cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Conventionalist Theory of Promising

Conventionalists about promising believe that it is wrong to break a promise because the promisor takes advantage of a useful social convention only to fail to do his part in maintaining it. Anti-conventionalists claim that the wrong of breaking a promise has nothing essentially to do with a social convention. Anti-conventionalists are right that the social convention is not necessary to explain the wrong of breaking most promises. But conventionalists are right that the convention plays an essential role in any satisfactory account of promising. A new conventionalism can explain this by appealing to special features of social conventions. Two of these special features have important implications for any moral requirements they mediate, such as the requirement to keep one's promises and the moral requirements attached to social or occupational roles. First, these requirements will not depend on features of a situation that are inaccessible to typical participants in the convention. Second, these requireme...
Scattering in nuclei and QCD

We argue that double scattering in nuclei can be treated perturbatively in QCD, and derive expressions for double-scattering contributions to short-distance cross sections. These cross sections are sensitive to the distribution of gluons at low x.
A Growth Accounting Analysis of Cost Efficiency in Milk Production for Six Northern States in the United States

This paper reports on the use of a growth accounting approach to calculate and decompose cost efficiency indices into technical change, regional competitive advantage stemming from spatial effects, and economies of size. Dairy farm data for Connecticut, Maine, Vermont, Michigan, New York and Pennsylvania for the years 1968, 1970, 1977, 1980 and 1988 are utilized in the analysis. The results show that technological change yielded a 1.8% average annual rate of cost reduction over the period studied. In addition, medium and large farms were, on average, 12% to 20% more efficient than small farms. Pennsylvania had a distinct competitive advantage (13.8%), while Maine exhibited a clear competitive disadvantage (−18.2%) in producing milk relative to New York. Ce papier s'inspire d'une approche de compte de croissance pour evaluer et traduire les index de cout d'efficacite en changement technique et avantage competitif regional decoulant d'une part des effets spaciaux, d'autre part des economies d' echelle. Des donnees de fermes laitieres de Connecticut, Maine, Vermont, Michigan, New York et Pennsylvania pour les annees 1968, 1970, 1977, 1980 et 1988 ont ete utilisees au cours de cette analyse. Les resultats demontrent que le progres technologique a contribue en moyenne a un taux annuel de diminution des couts d'environ 1.8% durant la periode etudiee. En outre, les grandes et moyennes exploitations ont ete de 12%a 20% plus performantes que les petites exploitations. Pennsylvania a enregistre un gain de competitivite (13.8%) dans la production de lait alors que Maine affichait une nette baisse (−18.2%) par rapport a New York.
A multichannel atomic absorption instrument: simultaneous analysis of zinc, copper, and cadmium in biologic materials.

Abstract A multichannel atomic absorption spectrometer has been designed and constructed which combines the advantages of simultaneous analysis offered by emission spectroscopy with the increased sensitivity and rapid analysis of atomic absorption instruments. The source is a multielement hollow cathode tube and employs a long pathlength absorption cell previously shown to increase the sensitivity of detection of several elements by atomic absorption. A concave grating isolates monochromatic radiation from the emission of the hollow cathode tube and focuses it on the photomultipliers placed at exit slits placed at the focal plane on a Rowland circle. The method presented demonstrates the utility of the instrument and permits simultaneous analysis of zinc, copper, and cadmium. Three-quarter saturated oxine serves as a chelating agent to obviate interferences due to extraneous anions and cations. The method is suitable for the analysis of these metals in biologic fluids, as exemplified by the analysis of human serum and equine renal and human hepatic metallothioneins.
Light inhibition of brassinosteroid-induced ethylene production

Summary The effect of light on brassinosteroid (BR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and IAA+BR-induced ethylene production in etiolated mung bean ( Vigna radiata L. Rwilcz cv. Berken) hypocotyl segments was evaluated. When 4-day-old, dark grown mung bean seedlings were exposed to 3.7 AE m −2 s −1 of fluorescent light, BR-induced ethylene production by segments taken from these plants was decreased by approximately 35 % with a 15 min exposure period and by up to 75 % following a 60 min exposure period. Segments taken from seedlings which were pretreated for 30 min with irradiances varying from 0 to 80 /,E m −2 s −1 exhibited a maximum inhibition (78 %) in BR-induced ethylene production with a 21 AE m — 2s- 1 exposure and no further decrease at higher irradiances tested. IAA-induced ethylene production was inhibited only with the longest exposure period tested, 3.7 ItE m −2 −1 for 120 min. Inhibition of IAA-induced ethylene production required irradiances as high as 40 AE m −2 s −1 for 30 min. Maximum inhibition of IAA + BR-induced ethylene occurred with the longest exposure time tested (3.7 /,E m −2 s −1 for 120 min) and at the highest irradiance tested (80 ,uE m −2 s −1 The results contained within this study show that in order to optimize BR-induced ethylene production, mung bean seedlings should receive a minimum exposure to light during handling and cutting operations. Conversely, IAA and IAA + BR-induced ethylene do not exhibit the same sensitivity to light.
Clinical evaluation of an infrared refracting instrument.

Refractive errors of 567 eyes (286 patients), obtained by independent refractionists using retinoscopic and subjective techniques, were compared with those obtained by a trained technician operating the Ophthalmetron. The Ophthalmetron was incapable of producing an interpretable tracing in 26% of eyes, primarily because of poor fixation by the patients. The spherical power agreed within ± 0.5 diopter by the two objective methods in 52.6% of eyes. The cylindrical power agreed within ± 0.5 D by the two objective methods in 71.5% of eyes. The cylindrical axis measured by the two objective methods was within five degrees in 40% of eyes. The principal limitations of the infrared refracting instrument are related to (1) the lack of cooperation in very young and very old individuals; (2) disease states limiting the transparency of the ocular media, such as cataracts; and (3) aphakia.
Influence of Cationic Substitutions on the Oxygen Loss and Reversible Capacity of Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes

The influence of cationic substitutions on the ease with which oxygen loss occurs from lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes during first charge has been studied with three series of samples: Li[Li0.33Mn0.67−xTix]O2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.67), Li[Li0.2Mn0.54−xTixNi0.13Co0.13]O2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.27), and Li[Li0.2Mn0.60−xTixNi0.20]O2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.40). The lattice parameters and cell volume increase monotonically with the substitution of a larger Ti4+ for Mn4+, indicating the formation of solid solutions. It is found that substitution of Ti4+ for Mn4+ decreases the degree of oxygen loss and consequently the charge and discharge capacity values, while substitution of Co3+ for (Mn0.54+Ni0.52+) increases the oxygen loss and consequently the charge and discharge capacity values. While the former is attributed to a stronger binding of oxygen to Ti and a decrease in the metal−oxygen covalence due to a larger charge transfer gap between the Ti3+/4+ 3d and O2− 2p bands, the latter is attributed to a weaker binding of oxygen to Co and an ...
Currently approved prophylactic HPV vaccines.

Cervarix® and Gardasil® are two prophylactic HPV vaccines designed primarily for cervical cancer prevention. Cervarix is effective against HPV-16, -18, -31, -33 and -45, the five most common cancer-causing types, including most causes of adenocarcinoma for which we cannot screen adequately. Gardasil is effective against HPV-16, 18 and 31, three common squamous cell cancer-causing types. In addition, Gardasil is effective against HPV-6 and -11, causes of genital warts and respiratory papillomatosis. The most important determinant of vaccine impact to reduce cervical cancer is its duration of efficacy. To date, Cervarix’s efficacy is proven for 6.4 years and Gardasil’s for 5 years.
Enhanced placental cholesterol efflux by fetal HDL in Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that maternal-derived cholesterol can be effluxed from trophoblasts to fetal HDL and plasma. We had the opportunity to study for the first time the ability of HDL and plasma from a fetus with the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) to efflux cholesterol from trophoblasts. It was unclear whether cholesterol could be effluxed to fetuses with SLOS since lipoprotein levels are often very low. To answer this question, cord blood was collected from the placentas of an SLOS fetus and unaffected fetuses just after delivery. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were very low in the affected fetus; cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and 8-dehydocholesterol concentrations were 14.1, 4.5, and 5.2 mg/dl, respectively. The HDL from the fetal SLOS effluxed ≈50% more cholesterol from a trophoblast cell line, were smaller in size, and had a lower cholesterol to phospholipid ratio as compared to HDL from unaffected fetuses or adults. Plasma from the SLOS fetus effluxed cholesterol to a similar percentage as unaffected fetal plasma or adult plasma, possibly due to fewer HDL particles as demonstrated in previous SLOS patients. These novel data demonstrate that the cholesterol-deficient SLOS fetus is able to obtain cholesterol from trophoblasts at a time when cholesterol is playing a critical role in development, and has implications for design of treatments for cholesterol deficiency syndromes as well as understanding of prenatal cholesterol transport in humans.
Cost-error relationships in A* tree-searching

Pearl has shown that, in admissible A* tree-searching, the expected number of nodes expanded is bounded above and below by exponential functions of heuristic error. An additional assumption required for the validity of Pearl's argument is given. The assumption's significance and interpretation are discussed.
A shared service algorithm for a trunked mobile system

A model has been developed and solved which captures the essence of the concept of mobile dispatch service. There are two types of users, dispatch and interconnect (calls routed from the public switched telephone network, of much longer holding times). Also, only some of the available repeaters can be used for interconnect traffic, and blocked interconnect calls are cleared. Dispatch calls, however, can access all repeaters, and then are queued if all repeaters are busy. One design decision involves a trade between blocking of interconnect calls and queueing of dispatch calls. A formula has been derived for both interconnect blocking probability and the mean dispatch queueing time to permit this trade. The results indicate that a good operating point is to have (N - a d )(rounded down) interconnected repeaters, where there are N total repeaters and a d Erlangs of dispatch traffic.
Elementary Place Geography: Beyond Memorization

Abstract This article describes four lesson plans designed for use in the elementary grades that use example versus nonexample format to teach geographical concepts related to landforms. The rationale and context for using these plans in public school classrooms is explained. The four plans center around the contrasting concepts of ocean versus sea, country versus continent, cape versus peninsula, and mountain versus desert. Each plan contains objectives, methods for focusing students on the concepts to be learned, a variety of instructional strategies and a suggested closure to the lesson. Use of these strategies would enable the teacher to enhance students' conceptual framework for geography rather than forcing them to rely on rote memorization of place names.
Standardized collection of MNase-seq experiments enables unbiased dataset comparisons

The organization of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin has a strong influence on the accessibility and regulation of genetic information. The locations and occupancies of a principle component of chromatin, nucleosomes, are typically assayed through use of enzymatic digestion with micrococcal nuclease (MNase). MNase is an endo-exo nuclease that preferentially digests naked DNA and the DNA in linkers between nucleosomes, thus enriching for nucleosome-associated DNA. To determine nucleosome organization genome-wide, DNA remaining from MNase digestion is sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technologies (MNase-seq). Unfortunately, the results of MNase-seq can vary dramatically due to technical differences and this confounds comparisons between MNase-seq experiments, such as examining condition-dependent chromatin organizations. In this study we use MNase digestion simulations to demonstrate how MNase-seq signals can vary for different nucleosome configuration when experiments are performed with different extents of MNase digestion. Signal variation in these simulations reveals an important DNA sampling bias that results from a neighborhood effect of MNase digestion techniques. The presence of this neighborhood effect ultimately confounds comparisons between different MNase-seq experiments. To address this issue we present a standardized chromatin preparation which controls for technical variance between MNase-based chromatin preparations and enables the collection of similarly sampled (matched) chromatin populations. Standardized preparation of chromatin includes a normalization step for DNA input into MNase digestions and close matching of the extent of digestion between each chromatin preparation using gel densitometry analysis. The protocol also includes directions for successful pairing with multiplex sequencing reactions. We validated our method by comparing the experiment-to-experiment variation between biological replicates of chromatin preparations from S. cerevisiae. Results from our matched preparation consistently produced MNase-seq datasets that were more closely correlated than other unstandardized approaches. Additionally, we validated the ability of our approach at enabling accurate downstream comparisons of chromatin structures, by comparing the specificity of detecting Tup1-dependent chromatin remodeling events in comparisons between matched and un-matched wild-type and tup1 Δ MNase-seq datasets. Our matched MNase-seq datasets demonstrated a significant reduction in non-specific (technical) differences between experiments and were able to maximize the detection of biologically-relevant (Tup1-dependent) changes in chromatin structure.
War, Exile, Everyday Life: Cultural Perspectives

War, Exile, Everyday Life: Cultural Perspectives. RENATA JAMBRESC KIRIN and MAJA POVRZANOVIC, eds. Zagreb: Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research, 1996. x + 305 pp., contributors, notes, references.
A simple and rapid dot-immunobinding assay for zein and other prolamins.

Abstract A simple method for the immunochemical assay of zein and other prolamins is described. Alcohol-solubilized zein is spotted onto chromatography paper disks or strips, incubated with antiserum (30–60 min), washed with several changes of Tris-buffered saline (10 min), incubated with protein A-peroxidase (30 min), and washed with several changes of Tris-buffered saline (10 min). The binding of zein-specific antibody is visualized by peroxidase-catalyzed color production from 4-chloro-1-naphthol. The method is simple, inexpensive, and rapid (2 h total time) and has potential application to other insoluble antigens.
Self-assembly of orthogonal three-axis sensors

Conventional planar microfabrication is widely utilized to construct sensors for the measurement of physical or chemical properties. However, in these devices, the information component measured is typically restricted to only one vectorial axis. Here, we describe a self-assembling strategy that can be utilized to construct three dimensional (3D) cubic devices that facilitate measurement along three axes. This 3D measurement is achieved by arranging sensing elements orthogonally; any sensing element that can be lithographically patterned can be utilized. The 3D arrangement of sensors allows for the measurement of angular and orientation parameters. As an example, we describe a three-axis cantilever based sensor and demonstrate measurement of an evaporated analyte using resonant frequency shifts of cantilevers in each of the x, y, and z axes.
Essential self-adjointness of the Schrödinger operator with magnetic vector potential

Abstract We prove essential self-adjointness of the operator under weak conditions on the coefficients.
Co-Design Methodology for the Development of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Systems for Underserved Communities: A Case Study With the Pinoleville Pomo Nation

The notion of developing sustainable communities is generally accepted as a way to reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with human activities, increase the health of citizens, and increase the economic vitality of communities within a country. In order to further the development of sustainable communities, federal and local governments have placed significant attention upon designing sustainability and renewable energy technologies, such as photovoltaic (solar) and grey water recycling systems to reduce (1) fossil fuel based energy consumption, (2) water consumption, and (3) climate changing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated anthropogenic activities. The Pinoleville Pomo Nation (PPN) of Ukiah, CA, is an example of a Native American government and community that has embarked upon an infrastructure development program to design and build culturally appropriate, sustainable housing for its members. This paper describes the co-design methodology created by the authors to partner with communities that have historical trauma associated with working with outsiders on projects that involved substantial usage of engineering and scientific artifacts, renewable energy technologies for example, that have not integrated their value system or has been historically denied to them. As a case study, we present the lessons learned from a partnership with the Pinoleville Pomo Nation and UC Berkeley’s Community Assessment of Renewable Energy and Sustainability (CARES) team to develop sustainable housing that utilizes sustainability best practices and renewable energy technologies as well as reflect the long-standing culture and traditions of the PPN. We also present the Pomo-inspired housing design created by this partnership and illustrate how Native American nations can partner with universities and other academic organizations to utilize engineering expertise to co-design solutions that address the needs of the tribes. As a result of this partnership, the Pomo-inspired house design was utilized to secure federal funding to create housing that will aid the PPN in their tribal sovereignty, economic self-sufficiency, and environmental harmony goals.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
TouchStat: A Monte Carlo program for calculating sequential touching probabilities

A growing number of child cognition researchers are using an object-manipulation, sequential-touching paradigm to explore young children’s conceptual abilities. Within this paradigm, it is essential to distinguish children’s intracategory touching sequences from those expected by chance. The sequentialtouching approach is congruent with a permutation testing model of statistical inference and is best modeled by sampled permutations as derived from Monte Carlo procedures. In this article, we introduce a computer program for generating Monte Carlo sequential-touching simulations. TouchStat permits users to determine their own specifications to simulate sequential touching to category exemplars across a wide range of task parameters. We also present Monte Carlo chance probabilities for the standard two-category, four-exemplar task, with sequences up to 30 touches long. Finally, we consider broader applications of the TouchStat program.
Contribution from crossed and uncrossed brainstem structures to the brainstem auditory evoked potentials: A study in humans

The neural generators of the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in humans are not completely known. Attempts to identify the anatomical location of the neural generators of the human BAEP based on the results of studies in animals commonly used in auditory experimentation have been difficult because of the considerable anatomical differences between the ascending auditory pathways in humans and animals. The authors of this study compared recordings obtained from different locations on the lateral side of the brainstem in six patients undergoing microvascular decompression surgery for a cranial nerve disorder affecting the fifth cranial nerve (i.e., trigeminal neuralgia). Ipsilateral click stimulation evoked prominent responses from the caudal aspect of the pons up to the junction between the pons and the midbrain, but all components of the responses with latencies shorter than 8 msec had smaller amplitudes when recorded at more rostral locations. Components with latencies in the range of peak V elicited by contralateral click stimulation had their largest amplitudes when recorded from the lateral brainstem at the level of the fourth cranial nerve (thus, close to the inferior colliculus). Earlier components of the contralateral responses (latencies in the range of the latency of peak III) had their largest amplitudes when recorded from the caudal lateral brainstem. The results of this study indicate that the part of the uncrossed auditory pathway that is located rostral to the cochlear nucleus contributes little to the farfield potentials (i.e., BAEP), and it is doubtful whether the contralateral response that can be recorded at the level of the cochlear nucleus contributes noticeably to the BAEP.
LYMPHOCELES: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN UROLOGIC PATIENTS

This work, conducted at the Hunterian Anatomic institute, led to a dispute between Hewson and his mentor, William Hunter. Hunter would not allow the young anatomist to retain his personal dissec- tions and took credit for the work. Hunter stated, ''I think I have proved that the lymphatic vessels are the absorbing vessels, all over the body: that they are the same as the lacteals; and that these alto- gether with the thoracic duct constitute one great and general system dispersed through the whole body for absorption;….'' 2 Despite their personal differences, it is clear that these anatomists had a thorough understanding of the lymphatic system. The never modest William Hunter proposed, ''If we mistake not, in a proper time it (the lymphatics) will allow to be the greatest discovery both in phys- iology and pathology that anatomy has suggested, since the discovery of the circulation.'' 2 Claude Bernard further illuminated the role of
G-protein–coupled receptor GPR161 is overexpressed in breast cancer and is a promoter of cell proliferation and invasion

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 20% of breast cancer in women and lacks an effective targeted therapy. Therefore, finding common vulnerabilities in these tumors represents an opportunity for more effective treatment. Despite the growing appreciation of G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling in cancer pathogenesis, very little is known about the role GPCRs play in TNBC. Using genomic information of human breast cancer, we have discovered that the orphan GPCR, G-protein–coupled receptor 161 (GPR161) is overexpressed specifically in TNBC and correlates with poor prognosis. Knockdown of GPR161 impairs proliferation of human basal breast cancer cell lines. Overexpression of GPR161 in human mammary epithelial cells increases cell proliferation, migration, intracellular accumulation of E-cadherin, and formation of multiacinar structures in 3D culture. GPR161 forms a signaling complex with the scaffold proteins β-arrestin 2 and Ile Gln motif containing GTPase Activating Protein 1, a regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and E-cadherin. Consistently, GPR161 amplified breast tumors and cells overexpressing GPR161 activate mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and decrease Ile Gln motif containing GTPase Activating Protein 1 phosphorylation. Thus, we identify the orphan GPCR, GPR161, as an important regulator and a potential drug target for TNBC.
Does consensus bargaining control labor costs in Japan? Evidence from the “bubble economy” and its aftermath

Japan’s system of labor negotiations provides an opportunity to see whether consensus bargaining restrains labor costs. The recent volatility of the Japanese economy affords a unique chance to observe how consensus-based labor settlements adjusted to sudden, sharp changes in market conditions. It is also possible to evaluate the role of bonus payments in amending labor settlements. With observations for 1986–1995,1 use measures of productivity gains to calculate the capacity for increasing worker pay and then analyze whether pay increases exceeded that capacity. I report the extent to which changes in labor earnings were scheduled or resulted from adjustments in bonus pay. During the boom years of the late 1980s, employers inflated bonuses so that workers’ pay increased more than had been scheduled, but not enough to exceed the capacity for growth. But during the sluggish years of the early 1990s, pay agreements were excessive. Employers cut workers’ bonuses to keep earnings growth in check. Thus, bonus pay provided a “degree of freedom” allowing employers to adjust labor costs following sudden upswings and downturns in the economy.
Duration of antimicrobial therapy for nosocomial pneumonia: possible strategies for minimizing antimicrobial use in intensive care units.

Summary Objective: To review published data evaluating shorter courses of antibiotic therapy for nosocomial pneumonia and provide recommendations for minimizing antimicrobial use in intensive care units. Data source: Literature was identified through MEDLINE (1966 through 6/2002) and a manual search of critical care, infectious disease, and pharmacy journals was conducted to identify relevant abstracts. Data synthesis: Antibiotic use may be decreased by discontinuing therapy after 3 days in patients with low likelihood of nosocomial pneumonia. In addition, clinical guidelines or invasive diagnostic procedures may be effectively instituted to reduce duration of antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: Shorter-course antibiotic therapy may be beneficial in decreasing lengths of hospital and intensive care units stays, antimicrobial resistance, and total hospital costs. Further research is needed to determine the optimal duration of therapy in patients with nosocomial pneumonia.
The excretion of urate and cationic electrolytes by the kidney of the male domestic fowl ( Gallus domesticus )

Four groups of roosters were obtained from combinations of high and low protein diets (33% or 11%), and two drinking solutions (tap water or 1% NaCl solution). Ureteral urine was analyzed for urate, Na+ and K+, in both the liquid and precipitated fractions of the urine. Birds fed a high protein diet-salt water combination excreted unusually large amounts of urate. In all groups, most of the excreted urate was in the form of a precipitate. This precipitate also contained large amounts of Na+ and K+ (Table 2). The presence of abundant urinary urate, due to high protein diet and large NaCl intake, aids in the excretion of Na+ and K+, by reducing their contribution to the osmotic pressure of the urine. However, some of these cations, although present in the urine precipitates, do not appear to be in the form of monobasic urate salts. The significance of urate in the excretion of electrolytes is discussed.
Interactions between Organized, Surface-Confined Monolayers and Vapor-Phase Probe Molecules. 12. Two New Methods for Surface-Immobilization and Functionalization of Chemically Sensitive Dendrimer Surfaces

Abstract : In this report we demonstrate two new methods for covalently linking dendrimers to surfaces. In the first method (Method 1) a poly(iminopropane-1,3,-diyl) dendrimer with 64 terminal-amine groups is first attached to a mixed mercaptoundecanoic-acid (MUA)/mercaptopentane (MP) SAM, and then the unreacted terminal-amine groups of the dendrimer are converted to amide-linked functional groups by condensation with acid chlorides. The second method (Method 2) involves bulk-phase coupling of suitable functional groups with the primary-amine-terminated dendrimer followed by reaction of the few unfunctionalized primary amines with the MUA component of the SAM to yield amide linkages. Five different dendrimer terminal groups are considered: primary amine, benzamide, 4- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide butanamide, and triphenylacetamide. FTIR external reflection spectroscopy, ellipsometry, variable take-off angle XPS, and surface acoustic wave (SAW) device-based gravimetry reveal that these two approaches result in very different types of dendrimer monolayers. When the dendrimers are prepared by Method 2, their surface concentration is lower than when the functionalization is done after attachment. However, the density of surface functionalities on each dendrimer is higher when dendrimer modification is performed prior to surface attachment. When the benzamido-terminated dendrimer surfaces are dosed with a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we find that the surface prepared by Method 2 is more sensitive and that there is enhanced selectivity for the VOCs having pi electrons. This result is interpreted in terms of pi-stacking interactions with the aromatic groups on the dendrimer surfaces.
A Multi-Faceted Data Gathering and Analyzing System

A low-cost general purpose data gathering and analyzing system based on a microprocessor, an interface to CAMAC, and a phone link to a time-sharing system was implemented. The parts cost for the microprocessor system was about $6000. The microprocessor buffers the data such that the variable response of the time-sharing system is acceptable for performing real-time data acquisition. The full power and flexibility of the time-sharing system excels at the task of on-line data analysis once this buffering problem is solved. 4 figures.
Desiccation, predation, and mussel-barnacle interactions in the northern Gulf of California

Field experiments were conducted in order to determine the potential for desiccation and predation to mediate the effect of mussels (Brachidontes semilaevis) on barnacles (Chthamalus anisopoma) in the highly seasonal northern Gulf of California. We did this by removing both mussels and a common mussel predator (Morula ferruginosa: Gastropoda) and by spraying selected sites with sea water during summertime spring low tides. We also determined the effect of crowding on resistance to desiccation in barnacles, and the effect of barnacles on colonization by mussels. The mussel-barnacle community was not affected by keeping experimental quadrats damp during daytime low tides throughout the summer. Exposure to summertime low tides, however, did affect the survivorship of isolated, but not crowded, barnacles; and barnacle clumps enhanced the recruitment of mussels. Hence crowding in barnacles had a positive effect on both barnacle survivorship and mussel recruitment. Morula had a negative effect on mussel density, and mussels had a negative effect on barnacle density. The effect of Morula on barnacle density was positive, presumably due to its selective removal of mussels. These results suggest an indirect mutualism between barnacles and the gastropod predator, because barnacles attract settlement or enhance the survival of mussels, and the predator reduces the competitive effect of mussels on barnacles.
DISAPPEARING DISCOURSE: PERFORMATIVE TEXTS AND IDENTITY IN LEGAL CONTEXTS

This article examines how survivors of domestic violence and the institutional authorities to whom they turn for assistance represent verbal aggression in direct quotations and indirect reported speech in legal testimony. Using the theoretical framework proposed by Briggs and Bauman (1992), I suggest that direct quotations and reported speech serve to manage intertextual relationships between (1) the event reported (the alleged abusive incident), (2) the reporting event (the interview), and (3) the legal record in the form of an affidavit. Alterations from direct to indirect reported speech are discussed in terms of their power to neutralize the client's emotion and her evaluation of herself and the alleged abuser. In addition, interviewer-initiated changes from direct to indirect reports of verbal abuse create a text that helps to suggest that the battered woman can be a credible witness for herself and for the legal institutions that agree to advocate for her.
The origin of adaptive mutants: Random or nonrandom?

Several recent reports have claimed that adaptive mutants in bacteria and yeast are induced by selective conditions. The results of these reports suggest that mutants can arise nonrandomly with respect to fitness, contrary to what has been widely accepted. In several cases that have received careful experimental reexamination, however, the detection of seemingly nonrandom mutation has been explained as an experimental artifact. In the remaining cases, there is no evidence to suggest that cells have the capacity to direct or choose which genetic variants will arise. Instead, current models propose processes by which genetic variants persist as mutations only if they enable cell growth and DNA replication. Most of these models are apparently contradicted by experimental data. One model, the hypermutable state model, has recently received limited circumstantial support. However, in this model the origin of adaptive mutants is random; the apparent nonrandomness of mutation is merely a consequence of natural selection. The critical distinction between the origin of genetic variation (mutation) and the possible consequence of that variation (selection) has been neglected by proponents of directed mutation.
Physiology of Skin

One of Montagna's greatest contributions to study of the biology of the skin has been his demolition of the artificial walls that traditionally separated the histologist from the physiologist. He has shown that only by relating function with structure can we shed light on the workings of the skin. He has stressed the fallacy of studying a single structural or functional unit in isolation from others. The skin represents an organization of many different functional units, and physiology of skin is the study of this organization. My purpose is to make a personal commentary on the achievements, failures, and prospects of understanding some aspects of the organization of the functional units. Twenty-five years ago, the importance of relating skin to internal organs and systems received much attention. We have long been aware that skin sometimes reacts to internal disease, but only recently has the impact of skin disorders on the circulatory, renal, and gastro-intestinal systems been recognized. As a result, our patients are now less likely to suffer from neglect of the whole which follows narrow over-specialized attention to the part. Increased interest in endocrine effects on the skin has revealed that several important physiologic activities of the skin are either partly or wholly regulated by hormones secreted by endocrine glands. Nevertheless, some physiologic activities in skin seem to be independent, their regulation being carried out by local mediating hormones. Other activities involve both central and local regulation. The nature and roles of these two control mechanisms and their interrelation constitute by far the most promising physiologic research in skin.
Deformed sedimentary fabrics in metamorphic rocks: Evidence from the Point Lake area, Slave province, Northwest Territories

The Point Lake orogenic belt in the Archean Slave province of Canada contains deformed metasedimentary rocks ranging from greenschist to granulite facies. At low grade, combinations of simple shear, pure shear, and initial lamina shape form a wide geometric variety of strained cross-laminae. At higher metamorphic grades, deformed sedimentary structures are recrystallized and in places included in porphyroblasts as internal foliations or inclusion trails. Different manifestations of deformed sedimentary layering produce textures resembling early-differentiated tectonic foliations. Recognition of the reorientation of sedimentary structures and their progressive incorporation into porphyroblasts greatly simplifies the structural history of the Slave province; previous models invoked as many as ten structural events to account for observed fabrics and inclusion trails, whereas the model presented herein requires only two.
Structure–activity relationships for inhibition of human 5α-reductases by polyphenols

Abstract The enzyme steroid 5α-reductase (EC 1.3.99.5) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the double bond of a variety of 3-oxo-Δ4 steroids including the conversion of testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone. In humans, 5α-reductase activity is critical for certain aspects of male sexual differentiation, and may be involved in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia, alopecia, hirsutism, and prostate cancer. Certain natural products contain components that are inhibitors of 5α-reductase, such as the green tea catechin (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG shows potent inhibition in cell-free but not in whole-cell assays of 5α-reductase. Replacement of the gallate ester in EGCG with long-chain fatty acids produced potent 5α-reductase inhibitors that were active in both cell-free and whole-cell assay systems. Other flavonoids that were potent inhibitors of the type 1 5α-reductase include myricetin, quercitin, baicalein, and fisetin. Biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol were much better inhibitors of the type 2 than the type 1 isozyme. Several other natural and synthetic polyphenolic compounds were more effective inhibitors of the type 1 than the type 2 isozyme, including alizarin, anthrarobin, gossypol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, and octyl and dodecyl gallates. The presence of a catechol group was characteristic of almost all inhibitors that showed selectivity for the type 1 isozyme of 5α-reductase. Since some of these compounds are consumed as part of the normal diet or in supplements, they have the potential to inhibit 5α-reductase activity, which may be useful for the prevention or treatment of androgen-dependent disorders. However, these compounds also may adversely affect male sexual differentiation.
Russia's Economic Transitions: From Late Tsarism to the New Millennium

Preface Part I. The Tsarist Economic Transition Section 1. State Economy and Society: 1. The socio-economic framework 2. The transition issues 3. The economic policies Section 2. Sectoral Growth and Change: 4. The problems of agriculture 5. The industrial changes 6. Domestic and foreign trade Section 3. Social Accounting: 7. Money and banking 8. State finance 9. Overall view Part II. The Soviet Economic Transition Section 1. State Economy and Society: 10. The socio-economic framework 11. The transition issues 12. The economic policies Section 2. Sectoral Growth and Change: 13. The problems of agriculture 14. The industrial changes 15. Domestic and foreign trade Section 3. Social Accounting: 16. Money and banking 17. State finance 18. Overall view Part III. The Post Soviet Economic Transition Section 1. State Economy and Society: 19. The socio-economic framework 20. The transition issues 21. The economic policies Section 2. Sectoral Growth and Change: 22. The problems of agriculture 23. The industrial changes 24. Domestic and foreign trade Section 3. Social Accounting: 25. Money and banking 26. State finance 27. Overall view Index.
Quantum sine-Gordon thermodynamics: The Bethe ansatz method

We show that the thermodynamic properties of the quantum sine-Gordon system in the zero-charge sector can be found from the appropriate limit of the Takahashi-Suzuki Bethe ansatz analysis of the $\mathrm{XYZ}$ spin chain. We prove that the rather complex criteria for allowed states in thermodynamic sums in that analysis correspond simply to including only states with normalizable wave functions. The behavior of the $\mathrm{XYZ}$ phase-shift function in the sine-Gordon limit is discussed.
What students see: sketch maps as tools for assessing knowledge of libraries

This article explores sketch maps as an easy to use and understand tool for assessing library skills, knowledge, and interest among individuals and groups. The underlying principles are found in research done with maps and surveys collected for environmental psychology, urban planning, and human geography.
Preoperative enoxaparin is safe to use in major gynecologic surgery for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism: a retrospective cohort study.

Objective To evaluate the safety of preoperative enoxaparin in patients undergoing major gynecologic oncology surgery. Methods We identified a retrospective cohort group of patients undergoing major gynecologic oncology surgery from June 2002 to June 2004. Exclusion criteria included laparoscopic surgery, inferior vena cava filter, history of venous thromboembolism, and current anticoagulation for prior venous thromboembolism. All patients received prophylaxis with sequential pneumatic compression devices and early ambulation. We identified patients who received (preoperative and postoperative) enoxaparin (20–40 mg) and compared them to patients who received no additional prophylaxis other than pneumatic compression alone. Patient outcomes including estimated blood loss, blood transfusions, operative time, and length of hospital stay were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ2 Wilcoxon rank sum tests. This study was approved by the institutional review board. Results We identified 122 patients who met our study criteria; there were 63 patients who received preoperative enoxaparin and 59 patients who received no additional prophylaxis. Both groups were similar in age, body mass index, race, comorbidities, cancer diagnosis, and surgical procedure. There was no significant difference between the enoxaparin group and the sequential pneumatic compression devices–only group regarding transfusion rates (29% and 27%; P = 0.86), operating time (150 and 140 minutes; P = 0.16), blood loss greater than 500 cc (35% and 37%; P = 0.79), and length of stay (5 vs 6 days). Conclusion The use of preoperative enoxaparin is not associated with increased blood loss, transfusion requirements, operative time, or hospital stay among patients having major gynecologic surgery.
Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA genome in liver tissue by nonisotopic in situ hybridization

A rapid technique for the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in liver section using noniso-topic in situ hybridization was described. Only 3 of the 10 patients seropositive for antibody to HCV and HCV RNA had detectable HCV RNA in the hepatocytes (1%, 2%, and 15% of cells positive). No specific signal was detected in sinusoidal, biliary epithelial, and mononuclear cells. The positive hepatocytes were scattered in the liver lobule with occasional clusters. The positive signal was confined to the cytoplasmic compartment. These data support the previous observation of the hepatocyte tropism of HCV. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Project-Focused Library Instruction in Business Strategy Courses.

Abstract This research addressed the problem of inadequate library research skills among senior students in an undergraduate capstone course in business strategy—a course that requires of students specialized library skills to complete an in-depth analysis of a Fortune 500 company and its industry. A library instruction session tailored specifically for business strategy students was conducted. Surveys were administered before and after the instruction session to assess student library-use anxiety, ability to use library resources, and satisfaction with library instruction. The results indicated that the business-oriented library instruction had beneficial effects. Recommendations for further improving students' performance are offered.
Protochirons and protohelices

A simple “protochiron” is used to systematically develop and describe molecular helices, especially on the cubic and diamond lattices.
Early photoperiod history and short-day responsiveness in Siberian hamsters.

Siberian hamsters exhibit seasonal, photoperiod influenced cycles of reproductive activity, body size, pelage characteristics, and thermoregulatory behavior. Laboratory populations generally exhibit inter-individual variability in expression of photoperiod responsiveness, with a subset of individuals that fail to show the species typical responses to short photoperiod. This variability is partly explained by a genetic component, as it has been possible to increase the number of short-day nonresponders by artificial selection. Responsiveness to short photoperiod is also substantially influenced by photoperiod history in this species; hamsters that have been raised under long (16L) or very long (18L) day lengths are less likely to exhibit winter-type responses to short days as compared to hamsters raised under an intermediate (14L) day length. In the present experiment, we examined effects of age and early photoperiod history in a strain of Siberian hamsters that had been selected for short-day nonresponsiveness. Hamsters transferred into short photoperiod on the day of birth were uniform in exhibiting winter-type responses. However, hamsters raised until 25 days of age in either continuous illumination or in 16L exhibited variation in responsiveness when subsequently moved into short photoperiod. We conclude that virtually all hamsters of the short-day nonresponsive strain are born responsive to short days. Subsequent development of resistance to potential short day effects is dependent on age and/or photoperiod history.
Human cognitive ecology: an instructive framework for comparative primatology.

In this review, research on human cognitive ecology is compared with studies of the cognitive ecologies of apes–especially the common chimpanzee. The objective was to assess the feasibility of extending an activity-theory framework developed in studies of humans to an integrated approach for studying the cognitive accomplishments and skills of other primates living in the wild. Six generalizations were abstracted from studies of humans: 1) Social and material environments are arranged to facilitate production. 2) Human activity is shaped by conceptual and cultural principles that provide underlying logic for working knowledge and practice. 3) Schemata (multimodal, mental representations of procedures, strategies, and techniques) govern performance in a domain. 4) Working knowledge, skills, and social identities are coconstructed in communities of practice. 5) Rehearsal improves skilled performances, from which reputations as well as material products are derived. 6) Planning and emergence are in productive tension in human practices. These generalizations are applied to findings in the literature regarding the behavior of chimpanzees and other apes in the wild to assess the potential utility of a situated-activity approach for comparative studies of primate cognition. It is argued in the Discussion that schemata constitute a common core of higher primate intelligence. Planning, emergence, and alterations of the environment to facilitate production further characterize human and chimpanzee or gorilla behaviors to varying degrees. Less apparent in the nonhuman-primate literature is evidence of governing principles, rehearsal, and skill-based reputations or identities entailing theories of mind. Nonetheless, recent observations in the wild suggest that further research is warranted to explore the rudiments of each of these components to enhance our understanding of the ecology of primate cognition and its evolutionary history. Am. J. Primatol. 62:229-241, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.