cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biogeochemical cycling of dissolved organic nitrogen in estuarine sediments

Benthic fluxes and pore-water profiles of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon (DON and DOC, respectively) were determined in seasonal studies at contrasting sites in Chesapeake Bay. Pore-water dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations were elevated over bottom-water values, generally increased with depth, and ranged from 15 to ~160 µM for DON and ~200–2000 µM for DOC. Pore-water DOM concentrations and the C:N ratio of this material showed spatial (depth) and temporal changes that varied among the sites studied. These trends appeared to be related to differences in the types of sediment organic matter (SOM) undergoing remineralization, as well as differences in the biogeochemical processes occurring in the sediments (e.g., the presence or absence of bioturbation and bioirrigation). Measured DON fluxes ranged from essentially zero to ~0.4 mmol m−2 d−1, and together with benthic DOC fluxes were coupled to seasonal trends in temperature and SOM remineralization rates. On an annual basis, benthic DON fluxes were a small fraction (~3%) of benthic inorganic nitrogen fluxes. At an anoxic nonbioturbated site measured DON fluxes were essentially identical to calculated diffusive DON fluxes, whereas at a bioturbated and bioirrigated site, measured DON fluxes were much greater than calculated fluxes. The molar ratios of DOC to DON benthic fluxes ranged from ~2 to 6 and were lower than those of pore-water DOM, which were >~10. This implies that DOM accumulating in these sediment pore waters was carbon-rich compared with the DOM that was either remineralized or escaped the sediment as a benthic flux. These measured benthic DON fluxes and estimated DON fluxes from continental margin sediments combine to yield a lower limit for the integrated sediment DON flux to the oceans that is similar to a value estimated previously. These net DON inputs to the oceans are small compared with internal oceanic DON cycling rates, although sediment DON fluxes and riverine DON inputs are roughly of the same order. At the same time, our results also suggest that the DON escaping from these sediments may not be inherently refractory because of its observed low C:N ratio. This implies that estuarine sediments (and perhaps marine sediment in general) may not be a major source of “refractory” DON to the oceans.
Mechanism of escape of endogenous murine leukemia virus emv-14 from recognition by anti-AKR/Gross virus cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Abstract It was previously shown that spleen cells from endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus emv-14+ AKXL-5 mice fail to stimulate an anti-AKR/Gross virus cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in a mixed lymphocyte culture with primed C57BL/6 responder spleen cells, whereas spleen cells from AKXL strains carrying the very similar emv-11 provirus do stimulate a response (Green and Graziano, Immunogenetics 23:106-110, 1986). We wished to determine whether the lack of response with AKXL-5 spleen cells was at the level of recognition between effector cell and target cell and whether the relevant mutation was within the emv-14 provirus. It is shown here that EMV-negative SC-1 fibroblast cells transfected with the major histocompatibility complex class I Kb gene and infected with virus isolated from the AKXL-5 strain (SC.Kb/5 cells) were not lysed by H-2b-restricted anti-AKR/Gross virus CTL. SC.Kb cells infected with virus isolated from emv-11+ strains, however, were efficiently lysed by anti-AKR/Gross virus CTL, indicating that there is nothing intrinsic to EMV-infected SC.Kb cells that would prevent them from being recognized and lysed efficiently by anti-AKR/Gross virus CTL. Analysis of virus expression for the infected SC.Kb cells by XC plaque assay and by flow cytometry indicated that emv-14 virus expression for SC.Kb/5 cells was not significantly different from that for emv-11-containing SC.Kb/9 or SC.Kb/21 cells. These data show that the mutation responsible for the lack of CTL recognition and lysis is at the level of recognition between target cell and effector cell. Furthermore, these data strongly suggest that the mutation is within the emv-14 genome. Flow cytometry experiments with monoclonal antibodies against a number of viral determinants indicated that there was no gross mutation detectable in the viral determinants analyzed. The data suggest that the relevant mutation may be a point mutation or a small insertion or deletion within a coding sequence that is critical for CTL recognition.
_{}-norm uniform distribution

In this paper, the Lp-norm uniform distribution, which is a generalization of the uniform distribution studied by Cambanis, Huang, and Simon (1981), is defined for any p > 0. Then its marginal distributions and order statistics are studied.
Role of the Escherichia coli SurA Protein in Stationary-Phase Survival

SurA is a periplasmic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase required for the efficient folding of extracytoplasmic proteins. Although the surA gene had been identified in a screen for mutants that failed to survive in stationary phase, the role played by SurA in stationary-phase survival remained unknown. The results presented here demonstrate that the survival defect of surA mutants is due to their inability to grow at elevated pH in the absence of sigmaS. When cultures of Escherichia coli were grown in peptide-rich Luria-Bertani medium, the majority of the cells lost viability during the first two to three days of incubation in stationary phase as the pH rose to pH 9. At this time the surviving cells resumed growth. In cultures of surA rpoS double mutants the survivors lysed as they attempted to resume growth at the elevated pH. Cells lacking penicillin binding protein 3 and sigmaS had a survival defect similar to that of surA rpoS double mutants, suggesting that SurA foldase activity is important for the proper assembly of the cell wall-synthesizing apparatus.
The galactic center

A brief review of galactic center observations, from the radio to gamma rays, is presented. There is evidence for black holes in the central region of the Galaxy at all wavelengths, but the observations are not unambiguous and a single massive object at the dynamic center may not explain the data at all wavelengths. Requirements for future observations in each wavelength band are developed.
GIMscan: a new statistical method for analyzing whole-genome array CGH data

Genetic instability represents an important type of biological markers for cancer and many other diseases. Array Comparative Genome Hybridization (aCGH) is a high-throughput cytogenetic technique that can efficiently detect genome-wide genetic instability events such as chromosomal gain, loss, and more complex aneuploidity, collectively known as genome imbalance (GIM). We propose a new statistical method, Genome Imbalance Scanner (GIMscan), for automatically decoding the underlying DNA dosage states from aCGH data. GIMscan captures both the intrinsic (nonrandom) spatial change of genome hybridization intensities, and the prevalent (random) measurement noise during data acquisition; and it simultaneously segments the chromosome and assigns different states to the segmented DNA. We tested the proposed method on both simulated data and real data measured from a colorectal cancer population, and we report competitive or superior performance of GIMscan in comparison with popular extant methods.
Coal transportation research and information needs

Transportation planning and engineering research and data needs in the area of coal transportation are outlined using specific examples from a West Virginia coal conversion study. Coal quality parameters and coal mine characteristics that influence the transportation modes utilized are presented. Roles played by coal preparation and loading facilities are noted. Data deficiencies relative to assessing impacts of coal hauling vehicles on highway systems are considered. Although information deals primarily with the Appalachian coalfields, an effort is made to describe regional differences in coal transportation research needs. Specific data needs pertaining to the retail coal system are presented. An extensive reference list is provided for those just becoming involved in coal transportation activities.
Political Science and Political Theory

Among political scientists, even among political theorists, there is a widespread conviction that political theory has entered upon a time of troubles. Few, however, regard it simply as a “dead dog,” and political theorists continue, as they should, to administer critical self-analysis, and to define and defend their methodological and philosophical positions. The basis for a unity of opposites is still a subject for dispute. This paper is offered, not as a solution, but as a statement of one conception of the role of political theory.A time-honored technique of dialectic is to seek well-reasoned objections to the view one does not hold. A medicine often commended to the political scientists is a body of systematic, scientific theory akin to economic theory in approach and methodological sophistication. Accordingly, this article takes issue with that interpretation which conceives of political theory as, ideally, the master discipline whereby the science of politics is to be unified and systematized, and empirical investigation oriented and guided. A few definite and carefully developed proposals for reconstruction along these lines, familar to political scientists, are G. E. G. Catlin's The Science and Method of Politics, Harold D. Lasswell's and Abraham Kaplan's Power and Society, and David Easton's The Political System. These works can serve as an initial point of purchase for analysis and discussion.
Genome-wide linkage analysis using cross-sectional and longitudinal traits for body mass index in a subsample of the Framingham Heart Study.

To evaluate linkage evidence for body mass index (BMI) using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we performed genome-wide multipoint linkage analyses on subjects who had complete data at four selected time points (initial, 8th, 12th, and 16th year following the initial visit) from the Framingham Heart Study. The cross-sectional measures included BMI at each of the four selected time points and the longitudinal measure was the within-subject mean of BMI at the above four time points. Using the variance components method, we consistently observed the maximum LOD score out of the genome scan using BMI at each time point and the mean of BMI between 049xd2 and GATA71H05 on chromosome 16. The highest LOD score (3.0) was at time point 1, while the lowest (1.9) was at time point 4. We also observed other suggestive linkages on chromosome 6, 10, and 18 at time point 1 only. The longitudinal measure we studied (mean of BMI) did not provide greater power to identify a positive linkage than some of the cross-sectional measures (e.g., time point 1). The changing of linkage evidence over time provided some insights on the variation of genetic effect on BMI with aging. There may be a QTL on chromosome 16 that contributes to BMI and this locus, and maybe others, is more likely to affect BMI during early adulthood.
Blockade by 9-aminoacridine of potassium fluxes in frog sartorius muscle☆

Abstract Potassium fluxes of unstimulated frog sartorius muscles bathed in hypertonic, isotonic or sodium-free solutions were depressed by 9-amino-acridine (9AA; 0.1 to 1 mM). The flux ratio (efflux/uptake) of 42 K movement was depressed because efflux was depressed to a greater extent than was uptake. In hypertonic solutions, muscles treated with 9AA (up to 2.5 mM) had a higher potassium content than did untreated muscles. There was no detectable difference in the sodium content of treated and untreated muscles. The resting membrane potential of surface fibers was reduced by 9AA. It was concluded that 9AA caused a relatively specific blockade of potassium movement in frog muscle by direct interaction with membrane sites.
Heterogeneous data fusion for alzheimer's disease study

Effective diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of primary importance in biomedical research. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroimaging parameters are sensitive and consistent measures of AD. In addition, genetic and demographic information have also been successfully used for detecting the onset and progression of AD. The research so far has mainly focused on studying one type of data source only. It is expected that the integration of heterogeneous data (neuroimages, demographic, and genetic measures) will improve the prediction accuracy and enhance knowledge discovery from the data, such as the detection of biomarkers. In this paper, we propose to integrate heterogeneous data for AD prediction based on a kernel method. We further extend the kernel framework for selecting features (biomarkers) from heterogeneous data sources. The proposed method is applied to a collection of MRI data from 59 normal healthy controls and 59 AD patients. The MRI data are pre-processed using tensor factorization. In this study, we treat the complementary voxel-based data and region of interest (ROI) data from MRI as two data sources, and attempt to integrate the complementary information by the proposed method. Experimental results show that the integration of multiple data sources leads to a considerable improvement in the prediction accuracy. Results also show that the proposed algorithm identifies biomarkers that play more significant roles than others in AD diagnosis.
Solid and Homogeneous Extractions

Abstract Improved techniques for micro and enrichment extractions are described. Molten organic compounds are employed as solvents and removal of the extracted material is facilitated after solidification of the solvent. “Homogeneous extraction” has been achieved by using solid solvents exhibiting increased solubility at elevated temperatures or by volatilization of an added mediating solvent.
A mode method for an elastic rod in a fluid pumping system

Abstract A rod pumping system, as used to lift oil to the surface in non-flowing wells, is analyzed by describing longitudinal rod stretch vibrations as a sum of fixed-free modes. The rod oscillates vertically, driven at the fixed end by a constant speed motor through a four-bar mechanism. Equilibrium is used to derive the partial differential equation of rod upstroke and downstroke motion. The partial differential equation is reduced by modal analysis (and aided by a convenient transformation to simplify an inhomogeneous boundary condition at the plunger on the upstroke) to a set of piecewise linear (and hence non-linear) and uncoupled ordinary differential equations. Based on response studies, a one-mode representation is found to capture most of the rod string stretch at practical operating speeds, and was used to investigate the response with dimensional and non-dimensionalized equations at various crank speeds, crank lengths and damping rates.
Cluster Analysis Defines Distinct Dietary Patterns for African-American Men and Women

Abstract Background African Americans have a higher prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases than the general US population. Recent evidence suggests that examining dietary patterns rather than specific nutrients may better allow public health professionals to translate national dietary goals into practical dietary recommendations that are culturally relevant and sex-specific. Objective To examine and characterize the dietary patterns of African-American men and women using cluster analysis. Design Participants older than the age of 18 years were recruited from a variety of locations and completed a self-administered questionnaire. Subjects/setting Seven-hundred sixty-three African-American men and women in North Central Florida. Statistical analyses performed Cluster analysis was done with the VARCLUS procedure and Ward's clustering approach in the Statistical Analysis System program. The pseudo- t 2 statistic was then used to identify the optimal numbers of clusters of men and women with distinctive food-consumption patterns. Results Cluster analyses identified six clusters of men with 13 distinctive dietary patterns and six clusters of women with 15 distinctive dietary patterns. Pairwise comparisons of group means indicated notable differences in intakes between clusters of women in all but two food clusters. Pairwise comparisons of group means indicated notable differences in intakes between clusters of men in all but two food clusters. Conclusions The study illustrated that cluster analysis can be used to identify groups of African Americans with unique patterns of food consumption. They also suggest that a single "typical" eating pattern does not exist for African Americans and that dietary pattern vary by sex.
Justifying proofs using memo tables

Tableau-based proof systems can be elegantly speci ed and directly executed by a tabled Logic Programming (LP) system. Our experience with the XMC model checker shows that such an encoding can be used to search for the existence of a proof very eAEciently. However, the users of a tableau system are often interested in getting suAEcient evidence (in terms of the tableau proof rules) on why a proof does or does not exist. In this paper, we address the problem of constructing such an evidence without introducing any additional computational overhead to the proof search. A tabled LP system maintains a memo table of \lemmas" that were tried and possibly proved during query evaluation. We propose the concept of justi er for extracting suAEcient evidence for the truth or falsehood of literals in a logic program, by post-processing the memo tables created during query evaluation. Based on this logic program justi er, we show how to construct evidence for the presence/absence of tableau in a tableau-based proof system. We provide experimental results showing the e ectiveness of the justi er in constructing succinct evidence of the evaluation performed by the XMC model checker. Finally we discuss the role of the justi er as a programming abstraction for encoding efcient algorithms as tabled logic programs.
Women in Biological Sciences

The National Science Foundation's annual survey does indeed show that the proportion of earned doctoral degrees in biological sciences going to women has steadily been increasing from about 19% in 1975 to 38% in 1995 (Random Samples, 15 Jan. p. 323). However, there is more to celebrate than these numbers convey. In that same time, the proportion of bachelor's degrees in biology awarded to women has also reached parity (49.7%) from a 1975 level of 29% (see [www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind98/append/c2/at02-20.xls][1]). The difference in these proportions (Ph.D. to B.S.) has remained fairly constant, with a 12% deficit at the Ph.D. level representing a 10-year lag (see [www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind98/append/c2/at02-30.xls][2]). If current trends continue, we should expect parity for doctoral degrees conferred in biology by 2005. There are also telling trends in the relative proportion of those earning a B.S. in biology who later complete a Ph.D. Assuming an average of 5 years to complete a doctoral degree, only 5% of women completing an undergraduate degree in the late 1970s and early 1980s later completed a doctoral program in biological sciences. Ten years later, the proportion continuing in academia is at 11%; a value that finally is identical to the proportion of men who continue (a proportion for men which, incidentally, is down from a high of 15% in 1990). With these numbers in mind, it is now critical that universities be proactive in retaining women faculty. Only 21% of senior faculty positions in biological sciences are occupied by women (see [www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind98/append/c5/at05-24.xls][3]). The proportion of junior women faculty exceeded that level in 1981, and it generally does not take 15 years to get tenure. [1]: http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind98/append/c2/at02-20.xls [2]: http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind98/append/c2/at02-30.xls [3]: http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind98/append/c5/at05-24.xls
Fertility, Root Reserves and the Cost of Inducible Defenses in the Perennial Plant Solanum carolinense

We examined the relationship between internal resources (root reserves), external resources (soil fertility), and allocation to defense vs. growth in the clonal, perennial herb Solanum carolinense. In a short-term (9 d) greenhouse experiment, plants were treated once with jasmonic acid (JA) to determine if polyphenols and glycoalkaloids were inducible by simulated herbivory. In a longer-term (4 wk) greenhouse experiment, we measured the cost, in terms of growth, of treatment with JA every 3 d, to determine if the induced response was due more to carbon limitation or nitrogen limitation. We manipulated the resources available to the plants by varying soil fertility and the size of root cuttings from which plants were grown, and assessed how different resource levels affected the growth and production of polyphenols and alkaloids under JA treatment or control conditions. In the short term, JA increased the concentration of polyphenols in both above- and belowground plant parts, as well as alkaloid concentrations in the roots. In the long term, the only significant secondary chemistry response to JA was an increased polyphenol concentration in above ground tissues. The total amount of polyphenols produced was the same for JA and control plants, indicating that the higher concentration was a result of the lower biomass of treated plants. In contrast, alkaloid concentrations in plants treated with JA for 4 wk did not differ from controls, but JA-treated plants contained lower total amounts of alkaloids in above ground tissues, as a result of decreased growth. Fertilizer level and root cutting size had effects on growth and the production of secondary compounds and influenced the cost of induction. Plants grown under high fertility had a greater reduction in growth in response to JA than plants grown under low fertility, indicating a greater trade-off between growth and defense for high fertility plants. Plants from larger root cuttings grew bigger without any reduction in the concentration of polyphenols and alkaloids. We demonstrated that the phenotype of S. carolinense was plastic in response to simulated herbivory, fertility level, and root cutting size, and that there was a significant growth cost to induction that varied with the environment and appears to be due in large part to the allocation of limited carbon reserves.
Sulfur Hexafluoride: Optimal Use as a Gas-Phase, Infrared Sensitizer

Investigations into the use of sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, as a gas-phase, infrared photochemical sensitizer have revealed several interesting phenomena. The expedient use of SF6 can produce an optimal quantity of nitrated product in the gas-phase, laser-induced nitration of cyclopentane. The optimal utilization of sulfur hexafluoride required critical optimization of both frequency and quantity. The results are described herein.
Experiential Training in Substance Abuse Counseling: Curricular Design and Instructional Practices.

ABSTRACT This manuscript describes two experiential course assignments consistently utilized in a graduate-level substance abuse counseling course: use of an abstinence contract, and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting attendance. Methods used for introducing, incorporating, and processing these experiences are discussed and student reactions to and evaluations of the assignments are included. Recommendations for expanding and enhancing experiential training efforts and evaluation in substance abuse training are provided.
THE DESTRUCTIVE ROLE OF DIFFUSION ON CLAY MEMBRANE BEHAVIOR

The results of a combined chemico-osmotic/diffusion experiment conducted on a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) containing Na-bentonite illustrate the destructive role of diffusion on the ability of the GCL to act as a semipermeable membrane. The experiment is conducted by maintaining a concentration difference of 5 mM CaCl2 across the GCL specimen while preventing the flow of solution through the specimen. A time-dependent membrane efficiency is derived from measured pressure differences induced across the specimen in response to the applied concentration difference. The diffusive mass fluxes of the solutes (Cl− and Ca2+) through the specimen are also measured simultaneously. An initial increase in induced pressure difference across the specimen to a peak value of 19.3 kPa is observed, followed by a gradual decrease to zero. The decrease in induced pressure difference is consistent with compression of diffuse double layers between clay particles and particle clusters due to diffusion of Ca2+, resulting in a concomitant increase in pore sizes and decrease in the observed membrane behavior. The time required for effective destruction of the initially observed semipermeable membrane behavior correlates well with the time required to achieve steady-state Ca2+ diffusion. The results have important implications for the ability of clays to sustain membrane behavior.
A combinatorial development of Fibonacci numbers in graph spectra

Abstract Consider a graph whose vertices are the distinguishable submultisets of a finite multiset such that two vertices r and s are adjacent if and only if r ∩ s = ∅ . In this paper, the walks on these graphs are linked to square and domino-tilings of rectangular and circular boards. Among the results provided, the number of walks of any given length is shown to be a product of generalized Fibonacci numbers. As an application, the eigenvalues are computed for the (unrestricted) zero-divisor graphs of finite commutative rings without nonzero nilpotents.
The influence of the cellular instability on lead shock evolution in weakly unstable detonation

The evolution of the normal detonation shock velocity (Dn) with local shock curvature (κ) is experimentally and numerically examined along entire evolving fronts of a weakly unstable cellular detonation cycle with the intention of extending the understanding of cellular evolution dynamics. As expected, a single velocity–curvature relation is not recovered due to the unsteady evolution of the cell. However, geometric features of the Dn–κ evolution during a cell cycle reveal some new details of the mechanisms driving cellular detonation. On the cell centerline, the local shock velocity and curvature monotonically decrease throughout the cellular cycle. Off centerline, a larger range of wavefront curvature was exhibited in expanding cells as compared to shrinking ones, indicating that most curvature variation in a detonation cell occurs near the Mach stem. In normal shock velocity–curvature space, the cell dynamics can be mapped to three features that are characteristic of (feature 1) a detonation with a spatially short reaction zone, (feature 2) a transitional regime of shock and reaction zone decoupling, and (feature 3) a diffracting inert blast wave. New, growing cells predominately exhibited features 1 and 2, while decaying cells only exhibited feature 3. The portions of all profiles with normal velocities below the Chapman–Jouguet velocity were characteristic of inert blast propagation, indicating the possibility that exceeding this velocity may be a necessary condition for the existence of shock and reaction zone coupling. In this inert blast regime, Dn and κ vary spatially across the wave front so each segment is not geometrically cylindrical, but when accumulated, the Dn–κ data map out a straight line, indicating elements of self-similar flow for each stage in the cell cycle.
Ozone increases the permeability of isolated pea chloroplasts

The effect of short-term exposure of chloroplasts isolated from the leaves of Pisum sativum to high concentrations of ozone was examined. The inhibitory effect of O3 on endogenous photophosphorylation was apparently related to an increased permeability of the chloroplast limiting membranes induced by ozone exposure. A 5 min treatment with 50 ppm O3 reduced the reflection coefficient of meso-erythritol from 0.84 to 0.58 and that of glycerol from 0.26 to 0.03. Such decreases in reflection coefficients indicate that ozone caused a marked increase in the permeability of the limiting membranes of the chloroplasts, which may result from an oxidation of membrane lipids. The decrease in the reflection coefficient of meso-erythritol was proportional both to ozone concentration (up to 30 ppm for 5 min of bubbling) and to time (up to 5 min at 30 ppm). Extrapolating these results to lower concentrations and longer times, ozone injury should be possible for a 2 hr exposure of plants to 0.3 ppm ozone, as is indeed the case.
Lateral ventricular size and drug-induced parkinsonism

Computed Tomography (CT) was used to assess lateral ventricular size in 20 psychiatric inpatients who had participated in at least 5 weeks of a fixed dose chlorpromazine (CPZ) trial. During treatment with CPZ, eight patients had required antiparkinsonian medication for treatment of rigidity. The ventricular brain ratio (VBR) of these eight patients was greater than that of either the 12 patients who did not require antiparkinsonian medication or a similarly aged control group of neurological patients, scanned for tension or migraine headaches. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that large lateral ventricular size may be associated with increased vulnerability to develop drug-induced parkinsonism.
Tooth eruption depends in bone resorption: Experimental evidence from osteoetpotrotic (ia) rats

Abstract Resorption of alveolar bone around erupting teeth is known to be independent of tooth eruption. However, the failure of tooth eruption and reduction in bone resorption in the osteopetrotic rat mutation, incisors absent (ia), suggest that tooth eruption depends upon bone resorption. This hypothesis was tested by determining the effects of neonatal restoration of bone resorption In is rats on eruption of first molars. Newborn is rats were treated with irradiation and spleen cells and tooth eruption and bone resorption were examined 30 days later. In 24 treated is rats at least two molars erupted in every rat and all four molars erupted In 14. In 24 untreated is littermates, no molars erupted in 21, one molar erupted in two and two molars erupted in one rat. All molars erupted in 38 untreated normal littermates. Alveolar bone overlying unerupted first molars In untreated is rats was not present in treated mutant littermates. Neonatally treated is rats had osteoclasts with ruffled borders and no skeletal sclerosis by 30 days. Within 48 hours after treatment two types of osteoclasts could be found in treated rats. One type resembled those found in untreated is littermates and the other those found in normal rats. These data suggest that failure of tooth eruption in ia rats is directly related to the reduction In bone resorption and that alveolar bone resorption is required for tooth eruption.
Fragmented polymer nanotubes from sonication-induced scission with a thermo-responsive gating system for anti-cancer drug delivery

Uniform purified long polymer nanotubes with crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) as the backbone and a pendant poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) layer attached to the inner surface as a thermo-responsive gating system were synthesized by a two-fold “grafting-from” strategy inside cylindrical alumina nanopores. To adapt such long polymer nanotubes to be efficient nanocarriers for the intracellular delivery of anti-cancer drugs, a sonication-induced scission method was used to ‘cut’ the long nanotubes into short fragments. The discontinuous volume transition property in response to the temperature change for the pendant poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) layer inside the nanotubes results in a reversible ‘closing/opening’ gating mechanism to control loaded drug release from the nanotubes. Using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug, in vitro thermo-responsive drug release behaviour and the related kinetics were studied in detail. The pristine fragmented polymer nanotubes were found to have good biocompatibility in the test with KB-3-1 cancer cells although toxic in their monomeric forms. More importantly, cell toxicity assays for DOX-loaded fragmented polymer nanotubes presented excellent temperature and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity with a low IC50 of 1.4 μmol L−1. These results indicated that such polymer nanotubes with a thermo-responsive gating system have potential as effective anti-cancer drug delivery vehicles.
Impact of wind turbines On ATC radars and mitigation results

This paper first describes the impact of wind turbines on air traffic control (ATC) radar based on theoretical modeling and simulation. Real data are collected from operational ATC radar sites surrounded by major wind farms and analyzed to demonstrate features of wind turbine signals. A series of systematic mitigation methods are proposed and implemented for the existing ATC radar to improve the aircraft detection and tracking performance over the wind farm area. The experimental results from field trials are presented to verify the effectiveness of each method.
Further partitioning of the reactant‐product decoupling equations of state‐to‐state reactive scattering and their solution by the time‐independent wave‐packet method

The reactant‐product decoupling (RPD) equations are a rigorous formulation of state‐to‐state reactive scattering recently introduced by Peng and Zhang. For an N‐arrangement reaction there are a total of N RPD equations, each of which describes the dynamics in just one region of coordinate space. One of the regions (the r‐region) encloses the reactant channel and the strong interaction region; each of the other N−1 regions encloses one of the product channels. In this paper we develop a suggestion later made by Kouri and co‐workers: that the original RPD equations can be further partitioned into a set of new RPD equations, in which the original r‐region is now partitioned into three regions—two enclosing the reactant channel, and one enclosing the strong interaction region. After introducing the new RPD equations, we derive the time-independent wave‐packet (TIW) form of the equations, and show how to solve them using an extended version of the Chebyshev propagator. We test the new RPD equations (and the me...
Indole–triazole conjugates are selective inhibitors and inducers of bacterial biofilms

Herein is described a method of accessing indole/triazole and benzothiophene/triazole analogues that selectively promote or inhibit biofilm formation by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Structure/function studies revealed that the addition of a bromine atom at the 2-position of the indole/triazole scaffold altered activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and could transform a biofilm inhibitor into a biofilm inducer. Isosteric replacement of the indole core by a benzothiophene significantly impaired anti-biofilm activity. A competition assay exposing Escherichia coli to the most potent biofilm inducer and an inhibitor of E. coli biofilm formation was performed. The inducer exhibited the ability to mute the effect of the anti-biofilm compound for this targeted bacterial population.
Hemospermia following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: a prospective study.

Hemospermia is known to be associated with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-PB). The true incidence of hemospermia, its duration and implications are not well established. We performed a prospective observational study involving patients undergoing TRUS-PB for suspected prostate cancer at our institution. Sixty-three eligible men were included in the study. Most men (84%) undergoing TRUS-PB, who were able to ejaculate, experienced hemospermia, which was associated with some degree of anxiety. The mean duration of hemospermia was 3.5 (±1.7) weeks. The number of ejaculations before the complete resolution of hemospermia was 8 (±6.7). None of the clinical and pathological factors was a significant predictor of the duration of hemospermia. Patients should be adequately counseled before TRUS-PB to avoid undue anxiety and alterations in sexual activity.
Overexpression of S100A4 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas Is Associated with Poor Differentiation and DNA Hypomethylation

Using the National Center for Biotechnology Information Serial Analysis of Gene Expression database, we found that S100A4, a calcium-binding protein previously implicated in metastasis, was expressed in five of seven pancreatic carcinoma libraries but not in the two normal pancreatic duct libraries. We confirmed the overexpression of S100A4 using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, which demonstrated that 18 of 19 (95%) pancreatic carcinoma cell lines expressed S100A4. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that 57 of 61 invasive pancreatic carcinomas (93%), 3 of 18 high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions (17%), and 0 of the 69 low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions expressed S100A4 protein, whereas normal pancreatic tissue and tissue affected by chronic pancreatitis did not label. Expression of S100A4 was associated with poor differentiation of the pancreatic adenocarcinomas (P = 0.001). We found that three CpG sites in the first intron of the S100A4 gene were ∼90% methylated in microdissected normal pancreatic duct cells using bisulfite-modified sequencing and in two cell lines and three primary pancreatic carcinomas with a reduced or absent expression of S100A4. In contrast, these CpGs were 100% hypomethylated in 11 of 12 pancreatic cancer cell lines by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The association between the expression of S100A4 and hypomethylation of the first intron of S100A4 was statistically significant (P = 0.002). These data suggest that the majority of pancreatic carcinomas undergo selection for hypomethylation and overexpression of S100A4. Because most pancreatic carcinomas express S100A4, it may be a useful target for early detection strategies.
An Exploratory Study of Patterns of Social Interaction, Organization, and Facility Design in Three Nursing Homes

Three Medicare-certified nursing homes are studied to determine factors of the organization, physical and social environment, and of the individuals that promote or deter social interaction. Social interaction is examined according to three phases: the tendency to congregate, the ability to impersonally interact with others, and the capacity to converse. Since conversation has been linked by others to rehabilitation, its promotion is stressed. Suggestions are made for creating a more functional social setting for the elderly, researching the behavioral basis for nursing home design, and for developing more meaningful building codes. This exploratory study serves as an example of how systematic environmental analysis may provide the direction necessary for implementing an extended care facility's goals.
Concordance of out-of-hospital and emergency department cardiac arrest resuscitation with documented end-of-life choices in Oregon.

Study objective Resuscitation measures should be guided by previous patient choices about end-of-life care, when they exist; however, documentation of these choices can be unclear or difficult to access. We evaluate the concordance of a statewide registry of actionable resuscitation orders unique to Oregon with out-of-hospital and emergency department (ED) care provided for patients found by emergency medical services (EMS) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients found by EMS providers in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in 5 counties in 2010. We used probabilistic linkage to match patients found in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with previously signed documentation of end-of-life decisions in the Oregon Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) registry. We evaluated resuscitation interventions in the field and ED. Results There were 1,577 patients found in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, of whom 82 had a previously signed POLST form. Patients with POLST do-not-resuscitate orders for whom EMS was called had resuscitation withheld or ceased before hospital admission in 94% of cases (95% confidence interval [CI] 83% to 99%). Compared with patients with no POLST or known do-not-resuscitate orders, more patients with attempt resuscitation POLST orders had field resuscitation attempted (84% versus 60%; difference 25%; 95% CI 12% to 37%) and were admitted to hospitals (38% versus 17%; difference 20%; 95% CI 3% to 37%), with no documented misinterpretations of the form once CPR was initiated. Conclusion In this sample of patients in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, out-of-hospital and ED care was generally concordant with previously documented end-of-life orders in the setting of critical illness. Further research is needed to compare the effectiveness of Oregon's POLST system to other methods of end-of-life order documentation.
Flux motion and moving dislocations in type II superconductors

Abstract The interaction of mobile dislocations with Abrikosov vortices is described and shown to be reversible with the motion of dislocations, the dislocations sweeping flux into the specimen. In addition the flux change varies linearly with the strain rate. This interaction is observed to be independent of temperature, between 0·2 and 0·6 Tc, which rules out a surface barrier model. A model, which relates the change in flux to the mobile dislocation density, is presented and compared with the observations.
Transposon-mediated site-specific recombination: a defined in vitro system.

Abstract Transposition of the insertion element γδ is thought to involve formation of intermediates in which the element is present at each junction between donor and target replicons. In vivo these cointegrate structures are rapidly converted to the end products of transposition by site-specific recombination at a defined sequence, res , that is present in each directly repeated γδ element. Resolvase, an element encoded protein of molecular weight 21,000 is required for cointegrate resolution. I have demonstrated site-specific recombination in vitro using purified resolvase and a cointegrate analog substrate. The required components of the system described here are resolvase, negatively supercoiled substrate DNA, buffer and Mg 2+ . Neither host-encoded products nor high energy cofactors appear to be required for resolution in vitro. Catenated, resolved molecules are the major products of the reaction. Elimination of Mg 2+ from the reaction yields different product molecules. The in vitro system described here provides an opportunity for detailed study of the resolution reaction.
Clinical uses of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Traditional office measurements of blood pressure are commonly used to initiate and monitor therapy for hypertension, but these measurements are limited in their ability to provide information from the patient's normal work or play environment and do not include data from the overnight period when the patient is asleep. Thus, much potentially important information is lost. The ambulatory blood pressure monitor offers the attractive advantage of providing multiple blood pressure measurements from a subject's normal environment during his normal activities, thereby revealing important patterns of blood pressure in health and in illness. Further, the results of ambulatory monitoring have an excellent correlation with end-organ damage and these data can be obtained in a very short time period. This review will discuss the chronobiology of blood pressure, the clinical uses of the ambulatory blood pressure monitor in health and in disease, including the patterns of blood pressure identified, correlation with end-organ damage and its uses in clinical trials of antihypertensive medications; the experience in children with this technology will also be discussed.
Perylene: an indicator of alteration processes or precursor materials?

Abstract Perylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that is found pervasively in both marine and freshwater sediments, yet its origin remains obscure. We have explored relationships between perylene and possible precursor materials in two 210 Pb-dated sediment cores from Lake Ontario in which contributions of aquatic and land-plant organic matter and concentrations of anthropogenic PAHs have been measured. No significant correlations were identified between perylene occurrence and indicators of terrigenous or aquatic sources of organic matter. Distinct differences between perylene and anthropogenic PAH sedimentary profiles rule out an industrial source for perylene at these locations. The general pattern of low-to-absent perylene concentrations in upper, oxic sediments and increasing concentrations with depth indicates that in situ diagenesis under anoxic conditions produces perylene and that its formation is kinetically controlled. The results of our study suggest that perylene is formed from non-specific precursor materials by biotic or abiotic transformation processes. If this scenario accurately describes its formation, then perylene is an indicator of depositional conditions rather than the source of organic matter.
R&D laboratory classification and public policy: The effects of environmental context on laboratory behavior

Abstract R&D laboratories have changed dramatically in the last few decades. These changes have included the emergence of new laboratory forms such as cooperative and joint venture laboratories and the evolution of existing industrial, university and government laboratories into new and different entities. The utility of classifying R&D organizations as being industrial, university or governmental in character and then further assuming certain behavioral traits based on sector status appears to be limited. Science policy analysts need an updated classification typology that captures the nature of the existing institutional framework for R&D laboratories. To address this need, this paper presents a new conceptual typology for R&D laboratory classification and evaluates the implications of this re-thinking for science policy analysts. It is argued that R&D laboratories, like most organizations, are to a large extent functions of their environment. Realizing that the environment of R&D organizations are heavily influenced by the government, the market or both, the typology presented in this paper classifies R&D organizations accordingly. The resulting classification typology establishes 9 clearly different research laboratory types. Using survey data from a study population of 250 laboratories and case study data from 32 laboratories, it was found that the typology did capture the significant structural and behavioral differences among the array of laboratories operating today. A preliminary analysis of the policy implications of the new classification typology indicates that new initiatives to increase the level of market influence on R&D laboratories or to create more cooperative research ventures should be carefully considered before implementation.
Dynamic stability of vortex solutions of Ginzburg-Landau and nonlinear Schrödinger equations

The dynamic stability of vortex solutions to the Ginzburg-Landau and nonlinear Schr6dinger equations is the basic assumption of the asymptotic particle plus field description of interacting vortices. For the Ginzburg-Landau dynamics we prove that all vortices are asymptotically nonlinearly stable relative to small radial perturbations. Initially finite energy perturbations of vortices decay to zero in LP(IR 2) spaces with an algebraic rate as time tends to infinity. We also prove that under general (nonradial) perturbations, the plus and minus one-vortices are linearly dynamically stable in L2; the linearized operator has spectrum equal to (-c%0) and generates a Co semigroup of contractions on L2(IR2). The nature of the zero energy point is clarified; it is resonance, a property related to the infi- nite energy of planar vortices. Our results on the linearized operator are also usbd to show that the plus and minus one-vortices for the Schr6dinger (Hamiltonian) dynamics are spectrally stable, i.e. the linearized operator about these vortices has (L 2) spectrum equal to the imaginary axis. The key ingredients of our analysis are the Nash-Aronson estimates for obtaining Gaussian upper bounds for fundamental solutions of parabolic operators, and a combination of variational and maximum principles.