cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of azide and oligomycin on the transport of calcium ions in corn mitochondria.

INHIBITION of respiration by azide has been known for many years. It is now generally considered that azide not only inhibits electron transfer through the cytochrome chain, presumably by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase1,2, but that it also inhibits one of the associated reactions involved in the production of ATP (refs. 3 and 4), The reactions of phosphorylation seem to be more sensitive to azide than the electron transfer reactions because smaller concentrations of azide are required to inhibit oxygen uptake in the presence of ADP and inorganic phosphate than in their absence5,6, that is, state 3 respiration is more sensitive to azide than state 4 respiration.
E. Coli RecBC Helicase Actively Translocates on Both Strands during DNA Unwinding

E. coli RecBCD is a bipolar DNA helicase consisting of two superfamily-1 motor subunits: RecB (3’ to 5’ directionality) and RecD (5’ to 3’ directionality). Although these subunits have opposite translocation polarities, they function in unison and unwind duplex DNA in the same net direction by acting on opposite ends of the nucleic acid. We have investigated previously the mechanism of initiation of DNA unwinding by the single motor RecBC helicase, which lacks the RecD motor subunit. In order to understand the relationship between single stranded (ss) DNA translocation and DNA unwinding, we compared the ssDNA translocation mechanisms of the RecB monomer and the RecBC heterodimer using stopped-flow fluorescence approaches. The RecB monomer translocates 3’ to 5’ along the linear ssDNA lattice with a macroscopic rate of 803 ± 13 nt/sec. This is about two times faster than the rate determined previously for RecBC unwinding (mkobs = 348 ± 5 bp/sec). RecBC can also translocate on ssDNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction with a similar rate (mkt = 920 ± 6 nt/sec). Remarkably, we also find that RecBC is able to translocate along ssDNA with the opposite directionality (5’ to 3’). These results suggest an allosteric communication between the RecB motor domain and another region of the RecBC enzyme that allows RecBC to actively translocate along both DNA strands during DNA unwinding, without the aid of the RecD subunit. (supported by NIH GM045948).
Characterization of nonbiological antimicrobial polymers in aqueous solution and at water-lipid interfaces from all-atom molecular dynamics.

We have applied molecular dynamics to investigate the structural properties and activity of recently synthesized amphiphilic polymethacrylate derivatives, designed to mimic the antimicrobial activity of natural peptides. The composition, molecular weight, and hydrophobicity (ratio of hydrophobic and cationic units) of these short copolymers can be modulated to achieve structural diversity, which is crucial in controlling the antimicrobial activity. We have carried out all-atom molecular dynamics to systematically investigate the conformations adopted by these copolymers in water and at the water−lipid interface as a function of sequence and the chemical nature of the monomers. For two sequences, we observe partial insertion into the bilayer. Formation of strong interactions between the lipid headgroups and the amine groups of the polymers assists in the initial association with the lipids. However, the primary driving force for the observed partial insertion appears to be the hydrophobic effect. Our resul...
Presumed Influence of Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Prescription Drug Advertising on Patients: The Physician's Perspective

This study explored the influence of the presumed influence model in the context of DTC (direct-to-consumer) advertising. A survey of 404 physicians studied presumed effects of DTC advertising on patients and whether the presumed effects influenced physicians' support for regulation and response to patient requests. Results partially supported the proposed model. Physicians perceived the highest degree of DTC advertising influence on patients' inquiries with their doctors and requests for advertised drugs and the lowest degree for beneficial influence of DTC ads. Physicians tend to support government regulation of DTC advertising, and their support is consistent across different demographic and perceptual variables. While physicians' responses to patients' requests for an advertised drug is mixed, greater presumed detrimental effects predicted refusal of patient requests, even after controlling for physicians' demographic and attitudinal characteristics. However, acceptance of patients' requests and recom...
Length and sequence heterogeneity of the histone gene repeat unit of the sea urchin, S. purpuratus

Abstract Histone gene repeats in S. purpuratus are shown to be of variable length and sequence. Two recombinant plasmids containing the full-length 6.3 kb histone repeat unit are found to differ in length at two sites in the repeating structure and in the occurrence of two restriction enzyme recognition sites. Variation in repeat length is also demonstrated in the unfractionated DNA of five sea urchins and in a sample of DNA enriched for histone gene sequences by density gradient methods. The repeats in each individual are of a very limited number of major classes, which may differ from one another in overall length or in distribution and presence of particular restriction enzyme sites. Variations are found to occur at many regions of the repeat; some have been mapped specifically to spacer regions. Repeats may differ dramatically from individual to individual since there is no one type of repeat class common to all, although the absolute length differences of the repeats that are found are small.
Finding nuggets in documents: A machine learning approach

Document keyphrases provide a concise summary of a document's content, offering semantic metadata summarizing a document. They can be used in many applications related to knowledge management and text mining, such as automatic text summarization, development of search engines, document clustering, document classification, thesaurus construction, and browsing interfaces. Because only a small portion of documents have keyphrases assigned by authors, and it is time-consuming and costly to manually assign keyphrases to documents, it is necessary to develop an algorithm to automatically generate keyphrases for documents. This paper describes a Keyphrase Identification Program (KIP), which extracts document keyphrases by using prior positive samples of human identified phrases to assign weights to the candidate keyphrases. The logic of our algorithm is: The more keywords a candidate keyphrase contains and the more significant these keywords are, the more likely this candidate phrase is a keyphrase. KIP's learning function can enrich the glossary database by automatically adding new identified keyphrases to the database. KIP's personalization feature will let the user build a glossary database specifically suitable for the area of hissher interest. The evaluation results show that KIP's performance is better than the systems we compared to and that the learning function is effective. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A system model for assessing scalar dissipation measurement accuracy in turbulent flows

A system model is developed to investigate independent and coupled effects of resolution, noise and data processing algorithms on the accuracy of the scalar gradient and dissipation measurements in turbulent flows. Finite resolution effects are simulated by spectral filtering, noise is modelled as an additive source in the model spectrum and differencing stencils are analysed as digital filters. In the current study, the effective resolution is proposed to be a proper criterion for quantifying the resolution requirement for scalar gradient and dissipation measurement. Both effective resolution and noise-induced apparent dissipation are mainly determined by the system transfer function. The finite resolution results, based upon a model scalar energy spectrum, are shown to agree with non-reacting experimental data. The coupled resolution-noise results show three regions in the mean scalar dissipation rate measurement: noise-dominated region, noise-resolution correlated region and resolution-dominated region. Different noise levels lead to different resolution error curves for the measured mean scalar dissipation rate. Experimental procedures and guidelines to improve the scalar gradient and dissipation experiments are proposed, based on these model study results. The proposed system approach can also be applied to other derived quantities involving complex transfer functions.
Osmium isotopes and crustal sources for platinum-group mineralization in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

The Bushveld Complex in South Africa is the largest layered mafic intrusion in the world and a major producer of platinum-group elements (PGEs). Economic mineralization is found in the Merensky Reef and the UG2 and UG1 chromitites and includes osmium-bearing laurite (Ru, Ir, Os)S 2 . The laurite-bearing samples have 187 Os/ 186 Os ratios of 1.28-1.60, which are more radiogenic than predicted for mantle-derived, 2.0 Ga Os (∼0.9) and indicate a system-wide assimilation of crustal Os. The UG1 chromitite is stratigraphically the lowest and the least radiogenic (1.28), whereas the Merensky Reef is the highest and most radiogenic (1.41-1.60; Hart and Kinloch, 1989). Radiogenic Os from crustal assimilation in mantle-derived magmas or from hydrothermal fluids can account for these high isotopic ratios. Assimilation models require that Os, and by inference other PGEs, are carried in Al-rich tholeiitic (A) magmas rather than high-Mg ultramafic (U) magmas. Pyritic black shales in contact with the intrusion may be high in radiogenic Os, and less than 1% shale assimilation in an A magma can explain the observed ratios. Late-stage hydrothermal fluids driven by the heat of the intrusion could also have carried Os and other PGEs from adjacent rocks into specific layers of the Bushveld. The Os-isotope data add to mounting evidence that PGEs in layered mafic intrusions may be derived from crustal sources and can no longer be considered as solely a product of mantle-derived magmatic processes.
A Teacher's Guide to Assessment Concepts and Statistics

The concept of teacher accountability assumes teachers will use data-driven decision making to plan and deliver appropriate and effective instruction to their students. In order to do so, teachers must be able to accurately interpret the data that is given to them, and that requires the knowledge of some basic concepts of assessment and statistics. This article will provide the classroom teacher with the basic vocabulary of assessment and clear descriptions of these concepts to facilitate their use of assessment data to develop effective instruction.
A Solar Information Center on the Web

Abstract The Solar Information Center (SIC), under development at Stanford University, provides a Web entry point to a range of services specific to the Solar Physics research community. A key design goal is to allow its databases to be filled and maintained by users with a minimum of central management. The SIC provides four basic information services: SolarData, SolarMail, SolarNews, and a Bulletin Board. SolarData, designated as the Solar Physics discipline node for the NASA Space Physics Data System, is a community-based active catalogue for solar data archives. Institutions and individuals are free to register any publicly accessible data holdings, and users are provided with a quick query service to locate data of interest from among the registered sets. SolarMail is a widely-used electronic mail forwarding service and personal information database for Solar Physics, and the SIC allows users to interactively open and maintain accounts and to query the database. SolarNews is an electronic newsletter for the Solar community produced in cooperation with the Solar Physics Division of the American Astronomical Society. It is distributed through SolarMail and the SIC maintains an on-line archive. Non-archival announcements can be posted freely to a community Bulletin Board on the SIC.
Prevention and Treatment of Life-Threatening Pediatric Emergencies Requiring Anesthesia

IFE-THREATENING emergencies in children are among the most feared of the uncertainties of clinical anesthesiology. Children consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide at ferociously higher rates for their weight than adults. They also have smaller functional residual capacities, a closing capacity that resides within a tidal breath and chest wall anatomy that is more costly in terms of the energy used for the work of breathing. Children present challenges for blood volume maintenance, defense against hypothermia, vascular and airway access, and availability of correct equipment. Against this backdrop, it is difficult to know which situations to select as typically life-threatening. Trauma, the leading cause of mortality in children, is handled in a manner identical to that in adults, with attention to the "A, B, Cs" of resuscitation. Allergic reactions will be covered in an article by Levy elsewhere in this issue (see pp 93-98) and are approached similarly in children and adults. We review several categories of pediatric anesthesia emergencies, and present specific examples to illustrate real and potential problems, fundamental principles, and reasonable solutions.
Tracer coupling patterns of the ganglion cell subtypes in the mouse retina.

It is now clear that electrical coupling via gap junctions isprevalent across the retina, expressed by each of the fivemain neuronal types. With the introduction of mutants inwhich selective gap junction connexins are deleted, themouse has recently become an important model for studyingthe function of coupling between retinal neurons. In thisstudy we examined the tracer-coupling pattern of ganglioncells by injecting them with the gap junction-permanenttracer Neurobiotin to provide, for the first time, a comprehensivesurvey of ganglion cell coupling in the wildtypemouse retina. Murine ganglion cells were differentiated into22 morphologically distinct subtypes based on somadendriticparameters. Most (16/22) ganglion cell subtypes were tracer-coupled to neighboring ganglion and/or amacrinecells. The amacrine cells coupled to ganglion cellsdisplayed either polyaxonal or wide-field morphologies withextensive arbors. We found that different subtypes of ganglioncells were never coupled to one another, indicatingthat they subserved independent electrical networks. Finally, we found that the tracer-coupling patterns of the 22ganglion cell populations were largely stereotypic acrossthe 71 retinas studied. Our results indicate that electricalcoupling is extensive in the inner retina of the mouse, suggestingthat gap junctions play essential roles in visual information processing.
Development and pilot feasibility study of a health information technology tool to calculate mortality risk for patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis: the Carotid Risk Assessment Tool (CARAT)

Patients with no history of stroke but with stenosis of the carotid arteries can reduce the risk of future stroke with surgery or stenting. At present, a physicians’ ability to recommend optimal treatments based on an individual’s risk profile requires estimating the likelihood that a patient will have a poor peri-operative outcomes and the likelihood that the patient will survive long enough to gain benefit from the procedure. We describe the development of the CArotid Risk Assessment Tool (CARAT) into a 2-year mortality risk calculator within the electronic medical record, integrating the tool into the clinical workflow, training the clinical team to use the tool, and assessing the feasibility and acceptability of the tool in one clinic setting.
Photon-induced electron capture

De R\'ujula has noted that if $K$ or $L$ capture is kinematically forbidden, enhancement of internal bremsstrahlung electron capture (IBEC) can occur. This enhancement may make IBEC useful in measurements of the neutrino mass. It is shown that a similar enhancement occurs for photon-induced electron capture. The cross section for the most promising case, $^{163}\mathrm{Ho}$, is calculated. Unfortunately, one finds that the cross section is too small to be of use.
Tiered incentives for integrity based queuing

We propose an tiered incentive system called Integrity-Based Queuing (IBQ) for protection against Internet Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. Our proposal can be implemented step-by-step where each integrity improvement brings a direct benefit to the autonomous system making it. IBQ proposes preferential queuing based on integrity: good, bad and middle. Since implementation can rarely be complete or network-wide we provide incremental benefit by prioritizing service for domains with better integrity. We have provided a basic analysis to relate performance to measurable integrity of the client. We have designed the architecture for authentication, queuing and defense. We have tested IBQ for applications with real-time requirements and show how performance improves with higher assurance.
Delay versus deviance in the language acquisition of language-impaired children

To investigate the issue of delay versus deviance in the language acquisition of language-impaired (LI) children, the order of acquisition of a set of linguistic structures and the relationship obt...
Semantic relations between encoding and retrieval in cued recall.

Two experiments were conducted to test the encoding-specificity hypothesis. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented pairs of coordinates to study, followed by a cued-recall test. Semantically weak and strong coordinates (defined by the degree of featural overlap shared with the pairs) served as encoding and retrieval cues. The semantic strength of the retrieval cue proved to be the most important factor in recall, whereas the re-presentation of an unrelated cue previously seen during encoding led to no facilitation of recall. In Experiment 2, three noun coordinates of varied semantic interrelatedness were presented for study and then were cued for recall by novel semantically strong or weak coordinates. Maximum recall was achieved when a strong encoding condition was matched with a strong retrieval cue. Implications of these findings for an encoding-specificity hypothesis were discussed.
Integrated multi-sensor package (IMSP) for unmanned vehicle operations

This paper describes recent efforts to develop integrated multi-sensor payloads for small robotic platforms for improved operator situational awareness and ultimately for greater robot autonomy. The focus is on enhancements to perception through integration of electro-optic, acoustic, and other sensors for navigation and inspection. The goals are to provide easier control and operation of the robot through fusion of multiple sensor outputs, to improve interoperability of the sensor payload package across multiple platforms through the use of open standards and architectures, and to reduce integration costs by embedded sensor data processing and fusion within the sensor payload package. The solutions investigated in this project to be discussed include: improved capture, processing and display of sensor data from multiple, non-commensurate sensors; an extensible architecture to support plug and play of integrated sensor packages; built-in health, power and system status monitoring using embedded diagnostics/prognostics; sensor payload integration into standard product forms for optimized size, weight and power; and the use of the open Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems (JAUS)/ Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AS-4 interoperability standard. This project is in its first of three years. This paper will discuss the applicability of each of the solutions in terms of its projected impact to reducing operational time for the robot and teleoperator.
Glucose deprivation results in the induction of glucose-regulated proteins and domes in MDCK monolayers in hormonally defined serum-free medium.

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells spontaneously form dome-like structures in vitro, a phenomenon which has been proposed to be indicative of cellular differentiation. This study indicates the existence of a correlation between the induction of domes and of glucose-regulated proteins during glucose starvation. When MDCK monolayers were glucose deprived, domes appeared very rapidly. After only 3 h of glucose deprivation domes appeared in 69% of the microscope fields. The level of expression of glucose-regulated proteins (grps) as well as domes was examined over a 6-h time interval of glucose deprivation. Both grp 76 and 97 were induced over this time interval, with grp 76 being the more readily detectable. The level of induction of grp 76 as a function of time was quantitated by means of densitometry measurements. The induction of domes was examined in parallel with the induction of grp 76. The results indicated that the induction of grp 76 and domes occurs with a similar time course. The effect of glucose deprivation on the initial rate of ouabain-sensitive Rb+ uptake was also examined. Within the first 4 h of glucose deprivation, the initial rate of ouabain-sensitive Rb+ uptake did not differ significantly in glucose-deprived and control MDCK monolayers. These observations indicate that unlike the case with other methods of dome induction (e.g., treatment with either prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or hexamethylene bis-acetamide (HMBA)) glucose deprivation does not affect the Na+K+ ATPase activity of MDCK monolayers. These observations suggest that PGE1, HMBA, and glucose deprivation affect dome formation in MDCK monolayers by means of distinct mechanisms.
Sources and remediation for mercury contamination in aquatic systems: a literature review

Sources of mercury contamination in aquatic systems were studied in a comprehensive literature review. The results show that the most important anthropogenic sources of mercury pollution in aquatic systems are: (1) atmospheric deposition, (2) erosion, (3) urban discharges, (4) agricultural materials, (5) mining, and (6) combustion and industrial discharges. Capping and dredging are two possible remedial approaches to mercury contamination in aquatic systems, and natural attenuation is a passive decontamination alternative. Capping seems to be an economical and effective remedial approach to mercury-contaminated aquatic systems. Dredging is an expensive remedial approach. However, for heavily polluted systems, dredging may be more effective. Natural attenuation, involving little or no cost, is a possible and very economical choice for less contaminated sites. Proper risk assessment is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of remedial and passive decontamination methods as well as their potential adverse environmental effects. Modeling tools have a bright future in the remediation and passive decontamination of mercury contamination in aquatic systems. Existing mercury transport and transformation models were reviewed and compared.
The determination of Holland types characterizing occupational groups

Abstract Holland types characterizing 34 occupational groups (N = 717) tested in a series of 6 studies by Walsh et al. are reported for Self-Directed Search (SDS) standard scores. Results are compared with the Holland types obtained by Walsh et al. with raw scores, the usual SDS reporting procedure. Appropriate high-point codes (Holland types) were obtained for 9 of the 20 female occupational groups (45%) when raw scores were used and 13 of 20 groups (65%) when standard scores were used. Results for males were less discrepant. Other studies comparing raw-score and standard-score reports for Holland types are reviewed. The results of the present study, together with the results of previous studies, imply that SDS standard scores are more accurate than raw scores in describing the Holland types of occupational groups. Since group results are based on the results of individuals, the implication also applies to the SDS scores for individuals.
All‐trans retinoic acid induces p62DOK1 and p56DOK2 expression which enhances induced differentiation and G0 arrest of HL‐60 leukemia cells

p62 DOK1 (DOK1) and p56 DOK2 (DOK2) are sequence homologs that act as docking proteins downstream of receptor or nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Originally identified in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells as a highly phosphorylated substrate for the chimeric p210 bcr-abl protein, DOK1 was suspected to play a role in leukemogenesis. However, p62 DOK1� /� fibroblast knockout cells were found to have enhanced MAPK signaling and proliferation due to growth factors, suggesting negative regulatory capabilities for DOK1. The role of DOK1 and DOK2 in leukemogeneis thus is enigmatic. The data in this report show that both the DOK1 and the DOK2 adaptor proteins are constitutively expressed in the myelomonoblastic leukemia cell line, HL-60, and that expression of both proteins is induced by the chemotherapeutic differentiation causing agents, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3). Ectopic expression of either protein enhances atRA- or VD3-induced growth arrest, differentiation, and G 0/G1 cell cycle arrest and results in increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. DOK1 and DOK2 are similarly effective in these capabilities. The data provide evidence that DOK1 and DOK2 proteins have a similar role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation and are positive regulators of the MAPK signaling pathway in this context. Am. J. Hematol. 81:603– 615, 2006. V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Man-machine interaction in the 21st century--new paradigms through dynamic scene analysis and synthesis (Keynote Speech)

The past twenty years have witnessed a revolution in the use of computers in virtually every facet of society. While this revolution has been largely fueled by dramatic technological advances, the efficient application of this technology has been made possible through advances in the paradigms defining the way users interact with computers. Today's massive computational power would probably have limited sociological impact is users still communicated with computers via the binary machine language codes used in the 1950's. Instead, this primitive paradigm was replaced by keyboards and ASCII character displays in the 1970's, and the 'mouse' and multiple-window bit-mapped displays in the 1980's. As continuing technological advances make even larger computational power available in the future, advanced paradigms for man-machine interaction will be required to allow this power to be used efficiently in a wide range of applications. Looking ahead into the 21st century, we see paradigms supporting radically new ways of interacting with computers. Ideally, we would like these interactions to mimic the ways we interact with objects and people in the physical world, and, to achieve this goal, we believe that it is essential to consider the exchange of video data into and out of the computer. Paradigms based on visual interactions represent a radical departure from existing paradigms, because they allow the computer to actively seek out information from the user via dynamic scene analysis. For example, the computer might enlarge the display when it detects that the user if squinting, or it might reorient a three- dimensional object on the screen in response to detected hand motions. This contrasts with current paradigms in which the computer relies on passive switching devices (keyboard, mouse, buttons, etc.) to receive information. Feedback will be provided to the user via dynamic scene synthesis, employing stereoscopic three-dimensional display systems. To exploit the synergism between analysis and synthesis, we will need common data representation used by both. To illustrate, we give some typical scenarios which could be made possible by these new paradigms.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Population structure, races, and host range of Aphanomyces euteiches from alfalfa production fields in the central USA

Aphanomyces euteiches (races 1 and 2) causes root rot of alfalfa; however, its population biology and distribution are poorly understood where alfalfa is a major crop. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterise the distribution and frequency of races of A. euteiches in Illinois alfalfa fields, (2) determine host range of A. euteiches on cultivated and native legumes, and (iii) to describe genetic diversity and population genetic structure of A. euteiches in alfalfa fields. To accomplish this, soil samples (n = 103) were collected from 30 alfalfa fields in 18 Illinois counties. Using the susceptible cv. ‘Saranac’, 148 isolates of A. euteiches were baited from the soil. The virulence phenotype of isolates representing all 18 counties was tested, and 54% were R1 and 46% were R2. Both races were detected in 61% of the counties, whereas only R1 was detected in 22% and R2 in 17%. Thirteen legume hosts for isolates from alfalfa fields were identified based on symptoms and/or production of oospores in roots. In addition to six previously known hosts, seven species were susceptible to infection: kura clover, purple prairie clover, white prairie clover, ladino clover, hairy vetch, Canadian milk vetch, and Illinois tick trefoil. AFLP analysis revealed high levels of genetic diversity among the isolates from different fields and counties and a lack of genetic structuring of populations based on race or geographical origin. The results suggest that populations of A. euteiches in alfalfa fields are diverse, often composed of races 1 and 2, and create risk for alfalfa and to multiple cultivated and native legume species.
Single- and dual-band collection toluene PLIF thermometry in supersonic flows

Toluene PLIF has been applied to image temperature in supersonic flowfields containing shock waves. Single- and dual-camera imaging schemes with a single excitation wavelength (266 nm) are presented, and the dual-camera scheme is optimized for imaging temperature from 300 to 900 K. The single-camera technique is implemented to verify the diagnostic and image temperature in uniform pressure, uniformly seeded flowfields; calibration is done using the signal ratio measured across an oblique shock wave of known Mach number. The dual-camera technique utilizes the redshift of toluene fluorescence with increasing temperature for temperature imaging in non-uniform pressure and temperature flowfields. Both single- and dual-camera techniques are verified and demonstrated by imaging the flow behind normal shock waves and oblique shock waves, and the dual-camera technique is further extended to image temperature in the non-uniform pressure and temperature field behind a bow shock. Good agreement is observed between the measured and expected temperature distributions calculated from ideal shock relations or CFD solutions. The accuracy of each technique is also evaluated; for dual-camera thermometry, SNR in temperature ranging from 25 at 300 K to 15 at 900 K is observed in single-shot temperature images.
Estimating the income, price, and interest elasticities of housing demand☆

Abstract There are many references in the housing market literature that suggest that the housing market contains characteristics of both stock and flows. However, most studies focus on either the stock or the flow aspect and ignore the simultaneous nature of the stock/flow concept. In this paper, the dual aspect of the housing market is formally incorporated using a stock/flow equilibrium model. The income, price, and interest elasticities are then estimated under the condition that both the flow excess demand and the market excess demand are zero.
Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the fox.

The ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the fox was examined and compared with that of other mammals. The pineal gland of the fox is composed of two different populations of pinealocytes (I and II). The pinealocytes I were distributed homogeneously throughout the parenchyma, while pinealocytes II were located generally near blood vessels. A Golgi apparatus, granular endo-plasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, and cilia were present in both cell populations. A characteristic feature of pinealocytes I was the presence of dense-core vesicles, presumably of Golgi origin; whereas glycogen deposits and pigment granules were common features of pinealocytes II. In addition to the pinealocytes, the parenchyma contained fibrous astrocytes. The capillaries of the pineal gland of the fox consisted of a nonfenestrated endothelium. Numerous nerve fibers, presumably adrenergic, were observed throughout the parenchyma.
Communication About Symptoms in Primary Care: Impact on Patient Outcomes

Background and purpose: Good communication is an integral part of a healing relationship. Our study's purpose was to explore the relationship between patient-doctor communication about physical symptoms and patient outcomes Methods: Five hundred (500) consecutive adults presenting with physical symptoms were surveyed. Previsit surveys assessed for patient symptom characteristics, illness worry, stress, expectations, functional status (MOS SF-6), and mental disorders (PRIME-MD). Immediately postvisit, patients were asked about their satisfaction (Rand-9), the presence of unmet expectations, and what the clinicians did for them; clinicians were asked what they did for the patients and also completed a 10-item measure of how difficult the encounter was from their perspective (DDPRQ). At 2 weeks, patient surveys assessed symptom outcome, functional status (MOS SF6), and satisfaction. Results: There was a high degree of agreement between clinician and patient reports about concrete actions during the encounter...
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma outcome prediction by gene-expression profiling and supervised machine learning

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common lymphoid malignancy in adults, is curable in less than 50% of patients. Prognostic models based on pre-treatment characteristics, such as the International Prognostic Index (IPI), are currently used to predict outcome in DLBCL. However, clinical outcome models identify neither the molecular basis of clinical heterogeneity, nor specific therapeutic targets. We analyzed the expression of 6,817 genes in diagnostic tumor specimens from DLBCL patients who received cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy, and applied a supervised learning prediction method to identify cured versus fatal or refractory disease. The algorithm classified two categories of pa- tients with very different five-year overall survival rates (70% versus 12%). The model also ef- fectively delineated patients within specific IPI risk categories who were likely to be cured or to die of their disease. Genes implicated in DLBCL outcome included some that regulate responses to B-cell-receptor signaling, critical serine/threonine phosphorylation pathways and apoptosis. Our data indicate that supervised learning classification techniques can predict outcome in DLBCL and identify rational targets for intervention. © 2002 Nature Publishing Group http://medicine.nature.com
Classifying clouds around the globe with the CloudSat radar: 1-year of results

[1] CloudSat supports a 94 GHz cloud profiling radar as part of the innovative A-train formation of satellites studying the Earths clouds and atmosphere. Using the vertical profiles of clouds and precipitation, an algorithm has been developed to determine the type of clouds present. Because cloud type corresponds to specific cloud physical properties, this step is needed to apply other algorithms to derive quantitative cloud content and radiative data. This cloud type algorithm is applied to the initial 1-year of radar data to obtain the global distribution of various cloud types over the land and ocean. These initial results appear consistent with previous global cloud type distributions, but with some differences that provide insights into the limitations of CloudSat measurements.
Central or peripheral delivery of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist improves mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of painful diabetic neuropathy.

Abstract Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and a significant proportion of individuals suffer debilitating pain that significantly affects their quality of life. Unfortunately, symptomatic treatment options have limited efficacy, and often carry significant risk of systemic adverse effects. Activation of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) by the analgesic small molecule adenosine has been shown to have antinociceptive benefits in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The current study used a mouse model of painful diabetic neuropathy to determine the effect of diabetes on endogenous adenosine production, and if central or peripheral delivery of adenosine receptor agonists could alleviate signs of mechanical allodynia in diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced using streptozocin in male A/J mice. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds were measured weekly to characterize neuropathy phenotype. Hydrolysis of AMP into adenosine by ectonucleotidases was determined in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord at 8 weeks post-induction of diabetes. AMP, adenosine and the specific A1R agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), were administered both centrally (intrathecal) and peripherally (intraplantar) to determine the effect of activation of adenosine receptors on mechanical allodynia in diabetic mice. Eight weeks post-induction, diabetic mice displayed significantly decreased hydrolysis of extracellular AMP in the DRG; at this same time, diabetic mice displayed significantly decreased mechanical withdrawal thresholds compared to nondiabetic controls. Central delivery AMP, adenosine and CPA significantly improved mechanical withdrawal thresholds in diabetic mice. Surprisingly, peripheral delivery of CPA also improved mechanical allodynia in diabetic mice. This study provides new evidence that diabetes significantly affects endogenous AMP hydrolysis, suggesting that altered adenosine production could contribute to the development of painful diabetic neuropathy. Moreover, central and peripheral activation of A1R significantly improved mechanical sensitivity, warranting further investigation into this important antinociceptive pathway as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.
Hepatomas in young women on oral contraceptives: report of two cases and review of the literature.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in 2 women who had ingested oral contraceptives (OCs) for a long period of time. 1 of the patients had hepatoma restricted to the liver and it was successfully resected. The other patient presented with metastatic HCC to the sacrum and lung and she died after an initial response to chemotherapy over a 12-month period. Review of the literature showed 23 previously reported cases of HCC associated with pill use since 1973. Although the reported instances of HCC in OC users are few in number the majority of affected females were in their 20s and early 30s without any preexisting liver disease. Even though the risk of developing HCC on OCs is low this association adds to the list of complications induced by OCs in premenopausal women. 2 cases are reported and the literature reviewed. (authors)
Spectral Analysis of the Middle Triassic Latemar Limestone

ABSTRACT The Middle Triassic Latemar Limestone in the Dolomites region, northern Italy, consists of hundreds of vertically stacked, meter scale, platform carbonate cycles. Each cycle is composed of a shallow marine subtidal carbonate unit with a thin (centimeter scale) vadose diagenetic dolomite cap. These "Latemar couplets" are the products of repeated episodes of submergence/emergence with durations estimated at 20,000 yr. The couplets are arranged in upward thinning bundles of five, indicating the presence of a 100,000 year modulating component. We examined this high frequency cycling in the platform buildup using a variety of classical and advanced spectral analysis techniques. We found si nificant evidence for the presence of a Milankovitch forcing signal in this cycling. We also present evidence that the adjacent coeval basinal facies, the Livinallongo Formation, exhibits a similar bundling pattern in its cm-scale hemipelagic carbonate/shale alternations. We conclude that Milankovitch-forced, small amplitude sea-level oscillations were the most likely cause of these Middle Triassic carbonate rhythms.
Implementation of a Journal Peer Reviewer Stratification System Based on Quality and Reliability

Study objective Before starting this study, Annals of Emergency Medicine had a large and unwieldy reviewer pool that demonstrated substantial variability in quality and reliability. We hypothesize that a tiered reviewer stratification system might enable our journal editors to target the bulk of their review invitations to our better reviewers and thus improve our efficiency. Methods In 2003, we instituted a 3-tiered hierarchic classification for our reviewers and stratified them within these categories according to predefined criteria for reviewer quality and reliability. Our approximately 50 editors then targeted the bulk of their review invitations to the top performance tier. Results Comparing 2009 data with 2002 (the year before the system), we found fewer late reviews (13% versus 32%) and fewer reviewers not used in a given year (28% versus 59%). More top-tier reviewer invitations led to an on-time review (48% versus 37%) in 2009 compared with 2002. Editors have found the system to be simple and easy to use. No serious problems have been identified. Conclusion Implementation of a tiered system stratifying journal peer reviewers by quality and reliability was readily accomplished by Annals and has appeared to improve the efficiency of our peer review.
On the coupling of phonons to magnetic states

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of the thermal conductivity of MnCl 2 -4H 2 O reveals strong magnon-phonon coupling at temperatures well below the Neel temperature, but very weak spin-phonon coupling above this temperature. It appears that modulation of the exchange interaction is responsible for the strong coupling and this mechanism is absent above the transition temperature. Thus coupling of phonons to magnetic states of ordered and disordered magnetic systems differ qualitatively.
Long-term work stress.

Abstract Based on comprehensive examination of more than 2,000 patients during an 18-year period, often in regard to disability claims or lawsuits, the author discusses the manifestations and sources of work stress within and outside of the job environment. The health professional or psychiatric counselor can assist patients who suffer from long-term work stress by helping them clarify their options and by elucidating associated factors that may be intensifying the stress, such as personality traits or family problems.
Vitamin D requirements of children: “all my life's a circle”

The importance of vitamin D for ensuring the health of children has long been understood. Over time, however, dietary recommendations for vitamin D intake have varied, with some eras seeing higher levels recommended and some lower. Remarkably, the current recommendations from the Institute of Medicine are not much different from those released with the first edition of the recommended dietary allowances in 1941. The present review examines the evolution of vitamin D recommendations over time and considers the differences and potential consequences related to the various recommendations in effect today. In considering strategies to evaluate the vitamin D status of children and efforts to assure its adequacy, individual caregivers and policy makers need to consider carefully the costs and potential risks of different screening strategies involving blood testing in children and of supplementation. More data on the long-term risks and benefits are needed before widespread screening or supplementation can be advocated.
Discovering novel biomedical relations using ASKNet semantic networks

One of the greatest challenges facing the biomedical community at the moment is information overload. It is simply not feasible for researchers to read and absorb the sheer quantity of information available. For this reason, many important relationships are going undiscovered. This paper details the ASKNet project, and explains how it could be used to develop a tool that would allow biomedical researchers to firstly identify relationships of interest between entities such as proteins and genes, and secondly to automatically decide which of these relationships is genuinely novel in nature. In essence, ASKNet is capable of being the first fully autonomous system to produce genuine scientific discoveries.
Use of flow cell reactors to quantify biofilm formation kinetics

A parallel plate flow cell reactor is introduced and used to evaluate cell adhesion and biofilm formation kinetics for four different bacterial strains of the species,E. coli. The reactor allows biofilm growth under defined, well-controlled fluid dynamics while providing continuous observations and direct sampling of biofilm for biological, chemical and physical analyses as well as immunofluorescent labeling.
Murine B-Cell Subsets Defined by CD23

Abstract The B-cell compartment is composed of a complex mixture of distinct subsets. Three anatomic sites that are particularly rich in B-cell subpopulations are the bone marrow, spleen, and peritoneal cavity. Our laboratory has found CD23, the low-affinity lgE Fc receptor (FcϵRII), to be of value in discriminating a number of murine B-cell subsets, especially when used in combination with other B-cell markers. In the bone marrow, the site of maturation, the presence of CD23 specifically delineates mature recirculating B cells, whereas its absence denotes the maturing B-cell populations. In the spleen, CD23 is constitutively expressed on the follicular or mantle B cells and is absent on the marginal zone and immature B cells. These latter two populations can be distinguished by differing levels of the heat stable antigen (HSA). In the peritoneal cavity, B2 (conventional) B cells display the CD23 antigen whereas the B1 (CD5+/sister) subset does not. Additional studies examining the expression of CD43 (leukosialin) have found this antigen to serve as a reciprocal marker to CD23 in many cases. In the bone marrow, a pan anti-CD43 antibody detects those B cells that are CD23 negative, and in the spleen and peritoneal cavity, the majority of CD23 negative B 1 cells are CD43 positive. Together, these studies demonstrate the utility of CD23, CD43, HSA, and other markers to discriminate between B-cell subsets and allow for more precise purification and analysis of these populations.
The Political Economy of Black Power

Black Power is a coherent ideology incorporating a philosophy, an ethic, a strategy for confrontation, and a view of the Negro as a man in relation to the broad contours of society. Giving force to the viability of the Black Power ideology are new urban conditions and a general discontent derived from the characteristics of American capitalism. Because the salvation of the black community is increasingly being viewed as existing outside the private market and outside the existing political routines, the Black Power movement may ultimately lead to the break-up or fundamental alteration of the Democratic Party. A complete solution to the Negro problem requires the Negro's control of the inner city and the launching of a vast program involving cultural, social, political, and economic development.