cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti—Tumor Necrosis Factor Antibody Reduces Mortality in the Presence of Antibiotic-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Release

• The systemic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) response has been extensively studied during infection. In addition, antibiotics that cause cell-wall lysis have been associated with endotoxinemia and, therefore, could trigger TNF release. We studied the effects of pretreatment with cefoxitin and/or anti-TNF antibody on mortality and early (90 minutes) and delayed (6 hours) serum TNF levels in a murine model of mixed Escherichia coli/Bacteroides fragilis peritonitis. At low and intermediate inocula levels, cefoxitin, but not anti-TNF antibody, prevented death, and low serum TNF levels were noted in all groups. At the highest inoculum level, mortality was uniform in control, cefoxitin, and anti-TNF antibody groups, and a significant elevation in serum TNF levels was seen only at the 6-hour point in animals receiving cefoxitin. The addition of anti-TNF antibody to cefoxitin at this inoculum level abrogated the 6-hour rise in serum TNF levels and reduced mortality to 40%. These results emphasize that the cytokine response in disease is dependent on both the nature of the insult and other forms of therapeutic interventions. ( Arch Surg . 1993;128:73-78)
Effect of dietary vitamin A and β-carotene on polymorphonuclear leukocyte and lymphocyte function in dairy cows during the early dry period.

Abstract Vitamin A and β-carotene improved mammary health in dairy cows around dry off. To define possible mechanisms, cows were fed 1) 53,000 IU vitamin A, 2) 213,000 IU vitamin A, or 3) 53,000 IU vitamin A plus 400mg β-carotene/cow per d (n = 10/treatment) from 6 wk before to 2 wk after dry off. Blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil function (phagocytosis, kill, and chemotaxis) and lymphocyte proliferation were measured at wk –6, 0 (dry off), and 2. Concentrations of vitamin A in serum did not differ across vitamin treatments. β-Carotene in serum was elevated in cows fed β-carotene. Treatment did not influence phagocytosis or kill. Kill ability increased after dry off in all treatment groups, but phagocytosis tended to decrease after dry off in cows fed vitamin A only. Lymphocyte blastogenesis stimulated by concanavalin A on wk 2 for cows fed 53,000 IU vitamin A but did not vary in the other two groups. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blastogenesis peaked at wk 0 and then decreased to pretreatment values by wk 2 in cows fed 213,000 IU vitamin A. These data indicate lymphocyte function is influenced by vitamin A supplementation and that β-carotene supplementation seems to exert a stabilizing effect on neutrophil and lymphocyte function during the period around dry off.
John Dewey's Social Aesthetics

This paper interprets John Dewey's understanding of the political function of local associations in terms of his aesthetic theory. Through this analysis it becomes clear that Dewey saw the spatio-temporal, or aesthetic, fragmentation of modern institutions, media, and ideas as undermining citizens’ ability to perceive the relationships between themselves and society. This phenomenon causes the individual to become “lost” and unaware of how public events impact his/her individual life. It then shows that Dewey's concern with social aesthetics is shared by an increasing number of contemporary empirical and theoretical works. Finally, through analyzing the unique aesthetic characteristics of American pioneer life, it claims Dewey suggests that the construction of associations would assist the individual in locating himself/herself in fragmented society and therefore realizing the public implications of his/her seemingly isolated actions.
Spatially periodic wave fields: an experimental demonstration of the relationship between the lateral and the longitudinal spatial frequencies

Abstract The relationship between the lateral and the longitudinal periodicities of the coherence function of a propagating quasi-periodic field, which has such well known manifestations as the Talbot and the Lau effects, is verified experimentally in the more general case of partial coherence. The 3-D nature of spatial periodicity of such a field might find applications in some areas of image processing or in 3-D spatial encoding of optical information.
A rich complexity emerges in phototransduction

Over the past two decades there has been an explosive growth in our understanding of phototransduction, leading to the development of a comprehensive scheme for the process. On the basis of this scheme the finer details of the process are being elucidated. Additional protein components and pathways have been identified, successful quantitative models of parts of the process have been developed, and a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of physiological function has begun to emerge. Here we summarize the most recent developments.
A Socio-Linguistic Inquiry Into Language Change: Alsatian, A Case Study

Alternating French and German dominance, and concomitant differing language policies, have determined the state of Alsatian, a German dialect, spoken in Eastern France. Subjected to policies aimed at producing linguistic assimilation and uniformity, Alsatian has survived as a basically unwritten speech and has become a symbol of ethnic identity. Through intensive and prolonged exposure to French, it has incorporated numerous French borrowings which underwent various characteristic phonological and morphological changes. More recently, a general trend toward regionalism in France and an upsurge of protest movements, aiming at defending the rights of minorities, have generated a revival of the dialect.
Effect of a filtered wood smoke treatment compared to various gas treatments on aerobic bacteria in yellowfin tuna steaks

Abstract The effect of filtered wood smoke (FS) processing on microbial growth in yellowfin tuna steaks was investigated. Steaks were treated for 32 h and then subjected to aerobic storage for 8 days and levels of aerobic bacteria studied. The FS treatment was compared to untreated tuna (exposed to air), 100% nitrogen (N2) (to investigate the specific effect of oxygen exclusion), 100% carbon monoxide (CO) (to investigate the effect of the CO molecule) and artificial FS (to investigate a gas with all the same gas compounds except for the smoke compounds). A study was also conducted with 21% carbon dioxide (CO2) to investigate the effect of CO2, which is found in both FS and the artificial FS. The results show that all treatments effectively (p 0.05) residual antibacterial/bacteriostatic effect post-treatment. The FS treatment had the most significant residual effect (p
Evidence of voltage-induced channel opening in Na/K ATPase of human erythrocyte membrane.

Previous studies have shown that human erythrocytes when subjected to a high voltage pulsation, in the microsecond time range, lysed in an isotonic medium. The hemolysis was the result of the colloid osmotic swelling, which, in turn, was caused by the voltage perforation of the red cell membranes. In this work we demonstrate that in a low ionic medium at least 35% of the pores was related to the opening of Na+/K+ ATPase channels. The membrane conductance generated by the externally applied electric field could be partially blocked by a specific inhibitor, ouabain, or by a specific cross-linking reagent, Cu++-phenanthroline, of the ATPase. The effect of ouabain was saturable and had a mid-point of saturation at 0.15 μm. This value agrees with the physiological inhibition constant of the drug. K+ ion in the external medium suppressed the effect of ouabain, as has also been demonstrated in physiological studies. Experiment presented in this communication also suggests that the Na+/K+ ATPase was not perforable in a high ionic medium, and that a large fraction of the voltage-induced pores occurred at as yet unidentified sites.
Infrared continuum sizes of Be star disks

Long baseline interferometry now offers us the opportunity to measure the dimensions of Be star circumstellar disks across the spectrum. This includes the near-infrared continuum where the emission is dominated by bound-free and free-free emission from the ionized disk gas. Here we present the results of calculations of the disk sizes and continuum flux excesses for a simple version of the viscous decretion model of the disk. We compare these results to recent 18 μm flux measurements from the AKARI infrared satellite all-sky survey.
Analysis of the enantioselectivities and initial rates of the hydrosilylation of acetophenone catalyzed by [Rh(cod)Cl]2/(chiral diphosphine). The quantitative analysis of ligand effects

Abstract Through the application of the quantitative analysis of ligand effects (QALE) method to the study of the hydrosilylation of acetophenone, we have shown, for the first time, that the initial rate and enantioselectivity of a complicated catalytic system responds in a rational manner to the variations in the stereoelectronic properties of the silane. The reactions (in benzene- d 6 at 63 °C) were catalyzed by [Rh(cod)Cl] 2 /(chiral diphosphine) (chiral diphosphine=( R )-BINAP [( R )-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′binaphthyl], ( R , R )-tolyl-BINAP [( R )-(+)-2,2′-bis(di- p -tolylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl], ( R , R )-Me-DUPHOS [( R , R )-(–)-1,2-Bis-2,5-dimethylphospholano)benzene], ( R , R )-DIOP [( R , R )-(−)-2,3- O -isopropylidine-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane], and ( R )-QUINAP [( R )-(+)-1-(2-diphenylphosphino-1-naphthyl)isoquinoline]. The ee's ( R ) of the hydrosilylation products (CH 3 CH(OSiR 3 )Ph) range between −9 and 53% with the ( R )-QUINAP giving the poorest enantioselectivity. The QALE analyses of log( R / S ) for ( R )-BINAP, ( R )-tolyl-BINAP, ( R , R )-Me-DUPHOS, and ( R , R )-DIOP reveal that the steric effects associated with the silanes are not monotonic.
Genetic transformation. II. The significance of damage to the DNA molecule.

Abstract The loss of capacity of pneumococcal DNA to effect transformation as the result of exposure to several degradative agents has been studied, together with the concomitant decline in cellular incorporation of the treated DNA. The results indicate a one-hit process for the loss of genetic activity, and are in accord with the hypothesis that cellular incorporation reflects the number average molecular weight of the DNA. On this basis it has been possible to define the length of a critical DNA segment essential to genetic activity. Its value for the traits studied is about 8% of the intact molecule. Treatment by heat or ultraviolet yields multicomponent inactivation curves. The former appears to be the result of two easily distinguishable processes. Of all the agents tested, only ultraviolet discriminated between the optochin and streptomycin resistance markers. The quantum yield for ultraviolet inactivation has been calculated.
Transitions in poly(diethyl siloxane)

An adiabatic heat capacity study of poly(diethylsiloxane) confirms that it has a single glass transition occurring at 130°K, the lowest glass transition reported to date for a high molecular weight polymer. The two previously reported glass transitions are first-order thermodynamic peaks whose location is dependent upon prior thermal history. Combination of these data with low-temperature x-ray diffraction indicates that the transitions in this temperature range are related to a crystal–crystal transformation. A crystal melting transition is observed near 270°K. In addition an anomalous rise in heat capacity near 60°K suggests a sub-glass transition of unknown origin.
Some Applications of Si(Li) Detectors to Clinical Problems

The replacement of conventional clinical techniques and the development of new techniques using solid state detectors are discussed. Work presented here includes a simplified (geometry and counting-time independent) method for in-vitro iodine and bromine determinations, in-vivo iodine measurements through a tissue absorption correction based on the ratio of. K? to Ks radiation, cardiac output studies, and evaluation of absorptive characteristics of cerebral ventricles.
Cardiac response to progressive cycle exercise in moderately obese adolescent females

Abstract Purpose To assess cardiac responses to exercise and cardiac functional capacity in moderately obese adolescent females. Methods Thirteen healthy females (mean age 13.6 ± 1.5 years) with a body mass index from 30 to 43 kg per m 2 underwent maximal cycle testing. Cardiac responses were measured by Doppler echocardiogram, and gas exchange variables were determined with open circuit spirometry. Data were analyzed by independent Student's t -tests. Results Peak oxygen uptake relative to height 3.0 was significantly greater in the obese (570 ± 90 ml m −3 ) compared to the nonobese controls (485 ± 60 ml m −3 ). This difference was explained by a higher peak cardiac output (4.50 ± 1.06 L m −3 vs. 3.81 ± 58 L m −3 ) and stroke volume (24 ± 5 ml m −3 vs. 19 ± 3 ml m −3 ) in the obese. Maximal cardiac index was similar in the two groups. There was no evidence of myocardial dysfunction during exercise in either group. Conclusions Low aerobic fitness in obese adolescents as indicated by depressed peak VO 2 per kg body mass and limited endurance performance does not reflect decreased cardiac functional capacity.
EFFECT OF RESIDUAL INTERACTIONS ON COULOMB ENERGY SHIFTS IN ANALOGUE STATES.

The effect of residual interactions on the Coulomb energy separation between analogue states is examined in the same spirit and accuracy with which residual interactions are handled in nuclear physics. A closed-form expression allows for simple calculational procedures. The dependence on the form of the residual interaction can then be easily explored. A specific calculation is made for the Ca isotopes; the effect of configuration mixing is studied.
Elution of Gold from Activated Carbon Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Abstract A novel method for the desorption of gold from activated charcoal is reported. Ion pair solvation of sodium dicyanoaurate (I) (Na+ … Au(CN)2 − by tributyl-phosphate facilitates the charge neutralization necessary for the elution of the ionic Au(CN)2 − by the non-polar supercritical carbon dioxide. The method is sensitive to pressure and temperature, and the static (no CO2 flow) period is more significant than the dynamic (CO2 flow) period. The presence of water is necessary to effect extraction.
Review of Regina Herzlinger. Who Killed Health Care? America's $2 Trillion Medical Problem—and the Consumer-Driven Cure. 1

The United States is in a health care crisis, spending $2 trillion annually (approximately 17% of our gross domestic product) while more than 46 million people remain uninsured. An increasingly pop...
Evaluating a clinical decision support interface for end-of-life nurse care

Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are tools that assist healthcare personnel in the decision-making process for patient care. Although CDSSs have been successfully deployed in the clinical setting to assist physicians, few CDSS have been targeted at professional nurses, the largest group of health providers. We present our experience in designing and testing a CDSS interface embedded within a nurse care planning and documentation tool. We developed four prototypes based on different CDSS feature designs, and tested them in simulated end-of-life patient handoff sessions with a group of 40 nurse clinicians. We show how our prototypes directed nurses towards an optimal care decision that was rarely performed in unassisted practice. We also discuss the effect of CDSS layout and interface navigation in a nurse's acceptance of suggested actions. These findings provide insights into effective nursing CDSS design that are generalizable to care scenarios different than end-of-life.
Masculinity Identity Development and Its Relevance to Supporting Talented Black Males

The purpose of the article is to provide a brief introduction to Black male masculine identity development and relate it to the field of gifted education. It will begin with information related to ...
Stable classification with applications to microarray data

Abstract A stable classification method called minimum-error-distance threshold (MEDT) with variable selection is developed for the two-class prediction (classification) problem. First, a set of “significant” variables (genes) associated with the two classes is selected using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and then a data-driven cutoff point for a distance-based classification algorithm is determined by minimizing a combination of the rates of false positives and false negatives estimated by leave-one-out cross validation. This cutoff point is used to classify a given test set based on the selected variables. The proposed methodology is applied to the leukemia data set analyzed in Golub et al. (Science 286 (1999) 531). To compare the proposed methodology with the existing discrimination methods, the diagonal-linear-discriminant analysis and nearest-neighbor classifiers, 1000 cross validations are performed. The data set is randomly split into a training set consisting of 32 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 16 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a test set consisting of 15 patients with ALL and nine with AML. Performance summaries are calculated. A simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the superior stability of MEDT compared with that of the aforementioned existing methods. The stability measure used is the mean-to-standard deviation ratio of the number of correct predictions.
Capsaicin treatment in adult Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats: Effects of substance P contents of peripheral and central nervous system tissues☆

Abstract The effects of s.c. capsaicin treatment on the contents of immunoreactive substance P (ISP) in several peripheral and central nervous system tissues were examined in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Significant differences between vehicle-treated subjects of the WKY and SHR strains were observed in the ISP contents of both superior cervical and celiac sympathetic ganglia. Capsaicin pretreatment significantly reduced the ISP contents of both sympathetic ganglia in both strains. Capsaicin pretreatment significantly elevated the ISP contents of adrenal medullae only in rats of the SHR strain. The effects of s.c. capsaicin administration on the ISP contents of several selected isolated brain nuclei were also examined. No statistically significant strain or treatment differences in the ISP contents of the nucleus tractus solitarii nucleus ceruleus and periaqueductal central gray were observed. The ISP contents of the nucleus raphe magnus, periventricular preoptic area, and nucleus amygdaloideus medialis were significantly greater in vehicle-treated SHR rats than in vehicle-treated WKY animals. Capsaicin pretreatment significantly increased the ISP contents of both the periventricular preoptic area and nucleus amygdaloideus medialis in rats of the WKY strain. Capsaicin pretreatment also significantly decreased the ISP content of the nucleus amygdaloideus medialis in SHR rats. These results indicate that the effects of capsaicin treatment of the ISP contents of nervous systems tissues vary with both the tissues examined and the strain of rat. In addition, the previously reported long-lasting hypotensive effect produced by capsaicin in both the WKY and SHR strains may be related to the significant depletion of the ISP contents in peripheral sympathetic ganglia in both strains.
Atom-pair correlations in Fe-13.5% V

Abstract Diffuse neutron scattering data were used to determine the atom-pair correlations for Fe-13.5% V in terms of both the Warren-Cowley ASRO parameters and the Krivoglaz-Clapp-Moss pair potentials. These agree reasonably well with those calculated by Hennion from alloy band structure parameters.
Elemental mapping of multilayered structures: A method to reconstruct 2D chemical maps from a set of 1D line scans

We introduce a method to characterize the chemical distribution in nanostructures using STEM and affiliated spectroscopy techniques. The method is applicable to any nanostructure where the continuous layers of arbitrary geometry and dimensions can be identified. The key feature of the suggested approach is digital warping of the original STEM image into the quasi-1D image. The chemical profiles of high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio can be extracted from the minimal set of the STEM spectroscopy data while minimizing material damage during acquisitions. Finally, the 2D chemical maps of the area of interest are reconstructed.
String theory effective actions

Abstract We show that the beta functions of the nonlinear sigma models which describe strings propagating in background fields can be used to construct the generating functional for on-shell S -matrix elements of the associated string theories.
The development of a short domain-general measure of working memory capacity

Working memory capacity is one of the most fre- quentlymeasuredindividualdifferenceconstructsincognitive psychology and related fields. However, implementation of complex span and other working memory measures is gener- ally time-consuming for administrators and examinees alike. Because researchers often must manage the tension between limited testing time and measuring numerous constructs reli- ably, a short and effective measure of working memory ca- pacity would often be a major practical benefit in future research efforts. The current study developed a shortened computerized domain-general measure of working memory capacity by representatively sampling items from three existing complex working memory span tasks: operation span, reading span, and symmetryspan. Using a largearchival data set (Study 1, N = 4,845), we developed and applied a principled strategy for developing the reduced measure, based on testing a series of confirmatory factor analysis models. Adequate fit indices from these models lent support to this strategy. The resulting shortened measure was then ad- ministered to a second independent sample (Study 2, N = 172), demonstrating that the new measure saves roughly 15 min (30 %) of testing time on average, and even up to 25 min depending on the test-taker. On the basis of these initial promising findings, several directions for future research are discussed.
Simple electrode configuration for chronic or acute recording of DC potentials from subcortical nuclei of the brain

Abstract Techniques are described for recording DC potentials from subcortical nuclei of the brain using commercially available electrode pellets of high stability and longevity. Electrode configurations for both chronic and acute recording are shown, as well as an example of their use for simultaneous measurement of DC and multiple unit potentials.
Latino Immigration and Social Change in the United States: Toward an Ethical Immigration Policy

Approximately 47 million Latinos currently live in the United States, and nearly 25 percent of them are undocumented. The USA is a very different country from just a generation ago – culturally, socially, and demographically. Its presumed core values have been transformed largely by the changes wrought by immigration and ethnicity. A multicultural society has, in 2008, elected a multicultural president. This article examines immigration discourse, framed in terms of fear and security, and the evolution of the US immigration policy. Latino immigration is presented as a force that has shaped the nation’s past and continues to shape the economic, demographic, and cultural future of the United States. Psychological barriers to the social integration of immigrants are also explored. This article concludes that government policy makers should encourage a more tolerant, multicultural society by integrating Latino immigrants into the social, economic, and political fabric of the nation.
1-Aminohypoxanthine and analogues

1-Aminohypoxanthine (1a), a new positional isomer of guanine, has been obtained from 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid hydrazide and triethyl orthoformate. Pyrazolo 11 and triazolo 21 analogues of 1 result from similar reactions of the corresponding o-aminoazole hydrazides. An indirect synthesis involving excess ortho-ester and hydrolysis of the resulting intermediate 6 was found most effective for 1, but 11 may be prepared directly from 3-aminopyrazole-4-carboxylic acid hydazide and orthoesters. Triazoles proved most resistant to fused pyrimidinone formation. The riboside of 1a (1-aminoinosine) has been synthesized, indicating the versatility of the method.
Effects of sweep angle and passive relaminarization devices on a supersonic swept-cylinder boundary layer

The effects of passive leading-edge devices on the boundary layer of a swept cylinder in supersonic flow with very low free-stream disturbance levels are investigated. Tests are conducted at Mach 3.5 over a free-stream Reynolds number based on model diameter of 15,000 to 150,000, and sweep angles of 60 deg and 76 deg are used to evaluate possible sweep-angle effects. The devices tested include a sawtoothed leading edge, square device, and a fence. It is observed that at a sweep angle of 76 deg, relaminarization of the supersonic attachment-line flow is achieved by several of the devices, while no devices are successful at a sweep angle of 60 deg.
A GPU-based framework for modeling real-time 3D lung tumor conformal dosimetry with subject-specific lung tumor motion

In this paper, we present a graphics processing unit (GPU)-based simulation framework to calculate the delivered dose to a 3D moving lung tumor and its surrounding normal tissues, which are undergoing subject-specific lung deformations. The GPU-based simulation framework models the motion of the 3D volumetric lung tumor and its surrounding tissues, simulates the dose delivery using the dose extracted from a treatment plan using Pinnacle Treatment Planning System, Phillips, for one of the 3DCTs of the 4DCT and predicts the amount and location of radiation doses deposited inside the lung. The 4DCT lung datasets were registered with each other using a modified optical flow algorithm. The motion of the tumor and the motion of the surrounding tissues were simulated by measuring the changes in lung volume during the radiotherapy treatment using spirometry. The real-time dose delivered to the tumor for each beam is generated by summing the dose delivered to the target volume at each increase in lung volume during the beam delivery time period. The simulation results showed the real-time capability of the framework at 20 discrete tumor motion steps per breath, which is higher than the number of 4DCT steps (approximately 12) reconstructed during multiple breathing cycles.
Environmental enrichment increases progenitor cell survival in the dentate gyrus following lateral fluid percussion injury

Neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus are lost following a lateral fluid percussion injury. Environmental enrichment is known to increase neurogenesis in the dentate in intact rats, suggesting that it might also do so following fluid percussion injury, and potentially provide replacements for lost neurons. We report that 1 h of daily environmental enrichment for 3 weeks increased the number of progenitor cells in the dentate following fluid percussion injury, but only on the ipsilesional side. In the dentate granule cell layer, but not the hilus, most progenitors had a neuronal phenotype. The rate of on going cell proliferation was similar across groups. Collectively, these results suggest that the beneficial effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral recovery following FP injury are not attributable to neuronal replacement in the hilus but may be related to increased neurogenesis in the granule cell layer.
An approach to the theory and measurement of ethnocentric ideology.

(1949). An Approach to the Theory and Measurement of Ethnocentric Ideology. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 19-39.
Nonlinear grain-grain forces and the width of the solitary wave in granular chains: a numerical study

Any impulse results in the formation of a solitary wave of time averaged width $$W$$ in a granular chain. If the grain–grain interaction potential $$V\sim \delta ^n$$ , where $$\delta $$ is the distance by which the grains approach each other, then it is well established that $$n\ge 2$$ . Here we present dynamical simulation based results which suggest that $$W-1\propto (n-2)^{-\alpha }$$ where $$\alpha =0.3283$$ or $$\approx $$ 1/3. While in qualitative agreement, the result is quantitatively different from the formula for $$W$$ proposed earlier by Nesterenko.
Involvement of S100A4 in stromal fibroblasts of the regenerating cornea

PURPOSE S100A4 is a member of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins. Members of the S100 family have been implicated in a variety of cellular events, including growth, signaling, differentiation, and motility. It has been suggested that S100A4 modulates cell shape and motility by interacting with components of the cytoskeleton. In the present study, the distribution patterns of S100A4 were investigated in normal and regenerating mouse corneas. METHODS Rabbit cDNA libraries were prepared from cultures of corneal fibroblasts. S100A4 was identified as the most abundant message present. Expression of S100A4 in the cornea was determined using Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Distribution patterns of S100A4 in primary corneal fibroblast cultures treated with either FGF-2/heparin or TGFbeta1 were analyzed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS S100A4 mRNA was rarely detected in keratocytes or epithelial cells of the normal rabbit cornea. Likewise, S100A4 antigen was not found in normal mouse corneas. However, after removal of the corneal epithelium, fibroblasts are activated and had readily detectable S100A4 expression 6 days after wounding. In the in vitro equivalent of activated keratocytes, cultured rabbit corneal fibroblasts, S100A4 was restricted to the cytoplasm. In contrast, in cultures treated with TGFbeta1, which induces a myofibroblast phenotype, more than 90% of the cells showed a nuclear localization of S100A4. CONCLUSIONS The findings show that S100A4 is expressed in the keratocyte phenotypes that appear in stromal tissue of corneas recovering from damage, the fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts. Its expression and distinct subcellular redistribution patterns suggest that S100A4 may be involved in the interconversions that occur between keratocytes, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts during corneal wound healing.
HORMONAL FACTORS PRODUCING THE GAMETOKINETIC RESPONSE IN THE MALE FROG (RANA' PIPIENS)*

SINCE the discovery by Galli Mainini (1, 2, 3, 4) that human pregnancy urine and chorionic gonadotropin will cause the release of spermatozoa by the male toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel, numerous species of male toads and frogs have been evaluated for their efficacy as pregnancy test animals (5–12). The male leopard frog, Rana pipiens, has been widely used in this country as a pregnancy test animal following the procedure outlined by Miller and Wiltberger (6, 7) and Robbins and Parker (8). Robbins and Parker (13) have also shown that the South African male frog, Xenopus laevis, and the male frog, Rana pipiens, respond to the subcutaneous administration of epinephrine by the emission of spermatozoa, the Xenopus laevis frog being reactive throughout the year, the Rana pipiens frog passing through a refractory period during the summer months of June, July and August. Synthetic as well as naturally derived epinephrine proved to be equally effective in producing the release of spermatozoa; hypophysectomy failed to ...
Impact of Proton Irradiation on the RF Performance of 65 nm SOI CMOS Technology

The effects of 63 MeV proton irradiation on 65nm Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology are presented for the first time. The radiation response of the CMOS devices was investigated up to an equivalent total gamma dose of 4.1 Mrad (SiO2). We analyze the implications of proton irradiation on RF performance of these devices. The cut-off frequency is degraded due to post-irradiation degradation of device transconductance. High-frequency measurements show that the input and output matching conditions are not affected, up to a cumulative dose of 4.1 Mrad. The implications of proton irradiation on device design constraints, particularly device width and number of gate fingers, are discussed in the context of high performance RF CMOS technology. These results suggest that the higher finger width devices, of sufficient gate width, are well-suited for the development of total-dose radiation tolerant analog and RF circuits without additional radiation hardening.
Explanation of Misleading Nernst Slope by Boltzmann Equation

Abstract The common misuse in the literature of the terms Nernst slope, Nernst factor, and Nernst potential should be corrected. The membrane electrode potential is explained by the Boltzmann distribution equation. The slope of 59 mV per ionic unit is not unique to the Nernst equation. Both the Nernst equation and the Boltzmann distribution equation give the same 59-mV slope based on different mechanisms. The slope indicates only the change of −Δ G regardless of mechanisms. To avoid any misleading inference to the wrong equation mechanism, a person's name should not be used to denote a common slope. The factors affecting the slope, the electrode potential and its measurements, the importance of potential mechanism, and the modified Boltzmann equation are presented.
Present progress and future research in the relativistic klystron amplifier program at the Naval Research Laboratory

This paper addresses the development of the relativistic klystron amplifier (RKA) which is a high power microwave (HPM) source. This source was invented at the Naval Research Laboratory and developed during the last ten years. The present RKA has a 50 db gain and is operated at a frequency of 1.3 GHz with a peak output power > 10 GW and with an efficiency > 35%. However this HPM amplifier is rather large and expensive for many applications. Moreover, extending the frequency of the NRL RKA to frequencies above 3.5 GHz was not fully successful. Recently, it was suggested that incorporation of two modifications to the RKA technology should improve the capabilities of the present NRL HPM source by orders of magnitude and extend the operational frequency to X-band. These improvements enhance the potential for successful and effective military and civilian applications. These modifications are described.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Longitudinal Assessment of Dissociation in Holocaust Survivors With and Without PTSD and Nonexposed Aged Jewish Adults

: The trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD-related symptoms in relation to aging is not well understood. We previously observed higher levels of dissociation as measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) among older Holocaust survivors with, compared to those without, PTSD, though scores on the DES in Holocaust survivors were markedly lower than those that had been reported for younger cohorts. We undertook a longitudinal evaluation of dissociation in Holocaust survivors.Twenty-six Holocaust survivors with current PTSD, 30 Holocaust survivors without current PTSD, and 19 nonexposed were evaluated at the initial evaluation and subsequently 8.11 years later. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the DES scores from these times demonstrated a significant main effect for time and a significant group by time interaction, reflecting a marked decline in Holocaust survivors, particularly those with PTSD. Controlling for age obliterated the effect of time, but not the group by time interaction. A similar pattern was shown with The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores.Different symptoms related to PTSD show different trajectories of change with age, with dissociation appearing to be less prominent with age.
Transport Analysis and Model for the Performance of an Ultrasonically Enhanced Filtration Process

This paper presents an analysis of a filtration technique that uses ultrasound to aid the collection of small particles (tens of microns in diameter) from suspension. In this method, particles are retained within a porous mesh that is subjected to a resonant ultrasonic field, even though the pore size of the mesh is two orders of magnitude greater than the particle diameter. The role of acoustic forces in driving the retention phenomena has previously been studied on a micro-scale, which included modeling and experimental verification of particle motion and trapping near a single element of the mesh. Here, we build on this work to develop an overall transport model to predict macroscopic performance criteria such as breakthrough times and the dynamics of the filtration performance. Results from this model compare favorably to experimental studies of the filtration phenomena; simulation results scale appropriately with experimental results in which inlet feed concentration and flow rate are varied.
Insulin Receptor Substrates Irs1 and Irs2 Coordinate Skeletal Muscle Growth and Metabolism via the Akt and AMPK Pathways

Coordination of skeletal muscle growth and metabolism with nutrient availability is critical for metabolic homeostasis. To establish the role of insulin-like signaling in this process, we used muscle creatine kinase (MCK)-Cre to disrupt expression of insulin receptor substrates Irs1 and Irs2 in mouse skeletal/cardiac muscle. In 2-week-old mice, skeletal muscle masses and insulin responses were slightly affected by Irs1, but not Irs2, deficiency. In contrast, the combined deficiency of Irs1 and Irs2 (MDKO mice) severely reduced skeletal muscle growth and Akt→mTOR signaling and caused death by 3 weeks of age. Autopsy of MDKO mice revealed dilated cardiomyopathy, reflecting the known requirement of insulin-like signaling for cardiac function (P. G. Laustsen et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 27:1649-1664, 2007). Impaired growth and function of MDKO skeletal muscle were accompanied by increased Foxo-dependent atrogene expression and amino acid release. MDKO mice were resistant to injected insulin, and their isolated skeletal muscles showed decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Glucose utilization in MDKO mice and isolated skeletal muscles was shifted from oxidation to lactate production, accompanied by an elevated AMP/ATP ratio that increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)→acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Thus, insulin-like signaling via Irs1/2 is essential to terminate skeletal muscle catabolic/fasting pathways in the presence of adequate nutrition.
Survival benefit of aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis with low ejection fraction and low gradient with normal ejection fraction.

Background Aortic stenosis (AS) is becoming increasingly common with the aging population. Many of these patients have reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions (EF) or low transvalvular gradients resulting in reluctance to offer aortic valve replacement (AVR). Methods Our echocardiographic database for the period of 1993 to 2003 was screened for severe AS (aortic valve area [AVA] ≤ 0.8 cm 2 ) with LVEF 0.35 or less or a mean transvalvular gradient of 30 mm Hg or less. Chart reviews were performed for clinical, pharmacologic, and surgical details. Survival data were obtained from the Social Security Death Index and analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression, sensitivity, and propensity score analysis. Results Of the 740 patients with severe AS, 194 (26%) had severe LV dysfunction defined as EF 0.35 or less and 168 (23%) a mean transvalvular gradient of 30 mm Hg or less. Low ejection fraction was not a prerequisite for a low gradient. The Univariate predictors of higher mortality in both groups included higher age, lower ejection fraction, renal insufficiency, and lack of aortic valve replacement. Lack of aortic valve replacement was a strong predictor of mortality after adjusting for 18 clinical, echocardiographic, and pharmacologic variables. There were 72 patients with EF 0.20 or less, of whom 18 had AVR, which was associated with a large survival benefit similar to the entire cohort. In the 52 patients with EF 0.55 or less and mean gradient less than 30 mm Hg, the 5-year survival with AVR was 90% compared with 20% without AVR ( p Conclusions Severe LV dysfunction or a low transvalvular gradient is seen in about a quarter of patients with severe AS and there is a reluctance to offer AVR in these patients. Aortic valve replacement is associated with a large mortality benefit in these patients.
Mode Transition for Online Scheduling of Adaptive Real-Time Systems on Multiprocessors

This paper presents a novel online scheduling algorithm for scheduling real-time adaptive systems in which tasks may have distinct resource requirements for each of thesystems' operating modes. Apart from prior work that considers only step-wise adaptation of tasks' resource utilization during mode transition, the proposed algorithm (named EAGLE-T)enables tasks to adapt their resource utilization progressively from one mode to another in a timely manner without causing any deadline miss. The upper bound of the delay and the drift between resource utilization achieved by EAGLE-T and the ideal scheduler during mode transition are provided. Performance evaluation shows that the progressive adaptation of EAGLE-Toffers improved performance over a step-wise approach (average maximal-utilization drift and mode-transition delay are reduced by up to 68.75% and 32.16%, respectively). As the probability of a mode change or the number of tasks vary, empirical results show that the resource utilization achieved by tasks scheduled using EAGLE-T is within 56% to 90% of the desired utilization(compared to 11%-81% when the step-wise scheme is used).
HYPERLINKS AS EXTENSIONS OF OFFLINE INSTRUMENTAL COLLECTIVE ACTION

Many nongovernmental organizations' (NGOs') instrumental collective action networks exist to produce tangible public goods. Moreover, these organizations' hyperlinks function to express collective identity. The extent to which both types of collective action are related is unknown. To examine this gap in the research, hyperlinks from 181 NGO websites were analyzed to determine if instrumental collective action offline is related to expressive collective action online. The results of this research suggest that NGO hyperlinks are an extension of offline instrumental collective action behavior. Several offline characteristics, including common social aims, financial ties, membership ties, collaborative ties, and media visibility, are related to hyperlinking. The results contribute to hyperlink scholarship by investigating the impact of offline instrumental collective action on online networks. Implications for the theory of collective action and information technology and society are drawn from the results.
Invited Review: Enteral Access

The enteral route is the preferred method of nutrition support in patients with functional gastrointestinal tracts. Many techniques for obtaining enteral access are available, and the decision regarding which one to use depends on several issues, including anticipated duration of support, aspiration risk, and local expertise. Using laparotomy, laparoscopy, fluoroscopy, or endoscopy, tubes can be placed into the stomach, the duodenum, and the jejunum. Nasogastric and nasoenteric tubes are useful for short-term supplementation; however, patients needing support for more than 6 weeks may be better served with a more permanent tube. In this review, specific methods for obtaining enteral access are discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Representing supraspecific taxa in higher‐level phylogenetic analyses: guidelines for palaeontologists

As phylogenetic analyses become larger, one of the greatest methodological difficulties is representing speciose supraspecific clades in higher-level analyses (e.g., trilobites within studies of arthropod phylogeny). Several strategies have been proposed, including using representative single composite terminals or species-level exemplars, and various methods are currently used in the palaeontological literature. However, this is problematic, as simulation studies and empirical arguments in the systematics literature have clearly identified multiple exemplars as the optimal method. The continuing usage of suboptimal strategies in palaeontology may lessen the accuracy of phylogenies and hampers comparison between alternative studies. Here I outline problems with suboptimal strategies, review arguments in support of multiple exemplars, and provide guidelines for palaeontologists undertaking higher- level phylogenetic analyses.
Controlling carbon nanofibre morphology for improved composite reinforcement

Carbon nanofibres were grown at low temperatures on a novel fibre catalyst, palladium particles, using a novel method, growth in fuel rich combustion conditions. The growth of carbon filaments by this process was found to be remarkably rapid. Preliminary analysis of how changes in operating parameters, for example gas flow rate and reactant ratio, showed that fibre diameter and other factors such as helicity are very sensitive to the precise conditions employed, suggesting simple means to impact overall properties of the fibres. The ability to control diameter, helicity, and surface roughness are discussed with possible importance to advanced composites.
Partitions,q-series and the Lusztig-macdonald-wall conjectures

Wall described the history of these conjectures thus : " [In [7] were] included generating functions for the numbers of conjugacy classes in the classical groups over finite fields. The power series Z(0, 1; 0 and Z(1, 1; t) are what one needs to know in order to write down the generating functions for the symplectic and orthogonal groups over finite fields of characteristic 2 (see Theorem 3.7.3 on p. 59 [of [7]]) . . . . " "Early in 1976, Professor George Lusztig (of the Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, in England) wrote to me saying, ' I have very strong
Coronary Artery Disease in Aortic Surgery

The incidence of coronary artery disease in patients coming to aortic surgery and the impact of aggressive preoperative cardiac catheterization and myocardial revascularization was prospectively analyzed in 59 patients. Seventy-five percent of patients had at least one-vessel involvement, and 32% had three-vessel or left main involvement. Patients with electrocardiographic evidence of coronary artery disease had at least one-vessel involvement 84% of the time and three-vessel, left main involvement 36% of the time. Sixty-four percent of patients with no preoperative indications of coronary artery disease had at least one-vessel involvement and 29% had three-vessel, left main involvement. Resting (39 patients) and exercise multiple-gated acquisition scans (22 patients) did not predict the presence of coronary artery disease in patients without a history or electrocardiographic evidence of coronary artery disease. Myocardial revascularization was performed prior to aortic surgery in 17 patients (29%). The operative mortality was 3.7% with two patients dying from noncardiac-related complications. There were two additional deaths prior to aortic surgery with one patient dying during coronary artery bypass grafting, and one dying of aneurysm rupture prior to repair, making the overall mortality associated with this approach 7.4%. Preoperative cardiac catheterization and an aggressive approach toward coronary artery bypass grafting reduces the risk of cardiac complications in aortic surgery.
Resolving concurrent interactions

Serialization, the traditional method of resolving concurrent interactions, is often inappropriate; when interactions are dependent on each other, other policies for resolving them may be more suitable. We use semantic information to help categorize common interactions encountered in the modeling and simulation domain. This categorization enables us to suggest reasonable policies for resolving the effects of concurrent interactions.