cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcal Nuclease: A Showcase of m-Value Effects

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the studies of staphylococcal nuclease that provide compelling evidence that (1) the denatured state of this protein under many conditions is not a random coil-it has residual structure; (2) this residual structure can be dramatically altered by single mutations; and (3) yet for most mutations, the free energy difference between N and D is changed by only a few kilocalories. As measured by a “free energy distance,” the D state is not far away from the N state. These observations suggest that the distribution of D microstates for wild-type nuclease is very broad and that mutations act by shifting the distribution along a number of different structural axes, presumably in directions that are, on average, unfavorable for refolding. The m-value effects are the most obvious manifestation of these shifts in microstate populations: changes in stability, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity must also accompany these changes in the D state.
GABAA Receptor Modulation During Adolescence Alters Adult Ethanol Intake and Preference in Rats

Background To address the hypothesis that GABAA receptor modulation during adolescence may alter the abuse liability of ethanol during adulthood, the effects of adolescent administration of both a positive and negative GABAA receptor modulator on adult alcohol intake and preference were assessed.
Gas-Solid Chromatographic Procedures for Determining Acrylonitrile Monomer in Acrylonitrile-Containing Polymers and Food Simulating Solvents

A gas chromatographic method is described for acrylonitrile monometer (AN), using a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. Procedure for the analysis of AN in 5 food simulants (water, 3% acetic acid, heptane, 50% ethanol, and 8% ethanol) as well as in the polymer matrix are included. The quantitation limit for direct injection of AN/food simulant solution is 0.04 ng AN/microliter. AN-based polymers are dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide and injected directly. Residual AN in the polymer can be quantitated at the 0.5 ng/microliter level. Results of migration studies are also presented.
Infrared spectroscopic evidence for intermolecular hydrogen bonding in O-phospho-l-serine: A model for an anionic lipid headgroup☆

Abstract The infrared spectra of aqueous O- phospho - l - serine provides evidence for the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding at the ionized carboxylate group. In addition, a van't Hoff plot gives an enthalpy of − 2.8 kcal/mol for the bond energy of the equilibrium between the two forms of the carboxylate, a value well within the normal range of hydrogen bond energies. The addition of equimolar Ca2+ to O- phospho - l - serine does not substantially disrupt the hydrogen bonding of the carboxylate. The data presented here support the recent suggestion that anionic lipid headgroups may be the site of a proton-conducting pathway (Haines T.H. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 160–164).
A esfera pública na América Latina: um mapa da historiografia

A categoria “esfera publica” e frequentemente utilizada pelos historiadores da America Latina sem muita preocupacao acerca de suas implicacoes teoricas e metodologicas. Este artigo pretende revisar a historiografia que tem aplicado as ideias de Habermas a historia latino-americana. Centra do em alguns livros particularmente importantes, o artigo pretende examinar potenciais caminhos para a pesquisa e comparacoes. Ao inves de se tornar uma nova ortodoxia para o estudo da regiao, a teoria da esfera publica esta estabelecendo um dialogo entre historiadores interessados em fenomenos intelectuais e discurso politico (a maioria deles centrada na historia do liberalismo apos as independencias) e aqueles historiadores cujo interesse em formacoes sociais enquadrou seus estudos em termos de hegemonia e dominacao de classe.
Semiclassical quantization of rotating superstring in AdS(5) x S**5

Motivated by recent proposals in hep-th/0202021 and hep-th/0204051 we develop semiclassical quantization of superstring in $AdS_5 x S^5$. We start with a classical solution describing string rotating in $AdS_5$ and boosted along large circle of $S^5$. The energy of the classical solution $E$ is a function of the spin $S$ and the momentum $J$ (R-charge) which interpolates between the limiting cases S=0 and J=0 considered previously. We derive the corresponding quadratic fluctuation action for bosonic and fermionic fields from the GS string action and compute the string 1-loop (large $\lambda= {R^4\over \a'^2}$) correction to the classical energy spectrum in the $(S,J)$ sector. We find that the 1-loop correction to the ground-state energy does not cancel for non-zero $S$. For large $S$ it scales as $\ln S$, i.e. as the classical term, with no higher powers of $\ln S$ appearing. This supports the conjecture made in hep-th/0204051 that the classical $E-S = a \ln S$ scaling can be interpolated to weak coupling to reproduce the corresponding operator anomalous dimension behaviour in gauge theory.
Micron-scale measurements of the coefficient of thermal expansion by time-domain probe beam deflection

We describe a pump-probe optical technique, time-domain probe-beam deflection, that enables measurements of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) with micron-scale spatial resolution. Our quantitative model for the beam deflection includes contributions from thermal expansion of thin films deposited on a substrate, thermal expansion of the substrate, elastic deformation of the substrate, heating of air above the surface of the sample, and the lateral temperature gradient at the surface of the sample. The usefulness of this technique for high-throughput CTE measurement is demonstrated by two experiments: we are able to find the Invar alloy composition directly from a simple Fe–Ni diffusion couple and we find abnormal CTE increase in an ≈100μm region of dentin adjacent to the dentin-enamel junction of a human tooth. Such a CTE abnormality would be difficult to find using other techniques.
Analysis of the Sleep Stages in Sleep-Wakefulness Regimens of Varied Length

Two to 4 different young adult males were studied while on five different regimens of sleep-wakefulness. The regimens studied were: 3 hrs sleep, 6 hrs wakefulness; 4 hrs sleep, 8 hrs wakefulness; 6 hrs sleep, 12 hrs wakefulness; 10 hrs sleep, 20 hrs wakefulness; and, 12 hrs sleep, 24 hrs wakefulness. The EEG-EOG was recorded during the sleep period. The largest change in sleep pattern occurred in the short regimens. In these regimens Stage 2 was reduced and Stages 3/4 increased. The amount of REM sleep was stable across all regimens. The temporal distribution of Stages REM and 4 was maintained within the modified regimens. Increases in amount of prior wakefulness acted predictably to increase the amount of Stage 4. REM sleep was responsive to sleep onset time.
pp60c-src is developmentally regulated in the neural retina.

Abstract We have localized normal cellular pp60 c-src in the developing chick neural retina by immunocytochemical staining using antisera raised against bacterially expressed pp60 c-src , the src gene product of Rous sarcoma virus. pp60 c-src was expressed in developing retinal neurons at the onset of differentiation. Expression of pp60 c-src persisted in mature neuronal cells that were postmitotic, fully differentiated, and functional. pp60 c-src immunoreactivity was localized within processes and cell bodies of ganglion neurons, processes of rods and cones, and in some but not all neurons of the inner nuclear layer. Protein kinase assays and Western transfer analyses identified the immunoreactive protein as pp60 c-src and confirmed that its expression occurs at the time the first neuronal cells in the retina differentiate. We conclude from these studies that pp60 c-src is the product of a developmentally regulated gene that is more important in neuronal differentiation or function than cell proliferation.
High oxidation state organometallics. Pentamethylcyclopentadienyloxo-molybdenum(VI) and -tungsten(VI) complexes

Abstract The preparation, isolation, and characterization of [(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )MoO 2 ] 2 O ( 1 ) and (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )MoO 2 Cl ( 2 ) and their tungsten analogues ( 1 ′ and 2 ′) are described. A substantial improvement in stability, ease of preparation, and ease of separation from other reaction products are observed for these Cp * complexes compared to their cyclopentadienyl counterparts. The binuclear pentaoxo compound, 1 , crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 c with one and a half molecules in the asymmetric unit, Z = 6, a 21.265(7), b 9.237(3), c 17.669(5) A, β 101.78(3)°, and V 3398(4) A 3 . Anisotropic refinement of the molybdenum and isotropic refinement of the non-metal atoms with no hydrogen atoms included converged to the residuals R 1 = 0.075, R 2 = 0.088. Two independent μ-oxo complexes are represented in the cell: one is centrosymmetric having the bridging oxygen on a special position: and the other nearly centrosymmetric having a MoOMo angle of 177.9(5)°. Grignard addition to 2 ′ yields the air-stable alkyl, (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )WO 2 CH 2 SiMe 3 .
A Study of French‐English Relations in an Ontario Community: Towards a Conflict Model for the Analysis of Ethnic Relations*

En s'appuyant sur les ecrits de Ralf Dahrendorf et de Lewis Coser, l'auteur voudrait creer un modele analytique du conflit qui serait applicable a l'etude des relations ethniques. Le modele en question s'etablit a partir de donnees dont la cueillette se poursuit dans une commune ontarienne qui compte des Canadiens d'expression francaise et d'expression anglaise. L'auteur considere le conflit comme une composante structurelle, un resultat inevitable, de la division du pouvoir et du statut II propose des hypotheses au sujet des variations des manifestations conflictuell. es. II suggere son modele comme une alternative a l'approche de l'etude des relations ethniques d'apres la theorie dite cyclique des relations raciales.
Restructuring Agricultural Economics Extension to Meet Changing Needs

The evidence is increasing that cooperative extension, if not the agriculture component of the land grant university system itself, may be unraveling. The director of the Office of Management and Budget has recommended that federal funding for extension be eliminated. Three fellows of the AAEA suggest that if the land grant system were reformulated today, there would be no extension component. A past president of the AAEA argues that the whole land grant university system has lost its sense of mission (Schuh). To many, these positions defy logic, ignore the contribution that extension has made to
Tea4p Links Microtubule Plus Ends with the Formin For3p in the Establishment of Cell Polarity

Microtubules regulate actin-based processes such as cell migration and cytokinesis, but molecular mechanisms are not understood. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, microtubule plus ends regulate cell polarity in part by transporting the kelch repeat protein tea1p to cell ends. Here, we identify tea4p, a SH3 domain protein that binds directly to tea1p. Like tea1p, tea4p localizes to growing microtubule plus ends and to cortical sites at cell ends, and it is necessary for the establishment of bipolar growth. Tea4p binds directly to and recruits the formin for3p, which nucleates actin cable assembly. During "new end take off" (NETO), formation of a protein complex that includes tea1p, tea4p, and for3p is necessary and sufficient for the establishment of cell polarity and localized actin assembly at new cell ends. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism for how microtubule plus ends regulate the spatial distribution of actin assembly.
Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission

Renee Heff ron and colleagues’ fi nding of an association between hormonal contraceptive use and acquisition and transmission of HIV-1 has profound implications for policies on family planning in countries with high HIV risk, such as sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, potential problems should be considered in the interpretation of this observational study. All observational studies of contraception and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections are open to potential bias and confounding because women choosing hormonal contraception might have higher HIV risk behaviours than do those not using these methods. Furthermore, because condoms can protect from HIV, the inclusion of condom users in the comparison group could cause an artifactual increase in the apparent risk associated with hormonal contraception. The HIV-1-serodiscordant couples in the study received couples counselling and disclosure of HIV test results. These couples had extremely high self-reported rates of protected intercourse (more than 90% if the man was infected and almost 90% if the woman was infected). Such rates are inconsistent with pregnancy during 16% of the follow-up intervals in non-hormonal users, particularly considering this group included women who had had a hysterectomy or tubal ligation. The HIV acquisition rate of 3·8 per 100 person-years in users of nonhormonal contraceptive methods is likewise higher than expected. A European study of discordant couples reported no HIV infections in consistent condom users. This fi nding suggests over-reporting of protected intercourse, possibly because of social desirability bias, because the couples had been counselled to use condoms. Concurrent use of condoms and a highly eff ective contraceptive is uncommon in Africa, and non-users of hormonal contraception might be motivated to use condoms consistently if they rely on this method for both pregnancy and HIV prevention. Such increased consistency of condom use for dual pregnancy and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections has been previously reported. Thus, general over-reporting of condom use, and the possibility for unmeasured diff erential consistency in actual condom use, could infl ate the apparent risk associated with hormonal contraception, despite attempts to statistically adjust for unprotected sex. The only way to resolve this issue is to exclude condom users from both groups, but because only about 10% of individuals reported no condom use in the past month, the study has insuffi cient power to assess this comparison. In summary, the study’s fi ndings cannot determine whether hormonal contraception aff ects the risks of HIV acquisition and transmission because of evidence of inaccurate reporting of condoms, and a likelihood that this bias might diff er between users and non-users of hormonal contraception.
Diffusion model for drug release from suspensions I: theoretical considerations.

A new mathematical model based on physicochemical principles is presented; it does not require a “diffusion layer” for the release of a suspended drug from a semisolid vehicle. This general model has wide range application to systems where release is controlled by the diffusion rate or dissolution rate of a drug. The appropriate mathematical relationships are derived and evaluated. Theoretical drug concentration distributions in the vehicle and a membrane and the predicted cumulative drug mass uptake by blood under specified conditions are presented. The dissolution rate of solid drug in the vehicle markedly influences predicted drug release using the model presented. It is anticipated that the model will stimulate further research to confirm or reject the assumption that the dissolution rate may be slow enough to be important in the systems studied.
Effects of high-frequency (500-1,000 Hz), indirect stimulation on slow and fast muscle relevant to orthotic applications

The effects of indirect stimulation at 500-1,000 Hz on force production by the cat's slow-fibered soleus and mixed-fiber medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles were compared for their relevance to the use of such "high-frequency" stimulation to modulate spasticity or the induced contraction of a centrally paralyzed muscle. Severe loss in force was seen in both muscles, and slow (S) motor units (MUs) within the MG showed about the same susceptibility as fast (FF) units. Both muscles and isolated fast and slow MUs within the MG exhibited an initial spike of tension and throughout stimulation a low level of residual tension. Despite the minimal output of work, a contribution to fatigue could be detected in the poststimulation period, as well as a delayed facilitative effect. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Geology of the Duncan Canal shear zone:Evidence for Early to Middle Jurassic deformation of the Alexander terrane, southeastern Alaska

The Duncan Canal shear zone, central southeastern Alaska, disrupts and penetratively deforms Devonian, Pennsylvanian, and Upper Triassic strata of the lexander terrane. The deformation is interpreted to have occurred within a regime of right-lateral shear during Early or Middle Jurassic time. Clastic and volcanic rocks correlated with the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata of the Gravina belt lack the fabrics characteristic of the deformed Alexander terrane strata and are inferred to unconformably overlie the shear zone. Deformational fabrics of mid-Cretaceous age observed in the Gravina rocks locally truncate and deform the shear-zone strata. Dextral strike-slip faults of Late Cretaceous and (or) Tertiary age that disrupt and modify fabrics of the shear zone are interpreted to accommodate some of the displacement observed on the Clarence Strait fault. The Duncan Canal shear zone extends southward to the Mosman Inlet region on Etolin Island where it projects beneath Jura-Cretaceous Gravina strata. In Duncan Canal and Mosman Inlet, the shear zone evolved within the Alexander terrane and does not coincide with any recognized terrane boundaries. Since the Duncan Canal shear zone is restricted to the currently exposed eastern margin of the Alexander terrane, the shear zone is interpreted to reflect deformation along the eastern margin of the Alexander terrane.
Local control of TRPV4 channels by AKAP150-targeted PKC in arterial smooth muscle

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are Ca(2+)-permeable, nonselective cation channels expressed in multiple tissues, including smooth muscle. Although TRPV4 channels play a key role in regulating vascular tone, the mechanisms controlling Ca(2+) influx through these channels in arterial myocytes are poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that in arterial myocytes the anchoring protein AKAP150 and protein kinase C (PKC) play a critical role in the regulation of TRPV4 channels during angiotensin II (AngII) signaling. Super-resolution imaging revealed that TRPV4 channels are gathered into puncta of variable sizes along the sarcolemma of arterial myocytes. Recordings of Ca(2+) entry via single TRPV4 channels ("TRPV4 sparklets") suggested that basal TRPV4 sparklet activity was low. However, Ca(2+) entry during elementary TRPV4 sparklets was ∼ 100-fold greater than that during L-type CaV1.2 channel sparklets. Application of the TRPV4 channel agonist GSK1016790A or the vasoconstrictor AngII increased the activity of TRPV4 sparklets in specific regions of the cells. PKC and AKAP150 were required for AngII-induced increases in TRPV4 sparklet activity. AKAP150 and TRPV4 channel interactions were dynamic; activation of AngII signaling increased the proximity of AKAP150 and TRPV4 puncta in arterial myocytes. Furthermore, local stimulation of diacylglycerol and PKC signaling by laser activation of a light-sensitive Gq-coupled receptor (opto-α1AR) resulted in TRPV4-mediated Ca(2+) influx. We propose that AKAP150, PKC, and TRPV4 channels form dynamic subcellular signaling domains that control Ca(2+) influx into arterial myocytes.
Anomalous window discovery through scan statistics for linear intersecting paths (SSLIP)

Anomalous windows are the contiguous groupings of data points. In this paper, we propose an approach for discovering anomalous windows using Scan Statistics for Linear Intersecting Paths (SSLIP). A linear path refers to a path represented by a line with a single dimensional spatial coordinate marking an observation point. Our approach for discovering anomalous windows along linear paths comprises of the following distinct steps: (a) Cross Path Discovery: where we identify a subset of intersecting paths to be considered, (b) Anomalous Window Discovery: where we outline three order invariant algorithms, namely SSLIP, Brute Force-SSLIP and Central Brute Force-SSLIP, for the traversal of the cross paths to identify varying size directional windows along the paths. For identifying an anomalous window we compute an unusualness metric, in the form of a likelihood ratio to indicate the degree of unusualness of this window with respect to the rest of the data. We identify the window with the highest likelihood ratio as our anomalous window, and (c) Monte Carlo Simulations: to ascertain whether this window is truly anomalous and not just a random occurrence we perform hypothesis testing by computing a p-value using Monte Carlo Simulations. We present extensive experimental results in real world accident datasets for various highways with known issues(code and data available from [27], [21]). Our results show that our approach indeed is effective in identifying anomalous traffic accident windows along multiple intersecting highways.
A microdevice platform for visualizing mitochondrial transport in aligned dopaminergic axons

Experimental evidence points to the importance of mitochondrial transport defects in contributing to major neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies of mitochondrial transport along single axons are difficult with traditional dissociated culture systems and the fragility of the midbrain dopaminergic cultures precludes their survival in previously developed microfluidic devices with an enclosed architecture. Using soft lithography, we generated a microdevice from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for the purpose of studying the transport of mitochondria along single dopaminergic axons. The device comprises two large open culture chambers connected by a parallel array of microchannels that achieves fluidic separation of axons from the soma and allows the tracking of mitochondrial movement along oriented axons. Dopaminergic neurons from midbrain cultures were successfully cultured within the microdevices for up to 4 weeks and extended their axons across the microchannels. Axonal mitochondria within the microchannels were labeled by transduction with a mitochondrial-targeted DsRed2 lentiviral vector or with the mitochondria-specific dye, Mitotracker Deep Red and were visually tracked with conventional confocal microscopy. The methodology and device that we have described here will allow further study of the role of mitochondrial transport defects play in major neurodegenerative diseases.
Water deprivation, plasma osmolality, blood volume, and thirst in young pigs

When deprived of both drinking water and food, pigs failed to develop the hyperosmolality usually expected with dehydration. In further studies 12 pigs were deprived of drinking water and food, and the effects were compared with data from nondeprived pigs, pigs water deprived but with food available, and pigs with water but no food. When food was eaten during water deprivation, plasma osmolality rose to levels sufficient to stimulate drinking. During water and food deprivation, plasma osmolality failed to rise, even over 24 h, and usually fell. Blood volume changes were calculated from packed cell volume and plasma protein data, and it was found that blood volume fell significantly when both food and water were withheld, but not when only water was withheld. It appears that the conditions of deprivation determine the proportions of thirst stimulation that can be attributed to plasma hypertonicity and to hypovolemia.
Potential points of brand leverage: consumers’ emergent attributes

This paper presents a conceptualization of brand extension attributes that emerge when consumers evaluate brand extensions. These emergent attributes are unique in the extension product category and thus represent potential points of leverage for the brand. An empirical study was conducted to show the utility of these attributes in influencing consumers’ responses. Consumers were allowed to write their thoughts as they evaluated fictitious extensions of four actual brands. The results indicate that when emergent attributes are formed, they appear to influence consumers’ attitudes toward brand extensions. Unlike previous findings that have suggested that good fit is necessary to ensure extension success, the results indicate that the influence of emergent attributes on consumer attitudes increases as the brand’s fit with the extension decreases.
Photon-induced Kondo satellites in a single-electron transistor.

We measure the differential conductance of a single-electron transistor (SET) irradiated with microwaves. The spin-entangled many-electron Kondo state produces a zero-bias peakin the dc differential conductance if the quantum dot in the SET contains an unpaired electron. When the photon energy hf is comparable to the energy width of the Kondo peak and to e (the charge on the electron) times the microwave voltage across the dot, satellites appear in the differential conductance shifted in voltage by ±hf/e from the zero-bias resonance. We also observe an overall suppression of the Kondo features with increasing microwave voltage.
Distribution of bicarbonate between blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the neonatal rat in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

Abstract The nature of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier to HCO 3 in the neonatal rat was investigated by analyzing changes in concentrations of total CO 2 in CSF in response to acutely-induced systemic metabolic acid-base distortions. In metabolic alkalosis of 2 hr duration, the concentration of HCO 3 in CSF H 2 O becomes nearly equal to the elevated concentration in plasma H 2 O. However, in metabolic acidosis, the CSF system of the neonatal rat is somewhat protected against a substantial fall in plasma HCO 3 , the reduction in CSF HCO 3 being about one half the fall in plasma HCO 3 . The observed changes in the concentration of HCO 3 in neonatal CSF in response to acid (or alkali) loading are considerably greater than those found in adult rats. The results suggest that the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier to HCO 3 is greater in the neonate than in the adult and/or that carrier-mediated system(s) for translocating HCO 3 (or hydrogen ion) between CSF and blood are operating at a lower capacity in the neonatal rat than in the adult of this species.
Use of orally administered diazepam in the reduction of dental anxiety

A double-blind randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of orally administered diazepam in reducing dental anxiety was conducted. Forty-one subjects were assigned to a diazepam or placebo group and tested, using the Dental Fear Survey and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Diazepam was effective in reducing anxiety scores but not dental fear scores.
Factors that relate to the time to ISO 9000 registration in education institutions

The implementation of the ISO 9000 international quality management system in education has become a debated trend. Building on the literature, this study did not attempt to end the debate over ISO 9000 in education but looked at the problem with a new perspective. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that relate to the time required to obtain successful ISO 9000 registration, which may assist administrators in deciding if ISO 9000 may be appropriate for their school, college, or university. As an international issue, the study was based on data collected via telephone interviews with individuals leading ISO 9000 implementation efforts at 30 education institutions in the USA and England that had obtained ISO 9000 registration. The results indicate that there are 7 factors related to the time to ISO 9000 registration.
Differential Osteopontin Expression in Phenotypically Distinct Subclones of Murine Breast Cancer Cells Mediates Metastatic Behavior

Cancer progression depends on an accumulation of metastasis-supporting cell signaling molecules, which target signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, gene expression. One such molecule, osteopontin (OPN), represents a key molecular signaling event in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that underlie OPN expression in the setting of breast cancer have not been well studied. In this regard, we have examined the differential transcriptional regulation of OPN in the murine mammary epithelial tumor cell lines, 4T1 and 4T07, which are sublines derived from the parental population of 410.4 cells from Balb/cfC3H mice. These lines are phenotypically heterogeneous in their metastatic behavior. 4T1 hematogenously metastasizes to the lung, liver, bone, and brain, whereas 4T07 is highly tumorigenic but fails to metastasize. The tumor growth and metastatic spread of 4T1 cells closely mimics stage IV breast cancer. We demonstrate that a Ras-independent, phosphoinositide-3 kinase-dependent, c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent phosphorylation of c-Jun results in binding of an AP-1 c-Jun homodimer to the OPN promoter in 4T1 cells. This differential up-regulation of OPN gene transcription and protein expression in 4T1 cells conveys in vitro correlates of a metastatic phenotype. These results provide new insight into the transcriptional regulation of OPN as a key mediator of metastatic behavior in malignancy.
A Pre-Impoundment Bottom-Fauna Study of Watts Bar Reservoir Area (Tennessee)

Abstract Pre-impoundment bottom-fauna data are presented for the Watts Bar Reservoir area (Tennessee). A salting-out technique is described which was used to facilitate the separation of organisms from debris. In deep water four major taxonomic groups made up 98.93 per cent of the total number and practically 100 per cent of the total volume. Nymphs of Hexagenia bilineata (Say) composed 82.43 per cent of the total volume. This species probably has a 1-year life cycle in Tennessee. Production was highest on the muddy bottom and lowest on sand. Data on depth distribution showed the first 10 feet to be most productive. The seasonal peak of production was reached during September and October. This maximum was due almost entirely to mayflies. The rate of growth of Hexagenia nymphs was most rapid during August and September or immediately following hatching. The riffles and flats at the shallow-water station were less productive than the mud-sand bottom of the deep water. The fauna of the riffles and flats will...
An examination of velocity scaling

Abstract Velocity scaling is an experimental technique where substitute materials are employed to infer impact results for other materials at higher speeds. For example, impacts are conducted with cadmium at 5 km/s or zinc at 7.4 km/s to simulate the response of experiments with aluminum at 15 km/s. Despite a valid theoretical basis and compelling low-velocity experimental work, some questions remain about the technique because comparisons to the high speed impacts being simulated were heretofore unavailable. This paper combines the results of recent, high-velocity impact investigations and computational simulations to answer the question: Does velocity scaling work?
Characterization of the rabbit HKα2 gene promoter

Abstract The HKα2 gene directs synthesis of the HKα2 subunit of the H+, K+-ATPase. In the kidney and colon, the gene is highly expressed and is thought to play a role in potassium (K+) conservation. The rabbit has been an important experimental system for physiological studies of ion transport in the kidney, so the rabbit HKα2 gene has been cloned and characterized. The genomic clones and the previously reported HKα2a and HKα2c subunit cDNAs provided a means to address several issues regarding the structure and expression of the HKα2 gene. First, the genomic organization established that the rabbit HKα2 gene was unambiguously homologous to the mouse HKα2 gene and the human ATP1AL1 gene. Second, the mapping of the transcription start site for the alternate transcript, HKα2c, confirmed that it was an authentic rabbit transcript. Finally, isolation of DNA from the 5′ end of the HKα2 gene enabled us to initiate studies on its regulation in the rabbit cortical collecting duct. The promoter and two putative negative regulatory regions were identified and the effect of cell confluency on gene expression was studied.
Medical Education in Prepaid Settings Synthesis of the Literature Using the Case Survey Method

Reports in the literature that describe the use of prepaid settings for medical education are typically anecdotal. Synthesis of this information was accomplished using the case survey method, an approach that uses a common conceptual framework to combine case studies. A total of 18 references published between 1973 and 1986, describing the educational activities in 12 HMOs, were identified. Each reference was analyzed using a checklist composed of forced-choice items grouped into five categories: classification of HMO, type and extent of teaching program, organizational relationship between HMO and medical school, "scholarly" focus of HMO, and involvement of trainees in monitoring resource utilization. Many gaps were identified in the literature, especially those related to the mechanisms of financing the educational program and the types of organizational linkages between the medical school and the HMO. These gaps indicate the need for more systematic research to aid planners of future educational programs.
Auto-Gopher: A wireline deep sampler driven by piezoelectric percussive actuator and EM rotary motor

The ability to penetrate subsurfaces and perform sample acquisition at depth of meters may be critical for future NASA in-situ exploration missions to bodies in the solar system, including Mars and Europa. A corer/sampler was developed with the goal of enabling acquisition of samples from depths of several meters where if used on Mars would be beyond the oxidized and sterilized zone. For this purpose, we developed a rotary-hammering coring drill, called Auto-Gopher, which employs a piezoelectric actuated percussive mechanism for breaking formations and an electric motor that rotates the bit to remove the powdered cuttings. This sampler is a wireline mechanism that can be fed into and retrieved from the drilled hole using a winch and a cable. It includes an inchworm anchoring mechanism allowing the drill advancement and weight on bit control without twisting the reeling and power cables. The penetration rate is being optimized by simultaneously activating the percussive and rotary motions of the Auto-Gopher. The percussive mechanism is based on the Ultrasonic/Sonic Drill/Corer (USDC) mechanism that is driven by piezoelectric stack and that was demonstrated to require low axial preload. The design and fabrication of this device were presented in previous publications. This paper presents the results of laboratory and field tests and lessons learned from this development.
Quo Vadis: Part 21

We used evolutionary biology in Part 1 as a metaphor to address the question, “How does radiology survive?” Long-term survival is a macroevolutionary phenomenon and on this grand scale the best approach is to diversify and create variants of the “radiology species.” In this follow-up installment we will address microevolution in radiology (ie, how does radiology adapt to its current environment?). In our metaphor this equates to the classic Darwinian process of natural selection. Concepts from evolutionary biology, from the behavior of complex systems, and from the diffusion of innovations are used to gain insight into the process change in radiology. Although the word evolution connotes slow, gradual change, it appears macroevolutionary change is not gradual on nature’s time scale. Evolution evinces a pattern of change described as “punctuated equilibrium” (1). It is a pattern seen in many complex systems, natural or manmade. Complex systems are open, dynamic, nonlinear, and composed of a large number of interdependent and interacting agents. The interactions, rather than an individual agent’s characteristics, are the critical feature that determine system behavior. Radiology as a specialty is itself a complex system. It also is an agent in larger complex systems, which encompass medicine, science, engineering, the health care market, the business world, the political arena, and society. As the term punctuated equilibrium implies, complex system behavior pattern consists of long periods of relative tranquility interrupted by short periods of rapid change (ie, the punctuations) (1). Change is not evenly distributed, but is clustered in time. After
Low temperature performance of graphite electrode in Li-ion cells

Abstract We studied low temperature performance of Li/graphite cell. Results show that capacity of the graphite electrode falls significantly in the temperature range of 0 to −20 °C. When lithiation and delithiation are both carried out at −20 °C, graphite only retains 12% of the room temperature capacity. However, delithiation capacity of graphite increases to 92% of the room temperature value if the lithiation is carried out at room temperature. We believe that the poor low temperature performance of the cell is due to slow kinetics of lithium ion diffusion in graphite rather than low ionic conductivity of electrolyte and solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the graphite surface. During lithiation and delithiation processes, lithium ion has the similar apparent chemical diffusion coefficient of 10−9–10−10 cm2/s at 20 °C, depending on the state of lithiation of graphite. We observed a dramatic decrease in lithium ion diffusivity in the temperature range of 0 to −20 °C, and that at low temperatures of
Contributions of the posterolateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament to anterior-posterior knee laxity and ligament forces.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure changes in anterior-posterior (AP) laxity and graft forces after cutting the posterolateral (PL) bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Methods: Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric knees underwent AP laxity testing at ± 100 N of applied tibial force. Resultant forces in the ACL were recorded during passive extension from 120° to 0° with no tibial force, 100 N of anterior tibial force, 100 N of quadriceps force, and 5 Nm of internal tibial torque. The femoral origin of the PL bundle was identified, the ligament fibers were dissected from bone, and tests were repeated. Results: Cutting the PL bundle significantly increased mean laxity by +1.3 mm (at 0°), +1.1 mm (at 10°), and +0.5 mm (at 30°). For the passive knee extension tests, cutting the PL bundle significantly decreased mean ACL force at 0° for all loading modes; the mean decreases were 31 N (with no tibial force), 50 N (with 100 N of anterior force), 33 N (with 100 N of quadriceps force), and 40 N (with 5 Nm of internal torque). Conclusions: The decreases in ACL force at 0° from cutting the PL bundle are consistent with the commonly accepted view that the PL bundle tightens with knee extension. Cutting the taut PL bundle did significantly increase AP laxity between 0° and 30°, but the increases were relatively small. Therefore we conclude that the PL bundle plays a relatively minor role in controlling anterior tibial translation. Clinical Relevance: In view of our findings, the need to reconstruct the PL bundle for better restoration of a normal AP laxity profile is questioned.
A revision of Gibsoniothamnus L. O. Williams (Schlegeliaceae)

Gibsoniothamnus L. O. Williams is a genus of 11 species native to Mexico, Central America, and northern Colombia. The species are shrubs or small trees with opposite, entire leaves, tubular corollas, four stamens, 2-locular ovary, and fleshy, indehiscent fruits. Calyces are unlobed, or they may have lateral, triangular or winglike lobes. Most species are epiphytes and appear to be bird pollinated and bird dispersed.
Composites with extremal thermal expansion coefficients

We design three‐phase composites having maximum thermal expansion, zero thermal expansion, or negative thermal expansion using a numerical topology optimization method. It is shown that composites with effective negative thermal expansion can be obtained by mixing two phases of positive thermal expansions with a void phase. We also show that there is no mechanistic relationship between negative thermal expansion and negative Poisson’s ratio.
Der Einfluss verschiedener Fixierungsmittel auf das Strukturbild der Präputialdrüsen der Ratte

The influence of various methods of fixation on the preputial gland of the rat was investigated. In addition to the lipids, the cells contain numerous granules which are dissolved by alcoholic and certain acid fixatives. In future investigation concerning either the histochemistry of the gland or the effect on the gland of various experimental conditions, its peculiar ability to secrete two different substances must be considered. In any event the preputial gland of the rat is more than a simple sebaceous gland.
A comparison of the effects of concanavalin-A and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate on the modulation of parathyroid function by extracellular calcium and neomycin in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells.

Ca2+ and other polyvalent cations as well as polycations, such as neomycin, produce similar effects on intracellular second messengers and PTH release in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells, but it is unclear whether all of these agents share the same mechanism of action. The lectin Concanavalin-A (Con-A) and the activator of protein kinase-C tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) blunt the effects of elevated extracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentrations on several aspects of parathyroid function, including PTH release, the cytosolic calcium concentration, and the accumulation of cAMP and inositol phosphates. In the present studies we used these two agents as well as pertussis toxin as probes to investigate further whether neomycin acts on parathyroid cells through the same receptor-like mechanism used by extracellular Ca2+ to regulate parathyroid function. Con-A and TPA both enhanced PTH release by about 2-fold at 0.5-1 x 10(-4) M neomycin, concentrations that inhibited PTH release to an extent (40-50%) simila...
Lower bounds on degrees of game-theoretic structures

Abstract This paper considers certain game-theoretic structures as relational structures A = «ng A, R 1 ,..., R n ang, where A is a non-empty set and each R j is a finitary relation on A for all j = 1,..., n . If for some recursive function g , A = Rng g and if for all j = 1,..., n if R j is an m -ary relation on A such that Dom( R j ) is an r.e. subset of A m = g ( N ) m , then we say that the game-theoretic structure A = A,R 1 ,…, R n > is recursively presented with index g . For A R a recursively presented structure let ф:Alt A g →Out A G be the task correspondence for A G that associates elements of an alternative space with elements of an outcome space. The Turing degree of the structure A G is defined to be deg( A G ):=(graph(ф)) and is the degree of complexity of a computable realization of the task of A G . If deg (graph(ф))≠0, then the realization of the task associated with the game A G is not recursive . The partial ordering of the Turing degrees is used to rank the minimal degrees of unsolvability (i.e. deg ( A G )≠0) associated with recursive presentations of the following game-theoretic structures: (i) γ G : Infinite stage Gale-Stewart games, (ii) U G prioric Banach-Mazur games, (iii) C G : Single-player choice functions, (iv) A G : Walrasian models of general equilibrium, (v) B G : N -person non-cooperative games in the sense of nash. The results of the paper are the following: Theorem 1. Sup{min(deg(γ G )),min(deg( U G ))}≤ 0' . Theorem 2. 0 ' C G )),min(deg( A G ))}. Collary. Sup{min(deg(γ U G )),min(deg( U G ))} B G )). From Theorem 1, minimal degrees of unsolvability for the structures γ G and U G are bounded by the interval ( 0,0 '] in D , the set of Turing degrees of reducibility; and thus by the results of Jockusch and Soare (1972) we have the characterization of minimal degrees for these structures as precisely the degrees of members of special recursively bounded П 0 1 -classes.
Small is Beautiful: Preferential Trade Agreements and the Impact of Country Size, Market Share, and Smuggling

This paper examines two issues: 1) the welfare impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs), and 2) the effect of structural and policy changes on the welfare impact of PTAs. It is shown that, on the import side, the home country loses from a PTA between small countries (and the PTA as a whole loses as well); and the impact of a PTA on home country welfare is worse the higher the level (and share) of imports from the partner country. The latter result holds both in the small-country and the large- country case. The paper also examines the effects on the welfare impact of PTAs of changes in efficiency, trade policy, smuggling and rules of origin. It is shown that the impact of form - ing a PTA between small countries in the case of smuggling is ambiguous in general.
Arts and Politics

The international conference on Arts and Politics: Franco-American Perspectives organized at the University of Paris X-Nanterre under the aegis of the Institute for Social Sciences of Politics in November 2007 served as an important opportunity to bring together a number of scholars from both countries for fruitful inquiry. On that occasion, we were able to explore the frequently vexed intersections of culture and politics to whose study this journal has devoted itself for many decades. This special issue of the Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society is based on the revised translation of a selection of the papers dealing with the arts that have been published in French (Roussel 2010, with the publisher’s kind permission). To some degree, comparing France and the USA must begin from their unique heritage as two important democratic republics. Yet they differ sharply with regard to political traditions, structures of governance at the national and local levels, and population composition. This is especially true of the state traditions of these countries. A strong state has been an outstanding attribute of France for centuries, almost regardless of regime, in sharp contrast to the USA, where the importance of Washington, DC, is of relatively recent vintage. Centralization in Paris of culture and cultural policy, as with most other domains, has no counterpart in the USA, where not only does decentralization of political authority predominate, but the private sector is permitted—in fact invited to play an important role in cultural activity. These principles underlie the analysis presented by Violaine Roussel in her engaging and informative general introduction to the papers she edited. On a more personal note, I wish to thank Professor Roussel and her associates for their imaginative conceptualization of the themes developed by the scholars whom she invited to participate in the conference. At its best, sociology is an ongoing conversation in which ideas are exchanged that may lead to unexpected developments in knowledge. This is what occurred to me a year after rereading a statement by Elizabeth Long (2007) on “Stories as Models,” in which she proposed ways in which anecdotes and small stories that sociologists use, often to introduce their work or exemplify a point. These, she argues, are actually “carriers of theory that do important cognitive work to create or revise conceptual Int J Polit Cult Soc (2010) 23:57–62 DOI 10.1007/s10767-010-9088-2
The impact of cancer diagnosis on employment: is there a difference between rural and urban populations?

Purpose To determine if living in a rural or urban area influences the impact of cancer diagnosis on employment.