cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An event-driven service oriented architecture for Space Command and Control decision making

Many sophisticated technologies and solutions exist or are being developed to address topics such as sensor data modeling, data fusion, and threat processing. To make an operational impact, however, these technologies and solutions must be linked to the relevant data sources and tailored to the operator needs in the Space Command and Control and Space Situational Awareness mission areas. Therefore we propose a holistic, mission-driven approach for data integration, with three key tenets to address industry challenges: • Net-Centric data exposure and access through well-defined SOA web service interfaces • Push-pull data integration based on an Event-Driven Architecture • Augmented data understanding through mission-driven capability analysis The centerpiece of the framework is an Event-Driven Data Integration Environment (EDDIE) that serves as a broker between mission-specific data needs and various data providers. Leveraging the emerging Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) and Complex Event Processing (CEP) technologies, this layer provides a combination of on-demand “pull” of relevant information by an end user and the event-driven “push” of time-sensitive information to support decision making. Architecturally, this loosely-coupled framework is based on Net-Centric tenets and industry/DoD standards, allowing new tools and data sources to be ingested and evolve over time. The results of the event driven architecture framework enable the required C2 performance thresholds and objectives as well as a repeatable integration structure.
Bumping strategies for the multiagent agreement problem

We introduce the Multiagent Agreement Problem (MAP) to represent a class of multiagent scheduling problems. MAP is based on the Distributed Constraint Reasoning (DCR) paradigm and requires agents to choose values for variables to satisfy not only their own constraints, but also equality constraints with other agents. The goal is to represent problems in which agents must agree on scheduling decisions, for example, to agree on the start time of a meeting. We investigate a challenging class of MAP - private, incremental MAP (piMAP) in which agents do incremental scheduling of activities and there exist privacy restrictions on information exchange. We investigate a range of strategies for piMAP, called "bumping" strategies. We empirically evaluate these strategies in the domain of calendar management where a personal assistant agent must schedule meetings on behalf of its human user. Our results show that bumping decisions based on scheduling difficulty models of other agents can significantly improve performance over simpler bumping strategies.
Anomalous electrical behaviour of polymer-carbon composites as a function of temperature

In the field of electromagnetic interference, there has been great interest in finding a lightweight and conductive shielding material. In this composite study, several carbon blacks and PAN carbon fibres were added to amorphous (polystyrene) and crystalline (polyethylene) polymer matrices. This effort sought to examine the electrical conduction mechanisms and the effects of temperature and processing conditions on the electrical conductivity of polymer-carbon composites. To this end, conductivity experiments were conducted in isothermal, cycled, and annealing temperature conditions.
Enhanced Voronoi diagram method for segmentation of partially overlapped thin objects

A new clustering technique is developed for segmentation of partially overlapped thin objects. The technique is based on an enhanced Voronoi diagram which partitions random data into clusters where intra-class members possess features of close similarity. An important aspect of this study consists of introducing predicting directional vectors, reminiscent of the first and second principal components, in order to achieve better partitioning of data clusters. Computer implementations of this new partitioning scheme illustrate superior partitioning performance over the standard Voronoi approach. It is shown that the new scheme minimizes the error in data classification. A mathematical framework is provided in support of this new clustering method. Experimental results on partitioning glass fibers are presented to illustrate application of the technique to object segmentation.
Microstructure evolution in density relaxation by tapping

The density relaxation phenomenon is modeled using both Monte Carlo and discrete element simulations to investigate the effects of regular taps applied to a vessel having a planar floor filled with monodisperse spheres. Results suggest the existence of a critical tap intensity which produces a maximum bulk solids fraction. We find that the mechanism responsible for the relaxation phenomenon is an evolving ordered packing structure propagating upwards from the plane floor.
The Tilting Instability with Buoyant Forcing in a Two-Dimensional Viscous Fluid

Abstract The tilting instability is an instability of a two-dimensional fluid that transforms convective motion into shear flow. As a generalization of previous analytical work on the tilting instability in an ideal fluid, the authors investigate the instability with thermal buoyancy included as a source supporting convection against viscous dissipation. The results show two distinct instabilities: for large Rayleigh numbers, the instability is similar to the tilting instability in an inviscid fluid; for small Rayleigh numbers, it resembles a dissipative (i.e., viscous) instability driven by thermal buoyancy. This paper presents a linear stability analysis together with numerical solutions describing the nonlinear evolution of the flow for both types of instabilities. It is shown that the tilting instability develops for values of the aspect ratio (the ratio of the horizontal spatial scale to the vertical scale) that are less than unity. In the case of an ideal fluid, the instability completely transforms...
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ and Ligands Inhibit Surfactant Protein B Gene Expression in the Lung

Abstract Pulmonary nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (Clara cells) and alveolar type II (AT II) epithelial cells are responsible for surfactant synthesis and secretion. These cells are highly lipogenic with a high lipid turnover rate. Although only 10% of surfactant lipids are neutral lipids, they play very important roles in maintaining pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. Many metabolic intermediate products of neutral lipids serve as ligands for various nuclear receptors that bind to target genes to influence gene transcription. In this report, the functional role of the neutral lipid metabolites, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 and 9-hydroxyoctadecanoic acids, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was evaluated in surfactant protein B gene regulation. These reagents down-regulated surfactant protein B gene expression in respiratory epithelial cells at the transcriptional level in both cell line and whole lung explant systems. The studies support the concept that surfactant protein B homeostasis is influenced by neutral lipid metabolites in the lung.
Cervical spine clearance in the obtunded patient: it takes more than a simple CT.

A basic assumption of caring for multi-injured patients is that all patients are suspected of having a cervical spine injury until proven otherwise. It is known that 2% to 4% of all blunt trauma injury patients have a cervical spine injury. Missed or delayed diagnosis of cervical spine injury occurs in 4% to 8% of patients of whom 70% have altered levels of consciousness. When these missed diagnoses lead to neurologic sequelae the consequences are devastating with estimates of potential lifetime cost to each patient of up to $2.2 million dollars. In a multicenter study looking at neurologic deterioration from missed spinal injuries the most common etiology was found to be insufficient imaging studies completed (14/24) with the definition of insufficient being that had another study been added the unstable spinal injury would not have been missed as illustrated by the following case study. A 43-year-old female presented to a trauma center after a high-speed MVA, and was evaluated and treated for multiple injuries, including a facial degloving injury and a closed head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale 11). She underwent lateral and anteroposterior cervical spine radiographs and thin-cut CT, both of which were reported as normal and was cleared. Seven days later, she was noted to have progressive weakness of her hands and was unable to walk, even with assistance (ASIA D). Emergency MRI was performed and showed bilateral perched facets at C6C7, with signal change involving the interspinous ligament of C6C7 and associated cord compression. Ghanta performed a retrospective review of 124 trauma patients including 59 unconscious patients and found that 19% had cervical spine injury diagnosed only on MRI. He concluded that plain views and CT may not be adequate for unstable cervical ligamentous and disc injuries in obtunded patients. Although the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma guidelines recommend static flexion extension films and the neurosurgical guidelines recommend dynamic flexion extension films or MRI at the surgeon’s discretion, many surgeons are reluctant to perform these studies for fear of inducing injury and indeed there has been at least one reported case in the literature. Stassen found that 25% of C-spine injuries were missed by CT alone. Diaz looked at patients with traumatic brain injury and found that 45% had ligamentous injury. He concluded that CT demonstrated a poor ability to screen for ligamentous injury. Based on the literature it is my conclusion that in the obtunded patient if the initial CT is negative and the patient is still obtunded at 72 hours an MRI should be obtained. Patients that fit into a high velocity pattern will be defined and this group should have dynamic flexion extension films if the MRI is negative.
Characterization, Quantification, and Bioactivities of Anthocyanins in Cornus Species

Cornus mas, Cornus officinalis, Cornus controversa, and Cornus kousa (Cornaceae) bear edible fruits that are consumed in parts of Europe and Asia. This study undertook the investigation of the presence and levels of anthocyanins in the fruits of these Cornus species by HPLC. The anthocyanins present in Cornelian cherries, C. mas, are delphinidin 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (1), cyanidin 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (2), and pelargonidin 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (3). C. officinalis contains only anthocyanins 1-3, similar to C. mas, but in different proportions. However, C. controversa contains anthocyanins 1-3 among other anthocyanins, but Chinese dogwood, C. kousa, did not contain 1-3. The contents of pure anthocyanins 1, 2, and 3 in 1 kg of fresh fruits of C. mas, C. officinalis, and C. controversa were 280, 1079, and 710 ppm; 11, 77, and 230 ppm; and 600, 1000, and 700 ppm, respectively. In cyclooxygenase (COX)-I and -II enzyme inhibitory assays, anthocyanins 1-3 (all 40 microM) showed activities of 9.2 and 11.7%; 7.6 and 12.4%; and 5.3 and 7.8%, respectively, compared to Naproxen (54.3 and 41.3%; 10 microM), ibuprofen (47.5 and 39.8%; 10 microM), Celebrex (46.2 and 66.3%; 1.67 ppm), and Vioxx (23.8 and 88.1%, 1.67 ppm). In the antioxidant assay, anthocyanins 1-3 (all 40 microM) showed activities of 70.2, 60.1, and 40.3%, respectively. At 10 microM concentration, commercial synthetic antioxidants tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and vitamin E gave 83.2, 79.7, 82.1, and 10.2% of antioxidant activity, respectively.
Reactions of sulfides with S‐330, a potential decontaminant of sulfur mustard in formulations

Because the vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) remains a major chemical threat from either domestic terrorists or countries in conflict, topical preparations are being evaluated as protectants from HD exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chloroamide S-330 as a potential reactive component in topical formulations. Therefore, the rate, mechanism and by-products of the oxidation reactions of sulfides by S-330 in solvent media or specific formulation vehicles were investigated. Using NMR, LC, LC-MS and GC-MS, the reactions of S-330 with HD, dibutyl sulfide (DBS) and methyl phenyl sulfide (MPS) were studied in acetonitrile, chloroform and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oil. The oxidation of the three sulfides with S-330 was very rapid and completed in <4 min in acetonitrile-water or PFPE oil, but the rates of reaction in chloroform were significantly slower. In a large excess of S-330, the major products resulted from chlorination of the side chains. At a high HD/S-330 ratio, the major product was HD sulfoxide. Under both conditions, only a trace of HD sulfone, also a blistering agent, was observed. Reactions with DBS and MPS primarily gave sulfoxides and sulfones, with less side-chain chlorination. The chloroamide S-330 appeared to be a rapid and effective decontaminant of HD in either polar media or in a PFPE oil. The two alkyl and aryl sulfides are suitable simulants of HD for the initial screening and evaluation of S-330 or other similar oxidizing agents.
Lagrangian statistics in turbulent channel flow

Abstract Lagrangian statistics have been obtained from large eddy simulations of fully developed turbulent channel flow. Calculations were performed at Reynolds numbers of 3200 and 21,900 (based on centerline velocity and channel half-width); statistics of the Eulerian velocity field are in good agreement with both direct numerical simulation data and experimental measurements. Single-particle Lagrangian velocity autocorrelations and particle mean-square dispersion were obtained from trajectories measured for 5000 fluid elements initially in either the viscous sublayer, buffer layer, or logarithmic region. The Lagrangian velocity autocorrelation of particles initially located in the log region decreases less rapidly than for particles initially in the buffer layer, which in turn decreases more slowly than for particles initially in the viscous sublayer. The ratio of the Lagrangian to Eulerian integral timescales were found to be proportional to the inverse of the turbulence intensity, in agreement with theoretical predictions and atmospheric measurements. Growth of particle mean-square dispersion at long diffusion times is proportional to time and in agreement with theory (with the exception of the surface-normal coordinate in which the presence of the channel wall limits dispersion). However, extremely long transport times are required to achieve the asymptotic state for the dispersion.
The tensile strength of ice as a function of grain size

Abstract Tensile experiments on equiaxed and randomly oriented polycrystalline ice have established that the fracture strength, σf, decreases with increasing grain size, d, at least for aggregates slowly strained (10−6 s−1) at high temperatures (− 10°C or 0.96 Tm). The functional relationship is of the Hall Petch form: σ f = σ i + kd − 1 2 where σi and k are experimental constants. Analysis suggests that the strength is controlled by the propagation in a brittle manner of microcracks nucleated through dislocation pile-ups at grain boundaries.
Evaluation of temporal, spatial, and tillage-induced variability for parameterization of soil infiltration

Model simulation of water and chemical transport requires information on soil hydraulic properties. Recently, independent parameterization methods have been developed to characterize soil type, tillage, temporal and spatial effects of soils. This study determines the relative magnitude of tillage-induced, temporal (yearly and seasonal), and spatial (within fields and between rows) variability in a combined analysis of soil infiltration in an agricultural field and evaluates the appropriateness of various parameterization scenarios. Infiltration measurements were obtained in the row and interrow position under plow-tilled and ridge-tilled corn (Zea mays L.) in four replicates on multiple dates in a wetter (1990) and dryer year (1991). Measurements exhibited significant temporal variability within a growing season, especially in a dry year under plow till when soil cracking resulted in higher infiltration. Position with respect to the row was the most significant source of variability under ridge till, but not under plow till. Row and interrow differences in a ridge-tilled soil are the result of dense soil and lack of disturbance in the interrow. Yearly variations and field variability were relatively low. Differences between tillage practices were primarily expressed in variable susceptibility to spatial and temporal variation. Adequate parameterization of soil infiltration on agricultural fields requires recognition of various sources of variability under different tillage management systems, weather and climatic conditions, and soil types. High intrinsic variability of soil infiltration must be accounted for through increased sampling (e.g. duplicate measurements) and the use of stochastic methods.
Risk assessment of safety violations for coal mines

This article presents an application of a risk assessment approach in characterising the risks associated with safety violations in underground bituminous mines in Pennsylvania using the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) citation database. The MSHA database on citations provides an opportunity to assess risks in mines through scrutiny of violations of mandatory safety standards. In this study, quantitative risk assessment is performed, which allows determination of the frequency of occurrence of safety violations (through associated citations) as well as the consequences of them in terms of penalty assessments. Focus is on establishing risk matrices on citation experiences of mines, which can give early indication of emerging potentially serious problems. The resulting frequency, consequence and risk rankings present valuable tools for prioritising resource allocations, determining control strategies, and could potentially contribute to more proactive prevention of incidents and injuries.
A comparison of questionnaire and self-monitored reports of alcohol intake in a nonalcoholic population.

Abstract Alcohol use assessment research focused in the past on alcoholic populations, making generalization of similar procedures to non-alcoholic samples questionable at best. In the present study, questionnaire and self-monitoring approaches were employed to measure alcohol consumption in a college student sample. Comparison of the two methods, with each other and with subjects' retrospective estimates of drinking, revealed considerable discrepancies. Implications of these findings are discussed with emphasis on research to determine and improve the validity of measurement of drinking behavior in non-alcoholics.
Context as Support for Learning Computer Organization

The ubiquity of personal computational devices in the lives of today's students presents a meaningful context for courses in computer organization beyond the general-purpose or imaginary processors routinely used. This article presents results of a comparative study examining student performance in a conventional organization course and in one that has been contextualized using a personal gaming platform as the pedagogical architecture. We find minimal differences in student learning but significant motivation and engagement gains for those in the contextualized course.
Incidence, patient satisfaction, and perceptions of post-surgical pain: results from a US national survey

During the past two decades, professional associations, accrediting bodies, and payors have made post-surgical pain treatment a high priority. In light of the disappointing findings in previous sur...
A method in discrete frame optimization and its outlook

Abstract The rigid frame design problem is formulated as a discrete optimization problem using minimum weight as criterion. A new technique called complex-simplex method is proposed as the method of solution. Published examples are used to test the performances of the method, good results are obtained. Future projections and research directions in this subject area are discussed.
Probabilistic component mode synthesis of nondeterministic substructures

Standard methods of structural dynamic analysis assume that the structural characteristics are deterministic. Recognizing that these characteristics are actually statistical in nature, researchers have recently developed a variety of methods that use this information to determine probabilities of a desired response characteristic, such as natural frequency, without using expensive Monte Carlo simulations. One of the problems in these methods is correctly identifying the statistical properties of primitive variables such as geometry, stiffness, and mass. We present a method where the measured dynamic properties of substructures are used instead as the random variables. The residual flexibility method of component mode synthesis is combined with the probabilistic methods to determine the cumulative distribution function of the system eigenvalues. A simple cantilever beam test problem is presented that illustrates the theory.
Cyclic resistive switching effect in plasma electrolytically oxidized mesoporous Pt/TiO2 structures

Abstract Understanding the resistive switching phenomenon in metal oxide semiconductors is necessary in producing reliable resistive random access memory and other variable resistance devices. An alternative technique for fabricating resistive switching elements is presented. Using plasma electrolytic oxidation, 10–11 μ m thick oxide layers were galvanostatically grown on Ti substrates in a 3 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Analysis of the TiO2 layer by SEM, AFM, and XRD found the mesoporous titania surface to have a high ratio of rutile to anatase phases. The samples demonstrated pinched I–V hysteresis attributed to the resistive switching effect, when subjected to cyclic loading (±2.5, 1.6, 0.7 V; 23–736 μ Hz) at room temperature. Ratio with magnitude of 6 is reported for the resistance switching effect during 1.6 V 368 μ Hz loads.
Pronounced effects of substituents on the iridium-catalyzed borylation of aryl C–H bonds

Iridium trisboryl complexes containing bisphosphine and bipyridine ligands and pinacolate and catecholate substituents on boron are reported. A large difference in reactivity towards the borylation of C–H bonds is observed for this series of trisboryl complexes, and this difference is attributed to the electron-donating properties of the pinacolate vs.catecholate groups, and the steric and electronic properties of bipyridinevs.bisphosphine ligands.
Modeling the high frequency demand for energy

Abstract This paper looks at the nature and length of the impact that prices and economic activity have on the demand for motor gasoline and distillate fuel oil in the United States. A general approach is presented and implemented to aid any energy analyst in gaining insights into the modeling activity. The results suggest that price changes affect the quantity of motor gasoline and distillate fuel oil demanded for as long as two years after an initial change, while changing personal income has an impact for about a year.
Gag Induces the Coalescence of Clustered Lipid Rafts and Tetraspanin-Enriched Microdomains at HIV-1 Assembly Sites on the Plasma Membrane

The HIV-1 structural protein Gag associates with two types of plasma membrane microdomains, lipid rafts and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs), both of which have been proposed to be platforms for HIV-1 assembly. However, a variety of studies have demonstrated that lipid rafts and TEMs are distinct microdomains in the absence of HIV-1 infection. To measure the impact of Gag on microdomain behaviors, we took advantage of two assays: an antibody-mediated copatching assay and a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that measures the clustering of microdomain markers in live cells without antibody-mediated patching. We found that lipid rafts and TEMs copatched and clustered to a greater extent in the presence of membrane-bound Gag in both assays, suggesting that Gag induces the coalescence of lipid rafts and TEMs. Substitutions in membrane binding motifs of Gag revealed that, while Gag membrane binding is necessary to induce coalescence of lipid rafts and TEMs, either acylation of Gag or binding of phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate is sufficient. Finally, a Gag derivative that is defective in inducing membrane curvature appeared less able to induce lipid raft and TEM coalescence. A higher-resolution analysis of assembly sites by correlative fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy showed that coalescence of clustered lipid rafts and TEMs occurs predominantly at completed cell surface virus-like particles, whereas a transmembrane raft marker protein appeared to associate with punctate Gag fluorescence even in the absence of cell surface particles. Together, these results suggest that different membrane microdomain components are recruited in a stepwise manner during assembly.
Nonequilibrium dynamic phases and plastic flow of driven vortex lattices in superconductors with periodic arrays of pinning sites

We present results from an extensive series of simulations and analytical work on driven vortex lattices interacting with periodic arrays of pinning sites. An extremely rich variety of dynamical plastic flow phases, very distinct from those observed in random arrays, are found as a function of an applied driving force. Signatures of the transitions between these different dynamical phases appear as very pronounced jumps and dips in striking voltage-current $V(I)$ curves that exhibit hysteresis, reentrant behavior, and negative differential conductivity. By monitoring the moving vortex lattice, we show that these features coincide with pronounced changes in the microscopic structure and transport behavior of the driven lattice. For the case when the number of vortices is greater than the number of pinning sites, the plastic flow regimes include a one-dimensional (1D) interstitial flow of vortices between the rows of pinned vortices, a disordered flow regime where 2D pin-to-pin and winding interstitial motion of vortices occurs, and a 1D incommensurate flow regime where vortex motion is confined along the pinning rows. In the last case, flux-line channels with an incommensurate number of vortices contain mobile flux discommensurations or ``flux solitons,'' and commensurate channels remain pinned. At high driving forces, the 1D incommensurate paths of moving vortices persist with the entire vortex lattice flowing. In this regime, the incommensurate channels move at a higher velocity than the commensurate ones, causing incommensurate and commensurate rows of moving vortices to slide past one another. Thus there is no recrystallization at large driving forces. Moreover, these phases cannot be described by elastic theories. Different system parameters produce other phases, including an ordered channel flow regime, where a small number of vortices are pinned and the rest of the lattice flows through the interstitial regions, and a vacancy flow regime, which occurs when the number of vortices is less than the number of pinning sites. We also find a striking reentrant disordered-motion regime in which the vortex lattice undergoes a series of order-disorder transitions that display unusual hysteresis properties. By varying a wide range of values for the microscopic pinning parameters, including pinning strength, radius, density, and the degree of ordering, as well as varying the commensurability of the vortex lattice with its pinning substrate, we obtain a series of interesting dynamic phase diagrams that outline the onset of the different dynamical phases. We show that many of these phases and the phase boundaries can be well understood in terms of analytical arguments.
A behavioral treatment of sleepwalking associated with test anxiety

Abstract A man with a 9-yr history of sleepwalking had prepared to fire a shotgun at “burglars” during his most recent sleepwalking episode. Apparently, this was related to anxiety because of an upcoming bar examination. The use of a loud, aversive whistle by his wife each time he began sleepwalking resulted in cessation of the sleepwalking in 3 weeks. Systematic desensitization using a seven-item hierarchy was employed for 10 sessions (5 weeks) to deal with the test anxiety. Follow-up at 1 yr indicated that recovery had persisted, with no symptom substitution.
Railroads and the Equity Receivership: An Essay on Institutional Change

“Mr. Jay Gould doth at this hour bestride the narrow Wall Street like a colossus. He is indeed the Autolycus of the western world. No pickpocket, either ancient or modern, has been more successful.” Such florid mixing of metaphors, even in the late Victorian era of railroad chaos, was rare for the financial editor of the staid London Railway Times. He had just read the plan by which the arch “robber baron” proposed to reorganize the wobbly, poorly integrated and ill-financed Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway that Gould had sought to build out of at least two dozen railroads between Kansas City and Detroit. The editor's indignation a few weeks earlier is not recorded, but it was doubtless monumental, for on May 28, 1884 Gould had successfully sent his lieutenants into a United States District Court in St. Louis with a brazen request for appointment of receivers for the Wabash, under a concept of receivership which broke nearly every important precept of this old branch of equity law.
A new treasure in the breast cancer gene hunt

A new potential breast cancer oncogene, ZNF703, has been identified in the chromosomal region 8p12 in humans, which is commonly amplified in an aggressive subtype of breast cancer. ZNF703 is a transcriptional repressor and regulates many genes that are involved in multiple aspects of the cancer phenotype, such as increased proliferation, invasion and an altered balance of progenitor stem cells.
The Moisture Regain of Acetylated Silk Fibroin

Moisture regain measurements have been made at 25° C. and 79.3% relative humidity on non-acetylated and acetylated fibroin.The equilibrium moisture content of acetylated fibroin is slightly lower than that of non-acetylated fibroin and varies with the degree of acetylation.In the case of fibres acetylated by the action of acetic anhydride it is shown that the decrease in moisture content is not attributable to the action of liberated acetic acid.
The effect of unequal group size on Tukey's HSD procedure

A limitation of the Tukey HSD procedure for multiple comparison has been the requirement of equal number of observations for each group. Three approximation techniques have been suggested when the group sizes are unequal. Each of these techniques was empirically analyzed to determine its effect on TypeI error. Two of the considered variables, average group size and differences in group size, caused differing actual probabilities of TypeI error. One of the three techniques (Kramer's) consistently provided actual probabilities in close agreement with corresponding nominal probabilities.
A Newton-Krylov solver for implicit solution of hydrodynamics in core collapse supernovae

This paper describes an implicit approach and nonlinear solver for solution of radiation-hydrodynamic problems in the context of supernovae and proto-neutron star cooling. The robust approach applies Newton-Krylov methods and overcomes the difficulties of discontinuous limiters in the discretized equations and scaling of the equations over wide ranges of physical behavior. We discuss these difficulties, our approach for overcoming them, and numerical results demonstrating accuracy and efficiency of the method.
The association between intracranial tumours and multiple dyschondroplasia (Ollier's disease or Maffucci's syndrome): do children and adults differ?

In Ollier’s disease (OD) and Maffucci’s syndrome (MS), there is deforming dysplasia of cartilage, primarily but not exclusively involving the metaphyses and diaphyses of long bones. In a minority of patients with either of these rare syndromes, dysplasia can lead to sarcomatous degeneration, producing chondrosarcomas. There also appears to be an association with other neoplasms, which can include intracranial tumours. The primary objective of the current paper was to compare children/adolescents who have either OD or MS and an intracranial malignancy with their adult counterparts. All relevant cases in the medical literature were identified by electronically searching PubMed, SciSearch, Scientific Commons, Springer Link, and Google. Translate DotNet and Babelfish were used to translate non-English text. Non-parametric Pearson chi-square analyses were used to compare youths versus adults with respect to gender and geographic distribution (by continent), tumour histology and site of lesion, and the underlying enchondromatosis syndrome (OD vs. MS). All tests were 2-tailed, and P < 0.05 represented a statistically-significant difference. Forty-six patients with 47 intra-cranial malignancies were identified, with nine of the patients being 18 years old or less and categorized as youths. The incidence of intracranial chondrosarcomas peaked in the fourth decade of life, in parallel with the peak number of MS cases; conversely, both non-sarcomas and OD peaked in the third decade of life. Six of nine youths (67%) versus 17 of 36 adults with gender data (47%) were female (P = 0.30). There was no difference in geographic distribution by continent (P = 0.82). Four youths (44%) versus 16 adults (43%) had a chondrosarcoma (P = 0.95), and there was no statistically significant difference by tumour site (P = 0.42). However, seven (77%) of the youths had Ollier’s disease as their underlying enchondromatosis syndrome, versus just 17 (46%) of the adults, a difference that approached statistical significance (P = 0.086). The association between enchondromatosis and intracranial malignancy seems to be roughly the same in youths versus adults, though Ollier’s disease cases appear to predominate among youths.
Recurrent detoxification may elevate alcohol craving as measured by the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking scale

Research has demonstrated a relationship between the number of previous alcohol detoxifications and increased severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) that is hypothesized to be similar to an electrophysiologic "kindling process." Application of a "kindling" model to AWS suggests that neuroadaptation of the central nervous system to repeated detoxifications may also cause neurobehavioral alterations that may affect "craving." This study examined craving as assessed by the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) in 67 adult outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) for alcohol dependence and AWS having either or = 2 previous detoxifications. Results of ANCOVA revealed that patients with > or = 2 previous detoxifications had higher scores on a scale that measures obsessive thoughts about alcohol, drinking urges and behaviors, and a composite of these scores after controlling for alcohol dependence severity, depressive symptoms and number of drinks 2 weeks prior to the study. Findings emphasize the need to address craving and other psychological variables with respect to treatment of AWS.
The effects of serum albumin and phospholipid on sterol exretion in tissue culture cells

Serum albumin was as effective as whole serum or alpha-globulins in facilitating sterol release from strain L mouse fibroblasts. Commercial bovine serum albumin preparations, however, had markedly different absolute effects in this regard. These differences were attributable to the variation in phospholipid content of these products. All but one of these albumins enhanced sterol release when supplemented with phospholipid. The exception was fatty acid-poor albumin which contained an adequate amount of phospholipid. Among the phospholipids examined, lecithin proved to be most effective, while phosphatidylethanolamine had little potentiating influence. As the unsaturation of the test lecithins increased, enhancement of sterol release decreased. The potentiating effect of the phospholipid was in turn dependent on the protein used, since the phenomenon was not observed with non-serum proteins like ovalbumin or with non-transport serum proteins such as gamma-globulins. The results of these studies raise the possibility that serum albumin together with phospholipid can play an important role in sterol release in tissue culture cells.
Social and emotional competence in children with ADHD and/or learning disabilities

Abstract Children with developmental disorders frequently demonstrate serious social competence deficits. The majority of research indicates poor prognosis for later life for these children with significant social competence deficits. This article reviews the social and emotional development of children, with an emphasis on the processes that may be adversely impacted in children with hyperactivity, impulse control deficits, inattention, and/or perceptual deficits. The goal of this article is to encourage theoretically based empirical research that examines the underlying causes of social competence deficits in children so that more specific and targeted interventions can be developed in this area.
Temperature dependence of the conversion loss and response time of InSb mixers

The performance of bulk InSb mixers is investigated, A heterodyne experiment has been performed at 69 GHz with IF's varying from 0.4 to 20 MHz. In this experiment the conversion loss was measured as a function of the intermediate frequency (IF) for ambient temperatures in the range 1.5 to 20°K. The IF at which the conversion loss increased by 3 dB determined the response time. Using an electron temperature model, expressions for the conversion loss and the response time are derived by making a small-signal expansion of an energy balance equation. Good agreement between theory and experiment is shown. In this theory the InSb mixer is viewed as a bolometer mixer. An evaluation of mixer performance, stressing operation at ambient temperatures in the 1.5 to 20°K range, is presented. The available tradeoffs between conversion loss and response time as a function of ambient temperature and applied fields are given. Values as low as 11 dB for the minimum conversion loss can be obtained at 1.5°K, where the maximum useable IF is 1 MHz. To obtain a substantially higher IF, such as 10 MHz, the temperature must be increased to 16°K. However, the optimum conversion loss increases at a rate of 1 dB/°K and is 27 dB at 16°K. It is also shown that the device performance of InSb mixers can be predicted satisfactorily from static I-V characteristics and that the best mixer material can be determined by making simple dc measurements.
Longitudinal Relationships Between Individual and Class Norms Supporting Dating Violence and Perpetration of Dating Violence

Dating violence is commonly perpetrated in adolescence, making it imperative to understand risk factors in order to inform prevention efforts. Although individual norms supporting dating violence are strongly related to its perpetration, few studies have examined their longitudinal impact. Moreover, the influence of class norms (i.e., norms for students in the same grade, cohort, and school) supporting dating violence on perpetration has rarely been studied. The current study examined longitudinal relationships between individual and class norms supporting dating violence and perpetration of physical and psychological dating violence. Participants were two cohorts of sixth graders from 37 schools who were in dating relationships at Wave 1 and 6 months later at Wave 2 (N = 2,022; 43% female; 52% African American, 21% Latino/a, 20% White, and 7% other). The analyses used a multilevel approach, with students represented at Level 1 and classes (n = 74) at Level 2. The models tested direct effects of Wave 1 individual and class norms supporting dating violence on subsequent changes in perpetration of dating violence at Wave 2 and the extent to which gender moderated these relationships. The findings indicated that greater individual norms supporting male dating violence predicted greater change in perpetration of physical and psychological dating violence and greater individual norms supporting female dating violence predicted greater change in perpetration of psychological dating violence. Greater class norms supporting male dating violence predicted greater change in perpetration of physical dating violence; whereas greater class norms supporting female dating violence predicted less change in perpetration of physical dating violence. These findings highlight the need to address norms in early adolescence.
Low-Noise Pulsed Pre-Polarization Magnet Systems for Ultra-Low Field NMR

A liquid cooled, pulsed electromagnet of solenoid configuration suitable for duty in an ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance system has been designed, fabricated and successfully operated. The magnet design minimizes Johnson noise, minimizes the hydrogen signal and incorporates minimal metal and no ferromagnetic materials. In addition, an acoustically quiet cooling system permitting 50% duty cycle operation was achieved by designing for single-phase, laminar flow, forced convection cooling. Winding, conductor splicing and epoxy impregnation techniques were successfully developed to produce a coil winding body with integral cooling passageways and adequate structural integrity. Issues of material compatibility, housing, coolant flow system and heat rejection system design will be discussed. Additionally, this pulsed electromagnet design has been extended to produce a boiling liquid cooled version in a paired solenoid configuration suitable for duty in an ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance system. This pair of liquid nitrogen cooled coils is currently being tested and commissioned. Issues of material compatibility, thermal insulation, thermal contraction, housing and coolant flow design are discussed.
Massive allograft replacement of hemiarticular traumatic defects of the elbow

Four elbow osteoarticular allografts were done for four patients as salvage procedures for unreconstructable elbow fracture malunions. With a mean follow-up of 60 months (range, 12 to 72 months) all elbows were stable, free of pain, and had mean motion of 130 degrees active flexion and 27 degrees of flexion deformity, 67 degrees pronation and 62 degrees supination (preoperative mean: 104 degrees flexion, 42 degrees flexion contracture, 20 degrees pronation, and 34 degrees supination). Complications occurred in two elbows. One had a deep infection necessitating graft removal and subsequent regrafting. The second had an olecranon osteotomy nonunion. Elbow allografting is recommended as a salvage procedure for massive posttraumatic articular defects, bone loss, or malunion when neither arthrodesis nor conventional arthroplasty is indicated.
Novel Gating Mechanism of Polyamine Block in the Strong Inward Rectifier K Channel Kir2.1

Inward rectifying K channels are essential for maintaining resting membrane potential and regulating excitability in many cell types. Previous studies have attributed the rectification properties of strong inward rectifiers such as Kir2.1 to voltage-dependent binding of intracellular polyamines or Mg to the pore (direct open channel block), thereby preventing outward passage of K ions. We have studied interactions between polyamines and the polyamine toxins philanthotoxin and argiotoxin on inward rectification in Kir2.1. We present evidence that high affinity polyamine block is not consistent with direct open channel block, but instead involves polyamines binding to another region of the channel (intrinsic gate) to form a blocking complex that occludes the pore. This interaction defines a novel mechanism of ion channel closure.
Maresins: novel macrophage mediators with potent antiinflammatory and proresolving actions

The endogenous cellular and molecular mechanisms that control acute inflammation and its resolution are of wide interest. Using self-resolving inflammatory exudates and lipidomics, we have identified a new pathway involving biosynthesis of potent antiinflammatory and proresolving mediators from the essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by macrophages (MΦs). During the resolution of mouse peritonitis, exudates accumulated both 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, a known marker of 17S-D series resolvin (Rv) and protectin biosynthesis, and 14S-hydroxydocosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid from endogenous DHA. Addition of either DHA or 14S-hydroperoxydocosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid to activated MΦs converted these substrates to novel dihydroxy-containing products that possessed potent antiinflammatory and proresolving activity with a potency similar to resolvin E1, 5S,12R,18R-trihydroxyeicosa-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-pentaenoic acid, and protectin D1, 10R,17S-dihydroxydocosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid. Stable isotope incorporation, intermediate trapping, and characterization of physical and biological properties of the products demonstrated a novel 14-lipoxygenase pathway, generating bioactive 7,14-dihydroxydocosa-4Z,8,10,12,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid, coined MΦ mediator in resolving inflammation (maresin), which enhances resolution. These findings suggest that maresins and this new metabolome may be involved in some of the beneficial actions of DHA and MΦs in tissue homeostasis, inflammation resolution, wound healing, and host defense.
Response to exercise rehabilitation in smoking and nonsmoking patients with intermittent claudication.

Abstract Background The purpose was to compare the changes in claudication pain, ambulatory function, daily physical activity, peripheral circulation, and health-related quality of life following a program of exercise rehabilitation in smoking and nonsmoking patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) limited by intermittent claudication. Methods and results Thirty-nine smokers (63 ± 4 pack-year smoking history; mean ± SE) and 46 nonsmokers (former smokers who had a 51 ± 7 pack-year smoking history who quit 14 ± 2 years prior to investigation) completed the study. The 6-month exercise rehabilitation program consisted of intermittent treadmill walking to near maximal claudication pain 3 days per week, with progressive increases in walking duration and intensity during the program. Measurements were obtained on each patient before and after rehabilitation. Following exercise rehabilitation the smokers and nonsmokers had similar improvements in these measures, as initial claudication distance increased by 119% in the smokers (P Conclusion Exercise rehabilitation is an effective therapy to improve functional independence in both smoking and nonsmoking patients with PAD limited by intermittent claudication. Therefore, smokers with intermittent claudication are prime candidates for exercise rehabilitation because their relatively low baseline physical function does not impair their ability to regain lost functional independence to levels similar to nonsmoking patients with PAD.