cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning of cDNA and analysis of the gene for mouse angiotensin II type 2 receptor

A cDNA clone encoding the mouse angiotensin receptor subtype 2 (AT2 receptor) was isolated from a mouse fetal cDNA library. Mouse AT2 receptor full-length cDNA contains a 1089-base-pair open reading frame which encodes a protein of 363 amino acid residues. Hydropathy analysis reveals seven putative transmembrane domains. Specific binding of [125I]CGP42112A was demonstrated in membranes of COS-7 cells transfected with the cDNA. Scatchard analysis and ligand displacement profile were typical of the AT2 receptor. Northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that AT2 receptor mRNA was expressed abundantly in fetus and in a lesser amount in adult brain. Analysis of the mouse AT2 receptor gene reveals that the mouse AT2 receptor locus exists as a single copy in the genome, and that the gene does not contain introns in the coding region.
Characterization of disbond effects on fatigue crack growth behavior in aluminum plate with bonded composite patch

Abstract The fatigue response of pre-cracked 2024-T3 Alclad aluminum panels repaired with bonded boron/epoxy composite reinforcements was investigated. A completely bonded reinforcement and four partially bonded reinforcement configurations were tested. The effects of various disbond locations and sizes were studied and compared to each other as well as to panels with a completely bonded reinforcement and to cracked panels without any reinforcement. The results demonstrated that there is a definite variation in fatigue life depending on the location and size of the disbonds. However, crack growth characteristics also revealed that partially bonded composite repairs are fairly damage tolerant of the pre-existing disbonds in the bondline of the repair.
New layered perovskites: ABiNb2O7 and APb2Nb3O10 (A=Rb OR Cs)

Abstract New bismuth- and lead-niobates of formulas ABiNb 2 O 7 and APb 2 Nb 3 O 10 where A = Rb or Cs crystallizing in layered perovskite structures have been synthesized. The interlayer alkali ions in these compounds are easily exchanged for protons. The protonated oxides exhibit proton conductivity in the range 10 −6 ohm −1 cm −1 at room temperature. Formation of ABiNb 2 O 7 compositions in layered perovskite structure in preference to pyrochlore structure is discussed.
The plastic deformation of ordered FeCo and Fe3 Al alloys

Abstract The effects of long range order on yielding, strain hardening, deformation modes and ductility are examined for an equimolar FeCo alloy containing 2% V, and for Fe3Al. As with other ordered systems, these alloys exhibit a peak in yield stress at a critical degree of order. This behaviour is rationalized in terms of a mechanism involving a transition from the interaction of unit dislocations with a partially ordered lattice to the interaction of superdislocations with a nearly perfectly ordered lattice. Ordering is shown to lower the room temperature yield stress of FeCo-V markedly but to have little influence on the strength of Fe3Al. Changes in strain hardening rate upon ordering are much smaller for these alloys than for Cu3Au type alloys. Ordering suppresses wavy glide in FeCo-V and, to a smaller extent, in Fe3Al and changes in ductility of these alloys with order can be correlated directly with the slip modes; no relation is observed between ductility and strain hardening or yield stress.
Analysis of deposits collected under staged conditions in a pulverized coal reactor for eight US coals

Abstract Deposit samples for eight coals were collected on stainless steel probes in reducing and oxidizing regions of a 160 kWth, down-fired, pulverized coal reactor. Firing conditions in the reactor and probe temperatures were controlled to simulate an industrial furnace operating on an advanced ultra-supercritical steam cycle, 500 °C in the near burner region and 750 °C in the oxidizing region. The samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to determine particle sizes and elemental compositions. Deposited particles on the top or upstream side of the probes were larger and more irregular in shape. Particles that deposited on the bottom or downstream side of the probes were smaller and more spherical. The SEM–EDS analysis showed each particle consisted of a unique composition of elements. The sulfur concentrations measured in the deposits were averaged for the upstream and downstream side of each specimen and were not found to correlate with sulfur concentrations of their respective coals, but they were strongly correlated with the calcium and iron contents of their respective coals. The high-calcium, sub-bituminous and lignite coals produced high sulfur concentrations in the deposits, particularly in the downstream, oxidizing deposits. The high-iron, bituminous coals produced high sulfur concentrations primarily in upstream, reducing deposits. The relatively low-calcium and low-iron bituminous coals produced low sulfur concentrations in the deposits. Although high in iron, the Mahoning coal deposits contained low sulfur concentrations.
Optical control of resonant Auger processes

We theoretically show that core-excited-state populations can be efficiently manipulated with strong optical fields during their decay, which takes place in a few femtoseconds. We focus on the $1{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}3p$ resonant excitation in neon, where the $1{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}3p$ and $1{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}3s$ core-excited states are coupled by an optical field. By analyzing the Auger electron spectrum we observe the inner-shell population transfer induced by the optical coupling. We also show that the angular anisotropy of the Auger electron is imprinted in the multipeak structure induced by the optical-dressed continuum, namely sidebands.
Dietary medium-chain triglycerides promote oral allergic sensitization and orally induced anaphylaxis to peanut protein in mice

Background The prevalence of peanut allergies is increasing. Peanuts and many other allergen sources contain significant amounts of triglycerides, which affect absorption of antigens but have unknown effects on sensitization and anaphylaxis. We recently reported that dietary medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which bypass mesenteric lymph and directly enter portal blood, reduce intestinal antigen absorption into blood compared with long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), which stimulate mesenteric lymph flow and are absorbed in chylomicrons through mesenteric lymph. Objective We sought to test how dietary MCTs affect food allergy. Methods C3H/HeJ mice were fed peanut butter protein in MCT, LCT (peanut oil), or LCT plus an inhibitor of chylomicron formation (Pluronic L81). Peanut-specific antibodies in plasma, responses of the mice to antigen challenges, and intestinal epithelial cytokine expression were subsequently measured. Results MCT suppressed antigen absorption into blood but stimulated absorption into Peyer patches. A single gavage of peanut protein with MCT, as well as prolonged feeding in MCT-based diets, caused spontaneous allergic sensitization. MCT-sensitized mice experienced IgG-dependent anaphylaxis on systemic challenge and IgE-dependent anaphylaxis on oral challenge. MCT feeding stimulated jejunal-epithelial thymic stromal lymphopoietin, Il25 , and Il33 expression compared with that seen after LCT feeding and promoted T H 2 cytokine responses in splenocytes. Moreover, oral challenges of sensitized mice with antigen in MCT significantly aggravated anaphylaxis compared with challenges with the LCT. Importantly, the effects of MCTs could be mimicked by adding Pluronic L81 to LCTs, and in vitro assays indicated that chylomicrons prevent basophil activation. Conclusion Dietary MCTs promote allergic sensitization and anaphylaxis by affecting antigen absorption and availability and by stimulating T H 2 responses.
A theory of graphemics

Abstract In recent years, following upon the development of phonemic theory, there have been several discussions of the relation of phonemes to their written notation 1 , and parallel to phoneme and phonemics, the terms grapheme and graphemics have come into use. However, such treatments of the subject as have appeared have either been fragmentary or have laid excessive emphasis on the supposed independence of grapheme from phoneme 2 . It seems, therefore, advisable to formulate and codify a comprehensive, unified theory of graphemics, which it is hoped may prove instructive in its resemblances to phonemic theory and also in its differences therefrom. It may also be helpful in clarifying the relationships between speech and writing, which have often been confused because of a lack of understanding of the systematic aspects of both.
The effects of oxygen on the detection of mercury using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract A systematic study of the processes associated with mercury atomic emission in a laser-induced plasma and the interactions of mercury with oxygen species is presented. At early plasma decay times, on the order of 5–10 μs, no significant variation in mercury atomic emission was observed with the addition of oxygen-containing species. At intermediate and long decay times (10–100 μs), a significant reduction in the 253.7-nm mercury emission intensity was recorded with the introduction of oxygen-containing species. The decrease in mercury emission was temporally coincident with the recombination of atomic oxygen, as measured by the O(I) emission. The decreased mercury emission was not due to thermal effects, based on plasma temperature measurements, and was independent of the molecular source of oxygen, for similar concentrations of oxygen as air, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Analysis of additional mercury atomic emission lines revealed that the reduction in mercury emission in the presence of oxygen species is limited primarily to the 253.7-nm transition. In concert, the data lead to the conclusion that the 253.7-nm mercury emission line is selectively quenched by oxygen species, primarily O 2 and NO, that are formed during the plasma recombination process. Implications for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy-based emissions monitoring of mercury species are discussed.
The product structure of finitely presented dynamical systems

We consider finitely presented systems, which were introduced by Fried, and examine the circumstances under which these systems have canonical coordinates. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for their existence in a combinatorial way.
Band Structure of Aluminum

Calculations of the band energies at symmetry points in aluminum by Heine are extended into the zone using the pseudopotential interpolation scheme in order to obtain constant-energy curves in the neighborhood of the Fermi surface. In conjunction with this calculation, the lines of contact between various bands are found in detail. The de Hass-van Alphen effect, cyclotron-resonance effect, anomalous skin effect, and low-temperature specific heat are discussed in terms of these constant-energy curves and the results compared with experiment. It appears from this comparison that the geometry of the Fermi surface is given quite well by the band calculations, but that there is a discrepancy of a factor of order two between the derived and measured effective masses. A "single orthogonalized-plane-wave approximation" is compared with the more exact treatment and found to be a good starting approximation, suitable for semiquantitative treatment of the electronic structure.
Bezier surface optimization of amplitude weights for a curtain array

A multilayer dipole curtain array topology is presented and amplitude weights are synthesized to meet a specified sidelobe envelope. While direct optimization of the amplitude weights with a genetic algorithm meets the sidelobe requirement, the resulting optimized weights are observed to be highly oscillatory, which can lead to practical implementation problems. Better results are found when the genetic algorithm is used to synthesize the control points of Bezier surfaces, which are then sampled to produce aperture weights. The smoothing properties of the Bezier formulation encourage smooth continuous weighting functions and the genetic algorithm operates efficiently because of the close geometric proximity of the synthesized control points to the resulting curve. The method can be extended to arbitrary arrays, including conformal and volumetric arrays.
Development policies and identity politics: class and collectivity in Belize

Recent work on the construction of collective identities has produced rich analyses of ethnic and national collectivities, but the construction of collective class identities has received less attention. In this article I focus on the interplay of economic, political, and symbolic forces in the construction of collective class identities in the citrus industry of Belize, examining the intersection of these forces with racial-ethnic and national collectivities and their mobilization to contest the direction of economic development in the industry.
INCONSISTENCIES IN STATE LAWS AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS REGARDING CHILD RESTRAINT USE IN AUTOMOBILES

All fifty states of the U.S.A. and the District of Columbia have laws requiring children under specified ages to be restrained in an infant restraint system, a toddler restraint system, or an adult seat belt. This paper outlines and discusses state laws, federal standards and private recommendations. The paper also analyzes the interaction between children and adult 2- AND 3-point belts in automobiles. An analysis is made to determine the minimum appropriate size for a child to use an adult 3-point belt. Also recommendations are made on the most appropriate method of transporting children before they reach the recommended size for adult 3-point belt usage. For the covering abstract of the compendium see IRRD 880073.
Coal to natural gas seasonal fuel switching: an option for acid rain control

An investigation is conducted of seasonal fuel-switching as a means to control SO/sub 2/ emissions. There is evidence that strategic control of emissions results in environmental improvements at a lower overall cost. The Electric Generation Expansion Analysis System (EGEAS) was used as the primary analytical tool for the study. The economics of gas substitution versus flue gas desulfurization technology was studied under a variety of economic conditions, taking into account initial capital investment, variable operating and maintenance costs, retrofit costs, pipelining costs, and a number of other factors. Natural gas substitution was found to be an economical means of efficient energy production combining low cost and significant emission reduction under a variety of conditions. >
Comparison of Selected Model Evaluation Criteria for Maintenance Applications

Model-based preventive maintenance relies on creating models that can either predict future operating states or upcoming failures directly. Since no modeling algorithm can guarantee a best solution in every situation, it becomes necessary to evaluate the solutions generated by these techniques. This paper reviews some popular criteria traditionally employed in model evaluation. Several evaluation criteria proposed in the literature are restricted in their applicability because of their assumptions about the modeling process/data. Some evaluation criteria are tested on two artificial data sets. The results from our tests indicate that Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) has superior performance. The conclusion has been used and verified in one industrial monitoring application.
Science Signaling Podcast: 4 October 2011

This Podcast features a conversation with the senior author of a Research Report that was published in Science Express on 15 September 2011. Andre Levchenko discusses his group’s analysis of information flow through a noisy biochemical network. Modeling of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling network predicted the presence of an information bottleneck early in the network, and these results were confirmed in experiments. These results highlight how populations of cells may be able to overcome noise.
Integrated Systems in the More-than-Moore Era: Designing Low-Cost Energy-Efficient Systems Using Heterogeneous Components

Semiconductor technology over the past four decades. However, when CMOS transistor feature size and interconnect dimensions approach their fundamental limits, aggressive scaling will no longer play a significant role in performance improvement. How should the semiconductor industry provide new value in each driven scaling has traditionally focused on improving computation performance (through faster clock frequencies and recently, more parallelism) and memory capacity, electronic systems of the future will provide value by being multi-functional. We envision that integrated systems of the future will perform diverse functions (in addition to high-performance computation, high-density storage and high-bandwidth communication) such as high-accuracy sensing of real-time signals, energy harvesting, and on-chip chemical/biological testing, to name a few. Enabling such diverse functionality with high performance, high reliability and a low energy budget in a single system requires a radical shift in the principles of system design and integration. Instead of focusing on improving the performance of traditional digital CMOS circuits or exploring nanotechnologies for Silicon and design and integration of multiple device technologies and diverse components in a single heterogeneous system that is high-performance, energy-efficient and reliable. We will outline our vision in this direction, and support it with illustrative design scenarios where heterogeneous components are used to monitor the health of an electronic system, enable more effective power management, and communicate wirelessly on-chip.
A Mixture Experiment Analysis of the Hald Cement Data

Abstract Data from a cement example published by Hald has been widely used in the statistics literature to illustrate collinearity and variable selection methods. Study of the 1932 article from which Hald obtained the data reveals several interesting facts: (1) the data resulted from a mixture experiment; (2) the collinearity among the independent variables resulted from transforming oxide compositions to compound compositions; (3) Hald does not list or discuss one component of the cement mixture that is essentially constant for all data points except one; and (4) this point is thus potentially influential. The cement data published in the 1932 article are listed and discussed. Mixture experiment analyses for cement compositions expressed in both oxide and compound components are presented and compared. The mixture experiment analyses are also compared to typical nonmixture experiment analyses of the data. Based on this work, we recommend that textbook, journal, and instructional uses of the Hald cement d...
Morphology of identified interneurons in the CA1 regions of guinea pig hippocampus.

Identified interneurons in the CA1 region of guinea pig hippocampus were examined using light and electron microscopic (EM) techniques. The HRP was intracellularly injected into cells, recorded in the in vitro slice preparation, which met physiological criteria for interneurons. These neurons were characterized at the light and electron microscopic level, and used as standards for identifying interneurons which had not been HRP-labeled. Pyramidal basket cell somata were found in stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale; they were easily identifiable by their convoluted nucleus, dense endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous organelles. Aspinous dendrites reached into strata radiatum and lacunosum/moleculare, as well as ramifying within stratum oriens, where they received profuse synaptic input (primarily asymmetric synapses). Many of the asymmetric synapses degenerated following commissural lesions, suggesting that much of the input to interneurons was from extrinsic afferents. Dendrites were characterized by their spindled appearance, especially at distal sites. They showed postsynaptic degenerative changes following commissural lesions. Interneuron axons were extremely fine, with regular enlargements or “beads” which made apparent synaptic contacts primarily on pyramidal cell somata. The axon of a single, HRP-injected interneuron made many apparent contacts on large numbers of pyramidal cells; axons arborized over distances of several hundred micra within stratum pyramidale. This study provides direct evidence that neurons, with an identified inhibitory interneuron function in hippocampus, can mediate feed-forward as well as feed-back (recurrent) inhibition. Interneuron output showed extreme divergence, with influence over large distances. The high density of intracellular organelles in these cells suggested high metabolic activity and demand, perhaps making these interneurons exceptionally vulnerable to trauma-induced damage.
Emotion Talk in Mother-Child Conversations of the Shared Past: The Effects of Culture, Gender, and Event Valence.

We examined how mother-child emotional reminiscing is affected by culture, gender, and the valence of the event. Thirty-one Euro-American and 30 Chinese middle-class mothers and their 3-year-old children discussed 1 highly positive and 1 highly negative experience. Mothers and children in both cultures used a greater variety of negative emotion words than positive emotion words and were more likely to confirm a shared emotional perspective when discussing the positive event but to negotiate emotion when discussing the negative event. Moreover, Chinese dyads used more negative emotion words overall than did Euro-American dyads but Euro-American dyads engaged in more negotiations of emotion than did Chinese dyads. Surprisingly, there were no effects of gender. Implications of these findings for emotional socialization are discussed.
Phosphorylated HSP20 modulates the association of thin-filament binding proteins: caldesmon with tropomyosin in colonic smooth muscle

Small heat shock proteins HSP27 and HSP20 have been implicated in regulation of contraction and relaxation in smooth muscle. Activation of PKC-α promotes contraction by phosphorylation of HSP27 whereas activation of PKA promotes relaxation by phosphorylation of HSP20 in colonic smooth muscle cells (CSMC). We propose that the balance between the phosphorylation states of HSP27 and HSP20 represents a molecular signaling switch for contraction and relaxation. This molecular signaling switch acts downstream on a molecular mechanical switch [tropomyosin (TM)] regulating thin-filament dynamics. We have examined the role of phosphorylation state(s) of HSP20 on HSP27-mediated thin-filament regulation in CSMC. CSMC were transfected with different HSP20 phosphomutants. These transfections had no effect on the integrity of actin cytoskeleton. Cells transfected with 16D-HSP20 (phosphomimic) exhibited inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contraction whereas cells transfected with 16A-HSP20 (nonphosphorylatable) had no effect on ACh-induced contraction. CSMC transfected with 16D-HSP20 cDNA showed significant decreases in 1) phosphorylation of HSP27 (ser78); 2) phosphorylation of PKC-α (ser657); 3) phosphorylation of TM and CaD (ser789); 4) ACh-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain; 5) ACh-induced association of TM with HSP27; and 6) ACh-induced dissociation of TM from caldesmon (CaD). We thus propose the crucial physiological relevance of molecular signaling switch (phosphorylation state of HSP27 and HSP20), which dictates 1) the phosphorylation states of TM and CaD and 2) their dissociations from each other.
Theoretical Performance Comparison: Closed- vs Open-Loop Bearing Estimation, Using Phase

Two basic approaches to the problem of estimating bearing in the ocean are compared. These approaches, both of which utilize signal phase, rather than amplitude, information, are the traditional closed-loop method and a newer open-loop concept. The relative theoretical performance is determined in terms of the standard deviation of fluctuation in the bearing estimate, normalized for universality. Bias considerations are neglected for simplicity. When the resulting closed- and open-loop performance curves are compared, it is found that there is little difference between them at high signal-to-noise ratios.
Intoxication delirium following use of synthetic cathinone derivatives.

Background: In published reports of hallucinatory delirium following use of “bath salts” analytic laboratory testing has demonstrated the synthetic cathinone derivative methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). MDPV can cause a false-positive screening immunoassay result for phencyclidine (PCP). Patients using MDPV are prone to development of the syndrome of excited delirium (ExD), a condition also described with PCP. Objective: This review summarize reports from several series of cases of delirium associated with MDPV emphasizing the features of both intoxication and excited delirium. Methods: Literature review and clinical description of a series of patients from Eastern North Carolina. Conclusion: MDPV is likely the responsible agent in production of both toxic and excited delirium syndromes identified with the recreational use of “bath salts” in the United States over the past two years. Scientific significance: Patients using MDPV are prone to the development of toxic delirum with some developing ExD. a con...
Effect of Altering P-R Interval on the Amplitude of the First Heart Sound in the Anesthetized Dog

To determine the effect of changing the P-R interval on the intensity of the mitral component of the first heart sound (M1 amplitude), fixed-rate sequential atrioventricular pacing was used to vary the P-R interval in a steady hemodynamic state in six anesthetized dogs. Left ventricular sound and pressure events were monitored with a catheter-tip micromanometer, and the rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was recorded using an R/C differentiator. The P-R interval was varied from the longest interval at which continuous ventricular capture was achieved (indifferent P-R interval) to 0.00 msec in 10-msec increments. The mean increase in M1 amplitude at the short P-R intervals (30 to 50 msec) was 119% compared to the amplitude at the indifferent P-R interval; there was no significant change in maximum dP/dt. No significant changes in left ventricular ejection time and left ventricular peak pressure occurred over the range of P-R intervals. At the indifferent P-R interval, a norepinephrine infusi...
Nanostructured and functionally graded cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Nanostructured composite cathodes graded in both composition and microstructure have been successfully fabricated for the first time using combustion CVD process. The functionally graded structures of these cathodes dramatically increase the rates of electrode reactions, enhance the transport of oxygen molecules to the active reaction sites, and significantly improve the compatibility between the electrodes and other cell components. As a result, extremely low interfacial polarization resistances and high power densities have been achieved at operating temperatures of 600–850 °C, suggesting that the CCVD process has great potential for cost-effective fabrication of nanostructured fuel cell electrodes.
CART peptide analysis by Western blotting.

CART peptides have been implicated in leptin-regulated feeding, reward and reinforcement, neurotropism, and other processes. In this Western blotting study, at least six different CART peptides varying from 4 to 14 kD were found in rat brain, pituitary, gut, and adrenal gland. The peptides may be processed differently in different tissues and one species found in the rat was not found in human hypothalamus. The higher molecular weight species are likely to include preproCART and proCART, while lower molecular weight peptides may be CART 55-102 and 62-102, physiologically active fragments.
Line-reconstruction from Compton cameras: data sets and a camera design

Reconstructing the integral of a distribution of radioactivity along a line from Compton camera data could be used to produce a parallel projection, or to perform tomosynthesis, or to reconstruct the whole three-dimensional distribution itself. Analytic methods for reconstructing an integral of radioactivity along a line are presented here. The sets of data that allow an integral along a line and a parallel projection of the distribution to be reconstructed are determined here by interpreting these methods from a geometric viewpoint. These methods and the sets of data depend upon which of the two models is assumed for the data. Both of these models have been previously proposed by other researchers. In addition, a new camera design is proposed here that makes it possible to measure all these sets of data. In this design, a first detector element has to be seen from the second detector in only a "semicircle of direction." Also, two techniques for increasing the sensitivity of the new camera design are proposed here. Computer simulations are performed to illustrate these reconstruction methods.
Smart Grid Networks: Promises and Challenges

Integration of information and communication technologies with the traditional of electric power infrastructures and creation of an interoperable, scalable, and flexible smart grid will require numerous technological innovations and advancements. The purpose of this paper is to take a detailed look at the various technologies which may be utilized in the data transmission for the smart grid and the problems or difficulties that must be overcome to effectively use them. A variety of wireless systems are analyzed and we discuss the security of these mediums as privacy remains a major obstacle for implementing smart grid technology.
Semantics and syntax of dublin core usage in open archives initiative data providers of cultural heritage materials

This study analyzes metadata shared by cultural heritage institutions via the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. The syntax and semantics of metadata appearing in the Dublin Core fields creator, contributor, and date are examined. Preliminary conclusions are drawn regarding the effectiveness of Dublin Core in the Open Archives Initiative environment for cultural heritage materials.
Partial Hospitalization Programs for Children and Adolescents

The confluence of several important contemporary trends has recently given strong support to the development of partial hospitalization programs for children and adolescents. Partial hospitalization programs provide institutional care and treatment for exceptional children on a part-time basis (less than 24 hours per day), while the child remains in the community the rest of the time. This treatment strategy has received strong support from three movements within the human services field: (1) Under the banner of “deinstitutionalization,” nearly every state has mandated that as many full-time residents of institutions as possible be returned to the community; (2) an increasing body of clinical research strongly suggests that parents can be trained to be effective therapists even with very deviant children, and that successful parent-therapists apparently can have even more durable and pronounced effects on the maladaptive behavior of their children than professional therapists who work with the child outside of the family setting (O’Dell, 1974); and (3) there is increasing realization of the need for families to have regular relief from the care of exceptional children. This needs to be relieved from full-time parenting is particulary great if there are other children in the family, if both parents are employed, or if the exceptional child belongs to a single-parent family (one including a single, widowed, or divorced parent).
Personal and Environmental Influences on Nursing Home Satisfaction

Abstract Data were collected from the administrator, staff, and a sample of 289 residents in 51 nursing homes in order to assess the influence of organizational factors on residents' satisfaction with the nursing home. Longevity of personnel, level of benefits, wages for nursing assistants and their perception of the charge nurse's fairness and competence as well as the degree of personalization of residents' rooms were all related to residents' satisfaction with the nursing home.
Performance of the Wireless Optical Communication System with Variable Wavelength and Bessel Pointing Loss Factor

The performance of wireless optical communication (WOC) systems is affected by transmitter sway. In this paper, we investigate the transmitter equipped with a diffraction limited circular aperture which is uniformly illuminated and non-obscured. We establish the performance model of transmitter sway and develop efficient solving strategies. We show that the model can be formulated as an optimization problem in terms of the transmitter power, wavelength, and bit error probability. The feasibility of using variable wavelength relies on the quantum cascade laser (QCL) technology. The technical challenges raised from modeling and solving the problem include the analytical and numerical treatments for the improper integrals of the Bessel functions coupled with the erfc function.
Winner-Take-All Politics: Inequality, Political Organization, and the Rise of Top Income in the United States

The dramatic rise in inequality in the United States over the past generation has occasioned considerable attention from economists, but strikingly little from students of American politics. This has started to change: in recent years, a small but growing body of political science research on rising inequality has challenged standard economic accounts that emphasize apolitical processes of economic change. For all the sophistication of this new scholarship, however, it too fails to provide a compelling account of the political sources and effects of rising inequality. In particular, these studies share with dominant economic accounts three weaknesses: (1) they downplay the distinctive feature of American inequality — namely, the extreme concentration of income gains at the top of the economic ladder; (2) they miss the profound role of government policy in creating this “winner-take-all” pattern; and (3) they give little attention or weight to the dramatic long-term transformation of the organizational landscape of American politics that lies behind these changes in policy. These weaknesses are interrelated, stemming ultimately from a conception of politics that emphasizes the sway (or lack thereof) of the “median voter” in electoral politics, rather than the influence of organized interests in the process of policy making. A perspective centered on organizational and policy change — one that identifies the major policy shifts that have bolstered the economic standing of those at the top and then links those shifts to concrete organizational efforts by resourceful private interests — fares much better at explaining why the American political economy has become distinctively winner-take-all.
Shape-Directed Patterning and Surface Reaction of Tetra-diacetylene Monolayers: Formation of Linear and Two-Dimensional Grid Polydiacetylene Alternating Copolymers.

Side chains containing two diacetylene units spaced by an odd number of methylene units exhibit pronounced “bumps” composed of 0.3 nm steps, in opposite directions, at odd and even side-chain positions. In densely packed self-assembled monolayers, the bis-diacetylene bumps stack into each other, similar to the stacking of paper cups. Bis-diacetylene side chain structure and associated packing constraints can be tailored by altering the bump width, direction, side-chain location, and overall side-chain length as a means to direct the identities and alignments of adjacent molecules within monolayers. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the solution–HOPG interface confirms the high selectivity and fidelity with which bis-diacetylene bump stacking directs the packing of shape-complementary side chains within one-component monolayers and within two-component, 1-D self-patterned monolayers. Drop cast or moderately annealed monolayers of anthracenes bearing two bis-diacetylene side chains assemble single doma...
Using Jury Questionnaires: (Ab)using Jurors

America's courts summons millions of our citizens to serve as jurors each year. The number of citizens responding to those summonses is dropping, and in some courts the number of non-responders is reaching a critical level. Task forces have been created to address this problem, but their reports rarely discuss the intrusive nature of, and overreliance on, jury questionnaires. The selection of a jury is, of course, an essential part of a trial, and jury questionnaires - when properly used - can make that process more effective and expeditious. This Article examines the use of juror questionnaires in the courts. The Article identifies and separates the four approaches to the use of jury questionnaires and analyzes the pros and cons of those schemes. It focuses principally on the more expansive, intrusive form of questionnaires, which is directed more toward information gathering than jury qualification. Questionnaires are used in virtually all high-profile cases such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and the criminal prosecutions of Robert Blake, Kobe Bryant, Michael Jackson, Timothy McVeigh, Zacarias Moussaoui, Scott Peterson, O.J. Simpson, and Martha Stewart, among many others. The practice of using questionnaires in both civil and criminal litigation, though, is not limited to high-profile cases. Some courts rather routinely use jury questionnaires, but the intrusive voir dire questioning and the highly discretionary use of jury questionnaires probably play a significant role in the reluctance of citizens to report for jury duty. This Article suggests that questionnaires may not contribute as much as their proponents contend and may impose more costs than proponents tally. It also exposes some of the real, but under-recognized costs of the expansive use of jury questionnaires. The Article argues that the use of jury questionnaires must be better controlled, and offers specific, concrete suggestions for mending the current system, such as discouraging the use of generic questionnaires, limiting their use to specific cases based on need, and properly protecting sensitive information about prospective jurors.
The Working Lawyer as Subject and the Juridical Event

When introducing the respective roles of the philosopher and the mathematician in Being and Event, Alain Badiou notes that when representing
A classification scheme

Many of the observed mesons and baryons can be classified within the framework of representations of the unitary group S U3. Still more particles can be accommodated if the idea is adopted that particles lie on Regge trajectories. Good discussions of Lie groups, including S U3, have been given by Behrends et al. (1962), Haig et al. (1963), Gourdin (1964), and others. Regge poles and trajectories have been discussed at length by Frautschi (1964), Omnes and Froissart (1963) and others. We shall not explain the underlying ideas behind either unitary symmetry or Regge trajectories, but shall just state the rules of classification.
Hypokalaemia and respiratory acidosis following partial obstruction of the airway.

An 87-year-old female, with a history of hypertension controlled with hydrochlorothiazide, was scheduled for excision of a cystic mass of the left lobe of the thyroid. In the course of the anaesthetic, she developed partial airway obstruction that resulted in respiratory acidosis (PaC02 108 mmHg, pH 7.06), developed premature ventricular contractions and experienced a reduction in plasma potassium concentration from 3.9 to 2.9 mmole·L-1 We interpret this hypokalaemia as a consequence of the epinephrine discharge due to hypercapnia. The case is reported to emphasize the importance of minimizing the sympathetic response to induction of anaesthesia, intubation and surgery in patients with marginal potassium stores.
Scientists, activism and arms : The strategic case of star wars

Abstract With the detonation of the first atomic bomb, scientists became active in the peace movement. More specifically, they have focused their efforts as scientists on the development of new weapons systems. Through an analysis of these scientists and their organizations, this paper explores their activities, orientations and basis of success as a social movement. Particular attention is given to scientists' involvement in the debate over the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). The focus is upon the central discipline of physics, and findings from two data sets are used in an attempt to differentiate scientists who are actively declaring nonsupport for SDI from physicists in general. This analysis provides insights into the function of scientists' social movement organizations and their organizations' ability to mobilize scientists from a political opportunity framework and factors relating to scientists' ability to influence policymakers.
Cognitive Systems Engineering Analyses for Army Tactical Operations

The Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) approach has been applied successfully for domains in which the interaction is primarily driven by either the laws of nature or by user intentions. We have initiated a research program to apply the CSE approach to a domain that is driven by both. We describe the preliminary results of our initial efforts, primarily a work domain analysis using the abstraction hierarchy analytical tool. Overall, the CSE approach has proven to be very useful for analysis and design. The adversarial nature of the domain poses certain challenges. For example, information regarding both friendly and enemy forces is critical to decision making. However, the representations that have been developed for friendly forces cannot be used to represent enemy forces, due to a lack of critical information. We view these as inherent challenges associated with this type of domain, rather than as a shortcoming of the CSE approach.
Patterns of retinal hemorrhage associated with pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis

Background Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) has been proposed as an alternative cause of retinal hemorrhage (RH) in children being evaluated for abusive head trauma. This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of RH in children with CSVT. Methods The medical records of children >6 weeks of age with newly diagnosed CSVT and fundus examination by an ophthalmologist were examined retrospectively. Primary outcomes were presence and patterns of RH. Results A total of 29 children (median age, 9 years; range, 7 weeks to 17 years) were studied. Of these, 5 (17%) had RH, in 4 of whom RH were peripapillary, superficial, intraretinal, and adjacent to a swollen optic disk. In the fifth child, who had meningitis, sepsis, and multiple cerebral infarcts, there were a moderate number of posterior pole intraretinal hemorrhages. Eighteen children (62%) had optic disk swelling. In 13 children, cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure was recorded (range, 27–59 cm H 2 O). CSVT risk factors included meningitis, mastoiditis, and hypercoagulability. Conclusions RH in pediatric CSVT was uncommon. When RHs were present, the appearance matched RH patterns known to be caused by medical conditions, such as raised intracranial pressure and sepsis, also present in these children. These findings suggest that the RHs are due to these other causes and not directly to CSVT itself. In children with CSVT, if RHs are multilayered, extend beyond the peripapillary region into the rest of the posterior pole or retinal periphery, or occur in the absence of optic disk swelling, another etiology for the RH should be sought.
Are children's early emotions antecedents to risk taking?

PURPOSE: To explore the processes by which early emotional experiences affect behavior and to investigate the use of basic development characteristics to guide primary care. METHOD: A randomized cohort of 74 children from a wide range of socio-economic classes were followed from infancy until 54 months of age. Children were assessed at 2 days, 12, 18 and 54 months by laboratory tests and maternal report. RESULTS: The personality characteristic of inhibition/shyness appeared to be an enduring trait from infancy through the preschool years. However, findings did not support the view that early personality variables (e.g., avidity, shyness, security) alone predict risk taking during later years. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses offering safety counseling about risk taking in order to minimize injuries during early childhood should consider personality concepts to be multi-dimensional. Infant and toddler profiles should not be considered solely predictive of later behavior. Language: en
'Choose a Game': A Prototype Tool to Support Therapists Use Games in Brain Injury Rehabilitation

Brain injury (BI) is recognized as a major health issue. It is common for therapists to include commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) games in therapy sessions to help motivate patients who have had a BI to engage in rehabilitation activities. However, we have found that therapists are often frustrated with finding pertinent information about COTS games and systems, which are proliferating at a rapid rate. In this interactive demonstration, we present a web-based prototype 'Choose a Game' tool that is aimed at helping therapists select appropriate games for their patients with BIs that match their therapeutic goals and individual patient attributes. This demonstration is intended for researchers and practitioners interested in areas where technologies are rapidly proliferating for a user group who has wide-ranging attributes.
Strabismus induced by radial keratotomy

The history of a woman who developed diplopia after radial keratotomy is reported. Examination showed that this was the result of the appearance of accommodative esotropia. Some complications of refractive surgery reported in the literature were reviewed. It is the current policy of the U.S. military services to disqualify an applicant for entry who has undergone refractive surgery. Based on this review of complications it is argued that this is still the correct policy.
Inhibition of sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase by digoxin covalently bound to Sepharose.

A procedure for the synthesis of a series of digoxin-derivatized Sepharose compounds is described. These compounds inhibit a soluble (Na + + K + )-ATPase from rat brain to a degree paralleling the length of the hydrocarbon bridge.
Multiple Missing Information

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the use of graphic procedures for dealing with multiple missing information through a review of an inexpensive but versatile graphic package called the Equation Plotter. For an example of multiple missing information, suppose one is faced with two alternatives. The first alternative scores $100 on benefits, but is unknown on costs. The second alternative score is unknown on benefits, but scores $60 on costs. Which alternative should be adopted?
Results and prognostic factors following optimal treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease.

The introduction of the MOPP (mustine, oncovin, procarbazine, and prednisone) combination by DeVita and colleagues (Longo et al. 1986) represented a dramatic advance in the treatment of patients with advanced Hodgkin’s disease. The complete remission (CR) rate at Memorial Hospital was at the lower end of those reported in the literature, perhaps reflecting the inclusion of advanced Hodgkin’s disease patients with a worse prognosis than those seen in other centers.
Pulmonary Hypertension and Cancer

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can occur in the cancer patient for a variety of cardio-pulmonary reasons. While heart failure and parenchymal lung disease constitute the majority of the abnormalities which can lead to PH, pulmonary vascular disease (PVD), or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can be the main reason why the cancer patient develops PH.