cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Come Back to the Nickel and Five: Tracing the Warren Court's Pursuit of Equal Justice Under Law

Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), presented a constitutional conundrum: How did the Supreme Court justify subjecting an act of the United States government to the demands of the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment, a full ten years before the development of the reverse incorporation doctrine of Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954)? The solution to this problem of premature adjudication explains an extraordinary number of doctrinal wrinkles in contemporary constitutional jurisprudence. The California attorney general who inflamed the anti-Japanese sentiment leading to Korematsu, Earl Warren, later presided as Chief Justice over the rise of a three-pronged consensus that defined civil rights law throughout much of the later twentieth century. First, according to Bolling's reverse incorporation doctrine, fifth amendment due process binds the federal government to equal protection standards that constrain states under the fourteenth amendment. Second, Congress enjoys expansive power under Section 5 of the fourteenth amendment to enforce the substantive guarantees extended by Section 1 of that amendment, particularly due process and equal protection. Third, the expansive power of Congress over interstate commerce, first recognized during the New Deal, includes the power to pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. The Warren Court's civil rights consensus, which may be called the Nickel and Five, would unravel in subsequent decades. The Burger Court sustained all three prongs of its predecessor Court's approach to civil rights. But the issue of race-based affirmative action exposed a fundamental tension between the Nickel of reverse incorporation via fifth amendment due process and the Five of expansive congressional power under Section 5 to define the substantive content of fourteenth amendment due process and equal protection. The revival during the Rehnquist Court of meaningful judicial review of Congress's commerce clause and Section 5 powers has effectively reduced the Warren Court's civil rights legacy to reverse incorporation. The Warren Court's insistence upon judicial equivalence in the review of racial classifications under federal and state law could not coexist with an expansive vision of congressional power over civil rights. The Nickel and Five has collapsed, and with it has fallen Earl Warren's magisterial vision of equal justice under law.
Should physicians participate in state-ordered executions?

To participate in a lethal injection is to occupy the medical role and use medical training for a purpose that is not part of the goals of medicine and that harms the recipient of treatment.
The Solution for the Branching Factor of the Alpha-Beta Pruning Algorithm

This paper analyzes Nn,d, the average number of terminal nodes examined by the α-β pruning algorithm in a uniform game-tree of degree n and depth d for which the terminal values are drawn at random from a continuous distribution. It is shown that Nn,d attains the branching factor ℝα−β(n)=ξn/l-ξn where ξn is the positive root of xn+x-l=0. The quantity ξn/1-ξn has previously been identified as a lower bound for all directional algorithms. Thus, the equality ℝα−β(n)=ξn/1-ξn renders α-β asymptotically optimal over the class of directional, game-searching algorithms.
Passive Transfer of Systemic Tumor Immunity with Cells Generated in Vitro by a Secondary Immune Response to a Syngeneic Rat Gross Virus-Induced Lymphoma

Spleen cells taken from W/Fu rats 4 to 6 weeks after immunization with the syngeneic Gross virus-induced lymphoma, (C58NT)D cells, at a time when they lack detectable activity in a short-term 51 Cr release assay, were previously shown to retain the capacity to generate cytotoxic activity upon reexposure to mitomycin C-treated lymphoma (C58NT)D cells in vitro. In the studies presented here, we evaluated whether in vitro sensitization of immune lymphoid cells before systemic transfer to a nonimmune recipient allows for more effective transfer of tumor immunity. The results show that the passive transfer of immune spleen cells after in vitro cocultivation with mitomycin-treated (C58NT)D cells allows for inhibition of growth of a subcutaneous inoculum of lymphoma cells. In contrast, spleen cells obtained 4 to 6 weeks after primary sensitization or after secondary in vivo sensitization did not effectively confer anti-tumor immunity. As few as 5 × 10 7 in vitro sensitized cells permitted complete inhibition of 10 6 (C58NT)D cells and also allowed for inhibition of the growth of 10 7 (C58NT)D-F cells, which was lethal to control animals. Immune cells sensitized with syngeneic thymocytes or normal spleen cells sensitized with (C58NT)D cells in vitro did not confer in vivo anti-tumor immunity. After systemic transfer of in vitro sensitized cells, delayed hypersensitivity occurred at the site of tumor inoculation and tumor growth was suppressed. Specificity of the passive immunity was shown by the failure to inhibit growth of a polyoma virus-induced sarcoma in rats which inhibited growth of the Gross virus-induced lymphoma cells. In vitro sensitized cells were more effective in the transfer of anti-tumor protection after 5 days, as compared to 2 days, of cocultivation with tumor. Results show that in vitro sensitized cells can effectively transfer systemic tumor immunity.
Fluorine: Inorganic Chemistry

This article provides an overview of the extensive and diverse inorganic chemistry of fluorine. Key topics are covered, such as the methods used for the formation of element–fluorine bonds with hydrogen fluoride and elemental fluorine. The article includes a general description of the structure and bonding of common fluorine compounds and the various spectroscopic techniques for their characterization. More specific details are provided for the fluoride compounds of boron, and the groups 14–17 elements. New topics such as the means by which carbon–fluorine bonds may be broken and the fluorination of carbon-based materials such as fullerenes and nanotubes are included in the appropriate sections. Keywords: fluorination; metal fluoride; materials; NMR
Building Awareness and Commitment of Middle School Students Through Literacy Tutoring

This study examined how to propel the independent learning process of young adults through the development of learning awareness and personal commitment to improvements in reading. Preservice middle and secondary teachers enrolled in an undergraduate literacy course provided one-on-one tutoring for seventh-grade struggling readers from an urban school district. Using literature chosen by the adolescents, the tutors employed literacy strategies they learned in class to develop and improve the adolescents' literacy skills. This project provides some initial support for the conclusion that tutoring programs that have choice, control, flexibility, and an emphasis on building relationships can help adolescents develop an awareness of their own literacy learning and foster persistence and commitment in learning more. The adolescents expressed awareness that tutoring contributed to improvement in their reading and their performance in content area classes. The majority stated that they wanted to continue in the program the next school year. It is possible that student choice may be a significant factor in adolescents' participation in such a program. The instructional delivery of learning how to be better readers by reading something of choice and interest could also have been a factor in the success of the program.
Frequency domain interferometry: A high resolution radar technique for studies of atmospheric turbulence

A new radar technique suitable for high resolution studies of narrow scattering layers in the atmosphere is introduced. The positions of the layers within the radar scattering volume are deduced from the phase differences between radar returns at two distinct transmitter frequencies. Initial mesospheric observations demonstrate the applicability of the technique, and show that the scattering layers are often a few hundred meters thick and widely separated in the mesosphere. Their vertical motions are generally consistent with vertical Doppler velocity estimates.
Comparison of doubly-excited helium energy levels, isoelectronic series, autoionization lifetimes, and group-theoretical configuration-mixing predictions with large-configuration-interaction calculations and experimental spectra

For comparison with our recent group-theoretical predictions of configuration-mixing coefficients, we report extensive configuration-interaction calculations for doubly excited states in the helium isoelectronic sequence below the $N=2$ ($S, P, D$ states), $N=3$ ($S, P, D, F, G$ states), $N=4$ ($S, P, D$ states), and $N=5$ ($^{1}P^{\mathrm{o}}$ states) ionization thresholds. Two new quantum numbers label the Rydberg series, and are used to predict three "selection rules" for dipole excitation and autoionization processes which agree with experiment. New autoionization widths are reported for the helium states and confirm our group-theoretically predicted selection rules. Our width of 0.151 eV for the $^{1}P^{\mathrm{o}}$ state at 62.92 eV is in agreement with the recent experimental value 0.132 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.014 eV. Calculations of helium energies and autoionization widths are strongly affected by "avoided crossings" of the doubly excited states as $Z$ is varied continuously. The new quantum numbers project out states in ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ which correspond to observed $^{1}P^{\mathrm{o}}$ shape resonances above the $N=2 \mathrm{and} 3$ ionization thresholds.
Transforming the annual fiasco

The annual fiasco of the performance review continues in many organisations despite evidence that it has the potential to be one of the most effective management tools in the entire executive toolkit. Senior executives in many countries indicate that they regard the performance review (particularly the part where they are required to have an open and honest dialogue with the people who report to them) as one of the most difficult things they are required to do. Perhaps that is why so many do not do it at all! While the number of organisations that utilise their performance review programmes is increasing, a virtually useless version of form filling‐in and filing that has become the annual fiasco of so‐called performance review continues in many organisations. The message is clear. People make the difference and the successful enterprises of the current decade will have an integrated performance management programme that effectively links corporate strategy and individual performance.
Allergy and automobile pollution: experiments on humans

L'augmentation des manifestations allergiques des voies respiratoires a ete attribuee aux particules provenant de la combustion des materiaux fossiles. Nous avons recherche par etudes sur l'homme a preciser les effets des particules de combustion du diesel (DEP) et des substances chimiques qu'il contient sur l'inflammation allergique. Nous avons montre qu'a la suite de l'exposition nasale des sujets, le DEP peut augmenter la production muqueuse d'IgE et induire une reponse inflammatoire caracterisee par un afflux cellulaire et une production accrue de chemokines et de cytokines dans la muqueuse nasale. Associe a un allergene le DEP peut accroitre la production antigenique locale d'IgE et entrainer in vivo une commutation isotypique de l'IgE. Ces resultats peuvent etre reproduits par le phenanthrene, important hydrocarbure polyaromatique present dans le DEP. La synergie de faibles doses d'allergene avec le DEP induit une secretion d'IL4 par des cellules CD117+ de la muqueuse nasale, deviant ainsi la reponse ulterieure vers le type Th2. En plus, elles peuvent s'associer a un nouvel antigene pour creer une sensibilisation primaire. Un mecanisme potentiel de ces effets est le renforcement du role des macrophages comme cellules presentatrices d'antigene. Ainsi, le DEP peut intervenir comme adjuvant muqueux aux niveaux cellulaire et moleculaire et causer a la fois la sensibilisation allergique et les poussees.
Programmed cell death in the root cortex of soybean root necrosis mutants

The soybean root necrosis (rn) mutation causes a progressive browning of the root soon after germination that is associated with accumulation of phytoalexins and pathogenesis-related proteins and an increased tolerance to root-borne infection by the fungal pathogen, Phytophthora sojae. Grafting and decapitation experiments indicate that the rn phenotype is root-autonomous at the macroscopic level. However, the onset and severity of browning was modulated in intact plants by exposure to light, as was the extent of lateral root formation, suggesting that both lateral roots and the rn phenotype could be directly or indirectly controlled by similar shoot-derived factors. Browning first occurs in differentiated inner cortical cells adjacent to the stele and is preceded by a wave of autofluorescence that emanates from cortical cells opposite the xylem poles and spreads across the cortex. Before any visible changes in autofluorescence or browning, fragmented DNA was detected by TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling) in small clusters of inner cortical cells that subsequently could be distinguished cytologically from neighboring cells throughout rn root development. Inner cortical cells overlying lateral root primordia in either Rn or rn plants also were stained by TUNEL. Features commonly observed in animal cell apoptosis were confirmed by electron microscopy but, surprisingly, cells with a necrotic morphology were detected alongside apoptotic cells in the cortex of rn roots when TUNEL-positive cells were first observed. The two morphologies may represent different stages of a common pathway for programmed cell death (pcd) in plant roots, or two separate pathways of pcd could be involved. The phenotype of rn plants suggests that the Rn gene could either negatively regulate cortical cell death or be required for cortical cell survival. The possibility of a mechanistic link between cortical cell death in rn plants and during lateral root emergence is discussed.
Asymptotic bounds for solutions to a system of damped integrodifferential equations of electromagnetic theory

Abstract : For the system of damped integrodifferential equations which govern the evolution of the electric induction field in a class of rigid holohedral isotropic dielectrics of the type introduced by Toupin and Rivlin, conditions on the memory functions are deduced which imply that the L2 norms of such induction fields are bounded away from zero even as the damping grows in an unbounded manner; explicit lower bounds for the L2 norms of the induction fields in such dielectrics are derived as t increases without limit. (Author)
On the extinction of a colonizing species.

Abstract Stochastic models are used to analyze the colonization or extinction of a population growing on a limit source of food. It is shown that there exists a critical size of the population such that if the initial size of the population is above this level, the population is bound to colonize. On the other hand, if the population size is below this critical size, either extinction takes place with an average time of extinction of the order of the reciprocal of the birth rate per individual for low-density population, or the existence of the population is guaranteed for an immensely long time. The size of the established population if it escapes rapid extinction depends on the amount of food available.
Vibrational spectrum and frequency assignments for 2,2-diaminohexafluoropropane

Abstract The infrared spectra of gaseous 2,2-diaminohexafluoropropane and its N-perdeuterated derivative have been studied in the range 4000–4200 cm−1. A supplementary study of the Raman spectra of the liquids including polarization measurements has been carried out. By comparing the spectra with those of similar molecules it has been possible to suggest an assignment for the frequencies of the normal vibrations of (CF3)2C(NH2)2 observed in the cited range.
Early intervention for female sexual identity disturbance: Self-monitoring of play behavior

This study is the first experimental demonstration of sex-typed play behavior change in a young girl with sexual identity disturbance. The 8-year-old child was treated with a self-monitoring procedure combined with a behavioral prompting technique that was gradually faded out. Self-monitoring in the clinic resulted in a high, stable rate of appropriate sex-typed play, and this effect generalized to a different set of sex-typed toys over time. The treatment effects did not generalize to the home environment. The self-regulation intervention was subsequently adapted to the home setting, resulting in a replication of the treatment effects across settings. After the removal of the self-monitoring interventions, a high level of feminine sex-typed play persisted. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up psychological testing demonstrated a reversal of a pronounced cross-gender identity to a normal female sexual identity.
The poetics and politics of blackness: literature as a site of transnational contestation in Chanakya Sen’s The Morning After and Utpal Dutt’s The Rights of Man

This article explores the role of leftist literary texts in forging transnational black solidarity in India against the grain of nationalist discourse in the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. The first section contextualizes transnational blackness in India by analyzing Chanakya Sen’s The Morning After: A Non-Novel [ (1973), which allows for a critical unpacking of the racial hierarchies of brown over black propagated by Indian postcolonial nationalism. The article goes on to discuss Utpal Dutt’s 1968 Bengali-language play Manusher Adhikare (translated as The Rights of Man, 2009), a theatrical production based on the 1931 Scottsboro trials in Alabama, USA. Dutt’s play fashions a local cultural idiom utilizing indigenous South Asian forms of jatra, or popular theater, to reconceptualize the trial of African American teenagers in Scottsboro in relation to 1960s Black Power movements in the US and Maoist peasant insurgencies in India. Situating these texts by Sen and Dutt within a Marxist milieu complicates st...
Grain-boundary grooving by surface diffusion with strong surface energy anisotropy

Abstract A vertical grain boundary intercepting a horizontal free surface forms a groove to reduce the combined surface energy of the system. The groove grows with time and is commonly used for measuring surface diffusion coefficients. This work studies grooving by capillarity-driven surface diffusion with strong surface energy anisotropy and finds that faceted grooves still grow with time t as t 1/4 . However, an anisotropic groove can be smooth if the groove surface does not cross a facet orientation. The groove has the same shape as the corresponding isotropic groove, but the growth rate is reduced by a factor that depends on the degree of anisotropy. This reduction induces an error in the surface diffusion coefficient if the isotropic model is applied to a smooth, but anisotropic groove. We show how to correct for this error.
Ultrastructure of a potential photoreceptoral organ in the larva of an entoproct

There are no previous ultrastructural studies of a photoreceptoral organ in representatives of the phylum Entoprocta. It has been reported, however, that larvae of some species possess eyespots and that larvae of certain species exhibit phototactic behavior. The larval eyespots of an unidentified member of the family Loxosomatidae were examined by light and electron microscopy to aid in clarifying the potential light-sensitive nature of these structures. The larval eyespots present the following attributes of photoreceptoral organs: a sensory cell with extensive membranous surface formed, in this instance, by numerous modified cilia—the presumed photoreceptor—which have a 9× 2 + 2 axoneme but no arms on the a-microtubules and which are oriented with their long axes perpendicular to the direction of incident illumination; a cup-shaped, subepidermal pigmented cell which provides for directional illumination of the cilia; and a lens cell through which light passes before reaching the suggested receptoral organelles. Comparisons are made between features of the eyespot of the loxosomatid larva and those of previously described photoreceptoral organs in representatives of other phyla.
Electrostatic electrochemistry: Nylon and polyethylene systems

Abstract Electrostatic charges generated on polymer surfaces by contact electrification e.g. polyethylene (PE) contacted with polyamide (Nylon), are capable of carrying out redox reactions. For example, metal ions such as Pd 2+ , Ag + , and Cu 2+ were reduced, leading to a metal film deposition on the polymer, Fe ( CN ) 6 3 - was reduced to Fe ( CN ) 6 4 - , and chemiluminescence was produced. These results reinforce the electron transfer mechanism of contact electrification and the concept of ‘single electrode electrochemistry’ using PE or Nylon (or PTFE) as the source of charge. From the extent of the redox reactions, one estimates charge densities of up to about 10 14 /cm 2 .
Instantaneously captured images using multiwavelength digital holography

We simultaneously capture holograms using multiple wavelengths with a single camera using off-axis holography. Our prototype uses two tunable lasers and the references or local oscillators are configured so that the reconstructed complex signal field at each wavelength fills different quadrants. The technique can be adapted for various applications and could be especially beneficial for 3D reconstruction of moving objects and high resolution imaging.
Weyerhaeuser's Experience: Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Overlays in Kraft Digesters

Abstract Success with hand weld overlays of Type 310 stainless to repair corrosion damage in bottom cones of Kraft digesters at Longview, Wash., induced Weyerhauser to use Type 310 stainless steel to repair complete digester shells of five units in 1956. Automatic welding guns were used with argon gas. At Everett, seven more digesters were overlaid in much the same manner. Type 316 was used for work at Everett because, by the time work was begun, some failures had been noted in the upper parts of the units at Longview. Analysis showed that the original weld material was being diluted by the base metal in the ratio of 1 to 2. In an effort to reduce the amount of dilution experienced, alterations were made in the method of deposit on the upper shell of the final unit at Everett. The gun was tilted 20 degrees to normal to effect greater impingement on preceding beads. Weight of deposit was increased, and rate of feed of argon ^ gas also was increased to effect better shielding. The top four feet of the shell...
Letter: crystallographic data fro lysoxyme from bacteriophage T4

Abstract The lysozyme of bacteriophage T4 has been crystallized in a form suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. The space group is P3121 or enantiomorph, and the cell dimensions are a = b = 61.1 A , c = 96.3 A .
Impact of conformation on the dipole moment of bis-triarylamine derivatives

Abstract The impact of conformation and substitution on the geometric and electronic properties of N , N ′ -bis-( m -tolyl)- N , N ′ -diphenyl-1,1 ′ -biphenyl-4,4 ′ -diamine (TPD) derivatives is evaluated from the results of quantum-mechanical calculations performed at the Hartree–Fock semiempirical and density functional theory levels. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the dipole moments and ionization potentials, which are key parameters that can affect the transport properties in these materials.
Urokinase binding sites on human foreskin cells. Evidence for occupancy with endogenous urokinase.

In cultures of human foreskin fibroblasts most of the cell surface binding sites for 2-chain urokinase are masked and can be exposed by 10 min. incubation on ice at pH 2.5 (A. Bajpai and J.B. Baker (1985), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.133, 475-482). Here we show that incubation on ice at pH 2.5 also releases from the cell surface a plasminogen activator that is similar to 2-chain urokinase in terms of its electrophoretic mobility, chromatographic behavior on concanavalin A-Sepharose or p-amino-benzamidine-Sepharose, and sensitivity to anti-urokinase antibody. Two observations suggest that the masked binding sites are sites occupied by this cell surface urokinase. First, glucocorticoid-treated cells, which lack cell surface urokinase, have a large number of urokinase binding sites but none that are masked. Second, the extraction of surface urokinase and the exposure of urokinase binding sites exhibit similar pH dependence. Both are complete at about pH 4.0.
Nanocrystalline YBa2Cu3O7−δ/Ag composite particles produced by aerosol decomposition

Abstract YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (1-2-3) powders containing silver have been prepared by aerosol decomposition for the first time. The primary phase observed by X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is 1-2-3. Metallic Ag grains have also been identified by using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and diffraction pattern analysis in the TEM. For reactor operating temperatures of 1000° C, each YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ particle has associated with it a single Ag grain which does not wet the superconductor. Thus, the Ag is contained in discrete grains dispersed uniformly throughout the powder. Both materials are nanocrystalline with a grain size on the order of 10 to 80 nm.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP4 Forms Complexes with TFIID and Mediator in Virus-Infected Cells

The infected cell polypeptide 4 (ICP4) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a regulator of viral transcription that is required for productive infection. Since viral genes are transcribed by cellular RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II), ICP4 must interact with components of the pol II machinery to regulate viral gene expression. It has been shown previously that ICP4 interacts with TATA box-binding protein (TBP), TFIIB, and the TBP-associated factor 1 (TAF1) in vitro. In this study, ICP4-containing complexes were isolated from infected cells by tandem affinity purification (TAP). Forty-six proteins that copurified with ICP4 were identified by mass spectrometry. Additional copurifying proteins were identified by Western blot analysis. These included 11 components of TFIID and 4 components of the Mediator complex. The significance of the ICP4-Mediator interaction was further investigated using immunofluorescence and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Mediator was found to colocalize with ICP4 starting at early and continuing into late times of infection. In addition, Mediator was recruited to viral promoters in an ICP4-dependent manner. Taken together, the data suggest that ICP4 interacts with components of TFIID and Mediator in the context of viral infection, and this may explain the broad transactivation properties of ICP4.
Gamma‐interferon causes a selective induction of the lysosomal proteases, cathepsins B and L, in macrophages

Previous studies have indicated that acid-optimal cysteine proteinase(s) in the endosomal-lysosomal compartments, cathepsins, play a critical role in the proteolytic processing of endocytosed proteins to generate the antigenic peptides presented to the immune system on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. The presentation of these peptides and the expression of MHC class II molecules by macrophages and lymphocytes are stimulated by gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN). We found that treatment of human U-937 monocytes with gamma-IFN increased the activities and the content of the two major lysosomal cysteine proteinases, cathepsins B and L. Assays of protease activity, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISA) and immunoblotting showed that this cytokine increased the amount of cathepsin B 5-fold and cathepsin L 3-fold in the lysosomal fraction. By contrast, the aspartic proteinase, cathepsin D, in this fraction was not significantly altered by gamma-IFN treatment. An induction of cathepsins B and L was also observed in mouse macrophages, but not in HeLa cells. These results suggest coordinate regulation in monocytes of the expression of cathepsins B and L and MHC class II molecules. Presumably, this induction of cysteine proteases contributes to the enhancement of antigen presentation by gamma-IFN.
Advertising and the Consumerism Movement in Europe: The Case of West Germany and Switzerland

In recent years, European countries have faced an ever increasing level of activities by consumerists. Much of this activity is aimed at regulating and controlling advertising. This article examines the views of advertising industry and corporate advertising executives toward this movement in two neighboring European countries: West Germany and Switzerland. Results show that even though these countries have different levels of advertising regulation, the executives in both countries hold generally similar attitudes toward most advertising issues. Additionally, the Swiss respondents, more so than the West Germans, feel consumer organizations have more influence on advertising regulation. West German respondents, on the other hand, more strongly favor self-control as a means of advertising regulation. Finally, the Swiss respondents show a more favorable view toward corrective advertising as a method of controlling misleading advertisements.
Intrinsic line broadening in NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometers

Abstract Previous experimental studies of the response of NaI(Tl) to gamma rays have indicated that the pulse height is not strictly proportional to the energy of the absorbed gamma. It is the purpose of this paper to point out that the nonproportional response to gammas implies a nonproportional response to electrons, which results in an intrinsic broadening of the full-energy peak in the pulse-height distribution from monoenergetic gamma rays. The magnitude of this effect is such that it results in a significant contribution to the total line width for scintillation crystals of typical dimensions. The work reported here is based on Monte Carlo calculations using the nonproportional response of NaI(Tl) to electrons, an energy dependent function which was deduced from previous experimental work with gamma rays. Results of the calculations, applied to a 2.5-in. diameter by 2-in. high crystal, indicate a distinct broadening in the total absorption line in the case of Compton and pair-production events. The calculated fractional line width from this effect alone is negligible for energies below about 0.1 MeV and amounts to 2.6% at 0.15 MeV, 5.0% at 0.4 MeV, and 1.5% at 2.5 MeV. The dependence of this effect on the crystal size and source geometry is discussed.
Dynamics of CO Binding to Lacunar Iron(II) Cyclidene Complexes

The kinetics of carbon monoxide binding and dissociation have been studied for a series of lacunar iron(II) cyclidene complexes to elucidate the dependence of dynamic parameters on the various structural features of these versatile compounds. Ligand substituents have large effects on the binding and dissociative rate constants, and remarkably, four distinctly different steric effects have been observed. (1) Changing cavity size alters the rate of CO binding by as much as 4 orders of magnitude, presumably by constraining access to the metal ion. (2) Decreases in cavity size also can increase the rate of CO dissociation by a factor of 10 or so. (3) Placing bulky groups in the path CO must follow to enter the cavity decreases the rate of binding because of steric effect (1), but these same obstructions may also decrease the rate of dissociation by blocking the escape path and, possibly, fostering geminate recombination. (4) Proximal ligand strain both decreases the rate of binding and increases the rate of C...
Peer Support Among Soviet Day Care Toddlers

The hypothesis that Soviet day care children (mean age = 25.44 months) derive emotional support from the presence of their group-mates was tested. Children were observed in a strange situation in one of three conditions: with a familiar peer (a groupmate), with an unfamiliar peer (a child from another group), or with no peer. An adult stranger was present during two of the three four-minute episodes. Results indicated that children with familiar peers were more comfortable than children with unfamiliar peers, who, in turn, were more comfortable than children with no peer. Differences between children with familiar and unfamiliar peers were most apparent while the adult stranger was absent. Children paired with unfamiliar peers, but not children paired with familiar peers, were upset by her departure. During all three episodes, children with no peer were more upset than children in either of the other two conditions.
PML/oxide/PML barrier layer performance differences arising from use of UV or electron beam polymerization of the PML layers

Abstract Polymer/oxide/polymer barrier coatings have been fabricated on 50 μm thick and 100 μm thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate in a roll-to-roll coating process. The oxide layer was either sputtered or e-beam evaporated Al2O3 and the polymer layers were deposited by the polymer multilayer (PML) method 1 , 2 . The monomer curing method employed to polymerize the PML layers was a parameter affected by varying the cross-linking irradiation between ultraviolet light (UV), electron beam irradiation (eb), and UV followed by eb. O2 and water vapor permeation rates for the three layer structures were up to four orders of magnitude lower than for the PET substrate alone and up to three orders of magnitude lower than for PET with a single oxide layer without PML layers. Significantly better performance was found for sputtered Al2O3 when compared with e-beam evaporated Al2O3, with or without the use of PML layers. Marginally better performance was obtained when PML layers were UV-cured, as compared with eb curing, with sputtered Al2O3, while the reverse was true when the Al2O3 was e-beam evaporated. Distinct differences in surface topography are observed between UV and e-beam-cured samples with UV-cured samples having significantly smoother surfaces and as low as 8.5 A RMS surface roughness. While both e-beam and UV curing appear to remove all traces of substrate surface roughness, the e-beam-cured surfaces appear to have a new, smoother, broader, and longer wavelength, surface roughness relative to the original substrate. We hypothesize that this new surface topography is due to electrostatic repulsion of the trapped electrons distorting the liquid monomer layer before the material is fully solidified.
Virus and target cell evolution in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection lead to a prolonged struggle between a rapidly evolving viral population and a potent immune response. In the vast majority of infected individuals, the virus wins this struggle. In my laboratory, we focus on understanding both the viral and immune factors that contribute to this outcome. The results of our studies and those of many others indicate that HIV can escape a potent immune response by a combination of mechanisms including rapid mutation, shedding of decoy antigens, modulation of host major histocompatibility complex, and destruction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The target cells for viral infection change as the virus evolves to use different chemokine coreceptors for entry. The initial targets are activated and resting memory T cells that express both CD4 and CCR5, but both naive and memory CD4 T cells are targeted by viruses capable of using CXCR4 for entry, and macrophages become the primary target cells when most CD4T cells are depleted. Compelling evidence isemerging that the availability of target cells for infection is as limiting for the spread of virus as the immune response.
In vivo detection of exercised-induced ultrastructural changes in genetically-altered murine skeletal muscle using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography.

Skeletal muscle fibers are a known source of form birefringence in biological tissue. The birefringence present in skeletal muscle is associated with the ultrastructure of individual sarcomeres, specifically the arrangement of A-bands corresponding to the thick myosin filaments. Certain structural proteins that prevent damage and maintain the structural and functional health of the muscle fiber preserve the organization of the A-bands in skeletal muscle. Therefore, the level of birefringence detected can estimate the health of the muscle as well as the damage incurred during exercise. Murine skeletal muscle from both genetically-altered (mdx) and normal (wild-type) specimens were imaged in vivo with a fiber-based PS-OCT imaging system to quantitatively determine the level of birefringence present in the tissue before and after exercise. The mdx muscle lacks dystrophin, a structural protein that is mutated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans. Muscle from these mdx mice exhibited a marked decrease in birefringence after exercise, whereas the wild-type muscle was highly birefringent before and after exercise. The quantitative results from this tissue optics study suggest for the first time that there is a distinct relationship between the degree of birefringence detected using PS-OCT and the sarcomeric ultrastructure present within skeletal muscle.
Dilute-As GaNAs semiconductor for visible emitters

First-principle analysis of the band structure for dilute-As GaN 1−x As x semiconductor was carried out, and the finding showed the direct bandgap properties of this alloy covering the entire visible spectral regime applicable for new visible emitters.
Net energy analysis of small wind energy conversion systems

Abstract The net energy of a small wind electric conversion system is calculated and compared with the net energy of other electricity sources. Net energy is the amount of energy remaining for consumer use after deducting the energy required to find and upgrade the energy source and construct and maintain the electricity generating system. A 3 kW rated wind electric system for residential use is examined. The amount of energy obtained from this system is estimated by using a computer-operated simulation model which incorporates wind speeds, residential electricity demands and parameters from the generator, inverter and storage components. The net energy gain for this wind system is better than that of other systems with which it is compared.
Using low frequency dielectric absorption to screen full intact wine bottles

A ν<25 MHz low frequency spectrometer capable of noninvasively and nondestructively screening the dielectric properties of full intact bottles of wine is described, and along with principal component analysis, used to screen rare wine. The sensitivity of this full bottle method to various ionic and molecular wine solutes was established by analyzing standard solutions. Application of the approach to a library of collectible wine and the identification of counterfeit wine are discussed.
Opposing Wind Energy Landscapes: A Search for Common Cause

Although wind power is local, sustainable, affordable, and carbon free, mounting public opposition to the landscape changes it produces threatens its expansion. In an era when many countries are lo...
Fatal Streptococcus anginosus-associated pneumonia in a captive Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)

Background Bacterial infections commonly affect the lungs and air sacs of orangutans; culture and identification is rarely performed and may have clinical relevance. Methods Necropsy, histopathology and bacterial culture were performend on a captive adult male Sumatran orangutan with chronic air sacculitis. Bacterial speciation was confirmed by sequencing of the 16s–23s ribosomal DNA spacer region. Results Necropsy revealed severe suppurative pneumonia. Moderate growth of Streptoccocus anginosus was recovered from the lungs. Conclusions This is the first report of S. anginosus as a cause of fatal suppurative pneumonia in a non-human primate.
Comparison of human exposures to selected chemicals with thresholds from NTP carcinogenicity studies in rodents.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Technical Reports online database was reviewed to find chemicals that were reported to show clear evidence of carcinogenicity in the NTP rodent studies and for which data on human exposure could be found. Six representative compounds were selected. Three volatile compounds: ethyl benzene, perchloroethylene, and methylene chloride; two drugs in current use: phenytoin and primidone; and one naturally occurring, widely used, flavor: allyl isothiocyanate, were selected. The carcinogenicity data from each of the NTP Technical Reports were plotted using the Rozman scale to determine the threshold for carcinogenicity from the rodent studies. The human exposures for each chemical were calculated and compared with that threshold. The thresholds for carcinogenicity of the three volatile compounds were several orders of magnitude above the levels present in ambient air in the USA. The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (A...
Transformation superplasticity of iron and Fe/TiC metal matrix composites

Unreinforced iron was thermally cycled around the α/γ phase field under an externally applied uniaxial tensile stress, resulting in strain increments which could be accumulated, upon repeated cycling, to a total strain of 450 pct without failure. In agreement with existing theory attributing transformation superplasticity to the biasing of the internal allotropic strains by the external stress, the measured strain increments were proportional to the applied stress at small stresses. However, for applied stresses higher than the nominal yield stress, strain increments increased nonlinearly with stress, as a result of strain hardening due to dissolved carbon and iron oxide dispersoids. Also, the effects of transient primary creep and ratchetting on the superplastic strain increment values were examined. Finally, partial cycling within the α/γ phase field indicated an asymmetry in the superplastic strain behavior with respect to the temperature cycling range, which is attributed to the different strengths of ferrite and austenite. Transformation superplasticity was demonstrated in iron-matrix composites containing 10 and 20 vol pct TiC particles: strain increments proportional to the applied stress were measured, and a fracture strain of 230 pct was reached for the Fe/10TiC composite. However, the strain increments decreased with increasing TiC content, a result attributed to the slight dissolution of TiC particles within the matrix which raised the matrix yield stress by solid-solution strengthening and by reducing the transformation temperature range.
PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED1 mediates ABA sensitivity during germination and implicates ABA in light-mediated Chloroplast movements

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) controls many aspects of plant growth and development, including seed development, germination and responses to water-deficit stress. A complex ABA signaling network integrates environmental signals including water availability and light intensity and quality to fine-tune the response to a changing environment. To further define the regulatory pathways that control water-deficit and ABA responses, we carried out a gene-trap tagging screen for water-deficit-regulated genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. This screen identified PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED1 (PMI1), a gene involved in blue-light-induced chloroplast movement, as functioning in ABA-response pathways. We provide evidence that PMI1 is involved in the regulation of seed germination by ABA, acting upstream of the intersection between ABA and low-glucose signaling pathways. Furthermore, PMI1 participates in the regulation of ABA accumulation during periods of water deficit at the seedling stage. The combined phenotypes of pmi1 mutants in chloroplast movement and ABA responses indicate that ABA signaling may modulate chloroplast motility. This result was further supported by the detection of altered chloroplast movements in the ABA mutants aba1-6, aba2-1 and abi1-1.
Rate Processes during Anodic Bonding

The rate processes which occur during anodic bonding are modeled using data from various studies. For a given materials system, the process occurs at constant total charge transfer. The observed activation energies are consistent with dc conduction in the glass. The charge transfer required for bonding to aluminum anodes decreases with increasing alkali content of the glass, which is probably due to increasing solubility and mobility of aluminum in depletion layers with higher vacancy contents. The voltage required for bonding at constant time and varying temperature is also consistent with constant charge transfer. The kinetic data are consistent with an electrochemical oxidation model where the rate of bonding is limited by the rate of establishment of the depletion layer.
Genetic polymorphisms in DNA base-excision repair genes ADPRT, XRCC1, and APE1 and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND. Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogens that cause DNA damage, including oxidative lesions that are removed effectively by the base-excision repair (BER) pathway, in which adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase (ADPRT), x-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1), and apurinic/apyimidinic endonuclease (APE1) play key roles. Genetic variations in the genes encoding for these DNA repair enzymes may alter their functions. Although there have been several studies that generated mixed results on the association between XRCC1 variants and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), no reported studies have investigated the association between ADPRT and APE1 variants and SCCHN risk. METHODS. In a hospital-based, case-control study of 830 non-Hispanic white patients with SCCHN and 854 cancer-free, matched control participants, the authors genotyped the ADPRT alanine 762 valine (Ala762Val) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the XRCC1 arginine 399 glutamine (Arg399Gln) SNP, and the APE aspartic acid 148 glutamic acid (Asp148Glu) SNP and assessed their associations with the risk of SCCHN in multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS. The findings indicated that a significantly decreased risk of SCCHN was associated with the ADPRT 762Ala/Ala genotype (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.27–0.97) and the combined ADPRT 762Ala/Val and Ala/Ala genotypes (OR, 0.79; 95% CI; 0.63–1.00) compared with the ADPRT 762Val/Val genotype, but no altered risk was associated with the XRCC1 Arg399Gln or APE Asp148Glu polymorphisms, and no evidence of interactions was observed between the 3 selected SNPs and age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, or tumor site. CONCLUSIONS. The ADPRT Ala762Val polymorphism may play a role in the etiology of SCCHN or in linkage disequilibrium with other untyped protective alleles. Larger studies with more SNPs in the BER genes will be needed to verify these findings. Cancer 2007; 110:867–75. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
DNA polymerase activities in agarose column fractions of rat liver cytoplasm.

Abstract A simple non-concentrative method allowing rapid separation of cytoplasmic particulate components from soluble cytoplasmic proteins is described. The method is based on the ability of agarose suspensions to separate substances of extremely high molecular weight. Membranous cytoplasmic organelles, polysomes and ribosomes elute in the void volume from a column of Biogel A-15m loaded with rat liver post-mitochondrial supernatant. DNA polymerase activity was found to be associated predominately with non-particulate fractions eluting from the column.