cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in the CNS of adult shiverer (Shi/Shi) mice

Brain fractions of adult control (+ / +) and shiverer (Shi/Shi) mice were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. Immunostaining with specific antisera against rat brain myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was detected at about the 96-kD region of gels in electrophoresed samples of the total homogenate, low-speed supernatant fraction, and low- and high-speed sedimentable portions of brain from +/+ mice. Reduced immunostaining was observed in the corresponding samples of brain fractions from Shi/Shi mice. The cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla of +/+ and Shi/Shi mice were examined immunocytochemically for MAG on paraffin-embedded sections. Periaxonal immunostaining for MAG was observed in all the regions and the highest concentrations were in the corpus callosum, in the central cores of cerebellar folia, and in the medulla. Patterns of distribution were similar in +/+ and Shi/Shi mice, although the density of immunostaining around individual axons and the number of immunostained axons were significantly reduced in Shi/Shi mice. In addition, the three brain regions of Shi/Shi mice exhibited oligodendrocyte-like cells that contained immunostaining for MAG in the cytoplasm and periphery of their perikarya. This type of immunostained cell was not observed in +/+ mice. In this study, immunoblotting with brain fractions and immunocytochemistry revealed strong evidence for reduced concentrations of MAG in the CNS of Shi/Shi mice compared to control mice. In addition, there is immunocytochemical evidence for abnormal accumulation of MAG in perikarya of oligodendroglial-like cells, suggesting the possibility of a transport block for myelin proteins in the shiverer mutant.
CD147 / EMMPRIN mediated cell survival signaling

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 4388 CD147 is a widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that is upregulated on cancer cells. Over-expression of CD147, a member of the immunoglobulin super-family, promotes invasion, metastasis, and growth and survival of malignant cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of CD147 are not fully understood. We utilized fibroblast cells from wild-type and CD147 null mice to study signal transduction pathways activated downstream of CD147. When CD147 null fibroblasts were exposed to UV light we observed defective activation of JNK compared to control CD147 expressing fibroblasts. Since CD147 is a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions and is thought to interact with ligands such as cyclophilins or to interact homotypically or potentially with unknown cell surface proteins on opposing cells, we ligated CD147 with mAb to examine activation of signaling proteins downstream of CD147. We observed that Akt, c-Jun Kinase (JNK), and Erk1/2 are all activated following treatment of CD147 expressing fibroblasts with anti-CD147 mAb OX114. We treated cells with inhibitors of PI3 Kinase (LY294002) and MEK (PD98059) to determine the importance of these signaling pathways in CD147 mediated activation. Inhibition of PI3 Kinase inhibited activation of Akt that follows CD147 ligation, indicating that activation of PI3 Kinase is required for CD147 induced Akt activation. Similarly, c-Jun Kinase activation was greatly decreased by the PI3 Kinase inhibitor. Although the MEK inhibitor did not completely inhibit Erk1/2 activation, it greatly decreased c-Jun Kinase activation indicating that MEK is required for c-Jun Kinase activation downstream of CD147 ligation. Increased expression of CD147 has been suggested to result in enhanced survival of transformed cells. Together with our results of increased Akt, Erk and JNK phosphorylation in response to CD147 ligation, a theme of CD147 promoting a survival signal is emerging. These CD147 signal transduction studies indicate that tumor cell survival may be linked not only to induction of matrix metalloproteinases, but to downstream signaling through CD147 as well.
Gauge fixing of one Killing field reductions of canonical gravity: The case of asymptotically flat induced two-geometry.

We consider one spacelike Killing vector field reductions of four-dimensional (4D) vacuum general relativity. We restrict attention to cases in which the manifold of the orbits of the Killing field is ${\mathit{R}}^{3}$. The reduced Einstein equations are equivalent to those for Lorentzian 3D gravity coupled to an SO(2,1) nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model on this manifold. We examine the theory in terms of a Hamiltonian formulation obtained via a 2+1 split of the 3D manifold. We restrict attention to geometries which are asymptotically flat in a 2D sense defined recently. We attempt to pass to a reduced Hamiltonian description in terms of the true degrees of freedom of the theory via gauge-fixing conditions of 2D conformal flatness and maximal slicing. We explicitly solve the diffeomorphism constraints and relate the Hamiltonian constraint to the prescribed negative curvature equation in ${\mathit{R}}^{2}$ studied by mathematicians. We partially address issues of existence and/or uniqueness of solutions to the various elliptic partial differential equations encountered.
Relationship of glucocorticoids and hematological measures with feed intake, growth, and efficiency of finishing beef cattle.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the association of glucocorticoids and markers for immune status in finishing beef steers and heifers with DMI, growth, and efficiency. Steers ( = 127) and heifers ( = 109) were individually fed a finishing ration for 84 d with BW measured every 21 d. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture for metabolite (glucose and lactate) and cortisol analysis and rectal grab samples of feces were collected for corticosterone analysis on d 83 of the experiment. Plasma cortisol was not correlated to DMI ( = -0.08, > 0.05) or fractional DMI (g DMI/kg BW; = -0.03, > 0.05) but was negatively correlated with ADG ( = -0.17, 0.05) but fecal corticosterone was positively associated with fractional DMI only in heifers ( = 0.04). Plasma lactate ( < 0.01) was and plasma cortisol ( < 0.10) tended to be negatively associated with ADG. Plasma cortisol ( < 0.05) and fecal corticosterone tended ( < 0.10) to be negatively associated with G:F. Fecal corticosterone was positively associated with RFI in heifers ( < 0.04). In a mixed model analysis, total leukocyte count was positively associated with ADG ( < 0.04) and tended to be positively associated with G:F ( < 0.06). Among leukocyte subtypes, neutrophil count was positively associated with ADG in steers ( < 0.02) and monocytes were positively associated with ADG in heifers ( < 0.03). Lymphocyte counts (LY) in steers were negatively associated with DMI ( = 0.03) and fractional DMI ( < 0.03). In heifers, LY tended to be positively associated with DMI ( < 0.09) and fractional DMI ( < 0.06). Lymphocyte count was also positively associated with ADG ( < 0.01) and G:F ( = 0.05) in heifers. The association of production traits with immune status seems to be different between steers and heifers. There was a stronger relationship of cortisol than fecal corticosterone to feed efficiency measures, suggesting that cortisol concentrations could be a better marker for feed efficiency traits than fecal corticosterone concentrations.
When the Criminal Client Intends to Commit Perjury

This is a short piece geared to practitioners but also discusses a case that may be of interest to professors of professional responsibility. In the case of Brown v. Commonwealth, 226 S.W.3d 74 (Ky. 2007), the Kentucky Supreme Court has provided trial courts and lawyers, especially criminal lawyers, with some much needed ethical guidance. While the case itself was a criminal appeal, not an attorney discipline matter, the Court's opinion provides insight into the ethical sticky wicket of the proper conduct of the lawyer for a criminal defendant when the defendant intends to commit perjury. Such a situation pits the constitutional rights of criminal defendants against the ethical duties of defense counsel to act with candor to the court.
Cops, Teachers, and Vampire Slayers: Buffy as Street-Level Bureaucrat

(2011). Cops, Teachers, and Vampire Slayers. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 599-603.
Addressing Secondary Traumatic Stress in the Human Services: A Comparison of Public and Private Sectors

ABSTRACTThis study examines the extent to which empowerment is associated with secondary traumatic stress (STS) and whether there are differences in this association between private and public practitioners. Of the 152 social workers surveyed, those who reported higher psychological empowerment and who worked in the nonprofit sector had lower STS compared to social workers who reported lower empowerment and who worked in private practice. Providing supports at the organizational level for nonprofit practitioners and for individuals in the private sector can enhance empowerment in the workplace and help protect against STS so that workers are supported to best serve their clients.
TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS IN DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS AND THE GENETIC VARIANCE AMONG POPULATIONS.

Contrary to assumptions commonly made in the study of population genetics, the demographic properties of many populations are not always constant. Important characteristics of populations such as migration rate and population size may vary in time and space. Moreover, local populations often come and go; the rate of extinction and the properties of colonization may also vary. In this paper, the approach to equilibrium following a disturbance in the genetic variance among populations is described. The rate of migration is shown to be critical in determining the extent to which extinction and recolonization affects genetic differentiation. Perturbations and variations through time and space in demographic parameters such as population size and migration rate are shown to be important in determining the partitioning of genetic variance. Equations are given to predict the average through time of genetic differentiation among populations in the event of a single disturbance or in constant fluctuations in the pertinent demographic parameters. In general, these fluctuations increase the FST of a species. Spatial demographic variation affects FST much more than temporal variation. These demographic properties make some species unsuitable for the empirical analysis of migration with indirect genetic measures. Demographic instability may play a large role in the evolution of genetic variation.
Prenatal symptoms in postpartum psychotic reactions; a preliminary report.

This is a preliminary report in which common physical symptoms during the prenatal period of women who later showed postpartum psychotic reactions were found to be conspicuous by the infrequency of their occurrence.
The effect of prostaglandin F2β on expiratory flow rates

Prostaglandin F2beta (PGF2beta), a stereoisomer of F2alpha was administered by ultrasonic nebulization to eight patients with bronchial asthma and four normal subjects in increasing doses up to 200 mug maximum dose. Maximum expiratory flow (MEF) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were analyzed at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after administration of aerosol. All expiratory flow rates were reduced after 5 minutes. Some increase in terminal flow rates was observed after 60 minutes. We conclude that PGF2beta in not an effective bronchodilator at this dose level.
Development and Characterization of Artificial Microstructures in Long Lengths of Superconducting Wire

Conventional Nb-Ti superconductors are optimized by thermal and mechanical treatments which ultimately produce a nanostructure consisting of 1-2nm thick ribbons of α-Ti dispersed in a matrix of s-Nb-Ti. Several groups are now investigating artificial dispersions of second phase in Nb-Ti which may develop stronger flux pinning nanostructures. However, these new methods generally require true strains of 30 or more. We avoid these large strains (and their associated problems) by forming our composites from a mixture ~ -50¼m size Nb and Nb-Ti powders, thus permitting the desired nanostructure to be produced with strains of order 12. Nb pinning particles were found to develop an irregular shape, tending to nanometer thick ribbons at large strains. The final size nanostructure resembles conventional Nb-Ti, except that the “second” phase is Nb rather than α-Ti. The critical current density (Jc) was found to increase by over two orders of magnitude to peak values of 5490 and 1980A/mm2 at 2 and 5T as the particle thickness was reduced.
Can a Blood-Feeding Ectoparasitic Fly Affect Songbird Migration? Examining Body Condition and Fat Reserves of Five Bird Species in Relation to Hippoboscid Fly Parasitism

Background. Migratory birds are often faced with the challenge of undertaking long-distance journeys while harboring parasites. Objective. I investigated the possibility that Hippoboscid flies (Diptera, Hippoboscidae), blood-feeding ectoparasites, would be associated with reduced body condition or fat reserves of migratory songbirds. Methods. I mist-netted songbirds on an island off the southern coast of Nova Scotia, Canada during fall 1996 and noted the presence of hippoboscid flies on five focal species. Of 731 individuals, 60 (8.2%) had flies. Results. In statistical models that considered species and parasitism, I found no effect of flies on body condition, but birds with flies had significantly reduced fat reserves. This pattern was found in all species to varying degrees. Conclusions. While these results do not confirm causality, they are consistent with the idea that parasitized birds suffer a cost to their migratory preparations. It is unclear whether the birds were in a premigratory stage or actually migrating, although reductions in fat in either case would be costly. This study highlights how host-parasite interactions must be studied in multiple life stages to gain a complete understanding of their nature.
Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) continues to be hampered by the complication of abrupt closure in approximately 5% of patients, and long-term restenosis in 30% to 40% of patients within 3 to 6 months of the procedure. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy have been shown to be important for decreasing abrupt closure rates, and new agents may be able to further lower the incidence of complications. Although no therapy for restenosis has shown benefit in humans, ongoing studies using specific thrombin inhibitors will shed light on the possible link between thrombin, thrombosis, and restenosis.
Many shades of guilt.

In their commentary, Kopacz et al[1][1] propose that collaboration with professionally trained and certified clinical chaplains provides an opportunity for interdisciplinary care with increased benefit to veterans at risk of suicide. They rightly identify the pivotal issue of guilt as one that falls
Cell surface hydrophobicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony phenotype variants

Using contact angle measurements, opaque colony phenotypes were found to be more hydrophobic than transparent colony phenotypes.
Molecular targeted therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A review of completed and ongoing late phase clinical trials

Molecular targeted therapy is widely utilized and effective in a number of solid tumors. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, targeted therapy has been extensively evaluated; however, survival improvement of this aggressive disease using a targeted strategy has been minimal. The purpose of this study is to review therapeutic molecular targets in completed and ongoing later phase (II and III) clinical trials to have a better understanding of the rationale and progress towards targeted molecular therapies for pancreatic cancer. The PubMed database and the NCDI clinical trial website (www.clinicaltrials.gov) were queried to identify phase II and III completed and published (PubMed) and ongoing (clinicaltrials.gov) trials using the keywords: pancreatic cancer and molecular targeted therapy. The search engines were further limited by adding Phase II or III, active enrollment and North American. A total of 14 completed and published phase II/III clinical trials and 17 ongoing trials were identified. Evaluated strategies included inhibition of growth factor receptors (EGFR, PDGFR, VGFR, IGF-1R), tyrosine kinase inhibitors, MEK1/2, mTOR blockade and PI3K and HER2-neu pathway inhibitors. Only one trial conducted by the National Cancer Institute of Canada and the PANTAR trial have demonstrated a survival improvement from EGFR inhibition using erlotinib. These trials ultimately led to FDA approval of erlotinib/Tarceva in advanced stage disease. It remains unclear whether new combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy or immunotherapy plus molecular targeted therapy will be beneficial in management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Despite a number of phase II and III trials, to date, only erlotinib has emerged as an approved targeted therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. There are several ongoing late phase trials evaluating a number of targets, the results of which will become available over the next 1 to 2 years.
The Accuracy of Microtargeted Policy Positions

Identifying voters who share policy positions with the candidates has become an important component of modern political campaigns as they rely on microtargeted estimates to guide targeting decisions. Using survey data and microtargeted estimates from the 2012 election, I conduct one of the first independent examinations of the accuracy of microtargeting. The estimates are the most accurate in Florida, a state that requests information on the race of voters when they register and has party registration. The estimates are less accurate in the other battleground states that do not collect as much information. The accuracy rates range from 36% to 82% depending on the issue and state.
Cutwaters Before Rams: an experimental investigation into the origins and development of the waterline ram

Students at Stevens Institute of Technology (Hoboken, NJ, USA) investigated the reasons for an elongated projection at the bow of Mediterranean galleys. Using a 1:20 base model adapted from the Trireme Trust's Olympias fitted with: 1) an elongated projection; and 2) a control bow similar to excavated merchant ships, tow-tank tests were carried out at various speeds. Hydrodynamic resistance and power were calculated for each bow type. Above speeds corresponding to 6 knots, the cutwater bow significantly attenuated the model's bow waves when compared to the control bow. These results were then compared to those of the ship with a ram-type bow from experiments conducted in 1985 at the National Technical University of Athens, which showed similar wave-attenuating characteristics.
Scaling Introductory Courses Using Undergraduate Teaching Assistants

Undergraduates are widely used in support of Computer Science (CS) departments' teaching missions as teaching assistants, peer mentors, section leaders, course assistants, and tutors. Those undergraduates engaged in teaching have the opportunity to deeply engage with CS concepts and develop key communication and social competencies. As enrollments surge, undergraduate teaching assistants (UTAs) play a larger role in student experience and outcomes. While faculty and graduate student instructional support does not necessarily increase with the number of students in our courses, the number of qualified undergraduate teaching assistants for introductory CS courses should scale with the number of students in our courses. With large courses, the significance of the UTAs' role in students' learning likely also increases. Students have relatively little interaction with the instructor, and faculty may have more challenges monitoring and supporting individual UTAs. UTAs have a major role in affecting climate in computer science courses. The climate in large courses has substantial implications for students from groups traditionally underrepresented in computing. This panel will discuss how undergraduate teaching assistants can serve as a scalable effective teaching resource that benefits both the students in the course and the UTAs themselves.
Nitrate reduction mechanisms and rates in an unconfined eogenetic karst aquifer in two sites with different redox potential

This study integrates push-pull tracer tests (PPTT) with microbial characterization of extracted water via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR) of selected functional N transformation genes to quantify nitrate reduction mechanisms and rates in sites with different redox potential in a karst aquifer. PPTT treatments with nitrate (AN) and nitrate-fumarate (ANC) were executed in two wells representing anoxic and oxic geochemical end-members. Oxic aquifer zero-order nitrate loss rates (mmol L−1 h−1) were similar for AN and ANC treatment, ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.05 ± 0.01. Anoxic aquifer zero-order nitrate loss rates ranged from 0.03 ± 0.02 (AN) to 0.13 ± 0.02 (ANC). Microbial characterization indicates mechanisms influencing these rates were dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) at the anoxic site with AN treatment, assimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (ANRA) with ANC treatment in the water column at both sites, and additional documented nitrate reduction that occurred in unsampled biofilms. With carbon treatment, total numbers of microbes (16S rRNA genes) significantly increased (fourteenfold to thirtyfold), supporting stimulated growth with resulting ANRA. Decreased DNRA gene concentrations (nrfA DNA) and increased DNRA activity ratio (nrfA-cDNA/DNA) supported the assertion that DNRA occurred in the anoxic zone with AN and ANC treatment. Furthermore, decreased DNRA gene copy numbers at the anoxic site with ANC treatment suggests that DNRA microbes in the anoxic site are chemolithoautotrophic. Increased RT-qPCR denitrification gene expression (nirK and nirS) was not observed in water samples, supporting that any observed NO3-N loss due to denitrification may be occurring in unsampled microbial biofilms.
Methodology for CCTA Image Acquisition

Cardiovascular computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) can assess cardiovascular pathology through visualization of gross anatomic abnormalities, characterization of tissue attenuation, and cardiac functional analysis. As cardiac structures are in constant motion, special attention to the methodology of image acquisition is essential to capturing high quality images during the most quiescent stage of cardiac and coronary artery motion. Successful imaging requires an understanding of the interplay of multiple motions, including the complexities of cardiac motion, motion related to variation in heart rate and rhythm, potential respiratory motion, potential patient movement, table motion, gantry rotation, and timing and movement of the intravenous contrast bolus through the structures of interest (Fig. 7.1).
Age-related changes in cerebrovascular reactivity and their relationship to cognition: A four-year longitudinal study.

Abstract Although cerebrovascular factors are the second leading cause of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly, the precise spatial and temporal trajectories of vascular decline in aging have not been fully characterized. With an advanced cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) MRI technique that specifically informs vascular stiffness and dilatory ability of cerebral vessels, we present four-year longitudinal CVR data measured in 116 healthy individuals (20–88 years of age). Our data revealed a spatial heterogeneity in vascular decline in aging (p = 0.003), in that temporal lobe showed the fastest rate of longitudinal CVR decline, followed by parietal and frontal lobes. The rate of CVR decline was also age-dependent. Middle age, not older age, manifested the fastest rate of longitudinal CVR decline (p
Endogenous Growth Theory and the Role of Institutions in Regional Economic Development

Regional economic development involves a wide array of factors whose importance varies across regions and time. Thus, an economy that is resource dependent will have different defining characteristics than one that is service based. Likewise, an economy embedded in a transition to a knowledge based structure will exhibit different attributes than at an earlier time when it was manufacturing based. This understanding is not new. However, two types of factors are essential to the understanding of regional economic systems: endogenous and exogenous. In all regional economic systems these factors are entwined and intermingled, and functionally inseparable.
Short note: A TVD principle and conservative TVD schemes for adaptive Cartesian grids

1. IntroductionModern high-resolution conservative numerical schemes (see [1–3]) are widely used for simulating ﬂows ofliquids, gases, or plasmas. They provide a robust and accurate method for capturing discontinuities, such asshock waves. A total-variation-diminishing (TVD) principle is an important element of such schemes. A TVDscheme is constructed in such a way that the total variation, TV ¼P
Geoblocking and 'Legitimate Trade'

This chapter discusses the use of tools that facilitate the linking of the internet to physical geography and the obstacles that the use poses for free trade. Using examples of digital goods and services (“content”) protected by intellectual property (“IP”) rights, the chapter reviews whether and how trade law rules, including the concept of “legitimate trade,” and the rules of competition law apply to the use of the tools. The chapter begins by introducing the current trend of linking the internet to physical geography (the “territorialization” trend), and the geolocation and geoblocking tools that make territorialization possible. The chapter then evaluates from the trade law and competition law perspectives the legality of using geoblocking to partition markets, and it presents recent developments in the European Union that concern the legality of geoblocking. The chapter contemplates the characteristics of geoblocking that might justify treating geoblocking differently from other methods of market partitioning. The chapter discusses i.a. the new EU Anti-Geoblocking Regulation and the proposed SatCab Regulation.
Longitudinal Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcomes From an Interdisciplinary Pediatric Pain Rehabilitation Program for Children With Chronic Migraine and Headache

BACKGROUND Many children suffering from chronic headache and migraine present with comorbid functional disability, including physical, social, emotional, and academic activities. For children severely impaired by headache, intensive interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation treatment (IIPT) can improve functioning. However, there are limited data evaluating children's response to rehabilitation across several time points. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the trajectory of recovery for children undergoing IIPT for chronic headache, as well as to examine the proposed assumption that physical and psychosocial functioning improves prior to a reported reduction in pain. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patient-reported outcomes in a clinical database of 135 children admitted to an IIPT program between the years 2008 and 2014 was analyzed. Available data across 5 separate time points (up to 1-year post-discharge) were reviewed. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-five children of mean age 15.2 (SD = 2.2) and 74% female provided data for review. Linear mixed model demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in pain-specific measures of functioning, including daily functioning (change estimate = -14.53) emotional functioning (change estimate = -14.63), family functioning (change estimate = -5.78), and school absences (change estimate = -11.47) over a 12-month period (all P's ≤ .01). A more general measure of quality of life improved during the program, based upon child (change estimate = +10.07) and parent report (change estimate = +15.31); although these gains did not continue to improve post-discharge. As expected, although children did not report a reduction in pain during rehabilitation (change estimate = +0.07), they did report a significant drop in perceived pain in the 12 months following discharge from the program (change estimate = -2.12, P ≤ .01). CONCLUSIONS Children with chronic headache and migraine who are severely functionally impaired demonstrated linear improvement in pain-specific patient-reported outcomes over time; however, there remains a need for improved methodology in analyzing response to IIPT programs.
Why Women Rebel: Understanding Women's Participation in Armed Rebel Groups

Why Women Rebel presents a global analysis of the extent to which women are engaged in armed, organized rebellions, and why they choose to join such rebellions. Henshaw has collected and analyzed data on women’s participation in over 70 post-Cold War rebel groups. The book provides a theoretical analysis drawing upon both mainstream literature in the social sciences and critical, feminist inquiry on women and political violence to offer a new gendered theory on why women rebel. The book reveals that women are active in over half of all rebel groups sampled and that, while the majority of rebel groups have women serving in support roles away from direct combat, approximately a third of these groups employ women in the conduct of armed attacks, and just over a quarter have women in a leadership capacity. Henshaw reaffirms the idea that women are more likely to be engaged in left-wing political organizations, but does suggest that more conservative or traditional movements may also successfully incorporate women by appealing to concerns about community rights. Addressing several gaps in the current literature on this topic, this book will be of interest to academics in the fields of political science, international relations, security studies, and gender and women’s studies.
Single-Isocenter Multitarget Stereotactic Radiosurgery Is Safe and Effective in the Treatment of Multiple Brain Metastases.

Abstract Purpose Multiple studies have reported favorable outcomes for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the treatment of limited brain metastases. An obstacle of SRS in the management of numerous metastases is the longer treatment time using traditional radiosurgery. Single-isocenter multitarget (SIMT) SRS is a novel technique that permits rapid therapy delivery to multiple metastases. There is a lack of clinical evidence regarding its efficacy and safety. We report the outcomes of patients treated with this technique. Methods and Materials We reviewed the records of patients with intact or resected brain metastases treated with SRS in 1 to 5 fractions using SIMT technique at our institution, with at least 1 available follow-up brain magnetic resonance imaging. Survival, disease control, and toxicity were evaluated using Cox regression, logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results We identified 173 patients with 1014 brain metastases. Median follow up was 12.7 months. Median beam-on time was 4.1 minutes. The median dose to the brain was 219.4 cGy. Median overall survival and freedom from intracranial progression were 13.2 and 6.3 months, respectively. Overall survival did not differ between patients treated with greater than or less than 4 lesions (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.61; P = .91). Actuarial 1- and 2-year local control were 99.0% and 95.1%, respectively. Rates of grade 2 and grade 3 or higher radionecrosis were 1.4% and 0.9%, respectively. Conclusions SIMT radiosurgery delivered in 1 to 5 fractions offers excellent local control and acceptable toxicity in the treatment of multiple intact and postoperative brain metastases. This technique should be evaluated prospectively.
Estimating Preventable COVID-19 Infections Related to Elective Outpatient Surgery in Washington State: A Quantitative Model

Background: As the number of suspected and confirmed COVID19 cases in the US continues to rise, the US surgeon general, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and several specialty societies have issued recommendations to consider canceling elective surgeries. However, these recommendations have also faced controversy and opposition. Objective: The goal of this study is to provide a quantitative analysis and model for preventable COVID19 infections from elective outpatient or ambulatory surgery cases, which can also be adapted to analyze COVID19 transmission in other healthcare settings. Furthermore, given the controversy over the appropriate handling of elective surgical cases during this pandemic, we hope that our results may have a positive impact on health policy and public health. Methods: Using previously published information on elective ambulatory or outpatient surgical procedures and publicly available data on COVID19 infections in the US and on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, we calculated a transmission rate and generated a mathematical model to predict a lower bound for the number of healthcare-acquired COVID19 infections that could be prevented by canceling or postponing elective outpatient surgeries in Washington state. Results: Our model predicts that over the course of 30 days, at least 2445 preventable patient infections and at least 1557 preventable healthcare worker (HCW) infections would occur in WA state alone if elective outpatient procedures were to continue as usual. The majority of these infections are caused by transmission from HCW who became infected at work. Conclusion: Given the large numbers of COVID19 infections that could be prevented by canceling elective outpatient surgeries, our findings support the recommendations of the US Surgeon General, CDC, American College of Surgeons (ACS), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), and Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) to consider rescheduling or postponing elective surgeries until the COVID19 pandemic is under better control in the US.
Bias Voltage Calibrations for a 1-millimeter Resolution Clinical PET System

We are developing a 1-millimeter resolution clinical PET system dedicated to loco-regional (e.g., head/neck, breast, etc.) cancer imaging. The prototype of the system consists of 1,024 detector modules, each of which employs two position-sensitive avalanche photodiodes, coupled to 8 × 8 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal elements. The analog signals from the detector modules are processed by ASICs, and the output signals of the ASICs are digitized by analog-to-digital converters. It is critical to properly bias position-sensitive avalanche photodiodes to maximize the performance of the detector modules. In this work, we have calibrated the detector module bias voltages so that the digitized values of 511 keV photopeak signals from all PSAPDs align to 1,500 ADC index units. Seven measurements of 511 keV photopeak ADC index units were taken for different bias voltages in 5 V steps. We fit exponentials to the voltage versus photopeak ADC index unit plots to extract calibration bias voltages. The average of the resulting bias voltages across the total of 2,048 PSAPDs in the system was 1726.7 V. Average 511 keV energy resolutions of PSAPDs, which showed more than or equal to 20 V of differences between coarse-calibrated bias voltages and fine-calibrated bias voltage, improved from 18.5 % to 14.5 %.
Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation reduces resource utilization in pediatric patients.

Abstract Background Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with poor quality of life. Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) has traditionally been reserved for patients with refractory disease. We hypothesized TPIAT would lead to decreased costs and resource utilization after operation in children. Methods Retrospective review of 39 patients who underwent TPIAT at a single children’s hospital was performed. All inpatient admissions, imaging, endoscopic procedures, and operations were recorded for the year prior to and following operation. Costs were determined from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Results Median hospital admissions before operation was 5 (IQR:2–7) and decreased to 2 (IQR:1–3) after (p Conclusion In children with debilitating CP, TPIAT has favorable impact on cost reduction, hospitalizations, and invasive procedures. Early intervention at a specialized pancreas center of excellence should be considered to decrease future resource utilization and costs among children.
School Inputs and Educational Outcomes in North Carolina: Comparison of Static and Dynamic Analyses

The relationship between student achievement and school inputs has long been a subject of academic research. The general conclusion of past research is that school inputs, such as the number of teachers relative to pupils, has little impact on student academic outcomes. This paper provides a fresh look at this issue. Seventeen alternative measures of student performance in North Carolina school districts are related to a wide array of school policy inputs and socioeconomic characteristics of students and their families. Both static and dynamic analyses are performed. The key findings are (1) the school policy inputs significantly related to student achievement vary by the measure of student achievement used, (2) the joint contribution of school policy inputs to student achievement is relatively small, and (3) the results differ between the static and dynamic analyses; in particular, changes in the number of teachers relative to the number of pupils in the district have a much stronger association with student achievement in the dynamic analysis. Key Words: public education, student achievement.
Using Laws Designed to Protect as a Weapon: Prosecuting Minors Under Child Pornography Laws

Child pornography is exempt from First Amendment protection. However, in the age of “sexting,” social networking websites, and digital cameras, teens are increasingly engaging in behaviors that meet the legal definition of child pornography. Some minors have even been prosecuted and convicted for images they have taken of themselves. This article takes a critical look at the justifications for regulating child pornography created or consumed by minors and raises potential constitutional and statutory challenges to some prosecutions of minors under child pornography laws.
The Moral Significance of Abortion Inconsistency Arguments.

Most opponents of abortion (OA) believe fetuses matter. Critics argue that OA act inconsistently with regards to fetal life, seeking to restrict access to induced abortion, but largely ignoring spontaneous abortion and the creation of surplus embryos by IVF. Nicholas Colgrove, Bruce Blackshaw, and Daniel Rodger call such arguments inconsistency arguments and contend they do not matter. They present three objections to these arguments - the other beliefs, other actions, and hypocrisy objection. Previously, I argued these objections fail and threaten to undermine ethical inquiry. Colgrove et al. have recently replied, but here, I argue their reply fails as well and raises a new criticism of the other actions' objection. This essay sets out to show, as well as any philosophical argument can, that inconsistency arguments are morally significant.
Sexuality, Gender Dysphoria, and Paraphilic Disorders

In this chapter, we review the topics of sexuality in the older adult including its management and effective diagnostic clarification.
COLD WEATHER FUEL REQUIREMENTS OF OLDSMOBILE DIESELS

Two Oldsmobiles with 5.7 L diesel engines and one with a 4.3 L diesel engine were tested to determine the effect of the low temperature properties of diesel fuel on operability (cold-start and warm-up driverability). Startability limits ranged from -18 degrees C to -24 degrees C and were unaffected by cetane quality of the fuel within the range of 39 to 50 cetane numbers. With untreated fuels, the cars would not operate when the fuel temperature fell below the cloud point of the fuel because wax crystals precipitated from the fuel and plugged the fuel tank filter. Low temperature operability was extended as much as 10 degrees C by the use of fuel flow improver additives and a modified vehicle fuel systems.
Specific Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Lower Vertebrates Lacking Germinal Centers

The lymphoid system and capability for adaptive immune responses evolved in the lower vertebrates. We have previously defined adaptive immune responsiveness as ability to: make specific antibody, show immunologic memory upon repeated injection of antigen, reject homografts of skin or scale, exhibit second-set rejection reaction, and show proliferation of cells involved in the immune response [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
Relating wrist accelerometry measures to disability in older adults.

Abstract Objective This analysis assessed the extent to which: (1) wrist accelerometer measures were associated with difficulty performing specific activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living and (2) these measures contributed important information about disability beyond a typical self-reported vigorous activity frequency question. Methods We used data from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP) accelerometry sub-study (n = 738). Activity was assessed using two wrist-accelerometer measures assessed over 3 days (routine activity expressed as mean count/15 s epoch during wake time, and immobile time expressed as the proportion of wake time spent immobile), and self-reported average vigorous activity frequency. The association between routine activity, immobile time and difficulty performing fourteen activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) plus two summary measures (any ADL or IADL difficulty), was assessed using logistic regression models, with and without controlling for self-reported vigorous activity. Results Self-reported activity was mildly correlated with routine activity (r = 0.27) and immobile time (r = −0.21). Routine activity, immobile time, and self-reported vigorous activity were significantly associated with twelve, ten, and fourteen disability measures, respectively. After controlling for self-reported activity, significant associations remained between routine activity and eight disabilities, and immobile time and six disabilities. Conclusion Wrist accelerometry measures were associated with many ADL and IADL disabilities among older adults. Wrist acclerometry in older adults may be useful to help assess disability risks and set individualized physical activity targets.
The Activation of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 is Differentially Regulated in the Brain of Estrogen- and Testosterone-Treated Heat-Shocked Rats

One hundred and fifteen rats were ovariectomized, given daily injections of 10 microg of 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate (EB), 250 microg of testosterone propionate (TP), or 10 microg of EB + 250 microg of TP in sesame oil (SO) or SO alone for 1, 1.5 and 2 mo, and heat shocked at 42 degrees C for 15 min. Immediately after heat shock, the increase in inducibly hyperphosphorylated heat shock transcription factor 1 (pHSF1) was highest in TP-treated and least in EB-treated rats. Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) also accumulated in the nuclei of neurons in TP-treated and exit the nuclei in EB-treated rats. While the subnuclear distribution of HSF1 was uniform and similar in control and heat-shocked EB-treated rats, it localized predominantly on euchromatin in heat-shocked TP-treated rats. An antibody, which preferentially recognized pHSF1, stained almost exclusively cell nuclei and demonstrated irregularly-shaped and round neuronal nuclei of heat-shocked TP- and EB-treated rats, respectively. Concomitantly, synthesis of the inducible heat shock protein Hsp70 was lowest in EB- and highest in TP-treated rats. In this model, testosterone prevents the heat shock-induced hyperphosphorylation of tau. Because HSF1 delays aging, its enhanced activation by testosterone strengthens the argument for a therapeutic role of androgens in Alzheimer's disease.
SYNTHESIS OF A 10-BAR LINKAGE TO GUIDE THE GAIT CYCLE OF THE HUMAN LEG

This paper uses path synthesis techniques to design four-bar linkage modules to constrain the movement of a 3R chain. The result is a 10-bar linkage. The goal is to develop a design procedure for a robotic system that guides the human leg during the walking gait cycle. A 3R chain is designed to match the dimensions of a human leg and the two four-bar linkages are synthesized using 9 point path synthesis to constrain the trajectory of the ankle and the toe. Precision points are derived from a basis spline equation. A numerical example is given using data collected from a motion capture system.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
SEM (scanning electron microscope) studies of aortic structure.

Scanning electron microscopy reveals the following features of the microstructure of the rabbit aorta: endothelial folds, including luminal and interior structure, connecting ‘bridges’ between the fol
d-Fucose Metabolism in a Pseudomonad I. OXIDATION OF d-FUCOSE TO d-FUCONO-δ-LACTONE BY A d-ALDOHEXOSE DEHYDROGENASE

Abstract A soluble, NAD-dependent dehydrogenase which is specific for d-aldohexoses, including d-fucose, d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, d-altrose, d-allose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, and 2-deoxy-d-galactose, has been purified 335-fold from a pseudomonad capable of using d-fucose as a sole carbon source. Forty-five other sugars and related compounds tested did not serve as substrates and did not affect the rate of d-glucose oxidation. The pH optimum was 8 to 8.5 in Tris-HCl buffer and 9 to 10 in glycine-NaOH buffer. The enzyme was insensitive to thiols and thiol group reagents and was not activated by divalent metal ions. Representative apparent Km values were 5.8 mm for d-fucose, 0.86 mm for d-glucose and 0.08 mm for NAD+. The β anomer of d-glucose was preferred over the α anomer. d-Fuconate was isolated as the apparent product of d-fucose oxidation, indicating that the unstable d-fucono-δ-lactone rather than d-fucono-γ-lactone was the immediate product. This was confirmed by the demonstration that d-glucono-δ-lactone, but not d-fucono-γ-lactone or d-galactono-γ-lactone, could serve as a substrate in the reverse reaction. Thus, it is concluded that β-d-glucopyranose and β-d-fucopyranose are the actual substrates for the enzyme.
On Signatures and Authentication

The design of cryptographic protocols using trapdoor and one-way functions has received considerable attention in the past few years [1–8]. More recently, attention has been paid to provide rigorous correctness proofs based on simple mathematical assumptions, for example, in coin flipping (Blum [1]), mental poker (Goldwasser and Micali [4]). It is perhaps reasonable to speculate at this time that all cryptographic protocols can eventually be designed to be provably secure under simple assumptions, such as factoring large numbers or inverting RSA functions are computationally intractable in the appropriate sense.