cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case of Topical Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia:

The author reports a case of topical benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Benzocaine is a topical anesthetic commonly used during minor surgical and cannulation procedures. Although not widely reported, benzocaine has the potential to induce severe or life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Clinical practitioners should be cognizant of this complication associated with benzocaine use and its appropriate management. The following report describes a case of topical benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in a 74-year-old, Caucasian woman who had undergone transesophageal echocardiography and who received topical benzocaine for local anesthesia. Ten minutes after the administration of benzocaine, her oxygen saturation levels decreased to 71%, requiring immediate attention. Co-oximetry (multiple wavelength spectrophotometry) measured methemoglobin levels indicated the presence of methemoglobinemia. The patient was subsequently treated with 60 mg of intravenous methylene blue. Within 10 minutes, the patient’s condit...
Justice in residency placement: is the match system an offense to the values of medicine?

Medical residency—specialty training after the completion of medical school—is an essential component of medical education and is required in order to be a licensed, independent medical practitioner in most jurisdictions. As things currently stand in the United States, the match between medical school graduates and residency programs is governed by a match between rank-order lists prepared by candidates and residencies alike. An applicant picks a number of residency programs and ranks them according to order of interest. The residency program prepares a similar list, ranking the candidates it most wants in its program. A computer program compares the rankings and makes assignments according to a certain algorithm. Using these lists, the match system assigns approximately 24,000 applicants to approximately 21,000 training positions in pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, internal medicine, and the rest. These assignments are then announced to all parties on specific days. The system has been in place since 1952 and is overseen by the National Residency Match Program (NRMP), a nonprofit organization. This system has several advantages. First of all, it standardizes the timetable for decisions, and applicants are in no position to tie up offers while waiting to hear from other institutions. Institutions are not held captive, either, in making assignments while waiting to hear from particular parties.
Five Rules for Teaching Social Justice

This essay considers ways in which the academic discipline of social ethics, and of social justice in particular, can better inform and be informed by public life. It offers "five rules" for how the teaching of social ethics might change in order to accomplish these ends. The rules address both theoretical and practical shortcomings in the teaching of social justice. The essay ends with an appeal for "theoretical minimalism" that gives pedagogical priority to actual suffering and death rather than to unnecessarily complex abstraction.
Aerosil dispersed in a liquid crystal: magnetic order and random silica disorder.

Dispersions of silica spheres (aerosil) in octylcyanobiphenyl $(8CB)$ liquid crystal were investigated with deuteron NMR. For the lowest silica density dispersions, there is a field-induced liquid crystal alignment as the field anneals most elastic strains. Increasing the silica density, the molecular alignment is stabilized by the spheres and is retained after sample rotation in the field; in the process, a few silica strand links are broken by the field, which realigns some molecules. At higher densities, the aerosil dispersions are aerogel like and disordering effects are apparent.
Marfan's syndrome and neuropsychiatric symptoms: case report and literature review.

Abstract A case of a psychotic adolescent with Marfan's Syndrome is reported, and it and seven similar cases from the world literature are tabulated and discussed. In addition to skeletal, optic, and cardiovascular stigmata found in Marfan's, psychiatric, neurologic, metabolic, and endocrine changes also occurred. Assessment of a wider symptom profile would be useful to define how prevalent these less familiar findings are, and whether they are part of Marfan's or incidental to it.
Labeled lines in the retinotectal system: Markers for retinorecipient sublaminae and the retinal ganglion cell subsets that innervate them

Axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) carry visual information to the brain. In most vertebrates, the major synaptic target of RGCs is the optic tectum. In the chick, RGC axons form synapses in just 4 of 16 histologically recognizable laminae (the retinorecipient laminae [RRLs]), and arbors of individual RGCs are confined to a single RRL. To analyze the development and function of these parallel pathways, markers are required that selectively label them. Here, we have identified molecular markers for individual RRLs and for RGCs that project to them. Some of the markers may mediate or modulate signaling through the separate pathways: neuropeptides (substance P, neuromedin B, somatostatin-I and -II) and their receptors (substance P receptor), neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase) and the corresponding receptors (acetylcholine receptor β2) and calcium-binding proteins (parvalbumin and calbindin). Other markers are adhesive proteins that could mediate selective connectivity of RGC subsets within specific RRLs (cadherin-7, cadherin-11, reelin and neuropilin-1). We further show that RGC subsets whose axons project to specific RRLs are heterogeneous with respect to the retinal sublaminae within which their dendrites arborize. Our results define laminar-specified circuits from retina to brain and support a model in which RGCs transmit information from multiple sources to single central laminae, where it can be integrated.
Semester at sea: Research note for 1982 voyage

Telephone interviews were conducted with respondents who comprised a random sample of 32 of the 400 participants. Thirty-one of the thirty-two respondents were reached by telephone, and one additional respondent was reached by mail. The response rate was 100 % . Participants responded to four open-ended questions: their major activities since the voyage; the impact the voyage had on their lives; the reasons for going on the voyage; and the ways in which SAS changed their views on educating children in their families. This last question is designed to investigate a hypothesis by Llewan (1985).
The Custom of Courtesans and John Marston's The Dutch Courtesan

(2008). The Custom of Courtesans and John Marston's The Dutch Courtesan. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 11-19.
Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2Te3−Sb2Te3 Compounds Prepared by Ma-Pulse Discharge Sintering Process

The Bi2Te3-Sb2Te3 compounds with the composition of useful thermoelectric cooling materials were prepared by mechanical alloying-pulse discharge sintering process. Effects of the process on the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were investigated. Temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient was also observed in the temperature range 80 - 325 K. The figure of merit, Z, was found to be about 4.0 × 10−1K−1 at room temperature in the 25%Bi2Te3-75%Sb2Te3 composition sintered at 618K using grain refined mechanically alloyed powders which had the size of under 32 μm. The value of Z was remarkably improved with a decrease of the thermal conductivity shown in the fine grain compacts fabricated by mechanical alloying-pulse discharge sintering process.
Stock-recruitment relationships for three major Alaskan crab stocks

Abstract Stock–recruitment (S–R) relationships have important implications for harvest strategies but are difficult to develop for crab stocks because crab lack retainable hard body parts to age them and lack of sufficient knowledge about complex crab reproductive biology also complicates estimating effective spawning biomass. To evaluate harvest strategies, we developed S–R relationships for three major crab stocks in Alaska: Bristol Bay red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus , Bristol Bay Tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi and eastern Bering Sea snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio . We used abundance and recruitment estimates from length-based models, based on growth data for recruitment age and estimated effective spawning biomass from male and female abundance, male fertilization capability, sex ratio, size and shell condition of males, molting period duration of the female population and duration of male attendance during mating. Results varied with species. For red king crab, weak recruitment was associated with extremely small spawning biomass and strong recruitment was associated with intermediate spawning biomass, suggesting possible density-dependent effects. However, the king crab recruitment trends were also consistent with patterns of decadal climate shifts. Results were equivocal and a general Ricker model fit the king crab data slightly better than an autocorrelated Ricker model. For Tanner crab, the autocorrelated Ricker model fit the data much better than the general model and most of the variability of Tanner crab recruitment can be explained by a cycle with a period of 13–14 years. For snow crab, the autocorrelated Ricker model generally fit the data much better than the general model and S–R observations formed a circular pattern. Despite the weak evidence for S–R relationships, harvest strategies must be precautionary to reduce the risk that crab stocks fall to levels so low that reproductive output is insufficient to produce large year classes when environmental conditions become favorable.
Rapid homeostatic response of H4IIE cells to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid is not due to changes in the amount or localization of ZnT-1 protein

We have demonstrated that reducing zinc availability with the extracellular chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) causes rapid inhibition of cellular zinc efflux in H4IIE hepatoma cells but increases zinc efflux in primary hepatocytes. Similar differences were also observed between the rat anterior pituitary cell line GH3 and primary anterior pituitary cells. We hypothesized that the difference between the transformed and primary cells is due to differential regulation of ZnT-1 or SLC-30A-1 because this is the only zinc efflux transporter localized to the plasma membrane. The effects of DTPA (50 μM) and zinc (100 μM) treatment on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression and protein localization of ZnT-1 were studied in H4IIE cells and primary hepatocytes. Although zinc tended to increase ZnT-1 mRNA in H4IIE cells, DTPA had no effect on ZnT-1 mRNA and protein expression in either hepatoma cells or hepatocytes. Although ZnT-1 is thought to be localized on the plasma membrane, this localization was not seen in these liver cells where ZnT-1 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Vesicular localization of ZnT-1 appeared to increase with zinc treatment. Total zinc content was reduced by DTPA in H4IIE cells. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid also reduced metallothionein 1 mRNA, reflecting this reduction in cellular zinc. We conclude that the rapid homeostatic response of cells to altered zinc availability must be attributed to a transporter other than ZnT-1 or to changes in the activity of ZnT-1 by a novel mechanism.
Immunocytochemical localization of IgA in the mouse cornea

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) was localized on the epithelial surface cells of corneas of adult DBA/2 and BALB/c mice using an unlabelled antibody-enzyme (peroxidase anti-peroxidase, PAP) technique. IgA was demonstrated by the presence of PAP molecules on the external surface of mature (medium aged) cells in both mouse strains, but immunostaining was qualitatively heavier in DBA/2 animals. Additionally, IgA was detected on young surface epithelial cells in DBA/2 mice but was not present on the surface of similarly aged cells in BALB/c animals. These two strains of mice were chosen because of their dissimilar responses to experimental P. aeruginosa corneal infection.
Wildlife contact analysis: emerging methods, questions, and challenges

Recent technological advances, such as proximity loggers, allow researchers to collect complete interaction histories, day and night, among sampled individuals over several months to years. Social network analyses are an obvious approach to analyzing interaction data because of their flexibility for fitting many different social structures as well as the ability to assess both direct contacts and indirect associations via intermediaries. For many network properties, however, it is not clear whether estimates based upon a sample of the network are reflective of the entire network. In wildlife applications, networks may be poorly sampled and boundary effects will be common. We present an alternative approach that utilizes a hierarchical modeling framework to assess the individual, dyadic, and environmental factors contributing to variation in the interaction rates and allows us to estimate the underlying process variation in each. In a disease control context, this approach will allow managers to focus efforts on those types of individuals and environments that contribute the most toward super-spreading events. We account for the sampling distribution of proximity loggers and the non-independence of contacts among groups by only using contact data within a group during days when the group membership of proximity loggers was known. This allows us to separate the two mechanisms responsible for a pair not contacting one another: they were not in the same group or they were in the same group but did not come within the specified contact distance. We illustrate our approach with an example dataset of female elk from northwestern Wyoming and conclude with a number of important future research directions.
Exploring the biology of lipid peroxidation-derived protein carbonylation.

The sustained overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species results in an imbalance of cellular prooxidant–antioxidant systems and is implicated in numerous disease states, including alcoholic liver disease, cancer, neurological disorders, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. The accumulation of reactive aldehydes resulting from sustained oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation is an underlying factor in the development of these pathologies. Determining the biochemical factors that elicit cellular responses resulting from protein carbonylation remains a key element to developing therapeutic approaches and ameliorating disease pathologies. This review details our current understanding of the generation of reactive aldehydes via lipid peroxidation resulting in protein carbonylation, focusing on pathophysiologic factors associated with 4-hydroxynonenal-protein modification. Additionally, an overview of in vitro and in vivo model systems used to study the physiologic impact of protein carbonylat...
A genomically/chemically complete module for synthesis of lipid membrane in a minimal cell

A minimal cell is a hypothetical cell defined by the essential functions required for life. We have developed a module for the synthesis of membrane precursors for a mathematical minimal cell model. This module describes, with chemical and genomic detail the production of the constituents required to build a cell membrane and identifies the corresponding essential genes. Membranes allow selective nutrient passage, harmful substance exclusion, and energy generation. Bacterial membrane components range from lipids to fatty acids with embedded proteins and are structurally similar to eukaryotic cell membranes. Membranes are dynamic structures and experimental analyses show great variations in bacterial membrane composition. The flexibility of the model is such that different membrane compositions could be obtained in response to simulated changes in culture conditions. The model's predictions are in close agreement with the observed biological trends. The model's predictions correspond well with the experimental values of total lipid content in cells grown in chemostat culture, but less well with data from batch growth. Cell shape and size results agree especially well for data for growth rate relative to maximum growth rate larger than 0.5; and DNA, RNA, and protein predictions are consistent with experimental observations. A better understanding of the simplest bacterial membrane should lead to insights on the more complex behavior of membranes of higher species as well as identification of potential targets for antimicrobials.
Future Demands on Ground Water in Northeastern Illinois

Future water demands were estimated for each 10-year interval from 1980 to 2020 for areas in the Chicago region dependent upon ground water as a source of supply. Demands were compared with ground-water availability to define water deficient areas. Two approaches were considered in developing the ground-water resource. The first approach limits ground-water withdrawals to the maximum rate of natural ground-water recharge that can be induced by pumping. The second approach allows withdrawals to exceed natural recharge. When limiting ground-water withdrawals to recharge a large part of the region will require importation of water by as early as 1980. With proper pumpage distribution it is conceivable that there is sufficient water that can be withdrawn (mined) in excess of natural recharge to meet demands through the year 2020.
Kaolin: processing, properties and applications

Abstract Kaolins are white raw materials, their essential constituent being fine grained white clay, which are amenable for beneficiation that make them ideal for an assortment of industrial applications. Kaolin deposits can be classified into two types, primary (residual) and secondary (sedimentary). The main commercially important kaolin resources at the present time are the primary deposits of Cornwall in England and the sedimentary deposits in Georgia and South Carolina in the USA This review outlines the geology and occurrence of kaolins in the world and the state of the art in processing high-quality kaolins. The physical and chemical characteristics of kaolin are also reviewed with respect to their use for specific applications in paper, ceramics and refractories, plastics, rubber, adhesives and paint industries. The market outlook for world kaolin is outlined with respect to product specifications, markets and prices and the competition from other fillers such as calcium carbonate.
STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE : IV. THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES ON THE PROGRESSION OF THE VIRUS WITHIN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF YOUNG MICE.

Two-week-old mice inoculated with herpes virus on the pad of a hind foot regularly developed paralysis of the infected limb followed by paraplegia and encephalitis terminating fatally 5 or 6 days after inoculation. Hyperimmune rabbit serum given intraperitoneally at the time virus was inoculated on the foot pad prevented the formation of an herpetic lesion of the foot pad. When the antiserum was given 12 hours after inoculation of the virus, a typical infection of the epithelium of the foot pad developed, but the virus was prevented from causing obvious signs of infection of the nervous system in many of the animals. Amputation of the foot 2 hours after the inoculation of the virus prevented the paralysis of the hind leg. Some of the mice died of a delayed encephalitis. Amputation of the foot at 24 hours neither prevented nor delayed the sequence of paralysis of the hind leg, encephalitis, and death. In order to study immune serum therapy of an infection of the nervous system uncomplicated by a peripheral focus of infection or by traumatic disturbance of the central nervous system, 2-week-old mice were inoculated on the foot pad, the infected feet were amputated 24 hours later, and the immune serum was administered at varying intervals thereafter. Using litter mate controls and statistically significant numbers of mice, it was shown that hyperimmune rabbit serum, administered during the first one-third of the incubation period, retards and, in some cases, arrests the progress of herpetic infection within the nervous system.
Market Processes and the Closing of ’Industrial Loops’

Summary Many industrial ecologists assume that traditional economic development was characterized by a linear approach in which materials and energy were extracted, processed, used, and dumped in a linear flow into, through, and out of the economy. Much historical evidence, however, indicates that industrial resource recovery was much more widespread than currently thought. This article reviews the available evidence by introducing the reader to earlier literature on the topic and by providing a short case study of animal by-products recovery from the Neolithic period to the middle of the twentieth century. The main finding of this article is that the belief that market actors systematically failed to close “industrial loops” in earlier eras is inaccurate. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the industrial ecology metaphor was actually well understood in the middle of the nineteenth century.
Scaling relations for a beam-deflecting TM/sub 110/ mode in an asymmetric cavity

A deflecting mode in an RF cavity caused by an aperture of the coupling hole from a waveguide is studied. If the coupling hole has a finite size, the RF modes in the cavity can be distorted. The distorted mode is considered as a sum of the accelerating mode and the deflecting mode. The finite-size coupling hole can be considered as radiating dipole sources in a closed cavity. Following the prescription given by H. Bethe (1944), the relative strength of the deflecting mode TM/sub 110/ to the accelerating TM/sub 010/ mode is calculated by decomposing the dipole source field into cavity eigenmodes. Scaling relations are obtained as a function of the coupling hole radius. >
AT-44RELEARNING NEURO-ONCOLOGY: BAYES' THEOREM PROVIDES A NEW WORLD ORDER

INTRODUCTION: All clinicians are Bayesian theoreticians, and implicitly use this calculus to make all treatment decisions . We explicitly applied Bayes' theorem to the most compelling randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the field of neuro-oncology and discovered that our most widely accepted paradigms are incorrect. METHODS: We analyzed all high quality RCTs addressing: 1.) extent of resection for high-grade glioma; 2). Stupp regimen for newly diagnosed GBM; 3.) upfront bevacizumab for GBM; 4.) anticonvulsant prophylaxis for brain tumors; 5.) PCI in non-small cell lung cancer; and 6.) radiation at the time of diagnosis of low grade glioma. We applied Bayesian logic to trials sequentially in the order that they were published assuming various initial convictions ranging from "true believer" to "confirmed skeptic" with respect to belief in the current paradigm. We also calculated the characteristics of a RCT that would be required to change a clinician's mind. RESULTS: Bayesian analysis of the literature shows that clinicians should reasonably have a very strong conviction in favor of aggressive resection (despite flawed trials); Stupp regimen (despite only one RCT); and bevacizumab treatment at diagnosis (despite two conflicting RCTs). The study size, significance and power required to change a clinician's mind about these questions are nearly unattainable. Despite five RCTs, no clinicians' minds should be changed regarding anticonvulsant prophylaxis. Changing a skeptic to an advocate of prophylaxis with a new RCT should be easy. CONCLUSION: Explicit and unbiased application of Bayes' theorem to the most compelling studies in the field of neuro-oncology reveals profound flaws in our understanding of the most cherished tenants of neuro-oncology patient care.
Persistent N2 disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Objectives Patients achieving a mediastinal pathologic complete response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy have improved outcomes compared with patients with persistent N2 disease. How to best manage this latter group of patients is unknown, prompting a review of our institutional experience. Methods All patients who initiated neoadjuvant therapy for non–small-cell lung cancer from 1995 to 2008 were evaluated. The patients were excluded if they had received preoperative radiotherapy, had had a mediastinal pathologic complete response, or had evidence of disease progression after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The clinical endpoints were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and compared using a log-rank test. Results A total of 28 patients were identified. The median follow-up period was 24 months. Several neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens were used, most commonly carboplatin with vinorelbine (36%) or paclitaxel (32%). A partial response to chemotherapy was noted in 23 (82%) and stable disease was noted in 5 (18%) on postchemotherapy imaging. Resection was performed in 22 of 28 patients, consisting of lobectomy in 14, pneumonectomy in 2, and wedge/segmentectomy in 6 (21/22 R0, 1/22 R1). There were no postoperative deaths. Postoperative therapy (radiotherapy and/or additional chemotherapy) was administered to 12 patients (55%). The remaining 6 patients generally received definitive radiotherapy with or without additional chemotherapy. The overall and disease-free survival rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 75%, 37%, and 37% and 50%, 23%, and 19%, respectively. The survival rate at 5 years was similar between patients undergoing resection (34%) and those receiving definitive radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy (40%; P = .73). Conclusions Disease-free and overall survival was sufficiently high to warrant aggressive local therapy (surgery or radiotherapy) in patients with persistent N2 disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Segmental vs. Extended Colectomy : Measurable Differences in Morbidity, Function, and Quality of Life

The colon coordinates fecal elimination while reabsorbing excess fluid. Extended colonic resection removes synchronous and prevents metachronous disease but may adversely alter bowel function and health-related quality of life to a greater degree than segmental resection. This study examined the short-term morbidity and long-term function and quality of life after colon resections of different extents. Patients undergoing extended resections (n = 201, subtotal colectomy with ileosigmoid or total abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis) and segmental colonic resections (n = 321) during 1991 to 2003 were reviewed for perioperative outcomes and surveyed for bowel function and quality of life using an institutional questionnaire and a validated quality of life instrument (response rate: 70 percent). The most common indication for extended resections was multiple polyps, and for segmental resections, single malignancy. The complication-free rate was 75.4 percent after segmental resections, 42.8 percent after ileosigmoid anastomosis, and 60 percent after ileorectal anastomosis. Median daily stool frequency was two after segmental resections, four after ileosigmoid anastomosis, and five after ileorectal anastomosis, despite considerable dietary restrictions (55.6 percent) and medication use (19.6 percent daily) after ileorectal anastomosis. Significant proportions of patients felt restricted from preoperative social activity (31.5 percent), housework (20.4 percent), recreation (31.5 percent), and travel (42.6 percent) after ileorectal anastomosis. The overall quality of life after segmental resection, ileosigmoid anastomosis, and ileorectal anastomosis was 98.5, 94.9, and 91.2, respectively. Measurable compromises in long-term bowel function and quality of life were observed after extended vs. segmental resections. The relative differences in patient-related outcomes should be deliberated against the clinical benefits of extended resection for the individual patient.
Route to localization: Electrons on liquid helium

Weak localization of electrons by scattering from thermal ripplons is proposed. Estimates of parameters and an attempt to detect this weak localization are reported.
Spin glass and the interactions of congestion and emissions: An exploratory step

Abstract This paper models traffic congestion formation on highways and roads by recognizing the centrality of dynamical systems and using concepts from complexity theory as imbedded in the spin glasses analogue. Further, it explores the concept of how an increase in air pollution caused by vehicle exhaust emission can be traced to traffic congestion, specifically to the acceleration/deceleration of vehicles on the roads. First, spin glass is introduced and then by applying the two-dimensional x − y Ising model and defining a Hamiltonian (based on Edwards-Anderson and Mattis models of spin glass systems) for a system of vehicles on the road, derivations are made of the specific friction of congestion and the bulk modulus of congestion using the Gibbs-Boltzmann statistic. Similarly using the interactions of vehicles with each other and the resulting accelerations and decelerations of vehicles as the basis for exhaust emissions, derivations are made of a specificity of exhaust emissions . These are analogues to the entropy models of thermodynamics. This series of derivations serves as an analytical model for detecting incidents of congestion and increase in air pollution due to exhaust emissions in transportation systems.
The Quality of Life Burden Associated With Voice Disorders in Sjögren's Syndrome.

Objectives:This study examined quality of life burden of voice disorders in Sjogren’s syndrome (SS).Methods:Patients with SS (n = 101) completed interviews involving patient-reported histories of voice disorders, specific voice symptoms, SS disease severity, the Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL), and the general health-related quality of life Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires. Relationships among voice symptoms, disease severity, and quality-of-life measures were examined and compared with patient-reported voice disorders.Results:Significant correlations were observed among voice symptoms, disease severity, V-RQOL, SF-36, and patient-reported voice disorders (P < .05). Patients with SS who reported a voice disorder experienced a greater burden on general quality of life as compared with those without voice disorders. Specific voice symptoms significantly correlated with reduced SF-36 scores included frequent throat-clearing, throat soreness, difficulty projecting, and vocal discomfort. Despite the...
Ethical and legal aspects of behavioral instrumentation

Informed consent, avoidance of unnecessary, harmful effects, and protection of privacy appear to be three major ethical principles to be followed during experimentation with behavioral devices. At present, no preclearance or approval prior to the marketing of a behavioral device is required by the Food and Drug Administration. But increasing concern in Congress and a rapidly expanding definition of “drugs” by the courts which includes devices makes it advisable for the potential producer of a device to consult appropriate state and federal agencies. Independent of government regulation, the manufacturer, seller, and perhaps therapist, may be liable for harm produced by a device, based upon a private legal action by the patient. Within the past few years, the scope of product liability has rapidly expanded, but several doctrines for limiting this liability are now emerging. The public welfare may require the use of some dangerous devices. These devices should provide adequate warnings and safeguards for the users.
Indirect Hurricane Effects on Resource Availability and Microbial Communities in a Subtropical Wetland-Estuary Transition Zone

Three sequential hurricanes made landfall over the South Florida peninsula in August and September 2004. The storm systems passed north of the Everglades wetlands and northeastern Florida Bay, but indirect storm effects associated with changes in freshwater discharge during an otherwise drought year occurred across the wetland–estuary transition area. To assess the impacts of the 2004 hurricane series on hydrology, nutrients, and microbial communities in the Everglades wetlands to Florida Bay transition area, results are presented in the context of a seasonal cycle without hurricane activity (2003). Tropical activity in 2004 increased rainfall over South Florida and the study area, thereby temporarily relieving drought conditions. Not so much actual rainfall levels at the study site but more so water management practices in preparation of the hurricane threats, which include draining of an extensive freshwater canal system into the coastal ocean to mitigate inland flooding, rapidly reversed hypersalinity in the wetlands-estuary study area. Although annual discharge was comparable in both years, freshwater discharge in 2004 occurred predominantly during the late wet season, whereas discharge was distributed evenly over the 2003 wet season. Total organic carbon (TOC), ammonium ( $$ \operatorname{NH} ^{ + }_{4} $$ ), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations increased during the hurricane series to concentrations two to five times higher than long-term median concentrations in eastern Florida Bay. Spatiotemporal patterns in these resource enrichments suggest that TOC and SRP originated from the Everglades mangrove ecotone, while $$ \operatorname{NH} ^{ + }_{4} $$ originated from the bay. Phytoplankton biomass in the bay increased significantly during storm-related freshwater discharge, but declined at the same time in the wetland mangrove ecotone from bloom conditions during the preceding drought. In the bay, these changes were associated with increased nanophytoplankton and decreased picophytoplankton biomass. Heterotrophic bacterial production increased in response to freshwater discharge, whereas bacterial abundance decreased. Hydrochemical and microbial changes were short-lived, and the wetland–bay transition area reverted to more typical oligotrophic conditions within 3 months after the hurricanes. These results suggest that changes in freshwater discharge after drought conditions and during the hurricane series forced the productivity and P-enriched characteristics of the wetland’s mangrove ecotone, although only briefly, to the south into Florida Bay.
Entrepreneurial Science in the Academy: A Case of the Transformation of Norms

This paper discusses the transformation of the research university from an institution devoted to research and teaching to one devoted to economic development as well. It also treats the effects of the transformation of the professorial role from that of individual researcher to head of a research group with entrepreneurial and managerial responsibilities for sustaining and coordinating the activities of several graduate students, post-docs, and technicians. A case study of a liberal arts university in the process of transition is presented. The phenomenon of academic capitalization of knowledge is analyzed as an instance of normative change, rather than normlessness, since organizational changes within the university and federal government policies encourage if not mandate this shift in the direction of science.
Using audience response technology to teach academic integrity: “The seven deadly sins of plagiarism” at Dickinson College

Purpose – This paper seeks to explore the successes and challenges associated with teaching first‐year students a session on plagiarism avoidance through the use of an audience response system.Design/methodology/approach – An audience response system was used to test first‐year students' knowledge of plagiarism. Quiz questions about academic honesty and plagiarism were administered, and were answered anonymously with hand‐held remote control devices. The reporting feature of the technology was used to gather results of the answers to these questions, which will be used to improve the session in future years.Findings – Data gathered from the sessions indicated that this session helped students retain knowledge of plagiarism rules. Comments solicited about the session indicated that the students enjoyed the lesson, that they were better able to recognize problem areas in their own writing, and that the interactivity kept them focused on the lesson.Research limitations/implications – The session will have to...
Foreign Policy-Making: Modern Design

It is traditional, and frequently beneficial, to express dissatisfaction with the process of foreign policy-making in the United States. If political scientists have attracted a disproportionate share of attention for their indulgence in this national pastime, it may well be due to their command of word and pen rather than to the uniqueness of their concern with the subject. Nearly everyone who thinks about the problem has had a liberal amount of unkind words to distribute among different actors and institutions engaged in policy formulation.
Associations Among Religiousness, Social Attitudes, and Prejudice in a National Random Sample of American Adults

Psychologists have devoted considerable theoretical and empirical attention to the scientific study of social attitudes and prejudice. Most of these studies were conducted with relatively small, nonrepresentative samples of college students. In this study, the authors analyzed self-report data from a random probability sample with over 1500 American adults. Participants answered questions about their religiousness, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), political ideology, demographic characteristics, and attitudes toward persons in historically disadvantaged social groups (i.e., ethnic minorities and homosexual individuals). In support of the selective intolerance hypothesis, general religiousness was associated with less accepting attitudes toward homosexuals and negligibly with general racial prejudice. These associations remained when controlling for some other known individual differences in prejudice. The authors tentatively conclude that general religiousness is not associated with universal acceptance of others. Rather, general religiousness appears to be linked with selective self-reported intolerance toward persons perceived to behave in a manner inconsistent with some traditional religious teachings.
Balanced Regulation of Proliferation, Growth, Differentiation, and Degradation in Skeletal Cells

In cartilage and bone-producing cells, proliferation and growth are balanced with terminal differentiation. Maintaining this balance is essential for modeling, growth, and maintenance of the skeleton. Cartilage growth follows a program regulated by hormones and cytokines interacting with a counter-regulatory system in which hedgehog and parathyroid hormone (PTH)-rP signals are key elements. This maintains chondrocyte proliferation and, at specific sites, allows differentiation. Bone is produced by differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on a scaffold of mineralizing cartilage. However, bone, once formed, is continually resorbed and replaced. Thus, maintenance of bone mass requires retention of stem cells and preosteoblasts in undifferentiated division-competent stages. Maintenance of the undifferentiated states is poorly understood, whereas the rate of osteoblast formation is regulated in part by PTH and insulin-like growth factor. The precursor pool is also subject to depletion by differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to nonbone cells including adipocytes. In the aging skeleton, disordered balance between bone formation and resorption is in major part due to immune dysregulation that increases formation of bone-degrading osteoclasts; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a major intermediate in this process.
Automated modeling of coiled coils : application to the GCN4 dimerization region

A novel approach for the modeling of coiled coils through molecular dynamics is described and applied to the dimerization region of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4. Initially, a model is created consisting of C alpha atoms only, representing an idealized coiled coil with infinite pitch. Human bias in the placing of the other atoms is reduced by an automatic building procedure using simulated annealing with simple geometric restraints. The resulting all-atom model is then allowed to relax during a short molecular dynamics run using an empirical energy function and weak restraints which reflect the coiled coil assumption. These models are then further refined using unrestrained molecular dynamics in water. In this report we test the model-building procedure on the known dimerization region of catabolyte gene activator protein (CAP), part of which forms a coiled coil, and we predict the structure of the coiled coil dimerization region (the 'leucine zipper' domain) of GCN4. Several models are built, starting from different arrangements of the C alpha atoms in the initial structures. The final structures show similar crossing angles of the coiled coil, although this was not used as a restraint in the calculation. The leucines adopt a ladder-like conformation around the 2-fold axis of the coiled coil. A number of electrostatic interactions could be identified which may contribute to the stability of the helical structure of the monomers and of the dimer.
Primary Prevention of Violence Against Women: Training Needs of Violence Practitioners

Practitioners in domestic violence and sexual assault programs have been encouraged by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control to enhance their activities in violence prevention; however, many practitioners have not been trained in prevention concepts and strategies. Therefore, a needs assessment was undertaken with practitioners in the Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement and Leadership Through Alliances and the Rape Prevention and Education programs to determine training needs. Results show that practitioners are very interested in primary prevention. They want to learn about working at the community level (rather than the individual level), developing and evaluating prevention activities, and identifying effective primary prevention programs.
Validation of therapist interventions in psychotherapy: Clarity, ambiguity, and subjectivity

Abstract The validation and invalidation of therapist interventions are critical to psychotherapy. Therapeutic interventions are crucial tests of the therapist's construction of the client. Thus, understanding the process of the client's validation or invalidation of interventions is central to understanding the client's core constructs and developing a ROLE relationship with the client. A theoretical framework suggesting ways in which the therapist may experience validations is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the complexity and hence ambiguity and subjectivity of the experience of validation in psychotherapy.
Pseudoprogression of glioblastoma after chemo- and radiation therapy: diagnosis by using dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with ferumoxytol versus gadoteridol and correlation with survival.

Tumor blood volume assessment by using perfusion MR imaging with ferumoxytol may help differentiate true tumor progression from pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma multiforme who show disease progression at conventional MR imaging after chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Alteration of platelet responses to metabolites of arachidonic acid by oral contraceptives

The hypothesis that oral contraceptives (OPs) Promote thrombus formation by altering platelet responses to prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxand A2 (TXA2) was tested using platelets obtained from 5 women aged 20-35 years who had been taking OCs containing 30-50 mcg of 17 alpha-ethylestradiol or mestranol and 1 mg of norethindrone for at least 3 months. 5 age-matched donors served as controls. To determine whether OC use may augment TXA2 production platelet rich plasmas (PRP) were incubated with arachidonic acid (AA) and the TXB2 production was measured. AA-induced TXB2 production was significantly enhanced by OCs when very high AA concentrations were used. When washed platelet suspensions were treated with .2 MCM PGH2 no significant difference in TXB2 production was observed. Since enhanced TXB2 levels have only been observed at very high substrate levels it appears that increased TXA2 production may occur in platelets from OC users but that this is not the primary mechanism by which OC use can augment platelet aggregability. To test the Hypothesis that OCs modulate normal platrelet responsiveness to PGI2 and/or PGD2 platelet adenosine cyclic monophosphate (CAMP) levels in response to PGI2 and PGD2 stimulation were measured the actions of both being mediated through the elevation of CAMP levels were significantly lower in OC users than in nonusers but there was no significant difference in the PGD2-stimulated CAMP levels in the 2 groups. The findings indicate that OCs may specifically alter the platelet receptor function for PGI2 with little or no effect on PGD2 function. Platelet aggregation and release in response to various agonists was measured to evaluated platelet responsiveness to TXA. The influence of OCs on platelet aggregation depended on the agonist employed. There was no significant differnece in the AA- or ADP-induced platelet aggregation between OC users and nonusers but platelet aggregability stimulated by U46619 a PGH2 analog that is reported to act as a TXA2 agonist was significantly enhanced by OC use. The data suggest that OC use can specifically enhance platelet responsiveness to TXA2 while suppressing platelet responsiveness to PGI2. Their overall effect would be a disruption of normal platelet responses in favor of thrombus formation.
Microcrystallinity in α-Si, Ge:H, F Alloys

Microcrystalline inclusions in hydrogenated and fluorinated amorphous silicongermanium alloys, α-Si, Ge:H, F, were studied. Microcrystals grown during RF or DC glow discharge deposition from SiF 4 , GeF 4 and H 2 consist of either pure Si or Ge. Microcrystals produced by thermal annealing of initially amorphous alloys are either microcrystalline Ge or microcrystalline Si-Ge alloys depending on the annealing temperature. Values for the grain size were calculated from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra. The grain size of the “grown” microcrystal ranges from 8 to 60 nm. These grown grains exhibit preferential orientation of the (220) planes parallel to the substrate surface. Microcrystals produced by high-temperature anneal are randomly oriented. Scanning electron micrographs of as-grown samples show protruding platelets several 100 nm long and several 10 nm wide. Fractured cross sections exhibit columnar structure.
Comparison of an atomic model and its cryo-EM image at the central axis of a helix

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is an important biophysical technique that produces three-dimensional (3D) density maps at different resolutions. Because more and more models are being produced from cryo-EM density maps, validation of the models is becoming important. We propose a method for measuring local agreement between a model and the density map using the central axis of the helix. This method was tested using 19 helices from cryo-EM density maps between 5.5 A and 7.2 A resolution and 94 helices from simulated density maps. This method distinguished most of the well-fitting helices, although challenges exist for shorter helices. Validation, protein structure, secondary structure, image, fitting, cryo-electron microscopy