cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guess Again (and Again and Again): Measuring Password Strength by Simulating Password-Cracking Algorithms

Text-based passwords remain the dominant authentication method in computer systems, despite significant advancement in attackers' capabilities to perform password cracking. In response to this threat, password composition policies have grown increasingly complex. However, there is insufficient research defining metrics to characterize password strength and using them to evaluate password-composition policies. In this paper, we analyze 12,000 passwords collected under seven composition policies via an online study. We develop an efficient distributed method for calculating how effectively several heuristic password-guessing algorithms guess passwords. Leveraging this method, we investigate (a) the resistance of passwords created under different conditions to guessing, (b) the performance of guessing algorithms under different training sets, (c) the relationship between passwords explicitly created under a given composition policy and other passwords that happen to meet the same requirements, and (d) the relationship between guess ability, as measured with password-cracking algorithms, and entropy estimates. Our findings advance understanding of both password-composition policies and metrics for quantifying password security.
A Heterocumulene Metathesis Route to Cd[ESiMe3]2 and Passivated CdE (E = S and Se) Nanocrystals

Heterocumulene metathesis of Cd[N(SiMe3)2]2 with ButNCS or CyNCSe in the presence of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) provides TOPO-passivated CdS and CdSe nanocrystals which exhibit strong room-temperature emission. These materials have been converted to dodecanethiol-passivated nanocrystals that were then characterized by a variety of techniques, including TEM and optical spectroscopy. These results serve to expand the synthetic scope of heterocumulene metathesis for the preparation of metal trialkylsilylthiolates and -selenolates under mild conditions and, thereby, metal chalcogenide materials.
Imbalances in N-CAM, SAM and polysialic acid may underlie the paranodal ion channel barrier defect in diabetic neuropathy

Abstract Breakdown of protective tissue barrier systems characterizes the chronic diabetic complications affecting the retina, and peripheral and central nerve tracts. The progressive damages to the blood–retina-, blood–nerve-, and paranodal ion channel barriers have pathophysiological consequences for the relentless progression of these complications. The continuing damage to the paranodal ion channel barrier in the spontaneously diabetic BB/W rat is associated with an increasingly irreversible nerve conduction defect, due to impaired nodal Na + currents associated with displacement of nodal Na + channels across the damaged paranodal barrier. The structural substrate for the mechanical barrier of the paranode is provided by electron-dense junctional complexes made up by a moiety of neural cell adhesive–(N-CAM), neural–glial adhesive (Ng-CAM), substrate adhesive molecules (SAMs) and polysialic acid (PSA). To further explore the mechanisms underlying the protective barrier defect in diabetic neuropathy we examined the expression and immunolocalization of these molecules in peripheral nerve. In 6-month diabetic BB/W rats, direct and indirect ELISAs revealed significantly up-regulated N-CAM ( P P P P
New route to thermal dry-etching of copper using hydrogen peroside (H 2 O 2 ) and hexafluoroacetylacetone (HFACH)

Here we report a new thermal dry etch process for copper using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfacH). The H2O2 oxidizes copper to form either copper(I)oxide or copper(II)oxide depending on the etch temperature followed by removal of the copper oxide by hfacH resulting in formation of volatile copper(bis- hexafluoroacetylacetonate) [Cu(hfac)2] etch species and water. Copper has been successfully etched by this process at temperatures as low as 150 degree(s)C and etch rates of up to approximately micrometers /min at 190 degree(s)C.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clinical biomarkers for hypoxia targeting

Tumor hypoxia or a reduction of the tissue oxygen tension is a key microenvironmental factor for tumor progression and treatment resistance in solid tumors. Because hypoxic tumor cells have been demonstrated to be more resistant to ionizing radiation, hypoxia has been a focus of laboratory and clinical research in radiation therapy for many decades. It is believed that proper detection of hypoxic regions would guide treatment options and ultimately improve tumor response. To date, most clinical efforts in targeting tumor hypoxia have yielded equivocal results due to the lack of appropriate patient selection. However, with improved understanding of the molecular pathways regulated by hypoxia and the discovery of novel hypoxia markers, the prospect of targeting hypoxia has become more tangible. This chapter will focus on the development of clinical biomarkers for hypoxia targeting.
Past as Prologue? Understanding energy use in post-2002 China

Abstract From 2002 to 2009, China's energy use nearly doubled, making it the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide more than a decade ahead of forecasts. Why did energy use in China rise so rapidly after 2002? Using index decomposition analysis, we find that the vast majority of growth in energy consumption in China over the 2000s was due to GDP growth, with a small but important amount due to structural change as a result of China's emergence as a net metals exporter. Changing prices and data anomalies make energy intensity and structural change appear to be more important drivers of energy consumption than they actually were; the infamous reversal in energy intensity in China from 2002 to 2004 may simply be an artifact of difficulties in accurately deflating value added. About half of the growth in energy consumption in China from 2002 to 2007 was driven by heavy industry. Using structural decomposition analysis, we find that growth in heavy industrial output was due primarily to growth in construction and equipment investment, with a small amount due to an increase in net metal exports. In tandem, these two findings suggest that the primary driver of energy consumption in China after 2002 was an acceleration of the country's investment-dominated model of GDP growth. Without rebalancing the economy toward consumption, there are limits to what improvements in energy conversion efficiency and end use energy efficiency can achieve in moderating growth in China's energy use.
Management of unconverted light for the National Ignition Facility target chamber

The NIF target chamber beam dumps must survive high x-ray, laser, ion, and shrapnel exposures without excessive generation of vapors or particulate that will contaminate the final optics debris shields, thereby making the debris shields susceptible to subsequent laser damage. The beam dumps also must be compatible with attaining and maintaining the required target chamber vacuum and must not activate significantly under high neutron fluxes. Finally, they must be developed, fabricated, and maintained for a reasonable cost. The primary challenge for the beam dump is to survive up to 20 J/cm 2 of 1 micrometers light and 1-2 J/cm 2 of nominally 200-350 eV blackbody temperature x-rays. Additional threats include target shrapnel, and other contamination issues. Designs which have been evaluated include louvered hot-pressed boron carbide or stainless steel panels, in some cases covered with transparent Teflon film, and various combinations of inexpensive low thermal expansion glasses backed by inexpensive absorbing glass.
Pharmacodynamics of the initiation of antiarrhythmic therapy with lorcainide.

Abstract Lorcainide is an antiarrhythmic drug with unusual pharmacokinetics and an active metabolite, norlorcainide, which complicate oral drug loading. In order to characterize the accumulation of lorcainide and norlorcainide and to define the onset of antiarrhythmic action during lorcainide loading, 9 patients with frequent ventricular ectopic beats were studied. During lorcainide loading with 100 mg orally twice daily, frequent ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings were monitored and blood samples for drug concentrations were determined. There was a 10-fold range of intersubject variation in plasma concentrations. Despite a half-life of only 8.9 ± 2.3 hours, lorcainide did not reach steady state until after 4.5 days of therapy. Norlorcainide had a hal-flife of 26.5 ± 7.2 hours and was estimated to come to steady state after 7 to 10 days. There was considerable intersubject variation in time of onset of antiarrhythmic response (2 to more than 4.5 days) and a 4- to 5-fold range of intersubject variation in threshold therapeutic plasma concentration (lorcainide 40 to 200 ng/ml, norlorcainide 80 to 300 ng/ml). These observations suggest that lorcainide should be started at low doses and the dose should not be increased more frequently than once a week.
Chemical Kinetics: As Important As The Second Law Of Thermodynamics?

The second law may be ‘time’s arrow’ but activation energies (chemical kinetics) prevent second law predictions from occurring for femtoseconds to eons. This is humanly important: Activation energies not only protect all the organic chemicals in our bodies and our oxidizable possessions from instant combustion in air, but also our breakable skis and surfboards (and legs) from disastrous fracture. Murphy’s Law is often applied to chemical and physical mishaps—things going wrong. But things do not always follow the second law and burst into flame or break! Chemical kinetics is the reason Murphy’s Law usually fails.
Preparation of two new bis(2-pyridyl)silane ligands and the copolymerization of mesi(2-pyridyl)2(CHCH2) with styrene and divinylbenzene.

Abstract Reaction of two equiv of 2-(lithio)pyridine with one equiv of RMeSiCl2 [R=Me(1a) & vinyl(1b)] produces the corresponding bis(2-pyridyl)silane in good yield. Compound 1a forms an air stable complex with PdCl2 in which the bis(2-pyridyl)silane ligand is held in a rigid conformation. The suspension copolymerization of 1b with styrene and divinylbenzene is reported.
Differential effects of short day pretreatment on melatonin-induced adjustments in Djungarian hamsters.

Abstract Djungarian hamsters which did not respond physiologically to short day conditions were injected daily with melatonin. Hamsters responded to this treatment with typical body weight alterations and molt. Therefore, we concluded that the lack of short day adjustments is not based on insensitivity to melatonin in this species. Pretreatmwent with sjort days affected th etiming of melatonin-induced body weight loss and molt. Hamsters became refractory to melatonin injections earlier for both traits if pretreated with short days. Low body weight level was maintained for a shorter period of time, whereas duration of molt was not affected. These results might indicate differences in the control of melatonin-induced body weight adjustments and molt.
Renal Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor: A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of Literature

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare benign tumor found in various organs with a sparse number of cases reported in the kidney. We report a case of IMT in a 48-year-old male who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for a 2.4 cm renal mass suspicious for renal cell carcinoma. Pathologic findings revealed spindle shaped cells in a myxoid background with lymphoid aggregates consistent with inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor.
Synthesis of two new heterocyclic ring systems: Benzo[3,4] cyclohepta[1,2‐d]‐pyrimidines and benzo[3,4]cyclohepta[2,1‐d] pyrimidines

Three 2,4-diamino-l(), 11-dihydro-9H-benzo[3,4]cyclohepta[ 1,2-d]pyrimidines (6a-6c) representing the first examples of a new ring system were synthesized from 2-benzosuberones and cyanoguanidine. Similarly, 2,4-diamino-6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[3,4]cyelohepta[2,1-d]pyrimidine (24) was prepared from 1-benzosuberone. The ultraviolet spectral properties of these compounds were examined with reference to those of the analogs in which the central ring is five- and six-mernbered.
A step-wise discriminant analysis of the effects of long term coal mine drainage and coal dredging on phytoplankton of the Guyandotte River

Phytoplankton was sampled from the lower 60 miles portion of the Guyandotte River where three active coal dredging operations presently exist and five more permits are pending. Comparisons were made with phytoplankton from a similar stretch of the Mud River, a stream of minimal mine drainage and no coal dredges along its entire course. Diatoms were the predominant planktonic algae on both streams. The number of all phytoplankton species was 24% higher for the Mud River than for the Guyandotte River. Equitability and species diversity indices plus the distribution of mine water indicator algae show that the Guyandotte River is heavily polluted with domestic wastes and mine drainage. No correlation could be established for turbidity, specific conductance, or pH and locations of dredging operations, when the data were analyzed for differences among sampling stations. Step-wise discriminant analysis was used to compare the two streams and the biological, physical, and chemical variables. Based on coefficients for canonical variables, conductivity and pH are the two most influential variables in separating the two streams. Analysis of variance indicates that the canonical means of the stations on the Guyandotte River are significantly different from the Mud River stations.
Distribution and faunal associations of benthic invertebrates at lake Turkana, Kenya

The benthic environment and fauna of Lake Turkana were studied during 1978–1979 to determine distribution patterns and associations of benthic invertebrates. Lake Turkana is a large, closed-basin, alkaline lake, located in northern Kenya.
Grids of grids of simple services

The paper describes how to build systems from service-oriented grids that let you build new grids by composing and adapting existing collections (libraries) of grids. The paper also suggests some best practices for deciding how to architect services and package systems. Often we consider grids as providing seamless access to a set of resources. The author agrees but also proposes that the resulting grid architecture can consist of many small grids. This reflects the many different overlapping community types and resource collections that naturally form individual grids. Each individual grid can have a seamless elegant environment - this even could be a criterion for defining basic grids - but a composite grid would amalgamate multiple subgrids and provide a resultant heterogeneous environment. In other words, we don't want just a few grids but a large number composed, divided, and overlapped to support dynamic communities and requirements.
Behind-armor Fragments from Tungsten Rods Penetrating Steel

Abstract Damage done by penetrating projectiles is mainly determined by the debris projected behind the target. Debris formation is a stochastic process, and characterization of debris requires a statistical approach. We have developed an analysis tool capable of estimating behind- target debris statistics, including a new experimental technique using x-ray tomography. This technique allows one to obtain statistical data for direction, mass, and shape factor for the thousands of particles generated in a typical impact. Data are reported for 15 mm diameter tungsten alloy rods penetrating steel at nominally 1.7 and 2.0 km/s. Among the observations are that the mass distribution is uncorrelated with angular distribution, and the number of fragments increases while the size of fragments decreases with velocity. The hydrocode EPIC with its mesh-to-particle algorithm was used to calculate debris fields, with the parameters that control fragment size being calibrated from the statistical data on recovered fragments. Good agreement was obtained, provided the normal fragmentation algorithm was suppressed. This allows predictions of relative damage as velocity is changed.
Morphine Induces Gene Expression of CCR5 in Human CEM x174 Lymphocytes

All HIV-1 strains studied to date use CCR5, CXCR4, or both receptors to enter cells. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of non-human primates has served as a useful model for understanding AIDS pathogenesis in humans. Research on several genetically divergent SIV isolates has revealed that SIV uses CCR5, and not CXCR4, for entry. CEM x174, a human lymphoid cell line, has been routinely used to cultivate and maintain various SIV strains. However, questions have arisen about how CEM x174, which reportedly was unable to express detectable amounts of CCR5 transcripts, efficiently supports the growth of SIV. In searching for an answer, we resorted to a sensitive competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction procedure in an attempt to detect as well as quantify the amount of CCR5 expression. Here we present our findings, which indicate that CEM x174 indeed expresses CCR5 and that the amount of CCR5 is increased in cells pretreated with morphine. These results correlate well with our previous observations that morphine treatment causes CEM x174 cells to be more susceptible to SIV infection. Similar morphine effect was not observed on CEM x174 cells infected with simian retroviruses, which do not depend on CCR5 for entry. These findings suggest a plausible mechanism whereby opiate drug users render themselves more susceptible to HIV infection, thereby explaining the vast prevalence of HIV infection among endemic drug use populations.
Hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and elevated glycated hemoglobin levels in a long-lived mouse stock.

We have previously demonstrated that two wild-derived stocks of mice, Idaho and Majuro, are significantly longer-lived than mice of a control stock (DC) generated as a four-way cross of commonly used laboratory strains of mice. This study provides independent confirmation of this earlier finding, as well as examining serum glucose, insulin, leptin, glycated hemoglobin (GHb), cataract severity, and glucose tolerance levels in each of the stocks. Both the mean (+20%) and maximum (+13%) life span of the Idaho mice were significantly increased relative to the DC stock, while in the Majuro mice only maximum (+15%) life span was significantly increased. In addition, Majuro mice were hyperglycemic in both the fed and fasted states compared both to laboratory-derived and Idaho stocks, had significantly elevated GHb levels and cataract scores, and were glucose intolerant although serum insulin levels did not differ between stocks. Body weight and body mass index (BMI)-corrected leptin levels were also dramatically (1.5–3-fold) higher in the Majuro mice. The longevity of Id mice was not accompanied by changes in serum glucose and insulin levels, or glucose tolerance compared to DC controls, although GHb levels were significantly lower in the Idaho mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that neither a reduction of blood glucose levels nor an increase in glucose tolerance is necessary for life span extension in mice.
P1-S5.42 Prevalence of transitional and embedded concurrency within a prospective cohort of urban adolescent females

Background Studies have found that concurrent sexual partnerships, as opposed to cumulative number of sex partners or serially monogamous partnerships play a pivotal role in rates of STI transmission. Different patterns of concurrency have different consequences to STI transmission as these patterns result in diverse network structures from within which to disseminate disease. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and types of concurrent partnerships within a prospective cohort of urban adolescent females. Methods A cohort of adolescent females (N=63), aged 16–19 at baseline, were recruited from health clinics and community venues in Baltimore, MD and completed daily diaries about each current sex partner on a Palm Smartphone continuously for up to 18 months. As data collection is ongoing, relationships that were at least 8 weeks long were selected for this analysis. Partner names were confirmed by participants at regular intervals to ensure the same partner was followed over time. Sex partners were considered concurrent if they were named by the participant in the same week. Concurrent partners were categorised as either embedded or transitional relative to each relationship. A side partner was categorised as embedded if the week(s) that partner was named were completely contained within the weeks of the relationship. A side partner was categorised as transitional if weeks that the partner was named either preceded or persisted beyond the relationship or if the partner was only named in a single week within the first or last 4 weeks of the relationship. Results Fifty-five participants had a relationship of at least 8 weeks duration, of these 55 relationships 28 (51%) had a concurrent partner within the relationship, with a mean (SD) of 2.7 (2.6) concurrent partners. Of the 28 relationships that contained concurrency, transitional concurrency was most prevalent (43%), followed by both transitional and embedded (39%), and embedded only (18%). Among relationships with concurrency, 25% had a gap of >4 weeks within the relationship, as a result partners initially classified as transitional subsequently became embedded. There was no difference in relationship duration for those with and without concurrency. Conclusions Transitional concurrency may reflect adolescents9 intentions of serial monogamy. Future data collection is needed to gain an improved understanding of adolescents9 motivations for concurrent sexual partnerships.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Impairs Executive Function in Mice into Adulthood

Background Despite evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can lead to a wide range of impairments in cognitive, social, and emotional behaviors, drinking during pregnancy remains common. Although there is a general understanding that high levels of drinking during pregnancy are unsafe, conflicting evidence regarding the impact of low intake may account for the persistence of this behavior. Methods To investigate the effects of PAE on learning and executive control, we utilized a voluntary paradigm where pregnant mice had access to a saccharin-sweetened 10% alcohol solution for 4 hours, during the dark cycle, throughout gestation. Male and female offspring were tested as adults on a touch-screen discrimination and reversal task mediated by corticostriatal circuits. Results Consistent with previous findings, PAE did not lead to gross morphological, motor, or sensory alterations in offspring. Both PAE and saccharin control female mice were slower to acquire the discrimination than males, but PAE did not impair associative learning in either sex. During reversal, PAE led to a specific and significant impairment in the early phase, where cortical control is most required to flexibly alter choice behavior. PAE mice showed a significant increase in maladaptive perseverative responses but showed intact learning of the new association during late reversal. Conclusions Previously, data from clinical studies have suggested that executive control deficits may underlie cognitive, as well as social, problems seen in adolescents with documented PAE. These data demonstrate that even more moderate alcohol exposure during development can lead to impaired cognitive functioning well into adulthood.
Social networking among upper extremity patients.

Purpose Despite their rising popularity, the health care profession has been slow to embrace social networking sites. These are Web-based initiatives, designed to bring people with common interests or activities under a common umbrella. The purpose of this study is to evaluate social networking patterns among upper extremity patients. Methods A total of 742 anonymous questionnaires were distributed among upper extremity outpatients, with a 62% response rate (462 were completed). Demographic characteristics (gender, age, level of education, employment, type of health insurance, and income stratification) were defined, and data on computer ownership and frequency of social networking use were collected. Social network users and nonusers were compared according to their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results Our patient cohort consisted of 450 patients. Of those 450 patients, 418 had a high school education or higher, and 293 reported a college or graduate degree. The majority of patients (282) were employed at the time of the survey, and income was evenly distributed among U.S. Census Bureau quintiles. A total of 349 patients reported computer ownership, and 170 reported using social networking sites. When compared to nonusers, social networking users were younger (p Conclusions Of the 450 upper extremity patients in our sample, 170 use social networking sites. Younger age, higher level of education, and computer ownership were associated with social networking use. Physicians should consider expanding their use of social networking sites to reach their online patient populations.
Amino acid residues involved in the coordination and assembly of the manganese cluster of photosystem II. Proton-coupled electron transport of the redox-active tyrosines and its relationship to water oxidation.

The combination of site-directed mutagenesis, isotopic labeling, new magnetic resonance techniques and optical spectroscopic methods have provided new insights into cofactor coordination and into the mechanism of electron transport and proton-coupled electron transport in photosystem II. Site-directed mutations in the D1 polypeptide of this photosystem have implicated a number of histidine and carboxylate residues in the coordination and assembly of the manganese cluster, responsible for photosynthetic water oxidation. Many of these are located in the carboxy-terminal region of this polypeptide close to the processing site involved in its maturation. This maturation is a required precondition for cluster assembly. Recent proposals for the mechanism of water oxidation have directly implicated redox-active tyrosine YZ in this mechanism and have emphasized the importance of the coupling of proton and electron transfer in the reduction of Y Z by the Mn cluster. The interaction of both homologous redox-active tyrosines YZ and YD with their respective homologous proton acceptors is discussed in an effort to better understand the significance of such coupling. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
GP-UKF: Unscented kalman filters with Gaussian process prediction and observation models

This paper considers the use of non-parametric system models for sequential state estimation. In particular, motion and observation models are learned from training examples using Gaussian process (GP) regression. The state estimator is an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The resulting GP-UKF algorithm has a number of advantages over standard (parametric) UKFs. These include the ability to estimate the state of arbitrary nonlinear systems, improved tracking quality compared to a parametric UKF, and graceful degradation with increased model uncertainty. These advantages stem from the fact that GPs consider both the noise in the system and the uncertainty in the model. If an approximate parametric model is available, it can be incorporated into the GP; resulting in further performance improvements. In experiments, we show how the GP-UKF algorithm can be applied to the problem of tracking an autonomous micro-blimp.
Friction in Granular Layers: Hysteresis and Precursors

Sensitive and fast force measurements are performed on sheared granular layers with simultaneous optical imaging. Discrete displacements that can be much smaller than the particle diameter occur for low imposed velocity gradients, with a transition to continuous motion at a higher gradient. The instantaneous frictional force measured within individual slip events is a multivalued function of the instantaneous velocity. Localized microscopic rearrangements precede (and follow) macroscopic slip events; the accumulation of localized rearrangements leads to macroscopic creep.
Robust edge extraction for SwissRanger SR-3000 range images

This paper presents a new method for extracting object edges from range images obtained by a 3D range imaging sensor.the SwissRanger SR-3000. In range image preprocessing stage, the method enhances object edges by using surface normal information; and it employs the Hough Transform to detect straight line features in the Normal-Enhanced Range Image (NERI). Due to the noise in the sensor's range data, a NERI contains corrupted object surfaces that may result in unwanted edges and greatly encumber the extraction of linear features. To alleviate this problem, a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) filter is developed to smooth object surfaces. The efficacy of the edge extraction method is validated by experiments in various environments.
Biotransformations of aromatic aldehydes by acetogenic bacteria

Vanillin was subjet to O demethylation and supported growth of Clostridium formicoaceticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum. Vanillin was also stimulatory to the CO-dependent growth of Peptostreptococcus productus. the aldehyde substituent of vanillin was metabolized by routes which were dependent upon both the acetogen and a co-metabolizable substrate (e.g. carbon monoxide [CO]). C. formicoaceticum and C. thermoaceticum oxidized the aldehyde group of vanillin to the carboxyl level, while P. productus reduced the aldehyde group of vanillin to the alcohol level. In contrast, during CO-dependent growth, C. thermoaceticum reduced 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde to 4-hydroxylbenzyl alcohol while P. productus both reduced and oxidized 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde to 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and 4-hydroxybenzoate, respectively. These metabolic potentials indicate aromatic aldehydes may affect the flow of reductant during acetogenesis.
A truncated Newton minimizer adapted for CHARMM and biomolecular applications

We report the adaptation of the truncated Newton minimization package TNPACK for CHARMM and biomolecular energy minimization. TNPACK is based on the preconditioned linear conjugate–gradient technique for solving the Newton equations. The structure of the problem—sparsity of the Hessian—is exploited for preconditioning. Experience with the new version of TNPACK is presented on a series of molecular systems of biological and numerical interest: alanine dipeptide (N-methyl-alanyl-acetamide), a dimer of N-methyl-acetamide, deca-alanine, mellitin (26 residues), avian pancreatic polypeptide (36 residues), rubredoxin (52 residues), bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (58 residues), a dimer of insulin (99 residues), and lysozyme (130 residues). Detailed comparisons among the minimization algorithms available in CHARMM, particularly those used for large-scale problems, are presented along with new mathematical developments in TNPACK. The new TNPACK version performs significantly better than ABNR, the most competitive minimizer in CHARMM, for all systems tested in terms of CPU time when curvature information (Hessian/vector product) is calculated by a finite-difference of gradients (the numeric option of TNPACK). The remaining derivative quantities are, however, evaluated analytically in TNPACK. The CPU gain is 50% or more (speedup factors of 1.5 to 2.5) for the largest molecular systems tested and even greater for smaller systems (CPU factors of 1 to 4 for small systems and 1 to 5 for medium systems). TNPACK uses curvature information to escape from undesired configurational regions and to ensure the identification of true local minima. It converges rapidly once a convex region is reached and achieves very low final gradient norms, such as of order 10−8, with little additional work. Even greater overall CPU gains are expected for large-scale minimization problems by making the architectures of CHARMM and TNPACK more compatible with respect to the second-derivative calculations. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessments of disclosure from the in-laws: Links among disclosure topics, family privacy orientations, and relational quality:

This study investigated newlyweds' perceptions of private disclosures received from their in-laws and the outcomes of such disclosures for their familial relationships. In Study 1, 271 married individuals participated in a study designed to develop scales measuring relevant variables. Participants in Study 2 were 107 recently married individuals who completed online questionnaires. Results indicated that in-laws' disclosure regarding acceptance of the participant positively influences relational outcomes, whereas in-laws' slanderous disclosure about family members negatively influences relational outcomes. In-laws' disclosures about relational trouble and about the family's historical identity also influence relational outcomes, and, in some cases, those relationships are moderated by family privacy orientation of the participant. Perceived in-group status within the in-laws' family was positively correlated with in-law satisfaction.
Clinical Global Impression of Cognition in Schizophrenia (CGI-CogS): Reliability and Validity of a Co-Primary Measure of Cognition

Background: Cognitive deficits are core features of schizophrenia that have been associated reliably with functional outcomes and now are a focus of treatment research. New rating scales are needed to complement current psychometric testing procedures, both to enable wider clinical use, and to serve as endpoints in clinical trials. Methods: Subjects were 35 schizophrenia patient-and-caregiver pairs recruited from the UCLA and West Los Angeles VA Outpatient Psychiatry Departments. Participants were assessed with the Clinical Global Impression of Cognition in Schizophrenia (CGI-CogS), an interview-basedratingscaleofcognitivefunctioning,on3occasions(baseline,1month,and3months).Acomputerizedneurocognitive battery (Cogtest), an assessment of functioning, and symptom measures were administered at two occasions (baseline and one month). Results: The CGI-CogS ratings generally showed a highlevel of internal consistency(Cronbach's alpha=.69 to .96), adequate levels of inter-raterreliability (ICC's=.71 to.80),and high test–reteststability (ICC's=.92 to .95). Correlationsof caregiver and rater global (but not “patient only rating”) CGI-CogS ratings with neurocognitive performance were in the moderate range (r's= −.27 to −.48), while most of the correlations with functional outcome were moderate to high (r's= −.41 to −.72). In fact, the CGI-CogS ratings were significantly more correlated with Social Functioning than were objective neurocognitive test scores (p=.02) and showed a trend in the same direction for predicting Instrumental Functioning (p=.06). We found moderate correlations betweenCGI-CogSglobal ratingsand PANSS positive (r's=.36 to .49) and SANS negative symptoms (r=.41 to .61), but not with BPRS depression (r's=.11 to .13). Conclusions: An interview-based measure of cognition demonstrated high internal consistency, good inter-rater reliability, and high test–retestreliability.Caregiverratings appeartoaddimportantclinicalinformationoverpatient-onlyratings.TheCGI-CogSshowed moderate validity with respect to neurocognitive performance and functional outcome, and correlations of CGI-CogS with functional outcomes were stronger thancorrelations ofobjective neurocognitive performance withfunctional outcomes.The CGI-CogS appears to offer a reliable and valid method for clinical rating of cognitive deficits and their impact on everyday functioning in schizophrenia. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
View-invariant 3D human body pose reconstruction using a monocular video camera

This paper proposes a 3D human body pose reconstruction system based on videos captured from any perspective view of a monocular camera. The appearance, color and temporal information extracted from the video frames are effectively combined to accurately track 2D body features. This view invariant system overcomes the challenges of requiring the modeled human to be viewed from a pre-specified angular perspective so as to initialize the 3D body model configuration, as well as to continuously find the best match between the tracked 2D features with the 3D model based on the downhill simplex algorithm. The matching information of 3D poses are also fed back to assist 2D tracking, which eventually provides more reliable 3D tracking performance.
Capillary waves at liquid-vapor interfaces: a molecular dynamics simulation.

Evidence for capillary waves at a liquid/vapor interface are presented from extensive molecular dynamics simulations of a system containing up to 1.24 million Lennard-Jones particles. Careful measurements show that the total interfacial width depends logarithmically on L{sub {parallel}}, the length of the simulation cell parallel to the interface, as predicted theoretically. The strength of the divergence of the interfacial width on L{sub {parallel}} depends inversely on the surface tension {gamma}. This allows us to measure {gamma} two ways since {gamma} can also be obtained from the difference in the pressure parallel and perpendicular to the interface. These two independent measures of {gamma} agree provided that the interfacial order parameter profile is fit to an error function and not a hyperbolic tangent, as often assumed. We explore why these two common fitting functions give different results for {gamma}.
A novel variation-aware low-power keeper architecture for wide fan-in dynamic gates

Substantial increase in leakage current and threshold voltage fluctuations are making design of robust wide fan-in dynamic gates a challenging task. Traditionally, a PMOS keeper transistor has been employed to compensate for leakage current of pull down (NMOS) network. However, to maintain acceptable noise margin level in sub-100 nm technologies, large PMOS is necessary, which results in substantial contention (during pull down) and severe loss of performance. In this paper, a novel keeper architecture is proposed which is capable of significantly reducing the contention and improving the performance and power consumption. Using circuit simulations, superior characteristics of the proposed keeper is demonstrated in comparison to those of the traditional as well as state-of-the-art keepers. It is shown that for an 8-input OR gate, in presence of 15% V/sub th/ fluctuations, the proposed architecture can lead to 20%, 15%, and more than 40% reduction in power consumption, mean delay, and standard deviation of delay, respectively, when compared to traditional keeper circuit.
Site-specific polarizabilities from analytic linear-response theory

Abstract We present an implementation of the partitioning of the molecular polarizability tensor (Krishtal et al. (2006) [15]) that explicitly employs the first-order electronic density from linear-response coupled-perturbed Kohn–Sham calculations. This new implementation provides a simple and robust tool to perform the partitioning analysis of the calculated electrostatic polarizability tensor at negligible additional computational effort. Comparison with numerical results for Si 3 and Na 20 , and test calculations in all-trans-polyacetylene oligomeric chains up to 250 A long show the potential of this methodology to analyze the response of large molecules and clusters to electric fields.
Asymptotic analysis of utility-based hedging strategies for small number of contingent claims

We study the linear approximation of utility-based hedging strategies for small number of contingent claims. We show that this approximation is actually a mean-variance hedging strategy under an appropriate choice of a numeraire and a risk-neutral probability. In contrast to previous studies, we work in the general framework of a semimartingale financial model and a utility function defined on the positive real line.
Implementation of a small hydro power project in India: issues and lessons

In this paper, we present a longitudinal case study of a power sector start-up in India. Using the case as a starting point, we carefully analyse and explore the opportunities and challenges of implementing a small hydro power project in India. Using this case study, we identify the key success factors for a company to succeed in this sector. Based on first-hand observation of the progress of this project over a period of two years, this study draws important lessons for entrepreneurs as well as policy planners for the promotion of entrepreneurship in emerging markets in general. Recognising the limitations of inferences based on a single case study, we offer suggestions on how future research could validate the findings of this study using broader survey-based methodologies.
Current loss in the vacuum section of the refurbished Z accelerator

There are two contributing factors to the current loss in the vacuum section of the Z accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories. Early in time, the loss can be accounted for solely by vacuum electron flow effects. Electrons emitted in the four magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITLs) flow into the convolute and are lost to anode surfaces, particularly in magnetic null regions. These losses can be modeled with standard electromagnetic, particle-in-cell (PIC) methods. Results of detailed 3-D PIC simulations are presented, showing good agreement with experiment early in the pulse, over a range of Z shots. However, late in the pulse, the simulations underestimate the observed loss in experiment, sometimes substantially. Electrode plasma effects in the convolute must be responsible for the additional loss. New PIC models to create an electrode plasma layer from first principles, using electron and ion particles, have been developed. It is shown that very small cell sizes (≪ 10 µm) are required to accurately resolve the expansion of electrode plasmas with T ∼ 1 eV, into an anode-cathode gap with megavolts applied across it. Such small cell sizes are prohibitively small for 3-D convolute simulations.
A review of combined hyperlipidaemia and its treatment with fenofibrate.

Approximately 15% of myocardial infarction survivors <60 years of age have a plasma lipid abnormality defined as combined hyperlipidaemia. Patients with this condition are at substantial risk for future cardiovascular events. Combined hyperlipidaemia involves elevations in both plasma triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and may share similarities with hyperapolipoproteinaemia, LDL-pattern B and the small LDL­ pattern. Treatment is directed at reduction of LDL-cholesterol and plasma triglyceride values. Nicotinic acid and the fibric acid derivatives are useful therapeutic agents. Fenofibrate is a fibric acid derivative that lowers both triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol in combined hyperlipidaemia. In combined hyperlipidaemia, fenofibrate has been shown to reduce significantly plasma triglycerides by approximately 40%, LDL-cholesterol by 6%, and to increase high­ density lipoprotein cholesterol by 15%. Apoproteins are favourably altered with increases in apoprotein-A, decreases in apoprotein-E and inconsistent decreases in apoprotein-B. Fenofibrate is well tolerated with primarily dermatological side-effects.
DIAGNOSING, DISCLOSING, AND DOCUMENTING BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER: A SURVEY OF PSYCHIATRISTS' PRACTICES

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a valid and reliable diagnosis with effective treatments. However, data suggest many patients remain unaware they carry the diagnosis, even when they are actively engaged in outpatient psychiatric treatment. The authors conducted a survey of 134 psychiatrists practicing in the United States to examine whether they had ever withheld and/or not documented their patients' BPD diagnosis. Fifty-seven percent indicated that at some point during their career they failed to disclose BPD; 37 percent said they had not documented the diagnosis. For those respondents with a history of not disclosing or documenting BPD, most agreed that either stigma or uncertainty of diagnosis played a role in their decisions. The findings highlight the need for clinical training programs to address these issues. The research also invites further research to identify other reasons why psychiatrists are hesitant to be fully open about the diagnosis of BPD.
Religion and Comics

Comics and graphic novels are increasingly popular today, and there are numerous ways one can incorporate them into the Religious Studies classroom. Using comics is not, however, driven solely by their popularity; rather, the ability to select wide-ranging theoretical and methodological approaches to comics creates opportunities for instructors to meet their pedagogical goals and course outcomes in exciting new ways. This essay aims to introduce a variety of scholarly resources, as well as a sample of comics rife with religious themes, for instructors considering using comics in the classroom. One can readily adapt the secondary readings, comics, and approaches to fit one's institutional location and pedagogical preferences.
Urologist Participation in Medicare Shared Savings Program Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).

Objective To understand the current role of urologists in Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) and the organizational characteristics of ACOs with participating urologists. Materials and Methods Using 2012-2013 Medicare data and the National Provider Identifier Database, we classified each urologist in the U.S. and Puerto Rico as either an MSSP ACO participant or nonparticipating provider. We then examined the distribution of ACO-participating urologists across the U.S. and among the first 220 MSSP ACOs. We also compared the characteristics of ACOs with and without participating urologists. Results Among 11,084 identified urologists, 1118 (10%) were MSSP ACO participants. ACO-participating urologists practiced more frequently in the Northeast and Midwest ( P P = .003). At an organizational level, only 110 (50%) of the initial MSSP ACOs included at least one urologist; among this group, the number of participating urologists ranged from 1 to 55. ACOs with one or more participating urologist were larger organizations, with respect to both the number of assigned beneficiaries and the number of providers per 1000 beneficiaries ( P P > .05 for each comparison). Conclusion A modest percentage of urologists participate in MSSP ACOs, although many of these organizations still lack any formal involvement by urological surgeons. Without such participation, improving the coordination, quality, and cost of urologic care for Medicare beneficiaries may be more challenging.
Building Community Resilience Through Historic Preservation

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Resilience has become an important planning goal for state and local government, providing a policy arena in which to integrate historic preservation and disaster mitigation, but significant questions remain about that relationship. There has been no study of coordination between preservation and hazard mitigation planning at the state level, and there is no widely available methodology for assessing the flood exposure of historic resources. In this study, we use mixed methods to address these two issues. We evaluate the degree to which state historic preservation plans and state hazard mitigation plans reflect an effort to connect planning processes or goals. We then use the states of Kentucky, Florida, and Colorado to assess the suitability of publicly available spatial data for identifying flood-exposed historic resources, paying special attention to the National Park Service's Certified Local Government (CLG) program and the National Trust's Main Street progra...