cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditor's guide to corporate social responsibility

Can being socially responsible serve as a successful corporate strategy? Yes, say the authors of this article. And auditors need to understand reporting standards and trends in this developing area. Many organizations are taking responsibility for their impact on society and the environment-and turning it into a competitive advantage. The authors give an overview for auditors: how corporate social responsibility (CSR) fits into corporate strategy, CSR reporting standards, and current trends. Auditors should pay special attention to developments in third-party assurance, and the role of internal auditors in this area. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis of Trialkoxymolybdenum(VI) Alkylidyne Complexes for Alkyne Metathesis

New molybdenum(VI) alkylidyne complexes (Ar[iPr]N)3MoCCH2SiMe3 (Ar = 3,5-C6H3Me2) and (1AdO)3MoCR (R = Me, Et, CH2SiMe3) were obtained in high yield and in multigram quantities starting from a known metallaaziridine−hydride complex. The synthetic protocol involves treatment with Me3SiCCH, heating, and ligand exchange via alcoholysis; (1AdO)3MoCCH2SiMe3 is an active catalyst for alkyne metathesis at room temperature.
An efficient synthesis of 3-pyridyl-N-oxide steroides: Inhibitors of 5α-reductase

Abstract Nortestosterone was converted into 3-pyridyl steroid ( 8 ) which was then further transformed into pyridine N-oxides ( 13 , 14 ). These compounds were then assayed against the enzyme 5α-reductase.
The Incidence of Thrombocytopenia in Children with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

Thrombocytopenia was first reported in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) by Froster in 1993. Despite early reports, thrombocytopenia has been rarely reported in this disorder. We performed a retrospective analysis of a large cohort of patients with CdLS. We calculated prevalence of thrombocytopenia in 3 subsets of this cohort: the entire cohort (n=1740), a subset of subjects with substantial clinical records (n=695) and a subset of subjects with clinical information regarding platelet counts (n=85). This analysis revealed that 15 have had thrombocytopenia (18% of those with available blood counts); seven had Immune ThrombocytoPenia (ITP). The reported prevalence of pediatric ITP is between 5-13 per 100,000 persons. The prevalence of ITP in this cohort is between 7/1740 and 7/85, giving a relative risk of ITP of between 30 (CI 12 to 77) and 633 (CI 259-1549). Contrary to the reported cases in the literature, none of our patients have had progression of the thrombocytopenia nor have they developed other cytopenias. All 15 patients with thromobocytopenia had CdLS based on clinical criteria. Of the 10 patients tested for mutations in NIBPL, eight had mutations identified. These data support an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia and ITP in CdLS. Subsequently, patients are at risk for spontaneous hemorrhage, and likely increased risk secondary to the high frequency of self-injurious behavior. Although further studies are needed to better define the scope of the problem and to define the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in CdLS, we would recommend screening for thrombocytopenia upon diagnosis and at five-year intervals thereafter.
Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structures of two novel vanadium oxides containing interlamellar transition metal complexes

Abstract Two new vanadium oxide compounds, which contain interlamellar transition metal complexes bound to vanadium oxide sheets, were synthesized hydrothermally. The crystal structure of each reveals unusual coordination geometries and interlayer bonding. [Ni(2,2′-bipyridine)]2[V12O32] (1) was prepared from the reaction of V2O5, NiO, H2O and 2,2′-bipyridyl in the molar ratio 4:8:3312:0.5. The isomorphous compounds [M(2,2′-bipy)]2[V12O32] (where M is Co (1a) and Cu (1b)) were prepared in a similar fashion. The Ni coordination compound 1 crystallizes as amber needles, and the structure was solved in the space group C2/m (#12) with unit cell parameters a =24.344(3) A , b =6.897(3) A , c =12.028(2) A , β=93.60(2)° (R(Rw)=0.039(0.038)). This compound is composed of vanadium(V) oxide layers with nickel atoms coordinated within a single layer via four Ni–O–V linkages. Bidentate bipyridine (bpy) ligands complete the coordination sphere of the nickel atoms and interdigitate via π–π stacking with bpy ligands from the adjacent layer. Cu(en)2[V6O14] (2) crystallizes as black plates in the space group P21/n (#14) with unit cell parameters a =8.934(2) A , b =6.558(1) A , c =15.694(2) A , β=99.93(2)° (R(Rw)=0.039(0.035)), from the reaction of CuCl2·2H2O, V2O5, H2O and ethylenediamine in the ratio 1:1:447:4. This structure consists of mixed-valent vanadium(IV,V) oxide sheets forming weak O–Cu bonds to intercalated copper bis(ethylenediamine) complexes.
Phosphorus Extraction Methods for Water Treatment Residual–Amended Soils

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can adsorb tremendous amounts of phosphorus (P). A soil that had biosolids applied eight times over 16 years at a rate of 6.7 Mg ha−1 y−1 contained 28 mg kg−1 ammoni...
Association of Protein Phosphatase 1γ1 with Spinophilin Suppresses Phosphatase Activity in a Parkinson Disease Model

Sustained nigrostriatal dopamine depletion increases the serine/threonine phosphorylation of multiple striatal proteins that play a role in corticostriatal synaptic plasticity, including Thr286 phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα). Mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear, but protein phosphatases play a critical role in the acute modulation of striatal protein phosphorylation. Here we show that dopamine depletion for periods ranging from 3 weeks to 10 months significantly reduces the total activity of protein phosphatase (PP) 1, but not of PP2A, in whole lysates of rat striatum, as measured using multiple substrates, including Thr286-autophosphorylated CaMKIIα. Striatal PP1 activity is partially inhibited by a fragment of the PP1-binding protein neurabin-I, Nb-(146–493), because of the selective inhibition of the PP1γ1 isoform. The fraction of PP1 activity that is insensitive to Nb-(146–493) was unaffected by dopamine depletion, demonstrating that dopamine depletion specifically reduces the activity of PP1 isoforms that are sensitive to Nb-(146–493) (i.e. PP1γ1). However, total striatal levels of PP1γ1 or any other PP1 isoform were unaffected by dopamine depletion, and our previous studies showed that total levels of the PP1 regulatory/targeting proteins DARPP-32, spinophilin, and neurabin were also unchanged. Rather, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that dopamine depletion increases the association of PP1γ1 with spinophilin in striatal extracts. In combination, these data demonstrate that striatal dopamine depletion inhibits a specific synaptic phosphatase by increasing PP1γ1 interaction with spinophilin, perhaps contributing to hyperphosphorylation of synaptic proteins and disruptions of synaptic plasticity and/or dendritic morphology.
Free and Secure Trade Commercial Vehicle Crossing Times at the Pacific Highway Port of Entry

At the Pacific Highway port of entry between the United States and Canada, typical delays are known to regional carriers and internalized into schedules. Due to their relative infrequency, the largest crossing times are not internalized into schedules and cause significant disruptions to regional supply chains. This technical note describes the recent patterns of very long crossing times (defined as more than 2 h or the largest 1% of crossing times) and explores the relationship between arrival volume and crossing time. To do so, this study uses commercial vehicle crossing time data from GPS technology and volume data from the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. Results show a weak correlation between border crossing time and arrival volume when considering individual observations, but a stronger correlation when data are aggregated. Results show a high percentage of crossing time can be attributed to sources other than primary booth delay, particularly for the most disruptive, very long crossing times.
Rate coefficients for CS reactions with O2, O3 and NO2 at 298 K

Abstract CS radicals have been produced by photodissociation of CS 2 at 193 nm and their disappearance monitored by LIF. The vibrationally excited CS radicals rapidly relax to CS(ν = 0). At 298 K, the rate coefficients for CS(ν = 0) reactions with O 2 , O 3 and NO 2 are (2.9 ± 0.4) × 10 −19 , (3.0 ± 0.4) × 10 −16 and (7.6 ± 1.1) × 10 −17 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 respectively. The quenching of CS(A 1 II) ν=0 by He has a rate coefficient of (1.3 ± 0.2) × 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 .
Allocation of maintenance resources in mixed model assembly systems

Abstract Mixed-model assembly systems (MMASs) have been well recognized for their ability to handle product variety for mass customization. With multiple products to produce, the prioritization of maintenance work-order becomes more crucial and challenging. This paper develops a quantitative method to systematically determine maintenance work-order priorities in an MMAS using on-line production information. The effect of product mix ratio on maintenance decisions is studied in detail. Based on the proposed approach, one can search for an optimal maintenance plan that will lead to improved productivity within the optimization horizon.
Diffusion of a charged fluid

Abstract The theory of continuous media is employed in developing a dynamical theory to explain the interaction of electromagnetic fields with a two-fluid mixture. The fluids are considered charged and electrically conducting, but are not polarized or magnetized. Relativistic and thermal effects are not included. The field equations are postulated in integral form for the entire mixture instead of each fluid separately. This gives fewer conceptual difficulties, especially when electromagnetic variables are present. A brief derivation of the appropriate boundary conditions for a fixed surface of discontinuity and the conservation of energy equation is then given. The general constitutive equations are constructed from a linear series of the various objective velocity variables. The effective electric field is assumed to give each fluid a preferred direction for fluid flow and charge conduction. By the proper reduction of these equations, a mathematical model is obtained which gives a modification of Fick's law of diffusion to account for the effect of an applied electric field. Finally, numerical solutions are presented for the fluid diffusion between two parallel plates maintained at a constant potential difference. The effect of a linear semiconductor slab on one plate with an initial surface charge is also included.
Fluorometric measurement of aqueous ammonium ion in a flow injection system

An automated flow-injection method for NH/sub 3//NH/sub 4//sup +/ involving the ternary reaction of the analyte with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and sulfite is described. The use of malodorous thiol compounds is avoided and the reaction provides much greater sensitivity by either fluorescence (detection limit 300 fmol or 20 nM NH/sub 4//sup +/) or absorption detection compared to the reaction involving 2-mercaptoethanol. The reaction shows considerable selectivity for ammonia over amino acids by a factor of 16 to > 500 for 11 common amino acids studied. The throughput rate is 25 samples/h.
Prepackaged hand hygiene educational tools facilitate implementation

The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee released hand hygiene guidelines recommending that hospitals educate personnel to increase compliance with hand hygiene. However, few educational tools are available to assist hospitals in this effort. Eight hospitals were recruited to implement hand hygiene educational tools. Key informant interviews were conducted with infection control professionals (ICPs) at 5 participating hospitals. Lack of personnel time was the primary barrier to implementing the educational tools. Multimodal, prepackaged educational tools are needed to decrease barriers and facilitate implementation of interventions locally by ICPs.
Psychiatric sequelae to the loss of an adolescent peer to suicide.

Abstract Objective This study was designed to learn whether friends and acquaintances of suicide victims were at increased risk for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal behavior after exposure to suicide. Method The social networks of 26 adolescent suicide victims, consisting of 146 adolescents, were interviewed 7 months after the death of the suicide victim and compared with 146 matched, unexposed controls. Results The rates of these disorders that had onset after exposure were elevated in the exposed group vs. controls: major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation with a plan or an attempt, but not suicidal attempts. Almost all of those exposed youth who developed new-onset suicidality did so in the context of a new-onset depressive episode. The majority of these new-onset depressive disorders began within 1 month of exposure. Conclusion Postvention programs not only should focus on the prevention of imitation of suicidal behavior, but also should provide longer term follow-up for potentially bereaved and depressed youth exposed to suicide. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1993, 32, 3:509–517.
The adsorption of α-Sn on the Sb rich (1 × 1) phase of InSb(001) as viewed by LEED and atom scattering

Abstract The adsorption of Sb4 has been studied on In-rich InSb(001) using LEED and atom scattering and contrary to previous work shows that an epitaxial layer can be formed. A monolayer forms a basic (1 × 1) reconstruction of the (1 × 4)InSb along with small half-order peaks. The total reconstruction could not be defined. Experiments were carried out by deposition at 70°C followed by annealing as well as deposition at different temperatures. Thick layers, 4–5 monolayers, yield only weak He scattering indicating a slow change in the mode of growth due to strain from lattice mismatch. The Sb-rich layer was used as a basis for the study of Sn which grows pseudomorphically as α-Sn on In-rich InSb as well as the present surface. Deposition of Sn was followed by measuring the (00) peak as a function coverage at 30°C and at 255°C. The shape of the curve is compared to that for the In-rich surface. Finally, recovery effects were observed at various coverages and measurements made at three different temperatures at a coverage below 0.1. The curves indicate that the adsorption process is influenced by temperature.
Interface segregation and clustering in strained-layer InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures studied by cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy

Interface roughness due to segregation and clustering has been studied in atomic detail for the first time, using a cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscope and its spectroscopic ability to distinguish In and Ga atoms in GaAs/${\mathrm{In}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}$As/GaAs strained layers. In the ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}$As layers, InAs is found to cluster preferentially along the growth direction with each cluster containing 2-3 indium atoms. Indium segregation induced an asymmetrical interface broadening. The interface of GaAs grown on ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}$As is found to be broadened to about 5--10 atomic layers, while that of InGaAs on GaAs is about 2--4 layers broad.
ANALYZING PUBLIC SPACE AT A METROPOLITAN SCALE: NOTES ON THE POTENTIAL FOR USING GIS

This paper examines the potential for using GIS to analyze public space at a metropolitan or regional scale. The paper outlines contemporary discussions about public space-in geography, planning, and urban studies—showing how work to date has focused on specific sites and types of environments, rather than the larger landscape of public space. The paper then discusses the metropolitan-level issues where analysis using a GIS would answer important questions, and particularly where GIS could be used as an exploratory tool. It argues that there is the potential for developing some useful new indicators and measurements of public space. Currently, however, there are three barriers to using such data to analyze public space: data categorization and “thinness”; data inconsistencies, incompatibilities, and gaps; and economic and “cultural” differences in the research approaches. These barriers are partly cause by the dominant role of environmental and infrastructure interests in creating existing databases. [Key...
Inverse Kinematics of the General 6R Manipulator and Related Linkages

This paper elaborates on a method developed by the authors for solving the inverse kinematics of a general 6R manipulator. The method is shown to be applicable to determining the joint variables associated with all series-chain manipulators and closed-loop linkages constructed in a single loop with revolute, prismatic, or cylindric joints. The method is shown to yield a single polynomial, of minimum degree, in terms of just one of the joint variables. Once the roots of this polynomial are found, the remaining variables are then usually determined from linear sets of equations. It is shown that this method works equally well for general geometries and for special geometries such as those chararcterized by intersecting or parallel joint axes.
Routine Screening for Intimate Partner Violence in VHA: A Timely Opportunity

To the Editors:—Identifying and addressing intimate partner violence (IPV) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is paramount to improving health care and outcomes for our nation’s female Veterans. I agree with Drs. Lutwak’s1 and Feldman’s2 calls for IPV screening within emergency departments (ED) and primary care (PC) settings, and extend this recommendation to include the need for: (a) integration of IPV screening across VHA medical and mental health settings, (b) emphasis on the importance of accurate and clinically sensitive screening and response, and (c) expansion of VHA infrastructure to provide professional development on best practices in IPV training, screening and assessment, treatment, and referral. As noted, female Veterans are at high risk for IPV,3 which is linked to a multitude of negative health and social consequences. Instituting routine IPV screening in EDs and PCs is imperative, because it would help identify a portion of Veterans in need of IPV services; however, it would miss Veterans not seen in these settings. In order to maximize the benefits of screening and underscore the institutional support for comprehensive IPV care, IPV screening should be integrated more widely into routine care across all VHA medical and mental health settings. It is also important to ensure that the tools that are used are able to efficiently, accurately, and sensitively identify IPV. Efficient and accurate inquiry is essential, but not sufficient. Empirical and anecdotal evidence indicates a troubling trend of well-intended providers assessing IPV in ways that could discourage disclosure.4 IPV screening must be conducted from a trauma-informed approach if we are to see the benefits on health care and health outcomes. Moreover, it is essential that providers offer appropriate treatment and referrals to address the health and social consequences of IPV. These services may include both VHA and community-based programs, and it is important for providers to be knowledgeable about these resources. Finally, there is a need for professional development and training regarding IPV screening and response. Both national and local VHA infrastructure could be expanded to enhance guidance available to providers on appropriate procedures for IPV screening, assessment, treatment, and referral. Implementation of IPV education as well as screening and response programs should be accompanied by rigorous evaluations, to allow for modifications and enhancements as needed. VHA has a timely opportunity and is well-positioned to serve as a national model for the implementation of best practices for IPV-related care.
Core and valence level photoemission studies of iron oxide surfaces and the oxidation of iron

The core and valence level XPS spectra of FexO (x ~ 0.90–0.95); Fe2O3 (α and γ); Fe3O4; and FeOOH have been studied under a variety of sample surface conditions. The oxides may be characterized by a combination of valence level differences and core-level effects (chemical shifts, multiplet splittings, and shake-up structure). FeII and FeIII states are distinguishable, but octahedral and tetrahedral sites are not. The O 1 s BE cannot be used to distinghuish between the oxides since it has a nearly constant value. Fe 3d valence level structure spreads some 10 eV below EF, much broader than suggested by previous UPS and photoelectron-spin-polarization (ESP) measurements for FexO and Fe3O4. Fe surfaces (films, foils, (100) face) yield predominantly FeIII species when exposed to high exposures of oxygen or air, though there is evidence for some FeII also. At low exposures the FeII/FeIII ratio increases.
Propargyl-Linked Antifolates are Dual Inhibitors of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata.

Species of Candida, primarily C. albicans and with increasing prevalence, C. glabrata, are responsible for the majority of fungal bloodstream infections that cause morbidity, especially among immune compromised patients. While the development of new antifungal agents that target the essential enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), in both Candida species would be ideal, previous attempts have resulted in antifolates that exhibit inconsistencies between enzyme inhibition and antifungal properties. In this article, we describe the evaluation of pairs of propargyl-linked antifolates that possess similar physicochemical properties but different shapes. All of these compounds are effective at inhibiting the fungal enzymes and the growth of C. glabrata; however, the inhibition of the growth of C. albicans is shape-dependent with extended para-linked compounds proving more effective than compact, meta-linked compounds. Using crystal structures of DHFR from C. albicans and C. glabrata bound to lead compounds, 13...
Atrial natriuretic peptide in portal vein–ligated rats: Alterations in cardiac production, plasma level and glomerular receptor density and affinity

The atrial natriuretic peptide hormonal system is altered to a variable degree in patients with cirrhosis. Portal pressure and portal-systemic shunting are also varied in cirrhosis. We used a portal vein–ligated rat model with predictable portal hypertension to study the effects of portal hypertension alone on the atrial natriuretic peptide hormonal system. Sham-operated rats were used as controls. Mean portal pressure was significantly increased in portal vein–ligated rats (portal vein–ligated rats, 21.7 ± 0.74 cm H2O; sham-operated rats, 13.7 ± 0.47 cm H2O; p < 0.0001). Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide decreased 50% in the portal vein–ligated rats (p < 0.0001). Atrial natriuretic peptide messenger RNA level was decreased by 40% to 60% in the left and right atria and in the ventricles of portal vein–ligated rats (p < 0.05 for each chamber). Only one class of glomerular binding site was identified by competitive binding studies. The atrial natriuretic peptide glomerular receptor density increased in the portal vein–ligated rats (portal vein–ligated rats, 1,660 ± 393; sham-operated 725 ± 147 fmol/mg protein, p < 0.02), whereas affinity decreased (portal vein–ligated, 1.69 ± 0.49; sham-operated, 0.55 ± 0.12 nmol/L, p < 0.02). No difference was seen in the amount of cyclic GMP generated by atrial natriuretic peptide stimulation in isolated glomeruli from portal vein–ligated and sham-operated rats. Thus, in the rat model of portal hypertension without liver disease, decreased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide level is associated with decreased cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide messenger RNA and increased density (but decreased affinity) of glomerular atrial natriuretic peptide binding sites. Portal hypertension alone may account for the increased density of glomerular atrial natriuretic peptide binding sites reported in cirrhosis, but it does not account for the changes in cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide reported by most investigators. (Hepatology 1992;15:696–701).
The identification and measurement of components in gasoline, kerosene, and no. 2 fuel oil that partition into the aqueous phase after mixing

Some of the most common spills in waterways involve petroleum products, which are complex mixtures of varying compositions, depending on source and refining procedures. The tendency for components of potential toxicological significance to distribute to the aqueous phase under spill conditions needs to be determined. This paper is devoted to the chemical analysis of the water-soluble fractions (WSF) of gasoline, kerosene, and No. 2 fuel oil, which were added to drinking water and extracted into the aqueous phase under simulated field conditions. Initial aspects of the study dealt with the identification and distribution of the major components to the aqueous phase using pentane extraction and capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for analyses. Results show that at least 95% by weight of the components in the WSF of each fuel sample were aromatic compounds having 6 to 13 carbons.
Conservative Political Theology and the Freedom of Religion: The Recent Work of Robert Kraynak and David Novak

The Catholic political scientist Robert Kraynak and the Jewish scholar David Novak have recently written extended essays in political theology designed to remedy the deficiencies of liberal democracy. Kraynak seeks to demonstrate the superiority of the Augustinian doctrine of Two Cities to the inherently corrupting principles of liberalism. This medieval teaching underlies his support for what he calls “limited government under God.” Novak seeks to ground what he considers to be the acceptable aspects of liberal democracy in “the uniquely Jewish covenantal theocracy.” Both men are tactical allies of the currently prevailing political order, to which they lend qualified support for more or less prudential reasons. Both have developed political theories that leave the idea of freedom of religion without any solid foundation.
Plasma Membrane Calcium Pump Isoform 4a Has a Longer Calmodulin-Binding Domain Than 4b

Alternate splicing of human plasma membrane calcium pump isoform 4 (hPMCA4) transcripts causes the expression of two variants, hPMCA4a and hPMCA4b, which have different downstream regulatory regions. Of the two, hPMCA4a has a lower affinity for calmodulin and a lower effective affinity for Ca2+ (Enyedi, A., Verma, A. K., Heim, R., Adamo, H. P., Filoteo, A. G., Strehler, E. E., and Penniston, J. T. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 41-43). Additional consequences of the alternate splice were studied by analyzing the characteristics of constructs (expressed in COS-1 cells) containing different portions of the carboxyl terminus of hPMCA4a. Our results show striking differences in the structure of the calmodulin-binding and autoinhibitory domains of the two variants. The calmodulin-binding region of hPMCA4b is a region of about 28 residues, whereas that of hPMCA4a is about 49 residues long and is probably interrupted by a region not involved in the binding. The autoinhibitory region of hPMCA4b (a part of the downstream region that keeps the molecule inactive in the absence of Ca2+-calmodulin) is divided between the 28-residue calmodulin-binding region and a downstream region, whereas in hPMCA4a, all of it is contained within the 49-residue calmodulin-binding region.
HIV Risk Behaviors Among Adolescents at a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in New York City

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated risk behaviors among adolescents attending a clinic for the treatment of sexually transmitted disease in New York City. Methods: A total of 4,585 volunteers were interviewed and HIV-tested, including 456 adolescents (aged 13–19 years), of whom 220 were women (48%) and 236 men (52%). Results: Fewer than 1% of the 456 adolescents said they injected drugs. Unprotected vaginal sex was the most common sexual behavior, with 93% of adolescents reporting "always" having vaginal sex, and 57% "rarely or never" using condoms. Anal sex was reported by 18%. Twenty percent of adolescent men had paid for sex, compared to just 1% of women, whereas 3% of men and 4% of women had traded sex for money or drugs. Nine women and three men tested HIV seropositive. All three HIV-positive men reported having had receptive anal sex with men. Among women, HIV seropositivity was most strongly associated with crack cocaine use and trading sex for money or drugs. Conclusions: HIV prevalence was high, with most infections owing to sexual transmission rather than intravenous drugs. The increased risk of HIV infection in adolescent women was associated with high-risk sex related to crack use and the exchange of sex for money or drugs.
Suicide among native americans: further tribal data and considerations

This is an updating of an earlier publication on tribal differences in Native American suicidal behavior. Similarities among these studies are noted, including data sources, the concentration of suicide among the young, intratribal group heterogeneity with respect to suicide, suicide methods employed, and alcohol involvement. Most investigations have relied heavily on single official sources for their data. The implications of obtaining figures from official agencies are explored, particularly with respect to Native American tribes and reservations. Neglected areas of study are noted along with the need for further investigation to facilitate prevention programs.
Genetic control of beta-glucuronidase in murine spermatozoa.

Electrophoretic studies of murine spermatozoal β-glucuronidase by acrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis demonstrated it to be the lysosomal form. There was no evidence for post-meiotic transcription of the structural gene for β-glucuronidase.
Heating the ends of leaves cut during coring of whole heads of lettuce reduces subsequent phenolic accumulation and tissue browning

Abstract Removal of the central axis or core of head lettuce harvested for the fresh-cut market (i.e., coring) is done in the field to reduce transit weight and wastage at the processing plant. Wounding done to the base of the leaves during coring induces an increase in phenolic metabolism and subsequent browning of the injured and adjacent leaf tissue. Applying a moist heated surface (e.g., 55 °C) to the tissue freshly exposed by coring for 10–15 s significantly reduced phenolic accumulation and subsequent browning. This inhibition persisted for 6 days at 10 °C and was not accompanied by increased decay of the treated tissue. Wetting the heated surface with an inhibitor of wound-induced phenolic metabolism (e.g., C6 or C8 mono-carboxylates) reduced the accumulation of wound-induced phenolic compounds at marginal or non-heat-shock inducing temperatures, but not at heat-shock inducing temperatures that significantly reduced the wound response by themselves. Heat-shocking the freshly exposed tissue during coring may be an effective method to reduce subsequent browning of the injured and adjacent lettuce leaf tissue.
Kinetic studies of the reactions of O(1D) with several atmospheric molecules

The rate coefficients for the removal of O(1D) by N2, O2, N2O, CO2, O3 and n-butane were measured between 210 and 370 K. The appearance of O(3P) was observed following photolytic production of O(1D) in an excess of the reactants. The measured rate coefficients in this study, in units of 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, are: k1(N2) = (0.195 ± 0.020)exp((125 ± 20)/T); k2(O2) = (0.365 ± 0.023)exp((22 ± 10)/T); k3(N2O) = (1.17 ± 0.20)exp((40 ± 50)/T); k4(CO2) = (0.79 ± 0.07)exp((110 ± 20)/T); k5(O3) = (2.65 ± 0.35)exp((−20 ± 40)/T); k6(n-C4H10) = (5.00 ± 1.55)exp((−10 ± 90)/T). The quoted uncertainties include estimated systematic errors and are at the 95% confidence level. Our results are compared with previous measurements, particularly the very recent data from Strekowski et al. (this issue) and Blitz et al., (this issue), to produce a set of rate coefficients most appropriate for use in atmospheric calculations. The newly recommended rate coefficients, in units of 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, are: k1(N2) = (0.21 ± 0.02)exp((115 ± 10)/T); k2(O2) = (0.312 ± 0.025)exp((70 ± 10)/T); k3(N2O) = (1.11 ± 0.11)exp((17 ± 40)/T); k4(CO2) = (0.74 ± 0.07)exp((133 ± 40)/T); k5(O3) = (2.37 ± 0.36)exp((6 ± 15)/T); k6(n-C4H10) = (5.35 ± 0.54)exp((−33 ± 32)/T).
Technical Note: Effect of Removal of Microbial Cells by Centrifugation on Peptide and α-Amino Nitrogen Concentrations in Ruminal Fluid

We evaluated the effect of centrifuging rumen fluid prior to analysis on concentrations of alpha-amino N (AAN) and peptides. Rumen fluid was collected from steers fed grain-based diets at either various times after feeding or after dosing the rumens with solubilized casein. Fluid was either directly processed for peptide analysis by acidifying 10 ml of rumen fluid with 0.5 ml of 70% (wt/wt) perchloric acid, or first centrifuged at 500 x g for 20 min to remove protozoa and then at 30,000 x g for 15 min to remove bacterial cells prior to further processing. By removing microbial cells, intracellular AAN and peptides were not included in subsequent analyses. Concentrations of AAN were determinedusing an automated trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid assay, and peptides were determined as the increase in AAN following acid hydrolysis of the samples. When casein was not dosed, removal of microbial cells prior to analysis decreased concentrations of both AAN andpeptides, and the decrease was greater for AAN (2.2 mM)than for peptides (1.2 mM). Dosing with casein led to much higher concentrations of ruminal peptides and AAN. After casein dosing, decreases in AAN and peptidecon-centrations due to prior centrifugation (2.1 mM and 1.0 mM for AAN a nd pept ides, respectively) were similar to the decreases observed before the casein dosing. Results suggest that the contribution of intracellular AAN and peptides to the concentrations in ruminal fluid are relatively constant across broad ranges of dietary protein supply for cattle fed corn-based diets.
Mexican migrant workers and workplace communication: the influence of informal labor on English language usage, literacy, and perceptions of ‘the American Dream’

This article describes the findings of an exploratory field study of Mexican migrant workers and the daily realities they experience when it comes to communicating for work in the United States, ma...
A man-machine investment decision system

Investment analysis, i.e. stock market forecasting and security selection, is a complex judgmental decision process which primarily involves decision-making by weighing evidence. If investment decisions are to succeed, they must be based on a large amount of information. But if the number of decision parameters considered in investment analysis becomes large (e.g. greater than four), the quality of man-made investment decisions rapidly deteriorates. Thus investment performance can be improved by (at least partial) automation or programming of the investment decision process. We have developed a programmed investment decision system with the aid of generalized perceptron-type pattern recognition techniques. It was implemented in form of a man-machine (MM) system: The human analyst performs (1) some unstructured (heuristic) decision functions, (2) parts of identification of the decision situation, and (3) numerical encoding of some information for decision making. But much of the task of synthesizing this information into investment decisions is performed by the machine. And performance of the MM investment decision system is gradually improved through machine learning algorithms. This decision system was tested in actual investment analysis. The experimental results indicate that investment performance can be improved with mechanical aids to decision-making. Thus the machine may amplify intellect of the human investment analyst. And one reason for the MM decision system's superior performance seems to be its ability to handle subjectively derived inputs.
Mitochondrial aging and dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

Disruptions in energy metabolism have been suggested to be a prominent feature, perhaps even a fundamental component, of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These abnormalities in cerebral metabolism precede the onset of neurological dysfunction as well as gross neuropathology of AD. These changes may stem from inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes including pyruvate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Several lines of evidence also suggest a role for oxidative stress in the neuropathology associated with the disease state. Because mitochondria are the major site of free radical production in cells, they are also a primary target for oxidative damage and subsequent dysfunction. This link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathophysiology of AD is supported by several lines of evidence.
Pleiotropisms Associated with Alleles of the C Locus in the Domestic Fowl

Pleiotropisms associated with the recessive white (c) and albino (ca) alleles at the C locus of the domestic fowl were investigated. Hatchability of fertile eggs was not significantly different for the colored (C+/c, C+/ca), recessive white (c/ca), and albino (ca/ca) chicks; however, late embryonic mortality was higher in ca/ca embryos P less than or equal to .005). Albinos exhibited shorter down lengths (P less than or equal to .01), higher incidences of subcutaneous hemorrhage and inflammation (P less than or equal to .01) and an increased incidence of yolk sac protrusions (P less than or equal to .01). Suppressed body weights (P less than or equal to .01) were evident at all times, except at hatching, in both male and female albinos reared in batteries. Recessive white females also exhibited smaller body weights than colored chicks at 7 and 8 weeks of age in battery trials (P less than or equal to .01). Significant suppression of body weights occurred in albinos only at 4 weeks of age in trials where floor rearing was used. Mortality in albinos was also significantly higher, particularly under floor rearing conditions (P less than or equal to .01). In addition, both feed consumption and feed utilization were reduced in albinos (P less than or equal to .01). These data suggest that melanin synthesis is an important component in the expression of a number of important physiological traits and that the C locus exerts a previously undefined regulatory influence on such traits.
Using bacterial cell growth to template catalytic asymmetry

We report an approach to position gold nanoparticle catalysts for metal reduction asymmetrically on a biological template (E. coli) by exploiting the polarity of the bacterial cell envelope undergoing growth and division.
Calcium activation of mussel gill abfrontal cilia

The mechanically-activated abfrontal cilia ofMytilus edulis gill are compared with the mechanically-inhibited lateral cilia using intact tissue, cell models, and isolated cilia preparations.
A Terahertz Transistor Based on Geometrical Deflection of Ballistic Current

This paper presents a unique type of transistor that is intended to operate to THz frequencies and beyond, at room temperature, with low noise and with very low power requirements. This transistor is unique in that no doping junction or barrier structure is employed. Rather, the transistor utilizes a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) to achieve ballistic electron transport in a gated microstructure, combined with asymmetric geometrical deflection. We call it the "ballistic deflection transistor "(BDT)
Transient Inactivation of the Neonatal Ventral Hippocampus Permanently Disrupts the Mesolimbic Regulation of Prefrontal Cholinergic Transmission: Implications for Schizophrenia

These experiments determined the mesolimbic modulation of cortical cholinergic transmission in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Mesolimbic–cholinergic abnormalities are hypothesized to contribute to the cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. Stimulation of NMDA receptors in nucleus accumbens (NAC) increases acetylcholine (ACh) release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a mechanism recently demonstrated to contribute to the control of attentional performance. We determined the ability of intra-NAC administration of NMDA to increase prefrontal ACh levels in adult rats that had received bilateral infusions of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to transiently interrupt impulse flow in the ventral hippocampus (VH) during development. Rats received infusions of TTX or saline on postnatal day 7 (PD7) or day 32 (PD32), and the effects of NAC NMDA receptor stimulation on prefrontal cholinergic neurotransmission were assessed in adulthood. In animals treated as controls on PD7, NMDA increased prefrontal ACh levels by 121% above baseline. In contrast, PD7 infusions of TTX into the VH abolished the ability of NAC NMDA to activate prefrontal cholinergic neurotransmission (7% increase). In animals that received TTX infusions on PD32, NMDA-evoked cholinergic activity did not differ from controls, indicating a restricted, neonatal critical period during which VH TTX impacts the organization of mesolimbic–basal forebrain–cortical circuitry. Importantly, the failure of NAC NMDA to evoke cholinergic activity in rats treated with TTX on PD7 did not reflect a reduced excitability of corticopetal cholinergic neurons because administration of amphetamine produced similar elevations of prefrontal ACh levels in PD7 TTX and PD7 control animals. A third series of experiments demonstrated that the effects of PD7 TTX are a specific consequence of transient disruption of impulse flow in the VH. Intra-NAC NMDA evoked prefrontal ACh release in rats receiving TTX, on PD7, into the dorsal hippocampus (DH), basolateral amygdala, or NAC. Thus, impulse flow specifically within the VH, during a sensitive period of development, is necessary for the functional organization of a mesolimbic–cortical circuit known to mediate attentional control processes. Therefore, neonatal inactivation of VH represents an effective animal model for studying the basis of certain cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
A Study of Eliminating the Protective Coordination Curve Intersection of Electromechanical Overcurrent Relays in Subtransmission Systems

This paper presents a practical new method to quickly and effectively eliminate coordination curve intersection problems in subtransmission systems resulting from improper protective coordination settings in electromechanical overcurrent relays. Firstly, a database representing the relay operating characteristics was constructed based on the electromechanical overcurrent relay characteristic curves published by the manufacturer. Then, combining with this database, a fixed-point coordination curve adjustment procedure dedicated to electromechanical overcurrent relays was proposed to tackle the curve intersection situation of the coordinated upstream and downstream relay pair appearing in the original design. In addition to correcting manmade errors that could cause unexpected widespread power outages when fault occurs, the proposed technique can also enhance the effectiveness and accuracy of coordination. This study also simulated an actual case in Taiwan Power Company to verify the feasibility and practicality of the proposed method.
In vitro activation of Stat3 by epidermal growth factor receptor kinase

Stat proteins are SH2 domain-containing transcription factors that are activated in cells by various cytokines and growth factors. In the case of cytokines whose receptors lack protein kinase activity, phosphorylation–activation is mediated by members of the JAK family of tyrosine protein kinases. In the case of growth factors whose receptors have intrinsic tyrosine protein kinase activity, it is thought that Stat proteins can be activated either directly by the receptor or indirectly through JAK proteins. To test the possibility of direct activation, we have used purified Stat3α, Stat3β, and epidermal growth factor receptor kinase produced in recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells. The Stat proteins formed a stable complex with the receptor kinase, and they were phosphorylated on tyrosine by the receptor kinase and activated for binding to DNA, properties shared with Stat proteins purified from Sf9 cells coexpressing JAK1 or JAK2. Both JAK-phosphorylated Stat3β and Stat3β phosphorylated in vitro by the receptor kinase were 20–50 times more active on a molar basis for DNA binding than phosphorylated Stat3α. We conclude that Stat3 isoforms can be directly phosphorylated and thereby activated in vitro by the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase.
The Social Media President: Barack Obama and the Politics of Digital Engagement. By James E. Katz, Michael Barris, and Anshul Jain. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 215 pp.

The Social Media President: Barack Obama and the Politics of Digital Engagement. By James E. Katz, Michael Barris, and Anshul Jain. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 215 pp. The Social Media President takes readers on a technological journey into President Barack Obama's administration. While the book treads briefly into Obama's presidential campaign, the authors primarily use case studies to investigate his administration's use of social media outside of the elections. The authors question whether the administration has successfully used social media tools to give the public influence over policy as well as whether those tools have enhanced participatory democracy. Throughout the book, they utilize interviews with key people involved with the social media campaigns. Ultimately, the book arrives at the conclusion that, while Obama might have used the tools to solicit public input, they have given the public little, if any, influence over policy as a whole. The authors select key social media case studies for their critique. They generally examine cases that are relevant to the presidency or to White House operations. This criterion means that social media that are relevant to the government as a whole are left out of the book. Several of the president's social media programs and targeted uses are critiqued, such as the Citizen's Briefing Book, the Online Town Hall, the Grand Challenges program, and the Supreme Court vacancies. While it is not a primary focus of the book, the authors provide a brief history of social media use in presidential campaigns and in presidential politics in general. They use this discussion to illustrate that, while Obama is considered the social media president, he is not the first president to utilize social media. The book contends that the president uses three methods to interact with citizens through social media tools. Those three methods frame the overall analysis. The first technique is collecting public opinions or other data from citizens for the government. The president might collect this information by soliciting public sentiment or by merely analyzing the data left behind by people who visit Web sites. The second method is sharing information with citizens. The purpose here might be to educate the public or it could be to enhance the president's agenda in some way, such as asking citizens to support projects. The third method is gathering public opinions in order to provide citizens an opportunity to influence policy. The primary focus of the authors is this third modality, as they argue that it has the potential to transform the democratic process. …