cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Measure of a Black Life? : A Poetic Interpretation of Hope and Discontent

Here,Spoken Word poetics (William-White, 2011a, 2011b; William-White & White,2011) are utilized in an interpretative and reflective text focused on racializedviolence and homicide in the United States.African American youth, particularly in urban areas, aredisproportionately affected by violent crime, namely homicide when compared toother racial/ethnic groups. Such violence is heart-wrenching; it undermines notionsof personal safety, freedom, and equality within and between communities. It erodes the ideals of democracy in ourcountry, particularly when racialized violence is under reported in the media, orignored by media; and, when such violence is inadequately addressed by, orperpetrated at the hands of, law enforcement .As a performance narrative, this piece asks the question: How do wecreate communities of care, spaces for empathy, and sites of agency that isresponsive to the needs of all citizens?Moreover, this piece probes this question, and agitates for additionalquestions about safety and community as it intersects with race.
Media Effects on Group Collaboration: An Empirical Examination in an Ethical Decision‐Making Context

Even though it is widely acknowledged that collaboration underlies much of the decision-making efforts in contemporary organizations, and that organizational groups are increasingly making decisions that have ethical implications, few studies have examined group ethical decision-making processes and outcomes. In addition, while there is increasing evidence that groups often collaborate/communicate using different mediating technologies, few studies have examined the effect of the characteristics of the media in group ethical decision-making contexts. Finally, there is a clear paucity of studies that have investigated group decision making pertaining to information technology (IT)-related ethical dilemmas, an area of rising importance for information systems (IS) and decision science researchers. This article seeks to address the gaps described above through an experimental study where groups collaborating either in a face-to-face context or in a computer-mediated context (using NetMeeting or Wiki) were required to make a decision with respect to a scenario with an IT-related ethical dilemma. Results indicate that media characteristics (e.g., anonymity, immediacy of feedback, parallelism) do not have an effect on whether groups make ethical (or unethical) decisions. However, several media characteristics were found to play a significant role on downstream variables, such as the quality of a follow-up task (i.e., creation of a decision justification document), and overall process satisfaction of the group members.
Membrane Glycopeptides from Subcellular Fractions of Control and Virus-transformed Cells

Abstract The glycopeptides from various subcellular fractions isolated from control, BHK21/C13, and virus-transformed C13/ B4 baby hamster kidney cells have been compared by chromatography on columns of Sephadex G-50 in order to determine (a) whether changes in cell surface glycoproteins previously shown to occur upon viral transformation are also found in the glycoproteins of membranes associated with other subcellular membrane fractions and (b) whether the glycopeptides associated with the subcellular fractions were similar to those found on the surface membrane. Cells were grown in the presence of d-[14C]- or [3H]glucosamine or l-[14C]- or [3H]fucose. Fractions to be compared were mixed and digested with pronase, and the glycopeptides were fractionated by gel filtration. These studies showed that the alterations accompanying transformation seen in the surface membrane glycopeptides were also found in other subcellular fractions. These alterations consist of as marked increase in the amount of higher molecular weight material in the transformed cell. Neuraminidase treatment of this material diminishes or eliminates the difference between the normal and malignant patterns. The relative distribution of glycopeptides in the mitochondrial, nuclear, and rough endoplasmic reticular fractions differed in some respects from that of the surface membrane. Glycopeptides associated with the subcellular fractions were not due to contamination by surface membranes.
Functional foods and the food industry: consumer, economic and product development issues

Abstract Over the past decade, media attention to the health-nutrition link, and demographic, economic, and social trends have sparked increased consumer, public, and private sector interest and belief in healthy foods. The profile functional food consumer represents an identifiable market segment with characteristic beliefs, concerns and goals. Functional food product positionings may be shaped by any combination of physical, emotional, well-being, social, or financial components. The typical well-informed functional food customer has many noncommercial sources of information about nutrition and the diet-disease relationship. She can afford to buy healthy foods as “insurance” for future health, as long as the products are presented as credible, high quality, readily available, tasty, varied, and convenient.
Ripplons, /sup 3/He, and heat conduction on the surface of superfluid /sup 4/He

A gradient in the concentration of adsorbed /sup 3/He, produced by a current of ripplons, has been observed in heat-conduction measurements on the surface of superfluid /sup 4/He. The /sup 3/He spreading pressure and /sup 3/He-ripplon collision rate have been determined from the data.
The NICU Parent Risk Evaluation and Engagement Model and Instrument (PREEMI) for Neonates in Intensive Care Units

Engagement is a fairly new concept in practice and research and is gaining the interest of federal and private regulators, clinicians, and researchers. In this article, we offer a standard definition and outline an engagement model and an instrument for early prediction and identification of low engagement in at-risk parents of late preterm infants. The Parent Risk Evaluation and Engagement Model and Instrument (PREEMI), its theoretical underpinnings, instrument design, and practical application and future research are discussed.
Psychological stress and oxidative damage in lymphocytes of aerobically fit and unfit individuals

Habitual aerobic exercise has a beneficial effect on many systems of the body, and psychological stress has a negative influence on several of the same systems. One possible pathway is through those systems that account for the detrimental effects of stress; by buffering these harmful effects, exercise may reduce the consequences of stress. This study examined increased resistance of cells to stress-induced oxidative damage as a result of fitness. Forty healthy participants were assigned to either a stress group or a no-stress control group, and measures of stress and oxidative damage were collected. Variation in fitness level across participants was also measured. Oxidative damage increased as a function of stress, but this was not buffered by fitness level. These results should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size and the limited variability of cardiorespiratory fitness levels in the sample.
Adenosine A2A receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic cirrhosis

1. Adenosine is a potent endogenous regulator of inflammation and tissue repair. Adenosine, which is released from injured and hypoxic tissue or in response to toxins and medications, may induce pulmonary fibrosis in mice, presumably via interaction with a specific adenosine receptor. We therefore determined whether adenosine and its receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. 2. As in other tissues and cell types, adenosine is released in vitro in response to the fibrogenic stimuli ethanol (40 mg dl(-1)) and methotrexate (100 nM). 3. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are expressed on rat and human hepatic stellate cell lines and adenosine A(2A) receptor occupancy promotes collagen production by these cells. Liver sections from mice treated with the hepatotoxins carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) (0.05 ml in oil, 50 : 50 v : v, subcutaneously) and thioacetamide (100 mg kg(-1) in PBS, intraperitoneally) released more adenosine than those from untreated mice when cultured ex vivo. 4. Adenosine A(2A) receptor-deficient, but not wild-type or A(3) receptor-deficient, mice are protected from development of hepatic fibrosis following CCl(4) or thioacetamide exposure. 5. Similarly, caffeine (50 mg kg(-1) day(-1), po), a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, and ZM241385 (25 mg kg(-1) bid), a more selective antagonist of the adenosine A(2A) receptor, diminished hepatic fibrosis in wild-type mice exposed to either CCl(4) or thioacetamide. 6. These results demonstrate that hepatic adenosine A(2A) receptors play an active role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, and suggest a novel therapeutic target in the treatment and prevention of hepatic cirrhosis.
Ethics, ecology and development: styles of ethics and styles of agriculture

This paper proposes to test the ethical acceptability of four styles of agricultural resource management: (1) contemporary industrial integrated systems agriculture, (2) modern industrial input dependent agriculture, (3) continuous traditional agriculture and (4) non-continuous (or swidden) traditional agriculture. The test of ethical acceptability is whether or not these styles of agricultural resource management embrace or are even compatible with that pattern of practical reasoning and interaction among ethical agents which we have independent theoretic grounds for preferring. The preferred sorts of practical reasoning and interaction are those which we find operating in ethical theories which are strongly committed to letting the discretion of ethical agents construct what is right for them to do. Thus the discussion distinguishes several different strengths of constructivist ethics relating them to the work of John Rawls, Immanuel Kant and Onora O'Neill. Then it argues for the theoretic preferability of one particular strength of constructivist ethic. The paper winds up by arguing that only traditional continuous agriculture embodies the preferred sort of practical reasoning and interaction among ethical agents. Further, I argue that this is the only style of agriculture which can embody such reasoning and patterns of interaction. Thus, as we consider the role of agriculture in our plans of international development, we have one reason to try to favor traditional continuous agriculture. To do otherwise would ignore the ethical superiority of the practical reasoning and patterns of interaction of traditional agriculturalists.
Polymer-modified bilayer lipid membranes: the polypyrrole—lecithin system

Abstract This paper describes the modification of bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) by the reaction of pyrrole polymerization. The properties of polypyrrole—lecithin bilayers have been described. These membranes show high electrical conductivity and increased mechanical and electrical stability. A possible application of polypyrrole BLMs in the development of biomolecular electronic devices is indicated.
Customized Noise-Stimulation Intensity for Bipedal Stability and Unipedal Balance Deficits Associated With Functional Ankle Instability

Context: Stochastic resonance stimulation (SRS) administered at an optimal intensity could maximize the effects of treatment on balance. Objective: To determine if a customized optimal SRS intensity is better than a traditional SRS protocol (applying the same percentage sensory threshold intensity for all participants) for improving double- and single-legged balance in participants with or without functional ankle instability (FAI). Design: Case-control study with an embedded crossover design. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twelve healthy participants (6 men, 6 women; age = 22 ± 2 years, height = 170 ± 7 cm, mass = 64 ± 10 kg) and 12 participants (6 men, 6 women; age = 23 ± 3 years, height = 174 ± 8 cm, mass = 69 ± 10 kg) with FAI. Intervention(s): The SRS optimal intensity level was determined by finding the intensity from 4 experimental intensities at the percentage sensory threshold (25% [SRS25], 50% [SRS50], 75% [SRS75], 90% [SRS90]) that produced the greatest improvement in resu...
Assessing genetic diversity in Gossypium arboreum L. cultivars using genomic and EST-derived microsatellites

The cultivated diploid, Gossypium arboreum L., (A genome) is an invaluable genetic resource for improving modern tetraploid cotton (G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L.) cultivars. The objective of this research is to select a set of informative and robust microsatellites for studying genetic relationships among accessions of geographically diverse G. arboreum cultivars. From more than 1,500 previously developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, 115 genomic (BNL) and EST-derived (MUCS and MUSS) markers were used to evaluate the allelic diversity of a core panel of G. arboreum accessions. These SSR data enabled advanced genome analyses. A set of 25 SSRs were selected based both upon their high level of informativeness (PIC ≥ 0.50) and the production of clear PCR bands on agarose gels. Subsequently, 96 accessions representing a wide spectrum of diversity of G. arboreum cultivars were analyzed with these markers. The 25 SSR loci revealed 75 allelic variants (polymorphisms) ranging from 2 to 4 alleles per locus. The Neighborjoining (NJ) method, based on genetic dissimilarities, revealed that cultivars from geographically adjacent countries tend to cluster together. Outcomes of this research should be useful in decreasing redundancy of effort and in constructing a core collection of G. arboreum, important for efficient use of this genetic resource in cotton breeding.
The great Australian drought: 1982-1983*.

The development of drought over eastern Australia from April 1982 to February 1983 is described. National wheat production for the 1982–1983 season was 63 per cent of the average for the previous five years, while for New South Wales and Victoria production was 29 and 16 per cent respectively. Production of other grains was similarly reduced. Net value of rural production was reduced from over $4,000 million to $2,300 million nationally, the percentage reduction being much larger in drought-affected States. Methods of assessing drought severity are discussed and it is concluded that the 1982–1983 drought must be regarded as one of the most severe in the last 100 years. Impact of drought is also discussed, including that on wheat production and sheep and cattle populations since 1885. It is suggested that the limits of grain growing areas, and of sheep and cattle populations, beyond which environmental degradation may occur, have been exceeded during that period. The view is expressed that more attention should be given to the development of strategies to ameliorate drought impacts.
Nonlocal field theories and their gravity duals

The gravity duals of nonlocal field theories in the large-N limit exhibit a novel behavior near the boundary. To explore this, we present and study the duals of dipole theories, a particular class of nonlocal theories with fundamental dipole fields. The nonlocal interactions are manifest in the metric of the gravity dual, and type-0 string theories make a surprising appearance. We compare the situation to that in noncommutative super-Yang-Mills theory.
High-Resolution Light-Field Microscopy

By combining a high-resolution image from a standard camera with a low-resolution wavefront measurement from a Shack-Hartmann sensor, we numerically reconstruct a high-resolution light field. We experimentally demonstrate the method with a commercially available microscope.
Purchasing Education on the Internet

SUMMARY As distance learning and the Internet have become popular, teaching courses over the Internet will become common. Preparing and teaching a distance learning class over the Internet is considerably different than teaching in the traditional classroom. This article presents a case study in developing and conducting a purchasing class over the Internet. It describes how class information, lectures, and class discussions were conveyed to the student on a Web site and how homework and individual correspondence were transmitted by e-mail. Additionally, the differences between traditional classrooms and Internet-based courses are discussed, and general information on distance learning is presented.
Effect of the detailed Raman cross section on soliton evolution.

The effect of the detailed Raman cross section on the evolution of ultrashort solitons is considered. It is shown that the gain contribution leads to the self-frequency shift, whereas the phase contribution, which is usually determined by use of the Kramers–Kronig relations, has little visible effect. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that solitons are robust in the presence of Hamiltonian deformations.
International best practices for MD&A: An update

The author reveals the latest best practices for global firms preparing their management discussion and analysis (MD&A) reports. One key: U.S. preparers of financial reports may find the International Ac-counting Standards Board's (IASB's) management commentary framework to be a useful aid for en-hancing their own MD&As. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ABH‐Blood‐Group Antigens and Glycolipids of Human Saliva

The nature of ABH-blood-group antigens in saliva was investigated. Human saliva was examined serologically for ABH-blood-group activity in its native form and after various treatments. The activity of the native form persisted in the delipidated samples, but was entirely lost after alkaline degradation. The lipid portion of saliva was completely inactive in the ABH hemagglutination inhibition system. The same results were obtained when purified glycolipid fraction of saliva was used instead of whole lipid extract. Neither alkaline treatment nor excessive amounts of salivary lipids effected antigenic activity of A-active glycosphingolipids of hog gastric mucosa admixed to saliva samples before alkaline degradation and/or in presence of large amounts of salivary lipids. The isolated glycolipid fractions contained at least eight glycolipids, each of which was composed of glucose, glyceryl ethers and fatty acids and differed from others with respect to number of glucose residues. Sphingosine and sugar residues involved in formation of ABH antigenic determinants were not detected. These findings together with data on stomach secretion [1,2] led us to the conclusion that ABH-blood-group antigens of saliva are exclusively of glycoprotein nature.
The absolute configuration of cyclonerodiol

The cyclopentanoid sesquiterpene, cyclonerodiol (l_>, was first isolated by Nozoe from extracts of Trichothecium r0seum.l Subsequently this substance was also found in Gibberella fujikuroi 2,3 and most recently in cultures of Fusarium culmor4 urn. In the latter case cyclonerodiol was accompanied by a related metabolite, cyclonerotriol (2). Nozoe has synthesized cyclonerodio15 by a sequence based primarily on the known Alder ene reaction of linalool. 6,7 The synthesis established the relative configuration of the three ring substituents but gave an epimeric mixture of alcohols at C-6, leaving the relative stereochemistry at this position undetermined. Very recently Hanson has reported a single crystal X-ray analysis of a derivative of cyclonerotriol. 4 Since this latter substance could be correlated with I_,' the study settled the question of the relative stereochemistry at C-6 while confirming Nozoe's earlier conclusions with regard to the ring stereochemistry. We have been studying this problem independently and our results are reported below. To determine the absolute configuration of cyclonerodiol, we chose to degrade i to a pair of known compounds, (-)(2R,3R)-2,3-dimethyl-3-hydroxy cyclopentanone (2) and (-)(1R,2S,3R)-1,2-dimethyl-3-acetyl-cyclopentan-l-ol (4J or their respecttive enantiomers. Both 2 and f have been previously prepared by synthesis from (-)(3R)-linalool.7b'C Initial attempts to effect selective dehydration of the side chain of 1 (3 equiv POC13, pyridine, O", 110 min) gave the known cyclopentene alcohol 2 (45%)1 as the predominant product, accompanied by no more than 10% of isomerit alcohols. While this result precluded direct introduction of a double bond on the side chain, it did suggest that the ring hydroxyl might be preferentially esterified. Indeed, treatment of l_, with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride (1.5 equiv,
The Locus of Bimanual Skill Transfer.

Summary Subjects (N = 128) practiced a typing task with one hand while the other hand either grasped the table leg (experimental condition) or was free (control condition). Subsequently, the other hand showed savings in training in the control but not in the experimental condition. The abolition of transfer of training by engaging the fingers of the test hand in unrelated activity during training suggests that transfer is mediated by irradiation of the emerging motor program from the control center of the training limb to that of the test limb during and not after acquisition.
Do You Know If Your Borders Are Secure

At this particular moment, this very long, eternally returning moment when uncertainties about who “we” are hang heavy about us, voices echo from many directions disseminating messages about what it means to be an American, a citizen, and a good human being. These range from the relatively subtle and esthetically articulated campaign of the American Ad Council to the dogmatic rants of media outlets such as FOX News and US talk radio. In the name of security, democracy, diversity, and humanity itself, we are encouraged/coerced into accepting an ultimately simplified understanding of our own identities, an understanding hinging on a certain blindness to the boundaries constantly being erected to circumscribe just what diversity can be allowed to mean and how much of it can be tolerated before it becomes threatening to the very idea of a unified identity and thus undermines the coherence of the statement “I Am an American.” However, as many have wrapped themselves in the myths of a popularly professed American identity, numerous situations and experiences illustrate the kinds and degrees of diversity that are at work, “on the ground,” outside the bounds of state generated proclamations. It is to these experiences that Cynthia Weber's “I Am an American” turns. Through these films we hear statements about being an American that are not slick ad agency slogans, but rather reflect the many silenced voices and situations, which constitute the fragile fabric of who “we” are. For the most part, the stories in these videos embody the values that the United States celebrates rhetorically, but so often negates in practices. The stories of each of the individuals in the films illustrate a complicated and rather uncomfortable relationship to the state, a state which is not in fact the final “decider” when it comes to many of the real-life …
Hybrid hydrogels cross-linked by genetically engineered coiled-coil block proteins.

Hybrid hydrogels of hydrophilic synthetic polymers cross-linked by protein modules undergo externally triggered volume transitions as a result of protein conformational changes. To investigate the influence of coiled-coil protein structure and stability on hydrogel volume transition, a series of block proteins containing interspersed naturally derived recombinant coiled-coils was synthesized. Proteins were characterized using circular dichroism, size exclusion chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and analytical ultracentrifugation. The block proteins formed self-associating oligomers and displayed thermal unfolding profiles indicative of a hierarchic higher-order structure. Hybrid hydrogels were assembled from an N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer and His-tagged block proteins through metal complexation. A temperature-induced decrease in hydrogel swelling was observed, and the onset temperature of the volume transition corresponded to the onset temperature of protein unfolding. We conclude...
An efficient high-order boundary element method for nonlinear wave-wave and wave-body interactions

A highly efficient high-order boundary element method is developed for the numerical simulation of nonlinear wave-wave and wave-body interactions in the context of potential flow. The method is based on the framework of the quadratic boundary element method (QBEM) for the boundary integral equation and uses the pre-corrected fast Fourier transform (PFFT) algorithm to accelerate the evaluation of far-field influences of source and/or normal dipole distributions on boundary elements. The resulting PFFT-QBEM reduces the computational effort of solving the associated boundary-value problem from O(N^2^~^3) (with the traditional QBEM) to O(N ln N) where N represents the total number of boundary unknowns. Significantly, it allows for reliable computations of nonlinear hydrodynamics useful in ship design and marine applications, which are forbidden with the traditional methods on the presently available computing platforms. The formulation and numerical issues in the development and implementation of the PFFT-QBEM are described in detail. The characteristics of accuracy and efficiency of the PFFT-QBEM for various boundary-value problems are studied and compared to those of the existing accelerated (lower- and higher-order) boundary element methods. To illustrate the usefulness of the PFFT-QBEM, it is applied to solve the initial boundary-value problem in the generation of three-dimensional nonlinear waves by a moving ship hull. The predicted wave profile and resistance on the ship are compared to available experimental measurements with satisfactory agreements.
A cornucopia of human polyomaviruses

In recent years, nine new human polyomaviruses have been discovered, including Merkel cell polyomavirus, which has been linked to Merkel cell carcinoma, a lethal skin cell cancer. DeCaprio and Garcea compare and contrast these new human viruses and discuss how they might interact with their human host.
The Effects of Artificially-Produced Defects on the Film Thickness Distribution in Sliding EHD Point Contacts

The effects of artificially produced dents and grooves on the elastohydrodynamic (EHD) film thickness profile in a sliding point contact were investigated by means of optical interferometry. The defects, formed on the surface of a highly polished ball, were held stationary at various locations within and in the vicinity of the contact region while the disk was rotating. It is shown that the defects, having a geometry similar to what can be expected in practice, can dramatically change the film thickness which exists when no defects are present in or near the contact. This change in film thickness is mainly a function of the position of the defects in the inlet region, the geometry of the defects, the orientation of the defects in the case of grooves, and the depth of the defect relative to the central film thickness.
Glycolytic enzyme activity in developing red and white muscle.

The activities of the constant proportion enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof chain (triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) and enolase (ENOL)), and the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied in developing red (trapezius) and white (longissimus) muscles of the pig from a fetal stage to 24 weeks postnatal. Both muscles were differentiated by two weeks postnatal in the sense that they had reached the adult level of enzyme activity. Enzyme activities were two- to three-fold greater in the longissimus than in the trapezius. Enzyme activity ratios based on GAPDH were not consistent in the fetal and day 1 samples but were consistent during later stages of growth. Ratios of enzyme activity based on activity at 105 days gestation revealed that TIM, PGK and PGM are grouped and follow the same pattern, but GAPDH and ENOL are quite different from each other and from the pattern shown by TIM, PGK and PGM. The constant proportion concept in developing muscle is therefore questioned.
Evaluation of stress during and after sputter deposition of Cu and Ta films

The stress evolution of magnetron sputtered copper and tantalum films is presented for samples prepared at various sputtering pressures and powers. In-situ stress values were calculated using measurements from a Multi-beam Optical Stress Sensor (MOSS) system, while ex-situ stress values were calculated using measurements from a stylus profilometer. Extensive microstructural and surface analysis were performed by several techniques and related to the stress state of the film. The results demonstrate that during deposition, independent of the adatom mobility, the stress curves are initially compressive at low sputtering pressures, while at the highest sputtering pressure (1.4 Pa) the stress trend is always tensile. Meanwhile, the stress curves after deposition show a tensile trend for both materials at all sputtering pressures.
SOP Embedded Thin Film Resistors on High and Low Loss Thin Film Dielectrics

This paper describes low-cost materials and processes for embedded thin film resistors that can be integrated into printed wiring board using sequential build-up processes. Realization of embedded resistors on conventional board level high loss epoxy (∼0.015 at 1 GHz) and proposed low loss BCB dielectric (∼0.0008 at > 40 GHz) has been explored in this study. Foil transfer and electroless plating have been attempted for embedding thin film resistors. Ni-P alloys were plated using conventional electroless plating, and NiCr and NiCrAlSi foils were used for the foil transfer process. A test vehicle consisting of various geometry and values of resistors was designed and fabricated to evaluate electrical and mechanical reliability of embedded thin film resistors. For the first time, Benzocyclobutene (BCB) has been proposed as a board level dielectric for advanced System-on-Package (SOP) module primarily due to its attractive low-loss (for RF application) and thin film (for high density wiring) properties. To realize embedded resistors on multi-layer BCB, a low-cost large format electroless process for deposition of NiP and NiWP thin film resistors using both low- (25°C) and high-temperature (90°C) baths has been developed. The electroless process exhibits uniform resistor thickness in the sub-micron range and offers low profile and excellent adhesion to BCB dielectric. These films also act as a seed layer for the subsequent direct electroplating of copper traces. NiP alloys can also be tailored to variable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) with different alloy compositions. The electroless process can be adopted in the PCB manufacturing industries with no additional investment.© 2005 ASME
Determination of maximum span length of utility lines based on consideration of eliminating magnetically induced subsequent fault

Abstract As an electric fault occurs, a strong magnetic force exerted on three-phase overhead power lines may bring them in close proximity or in contact with one another, causing a subsequent fault. A computer simulation has been developed for the analysis of the magnetically induced subsequent fault and presented in the authors’ earlier work. It has been found that one important factor affecting the probability of the subsequent fault is the power line configurations. In this paper, we present a numerical technique for determining the maximum span length of the power lines based on consideration of eliminating the magnetically induced subsequent fault. Various power line constructions corresponding to different fault current levels are investigated. The results presented in this paper are anticipated to be useful for a utility in long span design.
Responses of cerebral arterioles to N-methyl-D-aspartate and activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in old rats.

The first goal of this study was to examine the hypothesis that aging impairs dilator responses of cerebral arterioles to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). The second goal was to determine whether aging impairs vasodilatation in response to activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Diameter of cerebral arterioles was measured through a cranial window in anesthetized adult (5 ± 1 (mean ±S.E.)months old) and old (26 ± 1months old) Fischer 344 rats. In adult rats NMDA (10 and 100 μM) dilated pial arterioles by 14 ± 5 and 72 ± 9%, respectively, from a control diameter of 36 ± 5 μm. Aprikalim (1 and 10 μM), a direct activator of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, dilated cerebral arterioles in adult rats by 14 ± 3 and 49 ± 6%, respectively. Vasodilatation in response to NMDA and aprikalim were similar in old and adult rats. Thus, in contrast to impaired cerebral vasodilator responses to some stimuli, responses of cerebral arterioles to NMDA and activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels are preserved in old Fischer 344 rats.
Universities and the clinical monitoring industry: feckless independents or fruitful partners?

Since 1955 clinical monitoring in anesthesia care and critical care has improved markedly. However, both industry and academia find temptation to congratulate themselves on this achievement. Reflection, however, might suggest that, in comparison with analogous unrelated fields, the process of progress has been tardy, wasteful, expensive, and inefficient. ‘State of the art’ clinical monitoring may actually be viewed as woefully inadequate when measured by the yardstick of the possible. Analysis suggests that industry sometimes fails to grasp opportunities for progress by shared effort while academia, sometimes guilty of aloofness and isolation, may occasionally fail to cooperate actively to promote progress by sharing its experience with industry. To hasten the more efficient development of clinical monitoring by a new alliance of the clinical monitoring and computing industry and those universities, professors, and physicians with interests in clinical monitoring and computing is here proposed.
A bottom-up solution for the multi-facility optimal pavement resurfacing problem

Transportation infrastructure management has been a subject of growing economic importance in recent years due to the magnitude of agency expenditures. Increasingly sophisticated methods have been developed to model pavement deterioration and solve for optimal management strategies. However, it is unclear whether these more complex methods are providing more useful results. This paper presents a simple approach for optimizing the frequency and intensity of resurfacing for multiple highway facilities. It builds upon existing optimization methods for the single-facility, continuous-state, continuous-time problem and corresponding results, which include a threshold structure for optimal solutions. This threshold structure allows for mathematical simplifications and for a straightforward optimization approach to be applied to the multi-facility case. The approach is bottom-up rather than top-down, preserving facility-specific features to develop informative budget allocation results. Application of the approach in a case study indicates that solutions are likely to be robust to deterioration model uncertainty, which is consistent with previous facility-level findings. In addition, the methodology is shown to be robust to the form of the deterioration model.
How language helps us think

On formal and empirical grounds, the overt form of language cannot be the vehicle that the mind uses for reasoning. Nevertheless, we most frequently experience our thought as "inner speech". It is argued that inner speech aids thought by providing a "handle " for attention, making it possible to pay attention to relational and abstract aspects of thought, and thereby to process them with greater richness. Organisms lacking language have no modality of experience that provides comparable articulation of thought; hence certain kinds of thought very important for human intelligence are simply unavailable to them.
Using Malmquist Indices to evaluate environmental impacts of alternative land development scenarios

Abstract The degree to which regions can produce desirable socioeconomic and environmental outcomes while consuming fewer resources and producing fewer undesirable outcomes can be viewed as measure of productivity. Economists have frequently used Malmquist Indices to evaluate intertemporal productivity changes of economic entities, such as firms and countries. We use Malmquist Indices to evaluate the predicted environmental performance of the rapidly growing Charlotte, NC, metropolitan area under alternative future land use scenarios. These scenarios project population, urban development, and environmental impacts from the base year 2000 to the year 2030 within the region's 184 watersheds. The first scenario is based on a continuation of current growth trends and patterns (“Business as Usual” or BAU). The second scenario uses compact “smart growth” development (“Compact Centers” or CC). We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate Malmquist Indices, which in this case, combine multiple variables into a single indicator that measures the relative impact of different development patterns on the consumption of natural resources. The results predict that the CC scenario maintains the region's current productivity, while the BAU scenario results in lower productivity. As watersheds in the study area are about the same size, weighting the results by area makes little difference. Watershed populations, however, vary greatly, and our results predict that watersheds with higher population densities also have higher Malmquist Index efficiencies. The model also predicts that low population watersheds will benefit more from the CC scenario. While the application of these analytical techniques in this case study is limited in scope, the results demonstrate that the Malmquist Index is a potentially powerful tool for interdisciplinary environmental impact analysis
Intraperitoneal transplants of taste buds in the newt

Autografts of tongue onto the liver contained taste buds without nerves for up to 30 days. However, these denervated taste buds were generally smaller than normal and distorted in structure. Nerve fibers invaded the graft from the liver and after 30 days normal appearing taste buds were found only in implants of tongue which contained extensive nerve fibers. Thus it appears that certain visceral nerves can maintain and possibly induce taste bud formation in implants of tongue. This is interpreted as additional evidence for the trophic influence of nerves upon taste buds. Moreover, this ability to maintain taste buds is not restricted to gustatory nerves in the newt.
The use of an electrophile carrier to determine the number of intermediates in the chlorination of 1-methylpyrrole

A kinetic and product study of the dichloroacetic acid catalyzed chlorination of 1-methylpyrrole with 3- and 4-substituted N-chlorobenzamides was carried out. Protonated N-chlorobenzamides served as carriers of CI+. A Hammett correlation was obtained with ρ=−0.68 (r=0.98, n=8). General acid catalysis was observed with α=0.48 (r=0.99 and n=7). The yields of 2-chlorination (84±0.7%) and 3-chlorination (2.6±0.4%) were essentially constant (constant intramolecular selectivity) as the substituent on the N-chlorobenzamide was varied. Observation of constant intramolecular selectivity indicated that two intermediates were formed during the acid catalyzed chlorination of 1-methylpyrrole with N-chlorobenzamides. The carrier method is applicable to all types of aromatic systems and limited only by the availability of suitable carrier molecules.
Making Land Sacred: Inscriptional Evidence for Buddhist Kings and Brahman Priests in Medieval Bengal1

AbstractIn research on premodern South Asia, land-grant inscriptions have typically been mined for historical and geographical data. This article suggests that copperplate land-grant inscriptions may also provide an overlooked source of evidence for ideas about sacred space within and between South Asian religions. It focuses on inscriptions recording the granting of land by Buddhist kings to Brahman priests in medieval Bengal, and it hones in on the literary, oral, ritual, and performative elements of the inscriptions in relation to the spaces delineated by acts of granting. Drawing upon broader theoretical discussions concerning gift-giving in relation to economies and exchanges of religious prestige and royal power, it attempts to offer new perspectives towards gift-giving and the economy of the sacred in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. In the process, it attempts to draw out some of the broader ritual and “religious” implications of what is typically treated as an “economic” transaction – namely, the transfer of land from royal to priestly control, which forms the heart of the copperplate’s function and formation.
Planar SiC MEMS flame ionization sensor for in-engine monitoring

A novel planar silicon carbide (SiC) MEMS flame ionization sensor was developed, fabricated and tested to measure the presence of a flame from the surface of an engine or other cooled surface while withstanding the high temperature and soot of a combustion environment. Silicon carbide, a ceramic semiconductor, was chosen as the sensor material because it has low surface energy and excellent mechanical and electrical properties at high temperatures. The sensor measures the conductivity of scattered charge carriers in the flame's quenching layer. This allows for flame detection, even when the sensor is situated several millimetres from the flame region. The sensor has been shown to detect the ionization of premixed methane and butane flames in a wide temperature range starting from room temperature. The sensors can measure both the flame chemi-ionization and the deposition of water vapour on the sensor surface. The width and speed of a premixed methane laminar flame front were measured with a series of two sensors fabricated on a single die. This research points to the feasibility of using either single sensors or arrays in internal combustion engine cylinders to optimize engine performance, or for using sensors to monitor flame stability in gas turbine applications.
The Online Oxymoron: Teaching HRD through an Impersonal Medium

Purpose – This paper aims to present an alternative and critical view of online learning for and by HRD professionals.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is positioned as a conceptual reflection regarding practical implications not frequently considered with regard to implementing online learning systems.Findings – This paper contends that many of the practical reasons for implementing online learning (accessibility, power equalization, and cost reduction) have fatal flaws.Research limitations/implications – This paper suggests that researchers broaden their perspectives beyond the assumption that using online learning is the goal to be achieved with regard to teaching and learning HRD. Both traditional and critical perspectives of online learning should be more thoroughly explored through empirical research.Originality/value – Few conceptual or empirical works challenge the unquestioned hegemony of the appeal of online learning, especially within the field of HRD. This reflection will hopefully serv...
Minireview series on sirtuins: from biochemistry to health and disease.

Abstract The sirtuins are an ancient family of proteins found in all forms of life, displaying a structure and catalytic function that has been maintained from bacteria to humans. In an NAD+-dependent process, sirtuins perform protein deacylation from lysine-modified e-amino groups, although NAD+-dependent protein ADP-ribosylation has been reported. The founding member of the family, Sir2 (silent mating-type information regulator 2) from yeast, was identified as a gene required from maintaining silent chromatin (1). After establishing that ySirt2 functions as a histone deacetylase, this enzymatic activity provided the mechanistic basis for ySir2's role within the silencing machinery (2). Confirmation of enzymatic activity from homologs in other species fueled deeper interest in both the biological functions and protein targets of sirtuins (3). Engendering more general interest were reports linking sirtuins to organismal longevity and their counteractive functions in age-associated cellular decline and metabolic dysfunction (4). Because of potential roles in aging, human health issues, and their unique enzymatic functions, sirtuins have garnered the attention of the general public and researchers fascinated to uncover how these molecular activities explain the physiological outcomes of sirtuin influenced pathways. Here, we briefly introduce a JBC mini-review series that focuses on sirtuin functions, providing an up to date summary of where the field is now and where it is likely to move in the upcoming years.
Observation of a Low-Temperature, Dynamically Driven Structural Transition in a Polypeptide by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

At reduced temperatures, proteins and other biomolecules are generally found to exhibit dynamic as well as structural transitions. This includes a so-called protein glass transition that is universally observed in systems cooled between 200 and 230 K, and which is generally attributed to interactions between hydrating solvent molecules and protein side chains. However, there is also experimental and theoretical evidence for a low-temperature transition in the intrinsic dynamics of the protein itself, absent any solvent. Here, we use low-temperature solid-state NMR to examine site-specific fluctuations in atomic structure and dynamics in the absence of solvents. In particular, we employ magic angle spinning NMR to examine a structural phase transition associated with dynamic processes in a solvent-free polypeptide, N-f-MLF-OH, lattice at temperatures as low as 90 K. This transition is characterized by the appearance of an extra set of lines in 1D (15)N spectra as well as additional cross peaks in 2D (13)C-(13)C and (13)C-(15)N spectra. Interestingly, the gradual, temperature-dependent appearance of the new spectral component is not accompanied by the line broadening typical of dynamic transitions. A direct comparison between the spectra of N-f-MLF-OH and the analog N-f-MLF-OMe, which does not display this transition, indicates a correlation of the structural transition to the temperature dependent motion of the aromatic phenylalanine side chain. Several quantitative solid state NMR experiments were employed to provide site-specific measurements of structural and motional features of the observed transition.
A simplex algorithm for a class of leontief flow problems

A matrix N is Leontief if it has exactly one positive entry per column and there exists a nonnegative x such that Nx > 0. A Leontief flow problem is a linear-programming problem of the form min{c^Tx |nx = b; x >= 0}, where N is a certain type of Leontief matrix. It is shown that for b > 0 this problem can be solved in O (n^2UlognpU) pivots by the simplex method using Dantzig's rule for choosing the entering variable, where n is the number of variables, p is the largest entry of N in absolute value, and U is a valid upper bound on any extreme-point solution. Classes of problems where this is a strongly polynomial bound are identified.