cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operationalizing Software Reuse as a Problem in Inductive Learning

Biggerstaff and Richter suggest that there are four fundamental subtasks associated with operationalizing the reuse process [1]: finding reusable components, understanding these components, modifying these components, and composing components. Each of these subproblems can be re-expressed as a knowledge acquisition problem relative to producing a new representation able to facilitate the reuse process. In the current implementation of the Partial Metrics (PM), the focus is on operationalizing the first two subtasks.
German abortion law: the unwanted child of reunification.

judicial review. GG art. 93. 136. This section of the Basic Law reads as follows: (1) Everyone has the right to the free development of [the] personality insofar as [they do] not violate the rights of others or offend.., the constitutional order or the moral code. (2) Everyone has the right to life and to inviolability of [their] person. The freedom of the individual is inviolable. These rights may only be encroached upon pursuant to a law. GERMAN INFORMATION CENTER, supra note 23, at 5. 137. 39 BVerfGE at 18. The opponents of the Abortion Reform Act had also maintained that the Act was illegal because it needed the approval of the upper house of parliament. However, the court did not accept this argument. Id. at 33-36. 138. Id. 139. Id. at 36-40. 140. The fourteenth day is generally the time when the fertilized egg implants on the uterine wall. Id. at 37. 141. Id. 142. 39 BVerfGE at 36.
Unconditional convergence constants of Hilbert space frame expansions

We will prove some new, fundamental results in frame theory by computing the unconditional constant (for all definitions of unconditional) for the frame expansion of a vector in a Hilbert space and see that it is √B/A, where A, B are the frame bounds of the frame. It follows that tight frames have unconditional constant one. We then generalize this to a classification of such frames by showing that for Bessel sequences whose frame operator can be diagonalized, the frame expansions have unconditional constant one if and only if the Bessel sequence is an orthogonal sum of tight frames. We then prove similar results for cross frame expansions but here the results are no longer a classification. We also give examples to show that our results are best possible. These results should have been done 20 years ago but somehow we overlooked this topic.
Is Discrimination Elusive

INTRO DU CTION 24 19 I. RACE-CONTINGENT BEHAVIOR AS A CORE CONCERN . 2421 II. TESTING INTERSECTIONS 2423 III. SELF-EVIDENCE OF DISCRIMINATION 2424 IV. SHOULD DISCRIMINATION BE ELUSIVE? 2428 C O N CLU SION 2432
Treatment of Bleeding Canine Duodenal and Esophageal Ulcers with Argon Laser and Bipolar Electrocoagulation

Although electrocoagulation and lasers are used by some endoscopists for control of bleeding from esophageal and duodenal lesions, no one has reported experimental or clinical comparative studies of efficacy or safety in either organ with power outputs and techniques that are used clinically. Our purpose was to compare the efficacy and histologic injury of bipolar electrocoagulation (BPEC) and argon laser photocoagulation (ALP) in the treatment of bleeding standard esophageal (EU) and duodenal ulcers (DU) in dogs. Clinically applied power output and techniques were used in these studies. After duodenotomy or esophagotomy, and heparinization, a standard ulcer maker was used to create acute ulcers to similar size, depth, and bleeding rate. Ulcers were randomly assigned to control or treatment with ALP or BPEG. Hemostatic effectiveness was determined acutely, and histologic injury was assessed after 7 days. Standard DUs were more difficult to treat than esophageal ulcers because of higher bleeding rates and less retraction of the submucosa with coagulation. BPEC and high-power ALP (6 or 10 W) had comparable efficacy in the duodenum although ALP caused more tissue injury. Standard EUs were easy to treat with either BPEC or ALP. For EU, high-power ALP (8-10 W) resulted in more tissue injury than BPEC or control. The mean duodena1 wall thickness of adult mongrel dogs was not significantly different from thickness of the esophagus (by micrometer, 2.52 ± 0.04 vs. 2.52 ± 0.05 mm or by histologic measurement 2.41 ± 0.05 vs. 2.76 ± 0.08 mm). The histologic injury seen with high-power ALP treatment in the esophagus or duodenum in this study was significantly greater than for the stomach of canines in previously reported studies. Histologic injury with BPEC was not significantly different. Why the duodenum, esophagus, and stomach respond differently to these thermal coagulation methods is uncertain. Both BPEC and lower-power ALP were effective and caused limited tissue damage in the esophagus and duodenum in this study. In our opinion, both should be considered for controlled human trials of endoscopic hemostatasis in the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract.
Capsular Polysaccharide of Clostridium perfringens Hobbs 10

A capsular polysaccharide was isolated from a strain of Clostridium perfringens Hobbs 10 type A by cold-water extraction of whole, heavily encapsulated cells. The water-soluble polymer was isolated by alcohol precipitation and purified by treatment with chloroform-butanol, cetytrimethylammonium bromide, and column gel permeation chromatography by using Bio-Gel A-5m agarose. The formation of a single precipitin line, when the isolated polysaccharide was reacted with its homologous antisera by double diffusion in gel, was considered a criterion of immunochemical purity. The purified polymer appeared as a single peak when eluted from diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex with a linear gradient of NaCl. The polysaccharide was composed of glucose, galactose, galactosamine, and iduronic acid in a molar ratio of 4.1:5.1.7:1, respectively. These constituents accounted for 83% of the dry weight. The polysaccharide appeared to have a molecular weight of 40,000 and exhibited aggregation up to 120,000. A trace of peptide material could not be removed during purification.
Lymphocyte Deficiencies Increase Susceptibility to Friend Virus-Induced Erythroleukemia in Fv-2 Genetically Resistant Mice

The study of genetic resistance to retroviral diseases provides insights into the mechanisms by which organisms overcome potentially lethal infections. Fv-2 resistance to Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia acts through nonimmunological mechanisms to prevent early virus spread, but it does not completely block infection. The current experiments were done to determine whether Fv-2 alone could provide resistance or whether immunological mechanisms were also required to bring infection under control. Fv-2-resistant mice that were CD4(+) T-cell deficient were able to restrict early virus replication and spread as well as normal Fv-2-resistant mice, but they could not maintain control and developed severe Friend virus-induced splenomegaly and erythroleukemia by 6 to 8 weeks postinfection. Mice deficient in CD8(+) T cells and, to a lesser extent, B cells were also susceptible to late Friend virus-induced disease. Thus, Fv-2 resistance does not independently prevent FV-induced erythroleukemia but works in concert with the immune system by limiting early infection long enough to allow virus-specific immunity time to develop and facilitate recovery.
Metabolic syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess whether metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) predicts a higher risk for cardiovascular events in older adults. Background The importance of MetSyn as a risk factor has not previously focused on older adults and deserves further study. Methods We studied the impact of MetSyn (38% prevalence) on outcomes in 3,035 participants in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study (51% women, 42% black, ages 70 to 79 years). Results During a 6-year follow-up, there were 434 deaths overall, 472 coronary events (CE), 213 myocardial infarctions (MI), and 231 heart failure (HF) hospital stays; 59% of the subjects had at least one hospital stay. Coronary events, MI, HF, and overall hospital stays occurred significantly more in subjects with MetSyn (19.9% vs. 12.9% for CE, 9.1% vs. 5.7% for MI, 10.0% vs. 6.1% for HF, and 63.1% vs. 56.1% for overall hospital stay; all p Conclusions Overall, subjects over 70 years are at high risk for cardiovascular events; MetSyn in this group is associated with a significantly greater risk.
REPEATED READINGS OF LITERATURE AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS BLACK KINDERGARTNERS AND FIRST GRADERS

We report some early findings from, a longitudinal study of low socioeconomic status urban black kindergarten/first grade children's emergent readings of literature. Classroom observers documented the context of eight kindergarten classes during the period, while teachers shifted from skill‐based to literature‐based curriculum and began to develop a child‐centered philosophy to guide K‐2 instruction. Practices included repeated readings of literature to children and children being encouraged to read emergently. Child elicitated readings indicated that these children showed similar developmental patterns to those in previous studies, but they initially declared adamantly that they could not read. Refusals were easily overcome and children began to spontaneously read emergently in their classrooms. Boys’ engagement was particularly noted.
Real Life Heroes in Residential Treatment: Implementation of an Integrated Model of Trauma and Resiliency-Focused Treatment for Children and Adolescents with Complex PTSD

Real Life Heroes (RLH) engages children and caregivers to rebuild (or build) emotionally supportive relationships, develop self-regulation and co-regulation skills, reduce traumatic stress reactions, and integrate a positive self-image through conjoint life story work. RLH includes psychoeducation, a life story workbook, multi-modal creative arts, and a toolkit to help practitioners implement National Child Traumatic Stress Network recommended components of treatment for Complex PTSD as a child and family transition from residential treatment to home and community-based programs. A case study and results from pilot studies highlight utility of the model for residential treatment and how RLH can help residential treatment programs implement evidence-supported trauma and resiliency-focused treatment including incorporation of NCTSN curricula to provide an integrated framework for practitioners, residential counselors, county case managers, educators, resource parents, home-based counselors, mentors, and other caring adults.
A Statistical Approach to the Measurement of Atmospheric Noise

A method of measuring and describing atmospheric noise based on statistical considerations is presented, and apparatus for making the measurement is described. Results obtained are compared on a statistical basis with those obtained by methods of noise measurements in common use. Data obtained at low frequencies are discussed.
Modeling the radiative properties of semitransparent wafers with rough surfaces and thin-film coatings

Abstract Semitransparent materials with rough surfaces and coatings have a wide range of applications. This work incorporates the thin-film optics formulation into the Monte Carlo ray-tracing method to predict the radiative properties of semitransparent wafers, considering the effect of surface roughness and a thin-film coating. Multiple reflections with interference inside the coating are included by assuming the uniform coating thickness. On the other hand, geometric optics is applied to trace the rays at the top and bottom surfaces of the wafer as well as inside the wafer. Instead of generating a random rough surface a priori, a weighted probability density function, based on the surface slope distribution and the projected area, is used to determine the microfacet orientation each time a ray hits the interface. The computational code has been validated against the conservation of energy and the reciprocity principle. The studied examples using Si wafers and either a SiO 2 or Au coating demonstrate the strong influence of roughness and coating on the bidirectional and directional—hemispherical radiative properties. This study helps gain a better understanding of the radiative properties of semitransparent wafers with rough surfaces and will have an impact on semiconductor processing.
Causal Reasoning and Data Abstraction in Component Design

Abstract This paper deals with a brief review of the various schools of thought on design. One of the major developments in the field of Artificial Intelligence is the idea of causal reasoning. The causality of a system from the basic physical laws needs to be established in order to study the behaviors of the system. The same reasoning extended to component design can be used to delineate the structure-function and behavior of the component and hence the device. Given a function the designer can refer to the basic physical laws to generate the possible configurations (structures). By going through the process of causal reasoning the designer can establish the possible behaviors of the structure. Hence the emerging idea is one of clearly distinguishing the various entities of behavior and structure through a process of data abstraction via hierarchical inheritance. The authors present two example components one for a conveyor control and the other a fastener. The preliminary research ideas are used for illustrating these two component designs.
Inhibitory avoidance learning in young rats effected by previous familiarization with the apparatus

Male rats 18, 21, 25, and 100 days of age were trained in a one-trial passive avoidance paradigm, in which size of the apparatus was matched to the age of the rats. They were tested 24 h later. Older animals displayed increased retention, and familiarization training facilitated performance in the 21- and 25-day-old rats, but not in the 18- and 100-day-old rats. This indicates that a component of the passive avoidance deficit seen in young animals may relate to a difficulty in associating stimulus cues with a learning situation.
Optimization processing unit (OPU) applied to integrated circuit design and manufacturing

The authors proposed a general purpose parameter optimizer, Optimization Processing Unit (OPU), which can handle multi-objective parameter optimization in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system (applying parameter optimization to a system implies that it is a functional system). Practical computer-aided methods are used to avoid the difficulty of deriving equations that are usually required for system modeling. For multi-objective optimization, OPU only needs the known data of the system input, the corresponding output data, the objectives, the tolerances of objectives, and required fitting accuracy of the system approximation. In current practice, singular points are avoided or limited. Hence, we demonstrate OPU can handle all the field parameter optimization by its very nature. OPU includes four sub-units: Data-adjusted Automatic Taylor Expansion Unit, Tolerance and Constraint Adjustment Unit, Accuracy and Result Self-confirm Unit, and Automatic Optimizer. The fully automatic flow of optimization by OPU has been proposed in this paper. The optimizer applied simulated annealing algorithm [1]-[2] together with dynamic energy threshold and weighted sum method [3]. An Algorithm of Data-adjusted Automatic Taylor Expansion Unit is proposed to translate the system input data and corresponding output to system equations in a Taylor Series format. In addition, the tolerance and constraint adjustment method in OPU was presented. This OPU has been verified and reduced to practice through performance estimation of circuits for various transistor device indexes by using the BSIM4 [4] and BSIM-CMG [5] modeling optimization system. A Vdd-Vth (Vdd: operation voltage, Vth: threshold voltage) driven relation was used to co-optimizes both design and process for logic circuit power minimization.
Nucleosomes undergo slow spontaneous gaping

In eukaryotes, DNA is packaged into a basic unit, the nucleosome which consists of 147 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of two copies each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Nucleosome structures are diverse not only by histone variants, histone modifications, histone composition but also through accommodating different conformational states such as DNA breathing and dimer splitting. Variation in nucleosome structures allows it to perform a variety of cellular functions. Here, we identified a novel spontaneous conformational switching of nucleosomes under physiological conditions using single-molecule FRET. Using FRET probes placed at various positions on the nucleosomal DNA to monitor conformation of the nucleosome over a long period of time (30-60 min) at various ionic conditions, we identified conformational changes we refer to as nucleosome gaping. Gaping transitions are distinct from nucleosome breathing, sliding or tightening. Gaping modes switch along the direction normal to the DNA plane through about 5-10 angstroms and at minutes (1-10 min) time scale. This conformational transition, which has not been observed previously, may be potentially important for enzymatic reactions/transactions on nucleosomal substrate and the formation of multiple compression forms of chromatin fibers.
Is long-term survival of liver transplant recipients improved by mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy?

Is long-term survival of liver transplant recipients improved by mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy?
Trialkylamines More Planar at Nitrogen Than Triisopropylamine in the Solid State

A short synthesis of exceedingly congested amines, with insertion of a rhodium carbenoid into an N−H bond as the key step, is described. Trialkylamines such as 2-(diisopropylamino)propane-1,3-diol (8) and 2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl)propane-1,3-diol (10) may be prepared easily. Examination of amines of this type by X-ray crystallography reveals nearly planar nitrogens. Indeed, they are all more planar than the nitrogen of triisopropylamine, which had long been thought to be perfectly planar, but which is in fact very slightly pyramidal. The distance (h) of the nitrogen of triisopropylamine to the plane defined by the three carbons to which it is bonded is 0.28−0.29 A. In 8, by comparison, h is 0.185 A. A qualitative orbital interaction explanation is proposed to rationalize the tendency of nitrogen to planarize when attached to the 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propyl group. Cyclic voltammetric measurements of nitrogen one-electron oxidation of the nearly planar trialkylamines revealed no correlation between E...
Current progress on TPFI nulling architectures at Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Infrared interferometric nulling is a promising technology for exoplanet detection. Nulling research for the Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer has been exploring a variety of interferometer architectures at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
Physical characterization and dissolution properties of ibuprofen: Eudragit coprecipitates

Ibuprofen:Eudragit coprecipitates were prepared in 10:3 ratios and their physical properties and related dissolution characteristics were determined. The Eudragit polymers used for the studies were three anionics (Eudragit L100, Eudragit L100-55, and Eudragit S-100), one anionic:cationic mixture used in a 1:1 ratio (Eudragit S100 + E100), and four zwitterionics (Eudragits RL 100, RS 100, RSPM, and RLPM). Physical characterizations were made using qualitative and quantitative X-ray diffractometry, IR spectrophotometry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Except for Eudragit S100 + E100 coprecipitates, no sizeable interaction at a molecular level was detected between the drug and the polymer. The crystalline structure of the drug was slightly modified in the coprecipitates. Regardless of the lack of interaction, dissolution of ibuprofen was retarded from all the coprecipitates studied (except Eudragit L100), especially in the pH 6.8 to 7.5 media in which the drug is freely soluble. The dissolution rate constants of the coprecipitates, calculated using Higuchi equation, demonstrated that dissolution decreased in the order of anionics greater than zwitterionic greater than anionic + cationic mixtures. The data obtained suggest that the release mechanisms involved are the swelling and slower dissolution of the polymer matrix relative to precipitated ibuprofen. The coprecipitates possess improved flow properties compared with ibuprofen with the exception of Eudragit RLPM and Eudragit RSPM. Eudragit coprecipitates can be useful tools in preparing ibuprofen sustained-release tablets. The coprecipitation technique used is simple and minimizes the use of organic solvents.
A non-metallic water sampler☆

Abstract A syringe type water sampler made of Lucite is designed for collecting sea water at any depth without the sample becoming contaminated by contact with the metal. The sampler has been used with success in the investigation of trace metallic ions in the ocean.
Sustainability by engagement

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define engagement and propose the utility of the concept in developing sustainable libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares traditional “motivation” practices with methods of engagement for relevance in organizations where knowledge work is dominant or important.Findings – The paper finds evidence that “motivation,” relying on rewards, is not productive in such organizations.Practical applications – It is argued that traditional “motivation” practices are not productive with knowledge workers and that engagement ideas have the potential of attracting greater staff commitment.Originality/value – The proposal is for directors and managers that engagement methods have the potential of attracting greater staff commitment to the organization and its work.
Reservoir induced seismicity—a new model

Examen des modeles existants pour le phenomene des seismes dus aux variations de niveau d'un reservoir artificiel, et proposition d'un nouveau modele prenant en compte les variations de contrainte effective et les contraintes in situ; la roche fissuree est simulee par un materiau elastique rempli d'eau et satisfaisant au critere de rupture de Mohr-Coulomb. Le modele peut expliquer le delai entre variation de niveau et phenomenes sismiques
Finite-size corrections to the energy levels of light muonic atoms

Abstract An analytic expression is developed in perturbation theory for the nuclear finite-size correction to the s-state energy levels of light muonic atoms. Using first-, second- and third-order perturbation theory, the finite-size corrections of order ( Zα ) 4 , ( Zα ) 5 , and ( Zα ) 6 are calculated analytically for an arbitrary charge distribution. Application is made to the case of the μ− 4 He atom, where the error in our finite-size expression is shown to be less than 10ppm.
Inner-Shelf Response to Cross-Shelf Wind Stress: The Importance of the Cross-Shelf Density Gradient in an Idealized Numerical Model and Field Observations

This study investigates the effects of horizontal and vertical density gradients on the inner-shelf response to cross-shelf wind stress by using an idealizednumericalmodel and observations from a mooredarray deployed south of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. In two-dimensional (no along-shelf variation) numerical model runs of an initially stratified shelf, a cross-shelf wind stress drives vertical mixing that results in a nearly wellmixed inner shelf with a cross-shelf density gradient because of the sloping bottom. The cross-shelf density gradient causes an asymmetric response to on- and offshore wind stresses. For density increasing offshore, an offshore wind stress drives a near-surface offshore flow and near-bottom onshore flow that slightly enhances the vertical stratification and the cross-shelf circulation. An onshore wind stress drives the reverse cross-shelf circulation reducing the vertical stratification and the cross-shelf circulation. A horizontal Richardson number is shown to be the nondimensional parameter that controls the dependence of the wind-driven nondimensional cross-shelf transport on the cross-shelf density gradient. Field observations show the same empirical relationship between the horizontal Richardson number and transport fraction as the model predicts. These results show that it is the cross-shelf rather than vertical density gradient that is critical to predicting the inner-shelf cross-shelf transport driven by a cross-shelf wind stress.
Energetics of the human heart

Abstract Observations were made in two groups of patients studied by coronary sinus catheterization. One group had clinical and hemodynamic evidence of left ventricular heart failure, while in the control group, no abnormality of the left ventricle was found. Myocardial oxygen consumption and its relationship to total body oxygen consumption and pressure development by the heart was determined in both groups at rest and during exercise. The major determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption appears to be muscle wall tension, which is governed (according to the Law of Laplace) by the intracavitary pressure and the mean radius of the heart chamber. The geometric shape assumed by a heart chamber defines the relationship between wall tension (or total oxygen consumption) and intracavitary pressure. The observation that the tension-time index per oxygen consumption per unit weight of left ventricle is essentially the same in normal and failing hearts at rest, suggests that hypertrophy in chronic congestive heart failure has kept abreast of the increased tension load imposed by cardiac enlargement. With exercise, the oxygen cost of pressure development by the normal left ventricle was found to fall, suggesting that the mean radius of that chamber had decreased. This change was not noted in the majority of congestive heart failure cases studied. The large rise in effective left ventricular filling pressure and the failure to increase stroke volume in the congestive heart failure group support the view that mean radius of the failing ventricle may actually increase during the stress of exercise. The manner in which volume changes affect the efficiency of a contracting heart chamber has been discussed. As determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, the volume concept of Starling and the pressure index of Sarnoff (tension-time index) may be reconciled by the geometric Law of Laplace. Hypermetabolism in congestive heart failure may be due solely to an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption. While the normal left ventricle consumes approximately 5 per cent of the total body oxygen consumption, values as high as 27 per cent have been observed in patients with large, failing hearts.
Regulatory role of triiodothyronine in the degradation of low density lipoprotein by cultured human skin fibroblasts.

Abstract Degradation of [125I]-labeled low density lipoprotein (LDL) by cultured normal human skin fibroblasts was enhanced by exposure to concentrations of L-triiodothyronine (T3) spanning the physiological range. Analysis of LDL concentration curves suggests that To may increase LDL receptor number rather than alter the affinity of LDL for its receptor. No effect of T3 on LDL degradation was observed in receptor negative cells. Thus thyroid hormone appears to regulate receptor-mediated LDL degradation by increasing the binding of the lipoprotein to its cell-surface receptor.
A maximization method for a class of quasiconcave programs

An implementable linearized method of centers is presented for solving a class of quasiconcave programs of the form (P): maximizef 0(x), subject tox ∈B andf i (x)≥0, for everyi∈{1, ...,m}, whereB is a convex polyhedral subset ofR n (Euclideann-space). Each problem function is a continuous quasiconcave function fromR n intoR 1. Also, it is assumed that the feasible region is bounded and there existsx ∈B such thatf i (x) for everyi ∈ {1, ...,m}. For a broad class of continuous quasiconcave problem functions, which may be nonsmooth, it is shown that the method produces a sequence of feasible points whose limit points are optimal for Problem (P). For many programs, no line searches are required. Additionally, the method is equipped with a constraint dropping devise.
The influence of lipids on dynamic properties of rhodopsin.

Abstract Results are presented which demonstrate the importance of lipids on the dynamic properties of rhodopsin. It is shown that the existence of fast- and slow-appearing forms of metarhodopsin II can be manipulated by removing or adding lipid. The results are similar if delipidation is achieved either by aging or by chemical means. Examples of mechanisms which might explain the results are presented and, while none of them is selected over the others at this time, it is pointed out that they all share a common element: multiple forms of intermediates (perhaps even of rhodopsin, itself) exist because of association with lipid.
The representation of tool and non-tool object information in the human intraparietal sulcus

Humans have an amazing ability to quickly and efficiently recognize and interact with visual objects in their environment. The underlying neural processes supporting this ability have been mainly explored in the ventral visual stream. However, the dorsal stream has been proposed to play a critical role in guiding object-directed actions. This hypothesis is supported by recent neuroimaging studies that have identified object-selective and tool-related activity in human parietal cortex. In the present study, we sought to delineate tool-related information in the anterior portions of the human intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and relate it to recently identified motor-defined and topographic regions of interest (ROIs) using functional MRI in individual subjects. Consistent with previous reports, viewing pictures of tools compared with pictures of animals led to a higher blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response in the left anterior IPS. For every subject, this activation was located lateral, anterior, and inferior to topographic area IPS5 and lateral and inferior to a motor-defined human parietal grasp region (hPGR). In a separate experiment, subjects viewed pictures of tools, animals, graspable (non-tool) objects, and scrambled objects. An ROI-based time-course analysis showed that tools evoked a stronger BOLD response than animals throughout topographic regions of the left IPS. Additionally, graspable objects evoked stronger responses than animals, equal to responses to tools, in posterior regions and weaker responses than tools, equal to responses to animals, in anterior regions. Thus the left anterior tool-specific region may integrate visual information encoding graspable features of objects from more posterior portions of the IPS with experiential knowledge of object use and function to guide actions.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children exposed to secondhand smoke: A logistic regression analysis of secondary data

Abstract Background A growing body of literature examines the association of postnatal secondhand smoke exposure with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, but the findings are mixed. Objective We compare prevalence of ADHD in children aged 4–15 years who were exposed to postnatal secondhand smoke with prevalence in those who were not exposed, and examine the association of postnatal secondhand smoke exposure with ADHD using both reported and cotinine-measured secondhand smoke exposure. Design and setting We analyze secondary data from the 1999–2004 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Participants Analyses using reported secondhand smoke exposure and cotinine-measured exposure included 6283 and 6033 children aged 4–15 respectively, including 419 and 404 children who either had a reported physician diagnosis of ADHD or were taking stimulant medications. Methods The association of secondhand smoke exposure with ADHD was examined by two multiple logistic regression models that differ in the secondhand smoke measurement used. Results After controlling for maternal smoking during pregnancy, gender, age, race/ethnicity, preschool attendance, health insurance coverage, and exposure to lead, children with reported secondhand smoke exposure at home were more likely to have ADHD (adjusted odds ratio=1.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.0) than those who were not exposed. After controlling for these covariates, children with detectable cotinine levels were more likely to have ADHD (adjusted odds ratio=1.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-2.5) than those with non-detectable levels. Conclusions Our findings suggest that secondhand smoke exposure in children is strongly associated with ADHD independent of other risk factors and this association is robust using both measurements of secondhand smoke exposure. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism underlying this association. Nurses and other healthcare professionals can play an important role in encouraging parents to quit smoking to reduce children's exposure to secondhand smoke and their risk of ADHD.
Approximate Line Scan‐Conversion and Antialiasing

This paper presents an approximate multiple segment line scan-conversion method — the Slope Table Method. The statistics show that the new method can increase the percentage of multiple segment lines (i.e., lines with more than one segment) in an N×N raster area from about 39% to more than 99%. In software implementation for scan-conversion and antialiasing of randomly generated lines, this method is on average more than 6 times faster than Gupta's antialiasing line algorithm. Compared with other line scan-conversion methods, the method may choose pixels which are not the closest to the line (i.e., error pixels). Here the paper demonstrates that the visual effect is acceptable in most applications with the error pixels.
An experimental approach to evaluating the role of backbone interactions in proteins using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis.

The contribution of backbone hydrogen bonds in α-helices to the overall stability of a protein has been examined experimentally by replacing several backbone amide linkages in α-helix 39−50 of T4 lysozyme with ester linkages. T4 lysozyme variants wherein the backbone amide bonds between residues Ser38 and Leu39, Lys43 and Leu44, or Ala49 and Ile50 are replaced with ester bonds were generated by incorporating α-hydroxy acids at positions 39, 44, or 50, respectively, using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. The stabilities of the proteins were determined from their thermal denaturation curves as monitored by circular dichroism. Comparison of the thermal stabilities of the amide- and ester-containing proteins shows that the ester substitution has a similar thermodynamic effect at all three positions. At the N- and C-terminal positions, where only one hydrogen-bonding interaction is perturbed, the ester substitution is destabilizing by 0.9 and 0.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Introduction of the ester linkage in th...
Competitive sorption and desorption behavior for three fluoroquinolone antibiotics in a wastewater treatment wetland soil.

Abstract Significant amounts of pharmaceuticals are discharged into the environment through wastewater effluent. Sorption has been shown to be a significant aqueous removal pathway for many of these compounds. Competition between ciprofloxacin (CIP), ofloxacin (OFL) and norfloxacin (NOR) and their sorption to, and desorption from, a surrogate Louisiana wastewater treatment wetland soil were investigated to gain insight into the fate and transport of the pollutants within wastewater treatment wetlands. This study was undertaken in the context of a treatment wetland that continuously receives pharmaceuticals. Therefore it is important to understand the total capacity of this soil to sorb these compounds. Sorption to this treatment wetland soil was found to provide a major and potentially long-term removal pathway for these antibiotics from wastewater. Log KF values for all three compounds were between 4.09 and 3.90 for sorption and 4.24 and 4.05 μg1−1/n (cm3)1/n g−1 for desorption. The compounds were sorbed in amounts ranging from 60% to 90% for high and low loading, respectively. The majority of the compounds were sorbed to the soil within the first 20 h, indicating that treatment wetland may not need long retention times (weeks to months) in order to remove these compounds. Sorption KD values for competition (20 ppm of each compound for 60 ppm of total fluoroquinolones) ranged from 2300 to 3800 cm3 g−1 which is between both the 20 (4300–5800 cm3 g−1) and 60 (1300–3000 cm3 g−1) ppm single compound KD values, indicating that there is competition between these three compound for sorption sites. Sorption and desorption data (single component and mixture) collectively provide the following evidence: (1) NOR and, to a lesser extent, CIP outcompete OFL for sorption sites, (2) OFL sorbes to its share of “quality” sorption sites, and (3) competition only occurs for lesser “quality” binding sites.
Catalytic—adsorptive stripping voltammetric measurements of ultratrace levels of tungsten

Abstract An ultrasensitive catalytic—adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure for trace measurements of tungsten, based on a chlorate catalytic reduction peak in a 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA)-oxine-sulfuric acid medium is reported. Optimum experimental conditions (particularly the solution composition) are explored to give an extremely low detection limit of 5 ng/l. (2.5 × 1O−11M) tungsten following 5-min accumulation. The relative standard deviation (at 1 μg/l.) is 1.0%. The high sensitivity and precision are coupled to high selectivity. Simultaneous trace quantitation of tungsten and molybdenum is also illustrated.
Quantization of Free Spin-Two Fields on the Light Front

We show that the free spin-two fields, both massless and massive, can be consistently quantized on a light-front surface, x0 + x1 = constant. In this formulation, the massless theory is easily shown to be the limit of the massive theory as m2 yields 0.
Feasibility of Radiosurgical Decompression of Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (MESCC) in Nonoperable Patients

Purpose/Objective(s): To evaluate long-term outcomes after surgery and radiation therapy (RT) for spinal myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE). Materials/Methods: We reviewed 51 patients with spinal MPE treated in 1968-2007. Median follow-up time was 11 years (range, 0.2-37 years). Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and local control (LC) rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier estimates. Clinical and treatment variables (age at diagnosis, sex, tumor location, symptom lateralization, initial neurologic function, primary treatment modality, extent of surgical resection) were analyzed for prognostic value with logrank tests and Cox regression analysis. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS. All tests were two-sided, and P 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 35 years (range, 8-63 years); 32 patients were male and 19 female. Tumors were in the thoracolumbar cord in 14 patients (27%) and lumbosacral cord/cauda equina in 37 patients (73%). Primary treatment was surgery in 20 patients (39%), surgery plus RT in 30 patients (59%), and RT alone in 1 patient (2%). Of the 50 patients who had had surgery, 28 (56%) had gross total resection, 18 (36%) subtotal resection, and 1 (2%) biopsy only. Ten-year OS, PFS, and LC rates for the entire group were 93.2%, 63.9%, and 65.2%, respectively. Seventeen patients (33%) had disease recurrence, all in the neural axis: 13 at the primary site only, 1 at distant neural axis only, and 3 at both. On univariate analysis, age > 35 years at diagnosis and use of adjuvant RT were associated with improved PFS (PZ 0.018 and PZ 0.044) and LC (PZ 0.007 and P Z 0.020). On multivariate analysis, age at diagnosis (> 35 years) and adjuvant RT remained significant predictors of PFS (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] Z 0.337 for age, 95% CI 0.148-0.766, P Z 0.009, and 0.403 for RT, 95% CI 0.191-0.848, P Z 0.017), and LC (adjusted HRs Z 0.148 for age, 95% CI 0.040-0.544, P Z 0.04; and 0.437 for RT, 95% CI 0.2500.762, P Z 0.04). Among the 28 patients with gross total resection, local recurrence rates were 37.5% (6/16) with resection alone vs. 16.7% (2/12) for those who were treated with adjuvant RT (P Z 0.10). None of the variables tested influenced OS. Conclusions: Patients with MPE typically have long-term survival. Disease recurrence occurs primarily at the primary sites. Adjuvant RT is associated with reduced local recurrence and improved PFS. Author Disclosure: Y. Wang: None. J. Li: None. P.K. Allen: None. A. Mahajan: None. I.E. McCutcheon: None. M.H. Maor: None. E.L. Chang: None. P.D. Brown: None.
Evidence of capsular defect following hip arthroscopy

The purpose of this study is to identify the incidence of capsular defects in patients undergoing revision hip arthroscopy. A radiographic and anatomical analysis of MR arthrograms of patients undergoing revision arthroscopy was performed to assess for the presence of capsular defect. Intra-operative images and findings were reviewed. Patients with persistent cam and pincer lesions were excluded. From October 2011 to October 2012, 25 patients underwent revision hip arthroscopy surgery, and 9 patients met our inclusion criteria. Within this series, all patients had post-surgical capsular irregularities and seven patients (78 %) had radiographic evidence of capsule and iliofemoral defects on MR arthrogram. Gross capsular defects were confirmed at revision surgery in two patients. The findings of this study demonstrate post-surgical radiographic and anatomical evidence of capsular defects in a select group of patients following hip arthroscopy. IV.
On-Line Medical Information and Service Delivery: Implications for Health Education

Abstract This article provides an overview of on-line medical information and service delivery. It outlines the immediate implications of these advances for health education professionals as well as projects some of their potentials and regulatory repercussions for the future. The article also analyzes the varieties of medical misinformation and rumor that are common on networks, and discusses attempts by health organizations to control them. Many individuals are using the Internet to become more autonomous in their health care activities, but are encountering various hazards. Health educators can be instrumental in empowering individuals to be critical and cautious yet effective in their use of medical applications on the Internet.
Prospective Tracking of Pediatric Urology Consults: Knowing is Half the Battle

Purpose: The planned clinical activity of pediatric urologists has been well described. However, little is known about nonscheduled work (eg consultation requests). We describe the unplanned clinical activity of pediatric urologists at a high volume academic medical center.Materials and Methods: Demographic data regarding inpatient, operating room and emergency department pediatric urology consults were prospectively entered into an internal database. Consults from July 2008 through June 2010 underwent retrospective chart abstraction to identify reasons for consultation. Bivariate and multivariate statistics were used to evaluate 1) temporal trends in unplanned clinical activity, and 2) patient and service specific factors associated with whether a consult was billable (ie seen by attending physician within 24 hours).Results: During the study period 665 pediatric consults were obtained. Mean ± SD patient age was 8.4 ± 7.7 years. Nearly all consults were seen at the emergency department (51%) or the inpati...
Fluorescent labelling of Na+, K(+)-ATPase in intact cells by use of a fluorescent derivative of ouabain: salinity and teleost chloride cells.

Anthroylouabain, a fluorescent derivative of ouabain, was used to localize Na+,K+-ATPase in transport epithelia of two species of teleosts. Exposure of the opercular membrane of seawater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the jaw skin of the long-jawed mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis) to a 2 μM anthroylouabain solution resulted in the appearance of cells stained bright blue. These were deemed to be chloride cells by their large size, distinct morphology and co-localization of DASPEI fluorescence, a mitochondrial stain. Addition of ouabain (1 mM final concentration) greatly decreased anthroylouabain fluorescent staining of chloride cells of seawater-adapted fish. Exposure of opercular membranes from freshwater tilapia to 2 μM anthroylouabain did not result in significant staining. Anthroylouabain is therefore a useful vital stain for localizing Na+,K+-ATPase in chloride cells of seawater-adapted teleosts, and may be useful for fluorescent labelling of ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase in other tissues and species.
Aminozucker-Synthesen, III. Synthese der 2.6-Didesoxy-2.6-diamino-D-glucose

Durch katalytische Hydrierung der Nitrilgruppe im Benzyl-N-carbobenzoxy-3.4-diacetyl-α-D-glucosaminuronsaurenitril (I), mit PtO2 in Acetanhydrid, Abhydrierung der Carbobenzoxygruppe mit Pd in Methanol und anschliesende durchgreifende Hydrolyse kann die 2.6-Didesoxy-2.6-diamino-D-glucose in 60-proz. Ausbeute gewonnen werden. Bei Abkurzung der Hydrolysezeiten erhalt man wechselnde Mengen des entsprechenden α-Benzylglykosids. Es wird uber die Synthese einer Reihe von D-Glucosaminuronsaure-Derivaten aus bereits fruher beschriebenen Verbindungen berichtet.
Invasion of Rous sarcoma virus-transformed retinal cells: role of cell motility.

Transformation of retinal neuro-epithelial cells by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) leads to many alterations in cell phenotype, including changes in cell movement, cell-cell adhesion and protease secretion. To define and quantitate the alterations in cell movement, we analyzed video recordings of cultured cells using the computer-assisted Dynamic Morphology System (DMS). Control neuro-epithelial cells showed very low levels of translocation and membrane activity. After transformation, neuro-epithelial cells exhibited increased membrane activity, although directed cell translocation remained low. Developing retinas also contain a small proportion of Muller glial cells, which were purified by repeated passaging of control cultures. In contrast to neuro-epithelial cells, both control and RSV-transformed glial cells showed high levels of translocation and membrane activity. To analyze how different kinds of cell movement affect invasive behavior, we compared the ability of control and RSV-transformed cells to invade the chorio-allantoic membrane of developing chicken embryos. Control neuro-epithelial cells were not invasive. RSV-transformed neuro-epithelial cells, which showed low levels of translocation as revealed by DMS, were invasive. Similarly, RSV-transformed glial cells were invasive while control glial cells, which translocated, were not invasive. These results suggest that high levels of cell translocation are not necessary for invasion. In addition, the results suggest that elevated membrane activity in neuro-epithelial cells may be important for their invasion.
Family television viewing habits and the spontaneous play of preschool children

In the course of an experimental study of effects of television on imagination and emotion in nursery school children, interviews and questionnaire responses concerning viewing habits were obtained from 70 parents. Group consultations were initiated to help parents understand television's impact on children and to develop methods for controlling family viewing patterns.