cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Torture in the Public Mind

This study considers the clash between views on what is ethically permissible and the claimed imperatives of the war on terror. It does so by examining the forms of reasoning that members of the US public apply when judging the acceptability of torture as a tool of that war. Moral judgments are formed around two models of ethical reasoning. The first, usually referred to as the deontological perspective, deems that the ethical merit of an act is intrinsic to its character. The second, consequentialist , view, evaluates ethical merit by the consequences an act produces (for example, lying might be good). Because, however, policies often are judged in light of both perspectives, ethical impulses do not always point in the same direction. Our study uses both survey analysis and experimental methods to elicit the relative weight of deontological and consequentialist arguments that have been marshaled for and against torture. We find that across various levels of torture, the former dominate in the public mind. We also find that, counterintuitively, attitudes toward the abusive treatment of terrorist suspects are not significantly related to the intensity of the perceived foreign threat.
Physical properties of ambient and laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosol

The size and thickness of organic aerosol particles collected by impaction in five field campaigns were compared to those of laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy was used to measure the total carbon absorbance (TCA) by individual particles as a function of their projection areas on the substrate. Particles with higher viscosity/surface tension can be identified by a steeper slope on a plot of TCA versus size because they flatten less upon impaction. The slopes of the ambient data are statistically similar indicating a small range of average viscosities/surface tensions across five field campaigns. Steeper slopes were observed for the plots corresponding to ambient particles, while smaller slopes were indicative of the laboratory-generated SOA. This comparison indicates that ambient organic particles have higher viscosities/surface tensions than those typically generated in laboratory SOA studies.
ELECTRODYNAMIC DISPLACEMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS. III. THE HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF POSITRONIUM

A functional integro-differential equation for the electron-positron Green's function is derived from a consideration of the effect of sources of the Dirac field. This equation contains an electron-positron interaction operator from which functional derivatives may be eliminated by an iteration procedure. The operator is evaluated so as to include the effects of one and two virtual quanta. It contains an interaction resulting from quantum exchange as well as one resulting from virtual annihilation of the pair. The wave functions of the electron-positron system are the solutions of the homogeneous equation related to the Green's function equation. The eigenvalues of the total energy of the system may be found by a four-dimensional perturbation technique. The system bound by the Coulomb interaction is here treated as the unperturbed situation. Numerical values for the spin-dependent change of the energy from the Coulomb value in the ground state are finally obtained accurate to order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ relative to the hyperfine structure ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ Ry. The result for the singlet-triplet energy difference is $\ensuremath{\Delta}{W}_{\mathrm{ts}}=\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{\mathrm{Ry}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}[\frac{7}{3}\ensuremath{-}(\frac{32}{9}+2\mathrm{ln}2)\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}]=2.0337\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\frac{\mathrm{Mc}}{sec}.$ Theory and experiment are in agreement.
Acupuncture and Kidney Disease

Acupuncture as a complex therapeutic system has been used to treat a variety of diseases and pathological conditions. Although the exact mechanism(s) of acupuncture remains unknown, some evidence suggests a mechanism initially involving signal transduction through connective tissue, with secondary involvement of other systems including the nervous system. Acupuncture has become increasingly popular in the Western countries as a therapy for pain and several chronic disorders difficult to manage with conventional treatments. Acupuncture and acupuncture-like somatic nerve stimulation have been used in different kidney diseases and several complications related to them. The effect of acupuncture techniques in some kidney diseases is reviewed on the basis of clinical reports as well as mechanisms that may possibly explain the beneficial effects mediated by acupressure/acupuncture. The potential effect of acupressure techniques in renal inflammation and whether these effects could be mediated through the newly identified cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway are discussed.
From the ACRL 13th National Conference: E-Book Use Versus Users' Perspective

ABSTRACT At the beginning of this decade, research on e-books clearly indicated that e-books were neither well received nor desired by students in higher education. However, in the past few years, academic institutions have begun reporting very good use rates for e-books. In this article, the change taking place in e-book use is explored. Faculty and student preference for reading print books, and not e-books, is the background for exploring the effects of forced adoption and user adaptation on e-book use in a small academic institution. In addition, the effect that relative advantage, current adoption rates, cultural norms, publishers' business models, and print book/e-book competition are having on current and future e-book use are discussed.
Quantitative Emission And Absorption Spectrometry Of Hot Gases From Moderate Resolution Spectra

When spectra of simple gases are measured at moderate resolution, the rotational fine structure of bands may be resolved but the effect of convolving the true shape of each line with the instrument line shape (ILS) function of the spectrometer leads to decreased band intensity. We have studied the feasibility of fitting the peak intensities of lines in absorption and emission vibration-rotation spectra to theoretical values computed by convolving the true spectrum with the sinc2 ILS function of an FT-IR spectrometer. Early work showed that absorption spectra of CO at room temperature gave an excellent fit but the fit became poorer at elevated temperature. Subsequent work has shown that part of the reason for this behavior was an inaccurate knowledge of the temperature dependence of collision-broadened line widths, and we will present more accurate data for self-broadened CO. The current state of this technique for determining the temperature and concentration of remote hot gases from FT-IR emission spectra will then be summarized.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HIDDEN ALLOCATORS: Administrative Law Judges and Regulatory Reform

The 1132 administrative law judges now serving in twenty-nine of the most important agencies of the national government are among the least understood and least studied authorities in the American political system, yet they are among the most powerful authorities in the modern policy process. ALJs have undergone a repid development from the creation of the office of “hearing examiner” in the Hepburn Act of 1906 to the rpesent djay, when they hear cases cfomparable in importance to those heard by federal district judges. ALHs are selected through a merit procedure almost wholly controlled by the agencies in which they are employed and are subject to constant cross-pressures from their judicial role and their administrative masters. Perceived problems of biased selection procedures, conflicts of interest, and lack of public accountability have led critics in Congress and elsewhere to propose a variety of marginal reforms. The policy proposal that probably gets to the heart of the problem, however, is the creation of an Administrative Court of the United States.
Electron microscopic studies on a tubulo filamentous fasciculus in the bat cricothyroid muscle.

Tubulofilamentous fasciculi are present in the subsarcolemmal region of the white, red, and intermediate fibers of the normal cricothyroid muscle of the echolocating bats Eptesicus fuscus and Phyllostomus hastatus. These tubulofilamentous fasciculi consist of hexagonally disposed straight tubules with a diameter of 600–700 . Around these tubules are 12 regularly spaced filaments measuring 70–80 across. The total fascicular aggregate may contain 300–1,800 tubules and may vary in size from about 1.3 μ to about 3.9 μ in cross section. At their terminal ends the lumens of the tubules communicate with (1) each other, (2) the subsarcolemmal sarcoplasmic reticulum and the sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the myofilaments, and (3) with the T tubules. There is a close spacial relationship between these fasciculi and the mitochondria. Although they often occur in close approximation to the Golgi apparatus and the nuclear membrane, no connections were found between the lumens of the tubules and the Golgi cisternae or the perinuclear cisternae. It is suggested that the function of these tubulofilamentous fasciculi is part of the excitation-contraction coupling system and may facilitate the fast action of the cricothyroid muscle required for the production of a high pulse repetition rate of the emission of high frequency modulated sound.
The Effect of Estrogen on the Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in the Immature Domestic Fowl

Abstract ALTHOUGH the effects of estrogen on the thyroid physiology of mammalian species, especially laboratory rodents, have been extensively investigated, similar studies on avian species have been meager and have led to equivocal conclusions. Considering the importance and apparent complexity of thyroid-ovarian interactions, especially in the reproductive physiology of birds, extension of these studies is warranted. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of estrogen on thyroid activity (i.e., on the pituitary-thyroid axis) in the immature domestic fowl. MATERIALS AND METHODS All experimental animals were male Single Comb White Leghorn chicks, produced by the Departmental flock. They were selected, brooded and necropsied according to described techniques (Burger et al., 1962), designed to permit statistical separation of as much as possible of the inevitable spurious variance. The experimental drugs—thiouracil, iodinated casein (Protamone) and dienestrol diacetate (DD)—were incorporated in the standard basal diet, and thyrotropic hormone (TSH) was dissolved …
Singles and Sex-Roles: Are There Differences in the Clothing Prepurchase Process?:

Little published research exists concerning the differences between single males and females in their prepurchase decision processes. In particular, no known research has investigated the relationship between gender and style of recognizing fashion needs. This paper reports on a study concerned with these issues. Based on the sample, single males were clearly different from single females in style of recognizing clothing problems, shopping orientations, quantity ofshopping trips, and importance placed on information sources. Implications of these results for decision theory, business application, and consumer economics are discussed.
An improved synthesis of norcocaine

An improved, high yielding procedure for the preparation of norcocaine from cocaine is described. The synthesis is accomplished by controlling the pH during the potassium permanganate oxidation. A quantitative conversion of N-benzoylecgonine methyl ester into norcocaine by dry, hydrogen chloride-dioxane is also included.
Children With Significant Hearing Loss: Learning to Listen, Talk, and Read—Evidence-Based Best Practices

A considerable body of evidence obtained from studies of children who are deaf and who use cochlear implants has been useful in guiding practices that lead to higher levels of English language proficiency and age-appropriate literacy. Both (a) research conducted at implant centers and (b) educational programs with significant numbers of children who use cochlear implants have provided evidence that is useful when making decisions regarding best practices. For the most part, practices that emphasize auditory-based spoken language development have been shown to be highly effective in changing outcomes according to published data for children whose lives are affected by childhood deafness.
Kilovolt x-ray spectroscopy of a subpicosecond-laser-excited source.

A subpicosecond laser is focused to ${10}^{17}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ to create an extremely transient Al plasma with a kV radiation time short compared to most of the excitation times. High-resolution spectroscopy is used to analyze the kV line emission from the He- and H-like ions and to determine that the plasma reaches a temperature near 1 keV and cools in less than 10 ps.
The heavy element yields of neutron capture nucleosynthesis

Consideration of the contribution made to the abundances of the heavy element isotopes by the S- and R-processes of nucleosynthesis has led to the determination that the previous assumption concerning the exclusive alignment of isobars to one or the other of these processes is probably in error. If the relatively small odd and even mass number abundance fluctuations characterizing R-process abundances are always the case, as assumed by this study, S-process contributions to the abundances of R-process isobars are substantial, consistent with transient flashing episodes in the S-process neutron production processes. A smooth and monotonically-decreasing curve of the abundance of the S-process yields times the neutron capture cross-section versus mass number is therefore the primary tool for the separation of the abundances due to the two processes.
The distribution of N15 in Rat Tissues Following the Intraperitoneal Administration of Nitrogen-Labeled Urethan

A series of experiments designed to determine the distribution of N15 in the tissues and excretions of the rat following the intraperitoneal administration of nitrogen-labeled urethan is described and the results are reported. The concentration of N15 was generally higher in the bone marrow than in other tissues. The liver, gastrointestinal, spleen, and kidney proteins were found to contain greater concentrations than the brain, heart, lung, testes, skin, and muscle proteins. The amide nitrogen is excreted by way of the urine and feces. It is excreted in the urine partly as urea and partly as ammonium ion nitrogen.
Contagion in Schizophrenia: A Critique of Crow and Done (1986)

This article discusses the literature on the possible role of viruses in the development of schizophrenia and outlines the evidence that compelled Crow and Done (1986) to reject a horizontal contagion hypothesis (e.g., sibling to sibling transmission). We posit a genetically determined age after which one becomes vulnerable to the illness, rather than a strict age of onset. We also propose an environmentally determined range of resistance to this susceptibility as an alternative conceptualization of the role of inheritance and of viral exposure in the etiology of the disease. The predictions derived from our new model fit the findings of Crow and Done and are consistent with the older literature of possible viral factors, thus reaffirming the horizontal contagion hypothesis.
Factors affecting plasma clot absorbance and fibrin mass.

Abstract 1. 1. The reactions of thrombin and plasma were studied. The effect of variations in physical and chemical parameters on clot absorbance and fibrin mass were determined. 2. 2. Variations in pH, ionic strength, temperature and protein concentration affect the spectrophotometric measure of absorbance of a thrombin-plasma clot, but not the mass of fibrin formed. 3. 3. Citrate ion at pH 6.0 greatly retards the development of both absorbance and fibrin formation. 4. 4. Absorbance depends on thrombin concentration and is maximal at 1.0 unit thrombin per milliliter reaction mixture over the pH range 6–8. 5. 5. One unit of thrombin will clot completely (> 95%) 1.17 mg plasma fibrinogen (3.4 nmoles) in 1.0 ml reaction solution at pH 7.35, 38° and ionic strength 0.16. 6. 6. At protein concentrations below 5%, transition from a fine to a coarse clot occurs over the pH range 8.6-6.0. 7. 7. The presence of lipoproteins and other non-clottable globulins affects clot absorbance and measurable fibrin.
Ocular and oral mucous membrane pemphigoid (cicatricial pemphigoid)

Mucous membrane pemphigoid, a heterogeneous group of autoimmune blistering diseases, affects primarily the mucous membranes. Although oral and ocular mucosae can both be affected in a given patient, patients with involvement restricted to oral mucosae tend to have a benign outcome, whereas those with ocular disease commonly face treatment resistance, resulting in scarring and blindness. Diagnosis requires direct immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate a linear deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) G or IgA, or complement component 3 (C3), at the epithelial basement membrane. Although the target antigens vary, subsets of patients affected exclusively by oral and ocular mucosal diseases have autoantibodies targeting α-6 and β-4 integrins, respectively.
Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for correction of lethal congenital immunodeficiencies.

Abstract The majority of children with lethal congenital immunodeficiencies lack histocompatible related bone marrow donors. T-cell depleted haploidentical parental bone marrow transplantation has been used successfully in selected patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), but it has not benefited most patients with other immunodeficiencies when it has been tried. For these reasons, we undertook a pilot study using closely matched unrelated donors for bone marrow transplantation of children with life-threatening primary immunodeficiencies. Unrelated donor searches were performed for 24 patients and one or more suitable donors were identified for 21 patients. Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation (URD BMT) has been performed in 18 patients with various diagnoses: SCID (8), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) (2), Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) (2), combined immunodeficiencies (3), Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT) (2), and one patient with combined immunodeficiency and large granular lymphocytosis (1). The overall actuarial survival rate is 59% with excellent results observed for infants with SCID and children with WAS and CHS.
Encoding for computation: Recognizing brief dynamical patterns by exploiting effects of weak rhythms on action-potential timing

Many stimuli have meaning only as patterns over time. Most auditory and many visual stimuli are of this nature and can be described as multidimensional, time-dependent vectors. A simple neuron can encode a single component of the vector in a firing rate. The addition of a small subthreshold oscillatory current perturbs the action-potential timing, encoding the signal also in a timing relationship, with little effect on the coexisting firing rate representation. When the subthreshold signal is common to a group of neurons, the timing-based information is significant to neurons receiving inputs from the group. This information encoding allows simple implementation of computations not readily done with rate coding. These ideas are examined by using speech to provide a realistic input signal to a biologically inspired model network of spiking neurons. The output neurons of the two-layer system are shown to specifically encode short linguistic elements of speech.
An energy‐based AMG coarsening strategy

SUMMARY Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is an iterative method that is often optimal for solving the matrix equations that arise in a wide variety of applications, including discretized partial difierential equations. It automatically constructs a sequence of increasingly smaller matrix problems that hopefully enables e‐cient resolution of all scales present in the solution. The methodology is based on measuring how a so-called algebraically smooth error value at one point depends on its value at another. Such a concept of strength of connection is well understood for operators whose principal part is an Mmatrix; however, the strength concept for more general matrices is not yet clearly understood, and this lack of knowledge limits the scope of AMG applicability. The purpose of this paper is to motivate a general deflnition of strength of connection, discuss its implementation, and present the results of initial numerical experiments. Copyright c ∞ 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a Framework for Cyber Attack Impact Analysis of the Electric Smart Grid

This paper presents a framework for cyber attack impact analysis of a smart grid. We focus on the model synthesis stage in which both cyber and physical grid entity relationships are modeled as directed graphs. Each node of the graph has associated state information that is governed by dynamical system equations that model the physics of the interaction (for electrical grid components) or functionality (for cyber grid elements). We illustrate how cause-effect relationships can be conveniently expressed for both analysis and extension to large-scale smart grid systems.
Cross-linked and functionalized polyester materials constructed using ketoxime ether linkages

A modular and simple approach to the graft functionalization and cross-linking of ketone-containing poly(e-caprolactone)s has been investigated for the preparation of novel gel and nanoparticulate materials. Poly(e-caprolactone-co-2-oxepane-1,5-dione) (P(CL-co-OPD)), was grafted by reaction with 1-aminooxydodecane and cross-linked by reaction with 1,6-bis(aminooxy)hexane, each at room temperature in tetrahydrofuran at 1 and 10 wt% polymer in the absence of an acid catalyst, and at 1, 5 and 10 wt% polymer in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. The grafting process served as a model system for the cross-linking reactions, affording products that were fully characterizable and retained the physical properties of (P(CL-co-OPD)), with a slight increase in measured molecular weight and characteristic spectroscopic signatures for the dodecyl chains and the newly introduced ketoxime functionalities. Early stages of the intermolecular cross-linking were followed by gel permeation chromatography and atomic force microscopy. Ultimately, insoluble, but tetrahydrofuran-swollen gelled products were obtained, which were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. These materials exhibited interesting melting transition profiles, undergoing melting at lower temperatures and broader temperature ranges than observed for their polymer precursors. This study represents an advance in the development of rapid and efficient chemistry for the preparation of functional and robust hydrolytically-degradable polymer materials with degradable linkages.
Crystal structures of two local anesthetics: dibucaine · HCl · H2O and dimethisoquin · HCl · H2 O. II. Revised parameters, bond distances, and bond angles

Corrected values of some of the positional parameters of the title compounds are presented, together with the revised molecular geometries. All of the changes in these are quite small; the original discussion of them (Hayward and Donohue, 1977) does require revision.
The validity and clinical utility of purging disorder

Objective To review evidence of the validity and clinical utility of Purging Disorder and examine options for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-V). Method Articles were identified by computerized and manual searches and reviewed to address five questions about Purging Disorder: Is there “ample” literature? Is the syndrome clearly defined? Can it be measured and diagnosed reliably? Can it be differentiated from other eating disorders? Is there evidence of syndrome validity? Results Although empirical classification and concurrent validity studies provide emerging support for the distinctiveness of Purging Disorder, questions remain about definition, diagnostic reliability in clinical settings, and clinical utility (i.e., prognostic validity). Discussion We discuss strengths and weaknesses associated with various options for the status of Purging Disorder in the DSM-V ranging from making no changes from DSM-IV to designating Purging Disorder a diagnosis on equal footing with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. © 2009 American Psychiatric Association. (Int J Eat Disord 2009)
Subthreshold Fission Cross Section of 237Np

AbstractAn experimental program has been developed at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center to precisely measure fission cross sections relevant to advanced nuclear reactor designs and transmutation concepts. The first completed measurement is of 237Np(n,f), and the subthreshold part of the measurement is reported here. The JENDL-3.3 evaluation agrees well with the experimental results in the unresolved resonance region, where a discrepancy between the ENDF/B-VI and JENDL-3.3 evaluations exists.
Use of Sep-pak cartridges for urinary steroid extraction: evaluation of the method for use prior to gas chromatographic analysis.

A method is described for the rapid and quantitative extraction of free and conjugated steroids from urine using Sep-pak ® C18 cartridges. The method was evaluated by determining the efficiency of recovery of (1) radiolabeled steroid glucuronides, (2) radiolabeled steroids freed by enzymatic hydrolysis, (3) steroid sulphates, (4) selected reference neutral free steroids of varied structure and polarity, and (5) oestrogens. In all cases the cartridges gave results equal to or better than those obtained by solvent or Amberlite XAD-2 extraction methods. Each urine extraction could be completed in 2–3 minutes and no further purification of extracts was required prior to derivatisation and gas Chromatographie analysis.
Analysis of monotectic growth: infinite diffusion in the L2 phase

The Jackson-Hunt model of eutectic solidification is applied to monotectic solidification in which a liquid (L1) transforms into rods of a different liquid (L2) in a solid matrix. Limiting cases of no diffusion and infinite diffusion (complete mixing) in the L2 phase are considered. An adaptive refinement and multigrid algorithm (MGGHAT) is used to obtain numerical solutions for the concentration field in the L1 phase; this allows consideration of a general phase diagram. Density differences between the three phases, which cause fluid flow, are treated approximately. Specific calculations are carried out for aluminum-indium alloys. Infinite diffusion in the L2 phase has only a small effect on the relationship between interface undercooling and rod spacing.
Naphthalene-based water-soluble fluorescent boronic acid isomers suitable for ratiometric and off-on sensing of saccharides at physiological pH

Two water-soluble naphthalene-based fluorescent boronic acid isomers, 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-boronic acid (5-DMANBA, 1) and 4-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-boronic acid (4-DMANBA, 2), have been synthesized; their fluorescent properties upon binding with carbohydrates have been determined in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. The difference in substitution pattern between 1 and 2 leads to significant differences in their fluorescence properties. For example, addition of fructose (50 mM) to a solution of 1 induced a 61% fluorescence intensity decrease at 513 nm and a 36-fold increase at 433 nm. This revealed that compound 1 is a potential sensor for ratiometric sensing of sugars. The pH titration curves of 1 in the absence and the presence of fructose (50 mM) showed a 93- and 200-fold fluorescence intensity increase at 433 nm, respectively, when pH was increased from 3 to 10. Compound 2, however, does not show ratiometric fluorescent intensity changes, but shows significant fluorescence intensity increase upon addition of a sugar (41-fold intensity increase with 50 mM fructose). The emission intensity of 2 increased by over 170-fold at 445 nm upon changing the pH from 2 to 11.
Visual estimation of body temperature in neonates

Abdominal skin temperature of human neonates who are dressed and blanketed closely approximates core temperature. Although valuable in the detection of such illness as sepsis and hypoglycemia, the low yield of detecting abnormalities in term infants has resulted in temperature being measured at widely spaced intervals in most nurseries. This report describes a widely spaced intervals in most nurseries. This report describes a way of visually estimating body temperature using the cholesteric phenomenon. A mixture of cholesteric crystals was formulated whose color was green between 36.3–37.1°C (normal abd. skin temp.). Below this temp. the color brown; above, green-blue (37.2–37.9°C) or blue(>37.9°C). The crystals were fixed to black saran plastic with an adhesive undersurface which permitted fixation to the skin. 365 observations (65 infants) were made of the color of the abdominal tape compared to rectal temperature. Conclusions: Body temperature of term infants can be estimated accurately, quickly, simply and frequently by this method.
The development of self-reinforcing running in satiated rats

Fast, “playful” running was obtained in rats never given reward for running in an alley. The maintenance of such running was not dependent on hunger, thirst, or an “exercise” drive produced by confinement in small home cages. However, hunger facilitated the development of “playful” nonrewarded running in rats which initially did not run when food-satiated. “Playful” running was not seen in hungry, rewarded rats or in hungry, nonrewarded rats fed immediately after their daily running sessions. Probably incentive, but not drive, prevents the occurrence of self-reinforcing running.
Neuroepidemiology of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: implications for decision making regarding patient management.

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are relatively common, affecting up to 2–5% of the population at some point in life. These lesions are not congenital but rather develop with increasing age. Epidemiologic data from many vantage points suggest that most of these lesions do not rupture. Consequently, it is desirable to identify which unruptured aneurysms are at the greatest risk of subsequent rupture when considering which ones to repair. Optimal management of patients with UIAs also involves predicting which individuals have the greatest likelihood of success and lowest likelihood of complications from repairing their UIA and reconciling these data with natural history data involving these lesions. It is important to recognize that ruptured intracranial aneurysms and UIAs constitute distinctly different clinical entities and need to be considered and managed accordingly. If it were possible to extrapolate the natural history of UIAs by studying series of patients with ruptured aneurysms, there would have been no need for natural history studies involving UIA patients. The findings of the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) [1,2] and other natural history studies reinforce the fact that UIAs and ruptured aneurysms are different entities and that their natural histories are distinct from one another. In the debate about the natural history of UIAs, some investigators have cited circumstances of patients with small unruptured aneurysms diagnosed after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and have argued on this basis that small unruptured aneurysms may have substantial rupture rates, even among patients with no history of SAH [3]. Others have also attempted to extrapolate the natural history of UIAs by considering incidence rates of SAH and inferred prevalences of UIAs in the population [4]. Considerable confusion has been added to the field by not recognizing the difference between the following two questions:
Development of Early Porcine Embryos In Vitro and In Vivo

In vitro development of early porcine embryos under different culture conditions was evaluated and compared to in vivo development. First, one- and two-cell embryos were collected and cultured individually in 20- microl drops under 5% CO2 in air for 4 days. Embryos from one oviduct were cultured in NCSU-23, and those from the contralateral oviduct were cultured in KSOM/AA. The embryos developed in NCSU-23 had a higher mean number of inner cell mass (ICM) nuclei compared to those developed in KSOM/AA (p = 0.025). They also had higher trophectoderm (TE) and total nuclear number (p = 0.001), while there was no difference in the average ratio of ICM to TE nuclei (p = 0.731). When the effect of different gas atmospheres was tested, the numbers of TE and total nuclei were higher (p < 0.01 and p < 0.025, respectively) in embryos cultured in an atmosphere with 5% CO2 in air than in those developed under 5% CO2:5% O2:90% N2. Next the development of embryos cultured in NCSU-23 was compared to that of embryos incubated in vivo. By the end of the 4-day incubation, the cultured embryos had higher nuclear numbers and a higher ratio of ICM to TE nuclei than those developed in vivo (p < 0.001). Finally, the embryos that developed in NCSU-23 or in vivo were transferred into recipients. By Day 40 of pregnancy, 37.1 +/- 15.3% of the in vitro- and 53.8 +/- 15.3% of the in vivo-incubated embryos formed conceptuses. These results indicate that despite the lower nuclear numbers caused by in vitro conditions, the cultured embryos were developmentally competent.
Practical knowledge and occupational control: The professionalization of architecture in the United States

An analysis of the formation of a discipline of architectural design in the United States in the first part of the 19th century emphasizes the relationship between the substantive content of professional expertise and the social structure of professional practice. As a newly constructed practice of design was threatened by broad changes affecting the structure of occupational control, explicit professionalizing projects emerged from the ideological organization of professional work itself. This paper identifies limitations of the market monopoly model and outlines an alternative view that focuses on the way the rhetorical dimensions of professional work organize the efforts of actors within a self-reproducing structure of occupational control. Analysis of the production of practical knowledge opens up new directions for research, incorporating the cultural dimensions of work into a macrostructural account of a profession and the processes of professionalization.
Unitary highest weight modules

The unitary highest weight modules of a semisimple Lie group G have been classified [S, 93. Unfortunately this classification does not fit well with a more general picture of the unitary dual of G. We give such a classification for G a classical group, using derived functors and the philosophy of unipotent representations. In particular these representations are associated to coadjoint orbits of G. Let 8, = Lie(G), 0 a Cartan involution of 6 = 8, @C. A derived functor module is defined by the data q = I + u a O-stable parabolic subalgebra of 0, and 17 an irreducible unitary representation of L, the stabilizer of L in G. Considering Z7 as a representation of I, write Z7= (A, rc) where A E c* (c = center of I, * denotes dual), and rt = Z7l r,,,, . We define A(& rc) = &(,I, rc) (cf. Definition 6.1). Now fix n: and vary 1. Under certain restrictions on I, which amount to a positivity condition on the corresponding bundle over G/L, A(I, rr) is known to be irreducible and unitary. As II varies within this range the Langlands parameters of A(A, rr) vary smoothly. However, one cannot obtain all unitary highest weight modules under these restrictions. The orbit method suggests how to obtain the remaining unitary highest weight modules. The modules A(& rr) are associated to coadjoint orbits as follows. If rc is trivial we say A(]“, rr) is associated to the elliptic orbit 0 = G. II. Not all unitary highest weight modules may be obtained with rc trivial, an example of which is the oscillator representation of $(2n, R) (the metapletic group). We define 2n irreducible unitary highest weight modules rc,+ (1 (2(n-k),R)) is 113 OOOl-8708/87 $7.50
Compact modeling of Fe-FET and implications on variation-insensitive design

Semiconductor devices with self-feedback mechanisms are considered as a promising alternative to traditional CMOS, in order to achieve faster operation and lower switching energy. Examples include IMOS and FBFET that are operated in a non-equilibrium condition to rapidly generate mobile carriers [1–2]. More recently, Fe-FET was proposed to improve the switching by integrating a ferroelectric material as gate insulator in a MOSFET structure [3–5]. Under particular circumstance, ferroelectric capacitance is effectively negative, due to the negative slope of its polarization-electrical field (P-E) curve. This property makes the ferroelectric layer a voltage amplifier to boost surface potential, achieving fast transition. In this paper: (1) A new threshold voltage model is developed to capture the feedback of negative capacitance and IV characteristics of Fe-FET; (2) It is further revealed that the impact of random dopant fluctuation (RDF) on leakage variability can be significantly suppressed in Fe-FET, by tuning the thickness of the ferroelectric layer.
A universal operon predictor for prokaryotic genomes.

Identification of operons at the genome scale of prokaryotic organisms represents a key step in deciphering of their transcriptional regulation machinery, biological pathways, and networks. While numerous computational methods have been shown to be effective in predicting operons for well-studied organisms such as Escherichia coli K12 and Bacillus subtilis 168, these methods generally do not generalize well to genomes other than the ones used to train the methods, or closely related genomes because they rely on organism–specific information. Several methods have been explored to address this problem through utilizing only genomic structural information conserved across multiple organisms, but they all suffer from the issue of low prediction sensitivity. In this paper, we report a novel operon prediction method that is applicable to any prokaryotic genome with high prediction accuracy. The key idea of the method is to predict operons through identification of conserved gene clusters across multiple genomes and through deriving a key parameter relevant to the distribution of intergenic distances in genomes. We have implemented this method using a graph-theoretic approach, to calculate a set of maximum gene clusters in the target genome that are conserved across multiple reference genomes. Our computational results have shown that this method has higher prediction sensitivity as well as specificity than most of the published methods. We have carried out a preliminary study on operons unique to archaea and bacteria, respectively, and derived a number of interesting new insights about operons between these two kingdoms. The software and predicted operons of 365 prokaryotic genomes are available at .
A Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Quantification of Edwardsiella ictaluri in Catfish Pond Water and Genetic Homogeneity of Diagnostic Case Isolates from Mississippi

Abstract A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed for the detection and quantification of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus pond water using modifications to a published E. ictaluri–specific qPCR assay and previously established protocols for the molecular detection of myxozoan parasites in catfish ponds. Genomic DNA equivalents indicative of the number of bacteria in a sample were determined and standard curves correlating to bacterial numbers were established. The assay was found to be highly repeatable and reproducible, with a linear dynamic range of five orders of magnitude. There was no interference of the assay from the presence of large quantities of nontarget DNA. Known quantities of bacteria were added to sample volumes of 40 or 500 mL of pond water collected from several different ponds. The minimum level of detection was approximately 100 cell equivalents (CE) in 40 (2.5 CE/mL) or 500 mL of pond water (0.2 CE/mL). Sample volumes of 40 mL yie...
Computational Comparison Between Normal and Bicuspid Aortic Valve Hemodynamics

The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly and is present in 2% of the population. While a normal tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) consists of three leaflets, a BAV is formed with only two as a result of the fusion of two leaflets into a larger one1. This defect is associated with serious complications such as calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), a condition characterized by the accumulation of calcium on the leaflets which contributes to the obstruction of the left ventricular outflow and progressive heart failure. Although studies have suggested similarities in the pathogenesis of CAVD in the BAV and TAV, the calcification of the BAV is more severe and its progression more rapid. Previous studies in our laboratory have evidenced the sensitivity of valve leaflets to their hemodynamic environment and the ability of fluid stress alterations to trigger an inflammatory response on the aortic surface of porcine aortic valve leaflets2. Although a similar mechano-etiology could contribute to the rapid calcification of the BAV, it is not clear how the particular BAV anatomy impacts on its hemodynamic environment and whether the hemodynamic stresses experienced by BAV leaflets differ from those present in TAV leaflets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize BAV hemodynamics and to quantify its degree of abnormality relative to a TAV. A fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach validated with respect to particle-image velocimetry (PIV) measurements was implemented to quantify TAV and BAV hemodynamics in terms of flow velocity field, valvular effective orifice area (EOA) and leaflet wall-shear stress. The large degree of hemodynamic abnormality predicted in the BAV model may contribute to the rapid progression of CAVD in that anatomy. This work lays the foundation for future mechanobiological studies aimed at investigating the isolated effects of native BAV hemodynamic stresses on the development of CAVD.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ACYLSILANES, A REVIEW

(1992). RECENT PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ACYLSILANES. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 553-582.
Experience with OKT3 in Vascularized Pancreas Transplantation

With refinements in technical aspects of whole organ pancreas transplantation, allograft rejection is currently the major cause of graft failure. The monoclonal antibody OKT3 has emerged as a highly effective antirejection therapy in renal and hepatic allograft recipients, but its efficacy in pancreas transplantation remains to be determined. During a 12-month period, 28 vascularized whole organ pancreas transplants were performed with pancreatico-cystostomy. Sixteen episodes of allograft rejection were treated with monoclonal antibody OKT3. Indications for OKT3 use included steroid- or antilymphocyte globulin (ALG)-resistant allograft rejection in isolated pancreas (n = 8) or simultaneous kidney-pancreas (n = 8) transplants. A total of 34 rejection episodes occurred in the 16 patients (mean, 2.1; range, one to five). The diagnosis of rejection was based on clinical criteria, a reduction in urinary amylase clearance, radionuclide scanning, hyperglycemia, or associated renal allograft dysfunction in combined engraftments. Postoperative immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine, prednisone, azathioprine, and prophylactic ALG. OKT3 was administered for a full 14-day course concomitant with low-dose steroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine. The mean age of the patient population was 32.1 years (range 24 to 39) with a mean duration of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) of 20.9 years. Monoclonal antibody therapy was instituted in two clinical settings: early rejection (within 3 months of transplant, n = 10); and late rejection (after 3 months, n = 6). OKT3 successfully reversed allograft rejection in ten (62.5%) cases, including six early (60%) and four late (66.7%) episodes. In isolated pancreas transplants, OKT3 therapy reversed pancreas allograft rejection in only two patients (25%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Computation of three-dimensional weight functions for circular and elliptical cracks

Three-dimensional mode I fundamental fields for circular and elliptical cracks in isotropic, finite bodies with prescribed displacement and traction boundaries are analyzed by a previously introduced finite element method [1]. For the circular crack, we present a procedure for determining the Fourier coefficients of the stress intensity factor by using the ordinary fundamental fields.
Effect of fortification with multiple micronutrients and n−3 fatty acids on growth and cognitive performance in Indian schoolchildren: the CHAMPION (Children's Health and Mental Performance Influenced by Optimal Nutrition) Study

BACKGROUND: Fortification with multiple micronutrients has been shown to improve growth and cognitive performance among children in developing countries, but it is unknown whether higher concentrations are more effective than lower concentrations. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effect of 2 different concentrations of a combination of micronutrients and n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids on indicators of growth and cognitive performance in low-income, marginally nourished schoolchildren in Bangalore, India. DESIGN: In a 2-by-2 factorial, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 598 children aged 6-10 y were individually allocated to 1 of 4 intervention groups to receive foods fortified with either 100% or 15% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of micronutrients in combination with either 900 mg alpha-linolenic acid plus 100 mg docosahexaenoic acid or 140 mg alpha-linolenic acid for 12 mo. Anthropometric and biochemical assessments were performed at baseline and 12 mo. Cognitive performance was measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 mo. RESULTS: The high micronutrient treatment significantly improved linear growth at 12 mo (0.19 cm; 0.01, 0.36) and short-term memory at 6 mo (0.11 SD; 0.01, 0.20) and was less beneficial on fluid reasoning at 6 (-0.10 SD; -0.17, -0.03) and 12 (-0.12 SD; -0.20, -0.04) mo than was the low micronutrient treatment, whereas no differences were observed on weight, retrieval ability, cognitive speediness, and overall cognitive performance. No significant differences were found between the n-3 treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The high micronutrient treatment was more beneficial for linear growth than was the low micronutrient treatment. However, with some small differential effects, higher micronutrient concentrations were as effective as lower concentrations on cognitive performance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00467909.
Nano-indentation studies of xerogel and SiLK low-K dielectric materials

Low-K dielectric films have reduced hardness and modulus relative to traditional dielectric materials. There are many potential challenges associated with these materials to integrate with integrated circuit (IC) technologies. It is important to evaluate the mechanical properties of low-K materials along with their electrical characterization to implement them in sub—0.25μm devices. In this investigation, we have discussed the mechanical properties of low-K dielectric materials and evaluated the mechanical behavior of SiLK and Xerogel samples using nano-indentation studies. Surface behavior after indentation is also investigated with high resolution scanning electron microscopy. Nano-indentation using the continuous stiffness measurement technique is shown to be reliable for evaluating the mechanical properties of thin and low modulus films.