cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Development of Comorbidity Between Symptoms of ADHD and Anxiety.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that shares a high comorbidity with anxiety disorders. However, the early development of comorbid ADHD and anxiety symptoms is not well-understood. In this study, the bidirectional relation between ADHD and anxiety symptoms was examined by testing two models of the development of ADHD and anxiety comorbidity: an anxiety effects model, which posits that anxiety symptoms contribute to the development of ADHD symptoms, and an ADHD effects model, which posits that ADHD symptoms contribute to the development of anxiety symptoms. Within the ADHD effects model, parenting practices were tested as mediators of this relation. Participants included children who were 3 years old at baseline (n = 258) and their caregivers who reported on their children’s ADHD and anxiety symptoms annually for 3 years. The bidirectional relation of parent-reported anxiety and ADHD symptoms was tested using a series of cross-lagged models. Results indicated that ADHD symptoms predicted later anxiety symptoms, but anxiety symptoms did not predict later ADHD symptoms. Parenting practices did not mediate the relation between ADHD and anxiety symptoms within the ADHD effects model. These findings suggest that ADHD-anxiety comorbidity may develop in part because early symptoms of ADHD contribute to the development of anxiety symptoms; future research should be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of this relation.
Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution of ant cocoons

Most ant species have lost the ability to spin cocoons. To explore the evolution of cocoon loss within Formicidae, we perform an ancestral state reconstruction of cocooned pupae across a genus-level phylogeny and use a sister clade analysis to determine the impact of cocoon evolution on ant speciation. Then, we fit models of correlated evolution between cocoon status and several other organismal traits. We find that the re-emergence of cocoons is rare and that “naked” lineages display an increased rate of speciation in 5 out of 9 sister group comparisons. Models of correlated evolution with cocoons were favored for metapleural gland and worker polymorphism. Metapleural gland favored rates of evolution were inconclusive, while worker polymorphism displayed a higher transition rate towards polymorphism coupled with cocoon loss. These results suggest that cocoon loss may allow for other complex traits to develop and may represent a novel example of relaxed selection.
The Constitutionality of Taxing Compensatory Damages for Mental Distress When There Was No Accompanying Physical Injury

Since 1919, statutory tax law has excluded from gross income compensatory damages received on account of a personal injury or sickness. 1 The current version of that exclusion is set forth in section 104(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The construction of that exclusion, both by the courts and by the Commissioner, underwent significant alterations over the 80-year period that the provision has existed. The statute itself was amended several times, most recently in 1996. It is the 1996 amendment that has raised a constitutional issue concerning the validity of a portion of the statute. As a consequence of the 1996 amendment, damages received for a personal injury will not be excluded from gross income unless the victim suffered a physical injury. For this purpose, the emotional distress that a victim suffers because of a tortious act does not constitute a physical injury. Consequently, damages received for the emotional and mental distress suffered because of defamatory statements or because of discriminatory acts are excludible only to the extent that the victim incurred medical expenses thereby. However, if a victim who suffers a physical injury from a tortious act, also suffers emotional distress, the House Report to the 1996 amendment states that damages received for the emotional distress will be excluded from gross income by section 104(a)(2). The statutory distinction made between damages received for emotional distress that accompanies a physical injury and those that do not has raised a constitutional issue in the minds of some commentators. The thesis of this commentary is that, contrary to the contention of others, the different treatment that Congress ordered in section 104(a)(2), depending upon whether the tortious act caused a physical injury, is constitutional and valid.
Pathogenic characteristics of neutralization-resistant variants of JHM coronavirus (MHV-4).

One of the most interesting aspects of murine coronaviruses is their ability to cause model, experimental neurological diseases in animals (1–10). In this situation, disease obviously depends on complex interactons between virus, host, and environment. The initial focus of our group has been to consider the specifically viral determinants of disease. We have adopted this approach because the virus is the least complex element of this biological system. Hopefully, the elucidation of viral components which play critical roles during disease will provide a basis for more general explanations of pathogenesis, including consideration of the host and environment.
Multi-code ultra-wideband signaling using chirp waveforms

We propose an ultra-wideband (UWB) scheme that employs chirp waveforms. Signals satisfying the FCC requirements for UWB applications are formed by using multiple linear frequency-modulated (chirped) waveforms. This scheme has the merits of both the multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) UWB scheme such as continuous-wave transmission, and the pulsed UWB scheme such as accurate timing for position location and rich resolvable multipath components. Another advantage unique to the proposed scheme is that passive, low-cost implementation of matched filters/correlators using surface acoustic wave devices is possible, whereas OFDM-UWB must rely on high-speed sampling combined with powerful digital signal processing. We present the details of chirp waveforms for UWB signaling, explore the correlation properties of the multi-codes, study the receiver structures, and simulate the error performance of the proposed scheme in indoor multipath fading environments
Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of mild head injury in children.

Data from a longitudinal study of 13,000 British children were used to assess the sequelae of mild head injury 1 to 5 years after injury. One hundred fourteen children with parental reports of mild head injury treated with ambulatory care or admission to hospital for one night were compared with 601 children with limb fractures, 605 with lacerations, 136 with burns, and 1726 children without injury. Scores at age 10 were adjusted for intelligence, aggressive and hyperactive behavior at age 5, sex, socioeconomic status, and six other social factors. Children with head injuries were statistically indistinguishable from uninjured children on all outcomes except teacher's report of hyperactivity. After control of hyperactivity at age 5 and the social and personal factors, the head-injured children's mean hyperactivity score was four tenths of a standard deviation above that of the uninjured children. Children with lacerations and burns scored as badly or worse on measures of intelligence, mathematics, reading, and aggression as the children with head injuries. The small magnitude of the hyperactivity association coupled with the overall negative results suggests that mild head injury in school-aged children does not have an adverse effect on global measures of cognition, achievement, and behavior 1 to 5 years after injury. Language: en
Power Asymmetries and the Origin of Constitutions: Latin America 1987-2009

This paper explores the origins of constitutions, and within them, levels of power concentration in the Executive branch. By looking at the 10 cases of constitutional rewrite in Latin America and several cases of aborted change since the 1980s, I develop a theory of constitutional change based on the notion of power asymmetries, defined as the power differential between incumbents and opposition forces at the negotiations. Under conditions of reduced power asymmetry, i.e., when both incumbents and opposition forces enjoy comparable levels of power, constituent assemblies are more likely yield constitutions that curtail presidential powers relative to the status quo. When the opposition is weak, assemblies will instead expand presidential powers. When the incumbent is weak, he or she will abort the process of constitutional rewrite. I conclude with a brief discussion of how this finding challenges some structuralist prescriptions for democratic renewal.
Entry and selection-based methods of human-computer interaction

The merits of entry and selection methods were compared using an airline flight reservation scenario with a relatively small data base. For both experienced and inexperienced users, the most effective method was entry combined with autocompletion (i.e., string completion). Users took the least amount of time to carry out tasks with this method and also preferred it over both entry without autocompletion and selection from either a one-item menu or an N-item menu. Entry with autocompletion was not affected by increases in the underlying data base size. Both the entry with autocompletion methods and the selection method were not affected by the spelling difficulty level involved in making a reservation, but the unaided entry methods were
On the efficacy of detecting and punishing selfish peers

We study the phenomenon of free-riding in peer-to-peer (P2P) systems via an abstract model of a public good provision game with incomplete information. Each user in the model has an intrinsic contribution cost and decides whether to contribute or free-ride based on the expected benefit derived from the system. We first consider the impact of positive network externalities—common in P2P settings—on the equilibrium level of free riding and show that such network effects reduce free riding slightly but are insufficient to prevent it. We then consider the use of an incentive mechanism based on the detection and punishment of selfish peers, explicitly modelling key design tradeoffs inherent in any realistic detection mechanism. We show that detection and punishment can reduce free riding, but that the risk of falsely accusing cooperative peers can diminish their effectiveness. Finally, we consider what level of detection would maximize the social welfare of the network. We find that a surprisingly low level of detection can be optimal and that the residual level of free riding at optimum depends critically on the overhead of detecting selfishness and the probability of falsely identifying cooperative peers.
„The Text Was Considered Miraculous”. Magic Words in Pasternak’s „Doctor Zhivago”

In Doctor Zhivago, Pasternak brings scientific and political discourses into dialogue with magical ones. In an emblematic episode, two soldiers from opposing sides each wear a protective amulet containing the „miraculous” text of the 90th Psalm. One dies; one survivesWhile this discrepancy is easily traced to scientific and socioeconomic causes, the episode isdesigned to foreground the least rational explanation: that done right, magic actually worksEmbodying Pasternak’s interest in the interrelationships among science, politics, poetry, andmagic, the textual amulet is especially significant because it represents a magical power that is reserved for words. This article finds that Pasternak’s novel contains numerous examples of such efficacious „magical” texts – from the Gospels to peasant songs, from political slogans to Zhivago’s poems – and argues that reading Doctor Zhivago by the light of these„magic words” yields insights into the aesthetics and design of the novel.
Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders: General Treatment Considerations

Personality is generally defined as a group of relatively enduring traits that serve to influence behavior. The various combinations and permutations of these traits account for the myriad behavioral patterns observed in people. How personality forms, what maintains particular personality patterns, and what factors induce or encourage change in personality are and have been widely debated over the years.
Laparoscopic Surgical Procedures

Therapeutic laparoscopic surgical procedures have rapidly become well established. Two commonly stated advantages are decreased postoperative pain and shortened hospitalization and recovery times in comparison with an open surgical procedure. Currently, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the procedure of choice for most patients with symptomatic gallstones, and many stones in the common bile duct can be retrieved by laparoscopic techniques. Laparoscopic appendectomy is a reasonable alternative with improved diagnostic capabilities in comparison with open appendectomy. Laparoscopic antireflux procedures, bowel resections, and repair of inguinal hernias are being performed in ever-increasing numbers; however, long-term results for these procedures are needed and are unavailable at the present time. Various diagnostic and palliative procedures can be done with use of laparoscopic techniques; they provide effective management with minimal perioperative morbidity. Solid organ resections can be safely undertaken laparoscopically in selected patients in whom the target organ is not massively enlarged. Currently, the indications for laparoscopic operations continue to broaden; however, long-term evaluation of laparoscopic surgical results and further improvements in technique and instrumentation are necessary before the appropriate and complete spectrum of laparoscopic surgical procedures will be realized.
Perception and organizational crisis management

The crisis management literature suggests that under crisis pressures decision makers (1) develop a highly negative attitude, and (2) move toward centralizing the decision process in policy areas. It is hypothesized here that these behavioral consequences do not accompany all cases of crisis confrontation but occur when the decision maker perceives a significant discrepancy between one's coping abilities and what is viewed to be necessary to abate the crisis. This hypothesis has been empirically tested. The evidence supports this perceptual nature of organizational crisis management.
Soweto nights: making black queer space in post-apartheid South Africa

In this article, I examine black queer nightlife in Soweto and its relationship with the making of black queer space in South Africa. Through an in-depth examination of the microgeographies of a Soweto stokvel party, I reveal the complexities of post-apartheid formations of race, class, gender, and sexuality. Employing the idea of usable space, I highlight quotidian practices of leisure as an important site for understanding cultural creativity within the marginalized spaces occupied by black South African queers. Performance and performativity are central to organizing nightlife spaces and reveal both the possibilities and limits encountered by black queers as they try to construct livable lives.
DNA-ligase activities appear in the CHO mutant EM9

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutant strain EM9 was previously shown to be hypersensitive to killing by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), to have a 12-fold increased baseline incidence of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), and to be defective in rejoining DNA strand breaks after treatment with EMS, MMS, or X-rays. A study was performed to determine if the primary biochemical defect might be a DNA ligase. DNA-ligase activities were assayed and compared after separation of the multiple forms of ligase by AcA 34 gel-filtration chromatography of total cellular extracts. In EM9 cells the levels of the presumptive replicative forms, DNA ligase Ia (480 kd) and ligase Ib (240 kd) were about 50% and 60%, respectively, of those in the parental AA8 cells, whereas DNA ligase II (80 kd) was unaltered in EM9 . In a phenotypic revertant line ( 9R1 ) ligases Ia, Ib and II levels were 35%, 37% and 100%, respectively, of those in AA8 . The reduced levels of ligases Ia and Ib in EM9 and 9R1 cells are apparently not related directly to the mutant phenotype and may be attributable to the somewhat slower growth rates of these strains compared with those of AA8 . To determine if the repair defect in EM9 might reside in the ability to induce DNA-ligase activity after treatment with a DNA-damaging agent, AA8 and EM9 cells were treated with MMS at 30 micrograms/ml for 60 min before preparing fractions for ligase assays. Under these conditions the activities of ligases Ia and Ib decreases 70-80% in both cell lines, but ligase II increased 2.0- and 2.6-fold, respectively, in AA8 and EM9 . As a further test of defective ligase activities in EM9 , assays were performed in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl or after heating the fractions for 10 min at 50 degrees C. Although all 3 forms of ligase showed altered activity under both of these conditions, there were no significant differences between EM9 and AA8 cells. These data combined with the above results provide strong evidence that the site of the primary defect in EM9 is not in either of the DNA ligases .
Living the paleofantasy

Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us about Sex, Diet, and How We Live, by Marlene Zuk. ISBN 978-0393-08137-4 New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013. 328pp. H/b $27.95. My particular interest in this topic is my research focus on the evolution of human diets, and the “paleodiet” fad has made my research relevant recently. I’m always on the lookout for articles and books that communicate about prehistoric diets – and human evolution in general – to the general public. This book does a superb job. In fact, I’ve been asked by several people if and when I might want to write a book, and now I’ve been telling them that the book I’d want to write has already been written; this one! Dr. Marlene Zuk is a Professor in the College of Biological Sciences at the University of Minnesota, studying how natural and sexual selection pressures shape the behavior, life history, and morphology of animals. Specifically, her lab investigates the conflict between natural and sexual selection in Pacific field crickets. While her core research may sound a bit dry, this book is absolutely drenched with witty, lively, accessible information about examples of past and present evolution as they pertain to the modern myth that we have not had time to evolve in response to modern pressures and circumstances. How can you not immediately be hooked by a book whose first sentence is “The first thing you have to do to study 4,000year-old DNA is take off your clothes”? In the introduction, and repeatedly throughout the book, Zuk elegantly breaks down this “paleofantasy” and dispels many myths on which it rests. Some of the main ones include the idea that at some idyllic point in the past, we were “perfectly adapted to our environments” (p. 7), when in fact organisms with seemingly flawless adaptations are actually “full of compromises, jury-rigged like all other organisms” (p. 8) that “we have trade-offs and “good
Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum Didelphis virginiana erythrocytes--II. Comparative aspects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose catabolism in opossum and human red cells in vitro.

Abstract 1. 1. G-6-P, F-6-P, F-1, 6-P, DHAP and GA-3-P in opossum erythrocytes were found at levels above those reported in human red cells. 2. 2. About 1% of the radioactivity provided as [1-14C] DOG to red cells of both species was recovered as 14CO2 in 1 hr. 3. 3. Unlike [1-14C] DOG, radiochromatography of extracts of cells incubated with [U-14C] or [2,6 P3H] DOG revealed two diffusible radiolabelled compounds in the supernatant of cell suspensions. 4. 4. The catabolism of DOG was quantitatively and qualitatively similar in opossum and human erythrocytes under the conditions of this study.
The interaction between two TGF-beta type I receptors plays important roles in ligand binding, SMAD activation, and gradient formation.

Abstract The goal of this report is to elucidate the contributions of the Drosophila TGF-β type I receptors TKV and SAX to the activity gradient formed by the two BMP family members DPP and GBB that play important roles in growth and patterning of imaginal discs. Binding studies display preferential interactions of DPP and GBB with homodimers of TKV or SAX, respectively, but also low affinities of both ligands to heterodimers. Inside the cell, constitutively activated forms of both TKV and SAX can ectopically phosphorylate the SMAD transcription factor MAD. However, MAD phosphorylated by homodimers of activated SAX or certain mutant forms of TKV localizes to the nucleus without changing the expression of downstream genes. Differences in signaling between SAX and TKV can be localized to amino acid residues within an area that has been shown to influence complexes formation between type I and type II receptors. The finding that the type II receptor PUT but not activated forms of SAX can enhance signaling of a pseudo-activated MAD-SDVD, which cannot be phosphorylated at the C-terminus, suggests a model, where activation of SMADs requires the presence of type II receptors and a second activation step in addition to C-terminal phosphorylation. Complete activation of MAD can only occur in tetrameric complexes of type II receptors in combination with SAX–TKV heterodimers or TKV homodimers but not SAX homodimers. Since TKV is not distributed equally in wing discs, heterodimers of SAX and TKV play an important role in extending the BMP activity gradient by facilitating DPP diffusion and assisting GBB signaling through functional complexes with type II receptors.
In situ composition control of III-As1 − xSbx alloys during molecular beam epitaxy using line-of-sight mass spectrometry

The interaction of a Sb2 molecular beam with the film surface during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of GaAs1 − xSbx layers was monitored by a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) positioned in line-of-sight of the substrate. It was observed that the QMS signal from the monomeric Sb-species (massq = 121 or 123 amute) is proportional to the total Sb-flux leaving the film surface within a wide range of temperatures and surface composition. This enabled the accurate determination of the antimony incorporation coefficient, σ(Sb), and consequently the Sb-mole fraction during growth. Due to its applicability in growth conditions where σ(Sb) is less than unity, this compositional monitoring technique expands the practical range of MBE growth parameters for III-As1 − xSbx alloy growth. Real-time in situ control of alloy composition was demonstrated by implementing a feedback control scheme based on the QMS Sb signal. GaAs1 − xSbx alloys in which the Sb-fraction varied in a controlled manner in the direction of growth were deposited.
Expression of the chemokine MIG is a sensitive and predictive marker for antigen-specific, genetically restricted IFN-γ production and IFN-γ-secreting cells

Abstract The evaluation of antigen-specific immune responses is critical for understanding the mechanisms of immune protection and for establishing the efficacy of candidate vaccines. Here, we describe a novel assay for IFN-γ activity which is based on the flow cytometric detection of the chemokine, monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) as a sensitive and predictive measure of IFN-γ-mediated effector function, and a surrogate marker for IFN-γ-producing cells. Upregulation of MIG expression was demonstrated following in vitro activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with defined CD8+ T-cell epitopes derived from influenza virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and was antigen-specific, genetically restricted and dependent on both CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ. Furthermore, antigen-specific MIG expression was also demonstrated with Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) peptides, using PBMCs from volunteers immunized with irradiated P. falciparum sporozoites. In multiple parallel experiments, the MIG assay was compared to conventional IFN-γ ELISPOT, IFN-γ ELISA, MIG ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining assays. The level of MIG expression was shown to be directly associated with the number of IFN-γ spot-forming cells (SFCs) detected by ELISPOT (r2=0.94). Moreover, in all instances where cultures were considered positive by ELISPOT, a higher stimulation index was noted with the MIG assay as compared with the ELISPOT assay (on average at least threefold higher) and, in some cases, responses as detected by the MIG assay were significant, but the corresponding response as measured by ELISPOT was not significant. Finally, the flow-based MIG assay offers a number of practical and technical advantages over the ELISPOT assay. Our data validate this novel method for the detection of low as well as high levels of antigen-specific and genetically restricted IFN-γ activity.
An Algorithm for Solving the Linear Goal Programming Problem by Solving its Dual

Goal programming, and in particular lexicographic goal programming (i.e. goal programming within a so-called ‘pre-emptive priority’ structure or having non-Archimedean weights), has become one of the most widely used of the approaches for multi-objective mathematical programming. While also applicable to non-linear or integer models, most of the literature has considered the lexicographic linear goal-programming model and its solution via primal simplex-based methods. However, in many cases, enhanced efficiency (and significant additional flexibility) may be gained via an investigation of the dual of this problem. In this paper we consider an algorithm for solving such a dual and also indicate how it may be implemented on conventional (i.e. single objective) simplex software.
The Power of the Shapiro-Wilk W Test for Normality in Samples from Contaminated Normal Distributions

Abstract The power of the W statistic for testing normality proposed by Shapiro and Wilk [3] was studied by means of a sampling experiment for samples drawn from contaminated normal distributions with location or scalar error. The W statistic demonstrated favorable sensitivity in testing normality under different contaminated normal distributions.
Systemic lymphoproliferative diseases.

This article focuses on lymphoma and subclasses that the oral and maxillofacial surgeon may encounter in practice. It elucidates a brief historical review of lymphoma, including a basic review of classification schemes. Additionally, it will give a general overview of the pathology, pathophysiology, and current treatment modalities with specific attention paid to the head and neck manifestations and complications.
DSMC Analysis of Fluid Film Damping in Laterally Oscillating Microstructures

Fluid film damping in laterally oscillating microstructures is investigated in the entire Knudsen regime and a wide range of Stokes numbers by using the unsteady DSMC method. DSMC results are validated through comparisons with theoretical predictions at continuum and free molecular flow regimes. Dynamic response of the flow, including the velocity profile, normalized velocity amplitude distribution, and phase angle are presented at various flow conditions. Based on the DSMC data, quality (Q) factors are computed to quantify the damping characteristics of the system. The quality factor increases with rarefaction, proportional to the Knudsen number. The Q-factors from DSMC are compared with predictions of slip-based continuum models. Although the DSMC-based Q-factors successfuly satisfy the theoretical criterion in the free molecular flow regime, slip-based continuum models fail to predict the Q-factors in the transition and free molecular flow limits. These models also fail for high Stokes number conditions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Development and initial experimental evaluation of a prosthetic aortic valve for transcatheter placement. Work in progress.

A prosthetic caged-ball aortic valve that can be placed with transcatheter techniques was designed, constructed, and initially evaluated in 12 adult mongrel dogs. The prosthesis consisted of a ring, cage, and ball. The ring was made of stainless steel wire coiled in a springlike configuration and covered with an expandable nylon mesh. The cage consisted of a self-expanding Gianturco stent with flat stainless steel wires attached across the cranial end. The ball was a detachable latex balloon filled with a radiopaque silicone prepolymer system. The self-expanding valve was easily passed through an 11- or 12-F Teflon sheath and was placed in the ascending aorta by means of the carotid approach. The stability and efficacy of the prosthesis were evaluated radiographically for as long as the valve remained functional (1-3 hours). The competency of the valve and the patency of the coronary arteries were determined angiographically over the same period. The results of these studies indicate that development and ...
Resolution of cyclic AMP stimulated protein kinase from polymerization-purified brain microtubules.

Abstract Polymerization-deploymerization purified microtubules from mouse brain contain, in addition to tubulin, several minor proteins, including protein kinase activity. The protein kinase copurifies with microtubules in constant proportion to tubulin through two, three, or four cycles of polymerization; it can be resolved from tubulin by gel filtration chromatography and has an apparent molecular weight of 280,000. Its activity is stimulated 7-fold by cyclic AMP, and resembles the soluble brain protein kinase described by Miyamoto et al. (1). The microtubule preparation serves as an endogenous substrate for this protein kinase; both 6S and 30S tubulin are substrates for phosphorylation to the extent of about 0.10 ± 0.05 moles/mole.
Two-Loop Superstrings. VII. Cohomology of Chiral Amplitudes

Abstract The relation between superholomorphicity and holomorphicity of chiral superstring N -point amplitudes for NS bosons on a genus 2 Riemann surface is shown to be encoded in a hybrid cohomology theory, incorporating elements of both de Rham and Dolbeault cohomologies. A constructive algorithm is provided which shows that, for arbitrary N and for each fixed even spin structure, the hybrid cohomology classes of the chiral amplitudes of the N -point function on a surface of genus 2 always admit a holomorphic representative. Three key ingredients in the derivation are a classification of all kinematic invariants for the N -point function, a new type of 3-point Green's function, and a recursive construction by monodromies of certain sections of vector bundles over the moduli space of Riemann surfaces, holomorphic in all but exactly one or two insertion points.
Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Management of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients

Delirium is a common yet under-diagnosed syndrome of acute brain dysfunction, which is characterized by inattention, fluctuating mental status, altered level of consciousness, or disorganized thinking. Although our recognition of risk factors for delirium has progressed, our understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms remains limited. Improvements in monitoring and assessment for delirium (particularly in the intensive care setting) have resulted in validated and reliable tools such as arousal scales and bedside delirium monitoring instruments. Once delirium is recognized and the modifiable risk factors are addressed, the next step in management (if delirium persists) is often pharmacological intervention. The sedatives, analgesics, and hypnotics most often used in the intensive care unit (ICU) to achieve patient comfort are all too frequently deliriogenic, resulting in a longer duration of ICU and hospital stay, and increased costs. Therefore, identification of safe and efficacious agents to reduce the incidence, duration, and severity of ICU delirium is a hot topic in critical care. Recognizing that there are no medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention or treatment of delirium, we chose anti-psychotics and alpha-2 agonists as the general pharmacological focus of this article because both were subjects of relatively recent data and ongoing clinical trials. Emerging pharmacological strategies for addressing delirium must be combined with nonpharmacological approaches (such as daily spontaneous awakening trials and spontaneous breathing trials) and early mobility (combined with the increasingly popular approach called: Awakening and Breathing Coordination, Delirium Monitoring, Early Mobility, and Exercise [ABCDE] of critical care) to develop evidence-based approaches that will ensure safer and faster recovery of the sickest patients in our healthcare system.
On 2-Connected Spanning Subgraphs with Low Maximum Degree

Given a graphG, let ak-trestle ofGbe a 2-connected spanning subgraph ofGof maximum degree at mostk. Also, let?(G) be the Euler characteristic ofG. This paper shows that every 3-connected graphGhas a (10?2?(G))-trestle. If?(G)??5, this is improved to 8?2?(G), and for?(G)??10, this is further improved to 6?2?(G). This result is shown to be best possible for almost all values of?(G) by the demonstration of 3-connected graphs embedded on each surface of Euler characteristic??0 which have no (5?2?)-trestle. Also, it is shown that a 4-connected graph embeddable on a surface with non-negative Euler characteristic has a 3-trestle, approaching a conjecture of Nash-Williams.
Comparison of Viking Lander Descent Data and MOLA Topography Reveals Kilometer-Scale Offset in Mars Atmosphere Profiles

Abstract Each Viking Lander measured a topographic profile during entry. Comparing to MOLA, we find a vertical offset of 1–2 km in the Viking trajectory. Hence, Viking atmospheric densities and pressures at a given altitude are 10–20% too large.
Potential Uses of Pit‐and‐Fissure Sealants in Innovative Ways: A Review

Several independently conducted studies by distinguished researchers in the field have concurred that applying pit-and-fissure sealant to a carious lesion and the adjacent pits and fissures will not result in spread of the lesion. The preventive resin restoration study lacks confirmation, but appears to offer considerable promise. If this technic and the therapeutic sealing of minimal carious lesions are utilized to the fullest extent possible, a great deal of tooth structure will be saved for many patients. The potential future effects of this conservative approach to restorative dentistry could be vast, both individually to patients from a dental health standpoint, and in terms of public and private expenditures for dental health care.
Influence of Selenium-Supplemented Torula Yeast Diets on Liver-Mediated Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1

To determine the effect of dietary selenium on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed rat chow or Torula yeast diets supplemented with 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 ppm Se as Na2SeO3, and the 9000 ×g liver supernatants were used in Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assays. The rats were fed on the diets for 4 wk and, prior to killing, half the rats in each group received 80 mg phenobarbital/kg body weight in their drinking water for four consecutive days. Phenobarbital administration tended to increase the mutagenicity of AFB1 in all dietary treatment groups. This increase was significant only in the chow-fed groups, however. Addition of selenium to the basal diet produced no significant effect on liver-mediated mutagenicity. The liver preparation from chow-fed animals which had received phenobarbital produced the highest mutagenicity of the samples tested.
Critical PO2 is size-independent in insects: implications for the metabolic theory of ecology

Insects, and all animals, exhibit hypometric scaling of metabolic rate, with larger species having lower mass-specific metabolic rates. The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) is based on models ascribing hypometric scaling of metabolic rate to constrained O2 supply systems in larger animals. We compiled critical PO2 of metabolic and growth rates for more than 40 insect species with a size range spanning four orders of magnitude. Critical PO2 values vary from far below 21kPa for resting animals to near 21kPa for growing or flying animals and are size-independent, demonstrating that supply capacity matches oxygen demand. These data suggest that hypometric scaling of resting metabolic rate in insects is not driven by constraints on oxygen availability.
Impact of a Protocol Advocating Dexmedetomidine Over Propofol Sedation After Robotic-Assisted Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery on Duration of Mechanical Ventilation and Patient Safety

BACKGROUNDControversy remains whether propofol or dexmedetomidine is the preferred sedative following cardiac surgery. Dexmedetomidine may offer advantages over propofol among patients undergoing robotic-assisted, minimally invasive, direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) surgery given the rapidity with which this population is usually extubated after surgery.OBJECTIVETo measure the impact of a surgery protocol advocating use of dexmedetomidine rather than propofol after MIDCAB surgery on discontinuation of mechanical ventilation and patient safety.METHODSThe records on consecutive adults undergoing MIDCAB surgery who received postoperative sedation with propofol or dexmedetomidine at a 508-bed academic medical center were analyzed before and after implementation of a post-MIDCAB surgery protocol advocating dexmedetomidine use.RESULTSSeventy-three propofol patients were compared with 53 dexmedetomidine patients. The groups were similar, except propofol patients were older (p = 0.002) and more likely to ha...
Systemic lupus erythematosus with refractory hemolytic anemia effectively treated with cyclosporin A: a case report

A 51 year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) serially developed thrombocytopenia, arthritis, lupus nephritis, pleuritis, mesenteric vasculitis and refractory hemolytic anemia during the past 19 years prior to presentation. The woman had been managed with high doses of prednisolone, splenectomy, methylprednisolone pulse therapy and cytotoxic drugs, including oral cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mexotrexate and monthly parenteral cyclophosphamide for hemolytic anemia. After two months of therapeutic trial with Cyclosporin A (CsA) (3 mg/kg), the follow-up hemoglobin (Hb) level was increased to 12.0 gm% and the dose of prednislone was reduced to 5 mg every other day without occurring rebound during the subsequent three months. There were no obvious side effects from the medication.
Entorhinal axons exhibit sprouting in CA1 subfield of the adult hippocampus in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Intracerebroventricular kainic acid administration in rat, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, results in CA3 pyramidal neuron degeneration leading to deafferentation of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Denervation in CA1 shows a near-complete recovery of synaptic density over 2–3 months, but the source of axons participating in the reinnervation is not clear. This study investigated the contribution of the entorhinal cortex in this reinnervation by comparing the distribution of the entorhinal axons in the CA1 subfield between the intact hippocampus and the CA3-lesioned hippocampus at 3 months after administration of kainic acid. Entorhinal axons were visualized by anterograde tracing using injections of the biotinylated dextran amine into the entorhinal cortex. In the CA1 subfield of the intact hippocampus, entorhinal axons were conspicuous in the alveus and the stratum lacunosum moleculare. The distribution in the strata oriens, pyramidale, and radiatum was sparse and was characterized by isolated entorhinal fibers of the alvear pathway crossing these strata to the stratum lacunosum moleculare. However, after kainic acid-induced CA3 lesion, the density of entorhinal axons increased significantly in the CA1 stratum radiatum (375% of the intact hippocampus), as a large number of axons emanating from the entorhinal fiber plexus in the stratum lacunosum moleculare invaded the stratum radiatum. The stratum radiatum also exhibited wavy entorhinal axons filled with boutons and oriented parallel to the stratum pyramidale, suggesting collateral sprouting from entorhinal axons traversing the stratum radiatum. Thus, a significant aberrant sprouting of entorhinal axons occurs into the CA1 stratum radiatum after CA3 lesion. The sprouted fibers appear to come from both entorhinal fiber plexus in the stratum lacunosum moleculare (translaminar sprouting) and entorhinal axons traversing the stratum radiatum (intralaminar sprouting). However, the major contribution appears to be from the entorhinal plexus in the stratum lacunosum moleculare. This aberrant sprouting may lead to altered afferent excitatory connectivity in the CA1 subfield and contribute to the persistent CA1 hyperexcitability that occurs after the CA3 lesion. Hippocampus 2002;12:534–542. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ultra-flexible solution-processed organic field-effect transistors

Organic electronic materials are promising candidates for applications in which flexible electronic devices are required. Yi et al. demonstrate a high-performance, flexible organic transistor based on solution-processed small molecules that can be fabricated with a simple, low-cost process.
Efficient parallel algorithms for path problems in directed graphs

In this paper we describe a technique for finding efficient parallel algorithms for problems on directed graphs that involve checking the existence of certain kinds of paths in the graph. This technique provides efficient algorithms for finding dominators in flow graphs, performing interval and loop analysis on reducible flow graphs, and finding the feedback vertices of a digraph. Each of these algorithms takesO(log2 n) time using the same number of processors needed for fast matrix multiplication. All of these bounds are for an EREW PRAM.
Butyltins in sediments and bivalves from U.S. coastal areas

Butyltin concentrations in sediment samples from U.S. coastal areas ranged from < 5 to 282 ng Sn/g. Butyltins were detected in 75% of the sediment samples analyzed. The predominant butyltin was TBT, which is also the most toxic. DBT and MBT were detected in 30% of the sediment samples analyzed. These TBT degradation products were only found when TBT was present, usually at high concentrations. Mean bivalve butyltin concentrations were 18 times higher than mean sediment concentrations. Based on bivalve analyses, bioavailable butyltins were present at all the sites where butyltins were detected in the sediment. The sediments are one possible source of these bioavailable butyltins. However, the lack of correlation between sediments and bivalve butyltin concentration indicates that other sources may be predominant.
Antisymmetric problems in shock diffraction theory

Various aspects of the diffraction of plane shock waves by moving antisymmetric thin bodies are examined. A method is presented for removing the inhomogeneity in the shock condition. This is done without knowledge of the explicit form of the solution, and is applicable to both symmetric and antisymmetric problems. With this reduction, explicit solutions have been previously obtained for symmetric bodies. For the antisymmetric case, the problem has been previously reduced to a complicated set of integrodifferential equations. In the cases where the flow field exhibits conical properties or when the body is slender, solutions may be obtained without recourse to solving the governing integral equations. In this paper it is shown that two-dimensional conical solutions are obtainable for moving antisymmetric wings only in the restricted case of the wing Mach numbers relative to the stream ahead of and behind the shock being the same. An analytical solution is presented for the above problem. In the case of slender bodies, it is shown that the classical steady slender body theory may be extended to shock diffraction problems and again analytical solutions are presented. It is shown that for general slender bodies, the lift and moment coefficients, and therefore the center of lift is influenced by the shock wave only through the Mach number change across the shock. Results are presented for the pressure distribution on the body, the lift and moment coefficients, and the center of lift for various slender body configurations at angle of attack.
Disparate effects of weight reduction by diet on serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels in obese men and women

To assess the effect of weight reduction on serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-sulfate, insulin, and glucose, these parameters were assessed in 18 men and 29 women before and after weight loss achieved by a 2-month 1000-1400 kcal diet. Men and women did not differ at baseline with respect to age, body mass index (BMI), or serum insulin and glucose, but serum DHEA-sulfate was almost 2-fold higher in women than men (5.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.8 +/- 0.2 mumol/L; P < 0.001). During the diet, men and women experienced similar reductions in BMI of 3.5 kg/m2 and 3.2 kg/m2, respectively. Fasting serum insulin fell by 38% in men and 33% in women, and did not differ between sexes at the diet's end (135 +/- 7 vs. 156 +/- 8 pmol/L; P = NS). Serum glucose fell slightly in both men and women, but did not differ between sexes. Weight loss in men was associated with a 125% rise in serum DHEA-sulfate from 2.8 +/- 0.2 to 6.3 +/- 0.3 mumol/L (P < 0.0001). In contrast, serum DHEA-sulfate did not change with weight loss in women (P =...
Prostaglandin involvement in lung C-fiber activation by substance P in guinea pigs

Airway hyperresponsiveness is a cardinal feature of asthma. Lung C-fiber activation induces central and local defense reflexes that may contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness. Initial studies sho...
Local buckling and inelastic cyclic behavior of tubular sections

Abstract Moment-curvature relationship of a circular tubular section under reversed loading conditions is obtained. A simple kinematic model, proposed previously by the authors, is used here to obtain the local buckling branch of the moment-curvature relationship. Three types of closed form expressions are proposed to approximate the reversed loading branch of the computed moment-curvature curve of the locally buckled section. These expressions can be used to obtain the load-deflection relationship of a long circular tubular member/brace.
Searching a robust reference value from intercomparison exercise data: Seaweed radionuclide Standard Reference Material (SRM4359)

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) seaweed Standard Reference Material (SRM4359) was developed through an intercomparison of 24 experienced laboratories. Several statistical techniques were evaluated for establishing reference values using the laboratories’ reported values including mean, midmean, median, Type B On Bias (BOB), Graybill-Deal, Mandel-Paule, Vangel-Rukhin, Cox and Maximum Likelihood. After reviewing the results from all these techniques, the median was chosen as a suitably robust way to calculate reference values. The uncertainties for the median values were estimated using bootstrap analysis.
Stroke and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been found to be an independent risk factor for stroke in large epidemiological studies. The mechanisms underlying this relationship have been investigated over the past 2-3 decades, with a particular focus on identifying pathophysiological pathways and risk modification strategies. Despite the advancements made, the specific understanding of the implicated mechanisms is still limited. This brief review focuses on presenting some of the epidemiological evidence of the linkage between OSA and stroke, discussing mechanistic pathways and the potential effect of OSA treatment in modulating the risk for stroke in these patients. Future directions for research in this field are also discussed.
A sociohistorical examination of George Herbert Mead’s approach to science education

Although George Herbert Mead is widely known for his social psychological work, his views on science education also represent a significant, yet sometimes overlooked contribution. In a speech deliv...