cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Promise of Compelled Whistleblowing: What the Corporate Governance Provisions of Sarbanes Oxley Mean for Employment Law

This article discusses punitive approaches to whistleblowing - imposing liability on employees for failing to act in the face of wrongdoing. There has been little in the way of in-depth analysis of the subject, as it has been almost universally dismissed as a terrible idea. Punitive approaches to whistleblowing are no longer a matter of mere conjecture, however, with the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. I discuss the extent to which the disclosure-related liabilities that Sarbanes-Oxley imposes on attorneys, executives and audit committee members amount to compelled whistleblowing. I then argue that punitive approaches to whistleblowing offer a number of previously unrecognized benefits. Sarbanes-Oxley is a good illustration of how whistleblower duties can be imposed on high-ranking employees, who are best able to bear the social penalties of whistleblowing. Indeed, compelled whistleblowing may serve to reduce the stigma of whistleblowing over time and increase organizational responsiveness to voluntary whistleblowers.
Zoster vaccine live for the prevention of shingles in the elderly patient.

Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a common disease in the elderly population that is caused by reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus. Its manifestations and complications can lead to significant short- and long-term morbidity. In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Zoster Vaccine Live (Zostavax®) for the prevention of herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults age 60 and over. The approval was based on the results of a large, multi-center clinical trial, the Shingles Prevention Study. This study showed that vaccination significantly decreased shingles incidence, burden of illness due to disease, and the development of, and severity of postherpetic neuralgia. This review offers an overview of varicella zoster virus infection and complications, a summary of the Shingles Prevention Study, and a critical analysis designed to aid the practicing physician who has questions about vaccine administration.
Regulation by Alternative Sigma Factors

This chapter summarizes the alternative sigma factors of the two model organisms (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis), describes the types of regulatory pathways that have evolved to control σ activity, and presents a glimpse at some recently discovered variations on these already established themes. In addition, many stress-induced proteins were initially identified using proteomics and were named for the inducing stress(es). Examples include general stress proteins (GSP) and heat shock proteins (HSP). Regulation of σS proteolysis plays a major role in controlling activation of this stress response by starvation for diverse nutrients and several other stresses. Although the full implications of the complex regulatory architecture are not yet clear, a number of advantages are apparent. First, the branched pathway allows for integration of two distinct classes of signals and, within each signaling pathway, there are likely multiple regulatory targets thereby enabling a further diversity of inputs. Second, the use of reversible protein modifications (phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation) enables a rapid response to changing conditions and also enables the system to be rapidly shut off once homeostatic conditions are restored. Third, the use of reversible protein modifications to regulate activity may ultimately be more energy efficient than those systems that rely instead on destruction of an anti-σ with the consequent need for new protein synthesis to reset the system. Sporulation in B. subtilis was the first process unambiguously shown to rely on alternative s factors for its execution and thus holds a special place in the historical development of σ factor biology.
Amazon Frontier: The Defeat of the Brazilian Indians

Amazon Frontier: The Defeat of the Brazilian Indians. John Hemming. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987. xl. 648 pp., Illustrations, maps, appendices, bibliography, notes and references, Index. $32.50 (cloth). ISBN 0-674-01725-0.
Rational approximation schemes for bi-continuous semigroups

Abstract This paper extends the Hille–Phillips functional calculus and rational approximations results due to R. Hersh, T. Kato, P. Brenner, and V. Thomee to generators of bi-continuous semigroups. The method yields error estimates for rational time-discretization schemes for such semigroups, in particular for dual semigroups, Feller semigroups such as the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroup, the heat semigroup, semigroups induced by nonlinear flows, implemented semigroups, and evolution semigroups. Furthermore, the results provide error estimates for a new class of inversion formulas for the Laplace transform.
A rediscovered text of Porphyry on mystic formulae

Students of later Platonism know well the significant role Porphyry played in the development of what we now call Neoplatonism. His own biography of Plotinus makes clear that we probably owe the very existence of the majority of Plotinus' written works to Porphyry's nagging. Having cajoled the master into penning a large number of works during his latter years, Porphyry then edited and published them, giving them the title Enneads which they have since borne. We must, of course, take Porphyry's claims regarding the importance of his own influence with a grain of salt. Still, with the sole exception of Plato himself, no figure in the Platonic tradition had ever enjoyed Plotinus' good fortune in the transmission of his complete works, and none would again, for which we clearly have Porphyry to thank.
Anatomy of Synoptic Eddy–NAO Interaction through Eddy Structure Decomposition

AbstractA method of eddy structure decomposition is proposed to detect how low-frequency flow associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) organizes systematically synoptic eddy (SE) activity to generate in-phase and upstream feedbacks. In this method, a statistical eddy streamfunction (SES) field, defined by the three-point covariance of synoptic-scale streamfunction, is introduced to characterize spatiotemporal SE flow structures. The SES field is decomposed into basic and anomalous parts to represent the climatological SE flow structure and its departure. These two parts are used to calculate the basic and anomalous eddy velocity, eddy vorticity, and thus eddy vorticity flux fields, in order to elucidate those two SE feedbacks onto the NAO. This method is validated by the fact that the observed anomalous eddy vorticity flux field can be reproduced well by two linear terms: the basic eddy velocity field multiplied by anomalous eddy vorticity field and the anomalous eddy velocity field multiplied...
Use of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) γ Ligand Troglitazone as Treatment for Refractory Breast Cancer: A Phase II Study

Purpose. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ activating ligand, troglitazone, in patients with refractory metastatic breast cancer.
Two-photon emission in direct-gap semiconductors

We performed a theoretical study of extreme nondegenerate two-photon stimulated emission in direct-bandgap semiconductors. We predict orders of magnitude enhancement with respect to the degenerate case. Evidence in support of this comes from 2-photon absorption measurements.
Cyclic AMP activation of a triglyceride lipase in broken cell preparations of rat heart.

Abstract The effect of CAM [cyclic AMP, Mg-ATP, and 3-isobutyl, 1-methylxanthine (MIX)] on triacylglycerol (TG) lipase activity in extracts from heparin-perfused rat heart was determined. TG lipase activity in homogenate, 10,000 g supernatant, 105,000 g supernatant, ammonium sulfate supernatant, and the eluate from heparin-Sepharose was increased between 62 and 151% when incubated with a combination of 0.3 m m cyclic AMP, 5 m m MgCl 2 , and 2 m m ATP. The addition of Mg-ATP + cyclic AMP caused a greater activation of TG lipase in the various fractions than did Mg-ATP + MIX or cyclic AMP + MIX. These results suggest that activation may be mediated by the classical cyclic AMP-protein kinase cascade. Control and CAM-stimulated activities were increased by heparin and inhibited by NaCl and protamine sulfate. In the absence of serum in the assay, the CAM system caused a relatively greater stimulation of lipolytic activity in each fraction compared to when serum was present in the assay. However, the absolute values were 6.1 to 16.3-fold greater with serum in the assay than without serum. In a similar manner, TG lipase activity was stimulated by CAM between 1.75 and 4.26-fold at pH 7.4, and only between 1.62 and 2.51-fold at pH 8.1. However the absolute values at pH 8.1 were 6.77 to 31.83-fold greater than those seen at pH 7.4. These data demonstrate, for the first time, the cyclic AMP activation of a TG lipase above basal levels in cell-free fractions of rat heart. It is intriguing to speculate that the intracellular fraction of lipoprotein lipase may play a role in the hormonal regulation of cardiac TG lipolysis.
Influence of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on enzyme activity.

The in vitro activity of acetylcholinesterase and creatine phosphokinase was determined during in vitro exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. The enzyme activities were examined during exposure to microwave radiation at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 1, 10, 50, and 100 mW/g. These specific absorption rates had no effect on the activity of either enzyme when the temperature of the control and exposed samples were similar. These data demonstrate that the activity of these two enzymes is not affected by microwave radiation at the SARs and frequency employed in this study.
A critical review of the state of finite plasticity

The object of this paper is to provide a critical review of the current state of plasticity in the presence of finite deformation. In view of the controversy regarding a number of fundamental issues between several existing schools of plasticity, the areas of agreement are described separately from those of disagreement. Attention is mainly focussed on the purely mechanical, rate-independent, theory of elastic-plastic materials, although closely related topics such as rate-dependent behavior, thermal effects, experimental and computational aspects, microstructural effects and crystal plasticity are also discussed and potentially fruitful directions are identified. A substantial portion of this review is devoted to the area of disagreement that covers a detailed presentation of argument(s), bothpro andcon, for all of the basic constitutive ingredients of the rate-independent theory such as the primitive notion or definition of plastic strain, the structure of the constitutive equation for the stress response, the yield function, the loading criteria and the flow and the hardening rules. The majority of current research in finite plasticity theory, as with its infinitesimal counterpart, still utilizes a (classical) stress-based approach which inherently possesses some shortcomings for the characterization of elastic-plastic materials. These and other anomalous behavior of a stress-based formulation are contrasted with the more recent strain-based formulation of finite plasticity. A number of important features and theoretical advantages of the latter formulation, along with its computational potential and experimental interpretation, are discussed separately.
Antillatoxin is a sodium channel activator that displays unique efficacy in heterologously expressed rNav1.2, rNav1.4 and rNav1.5 alpha subunits

Background Antillatoxin (ATX) is a structurally unique lipopeptide produced by the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. ATX activates voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunits at an undefined recognition site and stimulates sodium influx in neurons. However, the pharmacological properties and selectivity of ATX on the sodium channel α-subunits were not fully characterized.
Language, Race, and White Public Space

White public space is constructed through (1) intense monitoring of the speech of racialized populations such as Chicanos and Latinos and African Americans for signs of linguistic disorder and (2) the invisibility of almost identical signs in the speech of Whites, where language mixing, required for the expression of a highly valued type of colloquial persona, takes several forms. One such form, Mock Spanish, exhibits a complex semiotics. By direct indexicality, Mock Spanish presents speakers as possessing desirable personal qualities. By indirect indexicality, it reproduces highly negative racializing stereotypes of Chicanos and Latinos. In addition, it indirectly indexes "whiteness" as an unmarked normative order. Mock Spanish is compared to White "crossover" uses of African American English. Finally, the question of the potential for such usages to be reshaped to subvert the order of racial practices in discourse is briefly explored.
The importance of cytochrome p450 monooxygenase CYP2D6 in palliative medicine

The enzymes in the cytochrome p450 monooxygenase system (CYP) are the major enzymes responsible for metabolizing medications. The CYP2D6 isomer is responsible for metabolizing certain opioids, neuroleptics, antidepressants and cardiac medications. Owing to CYP2D6's low capacity and high affinity it is easily saturated by substrate and/or inhibited, resulting in pharmacokinetic interactions. Polymorphisms of the structural gene are common, leading to wide inter-individual and ethnic differences in drug metabolism. Clinically important drug interactions, which may be anticipated in the palliative medicine population, are reviewed.
Every incomplete computably enumerable truth-table degree is branching

If r is a reducibility between sets of numbers, a natural question to ask about the structure ? r of the r-degrees containing computably enumerable sets is whether every element not equal to the greatest one is branching (i.e., the meet of two elements strictly above it). For the commonly studied reducibilities, the answer to this question is known except for the case of truth-table (tt) reducibility. In this paper, we answer the question in the tt case by showing that every tt-incomplete computably enumerable truth-table degree a is branching in ? tt . The fact that every Turing-incomplete computably enumerable truth-table degree is branching has been known for some time. This fact can be shown using a technique of Ambos-Spies and, as noticed by Nies, also follows from a relativization of a result of Degtev. We give a proof here using the Ambos-Spies technique because it has not yet appeared in the literature. The proof uses an infinite injury argument. Our main result is the proof when a is Turing-complete but tt-incomplete. Here we are able to exploit the Turing-completeness of a in a novel way to give a finite injury proof.
Assembly of gold nanowires by sedimentation from suspension: Experiments and simulation

We investigated the ordering of gold nanowires that settled from an aqueous suspension onto a glass substrate due to gravity. The nanowires, ca. 300 nm in cross-sectional diameter and ca. 2, 4, or 7 μm in length, were coated with 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid to provide electrostatic repulsion and prevent aggregation. The layer of nanowires in direct contact with the substrate was examined from below using optical microscopy and found to exhibit smectic-like ordering. The extent of smectic ordering depended on nanowire length, with the shortest (2 μm) nanowires exhibiting the best ordering. To understand the assembly in this system, we used canonical Monte Carlo simulations to model the two-dimensional ordering of the nanowires on a substrate. We accounted for van der Waals and electrostatic interactions between the nanowires. The simulations reproduced the experimental trends and showed that roughness at the ends of the nanowires, which locally increased electrostatic repulsion, is critical to correctly ...
Some discrete-time SI, SIR, and SIS epidemic models

Discrete-time models, or difference equations, of some well-known SI, SIR, and SIS epidemic models are considered. The discrete-time SI and SIR models give rise to systems of nonlinear difference equations that are similar in behavior to their continuous analogues under the natural restriction that solutions to the discrete-time models be positive. It is important that the entire system be considered since the difference equation for infectives I in an SI model has a logistic form which can exhibit period-doubling and chaos for certain parameter values. Under the restriction that S and I be positive, these parameter values are excluded. In the case of a discrete SIS model, positivity of solutions is not enough to guarantee asymptotic convergence to an equilibrium value (as in the case of the continuous model). The positive feedback from the infective class to the susceptible class allows for more diverse behavior in the discrete model. Period-doubling and chaotic behavior is possible for some parameter values. In addition, if births and deaths are included in the SI and SIR models (positive feedback due to births) the discrete models exhibit periodicity and chaos for some parameter values. Single-population and multi-population, discrete-time epidemic models are analyzed.
Apparent Colours of Surfaces of Small Subtense

THE investigations of Hartridge1 and others have substantiated the early conclusion of Konig2 that the eye behaves as if tritanopic for coloured stimuli of small subtense, and it occurred to me that it would be of both theoretical and practical interest to determine the actual colours assumed under controlled conditions by small coloured surfaces. The first results are so striking a confirmation of Konig's conclusions that they are presented here as a preliminary report.
Ethylene the gaseous plant hormone: mechanism and regulation of biosynthesis

Abstract Ethylene is a natural regulator of plant growth and development and has been used, wittingly or unwittingly, as a fruit ripening agent for many years. Its path of synthesis has recently been elucidated and there is now some understanding of how ethylene production is regulated.
Differential signaling during macropinocytosis in response to M-CSF and PMA in macrophages.

The cellular movements that construct a macropinosome have a corresponding sequence of chemical transitions in the cup-shaped region of plasma membrane that becomes the macropinosome. To determine the relative positions of type I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase C (PLC) in this pathway, we analyzed macropinocytosis in macrophages stimulated by the growth factor macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and by the diacylglycerol (DAG) analogue phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). In cells stimulated with M-CSF, microscopic imaging of fluorescent probes for intracellular lipids indicated that the PI3K product phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) appeared in cups just prior to DAG. We then tested the hypothesis that PMA and DAG function after PI3K and prior to Ras and protein kinase C (PKC) during macropinosome formation in macrophages. Although the PI3K target Akt was activated by M-CSF, the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 did not inhibit macropinocytosis. The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 blocked macropinocytosis by M-CSF but not PMA. Macropinocytosis in response to M-CSF and PMA was inhibited by the Ras inhibitor farnesyl thiosalicylate (FTS), by the PKC inhibitor Calphostin C and by the broad specificity inhibitor rottlerin. These studies support a model in which M-CSF stimulates PI3K in macropinocytic cups, and the resulting increase in PIP3 activates PLC, which in turn generates DAG necessary for activation of PKC, Ras and the late stages of macropinosome closure.
A Microsofit Fortran 77 Program for Determining the Confidence Interval Around the Estimate of the Population Correlation Coefficient for the Vote-Counting Method

A FORTRAN 77 program is presented that determines the confidence interval around the estimate of the population correlation coefficient via normal and chi-square approximations for large sample sizes and an exact method via the binomial distribution for small sample sizes. This program is used in the vote-counting method of meta-analysis.
Autopsy Studies in Atherosclerosis II. Distribution and Severity of Atherosclerosis in Patients Dying with Morphologic Evidence of Atherosclerotic Catastrophe

The distribution and severity of gross atherosclerosis at autopsy in 153 patients dying with morphologic evidence of atherosclerotic catastrophe in the heart, aorta, or brain were compared with that in 347 "noncatastrophic" patients. This study used a grading system for atherosclerosis that included consideration of both the extent and severity of intimal involvement. The study groups contained 78 males and 28 females with catastrophes in the heart, 26 males and 10 females with catastrophes in the aorta, and 20 males and 20 females with catastrophes in the brain. A significantly larger proportion of men had vascular catastrophes than did women. However, there was no sex difference demonstrated in the distribution and severity of atherosclerosis.
On the stability, storage capacity, and design of nonlinear continuous neural networks

The stability, capacity, and design of a nonlinear continuous neural network are analyzed. Sufficient conditions for existence and asymptotic stability of the network's equilibria are reduced to a set of piecewise-linear inequality relations that can be solved by a feedforward binary network, or by methods such as Fourier elimination. The stability and capacity of the network is characterized by the postsynaptic firing rate function. An N-neuron network with sigmoidal firing function is shown to have up to 3/sup N/ equilibrium points. This offers a higher capacity than the (0.1-0.2)N obtained in the binary Hopfield network. It is shown that by a proper selection of the postsynaptic firing rate function, one can significantly extend the capacity storage of the network. >
On Re-sampling of Solar Images

Digital image data are now commonly used throughout the field of solar physics. Many steps of image data analysis, including image co-alignment, perspective reprojection of the solar surface, and compensation for solar rotation, require re-sampling original telescope image data under a distorting coordinate transformation. The most common image re-sampling methods introduce significant, unnecessary flaws into the data. More correct techniques have been known in the computer graphics community for some time but remain little known within the solar community and hence deserve further presentation. Furthermore, image distortion under specialized coordinate transformations is a powerful analysis technique with applications well beyond image resizing and perspective compensation. Here I give a brief overview of the mathematics of data re-sampling under arbitrary distortions, present a simple algorithm for optimized re-sampling, give some examples of distortion as an analysis tool, and introduce scientific image distortion software that is freely available over the Internet.
The effects of carbon dioxide on the excised goldfish retina.

Abstract Moist O 2 with some CO 2 has been widely used to maintain excised goldfish retinae in studies of retinal functioning. Varying the concentration of CO 2 or the gas flow rate produces marked changes in retinal responses. Under pure moist O 2 at relatively high flow rates, most ganglion cells maintain a high spontaneous firing rate and many are not obviously spectrally opponent, their responses being dominated by the long-wavelength pigment. Adding CO 2 , even at concentrations as low as 1%, reduces the spontaneous rate (5 % CO 2 virtually eliminates it) and dramatically elevates thresholds (as much as 2 log units for 5% CO 2 ); the opponent chromatic mechanisms are differentially affected by CO 2 , many cells becoming spectrally opponent. A similar loss of sensitivity is also observed in the ERG. Reducing the flow of pure O 2 has effects comparable to adding CO 2 , but it can be shown that the action of CO 2 is not simply due to anoxia.
Stress and Design in Bivalved Mollusc Shell

An animal's shell is subjected to stress throughout its life, and residual stress can be released and measured as strain. The shape and texture of the shell are advantageous features of design.
Understanding factors associated with bullying and peer victimization in Chinese schools within ecological contexts

We review factors associated with school bullying and peer victimization in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter referred to as China) within the context of Bronfenbrenner (Am Psychol 32:513–531, 1977) ecological systems framework. Bullying and peer victimization are serious problems in Chinese schools, which calls for effective school-based bullying prevention and intervention strategies. However, understanding of this phenomenon has been limited because the majority of the empirical studies have examined individual characteristics (e.g., age, gender), and relatively few Chinese researchers have considered various contexts of the social ecology, such as cultural contexts. We first discuss the definition and prevalence, which is followed by a review of socio-demographic and ecological factors (micro-, meso-, exo-, and macrosystem) that are correlated with school bullying and peer victimization in Chinese schools. Findings from our review suggest that factors at the socio-demographic (age, gender, behavioral/mental health problems), micro- (parents, peers, and teachers), meso- (parents’ involvement in children’s school), exo- (mass media), and macrosystem (emphasis on academic achievement and collectivism vs. individualism) levels can foster or mitigate bullying and peer victimization among children and adolescents in Chinese schools. We then draw implications for assessment, practice, and policy concerning school bullying and peer victimization in China.
Comparisons between Monte Carlo methods and Navier-Stokes equations for re-entry flows

A detailed comparison is made between Navier-Stokes and direct stimulation Monte Carlo calculations for flows near the continuum limit to assess the accuracy of the continuum equations in this regime. Meaningful comparisons require the use of similar physical models. This necessitates the inclusion of a separate rotational energy equation and use of slip boundary conditions. Inclusion of slip boundary conditions resulted in improved agreement between surface properties. Moreover, good agreement was obtained for the various temperatures in the nonequilibrium portion of the flowfield that does not contain the shock region. Departures are noted in the shock region and in regions where thermal diffusion effects are important. 21 refs.
CHAIN CONDITIONS FOR SUBNORMAL SUBGROUPS OF INFINITE ORDER OR INDEX

A group G is said to satisfy max-∞s if each nonempty set of infinite subnormal subgroups of G has a maximal element. A group G is said to satisfy min-∞s if each nonempty set of subnormal subgroups of G with infinite index has at least one minimal element. Groups with max-∞s or min-∞s are the subject of this paper. Solvable groups with max-∞s or min-∞s are examined in detail and structure theorems are given. We then show that subsolvable groups with max-∞s or min-∞s are solvable.
A flash photolysis investigation of the UV absorption spectrum and self-reaction kinetics of CH2ClCH2O2 radicals in the gas phase

Abstract The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the chloro-ethylperoxy radical, CH 2 ClCH 2 O 2 , and the kinetics of its self-reaction have been studied in the gas phase using a flash photolysis technique. The room temperature absorption cross section at 250 nm was determined to be σ CH 2 ClCH 2 O 2 (250 nm)=(3.64±0.39)×10 −18 cm 2 molecule −1 and was used to calculate an observed self-reaction rate constant, defined as -d[CH 2 ClCH 2 O 2 ]/d t =2 k obs [CH 2 ClCH 2 O 2 ] 2 , of k obs (298 K)=(3.57±0.57)×10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , independent of pressure over the range 25–400 Torr. Data over the temperature range 228–380 K and at a total pressure of 100 Torr were used to obtain the Arrhenius expression k obs =(1.1±0.7)×10 −13 exp[(1020±170)/ T ] cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 .
Distribution of opiate receptors in the monkey brain: An autoradiographic study

Abstract By employing both in vivo and in vitro labeling techniques, opiate receptors were labeled with tritiated diprenorphine in the monkey brain and localized by light microscopic autoradiography. Both methods of labeling gave similar results, allowing a description of discrete areas having opiate binding sites. High concentrations of opiate receptors were found in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord, nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, lateral parabrachial nucleus, substantia grisea centralis, several nuclei of the thalamus and hypothalamus, substantia innominata and in the amygdala. In the monkey pituitary, receptors were found in the neurohypophysis. These results correlate well with those found in autoradiographic studies of the rat brain although there are a few notable differences. Many of the opiate receptor distributions can be correlated with anatomical loci of brain functions known to be influenced by administration of opiate compounds.
The discrete frequency Fourier transform

In certain signal processing applications it may be required to reconstruct a spatial domain image form samples of its Fourier transform. For problems such as this it may be useful to use the dual of the well-known discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) for purposes of analysis and design. In this paper, this dual concept, called the discrete frequency Fourier transform (DFFT), is shown to be a useful transform in its own right. In addition to being useful for certain physical problems, the DFFT fills a gap in the theory and aids the designer in understanding problems which have inherently sampled frequency domains.
Human Services and the Afrocentric Paradigm

Contents * Foreword * Acknowledgments * Chapter One: Introduction * Worldviews and Cultural Oppression * Cultural Oppression and Social Science * Toward an Afrocentric Human Services Paradigm * Overview of the Book * Chapter Two: The Afrocentric Worldview * Historic Overview * Crirticisms of This Worldview * Characteristics of This Worldview * Afrocentricity, Equality, and Human Liberation * Chapter Three: The Evolution of Black Social Work and Its Pitfalls * Social Welfare in Traditional Africa * Black Social Welfare in America * Chapter Four: Oppression and Spiritual Alienation * The Relationship Between Oppression and Spiritual Alienation * Spiritual Alienation As Philosophical Foundation of Oppression * Spiritual Alienation As Outcome of Oppression * Chapter Five: Youth Violence and the Afrocentric Paradigm * Overview of Youth Violence * Political Economic Oppression and Youth Violence * Spiritual Alienation and Youth Violence Cultural Misorientation and Youth Violence * Chapter Six: Substance Abuse and the Afrocentric Paradigm * Political Economic Oppression and Substance Abuse * Spiritual Alienation and Substance Abuse * Cultural Misorientation and Substance Abuse * Afrocentric Drug Treatment Programs * Chapter Seven: The Afrocentric Paradigm and Social Welfare Philosophy, Ideology, and Policy * An Afrocentric Critique of American Social Welfare Policy * Foundations of an Afrocentric Political Ideology * Afrocentric Social Welfare Policy Recommendations * Chapter Eight: The Afrocentric Paradigm of Social Welfare Policy Analysis * Overview of the Afrocentric Policy Analytic Framework * Features of the Afrocentric Framework of Policy Analysis * Chapter Nine: The Afrocentric Paradigm and Human Service Organizations * Distinctions Between Afrocentric and Eurocentric Organizational Theories * The Afrocentric Paradigm and Positive Potentiality in Organizations * Empowerment Through Organizational Autonomy * Additional Considerations * Chapter Ten: Social Work Research and the Afrocentric Paradigm * Rationale for Afrocentric Social Work Research * Definition of Afrocentric Social Work Research * Attributes of Afrocentric Social Work Research * Chapter Eleven: Conclusion: Threats to the Survival and Continuation of the Afrocentric Paradigm * The Trend Toward Privatization * The Dominance of Postpositivist Epistemology in Academia * Continued Uneasiness with Spirituality * The Ascendancy of Postmodernism * Continued Cultural Misorientation * The African Oral Tradition * The Afrocentric Paradigm's Asociation with Black People * References * Index
Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube: A Clinicopathologic Analysis of 26 Cases

Twenty-six endometrioid adenocarcinomas of the fallopian tube that occurred in patients 37 to 85 (average 57) years of age are described. Most of the patients presented with symptoms related to a pelvic mass but nine tumors were incidental findings at the time of operation. All the neoplasms were unilateral. Eighteen tumors were Stage I, four Stage II, two Stage III, and two Stage IV. Two tumors were primary in the fimbriated end of the tube. On gross examination the typical appearance was that of a fusiform swelling of the tube which contained a predominantly intraluminal neoplasm up to 6 cm in greatest dimension. Six separate tumors were present in one case. Microscopic examination revealed that 14 tumors were typical endometrioid carcinomas with foci of squamous differentiation in 7 cases, spindle cells interpreted as epithelial cells in 4 cases, and a trabecular pattern in 1 case. One of these 14 tumors was composed almost exclusively of oxyphilic cells lining glands. Twelve tumors were characterized by a mostly solid proliferation of small closely packed cells punctured by numerous glands that varied from small to cystic, imparting a superficial resemblance to an adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin. Benign stromal osseous metaplasia was noted in two Wolffian-like and one typical endometrioid carcinoma. Five tumors were grade 1, 11 were grade 2, and 10 were grade 3. Follow-up information was available for 18 patients. Five with noninvasive Stage Ia-0 tumors (intraluminal, noninvasive masses) were without disease at 2 to 5 (average 3) years postoperatively. Two of three patients with Stage Ia1 tumors were alive without recurrence at 2 and 3 years postoperatively. One of two patients with Stage Ia2 disease for whom follow-up is available was alive without disease 1.5 years postoperatively and one died of other causes 11.2 years postoperatively. One patient with Stage Ic disease had recurrence of tumor at 2 years; four with Stage II disease were without disease at 1.5, 2, 3, and 8 years; one with Stage IIIa disease died with disease at 4 years; and one with Stage IV disease died with disease after 5 years. Two additional patients had fimbrial tumors [Stage I(f)]; one of them died with disease at 7 years, and the other was alive without disease at 8 years. This small series indicates that endometrioid carcinomas of the fallopian tube are characteristically noninvasive or only superficially invasive and have a generally favorable prognosis. This subtype of tubal carcinoma should be distinguished from the more common neoplasms of serous type and from those of various other cell types.
Condensation on a spherical droplet—III

Abstract The condensation rate for a spherical droplet in a vapor-gas mixture is studied for all Knudsen numbers. The boundary conditions method is used to derive a simple expression for the condensation rate where the jump coefficient is expressed in terms of the Chapman-Enskog solution for diffusion. Numerical results for a range of Knudsen numbers and mass ratios are obtained assuming rigid sphere interactions between the vapor and gas molecules. It is found that the normalized condensation rate has a weak but interesting dependence on the mass ratio.
Coevolution of cancer and stromal cellular responses

It is now becoming apparent that multiple types of stromal cells, including macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes, and fibroblasts make pivotal contributions to carcinogenesis. In the May 6 issue of Cell, Orimo and colleagues (Orimo et al., 2005) show that carcinoma-associated fibroblasts can promote epithelial tumorigenesis by secreting the chemokine SDF-1alpha (CXCL12). SDF-1alpha stimulates carcinoma cell proliferation and recruitment of endothelial precursor cells.
Somatic Ca2+ dynamics in response to choline-mediated excitation in histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons

Abstract Histaminergic tuberomammillary (TM) neurons of the posterior hypothalamus have been implicated in cognition, alertness and sleep-wakefulness cycles. Spontaneous firing of TM neurons has been associated with histamine release and wakefulness. The expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in TM neurons suggests a role for endogenous choline and for nicotinic drugs in the regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ metabolism, normal TM neuronal activity and histamine release. First, we established the link between TM neuronal spontaneous firing frequency and cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ). A strong correlation was observed: an onset of spontaneous firing (3–4Hz) was accompanied by a 20-fold increase in [Ca 2+ ] i from 56±18nM to 1.0±0.6μM. The same range of firing frequencies has been observed in TM neurons in vivo and is associated with wakefulness. Secondly, choline-induced activation of α7 nAChRs did not elevate [Ca 2+ ] i directly, i.e. in the absence of high-threshold voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (HVGCC) activation. Cd 2+ (200μM) completely blocked all Ca 2+ signals, but inhibited only 37±16% of α7 nAChR-mediated currents. Thirdly, the responsiveness of [Ca 2+ ] i to choline-mediated excitation was inhibited by hyperpolarization and enhanced by depolarization, sensitizing [Ca 2+ ] i at membrane voltages associated with normal TM neuronal activity. These properties of [Ca 2+ ] i define the ability of TM neurons to translate cholinergic stimuli of identical strengths into different cytosolic Ca 2+ effects, providing the physiological substrate for state-specific modulation of incoming cholinergic information and would be expected to play a very important role in determining activity profiles of TM neurons exposed to elevated concentrations of cholinergic agents, such as choline and nicotine.
Optical security verification for blurred fingerprints

Optical fingerprint security verification is gaining popularity, as it has the potential to perform correlation at the speed of light. With advancement in optical security verification techniques, authentication process can be almost foolproof and reliable for financial transaction, banking, etc. In law enforcement, when a fingerprint is obtained from a crime scene, it may be blurred and can be an unhealthy candidate for correlation purposes. Therefore, the blurred fingerprint needs to be clarified before it is used for the correlation process. There are a several different types of blur, such as linear motion blur and defocus blur, induced by aberration of imaging system. In addition, we may or may not know the blur function. In this paper, we propose the non-singularity inverse filtering in frequency/power domain for deblurring known motion-induced blur in fingerprints. This filtering process will be incorporated with the pow spectrum subtraction technique, uniqueness comparison scheme, and the separated target and references planes method in the joint transform correlator. The proposed hardware implementation is a hybrid electronic-optical correlator system. The performance of the proposed system would be verified with computer simulation for both cases: with and without additive random noise corruption.
What's So Bad About Overdetermination?

The intimate relationship between X and Y consists in the existence of (metaphysically) necessary truths correlating their occurrences/existences/instantiations. E would be in some sense “overdetermined” if caused by both X and Y .2 Some philosophers say this would be bad, that this cannot or does not happen, that we should construct theories ruling it out, at least in certain cases.3 But why? Given the necessary truths correlating objects and their parts, objects and events concerning those objects, physical and supervenient mental properties, and so on, X and Y do both seem to be causes of E . Should we say that a
Comparison of solution methods for a mathematical model of dilute solute mass transfer with chemical reaction on a nonuniform surface

Abstract Mathematical methods based on (i) the method of weighted residuals, (ii) an integral equation method and (iii) the finite element method are used to obtain approximate solutions to a mixed or discontinous boundary-value problem that describes mass transfer and reaction of a dilute solute to a heterogeneous surface. The effect of various dimensionless model parameters on both the overall effectiveness factor and the solute concentration profiles is illustrated. Comparison among numerical values produced by all three methods is also given. It is shown that all three independent solution methods provide results which are in good agreement and have the correct physical behavior.
Obtaining permission for an autopsy: Its importance for patients and physicians

This paper reviews the importance, benefits, and methods of increasing autopsy percentages. Its focus is on specific procedures for obtaining autopsy consent, particularly in terms of addressing the problems that most often interfere with obtaining permission for postmortem examination. Techniques for handling various misconceptions about autopsies are discussed. These guides for postmortem-related discussions with families will lead to improvement in overall physician performance and satisfaction.
Cerebral metastases in pleural mesothelioma: case report and review of the literature.

A case of malignant mesothelioma metastatic to the brain is described. A 52-year old woman, with no known exposure to asbestos, presented with a biphasic mesothelioma of the left parietal pleura. Following resection, the thorax was irradiated with 4000 cGy, and all symptoms subsided. Three months later, a left temporal lobe tumor was diagnosed and subsequently resected. Despite neurological improvement, she died 10 days postoperatively from constrictive pericardial disease. The authors have reviewed the 54 reported cases of brain metastases from mesothelioma and have noted that the histologic appearance of brain metastases from mesothelioma may be similar to glioblastoma multiforme. Because brain metastasis from mesothelioma is rare, procedures to clarify the nature of the tumor should be performed.
Ultrahigh power efficiency operation of common-emitter and common-base HBT's at 10 GHz

The DC and RF characteristics of microwave power HBTs are described. Ultrahigh power-added efficiency is reported for AlGaAs-GaAs HBTs operating at 10 GHz in common-emitter (CE) and common-base (CB) modes. A record high 67.8% power-added efficiency with 11.6 dB associated gain was achieved with a CE HBT at a CW output power of 0.226 W, corresponding to a power density of 5.6 W/mm. With a CB HBT, 62.3% power-added efficiency with 11.85 dB gain and 0.385 W total CW power was demonstrated. Power saturation characteristics of CE and CB HBTs are compared. The importance of bias schemes is discussed. High-efficiency operation in near class B mode is described and compared with FET operation. An advantage of HBT over FET is the low leakage current during the off half cycle in class B operation. Stability conditions for CE and CB HBTs are discussed. >
Influences of tropical–extratropical interaction on the multidecadal AMOC variability in the NCEP climate forecast system

We have examined the mechanisms of a multidecadal oscillation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in a 335-year simulation of the Climate Forecast System (CFS), the climate prediction model developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Both the mean and seasonal cycle of the AMOC in the CFS are generally consistent with observation-based estimates with a maximum northward volume transport of 16 Sv (106 m3/s) near 35°N at 1.2 km. The annual mean AMOC shows an intermittent quasi 30-year oscillation. Its dominant structure includes a deep anomalous overturning cell (referred to as the anomalous AMOC) with amplitude of 0.6 Sv near 35°N and an anomalous subtropical cell (STC) of shallow overturning spanning across the equator. The mechanism for the oscillation includes a positive feedback between the anomalous AMOC and surface wind stress anomalies in mid-latitudes and a negative feedback between the anomalous STC and AMOC. A strong AMOC is associated with warm sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) centered near 45°N, which generates an anticyclonic easterly surface wind anomaly. This anticyclonic wind anomaly enhances the regional downwelling and reinforces the anomalous AMOC. In the mean time, a wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback extends the warm SSTA to the tropics and induces a cyclonic wind stress anomaly there, which drives a tropical upwelling and weakens the STC north of the equator. The STC anomaly, in turn, drives a cold upper ocean heat content anomaly (HCA) in the northern tropical Atlantic and weakens the meridional heat transport from the tropics to the mid-latitude through an anomalous southward western boundary current. The anomalous STC transports cold HCA from the subtropics to the mid-latitudes, weakening the mid-latitude deep overturning.
Volatility of Common Protective Oxides in High-Temperature Water Vapor: Current Understanding and Unanswered Questions

Many structural materials rely on the formation of chromia, silica or alumina as a protective layer when exposed in high temperature oxidizing environments. The presence of these oxide layers provides a protective diffusion barrier which slows down further oxidation. In atmospheres containing water vapor, however, reactions to form volatile hydroxide species occur which remove the surface oxide, thus, lowering the protective capability of the oxide scale. This paper summarizes the current understanding of volatility of chromia, silica and alumina in water vapor containing combustion environments. In addition unanswered questions in each system are discussed. Th current paper represents an update on the considerable information learned in the past five years for these systems.
Nano-Whatever: Do We Really Know Where We Are Heading?

The title of my talk seems to indicate a certain skepticism, and one might wonder whether in old age I have turned into a pessimist who no longer believes in a bright future. Nothing could be farther from the truth. I share the optimism of many of those who are actually actively involved in developing the field, be it in physics, technology, or applications (like many at this conference). My skepticism pertains to the unbelievable hype that has arisen, during the last decade, about the “nano-whatever” field, a hype that exceeds anything I have encountered during my 50 years in solidstate physics and technology. The prefix nano suddenly gets attached to everything (this conference is no exception), and we are deluged with predictions about fantastic future applications, often promised for the immediate future.
Characterization of calcium alginate pore diameter by size-exclusion chromatography using protein standards

Size-exclusion chromatography with 2% Ca alginate beads using proteins of known Stokes radii indicated a pore diameter of 80–100 A when eluents of 30 and 150 mm CaCl2 in 50 mm 2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid and 0.01% NaN3 (pH 6.20) were used. Alginate was shown to exhibit noncovalent interactions with 6 of the 13 proteins employed and these interactions were more pronounced at low Ca2+ concentrations. Three negatively-charged proteins eluted earlier than expected and two divalent cation-binding proteins eluted later than expected. The whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin both easily penetrated the alginate pores. No proteins had complete access to the total internal volume of the matrix.
How Adult Life Transitions Foster Learning and Development

Adult life consists of alternating periods of stability and transition. The nature of life transitions in adulthood and their potential for learning and development are the focus of this chapter.