cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experiment to Determine Substrate Preference of the Fingernail Clam, Sphaerium Transversum (SAY)

In substrate preference experiments, the fingernail clam, Sphaerium transverum, preferred mud (about 90% clay and slit). Sandy mud and sand ranked second and third, respectively. Clam movement during experimentation appeared random, with no detected differences due to current or innate dispersal tendencies. Experiments were conducted by using a circular substrate apparatus and a novel application of Latin—square statistical design. See full-text article at JSTOR
Assignment of a tyrosyl residue from the site of a rabbit anti-p-azophenyl-trimethylammonium antibody to position 102 of the heavy chain.

The isolation of two chymotryptic peptides, each containing a tyrosyl residue considered to be derived from the hapten-binding site of a rabbit anti-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium antibody preparation, was achieved by the paired-iodination procedure. One peptide, from a heavy chain, corresponded to the sequence -Cys-Ala-Arg-Asp-Pro-Tyr- which, on the basis of comparison with other sequences, represents positions 97–102 of the heavy chain. The other peptide, from a light chain, corresponded to the sequence -Ser-Ser-Glu-Tyr and apparently represents a hypervariable region of the light chain.
Assessment of factors resulting in abuse evaluations in young children with minor head trauma.

Abstract Objective The primary objective was to determine which of the examined factors prompted physicians to initiate a further abuse evaluation in young children with minor head injury. The recording of important historical elements in the charts of these patients was also evaluated. Methods Charts of 349 children less than 3 years of age with minor head injury were retrospectively reviewed. Age, race, sex, insurance status, findings on head CT, mechanism of injury, witnessing of event and delay in seeking care were analyzed for association with performance of skeletal survey and referral to Child Protective Services (CPS). Results Increased odds of CPS referral and increased odds of obtaining a skeletal survey were associated with positive findings on head CT, delay in seeking care, and unknown mechanism of injury. Despite a known association of age/ambulatory status with abuse, the age of the child was not associated with increased odds of abuse evaluation, and younger age was not associated with increased odds of documenting whether the injury was witnessed or when the injury occurred. Documentation of timing of injury was lacking in 29.2% of the charts. Witnessing of the event was undocumented in 48.7% of cases. Conclusion Clinicians may not be using readily available, important information when considering the initiation of an abuse evaluation in young children. Clinicians seeing acutely injured children may need further education regarding developmental status and its effect on mechanisms of injury and the importance of detailed documentation in cases where abuse is a possible cause of injury. Practice implications Historical factors associated with injuries in young children continue to be poorly documented. Increased pediatric training for emergency medicine physicians, clinical protocols for evaluation and documentation of injured children, and regular continuing medical education on child development and its implications on mechanisms of injury for clinicians practicing in acute care settings are needed changes that may bring about improvements.
Parameters of sugar preference in normal and heat-stressed chicks

(1971). Parameters of Sugar Preference in Normal and Heat-Stressed Chicks. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 177-185.
Diffusion Constants near the Critical Point for Time-Dependent Ising Models. III. Self-Diffusion Constant

Employing a time-dependent Ising model of the kind used in the preceding works of this series, we have studied the self-diffusion constant. In the local-equilibrium approximation, the self-diffusion constant is expressed in terms of certain equal-time spin correlation functions. At the critical point the self-diffusion constant is shown to have a finite value, and it is conjectured that it may have an infinite slope as a function of temperature at the critical point. The two relevant experiments are discussed.
Arylamidases in normal and diseased human muscle.

Abstract Human skeletal muscle homogenates were found to contain enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of β-naphthylamides of leucine, arginine and lysine, known substrates for neutral and basic arylamidases. They also contained a trace of activity towards α-aspartyl-β-naphthylamide. The muscle arylamidases were found to be inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate, Hg2+ and puromycin. Leucyl, arginyl and lysysl arylamidases were slightly activated by cobalt ions. When compared to controls, no significant differences in muscle arylamidase activities were observed in patients with muscular dystrophies and certain denervating diseases.
Revision of Jaegeria (Compositae-Heliantheae)

The genusJaegeria consists of a diploid-polyploid complex of eight species found in moist habitats from Mexico to South America. The distributions, habitats, generic affinities, and tribal placement are discussed. Chromosome numbers were determined for all species exceptJ. axillaris, which is known only from Colombia.J. glabra andJ. pedunculata are diploid (2n = 18) ;J. hirta, J. macrocephala, J. gracilis, andJ. crassa are tetraploid (2n = 36) ;J. bellidiflora is octoploid (2n = 72). One Galapagos Island endemic,J. gracilis, is quite similar to the common mainland species,J. hirta, but the other endemic,J. crassa, is quite distinct from any other species.J. bellidijlora is most similar morphologically toJ. glabra;J. macrocephala is allied toJ. pedunculata. J. axillaris is somewhat distinct from the other species.
The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 3 of a peach isolate of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus.

Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 3 of the PE-5 peach isolate of Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV) was obtained from cloned cDNA. The RNA sequence is 1941 nucleotides and contains two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF 1 consisted of 284 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 31,729 Da and ORF 2 contained 224 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 25,018 Da. ORF 2 corresponds to the coat protein gene. Expression of ORF 2 engineered into a pTrcHis vector in Escherichia coli results in a fusion polypeptide of approximately 28 kDa which crossreacts with PNRSV polyclonal antiserum. Analysis of the coat protein amino acid sequence reveals a putative "zinc-finger" domain at the amino-terminal portion of the protein. Two tetranucleotide AUGC motifs occur in the 3′-UTR of the RNA and may function in coat protein binding and genome activation. ORF 1 homologies to other ilarviruses and alfalfa mosaic virus are confined to limited regions of conserved amino acids. The translated amino acid sequence of the coat protein gene shows 92% similarity to one isolate of apple mosaic virus, a closely related member of the ilarvirus group of plant viruses, but only 66% similarity to the amino acid sequence of the coat protein gene of a second isolate. These relationships are also reflected at the nucleotide sequence level. These results in one instance confirm the close similarities observed at the biophysical and serological levels between these two viruses, but on the other hand call into question the nomenclature used to describe these viruses.
Design and analysis of photonic crystal for performance enhancement of carbon nanotube based infrared sensors

The photonic crystals of parylene and silicon dielectric media for infrared light localization are analyzed in this paper. The Bloch's theorem is adopted to calculate the infrared light transmission in two-dimensional photonic crystal. First, the band gap diagrams for photonic crystal of parylene and silicon are calculated and compared respectively. It is revealed that the photonic crystal of parylene rods in air has a bigger band gap for TM than that for TE mode. In the photonic crystal of air hole in dielectric slab, the stop band width for TE mode is bigger than that for TM wave, and the band gap of silicon photonic crystal is more obvious than that of parylene slab. The energy distribution and boundary condition of electrical field in the interface of dielectric media are considered to be responsible for the reason of the band gap differences for TE and TM wave. Second, the band gap vs. air hole radius of parylene and silicon photonic crystal is obtained, which shows the relationship of stop band width vs. air hole radius. Third, the infrared light localization in point defect is found, and the electrical field profiles for both parylene and silicon photonic crystals are shown. The central point defect in photonic crystal acts as a resonant cavity to confine infrared light and reach high photon density. Finally, the energy confinement efficiency vs. lattice arrangement of photonic crystal is calculated, which can be useful for photonic crystal design and fabrication.
Airborne observations of aerosol extinction by in situ and remote-sensing techniques: Evaluation of particle hygroscopicity

[1] Extensive profiling of aerosol optical, chemical, and microphysical properties was performed in the Washington DC/Baltimore MD region in July 2011 during NASA DISCOVER-AQ. In situ extinction coefficient (σext,in-situ) measurements were made aboard the NASA P3-B aircraft coincident with remote-sensing observations by the High-Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL; σext,HSRL) aboard the NASA UC-12 aircraft. A statistical comparison revealed good agreement within instrumental uncertainty (σext,in-situ = 1.1 σext,HSRL − 3.2 Mm−1, r2 = 0.88) and demonstrated the robust nature of hygroscopicity measurements (f(RH)) necessary to correct observations at dry relative humidity (RH) to ambient conditions. The average liquid-water contribution to ambient visible-light extinction was as much as 43% in this urban region. f(RH) values were observed to vary significantly from 1.1 to 2.1 on a day-to-day basis suggesting influence from both local and transported sources. Results emphasize the importance of accounting for the RH dependence of optical- and mass-based aerosol air-quality measurements (e.g., of PM2.5), especially in relation to satellite and remote-sensing retrievals.
Cerebellar Purkinje cell activity drives motor learning

The climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex is thought to provide instructive signals that drive the induction of motor skill learning. We found that optogenetic activation of Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, can also drive motor learning in mice. This dual control over the induction of learning by climbing fibers and Purkinje cells can expand the learning capacity of motor circuits.
Effect of elastic end rings on the eigenfrequencies of thin cylinders

The effect of elastic end rings on the eigenfrequencies of thin cylindrical shells is studied by using an exact solution of the linear eigenvalue problem. The out-of-plane and torsional rigidities of the rings are responsible for the overall shell stiffness. Considerable mode interaction exists for modes with low circumferential wave numbers when the mass of the ring is comparable with that of the shell. The hypothetical simply supported and clamped boundary conditions are practically impossible to realize with a finite-mass ring for relatively short and thin shells.
Mobilizing versus chasing: how do parties target voters in election campaigns?

Abstract How do parties target voters? Surprisingly, none of the major approaches to the election process—spatial models, alignment studies, and party organization studies—directly examine the goals of parties. The main purpose of this paper is (1) to suggest that the three strands in the electoral politics literature raise several important issues for parties' election campaigns; (2) to develop a theoretical framework which may be used to examine parties' targeting strategies.
Value of immunocytochemistry in the study of malignant effusions

Recognition of malignant effusion relies heavily on cytologic examination despite the difficulty of distinguishing atypical mesothelial hyperplasia from metastatic carcinoma. The combination of CEA, EMA, vimentin, keratin, high-molecular-weight cytokeratin (HMWK), low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (LMWK), and Alcian blue was tested in 51 cytologic specimens of pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial effusions. These showed metastatic carcinoma in 38 cases (ovary, 14; lung, 8; breast, 7; GI, 4; endometrium, 4; bladder, 1) and mesothelial processes in 13 (hyperplasia, 9; mesothelioma, 4). Strong positivity for EMA (92%), CEA (90%), and Alcian blue (71 %) was noted in metastatic carcinoma but not in the mesothelial processes. Keratin was positive in all cases of mesothelioma but occurred also in mesothelial hyperplasias (44%) and metastatic carcinomas (47%). In mesothelial cells, HMWK was consistently stronger than LMWK, whereas in adenocarcinoma the reverse was true. There was no difference in the degree or distribution of positivity of any of the markers among the various primary sites of the neoplasms. Our findings are consistent with the view that immunocytochemistry with a battery of antibodies is useful in the recognition of malignant effusions but cannot, as yet, determine the site of origin of metastatic neoplasms.
Optimal asset mix and its link to changing fundamental factors

T he optimal asset mix that maximizes overall return while minimizing risk depends critically on the assumed individual asset returns and their volatility over some extended period of time. In addition, crosscorrelations of returns are important. Generally, these summary statistics are based on some long-run historical experience (such as forty years), which tends to blur the impact of distinct economic environments that can last for eight to fifteen years. One important issue is the sensitivity of the optimal asset mix to the choice of time period. Another issue concerns the required shift in the optimal asset mix when it is funded by longerterm liabilities. Such funding necessitates accounting for the variability of the liabilities as well as asset returns. This issue is particularly relevant for insurance companies and pension funds, whose liabilities are both long-lived and sensitive to the general level of interest rates. This article analyzes the impact of changing fundamental factors and the impact of the variability of liabilities on the optimal asset mix.
Characterization of Neutrophilic Fe(II)-Oxidizing Bacteria Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Wetland Plants and Description of Ferritrophicum radicicola gen. nov. sp. nov., and Sideroxydans paludicola sp. nov.

Iron deposits (Fe plaque) on wetland plant roots contain abundant microbial populations, including Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) that have not been cultured previously. In this study, 4 strains of Fe plaque-associated FeOB were isolated from 4 species of wetland plants. All 4 isolates grew in tight association with Fe-oxides, but did not form any identifiable Fe-oxide structures. All strains were obligate lithotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizers that were microaerobic, and were unable to use other inorganic or organic energy sources. One strain, BrT, was shown to fix 14 CO 2 at a rate consistent with its requirement for total cell carbon. The doubling times for the strains varied between 9.5 and 15.8 hours. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of 2 strains, BrT and CCJ, revealed that 16:0, 15:1 isoG, and 14:0 were dominant fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that all the strains were Betaproteobacteria. Two of the strains, BrT and Br-1 belong to a new species, Sideroxydans pal...
Clinical applications of digital 2-D and 3-D radiography for the periodontist.

Abstract Context: Although there has been rapid development of imaging technology within dentistry, there has been limited evidence-based research documenting the benefits of digital radiography. Evidence: We searched MEDLINE for relevant studies and review papers demonstrating clinical applications, limitations, and advancements within digital radiography. Evidence Synthesis: Two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D digital radiography has become a powerful diagnostic tool for simple and complex procedures, including implant reconstruction. Recent advancements have reduced radiation exposure, increased resolution, and improved detection capabilities of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) sensors. The current review summarizes such advances and outlines advanced CBCT implant-planning techniques. Conclusions: While evidence-based research grows, the logistic, diagnostic, and planning improvements of 2-D and 3-D digital radiography are irrefutable with the potential to supplant conventional techniques.
Numerical simulation of three-dimensional transonic turbulent projectile aerodynamics by TVD schemes

The two-dimensional symmetric TVD scheme proposed by Yee has been extended to and investigated for three-dimensional thin-layer Navier-Stokes simulation of complex aerodynamic problems. An existing three-dimensional Navier-stokes code based on the beam and warming algorithm is modified to provide an option of using the TVD algorithm and the flow problem considered is a transonic turbulent flow past a projectile with sting at ten-degree angle of attack. Numerical experiments conducted for three flow cases, free-stream Mach numbers of 0.91, 0.96 and 1.20 show that the symmetric TVD algorithm can provide surface pressure distribution in excellent agreement with measured data; moreover, the rate of convergence to attain a steady state solution is about two times faster than the original beam and warming algorithm.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa homologs of hemC and hemD are linked to the gene encoding the regulator of mucoidy AlgR

The algD gene encodes NAD-linked GDPmannose dehydrogenase, which is essential for the mucoid phenotype, an important virulence factor expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. AlgR, a response regulator controlling mucoidy, is required for high level expression of algD. Inactivation of algR completely abrogates algD expression while mutations immediately downstream of algR affect induction of the algD promoter. In order to examine the nature of genetic elements located downstream of algR, the complete nucleotide sequence of this region was determined. This analysis revealed the presence of two newly identified P. aeruginosa genes with predicted gene products homologous to known porphobilinogen deaminases (HemC) from other organisms, and uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase (HemD) from Escherichia coli. The concerted action of both of these enzymes is essential for the synthesis of heme precursors. Mutations within the region containing the P. aeruginosa homologs of hemC and hemD affect algD promoter activity during growth on nitrate. Furthermore, transcriptional analyses indicated that hemC was cotranscribed with algR at detectable levels in mucoid cells. These results suggest a link between physiological processes dependent on heme and conditions conducive to algD expression and mucoidy.
Viruses in surface and drinking waters

Abstract Over 114 different human enteric viruses are known. They are all excreted into sewage, and opportunities exist for them to find their way into water distribution systems. The characteristics of the illnesses caused by enteric viruses make their transmission by water difficult to recognize. Methods are not available for isolating all of the enteric viruses from water, so that finding any type of human virus in drinking water is an indication that other types may also be present. With improvements in technology, our laboratory has recently been able to detect group B coxsackieviruses, rotaviruses, and hepatitis A virus in chlorinated drinking water. At present, there are no uniform methods for concentrating, isolating, and identifying viruses in water. Emphasis should be placed on seeking uniformity in methods so that standards can be set for viruses in water.
Abstract 1215: Loss of PTEN expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas.

Purpose: Previously we have reported PIK3CA gene mutations in high-grade intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). However, the contribution of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway (PI3K) deregulation to pancreatic carcinogenesis is not fully understood and its prognostic value unknown. Here we conducted a comprehensive examination of the PI3K signaling pathway to gain an understanding of the extent of its deregulation in IPMN and the potential impact on clinical outcomes. Experimental Design: Thirty-six IPMN specimens were evaluated for the E542K and E545K (exon 9), and H1047R (exon 20) hot-spot mutations in the PIK3CA gene and E17K mutation in the AKT1 gene using novel mutant-enriched sequencing methods. PIK3CA and AKT1 gene amplifications and PTEN loss of heterozygosity (LOH) were also investigated. In addition, the expression levels of 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1/PDK1), PTEN/MMAC phosphatase and Ki67 proliferation marker were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the samples. Results: Derangements at genetic level of at least one member of the PI3K pathway was detected in 18 of the 36 (50 %). Three of the 36 (8.3 %) IPMN cases carried the E17K mutation in the AKT1 gene and one case carried the H1047R mutation in the PIK3CA gene. PDK1 was significantly overexpressed in the IPMC (15/17; 88 %) vs IPMN (5/19; 26 %) (p = 0.000) and in intestinal and pancreatic-type of IPMN than gastric-type of IPMN (p = 0.015). PDK1 overexpression was also associated with higher proliferation index by Ki67 staining (p = 0.044). Loss of PTEN expression strongly correlated to reduced survival in this group of IPMN patients (p = 0.014). Conclusion: This is the first study showing AKT1 activating mutation in this subtype of pancreatic cancer using a novel mutant-enriched method. Our data, when combined with previous reports, indicate that oncogenic activation of the PI3K pathway involving PIK3CA and AKT1 genes mutations or aberrant expression of its members, in particular loss of PTEN expression and overexpression of PDK1 is a frequent event and can contribute to the progression of IPMNs. This finding suggests the potential employment of target therapies aiming at the PI3K signaling pathway for IPMN patients. More importantly, the incorporation of PTEN expression status in making surgical decisions for IPMN patients may have significant clinical impacts and should warrant further investigations. Citation Format: Dario Garcia-Carracedo, Andrew T. Turk, Stuart Fine, Nathan Akhavan, Benjamin C. Tweel, Ramon E. Parsons, John A. Chabot, John D. Allendorf, Helen Remotti, Gloria H. Su. Loss of PTEN expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1215. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1215
Scale-Up Tests of High Regression Rate Paraffin-Based Hybrid Rocket Fuels

Recent research at Stanford University has led to the identification of a class of paraffin-based fuels that burn at surface regression rates that are three to four times that of conventional hybrid fuels. The approach involves the use of materials that form a thin, hydrodynamically unstable liquid layer on the melting surface of the fuel. Entrainment of droplets from the liquid-gas interface substantially increases the rate of fuel mass transfer, leading to much higher surface regression rates than can be achieved with conventional polymeric fuels. Thus, high regression rate is a natural attribute of the fuel material, and the use of oxidizing additives or other regression rate enhancement schemes is not required. The high regression rate hybrid removes the need for a complex multiport grain, and most applications up to large boosters can be designed with a single port configuration. The fuel contains no toxic or hazardous components and can be shipped by commercial freight as a nonhazardous commodity. At the present time, grains up to 0.19 m [19.1 cm (7.5 in.)] in diameter and 1.14 m [114.8 cm (45.2 in.)] long are fabricated in a general-purpose laboratory at Stanford University. To further demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, a series of scale-up tests with gaseous oxygen have been carried out using a new Hybrid Combustion Facility (HCF) at NASA Ames Research Center. Data from these tests are in agreement with the small-scale, low-pressure, and low mass flux laboratory tests at Stanford University and confirm the high regression rate behavior of the fuels at chamber pressures and mass fluxes representative of commercial applications.
Effects of lipid intermediates, lyso-glycerophospholipids and detergents on arachidonate transfer to 1-acyl-glycerophospholipids by brain synaptosomes.

Abstract 1. 1. The enzyme catalyzed transfer of arachidonate to l-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-acyl-GPC) and to l-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol (1-acyl-GPI) in mouse brain synaptosomes was inhibited by a series of 1-acyl-glycerophospholipids and other lipid derivatives. 2. 2. The inhibition caused by 1-acyl-glycerophospholipids was of the competitive type and with l-acyl-GPC and 1-acyl-GPI as inhibitors, the inhibition constants were approximately the same as the respective Km values determined separately for the individual 1-acyl-glycerophospholipids. However, most inhibition by the various lipids was incomplete even at high concentrations. 3. 3. A series of detergents were also found to affect the rate of the acyl transfer reaction with both inhibition and stimulation being observed. 4. 4. These results relate to the regulation of the acyltransferase reaction and may apply to other systems where the enzyme is membrane-bound and active with amphiphilic substrates.
To Begin at the Beginning: Determining Priorities for Pediatric Palliative Care Fast Facts with a Modified Delphi Study (TH346-A)

Discuss the Fast Fact topics that pediatric palliative care physicians and pediatric residency program directors agree are most important for the education of pediatric interns. Original Research Background: Palliative care Fast Facts—a collection of concise educational summaries on palliative care topics— enhance knowledge of internal medicine residents. There is no existing database of pediatric palliative care Fast Facts and no agreement on the core topics for which these summaries are needed. Research Objectives: To determine the core topics for pediatric palliative care Fast Facts for the pediatric intern. Methods: of experts on an issue where none previously existed. We surveyed expert pediatric palliative care physicians and expert pediatric residency program directors to reach consensus on the highest yield topics for pediatric Fast Facts for the pediatric intern. In the first round survey, experts rated (1-5 Likert scale) a list of 93 pediatric palliative care topics identified via literature review to indicate the top Fast Facts that should be written for the pediatric intern and suggested additional topics. Topics were categorized
Nucleotides Reveal Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Activity from Conventionally Purified GroEL

GroEL, as conventionally purified, can be incubated with nucleotides to produce high molecular weight material with an absorption maximum at 260 nm. This material is most clearly demonstrated when samples are subjected to gel filtration under conditions where GroEL is monomeric. There is a time-dependent increase in the high molecular weight material that occurs on incubation with ADP or, more slowly, with ATP. This material is generated during incubation, and none is present in the initial samples. Experiments with nucleases, proteases, radiolabeled nucleotides, and chemical cleavage reagents demonstrate that the high molecular weight material is polyadenylic acid whose formation is inhibited by phosphate. These results are consistent with the GroEL samples containing polynucleotide phosphorylase activity. Nondenaturing gels stained with acridine orange, after incubation in ADP, reveal that the activity producing the poly(A) coelectrophoreses with authentic polynucleotide phosphorylase. Conditions that remove the tryptophan-like fluorescence from preparations of GroEL also remove the PNPase activity. Thus, this activity is not associated with GroEL itself. The results are consistent with reports that GroEL can associate with RNase E and with other studies showing that RNase E and PNPase can form complexes. Thus, the present experiments support suggestions that GroEL can participate in multiprotein complexes that are involved in mRNA processing and degradation.
Lateral approach to the popliteal and crural vessels for limb salvage

Abstract Twenty-one patients underwent 23 bypasses for limb salvage via a lateral approach with subcutaneous graft tunneling. The reasons for utilizing a lateral approach were medial infection (10 bypasses), scarring from previous surgery (six), limited vein length available (three), prior local radiotherapy (two) and ‘high risk’ groin (two). The target artery was the anterior tibial in 16 cases, the peroneal in three, the above-knee popliteal in three and the dorsalis pedis in one. The median (range) follow-up was 22 (
Development of an electroosmotic pump for high performance actuation

Abstract Electroosmotic pumps have been used in a variety of applications, typically for systems that require very low flow rates and/or pressures. The objective of this work was to develop an electroosmotic pump capable of driving a high mechanical advantage actuator that could generate large block stresses and large strains, requiring actuation pressures in excess of 0.1 MPa with flow rates on the order of 0.1 mL/s. Experiments were performed using inorganic silica and alumina membranes with different pore size. Data were obtained over a range of solution ionic strength, with results compared to model calculations developed from numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes and Poisson–Boltzmann equations. These results were used to construct a multi-stage electroosmotic pump capable of providing the desired flow rates and pressures. This multi-stage pump design was sufficiently flexible to allow adaptation to a variety of applications.
Regulation of ATP‐sensitive potassium channel function by protein kinase A‐mediated phosphorylation in transfected HEK293 cells

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels regulate insulin secretion, vascular tone, heart rate and neuronal excitability by responding to transmitters as well as the internal metabolic state. KATP channels are composed of four pore-forming α-subunits (Kir6.2) and four regulatory β-subunits, the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1, SUR2A or SUR2B). Whereas protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of serine 372 of Kir6.2 has been shown biochemically by others, we found that the phosphorylation of T224 rather than S372 of Kir6.2 underlies the catalytic subunits of PKA (c-PKA)- and the D1 dopamine receptor-mediated stimulation of KATP channels expressed in HEK293 cells. Specific changes in the kinetic properties of channels treated with c-PKA, as revealed by single-channel analysis, were mimicked by aspartate substitution of T224. The T224D mutation also reduced the sensitivity to ATP inhibition. Alteration of channel gating and a decrease in the apparent affinity for ATP inhibition thus underlie the positive regulation of KATP channels by PKA phosphorylation of T224 in Kir6.2, which may represent a general mechanism for KATP channel regulation in different tissues.
Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of propoxycarbazone-sodium in ALS-inhibitor resistant Bromus tectorum biotypes

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of propoxycarbazone-sodium in acetolactate synthase-inhibitor resistant (AR and MR) and susceptible (AS and MS) Bromus tectorum biotypes. Absorption and translocation of l4 C-propoxycarbazone-sodium were similar in all biotypes. One major and three minor metabolites were identified using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. In all biotypes, 80% of the propoxycarbazone-sodium was metabolized by 72 h after treatment (HAT). However, propoxycarbazone-sodium was metabolized more rapidly in the MR biotype than in the other biotypes. The half-life of propoxycarbazone-sodium in the MR biotype was 8.9 h, which was 30, 36, and 40% shorter than in the AS, AR, and MS biotypes, respectively. When 14 C-propoxycarbazone-sodium was applied with 1-aminobenzotriazole, a known cytochrome P450 inhibitor, metabolism decreased 20% 12 HAT in the MR biotype. These results indicate that resistance of the MR biotype to propoxycarbazone-sodium is due to a relatively rapid rate of propoxycarbazone-sodium metabolism compared to other B. tectorum biotypes and that cytochrome P450s may be involved in the metabolism. The fact that these populations evolved so quickly and with different resistance mechanisms is a concern as more ALS inhibitors are introduced into the production systems.
Action spectrum for the in vitro induction of simian virus 40 by ultraviolet radiation

Abstract A line of simian virus 40-transformed hamster kidney cells was exposed to ultraviolet radiation at eleven different wavelengths in the region 238–302 nm. An action spectrum derived from the resulting exposure-response curves for the induction of simian virus 40 from these cells exhibits a broad peak in the region 260–270 nm suggesting DNA as the major chromophore for this response. This conclusion is consistent with results obtained by other investigators who have noted viral induction by a number of DNA-damaging agents.
Endoscopic imaging: emerging optical techniques for the detection of colorectal neoplasia.

Purpose of review Advances in bioengineering have spawned various imaging modalities which have revolutionized endoscopy. Some of these technologies provide real-time, high-resolution, subcellular imaging. This review provides an update on these technologies and their role in the evaluation of colorectal neoplasia. Recent findings Narrow band imaging has been shown to visualize capillary patterns in early cancer and is complementary to magnification endoscopy. Optical coherence tomography has been used to evaluate neoplastic progression and distinguish Crohn's from ulcerative colitis. Confocal endomicroscopy has been shown to accurately predict neoplastic changes in polyps and identify areas of neoplasia in patients with colitis. Among the spectroscopic techniques, autofluorescence is best studied in the colon and has been used to identify adenomas and dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Endocytoscopy is a relatively new technology but shows promise in distinguishing neoplastic lesions. Summary Recently a number of imaging technologies have arisen that have the potential to enhance our detection of colorectal neoplasia. Several of these, such as autofluorescent imaging and narrow band imaging, are 'red flag' techniques which enhance our visualization of mucosal change(s). Complementary technologies, such as confocal endomicroscopy and endocytoscopy, provide subcellular imaging. Combined with a 'red flag' technique, these may transform our approach to colonoscopy, allowing the real-time detection and diagnosis of neoplasia.
Bottom Organisms in Fertilized and Unfertilized Fish Ponds in Alabama

Abstract A study was made of two experimental fish ponds located at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Auburn, Alabama. Bottom samples were taken from June to November, 1940, in a 1.5-acre fertilized pond and in a 1.8 acre unfertilized pond. Two methods of sampling were used, the Petersen dredge method and the stove-pipe method. The latter method consistently gave a better quantitative sample than the former. The fertilized pond produced 382.9 pounds of fish per acre; the unfertilized pond produced 147.1 pounds per acre. The area of the fertilized pond was reduced two-thirds of its original size during the fall drought, causing a tremendous concentration of bottom organisms. The weight of bottom organisms in the fertilized pond during a 5-month period was 68.27 milligrams of dry organic matter per square foot, and for the unfertilized pond the average was 19.62 milligrams. The plankton samples for the same period contained an average weight of 5.81 milligrams per liter in the fertilized pond, and an a...
Limb salvage after infrainguinal bypass graft failure.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome of patients in whom an infrainguinal bypass graft failed. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass grafting in a single institution over 8 years. Results Six hundred thirty-one infrainguinal bypass grafts were placed in 578 limbs in 503 patients during the study period. The indication for surgery was limb-threatening ischemia in 533 patients (85%); nonautologous conduits were used in 259 patients (41%), and 144 (23%) were repeat operations. After a mean follow-up of 28 ± 1 months (median, 23 months; range, 0-99 months), 167 grafts (26%) had failed secondarily. The rate of limb salvage in patients with graft failure was poor, only 50% ± 5% at 2 years after failure. The 2-year limb salvage rate depended on the initial indication for bypass grafting: 100% in patients with claudication (n = 16), 55% ± 8% in patients with rest pain (n = 49), and 34% ± 6% in patients with tissue loss (n = 73; P 2 years, n=15; P = .04). Multivariate analysis revealed shorter patency interval before failure ( P = .006), use of warfarin sodium (Coumadin) postoperatively ( P = .006), and infrapopliteal distal anastomosis ( P = .01) as significant predictors for ultimate limb loss. Conclusion The overall prognosis for limb salvage in patients with failed infrainguinal bypass grafts is poor, particularly in patients with grafts placed because of tissue loss and those with early graft failure.
Patterns of failure for glioblastoma multiforme following limited-margin radiation and concurrent temozolomide.

Background: To analyze patterns of failure in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treated with limited-margin radiation therapy and concurrent temozolomide. We hypothesize that patients treated with margins in accordance with Adult Brain Tumor Consortium guidelines (ABTC) will demonstrate patterns of failure consistent with previous series of patients treated with 2– 3c m margins. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients treated at the University of Alabama at Birmingham for GBM between 2000 and 2011. Ninety-five patients with biopsy-proven disease and documented disease progression after treatment were analyzed. The initial planning target volume includes the T1-enhancing tumor and surrounding edema plus a 1 cm margin. The boost planning target volume includes the T1-enhancing tumor plus a 1 cm margin. The tumors were classified as in-field, marginal, or distant if greater than 80%, 20-80%, or less than 20% of the recurrent volume fell within the 95% isodose line, respectively. Results: The median progression-free survival from the time of diagnosis to documented failure was 8 months (range 3–46). Of the 95 documented recurrences, 77 patients (81%) had an in-field component of treatment failure, 6 (6%) had a marginal component, and 27 (28%) had a distant component. Sixty-three patients (66%) demonstrated in-field only recurrence. Conclusions: The low rate of marginal recurrence suggests that wider margins would have little impact on the pattern of failure, validating the use of limited margins in accordance ABTC guidelines.
Mortality of Men versus Women in Comparable High-level Jobs: 15-Year Experience in the Federal Women's Study

The authors investigated exposure to high-level occupations in relation to the well-known survival advantage of women compared with men of the same age. Women in the federal workforce in positions of General Schedule 14 and above in 1979--1993 (n = 4,727) were each matched with three men (n = 14,181) by age, General Schedule level, and supervisory role. Fifteen-year mortality rates were compared between men and women and against expected 15-year mortality from the US general population. Despite similar job demands, women experienced markedly lower 15-year mortality than did men. However, men in these positions had nearly 50% lower mortality compared with age-matched men in the general population; the comparable reduction for women was 38%. The simultaneous substantial, but unequal by gender, improvement in mortality resulted in a reduced male/female mortality ratio, from 1.67 in the general population to 1.40. The reduced male/female mortality ratio was especially prominent for cancer and was not evident for heart disease mortality. Survival was nominally higher in non-White than in White participants. In summary, high-level employment is associated with substantially reduced mortality in both men and women. The relative improvement in survival is greater in men despite a comparable reduction in risk of heart disease mortality by gender.
Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Children

Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an effective way of preventing future cases of tuberculosis disease. We review pediatric and adult studies of LTBI treatment (isoniazid and rifampin monotherapy, isoniazid plus rifampin, isoniazid plus rifapentine, and rifampin plus pyrazinamide). Based upon this review and our pediatric experience, we can offer recommendations for routine (isoniazid) and alternative courses of therapy.
Demonstration of cascadability and phase regeneration of SOA-based all-optical DPSK wavelength converters

We experimentally demonstrate cascadable regeneration of 10Gb/s DPSK signals by using a two-fold cascade of SOA-based wavelength converters. No additional power penalty and 3dB OSNR improvement are observed between 1 and 2 hops.
Human–porcine receptor–ligand compatibility within the immune system: relevance for xenotransplantation

Immune responses to xenografts are likely to be highly dependent on the efficiency of molecular interactions between the donor and the recipient species. This brief review summarizes what is currently known about the compatibilities across the human-porcine species barrier of the molecular interactions that are important in the immune response.
Models for dielectric relaxation of biopolymers: Myoglobin in aqueous solution, a five dispersion fit

The dielectric relaxation spectrum of 20% aqueous solutions of myoglobin is reported for frequencies between 10 kHz and 4 GHz and temperatures between 4° and 50°C. Nonlinear regression analysis suggests the best representation of the results to be given by a model comprising five simple Debye dispersions. Two at lower frequencies are associated with the overall reorientational motion of the protein and two at higher frequencies are associated with motion of the water. The fifth, at intermediate frequencies and of small amplitude, may possibly be associated, although not unequivocally, with motional relaxation of the protein side chains. The results suggest the activation energy for the bound water relaxation to be near 5 kcal-mol−1 — a value somewhat lower than literature values for other similar systems.
Cocaine down-regulates IL-2-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte IL-8 and IFN-gamma production.

Abstract Cocaine has multiple immunomodulatory effects, including the ability to influence cytokine release in immunoeffector cells. Little is known, however, regarding the effects of cocaine on cytokine production by human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The effect of cocaine on PBL cytokine profiles and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the modulation of cytokine mRNA expression were investigated. To evaluate the effects of cocaine on cytokine production, conditioned supernatant from IL-2-stimulated PBL was evaluated by cytokine-specific ELISA (IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TGF-β) following in vitro cocaine exposure. Cocaine abrogated the IL-2-induced production of IFN-γ and IL-8 in a dose-responsive manner. Cocaine also decreased PBL IFN-γ and IL-8 mRNA expression as determined by Northern blot and slot blot analysis. Cocaine did not affect the stability of the IFN-γ and IL-8 mRNA. Nuclear run-on assays revealed that cocaine down-regulated the rate of IFN-γ and IL-8 transcription. These findings suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of cocaine may be mediated, in part, by modification of lymphocyte cytokine production.
The Effects of Social Support and School Placement on the Self—Concept of LD Students

The effects of two types of environmental influences on the self-concept of LD students were examined: social support and school placement. The 51 children and adolescents who participated in the study were receiving LD services in self-contained classes or resource rooms, or had been diagnosed as learning disabled but were not yet receiving services. Social support and self-concept were assessed using two self-report measures developed by Harter (1985). Students with higher levels of perceived social support were found to score higher in general self-worth, athletic competence, scholastic competence, and behavioral conduct than students with fewer social supports. In addition, support from classmates was the most important predictor of high self-concept. School placement was not found to be related to self-concept. The findings of this study suggest that future research needs to examine the social contextual factors that may foster positive self-concepts in LD students.
Water, Potassium, Sodium, and Chloride in Nutrition

Water, potassium, sodium, and chloride play key roles in health. Each nutrient has a physiologic role, homeostatic balance, and relationship to disease when ingested in inappropriate amounts. Adequate intake of water helps maintain circulating volume and prevent impairments in cognition and exercise capacity due to dehydration. Potassium is needed to maintain electrochemical gradients across cellular membranes; adequate intake from dietary sources can reduce blood pressure, bone demineralization, and formation of kidney stones. Sodium and chloride also impact membrane potential as the principal extracellular ions. When taken in excess, sodium increases blood pressure and cardiovascular risk in salt-sensitive populations such as older persons and African Americans. Education and policy measures to promote appropriate intakes of water, potassium, and sodium can translate into population-wide health benefits.
‘The warrior has always shewed himself greater than his weapons’: the Royal Navy’s interpretation of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5

During the Russo-Japanese War, British naval attaches serving with the Japanese produced a series of reports on both technical and cultural aspects of the conflict. In seeking to explain the Japanese successes, the attaches compared and contrasted their hosts with themselves, Royal Navy and Britain more generally. These reports offer a rare insight of the cultural preconceptions of Royal Navy officers prior to the First World War, presenting explicitly the norms and beliefs that served to unite the service. Recovering these collective understandings helps to illuminate the decision-making processes that took place within the Royal Navy both prior to and during the First World War.