cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic masses of {sup 32,33}S, {sup 84,86}Kr, and {sup 129,132}Xe with uncertainties {<=}0.1 ppb

The atomic masses of $^{32}\mathrm{S}$, $^{84,86}\mathrm{Kr}$, and $^{129,132}\mathrm{Xe}$ have been measured by comparing cyclotron frequencies of single ions in a Penning trap. The results (with one standard deviation uncertainties) are $M(^{32}\mathrm{S})=31.972\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}071\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}173\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}5(16)$, $M(^{84}\mathrm{Kr})=83.911\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}497\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}770\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}5(50)$, $M(^{86}\mathrm{Kr})=85.910\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}610\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}672\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2(84)$, $M(^{129}\mathrm{Xe})=128.904\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}780\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}960(10)$, and $M(^{132}\mathrm{Xe})=131.904\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}155\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}190\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}7(92)$. Combining our mass of $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ with the high-precision mass difference between $^{33}\mathrm{S}^{+}$ and $^{32}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ obtained by Rainville et al. [submitted to Nature], we also obtain $M(^{33}\mathrm{S})=32.971\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}458\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}908\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}7(16)$. These results are more precise than previous data by factors of 13 to 600.
High-Capacity Drug Carriers from Common Polymer Amphiphiles

We report herein a dual-purpose role for polyacidic domains in an aqueous-phase polymer amphiphile assembly. In addition to their typical role as ionized water-solubilizing and self-repulsive motifs, we find that polycarboxylic acid domains uniquely enable high levels of hydrophobic drug encapsulation. By attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, we find significant differences in the carbonyl stretching region of the nanoparticles formed by polyacidic amphiphiles relative to those in soluble, single-domain poly(acrylic acid), suggesting that stabilization may be derived from limited ionization of the carboxylate groups upon assembly. Acidic-hydrophobic diblock polyacrylates were prepared and coassembled with up to 60 wt % camptothecin (CPT) into nanoparticles, the highest loading reported to date. Controlled release of bioactive CPT from polymer nanoparticles is observed, as well as protection from human serum albumin-induced hydrolysis. Surface protection with PEG limits uptake of the CPT-loaded nanoparticles by MCF-7 breast cancer cells, as expected. Acidic-hydrophobic polymer amphiphiles thus have the hallmarks of a useful and general drug delivery platform and are readily accessible from living radical polymerization of cheap, commercially available monomers. We highlight here the potential utility of this common polymer design in high-capacity, controlled-release polymer nanoparticle systems.
The Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Succinate Dehydrogenase

Succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex II) is a membrane-bound enzyme that couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate to the reduction of ubiquinone in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It is composed of four subunits (1); two hydrophilic subunits, a flavoprotein containing covalently bound FAD (Mr = 70,000) and a smaller iron-sulfur protein (Mr. = 27,000), that together constitute the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (2), and two small hydrophobic subunits which are associated with a b-type cytochrome (3). The two small peptides are required for anchoring the enzyme to the membrane and for the reduction of ubiquinone, but are not required for the catalytic oxidation of succinate in the presence of artificial electron acceptors (4,5).
Dizionario Letterario Bompiani delle Opere e dei Personaggi di tutti i Tempi e di tutte le Letterautre: Redattore capo: Celestino Capasso; Valentino Bompiani Editore. Milano, 1947.

(1948). Dizionario Letterario Bompiani delle Opere e dei Personaggi di tutti i Tempi e di tutte le Letterautre. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 232-234.
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and neurocognitive function in adult survivors of childhood cancer

BACKGROUND Cancer survivors transfused with blood products before reliable screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) are at risk for infection. This study examined the impact of HCV on neurocognitive function and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among adult survivors of childhood cancer. METHODS Neurocognitive testing was conducted for 836 adult survivors of childhood cancer (mean age, 35 years [standard deviation, 7.4 years]; time since diagnosis, 29 years [standard deviation, 6.2 years]) who received blood products before universal HCV screening. No differences were observed between confirmed HCV-seropositive survivors (n = 79) and HCV-seronegative survivors (n = 757) in the primary diagnosis or neurotoxic therapies. Multivariate regression models were used to compare functional outcomes between seropositive and seronegative survivors. RESULTS Compared with seronegative survivors, seropositive survivors demonstrated lower performance on measures of attention (P < .001), processing speed (P = .008), long-term verbal memory (P = .01), and executive function (P = .001). After adjustments for sex, age at diagnosis, and treatment exposures, seropositive survivors had a higher prevalence of impairment in processing speed (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.6) and executive functioning (PR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6). Differences were not associated with the treatment of HCV or the presence of liver cirrhosis. Seropositive survivors reported worse general HRQOL (PR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1), which was associated with the presence of liver cirrhosis (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Survivors of childhood cancer with a history of HCV infection are at risk for neurocognitive impairment and reduced HRQOL beyond the known risks associated with neurotoxic cancer therapies. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
A Light-Weight Real-Time Privacy Protection Scheme for Video Surveillance by Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have raised a great concern on privacy recently. A practical method to protect privacy is needed for adopting UAS in civilian airspace. This thesis examines the privacy policies, filtering strategies, existing techniques, then proposes a new method based on encrypted video stream and cloud-based privacy servers. In this scheme, all video surveillance images are initially encrypted, then delivered to a privacy server. The privacy server decrypts the video using the shared key with the camera, and filters the image according to the privacy policy specified for the surveyed region. The sanitized video is delivered to the surveillance operator and anyone on the Internet who is authorized. In a larger system composed of multiple cameras and multiple privacy servers, the keys can be distributed using Kerberos protocol. With this method the privacy policy can be changed on demand in real-time and there is no need for a costly on-board processing unit. By utilizing cloud-based servers, advanced image processing algorithms and new filtering algorithms can be applied immediately without camera software upgrade. This method is cost-efficient and promotes video sharing among multiple subscribers, thus it can spur wider adoption.
Model-based compute orchestration for resource-constrained repeating flows

Designing controllers to orchestrate repetitive compute flows in both embedded and multi-node heterogeneous compute systems can be a tedious activity that gets increasingly difficult as more constraints are placed on compute elements and the system and as internal connections get more complex. It becomes difficult to manually analyze the timing characteristics and resource utilization profiles for the most beneficial flow solutions when there are multiple busses, networks, data buffers, and processor choices. The controller design must consider the sequencing of the operations, the movement of data, the utilization of limited resources, and the mechanics of controlling the system while satisfying system limitations. This paper presents a model for expressing resources, constraints, and flows, then automatically finding a flow solution and generating a controller. Automation frees the engineer to analyze timing profiles and to implement generic interfaces that the generated controller can use to interact with and command the system automatically.
Minimizing occupational exposure to pesticides: Recent developments in methodology for monitoring pesticide metabolites in human urine

A big percentage of the chemicals encountered in the environment are eventually excreted in the urine as various polar metabolites. Therefore, indices of exposure to these compounds may be established by monitoring levels of urinary metabolites. Since many of the metabolites may be classified into one of several broad categories (i.e., phenols, anilines, alkyl phosphates, etc.) a few basic methods permit the monitoring of a large number of metabolites.
Valproic Acid Treatment Decreases Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Swine Subjected to Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of valproic acid (VPA) treatment on serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) levels. To ac...
Effects of sulfate and nitrate anions on aluminum corrosion in slightly alkaline solution

Abstract The corrosion mechanisms and kinetics of AA1085 in Li2SO4 and LiNO3 aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion battery electrolytes were investigated at pH 11 using chronoamperometry. The corrosion kinetics of AA1085 is controlled by the electrolyte concentration level and the anodic potentials. AA1085 is susceptible to crystallographic pitting corrosion in Li2SO4 electrolytes. The rates of pit nucleation and pit growth both decreased at higher Li2SO4 concentrations or at lower anodic potentials. AA1085 passivates against pitting corrosion in LiNO3 electrolytes due to the formation of a thick, uniform corrosion product layer. The growth rate of the passive film was slightly enhanced by increasing the electrolyte concentration and anodic potentials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra showed the formation of a thin sulfate-incorporated passive film on the electrode, which comprises Al2(SO)418H2O, Al(OH)SO4 and Al(OH)3, before the occurrence of pitting growth in 2 M Li2SO4 electrolyte. The thick corrosion product layer formed in 5 M LiNO3 electrolyte was composed of Al(OH)3 and AlOOH. Raman spectroscopy on deionized water, LiOH solution, Li2SO4 and LiNO3 electrolytes depicted changes of solution structure with increasing electrolyte concentration. The influence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on the corrosion kinetics of AA1085 in Li2SO4 and LiNO3 electrolytes at pH 11 are discussed in detail.
Persistent metabolic youth in the aging female brain.

Sex differences influence brain morphology and physiology during both development and aging. Here we apply a machine learning algorithm to a multiparametric brain PET imaging dataset acquired in a cohort of 20- to 82-year-old, cognitively normal adults (n = 205) to define their metabolic brain age. We find that throughout the adult life span the female brain has a persistently lower metabolic brain age—relative to their chronological age—compared with the male brain. The persistence of relatively younger metabolic brain age in females throughout adulthood suggests that development might in part influence sex differences in brain aging. Our results also demonstrate that trajectories of natural brain aging vary significantly among individuals and provide a method to measure this.
X-ray-induced specific locus mutations in the ad-3 region of two-component heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa: III. Genetic fine structure analysis of the ad-3 and immediately adjacent genetic regions by means of complementation tests

Abstract Genetic fine structure analysis of the ad-3 and immediately adjacent regions was made by means of complementation tests on all possible pairwise combinations of 50 X-ray-induced irreparable adenine-3 mutants (designated ad-3 IR ). All mutants were induced in either heterokaryon 11 or heterokaryon 12 of Neurospora crassa , 2-component heterokaryons heterozygous for mutants at the 3 closely linked loci ad-3A and ad-3B and nic-2 (nicotinamide-requiring) located about 5.0 map units distal to ad-3B . The complementation tests involved mutants of the following genotypes: 15 ad-3A , 27 ad-3B , 7 ad-3A ad-3B nic-2 and 1 ad-3B nic-2 . To facilitate mapping, 5 additional strains (each consisting of a gene/point mutation at the ad-3A or ad-3B locus and a separate site of closely linked recessive lethal damage in the immediately adjacent regions [designated ad-3 R + RL CL ]) were also included. The data from these complementation tests showed that the majority ( 46 50 ) of X-ray-induced irreparable ad-3 mutants mapped as a series of overlapping multilocus deletions that extend both proximally and distally into the immediately adjacent genetic regions, as well as into the ‘X’ region (a region of unknown, but essential function) between ad-3A and ad-3B . The remaining mutants ( 4 50 ) were found to result from a series of closely linked, but separate, mutations (designated multilocus mutations) of the type ad-3 IR + RL CL , different from those found in previous studies (de Serres, 1968; de Serres and Brockman, 1968). The data from the present complementation tests have expanded the process of genetic fine structure mapping of the ad-3 and immediately adjacent regions (de Serres, 1968) and defined the presence of the following 11 genetic loci: (a) 4 loci (with either known [i.e. col-lt ] or unknown [i.e. unknA ]) function proximal to ad-3A: unknA, unknB, col-lt , and col-2t , (b) 4 loci in the ‘X’ region: unknC, unknD, unknE , and unknF , (c) 2 loci distal to ad-3B: unknG, col-3t , and (d) 1 locus distal to nic2: unknH .
Hydrothermal aging of bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) wood polymer composites: Studies on sorption behavior, morphology, and heat conductance

Abstract This work examines the moisture sorption, the morphology, and the thermal conductivity of fully bio-based composites, namely wood flour (WF) filled poly(lactic acid) (PLA), to better understand hydrothermal deterioration and potential for long-term application. Composites containing varying WF content (0%, 10%, and 30% filler by weight) were conditioned in either a fully submerged state or a fully desiccated state at four temperatures: (a) 7 °C, (b) 25 °C, (c) 35 °C, and (d) 47 °C. Results indicate that an increase in temperature typically corresponded to an increase in the rate of moisture uptake and percent crystallinity. Higher fiber contents also typically resulted in an increase in the rate of moisture uptake and thermal conductivity. Signs of deterioration, such as cracking at low temperatures and discoloration at high temperatures were noticed for these composites. Environmental impact assessments suggest the desired application and environmental exposures for these bio-based composites could drive constituents used. While the ease of production and the popularity of PLA facilitate the potential use of PLA WPCs, these composites would be expected to exhibit deterioration under high moisture conditions even at ambient temperatures.
Comparison of whole brain segmentation and volume estimation in children and young adults using SPM and SyMRI

Abstract Background MRI brain segmentation and volume estimation of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important for many neurological applications. Signal intensity based measurements, such as the current statistical parametric mapping (SPM) based volume estimation techniques rely on T1W images that involve a series of pre-processing steps, making it impractical for clinical use. Purpose In this study, we compared Synthetic MRI (SyMRI) generated relaxometry maps based brain segmentation and estimation of brain volumes with SPM image intensity based segmentation and volume estimation in children and young adults. Subjects 176 studies were included for analysis with mean age of 10.9 ± 5.5 years. Methods Included studies were quantitatively analyzed and segmented using SyMRI® software. In SPM, the segmentation routine segments brain T1W images into GM, WM, and CSF based on image intensity values. SPM and SyMRI segmentation based volume estimates were plotted. Scatter plots comparing the two methods were generated and agreement was assessed using correlation coefficients. Results Correlation coefficient, r, of agreement between the 2 methods was 0.85 for GM, 0.91 for WM, and 0.38 for CSF (P Conclusion Brain imaging in children using SyMRI can identify and calculate estimates of GM, WM, CSF volumes. With our work, we have shown high similarity of volume estimates in GM and WM using SyMRI with a systematic bias for CSF values. The ease of use of this software can make this quantitative data to be used clinically along with the routine anatomical images.
The design and implementation of AIDA: ancient inscription database and analytics system

This paper describes the development of AIDA, the Ancient Inscription Database and Analytics system. The AIDA system currently stores three types of ancient Minoan inscriptions: Linear A, Cretan Hieroglyph and Phaistos Disk inscriptions. In addition, AIDA provides candidate syllabic values and translations of Minoan words and inscriptions into English. The AIDA system allows the users to change these candidate phonetic assignments to the Linear A, Cretan Hieroglyph and Phaistos symbols. Hence the AIDA system provides for various scholars not only a convenient online resource to browse Minoan inscriptions but also provides an analysis tool to explore various options of phonetic assignments and their implications. Such explorations can aid in the decipherment of Minoan inscriptions.
Procedural sedation: not to be routine.

Sedation with analgesia is an accepted, pharmaceutical pre-treatment approach to facilitate endoscopies [1]. Commonly utilized, procedural sedation diminishes discomfort during medical procedures, ...
A Sequence Distance Graph framework for genome assembly and analysis.

The Sequence Distance Graph (SDG) framework works with genome assembly graphs and raw data from paired, linked and long reads. It includes a simple deBruijn graph module, and can import graphs using the graphical fragment assembly (GFA) format. It also maps raw reads onto graphs, and provides a Python application programming interface (API) to navigate the graph, access the mapped and raw data and perform interactive or scripted analyses. Its complete workspace can be dumped to and loaded from disk, decoupling mapping from analysis and supporting multi-stage pipelines. We present the design and implementation of the framework, and example analyses scaffolding a short read graph with long reads, and navigating paths in a heterozygous graph for a simulated parent-offspring trio dataset. SDG is freely available under the MIT license at https://github.com/bioinfologics/sdg
Twelve tips for conducting educational design research in medical education

Despite a steady growth in educational innovations and studies investigating the acceptance and effectiveness of these innovations, medical education has not realized sufficient improvement in practice and outcomes from these investments. In light of this lack of impact, there has been a growing call for studies that more effectively bridge the gap between research and practice. This paper introduces Educational Design Research (EDR) as a promising approach to address this challenge. Twelve tips are provided to inspire and guide medical educators to conduct EDR to achieve the dual goals of tackling a significant educational problem in a specific context while at the same time advancing the theoretical knowledge that may be used to improve practice elsewhere.
Increasing the Effectiveness of "Stop the Bleed" Training Through Stepwise Mastery Learning with Deliberate Practice.

OBJECTIVE The Stop the Bleed (STB) Campaign supported by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACSCT) and numerous other national organizations aspires to translate lifesaving military successes into reductions in civilian hemorrhagic deaths. While a curricular framework has been described, precise approaches to hands-on training are not specified and training success rates are not yet optimized. Our aim was to test the feasibility and effectiveness of an STB program enhanced by stepwise mastery learning with deliberate practice. STUDY DESIGN Learners participated in an STB program combining evidence-based training models: the Peyton 4-stage model and simulation-based mastery learning with deliberate practice. ASCTC-certified STB coaches used a 3-point, behaviorally explicit checklist to test 4 skills: apply direct pressure; apply standard and improvised tourniquets; pack a wound. An anonymous questionnaire was administered. SETTING Simulation Center, Emory University School of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS College students (N = 30) with no previous trauma training. RESULTS 100% of participants reached mastery level for all 4 hemorrhage control skills within 4 tries. Additionally, 87% could state a definitive sign of life-threatening bleeding. 76% predicted comfort using a tourniquet in a real-life emergency; among 6 who would be very uncomfortable, 5 nonetheless would definitely recommend the course. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate feasibility and increased effectiveness of an STB course using evidence-based procedural training techniques. Adopting these techniques in current STB programs could close the current trainee performance gap and substantially increase the annual number of successfully trained laypersons over current reported levels with no increase required in enrollees, programs, or resources. Future studies should address the challenges of knowledge retention and skill decay, just-in-time innovations, implementation science methods to broaden access, and barriers to responding to real-life crisis events. Surgery education leaders can close performance gaps and make a unique contribution to the Hartford Consensus principle: No one should die from uncontrolled bleeding.
The Secondary Consolidation (Creep) due to Geohistorical Overburden Pressure in the Houston-Galveston Region, Texas

Abstract. The combination of groundwater withdrawal, hydrocarbon extraction, salt-dome movement and faulting have caused widespread subsidence in the Houston-Galveston region (HGR). Subsidence results from primary consolidation consisting of inelastic (nonrecoverable) and elastic (recoverable) compaction caused by subsurface fluid withdrawal and secondary consolidation (creep) over time caused by overburden pressure. Subsidence in the HGR is monitored using borehole extensometers that were installed at 13 locations across Harris and Galveston counties between 1962 and 1980. By 1977, withdrawals from the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers resulted in groundwater-level declines of about 114 and 115 m relative to predevelopment water levels, respectively in parts of Harris County. By 1979, as much as 3 m of land subsidence was estimated to have occurred in localized areas of the HGR. Land subsidence can be hazardous in populated areas because it exacerbates the effects of storm surge and impedes storm-water runoff by decreasing land-surface elevations in areas where water accumulates. To assess aquifer compaction in response to changes in groundwater levels, a bulk land-surface subsidence rate is assumed to be the sum of the primary consolidation rate and the negligibly variable component of overburden pressure referred to as the “pseudo-constant secondary consolidation rate.” From 1931 to 1976, groundwater levels decreased as groundwater withdrawal rates increased from 0.57 to 4.3 million m 3 d −1 , causing pressure heads in aquitards the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers to continually decline. In response to reductions in groundwater withdrawal rates from 4.3 to 3.0 million m 3 d −1 between 1976 and 2001, groundwater levels rebounded, decreasing inelastic compaction rates in some parts of the HGR from as much as about 40 mm yr −1 in the early 1980s to negligible amounts by 2000. Inelastic consolidation from about 1937 to 2000 contributed to land-surface subsidence and its associated effects. Land-surfaces have rebounded in localized areas of the HGR where groundwater levels rebounded significantly. Pseudo-constant secondary consolidation rates were computed at each of the 13 extensometers and ranged from 0.48 to 8.49 mm yr −1 in areas where groundwater levels in the two aquifers were stabilizing. This secondary consolidation subsidence is beyond the control of any groundwater-level management schemes because it is caused by geohistorical overburden pressure on the two aquifers.
Comparing cities in developed and developing countries: Population, land area, building height and crowding

Abstract Historically, richer countries have had larger cities than poorer countries. Today, urban giants are no longer concentrated in rich countries. However, there are clear differences in physical city characteristics associated with country incomes. These differences are easily reconciled mathematically as population is the product of land area, structure space per unit land (i.e., heights), and population per unit interior space (i.e., crowding). This paper explores how these components have changed for the whole world and what remains of the association between income and city development using a combination of harmonized old and new databases. We document that cities in richer countries are large because they build “out” and build “up”. Cities in poorer countries have become as large because they have crowded “in”. Therefore, similar city sizes now hide stark differences in physical urban development. We also show how the Standard Urban Model can account for both similarities and differences in physical urban development across countries
Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) for intracranial lesions: a single-institutional series, outcomes, and review of the literature

Introduction Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive treatment method in managing primary brain neoplasms, brain metastases, radiation necrosis, and epileptogenic lesions, many of which are located in operative corridors that would be difficult to address. Although the use of lasers is not a new concept in neurosurgery, advances in technology have enabled surgeons to perform laser treatment with the aid of real-time MRI thermography as a guide. In this report, we present our institutional series and outcomes of patients treated with LITT. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 19 patients (age range, 28-77 years) who underwent LITT at one or more targets from 2015 to 2019. Primary endpoint observed was mean progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Seven patients with glial neoplasms and 12 patients with metastatic disease were reviewed. Average hospitalization was 2.4 days. Median PFS was 7 and 4 months in the metastatic group and primary glial neoplasm group, respectively (p = 0.01). Median OS from time of diagnosis was 41 and 32 months (p = 0.02) and median OS after LITT therapy was 25 and 24 months (p = 0.02) for the metastatic and primary glial neoplasm groups, respectively. One patient experienced immediate post-procedural morbidity secondary to increased intracerebral edema peri-lesionally while one patient experienced post-operative mortality and expired secondary to hemorrhage 1-month post-procedure. Median follow-up was 10 months. Conclusion Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a safe, minimally invasive treatment method that provides surgeons with cytoreductive techniques to treat neurosurgical conditions. Both PFS and OS appear to be more favorable after LITT in patients with metastatic disease. In properly selected patients, this modality offers improved survival outcomes in conjunction with other salvage therapies.
Capsular Repair During Hip Arthroscopy Demonstrates Restoration of Axial Distraction Resistance in an in Vivo Intraoperative Testing Model.

BACKGROUND Cadaveric models demonstrate that failure of hip capsular repair is dependent on the robustness of the repair construct. In vivo data on capsular repair construct efficacy are limited. We investigated the effect of a figure-of-8 capsular repair on hip distraction resistance relative to native and post-capsulotomy states. We hypothesized that an unrepaired capsulotomy would demonstrate increased axial distraction compared with the native state and that capsular repair would restore distraction resistance to native levels. METHODS Patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy by a single surgeon were prospectively enrolled between March 2020 and June 2020. Prior to any instrumentation, fluoroscopic images of the operative hip were obtained at 12.5-lbs (5.7-kg) traction intervals, up to 100 lbs (45.4 kg). Anterolateral, modified anterior, and distal anterolateral portals were established. Following interportal capsulotomy, labral repair, and osteochondroplasty, fluoroscopic images were reobtained at each traction interval. Capsular repair was performed with use of a figure-of-8 suture configuration. Traction was reapplied and fluoroscopic images were again obtained. Joint distraction distance was measured at each traction interval for all 3 capsular states. Anteroposterior pelvic radiographs were utilized to scale fluoroscopic images to obtain joint space measurements in millimeters. RESULTS A total of 31 hips in 31 patients were included. Capsulotomy resulted in significant increases in distraction distance from 25 (11.3 kg) to 100 lbs of traction compared with both native and capsular repair states (all comparisons, p ≤ 0.017). Capsular repair yielded a significantly greater distraction distance compared with the native state at 37.5 lbs (17.0 kg; 5.49 versus 4.98 mm, respectively; p = 0.012) and 50 lbs (22.7 kg; 6.08 versus 5.35 mm; p < 0.001). The mean difference in distraction distance between native and capsular repair states from 25 to 100 lbs of traction was 0.01 mm. CONCLUSIONS This in vivo model demonstrates that an unrepaired interportal capsulotomy significantly increases axial distraction distance compared with the native, intact hip capsule. Performing a complete capsular closure reconstitutes resistance to axial distraction intraoperatively. Future research should evaluate the in vivo effects and associated clinical outcomes of other published capsular repair techniques and assess the durability of capsular repairs over time.
Homo sapiens (Man)

The karyotype is arranged according to the London conference agreement. Secondary constrictions of the ninth autosome are often prominent; the acrocentric autosomes all have satellites; elements 16 often differ in size more than other autosomes; Y is of variable length and structure. Karyotypes from several races show no distinguishable differences. The karyotypes shown come from lymphocyte cultures of normal individuals (Caucasian).
Abstract P165: Trends in Diabetes by Socioeconomic Status between 1999-2010: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Background: Diabetes (DM) is more common among adults with lower socioeconomic status (SES). However, it is not known whether the socioeconomic disparities in DM are obscured by the overall rising prevalence of DM. Our objective was to test whether disparities in diabetes by SES have changed between 1999 and 2010. Methods: Participants from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys aged > 20 years with data available to determine DM at each examination were included (n= 11,952). DM was determined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or self-report of DM medication use. Educational attainment was used to represent SES and categorized into 4 groups. Predictive marginal probabilities from logistic regression models were used to calculate the age-standardized prevalence of DM by educational category across 3 survey periods (1999-2002, 2003-2006, 2007-2010). We tested whether the relationship of SES with DM changed over time using interaction terms between education and survey period. Results: The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 8.5% (95% CI: 7.3-9.7) in 1999-2002, 9.6% (95% CI: 8.4-10.7) in 2003-2006 and 11.3% (95% CI: 10.0-12.5) in 2007-2010. In each survey period, DM prevalence was highest among adults with the least education (p<0.01) and that relationship did not change over time (p=0.50 for education*year). When we stratified by race/ethnicity, non-Hispanic whites and blacks had the same socioeconomic patterning over time as the total population (Figure). However, education was not associated with DM in Mexican Americans, and this did not change over time. Conclusion: Socioeconomic disparities in DM persist over time; however, the inverse gradient in DM prevalence is not present in Mexican Americans. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Riparian hydroecology: A coupled model of the observed interactions between groundwater flow and meadow vegetation patterning

[1] Stream incision is altering the hydroecology of riparian areas worldwide. In the Last Chance watershed in the northern Sierra Nevada, California, logging, overgrazing, and road/railroad construction have caused stream incision, which resulted in drainage of riparian meadow sediments and a succession from native wet meadow vegetation to sagebrush and dryland grasses. Restoration efforts have been initiated to reestablish the ecosystem function of these systems. Original field data including stream stage records, water table hydrographs, sediment hydraulic properties, topographic transects, and aerial imagery of vegetation patterning were used to develop a model of an archetype meadow. Hydrologic behavior was simulated with a finite element model of variably saturated groundwater flow. This model was coupled to an empirical, time-dependent, vegetation threshold relationship between vegetation type and depth to the water table. This was a two-way coupling requiring an iterative approach because water table depth is a determinant of vegetation type, yet the vegetation regime influences water table depth through evapotranspiration. The hydrology and vegetation patterns were analyzed under pristine, degraded (incised), and restored conditions. For the case of deep streambed incision, our hydroecological model predicts the observed shift from mesic (wetter) to xeric (drier) vegetation communities and reproduces their imaged longitudinal zonation. This patterning is explained as a response to groundwater drainage to the stream, which creates dry zones with xeric vegetation adjacent to the stream, while preserving sufficient moisture at the margins of the meadow to support holdout populations of mesic vegetation. The model further predicts the reestablishment of meadow vegetation when the incised channel is filled and a new shallow channel is restored. The coupling of a near-surface hydrologic model to a vegetation response model may be used to design stream restoration projects by predicting vegetation patterning.
Advocacy and Dynamic Delegation

An advocate for a special interest provides information to an uninformed planner for her to consider in making a sequence of important decisions. Although the advocate may have valuable information for the planner, it is is also known that the advocate is biased and will distort his advice if necessary to influence the planner's decision. Each time she repeats the problem, however, the planner learns about the accuracy of the advocate's recommendation, mitigating some of the advocate's incentive to act in a self-serving manner. We propose a theory of dynamic delegation to explain why planners do sometimes rely on information provided by advocates in making decisions. The interaction takes place in two phases, a communication phase, followed by a sequence of decisions and learning by the planner. We ∑first establish that the capability to delegate dynamically is a necessary condition for influential communication in this setting, and characterize the optimal dynamic delegation policy. Next, we show that a planner may prefer to consult an an advocate rather than a neutral adviser. Finally, we demonstrate how an advocate gains influence with a decision maker by making his preferences for actions unpredictable. Our results have implications for a variety of real world interactions including regulation, organization, and whistleblowing.
Pathways for the synthesis of glycerophosphatides in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Presently available evidence indicates that phosphatidic acid is an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of glycerophosphatides in Escherichia coli. Two alternative pathways for the synthesis of phosphatidic acid in E. coli have been proposed, one involving the acylation of l-glycerol 3-phosphate, and the second the direct phosphorylation of α, β-diglyceride, catalyzed by the enzyme diglyceride kinase. If the latter pathway occurs to a significant extent in living cells of E. coli, one would expect to find a metabolically active pool of diglyceride in this organism. Pulse experiments with radioactive glycerol have failed to reveal the presence of such a pool, under conditions in which a very rapid synthesis of phosphatidic acid is taking place. Cellfree extracts of such cells, however, have been found to contain diglyceride kinase. Diglyceride kinase has been shown to be highly stereospecific, catalyzing the phosphorylation of diglycerides with the formation of derivatives of l-glycerol 3-phosphate only. Some implications of these findings for the physiological function of diglyceride kinase are discussed.
News Recommendations from Social Media Opinion Leaders: Effects on Media Trust and Information Seeking

Polls show a strong decline in public trust of traditional news outlets; however, social media offers new avenues for receiving news content. This experiment used the Facebook API to manipulate whether a news story appeared to have been posted on Facebook by one of the respondent's real-life Facebook friends. Results show that social media recommendations improve levels of media trust, and also make people want to follow more news from that particular media outlet in the future. Moreover, these effects are amplified when the real-life friend sharing the story on social media is perceived as an opinion leader. Implications for democracy and the news business are discussed.
The Role of Troglitazone in Treating the Insulin Resistance Syndrome

Insulin resistance is characterized by impaired responsiveness to endogenous or exogenous insulin and often results in the insulin resistance syndrome, a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors that includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hyperinsulinemia. Although the mechanism responsible for insulin resistance has not been completely defined, it is likely due to defective insulin receptor signaling and results in decreased use of glucose. Troglitazone, the first in a new class of drugs, directly decreases insulin resistance by improving insulin-mediated glucose disposal and reduces plasma insulin concentrations. Glycemic control achieved with troglitazone monotherapy is equivalent to that with sulfonylurea and metformin, and when combined with these agents offers additional plasma glucose reduction. Studies are necessary to determine the effect of thiazolidinediones on morbidity and mortality of patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
The conversion gradient at HIS4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Heteroduplex rejection and restoration of Mendelian segregation.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , some gene loci manifest gradients in the frequency of aberrant segregation in meiosis, with the high end of each gradient corresponding to a hotspot for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The slope of a gradient is reduced when mismatch repair functions fail to act upon heteroduplex DNA—aberrant segregation frequencies at the low end of the gradient are higher in the absence of mismatch repair. Two models for the role of mismatch repair functions in the generation of meiotic “conversion gradients” have been proposed. The heteroduplex rejection model suggests that recognition of mismatches by mismatch repair enzymes limits hybrid DNA flanking the site of a DSB. The restoration-conversion model proposes that mismatch repair does not affect the length of hybrid DNA, but instead increasingly favors restoration of Mendelian segregation over full conversion with increasing distance from the DSB site. In our experiment designed to distinguish between these two models, data for one subset of well repairable mismatches in the HIS4 gene failed to show restoration-type repair but did indicate reduction in the length of hybrid DNA, supporting the heteroduplex rejection model. However, another subset of data manifested restoration-type repair, indicating a relationship between Holliday junction resolution and mismatch repair. We also present evidence for the infrequent formation of symmetric hybrid DNA during meiotic DSB repair.
Three-Dimensional Culture of Cells and Matrix Biomolecules for Engineered Tissue Development and Biokinetics Model Validation

There has been considerable progress in cellular and molecular engineering due to recent advances in multiscale technology. Such technologies allow controlled manipulation of physiochemical interactions among cells in tissue culture. In particular, a novel chemomechanical bioreactor has recently been designed for the study of bone and cartilage tissue development, with particular focus on extracellular matrix formation. The bioreactor is equally significant as a tool for validation of mathematical models that explore biokinetic regulatory thresholds (Saha, A. K., and Kohles, S. S., 2010, "A Distinct Catabolic to Anabolic Threshold Due to Single-Cell Nanomechanical Stimulation in a Cartilage Biokinetics Model," J. Nanotechnol. Eng. Med., 1(3), p. 031005; 2010, "Periodic Nanomechanical Stimulation in a Biokinetics Model Identifying Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways Associated With Cartilage Matrix Homeostasis," J. Nanotechnol. Eng. Med., 1(4), p. 041001). In the current study, three-dimensional culture protocols are described for maintaining the cellular and biomolecular constituents within defined parameters. Preliminary validation of the bioreactor's form and function, expected bioassays of the resulting matrix components, and application to biokinetic models are described. This approach provides a framework for future detailed explorations combining multiscale experimental and mathematical analyses, at nanoscale sensitivity, to describe cell and biomolecule dynamics in different environmental regimes.
ON COMBINED FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION IN CHANNELS

The heat-transfer problems of combined free and forced convection by a fully developed laminar flow in a vertical channel of constant axial wall temperature gradient with or without heat generations are approached by a new method. By introducing a complex function which is directly related to the velocity and temperature fields, the coupled momentum and energy equations are readily combinable to a Helmholtz wave equation in the complex domain. This greatly reduces the complexities of the problems. For illustrations, the cases of flows between parallel plates and in a rectangular channel are treated. Results show that this method is more direct and powerful than those of previous investigations. (auth)
Sub-10 nm electron beam lithography using cold development of poly(methylmethacrylate)

We investigate poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) development processing with cold developers (4–10 °C) for its effect on resolution, resist residue, and pattern quality of sub-10 nm electron beam lithography (EBL). We find that low-temperature development results in higher EBL resolution and improved feature quality. PMMA trenches of 4–8 nm are obtained reproducibly at 30 kV using cold development. Fabrication of single-particle-width Au nanoparticle lines was performed by lift-off. We discuss key factors for formation of PMMA trenches at the sub-10 nm scale.
Varicella in the fetus and newborn

Varicella (chickenpox) in pregnancy is unusual because most women of childbearing age are immune. It can, however, cause significant morbidity for the pregnant woman and in rare cases cause congenital varicella syndrome. The incidence of congenital varicella syndrome after maternal varicella during the first two trimesters is <1% across multiple cohort studies. Maternal infection in the third trimester is not associated with congenital varicella syndrome, but the infant may develop herpes zoster during the first one or two years. Maternal infection just before or after delivery presents a high risk for disseminated varicella in the infant. Serious infection can be prevented with passive antibody prophylaxis and antiviral therapy. Maternal herpes zoster does not result in adverse fetal or neonatal outcomes.
A Freeze Frame View of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Transcription Defines a Minimal Length of RNA for 5′ Processing

The RNA synthesis machinery of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) comprises the genomic RNA encapsidated by the viral nucleocapsid protein (N) and associated with the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, the viral components of which are a large protein (L) and an accessory phosphoprotein (P). The 241 kDa L protein contains all the enzymatic activities necessary for synthesis of the viral mRNAs, including capping, cap methylation and polyadenylation. Those RNA processing reactions are intimately coordinated with nucleotide polymerization such that failure to cap results in termination of transcription and failure to methylate can result in hyper polyadenylation. The mRNA processing reactions thus serve as a critical check point in viral RNA synthesis which may control the synthesis of incorrectly modified RNAs. Here, we report the length at which viral transcripts first gain access to the capping machinery during synthesis. By reconstitution of transcription in vitro with highly purified recombinant polymerase and engineered templates in which we omitted sites for incorporation of UTP, we found that transcripts that were 30-nucleotides in length were uncapped, whereas those that were 31-nucleotides in length contained a cap structure. The minimal RNA length required for mRNA cap addition was also sufficient for methylation since the 31-nucleotide long transcripts were methylated at both ribose-2′-O and guanine-N-7 positions. This work provides insights into the spatial relationship between the active sites for the RNA dependent RNA polymerase and polyribonucleotidyltransferase responsible for capping of the viral RNA. We combine the present findings with our recently described electron microscopic structure of the VSV polymerase and propose a model of how the spatial arrangement of the capping activities of L may influence nucleotide polymerization.
The ridge(s) in STAR

Abstract The STAR Collaboration has studied the pseudorapidity ( η ) elongated two-particle correlation structure known as the “ridge” since the first RHIC run. This ridge-like feature is observed in two-particle correlations with and without a selected tag, or trigger particle. Un-triggered correlations reveal the ridge structure in minimum-bias Cu–Cu and Au–Au collisions at s N N = 62 and 200 GeV. Accompanying this same-side (relative azimuth π / 2 ) ridge is an away-side ridge on η . Both the same- and away-side structures have corresponding correlation peaks in two-dimensional transverse momentum ( p t ) space. The p t and event-plane dependences of the same-side correlation structures have also been studied. A summary of the present experimental information and a discussion of the constraints which this body of data imposes on possible theoretical explanations of the ridge phenomenon are presented.