cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface silanols in silica-bonded hydrocarbonaceous stationary phases : II. Irregular retention behavior and effect of silanol masking

Abstract Dibenzo-crown ethers and certain peptides with unprotected amino groups do not exhibit the regular linear dependence of the logarithmic retention on the composition of binary hydro-organic eluents on silica-bonded C8 and C18 hydrocarbonaceous stationary phases but the plots have minima. Similar results are found when the stationary phase is “naked” silica having no ligates. The results are interpreted in terms of a dual retention mechanism that postulates solute retention as a result of both solvophobic (hydrophobic) and silanophilic interactions between the eluite and stationary phase even in the case of “naked” silica. Masking of the surface silanols by increasing the water concentration of the eluent or by the addition of a suitable amine, which can also be a buffer component, is shown to attenuate silanophilic interactions so that regular retention behavior is observed with both crown ethers and peptides. Beyond its traditional use, this approach may make possible the measurement of chromatographic data without interference by silanophilic effect and, thus, facilitate the development of a retention index system. On the other hand, silanol groups at the surface of bonded phases may be essential to obtain adequate selectivity as illustrated by reversed-phase chromatography of a peptide mixture. The similarity between the retention data obtained with aqueous eluents on “naked” silica gel and on C8 and C18 alkyl-silicas implies that the relative polarity of the mobile and stationary phase is the chief distinguishing mark for classification of various chromatographic systems. Furthermore, it also suggests that the dual retention mechanism may be a rather common phenomenon which needs to be taken into account for interpretation of retention data and designing chromatographic separations.
Layered networks as a tool for software development

Most software systems use simple text files to represent the current state of an evolving design. We propose that layered networks provide a much better medium to represent the design of a software system and its documentation. PIE is an experimental personal information environment which provides users with descriptive structures for documents and programs. In PIE, alternative designs for programs and documents can be examined and manipulated within the systems context structured database. This data base also facilitates cooperative design among several people.
Management of Complex Extremity Injuries: Tourniquets, Compartment Syndrome Detection, Fasciotomy, and Amputation Care

Historically, complex extremity injuries, otherwise known as mangled extremities, have been difficult management problems. This is especially true in multiply-injured patients where many priorities exist and where amputation is considered a failure of limb salvage. Over the past decade, advances in the total management of complex extremity injuries, from the placement of life-saving and limb-saving tourniquets in the prehospital setting to the advancement of prosthetics and rehabilitation months to years later, have resulted in superb functional results regardless of whether limb salvage or amputation is undertaken.
Chapter 33. Physicochemical Parameters in Drug Design

Publisher Summary This chapter describes various aspects of physicochemical parameters in drug design. As pharmacological testing becomes more precisely defined in numerical values, the drug designer faces the challenge of explaining quantitative differences in physical chemical terms. Sorting out roles for the large number of variables can only be accomplished through computerized regression analysis. The slope of the equation indicates the dependence of inhibition on the hydrophobic character of the drug. The intercepts are different, indicating greater sensitivity of the Avena test. It is postulated that there should be an ideal lipophilic character for a set of drugs so that the members having this value would be least restricted in their random walk through biological tissue to the sites of action. Once the drug molecule reaches the site of action, there is a last partitioning step onto a receptor site, which may be highly important in determining BR and highly dependent on log P . The difference in brain concentration of epimeric analogs of meperidine is quantitatively related to their partition coefficients.
Wayfinding in an electronic database: the relative importance of navigational cues vs. mental models

Abstract Difficulties with “wayfinding” are common among users of electronic information systems. A study of strategies (textual, graphic, color) for cuing users to their location in a database showed that the presence or absence of physical cues was less important to successful searching than the user's ability to represent internally the structure of the information. Users with more detailed and complete impressions of the database searched faster. But the variety of different representations of the database suggest it may be very difficult to create generic models as a help to novice users.
Turning a Page and Learning Something Useful

Editor-in-chief Norman Chonacky ponders the year ahead for CiSE magazine and describes how far we've come in the past 12 months. Editorial board member Jack Dongarra also supplies a short tribute to Gene Golub about the recently deceased pioneer's contributions to the CS field.
Joint analysis of growth curve model in depressive symptoms andmortality: application to an elderly study

Abstract The primary aim in this study was to use a joint analysis approach to examine the association between longitudinal change of depressive symptoms and mortality in older Mexican Americans. The joint model was applied to data
Use of Partial Body-Weight Support for Aggressive Return to Running After Lumbar Disk Herniation: A Case Report

This case report demonstrates the application of partial body-weight supported treadmill running in an aggressive rehabilitation program of an ultramarathon runner who had sustained a lumbar disk herniation. Body-weight supported exercise has recognized value during rehabilitation of lower-extremity injuries. In this case we found that the reductions in vertical loading forces achieved through partial body-weight support can also be valuable in the rehabilitation of an injury above the level of support. This motivated runner successfully used weight-supported treadmill training within 1 week of an acute lumbar disk herniation when he was experiencing considerable pain with unsupported walking and lower-extremity weakness. He continued its use until he adequately improved to allow return to his regular overground running program. This case demonstrates how partial body-weight support can allow aggressive running training early after a lumbar disk injury when normal impact forces cannot be tolerated and when leg weakness is a limitation.
Space Power Technology in Power Management and Distribution Electronics

Signie cantadvancementsinthedevelopmentoflightweight,compact,reliable,andcost-effectiveelectricalpower systemcomponentsarerequiredtoenablehigh-powerdesignsoffuturegenerationsofsatellites.ThegoaloftheU.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory is to minimize the cost impact of high-power missions by reducing electrical power system mass to 10% of thesatellite mass, thereby allowing the use ofsmallerlaunch vehicles. By designing payload power converters to operate at higher frequencies and incorporating state-of-the-art packaging techniques, the specie c power of payload power converters will reach greater than 100 W/kg and 3 W/cm 3 , with substantially increased radiation hardness. Operating these converters at higher input voltage (120 V) will signie cantly reduce harnessmassforhigherpowermissions.Thissametechnology hasalsobenee ttedbatterychargingand discharging units, solar array power regulation devices, and switching and fault protection devices. Finally, high-temperature wide band gap devices were found to reduce the overall satellite mass by eliminating heaters for worst-case cold environment and by reducing the size of radiator components for hot environments.
The impact of using different ozone cross sections on ozone profile retrievals from OMI UV measurements

Abstract We compare three datasets of high-resolution O3 cross sections and evaluate the effects of using these cross sections on O3 profile retrievals from OMI UV (270–330 nm) measurements. These O3 cross sections include Brion–Daumont–Malicet (BDM), Bass–Paur (BP) and a new dataset measured by Serdyuchenko et al. (SGWCB), which is made from measurements at more temperatures and in a wider temperature range than BDM and BP, 193–293 K. Relative to the BDM dataset, the SGWCB data have systematic biases of −2 to +4% for 260–340 nm, and the BP data have smaller biases of 1–2% below 315 nm but larger spiky biases of up to ±6% at longer wavelengths. These datasets show distinctly different temperature dependences. Using different cross sections can significantly affect atmospheric retrievals. Using SGWCB data leads to retrieval failure for almost half of the OMI spatial pixels, producing large negative ozone values that cannot be handled by radiative transfer models and using BP data leads to large fitting residuals over 310–330 nm. Relative to the BDM retrievals, total ozone retrieved using original SGWCB data (with linear temperature interpolation/extrapolation) typically shows negative biases of 5–10 DU; retrieved tropospheric ozone column generally shows negative biases of 5–10 DU and 5–20 DU for parameterized and original SGWCB data, respectively. Compared to BDM retrievals, ozone profiles retrieved with BP/SGWCB data on average show large altitude-dependent oscillating differences of up to ±20–40% biases below ~20 km with almost opposite bias patterns. Validation with ozonesonde observations demonstrates that the BDM retrievals agree well with ozonesondes, to typically within 10%, while both BP and SGWCB retrievals consistently show large altitude-dependent biases of up to ±20–70% below 20 km. Therefore, we recommend using the BDM dataset for ozone profile retrievals from UV measurements. Its improved performance is likely due to its better characterization of temperature dependence in the Hartley and Huggins bands.
Projections of individual axons in lamprey spinal cord determined by tracings through serial sections

The brain and spinal cord of one adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, 12 cm in length, were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium, stained in toluidine blue, embedded in Araldite, and sectioned serially at 5 μ. Over 50 large axons were traced through the spinal cord to their probable cells of origin. The axon of one giant interneuron was followed from the posterior spinal cord rostrally into the lateral medulla of the brain. A formerly unrecognized pair of Muller axons was found to originate from the reticular cells I2. An unusual feature of some Muller axons was their migration out of the ventral columns and their subsequent branching.
Simultaneous Measurements of Estrogen Nuclear (E2Rn) and Progestin Cytosol (PRc) Receptors in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland of Rats

AbstractThe present methods used to measure estrogen nuclear (E2Rn) and progestin cytosol (PRc) receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland require that separate assays be performed to determine the concentrations of each receptor. In the present studies we describe a method which simultaneously measures both E2Rn and PRc in hypothalamic and pituitary tissue. Tissue samples were homogenized in tris-EDTA-glycerol-dithiothreitol buffer and centrifuged at 1500 × g for 5 min. The supernatant was purified for the PRc assay while the nuclear pellet was extracted for the E2Rn exchange assay.For the PRc assay, the supernatant was centrifuged at 106,500 × g for 30 min and aliquots from the resultant supernatant then were incubated with 3H-R5020. For the E2Rn exchange assay, the original pellet was purified further by successively resuspending and centrifuging it through several sucrose solutions. Estrogen-receptor complexes were extracted from the chromatin pellet with a 0.4M KC1 solution and aliquots of the...
DOES BREASTFEEDING AFFECT IQ AT 9 AND 10 YEARS OF AGE? † 635

As part of the 1988 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development school-based survey of two metropolitan Washington, D.C. counties to identify children in the 1978 to 1979 birth cohort who had been exposed to the chloride deficient formulas Neo-Mull-Soy and Cho-Free during infancy, information on breast feeding was also obtained. We thus asked the question, does breastfeeding among children who had been provided soy formulas during infancy affect general health and cognitive development 9 and 10 years later. There were 213 children who received no breastfeeding (NBF) and 420 children who were breastfed (BF). The median duration of breastfeeding was 124 days with an interquartile range of 42 to 248 days. There were no differences in birth weight, gender, or race between the BF vs NBF. The mean WISC-R Full Scale IQ score was 121.0±14.6 among the BF and 117.5±14.7 among the NBF (p=0.005). There were several socioeconomic differences between the two groups. BF children had mothers and fathers with higher levels of education and higher incomes. Following adjustment by regression analysis for these factors, the WISC Full Scale IQ scores were no longer different(p=0.326). On questions that ranged from areas of information on acute ear infections to the occurrence of food allergies, no differences were observed between the two groups. These data fail to document an effect of breastfeeding on cognitive development at 9 to 10 years of age after soceioeconomic status is taken into account. In addition no differences were observed in reported health outcomes. Limitations of this analysis include the fact that these data were obtained from a highly select group of children provided soy formulas during infancy.
Adapting the Interpersonal Process Model of Intimacy to Enhance the Co-leader Relationship During Training

Group work literature acknowledges that the group co-leader relationship influences the development of group members and the group as a whole. However, little direction has been offered for supervisors of group co-leaders to facilitate the development of the co-leader relationship. Reis and Shaver's (1988) interpersonal process model of intimacy identifies a sequence of interchanges that contributes to the development of intimacy in significant relationships. This article discusses how the model can be adapted to conceptualize the development of the co-leader relationship and identify potential supervisory interventions.
Redistribution reactions of platinum(II) and palladium(II) phosphine complexes

Abstract Anion redistribution equilibria of the type (R 3 P) 2 MX 2 + (R 3 P) 2 MY 2 ⇆ 2(R 3 P) 2 MXY (X, Y = Cl, Br, I, CN, N 3 ; R 3 P = Me 2 PhP, MePh 2 P, (Bzl) 3 P, (CH 2 CH) 2 PhP, (CH 2 CH)Ph 2 P and 1-phenyl-3,4-dimethylphosphole; M = Pd, Pt) have been studied by 31 P{ 1 H} and in some cases 195 Pt{ 1 H} NMR spectroscopy. It was found that except for the two cases when R 3 P = MePh 2 P, M = Pd, X = Cl, Y = Br and R 3 P = Me 2 PhP, M = Pd, X = Cl, Y = Br, redistribution was in general instantaneous. The (R 3 P) 2 PdCl 2 + (R 3 P) 2 Pd(CN) 2 reactions were slow but proceeded to completion. In contrast, when one of the anions is CN − no anion redistribution was observed for the platinum complexes even after a month. The thermodynamic stabilities of the mixed anion species relative to the symmetric species is anion dependent showing that these are not random processes. The (R 3 P) 2 PdXY complexes possess the trans geometry. The (R 3 P) 2 PtXY complexes are generally cis but in some cases both the cis and trans isomers are present in solution. A mechanism is proposed for these reactions. Phosphine redistribution of the type (R 3 P) 2 MX 2 +(R′ 3 P) 2 MX 2 ⇇ 2(R 3 P)(R′ 3 P) 2 MX 2 is general for palladium. It did not occur for platinum unless one or more of the R and R′ groups on each phosphine was unsaturated (allyl, vinyl or the butadiene moiety of a phosphole). In most of these cases the (R 3 P)(R′ 3 P)MX 2 complexes underwent intramolecular [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions.
Stress-induced alignment of division plane in plant tissues grown in vitro

The architectural nature of cell patterns in plants, which are visible under the light microscope, offers strong intuitive evidence for a structural relationship between mechanical forces acting through the tissue and cell wall orientation at cytokinesis. However, a direct relationship between the two has never been convincingly established. We find that compressive forces at intensities between 500 and 800 mg mm−2 can induce a conspicuous spatial ordering of division activity when applied to sterile plant tissues during continued growth in culture; this results in cambium-like areas of cell wall co-planarity which are clearly distinguishable from the characteristically disorganized growth of unstressed regions of the explant, and implies the presence of an intracellular structural–mechanical sensor capable of directing the installation of the new cell partition. The experiment reported here, in which compressive forces were applied to plant tissue growing in vitro, provides an example of mechanical control of division plane.
A disquisition on sleep‐disordered breathing in children

Summary Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a continuum of breathingabnormalities that affects children and adults. This disorder has beencontinuously evolving, particularly in children, with new insights inits pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments, andoutcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide a currentframework for pediatric anesthesiologists to address the perioperativeneeds of these children to ensure their safe conduct throughanesthesia.‘‘The stupid-lazy child who frequently suffersfrom headaches at school, breathes through hismouth instead of his nose, snores and is restless atnight, and wakes up with a dry mouth in themorning, is well-worthy of the solicitous attentionof the school medical ofﬁcer’’ (1).Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has become a veryfamiliar diagnosis in children over the past 15 yearsas the primary indication for tonsillectomy andadenoidectomy (T&A). Thirty years ago, Guillemi-nault at the Stanford Sleep Disorder Clinic reportedthe ﬁrst cases of OSA in children and since that time,we have come to understand that OSA is the mostextreme form of a continuum of sleep-disorderedbreathing (SDB) in children. This continuum beginswith simple snoring and increases in severity ofairway obstruction and clinical manifestations untilthe most severe form, OSA (Figure 1) (2). Thepurpose of this review is to familiarize readers withSDB in children focusing on the epidemiology,pathophysiology, treatment, and anesthetic implica-tions.
Is balloon ablation as effective as endometrial electroresection in the treatment of menorrhagia

ABSTRACT Background: Hot-fluid balloon therapy is a recently introduced, relatively simple endometrial ablation procedure for menorrhagia. Because it is thought to be safer than other ablation procedures, it would be superior to other types of ablation if it is equally effective. The purpose of the present study was therefore to compare the safety and effectiveness of balloon ablation and transcervical resection of the endometrium (TCRE) for the treatment of menorrhagia. Patients and Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study comparing TCRE and hot-fluid balloon ablation in consecutive patients suffering from menorraghia and not responding to medical treatment. Between 1992 and 1994, all patients had TCRE, whereas from 1995 onward, all patients had balloon therapy. Outcome measures were surgical reintervention, menstrual pattern, and patient satisfaction. Assuming a 9% reintervention rate after TCRE, a series of 150 patients was required to show balloon ablation to be equally effective. Results: Of ...
On the estimation of pulmonary capillary pressure from arterial occlusion.

We have attempted to evaluate some approaches for estimating pulmonary capillary pressure from the transient pressure data obtained from the tip of the Swanz-Ganz catheter after inflation of the balloon. To this end experiments were carried out in anesthetized dogs in which pulmonary vasoconstriction was induced by infusion of histamine, serotonin, or norepinephrine or by hypoxia. In a group of closed chest dogs, the time course for the fall in the catheter tip pressure toward the wedge pressure was different for the different vasconstrictors. For example, during histamine infusion the fall in pressure was slow, whereas during serotinin infusion it was rapid. To evaluate the information in the decay curves, a group of dogs was studied with open thorax to permit the simultaneous occlusion of both the artery and vein of one lung lobe (double occlusion) as well as occlusion of the lobar artery alone (arterial occlusion). The pattern of response to the various vasoconstrictors observed with lobar arterial occ...
Trait anxiety modulates anterior cingulate activation to threat interference.

Background: Individuals vary in the degree to which salient threatening stimuli disrupt or distract from goal-directed cognitive processes. Excessive attention to threat or difficulty resolving the interference created by threat cues could contribute to anxious psychopathology; disruptions in frontal brain regions implicated in attentional control or resolution of emotional interference (e.g. anterior cingulate cortex, ‘‘ACC’’) might play a role. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that trait anxiety would be associated with ACC activity in an attentional control task with varying levels of threat interference. Methods: During functional magnetic resonance imaging, 20 healthy individuals who varied in trait anxiety levels viewed angry, fearful, and neutral faces superimposed on an indoor or outdoor scene. In a high-threat interference condition, subjects identified the gender of the face (Attend Face). In a lowthreat interference condition, they identified the scene type (Attend Scene). Whole-brain analysis was used to compare Attend Face with Attend Scene for angry and fearful (versus neutral) faces. Contrasts were correlated with trait anxiety level. Results: Behavioral data confirmed that Attend Face produced greater threat interference than Attend Scene. Brain imaging results showed that trait anxiety was inversely associated with bilateral rostral ACC activity for Attend Face relative to Attend Scene for angry faces. A similar relationship was not seen for fearful faces. Conclusions: The rostral ACC is implicated in assessing the salience of emotional information and controlling attention to resolve emotional interference. The link between higher trait anxiety and decreased ACC activation for angry faces suggests reduced attentional control for signals of interpersonal threat in healthy anxiety-prone individuals. Depression and Anxiety 28:194–201, 2011. r 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pain and discomfort are the main symptoms affecting the quality of life in periodontal disease.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Quality of life and disability weights associated with periodontal disease Brennan DS, Spencer AJ, Roberts-Thomson KF. J Dent Res 2007;86(8):713-7 Level of Evidence 3 Purpose/Question What are the impacts of periodontal diseases on health-related quality of life? Source of Funding National Health and Medical Research Council Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional descriptive study
The triality quantum number inSU3 andU3 symmetry and its application to weak interactions

— The definition of the triality quantum number in both theSU3 andU3 groups is investigated in connection with the problem of fractionally charged particles. It is shown that in order to describe a triplet of particles having integral values of charge and hypercharge it is necessary and sufficient to use the group U3 rather than the groupSU3. Finally as an application we investigate the possibility that leptons may belong to unitary triplets in weak interactions.
Detection of Periodontal Disease Activity with a Scintillation Camera

The goal of this study was to assess the ability of a scintillation camera method to detect areas of active bone loss due to periodontitis. Technetium 99m methylene diphosphonate was used as the bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical. Bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake (BSRU) was imaged and quantified in alveolar bone regions of interest with a scintillation camera and a computer. Analysis of the sequential radiographs over six months constituted the basis for determination of sites of active disease. The study was composed of two parts. First, 18 subjects, nine with adult periodontitis and nine controls, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study to determine whether the quantitative scintillation camera methodology detected differences in BSRU in periodontitis vs. periodontally healthy patients. Second, the nine patients with periodontitis were studied longitudinally in order to determine whether the BSRU examination was indicative of bone loss subsequently measured radiographically. In the cross-sectional...
Conformation of a rare nucleoside in the anti-codon loop of tRNAs: Potential energy calculations for 2′-O-methyl cytidine

The classical potential energy of 2′-O-methyl cytidine was calculated using contributions from van der Waals', electrostatic, and torsional terms. All five conformational angles, namely χ, Ψ, the methoxy angles m1 and m2 which are unique to O′-methylated nucleosides, and the sugar pucker P were varied simultaneously, and the energy was minimized with respect to these parameters. An extensive search of conformation space was made, particularly with respect to the sugar pucker. At the predicted global minimum, χ and Ψ are anti-gg, P is C(2′)-endo-C(3′)-exo, and the methyl group is staggered with respect to the sugar. This calculated minimum agrees very well with the recently determined crystal structure of 2′-O-methyl cytidine. Thus, 2′-O-methylation still permits the conformational regions of the common nucleosides to be adopted. However, we infer that the predicted C(2′)-endo sugar pucker results from the added methyl group, since cytidine is C(3′)-endo in the crystal, and the common ribopyrimidine nucleosides generally favor C(3′)-endo.
Finite element modeling of lipid bilayer membranes

A numerical simulation framework is presented for the study of biological membranes composed of lipid bilayers based on the finite element method. The classic model for these membranes employs a two-dimensional-fluid-like elastic constitutive law which is sensitive to curvature, and subjects vesicles to physically imposed constraints on surface area and volume. This model is implemented numerically via the use of C^1-conforming triangular Loop subdivision finite elements. The validity of the framework is tested by computing equilibrium shapes from previously-determined axisymmetric shape-phase diagram of lipid bilayer vesicles with homogeneous material properties. Some of the benefits and challenges of finite element modeling of lipid bilayer systems are discussed, and it is indicated how this framework is natural for future investigation of biologically realistic bilayer structures involving nonaxisymmetric geometries, binding and adhesive interactions, heterogeneous mechanical properties, cytoskeletal interactions, and complex loading arrangements. These biologically relevant features have important consequences for the shape mechanics of nonidealized vesicles and cells, and their study requires not simply advances in theory, but also advances in numerical simulation techniques, such as those presented here.
On some one-sided tests in the two-sample problem

In this paper, a modification of projection-type rank tests that were introduced by Behnen and Neuhaus(1989) is discussed. Next some properties of the resulting tests are presented, and a comparison with the projection-type tests is performed.
The amygdalo-brainstem pathway: selective innervation of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and adrenergic cells in the rat.

The present study investigated the organization and distribution of amygdaloid axons within the various brainstem dopaminergic, noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups. This was accomplished via Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin lectin (PHA-L) anterograde tracing technique combined with glucose-oxidase immunocytochemistry to catecholamine markers (i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase). Injections of PHA-L within the medial part of the central amygdaloid nucleus resulted in axonal labeling within most catecholamine containing cell groups within the brainstem. The most heavily innervated catecholaminergic groups were the A9 (lateral) cells of the substantia nigra, the A8 dopaminergic cells of the retrorubral field and the C2 adrenergic cells of nucleus of the solitary tract. Amygdaloid terminals frequently contacted cells within these regions. A moderate amount of amygdaloid terminals were located within the rostral A6 (locus coeruleus) and A2 (nucleus of the solitary tract) groups. Amygdaloid terminal contacts were apparent on the majority of the rostral A6 and A2 neurons. Light or no amygdaloid terminal labeling was observed within the other brainstem catecholaminergic cell groups. Thus, the amygdala mainly innervates the A8 and lateral A9 dopaminergic cells of midbrain, rostral locus coeruleus (A6) noradrenergic neurons and the adrenergic (C2) and noradrenergic (A2) cells within the nucleus of the solitary tract. Selective innervation of these brainstem catecholaminergic systems may be important for integration of amygdaloid-mediated defensive and stress-induced behaviors.
Binding characteristics of avidin and surface immobilized octylbiotin: implications for the development of dynamically modified optical fiber sensors

Abstract Specific sensing ligands can be immobilized onto C 18 derivatized optical fibers by a dynamic modification protocol as part of a general strategy for producing optical fiber sensors. To investigate the influence of the hydrophobic surface and accessibility of the sensing ligand on the binding characteristics of the ligand and target analyte, an optical fiber sensor for fluorescently labeled avidin has been developed. Biotin's hydrophobicity is enhanced through the attachment of a C 8 moiety which allows it to be associated with the C 18 modified optical fiber surface through a hydrophobic interaction. Measurement of both the time dependence and K assoc for the binding of FTTC-Avdin to the surface immobilized biotin show that the hydrophobic immobilization process decreases the binding strength relative to that observed in homogeneous solution. When compared to previous studies in which a lipid-derivatized biotin was associated in an LB film, the association constant is reduced by 2–3 orders-of-magnitude. These results, in combination with the lipid-derivatized biotin/LB film studies suggest that spacers can be used to enhance the accessibility of the biotin moiety thereby leading to improved binding characteristics. This result has important implications for the design and development of dynamically modified, optical fiber sensors.
Extensions of fractal theory

Fractal image compression is achieved by Fractal transformation of images. To complete a Fractal transformation, one has to solve a Fractal equation. In this paper, we will generalize the Fractal theory. We will first present Fractal equations and algorithms for solving Fractal equations. Then we will present several generalizations of Fractal theory.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A first comprehensive census of fungi in soil reveals both hyperdiversity and fine-scale niche partitioning

Fungi play key roles in ecosystems as mutualists, pathogens, and decomposers. Current estimates of global species richness are highly uncertain, and the importance of stochastic vs. deterministic forces in the assembly of fungal communities is unknown. Molecular studies have so far failed to reach saturated, comprehensive estimates of fungal diversity. To obtain a more accurate estimate of global fungal diversity, we used a direct molecular approach to census diversity in a boreal ecosystem with precisely known plant diversity, and we carefully evaluated adequacy of sampling and accuracy of species delineation. We achieved the first exhaustive enumeration of fungi in soil, recording 1002 taxa in this system. We show that the fungus : plant ratio in Picea mariana forest soils from interior Alaska is at least 17:1 and is regionally stable. A global extrapolation of this ratio would suggest 6 million species of fungi, as opposed to leading estimates ranging from 616 000 to 1.5 million. We also find that clos...
Leith-Upatnieks holography in computational sensors

Holographic optical elements are a critically enabling component of modern spectroscopy and spectral imaging systems. While the most common holographic elements are essentially those discovered in 1962 by Leith and Upatnieks, several decades passed prior to the effective integration of holography and sensing. Over 5 decades Emmett Leith was a prime mover in both the birth and the maturation of computational holographic sensors. Recent demonstrations of the unique utility of holographic filtering suggest that continued improvements in materials and recording processes for Leith's original concept will yield tremendous results. This paper describes the multiple order coded aperture (MOCA) spectrometer as an example of the potential for advanced holography in computational sensors.
Renal infarction secondary to nasal insufflation of cocaine

Abstract Cocaine abuse has resulted in complications involving an increasing number of organ systems. This article presents a case report and discussion of renal infarction occurring in association with nasal insuffiation of cocaine powder. Possible etiology and suggested workup of such patients is also discussed.
pH dependence of tailing in reversed-phase chromatography of a cationic dye: measurement of the strong adsorption site surface density.

Abstract A question that has interested Dr. J.J. Kirkland is addressed: what is the nature of the silanols that cause tailing to persist at low pH in reversed-phase chromatography? Chromatograms for a cationic dye, 1,1′-didodecyl-3,3,3′3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), were studied at varying pH using an Agilent SB-C8 column and 80% ACN/water for six DiI concentrations ranging from 0.9 to 316 μM. The chromatograms showed increased retention and tailing from pH 1 to 5, as expected. Simulations of the chromatograms agreed well with experiment for a bi-Langmuir isotherm with weak (C8) and strong (silica) adsorption sites. The simulation parameters revealed that the number of strong adsorption sites decreases by 40% from pH 1 to 5, which indicates that the silanols causing tailing are in the SiOH, not the SiO−, form. This seems paradoxical because tailing increases with increasing pH. The simulation parameters reveal that this increased tailing from pH 1 to 5 owes to doubling of the partition coefficient for DiI to the strong adsorption site, which more than compensates for the decreasing number of sites. We attribute this increased partition coefficient to increased long-range coulombic interactions with the increasingly abundant SiO− groups at higher pH, which boosts DiI’s partition coefficient for both the C8 and SiOH sites. The picture thus emerges that for DiI, higher pH causes increased tailing because the SiO− groups exacerbate tailing that actually originates from adsorption to SiOH groups.
Morphine: ability to block neuronal activity evoked by a nociceptive stimulus.

Abstract The effect of morphine on the neuronal activity evoked by a nociceptive stimulus, a foot pinch, was studied in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and in the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) of the rat. In the MRF and adjacent areas, neuronal firing was accelerated by the nociceptive stimulus. Morphine blocked this acceleration when administered either microintophoretically or i.v. Three lines of evidence indicate that this is a specific narcotic effect. First, naloxone, a specific narcotic antagonist, antagonized the effect of morphine. Secondly, two morphine agonists, oxymorphone and methadone, blocked the evoked neuronal acceleration like morphine when administered either microiontophoretically or i.v.; naloxone also blocked the effects of the two agonists. Finally, two non-opioid CNS depressants did not block the acceleration in neuronal firing even though microintophoretic ejection currents 2–5 times greater than those for morphine were used. In contrast, neuronal firing in the DR was rarely altered by the nociceptive stimulus or by morphine, administered either microiontophoretically or i.v. Furthermore, morphine did not affect the inhibition produced by 5-HT on neurons in the DR. It is concluded from this study that the MRF is a possible site of action for the antinociceptive effects of morphine. It is also concluded that morphine does not affect the spontaneous neuronal firing rate in the DR and that the DR is not a site of action of the antinociceptive effects of morphine when a foot pinch is used as the nociceptive stimulus.
The foundations of the organizational culture literature: An integrative framework

A great deal has been written in recent years regarding aspects of corporate-cultural phenomena. This literature, however, should not be viewed as spontaneously emerging in the late 1970s. While increased international competition and, relatedly, the example of Japanese management appear to have prompted the discovery of culture in Western economic organizations, there is a large body of literature that preceded and has greatly influenced this recent “corporate culture” phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to take stock of this literature, to present a framework for integrating these earlier works, and to discuss its implications.
Studies on inhibition of transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene catalyzed by Fe-only hydrogenase from Clostridium acetobutylicum

The major enzyme in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 leading to transformation of TNT has been reported to be the Fe-only hydrogenase. In this study, we examine the effect of inhibitors of hydrogenase on TNT reduction by Clostridial extracts. These experiments further demonstrate the major role of hydrogenase in TNT transformation. The C. acetobutylicum hydrogenase is closely related to that of C. pasteurianum; and can be fitted to the X-ray crystal structure with a root mean square deviation of 1.18 angstroms for the Calpha atoms of the generated 3D simulation model. The Hyd1, Hyd2, and Hyd3 antibodies generated against hydrogenase reacted with both the hydrogenase in cell extracts and with C. acetobutylicum hydrogenase expressed in Escherichia coli. Inhibition studies using antibodies against Fe-only hydrogenase from C. acetobutylicum indicated that the transformation of TNT by crude cell extracts was completely inhibited by Hyd2 antibody (to amino acid 415-428) whereas antibodies Hyd1 (to residues 1-16) and Hyd3 (to amino acid 424-448) inhibited less effectively. The TNT transforming activity of the cell extract was retained when Hyd2 antibody pretreated with purified but enzymatically inactive recombinant hydrogenase was added to the extract. Addition of the transition metal Cu2+ to extracts completely inhibited the transformation of TNT suggesting the destruction of [4Fe-4S] centers which are essential for transfer of electrons from the H2-activating site to TNT. Growth of C. acetobutylicum was also inhibited by 0.5 mM Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions. The triazine dye, procion red and the nitroimidazole drug, metronidazole inhibit TNT reduction. The inhibition studies using antibodies, procion red, metronidazole, and transition metals suggest that different portions of hydrogenase are required for effective TNT reduction.
Bridging effects in cracked laminates under thermal gradients

Abstract An approach for the coupled thermomechanical analysis of composite structures with bridged cracks is described. A crack bridging law is presented that accounts for breakdown of load as well as of heat transfer across the crack with increasing crack opening. The crack bridging law is implemented into a finite element framework as a cohesive zone model and is used for the investigation of unidirectional laminates under prescribed temperature gradients. The effects of crack bridging parameters on energy release rates, mode mixity and crack heat flux is discussed for boundary conditions which lead to crack opening either through bending deformation or delamination buckling.
Enantiomeric Ratios of Chlordane-Related Compounds in Air near the Great Lakes

Some important environmental contaminants are chiral; therefore, enantiomeric ratios (ER) of these compounds can provide useful insights into their environmental fates. In this study, permethylated α- and γ-cyclodextrin gas chromatographic columns combined with electron capture and negative ionization mass spectrometry were used to measure the ER values of chlordane and related compounds. These techniques provided the selectivity and sensitivity necessary for these low-level environmental determinations. Studies using racemic and enriched standards confirmed that this analytical system gave reproducible and accurate ER measurements. From August 1994 through September 1995, 48 air samples were taken near Lake Erie, five air samples were taken near Lake Michigan, and six air samples were taken near Lake Superior. These samples were analyzed to determine the spatial trends in ER values. While there were slight differences between the various sites, there were considerable differences between the compounds. The overall ER for cis-chlordane was 1.05±0.02, which is close to racemic. The overall ER for trans-chlordane was 0.88±0.02, which is significantly different than racemic and from the measured cis-chlordane value. This discrepancy suggests that trans- and cis-chlordane are metabolized differently in the environment. The overall ER of exo-heptachlor epoxide was 1.99±0.04; this large deviation from racemic indicates that this compound is an enzymatic degradation product of heptachlor.
Depolarization-Field-Induced Instability in Thin Ferroelectric Films-Experiment and Theory

The existence of depolarization fields in thin ferroelectric films is experimentally demonstrated by investigating an unconventional electrode-ferroelectric configuration consisting of a triglycine sulphate (TGS) film sandwiched between a gold and a doped-silicon electrode. Due to nonidentical electrodes, the compensating-charge distribution for opposite polarization directions is asymmetric and consequently depolarization fields cannot be sufficiently reduced by domain formation. These depolarization fields manifest themselves by reducing the intrinsic polarization in thin ferroelectric films with respect to the bulk value and this aspect is experimentally confirmed. For a sufficiently thin film, depolarization fields become too strong and a polarization instability is observed. These effects are simulated by altering the compensation-charge extension in the silicon electrode by photoillumination. Other causes, like impurities, and structural defects, which can lead to reduction of polarization, are ruled out. Theoretical model calculations including the depolarization field are reported. The calculation predicts an intrinsic polarization reduction in thin ferroelectric films and is in good agreement with experiments reported here.
Permeability for flow parallel to primary dendrite arms

The permeability for the flow of interdendritic liquid parallel to primary dendrite arms in columnar structures was calculated using the boundary element method for fully developed flow. The permeability was calculated because when the volume fraction of liquid (gL)exceeds approximately 0.60 –0.65, experiments fail. The calculated results, based on the microstructures of directionally solidified alloys, agreed with analytical results for flow parallel to circular cylinders arranged in square and triangular arrays. It appears that there is a transition in the behavior of the permeability at gL ≈ 0.65.
Virtual data center allocation with dynamic clustering in clouds

Clouds are being widely used for leasing resources to users in the form of on-demand virtual data centers, which comprise sets of virtual machines interconnected by sets of virtual links. Given a user request for a virtual data center with specific resource requirements, a critical problem is to select a set of servers and links in the physical data center of a cloud to satisfy the request in a manner that minimizes the amount of reserved resources. In this paper, we study the main aspects of this Virtual Data Center Allocation (VDCA) problem, and decompose it into three subproblems: virtual data center clustering, virtual machine allocation, and virtual link allocation. We prove the NP-hardness of VDCA and propose an algorithm that solves the problem by dynamically clustering the requested virtual data center and jointly optimizing virtual machine and virtual link allocation. We further compare the performance and scalability of the proposed algorithm with two existing algorithms, called LoCo and SecondNet, through simulations. We demonstrate that our algorithm generates 30%–200% more revenue than LoCo and 55%–300% than SecondNet, while being up to 12 times faster.
Effect of trauma and pelvic fracture on female genitourinary, sexual, and reproductive function

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the impact of a pelvic fracture on a woman's physical, sexual, and reproductive functioning. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Level one trauma center. Patients: Two groups of female multitrauma patients: those with pelvic fractures (subjects) and those with extremity fractures but no pelvic fracture (controls). Main Outcome Measurements: Of the 302 women eligible for participation in this study, 255 (80%; 123 subjects, 118 controls) were interviewed by blinded professional interviewers regarding genitourinary symptoms, sexual function, and reproductive history. Results: Urinary complaints occurred significantly more frequently in subjects than in controls (21 versus 7%, respectively; p = 0.003), in subjects with residual pelvic fracture displacement ≥ 5 mm than in those without displacement (33 versus 14%, respectively; p = 0.018), and in subjects with residual lateral (60%) or vertical (67%) displacement than in those with medially displaced fractures (21.4%) (p = 0.04). Although both groups reported increased rates of cesarean section, this increase was statistically significant only in the subject group: 14.5% preinjury versus 48% pastinjury (p < 0.0001). Adjusting for previous cesarean sections, cesarean section was significantly more frequent in subjects with fractures initially displaced ≥ 5mm (80%) than in those with fractures initially displaced < 5mm (15%) (p = 0.02). There was no difference in the incidence of miscarriage or infertility between the groups. Problems with physiologic arousal or orgasm were rare. Pain during sex (dyspareunia)was more common in subjects with fractures displaced ≥ 5mm than in those with nondisplaced fractures (43 versus 25%, respectively; p = 0.04). Conclusions: We found that pelvic trauma negatively affected the genitourinary and reproductive function of female patients. The increased rate of cesarean section in women after pelvic trauma may be multifactorial in origin and warrants further investigation.