cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do healthier foods and diet patterns cost more than less healthy options? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of prices of healthier versus less healthy foods/diet patterns while accounting for key sources of heterogeneity. Data sources MEDLINE (2000–2011), supplemented with expert consultations and hand reviews of reference lists and related citations. Design Studies reviewed independently and in duplicate were included if reporting mean retail price of foods or diet patterns stratified by healthfulness. We extracted, in duplicate, mean prices and their uncertainties of healthier and less healthy foods/diet patterns and rated the intensity of health differences for each comparison (range 1–10). Prices were adjusted for inflation and the World Bank purchasing power parity, and standardised to the international dollar (defined as US$1) in 2011. Using random effects models, we quantified price differences of healthier versus less healthy options for specific food types, diet patterns and units of price (serving, day and calorie). Statistical heterogeneity was quantified using I 2 statistics. Results 27 studies from 10 countries met the inclusion criteria. Among food groups, meats/protein had largest price differences: healthier options cost $0.29/serving (95% CI $0.19 to $0.40) and $0.47/200 kcal ($0.42 to $0.53) more than less healthy options. Price differences per serving for healthier versus less healthy foods were smaller among grains ($0.03), dairy (−$0.004), snacks/sweets ($0.12) and fats/oils ($0.02; p Conclusions This meta-analysis provides the best evidence until today of price differences of healthier vs less healthy foods/diet patterns, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for reducing financial barriers to healthy eating.
Referral for fetal echocardiography is associated with increased maternal anxiety.

Background. Referral for fetal echocardiography (fECHO) is an acute stressor that may induce significant maternal anxiety. To promote good clinical management of expectant mothers in this situation, including adequate screening for possible psychiatric interventions, data are needed regarding the psychosocial functioning of women scheduled for fECHO procedures.Objective. To investigate the association between fECHO and maternal anxiety.Methods. Pregnant women answered two questionnaires before first fECHO. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) assessed how subjects feel “now” (state) versus how they “usually feel” (trait). Separate state and trait anxiety scores were calculated; scores were compared between the study cohort and a gestational age-matched historical cohort of 31 pregnant women who did not undergo fECHO. A second questionnaire developed by the investigators ascertained pregnancy specific concerns and characteristics.Results. Forty subjects were enrolled. The mean state score o...
Group size and the voluntary provision of public goods: Experimental evidence utilizing large groups

Abstract New experimental evidence extending the investigation of free-riding behavior in public goods provision is presented. Procedures are developed to deal with the logistical problems inherent in experiments involving many subjects. Data from Voluntary Contribution Mechanism experiments are reported utilizing group sizes of 4, 10, 40 and 100. THese experiments provide replicable results that contradict the widely held view that a group's ability to provide the optimal level of a pure public good is inversely related to group size. On the contrary, groups of size 40 and 100 provided the public good more efficiently than groups of size 4 and 10. Several possible alternative explanations are discussed.
The Marketing of Opioid Medications Without Prescription Over the Internet

Abstract No-prescription Web sites are online pharmacies that supply controlled substances without a valid prescription. The authors present a comprehensive investigation and content analysis of no-prescription Web sites, including a review of the legal environment, an in-depth critique of policy and interventions, and suggestions to help monitor and shut down these illegal sites.
The Association Among Gene Expression Responses to Nine Abiotic Stress Treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana

The identification and analysis of genes exhibiting large expression responses to several different types of stress may provide insights into the functional basis of multiple stress tolerance in plant species. This study considered whole-genome transcriptional profiles from Arabidopsis thaliana root and shoot organs under nine abiotic stress conditions (cold, osmotic stress, salt, drought, genotoxic stress, ultraviolet light, oxidative stress, wounding, and high temperature) and at six different time points of stress exposure (0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr). In roots, genomewide correlations between transcriptional responses to different stress treatments peaked following 1 hr of stress exposure, while in shoots, correlations tended to increase following 6 hr of stress exposure. The generality of stress responses at the transcriptional level was therefore time and organ dependent. A total of 67 genes were identified as exhibiting a statistically significant pattern of gene expression characterized by large transcriptional responses to all nine stress treatments. Most genes were identified from early to middle (1-6 hr) time points of stress exposure. Analysis of this gene set indicated that cell rescue/defense/virulence, energy, and metabolism functional classes were overrepresented, providing novel insight into the functional basis of multiple stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
Air Force Academy Graduates and Nongraduates: Attitudes and Self-Concepts

A general finding of socialization research at U.S. military academies is that it reinforces relatively traditional attitudes and masculine gender role traits of young men. The relative effect of military academy training on the attitudes and orientations of young men and women graduates and nongraduates is assessed, using data from the U.S. Air Force Academy. Although both graduates and nongraduates become more egalitarian about changing gender roles, these changes are not as marked for graduates. Graduates are also more likely to retain more traditional family life-style expectations than those who leave the academy. Nongraduates are more likely to shift away from traditionally masculine and feminine identities than graduates, according to the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Interestingly, among female graduates, the largest number shifted to strictly feminine identities. These findings are discussed in the context of the socialization of women in male-dominated environments.
INFLUENCE OF SUCRALFATE ON TRILISATE BIOAVAILABILITY

Twelve healthy human volunteers were randomized to receive either choline-magnesium trisalicylate (CMT) 1.5 g orally every 12 hours or a combination of CMT plus sucralfate 1 g orally every 6 hours for 5 days before the blood sampling day. After a 3-week washout period, the subjects were crossed over to receive the alternate treatment for 5 days. The mean (+/- SD) area under the curve was 2668 (729) mg - hr/L and 2748 (716) mg - hr/L for CMT and CMT/sucralfate treatments, respectively. Mean (+/- SD) maximum concentration was 275 (69) mg/L and 283 (75) mg/L for CMT and CMT/sucralfate administrations, respectively. Mean (+/- SD) time to maximum concentration for CMT and CMT/sucralfate treatments was 1.8 (0.6) hours and 1.7 (0.7) hours, respectively. There were no significant differences detected for any parameter, therefore sucralfate does not affect rate or extent of CMT absorption.
Crystal Structures of Transhydrogenase Domain I with and without Bound NADH

Transhydrogenase (TH) is a dimeric integral membrane enzyme in mitochondria and prokaryotes that couples proton translocation across a membrane with hydride transfer between NAD(H) and NADP(H) in soluble domains. Crystal structures of the NAD(H) binding R1 subunit (domain I) of Rhodospirillum rubrum TH have been determined at 1.8 A resolution in the absence of dinucleotide and at 1.9 A resolution with NADH bound. Each structure contains two domain I dimers in the asymmetric unit (AB and CD); the dimers are intimately associated and related by noncrystallographic 2-fold axes. NADH binds to subunits A and D, consistent with the half-of-the-sites reactivity of the enzyme. The conformation of NADH in subunits A and D is very similar; the nicotinamide is in the anti conformation, the A-face is exposed to solvent, and both N7 and O7 participate in hydrogen bonds. Comparison of subunits A and D to six independent copies of the subunit without bound NADH reveals multiple conformations for residues and loops surrounding the NADH site, indicating flexibility for binding and release of the substrate (product). The NADH-bound structure is also compared to the structures of R. rubrum domain I with NAD bound (PDB code 1F8G) and with NAD bound in complex with domain III of TH (PDB code 1HZZ). The NADH- vs NAD-bound domain I structures reveal conformational differences in conserved residues in the NAD(H) binding site and in dinucleotide conformation that are correlated with the net charge, i.e., oxidation state, of the nicotinamides. The comparisons illustrate how nicotinamide oxidation state can affect the domain I conformation, which is relevant to the hydride transfer step of the overall reaction.
Uses and Abuses of the Polygraph

The circumstances that led to my becoming an authority on the lie detector were adventitious, to say the least. During the summer of 1958, I was made responsible for the supervision and employment of two freshman medical students who had been awarded summer fellowships. Medical students, in my experience, tend to be very energetic and generally competent. My two summer fellows presented me with an unusual problem. They tore into the work with which I had planned to keep them busy for 3 months and finished in the space of a few weeks. In some desperation, I set them to building a fence around my back garden while I studied the matter. The fence, a week’s work for two ordinary persons, was completed in a day and a half but by then I had contrived their next assignment.
Common Ground for Spatial Cognition? A Behavioral and fMRI Study of Sex Differences in Mental Rotation and Spatial Working Memory

Sex differences in spatial cognition are well documented; males typically outperform females on tasks dealing with mental rotation and spatial navigation, while females tend to outperform males on ...
Local Structural Variations in Al72Ni20Co8 Decagonal Quasicrystals

We investigate local structural variations in Al72Ni20Co8 quasicrystals using first principles density-functional total-energy calculations. We find that local chemical fluctuation can cause large structural variations on the central rings of the 2-nm clusters. Such structure variations may result in ambiguities at the central rings in high-resolution electron microscopy images of Al72Ni20Co8 decagonal quasicrystals.
Monolayer Studies of Synthetic Poly (α-Amino Acids)

Synthetic poly-α-amino acids spread at the air-water interface can form monomolecular films. These polymers may assume several conformations, namely the α-helix, β-pleated sheets or random coils. The stabilizing forces can be inter- or intramolecular and are mainly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The area/residue values for helical polymers differ significantly from those of β-sheets. Poly-α-amino acids can form both cholesteric and nematic structures. Synthetic polypeptides of amphiphilic character, of both α and β conformers, can by synthesized and are very surface active. These polymers associate with cell membranes or lipoproteins. Many biologically active polypeptides, such as hormones, form amphiphilic α-helices and these ligands bind to receptor sites on cell surfaces. These polypeptides offer a source of materials whose properties can be varied as desired, providing opportunities for rationale drug design.
Assessing critical thinking in higher education: the HEIghten™ approach and preliminary validity evidence

Critical thinking is a learning outcome highly valued by higher education institutions and the workforce. The Educational Testing Service (ETS) has designed a next generation assessment, the HEIghtenTM critical thinking assessment, to measure students’ critical thinking skills in analytical and synthetic dimensions. This paper introduces the theoretical framework that guided the assessment design, and also reports on the preliminary validity evidence of the pilot data from over 3000 students from 35 two and four-year institutions. The critical thinking scores demonstrated satisfactory total and subscale reliabilities, were reasonably correlated with SAT scores, high school grade point average (GPA), and college GPA, and were able to detect cross-sectional performance difference between freshmen and seniors. In addition, most examinees reported having tried their best when taking the test. Results show that test-taking motivation has a significant impact on performance. We encourage institutions to pay att...
Humoral effects of the oral converting-enzyme inhibitor SQ 14,225 in hypertensive patients in supine and tilted position.

1. To evaluate the effects of converting-enzyme inhibition on the sympathetic nervous system, on renin and on the other known regulators of aldosterone secretion, we measured blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline, adrenaline, renin activity, aldosterone, cortisol and serum potassium in 15 sodium-repleted hypertensive patients in supine position and during 30 min of 65° head-up tilt before and during treatment with SQ 14 225. 2. SQ 14 225 produced significant decreases in supine blood pressure and plasma aldosterone and significant increments in plasma renin activity and potassium; in contrast, heart rate, noradrenaline, adrenaline and cortisol were unchanged. 3. While in control tilt studies blood pressure was always maintained, during treatment three of 15 patients had vasovagal syncopes. In the remaining 12 blood pressure was maintained during tilt on SQ 14 225; however, while the tilt-induced responses in heart rate and adrenaline were as in control studies, the 30 min increments in noradrenaline were significantly higher. 4. Both before and during treatment the responses of plasma renin activity and aldosterone to tilt were parallel, and correlated with each other, and cortisol and potassium changed only slightly. 5. It is concluded that the SQ 14 225-induced fall in blood pressure occurs without a concomitant rise in sympathetic nervous activity; thus the increase in supine plasma renin activity, being a reflection of the interruption of the angiotensin feedback mechanism on renin release, indicates an effective suppression of angiotensin II formation. 6. During SQ 14 225 the persistence of aldosterone response to tilt and its relationship with renin activity suggest that the enzymatic blockade is over-ridden; however, in the presence of a reduced formation of angiotensin II a more pronounced response of the sympathetic nervous system is required to defend blood pressure against postural changes.
Effects of Land-used Change on Ecosystem Service Value in Yan'an City

The article is based on the land-used basic data in Yan'an city from 2001 to 2007 and calculates the Land-used dynamic degree.It is also based on Costanza's theory of ecosystem services value,combining with Xie gaodi's ecosystem service value equivalent factor table,calculated different ecosystems' ecosystem service value per unit area in Yan'an.And according to the above,it has a try for calculating the ecosystem service value in Yan'an from 2001 to 2007.The study shows that the total ecosystem services value in 2007 will reach 42.428 billion RMB,an increase of 2.879 billion RMB more than 2001,and the growth rate is 7.28%.For the various land use patterns,the coefficients of sensitivity(CS) of their ecosystem service value are all less than 1,which indicates that the changes in the value of ecosystems is lack of flexibility.
Multi-objective function optimization of rolling schedule in tandem hot mill based on penalty item

In order to solve the problem that the solving steps are tedious and the optimum solution is hard to be obtained when the the traditional load distribution optimization in hot tandem mill is usually performed with the constraint condition method,a penalty function algorithm was proposed. Through introducing the penalty item of function,the constraint solution problem of multi-objective function was converted into the unconstraint solution problem. The single-objective functions for the rolling force,flatness,power and temperature with the penalty items were established,and thus the comprehensive multi-objective function was established with the linear weighted summation method. The solution was performed with Nelder and Mead simplex algorithms,which could simplify the solution steps. Finally,the load distribution scheme with the balanced rolling force,optimum flatness and reasonable temperature was attained. The actual application results show that compared with the traditional load distribution method,the rolling schedule based on the multi-objective optimization is more suitable for the actual production requirements, and has good application prospect.
Synthetic Mechanism-Based and Transition-State Inhibitors for Human Neutrophil Elastase

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), comprised of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, is a serious health problem in the world. In the USA, COPD caused more than 70,000 deaths in 1986 and more than 10,000,000 Americans suffered from the disease.1 The association between severe α1protease inhibitor (α1PI) deficiency and emphysema has led to the hypothesis that an elastase-antielastase imbalance causes emphysema.2,3 Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is most likely the cause of emphysema in both smokers and non-smokers, although the evidence supporting the elastase-antielastase hypothesis is largely indirect in smokers with normal protective levels of α1PI. Homogenates of leucocytes as well as highly purified preparations of HNE produce emphysema in experimental animals and only elastolytic enzymes will induce experimental emphysema. In addition, neutrophils are increased 4–5 fold in the lungs of smokers and it is postulated that α1PI is inactivated by powerful oxidizing agents in the cigarette smoke and PMNs contributing to the elastase-antielastase imbalance. Other proteases including human proteinase 3 and macrophage elastase may also play a role in lung destruction in emphysema. Nevertheless, the majority of investigators in the field believe that a human neutrophil elastase-antielastase imbalance plays the major role in the pathogenesis of emphysema.
Advanced digital modulation for high-capacity optical transport network

The paper reviews the recent technical challenges of advanced digital modulations and multiplexings based on digital signal processors (DSPs). Several recent works demonstrated the feasibility of the over 10Tbps-class OTN that supports client signals with 100Gbps and beyond.
The Coapsys Device: Technique and Results

It is well known that functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is a disease of the left ventricle in which the mitral valve (MV) is supposedly victimized while acting as an ‘innocent’ bystander. In ischemic FMR myocardial ischemia leads to regional left ventricular (LV) remodeling and mitral regurgitation (MR) that is a result of, rather than the cause of, such initial post infarction LV remodeling (Guy et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 43(3):377–383, 2004). Ventricular injury leads to mitral annular dilatation and posterior and inferior displacement of the postero-lateral papillary muscle (PLPM) resulting in tethering of the MV leaflets and diminution of leaflet coaptation (Timek et al., Circulation 108(Suppl 1):II122–II127, 2003) (Fig. 15.1) Yiu and colleagues found that the degree of FMR is dependent upon the interplay of several factors with the major determinant of an effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) being systolic mitral valvular tenting. Such tenting in turn is determined by papillary muscle (PM) displacement and the loss of systolic mitral annular contraction (Yiu et al., Circulation 102(12):1400–1406, 2000).
Longitudinal shear wave imaging for elasticity mapping using optical coherence elastography

Shear wave measurements for the determination of tissue elastic properties have been used in clinical diagnosis and soft tissue assessment. A shear wave propagates as a transverse wave where vibration is perpendicular to the wave propagation direction. Previous transverse shear wave measurements could detect the shear modulus in the lateral region of the force; however, they could not provide the elastic information in the axial region of the force. In this study, we report the imaging and quantification of longitudinal shear wave propagation using optical coherence tomography to measure the elastic properties along the force direction. The experimental validation and finite element simulations show that the longitudinal shear wave propagates along the vibration direction as a plane wave in the near field of a planar source. The wave velocity measurement can quantify the shear moduli in a homogeneous phantom and a side-by-side phantom. Combining the transverse shear wave and longitudinal shear wave measurements, this system has great potential to detect the directionally dependent elastic properties in tissues without a change in the force direction.
Abstract 44: Restoration of Angiogenic Balance and Improved Endothelial Cell Function via Ampk Activation is Hypoxia and Ischemia Dependent in Trophoblast Cells and Pregnant Rats

Previous studies indicate restoration of angiogenic balance lowers blood pressure and improves vascular endothelial cell function in several experimental models of preeclampsia. Stimulation of the adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) pathway is known to increase VEGF expression. We hypothesized stimulation of AMPK with aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) would increase plasma VEGF, improve endothelial cell (EC) function and attenuate reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP)-induced hypertension. RUPP was induced on day 14 of gestation (term=21), AMPK activation was stimulated in vivo by AICAR administered i.p. (50mg/kg) twice daily. Arterial pressure (AP) and tissues were collected on day 19. Human derived trophoblast cells were cultured in physiologic normoxic (8% O 2 ) and hypoxic (1.5% O 2 ) conditions. Angiogenic balance and EC function were assessed with an endothelial tube formation assay using human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured for 8h with 5% serum from each treatment group. AICAR increased ( P vs. 0.16±0.04 vs. 0.18±0.03). AICAR increased ( P vs. 843±52 vs. 420±75 pg/ml). EC function as assessed by tube formation was decreased by treatment with serum from RUPP vs . NP (25±2 vs. 51±7; tubes/frame; P P P P P
Spirituality in public service

This paper argues that the deep moral values inherent in the world’s religious and spiritual traditions are both appropriate and needed in the public sector work place. It provides definitions of religion and or spirituality then discusses the influence of positivist law and practices prevalent there. This paper raises the following questions: What is spirituality? How does it differ from religion? Is spirituality now present in the public sector work place? Is it possible? Is it desirable? Is it relevant? What might be the implications of a work place where spirituality flourishes and is affirmed?
Graphene-based bimorphs for micron-sized, autonomous origami machines

Abstract Origami-inspired fabrication presents an attractive platform for miniaturizing machines: thinner layers of folding material lead to smaller devices, provided that key functional aspects, such as conductivity, stiffness, and flexibility, are persevered. Here, we show origami fabrication at its ultimate limit by using 2D atomic membranes as a folding material. As a prototype, we bond graphene sheets to nanometer-thick layers of glass to make ultrathin bimorph actuators that bend to micrometer radii of curvature in response to small strain differentials. These strains are two orders of magnitude lower than the fracture threshold for the device, thus maintaining conductivity across the structure. By patterning 2- 𝝁 𝝁m-thick rigid panels on top of bimorphs, we localize bending to the unpatterned regions to produce folds. Although the graphene bimorphs are only nanometers thick, they can lift these panels, the weight equivalent of a 500-nm-thick silicon chip. Using panels and bimorphs, we can scale down existing origami patterns to produce a wide range of machines. These machines change shape in fractions of a second when crossing a tunable pH threshold, showing that they sense their environments, respond, and perform useful functions on time and length scales comparable with microscale biological organisms. With the incorporation of electronic, photonic, and chemical payloads, these basic elements will become a powerful platform for robotics at the micrometer scale.
Plant hormones: Metabolic end run to jasmonate.

The lipid-derived hormone jasmonate promotes durable resistance of plants to a myriad of herbivores and pathogens. New evidence reveals an alternative pathway for the terminal steps of jasmonate biosynthesis and further advances our understanding of bioactive oxylipins in the plant kingdom.
Comparison of procedural success between two radial sheaths : Comparison of the 6-Fr Glidesheath Slender to 6-Fr standard sheath.

The most common cause of procedural failure in cardiac catheterization using the transradial approach is radial artery spasm. The aim of this study was to compare the procedural success rate of the 6‑Fr Glidesheath Slender with the 6‑Fr standard sheath in transradial coronary angiography and intervention. Patients who underwent percutaneous coronary angiography via the transradial approach through placement of a 6-Fr Glidesheath Slender or a 6-Fr standard sheath for primary radial access were prospectively enrolled in the study. The study included 200 cases: 76 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angiography with the Glidesheath Slender and 124 patients with the standard sheath. Failed procedures were recorded for 19 patients (9.5%), defined as inability to complete the procedure via the primary access. There was no difference in the percentage of failed cases between the Glidesheath Slender and standard sheath groups (10.5% vs. 8.9%, OR = 1.21, p = 0.8). More cases of spasm were observed in the Glidesheath Slender group compared with the standard sheath group, which was not statistically significant (7.9% vs. 5.7%, OR = 1.43, p = 0.56). Smoking, hyperlipidemia, and age influenced the procedural outcome in the Glidesheath Slender group, while body mass index, sex, and smoking impacted the procedural outcome in the standard sheath group. There is no difference in procedural success rates, as defined by the ability to complete the procedure via primary radial access, between the 6‑Fr Glidesheath Slender and the 6‑Fr standard sheath. Our study suggests that the patient characteristics that elevate the risk of procedural failure for Glidesheath Slender may differ from those for the standard sheath.
Engineering, Mechanical, and General Behavior

Because the varied synthetic techniques yield IPNs of such diverse properties, their engineering potential spans a broad gamut of modern technology. In general, the material’s use will depend on such factors as phase continuity, mixing of the two networks, size of the domains, and the glass transitions of the component polymers. Several major classes of materials are readily identified: (1) tough and/or impact-resistant plastics, (2) reinforced elastomers, (3) noise- and vibration-damping compounds, (4) vulcanized rubber/rubber blends, (5) electrical insulators, (6) transportselective compositions, (7) coatings and adhesives and (8) ion exchange resins.
DD69: Kunde und Überkunde (Juli 2008)

Wissen Sie, was ein Ubermensch ist? Nietzsche hat ihn bejubelt. Shaw aber zeigt in seiner Komodie Mensch und Ubermensch (Man and Superman) vollig realistisch auf, dass eigentlich die Frau den Mann indirekt beherrscht. Mann und Ubermann – die Frau ubermannt. Daruber lachen wir alle herzlich, weil es ja nicht in jedem Einzelfall stimmt. Derweil inszenieren die Unternehmen eine analoge Tragikomodie mit dem Titel Der Kunde ist Konig. Es wird dabei verschwiegen oder ubersehen, dass es den Uberkunden gibt. Diesem gehuteten Geheimnis gehen wir jetzt auf den Grund.
Assessing the Safety of Custom Web-Based Clinical Decision Support Systems in Electronic Health Records: A Case Study.

Background With the widespread adoption of vendor-supplied electronic health record (EHR) systems, clinical decision support (CDS) customization efforts beyond those anticipated by the vendor may require the use of technologies external to the EHR such as web services. Pursuing such customizations, however, is not without risk. Validating the expected behavior of a customized CDS system in the high-volume, complex environment of the live EHR is a challenging problem. Objective This article identifies technology failures that impacted clinical care related to web service-based advanced custom CDS systems embedded in the complex sociotechnical context of a production EHR. Methods In an academic health system’s primary care network, we performed an inventory of incidents between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2016 related to a customized CDS system and performed a targeted review of changes in the CDS source code. Additional feedback on the root cause of individual incidents was obtained through interviews with members of the CDS project teams. Results We identified five CDS malfunctions that impaired clinical workflow. The mechanisms for these failures are mapped to four characteristics of well-behaved applications: (1) system integrity; (2) data integrity; (3) reliability; and (4) scalability. Over the 9-year period, two malfunctions of the customized CDS significantly impaired clinical workflow for a total of 5 hours. Lesser impacts—loss of individual features with straightforward workarounds—arose from three malfunctions, which affected users on 53 days. Discussion Advanced customization of EHRs for the purpose of CDS can present significant risks to clinical workflow. Conclusion This case study highlights that advanced customization of CDS within a commercial EHR may support care for complex patient populations, but ongoing monitoring and support is required to ensure its safe use.
Gadolinium-based contrast agents: Stimulators of myeloid-induced renal fibrosis and major metabolic disruptors.

Abstract Evidence for gadolinium-based contrast agent- (GBCA-) induced disease continues to mount. Risk factors for gadolinium-induced systemic fibrosis are entirely unexplored. Obesity-related renal injury is characterized by activation of glomerular mesangial cells and podocyte damage with alteration of lipid metabolism/lipid accumulation in both cell types resulting in matrix accumulation and eventual progression to glomerulosclerosis. We examined the consequences of GBCA treatment in the kidneys from mice with normal kidney function and the potential interplay between obesity and gadolinium exposure. We found that administration of GBCA (4 weeks) causes significant renal fibrosis and podocyte injury that are associated with metabolic disorders as evidenced by dyslipidemia. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that renal lipid metabolism and metabolic markers of collagen turnover are significantly altered by gadolinium. GBCA stimulates myeloid-derived fibrocytes to the kidney. Obesity was induced by feeding a group of mice a high fat diet (HFD) for 22 weeks. Groups were sub-randomized to GBCA treatment versus none for 4 weeks before sacrifice. HFD-induced fibrosis and podocyte injury were worsened by GBCA. Similarly, HFD-mediated hyperlipidemia and lipid metabolites were exacerbated by gadolinium. This is the first evidence that GBCA causes significant metabolic disorders and kidney injury in mice without renal insufficiency and that the injurious actions of GBCA are amplified by obesity. The understanding of the functional interplay between gadolinium and obesity will allow the development of therapeutic interventions or the establishment of effective preventive measures to reduce gadolinium- and obesity-mediated renal pathologies.
Peace Education in Psychology

Today, too many peace education programs are viewed as ancillary in the process of creating peace. A review of initiatives and the included case study highlight that peace is often seen as a positive outcome of conflict, instead of an intentional product of cogent programming. This viewpoint must be critiqued, as there are excellent formal peace programs around the world that are creating nonviolent ecologies without conflict. Many peace programs, and psychology as a profession, have been required to include diverse viewpoints in formal peace educational models as the world opens to immediate information sharing and exposure via social media. All too often there is a deprivation of these programs, as the global north and centers of power in the west have dominated conversations surrounding diversity, peace, and the creation of a sound society. This chapter discusses the theoretical foundations of diversity (and lack thereof) in majority culture peace studies, highlights historically diverse peace movements, explores a local peace initiative as case study, and promotes current theories and practices of diversity that challenge mainstream peace dialogues. Examples are pulled from the global south, women; LGBTQ; indigenous cultures, and the marginalized peoples of our planet.
Semitopological Vector Spaces and Hyperseminorms

In this paper, we introduce and study semitopological vector spaces. The goal is to provide an efficient base for developing the theory of extrafunction spaces in an abstract setting of algebraic systems and topological spaces. Semitopological vector spaces are more general than conventional topological vector spaces, which proved to be very useful for solving many problems in functional analysis. To study semitopological vector spaces, hypermetrics and hyperpseudometrics are introduced and it is demonstrated that hyperseminorms, studied in previous works of the author, induce hyperpseudometrics, while hypernorms induce hypermetrics. Sufficient and necessary conditions for a hyperpseudometric (hypermetric) to be induced by a hyperseminorm (hypernorm) are found. We also show that semitopological vector spaces are closely related to systems of hyperseminorms. Then defining boundedness and continuity relative to associated systems of hyperseminorms, we study relations between relative boundedness and relative continuity for mappings of vector spaces with systems of hyperseminorms and systems of hypernorms.
Gasotransmitters: Antimicrobial Properties and Impact on Cell Growth for Tissue Engineering

Several clinical situations including birth defects, trauma, and fracture nonunions often result in critical-sized defects that require a graft that can remodel and integrate with the existing bone as well as mitigate the risk of infectious complications. Delivery of gasotransmitters from tissue engineering scaffolds is a potential option to provide antibacterial properties while simultaneously promoting osteogenesis and tissue vascularization. Gasotransmitters, such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide, are inorganic gases that have an important role in cell signaling, and supplemental doses have also been shown to provide bactericidal properties. This chapter reviews the importance of understanding the complex and dose-dependent impacts of different gasotransmitters on both bacterial and mammalian cells. The current research into the selectivity of a gasotransmitter dose for killing bacterial cells compared to mammalian cells is a particular focus. The chapter also discusses the applications of gasotransmitters to engineered tissues, with a focus on bone and microvasculature, as well as the current limitations for incorporating gasotransmitters within scaffolds that need to be addressed.
Using Ultrasonic Acoustics to Detect Cryptic Flying Squirrels: Effects of Season and Habitat Quality

North Carolina Pittman-Robertson grant [W-66-R-1]; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species Recovery Implementation grant [F11AC01265]; National Park Service Southern Appalachian Cooperative Ecosystem Study Unit [P12AC13175]
Effects of interfacial stress in phase field approach for martensitic phase transformation in NiAl shape memory alloys

A phase field approach for phase transition between austenite to martensitic variants and twinning between martensitic variants is presented with the main focus on the effects of interfacial stress on phase transformations. In this theory, each variant-variant phase transformations and twinnings within each martensitic variant can be represented by only one-order parameter. Thus, it allows us to get the analytical solution of the martensite-martensite interface profile, energy, and width. Moreover, this model allows us to include interface stress which is consistent with the sharp interface limit. The finite element method is utilized to solve the coupled phase field and elasticity equations for a cubic to tetragonal phase transformation in NiAl shape memory alloy. The stress fields are obtained and the effects of interfacial stress on the stress field at the interfaces are studied for both austenite–martensite and martensite–martensite interfaces in detail. Additionally, the temperature-induced growth of the martensitic phase inside austenite, martensitic phase transformation, and twining are solved. The evolution of the microstructure and stress fields are obtained and the effects of interfacial stress on the morphological evolution of martensitic nanostructures are examined. It is found that the interfacial stress is an important factor, influencing the stress distribution at interfaces and the phase field solution significantly. This theory can be extended for electric, reconstructive, and magnetic phase transformations.
Integer number sense and notation: A case study of a student with a mathematics learning disability

Abstract Although approximately 6% of students have a mathematics learning disability (MLD) also known as dyscalculia, little is known about how MLD impacts students beyond basic arithmetic. In this study we focused on one mathematical topic foundational to algebra – integer operations – and conducted a videotaped design experiment with one student with MLD. Through 14 teaching episodes we explored the ways in which standard mathematical tools (e.g., symbols, representations) were inaccessible and evaluated the design of alternative tools. Our detailed retrospective analysis revealed that the student had an unconventional understanding of integer quantities and symbolic notation, which resulted in issues of accessibility and persistent difficulties. Deliberate attempts to address inaccessibility revealed nuances in the student’s understanding, and suggests that both number sense and notational issues needed to be addressed in tandem. Implications for instruction are discussed.
Innovation Law and COVID-19: Promoting Incentives and Access for New Healthcare Technologies

As the devastating COVID-19 pandemic first swept the globe, it posed a crucial test of biomedical innovation institutions. Containing the virus required developing new technologies including diagnostic tests, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines; manufacturing these technologies at enormous scale; and rapidly distributing them globally. This, in turn, required mobilizing and coordinating scientists, industry, and government at levels not seen since World War II. Underlying the successes and failures of these efforts was the complex legal architecture of biomedical innovation and access. This chapter considers how this legal architecture both encouraged and impeded the development and allocation of new technologies in the fight against COVID-19—and provides lessons about how it might be better deployed for future pandemics. The chapter focuses on three key areas of innovation law: biopharmaceutical regulation, healthcare reimbursement, and government subsidies for research and development. The first part of this chapter discusses the need to coordinate government agencies in a public health emergency, especially as such coordination pertains to developing, validating, and distributing diagnostic tests. The second part counsels agencies to ensure that early access to therapies in a public health crisis does not obviate developers’ ability (or incentive) to generate robust information about such therapies’ safety and efficacy. The third relays lessons about the successes of incentives for COVID-19 vaccine development—and their failures for vaccine distribution. Addressing the flaws in U.S. biomedical innovation institutions that have been highlighted by COVID-19 will help avoid repeating these failures in the next pandemic.
Mtor inhibitors associated with higher cardiovascular adverse events—A large population database analysis

There are limited real-world data available regarding adverse events (AEs) of immunosuppressants. We utilized the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from 2004 to 2018 to perform a retrospective database analysis. We analyzed AE reports due to the individual agents tacrolimus, sirolimus, or everolimus and compared reporting odds ratios of the mTOR inhibitors to tacrolimus. The mTOR inhibitors arm had 1282 reports with 4176 AEs, while the tacrolimus arm had a total of 7587 reports with 20 940 individual AEs. mTOR inhibitors had significantly higher incidences of cardiovascular (ROR 1.95, 95% CI 1.70, 2.23), dermatologic (ROR 1.34, 95% CI 1.04, 1.73), endocrine (ROR 1.52, 95% CI 1.26, 1.82), gastrointestinal (ROR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01, 1.30), infectious disease (ROR 1.35, 95% 1.20, 1.52), musculoskeletal (ROR 1.39, 95% CI 1.13, 1.70), pulmonary (ROR 3.46, 95% 2.97, 4.03), renal (ROR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10, 1.46), and vascular AEs (ROR 3.10, 95% CI 2.14, 4.49). Across every organ type, mTOR inhibitors had greater cardiovascular AEs compared to tacrolimus, specifically in arteriosclerosis, heart failure, hypotension, tachycardia, chest pain, edema, and pericardial disorders. mTOR inhibitors may be associated with higher cardiovascular AEs. Further investigation is required to determine the potential mechanism of this effect.
An open question about powers of log(n) in quasi-Monte Carlo.

The commonly quoted error rate for QMC integration with an infinite low discrepancy sequence is $O(n^{-1}\log(n)^d)$. This holds uniformly over $d$ dimensional integrands of Hardy-Krause variation one when using $n$ evaluation points. Implicit in the rate is that for any sequence of QMC points the integrand can be chosen to depend on $n$. If we have a fixed integrand, should we expect to need those powers of $\log(n)$ as $n\to\infty$? That is, do those powers provide a realistic idea of the progress that the algorithm makes as $n\to\infty$? This paper poses an open question about whether there is any $f$ and any $(t,d)$-sequence for which the absolute error exceeds a positive multiple of $\log(n)^r/n$ infinitely often for some $r>1$. For $r=1$, such functions are known from the discrepancy literature even for $d=1$. An empirical search when $d=2$ for integrands designed to exploit known weaknesses in certain point sets showed no evidence that $r>1$ is needed. An example with $d=3$ and $n$ up to $2^{100}$ appears to require $r>1$. Of course neither of these resolve the open problem.
Porting CHAOS Library to MPI

CHAOS is a very flexible library for runtime support of irregular problems, yet unfortunately, its original implementation is not applicable to parallel programs which are running under MPI. This paper presents details of porting CHAOS to MPI. The most important feature of the new improved version consists in separate MPI communicators: for internal CHAOS use and for an application program. The code of the library was carefully revised and now it is ANSI C compliant. Porting CHAOS to MPI allows for a much wider usability of this library as now it may be applied on virtually every parallel computer.
Phylogenetic revision of the North American Asidini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

The asidine darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Asidini) are a morphologically diverse tribe of flightless tenebrionids found in many arid and sub-arid habitats around the world. The 260 currently described North American species are contained in 27 genera, all of which are restricted to the western half of the continent. Evolutionary relationships within and between the North American Asidini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) genera were reconstructed using partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) (660 bp) and nuclear ribosomal 28S (D2 region) (492 bp), and 100 phenotypic characters for 50 North American asidine species, representing 20 of the 27 currently described genera and 1 new genus. Species from two additional tenebrionid tribes (Branchini and Coniontini) and the South American asidine genus Cardigenius were chosen as outgroups. Analyses were performed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. Clade support was inferred based on the posterior probability distribution of tree topologies, nonparametric bootstrap analysis, and partitioned Bremer support indices. The generic classification of the North American Asidini is revised based on the results, with ten genera recognized. Seven current genera: Craniotus LeConte, Heterasida Casey, Litasida Casey, Microschatia Solier, Pelecyphorus Solier, Philolithus Lacordaire, Stenomorpha Solier, are redescribed, and Ardamimicus Smith gen.n., Ferveoventer Smith gen.n. and Micrasida Smith gen.n. are described, including Ardamimicus cognatoi Smith sp.n., Ferveoventer browni Smith sp.n. and Micrasida obrienorum Smith sp.n. Twenty current genera are treated as subgenera pending further analyses: Philolithus Lacordaire with subgenera Glyptasida Casey, Gonasida Casey, Herthasida Wilke and Tisamenes Champion; Pelecyphorus Solier, with subgenera: Astrotus LeConte, Parasida Casey (= Plesiasida nom.n), Poliorcetes Champion, Sicharbas Champion, Stenosides Solier, Ucalegon Champion and Zaleucus Champion, and Stenomorpha Solier with subgenera Asidina Casey, Asidopsis Casey, Bothrasida Casey, Megasida Casey, Notiasida Casey, Platasida Casey, Pycnomorpha Motschulsky, Stethasida Casey and Trichiasida Casey; all stat.rev.
Methods in public health services and systems research: a systematic review

Context Public Health Services and Systems Research (PHSSR) is concerned with evaluating the organization, financing, and delivery of public health services and their impact on public health. The strength of the current PHSSR evidence is somewhat dependent on the methods used to examine the field. Methods used in PHSSR articles, reports, and other documents were reviewed to assess their methodologic strengths and challenges in light of PHSSR goals. Evidence acquisition A total of 364 documents from the PHSSR library met the inclusion criteria as empirical and based in the U.S. After additional exclusions, 327 of these were analyzed. Evidence synthesis A detailed codebook was used to classify articles in terms of (1) study design; (2) sampling; (3) instrumentation; (4) data collection; (5) data analysis; and (6) study validity. Inter-coder reliability was assessed for the codebook; once it was found reliable, the available empirical documents were coded. Conclusions Although there has been a dramatic increase in the amount of published PHSSR recently, methods used remain primarily cross-sectional and descriptive. Moreover, although appropriate for exploratory and foundational work in a new field, these approaches are limiting progress toward some PHSSR goals. Recommendations are given to advance and strengthen the methods used in PHSSR to better meet the goals and challenges facing the field.