cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitous sketching for social media

Digital social media have transformed how we communicate and manage our relationships. Despite its portability, sketching as a social medium has been largely left behind. Given sketching's unique affordances for visual communication this absence is a real loss. Sketches convey visuo-spatial ideas directly, require minimal detail to render concepts, and show the peculiarities of handwriting. Sketching holds the promise to enrich how we communicate, and its ubiquity is critical for sharing information at opportune moments. We present the results of an exploratory field study of ubiquitous sketching for social media, documenting users' experiences with UbiSketch. This system integrates digital pens, paper, and mobile phones to support the transmission of paper sketches to online services. We learned that UbiSketch enabled participants to leverage sketching's unique affordances, that ubiquitous sketching creates a synergy with the practice of posting context-dependent information, and that it broadens and deepens social interaction.
Gender and Career Dynamics within a Segmented Professional Labor Market: The Case of Law Academia

Relatively little research has explored sex inequality in careers across evolving segments of professional labor markets, a line of inquiry warranted given the growth of secondary jobs within and women's inroads into these segmenting professions. I examine whether women advance more slowly than wren within the law academic labor market and, if so, what factors explain these sex differences. Several stories emerge from the analysis. Women move more slowly than men across the secondary-primary job boundary in law academia, but neither choice nor structure, alone, accounts for women's slower rates of movement. Instead, sex differences in mobility rates appear to reflect a mixture of factors, including family and geographic constraints, social capital, employment origins, and the structure of opportunity within the secondary labor market
The effect of high energy radiation on the electrical characteristics of pyrrone polymers

Gamma radiation-induced conductivity and permanent conductivity effects produced by high doses of 2 MeV electrons have been measured in two polyimidazopyrrolone polymers. Radiation-induced conductivity levels are small compared to those found in many common insulating polymers. Permanent increases in dark conductivity produced by accumulated doses of 5×109 rad at temperatures up to 300°C are not sufficient to inhibit ultraviolet-visible photoconductivity. High doses of 2 MeV electrons (5×109 rad) under the same temperature conditions produce no discernible effect on dielectric properties. Both radiation-induced conductivity and permanent dark conductivity increases were much smaller in one polymer (BTDA–DAB), suggesting the possibility of optimizing radiation resistance in this class of polymers by means of chemical structure variation. The radiolytic and thermal stability reported previously for this class of polymers has been generally confirmed, with particular reference to electrical properties.
Origin and history of upper Pleistocene marine terraces, San Diego, California

Geomorphic, structural, paleontologic, and stratigraphic analysis of features of emergent marine terraces have been used to reconstruct part of the late Pleistocene paleoenvironmental, paleogeographic, and tectonic history of the San Diego area. The Nestor terrace abrasion platform was cut 120,000 yr B.P. during a marine stillstand 6 ± 4 m above present sea level. Fossil marine invertebrates on this platform reflect slightly higher than present shallow-water marine temperatures, consistent with the slightly higher level of the sea and smaller volume of glacial ice. The 105,000-yr B.P. stillstand 12 ± 3 m lower than present sea level may be recorded in a single very small unfossiliferous terrace remnant. The Bird Rock terrace abrasion platform was cut 80,000 yr B.P. during a stillstand 14 ± 2 m lower than present sea level. Fossil marine invertebrates on this platform reflect slightly lower than present shallow-water marine temperatures, consistent with the slightly lower level of the sea and larger volume of glacial ice. General, rather uniform tectonic elevation of the entire San Diego coastal area has amounted to 19 to 24 m during the past 80,000 yr for a rate of uplift of 24 to 30 cm per thousand years. Just south of the Rose Canyon fault, the Nestor platform was elevated tectonically by approximately 23 m between 120,000 and 80,000 yr B.P. and another 31 m during the subsequent 80,000 yr to a total of 54 m in 120,000 yr, or 45 cm per thousand years.
Genetic Recombination in Bacteria: A Discovery Account

For the past four decades, bacteria have been favored objects for molecular genetic research. Along with bacteriophages and other plasmids, they have also been instrumental in the contemporary revolution in biotechnology. The importance of bacteria as agents of infectious disease was clearly established by 1876, but this motivated little interest in their fundamental biology until about sixty-five years later. For most of that interval, the genetics of bacteria was a particularly neglected no-man’s-land between the disciplines of genetics and of medical bacteriology. Bacteria could not be adopted as models for genetic research until there was some substantiation of the view that they had a genetic system like other organisms. On the contrary, Julian Huxley had once suggested of bacteria that “the entire organism appears to function both as soma and germ plasm and evolution must be a matter of alteration in the reaction system as a whole” (34). Other influential figures like Hinshelwood (32) and Darlington (15) voiced similar views. (Darlington and Huxley, but not Hinshelwood. quickly embraced a more modem perspective when new evidence emerged.) The question reached closure in 1946 with the demonstration of sexual crossing in the bacterium Escherichia coli strain K-12 (66). A brief reminiscence has been published for the fortieth anniversary of that publication (60). That article was joined with some reflections on whether this was a postmature discovery and whether the same inquiry might have been made at a much earlier historical epoch, perhaps promptly after the rediscovery of Mendelism at the turn of the century (103). The present account concentrates on the scientific milieu and convergent personal histories of Francis J. Ryan (19161963) (76, 80), Edward L. Tatum (1909-1975) (59, 611, and myself, Joshua Lederberg (1925) at Columbia
Integrated Behavioral Health Implications for Individual and Family Counseling Practice

A major change is underway in health care practice. Increasing numbers of patients with psychological factors, soaring costs, and the effectiveness of behavioral health interventions is driving the...
CONSISTENT AGGREGATION OF LINEAR ECONOMIC MODELS

The paper presents a set of conditions for exact aggregation of linear models based on duality. Such conditions admit rather general structures and allow for parametric variation of the coefficient vectors in the objective function and constraints. They do require that the activities to be aggregated be characterized by a proportionality relation. The issue of « natural » versus unrestricted weights is discussed at some lenght and the advantage of using unrestricted operators is clearly pointed out.
Race, Ethnicity, and Judicial Discretion: The Influence of the United States v. Booker Decision

Without question, discretion plays an important role in the criminal-sentencing process. Some of this discretion has resulted in racial and ethnic disparity in sentencing. Under the Sentencing Reform Act (1984), judicial discretion was constrained as a result of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. For the 20 years that followed, for the most part, judges could only consider offense severity and offender criminal history when applying sentences. However, in 2005, the Federal Guidelines were made advisory following the United States v. Booker decision. This study evaluates the effects of this decision on sentence length. Using data from the Monitoring of Federal Criminal Sentences database, I estimate the effects of Booker, as well as race, ethnicity, and other variables on sentencing. Moreover, I use quantile regression models to examine whether the effects of those variables are consistent across the distribution of sentences. Implications are discussed.
Three-dimensional holographic disks

We describe optical disks that store data holographically in three dimensions by using either angle multiplexing or wavelength multiplexing. Data are stored and retrieved in parallel blocks or pages, and each page consists of approximately 106 bits. The storage capacity of such disks is derived as a function of disk thickness, pixel size, page size, and scanning parameters. The optimum storage density is approximately 120 bits/µm^2 .
Automated generation of N-best pronunciations of proper nouns

The problem of proper noun recognition is key to developing pervasive voice interfaces in applications such as directory assistance and data entry for telecommunications. Recognition of such words requires an ability to generate reasonably accurate pronunciation networks. This is a very challenging problem because a large percentage of proper nouns, such as personal names, appear to have no obvious (or simple) letter to mapping rules that can be used to generate the pronunciations. It appears to be an open-ended problem that is constantly evolving as a function of numerous sociological factors. Yet humans do amazingly well at generating and recognizing the pronunciation of a name never encountered before. We present an algorithm based on a Boltzmann machine type of neural network that generates the most likely pronunciations of a proper noun from the text-only spellings of the name. This method does not require voice data containing the spelling or nominal pronunciation.
Stroke in the Diabetic Patient

A higher prevalence of stroke is found in the patient with both diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and glucose intolerance. Because of local cerebral acidosis caused by ischemia and hyperglycemia, morbidity and mortality from a stroke are increased. Most studies show that individuals with admission serum glucose >120 mg/dl (6.7 mM) have a higher morbidity and mortality from a stroke. The prevalence of cerebral infarcts, especially lacunar infarcts, is increased and the prevalence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, and transient ischemie attacks are decreased in the diabetic patient. Age, race, hypertension, and the presence of diabetic nephropathy and coronary and peripheral vascular disease are risk factors for stroke in the diabetic patient, whereas obesity, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and glycemie control are not. Investigation and treatment of the diabetic patient with a stroke is discussed.
Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005). The full cluster is made up of the following articles: “Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00393.x “Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00394.x “The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00395.x “‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00396.x “Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00397.x “The Art of ‘Scene-Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00398.x “A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00399.x “Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00400.x “Early Twentieth-Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00401.x “‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00402.x
The role of interconnects in the performance scalability of multicore architectures

In this paper, we investigate how the interconnects used for instruction and data communication between the cores and the memory system limit multi-core chip performance scalability. We show the extent to which this limitation can be alleviated by: (1) using a simple thread scheduling approach that balances memory access demands across cores, (2) using techniques (such as compression) that improve effective interconnect bandwidth, and (3) a combination of the two. We find that, across a range of SPEC CINT2000 programs, the first approach improves multi-core chip performance by 14.99%-33.31%, the second approach by 22.28%-64.43%, and the third by 33.97%-87.92%.
A Regulatory View on Adaptive/Flexible Clinical Trial Design

Recently there is growing interest in use of adaptive or flexible designs for development of pharmaceutical products. Statistical methodology has been greatly advanced in the literature. However, there are still some important issues with the methodology and application. In addition, there are many other challenges with these designs, including efficiency of these designs in the entire development program, trial conduct and logistics, the infrastructure of an adaptive trial, the regulatory evaluation of trial results and trial conduct, etc. Up till now, regulatory experience in these designs is very limited. We share some of the challenges.
Learning from a Keynote speaker: Lessons from Merton Miller's PACAP addresses

For 10 of its first 11 years, Professor Merton Miller served as the Keynote speaker for the PACAP conference. This article reviews and synthesizes Professor Miller’s remarks. His Keynote Addresses were wide-ranging and covered such topics as index arbitrage, stock market bubbles, portfolio insurance, regulation of financial markets, derivatives, capital controls and others. The connecting theme of Professor Miller’s Addresses was his unyielding belief that capital markets, especially when unfettered by regulation, can and do play a critical role in facilitating economic growth and opportunity. He coupled that theme with a call for PACAP and its members to contribute to that growth and, thereby, to the well-being of the people of the Pacific Basin countries. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
An energy reference bus independent LMP decomposition algorithm

The volatility of the price of electricity in a locational marginal price (LMP) market makes it necessary to introduce financial price risk hedging instruments. The congestion-related and marginal-loss-related revenue surpluses collected by the regional transmission operator (RTO) are proposed to be redistributed to market players. It is important to be able to correctly decompose the LMP into its congestion and marginal-loss components, which are critical for the valuation and settlement of these financial instruments. A new energy reference bus independent LMP decomposition model using an ac optimal power flow (OPF) model is presented to overcome the reference bus dependency disadvantage of the conventional approach. The marginal effect of the generators' output variation with respect to load variation are used as the basis of this decomposition model. The theoretical derivation and a proof are given. The new model achieves a set of reference bus independent results. An example is presented comparing the new model with the conventional model
The Benefits of Using Educational Videos in American Sign Language in Early Childhood Settings

With the growing acceptance of American Sign Language (ASL) as a true language comes increasing possibility for incorporating it into the classroom, especially for visual learners. While children in general may benefit from ASL, early exposure to ASL is particularly important for Deaf and Hard of Hearing children (D/HH). In this article, we summarize research on the impact of an educational media series in ASL on early language and literacy development, provide research-based strategies for utilizing visual language and visual strategies during literacy activities, and offer recommendations for teachers about incorporating research-tested educational media in the classroom.
Federal Support for Family Planning Clinics Associated with Dramatic Gains in Cervical Cancer Screening.

Abstract Background Since the 1990s, policymakers have successfully increased cervical cancer screening through federal and state public policies. However, the most dramatic gains in Pap smear use occurred in the 1960's and 70's, during the establishment of federal support for family planning clinics through the War on Poverty and Title X. This study estimated the effect of this support on cervical cancer screening, and quantified its role in dramatic increases in Pap smear use. Methods Using a natural experiment in the timing and receipt of federal family planning grants, the screening behavior of women who did and did not have access to a federally funded family planning clinic were analyzed. Cross-sectional probability models of annual and lifetime Pap smear use using the 1970 National Fertility Survey were estimated and linked to administrative data on grant timing and receipt between 1964 and 1973. Findings Federal support for family planning clinics was associated with a 7-percentage point increase in annual use ( p p Conclusions Federal support for family planning played an important—and previously unacknowledged—role in promoting cervical cancer screening and investments in future health.
What tuberculosis can teach us about combating multidrug-resistant Gram negative bacilli

There are striking similarities between the dual pandemics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) and multidrug-resistant Gram negative bacilli (MDR GNB) despite fundamental differences in the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these pathogens. In this perspective, we highlight several strategies that have been used by the global TB community to address the MDR TB problem, including approaches to: encourage appropriate use of anti-TB medications, enhance appropriate utilization of molecular diagnostic testing, facilitate development of new antimicrobial agents, and strengthen surveillance systems and infection control practices. Understanding the successes and challenges of these strategies for MDR TB control will be instructive for efforts to curb emergence and spread of MDR GNB.
Structural correspondence between uranyl chloride complexes in solution and their stability constants.

Pair-distribution functions (PDF)s were obtained from high-energy X-ray scattering (HEXS) data on a series of uranyl solutions as a function of chloride ion concentration. Analyses reveal that chlo...
A Knockout of a Transgenic Mouse — Animal Models of Sickle Cell Anemia

Animal models of sickle cell anemia can be used to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, aid in the development of antisickling drugs, and test the feasibility of gene therapy. The basis of these interesting models is transgenic technology, in which foreign genes are introduced into the germ line of a mouse. With this method it is possible to create mice that carry the mutant sickle, or βS, gene and a normal human α-globin gene. In such animals, the human βS and α-globin genes code for sickle hemoglobin (α2βS 2), but . . .
Oxidative Stress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Antioxidant Therapies

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common cause of chronic liver disease, a common finding on liver biopsy in those patients with abnormal blood transaminase levels, and a common cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis in the United States. The prevalence of this disorder is expected to rise with the increase in obesity, and the clinical spectrum can range from simple steatosis (fatty liver) to cirrhosis of the liver. Insulin resistance is thought to be pivotal for the development of steatosis, and oxidative stress may be a potential factor that can promote hepatic necroinflammation and fibrosis. Preliminary studies have examined the role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in animal and human studies of this disorder. Efforts to improve the hepatic antioxidant system could be achieved by optimizing the patient9s diet, by supplementation with precursors for antioxidants, or by supplementation with essential metals and/or antioxidants. Randomized, controlled trials are required to examine these potential approaches using patients with this disorder.
Pynchon's Prophecies of Cyberspace

On the face of things, it would seem paradoxical if not plainly contradictory to claim Thomas Pynchon for the pantheon of cyberspace prophets. For one thing, the most challenging and most rewarding novelist of our period would seem to have a pronounced aversion to anything binary. How can cybernauts and cyberpunks have the nerve to claim Pynchon as a literary ancestor, when the implied author of Gravity's Rainbow so clearly thinks of the digital domain as fodder for fascism and as hospitable only to the forces of dehumanization?
Insights About Striatal Circuit Function and Schizophrenia From a Mouse Model of Dopamine D2 Receptor Upregulation

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by a large number of imaging studies that have identified an increase in dopamine binding at the D2 receptor selectively in the striatum. We review a decade of work using a regionally restricted and temporally regulated transgenic mouse model to investigate the behavioral, molecular, electrophysiological, and anatomical consequences of selective D2 receptor upregulation in the striatum. These studies have identified new and potentially important biomarkers at the circuit and molecular level that can now be explored in patients with schizophrenia. They provide an example of how animal models and their detailed level of neurobiological analysis allow a deepening of our understanding of the relationship between neuronal circuit function and symptoms of schizophrenia, and as a consequence generate new hypotheses that are testable in patients.
Formation of sol-gel based Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films using ppm-level hydrogen sulfide

Abstract This study reports the preparation of copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 or CZTS) thin films using parts-per-million (ppm) level of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas as opposed to high percentage level of H2S (e.g., ≥ 5%) in many other studies. Sol-gel technique was adopted for the preparation of metal oxide films from precursor solutions with different ratios of Cu, Zn, and Sn metal ions. Sulfurization process was carried out in tube furnace using 100 ppm H2S balanced by hydrogen at different temperatures. Generally, it was observed that the sulfur content of the thin films obtained showed strong dependence on the sulfurization temperature. Samples sulfurized at higher temperatures (e.g., ~ 450 and 550 °C) in ppm-level H2S experienced significant sulfur loss as confirmed by EDS, which was accompanied by the formation of metal alloys such as Cu3Sn as identified by XRD. On the other hand, samples sulfurized at lower temperatures of ~ 350 °C and even 125 °C revealed the formation of CZTS phase as confirmed by XRD, Raman micro-spectroscopy, and sheet resistance measurement. Moreover, local EDS analysis indicates that CZTS films prepared at those low temperatures have near-stoichiometric composition and are sometimes accompanied by the formation of Cu2 − xS phase(s). In addition, stoichiometric and Cu-rich precursor solutions tend to yield CZTS samples with better crystallinity and superior optical properties compared with the Cu-deficient solution. These results are discussed from thermodynamics perspective and the directions for future research for safer and more economical processing of CZTS solar cells are pointed out.
Reconfigurable signal processor designs for advanced digital array radar systems

The new challenges originated from Digital Array Radar (DAR) demands a new generation of reconfigurable backend processor in the system. The new FPGA devices can support much higher speed, more bandwidth and processing capabilities for the need of digital Line Replaceable Unit (LRU). This study focuses on using the latest Altera and Xilinx devices in an adaptive beamforming processor. The field reprogrammable RF devices from Analog Devices are used as analog front end transceivers. Different from other existing Software-Defined Radio transceivers on the market, this processor is designed for distributed adaptive beamforming in a networked environment. The following aspects of the novel radar processor will be presented: (1) A new system-on-chip architecture based on Altera’s devices and adaptive processing module, especially for the adaptive beamforming and pulse compression, will be introduced, (2) Successful implementation of generation 2 serial RapidIO data links on FPGA, which supports VITA-49 radio packet format for large distributed DAR processing. (3) Demonstration of the feasibility and capabilities of the processor in a Micro-TCA based, SRIO switching backplane to support multichannel beamforming in real-time. (4) Application of this processor in ongoing radar system development projects, including OU’s dual-polarized digital array radar, the planned new cylindrical array radars, and future airborne radars.
Velopharyngeal Status of Stop Consonants and Vowels Produced by Young Children With and Without Repaired Cleft Palate at 12, 14, and 18 Months of Age: A Preliminary Analysis.

Purpose The objective was to determine velopharyngeal (VP) status of stop consonants and vowels produced by young children with repaired cleft palate (CP) and typically developing (TD) children fro...
Risk factors for delirium after cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study outlining the influence of cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces a significant inflammatory response that may increase the risk for delirium. We hypothesized that exposure to CPB during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery would correlate with an increased risk of delirium. We reviewed clinical data from two databases at our medical centre - the Cardiac Surgery Perioperative Outcomes Database and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database. Patients undergoing elective CABG surgery (on-pump and off-pump) from November 1, 2009 to September 30, 2015 were included in the study. Delirium was defined as any postoperative positive Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit exam during the intensive care unit stay. We performed logistic regression to isolate the association between CPB exposure and delirium adjusted for predetermined risk factors and potential confounders. During the study period, 2,280 patients underwent elective CABG surgery, with 384 patients (16.9%) exposed to CPB. Delirium was diagnosed in 451 patients (19.8%). Exposure to CPB showed a significant independent association with delirium. Patients exposed to CPB for 142 min (90th percentile of CPB duration) vs those exposed for 54 min (10th percentile) had an adjusted relative risk (RR) of delirium of 2.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 3.07; P = 0.002) vs a RR of 1.51 (95% CI, 0.92 to 2.29; P = 0.10), respectively. The use and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass were associated with an increased risk of delirium in patients undergoing CABG surgery. www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT02548975. Registered 4 September 2015.
Chapter 1 – What Is a Vitamin?

The term vitamin emerged during a revolution in thinking about the health impacts of diet, when factors in addition to protein, fats, water, and “ash” were recognized as essential for normal function and development. Originally coined to describe the “vital amine” that was later called thiamin, “vitamin” became the descriptor for all such factors with the common characteristics of being organic compounds distinct from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins that are not synthesized by the host but are natural components of foods and are essential, usually in minute amounts, for normal physiological functions and preventing specific deficiency syndromes. Most vitamins exist as multiple isomers called vitamers; some have metabolic precursors called provitamins.
Rapid Scanning Cavity Ring-down Spectrometer for the Precision Measurement of 13 C/ 12 C for CO 2 in Air

We report a dual-wavelength rapid-scanning spectrometer with ≤ 1%o measurement reproducibility for 13C/12C isotope ratios in air. Initial evaluations of accuracy were performed using gas samples with known δ 13C.
Avian Feeding on Seed of the Exotic Ornamental Lagerstroemia indica (Crapemyrtle)

The ornamental plant Lagerstroemia indica (Crapemyrtle) was introduced to American gardens before 1796, but little is known about its use as a food resource by avian species. Local wintering populations of Spinus tristis (American Goldfinch), Junco hyemalis (Dark-eyed Junco), and Haemorhous mexicanus (House Finch) feed heavily on Crapemyrtle seeds, and I observed 5 additional bird species occasionally extracting seeds from dehiscent capsules in Fairfax County, VA. Planted and naturalized Crapemyrtle may be an important food resource for finches and sparrows in southeastern US.
The Exact Solution of Spatial Logit Response Games

Logit response games with spatial structures are exactly solved. We exactly derive the probability that a player choose a strategy, the correlation function of strategies of distant players, and the expected utility.
Soviets in the Countryside: The MST’s Remaking of Socialist Educational Practices in Brazil

This chapter discusses the educational initiatives of the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement (MST), the largest agrarian social movement in Latin America. Although the MST is famous around the world for its success forcing the Brazilian government to redistribute land, less well known is the movement’s simultaneous fight for access to education in all areas of agrarian reform. Part of this fight is for the movement’s right to develop its own educational pedagogies and curriculum in these public schools. Over the past three decades, members of the movement have drawn on a variety of theorists to develop these educational practices, from Paulo Freire to Soviet pedagogues. This chapter explores two Soviet theorists the movement draws on—Moisey Pistrak and Anton Makarenko—and how these theorists arrived in Brazil and the ways in which members of the movement have adapted these theories to their contemporary context. This argument is based on extensive interviews with MST educational activists as well as visits and participant observation to dozens of schools in MST settlements and camps. In addition to a historical discussion, the chapter also analyzes two schools administered by the MST where the theories of Makarenko and Pistrak are currently flourishing. This chapter argues that the MST’s conscious use of Soviet pedagogies is part of the movement’s overarching goal of creating socialist economic alternatives in the Brazilian countryside through collective organic farming.
Magnetic resonance imaging and CT scanning in neurobehavioral syndromes: Comparative neuroradiologic findings

Six patients with neurobehavioral syndromes were studied by bedside mental status and neurologic examination, CT scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results of both the CT and MRI scans were abnormal in all cases, with five patients proving to have focal, destructive brain lesions, and one a focal, degenerative disorder. In two patients, MRI disclosed clinically unsuspected lesions not detected by CT, and in two others, MRI delineated clinically important extension of lesions detected by CT scanning. These additional lesion localizations were helpful in affording greater insight into the anatomic basis of the specific neurobehavioral manifestations. Overall, the anatomic lesions shown by the scans correlated well with the behavioral manifestations.
GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS OF GALLAGER CODES

This paper presents two algebraic methods for constructing low density parity check (LDPC) codes in Gallager’s original form based on the parallel and cyclic structural properties of the lines in finite analytic geometries. Two large classes of Gallager codes of various lengths, rates, and minimum distances are constructed. Codes of these two classes do not contain cycles of length 4 in their Tanner graphs and they perform well with iterative decoding.
Nonequilibrium uncertainty principle from information geometry

With a statistical measure of distance, we derive a classical uncertainty relation for processes traversing nonequilibrium states both transiently and irreversibly. The geometric uncertainty associated with dynamical histories that we define is an upper bound for the entropy production and flow rates, but it does not necessarily correlate with the shortest distance to equilibrium. For slowly driven systems, we show that our uncertainty lower bounds the rate of energy fluctuations. For a model one-bit memory device, we find that expediting the erasure protocol increases the maximum dissipated heat and geometric uncertainty. A driven version of Onsager's three-state model shows that a set of dissipative, high-uncertainty initial conditions, some of which are near equilibrium, scar the state space.
Theological Libraries and Scholarly Publishing in Religion and Theology

Theological libraries and scholarly publishing in religion and theology operate within multiple overlapping contexts and economic markets: faith communities, theological education, scholars, libraries, and publishing. This paper will complete an analysis of available religious publishing and theological library purchasing trends in order to create a thicker description of the system of scholarly communication. Even allowing for degrees of uncertainty in the data presented, there remains a significant disconnect in the rising collective costs for publishing versus the declining expenditures among theological libraries. The trend appears to be that the average theological library is purchasing a declining portion of the scholarship. The evidence may suggest an increasingly unsustainable market.
Outpatient antibiotic prescribing and demographic factors associated with state-level septicemia mortality rates in US adults

Abstract Background Rates of septicemia/sepsis mortality and hospitalization in the US have risen significantly during the recent years, and antibiotic use may contribute to those rates through various mechanisms. Methods We used multivariable linear regression to relate state-specific rates of outpatient prescribing overall for fluoroquinolones, penicillins, macrolides, and cephalosporins between 2013-2014 to state-specific rates of septicemia mortality (ICD-10 codes A40-41 present as either the underlying or contributing causes of death) in each of the following age groups of adults: (18-49y, 50-64y, 65-74y, 75-84y, 85+y) between 2013-2014, adjusting for median household income, average annual temperature, age-specific percentages of state residents who (i) lived below the poverty level, (ii) were African American, (iii) lacked health insurance (in non-elderly age groups), and random effects associated with the different US Health and Human Services (HHS) regions. Results Rates of penicillin prescribing were positively associated with septicemia mortality rates in the analyses for persons aged 65-74y, 75-84y and over 85y. Rates of cephalosporin prescribing were positively associated with septicemia mortality rates in the analyses for persons aged 18-49y and 65-74y. Rates of fluoroquinolone prescribing were positively associated with septicemia mortality rates in the analyses for persons aged 18-49y. Percent African Americans in a given age group was positively associated with septicemia mortality rates in the analyses for age groups over 65y, and 18-49y. Percent of residents in a given age group living below the poverty level was positively associated with septicemia mortality rates in the analysis for persons aged 65-74y. Conclusions Our results suggest that rates of penicillin prescribing are associated with rates of septicemia mortality in older US adults, while rates of cephalosporin prescribing are associated with rates of septicemia mortality in persons aged 18-49y and 65-74y, and rates of fluoroquinolone prescribing are associated with rates of septicemia mortality in persons aged 18-49y. Further studies are needed to better understand the potential effect of antibiotic replacement in the treatment of different syndromes, such as replacement of fluoroquinolones by other antibiotics, possibly penicillins and cephalosporins following the recent US FDA guidelines on restriction of fluoroquinolone use, on the rates of sepsis mortality.
Amyloid and the Heart

While morbidity and mortality remain high for amyloid cardiomyopathy (AC), increased awareness, earlier diagnosis, and advances in treatment have improved patient outcomes. This review will discuss the pathophysiology, contemporary diagnostic strategies, and novel and investigational therapeutic strategies for light-chain (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR) AC. Diagnostic strategies for AC now include cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy. Proteosome inhibitor therapy is now front-line therapy for AL AC followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. Emerging disease-modifying strategies for ATTR AC include the recently FDA-approved TTR-stabilizer, tafamadis. ATTR gene-silencing therapy and amyloid fibril degradation therapy are two other strategies under investigation. Heart transplantation and durable mechanical circulatory support remain a final potential option; however, contemporary outcomes are improving with better patient selection. Patient outcomes for AC are expected to improve as increased awareness leads to earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment with emerging pharmacotherapy or advanced heart therapies.
20 – Personality Assessment

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the most common approaches to personality assessment such as projective techniques, self-report questionnaires, observer ratings, and laboratory measures and their status in contemporary psychological science and practice. Personality assessment is important in many applied areas and so psychiatrists who need to diagnose psychopathology, counselors who want to suggest meaningful vocational choices, and physicians concerned with behavioral health risk factors may all turn to personality assessment. Much of personality assessment consists of knowing how to systematize the information laypersons have about themselves and each other in order to capitalize on the strengths and reduce the limitations of lay perceptions of personality. The vast majority of personality assessments are made on the basis of either projective tests or self-reports, but observer ratings provide a powerful alternative that is increasingly used in both research and clinical contexts. There are, however, assessment methods that are both objective and observer based. The clinical interview is a kind of observer rating, because the clinician not only asks questions but also observes the reactions of the patient to the interview process. These methods apply the same psychometric principles used in self-report questionnaires to ratings from informants. One simple and effective way to do this is by rephrasing questions in the third person. Ranking methods provide an alternative to observer rating questionnaires. In these methods, all the members of a group rank each other on a series of characteristics.
When Do Voters Sanction Corrupt Politicians

A growing body of research explores the factors that affect when corrupt politicians are held accountable by voters. Most studies, however, focus on one or few factors in isolation, leaving incomplete our understanding of whether they condition each other. To address this, we embedded rich conjoint candidate choice experiments into surveys in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. We test the importance of two contextual factors thought to mitigate voters’ punishment of corrupt politicians: how widespread corruption is and whether it brings side benefits. Like other scholars, we find that corruption decreases candidate support substantially. But, we also find that information that corruption is widespread does not lessen the sanction applied against corruption, whereas information about the side benefits from corruption does, and does so to a similar degree as the mitigating role of permissible attitudes toward bribery. Moreover, those who stand to gain from these side benefits are less likely to sanction corruption.
A Software Defined Radio Interrogator for Passive Harmonic Transponders

Passive wireless sensors provide an opportunity for long term monitoring of remote environments. Such devices are activated with an interrogation signal which enables them to transmit information via a return signal. Some systems utilize the same frequency for interrogation and the return, which causes unwanted interference, particularly in cluttered environments. This work considers an interrogation system for a different class of passive devices, i.e., passive harmonic transponders. Specifically, we present the results of a single-board software defined radio (SDR) interrogation system which transmits an interrogation signal at 1.3 GHz and receives a return at 2.6 GHz. The system is demonstrated with a device known as a passive, chipless frequency doubling reflectenna (FDR). The SDR platform enables a compact, low-cost, and quickly operating design. The mean absolute error of the proposed interrogator was found to be 1.15 dB when compared with laboratory instrumentation. Additionally, this system is capable of interrogating at 70 cm with an EIRP of only 0dBm.
The role of pediatric psychologists in mitigating disability-specific barriers among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: The objective of this article is to provide information about the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic may affect the physical and psychosocial well-being of youth with disabilities, including assessment and intervention considerations for pediatric psychologists and other mental health professionals Methods: This article reviews the emerging literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents and connects it to the unique needs of youth with disabilities and their families Results: The COVID-19 pandemic magnifies the inequalities and barriers faced by youth with disabilities and creates new difficulties in accessing health, education, and other intervention services In particular, this article discusses how the pandemic has affected (a) access to special education;(b) access to health care and personal care;and (c) mental health, including exposures to traumatic events Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to greatly affect the biopsychosocial well-being of youth with disabilities Pediatric psychologists can play an active role in mitigating these effects at both the individual and system levels (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Implications for Impact Statement-This article addresses the unique and increased barriers faced by youth with disabilities and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic (e g , access to education and health care, trauma and mental health concerns) and how pediatric psychologists can help them during these difficult times with effective, culturally responsive, and evidence-based strategies (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Multisite Investigation of Sexist Experiences Encountered by Undergraduate Female Geology Students

We examined the presence of sexist experiences encountered by female undergraduate students across six geology departments. Two departments graduated a high percentage of female students compared to the national average (high sites), two departments had a moderate percentage (medium sites), and two had a low percentage (low sites). Over 50% of all participants reported encountering sexism. Hostile sexism was the most frequently reported type of sexism, subtle stereotype sexism the second most frequently reported, and subtle benevolent sexism the least frequently reported. Low and medium sites had a higher percentage of participants reporting sexism than at high sites. Additionally, most of the hostile experiences were reported at low and medium sites, and nearly 50% of participants at those site types reported sexist experiences, suggesting that there is a more pervasive hostile social climate in low and medium sites. These findings suggest that sexism may be common within the six geology departments and particularly at low and medium sites. We speculate that hostile sexism may serve as a barrier for recruitment and retention of women in low and medium sites.
Graph-Embedded Lane Detection

Lane detection on road segments with complex topologies such as lane merge/split and highway ramps is not yet a solved problem. This paper presents a novel graph-embedded solution. It consists of two key parts, a learning-based low-level lane feature extraction algorithm, and a graph-embedded lane inference algorithm. The former reduces the over-reliance on customized annotated/labeled lane data. We leveraged several open-source semantic segmentation datasets (e.g., Cityscape, Vistas, and Apollo) and designed a dedicated network that can be trained across these heterogeneous datasets to extract lane attributes. The latter algorithm constructs a graph to represent the lane geometry and topology. It does not rely on strong geometric assumptions such as lane lines are a set of parallel polynomials. Instead, it constructs a graph based on detected lane nodes. The lane parameters in the world coordinate are inferred by efficient graph-based searching and calculation. The performance of the proposed method is verified on both open source and our own collected data. On-vehicle experiments were also conducted and the comparison with Mobileye EyeQ2 shows favorable results.
On the freedom side: how five decades of youth activists have remixed American history: by Wesley C. Hogan, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2019, 354 pp., $34.95 (cloth), ISBN 9781469652481

In the summers of 2013 and 2014, protests erupted across the U.S. in response to the deaths of two unarmed young black men: first, the murder of Trayvon Martin and then again with the police killin...
The satellite data revolution: How new satellite instruments can provide better estimates of NOx pollution

Measurements from satellite instruments orbiting Earth can be useful in quantifying the abundance of air pollution in locations with few or no monitors. Even in the United States, a country with 32...
Turnover and retention of Catholic school superintendents in the United States: averting a crisis

Stability of leadership in Catholic education at the (arch)diocesan level is essential for achieving school system wide goals. This study investigated turnover and retention of Catholic school supe...