cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steroidogenesis and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate accumulation in rat adrenal cells. Divergent effects of adrenocorticotropin and its o-nitrophenyl sulfenyl derivative.

Abstract Both adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and its o-nitrophenyl sulfenyl derivative (NPS-ACTH) in which the single tryptophan residue of the hormone is modified, were able to stimulate corticosterone synthesis to the same maximal rate in isolated rat adrenal cells. The concentration of NPS-ACTH required for half-maximal steroidogenesis was approximately 70 times that of ACTH. Although both ACTH and NPS-ACTH stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation, the effect of NPS-ACTH was marginal; the maximal stimulation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) accumulation in response to ACTH was 30 to 100-fold greater than that due to NPS-ACTH. Apparently ACTH increased cyclic AMP accumulation well beyond that required for the stimulation of maximal steroidogenesis. NPS-ACTH appeared to inhibit in a competitive manner the effect of ACTH on cyclic AMP production but not steroid synthesis. The continued presence of ACTH or NPS-ACTH was necessary for the continued stimulation of steroidogenesis indicating that the factor (or factors) mediating the steroidogenic response must be present throughout the time of stimulation. The relationship between steroid synthesis and cyclic AMP accumulation was different for ACTH and NPS-ACTH. Much less cyclic AMP was produced when NPS-ACTH stimulated steroid synthesis to 75% of the maximal level than when ACTH enhanced steroidogenesis half-maximally. Even though cyclic AMP was found to leave the cells during the time of incubation, the same lack of correlation between cyclic AMP generation and rate of steroid synthesis mentioned above was found whether intracellular or total cyclic AMP was measured. These results suggest that there may be two receptors for ACTH in the adrenal cell population which may be in the same cell or in different cell types. NPS-ACTH stimulates one of these receptors but inhibits the other. Furthermore, these results imply that either very small amounts of cyclic AMP are required for the stimulation of steroidogenesis or factor (or factors) besides cyclic AMP may be involved in mediating this function of ACTH.
Macrophages in Collateral Arteriogenesis

Arteriosclerotic vascular disease is the most common cause of death and a major cause of disability in the developed world. Adverse outcomes of arteriosclerotic vascular disease are related to consequences of tissue ischemia and necrosis affecting the heart, brain, limbs, and other organs. Collateral artery growth or arteriogenesis occurs naturally and can help restore perfusion to ischemic tissues. Understanding the mechanisms of collateral artery growth may provide therapeutic options for patients with ischemic vascular disease. In this review, we examine the evidence for a role of monocytes and macrophages in collateral arteriogenesis.
INTERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA AND ADULT ATTACHMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE

Two hundred eighty-six men and women who identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) were surveyed using measures of attachment, internalized homophobia, shame, and guilt. Results indicated that secure attachment was negatively correlated with internalized homophobia, shame, and guilt. Fearful and preoccupied attachments were positively correlated with these constructs, accounting for 36.9% of the variance in scores. Results are discussed in terms of the therapeutic relationship, with the therapist serving as a secure base for LGB clients working through issues of internalized homophobia and social isolation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
Age-dependent effects in enzyme induction- a biochemical expression of aging

An age-dependent modification in the ability to synthesize certain enzymes in response to a variety of environmental alterations was proposed as a general biochemical expression of aging. Evidence was presented in support of the possible independence of cell division and the occurrence of cellular aging phenomena in vivo. It is not yet certain whether these changes in enzyme regulation are inherent to the cells in which they were detected or reflect aging phenomena of extracellular origin.
Constancy of population parameters for life history and floral traits in Raphanus sativus L. I. Norms of reaction and the nature of genotype by environment interactions

Constancy of population parameters for life history and floral traits in Raphanus sativus L. I. Norms of reaction and the nature of genotype by environment interactions
Towards healthy public policy in food and nutrition.

Here are the sources of needlessly high rates of disease, especially among disadvantaged people: poor diet, inactivity, inadequate hygienic habits, lack of coping skills, and generally imprudent lifestyles. 1,2 This was the judgment not of the latest health reports but of British and American authorities 150 years ago. They echoed the same widely held view that attempted to account for high levels of illness and death in Liverpool's outcasts during the time of William Henry Duncan (1805–1862), the first Medical Officer of Health (1847–1862). 3 We in the human family view the world at any point in time by focusing on either figure or ground, person or context, object or environment. We do not perceive both at the same moment. As in Duncan's time, many people today continue to focus primarily on the individual and his or her habits or ‘lifestyle’ when defining health issues and the means to address them. Others, as did Duncan, are again focusing on the context, people's environment, which frames the array of options available to individuals and from which they, for good or ill health, choose the patterns that become their lifestyles. Most people, as most organisations, including governments, most of the time make the choices that are easiest, closest to hand, most rewarding within their immediate context, ‘they’ (‘the people’), just as ‘we’ (‘the experts’). Duncan quickly (re)learned this lesson when, in one of his early efforts as Medical Officer of Health, he attempted to remove some 30,000 people from their quarters in 8,000 dank, airless, undrained cellars, leaving hundreds to live in the streets. They immediately returned to their hovels where at least they were less exposed to weather and danger, and had access to the cakes and fruits that were often sold at the entrances to the cellars. 3 The people, in other words, chose the best they could among the miserable options available to them. When later Duncan faced the onslaughts of a wave of impoverished famine victims from Ireland and a cholera epidemic, he learned further that ‘environment’ is not a closed context, but extends beyond local communities. What Duncan learned from these experiences, and from his earlier voluntary work in public clinics, as well as from his acquaintance with Chadwick's ideas, he spoke out about. At first, his audience was his medical peers, through lectures and journals. Soon it was politicians and local opinion leaders, through testimony, reports, public lectures and pamphlets. He took his case, in effect, to the gatekeepers of public discourse, to political and lay leaders, and translated his message — of the primacy for health of the environment and of the policies that shape that environment — into their languages and through the media available in that era. And when he was blocked by local authorities from instituting preventive policies to improve living conditions, he took his case to national authorities and won.
Estimation of subpixel vegetation density of natural regions using satellite multispectral imagery

A procedure is presented for estimating the subpixel fractional canopy density of natural or undisturbed semivegetated regions on a pixel-by-pixel basis using one satellite multispectral image and a physical modeling approach. The method involves applying a model of the bulk, nondimensional plant geometry combined with a simple model of canopy reflectance and transmittance to the red and near-infrared reflectance space of the atmospherically corrected satellite image. Shadow effects are parameterized assuming Poisson-distributed and geometrically similar plant canopies. The method is applied to the estimation of fractional cover and leaf area index, using Landsat thematic mapper imagery, of two physiologically different plant communities. The first is the Landes Forest, a coniferous region in south central France, during the June 1986 HAPEX-Mobilhy Experiment. The second is the semiarid Walnut Gulch basin of southeast Arizona that contains predominantly shrubs and grasses, during the June 1990 MONSOON Experiment. The procedure offers a physically based alternative to empirical vegetation indices for estimating regionally variable canopy densities of natural, homogeneous systems with little or no ground truth.
Exploring the conditional effects of bus stops on crime

Public transportation is a major element of social life in most cities, and the most common mode of public transportation is busing. This study examines whether bus stops are a robust predictor of crime, net of other factors, and whether the effect of bus stops on crime is conditioned by socioeconomic and land use factors. We use geocoded Indianapolis crime and bus stop data for 2010 to predict crime counts in 500-feet × 500-feet square grid cells, using negative binomial models. Net of other factors, bus stops are associated with variation in counts of Uniform Crime Reports reported rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary and larceny in a cell. In addition, the effect of bus stops on crime was conditioned by land use characteristics. In particular, the effect of bus stops on crime was greater in commercial and industrial areas, but dampened in areas with high-density residential housing.
Sources of error in a rigid body simulation of rigid parts on a vibrating rigid plate

We present a simulation study of an important rigid body contact problem. The system in question is composed of a rigid plate and a single rigid body (or particle). The plate follows a prescribed periodic motion of small amplitude and high frequency, such that the net force applied to the part appears to be from a time-independent, position-dependent velocity field in the plane of the plate. Theoretical results obtained by Vose et al. were found to be in good agreement with simulation results obtained with the Stewart-Trinkle time-stepping method. In addition, simulations were found to agree with the qualitative experimental results of Vose et al. After such verification of the simulation method, additional numerical studies were done that would have been impossible to carry out analytically. Specifically, we were able to demonstrate the convergence of the method with decreasing step size (as predicted theoretically by Stewart). Further analytical and numerical studies will be carried out in the future to develop and select robust simulation methods that best satisfy the speed and accuracy requirements of different applications.
Global, component, and serial processing of printed words in beginning reading

Abstract Nonreaders (end of kindergarten) and beginning readers (end of first grade) were compared. Both nonreaders and beginning readers imposed integral perceptual structures on shape/terminal letter information and configural perceptual structures on medial letter information: visual attention varied as a function of the unit of visual information but not as a function of learning to read. Nonreaders remembered a word more accurately than a letter in a word, showing visual origins of the word superiority effect. Beginning readers remembered a word faster than a letter in a word, which they remembered faster than a letter sequence in a word, suggesting early origins of the word priority effect. Only gains in memory for a letter sequence correlated with gains in word decoding. Throughout first grade, sentence verification was faster, not more accurate, when sentences were presented normally compared to one word at a time; repeated exposure of a word in parafoveal and foveal vision facilitates speed but not accuracy of comprehension. Results are discussed in reference to a model of global, component, and serial procedures.
Anophthalmia in the Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome

• We examined an orbital exenteration specimen from an anophthalmic patient with focal dermal hypoplasia. Eyelid angiofibromas were evident and immunoperoxidase studies for human papilloma virus were negative. Orbital tissue contained a ductal cyst, chronic inflammation of the lacrimal duct and sac, rudimentary conjunctival fornices, lacrimal gland, striated muscle, and adipose tissue. Microscopic examination revealed a posteriorly located cystic structure with uveal and lens remnants. Neuroectodermal structures consistent with retina, optic nerve, or meninges were not observed, thus representing true anophthalmia. These findings remain as the only histopathologic description of ocular tissues in patients with focal dermal hypoplasia.
Laser fusion experiments, facilities, and diagnostics at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

The progress of the LLNL Laser Fusion Program in our work to achieve high gain thermonuclear microexplosions is discussed. Many experiments have been successfully performed and diagnosed using the large complex twenty-beam 30-TW Shiva laser system. A 400-kJ design of the twenty-beam Nova laser has been completed. The construction of the first phase of this facility has begun. The first phase of this Nd-doped low nonlinear index glass laser will consist of ten beams producing 100 kJ in 1-nsec pulses. One beam of the Argus laser has been converted to operation at 532 nm with 10-cm aperture. It will soon operate at 355 nm, also at 10-cm aperture. Frequency conversion crystals are being procured for full aperture operation at either 532 or 355 nm for both Argus beams. We also discuss new diagnostic instruments which provide us with new and improved resolution, information on laser absorption and scattering, thermal energy flow, suprathermal electrons and their effects, and final fuel conditions. We have made measurements on the absorption and Brillouin scattering for target irradiations at both 1.064 μm and 532 nm. These measurements confirm the expected increased absorption and reduced scattering at the shorter wavelength. Additional data have been obtained on the angular distribution of suprathermal x rays, which further confirms our observation of its nonisotropy. However, we do not yet have an explanation of the phenomena. Implosion experiments have been performed which have produced final fuel densities over the 10–100× range liquid deuterium-tritium (DT) density. The 100× achievement is the highest yet achieved in laser fusion DT fuel targets.
A multi-item economic lot-sizing problem

A multi-item economic lot-sizing problem is considered wherein, as a consequence of a joint ordering or production setup cost, the ordering policies for individual items are interdependent. The problem is to determine an optimal ordering plan in which the sum of the costs of carrying inventories and the costs of ordering are minimized and in which the known demands for each item in each time period are satisfied. Two algorithms are presented for solving such problems. The first is a direct algorithm which yields periodic solutions and applies to problems in which demand occurs uniformly over time. The second is a dynamic programming algorithm which yields optimal solutions, whether periodic or aperiodic, and which applies to dynamic problems as well as to problems with constant demands.
The ecology of achievement among students diverse in ethnicity and ability.

This longitudinal study uses an ecological framework to examine school and individual influences on academic achievement among African American and Latino students with and without disabilities who had recently transferred to more inclusive schools. The authors' ecological framework includes four domains: organizational policies and practices, school environment, student–school connections, and psychological symptoms. The authors tested a comprehensive model with 111 students from 16 schools over 3 years, as well as an organizational model with a smaller sample. Organizational policies and practices of inclusion and student–school connections of belonging each predicted higher academic achievement, and psychological symptoms of aggressive behavior predicted lower academic achievement across time. Their findings are consistent with and extend existing research through support of a comprehensive ecological model across time. Findings also yield significant implications for ecological theory and research in community psychology, school planning, intervention, and implementation of inclusive best practices for students with and without disabilities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct current effects in pulse polarography at the dropping mercury electrode

Summary Extensive computer simulations of differential pulse polarograms indicate that the background is due to double layer effects. The relative signal above background is maximized by long drop times and intermediate pulse amplitudes.
‘Intelligent Design’ Poses continued threat to science

Science education in the United States has been the subject of more than usual attention, especially since 1 August 2005 when President George W. Bush stoked the fire by responding to a reporter's question about the teaching of ‘intelligent design’ (ID) in science classrooms by saying that “both sides ought to be properly taught…so people can understand what the debate is about.” Prior to the 20 December 2005 ruling against the teaching of ID in public schools, by U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III in the Pennsylvania case Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, anti-evolutionists and ID proponents seemed to be enjoying a new momentum in the aftermath of President Bush's statements. William Dembski, senior fellow with the Discovery Institute's Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture in Seattle, Wash., a group that supports intelligent design, wrote on 4 August 2005 at http://www.designinference.com that President Bush “is to be commended for his courage, wisdom, and foresight” for supporting the teaching of ID alongside evolution.
CHOLINERGIC URTICARIA: ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT IMMEDIATE-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION TO COPPER

A patient with cholinergic urticaria syndrome was found to have an unusually large number of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the urticarial sites. The amplification of these receptors may account for her heightened sensitivity to acetylcholine discharge following exercise, heat, and emotion. The acetylcholine presumably acts directly on the mast-cell membrane to initiate histamine release and thereby punctate urticaria. In addition, an otherwise occult sensitivity to copper was detected with a 48 h contact patch test to the metal followed by an exercise challenge. Under these conditions, the patch test site developed hives after the autonomic stress stimulus of exercise but showed nothing on conventional patch testing before exercise. Such "cholinergic patch testing" is recommended for the demonstration of other examples of antigen enhancement of acetylcholine-mediated reactions.
DOA estimation exploiting coprime frequencies

Coprime array, which utilizes a coprime pair of uniform linear subarrays, is an attractive structure to achieve sparse array configurations. Alternatively, effective coprime array configurations can be implemented using a uniform linear array with two coprime sensing frequencies. This enables the integration of the coprime array and filter concepts to achieve high capabilities in meeting system performance and complexity constraints. This paper examines its performance for direction-of-arrival estimations. In particular, we analyze the number of detectable signals and the estimation accuracy as related to the array configurations and sensing frequencies.
Critical Speeds of Two Bearing Machines With Overhung Weight

The purpose of this study was to determine the general frequency expression for a rotating shaft with uniformly distributed weight, supported by two bearings, and carrying a concentrated weight at the free end. The bearing spacing and the ratio of the concentrated weight to the total distributed weight have been used as parameters. The data have thus been reduced to dimensionless form so that the results are generally applicable for this type of machine. Frequencies for the first three modes of vibration have been determined and curves plotted for rapid calculation of these frequencies.
Fusion neutron detector calibration using a table-top laser generated plasma neutron source

Using a high intensity, femtosecond laser driven neutron source, a high-sensitivity neutron detector was calibrated. This detector is designed for observing fusion neutrons at the Z accelerator in Sandia National Laboratories. Nuclear fusion from laser driven deuterium cluster explosions was used to generate a clean source of nearly monoenergetic 2.45 MeV neutrons at a well-defined time. This source can run at 10 Hz and was used to build up a clean pulse-height spectrum on scintillating neutron detectors giving a very accurate calibration for neutron yields at 2.45 MeV.
Inactivation of Cysteine Proteases

Abstract The cysteine proteases papain and cathepsin B are inactivated by a Michael acceptor, a peptidyl-β-chloro-α, β-unsaturated ester[formula]Inactivation occurred concomitant with chloride release which was stoichiometric with the amount of enzyme. This result is consistent with nucleophilic attack of the active site cysteine on the β-carbon of the inhibitor, followed by expulsion of chloride ion. Inactivation by this class of compounds requires the carbon skeleton about the double bond to be in thetransconfiguration. Thecisisomer was a competitive inhibitor. The difference in the mode of inhibition between the isomers is probably due to nonproductive binding of thecisisomer due to bulky chlorine substituent in the β-position.
Durations and average speeds of ultrashort optical pulses shaped by chiral sculptured thin films

We computed three measures each of the durations and average speeds of ultrashort optical pulsed plane waves transmitted through linear and nonlinear chiral sculptured thin films (STFs). The durations tended in general to decrease with increasing carrier wavelength (save for an exception involving the circular Bragg phenomenon), while average speeds tended to increase under the same conditions. Durations tended to increase with increasing nonlinearity displayed by the chiral STF, while average speeds tended to decrease. The results quantify some aspects of ultrashort optical pulse shaping by chiral STFs, which heretofore had only been studied qualitatively.
Relationships of longitudinal dispersivity and scale developed from fuzzy least-squares regressions

Effects of scale on longitudinal dispersivity are often determined using regression correlations developed from compiled dispersivity data in most risk and remedial applications. However, only 75% of the observed variation is explained by statistical regression equations and existing stochastic theories. As such, the available dispersivity data are considered to be imprecise (in a non-statistical sense) in this study, and fuzzy least-squares regression methodology has been utilized to develop scale–dispersivity relationships. An attempt has also been made to include the reliability of the available data into the fuzzy regression scheme. Fuzzy regression models have been developed for log-transformed and log-log-transformed scale data. The results indicate that fuzzy regression is able to capture the imprecision in the observed data better than statistical models. However, this superiority of the fuzzy regression was observed to decrease with increasing strength of scale–dispersivity correlation obtained by log-log linearization of the scale data.
Differential effects of substance P on serotonin-modulated spinal nociceptive reflexes.

Recent immunohistochemical studies indicate the presence of a bulbospinal substance P (SP) system, as well as a bulbospinal serotonin (5-HT) system, involved in spinal pain transmission. Although electrophysiological studies indicate that SP may modulate the effects of 5-HT on post-synaptic spinal nociceptive neurons, the functional relationship between SP and 5-HT on “pain behavior” remains obscure. To bridge this gap between mechanism and behavior, the purpose of the present study was to determine specific postsynaptic behavioral effects of SP and 5-HT on local spinal nociceptive reflexes in spinally transected animals. Administration of the 5-HT agonists 5-methoxydi-methyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) (0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.0 mg/kg) and quipazine (0, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) 2 days after transection significantly expanded the receptive field (RF) areas of three spinal reflexes, as previously reported. Intrathecal administration of SP alone (0, 0.25, 2.5, 7.5 ng) also resulted in hyperalgesia, indicated by a significant expansion of the RF areas of all three nociceptive reflexes. However, administration of SP, in animals pretreated with 5-HT agonists, decreased the 5-HT-induced expansion of RF size. Therefore, SP had opposite effects on spinal nociceptive reflexes depending on whether or not the animal was pretreated with 5-HT agonists, i.e., hyperalgesia in the absence of 5-HT agonists, and analgesia in the presence of 5-HT agonists. The two effects of SP on local spinal reflexes may be related to the anatomical organization of the two spinal SP systems: 1) SP released from primary afferents facilitates nociceptive reflexes, and 2) SP associated with the descending bulbospinal system interacts with the descending bulbospinal 5-HT system and inhibits nociceptive reflexes. The present results help explain contradictory literature regarding the effect of SP on spinal nociceptive reflexes.
Communication Apprehension: Implications for Management and Organizational Behavior

Over the past nine years, an enormous amount of research has been conducted on the communication apprehension construct; however, neither this research nor its implications have been discussed in the management or organizational behavior literature. The intention of this paper is to make management and organizational behavior researchers aware of the nature of the construct, research conducted to date, and some of the implications for on-going organizations. It is argued that an understanding of the workings of this variable offers rich potential for improving our understanding of behavior in work organizations. Eleven hypotheses for further research are suggested.
Invited paper. Comparisons of MESFET bipolar transistor and static induction transistor class C amplifiers

Comparison of device performances of class C amplifier is presented. Simplified modelling of the 1-V characteristics and input circuits is employed. Useful gain and power-added efficiency can be achieved at conduction angles between 130° and 180°. The silicon bipolar type leads among the three devices in output power, gain and efficiency. The InP MESFET followed by the GaAs MESFET can give power comparable to the bipolar type with slightly lower gain and efficiency. The static induction transistor has high power potential but its gain and efficiency are moderate.
Anionic amphiphilic dendrimers as antibacterial agents.

An anionic amphiphilic dendrimer is reported that possesses increased cytotoxicological potency against prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) for the dendrimer against Bacillus subtilis, a Gram-positive bacterial strain, was measured to be 4.1 × 10−5 M, while that against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was more than 36× greater at a value of 1.5 × 10−3 M. EC50 ratios for two commercial amphiphiles, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100, in addition to a similar synthesized dendritic structure were at most only 3.8× greater. Furthermore, the observed EC50 values appear to be correlated to the critical aggregation constant (CAC) in solution suggesting a mechanism of action for these anionic amphiphilic dendrimers related to their supramolecular structures.
Assessment of bacterial contamination of three multidose ophthalmic solutions.

Objective To investigate the frequency of bacterial contamination of multidose proparacaine hydrochloride, tropicamide, and eyewash bottles used in veterinary ophthalmology examination rooms during normal operating procedures. Methods Three representative bottles each of proparacaine hydrochloride, tropicamide, and purified water eye wash were opened at the same time, numbered, and placed into small animal examination rooms. Doctors, students and technicians who were using the solutions were blinded to the study. Aerobic cultures were obtained at the time of opening (time 0), at 1 week (time 1), and at 2 weeks after opening (time 2) the bottles. The sites cultured included a drop of each solution, the inside of the bottle cap, the tip of the bottle, and the bottle threads and medication residue found in these threads. Results Aerobic cultures of tropicamide and proparacaine had no growth of bacteria from any of the evaluated sites. Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured from the tip of one bottle of eye wash after 1 week. Conclusions We conclude that proparacaine, tropicamide, and eyewash solutions used in veterinary examination rooms are adequately preserved for use in ophthalmic examination. They have a low level of bacterial contamination 1 or 2 weeks after opening when used and stored according to the recommendations of the product manufacturers and previous studies.
Anxiety as a Developmental Disorder

There is increasing recognition that many psychiatric disorders including anxiety disorders are neurodevelopmental in their origins. Here, we review and integrate data from human studies and from animal models that point to a critical period during which neural circuits that mediate anxiety develop. We then postulate that this highly plastic critical period is a time of heightened responsiveness that is particularly susceptible to adverse events. We discuss these concepts in the context the current heightened interest in gene by environment interactions in psychiatric illness emphasizing the importance of the temporal relationship between gene action and environmental milieu.
Anchor and adjustment heuristic effect on audit judgement

Describes research which investigated the operation of the anchor and adjustment heuristic in the context of the continuing audit engagement. Specifically, the impact of information concerning the previous year′s compliance test results was measured over several reported error rates from the current year′s compliance test results. The experimental instrument was applied to two classes of participants, audit practitioners from public accounting and from a government audit service. Each participant was required to supply an estimate of the total population error rate using the information given and the risk assessment methodology. The results of this empirical investigation determined that the addition of the previous year′s information appears to moderate the impact of the anchor and adjustment heuristic by reducing the decision makers′ confidence that the sample error rate represents an acceptable population error rate.
Altered responsiveness of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-generating systems in brain slices from adult rats after neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine.

Abstract Sprague-Dawley rat pups were administered 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg) subcutaneously on each of the first 4 days after birth. At 4–5 mo of age the rats and untreated littermates were killed, and the accumulation of [ 14 C]cyclic AMP elicited by various agents in [ 14 C]adenine-labeled brain slices was investigated. The accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by norepinephrine was significantly greater in slices from neocortex and midbrain of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats than in corresponding slices from littermate controls. Accumulations in slices from medulla-pons and cerebellum were not significantly altered by the neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Thus, an enhanced response to norepinephrine pertains both in a region, the neocortex, where norepinephrine-levels were permanently reduced by neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine and in a region, the midbrain, where adult levels of norepinephrine were nearly doubled by the neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Enhanced responses of cyclic AMP-generating systems in neocortical slices from 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats also pertained with isoproterenol, prostaglandin E 1 and an adenosine-norepinephrine combination, but not with adenosine alone. Depletion of norepinephrine throughout the brain by administration of either reserpine or intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine to adult rats enhanced responses to norepinephrine in slices from neocortex, but not midbrain. Reserpine had no effect on responses in either neocortex or midbrain of rats treated neonatally with 6-hydroxydopamine.
An Analytical Framework for Assessing the Benefits and Costs of Policies Related to Protecting Groundwater Quality

In this paper an analytical framework is presented that identifies the trade-offs that a regional authority desiring to improve groundwater quality is confronted with as it strives to balance the preferences of farmers and households. The basic rule developed indicates that the regional authority must choose a policy whereby any increase (decrease) in regional income is just equal to the decrease (increase) in net benefits to households.
AGE OF STRATOSPHERIC AIR: THEORY, OBSERVATIONS, AND MODELS

[1] We review the relationship between tracer distributions and transport timescales in the stratosphere and discuss the use of timescales to evaluate and constrain theories and numerical models of the stratosphere. The “age spectrum,” the distribution of transit times since stratospheric air last made tropospheric contact, provides a way to understand the transport information of tracers, how sensitive different tracers are to various transport processes, and how to use tracers in combination to constrain transport rates. Trace gas observations can be used to infer aspects of the age spectrum, most commonly the “mean age,” but also the shape of the spectrum. Observational inferences of transport timescales provide stringent tests of numerical models independent of photochemistry, and comparisons of these observations with chemical transport models have highlighted certain problems with transport in the models. Age simulations and comparisons with data can now be considered standard tests of stratospheric models.
Effects of weak transcranial alternating current stimulation on brain activity-a review of known mechanisms from animal studies.

Rhythmic neuronal activity is ubiquitous in the human brain. These rhythms originate from a variety of different network mechanisms, which give rise to a wide-ranging spectrum of oscillation frequencies. In the last few years an increasing number of clinical research studies have explored transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) with weak current as a tool for affecting brain function. The premise of these interventions is that tACS will interact with ongoing brain oscillations. However, the exact mechanisms by which weak currents could affect neuronal oscillations at different frequency bands are not well known and this, in turn, limits the rational optimization of human experiments. Here we review the available in vitro and in vivo animal studies that attempt to provide mechanistic explanations. The findings can be summarized into a few generic principles, such as periodic modulation of excitability, shifts in spike timing, modulation of firing rate, and shifts in the balance of excitation and inhibition. These effects result from weak but simultaneous polarization of a large number of neurons. Whether this can lead to an entrainment or a modulation of brain oscillations, or whether AC currents have no effect at all, depends entirely on the specific dynamic that gives rise to the different brain rhythms, as discussed here for slow wave oscillations (~1 Hz) and gamma oscillations (~30 Hz). We conclude with suggestions for further experiments to investigate the role of AC stimulation for other physiologically relevant brain rhythms.
A Nominal Response Model Approach for Detecting Answer Copying

When examinees copy answers to test questions from other examinees, the validity of the test is compromised. Most available statistical procedures for detecting copying were developed out of classical test theory (CrT); hence, they suffer from sampledependent score and item statistics, and biased estimates of the expected number of answer matches between a pair of examinees. Item response theory (IRT) based procedures alleviate these problems; however, because they fail to compare the similarity of responses between neighboring examinees, they have relatively poor power for detecting copiers. A new IRT-based test statistic, wo, was compared with the best CUT-based index g2 under various copying conditions, amounts of copying, test lengths, and sample sizes. w consistently held the Type I error rate at or below the nominal level; g2 yielded substantially inflated Type I error rates. The power of w varied as a function of both test length and the percentage of items copied. w demonstrated good power to dete...
Hole trapping and breakdown in thin SiO 2

The field dependence of the hole generation rate, also known as the impact ionization coefficient α, in thin SiO 2 ( \alpha = \alpha_{0}e^{-H/E} where H = 78 MV/cm for electric fields ranging from 7 to 14 MV/cm, which covers the field range from the onset of significant Fowler-Nordheim current to instant breakdown. The similar field dependences of α and charge-to-breakdown supports the model that hole generation and trapping leads to oxide wearout. Because of the fact that positive charge generation is observed for oxide voltage well below the SiO 2 bandgap, we propose that the generated holes arise from transition between band tails in the amorphous SiO 2 . It is also observed that α decreases rapidly when the applied oxide voltage is very low; thus α is a function of both oxide field and voltage in general. This suggests that ultra-thin oxide with low operating voltages might be a good candidate for high endurance E2PROM devices at very low oxide field.
Effects of ballistic atom movements on ordering transitions of binary alloys.

We studied chemical order-disorder transitions in equiatomic alloys on a square lattice in the presence of both thermal and ballistic atom movements. Using Monte Carlo simulations with a vacancy mechanism, we determined the steady states of the alloys for various combinations of f (fraction of ballistic atom movements) and T (temperature), and located the order-disorder phase boundary on a diagram of T vs f. For symmetric interatomic potentials, the dynamical critical temperature decreased with f as (1-1.58f) when f≤0.36, and decreased rapidly with f when 0.36 0.43. An Onsager-type kinetic rate equation was modified to include ballistic atom movements, and was used to identify two reasons why the ballistic atom movements suppress the dynamical critical temperature: (1) the ballistic atom movements dilute the enthalpy driving force for ordering, and (2) at low temperatures the ratio of thermal mobility coefficient to ballistic mobility coefficient becomes small.
Signs of the Sine Illusion—Why We Need to Care

Graphical representations have to be true to the data they display. Computational tools ensure this on a technical level. But we also need to take “flaws” of the human perceptual system into account. The sine illusion provides an example where human perception leads to systematic bias in the assessment of the optical stimulus, with a particularly notable impact on perception of time-series data with a seasonal component. In this article, we discuss the reasons for the illusion and various strategies useful to break the illusion or reduce its strength. We demonstrate the presence of the illusion in real-world and theoretical situations. We also present data from a user study, which demonstrate the dramatic effect the sine illusion can have on conclusions drawn from displayed data.
Venusian Ejecta Parabolas: Comparing Theory with Observations

Abstract The Magellan radar imager detected approximately 60 dark (i.e., low backscatter cross section) parabola-shaped features on the surface of Venus; each parabola is oriented with the open end toward the west and envelops an impact crater near its “focus.” In this paper, we use a model of parabola formation to fit the 58 venusian parabolas observed to date, as well as 9 circular features that are similar to the parabolas; we achieve good results for ∼65% of the 41 parabolas that meet the conditions for the model to apply. As a result of modeling the parabolas, we derive a quantitative description of the distribution of small (∼1 cm to ∼1 μm in diameter) impact ejecta over a planetary surface. Our results agree well with the distribution of fine impact ejecta derived for the Terrestrial impact crater Chicxulub. In addition, our results lead to a method for estimating the quantity of fine-grained material available on Venus for surface transport processes such as saltation.
Cystamine preparations exhibit anticoagulant activity.

Transglutaminases are a superfamily of isoenzymes found in cells and plasma. These enzymes catalyze the formation of e-N-(γ-glutamyl)-lysyl crosslinks between proteins. Cystamine blocks transglutaminase activity and is used in vitro in human samples and in vivo in mice and rats in studies of coagulation, immune dysfunction, and inflammatory disease. These studies have suggested cystamine blocks fibrin crosslinking and has anti-inflammatory effects, implicating transglutaminase activity in the pathogenesis of several diseases. We measured the effects of cystamine on fibrin crosslinking, tissue factor-triggered plasma clot formation and thrombin generation, and coagulation factor enzymatic activity. At concentrations that blocked fibrin crosslinking, cystamine also inhibited plasma clot formation and reduced thrombin generation. Cystamine inhibited the amidolytic activity of coagulation factor XI and thrombin towards chromogenic substrates. These findings demonstrate that cystamine exhibits anticoagulant activity during coagulation. Given the close relationship between coagulation and inflammation, these findings suggest prior studies that used cystamine to implicate transglutaminase activity in disease pathogenesis warrant re-examination.
Design of low-frequency compensators for improvement of plantwide regulatory performance

One of the major weaknesses of classical feedback controllers is their inability to track ramp-like disturbances without offset. This hinders their performance in plantwide environments where load-...
State, Citizenship, and Territory: The Legal Construction of Immigrants in Antebellum Massachusetts

Modern citizenship—understood in terms of the formal legal distinction between “citizen” and “alien”—functions as a barrier to the individual's territorial rights. In other words, it determines whether a given individual does or does not enjoy unimpeded rights of access to, and presence within, the territory that the state calls its own. In this capacity, it is wielded efficiently, systematically, and even brutally against individuals who seek to fashion better lives for themselves by moving into, or remaining within, the territories of states other than their “own.” In the contemporary West, entirely as a matter of routine, millions are kept out of, and removed from, the territories of states on the ground that they are not citizens of the states in question.
X-ray calorimeters

X-ray calorimeter instruments for astrophysics have seen rapid development since they were invented in 1984. The prime instrument on all currently planned X-ray spectroscopic observatories is based on calorimeter technology. This relatively simple detection concept that senses the energy of an incident photon by measuring the temperature rise of an absorber material at very low temperatures can form the basis of a very high-performance, non-dispersive spectrometer. State-of-the-art calorimeter instruments have resolving powers of over 3000, large simultaneous bandpasses, and near unit efficiency. Coupled with the intrinsic imaging capability of a pixelated X-ray calorimeter array, this allows true spectral-spatial instruments to be constructed. This chapter briefly reviews the detection scheme, the state of the art in X-ray calorimeter instruments and the future outlook for this technology.
Enhancement of second-harmonic generation in an air-bridge photonic crystal slab: simulation by spectral element method

The enhancement of second-harmonic generation (SHG) across a 2D photonic crystal (PC) slab consisting of GaP is investigated in this study with the three-dimensional spectral element method (SEM). The in-plane band structure is calculated, and it is compared with the peaks of the SHG to reveal the mechanisms behind the enhancement. The numerical result from the SEM shows that, under normal incidence, the scattered power of the SHG is enhanced for the eigenstates with large decay rates, while the stored energy of the SHG is enhanced for the eigenstates with a zero decay rate. The SHG is enhanced under two conditions: (i) phase matching between the fundamental and second-harmonic (SH) fields and (ii) symmetry matching between the field pattern of the resonant eigenstate and the generated SH polarization field. Compared with a homogeneous dielectric slab, the air-bridge PC slab can enhance the SHG by 4 orders of magnitude.
Is captopril useful in decreasing pleural drainage in children after modified Fontan operation

In an experimental rodent animal model of the low T3 syndrome, both diastolic and systolic cardiac functions were shown to be impaired, and this dysfunction was prevented by T3 replacement. 16 The hypothesis as to the cause of this impairment of function was the observed change in thyroid hormone-responsive gene expression including the contractile proteins (myosin heavy chains) and calcium transport proteins (sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase). In a dog model of global cardiac ischemia followed by cardiopulmonary bypass, serum T 3 levels decreased significantly. 17 Compared with untreated animals, those treated with T 3 during bypass had increased afterload-independent left ventricular function by 56% without oxygen-wasting effects. Although numerous factors are likely to have contributed to the improvement in cardiorespiratory status of the index case reported here, these effects were temporally related to the initiation of T3 infusion. The cardiovascular status of the hypothyroid patient is similar to the cardiac surgery patient in numerous ways in that both exhibit low cardiac output with increased systemic vascular resistance. Although the hypothyroid patient clearly responds positively to thyroid hormone treatment, a randomized prospective study is necessary to ascertain whether T3 treatment of the pediatric cardiac surgery patient will decrease postoperative morbidity.