cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion—neutral complex intermediate for loss of water from fatty acid carboxylates

Fatty acide carboxylates desorbed into the gas phase by fast atom bombardment (FAB) undergo both metastable-ion and collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) to eliminate water. Upon CAD, the water elimination completes with charge-remote fragmentation. Deuterium labelling results are in accord with the elimination occurring via an ion-neutral complex involving hydroxide ion and neutral ketene. Evidence that the precursor of the ion-neutral complex is the enol form of the carboxylate was obtained by forming the enolate firectly by decarboxylation of appropriate dicarboxylic acids. The [M−H−CO 2 ] − ions of these species undergo a more facile elimination of water than do carboxylates desorbed directly upon FAB
The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: Where Archaeology and the Bible Intersect. By William G. Dever. (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2012. Pp. x, 436. $25.00.)

Long a major player in the field of biblical archaeology, the author of this study continues in the same vein with this new book concentrating on a narrowly focused period in the history of Israel ...
Prognostic significance of serum IgE levels in primary breast cancer.

Serum IgE was measured in presurgical sera from 166 nonallergic women admitted to a comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of primary, operable breast cancer. During the follow-up period, which averaged 48 months, there were 71 recurrences. Patients were divided into two groups: those with IgE levels greater than the geometric mean value of 24 I.U. and those with levels less than the mean. The rate of tumor recurrence was significantly greater for the IgE > 24 group (p<0.03). IgE remained a significant prognostic indicator when evaluated by Cox regression analysis in conjunction with other known prognostic factors including: number of positive lymph nodes, clinical stage, menopausal status, estrogen receptor status, mitotic grade, tumor diameter, breast feeding history, and age of patient (p<0.015). IgE was not correlated with any of these known prognostic factors in individual analyses. We conclude that serum IgE level is a significant, independent prognostic indicator in primary breast cancer.
Welfare inequality among urban households in South Korea: 1965—83

In this paper a time-trend of welfare inequality among urban households in Korea is examined using the Jorgenson–Slesnick model. The findings show that although welfare inequality among urban households in Korea declined during the 1969–74 period, it increased during the 1975–83 period and that the degree of inequality during the 1975–83 period was greater than that during the 1965–8 period. This leads to the conclusion that, in general, Korea has not harmonized welfare equality with growth. Casual observation points to three factors thay may have been responsible for the pattern of welfare inequality; namely, the government interest rate policy and the trend of urbanization as well as business concentration.
In-vivo binding of radioactive gibberellins in dwarf pea shoots.

When shoots of 6-day-old, dark-grown peas were excised 30 mm below the apex and floated on a solution of radioactive gibberellin A1 (3H-GA1) or radioactive gibberellin A5 (3H-GA5), more radioactivity accumulated in the apical part of the stem which responds to GA than in the basal, unresponsive region. The accumulation of 3H-GA1 was, however, less pronounced than the accumulation of 3H-GA5. GA derivatives of very low biological activity were not taken up preferentially by the apical region of the stem. Light, which lowers the responsiveness of dwarf peas to GA1 and particularly to GA5, also reduced the accumulation of these GAs in the apical part of the stem. Sections from the GA-responsive region were able to retain a higher level of GA5 than sections from the non-responsive, basal region. The accumulation and retention of GA in the hormone-responsive tissue may be due to binding of the hormone to specific GA receptors.
A new mini-beam device for protein crystallography

Abstract A fully motorized mini-beam device has been constructed for use in protein crystallography. This device separates the beam-defining aperture from the guard aperture into two distinct components, removing the need for pitch and yaw adjustments. Each aperture can be scanned separately using only x and y translations, allowing independent positioning of the beam-defining and guard apertures. Switching from mini-beam to the existing slit system is controlled by a single mouse click.
Detection of GroEL in activated sludge: a model for detection of system stress.

A.J. DUNCAN, C.B. BOTT, K.C. TERLESKY and N.G. LOVE.2000.GroEL is a ubiquitous constitutively synthesized protein that is also stress inducible. Activated sludge, which is a standard biological process used in wastewater treatment systems, is made up of a diverse microbial consortium. The synthesis of GroEL in activated sludge was significantly induced after heat (42 °C) shock. The increased level of GroEL expression was shown to be due to de novo protein synthesis. We have demonstrated a method which shows that stress proteins can be detected in activated sludge, and propose their use as specific indicators of system stress.
The effects of familiarity in a perceptual matching task

Latencies of same-different judgments to pairs of two-digit numerals were recorded for stimuli presented in familiar or unfamiliar (inverted) orientation. Familiar stimuli were responded to more quickly than unfamiliar. For both stimulus types, latencies were correlated with the syllable length of the verbal representation of the numerals, allowing the interpretation that the effect of stimulus orientation is on encoding processes. In two other experiments, it was found that familiarity had no effect on different judgments when the stimuli were relatively simple (e.g., a single digit), but did affect different judgments with more complex stimuli. These results were related to the hypothesis that the complexity of verbal material determines whether different judgments are instigated by visual or by verbal representations of the stimuli.
Evaluation of Dynamic Factors for Spur and Helical Gears

This paper deals with the development of a generalized dynamic factor for spur and helical gears operating away from system resonances. The experimental results of the tests reported in the previous paper [1] are used in conjunction with mathematical simulation of the gear system and geometrical analysis of the tooth meshing action to develop a semi-empirical formula for dynamic tooth load. The formula takes into consideration the gear geometry and manufacturing parameters as well as the dynamic characteristics of the system.
THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN ADIPOSE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT. INSULIN AND THE HYPERGLYCEMIC FACTO OF THE PANCREAS

The study of the role of hormones in fat metabolism has been handicapped by a paucity of methods suitable for investigating this problem. With the increasing evidence, established largely by the isotope technique, that adipose tissue is more dynamically active than had been once thought and may be a site of conversion of carbohydrate to fat, the studies of Wertheimer and his colleagues (Wertheimer, 1927, Tuerkischer and Wertheimer, 1942, Wertheimer, 1945, Tuerkischer and Wertheimer, 1946, Wertheimer and Shapiro, 1948) on adipose glycogen assume increased importance. In a series of papers going back to 1927 these investigators have described the various factors involved in glycogen accumulation in adipose tissue. They have adduced evidence to support the view that glycogen deposition in adipose tissue may be correlated with liponeogenesis from carbohydrate in this tissue. The evidence may be summarized as follows. 1. Conditions favoring glycogen deposition are generally the same as those enhancing fat synt...
Circulating Aldosterone and Natriuretic Peptides in the General Community: Relationship to Cardiorenal and Metabolic Disease

We sought to investigate the role of aldosterone as a mediator of disease and its relationship with the counter-regulatory natriuretic peptide (NP) system. We measured plasma aldosterone (n=1674; aged≥45 years old) in a random sample of the general population from Olmsted County, MN. In a multivariate logistic regression model, aldosterone analyzed as a continuous variable was associated with hypertension (odds ratio [OR]=1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.57-1.96; P<0.0001), obesity (OR=1.34; 95% CI=1.21-1.48; P<0.0001), chronic kidney disease (OR=1.39; 95% CI=1.22-1.60; P<0.0001), central obesity (OR=1.47; 95% CI=1.32-1.63; P<0.0001), metabolic syndrome (OR=1.41; 95% CI=1.26-1.58; P<0.0001), high triglycerides (OR=1.23; 95% CI=1.11-1.36; P<0.0001), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (OR=1.22; 95% CI=1.09-1.38; P=0.0007), and atrial fibrillation (OR=1.24; 95% CI=1.01-1.53; P=0.04), after adjusting for age and sex. The associations with hypertension, central obesity, metabolic syndrome, triglycerides, and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy remained significant after further adjustment for body mass index, NPs, and renal function. Furthermore, aldosterone in the highest tertile correlated with lower NP levels and increased mortality. Importantly, most of these associations remained significant even after excluding subjects with aldosterone levels above the normal range. In conclusion, we report that aldosterone is associated with hypertension, chronic kidney disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, and lower NPs in the general community. Our data suggest that aldosterone, even within the normal range, may be a biomarker of cardiorenal and metabolic disease. Further studies are warranted to evaluate a therapeutic and preventive strategy to delay the onset and progression of disease, using mineralocorticoid antagonists or chronic NP administration in high-risk subjects identified by plasma aldosterone.
Sex Differences in Math-Intensive Fields

Despite impressive employment gains in many fields of science, women remain underrepresented in fields requiring intensive use of mathematics. Here we discuss three potential explanations for women’s underrepresentation: (a) male–female mathematical and spatial ability gaps, (b) sex discrimination, and (c) sex differences in career preferences and lifestyle choices. Synthesizing findings from psychology, endocrinology, sociology, economics, and education leads to the conclusion that, among a combination of interrelated factors, preferences and choices—both freely made and constrained—are the most significant cause of women’s underrepresentation.
Transitions in Light-Duty Vehicle Transportation: Alternative-Fuel and Hybrid Vehicles and Learning

New vehicle technologies and alternative fuels are believed to be key factors in increasing energy security, improving air quality, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Proposed legislation (Energy Policy Act of 2003) would extend significant tax credits to fuel-cell vehicles and promote hybrid vehicle use through credits toward other federal requirements (i.e., for alternative fuel use). Analyses using single-period equilibrium models and multiple-period scenario analyses are often used to demonstrate the feasibility of technology to attain policy goals. These analyses typically assume mature markets, large-scale vehicle production, and the widespread availability of alternative fuels at retail stations. These conditions are not currently attained and may or may not be realized in a market economy. The Transitional Alternative Fuels and Vehicles model is used to simulate market outcomes for the use and cost of alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) over a 20-year period, considering possible transitional barriers related to infrastructure needs, production scale, and technological learning. Without subsidies, no substantial penetration by HEVs is projected, based on their prospective fuel efficiency gains and costs. Hybrid subsidies (on the order of $2,000/vehicle) can induce substantial hybrid penetration and gasoline demand displacement under the U.S. Energy Information Administration's 2001 oil price projections. This result is quantitatively different from that achieved for AFVs. Temporary HEV subsidies are effective at inducing hybrid vehicle penetration but do not have long-term effects once they are removed unless costs are reduced due to learning-by-doing.
Marital Strain Exacerbates Health Risks of Filial Caregiving Evidence From the 2005 National Survey of Midlife in the United States

This study examined linkages between providing care for a parent (in contrast to not providing any care to other kin or nonkin) and four dimensions of physical health (self-rated health, functional limitations, physical symptoms, chronic conditions), as well as moderation of these linkages by gender and a negative dimension of marital quality—marital strain. Regression models were estimated using telephone and self-administered questionnaire data from 1,080 married men and women who participated in the National Survey of Midlife in the United States 2005. Although providing filial care was not found to be a global health risk for all married caregivers, marital strain was a critical factor in determining risk. Contrary to hypothesis, robust gender differences were not in evidence. But among both women and men, caregiving for a parent in the presence of high levels of marital strain was associated with significantly poorer health across all four evaluated outcomes.
Strategies in Rater Training

There is no evidence to support the belief that training raters to change rating distributions will increase accuracy or validity. Such training may merely promote a temporary and situation-specific response set. We call for a new emphasis in rater training programs on: (1) diary-keeping procedures to increase observational skills; (2) the establishment of a common rater frame of reference to enhance agreement on what constitutes effective job performance; and (3) mastery-based training to increase rater self-efficacy regarding negative appraisal situations.
AIDing Chromatin and Transcription-Coupled Orchestration of Immunoglobulin Class-Switch Recombination.

Secondary diversification of the antibody repertoire upon antigenic challenge, in the form of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class-switch recombination (CSR) endows mature, naive B cells in peripheral lymphoid organs with a limitless ability to mount an optimal humoral immune response, thus expediting pathogen elimination. CSR replaces the default constant (CH) region exons (Cμ) of IgH with any of the downstream CH exons (Cγ, Ce, or Cα), thereby altering effector functions of the antibody molecule. This process depends on, and is orchestrated by, activation-induced deaminase (AID), a DNA cytidine deaminase that acts on single-stranded DNA exposed during transcription of switch (S) region sequences at the IgH locus. DNA lesions thus generated are processed by components of several general DNA repair pathways to drive CSR. Given that AID can instigate DNA lesions and genomic instability, stringent checks are imposed that constrain and restrict its mutagenic potential. In this review, we will discuss how AID expression and substrate specificity and activity is rigorously enforced at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational, and epigenetic levels, and how the DNA-damage response is choreographed with precision to permit targeted activity while limiting bystander catastrophe.
Rigorous Extraction of Process Variations for 65-nm CMOS Design

Statistical circuit analysis and optimization are critical for robust nanoscale CMOS design. To accurately perform such analysis, primary process variation sources need to be identified and modeled for further circuit simulation. In this work, a rigorous method to extract process variations from in situ IV measurements is present. Transistor statistics are collected from a test chip fabricated in a 65-nm process. Gate length (L ), threshold voltage (Vth) and mobility (?) are recognized as the leading variation sources, due to the tremendous process challenges in lithography, channel doping, and the stress engineering. To decompose these variations, three critical IV points from the cut-off and linear regions are identified. The extracted L , Vth and ? variations are normally distributed, with negligible spatial correlation. By including extracted variations in the nominal model file, accurate prediction of the change of drive current in all operation regions and process corners is achieved. The new extraction method guarantees excellent model matching with hardware for further statistical circuit analysis.
The Understudied Nature of Listening in Interpersonal Communication: Introduction to a Special Issue

Although listening is highlighted as an essential component of success in interpersonal communication, this essay argues that interpersonal communication scholars have systematically ignored theorizing about listening. Out of this conundrum comes this special issue, which begins the process of taking listening seriously and theorizing about its nature within the larger corpus of interpersonal communication research.
Studying paper use to inform the design of personal and portable technology

This paper introduces design guidelines for new technology that leverage our understanding of traditional interactions with bound paper in the form of books and notebooks. Existing, physical interactions with books have evolved over hundreds of years, providing a rich history that we can use to inform our design of new computing technologies. In this paper, we initially survey existing paper technology and summarize previous historical and anthropological analyses of people's interactions with bound paper. We then present our development of three design principles for personal and portable technologies based on these analyses. For each design guideline, we describe a design scenario illustrating these principles in action.
Morphology analysis in localized crystal growth and dissolution

Abstract Procedures are developed in illustrated for analysis of the crystal shapes encountered in localized growth or dissolution. It is shown that with suitable modifications a Wulff-type construction can be applied to prediction of the shapes produced in selected area dissolution or growth at openings lithographically defined in an inert mask. Analysis of such shapes is particularly important in semiconductor processing technology, where precisely defined geometries must be produced, e.g., edges or walls of etched mesas. Although the procedures require knowledge of the dissolution or growth rate as a function of crystallographic orientation (polar diagrams), it is shown that in many cases sufficient information can be estimated from an analysis of simple test structures.
The effect of package shape on consumers' judgments of product volume: Attention as a mental contaminant.

A series of experiments examined how a container’s shape can bias judgments of product quantity. Packages that have shapes that are perceived as attracting more attention are also perceived to contain a greater volume of a product than same‐sized packages that attract less attention. The disparity in attention leads to “mental contamination” of the volume judgment. The bias holds for different sets of containers, for containers placed in different contexts, and for containers with contents varying in desirability. Habituation to an unusual container that attracts attention can reduce the effect, as can viewing containers with a disliked content.
A Model of Our Contemplative Nature

Abstract Nature appears to possess the potential to promote health and well-being. Empirical support for this potential appears to roughly bifurcate along two conceptual lines. Attention restoration theory indicates that exposure to Nature may improve executive functioning via effects on attentional processing. Concomitantly, stress reduction theory posits Nature to confer psychoneuroimmunological advantage through its promotion of a relaxation response. The integration of these two lines of research suggests that a Nature-induced state of contemplation may open a proverbial door to health and healing. Such recognition of the health-positive effects of Nature suggests a conceptual model and may facilitate a new and important element of ecopsychology as a maturing discipline. Key Words: Nature—Attention restoration—Executive functioning—Stress reduction—Psychoneuroimmunology.
Wide bandgap semiconductor power devices for energy efficient systems

We review the vertical and lateral SiC and GaN power transistor types and structures explored and commercialized for advanced energy efficient systems. We have quantitatively evaluated the on-state performance of these power devices in the voltage rating range from 30–10kV. Based on these performance projections and technology development trends, we feel that this emerging class of power devices will become an important and indispensable component technology.
And the Spirit of the Lord Spake within Them: Biblical References by State Supreme Courts, 1900-1999

This early draft of a piece discussing the use of the Bible by State supreme courts does several things: first, it develops the independent variables to be used in a future study; it conducts a preliminary quantitative investigation to determine that controlled study is unnecessary; and it offers a qualitative study of judicial use of the Bible to examine what uses courts make.
Non-Gaussian Lineshapes and Dynamics of Time-Resolved Linear and Nonlinear (Correlation) Spectra

Signatures of nonlinear and non-Gaussian dynamics in time-resolved linear and nonlinear (correlation) 2D spectra are analyzed in a model considering a linear plus quadratic dependence of the spectroscopic transition frequency on a Gaussian nuclear coordinate of the thermal bath (quadratic coupling). This new model is contrasted to the commonly assumed linear dependence of the transition frequency on the medium nuclear coordinates (linear coupling). The linear coupling model predicts equality between the Stokes shift and equilibrium correlation functions of the transition frequency and time-independent spectral width. Both predictions are often violated, and we are asking here the question of whether a nonlinear solvent response and/or non-Gaussian dynamics are required to explain these observations. We find that correlation functions of spectroscopic observables calculated in the quadratic coupling model depend on the chromophore’s electronic state and the spectral width gains time dependence, all in viol...
Reactant Selectivity and Regiospecificity in the Catalytic Oxidation of Alkanes on Metal-Substituted Aluminophosphates

The rate of n-hexane reactions with O2 increased in parallel with the concentration of hexyl hydroperoxide (ROOH) intermediates and with the number of Mnredox sites in microporous MnAPO-5 and MnAPO-18 catalysts. These data confirmed the catalytic nature of oxidation pathways and the mechanistic resemblance between n-alkane and cycloalkane oxidation pathways. Cyclohexane oxidation turnover rates were higher on MnAPO-5 than on MnAPO-18, because small channels in the latter inhibit contact between reactants and Mn active centers. In contrast, n-hexane oxidation turnover rates (per redox-active Mn center) were similar on MnAPO-5 and MnAPO-18, because smaller n-hexane reactants diffuse rapidly and contact active sites in both microporous structures. MnAPO-18 is able to select reactants based on their size, but no regiospecificity was detected on MnAPO-18 or MnAPO-5 for n-hexane oxidation to alkanols, aldehydes, and ketones (7−8% terminal selectivity). The relative reactivity of primary and secondary C−H bonds ...
Development of a Fuzzy System for Jet Engine Diagnostics and Comparison with a Bayesian Diagnostic System

Current diagnostics on most gas turbine engines involve o ine processing only. Since failures can cause serious safety and e ciency problems, such as elevated turbine temperatures or compressor stall, it is desirable to diagnose problems in as close to real-time as possible. Here, the implementation of a Bayesian network to engine fault diagnostics is demonstrated. Then a fuzzy diagnostic system is developed using a similar method, avoiding many of the di culties traditionally encountered while developing fuzzy systems (the e ectively in nite design degrees of freedom available while designing the system). Finally, the results of the two diagnostic systems are compared in terms of accuracy of fault diagnosed, accuracy of the health parameter estimates produced, (simulation) time taken to produce a correct diagnosis, and time needed for the computation: both systems correctly diagnose each component fault, the Bayesian network diagnoses faults in about half the time from the introduction of the fault, while the fuzzy system estimates the health parameters more accurately and is less computationally intensive.
The extended Manchester operation. A review of 289 cases.

A modification of the Manchester operation to eliminate a potential disadvantage is described. A 10 year experience with this procedure in 289 women has produced excellent results, minimal morbidity, and few complications.
EVALUATION OF TOXICITY OF FOOD ADDITIVES: OPENING REMARKS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the toxicity of food additives. The selection of the food additives is considerably more difficult as there are many intentional and incidental food additives. The chapter discusses three agents, saccharin, antioxidants, and colors, which are old food additives with a new status. The nitrofurans and macromolecules represent food additives whose toxicological characteristics have not yet been fully explored or generally recognized. The chapter discusses the role of the World Health Organization in the evaluation of the toxicity of food additives. Most toxicology testing protocols include new tests for mutagenesis, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis, and the standard acute and chronic toxicity studies. When these new tests are simply added to the existing requirements, reevaluation problems are created for all previously tested agents, and it becomes increasingly difficult to develop standardization of the laws and regulations governing food additives and other chemicals at the international level. Attention needs to be given to developing toxicology testing systems that are more adaptable to the inclusion of new procedures and that are more predictive and less costly in both time and money than the protocols in current use.
Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Targeting of PGE2 in the Tumor Alters the Immune Status and Sensitizes Established and Resistant Tumors to Immunotherapy

Immunotherapies are highly promising cancer treatments, but understanding the factors mediating their resistance remains critical. Successes in randomized clinical testing have supported the growing appreciation that oncolytic virotherapies primarily act as immunotherapies. Here we identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the tumor as a key mediator of resistance to immunotherapies, including oncolytic vaccinia virotherapy. Elevated levels of PGE2 coupled to suppressive chemokine profiles and high levels of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells resulted in loss of immunotherapeutic potential. Viral vectors engineered to target PGE2 were capable of overcoming localized immunosuppression leading to profound changes in the tumor's immune status. This allowed the viral vectors to raise robust anti-tumor adaptive immune responses and sensitized established and previously resistant tumors to immunotherapies.
The Honorific Sense of Education

Man is fundamentally and generically an experiencer, manipulating and assimilating the natural complexes of his experience, transforming and being influenced by the various things he encounters. Education, in the generic sense, refers to the cumulation of experience, the process in which the various elements of the world are unified in an individual’s experience, what such a process becomes. A man is the result of a history, a process in space and time, as well as the beginning of a further history. Where he stands, the characteristic modes of his experience, the ways in which he produces, are what we substantively call his education; and the history that is his experience, the influence of things upon him, constitute the process that is his education. To say that education is the cumulation of experience is to emphasize both that it is a history of cumulation as well as the end-result of such cumulation. A person’s education is the eventuation of his experience.
Recommendations on Building and Evaluating Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Models for Tainter Gates

AbstractThis paper presents a design methodology for constructing Tainter gate models using finite-element software. Each step of the model’s construction is given a detailed description and is supplemented with multiple illustrations that show good modeling techniques and pitfalls to avoid. Recommendations on how to attach various structural elements to each other, what boundary conditions to use, and verifying the accuracy of the model through hand methods have been provided.
This Show Was Religious?!: Online Reactions to Religion in Lost and Battlestar Galactica Finales

As the American populace is increasingly identifying as non-religious, religious representation is surprisingly also increasing on television, leading many to discuss the limits and boundaries of acceptable representations of religion through the cultural forum of television. The series finales of Lost and Battlestar Galactica serve as a particular pair of case studies I place in discussion with each other about religious-representational and generic concerns. Online reactions in discussion forums or comment sections to the religious elements in these finales generally occur in one of two ways: negative reactions that set the religious endings in opposition to the genre expectations viewers had for the shows or generally positive reactions that focus on the religious themes as successful affective tools that provided adequate or at least justified narrative closure. In both discursive strains, the tone was overwhelmingly respectful and occasionally aware that those entering into the discussions were engaging in larger cultural debates, providing one site of exploring the changing role of religion in popular television through a study of expectations of science fiction narratives and their conclusions.
Linear and Bilateral Multinucleated Cell Angiohistiocytoma (MCAH).

Background: Multinucleated Cell Angiohistiocytoma (MCAH) is a rare disease, first described by Smith and Wilson Jones in 1985. Since then, less than 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Clinically it is characterized by papules or plaques arising from a specific anatomical area such as lower extremities, dorsum of the hands and face. Some generalized cases have been reported. Main observations: We report a case of 77-year-old woman who presented with multiple itching. reddish to violaceous, flat to domed-shaped plaques on the lower legs with symmetrical and bilateral distribution along the saphena veins. On dermoscopy examination only a red-violaceous homogeneous area was visible. Histology showed remarkable proliferation of dilated small vessels in the upper and mid dermis and bizarre-shaped multinucleate giant cells with scalloped cytoplasm that were intermingled with numerous mononucleated spindle cells. Many mast cells containing the characteristic granules were also detected, often adjacent to the multinucleate cells. Based on the clinico-pathologic findings the diagnosis of MCAH was established. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of MCAH with a bilateral and linear pattern disposed on the lower limbs, following the saphena veins. In this patient chronic trauma induced by ambulation might have contributed to development of the lesions. ( J Dermatol Case Rep . 2016; 10(4): 58-61)
Robotic transaxillary parathyroidectomy

We recently reported on the safety and feasibility of robotic transaxillary approaches for parathyroid surgeries with benefit of avoiding a visible cervical scar. Herein, we demonstrate our technique with utilization of intraoperative nerve monitoring and indocyanine green (ICG) imaging. The patient was discharged a few hours after the surgery.
3D printing solutions for complex radiochemistry to improve production and safety of PET tracers

1008 Objectives 3D printing offers a variety of solutions for chemistry related applications [1]. We sought to design modular components compatible with common lab equipment that can be easily produced using 3D printing for optimization of reaction conditions, product purification and/or improvement of radiation safety. Methods All parts were designed using the Autodesk AutoCAD drawing tool. Designs were printed off-site in ABS plastic, nylon and stainless steel. Parts were tested and optimized, and modified re-prints were made as necessary. Our focus was on novel solid phase radiolabeling systems for C-11 fatty acids (FA). Results A custom 3D support structure was printed to allow gas transfer and labeling under high pressure to guarantee safety while not interfering in the synthesis. Such support had a cost of around $8 by 3D printing and completely eliminated releases due to high pressure. The lead shielding for the system was also designed by AutoCAD and used as a ‘positive mold’ for lead casting. A separate component was designed to allow a one-pot synthesis of FA from alkylbromide precursors. Grignard reagents are often air and moisture sensitive. A single-pot synthesis allows formation of the Grignard, CO2 labeling of the Grignard and transfer of FA for purification in a single, sealed vessel. This system was achieved by 3D printing 5-port vial caps that allow multiple entry/exit ports and eliminate the need to transfer sensitive and/or radioactive reagents between vessels. The models created can be observed in Figure 1. A&B. Conclusions Modular synthetic systems, safety equipment and molds for complex shielding were designed and optimized using AutoCAD. The 3D printed components were successfully incorporated into a novel C-11 fatty acid synthesis module. Our initial 3D printing applications suggest this technology may hold particular promise for apparatus design and development in radiochemistry. Research Support This investigation was supported by grant UL1TR000457 of the Clinical and Translation Sciences Center at Weill Cornell Medical College.
WebBCI: An Electroencephalography Toolkit Built on Modern Web Technologies (Abstract Only)

In recent years, advances in electroencephalography (EEG) brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have led to the development of applications that allow users to control prosthetic arms, fly drones, and play video games using only their thoughts. However, these use cases are occasionally restricted to laboratory environments. As BCI software is often designed to work with research-grade equipment, it can be inaccessible to the average consumer. This research poster describes why JavaScript-based BCIs would be more accessible to developers and students. We also discuss the current issues with JavaScript-based BCIs and introduce a new library, WebBCI, which is designed to take the initial step towards addressing these issues. Example BCI systems that can be created with WebBCI are described in this poster, along with the outputs of these systems given sample EEG data.
Black-box optimization of 3D integrated systems using machine learning

Increasing complexity of electronics originates new challenges to system optimization. This work proposes a new black box optimization algorithm based on machine learning to address these challenges and analyzes its performance for clock skew minimization of 3D integrated systems.
Effects of opioid- and non-opioid analgesics on responses to psychosocial stress in humans.

Both preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that the endogenous opioid system is involved in responses to stress. For example, in animal models opioid agonists reduce isolation distress whereas opioid antagonists increase isolation distress. We recently reported that the mixed mu agonist and kappa antagonist buprenorphine dampened responses to acute psychosocial stress in humans. Now we extend this to study the effects of a pure mu-opioid agonist, hydromorphone, and a non-opioid analgesic, acetaminophen, on response to social stress. We compared the effect of hydromorphone (2 and 4 mg), acetaminophen (1000 mg) to a placebo using a between subject design. Healthy adult volunteers were randomly assigned to receive placebo (N = 13), 2 mg hydromorphone (N = 12), 4 mg hydromorphone (N = 12), or 1000 mg acetaminophen (paracetamol; N = 13) under double-blind conditions before undergoing a stress task or a control task on two separate sessions. The stress task, consisting of a standardized speaking task and the non-stressful control task were presented in counterbalanced order. Dependent measures included mood ratings, subjective appraisal of the stress (or no-stress) task, salivary cortisol, pupil diameter, heart rate, and blood pressure. The stress task produced its expected increase in heart rate, blood pressure, salivary cortisol, pupil diameter, and subjective ratings of anxiety and negative mood. Hydromorphone dose-dependently dampened cortisol responses to stress, and decreased ratings of how "challenging" participants found the task. Acetaminophen did not affect physiological responses, but, like hydromorphone, decreased ratings of how "challenging" the task was. The hydromorphone results support the idea that the mu-opioid system is involved in physiological responses to acute stress in humans, in line with results from preclinical studies. The non-opioid analgesic acetaminophen did not dampen physiological responses, but did reduce some components of psychological stress. It remains to be determined how both opioid and non-opioid systems mediate the complex physiological and psychological responses to social stress.
Hydrology of Mid-Atlantic Freshwater Wetlands

Hydrology is a key variable in the structure and function of a wetland; it is a primary determinant of wetland type, and it drives many of the functions a wetland performs and in turn the services it provides. However, wetland hydrology has been understudied. Efforts by scientists from Riparia, a wetland and aquatic systems research center at Penn State University, have advanced the understanding of wetland hydrology in the Mid-Atlantic Region over the past two decades primarily through a series of studies at a set of long-term monitoring sites. This work contributed to four primary issues in wetland hydrology: validation of regional hydrogeomorphic classification schemes, establishment of reference criteria for monitoring and assessment, identification of targets for restoration or mitigation, and evaluation of the hydrologic behavior of created vs. non-created wetlands. This chapter (1) summarizes some of the key findings of hydrologic studies of wetlands from the published and non-published research of wetland scientists associated with Riparia and secondarily, (2) describes general, seasonal, and inter-annual hydrologic patterns of the water level data that has been collected at some of the long-term monitoring sites or “reference sites.”
Affirmative Action and the Equality Principle in Human Rights Treaties: United States' Violation of Its International Obligations

This essay demonstrates that the United States violates provisions of international treaties and thereby United States law in failing to take affirmative action to remedy racial and gender inequality. It begins by analyzing the affirmative action provisions in two treaties ratified by the United States - the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The affirmative action requirements in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which the United States has signed, but not ratified, are also detailed. This essay then explains that well-established principles of international law require the United States to abide by treaties that it ratifies, and to refrain from taking any action inconsistent with treaties it has signed. These principles of international law are effectively incorporated into the Federal Constitution's Supremacy Clause, which describes all treaties as United States law, without reference to whether a particular treating is self-executing. This essay also discusses the current constitutional standards with respect to affirmative action and shows that United States treaty obligations constitute a compelling governmental interest supporting affirmative action programs. It does a comparative analysis of affirmative action in other countries. Finally, this essay provides examples of racial and gender inequality in the United States and contends that the persistence of inequality violates the United States treaty obligations to take affirmative action to achieve racial and gender equality.
Incidence of black band disease, brown band disease, and white syndrome in branching corals on the Great Barrier Reef

Abstract Impacts from human-induced direct-use perturbations on coral colonies are on the rise. Despite significant incidences of coral disease on a global-wide basis, too few studies have verified the sources of diseases affecting coral colonies. To determine if branching coral communities are prone to infection with black band disease, brown band disease, and white syndrome, this study compared the prevalence of coral disease between Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Zones in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. We found evidence for coral disease on 9.06% of sites, with white syndrome being the most prevalent, found on 5.46% of sites, brown band found on 2.90% of sites, and black band found on 1.45% of sites. Coral disease of any kind, specifically black band and white syndrome, were significantly less abundant in areas where line fishing was permitted than where it was prohibited. Moreover, there was an interaction between fishing regulations and location, such that fishing regulations did not predict the presence of disease offshore, but inshore coral disease was significantly more prevalent where line fishing was prohibited than where line fishing was permitted. Coral disease was most frequently found in General Use, Scientific Research Open to the Public, and Marine National Park Zones; and reliably least commonly found in Habitat Protection, Conservation Park, and Preservation Zones. There were also differences among Marine Park Management Zones with coral disease most prevalent in the Cairns/Cooktown (Offshore) zone and least prevalent in the Mackay/Capricorn (Offshore) zone. Cairns/Cooktown (Offshore and Inshore) were the highest zones for black band and brown band, and Mackay/Capricorn (Inshore) was the highest management zone for white syndrome.
Child Maltreatment and Sports Activities

Sport is …a social or cultural institution…and, thus, falls under the terms of institutional child abuse and protection … it is similar to other social institutions, such as religion (with its churches or mosques, for example) or education (with schools and colleges)… just as organised religion and education have had to implement child protection, sport has also had to come to terms with abuse and abusers in its ranks and with ways of preventing and responding to such problems. (Brackenridge and Rhind, Soc Sci 3:326–340, 2014)
Open source all-iron battery for renewable energy storage

Abstract The price of renewable energy is dropping rapidly. Energy storage will be needed to take full advantage of abundant but intermittent energy sources. Even with economies of scale, the price is prohibitively high for a lithium-ion battery pack capable of storing tens of kilowatts of energy for many consumers. A more abundant and less expensive material is necessary. All-iron chemistry presents a transformative opportunity for stationary energy storage: it is simple, cheap, abundant, and safe. All-iron batteries can store energy by reducing iron (II) to metallic iron at the anode and oxidizing iron (II) to iron (III) at the cathode. The total cell is highly stable, efficient, non-toxic, and safe. The total cost of materials is $0.1 per watt-hour of capacity at wholesale prices. This battery may be a useful component of open source hardware projects that require a safe and ecologically friendly battery. This is also one of the few battery chemistries that can be built safely in a DIY setting.
Epidemiology of Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) has historically been regarded as a rare non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal disorder. Initial case series were infrequent and contained small numbers of patients; however, with time, more allergy clinics from around the world are reporting their experience with FPIES. The exact incidence and prevalence of FPIES remain unknown. Studies conducted thus far have permitted identification of key features of this disorder’s presentation within the population. Chronic FPIES typically presents in neonates less than 2 months of age, whereas acute FPIES presents in infants between 2 and 7 months of age. Few risk factors have definitively been associated with the development of FPIES; however, it does seem to be associated with a family history of atopic disease as well as a history of cesarean birth and personal atopic disease. Males are slightly more affected than females. The existing case studies illustrate that there is significant regional variation in the common triggering foods, as well as the rate of combined milk and soy FPIES and multifood FPIES. The exact extent an underlying mechanism of this regional variation remains unclear and requires further study. The recent development of international consensus guidelines for the diagnosis of FPIES as well as an ICD-10 code for FPIES will help standardized future epidemiological studies. In this chapter, we review the impact that epidemiologic studies of FPIES have contributed thus far and highlight current unanswered questions within the field.
Metabolic Syndrome in HIV/HCV Co-infected Patients

We review the scope and burden of metabolic syndrome in HIV/HCV co-infected patients, risk factors, and potential mechanisms driving the increased cardio-metabolic risk in this population, and discuss relevant clinical considerations for management in the era of highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) and curative anti-HCV direct-acting antivirals. HIV/HCV co-infected patients are at elevated risk of metabolic syndrome, attributed to (1) patient-specific factors, (2) viral-mediated effects, and (3) ART exposure. Risk factors for cardio-metabolic disorders are common in this population and include poor socioeconomic conditions, substance use, cardiovascular comorbidities, and liver/kidney disease. Chronic HIV/HCV infection induces an inflammatory and immune-activated state in the host leading to alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism. Selection of life-saving ART must carefully consider the differential metabolic risk associated with each drug class and agent, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, weight gain, and hypertension. Emerging evidence supports metabolic derangements in chronic HCV may be improved by viral eradication with direct-acting antivirals; however, additional study in HIV/HCV co-infected patients is needed. Future research programs should aim to better characterize metabolic syndrome in HIV/HCV co-infected patients with the goal of improved screening, treatment, and prevention.