cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXTENDING RECOVERY OF THE PRIMORDIAL MATTER POWER SPECTRUM

The shape of the primordial matter power spectrum encodes critical information on cosmological parameters. At large scales, in the linear regime, the observable galaxy power spectrum P obs(k) is expected to follow the shape of the linear matter power spectrum P lin(k), but on smaller scales the effects of nonlinearity and galaxy bias make the ratio P obs(k)/P lin(k) scale dependent. We develop a method that can extend the dynamic range of the primordial matter power spectrum recovery, taking full advantage of precision measurements on quasi-linear scales, by incorporating additional constraints on the galaxy halo occupation distribution (HOD) from the projected galaxy correlation function wp (rp ). We devise an analytic model to calculate observable galaxy power spectrum P obs(k) in real space and redshift space, given P lin(k) and HOD parameters, and we demonstrate its accuracy at the few percent level with tests against a suite of populated N-body simulations. Once HOD parameters are determined by fitting wp (rp ) measurements for a given cosmological model, galaxy bias is completely specified, and our analytic model predicts both the shape and normalization of P obs(k). Applying our method to the main galaxy redshift samples from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we find that the real-space galaxy power spectrum follows the shape of the nonlinear matter power spectrum at the 1%-2% level up to k = 0.2 h Mpc–1 and that current observational uncertainties in HOD parameters leave only few percent uncertainties in our scale-dependent bias predictions up to k = 0.5 h Mpc–1. These uncertainties can be marginalized over in deriving cosmological parameter constraints, and they can be reduced by higher precision wp (rp ) measurements. When we apply our method to the SDSS luminous red galaxy (LRG) samples, we find that the linear bias approximation is accurate to 5% at k ≤ 0.08 h Mpc–1, but the strong scale dependence of LRG bias prevents the use of linear theory at k ≥ 0.08 h Mpc–1. Our HOD model prediction is in good agreement with the recent SDSS LRG power spectrum measurements at all measured scales (k ≤ 0.2 h Mpc–1), naturally explaining the observed shape of P obs(k) in the quasi-linear regime. The phenomenological "Q-model" prescription is a poor description of galaxy bias for the LRG samples, and it can lead to biased cosmological parameter estimates when measurements at k ≥ 0.1 h Mpc–1 are included in the analysis. We quantify the potential bias and constraints on cosmological parameters that arise from applying linear theory and Q-model fitting, and we demonstrate the utility of HOD modeling of high-precision measurements of P obs(k) on quasi-linear scales, which will be obtainable from the final SDSS data set.
A convergent synthesis of the macrocyclic core of cytotrienins: application of RCM for macrocyclization.

The asymmetric synthesis of the fully elaborated macrocyclic core of cytotrienins A−D, potent apoptosis-inducing agents, is described. Synthetic highlights include the construction of the aniline bond using a copper-mediated amidation and the use of a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction to efficiently install the (E,E,E)-triene and simultaneously construct the macrocyclic lactam.
Emerging from ethnic conflict : challenges for social protection design in transition countries

This paper is an attempt to shed some light on issues relating to social protection in transition countries, emerging from ethnic conflict. It analyzes how constraints posed both by conflict itself, and its ethnic nature, affect social protection policies, and suggests ways out. Both conflict, and continuing ethnic tensions thereafter, affect labor markets, as well as render social safety net policies difficult to implement. Instead, policymakers often have to resort to second-best solutions. In particular, in the light of precarious public finances, a limited ability of the government to provide services and assistance, with ethnic tensions massively constraining social safety nets, people will continue to rely on many wartime coping mechanisms. Social protection design has to be mindful of this, and may even build on these mechanisms. Furthermore, employment - formal and informal - needs to take over a key poverty alleviation role in a post-ethnic-war environment. The resulting main social protection policy implication, therefore, is to create the right conditions for the labor market to absorb those able to work.
Do School Lunches Contribute to Childhood Obesity

This paper assesses whether school lunches contribute to childhood obesity. I employ two methods to isolate the causal impact of school lunches on obesity. First, using panel data, I find that children who consume school lunches are more likely to be obese than those who brown bag their lunches even though they enter kindergarten with the same obesity rates. Second, I leverage the sharp discontinuity in eligibility for reduced-price lunch to compare children just above and just below the eligibility cutoff. Students are more likely to be obese, and weigh more if they are income-eligible for reduced price school lunches.
Enough Already about “Black Box” Experiments: Studying Mediation Is More Difficult than Most Scholars Suppose

The question of how causal effects are transmitted is fascinating and inevitably arises whenever experiments are presented. Social scientists cannot be faulted for taking a lively interest in “mediation,” the process by which causal influences are transmitted. However, social scientists frequently underestimate the difficulty of establishing causal pathways in a rigorous empirical manner. We argue that the statistical methods currently used to study mediation are flawed and that even sophisticated experimental designs cannot speak to questions of mediation without the aid of strong assumptions. The study of mediation is more demanding than most social scientists suppose and requires not one experimental study but rather an extensive program of experimental research.
How the Outside Gets In: Modeling Conversational Permeation

Conversation is incrementally, progressively produced, subject to constraints that ensure linearity (one person speaks at a time) irrespective of the identities, motives, and conversational resources of those present. And yet conversation is also receptive to influence from—or permeation by—external factors, such as attributes, formal status, and relationships. This review summarizes conversation-analytic work on how talk-in-interaction is produced and then evaluates quantitative research on permeation in terms of the realism of its assumptions. Research on rates is found particularly wanting, although the robustness of its results presents a challenge to the claim that the meaning of an action is inextricably tied to its local-sequential context. More theoretically adequate are modeling approaches that focus on transitions, sequences, and the local determinants of discrete events. However, these also frequently make unwarranted assumptions, such as that we can generalize from people who speak to those wh...
Large generalized books are p -good

Let B q (r) = K r + qK 1 be the graph consisting of q distinct (r + 1)-cliques sharing a common r-clique. We prove that if p ≥ 2 and r ≥ 3 are fixed, then r(K p+1 ,B q (r))=p(q + r - 1) + 1 for all sufficiently large q.
Low-Area Ratio, Thrust-Augmenting Ejectors

The thrust augmentation, lift augmentation, and noise reduction characteristics of compact ejectors make them potentially attractive for propulsion lift systems; however, in the past, poor thrust augmentation results have negated the other benefits. A synthesis of an ejector's internal flow phenomena developed in this paper indicates that improved mixing and diffusion can significantly increase thrust augmentation. Experiments with an ejector employing a "hypermixing" primary nozzle confirm the analytical model's augmentation predictions and show reasonable agreement with other predicted flow characteristics. The two-dimensional primary nozzle has its slotshaped exit throat divided into alternating segments that impart left and right deflections to the primary flow to accelerate mixing. The results indicate that a properly designed ejector should give a thrust augmentation ratio near 1.075 + O.Q25(A3/AQ\ for 5 < A3/A0 < 14, where A3/A0 is the ratio of the ejector's exit area to the primary nozzle area.
Selective Attention to Emotion in the Aging Brain

A growing body of research suggests that the ability to regulate emotion remains stable or improves across the adult life span. Socioemotional selectivity theory maintains that this pattern of findings reflects the prioritization of emotional goals. Given that goal-directed behavior requires attentional control, the present study was designed to investigate age differences in selective attention to emotional lexical stimuli under conditions of emotional interference. Both neural and behavioral measures were obtained during an experiment in which participants completed a flanker task that required them to make categorical judgments about emotional and nonemotional stimuli. Older adults showed interference in both the behavioral and neural measures on control trials but not on emotion trials. Although older adults typically show relatively high levels of interference and reduced cognitive control during nonemotional tasks, they appear to be able to successfully reduce interference during emotional tasks.
Entropy Injection as a Global Feedback Mechanism

Both pre-heating of the intergalactic medium and radiative cooling of low entropy gas have been proposed to explain the deviation from self-similarity in the cluster L X‐T X relation and the observed entropy floor in these systems. However, severe overcooling of gas in groups is necessary for radiative cooling alone to explain the observations. Non-gravitational entropy injection must therefore still be important in these systems. We point out that, on scales of groups and below, gas heated to the required entropy floor cannot cool in a Hubble time, regardless of its subsequent adiabatic compression. Pre-heating therefore shuts off the gas supply to galaxies, and should be an important global feedback mechanism for galaxy formation. Constraints on global gas cooling can be placed from the joint evolution of the comoving star formation rate and neutral gas density. Pre-heating at high redshift can be ruled out; however, the data do not rule out passive gas consumption without inflow as z ∼ 2. Because for pre-heated gas t cool > t dyn, we speculate that pre-heating could play a role in determining the Hubble sequence; at a given mass scale, high σ peaks in the density field collapse early to form ellipticals, while low σ peaks collapse late and quiescently accrete pre-heated gas to form spirals. The entropy produced by large-scale shock-heating of the intergalatic medium is significant only at late times, z < 1, and cannot produce these effects.
Quarkonium correlation functions at finite temperature in the charm to bottom region

Quarkonium correlation functions at finite temperature were studied in a region of the quark mass for charmonia to bottomonia in quenched lattice QCD with O(a)-improved Wilson quarks. Our simulations were performed on large isotropic lattices at temperatures in the range from about 0.80Tc to 1.61Tc. We investigated quarkonium behavior in terms of temperature dependence as well as quark mass dependence of the quarkonium correlation functions and related quantities at both vanishing and finite momenta.
Renormalization of multiple q-zeta values

In this paper, we shall define the renormalization of the multiple q-zeta values (MqZV) which are special values of multiple q-zeta functions ζ q (s 1, ..., s d ) when the arguments are all positive integers or all non-positive integers. This generalizes the work of Guo and Zhang (Renormalization of Multiple Zeta Values, arxiv: math/0606076v3). We show that our renormalization process produces the same values if the MqZVs are well-defined originally and that these renormalizations of MqZV satisfy the q-stuffle relations if we use shifted-renormalizations for all divergent ζ q (s 1, ..., s d ) (i.e., s 1 ≤ 1). Moreover, when q ↑ 1 our renormalizations agree with those of Guo and Zhang.
A review of heat stroke and its complications in the canine

Abstract Extract Adult dogs can survive in an environment in which there are wide variations of temperature because of their ability to regulate their internal temperature.(1) The internal temperature, however, must be maintained within the range of 5°C above normal to 15°C below the normal temperature of blood to avoid cellular injury or death. Thermal homeostasis occurs when there is a balance between “heat load” and heat dissipation. Heat load is defined as the summation of environmental and metabolic heat.(2) Heat stroke occurs when heat load markedly exceeds the ability of the body compensatory mechanisms to promote heat loss. In man heat stroke is also due to ineffective thermoregulation. It is caused by the cessation of sweating, which is the main thermoregulatory mechanism. Heat stroke is characterised by hyperthermia (above 105°F), often complicated by alterations in many systems and organs such as acid-base balance, kidney, liver, cerebral oedema, and the blood clotting mechanism.
Racial conflict and the malignancy of identity

This paper demonstrates how our sense of identity can emerge out of mere markers of social distinction that may have no innate significance, but, nevertheless, spread to various aspects of our lives and be the root of conflict. The basis of such conflicts could arise from the use of race to form conditional judgments about people's behavior. Moreover, there are contexts where racial conflict is inevitable even though, if individuals had common knowledge of one another's preferences, there would be no conflict. It is argued that this kind of conflict, where many individuals have no innate aggressive preference, is widespread and understanding the process that gives rise to such conflict is the key to crafting effective policy that contains it.
How Economic Conditions Affect Participation in USDA Nutrition Assistance Programs

This study, based on 1976-2010 data, examines the relationship between U.S. economic conditions and participation in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s five largest nutrition assistance programs. It also describes how changes in program policy and other factors may have influenced this relationship. The five programs are: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly the Food Stamp Program), Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), National School Lunch Program (NSLP), School Breakfast Program (SBP), and Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). Although SNAP’s reputation as one of the Nation’s primary countercyclical assistance programs — expanding during economic downturns and contracting during periods of economic growth — is well established, there has been little analysis of the effect of the economy on the other programs. The results of this study strongly suggest that, to varying degrees, economic conditions influence participation in all the major nutrition assistance programs, not just in SNAP.
Resonance and selective communication via bursts in neurons having subthreshold oscillations.

Revealing the role of bursts of action potentials is an important step toward understanding how the neurons communicate. The dominant point of view is that bursts are needed to increase the reliability of communication between neurons [Trends Neurosci. 20 (1997) 38]. In this paper we present an alternative but complementary hypothesis. We consider the effect of a short burst on a model postsynaptic cell having damped oscillation of its membrane potential. The oscillation frequency (eigenfrequency) plays a crucial role. Due to the subthreshold membrane resonance and frequency preference, the responses (i.e. voltage oscillations) of such a cell are amplified when the intra-burst frequency equals the cell's eigenfrequency. Responses are negligible, however, if the intra-burst frequency is twice the eigenfrequency. Thus, the same burst could be effective for one cell and ineffective for another depending on their eigenfrequencies. This theoretical observation suggests that, in addition to coping with unreliable synapses, bursts of action potentials may provide effective mechanisms for selective communication between neurons.
An investigation of ARQ and hybrid FEC-ARQ on an experimental high latitude meteor burst channel

A computer investigation of error-control-coding techniques and bit error patterns recorded on an experimental Northern latitude meteor burst link is presented. Automatic repeat request (ARQ) and hybrid forward error correction (FEC) with ARC are examined from the standpoint of probability of message delivery and encountered message delivery delays. It is demonstrated that FEC will yield substantial improvement in the number of messages deliverable within a specified time constraint. Potential gains in extending the usable time duration of a meteor burst channel are on the order of factors of four with successful message delivery percentages increased by factors of 50. >
Study of Millimeter-Wave Radar for Helicopter Assisted-Landing System

Landing helicopters on rough unprepared terrain has always been considered hazardous, since the massive dust cloud generated by wind drafts from the helicopter's rotors completely obstructs the pilot's view of the landing area. This article presents a performance assessment of a proposed millimeter-wave (MMW) three-dimensional imaging radar system, specifically meant for helicopter assisted landing. The assessment includes simulation of radar backscattering from the underlying rough terrain, in addition to the signal attenuation and scattering from dust clouds generated by the helicopter's rotors. Terrain scattering is simulated in two steps: 1) generation of a two-scale random rough surface according to prescribed statistics of a large-scale undulation and a small-scale surface roughness; and 2) simulation of the returned signal, including the effects of the real-aperture radar parameters and the terrain-backscatter response. Details of the three-dimensional imaging algorithm are presented. Single-scattering theory is used to simulate the effects of a dust cloud - including signal attenuation and backscatter clutter generation - on the radar's performance. It is shown that operating in the upper millimeter-wave regime (70 GHz-220 GHz) is the most practical solution for a compact, high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging system for this problem.
Globalization and the Natural Limits of Competition

The book aims to further our understanding of how economic reasoning and legal expertise complement each other in defining the fundamental issues and principles in competition policy. In specially commissioned chapters the book provides a scholarly review of economic theory, empirical evidence and standards of legal evaluation with respect to monopolization of markets, exploitation of market power and mergers, among other issues.
Sensitivity of Orbit Predictions to Density Variability

This paper summarizes the first stage in a research effort designed to obtain a quantitative knowledge and deeper understanding of how prediction error depends on density variability. Initial numerical simulations are performed to obtain a detailed understanding of the theoretical effects of density variations on satellite orbit predictions. The level of knowledge of density variations needed for various orbit prediction requirements is quantified, and results are compiled focusing on the effects of various horizontal wavelengths in the atmosphere. The information obtained in this analysis lays the foundation for the next step of connecting the simulation results to the prediction of actual satellite ephemerides. Nomenclature A = area, m 2 Ap = average daily planetary geomagnetic index a = acceleration, m=s 2 adrag = acceleration due to drag, m=s 2 ap = 3 h planetary geomagnetic index Cd = drag coefficient F = force, N f = fraction of the nominal density at a specified altitude I = impulse, kg m=s m = mass, kg P = period of the spacecraft computed from the initial conditions without taking drag into account, h tf = final time, s ti = initial time, s V = velocity, m=s Va = velocity magnitude relative to the atmosphere, m=s Va = velocity relative to the atmosphere, m=s _ x = x component of the velocity in the inertial frame, m=s _ y = y component of the velocity in the inertial frame, m=s _ z = z component of the velocity in the inertial frame, m=s � V = change in velocity, m=s _ � = rate of the Earth’s rotation, rad=s � = atmospheric density, kg=m 3 � nom = nominal density at a specified altitude, kg=m 3
Multi-classifier framework for atlas-based image segmentation

Three different systematic approaches to generate multiple classifiers in atlas-based biomedical image segmentation are compared. Different atlases, as well as different parametrization of the registration algorithm, lead to different atlas-based classifiers. The classifier outputs are combined and compared to a manual ground truth segmentation. Classifier combination consistently improved classification accuracy with the biggest improvement from multiple atlases. We conclude that multi-classifier techniques have a natural application to atlas-based segmentation and increase classification accuracy in real-world segmentation problems.
Optimal Hedging Strategies for Early-Planted Soybeans in the South

James H. Sayle Department of Agricultural Economics Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 email: jhs49@msstate.edu Dr. John Anderson Department of Agricultural Economics Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 email: anderson@msstate.edu Dr. Keith Coble Department of Agricultural Economics Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 email: coble@msstate.edu Dr. Darren Hudson Department of Agricultural Economics Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 email: hudson@msstate.edu June 1, 2006
A theory of school-choice lotteries

We introduce a new notion of ex ante stability (or fairness) that would be desirable for a school-choice mechanism to satisfy. Our criterion stipulates that a mechanism must be stable based solely on the probabilities that each student will be assigned to different schools, i.e., the assignment must be viewed as stable even before students know which school they will end up going to. This is in contrast to much of the existing literature, which has instead focused on ex post stability, meaning that assignments are deemed stable after students are assigned to schools. Armed with this criterion for evaluating mechanisms, we show that one of the mechanisms that has attracted the most attention—deferred acceptance with random tie-breaking—is not ex ante stable and under some circumstances can lead to ex ante discrimination among some students. We then propose two new mechanisms, which satisfy two notions of ex ante stability we introduce— a strong one and a weak one—and we show that these mechanisms are optimal within the class of mechanisms that satisfy these respective criteria.
Is that you? Authentication in a network without identities

Most networks require that their users have 'identities', i.e., have names that are fixed for a relatively long time, unique, and have been approved by a central authority (in order to guarantee their uniqueness). Unfortunately, this requirement, which was introduced to simplify the design of networks, has its own drawbacks. First, this requirement can lead to the loss of anonymity of communicating users. Second, it can allow the possibility of identity theft. Third, it can lead some users to trust other users who may not be trustworthy. In this paper, we argue that networks can be designed without user identities and their drawbacks.
Meeting QOS requirements in a cellular network with reuse partitioning

Reuse partitioning is a technique for providing more efficient spectrum reuse in cellular radio systems. A cell in such a system is divided into concentric zones, each associated with an overlaid cell plan. Calls that arise in the periphery of the cell have fewer channels in their availability than those arising close to the base station and therefore they experience higher blocking rates. The authors consider the problem of balancing uniformly the blocking probability throughout the cell offering a fair treatment to the whole area within the cell, by controlling the allocation do the different channel layers. A policy that minimizes the maximum blocking probability experienced at any location of the cell is identified and is shows to be of threshold type, An adaptive scheme that adjusts the threshold based on estimates of the blocking probabilities in the different zones of the cell as proposed. This scheme tracks the optimal threshold effectively without any knowledge of the traffic parameters. Simulation study shows that substantial capacity improvements care achieved by the application of the optimal channel assignment policy, over the uncontrolled system. >
Self-dual polygons and self-dual curves

We study projectively self-dual polygons and curves in the projective plane. Our results provide a partial answer to problem No 1994-17 in the book of Arnold’s problems (2004).
Financial Crisis, Gender, and Power: An Analytical Framework

Abstract This paper begins to remedy the neglect of gender aspects of financial crises by exploring a suggestive microfoundational model of unequal gender power and cost-bearing in a borrower household. This model shows that financial-market liberalization can assess women’s access to formal sector employment and encourage the growth of household credit, both for a household enterprise and for the acquisition of labor-saving household assets. The price of these gains, however, is greater household risk because of greater cash-flow dependence and financial fragility. A financial crisis can force the household to bear heavier adjustment costs than would otherwise be felt; and these costs may well be borne disproportionately by women, who become more economically vulnerable as a result.
Spray Pyrolysis Deposition of Electrolyte and Anode for Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer many advantages, including increased robustness, improved thermal shock resistance, and decreased cost. However, fabricating metal-supported SOFCs using conventional techniques is both very difficult and very costly. In this study, two processes of spray pyrolysis deposition, pneumatic spray deposition and electrostatic spray deposition, were used to deposit samaria-doped ceria (SDC) electrolytes on different substrates and NiO-SDC anodes on porous stainless steel substrates. A cathode layer was subsequently applied on the electrolyte by stencil printing for electrochemical testing. The test results indicated that the electrolyte had reasonable cell performance, but the topography of the anode needed optimization. It was also discovered that the porous ferritic stainless steel 430 substrate used in this study did not have sufficient oxidation resistance as the substrate of a metal-supported SOFC.
Planar-chiral cyclopalladated ferrocenyl amines and imines as enantioselective catalysts for allylic imidate rearrangements

Abstract A series of enantiopure cyclopalladated ferrocenyl amines and imines were synthesized and evaluated as catalysts for the [3,3]-rearrangement of allylic benzimidates to allylic benzamides. Yields and extent of enantioselection were found to be highly dependent upon the counter-ion, with a high of 78% yield and 73% ee being realized under optimum conditions.
Molecular Chirality in Chemistry and Biology: Historical Milestones

Beginning early in the 19th century, developments in crystallography, optics, and chemistry in France set the stage for the discovery of molecular chirality by Louis Pasteur in 1848. He found that the crystallization of the sodium ammonium salt of ‘paratartaric acid’, a mysterious ‘isomer’ of natural (+)-tartaric acid (TA), produced two different crystal types that were non-superimposable mirror-image forms of each other. He separated the two types and found their optical rotations in solution opposite in direction and equal in absolute magnitude. This led him to conclude that paratartaric acid is a combination of two mirror-image molecule types of TA that are ‘dissymmetric’, an existing term he adapted to the connotation of today's ‘chiral’. In 1857, he found that the two enantiomers of TA were metabolized by a microorganism at drastically different rates, and thereby discovered biological enantioselectivity. In 1886, Italian chemist Arnaldo Piutti discovered D-asparagine and found that it tasted intensely sweet, in contrast to the known L-asparagine which had no taste. This was the discovery of stereoselectivity at biological receptors. As a result of advances in stereoselective synthesis and enantioselective chromatography during the last decades of the 20th century, in the 1990s the importance of molecular chirality in drug action and disposition began to receive serious attention from drug-regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry, the overall result of which has been the near-complete disappearance of racemic drugs as newly introduced pharmaceuticals.
Unitary transformation for the system of a particle in a linear potential

A unitary operator, which relates the system of a particle in a linear potential with time-dependent parameters to that of a free particle, has been given. This operator, closely related to the one which is responsible for the existence of coherent states for a harmonic oscillator, is used to find a general wave packet described by an Airy function. The kernel (propagator) and a complete set of Hermite-Gaussian–type wave functions are also given.
Multivariable frequency domain controller for magnetic suspension and balance systems

The magnetic suspension and balance system for an airplane model in a large wind tunnel is considered. In this system, superconducting coils generate magnetic forces and torques on the magnetized soft iron core of the airplane model. The control system is a position servo where the airplane model, with six degrees of freedom, follows the reference static or dynamic input commands. The controller design, based on the characteristic loci method, minimizes the effects of aerodynamic and inertial cross-couplings, and provides the specified dynamic response.
ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING GRID PRICING REVENUE

Beef carcasses, carcass premiums, carcass discounts, and grain prices are simulated. Random carcasses are priced according to random sets of market conditions defining a distribution of total and net revenues. Sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the total effect on revenue and net revenue of managing any of the interrelated carcass traits.
A Reduced-Order General Continuum Method for Dynamic Simulations of Carbon Nanotube

A reduced-order general continuum method for simulating three dimensional transient mechanical behaviors of carbon nanotube is presented. The method builds the potential energy density for carbon nanotubes by applying the macroscopic deformation gradient to the atomistic energy potential based on the modied nite element degrees of freedom could be much less than the actual atomic degrees of freedom; (2) reduced modeling error due to the application of the same atomistic energy potential as that is used in molecular dynamic method; (3) the explicit time integration schemes allow for e- cient simulation especially for highly nonlinear carbon nanotube deformations. The article starts with a review on the development of reduced order numerical methods for carbon nanotube, then follows the introduction and implementation details of the method. Finally a series of numerical experiments are presented including two dimensional carbon atomic ring interacting with carbon substrate, static deformations such as elongation, buckling, and twisting of carbon nanotube, and dynamic deformations of CNT-AFM probe.
Kretschmann Scalar for a Kerr-Newman Black Hole

I have derived the Kretschmann scalar for a general black hole of mass m, angular momentum per unit mass a, and electric charge Q. The Kretschmann scalar gives the amount of curvature of spacetime, as a function of position near (and within) a black hole. This allows one to display the "appearance" of the black hole itself, whether the black hole is merely of stellar mass or is a supermassive black hole at the center of an active galaxy. Schwarzschild black holes, rotating black holes, electrically charged black holes, and rotating electrically charged black holes are all illustrated. Rotating black holes are discovered to possess a negative curvature that is not analogous to that of a saddle.
A supergravity dual of a (1,0) field theory in six dimensions

Abstract We suggest a supergravity dual for the (1,0) superconformal field theory in six dimensions which has E 8 global symmetry. Compared to the description of the (2,0) field theory, this dual is obtained by replacing the 4-sphere by a 4-hemisphere or, equivalently, by orbifolding the 4-sphere.
dBBlue: low diameter and self-routing Bluetooth scatternet

This paper addresses the problem of scatternet formation for single-hop Bluetooth-based wireless ad hoc networks, with minimal communication overhead. We adopt the well-known structure de Bruijn graph to form the backbone of Bluetooth scatternet, hereafter called dBBlue, such that every master node has at most seven slaves, every slave node is in at most two piconets, and no node assumes both master and slave roles. Our structure dBBlue also enjoys a nice routing property: the diameter of the graph is O(logn) and we can find a path with at most O(logn) hops for every pair of nodes without any routing table, where n is the total number of nodes in the network. Moreover, the network congestion is at most O(logn/n), assuming that a unit of total traffic demand is equally distributed among all pair of nodes. We discuss in detail a vigorous method to locally update the structure dBBlue using at most O(logn) communications when a node joins or leaves the network. In most cases, the cost of updating the scatternet is actually O(1) since a node can join or leave without affecting the remaining scatternet. The number of affected nodes is always bounded from above by a constant when a node joins or leaves the network. The dBBlue scatternet can be constructed incrementally when the nodes join the network one by one. To facilitate the self-routing and easy updating, a scalable MAC assignment mechanism is designed to guarantee the packet delivery even during scatternet updating. In addition, the structure formed by our method can sustain the faults of 2 nodes and the network is still guaranteed to be connected. If a node detects a fault of some neighboring master node or bridge slave node, it can dynamically re-route the packets and the path traveled by the packet is still at most O(logn) hops. Previously no method can guarantee all these properties although some methods can achieve some of the properties.
Truncated power method for sparse eigenvalue problems

This paper considers the sparse eigenvalue problem, which is to extract dominant (largest) sparse eigenvectors with at most k non-zero components. We propose a simple yet effective solution called truncated power method that can approximately solve the underlying nonconvex optimization problem. A strong sparse recovery result is proved for the truncated power method, and this theory is our key motivation for developing the new algorithm. The proposed method is tested on applications such as sparse principal component analysis and the densest k-subgraph problem. Extensive experiments on several synthetic and real-world data sets demonstrate the competitive empirical performance of our method.
Ultraviolet Emission from the Millisecond Pulsar J0437?4715*

We observed PSR J0437-4715 with the FUV-MAMA detector of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer (STIS) to measure the pulsar's spectrum and pulsations. For the first time, UV emission from a millisecond pulsar has been detected. The measured flux, (2.0 ? 0.2) ? 10-15 ergs s-1 cm-2 in the 1150-1700 ? range, corresponds to the luminosity LFUV = (4.7 ? 0.5) ? 1027 ergs s-1, for the distance of 140 pc and negligible interstellar extinction. The shape of the observed spectrum suggests thermal emission from the neutron star surface with a surprisingly high temperature of about 1 ? 105 K, above the upper limit on the surface temperature of the younger ordinary pulsar J0108-1431. For the few-Gigayear-old J0437-4715, such a temperature requires a heating mechanism to operate. The spectrum of J0437-4715 shows marginal evidence of an emission line at 1372 ?, which might be a gravitationally redshifted Zeeman component of the hydrogen Ly? line in a magnetic field of ~7 ? 108 G. No pulsations are detected, with a 3 ? upper limit of 50% on the pulsed fraction.
Linear error correcting codes with anytime reliability

We consider rate R = k over n causal linear codes that map a sequence of k-dimensional binary vectors {b t } t ∞=0 to a sequence of n-dimensional binary vectors {c t } t ∞=0, such that each c t is a function of {b τ } τ t=0. Such a code is called anytime reliable, for a particular binary-input memoryless channel, if at each time instant t, and for all delays d ≥ d o , the probability of error equation decays exponentially in d, i.e., equation, for some β > 0. Anytime reliable codes are useful in interactive communication problems and, in particular, can be used to stabilize unstable plants across noisy channels. Schulman proved the existence of such codes which, due to their structure, he called tree codes in [1]; however, to date, no explicit constructions and tractable decoding algorithms have been devised. In this paper, we show the existence of anytime reliable “linear” codes with “high probability”, i.e., suitably chosen random linear causal codes are anytime reliable with high probability. The key is to consider time-invariant codes (i.e., ones with Toeplitz generator and parity check matrices) which obviates the need to union bound over all times. For the binary erasure channel we give a simple ML decoding algorithm whose average complexity is constant per time instant and for which the probability that complexity at a given time t exceeds KC3 decays exponentially in C. We show the efficacy of the method by simulating the stabilization of an unstable plant across a BEC, and remark on the tradeoffs between the utilization of the communication resources and the control performance.
Understanding User Intents in Online Health Forums

Online health forums provide a convenient way for patients to obtain medical information and connect with physicians and peers outside of clinical settings. However, large quantities of unstructured and diversified content generated on these forums make it difficult for users to digest and extract useful information. Understanding user intents would enable forums to find and recommend relevant information to users by filtering out threads that do not match particular intents. In this paper, we derive a taxonomy of intents to capture user information needs in online health forums and propose novel pattern-based features for use with a multiclass support vector machine (SVM) classifier to classify original thread posts according to their underlying intents. Since no dataset existed for this task, we employ three annotators to manually label a dataset of 1192 HealthBoards posts spanning four forum topics. Experimental results show that a SVM using pattern-based features is highly capable of identifying user intents in forum posts, reaching a maximum precision of 75%, and that a SVM-based hierarchical classifier using both pattern and word features outperforms its SVM counterpart that uses only word features. Furthermore, comparable classification performance can be achieved by training and testing on posts from different forum topics.
Equity and Population Health: Toward a Broader Bioethics Agenda

Bioethics' traditional focus on clinical relationships and exotic technologies has led the field away from population health, health disparities, and issues of justice. The result: a myopic view that misses the institutional context in which clinical relationships operate and can overlook factors that affect health more broadly than do exotic technologies. A broader bioethics agenda would take up unresolved questions about the distribution of health and the development of fair policies that affect health distribution.
Improved Gene Tree Error-Correction in the Presence of Horizontal Gene Transfer

Motivation: The accurate inference of gene trees is a necessary step in many evolutionary studies. While the problem of accurate gene tree inference has received considerable attention, most existing methods are only applicable to gene families unaffected by horizontal gene transfer. As a result, the accurate inference of gene trees affected by horizontal gene transfer remains a largely unaddressed problem. Results: In this work, we introduce a new and highly effective method for gene tree error-correction in the presence of horizontal gene transfer. Our method efficiently models horizontal gene transfers, gene duplications, and losses, and uses a statistical hypothesis testing framework (Shimodaira-Hasegawa test) to balance sequence likelihood with topological information from a known species tree. Using a thorough simulation study, we show that existing phylogenetic methods yield inaccurate gene trees when applied to horizontally transferred gene families and that our method dramatically improves gene tree accuracy. We apply our method to a dataset of 11 cyanobacterial species and demonstrate the large impact of gene tree accuracy on downstream evolutionary analyses. Availability: An implementation of our method is available at
Octahedral metal clusters as building units in a neutral layered honeycomb network, [Zn(en)]2[Nb6Cl12(CN)6]

A polymeric hybrid cluster-based compound with a double-layered honeycomb framework built of octahedral niobium cyanochloride clusters and {Zn(en)}2+ metal complexes was designed and synthesized at room temperature, and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Integrated appraisal of renewable energy strategies: a CGE analysis

The preparation, implementation, coordination and verification of policy measures is a complex and difficult process. This paper presents the first results of an empirical ex-ante analysis which evaluates the effects of renewable energy policies on the Polish bioenergy sector applying an Applied General Equilibrium model. The empirical results suggest that the Polish bioenergy sector benefits more from an indirect tax reduction than from the removal of fossil energy sector subsidies. Reductions in fossil energy sector output below the reference case (base run) do not impact on all fossil energy sectors equally. The crude oil and natural gas sectors lose less (gain more) compared to other fossil energy sectors by implementing renewable energy policy measures.
Testing Behavioral Simulation Models by Direct Experiment

The decision rules in simulation models of human behavior purport to describe decision-making behavior as it is and not as it should optimally be. Without the criterion of optimality to judge the appropriateness of a decision rule, simulation modelers must rely on empirical confirmation of the structure of their models. In models of small organizations, traditional social science methods may be used. But these methods are infeasible in models of larger systems such as industries or the macroeconomy. This paper shows how direct experiment can be used to confirm or disconfirm the decision rules in simulation models. Direct experiment uses interactive gaming in which people play a role in the system being modeled. Subjects play the game in an institutional context corresponding to that of the model to be tested, and are given the same information set, but are free to make decisions any way they wish. The behavior of subjects can then be directly compared against the behavior produced by the assumed decision rules of the model. Differences between experiments to test simulation models and experiments in psychology and economics are discussed. The decision rule for capital investment in a simple macroeconomic model is tested as an example of the experimental approach. The model considers interactions between the multiplier and accelerator, a well-known structure underlying popular theories of business fluctuations, but one which has not been tested experimentally. Through their investment decisions, subjects attempt to balance demand and supply over time. The results strongly support the decision rule of the original model. Both model and subjects produce dysfunctional oscillations. The behavior of the subjects is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that of the original model. Explanations for the bounded rationality of the subjects' behavior are considered, and the correspondence of the experiment to reality is discussed. The results demonstrate the promise of experimental methods as a complementary approach to econometrics in testing simulation models.
A probabilistic model for predicting software development effort

Recently, Bayesian probabilistic models have been used for predicting software development effort. One of the reasons for the interest in the use of Bayesian probabilistic models, when compared to traditional point forecast estimation models, is that Bayesian models provide tools for risk estimation and allow decision-makers to combine historical data with subjective expert estimates. In this paper, we use a Bayesian network model and illustrate how a belief updating procedure can be used to incorporate decision-making risks. We develop a causal model from the literature and, using a data set of 33 real-world software projects, we illustrate how decision-making risks can be incorporated in the Bayesian networks. We compare the predictive performance of the Bayesian model with popular nonparametric neural-network and regression tree forecasting models and show that the Bayesian model is a competitive model for forecasting software development effort.
Catalytic Asymmetric C ? N Bond Formation: Phosphine-Catalyzed Intra- and Intermolecular γ-Addition of Nitrogen Nucleophiles to Allenoates and Alkynoates

Pin the amine on the gamma: A new method has been developed for the γ-addition of nitrogen nucleophiles to γ-substituted alkynoates or allenoates through intra- and intermolecular processes that are catalyzed by spirophosphine 1 (see scheme). An asymmetric version of this reaction affords enantioenriched pyrrolidines, indolines, and γ-amino-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
Antimalarial sulfone trioxanes

A series of new sulfide and sulfone 1,2,4-trioxanes was prepared in only a few steps from commercial reactants. The sulfone trioxanes were found to have higher in vitro antimalarial potencies than the sulfides, with 12β-arylsulfone trioxanes 1β being from 13 to 14 as potent as the complex natural antimalarial trioxane artemisinin (2). A tentative chemical mechanism is proposed to account for the great difference in antimalarial activity of the 12α- vs. 12β-sulfide trioxanes.
A fully integrated 16 channel digitally trimmed pulse shaping amplifier

A fully integrated CMOS pulse shaping amplifier has been developed at LBL. All frequency dependent networks are included on the chip. Provision is made for tuning to compensate for process variations. The overall architecture and details of the circuitry are discussed. Test results are presented. >