cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Complexity of Approximating PSPACE-Complete Problems for Hierarchical Specifications (Extended Abstract)

We extend the concept of polynomial time approximation algorithms to apply to problems for hierarchically specified graphs, many of which are PSPACE-complete. We present polynomial time approximation algorithms for several standard PSPACE-hard problems considered in the literature. In contrast, we prove that finding e-approximations for any e > 0, for several other problems when the instances are specified hierarchically, is PSPACE-hard. We present polynomial time approximation algorithms for the following problems when the graphs are specified hierarchically: minimum vertex cover, maximum 3SAT, weighted max cut, minimum maximal matching, and bounded degree maximum independent set.In contrast, we show that for any e > 0, obtaining e-approximations for the following problems when the instances are specified hierarchically is PSPACE-hard: the number of true gates in a monotone acyclic circuit when all input values are specified and the optimal value of the objective function of a linear program. It is also shown that obtaining a performance guarantee of less than 2 is PSPACE-hard for the following problems when the instances are specified hierarchically: high degree subgraph, k-vertex connected subgraph and k-edge connected subgraph.
AVIAN COMMUNICATION IN URBAN NOISE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF VOCAL ADJUSTMENT

SUCCESSFUL ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION requires that sounds propagate through the environment between the sender and receiver; vocalizations that transmit effectively in the habitat in which they are used are favored by natural selection. This "acoustic adaptation" hypothesis (Morton 1975, Wiley and Richards 1978, Richards and Wiley 1980, Ryan and Brenowitz 1985) laid the groundwork for the "sensory drive" concept (Endler 1992), which describes how environment affects the evolution of sensory systems and signals in all modalities. By allowing us to examine animal signals as adaptations shaped by selection, this framework has lead to a greater understanding of the bewildering diversity of animal signals. One of the environmental factors that exerts selection pressure on acoustic signals is ambient noise (Ryan and Brenowitz 1985). To elicit a response from a receiver, signals must be detectable in background noise; the detectability of a signal is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the masked auditory detection threshold of the receiver (Marten and Marler 1977, Brenowitz 1982, Dooling 2004). Within a given frequency band, signals with an SNR below the detection threshold of the receiver are "masked." Background noise thus plays a fundamental role in determining which "receivers" can hear a vocalization and the fidelity of the signal received. Noise varies among locations, and there is evidence that many species have evolved signals that maximize the habitat-specific SNR (reviewed in Brumm and Slabbekoorn 2005). For birds in and around urban areas and roads, the background noise is largely anthropogenic. Urban development
Custom and Innovation: Long Waves and Stages of Capitalist Development

Long waves are primarily a reflection of the temporal unevenness of competitive processes In the capitalist world-economy. Borrowing freely from Schumpeter, I shall assume that the intensity of competition in a capitalist economy varies over time according to the ever-changing balance between the forces of custom and the forces of innovation. Like all previous social systems, capitalism rests on some kind of customary order in which social, economic, and political actors develop and behave according to rules and norms that ensure the continuity of the “circular flow of economic life.” But unlike all previous social systems, capitalism tends to generate innovations that break up whatever customary order has been, or is being, established at any given time. This tendency heightens competitive pressures which, in turn, call forth new customary orders.
Natural convection air cooling of a discrete source on a conducting board in a shallow horizontal enclosure

Experiments were performed to measure the heat transfer coefficient on the surface of a square flush heat source mounted at the center of an FR-4 plate in a small horizontal enclosure. Cases with the plate facing upwards and downwards and with the backside either insulated or convecting were considered. The heat transfer coefficients exhibited distinct behavior at high aspect ratio in which the dominant length scales were related to the source. At intermediate aspect ratios length scales of both the source and the enclosure were relevant, and at small aspect ratios a conduction limit was observed. The data were in significant disagreement with commonly available correlations for horizontal plates in infinite media and for enclosures with differentially heated walls.
Anelasticity and damping of thin aluminum films on silicon substrates

A new dynamic measurement system has been developed to investigate damping in thin metal films. This system includes a vacuum chamber, in which a free-standing bilayer cantilever sample is vibrated using an electrostatic force, and a laser interferometer to measure the displacement and velocity of the sample. With this equipment, internal friction as low as 10/sup -5/ in micrometer thick metal films in a temperature range from 300 to 750 K can be measured. Free-standing cantilevers with different frequencies have been fabricated using well-established integrated circuit (IC) fabrication processes. The cantilevers consist of thin metal films on thicker Si substrates, which exhibit low damping. From measurements of internal friction of Al thin films at various temperatures and frequencies, it is possible to study relaxation processes associated with grain boundary diffusion. The activation energy calculated from the damping data is 0.57 eV, which is consistent with previous research. This value suggests that the mechanism of internal friction in pure Al films involves grain boundary diffusion controlled grain boundary sliding. A model to describe these damping effects has been developed. By deriving an expression for the diffusional strain rate using a two-dimensional (2-D) Coble creep model, and modifying the conventional standard linear solid model for the case of bending, it is possible to give a good account of the observed damping.
Managing for inclusion: balancing control and participation

Participation and control are both necessary in a democracy. In the two main models of public management, control trumps participation. The traditional model, Managing for Process, relies on centralized authority over process and emphasizes rules and regulations. The newer model, Managing for Results, permits decentralized control over process but relies on centralized control of results. We propose a third model, Managing for Inclusion,which has the potential to balance participation and control. Our model permits decentralized control over both process and results and requires centralized control over the implementation of participation. The tools of empowerment, teamwork, and continuous improvement take on new meanings in this model. We show how management tools such as training and rewarding can implement participation and control the process of inclusion. © 2001
Structured network coding and cooperative local peer-to-peer repair for MBMS video streaming

By providing coding ability at intermediate nodes, network coding has been shown to improve throughput in wireless broadcast/multicast networks. Considering a scenario where wireless ad-hoc peers cooperatively relay packets to each other to recover packets lost during MBMS broadcast, we show that by first imposing coding structures globally and then selecting the appropriate types within the structures locally, network coding can be optimized for video streaming in a rate-distortion manner. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme can improve video quality noticeably, by up to 19.71 dB over un-repaired video stream and by up to 8.34 dB over video stream using traditional unstructured network coding.
Reliabilities of two fault-tolerant interconnection networks

The authors examine the augmented-shuffle-exchange network (ASEN), a network with low switch and link complexity. Using exact reliability expressions for small networks and upper and lower bounds for larger networks, the reliability of the ASEN is compared with that of the extra-stage interconnection network (SEN+). The main contribution of this work is to analyze the effects of imperfect coverage and online repair on the reliability of large ASEN networks using a hierarchical approach. >
Mental Illness, Motivation and Moral Commitment

I present a dilemma which depressive behavioural pathology poses for both Humean and non-Humean theories of motivation and value. Although the dilemma shows that neither theory can be considered adequate in its standard form, I argue that if the Humean theory is modified so as to embrace a richer notion of satisfaction than it currently does, it can solve the problem which depression poses for it, and thus the dilemma can be avoided. Embracing a richer notion of satisfaction not only solves this problem, it also extends the scope of the Humean theory in a potentially dramatic way, by extending the explanatory reach of moral psychology to issues often thought to fall outside its scope, namely, issues in moral psychopathology.
Computational complexity of μ calculation

The structured singular value μ measures the robustness of uncertain Systems. Numerous researchers over the last decade have worked on developing efficient methods for computing μ. This paper considers the complexity of calculating μ with general mixed real/complex uncertainty in the framework of combinatorial complexity theory. In particular, it is proved that the μ recognition problem with either pure real or mixed real/complex uncertainty is NP-hard. This strongly suggests that it is futile to pursue exact methods for calculating μ of general systems with pure real or mixed uncertainty for other than small problems.
Reliability analysis of modem substations considering cyber link failures

With the increasing deployment of smart grid technologies, modern electric power systems are becoming more and more dependent on their cyber infrastructure. The unavailability of communication networks inevitably influences the reliability of power systems. Therefore, it is very important to study the malfunctions of cyber networks and their impact on power system reliability. In this paper, to illustrate the ideas, a 4-bus power system is extended to include the Ethernet-based protection system at each bus. The failure modes and impact of each individual component are analyzed. The effects of link failures resulting from packet delay are also considered. The term "link failure" in this paper refers to an event in which a link temporarily or permanently fails to transmit information in a timely manner. The example presents an effective approach to evaluate integrated cyber-physical power systems and provides possible enhancement suggestions for future research.
Total elbow arthroplasty : Revision with use of a non-custom semiconstrained prosthesis

The results of revision elbow arthroplasty with use of the semiconstrained Mayo-modified Coonrad implant in forty-one patients were reviewed retrospectively. The average duration of follow-up was six years (range, two to thirteen years). At the time of the latest follow-up evaluation, thirty-eight patients were able to perform activities of daily living, one had a stiff elbow because of heterotopic ossification, one had weakness secondary to an injury of the radial nerve, and one had an unstable elbow after removal of the prosthesis because of recurrent aseptic loosening. Fourteen patients sustained either a fracture or a perforation of the cortex at the time of removal of the primary implant. Three of these patients had an injury of the radial nerve; the injury was due to extravasation of the cement from a cortical defect in two of them and was sustained during removal of the cement in one. Eight patients had an intraoperative or postoperative complication that necessitated additional operative intervention. Postoperatively, twenty-two patients had complete relief of pain and sixteen had mild discomfort. Three patients remained disabled: one, because of pain secondary to loosening of the component; one, because of a pre-existing nerve injury; and one, because of the residual effects of an intraoperative injury of the radial nerve. The average Mayo elbow performance score was 87 +/- 16 points at the latest follow-up evaluation, compared with 44 +/- 17 points preoperatively (p < 0.0001). Revision elbow arthroplasty restored function to the patients who had had a failed prosthesis without infection.
Aging: progressive decline in fitness due to the rising deleteriome adjusted by genetic, environmental, and stochastic processes.

Different theories posit that aging is caused by molecular damage, genetic programs, continued development, hyperfunction, antagonistic pleiotropy alleles, mutations, trade‐offs, incomplete repair, etc. Here, I discuss that these ideas can be conceptually unified as they capture particular facets of aging, while being incomplete. Their respective deleterious effects impact fitness at different levels of biological organization, adjusting progression through aging, rather than causing it. Living is associated with a myriad of deleterious processes, both random and deterministic, which are caused by imperfectness, exhibit cumulative properties, and represent the indirect effects of biological functions at all levels, from simple molecules to systems. From this, I derive the deleteriome, which encompasses cumulative deleterious age‐related changes and represents the biological age. The organismal deleteriome consists of the deleteriomes of cells, organs, and systems, which change along roughly synchronized trajectories and may be assessed through biomarkers of aging. Aging is then a progressive decline in fitness due to the increasing deleteriome, adjusted by genetic, environmental, and stochastic processes. This model allows integration of diverse aging concepts, provides insights into the nature of aging, and suggests how lifespan may be adjusted during evolution and in experimental models.
Identification of Aeroservoelastic Models from Experimental Flapping-Wing Deflections

The dynamics of a ∞apping-wing vehicle are inherently aeroservoelastic since the interaction of aerodynamics and structural dynamics are critical to performance and will be altered by any control efiectors. These dynamics have been shown to exhibit nonlinear behaviors in the time-frequency domain for a variety of wings. This paper generates a model of the aeroservoelastic dynamics for a wing as a function of control efiectors. These models are polynomial functions of each control efiector and capture the nonlinear behavior in the system. Most importantly, the resulting models are a basis from which to compute the de∞ection in response to any control command.
Changes in reflex thresholds following experimental shock from intestinal manipulation

Insensibility and apathy are common clinical observations in traumatic or surgical shock. Meltzer and others have reported similar observations when the shock is produced experimentally by withdrawing the intestines from the abdominal cavity and cooling or manipulating them. I have repeated this procedure with spinal cats and have subjected to quantitative measurement the effects produced on the cord. The cats are made spinal by pithing the brain through the foramen magnum. The flexion reflex is elicited by stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve and recorded by contractions of the tibialis anticus muscle. The Martin system of measuring the break shocks to the nerve is used. In such a preparation, left to itself at normal temperature, the threshold of the flexion reflex remains very constant for long periods of time, changing, if at all, very gradually. Ordinarily the changes between successive readings are fractions of a single unit of measurement. If, now, the intestines be withdrawn from the abdomina...
Catalogue and a new species of family Ceratopogonidae from Heilongjiang province in China

Objective To determine the species distribution of Ceratopogonidae from Heilongjiang province.Methods Biting midges were collected using human-baited net traps,light traps,animal-baited traps and insect nets to generate data on the species distribution in Heilongjiang province.Results A total of 421 000 biting midges were collected,which belonged to 3 subfamilies,13 genera and 89 species,including one new species recorded Culicoides heilongjiangensis Liu et Ren sp.nov.The subfamily Dasyheleinae belonging to one genus and 5 species,subfamily Forcipomyiinae belonging to 3 genera and 23 species, subfamily Ceratopogoninae belonging to 9 genera and 61 species,and bloodsucking midges of 2 genera and 47 species were recorded.The distribution of 89 known species of biting midges in various cities of Heilongjiang was recorded.Conclusion The investigation informed the faunal distribution of Ceratopogonidae in Heilongjiang,China. C.heilongjiangensis Liu et Ren sp.nov.is alike to C.duddingstoni Kettle et Lawson,1955 in the wing spots,but the latter is noticeably distinguishable by shape of male hypopygium.Shape of male hypopygium of this new species is also alike to C.poperinghensis Goetghebuer,1960,but the latter is distinctly characterized by shapes of ninth sternum,ventral root of basistyle,and distal portion of aedeagus.The type specimen is stored at the Shenyang Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Shenyang 110034,Liaoning Province,China
Hepatitis C virus depends on E-cadherin as an entry factor and regulates its expression in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters the host cell through interactions with a cascade of cellular factors. Although significant progress has been made in understanding HCV entry, the precise mechanisms by which HCV exploits the receptor complex and host machinery to enter the cell remain unclear. This intricate process of viral entry likely depends on additional yet-to-be-defined cellular molecules. Recently, by applying integrative functional genomics approaches, we identified and interrogated distinct sets of host dependencies in the complete HCV life cycle. Viral entry assays using HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpps) of various genotypes uncovered multiple previously unappreciated host factors, including E-cadherin, that mediate HCV entry. E-cadherin silencing significantly inhibited HCV infection in Huh7.5.1 cells, HepG2/miR122/CD81 cells, and primary human hepatocytes at a postbinding entry step. Knockdown of E-cadherin, however, had no effect on HCV RNA replication or internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-mediated translation. In addition, an E-cadherin monoclonal antibody effectively blocked HCV entry and infection in hepatocytes. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that E-cadherin is closely associated with claudin-1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN) on the cell membrane. Depletion of E-cadherin drastically diminished the cell-surface distribution of these two tight junction proteins in various hepatic cell lines, indicating that E-cadherin plays an important regulatory role in CLDN1/OCLN localization on the cell surface. Furthermore, loss of E-cadherin expression in hepatocytes is associated with HCV-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), providing an important link between HCV infection and liver cancer. Our data indicate that a dynamic interplay among E-cadherin, tight junctions, and EMT exists and mediates an important function in HCV entry.
Cellular Kinetics of the Immune Response

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of workshop focusing on cellular kinetics of the immune response. A recurrent theme during this workshop was that details of pathways of stem cell circulation and differentiation are elusive largely because of lack of distinguishing cell characteristics to mark out different stages. Notable exceptions are cells that undergo change in their content of θ antigen and of the plasma cell antigen. It was emphasized that a more systematic search for other distinguishing markers must be made, possibly through different murine tumor cell lines of the lymphoid system. Attention was drawn to the fact that the quantities of certain surface antigens vary according to the cell cycle and that new antigenic determinant or possibly precursor products can be distinguished. The cellular events preceding antigen presentation were discussed only briefly. In particular, the in vitro development of the θ antigen on cells that enter the thymus from fetal liver indicates that the transition period is brief and occurs after about 12 days of embryonic development.
Characterizations of New Modified Weibull Distribution

Several characterizations of a New Modified Weibull distribution, introduced by Doostmoradi et al. (2014), are presented. These characterizations are based on: (i) truncated moment of a function of the random variable; (ii) the hazard function; (iii) a single function of the random variable; (iv) truncated moment of certain function of the 1st order statistic.
Rapid identification of Salmonella serotypes through hyperspectral microscopy with different lighting sources

Author Summary: The rapid detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria is critical to the food industry for preventing the introduction of contaminated product into the marketplace and limiting the spread of outbreaks. Hyperspectral microscope images (HMI) are a form of optical detection, which classify bacteria by combining microscope images with a spectrophotometer. The objective of this study was to compare the spectra generated from dark-field HMIs of five live Salmonella serotypes from two lighting sources, metal halide (MH) and tungsten halogen (TH), assessing classification accuracy and robustness, between 450 nm and 800 nm. It was found that the MH spectra could be reduced to as few as 10 optimal bands between 594 nm and 630 nm, but TH band reduction decreased accuracy, due to the inherent broader peak structure generated by the TH light source. Collection of HMIs from the two light sources comparing the same cells shows slight differences in scatter intensity patterns. Principal component linear discriminate analysis classified serotype subsets (n = 1800), reporting both MH and TH accuracies at 100%, while the reduced key MH bands achieved 99.4–100% accuracy. Principal component regression calculated the root mean squared error of cross-validation 0.948 for both full spectrum lamps. MH or TH lamps can be effectively used for discriminating bacteria HMIs on a cellular level by serotype, but reducing TH bands may lose crucial classification information.
Bag of What? Simple Noun Phrase Extraction for Text Analysis.

Social scientists who do not have specialized natural language processing training often use a unigram bag-of-words (BOW) representation when analyzing text corpora. We offer a new phrase-based method, NPFST, for enriching a unigram BOW. NPFST uses a partof-speech tagger and a finite state transducer to extract multiword phrases to be added to a unigram BOW. We compare NPFST to both ngram and parsing methods in terms of yield, recall, and efficiency. We then demonstrate how to use NPFST for exploratory analyses; it performs well, without configuration, on many different kinds of English text. Finally, we present a case study using NPFST to analyze a new corpus of U.S. congressional bills.
American Manufacturing in the 1990s: The Adjustment Challenge

In the 1990s, U.S. manufacturing will be heavily affected by two developments which have already played a major role in U.S. industrial performance in the 1980s. The first development is the shift in U.S. spending patterns from a nation living within its means to a nation living beyond them.
Development of Hydrogen Pellet Injectors at ORNL

Pellet injectors that produce and accelerate frozen hydrogen isotope pellets are being developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for fueling of present and future plasma fusion devices. The development has focused primarily on two types of injectors: (1) gas guns, which utilize a pneumatic approach to accelerate pellets in a barrel with compressed helium or hydrogen propellant, and (2) centrifuge-type injectors, in which pellets are accelerated by centrifugal forces in a highspeed rotating track. In a single-pellet pneumatic injector, pellet speeds up to 1.4 km/s have been achieved. Three multipellet injection systems (ORNL four-pellet pneumatic design) are now functional, one each on the Poloidal Divertor Experiment (PDX), Alcator-C, and the Impurity Study Experiment (ISX-B). Currently, two repetitive devices (one of each injector type) are in operation to demonstrate steadystate fueling systems in the reactor-relevant parameter ranges of 1-km/s pellet velocity, variable pellet sizes up to 2 mm, and feed rates up to 10-40 pellets/s. The injector designs are described and operating characteristics discussed.
Advocacy for Equity in Classrooms and Beyond: New Teachers' Challenges and Responses.

Background/Context: New teachers face an array of challenges in today’s schools. Even when teachers leave credential programs with useful preparation, early-career jobs and contexts shape and constrain teachers’ goals and practice related to teaching diverse learners. Becoming change agents can be a tall order. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: Considering this context, we sought to understand how graduates of one teacher credential program appear prepared to advocate for educational equity in their new jobs by asking three questions: (1) What challenges do new teachers identify in classes and schools that require advocacy for some youth? (2) In what ways do they respond to such challenges? and (3) What enables these acts of advocacy? Research Design: A total of 38 graduates, all currently teaching, participated in five separate 3-hour focus groups of 5‐10 teachers each. We used focus groups as a research tool to triangulate a range of other data, including artifacts and surveys. We sought teachers’ deep reflections on practice, on their preparation for advocacy work, and on their professional needs. We transcribed focus group discussions then subjected these to a series of procedures, including analysis of content and themes of teachers’ narratives. Findings/Results: Teachers reported actions to address equity in a range of sites, with the classroom as the core site for teachers’ advocacy work. In complex narratives, teachers reported trying to meet learning needs of diverse students. English language learners’ needs especially prompted acts of advocacy in and beyond the classroom. These included instructional tailoring, out-of-class tutorials, hunts for better texts and tests, a library field trip, cre
Physical Layer Key Generation Using Virtual AoA and AoD of mmWave Massive MIMO Channel

Shared secret key generation from wireless channel characteristics has attracted a lot of research attention in recent years due to its low computational overhead and potentials to achieve information-theoretic security. In this paper, for millimeter wave (mmWave) Massive MIMO channel, we propose to use new channel characteristics – virtual AoA (Angle of Arrival) and AoD (Angle of Departure), to generate a shared secret key between two devices. Other than reciprocity, AoA and AoD of the virtual channel present sparsity and their estimation is efficient and robust against noise. Through theoretical analysis and extensive simulations, we show that the proposed key generation using virtual AoA and AoD achieves much higher bit agreement ratio than existing mechanisms directly using channel state information. Our method can achieve above 99% bit agreement ratio even under very low SNR (e.g., −10dB), which is not achievable by the existing mechanisms. Besides, in our proposed mechanism, the bit agreement ratio becomes higher when number of antennas increases, along with higher key generate rates achieved per channel sounding.
Household Decision-Making Between Older Adult Women and Men in the Western Cape of South Africa

In this study we use the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS, wave 4) to estimate the influences on sole decision-making (measured as being the only person who makes family decisions rather than making them jointly) in married or partnered older adult households in South Africa. We performed a logistic regression analysis predicting older adults’ major and minor decision-making by gender, controlling for household structure, economic resources, health and race. We found that control of economic resources influences an older adult’s decision-making, including earning money outside the household, controlling a pension and owning books. These decision-making patterns were more prevalent for Black and Coloured men and women than for Whites. Race was not a significant predictor of sole decision-making, although speaking Afrikaans did predict sole decision-making for Coloured women. Having a partner, having a parent in the household and household size all predicted sole decision-making type (major and minor), although the exact nature of those relationships varied by gender and race. The extended nature of many South African households and cultural differences about the role of extended family on decision patterns may have been previously overlooked.
Glucose Signaling Is Connected to Chromosome Segregation Through Protein Kinase A Phosphorylation of the Dam1 Kinetochore Subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The Dam1 complex is an essential component of the outer kinetochore that mediates attachments between spindle microtubules and chromosomes. Dam1p, a subunit of the Dam1 complex, binds to microtubules and is regulated by Aurora B/Ipl1p phosphorylation. We find that overexpression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic subunits (i.e., TPK1, TPK2, TPK3) is lethal in DAM1 mutants and increases the rate of chromosome loss in wild-type cells. Replacing an evolutionarily conserved PKA site (S31) in Dam1p with a nonphosphorylatable alanine suppressed the high-copy PKA dosage lethality in dam1-1 Consistent with Dam1p as a target of PKA, we find that in vitro PKA can directly phosphorylate S31 in Dam1p and we observed phosphorylation of S31 in Dam1p purified from asynchronously growing yeast cells. Cells carrying high-copy TPK2 or a Dam1p phospho-mimetic S31D mutant displayed a reduction in Dam1p localization at the kinetochore, suggesting that PKA phosphorylation plays a role in assembly and/or stability of the Dam1 complex. Furthermore, we observed spindle defects associated with S31 phosphorylation. Finally, we find that phosphorylation of Dam1p on S31 is reduced when glucose is limiting as well as during α-factor arrest, conditions that inhibit PKA activity. These observations suggest that the PKA site of Dam1p participates in regulating kinetochore activity. While PKA is a well-established effector of glucose signaling, our work shows for the first time that glucose-dependent PKA activity has an important function in chromosome segregation.
Impact of single day multidisciplinary clinics on the lead time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment in head and neck cancers.

e17523 Background: We evaluated the impact of single day multidisciplinary clinics (MDC) on the lead time from diagnosis to treatment in head and neck cancers compared with patients prior to the im...
Christian Pacifism for an Environmental Age

In this volume, Mark Douglas offers a new vision of the history of Christian pacifism within the context of a warming world. He narrates this story in a way that recognizes the complexities of the tradition and aligns it with a coherent theological vision, one that shapes the tradition to encompass the new causes and types of wars fought during the Anthropocene. Along the way, Douglas draws from research in historical climatology to recover the overlooked role that climate changes have always played in shaping not only the Christian pacifist tradition but also the movement of traditions through western history. Scholars across a range of disciplines - peace studies, Christian theology and history, environmentalism, and environmental conflict studies - will benefit from this model of critical and charitable engagement with the complex history of Christian pacifism, the resources of which will be important for addressing wars in a warming world.
Manitoba Vision Screening Study.

It would be preferable if every child had a professional eye examination prior to entering school and every two years thereafter. This ideal is rarely realized. As a second choice, a vision screeni...
Too Hot to Handle and Too Valuable to Drop: An Expanded Conceptualization of Firms’ Reactions to Exchange Partner Misconduct

Multiple theories addressing firms’ reactions to exchange partner misconduct coalesce to depict a trade-off. On the one hand, maintaining commitments to transgressors poses negative spillover risks...
Multi-Target Detection With an Arbitrary Spacing Distribution

Motivated by the structure reconstruction problem in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, we consider the multi-target detection model, where multiple copies of a target signal occur at unknown locations in a long measurement, further corrupted by additive Gaussian noise. At low noise levels, one can easily detect the signal occurrences and estimate the signal by averaging. However, in the presence of high noise, which is the focus of this paper, detection is impossible. Here, we propose two approaches—autocorrelation analysis and an approximate expectation maximization algorithm—to reconstruct the signal without the need to detect signal occurrences in the measurement. In particular, our methods apply to an arbitrary spacing distribution of signal occurrences. We demonstrate reconstructions with synthetic data and empirically show that the sample complexity of both methods scales as SNR ${}^{-3}$ in the low SNR regime.
Relationship between Adverse Childhood Expierences (ACEs) and resilience in Agents of Protection

Background Exposure to chronic stress in childhood through Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is well-known to negatively impact physical and mental health. Few studies have examined ACEs among the professionals who work with child abuse survivors (agents of protection), but evidence suggests that childhood trauma increases symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the risk of secondary traumatic stress (STS) in a variety of agents of protection. We hypothesize …
AdS$_3$ gravity and random CFT

We compute the path integral of three-dimensional gravity with negative cosmological constant on spaces which are topologically a torus times an interval. These are Euclidean wormholes, which smoothly interpolate between two asymptotically Euclidean AdS$_3$ regions with torus boundary. From our results we obtain the spectral correlations between BTZ black hole microstates near threshold, as well as extract the spectral form factor at fixed momentum, which has linear growth in time with small fluctuations around it. The low-energy limit of these correlations is precisely that of a double-scaled random matrix ensemble with Virasoro symmetry. Our findings suggest that if pure three-dimensional gravity has a holographic dual, then the dual is an ensemble which generalizes random matrix theory.
Investigating walnut consumption and cognitive trajectories in a representative sample of older US adults.

Objective: Existing research suggests walnut intake may be associated with better cognitive function in older adults, yet few studies utilise longitudinal data from observational studies of ageing populations. Our objective was to estimate the association between whole walnut intake and cognitive change in a representative sample of older Americans. Design: Secondary analysis of the Health and Retirement Study and Health Care and Nutrition Study. Walnut consumption was defined as a categorical measure (none, low intake (0·01–0·08 1 oz. servings per day) and moderate intake (>0·08 1 oz. servings per day)) and cognitive function was measured using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Latent growth modelling estimated the association between walnut consumption and trajectories of cognitive status over a 4-year observational period. Sensitivity analyses assessing non-random dropout and Monte Carlo power analyses were conducted to contextualise results. Setting: The USA. Participants: A sample of 3632 US adults aged 65 years and older. Results: Those reporting any walnut consumption had greater cognitive scores at baseline than those not consuming walnuts (low walnut consumption, b = 1·53, se = 0·21, P < 0·001; moderate walnut consumption, b = 2·22, se = 0·27, P < 0·001), but walnut consumption was not associated with cognitive change. Walnut consumption was positively associated with socioeconomic status and health behaviours as well as intake of nutrients identified to have neuroprotective benefits. Conclusions: We identified an association between walnut consumption and cognitive function in older adults, although we did not find that walnut consumption was protective against age-related cognitive decline.
Effects of diet and temperature on monarch butterfly wing morphology and flight ability

While global change research has greatly expanded in recent years, it remains unclear how environmental change will impact the mobility of many organisms. Flight is an important mode of transportation that affects ecological functions, including mate location, foraging, and migration. However, the effects of increasing temperature and diet quality on flight remain largely unknown. Here, we explore the effects of rearing temperature and larval diet quality on the flight ability of an iconic and ecologically threatened migratory insect, the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Monarch larvae were reared at two temperatures (25 °C and 28 °C) and on three milkweed species with varying phytochemistry (Asclepias incarnata, Asclepias syriaca, and Asclepias curassavica) in a fully factorial experiment. We tested flight ability using an automated flight mill, which measured cumulative flight distance, duration, and instantaneous velocity. Higher rearing temperatures reduced monarch flight ability, and larval diet quality influenced forewing morphology. Dietary milkweed with higher cardenolide concentrations (A. curassavica) induced shorter, wider forewings whereas milkweed with low to intermediate cardenolides (A. incarnata and A. syriaca) induced longer, narrower forewings, which are considered better for gliding flight used during migration. Our results provide evidence that projected increases in temperature and the subsequent expansion of tropical milkweed (A. curassavica) into the central breeding range of eastern North American migratory monarchs could reduce migration success. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms explaining the effects of diet and temperature on monarch flight ability and fitness, to ensure that appropriate conservation strategies are employed to preserve migratory populations.
Global and localized neighborhood effects on public transit ridership in Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Abstract This study examines what socio-demographic and spatial factors explain the variation of public transit ridership in a medium-size city in southern U.S. – Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In order to gain a sharper spatial resolution in the analysis, the ecological inference method is used to disaggregate socio-demographic data from the census block group level to the census block level. Monte Carlo simulation and transit schedule data are used to improve the estimation of travel time by private vehicle and public transit, respectively, also at the census block level. The semi-parametric geographically-weighted regression (SGWR) is used to identify, among significant variables, what are global factors and what are local factors. The results indicate that neighborhoods with higher concentrations of non-White minorities, recent immigrants and carless households have positive global effects on public transit ridership. The effects by neighborhood median income, public transit to private vehicle commuting time ratio, and accessibility to employment via public transit are localized or vary across the study area, and some of these variables even show opposite effects in specific pockets in contrast to their area-wide average effects.
Preloaded contralateral gate techniques during endovascular aortic repair for aneurysms and occlusive disease.

Abstract We present two preloaded techniques to facilitate gate cannulation during endovascular aortic repair. In the first case, we relined the aorta using a Gore iliac branch endoprosthesis (WL Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) for acute occlusion. This allowed for preloading the contralateral gate, which was compressed when deployed, and subsequently dilated open over the preloaded wire to allow for cannulation. The second patient had had an infrarenal aneurysm. A Gore Excluder was partially deployed extracorporeally to preload the gate from the ipsilateral side. The "snare ride" technique was used to rapidly cannulate the gate. Preloaded wire techniques during endovascular aortic repair can facilitate rapid gate cannulation, especially in patients with challenging anatomy.
MR. HOLMES Bakehouse: Surviving the Coronavirus

This case is about Aaron Caddel, an entrepreneur, who owned several coffee houses and bakeries in San Francisco and Los Angeles and had to rethink his businesses during the Covid 19 pandemic in ear...
Cerebello-Basal Ganglia Networks and Cortical Network Global Efficiency

The cerebellum (CB) and basal ganglia (BG) each have topographically distinct functional subregions that are functionally and anatomically interconnected with cortical regions through discrete thalamic loops and with each other via disynaptic connections, with previous work detailing high levels of functional connectivity between these phylogenetically ancient regions. It was posited that this CB-BG network provides support for cortical systems processing, spanning cognitive, emotional, and motor domains, implying subcortical network measures are strongly related to cortical network measures (Bostan & Strick, 2018); however, it is currently unknown how network measures within distinct CB-BG networks relate to cortical network measures. Here, 122 regions of interest comprising cognitive and motor CB-BG networks and 7 canonical cortical resting-state were used to investigate whether the integration (quantified using global efficiency, GE) of cognitive CB-BG network (CCBN) nodes and their segregation from motor CB-BG network (MCBN) nodes is related to cortical network GE and segregation in 233 non-related, righthanded participants (Human Connectome Project-1200). CCBN GE positively correlated with GE in the default mode, motor, and auditory networks and MCBN GE positively correlated with GE in all networks except the default mode and emotional. MCBN segregation was related to MN segregation. These findings highlight the CB-BG network9s role in executive function, task switching, and verbal working memory. This work has implications for understanding cortical network organization and cortical-subcortical interactions in healthy adults and may help in deciphering subcortical differences seen in disease states.
The Uses of Plants in Healing in an Afro-Cuban Religion, Santeria:

Although plants have long been known to play an important medical and ritual role in the religious traditions of Africa, little attention has been devoted to examining the use of plants in the context of the various Afro-American religions. As one scholar has written: "Medicinal species, to a large extent, have been overlooked even though in some cases these plants represent some of the social and cultural traditions of the people who use them" (McClure, 1982). This is particularly evident in the case of Afro-Cuban Santeria,1 for despite the important role plants play in this religion, studies of their use in Santeria have been few. The African origins of Santeria stem largely from the Yorubas of southwestern Nigeria but also include contributions from other neighboring West African peoples sharing similar or related beliefs and practices. In Cuba the Yorubas' orisha worship practices fused with Spanish folk Catholic traditions of hagiolotry and gave rise to an early form of Santeria. The influence of the 19th century European Spiritist movement headed by Allan Kardec completed the ingredients making up present-day Santeria. In Cuba the numerous Yoruba subgroups became known by the ethnic group name Lucumi, which originally had only applied to Yorubas from the kingdom of Oyo. Lucumi is also the name for the dialect of Yoruba serving as Santeria's liturgical tongue (Bascom, 1950; Olmsted, 1953). Ethnicity remained significant in the forma-
Optimal design procedures for two-level fractional factorial experiments given partial prior information about parameters

Design optimization for fractional factorial experiments by finite decision problem based on prior information
Corneal surface ablation by 193 nm excimer laser and wound healing in rabbits.

The 193 nm argon fluoride excimer laser was used to ablate a 6 mm diameter area of the central rabbit cornea under various conditions of power, beam configuration and exposure time. High repetition rates or prolonged exposures produced charring and prevented rapid epithelial wound closure. Endothelial vacuolization, reduction in density, and displacement of cell material into Descemet's layer resulted in these experiments. A beam of low and uniform power intensity (40 pulses per second, 100 seconds at 23 mJ/cm 2 ) reduced stromal damage, cellular infiltration, and epithelial irregularities including punctate staining and cell exfoliation. Epithelial reheating occurred within two days. Basal lamina and hemidesmosomes were reformed by one week. Endothelial damage was not detected. Excimer laser ablation may allow removal of superficial dystrophies or scars, followed by rapid healing from normal corneal reparative processes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:90-98,1989
Optimal scheduling for networks of RFID readers

Devising switching schemes for networks of colliding and correlated RFID readers is a core challenge in the deployment of RFID networks. We derive optimal scheduling schemes for readers in RFID networks in four cases of practical importance. Most other cases can be reduced to a combination of these basic cases.
Nonresponse in Sample Surveys

This expository article discusses issues related to unit nonresponse in sample surveys including various definitions commonly used to report response rates; effects of nonresponses on the validity and reliability of estimates; strategies used to improve response rates in sample surveys; and statistical methods used to adjust for unit nonresponse in analyzing data from sample surveys. References are given to ‘classic’ as well as recently published books on this topic. Keywords: sample surveys; response rates; unit nonresponse; refusal conversion; double sampling; weight calibration