cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURED INPUT: GRAMMAR INSTRUCTION FOR THE ACQUISITION-ORIENTED CLASSROOM

STRUCTURED INPUT: GRAMMAR INSTRUCTION FOR THE ACQUISITION-ORIENTED CLASSROOM. Andrew P. Farley. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. Pp. vii + 123. $51.56 paper.This volume for second language teachers builds on two principles of structured input (SI; VanPatten, 2004): the primacy of meaning principle and the first noun principle. After an overview of SI, Farley provides chapter-length explanations of teaching activities based on the two SI principles and concludes with a chapter on recent SI research. The three core SI activity-preparation chapters are organized around (a) an introduction to the SI principle focused on in the chapter, (b) a research review, (c) examples from various languages, (d) “principles in practice” to guide teachers in writing SI activities, (e) sample studies, and (f) suggested readings. The technique recommended for activities involves the creation of controlled tasks that limit information available to students so that only one grammatical point is salient. For example, an activity on English subject-verb agreement requires the learner to select the correct present tense verb for a given subject; one singular subject (“Sarah McLachlan”) and one plural subject (“Bono and the Edge”) are followed by only two choices: one with a verb in the singular (“travels all over the world”) and one with a verb in the plural (“play the guitar”). The logic of this activity is that language learners look to meaning first and, therefore, often overlook form, so activities can force focus on form by limiting content and restricting grammatical choice. (My own experience of this type of grammar drill is that students have a 50% chance of getting the correct answer without having to think about either meaning or form.)
Maternal co-morbidities and neonatal outcomes associated with cystic fibrosis*

AbstractObjective: To evaluate maternal co-morbidities and adverse perinatal outcomes associated with cystic fibrosis (CF).Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 2 178 954 singleton pregn...
Nephrotoxic Action of Spermine

ConclusionsSpermine administered parenterally is highly active in producing renal injury in mice, rats, and rabbits. This property was not observed for spermidine, putrescine, or cadaverine.
Growing Through Service: Exploring the Impact of a Service-Learning Experience on Preservice Educators

The purpose of this case study was to explore the experiences of undergraduates enrolled in a music education fundamentals course featuring a significant service-learning component. In addition to ...
Strategies for making research more accessible to dental students.

Increasing student involvement in research has potential rewards for both faculty and students. Both groups have demands on their time, interest, and commitment that frequently result in low student research activity. Dental schools can make research more accessible to students by increasing student understanding of the importance of research, establishing rotating research positions, providing compensation, pursuing projects that interest students, and providing time in the curriculum for research by restructuring the basic sciences curriculum during the first two years of dental school. No attempt to make the research process easier or more accessible should compromise the integrity of the scientific process, but increasing students’ research involvement will pay long-term dividends for dental schools and the profession.
Ion Chromatographic Determination of Nitrate in Drinking Water

Objective Research and application 861 Advanced Compact IC ion chromatograph analysis method for determination of nitrate in drinking water.Methods Filter the water sample by 0.45 microporous membrane,then select the Mesrosep A Supp4 anion separation column for the nitrate ion separation and determination of content by A conductivity detector.Results The method has goog correlation(r0.9995),the linear range was from 0.50 to 10.0 mg/L,the precision of the method(RSD,n=6)is less than 0.87 %,and the recoveries rate was from 98.30 % to 99.70 %. Comparing with the spectrophotometric method,shows that the result was no significant difference.Conclusions The method is rapid,accurate,high sensitivity,wide linear range and high practical value.
CAUSE ANALYSIS OF TUBE-BURST ON HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERHEATER OF HOME-MADE SUPERCRITICAL 670 MW UNITS

The causes leading to tube-burst failures on high-temperature superheater of supercritical 670 MW unit in Huadian Weifang Power Generation Co Ltd have been analysed,the macroscopic examination metallographic test,and mechanical test of bursted tube sections and tube-sections on same location of the neighbouring tube pannels being carried out.Results show that the bad tube-bending technology has made the flow-pasage area at both ends of the bend to be reduced,affecting the flow of steam,leading to serious ageing of pipes due to overtemperature in long-terms,further resulting in occurrence of tube-burst.For this,countermeasures,such as all the bends on inner circle of the high-temperature superheater have to be replaced,the steam and tube-wall temperature of heating surface has to be strictly controlled in the course of operation,the difference of steam temperature at outlet of high-temperature superheater shouldn't be greater than 5 ℃ at left and right side,etc.,have been put forword.After implementation,the tube-burst failures haven't occurred again.
Aches and Limb Pain

Persistent or recurrent pain in the extremities of children is a common problem. The evaluation of chronic limb pain is detailed and several clinical pain syndromes are discussed. This article considers limb pain as a symptom of: an underlying systemic disease; a serious primary musculoskeletal disease; or a benign syndrome with no obvious organic etiology.
Do you see what I see? A randomised pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of simulation-based training with videolaryngoscopy for neonatal intubation

Introduction Direct laryngoscopy (DL) and airway intubation are critical for neonatal resuscitation. A challenge in teaching DL is that the instructor cannot assess the learners’ airway view. Videolaryngoscopy (VL), which allows display of a patient9s airway on a monitor, enables the instructor to view the airway during the procedure. This pilot study compared deliberate practice using either VL with instruction (I-VL) or traditional DL. We hypothesised that I-VL would improve the efficiency and effectiveness of neonatal intubation (NI) training. Methods Participants (students, paediatric interns and neonatal fellows) were randomised to I-VL or DL. Baseline technical skills were assessed using a skills checklist and global skills assessment. Following educational sessions, deliberate practice was performed on mannequins using the Storz C-MAC. With I-VL, the instructor could guide training using a real-time airway monitor view. With DL, feedback was based solely on technique or direct visual confirmation, but the instructor and learner views were not concurrent. During summative assessment, procedural skills checklists were used to evaluate intubation ability on a neonatal airway trainer. The duration of attempts was recorded, and recorded airway views were blindly reviewed for airway grade. ‘Effectiveness’ reflected achievement of the minimum passing score (MPS). ‘Efficiency’ was the duration of training for learners achieving the MPS. Results 58 learners were randomised. Baseline demographics were similar. All participants had a significant improvement in knowledge, skills and comfort/confidence following training. There were no significant differences between randomised groups in efficiency or effectiveness, but trends towards improvement in each were noted. Fellows were more likely to achieve ‘competency’ postinstruction compared to non-fellows (p Conclusions This educational intervention to teach NI increased the learner9s knowledge, technical skills and confidence in procedural performance in both groups. I-VL did not improve training effectiveness. The small sample size and participant diversity may have limited findings, and future work is indicated.
NHWAVE: Consistent boundary conditions and turbulence modeling

Abstract Large-scale σ-coordinate ocean circulation models neglect the horizontal variation of σ in the calculation of stress terms and boundary conditions. Following this practice, the effects of surface and bottom slopes in the dynamic surface and bottom boundary conditions have been usually neglected in the available non-hydrostatic wave-resolving models using a terrain-following grid. In this paper, we derive consistent surface and bottom boundary conditions for the normal and tangential stress fields as well as a Neumann-type boundary condition for scalar fluxes. Further, we examine the role of surface slopes in the predicted near-surface velocity and turbulence fields in surface gravity waves. By comparing the predicted velocity field in a deep-water standing wave in a closed basin, we show that the consistent boundary conditions do not generate unphysical vorticity at the free surface, in contrast to commonly used, simplified stress boundary conditions developed by ignoring all contributions except vertical shear in the transformation of stress terms. In addition, it is shown that the consistent boundary conditions significantly improve predicted wave shape, velocity and turbulence fields in regular surf zone breaking waves, compared with the simplified case. A more extensive model-data comparison of various breaking wave properties in different types of surface breaking waves is presented in companion papers (Derakhti et al., 2016a,b).
Wrinkling of milk skin is mediated by evaporation

Wrinkling of thin films and membranes can occur due to various mechanisms such as growth and/or mismatch between the mechanical properties of the film and substrate. However, the physical origins of dynamic wrinkling in soft membranes are still not fully understood. Here we use milk skin as a tractable experimental system to investigate the physics of wrinkle formation in a thin, poroelastic film. Upon heating milk, a micron-thick hydrogel of denatured proteins and fat globules forms at the air-water interface. Over time, we observe an increase in the total length of wrinkles. By confocal imaging and profilometry, we determine that the composition and thickness of the milk skin appears to be homogeneous over the length scale of the wrinkles, excluding differences in milk skin composition as a major contributor to wrinkling. To explain the physical origins of wrinkle growth, we describe theory that considers the milk skin as a thin, poroelastic film where pressure is generated by the evaporative-driven flow of solvent across the film; this imparts in-plane stresses in the milk skin, which cause wrinkling. Viscous effects can explain the time-dependent growth of wrinkles. Our theoretical predictions of the effects of relative humidity on the total length of wrinkles over time are consistent with our experimental results. Our findings provide insight into the physics of the common phenomenon of milk skin wrinkling, and identify hydration gradients as another physical mechanism that can drive morphological instabilities in soft matter.
Abnormal I/O failure caused by the HBM induced MM-like ESD event

An abnormal I/O failure caused by the board-capacitor (BC) of the HBM tester is reported. Without any discharge component, the BC was charged up to the high voltage during the HBM test of the No-Connect pin. As the relay switches to the next pin to do the DC I-V curve trace or subsequent HBM zapping, the BC releases its stored charges to become a MM-Like ESD event of the I/O pin.
Stockpile stewardship in the light of national ignition campaign experience

ABSTRACTUncontrolled risk is inherent in any program that lacks a proven means for revealing improper system performance, and the U.S. Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) is no exception. The downside of uncontrolled risk has been illustrated by the outcome of the National Ignition Campaign (NIC), a part of the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program that has long been characterized as a crucial adjunct to the U.S. nuclear weapons program. For most of its duration, the NIC utilized simulations and partial-system experiments at several facilities, adding full-system experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) only at the very end of the program. Uncontrolled risk was present in the program while those experiments were absent. That risk materialized when failure to achieve fusion capsule ignition was repeatedly and conclusively demonstrated in full-system experiments. For the SSP, the corresponding risk is that expectations concerning the safety, performance, and reliability of weapons in the stoc...
Management of Diabetes During Air Travel: A Systematic Literature Review of Current Recommendations and their Supporting Evidence

ABSTRACT Objective: Individuals with diabetes are increasingly seeking pretravel advice, but updated professional recommendations remain scant. We performed a systematic review on diabetes management during air travel to summarize current recommendations, assess supporting evidence, and identify areas of future research. Methods: A systematic review of the English literature on diabetes management during air travel was undertaken utilizing PubMed and MEDLINE. Publications regarding general travel advice; adjustment of insulin and noninsulin therapies; and the use of insulin pumps, glucometers and subcutaneous glucose sensors at altitude were included. Gathered information was used to create an updated summary of glucose-lowering medication adjustment during air travel. Results: Sixty-one publications were identified, most providing expert opinion and few offering primary data (47 expert opinion, 2 observational studies, 2 case reports, 10 device studies). General travel advice was uniform, with increasing attention to preflight security. Indications for oral antihyperglycemic therapy adjustments varied. There were few recommendations on contemporary agents and on nonhypoglycemic adverse events. There was little consensus on insulin adjustment protocols, many antedating current insulin formulations. Most publications advocated adjusting insulin pump time settings after arrival; however, there was disagreement on timing and rate adjustments. Glucometers and subcutaneous glucose sensors were reported to be less accurate at altitude, but not to an extent that would preclude their clinical use. Conclusion: Recommendations for diabetes management during air travel vary significantly and are mostly based on expert opinion. Data from systematic investigation on glucose-lowering medication adjustment protocols may support the development of a future consensus statement. Abbreviations: CSII = continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (device) DPP-4 = dipeptidyl peptidase 4 EGA = error grid analysis GDH = glucose dehydrogenase GOX = glucose oxidase GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide-1 NPH = neutral protamine Hagedorn SGLT2 = sodium-glucose cotransporter-2
Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Evaluating Local Recurrence After Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma recurrence after surgery (PARaS) is associated with poor outcomes. PARaS is locoregional in 50%-80%, effecting the resection bed and adjacent lymphatics.1-3 Detection of PARaS via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is challenging because recurrent malignancy is difficult to distinguish from normal postoperative changes. Diagnosing PARaS is important, because salvage chemotherapy/radiation improves survival.4,5 The purpose of this investigation is to determine the clinical utility of EUS fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in patients with suspected PARaS.
Lichen Phenolics: Environmental Effects

Abstract Lichens, obligate symbiotic associations between a fungus and an alga and/or cyanobacterium, produce an impressive diversity of secondary metabolites. These secondary compounds are derived from three fungal metabolic pathways—acetyl polymalonyl, mevalonic acid, and shikimic acid pathways. Lichen phenols are unique and are produced mainly by the acetyl-polymalonyl pathway and occasionally by the shikimic acid pathway. Lichen phenolic compounds have several potential pharmaceutical applications based on antibiotic, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-viral properties. In addition, some lichen phenolics serve as “sun screen” effectively regulating the quality and quantity of light available to the algal partner (photobiont). The production and diversity of phenolics in lichens is influenced by various environmental factors such as light, UV radiation, temperature, elevation, geographic and seasonal variation, as well as culture-related conditions. Although phenolics in lichens are produced by a fungal pathway, the photobiont plays a significant role in terms of providing the “raw materials” for assembling the phenolic compounds. Research concerning the positive and negative effects of environmental parameters on the phenolic content of lichens has yielded contradictory results. These environmentally mediated differences may be attributed to the fact lichen phenolics are produced by different pathways regulated by variable gene groups which could potentially yield different responses under the same environmental conditions.
Reaction Wheel Parameter Identification and Control through Receding Horizon-Based Null Motion Excitation

Additional actuator motion, constrained to the null-space of the Reaction Wheel Array (RWA) of an over-actuated spacecraft, can be exploited for learning system parameters without inducing large perturbations to the controlled body (e.g., spacecraft bus). In this paper a receding horizon optimization approach is developed to generate such a null-motion excitation (NME) that facilitates the identification of the actuator misalignments with perturbations that are local to the nominal trajectory and decreasing with the decrease in size of the parameter estimation error. The receding horizon approach minimizes an objective function that penalizes the parameter error covariance and the null-motion excitation. The potential of the receding horizon approach to outperform the baseline null motion excitation algorithm proposed in an earlier publication is demonstrated through simulations.
Segregation and Youth Criminal Violence

It is widely known that youth, as both offenders and victims, are disproportionately involved in serious and violent crime in the United States. Youth offenders, aged 10 to 19, accounted for 28% of all arrests for violent crime but composed only 14% of the total US population in 1995 (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1996; US Bureau of the Census, 1995). Youth aged 12 to 19 are victimized at higher rates than persons in any other age category; in particular, their rate is at least twice that of any group 25 and older. In 1993, the personal crime victimization rate of persons aged 12 to 15 was 125 per 1000 while that for persons aged 16 to 19 was 121 per 1000 (US Department of Justice, 1995). This victimization rate drops precipitously to 61 per 1000 by age 25 to 34. Clearly, relative to other age groups youth are at a substantially greater risk of criminal behavior and victimization.
Structure and Function of the Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Muscles

The muscles of the pharynx and larynx subserve critical airway, deglutitive and communication functions. The laryngeal muscles protect the lower airway from invasion and allow voice production for the purposes of communication. The muscles of the pharynx serve deglutitive functions by creating appropriate pressures to receive and propel a bolus and to shape the airway to modulate resonance during voice and speech production. Thus, the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles are critically important to survival and to communication. The structure and function of these muscles are summarized in Table 9.1. A subset of these muscles will be discussed in this chapter as related to voice, swallowing, and airway functions.
Crystalline structure, electrical conductivity, and thermal expansion of La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 1 − x Co x O 3 − δ and its application in a limiting current oxygen sensor

La0.8Sr0.2Ga1 − xCoxO3 − δ (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.9, given the nomenclature LSGC1 to LSGC9, respectively), LSGC, was synthesized by solid state reaction method and its crystalline structure, electrical conductivity, and thermal expansion were characterized, respectively. A limiting current oxygen sensor was prepared with La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 − δ (LSGM) solid electrolyte and La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.1Co0.9O3 − δ (LSGC9) dense diffusion barrier. Influences of temperature (T), oxygen concentration (x(O2)), and thickness of dense diffusion barrier (L) on sensing characteristics of the limiting current oxygen sensor were investigated, respectively. The results show that LSGC belongs to perovskite structure and its electrical conductivity increases with increasing Co content x. Oxygen loss of LSGC3, LSGC5, and LSGC7 on the lattice occurs at high temperature and a transition from semiconductive to pseudo-metallic behavior was observed for LSGC3, LSGC5, LSGC7, and LSGC9. Thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of LSGC increases to a maximum at LSGC7 and then decreases with increasing x in a temperature range of 300–1000 °C. The limiting current oxygen sensor exhibits excellent sensing characteristics. LogIL depends linearly on 1000/T, IL depends linearly on x(O2), and IL decreases with increasing L.
Multi-class multi-residue analysis of pesticides in edible oils by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using liquid-liquid extraction and enhanced matrix removal lipid cartridge cleanup.

Abstract This study presents the development and validation of a method for the multi-class multi-residue analysis of pesticide residues in edible oils using liquid-liquid extraction followed by EMR-Lipid (enhanced matrix removal - lipid) cartridge cleanup, and then analyzed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (GC–MS/MS). The method was optimized for analyte recovery, matrix removal, and water removal during the sample extraction, sample cleanup and sample drying steps. The extraction efficiency of lipophilic pesticides (i.e. organochlorine) from the hydrophobic oil matrix was improved using a two-step liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of ethyl acetate and acetonitrile. EMR-Lipid cartridges provided efficient and selective cleanup of the tested oil matrices. The developed method was verified by analyzing four edible oil matrices: olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil and canola oil. The results demonstrated that the method effectively removes unwanted matrix co-extractives better than conventional PSA/C18 dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) cleanup, while still delivering acceptable recovery results (recoveries of 60–120%) for the majority of pesticides tested. With the established quantification method, over 95% of the pesticides obtained for 70–120% accuracy, RSD 0.99.
An oculus rift assessment of dynamic balance by head mobility in a virtual park scene: A pilot study

Postural sway does not differentiate between balance disorders. Head kinematics within a salient, immersive environment could potentially help identifying movement patterns that are unique to vestibular dysfunction. We describe a virtual park scene, where participants are asked to avoid a virtual ball approaching their head, to target dynamic balance and quantify head movement strategy. Sixteen patients with vestibular dysfunction and 16 healthy controls were wearing the Oculus Rift and performed the "park" scene on floor and stability trainers. Significant between-group differences emerged in head path (patients rotated their head sideways more), head acceleration (controls had higher acceleration, especially on translation movements), and peak frequency (controls peaked around the frequency of the ball whereas patients were variable). Those findings demonstrated good to excellent test-retest reliability. There were no significant between-group differences in postural sway parameters. Future studies should establish norms across different levels of balance dysfunction and investigate the underlying mechanism leading to the movement strategy observed.
Evaluation of orifice inlet geometries on single liquid injectors through cold-flow experiments

Abstract An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the inlet geometry effects of single, circular orifices on liquid injector pressure drop and exiting jet breakup length. Experiments were performed using distilled water as a hydrazine fuel simulant flowing through passageways simulating rocket engine injectors at the same Reynolds numbers and temperature conditions. Multiple orifice internal diameters and length-to-diameter ratios were evaluated with chamfered or sharp-edge orifice inlet geometries. Results showed that an increase in orifice diameter or decrease in length-to-diameter ratio led to decreased pressure drop across the injector. A sharp-edge orifice inlet geometry experienced cavitation under turbulent flow conditions at small length-to-diameter ratios and small orifice diameters, but was unaffected by cavitation at large orifice diameters for the same flow conditions. While a sharp-edge orifice inlet geometry was observed to have a greater pressure drop and longer jet breakup length for small orifices and length-to-diameter ratios, the chamfered orifice inlet geometry was not greatly influenced by length-to-diameter ratio at smaller orifices and had longer jet breakup lengths at higher orifices; meaning a larger percentage of liquid spray would reach an impingement point in a hypergolic liquid engine, increasing mixing and combustion.
New OTC drugs and devices 1997: a selective review.

Objective To create a heightened awareness of the proposals for nonprescription product labeling changes being explored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Nonprescription Drug Manufacturers Association, and to review selected new self-care products that are now available in the United States. Data Sources Recent clinical and pharmaceutical industry literature. Data Synthesis The debate continues about what constitutes sufficient labeling information for a nonprescription drug product. However, one fact remains. Numerous nonprescription drug products, including home diagnostic products and accessories, will continue to become available on the U.S. market. It is important that the pharmacist become as knowledgeable as possible about these products, and be capable of educating consumers on their appropriate use. Conclusion New products cited in this review article are valuable new additions to the selfcare product pool that provides an increasing array of products for consumer use.
A STUDY ON CUSTOMER PERCEPTION ON PAYMENT SYSTEM THROUGH ELECTRONIC BANKING IN TIRUCHIRAPPALLI TOWN

In information era businesses are growing enormously through online trading and transfer of funds. Electronic mode of business and fund transfer has numerous advantages like speed transaction, less human effort and easy exchange of money value. Internet related transactions are one of key development in India. Most of the export, import and other regional business transactions are transferring money within short span of time. E-payments means cashless transactions with having features of less time consuming, feasible, and low cost and minimum human effort method transactions. But in reality it has more limitations namely lack of awareness, lack of trust, only accepted one or two banks debit cards, minimum balance procedures and unauthorized, unsecured transactions. The e-banking and e-payment service providers take initiative to reduce security issues and design prompt secured e-payment system leads to customer satisfaction.
Simulation of Realistic Particles with Bullet Physics Engine

The traditional discrete element method (DEM) uses clumps to approximate realistic particles, which is computationally demanding when simulating many particles. In this paper, the Bullet physics engine is applied as an alternative to simulate realistic particles. Bullet was originally developed for computer games to simulate physical and mechanical processes that occur in the real world to produce realistic game experiences. Physics engines integrate a variety of techniques to simulate complex physical processes in games, such as rigid bodies (e.g., rocks, and soil particles), soft bodies (e.g., clothes), and their interactions. Therefore, physics engines have the capabilities to simulate realistic particles. This paper integrates three-dimensional laser scanner and Bullet to form a realistic particle simulation framework. The soil specimen collapse process is simulated to demonstrate the capability of the proposed framework to simulate realistic particles.
Method for quantifying and removing polyatomic interferences on a suite of moderately volatile elements (Zn, Se, Rb, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Bi) during solution-mode ICP-MS

Moderately volatile elements (MVEs: Zn, Se, Rb, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Bi) have condensation temperatures between 650 and 1250 K. Quantifying the abundances of MVEs in basaltic samples is important for deducing the nature of the source region and, if the samples are old, MVEs could potentially preserve fractionation events occurring at relatively high temperatures during the formation and evolution of the mantle and crust. There are three major issues in quantifying the concentrations of MVEs in basaltic samples: (1) they are present in very low abundances (most <1 μg g−1 or ppb); (2) there is a lack of established standard reference materials (SRMs) for all of the elements investigated here; and (3) several MVEs are plagued with significant polyatomic interferences during mass spectrometric analyses. This study applies solution mode inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of whole rock digestions and describes a method to mitigate these issues. Interferences are addressed by analyzing a series of carefully prepared multi-element solutions, which permit the isolation, quantification, and subsequent removal of major polyatomic interferences from their respective MVE ion signals. The lack of SRMs is addressed by applying the method developed here to repeated analyses of basaltic reference materials (RMs) BIR-1 and BHVO-2, so as to begin the task of establishing internationally recognized RMs for these 10 MVEs of interest. The results reported here from 12 analyses each of standards BIR-1 and BHVO-2 demonstrate that this method produces accurate and precise abundances for these MVEs in basaltic samples.
Antiseptics and Local Antibiotics

Mercurochrome, acryflavin, chloroxylenol, chlorhexidine are no more used as antiseptics for dressings. Iodine preparations and silver preparations are routinely used dressing materials. Octenidine dihydrochloride, PHMB, and HOCl are good antiseptics available in the market. Antiseptics are available in liquid form, ointment and cream form, and in combination with foam and hydrocolloid dressings. Other than silver preparations, antiseptics need once or twice a day applications. Antiseptic should not be used in healthy and healing wounds.
A Machine Learning Approach to Low-Value Health Care: Wasted Tests, Missed Heart Attacks and Mis-Predictions

We use machine learning to better characterize low-value health care and the decisions that produce it. We focus on costly tests, specifically for heart attack (acute coronary syndromes). A test is only useful if it yields new information, so efficient testing is grounded in accurate prediction of test outcomes. Physician testing decisions can therefore be benchmarked against tailored algorithmic predictions, which provide a more precise way to study low-value care than the usual approach—looking at average test yield. Implemented in a large national sample, this procedure reveals significant over-testing: 52.6% of high-cost tests for heart attack are wasted. At the same time, it also reveals significant under-testing: many patients with predictably high risk go untested, then experience frequent adverse cardiac events including death in the next 30 days. At standard clinical thresholds, these event rates suggest that testing these patients would indeed have been highly cost-effective. Of the potential welfare gains from more efficient testing, 42.8% would come from addressing under-use. Existing policy levers, however, appear too blunt a tool to address both over- and under-use inefficiencies. We find that they cut testing across the board, for low-risk (reducing over-use) and high-risk patients (exaggerating under- use). Finally, we uncover two behavioral mechanisms for physician testing errors: (i) bounded rationality, in which physicians use an overly narrow set of variables, but make effective use of that set; and (ii) representativeness, in which they over-weight how \representative" heart attack is for a patient, above and beyond the conditional probability. Together, these results suggest the need for models of low-value care that incorporate mis-prediction so as to account for both over- and under-testing.
Why They Stay: Individual Factors Predicting Career Commitment for Women Engineers

Women remain underrepresented in the engineering profession comprising only 10% of the employed engineers in 2009 while in that same year − according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics − women exceeded more than half of those employed in professional, managerial and related occupations. While others have studied the reasons women leave engineering careers, this study focused uniquely on women who persist in a career in engineering. A rigorous field experiment was conducted which surveyed 495 women ages 21 to 60 with engineering degrees to develop a model of the individual factors that lead women to commit to a career in engineering. The model is operationalized within the context of the development of a new construct − the ideal self. The results may aid universities and government agencies hoping to recruit and retain more women in the engineer profession and to organizations in search of women who are committed to engineering.
A New Model for the Hard Time Lags in Black Hole X-Ray Binaries

The time-dependent Comptonized output of a cool soft X-ray source drifting inward through an inhomogeneous hot inner disk or corona is numerically simulated. We propose that this scenario can explain from first principles the observed trends in the hard time lags and power spectra of the rapid aperiodic variability of the X-ray emission of Galactic black hole candidates.
Post-Operative Remote Monitoring for Same-Day Discharge Elective Orthopedic Surgery: A Pilot Study.

The purposes of this pilot study are to utilize digital remote monitoring to (a) evaluate the usability and satisfaction of a wireless blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) monitor and (b) determine whether these data can enable safe mobilization at home after same-day discharge (SDD) joint replacement. A population of 23 SDD patients undergoing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA), or total hip arthroplasty (THA) were given a cellular BP/HR monitor, with real-time data capture. Patients took three readings after surgery, observing for specific blood pressure decreases, HR increases, or hypotensive symptoms. If any criteria applied, patients followed a hydration protocol and delayed ambulation. Home coaching was also provided to each patient. Patient experience was surveyed, and responses were assessed using descriptive statistics. Of 18 patients discharged (78%), 17 returned surveys, of which 100% reported successful device operation. The mean “ease of use” rating was 8.9/10; satisfaction with home coaching was 9.7/10; and belief that the protocol improved patient safety was 8.4/10. A total of 27.8% (n = 5) had hypotensive readings and appropriately delayed ambulation. Our pilot findings support the feasibility of and confirm the satisfaction with remote monitoring after SDD arthroplasty. All patients with symptoms of hypotension were successfully remotely managed using a standardized hydration protocol prior to safe mobilization.
Compositional evolution of organic matter in Boquillas Shale across a thermal gradient at the single particle level

Abstract The molecular composition of petroliferous organic matter and its compositional evolution throughout thermal maturation provides insight for understanding petroleum generation. This information is critical for understanding hydrocarbon resources in unconventional reservoirs, as source rock organic matter is highly dispersed, in contact with the surrounding mineral matrix, and may occur as multiple organic matter maceral types. Here, Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy approaches were applied to a marginally mature (vitrinite reflectance ~0.5%) sample of the Late Cretaceous Boquillas Shale before and after hydrous pyrolysis (HP) at 300 °C and 330 °C for 72 h. This analytical approach allowed for correlative examination of micro-scale changes in organic matter compositional properties (e.g., aromaticity) for a variety of organic matter macerals across a thermal gradient (from marginally mature into the late oil/wet gas window) at the single particle level. Results indicate that while the examined amorphous organic matter, solid bitumen, and vitrinite particles exhibit different aromatic signatures in the unheated shale, they effectively progress along a similar trend through composition space with thermal maturation. Examined inertinite fragments were generally insensitive to the applied thermal stress, reinforcing the idea that reservoir temperature may be secondary for dictating the molecular composition of inertinite. Additional analysis of Raman spectra for individual organic matter macerals was performed using multivariate curve resolution (MCR) and correlation of standard Raman and reflectance-derived thermal maturity proxies against MCR parameters shows consistent trends. This trend suggests that MCR may be a fast and statistically robust method for extracting compositional information from Raman spectra of sedimentary organic matter, and can be used to construct thermal maturity relationships. These findings inform our understanding of how different petroliferous organic matter maceral types evolve throughout thermal reactions and further demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with petrographic analysis can provide complementary estimates of organic matter composition and thermal maturity.
A note on no-free-lunch theorem

The No-Free-Lunch theorem is an interesting and important theoretical result in machine learning. Based on philosophy of No-Free-Lunch theorem, we discuss extensively on the limitation of a data-dr...
Invasion of the New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in the Green River below Flaming Gorge Dam

New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) were first introduced to the United States in 1987 and have subsequently invaded water bodies across the United States. At high densities, P. antipodarum can outcompete native fauna, disrupt community interactions, and alter ecosystem function, making them a threat to aquatic habitats worldwide. In this paper, we detail the invasion, population dynamics, and secondary production of P. antipodarum at seven sites in the Green River below Flaming Gorge Dam (0.8–49 km below the dam). New Zealand mud snails were first detected in the Green River in 2001. For more than a decade, densities of P. antipodarum in the Green River remained relatively low ( 19,000 individuals m−2. Annual secondary production estimates of P. antipodarum for the year 2016 ranged from < 0.1 g m−2 yr−1 to 14.2 g m−2 yr−1. Furthermore, in terms of production, P. antipodarum was one of the dominant invertebrate taxa at six of the seven sites. Why densities dramatically increased after 2015 at only three of the seven sites remains unclear. Moreover, it is currently unknown whether populations of P. antipodarum in the Green River will undergo a “bust” period following their dramatic increase in density like populations of P. antipodarum in other river systems. Nevertheless, given the recent increases in densities of P. antipodarum and the relatively high rates of production at several sites, we recommend continued monitoring and suggest that attention be brought to the potential effects of New Zealand mud snails on the structure and function of the Green River ecosystem.
The Growth of Cultchless Crassostrea virginica Spat at Biloxi Bay, Mississippi Using Different Methods of Culture

Oyster spat produced from the experimental hatchery of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory at Point Cadet, Biloxi, Mississippi, were grown under a variety of conditions. Recovery of spat planted on adjacent bay bottom was negligible, despite the use of either whole oyster valves, crushed oyster shell or clam shell as a substrate. Negligible growth occurred for spat held in vertical and horizontal water tanks. Growth of spat in horizontal tanks was affected by the density of stocking, with lower densities producing faster growth. Growth in all studies was slower than anticipated and a comparison on growth for spat from a Maryland hatchery with locally-produced spat suggests that the low growth was related to the local waters. Overall, growth as determined by increase in greatest shell dimensions of spat is as follows: on-bottom, 2.90 mm/mo; raft culture., 1.78 mm/mo; upwelling tank, 1.19 mm/mo; and horizontal trough, 2.0 mm/mo.
The Function of Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Self-Tolerance, Viral Recognition, and Regulation of Adaptive Responses

To achieve self-tolerance, many inhibitory receptors recognize major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, which are normally expressed on healthy cells. In humans, inhibitory MHC-I receptors include the killer cell immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (KIRs), the leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILRs), and the CD94/NKG2A heterodimer. This chapter focuses on LILRs and, in particular, on their function during cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and their ability to regulate adaptive responses during bacterial infection and following organ transplantation. The members of the LILR family--also known as immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT), leukocyte Ig-like receptor (LIR), monocyte and macrophage Ig-like receptor (MIR), or CD85--include at least 11 distinct molecules, which have either two or four homologous extracellular Ig-like domains of the C2 type. Inhibitory LILRs (LILRB1, LILRB2, LILRB3, LILRB4, and LILRB5) contain long cytoplasmic domains with two to four immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Another group of LILRs (LILRA1, LILRA2, ILT7, ILT8, and ILT11) have short cytoplasmic domains that lack ITIMs or recognizable docking motifs for signaling mediators. If LILRs have evolved under the selective pressure of UL18, one would also expect that UL18 mutates to neutralize this strategy of the host immune system. A recent study suggests that the ability of inhibitory LILRs to regulate the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) may be an important mechanism utilized by suppressor T (Ts) cells to induce immunological tolerance.
Cholinergic muscarinic receptor signaling by the phosphoinositide signal transduction system in Alzheimer's disease

Recent years have seen the advent of new methods capable of measuring the activity of receptor-coupled, G-protein-mediated, phosphoinositide second messenger production in membranes prepared from postmortem human brain. Considering the interest in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with cholinergic agonists, several investigations have used this new methodology to analyze the functional state of cholinergic muscarinic receptors coupled to phosphoinositide signaling directly in AD brain. Several, but not all, reports indicate that cholinergic agonist-induced phosphoinositide signaling is severely impaired in AD, potentially due to impaired activation of the receptor-coupled G-protein. Additionally, deficits in AD also have been reported in the two second messenger pathways activated following phosphoinositide hydrolysis, inositol-1,4,5,-triphosphate receptor binding and protein kinase C activation, indicating further that phosphoinositide signaling is impaired in AD. Sources of limitations in current methodologies and issues for further exploration are discussed. Speculation concerning potential links between cholinergic receptor-linked signaling and early events in the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is provided. Especially intriguing is the potential for the development of synergistic neurotoxicity where deficits of phosphoinositide signaling and increased production of A beta interact to exacerbate alterations in each process that occur in AD, leading to a feed-forward cycle of progressive neuronal dysfunction.
Gas chromatographic properties of organoammonium exchanged montmorillonites

Abstract The retention of aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene, and substituted benzenes was determined by gas chromatography with R 4 N + treated montmorillonite in a OV-101 film. Columns were modified with four R 4 N + cations for R = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 n -C 3 H 7 , and n -C 4 H 9 ; Na + and NH 4 + exchanged montmorillonites were used in control columns. The (CH 3 ) 4 N + tailored montmorillonite showed thermal stability and enhanced retentive properties versus control columns. Relative retention of substitutional isomers of benzene suggested a steric component in separations. Analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of decomposition products of other, thermally instable, R 4 N + montmorillonites was consistent with a base promoted elimination reaction. Organoammonium tailoring agents with β-hydrogens including Bentone-34 should all exhibit thermal instability in treated montmorillonites.
Predicting relative binding affinities of non-peptide HIV protease inhibitors with free energy perturbation calculations

The relative binding free energies in HIV protease of haloperidol thioketal (THK) and three of its derivatives were examined with free energy calculations. THK is a weak inhibitor (IC50 = 15 μM) for which two cocrystal structures with HIV type 1 proteases have been solved [Rutenber, E. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268 (1993) 15343]. A THK derivative with a phenyl group on C2 of the piperidine ring was expected to be a poor inhibitor based on experiments with haloperidol ketal and its 2- phenyl derivative (Caldera, P., personal communication). Our calculations predict that a 5-phenyl THK derivative, suggested based on examination of the crystal structure, will bind significantly better than THK. Although there are large error bars as estimated from hysteresis, the calculations predict that the 5-phenyl substituent is clearly favored over the 2-phenyl derivative as well as the parent compound. The unfavorable free energies of solvation of both phenyl THK derivatives relative to the parent compound contributed to their predicted binding free energies. In a third simulation, the change in binding free energy for 5-benzyl THK relative to THK was calculated. Although this derivative has a lower free energy in the protein, its decreased free energy of solvation increases the predicted ΔΔG(bind) to the same range as that of the 2-phenyl derivative.
T Tauri Stars, Pre-T Tauri Stars, and Stellar Jets

The properties of the pre-main-sequence T Tauri stars are described in relation to the likely properties of their predecessors. These predecessors, the “pre-T Tauri stars”, are thought to be the stars responsible for exciting Herbig-Haro objects. Pre-T Tauri stars are capable of generating “stellar jets” by which bipolar flows carry material out into the ambient medium out of which low-mass stars form. Manifestations of these bipolar flows are: strings of optical Herbig-Haro objects; radio jets; large flattened dusty structures orthogonal to the flows. We describe the observations (optical, infrared, far-infrared and radio continuum) that provide evidence for these components in order to establish a framework for other authors in this volume to attempt to explain stellar and extragalactic jets by some unified model.