cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiferromagnetic quantum critical point in CeRhIn5-xSnx

Abstract Measurements of magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and electrical resistivity have been performed on single crystals of CeRhIn 5 - x Sn x . The antiferromagnetic order at T N = 3.8 K that occurs in the heavy-fermion pressure-induced superconductor CeRhIn 5 is suppressed by Sn substitution at a critical concentration x c ∼ 0.35 . Non-Fermi liquid behavior is observed in the vicinity of x c suggesting an antiferromagnetic quantum critical point. The evolution of the antiferromagnetic order, a Schottky anomaly centered around 3 K attributed to short-range magnetic correlations, and non-Fermi liquid behavior in CeRhIn 5 - x Sn x indicates a localized/itinerant crossover of the Ce f electrons, similar to the one that occurs in CeRhIn 5 at applied pressure.
Attention deficits and hyperactivity in children

This is a concise, state-of-the-art synthesis of the vast amount of information related to attention deficits and hyperactivity in children. The author explores key issues such as: whether there is in fact a valid syndrome; which factors predict subsequent adolescent and adult functioning; and the most suitable assessment instruments. The volume encompasses a wide range of perspectives, including clinical, developmental, psychodiagnostic, psychobiological, environmental//familial and social cognitive.
Modelling household conservation behaviour among ethnic consumers: the path from values to behaviours

This article tests a model that explains household conservation behaviour among ethnic consumers. Increasing immigration into Western countries has raised serious questions about the extent to which emerging ethnic communities contribute to environmental degradation or sustainability in their host countries. Previous research focused mainly on measuring ethnic consumers' environmental attitudes, worldviews and concerns, assuming that these ultimately lead to pro-environmental behaviours. However, these studies overlooked the reality in which pro-environmental attitudes are not automatically being translated into corresponding behaviours. This study explores the relationship between a set of factors that drive pro-environmental behaviour, proposing a hierarchical model that depicts a flow from values to household conservation behaviours (i.e. recycling, water, electricity and energy conservation) and the intervening cognitive, affective and psychological variables. Results from a sample of 410 American Hispanic students indicate that the cultural value of collectivism influences conservation behaviour through the more specific factors of environmental values, environmental concern, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) and concrete environmental knowledge. Interestingly, the influence of PCE was more apparent in routine, easy-to-perform behaviours such as water conservation and the behavioural aspect of electricity conservation. The influence of concrete environmental knowledge was more powerful in predicting recycling, the use of electricity-efficient home appliances and energy conservation. Implications for the promotion of conservation behaviour and consumer education as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Making dollars out of DNA. The first major patent in biotechnology and the commercialization of molecular biology, 1974-1980.

In 1973-1974 Stanley N. Cohen of Stanford and Herbert W. Boyer of the University of California, San Francisco, developed a laboratory process for joining and replicating DNA from different species. In 1974 Stanford and UC applied for a patent on the recombinant DNA process; the U.S. Patent Office granted it in 1980. This essay describes how the patenting procedure was shaped by the concurrent recombinant DNA controversy, tension over the commercialization of academic biology, governmental deliberations over the regulation of genetic engineering research, and national expectations for high technology as a boost to the American economy. The essay concludes with a discussion of the patent as a turning point in the commercialization of molecular biology and a harbinger of the social and ethical issues associated with biotechnology today.
Chain recurrence, semiflows, and gradients

This paper is a study of chain recurrence and attractors for maps and semiflows on arbitrary metric spaces. The main results are as follows. (i) C. Conley's characterization of chain recurrence in terms of attractors holds for maps and semiflows on any metric space. (ii) An alternative definition of chain recurrence for semiflows is given and is shown to be equivalent to the usual definition. The alternative definition uses chains formed of orbit segments whose lengths are at least 1, while in the usual definition these lengths are required to be arbitrarily long. (iii) The chain recurrent set of a continuous semiflow is the same as the chain recurrent set of its time-one map. (iv) Conditions on a real-valued function are given that ensure that the semiflow generated by its gradient has only equilibria in its chain recurrent set. An example is given (onR3) showing that a gradient flow may have nonequilibrium chain recurrent points if these conditions are violated.
Thalamic Ablations and Neocortical Development: Alterations in Thalamic and Callosal Connectivity

Corticofugal pathways (callosal, intracortical, and subcortical) have initial axon outgrowth to many areas where no adult connections will persist. Corticofugal projections also demonstrate considerable reorganization after early damage. At the level of gross projections from specific thalamic nuclei to cortical cytoarchitectonic areas, early thalamocortical projections appear to show greater specificity for their targets than do corticofugal projections, and their potential for reorganization after early damage is not known. In this article, we explore the nature of the reorganization shown by the thalamocortical system after early thalamic lesions, and contrast it with reorganization of the origin of contralateral visual callosal projections in the same animals. Hamster pups were given electrolytic lesions in the posterior thalamus on the day of birth, damaging principally either the ventrobasal (somatosensory) or the dorsal lateral geniculate (visual) nucleus. After 30 d of age, HRP was implanted in either the somatosensory or the visual cortex, matching the area of implant with the intended thalamic lesion. The thalamus was reconstructed to determine the remaining nuclei, and the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells was plotted. For animals with HRP implants in visual cortex, the location of callosally projecting cells from the contralateral cortex was charted. These animals were compared to a group of normal adult animals with HRP implants approximately matched for size and location. In seven of eight adult animals with neonatal thalamic lesions, the remaining thalamus did not reorganize to innervate the thalamically denervated cortex. In contrast, the callosal projections from the contralateral visual cortex showed a wider tangential origin in the experimental animals compared to the controls. This expanded callosal projection included cells from temporal cortex, a projection not seen in normal animals. Thus, thalamocortical and callosal projection systems differ in both the magnitude and the nature of their reorganization after early damage.
Ultrasound diagnosis of hematotrachelos: a case report

Hematotrachelos, the engorgement of the cervix uteri with retained blood, is discussed with reference to clinical presentation, ultrasonographic findings, and etiologies. Other disease processes related to hematotrachelos such as hematometra, hematocolpos, and hydrocolpos are also reviewed.
Thermal conductivity of neutron-irradiated MgO

The thermal conductivity of pure and neutron-irradiated MgO has been measured in the temperature range 0.4–80 K and for neutron doses up to 2×10 19 n·cm−2. Resonance dips in the thermal conductivity vs. temperature curves are observed at 1 and 20 K. It is suggested that the high-temperature dip, which becomes more pronounced with increasing radiation dose, may be a quasilocalized mode resulting from the production ofF-type centers. The low-temperature dip, which fades with increasing neutron dose, may result from the presence of small aggregate centers which give rise to another set of quasilocalized modes. The experimental data for the pure and irradiated crystals are in agreement with calculated curves based on the Debye model of solids. A combined relaxation time for the calculated curves of the irradiated specimens includes a term for the defect scattering rate consisting of two resonance expressions of the Lorentzian form.
Technology Elements and Chip Design for Low Power Applications

We present transistor and technology design considerations specific to low power applications from 90mn to 45nm and beyond. We discuss static power and Low Standby Power (LSTP) transistors, and also touch on dynamic power dissipation and Low Operating Power (LOP) transistors. As semiconductor transistor technology is encountering several intransigent limits (voltage scaling and overdrive, and gate leakage in particular), cost-effective means of producing superior chips will be enhanced by chip design techniques as much or more than by silicon technology elements.
Synthesis and structural characterization of new chiral mixed phosphine phosphoramidite complexes of ruthenium

Abstract New phosphoramidite complexes of ruthenium chiral at the metal were synthesized, structurally characterized and their electrochemical and catalytic properties were studied. Reaction of the known chiral phosphoramidites ( RO ) 2 PNR 2 ′ (R = naphthyl, R′ = CH 3 , 1a ; R = naphthyl, R′ = benzyl, 1b ; R = octahydronaphthyl, R′ = benzyl, 1c ) with CpRu(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl afforded the title compounds CpRu(PPh 3 )( 1a–c )(Cl) ( 2a – c ) in 46–74% isolated yields. Fractional crystallization of 2b and 2c afforded the corresponding diastereopure complexes which are chiral both at the metal and at the ligand. The molecular structures of 2b and 2c were determined, revealing a pseudo octahedral coordination geometry about the ruthenium center. Electrochemical studies by cyclic voltammetry showed reversible electrochemical behavior of the metal complexes 2a – c . The new metal complexes are catalytically active in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction (24 h, room temperature, 31–53% yield), but almost no enantiomeric excesses for the products were obtained.
Reducing cache leakage energy for hybrid SPM-cache architectures

In this paper, we study how to reduce the cache leakage energy efficiently in a hybrid SPM (Scratch-Pad Memory) and cache architecture. Since SPM can reduce the access frequency to the cache, we find it is possible to place the cache lines of the hybrid SPM-cache into the low power mode more aggressively than traditional leakage management for regular caches, which can reduce more leakage energy without significant performance degradation. Also, we propose a Hybrid Drowsy-Gated Vdd (HDG) technique, which can adaptively exploit both short and long idle intervals to minimize leakage energy with insignificant performance overhead.
Temperature dependence of particle slip in a gaseous medium

Abstract An expression for the gas temperature dependence of the particle slip correction is derived from kinetic theory considerations and is related to experimental measurements of the gas viscosity. The expression is simplified for air in the temperature range from 200 to 1000 K. The temperature dependence is most significant for fine particles in the free molecular regime for which the slip correction is found to increase with gas temperature more rapidly than the absolute gas temperature. The correction may be applied at all Knudsen numbers, including the free molecular regime. It is demonstrated how the temperature-dependent slip correction may be applied to the calculation of particle drift and collection efficiency in hot electrostatic precipitators, and to the calculation of the size of collected particles in inertial classification devices.
The Role of Traditionalism in the Political Modernization of Ghana and Uganda

Social analysts have long been preoccupied with those features of traditional culture and belief which affect the direction of change and the receptivity of a society to innovation. In spite of the very considerable literature concerned with acculturation, there have been few efforts to examine different types of traditional systems with respect to the problems they pose for political modernization. We attempt this form of analysis here. The plan is to examine two countries, Ghana and Uganda, which are engaged in the effort to build a national society. Each is experimenting with constitutional forms and each has had to deal with the problem of traditionalism.
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return presenting with adult-onset pulmonary hypertension.

AbstractPartial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare cause of adult onset pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that can present with a wide spectrum of severity from early childhood throughout adult life. We present two patients with PAH secondary to PAPVR who reflect this range of disease. The diagnosis and treatment of PAPVR and its role in pulmonary vascular disease is discussed. Cardiac and pulmonary physicians should be aware of this entity and its diagnosis and management options.
Regenerative Braking for Direct-Current Locomotives

This paper gives a comparative study of several d-c., regenerative braking systems now in successful operation. The general characteristics of regenerative braking, including advantages, limitations and functions, are briefly discussed. The principal points covered in the descriptions of the various systems are: method of field excitation during regeneration, compensation for sudden changes in line voltage or grade, method of control, operating characteristics and relative complication of equipment. Several systems are described in which the regenerating motor fields are excited by a separate generator provided for that purpose, and then other systems are described in which the fields are excited by one or more of the traction motors. Under the former heading are included C. M. & St. P. freight locomotive with a line driven motor-generator set for excitation, the Mexican locomotive with a dyna-motor-driven, motor-generator set for excitation and the axle generator system. The applications described under the latter heading are the C. M. & St. P. gearless passenger, the Paulista and the Spanish Northern locomotives. A comparison is made of these two methods of field excitation, based on a six-motor, two-speed, 3000-volt locomotive. Curves are included illustrating the speed-braking characteristics and also the motoring characteristics. The conclusions drawn from this comparison are that, in general, the separate excitation system is to be preferred on account of the greater braking effort and greater speed range provided.
Obesity and depression in US women: results from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey.

Research is needed to better elucidate the relationship between obesity and depression, which has been most consistently demonstrated for women, but not for men. We examined exclusively a population-based sample of US women who participated in the 2005 or 2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Current depression was defined as having a score of > or =10 (a conventional threshold for moderate symptoms of depression) or meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for major depression on the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Waist circumference, a clinical measure of abdominal obesity, was also measured. BMI was positively associated with the probability of moderate/severe depressive symptoms (r = 0.49, P = 0.03) and major depression (r = 0.72, P or =40) were at particular risk (odds ratio (OR) = 4.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-20.57), compared to those in obesity class 1 (BMI 30 to <35). Abdominal obesity was positively associated with depressive symptoms, but not major depression, independent of general obesity (BMI). In addition to severe obesity, compromised physical health status, young or middle-aged adulthood, low income, and relatively high education were also independently associated with greater odds of depressive symptoms among obese women. These characteristics may identify specific at-risk subgroups of obese women in which hypothesized causal pathways and effective preventive and therapeutic interventions can be profitably investigated.
Cross-cultural experience in preservice teacher education

Abstract The study investigated the effect of international student teaching experience on the professional and personal development of preservice teachers. Within the framework of their internship program, 26 graduate students in a private university in Turkey had a two-month internship in a mid western state in the United States, the main component of which was a six-week student teaching experience in high schools. Student teachers worked with mentors in pairs or triads in six high schools in different subject areas. They got involved in teaching practices, technology seminars, and diverse cultural activities during their internship. The student teachers and mentor teachers were surveyed through e-mail and three student teachers were interviewed to evaluate the outcomes of the program. The findings of the current research suggest that the international student teaching experience and the overall internship program with its cultural components contributed in a positive way to student teachers’ professional and personal development and helped student teachers increase their cultural awareness. The findings also suggest that the presence of international students in US schools and society in general helped American students and people have a better idea of other countries and cultures.
Thick-film chemical sensors

Abstract Chemical gas sensors with solid electrolytes have been prepared by the thick-film screen-printing technique. Nasicon or zirconia (YSZ) solid ion conductors are used, which have been deposited on α-alumina substrates. An all-thick-film potentiometric H 2 sensor based on Nasicon containing a Na x WO 3 reference electrode and a porous Pt working electrode and an all-thick-film potentiometric O 2 sensor based on zirconia with a Pd/PdO reference electrode and a porous Pt working electrode have been produced. Development of a CO 2 sensor based on Nasicon or β-alumina with an Na 2 CO 3 working electrode is the object of the current research work. Also a thick-film oxygen sensor based on the limiting current behaviour of a zirconia pumping cell has been investigated.
Obesity development in caspase-1-deficient mice

Caspase-1 is a member of the intracellular cysteine protease family that mediates inflammation through the activation of the cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). As mice lacking IL-18 become obese and insulin resistant, and both IL-18 and IL-1β have a role in overall energy balance, we sought to determine whether caspase-1 deficiency also causes obesity. Male and female caspase-1-deficient (caspase-1-/-) and control (wild-type (WT)) mice were fed either a high-fat (HF, 45% of kcal) or a low-fat (LF, 10% of kcal) synthetic diet starting at 6 weeks of age. Caspase-1-/- mice maintained lower but detectable levels of IL-18 compared with WT mice. Plasma IL-1β levels were below the detection limit for both KO and WT mice. Male caspase-1-/- mice gained extra fat mass by 16 weeks on the HF diet, but not until 40 weeks on the LF diet. Female capase-1-/- mice gained more fat by 28 weeks but only on the HF diet. These data indicate that caspase-1-/- mice develop obesity with an age and sex-dependent differences, and only male mice display obesity on LF diet. Overall, this study suggests that the lower level of IL-18 in caspase-1-/- mice might be causing obesity development similarly to IL-18-deficient mice.
modification by means of counter-neutral beam injection in a low- plasma

The idea of controlling the radial electric field by means of a radial current resulting from ion orbit loss caused by counter neutral beam injection has been theoretically and experimentally investigated. A large fraction (%) of the 75 keV deuterium ions counter-injected into a low- plasma ( MA) suffers prompt orbit loss, which forces an inward ion current to maintain charge neutrality. Monte Carlo guiding-centre orbit calculations predict a radial current of 80 A at the last closed flux surface. In these discharges, is negative everywhere, owing to the counter-going toroidal rotation, and exhibits a double-bump shape, in contrast to the usual positive parabolic shape for the co-injection case. The measured carbon impurity ion toroidal rotation profile shows a pedestal over the outer region where fast ions are lost, possibly due to the effect of torque. The momentum diffusion process tends to slow down and to spatially spread the torque effect. The L - H transition did not occur more quickly in these discharges than in similar co-injected discharges.
Chemical Interactions in Ceramic and Carbon-Carbon Composites

The useful lives of many ceramic composites are influenced, if not controlled, by chemical interactions between various constituents and the gas environment. Thermochemical calculations are extremely valuable in evaluating these concerns. Examples of many possible concerns are presented. The usefulness of a thermochemical approach is demonstrated by a somewhat detailed discussion of the oxidation protection of carbon-carbon composites. This includes discussion of the various possible rate limiting steps and the detrimental effects of CO gas formed as a result of carbon oxidation.
A possible endocrine basis for migratory behaviour in the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii

Abstract By using hormone preparations, a simulated migratory behaviour has been induced in caged Z. l. gambelii , a nocturnal migrant. Daily injections of prolactin increase nocturnal restlessness in photosensitive birds under outdoor conditions prior to spring migration and also initiate nocturnal locomotor activity in photo-refractory birds held indoors on a long daily photoperiod. These effects are augmented by adrenocortical hormones which, however, are ineffective when administered alone. In addition, metapirone, an inhibitor of adrenocortical synthesis, suppresses nocturnal activity. Simultaneous injections of corticosterone eliminate the metapirone-induced suppression of nocturnal activity. In prolactin-treated birds, there is a reduction of locomotor activity during the last two hours of light that is strikingly similar to the late afternoon reduction in activity as natural Zugunruhe developes. The dual role of prolactin in promoting fattening and nocturnal locomotor activity, and the augmentation of nocturnal activity by adrenocortical hormones have been discussed in regard to their possible involvement in the physiologic events of migration. Assays of pituitary prolactin at several times during the annual cycle appear to be compatible with a hypothesis involving prolactin in the development and maintenance of migratory behaviour.
Novice Leaders' First Three Groups: Change and Consistency in Acceptance of Self and Others

Abstract In 95 small personal development groups for American undergraduates, all participants rated and were rated by their group leaders on measures of the two central dimensions of interpersonal behavior—acceptance versus rejection of self and others. Independent sets of group members rated 37 novice leaders or co-leaders relatively high on both scales; two subsequent groups rated them progressively higher, especially for acceptance of self. In contrast, these leaders rated the members of their successive groups progressively lower, particularly for acceptance of others. Because this mix of declining appraisals of others with rising self-acceptance moved leaders toward a less constructive interpersonal stance, these shifts invite further study. Despite such mixed trends and other complications, individual leaders' member-based ratings showed marked intragroup and moderate intergroup consistency. The latter finding is new evidence against Smith's (1980) depiction of small group leaders as “prisoners of ...
An application of design space for assembly process reasoning to utilize current assembly plant resources for new product family members

A successful and profitable product platform strategy requires both product family architecture and assembly process reasoning. New product family member production cost and time can be significantly reduced by utilizing available assembly resources, which can be achieved through systematic assembly process reasoning. A method to utilize existing assembly plant resources, during the development of new product family members, requires comparing feasible assembly processes with exiting assembly plants. The set of feasible assembly sequences for a product family member is modelled by developing an assembly sequence design space, which is combinatorial in nature, and applying constraints on the space. Models that capture effects of constraints on these spaces, explicitly represent feasible regions, and efficiently enumerate designs within this space are investigated. The feasible space is then searched to determine new product assembly sequence that will require minimum change in the current assembly plant. An automotive front structure family is utilized to demonstrate application of the assembly sequence space to perform assembly reasoning to increase exiting assembly plant resource utilization.
The effects of delayed hormone replacement therapy on estrogen receptors of the cynomolgus monkey bladder and vagina.

The aim of this study was to determine cytosolic estrogen receptor content of the cynomolgus monkey bladder and vagina after hormone replacement therapy. Animals maintained without hormone therapy for 2 years after surgical menopause were randomized to receive either no hormones (OVX), conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), or estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE + MPA) treatment for 30 months. Estrogen receptor content of bladder and vagina cytosolic extracts was determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Estrogen receptors were uniformly present, although the vaginal concentration was 100-fold greater than in the bladder. Estrogen and combination therapy significantly decreased cytosolic receptor content in both sites compared with controls. The cynomolgus urogenital tract remains estrogen sensitive 2 years after surgical menopause. Prolonged exposure to estrogens decreases cytosolic estrogen receptor content in a manner similar to that described for short-term estrogen therapy. These results suggest that the effects of hormone replacement on the urinary tract can be identified even if initiated years after menopause. Neurourol. Urodynam. 17:241–247, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling pathway regulates osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells.

Although best known for its role in T lymphocyte activation, the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway is also known to be involved in a wide range of other biological responses in a variety of different cell types. Here we have investigated the role of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinucleated cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage after stimulation with a member of the tumor necrosis factor family of ligands known as receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). We now report that inhibition of calcineurin with either the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporin A and FK506, or the retrovirally mediated ectopic expression of a specific calcineurin inhibitory peptide, all potently inhibit the RANKL-induced differentiation of the RAW264.7 monocyte/macrophage cell line into mature multinucleated osteoclasts. In addition, we find that NFAT family members are expressed in RAW264.7 cells and that their expression is up-regulated in response to RANKL stimulation. Most importantly, we find that ectopic expression of a constitutively active, calcineurin-independent NFATc1 mutant in RAW264.7 cells is sufficient to induce these cells to express an osteoclast-specific pattern of gene expression and differentiate into morphologically distinct, multinucleated osteoclasts capable of inducing the resorption of a physiological mineralized matrix substrate. Taken together, these data define calcineurin as an essential downstream effector of the RANKL-induced signal transduction pathway leading toward the induction of osteoclast differentiation and furthermore, indicate that the activation of the NFATc1 transcription factor is sufficient to initiate a genetic program that results in the specification of the mature functional osteoclast cell phenotype.
Tidal-cycle changes in oscillation ripples on the inner part of an estuarine sand flat

Abstract Oscillation ripples form on subaqueous sand beds when wave-generated, near-bottom water motions are strong enough to move sand grains. The threshold of grain motion is the lower bound of the regime of oscillation ripples and the onset of sheet flow is the upper bound. Based on the relation between ripple spacing and orbital diameter, three types of symmetrical ripples occur within the ripple regime. In the lower part of the ripple regime (orbital ripples), spacing is proportional to orbital diameter; in the upper part (anorbital ripples) spacing is independent of orbital diameter. Between these regions occurs a transitional region (suborbital ripples). Oscillation ripples develop on a sandy tidal flat in Willapa Bay, Washington, as a result of waves traversing the area when it is submerged. Because wave energy is usually low within the bay, the ripples are primarily orbital in type. This means that their spacing should respond in a systematic way to changes in wave conditions. During the high-water parts of some tidal cycles, ripples near the beach decrease in spacing during the latter stage of the ebb tide while ripples farther offshore do not change. Observations made over several tidal cycles show that the zone of active ripples shifts on- or offshore in response to different wave conditions. Detailed bed profiles and current measurements taken during the high-water part of spring tides show the manner in which the oscillation ripples change with changes in orbital diameter. Changes in ripple spacing at the study site could be correlated with changes in orbital diameter in the manner suggested by the criterion for orbital ripples. However, there appeared to be a lag time between a decrease in orbital diameter and the corresponding decrease in ripple spacing. Absence of change during a tidal cycle could be attributed to orbital velocities below the threshold for grain motion that negated the effects of changes in orbital diameter. Because changes in sand-flat ripples depend both upon changes in orbital diameter and upon the magnitude of the orbital velocity, exposed ripples were not necessarily produced during the preceding high tide. In fact, some ripples may have been just produced, while others, farther offshore, may have been produced an unknown number of tides earlier. Therefore, when interpreting past wave conditions over tidal flats from low-tide ripples, one must remember that wave periods have to be short enough to produce velocities greater than the threshold velocity for the orbital diameters calculated from the observed ripple spacings.
Dynamics and control of a quasi-one-dimensional spin system

We study experimentally a system comprised of linear chains of spin-1/2 nuclei that provides a test bed for multibody dynamics and quantum-information processing. This system is a paradigm for a class of quantum-information processing devices that can perform particular tasks even without universal control of the whole quantum system. We investigate the extent of control achievable on the system with current experimental apparatus and methods to gain information on the system state, when full tomography is not possible and in any case highly inefficient.
The efficacy of a low dose combination of topiramate and naltrexone on ethanol reinforcement and consumption in rat models.

Rationale Combined medication approaches, by targeting multiple neurotransmitter systems involved in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), may be more efficacious than single-medication approaches.
Depth distribution and bathymetric classification of some sea-floor profiles

Abstract Fifteen east Pacific sea-floor profiles of 60 nautical miles length are analysed as to depth of the sea floor and the character of the hills. Mechanical energies of formation of some model hills are discussed. Several profiles have a Gaussian distribution of depths and others seem to have a large component that is Gaussian. Correlation related to repetition of sea-floor slopes along the individual profile is nil. Pigeonhole classification of the profiles on the basis of relief corresponds to geological environments. A rough equation of the number of hills (N0) of given height (H) in a 60 nautical mile profile is: N 15 = −9 15 log 10 H+3 A rough equation of the number of hills in all fifteen profiles (N15) relative to their widths is: N 15 =120 W −3 2 which implies that the smaller the hills, the more common they are at an exponential rate. Within their context, the statistical and physical characteristics of the profiles can be related to the geological composition of the sea floor and to some of the geological processes modifying the sea floor. The predictability of the characteristics encourages study of large-scale processes important in the evolution of the sea floor.
The anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone therapy

PTH represents an important new advance in the therapy of osteoporosis. As an anabolic agent, its potential might be substantially greater than that of antiresorptive agents. Clear evidence in human trials now documents the ability of PTH to stimulate cancellous bone formation and to reduce fractures. Because antiresorptive agents and PTH work by distinct mechanisms of action, it is possible that the combination of these agents could be significantly more potent than either agent alone. There are other unanswered questions about PTH. More studies are needed to document an anabolic effect on cortical bone. In addition, more large-scale studies are needed to further determine the reduction in nonvertebral fractures with PTH, especially at the hip. More information is also required to determine the possible need for antiresorptive therapy after PTH. Protocols to consider PTH as an intermittent recycling therapy would be of interest. In the future, PTH is likely to be modified for easier and more targeted delivery. Oral or transdermal delivery systems may become available. Recently, Gowen et al [78] have described an oral calcilytic molecule that antagonizes the parathyroid cell calcium receptor, thus stimulating the endogenous release of PTH. This approach could represent a novel endogenous delivery system for intermittent PTH administration. Ultimately, when the anabolic and catabolic mechanisms of PTH can be clearly distinguished, both mechanistically and in molecular terms, it may be possible to develop PTH analogs that are more purely anabolic.
Thermal Conductivity and Elastic Modulus Evolution of Thermal Barrier Coatings under High Heat Flux Conditions

Laser high heat flux test approaches have been established to obtain critical properties of ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) under near-realistic temperature and thermal gradients that may be encountered in advanced engine systems. Thermal conductivity change kinetics of a thin ceramic coating were continuously monitored in real time at various test temperatures. A significant thermal conductivity increase was observed during the laser-simulated engine heat flux tests. For a 0.25 mm thick ZrO2-8% Y2O3 coating system, the overall thermal conductivity increased from the initial value of 1.0 W/m K to 1.15, 1.19, and 1.5 W/m K after 30 h of testing at surface temperatures of 990, 1100, and 1320 °C, respectively, Hardness and elastic modulus gradients across a 1.5 mm thick TBC system were also determined as a function of laser testing time using the laser sintering/creep and microindentation techniques. The coating Knoop hardness values increased from the initial hardness value of 4 GPa to 5 GPa near the ceramic/bond coat interface and to 7.5 GPa at the ceramic coating surface after 120 h of testing. The ceramic surface modulus increased from an initial value of about 70 GPa to a final value of 125 GPa. The increase in thermal conductivity and the evolution of significant hardness and modulus gradients in the TBC systems are attributed to sintering-induced microporosity gradients under the laser-imposed high thermal gradient conditions. The test techniques provide a viable means for obtaining coating data for use in design, development, stress modeling, and life prediction for various TBC applications.
Same-gender sexual partnering: a re-analysis of trend data.

Numerous studies have been carried out to estimate the prevalence of same-gender sexual behavior. Among studies conducted in recent years, few confirm the commonly quoted figure of 10%. Yet several studies in the early 2000s indicated that the prevalence of same-gender sex may be increasing, especially among women. This article reexamines the trends identified in previous research by using General Social Survey data from 1988 to 2010 and by focusing on multiple measures of same-gender sex over time. Results indicate that for both women and men the likelihood of having had a same-gender sexual partner since age 18 continued to increase through the 2000s, but that the likelihood of having had a same-gender sexual partner in both the past year and in the past five years leveled off for women and reversed for men. Results also indicate that the percentage of people reporting a pattern of predominantly same-gender sexual behavior has neither increased nor decreased over time. A similar result was found among p...
Histone modification in constitutive heterochromatin versus unexpressed euchromatin in human cells.

Histone modifications are implicated in regulating chromatin condensation but it is unclear how they differ between constitutive heterochromatin and unexpressed euchromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were done on various human cell populations using antibodies specific for acetylated or methylated forms of histone H3 or H4. Analysis of the immunoprecipitates was by quantitative real-time PCR or semi-quantitative PCR (SQ- PCR). Of eight tested antibodies, the one for histone H4 acetylated at lysine 4, 8, 12, or 16 was best for distinguishing constitutive heterochromatin from unexpressed euchromatin, but differences in the extent of immunoprecipitation of thesetwotypesofchromatinwereonlymodest,althoughhighlyreproducible.Withthisantibody,therewasanaverageof 2.5-fold less immunoprecipitation of three constitutive heterochromatin regions than of four unexpressed euchromatic gene regions and about 15-fold less immunoprecipitation of these heterochromatin standards than of two constitutively expressed gene standards (P <0.001). We also analyzed histone acetylation and methylation by immunocytochemistry with antibodies to H4 acetylated at lysine 8, H3 trimethylated at lysine 9, and H3 methylated at lysine 4. In addition, immunocytochemical analysis was done with an antibody to heterochromatin protein 1a (HP1a), whose preferential binding to heterochromatin has been linked to trimethylation of H3 at lysine 9. Our combined ChIP and immuno- cytochemicalresultssuggestthatfactorsotherthanhypoacetylationoftheN-terminaltailsofH4andhypermethylationof H3 at lysine 9 can play an important role in determining whether a chromatin sequence in mammalian cells is constitutively heterochromatic. J. Cell. Biochem. 93: 286-300, 2004. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
More Combatant Groups, More Terror?: Empirical Tests of an Outbidding Logic

We examine and test the logic that outbidding among insurgent groups results in more suicide terrorism specifically and more terrorism of any type, which has become a popular argument in recent years. A global analysis of terrorism from 1970–2004 provides scant support for the notion that outbidding increases suicide terrorism. An extension of the argument to all types of terrorist attacks provides even less support. The logic of outbidding has received considerable attention in academic and policy circles in recent years. 1 Similar to the argument that democratic occupation increases suicide terror, 2 our lack of empirical support suggests that considerable cross-national work is still needed to understand suicide terror adequately. We suggest some reasons why this may be the case, drawing particular attention to the problem of overgeneralizing from a limited set of cases.
Spontaneous Left Ventricular Contrast Echoes in a Patient with Aortic Regurgitation

We describe a patient with chronic aortic regurgitation and moderately severe left ventricular dysfunction whose echocardiographic study revealed striking clouds of smokelike blood billowing in discrete puffs from the area of the mitral inflow tract toward the cardiac apex early in each diastole. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, May 1991) We have described a case in which spontaneous contrast echoes developed consistently in the left ventricular inflow tract, swirled quickly to the cardiac apex, and were rapidly ejected through the aortic valve during the following systole in a patient with chronic aortic regurgitation. Although we cannot completely exclude transmitral passage of stagnant left atrial blood as the cause of this phenomenon, we believe that the spontaneous contrast echoes seen may have originated from precise direction of the regurgitant jet directly against the anterior mitral leaflet with slightly higher amplitude fluttering than commonly seen in this situation, resulting in sufficient fluid agitation adjacent the leaflet to create local mi-crocavitations. This mechanism has previously been documented to occur in an in vitro model. The rarity with which this phenomenon occurs in the setting of a common clinical entity suggests that a critical interplay of multiple factors, some as yet unidentified, is necessary for its generation.
Neonatal Brain Tumors: A Review

This article presents two cases of infants with brain tumors and reviews the literature pertinent to congenital and neonatal brain tumors. Information regarding epidemiology, presentation, prognosis, and clinical management are also addressed with specific regard to differences between neonatal and childhood brain tumors. An appeal is made to consider (1) coordination of the care of these children through pediatric multidisciplinary neuro-oncology programs; (2) enrollment, whenever possible, in clinical trials; and (3) submission of available tumor tissue to pediatric tumor banks to assure its availability to interested researchers.
Capillary electrochromatography of peptides on a column packed with tentacular weak cation-exchanger particles.

Abstract Silica-based, tentacular weak cation-exchanger particles were prepared for use as the stationary phase in the separation of positively charged sample components by capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Silica beads were first silanized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate that served as a heterobifunctional linker, which reacted with 2-acrylamidoglycolic acid in a second step by radical polymerization in aqueous solution. Baseline separation of basic peptides with good column efficiency was obtained on packed capillary columns by isocratic elution CEC with NaCl as the mobile phase modulator. The retention mechanism in the electrochromatographic process was studied by examining the effect of salt concentration on the migration behavior of the peptides. The chromatographic retention factor k ′ lc for charged sample components in the electrochromatographic process was estimated on the assumption that the overall migration rate of a charged migrant can be taken as the sum of the rate of chromatographic elution and the rate of electrophoretic migration. The estimated k ′ lc values from experimental results were plotted against the molal salt concentration on a double logarithmic scale. The linear correlation is in good agreement with the prediction by the theory on the basis of traditional ion-exchange chromatography. The comparison of CEC results, obtained with open tubular and packed capillary columns having the same retentive functions as the stationary phase, supports the notion that variation of the phase ratio in the column offers an additional means to modulate the electrochromatographic migration behavior.
Comparison of Two Bone Surrogates for Interbody Device Subsidence Testing

Bone surrogates are proposed alternatives to human cadaveric vertebrae for assessing interbody device subsidence. Polyurethane foam blocks are an accepted surrogate for cancellous bone but do not share their heterogeneous bone density distribution. Synthetic vertebrae have been recently developed as an alternative bone surrogate with representations of cortices, endplates, and cancellous bone. The efficacy of each surrogate was evaluated by uniaxially indenting it with an interbody device. The force-displacement curve profiles, failure forces, and depth of implant subsidence were compared for devices seated centrally and peripherally on the surrogates. The synthetic endplate mimicked human endplates through a gradually increasing endplate thickness toward the periphery. This enabled the synthetic vertebrae to provide additional subsidence resistance to implants seated at the periphery. By contrast, the foam block was insensitive to implant placement. Absence of failure in synthetic vertebrae from peripheral implant indentation suggests the synthetic endplate is stronger than human endplates but further study with human cadaveric vertebrae is needed.
HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTIVITY OF A PLASMA IN QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM. III. STUDY OF A TWO-TEMPERATURE PLASMA

A general expression for the high-frequency conductivity of a homogeneous, isotropic plasma is obtained. The derivation is based on the use of the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy and therefore includes all effects due to the high-frequency field and the collective interactions up to first order in the plasma parameter. As an application of the general result, a two-temperature plasma with the electron temperature exceeding the ion temperature is studied in detail. It is found that when the ratio of the electron temperature to the ion temperature exceeds 100, there is an enhancement in the resistivity resulting from the excitation of incoherent ion waves.
Metric and topological contributions to the rate of change of boundary length in two-dimensional grain growth

Abstract The boundary in a two-dimensional grain structure decreases its length during grain growth. Four distinct processes contribute to this length change: (1) the smooth motion of the grain edges toward their centers of curvature; (2) migration of grain corners resulting from the edge motion; (3) the annihilation of small grains (topological process I); (4) the switching process (topological process II). The contribution of each of these four processes to grain growth is examined. It is demonstrated that almost all of the length change in grain growth is directly due to length changes associated with the topological processes.