cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A ‘poor man's Navier–Stokes equation’: derivation and numerical experiments—the 2‐D case

We present a systematic derivation of a discrete dynamical system directly from the two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations via a Galerkin procedure and provide a detailed numerical investigation (covering more than 10 cases) of the characteristic behaviours exhibited by the discrete mapping for speci ed combinations of the four bifurcation parameters. We show that this simple 2-D algebraic map, which consists of a bilinearly coupled pair of logistic maps, can produce essentially any (temporal) behaviour observed either experimentally or computationally in incompressible Navier– Stokes ows as the bifurcation parameters are varied in pairs over their ranges of stable behaviours. We conclude from this that such discrete dynamical systems deserve consideration as sources of temporal uctuations in synthetic-velocity forms of subgrid-scale models for large-eddy simulation. Copyright ? 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electric current controlled liquid phase epitaxy of GaAs on N+ and semi-insulating substrates

Electric current controlled liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) of GaAs has been performed on both n+ and semi-insulating substrates. Growth is induced by current flow across the substrate-melt interface. The furnace temperature is held constant during growth so that direct electrical control of the growth process is achieved. The dependence of the growth rate on both the electric current density across the substrate-melt interface and the ambient furnace temperature was determined. Current densities from 5 to 20 A/cm2 were employed and furnace temperatures ranging from 680 to 800°C were used. Sustained steady state growth rates as small as 0.022μm/min and as large as 1.4μm/min were obtained. For a given furnace temperature and current density, the measured growth rates on semi-insulating substrates range from 48% to 77% of the rates obtained on n+ n substrates. The surface morphology of the epitaxial layers is observed to depend on the electric current density employed during growth. Electric current controlled doping modulation was studied in epitaxial layers grown from unintentionally doped melts. The degree of doping modulation achieved is approximately proportional to the change in applied current density. Approximately a 40% increase in the net electron concentration is obtained by changing the current density from 10 to 30 A/cm2 during growth. Preliminary experiments with tin doped epitaxial layers indicate that similar changes in the amount of tin incorporation can be achieved.
The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionfly Parapolycentropus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): New Data and Interpretations

ABSTRACT The genus Parapolycentropus, originally described for two species in 99 myo Burmese amber, is unique among Mecoptera for its long, thin proboscis and possession of just the mesothoracic pair of wings. A new series of 19 specimens with excellent preservation allows description and redescription of virtually all morphological details. Male terminalia are very similar to those of the Holarctic Recent family of “snow fleas,” the Boreidae. Thoracic sclerites are highly convergent with nematocerous Diptera in the expansion of the mesothorax and great reduction of the pro-and metathoraces. The metathoracic wing vestige appears to be just the tegula; axial sclerites are lost. Details of the pretarsal claws are described; in P. paraburmiticus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn the outer claw of the meso- and metathoracic pretarsi is elongate and the inner claw reduced. The proboscis is comprised not of a labial tube and “pseudolabellum” (contra Ren et al, 2009), but is mostly maxillary in origin, with the outer valve...
Editorial: are spine biologics the future in spinal surgery?

There have been numerous advances in the field of spine surgery for the last two decades such as spinal instrumentation, minimally invasive technology, intervertebral disc prostheses, bone graft substitutes, and biologics. The use of biologic material in spine surgery has been one of the most exciting developments, and continued research and development will bring many of these projects into the marketplace in the future. Bone graft extenders such as demineralized bone matrices (DBM) and substitutes such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) with collagen carriers are being used today to enhance fusion rates and to decrease donor site morbidities. Biocompatible materials such as calcium phosphate or calcium sulfate ceramics have been investigated as potential carriers for spinal fusion or as vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty materials. Bone marrow cells can be concentrated and used in spinal fusion. Other emerging technologies in biologics are aimed at repairing or regenerating the degenerated disc in hopes of avoiding spinal fusion or disc prosthetic replacement. Exciting experimental results using growth factors, BMPs, cell-based therapy, and gene therapy in vitro and in animal models give promise for the future possibility of biologic repair or regeneration of the human disc. We are very fortunate to have assembled outstanding individuals for this special issue on Biologics in Spinal Surgery for The Spine Journal. Each author has contributed excellent articles that will be pertinent to practicing physicians and spine surgeons. The editors have deliberately recruited practicing spine surgeons with extensive basic science background in biologics so that the articles are both informative and relevant clinically. This issue is divided into three sections: 1) Biologics related to bone graft materials for spinal fusion; 2) Biologics related to intervertebral disc
Simultaneous imaging and measurement of tensile stress on cornea by using a common-path optical coherence tomography system with an external contact reference

The objective of this study is to demonstrate that tensile stress resulting due to applied force on cornea can be accurately measured by using a time-domain common-path optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with an external contact reference. The unique design of the common-path OCT is utilized to set up an imaging system in which a chicken eye is placed adjacent to a glass plate serving as the external reference plane for the imaging system. As the force is applied to the chicken eye, it presses against the reference glass plate. The modified OCT image obtained is used to calculate the size of contact area, which is then used to derive the tensile stress on the cornea. The drop in signal levels upon contact of reference glass plate with the tissue are extremely sharp because of the sharp decline in reference power levels itself, thus providing us with an accurate measurement of contact area. The experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical predictions. The results of this study might be useful in providing new insights and ideas to improve the precision and safety of currently used ophthalmic surgical techniques. This research outlines a method which could be used to provide high resolution OCT images and a precise feedback of the forces applied to the cornea simultaneously.
Case Report: Toxic Delirium in a Patient Taking Amantadine and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Acute mental confusion occurred in a patient on a stable dose of amantadine after he was started on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Discontinuation of the drugs led to rapid improvement. Studies in a rat model of organic cation secretion demonstrate that both amantadine and trimethoprim, but not sulfamethoxazole, inhibit the renal secretion of the organic cation procainamide. This case may represent an amantadine-trimethoprim interaction.
Effects of self-heating on the microwave performance of SiGe HBTs

Abstract In this study, the effects of self-heating on the f T and f max frequencies have been investigated in NpN SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) by two-dimensional numerical device modeling using a commercial simulator. The device studied was a single emitter stripe, double mesa configuration with self-aligned base contacts where a Gaussian distribution was assumed for the base’s boron profile. Increases in the base transit time and the collector delay time due to degradation in the electron mobility and saturation velocity and an increase in the base-collector depletion layer width were found to degrade the f T while increased base resistance also contributed to the reduction in f max . The onset of significant device self-heating and degradation in f T and f max were observed for collector current densities of 5 × 10 4 A/cm 2 for V CE = 2 V.
Correlation effects in pump-depleted broadband stimulated Raman amplification

Abstract We report gain depletion measurements in broadband stimulated Raman amplification of collinear and crossed beams in hydrogen as a function of correlation between pump and Stokes. Pump depletion varies from 40% for uncorrelated beams to 80% for correlated beams. The width of the correlation peak in the gain is larger in the depleted regime than in the non-depleted regime, but in both cases it is of the order of the inverse laser bandwidth. Pump depletion is lower for crossed beams due to the decrease in the interaction length, but no effect on the correlation peak shape is observed.
Comparison of fixatives for maximal retention of radiolabeled glycoconjugates for autoradiography, including use of sodium sulfate to release unincorporated [35S]-sulfate

Previous studies have used [35S]-sulfate as a specific marker to autoradiographically localize sulfated glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. Embryonic chicks were labeled with [35S]-sulfate, followed by previously reported routine fixation and processing techniques. Subsequent processing revealed loss of radiolabeled macromolecules and retention of unincorporated label in the tissue, using these procedures. Biochemical analysis after various fixation and processing procedures demonstrated that an additional agent, such as cetylpyridinium chloride, was necessary in the fixative to retain the highly aqueous soluble sulfated macromolecular components. Molecular sieve chromatography was used to monitor digestate solutions for the identity of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans as indicated by selective enzymatic removal. Retained unincorporated [35S]-sulfate could be completely removed by rinsing the tissue in dehydration solutions containing exogenous sodium sulfate. This new procedure ensures the quantitative retention of sulfate labeled macromolecules in fixed tissue with the complete removal of unincorporated radiotracer, both of which are necessary for meaningful autoradiography.
Americanist Archaeologies: 2008 in Review

ABSTRACT A review of published literature, conference proceedings, and Internet sources pertaining to “Americanist archaeology” in 2008 reveals three major themes: conflict, catastrophe, and collaboration. Scholars debated the role of archaeology in planning for and executing military operations in the Middle East while maintaining a vigorous interest in structural and physical violence worldwide. Environmental archaeologists considered the effects of catastrophic events, including new theories over the demise of Clovis cultures. In addition, several major reports and regulations highlighted the complexities of indigenous relations and gender equity in the profession. Enhanced technologies, funding for global initiatives in human rights, economic and environmental sustainablility, and creative forms of engagement are reshaping “Americanist archaeology” as a democratic, anthropological, and relevant pursuit. [Keywords: archaeology, annual review, conflict, catastrophe, collaboration]
Particulate Matter 2.5: Next Challenge for Transportation Conformity

For transportation planners, the promulgation of a new national ambient air quality standard for 2.5-micron particulate matter (PM2.5) in July 1997 will culminate approximately in December 2005. That is the time, one year after the expected date for designation of new PM2.5 nonattainment areas, when conformity determinations corresponding to the new standard will be due. Because PM2.5 is significantly different from pollutants with which most transportation planners have had experience (ozone and its associated precursors), this discussion attempts to present a useful explanation of PM2.5 science, the role and contribution of mobile source emissions, the types of probable control measures, and, most important, the implications of this for transportation planning. Although only 10% of PM2.5 emissions come from on-road mobile sources, nonattainment status and the transportation conformity requirement in particular will have specific implications for transportation planners. Representatives of prospective nonattainment areas, especially those without previous experience with nonattainment or conformity, may benefit from several recommendations for preparatory efforts drawn from the experiences of conformity veterans around the country.
A family of fourth-order difference schemes on rotated grid for two-dimensional convection–diffusion equation

Abstract We derive a family of fourth-order finite difference schemes on the rotated grid for the two-dimensional convection–diffusion equation with variable coefficients. In the case of constant convection coefficients, we present an analytic bound on the spectral radius of the line Jacobi’s iteration matrix in terms of the cell Reynolds numbers. Our analysis and numerical experiments show that the proposed schemes are stable and produce highly accurate solutions. Classical iterative methods with these schemes are convergent with large values of the convection coefficients. We also compare the fourth-order schemes with the nine point scheme obtained from the second-order central difference scheme after one step of cyclic reduction.
Reflecting on my role in children’s conflicts in an early childhood special education classroom

The purpose of this practitioner research was to examine my role as a teacher in the context of children’s conflicts in an early childhood special education classroom, reflecting on my reactions and choices of different intervention strategies. From videotaped observations and reflective journals I examined when I intervened and what strategies I used. The findings indicate that even though I was not conscious of my assumptions about individual children all the time, these assumptions were unconsciously translated into my daily practice and conflict resolution strategies. Through reflecting on my practices and beliefs I raised important issues concerning a teacher’s role in children’s conflicts. This study validates how important it is for teachers to reflect on specific issues within their practices and observe how these issues are addressed within the research process. Reflective practices, specifically conducting action research, not only heightens awareness of context but also enables one to take grea...
A double-blind study comparing ritodrine and terbutaline in the treatment of preterm labor

One hundred women in preterm labor were randomly treated with ritodrine or terbutaline in a double-blind fashion. The drugs were comparably effective during intravenous therapy but, in women with intact membranes, an oral dose of terbutaline, 30 mg daily, was significantly more effective than ritodrine, 120 mg daily, in preventing recurrent labor during a 5-day course of oral therapy (one of 19 versus 12 of 23, p
Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel combined with melphalan and carboplatin, with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support, in patients with advanced refractory malignancies.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to define the maximal tolerated dose (MTD), extramedullary toxicities, and pharmacokinetics of docetaxel combined with high-dose melphalan and carboplatin with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support. Fifty-nine patients with advanced refractory malignancy (32 breast cancer, 10 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 6 germ cell tumors, 4 Hodgkin disease, 4 ovarian cancer, 2 sarcoma, and 1 unknown primary adenocarcinoma) with a median of 3 prior chemotherapy regimens and a median of 3 organs involved were enrolled. Treatment included docetaxel (150–550 mg/m2 infused over 2 hours on day −6), melphalan (150–165 mg/m2 infused over 15 minutes from day −5 to −3), and carboplatin (1000-1300 mg/m2 as a 72-hour continuous infusion from day −5). Five patients died from direct regimen-related organ toxicity (2 capillary leak syndrome, 2 enterocolitis, and 1 hepatic toxicity), and 1 additional patient died from pulmonary aspergillosis. The docetaxel MTD was defined as 400 mg/m2, combined with melphalan (150 mg/m2) and carboplatin (1000 mg/m2). The MTD cohort was expanded to enroll a total of 26 patients, 1 of whom died from toxic enterocolitis. The remaining 25 patients presented the following extramedullary toxicity profile, which was manageable and largely reversible: stomatitis, myoarthralgias, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal and cutaneous toxicities, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Docetaxel exhibited linear pharmacokinetics in the dose range tested (150–550 mg/m2). Pharmacodynamic correlations were noted between the docetaxel area under the curve and peripheral neuropathy or stomatitis. The response rate among 38 patients with measurable disease was 95%, with 47% complete responses. At a median follow-up of 26 months (range, 7–72 months), the 3-year event-free survival and overall survival were 26% and 36%, respectively. In conclusion, a 4-fold dose escalation of docetaxel, combined with melphalan and carboplatin, is feasible with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support. The notable activity of this regimen in treatment-refractory patients warrants its further evaluation.
BARA: a sender based rate adaptation in wireless networks

Wireless communications benefit from multiple data rates under unstable channel conditions. More efficiently modulated user information results in higher overall data rates, but more error-prone information is received. Thus, it is highly important to adaptively choose a proper data rate so as to optimize network performance based on instantaneous channel condition. This procedure is named as rate adaptation. This paper presents a sender-based rate adaptation proposal named Beacon Auto Rate Adaptation, dubbed BARA, to determine proper instantaneous data rate, especially in the case where control frames such as RTS/CTS are not available. Beacon Auto Rate Adaptation is a suite of mechanisms. Firstly, periodic mandatory control frame beacon is used to estimate the initial data rate for sender at the beginning of a transmission. Then data rate is appropriately adapted during the transmission. Moreover, an innovative scheme is proposed to minimize the number of retransmission. Our simulation with IEEE802.11 demonstrates that, although the improvement for single node is not remarkable, the throughput for network can improved more than 100% in high density network.
Children "At Risk": Constructions of Childhood in the 21st Century Community Learning Centers Federal After-School Program

(2006). Children 'At Risk': Constructions of Childhood in the 21st Century Community Learning Centers Federal After-School Program. Arts Education Policy Review: Vol. 108, No. 2, pp. 9-16.
Label-free electrochemical detection of human methyltransferase from tumors

The role of abnormal DNA methyltransferase activity in the development and progression of cancer is an essential and rapidly growing area of research, both for improved diagnosis and treatment. However, current technologies for the assessment of methyltransferase activity, particularly from crude tumor samples, limit this work because they rely on radioactivity or fluorescence and require bulky instrumentation. Here, we report an electrochemical platform that overcomes these limitations for the label-free detection of human DNA(cytosine-5)-methyltransferase1 (DNMT1) methyltransferase activity, enabling measurements from crude cultured colorectal cancer cell lysates (HCT116) and biopsied tumor tissues. Our multiplexed detection system involving patterning and detection from a secondary electrode array combines low-density DNA monolayer patterning and electrocatalytically amplified DNA charge transport chemistry to measure selectively and sensitively DNMT1 activity within these complex and congested cellular samples. Based on differences in DNMT1 activity measured with this assay, we distinguish colorectal tumor tissue from healthy adjacent tissue, illustrating the effectiveness of this two-electrode platform for clinical applications.
Chemical mechanism of DNA cleavage by the homing endonuclease I-PpoI.

Homing endonucleases are distinguished by their ability to catalyze the cleavage of double-stranded DNA with extremely high specificity. I-PpoI endonuclease, a homing endonuclease from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, is a small enzyme (2 x 20 kDa) of known three-dimensional structure that catalyzes the cleavage of a long target DNA sequence (15 base pairs). Here, a detailed chemical mechanism for catalysis of DNA cleavage by I-PpoI endonuclease is proposed and tested by creating six variants in which active-site residues are replaced with alanine. The side chains of three residues (Arg61, His98, and Asn119) are found to be important for efficient catalysis of DNA cleavage. This finding is consistent with the proposed mechanism in which His98 abstracts a proton from an attacking water molecule bound by an adjacent phosphoryl oxygen, Arg61 and Asn119 stabilize the pentavalent transition state, and Asn119 also binds to the essential divalent metal cation (e.g., Mg(2+) ion), which interacts with the 3'-oxygen leaving group. Because Mg(2+) is required for cleavage of a substrate with a good leaving group (p-nitrophenolate), Mg(2+) likely stabilizes the pentavalent transition state. The pH-dependence of k(cat) for catalysis by I-PpoI reveals a macroscopic pK(a) of 8.4 for titratable groups that modulate product release. I-PpoI appears to be unique among known restriction endonucleases and homing endonucleases in its use of a histidine residue to activate the attacking water molecule for in-line displacement of the 3'-leaving group.
Program verification for microprocessors through Petri net modeling

Abstract Program verification forms an important part of the developmental process in the design of a microprocessor system to suit a particular application. The concepts of Petri nets are utilized to obtain a model of a microprocessor system which is suitable for program verification. The reachability and firing characteristics of Petri nets are useful and powerful tools for studying the dynamic behaviour of the modeled system at various levels of abstraction. The Petri net representation of different types of independent modules in the system is obtained through an appropriate interpretation. On the basis of these representations, the modeled system may be analysed to study the dynamic behaviour of the program.
Effects of Overloads on the Incubation Time for Stress Corrosion Cracking of 7075 Aluminum

Abstract A series of tests was conducted on precracked high strength aluminum alloy 7075-T651 plate to determine the effects of overstressing on the short-transverse stress corrosion cracking behav...
Ribosomal synthesis of N-methyl peptides.

N-Methyl amino acids (N-Me AAs) are a common component of nonribosomal peptides (NRPs), a class of natural products from which many clinically important therapeutics are obtained. N-Me AAs confer peptides with increased conformational rigidity, membrane permeability, and protease resistance. Hence, these analogues are highly desirable building blocks in the ribosomal synthesis of unnatural peptide libraries, from which functional, NRP-like molecules may be identified. By supplementing a reconstituted Escherichia coli translation system with specifically aminoacylated total tRNA that has been chemically methylated, we have identified three N-Me AAs (N-Me Leu, N-Me Thr, and N-Me Val) that are efficiently incorporated into peptides by the ribosome. Moreover, we have demonstrated the synthesis of peptides containing up to three N-Me AAs, a number comparable to that found in many NRP drugs. With improved incorporation efficiency and translational fidelity, it may be possible to synthesize combinatorial libraries of peptides that contain multiple N-Me AAs. Such libraries could be subjected to in vitro selection methods to identify drug-like, high-affinity ligands for protein targets of interest.
An analysis of attributes that impact information technology audit quality: A study of IT and financial audit practitioners

The importance of information technology (IT) auditing has grown with increased reliance on IT for business operations and new regulations regarding the assurance of IT for these operations. Prior work on IT and financial auditing has suggested several general frameworks that may affect IT audit quality; however, the prior work has not provided measurable constructs nor has it considered whether these proposed constructs are the same or different. Building on prior work that has proposed frameworks of IT audit quality, we identify and evaluate potential constructs suggested by these frameworks as well as financial auditing literature. We develop a survey tool and ask IT and financial accounting practitioners to assess the impact of these items on IT audit quality. A factor analysis is used to refine the set of IT audit quality factors identified, and we are able to provide insight into the prioritized impact of each factor on IT audit quality. In comparison to prior research, we find that additional factors are significant for IT audit quality and that the relative importance of the factors for IT audit quality differs for IT versus financial auditors.
Inter-Generational Differences in Individualism/Collectivism Orientations: Implications for Outlook towards HRD/HRM Practices in India and the United States.

This article proposes a conceptual model to explore the effects of intergenerational transition in individualism/collectivism orientations on the outlook towards different human resource development (HRD) and management practices. It contributes to the existing cross-cultural research in HRD by defining three prominent generations in India and by proffering a comparative cross-cultural study of the effect of generations on individualism/collectivism orientations and preferences for human resource practices in India and the United States.
Life-course socioeconomic positions and subclinical atherosclerosis in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis

A major limitation of past work on the social patterning of atherosclerosis has been the reliance on measures of neighborhood or individual-level socioeconomic position (SEP) assessed at a single point in time in adulthood. Risk of chronic disease is thought to accumulate throughout the life-course, so the use of a measure for a single point in time may result in inaccurate estimates of the social patterning of subclinical disease. Using data from the US Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we examined the relation between childhood SEP [CSEP] (father or caretaker's education), adulthood SEP [ASEP] (a summary score of income, education, and wealth), and 20-year average exposure to neighborhood poverty [NSEP] (residential addresses geocoded and linked to census data) and the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis, as assessed by common carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in mid to late adulthood. Participants were 45-84 years of age at baseline and were sampled from six study sites in the United States. After adjustment for age, CSEP and ASEP were both inversely and independently associated with IMT in men. All three indicators CSEP, ASEP, and NSEP were inversely and independently associated with IMT in women. Associations were somewhat reduced after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting that these factors may play a mediating role. There was evidence of heterogeneity in effects of NSEP by gender, and in the effects of ASEP and NSEP by race/ethnicity. Our results contribute to the growing body of work that shows that SEP at multiple points in the life-course, and at the individual and neighborhood level, contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.
Collagen-binding proteins secreted by type II pneumocytes in culture.

Abstract The alveolar epithelial basement membrane is believed to play important roles in lung development, in maintaining normal alveolar architecture, and in guiding repair following lung injury. However, little is known about the formation of this structure, or of the mechanisms which mediate interactions between the epithelium and specific matrix macromolecules. Since type IV collagen is a major structural component of basement membranes, we investigated the production of type IV collagen-binding proteins by primary cultures of rat lung type II pneumocytes. Cultures were labeled for up to 24 h with 3H-labeled amino acids or [3H]mannose. Soluble collagen-binding proteins which accumulated in the culture medium were isolated by chromatography on collagen-Sepharose and examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major type IV collagen-binding protein (CBP1) was identified as fibronectin. We also identified a novel disulfide-bonded collagen-binding glycoprotein (CBP2; Mr = 45 000, reduced). This protein was not recognized by polyclonal antibodies to fibronectin, and showed no detectable binding to denatured type I collagen. The protein was resolved from fibronecti and partially purified by sequential chromatography on gelatin and type IV collagen-Sepharose. We suggest that type II pneumocyte-derived collagen-binding proteins contribute to the formation of the epithelial basement membrane and/or mediate the attachment of these cells to collagenous components of the extracellular matrix.
Thermal Evaporation Processing of Nano and Submicron Tin Oxide Rods

Nano and submicron rods of semiconductor tin oxide (SnO2) have been synthesized via thermal evaporation technique. Various substrates such as oxidized silicon (Si/SiO2), porous alumina (Al2O3), oxidized and anodized titanium (Ti/TiO2), with the sputtered platinum (Pt) catalyst, have been utilized for this purpose. The effect of Pt sputtering time and the nature of the substrate on the size distribution and the morphology of the SnO2 rods and their substrate-surface-coverage have been investigated. The formation of nano and submicron SnO2 rods has been attributed to the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) and vapor-solid (VS) growth mechanisms depending on the processing conditions.
Relationship of promagainin to three other prohormones from the skin ofXenopus laevis: A different perspective

We observed a striking sequence similarity between precursors for promagainin and procaerulein type I (excluding the caerulein peptide region). Additional comparisons of the promagainin precursor with those of other procaeruleins, proxenopsin, and peptide-Gly-Leu-amide revealed that all possess one or more copies of a structurally similar spacer module, from which an amphiphilic spacer peptide is cleaved. Promagainin yields the magainins, spacer peptides with antimicrobial activity; we suggest other spacer peptides may have similar activity. We propose that the genes for the four kinds of hormones were derived from a common ancestral gene through gene and exon duplications and that the procaerulein and proxenopsin genes are mosaic genes in which the original 3′-ends were replaced by exon shuffling.
Spending time with the news media: The relationship between reliance and use

The relationship between media reliance and actual use was examined by conducting a survey of working women. The television reliant did tend to spend more time with television news than with other media, as did the newspaper reliant with newspapers. The radio reliant, however, did not spend more time with radio, suggesting radio to be a more complementary medium. Regardless of the medium most relied on, the time spent with all news media was the same.
Indian Monsoon Onset and the Americas Midsummer Drought: Out-of-Equilibrium Responses to Smooth Seasonal Forcing

Abstract Two dominant high-frequency features of Northern Hemisphere summer climatology are examined in an atmosphere–land general circulation model (AGCM): the sudden onset of rains in south Asia, and the midsummer rainfall minimum in the tropical Americas. A control simulation succeeds in capturing these observed features fairly well. A slowed-calendar experiment is performed, to see whether these features are close to equilibrium with seasonally evolving forcings (orbital geometry and SST). The results indicate that some lag (disequilbrium) within the AGCM delays south Asian onset by about a month, from May in the experiment when seasonal forcing evolves extremely slowly to June in the normal, full-speed seasonal cycle. Disequilibrium also acts to delay and limit the amplitude of the Americas midsummer drought, and the associated intrusion of the Atlantic subtropical high into the Intra-Americas Seas’ region. It is hypothesized that early summer (centered on the solstice) temperature over mid- and high...
A DNA-lipid protein containing material isolated from calf thymus nuclear chromatin

Abstract The bulk of the isolated nuclear chromosomal material, which is normally composed of rapidly sedimenting particles even though the DNA present is of relatively low molecular weight, can be obtained in a soluble form if a low ionic strength solution of chromatin ∗ is sheared ( Bonner et al. , 1968 ; Zubay and Doty, 1959 ). However, a small limiting fraction of the nucleoprotein is insoluble even after extended shearing. We have inquired why this small fraction should be so resistant to solubilization by shearing. In this paper we shall show that the insoluble material consists of nucleohistone associated with a lipoprotein, a preliminary characterization of which is described.
A Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model for the Relaxation Behavior of Tendon

Tendons are viscoelastic materials which undergo stress relaxation when held at a constant strain. The most successful model used to describe the viscoelastic behavior of tendons is the quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model [1]. In the QLV model, the relaxation function is assumed to be a separable function of time and strain. Recently, this assumption has been shown to be invalid for tendons [2] thus suggesting the need for new nonlinear viscoelastic models.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effect of dietary linolenate on the proportion of linoleate and arachidonite in liver fat.

PRELIMINARY experiments have suggested that feeding of linseed oil fatty acids depressed the proportion of arachidonic acid in liver and cerebella of chickens1. The following experiment was conducted to determine the validity of the original observation.
Connectedness of pregnant adolescents who smoke.

PURPOSE To examine the relationship of the constructs from the family and school environments and protective individual characteristics to health risk behaviors among pregnant adolescents who smoke. METHODS Inner-city adolescents (N = 53), aged 14-19 years, who were participating in a smoking cessation intervention program, completed self-report demographic, social, and behavioral questionnaires. FINDINGS Independent variables included family connectedness, school connectedness, and individual characteristics of religiosity, self-esteem, and grade-point average. Three areas of health risk behavior were dependent variables: delinquent behavior, substance, and precocious sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS Positive self-esteem served as a protectivefactorfor alcohol use. In contrast to past studies, school connectedness was a risk, not a protective, factor for substance abuse. Neither school nor family connectedness were protective against delinquent or precocious sexual behavior.
Economic efficiency and social stability: A stylized short-run price reform model

Abstract A stylized model is developed to focus on evaluating the economic efficiency and social stability issues related to price reform in the short run from a policymaker's point of view. Different interesting special cases are studied. Comparative static results show when the pace of the price reform should be faster or slower and when the subsidy should be larger, smaller, or zero.
The asymmetric transmembrane distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and fatty acids of the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane

The transmembrane distribution of the major aminophospholipids in the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, was determined using a novel pair of permeable and impermeable covalent modification reagents. The values for the percentages of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in the outer monolayer were calculated from a simple expression which takes into account the leakage of impermeable reagent into the disk lumen as monitored by the extent of labeling of lysine entrapped in the lumen. We infer from our results that at least 73 to 87% of the disk phosphatidylethanolamine and 77 to 88% of the disk phosphatidylserine are in the outer disk membrane monolayer. The fatty acid composition of the inner aminophospholipids is slightly more saturated than the outer aminophospholipids. Calculations using the lateral surface areas occupied by the disk membrane lipids suggest that 65 to 100% of the disk phosphatidylcholine is on the inner membrane surface. Since the disk phosphatidylcholine is also somewhat more saturated than the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine of the outer monolayer, the total inner membrane monolayer fatty acid composition is more saturated than that of the outer monolayer fatty acid composition.
Substrate Structural Effects on Enzymatic Depolymerization of Amylose, Amylopectin, and Glycogen

L'etude des parametres cinetiques, biochimiques et une technique alliant chromatographie d'exclusion et utilisation d'un laser a petit angle, permettent de montrer que l'hydrolyse de trois polysaccharides (amylose, amylopectine et glycogene), pourtant de meme composition chimique, est fonction du nombre de ramification de chaines polysaccharidiques
Residential Smart Grids: Before and after the appearance of PVs and EVs

Power distribution systems are experiencing higher load levels, unbalanced distributed generation, new load diversity, and more uncorrelated events than before. To quantify this change, the authors contrast the electrical state of the largest Smart Grid residential community in Austin, Texas before and after the appearance of its PVs and EVs. This community is the research focus of many wanting to prevent unwanted consequences from an uncontrolled growth in residential generation and load. The authors use surface and filled contour plots to show existing and future electrical footprints, the impact on transformer utilization, feeder demand, current unbalance, voltage drop, and on distribution losses.
Coping Strategies and Caregiving Outcomes Among Rural Dementia Caregivers

We studied the coping styles by which family caregivers living in rural areas of Alabama deal with the demands of caring for an older relative with dementia. Data were obtained from a sample of 141 caregivers through the random-digit dialing telephone survey. Two coping styles were identified: deliberate coping and avoidance coping. Deliberate coping was related to higher life satisfaction scores and, avoidance coping was related to lower life satisfaction scores and higher caregiver burden scores. Avoidance coping appeared to moderate the effects of caregiver health on caregiver burden. Social workers should pay greater attention to caregivers with dysfunctional coping styles.
Global optimization of NURBs-based metamodels

The emergence of metamodels as approximate objective function representations offers the ability to ‘design’ metamodels with favourable optimization characteristics without compromising the accurate representational capabilities of arbitrary function topologies and modalities. With non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBs) as a metamodel basis, favourable optimization properties can be obtained which allow the intelligent selection of starting points for multistart optimization algorithms and which constrain optimization searches to metamodel regions containing the global metamodel optimum. In this article NURBs-based metamodels are used to define an optimization algorithm (HyPerOp) which guarantees the discovery of the global metamodel optimum with known computational effort. Emphasis is placed on demonstrating how NURBs’ properties contribute to a favourable objective function approximation. Through a large non-linear optimization trial problem set, the claim that HyPerOp is guaranteed to find the global m...
Negative feedback and multiple gain mechanisms for sensitivity improvement in 1550nm optical detection

Increasing noise at high gain has limited the sensitivity of conventional 1550nm avalanche photoreceivers. We demonstrate an integrated avalanche detector with multiple gain and built-in feedback mechanisms which can potentially detect single photons.
In situ neutron scattering study of structural transitions in fibrin networks under shear deformation

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to decipher the origin of the strain hardening in biopolymer networks by directly measuring the structural response of a fibrin gel to simple shear deformation. A special Couette shear cell is used to systematically probe the structural properties of a fibrin clot over strain values in the range of γ = 1–170%. The SANS results indicate that the strain hardening response of coarse fibrin gels occurs in two distinct regions having different structural and mechanical signatures that are separated by an intermediate strain softening regime. At low strains (γ 30%), a second strain-hardening regime is directly correlated to significant fiber alignment. The mean diameter of the fibers determined directly from two-dimensional fits to the anisotropic scattering data is found to decrease monotonically in the high-strain regime. The results suggest that the non-linear mechanical properties of fibrin clots are the result of a reduction of lateral entropic fluctuations at low strains and a transition between bending and stretching at higher strain values.
Climatologists’ patterns of conveying climate science to the agricultural community

Climatologists have a unique role in providing various stakeholders and public data users with weather and climate information. In the north central region (NCR) of the United States, farmers, the agricultural sector, and policy makers are important audiences for climate science. As local and global climate conditions continue to shift and affect agricultural productivity, it is useful to understand how climatologists view their role as scientists, and how this influences their communication of climate science to agricultural stakeholders. In this study, data from interviews (N = 13) and surveys (N = 19) of state and extension climatologists in the NCR are analyzed to identify perceived roles and responsibilities as scientists and communicators. Pielke’s (The honest broker: making sense of science in policy and politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007) framework of the idealized roles of scientists and their communication patterns are used to develop a typology of climate science communication. Findings reveal that more than half of climatologists perceive their role to provide information as pure scientists, while some engage in an arbiter role when requested. Fewer climatologists view their role as not only producing new knowledge, but also relating it to society and providing an expanded variety of alternative applications. Climatologists who perceive their role as simply providing information and letting data users interpret its application are missing an opportunity to reduce the gap between what scientists know and farmers believe. This suggests that if climatologists would frame their climate science message in terms of agricultural impacts, hazard mitigation and risk management alternatives they could help the agricultural sector adapt to and mitigate environmental risks from a changing climate.
The Colonial Heritage of Latin America; Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective

Colonial Latin America provides a concise study of the history of the Iberian colonies in the New World and their preconquest background to the wars of independence in the early nineteenth century. Now thoroughly updated in this seventh edition, Colonial Latin America is indispensable for students who wish to gain a deeper understanding of the fascinating and often colorful history of the cultures, the people, and the struggles that have played a part in shaping Latin America. Distinctive Features * Provides a comprehensive and well-balanced account, covering all aspects of life--political, social, religious, economic, military, and cultural* Offers an inclusive discussion of all groups and strata of society--including slaves and women--and a nuanced discussion of race, class, and gender* Superbly written, making it readable for any audience* Presents solid scholarship--this is the most current and authoritative book on the market New to this Edition * Reorganized coverage of the imperial crisis and Independence Era is spread out over three chapters and incorporates all of the major new scholarship in these areas* New discussion of the Haitian revolution and its regional significance* Expanded discussion of the African influence on early colonial development
On a random coefficient probit model

Consider a panel-data and state-dependent binary model. The coefficient associated with the past status is assumed to he a normally distributed random variable. The estimation of unknown parameters is investigated for both fixed and random initials. Simulation results for the random initial conditions and empirical results for the U.S. steel industrypanel data are presented.
Effects of Reduced-Risk Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators on Rove Beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Adults

In many regions, pest management of greenhouse crops relies on the use of biological control agents; however, pesticides are also widely used, especially when dealing with multiple arthropod pests and attempting to maintain high esthetic standards. As such, there is interest in using biological control agents in conjunction with chemical control. However, the prospects of combining natural enemies and pesticides are not well known in many systems. The rove beetle, Atheta coriaria (Kraatz), is a biological control agent mainly used against fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.). This study evaluated the effects of reduced-risk pesticides and plant growth regulators on A. coriaria adult survival, development, and prey consumption under laboratory conditions. Rove beetle survival was consistently higher when adults were released 24 h after rather than before applying pesticides. The pesticides acetamiprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, and cyfluthrin were harmful to rove beetle adults, whereas Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, azadirachtin, and organic oils (cinnamon oils, rosemary oil, thyme oil, and clove oil) were nontoxic to A. coriaria adults. Similarly, the plant growth regulators acymidol, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole were not harmful to rove beetle adults. In addition, B. bassiana, azadirachtin, kinoprene, organic oils, and the plant growth regulators did not negatively affect A. coriaria development. However, B. bassiana did negatively affect adult prey consumption. This study demonstrated that A. coriaria may not be used when applying the pesticides, acetamiprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, and cyfluthrin, whereas organic oils, B. bassiana, azadirachtin, and the plant growth regulators evaluated may be used in conjunction with A. coriaria adults. As such, these compounds may be used in combination with A. coriaria in greenhouse production systems.