cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of positron emission tomography in predicting long-term outcome in patients with diabetes mellitus and ischemic left ventricular dysfunction.

We assessed the value of positron emission tomography to predict long-term outcome in patients with diabetes and ischemic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Circumferential profiles of nitrogen-13 ammonia (NH3) and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptakes were obtained in 61 patients who had diabetes and ischemic LV dysfunction. Patient profiles were compared with those from a normal database. NH3 and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose defect sizes and extent of perfusion-metabolism mismatch (percentage of myocardium with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake minus NH3 uptake >2 SD above the normal difference) were determined. Patients were followed every 6 months. Over a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, cardiac death occurred in 52% of patients who underwent revascularization and 61% of those who underwent medical therapy (p = 0.69). No clinical or imaging variables predicted cardiac death in patients who underwent revascularization. In those who received medical therapy, mismatch in ≥3% of the left ventricle (risk ratio 4.0, p = 0.01) was the only multivariate predictor of cardiac death. Revascularization improved survival of patients who had mismatch of ≥3% at 4 years (p = 0.003) and at 8 years (p = 0.012) of follow-up. Patients who had mismatch ≥3% and ejection fraction <30% had the greatest improvement in survival with revascularization compared with medical therapy (p <0.0001). Revascularization also improved 4-year survival of patients who had NH3 perfusion defects of ≥25% of the left ventricle (p = 0.02). In conclusion, mismatch identifies medically treated patients who have diabetes and LV dysfunction, who are at high risk for cardiac death. Intermediate- and long-term survival of patients who have diabetes and mismatch may be improved with revascularization, and those who have significant mismatch and severe LV dysfunction have the greatest benefit.
Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in cell cycle mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA replication was examined in mutants for seven different Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes which are essential for nuclear DNA replication. In cdc 8 and cdc 21, mutants defective in continued replication during the S phase of the cell cycle, mitochondrial DNA replication ceases at the nonpermissive temperature. Replication is temperature sensitive even when these mutants are arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle with α factor, a condition where mitochondrial DNA replication continues for the equivalent of several generations at the permissive temperature. Therefore the cessation of replication results from a defect in mitochondrial replication per se, rather than from an indirect consequence of cells being blocked in a phase of the cell cycle where mitochondrial DNA is not normally synthesized. Since the temperature-sensitive mutations are recessive, the products of genes cdc 8 and cdc 21 must be required for both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA replication. In contrast to cdc 8 and cdc 21, mitochondrial DNA replication continues for a long time at the nonpermissive temperature in five other cell division cycle mutants in which nuclear DNA synthesis ceases within one cell cycle: cdc 4, cdc 7, and cdc 28, which are defective in the initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis, and cdc 14 and cdc 23, which are defective in nuclear division. The products of these genes, therefore, are apparently not required for the initiation of mitochondrial DNA replication.
SOLAR ABSORPTIVITY OF PEELED CASSAVA ROOT, YAM TUBER AND UNRIPE PLANTAIN FRUIT

Absorptivity is a property which governs the quantity of solar radiation absorbed by materials undergoing sun drying. A laboratory spectrophotometer was used to measure the spectral absorptivity of peeled cassava root, yam tuber, and unripe plantain fruit for wavelengths in the range 0.4-2.4 μm; 88% of solar radiation reaching the earth lies in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The total (i.e., integral) absorptivity calculated from the measured spectral -absorptivity was 0. 32 for fresh cassava which had a wet basis moisture content (M.C.) of 65%, 0.26 for fresh plantain (M.C.=61%) and 0. 53 for fresh yam (M.C.=68%). Corresponding values for dried crops were 0.23 for cassava (M. C. =5%), 0.58 for plantain (M. C. =20%) and 0. 77 for yam (M. C. =9%). Application of absorptivity data in evaluating heat transfer during sun drying of crops was discussed.
Fast reconnection rate in electron-positron plasma based on group velocity cones of inertial Alfven waves

Some recent simulations employing large size of the simulated plasma show that the reconnection structures in electron-positron plasmas have small flare angles. The apex of the wedge formed by the flaring is at the evolving diffusion centers. We find that reported half-cone angles (θ) of the wedges and the reconnection rates (R) obey the relation R~θ. We suggest here that the flaring is caused by the radiation of inertial Alfven waves (IAWs) from a diffusion region (DR); these waves propagate in the outer region of the current sheet (CS) where plasma β is <1. Since the wave propagation is controlled by the group velocity, the flaring half-angles are the group velocity cone angles of the IAWs. Based on the dispersive relation for IAWs, we calculate the group velocity cone angles and resulting reconnection rates. The rates and the angles are compared with those found in simulations.
Heritability of Hematologic Malignancies: From Pedigrees to Genomics

Many hematologic malignancies have an underlying heritable component. Although not as well characterized as the acquired genetic abnormalities that define important prognostic and therapeutic subgroups of myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms, investigations are beginning to unravel the role of germline genetic variation in the predisposition to hematologic malignancies. Information gained from the study of striking family pedigrees, epidemiologic data, and candidate genes are now being combined with unbiased genome-wide investigations to outline the network of genetic abnormalities that contribute to hematologic malignancy risk. This article reviews the current understanding of the heritability of hematologic malignancies in the genomics era.
Development of a thermal resistance model for chip-on-board packaging of high power LED arrays

Abstract The performance of high power LEDs strongly depends on the junction temperature. Operating at high junction temperature causes degradation of light intensity and lifetime. Therefore, proper thermal management is critical for LED packaging. While the design of the heat sink is a major contributor to lowering the overall thermal resistance of the packaged luminaire, another area of concern arises from the need to address the large heat fluxes that exist beneath the die. In this study we conduct a thermal analysis of high power LED packages implementing chip-on-board (COB) architecture combined with power electronic substrate focusing on heat spreading effect. An analytical thermal resistance model is presented for the LED array and validated by comparing it with finite element analysis (FEA) results. By using the analytical expression of thermal resistance, it is possible to understand the impact of design parameters (e.g., material properties, LED spacing, substrate thickness, etc.) on the package thermal resistance, bypassing the need for detailed computational simulations using FEA.
Fear of Death of Those in a High Stress Occupation

Feifel, et a1. (2) found that physicians had a higher fear of death than control Ss and suggested that fear of death may have played a role in the choice of profession by the physicians. They may have chosen to be doctors in order to gain mastery over their fear of death. A similar argument could be advanced for those who choose to be policemen, an occupation where preoccupation with danger and death is common (4, p. 42). The present study sought to examine the fear of death in policemen. Ss were 17 male patrolmen from one Buffalo precinct and 15 mail carriers from a postal station in the same area. Ss did not differ in religious denomination or age (age range 23 to 54 yr., median age of police was 34, of mailmen 42). Ss were volunteers and anonymously filled out a questionnaire which included rwo fear of death scales (1, 3) and the semantic differential (utilizing five concepts to be rated on evaluative, potency, and activity scales, including the concepts of life and death). The nvo groups did not differ in their fear for death of self (xa = 0.5, df = 1 on a median test), death of others (x2 = 0.0), dying of self (x' = 0.0), dying of others (x2 = 0.0), general fear of death (x2 = 0.0), and inconsistency in their attitudes toward death (x= = 0.0). The nvo groups did not differ in their ratings of the concepts of life and death on any of the three semantic differential measures (the largest t = 0.86, df = 30). The groups differed on one dimension. A total of 23 patrolmen were approached and six refused to take the test whereas a total of 37 mail carriers were approached and 22 refused to take the test (X3 = 5.08, df = 1, p < 0.02). It was noted that the patrolmen were more friendly and less defensive than the mail carriers. The latter were tested prior to impending changes in the postal system, a factor which could have affected their attitudes toward testing. However, when the patrolmen were compared with 23 male students' enrolled in introductory psychology, they did not differ significantly on any of the six fear of death measures (the largest X' = 0.5, df = 1). Thus, it appears that patrolmen do not differ significantly from control groups in their fear of death. Their cooperation in taking the test perhaps suggests less defensiveness about death and suggests that by being patrolmen they may have worked through their death anxiery in part and, at a conscious verbal level, resemble other adult males.
Copulation in Colias eury theme (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): patterns and frequency

During copulation in the alfalfa butterfly, Colias eurytheme, a male fills two sacs in the female's reproductive tract. The appendix bursae is filled first with a white milky fluid and then the corpus bursae is filled with a spermatophore that contains the sperm and other materials. The sperm are deposited last in the female's reproductive tract. Recently-mated males produce less material during copulation and copulate for much longer times. Large males pass more material and old males copulate for longer times. Variation in the duration of copulations observed in the field suggests that males mate about once every five days. A release-recapture experiment with virgin females indicates a similar mating frequency for that sex. The discussion relates these data to the known patterns of mate choice and reproductive behaviour in butterflies and moths.
Subglacial silica deposits

SUPERFICIAL carbonate deposits are common on bedrock surfaces recently exposed by retreating temperate glaciers1–5. Their morphology indicates that they formed subglacially in intimate contact with sliding ice. Besides suggesting that chemical transport is an active subglacial process, these relatively widespread deposits reflect high solute concentrations in subglacial waters. This is a fact of considerable significance because solutes at the glacier–bed interface can impede significantly the sliding of temperate glaciers5. The dynamics of temperate glaciers and especially the more intriguing aspects of their behaviour, such as surging6, are thought to depend critically on the basal sliding process7. Thus, chemical exchange at the base of a glacier may affect significantly its entire motion. Moreover, because glacial erosion and deposition are largely dependent on glacial sliding, they too are affected by the presence of solutes at the bed. To date, reported subglacial deposits have all been carbonates. On the basis of previously unrecognised subglacial deposits rich in silica, I suggest that subglacial deposits are not exclusively carbonates, but that silicates are of wider significance, than is believed at present.
Dora the Explorer: Empowering Preschoolers, Girls, and Latinas

“Dora the Explorer” is a highly successful animated program on Nickelodeon. This critique explored how Dora may change the “face” of children's television while empowering three traditionally power...
Merit Pay and K-12 Arts Teachers

(1988). Merit Pay and K-12 Arts Teachers. Design For Arts in Education: Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 28-33.
Application of LiDAR and discriminant analysis to determine landscape characteristics for different types of slope failures in heavily vegetated, steep terrain: Horseshoe Run watershed, West Virginia

A landslide inventory map was created for Horseshoe Run watershed, West Virginia, using high-resolution topographic data obtained from airborne LiDAR. A total of 152 landslides were remotely mapped and classified as planar slides, rotational slumps, debris flows, debris fans, debris slides, and active slopes based on morphologic characteristics interpreted from LiDAR-derived shaded relief maps, with field verification at several locations. Seven landscape variables were calculated for the watershed from the high-resolution (0.5-m) topographic data: elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, distance from roads, distance from streams, plan curvature, and profile curvature. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the mean and standard deviations for each variable and corresponding slope failure type. Discriminant analyses were conducted on the different types of failed slopes, with a maximum 86% accuracy level, to determine which landscape characteristics contribute to each type of landslide. Results from the discriminant analyses indicate that statistically significant differences exist between the failure classes mapped within the watershed and that slope angle, slope aspect, and landscape curvature are important variables influencing the type of process. The results from this study have important implications for predicting where certain types of slope failures may occur based on landscape characteristics.
An identified systemic model of the democracy‐peace nexus

In previous empirical work, the basis for the proposition that democratic countries do not fight each other has been a single equation regression of hostility on democracy and other variables. This approach is misleading for two reasons. First, peace and democracy are part of a simultaneous system of relations in which they foster each other. Before quantitative inferences which affect policy conclusions can be reached, a separate structural equation has to be estimated corresponding to each of these variables. The equations must be distinguishable from one another at the same time as they embody the interdependence between peace and democracy. Second, previous regression studies emphasized the statistical association between democracy and peace rather than focusing on the substantive magnitude of that effect. To demonstrate the sensitivity of the results to these concerns, we accepted the data and indexes of one of the most influential statements of the peace‐democracy thesis, and studied the Cold War pe...
GERMINATION OF THE SPORES OF PELLIA EPIPHYLLA AND P. NEESIANA

Observations on the germination of Pellcia spores were first recorded by Hofmeister (i85I) in his classical "Vergleichende Untersuchungen." He observed the succession of the early divisions in sporelings of Pellia epiphylia Corda. Mueller (i866) studied P. Fabroniana (P. calycina [Tayl.] Nees). His description for P. epiphylla agreed in general with that of Hofmeister, though he added figures showing several exceptions to the usual method of development. Leitgeb (I877) also observed the germination of spores of Pellia and agreed with Hofmeister as to conditions in P. epiphylla. He extended his observations to P. Fabroniana, discovering the essential features of the development and remarking upon the differences existing between the two species in this respect. Recently Showalter (I925) described the germination of the spores of P. Fabroniana and attempted to determine the origin of the apical cell. In stained sections of sporogones of P. epiphylla Corda I have been able to trace the development of the young gametophyte from the undivided spore to the sevenand nine-celled stage at which the so-called "spores" are freed. Studies of the further development were made on living material grown in water and on agar, and on young plants fixed and stained and mounted in glycerin. The material for the study of P. epiphylla was taken from greenhouse cultures made from plants collected in the vicinity of Brussels, Belgium. The material of P. Neesiana (Gottsche) Limpr. was kindly furnished by Doctor A. M. Showalter from his greenhouse cultures. The original plants from which these latter cultures were made were collected in the Black Forest in Baden (Germany).
Hydrogen in GaN: Novel aspects of a common impurity.

We have studied electronic structure, energetics, and migration of hydrogen and hydrogen complexes in GaN, based on first-principles total-energy calculations. Our calculations reveal a number of features very different from those exhibited by hydrogen in more traditional semiconductors such as Si or GaAs: a very large negative-$U$ effect ($U\ensuremath{\approx}2.4$ eV), the instability of the bond-center site, high energies for hydrogen molecules, and an unusual geometry for the Mg-H complex. All of these features are shown to be a consequence of distinctive properties of GaN, namely, the strongly ionic nature and the large bond strength of the Ga-N bond. We propose a simple model for the negative-$U$ behavior, which should be valid for H in any semiconductor.
The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis encodes novel type I-like polyketide synthases containing discrete catalytic domains.

Karenia brevis is the Florida red tide dinoflagellate responsible for detrimental effects on human and environmental health through the production of brevetoxins. Brevetoxins are thought to be synthesized by a polyketide synthase (PKS) complex, but the gene cluster for this PKS has yet to be identified. Here, eight PKS transcripts were identified in K. brevis by high throughput cDNA library screening. Full length sequences were obtained through 3′ and 5′ RACE, which demonstrated the presence of polyadenylation, 3′-UTRs, and an identical dinoflagellate-specific spliced leader sequence at the 5′ end of PKS transcripts. Six transcripts encoded for individual ketosynthase (KS) domains, one ketoreductase (KR), and one transcript encoded both acyl carrier protein (ACP) and KS domains. Transcript lengths ranged from 1875 to 3397 nucleotides, based on sequence analysis, and were confirmed by northern blotting. Baysian phylogenetic analysis of the K. brevis KS domains placed them well within the protist type I PKS clade. Thus although most similar to type I modular PKSs, the presence of individual catalytic domains on separate transcripts suggests a protein structure more similar to type II PKSs, in which each catalytic domain resides on an individual protein. These results identify an unprecedented PKS structure in a toxic dinoflagellate.
Improved survival of patients with unresectable non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma by an innovated high-dose En-Bloc radiotherapeutic approach

From 1972 to 1977, 162 patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy for the underlying unresectable non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma by a radiotherapeutic technique that had sequentially evolved from a low-dose (40-45 gray) small-volume approach (AP-PA POP) to a high-dose (60-64 gray) large-volume en-bloc approach (AP-PA POP plus AP-RPO-LPO) which included the primary tumor and the entire regional lymphatics including both supraclavicular areas. Median survival and short-term survival up to 1.5 years were independent of radiation doses (40-64 gray) and target volumes studies. However, long-term survival greater than or equal to 2 years was radiation-dose and target-volume dependent: actuarial survival 36% and 28% vs. 10% and 3% for the high-dose (60-64 gray) en-bloc approach vs. low-dose (40-45 gray) small-volume radiotherapy at 2 and 3 years, respectively, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years, P less than 0.05. Actuarial five-year survival rate 7.5% was obtained with radiation dose greater than or equal to 50 gray. However, there was no five-year survivor among patients who were treated with radiation dose less than 50 gray. Local tumor control is radiation-dose dependent: local tumor control rates at greater than or equal to 18 months were 76% vs. 29% by 56-64 gray vs. 40-49 gray, respectively, P less than 0.05. The patterns of failure appeared to be tumor-histology dependent; for squamous cell carcinoma, the primary and regional lymphatic areas are the most common sites of failure, and for adenocarcinoma, it is the brain or bone. The high-dose en-bloc radiotherapy has been very well tolerated; 5% (4/80) incidence of symptomatic pneumonitis has been observed.
Effects of prolonged ethylene thiourea ingestion on the thyroid of the rat.

Abstract Male and female Charles River rats, approximately 5 wk old, were fed ethylene thiourea (ETU) for 2 yr at levels of 0, 5, 25, 125, 250 or 500 ppm in the diet. Body weights, the weights of the thyroid and other organs, thyroidal uptake of 131 I, haematology and histology were the criteria studied. ETU was found to be a thyroid carcinogen for the rat at the 250 and 500 ppm dietary levels and a thyroid tumorigen at the 125 ppm level; it caused slight thyroid hyperplasia at the 5 and 25 ppm feeding levels. Thyroid hyperplasia was not noticeably reversible in those rats in each group that were changed to control diet after 66 wk on ETU diets. ETU ingestion at the 5 and 25 ppm levels was not biologically deleterious to the rat.
Cover Picture: Colloidal Synthesis of Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanocrystals (Adv. Funct. Mater. 11/2006)

Hollow nanocrystals have been synthesized through a mechanism analogous to the Kirkendall Effect. When a cobalt nanocrystal reacts with sulfur in solution, the outward diffusion of cobalt atoms is faster than the inward diffusion of sulfur atoms through the sulfide shell. The dominating outward diffusion of cobalt cations produces vacancies that can condense into a single void in the center of the nanocrystal at high temperatures. This process provides a general route to the synthesis of hollow nanostructures of a large number of compounds and is described in the Full Paper by A. P. Alivisatos and co-workers on p. 1389. Formation of cobalt sulfide hollow nanocrystals through a mechanism similar to the Kirkendall Effect has been investigated in detail. It is found that performing the reaction at > 120 °C leads to fast formation of a single void inside each shell, whereas at room temperature multiple voids are formed within each shell, which can be attributed to strongly temperature-dependent diffusivities for vacancies. The void formation process is dominated by outward diffusion of cobalt cations; still, the occurrence of significant inward transport of sulfur anions can be inferred as the final voids are smaller in diameter than the original cobalt nanocrystals. Comparison of volume distributions for initial and final nanostructures indicates excess apparent volume in shells, implying significant porosity and/or a defective structure. Indirect evidence for fracture of shells during growth at lower temperatures was observed in shell-size statistics and transmission electron microscopy images of as-grown shells. An idealized model of the diffusional process imposes two minimal requirements on material parameters for shell growth to be obtainable within a specific synthetic system.
Function and biomechanics of tendons

Tendon is a highly organized connective tissue joining muscle to bone, capable of resisting high tensile forces while transmitting forces from muscle to bone. The dense, regularly arranged collagenous tissue is made up of fibers, cells of various shapes and ground substance. The mechanical and physiological characteristics of collagen (nearly 85% of the dry weight of tendon) dictate the qualities of tendon. In addition, tendon is flexible so that it can bend at joints, as well as acting as a damping tissue to absorb shock and limit potential damage to muscle (1). Tendon also shows a degree of extensibility. If the strain used to stretch a tendon could be recovered, a beneficial elastic effect would be achieved. Muscles lengthen and shorten in a cyclical manner. During the lengthening period, elastic energy can be stored and used as elastic recoil. For example, the Achilles tendon is stretched late in the stance phase as the triceps surae muscles contract and the ankle dorsiflexes. Prior to plantarflexion, muscle activation ceases and stored energy helps to initiate planter flexion.
Organizational Downsizing: A Convergence and Reorientation Framework

Organizational downsizing is becoming pervasive as a characteristic of modern organizations, yet little scholarly literature has addressed the processes and outcomes associated with this phenomenon at the organizational level. Downsizing has often mistakenly been confused operationally with concepts such as decline, layoffs, or nonadaptability, indicating that the definition of the concept remains imprecise. This paper offers a straightforward, operational definition of downsizing. Then the literature on organizational downsizing is used to build a theoretical framework of the process of effective downsizing and the organizational changes that may accompany it. Important organizational processes, characteristics, and outcomes associated with downsizing are identified.
Characteristics of a high-resolution displacement sensor using mode interference in the optical waveguide

A high-resolution optical displacement sensing system using an optical waveguide is fabricated and characterized. The measurement principle is based on interference between an even and odd modes in the double-mode waveguide. After the light from a laser light source is focused onto the object to be measured, a wavefront gradient in the converged reflected light beam from the object gives a phase asymmetry at the entrance of the double-mode (DM) waveguide. A change of the phase asymmetry due to the displacement of the object along the optical axis is detected as a change of light intensity distribution at the exit of the DM waveguide. Although the optical system is very simple, experimental results using Ti-indiffused LiNbO 3 waveguide device shows a very high resolution less than 1 nm. Next, a compact-type displacement sensor module using silica waveguide is fabricated and shows an identical high resolution. In conclusion, it will be very useful as a built-in component for various kinds of the industrial equipment.
Is surgical airway necessary for airway management in deep neck infections and Ludwig angina

Abstract Background Deep neck infections are potentially life-threatening conditions because of airway compromise. Management requires early recognition, antibiotics, surgical drainage, and effective airway control. The Surgical Education and Self-Assessment Program 12 states that awake tracheostomy is the treatment of choice for these patients. Hypothesis With advanced airway control techniques such as retrograde intubation, GlideScope, and fiberoptic intubation, surgical airway is not required. Design A retrospective analysis of all deep neck abscesses treated from December1999 to July 2006 was performed. Methods All patients who underwent urgent or emergent surgery for Ludwig angina and submental, submandibular, sublingual, and parapharyngeal abscesses (Current Procedural Terminology codes 41015, 41016, 41017, 42320, and 42725) were included in our review. Charts were studied for age, presence of true Ludwig angina, presence of airway compromise, airway management, morbidity/mortality, and the requirement for surgical airway. Results Of 29 patients, 6 (20%) had symptoms consistent with true Ludwig angina. Nineteen (65.5%) had evidence of airway compromise. Eight (42%) of these 19 patients required advanced airway control techniques. No patient required a surgical airway, and no mortality resulted from airway compromise. Advance airway control techniques were required more often in patients with airway compromise ( P Conclusion Treatment of Ludwig angina and deep neck abscesses requires good clinical judgment. Patients with deep neck infections and symptoms of airway compromise may be safely managed with advanced airway control techniques.
The crosslinking of chitosan fibers

A need exists for the development of totally biodegradable packaging materials. Chitosan is an under-utilized polymer which possesses many of the desired characteristics for this application. This article describes the crosslinking of chitosan fibers. Epichlorohydrin (ECH) was selected as a convenient base catalyzed crosslinking agent. The strength of chitosan fibers, especially wet tenacity, is improved by crosslinking. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stresses around a pin loaded hole in orthotropic plates with arbitrary loading direction

Abstract Lekhnitskii's method of complex stress function is extensively used to solve the pin-loaded circular hole problem in an infinite orthotropic plate. The approach is similar to the one used earlier by the authors, but extended into a more general fashion. The direction of pin-load is arbitrary and the presence of friction is considered. An analytic solution which satisfies the major displacement boundary conditions on the pin-loaded hole has been obtained. Certain parameters are introduced for simplifying the expressions. These formulas can be used for computing the stress distribution around a pin-loaded hole and estimating the effect of direction of the pin-load and the presence of friction. The degree of such an effect depends on the orthotropy of the material. Some numerical results have been calculated and presented in this paper. They are compared with other results available in the literature.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR)-associated Factor 2A (TRAF2A), a TRAF2 Splice Variant with an Extended RING Finger Domain That Inhibits TNFR2-mediated NF-κB Activation *

We describe here the identification and characterization of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 2A (TRAF2A), a splice variant of the TRAF2 molecule utilized for signal transduction by members of the TNFR family. TRAF2A and TRAF2 cDNAs are identical in sequence with the exception of an extra 21 base pairs of sequence encoding a 7-amino acid insert within the TRAF2A RING finger domain. TRAF2A mRNA expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner, with relative TRAF2A mRNA levels being highest in spleen and lowest in brain. TRAF2A protein is capable of binding to the cytoplasmic domain of TNFR2 (p75) and is detectable in T-lymphoma cells stably transfected with the TRAF2A cDNA. Unlike TRAF2, TRAF2A has a short half-life ( approximately 100 min) in these cells and is expressed at only low levels in transiently transfected COS-7 cells. However, TRAF2A levels in transiently transfected COS-7 cells approach those of TRAF2 upon coexpression with TRAF1 and/or TRAF2, indicating that TRAF2A stability is regulated by the binding of other TRAF family proteins. Also in contrast to TRAF2, TRAF2A is unable to stimulate NF-kappaB activity when overexpressed in 293 cells and acts as a dominant inhibitor of TNFR2-dependent NF-kappaB activation. TRAF2A thus represents a novel signal transduction protein, the expression of which can act to inhibit TRAF2-dependent NF-kappaB activation.
A novel profile of expressed sequence tags for zinc finger encoding genes from the poorly differentiated exocrine pancreatic cell line AR4IP

Abstract Genes encoding for C 2 H 2 zinc finger proteins are known to regulate normal cell proliferation and differentiation and have often been found to be mutated in different forms of cancer. We are interested in understanding the role of these genes as regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in the exocrine pancreas. Therefore, we have generated expressed sequence tags (ESTs) encoding pancreas-enriched zinc finger peptides using the polymerase chain reaction and hybridization techniques [ Adams, M.D. et al. (1991) Science, 252, 1651–1656 ]. Here we report the primary structure and expression pattern of 18 different zinc finger-encoding cDNAs (DZF-1-18) from the azaserine-derived tumoral cell line AR4IP which displays a poorly differentiated phenotype. Sequence analysis shows that all of these clones encode peptides which share the consensus DNA-binding motif with the Drosophila zinc finger transcription factor kruppel . High stringency Northern blot analysis shows that eight different zinc finger transcripts are expressed at high levels in normal adult rat pancreas and therefore constitute good candidates to play a role as transcription factors in exocrine pancreatic cells.
Effect of reserpine on milk production and serum prolactin of cows hormonally induced into lactation.

Abstract Two studies were to examine the effect of reserpine administration during hormonally induced lactation on serum prolactin and milk production. Previous investigations have shown reserpine injection causes prolonged elevation of prolactin concentration in serum. Ten animals in study I were given 17 β -estradiol (.1 mg/kg body weight per day) and progesterone (.25 mg/kg body weight per day) on days 1 to 7 and dexamethasome (20 mg/day) on days 18 to 20. Five animals were designated controls, and five were given reserpine (5 mg/day) on days 13 to 16. In study II, nine animals were given injections of 17 β -estradiol, progesterone, and dexamethasone as in study I. Four animals were designated controls and five were given reserpine (5 mg/day) on days 8, 10, 12, and 14. Prolactin concentrations in serum during estrogen-progesterone injections (days 1 to 7) were below 30ng/ml. Prolactin increased in control cows on days 14 to 21 but was variable. Prolactin concentrations of reserpine treated groups were elevated during the period of reserpine administration. Both reserpine groups had higher peak milk yields and greater milk production to 100 days than respective controls. Peak milk yields of reserpine groups ranged from 10 to 21 kg/day for study I and 16 to 24 kg/day for II. Results were consistent with hypothesis that prolactin may be limiting in those cows which fail to lactate following the estrogen-progesterone treatment to induce lactation.
Lysophosphatidylcholine to stratify risk of ischemic stroke in TIA.

TIA portends an increased risk for ischemic stroke. This risk can be reduced by >50% with early implementation of stroke prevention therapy.1 Stroke risk in TIA can be estimated using the ABCD2 score, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and presence of large arterial atherosclerosis (LAA).2 However, not infrequently TIAs deemed to be low risk precede stroke and TIAs deemed to be high risk do not. Thus additional methods to stratify stroke risk in TIA are needed.
ABUNDANCES OF RED GIANTS IN OLD OPEN CLUSTERS. V. Be 31, Be 32, Be 39, M 67, NGC 188, AND NGC 1193

We present a detailed abundance analysis based on high resolution spectroscopy for 16 stars in the old open clusters Be 31, Be 32, Be 39, M 67, NGC 188, and NGC 1193. Average cluster metallicities of [Fe/H] = –0.30 ± 0.02, –0.21 ± 0.01, +0.03 ± 0.07, +0.12 ± 0.02, and –0.22 ± 0.14 (s.d.) have been found for Be 32, Be 39, M 67, NGC 188, and NGC 1193, respectively. The two stars observed in the field of Be 31 have disparate radial velocities and elemental abundance patterns, and also disagree with the possible Be 31 star studied by Yong et al. We conclude that membership has yet to be established for this important cluster, and therefore no element abundances measured here or in previous studies of Be 31 should be taken as definitive cluster abundances. A careful comparison of our results for the clusters M 67 and Be 32 to those of other studies shows general good agreement and identifies systematic differences resulting from different analyses. After combination of our results with those of other studies for clusters spanning the full R gc range of the thin disk, we explore the abundance distributions as a function of R gc and age for the elements Fe, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Ni. As found in previous work, the [Fe/H] gradient appears to be continuous up to R gc ~ 13 kpc before flattening in the outer disk. [X/Fe] ratios show a scatter of 0.2-0.3 dex at all R gc, for all elements considered. The [X/Fe] values of the six clusters analyzed here are consistent with those of other clusters of similar metallicity and Galactocentric location. Our whole cluster sample shows trends of increasing [O/Fe] and [Al/Fe] with age, although these trends vanish with the inclusion of other clusters from the literature. Larger, homogeneous open cluster samples are necessary to verify the existence and magnitude of abundance trends with age.
Differential quantification of cloned CVI988 vaccine strain and virulent RB-1B strain of Marek’s disease viruses in chicken tissues, using real-time PCR

The 'gold standard' vaccine against Marek's disease in poultry is the CVI988/Rispens virus, which is not easily distinguishable, antigenically or genetically, from virulent Marek's disease herpesvirus. Accurate differential measurement of the CVI988 vaccine and virulent viruses is important to investigate mechanisms of vaccinal protection. Minimal sequence differences between CVI988 and virulent MDV strains restrict the application of molecular diagnostic methods such as real-time PCR to distinguish between these viruses. The use of bacterial-artificial-chromosome (BAC) cloned CVI988 virus, which carries the BAC vector sequences in place of the U(s)2 gene, allows its differential quantification from virulent strains using real-time PCR assays that target the BAC vector sequence and the U(S)2 gene respectively. These novel assays allowed investigation of replication of both serotype-1 vaccine virus (cloned CVI988) and challenge virus (RB-1B strain) in tissues of individual chickens in an experimental vaccination-challenge model of Marek's disease.
Epitaxial growth of CeO2 on (100) InP using reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering

The epitaxial growth of CeO2 thin films has been realized on (100) InP substrates using reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering. Oxide films were nucleated in the presence of molecular hydrogen (4% H2/Ar sputtering gas) in order to reduce the native oxide formation on the InP surface, which interferes with CeO2 epitaxy. A metal cerium target was used as the cation source, with water vapor serving as the oxidizing species. Epitaxial films were sputter-deposited at a substrate temperature of 550 °C in a H2O vapor pressure of approximately 10-3 Torr. Crystallinity of the oxide films was examined using θ–2θ X-ray diffraction, ω-rocking curves, and in-plane φ-scans. The best results were obtained when the initial nucleation layer was deposited with P(H2O)<10-5 Torr, followed by deposition at P(H2O)=10-3 Torr. The epitaxial growth of CeO2 on InP could prove enabling in efforts to integrate functional oxides with InP-based optoelectronic and microwave technologies.
Microbial removal of alkanes from dilute gaseous waste streams : Mathematical modeling of advanced bioreactor systems

Many industries generate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dilute streams which must be removed before being released into the environment. Mathematical models for biological filters which can remediate waste streams are useful both as predictive tools and as a means to better understand the fundamental processes involved. Optimization of the system also necessitates a better understanding of the mechanisms by which biofilters work and can be approached through modeling and maximizing appropriate conditions for removal. In a trickle-bed bioreactor, VOCs (n-pentane and isobutane) were passed over a biofilm-coated packing which degraded the VOCs. Bacterial growth was controlled via liquid nutrient-limited media trickled through the reactor. Results from this trickle-bed system were analyzed by applying a simple mathematical model to accurately describe the processes which are believed to play important roles. The model was based on a two-step process: mass transfer in which the VOCs diffuse into the liquid biofilm, and kinetics by which VOCs are degraded by the biofilm. Modeling results revealed that both kinetic and mass transfer resistances were significant under typical operating conditions.
Haptic/audio based exergaming for visually impaired individuals

Exergames are video games that use physical activity as input and which have potential to change sedentary lifestyles and improve associated health problems such as obesity. However, exergames are generally difficult for the visually impaired to play. In this research, we describe a method of interacting with exergames for visually impaired players.
Role of Helix-Helix Interactions in Assembly of the Bacteriorhodopsin Lattice †

The purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarum is a two-dimensional lattice of lipids and the integral membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR). To determine whether helix−helix interactions within the membrane core stabilize this complex, we substituted amino acid residues at the helix−helix interface between BR monomers and examined the assembly of the protein into the lattice. Lattice assembly was demonstrated to fit a cooperative self-assembly model that exhibits a critical concentration in vivo. Using this model as the basis for a quantitative assay of lattice stability, bulky substitutions at the helix−helix interface between BR monomers within the membrane core were shown to be destabilizing, probably due to steric clash. Ala substitutions of two residues at the helix−helix interface also reduced stability, suggesting that the side chains of these residues participate in favorable van der Waals packing interactions. However, the stabilizing interactions were restricted to a small region of the inter...
Interplay of Cell Shape and Division Orientation Promotes Robust Morphogenesis of Developing Epithelia

Epithelial cells acquire functionally important shapes (e.g., squamous, cuboidal, columnar) during development. Here, we combine theory, quantitative imaging, and perturbations to analyze how tissue geometry, cell divisions, and mechanics interact to shape the presumptive enveloping layer (pre-EVL) on the zebrafish embryonic surface. We find that, under geometrical constraints, pre-EVL flattening is regulated by surface cell number changes following differentially oriented cell divisions. The division pattern is, in turn, determined by the cell shape distribution, which forms under geometrical constraints by cell-cell mechanical coupling. An integrated mathematical model of this shape-division feedback loop recapitulates empirical observations. Surprisingly, the model predicts that cell shape is robust to changes of tissue surface area, cell volume, and cell number, which we confirm in vivo. Further simulations and perturbations suggest the parameter linking cell shape and division orientation contributes to epithelial diversity. Together, our work identifies an evolvable design logic that enables robust cell-level regulation of tissue-level development.
Feedlack detects missing feedback in web applications

While usability methods such as user studies and inspections can reveal a wide range of problems, they do so for only a subset of an application's features and states. We present FeedLack, a tool that explores the full range of web applications' behaviors for one class of usability problems, namely that of missing feedback. It does this by enumerating control flow paths originating from user input, identifying paths that lack output-affecting code. FeedLack was applied to 330 applications; of the 129 that contained input handlers and did not contain syntax errors, 115 were successfully analyzed, resulting in 647 warnings. Of these 36% were missing crucial feedback; 34% were executable and missing feedback, but followed conventions that made feedback inessential; 18% were scenarios that did produce feedback; 12% could not be executed. We end with a discussion of the viability of FeedLack as a usability testing tool.
Bilirubin Metabolism in Congenital Nonhemolytic Jaundice

Extract: A Negro female with congenital nonhemolytic jaundice (Crigler-Najjar syndrome) was studied over a period of 15 months. During this period the plasma bilirubin concentration averaged 20.6 mg/100 ml. Administration of phenobarbital did not lower the bilirubin concentration. Studies with isotopically labeled bilirubin showed that phenobarbital had not increased the fractional rate of elimination of bilirubin, and the patient's bilirubin production rate while receiving phenobarbital therapy (3.5 mg/kg/24 hr) was not increased over that seen in normal individuals (3.8 \pm 0.6 mg/kg/24 hr, mean \pm sd). Multicompartmental analysis of the patient's labeled bilirubin clearance data, as well as that from two other reported cases of congenital nonhemolytic jaundice, did not furnish new information on pathways of bilirubin catabolism but did demonstrate that the fractional transfer rate of bilirubin from plasma to liver for all three subjects (0.42–0.87 hr-1) was reduced compared with the range seen in normal individuals (0.9–2.0 hr-1). This finding may reflect saturation of either the hepatic uptake process or intracellular binding sites, in the face of a serum bilirubin concentration 20–40 times normal. Menthol conjugation in the patient's parents was normal, unlike reported findings in parents of children with congenital nonhemolytic jaundice unresponsive to phenobarbital therapy. Labeled bilirubin clearances in the parents demonstrated an abnormality in the mother's pattern of clearance, whereas the father's clearance was normal. The patient was found to excrete normal amounts of testosterone conjugated with glucuronic acid, demonstrating that the defect in glucuronide conjugation does not include all physiological compounds. Speculation: Plasma clearance studies with labeled bilirubin can aid in the investigation of modes of inheritance of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
A correlation of the effects of normoxia, hyperoxia and anoxia on PO2 of endolymph and cochlear potentials

Abstract Changes in P O 2 in endolymph, endocochlear potentials and cochlear microphonics have been tested in normoxia, hyperoxia and anoxia on 24 guinea pigs. The polarographic method and construction of oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes is described in detail. The normal level of P O 2 in endolymph varies between 20 and 30 mm Hg. One-minute anoxia induced by breathing 100% N 2 caused a decline in O 2 , EP and CM, but during recovery only P O 2 returned with over-correction to the preexposure level. Hyperoxia evoked by breathing 100% oxygen failed to increase the cochlear potentials and the P O 2 in the endolymph. This suggests that vasoconstriction most likely occurs proximal to the capillaries bed of the stria vascularis.
Incorporation of labelled amino acids by nuclei isolated from Euglena gracilis

Nuclei isolated from the lower eukaryote, Euglena gracilis, incorporate labelled amino acids into hot-TCA-insoluble material under conditions of incubation similar to those used for higher eukaryotes. Optimal temperature for amino acid incorporation by Euglena nucleic is 25° to 30°C. Optimal pH is 5.0. ATP stimulates incorporation only to a small extent. Evidence is presented that the product synthesized is protein.
Conduct, rules and the origins of institutions

This paper supports the effort by Hindriks and Guala (2014) to integrate the prevailing accounts of institutions. I illustrate with traffic narratives how we can think of their concept of rules-in-equilibrium as evolving from universal elementary forms. These conceptions resonate fully with Smith (1759) who saw rule-following conduct as the basis of human sociality and action.