cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization, and Challenges

Bio-inspired dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) from natural plant-based dyes gained importance due to their low cost of manufacturing and environmental friendliness. Not all plants are candidates for DSCCs; they should contain certain pigments such as chlorophyll, anthocyanin, and betalains. Titanium oxide nanoparticles play an important role as electron transporter in the DSSCs. The efficiency is still low in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar cells. There are several challenges to improve the efficiency such as the photodegradation of the dye, the stability of the electrolyte over time, and adhesion of dye with titanium oxide nanoparticles. We reviewed methods for fabricating DSSCs, and the science behind the working principle. Various microscopic and spectroscopic analysis methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and confocal microscopy were presented, for investigating optical properties, surface chemistry of the dyes, and in structural characterization of the plant cells. The photoelectrochemical properties such as conversion efficiency measure the performance of the DSSCs. They are usually in the range of 0.05–3.9% depending on the plant dye used, including plant dyes modified. A critical feature in the design of dye-sensitized solar cells is the attachment of the photosensitizing dye to the titanium oxide surface. We reviewed and summarized the design of binding elements that enhance the binding of the sensitizing dye to the titanium dioxide surface. The efficiencies of covalent linkage of the dye to the titanium surface versus non-covalent binding were discussed, including a survey of functional groups and geometries, to determine the most effective reported.
Comparing Coverage in Syria and Yemen: Qualitative Analysis

This chapter examines why Syria receives more attention than Yemen given the severity of humanitarian crises in both countries using content analysis of articles from purposefully selected media sources. The analysis focuses on multiple high-profile events in each conflict to assess how the media covers instances in which the use of force by state and/or nonstate actors results in humanitarian crisis. The results indicate that humanitarian issues in both conflicts receive similar—and high rates of—attention, but international law and international humanitarian law receive little attention in the media. The results also show that even in coverage on events that illustrate the humanitarian crises in Syria and Yemen and involve potential breaches of international humanitarian law, articles and international actors, including the UN and nongovernmental organizations, tend to refrain from discussing how state and nonstate use of force might violate those laws.
Challenges in the Development of e-Quit worRx: An iPad App for Smoking Cessation Counseling and Shared Decision Making in Primary Care.

Background Smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, killing more than 450,000 Americans. Primary care physicians (PCPs) have a unique opportunity to discuss smoking cessation evidence in a way that enhances patient-initiated change and quit attempts. Patients today are better equipped with technology such as mobile devices than ever before. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the challenges in developing a tablet-based, evidence-based smoking cessation app to optimize interaction for shared decision making between PCPs and their patients who smoke. Methods A group of interprofessional experts developed content and a graphical user interface for the decision aid and reviewed these with several focus groups to determine acceptability and usability in a small population. Results Using a storyboard methodology and subject matter experts, a mobile app, e-Quit worRx, was developed through an iterative process. This iterative process helped finalize the content and ergonomics of the app and provided valuable feedback from both patients and provider teams. Once the app was made available, other technical and programmatic challenges arose. Conclusions Subject matter experts, although generally amenable to one another's disciplines, are often challenged with effective interactions, including language, scope, clinical understanding, technology awareness, and expectations. The successful development of this app and its evaluation in a clinical setting highlighted those challenges and reinforced the need for effective communications and team building.
IDIOPATHIC HIGH DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK MANAGEMENT IN CARDIAC CRITICAL CARE

High degree AV block can represent the continuum of a chronic disease process or be sudden onset related to a myriad of triggers. This variability requires an inquisitive approach to diagnosis and must include safe management of unstable conduction to prevent cardiac morbidity and mortality. A 58-
Constructivist theories of political incorporation

Drawing upon ethnographic data collected in Glendale, California, this study applies constructivist theories of ethnic politics to political incorporation research. The analysis demonstrates how th...
Honey bee learning

Publisher Summary This chapter integrates behavioristic terminology and insights with the ethological perspective on learning. To illustrate this convergence, honeybee is chosen as a lot is known about its natural history and is a convenient experimental “wild” animal. Honeybees face the problem of learning to recognize and handle flowers with a useful set of predispositions and programs: they recognize flower-like targets innately, land on them, and explore them and if they provide food, they learn about them. Bees learn both to recognize and to handle flowers. Recognition learning is a case of classical conditioning in which a compound conditioned stimulus is committed to memory. Like many-probably most-cases of learning, the memorizing process is highly biased with some cues learned more easily than others and some that are easily perceived not learned at all. Bees store flower memory in a time-linked and time-exclusive set, in a mental array that must be prewired. These observations suggest that honeybee learning is organized in a manner very similar or identical to the circuitry that underlies alpha conditioning—that is, the inputs to the cell(s) responsible for storage-cells with specific time constraints in the case of bees come from a limited set of modalities, some more strongly represented and thus more easily learned than others.
Textured Calcium Hexaluminate Fiber-Matrix Interphase for Ceramic-Matrix Composites

The concept of an oxidation resistant fiber-matrix interphase that deflects cracks by cleavage is explored. Sols with the nominal composition CaAl12O19 were used to coat single-crystal alumina fiber and plates and yttrium-aluminum garnet fiber. Subsequent annealing, or consolidation in a matrix, results in strong texturing of the hibonite coating with basal planes parallel to the interface. Texture development within the hibonite interphase occurs by a complex series of phase transformations and reactions. Fiber pushout tests indicate high sliding resistance; however, strain-energy release rates of hibonite-bonded alumina laminates were found to be adequate to provide for crack deflection within the interphase via cleavage. Model composites containing hibonite-coated fibers were tested and showed evidence of crack deflection within the interphase.
A Review of Clinical Trials: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant Therapy in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are widely prevalent metabolic diseases with differing pathologies. T1DM manifests due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a diminished secretion of insulin. T2DM originates from a state of insulin resistance, resulting in hyperglycemia and reduction in beta cell mass. Both diseases can cause severe health consequences. Despite the globally increasing prevalence of both T1DM and T2DM there remains to be a medically defined cure for either of these diseases. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a possible curative treatment method. In this review, we explain the molecular mechanisms underlying MSCs and their potential ability to treat T1DM and T2DM. We describe the capability of MSCs to differentiate into insulin-producing cells and regenerate pancreatic beta cells, as well as assess their role in modulating the immune system. Lastly, we evaluate the current literature focusing on the clinical application of MSC transplantation in T1DM and T2DM. Despite the favorable results, study designs and analyses cast doubt on the effectiveness of MSCs for the management of T1DM. Conversely, the positive metabolic effects consistently demonstrated in the literature offer hope for MSCs as a treatment for T2DM, at least in the short-term.
Carbon Nanotube Devices for the Detection Of Circulating Tumor Cells

ABSTRACT Introduction Combining clinical and imaging tools with the presence and level of circulating cancer cells (CTC) has great potential. Carbon nanotube electrical devices are a promising technique to detect CTCs in small samples of blood. This study tests, if free energy change for specific interactions is higher than for non-specific interactions. Cell surface receptors found on breast cancer cells are targeted by functionalizing the carbon nanotube electronic devices with cancer-specific antibodies. The study also tested, if the concentration of CTCs correlates with the change in the electronic properties of the nanotube device. Methods Antibodies, specific for IGF1R, EPCAM, Her2, and a nonspecific antibody (EMD Biosciences, San Diego CA) in PBS are adsorbed on to the individual nanodevices. One ml drops of fresh human donor blood is mixed with 1 micro-liter of cancer cells (1000 cells). This mixture is applied to the device using a micro-pipette and the change in conductivity is measured. Negative control cell lines that do not overexpress IGF1R, EPCAM, or Her2, such as human Jurkat cells, human nontumorigenic MCF10A cells, and nontumorigenic R- mouse embryonic fibroblast cells with targeted disruption of the IGF1R gene are used as negative controls to test the device efficacy. Results Functionalized nanotubes with specific antibodies elicited significant changes in conductivity (10 times change per 100 cells, r∧2 0.95) while non-specific interaction caused negligible conductivity changes. Larger conductivity drops were seen in blood containing cancer cells than blood alone or isolated white blood cells (change in resistance from 2-6 kW for 200 cells in blood, r∧2 0.95). Changes in conductance were linear with an increasing number of cells in the range of 10-300 cells/5 ml. (5 kW per 100 cells, 20 kW per 200 cells and 30 kW per 300 cells, r∧2 0.95). Conclusion The specific and proportional changes in conductivity suggest that this approach could be useful in sensing cancer cells in a small volume of blood. Monitors based on nano-technology may be of clinical utility in the detection of a wide variety of cancer types. This non-invasive test would give clinicians immediate results (similar to a glucometer), which can improve screening, response assessment and surveillance. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Big Data Forensics: Hadoop 3.2.0 Reconstruction

Abstract Conducting digital forensic investigations in a big data distributed file system environment presents significant challenges to an investigator given the high volume of physical data storage space. Presented is an approach from which the Hadoop Distributed File System logical file space is mapped to the physical data location. This approach uses metadata collection and analysis to reconstruct events in a finite time series.
Lateral Thrust Distribution of Column-Supported Embankments for Limiting Cases of Lateral Spreading

AbstractLateral spreading analysis of column-supported embankments (CSEs) requires an understanding of lateral thrust distribution. This includes quantifying the portion of thrust that is resisted ...
Sesquiterpene-α-amino acid quaternary ammonium hybrids from Stereum complicatum (Steraceae)

Abstract Five sesquiterpene-α-amino acid quaternary ammonium hybrids and the sesquiterpene core with no amino acid moiety linked were isolated from the n-butanol partition of the Stereum complicatum fungal culture grown on potato dextrose broth. Chemical structures were unambiguously elucidated by high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) in positive ion mode and NMR experiments and were identified as sterostrein Q and stereumamides A - E. The isolation and structure elucidation of these hybrid compounds is reported herein for the first time from S. complicatum. The phytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds were evaluated, but no significant activity was found. The HR-ESI-MS fragmentation pattern of the sesquiterpene-α-amino acid quaternary ammonium hybrid metabolites and its chemotaxonomic implication are discussed.
TAMICA: Tailorable Autonomous Motivational Interviewing Conversational Agent

With the increased adoption of voice assistants in people's homes such as Amazon Alexa and Google Home, conversational agents (CA) bring numerous opportunities to support health management in everyday settings. We present our ongoing effort on developing the Tailorable Autonomous Motivational Interviewing Conversational Agent (TAMICA). TAMICA incorporates Motivational Interviewing (MI) techniques to help parents strategize tailored healthy eating goals for their families. The system is accompanied by a tailoring interface designed for parents to tailor the MI script and the agent's communicative behaviors. We are in the process of recruiting parents of children under the age of 18 to investigate the usability and feasibility of TAMICA. We present the system and the study protocol of this usability and feasibility testing.
Snapbot V2: a Reconfigurable Legged Robot with a Camera for Self Configuration Recognition

In this paper, we present the second version of a reconfigurable modular legged robot, Snapbot V2. The mechanical design of Snapbot V2 is enhanced for better dynamic performance and robust connection with modular legs. A motion generator for locomotion is developed to achieve various locomotion skills in one to six-leg configurations. The locomotion is tested on a multi-body dynamic simulation model and implemented on a physical robot as well. A visual detection is implemented with a camera module to recognize the robot’s configuration. By detecting the particular color of the parts at the leg module, the robot can recognize the number and location of the connected legs. Based on the recognized configuration, Snapbot V2 selects the proper locomotion style automatically.
Archivar lo que se va a destruir: fascinación misionera y sacrificio azteca

Las practicas sacrificiales llegaron a definir la espiritualidad y devocion azteca. Para los conquistadores, esto implicaba que los nahuas tenian una concepcion espiritual del universo. Esta nocion resulto prometedora para los espanoles que se aventuraron al Nuevo Mundo con la intencion de lograr su conversion al cristianismo. Para los conquistadores, la brutalidad del sacrificio humano representada en los codices legitimaba la conquista espiritual y fisica que emprendian, con el fin de erradicar este derramamiento barbaro de sangre. Sin embargo, las representaciones de la actividad religiosa indigena eran esenciales. Era importante articular, para un publico occidental, que estos sacrificios humanos tenian un proposito espiritual para los aztecas. Asi, los aztecas potencialmente podrian ser receptivos a los ideales catolicos.
Ablation outcomes for atypical atrial flutter versus recurrent atrial fibrillation following index pulmonary vein isolation

Background Data related to electrophysiologic characteristics of atypical atrial flutter (AFL) following atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and its prognostic value on repeat ablation success are limited. Methods We studied consecutive patients who underwent a repeat left atrial (LA) ablation procedure for either recurrent AF or atypical AFL, at least 3 months after index AF ablation, between January 2012 and July 2019. The demographics, clinical history, procedural data, complications, and 1-year arrhythmia-free survival rates were recorded for each subject after the first repeat ablation. Results A total of 336 patients were included in our study. Among these 336 patients, 102 underwent a repeat ablation procedure for atypical AFL and 234 underwent a repeat ablation procedure for recurrent AF. The mean age was 63.7 ± 10.7 years, and 72.6% of patients were men. The atypical AFL cohort had significantly higher LA diameters (4.6 vs. 4.4 cm, p = .04) and LA volume indices (LAVi; 85.1 vs. 75.4 ml/m2 , p = .03) compared to AF patients at repeat ablation. Atypical AFL patients were more likely to have had index radiofrequency (RF) ablation (as opposed to cryoballoon) than recurrent AF patients (98% vs. 81%, p = .01). Atypical AFLs were roof-dependent in 35.6% and peri-mitral in 23.8% of cases. Major complications at repeat ablation occurred in 0.9% of the total cohort. Arrhythmia-free survival at one year was significantly higher in the recurrent atypical AFL compared to the recurrent AF cohort (75.5 vs. 65.0%, p = .04). Conclusion In our series, roof-dependent flutter is the most common form of atypical atrial flutter post AF ablation. Patients developing atypical AFL after index AF ablation have greater LA dimensions than patients with recurrent AF. The success rate of first repeat ablation is significantly higher among patients with recurrent atypical AFL as compared to recurrent AF after index AF ablation.
An Expanded RXTE Survey of X-ray Variability in Seyfert 1 Galaxies

The first seven years of RXTE monitoring of Seyfert 1 active galactic nuclei have been systematically analyzed to yield five homogeneous samples of 2-12 keV light curves, probing hard X-ray variability on successively longer durations from ~1 day to ~3.5 years. 2-10 keV variability on time scales of ~1 day, as probed by ASCA, are included. All sources exhibit stronger X-ray variability towards longer time scales, but the increase is greater for relatively higher luminosity sources. Variability amplitudes are anti-correlated with X-ray luminosity and black hole mass, but amplitudes saturate and become independent of luminosity or black hole mass towards the longest time scales. The data are consistent with the models of power spectral density (PSD) movement described in Markowitz et al. (2003a) and McHardy et al. (2004), whereby Seyfert 1 galaxies' variability can be described by a single, universal PSD shape whose break frequency scales with black hole mass. The best-fitting scaling relations between variability time scale, black hole mass and X-ray luminosity imply an average accretion rate of ~5% of the Eddington limit for the sample. Nearly all sources exhibit stronger variability in the relatively soft 2-4 keV band compared to the 7-12 keV band on all time scales. There are indications that relatively less luminous or less massive sources exhibit a greater degree of spectral variability for a given increase in overall flux.
Silurian-Devonian tectonic evolution of mid-coastal Maine, U.S.A.: Details of polyphase orogenic processes

Detailed bedrock mapping, structural geology, meta-igneous whole rock geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology from rocks sampled along a portion of a complexly deformed tectonic boundary between the Ordovician peri-Gondwanan Liberty-Orrington belt and Silurian syn-orogenic strata of the Fredericton trough (a.k.a. the Dog Bay Line) in mid-coastal Maine aid in deciphering the Silurian-Devonian tectonic evolution of the region. The new results provide constraints on several key events. First, initial terrane juxtapositioning occurred along the east-verging Boothbay thrust fault (D1). This tectonism occurred prior to 423 Ma and is associated with the accretion of the Ganderian microcontinent to the Laurentian margin (that is, the Salinic orogeny). Subsequently, intrusion of an ultra-potassic magma, the protolith of the Edgecomb Gneiss, occurred at ca. 413 Ma. Its distinctive whole rock geochemical signature allows for correlation with rocks of similar composition and age along a relatively narrow 140 kilometer long distance on the northwestern margin of the Fredericton trough. This restricted area of ultra-potassic magma generation is attributed to the breakoff of the descending Salinic oceanic slab that triggered decompression melting of a previously metasomatized mantle wedge region beneath the accreted Ganderian microcontinent. Early thrust faults (D1) and the ca. 413 Edgecomb Gneiss igneous protolith were overprinted by an episode of upright folding (D2) and low-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism associated with the Early to Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny. Zircon overgrowths in the Edgecomb Gneiss dated at ca. 399 Ma grew during this tectonic episode. Comparisons with previous geochronological studies across the region suggest this dominant phase of Acadian deformation and metamorphism was long-lived (ca. 40 m.y.) and associated with the outboard accretion of the Avalonian microcontinent. Dextral shear structures represent the final phase of deformation (D3) superimposed on this terrane boundary and are associated with the Norumbega fault and shear zone system that was active in Middle Devonian-Carboniferous time.
Godlove, Isaac Hahn 1892–1954

Isaac Hahn Godlove was born on June 13, 1892, in St. Louis, MO to Louis and Lillie Godlove. His father was a photographer working for the J. C. Strauss Studio in St. Louis. I. H. Godlove, one of the four children, studied at Washington University of St. Louis where he received a B.S. degree in 1914 and an M.A. degree a year later.
All2: A tool for selecting mosaic mutations from comprehensive multi-cell comparisons

Accurate discovery of somatic mutations in a cell is a challenge that partially lays in immaturity of dedicated analytical approaches. Approaches comparing cell’s genome to a control bulk sample miss common mutations, while approaches to find such mutations from bulk suffer from low sensitivity. We developed a tool, All 2, which enables accurate filtering of mutations in a cell from exhaustive comparison of cells’ genomes to each other without data for bulk(s). Based on all pair-wise comparisons, every variant call (point mutation, indel, and structural variant) is classified as either a germline variant, mosaic mutation, or false positive. As All 2 allows for considering dropped-out regions, it is applicable to whole genome and exome analysis of cloned and amplified cells. By applying the approach to a variety of available data, we showed that its application reduces false positives, enables sensitive discovery of high frequency mutations, and is indispensable for conducting high resolution cell lineage tracing. All 2 is freely available at https://github.com/abyzovlab/All2 .
The Government as Manager: Weapons Procurement

A firm engaged in a major program for the Defense Department is a hybrid. Although a weapons manufacturer is ostensibly a private enterprise, to a great extent it is managed and controlled by the government, for the government determines many of the firm’s broad policies and detailed operating procedures. For a large portion of the economy the distinction between public and private enterprise has become blurred as the government has taken on a number of the decision-making functions that in a wholly private enterprise would be the prerogative of management.
Elicitors in in Vitro Cultures

Induction of synthesis, accumulation, and release of secondary metabolites by elicitors is primarily a subject of phytopathology. The metabolites formed are plant-specific, in various plants structurally quite diverse, and generally show antimicrobial activity. They are referred to as phytoalexins. Isoflavonoids which occur in plants in response to elicitation by pathogens may be regarded as the model compounds of phytoalexins. Plant cell cultures can be employed to simulate the production of phytoalexins (Hahlbrock et al. 1988). Wolters and Eilert (1983) suggested to use plant cells cultured in vitro, specifically their formation of secondary metabolites upon elicitation for industrial exploitation. The results of subsequent experimentation in a number of laboratories vary from substantial enhancement of product formation to no measurable response, i.e. exposure of plant cells to elicitors did not increase the level of product accumulation over that obtained previously. As far as products resulting from elicitation of plant cell cultures furnished substantial yields of desirable compounds, elicitation in vitro has become a matter of much discussion. Focal points are (1) observations of product formation and industrial relevance, (2) the process of elicitation and aspects of genetic modification, and (3) re-elicitation.
Products Liability Litigation: The Value of Consumer Survey Data

The focus of this discussion is on the usefulness of consumer research data in products liability lawsuits. With the number of products liability cases increasing each year (Johnson, 1978; Business Week, 1979), firms are more likely than ever before to be involved in such litigation. To the extent that marketing plays a role in such suits, the impact of marketing practices on consumers is likely to be a relevant issue. Consumers themselves are the most obvious and logical sources of information about the effect of marketing activities. Some courts have already recognized this (Monsanto v. Perfect Fit, 1965; Roux Labs v. Clairol, 1970).
ATP-activated current and its interaction with acetylcholine-activated current in rat sympathetic neurons.

Ionic current activated by extracellular ATP was characterized using whole-cell voltage clamp of rat sympathetic neurons isolated from superior cervical ganglia. ATP (10–1000 microM) activated an inward current (IATP) at negative holding potentials in almost all the cells (> 97%). The current was reversed near 0 mV in a quasi-physiological external solution, and the concentration dependence could be fitted by a curve with an EC50 value of 60 microM and a Hill coefficient of 1.8. The relationship between IATP and the current activated by ACh (IACh) was examined. ACh (100 microM) activated an inward current one- to fivefold larger than the current activated by 100 microM ATP. IATP and IACh were not additive; the current activated by simultaneous application of ATP and ACh was only as large as the current activated by ACh alone. During current activation by ATP or ACh, the current activated by the other agonist became smaller, suggesting that these agonists reciprocally inhibit their excitatory responses. The reciprocal inhibition appeared to depend on the extent of channel opening because the reduction of the current elicited by each agonist was relieved when the current elicited by the other agonist had been desensitized. Suramin (100 microM), a purinoceptor antagonist, selectively inhibited IATP whereas two open-channel blockers of nicotinic receptor channels, hexamethonium (10–100 microM) and d- tubocurarine (1–10 microM), inhibited IACh without affecting IATP. When 140 mM glucosamine was used as an external cation, only ATP but not ACh activated a considerable inward current at -150 mV. The ATP-induced glucosamine influx was reduced by simultaneous application of ACh. These results suggest that channel activation by ATP and that by ACh are not independent, and these two excitatory neurotransmitters negatively interact with each other at postsynaptic level in rat sympathetic neurons. The interaction between the ATP- and the ACh- induced conductances was hypothetically explained based upon our previous proposal of “channel overlap”; that is, ATP activates a subpopulation of the nicotinic receptor channels.
The electrical properties and epitaxial growth of LiNbO/sub 3/ films by the MOD process

Lithium niobate films with grain sizes of 85 to 300 nm were prepared by the metallo-organic decomposition process on [110] sapphire substrates. The films were crack-free for single layer-fired thicknesses of 250 nm or less and had good transparency for grain sizes of 150 nm or less. Near 100% preferred [110] grain orientation was achieved by carrying out the thermal processing at a low oxygen partial pressure, and the films could be reoxidized without affecting the preferred orientation. The dielectric constants and dissipation factors were measured as a function of frequency for two different grain size LiNbO/sub 3/ films, and the divergence from single-crystal results for small grain size films is explained on the basis of interfacial polarization. >
Replacing coal with wood: sustainable, eco-neutral, conservation harvest of natural tree-fall in old-growth forests

The beginnings of the industrial revolution and global warming coincide with the replacement of wood by coal. Is it time to reverse this process, as a way of implementing “Biosphere carbon stock management” (Read 2008)? The construction of new, coal-burning plants, utilizing carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), is now favored as a likely avenue to control global warming. However, modifying existing coal-burning plants, where the bulk of coal will continue to be burned for some time, is considered to be uneconomical (Gough and Shackley 2005). Modifications to allow the fueling of existing plants with cleanburning, renewable ‘wood-chips’ and charcoal,1 in place of coal, is a different proposition—technologically, economically (Bergman and Zerbe 2008; Marland and Schlamadinger 1997) and with respect to global warming. But it is not obvious where enough wood, that could be harvested sustainably, might be found to begin to replace coal. Deforestation and degradative land abuse inject about 1.6 gigatonnes of carbon per year (GtC/year)2 into the atmosphere as CO2, a greenhouse gas (GHG), (Alley et al. 2007). Halting deforestation is the principal forest-management tactic proposed to mitigate this contribution to global warming. The position of groups like the World
Phagocytic activity in the retinal pigment epithelium of the frog Rana pipiens. II. Exclusion of Sarcina subflava.

In Rana pipiens embryos, tadpoles, and frogs, the ability of the pigment epithelium (PE) to phagocytize pasteurized bacteria ( Sarcina subflava ) was evaluated. The bacteria carcasses were injected into the space bounded by the retina and PE. Eyes were recovered at several intervals after injection and the location of the bacteria was determined. In each of the stages examined, phagocytic cells, probably leukocytes, invade the space between the retina and PE. Although most of the bacteria are engulfed by these invading phagocytic cells, numerous extracellular bacteria were observed in close association with the PE. Bacteria were never observed inside the PE cells, indicating that the PE failed to phagocytize this material.
The Effect of Phenobarbital on the Turnover of Microsomal Phospholipid in Male and Female Rats

SUMMARY The administration of phenobarbital to rats causes an increase in hepatic microsomal phospholipid. After a tracer dose of 3*P04 the specific activities of hepatic phospholipid phosphorus and inorganic phosphate were higher in treated male rats than in controls. No increases were seen in either pool in treated females. These data suggest that phenobarbital enhances synthesis of microsomal phospholipid in male rats but not in females. In addition, phenobarbital reduces the catabolism of microsomal phospholipid in both male and female rats.
Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy: Theorizing Citizen Identity

INTRODUCTION This is a study of how social actors understood and imagined themselves as citizens in the Athenian democracy and the particular effects and consequences of how they did so. Although the question of identity is not usually singled out for special investigation in studies of Athens' democracy, it nevertheless frequently informs the questions historians ask of the democracy and the answers they formulate. For example, the ongoing inquiry into when democracy really began in Athens hinges on how citizenship is understood as a social identity. Several scholars argue that in order for democracy to be possible, the social actors involved must, of necessity, have some identification – as soldiers or equals – that underwrites their capacity to act as democratic citizens. Although this intuition is well founded – citizen identity is central to democracy – the question is not merely a genealogical one, confined to democracy's origins, but rather persists throughout the democracy's history. In part, this is because the question of who deserved to be a citizen was never finally put to rest. In his seminal study of Athenian citizenship, J. K. Davies describes the situation this way: …the questions “Who is to be, and who is not to be, in the Athenian community, and why” were continually being posed by pressures from within and without:…the process of finding answers, and of justifying them, was a very important component of Athenian public and intellectual life: and that process yielded tensions, prejudices and insecurities which affected individuals deeply and inescapably.
Profiles of influenza A/H1N1 vaccine response using hemagglutination-inhibition titers

To identify distinct antibody profiles among adults 50-to-74 years old using influenza A/H1N1 HI titers up to 75 days after vaccination. Healthy subjects 50 to 74 years old received the 2010-2011 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. We measured venous samples from Days 0, 28, and 75 for HI and VNA and B-cell ELISPOTs. Of 106 subjects, HI titers demonstrated a ceiling effect for 11 or 10% for those with a pre-vaccination HI titer of 1:640 where no subject post-vaccination had an increase in titer. Of the remaining 95 subjects, only 37 or 35% overall had at least a 4-fold increase by Day 28. Of these 37, 3 waned at least 4-fold, and 13 others 2-fold. Thus 15% of the subjects showed waning antibody titers by Day 75. More than half failed to respond at all. The profiles populated by these subjects as defined by HI did not vary with age or gender. The VNA results mimicked the HI profiles, but the profiles for B-cell ELISPOT did not. HI titers at Days 0, 28, and 75 populate 4 biologically plausible profiles...
A Case Study On The Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Companys Financial Statement Analysis: Strengths And Weaknesses

This article is a case study that analyzes the Archer Daniels Midland Company’s financial strengths and weaknesses. The ADM is an agricultural food-processing company located in Decatur, Illinois. The firm’s primary industry segments include oilseeds processing, corn processing, agricultural services and other segments, such as food and feed ingredient businesses and financial activities. The study conducts a ratio analysis that compares the ADM’s key ratios to its two competitors - Corn Products International and Bunge - along with the food-processing industry. As far as turnover and return ratios are concerned, the firm seems to outperform its competitors and other firms in the industry, although its profit margins are somewhat lower. When current ratio and beta are compared to the industry average, ADM seems to be less risky. The firm has superior future earnings growth prospects in both agriculture food processing and ethanol fuel businesses. Overall, the firm can be a good investment, considering PE and other valuation ratios are considered.
Studies in computer science: in honor of Samuel D. Conte

Traces the history of computer science at Purdue University, emphasizing the contributions of Conte, and discusses some of the topics that have interested him, such as numerical analysis, computational geometry, and software engineering. Seven of the 11 papers, from a November 1993 conference at Pur
Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Acid-Base Equilibria and Titrations in Organic Aprotic Solvents

For convenience a distinction is made in the literature between amphiprotic and aprotic solvents. It would be fair to consider a solvent amphiprotic when it yields a stable lyate ion. Our work has been confined mainly to two solvents, acetonitrile, AN (ϵ = 36), and dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO (ϵ = 46). In the literature DMSO is usually considered as an aprotic solvent; however, it yields a stable lyate ion, called dimsyl1. The analytical uses of sodium and K dimsyl are discussed later on. We have selected AN and DMSO as solvents, as their dielectric constant E is of the order of 40 and tetraalkyl salts in dilute solutions can be considered to be completely dissociated. AN is a very much weaker base than water, and has been classified as a protophobic aprotic solvent, while DMSO is a stronger base than water and is classified as protophilic. As will be seen, AN is a very poor H bond acceptor, being much weaker than water, while DMSO is a stronger H bond acceptor than water. The effects of H bonding on monoprotic acid-base equilibria in these two solvents has been reviewed in a recent paper2. To avoid repetition, only the main effects will be summarized.
It Seems Like There Aren’t Any Seemings

I argue that the two primary motivations in the literature for positing seemings as sui generis mental states are insufficient to motivate this view. Because of this, epistemological views which attempt to put seemings to work don’t go far enough. It would be better to do the same work by appealing to what makes seeming talk true rather than simply appealing to seeming talk.
Photonic band-gap fiber gas cell fabricated using femtosecond micromachining.

Femtosecond laser drilling is used to produce a variable-pressure fiber gas cell. Tightly focused laser pulses are used to produce micrometer-diameter radial channels in a hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber (HC-PBGF), and through these microchannels the core of the fiber is filled with a gas. The fiber cell is formed by fusion splicing and sealing the ends of the HC-PBGF to standard step-index fiber. As a demonstration, acetylene is introduced into an evacuated fiber at multiple backing pressures and spectra are measured.
MIDI! BASIS SET FOR SILICON, BROMINE, AND IODINE

The MIDI! basis set is extended to three new atoms: silicon, bromine, and iodine. The basis functions for these heteroatoms are developed from the standard 3-21G basis set by adding one Gaussian-type d subshell to each Si, Br, or I atom. The exponents of the d functions are optimized to minimize errors in the geometries and charge distributions that these basis functions yield when they are used in Hartree-Fock calculations with all atoms represented by the MIDI! basis. The MIDI! basis is defined to use five spherical d functions in a d subshell. We present a detailed comparison of such calculations to calculations employing six Cartesian d functions in each d subshell; these studies show that 5D and 6D options give very similar results for molecular geometries and dipole moments, not only for compounds containing Si, Br, and I but also for compounds containing N, O, F, P, S, and Cl. The MIDI! basis set is also tested successfully for hypervalent Si compounds.
Understanding radiative transfer in the midwave infrared: a precursor to full-spectrum atmospheric compensation

The compensation for atmospheric effects in the VNIR/SWIR has reached a mature stage of development with many algorithms available for application (ATREM, FLAASH, ACORN, etc.). Compensation of LWIR data is the focus of a number of promising algorithms. A gap in development exists in the MWIR where little or no atmospheric compensation work has been done yet an increased interest in MWIR applications is emerging. To obtain atmospheric compensation over the full spectrum (visible through LWIR), a better understanding of the radiative effects in the MWIR is needed. The MWIR is characterized by a unique combination of reduced solar irradiance and low thermal emission (for typical emitting surfaces), both providing relatively equal contributions to the daytime MWIR radiance. In the MWIR and LWIR, the compensation problem can be viewed as two interdependent processes: compensation for the effects of the atmosphere and the uncoupling of the surface temperature and emissivity. The former requires calculations of the atmospheric transmittance due to gases, aerosols, and thin clouds and the path radiance directed towards the sensor (both solar scattered and thermal emissions in the MWIR). A framework for a combined MWIR/LWIR compensation approach is presented where both scattering and absorption by atmospheric particles and gases are considered.
On the relationship between democracy and terrorism

This article raises some methodological issues concerning the Eubank and Weinberg analysis of democracy and terrorism. A case is made for the use of events data rather than the presence of terrorist groups. Eubank and Weinberg's classification of countries, as having or not having terrorist groups, is questioned. Further details of their criteria of classification are requested. Some alternative tests are indicated, which can be done when data become available.
SU-FF-T-49: A Study of the Transit Dose for the Leksell Gamma Knife Model 4C Using Diode and GafChromic Film in Air and Phantom

Purpose: To evaluate the undesirable dose to the patients due to uncollimated beam occurring in the Gamma Knife Model 4C before and after helmet docking, using diode and GafChromic film. Material and Method. The Leksell Gamma Knife model 4C was used for this study. The transit dose was measured along the Z axis (Leksell coordinate system) in air and inside the Elekta plastic phantom using diode and EBT GafChromic film. The detectors were calibrated against an Exradin‐A19 0.007 cm3ionization chamber calibrated for AAPM‐TG‐21 protocol. The electrometer was the Max4000 (Standard Imaging). A Microtek scanner 1800f was used to scan the films. For the measurement in air, a 30 cm long plastic tube was mounted in air along the Z axis inside the helmet allowing the diode to be moved in all its extension, including the cap. The film were sandwiched in two half plastic cylinder mounted inside the helmet. A special cassette made of Mix‐D (density 0.99 g cm−3) was constructed to allow the diode slide inside the phantom along the z axis. The diode measurements were done for different exposure times, to obtain the dose for time zero by extrapolation. Results. The highest transit dose was observed in the region inside the helmet, with distribution approximately constant of 5.70 ± 0.12 cGy/shot. Inside the helmet the dose reaches another plateau of 4.72 ± 0.02 cGy/shot (10 to 15 cm from the isocenter). When the diode was positioned at the inner surface of the phantom, no significant difference from the in‐air measurements was obtained. The film results presented higher values since they were obtained with several shots and includes scatter radiation. Conclusion. The results show that a significant dose may result for several shots and confirm the values published for the model C, obtained with different methodology.
DRUG USE IN PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SELF-REPORT AND TOXICOLOGY SCREENING. 13

DRUG USE IN PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SELF-REPORT AND TOXICOLOGY SCREENING. 13
Nitroalkene fatty acids mediate activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent and PPARγ-dependent transcription by distinct signaling pathways and with significantly different potencies

Naturally occurring nitroalkene fatty acids (NAs) derived from oleic (NO(2)-OA) and linoleic (NO(2)-LA) acids mediate a variety of cellular responses. We examined the signaling pathways involved in NA activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent versus PPARγ/PPRE-dependent transcription in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Additionally, we compared the relative potencies of NO(2)-OA and NO(2)-LA in activating these two transcriptional programs. Here it is demonstrated that, in addition to the direct adduct formation of NA with the Nrf2 inhibitory protein, Keap1, shown by others, NA activation of Nrf2/ARE-mediated transcription results from increased nuclear Nrf2 levels and depends upon activation of the PI3K/AKT and PKC, but not ERK and JNK MAPK, signaling pathways. Examination of the relationship between NA stimulation of the Nrf2/ARE versus PPARγ/PPRE transcriptional programs revealed concentration-dependent activation of distinct signaling pathways that were readily distinguished by selective attenuation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent, but not PPARγ-dependent, transcription by inhibitors of PI3K and PKC. Moreover, measurable, statistically significant activation of PPARγ/PPRE-dependent transcription occurred at nanomolar concentrations of NAs-the 12-NO(2) isomer of NO(2)-LA showing the most potent activity-whereas significant activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent transcription occurred at much higher NA concentrations (≥3 μM) with the NO(2)-OA isomers the most potent. These findings have implications for the physiological roles of NAs, suggesting that, at concentrations likely to be encountered in vivo, their direct activation of PPARγ transcription will dominate over their electrophilic activation of Nrf2 antioxidant/protective responses.
Abyssal hill topography as an indicator of episodicity in crustal accretion and deformation

Abstract Recent studies of seafloor morphology suggest that abyssal hills are created at the ridge axis by the interplay of magmatic and tectonic processes; therefore, abyssal hills should be ideal indicators of episodicity. In this study, we use abyssal hill topography created near the ridge axis and subsequently transported onto the ridge flanks as a time series reflecting the episodicity in magmatism/tectonism at the ridge axis. If the creation of an abyssal hill is viewed as a discrete event (i.e., a pulse of magmatism or faulting), we can parameterize episodicity by considering a sequence of events of magnitude M (proportional to the relief or cross-sectional area of a hill) separated by time intervalsΔt (proportional to the spacing between hills). This analysis will allow us to decide if abyssal hills are periodic or if they are randomly distributed in time as a Poisson process. Ten profiles 200–1000 km long of unaveraged centerbeam Sea Beam, located along flowlines and covering a range of spreading rates (15–60 km/Ma half-rate), were used to measure locations and characteristics of the relief (cross-sectional area and height) of abyssal hills. The principal results of the analysis are that: (1) abyssal hills are clearly not periodic, and their distribution in time corresponds to a Poisson process with a characteristic frequency λ; the characteristic frequency λ is roughly proportional to the square of the spreading rate, and varies from 12.8 events/Ma at fast rates to 1.4 events/Ma at slow rates; and (2) while the magnitudes M of abyssal hills (cross-sectional areas and reliefs) are positively correlated with the time elapsed since the formation of the previous hill, there is no correlation between M and the amount of time to the next event. These results agree with a scenario in which magma or stress accumulate at a steady rate at the ridge axis, and are episodically released in discrete events of volcanism or faulting whose magnitude is proportional to the time elapsed since the last event.
Preparation of endodontically treated teeth to receive a post-core restoration.

Abstract The restoration of endodontically treated teeth often requires the placement of a post-core to increase stabilization and facilitate restorative procedures. The preparation of the root canal to receive the post is as critical as the final restoration. Every effort must be taken to work within the anatomic confines of the particular situation, to present an optimal situation for masticatory force distribution, and to preserve critical and sound tooth structure in the dental arch.