cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[POSTER] Interactive Visualizations for Monoscopic Eyewear to Assist in Manually Orienting Objects in 3D

Assembly or repair tasks often require objects to be held in specific orientations to view or fit together. Research has addressed the use of AR to assist in these tasks, delivered as registered overlaid graphics on stereoscopic head-worn displays. In contrast, we are interested in using monoscopic head-worn displays, such as Google Glass. To accommodate their small monoscopic field of view, off center from the user's line of sight, we are exploring alternatives to registered overlays. We describe four interactive rotation guidance visualizations for tracked objects intended for these displays.
Psychologic aspects of prosthodontics

Abstract The objective of this article was to provide prosthodontists with a broadened insight into some of the psychologic factors with which they should be familiar. In order to achieve this goal, some foundations for human behavior were described. To better understand the varying motivating factors of our patients' behavior, we must understand the factors that form their personality. To achieve his goals, man seeks to satisfy certain needs and drives which become motivators of behavior. These were discussed in relation to patient acceptance of prosthodontists and their treatment.
Platform Motion Effects on Measurements of Turbulence and Air–Sea Exchange over the Open Ocean

Abstract Platform motion contaminates turbulence statistics measured in the surface layer over the ocean and therefore adds uncertainty to the understanding and parameterization of air–sea exchange. A modification to the platform motion–correction procedure of Edson et al. is presented that explicitly accounts for misalignment between anemometers and motion sensors. The method is applied to a high-resolution dataset, including four levels of turbulence within 20 m of the ocean surface, measured over deep ocean waves using the stable research platform R/P FLIP. The average error magnitude of the air–sea momentum flux (wind stress) from the four sensors during a 6-day period (10-m wind speed 2–14 m s−1) was 15% ± 1%, and varied systematically with measurement height. Motion and sensor-mounting offsets caused wind stress to be underestimated by 15% at 18.1 m, 13% at 13.8 m, and 11% at 8.7 m, and to be overestimated by 3% at 3.5 m. Sensor misalignment contributed to one-third of the correction to the wind str...
Isolation and partial characterization of a particulate proteinase from a slow acid producing mutant of Streptococcus lactis.

Abstract About 1.2% of the colonies isolated from plates of the parent Streptococcus lactis No. 3 were slow acid producing mutants. One was selected for further study. The mutant required approximately 72 hr at 22C to produce sufficient acid to coagulate 11.0% nonfat milk and was unable to obtain a final population of more than 2×10 8 cells per milliliter in milk. Growth studies suggested that the mutant's proteinase system was inadequate. However, the proteinase isolated from the particulate fraction of disrupted cells of the mutant was similar to the membrane-associated proteinase of the parent strain. Both enzymes had the same pH for maximal activity toward casein, electrophoretic migration distances, and substrate specificity on alpha s1 -casein.
Infrared and Raman Spectra of Some Pentamethyldisilanyl Compounds

Infrared and Raman spectra are reported for a number of pentamethyldisilanyl compounds in the liquid state. These include the chloride, cyanide, isocyanate, ether, and amine derivatives. The assignment of the vibrational bands is discussed, particularly for those modes involving the heavy atom skeletons.
Triatoma dominicana sp. n. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), and Trypanosoma antiquus sp. n. (Stercoraria: Trypanosomatidae), the first fossil evidence of a triatomine-trypanosomatid vector association.

Triatoma dominicana sp.n. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) is described from a fifth instar nymph exuvia in Dominican amber and represents the first fossil representative of this subfamily. The new species is placed in the tribe Triatomini and tentatively in the genus Triatoma on the basis of the following characters; body length of 19.5 mm, body and appendages without long hairs, antenniferous tubercles without conspicuous apicolateral projections; abdomen with a series of five median tubercles; only fourth antennal segment annulated; lateral postocular callosities absent; stridulatory sulcus present and pronotum with discal and lateral tubercles. Trypanosoma antiquus sp. n. is described from two fecal droplets adjacent to Triatoma dominicana, thus providing the first fossil evidence of a triatomine-trypanosomatid vector association. The metatrypanosome stages of the fossil are similar in size to those of T. cruzi and could be a progenitor of this species. Mammalian hairs adjacent to the fecal drople...
Performance of TES X-ray Microcalorimeters with a Novel Absorber Design

Superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters have demonstrated the Constellation-X requirements for spectral resolution, speed, and pixel size in a close-packed geometry. We will present our recent breakthrough energy resolution with sensors that have all gold and bismuth-gold absorbers. This has been enabled by cantilevered absorbers that make contact to the TES only in regions that are not part of the active thermometer. With this approach, rapid thermalization of the x-ray energy is achieved and interaction between the absorber and TES sensor films is avoided. This design allows us to obtain uniform high performance and is compatible with large-format, high fill-factor arrays. We will discuss this design, the results we have achieved in 8×8 arrays of these pixels, and the dependence of the performance on the geometry of the absorber contact area and on stress within the sensor.
Health system reform and the generalist physician.

The quality of primary care services is central to reforming the health care system of the United States. The well-trained generalist is essential in a delivery system that emphasizes high-quality, cost-effective care. Several analyses estimate that within a few years the United States will have 100
Nonlinear behavior of some hydrostatically stressed isotropic elastomeric foams

We calculate the stress-strain relation for elastomeric foam from anab initio theory, which shows that the “plateau” and “densification” regions should be described by a hyperbola. The theory seems to agree reasonably well with experiment.
Effect of material choice on spalling fracture parameters to exfoliate thin PV devices

The use of fracture to exfoliate thin layers of semiconductor single crystals and single crystal-based devices has recently gained attention as an opportunity to create high-quality photovoltaic devices with reduced material consumption. A planar fracture that runs parallel to the material surface can be initiated by a sufficiently high tensile stress in an applied surface film in a process called spalling. In order to realize optimization of spall fracture depth accuracy and minimize material waste, the experimental parameters that affect fracture depth during the spalling of semiconductors must be better understood and tabulated. This work examines the application of spalling to common single-crystal photovoltaic materials including Ge, Si, and GaAs, to identify how the mechanical properties of the substrate and stressor layer, as well as the substrate thickness, impact the spalling depth. Experimental data for thin films spalled from (100) GaAs using a nickel stressor film are shown to be on trend with theoretical predictions, thus illustrating the utility of these calculations to better predict spall depth within the semiconductor.
Changes in the frequencies of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with age and site

This study enumerated CD45 hi /CD34 + and CD45 hi /CD133 + human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (GM-CFCs) in blood and trochanteric and femoral bone marrow in 233 individuals. Stem cell frequencies were determined with multiparameter flow cytometry and using an internal control to determine the intrinsic variance of the assays. Progenitor cell frequency was determined using a standard colony assay technique. The frequency of outliers from undetermined methodological causes was highest for blood, but less than 5% for all values. The frequency of CD45 hi /CD133 + cells correlated highly with the frequency of CD45 hi /CD34 + cells in trochanteric and femoral bone marrow. The frequency of these HSC populations in trochanteric and femoral bone marrow rose significantly with age. In contrast, there was no significant trend of either of these cell populations with age in the blood. Trochanteric marrow progenitor GM-CFCs showed no significant trends with age, but femoral marrow GM-CFCs trended downward with age, potentially because of the reported conversion of red marrow at this site to fat with age. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibited changes in frequencies with age that differed between blood and bone marrow. We previously reported that side population (SP) multipotential HSC, which includes the precursors of CD45 hi /CD133 + and CD45 hi /CD34 + , decline with age. Potentially the increases in stem cell frequencies in the intermediate compartment between SP and GM progenitor cells observed in this study represent a compensatory increase for the loss of more potent members of the HSC hierarchy.
Rights of Children, Rights of Parents, and the Moral Basis of the Family

Because moral and social philosophy have concentrated almost exclusively on abstract relationships between people, emphasizing either individual autonomy or general social well-being, certain key aspects of our moral experience—those aspects which deal with intimate relation- ships--have been virtually ignored. It is with this relatively untilled terrain of intimate relationships that the following analysis is concerned. Specifically, I try to show (1) why traditional categories employed by philosophers misrepresent moral features of intimate relationships; (2) that the significance of intimate relationships is such as to morally insulate persons in such relationships from state obtrusions; and (3) that it is the significance of intimacy, and not just a concern for the best interest of the child, that is essential to understanding the basis of the parents’ moral claim to raise their biological offspring in a context of privacy, autonomy, and responsibility.
Electric dipole moment of a BPS monopole

Monopole ``superpartner'' solutions are constructed by acting with finite, broken supersymmetry transformations on a bosonic $N=2 \mathrm{BPS}$ monopole. The terms beyond first order in this construction represent the back reaction of the fermionic zero-mode state on the other fields. Because of the quantum nature of the fermionic zero modes, the superpartner solution is necessarily operator valued. We extract the electric dipole moment operator and show that it is proportional to the fermion zero-mode angular momentum operator with a gyroelectric ratio $g=2.$ The magnetic quadrupole operator is shown to vanish identically on all states. We comment on the usefulness of the monopole superpartner solution for a study of the long-range spin-dependent dynamics of BPS monopoles.
The dynamic shortest path problem with anticipation

Mobile communication technologies enable truck drivers to keep abreast of changing traffic conditions in real-time. We assume that such communication capability exists for a single vehicle traveling from a known origin to a known destination where certain arcs en route are congested, perhaps as the result of an accident. Further, we know the likelihood, as a function of congestion duration, that congested arcs will become uncongested and thus less costly to traverse. Using a Markov decision process, we then model and analyze the problem of constructing a minimum expected total cost route from an origin to a destination that anticipates and then responds to changes in congestion, if they occur, while the vehicle is en route. We provide structural results and illustrate the behavior of an optimal policy with several numerical examples and demonstrate the superiority of an optimal anticipatory policy, relative to a route design approach that reflects the reactive nature of current routing procedures.
Grasping movement plans.

Despite the great amount of research that has been done regarding the time it takes to move the hand to targets of varying distances and widths, it is unclear whether target distance and width are both represented in movement plans prior to movement initiation. We addressed this question by studying performance in an object manipulation task. Our participants reached out and took hold of a familiar object (a bathroom plunger) to move it to wide or narrow targets of varying heights. Grasp heights on the plunger were additively affected by target height and target width, suggesting that both factors were taken into account by participants prior to moving the plunger from its initial position. Another factor we manipulated was the width of the base from which the plunger was lifted on its way to its next position. This factor also affected grasp heights, but no more so than target widths. The latter result contradicts the view that movement starts are planned in more detail than movement ends, as might be expected from the fact that movement starts come sooner. Together, our results suggest that forthcoming movements are planned in considerable detail. A surprising methodological implication of this study is that recording how people prepare to move can reveal as much—or in some cases more—about what they have planned than can recording their subsequent movements.
Child development and classroom teaching: a review of the literature and implications for educating teachers $

The article presents a framework for explaining how teachers' perspectives and knowledge about child development contribute to classroom practices and considers the implications of that framework for teacher education and for research on teacher education. The framework describes relations among different theoretical views on children's cognitive and social development, the role of the teacher in fostering this development, typical educational practices associated with each view, and qualities of the child that are fostered or valued within each view. A selective literature review identified theoretical perspectives, empirical research that supported posited links, and effects of teacher education course work and instructional experiences on teacher beliefs and practices. Gaps in the research base are highlighted in order to identify needed research. Implications for integrating child development study into teacher education programs are considered.
The Removal of Metallo-Cyanide Complexes by Foam Flotation

Abstract Precipitate and adsorbing colloid flotation techniques are used to remove simple and complexed cyanides from aqueous solutions. Adsorbing colloid flotation using ferric hydroxide and sodium lauryl sulfate at pH's of around 5 seems to be effective for removing complexed cyanides; free cyanide is removed by formation of ferric ferrocyanide followed by adsorbing colloid flotation. Zinc is not as well removed in these procedures as are copper, chromium, nickel, and cobalt.
Hepatitis B Prevalence Among Asian Americans in Michigan: An Assessment to Guide Future Education and Intervention Strategies

Free HBV (hepatitis B virus) screening was offered at 8 health fairs to Asian Americans in Southeast and West Michigan for two and a half years as a community service to study the prevalence of hepatitis B among Asian Americans in Michigan as a first step in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B. The screening included a 4 ml blood sample and a questionnaire assessing demographics and family history of hepatitis B; tests included the HBV surface antigen and antibody. 567 people participated in the study. About 6% of the participants had chronic hepatitis B (HBV carriers), 54% had the antibody (either had the disease before or were vaccinated) and 40% had no antibody or antigen (never infected by HBV and should be vaccinated to get protection). More than 95% of the participants were immigrants. Participants indicated in the family history that 10% had relatives with hepatitis B, 5% with liver cirrhosis, and 3% with liver cancer. Results of our screening supported our hypothesis that prevalence of hepatitis B among Asian Americans in Michigan would be similar to that in Asian Americans on the East and West coasts. We need to develop a strategy in Michigan to address this disease. In conducting this study, it was noticed that there was still resistance by Asian Americans to participate in clinical studies. An education intervention that is delivered in native Asian languages and in a culturally sensitive manner is needed to effectively raise awareness of hepatitis B among Asian Americans.
Relative roles of climate sensitivity and forcing in defining the ocean circulation response to climate change

The response of the ocean’s meridional overturning circulation (MOC) to increased greenhouse gas forcing is examined using a coupled model of intermediate complexity, including a dynamic 3-D ocean subcomponent. Parameters are the increase in CO2 forcing (with stabilization after a specified time interval) and the model’s climate sensitivity. In this model, the cessation of deep sinking in the north “Atlantic” (hereinafter, a “collapse”), as indicated by changes in the MOC, behaves like a simple bifurcation. The final surface air temperature (SAT) change, which is closely predicted by the product of the radiative forcing and the climate sensitivity, determines whether a collapse occurs. The initial transient response in SAT is largely a function of the forcing increase, with higher sensitivity runs exhibiting delayed behavior; accordingly, high CO2-low sensitivity scenarios can be assessed as a recovering or collapsing circulation shortly after stabilization, whereas low CO2-high sensitivity scenarios require several hundred additional years to make such a determination. We also systemically examine how the rate of forcing, for a given CO2 stabilization, affects the ocean response. In contrast with previous studies based on results using simpler ocean models, we find that except for a narrow range of marginally stable to marginally unstable scenarios, the forcing rate has little impact on whether the run collapses or recovers. In this narrow range, however, forcing increases on a time scale of slow ocean advective processes results in weaker declines in overturning strength and can permit a run to recover that would otherwise collapse.
Predicting tumor volume in radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with prostate cancer.

Tumor volume has prognostic value in numerous malignant neoplasms; however, the determination of tumor volume in prostatic adenocarcinoma remains problematic. We tested the hypothesis that the diameter of the largest focus of carcinoma in whole-mount prostate sections predicts the volume of adenocarcinoma in the entire prostate. We evaluated 184 radical prostatectomy specimens by whole-mount processing of the entire prostate. The maximum diameter of the largest focus of carcinoma was measured directly on glass slides. Tumor volume in the entire prostate was calculated by the grid method. The maximum tumor diameter ranged from 0.1 to 4.1 cm (median, 1.6 cm). The total tumor volume ranged from 0.1 to 12.5 cm 3 (median, 1.6 cm 3 ). There were significant correlations between maximum tumor diameter and tumor volume (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.84; P < .0001), surgical margin status (P < .001), perineural invasion (P < .001), serum prostate-specific antigen level at diagnosis (P = .004), Gleason score (P = .004), and pathologic stage (P < .0001). Maximum tumor diameter is a predictor of tumor volume and might be useful for the assessment of tumor volume in routinely processed prostatectomy specimens. During recent decades, our understanding of the natural
An apaH mutation causes AppppA to accumulate and affects motility and catabolite repression in Escherichia coli

Abstract apaH- mutants lack the hydrolase responsible for degradation of AppppN dinucleotides in Escherichia coli and show a greater than or equal to 16-fold increase in AppppA under nonstress conditions. These mutants lack detectable activity of sigma F, a factor required for transcription of motility and chemotaxis genes. Expression of the flbB/flaI operon, thought to encode sigma F, is decreased in apaH- mutants, and there appears to be a general decrease in expression of genes regulated by cAMP-binding protein and cAMP as well.
Relativistic intermediate-coupling calculations of dielectronic-recombination coefficients for the Li isoelectronic sequence

Total dielectronic-recombination rate coefficients for 11 ions with 6{le}{ital Z}{le}54 in the Li isoelectronic sequence have been calculated using the distorted-wave technique and the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock model. The total rate coefficients for the fine-structure states for ions with {ital Z}{ge}24 can differ by as much as one order of magnitude at low temperatures due to the effects of relativity and intermediate coupling. Effects of Coster-Kronig transitions on rate coefficients are examined. Results from the present work are compared with previous nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock calculations.
Comparison of one-dimensional and two-dimensional discrete breathers

We present the similarities and differences between one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) spatially localized, time periodic solutions in discrete nonlinear Hamiltonian systems. In particular, the types of modes their stability and their bifurcations are presented. We find that two dimensions, apart from offering an additional mode compared with one dimension, exhibit a much richer stability scenario. This is analyzed in detail using continuation techniques and linear stability analysis.
COMPARISON OF RHEUMATIC MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY WITH THE “CLICK-MURMUR” SYNDROME BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

To study the usefulness of echocardiography in determining the etiology of mitral insufficiency, echocardiograms from 17 children with documented rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency (RMVI) and 27 children with the mitral “click-murmur” syndrome (CMS) were compared with studies from 130 normal children. Mitral valve excursion was increased in 11 of 17 patients with RMVI and 16 of 27 patients with CMS. The rate of early diastolic closure (E-F slope) was increased in both groups. Aortic root diameter was normal in all patients with RMVI but was increased in 9 of 27 patients with CMS. Mitral valve prolapse was present, as expected, in the patients with CMS. However, prolapse also was present in 6 of 17 patients with RMVI. Thus, the echocardiographic pattern of mitral valve motion was similar in children with RMVI and those with CMS. In the absence of aortic root dilatation there were no echocardlographic features which clearly separated the two groups of patients. In particular, the demonstration of mitral prolapse did not exclude rheumatic fever as the cause of mitral insufficiency.
Culture, conceptive technology, and nursing

Technology is a form of cultural expression, formed of and forming culture. A paradox about technological innovation is that, in addition to creating new human arrangements and possibilities, it often serves only to reinforce existing sociocultural practices, norms, and values. The technologically radical is often the culturally conservative. Conceptive technology has contributed toward the redefinition of patienthood, the multiplication of models of infertility, and the reinforcement of existing cultural norms. Nurses are well-positioned to conduct a kind of technology assessment that places culture and ethics at the center of inquiry. They are also well-positioned to assist women and their partners seeking technological assistance to reproduce to understand the controversies concerning conceptive technology that may account for their own ambivalence toward continuing or terminating medical treatment, societal ambivalence toward supporting expensive fertility treatments, and cultural ambivalence toward technological development.
Testicular suture: a significant risk factor for infertility among formerly cryptorchid men.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Although fertility is decreased after cryptorchidism, the importance of risk factors, including parencymal testicular suture, is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between parencymal testicular suture and failure to conceive a child for 1 year or longer among formerly cryptorchid men. Methods: Men who underwent orchidopexy between 1955 and 1972 at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (n = 619) were surveyed by questionnaire and their medical records reviewed. Only the men who attempted to conceive a child (n = 387) are included. Results: Logistic regression analysis determined significant risk factors for infertility. Testicular suture was strongly related to infertility (RR, 7.56; 95% Cl, 1.66, 34.39) as were bilateral cryptorchidism (RR, 5.51; 95% Cl, 1.58, 19.24), varicocele (RR, 4.72; 95% Cl, 1.42, 15.75), hormone treatment before surgery (RR, 3.69; 95% Cl, 1.22, 11.11), and partner conception problem (RR, 3.32; 95% Cl, 1.11, 9.90). Conclusions: Testicular suture was a potent independent determinant of infertility among formerly cryptorchid men who have orchidopexy. Bilateral cryptorchidism, hormone treatment, varicocele, and partner conception problems also were associated with increased infertility.
Encouraging Graduate Study in Engineering

This study was undertaken to provide information on the factors that most influence students to undertake graduate studies in engineering following their baccalaureate degrees. Several hundred engineering deans were asked to send a questionnaire to the three departments in his/her college that had been most successful in encouraging their undergraduates in proceeding to graduate school. Responses indicated that student participation in semester research, student participation in summer research, and mentoring by faculty are the most significant in encouraging students to proceed with graduate studies. These conclusions were confirmed by a survey of newly entering engineering graduate students. Fifty percent of student respondents indicated that they had been involved in some form of research as undergraduates and eighty percent of this group identified that this experience had been important to them in deciding to choose graduate study. It is concluded that the inclusion of undergraduate students in research programs can be very important in influencing their career choices and in enhancing their likelihood of proceeding with graduate studies.
The J Substance of Cattle

. The coating of J-negative erythrocytes in vitro by soluble J substance of cattle serum was inhibited by a factor called ‘blocker’ that was found in serum. In over 200 cattle tested, the blocker behaved as a lipoid substance that could be removed from serum by extraction with polar organic solvents. Evidence was obtained suggesting that the coating of autologous erythrocytes in vivo was a function of both the concentration of blocker and of J substance in serum. Depending upon the interaction of these 2 variables, the various phenotypic classes of the J blood group system are determined.
The Dutch Identity: A New Tool for the Study of Item Response Models.

The Dutch Identity is a useful way to reexpress the basic equations of item response models that relate the manifest probabilities to the item response functions (IRFs) and the latent trait distribution. The identity may be exploited in several ways. For example: (a) to suggest how item response models behave for large numbers of items—they are approximate submodels of second-order loglinear models for 2 J tables; (b) to suggest new ways to assess the dimensionality of the latent trait—principle components analysis of matrices composed of second-order interactions from loglinear models; (c) to give insight into the structure of latent class models; and (d) to illuminate the problem of identifying the IRFs and the latent trait distribution from sample data.
Miotic Action of Lecithin and Cephalin on Denervated Iris of Cat, Monkey, Dog and Rabbit.∗

Summary1. Intravenous injections of emulsions of lecithins extracted from soy bean, corn, vegetable, cod testicle and erythrocytes of man and cephalin of soy bean produce a marked miosis in the completely denervated iris of the cat but not in that of the monkey, dog or rabbit. 2. Synthetic lecithin in much smaller concentrations yields identical results. 3. None of the phospholipid miotic effects is blocked by atropine or potentiated by eserine.
Attitudes Toward Handicapped Children

Positive attitudes toward handicapped children are paramount for success in mainstreaming. In this study, attitude change toward handicapped children as judged by their nonhangicapped peers were investigated. An educational puppet show was used as the independent variable in this study. Results as measured by pre-to-post test changes on a visual analogue scale, demonstrated significant increase in students' information gain about handicapped peers; however, items suggesting personal feelings and behavior were not altered. Furthermore, a stable order of preference toward the physically handicapped remained on the post test. Implication from this study indicate the important of long term structured learning experience and direct contact as necessary variables for attitude change toward the handicapped.
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates the expression of carbonic anhydrase II in nonerythroid avian bone marrow cells.

Abstract 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the active metabolite of the steroid hormone vitamin D, is a potent regulator of macrophage and osteoclast differentiation. The mature osteoclast, unlike the circulating monocyte or the tissue macrophage, expresses high levels of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). This enzyme generates protons and bicarbonate from water and carbon dioxide and is involved in bone resorption and acid-base regulation. To test whether 1,25(OH)2D3 could induce the differentiation of myelomonocytic precursors toward osteoclasts rather than macrophages, we analyzed its effects on the expression of CAII in bone marrow cultures containing precursors common to both cell types. The expression of CAII was markedly increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In bone marrow, this increase occurred at the mRNA and protein levels and was detectable as early as 24 hr after stimulation. 1,25(OH)2D3 was also found to induce CAII expression in a transformed myelomonocytic avian cell line. These results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates the level at which myelomonocytic precursors express CAII, an enzyme that is involved in the function of the mature osteoclast.
Plant community change mediates the response of foliar δ 15 N to CO 2 enrichment in mesic grasslands

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration may change the isotopic signature of plant N by altering plant and microbial processes involved in the N cycle. CO2 may increase leaf δ15N by increasing plant community productivity, C input to soil, and, ultimately, microbial mineralization of old, 15N-enriched organic matter. We predicted that CO2 would increase aboveground productivity (ANPP; g biomass m−2) and foliar δ15N values of two grassland communities in Texas, USA: (1) a pasture dominated by a C4 exotic grass, and (2) assemblages of tallgrass prairie species, the latter grown on clay, sandy loam, and silty clay soils. Grasslands were exposed in separate experiments to a pre-industrial to elevated CO2 gradient for 4 years. CO2 stimulated ANPP of pasture and of prairie assemblages on each of the three soils, but increased leaf δ15N only for prairie plants on a silty clay. δ15N increased linearly as mineral-associated soil C declined on the silty clay. Mineral-associated C declined as ANPP increased. Structural equation modeling indicted that CO2 increased ANPP partly by favoring a tallgrass (Sorghastrum nutans) over a mid-grass species (Bouteloua curtipendula). CO2 may have increased foliar δ15N on the silty clay by reducing fractionation during N uptake and assimilation. However, we interpret the soil-specific, δ15N–CO2 response as resulting from increased ANPP that stimulated mineralization from recalcitrant organic matter. By contrast, CO2 favored a forb species (Solanum dimidiatum) with higher δ15N than the dominant grass (Bothriochloa ischaemum) in pasture. CO2 enrichment changed grassland δ15N by shifting species relative abundances.
Role of the extracellular matrix in prostate carcinogenesis

This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the proteins composing the extracellular matrix in the human prostate. The normal expression as well as the changes which occur in PIN and carcinoma are described for the lamins, collagens, and glycosaminoglycans.
Longitudinal Effects of Best-Friend Communication Against Substance Use for Latino and Non-Latino White Early Adolescents

Prior research examining peer influences on adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use has primarily focused on the positive associations that peer substance use and offers have with adolescent use. Consequently, such research has often emphasized the negative influences of peers. This study, however, operationalizes peer influence through best-friend communication against substance use and examines whether it indirectly protects against substance use by promoting anti-substance use norms. Structural equation modeling was utilized with longitudinal survey data from 277 Latino and 350 non-Latino white 6th-8th-grade-students. For Latino and non-Latino white students, best-friend communication was indirectly related to alcohol and cigarette use through norms. Best-friend communication also was indirectly related to marijuana use, but only for non-Latino white students and for male students. Language: en
Langmuir probe measurements of electron temperature and electron density behind the skimmer of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

Abstract A single Langmuir probe is inserted axially into the region between the skimmer and first ion lens of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Reasonable current-voltage (I-V) curves are obtained with an axial spatial resolution of ~ 5 mm. Electron temperature (Tc) is in the range 2000-11000 K and changes with aerosol gas flow rate and water loading in a similar way as did previous Te measurements with the probe inside the supersonic jet. Electron density (nc) is in the range 108-1010 cm-3 near the skimmer tip and drops abruptly to 106-108 cm-3 as the probe is retracted further behind the skimmer. Electron density in the beam leaving the skimmer also depends on water loading and on the presence and mass of matrix elements. These results support the general premise that the properties of the ion beam are affected by a matrix element, which is thought to cause matrix interferences in ICP-MS.
Uraniferous gorceixite in the South Carolina coastal plain (U.S.A.)

Abstract Gorceixite, a rare Ba—Al phosphate containing 200–2000 ppm U, occurs as thin seams or nodules in Upper Eocene deposits of the Coastal Plain province in Aiken County, South Carolina. At every locality gorceixite appears to be a post-depositional feature. Radiochemical results for various daughter-parent pairs in the 238U decay series show that uranium enrichment occurred at least 1 Ma ago and there has been little uranium migration since. There has been extensive recent redistribution of 226Ra relative to 230Th and 210Po, with 226Ra suddenly migrating from the gorceixite into the overlying sediments within the last one hundred years. The clay-mineral and elemental distributions through a gorceixite outcrop suggest that gorceixite formed as a result of intensive leaching by acidic groundwater during development of a paleo-soil horizon. The sources for the components of gorceixite may have been leached from local sedimentary deposits derived from the barite, monazite and granitic occurrences in the adjacent piedmont rocks. This model provides for: the predominance of gibbsite above and kaolinite below the gorceixite; mechanisms for phosphate fixation and uranium enrichment; depletion of the more soluble elements above the gorceixite; and the thinness and limited areal extent of known occurrences.
Search for Nuclear Isotopes for Use in a Nuclear Battery

Performance of a radioisotopic thermoelectric generator for a human-portable energy source is discussed. The design ofthermoelectricgeneratorsis notconsidered. Instead desirablecharacteristicsoftheradioisotopeareused to search for reasonable candidates with a half-life measured in weeks and generating radiation that could easily be shielded. Because radioisotopes with short half-lives would have limited shelf-lives, a search was undertaken to discover if isomers with different decay paths existed with characteristics that would lead to a useful energy generator design. The results indicate several interesting cases for energy storage in radioactive isotopes. Two of the most interesting cases uncovered were 121 Te and 254 Es. However, intermediate levels that could be used to connect the various nuclear energy levels are not currently known. Measurements of transition rates that can be stimulated between the desired levels are also needed to determine the practicality of this concept. Such research is now possible using the intense gamma beam that can be produced using free-electron laser light backscattered from relativistic electrons.
The function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-cytochrome c gene is independent of the codon at invariant residue Phe82 when the gene is present on a low-copy-number vector

Phe82 is the most studied invariant residue of cytochrome c. However, the physiological relevance of amino acid substitutions at this position is unclear because previous studies were either performed in vitro (i.e. using purified protein) or in yeast where the gene for the protein is present on a multi-copy vector. Multi-copy vectors yield a level of cytochrome c in yeast that is greater than the wild-type level. Oligodeoxyribonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to change the codon for Phe82 to that of the other 19 naturally occurring amino acids as well as the amber stop codon. The alleles are present on a yeast shuttle phagemid containing the CEN6 gene which ensures a vector copy number of one to two in yeast. All the missense alleles support growth under conditions requiring a functional iso-1-cytochrome c. However the F82C, F82P, and F82R variants grow at a significantly lower rate. After selection for function, phagemids were rescued from the transformants and the identity of the mutation verified. It is concluded that all 20 amino acids are capable of supporting function. Reasons for the evolutionary invariance of Phe82 are discussed.
Guarding a set of line segments in the plane

We consider the following problem: Given a finite set of straight line segments in the plane, find a set of points of minimum size, so that every segment contains at least one point in the set. This problem can be interpreted as looking for a minimum number of locations of policemen, guards, cameras or other sensors, that can observe a network of streets, corridors, tunnels, tubes, etc. We show that the problem is strongly NP-complete even for a set of segments with a cubic graph structure, but in P for tree structures.
Top-down response suppression mitigates action tendencies triggered by a motivating stimulus.

Summary Motivating stimuli provoke action tendencies that sometimes lead to unwanted behavior (e.g., eating chocolate when trying to diet) [1–4]. Implementing control over these provocations is essential to healthy functioning [1, 5]; however, few laboratory-based models of such control exist. Here we developed a novel task in which thirsty human subjects made instrumental responses to obtain a juice reward (Go trials) or were required to withhold responding (NoGo trials) in the presence of a rewarded (CS+) or unrewarded (CS−) conditioned stimulus. For Go trials, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation revealed a rapid increase in motor activity for CS+ versus CS−, preceding more vigorous instrumental responding. Critically, successful NoGo trials resulted in suppression of motor activity for CS+, but not CS−. Moreover, while there was broad excitation in the hand muscles in Go trials, suppression in NoGo trials was selective to the effector that could obtain reward. These results show that response suppression can be triggered by a motivational stimulus, thus providing a richer model of self-control than classic cognitive psychology paradigms.
Toward construction of string field theory

Abstract Attempts to construct string field theory for closed string is given covering use of gauge techniques of BRST and extended BFV Hamiltonian approach.
Notch targeting 2.0.

In this issue of Blood, Cullion and colleagues add an encouraging chapter to the saga of Notch1 as a therapeutic target in T-ALL.
The Bank Lending Channel of Monetary Transmission: Does it Work in Turkey?

Does the bank lending channel of monetary transmission work in Turkey? Using the May-June 2006 financial turbulence as an exogenous shock that prompted a significant tightening of monetary policy, this paper examines the loan supply response of Turkey's banks, depending on their balance sheet characteristics. The empirical results indicate that banks can play a role in Turkey's monetary transmission mechanism. Specifically, bank liquidity is found to have a significant effect on loan supply in Turkey. This suggests that the effect of monetary policy in Turkey can be propagated by the banking sector, depending on its liquidity position.
Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America

INTRODUCTIONIn looking at yesterday's frontiers (or at today's industrialized world), social analysts tend to see violence as a straightforward and uncomplicated phenomenon: when openly used, it is a direct way of settling disputes; when it is not used but available, it is a necessary—and, at least in the short run, sufficient—condition of domination. As a background condition violence is readily forgotten. Such is the case even in the study of the various affronts to authority that are lumped under the rubric of‘collective behavior.’ One speaks of violent ‘episodes’ arising from the ‘breakdown’ of various routine social mechanisms. By the same token, all the interesting problems in political theory seem to lie in the area of how to control people in every other conceivable manner: through the establishment of a normative consensus, through ideologies, through the creation of common interests, or through bargains and deals. Sufficient consideration is not usually given to the varied and subtle effects of these ways in which the capacity for violence is structured in social life. But consequences follow for any society from the presence or absence of full-time military specialists, from the forms of their organization, from the regional distribution of control of organized violence, from the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of force, and from the norms associated with such use.
Frontiers of plant cell biology: signals and pathways, system-based approaches 22nd Symposium in Plant Biology (University of California--Riverside).

The symposium ''Frontiers of Plant Cell Biology: Signals and Pathways, Systems-Based Approaches'' was held January 15-18, 2003 at the Riverside Convention Center in Riverside, California. The host organization for the symposium was the Center for Plant Cell Biology (CEPCEB) at the University of California, Riverside (UCR). The meeting, focusing on systems-based approaches to plant cell biology research, was the first of this kind in the field of plant biology. The speakers and nearly 100 posters placed emphasis on recent developments in plant cellular biology and molecular genetics, particularly those employing emerging genomic tools, thereby sharing the most current knowledge in the field and stimulating future advances. In attendance were many well-established scientists and young investigators who approach plant cell biology from different but complementary conceptual and technical perspectives. Indeed, many disciplines are converging in the field of cell biology, producing synergies that will enable plant scientists to determine the function of gene products in the context of living cells in whole organisms. New, cross-disciplinary collaborations, as well as the involvement of computer scientists and chemists in plant biology research, are likely additional outcomes of the symposium. The program included 39 invited session speakers and workshop/panel speakers. Sessions were convened on the following themes: Cell-Cell Communication; Protein Trafficking; Cell Surface, Extracellular Matrix and Cell Wall; Signal Transduction; Signal Transduction and Proteosome; and Systems-Based Approaches to Plant Cell Biology. Workshops on Chemical Genetics and Visual Microscopy were also presented. Abstracts from each of the speaker presentations, as well as the posters presented at the meeting were published in a program booklet given to the 239 faculty members, researchers, postdoctoral scientists and graduate students in attendance. The booklet thus serves as a reference for symposium attendees to locate additional information about a topic of their particular interest and to contact other investigators. In addition, an article reviewing the symposium by science writer Peter V. Minorsky appeared in the June 2003 issue of Plant Physiology, a special issue devoted to systems-based approaches in the study of the model plant Arabidopsis (article submitted as part of this Final Technical Report).
Impact of insect defoliation on forest carbon balance as assessed with a canopy assimilation model

Disturbances such as fire, hurricanes, and herbivory often result in the net release of CO2 from forests to the atmosphere, but the magnitude of carbon (C) loss is poorly quantified and difficult to predict. Here, we investigate the carbon balance of an oak/pine forest in the New Jersey Pine Barrens using the Canopy Conductance Constrained Carbon Assimilation (4C-A) model. The 4C-A model utilizes whole-tree sap-flux and leaf-level photosynthetic gas exchange measurements at distinct canopy levels to estimate canopy assimilation. After model parameterization, sensitivity analyses, and evaluation against eddy flux measurements made in 2006, the model was used to predict C assimilation for an undisturbed year in 2005, and in 2007 when the stand was completely defoliated for 2‐3 weeks during an infestation of gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.). Following defoliation, only 50% of the foliage reemerged in a second flush. In 2007, canopy net assimilation (AnC), as modeled with the 4C-A, was reduced to approximately 75% of AnC in 2006 (940 vs. 1240gCm � 2 a � 1 ). Overall, net primary production (NPP) in 2007 was approximately 240gCm � 2 a � 1 (vs. 250gCm � 2 a � 1 in 2006), with 60% of NPP allocated to foliage production, a short-term carbon pool. Woody biomass accumulation, a long-term carbon pool, was reduced by 20% compared with the previous year (72 vs. 57gCm � 2 a � 1 in 2006 and 2007, respectively). The overall impact of the defoliation spanned 21% of upland forests (320km 2 ) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, representing a significant amount of overall C not being taken up from the atmosphere by the forest, thus not accumulated in the biosphere.