cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of family variables in fruit and vegetable consumption in pre-school children.

Most Americans, including children, continue to eat fewer fruits and vegetables than is recommended, putting themselves at increased risk of various health conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative importance of several family environment variables (food availability and accessibility, modeling of food consumption, parenting style, and family mealtime environment) for predicting children’s consumption of fruits and vegetables in a sample of low income minority preschool children. Two hundred and twenty nine primary caregivers and their preschool children were recruited from Head Start programs in New York and New Jersey. Caregivers consented, completed a battery of paper and pencil questionnaires, and had both their height and weight and their children’s height and weight measured. Higher availability, accessibility, and parental modeling were associated with higher consumptions of fruits and vegetables in children. Availability and accessibility were the best predictors, but parental modeling significantly enhanced prediction over the other variables. Public health interventions should be geared toward helping poorer families increase the availability of fruits and vegetables in their homes, advising parents on how to make them accessible, and encouraging parents to model their consumption.
The effects of categorization and categorical repetition on successive recalls of word lists

The hypothesis that Ss develop a set to organize words by categories which facilitates recall was tested by measuring successive recall under conditions of high and low list-categorization. High categorization led to improvement in recall while low categorization did not, but the improvement under the high categorization condition appeared only when different categories were used in each list. When the same categories appeared on each list, high categorization produced no better performance than low categorization, and this finding was attributed to proactive interference.
Identification of upstream stimulatory factor as an activator of the human dipeptidyl peptidase IV gene in Caco-2 cells.

Abstract The 5′ upstream region (−448/−443) of the human dipeptidyl peptidase IV gene promoter containing a consensus E-box (CACGTG) was shown to bind upstream stimulatory factor using nuclear extracts from mouse (3T3) fibroblasts and the human intestinal and hepatic epithelial cell lines Caco-2 and HepG2. Supershift analysis with specific antibodies to USF-1 and USF-2 indicates that USF-1 is the primary isoform binding to the E-box in nuclear extracts from these cells. Using cell culture, transient cotransfection of USF expression vectors with dipeptidyl peptidase IV promoter constructs revealed that both USF-1 and USF-2 caused an approximately tenfold increase in reporter gene expression in Caco-2 cells. Mutant forms of USF-1 and -2 lacking the DNA binding or transcriptional activation domains were unable to stimulate reporter gene expression. Mutation of the E-box prevented binding of USF, although stimulation of reporter gene expression by cotransfection with USF was reduced by only 50%. By using a series of deletion constructs in cotransfection experiments, a second possible site of USF interaction with the dipeptidyl peptidase IV promoter was localized to the −119/−88 region.
Pseudomonas keratitis: protease IV gene conservation, distribution, and production relative to virulence and other Pseudomonas proteases.

PURPOSE. To determine the distribution of the protease IV gene, the production of this and other proteases by multiple strains of Pseudomonas, and the virulence of a mutant specifically deficient in protease IV. METHODS. The protease IV gene was cloned, its sequence analyzed, and its chromosomal location determined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. Three PCR reactions were used to detect the protease IV gene in 30 Pseudomonas isolates and protease production was determined by Western blot analysis, colorimetric assay, and zymography. An allelic replacement mutant deficient in the protease IV gene was analyzed for enzyme production, corneal growth, and corneal virulence. RESULTS. The protease IV gene was identified in all P. aeruginosa, but none of the non-aeruginosa strains tested. The protease IV genes of strains PA103-29 and PAO1 were in a common chromosomal site and had 98.5% sequence identity with variations occurring mainly in the promoter region. The protease IV activity of the 23 wild-type P. aeruginosa strains tested varied from 2.3 to 221.5 10 3 U/mg protein in the culture supernatant. Protease IV was produced by all P. aeruginosa wild-type strains. A protease IV‐ deficient mutant derived from strain PA103-29 had reduced virulence compared with its parent strain and unexpectedly produced alkaline protease. CONCLUSIONS. The protease IV gene and its product are common to P. aeruginosa, but not to other Pseudomonas species. Protease IV activity varies among P. aeruginosa strains, and a mutant specifically deficient in this activity produced alkaline protease and had reduced corneal virulence. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:522‐530) DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-1050
Pegylated interferon based therapy with second-wave direct-acting antivirals in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C.

Within the last few years, treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection has progressed beyond regimens containing the first-wave direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) boceprevir and telaprevir, which had high pill burdens as well as low efficacy and safety in treatment-experienced patients. Triple therapy regimens with newer second-wave DAAs combined with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), have shown rates of sustained virological response never before achieved with previous regimens in treatment-naive genotype 1 (HCV-1) patients. Additionally, increased response rates have been found with quadruple agent therapy in prior non-responders, partial-responders, and relapsers, including those with cirrhosis. This review will focus on the second-wave DAAs including protease inhibitors (PI), nucleotide inhibitors, and NS5B inhibitors combined with PEG-IFN and RBV for both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV-1) infected patients. The current standard of care for treatment-naive HCV-1 is the second-wave PI, sofosbuvir, plus PEG-IFN/RBV and sofosbuvir plus the second-wave nucleotide inhibitor simeprevir with or without RBV in treatment-experienced HCV-1 patients. These recommendations could change, especially for treatment-experienced patients based on the positive results obtained with the newest quadruple therapy studies.
Gbit/s rate bipolar pulse modulation of semiconductor injection lasers

Abstract Using a bipolar drive current pulse shape and very low threshold (9 mA) lasers, zero-background pseudorandom optical pulses were generated and detected at a rate of up to 4 Gbit/s without a pattern effect. The drive current pulse consists of a forward pulse followed by a reverse pulse, each of 70 ps duration and about 400 mA amplitude. No DC bias was applied, which is a necessary condition for pattern-effect-free modulation.
TH‐C‐BRA‐05: Real‐Time Re‐planning for Online Adaptive Radiotherapy

By seamlessly integrating treatment simulation and planning into the treatmentdelivery process online adaptive radiation therapy(ART) allows real‐time treatment adaptations based on the current patient anatomy and therefore holds significant promise in maximally compensating for interfraction anatomical uncertainties. The clinical realization of online ART is extremely challenging mainly due to the inability for real‐time treatment re‐planning. For real‐time treatment re‐planning three key components need to be done in real time: anatomy segmentation dose calculation and treatment plan (re‐)optimization. We have implemented all three components on GPU and gained real‐time efficiency. Our preliminary results on an NVIDIA Tesla C1060 GPU card for various clinical scenarios are very promising. For a typical 9‐field prostate IMRT case the deformable registration can be done in 7 seconds the dose calculation takes less than 2 seconds and the plan re‐optimization takes less than 3 seconds. Therefore a new plan can be developed in about 12 seconds. These results laid a solid foundation for the development of a clinically functioning online ART re‐planning system. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the basic concept and main challenge of online ART 2. Gain knowledge in the use of GPU for real‐time re‐planning Conflict of Interest: The research presented here is partially supported by NVIDIA.
Relative utilization of fatty acids for synthesis of ketone bodies and complex lipids in the liver of developing rats.

The regulation of hepatic ketogenesis, as related to the metabolism of fatty acids through oxidative and synthetic pathways, was studied in developing rats. [1-14C] palmitate was used as a substrate to determine the proportions of free fatty acids utilized for the production of ketone bodies, CO2 and complex lipids. Similar developmental patterns of hepatic ketogenesis were obtained by measuring the production of either [14C]acetoacetate from exogenous [1-14C] palmitate or the sum of unlabeled acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate from endogenous fatty acids. The production of total ketone bodies was low during the late fetal stage and at birth, but increased rapidly to a maximum value within 24 hr after birth. The maximal ketogenic capacity appeared to be maintained for the first 10 days of life.14CO2 production from [1-14C] palmitate increased by two- to fourfold during the suckling period, from its initial low rate seen at birth. The capacity for synthesis of total complex lipids was low at birth and had increased by day 3 to a maximal value, which was comparable to that of adult fed rats. The high lipogenic capacity lasted throughout the remaining suckling period. When ketogenesis was inhibited by 4-pentenoic acid, the rate of synthesis of complex lipids did not increase despite an increase in unutilized fatty acids. During the mid-suckling period, approximately equal amounts of [1-14C] palmitate were utilized for the synthesis of ketone plus CO2 and for complex lipid synthesis. By contrast, in adult fed rats, the incorporation of fatty acids into complex lipids was four times higher than that of ketone plus CO2. These observations suggest that stimulated hepatic ketogenesis in suckling rats results from the rapid oxidation of fatty acids and consequent increased production of acetyl CoA, but not from impaired capacity for synthsis of complex lipids.
Primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ T-cell lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas most commonly have a CD4 + memory T-cell phenotype with relatively indolent course, but may in rare cases present with a CD8 + cytotoxic phenotype exhibiting strikingly more aggressive clinical behavior. We present two cases of the clinically aggressive subtype of primary cutaneous epidermotropic CD8 + cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and review the current literature, clinical behavior, and recommendations for treatment distinct from that of more common CD4 + variants of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Probing the nano- and micro-scales of reverse osmosis membranes—A comprehensive characterization of physiochemical properties of uncoated and coated membranes by XPS, TEM, ATR-FTIR, and streaming potential measurements

Abstract The performance of polyamide (PA) composite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is essentially determined by a dense skin layer several hundred nanometers thick. Improved understanding of this critical thin layer will likely advance our understanding and control of membrane fouling and trace organics rejection. Unfortunately, the processes and exact chemistries for producing RO membranes are proprietary. In this study, XPS, ATR-FTIR, TEM microscopy, and streaming potential analysis were used to characterize commercial fully aromatic polyamide RO membranes. By using these techniques together in a systematic way, the presence of an aliphatic coating layer rich in –COH groups was confirmed for some commercial RO membranes. While the uncoated RO membranes had surface elemental compositions (measured by XPS) very close to the predicted values for polyamides based on the classical interfacial polymerization chemistry of trimesoyl chloride and 1,3-benzenediamine ( m -phenylene-diamine), the coated membranes showed higher oxygen and lower nitrogen content. The typical layered structures (a polyamide layer on top of a polysulfone layer) and the rough ridge-and-valley features were clearly visible in TEM micrographs. For a coated membrane, a light-colored coating layer (lack of electron density) was visible, especially when a stained humic acid foulant layer was present to increase the contrast between the coating and the background. An intense OH stretching peak in conjunction with new aliphatic C–H stretching peaks were observed in ATR-FTIR spectra for coated membranes, where the aromatic C–H stretching peak normally present for uncoated membranes was overwhelmed. High-resolution XPS scans on carbon 1s peaks confirmed the presence of alcoholic –COH groups in the coating layer, where an additional peak with a binding energy shift of 1.5 eV was identified in addition to the two peaks present for uncoated membranes: 284.6 eV (aliphatic and aromatic carbon atoms) and ∼287.8 eV (carboxylic and amide bond carbon atoms). The measured zeta potential values of the coated membranes were significantly less negative than those of the uncoated ones, suggesting that the coating layer is likely neutral.
Population Dynamics of Channel Catfish in Brownlee Reservoir and the Snake River, Oregon

Abstract To evaluate a perceived decrease in trophy channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Brownlee Reservoir and the Snake River, Oregon, we used gill nets in the reservoir and longlines and slat traps in the river to capture and tag channel catfish larger than 305 mm during 1995-1997. Angler recaptures of tagged fish demonstrated that some channel catfish moved up to 254.3 km upstream and 122.5 km downstream from their initial tagging locations and that 48% of the fish recovered in the reservoir had been tagged in the river and 21% of the fish recovered in the river had been tagged in the reservoir. Recruitment to the river and reservoir stocks between 1984 and 1992 was significantly correlated. Age structure of river and reservoir stocks did not differ significantly. Mean length at age of fish of ages 5-10 was not significantly different in 1996 or 1997, although equations describing growth of the two stocks were significantly different in 1996. Total instantaneous mortality of river and reservoir stoc...
Initiation of protein synthesis: a critical test of the 30S subunit model.

The formation of an initiation complex involving the 30S ribosomal subunit, F-met-tRNAF, and mRNA is an obligatory step in the Initiation of protein synthesis in bacterial extracts.
Genetic consequences of restricted dispersal and incest avoidance in a cooperatively breeding wren

Abstract Can restricted dispersal in a family-structured population produce conditions that favor the evolution of helping behavior by kin selection? To address this question a numerical model of a population of cooperatively breeding stripe-backed wrens (Campylorhynchus nuchalis) was developed. The model incorporated the demography and social dynamics of a natural population under long-term study in Venezuela. Replicated simulations followed uniquely labelled copies of alleles for 100 annual cycles, in order to estimate coefficients of kinship between mates and between helpers and the young they raised in relation to overall levels of inbreeding in the population. The consequences of restricted dispersal and incest avoidance were investigated, under different rates of migration. The results indicated that close incest occurred too infrequently to influence genetic structure significantly. Restricted dispersal, on the other hand, even in combination with relatively high rates of immigration (10–20%), like those observed in the natural population, tended to produce genetically viscous populations. Relatedness between mates was significantly greater than 0, and relatedness among members of different groups decreased with distance. The relatedness between mates tended to increase both the relatedness of individuals to their own progeny and the relatedness of helpers to the young they raised. The latter effect predominated, so the genetic consequences of restricted dispersal, in relation to the overall level of inbreeding, tended to favor the evolution of helping by kin selection. Mutually reinforcing consequences of short-range dispersal, on the one hand, and delayed dispersal, on the other, could thus result in accelerating evolution of cooperative breeding.
“when in doubt, tell the truth”: 1 pragmatism and the sociology of deviance

The recent debates over the viability and utility of the sociology of deviance do an effective job of addressing past criticisms and highlighting the current problems with the field. There are, however, few solutions put forth. Revisiting the pragmatist roots in social theory is proposed to address both the ideological criticisms of the field as well as the seeming stagnation in theory and research. The utility of pragmatism in studying deviance is discussed and specific applications of pragmatism to the sociology of deviance are suggested.
On the relation between particle velocity and shock wave speed for thermoelastic materials

Results of shock-wave experiments in solids often suggest a nearly-linear relation between the particle velocity behind the shock and the shock wave speed. The present note reconsiders the question of whether thermoelastic material models may be consistent with such observations. Emphasis is placed on the role played by the response of the material in severe compression, as distinguished from its response for small or moderate deformations. The details are illustrated for materials of Mie-Gruneisen type.
Magnetoresistance of bismuth nanowire arrays: A possible transition from one-dimensional to three-dimensional localization

This paper reports a series of magnetoresistance measurements made on arrays of bismuth nanowires with diameters ranging from 28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 to 70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 nm. The data were taken between 1.4 and 10 K in magnetic fields from 0 to 5 T. The magnetoresistance curves below 4.2 K show a steplike increase in magnetoresistance relative to the curves at 4.2 K, occurring at the field at which the magnetic length ${L}_{H}$ equals the wire diameter d. At low B fields where ${L}_{H}gd,$ the electron wave function is confined by the wire diameter, while at high magnetic fields for which ${L}_{H}ld,$ the carriers are in a bulklike environment. These results suggest that the steplike magnetoresistance is due to a transition between one-dimensional (1D) localization and 3D localization.
Kinetics of x-ray lasing by resonant photoexcitation: Fundamentals of pumping power and gain for the Na x-Ne ix system

Two of the most fundamental aspects of the sodium-neon resonantly photopumped x-ray laser system are examined: the functional dependencies of the sodium-plasma pumping-line power output and the atomic-level kinetics in the neon which determine gain. For sodium, the growth of pumping power with size, temperature, and density of the plasma is quantified with numerical and analytic calculations. In the neon an analytic model of the gain kinetics is developed which allows quantitative assessments of the effects of each important rate and process on the gain. Both analytic models should be applicable to similar resonantly pumped systems by using the appropriate rates for those systems. In addition, a novel way of depleting the lower lasing state in an optically thick laser medium is presented.
Effects of mineral surfaces on pyrene partitioning to well-characterized humic substances.

Mineral surfaces can alter the ability of humic substances (HS) to bind hydrophobic organic contaminants. In this study, complete adsorption (i.e., to avoid HS adsorptive fractionation effects) of a small subset of well-characterized terrestrial and aquatic HS on kaolinite and hematite significantly changed their subsequent organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K ads oc ) for pyrene relative to their original respective dissolved organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K dis oc ). Parallel experiments with ultrafiltration (UF) fractions obtained from purified Aldrich humic add (PAHA) (Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, WI) gave similar results. The heterogeneity among the PAHA UF fractions was examined via their mineral surface adsorption characteristics and their subsequent ability to bind pyrene. As expected, variations in maximum adsorption densities (q max ), Langmuir adsorption constants (K q ), and pyrene K ads oc values were observed among the PAHA UF fractions. However, general trends of q max , K q , and pyrene log K ads oc values for the PAHA UF fractions versus the logarithm of their weight-average molecular weights (MW w ) did not typically match the corresponding trends obtained with the four aquatic and terrestrial HS. In general, an ideal mixture competitive adsorption model gave reasonable predictions for PAHA sorption to kaolinite and hematite based on their corresponding UF isotherm parameters. Ideal mixture predictions of pyrene partitioning to adsorbed PAHA from the corresponding UF fraction results were better for kaolinite versus hematite, indicating that the underlying mineral surface can alter the effects of HS heterogeneity on hydrophobic organic contaminant sorption.
Efficacy of manual dissection of lymph nodes in colon cancer resections

The adequacy of lymph node dissection of colonic resection specimens influences the clinical and pathologic staging, leading to important postsurgical treatment decisions. Although manual lymph node dissection is the current standard at most institutions, recent statistical studies indicate that all lymph nodes, including those measuring 1-2 mm, should be recovered to be assured of lymph node negative status. Thus, we tested the efficacy of gross dissection by submitting the entire residual mesenteric fat. We analyzed 15 randomly chosen colonic resections (2 pT1, 1 pT2, 11 pT3, 1 pT4). After standard gross dissection of lymph nodes and submission of colonic material for diagnosis, the entire remaining mesenteric material was dehydrated over several days by serial washing in alcohol and acetone. All of the mesenteric tissue was submitted for histology. The average number of nodes found by original gross inspection was 20.8, while the average number of additional nodes found after clearing was 68.6. In all, 83% of the additional nodes were 2.0 mm or less in size. There were seven pN0 cases; one was upstaged by additional findings that may have been artifactual. There were four pN1 cases; three were upstaged to pN2 after submission of the mesenteric material. All four pN2 tumors had additional metastases identified. In all, 75% of all positive nodes were under 2.0 mm in size. In this limited sample, standard gross dissection proved sufficient for most pN0 tumors to remain node negative. However, our findings within the pN1 group show that examination of all of the mesenteric material may be necessary to be assured of correct pN status.
A house divided: San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia and the politics of Pope John XXII

In 1327, Pope John XXII issued a bull granting the Hermits of St Augustine shared possession of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia, a church that had been controlled solely by the Canons Regular for over 100 years. The ostensible purpose of the bull was to ‘reunite’ the Hermits with their putative founder, St Augustine, whose relics had been brought to the church by the Lombard king Liutprand. This article traces the process by which the Hermits' long and mutually rewarding relationship with the papacy shaped the order's distinctive theological focus on papal supremacy, that, in part, explains John XXII's apparent generosity regarding San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro. I propose that this unprecedented bull was part of a carefully crafted policy of political action and retribution by the Pope in his battle with the Visconti and the Empire for temporal control of northern Italy. The role of the city of Pavia as the epicentre in the struggle between the papacy and the Empire is elucidated as is the overtly political ...
Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions of International Faculty: A Case Study.

Teacher education programs emphasize a need for intercultural understandings that facilitate K-12 classroom practice. This study explores pre-service teachers’ attitudes and perspectives about inte...
Branch-and-Terminate: a combinatorial optimization algorithm for protein design

Background: Several deterministic and stochastic combinatorial optimization algorithms have been applied to computational protein design and homology modeling. As structural targets increase in size, however, it has become necessary to find more powerful methods to address the increased combinatorial complexity. Results: We present a new deterministic combinatorial search algorithm called ‘Branch-and-Terminate’ (B&T), which is derived from the Branch-and-Bound search method. The B&T approach is based on the construction of an efficient but very restrictive bounding expression, which is used for the search of a combinatorial tree representing the protein system. The bounding expression is used both to determine the optimal organization of the tree and to perform a highly effective pruning procedure named ‘termination’. For some calculations, the B&T method rivals the current deterministic standard, dead-end elimination (DEE), sometimes finding the solution up to 21 times faster. A more significant feature of the B&T algorithm is that it can provide an efficient way to complete the optimization of problems that have been partially reduced by a DEE algorithm. Conclusions: The B&T algorithm is an effective optimization algorithm when used alone. Moreover, it can increase the problem size limit of amino acid sidechain placement calculations, such as protein design, by completing DEE optimizations that reach a point at which the DEE criteria become inefficient. Together the two algorithms make it possible to find solutions to problems that are intractable by either algorithm alone.
Engineering Education Proposal Writing and Project Management Workshop

Participants will be engaged in proven strategies and techniques for writing proposals to and managing projects for the National Science Foundation (NSF) Divisions of Undergraduate Education (DUE) and Engineering Education and Centers (EEC). Through hands-on activities, participants will learn how to a) analyze a program announcement/solicitation, b) align their project ideas with program goals, c) identify relevant prior work, and d) craft responsive engineering education proposals. Participants will also look forward to receipt of an award and learn how to effectively manage an on-going project with due attention to budgeting, evaluation, sustain ability, and reporting requirements. Workshop participants will receive a new handbook, fusing attention to research, engineering education, and project management into a seamless whole. The handbook and workshop build upon guidance developed by NSF program officers and grantees. This workshop is being offered as a project of the Center for the Advancement of Scholarship on Engineering Education (CASEE) of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) consistent with its emphasis on enhancing excellence in engineering education including education research
Enhancement of dynamic range of evanescent wave fiber‐optic oxygen sensor

A fiber-optic oxygen sensor with enhanced dynamic range is reported. The quenchable fluorophore is coated on the probe surface in such a way that the more than 95% molecules should be exposed to the analyte.
DYNAMIC SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF POLYACRYLAMIDE BASED THREE COMPONENT HYDROGELS

Three component polymeric thydrogels with greater water sorption properties were prepared of polyacrylamide, poly-vinylpyrrolidone, and gelatin by crosslinked polymerization method. The water uptake by hydrogel was greatly dependent on the composition of the hydrogel and external stimuli such as the presence of electrolytes and temperature of the system. The dynamics of the sorption process was investigated and found to be Fickian controlled. The hydrogels prepared were found to exhibit high antithrombogenic property than that possessed by the glass surface.
Transitional, hypervelocity aerodynamic simulation and scaling in light of recent flight data

Simulation and scaling procedures applicable to maneuvering vehicles for the transitional hypervelocity flow regime are discussed with reference to certain discrepancies between lifting reentry flight data and predicted results. Low-density hypervelocity wind-tunnel data are compared with CFD and in-flight measurements. A general correlation parameter for transitional flow is produced by incorporation of a new geometric term into a form of Reynolds number. It is shown that normalized drag coefficients of a variety of shapes, including spheres, blunt-nosed cones, lifting bodies, and an STS orbiter are correlated by the parameter. A provisional bridging formula for the coefficients is presented.
Addressing common crosscutting problems with Arcum

Crosscutting is an inherent part of software development and can typically be managed through modularization: A module's stable properties are defined in an interface while its likely-to-change properties are encapsulated within the module [19]. The crosscutting of the stable properties, such as class and method names, can be mitigated with automated refactoring tools that allow, for example, the interface's elements to be renamed [9, 18]. However, often the crosscutting from design idioms (such as design patterns and coding styles) are so specific to the program's domain that their crosscutting would not likely have been anticipated by the developers of an automated refactoring system.The Arcum plug-in for Eclipse enables programmers to describe the implementation of a crosscutting design idiom as a set of syntactic patterns and semantic constraints. Arcum can process declarations of related implementations and infer the refactoring steps necessary to transform a program from using one implementation to its alternatives. As a result, automating refactoring for domain-specific crosscutting design idioms can be easy and practical. This paper presents a case study of how Arcum was used to mitigate four classic software engineering problems that are exacerbated by crosscutting: library migration, debugging, programmer-defined semantic checking, and architectural enforcement.
State of the antioxidant enzyme complex in tissues of the Black Sea mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis under natural oxidative stress

The state of the antioxidant (AO) system (AOS) and the content of products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in hepatopancreas, gill, and foot of the Black Sea mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. were studied in norm and under conditions of natural oxidative stress (spawning). It has been established that under conditions of spawning, the AO-protection of hepatopancreas cells is predominantly oriented to inactivation of high concentrations of peroxide compounds with participation of glutathione peroxidase and catalase. In the foot tissue, on the contrary, the main role in AO-processes is played by enzymatic inhibition of superoxide anion radical with aid of superoxide dismutase. The highest level of oxidative stress in the spawning state is revealed in the mollusc gill, which is indicated by the maximal increase of the content of TBA (thiobarbituric acid)-active products.
High-aspect-ratio submicron microstructures in LiNbO3: fabrication and potential applications to photonic devices

Fabrication of high aspect ratio submicron to nanometer range micro structures in LiNbO3 using a state of the art Schlumberger AMS 3000 focused ion beam system is presented. The submicron structures with about 350 nm width and 1600 nm depth are fabricated by employing XeF2 gas assisted Gallium ion beam etching with 50 pA of ion beam current. A variety of opto-electronic devices such as micro sensors, directional couplers, extremely compact electro- optic modulators and wavelength filters could be built based on this type of high aspect ratio submicron structures in LiNbO3, which may lead to the next generation of integrated opto-electronic devices that have higher levels of device integration and enhanced functionality.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from framingham to the veterans affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial

The Framingham Heart Study found that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was the most potent lipid predictor of coronary artery disease risk in men and women >49 years of age. The Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS), in which subjects were randomized to treatment with lovastatin or placebo, also reported a striking benefit of treatment, particularly in patients with HDL-C < or =35 mg/dL at baseline. Treatment with lovastatin was associated with a remarkable 45% reduction in events for this group. The Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) randomized subjects to gemfibrozil or placebo. A high proportion of enrolled subjects with low HDL-C also had characteristics of the dysmetabolic syndrome. HDL-C likewise increased by 6% on treatment, total cholesterol was reduced by 4% and triglycerides by 31%. There was no change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. These changes in lipid were associated with a cumulative 22% reduction in the trial primary endpoint of all-cause mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). Additionally, significant reductions in secondary endpoints including death from coronary artery disease, nonfatal MI, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and carotid endarterectomy were associated with the increase in HDL-C. In VA-HIT, for every 1% increase in HDL-C, there was a 3% reduction in death or MI, a therapeutic benefit that eclipses the benefit associated with LDL-C reduction.
The aetiology of retrograde amnesia.

Abstract To date, hypotheses of the aetiology of retrograde amnesia have focused on anatomical effects of traumatic lesions and on the presumed existence of short-term memory. The invariable association of retrograde amnesia with post-traumatic amnesia has been ignored as a clue to the origin of retrograde amnesia. It is suggested here that post-traumatic amnesia, by depriving preceding memories of a large proportion of their associated memories, leads to retrograde amnesia. The hypothesis accounts for the occurrence of retrograde amnesia in so many different situations and allows for the existence of very long retrograde amnesia.
Transparency and Accountability an Integral Part of the Marketing Plan of the New European Central Bank

ABSTRACT Few international public sector institutions have begun operations with more publicity and more controversy than the European Central Bank (ECB). Established on June 1, 1998, the ECB would, within seven months, assume key responsibilities for determining monetary policy within 11 industrial nations of western Europe (a so-called “Euroland”). Moreover, the new ECB would, simultaneously, have to manage introduction of a new currency (“euro”) of that group of nations. This paper demonstrates that ECB management carefully designed and implemented a marketing plan that included unprecedented transparency. ECB expects that the price-stability results will be judged accordingly by the 11 members of Euroland and other major international participants.
Failure probabilities and tough-brittle crossover of heterogeneous materials with continuous disorder

The failure probabilities or the strength distributions of heterogeneous 1D systems with continuous local strength distribution and local load sharing have been studied using a simple, exact, recursive method. The fracture behavior depends on the local bond-strength distribution, the system size, and the applied stress, and crossovers occur as system size or stress changes. In the brittle region, systems with continuous disorders have a failure probability of the modified-Gumbel form, similar to that for systems with percolation disorder. The modified-Gumbel form is of special significance in weak-stress situations. This new recursive method has also been generalized to calculate exactly the failure probabilities under various boundary conditions, thereby illustrating the important effect of surfaces in the fracture process.
Polarization-resolved imaging of an ensemble of waveguide modes

We demonstrate polarization-sensitive measurement of the modal content of waveguides by generalizing the classic rotating wave-plate-based polarimeter to wide-field optical low-coherence interferometry. The spatial phases of the modes are retrieved with principal component analysis. By applying this polarization-sensitive cross-correlation (C2) imaging technique to the characterization of a few-mode fiber, we reveal that different modes experience distinct bend-induced birefringence in optical fibers. This polarization-resolved C2 imaging is well suited for analyzing the impact of polarization on wave propagation in high-power fiber lasers as well as in mode-division-multiplexed communications systems.
Magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla: time to begin, again

1990s, several companies began to offer open MRI systems at higher (0.5-0.7 T) field strengths, causing the average field strength of the overall market to again drift higher. In the past few years, a second generation of 3-T MRI systems has been developed that offers reduced cost compared with the first generation and incorporates a series of new technologies, which make for the more flexible use of high-field MRI. With these innovations, much stronger market penetration is anticipated for 3-T MRI systems, and significantly enhanced clinical applications are already being developed. So what is the attraction of high
Effect of Environmental Salinity on Sensory Characteristics of Penaeid Shrimp

White shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, acclimated to 10, 30 and 50 parts per thousand (ppt) salinities were evaluated for flavor by a trained sensory panel. The shrimp were also analyzed for tissue moisture, chloride, free amino acid concentration and free amino acid profile. Results of triangle tests showed a significant flavor difference between shrimp held at 10 and 50 ppt and 30 and 50 ppt but not between 10 and 30 ppt. On a wet weight basis, the free amino acid concentration was 81% higher in shrimp held at 50 ppt than at 10 ppt and 63% higher in shrimp held at 50 as compared to 30 ppt. However, between shrimp held at 30 as compared to 10 ppt the difference was only 11%. The difference in flavor intensity of shrimp held at different salinities appeared to be a direct reflection of the concentration of tissue free amino acids which serve as osmoregulators in shrimp tissue.
Effects of Methylphenidate on Stimulus Evaluation and Response Processes: Evidence from Performance and Event-Related Potentials

This study investigated the effects of methylphenidate in a memory scanning task with two levels of high cognitive load (memory set sizes 2 and 4 presented in displays of size 4) and two response requirements (simple mapping or rotation). Twenty young adults were tested under placebo and methylphenidate (0.3 mg/Kg) in a double-blind protocol. As expected, memory load increased misses, false alarms, confusions, and failures to respond by the deadline. In turn, the rotation requirement increased confusions and nonresponses. Reaction time (RT) was slowed by both factors. P3b latency also was increased by memory load and, to some extent, by the rotation requirement. These results are consistent with the proposition that P3b latency reflects largely evaluation, rather than response processes. Misses and reaction time were decreased in response to targets presented in the center vs. the periphery of the display. Confusions, however, showed the opposite trend. The display position did not affect P3b latency. These results can be explained by assuming that the subject was focusing on the center of the display and that accuracy diminished when stimuli were presented toward the periphery of the display. The stimulant challenge speeded up reaction times overall and specifically reduced the slowing effect of rotation. However, P3b latency was not affected by methylphenidate, so that the speeding of reaction time by the stimulant can be attributed to post-evaluation processes.
The transforming growth factor β1–inducible transcription factor, TIEG1, mediates apoptosis through oxidative stress

Transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1))-inducible transcription factors have recently elicited interest because of their critical role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We have previously reported that the TGF-beta(1)-inducible transcription factor, TIEG1, induces apoptosis in a pancreas-derived cell line. However, the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of this transcription factor remain to be defined. In this study, using the TGF-beta(1)-sensitive Hep 3B cell line, we have defined the mechanistic sequence of events that characterize TIEG1-mediated apoptosis and compared these events with the changes observed during TGF-beta(1)-induced apoptosis. Both TGF-beta(1)- and TIEG1-induced cell death were accompanied by an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species and a loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential preceding the morphological changes of apoptosis. In contrast, increases in caspase 3-like activity and glutathione (GSH) depletion occurred later in the apoptotic process, concurrent with the morphological features of apoptosis. The antioxidant, trolox, decreased the formation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. These results demonstrate that similar to TGF-beta(1), TIEG1 induces apoptosis by a mechanism involving the formation of reactive oxygen species.
Abnormal streak gonads in 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis

Objective To describe the surgical findings in two adolescents with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis. Design Report of two cases. Setting University teaching hospital. Patient(s) Two adolescents with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis who underwent laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy. Intervention(s) Laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Removal of dysgenetic gonads. Result(s) One benign fibrothecoma and one gonadoblastoma were identified upon pathologic evaluation of the streak gonads. Conclusion(s) Individuals with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis are at risk for malignant transformation of the dysgenetic gonads. Because the risk of malignancy is approximately 30%, prompt gonadectomy should be performed after diagnosis of 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis.
Coping with a child who stutters: A phenomenological analysis

Abstract Qualitative methods were used in the form of a phenomenological analysis to explore how families cope with having a child who stutters. Twelve participants, 2 men and 10 women, who have children who stutter participated in this study. The participants were asked to consider their experiences with being the parent of a child who stutters. Analysis of these data resulted in 3 primary categories. The results indicate that parents experience and cope with stresses associated with being the parent of a child who stutters. The participants described feelings of uncertainty and concern as well as the desire to do what is best for their children. Results highlight the importance of providing information and avenues of support that will help parents more effectively cope with having a child who stutters. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (a) describe, from the perspective of a parent of a child who stutters, the themes associated with the process of coping with a child who stutters, (b) describe types of coping resources, (c) describe the factors that influence the choice to use emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies, and (d) describe four specific areas to consider when providing resources for families of children who stutter.
Software development for the PBX-M plasma control system

This paper describes the software development effort for the PBX-M plasma control system. The algorithms being developed for the system will serve to test advanced control concepts for TPX and ITER. This will include real-time algorithms for shaping control, vertical position control, current and density profile control and MHD avoidance. The control system consists of an interactive Host Processor (SPARC-10) interfaced through VME with four real-time Computer Processors (i860) which run at a maximum computational speed of 320 MFLOPs. Plasma shaping programs are being tested to duplicate the present PBX-M analog control system. Advanced algorithms for vertical control and x-point control will then be developed. Interactive graphical user interface programs running on the Host Processor will allow operators to control and monitor shot parameters. A waveform edit program will be used to download pre-programmed waveforms into the Compute Processor memory. Post-shot display programs will be used to interactively display data after the shot. Automatic pre-shot arming and data acquisition programs will run on the Host Processor. Event system programs will process interrupts and activate programs on the Host and Compute Processors. These programs are being written in C and Fortran and use system service routines to communicate with the Compute Processors and its memory. IDL and IDL widgets are being used to build the graphical user interfaces.
Distributed problem solving in sensor networks

The difficulties in developing large-scale, distributed sensor networks are discussed and our recent experience in developing and analyzing distributed problem solving methods for applications in sensor networks is overviewed.
Active Multimedia Communication Systems

To maintain continuous, adaptive multimedia communication with guaranteed minimum quality of service in a combined wired and wireless environment poses a major challenge. We describe an active network architecture for multimedia communications. We introduce the novel concept of QoS-Message, which is specified by a flexible, high-level Petri net called the G-Net. Extensive research has been done at the University of Pittsburgh and elsewhere to study the property of G-Net and its application in the design of complex, reliable real-time systems. We adopt the G-Net for QoS-message specification. An active net- work architecture is describe so that based upon the feedback from the network, the optimizing transforma- tion of G-Nets enables the continuous adaptation of QoS-messages when the network environment changes dynamically. The approach guarantees continuous communication over a combined wired and wireless en- vironment. A prototype active multimedia communication system is being developed at the University of Pittsburgh. This research provides a basis for QoS-message specification, dynamic QoS-message construc- tion, a channel model and an active network architecture for adaptive multimedia communication.