cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-quantitative ion microprobe mass analyses of mineral-rich particles from the upper freeport coal

Abstract An ion microprobe mass analyzer (IMMA) has been used to analyze semi-quantitatively mineral-rich coal particles from two separate facies of the Upper Freeport coal bed. Accuracy is estimated to be ∓ 20% for those elements making up more than 0.1 wt.% of the particles and ∓ 50% for elements making up less than 0.1 wt.%. Using IMMA data, we found statistically significant differences between the two samples for five (Fe, Ca, Mn, Li, Ce) of the 25 elements detected. For Li and Mn the differences between the mineral-rich particles within samples were similar to differences found between samples on a whole-coal basis. For Ca and Fe, the differences are attributed to different modes of occurrence, and for Ce, the differences are probably due to an irregular distribution of an inorganic phase. We conclude that the IMMA can be used to obtain semi-quantitative data that may provide insight into the distribution and mode of occurrence of some of the elements in coal.
The Spare Heirs and Henriksen resort at Surprise lake

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore family business, leadership development, family dynamics, succession, and governance. It is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate family business and leadership courses; and to facilitate dialogue among members of family enterprises to introduce the need to address family dynamics and leadership issues. Design/methodology/approach – This case blends issues arising out of several family firms known to the author. Events, people, details, and location have been merged and adapted into this one case. The case method is used for the purposes of identifying key issues and provoking discussion on areas critical to multi-generational family enterprises. Findings – The case study method allows readers to explore and dialogue possible options for dealing with issues of unexpected family business leadership transition. Practical implications – Every family enterprise generation has unique challenges and opportunities. This case facilitates discussion that helps...
Sapphire-derived all-glass optical fibres

Optical fibres heavily doped with alumina are shown to exhibit an exceptionally low Brillouin gain coefficient and an athermal Brillouin frequency response. Such fibres could prove useful for applications that employ fibre sensing or require high-power fibre laser systems.
Inhibition of Enzymatic Browning in Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Juices by Soluble and Insoluble Forms of β-Cyclodextrin Alone or in Combination with Phosphates

Soluble and insoluble forms of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) can be used to inhibit enzymatic browning of fresh raw apple, pear, white grape, and celery juice. The anti-browning effects of soluble CDs were concentration-dependent. Concentrations (1−1.5% w/v) of soluble (un-derivatized, hydroxyethyl, or maltosyl) β-CD substantially inhibited browning of Granny Smith apple juice held at room temperature for several hours while untreated juice browned in minutes. Higher concentrations (4−10%) of soluble β-CD derivatives completely inhibited the browning of apple juice held for 1 day under these conditions. The effectiveness of β-CD was greatly enhanced by the presence of phosphate-containing compounds. Hence, only 1% levels of soluble β-CD (in the presence of 0.25−0.5% phosphate compound) completely inhibited browning in apple juice held for 1 day at room temperature or for up to 2−3 weeks at 4 °C. Treatment of apple, pear, white grape, and celery juice with an insoluble form of β-CD, either in a batchwise or flow-t...
Application of dynamic programming to priority assignment in a class of queueing systems with impatient customers

This paper deals with the problem of allocating attention among multiple tasks in a supervisory control system. The situation is modeled in the framework of a single server priority queueing system. Using Bellman's principle of optimality, a functional equation for the optimal, state dependent, nonpreemptive priority policy is obtained. The optimal policy is contrasted with an easily computable, suboptimal threshold policy, based on heavy traffic approximation. It is concluded that the utility of the optimal policy is significant at medium to high traffic intensities, and that the heavy traffic, suboptimal policy should be of considerable use in this regard. Several modifications of the single server model, as well as extensions to multiple, interacting sever models are pointed out.
Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Pumpable Food Materials under Static and Continuous Flow Conditions

Continuous flow microwave sterilization is an emerging technology that has the potential to replace the conventional heating processes for viscous and pumpable food products. Dielectric properties of pumpable food products were measured by a new approach (under continuous flow conditions) at a temperature range of 20 to 130 degrees C and compared with those measured by the conventional approach (under static conditions). The food products chosen for this study were skim milk, green pea puree, carrot puree, and salsa con queso. Second-order polynomial correlations for the dependence of dielectric properties at 915 MHz of the food products on temperature were developed. Dielectric properties measured under static and continuous flow conditions were similar for homogeneous food products such as skim milk and vegetable puree, but they were significantly different for salsa con queso, which is a multiphase food product. The results from this study suggest that, for a multiphase product, dielectric properties measured under continuous flow conditions should be used for designing a continuous flow microwave heating system.
Sex differences in math and science career self-efficacy among disadvantaged students

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among sex and math/science career self-efficacy, interests, and consideration for disadvantaged students who participated in a precollege program. The findings indicate sex differences in self-efficacy for three math/science careers; no sex differences emerged for non-math/science careers. Results of regression analyses suggest that consideration of careers is most highly related to interest in the career. For females, confidence in meeting educational requirements was also shown to be related to consideration of a career.
Current Status of Endoscopic Ultrasonography

Abstract Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become the most accurate imaging modality for the gallbladder/bileduct/liver and locoregional cancer staging of the gastrointestinal tract. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has added a new level of accuracy for EUS in nodal staging, with reported numbers in the 90% range for luminal and pancreaticobiliary disease. In addition, new non-gastrointestinal applications are being evaluated, such as the role of EUS-FNA for the staging of non-small-cell lung cancer and exploration of the posteriormediastinum. Furthermore, the same techniques that makes safe tissue sampling possible are being explored for their use as interventional applications, such as EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis, fine-needle injection, EUSguided pseudocyst drainage, and EUS-guided cholangiography and pancreatography. This review describes the current clinical status of EUS in gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary diseases as well as future and novel indications and therapeutic strategies for this technology.
Determination of the Solid-State Conformations of Polyalanine Using Magic-Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy

Conformations of the powder samples of poly-l-alanine with molecular weights of 356 Da (tetraalanine), 15 000 Da (PLA-200), and 23 600 Da (PLA-333) were characterized by 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) and 1H combined rotation and multiple pulse (CRAMPS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy. From the 13C and 1H isotropic chemical shift values, it is predicted that the main chain conformations of tetraalanine and PLA-200 are mainly β-sheet while the conformation of PLA-333 is mainly an α-helix. It is unusual and interesting that a high molecular weight homopolypeptide, PLA-200, has a β-sheet conformation rather than an α-helix conformation. The effect of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) solvent on the backbone conformation of these peptides was also studied. It is inferred from solid-state NMR results that conformations of tetraalanine and PLA-333 are similar before and after crystallization from DCA. On the other hand, the backbone conformation of PLA-200 is 60% α-helix and 40% β-sheet after crystall...
Getting a foot in the door with drinking and driving: A field study of healthy influence

The persuasion tactic, foot‐in‐the‐door, was employed to increase compliance with a bartender's request to call a taxi for alcohol‐impaired patrons in a bar. Randomly selected treatment participants (n = 15) were asked to sign a petition against drunk driving in the bar and were given an informational pamphlet. Control participants (n = 15) were not approached. Over the course of six weeks, all participants were asked to call a taxi when they became alcohol‐impaired. Results showed a strong, statistically significant effect for FITD (phi = .50). Evidence indicates that FITD can be easily and successfully implemented in field settings.
Purpurins: Improved Photosensitizers For Photodynamic Therapy

Two new groups of photosensitizers, purpurins and metallopurpurins were tested for photodynamic activity when combined with visible light (>590nm), in the treatment of transplantable urothelial tumors (FANFT induced) in Fischer 344 rats. In preliminary studies, animals were injected with 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of the free base purpurins (NT1, NT2, NT2H2, GG1, ET2, ET2H2 and JP1) and treated with 360J/cm2 of red light. Tumors were excised, fixed in formalin and stained for light microscopic examination. Purpurin based photodynamic therapy (PDT) was found to cause extensive hemorrhagic tumor necrosis. Control tumors shielded from the light showed no histological changes. These experiments were repeated using the same experimental design for the metallopurpurins (ZnET2, SnET2, ZnNT2H2, SnNT2H2, AgNT2H2 and ZnNT1). These compounds were also found to cause extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. These studies were followed by a dose response analysis in which groups of animals were treated with decreasing doses of drug while the light dose was kept constant. Response was determined by tumor dry weight, 12 days after completion of PDT. For the free base purpurins, drug doses as low as 1.0 mg/kg b.w. caused significant tumor regression while seleted metallopurpurins caused tumor regression at doses as low as 0.5 mg/kg b.w. In a series of related experiments the effect of purpurins on tumor blood flow was investigated since it has previously been shown that tumor blood flow is disrupted during porphyrin and phthalocyanine phototherapy. By using the radioactive microsphere technique, it was shown that both the free base purpurins and metallopurpurins caused a rapid decrease in tumor blood flow.
PSEUDOMONAS CEPACIA IN THE RESPIRATORY FLORA OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

Of 6364 respiratory tract cultures obtained from patients with CF from July 1973 to December 1976, 402 grew Pseudomonas(Ps.) cepacia. In 208 cultures, it was the single isolate, and in 194 it grew together with Staphylococcus aureus and/or Ps. aeruginosa, or together with other gram-negative organisms. A total of 54 patients, (2½ to 22 years), 32 females and 22 males, with mild (2), moderate(15) and advanced(37) degrees of CF has Ps. cepacia isolated from bronchial or sputum cultures. Ps. cepacia has been found in patients who have never been hospitalized and in those who rarely used aerosol therapy. It was recovered consistently for 2 to 3 years from 17 patients. Nine females and 5 males have died from respiratory failure. Premortem cultures in 12 patients grew Ps. cepacia alone or together with Ps. aeruginosa. In 10 autopsied cases, the lung culture grew Ps. cepacia alone in 3 and Ps. aeruginosa in 4. Ps. cepacia is resistant to almost all antimicrobials including nalidixlc acid and gantrisin but a few are sensitive to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SXT) and kanamycin. Good clinical response has been observed in those treated with TMP-SXT or chloramphenicol. Transient disappearance of Ps. cepacia in post-therapy cultures has been achieved in a few cases. The significance of this finding is under study. The superinfection with Ps. cepacia of patients with CF with advanced disease has made the antimicrobial therapy more difficult.
Patterning of hyperbranched resist materials by e-beam

ABSTRACT The application of a hyperbranched polymer with its globular architecture as a chemically amplified resist system isdemonstrated. These hyperbranched poly(esters) based on 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valericacid and obtained by a polycondensation process at high temperatures. Once obtained, the hyperbranched polymers arefunctionalized with acid and thermally labile t-BOC groups by reaction oftheir phenolic groups with di-t-butyl dicarbonate inthe presence of a catalytic amount of potassium t-butoxide. These globular materials have number average molecularweights (Ma) in the range of 5,000 - 20,000 with polydispersities of 1 .5 — 2. Exposure of the hyperbranched resist materialformulated with a photoacid generator was carried out using a direct-write electron-beam (e-beam) tool operating at 50 keV with doses of 1 5 — 40 tC/cm2. Development of these resist materials can be accomplished in either aqueous base developeror organic solvent, thereby allowing access to both the positive and negative tone images. Feature sizes of 100 nm arereadily obtained from these unoptimized materials.Keywords : hyperbranched polymer, photoresist, electron-beam, chemical amplification
Photosynthesis, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of four paper birch (Betula papyrifera) populations grown under different soil moisture and nutrient regimes

Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine how four populations of paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), adapted to particular temperature, water and photoperiod regimes responded physiologically to different soil water and nutrient regimes. Seedlings of each of the four populations (Eaglet, LeeCreek, Porcupine and Skeena) from British Columbia were planted in pots and subjected to high and low water and nitrogen regimes for 4 months. Net photosynthesis ( A ), stomatal conductance ( g s ), water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were measured and compared among treatments. Trade-offs between WUE and NUE were examined. Soil moisture was the major factor affecting A for all the populations. All populations showed relatively high A in the high-water and high-nitrogen (HWHN) treatment, ranging from 8.5 to 9.9 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 . Photosynthesis of trees in the low-water and high-nitrogen (LWHN) treatment was about 45% of that in the HWHN treatment. There was a linear increase in A as g s increased in all populations. A decreased with increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The populations demonstrated significantly different relationships between A and g s , and VPD, with the LeeCreek population being the most conservative. This may provide a physiological basis for provenance selection and seed transfer. Eaglet and LeeCreek populations had lower WUE at the same level of NUE compared with Porcupine and Skeena populations. Porcupine and Skeena populations may be more suitable for moist sites due to their greater capacity to sequester water quickly, while the LeeCreek and Eaglet populations may be more suitable for drier interior sites where long drought periods can occur.
Are all angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors interchangeable?

In the treatment of most medical conditions, there are many choices. A critical question for practicing clinicians is: "Are all drugs within a class interchangeable?" In the past decade, the market has seen a proliferation of drugs within popular drug classes. The original drugs within a class typically have better scientific documentation than the newer ones, which are often referred to as "me-too" drugs. Due to a lesser financial investment, the latter may be available at a lower cost. Good reasons exist for grouping drugs, however, there is no accepted definition of the term "class effect." Although members of a drug class share main actions, they may have clinically important differences in terms of efficacy and safety. There are many such examples in the literature. This article reviews the class effect concept as it applies to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Only half of the 10 ACE inhibitors available in the U.S. have been shown to improve survival and reduce morbidity in patients with heart failure or myocardial infarction. It is unknown whether the other five have the same safety and efficacy profiles or what their optimal doses are. Thus, we do not know whether all ACE inhibitors are fully interchangeable. The practice of medicine ought to be based on solid scientific evidence, not on assumptions or extrapolations. For our patients, such practice is a legitimate expectation. Therefore, it seems prudent to recommend that patients requiring ACE inhibitor therapy be prescribed one that has been proven effective and safe.
Trypanosoma brucei: Cis-Acting Sequences Involved in the Developmental Regulation of PARP Expression☆

Abstract Wilson, K., Uyetake, L., and Boothroyd, J. 1999.Trypanosoma brucei: Cis-acting sequences involved in the developmental regulation of PARP expression.Experimental Parasitology91,222–230. The procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP or procyclin) of the parasitic protozoanTrypanosoma bruceiis a developmentally regulated protein that shows extreme differences in its level of expression in different stages of the parasite's life cycle. Specifically, it is the major surface protein in the procyclic (insect) stage and, although the PARP gene is being actively transcribed in the mammalian bloodstream stage, there is no detectable PARP mRNA or protein in these cells. The 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of PARP, as well as other trypanosome genes, has the ability to confer the appropriate developmental regulation pattern onto chimeric reporter genes. To understand the mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation, selective replacement mutagenesis of the PARP mRNA 3′UTR was done to identify thecis-acting sequences involved in the down-regulation of this mRNA in bloodstream-formT. brucei.Transient transformation of constructs containing the PARP promoter and 5′UTR, the β-glucuronidase coding region, and the selectively mutagenized or unaltered PARP 3′UTR were performed in procyclic and bloodstreamT. brucei.The results of the reporter gene assays on the transformed cells indicate that there are at least two elements in the PARP 3′UTR which in bloodstream cells are involved in regulation of PARP expression and which appear to function as negative elements. In procyclic cells, there are two regions in which mutagenesis indicates positivecis-regulatory sequences, one of which has been previously defined (A. Hehlet al., 1994,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91, 370–374). These results indicate that multiplecis-acting elements within the PARP 3′UTR are involved in the developmental regulation of PARP expression and that regulation is controlled in a complex manner, presumably involving several cellulartrans-acting factors.
On the ultrastructure of spinal nerve roots in the frog (Rana pipiens).

An electron microscopical study was made of the seventh and tenth ventral and dorsal spinal nerve roots and peripheral nerves of adult frogs, to determine whether or not tunicated and sheathed nerve fibers extend into the spinal cord and into the periphery. The nerves were exposed under urethane anesthesia, fixed in 1%, veronal acetate-buffered osmium tetroxide (pH-7.6) plus 0.495 gr/10 ml sucrose, and refrigerated over two hours. Thin cross and longitudinal sections were made and examined with a Siemens electron microscope. A few tunicated fibers were found in the peripheral nerve, but not in the spinal nerve roots which consisted of myelinated and unmyelinated (Gasser-type) axons. Therefore, tunicated and sheathed nerve fibers were restricted to sympathetic ganglia. This was the more likely, because intrinsic neurons are absent in the sympathetic, and nearly all axons are myelinated in caudal rami communicantes. It was further suggested that preganglionic fibers, after entering, and postganglionic fibers before leaving the sympathetic ganglion changed their myelin sheaths, and appeared as tunicated and sheathed fibers. No structural differences between afferent and efferent cholinergic or adrenergic fibers could be detected in spinal roots. Large vesicles with dark centers, probably containing catecholamine, and dense punctate granules, occurring in sympathetic fibers, were virtually absent in spinal root fibers.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AND 1000 r X-RAYS ON THE SEMINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE MOUSE

C57 black male mice about 100 days of age were exposed to elevated temperature of 35 deg C and 70% humidity in four exposure periods totaling 61 hr distributed over 4 days. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days atfer the end of the heat treatment. Results of the heat treatment were compared with those following 1000 r x irradiation. The damage inflicted on the mouse testis by this heat treatment differed fundamentally from that induced by 1000-r acute localized x irradiation. Comparison at 10 days after treatment was especially revealing. Elevated temperature induced the formation of giant cells, originating either from karyokinesis without cytokinesis or from agglomeration. The latter condition was most predominant when spermatozoal heads with indistinct tails were involved. No giant cells were seen after x irradiation. Spermatogonia sur vived the heat treatment so that after 10 days recovery was in full swing. X rays killed spermatogonia with the exception of occasional type A cells. Recovery had not started after 10 days. Late spermatocytes became pycnotic as a result of heat treatment. Of these, some regressed and a few underwent restitution or C-division. Normal spermatids were not formed. Late spermatocytes were blocked by 1000-rmore » x irradiation. The block was so persistent and so severe that 76% of the tubular cross sections seen at 10 days contained some form of restituted or regressed spermatocytes. Ten days after heat treatment no restituted or regressed spermatocytes were seen. This may be related to the fact that heat seems to be less damaging than x rays to the emptying mechanism of tubules. Spermatids appear equally damaged by heat and by x rays. Spermatozoal heads are more common at 10 days after x irradiation than after heat treatment. This may result from the lesser effect of heat on the emptying mechanism as well as from a qualitative difference in the damage inflicted. (auth)« less
Frame Mapping and Analysis of News Coverage of Contentious Issues

This article outlines a rigorous method for studying the ways that news media frame contentious issues. The method is based on the VBPro family of computer programs for content analysis. Output from the VBPro mapping program for multidimensional scaling based on co-occurence of key terms is cluster analyzed to discern the frames or points of view in texts that can unambiguously be attributed to competing stakeholders. These frames can be used to investigate propositions about news stories. An example is presented from a study of 1,465 Associated Press articles on wetlands dispatched across an 11-year period beginning in 1982. The results demonstrate that the method provides an objective means of investigating stakeholder influence on news and patterns of change in frames across time.
The μ, κ and δ properties of various opioid agonists☆

Abstract Using the δ-enriched mouse vas deferens and the κ-enriched guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle preparations, a large variety of so-called ‘μ, κ, δ and σ’ opioid agonists were tested for their μ, κ and δ properties. Buprenorphine and U50,488H appeared to be the most highly selective agonists for μ and κ opioid receptors, respectively. Most ligands identified as specific agonists are in fact only selective and appear to interact at more than one receptor type.
Where guesses come from: Evolutionary epistemology and the anomaly of guided variation

This paper considers a central objection to evolutionary epistemology. The objection is that biological and epistemic development are not analogous, since while biological variation is blind, epistemic variation is not. The generation of hypotheses, unlike the generation of genotypes, is not random. We argue that this objection is misguided and show how the central analogy of evolutionary epistemology can be preserved. The core of our reply is that much epistemic variation is indeed directed by heuristics, but these heuristics are analogous to biological preadaptations which account for the evolution of complex organs. We also argue that many of these heuristics or “epistemic preadaptations” are not innate but were themselves generatedby a process of blind variation and selective retention.
Axial anomaly and index theorem for manifolds with boundary

Abstract The use of the APS theorem for detecting the axial anomaly in manifolds with a boundary is discussed. The necessity of imposing non-local boundary conditions for the euclidean Dirac operator is explained and a physical interpretation is provided. The notion of a “handed” non-local boundary condition is introduced. The index for the Dirac operator for general gauge fields is found for a cylinder and for a disk. A similar analysis is also carried out for general separable gauge fields in four dimensions.
The infinity Laplacian, Aronsson’s equation and their generalizations

The infinity Laplace equation Δ ∞ u = 0 arose originally as a sort of Euler-Lagrange equation governing the absolute minimizer for the L ∞ variational problem of minimizing the functional ess-sup U |Du|. The more general functional ess-sup U F(x, u, Du) leads similarly to the so-called Aronsson equation A F [u] = 0. In this paper we show that these PDE operators and various interesting generalizations also appear in several other contexts seemingly quite unrelated to L ∞ variational problems, including two-person game theory with random order of play, rapid switching of states in control problems, etc. The resulting equations can be parabolic and inhomogeneous, equation types precluded in conventional L ∞ variational problems.
Comparing Forms of New Higher Education Organisations at Start-up

In this article, we investigate three recently established entrepreneurial organisations created to deliver education and training to new audiences of learners at a distance. Each of the organisations -- the University of Michigan's Academic Outreach Program, the University Center at Northwestern Michigan College, and the Michigan Virtual Automotive College -- is involved in multiple complex partnerships with internal and external entities, including government, industry, and education. Paying particular attention to the structures, strategies, and processes of these organisations, we argue that their emergence signals the evolution of a postsecondary knowledge industry in which permeable boundaries, new competitors, and market sensibilities are converging to challenge the fundamental nature of postsecondary education.
Some convergence results on the method of gradients for Ax=λBx

The method of gradients is a recently developed iterative technique for the solution of the generalized eigenvalue problem [email protected] This paper essentially determines the size of the neighborhoods about the unit vectors in each eigenspace in which choices of initial estimates guarantee convergence of the iteration to the appropriate eigenvector.
Identification of plasmid (pKM101)-coded proteins involved in mutagenesis and UV resistance.

Mutagenesis of Escherichia coli by UV and many chemicals is not a passive process and requires the intervention of host functions. The isolation of chromosomal umuC mutants, which are nonmutable by many DNA-damaging agents and are slightly sensitive to them, has led to the model that the umuC gene product(s) functions in a pathway of ‘error-prone repair’1–3. UmuC mutants are suppressed by the introduction of the plasmid pKM1014; pKM101 was derived from the clinically isolated plasmid R46 by in vivo manipulations5. The muc (mutagenesis, UV and chemical) region of pKM101 is required for this suppression and we have suggested that it is an analogue of the chromosomal umuC gene(s)6. We have now subcloned the muc region onto the high-copy number vector pKB354 and identified two protein products by gel electrophoresis of maxicell preparations. Complementation analysis of muc insertion mutations has confirmed the existence of two genes, mucA and mucB, whose protein products are required for pKM101's effects on mutagenesis and resistance to killing. The molecular weights (MWs) of the mucA and mucB proteins are 16,000 and 45,000 respectively.
Resistance considerations for stacked small multi-junction photovoltaic cells

In this paper we propose a stacked multi-junction solar cell design that allows the intimate contact of the individual cells while maintaining low resistive losses. The cell design is presented using an InGaP and GaAs multi-junction cell as an illustrative example. However, the methodologies presented in this paper can be applied to other III-V cell types including InGaAs and InGaAsP cells. The main benefits of the design come from making small cells, on the order of 2×10-3 cm2. Simulations showed that series resistances should be kept to less than 5 Ω for devices up to 400 μm in diameter to keep resistance power losses to less than 1%. Low resistance AuBe/Ni/Au ohmic contacts to n-type InGaP are also demonstrated with contact resistivity of 5×10-6 Ωcm-2 when annealed at 420°C.
A unified framework for off-line permutation routing in parallel networks

In this paper we present a general strategy for finding efficient permutation routes in parallel networks. Among the popular parallel networks to which the strategy applies are mesh networks, hypercube networks, hypercube-derivative networks, ring networks, and star networks. The routes produced are generally congestion-free and take a number of routing steps that is within a small constant factor of the diameter of the network. Our basic strategy is derived from an algorithm that finds (in polynomial time) efficient permutation routes for aproduct network, G×H, given efficient permutation routes forG andH. We investigate the use of this algorithm for routingmultiple permutations and extend its applicability to a wide class of graphs, including several families ofCayley graphs. Finally, we show that our approach can be used to find efficient permutation routes among the remaining live nodes infaulty networks.
Measuring youth development outcomes for community program evaluation and quality improvement: findings from Dissemination of the Rochester Evaluation of Asset Development for Youth (READY) tool.

Purpose: The Rochester Evaluation of Asset Development for Youth (READY) is a brief program-controlled evaluation and quality improvement tool used for assessment of four developmental assets for youth: caring adult relationships, basic social skills, decision making, and constructive use of leisure time. This article reports on the early implementation and combined benchmark data generated from the use of the READY tool by community-based youth-serving agencies in Rochester, New York. Methods: Nine youth-serving agencies used the 40-item READY tool in 2002‐2003. In addition to individual program evaluation and quality improvement, a combined dataset was developed and analyzed to establish community benchmarks. Program leaders’ qualitative feedback on their experience with the READY tool is also reviewed. Results: 1,070 youth participated. Those youth who reported feeling more connected to the programs in which they participated and having more active and frequent participation had consistently higher scores on measured outcomes. Overall, most agencies required some technical assistance to first field READY. Most agencies successfully used their own data to address program quality improvement, and reported being happy with their ability to do so. Discussion: READY is a promising tool for measuring community-based program-attributable positive developmental outcomes for youth.
Lesions of the extended amygdala in C57BL/6J mice do not block the intermittent ethanol vapor-induced increase in ethanol consumption.

Background: The central extended amygdala (cEA) which includes the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the lateral posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTLP), has been proposed to play a key role in excessive ethanol consumption in humans (Koob and Le Moal, 2005 Nat Neurosci 8:1442). To examine this relationship, we used a murine model of ethanol dependence (Becker and Lopez, 2004 Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28:1829; Lopez and Becker, 2005 Psychopharmacology (Berl) 181:688) and compared animals with sham lesions and electrolytic lesions of the CeA and BNSTLP. Methods: Male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were first acclimated to a limited-access 2-bottle-choice preference procedure. The access period began 3 hours into the dark phase of the light-dark cycle and continued for 2 hours. Once acclimated (1 week), mice underwent chronic exposure to and intermittent withdrawal from ethanol vapor. The animals were then retested in the limited-access 2-bottle-choice preference procedure. In some experiments, electrolytic and sham lesions of the CeA or BNSTLP were performed prior to initiating the 2-bottle choice procedure. Results: In a series of 5 preliminary experiments, mice were randomly assigned either to the standard intermittent ethanol vapor procedure or to the standard procedure but with air in the vapor chamber (control). The air-control procedure produced no change in ethanol intake when compared to baseline consumption. In contrast, intermittent ethanol vapor exposure increased ethanol consumption by almost 50%. The increase in consumption was associated with an increase in total fluid volume consumed and no change in ethanol preference. Lesions of both the BNSTLP and CeA significantly decreased baseline ethanol consumption, the former by decreasing fluid consumption and the latter by decreasing ethanol preference. Intermittent ethanol vapor exposure significantly increased consumption in both the BNSTLP- and CeA-lesioned animals, largely by increasing the total volume of fluid consumed. Conclusions: The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the cEA has a role in the regulation of ethanol consumption in the limited-access procedure. However, neither lesions of the CeA nor BNSTLP prevented the intermittent ethanol vapor-induced increase in consumption. These data do not preclude some role of the cEA in the increased ethanol consumption following intermittent ethanol vapor exposure, but would suggest that other brain regions also must have a significant influence.
Intravascular Degranulation of Neutrophils: An Important Factor in Inflammation?

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are degranulated in the lumens of vessels in synovial membrane in humans with various types of inflammatory arthritis and in dogs with synovitis induced by urate crystals. This degranulation, accompanied by the release of lysosomal enzymes and vasoactive materials, may be an important part of the mechanism resulting in vascular injury.
Computer simulation of dislocation core structure of metastable 〈111〉 dislocations in NiAl

Abstract The atomic structure of dislocation cores of 〈111〉 dislocations in NiAl was simulated using embedded atom method potentials and molecular statics computer simulation. In agreement with previous simulation work and experimental observations, the complete 〈111〉 dislocation is stable with respect to the two superpartials of 1 2 〈111〉 separated by an antiphase boundary. The structure of the latter configuration, though metastable, is of interest in the search for ways of improving ductility in this material. The structure of the complete dislocation and that of the metastable superpartials was studied using atomistic computer simulation. An improved visualization method was used for the representation of the resulting structures. The structure of the partials is different from that typical of 1 2 〈111〉 dislocations in b.c.c. materials and that reported previously for the B2 structure using model pair potentials.
Theoretical study of high-pressure orthorhombic silicon

[ital Ab] [ital initio] calculations of the structural properties of a recently discovered body-centered orthorhombic phase of Si are presented. This high-pressure phase (denoted [ital Imma] after its space group) was observed at pressures between the transition pressures for the [beta]-Sn and simple hexagonal (sh) phases of Si. Total-energy calculations indicate that the optimal [ital Imma] structure varies with cell volume from the [beta]-Sn structure at large volumes to the sh structure at small volumes when all three structures are described in terms of the [ital Imma] unit cell. The energy of the [ital Imma] phase is found to be lower than or equal to the energies of the [beta]-Sn and sh phases for all cell volumes.
2′-O-methyl modification in mouse piRNAs and its methylase

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a novel class of small regulatory RNAs that are expressed specifically and abundantly in germ cells. Mammalian piRNAs are 26 approximately 31 nucleotides (nt) in length and bind to Piwi proteins, but their function and biogenesis remain elusive. Here we report that the 3'-termini of mouse piRNAs are 2'-O-methylated. Furthermore, the mouse homolog of HEN1, a plant microRNA (miRNA) 2'-O-methyltransferase, is expressed specifically in testis and methylates 3'-termini of piRNAs in vitro. These findings provide insight into the biogenesis of piRNAs.
DNA Sequences Mediating Class Switching in α-Immunoglobulins

Immunoglobulin class switching involves specific DNA rearrangements of the gene segments coding for heavy chain constant regions (C_H) during B lymphocyte differentiation. In two different cases of C_µ to Cɑ switching examined here (T15 and M603) and one taken from the literature (MC101), three different sites on the 5' side of C_µ and three different sites on the 5' side of C_ɑ are joined together in the process of C_H switching. The sequences surrounding the three germ-line C_ɑ sites of recombination are highly conserved blocks of 30 nucleotides that may serve as recognition sequences for C_H switching to the C_ɑ gene. This putative recognition sequence is repeated 17 times in approximately 1400 nucleotides of the germ-line C_ɑ 5' flanking sequence. The lack of homology between this C_ɑ sequence and sequences reported for the C_(y1) and C_(y2b) switch sites suggests that heavy chain switching is mediated by class-specific recognition sequences and, presumably, class-specific regulatory mechanisms. In addition, it appears that in one example (MC101) C_H switching progressed from C_µ to C_ɑ to C_(y1). This switching pathway may present difficulties for the simple deletional model of C_H switching.
Linking the Enzymes that Unlink DNA

Two papers in this issue, Castor et al. (2013) and Wyatt et al. (2013), and a third in Cell Reports, Garner et al. (2013), demonstrate that the scaffold protein SLX4 coordinates multiple nucleases in order to effectively resolve Holliday junctions and repair interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) in mammalian cells.
Early Education of the Deaf

As deaf and hard-of-hearing research scientists, we were pleased to read about the quickening pace of genetic research into causes of deafness in Elizabeth Pennisi's article The architecture of hearing (Research News, 14 Nov., [p. 1223][1]). We would not agree, however, that the value of early
Childhood health and labor market inequality over the life course.

The authors use data from the Health and r etirement Study’s Earnings Benefit File, which links Health and r etirement Study to Social Security Administration records, to estimate the impact of childhood health on earnings curves between the ages of 25 and 50 years. They also investigate the extent to which diminished educational attainment, earlier onset of chronic health conditions, and labor force participation mediate this relationship. Those who experience poor childhood health have substantially diminished labor market earnings over the work career. For men, earnings differentials grow larger over the early to middle career and then slow down and begin to converge as they near 50 years of age. For women, earnings differentials emerge later in the career and show no evidence of convergence. Part of the child health earnings differential is accounted for by selection into diminished educational attainment, the earlier onset of chronic disease in adulthood, and, particularly for men, labor force participation.
Power electronics for low power arcjets

In anticipation of the needs of future light-weight, low-power spacecraft, arcjet power electronics in the 100 to 400 W operating range were developed. Limited spacecraft power and thermal control capacity of these small spacecraft emphasized the need for high efficiency. Power topologies similar to those in the higher 2 kW and 5 to 30 kW power range were implemented, including a four transistor bridge switching circuit, current mode pulse-width modulated control, and an output current averaging inductor with an integral pulse generation winding. Reduction of switching transients was accomplished using a low inductance power distribution network, and no passive snubber circuits were necessary for power switch protection. Phase shift control of the power bridge was accomplished using an improved pulse width modulation to phase shift converter circuit. These features, along with conservative magnetics designs allowed power conversion efficiencies of greater than 92.5 percent to be achieved into resistive loads over the entire operating range of the converter. Electromagnetic compatibility requirements were not considered in this work, and control power for the converter was derived from AC mains. Addition of input filters and control power converters would result in an efficiency of on the order of 90 percent for a flight unit. Due to the developmental nature of arcjet systems at this power level, the exact nature of the thruster/power processor interface was not quantified. Output regulation and current ripple requirements of 1 and 20 percent respectively, as well as starting techniques, were derived from the characteristics of the 2 kW system but an open circuit voltage in excess of 175 V was specified. Arcjet integration tests were performed, resulting in successful starts and stable arcjet operation at power levels as low as 240 W with simulated hydrazine propellants.
Measuring and accounting for strategic abstentions in the US Senate, 1989–2012

Summary Strategic abstentions—in which legislators abstain from votes for ideological reasons—are a poorly understood feature of legislative voting records. The paper discusses a spatial model for legislators’ revealed preferences that accounts for abstentions when missing values are non-ignorable and allows us to measure the pervasiveness of strategic abstention by identifying legislators who consistently engage in strategic abstentions, as well as bills for which the ideology of legislators is a key driver of abstentions. We illustrate the performance of our model through the analysis of the 101st–112th US Senates.
Noise Profile of Wireless Channels in High Voltage Substations

In this survey, some measuring metrics are identified to study the average noise power variations in typical outdoor power substations. Power substations generally have metallic structures and despite the insulation considerations have high electric fields. The physical size of a substation does not allow a completely controlled experiment. A setup plan was arranged to study the noise floor variation in a few substation switchyards in residential, industrial, isolated and sparsely populated subdivisions. The empirical data sets were collected, processed and compared with the known noise constituents that were cited in the literature. A two-week measuring window was chosen to encounter any possible factors that might affect results at several substations. Several field measurements were executed to enable the comparative analysis of the recorded data. By collecting the weather data during the survey, it was illustrated that the average noise floor in the spectrum of interest (i.e. 2.4 GHz), does not correlate or has week correlations with the real time weather condition changes, such as humidity, pressure and precipitations. The analysis suggests that the noise floor variation (and hence the link quality) is time-dependent and has an underlying dominant semi-deterministic constituent in addition to the classical random distribution. This semi-deterministic component is associated with the location of the substation switchyard (e.g. residential or industrial), and its dynamic range is significant and should be identified. The methodology, which is adopted in this study has applications in the analysis of static outdoor environments. Several practical considerations have been discussed in this paper for future implementations in high electromagnetic field environments.
Different Structural Patterns Created by Short Range Variations of Internal Parameters

This papers presents properties of spatial linear systems described by a certain physical quantity generated by a differential equation. This quantity can be represented by internal electric or magnetic field inside the material, by concentration or by similar physical or chemical quantities. A specific differential equation generates this quantity considering as input the spatial alternating variations of an internal parameter. As a consequence, specific spatial linear variations of the observable output physical quantity appear. It is shown that in case of very short range variations of this internal parameters, systems described by a differential equation able to generate a practical test-function exhibit an output which appears to an external observer under the form of two distinct envelopes. These can be considered as two distinct structural patterns located in the same material along a certain linear axis.
Coining and Defining Novel Nursing Terminology. Part 3: Critical Incident Control

PURPOSE. In the third of a three-part series, a novel nursing terminology is introduced and proposed for inclusion in the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)—Critical incident control (CIC)—defined as a response that attempts to reverse a life-threatening condition. Critical incident nursing diagnosis (CIND), defined as recognition of an acute life-threatening event that occurs as a result of disease, surgery, treatment, or medication, and critical incident nursing intervention, defined as any indirect or direct care registered nurse–initiated treatment, based upon clinical judgment and knowledge that a registered nurse performs in response to a CIND, were introduced in Parts 1 and 2 of this series, respectively. DATA SOURCES. The current literature, research studies, meta-analyses from a variety of disciplines, and personal clinical experience serve as the data sources for this article. DATA SYNTHESIS. The current nursing outcomes in the NOC are inaccurate or inadequate for describing nursing care during life-threatening situations. The lack of standardized nursing terminology creates a barrier that may impede critical communication and patient care during life-threatening situations. CONCLUSION. Coining and defining novel nursing terminology, CIC, for patient care during life-threatening situations is important and fills the gap in the current standardized nursing terminology. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE. Refining the NOC will permit nursing researchers, among others, to conduct studies on nursing diagnoses in conjunction with the proposed novel nursing terminology, CIC.