cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge transfer through chemisorbed organic molecules – Neutralization of ionization processes at local sites in the molecule

The charge transfer through chemisorbed molecules has been studied by using normally oriented pyridine and benzoate molecules, chemisorbed on the Cu(1 1 0) surface. They yield H + ions from the outer three C–H bond locations when ionized by electron impact. The local yield of these H + ions allows the determination of the rate of electron transport through the molecule from the
The mechanistic pathway of a mutant triosephosphate isomerase

The glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraJdehyde 3-phosphate, following the pathway iHustrated in SCHEME 1.1,2 From a variety of kinetic,3 stereochemical,4 and chemical modification studies,s.6 it is known that an enzymic base abstracts the I-pro-R proton of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to yield the cis-enediol (or enedioiate) intermediate. which then collapses as a proton is delivered to carbon-2 in the formation of D-glyceraJdehyde 3-phosphate. When stereospecificaHy labeled 1[(R)_3H] dihydroxyacetone phosphate is used as substrate, some 3% to 6% of the tritium label ends up at carbon 2 of the product D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This small but significant level of proton transfer from carbon-l to carbon-2 strongly suggests that there is a single base at the active site of the isomerase. The rate of exchange of the proton in B-H (SCHEME 1, at the enediol stage of the reaction) with the solvent is
Radioiron Excretion by the Skin and Kidney of Dogs

SummaryFollowing intravenous or oral administration of single doses of radioiron to dogs, little or no radioiron can be washed from the skin and hair, thus indicating that no significant amounts of iron are excreted through the skin in 1 to 7 days.
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer from a cylindrical filament in a vacuum

Abstract This theoretical analysis of simultaneous heat and mass transfer associated with the evaporation, degassing or fractionation of a laminar liquid jet in
Synthesis of Chlorotris(triphenylphoshine)rhodium(I) from trans-Chlorocarbonylbis (triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I)

Abstract Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), 1, was prepared in 73.4% yield by the treatment of trans-chlorocarbonylbis (triphenylphosphine)-rhodium(I), 2, with α-chlorotoluene followed by treatment with triphenylphosphine in refluxing ethanol.
Changes in the sedimentation characteristics of DNA due to methylmercuration.

Abstract The methylmercuric ion induced denaturation of DNA has been followed by determining the rate of sedimentation of native T7 DNA at neutral pH as a function of increasing CH 3HgOH concentration in solvents of varying ionic strength. The denaturation and subsequent complexing reaction of DNA by CH3Hg+ appears to proceed in two steps: at first, there is a highly cooperative transition of the DNA from the native to the denatured state as indicated by an abrupt increase of s by a factor of about 3. This is followed by a second sharp transition at higher CH3HgOH concentrations in which s increases additionally by a factor of 3 or more. The nature of this very rapidly sedimenting CH3Hg-DNA complex is unknown at present.
High turbulence liquid chromatography online extraction and tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and its two metabolites in human serum

A reliable and sensitive method incorporating high turbulence liquid chromatography (HTLC) online extraction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), for simultaneous determination of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and its two metabolites, SAHA-glucuronide (M1) and 4-anilino-4-oxobutanoic acid (M2), in human serum, has been developed to support clinical studies. The HTLC technology significantly reduces the time required for sample clean-up since sample extraction and analysis are performed online. Clinical samples, internal standards (IS) and buffer are transferred into 96-well plates using a robotic liquid handling system. A 20 microL aliquot of prepared sample is directly injected into the HTLC/LC-MS/MS system where the matrix is rapidly washed away to waste and the analytes are retained on the narrow-bore extraction column (0.5 x 50 mm), using an aqueous mobile phase at 1.5 mL/min. Analytes are then eluted from the extraction column and transferred to the analytical column using a gradient mobile phase prior to detection by MS/MS. Interference with determination of SAHA from in-source dissociation of M1 is eliminated by the chromatographic separation. The resolution of SAHA and M1 did not change for more than 1500 serum sample injections by applying an acid wash (15% acetic acid) on the extraction column. The linear calibration ranges for SAHA, M1, and M2 are 2-500, 5-2000, and 10-2000 ng/mL, respectively. Assay intraday validation was conducted using five calibration curves prepared in five lots of human control serum. The precision expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 6.8% and accuracy is 94.6-102.9% of nominal values for all three analytes. Assay specificity, freeze/thaw stability, storage stability, and matrix effects were also assessed.
Analysis of seasonal variation of birth defects in Atlanta

Background Compared with analyses of temporal trends, analyses of seasonal variations in the prevalence of birth defects have been more limited and have provided less consistent information. Possible reasons for this lack of consistency in findings include differences in populations, underlying factors, seasons or climates, and methods of ascertainment and analysis between studies. This study examines possible seasonal variation in the prevalence of selected birth defects in a defined study population using graphical displays and three statistical methods. Methods Cases were infants and fetal deaths in nine birth defect groups born to residents of mothers in five counties of metropolitan Atlanta during the period of 1978-2001 and ascertained by the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. These birth defect groups were anencephaly, spina bifida, total neural tube defects, cleft palate, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, anomalies of the pulmonary valve, anomalies of the aortic valve, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and congenital dislocation of the hip. We pooled monthly case counts and calculated monthly rates for each of these birth defect groups for five different birth periods: 1978-2001, 1978-1989, 1990-2001, 1990-1994, and 1995-2001. We applied the Cochran-Armitage test for trend to rule out homogeneity in pooled monthly rates. Data for each defect group were examined for possible seasonal (i.e., cyclical) variation overall and within the cited birth periods using the Hewitt-Rogerson test and the Walter-Elwood test. Results Graphical analyses of the pooled monthly rates showed no apparent seasonal patterns for any of the nine defect groups examined. Statistical tests for seasonality suggested possible seasonality for three defect groups: the Hewitt-Rogerson test was statistically significant for anencephaly (peak March-August, p = 0.048),while the Walter-Elwood test was significant for anomalies of the pulmonary valve (peak September, p = 0.02), and anomalies of the aortic valve (peak July, p = 0.039). With both methods, the results appeared to be influenced by the choice of time (i.e., birth) period. Results for anomalies of the pulmonary valve were statistically significant and more consistent with all tests in most of the time periods examined. Conclusions Graphical analyses and basic statistical tests for seasonality showed no consistent evidence of seasonality for any of the nine defect groups examined, except for anomalies of the pulmonary valve. The two basic statistical methods coupled by a trend test for exploring seasonal patterns of the prevalence of birth defects can be useful for preliminary analyses of possible seasonal patterns. However, these methods have some limitations: (1) an assumption of no strong temporal trend over the study years, and (2) the results can vary by time period chosen. For specific hypotheses regarding seasonality, a more robust analytical approach such as time-series analysis might be more appropriate.
A high resolution heat capacity measurement near the superfluid transition of the4He/Vycor system

Using a drift method with a constant heat input, we have measured the specific heat of4He-filled Vycor glass to a resolution of 1 part in 104. The success of this technique relies on excellent thermal isolation (less than 10−6 W/K) and high resolution magnetic thermometry. Inspection of the data around 1.995K, which is close to the onset of superfluidity in this system, reveals a small feature in the heat capacity emerging from the noise. We are undertaking modifications to the calorimeter to repeat the measurement with at least an order of magnitude improvement in resolution.
Effects of GABA and Metrazol and alternation of response

Abstract From the Hullian hypothesis that response-alternation reflects reactive inhibition (I R ), it was predicted that GABA would increase alternation and Metrazol would decrease it. Forced trials (1, 2, 4, or 8) and drug treatments (GABA, Metrazol, Saline, or No Injection) were combined in a Graeco-Latin square replicated 10 times. Forty adult male albino rats were run in a + maze. After injection and forced trials to one side S was given 1 free choice from the opposite alley. Percentages of alternation were: GABA 87.5, Saline 62.5, No Injection 60, Metrazol 42.5, F was significant at .025. The results confirm the role of I R in alternation.
Epidural hematoma secondary to the reduction of a supraorbital rim fracture: report of case.

Abstract Fractures of the supraorbital rim of the frontal bone are less frequently encountered than other facial fractures, comprising approximately 5% of all facial fractures. 1–5 A number of postoperative complications have been reported in association with the reduction of supraorbital rim fractures and, in particular, those that extend to the frontal sinus. 2–7 The purpose of this article is to report a case of an epidural hematoma that developed secondary to the reduction of a supraorbital rim fracture, and to relate the importance of the computerized tomographic scan (CT scan) in the postoperative evaluation of such patients.
Characterization of the adrenergic receptors regulating chloride secretion by the opercular epithelium

The opercular epithelium of the teleost,Fundulus heteroclitus, is unique with respect to other Cl secreting epithelia in that the rate of Cl transport is antagonistically regulated by catecholamines. Activation of the α-adrenergic receptors by arterenol inhibits the transport rate, while activation of the β-adrenergic receptors by isoproterenol stimulates the transport rate (Degnan and Zadunaisky, 1979). In the present study, specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists were employed to further characterize the nature of the receptors involved in these control mechanisms, α1-agonists had no effect on the transport rate, while α2-agonists produced an inhibition indistinguishable from that of arterenol. Furthermore, this inhibition was unaffected by α1-agonists and blocked by α2-agonists. None of the specific β1- or β2-agonists produced a significant stimulation of the transport rate when compared to isoproterenol. However, the stimulatory effect of isoproterenol was unaffected by β2-antagonists, and blocked by β1-antagonists. These findings demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of catecholamines on Cl transport in the opercular epithelium is mediated solely by the α2-adrenergic receptors, while the stimulatory effect is mediated solely by the β1-adrenergic receptors.
Prospects for geostationary doppler weather radar

A novel mission concept, namely NEXRAD in Space (NIS), was developed for detailed monitoring of hurricanes, cyclones, and severe storms from a geostationary orbit. This mission concept requires a space deployable 35-m diameter reflector that operates at 35-GHz with a surface figure accuracy requirement of 0.21 mm RMS. This reflector is well beyond the current state-of-the-art. To implement this mission concept, several potential technologies associated with large, lightweight, spaceborne reflectors have been investigated by this study. These spaceborne reflector technologies include mesh reflector technology, inflatable membrane reflector technology and Shape Memory Polymer reflector technology.
Saphenous Vein Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease

In vitro vasomotor responses of saphenous veins of 15 patients undergoing peripheral vascular bypass procedures were studied. Vessels were harvested by standard techniques, sectioned into 4 mm rings, and suspended in organ baths under isometric tension. Stimulation with cumulative doses of norepinephrine revealed a −logED50 of 6.85±0.12 M and maximal tension of 8.64±1.77 g. Patient characteristics suggesting high maximal response (by univariate analysis) included male sex (male 11.69±2.49 g versus female 5.08±1.69 g; p=0.058). Intact and denuded rings were additionally tested for endothelium-dependent relaxation following submaximal norepinephrine precontraction. The vessels relaxed in response to acetylcholine (maximal relaxation 31.1±10.7% at 1 × 10−6 M), calcium ionophore A23187 (85.3±11.8% at 1 × 10−5 M), and sodium nitroprusside (150.8±15.2% at 1 × 10−5 M), but only acetylcholine relaxation was completely endothelium-dependent. Calcium ionophore A23187 relaxation was partially dependent on the endothelium while sodium nitroprusside relaxation was entirely endothelium-independent. Negligible relaxation was observed in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (12.1±12.8% at 1 × 10−5 M) while histamine and serotonin caused additional contraction only. We concluded that, in patients undergoing vascular surgical procedures, the saphenous vein (1) demonstrates variable contractile function which appears to be greater in males following spinal anesthesia, and (2) exhibits moderate endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine and calcium ionophore A23187 but not to ADP, histamine, or serotonin.
A survey of function in children with lower limb deficiencies.

Function and prosthesis technical problems were surveyed in 258 experienced paediatric lower-limb prosthesis wearers. The two-part survey form consisted of the modified Prosthesis Evaluation Scale and the core module of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons/Council of.Musculoskeletal Specialty Societies (AAOS/COMSS) Lower Limb Outcomes instrument. Eighty-eight percent (88%) of these paediatric subjects were able to wear their prosthesis more than 9 hours/day; only 3 subjects (1%) were not able to wear their limb at all. The average distance walked per day was reported to be 5.24 kilometres. Sixteen percent (16%) reported pain as “moderate” or worse. A majority reported not having a problem with perspiration, however, 20% had problems serious enough to limit prosthesis wearing time significantly. The most common reasons for temporary loss of limb use were pain (62 responses) and prosthesis failure (59 responses), followed by tissue breakdown (42 responses) and perspiration (30 responses). In general...
External correspondence: Decompositions of the mean probability score

Two evaluative criteria for probabilistic forecasting performance, consistency with the axioms of probability theory and external correspondence with the events that ultimately occur, are distinguished. The mean probability, or Brier score (PS), is the scoring rule most commonly used to quantify external correspondence. A review is made of methods for decomposing PS into components that represent distinct and important aspects of external correspondence. Data from an empirical study of forecasting performance are used to illustrate the interpretation of the components of the most recent decomposition of PS (J. F. Yates, Forecasting performance: A covariance decomposition of the mean probability score. Paper presented at 22nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Philadelphia, November 1981; also an unpublished manuscript). Substantively, the most important finding of the study was a "collapsing" tendency in forecasting behavior, whereby subjects were inclined to report forecasts of .5 when they felt they knew little about the event in question. This finding is problematic because self-reported knowledge was only minimally related to the actual external correspondence of the subjects' forecasts. A survey of uses of PS decompositions suggests, among other things, that current research typically emphasizes calibration, perhaps to the neglect of other, more important dimensions of external correspondence.
Commodity Prices, Convenience Yields, and Inflation

Abstract This paper provides evidence that the two leading principal components in a panel of 23 commodity convenience yields have statistically and quantitatively important predictive power for inflation even after controlling for unemployment gap and oil prices. The results hold up in out-of-sample forecasts, across forecast horizons, and across G7 countries. The convenience yields also explain commodity prices and can be seen as informational variables about future economic conditions as conveyed by the futures markets. A bootstrap procedure for conducting inference when the principal components are used as regressors is also proposed.
Understanding Biogeochemical Cycling of Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Estuarine Ecosystems.

Jacqueline McComb1, Turquoise C. Alexander1, Fengxiang X. Han1, 2* and Paul B. Tchounwou1 1Environmental Science Ph.D. Program, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA *Corresponding author: Fengxiang X. Han, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 John R Lynch Street Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Tel: (662) 325 – 7668; E-mail: fengxiang.han@jsums.edu
Microwave analog optical links using suboctave linearized modulators

We report experimental links at frequencies up to 4 GHz which use two integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators in series to reduce third-order intermodulation distortion. This design improves the intermodulation-free dynamic range (up to 88 dB with 1 MHz noise bandwidth is demonstrated) with no noise figure penalty relative to a link using a standard modulator. Detector current is low (<2 mA), which is necessary for the detector to provide adequate linearity.
The origin of chromosome imbalances in neuroblastoma.

Abstract Many recurrent large-scale chromosome abnormalities associated with poor clinical outcomes have been identified in neuroblastoma, a pediatric tumor that accounts for 15% of childhood cancer deaths. We have previously used high-resolution oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization to map 461 chromosome breakpoints leading to large-scale chromosome imbalances in 56 primary neuroblastoma tumors and cell lines. Here, we analyze the distribution of DNA sequence elements and genomic landmarks found within these breakpoint intervals and in 15,800 randomly generated intervals of similar size. The most consistent finding was that neuroblastoma chromosome breakpoints occur preferentially in GC-rich regions of the genome. It is not unsurprising that these regions have fewer (AT) n microsatellite repeat sequences. In addition, chromosome breakpoints occurring in neuroblastoma also appeared to be preferentially associated with ancestral chromosome breakpoint regions on several chromosomes, suggesting that such sites also act as hotspots for chromosome rearrangement in somatic cells. Very little evidence for the enrichment of Alu and other types of repeats in breakpoint intervals was obtained. Overall, our results are consistent with a mechanistic model involving nonhomologous end joining of DNA double-strand breaks that have been generated in a nonrandom manner.
Non-immune hydrops

ABSTRACTNon-immune hydrops has been defined as either the presence of anasarca with fluid in one or more serous cavities or fluid within two body cavities. With the increased utilization of ultrasound, the reported prevalence of non-immune hydrops has increased dramatically. Approximately 60–70% of cases of non-immune hydrops are due to one of six causes: chromosomal defects, anemia, cardiovascular problems, thoracic problems, twinning, and infection. A thorough ultrasound examination, including echocardiography, appropriate maternal blood work, amniocentesis, and percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, when indicated, will aid the clinician in diagnosing most cases of non-immune hydrops.
Silicon and GaAs/Ge concentrator power plants: a comparison of cost of energy produced

Until now virtually all of the development of terrestrial concentrator PV power plants has utilized silicon cell technology. If silicon concentrator technology achieves its predicted potential performance and cost, it would be very close to commercial viability as defined by DOE goals of 12 c/kWh. Also until now, GaAs cell technology has not been a viable alternative for these power plants, largely due to the cost of cells grown on GaAs substrates. The ability to grow high-efficiency GaAs solar cells on germanium substrates presents the strong possibility of reducing their cost of energy produced. The cost of large-grain, optical-grade, polycrystalline germanium substrates is potentially 15 times less than single-crystal GaAs substrates, and cell conversion efficiencies approaching 35% are likely for tandem-junction GaAs cells. This analysis shows that for comparable 50 MW Fresnel lens plants, the 30-year, levelized cost of energy (COE) from GaAs/Ge cells can be $0.118/kWh compared to $0.140/kWh for a 27.4% Si back-contact cell.
Changing Academic Task Persistence through a Self-Instructional Attribution Training Program.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether a self-instructional method of attribution training could effectively alter both academic task persistence and effort attributions for success and failure. Ninety children with low-effort attributions were identified and randomly assigned to three groups. The two experimental groups (experiential and formal presentation) were given training with two slightly different self-instructional procedure and compared to a control group receiving no such training. The results revealed that both experimental groups receiving the self-instructional attribution training evidenced significant differences from the control group in both academic task persistence and effort attribution.
Examination of factors contributing to the success of the implementation of computer-aided software engineering technology

A proposed model of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technology consisting of variables that potentially influence the development and maintenance processes of systems is evaluated in respect to several performance measures. This study examines the effects of various factors that may lead to better systems development. The model presented views the various factors, or independent variables, as blocks that create a structure (or environment) in which systems development/maintenance takes place. The various components of the proposed model, the external driving forces, the environment building blocks, and the performance measures are depicted and discussed. >
Multitemporal Hyperspectral Image Compression

The compression of multitemporal hyperspectral imagery is considered, wherein the encoder uses a reference image to effectuate temporal decorrelation for the coding of the current image. Both linear prediction and a spectral concatenation of images are explored to this end. Experimental results demonstrate that, when there are few changes between two images, the gain in rate-distortion performance is achieved over the independent coding of the current image. In addition, a strategy that explicitly removes salient temporal changes and stores them losslessly in the bitstream is proposed, and it is observed that this change-removal process results in a slight decrease in the rate-distortion performance with the benefit of perfect representation of the changed pixels.
Comparison of warm vertical compaction protocols to obturate artificially created defects in the apical one-third.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of 4 different warm vertical compaction protocols to obturate artificially created defects in the apical one-third of a root canal system by using a split-tooth model. Methods Four warm vertical protocols used (A) continuous down-pack and continuous backfill, (B) continuous down-pack and incremental backfill, (C) incremental down-pack and continuous backfill, and (D) incremental down-pack and incremental backfill. Three artificially created defects were placed 2, 3, and 4 mm from the apex of the split-tooth model. Before obturations, a fine-medium System B plugger was prefitted 4 mm from the working length. The root canal system was obturated according to each of the experimental protocols. Resultant obturations (N = 10/protocol) were separated from the model, and replicated defects were assessed by a blinded evaluator who used an ordinal scale (0–4) that was based on how much each defect was replicated by GP. Results By using nonparametric analyses with Bonferroni adjustment (α = 0.01), with the apical 2-mm defect, protocol D demonstrated significantly ( P ≤ .01) better defect replication as compared with protocols A, B, and C. For the apical 3-mm defect, protocols B and D were significantly better ( P ≤ .01) than protocols A and C. However, there was no difference ( P > .01) between protocols with apical 4-mm defect (100% replication). Conclusions The incremental down-pack with incremental backfill appears better able to replicate the most apical defect, which suggests benefits of repeated heat application and packing force to manipulate the GP in the apical plug area.
Protecting Human Subjects in Biomedical Research— Some Reasons for Optimism and Pessimism

The sponsors of biomedical research are powerful and organized. Operating through phalanxes of well financed lobbyists, they should easily capture or overpower the agencies that are supposed to regulate their use of human research. Yet Sharav is right to advocate better regulation, for it does work, to a degree, some of the time, and no better alternative is in sight.
The Spirit of Regina Austin’s Contextual Analysis: Exploring Racial Context in Legal Method and Writing Assignments and Scholarship

In Professor Regina Austin’s article, Bad for Business: Contextual Analysis, Race Discrimination, and Fast Food,” 34 J. Marshall L. Rev. 207 (2000-2001), the central thesis is that many legal issues can be fully appreciated only in their social context, and specifically, in their racial context. Thus, data about an ethnic group's distinctive experiences in, or relationship to, a larger community-perhaps through formal ethnographic studies, or perhaps through other means-often can inform teaching, scholarship, and representation of clients in a meaningful way. Professor Austin's thesis is supported by the teaching and scholarship of teachers of legal method of writing. This essay shares some examples from that field to illustrate both the benefits and the minefields of exploring issues of difference, of "otherness," in the classroom and particularly in legal writing courses or in seminars with writing components. This essay also suggests different ways that race or other facets of "otherness" can be acknowledged and confronted, rather than ignored, in the law school classroom.
When IPs Fly: A Case for Redefining Airline Communication

The global airline industry conducted over 33 million flights in 2014 alone, carrying over 3.3 billion passengers. Surprisingly, the traffic management system handling this flight volume communicates over either VHF audio transmissions or plane transponders, exhibiting several seconds of latency and single bits per second of throughput. There is a general consensus that for the airline industry to serve the growing demand will require of significant improvements to the air traffic management system; we believe that many of these improvements can leverage the past two decades of mobile networking research. In this paper, we make the case that moving to a common IP-based data channel to support flight communication can radically change the airline industry. While there remain many challenges to achieve this vision, we believe that such a shift can greatly improve the rate of innovation, overall efficiency of global air traffic management, enhance aircraft safety and create new applications that leverage the capability of an advanced data channel. Through preliminary measurements on existing in-flight Internet communication systems, we show that existing in-flight connectivity achieves order of magnitude higher throughput and lower latency than current systems, and operates as a highly reliable and available data link. This position paper takes a first look at the opportunity for IP-based flight communication, and identifies several promising research areas in this space.
Pop-Rock Music: Aesthetic Cosmopolitanism in Late Modernity; Jazz Cosmopolitanism in Accra: Five Musical Years in Ghana

As a number of articles in this journal demonstrate, the recent trend in jazz scholarship towards transnational studies has brought with it a host of fascinating new questions. Two recent monograph...
Teaching Creativity: Theoretical Models and Applications

Abstract Media and video games in particular have become highly accessible and prevalent forms of entertainment. Research is beginning to surface that illustrates the impressive learning potential within video games. Moreover, the design principles present within many popular video games utilize a number of powerful tools for learning that have been elaborated upon by prominent learning theories. While recent research shows clear learning effects of video game play on a variety of cognitive and social skills, less work has been done on the potential that video games have to foster creativity among players. The current chapter discusses prominent learning theories that help explain learning derived from video games, provides examples of common game mechanics that engender learning, and provides a theoretical argument for the potential of video games to teach creativity. Special attention is also paid to “flow experiences” in video games and how such experiences may further improve learning.
Model transformation method for semantic Web Services composition based on meta-object facility

To resolve the semantic inconsistency of multi-domain business process collaboration in Service Oriented Architecture,a multi-domain business process collaboration architecture based on model transformation was proposed.Collaborative ontology transforming into the Web Services composition model was realized by meta modeling framework of meta-object facility.This method remained the original semantic information in processes and Web Services,provided a flexible method for model transformation so as to ensure the semantic consistency of collaborative business processes.The framework and transformation method were implemented in project ImportNET which was funded by European Commission,and the effectiveness was illustrated.
The Chilling Effect of Winter 2013 on American Acceptance of Global Warming

After a period of growing public acceptance in the United States that global warming is occurring, the latest version of the National Surveys on Energy and Environment (NSEE) provides evidence of a modest decline in the number of Americans who believe there is evidence that temperatures on Earth are rising. This small decline in acceptance of global warming among residents of the United States appears to be related to their perceptions and experiences with a winter and spring that included below-average temperatures in many parts of the country. These are among the latest findings from the Spring 2013 NSEE from The Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy at the University of Michigan and The Muhlenberg College Institute of Public Opinion.
Balancing the Schrödinger equation with Davydov Ansa-umltze.

Two theorems are given governing the general quantum mechanical validity of Davydov Ansatz states.
The Future of Pulmonary Hypertension

Rapidly evolving understanding of pulmonary vascular pathophysiology, pathways of vascular proliferation and remodeling, right ventricular adaptation and maladaptation, and right ventricular to pulmonary artery coupling have set the stage for an exciting future in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Network biology, informatics, and the revolution in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics promise even more advances in the years ahead. Combined with burgeoning availability of vasodilator therapy and ability to quantitate right ventricular function, this new understanding is poised to revolutionize therapeutic strategies. This chapter details the nature of these developments and provides perspective on the most promising approaches. The importance of proper clinical trial design, innovations in surrogate endpoints to guide phase II trial efficiency, and the need for collaboration across academia, clinical centers, the pharmaceutical industry and the private sector is emphasized.
Counselling framework for moderate-penetrance cancer-susceptibility mutations

The use of multigene panels for the assessment of cancer susceptibility is expanding rapidly in clinical practice, particularly in the USA, despite concerns regarding the uncertain clinical validity for some gene variants and the uncertain clinical utility of most multigene panels. So-called 'moderate-penetrance' gene mutations associated with cancer susceptibility are identified in approximately 2-5% of individuals referred for clinical testing; some of these mutations are potentially actionable. Nevertheless, the appropriate management of individuals harbouring such moderate-penetrance genetic variants is unclear. The cancer risks associated with mutations in moderate-penetrance genes are lower and different than those reported for high-penetrance gene mutations (such as mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, and those associated with Lynch syndrome). The extrapolation of guidelines for the management of individuals with high-penetrance variants of cancer-susceptibility genes to the clinical care of patients with moderate-penetrance gene mutations could result in substantial harm. Thus, we provide a framework for clinical decision-making pending the development of a sufficient evidence base to document the clinical utility of the interventions for individuals with inherited moderate-penetrance gene mutations associated with an increased risk of cancer.
Misconceptions of “Race” as a Biological Category: Then and Now

The Third Reich’s conception of a race was predicated on the belief that a “race”* was distinguished by a distinct group of genetically transmitted physical characteristics and that the inheritance of a small number of certain physical characteristics, such as white skin, blond hair, and blue eye?, was genetically linked to the inheritance of other traits deemed superior. The Nordic people bearing these characteristics were considered Aryans, or the “Master Race.”
Introduction: “Little Americas”

When walking the streets of San Francisco, one is struck by the ethnic diversity of the urban metropolitan population. This diversity is manifested in a variety of ways: through a multiplicity of languages — Vietnamese, Cantonese, Mandarin, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Tagalog, Russian, and French — spoken in everyday life; social services that cater to the needs of specific ethnic groups; Christian churches, Jewish synagogues, Muslim mosques, and Buddhist temples that attract worshipers of similar ethno-religious traditions; a multiformity of ethnic neighborhoods that form the infrastructural tapestry of the urban landscape; and parades and festivals that celebrate the national holidays of the homelands of residents of these cultural enclaves.
Creative democracy and the quiet politics of the everyday

ABSTRACTJohn Dewey envisioned creative democracy as a process of agonistic engagement, and Bob Lake shares Dewey’s optimism for the possibilities of creative democracy. In this response, I suggest that scholars should look beyond the obvious moments of democratic political engagement, whether activism in the public square or in the occupied park, to pay attention to the quiet politics of the everyday, where everyday decisionmaking by individuals and communities can gradually, episodically, change dominant hegemonic norms and understandings, proviing new understandings for social change. I highlight several examples, including the Settlement house movement from the late 19th century and intentional neighboring from the twenty-first century, that illustrate the kind of daily work that brings together different social classes and ethnicities in a situation of sharing and working toward conditions of equality and new ways of living in the world.
Effect of tourniquet use during total knee arthroplasty on global inflammatory cytokine changes associated with ischemia- reperfusion injury

The use of tourniquets during total knee arthroplasties has been debated given the possibility that prolonged application of a tourniquet may result in ischemia-reperfusion injury, potentially contributing to post-operative muscle atrophy. The goal of this study is to elucidate the influence that tourniquet use may have on the induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury in muscle tissue following total knee arthroplasties surgeries. We hypothesize that prolonged operative use of a tourniquet will cause global increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines indicating the occurrence of ischemia-reperfusion injury, which may contribute to post-operative muscle atrophy. Fifty patients undergoing total knee arthroplasties surgeries were separated into three groups: no tourniquet (n = 17), operative tourniquet (n = 15), and tourniquet during implant cementation (n = 18). Induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury was evaluated by measuring changes in inflammatory cytokines in blood samples collected from an antecubital vein before and after surgery. Analysis suggests statistically significant differences in the concentrations of specific cytokines depending on variable tourniquet application. Overall, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β, 4, 5, 12, and monocyte chemtactic protein-1) were found to increase upon application of tourniquets during cementation and decrease without tourniquet use or upon application of operative tourniquets. In general only slight changes in inflammatory cytokines occurred based on altered tourniquet use during total knee arthroplasties. Using global changes in inflammatory cytokine levels as an indicator of ischemia-reperfusion injury, these data may suggest that the use of a tourniquet does not significantly contribute to induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury in total knee arthroplasty surgeries. However, additional studies comparing local plasma cytokine changes near the tourniquet site and utilizing larger sample sizes are necessary to determine if tourniquets can be used in total knee arthroplasty without inducing ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Syndicated Equity Crowdfunding: The Trade-Off between Deal Access and Conflicts of Interest

An increasing number of startups raise capital through syndicated equity deals on platforms such as AngelList. Syndication is a useful source of entrepreneurial finance because there are many households that would like to invest in startups and relatively few with the knowledge and networks required for successful outcomes. Accordingly, syndicate leads tend to be well-networked investors. In this paper, we study whether there is a cost to investing alongside leads who have many investment avenues and opportunities. We find that syndicated rounds are riskier and have longer harvesting periods, consistent with the use of syndication as a screening technology for subsequent non-syndicated investments. Companies in which the lead has previously invested tend to perform worse than non-syndicated deals involving the same lead. We also find that syndicated rounds are more likely to be successful if the lead investor has fewer ongoing investments in other companies.
Freeze–Thaw Sample Preparation Method Improves Detection of Volatile Compounds in Insects Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is commonly used in analyzing insect volatiles. To improve the detection of volatiles in insects, a freeze–thaw method was applied to insect samples before the HS-SPME–GC–MS analysis. Insect samples were first frozen at −80 °C for 10 min and then thawed at 25 °C for 5 min before SPME extraction was performed. The freeze–thaw method clearly improved the detection of volatile compounds for all six tested insect species, including red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, black imported fire ants, Solenopsis richteri Forel, little black ants, Monomorium minimum (Buckley), pharaoh ants, Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus), eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), and spotted lady beetles, Coleomegilla maculate De Geer. This method helped identify various volatile compounds in the tested insects which have never been reported previously. This improved method may facilitate the i...
Large Extent Volunteer Roadkill and Wildlife Observation Systems as Sources of Reliable Data

Large-extent wildlife-reporting systems have sets of goals and methods to facilitate standardized data collection, statistical analysis, informative visualizations, and use in decision-making within the system area. Many systems employ “crowds” of volunteers to collect these data at large spatial extents (e.g., US state or small country scale), especially along roadways. This raises the important question of how these systems could be standardized and the data made broadly useful in ecological and transportation studies, i.e. beyond the system area or goals. We describe two of the first and longest-running systems for volunteer observation of road-associated wildlife (live and dead) at the US state scale. The California Roadkill Observation System (CROS, http://wildlifecrossing.net/california) uses a form-based data entry system to report carcasses resulting from wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC). Operating since 2009, it currently (June, 2017) contains 1,338 users and >54,000 observations of 424 species of ground-dwelling vertebrates and birds, making it one of the most successful examples of crowd-sourced, roadkill and wildlife reporting. Its sister system, the Maine Audubon Wildlife Road Watch (http://wildlifecrossing.net/maine) has a similar structure, and can accept data from transect surveys, animal tracks and scat observations, and reports of “no animal observed”. Both systems can operate as web-applications on a smart-phone (using a web browser), providing the ability to enter observations in the field. Locational accuracy for California observations was estimated to be +/-14 m (n=552 records). Species identification accuracy rate for observations with photographs was 97% (n=3,700 records). We propose that large extent, volunteer systems can be used to monitor wildlife occurrences along or away from roads and that these observations can be used to inform ecological studies and transportation mitigation planning.
How Low to Go With Glucose, Cholesterol, and Blood Pressure in Primary Prevention of CVD

Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension are modifiable risk factors that predict cardiovascular disease events. The effect of these risk factors on incident cardiovascular disease increases with progressively higher levels of glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure. The thresholds for initiating treatment of these modifiable risk factors and the optimal goals of risk factor modification are a focus of primary prevention research. Although an aggressive approach is appealing, adverse events may occur, and potential physiological barriers may exist. This paper discusses primary prevention of coronary heart disease that may be achieved through modification of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension by summarizing current guidelines and pertinent clinical trial data from intervention trials that included a primary prevention cohort.
Frozen, Old, or New? Comparing Biochemical Markers and Tissue Oxygenation in Transfused Blood

The transfusion of red blood cells is a necessary therapy used to treat anemia that often results from traumatic hemorrhage. The traditional method of storing red blood cells prior to transfusion in the United States has been as a liquid in a refrigerated fashion at a temperature between two and eight degrees Celsius. Throughout the storage duration, the red cells undergo a series of structural, functional, and biochemical changes commonly known as the storage lesion. Increased length of storage has been associated with increased rates of infection, as well as higher incidents of mortality. We hypothesized that this prospective, randomized, double blinded study would demonstrate that a cryogenic freezing method of storing blood would result in higher tissue oxygenation for the patient, an increased biochemical profile of the blood, and decreased rates of negative outcomes compared to the liquid preservation method. Adult trauma patients with an injury severity score of greater than 4 and an anticipated need for transfusion of at least one unit of blood were randomized to receive either CPRBCs or LPRBCs. 57 patients were randomized and received blood transfusions as part of either of the two groups. 22 patients received CPRBCs, and 35 patients received LPRBCs. Tissue oxygenation as well as 2,3-DPG concentration, (p<0.05) was elevated in the patients whom received CPRBCs over the patients that received LPRBCs. The serum concentrations of haptoglobin, serum amyloid p, and C-reactive protein were all decreased in CPRBC units compared to the LPRBC units. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α were elevated in the LPRBC group compared to the CPRBC group (p<0.05). Finally the D-dimer, which is an indicator of fibrinolysis, was higher in the LPRBC group (p<0.05). In conclusion, CPRBCs maintain a superior biochemical profile over LPRBCs, as well as provide potential for higher tissue oxygenation in patients, and also present a viable option to combat the severe blood shortage that constantly exists in the United States, by extending the shelf life of RBC units to ten years. This extension of storage time may also result in the prevention of an $80 million loss annually.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS USING A PULSED NEUTRON SOURCE

Laboratory experiments using pulsed neutron techniques are valuable for giving physical interpretation of reactor theory. Three experiments illustrate different pulsed neutron measurements. In one case diffusion properties of a sample are measured by varying the geometry of the sample. In another the absorption cross section of a solute is measured by varying the sample without changing its geometry. A third experiment illustrates the use of a pulsed neutron source in reactivity measurements. (auth)
Specific Heats of Some Cryogenic Structural Materials II—Composites

In another paper [1], the results of specific heat measurements on 10 metallic alloy samples were considered. This paper discusses specific heat measurements on four composite (i.e., fiber-reinforced) materials, one of which (boron/aluminum) is essentially metallic, and the other three are resin-based. The resin-based composites are more difficult to measure than metallic samples, and in analyzing the resulting data, the assembling of an appropriate fitting function is more complicated. As with the Fe—Ni base alloys [1], specific heats were measured in the low-temperature range (3 to 20 K) and at the intermediate temperatures ∼80 K and ∼300 K. Because of difficulties associated with long thermal-relaxation times at these temperatures, considerable experimental scatter is associated with the results for the resin-based specimens.