cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and structural characterization of a family of modified hafnium tert-butoxide for use as precursors to hafnia nanoparticles.

A series of modified, hafnium tert-butoxide ([Hf(OBut)4]) compounds (1–26) were crystallographically characterized, and representative species were then used to produce HfO2nanoparticles. This systematically varied family of [Hf(OR)4] compounds was developed from the reaction of [Hf(OBut)4] with a series of (i) Lewis basic solvents, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, or 1-methylimidazole; (ii) simple phenols, HOC6H4(R)-2 or HOC6H3(R)2-2,6 where R = CH3, CH(CH3)2, or C(CH3)3; and (iii) complex polydentate alcohols, tetrahydrofuran methanol (H-OTHF), pyridinecarbinol (H-OPy), and tris(hydroxymethylethane) (THME-H3). The solvent-modified products were crystallographically characterized as [Hf(OBut)4(solv)n] (1–3). The phenoxide (OAr)-exchanged [Hf(OBut)4] products isolated from toluene were characterized as dimeric [Hf(OAr)n(OBut)4–n]2 (4 and 5) or [Hf(μ-OH)(OAr)3(HOBut)]2 (6 and 7) for the less sterically demanding OAr ligands and [Hf(OAr)n(OBut)4–n(HOBut)] (8 and 9) monomers for the larger OAr ligands. When Lewis ...
Desired, yet unwanted: Hugo’s gypsy bodies in popular media

Critical and feminist studies have continued to demand for accounts of the representational challenges confronting marginalized people, as various social and cultural platforms continue to other and discriminate. The Roma, or the Gypsies, in particular have been one of the most reviled and marginalized ethnic groups. This study examines textual representations of gypsies in contemporary popular culture, evident in a musical adaptation of Victor Hugo’s celebrated novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame and its accompanying worldwide press coverage. It finds that artistic and press representations of the gypsy woman Esmeralda embody characteristics consistent with historic stereotypes of the bohemian. It also shows that the novel’s band of Parisian criminals have been reconfigured for present-day global audiences to include critique of current political and popular discourses about immigration. International critics, however, miss this latter point and confine their reporting to dominant ideology and (continued) ...
Knowledge of and attitudes about adverse drug reaction reporting among Rhode Island pharmacists

Objective:To survey pharmacists' knowledge of the adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting process, as well as the nature and seriousness of ADRs observed by pharmacists, and to determine how pharmacists perceive their role in monitoring and reporting suspected reactions.Design:A survey was mailed to 793 Rhode Island pharmacists with a 40% (318) response rate.Results:Two hundred and thirty-five surveys were reviewed for final analysis. Pharmacists in retail settings were more likely than hospital pharmacists to be aware of ADRs relating to therapeutic inequivalence and over-the-counter products, and more likely to ask the patient about ADRs (40% vs 16%). Hospital pharmacists were more likely to receive ADR information from physicians (40% vs 15%). Almost all pharmacists (97%) believed that action should be taken when a serious ADR is suspected. Younger pharmacists (<45 y) were more willing to contact the physician and refer the patient to medical attention.Conclusions:Our results show that fewer than half of...
Interface evolution during radial miscible viscous fingering.

We study experimentally the miscible radial displacement of a more viscous fluid by a less viscous one in a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell. For the range of tested injection rates and viscosity ratios we observe two regimes for the evolution of the fluid-fluid interface. At early times the interface length increases linearly with time, which is typical of the Saffman-Taylor instability for this radial configuration. However, as time increases, the interface growth slows down and scales as ∼t(1/2), as one expects in a stable displacement, indicating that the overall flow instability has shut down. Surprisingly, the crossover time between these two regimes decreases with increasing injection rate. We propose a theoretical model that is consistent with our experimental results, explains the origin of this second regime, and predicts the scaling of the crossover time with injection rate and the mobility ratio. The key determinant of the observed scalings is the competition between advection and diffusion time scales at the displacement front, suggesting that our analysis can be applied to other interfacial-evolution problems such as the Rayleigh-Benard-Darcy instability.
Probability Models for Tennis Scoring Systems

SUMMARY Models are developed for each of the common tennis tiebreaker scoring systems based on a fixed probability for each player to win a point on his serve. The models are used to compare each scoring system. Assumptions about and predictions from the models are tested using data from actual tennis matches.
Phase II Biologic Effects Trial of Recombinant Interleukin-11 (rhIL-11, Neumega) in Moderate or Mild Hemophilia A or Von Willebrand Disease Unable to Use DDAVP,

Abstract 3308 Background: DDAVP is the treatment of choice for individuals with type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD), although 20% are unresponsive, and of the 80% who do respond, the VWF increase is transient, as endothelial stores are depleted after 3 days. Further, administration requires a 30- minute intravenous infusion in a medical facility. Plasma-derived concentrates may be used in these settings, but are more costly and have potential risk of transmissible infection. We recently demonstrated that recombinant human IL-11 (rhIL-11, Neumega®), a gp-130 signaling cytokine with hematopoietic and anti-inflammatory activity, increases VWF activity up to 2-fold when given daily by subcutaneous injection, with levels persisting each day it is given, and reduces menstrual and postoperative bleeding. The effects of rhIL-11 in individuals with VWD unresponsive or allergic to DDAVP, or hemophilia A, however, have not been evaluated. Methods: We conducted a phase II trial to evaluate the safety and biologic effects of rhIL-11 in VWD patients unresponsive or allergic to DDAVP (VWD-Un) or mild hemophilia A (HemA). rhIL-11 was given subcutaneously at 25 μg/kg daily for 4 days in the non-bleeding state, followed on day 4, 30 minutes after rhIL-11, by one dose of DDAVP intravenously, 0.3 μg/kg, if not contraindicated (pt. 2). Fluid restriction was recommended. Fluid status was assessed by height, weight, and exam. Pre- and post-dosing laboratory assays included the VWD profile, VWF multimers by SDS gel electrophoresis, and platelet VWF mRNA by qPCR. Results: The results of the first six subjects, including three with VWD (one type IIB and two type 1 VWD), VWF:RCo 0.10–0.20 U/ml, and three with mild hemophilia A, F.VIII 0.08–0.12 U/ml, are presented. All subjects were healthy, with no hypertension or cardiac disease, and all had normal physical exams and normal EKGs. By day 4, among VWD-Un subjects , there was a 1.2-fold increase in VWF:RCo (15±3% vs. 12±0%); a 1.6-fold increase in VWF:Ag (22±8% vs.14±6%); and a 1.3-fold increase in VIII:C (34±36% vs. 27±10%), as compared with pre-rhIL-11 levels (Figure). Following DDAVP (except pt. 2), there was an additional 2.0-fold, 1.7-fold, and 2.6-fold increase in VWF:RCo, VWF:Ag, and VIII:C, respectively. Among HemA subjects , by day 4, there was a 1.8-fold increase in VWF:RCo (160±25% vs. 88±12%); a 1.8-fold increase in VWF:Ag (182±28% vs.99±18%), p Discussion: These data suggest that rhIL-11 increases VWF and VIII levels modestly in VWD patients unresponsive/allergic to DDAVP, and in mild hemophilia A, suggesting the potential use in treatment of clinical bleeding in these disorders. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Potential High-Risk Areas for Zika Virus Transmission in the Contiguous United States

Objectives. To understand where transmission of Zika virus has the highest likelihood to occur in the contiguous United States with regard to its transmission both sexually and via Aedes aegypti mosquito bites.Methods. We evaluated the 2 routes of transmission risk with predictors of sexually transmitted infections (percentage women of childbearing age, birthrate, gonorrhea and chlamydia rates, concentrated disadvantage) as a surrogate for unprotected sexual activity and the demographic distribution of the A. aegypti mosquito across 3108 counties in the contiguous United States.Results. We found that 507 counties had the highest risk of virus exposure via mosquito vector or unprotected sexual activity; these were concentrated in southern states extending northward along the Atlantic coast and southern California, with the highest predicted risk in Mississippi counties.Conclusions. Identifying areas with higher transmission risk can inform prevention strategies and vector control, and assist in planning fo...
Optimizing Next-Generation AML Therapy: Activity of Mutant IDH2 Inhibitor AG-221 in Preclinical Models.

AG-221 or enasidenib is a first-in-class selective inhibitor of mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) with early demonstrated clinical efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia as a single agent, yet with persistence of mutant IDH2 clones. Two articles in this issue of Cancer Discovery provide further insight into the biological activity of AG-221 in promoting differentiation of IDH2-mutant cells and reversing aberrant DNA methylation over time, and demonstrating preclinical activity in combination with a targeted FLT3 kinase inhibitor to eliminate IDH2-mutant clones. Cancer Discov; 7(5); 459-61. ©2017 AACR.See related article by Yen et al., p. 478See related article by Shih et al., p. 494.
Anti-Cryptococcus Phenalenones and Cyclic Tetrapeptides from Auxarthron pseudauxarthron

Auxarthrones A–E (1–5), five new phenalenones, and two new naturally occurring cyclic tetrapeptides, auxarthrides A (7) and B (8), were obtained from three different solvent extracts of cultures of the coprophilous fungus Auxarthron pseudauxarthron. Auxarthrones C (3) and E (5) possess an unusual 7a,8-dihydrocyclopenta[a]phenalene-7,9-dione ring system that has not been previously observed in natural products. Formation of 1–5 was found to be dependent on the solvent used for culture extraction. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated primarily by analysis of NMR and MS data. Auxarthrone A (1) was obtained as a mixture of chromatographically inseparable racemic diastereomers (1a and 1b) that cocrystallized, enabling confirmation of their structures by X-ray crystallography. The absolute configurations of 7 and 8 were assigned by analysis of their acid hydrolysates using Marfey’s method. Compound 1 displayed moderate antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, bu...
LONGITUDINAL ASSOCIATION OF ANXIETY AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE: GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

The extent to which genetic and environmental influences explain longitudinal associations between anxiety symptoms and worse cognitive performance in later life is unknown. This study sample included 778 twins from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging who completed at least one of seven assessments of anxiety and cognition over a 26-year period. Multi-level random coefficients models were fit to examine average trajectories of anxiety and cognitive performance over age. Multivariate Cholesky-ACE models were fit to decompose the variance and covariance between the estimated age 65 score (intercept) and estimated age effects (linear and quadratic) of anxiety and each cognitive test. Higher estimated anxiety was associated with worse processing speed, nonverbal memory, and visuospatial ability at age 65. Overlap in genetic influences between anxiety and cognitive performance contributed to these associations. Shared environmental contributions on level of anxiety and linear age changes in processing speed tests were also found.
Librarians and Instructional Designers: Collaboration and Innovation,: Eshleman, Joe, Richard Moniz, Karen Mann, and Kristen Eshleman. Chicago: American Library Association, 2016, 198 pp., $65.00, ISBN: 978-0-8389-1455-7

Faculty and students in the age of online education can improve their teaching and learning through successful collaboration with librarians and instructional designers. The authors of Librarians a...
Born This Way? Pop Culture’s Collision with the Freak of Nature

This chapter looks at culturally constructed freakishness in the representations of the freak body in popular music’s visual culture. Taking the music videos and live performances of Marilyn Manson and Lady Gaga it argues that physical ability, sexuality, and gender identities help shape cultural constructions of freakishness and therefore cannot be separated from freakish bodies. The chapter’s examinations reveal the hierarchy that exists within categories of freakishness and how, as the made freak body comes into contact with the born freak body, it is revealed as being inauthentic. Ultimately, however, this inauthenticity does not matter in the pop culture sphere because when the freak is disseminated through changing media, the separation between normal and freakish bodies, and therefore the distance between freak show and everyday life, collapses—the freak show is dispersed.
Impact of High-Dose Acyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Failure in Abdominal Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical course and long-term impact of high-dose acyclovir (HD-A, 800 mg 4 times/day) cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis failure in a CMV-seropositive abdominal solid organ transplant population. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary academic medical center. PATIENTS A total of 691 adults who received solid organ transplants between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2013, without lymphocyte-depleting induction and were prescribed 3 months of HD-A prophylaxis at the time of hospital discharge. Of those patients, 54 experienced prophylaxis failure, defined as CMV detected via molecular diagnostics or on biopsy while receiving HD-A (prophylaxis failure group), and 637 did not (comparator group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mean ± SD time to failure was 64 ± 23 days; 98% (53/54 patients) was attributable to viremia diagnosed via positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of these 53 patients, 34% (18 patients) were below the quantifiable range when detected. Median initial and peak CMV PCR for quantifiable readings were 1531 IU/ml (interquartile range [IQR] less than 250-2947) and 4442 IU/ml (IQR less than 250-32,500); 19 (36%) had a single detectable CMV PCR. Treatment was required in 56% (30/54 patients), with a median duration of 63 days; 40% (12 patients) were treated with valganciclovir alone, and the remainder received intravenous ganciclovir. CMV disease resulted in hospitalization in 28% (15 patients). Immunosuppression was modified in 52% (28 patients). The rate of CMV recurrence after 100 days was significantly higher in the prophylaxis failure group (59% vs 13%, p<0.0001). Higher rates of rejection; higher rates of 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft failure; and higher rates of 1-, 3-, and 5-year mortality were noted in the prophylaxis failure group on univariate analysis (43% vs 30%, p=0.045; 8%, 17%, and 34% vs 4%, 12%, and 17%, p=0.006; and 6%, 17%, and 26% vs 1%, 6%, and 10%, p=0.003, respectively). Multivariate analysis demonstrated an increased risk of graft failure in the prophylaxis failure group (hazard ratio [HR] 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1-3.1, p=0.0499) and a trend to increased mortality (HR 1.6, 95% CI 0.83-3.1, p=0.16). CONCLUSION Prophylaxis failure with HD-A was mostly limited to mild viremia; however, it was associated with significantly reduced long-term graft survival, likely reflecting the negative impact of CMV viremia.
Conducting, Reporting and Evaluating Onsite Evaluation Activities

Procedures and considerations important to assure an effective, efficient, and objective onsite evaluation are discussed briefly in this chapter.
Progressive Switching of Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers for Faster Fault Isolation

Achieving fast and efficient circuit protection is critical to direct current (DC) system safety with many scholars focusing on hybrid direct current circuit breakers (DCCBs) to achieve this goal. However, fault isolation speed is limited by the time required for the mechanical switch to achieve sufficient dielectric strength across the contacts. In this paper, we propose a progressive solid-state switching method for hybrid DCCBs to dynamically control the voltage potential across the mechanical switch. The proposed switching method reduces fault isolation time and limits the peak fault current during breaker operation. DC system dynamics are explored and the voltage withstand capability of a new Ultrafast Mechanical Switch is analyzed. The discovered characteristics are used to design a progressive switching method in computer simulation and it is validated experimentally with a test prototype. In the proposed design fault current is curtailed during the mechanical switch opening sequence rather than waiting until it is fully open, improving system stability.
A case for the student researcher: Expanding the role of undergraduate research in the professional formation of engineers

This paper examines the role of social inquiry as a bridge between education and practice for undergraduate student researchers in engineering. Prior work has demonstrated the efficacy of undergraduate research (UR) as a tool to increase retention rates, particularly in STEM disciplines, and to encourage progression to graduate school. However, little work has been conducted on the role of UR in the development of professional skills for engineering students. Among such skills, the ability to work in complex socio-technical systems is a critical competency for professional engineers that is often under-addressed within a standard technical curriculum. In this paper, we used collaborative autoethnographic techniques to recall and reflect on three students’ UR experiences working with a methodological approach, SenseMaker, which is designed to investigate emergent patterns and behaviors in complex, social systems, such as the systems involved in educating engineers, as well as those systems that engineers work with on a daily basis. The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, we found that using autoethnographic techniques to individually recall and collaboratively write and make sense of UR experiences facilitated the construction of novel insights of both personal and broader significance. Second, we found that providing undergraduate engineering students with the opportunity to systematically inquire into a social system served as an intellectual bridge between their highly structured and theoretical core engineering courses and the complexity of engineering in practice. Third, inquiry into the specific system of engineering education, in which the students themselves are important participants, provided students with an opportunity to experience, first hand, the value of meaningfully engaging all participants in a system, as they will be required to do as engineers working with non-engineers in their future professional roles. All three of these contributions point to a potentially much broader role of UR in engineering education as a way to further enhance the holistic professional formation of engineers. Collaborative systems inquiry within engineering education research can be a small-scale laboratory that allows students to develop problem solving skills within complex systems, while the empowerment of student researchers to study and improve their own education systems can simultaneously yield innovative perspectives in research.
Examination of the gastric fundus with the fibergastroscope. Report of a new technic.

A preliminary report of a new technic for examining lesions of the fundus of the stomach and the cardioesophageal junction is presented. This is accomplished by the formation of a half loop with the fiber gastroscope under fluoroscopic guidance. Good views of fundal lesions were obtained in 5 of 7 patients after standard fiber gastroscopy had failed.
Pulling the Roof Down on Anchored Nuclei.

How a smooth epithelium becomes topographically patterned in development remains incompletely understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Ambrosini et al. (2019) investigate how dying cells specifically indent the apical surface, finding that apical actomyosin cables contract against the apoptotic nucleus, which itself is anchored basally to the extracellular matrix.
Lattice light-sheet and Fresnel incoherent correlation holography

We demonstrate Lattice Light-Sheet microscopy combined with dual-lens Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holography (LLS-FINCH) in the detection path. We will describe the system alignment steps, provide an experimental demonstration, and provide the system characteristics in comparison to those of conventional LLS (glass-optics based). We present the imaging performance of the microscope and the adaptive optics module with an example of post-data-acquisition image reconstruction which includes an adaptive optics correction process.
Why Don’t We Just Ask Them? A Qualitative Study Regarding College Student Perceptions on What Topics Should Be Included in an Introductory Health Course

Student perceptions and opinions regarding the relevance of course content can influence their desire and motivation to learn. Instructors can benefit from including content relevant to students’ l...
Urban Planning as a Career Preference for Students: Efforts to Improve Awareness about the Profession

A professional awareness challenge persists in the urban planning field in North America, resulting from students’ unfamiliarity, parents’ misperceptions, and school counselors’ non-recommendation ...
Antenna Arrays as Millimeter-Wave Wireless Interconnects in Multichip Systems

In this letter, the transmission characteristics between on-chip arrays and their beamforming capabilities for intrachip and interchip communication in multichip systems are simulated and measured using various fabricated arrays on silicon chips. The measured intrachip and interchip maximum transmission coefficients for various arrays without metal sheets range from −37 to −45 dB and −46 to −51 dB, respectively at 60 GHz. The beamforming for arrays with and without feed structures is compared by radiation pattern using simulations. Moreover, the transmission with metal sheets, emulating realistic multicores, shows a reduction of about 10 dB for intrachip communication compared with cases having no sheets. In this letter, we have demonstrated that beamforming and beam steering can be successfully achieved.
Introduction to coalitions in graphs

A coalition in a graph G = ( V , E ) consists of two disjoint sets of vertices V 1 and V 2, neither of which is a dominating set but whose union V 1 ∪ V 2 is a dominating set. A coalition partition...
Temporally Asymmetric Biphoton States in Cavity-Enhanced Optical Parametric Processes

Generation of photons in controlled temporal modes is a key part of connecting distant nodes of a quantum network built with atomic and cavity systems. For efficient coupling, such systems require narrowband photons with specific spectral and temporal wavefunctions. To date, this has only been possible in bulk optical setups, and mostly for broadband light. Here researchers present a chip-scale technique based on controlling the density of states of a silicon whispering-gallery-mode resonator, using Rayleigh scattering. The cavity generates entangled photons of sub-GHz bandwidth with four-wave mixing, in temporal modes that can be controlled via the scattering process.
Supernovae in Helium Star--Compact Object Binaries: A Possible Gamma-ray Burst Mechanism

Helium star--compact object binaries, and helium star--neutron star binaries in particular, are widely believed to be the progenitors of the observed double neutron star systems. In these, the second neutron star is presumed to be the compact remnant of the helium star supernova. Here, the observational implications of such a supernova are discussed, and in particular are explored as a candidate gamma-ray burst mechanism. In this scenario the supernova results in a transient period of rapid accretion onto the compact object, extracting via magnetic torques its rotational energy at highly super-Eddington luminosities in the form of a narrowly beamed, strongly electromagnetically dominated jet. Compton scattering of supernova photons advected within the ejecta, and photons originating at shocks driven into the ejecta by the jet, will cool the jet and can produce the observed prompt emission characteristics, including the peak--inferred isotropic energy relation, X-ray flash characteristics, subpulse light curves, energy dependent time lags and subpulse broadening, and late time spectral softening. The duration of the burst is limited by the rate of Compton cooling of the jet, eventually creating an optically thick, moderately relativistically expanding fireball which can produce the afterglow emission. If the black hole or neutron star stays bound to a compact remnant, late term light curve variability may be observed as in SN 2003dh.
Relational load: Implications for executive functioning, mental health, and feelings of unity in romantic relationships

This study examined how ongoing relationship maintenance and communal perspectives influence relational load and executive functioning immediately after a stressful conversation in the laboratory i...
Influence of Simulation-based Training on Reflective Practice.

Simulation-based training (SBT) is often evaluated based on the transfer of specific knowledge and skills. In contrast, the degree to which reflective practice is inculcated by SBT is rarely considered. Because reflection is a pillar of adult learning theories, we sought to examine the degree to which participation in SBT was associated with increased reflective practice. Eighty-one healthcare professionals completed a survey which included the number of SBTs they participated in during the past 2 years, content-related and administrative-related features of those SBTs and a key aspect of reflective practice (ie, self-appraisal). The number of SBTs healthcare professionals participated in during the past 2 years was positively associated with reflective self-appraisal. This relationship was neither moderated by the inclusion of reflection components in SBTs nor by the voluntary/mandatory nature of participation in SBTs. Furthermore, the facilitator was ranked as the most important feature of the overall learning experience in SBTs. Also, no significant differences were found between the number of technical skills based and non-technical skills based SBTs. These findings demonstrate the importance of evaluating SBTs for facilitating reflective learning mindsets that healthcare practitioners can apply beyond the specific skills trained by SBTs.
Congenital Cataracts and Microphakia with Retinal Dysplasia and Optic Nerve Hypoplasia in a Calf

Case Description. A two-month-old, female, Aberdeen-Angus calf was presented for congenital cataracts and blindness in both eyes (OU). The dam had a reported history of visual defects (not specified) and had produced other affected calves (per owner history). Ophthalmic examination revealed mature bilateral cataracts, attenuation of the iridic granules, persistent pupillary membranes, and dyscoric pupils. Additionally, the calf had a poor body condition, prognathism, dome-shaped head, excessive nasal drainage, limb contracture, and fever. Histopathology of both eyes revealed lenticular degeneration (congenital cataracts), retinal dysplasia, and optic nerve hypoplasia. BVDV IHC detected antigen within only the left eye (OS), consisting of intrahistiocytic and endothelial immunoreactivity within the ciliary body, iris, and choroid. No BVDV immunoreactivity could be detected in the right eye (OD). This case highlights the unique ocular changes present in in utero BVDV infection of cattle with a different immunohistochemical staining profile than previously described.
Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System, by Nick Montfort and Ian Bogost

Humanists seem to have a deeply ambivalent relationship with digital media. Call it the curse of double articulation. As means of human expression, digital media lie, undoubtedly, within our field ...
Multi-Scale Modeling of Hypersonic Gas Flow

On March 27, 2004, NASA successfully flew the X-43A hypersonic test flight vehicle at a velocity of 5000 mph to break the aeronautics speed record that had stood for over 35 years. The final flight of the X-43A on November 16, 2004 further increased the speed record to 6,600 mph which is almost ten times the speed of sound. The very high speed attainable by hypersonic airplanes could revolutionize air travel by dramatically reducing inter-continental flight times. For example, a hypersonic flight from New York to Sydney, Australia, a distance of 10,000 miles, would take less than 2 h. Reusable hypersonic vehicles are also being researched to significantly reduce the cost of access to space. Computer modeling of the gas flows around hypersonic vehicles will play a critical part in their development. This article discusses the conditions that can prevail in certain hypersonic gas flows that require a multi-scale modeling approach.
The Geometry and the Spectrum of Fractal Strings

In this chapter, we give various examples of explicit formulas for the counting function of the lengths and the frequencies of (generalized) fractal strings and sprays.
The Inevitable Tension between Long-Term and Short-Term Managerial and Investor Incentives

The paper considers a model in which (1) managers allocate effort to both short- and long-term projects, and (2) there is feedback between the managerial incentive contract and the number of speculators collecting information on each type of project. More weight placed on near-term price results in more speculation based on information about the short-term project, which induces further increases in the weight placed on near-term price. This feedback effect can result in short-term speculation crowding out the collection of long-term information, which in turn results in the withdrawal of incentives aimed at inducing effort in more profitable long-term projects. The paper shows that the equilibrium that obtains depends upon adjustment costs and initial conditions and will, in general, not be efficient. Such outcomes are consistent with concerns about managerial and investor short-termism recently expressed by public policy makers and market participants (e.g., the Aspen Institute). The paper considers the efficacy of various corporate and public policy remedies.
New Bellman Functions and Subordination by Orthogonal Martingales in L p , 1 p ≤ 2

We present a new Bellman function that gives estimates for L p norm, 1 < p < 2, of differentially subordinated martingales if one of them has extra symmetries. Our Bellman function is obtained by explicitly solving a corresponding Monge–Ampere equation. In one particular case this Bellman function can be given by an explicit and simple formula. This corresponds to p = 3∕2.
Antiviral Effect of Cyclic Amines on a 1969 Isolate of A2 Influenza

Cyclooctylamine and amantadine inhibit the growth of 1969 isolates of A2 influenza virus to a significant degree. There was slightly more inhibition of the virus by the cyclooctylamine (COA) than the amantadine; however, the dose of COA used was greater than the dose of amantadine. There was no significant difference between flasks treated 3 or 4 hr and those treated 2 hr. However, there was a curious relationship of more plaques in the flasks exposed to the two drugs for the longer intervals. Other experiments done with slight modifications in technique support the antiviral effect demonstrated in this experiment when the cell system is pretreated prior to virus infection. In two experiments, pretreating the cells for 2 hr with COA at 100 μg/ml but removing the drug solution and washing the cells prior to virus inoculation revealed no differences in plaque counts between controls and treated cells. This would indicate that the antiviral effect required the presence of the drug during the early stages of penetration of the cells by the virus particles.
Minimum wave speed for a diffusive competition model with time delay

In this paper we study mono-stable traveling wave solutions for a Lotka-Volterra reaction-diffusion competition model with time delay. By constructing upper and lower solutions, we obtain the precise minimum wave speed of traveling waves under certain conditions. Our results also extend the known results on the minimum wave speed for Lotka-Volterra competition model without delay.
Conflicts and Shifting Landscape Around Same-Sex Relationships

Conflicts and choice of law questions arising from marriage recognition are more multidimensional today than ever before. Traditionally, these conflicts arose because one jurisdiction allowed marriage between two individuals while another prohibited such a marriage. This was the model in the consanguineous, polygamous, and interracial marriage contexts. It has also been the primary model for analyzing conflicts that arise in the context of same-sex relationships. In a forthcoming article, Resolving Interstate Conflicts Arising from Interstate Non-Marriage, I challenge this model, and suggest that the emergence of marriage-like and marriage-lite alternatives (i.e., civil unions, domestic partnerships, reciprocal benefits arrangements, etc.) for same-sex couples complicates and requires additional nuance in our conflicts analysis. The article also suggests that different jurisdictions with different recognition regimes for these kinds of non-marriage relationships ought to resolve such conflicts differently -- even if they apply the very same conflicts methodology. This Essay intends to complement Resolving Interstate Conflicts in two ways. First, it further explores my claim that the introduction of marriage alternative schemes adds dimensions to the conflicts analysis. Second, much more broadly, and likely more controversially, it considers whether same-sex marriage advocates should pursue conflicts-based arguments as a basis for expanding marriage recognition in states that do not currently recognize same-sex marriage. I believe the answer may be no-despite, and in part, because of my unhesitating support for same-sex marriage. In other words, I suggest that advocates for same-sex marriage should forgo some arguments that, if successful, could help them expand recognition of same-sex marriage.
Arabidopsis MET1 Cytosine Methyltransferase Mutants

We describe the isolation and characterization of two missense mutations in the cytosine-DNA-methyltransferase gene, MET1, from the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Both missense mutations, which affect the catalytic domain of the protein, led to a global reduction of cytosine methylation throughout the genome. Surprisingly, the met1-2 allele, with the weaker DNA hypomethylation phenotype, alters a well-conserved residue in methyltransferase signature motif I. The stronger met1-1 allele caused late flowering and a heterochronic delay in the juvenile-to-adult rosette leaf transition. The distribution of late-flowering phenotypes in a mapping population segregating met1-1 indicates that the flowering-time phenotype is caused by the accumulation of inherited defects at loci unlinked to the met1 mutation. The delay in flowering time is due in part to the formation and inheritance of hypomethylated fwa epialleles, but inherited defects at other loci are likely to contribute as well. Centromeric repeat arrays hypomethylated in met1-1 mutants are partially remethylated when introduced into a wild-type background, in contrast to genomic sequences hypomethylated in ddm1 mutants. ddm1 met1 double mutants were constructed to further our understanding of the mechanism of DDM1 action and the interaction between two major genetic loci affecting global cytosine methylation levels in Arabidopsis.
Global Love wave phase velocity variation and its significance to plate tectonics

Abstract Global Love wave phase velocity variation was constructed for periods between 80 and 200 s by using approximately 9000 paths from 971 earthquakes (with M ≥ 5.5). The data set was from GDSN and GEOSCOPE networks between 1980 and 1987. We examined both the spherical harmonic expansion method and the block parameterization method. With a simple, constant damping parameter approach, synthetic tests showed that more accurate results were obtained by the block parameterization method than by the spherical harmonic expansion method. We adopted the block inversion method with a (nearly) equal area block (5° × 5° near the equator) discretization. The general pattern of the resulting maps were consistent with previous global and local studies. With a discretization of 5° by 5°, the maps were detailed enough to test some plate tectonic models. For the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, surface-wave velocities increased smoothly to plate ages older than 100 Ma. Simple forward modeling showed that seismic phase velocity variation with a continuous thickening of lithosphere up to about 150 Ma fits the present observation, disagreeing with the model deduced from the heat flow and ocean depth data, which change variations at about 60–80 Ma. The seismic phase velocity variations in different oceans showed systematic differences at younger ages, and convergence beyond 100 Ma. The difference at younger ages implies a failure of scaling derived from a simple thermal boundary layer model for oceanic plates. Age-seismic phase velocity relationships on each side of ridges were also examined and asymmetric velocity variations were found, which suggests differences in thermal states from one side of the ridge to the other. In order to further examine the thermal state of the lithosphere, average age-phase velocity relations were established for each ocean, and subtracted from phase velocity variation maps. The results indicated broad, low-velocity regions in the south Pacific (super-swell region), the south and west Indian Ocean, and high-velocity regions east of the East Pacific Rise and in the north to northeast Indian Ocean. The results reflect the asymmetry of phase velocity variation about ridges. There is some correlation between hot-spot locations and low-velocity anomalies, but additional, large-scale thermal anomalies exist under old oceanic plate.
The phylogeny of trypsin-related serine proteases and their zymogens. New methods for the investigation of distant evolutionary relationships☆

Abstract The sequence of all presently known trypsin-related serine proteases and their zymogens of animal and bacterial origin were optimally aligned on the basis of three different scoring schemes for amino acid comparisons. Sequence homology was found to extend into the activation peptides. The gaps resulting from the alignment of the sequences of the active enzymes formed the basis for a new procedure based on position and number of gaps, which allowed the correct topology of the evolutionary relationship of thrombin and the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase to be determined. The procedure was applied in an analogous manner to changes in disulfide bridges as well as to a selected set of amino acid positions. Evolutionary distances between proteins were estimated by minimum, base differences as well as according to the stochastic model of evolution . These distances were used successfully to find the best topology of evolutionary relationships. The fact that the branch lengths in evolutionary trees were less affected by the number of sequences considered when evolutionary distances between contemporary sequences were measured in minimum base differences than when measured according to the stochastic model of evolution, suggested in our specific case, that minimum base differences yielded estimates of evolutionary distance closer to reality than the stochastic model of evolution. All these techniques combined yielded the following picture for the evolution of the four protease families. Prothrombin and the zymogens of the pancreatic serine proteases had a common ancestor with tryptic specificity. After the initial divergence, the gene for trypsinogen duplicated. Evidence was found that the duplicated gene underwent drastic changes for a short period of time to become eventually the common ancestor of chymotrypsin and elastase. The phylogenetic tree elaborated for these enzyme families and the methods introduced to determine its topology, should readily allow determination of the attachment site of branches leading to newly sequenced serine proteases, provided their amino acid sequence can be aligned fairly unambiguously. In addition, the consequences of the alignment of the different serine proteases for the relationship of zymogen to enzyme are discussed.
Catheter Migration from Uterus to Lung, Perforating the Diaphragm: A CASE REPORT

A young, white woman with symptoms suggestive of lung abscess was found at thoracotomy to have a catheter in the left chest. This unsuspected foreign body extended from below the diaphragm to the left upper lobe. Subsequently, a history of a criminal abortion one year previously was elicited. On re-examination of the pre-operative chest x-ray films, a linear radiolucent shadow representing air within the non-opaque catheter was visible. This case is reported because of its rarity, and because of the unusual x-ray features. No similar cases of catheter migration have been encountered by the author in searching the literature. However, Dr. Walter Colbert stated that a similar case occurred several years ago at Charity Hospital in Louisiana, without any radiographic evidence of the presence of the catheter. Case Report
Hardware to support runtime intelligence

An associative memory system that is specialized to support the syntax and associated pattern-matching rules common to declarative expression is discussed. A coprocessor board based on an array of custom VLSI chips that combine both logic and memory is described. It is shown how this hardware supports a number of popular intelligent-system architectures. Application to querying a dynamic database is considered. >
THE HIDDEN RAPE VICTIM: PERSONALITY, ATTITUDINAL, AND SITUATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

A hidden rape victim is one who has never reported her experience to a rape crisis center or to police. It has been estimated that only 10–50% of the rapes that actually occur are ever reported to authorities. Since most previous rape studies have selected samples from official sources, hidden victims have been overlooked. The goals of the present study were to describe the victimization experienced by hidden victims and to determine whether any psychological variables were related to victimization status. The psychological variables examined included personality, attitudinal, and situational characteristics relevant to the three major models of rape victimization: social control, victim precipitation, and situational blame. Subjects were 82 not sexually victimized, 37 low sexually victimized, 50 moderately victimized, and 62 highly sexually victimized women. Subjects completed questionnaires and participated in a one-to-one standardized interview. Data were analyzed via multivariate analysis of variance. Personality variables and attitudes did not differentiate the groups of women, while numerous situational variables did. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
State-vector formalism for intrapersonal, interpersonal, and group interactions.

This article deals with information processing subsystems of the human organism and group. While a number of specific (but generally unrelated) mathematical models exist for various processes in the realm of social psychology and psychiatry, the predictive power of these models usually covers only a small range of phenomena. The overall objective of this work is to provide a vehicle through which a number of existing models in mathematical psychology, and various as yet unmathematized processes in social psychology and psychiatry, can be brought together constructively and on a uniform mathematical basis. Particular attention is given to impression formation, choice, and the psychotherapeutic interaction. A probabilistic and relativistic Directype state-vector formalism provides the overall framework. The ultimate goal of constructing such a system is to increase our knowledge of the dynamic laws governing human behavior. It is clear from our study that there is an essential similarity among the psychoanalytic, gestalt, and behavioral psychotherapies.
Status of the NPDGamma Experiment at the SNS

The main goal of the NPDGamma experiment is to measure the gamma-ray asymmetry with respect to the neutron spin direction in the nuclear reaction $\overrightarrow{n}+ p \rightarrow d + \gamma$ . The up-down asymmetry A γ has a predicted size of the order of 5 ·10 − 8 , and the NPDGamma experiment is designed to measure it with an uncertainty of about 10 − 8. To test the entire apparatus the gamma-ray asymmetry from neutron capture was measured using a Cl target followed by measurements on Al to establish the relevant background levels. At present the experiment is taking data with a liquid H 2 target to measure the parity violation on the $\overrightarrow{n} + p \rightarrow d + \gamma$ reaction and extract the ΔI = 1 part of the hadronic weak interaction.
Integrating Mechatronics Into an Engineering Technology Curriculum

Mechatronics can be defined as a science combining mechanical elements, electrical elements, fluid power, and computer programming in a complex system to accomplish a certain task, such as the assembly of a hydraulic directional control valve. In the Mechanical Engineering Technology curriculum at Purdue University in Columbus, Indiana, all of these topics are addressed in individual classes but rarely are they considered together in a complex system. Mechatronics has been the vehicle to allow students to investigate a complete system, rather than simply individual elements or topics. In particular, a system that utilizes seven different machines, each controlled by programmable logic controllers, to assemble a directional control valve is employed to present these topics to students. In the absence of a specific class that might be called Mechatronics (a new class is being considered), the operations of the directional control valve assembly are being integrated into several classes including a first-semester class as a way to demonstrate some real-world manufacturing activities to new students who might otherwise become disinterested due to the math, English, and other related courses in the first year. As such, the mechatronics equipment serves as a retention tool. Additionally, the mechatronics system is used in a basic electricity class, a fluid power class, a machine elements class and, finally, an instrumentation and process control class, where all the individual elements are considered in the system. All of these integrating elements are considered in this work.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Inside the Soul of Russian and American Psychotherapy Trainings

This article explores the return of psychology as an expression of the soul through existential-humanistic psychotherapy by describing the author’s experience of teaching psychotherapy in Russia. T...