cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro thymocyte differentiation in MHC class I-negative Xenopus larvae.

Abstract CTX is a surface antigen whose expression in larval and adult Xenopus is primarily restricted to MHC class I-negative immature cortical thymocytes. In adult Xenopus , surface expression of CTX marks a population of MHC class I − CD8 + immature thymocytes that appears to be the equivalent of the mammalian CD4CD8 double positive subset. The present study reveals that transient in vitro exposure of immature CTX + thymocytes from MHC class I-negative tadpoles to suboptimal mitogenic concentrations of phorbol ester (PMA) plus ionomycin, induces larval cells to differentiate into more mature T-lymphoblasts that express high level of surface CD5 and CD45. These T-lymphoblasts have downregulated CTX, Rag 1 and TdT genes, whereas TCR-β genes remain actively transcribed. Signaling induced by PMA/ionomycin modulates both class I and class II expression of MHC class I/II-negative larval thymocytes. This study also reveals that larval T-lymphoblasts are composed of two distinct subsets: CD5 high CD8 − and CD5 high CD8 high .
Evidence that Igf2 down-regulation in postnatal tissues and up-regulation in malignancies is driven by transcription factor E2f3

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is an important fetal growth factor. Its expression is dramatically down-regulated in multiple organs after birth but is frequently up-regulated in cancers. The mechanisms that drive down-regulation of IGF2 in postnatal tissues or the up-regulation in malignancy are unclear. We found evidence that E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) drives these changes in expression. E2f3 mRNA expression, protein expression, and binding to the Igf2 promoter all decreased with age postnatally in multiple mouse organs. In late juvenile hepatocytes, restoration of high E2f3 expression restored high Igf2 expression, indicating a causal relationship, but this induction did not occur in fetal hepatocytes, which already have high E2f3 and Igf2 expression. Transient expression of E2f3 in both HEK293 cells and in late juvenile hepatocytes were able to activate reporter constructs containing the mouse Igf2 promoter P2, which includes consensus E2F-binding sites. In humans, microarray data revealed declines in E2F3 and IGF2 expression with age similar to the mouse. In addition, E2F3-overexpressing human prostate and bladder cancers showed increased IGF2 expression, and levels of E2F3 and IGF2 mRNA in these cancers were positively correlated. Taken together, the findings suggest that down-regulation of E2f3 with age helps drive the dramatic decline in Igf2 expression in postnatal organs, and E2F3 overexpression in human cancers induces IGF2 overexpression.
Building an XQuery interpreter in a compiler construction course

For two years, we have been teaching a quarter-long compiler construction course where students implement an interpreter for a variant of the XML query language XQuery. Our goal is to motivate students' interest in the course by exposing them to an interesting and powerful new language which they see as relevant to potential future experiences. In this paper, we first explain the workings of the course itself, and then describe some pedagogically interesting variants of the XQuery language. We close with a discussion of challenges faced and conclusions.
Metastatic lid disease

Metastatic lid disease is a rare cutaneous occurrence presenting as diffuse lid swelling or a localized nodule. The breast in women, the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems in men constitute the commonest primary sites. Lid spread usually occurs late but may occasionally be the first sign of metastasis. The case of a 60-year-old man with upper lid retraction secondary to metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown origin is presented.
Sonographic demonstration of free air in perforated peptic ulcers: Comparison of sonography with radiography

Abdominal sonography was performed in 283 patients with acute abdominal pain. Of these patients, 10 were diagnosed as having an acute perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) and 2 were diagnosed as having a sealed-off PPU. Sonographic findings of acute PPU are summarized. The presence of an interference echo with the shifting phenomenon is a very strong indication of the presence of free air in the abdominal cavity. Using these sonographic criteria, intraperitoneal free air was diagnosed as 9/10 patients with PPU in comparison to 8/10 by abdominal and chest radiographs. Two patients with sonographic evidence of free air, but negative X-ray studies, were later found to have free air in the subsequent radiographic studies. These findings suggest that sonography is highly sensitive in the small number of patients in whom air is found. Sonographic studies also have the advantage of detecting other changes associated with PPU, such as fluid accumulation, inflammatory mass, and thickening of the gallbladder.
Sand Penetration: A Near Nose Investigation of a Sand Penetration Event

This paper presents experimental and computational results relative to a long-rod penetrating dry granular sand at velocities near 100 m/s. The objective of this work is to develop a fundamental understanding of the formation and transmission of dynamic force chains, and the motion and fracture of the individual sand grains as the projectile passes. This is accomplished by several very different experiments including: characterization of the elastic properties of sand, fracture characteristics of individual sand grains and launching a projectile along a view window, backed by sand, in order to directly view and photograph the projectile/sand interactions. Within the sand system, a two-wave structure was observed, composed of a compaction wave (bow shock) that detaches from the dart and moves through the sand at a wave speed near 100 m/s and a damage wave, which remains near the leading edge of the dart. The compaction wave removes porosity and the damage wave fractures grains in the region near the projectile nose. Grain fracture is not observed at dart speeds below 35 m/s.
New instrument for transvenous cardiac biopsy.

Abstract A new forceps is described for obtaining serial endomyocardial biopsy specimens from the human heart. The instrument is introduced percutaneously into the right internal jugular vein and used to obtain tissue from the apex of the right ventricle. Eighty-five biopsy procedures have been performed in 19 patients after cardiac transplantation. The tchnique used was 100 percent successful in obtaining endomyocardial biopsy specimens, and there were no significant complications. A biopsy procedure may be performed within 5 minutes. Serial percutneous transvenous endomyocardial biopsies are now routinely performed with this instrument in new heart transplant recipients and in patients with primary cardiomyopathy.
The influence of syntactic segmentation on perceived stress

Abstract Chomsky and Halle (1968) claim that the stress and intonation of an utterance are not determined solely by physical properties of the acoustic signal but are also influenced by the syntactic organization of the utterance. Strong support for their contention has been obtained by presenting listeners with a continuously repeated string of monosyllabic words. Such sequences undergo spontaneous perceptual re-grouping sometimes producing strings with different syntactic organizations; such syntactic changes are accompanied by immediate and dramatic changes in apparent stress and intonation although the physical signal itself never varies.
Thyroid autoimmunity in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients of Caucasoid, black and Mexican origin

Four hundred and forty-nine patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and 270 control subjects from Caucasoid, Mexican and black origins were screened for the presence of thyroid microsomal antibodies. Mexican female control subjects had a significantly higher frequency of thyroid microsomal antibodies when compared with black female controls (21% versus 6%, p <0.01). Type 2 diabetic patients did not have a higher frequency of thyroid microsomal antibodies when compared with their sex- and race-matched control counterparts. The subgroup of diabetic patients who required insulin for the control of their blood glucose did not have a higher frequency of thyroid microsomal antibodies when compared with non-insulin-requiring diabetic patients. In conclusion autoimmunity against thyroid gland, as manifested by thyroid microsomal antibodies, is not more common in Type 2 diabetic patients when compared with sex- and race-matched control subjects.
Lever-press responding maintained by contingent intraperitoneal administration of etonitazene in Long Evans hooded rats

Abstract Lever pressing maintained by intraperitoneal (IP) injections of etonitazene was established in five Long Evans hooded rats. Each training session consisted of an 8-min fixed interval (FI) during which lever pressing was maintained by food pellets delivered at the end of the interval. Food delivery was accompanied by illumination of stimulus lights in the chamber. Every 20th response during the 8 min interval also produced a brief illumination of the stimulus lights (FI 8 min (FR 20:S)). Administration of etonitazene was then introduced. Immediately following food delivery, the rat received an IP drug injection and was returned to the operant chamber for 30 min. During this confinement, the stimulus lights remained illuminated. This procedure resembles conditioned place preference in that an environment is paired with the effects of an investigator-delivered drug. When food pellet delivery subsequently was discontinued, responding persisted when followed by drug, but not saline, administration. Alternating blocks of sessions with administration of etonitazene (6.0–9.0 μ g/kg) or saline produced corresponding increases or decreases in responding. These results indicate that etonitazene can function as a reinforcer when administered to rats by the IP route, and thus extend the range of conditions under which drug reinforcement can be investigated.
Programmable beam spatial shaping system for the National Ignition Facility

A system of customized spatial light modulators has been installed onto the front end of the laser system at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The devices are capable of shaping the beam profile at a low-fluence relay plane upstream of the amplifier chain. Their primary function is to introduce "blocker" obscurations at programmed locations within the beam profile. These obscurations are positioned to shadow small, isolated flaws on downstream optical components that might otherwise limit the system operating energy. The modulators were designed to enable a drop-in retrofit of each of the 48 existing Pre Amplifier Modules (PAMs) without compromising their original performance specifications. This was accomplished by use of transmissive Optically Addressable Light Valves (OALV) based on a Bismuth Silicon Oxide photoconductive layer in series with a twisted nematic liquid crystal (LC) layer. These Programmable Spatial Shaper packages in combination with a flaw inspection system and optic registration strategy have provided a robust approach for extending the operational lifetime of high fluence laser optics on NIF.
Multiphoton intrapulse interference 6; binary phase shaping

We demonstrate a new approach to laser control using binary phase shaping. We apply this method to the problem of spectrally narrowing multiphoton excitation using shaped laser pulses as required for selectivity in two-photon microscopy. The symmetry of the problem is analyzed from first principles and a rational solution is proposed. Successful experimental implementation and simulations are presented using 10 fs ultrashort pulses. The proposed solution is a factor of 6 better than the sinusoidal phase used previously by our group. An evolutionary learning algorithm was used to efficiently improve the solution by a further factor of 2.5 because of the greatly reduced search space afforded by binary phase shaping.
“You Have to Be Your Own Doctor”: Sociocultural Influences on Alternative Therapy Use among Gay Men with AIDS in West Hollywood

This article considers the use of alternative therapies by gay men with AIDS in West Hollywood, California. In all, 89 different alternative therapies for HIV and AIDS treatment were uncovered during the course of the study. In addition to the high number of alternative therapies, a majority of the men in the study (69.2 percent) were currently using some type of alternative treatment. Sociocultural influences on the use of alternative therapies are explored, including AIDS activism. Because most of the men (92 percent) also use Western medicine as well, the interface of these two types of treatments is also explored, [alternative therapies, AIDS, gay men]
The Decline in American Trade Union Membership and the “Government Substitution” Hypothesis:A Review of the Econometric Literature

This paper reviews the empirical literature on the “Government Substitution” hypothesis. We focus our attention on the sample periods used, model specification, and econometric technique. The seminal piece on this topic is Neumann and Rissman (J Labor Econ 2:175–192, 1984) and to date there have been less than a handful of extensions beyond this initial investigation. By tracking the limited development of this hypothesis over time we are able to conclude that there is still an opportunity for additional empirical exploration in this area.
The Timan-Pechora Oil-Gas Basin: A Geological Review

At the base of the sedimentary section of the Timan-Pechora basin are Late Precambrian rifts, which are filled by unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks 10 km and more than 10 km thick. The upper parts of these rift deposits have potential for gas. Structurally the Phanerozoic sedimen tary fill of the basin is mildly deformed in the west and central parts into several broad depressions and more narrow intervening highs. The eastern part is strongly deformed by overthrusts that were emplaced in the Late Paleozoic in connection with development of the Ural fold belt. Eight oil-gas plays are recognized in the basin: 1—Ordovician-Lower Devonian, 2—Middle Devonian-lower Frasnian, 3—upper Frasnian-Tournaisian, 4—Lower Carboniferous, 5—upper Visean-Lower Permian, 6—Lower Permian, 7—Upper Permian, and 8—Triassic. The promising oil-gas basin is of great interest for global stratigraphy and tectonics as well as for petroleum exploration.
Race and intensity of post-remission therapy in acute myeloid leukemia.

Abstract Background In many cancers, including AML, blacks have poorer overall survival. We investigated whether differences in post-remission therapy (PRT) were a contributing factor. Methods We compared PRT cycle number and intensity and time to PRT in blacks and whites, among 460 patients with newly diagnosed AML. Results Blacks and whites had PRT of equal cycle intensity and number, but black patients experienced a significant delay in starting PRT (2.73 months in blacks vs. 1 month in whites, p = 0.047). Overall survival was equivalent in blacks and whites. Conclusion PRT is delayed in blacks but does not explain differences in survival.
Conjectures Concerning the Orders of the Torsion Subgroup, the Arithmetic Component Groups, and the Cuspidal Subgroup

We make several conjectures concerning the relations between the orders of the torsion subgroup, the arithmetic component groups, and the cuspidal subgroup of an optimal elliptic curve. These conjectures have implications for the second part of the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture.
The electronic environment: how has it, how will it, and how should it affect us?

Nevertheless, the future is bright and offers vastly improved communication, organization, speed of search, and efficiency enabled by the concept of digitized data entry and retrieval. The opportunities are virtually boundless and will change (and may even abolish) the paper world as we now know it. We must be prepared, keep an open mind, and constructively control the electronic environment to meet our needs—the computer should be our slave and not vice versa. As Peter Kilbridge, a pediatrician turned information technology consultant stated, ‘Physician’s main obstacle is time ... for any Internet application to catch on, it has to be easy to use and time efficient.‘3 Not all electronic applications or technologies save time, improve efficiency, or save money. The fact that it can be done electronically does not always mean that it should be done. The challenge will be to control its implementation in a rational, insightful way—for many of us, it will require thinking ‘outside the box.’
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with congenital heart disease: a review.

This paper reviews recent changes in morbidity and mortality of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants with congenital heart disease. Mortality since the late 1970s has declined substantially, from approximately 37% to 3%. Although the frequency of admission to intensive care units has declined from approximately 60% to 30%, the frequency for mechanical ventilatory support has not changed significantly. Because mortality dropped prior to the widespread use of ribavirin, it is difficult to ascribe the improvement to this therapy. In infants with congenital heart disease (CHD), nosocomial infection remains a significant problem, accounting for approximately 33% of the RSV cases. Some authors report significant reductions in hospital-acquired RSV by use of gloves and gowns for contacts with infectious cases. Efforts at primary prevention have encountered problems with development of an RSV vacine. Preliminary data from studies of passive immunization using immune globulins with high RSV antibody titers suggest that this therapy may reduce the severity of RSV infection in infants with serious heart disease.
Peroxidative activity of hemepeptides from horse heart cytochromec

L'hemoundecapeptide (HUP) a ete prepare par digestion pepsique du cytochromec qui a ete extrait et purifie a partir du cœur de cheval. L'hemooctapeptide (HOP) a ete obtenu par digestion trypsique de l'HUP. L'un et l'autre ont donne des produits homogenes par chromatographie sur colonne et sur papier, par electrophorese sur papier a differents pH et par analyse des acides amines. On a effectue une analyse spectrometrique de HUP et HOP et determine leur activite peroxydasique dans diverses conditions. Ces 2 composes n'ont pas montre d'activite catalasique.
Adults with psychosis or psychotic experiences may report adverse life events prior to the onset of symptoms but direction of causality cannot be inferred.

Question: Are stressful events during adulthood associated with the onset of psychosis? Outcomes: First-episode psychosis or subclinical psychotic experiences. Outcome criteria were not further specified a priori. The observational studies included in the review used various measures of psychosis including: International Classification of Diseases ninth edition (ICD-9) or ICD-10 and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) II or DSM-IV diagnoses of psychosis or schizophrenia; Research Diagnostic Criteria for Schizophrenia (RDCS); Present State Examination (PSE); Categorical Assessment of Psychiatric Disorder (CATEGO); Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ); Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI); and in one study paranoid thinking was assessed using a self-report questionnaire. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched (dates not given). Only English language studies published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Study selection and analysis: Studies were eligible if they assessed life events in adulthood (aged above 16 years) and the included individuals had a first episode psychosis or …
The Role of Encoding and Retrieval Processes in the Recall of Text.

This study is a modified replication of a study by Anderson and Pichert (1978). Subjects read three stories, taking a particular perspective for each, recalled each story from that perspective and, either immediately or after 1 week, recalled the stories again from a new perspective. Consistent with Anderson and Pichert's findings, subjects in the immediate condition showed a shift in recall as a function of retrieval perspective. However, subjects in the delay condition showed no retrieval shift; they continued to recall more information that was relevant to the encoding perspective than to the retrieval perspective. Furthermore, the retrieval shift obtained in the immediate condition was shown to be due not to an increase in recall of information related to the new perspective, but rather to less of a decrease in recall of this information over time relative to perspective‐unrelated information. Thus, in contrast to Anderson and Pichert's results, the present results demonstrate that even though the ret...
Identifiability of the unrooted species tree topology under the coalescent model with time-reversible substitution processes, site-specific rate variation, and invariable sites

The inference of the evolutionary history of a collection of organisms is a problem of fundamental importance in evolutionary biology. The abundance of DNA sequence data arising from genome sequencing projects has led to significant challenges in the inference of these phylogenetic relationships. Among these challenges is the inference of the evolutionary history of a collection of species based on sequence information from several distinct genes sampled throughout the genome. It is widely accepted that each individual gene has its own phylogeny, which may not agree with the species tree. Many possible causes of this gene tree incongruence are known. The best studied is the incomplete lineage sorting, which is commonly modeled by the coalescent process. Numerous methods based on the coalescent process have been proposed for the estimation of the phylogenetic species tree given DNA sequence data. However, use of these methods assumes that the phylogenetic species tree can be identified from DNA sequence data at the leaves of the tree, although this has not been formally established. We prove that the unrooted topology of the n-leaf phylogenetic species tree is generically identifiable given observed data at the leaves of the tree that are assumed to have arisen from the coalescent process under a time-reversible substitution process with the possibility of site-specific rate variation modeled by the discrete gamma distribution and a proportion of invariable sites.
SU‐E‐T‐635: Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for the Treatment of Cervical Cancer in Lieu of HDR Brachytherapy

Purpose: To investigate the use of VMAT to deliver the following conceptual GYN brachytherapy (BT) dose distributions: 1. traditional pear‐shaped dose distribution with substantial dose gradients, 2. homogeneous dose distribution throughout PTV (BT prescription volume), and 3. increased dose to PTV without OAR overdose. Methods: A tandem and ovoid BT treatment plan, with the prescription dose of 6 Gy to point A was exported into the VMAT treatment planning system (TPS) and became the baseline for further comparative analysis. The 200%, 150%, 130% 100%, 75% and 50% dose volumes were converted into structures for optimization and evaluation purposes. The 100% dose volume was chosen to be the PTV. Five VMAT plans were created to duplicate the Ir‐192 tandem and ovoid inhomogeneous dose distribution. Another five VMAT plans were generated to deliver a homogeneous dose of 6 Gy to the PTV. An additional five VMAT plans were created to increase the dose to the PTV with a homogeneous dose distribution. All plans used BT dose constraints. Results: On average in the first set of plans, the dose given to 99% of the 200‐100% dose volumes agreed within 2% of the BT plan, the 75% dose volumes were within 5% and the 50% dose volumes were within 6.4%. In the second set, the 100% dose volume was within 1% of the original plan. In the last set the maximum increase of dose to the PTV was 8 Gy with similar doses to OARs as the other VMAT plans. The maximum increase of dose was 2.50 Gy to the rectum. The maximum decrease of dose was 0.70 Gy to the bladder. Conclusion: VMAT was successful at reproducing brachytherapy dose distributions. Alternative dose distributions have the potential to be used in lieu of brachytherapy. However, differences in radiobiology need to be further investigated.
Effects of the gate-to-drain/source overlap on MOSFET characteristics

The characteristics of MOSFET's with different degrees of gate-to-drain overlap are studied. It is found that there exists a critical length of overlap below which the device hot-electron reliability will suffer. Since a few hundred angstroms change in the overlap length can cause the transition from good to poor reliability, devices designed for minimum gate-to-drain overlap might exhibit grossly nonuniform characteristics as a result of minor variations in the overlap structure across a wafer, such as that due to tilted implant. On the other hand, devices with larger overlap have a higher gate-to-drain/source capacitance. Therefore, there exists only a narrow margin within which an optimal compromise between device performance and characteristics can be achieved. This margin will shrink further as device dimensions are scaled down.
Media ritual in catastrophic time The populist turn in television coverage of Hurricane Katrina

Television news coverage of Hurricane Katrina's impact on Mississippi and New Orleans presented viewers with broadcast journalists who were on the scene but were largely left without access to traditional government sources. Through a textual analysis of transcripts of cable and network news reports, this study compares the media's performance during the six days following 29 August, 2005 to news coverage following 11 September, 2001. In this way, it interprets how and why the 11 September attacks produced a `sphere of consensus' unifying the media and the state, while Katrina produced the opposite dynamic. Central to this analysis is the normative concept of `media ritual', especially where the media's ritual consensus with government was `de-centered' by the federal government's de facto absence from the storm scene for that crucial week.
Walking the AID tightrope

The mutator activation-induced cytidine deaminase is essential for immunoglobulin diversification but can be detrimental in other settings. A new comprehensive analysis investigates how its gene expression is regulated.
Control of bitter rot and blue mold of apples by integrating heat and antagonist treatments on 1-MCP treated fruit stored under controlled atmosphere conditions

To maximize control of fruit decay by alternatives to synthetic fungicides after harvest, various control strategies can be integrated. Treatment of fruit with antagonists is one of the most promising alternatives. This treatment, however, has little or no eradicative activity, which limits its use. Fruit treatment with hot air (at 38 8C) for 4 d has eradicative but no residual activity against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum ) on apple, and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is an ethylene receptor inhibitor which slows apple maturation and, presumably, extends action of natural defense mechanisms. An antagonist, Metchnikowia pulcherrima T5-A2, was used in combination with heat and 1-MCP treatments to control bitter rot (caused by Colletotrichum acutatum ) and blue mold (caused by P. expansum )o n ‘Golden Delicious’ apples under controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions. 1-MCP treatment increased bitter rot and blue mold decays, but both of these decays were effectively controlled on 1-MCP treated apples by a combination of the antagonist and heat treatments. C. acutatum is a weaker pathogen than P. expansum , and bitter rot, even on the control treatments, developed only after 4 months in CA storage followed by 2 weeks incubation at 24 8C. In contrast, nontreated fruit inoculated with P. expansum were completely decayed after 2 months in CA. The antagonist controlled bitter rot more effectively than blue mold, while blue mold was more effectively controlled by heat treatment. The use of 1-MCP on harvested fruit to inhibit maturation can predispose fruit to decay, but the alternatives to synthetic fungicides are capable of preventing this increase in decay. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The Greekless Reader and Aristotle's "Rhetoric.".

Contributions to the understanding of Aristotle's Rhetoric are not likely to amount to much as long as studies on the subject depend on translations. Lane Cooper's widely used version provides some striking examples of how the Greekless reader can be seriously misled.
Magnetic Hyperfine Structure of Lithium

For the first time a spin-polarized extended Hartree-Fock calculation on a three-electron system, Li, is reported. The calculations are discussed with primary emphasis on the hyperfine splitting spectrum which is determined by the spin density at the nucleus, Q(0)=〈ψ|Σis-^z(i)δ(ri)|ψ〉/S. We calculate Q(0) for the ground state to be 0.2403, as compared with the experimental value of 0.2313.
CONSTRAINTS ON A NEW VECTOR BOSON COUPLED TO BARYONS

Abstract We consider several processes which are sensitive to the existence of a light gauge boson coupled to baryon number. In the mass region between 10 Mev and M π ≈140 MeV the best limits on the coupling come from rare π 0 decays, while a boson with mass between M π and 2 M π may be observed in K + decays, or η decays. Heavier gauge bosons will decay hadronically and are harder to find, also limits on their coupling are subject to strong interaction uncertainties.
Differences in the annual stratification cycle over short spatial scales on southern Georges Bank

Abstract Analysis of hydrographic data collected during 1977–1978 at six locations on southern Georges Bank revealed differences in the sinusoidally-modeled mean seasonal hydrographic cycles over short cross-bank spatial scales. In depths of less than 60 m, vertical stratification remained weak year-round, with no seasonal cycle. At greater depths, a transition to a stratified water column occurred from late spring to early autumn. However, statistically-significant differences exist between the mean hydrographic cycles derived from data collected in two contiguous seasonally-stratified zones located within the deeper region. In 60–80 m depths: (1) the mean cycle of the maximum density gradient in the seasonal pycnocline was dominated by a one cycle-per-year model; (2) the maximum density gradient varied by almost two orders of magnitude, from a January minimum to a late July maximum; and (3) the mean depth of the maximum density gradient remained near 20 m year-round. In 80–100 m depths: (1) the mean cycles of both the maximum density gradient and pycnocline depth were dominated by a one cycle-per-year model; (2) the maximum density gradient varied by only one order of magnitude; and (3) the mean depth of the maximum density gradient varied from 20 m in early June to 60 m in late December when the water column is well mixed. The cross-bank transition from well-mixed to seasonally-stratified waters agrees with the Simpson-Hunter stratification parameter computed by other workers for the study domain and, thus, to first order is consistent with existing one-dimensional models for tidally-mixed seas. Variations between hydrographic cycles noted within the seasonally-stratified waters may be due to the presence of the “cold-band” and on-bank advection of slope waters, thus modifying the one-dimensional assumptions.
LESSONS FROM THE RICH AND FAMOUS: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Celebrity Endorsement in Advertising

Using celebrities to promote products is a popular advertising technique around the world. However, little is known about how the implementation of celebrity endorsement varies according to dominant cultural values. This study content-analyzed television commercials featuring celebrities from two diametrically different countries--the United States and Korea--in terms of two fundamental cultural dimensions: (1) low versus high context, and (2) individualism versus collectivism. Findings of this study suggest that the strategic use and creative executions of celebrity endorsement mirror the respective prevalent cultural orientations in the two countries, although some similarities do exist. Extensive discussion and suggestions for future research are provided.
Organizational- and individual-level correlates of posttreatment substance use: A multilevel analysis

In addressing the need to study the effects of organizational factors on individual-level treatment outcomes, this study used hierarchical models to examine the organizational- and individual-level correlates of posttreatment substance use. Risk for posttreatment use varied significantly across organizations. Factors in the external institutional environment of facilities significantly influenced risk for use: managed care regulation increased the risk, whereas Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations accreditation decreased it (p < .01 for both). On the individual level, longer treatment episodes and treatment completion reduced the risk (p < .01 for both) after controlling for client characteristics. The benefits of length of stay in treatment were modified by elements of the external institutional environment and organizational treatment technology. The ameliorative effects of prolonged treatment were reduced by higher levels of managed care regulation, organizational monitoring, caseload size (p < .01 for all), and proportion of degreed staff (p < .05). The results highlight the influence of organizational factors on posttreatment use.
Probabilistic modeling of eruptive activity at Etna volcano using InSAR surface displacements and ATSR thermal radiance

[1] Satellite monitoring offers a powerful means to regularly characterize the mechanical and thermal states of active volcanoes. Satellite-measured surface inflation and radiant heat flux reflect the pressurization and discharge, respectively, of a magmatic system, suggesting that studying these parameters together may help in better understanding future eruptive activity. We incorporate InSAR surface displacement data and ATSR thermal radiance data into a probabilistic model for activity at Etna volcano in 1996–2000, when surface deformation and thermal radiance appeared to be related in a periodic fashion. The probabilistic approach addresses both the magnitude and timing of eruptive events, based upon a simple physical model of eruptions as renewal processes. We anticipate that this approach could serve as a framework for probabilistic assessment in eruption scenarios with persistent activity and multiple monitoring datastreams. Citation: Patrick, M. R., L. N. Frazer, and B. A. Brooks (2006), Probabilistic modeling of eruptive activity at Etna volcano using InSAR surface displacements and ATSR thermal radiance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18312, doi:10.1029/2006GL026983.
Fecal coliform disappearance in a river impoundment

Fecal colitbrm (FC) disappearance studies were conducted in Ford Lake during the summer of 1979. Ford Lake, an artificial impoundment at the lower end of the Huron River drainage basin belov, ~ Ypsilanti, Michigan, receives all upstream flow (2072 km: of drainage). During dry weather an overall daytime FC disappearance rate of 0.4 (h -t ) (K base e) was measured using dye tracer for timed collection. assuming a first order equation of the Chick type. Sedimentation was demonstrated as important in the overall FC disappearance in the upper end of the lake. Rooftop studies showed light level to affect daytime disappearance. Two types of wet weather conditions were documented: (1) where a substantial increase in flow occurred due to an isolated upriver storm; and (2) as a result of two different storm events in the Ford Lake area itself. In both cases, Ford Lake was effective in substantially reducing the large FC contribution.
Quantum transport for a many-body system using a quantum Langevin-equation approach.

We treat the quantum transport of an interacting system of electrons, impurities, and phonons, in a time-dependent electric field, by using the quantum generalized Langevin equation (GLE), in which the system is shown to be equivalent to a quantum particle in a heat bath. We follow here the philosophy of Ford, Lewis, and O'Connell, who have demonstrated the usefulness of the GLE approach to heat-bath problems. The center of mass of the electrons acts like a quantum particle, while the relative electrons and phonons play the role of heat bath. They are coupled through the electron-impurity and electron-phonon interactions. After eliminating the heat-bath variables, the equation of motion for the quantum particle is written in a form of a quantum generalized Langevin equation, with a memory term which reflects the retarded effects of the heat bath on the quantum particle. The evaluation of the memory term immediately leads to a result for the susceptibility from which we can calculate the conductivity directly, in contrast to Kubo-type calculations which require the evaluation of correlation functions as an intermediate step. As a demonstration of the directness of our approach, we show that the usual random-phase-approximation conductivity results are easily derived. In addition, we derive an expression for the memory function, which incorporates higher-order electron-impurity scattering.
Facile synthesis of a B,D-tetradehydrocorrin and rearrangement to bacteriochlorins

Tetradehydrocorrins contain an A–D ring junction and a level of saturation intermediate between that of a corrin (characteristic of vitamin B12) and that of a corrole. Self-condensation of a p-tolyl-substituted dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (DHDPA-T) in CH2Cl2 containing Yb(OTf)3 at room temperature afforded the corresponding free base B,D-tetradehydrocorrin (TDC-T) as the sole macrocycle in 77% yield. The presence of a geminal dimethyl group in each of the reduced rings in TDC-T affords stability toward adventitious dehydrogenation. Treatment of TDC-T to acidic conditions results in rearrangement and loss of methanol to give a bacteriochlorin with or without a 5-methoxy substituent; the yield was 56% (5-methoxybacteriochlorin MeOBC-T), 35% (MeOBC-T) or 20% (5-unsubstituted bacteriochlorin HBC-T) with TMSOTf/CH2Cl2, BF3·OEt2/CH3CN or BF3·OEt2/CH2Cl2, respectively. TDC-T undergoes regioselective bromination with NBS to give the 10-bromotetradehydrocorrin in 22% yield. The conversion of the (non-aromatic) tetradehydrocorrin to the (aromatic) bacteriochlorin reflects the relative stability of the two macrocycles and indicates the former may be an intermediate—kinetically trapped or transient depending on catalysis conditions—upon dihydrodipyrrin-acetal self-condensation.
The relationship among biodiversity, governance, wealth, and scientific capacity at a country level: Disaggregation and prioritization

At a global level, the relationship between biodiversity importance and capacity to manage it is often assumed to be negative, without much differentiation among the more than 200 countries and territories of the world. We examine this relationship using a database including terrestrial biodiversity, wealth and governance indicators for most countries. From these, principal components analysis was used to construct aggregated indicators at global and regional scales. Wealth, governance, and scientific capacity represent different skills and abilities in relation to biodiversity importance. Our results show that the relationship between biodiversity and the different factors is not simple: in most regions wealth and capacity varies positively with biodiversity, while governance vary negatively with biodiversity. However, these trends, to a certain extent, are concentrated in certain groups of nations and outlier countries. We discuss our results in the context of collaboration and joint efforts among biodiversity-rich countries and foreign agencies.
The Polycomb Group Protein L3MBTL1 Represses a SMAD5-Mediated Hematopoietic Transcriptional Program in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Epigenetic regulation of key transcriptional programs is a critical mechanism that controls hematopoietic development, and, thus, aberrant expression patterns or mutations in epigenetic regulators occur frequently in hematologic malignancies. We demonstrate that the Polycomb protein L3MBTL1, which is monoallelically deleted in 20q- myeloid malignancies, represses the ability of stem cells to drive hematopoietic-specific transcriptional programs by regulating the expression of SMAD5 and impairing its recruitment to target regulatory regions. Indeed, knockdown of L3MBTL1 promotes the development of hematopoiesis and impairs neural cell fate in human pluripotent stem cells. We also found a role for L3MBTL1 in regulating SMAD5 target gene expression in mature hematopoietic cell populations, thereby affecting erythroid differentiation. Taken together, we have identified epigenetic priming of hematopoietic-specific transcriptional networks, which may assist in the development of therapeutic approaches for patients with anemia.
Getting It Done: Achieving Law Firm Objectives Through the Development of Effective Marketing Strategies

ABSTRACT This article describes three fundamental approaches to determining marketing strategy for law firms. The discussion first points to the part marketing strategy plays in implementing the firm's strategic plan. It then explains the three approaches: market-service orientation, competitive marketing analysis, and positioning strategy. Factors influencing the choice of approach are also discussed. Finally, an example of implementing marketing strategy is presented.
The Ginibre inequality

In the Ising-type models of statistical mechanics and the related quantum field theories, an inequality of Ginibre implies useful positivity and monotonicity properties: the Griffiths correlation inequalities. Essentially, the Ginibre inequality states that certain functions on the cycle group of a graph are positive definite. This has been proved for arbitrary graphs when the spin dimension is 1 or 2 (classical Ising or plane rotator models). We give a counterexample to show that these spin dimensions are the only ones for which the Ginibre inequality is generally true: there are graphs for which it never holds when the spin dimension is at least 3. On the other hand, we show that for any graph the inequality holds for the apparent leading term in the largespin-dimension limit. (The leading term vanishes in the graph of the counterexample.) Based on these results, one expects the Ginibre inequality to be true in most instances, with infrequent exceptions. A numerical survey supports this. The surprising failure of the Ginibre inequality in higher dimensions need not necessarily mean the Griffiths inequalities fail as well, but a different approach to them is required.
Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) includes emphysema, chronic airways obstruction, and chronic bronchitis but not asthma. COLD mortality and morbidity rates are higher in men than women, in whites than blacks, and they increase with increasing age and with decreasing socioeconomic status. Death rates for COLD are approximately 10 times higher in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers, and about 80% of COLD deaths in the United States are attributable to cigarette smoking. Among smokers, the quantity and duration of cigarette use are strongly related to mortality and morbidity, but susceptibility varies among individuals. Incidence of COLD is related inversely to pulmonary function and possibly to increased bronchial reactivity. Alpha 1-antiprotease deficiency, respiratory infections and symptoms, lean body build, and exposures to occupational hazards or air pollution have been associated with increased risks of COLD in epidemiologic and clinical studies. Susceptible individuals can reduce their risks of clinical disease by stopping smoking. Clinical trials are underway to determine whether bronchodilators reduce the rates of decline in pulmonary function.
RENAL PROSTAGLANDIN E2 SYNTHESIS |[lpar]|PG SYN|[rpar]| AND DEGRADATION |[lpar]|PG DEG|[rpar]| IN THE DEVELOPING RAT

Postnatal development of GFR and RBF is associated with a fall in renal vascular resistance that may be mediated by vasoactive substances. We examined differences in the regulation of one such substance, PGE2. The present studies examined renal cortical (C) and medullary (M) PG syn and PG deg in neonatal rats (N) aged 17 days (30.7g), young rats (Y) 33 days (101g), and adult rats (A) 120 days (413g). PGE2 syn from 14C-arachidonic acid was determined in C and M microsomes by thin layer chromatography (TLC). PGE2 degradation was determined by following the disappearance of 3H-PGE2 substrate in cytosolic fractions of C and M by TLC. Mean values (±1SE) for PG syn (% arachidonate conversion)and PG deg (% PGE2 disappearance) are shown below: * = p<0.05, N vs Y; † = p<0.05, Y vs A; ψ = p<0.05, A vs N; (n) = number of animals.
Commentary on Tikellis Et Al: There Is More to Discover About Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

Irvine H. Page used to say that the regular occurrence of constant amounts of a substance in the body is seldom without purpose and that organisms exhibit an inner economy and prudence by using one substance for several functions. Almost 50 years later, we are now challenged again to decipher just how complicated and how physiologically relevant are newly discovered biochemical pathways contributing to the formation of biologically active forms of angiotensin peptides. The need to revisit the role of angiotensin-forming enzymes was stimulated by the finding of a new gene encoding a protein having highest homology to the testes-specific isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).1,2 In 1991, we first suggested3 that angiotensin II (Ang II) should be viewed as one but not the sole principal product of the renin-angiotensin system. The proposal was based on the characterization of biological actions of the heptapeptide angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] and its forming enzymes. There was reluctance to accept this concept in part because the potential role of Ang-(1–7) in cardiovascular regulation was still at an embryonic stage, there was little evidence that Ang II could act at more than one receptor, and a full characterization of other enzymic pathways for angiotensin peptide formation had not been achieved yet. The situation is quite different today; a growing body of literature now implicates Ang-(1–7)3–7 and angiotensin IV (Ang-3–8)8 as components of the system, and additional work has identified chymase, prolyl endopeptidase 24.26, neutral endopeptidase 24.11, metalloendopeptidase 24.15,9 and …
Temporal integration of interactive technology in dance: creative process impacts

Interdisciplinary projects bridging technology and the arts face challenges across many dimensions. In this paper, we reflect on the issue of temporal constraints on integrations of interactive technology within dance production. We describe lessons learned and illustrate practical impacts on stakeholders, creative process and outcomes from over three years of experience in developing dance productions at our university. Specifically, we reflect on perceptions of how the timing of the technology integrations impacted the creativity of the stakeholders involved. We separate results that are idiosyncratic to our project and highlight those that we expect are more generally applicable to other art and technology projects. Finally, we provide a set of temporal integration considerations that others can use to assess when it is best to integrate technology into an arts project.
The integration of rule systems and database systems

The integration of rule systems into database management systems is explored. Research activities in this area over the past decade are surveyed. The focus is on prototype systems that have been completely specified and the implementation issues encountered. A research agenda which should be addressed by the research community over the next few years is presented. >