cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency dependence of GaN/AlGaN HEMT amplifier using time-domain analysis

Abstract An exact time-domain technique to analyze RF performance considering thermal effects of the GaN/AlGaN HEMT amplifier is reported. The measured maximum output power of 28 dBm with a power gain of 8.2 dB, power added efficiency (PAE) of 19% a 1 μm ×500 μm Al0.15Ga0.85N/GaN HEMT at 2 GHz are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations. The calculated third-order intermodulation (IM3) and carrier-to-IM3 ratio at the peak operating power/PAE at 2 GHz are −16.5 dB and 13.5 dBc, respectively. With output power decreasing to 16 dBm at 2 GHz the above quantities are −37 dB and 22.5 dBc, respectively. For a 0.45 μm ×250 μm Al0.14Ga0.86N/GaN HEMT, IM3 and carrier-to-IM3 ratio at 16 dBm output power and 2 GHz are −50 dB and 36 dBc, respectively. With increasing output power level and frequency these quantities degrade at a higher rate compared to the longer-gate length device.
Ovarian status influences the skeletal effects of tamoxifen in adult rats

Tamoxifen (TAM), an antiestrogen used in adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, is currently being evaluated for prevention of breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal disease-free women. In light of this clinical application in young women, the skeleton's potential predisposition for osteoporosis following long-term treatment with an antiestrogen is a concern. In postmenopausal women being treated for breast cancer TAM was shown to prevent bone loss. There is little information, however, about the skeletal effects of TAM in premenopausal women. Previous animal studies in ovariectomized (OVX'd) rats have consistently reported TAM to prevent cancellous and cortical bone loss. The effects of TAM on ovary-intact animals, however, are not well established. We have performed a histomorphometric analysis in order to evaluate the influence of ovarian function on the skeletal effects of long-term TAM treatment in the laboratory animal model. Sixmonth-old rats were implanted subcutaneously with pellets designed for the controlled release of TAM at a dose (5 mg/3 wks) previously shown to be effective at antagonizing short-term bone loss in OVX'd growing rats. TAM acted as an estrogen agonist on cortical bone measurements in tibia of ovary-intact as well as OVX'd rats. In cancellous bone of OVX'd rats, TAM reduced indices of bone formation and resorption and reduced the bone loss from over 90 percent to less than 50 percent. In ovary-intact rats, however, TAM produced a 31 percent loss of cancellous bone, a deficit associated with a 26 percent reduction in the trabecular number. These results clearly demonstrate an interaction between TAM and ovarian status whereby TAM partially prevents estrogen-deficient bone loss in OVX'd animals but antagonizes selective actions of estrogen on the skeleton of ovary-intact animals.
Enhanced Clearance of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Reduced Herpetic Eye Disease in STAT6 Knockout Mice Is Associated with Increased IL-2

Abstract STAT6 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 6)-deficient (STAT6 −/− ) mice have defects in IL-4- and IL-13-mediated functions and thus have a reduced T H 2-mediated immune response. Conversely, they have elevated levels of IL-2 and thus an increased T H 1-mediated immune response. To assess the relative impact of reduced T H 2- and elevated T H 1-dependent immune responses on HSV-1 infection, vaccinated and mock-vaccinated STAT6 −/− mice were challenged ocularly with HSV-1. Mock-vaccinated STAT6 −/− mice were as susceptible to lethal HSV-1 infection as parental BALB/c mice. Mock-vaccinated STAT6 −/− mice had reduced HSV-1 titers in their eyes compared to BALB/c mice. Furthermore, mock-vaccinated STAT6 −/− mice had significantly less corneal scarring than their BALB/c counterparts. Vaccination induced significantly higher serum-neutralizing antibody titers in STAT6 −/− mice compared to BALB/c mice, while completely protecting both types of mice against HSV-1-induced death and corneal scarring. Vaccinated STAT6 −/− mice had reduced HSV-1 titers in their eyes compared to BALB/c mice. Lymphocytes from both vaccinated and mock-vaccinated STAT6 −/− mice secreted higher amounts of IL-2 than lymphocytes from BALB/c mice, in the presence or absence of stimulation with UV-inactivated HSV-1. Finally, depletion of IL-2 increased ocular virus replication in STAT6 −/− mice to levels similar to that measured in BALB/c mice. Our results suggest that in the absence of the STAT6 pathway, IL-2-mediated immune responses are up-regulated. This, in turn, leads to faster viral clearance and, consequently, lower levels of eye disease.
Chemistry of 3-Alkynals. A Review

Underlying the chemistry of unsubstituted 3-alkynals (i. e., 3-alkynals unsubstituted at the 2-position) is their tendency to rearrange to 2,3-dienals in which one of the carbon-carbon π bonds is c...
Aboveground-belowground interactions as a source of complementarity effects in biodiversity experiments

The positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is due mainly to complementarity between species. Most BEF studies primarily focused on plant interactions; however, plants are embedded in a dense network of multitrophic interactions above and below the ground, which are likely to play a crucial role in BEF relationships. In the present review I point out the relevance of aboveground–belowground interactions as a source of complementarity effects in grassland biodiversity experiments. A review of the current knowledge on the role of decomposers, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, invertebrate ecosystem engineers, herbivores, pathogens and predators in biodiversity experiments, indicates that soil biota can drive both positive and negative complementarity between plant species via a multitude of mechanisms. I pose four main processes by which aboveground–belowground interactions determine positive complementarity effects: enlarging biotope space, mediating legume effects, increasing plant community resistance, and maintaining plant diversity. By contrast, soil biota may also reinforce negative complementarity effects by competing with plants for nutrients or by exerting herbivore or pathogen pressure, thereby reducing community productivity. Thus, considering aboveground–belowground interactions as well as interactions between antagonistic and mutualistic consumers may improve the mechanistic understanding of complementarity effects in plant diversity–ecosystem functioning experiments and should inspire future research.
Influence of resonant charge transfer on ion diffusion and generalized Einstein relations.

Abstract A three-temperature theory of ion diffusion, and related generalized Einstein relations (GER) connecting diffusion and mobility, are shown to remain valid even in the presence of resonant charge transfer (RCT) which strongly distorts the ion velocity distribution function electric fields. Extreme models of RCT for which exact solutions are known, are used for testing. A previous semi-empirical parametrization scheme for the GER is refined to include the case of RCT and compared with the calculations of Sinha, Lin, and Bardsley for the system He + in He. Good results are obtained for both the diffusion coefficients and the anisotropic ion temperatures as a function of electric field strength.
The methodology of profit maximization: An Austrian alternative

While the MR=MC profit-maximizing model that is used almost religiously by the economics profession has been challenged over the years, it still remains the dominant model to explain firm behavior. However, its popularity does not mean that the model accurately describes what actually occurs in firm decision making. Given that modern mainstream neoclassical economists have failed (through omission or commission) to examine their models through the lens of time, they have lost that component that presents accuracy and enrichment to their arguments. This paper has incorporated challenges to the dominant neoclassical model that were fashioned by Rothbard and, to a much lesser extent, Baumol. In examining the work of both economists, we conclude that the Rothbard model is more complete, as it factors time into the model, where Baumol’s does not, which renders it fatally incomplete. Both authors, however, make a solid point that if one is to analyze the workings of the firm in the real world, other models such as revenue maximization must be taken into account if we are to assume that firms attempt to maximize profits. To be sure, there is much work to be done in the creation of alternative theories of the firm. Klein and others have attempted to build upon the work of Mises and Rothbard to construct a theory of the firm that can stand up to intellectual scrutiny and explain the various aspects of the decision making process within the firm. We attempt through this paper to add to this alternative theoretical construct.
First-principles total-energy calculations on Y and α-YH 0.5

First-principles total-energy calculations have been performed for yttrium in the bcc, fcc, and hcp structures. The density of states at the Fermi energy, cohesive energy, equilibrium lattice constant, and bulk modulus of the ground-state hcp structure are obtained and compared with experimental results. Calculations are also carried out to investigate the lattice expansion and c/a ratio change with the addition of hydrogen.
Compression filming with high-density barium suspensions

A method is described for use of high-density barium suspension (250% wt/vol) during compression filming performed in conjunction with the double-contrast examination of the stomach. The technique employs control of the distribution of barium within the stomach by table tilting and use of the vertebral column to stabilize the posterior wall of the stomach. The technique allows routine demonstration of the areae gastricae and gastric erosions on compression films, as well as detection of anterior wall lesions that may be undetected by double-contrast films.
On Spectral Asymptotics for Domains with Fractal Boundaries

We discuss the spectral properties of the Laplacian for domains Ω with fractal boundaries. The main goal of the article is to find the second term of spectral asymptotics of the counting functionN(λ) or its integral transformations: Θ-function, ξ-function. For domains with smooth boundaries the order of the second term ofN(λ) (under “billiard condition”) is one half of the dimension of the boundary. In the case of fractal boundaries the well-known Weyl-Berry hypothesis identifies it with one half of the Hausdorff dimension of ∂Ω, and the modified Weyl-Berry conjecture with one half of the Minkowski dimension of ∂Ω. We find the spectral asymptotics for three natural broad classes of fractal boundaries (cabbage type, bubble type and web type) and show that the Minkowski dimension gives the proper answer for cabbage type of boundaries (due to “one dimensional structure” of the cabbage type fractals), but the answers are principally different in the two other cases.
CONVERSION-ELECTRON PARTICLE PARAMETERS OF E2 TRANSITIONS IN RARE-EARTH NUCLEI.

Abstract The conversion electron particle parameters b 2 have been determined for several E2 transitions in the deformed nuclei 152 Sm and 154 Gd and the spherical nucleus 152 Gd. The b 2 values were obtained from e − -γ and γ-γ directional correlation studies in which both correlations were measured with the same source for a given transition. The following results were obtained: b 2 (K)=1.62±0.17 for the 122 keV transition in 152 Sm; b 2 (K)=1.07±0.16 for the 245 keV transition in 152 Sm; b 2 (K)=1.41±0.07 for the 123 keV transition in 154 Sm; b 2 (L)=0.88±0.13 for the 123 keV transition in 154 Sm; b 2 (K)=1.58±0.17 for the 344 keV transition in 152 Sm; The three measured particle parameters for the 122 and 123 keV transitions are about (13±9)%, (25±4)% and (30±10)% lower than theory; that of the 245 keV transition is (38±9)%, lower than theory; and that of the 344 keV transitions agrees with theory (1±11% low).
Supporting software development as knowledge-intensive and collaborative activity

Starting from the belief that software development is a human activity, this paper tries to conceptualize software development as a knowledge-intensive design and distributed cognitive activity. This conceptualization leads to the argument that providing support for software developers to engage in knowledge collaboration with external knowledge repositories and peers is essential for software development environments. Technical and social challenges in providing such support are identified, and an illustrative system support that we have been developing is briefly described.
Pharmacokinetics of 2-naphthol following intrapericardial administration, and formation of 2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside and 2-naphthyl sulphate in the American lobster, Homarus americanus.

1. Following a 0.25-mg/kg intrapericardial dose of the phenolic compound, 2-naphthol, to the American lobster, Homarus americanus, a two-compartment model best described the disposition of parent [14C]-2-naphthol in the haemolymph. Male and female lobsters had similar alpha-phase half lives of 26 +/- 19 min (mean +/- SD, n = 4) and 29 +/- 15 min respectively. The beta-phase half lives were significantly longer in males, 63.9 +/- 30.9 h, than in females, 30.6 +/- 6.8 h (p 99% bound to haemolymph proteins at 1 min and > 90% bound at 1 day after the dose, indicating that both 2-naphthol and 2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside were highly protein bound. 4. 2-Naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside was slowly eliminated from haemolymph in both males and females, with elimination half lives of 34-78 h. 2-Naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside was the major metabolite in urine samples collected at 5 days after the dose. Hepatopancreas and antennal gland contained glucosidase activities, and the long half life of 2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside could be explained by conjugation deconjugation cycling. 5. 2-Naphthyl sulphate was eliminated from haemolymph with a half-life < 10 h and was excreted in urine.
Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Acquired resistance to the action of insulin to stimulate glucose transport in skeletal muscle is associated with obesity and promotes the development of type 2 diabetes. In skeletal muscle, insulin resistance can result from high levels of circulating fatty acids that disrupt insulin signalling pathways. However, the severity of insulin resistance varies greatly among obese people. Here we postulate that this variability might reflect differences in levels of lipid-droplet proteins that promote the sequestration of fatty acids within adipocytes in the form of triglycerides, thereby lowering exposure of skeletal muscle to the inhibitory effects of fatty acids.
Measuring large mirrors using SCOTS: the Software Configurable Optical Test System

Large telescope mirrors are typically measured using interferometry, which can achieve measurement accuracy of a few nanometers. However, applications of interferometry can be limited by small dynamic range, sensitivity to environment, and high cost. We have developed a range of surface measurement solutions using SCOTS, the Software Configurable Optical Test System, which illuminates the surface under test with light modulated from a digital display or moving source. The reflected light is captured and used to determine the surface slope which is integrated to provide the shape. A range of systems is presented that measures nearly all spatial scales and supports all phases of processing for large telescope mirrors.
Sources of endothelin-1 in hippocampus and cortex following traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Endothelin 1 (ET-1) exerts normally a powerful vasoconstrictor role in the control of the brain microcirculation. In altered states, such as following traumatic brain injury (TBI), it may contribute to the development of ischemia and/or secondary cell injury. Because little is known of ET-1’s cellular compartmentalization and its association to vulnerable neurons after TBI, we assessed its expression (both mRNA and protein) in cerebral cortex and hippocampus using correlative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques. Sprague–Dawley male rats were killed at 4, 24 or 48 h after TBI (450 g from 2 m, Marmarou’s model). Semiquantitative analysis of our in situ hybridization results indicated a 2.5- and a 2.0-fold increase in ET-1 mRNA content in the hippocampus and cortex respectively which persisted up to 48 h post TBI. At 4 and 24 h after TBI enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a tendency for increased ET-1 synthesis. In animals subjected to TBI, qualitative immunocytochemical analysis revealed a shift in ET-1 expression from astrocytes (in control animals) to endothelial cells, macrophages and neurons. Astrocytes and macrophages were identified unequivocally by using double immunofluorescence revealing ET-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein or ED-1, respectively, the markers being specific for these cellular types. While this redistribution was most prominent at 4 and 24 h post TBI, at 48 h the endothelial cells remained strongly ET-1 immunopositive. The results suggest that cellular types which in the intact animal synthesize little or no ET-1 provide novel sources of the peptide after TBI. These sources may contribute to the sustained cerebrovascular hypoperfusion observed post TBI.
Effect of Different Glass and Zeolite-a Compositions on the Leach Resistance of Ceramic Waste Forms

A ceramic waste form is being developed for waste generated during electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. The waste is generated when fission products are removed from the electrolyte, LiCl-KCl eutectic. The waste form is a composite fabricated by hot isostatic pressing a mixture of glass frit and zeolite occluded with fission products and salt. Normalized release rate is less than 1 g/m{sup 2}d for all elements in MCC-1 leach test run for 28 days in deionized water at 90 C. This leach resistance is comparable to that of early Savannah River glasses. We are investigating how leach resistance is affected by changes in cationic form of zeolite and in glass composition. Composites were made with 3 forms of zeolite A and 6 glasses. We used 3-day ASTM C1220-92 (formerly MCC-1) leach tests to screen samples for development purposes only. The leach test results show that the glass composites of zeolites 5A and 4A retain fission products equally well. Loss of Cs is small (0.1-0.5 wt%), while the loss of divalent and trivalent fission products is one or more orders of magnitude smaller. Composites of 5A retain chloride ion better in these short-term screens than 4A and 3A. The more leach resistant composites were made with durable glasses rich in silica and poor in alkaline earth oxides. XRD show that a salt phase was absent in the leach resistant composites of 5A and the better glasses but was present in the other composites with poorer leach performance. Thus, absence of salt phase corresponds to improved leach resistance. Interactions between zeolite and glass depend on composition of both.
Efficacy of computer-based video and simulation in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia training.

Abstract Study Objective To determine the effectiveness of a short educational video and simulation on improvement of ultrasound (US) image acquisition and interpretation skills. Design Prospective, randomized study. Setting University medical center. Subjects 28 anesthesia residents and community anesthesiologists with varied ultrasound experience were randomized to teaching video with interactive simulation or sham video groups. Subjects Participants were assessed preintervention and postintervention on their ability to identify the sciatic nerve and other anatomic structures on static US images, as well as their ability to locate the sciatic nerve with US on live models. Main Results Pretest written test scores correlated with reported US block experience (Kendall tau rank r=0.47) and with live US scanning scores (r = 0.64). The teaching video and simulation significantly improved scores on the written examination ( P Conclusions A short educational video with interactive simulation significantly improved knowledge of US anatomy, but failed to improve hands-on performance of US scanning to localize the nerve.
The Clinical Benefit of In-Hospital Observation in ‘Low-risk’ Pneumonia Patients After Conversion From Parenteral to Oral Antimicrobial Therapy

Objective To assess the benefit of in-hospital observation in “low-risk” patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Design Retrospective review of data from a prospective study. Setting Teaching community hospital. Patients We studied 717 consecutive, adult patients admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. Measurements and results One hundred forty-five patients were classified at low-risk for complications using previously studied criteria; 144 (99%) charts were available for review. Two patients had “obvious reasons for continued hospitalization” on the day of antibiotic conversion and were excluded. One hundred two patients were observed, and 40 were not observed in-hospital after switch to oral antibiotics. No patient from either group required medical intervention within 24 h after hospital discharge. Five “observed” patients (5%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2 to 11%) returned to the emergency department, three (3%; 95% CI, 0 to 9%) with respiratory complaints. Two (2%; 95% CI, 0 to 7%) “observed” patients were admitted to the hospital with recurrent pneumonia. One (3%; 95% CI, 0 to 13%) “not observed” patient returned to the emergency department with a nonrespiratory complaint and was not admitted. No patient from either group died within 30-day clinical follow-up. The length of stay for the “observed” and “not observed” groups was 98±33 h and 83±49 h, respectively. The difference in length of stay was 15 h (95% CI, 3 to 27). Conclusions In-hospital observation for low-risk patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia after switch from parenteral to oral antibiotics is of limited benefit, and elimination of this practice could potentially reduce length of stay by almost 1 day per patient. This could translate into a cost savings of $57,200 for the 22-month study period. These results require prospective validation in a larger study.
RESILIENCE IN LOW‐INCOME, EMPLOYED, AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN

This study focuses on resilience in poor women and asks the question: In the face of a lifetime of adversity, stress, and poverty, what are the factors that enable some poor women to lead positive and productive lives? Fifty low-income, urban, African American women were interviewed, and factors that contribute to their resilience were explored. Specifically, we examined the influence of supportive and problematic social ties, downward social comparison, and self-efficacy on resilience, as measured by scales designed to assess well-being. In addition, the participants' perceptions of factors that contribute to their resilience were elicited. The women in the sample were between the ages of 19 and 54, were employed at least 20 hours per week, and had at least one child below the age of 13 at home. Multiple regression analyses revealed that problematic social ties and downward social comparison together predicted over 48% of the variance in resilience.
The perceived angle of the round window affects electrode insertion trauma in round window insertion – an anatomical study

Abstract Conclusion: In this study round window (RW) insertion of cochlear implant was performed with a lower degree of trauma in 86.6% of cases. Therefore RW insertion is a valid option to be considered in selected cochlear implant patients, especially when hearing preservation is a goal. In most cases drilling of the overhangs is required. Objectives: To systematically examine the potential for minimizing electrode insertion trauma with RW insertion. Methods: Fifteen temporal bones were inserted with a 0.5 mm electrode analog in an anterior or antero-inferior vector from a reference point along the facial recess. Surface preparation of the inferior segment of the basal turn was performed and the point of first contact was analyzed using computerized morphometric software. The same software was used to measure the RW dimensions before and after drill down of the bony overhangs. An insertion was considered ‘traumatic’ if the point of first contact was the medial wall of the scala, whereas ‘less traumatic’...
Simulations of Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins Suggest Sites Important for Function. I. Stearic Acid

Molecular dynamics simulations of two structurally similar fatty acid-binding proteins interacting with stearic acid are described. The calculations relate to recent ligand binding measurements and suggest similarities and differences between the two systems. Charged and neutral forms of the fatty acid were examined. The charged forms led to rapid trajectory divergence, whereas the protonated forms remained stable over the length of their 1-ns production trajectories. The two protein systems showed similar sets of total interaction energies with the ligand. However, the strengths of individual amino acids interacting with the ligand differ. Furthermore, covariance analysis of the ligand with both protein and water suggests that the stearic acid in the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein is coupled more strongly to the water than to the protein. The stearic acid in the muscle fatty acid-binding protein is seen to be coupled differentially along the length of the chain to the protein. These differences could help to rationalize the stronger binding affinity for stearic acid in the human muscle fatty acid-binding protein. An importance scale, based on both covariance and interaction energy with the ligand, is proposed to identify residues that may be important for binding function.
A class of optimum control systems

Abstract A class of optimum control systems is defined and investigated with special emphasis on time-domain concepts. This class of optimum systems is particularly suitable for feedback-control applications where adaptability to changing conditions is desired. Computational and physical simplifications are studied when mathematical restrictions are imposed on the error criterion and the dynamic process. For a quadratic error criterion and a linear dynamic process, the optimum configuration of the control system is defined and discussed in terms of available measurements.For the case where, in addition, the control variable is not restricted in range, topics of separability and linearity are presented.
Gait alterations associated with walking impairment in people with peripheral arterial disease with and without intermittent claudication.

OBJECTIVES: To describe gait alterations associated with impaired walking endurance in patients with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and determine whether the Caltrac accelerometer provides a valid measure of physical activity in PAD. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: PAD (n = 40) and non-PAD patients (n = 22) from two Chicago hospitals. MEASUREMENTS: Participants underwent measurement of the ankle brachial index (ABI), leg length, and 6-minute walk. Steps per minute and step length were measured during the first and last 100 feet of the 6-minute walk. Participants wore a Caltrac accelerometer, sensitive to vertical acceleration, during the 6-minute walk and for 7 continuous days. RESULTS: Five PAD participants (13%) and one non-PAD participant (5%) ceased walking before the end of 6 minutes. Among the remaining participants, distance walked in 6 minutes was more highly related to walking velocity during the last 100 feet of the walk than walking velocity during the first 100 feet. ABI was associated significantly with cadence (20.77 steps/minute per unit ABI, P < .001) but not step length (10.12 centimeters/unit ABI, P = .08). ABI was associated significantly with 6-minute walk distance (493 feet/unit ABI, P = .018), but this association disappeared completely after adjustment for step length and cadence. We found no difference in accelerometer scores between PAD and non-PAD participants over a fixed distance of 800 feet (7.34 vs 7.17 activity units, P = .789). However, scores were significantly different after 7 days (730.8 vs 1,485.0 activity units, P = .003). CONCLUSION: Walking performance in PAD patients who completed 6 minutes of walking was largely determined by a decline in walking velocity rather than slower initial walking velocity. ABI was more closely associated with cadence than step length. Future studies should assess the effect of exercise programs and revascularization on cadence and step length in PAD.
Combined activity-virial expansions

We describe a mixed expansion method that combines the best features of the virial and activity expansions. The mixed expansion has the important feature that it can be applied to mixtures of plasma and neutrals that involve both attractive and repulsive interactions.
Etzioni in Southeast Asia: The Indonesia Exception

Amitai Etzioni's recommendation to U.S. policy makers to abandon democracy promotion in volatile Muslim societies and embrace moderate Muslims who may not support democracy but adhere to basic human rights standards may be applicable to certain Middle Eastern states. It parallels U.S. policy in the cold war, in which the criteria for regime support was anticommunism rather than democracy. However, Catharin Dalpino argues that this paradigm may not apply to Southeast Asia and that Etzioni's policy recommendations may indeed backfire in countries such as Indonesia. In that Muslim-majority country, the democratization process has provided leaders with mechanisms to curb the rise of political Islam. Recent studies show that this approach may be working, as Indonesian voters are moving away from religious identification as a determinant in voting behavior.
Intracellular distribution of selenium and the growth of mammary cells in culture

Retention of Se in CMT-13 cells increased with an increase in the concentration of selenite in the incubation medium, the duration of exposure, and the density of the culture. The enhanced toxicity of selenite coincided with a proportional increase in Se in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. About 90% of the accumulated Se was isolated with cytoplasmic macromolecules. Increased nuclear Se retention correlated with increased cytoplasmic Se retention. Greater quantities of cytosolic Se-containing proteins (74, 55, 41, 34, and 28 kDa) and a nuclear Se-containing protein (56 kDa) were detected as the quantity of Se within CMT-13 cells increased. These findings suggest that cellular retention and distribution of Se are determinanants of the degree of cellular growth inhibition caused by this trace element.
Multi-resolution analysis on the interval with natural spline projection and uniform two-scale relation

The aim of this paper is to present a modification to the Chui and Quak (1992) spline multiresolution analysis for the finite interval. Boundary scaling functions with multipole nodes at interval endpoints are rejected, in favor of the classical B-spline scaling function restricted to the interval. This necessitates derivation of revised boundary wavelets. In addition, a direct method of decomposition results in bandwidth reduction on solving some associated linear systems, and image distortion is reduced by employing natural spline projection. Finally, a hybrid projection scheme is proposed, which particularly for large systems further lowers operation count. Numerical experiments proving the algorithm are indicated.
New NMR Spectroscopic Probe of the Absolute Stereoselectivity for Metal-Hydride and Metal-Alkyl Additions to the Carbon−Carbon Double Bond. Demonstration with a Single-Component, Isospecific Ziegler−Natta α-Olefin Polymerization Catalyst

Optically active (98% ee) (R)-1,1,3,4,4,5,5,5-octadeutero-1-pentene (1) was prepared and used to evaluate the stereoselectivity of Y-H and Y-n-pentyl additions for the optically pure C2-symmetric (R,S)-(BnBp)Y-R/(S,R)-(BnBp)Y-R and racemic (±)-(BnBp)Y-R isospecific polypropylene catalysts (BnBp = {(OC10H6C10H6O)Si(C5H2-2-SiMe3-4-CMe3)2}). Deuteration and deuterodimerization of 1 mediated by (R,S)-, (S,R)-, and (±)-(BnBp)Y-D provide alkanes whose 1H NMR spectra indicate the sense and magnitude of olefin facial selectivity for insertions into metal−hydride and metal−n-pentyl bonds. It is shown that useful information concerning the stereochemistry of olefin insertion can be deduced from the 2H NMR spectra of 1-pentene deuterodimers without the requirement of a stereochemically labeled pentene or a resolved catalyst.
Theoretical characterization of the potential energy surface for the reaction of SiH3 with NO2. Nitrosilane, silylnitrite, and the nitro-nitrite rearrangement

Abstract Ab initio multiconfiguration-based calculations have been performed on the nitro and nitrite adducts formed in the reaction between silyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide. Silyl radical binds to the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of NO 2 with binding energies of about 53 and 77 kcal/mol, respectively. In marked contrast to the analogous isomerization between nitromethane and methylnitrite, the potential energy surface for the isomerization process SiH 3 NO 2 ⇌SiH 3 ONO has a low-energy and relatively tight transition state with closed-shell character, more closely resembling HNO 2 ⇌HONO. Using Configuration interaction energies computed at multiconfiguration self-consistent field structures, the following heats of formation are obtained: SiH 3 NO 2 , 1.5 kcal/mol; cis-SiH 3 ONO, −21.7 kcal/mol; trans-SiH 3 ONO, −22.7 kcal/mol, and SiH 3 O, −3.0 kcal/mol.
Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers

Preface to the Third Edition.- Preface.- Linear Partial Differential Equations.- Nonlinear Model Equations and Variational Principles.- First-Order, Quasi-Linear Equations and Method of Characteristics.- First-Order Nonlinear Equations and Their Applications.- Conservation Laws and Shock Waves.- Kinematic Waves and Real-World Nonlinear Problems.- Nonlinear Dispersive Waves and Whitham's Equations.- Nonlinear Diffusion-Reaction Phenomena.- Solitons and the Inverse Scattering Transform.- The Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation and Solitary Waves.- Nonlinear Klein--Gordon and Sine-Gordon Equations.- Asymptotic Methods and Nonlinear Evolution Equations.- Tables of Integral Transforms.- Answers and Hints to Selected Exercises.- Bibliography.- Index.
Stabilized bacteria-based potentiometric electrode for pyruvate

Abstract A bacteria-based potentiometric electrode is described which demostrates a strategy for adapting an unstable enzyme system for use as a practical biocatalyst. Streptococcus faecium (ATCC 9790), containing the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex, serves to convert pyruvate to carbon dioxide, which is detected by a gas-sensing electrode. The probe has an average slope of 41 m V per concentration decade over a range from 2.2 × 10 −4 to 3.2 × 10 −2 M pyruvate, and a lowe limit of detection of 1.3 × 10 −4 M pyruvate. Response times varied from 6–9 min for a new electrode to a maximum of 8—12 min during the probe lifetime of two weeks. Electode storage at 4°C in pH 5.5 buffer containing phosphate anions was critical optimal probe response characteristics. The Streptococcu faecium electrode is compared and contrasted with other potentiometric pyruvate electrodes reported employing isolated enzyme, dual enzyme—cofactor, or plant tissue biocatalysts.
Neutrophil activation in sepsis. The relationship between fmet-leu-phe receptor mobilization and oxidative activity.

• To elucidate further the manifestations and mechanisms of neutrophil (PMN) activation, PMNs from control and septic subjects were studied at baseline and under conditions of graded, in vitro activation. At baseline (4°C PMN isolation), septic-derived PMNs were activated, as manifested by twofold increases in fmet-leu-phe (FMLP)-induced oxidative activity and concomitant FMLP surface receptor expression, compared with controls. Following degranulationlike maximal activation (phorbol myristate acetate pretreatment), both PMN populations exhibited maximal FMLP-induced oxidative priming and receptor up-regulation. However, following exudationlike moderate activation (37°C pretreatment), control PMNs underwent significant receptor mobilization and oxidative priming but septic-derived PMNs exhibited oxidative deactivation (decreased FMLP-induced oxidative activity) without changes in FMLP receptor expression. Our data support the theory that while circulating PMNs in sepsis may promote oxidant-related microvascular lung injury, their oxidative deactivation following transpulmonary exudation (simulated by 37°C pretreatment) may underlie the increased incidence of pulmonary infections seen in sepsis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome. ( Arch Surg 1988;123:171-175)
Nonsteady-state molecular luminescence behavior under narrowband laser excitation

The time behavior of a two- and a three-level molecular system under narrowband pulsed-laser excitation is discussed, and relations are presented for the temporal variation of the concentrations of the levels involved. It is shown that if saturation is approached, the response time of the molecular system is strictly related to the pumping time, which is given by the reciprocal of the product of the laser spectral density and the Einstein coefficient of stimulated absorption. Typical calculations of the fractional number densities of the levels are presented as a function of the value of the laser spectral density required to achieve saturation for a few typical molecules such as benzophenone, fluorene, and rhodamine 6G.
Human interface design at fidelity investments

This presentation describes the Human Interface Design department at Fidelity Investments. Although not in the computer hardware or software business, Fidelity develops an amazingly wide variety of systems in support of our business. The Human Interface Design department, which is composed of people from a variety of backgrounds, provides several key services to systems development projects throughout the company, including user interface design and prototyping, usability testing, and online help development. We are also responsible for the corporate Graphical User Interface Style Guide and Web Design Guide. Examples of the development projects we assist with are described, as well as strategic projects that address more general human interface issues.
Automated identification of energetically feasible mechanisms of complex reaction networks in heterogeneous catalysis: application to glycerol conversion on transition metals

An automated method is presented to identify energetically feasible mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic systems comprising of several thousand reactions and species. Specifically, it combines automated rule-based network generation of complex networks with semi-empirical estimation of thermochemical properties to (a) generate large reaction networks, (b) calculate thermochemistry and activation barriers of each step on-the-fly, and (c) identify energetically feasible pathways and mechanisms to experimentally observed products. This method is applied to analyze the mechanism of glycerol conversion on transition metal catalysts for which a network of 3300 reactions and 500 species was generated. Using (i) group additivity methods for calculating reaction and species energies, (ii) linear free energy relationships for activation barriers, and (iii) linear scaling relationships for comparative assessment of energetics of species on different transition metals, the energetically feasible pathways for forming C–C scission and C–O scission products (syngas and propane diol, respectively) are identified on platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium catalysts. Our results indicate that (a) C–C scission products are preferred on platinum and palladium, (b) rhodium and ruthenium will have a comparatively higher selectivity for C–O scission products, and (c) glycerol tends to undergo several dehydrogenation steps prior to undergoing C–C scission, which are all consistent with experimental observations and DFT calculations. We propose that this method can be used to screen a large number of pathways in complex catalytic networks and to thereby identify the dominant modes in the system, because it is fast and scalable in handling larger networks, flexible in accommodating different types of semi-empirical correlations, and generic in handling any catalytic chemistry.
3D Modeling of Fracture-Induced Shear-Wave Splitting in the Southern California Basin

Splitting of shear waves, generated by local earthquakes in the Southern California basin, and their polarization changes during propagation through layers with different orientations of anisotropy, are investigated from multicomponent seismograms and their hodograms. Synthetic data for earthquakes in the Southern California basin illustrate the effects on polarization caused by dry vertical microcracks with a crack density of ∼0.04 at the source and receiver locations. Hodograms for observed and synthetic data show that the polarization at the receiver depends only on the orientation of the anisotropy within two wavelengths of the receiver, which qualitatively explains the frequency dependence of anisotropy in previous studies. Seismograms are simulated for a model with a range of station azimuths and distances. If the anisotropy-producing crack orientations do not change between the source and a receiver, and the source motion is parallel to the cracks, there is no shear-wave splitting. Splitting occurs when the anisotropy orientation at the receiver (or between the source and receiver) is different from the source orientation.
Systematic reviews synthesized evidence without consistent quality assessment of primary studies examining epidemiology of chronic diseases

Abstract Objective To evaluate how systematic reviews assess the quality of primary studies of incidence, prevalence, or risk factors for chronic diseases. Study Design and Setting We searched several databases, identified 145 systematic reviews, and evaluated methods of quality assessment and quantitative synthesis of evidence by external or internal validity or overall quality of primary studies. Results Of 145 reviews, 54 (37%) reported a planned quality assessment of primary studies with checklists or scales and 26 (18%) reported evaluation of some selected quality criteria. Thirty-nine percent of reviews judged appropriateness of sampling and proper controls for confounding factors in primary studies. Twelve percent synthesized evidence by overall quality, 17% by design, 42% by criteria of internal validity, and 24% by external validity of primary studies. Masking of quality assessment was conducted on 2.1% of reviews and 4% tested interobserver agreement for quality assessment. Conclusion Evaluation of internal and external validity of primary studies is uncommon in systematic reviews of studies of incidence, prevalence, or risk factors for chronic diseases. Inconsistent quality assessment practices reflect the absence of uniformly accepted standards and tools to examine the quality of observational nontherapeutic studies.
New Product Preannouncements and Shareholder Value: Don't Make Promises You Can't Keep

Abstract New product preannouncements are strategic signals that firms direct at their customers, competitors, channel members, and investors. They have been touted as effective means of deterring competitor entry, informing potential customers, and even tipping the balance of technological standard battles in favor of the preannouncing firms. However, preannouncements also carry the risks of unwanted competitive reaction and the negative consequences of undelivered promises. From a shareholder value standpoint, do the benefits outweigh the risks of preannouncing? To address this question, the authors build on agency and signaling theories to develop hypotheses about the effects of preannouncements on shareholder value, and they empirically test these hypotheses on a sample of software and hardware new product preannouncements. The findings indicate that the financial returns from preannouncements are significantly positive in the long run. The authors show that preannouncements generate positive short-te...
Transfer and Tate’s theorem

Let H be a subgroup of a finite group G, and assume that p is a prime that does not divide |G : H|. In favorable circumstances, one can use transfer theory to deduce that the largest abelian p-groups that occur as factor groups of G and of H are isomorphic. When this happens, Tate’s theorem guarantees that the largest not-necessarily-abelian p-groups that occur as factor groups of G and H are isomorphic. Known proofs of Tate’s theorem involve cohomology or character theory, but in this paper, a new elementary proof is given. It is also shown that the largest abelian p-factor group of G is always isomorphic to a direct factor of the largest abelian p-factor group of H.
Fine-scale genetic structure and dispersal distance in the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex barbatus

Dispersal has important genetic and evolutionary consequences. It is notoriously difficult to study in some ant species, because reproductives fly from parent nests to mating aggregations and then to new nest sites. We used genetic techniques to measure dispersal distance and characterize patterns of genetic variation in a population of the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex barbatus. This population consists of two interdependent yet genetically distinct mitochondrial lineages, each associated with specific alleles at nuclear loci. We found moderate levels of genetic structure for both lineages and a significant pattern of isolation by distance when individual colonies were the operational unit of study. Dispersal distances calculated from the slope of the regression of genetic on geographic distance were 65.3 m for J1 and 85.8 m for J2. These results are consistent with previous observations of many mating aggregations over small geographic areas. In dependent-lineage populations like our study population, females must mate with males of the opposite lineage to produce workers, and with males of the same lineage to produce female reproductives. Because lineage ratios differ from 1:1 throughout the southwestern United States, restricted dispersal between sites with different lineage ratios could have important effects on dependent-lineage population dynamics. Our results suggest that it is unlikely that many individuals disperse from areas dominated by one lineage to areas dominated by another. Short dispersal distances lead to low gene flow, giving local populations evolutionary independence.
Ceramide in the eukaryotic stress response

Several extracellular agents and stress stimuli, such as tumour necrosis factor alpha, chemotherapeutic agents and heat, cause ceramide accumulation. They do this by regulating enzymes involved in its metabolism. Ceramide modulates a number of biochemical and cellular responses to stress, including apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest and cell senescence.
Air‐Ice‐Ocean Interaction: Turbulent Ocean Boundary Layer Exchange Processes

This is a well-written book about the upper boundary layer of the ice-covered ocean. It combines a presentation of the physics and associated equations governing the structure of and mixing within the ice-ocean boundary layer (IOBL) with illustrative examples from fi eldwork carried out during the author's career. The examples and good graphics do much to solidify the understanding the reader develops about these matters. Together with short summary glossaries of key quantities and parameters at the end of many chapters, the author's approach of weaving theory and observations together has resulted in an excellent text.