cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of alternate solenoid and long solenoid cooling channels

Abstract Performances of three cooling channels are compared: (A) FOFO, (B) alternate solenoid channel with additional correcting coils of small radius, (C) long solenoid channel with single or double field flip. A realistic input provided by precooling part with 16 GeV proton beam and carbon target is used in all the cases. After an optimization, muon/proton ratio of the cooled beam is about 0.1–0.12 being maximal in FOFO channel. The double field flip channel allows to reach minimal transverse emittance 2.1 mm , single flip and (B)-channels provide 3.6– 3.7 mm , and FOFO— 5.4 mm .
Far-Infrared and Raman Spectra of Ammonium Fluoride and Ammonium Fluoride d 4

The far-infrared spectra of thin films of NH4F and ND4F and the Raman spectra of polycrystalline samples of both compounds have been recorded at -170°C. Two low-frequency lattice vibrations were observed in each spectrum and these have been assigned as optical translations on the basis of their isotopic shift factors. Librational modes were not observed in any of the spectra.
Discriminative stimulus properties of haloperidol

Rats (N = 9) were trained to discriminate the antipsychotic drug haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg i.p.) from drug vehicle (0.25% acetic acid in 0.9% saline) using a water-reinforced, fixed-ratio 10 response operant procedure. Acquisition of discrimination required a mean of 45 trainingsessions (median value of 38 sessions). The discriminative stimulus was dose-dependent with an ED50 value of 0.008 mg/kg. The total number of responses per 10-min test session was significantly reduced at all doses of haloperidol that produced haloperidol lever selection. The antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine substituted for the haloperidol discriminative stimulus (ED50 = 0.38 mg/kg). The indirect dopaminergic agonists amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) and cocaine (10 mg/kg) fully blocked the haloperidol discriminative stimulus. Taken together, these initial results suggest that the discriminative stimulus produced by haloperidol is mediated, at least in part, by an interaction with dopamine receptors.
A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR DELIVERING LIQUIDS DIRECTLY TO THE MOUTH OF AN UNRESTRAINED RAT1

A simple surgical procedure is described that makes it possible to deliver liquids directly into the mouth of a freely mobile rat. Data presented show that an 8% sucrose solution delivered by this technique is an effective reinforcer in a variety of simple and discriminative schedules of reinforcement.
Effect of impurities on the matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectra of single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides

The effect of impurities on the analysis of single-stranded DNA oligomers by the technique of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been studied using the matrix 3-hydroxypicolinic acid and 355-nm pulsed light. By mixing the DNA oligomers with different concentrations of impurities and recording mass spectra, limits are set on the tolerable level of a given impurity in a sample. The tolerance limits for sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium fluoride, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and manganese(II) chloride were found to be approximately 10-2 M. It was found that magnesium salts degraded the mass spectrum at much lower levels of 10-4 M. The organic compounds tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), urea, dithiothreitol (DTT), glycerol, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), when present as its ammonium salt, were tolerable at concentrations into the range of 0.25−0.5 M, while the organic polyamine compound spermine substantially degr...
Systematic review: Asian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection.

Summary Background Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is a risk factor for both the development of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Globally, approximately 170 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the majority of these individuals come from the western Pacific and Southeast Asia regions (94.6 million persons combined). CHC is an understudied and underappreciated health problem in many Asian countries and in the US, where Asians represent one of the fastest growing groups of new Americans. Aim To perform a systematic review of the current literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis and screening, clinical characteristics and response to anti-viral therapy of Asians with CHC. Methods Using a PubMed search of ‘hepatitis C’ and ‘Asia,’ 341 original manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals were identified, and 99 were selected based on their relevance. Results Many Asian CHC patients do not have easily identifiable risk factors and may be underdiagnosed. Rates of HCV infection in Asians on community screening in the US are unexpectedly high, and there is a high prevalence of HCV genotype 6 in Southeast Asia and Southern China. HCV-infected Asians tend to present at older age and may have higher risk of HCC; however, they respond better to anti-viral therapy than non-Asians across all HCV genotypes. Conclusions Given the high HCV endemicity in Asia, lack of identifiable risk factors and favourable treatment response rates in Asians, we advocate the screening for HCV infection of all Asians who come from areas where HCV prevalence is ≥2%.
Effect of Water on Internal Aggregate Structure in Zinc-Neutralized Ionomers

The effect of water on zinc-neutralized ethylene−methacrylic acid (E−MAA) ionomers and sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) ionomers was studied. The change in weight after soaking in water was quantified as a function of zinc content and correlated to changes in spectra from zinc-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). EXAFS patterns for the fully dried ionomers were characteristic of zinc surrounded by four oxygen atoms. E−MAA ionomers absorbed much less water per zinc atom than SPS ionomers. Addition of water changed the EXAFS pattern in E−MAA ionomers, but the pattern was still characteristic of zinc coordinated to four oxygen atoms. This change was consistent with water replacing chelating carboxylate anions coordinated to zinc at the edges of aggregates or coordinated to isolated zinc ions. A new interpretation of the va(COO-) infrared vibration was developed from this work. In SPS, addition of water caused zinc to become 6-fold coordinated to oxygen, which is suggestive of zinc ...
Clay‐catalyzed reactions of olefins. I. Polymerization of styrene

Qualitative observations are reported on the polymerization of styrene with acid clay cracking catalysts. Molecular weights were 500–2000, depending on solvent, catalyst quantity, monomer concentration, and temperature, monomer conversions approached 100%. The reaction rate is rapid at 0°C. and at ambient temperatures and is severely inhibited by water and other proton acceptors. The polymer was structurally the same as polystyrene and contained saturated endgroups formed by solvent termination and by a competitive cyclization reaction. The chain termination products and polymer end-groups were identified.
Population based study of coffee, alcohol and tobacco use and risk of ovarian cancer.

Coffee, alcohol and tobacco use have been examined in many epidemiologic studies of ovarian cancer but findings have generally been inconclusive. To explain prior inconsistent findings, we sought to determine whether associations with these exposures might vary by histologic subtype of ovarian cancer or menopausal status at diagnosis. We conducted a population-based case-control study in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire involving 549 women with newly-diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and 516 control women selected either by random digit dialing or through lists of residents. Coffee and alcohol consumption was assessed through a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and information on tobacco smoking was collected through personal interview. Consumption of coffee and caffeine was associated with increased risk for ovarian cancer but only among premenopausal women. There was no increase in risk for ovarian cancer overall associated with tobacco or alcohol use in either pre- or post-menopausal women. Association of borderline significance for tobacco and invasive serous cancers and alcohol and mucinous cancers were observed but reduced after adjustment for coffee consumption. We conclude that coffee and caffeine consumption may increase risk for ovarian cancer among premenopausal women and are findings that have some epidemiologic and biologic support.
Structural analysis of arabinoxylans isolated from ball-milled switchgrass biomass

Abstract Ball-milled alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR) was prepared from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum var Alamo) and sequentially extracted with 50 mM ammonium oxalate buffer, 50 mM sodium carbonate, 1 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4, and 4 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4. Arabinoxylan was the most abundant component of the 1 M KOH-extracted fraction, which was treated with endoxylanase to generate oligosaccharides. Gel-permeation chromatography of these oligosaccharides produced three size-homogeneous oligosaccharide fractions with molecular weights of 678, 810, and 1074 Da, corresponding to 5, 6, and 8 pentose units, respectively. Detailed structural analysis of these oligosaccharides was performed using methylation analysis, multiple-step mass spectrometry (ESIMSn), and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The preferred gas-phase fragmentation pathways were identified for these oligosaccharides, providing extensive sequence information that was completely consistent with structures determined by ab initio NMR analysis. These results demonstrate the high information content of ESIMSn analysis when applied to cell-wall-derived oligosaccharides and provide standard data that will facilitate the analysis of cell-wall polysaccharide fragments with a sensitivity that is sufficient for the analysis of samples obtained from dissected tissues as well as other small samples.
Delaying Mobility Disability in People With Parkinson Disease Using a Sensorimotor Agility Exercise Program

This article introduces a new framework for therapists to develop an exercise program to delay mobility disability in people with Parkinson disease (PD). Mobility, or the ability to efficiently navigate and function in a variety of environments, requires balance, agility, and flexibility, all of which are affected by PD. This article summarizes recent research identifying how constraints on mobility specific to PD, such as rigidity, bradykinesia, freezing, poor sensory integration, inflexible program selection, and impaired cognitive processing, limit mobility in people with PD. Based on these constraints, a conceptual framework for exercises to maintain and improve mobility is presented. An example of a constraint-focused agility exercise program, incorporating movement principles from tai chi, kayaking, boxing, lunges, agility training, and Pilates exercises, is presented. This new constraint-focused agility exercise program is based on a strong scientific framework and includes progressive levels of sensorimotor, resistance, and coordination challenges that can be customized for each patient while maintaining fidelity. Principles for improving mobility presented here can be incorporated into an ongoing or long-term exercise program for people with PD.
Novel Viral Disease Control Strategy: Adenovirus Expressing Alpha Interferon Rapidly Protects Swine from Foot-and-Mouth Disease

We have previously shown that replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is highly sensitive to alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β). In the present study, we constructed recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 vectors containing either porcine IFN-α or IFN-β (Ad5-pIFNα or Ad5-pIFNβ). We demonstrated that cells infected with these viruses express high levels of biologically active IFN. Swine inoculated with 10 9 PFU of a control Ad5 virus lacking the IFN gene and challenged 24 h later with FMDV developed typical signs of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), including fever, vesicular lesions, and viremia. In contrast, swine inoculated with 10 9 PFU of Ad5-pIFNα were completely protected when challenged 24 h later with FMDV. These animals showed no clinical signs of FMD and no viremia and did not develop antibodies against viral nonstructural proteins, suggesting that complete protection from infection was achieved.
Orientation-dependent mobilities from analyses of two-dimensional TiN(111) island decay kinetics

Abstract We present a method for the determination of orientation-dependent mobilities Γ eff ( φ ) based upon analyses of the detachment-limited coarsening/decay kinetics of equilibrium-shaped two-dimensional islands. An exact analytical expression relating the orientation-dependence of Γ eff ( φ ) to that of the anisotropic step energies β ( φ ) is derived. This provides relative values of Γ eff ( φ ) to within an orientation-independent scale factor that is proportional to the decay rate of the island area. Using in situ high temperature ( T = 1550–1700 K) low-energy electron microscopy measurements of two-dimensional TiN island coarsening/decay kinetics on TiN(111) terraces for which β ( φ ) values are known [Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003) 35409], we demonstrate the applicability of our analytic formulation for the determination of absolute Γ eff ( φ ) values.
Picosecond Studies of Electron Transfer in Bacterial Photosynthesis and in Model Svstems

Green plants have two photosystems, called PS1 and PS2, both of which absorb a photon and cooperate in the conversion of light energy into the chemical potential needed for the oxidation of water and the reduction of CO2 to carbohydrate. Photosynthetic bacteria have only a single photosystem, which more closely resembles PS1 in plants. The primary oxidant has a potential of about +0.45 V. This is not enough to oxidize water, as occurs in green plants. Consequently, bacteria require a supply of more readily oxidized chemical species, e.g., sulfide, succinate, and thiosulfate. The primary reductant has a potential of about -0.15 V and, as in plants, is coupled both to CO2 reduction and to the synthesis of ATP. Photosynthetic bacteria, like green plants, also contain an antenna system that harvests the incident photons and transfers the excitation to a reaction center (RC). By suitable detergent treatments of bacterial chromatophores, RC preparations essentially free of antenna pigments can be obtained. This possibility, coupled with the presence of only a single photosystem, has made bacterial RCs the preferred choice of most investigators for detailed studies of the charge separation process, although a few picosecond studies have been made with intact chromatophores. For recent reviews see [1–4].
Investigation to effectiveness of design factors for FPGA package PDN networks

Power delivery net (PDN) is vital for FPGA and structural ASIC devices packages to deliver power supply with high fidelity from system board to IC chips, which requires low impedance maintained over the entire frequency range of device under operation. Many efforts have been spent to lower PDN impedance, including increased use of on-die, on-package and on-PCB decoupling capacitances [1], [3]. In this study the authors use bare substrate of an engineering package to set stage for PDN design factors discussion. To make it a comprehensive study, the authors analyze the factors which affecting PDN performance from both modeling and hardware measurement perspective, and perform a correlation study for both aspects.
Backscattering particle immunoassays in wire-guide droplet manipulations

A simpler way for manipulating droplets on a flat surface was demonstrated, eliminating the complications in the existing methods of open-surface digital microfluidics. Programmed and motorized movements of 10 μL droplets were demonstrated using stepper motors and microcontrollers, including merging, complicated movement along the programmed path, and rapid mixing. Latex immunoagglutination assays for mouse immunoglobulin G, bovine viral diarrhea virus and Escherichia coli were demonstrated by merging two droplets on a superhydrophobic surface (contact angle = 155 ± 2°) and using subsequent back light scattering detection, with detection limits of 50 pg mL-1, 2.5 TCID50 mL-1 and 85 CFU mL-1, respectively, all significantly lower than the other immunoassay demonstrations in conventional microfluidics (~1 ng mL-1 for proteins, ~100 TCID50 mL-1 for viruses and ~100 CFU mL-1 for bacteria). Advantages of this system over conventional microfluidics or microwell plate assays include: (1) minimized biofouling and repeated use (>100 times) of a platform; (2) possibility of nanoliter droplet manipulation; (3) reprogrammability with a computer or a game pad interface.
Occlusive arterial disease of the hand due to repetitive blunt trauma: a review with illustrative cases

Abstract Objective: to increase clinical awareness of the role of repetitive blunt trauma, often occupational, in the development of occlusive arterial disease of the hand. Study Design: illustrative cases are presented to emphasize the varied etiology and clinical features of occlusive arterial disease of the hand resulting from repetitive blunt trauma and an historical review of the literature is presented. Results: Occlusive arterial disease of the hand due to repetitive blunt trauma is a common but often preventable disorder. The superficial location of many of the arteries of the hands and digits plus their close proximity to the bones of the hand makes them uniquely susceptible to injury from repetitive blunt trauma. An ever increasing number of occupations and leisure activities have been causally related to occlusive arterial disease of the hand. The diagnosis of occupational occlusive arterial disease due to blunt trauma is suggested by eliciting a history of repetitive blunt trauma to the hand in a patient with symptoms and/or signs of digital ischemia. The dominant hand is most commonly involved, but the non-dominant hand or both hands are affected in certain occupations. Possible predisposing or aggravating factors include tobacco use and working in a cold environment. The diagnosis of occlusive arterial disease confined to the hand or digits is confirmed by non-invasive studies in the vascular laboratory and demonstrated by arteriography. Conservative measures and protection of the hand from further trauma is sufficient for most patients, with surgical therapy being reserved for patients refractory to medical therapy or those with more severe ischemia. Conclusion: occlusive arterial disease of the hand may be more common than formerly thought and is often preventable by the proper use of hand tools or instruments and hand protection. This is another type of occlusive arterial disease in which tobacco may be a predisposing or aggravating factor.
Some recent developments in traffic flow theory

This paper attempts to give a qualitative assessment of some recent developments related to the continuum modeling of vehicular traffic flow. Our objectives are threefold: 1) to establish a unified view on the discussed theories; 2) to compare their predictions with available observations; and 3) to find out their limitations and postulate new research directions in traffic flow. Our discussion begins with a brief introduction on continuum traffic flow theories and ends with a note on further directions of research in this area.
Diet and Gastric Cancer

Worldwide, gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death (Parkin et al. 2005). In 2002, approximately 933,937 men and women were diagnosed with gastric cancer, and 700,349 died from gastric cancer worldwide (Parkin et al. 2005). In the United States, gastric cancer is relatively uncommon, and ranked fourteenth among both incident cancers and cancer deaths with approximately 22,280 new cases and 11,430 deaths in 2006 (Jemal et al. 2006). The death rate from gastric cancer has steadily decreased over the last several decades in the United States (Jemal et al. 2006) and worldwide (Parkin et al. 2005), suggesting that environmental factors such as diet have a critical role in the etiology of this malignancy. Growing evidence indicates that gastric cardia and noncardia cancer differ in etiology (Devesa et al. 1998). For example, Helicobacter pylori infection is an established strong risk factor for gastric noncardia cancer, but it is not associated with the risk for gastric cardia cancer (Engel et al. 2003; Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group 2001). In addition, the incidence rate of gastric cardia cancer has increased in the United States (Corley and Kubo 2004; Devesa et al. 1998; Devesa and Fraumeni 1999) and European countries (Botterweck et al. 2000a), whereas the incidence rate of gastric noncardia cancer has steadily decreased (Corley and Kubo 2004). It has been suggested that the increasing rate of obesity is contributing to the increase in gastric cardia cancer (Engel et al. 2003; Kubo and Corley, 2006). Other established risk factors for gastric cancer include age and tobacco smoking (Engel et al. 2003; Freedman et al. 2007; Kelley and Duggan, 2003; Sjodahl et al. 2007).
Product Diversity and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation:

This study employs categorical measures of broad spectrum diversity (BSD) and mean narrow spectrum diversity (MNSD) to classify firms into broad diversification strategy groups. The BSD and MNSD me...
Intrafollicular influences on human oocyte developmental competence: perifollicular vascularity, oocyte metabolism and mitochondrial function

While genetic and epigenetic factors have been associated with the developmental competence of human oocytes and embryos produced by IVF, how such factors develop or influence the oocyte remain to be explained. This paper reviews evidence which suggests that the degree of perifollicular vascular expansion associated with increased rates of blood flow are developmentally important for the generation of a normal follicle and competent oocyte. The degree of vascular development is follicle specific and differences between follicles might reflect their unique abilities to regulate angiogenic growth factor(s) production by the follicle cells in response to hypoxia. The notion that mitochondrial function in oocytes and early embryos could be influenced by intrafollicular conditions, and that differential patterns of mitochondrial segregation occur in blastomeres during early cleavage, is discussed with respect to the role of these organelles as critical determinants of developmental competence.
Nebivolol improves insulin sensitivity in the TGR(Ren2)27 rat

Hypertension is often associated with increased oxidative stress and systemic insulin resistance. Use of β-adrenergic receptor blockers in hypertension is limited because of potential negative influence on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. We sought to determine the impact of nebivolol, a selective vasodilatory β1-adrenergic blocker, on whole-body insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle oxidative stress, insulin signaling, and glucose transport in the transgenic TG(mRen2)27 rat (Ren2). This rodent model manifests increased tissue renin angiotensin expression, excess oxidative stress, and whole-body insulin resistance. Young (age, 6-9 weeks) Ren2 and age-matched Sprague-Dawley control rats were treated with nebivolol 10 mg/(kg d) or placebo for 21 days. Basal measurements were obtained for glucose and insulin to calculate the homeostasis model assessment. In addition, insulin metabolic signaling, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, reactive oxygen species, and ultrastructural changes as evaluated by transmission electron microscopy were examined ex vivo in skeletal muscle tissue. The Ren2 rat demonstrated systemic insulin resistance as examined by the homeostasis model assessment, along with impaired insulin metabolic signaling in skeletal muscle. This was associated with increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial remodeling. Treatment with nebivolol was associated with improvement in insulin resistance and decreased NADPH oxidase activity/levels of reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle tissue. Nebivolol treatment for 3 weeks reduces NADPH oxidase activity and improves systemic insulin resistance in concert with reduced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle in a young rodent model of hypertension, insulin resistance, and enhanced tissue RAS expression.
A Versatile Patient Positioner for Radiation Therapy

Mechanical features, control philosophy, and operational characteristics are described for the automatic, computer-controlled patient positioner "ISAH." This device is presently in operation at LBL's 184-Inch Cyclotron. It is capable of positioning a patient or experimental animal to 0.1 mm accuracies in three dimensions. It can simultaneously or selectively translate the patient in three orthogonal axes and rotate him about two perpendicular axes. Translational motions are 61, 40 and 23 cm respectively while rotations are 400 deg. It is used to deliver a therapeutic dose of radiation from the cyclotron (910 MeV Helium ions) to an arbitrarily defined volume within the patient's body and to manipulate the patient during irradiation so as to minimize radiation exposure of the intervening tissue. The patient motions are under on-line control of a PDP-8/I computer which directs the necessary motions and verifies their performance. The computer may also control a variable thickness water column used to vary the depth of the Bragg peak within the patient.
Analysis of Multiple Data Sets in Outdoor Recreation Research: Introduction to the Special Issue

Outdoor recreation research has evolved and matured over the past several decades. The modern era of outdoor recreation research can be traced to the studies supporting the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC) in the early 1960s. Since that time, the scientific and professional literature has expanded dramatically and several trends in outdoor recreation research are evident. First, research has evolved from primarily descriptive empirically based studies of visitor characteristics and use patterns to more theoretically based analytical studies of visitor behavior and the underlying meanings of outdoor recreation. Second, the research-based literature in outdoor recreation has been synthesized in a number of conceptual/organizational frameworks (e.g., the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum, carrying capacity frameworks) that are useful for integrating multiple studies and guiding further research and management. Third, the synergistic effects of an accumulating body of research have developed a strong theoretical understanding of important issues in outdoor recreation including crowding, conflict, motivations and benefits, norms, substitutability, specialization, and sense of place. Fourth, issues addressed in outdoor recreation research continue to evolve to meet societal interests and needs including the relationship between outdoor recreation and race, ethnicity, and gender; the appropriate roles of fees in outdoor recreation; and the characteristics and impacts of new forms of outdoor recreation such as mountain biking. Analysis of multiple data sets offers another approach for outdoor recreation research to evolve and mature. Recreation research has been traditionally characterized by cross-sectional surveys of recreation participants and, occasionally, other populations. The resulting data tend to be isolated in space and time and often lack the ability to support theoretical development and broad generalization. As multiple data sets have been generated using widely accepted and reasonably comparable study methods, new integrative analytical approaches have become possible and potentially productive. Examples of these approaches include meta-analysis, comparative analysis, time series analysis, and
G.W.F. Hegel on Self‐Determination and Democratic Theory

This article claims that the major alternative models of contemporary democratic theory—the aggregative, deliberative, and agonistic models—are grounded on a norm of self-determination, but each conceptualizes this self-determination in a different, and one-sidedly narrow, way. G.W.F. Hegel provides a conceptual scheme in which to understand the development and synthesize the insights of these three articulations of self-determination. He also argues that the political embodiment of a complete self-determination must be founded on economic self-interest, though a self-interest expanded to a concern for the common good through the experience of self-government in one's economic and political associations. Thus, rather than separating economic and political spheres, as contemporary democratic theorists do, Hegel makes a case that modern self-determination requires a structural harmony between these spheres.
IL-10/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling dysregulates Bim expression in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Background Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a human disorder of T cell homeostasis caused by mutations that impair FAS-mediated apoptosis. A defining characteristic of ALPS is the expansion of double negative T cells (DNTC). Relatively little is known about how defective FAS-driven cell death and the Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway intersect in ALPS patients. Objective We studied changes in Bcl-2 family member expression in ALPS to determine whether the Bcl-2 pathway might provide a therapeutic target. Methods We used flow cytometry to analyze the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members in T cells from 12 ALPS patients and determined the in vitro sensitivity of ALPS DNTC to the pro-apoptotic BH3 mimetic, ABT-737. Results The pro-apoptotic molecule, Bim, was significantly elevated in DNTC. Although no general pattern of individual anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members emerged, increased expression of Bim was always accompanied by increased expression of at least 1 anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member. Strikingly, Bim levels in DNTC correlated significantly with serum IL-10 in ALPS patients, and IL-10 was sufficient to mildly induce Bim in normal and ALPS T cells via a Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3–dependent mechanism. Finally, ABT-737 preferentially killed ALPS DNTC in vitro . Conclusion Combined, these data show that an IL-10/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway drives Bim expression in ALPS DNTC, which renders them sensitive to BH3 mimetics, uncovering a potentially novel therapeutic approach to ALPS.
BEHAVIOR-BASED ACTIVE VISION

A vision system was built using a behavior-based model, the subsumption architecture. The so-called active eye moves the camera’s axis through the environment, detecting areas with high concentration of edges, with the help of a kind of saccadic movement. The design and implementation process is detailed in the article, paying particular attention to the fovea-like sensor structure which enables the active eye to efficiently use local information to control its movements. Numerical measures for the eye’s behavior were developed, and applied to evaluate the incremental building process and the effects of the saccadic movements on the whole system. A higher level behavior was also implemented, with the purpose of detecting long straight edges in the image, producing pictures similar to hand drawings. Robustness and efficiency problems are addressed at the end of the paper. The results seem to prove that interesting behaviors can be achieved using simple vision methods and algorithms, if their results are properly interconnected and timed.
Life Expectancy With Cognitive Impairment in the Older Population of the United States

Objectives This article provides estimates of the prevalence of cognitive impairment by age and sex for a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population aged 70 and over. From these estimates, years of life with and without cognitive impairment are calculated. Methods Using data from the Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey, the prevalence of cognitive impairment is estimated for a sample representing both the community-dwelling and institutionalized older American population. Sullivan's method is used to calculate the average number of years an elderly person can expect to live with and without cognitive impairment. Results The prevalence of moderate to severe cognitive impairment in the total U.S. population aged 70 and over is 9.5%. At age 70, the average American can expect 1.5 years with cognitive impairment. Expected length of life with cognitive impairment is longer for women than men because of their longer life expectancy. Discussion As total life expectancy continues to increase, the length of life with cognitive impairment for the American population will increase unless age-specific prevalence is reduced. There is great potential for improvement in future early treatment and diagnosis of this condition.
Geostatistics for Large Datasets

The authors thank Reinhard Furrer for valuable comments on themanuscript. Li’s research was partially supported by NSF grant DMS-1007686. Genton’s researchwas partially supported by NSF grants DMS-1007504 and DMS-1100492, and by Award No.KUSC1-016-04, made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).
An Analysis of the Tobacco Settlement in Relation to Adolescent Tobacco Use

Abstract The tobacco industry has been a formidable purveyor of excess morbidity and premature mortality in the United States. Recently, two major comprehensive settlements, the 1997 defeated tobacco agreement and the 1998 multistate settlement, have provided hope to health professionals, legislators, and the general public that the tobacco companies would be brought to their knees. Many will be surprised to learn that the tobacco companies have been tripped but they have not fallen. This review examines the 1997 settlement, major components of the 1998 multistate settlement, the limitations of the 1998 settlement, and the implications of the current settlement for future adolescent tobacco use.
A scale of black power sentiment.

Currently, civil strife and tension between Negroes and whites and differences in policy among civil rights groups point to the need for a measure of the "black power" attirude. Preliminary work on our Black Power Sentiment scale (BPS) uses 58 statements covering a wide variety of social, political, and economic issues on which black power advocates and more moderate civil rights spokesmen currently disagree (1, 2, 3). The items are presented in an "agreem-"disagree" format; half are worded in reverse.' A preliminary validation of the BPS was made by securing two criterion groups of Negro respondents. In Group I (pro-black power) were 5 staff members of the Congress on Racial Equality's (CORE) New York City office and 1 local college student who is a member of the Black Muslims. In Group I1 (anti-black power) were 9 staff members of Marcin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Atlanta, Georgia. CORE and SCLC respondents were recruited by their organization's officials who had volunteered to help usa Each respondent returned his unsigned questionnaire directly to us by mail. When BPS total scale scores (possible range 0-58) were compared, means of Groups I and I1 differed strongly (p < ,001, one-tailed s test). Furthermore, there was no overlap of individual scores made by the criterion groups. Using the criterion-group data, internal consistency of the scale is .78 (Cronbach's &ha). Taken together these results suggest that the scale is a valid measure of black power sentiment. It is possible, however, that the results reflect merely regional differences rather than ideological ones. Volunteer respondents are difficult to find, espec~ally among black power advocates. Nonetheless, we intend to find additional and larger criterion group samples to validate further the BPS. Recently, in an effort to shorten the BPS and increase its reliability, the most discriminating items of the original form were assembled for a 20-item scale. This shorter form has an internal consistency of .82 as measured on a local sample of Negro college
Interconversion of FeC2H3+ and HFeC2H2+: An FTICR and Density Functional Study

The geometries and energetics of four FeC2H3+ isomers (Fe(CHCH2)+ (1), HFe(CHCH)+ (2), (H)2Fe(CCH)+ (3), and HFe(CCH2)+ (4)) have been studied by a hybrid of density functional theory (DFT) and the Hartree−Fock approach (BECKE3LYP). 1 (5A‘ ‘) is the global minimum on the quintet surface with 2 (5A‘ ‘) 18.5 kcal/mol higher in energy. The activation barrier for 1 → 2 conversion is 36.8 kcal/mol with respect to 1 (5A‘ ‘). On the triplet surface, 1 (3A‘ ‘) is also the global minimum with 2 (3A‘ ‘) 9.1 kcal/mol higher, and the activation barrier from 1 to 2 is only 12.1 kcal/mol. The bond dissociation energy D°(FeH+−C2H2) for the quintet ground state is predicted to be 32.9 kcal/mol, which compares well with the experimentally measured D°(Fe+−C2H2) value of 32 kcal/mol. The [Fe, C2, H3]+ system is also studied experimentally by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). In situ synthesis of FeC2H3+ is achieved by a complex, multistep procedure involving ion/molecule reactions...
Information-Processing Demands as a Determinant of Ceo Compensation

Early research found little relationship between CEO pay and firm performance. Therefore, recent work on CEOs' compensation has focused less on the substantive nature of the job performed by such executives and more on the social and political context in which their pay is set. This study returns attention to the substantive nature of CEOs' jobs. Specifically, we argue that CEOs are paid for the level of information processing that their jobs require. Results from four industries support this view: chief executive compensation was higher in firms whose diversification strategy, approach to technology, and top management team structure placed particularly high information-processing demands on their CEOs.
Interspecific Competition Between Spiders and Its Relevance to Biological Control by General Predators

Interspecific competition between two orb-weaving spiders, Metepeira grinnelli (Coolidge) and Cyclosa turbinata (Walckenaer), was investigated by selective removal of the predators. The estimated predation rate of small prey was higher where Cyclosa was alone than where both species were present, because when Metepeira was removed the density of Cyclosa became higher than the combined density of Metepeira and Cyclosa where both species were present and because the consumption rate of small prey by Metepeira was very low compared with that of Cyclosa. The study suggests that, in some circumstances, a subset of predator species could be more effective in reducing prey populations than the entire natural guild.
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated hyperinsulinaemia can promote the development of a specific form of cardiomyopathy that is independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Termed diabetic cardiomyopathy, this form of cardiomyopathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations, and the prevalence of this condition is rising in parallel with increases in the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of note, female patients seem to be particularly susceptible to the development of this complication of metabolic disease. The diabetic cardiomyopathy observed in insulin- resistant or hyperinsulinaemic states is characterized by impaired myocardial insulin signalling, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired calcium homeostasis, abnormal coronary microcirculation, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and maladaptive immune responses. These pathophysiological changes result in oxidative stress, fibrosis, hypertrophy, cardiac diastolic dysfunction and eventually systolic heart failure. This Review highlights a surge in diabetic cardiomyopathy research, summarizes current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning this condition and explores potential preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Enhanced Nanoparticle Removal Using Surfactants

Nanoparticles are used in chemical mechanical planarization for semiconductor manufacturing as well as in other precision manufacturing operations. Particles used in processing need to be removed from surfaces in order to enhance yields. Nanoparticles are difficult to remove from surfaces during cleaning due to the high van der Waals attractive forces between particles and surfaces relative to the low fluid drag forces that are used for typical removal methods. Ionic surfactant molecules can adsorb on particles and surfaces to create an electrostatic repulsion between particles and surfaces as well as provide a steric barrier to mitigate adsorption and adhesion. The effectiveness of the surfactant in enhancing particle removal is related to surfactant properties, and it can be correlated with and modeled relative to the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant. The general approach for modeling will be discussed, and the model will be compared with particle removal data.
Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Injury in the Expo 2010 Shanghai China

[Objective] To determine the epidemiological characteristic of injury in Expo 2010 Shanghai. [Methods] Use"2010 Shanghai Expo Disease Surveillance System"to timely detect injury cases and analyze the epidemiological characteristic of injuries in Shanghai Expo. [Results] From 1st May to 31st October, injury surveillance system captured 12 505 injury cases. The highest incidence of visitor injury was recorded in May(3.01/104). After a series of interventions(including healthy education and improvement of safety facilities), the incidence had declined from 4.50/104 to 0.80/104(from the first month to last month of Expo). Injury was the most common reason in older adults(≥ 65-years-old)and the third common reason in children(aged 0-14)visiting clinic in Expo park. The most common cause of injury was fall in visitors. The data showed that minor injuries(abrasion and contusion)were most common. [Conclusion] The characteristic of injury incidence in Expo park indicated that timely healthy intervention could reduce the incidence of injury in large-scale events.
Prevalence of depression and quality of life among female breast cancer survivors in Shanghai

Background and purpose Breast caner becomes the top one cancer among the female in Shanghai now,which likely induces depression.This study was to determine the prevalence of depression,quality of life and their influential factors among the female breast cancer survivors living in communities in Shanghai. Methods :A total of 1 328 female breast cancer survivors who lived in communities in Shanghai were selected through cluster sampling based on the system of "Shanghai Cancer Patient Database".They were investigated with questionnaires which included the Zung Self-rating Scale to evaluate the prevalence of depression and FACT-G Self-rating Scale to evaluate the quality of life.1 172 questionnaires called back and were eligible.The prevalence rate of depression and scores of the quality of life were calculated.and their influential factors were also determined. Results :The prevalence rate of depression among the female breast cancer survivors in communities was 22.90%(95%CI:20.00%~25.00%).The average score of the quality of life of the 1172 female breast cancer survivors was 107.62(95%CI:106.41~108.83).The survival time,staged at diagnosis,treatment,KPS score,and pain VAS score were the main influential factors of the prevalence of depression and the quality of life among the female breast cancer survivors.The prevalence of depression significantly influenced the quality of life of the breast cancer survivors. Conclusions :Early detection,improvement of the curative effect,and providing community health services might reduce the prevalence of depression and improve the quality of life among the female breast cancer survivors live in communities.
Equity and the “B” Word: Budgeting and Professional Capacity in Student Affairs

The dual pressures of the national college completion agenda and diminished public investment in higher education have led to a growing reliance on performance-based policies. Using a policy implementation framework, this qualitative study examines the implementation of a performance-based budgeting model at a broad-access urban research university and its implications for student affairs practice. The findings revealed a need for increased capacity within student affairs to better align resources with student success and equity objectives.
The immunologically competent cell ("immunocyte") system--an attempt at a delineation of cellular relationships.

In Dr. Lawrence Berman’s editorial, "The Immunologically Competent Cell ("Immunocyte") System—An Attempt at a Delineation of Cellular Relationships" (February BLOOD, pp. 246-249), the name of R. S. Speirs (reference No. 24 was misspelled. Our apologies to Dr. Speirs.
What will the future be like for patient accounts managers

Patient accounts managers should prepare for their professional futures by critically examining their strengths and weaknesses and using the results of this examination to build on the strengths and correct the weaknesses. They then should tailor their career plans to fit their best estimates of the healthcare environment of the future.
The future of expert systems in chemical engineering

Evolution de l'utilisation des systemes experts (et de l'intelligence artificielle) pour la conception assistee (du flowsheeting a la conception de nouvelles molecules) dans l'industrie chimique
A Novel Visualization Environment to Support Modelers in Analyzing Data Generated by Cellular Automata

In the ‘big data’ era the attention is often on deriving models from vast amounts of routinely collected data, for example to lear about human behaviors. However, models themselves can produce a large amount of data which has to be analyzed. In this paper, we focus on visually exploring data produced by a type of discrete simulation models known as ‘cellular automaton’ (CA). In particular, we visualize two-dimensional CA with square cells, which can intuitively be thought of as a grid of colored cells. This type of CA is usually visualized using a slider to display the whole grid at each time of the simulation, but this can make it challenging to see patterns over the whole simulations because of change blindness. Consequently, our new visualization framework uses a temporal clock glyph to show the successive states of each cell on the same display. This approach is illustrated for three classical models using CA: an epidemic (a human health model), sandpiles (a self-organized dynamical system), and fire spread (a geographical model). Several improvements to the framework are discussed, in part based on feedback collected from trained modelers.