cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and mechanisms of cadmium carbonate heteroepitaxial growth at the calcite (101¯4) surface

Abstract Elucidating the kinetics and mechanisms of heteroepitaxial nucleation and growth at mineral–water interfaces is essential to understanding surface reactivity in geochemical systems. In the present work, the formation of heteroepitaxial cadmium carbonate coatings at calcite–water interfaces was investigated by exposing calcite ( 10 1 ¯ 4 ) surfaces to Cd-bearing aqueous solutions. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed as the primary technique. The AFM results indicate that the heteroepitaxial growth of cadmium carbonate proceeds via three different mechanisms depending on the initial supersaturation of the aqueous solution: advancement of existing steps, nucleation and growth of three-dimensional (3D) islands, and nucleation and spread of two-dimensional (2D) nuclei. The 3D islands and 2D nuclei exhibit different morphologies and growth kinetics. The effects of supersaturation on heteroepitaxial growth mechanisms can be interpreted in terms of the free energy barrier for nucleation. At low initial supersaturation, where 3D nucleation dominates, it is hypothesized, from the growth rate and morphology of the 3D islands observed with AFM, that the crystallization of the overgrowth follows a non-classical pathway involving the formation of a surface precursor that is not fully crystalline, whereas high supersaturation favors the formation of crystalline 2D nuclei whose morphology is based on the atomic structure of the calcite substrate. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal that the atomic structure of the interface between the cadmium carbonate coating and calcite shows perfect, dislocation-free epitaxy.
Influence of applied nitrogen on potato part II: recovery and partitioning of applied nitrogen

Maximizing fertilizer nitrogen (N) uptake efficiency, while maintaining crop productivity may reduce potential nitrate contamination of groundwater. A two-year field investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of applied N on fertilizer N uptake, uptake efficiency, and total fertilizer N recovery of potato (Solarium tuberosum L. var. Russet Burbank) grown on irrigated sandy soils in Michigan. Nitrogen was applied as15N-depleted ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] at rates 0, 56, and 112, kg N ha-1 in a single application at planting or 112 and 168 kg N ha-1 in split applications during the growing season. Fertilizer N uptake efficiency was relatively unaffected by the N treatments. Fertilizer N uptake efficiency for the whole crop at onset of senescence averaged 52 percent, while values calculated for tubers at harvest were 34 percent. An average of 27 percent of the applied N was present in the soil to a depth of 120 cm after harvest. Approximately 83 percent of this N was found in the 0–30 cm depth. Over 90 percent of the recovered soil N was in the organic form. In this investigation, crop fertilizer N uptake and fertilizer N recovery in soil averaged 63 percent and was largely unaffected by the rate or timing of fertilizer N applications.
Health Beliefs and Dietary Fish Consumption among Young-adults

The inclusion of fish, as part of an individual’s weekly dietary intake, is a recommendation outlined in the 2010 U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The objectives of this studywere to evaluate fish-related nutrition knowledge and identify the health beliefs, including perceived severity, susceptibility, barriers, benefits, and self-efficacy associatedwith fish consumption, among a sample (n 2,047) of young adults (age, M 23.54 4.2) using an electronically-administered questionnaire. Participants were assessed for the behavior of eating fish using the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) stages of precontemplation (PC), contemplation (C), preparation (P), action andmaintenance. Overall, individual’s that reported eating fishmore frequently had significantly higher fish-related nutrition knowledge (p .001) than those consuming lesser amounts. Participants’ preference for eating fish was ranked behind chicken, fruit, pasta, beef, and vegetables, respectively. The most frequently identified barriers associated with fish consumption were smell, cost, and source of mercury. Participants in the action or maintenance stages for fish consumption (n 354, 17.29%) had greater fish-related nutrition knowledge (p .001), greater perceived benefits (p .001), lower perceived barriers (p .001) and perceived susceptibility (p .004) and indicated higher levels of self-efficacy for eating fish than those in the other stages. Males exhibited significantly greater levels of self-efficacy than females for all behaviors associated with fish consumption (p .001). No significant differences were observed for perceived severity of illnesses associatedwith eating fish. Results from this study support the development of strategies addressing the beliefs and fish-related nutrition knowledge of fish non-consumers to potentially increase consumption among this population.
Learning strategies for story comprehension: a reinforcement learning approach

This paper describes the use of machine learning to improve the performance of natural language question answering systems. We present a model for improving story comprehension through inductive generalization and reinforcement learning, based on classified examples. In the process, the model selects the most relevant and useful pieces of lexical information to be used by the inference procedure. We compare our approach to three prior non-learning systems, and evaluate the conditions under which learning is effective. We demonstrate that a learning-based approach can improve upon "matching and extraction"-only techniques.
Accumulated winter chill is decreasing in the fruit growing regions of California

We examined trends in accumulated winter chill across the fruit growing region of central California and its internal coastal valleys. We tested the hypothesis that global warming is in motion in California and is causing accumulated winter chill to decrease across the fruit and nut growing regions of California. The detection of potential trends in accumulated winter chill (between 0 and 7.2°C) was determined using two complementary climate datasets. The California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) contains hourly climate data and is suitable for computing accumulated chill hours and chill degree-hours. But, its longest data records extend back only to the 1980s. The National Weather Service Coop climate record is longer, extending beyond the 1950s at many sites. But its datasets only contain information on daily maximum and minimum temperatures. To assess long term trends in winter chill accumulation, we developed an algorithm that converted information from daily maximum and minimum temperature into accumulated hours of winter chill and summations of chill-degree hours. These inferred calculations of chill hour accumulation were tested with and validated by direct measurements from hourly-based data from the CIMIS network. With the combined climate datasets, we found that the annual accumulation of winter chill hours and chill degree hours is diminishing across the fruit and nut growing regions of California. Observed trends in winter chill range between -50 and -260 chill hours per decade. We also applied our analytical algorithm to project changes in winter chill using regional climate projections of temperature for three regions in the Central Valley. Predicted rates of reduced winter chill, for the period between 1950 and 2100, are on the order of -40 h per decade. By the end of the 21st century, orchards in California are expected to experience less than 500 chill hours per winter. This chronic and steady reduction in winter chill is expected to have deleterious economic and culinary impact on fruit and nut production in California by the end of the 21st Century.
Prospective Multicenter Study of Children With Bronchiolitis Requiring Mechanical Ventilation

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and/or intubation for children with bronchiolitis. METHODS: We performed a 16-center, prospective cohort study of hospitalized children aged <2 years with bronchiolitis. For 3 consecutive years from November 1 until March 31, beginning in 2007, researchers collected clinical data and a nasopharyngeal aspirate from study participants. We oversampled children from the ICU. Samples of nasopharyngeal aspirate were tested by polymerase chain reaction for 18 pathogens. RESULTS: There were 161 children who required CPAP and/or intubation. The median age of the overall cohort was 4 months; 59% were male; 61% white, 24% black, and 36% Hispanic. In the multivariable model predicting CPAP/intubation, the significant factors were: age <2 months (odds ratio [OR] 4.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–11.5), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1–1.9), birth weight <5 pounds (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–2.6), breathing difficulty began <1 day before admission (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2–2.1), presence of apnea (OR 4.8; 95% CI 2.5–8.5), inadequate oral intake (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.3–4.3), severe retractions (OR 11.1; 95% CI 2.4–33.0), and room air oxygen saturation <85% (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.0–4.8). The optimism-corrected c-statistic for the final model was 0.80. CONCLUSIONS: In this multicenter study of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, we identified several demographic, historical, and clinical factors that predicted the use of CPAP and/or intubation, including children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. We also identified a novel subgroup of children who required mechanical respiratory support <1 day after respiratory symptoms began. * Abbreviations: CI — : confidence intervals CPAP — : continuous positive airway pressure ED — : emergency department HRV — : human rhinovirus IQR — : interquartile ranges MARC — : Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration NPA — : nasopharyngeal aspirate OR — : odds ratio PCR — : polymerase chain reaction RSV — : respiratory syncytial virus
Three-dimensional wave equation computations on vector computers

There are now several laboratories worldwide which routinely perform three-dimensional (3D) physical modeling of acoustic phenomena of interest to seismologists. Corresponding computerized mathematical models have been limited to two dimensions on conventional computers due to the immense computational requirements of accurate full-size problems. The introduction of high-performance vector processors in the 100 + MFLOP range has at last made 3D computerized models a practical reality. Several major oil companies and large seismic contractors have installed such processors and are contributing to research and development in this area as an improved tool in the search for fossil energy sources. We now have such models and we have some limited experience in using them, however, much more work is required before these mathematical models can routinely supplant the physical ones. Here we describe one such model which was developed for the Cyber 205. A two-dimensional (2D) model for the VAX-11 with FP5-100 Array Processors was modified to three dimensions and vectorized suitably for the larger system. We state the acoustic wave problem in mathematical form and present the algorithm used for its solution. We then review the theoretical justification for selecting this particular algorithm. We also discuss the most important technical aspects of implementing the algorithm in vector form on the Cyber system. We present typical output and finally we give timing results for several model sizes, both 2D and 3D, on the Cyber 205 and 2D on the VAX-11 with FPS-100 Array Processors.
Charles Darwin’s Manuscripts and Publications on the World Wide Web

This paper describes three Internet resources that publish manuscripts and published works by Charles Darwin. The authority, content, and design of each is outlined, and each site is assessed according to how effectively its design and organization of the material promotes exploration of Darwin’s works and ideas. The presentations of the materials are compared with the traditional presentation of text materials in books. It is concluded that, while these three sites offer a large amount of important work by Darwin, access to it is sharply limited because, particularly in the case of two of the sites, the material is not presented in a structured manner that might direct users to particular ideas or texts, especially if those ideas or texts are not well-known to the user.
Temperature dependent energy bands and the metal-nonmetal transition in NiS

Abstract The LCMTO (linear combination of muffin-tin orbitals) technique has been used to calculate the first temperature dependent energy bands for a transtion metal compound. The particular compound studied was hexagonal NiS which undergoes a first-order metal-to-nonmetal transition as the temperature is lowered below 264K. We find the bands to agree well with XPS data and that the S p bands overlap the bottom of the d bands as predicted by White and Mott. This p-d overlap, which reduces the correlation energy, is found to increase with temperature as a result of lattice vibrations whereas the lattice distortion accompanying the transition has very little effect on the energy bands. This suggests that the Mott-Hubbard transition in NiS is driven by the Debye-Waller modification of the potential and not the lattice distortion as suggested by White and Mott.
R&D Subsidy and Self-Financed R&D: The Case of Japanese High-Technology Start-Ups

This paper examines whether public R&D subsidies constitute a substitute or complement for private-financed R&D. The empirical analysis is based on a panel data of 223 Japanese high-technology start-ups. Our evidence is consistent with the complement hypothesis, i.e., that publicly-funded R&D does promote private R&D. The complement effects are stronger for more mature firms. This is because such firms, in the growth phase, might have greater demands for R&D funds.
The Effect of an Approval‐Seeking Induction on Eye‐Contact in Dyads

In support of the hypothesis that interpersonal proximity may operate as an instrumental affiliative act, Rosenfeld (1965) found that subjects assigned an approval-seeking role sat significantly closer to a confederate than did subjects assigned an approval-avoiding role. The present study was designed to determine whether, with physical proximity held constant, the effects of such role inductions might be manifested in another response mode—eye-contact (EC) behaviour. This possibility is suggested by Argyle & Dean's (1965) Affiliative Conflict Theory which states that when one means of regulating intimacy in a social encounter (e.g. adjustment of physical proximity) is not available, the affiliative intentions of interactants should be expressed in other behaviours (e.g. eye-contact). Thus the specific purpose of this study was to test the proposition that with physical proximity held constant, an assigned approval-seeking role will enhance EC while the opposite effects will follow from an assigned approval-avoiding role.
THE INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF NEUTRAL POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CLUSTERS

The mid-infrared spectra of neutral homogeneous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) clusters have been computed using density functional theory including an empirical correction for dispersion. The C-H out-of-plane bending modes are redshifted for all the clusters considered in this work. The magnitude of the redshift and the peak broadening are dependent on PAH size, shape, and on the PAH arrangement in the cluster.
Diatomic intercalation in lamellar graphite compounds

Theorie de la fonctionnelle de densite pour des fluides bidimensionnels anisotropes de molecules non spheriques. Les resultats sont donnes pour des fluides diatomiques anisotropes. L'echelle de longueur extra avec les longueurs de liaisons chimiques interfere de facon destructive avec d'autres caracteristiques dans les cliches de diffraction predits
Differential requirement of ribosomal protein S6 by plant RNA viruses with different translation initiation strategies

Potyvirus infection has been reported to cause an increase in the mRNA transcripts of many plant ribosomal proteins (r-proteins). In this study, increased expression of r-protein mRNA transcripts was determined to occur in Nicotiana benthamiana during infection by potyviruses as well as a tobamovirus demonstrating that this response is not unique to potyviruses. Five r-protein genes, RPS6, RPL19, RPL13, RPL7, and RPS2, were silenced in N. benthamiana to test their roles in viral infection. The accumulation of both Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a potyvirus, and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a tobamovirus, was dependent on RPL19, RPL13, RPL7, and RPS2. However, TMV was able to accumulate in RPS6-silenced plants while accumulation of TuMV and Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) was abolished. These results demonstrate that cap-independent TuMV and TBSV require RPS6 for their accumulation, whereas accumulation of TMV is independent of RPS6.
Pythagoras's Petulant Persecutors

Ruggiero et al. (1997) argue that the ‘Pythagorean Theorem’ is an inappropriate basis for evaluating baseball managers and has an illogical arithmetic property that can result in a manager's evaluation being dependent upon the strength of his team. Their argument in the former regard is based on their failure to recognize that the existence of an ex post identity does not preclude the development of a related ex ante hypothesis; their argument in the latter regard is based on their conviction that their criterion for evaluating managers is correct and any other criterion is incorrect. The present remarks clarify these issues. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
You Must Remember This: Obituaries and the Civil Rights Movement

This study demonstrates how reporter-written obituaries of Black civil rights movement leaders reinforce a limited, facile view of the African American freedom struggle that haunts even today’s rac...
Proteinase profiles of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris using high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Proteinase-positive or proteinase-negative Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris cultures propagated in M17 broth were centrifuged, washed, mixed with 2.5% rennet-casein solution, and incubated at 30°C for 24h. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the filtered extracts was conducted using an acetonitrile solvent gradient. Four major peaks, eluting at 8, 13, 19, and 25min, were selected to characterize 26 strains. These four peaks were totaled to indicate the amount of casein solubilization. A fifth peak of soluble casein, eluting at 34min, exhibited marked decreases in peak area for many of the strains. Different profiles developed for each proteinase-positive strain and its proteinase-negative variant. Most proteinase-positive strains were more proteolytic than their proteinase-negative variants. Four strains were atypical, the proteinase-negative variant had larger peak area totals for the four peaks selected than the proteinase-positive parent strain. These results were consistent with previous yield studies for these strains. The HPLC casein test shows potential for selecting strains for maximum yield potential.
Dynamics of Ice Nucleation on Water Repellent Surfaces

Prevention of ice accretion and adhesion on surfaces is relevant to many applications, leading to improved operation safety, increased energy efficiency, and cost reduction. Development of passive nonicing coatings is highly desirable, since current antiicing strategies are energy and cost intensive. Superhydrophobicity has been proposed as a lead passive nonicing strategy, yet the exact mechanism of delayed icing on these surfaces is not clearly understood. In this work, we present an in-depth analysis of ice formation dynamics upon water droplet impact on surfaces with different wettabilities. We experimentally demonstrate that ice nucleation under low-humidity conditions can be delayed through control of surface chemistry and texture. Combining infrared (IR) thermometry and high-speed photography, we observe that the reduction of water–surface contact area on superhydrophobic surfaces plays a dual role in delaying nucleation: first by reducing heat transfer and second by reducing the probability of het...
Using worked examples as an instructional support in the algebra classroom.

In the 2 experiments reported here, high school students studied worked examples while learning how to translate English expressions into algebraic equations. In Experiment 1, worked examples were used as part of the regular classroom instruction and as a support for homework. In Experiment 2, students in a remedial mathematics class received individual instruction. Students using worked examples outperformed the control group on posttests after completing fewer practice problems; they also made fewer errors per problem and fewer types of errors during acquisition time, completed the work more rapidly, and required less assistance from the teacher
Optical dephasing of molecular dimers in mixed crystals: Picosecond photon echo experiments

Abstract Picosecond photon echo experiments are used to examine optical dephasing of substitutional dimers and monomers of tetracene and pentacene in p-terphenyl host crystals. A comparison of experiments on tetracene and pentacene dimers permits the mechanism responsible for temperature-dependent optical dephasing to be determined. It is shown that excitation of librations rather than scattering between delocalized dimer states is the principal mechanism.
Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystals Activate p44/42 MAPK Signal Transduction Pathway via Protein Kinase Cμ in Human Fibroblasts

Although basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals are common in osteoarthritis, the crystal-induced signal transduction pathways in human fibroblasts have not been fully comprehended. We have previously demonstrated that the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1 and 3 by BCP crystals follows both the calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) pathway and the calcium-independent p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/42 MAPK) pathway. Although we showed that the calcium-dependent PKC pathway was characterized by calcium-dependent PKCα, here we show that the calcium-independent p44/42 MAPK pathway is mediated by calcium-independent PKCμ. Inhibition of PKCμ synthesis and activity by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and H-89 (N-(2-[p-bromocinnamylamino]ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide), respectively, results in the inhibition of p44/42 MAPK activation, thus demonstrating that p44/42 MAPK activity is dependent upon PKCμ. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting also show that inhibition of PKCμ results in the inhibition of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA and protein expression as a result of p44/42 MAPK inhibition. These results now lead us to the conclusion that BCP crystal activation of human fibroblasts follows two pathways: 1) the calcium-dependent PKC pathway characterized by PKCα and 2) the calcium-independent p44/42 MAPK pathway mediated by PKCμ, which operate independently leading to an increase in mitogenesis and MMP synthesis and ultimately complementing each other for the efficient regulation of cellular responses to BCP crystal stimulation of human fibroblasts.
ISSUES CONCERNING THE USE OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN SALARY DISCRIMINATION CASES

Twenty-nine salary discrimination court cases were examined to determine ways an organization can refute a regression analysis that leads to the inference of discrimination in compensation. It was found to be equally effective for the organization to introduce its own regression, other statistics, or no statistics. The plaintiff won all of the cases when discrimination was proven in promotion. The defendant won all cases when discrimination was not proven in promotion. Defendants also won all cases when plaintiffs inappropriately treated jobs as fungible or when they failed to include important variables. Market variables may be included in regressions if defendants can show they were applied consistently to determine salaries. The implications of the courts' acceptance of some regressions for comparable worth is presented, and a list of recommendations is made for organizations that may be faced with results from regression analysis in court.
Synthesis of the ABC- and D-ring systems of the indole alkaloid ambiguine G.

A glycine Schiff base Michael addition is used in sequence with free radical-mediated aryl amination to ultimately arrive at the ambiguine G ABC-tricycle convergently. Additionally, thermal Diels−Alder cycloaddition of β-chloromethacrolein with Cohen's diene is used to diastereoselectively construct the d-cyclohexane ring bearing a neopentyl chloride.
Attainable sets and generalized geodesic spheres

Attainable sets and generalized geodesic spheres, noting set properties and meaning of conjugate points
Room Temperature Self-Annealing of Electroplated and Sputtered Copper Films

Self-annealing properties of electroplated and sputtered copper films at room temperature were investigated in this study, in particular, the effect of copper film thickness, electrolyte systems used, as well as their level of organic additives for electroplating. Real-time grain growth was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Sheet resistance and X-ray diffraction measurements further confirmed the recrystallization of the electroplated copper film with time. The recrystallization of electroplated films was then compared with that of sputtered copper films.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Oncogene Encoding the p21 Transforming Protein of Kirsten Murine Sarcoma Virus

The transforming protein of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MuSV) is a virally encoded 21-kilodalton protein called p21 kis. The sequences encoding p21 kis were genetically localized to a 1.3-kilobase segment near the 5' end of the viral genome by assaying the capacity of a series of defined deletion mutants of molecularly cloned Ki-MuSV DNA to induce focal transformation of mouse cells. Nucleotide sequencing of a portion of this region has led to the identification of an open reading frame of 567 nucleotides coding for p21 kis protein.
A new method of expansion in mathematical physics - I

The general method for uniformizing perturbation expansions which we have introduced recently (method of « extension » is further developed. The presentation given in this paper is self-contained and does not rely on explicit use of composition of mappings. The compatibility conditions that the method gives rise to are discussed and so is the basic « induction theorem ». A new very general uniformizing formula is derived. The Poincare-Lighthill procedure is deduced from this formula in a simpler fashion than in the previous paper. A general theory for the Fourier transforms of extended functions is developed.
Oligodendroglial tumors: Diagnostic and molecular pathology

Oligodendroglial tumors, which encompass pure oligodendroglioma and mixed oligoastrocytoma, represent the second most common glioma in adults after glioblastoma. They remain controversial neoplasms in the realm of surgical neuropathology. The early recognition of their more favorable prognosis and responsiveness to treatment when compared with diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas has influenced the pathologic diagnostic interpretation, and resulted in a pervasive interobserver variability. The more recent finding of an increased frequency of 1p/19q deletion in these tumors by cytogenetic analysis, and the association of this molecular abnormality with a better prognosis has greatly impacted the field of neuro-oncology. In this review, we focus on important histopathologic aspects in the evaluation of oligodendroglial tumors, key differential diagnoses, and highlight particular clinical and molecular characteristics, as well as current diagnostic and conceptual controversies.
Detection of minuscule changes in structures from spectral data

The spectral data i.e. eigenvalues (natural-frequencies) and eigenvectors (mode-shapes), characterizes the dynamics of the system. The dynamic analysis of physical systems leads to certain direct and inverse eigenvalue problems. The direct eigenvalue problem deals in evaluating the spectral behavior of structures for given distributions of physical parameters such as mass, area, stiffness etc. whereas, the estimation of these physical parameters form the spectral data is known as inverse eigenvalue problem. The detection of minuscule (small) changes in the stiffness and mass of the structure, by solving certain inverse eigenvalue problems, is addressed here by considering a grooved axially vibrating rod. In solving direct problems, we have considered two types of eigenvalue problem: (i) traditional algebraic eigenvalue problems and (ii) transcendental eigenvalue problems associated with the continuous system. In conclusion, we have (a) obtained the eigenvalues of damaged rod, (b) analyzed the behavior of the spectral data due to minuscule change in the physical parameters, and (c) determined the different type of spectral data that are required for detecting damage parameters. Several numerical examples are solved here demonstrating the feasibility and accuracy of the identification technique by solving Transcendental Inverse Eigenvalue Problems.
Measuring the incentives to learn in Colombia using new quantile regression approaches

Abstract This paper employs newly developed quantile regression techniques to investigate a policy that could differentially affect students' performance. The Colombian vouchers were assigned using lotteries, and were renewable as long as the students maintained satisfactory academic progress. This second aspect of the program may provide incentives for low attainment students to work harder. The evidence supports the hypothesis that incentives could account for the impact of the vouchers, including lower repetition rate. The effect of the vouchers is largest in the lower tail of the educational attainment distribution, a possibility that was conjectured by others, but has not yet been confirmed empirically. The evidence suggests that the incentive effect of the program increases weak students' test scores by at least 0.1 standard deviations, roughly the score gain associated to a half year of school learning.
Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the postnatal morphology of the rat oculomotor nucleus.

Morphological development of the rat oculomotor nucleus was investigated on postnatal day 15 following a prenatal ethanol exposure. Analysis of toluidine blue stained plastic sections showed that the prenatal alcohol exposure caused a decrease in the density of neurons and an increase in the density of astrocytes in the center of the nucleus. There was an alcohol–induced reduction in the overall size of the cross-sectional region of the oculomotor nucleus, but no effect on the number of neurons per unit area of that total oculomotor region, indicating a delay or alteration of the migration of neurons to their normal clustered position in the center of the nucleus. The areas of the neuronal cell nucleus and nucleolus were not affected by the alcohol exposure. Analysis of Golgi-Cox-impregnated multipolar neurons showed that the alcohol exposure caused a reduction in area of the cell soma; a reduction in the number of dendritic branches; and a reduction in the complexity of the dendritic arbor relative to distance from the soma, based on concentric ring analysis. The results of this study demonstrate that gestational alcohol exposure can retard the maturation of the oculomotor nucleus.© 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optical model analysis of scattering of 7- to 15-MeV neutrons from 1 − p shell nuclei

An optical model analysis of results from a program of neutron time-of-flight measurements of elastic scattering from the $1\ensuremath{-}p$ shell nuclei is described. Experiments have been carried out at the TUNL FN Tandem van de Graaff facility using the $^{2}\mathrm{H}$(d,n)$^{3}\mathrm{He}$ reaction as a neutron source. Experimental methods and past results for neutron scattering from $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{11}\mathrm{B}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ are summarized. Data have generally been accumulated at bombarding energies from 7 to 15 MeV in 1-MeV steps, at scattering angles from 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Cross sections are compared to previous work. Much of the neutron scattering data is well described by the spherical optical model, particularly for nuclei in which resonance structure is not prominent. However, spherical optical model parameters for heavier nuclei do not reproduce the data well. Parameter sets for the individual nuclei are presented along with the results of a global spherical optical model search over 45 neutron scattering angular distributions for all $1\ensuremath{-}p$ shell nuclei. Volume integrals for the real and imaginary wells are compared to recent theoretical predictions. The spherical optical model predictions for proton elastic scattering are compared to the available data for the $T=0$ nuclei. Coulomb correction terms to the real and imaginary potential well depths are investigated.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{10,11}\mathrm{B}$, $^{12,13}\mathrm{C}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$(n,n), measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, $E=7\ensuremath{-}15$ MeV, deduced spherical optical model parameters.
The utilization of consistency metrics for error analysis in deformable image registration

The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of consistency metrics, such as inverse consistency, in contour-based deformable registration error analysis. Four images were acquired of the same phantom that has experienced varying levels of deformation. The deformations were simulated with deformable image registration. Using calculated deformation maps, the inconsistencies within the algorithm were investigated. This can be done, for example, by calculating deformation maps both in forward and reverse directions and applying them subsequently to an image. If the algorithm is not inverse consistent, then this final image will not be the same as the original, as it should be. Other consistency tests were done, for example by comparing different algorithms or by applying the deformation maps to a circular set of multiple deformations, whereby the original and final images are in fact the same. The resulting composite deformation map in this case contains a combination of the errors within those maps, because if error free, the resulting deformation map should be zero everywhere. We have termed this the generalized inverse consistency error map (Sigma(Chi)). The correlation between the consistency metrics and registration error varied considerably depending on the registration algorithm and type of consistency metric. There was also a trend for the actual registration error to be larger than the consistency metrics. A disadvantage of these techniques is that good performance in these consistency checks is a necessary but not sufficient condition for an accurate deformation method.
Synthesis of a dinuclear, phosphido-bridged complex of rhenium, X-ray crystal structure of Re2 (μ-H) [μ-(t-Bu)PC6H4P(H)t-Bu](CO)7

Abstract The thermal reaction of Re 2 (CO) 10 and 1,2-[t-BuPH] 2 C 6 H 4 in xylene gives Re 2 (μ-H)[μ-(t-BuP)C 6 H 4 (t-BuPH)](CO) 7 ( 1 ) in 70% yield. The crystal structure of 1 has been determined. Compound 1 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n with Z = 4: a = 10.953(3), b = 13.271(4), c = 17.969(7) A ; β = 104.48(2)° . The final R and R w were 0.037 and 0.036, respectively.
Testing Competing Precipitation Forecasts Accurately and Efficiently: The Spatial Prediction Comparison Test

AbstractWhich model is best? Many challenges exist when testing competing forecast models, especially for those with high spatial resolution. Spatial correlation, double penalties, and small-scale errors are just a few such challenges. Many new methods have been developed in recent decades to tackle these issues. The spatial prediction comparison test (SPCT), which was developed for general spatial fields and applied to wind speed, is applied here to precipitation fields; which pose many unique challenges in that they are not normally distributed, are marked by numerous zero-valued grid points, and verification results are particularly sensitive to small-scale errors and double penalties. The SPCT yields a statistical test that solves one important issue for verifying forecasts spatially by accounting for spatial correlation. Important for precipitation forecasts is that the test requires no distributional assumptions, is easy to perform, and can be applied efficiently to either gridded or nongridded spat...
A combination styrofoam cutter/block checker for fabricating field shaping blocks.

Abstract The design and construction of a styrofoam cutter in which the mould and block can be checked for fabrication accuracy is described.
Changes in stand composition and structure between 1981 and 1996 in four Front Range plant communities in Colorado

We conducted a study analyzing the vegetation dynamics in four communities along an elevational gradient in the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains and compared our results with previous research conducted in 1981. The objective of this study was to determine whether the successional plant community trajectories hypothesized by the original investigator (Marr) in 1953 were consistent with plant community parameters measured in subsequent years. The ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir/ponderosa pine communities' herbaceous composition remained relatively constant between 1981 and 1996; however, a few individual species in both communities experienced significant changes in frequency over time. These individual species changes, along with dominant shifts in the forest canopy, were inconsistent with Marr's original successional hypotheses for these stands that stated the ponderosa pine stand would remain dominated by ponderosa pine and grassy openings and the Douglas-fir/ponderosa pine stand would eventually have equal dominance between the two tree species. The aspen herbaceous community experienced the most significant change between 1981 and 1996. Significant decreases in species richness and diversity were recorded along with large changes in species composition and frequencies of individual species. These changes were associated with successional changes in the forest canopy, which was congruent with Marr's successional hypothesis for this stand. The kobresia meadow herbaceous community showed the least change between 1981 and 1996 among the four communities; however, there was variation in frequency percentages for a few individual species over time and a small turnover in species composition. Marr's hypothesis that this stand represented a climax community is consistent with our results.
Apparent Argatroban Resistance in a Patient with Elevated Factor VIII Levels

OBJECTIVETo report a case in which there was a lack of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) correlation with plasma argatroban concentrations in a patient with elevated factor VIII levels who was diagnosed with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).CASE SUMMARYA 59-year-old female with a history significant for basal cell carcinoma was transferred from an outside hospital and underwent resection of a third ventricle mass. The postoperative hospital course was complicated by subdural hematoma, HIT, and pulmonary embolism. Upon initiation of argatroban, we faced difficulty in maintaining therapeutic aPTT values despite administration of significantly higher than usual doses of argatroban (up to 7 μg/kg/min). A coagulation abnormality was suspected and an argatroban concentration was obtained; results showed an elevated level of 2.2 μg/mL (therapeutic range 0.4–1.2), with a corresponding aPTT of 53.1 seconds. A coagulopathy workup revealed an excess of factor VIII activity. Thereafter, argatroban co...
Snake α-Neurotoxin Binding Site on the Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Conserved

Evolutionary success requires that animal venoms are targeted against phylogenetically conserved molecular structures of fundamental physiological processes. Species producing venoms must be resistant to their action. Venoms of Elapidae snakes (e.g., cobras, kraits) contain alpha-neurotoxins, represented by alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) targeted against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) of the neuromuscular junction. The model which presumes that cobras (Naja spp., Elapidae) have lost their binding site for conspecific alpha-neurotoxins because of the unique amino acid substitutions in their nAChR polypeptide backbone per se is incompatible with the evolutionary theory that (1) the molecular motifs forming the alpha-neurotoxin target site on the nAChR are fundamental for receptor structure and/or function, and (2) the alpha-neurotoxin target site is conserved among Chordata lineages. To test the hypothesis that the alpha-neurotoxin binding site is conserved in Elapidae snakes and to identify the mechanism of resistance against conspecific alpha-neurotoxins, we cloned the ligand binding domain of the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) nAChR alpha subunit. When expressed as part of a functional Naja/mouse chimeric nAChR in Xenopus oocytes, this domain confers resistance against alpha-BTX but does not alter responses induced by the natural ligand acetylcholine. Further mutational analysis of the Naja/mouse nAChR demonstrated that an N-glycosylation signal in the ligand binding domain that is unique to N. haje is responsible for alpha-BTX resistance. However, when the N-glycosylation signal is eliminated, the nAChR containing the N. haje sequence is inhibited by alpha-BTX with a potency that is comparable to that in mammals. We conclude that the binding site for conspecific alpha-neurotoxin in Elapidae snakes is conserved in the nAChR ligand binding domain polypeptide backbone per se. This conclusion supports the hypothesis that animal toxins are targeted against evolutionarily conserved molecular motifs. Such conservation also calls for a revision of the present model of the alpha-BTX binding site. The approach described here can be used to identify the mechanism of resistance against conspecific venoms in other species and to characterize toxin-receptor coevolution.
Tradition, Exegesis, and the Christological Controversies

In 430, Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, wrote in his treatise Adversus Nestorium that we must put away idle questioning and “receive with faith the simple and undefiled tradition.” Which tradition did he have in mind? About the same time, Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, defended a priest who denied the appellation theotokos to the Virgin Mary. Nestorius claimed the term was not in accord with the tradition. Which tradition did he have in mind?
Evaluating the impact of high Pluronic® F68 concentrations on antibody producing CHO cell lines

Pluronic® F68 (P-F68) is an important component of chemically-defined cell culture medium because it protects cells from hydrodynamic and bubble-induced shear in the bioreactor. While P-F68 is typically used in cell culture medium at a concentration of 1 g/L (0.1%), higher concentrations can offer additional shear protection and have also been shown to be beneficial during cryopreservation. Recent industry experience with variability in P-F68-associated shear-protection has opened up the possibility of elevated P-F68 concentrations in cell culture media, a topic that has not been previously explored in the context of industrial cell culture processes. Recognizing this gap, we first evaluated the effect of 1–5 g/L P-F68 concentrations in shake flask cultures over ten 3-day passages for cell lines A and B. Increase in terminal cell density and cell size was seen over time at higher P-F68 concentrations but protein productivity was not impacted. Results from this preliminary screening study suggested no adverse impact of high P-F68 concentrations. Subsequently fed-batch bioreactor experiments were conducted at 1 and 5 g/L P-F68 concentrations with both cell lines where cell growth, viability, metabolism, and product quality were examined under process conditions reflective of a commercial process. Results from these bioreactor experiments confirmed findings from the preliminary screen and also indicated no impact of elevated P-F68 concentration on product quality. If additional shear protection is desired, either due to raw material variability, cell line sensitivity, or a high-shear cell culture process, our results suggest this can be accomplished by elevating the P-F68 concentration in the cell culture medium without impacting cell culture performance and product quality. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 832–837. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lightweight analysis of operational specifications using inference graphs

The Amalia framework generates lightweight components that automate the analysis of operational specifications and designs [16]. A key concept is the step analyzer, which enables Amalia to automatically tailor high-level analyses, such as behavior simulation and model checking, to different specification languages and representations. A step analyzer uses a new abstraction, called an inference graph, for the analysis. It creates and evaluates an inference graph on-the-fly during a top-down traversal of a specification to deduce the specification's local behaviors (called steps). The nodes of an inference graph directly reify the rules in an operational semantics, enabling Amalia to automatically generate a step analyzer from an operational description of a notation's semantics. Inference graphs are a clean abstraction that can be formally defined. The paper provides a detailed, but informal, introduction to inference graphs. It uses example specifications written in LOTOS for purposes of illustration.
Brain Injury as a Risk Factor for Fever Upon Admission to the Intensive Care Unit and Association With In-Hospital Case Fatality: A Matched Cohort Study

Purpose:To test the hypothesis that fever was more frequent in critically ill patients with brain injury when compared to nonneurological patients and to study its effect on in-hospital case fatality.Methods:Retrospective matched cohort study utilizing a single-center prospectively compiled registry. Critically ill neurological patients ≥18 years and consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and traumatic brain injury (TBI) were selected. Patients were matched by sex, age, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) to a cohort of nonneurological patients. Fever was defined as any temperature ≥37.5°C within the first 24 hours upon admission to the ICU. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital case fatality.Results:Mean age among neurological patients was 65.6 ± 15 years, 46% were men, and median APACHE-II was 15 (interquartile range 11-20). There were 18% AIS, 27% ICH, and 6% TBI. More neurological pat...
Administrative Coordination in Non-Profit Human Service Delivery Networks: The Role of Competition and Trust.

Nonprofit human service organizations operating within the same regional network are often faced with dual pressure to compete as well as coordinate administrative operations (by sharing funding, staff, or space) to enhance efficiency. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that competing organizations coordinate, despite the risks. Trust, or perceived trustworthiness between two organizations may mitigate the negative influence of competition on coordination, however there have been few explicit tests of this hypothesis among nonprofit organizations. Drawing on quantitative data collected from a network of 36 nonprofit children’s behavioral health organizations, this article empirically tests how competition and perceived trustworthiness interact to influence administrative coordination. Results support the hypothesis that trustworthiness moderates the influence of competition on administrative coordination. Findings suggest that as competing nonprofit leaders build trust, the more their agencies coordinate ...