrow Neutrophils

Adenosine is formed in injured/ischemic tissues, where it suppresses the actions of essentially all cells of the immune system. Most of the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine have been attributed to signaling through the Gs protein-coupled A2A adenosine receptor (AR). Here, we report that the A3AR is highly expressed in murine neutrophils isolated from bone marrow. Selective activation of the A3AR with (2 S ,3 S ,4 R ,5 R )-3-amino-5-[6-(2,5-dichlorobenzylamino)purin-9-yl]-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid methylamide (CP-532,903) potently inhibited mouse bone marrow neutrophil superoxide generation and chemotaxis induced by various activating agents. The selectivity of CP-532,903 was confirmed in assays using neutrophils obtained from A2AAR and A3AR gene “knockout” mice. In a model of thioglycollate-induced inflammation, treating mice with CP-532,903 inhibited recruitment of leukocytes into the peritoneum by specifically activating the A3AR. Collectively, our findings support the theory that the A3AR contributes to the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine on neutrophils and provide a potential mechanistic explanation for the efficacy of A3AR agonists in animal models of inflammation (i.e., inhibition of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury).
Valuing the resilience of the electrical power infrastructure

The reliability of electrical power supply is amongst the ambient conditions that inform house purchase decisions in all major cities. Where there is sufficient variation in outages and infrastructural conditions across an urban system it is possible to use hedonic price functions to estimate people's willingness to pay for more reliability in power supply (or willingness to accept compensation for less reliability in power supply). We illustrate the approach using estimates from a hedonic valuation of the reliability of electrical power supply in Phoenix as a function of infrastructural characteristics, environmental conditions (vegetation in particular), and the interactions between the two. It infers the value of infrastructures that contribute, in different ways, to the likelihood of outages.
Fabrication and characterization of photonic devices directly written in glass using femtosecond laser pulses

Both straight and curved waveguides are written in a variety of silicate glasses using near-IR femtosecond laser pulses. Writing parameters are identified that produce waveguides that support only a single mode and yield smooth-mode profiles. The laser pulse-induced refractive index change is reconstructed from near-field mode profile data using the scalar wave equation and by refractive near-field profiling. Waveguide propagation losses are determined by throughput and Fabry-Perot resonator measurements. Both coarse and fine period gratings are written and characterized, and the thermal stability of these gratings is investigated. The utility of the femtosecond writing technique is demonstrated by fabricating an optical interleaver.
Competency-Based ESL: One Step Forward or Two Steps Back?.

While competency-based education has become widely accepted as the state-of-the-art approach to adult ESL, there has been little published discussion of its theoretical assumptions or social implications. This article examines eight key descriptors of competency-based education in light of critiques from the fields of curriculum theory, adult basic education, and second language acquisition theory. The results of an informal survey of teacher attitudes toward competency-based adult education in ESL are incorporated. The article situates the competency-based approach in its historical context as part of a tradition of socializing immigrants for specific roles in the existing socioeconomic order. It suggests that the systems demands of this approach (for accountability and "social utility") may impose constraints that get in the way of such pedagogical considerations as student-centered learning. The article concludes by stressing the need for further debate and analysis, rather than uncritical acceptance, of competency-based systems.
The latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus induces B cell hyperplasia and lymphoma

Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human lymphotropic herpesvirus. It is implicated in B cell neoplasias such as primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease in AIDS patients. The KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is consistently expressed in all KSHV-associated tumor cells and was shown to bind the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb. To test LANA’s contribution to lymphomagenesis in vivo we generated transgenic mice expressing LANA under the control of its own promoter, which is B cell specific. All of the transgenic mice developed splenic follicular hyperplasia due to an expansion of IgM+IgD+ B cells and showed increased germinal center formation. We also observed lymphomas, implying that LANA can activate B cells and provide the first step toward lymphomagenesis.
Eyelid Fibrous Histiocytoma

Abstract A 62-year-old woman had a painless, asymptomatic, eyelid mass that progressively increased in size over a six-month period. Histologic study of the excisional biopsy specimen revealed a fibrous histiocytoma that contained areas of granuloma formation. A three-year follow-up has shown no recurrence of the tumor. The rarity of the lesion in the eyelid and further evidence for the histiocytic origin of the tumor are discussed.
David Hume’s Political Philosophy: A Theory of Commercial Modernization

While David Hume explicitly elaborated on the development of a modern commercial society in the Political Discourses and the History of England, it is more difficult to discern whether Hume had a specific time period or societal transformation in mind when he laid out his political philosophy in A Treatise of Human Nature. In the Treatise, Hume unambiguously states that he did not believe in the existence of a pre-social stage of human developmentÂ— he considered such elaborations mere philosophical fiction.1 The lack of an abrupt demarcation between the pre-social and the social in Hume's thought makes his political philosophy incongruent with an original contract or a first social formation. In this sense, Hume's social theory might be considered a foundational theory for all human coexistence2 and the Treatise would thus read as an ahistorical text. However, it is plausible that Hume was instead providing a discussion of a particular historical transformationÂ—that of commercial modernizationÂ—by emphasizing the construction of a new set of social institutions and ignoring or downplaying the social forms that came before. This paper challenges the ahistorical interpretations and suggests that Hume was indeed providing a philosophical elaboration of the
Understanding “Power Talk”: Language, Public Policy, and Democracy

This project expands upon social construction studies by critically examining the discourse patterns of two very different groups as they discuss their problems with the child support enforcement system: fathers' rights members (mostly white, middle class fathers who are organizing for emotional support and to reform the child support system) and fathers with children on welfare (mostly poor, African-American fathers). We use standard, qualitative analytical methods on primary, in-depth interview data collected from fathers' rights members, and compare that with in-depth interview data drawn from fathers with children on welfare. In brief, we find three overlapping perceptions in this policy area: child support awards are economically hurtful to fathers, child support obli gations are not adjusted for other types of support, and child support enforcement discourages parental cooperation. However, we also show that while there is broad overlap in terms of the general nature of these complaints, each group's members use very different language to describe their difficulties. Fathers' rights members are much more likely to remain connected to the system, and while challenging current policy, do not champion lawbreaking as a viable means of demonstrating their opposition. Fathers with children on welfare, on the other hand, speak in terms that reflect their disconnection from these policies, and frequently reveal their sub sequent choice to engage in evasive and even illegal behavior as viable means of expressing their dissatisfaction. Finally, we conclude that these different ways of speaking about public policy problems can have important implications for policymaker responsiveness, and ultimately, each group's political inclusion in a democratic society.
On some controllability conditions for chaotic dynamics control

Abstract In this paper, we present some conventional feedback controller design principles for chaos control, with mathematical controllability conditions derived via the Lyapunov function methods. The chaotic Chua's circuit and Duffing oscillator are used as examples to illustrate the fundamental concepts and basic methodology employed by this unified Lyapunov approach, in both linear and non-linear controllers design, for the control of chaotic dynamics.
A resource for teaching a Learning-Styles/Teamwork module with the soloman-felder index of learning styles

This work can serve as a resource for instructors interested in a course module for teaching teamwork skills using the Soloman-Felder Index of Learning Styles (ILS). After presenting a rationale for the module, I suggest in-class activities and homework assignments from which instructors can construct their own module of up to three one-hour segments. This resource is adapted from a module I created for the Vanderbilt Engineering School ES 130 freshman introductory course, and has been endorsed by Prof. Richard Felder. At his suggestion, I have included a problem-solving exercise with the thinking/feeling dimension of the Myers-Briggs personality theory, a dimension affecting interpersonal conflicts.
Influence of Venular Prostaglandin Release on Arteriolar Diameter During Functional Hyperemia

Indomethacin treatment or removal of the venular endothelium will attenuate functional arteriolar vasodilation in the hamster cremaster muscle. We tested the hypothesis that prostanoid release from venular endothelial cells was responsible for the functional vasodilation of the paired arteriole. The hamster cremaster muscle was prepared for in vivo microscopy and stimulated for 1 minute (10 V, 40 microsec, 1 Hz). Before a second muscle stimulation, the venular endothelium was removed by perfusing the venule with several air bubbles. A third muscle stimulation was performed during prostaglandin inhibition (28 micromol/L indomethacin superfusion). Arterioles (n = 9, 55+/-5 microm) dilated 25+/-4% during the initial muscle stimulation. After removal of the endothelium from the paired venules, there was no effect on resting arteriolar diameters (53+/-4 microm), but the functional arteriolar dilation was attenuated to 15+/-5% (P .05). In a second set of experiments, the order of the experimental protocol was reversed. Muscle stimulation resulted in a 23+/-2% increase in diameter (47+/-2 to 57+/-2 microm). Indomethacin treatment significantly attenuated the functional dilation to 8+/-3% (45+/-2 to 48+/-2 microm). Arteriolar diameter was significantly smaller after disruption of the venular endothelium with air bubbles (40+/-2 microm), but there was no effect on the functional vasodilation, 8+/-3% increase in diameter (to 43+/-2 microm). These results suggest that the arteriolar dilatory response to muscle stimulation is mediated, in part, by prostanoid release from the venular endothelium.
Dechlorination of chloroethane with a reconstituted liver microsomal system.

Abstract A reconstituted microsomal mixed-function oxidase system has demonstrated the capacity to dechlorinate 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The activity of the reconstituted system was stimulated by the presence of 100,000 g supernatant, similar to intact microsomes, and had characteristics of previous reconstituted systems with different substrates.
Covariant equations of motion for the string field and the consistency of the conformal algebra

A covariant set of equations for the field of the closed bosonic string are proposed. The interaction term is explicitly expressed in terms of the standard string operators. It is also shown that the closure of the conformal algebra uniquely determines the interaction term.
Two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy with a CO 2 laser

We report the laboratory demonstration of two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy with a continuous-wave (cw) CO2 laser. Using a resonant-cavity electro-optic phase modulator operating at 1 GHz, we obtained sensitivities to absorptions of 2 × 10−5 in a 1-Hz bandwidth from an etalon resonance and from calibrated mixtures of NH3. This sensitivity was within a factor of 3 of the quantum noise limit for our apparatus and was limited by baseline drift and fluctuations due to residual amplitude modulation and optical fringes.
Numerical analysis of pile behaviour under lateral loads in layered elastic–plastic soils

SUMMARY This paper presents results from a flnite element study on the behavior of a single pile in elastic{plastic soils. Pile behavior in uniform sand and clay soils as well as cases with sand layer in clay deposit and clay layer in sand deposit were analyzed and cross compared to investigate layering efiects. Finite element results were used to generate p i y curves and then compared with those obtained from methods commonly used in practice.
Worldwide Spread of the Graceful Twig Ant, Pseudomyrmex Gracilis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

ABSTRACT Pseudomyrmex gracilis is a large, slender arboreal ant with a painful sting. This species has a broad native range spanning much of the New World tropics and subtropics. In addition, P. gracilis has established exotic populations, notably in Florida and Hawaii. Here, I compiled and mapped records of P. gracilis from >1500 sites in 32 geographic areas (countries and US states) to evaluate its worldwide distribution and update information on its recent spread. Pseudomyrmex gracilis has an essentially continuous distribution ranging from southern Uruguay (∼34.9°S) and central Argentina (∼34.5°S), through much of South and Central America, to southern Texas (∼31.3°N), with recent records (all since 1995) in southern Louisiana (29.9–31.3°N). Populations of P. gracilis were first discovered in southeast Florida in 1960. Since then, P. gracilis populations have expanded northward in Florida, up to ∼30.8°N. In 2009, a P. gracilis population was discovered in Mississippi (∼30.6°N). Genetic analyses are ne...