cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Three-Dimensional Inviscid Effects in Turbomachinery Using Simple Models

The general objective of the investigation reported in this paper is to obtain a reliable understanding of the three-dimensional inviscid effects in axial flow turbomachinery. The calculation is based on the method of distributed singularities. The baldes are represented by a series of line vortices and line sources which have their axes along the radial direction and are arranged along the blade mean camber surface. The basic perturbed velocity fields due to radial vortex lines of constant strength and radial source lines of variable strength are computed from a modified theory based on Tyson’s and Rossow’s formulation. Examples illustrating the three-dimensional effects due to hub/tip ratio, stagger angle, and number of blades are carried out. The effects of the radial variation of the strength of the radial source line are examined. The three-dimensional effects are found to be appreciable for a low hub/tip configuration with small number of blades.
CMP-KDO synthetase: overproduction and application to the synthesis of CMP-KDO and analogs.

Abstract CTP:CMP-3-deoxy- manno -octulosonate cytidylyltransferase (CMP-KDO synthetase, EC 2.7.7.38) has been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli . The structure gene was amplified from the total DNA of E coli K-235 through the primer-directed polymerase chain reaction. The gene was then cloned into lambda ZAP vector at the EcoRI and XbaI restriction sites and overexpressed in E coli Sure strain at a level approximately 400 times as much as that produced in the host strain. Application of the enzyme to the synthesis of cytidine 5′-monophospho-3-deoxy- d - manno -2-octulosonic acid (CMP-KDO) and analogs was studied. Of several KDO analogs tested, 5-fluoro-2-keto-3,5-dideoxyoctulosonic acid (5-FKDO) was found to be a good substrate of the enzyme, and the product (CMP-5-FKDO) was prepared and characterized, representing the first stable CMP-KDO analog prepared enzymatically to date. The natural enzyme product, CMP-KDO, was however quite unstable ( t 1 2 ≈ 19 min , in 50 mM MgCl 2 0.2 M Tris buffer, pH 9.0). A mechanism for the decomposition of CMP-KDO involving the hydrogen bonding interactions between the OH groups of C-5 and C-7 (and/or C-8) and the phosphate oxygens was proposed.
Rapid Infusion of a Loading Dose of Intravenous Levetiracetam With Minimal Dilution: A Safety Study

Intravenous antiepileptic drugs are required in patients needing urgent treatment or unable to take oral medication. The safety of intravenous levetiracetam has been established in prospective studies of adult epilepsy and healthy participants. The authors performed a prospective, single-center study to evaluate the safety of a rapid loading dose of intravenous levetiracetam. Patients were divided into 3 equal dosing groups (N = 15 each): 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg (corresponding to maximum doses of 1, 2, and 3 g). Electrocardiogram and safety assessment were performed during the infusion. Ages were 4 to 32 years. Postinfusion serum levetiracetam concentrations were 14 to 189 microg/mL. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, no local infusion site reactions, and no electrocardiogram abnormalities. The authors concluded that high serum levels of parenteral levetiracetam can be achieved rapidly and safely, in a small infusion volume. This finding has important implications for the treatment of status epilepticus.
Teleprocessing of nuclear medicine data: the use of a typewriter display system.

Abstract A teleprocessing system for use in nuclear medicine is discussed. Applications for static image processing are noted as well as dynamic processing such as curve fitting and compartmental analysis. The system consists of an IBM 2741 teleprocessing terminal and an experimental time-shared remote computer program. The desirable features include interactive communication, access to a powerful computer, and relative low cost. Disadvantages include the need for telephone lines and slow data transfer rates.
Heat capacities and phase transitions of 1,1,1-trihydroxymethylpropane and pentaerythritol over the superambient temperature range

Abstract The heat capacities of 1,1,1-trihydroxymethylpropane and pentaerythritol were measured over the superambient temperature range by means of an automated adiabatic calorimeter. The 1,1,1-trihydroxymethylpropane melted at 333.40 K with an enthalpy of fusion of 21.45 kJ mol −1 , while the pentaerythritol showed a solid-solid transition at 461.60 K with an enthalpy of transition of 41.38 kJ mol −1 .
Avoiding false positive findings in measuring nocturnal penile tumescence

Abstract The measurement and interpretation of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) studies depend on appropriate measurement techniques, knowledge of the conditions during which NPT was recorded. and a lack of preconceived notions about the relationship of penile circumference to penile rigidity. This case report illustrates several of the most common problems in the measurement and interpretation of NPT that could result in a false positive finding.
Elastic and hardness anisotropy and the indentation size effect of pyrite (FeS2) single crystal

Abstract The Knoop hardness of single crystal pyrite, FeS 2 , was investigated on the (1 1 1) and the (1 0 0) planes by indentation testing from 10 to 500 gf (0.10–4.90 N). An energy balance was applied to analyse the hardness and the indentation size effect (ISE). The hardness anisotropy is directly attributed to the anisotropy of the Young’s modulus ( E ). The isotropic force-independent hardness for these two planes are 962 kgf mm −2 (94.34 N mm −2 ) for the (1 1 1) plane and 900 kgf mm −2 (88.26 N mm −2 ) for the (1 0 0) plane. When the ISE is prevalent at low indentation test forces, the surface area to volume ratio of the indentation is high because a part of these phenomena is attributable to the friction between the indenter and the specimen.
Very low frequency surface enhanced Raman scattering

Abstract We have observed Raman spectra of a very low frequency mode involving surface adsorbed molecules. Scattering from this mode appears to be sensitive to adsorbate orientation. With pyrazine as the adsorbate, the frequency shifts with electrochemical voltage, possibly because of changes in orientation of the molecule on the surface. With pyridine as the adsorbate, we find that the frequency of the peak in the scattered light intensity increases linearly with excitation frequency, suggesting that light is resonantly scattered from the surface adsorbed species.
Visualizing real-time radio spectrum access with CORNET3D

Modern web technology enables the 3D portrayal of real-time data. WebSocket connections provide data over the web without the time-consuming overhead of HTTP requests. The server-side "push" paradigm is particularly useful for creating novel tools such as CORNET3D, where real-time 3D visualization is required. CORNET3D is an innovative Web3D interface to a research and education test bed for Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). Our system can drive several 2D and 3D portrayals of spectral data and radio performance metrics from a live, online system. The testbed can further integrate the data portrayals into a multi-user "serious game" to teach students about strategies for the optimal use of spectrum resources by providing them with real-time scoring based on their choices of radio transmission parameters. This paper describes the web service architecture and Webd3D front end for our DSA testbed, detailing new methods for spectrum visualization and the applications they enable.
Dopamine-Mediated Learning and Switching in Cortico-Striatal Circuit Explain Behavioral Changes in Reinforcement Learning

The basal ganglia (BG) are thought to play a crucial role in reinforcement learning. Central to the learning mechanism are dopamine D1 and D2 receptors located in the cortico-striatal synapses. However, it is still unclear how this dopamine-mediated synaptic plasticity is deployed and coordinated during reward-contingent behavioral changes. Here we propose a computational model of reinforcement learning that uses different thresholds of D1- and D2-mediated synaptic plasticity which are antagonized by dopamine-independent synaptic plasticity. A phasic increase in dopamine release caused by a larger-than-expected reward induces long-term potentiation (LTP) in the direct pathway, whereas a phasic decrease in dopamine release caused by a smaller-than-expected reward induces a cessation of long-term depression (LTD), leading to LTP in the indirect pathway. This learning mechanism can explain the robust behavioral adaptation observed in a location-reward-value-association task where the animal makes shorter latency saccades to rewarding locations. The changes in saccade latency become quicker as the monkey becomes more experienced. This behavior can be explained by a switching mechanism which activates the cortico-striatal circuit selectively. Our model can also simulate the effects of D1 and D2 receptor blockade, and behavioral changes in Parkinson’s disease.
Summer Grazing Strategies following Early-Season Grazing of Big Bluestem

Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) has a rapid growth phase that begins in early to mid-June in eastern Nebraska. During this rapid growth phase, rate of biomass accumulation exceeds intake rate of grazing livestock, resulting in low levels of harvest efficiency. To delay the rapid growth phase, big bluestem pasture can be grazed in mid- to late May without affecting herbage yields for the remainder of the growing season. A pasture experiment was conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 near Mead, NE. The objective was to determine the effect of timing and frequency of grazing big bluestem pasture, following a May grazing period, on cumulative pregrazing yields, cumulative herbage disappearance, resulting harvest efficiency, leaf/stem ratio, and stand persistence. Yield and morphological characteristics were obtained immediately before and after each grazing period, and basal cover of big bluestem was estimated annually. May grazing had no effect (P < 0.1) on cumulative pregrazing yields and resulted in an increase of cumulative herbage disappearance (3638 vs. 2673 kg ha -1 ) and leaf/stem ratio (2.02 vs. 2.83) compared with paddocks with no May grazing. Grazing at the vegetative stage in June compared with the elongation stage resulted in an increase in cumulative pregrazing yields (10774 vs. 9510 kg ha -1 ), cumulative herbage disappearance (4116 vs. 3194 kg ha -1 ), and leaf/stem ratios (2.57 vs. 1.98). Grazing at the elongation stage in June followed by a grazing period in early August is not an advisable management strategy.
Improvements in imaging in subarachnoid hemorrhage and identification of active bleeding.

here have been numerous advances in imaging techniques used in the evaluation of intracerebral bleeding T and aneurysms. Imaging technology has led to improved diagnosis of cerebral aneurysm, treatment planning, intraoperative assessment, diagnosis and management of complications, and prediction of outcome. It also has increased our understanding of physiology, including the detection of alterations in cerebral autoregulation, blood flow volume and direction, perfusion, and permeability of the blood brain barrier. Future advances in imaging may further develop our understanding of underlying pathophysiology and lead to better treatment options and outcomes.
Surface Application of Age Resisters to Cured Rubber vs. Mill Incorporation Prior to Cure

Abstract If the results of bomb aging, oven aging, and sunlight exposure are compared, one is led to the conclusion that the deterioration of rubber is a complex phenomenon. The relative effectiveness of the different deterioration inhibitors varies with the test applied. The rubber technologist is interested, not only in the protection afforded against heat deterioration, continued cure, oxidation of the rubber, deterioration caused by oxidized sulfur, or deterioration induced by sunlight; but also in properties such as the activation of accelerators giving rise to definite desirable types of vulcanizates, plasticizing or stiffening of the uncured stock, improved dispersion of the pigments, decreased scorching tendencies, elimination of surface tackiness caused by dry air cure, and prevention of flexure cracking in the cured product. Surface application may be effective with respect to all of the properties listed in the first group, but only mill incorporation can lend the advantages enumerated in both ...
Dependence of MOSFET noise parameters in n-channel MOSFETs on oxide thickness

Abstract The expression for the 1 f noise resistance Rn of a MOSFET at low drain bias contains the factor Id2/[gm(Vg-VT)]2, which is unity in the elementary MOSFET theory but can be considerably larger than unity in practical units. The number fluctuation model characterizes Rn further by the parameter [NT(Ef)]eff/ϵ and the mobility flucuation model introduces Hooge's parameter α. Measurements show that [NT(Ef)]eff/ϵ varies as t−2, α as t−1 and the mobility μ varies as t, where t is the oxide thickness. The dependence of Rn upon T is chiefly determined by the t-dependence of the factor Id2/[gm(Vg-VT)]2. Since the drain noise spectrum SId(f) is practically independent of t, it is a very useful parameter for characterizing the noise. All data are now mutually consistent.
Complex cases in shoulder surgery: What would you do?

Abstract Glenohumeral joint pathology presents a variety of challenges to the reconstructive shoulder surgeon. We present the following cases to illustrate fundamental concepts in the management of primary and revision shoulder conditions. For each case, surgical indications, treatment alternatives, emerging technologies, and relevant literature will be discussed.
Proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling during diapause entrance in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis.

Diapause is an alternate developmental pathway that is regulated by the neuroendocrine system in insects. To date, much of the information that has been published regarding the possible molecular events associated with diapause have been at the level of transcription. However, since transcription and translation are not linked in eukaryotic systems, a proteomics approach may represent a better tool to identify the gene products that regulate this period of developmental arrest. In this study, we performed gel-based proteomic and phospho-proteomic analyses to identify proteins that are differentially expressed or differentially phosphorylated in the brain during the initiation of pupal diapause in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. A total of 27 proteins and phosphoproteins were identified by LC–MS/MS, including 16 that were either upregulated or phosphorylated during diapause, including proteins that function in cellular defense, cell cycle inhibition and neuronal protection. Of equal importance, 11 proteins were identified that were either downregulated at the total protein level, or from nuclear fractions. These included proteins involved in cell proliferation, adult development and aging. These data provide potentially valuable insight into the regulation of insect dormancy as well as the general phenomenon of aging in eukaryotic systems.
Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for NADP-malic enzyme from leaves of Flaveria: transcript abundance distinguishes C3, C3-C4 and C4 photosynthetic types.

To study the control of enhanced synthesis of enzymes associated with C4 photosynthesis relative to non-C4 plants, we investigated the expression of NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) in different photosynthetic types ofFlaveria. Complementary DNA clones encoding NADP-ME were constructed using poly(A)+ RNA from leaves ofFlaveria trinervia (C4) andF. linearis (C3–C4) and identified by homology to a cDNA clone (500 bp) encoding NADP-ME from maize (Zea mays L. [39]). The sequence of one clone from each species was determined. TheFlaveria clones were 90% homologous over a 564 nucleotide region encoding the carboxy terminal end of the derived polypeptide; sequence similarity to the maize transcript in this region was 71%. BothFlaveria clones detected a 2/3 kb transcript by hybridization to poly(A)+ RNA from expanding leaves ofF. trinervia, F. linearis andF. pringlei (C3). The level of transcripts paralleled previously observed NADP-ME activity and abundance differences determined in these species, suggesting that control of the expression of NADP-ME in different photosynthetic types is predominantly at the transcriptional/post-transcriptional level. Southern analysis of genomic DNAs fromF. trinervia, F. linearis andF. pringlei indicated a low copy number for this gene in all three species.
The Band Structure of Si III and Ge III

Band structures have been calculated for the Si III and Ge III crystal structures, using a simple model Hamiltonian of tight binding type, with parameters appropriate to Ge. The calculations indicate, inter alia, that fivefold rings of bonds have important consequences for the band structure of a tetrahedrally bonded solid. Certain band edges are shifted if the structure contains many fivefold rings, as does Ge III. Current models for amorphous Si and Ge involve such rings, and it is suggested that if amorphous tetrahedrally bonded Sn could be made, the existence of a sufficient proportion of fivefold rings in the structure might result in this being a semiconductor with a sizeable gap (∼0.5 eV). Es werden Bandstrukturen fur die Si-III- und Ge-III-Kristallstrukturen berechnet. Es wird ein einfacher Modell-Hamiltonian vom 'tight binding'-Typ mit Parametern entsprechend dem Ge benutzt. Die Rechnungen deuten u. a. an, das funffache Bindungsringe entscheidende Konsequenzen fur die Bandstruktur eines tetraedrisch gebundenen Festkorpers haben. Bestimmte Bandkanten werden verschoben, wenn die Struktur viele funffache Ringe enthalt wie im Ge III. Gegenwartige Modelle fur amorphes Si und Ge enthalten solche Ringe und es wird geschlossen, das, wenn amorphes tetraedrisch gebundenes Sn hergestellt werden konnte, die Existenz genugend vieler funffachen Ringe in der Struktur einen Halbleiter mit einem beachtlich grosen Gap (∼0,5 eV) ergeben konnte.
Information transduction based on magnons

We present an information transduction architecture that utilizes coherent interconversion between photons, magnons and electric charge carriers. The materials we use are low loss magneto-optic yttrium iron garnet (YIG). This device platform enables high fidelity communication devices, as well as small size microwave signal processing devices for Radar and defense related applications. Specific examples given here are widely tunable microwave oscillators, variable low loss delay lines, and high Q delay line oscillators.
cAMP potentiates H2O2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation without the requirement for MEK1/2 phosphorylation

In Jurkat T lymphocytes, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) potentiates the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) caused by T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 or anti-CD3 alone. Submillimolar concentrations of H(2)O(2)-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MAP/ERK kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/2) without antigenic stimulation. H(2)O(2) also induced the electrophoretic mobility shift of Lck from 56 to 60 kDa. The MEK inhibitor, PD98059 attenuated ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 phosphorylation, as well as the migration shift of Lck induced by H(2)O(2). The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, and EGTA reduced the phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 induced by H(2)O(2). Interestingly, an increase of intracellular cAMP level with forskolin or 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP augmented ERK1/2 phosphorylation by H(2)O(2), while inhibiting MEK1/2 phosphorylation by H(2)O(2). These results demonstrate an alternative pathway that results in augmentation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation without concomitant MEK1/2 phosphorylation in T cells.
Is a Profile Worth a Thousand Words? How Online Support-Seeker’s Profile Features May Influence the Quality of Received Support Messages:

Although there is an increasing amount of research on support-seeking in cyberspace, very little is known about what features of online support-seeking can enhance the quality of received support. The present experiment examined how support-seekers’ use of cues to personal identity in their user profile can influence the level of person-centeredness and politeness in others’ responses to their support-seeking postings. Results showed that support-seekers whose user profile contained a portrait picture and a first name ID tended to receive higher person-centered and more polite support messages than support-seekers whose user profile did not contain those cues to personal identity.
Protein synthesis in two mitochondrial populations isolated by isopycnic density centrifugation from normal and renoprival kidney

Abstract During the 48 hours following mononephrectomy, there is a proliferation of mitochondria in the remaining kidney of the rat. Mitochondria from both normal and renoprival kidneys were separated by isopycnic density centrifugation into two distinct bands with mean densities of 1.178(M1) and 1.162 (M2). Using a dual-label procedure which reduces technical errors, the rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis of the fractions were compared. At 24, 48 and 72 hours post-mononephrectomy incorporation in vivo of leucine into M1 was increased 35%, 58% and 29% and into M2 50%, 85% and 14% over control. The results indicate a gradual shift in the rate of amino acid incorporation from M2 to M1 during mitochondrial formation.
The Influence of Spirituality on Buyer Perception Within Business-to-Business Marketing Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Exploration and Comparison

Within business-to-business relationship marketing, boundary-spanning representatives play a crucial role in establishing and maintaining positive relations between their organizations. Spirituality, a workplace individual-level variable, is proposed to significantly influence buyer representatives’ relationship formation with their seller counterparts, which subsequently affects the relationship development between organizations. Here we identify aspects of spirituality within buyer representatives and present a conceptual framework that delineates the impact of spirituality upon individual perceptions of relational constructs such as trust and commitment. Structural equation modeling analyses support the inclusion of spirituality as a relevant construct in relationship marketing research. In addition, because cultural differences are known to exist regarding the role of spirituality, the impact of spirituality upon perception within relationship marketing is addressed with data collected from both Ameri...
Light smoking in a predominantly Hispanic college student sample: a 7 day diary assessment.

Abstract Both Hispanic and college student populations smoke at non trivial rates but less frequently than other smoking groups. Limited information exists about the at risk times for smoking among those who smoke fewer than 10 cigarettes per day, particularly college students. Participants ( n = 116 young adults) completed a 7 day Tobacco Consumption Diary by recording for each cigarette smoked: time and day, location, number of people present, number of smokers present, mood, and whether alcohol was consumed. Descriptive analyses suggest a variety of psycho-social contexts within which light smoking may occur for a predominantly Hispanic sample of college students. Inferential analyses reveal a somewhat heterogeneous pattern of light smoking. Nevertheless, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, as well as later hours of each day in particular are associated with an increased likelihood of smoking. Further study of intra-individual patterns of both Hispanic and college student light smoking is needed to identify the ideographic triggers that can be intervened upon to aid light smokers in cessation.
Modeling Electrochemical Interfaces in Ultrahigh Vacuum: Influence of Progressive Cation and Surface Solvation upon Charge−Potential Double-Layer Behavior on Pt(111)

Measurements of the work-function changes, ΔΦ, on Pt(111) for continuously increasing solvent exposures θs* and in the presence of various coverages of potassium, θK, in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) at 90 K are reported with the objective of ascertaining how the surface charge−potential properties of such “UHV electrochemical model” interfaces are altered by progressive solvation. The solventswater, methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, and ammoniaspan a range of dipolar and other solvating properties and have been utilized in related vibrational spectroscopic studies from this laboratory. Since potassium dosage yields interfacial electron transfer to form K+ together with surface electronic charge, the corresponding ΔΦ−θK plots for various solvent dosages extracted from the above data provide surface charge−potential (σ−φ) curves for systematically varying extents of interfacial solvation. In contrast to the large (1−3 eV) monotonic solvent-induced Φ decreases observed in the absence of ionic charge, the presence o...
Edge enhancement by diffusion in microscopic magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract In microscopic MRI (≈ 10 Am resolution), diffusion boundaries impermeable to water on a millisecond time scale distort the lineshape function of the observed frequency spectra from the transverse magnetization in a manner similar to motional narrowing in MR spectroscopy. Reconstruction techniques developed for macroscopic imaging interpret these distortions as spatial deformations of objects. This distortion of frequency spectra is demonstrated for geometrically simple objects, and it is shown how in such cases the reconstructed images should be interpreted and how diffusion-induced distortions in frequency space may actually be exploited to enhance image contrast around compartmental boundaries. The distortions are properly described by Kubo's lineshape function, for which suitable numerical algorithms are provided. A parameter is introduced that provides an estimation of the extent of diffusion-induced distortions which can vary from an enhancement of image intensity near boundaries to, for extreme motional narrowing, a focusing of image intensity around compartment centers.
Just the right tweet at just the right time

Purpose – This article looks at the function and the value of this Twitter as a form of communication within an academic library.Design/methodology/approach – The article is anecdotal and based on the author's experience at Georgia Tech library.Findings – In the author's opinion, there are two recipes for mediocre tweets: first, everyone in the library gets to tweet (i.e. tweet by committee), and, second, the “I only do social media because I have to” librarian tweeting on behalf of the library. Not to be overly prescriptive, but the author feels strongly that social media, and especially Twitter, just does not work well by committee.Research limitations/implications – This is an essay based on experiential and anecdotal evidence, and not based on a thorough research study.Practical implications – It would be practical to increase library presence on Twitter in a meaningful way.Social implications – There should be increased engagement with library users.Originality/value – How libraries should be organiz...
Ground‐based observations of radio emissions near 2fce and 3fce in the auroral zone

Narrow band emissions at frequencies near twice and three times the ionospheric electron cyclotron frequency have been observed with a ground based receiver located at Two Rivers, Alaska (near Fairbanks). The emissions at twice the local ionospheric electron cyclotron frequency ( ≈ 2.50–2.80 MHz) appear similar in frequency, intensity, local time dependence, and temporal structure to auroral “roar” events previously observed at Churchill, Manitoba [Kellogg and Monson, 1979; 1984]. The observation of emissions near 3fce ( ≈ 3.66–4.24 MHz), sometimes observed simultaneously with the 2fce events, represents a new aspect of this phenomenon. A quantitative theoretical understanding of the phenomenon has not yet been achieved.
Chemical modification of polysaccharides by the use of intramolecular associations in polar organic solvents

Precipitation from alcohol used against fractionation of polysaccharides was applied as an energy-efficient chemical modification with only a co-precipitation of polysaccharide and the modifying agent in polar organic solvents, and drying. Addition of ethanol caused a conformational change of polysaccharides with increasing intramolecular hydrogen bonding and a dense structure in close proximity to atoms, especially, in the presence of modifying agents. Extent of modification depended on the structure of polysaccharides and pH in polar organic solvents. The co-precipitates in polar organic solvents seem to act as a precursor while still maintaining the integrity of the modified polysaccharides. Eventually, a small amount of polar organic solvents (1.5 times volume to the weight of the mixtures) to disperse the reaction mixtures was enough to complete modification.
589 INCREASING SAFETY OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION

In the period 1963-1976, 1006 exchange transfusions have been carried out with heparinized blood with only 4 deaths being directly related (0.39%). Of the “directly related” deaths none occurred during the procedure but, on review, no other primary cause could be identified. Three of these 4 deaths occurred in infants who had also had fetal transfusions. Of these three, two died of a graft vs. host (GVH) reaction and one of a sudden apparent anaphylactoid reaction not related to any obvious mismatch. The fourth infant had an intracranial hemorrhage. Since the occurrence of the two GVH infants, irradiated blood has been used for all infants needing intrauterine transfusions and subsequent exchange transfusions and no further GVH has been seen. Of the 951 surviving infants one had 3 intrauterine transfusions and 19 exchange transfusions and, though needing a period of respirator support, at 3 years of age is in excellent health. There were 51 deaths not attributable to the exchange transfusion procedure per se, ranging from hydrops, extreme prematurity, HMD, to chronic lung disease of prematurity, prior intracranial hemorrhage and congenital anomalies. From 1950-1960 800 exchange transfusions were carried out using ACD blood and there were 12 deaths occurring during the exchange transfusion procedure (1.5%) mostly thought primarily due to the procedure. It is proposed that exchange transfusions, when carried out with present methods, are extremely safe procedures in terms of short range morbidity and mortality and should not be “avoided at all costs.”
An application of a multitrait-multimethod test to validity data of a social learning treatment for aggressive children.

Campbell and Fiske's (1959) multitmit-multimethod matrix was applied to data from two independent social learning measures designed to evaluate procedures used to aid aggressive children. Six parallel or like-named variables — noncomplying, crying, whining, negativism, destructiveness, and yelling — from both a home observation assessment system and a parent telephone data system were used. The data from 47 cases indicated that the categories of whining, crying, and destructiveness demonstrated significant convergent validity, but only whining demonstrated discriminant validity. The situation-specific versus cross-situational consistency aspects of the behaviors studied, and the implications for future research, were discussed.
Biometric design of the Mayo Lung Project for early detection and localization of bronchogenic carcinoma.

Several important aspects of the Mayo Lung Project demand evaluation. These are: 1. Acceptance. Will people accept such a screening program? 2. Case finding. Does the screen pick out the people most likely to have or develop bronchogenic carcinoma? 3. Effectiveness. If an early case of bronchogenic carcinoma is found, will prompt treatment extend life beyond the time at which death from this disease would have occurred if treatment had been delayed? Direct measurement of effectiveness is not possible, and indirect methods must be used. A group of patients, all of whom are considered suitable for the screening program, are being divided randomly into two subgroups, one to be screened and the other to be kept as an unscreened control. Mortality in the two groups is to be compared for 5 years, and hopefully for 10 years. We also consider here sample size requirements and reports on some of the characteristics of the first 500 patients.
On the PT distribution

A discussion is given on crucial tests for the Hagedorn and the Boltzmann distributions for PT. Applications to the high energy π−p and pp experiments of Wisconsin and Berkeley justify the use of the Hagedorn distribution and rules out the Boltzmann distribution. Neither one is adequate for the secondaries of the pp annihilation experiments of Argonne and CERN. A thermodynamical model based on the Bose distribution satisfying the “scaling” law will be discussed.
BEYOND COMMITTEE CONTROL Committee and Party Leader Influence on Floor Amendments in Congress

In this article we test several hypotheses—committee unity, committee chairman support, majority leader support, minority leader support, timing during the session, and type of policy issue—that previous research identifies as explanations of variation in the success or failure of floor amendments. We find that committee unity is the most important variable in all contexts—if the committee is unified for or against an amendment, its position is almost certain to prevail on the floor. Party leaders, also, often exert significant independent effects on the success of floor amendments. The extent of their influence, however, varies with the context and with the degree of committee unity. And even when party leaders exert significant independent effects, their support for a floor amendment results in very small changes in the probability of passage, except when the committee reporting the bill is divided. Although committees may dominate the amending process if they are unified, achieving unity on the floor m...
Optics for future solar system exploration

The optics technology necessary for future solar system exploration is discussed. To satisfy the various mission objectives, optical components need to be of low weight, provide adequate spatial resolution and mapping coverage, provide necessary spectral resolution, provide means to perform adaptable mapping spectrometry, operate under low light levels, provide color images of high fidelity and operate under high temperatures. Future near-infrared mapping spectrometers are examined, and the use of focal-plane detectors to improve their sensitivity is discussed.
Mössbauer Diffraction. I. Quantum Theory of Gamma-Ray and X-Ray Optics

X rays and gamma rays interaction with crystals analyzed by quantum electrodynamics Green function methods, emphasizing Mossbauer gamma ray diffraction optics
Sotalol as Adjunctive Therapy to Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators in Heart Failure Patients

The number of heart failure patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators is rising. Common issues encountered in this population are high defibrillation thresholds and inappropriate shocks. In order to resolve these problems, the addition of a class III antiarrhythmic such as sotalol is often considered. Given the emerging issue of polypharmacy and medication compliance in the heart failure population, the question of the efficacy of sotalol in reducing inappropriate shocks, defibrillation thresholds, and its ability to replace conventional beta-blockers is often raised. Current literature review suggests that sotalol is a useful adjunct to the contemporary heart failure regimen. It has the ability to reduce inappropriate shocks and defibrillation thresholds, but appears not to fully reproduce the pleiotropic beneficial effects of the beta-blockers more commonly employed for their mortality/remodeling benefits in heart failure patients.
Positron lifetime spectroscopy in ordered nanoporous polymers

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a common technique used to characterize the porosity of polymers. Here, we expand its use to the study of ordered nanoporous polymer monoliths. Polystyrene (PS) monoliths with aligned cylindrical pores ranging in diameters from 15 to 35 nm were examined. Such large pores push the boundaries of the PALS technique. To achieve robust measurement, our system used larger detectors than those typically used for monolithic polymer samples. This was done to improve data rates while sacrificing timing resolution. Pore sizes determined using PALS were consistent with measurements made using small angle x-ray scattering. In addition, PALS was able to detect the collapse of the pores when the monolithic sample was heated above the Tg of PS. Because PALS measurements are not sensitive to the nature of the order within the structure nor are they, sensitive to the open or closed nature of the pores this technique could be expanded to a variety of other sample types. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1157–1161
Pasture Extensification in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes: Appraisal and Recommendations

Pasture extensification is an environmentally harmful land-use pattern in much of Latin America. Extensification consists of pastoralists clearing extant forests for pasture or cultivation instead of improving use of existing agricultural land. This trend is driven by misguided land-use policies (including poor implementation and law enforcement), a desire for cattle production, and a misperception that land is abundant. The result is rapid deforestation and severe soil erosion. As an alternative to the current extensification process, farmers could intensify use of existing pastures by employing conservation practices such as rotational grazing or silviculture. Doing so could reduce pressure on the extant forest landscape, protect soil quality, and conserve biodiversity. This article describes the extensification process and examines the costs and benefits of intensification as an alternative. It focuses on the area surrounding Podocarpus National Park, in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. It concludes that...
Sialyltransferases as specific cell surface probes of terminal and penultimate saccharide structures on living cells.

Abstract Rat liver β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase and Vibrio cholerae sialidase were used, in conjunction with CMP- N -acetyl-[ 3 H]neuraminic acid, to probe the glycoconjugate distribution, sialylation state, and level of penultimate Galβ1-4GlcNAc residues on the surfaces of murine thymic lymphocytes. We report a detailed characterization of this sialyltransferase-mediated labeling system. Exogenous sialylation of intact cells is dependent on transferase, sugar nucleotide donor, cell number, and incubation time. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the system labeling the cell surface is noncytotoxic and nonmetabolic and is interacting with the entire cell population. Analysis of the exosialylated structures indicates that the sialyltransferase specifically produces an α2-6 linkage on N-linked oligosaccharides. Using this labeling system, we have probed the cell surface saccharide structures of murine thymocytes and demonstrated that most Galβ1-4GlcNAc residues are sialylated in the native state. However, one antigen, T200 (Ly-5), is strikingly undersialylated when compared to other cell surface glycoproteins (e.g., Thy 1.2). Upon analysis of exogenously sialylated oligosaccharides, labeled sialic acid was found almost exclusively on monosialylated structures with the remainder on bisialylated oligosaccharides. This suggests that the purified sialyltransferase is very precise in its recognition of oligosaccharides present on the surface of living thymic lymphocytes. This paper illustrates the combined uses of specific glycosidases and glycosyltransferases and how they can be employed in the detailed study of selected cell surface saccharide structures on living nucleated cells.
Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in a Symmetric General Circulation Model

Observational evidence has been presented for the existence of quasi-periodic fluctuations of the tropical circulation with periods around two weeks and around 40 days. It is expected that an understanding of the mechanisms of these quasi-periodic oscillations in the tropical atmosphere will improve the predictability of the short range climate fluctuations in the tropics. The present study evolved as an outgrowth of an investigation conducted by Goswami et al. (1984). In this investigation remarkable oscillations of the Hadlay circulation for an ocean covered earth were observed. In the current study evidence is presented regarding the episodic behavior of the tropical circulation in general, and the propagation characteristics of these oscillations in the lower atmosphere. Attention is given to the results of six different experiments.
A model for assessing fuel jettisoning effects

Abstract The present effort addresses the technical issues associated with hydrocarbon fuel jettisoning from aircraft, including the adaptation of an existing aerial application model for pesticide deposition. The analysis produces qualitatively and quantitatively reasonable results both in mutlicomponent evaporation calculations for isolated droplets, as well as fully coupled calculationx of airborne fuel jettisoning. Both classes of computations confirm earlier conclusions that the likely groundfall of JP-8 jet fuel is substantially higher than the more volatile JP-4 jet fuel, and reiterate the need for a careful assessment of the environmental impact of fuel jettisoning events involving JP-8. The preliminary model appears to be a suitable starting point for full-scale development of a flexible, practical fuel jettisoning simulations code.
Lessons Learned from the Last Twenty Years of Sexual Violence Research

The present article attempts to answer important questions about the most important thing learned from the past 20 years of research on sexual violence, the most important thing to be learned about sexual violence over the next 10 years, and the most promising methodological innovation in the study of sexual violence from the last 20 years. It is hoped that discussion of such important questions might further stimulate researchers and mental health professionals to continue making progress in our understanding of, as well as the struggle against, sexual violence.
Reaction of YBa2Cu 3O6 with Br2: oxidation and formation of nanoscale YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract We have investigated the products of the reaction of reduced YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x with bromine using thermal analysis and neutron powder diffraction. We find that bromine is not intercalated into the 123 structure. The reaction reduces the particle size of the 123 material allowing the oxygen formed at the reacting surface to diffuse into the material in a reasonable time scale at the low reaction temperatures.
Structure and binding of Mg(II) ions and di-metal bridge complexes with biological phosphates and phosphoranes

Divalent Mg 2+ ions often serve as cofactors in enzyme or ribozyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions. In this work, the interaction of Mg 2+ ions and di-metal bridge complexes with phosphates, phosphor- anes, and other biological ligands relevant to RNA catalysis are characterized with density functional methods. The effect of bulk solvent is treated with two continuum solvation methods (PCM and COSMO) for comparison. The relative binding affinity for different biological ligands to Mg 2+ are quantified in different protonation states. The structure and stability of the single-metal and di-metal complexes are characterized, and the changes in phosphate and phosphorane geom- etry induced by metal ion binding are discussed. Di- metal bridge complexes are a ubiquitous motif and the key factors governing their electrostatic stabilization are outlined. The results presented here provide quantitative characterization of metal ion binding to ligands of importance to RNA catalysis, and lay the groundwork for design of new generation quantum models that can be applied to the full biological enzymatic systems.
L-4F, an Apolipoprotein A-1 Mimetic, Restores Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion Balance in Low-Density Lipoprotein-Treated Endothelial Cells

Background— Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) impairs endothelial cell function by uncoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, which allows superoxide anion (O2·−) to be generated rather than nitric oxide (·NO). Recent reports indicate that apolipoprotein (apo) A-1 mimetics inhibit the development of atherosclerotic lesions in LDL receptor-null mice. Here we hypothesize that L-4F, an apoA-1 mimetic that inhibits atherosclerosis induced by hypercholesterolemia, protects endothelial cell function by preventing LDL from uncoupling eNOS activity. Methods and Results— Bovine aortic endothelial cells were incubated with LDL±L-4F, and changes in A23187-stimulated ·NO and O2·− generation were determined by ozone chemiluminescence and superoxide dismutase-inhibitable ferricytochrome c reduction, respectively. Western analysis of eNOS immunoprecipitates was used to determine effects of LDL and L-4F on heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) interactions with eNOS. LDL decreased ·NO production and increased eNOS...
Evolutionarily costly courtship displays in a wolf spider: a test of viability indicator theory

The costs of secondary sexual traits are crucial to our understanding of sexual selection. Although it is broadly accepted that sexual traits are indirectly or directly costly to express, few studies have quantified such costs. Thus, it is unclear if costs are evolutionarily meaningful and to what degree. Costs play a key role in viability indicator models, which assume that 1) the expression of sexual traits reduces the fitness of the trait bearer, 2) sexual trait expression is dependent on condition, and 3) the costs of sexual trait expression are borne differentially, that is, they are less for individuals in good condition. Using 2 syntopic species of wolf spiders, we addressed the importance of direct predation costs on the viability indicator mechanism. Pardosa milvina is a small wolf spider that has conspicuous male courtship behaviors in the form of front leg raises. Hogna helluo is a large species that preys on P. milvina. In laboratory experiments, we discovered that predation risk from H. helluo was higher for courting P. milvina males than noncourting males, male P. milvina manipulated to be in good condition courted at higher rates than males manipulated to be in poor condition, and males in good condition survived predation risk better than males in poor condition. Our study suggests that predation is a significant, evolutionary cost that can satisfy viability indicator mechanism assumptions. Key words: costs, courtship, Lycosidae, predation, sexual selection, spider. [Behav Ecol]
SUSTAINABILITY OF NORTHERN QUAHOGS (¼ HARD CLAMS) MERCENARIA MERCENARIA, LINNAEUS IN RARITAN BAY, NEW JERSEY: ASSESSMENT OF SIZE SPECIFIC GROWTH AND MORTALITY

ABSTRACT In 2000, the northern quahog (= hard clams) Mercenaria mercenaria population was surveyed in Raritan Bay with the purpose of determining sustainable harvest levels. To complement this population survey, we determined the size-at-age structure and experimentally determined mortality rate and size specific growth of adult clams. Clams of a range of sizes, obtained from the sampling program, were measured, cleaned, and aged by counting growth rings in sectioned shells. Experimental plots were established in the low intertidal zone at two sites in the Raritan/Sandy Hook Bay system. Marked clams of five sizes were planted in three seasons and harvested quarterly. Experimental estimates of mortality and survival were based on collected live and dead individuals and are thus conservative because they do not address the numbers missing. Some of the clams from both sites were removed from the area by predators. Estimated mortality for individuals >25 mm by instantaneous rate yielded a mean of 0.0176. Inte...