cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The United Nations as an Actor Bound by Interuational Humanitarian Law

Although for many years the United Nations has been reluctant to formally recognize the applicability of international humanitarian law (IHL) to UN peacekeeping operations, the changing role and nature of UN peacekeeping operations in the early 1990s made this recognition imperative. In discussing the principle and scope of application of IHL to UN forces, the article examines the main arguments in the UN‐ICRC debate; the UN undertaking in the Status of Forces Agreements to observe and respect the spirit and principles of IHL Conventions; the international responsibility of the United Nations for activities of UN forces, and the relationship between the applicability of IHL to UN forces and the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel. The article argues that IHL applies to UN forces when they are actively engaged in military operations as combatants, but that its applicability is mutatis‐mutandis, taking into consideration the nature and legal status of the United Nations Organ...
Activity detection in SAR CCD

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) coherent change detection (CCD) images reveal subtle changes on the ground such as the ground disturbance caused by vehicle tracks. The automatic detection of vehicle tracks is a challenging problem as CCD images have numerous problems. In this paper, we focus on detecting likely activity, with the assumption that an activity of interest has one or more tracks. Even if the automatic track detector has many false alarms and missed detections, enough track segments are located to accurately detect activity. The novel contribution of this work is a mathematical framework that detects activity based on the spatial proximity of several individual track segments. Experimental results show a large improvement in the detection performance of images containing activity when the new method is employed.
Inhibition of Insect Cytochromes P450 by Furanocoumarins

Abstract Coumarin, benzofuran, and 16 furanocoumarins were evaluated as inhibitors of Manduca sexta midgut cytochrome P450-catalyzed O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole. 8-O-Alkylpsoralens with nonpolar alkyl groups of five or fewer carbons had the lowest I50 values. I50 values of 5-O-alkylpsoralens increased with the size of the O-alkyl group and were greater than psoralen. Psoralens with polar O-alkyl groups such as alcohols had high I50 values. Psoralens with substituents on the furan ring were not inhibitory. Coumarin, which lacks a furan ring, was a reversible inhibitor with an I50 value two orders of magnitude higher than psoralen. Benzofuran which lacks the pyrone ring was a weak mechanism-based inhibitor. The angular furanocoumarin angelicin had an I50 value comparable to 8-O-alkylpsoralens. All of the inhibitory furanocoumarins tested were mechanism-based irreversible inhibitors. The structure-activity results are consistent with a proposed mechanism of inhibition whereby the furanocoumarin is oxidized by cytochrome P450 at the double bond of the furan ring forming an unstable epoxide that can react with cytochrome P450. [3H]Xanthotoxin labels numerous proteins when incubated with microsomes in the presence of NADPH. Although a P450-containing protein fraction separated by chromatography has the highest tritium/protein ratio, the lack of specificity limits the usefulness of radiolabeling with furanocoumarins for identification of cytochromes P450.
Self-Replicating Tiles and Their Boundary

All self-replicating lattice tilings of the plane can be constructed using special iterated function systems (IFS). Certain self-replicating curves can be constructed using the recurrent set method (RS). A bijection between the IFS parameters and the RS parameters is such that the curve K produced by the RS parameters is the boundary of the tile T produced by the IFS parameters. The correspondence is algorithmic in that K can be drawn from the IFS data using turtle graphics and T can be drawn from the RS data using an IFS iteration.
Microfrabricated in-vitro cell culture systems for investigating cellular interactions: fabricating a model system for cardiac myocytes

The use of microfabricated and micromachined substrates can aid in the creation of design two- and three-dimensional microstructures, scaffolds, and platforms for cell culture and tissue engineering. These platforms may offer several advantages for in vitro cell culture by providing (1) well controlled microarchitectures, (2) spatial localization of different cell populations, and (3) biochemically modified substrates to promote selective protein and/or cell attachment. The development of methodologies to create microfabricated tissue engineering constructs using traditional natural and polymeric biomaterials may allow us to engineer highly controlled interfaces in order to better understand and modulate cell behavior and have the capability to provide: more physiologically relevant models of cell and tissues in vitro. This paper describes the use of microfabricated cell culture platforms to study cardiac myocytes.
Paging a library collection: the Brooklyn College Library experience

Construction of a new library for Brooklyn College required that the collections and staff move out of the existing library building. This move into temporary quarters necessitated that the library close its stacks. The author describes how the staff planned, implemented, and managed an on‐site as well as an off‐site paging system for approximately one million volumes. Practical administrative and management issues are discussed that could be applied to other libraries needing to plan a paging system for their library collections. The impact on library users is also discussed. The author concludes that paging systems may become commonplace as storage facilities become the new model for academic and research libraries.
Bisulfite reduction of p-nitrobenzyl alcohol.

Bisulfite reduction of p-nitrobenzyl alcohol appears to follow a Piria mechanism leading to formation of α-hydroxy-6-sulfoamino-m-toluenesulfonic acid. Stoichiometry of the reaction involves one mole of nitro compound and three moles of bisulfite; pH profile of the initial rate of the stoichiometric reaction has been studied. Preliminary kinetic studies indicate an apparent heat of reaction of about 22 Kcal. mole−1. This complicated sequential reduction reaction appears to involve two mechanistic pathways: a rate-determining initial SN1 reaction dominates at pH 4, while at pH 7 the initial rate-determining reaction appears to possess typical SN1 characteristics.
Political Theory Today: Who's Teaching What to Whom? Some Reflections

Matthew Moore's survey and analysis reflect an enormous amount of work, for which all of us who study or teach political theory should be grateful. They offer us a fascinating snapshot of who is teaching political theory today, of how they understand and think about what they are doing, and of how they think others think about theory. Much that is included in his analysis (and especially in the longer paper from which the report here is selected) is well worth further study and debate, as it opens a door to the ways political science in general (and not theory alone) is being taught around the country: what political scientists think they are doing when they/we teach their material, what training they/we have, and even what modal teaching loads are.
Narratives of Same-Sex Couples Who Had Civil Unions in Vermont: The Impact of Legalizing Relationships on Couples and on Social Policy

Quantitative surveys often end with an item asking respondents to write in “additional comments,” and this study analyzed these narrative comments of 659 women and men in same-sex couples who had civil unions in Vermont during the first year of that legislation. Our research question was to examine which novel themes not covered by the questionnaire subscales respondents would bring up in their narratives. For many couples, the civil union was a powerful event, resulting in psychological and tangible benefits, as well as improved relationships with family of origin. Respondents described their efforts to publicize the civil union or display the certificate in their homes. Other couples wrote about why the civil union was less important than their commitment ceremony, did not reflect the longevity of their relationship, or were not recognized by family members. Finally, many respondents wrote about political activism to change policies for same-sex couples. Many researchers use a similar type of requests for additional comments at the end of quantitative questionnaires without ever analyzing such comments, yet narrative analysis of these comments is extremely valuable for understanding how participants view their own experiences, for making policy decisions, and as a topic for further study.
Long-term experimental warming reduces soil nematode populations in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.

Climate models predict significant future warming in polar regions. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, projected summer climate warming is expected to increase snow and glacial melt, resulting in higher stream discharge, rising lake levels, and an increase in areas of moist soil, but the potential influence of warming and associated changes in hydrology on the soil ecosystem is poorly understood. To examine the effects of soil warming and changes in the availability of liquid water on populations of soil invertebrates and their habitat, we established a full-factorial warming and water addition experiment at one experimental site in each of the three hydrologic basins of Taylor Valley, Antarctica, and measured responses over 8 years. We hypothesized that an increase in temperature and moisture together would enhance habitat suitability for soil invertebrates thereby increasing abundance, biomass and diversity of the soil animal communities. Instead, warming treatments had an overall negative effect on density and body size of the microbial-feeding nematode Scottnema lindsayae, the dominant animal in the dry valleys, which decreased by 42% in warmed plots. While experimental moisture additions as a single annual pulse had no effect on nematodes, the surface flooding of one site from rapid melting of upslope subsurface ice (the result of an unusual natural warming event) drastically altered soil moisture, salinity, and animal communities; mortality of S. lindsayae increased and densities decreased. This extreme soil wetting event also resulted in an increase in chlorophyll a and populations of Eudorylaimus spp, a nematode species that prefers moist to wet habitats and feeds on soil micro-algae. Our results suggest that warming in the dry valleys could significantly affect soil nematode populations and species composition both directly and indirectly by altering species-specific habitat suitability for soil biota.
The role of transforming growth factor-beta in hematopoiesis. A review.

Abstract The role of TGF β hematopoiesis is currently being defined. It does appear that TGF β and related polypeptides [34–36] can modulate and regulate bone marrow and thymic-derived cells throughout their functional life span. The effects of TGF β are pleiotropic and may depend on (a) cell lineage, (b) specific cellular phenotype, (c) stage of differentiation, (d) immediate microenvironment, (e) other cytokines and (f) cellular function. The understanding of TGF β and its relationship to other cytokines should not only increase our understanding of hematopoiesis but may also have therapeutic implications.
Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: State of the art

Since the first description of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in 1982 by Kan, the procedure has been extensively utilized by several groups of workers for relief of pulmonary valve stenosis. It is generally recommended that the procedure be performed for peak-to-peak gradients in excess of 50 mmHg. The technique involves positioning one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, usually over an extra-stiff guide wire and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material, thus producing valvotomy. The procedural details are described in this paper. The currently recommended balloon/annulus ratio is 1.2 to 1.25. Immediate reduction of gradient, increase in jet width and free motion of the pulmonary valve leaflets with less doming have been observed following balloon dilatation. Improvement of right ventricular function, tricuspid insufficiency and right-to-left shunt has also occurred. Complication can occur, but are rare and minimal. At mid-term follow-up, both catheterization measured peak-to-peak gradients and Doppler-measured peak instantaneous gradients remain improved for the group as a whole. However, restenosis, defined as gradient >or=50 mmHg, has been observed in nearly 10% of children. Predictors of restenosis include balloon/annulus ratio or=30 mmHg. Small pulmonary valve annulus, earlier study year and post-surgical complex pulmonary stenosis have also been identified as factors predictive of restenosis. Redilatation with balloons that are larger than those used at the time of initial balloon valvuloplasty produces excellent results and redilatation is the procedure of choice in the management of restenosis after previous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Long-term follow-up results are scanty, but the limited data reveal minimal additional restenosis, event-free rates in mid-80s and mid-70s at 10 and 15 years respectively and significant increase in prevalence of pulmonary insufficiency. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is equally successful in neonates as well as in adult subjects. In conclusion, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is the treatment of choice for relief of pulmonary valve stenosis. Use of balloons 1.2 to 1.25 times larger than pulmonary valve annulus may produce optimal results. Life-long follow-up to identify the significance of residual pulmonary insufficiency is indicated.
Speech and gesture are mediated by independent systems

Arbib suggests that language emerged in direct relation to manual gestural communication, that Broca's area participates in producing and imitating gestures, and that emotional facial expressions contributed to gesture-language coevolution. We discuss functional and structural evidence supporting localization of the neuronal modules controlling limb praxis, speech and language, and emotional communication. Current evidence supports completely independent limb praxis and speech/language systems.
A Method of Generalising the Law of Mass Action for Heterogeneous Surface Reactions

To the conditions of reaction in homogeneous systems is added yet another condition, the adsorption of the reactants on the centres of activity of the surface. The surface is treated as if it were homogeneous, reaction taking place as if those centres on which the heat of activation is smallest were alone responsible for chemical change.The general equation is worked out in terms of the rate of bombardment, and the mean lives of the molecules on the surface. It is incidentally shown that the same areas associated with the forward reaction must inevitablycatalyse the backward reaction.The general solution is impracticable, so the special cases of irreversible synthesis and decomposition are considered and results are obtained.
Probing heat diffusion after pulsed-laser-induced breakdown in a metal vapor

We have used a pulsed dye-laser beam at 6010 A, of 1-μsec duration and ≲1-mJ energy, to produce a line plasma in a Cs metal vapor. This produces a line source of large thermal energy. The heat diffusion after the laser pulse can be studied by transmission monitoring of a weak cw He–Ne laser beam that is parallel to but separated from the pulsed laser beam by an adjustable displacement. This is possible because the He–Ne beam is absorbed by the minority Cs2 molecules but not by the majority Cs atoms; as the heat pulse diffuses through the probe beam, the transient temperature increase causes a corresponding change in the population distribution of the Cs2 molecules and hence a transient increase in transmission of the probe beam. In other words, the Cs2 works like a thermometer. Our work demonstrates a new and simple method to measure heat diffusion in a well-defined geometry, and it is especially suitable for use in a hot corrosive system because it is a noncontact method.
Address generators for mapping arrays in bit-reversed order

A new technique enables fast Fourier transform (FFT) software to more efficiently use memory and processing time. The technique is used to design address pair generators for mapping an array in bit-reversed order. For exemplary digital signal processing (DSP) processors, in-place bit-reversed mappings based on the new technique were found to often have better computational efficiency than an out-of-place mapping.
Transcellular migration of leukocytes is mediated by the endothelial lateral border recycling compartment

Leukocyte migration across endothelial cell borders (paracellular) and through endothelial cells (transcellular) appear to be distinct processes. During paracellular migration, membrane from a parajunctional reticulum of interconnected vesicles, the endothelial lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC), moves to surround the leukocyte in a kinesin-mediated, microtubule-dependent manner. We show that transcellular migration likewise requires targeted trafficking of LBRC membrane. We show that in addition to platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM; CD31), CD99 and junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), but apparently not vascular endothelial cell–specific cadherin (cadherin 5, CD144), are components of the LBRC. During transcellular migration, LBRC membrane invests the transmigrating leukocyte. Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on the apical endothelial surface is enriched around adherent leukocytes. Depolymerization of microtubules has no effect on ICAM-1 enrichment but blocks targeted trafficking of LBRC membrane and transcellular migration by >90%. Similar to their effects on paracellular transmigration, antibodies against PECAM or CD99, but not JAM-A, block transcellular migration. We conclude that similar molecular mechanisms promote both para- and transcellular migration.
Laparoscopic Transhiatal Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

The incidence of esophageal cancer has increased over the last several decades, and the incidence of adenocarcinoma now surpasses that of squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagectomy is the best curative option for the treatment of resectable esophageal cancer but is a complex operation with significant morbidity and mortality. While the overall morbidity and mortality in those who are surgically treated has declined, approaching 40–50 % and 8–11 %, respectively, it is still significant.
The impact of short-term depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment on resting metabolic rate☆

Abstract Objective This study examines the effect of a progestogen (depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, DMPA) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) in a cohort of young, normal-weight healthy women. We hypothesize an increase in RMR and nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) resulting in increased body temperature by DMPA. Study design We performed a prospective cohort study in 13 subjects tested at baseline, 3 weeks and 9 weeks after 150 mg intramuscular DMPA administration. RMR was determined with indirect calorimetry. Secondary endpoints included changes in body mass index (BMI), body composition, temperature and serum levels of estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone and MPA. Results The percent change in RMR from baseline to week 3 (9%) was significantly higher than the percent change from baseline to week 9 (1.6%) (p = .045). The greatest percent change from baseline to week 3 compared to baseline to week 9 was seen in women initiating DMPA in the luteal phase of the cycle. Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis was evident by decreases in E2, LH and progesterone. DMPA resulted in increased body temperature with a significant correlation between the change in body temperature and the change in RMR. No change in body composition was seen. Conclusions RMR and NST increased in young healthy women with normal BMI 3 weeks after receiving the initial dose of 150 mg DMPA for contraception. The effect was augmented when the drug was administered during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Implication DMPA increases RMR and thermogenesis independent of changes in body mass. An increase in weight with chronic DMPA may result from a combination of hyperphagia and abnormal NST in predisposed individuals.
Text Retrieval Approaches for Concept Location in Source Code

Concept location in source code is an essential activity during software change. It starts with a change request and results in a place in the source code where the change is to be implemented. As a program comprehension activity, it is also part of other software evolution tasks, such as, bug localization, recovery of traceability links between software artifacts, retrieving software components for reuse, etc. While concept location is primarily a human activity, tool support is necessary given the large amount of information encoded in source code. Many such tools rely on text retrieval techniques and help developers perform concept location much like document retrieval on web. This paper presents and discusses the applications of text retrieval to support concept location, in the context of software change.
Thermomechanical Formation-Structure-Property Relationships in Photopolymerized Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne (CuAAC) Networks.

Bulk photopolymerization of a library of synthesized multifunctional azides and alkynes was carried out toward developing structure–property relationships for CuAAC-based polymer networks. Multifunctional azides and alkynes were formulated with a copper catalyst and a photoinitiator, cured, and analyzed for their mechanical properties. Material properties such as the glass transition temperatures (Tg) show a strong dependence on monomer structure with Tg values ranging from 41 to 90 °C for the series of CuAAC monomers synthesized in this study. Compared to the triazoles, analogous thioether-based polymer networks exhibit a 45–49 °C lower Tg whereas analogous monomers composed of ethers in place of carbamates exhibit a 40 °C lower Tg. Here, the formation of the triazole moiety during the polymerization represents a critical component in dictating the material properties of the ultimate polymer network where material properties such as the rubbery modulus, cross-link density, and Tg all exhibit strong depen...
Where M&A Pays: Who Wins & How?

We've all seen the studies that show M&A destroys value, obscuring reality behind the law of averages and offering little actionable advice to executives. Many deals are unsuccessful, but many create tremendous value ... we answer the more important question, "How can we incorporate M&A as part of our growth strategy to meet the value imperative?" - The Evidence on M&A - What Transactions Create Value - How Serial Acquirers Create Value - Rx for The Conglomerate Discount - The Case for Divestitures - EVA, M&A and Post-Acquisition Performance
Audio Feedback Design Principles for Hand Gestures in Audio-Only Games

The design of audio feedback for touch-less gesture interaction with audio-only environments requires a structured approach. We present design principles for responsive audio feedback geared towards hand gestures in audio-only games, focusing on diegetic environmental feedback before, during, and after gestures. Illustrations for the principles are drawn from a project investigating the usefulness of different designs for encouraging user participation and maintaining immersion in audio-only games. The findings indicate that replacing explicit audio instructions for hand positions and movements with responsive audio feedback for suggesting interaction methods using environmental story-related audio cues leads to measurably higher immersion. Principles for designing immersive audio feedback responsive to hand gesture interaction in a 3-dimensional space also have implications for virtual reality and the blind community's access to motion-controlled games.
Alumina(0001)/water interface structure and infrared spectra from first-principles molecular dynamics simulations

We investigated the atomic structure and infrared spectra of the alumina(0001)/water interface, using first-principles molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation. The computed structural properties of the interface are in good agreement with the results of synchrotron X-ray experiments. Detailed analyses of the computed infrared spectra revealed two types of water molecules at the hydrophilic oxide/water interface: molecules participating in strong “ice-like” hydrogen bonding with the oxide surface and molecules involved in weaker “liquid-like” hydrogen bonding. Our results provide a molecular interpretation of the “ice-like” and “liquid-like” bands observed in sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy experiments and underscore the significance of strong hydrogen-bonding interactions in determining the orientation of interfacial water molecules.
Labor in Cortesian Enterprise: The Cuernavaca Area, 1522-1549 1

Fernando Cortes lived twenty-five years after his first, perhaps only, enterprise of grand design and gigantic proportion, the conquest of the Aztec Confederacy. In those remaining years, his were a multitude of endeavors; many, an outgrowth of his brilliantly successful triumph over the Aztecs, and most, dependent—for funds, materiel, and manpower—upon his great estate, a huge enterprise in itself. Located in central and southern Mexico, the estate comprised numerous, populous encomiendas, extensive landholdings, mines, Indian and Negro slaves and various commercial establishments. It was known as the Marquesado de Cortes after 1529 and in 1535 was constituted, with royal authorization, a mayorazgo , or entailed estate. Following Cortes’ death in 1547, it became the property of his legitimate son and designated heir, Don Martin.
Classical turning performance of a fighter aircraft revisited

I n this paper, we consider a n analytical model of a high angle of attack fighter aircraft. We relate our 6-degree-offreedom dynamics with the type of dynamics treated previously by other authors. We evaluate classical turning performance characteristics. Finally we explore simple turning tactics based on multiple time scales. The results show that turning performance with constant energy along the trajectory is only a small improvement over a classical index of turning performance defined by constant altitude and cons tant speed. Thrust vectoring was found to have a n insignificant effect on turning performance for constant altitude turns and for turns in which energy is constant along the trajectory.
You must have financial office policies in place to maximize your profits: Part II.

In summary, it is clear that A/R and collections relate to the business side of medicine and are critical to your financial success. After patient care, your focus should be on getting paid for your services and collecting what is due, having a fine-tuned billing process with all its components working in a coordinated fashion, maximizing revenue, managing patient payments and overdue accounts, and ensuring that your employees are operating in a trustworthy manner. The key to managing your A/R is to be consistent while at the same time flexible with your patients. Staff training and continuing education must be a job requirement. Setting performance and expectation standards is necessary for each and every employee. In your training sessions, which must include all providers, staff members must understand the tasks for which they are accountable and how their individual roles contribute to the success of the entire practice. Remember that the overall goal in managing your A/R is to collect what is due you on a timely basis. The longer funds are due from the patient or insurance company, the longer the practice waits for the money. In some cases, you may never receive payment, so it is critical that you have a team in place to act on collections and everyone in your practice is on the same page. Your staff must learn to work smarter, not harder, when it comes to collecting what you have earned.
A comparative study of the disposition of (-)-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in neuroblastoma and glioma cells in tissue culture: relation cellular impairment.

(-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) at a concentration of 100 µM irreversibily inhibited the proliferation of mouse neuroblastoma (NB2A) cells in tissue culture. Only a 60% reduction in rat glioma (C6) cell proliferation was observed at 100 µM Δ9-THC, which could be reversed by removing the drug. Dose-dependent inhibition of protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis, accompanied by inhibition of precursor uptake, was observed in NB2A cells at 1, 10, and 100 µM Δ9-THC, with the highest concentration of drug producing greater than 90% inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis to less than 50% of control was observed only at 100 µM Δ9-THC in C6 cells. The pattern of subcellular distribution of [3H]Δ9-THC in NB2A cells did not differ appreciably from the distribution of the radioactive drug in C6 cells. In both cell lines, a large amount of intracellularly bound [3H]Δ9-THC appeared in the crude nuclear fractions. NB2A cells displayed a 10-fold greater uptake of drug. This enhanced uptake of drug could be related to the greater sensitivity of NB2A cells to inhibition of growth and macromolecular synthesis by Δ9-THC as compared with the C6 cells.
An Examination of Spiritual and Religious Coping and Well-Being and Their Impact on the Health-Related Quality of Life for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support

xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Heart Failure 3 Mechanical Circulatory Support 4 Health-Related Quality of Life 5 Spiritual Well-Being and Religious Well-Being 6 Background and Significance 6 Study Purpose and Objectives 9 Conceptual Model for Study 9 Chapter Summary 11 Organization of the Study 13 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 15 Heart Failure 15 Heart Failure Therapy 18 Medication Management 18 Surgical Interventions 21
Phobias and Preparedness – Republished Article

Some inadequacies of the classical conditioning analysis of phobias are discussed: phobias are highly resistant to extinction, whereas laboratory fear conditioning, unlike avoidance conditioning, extinguishes rapidly; phobias comprise a nonarbitrary and limited set of objects, whereas fear conditioning is thought to occur to an unlimited range of conditioned stimuli. Furthermore, phobias, unlike laboratory fear conditioning, are often acquired in one trial and seem quite resistant to change by "cognitive" means. An analysis of phobias using a more contemporary model of fear conditioning is proposed. In this view, phobias are seen as instances of highly "prepared" learning (Seligman, 1970). Such prepared learning is selective, highly resistant to extinction, probably noncognitive and can be acquired in one trial. A reconstruction of the notion of symbolism is suggested.
Cytochrome P-450 Reductase and Cytochrome b5 in Cytochrome P-450 Catalysis

As the readers of this monograph should be aware, the monooxygenase reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 requires the input of two electrons1,2: (1) In mammalian systems these two electrons are derived from NADPH; in the soluble system isolated from the bacterium Pseudomonas putida, NADH is used as the external source of electrons. A schematic representation of the two different types of electron transfer chains which deliver electrons from the reduced pyridine nucleotides to P-450 is shown in Fig. 1. The system, here referred to as Type I, is found embedded in the membranous endoplasmic reticulum of most eukaryotic cell types, while the second general class, Type II, is found in mitochondria and bacteria. The most completely described P-450 system, which is not membrane-bound, is associated with camphor metabolism in P. putida.3 The Type I electron transport chain is composed of a complex flavoprotein which has both FAD and FMN as prosthetic groups.4 FAD serves as the initial electron acceptor from NADPH, while the FMN serves to reduce the P-450.5 Later in this review, we will discuss the involvement of cytochrome b 5 as a possible component of this electron transport chain. In Type II systems, the reduced pyridine nucleotide first reduces an FAD-containing reductase which subsequently transfers electrons one at a time to a 2Fe,2S iron—sulfur protein.
In Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Operative Procedures, Does Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement Prevent Massive PE?

Morbidly obese patients undergoing major abdominal surgery are at increased risk for development of venous thromboembolism. Prophylactic measures are taken to prevent the two manifestations of venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the peri-operative period. Despite use of mechanical compression devices and pharmacologic agents such as low-molecular weight heparin, some patients still develop venous thromboembolism. The use of prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in the morbidly obese patient population is increasing though not without additional risk. It is important to evaluate for the safety and efficacy of these devices in the prevention of massive pulmonary embolism.
Euro-Visions: Europe in Contemporary Cinema

Mariana Liz’s Euro-Visions: Europe in Contemporary Cinema extends the work on European cinema by Thomas Elsaesser, Tim Bergfelder, John Urry and Ginette Vincendeau, as well as the analyses initiall...
Designing Games for Moral Learning and Knowledge Building

How can we better learn about and teach moral thinking and skills? How can we solve moral problems? One possible way is to create and use moral learning games, or games that enable players to work ...
Exploring the physical and emotional stress of surrogate pregnancy among transnational Indian surrogates

The purpose of this study was to explore surrogate women’s experiences of stress during the surrogacy process in India. We interviewed 15 women who had been a surrogate for an international couple at least once in their lives. The following themes emerged: stress regarding (1) physical health, (2) psychology well-being, and (3) the well-being of surrogates’ families and children. Transnational surrogates may experience more physical and psychological stress during pregnancy because their children and families continue to depend on them for support. Social workers must minimize the physical and emotional effects of surrogacy through counseling and psychosocial support.
An Analysis of Adverse Events in the Rehabilitation Department: Using the Veterans Affairs Root Cause Analysis System

Background Root cause analyses (RCA) are often completed in health care settings to determine causes of adverse events (AEs). RCAs result in action plans designed to mitigate future patient harm. National reviews of RCA reports have assessed the safety of numerous health care settings and suggested opportunities for improvement. However, few studies have assessed the safety of receiving care from physical therapists, occupational therapists, or speech and language pathology pathologists. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the types of AEs, root causes, and action plans for risk mitigation that exist within the disciplines of rehabilitation medicine. Design This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional review. Methods A national search of the Veterans Health Administration RCA database was conducted to identify reports describing AEs associated with physical therapy, occupational therapy, or speech and language pathology services between 2009 and May 2016. Twenty-five reports met the inclusion requirements. The reports were classified by the event type, root cause, action plans, and strength of action plans. Results Delays in care (32.0%) and falls (28.0%) were the most common type of AE. Three AEs resulted in death. RCA teams identified deficits regarding policy and procedures as the most common root cause. Eighty-eight percent of RCA reports included strong or intermediate action plans to mitigate risk. Strong action plans included standardizing emergency terminology and implementing a dedicated line to call for an emergency response. Limitations These data are self-reported and only AEs that are scored as a safety assessment code 3 in the system receive a full RCA, so there are likely AEs that were not captured in this study. In addition, the RCA reports are deidentified and so do not include all patient characteristics. As the Veterans Health Administration system services mostly men, the data might not generalize to non-Veterans Health Administration systems with a different patient mix. Conclusions Care provided by rehabilitation professionals is generally safe, but AEs do occur. Based on this RCA review, the safety of rehabilitation services can be improved by implementing strong practices to mitigate risk to patients. Checklists should be considered to aid timely decision making when initiating an emergency response.
No Difference in Outcomes 12 and 24 Months After Lower Extremity Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract Background A better understanding of how patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) change after total knee and hip arthroplasties (TKA and THA) is needed to support the minimum arbitrary follow-up of 24-months required by orthopedic journals. Therefore, our purpose was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the THA and TKA literature to determine if equivalence exists between 12- and 24-month outcomes data. Methods A search was performed using the PubMed and EMBASE databases for primary and revision THA and TKA studies reporting PROMs data at both 12 and 24 months. Reports on PROMs for TKA and THAs were included for meta-analysis to detect statistical differences at 12 and 24 months. Results A total of 15 reports from 9 TKA (n = 1564) and 6 THA (n = 740) reports were analyzed. The mean change between 12 and 24 months for Knee Society Score was 0.15 absolute points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97-1.06, P = .13) and for Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index was 0.50 absolute points (95% CI: 0.94-1.07, P = .49). The mean change between 12 and 24 months for Harris Hip Score was 2.01 absolute points (95% CI: 0.94-1.1, P = .22) and for short form was 0.02 absolute points (95% CI: 0.92-1.08, P = .94). Conclusion No different outcomes were found within THA and TKA for 4 PROMs at 12- and 24-month follow-up. Although the findings from this study do not alleviate the need for collecting data from longer follow-up periods, there may not be additional value in collecting short-term outcomes data in routine practice at both 1 and 2 years.
LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IN ASYMPTOMATIC HEART FAILURE PATIENTS

Patients with NYHA class II derive benefit from cardiac-resynchronization therapy (CRT), however, data on CRT effects in asymptomatic heart failure (NYHA class I) are limited. Patients with NYHA class I are not currently indicated for CRT. We assessed the effects of CRT-D vs. ICD on long-term
On the Importance of Friction in two Typical Continental Waters: off Oregon and Spanish Sahara

Abstract The current meter data at various depths near the coasts of Oregon (water depth 100 m) and northwest Africa (water depth ≤ 67.m) have been analyzed. The results have been averaged over about seven day periods, so that stationary Ekman layer-like characteristics could be detected. It has been concluded that the entire water column off Africa is frictional, whereas the Oregon coastal dynamics are not so. This is due to the lower Coriolis parameter, larger friction velocity u, and the much lower stratification off Africa. The horizontal density gradients can explain the observed vertical velocity shears off Oregon, but not off Africa. A typical u near Africa is about 0.8 cm/s, whereas that near Oregon is about 0.3 cm/s. The thickness of the bottom Ekman layer is estimated to be about 60 m off Africa and 12 m off Oregon, whereas the thickness of the logarithmic layer is estimated to be about 9 m off Africa and 2 m off Oregon. Ekman turnings of 25°-40° have been observed off Africa. The upper surface layer data near Oregon display hodographs resembling the classical Ekman spiral, rather than the “slab” type mixed layer.
Practices of Psychological Inquiry: The Global Challenge

The preceding chapter challenged the guiding assumptions and values underpinning the major practices of Western psychology. If such practices are potentially inimical to dealing with global challenges, what alternatives are invited? Here we turn attention to practices of inquiry. In a globally responsible psychology, how are we to conceptualize the practice of research? As we find, this question cannot be treated separately from assumptions concerning the nature of knowledge. As we propose, to realize the potentials of a value-based progressivism, we must replace an outworn positivism with a social epistemology. In what follows, we explore this epistemological transition, and outline major forms of inquiry thus favored.
Juvenile and Steroid Hormones in Drosophila melanogaster Longevity

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews hormonal effects on aging in Drosophila melanogaster . The insect juvenile hormone (JH) is a sesquiterpenoid compound produced by the corpora allata (CA), a pair of endocrine glands with nervous connections to the brain. In pre-adult development and metamorphosis, JH functions as a “status quo” hormone, allowing continued growth after ecdysteroid-induced molting. Metamorphosis can only take place when the ecdysteroids act in the absence of JH. During the final larval instar, the JH titer declines because of a cessation of synthesis and increased degradation in the hemolymph and target tissues. Steroid hormones, such as ecdysteroids, are another class of vital hormones in insects. In pre-adult flies, 20E is produced in the larval prothoracic gland, which makes part of the larval ring gland in dipterans. Both JH and 20E play major antagonistic or synergistic roles in regulating Drosophila development. Application of commonly used JH inhibitors, such as precocene or fluvastatin, can reduce or inhibit JH synthesis in the CA and may thus be used to study the effects of JH deficiency on life span.
Physical Educator: Role Model or Roll the Ball Out?

(1998). Physical Educator: Role Model or Roll the Ball Out? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 58-63.
Fashioning an Interdisciplinary Framework for Court Reform in Family Law: A Blueprint to Construct a Unified Family Court

Family law cases focus on some of the most intimate, emotional, and all-encompassing aspects of parties' personal lives. Based on its study of unmet legal needs of children and their families, the American Bar Association has recommended the establishment of unified family courts in all jurisdictions. This article evaluates how America's courts adjudicate family law matters and advocates systemic change by offering an interdisciplinary ecological and therapeutic approach to the creation of unified family courts. The author presents a comprehensive overview of the results of her nationwide survey determining how each state's courts handle family law matters. The results of her survey illustrate the need for a unified family court system in matters of family law. A five-part blueprint to construct a unified family court is proposed. First, the court should have a specialized structure with judges who fully understand the legal and social issues facing family law litigants. The specialized court should be at the same level as a trial court of general jurisdiction, and the court should receive the same resources and support as the generalist courts. Second, the court should have comprehensive subject-matter jurisdiction over the full range of family law matters. The third component is an efficient case management and case processing system with a one judge/one case approach. Fourth, the court must offer alternative dispute resolution services and other court-connected social services to the family. Finally, the unified family court should be user-friendly, accessible to participation by all, including the large proportion of pro se family law litigants. The author advocates that a unified family court is a justice system reform having the greatest potential to enhance family law decision-making, thereby improving families' and children's lives.
Reconfigurable particle assembly for optical applications (Conference Presentation)

We report on a novel nanoparticle platform by electric field assisted assembly, which is capable of manipulating the refractive index distribution through controlling the particle assembly. Two examples based on the control of the scattering properties are presented. We demonstrate lensless imaging in such a system. In addition, we show that random lasing can be enhanced by assembly of anisotropic particles immersed in a gain medium. These examples illustrate that particle assembly technique provides a promising platform for reconfigurable optical applications.
Characterization of a KLK2-FGFR2 fusion gene in two cases of metastatic prostate cancer.

Background The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is activated in multiple tumor types through gene amplifications, single base substitutions, or gene fusions. Multiple small molecule kinase inhibitors targeting FGFR are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for patients with FGFR chromosomal translocations. Patients with novel gene fusions involving FGFR may represent candidates for kinase inhibitors. Methods A targeted RNA-sequencing assay identified a KLK2-FGFR2 fusion gene in two patients with metastatic prostate cancer. NIH3T3 cells were transduced to express the KLK2-FGFR2 fusion. Migration assays, Western blots, and drug sensitivity assays were performed to functionally characterize the fusion. Results Expression of the KLK2-FGFR2 fusion protein in NIH3T3 cells induced a profound morphological change promoting enhanced migration and activation of downstream proteins in FGFR signaling pathways. The KLK2-FGFR2 fusion protein was determined to be highly sensitive to the selective FGFR inhibitors AZD-4547, BGJ398, JNJ-42756943, the irreversible inhibitor TAS-120, and the non-selective inhibitor Ponatinib. The KLK2-FGFR2 fusion did not exhibit sensitivity to the non-selective inhibitor Dovitinib. Conclusions Importantly, the KLK2-FGFR2 fusion represents a novel target for precision therapies and should be screened for in men with prostate cancer.
Resonant Rigidity for Schrödinger Operators in Even Dimensions

This paper studies the resonances of Schrodinger operators with bounded, compactly supported, real-valued potentials on $${{\mathbb {R}}}^d$$ , where the dimension d is even. If the potential V is non-trivial and $$d\not =4$$ , then the meromorphic continuation of the resolvent of the Schrodinger operator has infinitely many poles, with a quantitative lower bound on their density. A somewhat weaker statement holds if $$d=4$$ . We prove several inverse-type results. If the meromorphic continuations of the resolvents of two Schrodinger operators $$-\varDelta +V_1$$ and $$-\varDelta +V_2$$ have the same poles, $$V_1,\;V_2\in L^\infty _c({{\mathbb {R}}}^d;{{\mathbb {R}}})$$ , $$k\in {{\mathbb {N}}}$$ , and if $$V_1\in H^k({{\mathbb {R}}}^d;{{\mathbb {R}}})$$ , then $$V_2\in H^k$$ as well. Moreover, we prove that certain sets of isoresonant potentials are compact. We also show that the poles of the resolvent for a smooth potential determine the heat coefficients and that the (resolvent) resonance sets of two potentials in $$L^\infty _c({{\mathbb {R}}}^d;{{\mathbb {R}}})$$ cannot differ by a nonzero finite number of elements away from 0.