cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-sensitive mutants of avian sarcoma viruses. Genetic recombination with wild type sarcoma virus and physiological analysis of multiple mutants.

Abstract Genetic recombination experiments have been carried out to analyze the genotype of two “coordinate” ts mutants of the avian sarcoma viruses, LA334 and LA338. Recombination between Prague strain B of Rous sarcoma virus (PR-B) and LA334, resulted in progeny consistent with the mutant having two lesions, one affecting the maintenance of transformation, the other replication of infectious virus. LA338 appears to possess at least three mutations; one is similar to that in LA334 and affects the maintenance of transformation; a second prevents the synthesis of infectious virus at the restrictive temperature; the third affects an early function necessary to initiate transformation. This early defect can be complemented by and is lost on recombination with leukosis viruses. Temperature shift experiments have confirmed that the defective replication functions in LA334 and LA338 are late and reversible. They can both be complemented by leukosis viruses, but appear to affect different stages in replication; in fluorescent antibody studies at the nonpermissive temperature, LA334-infected cells contained normal levels of the major viral structural polypeptides, whereas LA338-infected cells contained reduced amounts. High frequency recombination was observed between host range and transformation markers. The significance of these frequencies is discussed.
A realist view of Hindu law

. Hindu law represents one of the least known, yet most sophisticated traditions of legal theory and jurisprudence in world history. Hindu jurisprudential texts contain elaborate and careful philosophical reflections on the nature of law and religion. The nature of Hindu law as a tradition has been subject to some debate and some misunderstanding both within and especially outside of specialist circles. The present essay utilizes the familiar framework of legal realism to describe the fundamental concepts of law and legal procedure in Hindu jurisprudence. Questions about the place of natural law theory and legal positivism in relation to Hindu law are also considered.
Visual working memory continues to develop through adolescence

The capacity of visual working memory (VWM) refers to the amount of visual information that can be maintained in mind at once, readily accessible for ongoing tasks. In healthy young adults, the capacity limit of VWM corresponds to about three simple objects. While some researchers argued that VWM capacity becomes adult-like in early years of life, others claimed that the capacity of VWM continues to develop beyond middle childhood. Here we assessed whether VWM capacity reaches adult levels in adolescence. Using an adaptation of the visual change detection task, we measured visual working memory capacity estimates in 13 year-olds, 16-year-olds, and young adults. We tested whether the capacity estimates observed in early or later years of adolescence were comparable to the estimates obtained from adults. Our results demonstrated that the capacity of VWM continues to develop throughout adolescence, not reaching adult levels even in 16 year-olds. These findings suggest that VWM capacity displays a prolonged development, similar to the protracted trajectories observed in various other aspects of cognition.
Long Overdue: The Politics of Racial Reparations

PrefaceIntroduction: Insufficient Funds1 A Political and Legal History of Reparations and Race Relations 2 From Forty Acres to "We Must Have Our Money": Reparations from Antebellum to Civil Rights America 3 A Winning Case: Comparing the Rosewood and Greenwood Reparations Claims4 The Contemporary Debate: The Legacy of Slavery and the Antireparations Movement 5 Reparations Go Global: Pan Africanism and the World Conference against Racism 6 A True Revolution of Values: Changing the Culture and Politics of Reparations Epilogue: We Are American: The Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina NotesBibliography Index About the Author
New Methodology for Optimal Operation of Soil Aquifer Treatment Systems

A new methodology is presented in thisarticle for computing the optimal operation of soilaquifer treatment systems. The mathematical problemis stated as a discrete-time optimal control problemto maximize infiltration subject to various physicaland operation constraints. The methodology is basedupon solving the discrete-time optimal control problemusing a successive approximation linear quadraticregulator interfaced with a simulator. Theunsaturated flow model HYDRUS is modified to simulatethe water content distribution, the infiltrationprocess, and the draining process. A penalty functionmethod is used to treat the bound constraints on thewater content and the cycle time. Sample problems aregiven to illustrate the capability of the model tosolve the optimal operation of soil aquifer treatment systems.
Gene therapy -- promises, problems and prospects

Gene therapy is a novel form of molecular medicine which will have a major impact on human health in the coming century. Although the advent of recombinant DNA technology in modern medicine will allow fetal genetic screening and genetic counseling, the vast majority of those born with the disease are likely to be helped by gene therapy approaches. The scope and definition of gene therapy have expanded in the past few years. In addition to the possibility of correcting inherited genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, hemophilia and familial hypercholesterolemia, gene therapy approaches are being used to combat acquired diseases, like cancer, AIDS, infectious diseases, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. We are not, at this time, contemplating germ line gene therapy, due to the complex technical and ethical issues involved. We are interested in pursuing somatic cell gene therapy, which is exclusively for the benefit for the individual and cannot be passed on to the succeeding generation. The minimum requirement for gene therapy is sustained production of the therapeutic gene product without any harmful side effects (Anderson 1998; Verma and Somia 1997; Crystal 1995; Mulligan 1993; Leiden 1995).
ACCURATE EARTH ORIENTATION TIME SERIES FROM VLBI OBSERVATIONS

Since January 1984, the IRIS Earth orientation monitoring service has regularly operated a VLBI network to determine polar motion, UT1, nutation, and precession. The IRIS polar motion time series comprises x and y values at 5-day intervals with accuracies, verified by intercomparisons with SLR values, of better than 2 milliseconds of arc. The UT1 series includes values at 5-day intervals with estimated accuracies of 0.05 to 0.10 millisecond, and daily values during the periods April through June 1984 and 1985 having estimated accuracies from 0.05 to 0.20 millisecond. The IRIS observations have also been used to estimate corrections to the IAU 1984 nutation series, yielding an annual term with an amplitude of approximately 2 milliseconds of arc.
Gamma Interferon (IFN-γ) Receptor Restricts Systemic Dengue Virus Replication and Prevents Paralysis in IFN-α/β Receptor-Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT We previously reported that mice lacking alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors (IFN-α/βR and -γR) uniformly exhibit paralysis following infection with the dengue virus (DENV) clinical isolate PL046, while only a subset of mice lacking the IFN-γR alone and virtually no mice lacking the IFN-α/βR alone develop paralysis. Here, using a mouse-passaged variant of PL046, strain S221, we show that in the absence of the IFN-α/βR, signaling through the IFN-γR confers approximately 140-fold greater resistance against systemic vascular leakage-associated dengue disease and virtually complete protection from dengue-induced paralysis. Viral replication in the spleen was assessed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, which revealed a reduction in the number of infected cells due to IFN-γR signaling by 2 days after infection, coincident with elevated levels of IFN-γ in the spleen and serum. By 4 days after infection, IFN-γR signaling was found to restrict DENV replication systemically. Clearance of DENV, on the other hand, occurred in the absence of IFN-γR, except in the central nervous system (CNS) (brain and spinal cord), where clearance relied on IFN-γ from CD8 + T cells. These results demonstrate the roles of IFN-γR signaling in protection from initial systemic and subsequent CNS disease following DENV infection and demonstrate the importance of CD8 + T cells in preventing DENV-induced CNS disease.
From Functional Animation to Sprite-Based Display

Functional animation encourages a highly modular programming style, by supplying a set of arbitrarily composable functions for building up animations. In contrast, libraries for sprite-based display impose rigid structure, in order to allow acceleration by hardware and low level software. This paper presents a method to bridge the gap between functional specification and stateful, sprite-based presentation of animation. The method's correctness is proved informally by derivation from a simple non-effective specification, exploiting algebraic properties of the animation data types that are made explicit in the functional approach. We have implemented this method in the Fran system, which is freely available.
A physical model of potential energy profiles of ions going through a biological membrane channel

To attempt to explain what determines a single particle (an ion or an ion group) penetration of a cell membrane channel, a physical model of potential energy profiles V/sub 2/(x) of a channel is proposed, based on the authors' previous study of one dimensional (1-D) steady state Schrodinger equation in a single particle system and in a time independent field. In this model, a V/sub 2/(x) is simplified as an effective constant height of potential energy barrier V/sub 2/ in a channel to obtain analytical solutions in mathematics. This model elucidates that: (1) Ion selectivity of a channel is determined by V/sub 2/. V/sub 2/ is divided into a V/sub 2c/ for a cation and V/sub 2a/ for an anion. V/sub 2c/ and V/sub 2a/ may be or may be not the same value depending on electrical characteristics of the particles and the channel. It is called a cation channel if a V/sub 2c/ is much lower than a V/sub 2a/ and vice versa. It is called a cation-anion cotransporter if a V/sub 2e/ and a V/sub 2a/ are equal or almost equal. (2) Whether a particle can penetrate through a channel is mostly determined by the repulsion energies (barriers) rather than the attraction energies (wells). (3) A channel's conformation can be changed when the channel is stimulated strongly enough. The variation of the conformation could influence V/sub 2/(x) and V/sub 2/, and eventually result in open or close of the channel.
Who mothers mommy? Factors that contribute to mothers' well-being.

Developmental science is replete with studies on the impact of mothers on their children, but little is known about what might best help caregivers to function well themselves. In an initial effort to address this gap, we conducted an internet-based study of over 2,000 mostly well-educated mothers, seeking to illuminate salient risk and protective processes associated with their personal well-being. When women's feelings in the parenting role were considered along with dimensions of personal support as predictors, the latter set explained at least as much variance -- and often much more -- across dimensions of mothers’ personal well-being. Within the latter set of personal support predictors, findings showed that four had particularly robust links with mothers’ personal adjustment: Their feeling unconditionally loved, feeling comforted when in distress, authenticity in relationships, and satisfaction with friendships. Partner satisfaction had some associations with personal adjustment outcomes, but being married in itself had negligible effects. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research, and for interventions aimed at fostering resilience among mothers facing high level of stress in their role as parents.
Policy Feedback and Preschool Funding in the American States

The early childhood education policy community has been described as a “divided constituency” in which groups with the same underlying goals sometimes work at cross purposes. This article examines how this internal division affects the contemporary funding of preschool education. It finds that states with a relatively large Head Start community are significantly more likely not to fund preschool education and significantly less likely to dedicate preschool funding exclusively to a freestanding state program. These results suggest that the creation and political solidification of Head Start generated policy feedback. They contributed to an ongoing tension within the early education community as Head Start beneficiaries viewed the creation of a freestanding preschool program as a political threat. This political dynamic illustrates the more general way in which the existence of a public policy can alter the dynamics of future political action.
Evidence regarding the mechanism of fatigue from studies of environmental effects

Abstract Fatigue tests of aluminum alloy specimens are being conducted under controlled humidity conditions. Results of tests in which the environment is changed during the test show that there is an initial period during which the humidity has no effect. This is interpreted to indicate that the deformation during that period is not localized.
External pore collapse as an inactivation mechanism for Kv4.3 K+ channels.

Kv4 channels are thought to lack a C-type inactivation mechanism (collapse of the external pore) and to inactivate as a result of a concerted action of cytoplasmic regions of the channel. To investigate whether Kv4 channels have outer pore conformational changes during the inactivation process, the inactivation properties of Kv4.3 were characterized in 0 mM and in 2 mM external K+ in whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments. Removal of external K+ increased the inactivation rates and favored cumulative inactivation by repetitive stimulation. The reduction in current amplitude during repetitive stimulation and the faster inactivation rates in 0 mM external K+ were not due to changes in the voltage dependence of channel opening or to internal K+ depletion. The extent of the collapse of the K+ conductance upon removal of external K+ was more pronounced in NMG+-than in Na+-containing solutions. The reduction in the current amplitude during cumulative inactivation by repetitive stimulation is not associated with kinetic changes, suggesting that it is due to a diminished number of functional channels with unchanged gating properties. These observations meet the criteria for a typical C-type inactivation, as removal of external K+ destabilizes the conducting state, leading to the collapse of the pore. A tentative model is presented, in which K+ bound to high-affinity K+-binding sites in the selectivity filter destabilizes an outer neighboring K+ modulatory site that is saturated at ~2 mM external K+. We conclude that Kv4 channels have a C-type inactivation mechanism and that previously reported alterations in the inactivation rates after N- and C- termini mutagenesis may arise from secondary changes in the electrostatic interactions between K+-binding sites in the selectivity filter and the neighboring K+-modulatory site, that would result in changes in its K+ occupancy.
The soil degradation of the herbicide florasulam

The route and rate of degradation of florasulam, a low-rate triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide herbicide, was investigated in six soil types under aerobic conditions at 20 or 25 °C. Degradation products were isolated and identified by mass spectroscopy. Florasulam was rapidly degraded by microbial action with an average half-life of 2.4 days (range 0.7 to 4.5 days). The first step in the degradation pathway involved conversion of the methoxy group on the triazolopyrimidine ring to a hydroxy group to form N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-8-fluoro-5-hydroxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide. This metabolite degraded, with a half-life of 10 to 61 days, via partial breakdown of the triazolopyrimidine ring to form N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-aminosulfonyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid. This was followed by cleavage of the sulfonamide bridge to form 5-(aminosulfonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid. Other degradation processes involved decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid metabolites and mineralisation to form carbon dioxide and non-extractable residues. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
NMR distinction of single- and multiple-mode binding of small-molecule protein ligands.

Identifying and characterizing small-molecule inhibitors of protein−protein interactions is of high interest for drug discovery and for chemical genetics studies of biological pathways. Very often, initial hits or first-generation compounds have low micromolar dissociation constants and cause line broadening in NMR spectra. It is very important for subsequent structure-based compound optimization to know if this line broadening is caused by intermediate exchange of the dissociation kinetics only or in addition by multiple binding modes. Here, we present an approach of how to distinguish these two situations and demonstrate its experimental application. Two very similar small-molecule ligands of Bcl-xL are considered that cause both severe line broadening of interface residues. We show that one compound exhibits single-mode binding, and broadening is just due to dissociation kinetics in the intermediate exchange regime, and the line broadening can be overcome by providing excess ligand. In the other case, ...
Thread Warping: Dynamic and Transparent Synthesis of Thread Accelerators

We introduce thread warping, a dynamic optimization technique that customizes multicore architectures to a given application by dynamically synthesizing threads into custom accelerator circuits on FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays). Thread warping builds upon previous dynamic synthesis techniques for single-threaded applications, enabling dynamic architectural adaptation to different amounts of thread-level parallelism, while also exploiting parallelism within each thread to further improve performance. Furthermore, thread warping maintains the important separation of function from architecture, enabling portability of applications to architectures with different quantities of microprocessors and FPGAs, an advantage not shared by static compilation/synthesis approaches. We introduce an approach consisting of CAD tools and operating system support that enables thread warping on potentially any microprocessor/FPGA architecture. We evaluate thread warping using a simulator for high-performance computing systems with different interconnections in addition to multicore embedded systems having between 4 and 64 ARM11 microprocessors. On average, thread warping achieved approximately 3x speedup compared to a high-performance quad-core Intel Xeon and 109x compared to an embedded system consisting of 4 ARM11 cores, with a size cost approximately equal to 36 ARM11 cores.
Carbon isotope systematics of individual hydrocarbons in hydrothermal petroleum from Middle Valley, Northeastern Pacific Ocean

Abstract Individual aliphatic hydrocarbons in samples of bulk hydrothermal petroleum from Middle Valley (ODP Site 858) were submitted to compound specific isotope analysis to trace their origins. The C isotope compositions of the n -alkanes and isoprenoid hydrocarbons [means n -alkanes: −30.1±1.01 (858A), −28.3±1.7 (858C) and −24.8±1.4 (858D)‰; isoprenoids: −26.0±2.7 (858C) and −27.9±0.4 (858D)‰, respectively] reflect mixed marine and terrestrial organic matter sources. Biphytane from thermophiles has a δ 13 C value of −21.0‰.
Changing Times: The Holocene Legacy

Environmentalism has become a powerful force in global scientific and political affairs. Part of its influence stems from the truism that a viable environment is not just a lofty ideal but a practical necessity for the future of humanity. Another part comes from a reawakening of prehumanistic thoughts that humanity is not necessarily the sole measure of all things. These two threads of modern environmental thinking underscore the age-old question of the place of humankind in nature. Alternate concepts about the relationship of human beings to nature depend largely on philosophical attitudes independent of any external reality, but accurate perception of environmental history is a prerequisite for valid environmental concepts. Understanding how the global environment we observe today has evolved from antecedent conditions is indispensable as part of the basis for guiding future environmental management. An adequate appraisal of environmental history must include a geological perspective.
Log-linear probability models: an application to the analysis of timing of first birth.

(1985). Log-linear probability models: an application to the analysis of timing of first birth. Applied Economics: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 477-489.
Theory of the temperature dependence of second-order elastic constants in cubic materials

The temperature dependence of the second-order elastic constants of cubic crystalline materials is derived on the basis of a quasiharmonic-anisotropic-continuum model. It is assumed that the strain dependence of the frequencies of oscillation in a given material is independent of wavelength. The results are expressed in terms of the properties of the static lattice on the assumption that higher-than-first-order effects in the (vibrational) strain for the actual lattice can be neglected. It is found for the present model that the temperature-dependent part of the adiabatic second-order elastic constants is not proportional to the vibrational energy, contrary to previous results based on simplifying assumptions. Mathematical expressions in terms of the second-, third-, and fourth-order elastic constants are given for three temperature regions. These are for high temperatures, where the second-order elastic constants change linearly with temperature; for low temperatures, where they change as the fourth power of the temperature; and for the difference between the actual values at 0 K and the values extrapolated back to 0 K from the high-temperature linear region, this difference being due to the effect of zero-point oscillations. The theory should be most accurate for the low-temperature (fourth-power) region, mainly because the assumption regarding wavelength independence is not required, as only long-wavelength modes are effective in this region. In succeeding articles applications to various materials for purposes of comparison with experiments will be made.
An Alternative to Suspension for Middle School Youths With Behavior Problems: Findings From a "School Survival" Group

A group intervention for middle school youths with behavior problems was tested. Eighty-four subjects were randomly assigned to "school survival" groups or "attention-only" groups. The Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (N-SLCS) was used to measure shifts in subjects' lo cus of control. Subjects completed the N-SLCS at pretest, posttest, and I-month follow-up. Sub jects who participated in school survival groups reported statistically significant shifts to a more internal locus of control as compared with subjects who participated in attention-only groups. These shifts were maintained 4 weeks after treatment. Because an internal locus of control has been shown to be a correlate of school success, it appears that the school survival group holds promise as an effective alternative to suspension.
Research Note: A Sustainable Hypothesis for Tourist Hotels: Evidence from International Hotel Chains

This paper takes a brief empirical look at a sustainable hypothesis in terms of the Malmquist�Luenberger (ML) 1 index, using data from the island of Taiwan. The findings suggest that international hotel chains (ITH)2 have better average energy efficiency when globally accounting for carbon emissions reductions. Thus it is recommended that public policymakers promote green hotel policies and encourage independent hotel operators to become contracted members of international hotel chains for sustainable development with fewer carbon emissions.
Barth syndrome, a human disorder of cardiolipin metabolism

Barth syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene. Patients have reduced concentration and altered composition of cardiolipin, the specific mitochondrial phospholipid, and they have variable clinical findings, often including heart failure, myopathy, neutropenia, and growth retardation. This article provides an overview of the molecular basis of Barth syndrome. It is argued that tafazzin, a phospholipid acyltransferase, is involved in acyl-specific remodeling of cardiolipin, which promotes structural uniformity and molecular symmetry among the cardiolipin molecular species. Inhibition of this pathway leads to changes in mitochondrial architecture and function.
Treatment of extensive renal calculi with extracorporeal surgery and autotransplantation.

Abstract Two patients with large calculi in solitary kidneys, treated bit ex vivo stone extraction and autotransplantation are presented. The results show this to be a valuable therapeutic modality for difficult renal calculi where an in situ approach would be hazardous.
Anomalous Dominance in Down Syndrome Young Adults

The ear advantages of groups of Down Syndrome and developmentally retarded (NonDown) young adults, and normal youngsters matched for mental age were compared on dichotic listening performance. The paradigm employed strings of single, double, and triple digits presented to each ear under both free and cued recall conditions. The developmentally retarded and normal groups demonstrated the typical right ear advantage (REA), whereas the Down Syndrome group produced a significant left ear advantage (LEA) in four of the six experimental conditions. In addition, for the cued as compared to free recall conditions, all three groups demonstrated relatively better right ear performance. These results indicate anomalous dominance in Down Syndrome young adults which is consistent across varying memory load and attentional demands. Furthermore, these results are not likely due to a maturational lag phenomenon, but more likely related to genetic, biologic, and neurologic, factors as suggested by Geschwind and Galaburda (1985).
Photophysics of Organic Semiconductors Probed by Single Molecule Spectroscopy and Near-Field Optics

We use single molecule fluoresecence and near-field optics to directly compare structures of oligo(phenylenevinylene) (OPV) molecules and their luminescence properties, the emission from macromolecules derived from OPVs and the morphology of films made from OPVs.
Energy management for real-time embedded applications with compiler support

Reducing device energy has become one of the most important challenges to embedded systems designers. Processors with dynamic voltage scaling permit trading performance for reduced energy consumption as a program executes. In this paper, we first present a novel hybrid scheme that uses dynamic voltage scaling to adjust the performance of embedded applications to reduce energy consumption while also meeting time constraints. Our fine grained approach uses the compiler to insert power management hints in the application code. These hints convey path specific run-time information about the program's progress to power management points invoked by the operating system that adjust processor performance. Second we present an algorithm for inserting power management hints along different program paths. Finally, we experimentally evaluate our approach and show that signi cant energy reduction can be achieved. On two embedded applications, MPEG movie decoding and automatic target recognition, our scheme reduces energy by up to 79% over no power management and by up to over 50% static power management. We also experimentally demonstrate that our scheme achieves more energy savings compared to two purely compiler directed schemes.
Relational-Grammar-Based Generation in the JETS Japanese-English Machine Translation System

This paper describes the design and function of the English generation phase in JETS, a minimal transfer, Japanese-English machine translation system that is based on the linguistic framework of relational grammar. To facilitate the development of relational grammar generators, we have built a generator shell that provides a high-level relational grammar rule-writing language and is independent of both the natural language and the application. The implemented English generator (called GENIE) maps abstract canonical structures, representing the basic predicate-argument structures of sentences, into well-formed English sentences via a two-stage plan-and-execute design. The modularity inherent in the plan-and-execute design permits the development of a very general and stable deterministic execution grammar. Another major feature of the GENIE generator is that it iscategory-driven, i.e., planning rules and execution rules are distributed over a part-of-speech hierarchy (down to individual lexical items) and are invoked via an inheritance mechanism only if appropriate for the category being processed. Categorydriven processing facilitates the handling of exceptions. The use of a syntactic planner and category-driven processing together provide a great deal of flexibility without sacrificing determinism in the generation process.
Rate constants for unimolecular decomposition at threshold

Abstract The character of rate constants for a dissociation occurring near threshold on an attractive potential-energy surface is discussed. Application is made to the attachment of electrons to SF6 and CCl4, and to the autoionization of SF6-. Implications for isotope separation schemes based on the competition between the autoionization and dissociation of SF6- are noted.
A comparison of the effects of infant and adult retinal lesions upon visual acuity in the rabbit.

Abstract Laser lesions were placed in the visual streak or in a region of equivalent area in the peripheral retina in 14 adult and 14 infant Dutch Belted rabbits. They were tested on the visual cliff 1 week postoperatively, and 10 from each age group were trained on visual acuity discriminations 2–4 months later. There were no significant effects either of age at the time of surgery or of locus of the lesion upon perception as determined by performance on the visual cliff. Adult rabbits with streak lesions were significantly impaired, in contrast to their controls with peripheral lesions, in the solution of visual acuity discriminations. There were no signficant differences in the performances of infant rabbits with streak and peripheral lesions. These results confirm the functional importance of the visual streak in visual acuity of the adult rabbit and indicate that the anatomical and electrophysiological specializations noted in the visual streak have functional significance. However, the ability of the infant visual system to maintain (or recover) function after local damage suggests that, in contrast to the adult, the infant has less dependence on specific anatomical structures and may possess the capacity for reorganization of the neural substrate as a consequence of appropriate sensory experience. One possible explanation of the findings for infants is in a proposed divergence of neural pathways from healthy retina adjacent to retinal lesions to central projections that normally serve the receptor population of the visual streak.
Structural alterations of chromatin in phase III WI38 human diploid fibroblasts

Abstract Circular dichroism spectra of chromatin from phase II (middle-aged) and phase III (old) WI38 human diploid fibroblasts are different. These differences were evident in populations of confluent WI38 cells and were associated with different kinetics when the confluent monolayers were stimulated to proliferate by a nutritional change. The kinetic differences consisted of an increased length of the prereplicative phase and a decreased percentage of cells entering DNA synthesis in the older cell population. The structural differences between the chromatins of middle- and late-passage cells were abolished when both chromatins were extracted with 0.25 M NaCl. Finally, analysis of the 0.25 M NaCl extract showed differences in the gel electrophoretic profiles of the extracted proteins.
A note on a class of probability matching models

Probability matching is shown to be a property of a broad class of models of binary choice behavior.
Region-specific alterations in glutamate receptor expression and subcellular distribution following extinction of cocaine self-administration

Abstract A role for glutamatergic signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NA) in both the expression and extinction of cocaine seeking has been suggested. The effects of extinction following cocaine self-administration on the expression and synaptosomal distribution of GluR1 and NMDAR1 glutamate receptor subunits in the NA shell and core and the dorsolateral striatum were examined. Rats self-administered cocaine or had access to saline for 14 days followed by a period of extinction training, home-cage exposure, or placement in the self-administration chambers with levers retracted in the absence of discrete cues. Self-administration followed by home-cage exposure reduced GluR1 expression in the NA shell and NMDAR1 expression in the dorsolateral striatum without affecting expression in the NA core. These effects were not observed following extinction. Extinction training increased synaptosomal GluR1 in the NA shell and core and NMDAR1 in the dorsolateral striatum while decreasing synaptosomal NMDAR1 in the shell. Extinction but not home-cage exposure was associated with altered expression and synaptosomal content of the scaffolding proteins PICK1 and PSD95. Following extinction, synaptosomal PICK1 decreased in the dorsolateral striatum while total PICK1 expression was increased in the shell. The synaptosomal PSD95 was decreased in the NA shell, while total PSD95 expression was increased in the core. These data suggest that extinguished cocaine seeking is associated with changes in GluR1 and NMDAR1 expression and subcellular distribution that are region-specific and consist of both a reversal of cocaine-induced adaptations and emergent extinction-related alterations that include receptor subunit redistribution and may involve alterations in scaffolding proteins.
Novel integrated optical I/O couplers on MCMs using MEMS techniques

Optoelectronic interconnection can provide a practical solution for the ever increasing communication bottleneck problems among a multitude of information processing units. As research activities progress in the field of serial or parallel board-to-board and module-to- module interconnection, some of the research focus has shifted to smaller physical dimensions, like intra-module interconnection, which combines optoelectronic interconnection, multichip module packaging, and microelectromechanical system technologies at the module level. This paper describes novel integrated optical input/output couplers on multichip modules using micro-machined silicon mirrors to be used for optoelectronic multichip modules. The proposed microstructure integrates optical waveguide networks, multilayer electrical transmission line networks, micro-machined silicon mirrors, and flip-chip bonded photonic devices into a single structure. Using both sides of the silicon wafers, multiple metal layers and optical waveguide layers can be successfully fabricated for all metals or optical waveguides. The proposed input/output coupling method utilizes an innovative combination of through-holes across OE- MCM and micro-machined silicon mirrors integrated together into a single package.
The clinical relevance of hip joint simulator testing: In vitro and in vivo comparisons

Abstract Hip joint simulators are widely used for evaluation of new bearing designs and materials. Although test methodology has been refined and accuracy improved over time, establishing clinical relevance remains the ultimate goal of this testing. Three criteria were set to establish clinical validation; simulator wear rates, qualitative and quantitative wear rate rankings and wear debris morphology. All must duplicate those reported clinically. Several material models with known and published clinical performance can be used to validate any hip simulator and test methodology. These include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) versus ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) (or the Charnley model), Hylamer® versus conventional UHMWPE and ethylene oxide (EtO) or gas plasma sterilized UHMWPE versus gamma-irradiated in air UHMWPE. Studies on these materials are retrospective, however, a fourth model involving Duration® stabilized UHMWPE versus gamma-irradiated in air UHMWPE was used prospectively. Generic or commercially available acetabular liners of these materials were fabricated or obtained and tested in a multi station hip simulator under physiologic loading, cross-path motion, anatomical positioning and biological lubrication conditions. All liners were articulated with CoCr femoral heads (Ra = 0.02 μm). Literature reported clinical wear rates and wear rate ratios were precisely reproduced for the retrospective models. Methodology was found to have significant influence. Clinical performance of the fourth material model was first predicted and then corroborated.
Diffusion of Ru, Fe and Co in liquid silver☆

Abstract Diffusion of Ru, Fe and Co in liquid silver is measured in the temperature range 975–1400°C by use of the capillary-reservoir technique. The experimental results on the relative solute diffusivity and its temperature dependence are discussed in terms of the fluctuation and the “hole” theories of liquid diffusion, assuming the solute as a point charge equal to the difference in the valences of the solute and solvent atoms. Both the Thomas-Fermi and the self-consistent Hartree potentials are used to evaluate the additional coulombic interaction term due to the excess solute charge. The theoretical and experimental results agree with both the fluctuation and ‘hole’ models of liquid diffusion, if Ru, Fe and Co diffuse in liquid silver with relative valences −2, −1.3 and −0.15, respectively, instead of − 3, −3 and − 2 as suggested by the Periodic Table of Elements.
Enhancement of sprouting and putative regeneration of central noradrenergic fibers by morphine

Treatment of newborn rats with 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA, 60 μ g/g IP) increased the levels of norepinephrine in the adult cerebellum and hindbrain. Concurrent treatment with morphine sulfate (20 μ g/g IP) potentiated the response to 6-OHDOPA in the cerebellum and pons-medulla. In addition, increased noradrenergic neurite density in 4 week cerebellar cortex (as observed with histofluorescent staining by glyoxylic acid) suggests that neonatal morphine increased the sprouting of noradrenergic neurons in the 6-OHDOPA treated rats.
INVESTIGATIONS ON LARGE COSMIC-RAY BURSTS

Observations on large cosmic-ray bursts have been performed at the altitude of 3500 meters with a model C meter surrounded by thick lead shields. G-M counters, connected to appropriate electronic circuits, were placed over these lead shields in order to record extensive air showers simultaneously with bursts. It is found that about 2 percent of the 100 particle bursts and about 14 percent of the 1000 particle bursts under 10.7 cm Pb are produced by extensive air showers. This fraction continues to increase with increasing burst size and becomes almost 100 percent for bursts of more than 4000 particles. The experimental observations are consistent with the assumption that the part of the burst-producing radiation which does not consist of air showers or of $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons is attenuated in lead with the absorption mean-free-path of 346\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}36 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The correction for the number of bursts produced by $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons is based on a revision of the calculations of Christy and Kusaka; the revised calculation indicates that $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons (spin 1/2) produce 68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 percent of the bursts in a model C meter under 10.7 cm Pb at sea level.
Development and Validation of the Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II.

This article describes the development and initial validation of the Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II (JSORRAT-II). Potential predictor variables were extracted from case file information for an exhaustive sample of 636 juveniles in Utah who sexually offended between 1990 and 1992. Simultaneous and hierarchical logistic regression analyses were used to identify the group of variables that was most predictive of subsequent juvenile sexual recidivism. A simple categorical scoring system was applied to these variables without meaningful loss of accuracy in the development sample for any sexual (area under the curve [AUC] = .89) and sexually violent (AUC = .89) juvenile recidivism. The JSORRAT-II was cross-validated on an exhaustive sample of 566 juveniles who had sexually offended in Utah in 1996 and 1997. Reliability of scoring the tool across five coders was quite high (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .96). Relative to the development sample, however, there was considerable shrinkage in the indices of predictive accuracy for any sexual (AUC = .65) and sexually violent (AUC = .65) juvenile recidivism. The reduced level of accuracy was not explained by severity of the index sexual offense, time at risk, or missing data. Capitalization on chance and other explanations for the possible reduction in predictive accuracy are explored, and potential uses and limitations of the tool are discussed. Language: en
The effect of histamine-2 receptor antagonists on tocainide pharmacokinetics.

The effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on tocainide pharmacokinetics were assessed in seven healthy subjects, using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study design. After a 400-mg oral dose of tocainide, the area under the concentration-time curve decreased from (mean +/- SD) 31.64 +/- 14.16 micrograms.hr/mL during placebo, to 23.10 +/- 7.33 micrograms.hr/mL during cimetidine (P less than .05). Similarly, the peak tocainide concentrations were 2.81 +/- 0.89 micrograms/mL and 1.70 +/- 0.44 micrograms/mL with placebo and cimetidine, respectively (P less than .05). There was no change in the above parameters between ranitidine and placebo. The terminal half-life and renal clearance of tocainide were not altered by either H2-receptor antagonists, compared with placebo. However, the total amount of tocainide excreted unchanged in the urine, decreased from 159.8 +/- 14.7 mg with placebo to 136.8 +/- 26.8 mg with cimetidine (P less than .05), whereas there was no change with ranitidine. These data indicate that cimetidine, but not ranitidine, causes a decrease in the bioavailability of tocainide and that neither agent alters the apparent elimination rate of tocainide.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 Enhances Neointima Formation After Oxidative Vascular Injury in Atherosclerosis-Prone Mice

Background —Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) inhibits neointima formation after vascular injury. Hyperlipidemia modulates the expression of multiple genes, however, and the effects of PAI-1 on the arterial response to injury under hyperlipidemic conditions are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of PAI-1 on intimal hyperplasia and other vascular changes that develop after arterial injury in apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE −/− ) mice. Methods and Results —Ferric chloride injury of the midportion of the common carotid arteries of apoE −/− mice (n=22) induced formation of a neointima that contained smooth muscle cells, foam cells, neutral lipid, tissue factor, and von Willebrand factor. Interactions between vascular injury and apolipoprotein E deficiency were strongly synergistic; either stimulus alone was insufficient to induce significant neointima formation. Mean intima/media ratios were significantly greater ( P −/− , PAI-1 +/+ mice (5.6±1.8, n=12) than in apoE −/− , PAI-1 −/− mice (1.2±0.55, n=12), as were the percentages of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the intima and media ( P −/− , PAI-1 +/+ mice than in apoE −/− , PAI-1 −/− mice. Conclusions —In atherosclerosis-prone mice, PAI-1 promotes neointima formation after oxidative vascular injury. The apparent hyperlipidemia-dependent effect of PAI-1 may be mediated by its capacity to inhibit the clearance of platelet-fibrin thrombi that can deliver growth factors to the blood vessel wall or be incorporated into developing vascular lesions. Alternatively, hyperlipidemia may alter the pattern of gene expression in the blood vessel wall to enhance potential effects of PAI-1 on antiproliferative processes, such as transforming growth factor-β activation and apoptosis.
The specificity of human spermatozoa/zona pellucida interaction under hemizona assay conditions

The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the specificity of human sperm/zona pellucida interaction under hemizona assay (HZA) conditions in experiments with gametes from the same and different species. Human, cynomolgus monkey and hamster oocytes were used after salt-storage. Oocytes were bisected into matching hemizonae by micromanipulation and used in the HZA. Semen was obtained from healthy men (donors) and male cynomolgus monkeys and prepared by wash and swim-up. Sperm binding to matching hemizonae was assessed (tight binding) after 4-h coincubation in the HZA in homologous and interspecies experiments. Acrosome reaction was evaluated in the sperm droplets using FITC-PSA and on the hemizonae using the T-6 monoclonal antibody. On human hemizonae, the number of tightly bound sperm for human and monkey were 93.2 ± 15.8 and 3.9 ± 1.3, respectively (P<0.001). On monkey hemizonae, the number of tightly bound sperm for monkey and human were 126.0 ± 34.8 and 2.8 ± 1.6, (P = 0.02) respectively. On hamster hemizonae, there was negligible binding of human and monkey sperm. There was a significantly higher incidence of acrosome reacted sperm on the zona pellucida in homologous compared to heterologous experiments. These results demonstrate a high species-specificity of human gamete functions under HZA conditions, providing further support for the use of this bioassay in infertility and contraception testing. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diel Foraging Patterns of the Sea Urchin Centrostephanus coronatus as a Predator Avoidance Strategy

During the day, the diadematid sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus occupies holes and crevices in shallow subtidal rocky substrata. Individuals emerge from these after sunset and forage on organisms attached to the surrounding rock surface. Each urchin travels <1 m from its shelter and returns to the same one before sunrise. The sheephead wrasse Pimelometopon pulchrum does not remove urchins from their shelters, but will attack and consume urchins placed in normal feeding locations during the daytime. The active periods of the sheephead and the urchin do not overlap; urchins begin foraging about 20 min after the diurnal sheephead retire in the evening and return to their shelters 1 to 2 h before sheephead resume feeding in the morning. We infer that the urchin's daytime crevice-dwelling and nocturnal foraging habits have evolved as a response to sheephead predation. Moreover, because shelters are limited in supply, shelter fidelity may have evolved to insure refuge from sheephead.
Robustness of adaptive control of robots

In this paper we discuss the robustness of adaptive control of rigid robots and methods for improving robustness in the face of unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances. Robustness to unmodeled dynamics is achieved using a so-called composite control strategy based on a singular perturbation formulation of the manipulator dynamics together with σ-modificiation. Rigorous stability proofs are given using a composite Lyapunov function approach.