cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prolonged Benefit from Ipilimumab Correlates with Improved Outcomes from Subsequent Pembrolizumab.

Patients with metastatic melanoma whose disease progresses on ipilimumab can clearly derive benefit from subsequent anti–programmed death-1 (PD-1). However, patients experience heterogeneous outcomes with ipilimumab, including rapid or delayed progression, and it is unclear whether patterns of ipilimumab progression influence subsequent clinical responses to anti–PD-1. We retrospectively reviewed data from 116 patients with metastatic melanoma who progressed on ipilimumab and were subsequently treated with pembrolizumab. The study objectives were to determine whether progression-free survival (PFS) with ipilimumab was associated with PFS, objective response rate (ORR), and clinical benefit rate (CBR; ORR + stable disease) with pembrolizumab. Patients with PFS ≥90 days after treatment with ipilimumab generally had superior outcomes with subsequent pembrolizumab treatment compared with patients with PFS
Online Communication With Patients: Making It Work

This is the second in a two-part series that reviews what the current options are for online communication with patients, how to integrate online communication with patients into a busy practice, and what the relevant guidelines are for privacy and financial success.
Investigations into Apopinene as a Biorenewable Monomer for Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

The ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of apopinene is reported. We find that apopinene reacts with Ru-based metathesis catalysts to provide an all trans-polymer with a polydispersity index (PDI) as low as 1.6 and molecular weights in the 1100 to 15 600 g·mol–1 range (9–127 monomer units). Because apopinene is readily prepared in one-step from myrtenal or two-steps from α-pinene, both of which are commercially available and naturally abundant, these studies indicate that apopinene might find future use as a new biorenewable precursor for the sustainable production of ROMP-based materials.
Design and synthesis of simplified energy-converting proteins.

Introduction The traditional approach to uncovering the relationship between biochemical structure and function begins with the isolation of a relatively pure, stable and active protein. This preparation is then examined with a battery of spectroscopic and physical techniques providing some idea of how the protein operates and what its structure might be. If the protein is pure enough and not too large and complex, the primary amino acid sequence can suggest, through use of protein folding models, an overall structure. In some cases, twoor three-dimensional protein crystals can be grown so that diffraction experiments can narrow down the structural possibilities. Ilypotheses about how the structure translates into function can be tested in a limited way by purifying analogues of the protein from other species. If the genes can be isolated and moved into a suitable organism, larger quantities of the protein can be prepared and manipulation of the amino acid sequence through mutation is possible. The shortcomings of these traditional methods are often painfully apparent. Many of the proteins with the most intriguing function are large and unwieldly in their complexity: the electrontransfer protein of oxidative phosphorylation illustrate this well [ 11. The location of catalytic sites may be obscured by long sequences that serve only to assemble a stable structure, or are simply evolutionary remnants once adapted to another function. In vertebrate species, one often encounters large protein subunits that seem to provide only minor regulation of the catalytic site. In addition, the size and physical properties of these complex proteins often preclude crystal growth for diffraction studies.
Tyrosine phosphorylation and [Ca2+]i elevation induced by hemolysate in bovine endothelial cells: Implications for cerebral vasospasm

Endothelial cells are affected in the cerebral vasospasm that occurs at the time of erthyrocyte lysis in a subarachnoid clot. A red blood cell lysate was added to bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells in vitro to determine whether hemolysate can trigger tyrosine kinase mediated cell signalling and if so, whether this signal is independent of the elevation of intracellular free calcium levels, [Ca2+]i induced by hemolysate. Hemolysate was found by Western blotting to induce a dose dependent increase in the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins, approximately 60 and 110 kD, that was maximal between 1 and 2 min. The biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i induced by hemolysate consists of a peak complete within 1 min which is the result of release of intracellular calcium stores and a plateau phase due to an influx of extracellular Ca2+. Addition of hemolysate to cells in the presence of EGTA indicated that an extracellular Ca2+ influx is not required for the increases in tyrosine phosphorylation. Release of intracellular Ca2+ stores by thapsigargin, a Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor, was, however, found to increase the phosphotyrosine content of the same 60 and 110 kD proteins. Endothelial cells pretreated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tyrphostin 25 or genistein, before exposure to hemolysate blocked the plateau phase of the [Ca2+]i response indicating that tyrosine kinase activity is required for the influx. Ca2+ and phosphotyrosine mediated cell signalling induced by hemolysate in endothelial cells may be activated by a single component but represent distinct targets for possible control of the cerebral vasospasm response.
What’s New in Pediatric Spine Growth Modulation and Implant Technology for Early-onset Scoliosis?

Background: Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) affects roughly 1 to 2 out of 10,000 live births per year. Because this subset of patients has a yet to achieve a majority of their skeletal growth, a number of treatment challenges need to be addressed before surgical intervention. If left untreated, EOS can cause a number of problems throughout the patient’s lifespan, particularly in regards to the growth of the thorax and pulmonary development. A wide variety of surgical systems and techniques are available to the treating surgeon. Methods: A review of the orthopaedic literature from 2010 to 2015 relating to pediatric spine growth modulation was performed. Ninety-eight papers were identified and, following exclusion criteria, a total of 31 papers were selected for further review. Results: This paper summarizes the recently published literature regarding growth-friendly spinal implants, the status of their Food and Drug Administration approval labeling as well as the indications, applications, and complications associated with their implementation. Conclusions: There are a growing number of options at the surgeon’s disposal when treating patients with EOS. As surgeons, we must continue to be vigilant in our demand for sound clinical evidence as we strive to provide optimal care for our patients. The rapidly advancing field of spinal growth modulation is exciting. More work must be done to further enhance our ability to predictably modulate growth in the pediatric spine.
Review: Constitutional Modernism: Architecture and Civil Society in Cuba, 1933–1959 by Timothy Hyde

Timothy Hyde Constitutional Modernism: Architecture and Civil Society in Cuba, 1933–1959 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012, x + 371 pp., 11 color and 67 b/w illus. $31.50, ISBN 9780816678112 Through times of democracy and dictatorship, revolution and rebuilding, cultural actors in twentieth-century Cuba self-consciously constructed national traditions, synthesizing colonial anachronisms left after the island’s independence from Spain in 1898 with imported modernist innovations. Between the ouster of the infamous president-cum-dictator Gerardo Machado in 1933 and the revolution of 1959, a complex set of historic, social, and aesthetic conditions emerged that set modern architecture in dialogue with a developing discourse of civil society and constitutionalism. These were years of military rule under Fulgencio Batista, an autocrat who haunted the Cuban political landscape as a behind-the-scenes puppeteer, quasi-legitimate president, and eventually an unfettered dictator until Castro’s coup. Alongside politicians and civil servants, writers, artists, urbanists, and architects simultaneously struggled to define Cuba’s national identity. The resulting urban forms and social and legal histories are the subject of Timothy Hyde’s Constitutional Modernism . The book focuses in particular on modernist architecture and urbanism as forms of civic expression, and it deals almost exclusively with the capital city of Havana, which is understood as an urban metonym for the nation as a whole. It brings welcome complexity to discussions of mid-twentieth-century Cuban art and architecture, which are often framed in terms of design typologies. Bringing the social, civic, and architectural realms into dialogue with one another, Hyde asks, “How does architecture make its appearance in civil society?” (2). His thorough and scrupulous study charts the confluence of politics and architecture, anchored by the discourse of constitutionalism. The Cuban Constitution of 1940 aimed to establish a stable, independent republic, enacting a historical transition from colony to nation, a transition that many still believed incomplete. It is no small thing, then, for Hyde to claim that the principles and intentions of …
Mandarin Chinese Immersion Program for Preschool Children in an Urban Private School in California: A Case Study.

This study enlisted language immersion practitioners in highlighting and exploring the issues and challenges that accompany language immersion education. Comprehensive focused personal interviews of preschool Mandarin Chinese language immersion educators in a private school provided the basis of the study. The research literature reviewed indicated that when young children learn a new language it benefits them later in their education. These students have increased competency in their second language compared to children who do not received language instruction in early childhood. Four professionals who are bilingual in English and Mandarin, and one expert in immersion program were interviewed; all four participants worked in a Chinese Mandarin private preschool in the San Francisco area. Following an analysis of responses, the professionals outlined different instructional strategies and various challenges that characterize language immersion education. The study also provides a coherent comparison of this analysis with previous research works in adding value to language immersion schooling.
When is proton pump inhibitor use appropriate

Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is commonly used outside of Food and Drug Administration indication for a broad range of conditions such as extra-esophageal reflux and PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia. While this may be appropriate in some scenarios, it has also resulted in widespread inappropriate PPI use. At the same time, data suggesting adverse effects of long-term PPI therapy are multiplying, albeit mainly from low quality studies. The systematic review by Scarpignato et al. (BMC Med 14:179, 2016) addresses this dilemma with a comprehensive analysis of the risks and benefits of PPI use. The authors concluded that, while PPIs are highly efficacious in erosive acid-peptic disorders, efficacy is not equaled in other conditions. In some instances, they found no supportive evidence of benefit. With respect to side effects, they indicated that the questionable harms associated with PPI therapy do not outweigh the benefits afforded by appropriate PPI use. However, inappropriate PPI use results in increased healthcare costs and unnecessary exposure to potential adverse effects. Ideally, PPI therapy should be personalized, based on indication, effectiveness, patient preference, and risk assessment.Please see related article: http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-016-0718-z .
Crossover Point: How China’s Naval Modernization Could Reverse the United States’ Strategic Advantage:

Nearly every important measure of the US–China competition demonstrates broad-based US primacy but trend lines that favour China. The military aspects of the intensifying competition for hegemony w...
Heat Transfer Enhancement and Optimization of Lean/Rich Solvent Cross Exchanger for Amine Scrubbing

Abstract The lean/rich amine cross exchanger is one of the cost centers in the amine scrubbing process, and accounts for 20–30% of the capital cost. To minimize the cross exchanger cost, shortcut methods that determine optimum LMTD and fluid velocity were developed. The optimum LMTD is a function of heat transfer coefficient, temperature change and the capital cost of heat exchanger. A greater LMTD should be used to prevent excessive capital cost when the number of heat transfer units (NTU) is large and the heat transfer coefficient is small. The heat transfer performance can be enhanced by increasing pressure drop and reducing solvent viscosity. The corrugation angle is the primary design geometry for plate-and-frame exchanger (PHE). Based on the empirical correlations for PHE, the heat transfer coefficient at 60° is almost double that at 30°; however, the pressure drop at a large corrugation angle is also greater. The dependence of the pressure drop per unit length on the heat transfer coefficient is 0.35–0.40, which implies that the heat transfer coefficient will increase 30% by doubling the pressure drop per unit length. The cost associated with the optimization of the cross exchanger has been developed as a function of the fluid velocity, the physical properties, the exponents of the empirical correlations and the pricing parameters. The optimum velocity is independent of the solvent rate, the temperature change of the cross exchanger, and the cross exchanger LMTD. To stay at optimum fluid velocity, the plate number needs to increase as the solvent rate increases while the plate length will increase as the NTU increases. Viscous solvent will result in a lower optimum velocity since it causes higher pressure drop. Typical optimum fluid velocity is at 0.32–0.42 m/s for 8 m PZ. It is worthwhile to utilize higher fluid velocity and pressure drop when the heat transfer can be effectively enhanced by turbulence.
Control development and performance evaluation for battery/flywheel hybrid energy storage solutions to mitigate load fluctuations in all-electric ship propulsion systems

Abstract Current trends in both commercial and military ship development have focused on ship electrification. A challenge for electric-ship propulsion systems, however, is large propulsion-load fluctuations. To address this issue, this paper explores a new solution, namely a combined battery and flywheel (B/FW) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) as a buffer to isolate load fluctuations from the shipboard network. Our two main objectives, power-fluctuation compensation and energy saving under various operating constraints, are formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. Pareto fronts, which illustrate the trade-offs between the main objectives, are obtained by using dynamic programming with the weighted sum method. To quantitatively analyze the performance of B/FW HESS, a comparative study is performed under different sea conditions, where a battery/ultra-capacitor (B/UC) HESS configuration is used as a reference in performance evaluation. Simulation results show the feasibility and effectiveness of B/FW to mitigate the load fluctuations for all-electric ships, especially at high sea states. Furthermore, a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is developed to facilitate real-time implementation of the proposed solution. A performance comparison between the proposed MPC energy management strategy and the global dynamic programming is performed, and this comparison demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed MPC strategy.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Art Conservation Graduate Students: A Practical Laboratory Exercise Using Polymer Blends

Polymer chemistry is an integral part of art conservation graduate training programs. The list of materials used by artists and artisans and by conservators is vast, with the majority being polymeric in nature. Conservators use an array of polymers as coatings, adhesives, fills, supports, and structures. Aside from the chemistry of these materials, all students need to have a good understanding of their thermal behaviors. This includes mechanical and physical changes due to thermal transitions, such as glass transition and melting. Additionally, students need to have some understanding of blending polymeric materials and miscibility, especially if they are tailoring a material to behave in a particular way. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) lends itself well to investigating the thermal transitions of polymer blends and their compatibility. This paper will present a practical laboratory exercise that explores both polymer miscibility and thermal transitions in the context of art conservation materials.
Phospholipid Stereospecificity in Liposomal Modulation of Nitrogen Mustard Action

Liposomes made of L(α) dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) enhance the antitumor efficacy of nitrogen mustard (HN2) in vivo, (Ritter et al, 1981) and in vitro (Ritter et al, 1987). Thus, liposomes act on the tumor cells directly rather than by altering NH2 distribution within the animal. In addition, since HN2 and DPPC liposomes do not associate, liposomes do not physically carry HN2 into tumor cells (Ritter et al, 1987). In lip-osome-treated cells though only slightly more HN2 is taken up, the amounts of cytolytic activity and DNA alkylation are doubled by comparison with HN2-treated controls (Ritter et al, 1987). Thus, liposomes increase the amount of HN2 distributed to the nucleus. By contrast, following Ca-H-treatment there is a 31% increase in cellular HN2 uptake but 50% decrease in DNA alkylation and cytolysis (Ritter et al, 1987). The effects on uptake seem to be much less important than the effects on intracellular distribution.
Human Herpesvirus-6 and Human Herpesvirus-7

Human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) and human herpes-virus type 7 (HHV-7) are two of the most recently characterized viruses in the group that includes herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HHV-2), varicellazoster (HHV-3), Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) (HHV-4), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (HHV-5), and the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus HHV-8.(33a,97a) The impact of HHV-6 and HHV-7 on the human population is largely unknown, although HHV-6 is generally accepted as the primary cause of roseola or exanthem subitum,(158,172) may be the most common pathogenic virus infecting infants and young children,(123,126) and also is etiologically linked to a number of illnesses (see Section 8.1).
Multi-Stage Financial Planning Systems

A multi-stage model is proposed for the general problem of allocating assets to broad investment categories. The framework encompasses a wide variety of financial planning problems. Efficient solution algorithms are described for solving the resulting large-scale optimization problems.
Fairness as Moral Virtue

Morality includes fairness as a notable virtue. This chapter contrasts fairnessas-morality (ethical conduct) with the fairness of social and organizational studies. The fairness that those disciplines portray only faintly resembles fairness-as-morality. Their legacy-an anorexic fairness-instead reduces fairness to selfishness. Despite noble efforts to break the stranglehold of economic rationality and self-interest maximization, their version of fairness remains closer to greed and envy than to the moral virtue that can sustain the commonweal.
A single high‐fat meal alters human soluble RAGE profiles and PBMC RAGE expression with no effect of prior aerobic exercise

A high-fat diet can induce inflammation and metabolic diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) plays a critical role in metabolic disease pathophysiology and the soluble form of the receptor (sRAGE) can mitigate these effects. However, little is known about RAGE in the postprandial condition and the effect of exercise in this context. Thus, we aimed to determine the effects of a single high-fat meal (HFM) with and without prior exercise on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) RAGE biology. Healthy males (n = 12) consumed a HFM on two occasions, one without prior exercise and one 16-18 hours following acute aerobic exercise. Total soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) were determined via ELISA and cleaved RAGE (cRAGE) was calculated as the difference between the two. Isolated PBMCs were analyzed for RAGE, ADAM10, TLR4, and MyD88 protein expression and ADAM10 activity. The HFM significantly (P < 0.01) attenuated sRAGE, esRAGE, and cRAGE by 9.7%, 6.9%, and 10.5%, respectively. Whereas, the HFM increased PBMC RAGE protein expression by 10.3% (P < 0.01), there was no meal effect on PBMC TLR4, MYD88, or ADAM10 protein expression, nor ADAM10 activity. There was also no exercise effect on any experimental outcomes. These findings suggest that PBMC RAGE and soluble RAGE may be important in the postprandial response to a HFM, and that prior aerobic exercise does not alter these processes in young healthy adult males. The mechanisms by which a HFM induces RAGE expression and reduces circulating soluble RAGE isoforms requires further study.
Liquidity, Risk Premia, and the Financial Transmission of Monetary Policy

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of research on the transmission of monetary policy through the financial system, fueled in part by empirical findings showing that monetary policy affec...
A path independent energy integral approach for analytical fracture strength of steel-concrete structures with an account of interface effects

Abstract In this work, an analytical model based on a control volume approach is developed for predicting fracture strength of steel–concrete (SC) structures with an account of SC interfaces. The approach is based on the Rice’s path independent J-Integral to relate the interface level strain energy release rate (SERR) to interface traction and slip parameters. An expression for the Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) is derived with an account of plasticity effects and tension softening or hardening behavior at crack tips lying at the SC interfaces. Numerical simulations using ABAQUSTM are performed based on the analytical equation to predict fracture resistance of different test geometries with SC interfaces. Numerical approximations are shown to closely correspond to the experimental measurements.
The impact of diversifying and de novo firms on regional innovation performance in an emerging industry: a longitudinal study of the U.S. ethanol industry

There is growing interest among strategy scholars and policy makers regarding the influence of diversifying and de novo firms on regional innovation activities in emerging industries. This paper ex...
Diagnostic Approach to Anemia in Childhood and Adolescents

Anemia is the most common reason for pediatric hematology consultation. The primary focus of this chapter is to give an overview of the potential etiologies of anemia in the pediatric population and focus on the clinical and laboratory features that may accompany them. Identifying patients with anemia is important due to the potential effects long-standing, untreated anemia can have on children. General consequences of anemia commonly include fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, and headache. Anemia and its underlying cause can also affect growth and have many other potential impacts on overall health and neurocognitive development.
Computerization of Fracture Features and Failure Analysis of Automotive Composite Materials

An experimental program was conducted to characterize the failure modes of fiber-reinforced composite materials which are important to the automotive industry for both structural and non-structural applications. The composite materials utilized for this study included a randomly oriented, chopped glass reinforced polyester (SMC), Azdel's P-100 glass mat reinforced polypropylene, reaction injection molded (RIM) glass mat reinforced polycarbonate, Wellman's magnesium silicate filled nylon (Wellamid), and Dow's glass filled polyurea (Spectrum HT). The study included (1) conditioning and mechanical testing of samples, (2) fractographic examination, (3) development of a computerized atlas of all fractographs, and (4) design of a preliminary failure analysis expert system. Fractographs of all five materials unconditioned, and subjected to thermal aging or humidity aging identifying typical topographical features and fracture surfaces are presented for specimens subjected to tension, compression, flexure, impact, tension-compression fatigue, and flexure fatigue testing. The fractographic information obtained was summarized in two computerized atlases. In addition, the results were used to develop an expert system that guides the user in establishing potential failure modes based on the type of material, environmental conditions, and features observed on fracture surfaces. It should be noted that the expert system has been utilized for test specimens only and has not been tested on actual parts fabricated of the materials utilized in this study.
Initial Coin Offerings Hyped and Dehyped: An Empirical Examination

We conduct a systematic examination of the returns to initial coin offerings (ICOs) throughout the hype cycle using hand-compiled data on all trading ICOs from 2014 to 2019. We demonstrate that ICOs persistently outperform non-ICO cryptocurrencies during both the market boom and crash. We then uncover significant return determinants in the cross section along both informational and behavioral dimensions, and document significant differences in their return association in the post-hype period from late 2018 onward. Our results position ICOs as a unique asset class with features from both reward-based crowdfunding and equities, and the crowdfunding features become more dominant post-hype.
A testable theory on the wiring of the brain

Abstract A plausible mechanism by which the human brain creates itself will be described. It is known that the developing brain makes many more synaptic/trophic connections than are required and then eliminates the incorrectly wired cells. Hypothesis 1: Each presumptive neuron expresses a unique set of receptors and trophic factors. Once each neuron produces its particular receptor groups, it becomes dependent on the trophic factors that bind to these receptors. Corollary 1: There is a quantization of trophic factor requirements, for example, if a cell expresses three quanta of a receptor it will require three quanta of the complementary trophic factor. Hypothesis 2: After a portion of the brain is wired the neurons are caused to fire constantly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Only correctly wired neurons will receive their required trophic factors. Hypothesis 3: Improperly wired neurons will die by apoptosis. Hypothesis 4: Connectional developmental and age-related neurodegenerative diseases are produced, at least in part, by deficits in receptor–trophic factor interactions. Now the major focus for the rest of this book will be presented. Several hypotheses are described proposing how the developing brain uses receptors and their ligands, REM sleep, and finally apoptosis to create the correct circuitry. The overarching theme of this discussion is that the selection of the right wiring is analogous to the following conundrum: If there are enough monkeys and enough computers, one will certainly type Hamlet . The difficulty is locating the correct monkey and its computer. In this chapter and succeeding ones, I suggest an answer to this conundrum with respect to the construction of the mammalian brain, which emphasizes the selection of the appropriate circuitry. A group of hypotheses and data supporting them will be presented.
Reactive Oxygen Species are Mutagenic to Mammalian Cells

Radiation biologists have proposed that various reactive oxygen species (referred to hereafter as reactive oxygens) which are produced during reactions between radiation and the biological system, are largely responsible for the adverse biological effects of radiations (1). Recently, reactive oxygens have been implicated in the toxic action of numerous chemicals (2).
A World Religion from a Chosen Land: The Competing Identities of the Contemporary Mormon Church

Rodney Stark once famously argued that Mormonism was well on the way to becoming the first new “world religion” since Islam. But has that prediction been borne out? Scholars are divided in their assessment. This chapter considers the question of whether the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as the LDS Church or the Mormon Church) is an American religion or a world religion. The roots of the religious movement are in America, but it has expanded globally and now claims more members outside its country of origin than within. While it is clear that the Church is growing around the world and actively pursuing an identity as a global entity, there are ways in which the Church remains firmly committed to its American heritage and character. By looking at recent sociological studies, the words of Church leaders, and ethnographic study of a popular LDS pilgrimage site, this chapter explores how it manages the tensions between its roots and its ambitions and builds a collective identity that incorporates both.
Adjuvants as Delivery Systems in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies.

Abstract Combining autoantigens with immune-modulating drugs has emerged as an attractive approach to selectively reinstate tolerance in autoimmune diseases. The disparate properties of autoantigens and small-molecule immunosuppressants commonly used to treat autoimmune diseases can confound efforts to co-deliver these therapies. However, both components may be co-delivered with adjuvants which have been successful in delivering antigens to immune cells. We evaluated several common adjuvants as vehicles to co-deliver a model antigen and immunosuppressant, ovalbumin (OVA) and dexamethasone (DEX), respectively. Formulations were developed, and the release of DEX from adjuvants was investigated. Next, the effect of adjuvant, DEX, and OVA was tested in vitro using a DC line. A MF59-analog (MF59a) formulation was advanced to more sophisticated co-culture studies using OVA-primed bone marrow–derived dendritic cells and splenocytes or T-cells from OT-II mice. Most of these studies indicated MF59a-based antigen-specific immunotherapies could diminish the markers of inflammation associated with OVA recognition. We rationalized MF59a co-delivery of antigen and drug could reduce the risk of side effects typically associated with these drugs and reinstate immune tolerance, thus prompting continued investigation of emulsion adjuvants as delivery vehicles for antigen-specific immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases.
The Digital Street: J. Lane, New York: Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 236, $24.95, ISBN: 9780199381272, e-book also available.

In this book, author Jeffrey Lane explores the experiences of teenagers living in Harlem—an area of New York City historically populated primarily by Black Americans and recognized as a hub of Blac...
Medieval Marriage, Misogamy, Misogyny

This chapter provides an overview of Roman and clerical misogamy, in contrast with the mystification of marriage used as a metaphor to illustrate the relationship between Christ and the Church, and between God and the soul. It also summarizes the evolution of marriage from Roman times to the Middle Ages and the manner in which the Church used matrimony to increase its authority over the laity. This chapter also contrasts finʼamor rhetorique used to describe an incestuous union with the language used to describe the genuine affection of legitimate partners. The role of ritual sexual abstinence depicted in La Manekine is compared to then-contemporary clerical guidance on sexual behavior. This chapter concludes with a consideration of the way in which Philippe de Remi subtly accepted the importance of mutual consent, but reshaped it to address aristocratic material concerns by creating a virtuous female protagonist.
Exploring students' understanding of median

This paper explores middle-grade students' conceptions of median. Describes, where and why they struggle and provides learning trajectory to improve their understanding.
Formica francoeuri responds to pheromones and defensive chemical cues of social bees

Insects must detect and respond to diverse chemical cues in a complex chemical landscape. Intraspecific and intraguild communication have received a lot of attention, especially among bee taxa. However, little is known about interspecific chemical communication in general and in non-bees in particular. Ants, such as Formica francoeuri, also are opportunistic floral visitors who seek the carbohydrate-rich rewards of flowers. Thus, these ants likely encounter aggressive competitors for nectar, such as bees. Here, we performed a series of experiments to examine how ant foragers respond to bee pheromones, venom and sting glands in the context of foraging. Understanding how ants utilize non-target chemical cues will identify previously cryptic interactions and provide new insights into the hidden mechanisms governing foraging decisions. As the foraging decisions by floral visitors have a direct impact on the pollination mutualism, studies such as this will help us build better predictive models of plant–pollinator networks and develop hypotheses as to how these interaction networks may change with shifts in the floral visitor community.
Total area greenness is associated with lower per-capita medicare spending, but blue spaces are not

Abstract As evidence continues to mount that areas with more natural spaces also have healthier residents, researchers are beginning to suspect that these benefits extend beyond health to other related factors, such as healthcare spending. If more nature translates to better health, does more nature ultimately reduce the need for and spending on healthcare, and is this especially true for the elderly and disabled, who benefit differently from nature? This study aims to answer that question, employing a cross-sectional, ecological study design on county-level, annual per-capita Medicare spending in the United States. We examine the association between Medicare spending and the amount of total greenness in a county as well as the amount of blue space, or open water, in a county while controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and healthcare access confounders. Our results show a significant and inverse association between greenness and spending and mixed results in regard to blue spaces and spending. The greenness-spending association persists in varying levels of the urban–rural spectrum, including both the most and least urban counties.
Facilitating Genetics Aware Clinical Decision Support: Putting the eMERGE Infrastructure into Practice

This editorial provides context for a series of published case reports in ACI Open by summarizing activities and outputs of joint electronic health record integration and pharmacogenomics workgroups in the NIH-funded electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network. A case report is a useful tool to describe the range of capabilities that an IT infrastructure or a particular technology must support. The activities we describe have informed infrastructure requirements used during eMERGE phase III, provided a venue to share experiences and ask questions among other eMERGE sites, summarized potential hazards that might be encountered for specific clinical decision support (CDS) implementation scenarios, and provided a simple framework that captured progress toward implementing CDS at eMERGE sites in a consistent format.
Examining Autonomous Vehicle Operating Systems Vulnerabilities using a Cyber-Physical Approach

Increasingly, the transportation industry has moved towards automation to improve safety, fuel efficiency, and system productivity. However, the increased scrutiny that automated vehicles (AV) face over functional safety has hindered the industry's unbridled confidence in self-driving technologies. As AVs are cyber-physical systems, they utilize distributed control to accomplish a range of safety-critical driving tasks. The Operation Systems (OS) serve as the core of these control systems. Therefore, their designs and implementation must incorporate ways to protect AVs against what must be assumed to be inevitable cyberattacks to meet the overall AV functional safety requirements. This paper investigates the connection between functional safety and cybersecurity in the context of OS. This study finds that risks due to delays can worsen by potential cybersecurity vulnerabilities through a case example of an automated vehicle following. Furthermore, attack surfaces and cybersecurity countermeasures for protecting OSs from security breaches are addressed.
Response of base-isolated nuclear structures to extreme earthquake shaking

Abstract Seismic isolation using low damping rubber and lead–rubber bearings is a viable strategy for mitigating the effects of extreme earthquake shaking on safety-related nuclear structures. The mechanical properties of these bearings are not expected to change substantially in design basis shaking. However, under shaking more intense than design basis, the properties of the lead cores in lead–rubber bearings may degrade due to heating associated with energy dissipation, some bearings in an isolation system may experience net tension, and the compression and tension stiffness may be affected by the lateral displacement of the isolation system. The effects of intra-earthquake changes in mechanical properties on the response of base-isolated nuclear power plants (NPPs) are investigated using an advanced numerical model of a lead–rubber bearing that has been verified and validated, and implemented in OpenSees. A macro-model is used for response-history analysis of base-isolated NPPs. Ground motions are selected and scaled to be consistent with response spectra for design basis and beyond design basis earthquake shaking at the site of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Generating Station. Ten isolation systems of two periods and five characteristic strengths are analyzed. The responses obtained using simplified and advanced isolator models are compared. Strength degradation due to heating of lead cores and changes in buckling load most significantly affect the response of the base-isolated NPP.
Discrepancies in Leader and Follower Ratings of Transformational Leadership: Relationship with Organizational Culture in Mental Health

The role of leadership in the management and delivery of health and allied health services is often discussed but lacks empirical research. Discrepancies are often found between leaders’ self-ratings and followers’ ratings of the leader. To our knowledge no research has examined leader–follower discrepancies and their association with organizational culture in mental health clinics. The current study examines congruence, discrepancy, and directionality of discrepancy in relation to organizational culture in 38 mental health teams (N = 276). Supervisors and providers completed surveys including ratings of the supervisor transformational leadership and organizational culture. Polynomial regression and response surface analysis models were computed examining the associations of leadership discrepancy and defensive organizational culture and its subscales. Discrepancies between supervisor and provider reports of transformational leadership were associated with a more negative organizational culture. Culture suffered more where supervisors rated themselves more positively than providers, in contrast to supervisors rating themselves lower than the provider ratings of the supervisor. Leadership and leader discrepancy should be a consideration in improving organizational culture and for strategic initiatives such as quality of care and the implementation and sustainment of evidence-based practice.
Dynamical symmetry breaking in SU(2) × U(1) in weak coupling limit

Possibility of dynamical symmetry breaking (DSB) in scalarless SU(2) × U(1) is studied in weak coupling limit using an effective potential approach. In the linearized approximation we find that the model with a quark doublet can have DSB whereas the model with a lepton doublet cannot. When nonlinear effects, including those due to the non-abelian triple and quartic vector couplings, are included DSB is not realized.
Language and Cognition

One of the most striking characteristics of autism is the uneven profile of language and cognitive abilities. Language difficulties among those with autism who speak are varied and often striking. They include the well-known pronoun reversals that psychoanalysts used as evidence for an identity crisis as well as the echolalia that the behaviorists so carelessly tried to extinguish. Today semantic and pragmatic difficulties in social interaction are often overlooked and misunderstood. Language difficulties are prevalent in autism and are thus important for us to examine.
A study of 145 consecutive twin pregnancies.

Abstract 1. 1. A series of 145 consecutive twin deliveries at the St. Louis City Hospital occurring during the last twelve years was analyzed. 2. 2. The incidence of twinning was about 1 in 103 deliveries. 3. 3. In 80 per cent the mothers were multiparas. 4. 4. The incidence of identical twinning was 13.1 per cent. 5. 5. A toxemia complicated the pregnancy in 29.6 per cent. 6. 6. The diagnosis of multiple pregnancy was not easy, especially when both babies weighed less than 2,500 Gm. 7. 7. The presentations varied but little from those presented in the literature. 8. 8. Eighty-four per cent of the second infants were delivered within thirty minutes of the first. 9. 9. Postpartum hemorrhage was encountered in 8.9 per cent of the deliveries and caused the single maternal death for a rate of 68 per 10,000. 10. 10. The maternal, full-term, and premature mortality rates were elevated to about three times that of single pregnancies. 11. 11. Operative interference, especially in the delivery of the second child, should not be abandoned. 12. 12. Placenta previa occurs more frequently in multiple pregnancy.
Increases in rat adipose blood flows following bolus intraperitoneal injection of glucose (1156.2)

The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of increased blood flow (BF) to rat adipose tissue depots that is signaled by hyperglycemia. BF was measured in adult SD rats (422±2.6 g, n=...
Direct Observation of Magnetic Order in “Ferromagnetic Superconductors” By Means of the 57Fe Mössbauer Effect

We have used the Mossbauer effect (ME) of 57Fe as a dilute impurity probe to observe the presence of magnetic spin order in materials that are also superconducting.1 These measurements provide the first direct evidence for spontaneous spin order below Tc, the superconducting transltion temperature.
Driven West: Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears to the Civil War – By A. J. Langguth

Just as the British imperial government struggled with the problem of the American frontier, the U.S. government faced the ongoing challenge of keeping the peace in regions that citizens wanted to ...
Simulation-guided DNA probe design for consistently ultraspecific hybridization

The use of kinetic simulations to guide the design of competitive hybridization probe systems is shown to enable high selectivity for single-nucleotide variants. Using this approach across 44 cancer mutation/wild-type sequence pairs showed between a 200- and 3,000-fold higher binding affinity than the corresponding wild-type sequence. In combination with PCR amplification this method enabled the detection of a 1% concentration of variant alleles in human genomic DNA.
Parsing biomedical literature

We present a preliminary study of several parser adaptation techniques evaluated on the GENIA corpus of MEDLINE abstracts [1,2]. We begin by observing that the Penn Treebank (PTB) is lexically impoverished when measured on various genres of scientific and technical writing, and that this significantly impacts parse accuracy. To resolve this without requiring in-domain treebank data, we show how existing domain-specific lexical resources may be leveraged to augment PTB-training: part-of-speech tags, dictionary collocations, and named-entities. Using a state-of-the-art statistical parser [3] as our baseline, our lexically-adapted parser achieves a 14.2% reduction in error. With oracle-knowledge of named-entities, this error reduction improves to 21.2%.
Donor hemovigilance: safety as the first priority of blood donor management

Background The American Red Cross instituted a donor hemovigilance program (HVP) in its 35 regional blood centres in 2003 to document adverse events occurring at the time of donation or reported later. The aims are to describe and quantitate rare events using standard definitions, define risk factors, design specific interventions and to assess outcomes. In the 1990s, most US blood centres converted to 500 ml whole blood (WB) collection bags to maximize blood collection. The AABB (formerly known as the American Association of Blood Banks) instituted a standard (#5.4.1.A) to permit a maximum blood loss of 10·5 ml/kg and minimum donor weight of 50 kg (110 lb), allowing 525 ml of blood to be removed from the smallest donors. In the last decade, the majority of States have enacted legislation to allow 16-year-old donors to donate with parental consent. Methods Standardized adverse event definitions and reporting were instituted in 2003, and adverse event data were collated and analysed at the National Medical Office. Standard database and statistical analytical methods were utilized. Estimated blood volume was calculated based on height, weight and gender, using the method of Nadler et al. Surgery 1962; 51:224–231. Results Analysis of HVP data from 2002 to 2006 highlighted that young, first time, female donors were at risk for vasovagal reactions, injuries related to falls and the need for outside medical care. Multivariate analysis revealed young age, low estimated blood volume (<3·5 l) (EBV) and first-time donation status as major independent risk factors. Calculation of EBV revealed that current AABB standards allow, and CFR limits do not prevent, 15–20% blood loss of EBV from short, low-weight female donors. Interventions to reduce vasovagal reactions were piloted, starting in 2008, including: (i) a controlled environment through standardized work guidance, physical setup and staffing matrices; (ii) improved donor and parent educational material prior to donation; (iii) enhanced donor monitoring post donation; (iv) fluid intake encouraged within 30 minutes of donation; (v) distraction and muscle tension techniques; (vi) use of apheresis double red cell collection in eligible donors; (vii) enhanced post donation instructions to donors and patients; (viii) implementation of selective height and weight restrictions in donors <19 years old to avoid collection from donors with EBV <3·5 l. Conclusions A national HVP has highlighted the issue of vasovagal syncope-like reactions in young first-time donors with low EBV leading to multiple interventions designed to reduce risk. Outcomes are being assessed and monitored. Current AABB standards do not adequately protect young donors with low height/weight from excess blood loss in the United States.
Men's shopping satisfaction and store preferences

Abstract Changes in men's lifestyles have resulted in dramatic changes in the menswear industry. The purpose of this study was to determine satisfaction experienced by male consumers when shopping for personal apparel items, to identify stores patronized by men, and to determine store attributes important to male consumers. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a nonrandom sample of 201 men, primarily university students. The majority of respondents were satisfied with shopping experiences. Department stores were most preferred; while price, quality, and selection of merchandise were the most important attributes for respondents when shopping for apparel for themselves.