cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Minimum Discrimination Information Estimation of Multiattribute Market Share Models

Multiattribute market share models MMSM using supplier, product, and buyer attributes as explanatory variables generally use a logit model structure. The literature indicates two basic types of approaches for estimating coefficients, regression type approaches generally using log-share ratios and a nonregression approach which is based on maximum-likelihood principles. This article discusses a nonregression estimation approach, a minimum discrimination information MDI, whose formulation differs from MDI procedures previously applied to the marketing literature. The MDI formulation enables researchers to estimate a logit model with proportions as the dependent variable and is computationally easy because it uses the same estimators as an MLE approach which assumes independence of trials. Equivalence between MDI and MLE estimates, under certain conditions, are discussed. The estimation methods are applied to a real world data set. The results indicate the MDI/MLE method does best in predicting the market shares of the suppliers according to some basic error criteria both at disaggregate and aggregate levels.
The End of MAD? The Nuclear Dimension of U.S. Primacy

For nearly half a century, the world's most powerful nuclear-armed states have been locked in a condition of mutual assured destruction. Since the end of the Cold War, however, the nuclear balance has shifted dramatically. The U.S. nuclear arsenal has steadily improved; the Russian force has sharply eroded; and Chinese nuclear modernization has progressed at a glacial pace. As a result, the United States now stands on the verge of attaining nuclear primacy, meaning that it could conceivably disarm the long-range nuclear arsenals of Russia and China with a nuclear first strike. A simple nuclear exchange model demonstrates that the United States has a potent first-strike capability. The trajectory of nuclear developments suggests that the nuclear balance will continue to shift in favor of the United States in coming years. The rise of U.S. nuclear primacy has significant implications for relations among the world's great powers, for U.S. foreign policy, and for international relations scholarship.
Dynamic power management for multicores: Case study using the intel SCC

In this paper, a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) based power management approach is implemented using the Intel SCC platform. To validate our framework, we show various power and performance trade-offs using the SCC platform, while running a computationally intensive parallel image-processing application under different power management conditions.
Cultural Meanings of Childbirth

In no known culture in the world is childbearing treated with indifference. Cultural beliefs about and values associated with childbearing touch all aspects of social life in any given culture. Such beliefs and values lend perspective to the meaning of childbirth to the childbearing woman. Having the opportunity to share the woman's perceptions of the meaning of childbearing may foster the self-actualization, promote maternal role attainment, and improve her relationship with her significant other and enrich the family perspective. Nursing interventions across the childbearing year should be culturally sensitive to promote positive outcomes for the woman and her family.
An Expectation Maximization Approach to Detecting Compromised Remote Access Accounts

We present a method for detecting when a user’s remote access account has been compromised in such a way that an attacker model can be learned during operations. A Naive Bayes model is built for each user that stores the likelihood for each remote session based on a variety of features available in the access logs. During operation, we leverage Expectation Maximization on new data to update both the user and attacker models, based on the likelihood of the observed session, and perform a model comparison to test for compromise. The system scales linearly with the number of users in computation and memory. We present experimental results on a medium-sized enterprise network of over two thousand users, performing “masquerade detection” in which the activity of one user is discovered within another user’s logs.
Chemistry of Bovine Relaxin

The physiological role of relaxin (relaxation of pelvic ligaments and cervical softening) demonstrated in other species makes the potential use of this hormone appealing to the cattle industry.
Abstract 243: Bystander CPR May Not Improve Survival from Cardiac Arrest in Patients with Epilepsy

Introduction: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the major cause of death among patients with epilepsy and occurs in the absence of a terminal seizure in approximately two-thirds. We aimed to evaluate ...
Cocrystals of nicotinamide and (R)-mandelic acid in many ratios with anomalous formation properties.

We report a remarkable system of cocrystals containing nicotinamide (NIC) and (R)-mandelic acid (RMA) in numerous stoichiometric ratios (4:1, 1:1 in two polymorphs, and 1:2) with anomalous formation properties. The formation of these cocrystals decreases energy but expands volume, in contrast to most physical processes, but similar to water freezing. The decrease of energy upon cocrystallization agrees with the exothermic mixing of NIC and RMA liquids (a base and an acid). Volume expansion is general for the formation of all NIC cocrystals for which data exist (n = 40): +3.9 A3/molecule or +17 cm3/kg on average, corresponding to a 2% expansion. This volume expansion correlates with the shortening and strengthening of hydrogen bonds upon cocrystallization, analogous to water freezing. The NIC-RMA binary phase diagram was constructed that contains the congruent and incongruent melting of six crystalline phases. These results are relevant for understanding the nature of cocrystallization and why some molecul...
How medicine became modern

![Figure][1] In 19th-century Europe and North America, consumption, as tuberculosis was then known, was the most common cause of death. It was so common and disease progression so torpid—patients could often expect to live years, if not decades, with this malady—that the idea that consumption was contagious was unfathomable. A diagnosis of tuberculosis was considered a death sentence, and, although many cures had been proposed, from cod-liver oil to sanatoriums, none of them worked. In The Remedy , science journalist Thomas Goetz describes much more than the fascinating quest to find a cure for tuberculosis. He chronicles the emergence of modern medical science through the pioneering work of Robert Koch and the life of author Arthur Conan Doyle. ![Figure][1] PHOTO: THINKSTOCK The story begins in the 1870s with Robert Koch, then a young provincial doctor in Germany, performing his first experiments to demonstrate that bacteria were the causative agents of anthrax. His meticulous work would lead to the widespread acceptance of the germ theory, the then-radical proposition that diseases are caused by microorganisms (and not by miasma, a pernicious form of “bad air”). The author exposes how breakthroughs do not occur in a vacuum, that discoveries are attributed to those who succeed in convincing others, and how scientists themselves often resist innovation. The book also goes to lengths in describing Koch's rivalry with Louis Pasteur, fueled by French-German antagonism and personal ambition, and how it catalyzed research efforts leading to Koch's discovery of tuberculosis's infective cause, Mycobacterium tuberculosis . This finding was hailed as a revolution as it finally opened the door for a cure. There was even more excitement when Koch announced, a few years later, the discovery of a remedy. This is where Koch and Conan Doyle, also a physician by training, crossed paths. The latter traveled to Berlin and visited patients receiving this mysterious treatment. “Using Koch's own model of logic and analysis,” Conan Doyle attacked this remedy as spoof, noting that Koch's substance had no effect in treating the disease. Goetz posits that Koch “provided the template for Sherlock Holmes's fascination with minuscule detail.” As much as the author would like to convince us, his case remains disputable, as the two men never actually met. Conan Doyle himself said that his inspiration for the famous detective was his former professor, Joseph Bell. That and some digressions on the antivivisectionist and modern antivaccination movements are the book's shortcomings. Despite this, Goetz's pungent account of some of the 19th century's landmark medical discoveries, from antiseptic surgery to the anthrax vaccine, is definitely worth a read. Hopscotching through time and countries, he brilliantly narrates the rise of the two protagonists and how their embrace of deductive logic and scientific methods embodied the spirit of the time. [1]: pending:yes
Relation between Wigner energy and proton-neutron pairing

The linear term proportional to $|N\ensuremath{-}Z|$ in the nuclear symmetry energy (Wigner energy) is obtained in a model that uses isovector pairing on single-particle levels from a deformed potential combined with a ${\stackrel{P\vec}{T}}^{2}$ interaction. The pairing correlations are calculated by numerical diagonalization of the pairing Hamiltonian acting on the six or seven levels nearest the $N=Z$ Fermi surface. The experimental binding energies of nuclei with $N\ensuremath{\approx}Z$ are well reproduced. The Wigner energy emerges as a consequence of restoring isospin symmetry. We have found the Wigner energy to be insensitive to the presence of moderate isoscalar pair correlations.
Dialysis in older patients.

Older persons with chronic uremia tolerate hemodialysis or a renal transplant as well as younger patients. However, this is not true in acute renal failure. One of the most distressing problems dur...
Application of Bass Diffusion Theory to Simulate the Impact of Feedback and Word of Mouth on Occupants' Behavior in Commercial Buildings: An Agent-Based Approach

AbstractIn their assumption of a static nature for occupants’ energy-use characteristics, the conventional energy-simulation tools have failed to bring about a reliable prediction regarding changes in occupants’ behavior and the resulting impact on energy consumption. Thus, this study investigated an agent-based approach to simulating the diffusion of energy-saving policies among the occupants and the related impact on energy consumption and emission production of commercial buildings. Two different strategies were implemented in the agent-based environment to track the changes in occupants’ behavioral patterns and the consequential energy conservation by providing informational feedback to the occupants. Compared to the results obtained from energy-simulation software, the first model showed a 13% variation/reduction in building energy consumption from Year 1 to Year 3; the second model, inspired by Bass diffusion theory, showed 20% variation/reduction in the same period. The results indicate that the ad...
Reaching Beyond Library Employees: Assessing IT Student Workers

ABSTRACTThis article examines a collaboration between academic librarians and campus IT to provide library training and assessment for computer lab consultants who work in the library. Pre- and post-tests were used to gauge lab consultants’ ability to answer frequently asked library questions using online guides. This research project also served as a pilot for collaborations between the library's Coordinator of Outreach and Peer Learning and supervisors of student workers in the library.
A Basis for Governing: Legitimacy, Accountability, and the Value of Uniform Principles for Global Administrative Law

One of the most significant developments in international law over the past two decades has been the rise of transnational administrative entities with binding rulemaking and adjudicative power. Their emergence is noteworthy because their authority is not based in a single, traditional source of law, but rather a hybrid of two – international law, characterized by customs and treaties, and administrative law, historically grounded in constitutional and statutory sources. As a result, the doctrine of global administrative law (GAL) has developed over the past decade to explain the background, principles, mechanisms, and social understandings that underpin this new legal construct. A point of contention among GAL scholars, however, has been whether the academy should advocate for a series of “uniform principles” to provide normative and doctrinal foundations for nascent GAL institutions, or whether pluralism is preferable. Additionally, GAL’s critics have repeatedly charged that it lacks political legitimacy to support its legal authority. This Article is the first to advocate for a series of uniform principles to guide the development of global regulatory organizations. The central claim of the Article is that transnational entities with regulatory authority should adopt due process principles and procedural protections, as well as promote fairness, transparency, and participation. In order to demonstrate the value of these proposed principles, this Article examines the experience of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which is among the most successful examples of the new generation of global governance institutions. Established on January 1, 1995, to provide oversight for the area of international trade, the WTO has emerged as the “ne plus ultra” among supranational regulators because of its nearly universal membership, its well-developed judicial functions, and its significant progress in achieving its core objectives. Further, and important for this Article, the WTO has widely adopted the proposed uniform principles. The WTO’s experience in applying these principles demonstrates their value in improving two key areas of performance for global governance: utilization and compliance. Moreover, this Article employs international law theory to explain why the WTO’s implementation of the uniform principles has enhanced its effectiveness, and why these same principles should guide the development of other GAL organizations. As the number of transnational entities with binding regulatory and adjudicative power continues to grow, these principles may help bolster their performance and, consequently, serve to advance global “good governance.”
Re-conceptualizing Teachers’ Narrative Inquiry as Professional Development

We offer a more nuanced characterization of teachers’ narrative inquiry as professional development (Johnson & Golombek, 2002) by grounding our definition of and empirical research on teachers’ narrative inquiry from a Vygotskian sociocultural theoretical perspective. Our goal is to reaffirm our belief in the educational value of teachers’ narrative inquiry as “systematic exploration that is conducted by teachers and for teachers through their own stories and language” (p. 6), while empirically documenting the crucial role of teacher educators in creating mediational spaces, dialogic interactions, and pedagogical tools for teachers’ narrative inquiry to flourish as professional development. It is also our goal to re-conceptualize teachers’ narrative inquiry as unbounded by time and place, and as a more fluid and emerging process.
Electronic structure of nitrogen-doped GaAs and GaP

The dilute nitrogen alloys GaAs 1-x N x and GaP 1-x N x have recently become technologically important for applications in high efficiency solar cells and vertical cavity surface emitting diode lasers used for fiber optic communications. There exist many inconsistencies between the results of various experimental techniques and theoretical models used to probe the giant band gap lowering observed in. these systems. It appears that these inconsistencies originate because GaAs 1-x N x and GaP 1-x N x should perhaps not be viewed as an abnormal alloys but rather as a heavy isoelectronically doped semiconductors. The similarity and dissimilarity between the two systems will be discussed with respect to: (1) The perturbation of the host band structure caused by nitrogen doping. (2) The evolution of nitrogen bound states with increasing nitrogen doping (3) The dominant contributors to the band edge absorption, and (4) Whether there exists a universal model that explains the anomalous behaviour of GaAs 1-x N x and GaP 1-X N X . Key issues such as the relevance of various theoretical band structure calculations to the experimentally measured parameters, and as to how exactly does one define the band gap for these materials will also be examined. Finally, possible solutions for regularizing the abnormal behavior of dilute N alloys will be discussed.
Pillar-structured neutron detector based multiplicity system

Abstract This work demonstrates the potential of silicon pillars filled with boron-10 as a sensor technology for a compact and portable neutron multiplicity system. Solid-state, semiconductor based neutron detectors may enable completely new detector form factors, offer an alternate approach to helium-3 based systems, and reduce detector weight and volume requirements. Thirty-two pillar-structured neutron detectors were assembled into a system with an active area of over 20 cm 2 and were used in this work to demonstrate the feasibility of this sensor technology as a potential replacement for helium-3 based gas detectors. Multiplicity measurements were successfully carried out using a californium-252 neutron source , in which the source mass, system efficiency, and die-away time were determined. This demonstration shows that these solid-state detectors could allow for a more compact and portable system that could be used for special nuclear material identification in the field.
Impression Management and Perceptions about Advancement of Black Female Corporate Lawyers

This paper closely examines the perceived barriers to recruitment, professional development and advancement to partnership for black female lawyers (N=20) in elite corporate law firms. Partnership in law firms is granted to those associates who demonstrate professional excellence in practice after a 7-8 year apprenticeship. Black female lawyers confront numerous obstacles as they seek to rise to partnership (lack of mentorship, sponsorship and substantive assignments, rote assignments and limited exposure to quality training and networking opportunities). All associates suffer from the demands of corporate law firms such as working long hours, exclusion from social activities, and limited family contact. These factors inevitably contribute to high attrition rates. However, the accounts of black female lawyers within this study are richly pronounced by how their particular experiences tend to be shaped by the intersection, combination and overlap of race and gender. This unique difference brings a nuanced ...
The ability of oxygen scavenging packaging to inhibit vitamin degradation and lipid oxidation in fish oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract The impact of commercial oxygen scavenging packaging on lipid oxidation in fish oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions and vitamin degradation was determined. Oxygen scavenging packaging effectively reduced dissolved oxygen concentration in buffer (pH 3, 5, and 7) by >95% as measured by an oxygen fluorometer over 3 days at 32 °C. Lipid oxidation in emulsions, as measured by lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), was effectively inhibited by oxygen scavenging packaging regardless of pH (3 and 7), fat concentration (1 and 20%), or in the presence of sodium chloride (0 and 250 mM). Analysis of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol degradation demonstrated that the oxygen scavenging packaging was able to protect both water and fat-soluble vitamins. This work suggests that active packaging can sufficiently reduce oxygen levels in O/W emulsions to greatly extend the oxidative stability without the addition of exogenous antioxidants. Industrial significance Increased pressure by consumers to remove food additives requires innovative solutions to maintain the shelf life of foods and minimize food waste. Active packaging that reduces oxygen to levels low enough to inhibit oxidative spoilage could provide a potential ‘clean label’ solution to food additives since the antioxidant technology is provided by the packaging system. Oxygen scavenging packaging described in this work reduced packaged oxygen by >98% under a variety of conditions expected in foods and inhibited lipid oxidation of fish oil-in-water emulsions. The impact of this work could improve food quality and extend shelf life for oxidatively susceptible O/W emulsions. In addition, oxygen scavenging active packaging greatly decreased the degradation of essential vitamins suggesting that it could improve the nutritional quality of foods.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes for Rectal Injury During Radical Prostatectomy: A Population-based Study

Abstract Background Rectal injury (RI) is a rare but potentially serious complication of radical prostatectomy (RP). Current evidence is limited owing to relatively small cohorts from select, tertiary referral centers. Objective To evaluate the incidence of and potential risk factors for RI during radical RP at a population level in the USA. Design, settings, and participants Using the National Inpatient Sample database (2003–2012), we identified patients with prostate cancer who underwent RP. Survey-weighted cohorts were created based on the diagnosis and repair of RI during initial hospitalization. Data included demographics, hospital characteristics, surgical details, complications, and perioperative outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for RI. Results and limitations Of 614 294 men who underwent RP, there were 2900 (0.5%) RIs, with a 26% decline from 2003–2006 to 2009–2012 (p Conclusions RI during RP is a rare complication, but is more common among men with African ancestry and for procedures carried out using an open surgical technique or in low-volume hospitals, and among those with low BMI, BPH, or metastatic disease. Patient summary In a large US population, we found that rectal injury (RI) is a rare complication of radical prostatectomy, and that the risk of RI can increase according to patient- and hospital-specific characteristics.
Vom Ratenkredit zum Mobilitätspaket – Innovationen in der Kundenfinanzierung

Die klassische Ratenfinanzierung erlebt heute als Mobilitatspaket eine fulminante Renaissance. Basis bildet ihre Weiterentwicklung zu einem Produkt, das als AutoCredit oder 3-Wege-Finanzierung budgetvertragliche Monatsraten mit einer Entlastung des Kunden vom Vermarktungsrisiko des Gebrauchten kombiniert. Gleichzeitig schafft sie durch erhohte Kundenloyalitat und verkurzte Haltedauern eine Win-win-Situation auch fur Handel und Hersteller bzw. Herstellerbank. Erganzt wird diese Basis durch ihre Verknupfung mit zusatzlichen Versicherungs- und weiteren Dienstleistungsprodukten, d. h. durch ihre Weiterentwicklung zu umfassenden Produktpaketen. Sie machen Nutzungskosten fur den Kunden bei gesicherter Markenqualitat kalkulierbar und ermoglichen so sorgenfreie Mobilitat. Gleichzeitig verlangern sie fur Hersteller und Handelsorganisationen die automobile Wertschopfungskette. Dadurch sind sie zu einem zentralen Absatzforderinstrument der Marken geworden, eine Stellung, die sie gerade vor dem Hintergrund des okonomischen wie okologischen Umbruchs behaupten werden.
Abstract 15009: A Novel Role of Coronary Pericytes in Sunitinib Induced Cardiotoxicity

Introduction: Sunitinib malate (SM), an anti-cancer receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, causes cardiac dysfunction in a significant number of cancer patients (up to 20%) through a poorly understood mechanism. Using cardiac specific PDGFRβ KO mice we previously reported that PDGFRβ, the main target of SM, plays a crucial role in coronary microvascular and cardiac dysfunction. We hypothesized that treatment with SM and CP673451 (CP), another small molecule PDGFR inhibitor, would phenocopy PDGFRβ KO mice with respect to coronary microvascular and cardiac dysfunction. We also tested if co-administration of thalidomide (TM), a reported vascular maturing agent (by inducing microvascular pericyte (PC) proliferation), was cardio-protective in SM induced cardiotoxicity. Methods: Mice were divided into 6 groups for the following treatments: Vehicle Control (Ctl), SM (40mg/kg/day), SM+TM, (75mg/kg/alternate days), CP (40mg/kg/day), Ctl-transverse aortic constriction (Ctl-TAC), and SM-TAC for 14-21 days. MRI and Ultrasound were used to measure left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and coronary flow reserve (CFR), respectively. NG2 and CD31 were used as markers for immunohistochemical assessment of coronary PC and endothelial cells, respectively. Results: Mice treated with SM display significant loss of coronary microvascular PC (NG2/CD31; SM 27%, Ctl 100%; p in vitro PC death in a PDGFRβ dependent fashion. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the loss of coronary pericytes may be the primary cause of SM induced cardiotoxicity. Our data also suggests that treatment with TM (or other vascular maturing agents) may be a clinical approach for preventing cardiotoxicity due to SM and other anti-cancer agents targeting PDGFR.
Abstract 3270: Pan-cancer analysis of 1,962 whole-genomes reveals significantly mutated CTCF/cohesin insulators

Recent studies have shown that mutations at non-coding elements, such as the TERT promoter and ESR1 enhancer, can act as cancer drivers. However, an important class of non-coding elements, namely CTCF/cohesin insulators, has been overlooked in the previous driver analyses. It is known that promoter and enhancer interactions are facilitated by partitioning of the human genome into DNA loops. These loops act as insulated neighborhoods preventing the interactions of enhancers and promoters across loops. They are held together by the binding of two CCCTCF binding factors (CTCF) and the cohesin complex, which consists of four core transcription factor subunits (SMC1, SMC3, RAD21 and either STAG2 or STAG1) at the loop ends. Disruption of the loop anchor regions, called CTCF/cohesin insulators, can lead to de novo enhancer-promoter interactions and subsequent dysregulation of associated genes. We used insulator annotations from cohesin ChIA-PET assays and analyzed somatic mutations in 1,962 whole-genomes from 21 cancer types. We find that the mutations predicted to disrupt DNA binding motifs of CTCF, RAD21 and SMC3 are enriched in many cancer types due to the sequence contexts of neutral mutational processes. Using a novel computational approach, CNCDriver (Cornell Non-Coding Driver), that balances the interplay between neutral mutational rate covariates of CTCF/RAD21/SMC3 motif loss and the stronger functional impact of motif-disrupting mutations, we identify the insulators that show signals of positive selection during tumor evolution. We find that the mutations in significantly mutated insulators are associated with differential expression of genes involved in multiple cancer pathways: TGF-β, Hedgehog and Wnt signaling. In particular, we find 16% of melanoma samples show mutations in an insulator that are associated with up-regulation of TGFB1, which is known to promote angiogenesis and tumor cell migration in melanoma. Thus, our study reveals insulators as a novel class of non-coding cancer drivers. Identification of significantly mutated insulators can complement the identification of other types of non-coding cancer drivers (promoters, enhancers and ncRNAs) to fully understand the role of non-coding alterations in tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Eric Minwei Liu, Alexander Martinez-Fundichely, Tawny Cuykendall, Jason G. Dumelie, Matthew MacKay, Priyanka Dhingra, Samie R. Jaffrey, Ekta Khurana. Pan-cancer analysis of 1,962 whole-genomes reveals significantly mutated CTCF/cohesin insulators [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3270.
Passion Isn’t Always Good: Examining Entrepreneurs’ Passion, Networking Behaviors and Performance

We examined the relationships among entrepreneurs’ passion, networking behaviors, and financial performance in business networking groups. Drawing on the dualistic model of passion, we explore both...
Pion production in a transport model based on mean fields from chiral effective field theory

We develop a Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) transport model based on the $\mathrm{Sk}\ensuremath{\chi}{\mathrm{m}}^{*}$ energy density functional, which is constructed from fitting the nuclear equation of state and nucleon effective masses in asymmetric nuclear matter predicted by the two- and three-body chiral interactions as well as the binding energies of finite nuclei. This new $\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{BUU}$ transport model is then used to study how baryon mean-field potentials affect the kinematics of a scattering or decay process and the equilibrium properties of a hot $N\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\pi}$ system in a box with periodic boundary conditions. We find that the inclusion of mean-field potentials in the energy conservation condition for scattering and decay processes is necessary to maintain the equilibrium numbers of $N,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$, and $\ensuremath{\pi}$. Although the baryon mean-field potentials have significant effects on the total $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ numbers, they only slightly affect the ratio of effective negatively to positively charged pions. We also study pion production in central $^{197}\mathrm{Au}+^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at the incident energy of $E/A=400$ MeV and compare the results with the experimental data from the Four Pi (FOPI) Collaboration at the Gesellschaft f\"ur Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI) in Germany. We find that our model can well describe the experimental results and the threshold effect due to baryon mean-field potentials does not affect much the charged pion ratio in this model. We further make predictions on pion production for the ongoing experiments of $^{132}\mathrm{Sn}+^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ and $^{108}\mathrm{Sn}+^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ at the incident energy of $E/A=270$ MeV by the SAMURAI Pion-Reconstruction and Ion-Tracker ($\mathrm{S}\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{RIT}$) Collaboration at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) in Japan.
Intercomparison of aerosol volume size distributions derived from AERONET ground-based remote sensing and LARGE in situ aircraft profiles during the 2011–2014 DRAGON and DISCOVER-AQ experiments

Abstract. Aerosol volume size distribution (VSD) retrievals from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol monitoring network were obtained during multiple DRAGON (Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observational Network) campaigns conducted in Maryland, California, Texas and Colorado from 2011 to 2014. These VSD retrievals from the field campaigns were used to make comparisons with near-simultaneous in situ samples from aircraft profiles carried out by the NASA Langley Aerosol Group Experiment (LARGE) team as part of four campaigns comprising the DISCOVER-AQ (Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality) experiments. For coincident ( ±1 h) measurements there were a total of 91 profile-averaged fine-mode size distributions acquired with the LARGE ultra-high sensitivity aerosol spectrometer (UHSAS) instrument matched to 153 AERONET size distributions retrieved from almucantars at 22 different ground sites. These volume size distributions were characterized by two fine-mode parameters, the radius of peak concentration ( rpeak_conc ) and the VSD fine-mode width (width peak_conc ). The AERONET retrievals of these VSD fine-mode parameters, derived from ground-based almucantar sun photometer data, represent ambient humidity values while the LARGE aircraft spiral profile retrievals provide dried aerosol (relative humidity; RH %) values. For the combined multiple campaign dataset, the average difference in rpeak_conc was 0.033±0.035 µm (ambient AERONET values were 15.8 % larger than dried LARGE values), and the average difference in width peak_conc was 0.042±0.039 µm (AERONET values were 25.7 % larger). For a subset of aircraft data, the LARGE data were adjusted to account for ambient humidification. For these cases, the AERONET–LARGE average differences were smaller, with rpeak_conc differing by 0.011±0.019 µm (AERONET values were 5.2 % larger) and width peak_conc average differences equal to 0.030±0.037 µm (AERONET values were 15.8 % larger).
Subtalar Fusion Preparation: What Are We Really Doing? A Cadaver Study.

Introduction. The open, lateral sinus tarsi approach is the most commonly used technique for subtalar arthrodesis. In this cadaver study, we measured the maximum joint surface area that could be de...
The Educational Quality of Neurosurgical Resources on YouTube.

Background YouTube has rapidly become one of the most widely accessed educational platforms of our time. Over 1 billion hours of YouTube content are viewed every day, including neurosurgical videos. To date, there has never been a qualitative analysis of neurosurgical content on YouTube. Methods By evaluating the search interest of neurosurgical terms via Google Trends, we selected 8 search terms to assess on YouTube. For each term, we selected the top 20 videos, 10 when sorting by view count and 10 when sorting by relevance. Using the DISCERN criteria, we evaluated 131 unique YouTube videos to assess bias and overall educational quality. In addition, we categorized each video based on its intended utility and the credentials of the video's commentator. The number of views, average DISCERN scores, and bias scores were compared between search terms and between video categories. Results There were 131 unique and 29 duplicate videos. The videos received 143,538,363 combined views (1,104,141 average). The average video age was 4.6 years (range, 66 days to 12.5 years). The term “brain surgery” received the most total views (62,339,885), with an average DISCERN score of 1.65 overall and 2 for bias. The average DISCERN score was 2.02 overall and 2.39 for bias. There were 45 advertisements for either hospitals, physicians, or companies, totaling 18,052,873 views and averaging a DISCERN score of 2.04. Conclusions YouTube is a frequently viewed but biased source for neurosurgical information. Advertisements are frequently disguised as educational material, and few videos provide references or sources for their information.
The magnitude of small-study effects in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: an empirical study of nearly 30 000 meta-analyses

Publication bias, more generally termed as small-study effect, is a major threat to the validity of meta-analyses. Most meta-analysts rely on the p values from statistical tests to make a binary decision about the presence or absence of small-study effects. Measures are available to quantify small-study effects’ magnitude, but the current literature lacks clear rules to help evidence users in judging whether such effects are minimal or substantial. This article aims to provide rules of thumb for interpreting the measures. We use six measures to evaluate small-study effects in 29 932 meta-analyses from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. They include Egger’s regression intercept and the skewness under both the fixed-effect and random-effects settings, the proportion of suppressed studies, and the relative change of the estimated overall result due to small-study effects. The cut-offs for different extents of small-study effects are determined based on the quantiles in these distributions. We present the empirical distributions of the six measures and propose a rough guide to interpret the measures’ magnitude. The proposed rules of thumb may help evidence users grade the certainty in evidence as impacted by small-study effects.
An experimental critique of the method of constant stimuli and some alternative procedures

Abstract : Some experiments investigating the constant error demonstrate that the method of constant stimuli is especially unsuited for studying such small effects of discrimination. The nature of the confounded data from the classical procedure suggests that the difficulty is of a fundamental nature and can be expected to influence the data under less stringent conditions as well. Some data from the literature are offered to support this view. Several alternative procedures are developed and evaluated experimentally, the most promising of which is shown to be a form of the XAB method.
B cell reconstitution following alemtuzumab induction under a belatacept-based maintenance regimen.

Lymphocyte depletion has been shown to control costimulation blockade-resistant rejection but, in some settings, to exacerbate antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). We have used alemtuzumab, which depletes T and B cells, combined with belatacept and rapamycin and previously reported control of both costimulation blockade-resistant rejection and AMR. To evaluate this regimen's effect on B cell signatures, we investigated 40 patients undergoing this therapy. B cell counts and phenotypes were interrogated using flow cytometry, and serum was analyzed for total IgG, IgM, and donor-specific alloantibody (DSA). Alemtuzumab induction produced pan-lymphocyte depletion; B cells repopulated faster and more completely than T cells. Reconstituting B cells were predominantly naive, and memory B cells were significantly reduced (P = .001) post repopulation. Two B cell populations with potential immunomodulatory effects-regulatory (CD38hi CD24hi IgMhi CD20hi ) and transitional B cells (CD19+ CD27- IgD+ CD38hi )-were enriched posttransplant (P = .001). Total serum IgG decreased from baseline (P = .016) while IgM levels remained stable. Five patients developed DSAs within 36 months posttransplant, but none developed AMR. Baseline IgG levels in these patients were significantly higher than those in patients without DSAs. These findings suggest that belatacept and rapamycin together limit homeostatic B cell activation following B cell depletion and may lessen the risk of AMR. This regimen warrants prospective, comparative study. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00565773.
Estuarine salt-plug induced by freshwater pulses from the inner shelf

Abstract Estuarine salt plugs can cause water quality problems and are usually attributed to hypersaline conditions in low-inflow estuaries, where evaporation rates exceed or match freshwater input rates. However, salt plugs may also develop in typical estuaries, in brackish waters, by an additional freshwater influence from the estuary's mouth. In this study, month-long and years-long data showed the formation of a salt plug by a freshwater pulse from the ocean into Barataria Bay, in the Mississippi River Delta. Month-long currents showed an inverse estuarine circulation at Barataria Pass with inflow in the surface and outflow underneath. A dimensionless analysis showed that the dynamics governing the inverse circulation was related to a density gradient reversal, which was related to a salt-plug. Empirical Orthogonal Functions applied to nine years of salinity values along the estuary showed that Mode 1 (EOF1) represented the salt-plug structure and explained 86% of the variability. The salt-plug structure was most pronounced during winter, under minimum river discharge, and least evident in summer. Wavelet coherence analysis showed an annual relationship between EOF1 weights and both, river discharge and along-channel wind-stress. This study shows evidence of a salt-plug development by buoyant water pulses from outside an estuary.
A Schutzian Theory of Archaeology

An archaeology textbook is used to show how this science can be theorized about in Schutzian terms. Some basic concepts and the disciplinary definition are analyzed and then various distinctive methods of analysis and interpretation are sketched. But a thorough theory of archaeology would need to dig much more deeply than the stratum of textbooks.
Leaf Age and Position Effects on Quantum Yield and Photosynthetic Capacity in Hemp Crowns.

We examined the aging of leaves prior to abscission and the consequences for estimating whole-crown primary production in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp). Leaves at three vertical positions in hemp crowns were examined from initial full leaf expansion until 42 days later. Photosynthetic capacity decreased as leaves aged regardless of crown position, light intensity, or photoperiod. Although leaves remained green, the photosynthetic capacity declined logarithmically to values of 50% and 25% of the maximum 9 and 25 days later, respectively. Plants grown under +450 μmol m−2 s−1 supplemental photosynthetically active radiation or enriched diffuse light responded similarly; there was no evidence that photoperiod or enriched diffuse light modified the gas exchange pattern. At approximately 14 days after full leaf expansion, leaf light levels >500 μmol m−2 s−1 decreased photosynthesis, which resulted in ≥10% lower maximum electron transport rate at ≥ 20 days of growth period. Furthermore, leaves were saturated at lower light levels as leaf age progressed (≤500 μmol m−2 s−1). Incorporating leaf age corrections of photosynthetic physiology is needed when estimating hemp primary production.
Risk Factors for Developing Stress Fractures

Athletes vary in their susceptibility to stress fractures, and the cause of stress fractures is multifactorial. Risk factors are often categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic risk factors can be further subcategorized into non-modifiable or modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors include gender, race, previous history of fracture, genetics, and anatomic alignment. Modifiable risk factors include relative energy deficiency syndrome, calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency, low body weight, poor biomechanics, strength imbalance, and exposure to specific medications, tobacco, and/or alcohol. Extrinsic risk factors for stress fractures are largely modifiable and include sport or activity type, training variables, and improper equipment. Identifying these risk factors, especially those that are modifiable, can help guide care to prevent injuries in athletes who are at higher risk. Prediction algorithms utilizing risk factors have shown promise in helping to identify high-risk athletes.
Sex, Power, and Corporate Governance

For decades, social scientists have warned us that sexual harassment training and compliance programs are ineffective. To mitigate the risk of sexual harassment, they insist that we must cure its root cause — power imbalances between men and women. Gender-based power imbalances pervade our corporate governance and plague start-ups and billion-dollar companies across sectors and industries. These power imbalances start at the top, with the composition of the board and the identity of CEOs and executive management. Pay inequity and boilerplate contractual terms in employment contracts further cement these imbalances. In response to the #MeToo movement, key stakeholders are shifting their focus from compliance to corporate culture for the first time. This influential group of stakeholders, which includes investors, employees, regulators, D&O insurance carriers, and board advisors, are asking companies to uproot gender-based power imbalances. As a result of mounting pressure, seismic corporate governance reforms are underway. Boards are becoming more gender diverse, companies are beginning to address pay inequity and abandon mandatory arbitration and non-disclosure agreements, and boards are holding CEOs to account for sexual harassment and misconduct. While the “old boys’ club” is still thriving in corporate America, this Article is the first comprehensive account of how the power imbalances on which it depends are shifting.
Multi-modal Analysis of Misleading Political News

The internet is a valuable resource to openly share information or opinions. Unfortunately, such internet openness has also made it increasingly easy to abuse these platforms through the dissemination of misinformation. As people are generally awash in information, they can sometimes have difficulty discerning misinformation propagated on these web platforms from truthful information. They may also lean too heavily on information providers or social media platforms to curate information even though such providers do not commonly validate sources. In this paper, we focus on political news and present an analysis of misleading news according to different modalities, including news content (headline, body, and associated image) and source bias. Our findings show that hyperpartisan news sources are more likely to spread misleading stories than other sources and that it is not necessary to read news body content to assess its validity, but considering other modalities such as headlines, visual content, and publisher bias can achieve better performances.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mediated activation of mTORC2 increases intracellular Na+ concentration in the renal medullary thick ascending limb of Henle.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the renal outer medulla is an important determinant of renal medullary blood flow and blood pressure (BP) salt-sensitivity in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. The mechanisms and pathways responsible for these actions are poorly understood. Recently, we have discovered that the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) plays a critical role in BP salt-sensitivity of SS rats by regulating Na+ homeostasis. PP242, an inhibitor of mTORC1/2 pathways exhibits potent natriuretic actions and completely prevented salt-induced hypertension in SS rats. In the present study, we have found that chronic infusion of H2O2 into the single remaining kidney of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (3 days) stimulated the functional marker (pAKTSer473/AKT) of mTORC2 activity measured by Western Blot analysis. No changes in mTORC1 activity in OM were observed as determined by pS6Ser235/236/S6. Using fluorescent microscopy and the Na+ sensitive dye Sodium Green, we have shown that H2O2 (100 µM added in the bath) increased intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) in renal medullary thick ascending limbs (mTALs) isolated from SD rats. These responses were almost completely abolished by pretreatment of mTAL with 10 µM PP242, indicating that mTORC1/2 pathways were involved in the H2O2 induced increase of [Na+]i. mTAL cell volume remained unchanged (± 1%) by H2O2 as determined by 3D reconstruction confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques. Consistent with the microscopy data, Western Blot analysis of proteins obtained from freshly isolated mTAL treated with 100 µM H2O2 exhibited increased activity/phosphorylation of AKT (pAKTSer473/AKT) that was inhibited by PP242. This was associated with increased protein activity of the apical membrane cotransporter Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC2) and the Na/H exchanger (NHE-3). Na+-K+-ATPase activity was increased as reflected an increase in the ratio of pNa+-K+-ATPaseSer16 to total Na+-K+-ATPase. Overall, the results indicate that H2O2 mediated activation of mTORC2 plays a key role in transducing the observed increases of cytosolic [Na+]i despite associated increases of basolateral pump activity.