cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Domain Defense: Autism Spectrum Disorder and the DSM-5

A central mechanism by which medicalization occurs is through domain expansion, wherein an existing diagnostic definition widens to include cases beyond its original scope. This has been especially commonplace with respect to mental illness diagnoses. In contrast, there are few clear instances of domain contraction. The controversy surrounding the revisions to autism in advance of the publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is thus of considerable importance. Many autism advocates feared the new definition of autism would exclude a significant number of individuals who are already diagnosed. We examine lay claims making to this perceived instance of domain contraction through a content analysis of online reader comments to a high-profile New York Times article reporting on the DSM-5 autism criteria. Our analysis points to an amorphous group of social stakeholders who express a variety of concerns about unabated medicalization. We also identify the stance of diagnostic domain defense, which is an oppositional response by laypeople with a personal connection to a diagnosis to a real or perceived challenge to the definitional boundaries of that diagnosis. Our analysis explicates the dimensions of diagnostic domain defense, which include its grounding in experiential certainty and anguish, and the accrual and deployment of diagnostic resources. We make a case for the utility of this concept for theorizing the relationship between lay claims making, diagnoses, and medicalization. We also make a case for the use of online reader comments as a way to unobtrusively study lay claims making related to pressing social problems in the Internet era.
Evidence for Apical Endocytosis in Polarized Hepatic Cells: Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Inhibitors Lead to the Lysosomal Accumulation of Resident Apical Plasma Membrane Proteins

The architectural complexity of the hepatocyte canalicular surface has prevented examination of apical membrane dynamics with methods used for other epithelial cells. By adopting a pharmacological approach, we have documented for the first time the internalization of membrane proteins from the hepatic apical surface. Treatment of hepatocytes or WIF-B cells with phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin or LY294002, led to accumulation of the apical plasma membrane proteins, 5′-nucleotidase and aminopeptidase N in lysosomal vacuoles. By monitoring the trafficking of antibody-labeled molecules, we determined that the apical proteins in vacuoles came from the apical plasma membrane. Neither newly synthesized nor transcytosing apical proteins accumulated in vacuoles. In wortmannin-treated cells, transcytosing apical proteins traversed the subapical compartment (SAC), suggesting that this intermediate in the basolateral-to-apical transcytotic pathway remained functional. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed these results. However, apically internalized proteins did not travel through SAC en route to lysosomal vacuoles, indicating that SAC is not an intermediate in the apical endocytic pathway. Basolateral membrane protein distributions did not change in treated cells, uncovering another difference in endocytosis from the two domains. Similar effects were observed in polarized MDCK cells, suggesting conserved patterns of phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulation among epithelial cells. These results confirm a long-held but unproven assumption that lysosomes are the final destination of apical membrane proteins in hepatocytes. Significantly, they also confirm our hypothesis that SAC is not an apical endosome.
Some recent results on computing with 'neural nets'

Neural networks, understood here as systems consisting of linearly interconnected dynamical elements (integrators in continuous-time, or delay lines in discrete time) and scalar nonlinearities, provide an appealing model of analog computation. The authors describe some recent results on the approximation properties and the computational capabilities of such dynamical systems. >
Vector coding for partial response channels

The authors apply multidimensional trellis-coded modulation schemes to spectrally shaped channels with additive white Gaussian noise. Traditional equalization methods that flatten the channel pulse response incur large losses on channels with severe intersymbol interference (ISI). Using block symbols, vector coding divides the channel into a set of parallel ISI-free channels. By transmitting many codes in parallel, each with a different size signal constellation, the input signal power is redistributed to the subchannels with superior transfer characteristic. The authors examine two different discrete-time channels, the duobinary partial-response channel and a representative twisted-wire-pair local loop. In both cases, they show that vector coding in concert with a good coset code operates near the computational cutoff rate for that channel. >
DNA-based monitoring of total bacterial community structure in environmental samples.

Determining the structure of bacterial communities and their response to stimuli is key to understanding community function and the interactions that occur between microorganisms and the environment. However, bacterial communities often comprise complex assemblages of large numbers of different bacterial populations. An approach is presented which allows bacterial community structure to be determined by fractionation of the complex mixture of total bacterial community DNA using the DNA-binding dye bisbenzimidazole which imposes G + C-dependent changes in the buoyant density of DNA. Bacterial community structure presented as percentage of total DNA vs. percentage G + C content of DNA is an indication of the relative abundance of phylogenetic groups of bacteria. Changes in the composition of a soil bacterial community in response to perturbations in the form of carbon amendment and altered water status were monitored.
Exclusionary dendritic interactions in the retina of the goldfish

The retina of the goldfish grows throughout its life, in part, by the addition of new neurons at the margin. New ganglion cells added at the margin tend not to grow their dendritic arbors into the older, central retina. Hitchcock and Easter (J. Neurosci. 6, 1037–1050 (1986)) proposed that the dendrites of the new cells were prevented from extending centrally within the inner plexiform layer by the dendrites of the previous generations of cells. This proposal was tested by first killing existing ganglion cells with a retrogradely transported neurotoxin (propidium iodide; PI), and then observing the orientation and branching pattern of the dendrites of ganglion cells added subsequently at the margin. Dendrites were stained in retinal wholemounts by intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow. The data showed that cells added subsequent to the PI treatment grew their dendritic arbors preferentially toward central retina consistent with the hypothesis. It is concluded that interactions among adjacent ganglion cells regulates dendritic growth.
Cultural objects in a transforming world

Individuals and groups exist in tension between the present (as-is) based on the past (as-was) and the future (as-could-be). As with individuals, the fate and trajectory of groups are uncertain, tenuous and open to constant change since they are open-systems relating to their environment. In spite of the open and flexible nature of groups, they are also quasi-stable systems that need to maintain their steady-state. Individuals, scholars and non-scholars, may ask what organizes, maintain the bonds, ties, relationships necessary for social and communal life—for ethnic, religious and other groups to persist, proliferate and to proverbially “live another day?” This article looks at the arhuaca community and the act of knitting the mochila that was discussed in Rodriguez-Burgos et al.’s recent article. The fluid and dynamic nature of groups is postulated and explored through the theoretical approach in sociology that has been called Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and serves as a framework for understanding the iss...
Automated Reasoning and Natural Proofs for Programs Manipulating Data Structures.

We consider the problem of automatically verifying programs that manipulate a dynamic heap, maintaining complex and multiple data-structures, given modular pre-post conditions and loop invariants. We discuss specification logics for heaps, and discuss two classes of automatic procedures for reasoning with these logics. The first identifies fragments of logics that admit completely decidable reasoning. The second is a new approach called the natural proof method that builds proof procedures for very expressive logics that are automatic and sound (but incomplete), and that embody natural proof tactics learnt from manual verification.
Response: Hybrid Revisited

This essay responds to Professor Elizabeth Glazer's article entitled Sexual Reorientation by considering the framework that Professor Colker suggested in 1996 in her book entitled Hybrid: Bisexuals, Multiracials and Other Misfits Under American Law. The essay argues that Professor Glazer does not sufficiently consider sexual orientation "resisters" and sexual orientation "tilters" who might feel uncomfortable with the role that biological sex plays in her proposed framework. The essay argues that one should define sexual orientation in relationship to society rather than as a biologically innate facet of one's life.
Exsolution, Ordering and Structural Transformations: Systematics and Synergistics

Various paths of transformation can occur in metallic and non-metallic solid solutions depending on the thermodynamic stability of the initial state with respect to the relevant order parameters describing composition, atomic ordering, magnetic ordering, strain, etc. The particular reaction path followed by the system can have a profound influence on the resultant microstructure and properties of the material. Of particular importance in real systems is often the influence of the different possible ordering tendencies on the phase diagram and their complex interplay during transformation. In this paper reactions such as exsolution or phase separation, atomic ordering, magnetic ordering, etc. will be discussed with emphasis on the interaction of higher order transitions with first order phase boundaries in the phase diagram and on the synergistics of different ordering tendencies during transformation. Extensive use of free energy diagrams is employed as a tool to systematize the phase equilibria and the various multistage reaction paths accessible to the system.
A direct methanol fuel cell using acid-doped polybenzimidazole as polymer electrolyte

A direct methanol/oxygen solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell was demonstrated. This fuel cell employed a 4 mg cm−2 Pt-Ru alloy electrode as an anode, a 4 mg cm−2 Pt black electrode as a cathode and an acid-doped polybenzimidazole membrane as the solid polymer electrolyte. The fuel cell is designed to operate at elevated temperature (200°C) to enhance the reaction kinetics and depress the electrode poisoning, and reduce the methanol crossover. This fuel cell demonstrated a maximum power density about 0.1 W cm−2 in the current density range of 275–500 mA cm−2 at 200°C with atmospheric pressure feed of methanol/water mixture and oxygen. Generally, increasing operating temperature and water/methanol mole ratio improves cell performance mainly due to the decrease of the methanol crossover. Using air instead of the pure oxygen results in approximately 120 mV voltage loss within the current density range of 200–400 mA cm−2 .
Determination of Nitric Oxide Concentration in Upper Atmosphere Using RockSat

This year, Virginia Tech will fly a payload in the RockSat program, which will look at nitric oxide concentration in the upper atmosphere. The RockSat program is conducted in collaboration through the University of Colorado (CU) and NASA Wallops Flight Facility. The program allows college students around the country at different universities to gain hands on experience with designing, building, and launching a payload into a suborbital flight. The flight will take place in June 2010 on a sounding rocket and will launch from WFF. A photometric probe and Inertial Measurement Unit (μIMU) will be flown as part of the Virginia Tech payload. In addition to flying these two sensors, the Virginia Tech team will fly plug and play hardware that was developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory. The Virginia Tech team hopes to demonstrate technical readiness levels both for the Air Force?s hardware in addition to the photometric probe. This paper will discuss the design process that the Virginia Tech team undertook to design and test the payload and the expected scientific returns from the mission.
Coordination Chemistry of N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(3,5-substituted benzyl-2-oxide)-2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)diethanamine Modified Group 4 Metal Alkoxides

The coordination behavior of a set of (ethylenedioxy)diethanamine-based tetraphenol ligands with a series of Group 4 metal alkoxides ([M(OR)4]) was determined. The ligands were synthesized from a modified Mannich reaction and fully characterized as N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(3,5-tert-butyl-benzyl-2-hydroxy)-2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)diethanamine, termed H4-OEA-DBP4 (1), and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(3,5-chloro-benzyl-2-hydroxy)-2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)diethanamine, termed H4-OEA-DCP4 (2). The reaction of 1 with a set of [M(OR)4] [M = Ti, Zr, or Hf; OR = iso-propoxide (OPri), neo-pentoxide (ONep), or tert-butoxide (OBut)] precursors led to the isolation of [(OPri)2Ti]2(μ-OEA-DBP4) (3), [(ONep)2Ti]2(μ-OEA-DBP4) (4), and [(OBut)2M]2(μ-OEA-DBP4) where M = Ti (5), Zr (6), or Hf (7). In addition, the [(ONep)2Ti]2(μ-OEA-DCP4) (4a) derivative was isolated from the reaction of 2 and [Ti(ONep)4], demonstrating the similarity of coordination behavior between the two OEA-R4 ligands. For 3–7, the metal center adopts a slightly distorted octah...
DYNAMIC SKELETAL FIXATION IN THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Recent advances in the understanding of the biomechanics of the elbow and improvement in material designs have revolutionized the ability to treat difficult problems of the proximal interphalangeal and elbow joints. Dynamic skeletal fixation addresses the desire to allow an injured joint to heal, move, and remain stable simultaneously. In the past, such goals were achieved sequentially or in series. It is now possible to perform such tasks in parallel.
Shift-pessimistic active learning using robust bias-aware prediction

Existing approaches to active learning are generally optimistic about their certainty with respect to data shift between labeled and unlabeled data. They assume that unknown datapoint labels follow the inductive biases of the active learner. As a result, the most useful data-point labels—ones that refute current inductive biases— are rarely solicited. We propose a shift-pessimistic approach to active learning that assumes the worst-case about the unknown conditional label distribution. This closely aligns model uncertainty with generalization error, enabling more useful label solicitation. We investigate the theoretical benefits of this approach and demonstrate its empirical advantages on probabilistic binary classification tasks.
Laser therapy of colorectal carcinoma.

Photo ablative laser therapy for advanced gastrointestinal malignancy has seen increasing use as a palliative mode of treatment. The Nd:YAG laser has demonstrated repeatedly its efficacy in relieving obstruction and hemorrhage throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Preresectional laser recanalization for obstructing carcinoma has obviated the need for operative diversion and staged resection. A new technique for endoscopic palliation is photodynamic therapy, which has shown promise for the treatment of advanced and, in certain instances, early gastrointestinal malignancies.
Basal metabolism of the apapane: comparison of freshly caught birds with long-term captives

Le metabolisme basal d'Himatione sanguinea eleves en voliere jusqu'a 1 an est comparable a celui d'individus sauvages exposes aux memes temperatures et photoperiodes. On souligne la necessite de mesurer simultanement le taux de metabolisme et la temperature corporelle et celle de choisir des intervalles de jeune appropries
Content/context-adaptive feature selection for environmental sound recognition

Environmental sound recognition (ESR) is a challenging problem that has gained a lot of attention in the recent years. A large number of audio features has been adopted for solving the ESR problem. In this work, we focus on the problem of automatic feature selection. Specifically, we propose two methods, called the content-adaptive and the context-adaptive feature selection schemes to achieve this goal. Finally, the superior performance of the proposed feature selection methods is demonstrated when they are applied to a medium-sized environmental database with a simple Bayesian network classifier.
KIT Oncogenic Mutations: Biologic Insights, Therapeutic Advances, and Future Directions.

See related article by Rubin et al., [Cancer Res 2001;61:8118–21][1] . Visit the Cancer Research 75th Anniversary [timeline][2]. This commentary offers a historical perspective on a report in Cancer Research that showed that most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have gain-of-function
Clinical significance of mesenteric panniculitis-like abnormalities on abdominal computerized tomography in patients with malignant neoplasms.

Clinical significance of mesenteric panniculitis-like abnormalities on abdominal computerized tomography in patients with malignant neoplasms
Molecular Basis of ABHD5 Lipolysis Activation

Alpha-beta hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), the defective gene in human Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, is a highly conserved regulator of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated lipolysis that plays important roles in metabolism, tumor progression, viral replication, and skin barrier formation. The structural determinants of ABHD5 lipolysis activation, however, are unknown. We performed comparative evolutionary analysis and structural modeling of ABHD5 and ABHD4, a functionally distinct paralog that diverged from ABHD5 ~500 million years ago, to identify determinants of ABHD5 lipolysis activation. Two highly conserved ABHD5 amino acids (R299 and G328) enabled ABHD4 (ABHD4 N303R/S332G) to activate ATGL in Cos7 cells, brown adipocytes, and artificial lipid droplets. The corresponding ABHD5 mutations (ABHD5 R299N and ABHD5 G328S) selectively disrupted lipolysis without affecting ATGL lipid droplet translocation or ABHD5 interactions with perilipin proteins and ABHD5 ligands, demonstrating that ABHD5 lipase activation could be dissociated from its other functions. Structural modeling placed ABHD5 R299/G328 and R303/G332 from gain-of-function ABHD4 in close proximity on the ABHD protein surface, indicating they form part of a novel functional surface required for lipase activation. These data demonstrate distinct ABHD5 functional properties and provide new insights into the functional evolution of ABHD family members and the structural basis of lipase regulation.
The interaction between academics and athletics: An administrative experience

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to explore the interactions between athletics and academics at one institution in the Southeast. Using a phenomenological case study approach, the study explored how members from athletics and academics interact with one another from the lens of athletic and academic administrators that have been directly involved in athletic-academic dynamic. The findings revealed the interactions between athletics and academics varied based on the role of the administrator. Athletic administrators interacted differently with academic administrators based on whether they were a university administrator or a faculty administrator. Findings indicated administrators constructed different meanings in how their units interacted with each other and in the value of their interaction.
Opioid use among female breast cancer patients using different adjuvant endocrine therapy regimens

To explore differences in opioid use across different adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) regimens, factors associated with opioid use, and the impact of opioid use on overall survival in female breast cancer patients treated with AET. This retrospective study analyzed 2006–2012 SEER-Medicare datasets, following patients for at least two years from the index date, defined as the first date they filled an AET prescription. The study included adult women with incident, primary, hormone-receptor-positive, stage I–III breast cancer. They were also first-time AET users, and fee-for-service Medicare enrollees continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A, B, and D. The main independent variable was the AET regimen. We measured whether patients used opioids after the initiation of AET. After the adjustment of inverse probability treatment weights and unbalanced covariates, the average treatment effect probabilities of opioid use were similar between those who used aromatase inhibitors (AI) only and those used tamoxifen (TAM) only (56.2 vs. 55.3%, respectively). Opioid use probabilities for those who switched from AI to TAM were higher than those for the TAM-only and AI-only groups. Opioid use was also significantly associated with AET non-adherence. Opioid users had a significantly higher risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59, p < 0.001). Switching from AI to TAM was associated with a high likelihood of opioid use. Opioid use was significantly associated with AET non-adherence and higher risk of mortality in female Medicare beneficiaries with breast cancer even after adjusting for adherence.
PEDF plus DHA modulate inflammation and stimulate nerve regeneration after HSV-1 infection

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection leads to impaired corneal sensation and, in severe cases, to corneal ulceration, melting and perforation. Here, we explore the potential therapeutic action of pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on corneal inflammation and nerve regeneration following HSV-1 infection. Rabbits inoculated with 100,000 PFU/eye of HSV-1 strain 17Syn+ were treated with PEDF + DHA or vehicle. PEDF + DHA treatment resulted in a biphasic immune response with stronger infiltration of CD4+T cells, neutrophils and macrophages at 7-days post-treatment (p.t.) that was significantly decreased by 14 days, compared to the vehicle-treated group. Screening of 14 immune-related genes by q-PCR showed that treatment induced higher expression of IFN-γ and CCL20 and inhibition of IL-18 by 7 days in the cornea. PEDF + DHA-treated animals developed less dendritic corneal lesions, opacity and neovascularization. Corneal nerve density increased at 12-weeks p.t. with functional recovery of corneal sensation. Treatment with PEDF + DHA that was postponed by 3 weeks also showed increased nerve density when compared to vehicle. Our data demonstrate that PEDF + DHA promotes resolution of the inflammatory response to the virus and, most importantly, induces regeneration of damaged corneal nerves vital for maintaining ocular surface homeostasis.
Recentering U.S. Empire: A Structural Perspective on the Color Line:

In the past 20 years, scholars of top sociology and race and ethnicity articles increasingly have mentioned the term “color line.” Prominent among them are sociologists concerned with how incoming ...
Minimally Invasive Staging of Apparent Stage I Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors: Prevalence and Outcomes.

Abstract Study Objective Evaluate the prevalence, trends, and outcomes of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) staging of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCTs) apparently confined to the ovary. Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Participating hospitals in the National Cancer Data Base. Patients Women diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 with a MOGCT apparently confined to the ovary with information on the planned surgical approach. Interventions Staging with MIS or laparotomy. Measurement and Main Results A total of 918 patients were identified. MIS was planned for 294 patients (32%): a laparoscopic approach for 237 patients and a robotic-assisted approach for 57 patients. Rate of conversion to laparotomy was 11% (46 cases), 1.7% and 15.6% in the robotic and laparoscopy groups, respectively (p = .003). No difference in the use of MIS was noted based on year of diagnosis (p = .38). By multivariate analysis white race, higher level of education, and smaller tumor size were associated with the receipt of MIS. Patients in the MIS group were less likely to undergo lymph node dissection (39.6% vs 51.3%, p = .001) and omentectomy (18.7% vs 28.5%, p = .002). Hospital stay after surgery was shorter for patients who had MIS (median, 2 vs 3 days; p Conclusion MIS for apparent early-stage MOGCTs was less comprehensive but associated with a decreased hospital stay and unplanned readmission rate.
Methylation Pathways in Antibiotic Producing Streptomycetes

Most secondary metabolites produced in plants and microorganisms contain methyl groups donated from S-adenosylmethionine. While many of these are transferred to oxygen and nitrogen atoms, others involve C-methylation to form carbon-carbon bonds. Examples of pathways in which such a reaction occurs include the antibiotics thiostrepton1, indolmycin2, actinomycin3, thienamycin4, anthramycin5, and streptonigrin6. The methyltransferases which catalyze some of these reactions have been identified in cell-free extracts and, in some instances, purified to homogeneity. Table 1 lists properties of several O- and N-methyl transferases which have been characterized from plant and microbial sources and Table 2 summarizes the properties of several C-methy1trans ferases, including the tryptophan C-methy1transferase which is the topic of this paper. It should be noted that in all cases which have been studied7,8, the mechanism is of the ordered bi-bi type with S-adenosylmethionine binding first and its product, S-adenosylhomocysteine, being released last. Also, in most cases that have been studied, the methyl group is transferred with inversion of configuration, indicating a direct transfer12, but in at least two cases, those of the antibiotics thienamycin and thiostrepton, retention of configuration is observed, suggesting a two—step methylation process1,4. Finally, most enzymes are inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine, although the KiS are often above the Km for S-adenosylmethionine, which is interesting in light of methyltransferases observed in many other systems which have been found to have greater affinity for the inhibitor than for the substrate13. However, in crude systems the amount of S-adenosylhomocysteine present may be overestimated unless the S-adenosylhomocysteine metabolizing enzymes are specifically inhibited during the determination of the Ki.
Common skin problems during the first year of life

This article reviews the most common skin problems encountered in the first year of life, not necessarily the most extensive or severe, and is not inclusive of all problems that can be seen at this age. This spectrum of common skin problems includes congenital disorders, infections, infestations, and disorders that may occur in adults as well.
Axonal Transport in β,β’-Iminodipropionitrile Neuropathy

The concept that chronic axonal diseases might be caused by a failure of delivery of essential materials from the nerve cell body to the axon has been implicit in neuropathological writings since the time of Waller [21]. Following the initial demonstration of axoplasmic transport by Weiss and Hiscoe [22] and the subsequent rapid advances in methodology, the identification of major transport defects was anticipated in a variety of neurological conditions. However, many of the pioneering studies using disease models produced ambiguous results, with abnormalities which were minor, inconsistent, or present only late in the course of the disease. In the past few years, this confusion has begun to be dispelled by detailed, systematic studies of specific experimental models.
THE PROTHROMBIN CONSUMPTION TEST: ITS CLINICAL AND THEORETIC IMPLICATIONS

Abstract The prothrombin consumption test, which originally was carried out on serum one hour after coagulation, is modified. Blood is distributed to several test tubes, and after fixed time intervals, the tubes are centrifuged. The prothrombin of the serum of each tube is determined immediately and every fifteen minutes within the limits of one hour from the time the blood is taken. The prothrombin consumption shows considerable variations in normal individuals. In hemophilia and in thrombocytopenia it is very incomplete. In hypoprothrombinemia the prothrombin may be very complete as in congenital hypoprothrombinemia of the Component A deficiency type, or surprisingly incomplete as in dicumarol hypoprothrombinemia. The possible significance of prothrombin consumption in relation to hemostatasis is discussed.
Contribution for discussion: Problems of homograft procurement

Prior to commercial availability of glutaraldehyde-preserved heterograft valves and conduits (mostly porcine) in the early 1970s, cadaver homografts were frequently used in the United States for valve replacement and conduits. As we now know, the methods of preservation for those homografts — quick freeze and gamma ray irradiation — potentiated early degeneration and calcification. Thus disappointing clinical results, combined with the ready availability of commercially prepared porcine heterografts in a wide range of sizes (so each institution could maintain a full inventory) led to the dismantling of most institutions’ tissue banks.
Bayesianische Ansätze zur Analyse kleiner Fallzahlen

Die statistische Analyse von Datensatzen mit kleinen Fallzahlen ist haufig problematisch, da die Komplexitat der schatzbaren Modelle zu gering ist, die Daten oft nicht auf einer Zufallsstichprobe basieren und qualitative Beobachtungen haufig eine grosere Rolle in der Analyse spielen als bei grosen Datensatzen. Dieses Kapitel argumentiert, dass der bayesianische Ansatz Losungsmoglichkeiten fur diese Probleme bietet. Die Grundlagen des bayesianischen Ansatzes werden dargelegt, die praktische Schatzung bayesianischer Modelle erlautert, auf Software zur bayesianischen Schatzung hingewiesen und die Vor- und Nachteile des Ansatzes diskutiert.
Deep convolutional neural networks for the automated segmentation of malignant pleural mesothelioma on computed tomography scans.

Tumor volume has been a topic of interest in the staging, prognostic evaluation, and treatment response assessment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were trained separately for the left and right hemithoraces on the task of differentiating between pleural thickening and normal thoracic tissue on computed tomography (CT) scans. A total of 4259 and 6192 axial sections containing segmented tumor were used to train the left-hemithorax CNN and the right-hemithorax CNN, respectively. Two distinct test sets of 131 sections from the CT scans of 43 patients were used to evaluate segmentation performance by calculating the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between deep CNN-generated tumor segmentations and reference tumor segmentations provided by a total of eight observers. Median DSC values ranged from 0.662 to 0.800 over the two test sets when comparing deep CNN-generated segmentations with observer reference segmentations. The deep CNN-based method achieved significantly higher DSC values for all three observers on the test set that allowed direct comparisons with a previously published automated segmentation method of MPM tumor on CT scans ( p 0.0005 ). A deep CNN was implemented for the automated segmentation of MPM tumor on CT scans, showing superior performance to a previously published method.
Culture and Equity in Science Classrooms

This installment of Current Insights features recent examples of scholarship examining the intersections between culture and equity in science education.
An in vitro Microscopy-based Assay for Microtubule-binding and Microtubule-crosslinking by Budding Yeast Microtubule-associated Protein

In this protocol, we describe a simple microscopy-based method to assess the interaction of a microtubule-associated protein (MAP) with microtubules. The interaction between MAP and microtubules is typically assessed by a co-sedimentation assay, which measures the amount of MAP that co-pellets with microtubules by centrifugation, followed by SDS-PAGE analysis of the supernatant and pellet fractions. However, MAPs that form large oligomers tend to pellet on their own during the centrifugation step, making it difficult to assess co-sedimentation. Here we describe a microscopy-based assay that measures microtubule binding by direct visualization using fluorescently-labeled MAP, solving the limitations of the co-sedimentation assay. Additionally, we recently reported quantification of microtubule bundling by measuring the thickness of individual microtubule structures observed in the microscopy-based assay, making the protocol more advantageous than the traditional microtubule co-pelleting assay.
Bovine Genome-Microbiome Interactions: Metagenomic Frontier for the Selection of Efficient Productivity in Cattle Systems

The mutualistic, commensal, and parasitic microorganisms that reside in the rumen and lower gastrointestinal tract of cattle and other ruminants exert enormous influence over animal physiology and performance. Because these microbial communities are critical for host nutrient utilization and contribute to the metabolic capacity of the rumen, past research has aimed to define host-microbe symbioses in cattle by examining the rumen and lower gut microbiomes with respect to production phenotypes, such as feed efficiency. However, as the field of bovine gut microbial ecology progresses, multidisciplinary approaches must be employed, combining host genomics and other omics-based techniques to understand the complex host-microbe network. In this perspective, I discuss the direction of the field of bovine gut microbial ecology with regard to feed efficiency and explore how the grand challenge of such research will be to maintain host-efficient gut microbiomes in cattle production through manipulations of genome-microbiome interactions.
Abstract 1971: A multi-variate transcriptome analysis of CXCR5-CXCL13 signaling in ovarian cancer

Ovarian Cancer (OvCa) is a disease that affects postmenopausal women, with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma being the most common and lethal histopathological type. High-grade serous carcinoma develops from malignant cells that originate from tubal epithelium. Many patients are asymptomatic in the early stages of OvCa, thus going undetected, leading to higher patient mortality rates. Currently, 51% of women are not diagnosed until Stage III and 29% are diagnosed during Stage IV. One of the major limitations in current research is the lack of understanding of key drivers of clinical phenotypes and determination diagnostic biomarkers to provide targeted therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a major treatment modality for cancer. Chemokines and their receptors play a significant role in immune cell chemotaxis that drives inflammation and immunity. Our laboratory was the first to show that CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling mediates prostate, breast and lung cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, and survival. Furthermore, we provided evidence that CXCL13 and CXCR5 are highly elevated in OvCa cell lines and clinical samples. These previous findings provided the rationale to support the hypothesis CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling promotes OvCa progression, metastasis and survival. In this study we further analyzed transcriptome data to determine possible molecular mechanisms and CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling pathways controlling OvCa progression. Weighted Gene Network Co-expression (WGCNA) analysis was used to identify gene co-expression networks correlated with aggressive OvCa clinical phenotypes. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we identified several CXCL13-CXCR5 associated hub genes that reveal gene-gene interactions, upstream regulators and biological pathways that drive OvCa progression. Of interest, WGCNA-designated Blue module contained CXCR5 along with various co-expressed genes, including RB1, PIK3 C3, GNAI1 that are known to facilitate the progression of OvCa as well as LTB and TNFRSF11B, which have been shown to mediate tertiary lymphoid structure formation. Furthermore, the Blue module genes were significantly (p = 0.04) associated with age at diagnosis. The Salmon module, closely related to the Blue module and, significantly (p = 0.01) correlated with relapse. Importantly, the Salmon module co-Expressed genes, included AURKB and CDCA8 and cell cycle checkpoint regulatory genes, which have shown to be prominent in OvCa recurrence. Taken together, our study suggest an important role of CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling and reveals an important set of co-expressed epigengenes involved in OvCa relapse. Citation Format: Kaylin Carey, Tiara Griffen, Corey Young, Courtney Dill, James Lillard. A multi-variate transcriptome analysis of CXCR5-CXCL13 signaling in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1971.
The Impact of Wireless Communication

It is important to understand how 5G wireless affects application analysis and design. In order to assess this impact, it is necessary to review 5G’s technical impact on performance. In Chap. 1, I laid the foundation of how the market will likely react to increased wireless performance.
AGENTES DEL ORDEN: REDES SOCIALES Y VIGILANCIA URBANA EN LIMA, 1890-1900

espanolEn Lima de fines del siglo XIX coexistieron dos formas de vigilancia urbana que se complementaban en la vida diaria, aunque ellas respondian a intereses distintos y a entes muchas veces vistos como antagonicos. Por un lado, la incipiente policia urbana ejercio un nivel de autoridad que, aunque limitado, era reconocido por la mayoria de los vecinos de la ciudad, en especial los de los sectores populares. Es importante resaltar que esta autoridad se ejercio a pesar de que estas fuerzas policiales tuvieron una organizacion deficiente, un presupuesto precario y dependian de un personal inestable y aun no profesionalizado. Por otro lado, las redes sociales desarrolladas por los vecinos y la poblacion flotante de la ciudad mediante antiguas practicas no oficiales de vigilancia permitieron a las clases medias y populares contar con un sistema de control social propio. Este sistema de control fue muchas veces mas efectivo que el de la propia policia, la que dependia en gran medida de estas formas no oficiales de control. Estas dos formas de vigilancia permitieron tanto a ciudadanos como a policias ser agentes del orden en la ciudad. EnglishIn late-19th century Lima, two forms of surveillance coexisted and complemented each other in everyday life even though they responded to the interests of two distinct entities commonly seen as antagonistic. On the one hand, the incipient urban police of the capital city exercised a level of authority that, although limited, was recognized by most of the city’s dwellers. The police managed to establish their authority despite the fact that this institution had a deficient organization, a precarious budget and an unstable and not yet professionalized personnel. On the other hand, the social networks that the city’s dwellers developed through old and informal surveillance practices allowed the lower and middle classes to have a system of social control that was often more effective than the one of the police. In fact, the police depended to a large degree on those informal practices to do their job. These two forms of surveillance allowed both dwellers and police officers to be agents of order in the city.
Rate loss in the Gaussian CEO problem

We present a characterization of the Gaussian CEO rate region, in which the operational point at each boundary is characterized by one free parameter. That parameter determines the water level. Only those sensors whose observation noise is below that water level need to compress and transmit their data. Using that characterization, we present a simple (suboptimal) achievable region, expressed in terms of the difference between the noisy and the noiseless rate-distortion functions. Using that achievable region, we can explicitly bound the rate loss due to lack of cooperation among the compressors.
What can neutron stars reveal about the equation of state of dense matter

Neutron stars are astrophysical objects of extremes, reaching the highest densities we can observe in the cosmos, and probing matter under conditions that cannot be recreated in terrestrial experiments. In August 2017, the first neutron-star merger has been observed, which provided compelling evidence that these events are an important site for r-process nucleosynthesis. Furthermore, the gravitational-wave signal of such events might shed light upon the nature of strongly interacting matter in the neutron-star core. To understand these remarkable events, reliable nuclear physics input is essential. In this contribution, I explain how to use chiral effective field theory and advanced many-body methods to provide a consistent and systematic approach to strongly inter- acting systems from nuclei to neutron stars with controlled theoretical uncertainties. I will discuss recent results for the equation of state relevant for the nuclear astrophysics of neutron stars and neutron-star mergers.
Novelty detection under multi-label multi-instance framework

Novelty detection plays an important role in machine learning and signal processing. This paper studies novelty detection in a new setting where the data object is represented as a bag of instances and associated with multiple class labels, referred to as multi-instance multi-label (MIML) learning. Contrary to the common assumption in MIML that each instance in a bag belongs to one of the known classes, in novelty detection, we focus on the scenario where bags may contain novel-class instances. The goal is to determine, for any given instance in a new bag, whether it belongs to a known class or a novel class. Detecting novelty in the MIML setting captures many real-world phenomena and has many potential applications. For example, in a collection of tagged images, the tag may only cover a subset of objects existing in the images. Discovering an object whose class has not been previously tagged can be useful for the purpose of soliciting a label for the new object class. To address this novel problem, we present a discriminative framework for detecting new class instances. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, and reveal that the presence of unlabeled novel instances in training bags is helpful to the detection of such instances in testing stage.
The biochemical and genetic discovery of the SAGA complex.

One of the major advances in our understanding of gene regulation in eukaryotes was the discovery of factors that regulate transcription by controlling chromatin structure. Prominent among these discoveries was the demonstration that Gcn5 is a histone acetyltransferase, establishing a direct connection between transcriptional activation and histone acetylation. This breakthrough was soon followed by the purification of a protein complex that contains Gcn5, the SAGA complex. In this article, we review the early genetic and biochemical experiments that led to the discovery of SAGA and the elucidation of its multiple activities.
Tooth Loss and Nutritional Status in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis:

Background/Objective:Older adults are at risk for tooth loss and compromised nutritional status. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to answer the following question:...
Population Structure of the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in the Maryland Coastal Bays

The population structure of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus was examined in the Maryland Coastal Bays (MCB) from 2014 to 2016. Crabs were sampled from April to December of each year. Size–frequency distributions showed a strong seasonal cycle, with small crabs being abundant in April, increasing in size through September, with adult crabs observed in the highest proportions from August through October of each year. A subsample of crabs was assayed for hemolymph ecdysone concentrations to examine molting patterns in field-collected blue crabs. Molting was observed throughout the sampling season, peaking in April for immature crabs, with lows in all size classes occurring in October. The mean size at maturity (L50) for females collected in this study was 116 mm carapace width (CW), which is comparable to that reported for the lower Chesapeake Bay (CB) and suggests crabs in the MCB are not significantly smaller as previously thought; however, large crabs (>127 mm CW) appear to make up a smaller proportion of the total population in the MCB than in CB. Ovigerous females were observed at two distinct locations depending on the season, with 13/15 (86.7%) in southern Chincoteague Bay in April and May and 24/41 (58.5%) nearest to the Ocean City Inlet in July and August, indicating two potentially distinct spawning grounds and periods. This work suggests that blue crab reproductive success and general population trends are similar across both systems, with fishing pressure or disease in the MCB potentially explaining the low abundance of adult male crabs.
From marginal to canonical: The afterlife of a late medieval Telugu hagiography in a Kannada translation

This article considers the literary fate of the Basava Purāṇa in its original thirteenth-century Telugu version and fourteenth-century translation to Kannada while highlighting the stark difference...
Animal deception and the content of signals

Abstract In cases of animal mimicry, the receiver of the signal learns the truth that he is either dealing with the real thing or with a mimic. Thus, despite being a prototypical example of animal deception, mimicry does not seem to qualify as deception on the traditional definition, since the receiver is not actually misled. We offer a new account of propositional content in sender-receiver games that explains how the receiver is misled (and deceived) by mimicry. We show that previous accounts of deception, and of propositional content, give incorrect results about whether certain signals are deceptive.
FinderX: A Bluetooth Beacon Based System for Designing Sustainable Green Smart Cities

Cities offer extensive facilities to enrich the quality of life by utilizing smart devices and sensors. The Internet of Things and smart sensors connect various city services with the inhabitants. The services should be convenient and accessible to all, especially pedestrians and people with visual impairment. However, the lack of information about service locations often limits their availability and use. To this end, we developed FinderX, a Bluetooth beacon-based system to search for the nearest services and amenities. FinderX identifies the locations of nearby amenities in real-time using the signal from attached beacons. The system does not require Internet or other communication infrastructure and can function where the GPS signal is inaccessible. To demonstrate the feasibility of FinderX, we set up a testbed and evaluated the system in an urban environment. We show that FinderX has adequate usability and feasibility and reduces the time to find the amenities by 18.98\% on average. We also demonstrate that Bluetooth beacons have lower horizontal error compared to GPS in micro-positioning (where semi-indoor or surrounding infrastructure limits signal accessibility), which motivates the use of Bluetooth beacons for such applications.