cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unified approach to loop-free routing using distance vectors or link states

We present a unified approach for the dynamic computation of shortest paths in a computer network using either distance vectors or link states. We describe a distributed algorithm that provides loop-free paths at every instant and extends or improves algorithms introduced previously by Chandy and Misra, Jaffe and Moss, Merlin and Segall, and the author. Our approach treats the problem of distributed shortest-path routing as one of diffusing computations, which was first proposed by Dijkstra and Scholten. We verify the loop-freedom of the new algorithm, and also demonstrate that it converges to the correct routing entries a finite time after an arbitrary sequence of topological changes. We analyze the complexity of the new algorithm when distance vectors and link states are used, and show that using distance vectors is better insofar as routing overhead is concerned.
Motor deficits after left or right hemisphere damage due to stroke or tumor.

Abstract The motor performance of 29 tumor and 43 stroke patients with unilateral left or right hemisphere damage and 40 non-brain-damaged control subjects was compared on six motor tasks. Grip strength, finger tapping, static and vertical groove steadiness, maze coordination and grooved pegboard tasks were administered. All brain-damaged groups performed more poorly than the control group on the hand contralateral to the lesion on all tasks and on the hand ipsilateral to the lesion on the tasks which required greater sensory-motor interaction (static and vertical groove steadiness, maze coordination and grooved pegboard). This pattern of results was the same for the patients with left or right hemisphere damage and was best explained by the hypothesis that the tasks which require greater sensory-motor interaction require more neural control and are more likely to be disrupted after brain damage, regardless of lateralization.
Marseille as model

Les Grammaires d'une ville: Essai sur la genese des structures urbaines a Marseille. By Marcel Roncayolo (Paris: EHESS, 1996), 507 pp., FF 380, paper.
Minority ethnic television in Los Angeles: A multicultural alternative

On September 9, 1980, the Federal Communications Commission unanimously agreed to encourage the creation of tow-power mini-stations. These television stations, envisioned to be relatively inexpensive to operate after being made functional for an initial investment of tess than a quarter of a million dollars, are designed to help meet the large unsatisfied demand for television in rural areas and among minority and ethnic groups in the urban centers of the nation (Pagano, 1980). Serving areas 12 miles in diameter, these stations have not only the potential of changing the nature of television service, but may have profound effects on the volatile nature ofmulticul. tural interactions and urban education in the United States. The purpose of this article is to examine potential ways of viewing television programming and development in the urban setting and to provide a state of the art description of minority ethnic television in one city prior to the potential explosion of television stations unleashed by the FCC ruling in the late summer of 1980.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MASA AND LOW-MOISTURE CORN TORTILLA USING STRESS RELAXATION METHODS

The stress relaxation technique successfully detected changes in masa due to differences in initial moisture content and resting conditions (time and packaging). Changes in softness of corn tortillas was evaluated (fresh to stale) using the stress relaxation technique in uniaxial tension, and bending-tension. Stiffness and energy dissipated were the best tortilla texture indicators. High correlation was observed between the total energy dissipated for fresh corn masa and the stiffness of fresh corn tortilla tested under tension mode. A mathematical model was built to estimate the stiffness of fresh corn tortilla using fresh masa characteristics. Stress relaxation under uniaxial tension showed good correlation with the scores from the subjective rollability method.
Visibility of sunspots

The premier record of long-term solar activity is the sunspot count. After developing a theoretical model of sunspot visibility, this model is tested against observations, and recommendations are made for improved calculation of sunspot counts. The theoretical model's result is a predicted threshold size for sunspot visibility with the unaided (but filtered) eye, direct vision through a telescope, pinhole camera, and telescope projection. Also reported are over 3250 days of sunspot observations from six observers, 38 yr of daily observations by an experienced observer, 1837 days of observations from a network with over 50 experienced observers, observations from 30 inexperienced observers, as well as summaries of results from 102 AAVSO solar observers. The comparison of the observed thresholds with the predicted thresholds reveals agreement to within the uncertainties, so that the model is validated by observation.
Why Negotiation with a Single Syndicate May Be Preferred to Making Syndicates Compete: The Problem of Trapped Bidders

We investigate the choice between hiring syndicates through competitive bidding and negotiation. Making syndicates compete can result in inferior terms because of inefficiencies like less effective search, possibly less total search, and trapped bidders. Empirical results are consistent with our hypothesis that purchasing syndicates search less under competition and that competition produces trapped bidders. The results also show that the primary market is rigidly divided under competition. When this occurs, total search under competitive bidding can be less than total search under negotiation. This may explain why competitive bidding is not favored in spite of its lower cost.
Critical clinical issues in the behavioral treatment of obesity

Abstract Behavioral, psychological, physiological and practical issues in the treatment of obesity are presented. These issues are discussed in terms of the responsibilities of weight reduction therapists, obese clients and behavioral treatment programs. It is argued that weight reduction therapists need to acquire knowledge about the psychological, physiological and dietary aspects of weight reduction in addition to adequate knowledge and training in the principles of behavior modification and psychotherapy. At the same time, obese clients are responsible for participating in and adhering to behavioral procedures. Finally, weight reduction treatment programs are responsible for completing clinical research, program evaluations, and long-term follow-up studies as well as for providing obese clients with opportunities for periodic consultation and continuous care. If these basic issues and responsibilities are adequately handled, the efficiency and effectiveness of the behavioral treatment of obesity may be improved.
Density Functional Theory Study of the Hydrogen-Bonded Pyridine−H2O Complex: A Comparison with RHF and MP2 Methods and with Experimental Data

As a test for the applicability of the density functional theory (DFT) to hydrogen-bonded systems, various local and nonlocal exchange correlation functionals have been used to calculate the equilibrium structure and the harmonic vibrational frequencies of the pyridine−water complex. We also performed restricted Hartree−Fock (RHF) and Moller−Plesset (MP2) calculations for comparison. Three different basis sets (6-31G**, 6-31++G**, and 6-311++G(2d, 2p) 6d)) were used in the study. The best agreement between the DFT computed and the experimental rotational constants for monomeric pyridine were obtained with the B3-PW91 and B3-LYP functionals. For the vibrational frequencies of the H-bonded complex, the experimental data from matrix FT-IR spectrometry as well as the results obtained from the ab initio methods were best reproduced with the DFT method with the nonlocal exchange and correlation functionals. The hybrid approaches, which mix HF and Slater exchange, are particularly effective in these types of cal...
Regolith evolution in the laboratory: Scaling dissimilar comminution experiments

Repeated impacts into fragmental targets simulating unconsolidated debris on planetary surfaces have provided empirical insight into the evolution of planetary regoliths. The techniques of dimensional analysis have been employed to quantify and examine the relationships between the more important variables in the evolution of these experimental regoliths. Application of this method to the results of 10 experimental series shows that the quantity of comminuted target mass is directly proportional to (1) the number of impacts, (2) the diameter of the projectile, (3) the mean size of the crystals, (4) the mean grain size of the evolving regolith, (5) the total target mass, (6) the impactor density, and (7) the ratio of the impact velocity to the velocity of sound in the target rock. The comminuted mass is inversely proportional to the density of the target rock and the sorting of the regolith.
Understanding cyclic trends in social choices

Motivated by trends in popularity of products, we present a formal model for studying trends in our choice of products in terms of three parameters: (1) their innate utility; (2) individual boredom associated with repeated usage of an item; and (3) social influences associated with the preferences from other people. Different from previous work, in this paper we introduce boredom to explain the cyclic pattern in individual and social choices. We formally model boredom and show that a rational individual would make cyclic choices when considering the boredom factor. Furthermore, we extend the model to social choices by showing that a society that votes for a particular style or product can be viewed as a single individual cycling through different choices.We adopt a natural model of utility an individual derives from using an item, i.e., the utility of an item gets discounted by its repeated use and increases when the item is not used. We address the problem of optimally choosing items for usage, so as to maximize overall user satisfaction over a period of time. First we show that the simple greedy heuristic of always choosing the item with the maximum current composite utility can be arbitrarily worse than the optimal. Second, we prove that even with just a single individual, determining the optimal strategy for choosing items is NP-hard. Third, we show that a simple modification to the greedy algorithm is a provably close approximation to the optimal strategy. Finally, we present an experimental study over real-world data collected from query logs to compare our algorithms.
Effects of the Parental Coalition on Adolescent Emancipation from the Family.

This study examined the relationship between late adolescents' perception of their parents' marital coalition and academic success as a college freshman. The hypothesis was tested that late adolescents from families with a primary cross-generational bond (e.g., mother-son) have more difficulty emancipating from the family than offspring from families in which mother and father are the primary dyadic alliance in the family. Academic success as a college freshman was utilized as one measure of the late adolescents' success in separating from the family. The subjects were 36 18–year-old freshman males placed on academic probation and 36 passing males matched on ethnicity and SAT scores. The principal results were that subjects reporting a primary marital alliance were more likely to succeed academically and were more internal on the Rotter I-E scale than subjects who reported a nonmarital alliance as primary. The findings provide support for the theory of structural family relations, and clarify familial processes that affect late adolescent emancipation from the family.
Mainstreaming Peace and Conflict Studies: Designing Introductory Courses to Fit Liberal Arts Education Requirements.

Peace and conflict studies courses are seldom seen by faculty curriculum committees and university administrators as deserving to be part of their institution’s liberal arts education requirements. We show that this unfortunate tendency is rooted in a lack of understanding of not only the compatibility between the two but of their quite complementary connections. These connections include the liberal arts’ emphases on the following: producing liberated citizens; respecting diversity; thoughtfully considering different points of view; highlighting not just the rights of the individual but the responsibilities that accompany those rights. Using the experience of Kent State University’s Center for Applied Conflict Management as a case study, we show that by bridging the perceived gap between the traditional liberal arts core and peace and conflict studies it is indeed possible to have an introductory course in peace and conflict studies accepted as an option for fulfilling an institution’s liberal arts requi...
Some Complexities of Gendered Talk about Texts

In this study, I reanalyzed classroom discussion data. I approached this inquiry with a social-enactment theoretical orientation and a substantive framework based on gendered classroom interactions, multiple subjectivities, and power relationships. The data sources consisted of three videotaped class discussions and interviews about the discussions as well as fieldnotes produced during my weekly observations conducted during an academic year in an Advanced Placement English class. I analyzed the actions and interactions of two highly visible 12th graders. The students accepted and contested traditional gender-based expectations, indicating some complexities of gendered talk about texts. Locating literacy events theoretically at the confluence of external forces and individual actions helped me explain these actions and interactions and suggest possible classroom practices. I close this report with concerns and questions.
Cloning and Characterization of the Tribolium castaneum Eye-Color Genes Encoding Tryptophan Oxygenase and Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase

The use of eye-color mutants and their corresponding genes as scorable marker systems has facilitated the development of transformation technology in Drosophila and other insects. In the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, the only currently available system for germline transformation employs the exogenous marker gene, EGFP, driven by an eye-specific promoter. To exploit the advantages offered by eye-pigmentation markers, we decided to develop a transformant selection system for Tribolium on the basis of mutant rescue. The Tribolium orthologs of the Drosophila eye-color genes vermilion (tryptophan oxygenase) and cinnabar (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) were cloned and characterized. Conceptual translations of Tc vermilion (Tcv) and Tc cinnabar (Tccn) are 71 and 51% identical to their respective Drosophila orthologs. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to show that T. castaneum larvae lacking functional Tcv or Tccn gene products also lack the pigmented eyespots observed in wild-type larvae. Five available eye-color mutations were tested for linkage to Tcv or Tccn via recombinational mapping. No linkage was found between candidate mutations and Tccn. However, tight linkage was found between Tcv and the white-eye mutation white, here renamed vermilionwhite (vw). Molecular analysis indicates that 80% of the Tcv coding region is deleted in vw beetles. These observations suggest that the Tribolium eye is pigmented only by ommochromes, not pteridines, and indicate that Tcv is potentially useful as a germline transformation marker.
A slotted-waveguide power amplifier for spatial power-combining applications

A power-amplifier array based on a slotted-waveguide power divider is presented for quasi-optical applications. The advantages of this structure are its low profile and ease of fabrication. Furthermore, efficient heat sinking of power devices is achieved. An X-band version of the power amplifier using eight MESFET's was designed and fabricated. An output power of 14 W was obtained. At 10 GHz, the amplifier gain and power-combining efficiency were 6.7 dB and 88%, respectively. The 3-dB bandwidth for the circuit was approximately 5%. This technique has the potential to meet the increasing demand for solid-state power amplifiers used in millimeter-wave communications and radar systems.
Wireless Network Utility Maximization

We describe wireless network utility maximization, WNUM, and compare its performance to traditional NUM along the dimensions of rate, delay and reliability under flat fading. Both coded and uncoded links are considered as are networks with interfering links. In each case, WNUM is shown to offer superior performance in simulations operating under Rayleigh fading due to its ability to adapt to changing channel conditions. A general method for finding adaptive optimal policies is presented that is sample-based and that makes no assumptions about the distribution of channel states.
A multibeam, diver-held sonar using a liquid-filled, spherical acoustic lens

Swath bathymetry, underwater searches, obstacle avoidance, and navigation are greatly enhanced by a high resolution, multibeam sonar. Acoustic lens technology provides a relatively compact and inexpensive sensor that can transmit and then receive multiple conical or rectangular beams using no beamforming electronics. The paper describes the basic components of a liquid-filled, spherical acoustic lens and provides both theoretical and empirical data which show lens beam patterns and how lens focus changes with temperature. The paper also describes a lens implementation in a compact, multibeam, diver-held sonar. >
Stimulation of Deep Somatic Tissue with Capsaicin Produces Long-Lasting Mechanical Allodynia and Heat Hypoalgesia that Depends on Early Activation of the cAMP Pathway

Pain and hyperalgesia from deep somatic tissue (i.e., muscle and joint) are processed differently from that from skin. This study examined differences between deep and cutaneous tissue allodynia and the role of cAMP in associated behavioral changes. Capsaicin was injected into the plantar aspect of the skin, plantar muscles of the paw, or ankle joint, and responses to mechanical and heat stimuli were assessed until allodynia resolved. Capsaicin injected into skin resulted in a secondary mechanical allodynia and heat hypoalgesia lasting approximately 3 hr. In contrast, capsaicin injection into muscle or joint resulted in a long-lasting bilateral (1-4 weeks) mechanical allodynia with a simultaneous unilateral heat hypoalgesia. The pattern and degree of inflammation were similar when capsaicin was injected into skin, muscle, or joint, with peak increases 24 hr after injection. Heat hypoalgesia that occurs after injection into deep tissue was reversed by spinal blockade of adenylate cyclase or protein kinase A (PKA). Interestingly, mechanical allodynia was reversed if adenylate cyclase or PKA inhibitors were administered spinally 24 hr, but not 1 week, after injection of capsaicin. Spinally administered 8-bromo-cAMP resulted in a similar pattern, with heat hypoalgesia and mechanical allodynia occurring simultaneously. Thus, injection of capsaicin into deep tissues results in a longer-lasting mechanical allodynia and heat hypoalgesia compared with injection of capsaicin into skin. The mechanical allodynia depends on early activation of the cAMP pathway during the first 24 hr but is independent of the cAMP pathway by 1 week after injection of capsaicin.
Efficiency of bronchodilator aerosol delivery to the lungs from the metered dose inhaler in mechanically ventilated patients : a study comparing four different actuator devices

Study objective To compare aerosol delivery to the lungs in ventilated patients from two devices with holding chamber and two devices without holding chamber. Design A controlled clinical trial with randomization to one of four delivery devices. Setting An academic university-affiliated Canadian ICU. Patients: Forty-eight patients undergoing mechanically assisted ventilation for a variety of clinical reasons and each judged to require inhaled bronchodilator therapy by the attending physician. Interventions Patients received 4 puffs of fenoterol labeled with technetium 99m pertechnetate delivered by metered-dose inhaler via 1 of the following: A, a 167-ml chamber device; B, a 700-ml chamber device; C, a nonchamber device (A, B, and C, all in the ventilator inspiratory line); and D, a nonchamber device on the end of the endotracheal tube. Measurements and results One-minute images of the thorax were made by a portable gamma camera at the bedside. Deposition of radioactivity in the lungs (uncorrected for tissue absorption and calculated as a percentage of the radioactivity delivered from 4 puffs) was 5.53 ± 0.72 (mean ± 1 SEM), 6.33 ± 1.16,1.67 ± 0.43, and 3.89 ± 0.52 percent for devices A, B, C, and D, respectively (p = 0.004). Subgroup analysis showed a statistically significant difference in delivery between devices A and C and between devices B and C only. Conclusion: There were statistically significant differences between delivery from both chamber devices and the inline nonchamber device, but not between delivery from other devices. Further work will be necessary to determine the effect of device position in the ventilator circuit on aerosol delivery.
Phytoplankton Primary Production and Light in Waldo Lake, Oregon

ABSTRACT Waldo Lake is located in the Willamette National Forest along the west side of Oregon's Cascade Mountain Range. The lake is regarded as one of the most oligotrophic lakes in the world, chemically similar to distilled water, with very low rates of phytoplankton primary production and concentrations of chlorophyll a. Historically, vertical light transmission was considerable, with 1% of the lake's incident solar radiation penetrating to depths greater than 60 m. The lake remains exceedingly clear, as demonstrated by transmissometer profiles and Secchi-disk readings that range between 35 and 40 m. Deep chlorophyll maxima are usually found between 60 and 100 m where measurable light is less than 1% of surface illumination. Conversely, primary production rates and assimilation numbers are maximum in the lake's upper 20 m. Unusually large assimilation numbers in the upper 20 m suggests that the phytoplankton that occupy this stratum are photosynthetically efficient, capable of high rates of production ...
Editorial: Journal Rankings: Save the Outlets for Your Research

Rankings of MBA programs by journalists have had a dramatic impact on business schools. Now, we face the prospect of journal rankings. Journal rankings impose a single dimension for evaluating journals that will inevitably hurt some journals. However, there are steps that researchers can take to keep their journals strong. For example, we should all support our professional organizations, subscribe to relevant journals, and count journal service in promotion decisions. In sum, this article identifies ten steps all researchers should take.
Two-element interferometer for accurate position determinations at 960 Mc

A 960-Mc two-element interferometer using the twin 90-foot steerable paraboloids of the California Institute of Technology Radio Observatory is described. The response of the associated receiving equipment as it applies to interferometric position measurements is analyzed in some detail, and an advantage of not rejecting the image response of the receiver is mentioned. Finally, a brief account is given of the various ways the interferometer may be used to measure right ascensions and declinations with both an east-west and a north-south baseline.
Perioperative management of the geriatric patient. Part II: cardiovascular system.

f The incidence of cardiovascular disease increases with age and is a major perioperative risk factor in the geriatric population. Up to one-third of perioperative mortality is due to cardiac issues. Geriatric patients with a history of coronary artery disease have a greater than 5% risk of a myocardial infarction and greater than 20% risk of an ischemic event within the first week following major noncardiac surgery. 1,2 The surgeon must be aware of the perioperative considerations regarding the treatment of these patients. The most important factor regarding the perioperative complications is prevention, which is successfully carried out in the preoperative setting.
Activation of ERβ modulates fear generalization through an effect on memory retrieval

Women are 60% more likely to suffer from an anxiety disorder than men. One hypothesis for this difference may be that females exhibit increased rates of fear generalization. Females generalize fear to a neutral context faster than males, a process driven, in part, by estrogens. In the current study, ovariectomized adult female Long-Evans rats were given acute injections of estradiol benzoate (15μg/0.1mL sesame oil) or sesame oil during a passive avoidance procedure to determine if estrogens increase fear generalization through an effect on fear memory acquisition/consolidation or through fear memory retrieval. Animals injected 1h prior to training generalized to the neutral context 24h later but not 7days after training. Generalization was also seen when injections occurred 24h before testing, but not when tested at immediate (1h) or intermediate (6h) time points. In Experiment 3, animals were injected with estrogen receptor (ER) agonists, PPT or DPN, to determine which ER subtype(s) increased fear generalization. Only the ERβ agonist, DPN, increased fear generalization when testing occurred 24h after injection. Our results indicate that estradiol increases fear generalization through an effect on fear memory retrieval mechanisms by activation of ERβ.
Success at the Summer Olympics: How Much Do Economic Factors Explain?

Many econometric analyses have attempted to model medal winnings as dependent on per capita GDP and population size. This approach ignores the size and composition of the team of athletes, especially the role of female participation and the role of sports culture, and also provides an inadequate explanation of the variability between the outcomes of countries with similar features. This paper proposes a model that offers two substantive advancements, both of which shed light on previously hidden aspects of Olympic success. First, we propose a selection model that treats the process of fielding any winner and the subsequent level of total winnings as two separate, but related, processes. Second, our model takes a more structural angle, in that we view GDP and population size as inputs into the “production” of athletes. After that production process, those athletes then compete to win medals. We use country-level panel data for the seven Summer Olympiads from 1988 to 2012. The size and composition of the country’s Olympic team are shown to be highly significant factors, as is also the past performance, which generates a persistence effect.
Defense Mechanisms of Pregnant Mothers Predict Attachment Security, Social-Emotional Competence, and Behavior Problems in Their Toddlers

Objective:For at-risk (single parent, low income, low support) mothers, healthy adaptation and the ability to manage stress have clear implications for parenting and the social-emotional well-being of their young offspring. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine associations between defense mechanisms in pregnant women and their toddlers’ attachment security, social-emotional, and behavioral adjustment.Method:Participants were 84 pregnant women during their last trimester of pregnancy, recruited from community agencies primarily serving low-income families. Women were followed prospectively from pregnancy through 2 years after birth and completed several multimethod assessments during that period. Observations of mother-child interactions were also coded after the postnatal visits.Results:Multiple regression analyses revealed that mothers’ defense mechanisms were significantly associated with several toddler outcomes. Mature, healthy defenses were significantly associated with greater toddl...
TM scattering by a metallic half plane with a resistive sheet extension

An analysis is presented of the scattering by a resistive strip joined to a metallic half plane. Three different solutions are developed, one of which is based on the moment method/Green's function approach. The other two are approximations, one of which improves as the resistive strip width decreases whereas the other does the same for large strip widths. Using the moment method solution as a reference, the accuracy of each approximation is examined and guidelines for using them are developed. It is found that the validity ranges of the two approximations overlap, making them suitable for computing the TM scattering of the configuration regardless of the strip's width and resistivity. >
Design and fabrication of a novel SAW bio/chemical sensor in CMOS

The design, fabrication, post-processing and characterization of a novel SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) based bio/chemical sensor in CMOS technology is introduced. The sensors are designed in AMI 1.5 mum 2 metal, 2 poly process. A unique maskless post processing sequence is designed and completed. The three post-processing steps are fully compatible with any CMOS technology. This allows any signal control/processing circuitry to be easily integrated on the same chip. ZnO is used as the piezoelectric material for the SAW generation. A thorough characterization and patterning optimization of the sputtered ZnO was carried out. The major novelties that are introduced in the SAW delay line features are: The embedded heater elements for temperature control, compensation and acoustic absorbers that are designed to eliminate edge reflections and minimize triple transit interference. Both of these attributes are designed by using the CMOS layers without disturbing the SAW performance
Extensive Penetration of Evaporated Electrode Metals into Fullerene Films: Intercalated Metal Nanostructures and Influence on Device Architecture

Although it is known that evaporated metals can penetrate into films of various organic molecules that are a few nanometers thick, there has been little work aimed at exploring the interaction of the common electrode metals used in devices with fullerene derivatives, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs) or perovskite solar cells that use fullerenes as electron transport layers. In this paper, we show that when commonly used electrode metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Al, Ca, etc.) are evaporated onto films of fullerene derivatives (such as [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)), the metal penetrates many tens of nanometers into the fullerene layer. This penetration decreases the effective electrical thickness of fullerene-based sandwich structure devices, as measured by the device’s geometric capacitance, and thus significantly alters the device physics. For the case of Au/PCBM, the metal penetrates a remarkable 70 nm into the fullerene, and we see penetration of similar magnitude in a wide variety of ful...
Fungal symbionts alter plant responses to global change

While direct plant responses to global change have been well characterized, indirect plant responses to global change, via altered species interactions, have received less attention. Here, we examined how plants associated with four classes of fungal symbionts (class I leaf endophytes [EF], arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF], ectomycorrhizal fungi [ECM], and dark septate endophytes [DSE]) responded to four global change factors (enriched CO2, drought, N deposition, and warming). We performed a meta-analysis of 434 studies spanning 174 publications to search for generalizable trends in responses of plant-fungal symbioses to future environments. Specifically, we addressed the following questions: (1) Can fungal symbionts ameliorate responses of plants to global change? (2) Do fungal symbiont groups differ in the degree to which they modify plant response to global change? (3) Do particular global change factors affect plant-fungal symbioses more than others? In all global change scenarios, except elevated CO2, fungal symbionts significantly altered plant responses to global change. In most cases, fungal symbionts increased plant biomass in response to global change. However, increased N deposition reduced the benefits of symbiosis. Of the global change factors we considered, drought and N deposition resulted in the strongest fungal mediation of plant responses. Our analysis highlighted gaps in current knowledge for responses of particular fungal groups and revealed the importance of considering not only the nonadditive effects of multiple global change factors, but also the interactive effects of multiple fungal symbioses. Our results show that considering plant-fungal symbioses is critical to predicting ecosystem response to global change.
Communication Skills and Decision Making for Elderly Patients With Advanced Kidney Disease: A Guide for Nephrologists

Elderly patients comprise the most rapidly growing population initiating dialysis therapy and may derive particular benefit from comprehensive assessment of geriatric syndromes, coexisting comorbid conditions, and overall prognosis. Palliative care is a philosophy that aims to improve quality of life and assist with treatment decision making for patients with serious illness such as kidney disease. Palliative skills for the nephrology provider can aid in the care of these patients. This review provides nephrology providers with 4 primary palliative care skills to guide treatment decision making: (1) use prognostic tools to identify patients who may benefit from conservative management, (2) disclose prognostic information to patients who may not do well with dialysis therapy, (3) incorporate patient goals and values to outline a treatment plan, and (4) prepare patients and families for transitions and end of life.
Computationally Efficient Nonlinear H∞ Control Designs for a Rigid Body Spacecraft

In this paper, we consider nonlinear control of a symmetric spacecraft about its axis of symmetry with two control torques. Using a computationally efficient ℋ∞ control design procedure, attitude regulation and trajectory tracking problems of the axi-symmetric spacecraft were solved. Resorting to higher order Lyapunov functions, the employed nonlinear ℋ∞ control approach reformulates the difficult Hamilton-Jacobian-Isaacs (HJI) inequalities as semi-definite optimization conditions. Sum-of-squares (SOS) programming techniques are then applied to obtain computationally tractable solutions, from which nonlinear control laws will be constructed. The proposed nonlinear ℋ∞ designs will be able to exploit the most suitable forms of Lyapunov function for spacecraft control and the resulting controllers will perform better than existing nonlinear control laws.© 2008 ASME
Response to Comment on "Math at home adds up to achievement in school".

Frank presents an alternative interpretation of our data, yet reports largely similar results to those in our original Report. A critical difference centers on how to interpret and test interaction effects. Frank finds no mistakes in our analyses. We stand by our original conclusions of meaningful effects of the Bedtime Learning Together (BLT) math app on children’s math achievement.
Structural determinants for heparin binding in human coagulation factor XI

Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that zymogen factor XI (FXI) binds to heparin with moderate (KD ∼110 nM) affinity via residues (K252, K253 and K255) located in the Apple 3 (A3) domain. In contrast, the enzyme, FXIa, was shown to bind to heparin (Biochemistry 40: 7569–7580, 2001) with significantly higher affinity (KD ∼9 nM by SPR and ∼1.5 nM by ELISA) via residues (K529, R530 and R532) within the catalytic domain (CD). This interaction potentiates by ∼10-fold the inhibition of FXIa by protease nexin-2. Also, polyanions heparin and dextran sulfate inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme factor XIa. The present study was designed to determine the relative contributions of positively charged residues as well as the dimeric structure of FXI to heparin binding. Mutational analysis of full-length FXI expressed in HEK293 cells was based on the following criteria: 1. Conservation of the positively charged residues in FXI among various species; 2. Surface exposure of the residues based on the X-ray crystal structure of FXI (Papagrigoriou E, McEwan P, Walsh PN, Emsley J, Nat. Struct. & Mol. Biol . 2006; 13:557–558); and 3. comparison with human plasma prekallikrein (PK), which does not bind heparin. Two positively charged residues Arg507 (147, chymotrypsin numbering) and Arg532 (173) are conserved in FXI genes of all species for which sequences are available. In human PK, Arg507 is replaced by lysine, while Arg532 is replaced by a neutral glutamine. We have expressed and purified wtFXI, R507A, R532A as well as monomeric C321S/K331A and C321A/I290A. While wtFXI, R507A and R532A demonstrated normal activity in APTT assays; monomeric FXI mutants retained 60-70% activity. The R532A and R507A mutants demonstrated ∼75% decrease in total number of heparin binding sites based on the solid phase ELISA assay using 5F7 monoclonal antibody. Also, the apparent dissociation constants for R507 (11 nM) and R532A (22 nM) were 7 and 11-fold increased respectively compared with 1.6 nM for the wtFXI. We also characterized monomeric FXI C321S/K331A and C321A/I290A proteins for their ability to bind to heparin compared with wtFXI using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Surprisingly, the monomeric FXI mutants, C321S/K331A and C321A/I290A, which had no mutations in any heparin-binding regions, displayed major defects in binding to heparin by SPR. Although kinetic analysis is challenging due to complex binding kinetics, while Rmax is about 10-fold lower, the off-rate for the binding of the monomeric FXI mutants is drastically increased when compared to that of wtFXI. These results suggest the possibility that the unique dimeric structure of FXI is required for cooperative binding to heparin. Thus, the dimeric structure of FXI and basic residues R507 and R532 in the catalytic domain of factor XI are both necessary for high-affinity heparin binding.
Natural killer cell immunotherapy to target stem-like tumor cells

Advances in cancer immunotherapy are leading to its increasing and successful application for the treatment of solid–tissue cancers. Despite the recent advances there are still significant barriers, in particular, evidence for significant tumor heterogeneity, both genetic and epigenetic that limit long-term efficacy. Subpopulations of “stem-like” tumor cells have been identified in nearly all human malignancies based on both morphologic and functional criteria. Also called cancer stem cells or CSCs, these quiescent cells display enhanced tumorigenic potential and are capable of repopulating tumors in the wake of traditional cytoreductive therapies. These CSCs may be best targeted via immunotherapy. Our lab has identified activated natural killer (NK) cell-based therapy as an effective method to target CSCs particularly after radiation therapy for solid tumors. Using a variety of in vitro and in vivo methods, including the utilization of primary tumor tissue and patient-derived xenografts, we observed that autologous and allogeneic NK cells possess the ability to preferentially kill stem-like cells or CSCs from freshly isolated patient samples representing a broad spectrum of tumor types, including pancreatic cancers, breast cancers, and sarcomas. The results indicated that CSCs express stress ligand molecules capable of being targeted by NKG2D on NK cells and that prior radiation therapy can both deplete the cycling non-CSCs bulk tumor population and upregulate these stress ligands on the CSC making this an effective combination approach.
Parametric Study on Dynamics of Breathing Cracked Rotor via Laser Scanner

The study is based on the finite element model which was developed to investigate the nonlinear breathing behavior of transverse cracks in terms of crack location and rotation speed. The crack model is built using the released strain energy concept in fracture mechanics. Zero Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) method is employed to determine the crack closure line at each time step by calculating the stress intensity factor of opening mode for prescribed resolutions in crack area. The crack is considered open at the points where the stress intensity factor for opening mode is larger than zero. The stiffness matrix is updated at every time step by integrating compliant coefficients over instantly calculated crack open area. With the updated stiffness and force matrices, the vibration response at next time step is solved by Newmark integration method. To investigate the effectiveness of laser scanner, parametric study is conducted to analyze the vibration responses collected by the laser scanner with different scanning functions and frequencies. With this model, the displacement or velocity along the shaft can be extracted to form time based data sets for different scanning function or scanning frequency to explore its usefulness for damage identification.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Detection Method for Infrared Small Target Based on Mathematical Morphology

An algorithm for detecting the small infrared target was proposed.Analyzing the morphologic Top-hat operator,it is found that the small target can not be accurately detected only by relying on the Top-hat operator.Based on the Top-hat operator,a method of blocked adaptive threshold and target detection in small range are used to detect the small infrared target.And the Matlab simulation shows that the method can raise the success rate of detecting the small infrared target in a certain extent.By analyzing the result of two scenes,the method not only adapts in a single environment,but also has certain robustness in practical complex scene.
Rubisco Assembly: A Research Memoir

Rubisco is responsible for net carbon dioxide fixation. Due to the high concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere and the relatively low concentration of carbon dioxide, Rubisco “misfires” frequently, splitting a molecule of ribulose bisphosphate rather than adding carbon to it. Evolution has worked to minimize this tendency, but the strategies have been varied, from slight changes in kinetic properties to wholesale re-organization of leaf anatomy. Rubisco consists of two types of subunits in higher plants, green algae, and certain cyanobacteria. The large (L) subunit is encoded in chloroplast DNA and the small (S) subunit in the nucleus. The discovery that Rubisco is encoded by genes in both the chloroplast and the nucleus of higher plants and green algae has motivated considerable research on the biogenesis and biochemistry of Rubisco. This article describes the role of my laboratory in the study of the assembly mechanism of this important enzyme in higher plants.
Abstract 1528: Selective gene-expression profiling of metastasizing breast tumor cell subpopulations complements the predictive power of Mammaprint Dx and Oncotype Dx

Gene-expression profiling has yielded prognostic tests, such as MammaPrint and Oncotype Dx, which facilitate clinical decision-making in breast cancer patients. These tests are based on signatures constructed from whole tumor tissue, including tumor as well as stromal cells. Since metastatic tumor cells are not uniquely identified in these signatures, these tests may have reduced clinical specificity and sensitivity in predicting risk of metastasis. In contrast, we captured breast cancer cells in the act of migration/dissemination using an in vivo invasion assay and expression profiled these cells to create a distinct signature named the human invasion signature (HIS). A comparison between HIS and MammaPrint in the NKI295 cohort demonstrated that both signatures perform comparably in selecting a group of patients with significantly poorer outcomes. However, when compared to MammaPrint, the initial slope of the high-risk patients identified by the HIS is significantly steeper, suggesting that the HIS may identify patients at higher risk of early distant metastatic recurrence. Therefore HIS carries prognostic information beyond that captured by MammaPrint. Additionally, a more thorough examination of candidate genes present in HIS yielded two predictive tissue-based biomarkers: TMEM score which measures the density of cancer cell intravasation sites, and MenaCalc which measures the expression of invasive isoforms of the actin-regulatory protein Mena (MenaCalc = PanMena-Mena11a), thereby identifying tumor cells that disseminate. Both, TMEM density and MenaCalc independently predict the development of distant metastases in breast cancer patients. Here, we show that in a small patient cohort (n = 58), there is no correlation between TMEM density and the Oncotype recurrence score (RS). In particular, a subgroup of patients had tumors with high-Oncotype DX and low TMEM score while another subgroup had low Oncotype DX and high TMEM score. These findings indicate that TMEM and Oncotype Dx address different tumor biology and could be used in a complementary fashion for more accurate patient stratification, as well as better selection of systemic therapies to avoid over- and under-treatment. Citation Format: George S. Karagiannis, Sumanta Goswami, Joan G. Jones, Maja H. Oktay, John S. Condeelis. Selective gene-expression profiling of metastasizing breast tumor cell subpopulations complements the predictive power of Mammaprint Dx and Oncotype Dx. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1528.
SP0123 gout: A Variable Inflammatory Disease

In patients with tissue deposits of urate crystals, acute flares of gout develop more frequently after certain dietary triggers and in early uric acid lowering therapy (ULT). However, most acute flares of gout develop and recur variably and unpredictably. New gout inflammation biomarkers, and novel, rational, lab discovery-based therapeutics targeted to them, would advance care. Elevation of serum urate, though a biomarker for long-term prognosis in gout, has no clear role in assessing the inflammatory state in gout. Moreover, the only serum biomarker of inflammation in both acute and intercritical gout appears to be elevation of IL-8. Increasing the number of options for anti-inflammatory treatment for gout also is a central unmet need. Gouty inflammation is driven by innate immune responses to urate crystals, with “first signal” priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophage lineage cells by C5a, NF-kB transcription factor activation and a variety toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2, 4) ligands, and coupled “second signals” via NLRP3 inflammasome activation driving secretion of mature IL-1beta. Sources of variability in the capacity of urate crystals to cause inflammation will be reviewed in this talk. They include not simply exogenous dietary factors, but also constitutive “master” regulation of host inflammatory responses to urate crystals. I will discuss, in depth, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a druggable master regulator of urate crystal-induced inflammation and mediator of comorbidity. AMPK is one of several biosensors of changes in nutrition and cellular energy processes (eg, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation) that are emerging as therapy targets for controlling adaptive and innate immune inflammatory responses, exemplified by suppression of SLE using metformin. Last, I will summarize how metabolic regulation of innate inflammation is directly relevant to gout, since both hyperuricemia and clinical expression of gouty arthritis are influenced by highly prevalent metabolic co-morbidities and dietary factors, such as the linked co-morbidities obesity, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes, and related caloric excesses. Disclosure of Interest R. Terkeltaub Md Consultant for: Sobi, AZ, REVIVE, Relburn