cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Tourism Development and the Policing of Urban Space in Latin American and the Caribbean

Resumen Las relaciones entre la policia y los latinoamericanos y la policia y los turistas son complejas y en constante flujo, sobre todo en zonas turisticas. Seria tentador analizar la policia turistica como agentes de intereses de la elite, pero hacerlo seria eludir el hecho crucial de que la policia de turismo y las practicas policiales estan situados dentro de matrices densas de las relaciones de poder. Nuestros datos etnograficos indican que aquellos que son marginados, ignorado, o difamado por el Estado pueden, en hecho, ejercer su agencia, utilizar su repertorio cultural para aliviar la dominacion estatal, e incluso desarrollar medios de subsistencia en la economia del turismo. En conjunto, los ensayos de este numero especial ilustran las multiples y contradictorias formas en las que la policia opera en sitios de turismo de America Latina, a menudo con consecuencias sociales complicadas y no intencionales. La colocacion de una lente etnografica sobre la policia, como un mecanismo que, alternativamente, protege y disciplina a los locales y turistas igualmente, pueden dar una idea de la complejidad del estado y los imaginarios nacionales en localidades turisticas.
The null hypothesis: globally steady rates of erosion, weathering fluxes and shelf sediment accumulation during Late Cenozoic mountain uplift and glaciation

At the largest time and space scales, the pace of erosion and chemical weathering is determined by tectonic uplift rates. Deviations from equilibrium arise from the transient response of landscape denudation to climatic and tectonic perturbations. We posit that the constraint of mass balance, however, makes it unlikely that such disequilibrium persists at the global scale over millions of years, as has been proposed for late Cenozoic erosion. We synthesize weathering fluxes, global sedimentation rates, sediment yields and tectonic motions to show a remarkable constancy in the pace of Earth-surface evolution over the last 10 Ma and support the null hypothesis – that global rates of landscape change have remained constant over this time period, despite global climate change and mountain building events. This work undermines the hypothesis that increased weathering due to mountain building or climate change was the primary agent for a decrease in global temperatures.
Legal Aspects of Kansas Water Resources Planning

History records attempts by various peoples to insure water supplies. Some historians have interpreted Genesis as indicating the beginning of irrigation: "A river went out of Eden to water the garden." Irrigation was practiced long ago in China, India, Armenia, Mexico, and Central America. Mesopotamian canals, one over two hundred miles long and four hundred feet wide, were built in the third millennium B.C. in the region of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The purpose of this article is to explore legal aspects of water resources planning in Kansas. In part I we examine the history of state planning efforts and scrutinize the recent amendments to statutes that set current water planning mechanisms into play. Part II considers four specific issues that have emerged from the water planning debates and explores the legal aspects of these issues.
Surface integral equation modeling approach to the handset antenna and human body interaction

Numerical analysis of the handset antenna and human body interaction in the 900 MHz and 1900 MHz frequency bands based on a surface integral equation (SIE) technique in frequency domain is presented. Simplified models of a head and a hand are used, that can provide satisfactorily accurate results for many applications. All the boundary surfaces are modeled by bilinear quadrilateral surface elements, and the equivalent electric and magnetic surface current density vectors over the elements are approximated by high-order polynomial basis functions in local parametric coordinates. The unknown current-distribution coefficients are determined by a Galerkin-type method of moments. The SIE modeling theoretical results, obtained on a modest PC in very reasonable amounts of time, are compared to both the experimental results and the theoretical results obtained by a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique from the literature, and a good agreement is observed. The principal aim of this paper, that appears to offer the first SIE-based numerical modeling of an antenna-user interaction, is to promote the SIE method of moments as a general approach to the electromagnetic analysis of a class of biological systems and a useful alternative to the FDTD method in some biological applications.
Taming Xunet III

An architecture for network management and control for emerging wide-area ATM networks is presented. The architecture was implemented on XUNET III, a nationwide ATM network deployed by AT&T. The Xunet network management system is based on the OSI standards and includes configuration, fault and performance management. An OSI agent resides at every switching node. Its capabilities include monitoring of cell level quality of service in real time and estimation of the schedulable region. The complexity and accuracy of real-time monitoring functionalities is investigated. To provide realistic traffic loads, distributed traffic generation systems both at the cell and call level have been implemented. In order to study the trade-off between the network transport and signalling system we have implemented a virtual path signalling capability. Our experiments show that the ability of a network to admit calls is limited by two distinct factors: the capacity of the network and the processing power of the signalling system. Depending on the bandwidth requirement of calls, the limit of one or the other will be first reached. This is a key observation, unique to broadband networks.
A light absorption detector for a computer controlled film scanner

Computers can process photographically recorded data both rapidly and efficiently. It is shown that a general purpose computer may be readily adapted to read film information. A standard computer display monitor is used as a scanning source. The detector employs a photomultiplier and transfers the digitized data to the computer.
Investigation of a Typology of Life and Death as an Indicator of Quality of Life

A typology of life and death was investigated in relation to employment characteristics, comparisons, work orientation, and depressive symptoms among funeral directors. Even though conceptions of life and death are a part of the same life cycle, they often have been studied separately. Four types (positivists, temporal optimists, resigned futurists, and negativists) were differentiated by social-psychological attributes rather than by employment characteristics. Implications for practice are noted.
Method of intervals for the study of diffusion-limited annihilation, A + A → 0

We introduce a method of intervals for the analysis of diffusion-limited annihilation, $A+\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{A}0,$ on the line. The method leads to manageable diffusion equations whose interpretation is intuitively clear. As an example, we treat the following cases: (a) annihilation in the infinite line and in infinite (discrete) chains; (b) annihilation with input of single particles, adjacent particle pairs, and particle pairs separated by a given distance; (c) annihilation, $A+\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{A}0,$ along with the birth reaction $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{A}3A,$ on finite rings, with and without diffusion.
Nerve blocks and nerve stimulation in headache disorders

Nerve blocks and neurostimulation can be useful therapeutic options in patients with head and neck neuralgias. In addition, these peripheral nerve procedures also can be effective in primary headache disorders, such as migraine and cluster headache. Nerve blocks for headache generally are administered by the use of small subcutaneous injections of amide-type local anesthetics like lidocaine and bupivacaine. Targets include the greater occipital nerve, lesser occipital nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves, sphenopalatine ganglion, cervical spinal roots, and facet joints of the upper cervical spine. Neurostimulation generally targets the upper cervical and suboccipital regions and the greater occipital nerves. This article summarizes the techniques, proposed mechanisms, and effectiveness of these commonly used anesthetic procedures and electrical stimulation procedures for head pain conditions. There are unfortunately few controlled studies of nerve blockade and neurostimulation, so, despite numerous positive reports of their usefulness, firm evidence for these procedures is lacking. There is therefore a serious need for randomized, blinded, sham-controlled studies of the nerve block and nerve stimulation procedures which have been reported as potentially helpful for headache and facial pain disorders.
Characterization of mobile display systems for use in medical imaging

We compare the image quality characteristics of state-of-the-art mobile display systems based on different types of liquid crystal and organic light-emitting materials with respect to luminance and color, viewing angle, resolution, temporal response, and reflectance. The results for a reflective liquid crystal display suggest that the changes in angular contrast and color shifts are more severe than for other LCDs, particularly for medical LCDs, where no color or grayscale inversion is present within the entire hemisphere of viewing directions. A prototype light-emitting device showed a wide viewing angle and large small-spot contrast. Display reflectance and resolution were affected by the additional touch-screen coatings. The methodology developed provides a framework for the comparison of alternative technologies for display of diagnostic images in small portable devices.
Electromagnetic dosimetry for models of humans and animals: A review of theoretical and numerical techniques

Theoretical dosimetry, i.e., calculation of the electromagnetic (EM) energy absorbed by humans in radiation fields, has become increasingly important as the use of EM devices in our society has increased. Since such calculations are difficult and complicated, a number of EM analysis techniques have been used by researchers in the field to obtain dosimetric data and understanding of absorption characteristics. Both analytical and numerical EM techniques have been applied extensively. In this paper, important techniques are reviewed and significant dosimetric data are summarized. Some important areas of future research in EM dosimetry are discussed.
A delta transform approach to loop gain‐phase shaping design of robust digital control systems

This paper addresses the existence of loop gain-phase shaping (LGPS) solutions for the design of robust digital control systems for SISO, minimum-phase, continuous-time processes with parametric uncertainty. We develop the frequency response properties of LGPS for discrete-time systems using the Δ-transform, a transform method that applies to both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. A theorem is presented which demonstrates that for reasonable specifications there always exists a sampling period such that the robust digital control problem has a solution. Finally, we offer a procedure for estimating the maximum feasible sampling period for LGPS solutions to robust digital control problems.
Long-Term Durability of Ceramic Honeycombs for Automotive Emissions Control

Durabilite a long terme des nids d'abeilles en ceramique utilises pour la prevention des emissions polluantes d'automobiles
Infrared spectra by mulling techniques at liquid—nitrogen temperatures☆

Abstract For some materials, the more usual spectroscopic sampling techniques are inadequate or fail completely. Some examples of these materials are as follows: high-pressure phases, such as the high-pressure ices, that are metastable at atmospheric pressure only well below room temperature; compounds that can be prepared only under an appreciable pressure of gas but that are stable or metastable at low temperatures, for example some gas hydrates; low-melting solids that form a vitreous phase at low temperatures that is difficult to devitrify; low-temperature solids that have several crystalline phases that may not be easily made reproducibly because of slow or irreproducible transformation rates. In this paper an experimental technique is described for making spectroscopic mulls near liquid—nitrogen temperatures. This technique allows such materials to be examined spectroscopically and the phase to be verified relatively easily by X-ray diffraction. The most useful mulling agents are propane, propylene, and chlorotrifluoromethane. Perfluoropropane and isopentane are possible mulling agents, but are not as useful as those mentioned above because their melting points are rather high.
The comparative effectiveness of suction-curettage and onabotulinumtoxin-A injections for the treatment of primary focal axillary hyperhidrosis: a randomized control trial.

Background Botulinum toxin injections and suction-curettage have been separately shown to be effective in treating axillary hyperhidrosis but have not been compared in the same patients. Objective We sought to compare effectiveness of suction-curettage versus neurotoxin for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. Methods Each of 20 patients was randomized to receive toxin injections to one axilla and suction-curettage to the contralateral axilla. The primary outcome measure was reduction of sweat rate measured by gravimetry, and the secondary measure was quality of life as measured by a patient-directed questionnaire. Results At 3 months posttreatment, toxin injections decreased baseline resting sweat production by 72.1% versus 60.4% ( P = .29) for suction-curettage, and baseline exercise-induced sweat production by 73.8% versus 58.8% ( P = .10). When patients were stratified into the categories of light and heavy sweaters, there was a difference among heavy sweaters, with exercise-induced sweat production lower by 10.48 mg/min or 34.3% ( P = .0025) at toxin-treated sites. Compared with suction-curettage, toxin also resulted in greater improvements in quality of life by 0.80 points ( P = .0002) and 0.90 points ( P = .0017) at 3 and 6 months posttreatment, respectively, as measured by the patient questionnaire. Limitations The follow-up period was limited to 6 months. Conclusions By objective measures 3 months after treatment, neurotoxin injections are nominally more effective than suction-curettage in all cases, and markedly more effective in heavy sweaters. Patients have a very significant preference for neurotoxin injections at 3 months, and this is maintained at 6 months.
Technological Models and the Curriculum Field

(1976). Technological Models and the Curriculum Field. The Educational Forum: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 303-312.
Comparison of able-bodied and spinal cord injured individuals’ appraisals of disability

Survey. Compare views of disability in able-bodied and spinal cord-injured individuals. United States. A group of able-bodied individuals were asked to imagine that they had sustained a spinal cord injury (SCI), then complete the Appraisals of DisAbility: Primary and Secondary Scale (ADAPSS) as if they were injured. The mean scores of able-bodied individuals on each of the six Subscales was compared with the mean scores of real spinal cord-injured individuals using t-tests of independent means. Responses of able-bodied individuals was significantly different from real SCI individuals on five of the six Subscales of the ADAPSS. Able-bodied individuals’ appraisals of disability after imagined SCI are much more negative than the actual appraisals of disability in real spinal cord-injured individuals.
Screening for Cervical Cancer and Initial Treatment of Patients With Abnormal Results From Papanicolaou Testing

New techniques for cervical cancer screening and a better understanding of the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical neoplasia have inspired a quest for more rational screening strategies for cervical cancer. Often, screening intervals for women older than 30 years can be expanded safely to every 3 years, and experts now agree that screening may cease after hysterectomy and in elderly women (provided certain criteria have been met). Liquid-based cytology produces more satisfactory specimens than conventional testing and offers the valuable option of treating atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance by "reflex" testing for high-risk types of HPV on the original specimen. Testing for HPV as an adjunct to cervical cytology for primary screening is now considered reasonable for many women older than 30 years.
Optical absorption from an indirect transition in bismuth nanowires

Simulations of the optical absorption in bismuth nanowires resulting from an indirect interband $L\ensuremath{-}T$-point transition are presented. The absorption dependence at room temperature on the band overlap, effective masses, and wire diameter is explored. The polarization, wave number, and wire size dependence of the high intensity absorption peak observed in bismuth nanowires at $\ensuremath{\sim}1000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ can be explained by our model. The polarization dependence of the optical absorption arises from a surface component of the optical coupling term which enhances this indirect transition. Simulations of the absorption from a valence-band $L\ensuremath{-}T$-point transition correctly predict the magnitude of the increase in the peak energy (wave number) with decreasing wire diameter. The wave numbers of the simulated and measured absorption peaks differ by $\ensuremath{\sim}400{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ Several explanations for this discrepancy are proposed.
Hodgkin's disease in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pathologic and immunologic features

Six patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and demonstrable serum antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and two additional patients with HD belonging to HIV-associated high-risk groups but with negative HIV serology were studied. All patients were men and ranged in age from 21 to 45 years. The HIV risk factors included homosexuality (6), intravenous drug abuse (2), and hemophilia A (1). All patients had high pathologically determined stage (one Stage III and seven Stage IV), and bone marrow involvement was observed in five patients with the initial diagnosis of HD based on marrow biopsy in two cases. Four cases were histologically subclassified as mixed cellularity (MC) and three as nodular sclerosis (NS); one patient underwent only bone marrow biopsy and was not subclassified. Histologically all cases were characterized by numerous Reed-Sternberg cells and variants, and with the exception of one case, all had a distinctive decrease in the proportion of reactive background lymphocytes compared with what is usually expected in MC or NS Hodgkin's disease (relative lymphocyte depletion). Flow-cytometric immunophenotypic studies done on cell suspensions from diagnostic lymph node biopsies in four cases showed decreased CD4:CD8 ratios (mean = 1.4) compared with expected values of 4 to 6. The relative lymphocyte depletion observed histologically is probably a reflection of the decreased tissue CD4:CD8 ratios, and this impairment of host immune response may be related to the observed high stage in all eight cases. Patients with high stage HD and the described histologic and immunologic features should be evaluated for the presence of HIV infection.
The individualized bachelor's degree: Some reconsiderations

This paper involves an examination of the implications of the movement to individualize the curriculum in higher education. It explores the background and basic premises of the movement and then examines the realities and problems of one program. In particular the nature of contract education is explored. It concludes that individualization promised more than could be delivered and that some of the basic premises need to be questioned.
America's fringe housing market

Housing is the largest expenditure in a typical family budget and the single largest family asset. According to the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, two-thirds of Americans list their home as their single largest asset. Despite the fact that more than 60 percent of Americans are homeowners, there is a robust and dangerous fringe housing economy that encompasses everything from subprime to predatory lending, and from legal, quasi-legal to outright illegal speculation and lender-initiated scams. This article examines the differences between subprime and predatory lending; various kinds of home, refinancing and home equity loans; and housing speculation.
Dealing with the veiled devil: eco-responsible computing strategy

Today, there is much concern about the effect of our computers on the environment. In addition, the issue of power and cooling is a mounting anxiety. These concerns would not seem so important if there were only a few computers in our campuses, but today there are millions of computers in use at the data centers, offices, and computer laboratories across campuses. To put this in perspective: a typical desktop computer can consume 200-300W of power. This results in emission of about 220Kg of CO2/annum. By using more efficient systems, the level of CO2 produced by a typical desktop computer could be reduced by 75%. Moreover, a computer laboratory with 50 computers can generate about 10KW of heat requiring extra cooling. Rapid growth in energy costs and increasing dependency on sustainable computing increasingly require 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) endeavors in our information technology operations and management of our information technology resources. From the viewpoints of environmental preservation and resource utilization, managing e-waste and eco-computing is becoming an important target for higher education institutions worldwide. Furthermore, tackling eco-friendly solutions on campus environments takes a group effort and starts at the Information Technology division. In this report we review major eco-responsible initiatives and detail moves towards more efficient and sustainable technologies. In addition, we look at ways to assess the environmental impact of our data centers and eco-friendly solutions.
Regulation of Yeast Chronological Life Span by TORC1 via Adaptive Mitochondrial ROS Signaling

Here we show that yeast strains with reduced target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling have greater overall mitochondrial electron transport chain activity during growth that is efficiently coupled to ATP production. This metabolic alteration increases mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which we propose supplies an adaptive signal during growth that extends chronological life span (CLS). In strong support of this concept, uncoupling respiration during growth or increasing expression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase significantly curtails CLS extension in tor1Δ strains, and treatment of wild-type strains with either rapamycin (to inhibit TORC1) or menadione (to generate mitochondrial ROS) during growth is sufficient to extend CLS. Finally, extension of CLS by reduced TORC1/Sch9p-mitochondrial signaling occurs independently of Rim15p and is not a function of changes in media acidification/composition. Considering the conservation of TOR-pathway effects on life span, mitochondrial ROS signaling may be an important mechanism of longevity regulation in higher organisms.
Prescribed Heating of a Stratified Atmosphere as a Model for Moist Convection

Abstract The response of a stratified atmosphere to a steady, moving source of heat is explored as a tool for understanding organized, moist convection. The results are shown to depend strongly on the ratio of the vertical wavelength of the forced gravity waves to the depth of the disturbance. The wave-CISK mechanism is understood as a coincidence between heating and low-level upward motion that only occurs for certain values of this ratio. Wave-CISK is shown to require precipitation-induced cooling to work satisfactorily. The cooling suppresses the subsidence wave produced by latent heat release, and allows parcels from near the surface to rise to the level of free convection. Squall lines often have a midlevel jet flowing through them from front to rear. Such a jet is seen in our simulations, and is the result of the oscillatory response of a stratified fluid to a moving beat source. The jet is strongest when evaporative cooling is included.
Tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) in endometriotic implants.

Tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) is an antigen detected by the monoclonal antibody B72.3 that is expressed by a wide variety of human malignancies and in normal secretory endometrium. Serum TAG-72 may be elevated in women with endometriosis, but the distribution of TAG-72 in this disorder has not been well studied. Accordingly, TAG-72 was assayed by immunohistochemical staining in 26 endometriotic implants collected at various times of the menstrual cycle and compared to that in 56 samples of normal endometrium, in 8 cases from the same patient. TAG-72 expression was markedly discordant between normal and ectopic endometrium. Unlike proliferative phase endometrial samples, which were uniformly negative, endometriotic implants were TAG-72 positive in 50% of the cases. Like normal endometrium, all except very early secretory phase endometriosis was positive. Based on our current understanding of TAG-72 expression, this unique estrogen-repressed glycoprotein may be a useful probe to study the basis for...
MEASUREMENT OF COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION AT 3.2-CM WAVELENGTH.

Abstract A measurement of the equivalent temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation at 3.2 cm wavelength is described. The result, T BG = (3.0 ± 0.5)°K, has already been reported and discussed [ Phys. Rev. Letters 16, 405 1966]. This paper describes the apparatus and technique used for the measurement with particular emphasis on the sources of error. After a summary of the general requirements on a radiometer used for background measurements, we discuss the Dicke-type radiometer which was designed and built especially for this measurement. The design and testing of the critical components—the antenna, the reference termination, and the switch—are dealt with in some detail. It was necessary to measure and subtract off the radiation due to oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere and this technique is discussed. Also, some techniques used in making precision measurements of wave-guide and antenna loss are described. The result is discussed briefly.
On Bayesian Adaptive Video Super Resolution

Although multiframe super resolution has been extensively studied in past decades, super resolving real-world video sequences still remains challenging. In existing systems, either the motion models are oversimplified or important factors such as blur kernel and noise level are assumed to be known. Such models cannot capture the intrinsic characteristics that may differ from one sequence to another. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian approach to adaptive video super resolution via simultaneously estimating underlying motion, blur kernel, and noise level while reconstructing the original high-resolution frames. As a result, our system not only produces very promising super resolution results outperforming the state of the art, but also adapts to a variety of noise levels and blur kernels. To further analyze the effect of noise and blur kernel, we perform a two-step analysis using the Cramer-Rao bounds. We study how blur kernel and noise influence motion estimation with aliasing signals, how noise affects super resolution with perfect motion, and finally how blur kernel and noise influence super resolution with unknown motion. Our analysis results confirm empirical observations, in particular that an intermediate size blur kernel achieves the optimal image reconstruction results.
Application of the synder displacement model to aromatic nitrogen compounds on an aminopropyl bonded-phase column

Abstract Several n -heptane-ethyl acetate mobile phases and an amino bonded phase were used to study the retention characteristics of several nitrogen compounds with basic, non-basic, and amino functionality. The retention data was evaluated with the Snyder displacement model. Graphs of log k ′ vs . solvent strength showed very good correlations. However, the difference between the experimental and calculated relative molecular area values for some of the nitrogen compounds was quite large. Overall, the Snyder model was effective in predicting the retention of the nitrogen compounds investigated.
The modified iterative detector/estimator algorithm for sparse channel estimation

Underwater acoustic channels exhibit very long delay spreads, but with limited multipath. In this paper, a novel strategy for the estimation of sparse underwater channels is developed. A modified iterative detector/estimator (IDE) algorithm is proposed by replacing the parallel thresholding approach in a previously developed IDE algorithm by an approach wherein a single threshold is varied for each iteration of the algorithm. The new method offers improved performance over the original IDE algorithm as well as the current state-of-art compressed sensing-based methods, such as the iterative hard thresholding (IHT), the Haupt-Nowak (HN) and the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithms. A preliminary mean-squared error analysis of the MIDE algorithm provides insight as to its improved performance. Numerical results are provided to compare and constrast the various sparse estimation strategies.
Evolution of perimeter fraction during a phase transformation

Analytical expressions are obtained for the temporal evolution of the perimeter fraction during a phase transformation for both site-saturated nucleation and nucleation at a constant rate. In the former case, these expressions are then validated by a direct comparison with the results of two-dimensional computer simulations of nucleation and growth to impingement. Finally, the role of the evolving perimeter fraction on the energetics of transforming systems is discussed.
Anticoagulant activity of select dietary supplements

This review considers the potential of certain dietary supplements, including garlic, Ginkgo biloba, ginger, ginseng, fish oil, and vitamin E, to interfere with hemostasis. Dietary supplements are common components of the diet in the United States, with about half the US adult population taking some type of dietary supplement regularly. It has been suggested that some supplements could adversely affect coagulation when taken alone or in combination with antiplatelet medications. Supplements could alter hemostasis by a variety of mechanisms, such as reducing platelet aggregation or inhibiting arachidonic acid, a cellular signaling messenger and inflammatory intermediate. To conduct this review, multiple databases were searched using a variety of search terms to ensure relevant papers were located. Moderate to severe adverse events, such as spinal epidural hematoma, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, retrobulbar hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spontaneous hyphema, and postoperative bleeding, have occasionally been anecdotally associated with consumption of dietary supplements. However, the number of controlled studies in the literature is too limited to demonstrate consistent anticoagulant effects of dietary supplements alone or in combination with drug therapy.
Use of laparoscopy in children with impalpable testes.

Summary Our experience in Manchester using laparoscopy in children with impalpable testes is detailed. Eighty-seven testes were investigated in 77 patients. Of these, 36% had no testes, although in 28% evidence of a vas was found. In those testes which were found, surgery was performed, either orchidopexy or, if positioned high, microsurgery. Orchidectomy was rarely carried out (5 testes only).
Enhanced translational diffusion of rubrene and tetracene in polysulfone

Translational diffusion of tetracene and rubrene in bisphenol A polysulfone (T g = 460 K) was measured using a holographic fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique. In the temperature range from 493 to 462 K, probe translation was diffusive and the translational diffusion coefficients varied from 10 -8 to 10 -13 cm 2 /s. Surprisingly, the observed translational diffusion coefficients showed a weaker temperature dependence than the rotational correlation times of the same probes. Rotational correlation times have the same temperature dependence as the viscoelastic relaxation times characteristic of the rubberlike modulus, while translational relaxation times decouple from the viscoelastic relaxation times. On average, probe molecules are translating larger and larger distances per probe rotation time as the temperature is lowered to T g . These results can be explained qualitatively in terms of spatially heterogeneous segmental dynamics in the polysulfone matrix.
Ferroelectric SPICE model, testing and fitting

Design of ferroelectric memories, F-RAMs, requires an accurate ferroelectric SPICE model. The goal of a good SPICE model is to predict the behavior of the ferroelectric capacitor in the circuit environment.
Structure of the iron–sulphur clusters in Azotobacter ferredoxin at 4.0 Å resolution

A FERREDOXIN-LIKE protein from Azotobacter vinelandii having 6–7 Fe and 6–7 S2− per mol and a molecular weight of 14,000 has been described by Shethna1 and Yoch et al.2. Its biochemical properties3, electron paramagnetic resonance and redox behaviour4,5, and primary sequence6 have also been studied. This work has established that there are two Fe–S centres separated by 0.744 V in reduction potential, one behaving like the [Fe4S4S4Cys] cluster in high-potential iron proteins, the other displaying novel characteristics. The distribution of cysteines in the N-terminal sequence is distinctly non-homologous with clostridial ferredoxins. Extrusion of the Fe–S cores by thiol displacement produces unique species, suggesting the presence of a new chromophore structure7. I report here crystallographic studies of the protein in a tetragonal crystal form which have led to an electron density map at 4.0 A resolution. This map reveals two Fe–S clusters of clearly different size and shape. It has not been previously shown that this Fe–S protein, or any other, actually contains clusters of differing structure.
Competition and lodging room rates.

Abstract Though an important component of commerce and tourism, the accommodation industry has received little economic analysis, particularly in terms of predictive modeling. This paper develops an empirical model of pricing in the lodging industry based on traditional microeconomic price theory. Additionally, three questions are addressed: Do establishments with low occupancy rates tend to raise price to increase revenues, or lower price to increase business? Which approach should they choose? How much competition exists in the industry?
On students presenting technical material to non-technical audiences in a computer science curriculum

Much attention has been given regarding the lack of writing ability of our graduating students. Many of these same students cannot make reasonable oral presentations of predominantely technical material to peers, graduate students, or faculty much less to an audience consisting of mostly non-technical (lay) persons. This paper examines one such attempt to do so for twenty undergraduate students in a computer science curriculum. The reactions of the presenters as well as those of the audiences are given.
Self-produced exopolysaccharide is a signal that stimulates biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacteria have a tendency to attach to surfaces and grow as structured communities called biofilms. Chronic biofilm infections are a problem because they tend to resist antibiotic treatment and are difficult to eradicate. Bacterial biofilms have an extracellular matrix that is usually composed of a mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. This matrix has long been assumed to play a passive structural and protective role for resident biofilm cells. Here we show that this view is an oversimplification and that the biofilm matrix can play an active role in stimulating its own synthesis. Working with the model biofilm bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we found that Psl, a major biofilm matrix polysaccharide for this species, acts as a signal to stimulate two diguanylate cyclases, SiaD and SadC, to produce the intracellular secondary messenger molecule c-di-GMP. Elevated intracellular concentrations of c-di-GMP then lead to the increased production of Psl and other components of the biofilm. This mechanism represents a unique positive feedback regulatory circuit, where the expression of an extracellular polysaccharide promotes biofilm growth in a manner analogous to autocrine signaling in eukaryotes.
Hot and Cold Markets

This article considers why housing market conditions, including the ratio of buyers to sellers, expected time-to-sale and transaction prices are sensitive to fundamentals. These high sensitivities result from feedback: market participants optimally respond to shocks in a manner that amplifies a shock's initial impact, which in turn elicits further reinforcing responses. For example, a positive demand shock brings more buyers into a market. This improves the bargaining position of sellers, who then sell more quickly, decreasing the stock of sellers in the market. This further increases the relative number of buyers to sellers, amplifying the initial shock.
Multinational corporations and hedging exchange rate exposure

Abstract Empirical research measuring multinational corporations' exchange rate exposure is inconclusive. Findings of no significant exposure in some samples and significant exposure in others may be due to offsetting effects for multinational corporations, financial hedging strategies, or simply noisy data. Significant exposure has been found in certain industries and for some smaller firms. This study measures the net exposure to exchange rate changes for a broad cross section of large, US multinational corporations. Using data on financial hedging activity for 276 US multinational corporations, this paper provides evidence that previous findings of no significant exchange rate exposure for this cross section of the economy are likely due in part to the financial hedging activities of these firms.
The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children

The object of this review is to provide the definitions, frequency, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic considerations, and management recommendations for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children and adolescents, and to convey current knowledge of the causes of permanent disability or mortality from complications of DKA or its management, particularly the most common complication, cerebral edema (CE). DKA frequency at the time of diagnosis of pediatric diabetes is 10%–70%, varying with the availability of healthcare and the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the community. Recurrent DKA rates are also dependent on medical services and socioeconomic circumstances. Management should be in centers with experience and where vital signs, neurologic status, and biochemistry can be monitored with sufficient frequency to prevent complications or, in the case of CE, to intervene rapidly with mannitol or hypertonic saline infusion. Fluid infusion should precede insulin administration (0.1 U/kg/h) by 1–2 hours; an initial bolus of 10–20 mL/kg 0.9% saline is followed by 0.45% saline calculated to supply maintenance and replace 5%–10% dehydration. Potassium (K) must be replaced early and sufficiently. Bicarbonate administration is contraindicated. The prevention of DKA at onset of diabetes requires an informed community and high index of suspicion; prevention of recurrent DKA, which is almost always due to insulin omission, necessitates a committed team effort.
Lipid phase separations and intramembranous particle movements in the yeast tonoplast

The tonoplast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains regions depleted of intramembranous particles as the cells enter stationary phase. Freeze-fracture studies on intact cells from this growth stage show that a dispersed particle distribution predominates if the cell temperature is raised to 40 degrees C but that particle-depleted areas prevail at or below the cell growth temperature of 30 degrees C. Tonoplasts of isolated vacuoles also contain particle-depleted regions. Differential thermal analysis of lipids extracted from isolated vacuoles show an endothermic transition which encompasses the cell growth temperature. These results suggest that the tonoplast at this stage contains patches of gel-phase lipid and that these patches correspond to the intramembranous particle-depleted areas of the freeze-fractured tonoplast.
Characterization of the interactions of a bifunctional inhibitor with α-thrombin by molecular modelling and peptide synthesis

A potent thrombin inhibitor, [D-Phe45, Arg47] hirudin 45-65, that contains an active site-directed sequence D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Pro, an exosite specific fragment hirudin 55-65 (H55-65) and a linker portion hirudin 49-54, was designed based on the hirudin sequence [DiMaio et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem., 265, 21698-21798]. A three-dimensional model of the complex between the B-chain of human thrombin and the inhibitor [D-Phe45, Arg47] hirudin 45-65 was constructed using molecular modelling starting from the X-ray C alpha coordinates of the thrombin-hirudin complex and the NMR-derived structure of the thrombin-bound hirudin 55-65. The contribution of the H49-54 fragment to the thrombin-inhibitor interaction was deduced by examining a series of analogs containing single glycine substitution and analogs with reduced number of residues within the linker. The results were consistent with the molecular modelling observations i.e. the H49-54 fragment serves the role of a spacer in the binding interaction and could be replaced by four glycine residues. The studies on the interaction of the exosite-directed portion of the inhibitor with thrombin using a series of synthetic H55-65 analogs demonstrated that residues AspH55 to ProH60 play a major role in binding to human thrombin where the side chains of PheH56, IleH59 and GluH57 showed critical contributions. Molecular modelling suggested that these side chains may contribute to inter- and intramolecular hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, respectively.
Hidden lines elimination for a rotating object

A method is presented of determining which parts of three-dimensional objects are visible and which are invisible when the objects are rotated about some axis. This paper describes a polygon comparison scheme in which the relationships of two polygons can be classified into tree types, and also discusses how the relationship is changed for each pair of polygons under rotation about some axis. A rotation table is defined for each pair of polygons, which remains fixed as long as rotation is about one axis and provides a means of rapidly determining the visible and hidden line relationship between two polygons. Additional work must be done to extend this approach to simultaneous rotation about several axes.
Electrode measurement of oxygen tension with 1-ms time resolution.

Abstract A continuous flow device utilizing a Clark oxygen electrode was constructed; this device had a dead time and resolution of 1 ms. Mixing was tested by observing the neutralization of acid with base, and at the maximal flow rate, the mixing was 94% complete within 1 ms and better than 98% complete within 2 ms after initial mixing. Observation of the oxygenation of hemoglobin gave data which agreed with previous data obtained by a stopped-flow optical experiment. The respiration of phosphorylating submitochondrial particles was measured utilizing this device. The burst of respiration in submitochondrial particles was triphasic, with a very rapid burst lasting some 60 ms, followed by a longer burst of respiration lasting more than 4 s.
Effect of stress reduction ratio on the creep behaviour of Al

Abstract Stress-reduction and uninterrupted experiments have been conducted on Al in the temperature range 573–923 K; in performing stress-reduction experiments, stress-reduction ratios (τ1-τ2)/τ1, (where τ1 is the initial shear stress and τ2 is reduced shear stress) ranging from 0.05 to 0.75 were used. The stress exponent inferred from stress-reduction experiments, n∗, was compared with that obtained from uninterrupted tests, n. On the basis of this comparison three regions of behaviour, depending on temperature, were identified. At high temperatures (T≥673K), n∗ = n regardless of the value of the stress-reduction ratio. At intermediate temperatures (600K n for small reduction ratios (≤0.15); for small reductions, the lower the reduction ratio, the larger the discrepancy between n∗ and n. At low temperatures (T n for all stress-reduction ratios used (whether small or large). It is suggested that the discrepancy between n∗ and n at ...
Teaching the Prophetic Marriage Metaphor Texts

This article considers those passages in the prophetic writings of the Hebrew Bible that present the relationship between God and the people by means of a metaphor of a man and his promiscuous female partner. It reflects upon how these texts may fruitfully be taught in a seminary or college introductory Bible course, arguing that they should be included in the curriculum and not ignored. Practical recommendations of methods for presenting such biblical passages in the classroom are suggested.
Creation of ionic defects in transition-metal-free oxides with K2NiF4 structure

Abstract A number of oxides with the K2NiF4 crystal structure are known, with La2NiO4 being a prototypical example. Common to most of the known compositions is the presence of one or more transition metals on the B-site. Though the materials typically have very large concentrations of mobile oxygen ion defects, the transition metals impart electron (or hole) conduction that prevents their use as solid electrolytes. Here, a series of new oxide materials with the K2NiF4 structure has been synthesized by solid-state reaction in order to reduce and, ultimately, remove the B-site transition metal. X-ray diffraction patterns of La1.6Sr0.4Al0.4Ni1−xMgx−0.4O4 show no obvious impurity peaks for x values up to 1, even when the La/Sr ratio was adjusted to create oxygen vacancy or interstitial defects. The stability of the crystal structure, despite the presence of high concentrations of ionic defects, is believed to be related to the high charge separation between the perovskite and rocksalt layers in the crystal structure. The total electrical conductivity decreased by orders of magnitude as Ni was removed, consistent with a polaron hopping conduction mechanism across the B-site. Low apparent mobility of the oxygen defects in La1.6+xSr0.4−xAl0.4Mg0.6O4+x/2 caused little improvement in ionic conductivity compared to stoichiometric samples.
Magnetic Fields from Phase Transitions

The generation of primordial magnetic fields from cosmological phase transitions is discussed, paying particular attention to the electroweak transition and to the various definitions of the `average' field that have been put forward. It is emphasised that only the volume average has dynamical significance as a seed for galactic dynamos. On rather general grounds of causality and energy conservation, it is shown that, in the absence of MHD effects that transfer power in the magnetic field from small to large scales, processes occurring at the electroweak transition cannot generate fields stronger than $10^{-20}$ Gauss on a scale of 0.5 Mpc. However, it is implausible that this upper bound could ever be reached, as it would require all the energy in the Universe to be turned into a magnetic field coherent at the horizon scale. Non-linear MHD effects seem therefore to be necessary if the electroweak transition is to create a primordial seed field.