cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TapeCache: a high density, energy efficient cache based on domain wall memory

Domain Wall Memory (DWM) is a recently developed spin-based memory technology in which several bits of data are densely packed into the domains of a ferromagnetic wire. DWM has shown great promise in enabling non-volatile memory with unprecedented density and high energy efficiency. In this work, we propose TapeCache, a first attempt to employ DWMs as last-level caches in general purpose computing platforms. DWMs enable much higher density compared to SRAM, DRAM, and other spin-based memory technologies such as STT-MRAM. However, they also pose unique challenges such as serial access to the bits stored in a DWM cell, leading to variable access latencies. We propose a novel circuit-architecture co-design for TapeCache, consisting of (i) a multi-port DWM macro-cell optimized for read operations considering the asymmetry in applications' read/write characteristics, and (ii) a new cache organization and suitable management policies that mitigate the performance penalty arising from serial access to bits in a macro-cell. Over a wide range of SPEC 2006 benchmarks, TapeCache achieves 7.8X improvement in area, an average energy improvement of 7.3X, and an average performance improvement of 1.2% compared to an iso-capacity SRAM cache. Compared to an iso-capacity STT-MRAM cache, TapeCache obtains 2.3X improvement in area and 1.4X average energy savings with virtually identical performance.
Personal identity in the history of ideas: The born-again Christian as a case study

The ‘born-again Christian’ is an idea that lies at the heart of early-modern Lutheranism as well as more recent evangelical Christianity of the sort famously practiced by George W. Bush. It is also, clearly, a way of being: the most unexceptional people can be born again. For scholars negotiating the boundary between intellectual history and cultural studies, the born-again Christian therefore provides a case study illuminating histories of personal identity generally, including identities of nation, location, race, class, gender, and religion. Immediately one notices that a strict history of ideas drawn from Christian doctrine will overstep the important domain of experience, while any cultural studies approach that ignores Christian doctrine will have a hard time explaining what counts as relevant experience and why. A history of identity categories must draw from both approaches. Despite recent efforts in the New dictionary of the history of ideas (2005) to advance a ‘cultural history of ideas,’ howeve...
Titanium substitution in biotite: an empirical model with applications to thermometry, O2 and H2O barometries, and consequences for biotite stability

Abstract An empirical model for solution of Ti in biotite is developed and calibrated on the basis of various equilibria among biotite and Ti-saturating assemblages. Sources of data used for the calibration include both experimental products and published analyses of natural assemblages. Ti solution in biotite can be satisfactorily modelled by means of the exchange component TiFe −2 , whose non-ideal behavior can be approximated empirically by means of a linear function of the relative concentrations of Ti and octahedral Al in biotite. Within assemblages which fix the chemical potential of the exchange component TiFe −2 , the concentration of this component in biotite is very sensitive to temperature and oxygen fugacity, making it possible to use biotite+oxide assemblages to obtain reliable T and f (O 2 ) estimates in igneous and metamorphic rocks. In assemblages which also contain alkali feldspar, it is possible to use breakdown equilibria of Ti additive components in biotite to estimate H 2 O fugacity. Such uses are likely to find important applications in rocks in which other assemblages sensitive to temperature, f (O 2 ) and/or f (H 2 O) are absent (in general, rocks containing a single oxide phase plus biotite as the only mafic silicate phase, ±alkali feldspar). The empirical model for solution of Ti in biotite also allows to calculate the loci of various terminal reactions for the assemblage titanian biotite+quartz, which, by comparison with equivalent equilibria in Ti-free systems, provide insight into the effect of Ti on the stability of biotite. Solubility of Ti in biotite increases with temperature in a strongly non-linear fashion. As a consequence, calculations predict that the effect of Ti on the stability of biotite is very small up to conditions typical of the beginning of the granulite facies of metamorphism, but beyond those conditions Ti concentration increases markedly and biotite is rendered very refractory. At mid to deep crustal pressures (≥ 10 kbar), the vapor-absent solidus of biotite+quartz in rocks containing Ti-saturating phases is likely to exceed 900°C, even in bulk compositions with subequal concentrations of Fe and Mg.
C1-C2 Posterior Fixation: Indications, Technique, and Results

The atlantoaxial motion segment, which is responsible for half of the rotational motion in the cervical spine, is a complex junction of the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae. Destabilization of this joint is multifactorial and can lead to pathologic motion with neurologic sequelae. Posterior spinal fixation of the C1-C2 articulation in the presence of instability has been well described in the literature. Early reports of interspinous/interlaminar wiring have evolved into modern-day pedicle screw/translaminar constructs, with excellent results. The success of a C1-C2 posterior fusion rests on appropriate indications and surgical techniques.
Factored approximations for biaxial incident angle modifiers

Abstract Solar collectors using various types of nonimaging concentrators have optical efficiencies which are not symmetrical about the collector normal. To fully specify the optical efficiency for a given sun angle, more details of the collector orientation and incident angle modifier are needed than for flat plate collectors. This could lead to the need for extensive collector test data. Fortunately, for reflecting concentrators, the detailed incident angle modifier, K ατ ( θ l , θ t ), can be approximated accurately by the product K ατ ( θ l , 0) K ατ (0, θ t ), where θ t and θ l are projected angles between the sun's position vector and the collector normal. Ray-trace calculations of the various optical effects which result in biaxial incident angle modifiers show the accuracy of the approximation. Since the various optical effects for reflecting concentrators can be represented separately by products of two projected angle factors, extension of the approximation to the general case of low concentration collectors is valid. Measurements and/or calculations need be made only for incident angles in two well-defined orthogonal planes to obtain information sufficient to approximate K ατ ( θ l , θ t ) for any projected angles of interest for solar collectors.
Simultaneous optimization by simulation of iterative deconvolution and noise removal to improve the resolution of impulsive inputs

This paper introduces a method by which one can find the optimum iteration numbers for noise removal and deconvolution of sampled data. The method employs the mean squared error, which is the pointwise square of the difference between the deconvolution result and the input, for optimization. The always convergent iterative deconvolution and noise removal methods of Ioup are used for the simultaneous optimization by simulation research presented in this paper. This method is applied to achieve optimization for a seismic wavelet impulse response function. The optimized always convergent results are compared to those of least square inverse filtering and the reblurring procedure of Kawata and Ichioka. The input data used is a spike train of various separations to give a calibrated measure of resolution. A range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR’s) is used in the optimization procedure. No noise removal is applied prior to unfolding for the reblurring procedure and the least squares inverse filtering methods. To achieve statistically reliable results 50 noisy data sets are generated for each SNR case for the always convergent method and 10 noisy cases for the reblurring procedure and the least squares inverse filtering techniques. For a given SNR case the average mean squared error, the average optimum deconvolution, and the average noise removal iteration numbers are found and tabulated. The tabulated results are plotted versus the average SNR. Once these optimum numbers are found they can be used in an equivalent window in the Fourier transform domain.
New Physics of Gases Adsorbed on or Near Fullerenes

Gas adsorption on the surface of graphite has exhibited the diverse physical properties of two-dimensional matter. In this paper, we review some recent developments involving phase transitions for the generalized version of this problem. Included are low temperature phenomena involving adsorption on buckyballs and nanotubes, as well as a proposed imbibition transition, in which gas intercalates between graphene and a solid body, like silica.
Materials characterization with a He+ microbeam

Abstract A beam of 2 MeV He+ ions has been apertured and demagnified to give a spot approximately 1 μ in diameter. The beam can be scanned in a 150 by 150 μ raster, and a secondary electron image formed to assist in placing the beam on features to be analyzed. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and particle induced X-rays emission (PIXE) have been performed with a spatial resolution of about 2 μ and used to analyze metallized conductors for microelectronic applications.
Molecular properties of acetylcholinesterase purified from Lygus hesperus knight (hemiptera : Miridae)

Abstract Molecular properties of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) purified from Lygus hesperus Knight were characterized by sucrose gradient centrifugation, non-denaturing, denaturing, and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and inhibition by paraoxon. AChE was found to be a globular enzyme with three distinct molecular forms. The major form, accounting for about 89% of total AChE activity, was a hydrophilic form (b) with a sedimentation coefficient of 7.3 S. Two other minor forms, which were recovered in either non-denaturing or denaturing gel electrophoresis but not in the centrifugation, were hydrophilic (a) and amphiphilic (c) forms, accounting for about 4 and 7% of total AChE activity, respectively. The molecular weights for the native and reduced protein were 199,000 and 94,000 for the hydrophilic a form, 150,000 and 79,000 for the hydrophilic b form, and 82,000 and 86,000 for the amphiphilic form, indicating that the molecular forms a and b were dimers while c was a monomer. All three molecular forms appeared to have very similar isoelectric points (7.4), and responded similarly to inhibition by paraoxon. These similarities may indicate structural similarity among these molecular forms of AChE.
Language Policy in a Korean-English Two-Way Immersion Setting

The purpose of this paper is to examine a language policy in a two-way immersion programme and to explicate the dimensions as well as dynamics involved in the teacher's interpretation and implementation of the policy. The Korean-English two-way immersion kindergarten classroom where this research was conducted, adopted a 70: 30 language distribution policy: Korean was used as the language of instruction during 70% of class time and English was employed as the language of instruction during the remaining 30% of time. However, despite the teacher's strict implementation of the policy, both the ethnically Korean children and ethnically non-Korean children chose to maintain most of their communication in English, reluctant to use Korean in both official and unofficial school settings. Within this setting, I ask questions related to the principles that affected the implementation of the policy by the teacher, specifically, the process by which certain interests became prioritised and the other became marginali...
Phosphorus-31 NMR spin lattice relaxation times as an indirect probe of adsorbed water in supported aqueous phase catalysts

Abstract Phosphorus-31 spin lattice relaxation times, T1's, for SAP hydroformylation catalysts derived from HRh (CO) (TPPTS)3 and TPPTS (TPPTS = trisulfonated triphenyl phosphine trisodium salt) are consistent with a liquid-like character for the supported aqueous phase. Ale T1 for solid TPPTS is 1150 s while for TPPTS in a supported aqueous phase T1 varies from 220 to 4.9 s. A T1 of 4.9 s is close to the value obtained for TPPTS in solution and is observed at a H2O/P ratio of 24.9. At this level of water content previously reported SAP catalysts have shown maximum catalytic activity for the hydroformylation of olefins.
Intracell Cooperation and Resource Allocation in a Heterogeneous Network With Relays

With macro and micro base stations (BSs) of different transmission and processing capabilities jointly deployed, heterogeneous networks effectively extend the coverage and capacity of wireless networks and have been adopted as one of the key technologies in Fourth-Generation-Long-Term Evolution (4G-LTE). To fully exploit the benefits of heterogeneous networks, proper mobile association, interference management, and radio resource management schemes need to be developed. In this paper, we investigate radio resource allocation for heterogeneous networks with cooperative relays, where the relay nodes (RNs) with in-band backhaul act as micro BSs and are able to serve user equipment (UE) either independently or cooperatively with the BSs. In such a network, radio resource-allocation schemes need to decide for each resource block: 1) whether a UE is served by a BS or an RN, and 2) whether a UE should be cooperatively served or not. In making these decisions, radio resource consumption on RN's in-band backhaul links and fairness among the UEs should be taken into consideration, which further complicates the resource-allocation problem. In this paper, we propose a radio resource-allocation framework and derive a resource-allocation strategy that is asymptotically optimal on the proportional fairness metric. The derived resource-allocation scheme gives insights on the optimal radio resource allocation for the heterogeneous networks with cooperative RNs using in-band backhauls.
Incentives in Labor Migration

To anthropologists and economists, as well as to local employers and governments, the subject of large-scale labor migration has long been one of great interest and concern particularly in the eastern and southern regions of Africa. References and publications can be traced back over many years and the earliest definitive study was probably that by Schapera in Bechuanaland in 1943. It is assumed therefore that the phenomenon of labor migration in Africa and something of the very large numbers of men, and also women and children, involved in it are familiar. Suffice it to say that industrial, agricultural and commercial enterprise has depended very heavily on migrant labor in those parts of the continent, and to a considerable extent it still does. For example, it is probable that as much as two-thirds of the African workers of both the Tanganyika sisal industry (employing about 110,000 men in 1958) and the Northern Rhodesian copper mining industry (employing some 40,000 men at the end of 1957) were migrants.
Simulation-based training improves applied clinical placement of ultrasound-guided PICCs

Purpose Skilled placement of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) has a profound impact on patient well-being and costs of care. The use of ultrasound-guided methods and prescribed training for cannulation skills are evidence-based practice recommendations. The purpose of this study was to compare two methods of PICC instruction on the acquisition of applied skills.
Making a Case for Employing a Societal Perspective in the Evaluation of Medicaid Prescription Drug Interventions

The choice of a perspective is among the most critical influences of the potential outcome of an economic evaluation, since it determines whose interest is relevant in any given analysis. For publicly funded programmes such as Medicaid, and now Medicare, it is important that economic evaluations are undertaken from a societal perspective because such evaluations inform decisions about allocation of healthcare resources. It has been argued that approaches other than the societal perspective selectively include specific costs, while ignoring other costs that are very much more 'real', and hence lack theoretical foundation in welfare economics. In view of the importance of perspectives in economic evaluations, this paper reviews 25 existing reports of economic evaluations of interventions involving prescription drugs in the Medicaid programme to examine the perspectives employed in such evaluations, based on the specific cost and benefit measurements. No explicit statement of the perspective employed was included in any of the articles selected for this review. Based on an analysis of the cost measures, none of the studies were found to have adopted a societal perspective in their evaluation. Most studies were from the perspective of Medicaid as the payer and as such did not include costs and benefits from outside the Medicaid system. Ten of the identified evaluations of interventions focused just on costs related to prescription drugs. Six studies included an evaluation of the impact of the intervention on overall programme costs along with the costs of prescription drugs. The nine remaining evaluations employed a broader approach to include related effects of the drug-benefit intervention on costs and utilization of other healthcare services such as physician, outpatient and inpatient services. This review emphasizes the importance of a societal approach in evaluating the effects of interventions in Medicaid and other publicly funded drug benefit programmes. Existing evaluations fall short of employing such a broad perspective. This, along with the limitations in design and data, make findings from these studies less reliable than should be used to make major decisions regarding allocation of tax dollars. While methodological challenges to such an approach are valid and understandable, there is an increasing need to attempt evaluations of cost-containment strategies from a broad-based societal perspective to ensure continuity and sustainability of publicly funded drug benefit programmes such as Medicaid and Medicare.
Kink propagation as a model for poling in poly(vinylidene fluoride)

The poling process in $\ensuremath{\beta}$-phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) is studied in two models in which the reorientation of the electric polarization of a crystallite occurs through the propagation of a solitary wave, or kink, of rotation along the chain. While a model considered by Aslaksen, in which the rotation is through 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, does not provide agreement with experiment, a model by Kepler and Anderson, in which the rotation is through 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, yields results not inconsistent with observed poling times.
On the Variation in Web Page Download Traffic across Different Client Types

Modern web pages are diverse and complex. There is also a wide range of devices, operating systems, and browsers that users use to access these web pages. In this work, we study how web pages, and the traffic generated by their download, differ across these different client types. We conduct a preliminary study that performs a client-side analysis of the network traffic. We identify both expected and unexpected differences among similar web pages across different browser platforms that can be used to drive future internet measurement research and identify potential design decisions and/or bugs in modern browsers.
Tolerance and cross-tolerance to the rate-suppressing effects of opioids in butorphanol-treated rats: influence of maintenance dose and relative efficacy at the mu receptor.

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the development of tolerance to the rate-suppressing effects of mu and kappa opioids in rats administered either 3.0 (low) or 30 (high) mg/kg per day of butorphanol, an opioid with low relative efficacy at the mu receptor. The mu opioids butorphanol, buprenorphine, morphine, fentanyl and sufentanil, and the kappa opioid U50,488 dose-dependently suppressed responding under all conditions examined. In rats administered the low maintenance dose of butorphanol, tolerance developed to the effects of butorphanol, buprenorphine and morphine, but not to fentanyl and sufentanil. In rats administered the high maintenance dose, tolerance developed to all of the mu opioids examined. In both treatment groups, the degree to which tolerance developed was greater for butorphanol and buprenorphine than for morphine, fentanyl and sufentanil; and the degree to which tolerance developed to these mu opioids was greater in rats administered the high maintenance dose of butorphanol. The tolerance that developed to morphine, fentanyl and sufentanil was not altered when tested at both 23 and 47 h following the previous maintenance dose of butorphanol, suggesting that these changes were not due to any acute pharmacological interactions between butorphanol and the test compound (i.e., antagonism). Tolerance was also conferred to the kappa opioid U50,488 in both groups of rats, and in rats administered the high maintenance dose, this effect was obtained when tested 23 and 47 h following the previous maintenance dose of butorphanol. Physical dependence developed in rats administered the high maintenance dose of butorphanol, as evidenced by the development of enhanced sensitivity to the rate-suppressing effects of naloxone, and the finding that 30 mg/kg naloxone decreased body weight in a time-dependent manner. No physical dependence was apparent in rats administered the low maintenance dose of butorphanol. These data suggest that during chronic treatment with butorphanol, (1) greater degrees of tolerance are conferred to drugs possessing low efficacy at the mu opioid receptor, (2) tolerance is enhanced as the maintenance dose of the toleragen is increased, and (3) mu-opioid tolerance may be observed under conditions that do not produce mu-opioid dependence.
Flight test results for the F-8 digital fly-by-wire aircraft control sensor analytic redundancy management technique

This paper reviews the formulation and flight test results of an algorithm to detect and isolate the first failure of any one of twelve duplex control sensor signals being monitored. The technique uses like-signal differences for fault detection while relying upon analytic redundancy relationships among unlike quantities to isolate the faulty sensor. The fault isolation logic utilizes the modified sequential probability ratio test, which explicitly accommodates the inevitable irreducible low frequency errors present in the analytic redundancy residuals. In addition, the algorithm uses sensor output selftest, which takes advantage of the duplex sensor structure by immediately removing a highly erratic sensor from control calculations and analytic redundancy relationships while awaiting a definitive fault isolation decision via analytic redundancy. This study represents a proof of concept demonstration of a methodology that can be applied to duplex or higher flight control sensor configurations and, in addition, can monitor the health of one simplex signal per analytic redundancy relationship.
Display of consistent ictal networks in refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

Objective Exploration of emergent ictal networks was performed in homogeneous subjects with refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Rats' Preference for Earned in Comparison with Free Food

Rats were trained to eat free food from a dish, then trained to press a lever for similar food. The free food was then presented while subjects were pressing on several reinforcement schedules. Subjects continued to press for reinforcement when one or two presses were required for reinforcement, and ate little free food. When ten presses were required for reinforcement, rats preferred free food and pressed little or not at all. It was concluded that, when work demands are not too high, rats prefer earned food to free food.
Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother- and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children

In this longitudinal study of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), school-age physical and cognitive development and behavioral characteristics were examined, while controlling for other factors that affect child development. At this follow-up phase, children were on average 7.2 years old, and their caregivers were 33.7 years old, had 12.5 years of education, and 48% were African American. During the first trimester, 20% of the women were frequent cocaine users (≥1 line/day). First trimester cocaine exposure predicted decreased weight and height at 7 years. There was no significant relationship between PCE and the cognitive and neuropsychological measures. Third trimester cocaine use predicted more total and externalizing behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991 [3]) and the Teacher Report Form (Achenbach, 1991 [4]), and increased activity, inattention, and impulsivity on the Routh Activity (Routh et al., 1974 [67]) and SNAP scales (Pelham and Bender, 1982 [55]). Children who were exposed to cocaine throughout pregnancy had more mother- and teacher-rated behavior problems compared to children of women who stopped using early in pregnancy or who never used cocaine prenatally. These detrimental effects of PCE on behavior are consistent with other reports in the literature and with the hypothesis that PCE affects development through changes in neurotransmitter systems. These school-age behaviors may be precursors of later adolescent behavior problems.
Comparison of three related methods to select T cell-presented sequences of protein antigens.

A comparison of three methods to predict T cell-presented sequences within antigenic proteins led to the view that recurrent hydrophobic residues might nucleate excised peptides as alpha-helices against hydrophobic surfaces. Such helices could be protease-protected structures on their way to desetope binding. The compared methods were: the amphipathicity algorithm of DeLisi and Berzofsky [Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 7048-7052. (1985)] as modified by Margalit et al. [J. Immun. 138, 2213-2229. (1987)] the strip of-helix hydrophobicity algorithm (SOHHA) of Stille et al. [Molec. Immun. 24, 1021-1027. (1987)] and the motifs algorithm of Rothbard and Taylor [EMBO J. 7, 93-100. (1988)]. Correct prediction was defined at two levels of stringency: (1) the predicted sequence overlapped the experimentally reported sequence when the ratio of the intersection of both to the union of both greater than or equal to 0.5 or (2) the sequences touched when there was a non-empty intersection of both sequences. We determined the sensitivity (correct predictions/number of reported T cell-presented sequences) and efficiency (correct predictions/number of predictions) at each level of stringency. In terms of overlap, the SOHHA was more sensitive (0.43) than the amphipathicity (0.29) (not significant) and motifs (0.0, 0.0) (p less than 0.05) predictions and more efficient (0.35) than the amphipathicity (0.14) and motifs (0.0, 0.0) predictions. At the less stringent criterion touching, the amphipathicity method (0.71) was as sensitive as motif Rothbard-4 (0.79) and more sensitive than SOHHA (0.57) and motif Rothbard-5 (0.43). At that criterion, the SOHHA was more efficient (0.47) than the amphipathicity (0.36) and motifs (0.25, 0.40) methods. We hypothesize that the comparability of these approaches reflected the common, predominant influence of recurrent hydrophobicity in their predictions.
Specific thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of theophylline in plasma in the presence of some other drugs

Abstract A simple spectrodensitometric method for the direct determination of theophylline was developed from measurement of the absorbance of the compound on silica gel thin layers irradiated at 275 nm. Quantities as low as 0.010 μg can be detected and a linear relationship was obtained between peak area and the amount of the drug in the spots from 0.025–0.200 μg. The recovery over the usual range of plasma concentration (2.5–20 μg/ml) was 95–107%. The method is sufficiently sensitive and specific for clinical purposes and the time for the assay is about 2 h. Caffeine, frequently present in human plasma, was well separated from theophylline at all concentration levels as were several other drugs commonly used in respiratory problems.
Decrease in neostriatal blood flow after D-amphetamine administration or electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra.

Abstract Local blood flow was measured in the caudate nuclei and, in some cases, other areas of rat and monkey brain by the hydrogen clearance technique. Resting values for caudate blood flow in the rat were similar to those reported elsewhere, i.e. 69 ± 4 ml/min/100 g in the caudate. Administering d -amphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to rats reduced caudate flow by a maximum of about 33% after 30 min; this effect could be blocked by pretreatment with haloperidol (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), a drug that blocks dopamine receptors. d -Amphetamine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg) also reduced caudate but not cortical blood flow in unanesthetized monkeys. Electrical stimulation of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra reduced ipsilateral caudate flow by about 25% without affecting flow in the contralateral caudate. This effect varied with the frequency and intensity of stimulation. These studies suggest that the intraparenchymal release of brain dopamine may modify intraparenchymal (local) blood flow.
Chebyshev inequalities with law-invariant deviation measures

The consistency of law-invariant general deviation measures with concave ordering has been used to generalize the Rao–Blackwell theorem and to develop an approach for reducing minimization of law-invariant deviation measures to minimization of the measures on subsets of undominated random variables with respect to concave ordering. This approach has been applied for constructing the Chebyshev and Kolmogorov inequalities with law-invariant deviation measures—in particular with mean absolute deviation, lower semideviation and conditional value-at-risk deviation. Additionally, an advantage of the Kolmogorov inequality with certain deviation measures has been illustrated in estimating the probability of the exchange rate of two currencies to be within specified bounds.
Melanism in Peromyscus boylei

Melanism has been reported for many kinds of mammals, including some rodents, but I find no record of it in Peromyscus , …
An application of the nested multinomial logit model to enrollment choice behavior

Data bases containing information on the socioeconomic characteristics and post-high school activities of large numbers of young people are commonly used in enrollment demand studies. While researchers almost always use the multinomial logit approach to obtain estimates of the effects of the independent variables in this context, this technique has a potentially serious limitation. This study presents an alternative to multinomial logit and contrasts estimated results from the two approaches using data on 446 high-school graduates in a midwestern state. The results are different enough to suggest that researchers should explore alternatives to multinomial logit when using this type of data base.
Telemetrically monitored arrhythmogenic effects of doxorubicin in a dog model of heart failure

Abstract A model of chronic heart failure has been induced in dogs by repeated intracoronary infusion of doxorubicin, which is an antineoplastic medication that has dose-limiting cardiotoxic side effects. Although many of the dogs receiving doxorubicin develop typical signs of dilated cardiomypathy over 4–6 weeks, some of them suddenly die before completing the four weekly infusions of the drug. The present study was undertaken to determine whether such sudden death may be caused by the development of fatal arrhythmias during doxorubicin treatment. This was assessed by telemetrically monitoring the EKG of seven dogs, which received intracoronary infusion of 1 mg/kg doxorubicin given in four divided weekly doses. The recordings were obtained for 8–10 h on alternate days up to 4 weeks. Echo-cardiographic recordings were obtained once a week. The acute effects with each infusion of doxorubicin included a significant increase in heart rate, and no significant change in QRS complex. The cumulative prolonged effects of doxorubicin included slight reduction in QRS amplitude and duration, and marked arrhythmic changes. Four out of seven dogs showed a spectrum of arrhythmic events such as single or groups of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), bigeminy, ventricular tachycardia (VTAC), ventricular fibrillations (VFIB), and asystole. All dogs did not show each of the events listed above and the same dog did not show all the events all the time. One of these four dogs developed VFIB for 25 min and then asystole leading to sudden death. These studies conclusively showed that fatal arrhythmias develop in some of the dogs receiving doxorubicin treatment accounting for the sporadic incidence of sudden death. Prophylactic treatment with antiarrhythmic agents may prevent such adverse events.
Trends in Publication Outlets of Geographer-Climatologists

A proportional shift in where geographer-climatologists publish has occurred in recent decades. More than 1,500 journal articles published by members of the Association of American Geographers' Climate Specialty Group (CSG) in the period 1989–2005 were examined to determine where geographer-climatologists are publishing. The analysis showed that members of the CSG cumulatively published at least ten articles in thirty-seven different journals. No single journal accounted for more than 7 percent of the articles published. Although the absolute number of articles has remained relatively static, geographer-climatologists published 21 percent of their articles in geography journals in 1989–1997, but only 11 percent in 1998–2005. These publication trends are likely to continue and may influence the status and prestige of geography journals and the discipline of geography.
The vanishing twin: an explanation for discordance between chorionic villus karyotype and fetal phenotype.

One ‘erroneous’ diagnosis occurred in 200 first-trimester chorionic villus samples (CVS) analysed. In direct preparations following 24 h incubation as well as in long-term cultures, a 46.XX karyotype was observed in the villi (28 and 25 cells, respectively). At 20 weeks of gestation, labour was induced because of fetal death in utero. An autopsy performed on the fetus revealed a male phenotype. Placenta and fetal tissues were not submitted for cytogenetic studies. The discordant CVS karyotype (46,XX), in view of the male fetal phenotype, prompted further cytogenetic and molecular studies. Chromosome marker studies on the parents' blood and chorionic villi confirmed both maternal and paternal inheritance of chromosomes in the CVS. DNA studies on formalin-fixed skin using a Y-specific probe, DYZ1, confirmed the presence of a Y chromosome in the fetus. The most likely cause of the discrepant CVS karyotype is the presence of an undetected degenerating dizygotic twin.
Clinical Outcomes of Microendoscopic Foraminotomy and Decompression in the Cervical Spine

Objective Few reports have addressed long-term outcomes, as well as the safety and efficacy of the cervical microendoscopic foraminotomy (CMEF) and cervical microendoscopic diskectomy (CMED) procedures used in modern spine practice to treat degenerative disease of the cervical spine. Accordingly, we present long-term outcomes from a cohort of patients treated for foraminal stenosis or disk herniation with the CMEF or CMED procedure, respectively. Methods A total of 38 patients were included in the study, with a mean follow-up of 24.47 ± 12.84 months. Patients were monitored prospectively with questionnaires consisting of a visual analog scale for the neck (VASN) and arm (VASA), and a neck disability index (NDI) form. Operative time, estimated blood loss, and hospitalization stay also were collected. Data were analyzed with Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Results The mean 1 year follow-up scores all showed statistically significant improvements: NDI ( P = 0.0019), VASN ( P = 0.0017), VASA ( P ≤ 0.0001). Similar results were seen at 2-year follow-up: NDI ( P = 0.0011), VASN ( P = 0.0022), and VASA ( P ≤ 0.0001); and at 3- to 6-year follow-up: NDI ( P = 0.0015), VASN ( P = 0.0200), and VASA ( P = 0.0034). The average operation time, hospitalization stay, and estimated blood loss were 154.27 ± 26.79 minutes, 21.22 ± 14.23 hours, and 27.92 mL, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences when patients were compared by age (over 50 vs. under 50), operative level (above C6 vs. below C6), or sex. One complication was reported in this study consisting of duratomy, which required no further intervention. Conclusion Posterior CMEF and CMED are safe and effective procedures for minimally invasive decompression in the cervical spine.
Strong solutions for differential equations in abstract spaces

Abstract Let ( E , F ) be a locally convex space. We denote the bounded elements of E by E b := { x ∈ E : ∥ x ∥ F = sup ρ ∈ F ρ ( x ) ∞ } . In this paper, we prove that if B E b is relatively compact with respect to the F topology and f : I × E b → E b is a measurable family of F -continuous maps then for each x 0 ∈ E b there exists a norm-differentiable, (i.e. differentiable with respect to the ∥ · ∥ F norm) local solution to the initial valued problem u t ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) ) , u ( t 0 ) = x 0 . All of this machinery is developed to study the Lipschitz stability of a nonlinear differential equation involving the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator.
Paraquat inhibits the processing of human manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase by SF-9 insect cell mitochondria.

Abstract Precursor human manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (hMn-SOD) was expressed using the baculovirus system in Spodoptera fungiperda (Sf-9) insect cells. Following infection of Sf-9 cells with hMn-SOD-expressing baculovirus, mature hMn-SOD was expressed at 15–25% of total cellular protein, with the recombinant protein localized in the mitochondrial matrix. Partial amino acid sequencing and SOD activity assays indicated that the hMn-SOD was correctly processed and assembled by insect mitochondria. This expression system was used to study the effects of paraquat and menadione, two intracellular superoxide generators, on processing of precursor hMn-SOD by insect mitochondria. Paraquat was found to potently inhibit mitochondrial processing of hMn-SOD, leading to the accumulation of precursor hMn-SOD and a decrease in measurable Mn-SOD activity. In contrast, menadione treatment was not found to affect the ratio of precursor to mature Mn-SOD. Paraquat did not lead to lower total production of hMn-SOD or cellular toxicity at the concentrations which were found to block processing of precursor hMn-SOD. These results indicate that mitochondrial processing and import of the precursor protein hMn-SOD are early events susceptible to dysfunction induced by the redox-cycling agent paraquat. These results also emphasize that mitochondrial processing of precursor proteins represents a parameter of cellular function which may be compromised, preceding the appearance of more generalized deterioration of cellular function, under certain toxic or pathological conditions.
ROLE OF DETRITUS IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A ROCK‐OUTCROP COMMUNITY IN A PIEDMONT STREAM

A rock outcrop community in a typical southern Piedmont stream was studied to determine its trophic structure and productivity. Poclostemum ceratophyllum was the primary producer component of the community and also provided a place of attachment and shelter for a rhcophilic fauna consisting largely of insects. The primary consumer organisms derived 66% of their energy from allochthonous organic matter consisting largely of leaf material. Productivity by phytoplankton in the river water was insignificant as was rcspiration in the shifting sand bottom. The river behaved as a heterotrophic stream because of suspended organic detritus in the water. A higher and more variable quantity of particulate detritus was present in the water during summer than winter. This seasonal diffcrcnce was attributed to stream dischargostrcam bed relationships and a more rapid decomposition of organic fragments at higher summer temperatures. The net annual productivities, determined by the cropping method, in Cal/cm2 for trophic groups were: Podostemum 434, filter fccdcrs 16.8, herbivores 6.51, detritus feeders 1.68, herbivore and detritus feeders 2.78 (total primary consumer 27.8), and carnivore 3.66. The turnover of biomass increased with increasin$ productivity by individual spccics but this relationship dots not hold true for all communities. A comparison of trophic level production efficiencies and productivities in several communities suggests there are selfregulating mechanisms in natural communities which function between producer and consumer groups. Community stability is an important factor for the realization of maximum productivity in flowing water environments. A theory of stream succession has been proposed which is based on the graded stream
The effect of cycloheximide and 2-deoxyglucose on the diphasic pattern of insulin secretion.

Insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas, in response to a constant glucose stimulus of 300 mg %, was observed to be diphasic in nature. This is characterized by an early rapid release phase and a second phase in which there is observed a gradually increasing rate of insulin secretion. This second phase is much less pronounced in response to a lower glucose concentration (150 mg %). Cycloheximide apparently has no effect on the first phase, however it significantly depresses the second phase of insulin secretion. Additionally, 2-deoxyglucose depresses both phases of secretion, however it has a much greater inhibitory effect on the second release phase.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in the Emergency Department to Evaluate Patients for Possible Acute Coronary Syndrome

The use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has recently been demonstrated to be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of emergency department (ED) patients with acute chest pain. This modality allows the assessment of non-ischemic causes of chest pain, early ischemic changes (T2-weighted imaging for edema), resting and stress perfusion abnormalities, resting and stress wall motion abnormalities, and assessment for scar formation with delayed enhancement. This comprehensive information appears most useful when evaluating higher complexity patients such as those at intermediate or high risk for ACS. In these more complex patients, the use of CMR is supported by appropriateness criteria, and in recent studies appears to be a cost-effective alternative to inpatient evaluation when combined with observation unit care.
Inhibition of acidogenesis in human dental plaque in situ following the use of topical sodium fluoride.

Abstract It was the purpose of this investigation to determine whether the topical application of sodium fluoride to dental plaques would have an inhibitory effect upon acidogenesis in situ. The pH of the dental plaques of the maxillary posterior teeth of 42 teenage girls was determined before and after a sugar solution rinse. Similar pH measurements were made at intervals of 8 hr, 3–4 days, and 1 week, following the treatment of one-half of each maxillary arch with 2 per cent topical sodium fluoride. The other half of each arch received topical application of 2 per cent sodium chloride. The topical fluoride exerted a depressive effect upon acidogenesis as reflected by significantly smaller differences between pre- and post-sugar rinse pH measurements. The inhibitory effect was significant 8 hr and slightly significant 3–4 days after the last fluoride treatment, but was no longer significant after 1 week.
Modeling the belowground response of plants and soil biota to edaphic and climatic change — What can we expect to gain?

As atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to increase, so too will the emphasis placed on understanding the belowground response of plants to edaphic and climatic change. Controlled-exposure studies that address the significance of an increased supply of carbon to roots and soil biota, and the consequences of this to nutrient cycling will play a prominent role in this process. Models will also contribute to understanding the response of plants and ecosystems to changes in the earth’s climate by incorporating experimental results into conceptual or quantitative frameworks from which potential feedbacks within the plant-soil system can be identified. Here we present five examples of how models can be used in this analysis and how they can contribute to the development of new hypotheses in the areas of root biology, soil biota, and ecosystem processes. Two examples illustrate the role of coarse and fine roots in nitrogen and phosphorus uptake from soils, the respiratory costs associated with this acquisition of nutrients, and the significance of root architecture in these relationships. Another example focuses on a conceptual model that has helped raise new ideas about the effects of elevated CO2 on root and microbial biomass, and on nutrient dynamics in the rhizosphere. Difficulties associated with modeling the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to whole-plant growth are also discussed. Finally, several broad-scale models are used to illustrate the importance of root turnover, litter decomposition, and nitrogen mineralization in determining an ecosystem’s response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment. We conclude that models are appropriate tools for use both in guiding existing studies and in identifying new hypotheses for future research. Development of models that address the complexities of belowground processes and their role in determining plant and ecosystem function within the context of rising CO2 concentrations and associated climate change should be encouraged.
Synthesis of nanocrystalline Fe-B-Si powders

Abstract The synthesis of a nanocrystalline Fe-B-Si alloy by mechanical alloying in a SPEX mill is investigated. Electron probe microanalysis and precise lattice parameter measurements indicate that 64 hours of milling of elemental powders is insufficient to produce the complete dissolution of either Si or B in Fe. Additional milling to 128 hours results in dissolution of the majority of Si, but only partial dissolution of B. After 128 hours of milling, however, 38 wt.% of the composition consists of debris from vial and ball wear. Prolonged milling up to 256 hours does not result in increasing dissolution. In an effort to circumvent these difficulties, pre-alloyed Fe-B-Si powders were produced using spray atomization. Milling of these powders resulted in the precipitation of Fe 2 B. This precipitation process was essentially complete after 50 hours of milling, resulting in a nanocrystalline Fe(Si) solid solution with homogeneously distributed Fe 2 B precipitates.
Synthesis of a Variable Displacement Linkage for a Hydraulic Transformer

A hydraulic pump/motor with high efficiency at low displacements is required for a compressed air energy storage system that utilizes a liquid piston for near-isothermal compression. To meet this requirement, a variable displacement six-bar crank-rocker-slider mechanism, which goes to zero displacement with a constant top dead center position, has been designed. The synthesis technique presented in the paper develops the range of motion for the base four-bar crank-rocker, creates a method of synthesizing the output slider dyad, and analyzes the mechanisms performance in terms of transmission angles, slider stroke, mechanism footprint, and timing ratio. It is shown that slider transmission angles can be kept above 60 degrees and the base four-bar transmission angles can be controlled in order to improve overall efficiency. This synthesis procedure constructs a crank-rocker-slider mechanism for a variable displacement pump/motor that can be efficient throughout all displacements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME