cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the androgen excess-PCOS society criteria to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

Objectives To use the Androgen Excess–PCOS Society (AE-PCOS) criteria in adolescents to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and identify the prevalence of metabolic risk factors. Study design Retrospective chart review of adolescents (>2 years postmenarche) presenting at a specialty clinic from 2008 through 2010 with complete evaluation for PCOS and metabolic risk were reviewed. Metabolic risk in adolescents with PCOS was compared with those with ≤1 AE-PCOS criteria. Results Of the 205 adolescents evaluated, 66% were found to have PCOS based on the AE-PCOS criteria. The most common presenting symptom was menstrual irregularity, followed by acne, hirsutism, and weight gain. Adolescents with PCOS had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Subjects with PCOS had ≥1 metabolic risk factor compared with the subjects without PCOS (63.6% vs 33.3%, P = .002). More adolescents with PCOS had ≥2 abnormal metabolic risk factors excluding body mass index compared with those without PCOS (P Conclusions Adolescents diagnosed with PCOS based on the AE-PCOS criteria are at a significantly increased risk of ≥1 metabolic abnormality. Our data underscore the need to accurately diagnose PCOS in the adolescent population instead of delaying the diagnosis to adulthood. Further, using similar criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents (>2 years postmenarche) and adults will be more convenient for the clinician.
Brownian dynamics simulations of electrophoretic DNA separations in a sparse ordered post array

Abstract We use Brownian dynamics simulations to analyze the electrophoretic separation of λ-DNA (48.5 kbp) and T4-DNA (169 kbp) in a hexagonal array of 1 μm diameter posts with a 3 μm center-to-center distance. The simulation method takes advantage of an efficient interpolation algorithm for the non-uniform electric field to reach an ensemble size (100 molecules) and simulation length scale (1 mm) that produces meaningful results for the average electrophoretic mobility and effective diffusion (dispersion) coefficient of these macromolecules as they move through the array. While the simulated electrophoretic mobility for λ-DNA is close to the experimental data, the simulation underestimates the magnitude of the corresponding dispersion coefficient. The simulations predict baseline resolution in a 15 mm device after 7 min using an electric field around 30 V/cm, with the resolution increasing exponentially as the electric field further decreases. The mobility and dispersivity data point out two essential phenomena that have been overlooked in previous models of DNA electrophoresis in post arrays: the relaxation time between collisions and simultaneous collisions with multiple posts.
Professors as Performers and Motivators

What constitutes effective teach ing? Answers appear regularly in books and journals con cerned with college instruction, most of which have focused on the qualities of effective teachers (Meredith 1984), al though some have concentrated on the process of instruction (Cohen and Herr 1982) including the kinds of learning seen in students (Abrami, D'Apollonia, and Cohen 1990; Johnson and Johnson 1987; Slavin 1983). Portraits of effec tive instructors typically deal with in struction proper (Meredith 1985, Moses 1985) or with the interpersonal dimen sion of the classroom (Erdle, Murray, and Ruston 1985; Freeman 1988; Kegel Flom 1983; McFadden and Perlman 1989). In an earlier work, I used the terms intellectual excitement and interper sonal rapport to refer to these two in dependent qualities (Lowman 1984). In tellectual excitement combines two dif ferent qualities that, although concep tually independent, are often corre lated: how interesting and how clear students find an instructor's teaching. Teachers who have developed a per sonal style of public speaking?whether flamboyant, whimsical, sardonic, or quietly intense?that students find en
Dynamics of adaptive change in vestibulo-ocular reflex direction. II. Sagittal plane rotations.

Alert cats were rotated sinusoidally (0.25 Hz) in their sagittal plane while viewing optokinetic motion in their horizontal plane. Vertical and horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was measured in the dark before and after 2 h of these adaptation stimuli inupright oronside orientation of the cat. Onside exposure produced maximal adaptive horizontal VOR at the training frequency. Upright exposure produced highest gain at lower frequencies. A cat with inoperative verticalcanals adapted only to upright exposure. We conclude that in the presence of horizontal image rotation either vertical canal or otolith stimulation can produce adaptation in VOR direction and stimulation of both produces complex adaptation dynamics.
Initial extracellular development in vitro of erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum).

Abstract Merozoites of Plasmodium falciparum placed in culture medium with a 50% erythrocyte extract and supplemented with ATP and pyruvate differentiated extracellularly into early trophic forms. Erythrocyte extract prepared by sonication was found superior to extract prepared by freezing and thawing. Under the best conditions, up to 30% of the merozoites showed some development after 16 hr of incubation and approximately 5% developed into larger forms, often ring-shaped and occasionally showing pigment. The small as well as the larger forms took up the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123. Under similar conditions, partial further development was also obtained of young rings freed from their host cells. Again, the sonicated erythrocyte extract gave better development than the frozen-thawed extract, and ATP with pyruvate had a marked favorable effect. These parasites had both a plasma membrane and a surrounding closely apposed parasitophorous membrane, whereas the forms derived by extracellular development of merozoites had only their plasma membrane. We conclude that initial development requires neither an intact erythrocyte nor a parasitophorous membrane.
Adaptive Spline Smoothing in Non-Gaussian Regression Models

Abstract A convenient and efficient algorithm for penalized likelihood smoothing spline regression is proposed and illustrated. The amount of smoothing is tuned adaptively via the generalized cross-validation method. Under certain conditions, the method is shown to approximately minimize the expected Kullback-Leibler discrepancy in modeling one-parameter exponential family observations through the canonical parameter. The algorithm is applied to fit logistic models using interaction splines. This research extends the recent algorithmic development of computing smoothing splines, provides further justification for the heuristics of O'Sullivan, Yandell, and Raynor (1986) on the property of generalized cross-validation in this setting, and experiments with interaction splines.
Influence of pesticides on marine ecosystems.

A bioassay programme undertaken in 1958 has evaluated the toxicity of about 240 pesticides to estuarine fauna. Studies indicate that chronic levels of sublethal amounts of pesticides may have more damaging effects than transitory changes due to acutely toxic levels of pollution. The first five years of a programme monitoring the incidence of synthetic pesticide residues in populations of North American shellfish has been completed. The results demonstrate the ubiquity of DDT and its metabolites. Levels of contamination, however, are not high enough to indicate a human health problem. The run-off of surface waters from agricultural districts is indicated as the chief source of this type of pollution; municipal and industrial wastes, and the control of noxious insects are regionally important sources. Observations of laboratory populations experimentally contaminated with DDT indicate, by extrapolation, that pesticide pollution is causing significant changes in mortality, growth rates, or resistance to disease in some marine populations.
Study of (π-C5H5)2Ti(C2H5)Cl and its higher homologs in soluble Ziegler catalysts

Soluble ethylene polymerization catalysts derived from (π-C5H5)2Ti(R)Cl and R′AlCl2 where R is ethyl or higher alkyl and R′ may be methyl or ethyl, were studied both by polymerization kinetics at 0°C and by diagnostic experiments. An early acceleration in rate occurred at this temperature in toluene solvent which was due to a solvent dependent increase in catalyst activity, not to a gradual formation of catalyst. No such solvent effect was found in nonaromatic solvents. The subsequent decay in rate, at least at low temperatures, did not depend upon valence reduction. The effect of Al/Ti ratio was studied, and certain discrepancies in the literature were shown to be due to the method of making kinetic measurements. Oxygen, which has previously been reported to affect the polymerization rate with these catalysts, was also found to eliminate the acceleration period in toluene when present in the amount of 1% of the catalyst. These catalysts gave polymers at low temperature for which the active site had long life and which did not undergo chain transfer. Therefore, they approximate many of the characteristics of living polymers.
Qualitative Evaluation Audits in Practice

Among the continuing challenges naturalistic evaluators face is the practical need for defensible conclusions. Guba and Lincoln's external evaluation audit represents one response to this need. In this article, we share our firsthand experiences with such audits, including the evaluation context and the audits'purpose, procedures, and findings. From these experiences, we offer suggestions for future audit practice and discuss several controversies surrounding the audit concept. We conclude with the call for further discussion on these and other controversies, but also with an interim consensus that the audit represents a viable metaevaluative tool for enhancing the internal quality, the external defensibility, and thus the stature and utilization of naturalistic evaluation.
Cross-section studies as predictors of trends in birth rates: a note on Ekanem's results.

Ekanem has shown that variations in socioeconomic development are associated with differences in birth rates. However, he has made no attempt to determine if his regression equations can be used to predict trends in fertility. This note shows that, using Ekanem’s data, the factors he found most significant in explaining differences in fertility playa minor role over time whereas per capita income, which he found to be relatively insignificant in explaining variations cross-sectionally, has a statistically significant impact over time .
Transverse process fusion with bovine anorganic bone

A biodegradable collagen membrane and bovine anorganic bone were studied in a rabbit spine fusion model. The bovine, anorganic bone is a nonantigenic, acellular clinical product used as a bone substitute for dento-alveolar applications. We reasoned this product with a collagen membrane could be useful for spine fusions. Our hypothesis was that bovine, anorganic bone, and a collagen membrane would promote spine fusion equivalent to an autogenous bone graft. To test the hypothesis, the transverse processes of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae were decorticated in 30 rabbits divided equally among five groups. In one group, following decortication, no treatment was administered, whereas in the remaining four groups, treatments consisted of either autograft, collagen membrane, anorganic bone, or anorganic bone plus collagen membrane. Rabbits were euthanized 6 weeks after surgery, and the lumbar vertebrae were removed, radiographed, and processed for histology. The radiographs and histological sections were subjected to quantitative morphometric analyses and post hoc statistical testing (p < or = 0.05). We determined anorganic bone without a collagen membrane migrated into the soft tissues contiguous to the transverse processes. However, with a collagen membrane, the anorganic bone remained at the implant site, causing an osseous fusion of the transverse processes. Although the autograft promoted the greatest amount of new bone formation, significant transverse process fusion was accomplished with the anorganic bone and collagen membrane. Additional longer term studies are contemplated to validate feasibility of this clinical option, including a biomechanical component.
Urinary exosomal transcription factors, a new class of biomarkers for renal disease

Urinary exosomes are excreted from all nephron segments and constitute a rich source of intracellular kidney injury biomarkers. To study whether they contain transcription factors, we collected urine from two acute kidney injury models (cisplatin or ischemia-reperfusion), two podocyte injury models (puromycin-treated rats or podocin-Vpr transgenic mice) and from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, acute kidney injury and matched controls. Exosomes were isolated by differential centrifugation and found to contain activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT-1) proteins detected by Western blot. These factors were found in the concentrated exosomal fraction, but not in whole urine. ATF3 was continuously present in urine exosomes of the rat models following acute injury at times earlier than the increase in serum creatinine. ATF3 was found in exosomes isolated from patients with acute kidney injury but not from patients with chronic kidney disease or controls. Urinary WT-1 was present in animal models before significant glomerular sclerosis and in 9/10 patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis but not in 8 controls. Our findings suggest that transcription factor ATF3 may provide a novel renal tubular cell biomarker for acute kidney injury while WT-1 may detect early podocyte injury. Measurement of urinary exosomal transcription factors may offer insight into cellular regulatory pathways.
Heel contact dynamics during slip events on level and inclined surfaces

This study describes heel contact dynamics during slip events, information that must be known to develop biomechanically relevant shoe-floor coefficient of friction measurement systems. Sixteen subjects walked on a level, 5 and 10° ramp with two possible contaminants (dry, oil). Foot motion was recorded at 350 Hz and compared among no-slip, slip-recovery and slip-fall events. For all trials, the foot rotated to foot-flat, even during slip and fall trials. Heel sliding patterns recorded upon and shortly after heel contact were similar for all conditions. Slip distances, sliding velocities and heel acceleration profiles varied across trials. During the fall trials, the slipping motion of the foot was found to decelerate approximately 200 to 300 ms into stance before accelerating again, eventually leading to the fall. This deceleration was believed to be an attempt by the subject to recover from the slip. Recovery attempts on inclined surfaces were less successful than on level floors. In general, the slip distance and peak forward sliding velocity associated with fall trials were greater than or equal to 10 cm and 0.8 m/s, respectively. These complex motions at the shoe-floor interface during slipping should be taken into account for improving slip resistance measurement systems.
α-Synuclein Protects against Oxidative Stress via Inactivation of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Stress-signaling Pathway in Neuronal Cells

The expression of α-synuclein, a synaptic molecule implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body disease is increased upon injury to the nervous system, indicating that it might play a role in regeneration and plasticity; however, the mechanisms are unclear. Because c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, plays an important role in stress response, the main objective of the present study was to better understand the involvement of this pathway in the signaling responses associated with resistance to injury in cells expressing α-synuclein. For this purpose, the JNK-signaling pathway was investigated in α-synuclein-transfected neuronal cell line glucose transporter (GT) 1–7 under oxidative stress conditions. Although hydrogen peroxide challenge resulted in JNK activation and cell death in cells transfected with vector control or β-synuclein, α-synuclein-transfected cells were resistant to hydrogen peroxide, and JNK was not activated. The inactivation of JNK in the α-synuclein-transfected cells was associated with increased expression and activity of JNK-interacting protein (JIP)-1b/islet-brain (IB)1, the scaffold protein for the JNK pathway. Similarly, cells transfected with JIP-1b/IB1 were resistant to hydrogen peroxide associated with inactivation of the JNK pathway. In these cells, expression of endogenous α-synuclein was significantly increased at the protein level. Furthermore, α-synuclein was co-localized with JIP-1b/IB1 in the growth cones. Taken together, these results suggest that increased α-synuclein expression might protect cells from oxidative stress by inactivation of JNK via increased expression of JIP-1b/IB1. Furthermore, interactions between α-synuclein and JIP-1b/IB1 may play a mutual role in the neuronal response to injury and neurodegeneration.
Usage of an XPL based compiler generator system

This paper will discuss the expansion of an existing XPL compiler to include real arithmetic and formatted I/O. This was done at the University of Southern Mississippi on a Xerox Sigma 9 so that XPL can be used for numerical applications as well as giving the student user an introduction to the syntax of PL/I. The structure and use of the Compiler Generator will be traced through indicating what changes were made in the BNF grammar, the scanner, the semantic analyzer, and the runtime support facility.
MR imaging in the evaluation of trauma

Although computed tomography (CT) and radiographs are primary modalities in the evaluation of patients undergoing trauma, the indications for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in trauma have grown. MR has been most useful in patients with central nervous system or musculoskeletal trauma. In head trauma, MRI is most useful in the evaluation of patients with neurologic deficit greater than that expected from CT findings. MRI is useful in such situations because of its improved sensitivity to nonhemorrhagic and microhemorrhagic lesions as well as posterior fossa pathology. In the spine, MRI provides detailed assessment of the disc space, spinal cord, and ligamentous structures; guiding therapeutic decisions; and offering prognostic information. In the musculoskeletal system, MRI offers a noninvasive means of imaging injuries to the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage of the knee, shoulder, ankle, and elbow. Additionally, MRI may define a subset of radiographically occult bony injuries.
Metal-ion-center assembly of ferredoxin and plastocyanin in isolated chloroplasts

Most chloroplastic proteins are cytosolically synthesized and posttranslationally transported to their proper locations. Two examples of this group of proteins are ferredoxin and plastocyanin, both of which are metal-containing components of the photosynthetic electron-transport chain. The import process for these two proteins includes the insertion of the metal ions to produce the holo forms of the proteins. We show here that in vitro translated precursor proteins of ferredoxin and plastocyanin are synthesized as apo forms and are assembled into their respective holo forms after being imported into isolated chloroplasts. We also provide evidence that only mature-sized proteins are competent to be assembled into holo forms.
Possible Physiological Bases for Acupuncture Analgesia

Neurophysiological studies of electrical responses of single cells at various levels of the nervous system to noxious and non-noxious stimulation may give clues regarding acupuncture analgesia. Many cells slow convergent properties receiving input from both low and high threshold cutaneous and peripheral nerve stimulation. Often the former may inhibit the latter. Our studies illustrate three examples fo inhibition mechanisms which may play a role in attenuation of noxiously induced impulses, especially the prolonger discharge. Discussed briefly are other suggested CNS mechanisms that may be involved in processing and attenuating noxious information, including those in brainstem and intralaminar nuclei.
Self-governance, polycentrism, and federalism: recurring themes in Vincent Ostrom's scholarly oeuvre

Abstract This paper addresses Vincent Ostrom's treatment of self-governance, polycentrism, and federalism through which he has generated a coherent vision of political economy. After examining some ontological and epistemological presuppositions that are central to his work, the rest of the paper explores four topical areas: (1) his examination of knowledge, belief, and the requisites for good civic practice; (2) his conceptualization of a polycentric public economy; (3) his articulation of the problem of public administration through his conceptualization of a municipal services industry; (4) his treatment of federalism as a compound republic rather than simply a form of administrative decentralization.
Effect of ionic strength and pH on the thermal and rheological properties of soy protein–amylopectin blend

Abstract The effects of amylopectin (AP), moisture content, pH, and buffer molarity on the thermal properties of milled defatted soy flour (MDF) and soy protein isolate (SPI) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the rheological properties of effect of AP on MDF were also investigated. Native soy protein, which is found in the MDF sample, showed higher stability at alkaline pH, as indicated by higher onset and peak temperature when compared with SPI. The effect of manufacturing isolation process on soy proteins is apparent in the differences between MDF and SPI thermal properties and SDS–PAGE profiles. The onset temperature and Δ H values of the 7S showed significant difference between MDF and SPI at 20% moisture content, 0.3 M and pH 4. The 11S of the MDF and SPI showed that the peak temperature and Δ H to be significantly different at the same buffer amount and pH mentioned earlier. The 30% moisture content generated significant differences between the MDF and SPI under all experimental conditions, i.e. pH and molarity. The increase in the moisture content to 40% produced similar changes as at 30%. The 11S of the SPI sample displayed Δ H values higher than MDF, which may indicate aggregation as a result of the manufacturing process. The amylopectin suspension had strong viscoelastic solid properties and the properties were stable during heating or cooling between 25 and 55 °C. MDF also displayed viscoelastic solid properties, but not as strong as those of AP. The viscoelastic properties of MDF suspensions were not stable and were damaged during heating and cooling processes. Blending MDF and AP exhibited similar properties as MDF alone, but they were reversible during the heating/cooling process, indicating that the networks were not damaged. The strong gel properties of AP in the blend were reduced.
Electrothermal evaluation of conductors for the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) PF coils

The coils in the PF (poloidal field) system for CIT will be cooled to 80 K by liquid nitrogen between each machine pulse. During a pulse, the conductor temperature rises essentially adiabatically. Several conductors have been under consideration. These include an Alloy-718/copper/Alloy-718 laminate, alumina dispersion strengthened (ADS) copper, a laminate of copper and CuNb, and C107 copper. Electrothermal data on these materials are limited; hence, a test program was performed to determine resistivity as a function of temperature from 80 K to 300 K, and to determine the adiabatic characteristic sometimes referred to as the G function or action integral. This is, equivalently, the integral of current density squared over time for the sample or the integral of (density)*(specific heat)/(resistivity) over temperature for the material. The measurements naturally include the nonlinear character of the properties with temperature. The integral is a direct measure of the adiabatic thermal capacity of the material for a specified RMS (root-mean-square) current density over a time interval. Data have been taken on three grades of ADS copper, on laminates of copper and CuNb of two ratios, and on C107 copper. Functions have been computed for copper/Alloy 718 of different ratios. Results are given over the temperature interval from 80 K to 300 K. >
The Integrated City Sustainability Database

This article describes the construction of the Integrated City Sustainability Database (ICSD) that is the first truly comprehensive data set of U.S. municipal government sustainability programs and...
Understanding Social Loafing: The Role of Justice Perceptions and Exchange Relationships

We proposed that the social exchange relationships individuals form in the workplace would mediate the relation between perceptions of interactional and distributive justice and social loafing. Specifically, we argued that both leader-member exchanges (LMX) and team-member exchanges (TMX) would mediate the relation between interactional justice and social loafing, and that LMX would mediate the relation between distributive justice and social loafing. In a field study, 124 manufacturing employees responded to questionnaires and their immediate supervisors were interviewed. The results indicated significant relationships between interactional justice and LMX, and between interactional justice and TMX. LMX, but not TMX, was negatively related to social loafing. Distributive justice was not significantly related to LMX. Thus no support was found for LMX as a mediator of the relationship between distributive justice and social loafing.
An Idealized Model for a Service-Learning Nonprofit Management Course

This article offers an idealized model for introducing a service-learning nonprofit management course to business students. All business students must take this course in their senior year. This course will allow the business students to be exposed to a plethora of challenges in and outside the classroom environment by focusing on a nonprofit agency in the community, serving and learning through drafting a strategic plan for the agency. We also suggest that students should use critical thinking, a way of thinking that will reinforce the service-learning component of the course.
A broad look at the workings, types, and applications of fuel cells

Fuel cells are a fast growing technology that is ready to impact many different sectors of industry. In an effort to better understand fuel cells, an individual search into the fuel cell field was initiated. In this paper a description of what a fuel cell is, how it works, different applications of fuel cells, and different types of fuel cells are given. Also, some basic logistics behind fuel cells, and a brief view on their economics is discussed.
Design and Analysis of Optical Flow-Switched Networks

In our previous work [Chan, ldquoOptical flow switching,rdquo in BROADNETS 2006, pp. 1-8; Weichenberg, ldquoCost-efficient optical network architectures,rdquo in ECOC 2006, pp. 1-2; Weichenberg, ldquoOn the throughput-cost tradeoff of multi-tiered optical network architectures,rdquo GLOBECOM '06, pp. 1-6], we presented optical flow switching (OFS) as a key enabler of scalable future optical networks. We now address the design and analysis of OFS networks in a more comprehensive fashion. The contributions of this work, in particular, are in providing partial answers to the questions of how OFS networks can be implemented, how well they perform, and how their economics compare with those of other architectures. With respect to implementation, we present a sensible scheduling algorithm for inter-metropolitan-area-network (inter-MAN) OFS communication. Our performance study builds upon our work in IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 84-101, 2007 and Weichenberg, ldquoPerformance analysis of optical flow switching,rdquo presented at the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Dresden, Germany, June 14-18, 2009, and includes a comparative capacity analysis for the wide area, as well as an analytical approximation of the throughput-delay trade-off offered by OFS for inter-MAN communication. Last, with regard to the economics of OFS, we extend our previous work from ECOC 2006 and GLOBECOM '06 in carrying out an optimized throughput-cost comparison of OFS with other prominent candidate architectures. Our conclusions indicate that OFS offers a significant advantage over other architectures in economic scalability. In particular, for sufficiently heavy traffic, OFS handles large transactions at far lower cost than other optical network architectures. In light of the increasing importance of large transactions to communication networks, we conclude that OFS may be crucial to the future viability of optical networking.
Healthcare reform: it is getting personal.

Healthcare reform must deal with the challenge of reducing the cost of care while embracing the opportunity to improve care delivery. Personalized medicine will be key to developing new care models. These models will provide coordinated and continuous care delivered by a team, with the individual patient as the central member of the team. Clinical effectiveness research will identify the best care models and reduce variation for populations of patients with a given disease. Personalized medicine will apply ‘big science ‘omics’ with a systems biology approach to define disease networks, allowing us to add back appropriate variation in care for the individual. This effort will be enhanced by the electronic health record, which, combined with deep analytics, will capture detailed phenotypic data matched with the genotype. We are at the beginning of this journey and, despite a variety of technical, economic and societal hurdles, we cannot afford to fail.
A small reservoir of disabled ORFs in the yeast genome and its implications for the dynamics of proteome evolution.

We surveyed the sequenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome (strain S288C) comprehensively for open reading frames (ORFs) that could encode full-length proteins but contain obvious mid-sequence disablements (frameshifts or premature stop codons). These pseudogenic features are termed disabled ORFs (dORFs). Using homology to annotated yeast ORFs and non-yeast proteins plus a simple region extension procedure, we have found 183 dORFs. Combined with the 38 existing annotations for potential dORFs, we have a total pool of up to 221 dORFs, corresponding to less than3 % of the proteome. Additionally, we found 20 pairs of annotated ORFs for yeast that could be merged into a single ORF (termed a mORF) by read-through of the intervening stop codon, and may comprise a complete ORF in other yeast strains. Focussing on a core pool of 98 dORFs with a verifying protein homology, we find that most dORFs are substantially decayed, with90 % having two or more disablements, and 60 % having four or more. dORFs are much more yeast-proteome specific than live yeast genes (having about half the chance that they are related to a non-yeast protein). They show a dramatically increased density at the telomeres of chromosomes, relative to genes. A microarray study shows that some dORFs are expressed even though they carry multiple disablements, and thus may be more resistant to nonsense-mediated decay. Many of the dORFs may be involved in responding to environmental stresses, as the largest functional groups include growth inhibition, flocculation, and the SRP/TIP1 family. Our results have important implications for proteome evolution. The characteristics of the dORF population suggest the sorts of genes that are likely to fall in and out of usage (and vary in copy number) in a strain-specific way and highlight the role of subtelomeric regions in engendering this diversity. Our results also have important implications for the effects of the [PSIa] prion. The dORFs disabled by only a single stop and the mORFs (together totalling 35) provide an estimate for the extent of the sequence population that can be resurrected readily through the demonstrated ability of the [PSIa] prion to cause nonsense-codon read-through. Also, the dORFs and mORFs that we find have properties (e.g. growth inhibition, flocculation, vanadate resistance, stress response) that are potentially related to the ability of [PSIa] to engender substantial phenotypic variation in yeast strains under different environmental conditions. (See genecensus.org/pseudogene for further information.) # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.
The Effect of Evidence Strength and Internal Rewards on Intentions to Report Fraud in the Dodd-Frank Regulatory Environment

SUMMARY: There are many unanswered questions and concerns regarding the consequences of the fraud whistleblowing environment created by the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) and Dodd-Frank Acts. While SOX requires audit committees to implement anonymous internal reporting channels, the Dodd-Frank Act offers substantial monetary incentives that encourage reporting to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). To mitigate concerns that employees might bypass internal channels, some companies are considering offering internal whistleblowing incentives. However, it is unclear how internal incentives will affect employee whistleblowing behavior. We experimentally examine the impact of an internal incentive on employees' intentions to report fraud. Across treatments, we find a greater likelihood of reporting internally than to the SEC. Evidence strength interacts with the presence of an internal incentive such that SEC reporting intentions are greatest when evidence is strong and an internal incentive is present. When ev...
Point defect generation in lif by plastic deformation and X-irradiation at low temperature

Abstract LiF crystals have been plastically deformed in compression while at liquid nitrogen temperature and have been subjected to X-irradiation without intermediate warming. The rates of formation of F and self-trapped hole centers are enhanced in the deformed samples in the early stages of irradiation, but are not influenced at longer irradiation times. These results can be simply interpreted in terms of the generation of negative ion vacancies during plastic deformation and the subsequent trapping of electrons at these vacancies to form F centers during irradiation. The rate of formation of self-trapped holes is enhanced because the rate of electron trapping is enhanced. The saturated enhancement of the self-trapped hole band is proportional to the saturated enhancement of the F band. Since enhancement of the F band is not observed as a result of plastic deformation at room temperature, these results suggest that negative ion vacancies produced during deformation at room temperature are sufficiently mobile to cluster, annihilate or otherwise become unavailable for F center formation during irradiation. The results at low temperature at longer times of irradiation indicate that the rate of generation of new negative ion vacancies during irradiation is insensitive to dislocation density as reported previously for room temperature irradiation. The saturated enhancements of the F and self-trapped hole bands at low temperature as a function of plastic deformation indicate a threshold for vacancy generation at approximately 1 % compression for the conditions of this experiment.
Asia's Declining Death Penalty

For most cultures and most of human history, the death penalty was taken for granted and directed at a wide range of offenders. In ancient Israel, death was prescribed for everything from murder and magic to blasphemy, bestiality, and cursing one's parents. In eighteenth-century Britain, more than 200 crimes were punishable by death, including theft, cutting down a tree, and robbing a rabbit warren. China of the late Qing dynasty had some 850 capital crimes, many reflecting the privileged position of male over female and senior over junior.
Effects of barriers and thermal refugia on local movement of the threatened leopard darter, Percina pantherina

Local, short-term dispersal by the U.S. federally-threatened leopard darter, Percina pantherina, was examined in the field and in the laboratory to assess the possible effects of natural versus man-made barriers on movement. Mark-resight studies were conducted in two summers at sites in the Glover River (southeastern Oklahoma, U.S.A.). At one site, patches of 'preferred' habitat were separated by a natural riffle; at the other site, by a low-water road crossing with culverts. At the Natural Riffle site, darters moved downstream across the riffle, but also moved upstream into deeper water when water temperatures exceeded 29°C in the `preferred' habitat. Use of deeper, cooler waters by this species in late summer suggests that thermal refugia may be important habitats for the long-term management of leopard darters. At the Road Crossing site, all documented movement was in a downstream direction, and at least two darters traversed culverts in the low-water bridge. Laboratory studies of movement across several types of culverts suggested that culverts significantly decrease the probability of movement among habitat patches.
Self test architecture for testing complex memory structures

The structural complexity and test challenges of complex dependent memory structures are described. An isolation strategy to minimize the test logic overhead and delay penalty is presented. A set of custom memory test algorithms is designed to test the memory cell, bridging and multi-port faults in complex dependent memory structures. A novel programmable memory BIST architecture to realize the developed custom memory test algorithms has been described. The proposed memory BIST architecture can be used to test the dependent memory structures in different stages of their fabrication and assembly. The experimental results demonstrate the area overhead of different components of the proposed programmable memory BIST architecture.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION

Amino acid racemization (AAR) in fossil biominerals has been used over the last 30 years to develop reliable chronologies and thermal histories in archaeological settings from all over the world. It is a biochemical reaction which progresses with time and temperature, and has the potential to be used in any material capable of sequestering amino acids (e.g., avian eggshell, molluscs, teeth, and bones). AAR is not a numerical dating method, per se; however, it can be used for a variety of chronological and palaeotemperature applications. Provided there is some independent age control, AIR can be used to extend or to improve upon the chronology, or to reconstruct the temperature history at a site. The use of AAR as a dating/ palaeothermometry tool has been somewhat underutilized by the archaeological community, presumably due to a series of errors made on studies of human bone shortly after the technique was first discovered. Since these early studies, continued exploration of AAR has demonstrated the growing power of the technique for chronological and palaeothermometry research in certain sample types, as well as some novel applications pertinent to archaeologists and anthropologists. For example, relevant information on human behaviour, including burial practices, the use of fire, and the degree of mixing at a site, can be determined using AAR. This paper presents the basic principles behind AAR and a review of the technique as it has been applied to the archaeological record. AAR in some of the biominerals commonly associated with archaeological sites is reviewed, and guidelines for sample collection presented. Finally, a brief description of some of the chromatography techniques used for amino acid analysis is given.
Nitromethane-containing fuel toxicity causing falsely elevated serum creatinine

Nitromethane (CH3NO2) ingestion is not known to cause significant morbidity or mortality. Nitromethane is a common component of model airplane fuel or rocket fuel along with methanol. It has been reported that nitromethane exposure can cause false elevation of the serum creatinine level when using the common Jaffe reaction method of analysis [1,2]; however this is not clinically well known. The standard assay for the measurement of creatinine is based on the Jaffe reaction, in which alkaline sodium picrate reacts with creatinine to form an orangered color. There are many substances known to interfere with the Jaffe assay, the most important being acetoacetate, cephalosporins, bilirubin, ascorbic acid pyruvate and dopamine.
Palladium-107 in the early solar system

An intense irradiation of the solar system material by the cosmic-rays originating from a nearby supernova may have been sufficient to produce in certain meteorites an excess of 107Ag, which is the decay product of 6.5 × 106-year 107Pd from the 106Pd (n, γ)107Pd reaction
Construction of Structured LaST Codes

The objective of this paper is to present constructions of Space-Time (ST) codes that are endowed with energy efficient constellations, resulting in good performance at finite values of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). This problem is especially relevant since codes that achieve the diversity-multiplexing gain (D-MG) tradeoff, a metric of performance at high values of SNR, have been recently proposed for arbitrary number of transmit and receive antennas. We provide a technique for constructing structured lattice space-time codes derived from dense lattice packings, where constellation shaping is achieved through a nested lattice (Voronoi) construction and sphere encoding. Applying this technique to ST codes derived from cyclic division algebras, we construct codes that achieve the D-MG tradeoff over every fading channel (i.e., are approximately universal) and have excellent performance at finite SNRs. A host of simulation results using a low complexity MMSE-GDFE lattice decoder are presented.
Wet sliding friction of elastomer compounds on a rough surface under varied lubrication conditions

Abstract ‘Green’ tire bearing tread rubber reinforced with precipitated silica can exhibit improved wet traction performance. The underlying mechanism is currently not well understood. To improve our capability of rational material design for enhanced driving safety, wet sliding friction for various rubber compounds is tested on a Portland cement concrete surface under varied lubrication conditions. The wetting liquid is either ethanol or water, and the initial amount of liquid on the concrete surface is adjusted. Sliding friction is detected to alter with lubrication condition. Under ethanol lubrication, the sliding friction is markedly lower than that under water lubrication. Additionally the benefit in wet traction from silica is significantly diminished or eliminated in ethanol. Such observations cannot be rationalized with simple considerations of rubber bulk viscoelasticity, liquid viscosity, cavitation, or capillary effect. We believe that these observations strongly indicate the significance of interfacial interactions in determining the wet sliding friction of elastomer compounds. The potential relevance of capillary porosity in concrete and Marangoni drying effect to wet traction is also introduced.
The influence of growth temperature on Sb incorporation in InAsSb, and the temperature-dependent impact of Bi surfactants

Abstract A series of two-layer InAsSb films were grown with molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We report the effect of substrate temperature on the composition of InAsSb grown with and without a Bi surfactant and find that the Sb incorporation is suppressed as the substrate temperature increases, and that it is also further suppressed by the presence of Bi at all temperatures. We examine the data with a kinetic model, which gives insights into the composition of mixed anion alloys using straightforward rate equations for each process that occurs during growth. It was shown that the reduction in Sb composition is due to the preferential removal of Bi by As, and that removal rate obeys an Arrhenius dependence with an activation energy of 1.35 eV.
Daily intake of antioxidants in relation to survival among adult patients diagnosed with malignant glioma

Background: Malignant glioma is a rare cancer with poor survival. The influence of diet and antioxidant intake on glioma survival is not well understood. The current study examines the association between antioxidant intake and survival after glioma diagnosis. Methods: Adult patients diagnosed with malignant glioma during 1991-1994 and 1997-2001 were enrolled in a population-based study. Diagnosis was confirmed by review of pathology specimens. A modified food-frequency questionnaire interview was completed by each glioma patient or a designated proxy. Intake of each food item was converted to grams consumed/day. From this nutrient database, 16 antioxidants, calcium, a total antioxidant index and 3 macronutrients were available for survival analysis. Cox regression estimated mortality hazard ratios associated with each nutrient and the antioxidant index adjusting for potential confounders. Nutrient values were categorized into tertiles. Models were stratified by histology (Grades II, III, and IV) and conducted for all (including proxy) subjects and for a subset of self-reported subjects. Results: Geometric mean values for 11 fat-soluble and 6 water-soluble individual antioxidants, antioxidant index and 3 macronutrients were virtually the same when comparing all cases (n = 748) to self-reported cases only (n = 450). For patients diagnosed with Grade II and Grade III histology, moderate (915.8-2118.3 mcg) intake of fat-soluble lycopene was associated with poorer survival when compared to low intake (0.0-914.8 mcg), for self-reported cases only. High intake of vitamin E and moderate/high intake of secoisolariciresinol among Grade III patients indicated greater survival for all cases. In Grade IV patients, moderate/high intake of cryptoxanthin and high intake of secoisolariciresinol were associated with poorer survival among all cases. Among Grade II patients, moderate intake of water-soluble folate was associated with greater survival for all cases; high intake of vitamin C and genistein and the highest level of the antioxidant index were associated with poorer survival for all cases. Conclusions: The associations observed in our study suggest that the influence of some antioxidants on survival following a diagnosis of malignant glioma are inconsistent and vary by histology group. Further research in a large sample of glioma patients is needed to confirm/refute our results.
PET Imaging with 18F-FLT and Thymidine Analogs: Promise and Pitfalls

Further development and validation of 18F-labeled 3′-deoxy-3′fluorothymidine (FLT) is presented by Buck et al. in this issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine ([1][1]). Although the use of PET has exploded within the last few years, this has primarily resulted from the application of 18F-FDG in
Team-based learning course design and assessment in computer engineering

The flipped classroom model is gaining increasing attention in higher education, including engineering education. There are various types of models and contexts in which they are applied. Generalized research on the effectiveness of the flipped classroom is emerging, and results have been mixed. One such model is team-based learning (TBL) as originally developed by Larry Michaelsen in the late 1970s. TBL is a structured way to implement a flipped classroom approach, and has been shown to be successful in achieving deeper learning among the students. In this paper, we discuss our experience using the TBL methodology in a graduate computer engineering course on system level design of embedded systems. Specifically, we describe the course design, instructor experience adapting TBL for use in the course, including implementing an asynchronous online TBL process, and instructor reflections and student feedback on what worked well and what did not. We analyze the course content using the Florida Taxonomy of Cognitive Behavior, and assess the effectiveness of our implementation in achieving deeper learning. Additionally, we report on student perception of the new course structure and their experience using TBL.