cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Killing of Kitty Genovese: What Else Does This Case Tell Us?:

Well known in popular culture, the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese in Queens, New York, became famous because not one of an alleged 38 bystanders called police until it was too late. Within psychology, this singular event inspired the study of bystander intervention. With the spotlight of history focused on Ms. Genovese and bystanders, other events, also profound for what they tell us about human social behavior, have escaped public notice. Based on archival records and current interviews, this article describes the three issues linked to Genovese. First, three false confessions, taken from two individuals, led to their wrongful convictions and imprisonment. One of these individuals was cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona (1966); the other individual is alive and well and wants to clear his name. Second, the narrative of the unresponsive bystander was initiated by police, not by journalists, in response to probing questions about one of these confessions. Finally, there is the ironic fact, which somehow has slipped through the cracks, that the killer of Genovese was ultimately captured as a result of the intervention of two bystanders.
Federal Regulators of the Resource

This chapter describes the progression of federal agency involvement in the regulation of the nation’s water resource. These agencies include the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Department of Interior, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Soil Conservation Service, the former Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, Cooperative Research and Extension Services, the U.S. Forest Service, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Public Health Service, and the National Water Resources Council. These agencies become involved in questions having to do with one or more issues or specific aspects of the water and wastewater management world that touch upon their particular congressional mandates.
Oxygen enhances in vivo myocardial synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose).

Abstract In vivo synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) is demonstrated in cultured chick embryo heart cells. Cells grown with (14C) ribose incorporate 28 – 31% more radioactivity into poly(ADP-ribose) in 20% O2 (in which they divide more slowly) than in 5% O2. Reaction product was identified as poly(ADP-ribose) by its insensitivity to various enzymes and by its digestion with snake venom phosphodiesterase to phosphoribosyl-AMP and AMP. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity was similar in 20% and 5% O2. Thus, both poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity (shown in an earlier study) and poly(ADP-ribose) increase in cells growing more slowly in 20% vs 5% O2. These data suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism participates in the regulation of heart cell division by O2.
Solitary wave solutions with non-monotone shapes for the modified Kawahara equation

Abstract The propagation of stationary solitary waves of the non-linear modified Kawahara equation is considered. The asymptotic boundary conditions admit the trivial solution along with the solitary wave type solution, which is a bifurcation problem. The bifurcation is treated by reformulating the problem into a problem for identification of an unknown coefficient from over-posed boundary data, in which the trivial solution is excluded. Making use of the method of variational imbedding, the inverse problem for the coefficient identification is reformulated as a higher-order boundary value problem. This approach to solving the fifth-order modified Kawahara equation is allowing identification of non-trivial solutions. The obtained boundary-value problem is solved by means of an iterative difference scheme, which is thoroughly validated. New traveling wave solutions with monotone and non-monotone shapes are obtained for different values of the problem parameters.
The effects of acute stress on the calibration of persistence.

Abstract People frequently fail to wait for delayed rewards after choosing them. These preference reversals are sometimes thought to reflect self-control failure. Other times, however, continuing to wait for a delayed reward may be counterproductive (e.g., when reward timing uncertainty is high). Research has demonstrated that people can calibrate how long to wait for rewards in a given environment. Thus, the role of self-control might be to integrate information about the environment to flexibly adapt behavior, not merely to promote waiting. Here we tested effects of acute stress, which has been shown to tax control processes, on persistence, and the calibration of persistence, in young adult human participants. Half the participants (n = 60) performed a task in which persistence was optimal, and the other half (n = 60) performed a task in which it was optimal to quit waiting for reward soon after each trial began. Each participant completed the task either after cold pressor stress or no stress. Stress did not influence persistence or optimal calibration of persistence. Nevertheless, an exploratory analysis revealed an “inverted-U” relationship between cortisol increase and performance in the stress groups, suggesting that choosing the adaptive waiting policy may be facilitated with some stress and impaired with severe stress.
Comparison of shear bond strength of four types of orthodontic brackets with different base technologies

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets systems with four different base technologies. Materials and Methods: Maxillary first premolars were randomly divided into four groups of thirty specimens each: (1) Master Series™ conventional twin, (2) T3™ self-ligating, (3) Victory series™ conventional twin, and (4) H4™ self-ligating brackets. Maxillary first premolars were bracketed using an acid-etch composite system, and the SBS measured using an Instron Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were performed with significance predetermined at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The overall mean bond strengths were 8.49 ± 2.93, 10.85 ± 3.34, 9.42 ± 2.97, and 9.73 ± 2.62 for the Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 brackets, respectively. One-way ANOVA test gave an F = 3.182 with a P = 0.026. The Group 1 and Group 2 were observed to have statistically significant difference with a P = 0.014. Conclusions: The T3 self-ligating one-piece design with microetched Quadra Grip™ base brackets had the highest bond strength. The SBS difference between Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4 was not significant, but the difference between Group 2 and Group 1 was statistically significant.
Surface Mesh Optimization, Adaption, and Untangling with High-Order Accuracy

We investigate the problem of optimizing, adapting, and untangling a surface triangulation with high-order accuracy, so that the resulting mesh has sufficient accuracy for high-order numerical methods, such as finite element methods with quadratic or cubic elements or generalized finite difference methods. We show that low-order remeshing, which may preserve the “shape” of the surface, can undermine the order of accuracy or even cause non-convergence of numerical computations. In addition, most existing methods are incapable of accurately remeshing surface meshes with inverted elements. We describe a remeshing strategy that can produce high-quality triangular meshes, while untangling mildly folded triangles and preserving the geometry to high-order accuracy. Our approach extends our earlier work on high-order surface reconstruction and mesh optimization. We present the theoretical framework of our methods, experimental comparisons against other methods, and demonstrate its utilization in accurate solutions for geometric partial differential equations on triangulated surfaces.
Cancer Stem Cells and Glioblastoma Multiforme: Pathophysiological and Clinical Aspects

Brain cancers although relatively rare, are responsible for disproportionately high morbidity and mortality due to the critical location of the tumors and lack of effective treatments. Gliomas, the most common type of brain tumor, demonstrate intratumoral heterogeneity that can result from regional microenvironmental differences and diversity of cancer cell subpopulations. Better understanding of tumor heterogeneity is important because it may provide key insights into tumor pathogenesis and identify strategies for more effective therapies. Recent reports describing the presence of a cancer-initiating subpopulation of tumor cells expands the potential source of cellular diversity and provides a potential explanation for poor therapeutic response. The observation that these cancer-initiating cells may have the properties of normal neural stem cells (incomplete differentiation state, multipotency, and extensive self-renewal capacity) has led to the current interest in their designation as “cancer stem cells (CSC).” Although the biology of glioblastoma cancer stem cells (GCSC) remains incompletely understood and the premise often attacked by controversies concerning the validity of the CSC hypothesis, this concept nevertheless serves as a useful model to better understand malignant gliomas.
Conflict and the Public Lands

When President Ronald Reagan appointed James Watt as his Secretary of the Interior, public lands issues were immediately thrust into the limelight. Watt’s proposals were headline news in the western dailies, where public lands issues customarily predominate, as well as in the New York Times and other major eastern newspapers usually little-concerned with this topic. Watt’s vision of the proper use and disposal of public lands was in direct contrast to that of his immediate predecessors and, as such, seemed a startling transformation of public land policy. Watt’s positions were hardly unusual, however. His western development policies and the demands of the “Sagebrush Rebels” who supported him, when combined with the counterclaims of conservationists and preservationists, mirror much of public lands history. Decisions governing how the public lands should be used have always been controversial. In fact, the conflict generated by these decisions has been so intense that at times the history of public-land law development reads like the same action-packed Wild West stories that it inspired.
Introduction, Order Statistics, Exceedances. Laws of Large Numbers

The paper is to discuss the distribution theory of order statistics for finite sample sizes. Although the detailed exposition is on the independent and identically distributed case, some results, mainly in terms of inequalities, are also presented for dependent structures.
Recurrent, Sclerosing, Traumatized Nevi

We describe here three forms of nevus that we consider in some ways as allied lesions. Recurrent (or persistent) nevus appears at the site of a previous biopsy or excision of a melanocytic neoplasm. Traumatized nevus is a nevus with the stigmata of an acute, recent trauma. Sclerosing nevus is (supposedly) a continuous recurrence of a nevus after its partial destruction by chronic traumatic injury. All of them are all too often successful simulators of melanoma. In many cases, clinicians will not indicate that a nevus has been previously biopsied, so it is especially important for histopathologists to be alert to the signs of past biopsy or injury. While a request to review sections from a previous biopsy is sometimes intimidating, in reality it can protect the patient, the colleague who examined the previous lesion, and the pathologist examining the current one from the consequences of misdiagnosis.
Can Charter Schools Address Racial Inequities Evidenced in Access to the General Education Classroom? A Longitudinal Study in Chicago Public Schools:

This study presents a longitudinal analysis of racial inequities evidenced in placement patterns in the least restrictive environment (LRE). We compared placement trends in neighborhoods and charte...
TussisWatch: A Smart-Phone System to Identify Cough Episodes as Early Symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Congestive Heart Failure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) are leading chronic health concerns among the aging population today. They are both typically characterized by episodes of cough that share similarities. In this paper, we design TussisWatch , a smart-phone-based system to record and process cough episodes for early identification of COPD or CHF. In our technique, for each cough episode, we do the following: 1) filter noise; 2) use domain expertise to partition each cough episode into multiple segments, indicative of disease or otherwise; 3) identify a limited number of audio features for each cough segment; 4) remove inherent biases as a result of sample size differences; and 5) design a two-level classification scheme, based on the idea of Random Forests, to process a recorded cough segment. Our classifier, at the first-level, identifies whether or not a given cough segment indicates a disease. If yes, the second-level classifier identifies the cough segment as symptomatic of COPD or CHF. Testing with a cohort of 9 COPD, 9 CHF, and 18 CONTROLS subjects spread across both the genders, races, and ages, our system achieves good performance in terms of Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, and Area under ROC curve. The proposed system has the potential to aid early access to healthcare, and may be also used to educate patients on self-care at home.
Statistical filtering of useful concrete creep data from imperfect laboratory tests

The reporting and evaluation of creep tests of concrete is complicated by the fact that creep is significant even for the shortest observable load durations. Compared to the strain after 0.1 s load duration, the strain at 2 h duration is typically 53% greater. Most experimenters have for decades been unaware of this fact. Consequently, the reported creep curves require correction by a time shift, which ranges from 0 to 2 h. This further implies a vertical shift of entire creep curve, important for all times up to structure lifetime. To filter out the errors, it is argued that, within an initial period during which the advance of hydration is negligible, which is normally about 1 day, the initial basic creep must follow a power law of the time. Creep test data from the literature are used to prove it. Corrections by time and deformation shifts are determined by minimization of the sum of squared deviations of the power law from the creep test data. For a fixed exponent n and time shift s, the optimization is reduced to linear regressions of two kinds, depending on whether the data are given in terms of either the compliance function or the creep coefficient. For both, the linear regression parameters depend nonlinearly on the chosen values of n and s. To avoid nonlinear optimization, which need not converge to the correct result, a set of many discrete values of n and s within their realistic ranges is selected and the (n, s) combination minimizing the objective function is obtained by a search. Enforcing a power law form of the initial creep curve is found to lead to better data fits. The optimum exponent n for the entire database is around 0.3, applicable to the time period cca (10 s, 1 day). After that, the exponent transits to about 0.1, and prior to that it is about 0.08. After filtering out the errors, the corrected database will allow better calibration of the general creep prediction model such as B3 or B4.
A prospective study of nonmedical use of prescription opioids during adolescence and subsequent substance use disorder symptoms in early midlife.

Abstract Background This longitudinal study assesses characteristics associated with adolescents’ nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) including: frequency, co-ingestion, motives, specific opioid type; sequence of initiation of medical use of prescription opioids and NMUPO in relationship to subsequent substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. Methods Twenty-one independent national cohorts of U.S. high school seniors (n = 8,373) were surveyed and followed 17 years from adolescence to age 35. Results The majority of adolescents who engaged in NMUPO reported occasional/frequent NMUPO, non-pain relief motives for NMUPO, simultaneous co-ingestion involving NMUPO and other drugs, opioid analgesics with high misuse potential, and multiple types of opioid analgesics. Adolescents who reported NMUPO for pain relief, NMUPO involving opioid analgesics with high misuse potential, or multiple prescription opioids had significantly greater odds of SUD symptoms at age 35, relative to those who had no history of NMUPO during adolescence. In addition, medical use of prescription opioids after initiating NMUPO (or NMUPO only) during adolescence was associated with significantly greater odds of subsequent SUD symptoms at age 35 relative to those who reported the medical use of prescription opioids only or had no medical use or NMUPO during adolescence. Conclusions This is the first U.S. national prospective study to examine the relationships between adolescents’ NMUPO characteristics and later SUD symptoms in early midlife. Several characteristics (frequency, co-ingestion, motives, opioid type, and medical/NMUPO initiation history) were identified that could be used to screen and detect high-risk youth for indicated interventions to reduce prescription opioid misuse and SUDs.
Invited Review: Emission and mitigation of greenhouse gases from dairy farms: The cow, the manure, and the field

ABSTRACT Purpose We identified the biophysical drivers of the main sources of on-farm greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions: enteric methane (CH4), manure CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O), and field N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2). We explored the effect of selected management practices and their interactions on emissions mitigation and summarized findings from life cycle assessments of milk from dairy systems typical of the Midwest of the United States. Sources Peer-reviewed literature was the main source of data and information to construct this review. Synthesis Dry matter intake and feed conversion efficiency drive enteric CH4 production (g/d) and intensity (g/kg of milk), respectively. Dietary fiber and lipids influence enteric CH4 and dietary protein influences manure N2O. In the manure management chain, long-term storage of unprocessed liquid manure is a major source of GHG emissions, but the adoption of manure solid–liquid separation and anaerobic digestion substantially reduce the carbon balance of a farm. Amount, timing, and application mode of nitrogen fertilizer are keys to reducing N2O emission from fields. Reduced or no till, winter crop, and perennial crops increase soil OM content and reduce field CO2 losses. Variation in on-farm GHG emissions, which averaged 1.1 kg of CO2-eq per kilogram of milk, was associated more with specific management practices than with farm size or dairy system. Conclusions and Applications Adopting best nutritional, cropping, and manure management practices may reduce substantially on-farm GHG emissions in all dairy systems. Modeling and assessment methods must be improved to better account for interactions among system components and co-products of milk production.
Lo doméstico genérico

espanolSi bien el catalogo inmobiliario supuestamente promueve la libertad de eleccion, en la practica la reduce al convertirla en un mero sistema combinatorio entre opciones predefinidas que, a su vez, suponen formas de vida estandar. Aprovechando la indiferencia tipologica del catalogo inmobiliario, esta propuesta utiliza la misma herramienta - el catalogo - para emancipar las subjetividades en vez de reproducirlas. Asi, la arquitectura podria ayudar a recuperar esa libertad de elegir que hoy es ilusoria. EnglishAlthough the real estate catalog supposedly promotes freedom of choice, in practice it reduces it by converting it into a mere combinatorial system between predefined options that, in turn, suppose standard life forms. Taking advantage of the typological indifference of the real estate catalog, this proposal uses the same tool - the catalog - to emancipate the subjectivities instead of reproducing them. Thus, architecture could help to recover that freedom of choice that today is only illusory.
Recent Searches for Exotic Physics at the BaBar/PEP-II B-factory

I present three recent results from searches for exotic physics at the BaBar/PEP-II B-factory. These results span many of the samples produced at the B-factory, including B mesons, tau leptons, and Upsilon(3S) mesons. We have searched for CPT-violation in B mixing and find no significant deviation from the no-violation hypothesis. We have also searched for lepton-flavor-violating decays of the tau using tau- -> omega l- and tau- -> l+ l- l+ and their charge conjugates. We find no evidence for these processes and set upper limits on their branching fractions. Finally, we have searched for a low-mass Higgs boson in the decay Upsilon(3S) -> gamma A0, where the Higgs decays invisibly. We find no evidence for such a decay and set upper limits across a range of possible Higgs masses.
Cortisol and Racial Health Disparities Affecting Black Men in Later Life: Evidence From MIDUS II:

In the United States, Black men have poorer overall health and shorter life spans than most other racial/ethnic groups of men, largely attributable to chronic health conditions. Dysregulated patterns of daily cortisol, an indicator of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress-response functioning, are linked to poor health outcomes. Questions remain regarding whether and how cortisol contributes to Black-White differences in men's health. This exploratory study compared early day changes in cortisol levels (diurnal cortisol slopes from peak to pre-lunch levels) and their associations with medical morbidity (number of chronic medical conditions) and psychological distress (Negative Affect Scale) among 695 Black and White male participants in the National Survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS II, 2004-2009). Black men exhibited blunted cortisol slopes relative to White men (-.15 vs. -.21, t = -2.97, p = .004). Cortisol slopes were associated with medical morbidity among Black men (b = .050, t = 3.85, p < .001), but not White men, and were unrelated to psychological distress in both groups. Findings indicate cortisol may contribute to racial health disparities among men through two pathways, including the novel finding that Black men may be more vulnerable to some negative health outcomes linked to cortisol. Further, results suggest that while cortisol may be a mechanism of physical health outcomes and disparities among older men, it may be less important for their emotional health. This study increases understanding of how race and male sex intersect to affect not only men's lived experiences but also their biological processes to contribute to racial health disparities among men in later life.
Decarbonizing electricity requires re-evaluating capacity mechanisms

Many electricity markets authorize capacity payments to generators to secure sufficient supply, unintentionally favouring peaking technologies like oil and gas. New approaches are needed to ensure reliability without discouraging investment in low-carbon resources such as solar, wind and nuclear.
Can Conversing with a Computer Increase Turnout? Mobilization Using Chatbot Communication

According to the burgeoning voter mobilization field experiments literature, impersonal contact has little-to-no effect. A conversation with a computer is, by definition, an impersonal interaction. However, chatbots are form of communication wherein a computer imitates conversations by interacting using natural language. Human-to-chatbot interactions are often perceived as similar to human-to-human interactions. How ubiquitous are chatbots? Just ask Siri, Cortana, Bixby, or Alexa, or ask for help on any e-commerce website (these are each chatbots). A simple voter mobilization treatment reminding users of a political chatbot (Resistbot) to vote and providing information about polling locations and hours increased turnout by 1.8 percentage points in a 2019 election. The results replicate previously unpublished field experiments by Resistbot in 2018 that found smaller but statistically significant increases in turnout.
The complicated role of mitochondria in the podocyte.

Mitochondria play a complex role in maintaining cellular function including ATP generation, generation of biosynthetic precursors for macromolecules, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and metabolic...
An Examination of National Cancer Risk Based on Monitored Hazardous Air Pollutants.

Background: Hazardous air pollutants, or air toxics, are pollutants known to cause cancer or other serious health effects. Nationwide cancer risk from these pollutants is estimated by the U.S. EPA ...
Loeys-Dietz syndrome.

A 25-year-old man presented with abdominal pain. He was tall with arachnodactyly and hypermobile joints. Family history was unremarkable. CT angiogram revealed a descending aortic dissection extend...
Velocity-Based Stowage Policy for Semi-Automated Fulfillment System

Online retail fulfillment is increasingly performed by semi-automated fulfillment systems in which inventory is stored in mobile pods that are moved by robotic drives. In this paper, we develop a model that explores the benefits of velocity-based stowage policies for semi-automated fulfillment systems, also known as robotic mobile fulfillment systems. The stowage policies decide which pods to replenish with the received inventory. Specifically, we model policies that account for the velocity of the units being stowed. By stowing higher (lower) velocity units on higher (lower) velocity pods, we expect to increase the heterogeneity of the pod velocities. Greater heterogeneity in pod velocities can yield a greater reduction in pod travel distance from velocity-based storage policies for the pod. Reducing pod travel distance decreases the number of robotic drives that are needed for the system to maintain a certain throughput rate (Yuan, 2016). We analyze an M-class velocity-based stowage policy. We stow units from each velocity class onto pods dedicated to that velocity class; each class of pods then has its own storage zone, where the zones are ordered based on distance to the stationary pick and stow stations. We characterize the pod travel distance as it depends on the skewness of the demand distribution across the sku assortment, and on the number and size of the classes. We find that most of the benefit from a velocity-based stowage policy can be achieved with two or three classes. For representative demand distributions, we find that a two-class stowage policy achieves 75% of the maximum possible travel-time reduction, and that a three-class policy improves this to 90%.
Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020-2060).

Introduction The estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment provides an understanding of the disease burden. Methods We estimated people with cognitive impairment using a quasibinomial regression model in 10,342 participants with cognitive test scores. Results The 2020 US Census-adjusted prevalence of clinical AD was 11.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.7-11.9): 10.0% among non-Hispanic Whites, 14.0% among Hispanics, and 18.6% among non-Hispanic Blacks. We estimate that in 2020, 6.07 (95% CI = 5.75-6.38) million people were living with clinical AD, which increases to 13.85 (95% CI = 12.98-14.74) million in 2060, 423% higher among Hispanics, 192% higher among Blacks, and 63% higher among Whites. However, there are predicted to be more significant increases in later years among those over 85 and women compared to men. Discussion The number of people with clinical AD will increase as the "baby boom" generation reaches older ages, exerting a strong upward influence on disease burden.
Reassurance and Revival the U.S.–Philippine Alliance in the Wake of the Vietnam War

The Fall of Saigon in April 1975 triggered an existential crisis in Philippine national security. Long dependent on the United States as the essential guarantor of Philippine security, events in In...
Assisted End-User Robot Programming

End-user programming methods that enable users who may not have programming or robotics experience to program robots have helped lower the barrier of entry for everyday people to use robots for their needs. However, popular end-user robot programming methods such as kinesthetic teaching can still involve various user difficulties, from acclimating to an unfamiliar programming interface to maneuvering a robot effectively without encountering joint limits or singularities. Providing personalized, just-in-time assistance can help end-users avoid introducing errors and suboptimalities into their programs due to such difficulties while enhancing their overall experience during robot programming. My PhD thesis will focus on enabling assisted end-user robot programming to support users throughout the robot programming process, from authoring to editing, by leveraging users’ natural multimodal cues. This extended abstract details my past, current, and future work towards this goal.
Signal recovery due to rotational pixel misalignment [holographic memory applications]

Pixel misalignments such as two-dimensional lateral shifts, rotation and magnification are one of the common sources of distortion in optical data storage systems like volume holographic memories. In this paper, we formulate the channel model for rotational misalignment of the detector grid array with respect to the transmitter, about the center of the optical axis, and derive an expression for the number of transmitted bits that can be recovered losslessly. Finally, we outline an algorithm for recovering the transmitted bits from the detector array in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise and rotational misalignment. The method is applicable to holographic memories and other imaging systems.
Activation of the mouse Ig germline epsilon promoter by IL-4 is dependent on AP-1 transcription factors.

Induction of germline (GL) e transcripts, an essential step preceding Ig isotype switching to IgE, requires activation of transcription factors by IL-4 and a B cell activator, e.g., CD40 ligand or LPS. We demonstrate that AP-1 (Fos and Jun), induced transiently by CD40 ligand or LPS, binds a DNA element in the mouse GL e promoter. AP-1 synergizes with Stat6 to activate both the intact GL e promoter and a minimal heterologous promoter driven by the AP-1 and Stat6 sites of the mouse GL e promoter. By contrast, C/EBPβ, which trans- activates the human GL e promoter, inhibits IL-4 induction of the mouse promoter, probably by attenuating the synergistic interaction between AP-1 and Stat6. Furthermore, AP-1 does not trans- activate the human GL e promoter. Thus, induction of GL e transcripts in mice and humans may be regulated differently. In addition, although mouse GL e transcripts have a half-life of ∼100 min, the RNA level continues to increase for up to 24 h, and the promoter appears to be active for at least 2 days after B cell activation. Altogether, these data suggest that induction of AP-1 activity, although transient, is required for activation of the mouse GL e promoter by IL-4-induced Stat6.
Three forms of DNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Purification and properties.

DNA polymerase was purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos by a combination of phosphocellulose adsorption, Sepharose 6B gel filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Three enzyme forms, designated enzymes I, II, and III, were separated by differential elution from DEAE-cellulose and were further purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Purification was monitored with two synthetic primer-templates, and . At the final step of purification, enzymes I, II, and III were purified approximately 1700-fold, 2000-fold and 1000-fold, respectively, on the basis of their activities with The DNA polymerase eluted heterogeneously as anomalously high-molecular-weight molecules from Sepharose 6B gel filtration columns. On DEAE-cellulose chromatography enzymes I and II eluted as distinct peaks and enzyme III eluted heterogeneously. On glycerol velocity gradients enzyme I sedimented at 5.5-7.3 S, enzyme II sedimented at 7.3-8.3 S, and enzyme III sedimented at 7.3-9.0 S. All enzymes were active with both synthetic primer-templates, except the 9.0 S component of enzyme III, which was inactive with Non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not separate activity from activity. The DNA polymerase preferred (with Mg2+) as a primer-template, although it was also active with (with Mn2+), and it preferred activated calf thymus DNA to native or heat-denatured calf thymus DNA. All three primer-template activities were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Enzyme activity with activated DNA and was inhibited by K+ and activity with was stimulated by K+ and by spermidine. The optimum pH for enzyme activity with the synthetic primer-templates was 8.5. The DNA polymerases did not exhibit deoxyribonuclease or ATPase activities. The results of this study suggest that the forms of DNA polymerase from Drosophila embryos have physical properties similar to those of DNA polymerase-α and enzymatic properties similar to those of all three vertebrate DNA polymerases.
Simulation and Implementation of Real-Time Vision-Based Control System for 2-DoF Robotic Arm Using PID with Hardware-in-the-Loop

Microsoft Kinect sensor has shown the research community that it's more than just an interactive gaming device, due to its multi-functional abilities and high reliability. In this work, online HIL (Hardware-in-the-Loop) experimental data are used to apply human motion imitation to a 2-degree of freedom Lego Mind storm NXT robotic arm. A model simulation of the dc motor used in this experiment is also present in this paper. The acquired input data from the Kinect sensor are processed in a closed loop PID controller with feedback from motors encoders. The applied algorithms solve the overlapping input problem, conducting a simultaneous control of both shoulder and elbow joints, and solving the overlapping input problem as well. The work in this paper is presented as a prototype to assure the applicability of the algorithms, for further development.
GLUT1 Transmembrane Glucose Pathway AFFINITY LABELING WITH A TRANSPORTABLE D-GLUCOSE DIAZIRINE

We synthesized a transportable diazirine derivative of D-glucose, 3-deoxy-3,3-azi-D-glucopyranose (3-DAG), and studied its interaction with purified human erythrocyte facilitative glucose transporter, GLUT1. 3-DAG was rapidly transported into human erythrocytes and their resealed ghosts in the dark via a mercuric chloride-inhibitable mechanism and with a speed comparable with that of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG). The rate of 3-DAG transport in resealed ghosts was a saturable function of 3-DAG concentration with an apparent Km of 3.2 mM and the Vmax of 3.2 μmol/s/ml. D-Glucose inhibited the 3-DAG flux competitively with an apparent KI of 11 mM. Cytochalasin B inhibited this 3-DAG flux in a dose-dependent manner with an estimated KI of 2.4 × 10-7M. Cytochalasin E had no effect. These findings clearly establish that 3-DAG is a good substrate of GLUT1. UV irradiation of purified GLUT1 in liposomes in the presence of 3-DAG produced a significant covalent incorporation of 3-DAG into GLUT1, and 200 mMD-glucose abolished this 3-DAG incorporation. Analyses of trypsin and endoproteinase Lys-C digestion of 3-DAG-photolabeled GLUT1 revealed that the cleavage products corresponding to the residues 115-183, 256-300, and 301-451 of the GLUT1 sequence were labeled by 3-DAG, demonstrating that not only the C-terminal half but also the N-terminal half of the transmembrane domain participate in the putative substrate channel formation. 3-DAG may be useful in further identification of the amino acid residues that form the substrate channel of this and other members of the facilitative glucose transporter family.
Nitric oxide and nitroxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease.

Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule produced by neurons and endothelial cells in the brain. NO is synthesized from L-arginine and oxygen by nitric oxide synthase: neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and inducible (iNOS). The endothelial NO acts as a vasorelaxant in the vasculature and as a neurotransmitter when produced by neurons (under the pathological conditions of Alzheimer's disease). NO can be scavenged in a rapid reaction with superoxide (O2-) to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO-), with a half-life of 100 nM), ONOO- can undergo homolytic or heterolytic cleavage to produce NO2+, NO2, and OH., highly reactive oxidative species and secondary components of nitroxidative stress. The high nitroxidative stress can initiate a cascade of redox reactions which can trigger apoptosis and evoke cytotoxic effects on neurons and endothelial cells. This article reviews the functions of NO and the potential role of NO/O2-/ONOO- induced nitroxidative stress in neuronal and endothelial degeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease.
The Social Impacts of Urban Containment

Land Use, Zoning, Growth Management, and Planning Law Urban containment boundaries (UCBs) draw an enforceable line on a map that clearly separates urban from rural land uses. The stated goals of th...
Neurointerventional Stenting and Antiplatelet Function Testing: To Do or Not to Do?

Background and Purpose: Platelet function testing in neurointerventional (NI) procedures is still controversial. We compared the clinical outcomes between antipla
Analytical Study of the Expected Number of Hops in Wireless Ad Hoc Network

Due to the randomness and mobility of ad hoc networks, estimating the average number of hops becomes very essential in multi-hop ad hoc networks, which is used as a key metric for performance comparison between multi-hop routing protocols; however, most current research derives the average number of hops based on simulations and empirical results, lacking the theoretical analysis of this essential metric. This paper presents a theoretical study of the expected number of hops between any two random nodes using typical modeling assumptions -an N-node randomly Poisson distributed connected network (i.e. for any two random nodes, they are connected by at least one path). The proposed theoretical analysis studies the relationship between the average number of hop counts and other critical ad hoc network parameters such as transmission range (r 0 ), node density (ρ), and area (A). At last, simulation results will be given to verify the theoretical analysis.
The Role of Hardiness and Grit in Predicting Performance and Retention of USMA Cadets

We examined the relative effectiveness of hardiness and grit as predictors of performance and retention among first year cadets at the USMA. Based on past research and theory, we expected that both hardiness and grit would predict unique variance in performance and retention even after controlling for past performance as measured by the Whole Candidate Score. Results of regression analyses revealed that hardiness and grit predicted unique variance in first year retention, but only hardiness predicted first year performance at USMA. These findings suggest that hardiness assessment and training may prove valuable in enhancing performance and retention within military training environments.
Divergence of Cholesteric Pitch near a Smectic-A Transition

We have measured the detailed temperature dependence of the cholesteric pitch in cholesteryl nonanoate near the smectic-$A$ transition. The data show a power-law behavior with an exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.675\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.025$, in agreement with theoretical prediction and with elastic-constant measurements in nematics.
Uniqueness of the group operation on the lattice of order-automorphisms of the real line

A(R) is the lattice-ordered group (l-group) of all order-automorphisms of the real lineR, with the usual pointwise order and “of course” with composition as the group operation. In fact, what other choices are there for a group operation having the same identity that would give anl-group? Composition in the reverse order would work. But there are no other choices — the group operation can be recognized in the lattice. Several classes of abelianl-groups having a unique group operation have been found by Conrad and Darnel, but this is the first non-abelian example having the minimum of two group operations. “Conversely”, Holland has shown that for the groupA(R) under composition, the only lattice orderings yielding anl-group are the pointwise order and its dual. These results also hold for the rational lineQ.
Oligomeric Structure of the Chemokine CCL5/RANTES from NMR, MS, and SAXS Data.

Summary CCL5 (RANTES) is a proinflammatory chemokine known to activate leukocytes through its receptor, CCR5. Although the monomeric form of CCL5 is sufficient to cause cell migration in vitro, CCL5's propensity for aggregation is essential for migration in vivo, T cell activation and apoptosis, and HIV entry into cells. However, there is currently no structural information on CCL5 oligomers larger than the canonical CC chemokine dimer. In this study the solution structure of a CCL5 oligomer was investigated using an integrated approach, including NMR residual dipolar couplings to determine allowed relative orientations of the component monomers, SAXS to restrict overall shape, and hydroxyl radical footprinting and NMR cross-saturation experiments to identify interface residues. The resulting model of the CCL5 oligomer provides a basis for explaining the disaggregating effect of E66 and E26 mutations and suggests mechanisms by which glycosaminoglycan binding may promote oligomer formation and facilitate cell migration in vivo.
Hydroxyl Radical Substitution in Halogenated Carbonyls: Oxalic Acid Formation

An ab initio study of OH radical substitution reactions in halogenated carbonyls is conducted. Hydroxyl radical substitution into oxalyl dichloride [ClC(O)C(O)Cl] and oxalyl dibromide [BrC(O)C(O)Br], resulting in the formation of oxalic acid, is presented. Analogous substitution reactions in formyl chloride [ClCH(O)], acetyl chloride [ClC(O)CH(3)], formyl bromide [BrCH(O)], and acetyl bromide [BrC(O)CH(3)] are considered. Energetics of competing hydrogen abstraction reactions for all applicable species are computed for comparison. Geometry optimizations and frequency computations are performed using the second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and the 6-31G(d) basis set for all minimum species and transition states. Single point energy computations are performed using fourth-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP4) and coupled cluster theory [CCSD(T)]. Potential energy surfaces, including activation energies and enthalpies, are determined from the computations. These potential energy surfaces show that OH substitution into ClC(O)C(O)Cl and BrC(O)C(O)Br, resulting in the formation of oxalic acid and other minor products, is energetically favorable. Energetics of analogous reactions with ClCH(O), BrCH(O), ClC(O)CH(3), and BrC(O)CH(3) are also computed.
Voltage Dependence and Time Dependence of Contraction in Sheep Cardiac Purkinje Fibers

Contractile behavior of the sheep cardiac Purkinje fiber was examined under voltage-clamp conditions in Tyrode's solution. For square depolarizing clamps to a given voltage, peak twitch tension depended on clamp duration if the duration was less than 80 to 90 msec, but measurable contractions could be obtained following 2-msec square clamps. Time to peak tension at 37°C remained constant as clamp duration was shortened. Twitch tension also depended on clamp voltage. The voltage at which tension was first seen, the position of the voltage-tension curve on the voltage axis, and the shape of the curve all were altered by a shift in the steady membrane voltage. After a contraction, recovery of the contractile system was voltage-dependent; recovery was complete in approximately 2 seconds if the muscle was repolarized to potentials more negative than -75 mv, and no recovery was found at potentials more positive than -20 mv. Step changes of voltage to potentials just below tension threshold rapidly inactivated the contractile mechanism without development of tension. These results show a voltage dependence and time dependence of the contractile mechanism which may be of considerable importance to understanding excitation-contraction coupling.
Histochemical and physiological properties of Rana temporaria tibialis anterior and lumbricalis IV muscle fibres.

Histochemical analysis was used to study the relationship betweenRana temporaria tibialis anterior and lumbricalis IV fibre cross-sectional areas and concentrations of myosin ATPase and NADH reductase. Both tonic and twitch fibre types were histochemically identified in each muscle and the twitch fibres were subgrouped into types 1, 2, and 3. Fibres that had the largest cross-sectional areas were identified as the fibres which contained the highest myosin ATPase activity and the lowest NADH reductase activity (type 1 fibres). However, this relationship was more pronounced in the tibialis anterior muscle. In addition, single fibres from both muscles were isolated and injected with Ca2+ indicator aequorin. The fibres isolated from the tibialis anterior muscle were those with the largest cross-sectional areas relative to other fibres within a given muscle. The force responses and Ca2+ transients recorded from this group of single fibres were found to be fairly uniform, which may suggest that a single type of fibre was isolated. In contrast, the physiological properties of isolated lumbricalis IV fibres were highly variable and thus represented the responses of more than one fibre type.
Treatment on a severe bird phobia by participant modeling

Abstract The use of participant mod.ling in the treatment of a bird phobia of 18 years' duration is described. The case illustrates how self-directed performance and naturally occuring situations were included to enhance the generality of the treatment effect. A one year follow-up indicated that the improvement was maintained. Failure to recognize the role of participant modeling in other case reports is discussed.
IMAGINING COURTLY COMMUNITIES: AN EXPLORATION OF CLASSIC MAYA EXPERIENCES OF STATUS AND IDENTITY THROUGH PAINTED CERAMIC VESSELS

Painted ceramic vessels of the Late Classic Maya, depicting scenes of the royal court, provide an entry into understanding the courtly community as an institution built on relationships and embodied through lived practice. By examining these ceramics both as circulating objects, representing the materialized form of courtly values, and as vehicles for imagery that conveys idealized representations of the court hierarchy and how it was enacted, archaeologists may more profoundly integrate material and iconographic investigations. Assertions of identity and status are examined through the ways in which they are “contained” by these decorated vessels and emerge as characterized by a series of simultaneous unifications and oppositions. A focus on bodily behaviors and interactions, and the ways in which objects played courtly roles in their own right, yields an animated understanding of a dynamic court and a larger perspective on the enactment of identity and difference in Classic Maya contexts.
Emerging organizations' characteristics as predictors of human capital employment mode : a theoretical perspective

Entrepreneurship is important to capitalistic economies, and in management studies. Additionally, organizations recognize that human resources are imperative to survival. Although human resources is an important field, sparse theory has been applied to human resources in emerging organizations. Recognizing that emerging organizations are different from established organizations, we expand prior work in human resources and emerging organizations to introduce a human resource architecture of emerging organizations. We introduce a model for the employment mode of emerging organizations based on intentionality, resources, boundary, and exchange. We present propositions drawn from our theory, and conclude with implications and suggestions for research.