cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First-Principles Models for Biological Light-Harvesting: Phycobiliprotein Complexes from Cryptophyte Algae

There have been numerous efforts, both experimental and theoretical, that have attempted to parametrize model Hamiltonians to describe excited state energy transfer in photosynthetic light harvesting systems. The Frenkel exciton model, with its set of electronically coupled two level chromophores that are each linearly coupled to dissipative baths of harmonic oscillators, has become the workhorse of this field. The challenges to parametrizing such Hamiltonians have been their uniqueness, and physical interpretation. Here we present a computational approach that uses accurate first-principles electronic structure methods to compute unique model parameters for a collection of local minima that are sampled with molecular dynamics and QM geometry optimization enabling the construction of an ensemble of local models that captures fluctuations as these systems move between local basins of inherent structure. The accuracy, robustness, and reliability of the approach is demonstrated in an application to the phyco...
Conducting Systematic Outcome Assessment in Private Addictions Treatment Settings

Systematic outcome assessment is central to ascertaining the impact of treatment services and to informing future treatment initiatives. This project was designed to be conducted within the clinical operations of 4 private addictions treatment centers. A structured interview was used to assess patients’ alcohol and other drug use and related variables (on treatment entry and at 1, 3, and 6 months following treatment discharge). The primary outcomes were percentage of days abstinent (PDA) from alcohol and drugs, PDA from alcohol, and PDA from other drugs. Collateral reports during follow-up also were gathered. A total of 280 patients (56% men) across the 4 programs participated. Percentage of days abstinent for each outcome increased significantly from baseline to the 1-month follow-up assessment, and this change was maintained at the 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. Collateral reports mirrored the patient follow-up reports. Secondary outcomes of patient ratings of urges/cravings, depression, anxiety,...
Angioplasty of Juxta-anastomotic Stenosis with Venous Rupture

This chapter discusses a case in which a retrograde angiogram performed following a successful treatment of juxta-anastomotic stenosis resulted in venous ruture and extravasation. It also discussed the approch that should be used to avoid this complication.
The obesity paradox in ICU patients

Excessive weight is connected with an increased risk of certain life-threatening diseases. However, some evidence shows that among patients with chronic diseases such as heart failure (HF) chronic kidney disease (CKD) and COPD, increased weight is paradoxically associated with a decreased risk of mortality. This counterintuitive phenomenon is referred to as the obesity paradox. The obesity paradox has been mostly observed among certain cohorts of patients with HF, but not specific to patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) setting. This paper studies the relationship between obesity and mortality of ICU patients with and without HF and presents evidence supporting the existence of this paradox. The results provide helpful insights for developing more patient-centric care in ICUs. Additionally, we use both the MIMIC-II and (recently available) MIMIC-III databases, for which few comparative studies exist to date. We demonstrate an aspect of consistency between the databases, providing a significant step towards validating the use of the newly announced MIMIC-III in broader studies.
Microwave time reversal mirror for breast tumor detection

Time reversal focusing is based on the reciprocity property of the wave solution. The time reversed fields back-propagate to focus back at the source. The transmitting and receiving antenna array utilized for time reversal are collectively termed as the time reversal mirror (TRM). This paper deals with the design of a microwave time reversal mirror for detection of breast tumors. Time reversal antennas are designed and used in a pulsed time domain system to obtain the scattered fields from targets. Time reversal of the processed fields can be back-propagated in a FDTD simulation model to obtain potential tumor locations.
Third Biennial Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference

(1996). Third Biennial Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference. Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 41, No. 158, pp. 398-398.
Reliability of silicon integrated circuits

Abstract Reliability assurance of silicon integrated circuits (ICs) has been an essential activity since the earliest days of the IC industry. Cross-disciplinary investigations of failure mechanisms have resulted in a comprehensive understanding of the degradation phenomena that dominate silicon circuit reliability. Reliability is now considered from the very earliest stages of development of silicon manufacturing technologies and is a primary driver of decisions taken in the design of a manufacturing process technology. Studies of reliability will continue to play an important role in the development of the Si industry: the imminent introduction of new dielectric and interconnect materials and novel transistor architectures, together with aggressive performance and power requirements, will need to be navigated while maintaining high levels of circuit reliability. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of the reliability issues that generically impact silicon circuits of all types and discuss the physical processes that are involved. The focus of this chapter is on degradation mechanisms occurring on the silicon device. The material included covers issues involving degradation of the transistor and gate dielectric, the metal conductors and insulating dielectrics that link transistors together within a circuit, and occurrence of radiation-induced soft errors caused by the impact of energetic particles on circuits.
A validated time-stepping analytical model for 3D transient vapor chamber transport

Abstract Advances in the computational performance of electronic devices have created a clear need for improved methods of passive thermal management. This has led to renewed interest in the use of vapor chambers as heat spreaders in applications ranging from mobile devices to high-performance-computing and power electronics systems. While there has been significant effort to develop vapor chambers for these applications, their designs have largely relied on steady-state analyses and performance prediction. In many applications, however, the heat load is inherently transient in nature. Heat spreader design must consider transient performance in response to these use-case scenarios. While detailed numerical models of transient vapor chamber operation have been developed, a transient modeling approach with low computational cost is needed for parametric study and quick assessment of vapor chamber performance in system-level models. In the current work, a low-cost, transient vapor chamber model is developed targeting the geometries and operating conditions typical of thermal management applications. The model considers mass, momentum, and energy transport in the vapor chamber wall, wick, and vapor core as well as phase change at the wick-vapor interface. The governing equations are simplified to a system of first-order differential equations based on a scaling analysis and assuming a functional form for the temperature profile along the thickness dimension. The errors in the temperature and pressure fields due to these simplifying assumptions are estimated for a wide range of operating conditions. These estimates indicate low errors in the model predictions over the range considered. For two example cases, the model predictions are compared to a finite-volume-based numerical model. Any deviation from the numerical model prediction is on the same order as the errors estimated based on the simplifying assumptions. The time-stepping analytical model is demonstrated to have a computational cost reduction of three to four orders of magnitude compared to the finite-volume based model.
The northern limit of Alnus (Fagales) in Costa Rica: modern pollen evidence of a possible range extension

The genus Alnus is represented in Costa Rica by one species. Alnus acuminara H.B.K.. a 5-20 m tall tree characteristic of montane forest formations (Furlow 1977). Burger (in Janzen 1983) stated that in Costa Rica A. acuminata is not known to occur north of Volcan Barva in the Cordillera Central. even though the species ranges northward to Mexico. However. Hartshorn and Poveda (in Janzen 1983) and Haber (1990) report A. acuminata to be present within the Monteverde reserve in the Cordillera de Tilaran (one range northwest of the Cordillera Central). According to Haber (1990), the species occurs as low as 90 m on the Atlantic slope, in the Rio Penas Blancas valley (approximate coordinates loo22'N, 84°38'W).
Effect of Fixation Type and Bone Graft on Tarsometatarsal Fusion

Background:End-stage tarsometatarsal (TMT) arthritis is commonly treated with arthrodesis of involved joints. Fixation hardware can consist of varying combinations of screws, plates, and staples wi...
Back to the beginning: Starting point detection for early recognition of ongoing human actions

Abstract We address the task of recognizing the category of an ongoing human action from a video stream. This task is challenging because of the need to output categorization decisions based on partial evidence—the action has not finished and not all information about the action has been observed. This task is further complicated because the ongoing action is submerged in the stream of data and the start of the action is not given. Existing methods for early recognition usually ignore this issue, making unrealistic assumption about the availability of the starting point of the ongoing action. In this paper, we prove the importance of starting point detection and subsequently propose a method to determine the start of an ongoing action. Our method is based on a bidirectional recurrent neural network that computes the probability of a frame to be the starting point by comparing the dynamics of the actions before and after the frame. Experiments on three datasets show that our method can reliably detect the starting point of an ongoing action, improving the early recognition accuracy.
Yukawa unification with light supersymmetric particles consistent with LHC constraints

Abstract We investigate supersymmetric models with left-right symmetry based on the group S U ( 4 ) c × S U ( 2 ) L × S U ( 2 ) R (4-2-2) with negative sign of bilinear Higgs potential parameter μ in the context of the latest experimental results. In the backdrop of experimental results from the Large Hadron Collider, we investigate the possibility of Yukawa unification in 4-2-2 and find out the same is still not ruled out. Furthermore, this scenario also provides a satisfactory dark matter candidate. The current experimental bounds on sparticle masses, mass bounds on Higgs particle, updated phenomenological constraints from the rare decays of B meson and the anomalous magnetic moment of muon with the requirement of a Yukawa unified theory having 10% or better third family Yukawa unification are utilized to bound the parametric space of these models.
Fertility Preservation in Gynecologic Cancer.

Abstract Objectives To review current conservative fertility-sparing options for patients undergoing surgical and medical management of cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Standard and investigational fertility preservation alternatives using assisted reproductive technologies are described. Data Sources A review of articles dated 2006–2018 from PubMed. Conclusion While a frequently reported concern among female cancer survivors of childbearing potential, fertility preservation education and procedures continue to be an unmet need for this population. Implication for Nursing Practice Knowledge of current fertility-sparing options is imperative for nurses to ensure fertility preservation is introduced early, and often, into education for patients from diagnosis, through treatment, and in survivorship.
Olivocochlear efferent contributions to speech-in-noise recognition across signal-to-noise ratios.

The medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent system modifies cochlear output to aid signal detection in noise, but the precise role of efferents in speech-in-noise understanding remains unclear. The current study examined the contribution of the MOC reflex for speech recognition in noise in 30 normal-hearing young adults (27 females, mean age = 22.7 yr). The MOC reflex was assessed using contralateral inhibition of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions. Speech-in-noise perception was evaluated using the coordinate response measure presented in ipsilateral speech-shaped noise at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) ranging from −12 to 0 dB. Performance was assessed without and with the presence of contralateral noise to activate the MOC reflex. Performance was significantly better with contralateral noise only at the lowest SNR. There was a trend of better performance with increasing contralateral inhibition at the lowest SNR. Threshold of the psychometric function was significantly correlated with contralateral inhibition. Response time on the speech task was not significantly correlated with contralateral inhibition. Results suggest that the MOC reflex contributes to listening in low SNRs and the relationship between the MOC reflex and perception is highly dependent upon the task characteristics.
CD4+ T cell activation and associated susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro increased following acute resistance exercise in human subjects.

Early studies in exercise immunology suggested acute bouts of exercise had an immunosuppressive effect in human subjects. However, recent data, show acute bouts of combined aerobic and resistance training increase both lymphocyte activation and proliferation. We quantified resistance exercise-induced changes in the activation state of CD4+ T lymphocytes via surface protein expression and using a medically relevant model of infection (HIV-1). Using a randomized cross-over design, 10 untrained subjects completed a control and exercise session. The control session consisted of 30-min seated rest while the exercise session entailed 3 sets × 10 repetitions of back squat, leg press, and leg extensions at 70% 1-RM with 2-min rest between each set. Venous blood samples were obtained pre/post each session. CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood by negative selection. Expression of activation markers (CD69 & CD25) in both nonstimulated and stimulated (costimulation through CD3+ CD28) cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Resistance exercised-induced effects on intracellular activation was further evaluated via in vitro infection with HIV-1. Nonstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes obtained postexercise exhibited elevated CD25 expression following 24 h in culture. Enhanced HIV-1 replication was observed in cells obtained postexercise. Our results demonstrate that an acute bout of resistance exercise increases the activation state of CD4+ T lymphocytes and results in a greater susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro. These findings offer further evidence that exercise induces activation of T lymphocytes and provides a foundation for the use of medically relevant pathogens as indirect measures of intracellular activation.
RACK1 is required for axon guidance and local translation at growth cone point contacts

Local translation regulates the formation of appropriate connectivity in the developing nervous system. However, the localization and molecular mechanisms underlying this translation within growth cones is not well understood. Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a multi-functional ribosomal scaffolding protein that interacts with {beta}-actin mRNA. We recently showed that RACK1 localizes to and regulates the formation of point contacts, which are adhesion sites that control growth cone motility. This suggests that local translation occurs at these adhesion sites that are important for axonal pathfinding, but this has not been investigated. Here, we show that RACK1 is required for BDNF-induced local translation of {beta}-actin mRNA in growth cones. Furthermore, the ribosomal binding function of RACK1 regulates point contact formation, and axon growth and guidance. We also find that local translation of {beta}-actin occurs at point contacts. Taken together, we show that adhesions are a targeted site of local translation within growth cones, and RACK1 is critical to the formation of point contacts and appropriate neural development. These data provide further insight into how and where local translation is regulated, and thereby leads to appropriate connectivity formation in the developing nervous system.
Advances in Analysis of Microcalorimeter Gamma-Ray Spectra

Microcalorimeters based on transition-edge sensors (TESs) have been successfully deployed in numerous spectroscopic instruments that operate over a large range of incident photon energies. TES microcalorimeter arrays combine unmatched energy resolution with broadband spectral coverage and high quantum efficiency. An important application requiring these characteristics is nondestructive isotopic analysis via gamma-ray spectroscopy of the complex mixtures of actinide isotopes found in the nuclear fuel cycle. Steady progress has been made over the last ten years to develop TES microcalorimeter instruments for this application, leading to arrays that demonstrate significantly better energy resolution than the state-of-the-art high-purity germanium (HPGe) sensors. However, further algorithm development and automation of the data analysis procedure have been required to bring these systems closer to being ready for production use. In this article, we describe recent advances in data analysis techniques for gamma-ray data acquired with microcalorimeter systems. In particular, we discuss new approaches to automated calibration of our spectra, and a new approach for quantifying the uncertainty of peak area estimation for isolated peaks. Our data analysis pipeline has also been automated, requiring minimal manual intervention for full processing of data sets, with performance that is sufficient to allow future deployment of real-time spectrum generation. We show that, using this pipeline, we are able to achieve ~0.25% statistical uncertainty in isotope ratios, which indicates that if systematic errors are controlled, microcalorimeter arrays can achieve better than 1% total uncertainty in these measurements.
CST Particle-In-Cell Modeling Of A Tunable Reflex-Triode Vircator

This study serves to describe three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of a tunable reflex-triode virtual cathode oscillator (vircator). Experimental data from the compact hard-tube reflex-triode vircator developed at Texas Tech University (TTU) is used to validate simulated results. The vircator developed at TTU is capable of burst-mode operation at pulse repetition rates (PRFs) up to 100 Hz for a period of one second. A pulse energy of 158 J drives the vircator, and 600 kV (open circuit) pulse forming network (PFN) based Marx generator. The vircator is comprised of a bimodal, carbon fiber cathode and a pyrolytic graphite anode, with the ability to quickly change the distance between the anode-cathode (A-K) gap, back wall distance, and bottom plate distance between experiments. The PIC simulations have been performed using CST PIC Solver, by Dassault Systemes. The models detail virtual cathode formation and the subsequent extraction of radiated microwave power for a variety of cavity geometries. A working three-dimensional, relativistic, electromagnetic, particle-in-cell model of a vircator allows for quick, pre dictive results relative to building an experimental setup. The model is used to determine the necessary driving voltages, A-K gap distances, and cathode current densities to extract microwave radiation at a desired. Simulated results aid in identifying mode contributions. Voltage, current, and microwave data are presented and compared against experimental results at different operating conditions.
Effects of inflammation on irinotecan pharmacokinetics and development of a best-fit PK model.

Abstract Irinotecan is a chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer and elevated blood concentrations of its active metabolite, SN-38 leads to increased gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity and diarrhea in patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of inflammation on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolite, SN-38. Mice were i.p.-injected with either saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. After 16 h, irinotecan was administered orally. Blood was collected from the tail vein of mice from 0 to 24 h after dosing. Concentrations of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38G were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The AUC, Cmax, and tmax were derived using WinNonlin® 5.2. A PK model was developed using Phoenix NLME® to describe the PK of irinotecan and SN-38 during inflammation. Results indicated a significant increase in the blood concentrations of irinotecan and SN-38 in mice during inflammation. The AUC of irinotecan and SN-38 in LPS group were 2.6 and 2-folds, respectively, of those in control saline-treated mice. The Cmax of irinotecan and SN-38 in LPS treated mice were 2.4 and 2.3-folds of those in saline-treated mice. The PK model was successfully developed and validated. The best-fit plots of individual PK analysis showed a good correlation between observed and predicted concentrations of irinotecan and SN-38. Together, this study reveals that SN-38 concentrations are elevated during inflammation, which may increase the GI toxicity and diarrhea in patients who receive irinotecan; and the developed PK model can quantitatively describe the PK of irinotecan and SN-38 during inflammation.
The affiliative role of empathy in everyday interpersonal interactions

Empathy theoretically serves an affiliative interpersonal function by satisfying motives for intimacy and union with others. Accordingly, empathy is expected to vary depending on the situation. Inc...
9.08 – Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides possess unique chemical, physical, and biological properties and are the most abundant natural biopolymer. Monosaccharide building blocks and glycosidic linkages establish the backbone of these polymers and determine the diversity and complexity of the polysaccharides. This chapter introduces the chemistry of carbohydrates, as well as the means for synthesizing defined oligosaccharides, and the properties and applications of several important polysaccharides. To afford access to well-defined polysaccharides, enzymatic, chemical, and chemoenzymatic approaches will be described. These advances continue to facilitate a growing number of exciting biomedical applications of polysaccharides by academia and industry.
Validation of a Venous Thromboembolism Prediction Algorithm for Pediatric Trauma: A National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

Introduction: Recently published society (PTS/EAST) guidelines regarding the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) suggest that all injured children over the age of 15 years should receive thromboprophylaxis. These guidelines may over-treat children who are high-risk for bleeding. We sought to validate our previously published VTE prediction algorithm and compare it to current recommendations. Methods: Retrospective review of all pediatric patients (age < 18 years) in the NTDB …
Implications of Instituting an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Pathway in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy in Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction.

Background Neuropathy is a common side effect of chemotherapeutic agents. Manifestations of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy can present in a myriad of fashions, ranging from numbness, tingling, and pain to motor weakness and autonomic dysfunction.1 Given the nature of breast reconstruction, a significant portion of the patients have a history of chemotherapy exposure; its effect on postoperative pain management has not been previously explored. Methods This study is a retrospective review of patients who underwent deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction performed by the two senior authors from January of 2016 to September of 2019. The patients were separated into two groups, before and after enhanced recovery after surgery. The primary outcome observed was postoperative opioid consumption, measured as oral morphine equivalents; p values were obtained through univariate linear regression. Results In total, 256 patients were analyzed, of which 113 had chemotherapy exposure. The difference between opioid consumption in patients in the pre-enhanced recovery after surgery group without and with chemotherapy exposure was statistically significant (211.5 mg versus 278.5 mg; p = 0.0279). There was no difference between opioid consumption with regard to chemotherapy history in the enhanced recovery after surgery group (137.4 mg versus 133.0 mg; p = 0.7251). Conclusions Patients with chemotherapy exposure required more opioids to be comfortable. It is unknown whether this difference is secondary to increased pain or less effectiveness of opioids. Further research is necessary to assess whether there are better ways to address pain postoperatively in patients with chemotherapy exposure. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Awake Robotic Minimally Invasive L4-5 Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

This video describes an awake robotic minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). Minimally invasive spine surgery leads to reduced perioperative morbidity while accelerating recovery by limiting soft tissue damage, blood loss, and postoperative pain. Robotic guidance systems have recently emerged to increase accuracy of instrumentation placement, reduce radiation burden, and enhance surgical ergonomics. The benefits of awake spine surgery, under spinal anesthesia, include decreased operative time, less postoperative opioid usage, decreased time to reemergence compared to general anesthesia, and also better patient satisfaction. In this video we present a case of a 78-year-old female with intractable lower back and right leg pain. Lumbar magnetic resonance imaging revealed a grade I anterolisthesis of L4 on L5 with severe spinal canal stenosis. Given that the patient failed conservative measures, and considering that she had severe nausea and delirium after general anesthesia, she was offered an awake L4-5 robotic TLIF using the Mazor X robotic guidance system (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) ( Video 1 ). We document the first awake robotic TLIF in the literature. This video describes how to efficiently insert robotic techniques into the awake spine workflow. 1 , 2
Transfer of writing skills across genres among deaf and hard of hearing elementary writers

Abstract Thirty-seven deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students in grades four through six participated in a year of Strategic and Interactive Writing Instruction, an approach to writing instruction designed to be responsive to DHH students’ unique language experiences and profiles. The current study investigated the transfer of writing skills between genres by analyzing participants’ recount, information report, and persuasive writing samples at four time points: at the beginning of the academic year, immediately before genre-focused instruction, at the end of 9 weeks of instruction in a genre, and 9 weeks after the conclusion of instruction in a genre. Results from the study demonstrate that DHH students transfer genre-specific writing skills between genres.
Hypoglossal Nerve Schwannoma With Severe Brainstem Compression: Microsurgical Excision by Extreme Lateral Approach: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

A 37-yr-old male presented with a history of left-sided tongue atrophy and fasciculations and weakness of upper limbs for 3 mo. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large, partially cystic tumor with severe compression of the brainstem and spinal cord, with expansion and erosion of the hypoglossal canal. Computed tomography (CT) angiography showed the left vertebral artery to be anteriorly displaced by the tumor. A retrosigmoid craniotomy and craniectomy were performed followed by mastoidectomy with unroofing the posterior aspect of the sigmoid sinus. The foramen magnum was completely unroofed. The hypoglossal canal was exposed with a diamond drill and an ultrasonic bone curette, and a tumor was seen within the expanded canal. C1 lamina was removed partially in the lateral aspect, and the occipital condyle was partially removed. After opening the dura mater, the tumor was found to be stretching the eleventh cranial nerve. The tumor was debulked, and dissected from the cranial nerve fibers. The vertebral artery, anterior spinal artery, and other branches displaced by the tumor were carefully preserved. The tumor was removed from the hypoglossal canal with a curette. The patient recovered well, with the resolution of his upper limb weakness. Patient modified Rankin Scale was 1 at 6-mo follow-up. The postoperative MRI showed a small remnant inside the hypoglossal canal, and it was treated by radiosurgery. This 2-dimensional video demonstrates the technique of complete microsurgical removal of a complex tumor with preservation of cranial nerves and vertebral artery. Informed consent was obtained from the patient prior to the surgery, which included videotaping of the procedure and its distribution for educational purposes. Also, all relevant patient identifiers have been removed from the video and accompanying radiology slides.
Collision Cross Sections for Native Proteomics: Challenges and Opportunities

Recent advancements place a comprehensive catalog of protein structure, oligomeric state, sequence, and modification status tentatively within reach, thus providing an unprecedented roadmap to therapies for many human diseases. To achieve this goal, revolutionary technologies capable of bridging key gaps in our ability to simultaneously measure protein composition and structure must be developed. Much of the current progress in this area has been catalyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) tools, which have become an indispensable resource for interrogating the structural proteome. For example, methods associated with native proteomics seek to comprehensively capture and quantify the endogenous assembly states for all proteins within an organism. Such technologies have often been partnered with ion mobility (IM) separation, from which collision cross section (CCS) information can be rapidly extracted to provide protein size information. IM technologies are also being developed that utilize CCS values to enhance the confidence of protein identification workflows derived from liquid chromatography-IM-MS analyses of enzymatically produced peptide mixtures. Such parallel advancements in technology beg the question: can CCS values prove similarly useful for the identification of intact proteins and their complexes in native proteomics? In this perspective, I examine current evidence and technology trends to explore the promise and limitations of such CCS information for the comprehensive analysis of multiprotein complexes from cellular mixtures.
Learning word meanings by instruction

We develop techniques for learning the meanings of unknown words in context. Working within a compositional semantics framework, we write down equations in which a sentence's meaning is some combination function of the meaning of its words. When one of the words is unknown, we ask for a paraphrase of the sentence. We then compute the meaning of the unknown word by inverting parts of the semantic combination function. This technique can be used to learn word-concept mappings, decomposed meanings, and mappings between syntactic and semantic roles. It works for all parts of speech.
Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party's Control of Local Elites in the Post-Mao Era

1. Authoritarianism and decentralization 2. Organizing decentralization 3. Promoting high-level generalists: the management of mayors 4. Organizational power: the view from within 5. Explaining cadre rank 6. The impact of village elections on the appointment of party branch secretaries 7. Conclusion.
Wavelet-based 2-D multichannel signal estimation

In this paper, we present a new wavelet-based estimator for 2-D multichannel signals. Estimation of a 2-D multichannel signal relies on the ability to decorrelate the signal in both space and channel. The new estimator we present uses a 2-D discrete wavelet transform to approximately decorrelate the signal in space, allowing for efficient estimation of both stationary and nonstationary signals. When channel correlation is unknown, but depends only on channel separation, the DFT may be utilized to decorrelate the channel efficiently. In contrast to the optimal estimation scheme, our new estimator does not require second-order signal statistics, making it well suited to many applications. In addition to providing vastly improved visual quality, the new estimator typically yields signal-to-noise ratio gains of over 12 dB.
Fingerprinting viral assemblages by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)

Publisher Summary Viruses are the most abundant microorganisms in marine and freshwater environments, and perhaps the most genetically diverse. DNA-based fingerprinting approaches, which rely on amplification of rRNA gene fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have facilitated analyses of bacterial community composition. These approaches have a more restricted application when analyzing viral assemblages, because of the extreme genetic diversity among viruses. Unlike bacteria, there are no gene sequences conserved in all viruses, which can serve as universal primer sites for PCR amplification. The approach described here uses variation in genome size as the basis for obtaining a fingerprint of a viral assemblage. A whole genome fingerprinting approach is possible, because viral genomes can vary greatly in length (a few thousand to hundreds of thousands of base pairs) yet they fall within a range that is easily resolved using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The PFGE fingerprinting technique provides a quick and relatively simple means of visualizing differences in the composition of viral assemblages.
Evaluation of the relationship between cathode microstructure and electrochemical behavior for SOFCs

Abstract The need for high efficiency and low emissions power sources has created significant interest in fuel cells. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are desirable for their fuel versatility. Because high-temperature sintering is required for SOFCs, bulk and interfacial microstructural changes may occur in the cathode during fabrication. These changes influence device performance by affecting the various steps of the cathodic reaction and an increased understanding of this relationship may lead to more efficient SOFCs. Symmetric cells with various microstructures were formed using anneals at temperatures ranging from 1150 to 1325 °C for 1 h. Dual beam SEM/FIB (focused ion beam) was used to perform 3-D analysis of the microstructure. Microstructural features of emphasis include the triple phase boundary length (LTPB) and pore surface area. The results were compared with an AC impedance spectroscopy study focusing on charge transfer resistance and oxygen adsorption. A direct relationship between microstructural parameters from an actual cathode and the polarization resistance of the significant elementary steps of the cathodic reaction is established directly from experiment. It is found that both the charge transfer polarization resistance and the adsorption polarization resistance display a power law relationship with LTPB and pore surface area, respectively.
Versatile Low-Cost Color Text/Graphics Generator

At Fermilab, CRT terminals, consisting of compact, low-cost, digital-display generators driving conventional video monitors replace costly commercial equipment, achieving improved performance and reduced complexity. The generator accepts digital commands and outputs composite video signals to generate high-resolution monochrome graphics and/or text (in up to 7 colors) on appropriate monitors. An on-board microprocessor with EPROM accesses integral dynamic RAM to emulate, or combine features of, popular commercial display equipment. With available external port modules connected these terminals become versatile, interactive processing, control and display centers. Features and applications of port modules and detailed design of the display generator are described.
Brown fat necrosis in the setting of congenital heart disease and prostaglandin E1 use: a case report

We report a case of a child with D-transposition of the great arteries treated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) who subsequently developed extensive brown fat necrosis. To the best of our knowledge, no previous association among congenital heart disease, PGE1, and brown fat necrosis has been reported.
Enhancement of image-based fecundity methods: Gravimetric sampling at sea and safer sample preservation

Collecting accurate fecundity samples in the field is challenging as field scales are often unreliable and inaccurate in rough seas. In addition, the storage and use of caustic preservatives may be difficult and dangerous. Quantifying the efficacy of both a non-caustic alternative to traditional preservatives, and the use of pre-weighed vials in sampling protocols is essential in improving the accuracy and utility of field samples. Streck Tissue Fixative (STF) is a less toxic alternative to traditional preservatives and proved effective in the short- and long-term preservation of haddock (Melogrammus aeglefinus) and cod oocytes (Gadus morhua). We found no time series trend or systematic change in the number of oocytes counted and there was stabilization in size decay by the second month, which is comparable to traditionally used preservatives. In examining the use of pre-weighed vials we compared several different vial types. Plastic vials with an o-ring showed a satisfactory predictable loss and we were able to develop a system of time dependent corrections for evaporative rate. Thermal effect was also examined, with evaporative loss decreasing at low temperatures. The effectual use of an alternative preservative and the validation of the use of pre-weighed vials have the potential to increase the efficiency and accuracy of field sampling.
The effect of 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl on plasma retinol and hepatic retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract A single ip dose of 1, 5, or 15 mg/kg 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) caused a dose-dependent depression of plasma retinol levels 24 hr after treatment of female Sprague-Dawley rats. The loss of plasma retinol appeared to be a function of depressed levels of the retinol-retinol-binding protein (RBP)-transthyretin ternary complex. No free retinol-RBP was observed in plasma from treated animals. Hepatic retinyl palmitate hydrolase (RPH) activity was also depressed and highly and positively correlated to the plasma retinol levels. TCB was determined to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of partially purified RPH with a KI of 91 μ m . Incubation of TCB with liver microsomes and NADPH decreased the inhibition of RPH. Doses of either 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) or 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-HCB equimolar to the 15 mg/kg TCB dose failed to cause a similar depression of plasma retinol in treated female rats. We conclude that, unlike other polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, TCB causes a depression of plasma retinol by inhibition of hepatic RPH.
Progress towards a CdS/CdTe solar cell implementing An Electron Reflector

An Electron Reflector (ER) structure in CdS/CdTe photovoltaic cells has potential to increase the cell's open circuit voltage. Progress towards implementing a Cd1-xMgxTe thin film as an electron reflector is presented, including deposition method, film characterization, investigation of passivation, and initial results of ER structures.
Surface tensions of viscous and anisotropic fluids

Abstract The surface tensions against air and the drop shape behavior of various viscous and anisotropic fluids are studied. These tensions are important in many industrial applications and they are of particular fundamental interest in understanding the mechanical significance of tensions of uncommon fluids. Viscous liquid-crystalline phases or biphasic dispersions (c=8–20 wt% AOT in water) of aqueous AOT surfactant (sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate) and the gel-like aqueous polymer solutions (c=0.1–0.6 wt%) of charged Carbopol 934 (sodium carboxy-polymethylene) are examined at 25°C in air. They are found to have smooth, convex, and axisymmetric drop shapes which satisfy various equilibrium criteria but do not obey the Laplace-Young (L-Y) equation for a uniform value of surface tension γ. A novel computational method of pendant drop profile matching in sections successfully matches these drop profiles to a semi-empirical equation, which is based on the L-Y equation (ΔP=2Hγ where 2H is the mean curvature and ΔP is the pressure difference across the interface) with a non-uniform tension γ. Very low γapp-values are obtained, ranging from 3 to 25 mN m−1 for AOT/water and from 6 to 70 mN m−1 for Carbopol/ water. Average surface tension gradients of 3.5 to 7 N m−2 for AOT/water and over 16 N m−2 for Carbopol/water appear to be sustainable at equilibrium by the independently determined yield stress of these fluids.
An optimal order estimate for nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws in two variables

Abstract The standard Galerkin method is studied for nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws in two space variables. An optimal L2-estimate is proved on arbitrary rectangular meshes for smooth periodic solutions.
Semantical archaeology: A parable

A somewhat fictionalized account of several interpretations of implication is presented together with comparisons between classical, modal, tense, and intuitionistic logics.
Convective heat transfer coefficient for cubic particles in continuous tube flow using the moving thermocouple method

The convective heat transfer coefficient, hfp, between fluid and cubic particles was investigated with respect to flow rate, viscosity, and particle to tube dimension ratio using a moving thermocouple method. This study was conducted for a single particle. the determined values of hfp ranged from 199 W/m2C and 749 W/m2C. Results indicate that an increase in viscosity or dimension ratio decreased hfp values. In contrast, an increase in flow rate increased values of hfp. the effect of particle to tube dimension ratio was the opposite of those in previous studies by this method and appears to be due to differences inflow regime (laminar in this study, as compared to fully developed turbulence in previous work). A dimensionless correlation developed to relate Nusselt number to generalized Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, ratio of particle characteristic length and diameter of the tube, had an r2 value of 0.94.
Cautopyreiophagia. Cause of life-threatening hyperkalemia in a patient undergoing hemodialysis

A male patient undergoing hemodialysis in whom the cause of severe hyperkalemia (more than 8 mmol/liter) was found to be an unusual pica is described. His pica consisted of ingestion of burnt match heads (cautopyreiophagia). The potassium content of his daily consumption of burnt matches added 80 mmol to his 45 mmol dietary potassium intake. Hypogeusia and hypozincemia were documented. Oral zinc supplementation (zinc sulfate 220 mg per day for 10 weeks) normalized his plasma zinc level and taste acuity. He abandoned his pica and his plasma potassium level dropped significantly to 5.5 to 6 mmol/liter. It is suggested that inquiry about pica should be part of the dietary history in patients with renal failure.
Evaluation of monoscopic and stereoscopic displays for visual-spatial tasks in medical contexts

In the medical field, digital images are present in diagnosis, pre-operative planning, minimally invasive surgery, instruction, and training. The use of medical digital imaging has afforded new ways to interact with a patient, such as seeing fine details inside a body. This increased usage also raises many basic research questions on human perception and performance when utilizing these images. The work presented here attempts to answer the question: How would adding the stereopsis depth cue affect relative position tasks in a medical context compared to a monoscopic view? By designing and conducting a study to isolate the benefits between monoscopic 3D and stereoscopic 3D displays in a relative position task, the following hypothesis was tested: stereoscopic 3D displays are beneficial over monoscopic 3D displays for relative position judgment tasks in a medical visualization setting. 44 medical students completed a series of relative position judgments tasks. The results show that stereoscopic condition yielded a higher score than the monoscopic condition with regard to the hypothesis. Controlled visual experiments were used to examine performance on 3D spatial tasks.We examine the effects of stereopsis in medical spatial tasks.Stereopsis significantly effects spatial task performance in specific ranges.Color did not affect the performance of participants.Orientation of the 3D representation influenced the effect of steropsis.
Spawning date and potential contribution to yield from winter-burrowing Procambarus clarkii in crawfish aquaculture ponds.

ABSTRACT Management strategies that exclude the harvest of mature female crawfish from culture ponds early during the harvest season (December to February) to maximize juvenile recruitment and subsequent yield is common in the procambarid aquaculture industry. However, the efficacy of these practices is not research based. Because procambarid crawfish commonly burrow prior to oviposition, this study observed month of spawning for crawfish that burrowed during the early months of the harvesting season (winter) in Louisiana. Natural burrows were excavated monthly over 2 consecutive crawfish production seasons, and crawfish were placed in a laboratory in artificial burrows to complete oviposition. Spawning generally occurred within 2 mo of crawfish relocation and averaged 35%. Mean number of young per weight (measured in grams) of females was 16.7 for season 1 and 10.6 for season 2, and although these were significantly different, no differences were noted for number of offspring among months of burrowing wi...
Acid recovery by electrodialysis and its economic implications for concentrated acid hydrolysis of wood

Satisfactory separation of either hydrochloric or sulfuric acid from sugars in wood hydrolyzates by application of membrane technology is technically feasible. The permeability of disaccharides is less than 1% that of the acids. Acid flux in diffusion dialysis is only 6% of acid flux at optimum current density in electrodialysis. Critical parameters for economic feasibility are acid to wood ratio in hydrolysis, current efficiency, and membrane service life. Best case estimates project total costs for sulfuric acid recovery and loss of about $0.02 per pound of glucose produced.
Geometric Interoperability With Epsilon Solidity

Geometric data interoperability is critical in industrial applications where geometric data are transferred (translated) among multiple modeling systems for data sharing and reuse. A big obstacle in data translation lies in that geometric data are usually imprecise and geometric algorithm precisions vary from system to system. In the absence of common formal principles, both industry and academia embraced ad hoc solutions, costing billions of dollars in lost time and productivity. This paper explains how the problem of interoperability, and data translation in particular, may be formulated and studied in terms of a recently developed theory of s-solidity. Furthermore, a systematic classification of problems in data translation shows that in most cases e-solids can be maintained without expensive and arbitrary geometric repairs.