cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Traditions, Analysis, and Synthesis in Social Psychological Theories The Case of Dissonance Theory

The decreased attenttion to dissonance theory in present-day social psychology is used to illustrate extratheoretical considerations that influence acceptance of a formulation in the scientific community. The authors suggest that dissonance theory currently receives less attention because its motivational emphasis is outside the core assumptions in the research tradition of the now dominant cognitive orientation They also believe social psychology currently favors an analytic over a synthetic approach to research and theorizing, leading to a decreased interest in "big picture" formulations covering many apparently different domains. The condition-seeking research strategy favored by many investigators is discussed. Although this strategy does not necessarily preclude a synthetic approach, it does encourage condition seeking because of its concern with conditions limiting the operation of a particular phenomenon. Finally, attention is given to other considerations (e.g., desire to be innovative) lessening ...
Diagnosis of main-stem pulmonary thromboemboli by transesophageal echocardiography.

The aim of this report is to describe the usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli. A biplane transesophageal probe was used to examine the pulmonary artery in multiple views in three patients with suspected pulmonary emboli. The diagnosis of pulmonary emboli was made by transesophageal echocardiography in each of three patients when an echodense, circular or linear mass was seen in more than one view of the main or right pulmonary artery. In conclusion, our findings, coupled with previous case reports, suggest that transesophageal echocardiography should be considered in all critically inpatients with suspected pulmonary emboli. transesophageal echocardiography, pulmonary embolus
A self-optimized job scheduler for heterogeneous server clusters

Heterogeneous clusters and grid infrastructures are becoming increasingly popular. In these computing infrastructures, machines have different resources, including memory sizes, disk space, and installed software packages. These differences give rise to a problem of over-provisioning, that is, sub-optimal utilization of a cluster due to users requesting resource capacities greater than what their jobs actually need. Our analysis of a real workload file (LANL CM5) revealed differences of up to two orders of magnitude between requested memory capacity and actual memory usage. This paper presents an algorithm to estimate actual resource capacities used by batch jobs. Such an algorithm reduces the need for users to correctly predict the resources required by their jobs, while at the same time managing the scheduling system to obtain superior utilization of available hardware. The algorithm is based on the Reinforcement Learning paradigm; it learns its estimation policy on-line and dynamically modifies it according to the overall cluster load. The paper includes simulation results which indicate that our algorithm can yield an improvement of over 30% in utilization (overall throughput) of heterogeneous clusters.
Active Cache Based Defense against DoS Attacks in Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless mesh network (WMN) is evolving to be a new paradigm for wireless Internet connectivity as it obviates the need for wired infrastructure at every access point (AP) a.k.a mesh router (MR). The MRs collaboratively forward the traffic towards the Internet gateway (IGW). The self-configurable architecture of MRs paves way for malicious intruders to conduct a denial-of-service attack (DoS) on the MRs by flooding the network with a large volume of traffic; thus rendering the system inaccessible to the real users. In this paper, we present a cache based defense at the MRs to identify flooding style DoS attacks. We use a most frequently used cache mechanism to identify such flows and raise an early alert to curb them. We effectively avert any performance degradation by dropping the identified attack flows along the forwarding routers. Simulation results indicate that our scheme offers an active line of defense against DoS attacks
Regional and local variation in tallgrass prairie remnants of Iowa and eastern Nebraska

Tallgrass prairie vegetation, persisting as numerous small relics scattered across central North America, exhibits a complex pattern of community structure and composition. We sampled vegetation from 11 prairie preserves in Iowa and eastern Nebraska spanning three physiographic regions and a wide variety of upland habitats. Numerical classification and partitioned ordination revealed a complex pattern of both local and geographical variation in the vegetation. The primary coenocline is a complex topographic-moisture gradient. Secondary factors influencing the vegetation include subsoil permeability, chorological differences, and local peculiarities of stand history and dynamics. Local patterns of interaction between the primary and secondary environmental factors vary among Quaternary landscapes resulting in regional vegetation complexity.
Quantifying adaptation parameters for information support of trauma teams

Trauma centers are stressful, noisy and dynamic environments, with many people performing complex tasks, and with little in the way of information support. Information must be prioritized and filtered to avoid overload or loss. This work quantifies the information-selection parameters that will guide adaptive user interfaces for trauma teams.
Mosaic expression of an Hprt transgene integrated in a region of Y heterochromatin

The sensitivity of small transgenes to position effects on their expression suggests that they could serve as indicators of the chromatin properties at their integration site. In particular, they might be expected to provide information on the functional properties of mammalian heterochromatin. We have produced a transgenic line that carries a mouse Hprt minigene on the Y chromosome. In situ hybridization localized the transgene to the heterochromatic portion of the Y. Analysis of transgene expression by isoelectric focusing indicated that the transgene is expressed in a mosaic pattern, and expressing cells have different levels of transgene activity. These findings can be explained as a position effect variegation induced by Y heterochromatin. However, two other transgenes, located at autosomal sites, also showed mosaic activity. If the mosaic transgene expression is attributed to the influence of the chromatin at the insertion site, the Y heterochromatin would appear less potent than some autosomal regions at inducing variegation. An alternative explanation consistent with our results is that the mosaic expression is a semi-autonomous characteristic of these transgene loci. Transgene-expressing and non-expressing cells differed in their ability to grow and be cloned in vitro, indicating that cellular differentiation affected the chromatin structure of the transgene locus on the Y. Karyotype analysis of male mice with the Y-linked transgene and from control male mice carrying the human HPRT transgene, or the mouse Pgk-1 gene at autosomal sites, indicated that the transgene-carrying Y is prone to non-disjunction, generating cells with two (or more) or no Y chromosomes in equal proportion. Further studies will determine if the propensity of this Y chromosome to mitotic errors is also observed in vivo.
Current and predicted long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA

Remnants of virgin hemlock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. forest in the Porcupine Mountains, Michigan, USA, have experienced inadequate hemlock regeneration lasting several decades. White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann browsing seems to be the major cause of the observed decline ojhemlock regeneration, rather than poor seedbed conditions or changing climate. In some areas, significant changes m the size-structure of the Jorest have already occurred, with a shift of dominanceJ?om hemlock to sugar maple Acer saccharum Marsh. taking place. A simulation of forest development is used to predict the changes inJorest structure that will occur if no action is taken to control browsing. From this simulation it is estimated that in less than 150 years, hemlock will become only a minor component of the forest over large areas where it is currently the major dominant.
CONSTRAINTS FROM MOLECULAR DYNAMICS ON THE LIQUIDUS AND SOLIDUS OF THE LOWER MANTLE

A method is proposed for calculating freezing point depressions in silicate systems of geologic interest using molecular dynamics simulations. The method directly determines the slope of the liquidus at a given composition and temperature. The construction of a phase diagram is then possible using a fitting procedure, or by inference of a set of liquid phase components whose mixing behavior approximates thermodynamic ideality. Application of this method to the system Mg2SiO4MgSiO3 at low pressures gives results in qualitative agreement with experimentally determined phase diagrams. At 100 GPa this method gives depression curves compatible with curves calculated assuming ideal mixing of the liquid phase species MgOSiO2 or MgOSi12O. This result, together with the melting temperatures of periclase and of MgSiO3 perovskite extrapolated from high-pressure diamond anvil cell experiments, allows the construction of a eutectic phase diagram in the system MgOMgSiO3. Throughout the lower mantle the eutectic temperature is 280–560 K below the melting temperature of MgSiO3 perovskite. Taking account of other oxide components in the mantle drops the eutectic by another 530–730 K and gives tighter upper bounds for the Earth's solidus and geotherm.
Vapor chambers with jumping-drop liquid return from superhydrophobic condensers

In closed-loop phase-change systems, self-propelled jumping drops on a superhydrophobic condenser offer a new mechanism to return the working fluid to the evaporator, eliminating the requirement for either external forces or wick structures along the return path. Here, we report the heat transfer performance of a jumping-drop vapor chamber consisting of two parallel plates, a superhydrophobic condenser and a superhydrophilic evaporator. With proper removal of the non-condensable gases including those dissolved in the working fluid, the overall thermal resistance of the jumping-drop chamber is primarily governed by the conduction resistance of the wicked evaporator in series with the interfacial resistances at the phase-change interfaces. The lumped resistance model was verified by systematically varying the parameters of the chamber such as wick thickness, vapor spacing, vapor temperature, and heat flux. As an alternative mechanism to transport the working fluid, the jumping drops can enable novel phase-change heat transfer systems such as planar thermal diodes and heat spreaders, for which this work provides practical design guidelines.
Unsupervised automation of photographic composition rules in digital still cameras

When taking pictures, professional photographers apply photographic composition rules, e.g. rule of thirds. The rule of thirds says to place the main subject's center at one of four places: at 1/3 or 2/3 of the picture width from left edge, and 1/3 or 2/3 of the picture height from the top edge. This paper develops low-complexity unsupervised methods for digital still cameras to (1) segment the main subject and (2) realize the rule-of-thirds. The main subject segmentation method uses the auto-focus filter, opens the shutter aperture fully, and segments the resulting image. These camera settings place the main subject in focus and blur the rest of the image by diffused light. The segmentation utilizes the difference in frequency content between the main subject and blurred background. The segmentation does not depend on prior knowledge of the indoor/outdoor setting or scene content. The rule-of-thirds method moves the centroid of the main subject to the closest of the four rule-of-thirds locations. We first define an objective function that measures how close the main subject placement obeys the rule-of-thirds, and then reposition the main subject in order to optimize the objective function. For multiple main subjects, the proposed algorithm could be extended to use rule-of-triangles by adding an appropriate constraint.
Angiotensin-(1–7) Reduces Smooth Muscle Growth After Vascular Injury

Abstract—Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell growth is critical to the maintenance of normal blood flow and vessel patency. Angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] inhibits proliferation of vascular sm...
Existence and uniqueness of band-limited, positive semidefinite extrapolations

The authors investigate the extrapolation of a one-dimensional sequence subject to the contraints that its spectrum be bandlimited to a given frequency band and that it be real-valued and nonnegative on that band. A new and easily computable matrix test for the existence of a bandlimited, positive semidefinite extrapolation is derived, and an algorithm is presented for the recursive computation of such an extrapolation. >
Representing response position relative to display location: Influence on orthogonal stimulus–response compatibility

Two types of stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) effect occur with orthogonal stimulus and response sets, an overall up–right/down–left advantage and mapping preferences that vary with response position. Researchers agree that the former type is due to asymmetric coding of the stimulus and response alternatives, but disagree as to whether the latter type requires a different explanation in terms of the properties of the motor system. This issue is examined in three experiments. The location of the stimulus set influenced orthogonal SRC when it varied along the same dimension as the responses (Experiments 1 and 2), with the pattern predicted by the hypothesis that the stimulus set provides a referent relative to which response position is coded. The effect of stimulus-set location on orthogonal SRC was independent of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) for a marker that indicated stimulus-set side and the imperative stimulus. In contrast, a spatial correspondence effect for the irrelevant stimulus-set lo...
Planning robotic manipulation strategies for sliding objects

A configuration map is defined and computed, mapping all configurations of a part before an elementary manipulative operation to all possible outcomes. Configuration maps provide a basis for planning the operation sequences which occur in parts-feeder designs or in more general sensorless manipulation strategies for robots. Sequences of elementary operations are represented as matrix-products of configuration maps for the individual operations. Efficient methods for searching the space of all operations sequences are described. As an example we consider a class of parts feeders based on a conveyor belt. Parts arrive on the belt in random initial orientations. By interacting with a series of stationary fences angled across the belt, the parts are aligned into a unique final orientation independent of their initial orientation. The planning problem is to create (given the shape of a part) a sequence of fences which will align that part. We demonstrate the automated design of such parts feeders.
The Adenovirus E3 Promoter Is Sensitive to Activation Signals in Human T Cells

The group C adenoviruses typically cause acute respiratory disease in young children. In addition, a persistent phase of infection has been observed in which virus may be shed for years without producing overt pathology. Our laboratory recently reported that group C adenovirus DNA can be found in tonsil and adenoid T lymphocytes from the majority of pediatric donors (C. T. Garnett, D. Erdman, W. Xu, and L. R. Gooding, J. Virol. 76:10608-10616, 2002). This finding suggests that immune evasion strategies of human adenoviruses may be directed, in part, toward protection of persistently or latently infected T lymphocytes. Many of the adenoviral gene products implicated in prevention of immune destruction of virus-infected cells are encoded within the E3 transcription unit. In this study, the E3 promoter was evaluated for sensitivity to T-cell activation signals by using a promoter reporter plasmid. Indeed, this promoter is extremely sensitive to T-cell activation, with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin increasing E3-directed transcription 100-fold. By comparison, in the same cells E1A expression leads to a 5.5-fold increase in transcription from the E3 promoter. In contrast to induction by E1A, activation by PMA plus ionomycin requires the two E3 NF-κB binding sites. Interestingly, expression of E1A inhibits induction of the E3 promoter in response to T-cell activation while increasing E3 promoter activity in unactivated cells. Collectively, these data suggest that the E3 promoter may have evolved the capacity to respond to T-cell activation in the absence of E1A expression and may act to upregulate antiapoptotic gene expression in order to promote survival of persistently infected T lymphocytes.
Modeling Human Sentence Processing Data with a Statistical Parts-of-Speech Tagger

It has previously been assumed in the psycholinguistic literature that finite-state models of language are crucially limited in their explanatory power by the locality of the probability distribution and the narrow scope of information used by the model. We show that a simple computational model (a bigram part-of-speech tagger based on the design used by Corley and Crocker (2000)) makes correct predictions on processing difficulty observed in a wide range of empirical sentence processing data. We use two modes of evaluation: one that relies on comparison with a control sentence, paralleling practice in human studies; another that measures probability drop in the disambiguating region of the sentence. Both are surprisingly good indicators of the processing difficulty of garden-path sentences. The sentences tested are drawn from published sources and systematically explore five different types of ambiguity: previous studies have been narrower in scope and smaller in scale. We do not deny the limitations of finite-state models, but argue that our results show that their usefulness has been underestimated.
[β‐(Trimethylsilyl)acryloyl]‐tert‐butyldimethylsilane

(E-isomer) [83578-66-9] InChI = 1S/C12H26OSi2/c1-12(2,3)15(7,8)11(13)9-10-14(4,5)6/h9-10H,1-8H3/b10-9+ InChIKey = WWSDNZJZJMSKHR-MDZDMXLPSA-N (Z-isomer) [83578-69-2] C12H26OSi2 (MW 242.15) InChI = 1S/C12H26OSi2/c1-12(2,3)15(7,8)11(13)9-10-14(4,5)6/h9-10H,1-8H3/b10-9- InChIKey = WWSDNZJZJMSKHR-KTKRTIGZSA-N (reagent used as a [3 + 2] and [3 + 4] cyclization reagent and as an electrophilic reagent in 1,2- and 1,4-addition reactions) Physical Data: E-isomer2—orange oil, bp 60–63 °C/0.4 mm, 110–112 °C/8 mm Hg; Rf = 0.52 (hexane:Et2O = 10:1). Z-isomer4—pale yellow oil; Rf = 0.21 (hexane:Et2O = 15:1). Solubility: soluble in a wide variety of organic solvents. NMR, IR, bp (E-isomer).2, 3 Preparative Methods: the E-isomer2 is prepared in three steps beginning with propargyl alcohol as shown in 1 (this is a modification of a procedure first introduced by Reich et al.,3) while the Z-isomer4 is prepared beginning with the O-protected propargyl alcohol2, 5 as shown in 2.7 (1) (2) Purification: both isomers may be purified separately by silica gel chromatography.2, 4 Kugelrohr distillation (65–70 °C/13 mm) removes impurities from the E/Z-mixture.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the E-isomer has generally been used immediately upon formation, although there were no special handling precautions noted.2, 4 This molecule should be stored away from water and any nucleophile/base reagent, preferably under an inert atmosphere.
Improved outcome after repair of descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms using modern adjuncts

OBJECTIVES To evaluate current strategies to decrease spinal cord and organ dysfunction in patients undergoing repair of descending and thoracoabdominal aneurysms. METHODS We reviewed 94 consecutive cases of descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs to determine the impact of modern adjuncts on postoperative neurologic deficit and mortality. The adjuncts used in these patients included perioperative cerebrospinal fluid drainage, distal aortic perfusion, reattachment of critical intercostal vessels, permissive hypothermia and hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion. Between December 1999 and March 2005, 24/94 (26%) patients were operated on for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm type I, seven (7%) for type II, 25/94 (27%) for type III or type IV, and 38/94 (40%) for descending thoracic aneurysms. Perioperative parameters were collected for all patients, and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Twenty (21%) of the patients required hypothermic circulatory arrest for conduction of the operation. The postoperative rate of paraplegia was 3% (3/94). One patient developed temporary paraparesis. Overall operative mortality was 10% (9/94). This included 12/94 (13%) patients who underwent surgery emergently for ruptured or contained rupture of aortic aneurysm. CONCLUSION Use of perioperative cerebrospinal fluid drainage, distal aortic perfusion and permissive hypothermia result in a low incidence of spinal cord injury and a low operative mortality.
Ground-water models cannot be validated

Abstract Ground-water models are embodiments of scientific hypotheses. As such, the models cannot be proven or validated, but only tested and invalidated. However, model testing and the evaluation of predictive errors lead to improved models and a better understanding of the problem at hand. In applying ground-water models to field problems, errors arise from conceptual deficiencies, numerical errors, and inadequate parameter estimation. Case histories of model applications to the Dakota Aquifer, South Dakota, to bedded salts in New Mexico, and to the upper Coachella Valley, California, illustrate that calibration produces a nonunique solution and that validation, per se, is a futile objective. Although models are definitely valuable tools for analyzing ground-water systems, their predictive accuracy is limited. The terms validation and verification are misleading and their use in ground-water science should be abandoned in favor of more meaningful model-assessment descriptors.
The mass spectrometry of four acyl derivatives of 2,2′-difurylmethane

Low resolution mass spectra and high resolution data for selected important peaks are presented and discussed for the following compounds: [(5-acetyl-2-furyl)-(2′-furyl)]methane (I), [(5-acetyl-2-furyl)-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)]methane (II), [(5-formyl-2-furyl)-(2′-furyl)]methane (III) and [(5-formyl-2-furyl)-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)]methane (IV). The fragmentation of II has been clarified by examining the mass spectrum of its d3-acetyl analog; the fragmentation of III and IV by examining the spectra of their carbonyl 13C-labeled analogs.
Legal Education and Legal History

The publication of Cornish and Clark's Law and Society in England 1750-19501 came to me as something of a surprise. I had known for many years that it was partially completed, but supposed that it had achieved albatross status, and would either never appear at all, or be conveniently destroyed in some student orgy like De Zulueta's great and presumably mythical work on Roman Law.2 How wrong I was; here it is, six hundred and ninety pages of it, though sadly Geoffrey Clark died in 1972, and so never saw the execution of the plan which he and Professor Cornish conceived more than twenty years ago. Its publication is an important event for legal history, but even more so for legal education. There are a number of different ways in which the study of law can be approached. English legal education has long been dominated by the tradition of legal science, and still is, though the term itself has become unfashionable. Legal science provides a particular way of thinking and talking and writing and arguing about the law, or what may be called a model of law. This model is especially convenient for professional lawyers, whether practitioners or academics, for whom law's essential function is to provide guidance for them in their professional activities-advising clients, giving legal opinions, arguing cases, writing legal texts. Indeed it is very difficult to imagine how a professional legal culture could exist at all unless the theory of legal science was integral to it. Thus the convention which makes legal argument in courts as we know it possible at all is that there is an institution known as the law--one law throughout the jurisdiction-which is potentially capable of providing a correct solution to every conceivable problem which can be presented to the court. The task of opposing counsel is that of persuading the court that their view of what the law is, and how it applies to the facts of the case, is the correct one.
No-analog climates and shifting realized niches during the late quaternary: implications for 21st-century predictions by species distribution models

Empirically derived species distributions models (SDMs) are increasingly relied upon to forecast species vulnerabilities to future climate change. However, many of the assumptions of SDMs may be violated when they are used to project species distributions across significant climate change events. In particular, SDM's in theory assume stable fundamental niches, but in practice, they assume stable realized niches. The assumption of a fixed realized niche relative to climate variables remains unlikely for various reasons, particularly if novel future climates open up currently unavailable portions of species' fundamental niches. To demonstrate this effect, we compare the climate distributions for fossil-pollen data from 21 to 15 ka BP (relying on paleoclimate simulations) when communities and climates with no modern analog were common across North America to observed modern pollen assemblages. We test how well SDMs are able to project 20th century pollen-based taxon distributions with models calibrated using data from 21 to 15 ka. We find that taxa which were abundant in areas with no-analog late glacial climates, such as Fraxinus, Ostrya/ Carpinus and Ulmus, substantially shifted their realized niches from the late glacial period to present. SDMs for these taxa had low predictive accuracy when projected to modern climates despite demonstrating high predictive accuracy for late glacial pollen distributions. For other taxa, e.g. Quercus, Picea, Pinus strobus, had relatively stable realized niches and models for these taxa tended to have higher predictive accuracy when projected to present. Our findings reinforce the point that a realized niche at any one time often represents only a subset of the climate conditions in which a taxon can persist. Projections from SDMs into future climate conditions that are based solely on contemporary realized distributions are potentially misleading for assessing the vulnerability of species to future climate change.
Detection of dna copy number changes using statistical change point analysis

Cancer development is usually associated with DNA copy number changes in the genome. DNA copy number changes correspond to chromosomal aberrations and signify abnormality of a cell. Therefore, identifying statistically significant DNA copy number changes is evidently crucial in cancer research, clinical diagnostic applications, and other related genomic research. The problem can be formulated with a statistical change point theory. We propose to use the mean and variance change point model to study the DNA copy number changes from the microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) profile. The approximate p-value of identifying a change point is derived from the use of Schwarz information criterion (SIC). The proposed method has been validated by Monte-Carlo simulation and applications to aCGH profiles from several cell lines (fibroblast cancer cell line, breast tumor cell line, and breast cancer cell line). The results indicate that the proposed method is effective in identifying DNA copy number changes.
Effect of population and gender on chemotherapeutic agent-induced cytotoxicity

Large interindividual variance is observed in both response and toxicity associated with chemotherapy. Our goal is to identify factors that contribute to chemotherapy-induced toxicity. To this end, we used EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid HapMap cell lines derived from 30 Yoruban trios (African descent) and 30 Centre d' Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) trios (European descent) to evaluate population- and gender-specific differences in cytotoxicity of carboplatin, cisplatin, daunorubicin, and etoposide using a high-throughput, short-term cytotoxicity assay. The IC50 was compared for population- and gender-specific differences for the four drugs. We observed large interindividual variance in IC50 values for carboplatin, cisplatin, daunorubicin, and etoposide for both Yoruban and CEPH populations (range from 8- to 433-fold). Statistically significant differences in carboplatin and daunorubicin IC50 were shown when comparing Yoruban cell lines (n = 89) to CEPH cell lines (n = 87; P = 0.002 and P = 0.029, respectively). This population difference in treatment induced cytotoxicity was not seen for either cisplatin or etoposide. In the Yoruban population, cell lines derived from females were less sensitive to platinating agents than males [median carboplatin IC50, 29.1 versus 24.6 μmol/L (P = 0.012); median cisplatin IC50, 7.0 versus 6.0 μmol/L (P = 0.020) in female and male, respectively]. This difference was not observed in the CEPH population. These results show that population and gender may affect risk for toxicities associated with certain chemotherapeutic agents.
The Marketing of Guns to Women: Factors Influencing Gun-Related Attitudes and Gun Ownership by Women:

The authors examine factors that influence women's attitudes toward guns and the ownership of firearms. They investigate the recent promotion of guns and gun-related products to women within the fr...
Irradiation Damage in n-Type Germanium at 4.2°K

The conductivity measured during the application of pulsed electric fields is used to monitor the damage introduced at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by energetic electron irradiation of $n$-type germanium. Fields above about 20 V/cm completely ionize the donor impurities. Radiation-induced defects deplete the electron population of the donors by introducing deeper acceptor levels. A sensitivity to defect concentrations of ${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ is obtained in material containing about ${10}^{14}$ Sb impurities ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The introduction rates of various defects are studied as a function of irradiation energy. One type, previously identified as a close vacancy-interstitial pair, is removed (presumably by annihilation) in the order of minutes by annealing at 65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This defect accounts for 95% of the conductivity change produced by irradiation at 0.7 MeV, but only 50% of the change at 4.5 MeV. Evidently this is the primary defect requiring the least energy for its formation. A second type of primary defect is distinguished by the fact that it is present after annealing to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The dependence on bombardment energy of the introduction rate of this defect indicates that multiple displacements may be involved in its production, and therefore it may be a double vacancy. A third type of defect is observed only after large fluxes of low-energy electrons, and appears to be a secondary defect resulting from radiation-induced conversion of primary defects. This defect also remains after annealing to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, but it has electrical properties very similar to those of the defect that anneals at 65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Trapping properties of the first and third defect types lead to the conclusion that they are both capable of capturing two electrons in $n$-type germanium and are therefore double-acceptor centers.
A fossil Scrub-Jay supports a recent systematic decision

Nine fossil premaxillae and mandibles of the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) are reported from a late Pliocene sinkhole deposit at Inglis 1A, Citrus County, Florida. Vertebrate biochronology places the site within the latest Pliocene (2.0 to 1.6 million years ago, Ma) and more specifically at 2.01-1.87 Ma. The fossils are similar in morphology to living Florida Scrub-Jays in showing a relatively shorter and broader bill compared to western species, a presumed derived character for the Florida species. The recent elevation of the Florida Scrub-Jay to species rank is supported by these fossils by documenting the antiquity of the species and its distinct bill morphology in Florida.
Influence of danazol on cytoplasmic and nuclear estrogen binding capacity in the uterus

Sprague-Dawley rats with estrous cycles were exposed to danazol (Danocrine) at a single dose of 10 mg/kg for either 6 or 24 hours, or daily until a pattern of no cycles (6 days) was noted on vaginal smears. The animals were individually housed and exposed to a 14-hour light/10-hour dark environment. Prior to drug administration, daily vaginal smears were obtained to ensure cycle normalcy. After the appropriate exposure to medication, the animals were killed, the uterine horns were removed, and determination was made of cytoplasmic and nuclear estrogen receptors. The animals in the control group (6 and 24 hours, and daily injected) received vehicle only (mineral oil). The influence of danazol on sex-steroid receptor levels appeared to be related to the phase of the estrous cycle at the time of sacrifice. At both 6 and 24 hours of exposure to danazol, there was a slight decrease in specific estrogen binding capacity of cytosols, with no alteration in the levels of nuclear receptors in the uteri of rats with cycles. In the groups with no cycles, there was an increase in cytosolic estrogen binding capacity at 1 and 6 days of danazol treatment, with a slight decrease in nuclear receptor binding when compared with treated rats with cycles. Statistical evaluation revealed a significant difference in cytosolic estrogen binding capacity between the series with cycles and the series without cycles (p
Focus on "molecular markers expressed in cultured and freshly isolated interstitial cells of Cajal".

the pattern of contractility of the muscularis propria of the gut is the result of the regulation of three types of cells: smooth muscle cells (SMC), enteric neurons, and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Whereas the neurons and SMC of the gut are similar in many ways to those in other organs, the
Text to Speech: A 4-H Model of Accessibility and Inclusion

4-H project manuals play an integral part in a youth's ability to achieve mastery in a specific project area. For youth who struggle with reading, written 4-H materials prove inadequate in addressing the needs of the learner. This article proposes a new delivery method of 4-H educational material designed to create a more inclusive and accessible environment for youth in need of literacy support. Materials created in an audio format give youth the opportunity to hear, understand, and follow along with written material, ultimately enhancing the learning process.
Rethinking biologics in lupus nephritis

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a chronic and devastating complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite advances in our understanding of LN and the availability of effective therapies, LN remains a difficult clinical problem, and progression to end stage renal disease remains a significant challenge. Though the advent of biologics has revolutionized the treatment of many rheumatological conditions, and several clinical trials of biologics have been conducted in LN, the promise of biologics remains unfulfilled. The experience gained from these initial clinical trials can help tailor approaches in future clinical trials, and the lessons learned can be applied to find a cure for this condition.
Improvisation and the creative process : Dewey, collingwood, and the aesthetics of spontaneity

Improvisational performance has been neglected by many fields that study creativity and the arts, including both philosophy and psychology. Psychologists, for example, have focused on product creativity: activities that result in objective, ostensible products-paintings, sculptures, musical scores-which remain after the creative act is complete. Product creativity generally involves a long period of creative work leading up to the creative product. In contrast, in improvisational performance, the creative process is the product; the audience is watching the creative process as it occurs. My primary research interest is everyday conversation, and I began to study aesthetics and the psychology of creativity after I observed that everyday conversation is creatively improvisedthere is no script that guides a conversation. My empirical research has focused on three types of improvised discourse: improvisational theater, children's fantasy play, and everyday conversation.' In my theoretical writings, I use these improvisational phenomena to address several issues in contemporary psychology and social theorythe tension between structure and practice, issues of textuality, discourse, structure versus play, and heteroglossia.2 Thus my theoretical framework has evolved from the empirically grounded attempt to identify and characterize specific interactional mechanisms that are used to create a collective improvisational performance. In this paper, I will focus on some philosophical implications of my evolving analyses of improvisational group performance. In this discussion, I will make explicit the relationships between improvisational performance and product-oriented arts such as painting, writing, and music composition, by drawing on Dewey's model of "art as experience" and Collingwood's model of "art as language." Improvisational performance is relevant to the empirical study of all creative genres for two central reasons. First, the creative process that goes on in the mind of a creator is generally inaccessible to the researcher, in part because it occurs in fits and starts, over long time periods. But an improvised performance is created in the moment, onstage, and can easily be observed by the researcher. Second, many improvisational performance genres are fundamentally collaborative. Observing this collaboration onstage is relatively straightforward, compared to the difficulties of observing the many forms of collaboration that contribute to the generation of a work of art.
Principled Pragmatism: The Eastern Committee of German Economy and West German–Chinese relations during the early Cold War, 1949–1958

This article focuses on the interplay between the political authorities and economic actors in the Federal Republic of Germany in the process of establishing relations with the People's Republic of China after 1949. Within this framework, the article will assess the role played by the Ost-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft (Eastern Committee of German Economy), a semi-official organization recognized by the West German government. Both the ability of German economic actors and China's urgent need for economic contact with the West caused German-Chinese trade relations to circumvent the strict non-recognition policy followed by the West German government. The article also argues that, while economic relations heralded official recognition of the People's Republic of China by other Western European countries, in the case of the Federal Republic of Germany a division between the two spheres was finally accepted by the major actors involved, and ended only after the change of attitude imparted by the Nixon presidency in the United States during the early 1970s.
Internal Conversion of Gamma-Rays from Co 60 , Cs 134 , Zn 65

Using a double-coil, thin-lens magnetic beta-ray spectrometer of transmission 2.40 percent and line width of approximately 3.0 percent, the internal conversion coefficients of the gamma-rays from ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$, ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{134}$, and ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ have been measured. Sufficient precision has been attained in several cases to verify the theoretical values and to obtain unambiguous identification of the multipole character of the gamma-rays. Internal conversion coefficients as small as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ can be measured with a precision of 5 percent or better.The results obtained indicate that both of the gamma-rays from ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$ are electric quadrupole ($\mathrm{EQ}$), the 560-kev gamma-ray from ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{134}$ is either $\mathrm{EQ}$ or $\mathrm{MD}$ or a mixture of these, the 602- and 799-kev gamma-rays from ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{134}$ are both $\mathrm{EQ}$, the 1.114-Mev gamma-ray from ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ is either $\mathrm{EQ}$ or $\mathrm{MD}$ or a mixture of these and the 1.363-Mev gamma-ray from ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{134}$ may be $\mathrm{EQ}$. Further data on the decay scheme of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{134}$ are given.The results show that in combination with angular correlation measurements internal conversion data determine the angular momenta and parities of excited nuclear states.
Sleep apps and behavioral constructs: A content analysis.

Abstract Although sleep apps are among the most popular commercially available health apps, little is known about how well these apps are grounded in behavioral theory. Three-hundred and sixty-nine apps were initially identified using the term “sleep” from the Google play store and Apple iTunes in September 2015. The final sample consisted of 35 apps that met the following inclusion criteria: 1) Stand-alone functionality; 2) Sleep tracker or monitor apps ranked by 100 + users; 3) Sleep Alarm apps ranked by 1000 + users; and 4) English language. A coding instrument was developed to assess the presence of 19 theoretical constructs. All 35 apps were downloaded and coded. The inter-rater reliability between coders was 0.996. A “1” was assigned if a construct was present in the app and “0” if it was not. Mean scores were calculated across all apps, and comparisons were made between total scores and app ratings using R. The mean behavior construct scores (BCS) across all apps was 34% (5% - 84%). Behavioral constructs for realistic goal setting (86%), time management (77%), and self-monitoring (66%) were most common. Although a positive association was observed between BCS and user ratings, this was not found to be statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean persuasive technology score was 42% (20% to 80%), with higher scores for paid compared to free apps (p
High-speed adaptive optics line scan confocal retinal imaging for human eye.

Purpose Continuous and rapid eye movement causes significant intraframe distortion in adaptive optics high resolution retinal imaging. To minimize this artifact, we developed a high speed adaptive optics line scan confocal retinal imaging system. Methods A high speed line camera was employed to acquire retinal image and custom adaptive optics was developed to compensate the wave aberration of the human eye’s optics. The spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio were assessed in model eye and in living human eye. The improvement of imaging fidelity was estimated by reduction of intra-frame distortion of retinal images acquired in the living human eyes with frame rates at 30 frames/second (FPS), 100 FPS, and 200 FPS. Results The device produced retinal image with cellular level resolution at 200 FPS with a digitization of 512×512 pixels/frame in the living human eye. Cone photoreceptors in the central fovea and rod photoreceptors near the fovea were resolved in three human subjects in normal chorioretinal health. Compared with retinal images acquired at 30 FPS, the intra-frame distortion in images taken at 200 FPS was reduced by 50.9% to 79.7%. Conclusions We demonstrated the feasibility of acquiring high resolution retinal images in the living human eye at a speed that minimizes retinal motion artifact. This device may facilitate research involving subjects with nystagmus or unsteady fixation due to central vision loss.
Surveying Security Practice Adherence in Software Development

Software development teams are increasingly incorporating security practices in to their software development processes. However, little empirical evidence exists on the costs and benefits associated with the application of security practices. Balancing the trade off between the costs in time, effort, and complexity of applying security practices and the benefit of an appropriate level of security in delivered software requires measuring security practice benefits and costs. The goal of this research is to support researcher investigations of software development security practice adherence by building and validating a set of security practices and adherence measures through literature review and survey data analysis. We extracted 16 software development security practices from a review of the literature, and established a set of adherence measures based on technology acceptance theory. We built a survey around the 13 most common practices and our adherence measures. We surveyed 11 security-focused open source projects to collect empirical data as a test of our theorizing about practice adherence. In our collected survey data, each of the 13 security practices we identified was used daily by at least one survey participant. Tracking vulnerabilities and applying secure coding standards are the practices most often applied daily. In our data, Ease of use, Effectiveness, and Training, measured via Likert items, did not always show the expected theoretical relationship with practice use. In our data, Training is positively correlated with practice use, while Effectiveness and Ease of use vary in their correlations with practice use on a practice by practice basis.
Coupled-cluster based approach for core-level states in condensed phase: Theory and application to different protonated forms of aqueous glycine

A theoretical approach for calculating core-level states in condensed phase is presented. The approach is based on the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) theory and effective fragment potential (EFP) method. By introducing approximate treatment of double excitations in the EOM-CC with single and double substitutions ansatz, we address poor convergence issues that are encountered for the core-level states and significantly reduce computational costs. While the approximations introduce relatively large errors in the absolute values of transition energies, the errors are systematic. Consequently, chemical shifts, changes in ionization energies relative to reference systems, are reproduced reasonably well. By using different protonation forms of solvated glycine as a benchmark system, we show that our protocol is capable of reproducing the experimental chemical shifts with a quantitative accuracy. The results demonstrate that chemical shifts are very sensitive to the solvent interactions and that explicit treatment of a solvent, such as within EFP framework, is essential for achieving quantitative accuracy.