cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correcting severe valgus deformity: taking out the knock

Valgus knee deformity can present a number of unique surgical challenges for the total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgeon. Understanding the typical patterns of bone and soft-tissue pathology in the valgus arthritic knee is critical for appropriate surgical planning. This review aims to provide the knee arthroplasty surgeon with an understanding of surgical management strategies for the treatment of valgus knee arthritis. Lateral femoral and tibial deficiencies, contracted lateral soft tissues, attenuated medial soft tissues, and multiplanar deformities may all be present in the valgus arthritic knee. A number of classifications have been reported in order to guide surgical management, and a variety of surgical strategies have been described with satisfactory clinical results. Depending on the severity of the deformity, a variety of TKA implant designs may be appropriate for use. Regardless of an operating surgeon's preferred surgical strategy, adherence to a step-wise approach to deformity correction is advised. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B(1 Supple A):60-4.
ClpAP is an auxiliary protease for DnaA degradation in Caulobacter crescentus.

The Clp family of proteases is responsible for controlling both stress responses and normal growth. In Caulobacter crescentus, the ClpXP protease is essential and drives cell cycle progression through adaptor-mediated degradation. By contrast, the physiological role for the ClpAP protease is less well understood with only minor growth defects previously reported for ΔclpA cells. Here, we show that ClpAP plays an important role in controlling chromosome content and cell fitness during extended growth. Cells lacking ClpA accumulate aberrant numbers of chromosomes upon prolonged growth suggesting a defect in replication control. Levels of the replication initiator DnaA are elevated in ΔclpA cells and degradation of DnaA is more rapid in cells lacking the ClpA inhibitor ClpS. Consistent with this observation, ClpAP degrades DnaA in vitro while ClpS inhibits this degradation. In cells lacking Lon, the protease previously shown to degrade DnaA in Caulobacter, ClpA overexpression rescues defects in fitness and restores degradation of DnaA. Finally, we show that cells lacking ClpA are particularly sensitive to inappropriate increases in DnaA activity. Our work demonstrates an unexpected effect of ClpAP in directly regulating replication through degradation of DnaA and expands the functional role of ClpAP in Caulobacter. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Best of Both Worlds: Combining Cognitive Linguistics and Pedagogic Tasks to Teach English Conditionals

Due to their internal complexity, English conditionals represent a challenge for L2 learners; furthermore, most ESL grammar books lack precise explanations of conditional meanings and usage contexts. As a solution, cognitive linguistic research on conditionals (Dancygier and Sweetser 2005), based on theory of conceptual blending and mirroring human cognition processes, could be very beneficial for L2 learners. In this study, elements of cognitive linguistic analysis of English hypothetical conditionals were incorporated into L2 learning materials. The design of the study was quasi-experimental, with three groups (N = 57) participating: cognitive, task-supported, and control. Pedagogic consciousness-raising tasks were used to provide a context for meaningful practice for cognitive and task-supported groups. The research questions explored the efficacy of different types of instruction for L2 development of English conditional phrases, as measured by a post-test and a delayed post-test. The findings of t-test and analysis of variance procedures (p = .001) indicate that participants from the cognitive group outperformed the participants from the task-supported and control groups and demonstrated a higher degree of understanding of conditional usage contexts.
Chapter 9 Molecular genetic analysis of membrane protein topology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of gene fusions to analyze membrane protein topology. Fusions of a gene encoding a protein whose enzymatic activity reflects its subcellular location are generated at multiple sites in the gene for a membrane protein, and the activities of the resulting hybrid proteins are compared to the previously formulated models. The activity of each hybrid protein reveals whether the junction site normally faces toward or away from the cytoplasm. Various molecular-genetic approaches are available for the analysis of membrane protein topology in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Methods based on the generation and analysis of hybrid proteins are simple and generally reliable, but are subject to several difficulties because of the loss of C-terminal membrane protein sequences in the hybrid proteins generated. These difficulties can be overcome by methods that involve the insertion of easily identifiable target sequences into the membrane protein sequence without loss of C-terminal sequences. However, such methods are somewhat laborious and are subject to technical difficulties of their own because of the requirements that the inserted sequences be accessible to external agents and that they not significantly alter the membrane topologies of the proteins modified.
Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Post-stroke and Neurodegenerative Aphasia: Parallels, Differences, and Lessons Learned.

Numerous studies over the span of more than a decade have shown that noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, namely transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can facilitate language recovery for patients who have suffered from aphasia due to stroke. While stroke is the most common etiology of aphasia, neurodegenerative causes of language impairment—collectively termed primary progressive aphasia (PPA)—are increasingly being recognized as important clinical phenotypes in dementia. Very limited data now suggest that noninvasive brain stimulation may have some benefit in treating PPAs. However, before applying the same approaches to patients with PPA as have previously been pursued in patients with post-stroke aphasia, it will be important for investigators to consider key similarities and differences between these aphasia etiologies that is likely to inform successful approaches to stimulation. While both post-stroke aphasia and the PPAs have clear overlaps in their clinical phenomenology, the mechanisms of injury and theorized neuroplastic changes associated with the two etiologies are notably different. Importantly, theories of plasticity in post-stroke aphasia are largely predicated on the notion that regions of the brain that had previously been uninvolved in language processing may take on new compensatory roles. PPAs, however, are characterized by slow distributed degeneration of cellular units within the language system; compensatory recruitment of brain regions to subserve language is not currently understood to be an important aspect of the condition. This review will survey differences in the mechanisms of language representation between the two etiologies of aphasia and evaluate properties that may define and limit the success of different neuromodulation approaches for these two disorders.
The Government of Military R&D: A Comparative Perspective

Critical analyses of military research and development (R&D) programs usually focus either on the efficiency of the programs in meeting military requirements without cost overruns or unnecessary technological embellishment or, more broadly, on the role that new technology plays in nourishing vested interests and perpetuating the arms race. Another set of issues concerns the effect of military R&D on the civilian economy, taking into account both negative effects from the allocation of scientific and technological resources to the military sector and positive effects from the spin-off of new technology from the military to the civilian sector.
Improvement of Vibration Damping and Flexural Fatigue Property Incorporating Nanoclay into Glass/Epoxy Composite

This study demonstrates that nanoclay fillers can improve vibration damping property and fatigue behavior of conventional long fiber reinforced composites. Nanoclay was dispersed in epoxy resin by a solvent-free high-speed mixing method using a high speed homogenizer. This modified resin was used to manufacture S-glass/epoxy composite laminates by hand lay-up and autoclave curing. The dynamic properties of the samples were tested using a dynamic mechanical analyzer DMA 983. A maximum of 11.1% improvement in the flexural storage modulus and 16.9% in the loss modulus were achieved for adding up to 2 wt.% nanoclay. To see the damping effect of nanoclay at higher frequency and amplitude, a log decrement test was carried out where a maximum of 55.5% increase in damping ratio was observed. The effect of damping improvement on fatigue life was also investigated. A fixed amplitude flexural fatigue test was performed using an MTS machine. Maximum of 66% and 133% improvement in flexural fatigue life at respectively 1 and 2 wt.% nanoclay incorporation were achieved. Nanoclay increases the fracture resistance significantly which was characterized by optical microscope.
Introduction: Constructivist Cultural Politics

This chapter discusses the analytical framework (e.g., behavioral cultural politics ) used to examine the performance of Cuban civic organizations in Miami. The framework highlights the dynamic qualities of politics defined as leadership. The analysis draws upon insights from Tocqueville highlighting the role of the local as well as the power of ideas from political theories.
Corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–4V with nanostructured TiO2 coatings

Abstract In order to improve the biocompatibility and bioactivity, various methods of modification of the dental implant materials substrate surface have been applied. In this chapter, coating of the nanostructured TiO 2 layer on Ti–6Al–4V by electrodeposition is discussed in detail. The surface characterization and corrosion behaviors of TiO 2 nanoparticles-deposited Ti–6Al–4V alloy in simulated biofluidic solutions were studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques. SEM micrographs exhibit the formation of amorphous and crystallite TiO 2 nanoparticles on Ti–6Al–4V before and after being annealed at 550°C. The crystalline forms of TiO 2 nanoparticles generated by the treatment at different temperatures were assessed by Raman spectral imaging. These results indicated that the heat-treated TiO 2 nanoparticle-coated Ti–6Al–4V is more corrosion resistant than the bare Ti–6Al–4V in the simulated biofluids, suggesting that the thin TiO 2 layers would provide improved bioactivity when applied as coating materials to modify dental materials surfaces.
Fine-tuning a federation of models: the quest for a discrete event module

A federation of simulation models and other tools has provided a unique capability to assess the adverse impacts of certain avionics deficiencies on U.S. Air Force aircraft. One component in this suite of tools is a discrete event simulation tool based on Petri Net techniques. This in-house tool is a powerful way to build Petri Net models and has provided useful results for several classes of problems. However, it became apparent that an alternate approach might be more flexible for simulating military air traffic. A critical review of the required modeling functions concluded with the selection of a commercial package to replace the Petri Net tool. The trade-offs of different modeling approaches are discussed, and an example air-to-air refueling problem is presented as a way of comparing their flexibilty and performance.
Xenon-Protein Interactions: Characterization by X-Ray Crystallography and Hyper-CEST NMR.

Abstract The physiological activity of xenon has long been recognized, though the exact nature of its interactions with biomolecules remains poorly understood. Xe is an inert noble gas, but can act as a general anesthetic, most likely by binding internal hydrophobic cavities within proteins. Understanding Xe–protein interactions, therefore, can provide crucial insight regarding the mechanism of Xe anesthesia and potentially other general anesthetic agents. Historically, Xe–protein interactions have been studied primarily through X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In this chapter, we first describe our methods for preparing Xe derivatives of protein crystals and identifying Xe-binding sites. Second, we detail our procedure for 129Xe hyper-CEST NMR spectroscopy, a versatile NMR technique well suited for characterizing the weak, transient nature of Xe–protein interactions.
Molecular mechanism of selenoprotein P synthesis.

Abstract Background Selenoprotein synthesis requires the reinterpretation of a UGA stop codon as one that encodes selenocysteine (Sec), a process that requires a set of dedicated translation factors. Among the mammalian selenoproteins, Selenoprotein P (SELENOP) is unique as it contains a selenocysteine-rich domain that requires multiple Sec incorporation events. Scope of review In this review we elaborate on new data and current models that provide insight into how SELENOP is made. Major conclusions SELENOP synthesis requires a specific set of factors and conditions. General significance As the key protein required for proper selenium distribution, SELENOP stands out as a lynchpin selenoprotein that is essential for male fertility, proper neurologic function and selenium metabolism.
ACUTE TOXICITY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE TO A UNIONID MUSSEL (LAMPSILIS SILIQUOIDEA) IN WATER EXPOSURES

Freshwater mussels (order Unionoida) are one of the most imperiled groups of animals in the world. However, many ambient water quality criteria and other environmental guideline values do not include data for freshwater mussels, in part because mussel toxicity test methods are comparatively new and data may not have been available when criteria and guidelines were derived. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the acute toxicity of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) to larvae (glochidia) and/or juveniles of a unionid mussel (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) and to determine the potential influences of water hardness (50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/L as CaCO3 ) and other major ions (Ca, K, SO4 , or HCO3 ) on the acute toxicity of NaCl to the mussels. From the KCl test, the 50% effect concentration (EC50) for fatmucket glochidia was 30 mg K/L, similar to or slightly lower than the EC50s for juvenile fatmucket (37-46 mg K/L) tested previously in our laboratory. From the NaCl tests, the EC50s for glochidia increased from 441 to 1597 mg Cl/L and the EC50s for juvenile mussels increased from 911 to 3092 mg Cl/L with increasing water hardness from 50 to 300 mg/L. Increasing K from 0.4 to 1.9 mg/L, SO4 from 13 to 40 mg/L, or HCO3 from 44 to 200 mg/L in the 50 mg/L hardness water did not substantially change the NaCl EC50s for juvenile mussels, whereas increasing Ca from 9.9 to 42 mg/L increased the EC50s by a factor of 2. The overall results indicate that glochidia were equally or more sensitive to NaCl and KCl compared with juvenile mussels and that the increased water hardness ameliorated the acute toxicity of NaCl to glochidia and juveniles. These responses rank fatmucket among the most acutely sensitive freshwater organisms to NaCl and KCl. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3041-3049. © 2018 SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in thepublic domain in the United States of America.
Radioisotope Decay Rate Based Counting Clock

Precise timing and frequency sources are vital in a wide range electronic-based systems such as communication networks and global positioning systems. These applications constantly demand reductions in size, weight and power (SWaP) while improving the precision of time or frequency references. Historically, clocks based on electromagnetic oscillations of atoms have provided the most precise method of timing events lasting longer than a few minutes.These oscillations are so precise that in 1967 the unit of time the second – was redefined to be the time taken for a Cs atom in a particular quantum state to undergo exactly 9,192,631,770 oscillations. While the long-term precision of atomic clocks is unsurpassed, the size and power required to run these devices has prevented their use in a variety of areas, particularly in those applications requiring portability or battery operation. The NIST 17 F-1 primary standard, for example, occupies a large optical table and requires many hundreds of watts to operate. The state-of-the-art in compact commercial atomic frequency references are Rb vapor-cell devices with volumes near 100 cm3 that operate on a few tens of watts of power and cost about 1–3 thousand dollars.The long-term stability of atomic clocks including is based onthe ability to interrogate a fundamental time constant – the hyperfine resonance frequency of ground level transitions1. It is thus natural to extend this idea of interrogating other time constants to realize clocks with good long-term stabilities.
The Design of Medical Devices

This paper aims to review the design of medical devices and investigate its relationsh ip among different factors that must be taken into consideration throughout the process. The theoretical foundation of this paper was formed by conducting a comprehensive literature review on medical device design. A new model is presented to illustrate th e relationship between medical device design and four specific successfactors.Themodel shows that product development, tissue modeling, training, and F DA regulations are the four primary success factors that are essential to medical device design.The proposed model clearly shows how device manufacturers must take into consideration many factors during the design process in order to have commercial success with their equipment. This paper demonstrates that medical device design is a unique and complicate d process, which requires the utilization of a specialized cross -functional team to overcome the various obstacles along the way.
The use of fluorometry for on-line measurement of mixing time and hold-up in fermentations

Mixing times and gas hold-ups in a 250L bioreactor containing a phosphate buffer or an active fermentation were determined on-line using fluorometric (MEFS and NADH) probes as functions of agitation and aeration rates. Both mixing time and hold-up of a fermentaion can be determined using a MEFS probe. Hold-up may also be measured with a presently available commercial NADH probe.
Anterior Exposure of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine

Injuries to the thoracic and lumbar spine occur in 6.3% of all trauma patients (Holmes, Acad Emerg Med 8:866–872, 2001). The great majority of those injuries are due to blunt trauma. Spinal cord injury occurs in 1.3% of trauma patients (Holmes, Acad Emerg Med 8:866–872, 2001). Fractures occur most commonly in the thoracolumbar region (T10-L2) as it is the most mobile part of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Severe burst-type fractures of the vertebral body can render the spine unstable and puts the cord at risk for injury by the protruding fragments.
Sexual role and HIV-1 set point viral load among men who have sex with men

Abstract Background HIV-1 set point viral load (SPVL) is a highly variable trait that influences disease progression and transmission risk. Men who are exclusively insertive (EI) during anal intercourse require more sexual contacts to become infected than exclusively receptive (ER) men. Thus, we hypothesize that EIs are more likely to acquire their viruses from highly infectious partners (i.e., with high SPVLs) and to have higher SPVLs than infected ERs. Methods We used a one-generation Bernoulli model, a dynamic network model, and data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) to examine whether and under what circumstances MSM differ in SPVL by sexual role. Results Both models predicted higher SPVLs in EIs than role versatile (RV) or ER men, but only in scenarios where longer-term relationships predominated. ER and RV men displayed similar SPVLs. EI men remained far less likely than ER men to become infected, however. When the MACS data were limited by some estimates of lower sex partner counts (a proxy for longer relationships), EI men had higher SPVLs; these differences were clinically relevant (>0.3 log10 copies/mL) and statistically significant (p Conclusions Mode of acquisition may be an important aspect of SPVL evolution in MSM, with clinical implications.
Temperature, wind, vegetation, and roads influence incubation patterns of Greater Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) in the Nebraska Sandhills, USA

Avian incubation involves behavioral decisions that must balance trade-offs between the incubating bird’s survival and current and future reproductive success. We evaluated variation in incubation off-bout duration and frequency among Greater Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus (Brewster, 1885)) in the Nebraska Sandhills, USA. Greater Prairie-Chicken life history favors incubation behaviors that prioritize success of the current breeding attempt over adult survival. Previous observations suggest incubating females make these behavioral decisions based on ambient temperature conditions, their own body condition, and predation risk. We monitored nest attendance by females at 30 Greater Prairie-Chicken nests to identify proximate cues used to make behavioral decisions regarding incubation. We recorded 930 incubation off-bouts. Females took 1.9 ± 0.7 off-bouts/day (mean ± SD), each with a mean (±SD) duration of 43.3 ± 24.1 min. Off-bouts were shorter in duration at higher wind speeds, at lower ambie...
Wellbore stability in naturally fractured formations featuring dual-porosity/single-permeability and finite radial fluid discharge

Abstract This work presents an analytical solution for an inclined wellbore drilled in a fractured formation displaying a high contrast between the diffusion rates in the fractures and in the porous matrix, with the latter treated as a storage phase and thus not participating in the fluid transport. This scenario may result from different mud cake building rates, and/or adverse wettability of the rock matrix with respect to the drilling fluid being used. Different from the models available in the literature, the fractures are characterized by a more realistic finite radial fluid discharge (namely, the fractures network hydraulically connected to the wellbore is of limited extent). The model's output in terms of pore pressures, total stresses and effective stresses response has been compared with the results of a widely accepted dual-porosity/dual-permeability model. Major differences and asymptotic behaviors have been analyzed. Subsequently, the results of the model have been used to perform a comprehensive wellbore stability analysis. The effect of time dependency, fractures network length and rock properties on the instability of the borehole have been investigated, and upper and lower mud weight bounds have been determined using several failure criteria. This investigation shows that under the specified conditions where dual-porosity/single-permeability conditions arise, the proposed model provides with theoretically more conservative mud weights predictions.
G protein-coupled receptor 37L1 regulates renal sodium transport and blood pressure.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the kidney regulate the reabsorption of essential nutrients, ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate. Abnormalities in renal epithelial ion transport pla...
Positive Youth DevelopmentThe preparation of this article was supported in part by grants from the National 4‐H Council and the Thrive Foundation for Youth.

Using the tripartite conception of positive youth development (PYD) suggested by Hamilton (1999)—as a developmental process, a philosophy or approach to youth programming, and as instances of youth programs and organizations focused on fostering the healthy or positive development of youth—we review different theoretical models of the developmental process involved in PYD. In addition, we discuss the ideas for and the features of youth development programs aimed at promoting PYD and of the youth development programs seeking to enhance PYD among diverse youth. We note several conceptual and practical problems that must be addressed in order to advance the research, and applications pertinent to PYD. Keywords: positive youth development; relational developmental systems theory; youth programs; developmental regulations; diversity; plasticity
Individual phase deformation and flow correlation to macroscopic constitutive properties of DP1180 steel

Abstract Dual phase (DP) steels are broadly deployed by the automotive industry to enhance strength and ductility for light weighting. As DPs micro-constituents’ grain size is frequently on the same order of sizes probed with nanoindentation, an inverse technique was combined with nanoindentation load-depth curves to extract the stress-strain behavior of ferrite and martensite in DP1180. Determining the appropriate depth to evaluate the properties of the micro-constituent phases enabled computation of the flow behavior of each individual phase. Post indentation microscopy correlated the microstructure to the spatially resolved indentation arrays. The post-indentation impression was characterized to eliminate indentation size effects and probe bluntness influences. The yield strength of ferrite, martensite and DP1180 were determined to be 370, 948 and 836 MPa respectively while the corresponding strain hardening exponents (n) were computed via an inverse method as 0.175, 0.025 and 0.11. Mechanical properties obtained from the indentation method exhibited good agreement with the experimentally measured macroscopic yield stress (922 MPa) and hardening exponent (0.11) of DP1180.
The Ideological Becoming of International Graduate Assistants in A United States University

This paper draws on a Bakhtinian theoretical framework to trace the ideological becoming—or development of ways of viewing the world and their place in it—of international graduate assistants working in a Midwestern United States teacher education program. Ideological selves are developed when persons negotiate available resources in their environment—people, discourses and contexts. We interrogated the experiences and outcomes of these for international graduate assistants as they negotiated challenging teaching contexts and made future career plans.
Embryonic Temperature Programs Phenotype in Reptiles

Reptiles are critically affected by temperature throughout their lifespan, but especially so during early development. Temperature-induced changes in phenotype are a specific example of a broader phenomenon called phenotypic plasticity in which a single individual is able to develop different phenotypes when exposed to different environments. With climate change occurring at an unprecedented rate, it is important to study temperature effects on reptiles. For example, the potential impact of global warming is especially pronounced in species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) because temperature has a direct effect on a key phenotypic (sex) and demographic (population sex ratios) trait. Reptiles with TSD also serve as models for studying temperature effects on the development of other traits that display continuous variation. Temperature directly influences metabolic and developmental rate of embryos and can have permanent effects on phenotype that last beyond the embryonic period. For instance, incubation temperature programs post-hatching hormone production and growth physiology, which can profoundly influence fitness. Here, we review current knowledge of temperature effects on phenotypic and developmental plasticity in reptiles. First, we examine the direct effect of temperature on biophysical processes, the concept of thermal performance curves, and the process of thermal acclimation. After discussing these reversible temperature effects, we focus the bulk of the review on developmental programming of phenotype by temperature during embryogenesis (i.e., permanent developmental effects). We focus on oviparous species because eggs are especially susceptible to changes in ambient temperature. We then discuss recent work probing the role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating temperature effects on phenotype. Based on phenotypic effects of temperature, we return to the potential impact of global warming on reptiles. Finally, we highlight key areas for future research, including the identification of temperature sensors and assessment of genetic variation for thermosensitivity.
Persistent Racial Disparities in Utilization Rates and Perioperative Metrics in Total Joint Arthroplasty in the U.S.: A Comprehensive Analysis of Trends from 2006 to 2015

BACKGROUND Trends in racial disparities in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) care have been documented from 1991 to 2008. However, it remains unknown whether numerous national and orthopaedic-specific efforts to reduce these disparities have been successful. The purpose of this study was to investigate trends in racial disparities in TJA utilization and perioperative metrics between black and white patients in the U.S. from 2006 to 2015. METHODS The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried to identify black and white patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) between 2006 to 2015. Utilization rates, length of stay in the hospital (LOS), discharge disposition, and inpatient complications and mortality were trended over time. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess changes in disparities over time. RESULTS From 2006 to 2015, there were persistent white-black disparities in standardized utilization rates and LOS for both TKA and THA (p 0.05 for all). Moreover, there were worsening disparities in the rates of discharge to a facility (rather than home) after both TKA (white compared with black: 40.3% compared with 47.2% in 2006 and 25.7% compared with 34.2% in 2015, ptrend < 0.001) and THA (white compared with black: 42.6% compared with 41.7% in 2006 and 23.4% compared with 29.2% in 2015, ptrend < 0.001) and worsening disparities in complication rates after TKA (white compared with black: 5.1% compared 6.1% in 2006 and 3.9% compared with 6.0% in 2015, ptrend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There were persistent, and in many cases worsening, racial disparities in TJA utilization and perioperative care between black and white patients from 2006 to 2015 in the U.S. These results were despite national efforts to reduce racial disparities and highlight the need for continued focus on this issue. Although recent work has shown that elimination of racial disparities in TJA care is possible, the present study demonstrates that renewed efforts are still needed on a national level.
Essential Anatomy of the Lower Extremity

The lower extremity is often involved in trauma or other disease processes requiring reconstructive procedures in an attempt to maintain its anatomic and functional integrity. It also serves as a donor site for free flaps to reconstruct other body parts. Therefore, understanding the complex anatomy of the lower extremity is fundamental for every reconstructive surgeon to learn and understand. The aim of this chapter is to review the essentials of skeletal, muscular, fascial, and important neurovascular anatomic structures of the thigh, leg, and foot.
National variation in citation-based business journal quality measures and characteristics

Research quality is often based on the perceived quality of journals in which the research appears. Journal quality is subjectively based on a wide array of objective journal characteristics, inclu...
STP at 75: Conferences and Programming:

As part of the exploration of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology (STP)’s history, subsets of STP leaders participated in panel discussions on various topics that represent areas of dramatic...
The Need for Digital Health Solutions in Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease in the Time of COVID-19 and Beyond.

Objectives Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established therapy for the management of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Patients implanted with DBS require life-long management of the medical device as well as medications. Patients are often challenged to frequently visit the specialized DBS centers and such challenges are aggravated depending on geography, socioeconomic factors, and support systems. We discuss the need for digital health solutions to overcome these barriers to better and safely take care of patients, especially in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods A review of the literature was conducted for technology and logistics necessary in forming a digital health program. Results Digital health encounters can take place in both a synchronous and asynchronous manner. Factors involving patients include cognitive capacity, physical safety, physical capacity, connectivity, and technological security. Physician factors include examining the patient, system diagnostics, and adjusting stimulation or medications. Technology is focused on bridging the gap between patient and physician through integrating the DBS lead, implantable pulse generator (IPG), programmer, novel devices/applications to grade motor function, and teleconference modalities. Conclusions For patients with Parkinson's disease, digital health has the potential to drastically change the landscape after DBS surgery. Furthermore, technology is fundamental in connectivity, diagnostic evaluation, and security in order to create stable and useful patient-focused care.
Abnormal vascular physiology in the lower extremities as a risk factor for ischemic stroke and mortality.

CONTEXT Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is highly prevalent in the general population, affecting up to 25% of patients 55 years of age or older. There is a known association with acute ischemic stroke, but limited large cohort studies exist pertaining to the relationship between PAD severity and incident ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the risk of incident ischemic stroke and mortality along the spectrum of low and elevated ankle brachial index (ABI) measurement. METHODS We performed a retrospective extraction of ABI data of all adult patients who underwent lower extremity physiology study for any indication from January 1, 1996 to June 30, 2018 in the Mayo Clinic health system. PAD was categorized into severe, moderate, mild, and borderline based on ABI measurements and poorly compressible arteries (PCA). These were compared with normal ABI measurements. Associations of PAD/PCA with new ischemic stroke events and all cause mortality were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional regression with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS A total of 39,834 unique patients were included with a median follow up duration of 4.59 years. All abnormal ABI groups, except borderline PAD, were associated with increased risk of incident ischemic stroke after multivariate regression compared to normal ABI. A severity-dependent association was observed between PAD and ischemic stroke with moderate (HR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.10-1.35]) and severe (HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.02-1.40]) categories conferring similar risk in comparison to normal ABI. Patients with PCA carried the greatest ischemic stroke risk (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.15-1.46]). Similarly, abnormal ABI groups were associated with a significant risk for all cause mortality in a severity-dependent manner, with severe PAD conferring the greatest risk (HR, 3.07 [95% CI, 2.88-3.27]). CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the growing body of evidence that both PAD and PCA are independent risk factors for incident ischemic stroke and all cause mortality. The association of PAD severity and PCA with risk of ischemic stroke may help clinicians with risk stratification and determining treatment intensity.
Probing Narrative Cognition Theory: A Semantic Analysis of Multi-level Hydraulic Fracturing Policy Narratives in Arkansas

Contentious policy debates over the use of hydraulic fracturing technologies in the U.S. have produced inconsistent policies (John Kester and Moyer 2015; Zirogiannis et al. 2016). These debates hold serious implications across a variety of policy domains including energy, environment, economy, and national security. Competing policy narratives often oversimplify the issue by positioning hydraulic fracturing as either a threat to the environment or as an opportunity to realize an economic gain, leaving the issue vulnerable to disinformation campaigns (Old Tactics, New Tools: A Review of Russia’s Soft Cyber Influence Operations. 2017; U.S. House of Representatives 2018) which continue to be employed by outside interests in efforts to destabilize the U.S. energy market (U.S. House of Representatives 2018). According to the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), meso-level narratives are utilized by competing advocacy coalitions within an adversarial policy subsystem (McBeth et al. 2007; Shanahan, Jones, and McBeth 2011). Meso-level policy narratives are strategically employed to persuade others to adopt one policy perspective over another. In Colorado, for instance, narratives on hydraulic fracturing emphasized either the associated economic benefits or the potential risks posed to human health and the environment (Heikkila et al. 2014). This divergence of narrative surely fails to support compromise and holds the potential to sustain related policy conflict (Weible and Heikkila 2017). The different views advanced by such narratives are likely to be evaluated, processed, and consumed by diverse individual policy actors, particularly those who are interested in the issue and willing to engage in the debate. While the NPF identifies narrative cognition as the process of extracting meaningful elements from the narrative to think about the policy issue at the micro-level, this concept has rarely been investigated in a systemic manner (but see Jones and Song 2014; Jorgensen, Song, and Jones 2018; Zanocco, Song, and Jones 2018). The controversial nature of the hydraulic fracturing policy debate provides a unique opportunity to further examine this concept of narrative cognition. As such, this chapter probes narrative cognition theory within the context of the hydraulic fracturing (HF) debate in Arkansas by comparing meso-level HF narratives to micro-level communications and examining what factors influence the process. While meso-level HF narratives are certainly accessible to both elite policy actors and the general public, this study narrows its focus to local policy elites residing in the state.
Integrin intra-heterodimer affinity inversely correlates with integrin activatability.

Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors composed of an α and β subunit that mediate cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. We previously studied integrin α5β1 activation during zebrafish somitogenesis, and in the present study, we characterize the integrin αV fibronectin receptors. Integrins are activated via a conformational change, and we perform single-molecule biophysical measurements of both integrin activation via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and integrin intra-heterodimer stability via fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) in living embryos. We find that integrin heterodimers that exhibit robust cell surface expression, including αVβ3, αVβ5, and αVβ6, are never activated in this in vivo context, even in the presence of fibronectin matrix. In contrast, activatable integrins, such as integrin αVβ1, and alleles of αVβ3, αVβ5, αVβ6 that are biased to the active conformation exhibit poor cell surface expression and have a higher intra-heterodimer dissociation constant (KD). These observations suggest that a weak integrin intra-heterodimer affinity decreases integrin cell surface stability and increases integrin activatability.
Stability of Fucoxanthin in Pasteurized Skim and Whole Goat Milk

Obesity has become a worldwide problem giving rise to several health issues. Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid with anti-obesity activity, has potential application as a biofunctional ingredient in human food. The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal stability of fucoxanthin at pasteurization temperature and, subsequently, its storage stability in goat whole milk (WM) and skim milk (SM) at refrigeration temperature for four weeks. Additionally, the effect of supplementation of fucoxanthin on the composition of milk, pH, acidity, color, and lipid oxidation of WM and SM was evaluated during the four week storage period. Fresh goat WM and SM were supplemented with fucoxanthin at a concentration of 10.67 µg/mL (2.56 mg/240 mL of milk, one serving), pasteurized at 64 °C for 30 min and stored at 4 °C for four weeks. The quantification of fucoxanthin in WM and SM was performed every week using a HPLC method. Moreover, the effect of supplementation of fucoxanthin on the composition of WM and SM was evaluated by a LactiCheck milk analyzer, and the color was evaluated by reflectance using a HunterLab colorimeter. Lipid oxidation, as the 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) at A532, was determined using a Spectramax Plus spectrophotometer during storage. Data were analyzed by a split-plot design using PROC MIXED of SAS. The recovery yields of fucoxanthin from the pasteurized WM and SM were 96.17 ± 1.5 % and 96.89 ± 1.5 %, respectively. Both milks exhibited high recovery yields of fucoxanthin. Fucoxanthin was stable in goat WM and SM during storage at 4 °C for four weeks. The addition of fucoxanthin, at the concentration reported to have an anti-obesity effect in humans, to pasteurized WM and SM did not affect the composition or the physicochemical properties of milks but influenced the color, especially increasing the yellowness in the samples. These results revealed that goat milk can be used as a suitable matrix for the supplementation of fucoxanthin as a biofunctional ingredient in human foods.
SU‐E‐T‐86: A Systematic Method for GammaKnife SRS Fetal Dose Estimation

Purpose: Estimating fetal dose is critical to the decision-making process when radiation treatment is indicated during pregnancy. Fetal doses less than 5cGy confer no measurable non-cancer developmental risks but can produce a threefold increase in developing childhood cancer. In this study, we estimate fetal dose for a patient receiving Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKSRS) treatment and develop a method to estimate dose directly from plan details. Methods: A patient underwent GKSRS on a Perfexion unit for eight brain metastases (two infratentorial and one brainstem). Dose measurements were performed using a CC13, head phantom, and solid water. Superficial doses to the thyroid, sternum, and pelvis were measured using MOSFETs during treatment. Because the fetal dose was too low to accurately measure, we obtained measurements proximally to the isocenter, fitted to an exponential function, and extrapolated dose to the fundus of the uterus, uterine midpoint, and pubic synthesis for both the preliminary and delivered plans. Results: The R-squared fit for the delivered doses was 0.995. The estimated fetal doses for the 72 minute preliminary and 138 minute delivered plans range from 0.0014 to 0.028cGy and 0.07 to 0.38cGy, respectively. MOSFET readings during treatment were just above background for the thyroid and negligible for all inferior positions. The method for estimating fetal dose from plan shot information was within 0.2cGy of the measured values at 14cm cranial to the fetal location. Conclusion: Estimated fetal doses for both the preliminary and delivered plan were well below the 5cGy recommended limit. Due to Pefexion shielding, internal dose is primarily governed by attenuation and drops off exponentially. This is the first work that reports fetal dose for a GK Perfexion unit. Although multiple lesions were treated and the duration of treatment was long, the estimated fetal dose remained very low.
SU-E-T-225: Correction Matrix for PinPoint Ionization Chamber for Dosimetric Measurements in the Newly Released Incise™ Multileaf Collimator Shaped Small Field for CyberKnife M6™ Machine

Purpose: For small field dosimetry, such as measurements of output factors for cones or MLC-shaped irregular small fields, ion chambers often Result in an underestimation of the dose, due to both the volume averaging effect and the lack of lateral charged particle equilibrium. This work presents a mathematical model for correction matrix for a PTW PinPoint ionization chamber for dosimetric measurements made in the newly released Incise™ Multileaf collimator fields of the CyberKnife M6™ machine. Methods: A correction matrix for a PTW 0.015cc PinPoint ionization chamber was developed by modeling its 3D dose response in twelve cone-shaped circular fields created using the 5mm, 7.5mm, 10mm, 12.5mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm, 30mm, 35mm, 40mm, 50mm, 60mm cones in a CyberKnife M6™ machine. For each field size, hundreds of readings were recorded for every 2mm chamber shift in the horizontal plane. The contribution of each dose pixel to a measurement point depended on the radial distance and the angle to the chamber axis. These readings were then compared with the theoretical dose as obtained with Monte Carlo calculation. A penalized least-square optimization algorithm was developed to generate the correction matrix. After the parameter fitting, the mathematical model was validated for MLC-shaped irregular fields. Results: The optimization algorithm used for parameter fitting was stable and the resulted response factors were smooth in spatial domain. After correction with the mathematical model, the chamber reading matched with the calculation for all the tested fields to within 2%. Conclusion: A novel mathematical model has been developed for PinPoint chamber for dosimetric measurements in small MLC-shaped irregular fields. The correction matrix is dependent on detector, treatment unit and the geometry of setup. The model can be applied to non-standard composite fields and provides an access to IMRT point dose validation.
Biologically Active Hormones Prepared by Recombination of the α Chain of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and the Hormone-Specific Chain of Bovine Thyrotropin or of Bovine Luteinizing Hormone

A mixture of equal weights of the β (hormone-specific) chain of bovine thyrotropin and the α chain of human chorionic gonadotropin yields thyroid-stimulating activity similar to that observed by recombination of the two chains of thyrotropin itself. Recombination to yield gonadotropic activity occurs between the α chain of the chorionic gonadotropin and the hormone-specific chain of luteinizing hormone from bovine pituitaries. The data provide strong evidence that an α type chain, whose structure has been shown to be nearly identical in bovine pituitary thyrotropin and luteinizing hormones, is also utilized in the placenta for the formation of its gonadotropic hormone.
Thermodynamics of coal-derived fluids

Abstract Coal-derived liquids consist mainly of multi-ring compounds with finite amounts of organic nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. A thermodynamic model for phase equilibria of systems containing these compounds has been developed. The model uses the characterization of complex mixtures in terms of functional groups that is available in the literature. This characterization allows the functional group composition of mixtures to be computed directly from the results of chemical analysis. The UNIFAC activity coefficient model is used for the liquid phase, and the Hayden-O'Connell virial equation for the vapour phase. All the properties of compounds required in the correlations are obtained from group contributions of the functional groups that constitute the compounds. Evaluation of this model with VLE data in the literature shows good agreement.