cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fat Grafting for Pedal Fat Pad Atrophy in a 2-Year, Prospective, Randomized, Crossover, Single-Center Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND By age 60, 30 percent of Americans suffer from fat pad atrophy of the foot. Forefoot fat pad atrophy results from long-term aggressive activity, genetically dictated foot type, multiple forefoot steroid injections, surgery, and foot trauma. METHODS The authors present data from a 2-year, prospective, randomized crossover study performed to assess pain and disability indexes, fat pad thickness, forces, and pressures of stance and gait. Group 1 underwent fat grafting with 2 years of follow-up, and group 2 underwent conservative management for 1 year, then underwent fat grafting with 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS Eighteen subjects (14 women and four men) constituted group 1. Thirteen subjects (nine women and four men) constituted group 2. Group 1 reported the worst pain at baseline and group 2 experienced the worst pain at 6- and 12-month standard-of-care visits; pain for both groups improved immediately following fat grafting and lasted through study follow-up (p < 0.05). Group 1 demonstrated functional improvements at 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively (p < 0.05), whereas group 2 demonstrated the highest function at 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). Pedal fat pad thickness of subjects in group 1 increased postoperatively and returned to baseline thickness at 2 months postoperatively; subjects in group 2 experienced return to baseline thickness at 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.01). Forces and pressures of stance and gait increased over the 2 years of follow-up for group 1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pedal fat grafting provides long-lasting improvements in pain and function, and prevents against worsening from conservative management. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, I.
Creep crack growth under non-steady-state conditions

The problem of characterizing crack growth under small scale creep and transition conditions is of great practical significance. This paper defines a crack tip parameter C, for characterizing creep crack growth behavior under wide range creep conditions from small scale creep to steady-state creep. Under steady-state creep conditions, C, is shown to reduce to the familiar C*-integral. The physical basis for the C, parameter is also provided. Wide range creep crack growth data on A470 Class 8 steel using two specimen geometries were obtained and correlated with the C, parameter in the temperature regime of 482 to 538°C. The levels of creep deformation in the various specimens tested to obtain the crack growth rate data ranged from small scale creep to essentially steady-state creep conditions.
A comparative thermal properties evaluation for residential window retrofit solutions for U.S. markets

ABSTRACTThe most widely known method of reducing energy loss through windows is to replace inefficient single- pane window units with their newer, more energy efficient counterparts. However, there are also other methods that involve retrofit solutions, including the use of curtains, drapes, blinds, screens, and shutters. While these products are often selected for aesthetic or privacy concerns, they can also provide an effective means of limiting heat transfer. This paper describes the performance criteria such as reduction in heat conductance, solar heat gain, daylighting, thermal comfort, condensation potential, air leakage, cost, ease of operation, privacy, and aesthetics for each retrofit solution. The focus of the study is to evaluate the reduction in thermal conductivity and solar heat gain coefficient with variation of parameters specific to each retrofit measure. Window retrofit attributes are evaluated based on data and information available in the open literature and those provided by product m...
myCityMeter: Helping Older Adults Manage the Environmental Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment

Recent epidemiological studies suggest that age-related cognitive decline---particularly, the stages between normal cognitive changes in aging and early dementia--- is adversely affected by environmental exposures, such as long-term air pollution and traffic noise. Although monitoring outdoor air pollution is now commonplace, and smart home solutions for monitoring indoor air quality is becoming prevalent, ways that the elderly can record long-term environmental exposures and adopt healthy lifestyle changes are little explored. We present myCityMeter, a pollution exposure management tool for older adults and their caregivers. myCityMeter measures the pollutants shown to be associated with cognitive impairment in older adults: PM2.5 and ambient noise. Using a set of neighborhood-level stationary and personal mobile sensors, myCityMeter helps users to monitor their environmental exposures, know potential exposures when planning activities, journal cognitive performances, and take day-to-day actions to avoid the environmental risk factors for early dementia.
4.2 Supported Metal Cluster Catalysts

The sections in this article are Introduction Synthesis of Supported Metal Clusters from Molecular Precursors Structures of Supported Metal Clusters Bonding of Clusters to Supports Ligands on Supported Metal Clusters Catalysis Summary and Assessment Acknowledgments Keywords: clusters; nanoclusters; industrial catalysts; molecular precursors
Contracts and Negotiation

The three parts of a legal contract are offer, acceptance, and consideration. Understanding contracts is an important part of a negotiation. The most important aspect of any successful negotiation is to have information that allows you to negotiate from a position of strength. This chapter will discuss basic physician contracts and negotiating skills necessary to ensure the best outcome when negotiating a contract.
Towards a Long-Term Multi-Site Electrochemical Wound Monitoring System

Patients suffering from chronic non-healing wounds must deal with long-term physical pain, emotional distress, and financial burden. Monitoring of wound-exudate from chronic wounds could improve the efficacy of patient care, leading to improved treatment outcomes. We present a flexible bandage sized multi-site wound monitoring system with an on-board wireless embedded system consisting of four potentiostat analog front ends and a temperature sensor. This embedded system interfaces with four flexible electrochemical sensors screen-printed onto wound dressings for uric acid sensing; a biomarker for monitoring wound healing. This system measures uric acid levels at multiple sites of a single wound, allowing for spatial resolution when evaluating healing of large wounds. This work demonstrates the ability of this system to measure uric acid in-vitro. The system transmits potentiostat data to a remote data aggregator such as a tablet or smartphone, and can operate for up to 10 days powered by the on-board 350 mAh lithium polymer battery.
Chapter 16 – The intersection of design, manufacturing, and surface engineering

Publisher Summary This chapter begins with a broad look at a few areas of manufacturing needs and then focuses on categories of surface engineering technology that have broad applicability or that by their nature demonstrate how research and development is leading to advances toward an ideal surface treatment. It discusses three essential issues when considering the way surface engineering process or system is developed to meet design needs: critical design knowledge, critical system components, and the critical actions, which describe how the system reacts or protects the substrate. Some of the elements corresponding to these different issues are presented. The chapter describes traditional and emerging surface engineering technologies, including chromate conversion coatings, interaction of chromates with aluminum, phosphate treatments, composite paint coatings, self-healing coatings, thermal spray methods, ion beam treatment of surfaces and ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), pulsed laser deposition, and functionalized nanostructured coatings development.
Self-Directed Learning on the Runway to Crafts Entrepreneurship:

Many artisans practice self-directed learning to gain crafts expertise in non-academic settings. They can apply this skill for crafts entrepreneurship. A preliminary exploratory study supported by three crafts entrepreneurs cases explored their transition from artisanship to entrepreneurship. It begins to address the lack of literature at the nexus of crafts entrepreneurship and self-directed learning. Findings suggest artisans develop their product–market fit and solve business-related issues in self-directed learning cycles, exercising self-management at each step, and self-monitoring the outcomes. With profound implications to promote crafts entrepreneurship in resource-strapped small legacy cities, we present guidance for future research to develop this field.
Strategies to increase testosterone in men seeking fertility.

Prevalence of testosterone deficiency is increasing in the adolescent and young adult male population. As the average paternal age rises, there is a significant population of men with hypogonadism seeking testosterone therapy wishing to achieve or maintain fertility potential. Identification of potential lifestyle modifications that may improve the testosterone deficiency is one of the initial interventions of the holistic strategy in treatment. This is followed by drug therapy; however, traditional testosterone therapy acts as a contraceptive by suppressing the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and therefore cannot be used as a treatment strategy. A solution has been the off-label use of selective estrogen receptor modulators, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and anastrozole inhibitors to treat hypogonadal symptoms while increasing intratesticular testosterone, a necessity for spermatogenesis. Recently, a novel therapy, Natesto intranasal testosterone gel, has been shown to increase serum testosterone levels while maintaining semen parameters. This is hypothesized to be because of its short-acting properties having lesser effect on the HPG axis, in contrast to the long-acting properties of traditional testosterone therapy. It is important to differentiate hypogonadal men between those seeking to achieve or maintain fertility status because the drug therapy of choice differs. This can be accomplished by determining the levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), because it is a biomarker for intratesticular testosterone. Those with low 17-OHP may wish to initiate treatment with alternative therapies, whereas those with high 17-OHP may trial short-acting testosterone therapies. As the urologist's armamentarium continues to increase, better strategies to increase testosterone levels in men seeking fertility can be achieved.
Editorial Comment: FDG PET/MRI and CT as Predictive Markers of Response of Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer to Neoadjuvant Therapy.

This Editorial Comment discusses the following AJR article: Borderline Resectable and Locally Advanced Pancreas Cancer: FDG PET/MRI and CT Tumor Metrics for Assessment of Neoadjuvant Therapy Pathol...
Experiential Learning in Collegiate Aviation: The Use and Assessment of Internships

Experiential learning, in general, and internships, in particular, are increasing in popularity as students endeavor to gain real-world experience in their chosen career field prior to college graduation. As noted by Steffes (2004), “Providing students with a connected view of learning that integrates their real world experiences with classroom lectures and discussion can create a powerful learning environment” (p. 49). It is this powerful learning environment that was the focus of this paper. As part of this study, a comprehensive literature review and survey of UAA institutional members was conducted. This resulted in a more thorough understanding of the history of experiential learning, the various types of experiential learning, various aspects of internships, the role of internships in collegiate aviation, and current methods of assessing internships both within collegiate aviation and other academic fields. The paper concluded by presenting various recommendations in how to best assess internships to ensure the growth and continued success of this form of experiential learning in higher education.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous revascularisation: a review of trial reports.

Acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary interventions share a common pathophysiological mechanism of intimai disruption and platelet aggregation. Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, which interrupt the final common pathway of platelet activation and aggregation, have been shown to have clear clinical benefit as acute therapy. Treatment of 1000 patients with parenteral formulations prevents at least 1 death, 20 deaths or myocardial infarctions (MIs), and 30 deaths, MIs or revascularisation procedures over a 30-day period. These benefits are sustained at 6 months. Clinical trials of oral formulations are underway. The challenges of dose, haemorrhage and thrombocytopenia must be surmounted before oral antagonists can be incorporated into clinical practice. Despite enrolment of thousands of patients in randomised trials of GPIIb/IIIa antagonists, much additional information is needed to refine the use of this therapy in practice. Application of this drug class will advance a new therapeutic standard for ischaemic heart disease.
Chapter 34. Alkaloids

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the development of alkaloids possessing clinical activity. The complete molecular structure, including the stereochemistry and the absolute configuration of leurocristine methiodide dihydrate, has been determined by the combination of two crystallographic methods based on the anomalous scattering of X-rays. The elucidation of the structures of vincaleukoblastine and leurocristine allows for a rational and systematic approach to their synthesis, as well as for a logical pursuit of structure–activity relationships. The most interesting alkaloid isolated from the Australian scrub ash is acronycine. The experimental systems of special interest which are responsive to this alkaloid include X-5563 plasma cell myeloma, a model system of multiple myeloma in man, Shionogi carcinoma 115, an androgen-dependent tumor, potentially a model system for prostatic cancer, and the C-1498 myelogenous leukemia which is nonresponsive to any of the clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents. Camptothecin is active against the L-1210 leukemia and the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. A number of unusual dimeric indole alkaloids have also been studied and structures have been postulated primarily on the basis of interpretation of physical data.
Insensitivity of single particle time domain measurements to laser velocimeter 'Doppler ambiguity.'

It is shown that single particle time domain measurements in high speed gas flows obtained by a laser velocimeter technique developed for use in wind tunnels are not affected by the so-called 'Doppler ambiguity.' A comparison of hot-wire anemometer and laser velocimeter measurements taken under similar flow conditions is used for the demonstration.
General Principles of Insecticide Toxicology

Toxic interactions of any chemical and any given biological system are dose related. At extremely high concentrations, most chemicals have toxic effects on biological systems. The toxicology of poisonous chemicals can be termed the “science of doses.”
Numerical studies of bifurcations in the confined Benard problem

We have used our very efficient, highly accurate nodal integral method to investigate numerically the bifurcation phenomena that occur in the confined Benard problem. We were able to calculate the multiple solution surface in Ra-θ plane, and the first two pitchfork bifurcation points for the square cavity. The first of these unfolds into a cusp catastrophe, while the second is preserved as a structurally unstable pitchfork. We next studied the effect of the aspect ratio on the critical Rayleigh numbers and on the flow field. Our course-mesh results for Racrit as a function of β are in good agreement with previously obtained fairly large finite element results. We have found that the transitions in the flow field from the one-vortex to the three-vortex field, and three to five, etc. occur smoothly both as the aspect ratio β and the tilt angle θ are varied, and not through bifurcations in these parameters.
TeamSkill: modeling team chemistry in online multi-player games

In this paper, we introduce a framework for modeling elements of "team chemistry" in the skill assessment process using the performances of subsets of teams and four approaches which make use of this framework to estimate the collective skill of a team. A new dataset based on the Xbox 360 video game, Halo 3, is used for evaluation. The dataset is comprised of online scrimmage and tournament games played between professional Halo 3 teams competing in the Major League Gaming (MLG) Pro Circuit during the 2008 and 2009 seasons. Using the Elo, Glicko, and TrueSkill rating systems as "base learners" for our approaches, we predict the outcomes of games based on subsets of the overall dataset in order to investigate their performance given differing game histories and playing environments. We find that Glicko and TrueSkill benefit greatly from our approaches (TeamSkill-AllK-EV in particular), significantly boosting prediction accuracy in close games and improving performance overall, while Elo performs better without them. We also find that the ways in which each rating system handles skill variance largely determines whether or not it will benefit from our techniques.
Effect of Lime Addition on the Predesilication and Digestion Properties of a Gibbsitic Bauxite

The effect of lime addition on the predesilication and digestion properties of a gibbsitic bauxite in industrial Bayer liquor at different temperatures was investigated in the present paper. Lime increases the desilication efficiency of gibbsitic bauxite during the predesilication process, which promotes the conversion of sodalite and cancrinite to hydrogarnet in the presence of CO32−. Lime slightly decreases the alumina digestion rate of gibbsitic bauxite at both 145 °C and 245 °C when the lime dosage is 2 wt%. However, the soda consumption during the digestion process is decreased due to lime addition, especially at the higher temperature. Lime can also promote the conversion of aluminogoethite to hematite during the digestion process, which improves the digestion property of aluminogoethitic alumina in the gibbsitic bauxite.
Progress in collective flow studies from the onset to Bevalac/SIS

Collective flow in heavy ion collisions was first observed experimentally more than a decade ago at the Bevalac by the Plastic Ball collaboration. Although early calculations had suggested that measurement of the flow would place tight constraints on the nuclear equation of state, uncertainties in other input parameters of microscopic models, which also affect the flow, led to large ambiguities in the equation of state. This talk will discuss recent flow studies that attempt to overcome these difficulties. The EOS and FOPI experiments at the Bevalac and SIS accelerators have measured flow in the 200–2000A·MeV bombarding energy range with better acceptance, particle identification, and systematics than was previously available. Meanwhile, programs at MSU and GANIL are studying the disappearance of flow around 50A·MeV. Systematic comparison of these data with predictions of microscopic models is beginning to reduce the ambiguities in the extraction of physics quantities. Also, new directions in flow studies, such as the flow of produced particles and radial flow, offer the possibility of further information from flow studies. Recent accomplishments and new directions in flow studies are discussed, and areas where further study is needed are pointed out.
CFIUS As A Congressional Notification Service

How can Congress play a role in formulating national security policy? This Article identifies one way that Congress already plays such a role: in its oversight of executive branch decisions regarding foreign investments in the United States, via the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). The executive’s role in this relationship is passive; it is best understood as a congressional notification service. This Article considers the implications of such a service, which could serve as a model for increased congressional involvement in other aspects of foreign affairs. It offers historical support for the descriptive claim that Congress plays a central role in policing foreign investments for national security concerns; the mildness of the executive role is shown both qualitatively and quantitatively through a content analysis of the “boilerplateness” of executive approvals of foreign acquisitions. The role Congress has played in national security and foreign direct investment policymaking has implications for theories of presidential administration and executive discretion in foreign affairs, and also for practicing lawyers interested in defining what exactly the scope of “national security” might be. The Article concludes with a review of these implications.
Cranial neuropathy associated with primary amyloidosis

We report 6 patients for whom cranial neuropathy was a major manifestation of primary amyloidosis. In 3 of the 6, multiple cranial nerves were involved. All had tissue biopsy documentation of amyloidosis. In 2, nerve biopsy also confirmed amyloidosis. All had renal involvement manifested by proteinuria. Primary systemic amyloidosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cranial neuropathy, especially when proteinuria is present.
Modulation of cortisol receptors in embryonic retina cells by changes in cell-cell contacts: correlations with induction of glutamine synthetase.

Abstract Cortisol induces glutamine synthetase (GS) in neural retina tissue of chick embryos. GS induction represents a characteristic feature of embryonic retina differentiation. However, if the tissue is dissociated into single cells, the dispersed cells are not inducible for GS. We report that cell dispersion results in a rapid and marked reduction in the level of cortisol-binding cytoplasmic receptors. This reduction persists if the cells are maintained in a dispersed state. However, if the cells are reaggregated and they reconstruct tissue-like contacts and architecture, the level of cortisol receptors increases, and so does inducibility for GS. The results indicate that, in the embryonic neural retina histotypic cell contacts and interactions are involved in regulating the level of cortisol receptors. We propose that cell contact-dependent signals from the cell surface may modulate levels of cytoplasmic cortisol receptors necessary for GS induction.
Rotor-floater-tether coupled dynamics including second-order sum–frequency wave loads for a mono-column-TLP-type FOWT (floating offshore wind turbine)

In the present study, a numerical simulation tool has been developed for the rotor-floater-tether fully-coupled dynamic analysis of FOWTs in time domain including aero-blade-tower dynamics and control, mooring dynamics, and platform motions. In particular, the effects of second-order sum–frequency wave excitations on the coupled dynamic analysis are investigated. The fully coupled simulations are also compared with uncoupled simulations. For this purpose, a mono-column TLP with 5 MW turbine in 200 m water depth is selected as an example. The time histories and spectra of the FOWT motions and accelerations as well as tether top-tensions are presented for the given random collinear wind-wave condition. The shift of original floater natural frequencies due to the inclusion of tower flexural modes is demonstrated. The increase of wind pitch loading and damping due to the relative velocities between wind and platform motion is also explained through fully-coupled dynamic analysis. The second-order sum–frequency wave loading introduces high-frequency excitations near pitch-roll resonance frequencies or lowest tower flexural modes. Its effects are more clearly seen in uncoupled case due to the lack of aero damping. The increased high-frequency responses may significantly increase tower-top accelerations.
Electronic structure engineering of elpasolites: Case of Cs2AgYCl6

Abstract Electronic structure engineering of elpasolite-based scintillators is explored for improving light yield and scintillation response. First-principles calculations of electronic structure, polarons, and Ce activator in Cs 2 AgYCl 6 show that the electronegativity of constituent elements of a quaternary elpasolite compound can be manipulated to reduce the band gap and carrier self-trapping energy, which should lead to higher light yield and faster scintillation decay.
NAFTA and the Location of North American Investment: A Critique of Mainstream Analysis:

Mainstream studies of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) conclude that this agreement will benefit the typical resident of Canada, Mexico and the U.S. This paper argues that these optimistic conclusions depend critically upon dubious assumptions about NAFTA's effects on international investment flows - assumptions that ensure the conclusion that U.S. workers will not be hurt by a relocation of productive capital. NAFTA is in fact likely to have a considerable impact on direct foreign investment flows, and so the failure to specify the investment process adequately leads to a serious misassessment of NAFTA's effects.
In Pursuit of Cumulative Knowledge in Health Communication: The Role of Meta-Analysis

A major goal in health communication and related disciplines is the building of cumulative knowledge across numerous lines of inquiry. Traditionally, attempts to synthesize research and build knowledge have been achieved through narrative or integrative research reviews. However, the advent of meta-analysis in the late 1970s gave researchers a more sophisticated approach to synthesizing quantitative research literatures. This article (a) provides an overview of the meta-analytic approach, (b) discusses the historical context of meta-analysis, (c) examines the role that meta-analysis has played in the synthesis of health communication research, and (d) suggests future applications of the technique within health communication. It appears that meta-analysis has only recently been applied to the health communication field in a substantive way, and that its potential for moving the field forward has thus only begun to be realized.
A Hybrid Nonlinear Adaptive Tracking Controller for a Resonating Fiber Microscanner

A robust hybrid tracking controller for a nonlinear resonating fiber microscanner is developed and implemented to remove scan distortions-toroid and swirl. Using offline batch feedback, a nonlinear search, and simulated regulation, an adaptive controller iteratively finds system parameters that cause an online open-loop feedback linearized plant-inversion controller to robustly and accurately track a spiral scan with a high-speed flyback region. This offline adaptive feedback/online open-loop hybrid approach removes the need for miniature sensors and high-speed real-time controllers in situ.
Early Physical Rehabilitation in the ICU: A Review for the Neurohospitalist

Advances in critical care have resulted in improved intensive care unit (ICU) mortality. However, improved ICU survival has resulted in a growing number of ICU survivors living with long-term sequelae of critical illness, such as impaired physical function and quality of life (QOL). In addition to critical illness, prolonged bed rest and immobility may lead to severe physical deconditioning and loss of muscle mass and muscle weakness. ICU-acquired weakness is associated with increased duration of mechanical ventilation and weaning, longer ICU and hospital stay, and increased mortality. These physical impairments may last for years after ICU discharge. Early Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) interventions in the ICU may attenuate or prevent the weakness and physical impairments occurring during critical illness. This article reviews the evidence regarding safety, feasibility, barriers, and benefits of early PM&R interventions in ICU patients and discusses the limited existing data on early PM&R in the neurological ICU and future directions for early PM&R in the ICU.
Quantitative arteriography of apparently normal coronary segments with nearby or distant disease suggests presence of occult, nonvisualized atherosclerosis

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate, using quantitative arteriography, whether the diameter of visually normal coronary segments might be influenced by the relative proximity of visually apparent disease. Background. Severity of coronary artery lesions is commonly referenced against a presumed normal nearby coronary segment with the presumption that visually smooth segments are relatively free of atherosclerotic disease. Methods. Angiograms from 136 male patients with focal coronary disease were examined, and visually normal segments in the proximal portions of the major vessels were identified for measurement of mean segment diameters. Normal segments with immediately adjacent disease were compared with normal segments with distal disease in the same vessel and compared with normal segments in vessels for which the only other visible disease was in distant vessels. Angiograms with entirely normal findings from 26 age-matched men with atypical chest pain were used as controls. Segments were measured after nitroglycerin administration by means of computer-assisted quantitation. Results. Mean diameters of visually normal segments with distant disease were smaller than those of control segments (p < 0.05). Normal left main and proximal left anterior descending coronary artery segments in patients with disease within the same vessel were significantly smaller than normal segments in patients with distant disease (p < 0.05). Normal segments with immediately adjacent disease had smaller mean diameters than normal segments with distal disease in the same vessel (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Visually normal coronary segments have progressively smaller lumen diameters, depending on the relative proximity of visible disease. Measurement of percent stenosis on the basis of the diameter of apparently normal adjacent reference segments can result in underestimation of coronary lesion severity.
Self-regulating sensor network

Power is a critical resource in sensor networks, especially when the nodes are un-tethered and used in long running applications. Many approaches have been developed to exploit the inherent space and time redundancy in the data collected by sensor networks by using selective querying. In selective querying, at any given time, only a percentage of the nodes is queried; the rest are put in sleep mode. The key feature of selective querying is the method by which it decides which nodes are active and which nodes are sleep at every time period. The published literature catalogs a rich variety of selection criteria, yet, it barely addresses the orthogonal problem: what percentage of the nodes should be active. In this paper we describe algorithms we have used to make the sensor network self-regulate, i.e. the network continuously monitors the level of activity in the environment and regulates the level of activity of the network accordingly. We further use the analogy of natural self-regulation by also gauging the level of activity to the amount and distribution of resources available.
Is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis a Mitochondrial Channelopathy

SOD1 is a cause of the fatal, paralytic disorder ALS. Although mechanisms underlying mutant SOD1 neurotoxicity remain uncertain, this protein associates with mitochondria. In this issue of Neuron , Israelson et al. show that mutant SOD1 binds and inhibits the mitochondrial channel VDAC1. This finding sheds light onto possible molecular links between mutant SOD1, mitochondrial dysfunction, and spinal motor neuron degeneration in inherited ALS.
Coupled Electro–Thermal Simulation for Self-Heating Effects in Graphene Transistors

The effects of self-heating on graphene transistor characteristics are examined by self-consistently solving the coupled nonequilibrium Green's function transport equation with the thermal transport equation. The results indicate that the substrate and gate insulator have significant effects on the temperature rise, decrease of on-current, and lowering of transconductance through surface polar phonon scattering, which causes self-heating effects. For graphene transistors with the channel length of a few hundred nanometers, the temperature rise of about 110 K and on-current lowering of about 17% are predicted because of self-heating. This indicates the importance of a coupled electro-thermal simulation for predicting graphene device characteristics and of thermal engineering on device performance. The dependence of the self-heating effects on the transistor channel length and phonon energy are also examined.
Evaluation of Wine Judge Performance through Three Characteristics: Bias, Discrimination, and Variation

Judge performance is a critical component of a wine competition's success. A number of studies have shown that wine judges may differ considerably in their opinions. In this paper, we have conducted an in-depth examination of wine judge performance at a U.S. wine competition. Three characteristics of judge's performance are examined: bias, discrimination ability, and variation. Based on the analysis, we can identify the judges who had discrepant scoring patterns and can gain insight into which of the three characteristics cause particular judges to disagree. The evaluation of wine judge performance through these three characteristics may provide useful information for training them to have consistent performance and in assisting competition coordinators in judge selection. (JEL Classification: C1, D8, Q13)
Pressure broadening as a many-body problem☆☆☆

Abstract The correlation functions of the many-body system are introduced to describe pressure broadening of spectral lines in a gas. The line shape is determined from the imaginary part of the frequency- and wave vector-dependent dielectric susceptibility. A T -matrix expansion is used to rederive Baranger's impact approximation, which is shown to be exact in the low density limit, provided that either the mass of the foreign particles is very different from that of the radiating atoms, or the scattering is predominantly in the forward direction. The T -matrix equations contain the full kinematics of the interacting atoms, permitting the treatment of scattering of particles of arbitrary mass at arbitrary angles. The line shape contains all the effects of the velocity distribution of the atoms, including Doppler broadening. The application to resonant self-broadening is mentioned briefly, and some terms of higher order in the density are discussed.
Wavemaker in the design of GaAs MMICs

Abstract WaveMaker started out as a GaAs MMIC layout editing software package, to which was added a layout capture and schematic capture facility to enable the user to create netlist files in the Touchstone and Super Compact. The next step was to add the circuit simulator, and this has recently been completed with version 3.0 of WaveMaker.
Development and Initial Validation of Sustainable Construction Safety and Health Rating System

This paper presents a study to develop and validate a sustainable construction safety and health (SCSH) rating system. The rating system provides an opportunity to rate projects based on the importance given to construction worker safety and health and the degree of implementation of safety and health elements. A Delphi survey using an expert panel of 12 experienced safety and health professionals representing different sectors of the construction industry was employed to develop the SCSH rating system. The study resulted in a rating system consisting of a total of 50 safety and health elements organized into 13 categories. Each category contains safety and health elements which carry credits based on their effectiveness in preventing construction worker injuries and illnesses. The rating system was initially validated based on data from 25 construction projects and found to accurately represent the safety performance of large projects. The SCSH rating system can be used as an effective tool to develop and plan construction safety and health programs and evaluate the potential safety performance of construction projects.
Limits of the critical current density of polycrystalline high-temperature superconductors based on the current transport properties of single grain boundaries

A semiquantitative technique for estimating the limits of the critical current density in polycrystalline high-temperature superconductors is presented. This technique is based on the transport properties of single grain boundaries. Various factors essential in deducing the critical current density of polycrystalline high-Tc materials from the characteristics of single grain boundaries are discussed. The results for tectured, polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7 fibers are reported, and the influence of the microstructure on their critical current density is discussed.
Utilization Management in Radiology, Part 1: Rationale, History, and Current Status

Previous growth in the utilization of medical imaging has led to numerous efforts to reduce associated spending. Although these have historically been directed toward unit cost reductions, recent interest has emerged by various stakeholders in curbing inappropriate utilization. Radiology benefits managers have widespread market penetration and have been promoted largely by the payer community as effective mechanisms to curb increases in imaging volume. The provider community has tended to favor real-time order entry decision support systems. These have demonstrated comparable effectiveness to radiology benefits managers in early projects but currently have only limited market penetration. In this first of a two-part series, the rationale for the development of utilization management programs will be discussed and their history and current status reviewed.
Freudian theory and new information in modern psychology.

La «tension» entre les observations cliniques de Freud et sa metapsychologie peut etre interpretee comme dues a l'etat lacunaire du savoir psychologique de son temps. A l'epoque on n'etait informe ni de l'anthropologie culturelle, ni de la nature des interactions mere-nourrisson, ni de la physiologie du sommeil (mouvements oculaires rapides), ni du role des emotions dans la communication
Toxicity of T-2 toxin, a Fusarium mycotoxin, to alveolar macrophages in vitro.

Abstract The exposure of agricultural workers to dust particulates, which may be contaminated with common fungi and/or their toxic metabolites, is an occupational health concern. To assess the cytotoxic properties of T-2 toxin, rat alveolar macrophages (AM) were exposed to T-2 in tissue culture. Determinations of cell viability, cell number, and viability index indicate that T-2, a trichothecene mycotoxin, is highly toxic to AM. The concentrations of T-2 toxin required to decrease these parameters by 50% at 20 hr were 8.93, 0.33, and 0.89 μ m , respectively. The effect of T-2 toxin on AM cell volume was dose dependent, with cultures containing 0.1 μ m T-2 being significantly different than controls. The data show that T-2 toxin causes significant AM shrinkage. The amount of chromium released from preloaded AM after 18 hr of incubation was significantly different in culture containing 0.01 μ m or greater T-2 toxin. The percentage of chromium released was dose dependent and parallel to the amount of cell death occurring in each culture. Scanning electron microscope examination of AM treated 20 hr with 0.1 μ m T-2 toxin demonstrated detachment of pseudopodia, cellular blebing, smoothing of membrane processes, and finally cell lysis. Thus, the data clearly demonstrate that T-2 toxin is cytotoxic for rat alveolar macrophages in vitro and suggest the possibility of a respiratory hazard to agricultural workers.
Structural Dynamics Studies of Fatty Acid Binding Protein-4 by Solution NMR Spectroscopy

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) is a 132-aa intracellular lipid binding protein involved in the transport of fatty acids between cell membranes and organelles. FABP4 participates in several pathways including lipolysis and lipogenesis, and is involved in lipid and energy metabolism related diseases such as diabetes. Although the x-ray structure of FABP4 has been determined and binding to several of its hydrophobic ligands well characterized, the transitions in the structural dynamics upon ligand binding has yet to be determined. Here, solution NMR experiments will be carried out on 15N and 13C labeled FABP4 to study the structural transitions between its free and bound states. Spin relaxation measurements will also be used to reveal any changes that occur upon binding of FABP4 to its hydrophobic ligands.
Antimigraine drug interactions with 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors.

The interactions of four antimigraine drugs with 5-hydroxytryptamine1A and beta-adrenergic receptors were analyzed in rat brain membranes. Methysergide, cyprohepatadine, (−)propranolol, and pizotifen display similar affinities (IC50 values, 83 to 280 nM) for 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors labeled by [3H]8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin. Cyproheptadine, pizotifen, and methysergide are essentially inactive at beta-adrenergic receptors labeled by [3H]dihydroal-prenolol (IC50 values, 8,700 to 87,000 nM). By contrast, (−)propranolol is an extremely potent beta-adrenergic agent (IC50, 3 nM). These data indicate that the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor is a common site of action for (−)propranolol and other antimigraine agents.
Some properties of the soluble (S) antigen of cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines.

Extracts of human lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from infectious mononucleosis patients and from normal individuals yielded an antigen, which was immunologically closely related, if not identical, to the soluble (S) antigen present in cell lines derived from Burkitt lymphoma patients. This antigen was found in both the EB virus-positive and EB virus-negative lines. The S antigen was stable at 4° C over the period of one week, but at 37° C at least 50% of activity was lost in 24 hours. When heated for 30 minutes at 56° C or at higher temperatures, the antigen titer was reduced but some activity was still preserved even after heating at 80° C. The antigen was found to be trypsinsensitive but it was stable over the range of pH 5.0 to 8.2. No evidence was obtained thus far that more than one antigen reactive with human sera was present in the preparations tested. The highest S antigen titers in EB 3 cells were formed after cultivation of these cells at 32° C, in P3J cells at 37° C. The P3J cells grew well at 40°C; at this temperature both the synthesis of S antigen and the formation of EB virus antigens detectable by immunofluorescence were preserved even after long-term cultivation. The cultivation of cells in arginine deprived media did not result in enhancement of either S antigen titer or percentage of cells positive by immunofluorescence.
Comparison between heterogeneous multi-Langmuir and homogeneous electrostatically modified Langmuir models in accounting for the adsorption of small organic ions in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Adsorption isotherm data were measured by frontal analysis (FA) for sodium nicotinate (anionic species, (W)(S)pH 9.14) and atenololium chloride (cationic species, (W)(S)pH 2.60) on a column packed with hybrid porous particles (BEH-C(18)), eluted with an aqueous solution of methanol at two different ionic strengths. These data were well accounted for by both a heterogeneous bi-Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and a homogeneous electrostatically modified Langmuir isotherm. In the case of the former model, two different types of adsorption sites are available for the ions. The saturation capacity and the binding constant of the stronger type of adsorption sites are nearly independent of the ionic strength of the eluent. These sites could be consistent with residual, accessible silanol groups, the surface concentration of which was estimated at 0.08 micromol/m(2). In contrast, the equilibrium constant of the weaker type of adsorption sites markedly increases with increasing elution strength of the eluent, a result consistent with a salting-out process. These weak adsorption sites are likely located at the interface between the C(18)-bonded layer and the bulk eluent. In the case of the latter isotherm model, there is only one type of adsorption sites, its equilibrium constant increases with decreasing eluent ionic strength, consistent with classical electrostatics, but its saturation capacity strongly decreases when the ionic strength drops. This last result suggests that the homogeneous electrostatic adsorption model is physically inconsistent.
Latinos on DA Down Low: The Limitations of Sexual Identity in Public Health

Tying HIV prevention to sexual identity has been an effective public health strategy. However, HIV infection among young Latino/a and African Americans continues to mount. “On the down low,” a youth term for secretive or undercover, has become a code for the furtive same-sex sexual practices of young men who reject Gay or bisexual identities. This phenomenon received the attention of African Americans but Latino communities have largely, ignored it. Based on ethnographic observations in a Hip Hop club in New York City, and on postings in cyberspace, this paper documents the presence of Latino youth in “down low” networks. It asks whether the historical and political construction of ethno-racial identities in forms emerging sexual practices and identities, begging a review of established HIV prevention efforts.
Reflections on “Public Administrative Theory and the Separation of Powers”

Published 30 years ago, my article on “Public Administrative Theory and the Separation of Powers” introduced what is often called the “three perspectives” approach or framework for understanding pu...
Predicted solar neutrino rates in the Q-nuclear solar model.

It is been shown previoulsy that the existence of a tiny abundance of nuclei which have an additional embedded hadronic particle, $Q$-nuclei, can solve the solar-neutrino problem. We present here detailed predictions of solar-neutrino detection rates for detectors of $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$, $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$, and $^{115}\mathrm{In}$. It is found that, while $Q$-nuclei could reduce the $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$ detection rate from that of the standard model to the experimental value, they would also produce a dramatic increase in the rates for the $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$ and $^{115}\mathrm{In}$ detectors.