cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chemistry of Streptomycin

Publisher Summary The antibiotic streptomycin has been established as a meso(3,5- or 2,4-diguanidinotrihydroxycyclohexyl) α-glycoside of a disaccharide, 2- (N-methyI-α-L-glucopyranosaminido) -3-C-formyl-5-desoxy-L-aldo pentofuranose. There remains to be established the configuration of the diguanidino-inositol portion and the complete configuration of the central moiety. The diguanidino-inositol portion is designated streptidine and the central moiety is designated both streptose and streptonose. Results are cumulative and never obtained abruptly. The actinomycetes are nonmotile organisms that may be considered as intermediate forms between bacteria and molds. They occur abundantly in soils, composts, river and lake bottoms, in dust particles, and upon plant surfaces. Streptomycin proved strongly bacteriostatic against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and thus showed promise for the treatment of many infections that are resistant to penicillin. The investigations that led to the elucidation of the chemical structure of streptomycin form a noteworthy display of the more modern methods for structural determination and comprise a valuable contribution to carbohydrate chemistry.
Know the Job Market

There are over 500,000 physicians in the United States, and the nation’s 127 medical schools graduate approximately 20,000 new ones each year. At the same time about 10,000 are lost to retirement, death, disillusionment, and the shoals of malpractice. Hence there is a net gain of about 10,000 physicians per year.
Introduction to Re-Readings 1

The typical literary collection — a “best of this” or an “anthology of great that” — is a large and wide-ranging volume. It is seasoned (if not filled right up) with impressively challenging works. Each collection reflects, I suppose, the extensive learning and sophistication of the editors who assembled it. It also reflects, surely, what the publisher believes its customers desire. More power to ’em. The little volume you are holding is similarly reflective. But it reflects something different. The publisher imagines its customers will like a pocket-size booklet focused on the simplest of reading pleasures — words smoothly strung together and stories well told. The standard for selection here is not whether a work qualifies as the best of its kind or even as merely great. Gravitas carries no weight.
Abstract 174: T Cells Promote the Progression of Hypertension and Renal Injury during Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with prevalent hypertension and is a novel disease model to study the link between immune system activation and the development of hypertension. T cells have a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and were recently reported to promote angiotensin II and salt-sensitive hypertension. Despite their well known role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and recent data suggesting an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, whether T cells mechanistically contribute to the prevalent hypertension during SLE remains unclear. In order to test this, experiments were designed to determine whether inhibition of T cell proliferation attenuates the progression of hypertension and renal injury in female SLE mice with established renal injury (albuminuria ≥ 100 mg/dL). SLE and control mice were administered either antibody to CD3, a component of the T cell receptor expressed on all T cells, or an anti-IgG isotype control for up to 4 weeks (intranasally; 25 μg/week). Splenic CD3 + CD4 + T cells were increased in SLE mice compared to controls (7.0 ± 4.2% vs. 3.1 ± 1.5% gated) and were reduced after the anti-CD3 treatment (2.4 ± 1.1% gated), likely reflecting a reduction in spleen weight. Anti-dsDNA autoantibodies characteristic to SLE were increased in vehicle-treated SLE mice compared to controls (19.8 ± 7.3 vs. 0.74 ± 0.07, n=10) and were blunted in the anti-CD3 treated SLE mice (9.7± 3.8, n=10). Blood pressure (mmHg) was increased in SLE mice compared to controls (156 ± 3 vs. 112 ± 4, p=0.001), and was lower in anti-CD3 treated SLE mice (137 ± 4; p=0.01) but not controls (117 ± 2). In anti-IgG treated SLE mice, albuminuria increased (+38.9 ± 36.8%) over the course of the study, whereas albuminuria in anti-CD3 treated SLE mice was unchanged (-2.53 ± 17.3%). Preliminary renal histology suggests that the anti-CD3 treatment attenuated the progression of glomerulosclerosis and preserved renal vascular structure (i.e., interlobular arteries, vasa recta). No renal injury was observed in the control mice. These data suggest that T cells have an important mechanistic role in the progression of autoimmune-associated hypertension, perhaps by promoting renal vascular structural changes and injury.
Youth Movements and Elections in Eastern Europe

At the turn of the twenty-first century, a tide of nonviolent youth movements swept across Eastern Europe. Young people demanded political change in repressive political regimes that emerged since the collapse of communism. The Serbian social movement Otpor (Resistance) played a vital role in bringing down Slobodan Milosevic in 2000. Inspired by Otpor's example, similar challenger organizations were formed in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, and Ukraine. The youth movements, however, differed in the extent to which they could mobilize citizens against the authoritarian governments on the eve of national elections. This book argues that the movement's tactics and state countermoves explain, in no small degree, divergent social movement outcomes. Using data from semi-structured interviews with former movement participants, public opinion polls, government publications, non-governmental organization (NGO) reports, and newspaper articles, the book traces state-movement interactions in five post-communist societies: Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Serbia, and Ukraine.
Unintended consequences on gender diversity of high-tech growth and labor market polarization

Abstract There has been considerable media coverage highlighting the lack of gender diversity in Silicon Valley, stressing the relatively low participation of women in the high-tech economy. Austin offers a unique case for testing whether similar gender issues characterized other high-tech regions because the city has historically benefited from the expansion of Silicon Valley’s large high-tech firms since the 1980s. The gender-biased business practices identified in Silicon Valley firms may have been transferred to their branch plants in Austin. Our analysis shows women’s losses in middle-skill occupation employment shares were concentrated in the low-tech industry and were partially offset by job share gains in high-skill occupations in the same sector between 1980 and 2015. Men’s losses in middle-skill occupation job share were also mainly concentrated in the low-tech sector but were partially offset by employment share gains in high-skill occupations only in the high-tech industry during this period. Women made large gains in relative real median wages only in high-skill occupations in the high-tech industry while their relative real median wages in other skill occupations and in the low-tech industry stagnated around zero during this period. Men’s gains in relative median wages were also concentrated only in the high-tech industry but were less than half of women’s and were negative (between −10 and −21 percent) in other occupations in the high-tech industry and across all occupations in the low-tech industry. As noted in previous studies, the impact of job polarization is not well understood across sectors and gender. This study finds the high-tech industry in Austin has had unintended consequences in terms of job polarization across gender, providing relatively fewer job opportunities in high-skill occupations to women than men but offering much higher gains in relative real median wages to women than men. Males also found relatively more job opportunities in high-skill occupations in the high-tech industry than women but experienced only half of women’s gains in relative median wages in this industry between 1980 and 2015.
Formation of polymer micro-agglomerations in ultralow-binder-content composite based on lunar soil simulant

Abstract We report results from an experiment on high-pressure compaction of lunar soil simulant (LSS) mixed with 2–5 wt% polymer binder. The LSS grains can be strongly held together, forming an inorganic-organic monolith (IOM) with the flexural strength around 30–40 MPa. The compaction pressure, the number of loadings, the binder content, and the compaction duration are important factors. The LSS-based IOM remains strong from −200 °C to 130 °C, and is quite gas permeable.
DNA methylation: Its possible functional roles in developmental regulation of human globin gene families

The eukaryotic globin gene family is one of the first gene systems whose regulatory mechanisms of tissue-specific transcription appeared to involve DNA methylation of specific CpG residues (reviewed in Shen, 1984). In this chapter, we review the various experiments carried out since 1984 on the relationship between DNA methylation and transcriptional regulation of different human globin genes during erythroid development. We hope the article complements several earlier reviews on similar topics (Bird, 1984; Karlsson and Nienhuis, 1985; Cedar, 1989; Weissbach et al., 1989).
Highly Improved Reliability of Low Threshold 1.3 μm III/V Quantum Dot Laser Epitaxially Grown on On-axis Si

InAs quantum dot Fabry-Perot lasers grown on on-axis (001) Si demonstrate record-low continuous-wave threshold current of 4.8 mA as well as excellent device reliability with extrapolated lifetimes more than ten million hours at 35 °C.
Security price formation and informed trading with constrained short selling

Short sale orders account for a substantial portion of trading volume in recent years. This paper develops a sequential trade model with constrained short selling to derive the effect on prices when the market maker can observe short selling in the order flow. The model predicts that market quotes will adjust differently to short sales and regular sales. Furthermore, the model shows that the probability of informed trading is impacted both by the level of short sale constraints and the intensity of actual short sale trades. Simulation evidence confirms that estimates of the probability of informed trade are improved when accounting for past short selling activity. The results demonstrate the information benefits of short selling transparency.
Differences in serum follicle-stimulating hormone uptake after intramuscular and subcutaneous human menopausal gonadotropin injection

Objective To determine the difference in FSH bioavailability from IM and SC injection sites. Design Menotropin was injected into either an IM or SC site in women undergoing ovarian suppression with leuprolide acetate. Serial serum samples were obtained over 96hours. Setting Academic tertiary care institution. Patients Seven volunteer cycling women. Main Outcome Measures Follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, and E 2 were determined in serial serum samples. Results Peak serum FSH levels were higher and occurred earlier after IM injection than after SC injection. Computed absorption rate constants for FSH after IM and SC injection differed significantly. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of FSH differ after a single IM or SC injection.
The effect of a synthetic progestogen, ethylnorgestrienone, on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function, cervical mucus, vaginal cytology, and endometrial morphology.

The antifertility mechanism of a new progestin preparation, ethylnorgestrienone (13 β -ethyl-17 α -ethynyl-17-hydroxy-gona-4,9,11-triene-3-one) (R2323), was evaluated. The compound was administered orally in doses of 5mg weekly to seven subjects for a total of nine treatment cycles. Each woman served as her own control and was studied during a normal menstrual cycle followed by a cycle in which she received R2323. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and progesterone, as well as cervical mucus properties, were studied serially during the control and treatment cycles. Results indicated that all control cycles were ovulatory. Ovulatory gonadotropin patterns were observed in four treated cycles, but preovulatory FSH and LH peaks and progesterone production during the luteal phase were suppressed significantly. Estradiol levels showed an early increase during the follicular phase and a significantly decreased preovulatory peak. Cervical mucus properties were altered and sperm penetration in cervical mucus was inhibited in all treatment cycles. These findings suggest that at least two different factors might be involved in the contraceptive mechanism of R2323: (1) alteration of the ovulatory process and progesterone production, and (2) cervical mucus changes leading to inhibition of sperm migration.
Concussions in athletics: guidelines for return to sport.

Physicians are required to make determinations that affect the health and well-being of their patients on a daily basis. None of these judgements may have as profound an impact as the decisions rendered for athletes who have suffered a concussion. Concussions occur with regularity in sports and vary in severity and appropriate management. Guidelines should be followed and used as a tool to allow safe return to competitive endeavors in the athletic arena. Following guidelines will decrease the likelihood of worsening the condition with potentially fatal consequences. Language: en
The Path to Voluntary Confinement: Dystopian Spaces of Consumerism in Ray Loriga’s Tokio ya no nos quiere

This chapter explores spatial manifestations of the rise of neoliberal globalization, one of the contributing factors to the 2008 financial crisis, in Ray Loriga’s dystopian novel Tokio ya no nos quiere (Tokyo Doesn’t Love Us Anymore) (1999). It focuses in particular on representations of “non-places” and landscapes of disorder, deregulation, waste, and excess. The protagonist’s peripatetic wanderings through these assorted landscapes reflect the impact of his addiction to a memory-erasing drug, as well as the dystopian nature of hyper-consumerist societies. Through the spatial constructions in his novel, Loriga emphasizes how the protagonist’s freedom to consume whatever he pleases does not lead to individual autonomy, but rather lays the foundation for the walls of his own confinement.
Integrated primary care–behavioral health program development and implementation in a rural context

Objective Despite the known benefits of integrated primary care and behavioral health services, integrated behavioral health services have not been readily used in medical clinics in interior Alaska. With minimal resources, we recently developed an integrated primary care–behavioral health program in a medical clinic in interior Alaska to meet clinic and community needs. The objective of this study was to explore initial program outcomes and determine the feasibility of program development and implementation. Methods We initially conducted a needs assessment for integrating behavioral health services into primary care. Program development was informed by specific clinic needs. Following program implementation, initial program outcomes were tracked with use of data from the electronic health record and patient and provider use and satisfaction surveys. The level of integration of primary care and behavioral health services was evaluated with the Practice Integration Profile. Results A total of 188 patients were seen by behavioral health consultants during the initial pilot phase, including 44.0% referred for mental health symptoms, 33.1% referred for physical health issues, and 22.3% referred for both mental and physical health issues. The initial program outcomes indicate modest clinical improvement (measured by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire) as well as patient and provider satisfaction with the model, and a moderate level of practice integration. Conclusion On the basis of the initial findings, it appears that our integrated primary care–behavioral health program has the potential to serve an important role in addressing the behavioral health needs of the local population. Our implementation procedure and initial program outcomes suggest that such models are feasible in rural and small-scale settings with minimal overhead costs. Significance statement Integrating behavioral health services into primary care medical settings offers a variety of benefits, including improved continuity of care and access to service, more effective health prevention and management, and clinical cost-effectiveness. Integrated models have not been readily used in rural US settings. With minimal resources, we developed an integrated primary care–behavioral health program in the family medicine department of a semirural medical clinic in Alaska to meet clinic and community needs. The initial program outcomes suggest that this integrated primary care–behavioral health program is helping to address the behavioral health needs of the local population. Our findings suggest that integrated healthcare models are feasible in rural or small-scale settings.
Catalyst-assisted epitaxial growth of ferromagnetic TiO2/TiN nanowires

Abstract We report a novel method of growth for single-crystalline TiO2/TiN nanowires through oxidation of epitaxial TiN nanowires on Si-SiO2 (amorphous) and c-sapphire (crystalline) as practical substrates. We propose that the laser ablated Ti and N diffuse into molten Au to form TiN nanodots where the growth rate of nanowires is directly proportional to the laser ablation flux due to high diffusion in molten Au. The TiN nanowires were grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition method using Au as a catalyst. The TiN nanowires were then oxidized to create TiO2/TiN core-shell nanowires. The growth of TiO2 (rutile) occurs by domain matching epitaxy paradigm in such a way that (002) planes of the TiO2 match with (200) plane of TiN, where the TiO2 thickness can be tuned by adjustment of oxidation time and temperature. This design provides a core-shell structure of TiO2/TiN nanowires integrated with silicon and sapphire substrates. The Rutile TiO2 nanowires show ferromagnetic behavior, while the as-grown TiN exhibits diamagnetic behavior. The SEM, TEM, and EBSD are used to characterize the microstructure and atomic alignments of TiO2 nanowires. The simple method of oxidation combined with tunable magnetic properties provides benefits to many smart applications where the magnetic field can be used as an external stimulation.
Development of an integrated multimodal optical imaging system with real-time image analysis for the evaluation of oral premalignant lesions

Oral premalignant lesions (OPLs), such as leukoplakia, are at risk of malignant transformation to oral cancer. Clinicians can elect to biopsy OPLs and assess them for dysplasia, a marker of increased risk. However, it is challenging to decide which OPLs need a biopsy and to select a biopsy site. We developed a multimodal optical imaging system (MMIS) that fully integrates the acquisition, display, and analysis of macroscopic white-light (WL), autofluorescence (AF), and high-resolution microendoscopy (HRME) images to noninvasively evaluate OPLs. WL and AF images identify suspicious regions with high sensitivity, which are explored at higher resolution with the HRME to improve specificity. Key features include a heat map that delineates suspicious regions according to AF images, and real-time image analysis algorithms that predict pathologic diagnosis at imaged sites. Representative examples from ongoing studies of the MMIS demonstrate its ability to identify high-grade dysplasia in OPLs that are not clinically suspicious, and to avoid unnecessary biopsies of benign OPLs that are clinically suspicious. The MMIS successfully integrates optical imaging approaches (WL, AF, and HRME) at multiple scales for the noninvasive evaluation of OPLs.
Steel factor enhances integrin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK) and paxillin

Integrin-mediated interaction of hematopoietic progenitor cells with bone marrow stromal extracellular matrix components is important in hematopoiesis. Focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK) plays a central role in signal transduction through integrin receptors. We studied matrix-integrin interaction and subsequent signaling in human growth factor-dependent cell line, TF-1. Adherence of unstimulated TF-1 cells to fibronectin-coated wells was blocked by antiintegrin beta 1 and combination of anti-alpha 4 with anti-alpha 5 antibodies, indicating alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrin mediated adherence. Steel factor (SLF) increased TF-1 adhesion to fibronectin dose-dependently and 10(-7) mol/L wortmannin suppressed SLF-induced adhesion. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with antiphosphotyrosine antibody showed that adherence of TF-1 cells to fibronectin without cytokine caused tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins identified as pp125FAK and paxillin. SLF induced spreading of adherent TF-1 cells and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125FAK and paxillin in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with SLF without plating on fibronectin did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125FAK. Wortmannin, at 10(-7) mol/L, completely abolished SLF-induced enhancement of pp125FAK tyrosine phosphorylation, while c-kit autophosphorylation was not affected. This suggests that increase of pp125FAK tyrosine phosphorylation was mediated through a wortmannin sensitive pathway, rather than by direct action on c-kit tyrosine kinase. Treatment of adherent TF-1 cells with RGDS peptide plus anti-alpha 4 antibody also inhibited SLF-induced enhancement of pp125FAK tyrosine phosphorylation without detachment of TF-1 cells. These data suggest that SLF enhances integrin-fibronectin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125FAK through activation of integrin ("inside-out" signaling) and following integrin occupancy. This establishes a novel linkage between c-kit/SLF pathway and integrin fibronectin signaling.
Safety and efficacy of non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol sedation during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the intensive care unit.

Background and study aims Propofol sedation is an increasingly popular method of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. The safety and efficacy of the non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol (NAAP) sedation has been demonstrated in the ambulatory setting. However, NAAP sedation in intensive care unit (ICU) patients has not been reported. The purpose of this study is to determine safety and efficacy of NAAP sedation in an ICU population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGD) performed with NAAP sedation in our intensive care units from June 2014 to September 2016. All EGDs were performed for evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding. The primary end point of this study was to analyze the incidence of sedation-related adverse events (AEs). The secondary end points included successful completion of procedure and any endoscopic interventions performed. Results Two of 161 procedures (1.2 %) had sedation-related AEs requiring procedure termination. One hundred forty-six of 161 procedures (90.7 %) were successfully completed. Incomplete procedures were due to excess heme, retained food or obstructive lesions (13/161, 8.1 %). Endoscopic intervention was performed successfully in 17/24 cases (70.8 %) that had endoscopically treated lesions identified. One hundred six of 161 patients (66 %) were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification III or IV. Conclusion Our retrospective analysis demonstrated that EGDs can be successfully completed in ICU patients using NAAP sedation. When procedures cannot be completed, it is rarely due to sedation-related AEs. NAAP sedation further allows adequate examination and successful treatment of high-risk lesions. NAAP sedation appears safe and effective for endoscopic procedures in the ICU setting.
Regulation of KRAS4A/B splicing in cancer stem cells by the RBM39 splicing complex

Abstract The KRAS oncogene is expressed as major KRAS4B and minor KRAS4A splice isoforms, the distinct functions of which in cancer are unknown. We demonstrate here that KRAS4A is enriched in cancer stem-like cells, and is activated by hypoxia, whereas KRAS4B is more widely expressed and responds to ER stress. Mice completely lacking either isoform are viable but resistant to lung cancer development, as are Kras4A/B double heterozygous mice expressing both isoforms, but in which splice regulation has been uncoupled. Splicing of KRAS4A, but not KRAS4B, in human tumor cells can be inhibited by treatment with the splice inhibitor indisulam, or by CRISPR/Cas inhibition of the RBM39 splicing complex. Our data suggest that control of KRAS4A/B splicing is a targetable vulnerability in KRAS mutant tumors.
Early studies of the reaction

Abstract The mechanism of the Wolff-Kishner reduction was the subject of a number of researchers during the decades following its discovery. Following a series of kinetic and stereochemical investigations, the mechanism was generally accepted to be ionic, and to proceed through a carbanion intermediate. There are reactions, however, in which a free radical intermediate must be invoked. The factors affecting the mechanism and the side reactions of the Wolff-Kishner reduction are addressed in this chapter.
A Real Fourier-Related Transform Spreading OFDM Multi-User Shared Access System

Multi-user shared access (MUSA) is an autonomous grant- free and high overloading non-orthogonal transmission technology. However, the performance degrades when combining MUSA with discrete Fourier transform spreading OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) directly. To solve this problem, the real Fourier-related transform spreading methods are researched which are able to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and increase the stability against channel fading. Furthermore, it enables the receiver to blindly estimate time offset (TO) and frequency offset (FO). The simulation results show that the proposed system performs very well in a frequency selective channel model containing multipath, TO and FO.
Addressing challenging behaviours in urban high school classrooms through building relationships with students

Teachers continue to struggle with challenging behaviour, and because of this, many leave the field shortly after being hired. In order to respond appropriately to such challenges, teachers must un...
An Overview of Weather Calibration for the Advanced Technology Demonstrator

The Advanced Technology Demonstrator (ATD) is an S-band planar polarimetric phased array radar (PPAR) at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in Norman, OK. It serves as a testbed for evaluating the suitability of PPAR technology for weather observations. The major challenge to PPAR weather observations is the calibration needed to produce polarimetric measurements comparable to radars using parabolic reflectors. This is due to the existence of significant cross-polar patterns, as well as the scan-dependent measurement biases inherent to PPAR. To address the former, a pulse-to-pulse phase coding technique has been proposed. However, it does not affect the scan-dependent system biases. The effects of these variations must be addressed via corrections using appropriate values at each boresight location. In this work, an overview of weather calibration for the Advanced Technology Demonstrator is presented.
Size-selective, rapid dynamics of large, hetero-epitaxial islands on fcc(0 0 1) surfaces

Abstract In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the diffusion of two-dimensional, hexagonal silver islands on copper and nickel substrates below room temperature. Our results indicate that certain sized islands diffuse orders of magnitude faster than other islands and even single atoms under similar conditions. An analysis of several low-energy pathways reveals two governing processes: a rapid, glide-centric process and a slower, vacancy-assisted one. The relative magnitude of the energies required to nucleate a vacancy plays a role in determining the size-selective diffusion of these islands. In addition, we propose a model which can be used to predict magic-sized islands in related systems. These findings should provide insight to future experimental research on the size distribution and shapes observed during the growth of metal-on-metal thin films.
Lactation challenges of resident physicians- results of a national survey.

There are unique challenges to parenting in residency and there is limited data to guide policy regarding lactation facilities and support for female physicians-in-training. We aimed to assess issues surrounding breast-feeding during graduate medical training for current residents or recent graduates from United States (US) residency programs. A national cross-sectional survey was sent to current and recently graduated (2017 and later) female residents in June 2020. This questionnaire was administered using the Qualtrics Survey tool and was open to each participating woman’s organization for 4 weeks. Summary statistics were used to describe characteristics of all respondents and free-text responses were reviewed to identify common themes regarding avenues for improvement. Three hundred twelve women responded to the survey, representing a 15.6% response rate. The median duration of providing breastmilk was 9 months (IQR 6–12). 21% of residents reported access to usable lactation rooms within their training hospital, in which 12% reported a computer was present. 60% of lactating residents reported not having a place to store breast milk. 73% reported residency limited their ability to lactate, and 37% stopped prior to their desired goal. 40% reported their faculty and/or co-residents made them feel guilty for their decision to breastfeed, and 56% reported their difficulties with breastfeeding during residency impacted their mental health. Residents who become mothers during training face significant obstacles to meeting their breastfeeding/pumping needs and goals. With these barriers defined, informed policy change can be instituted to improve the lactation experience for physicians-in-training.
81 Cannabidiol in the horse: Effects on movement and reactivity

A growing body of research supports the investigation of cannabidiol (CBD) for treatment of conditions involving inflammation, pain, and anxiety. Exploration of CBD supplementation has occurred in rats, canines, felines, and humans. However, few trials exist on CBD efficacy in the horse. This project investigated effects of extended CBD treatment on reactivity and movement in horses. Seventeen Quarter Horse geldings were randomly assigned to a control (CON; n = 8) or treatment (TXT; n = 9) group. Treatment horses received a 100 mg oral dose of full-spectrum CBD pellets once daily for 6 wk. Reactivity and movement evaluation occurred pre- and 6 wk post-treatment. Reactivity was evaluated through a novel object test (NOT). To elicit a startle response, an umbrella was opened as the horse and handler traveled around a barn corner. A previously published rubric was used to rate reaction scores from 1 (no reaction) to 5 (flee attempted) based on the reaction exhibited. Heart rate monitors were attached during the NOT. Videos for movement evaluation were taken as horses were hand walked and jogged past 6 cones. Dartfish 360, a video analysis program, was used to measure aspects of stride completion. This included stride length and duration of stance and swing phase. Measurements were completed on a 3-stride sequence for each limb within the 9.14 m between cones 3 and 4. Chi-squared analysis was completed via the PROC FREQ procedure of SAS to determine the relationship between CBD treatment and reactivity. Effects of treatment on initial heart rate (IHR), stimulus heart rate (SHR), and final heart rate (FHR) were analyzed through the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Statistical analyses were completed for stride length (SL) and time spent in stance (ST) or swing phase (SW) for walk and trot using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. An average of the 4 limbs was calculated for each horse for each parameter. Treatment horses received a lower frequency of moderate (3) to high (4, 5) reactivity scores compared with CON (TXT = 24; CON = 37; P = 0.0018). Statistical significance was not observed for IHR, SHR, or FHR. Further investigation is needed to accurately characterize the role of CBD in alterations of equine behavior. In walk, TXT horses spent longer in ST (TXT = 0.57 s, CON = 0.51 s; P
Orbital anatomy magnetic resonance imaging in diplopic versus non-diplopic patients after glaucoma drainage device placement:

Purpose:New-onset persistent diplopia has become a common complication after glaucoma drainage device (GDD) placement. Understanding the orbital anatomy of such patients may provide information reg...
A Place to be Together:: Cultivating Spaces of Discomfort and Not Knowing in Visual Analysis. The Collaborative Seeing Studio.

This article describes our transmethodological practice and the affective space of making and making sense of visual research in community. We purposefully embrace complexity and richness in visual data analysis, rather than seeking to reductively avoid doubt and uncertainty. To do this, we bring multiple ways of seeing together into a collaborative, poly-vocal construction. Our ‘studio’ is designed to be a safe space for risk and creativity. We are at different levels of experience and confidence, but we all learn from each other. Seeing collaboratively depends on translating our ways of reading visual material “out of our heads” and “into our shared space.” In the sense that we love what we are doing, we revel at opening ourselves to new possibilities. In-Progress: Victoria Restler Narrates a Collaborative Seeing Studio Session. Wendy Luttrell leads us into collaging as both metaphor and tools of Collaborative Seeing. We end with a brief reflection.
Two Conceptions of Weight of Evidence in Peirce’s Illustrations of the Logic of Science

Weight of evidence continues to be a powerful metaphor within formal approaches to epistemology. But attempts to construe the metaphor in precise and useful ways have encountered formidable obstacles. This paper shows that two quite different understandings of evidential weight can be traced back to one 1878 article by C.S. Peirce. One conception, often associated with I.J. Good, measures the balance or net weight of evidence, while the other, generally associated with J.M. Keynes, measures the gross weight of evidence. Conflations of these two notions have contributed to misunderstandings in the literature on weight. This paper shows why Peirce developed each conception of weight, why he distinguished them, and why they are easily mistaken for one another.
Self-report adherence measures in chronic illness: retest reliability and predictive validity.

Background Patient Centered Communication (PCC) is associated with more appropriate treatment of depression in primary care. In part a function of patient presentation, little is known about other influences on PCC. We investigated whether PCC was also influenced by personality dispositions of primary care providers (PCPs), independent of patient presentation.
Exports, university-industry linkages, and innovation challenges in Bangalore, India

The success of the Indian software industry is now internationally recognized. Consequently, scholars, policymakers, and industry officials everywhere generally anticipate the increasing competitiveness of India in high technology activities. Using a structural framework, the author argues that Bangalore's (and India's) information technology (IT) industry is predicated on an Indian business model which does not encourage thick institutional linkages such as those encapsulated by the triple helix model. Under this institutional arrangement there is cross-fertilization of new ideas and new modes of institutional interaction between industry, academia, and government. Though there are several hundred IT businesses in a milieu of numerous engineering and science colleges and high-end public sector research institutes, the supposed thick institutional architecture is in reality quite thin. This is due to a particular type of an export-oriented model which is based on off-shore development of software services, targeted mainly to the United States. Neither domestic market nor non-U.S. markets such as East Asia are pursued aggressively by Indian firms, which offer alternative forms of learning. Consequently, Bangalore's dynamism in the IT industry stems from linear and extensive growth rather than nonlinear and intensive growth. The author argues that Bangalore has serious innovation challenges with weak university-industry linkages, lack of inter-firm collaboration, and the absence of cross-fertilization between the knowledge-intensive defense/public sector and the commercial IT industry. To strengthen Bangalore's and India's innovation system, the Indian business model must be reformed by diversifying geographical and product markets, stemming international and internal brain drain, and contributing to urban infrastructure.
Development of a New Toxicity Test Method Using a Bio-dipstick

Abstract : The toxicity is an important property of environmentally considerate lubricants. To determine this property, numerous toxicity test methods have been developed using sophistical devices. Some of these tests have adapted to evaluating the toxicity properties of lubricants, while others have required some modification or do not work in lubrication applications. Currently, the OECD 203 guideline 203, fish, acute toxicity test, is widely used to evaluate the toxicity of lubricants using trout. This toxicity test method also requires special biological knowledge and a well- equipped laboratory. For this reason, most toxicity test methods cannot be performed in the petroleum laboratory. The bio-dipstick is a formation of agar medium and was designed to monitoring of microbial contamination in various industrial environments. Recently, this bio-dipstick has been also successfully used for screening the initial inoculums conditions for the aquatic biodegradation tests. In a similar approach, a potential toxicity test method for lubricants was studied using a bio-dipstick. The test results showed that the proposed test method was able to differentiate the toxicity level of lubricants and provided an acceptable test precision. In addition, it gave a good correlation with the results of OECD guideline 203 test. It appears that this toxicity test method can screen the toxicity of lubricants within very short period. This paper will be presented how to develop the toxicity test method and its test results.
La expropiación inquisitorial de cristianos nuevos portugueses en Los Reyes, Cartagena y México, 1635 -1649

Al caer la noche de aquel domingo una impresionada multitud en la ciu· dad de Mexico habia presenciado la solemne y macabra pompa con la que se ejecuto el auto de fe del 11 de abril de 1649. Concluia asi un obscuro capitulo de la historia hispanoamericana. Finalmente los prominentes miembros del grupo de cristianos nuevos portugueses que residian en Nueva Espafia fueron oficialmente castigados despues de sufrir siete afios de persecucion y desposeimiento. La ceremonia se llevo a cabo siguiendo el estricto codigo de honor de hidalgos e inquisidores espafioles. Juan de Maftozca y Zamora, envejecido visitador inquisitorial y Arzobispo de Mexico en la epoca, presidio a caballo el
Integrated resource allocation and planning in stochastic multiagent environments

Resource allocation is a ubiquitous problem that arises whenever scarce resources have to be distributed among multiple autonomous entities (e.g., people, companies, robots). Stochastic planning is also a very common problem that focuses on developing models and algorithms for behaving optimally in uncertain environments. The motivation for this dissertation is that the problems of resource allocation and stochastic planning are often very strongly intertwined: the utility for acquiring some resources is commonly determined by what goals can be achieved using these resources, while devising the best course of action for achieving these goals can involve solving a complex stochastic planning problem. An integrated approach to modeling and solving the problems of resource allocation and stochastic planning allows us to exploit problem structure that would otherwise be lost if the problems were considered separately. The overarching goal of this dissertation is to develop computationally efficient mechanisms for allocating consumable and non-consumable resources among agents whose preferences for these resources are induced by stochastic planning problems. Towards this end, we develop new models of planning problems, based on the framework of Markov decision processes (MDPs), where the action sets are explicitly parameterized by the available resources. Given these models, we design algorithms based on linear and integer programming that simultaneously solve for optimal allocations of resources and strategies for acting in the stochastic environments. These algorithms then form the core of our mechanisms for allocating resources in cooperative as well as competitive multiagent settings. We show analytically and empirically that the integrated approach leads to drastic (in many cases, exponential) improvements in computational efficiency over methods that consider the problems separately. To complement the above, we develop mechanisms that, in addition to exploiting structure in agents' preferences arising from regularities in the underlying planning problems, also exploit structure within the agents' MDPs. By utilizing and extending techniques based on approximate linear programming, we adapt our resource-allocation mechanisms to well-structured planning problems, represented as factored MDPs. This leads to algorithms that scale up to even larger resource-allocation problems, where the agents' preferences are induced by MDPs with extremely large state spaces.
Comparison of Dynamic Response of Humans and Test Devices (Dummies)

Comparison of the dynamic response of humans and dummies is an ambiguous task since the inference is that a simple comparison is possible with a quantitative value or finite number of quantitative values available for comparison, while in fact it consists of comparing a finite number of variables with an infinite number. The dummy has a fixed number of parts and can, supposedly, be adjusted to have a fixed measurable force and/or torque displacement characteristics between the parts. The individual human, on the other hand, has a far greater number of parts that are connected by tissues of infinite adjustability. There are a relatively few dummies available, while the variety of humans is endless with new variations being produced daily. Thus, for the comparison to be meaningful it is essential that the dynamics of a single dummy type be compared to the dynamics of some limited, representative human under predetermined muscle tonus. Further, the comparison must be made under a range of identical acceleration environments.
The importance of extensional flow properties on planar entry flow patterns of polymer melts

Abstract Flow patterns of polystyrene and low density polyethylene have been observed in planar entry flow. The presence or lack of vortices in the entry region has been interpreted in terms of the rheological properties of the polymer. It appears that the extensional stress growth behavior of the polymer plays an important role in the development of vortices in the entry region. It was found that vortices occur in LDPE, which exhibits unbounded extensional stress growth, but not in PS which exhibits bounded stress growth. In simulating entry flow patterns it may be necessary to use a constitutive equation which predicts unbounded extensional stress growth behavior.
Thinking about stuff: posthumanist phenomenology and cognition

Emerging digital technologies, such as sensors and pervasive computing, provide a robust interplay between digital and physical space. Architecture as a disciplinary endeavor has subsumed the capacities of these technologies without allowing the difference these technologies afford to challenge fundamental notions of architecture, such as cognition, visibility, and presence. This essay explores the inverse of the architectural ground by exploring the cognitive capacity for non-animate entities. The implication of this posthuman phenomenology is that entities themselves pose questions and that “stuff” thinks. Given an expanded definition of thinking, the environment is an active agent of entities that respond to human building with forces, tensions, marks, and crossings—physical elements that yield symbolic significance in our world.
Dynamics of the Market for Medical Malpractice Insurance

Public attention has been directed recently at the market for medical malpractice insurance, yet disagreement persists over whether this market has changed and, if so, what has caused this change. In this study, we examine factors that affect the market for this insurance, including the growth in premiums, losses, and investment earnings, and loss variability. Our analysis suggests that there was significant deterioration in the market for medical malpractice insurance beginning in 1998 and culminating in 2001. We conclude that insurers' losses are the primary driver of the market deterioration during the period 1998 through 2003.
The Logic of Community, Ignorance, and the Presumption of Moral Equality: A Soldier's Story

Abstract In January 2006, Roger Wertheimer, Jeff McMahan, and I presented our arguments about the moral equality (or inequality, as McMahan prefers) of combatants at the Joint Services Conference on Professional Ethics (the conference name has since changed to International Symposium for Military Ethics). The essays that grew out of that discussion are presented in this issue of JME. I argue that combatants on any side of a conflict are moral equals. Two fundamental perspectives inform my argument, the first having to do with social contract theory and the second having to do with the ignorance of combatants with respect to the justice of their nations’ wars. Individuals give over to the sovereign their right to use force: they may not seek vengeance in the domestic arena nor are they permitted to wage private wars. As such, it seems inconsistent to demand that the soldier relinquish to the state the authority and responsibility to use violence, and at the same time to condemn her for doing so. It also se...
Is sustainable exploitation of coral reefs possible? A view from the standpoint of the marine aquarium trade

Coral reefs are at the brink of a global, system-wide collapse. Human populations living at the water's edge are a vital key to the long-term survival and maintenance of these global biodiversity hotpots. Global trade combined with high levels of poverty threatens to siphon out biodiversity riches from developing nations to the developed world for short-term gains. The difficult challenge for local governance, conservationists, and resource managers alike is to create and maintain as diverse and well-functioning a Coral Reef Socio-Ecological System (CRSES) as possible. A fundamental shift in the structure of business practices, incentives and values are needed to move the marine aquarium trade to a more sustainable state. Rapid growth in the cultured coral trade and better fishery management in small fisheries are bright spots in the marine aquarium trade, and demonstrate that this trade can be part of a broader solution to reef conservation.