cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boven Digoel and Terezín: Camps at the Time of Triumphant Technology

This is not a comparison between the colonial isolation camp for the Indonesian Communists and Nationalists at Boven Digoel, New Guinea, and the Nazi concentration camp for the European (including Dutch) Jews in Terezin, Bohemia. It is an effort to place both camps, as two working apparatuses, on the scale of development and refinement of modern technologies of belonging (and destruction); thus, the scale may be more clearly understood. Subchapters—on body and clothing, on hearing, on seeing, and on the urban—suggest that this is an epilogue never written for my 2002 book Engineers of Happy Land: technology and nationalism in a colony.
High frequency oscillation of the lungs alone lengthens expiration in dogs.

Abstract High frequency (15 Hz), low volume (approximately 40 ml) oscillation of the respiratory system lengthens expiration in anesthetized dogs even in the absence of changes in mean expiratory lung volume or blood gases (Banzett et al ., 1983). Although vagotomy abolishes this response, we felt it might mask the reflex rather than interrupt the afferent pathway. To ascertain whether pulmonary and airway afferents alone are capable of evoking this reflex, we confined the oscillatory stimulus to the lung by widely opening the chest. The dogs were paralyzed but breathed ‘spontaneously’ by means of a solenoid valve opened and closed by the phrenic neurogram. End-expiratory lung volume and P CO2 were held constant. All eight dogs that were tested after thoracotomy lengthened expiration during oscillation. Although quantitative comparisons of responses before and after thoracotomy are not entirely reliable, we could see no consistent change in the strength of response with paralysis or with thoracotomy. We conclude that the principal afferent limb of the ventilatory reflex response to oscillation arises in the lungs and intrathoracic airways.
Multipole mixing ratios of transitions in 124Te

Abstract Gamma-gamma directional correlation measurements were made on nine transitions in 124 Te with a NaI(Tl)-Ge(Li) detector arrangement and multichannel analysis. The multipole mixing ratios obtained were δ (646) = 0.000±0.001, δ (714) = 1.5 −0.3 +0.6 , δ (723) = −3.3±0.2, δ (1437) = 3.7 −2.0 +2.7 , δ (1489) = −3.4 −1.5 +0.9 , δ (968) = −0.03 −0.05 +0.06 , δ (1368) = −0.045±0.090, δ (1045) = 0.041 −0.041 +0.047 , δ (1691) = −0.02±0.01, and δ (2091) = 0.00 −0.03 +0.02 . The first δ is M3/E2, the next three are E2/M1, and the last five are M2/E1. The retardation (a factor of approximately 50) of the crossover to cascade transitions from the 2039 keV, third 2 + level to the second and first 2 + levels is essentially the same for both the M1 and E2 components. In addition, spin and parity assignments of 2 + were made for the 2039 and 2092 keV levels.
Economics of Irrigated Continuous Corn under Conventional-Till and No-Till in Northern Colorado

Conversion of irrigated cropland from conventional tillage (CT) to no-till (NT) could have several environmental benefi ts including reduced erosion potential, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and conservation of water. However NT must be economically viable if it is to be adopted. Costs of production and economic returns were evaluated for an irrigated, continuous corn (Zea mays L.) system under CT and NT over 6 yr on a clay loam soil in northern Colorado. Yield responses to N fertilization were included to determine economic optimum fertilization rates under each tillage system. Corn grain yields at economic optimum N fertilizer rates were 1.1 to 1.4 Mg ha –1 lower for NT than for CT. However, net returns were $46 to 74 ha –1 higher for NT than for CT due to reductions in operating costs of $57 to 114 ha –1 and reductions in machinery ownership costs of $87 to 90 ha –1 . Operating cost savings were realized largely due to fuel and labor reductions of 75% and 71 to 72%, respectively, and in spite of higher N fertilizer requirements of 16 to 55 kg ha –1 for NT compared to CT. No-till, irrigated, continuous corn appears to be an economically viable option for replacing CT production systems in the central Great Plains, especially when combined with the environmental benefi ts of the NT system.
A transistor timed stimulator.

Abstract Our technique of permanently implanted electrodes, combined with a miniature transistor stimulator and a timing device, permitted a well controlled electrical stimulation of the brain in monkeys, with unlimited freedom of the animals. The physical characteristics of the pulses were unidirectional exponentially falling waves of 100 c/sec., pulse duration of 0.05-0.1 msec., varying from 0 to 20 V. With this method many cerebral areas could be explored in the free subject, and by using some restraint it was possible to monitor the stimulation by oscilloscope and to record the electrical activity of the brain.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions for a fractional boundary value problem on a graph

In this paper, the authors consider a nonlinear fractional boundary value problem defined on a star graph. By using a transformation, an equivalent system of fractional boundary value problems with mixed boundary conditions is obtained. Then the existence and uniqueness of solutions are investigated by fixed point theory.
Distress in women with gynecologic cancer.

Objective: The NCCN Distress Thermometer (DT) was administered to 143 women undergoing chemotherapy for gynecologic cancer over a two-year period. This report describes the frequency and character of psychological distress in this population and examines the effect of disease, treatment, and demographic variables on levels of distress. Method: The DT is a self-administered scale for patients to rate their level of distress from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no distress and 10 represents extreme distress. Further, patients are asked to choose from among 34 items that constitute sources of distress within the last week. All women who were undergoing their first chemotherapy treatment at the outpatient clinic at the University of Oklahoma Cancer Institute for either primary disease or recurrent disease were asked by the clinical nurses to complete the assessment prior to that first infusion. Results: Over half (57%) of women reported a score of 4 or greater on the DT and were then assessed by the oncology psychologist. Women who were younger than age 60 and single were more likely to be distressed. There were no associations between the type of cancer, stage of cancer, or insurance status. Conclusions: A significant percentage (57%) of these women experienced distress at levels that indicate further evaluation is indicated. This study suggests that early screening and evaluation are essential in this group of cancer patients.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional, Economic, or Solidaristic? Assessing Explanations for Unionization Across Affluent Democracies:

This study assesses three explanations for cross-national differences in unionization: Western’s (1997) institutional model, economic explanations based on the business cycle or globalization, and Hechter’s (2004) solidaristic theory. This study features a multilevel analysis of employed workers with the late 1990s World Values surveys of 18 affluent democracies. The analyses generally support the institutional model. Left parties and ghent systems remain influential, though ghent is less robust. Neo-corporatism and wage coordination are insignificant whereas workplace access is the more salient indicator of centralization. Beyond Western’s model, right cabinet significantly weakens unionization. Refuting economic explanations, inflation, unemployment, and economic growth, as well as international trade and investment, do not influence unionization. Consistent with Hechter’s claims, the welfare state reduces unionization but, contradicting his claims, immigration does not undermine unions. Ultimately, thi...
The Internalized Shame Scale: Temporal stability, internal consistency, and principal components analysis

Abstract The temporal stability, internal consistency, and underlying factor structure of the 30-item Internalized Shame Scale (ISS) were examined. The inventory was administered to 184 college students, and then re-administered 14 weeks later. The stability of the ISS scales would be expected to be high since trait shame is a relatively enduring and stable personality characteristic. Analyses yielded significant test–retest correlations of the shame and self-esteem subscales of .81 and .75, respectively. Coefficient alphas for the shame and self-esteem subscales were examined and compared with those reported by Rybak and Brown (1996) . The resulting high internal consistency alpha coefficients (.88 to .96) mirrored those previously reported. Overall, the ISS scales demonstrated high temporal stability and high internal consistency. Though the 24-item shame subscale was designed to consist of one underlying factor, principal components analysis revealed an underlying structure of one dominant factor, termed Inferiority, and two lesser factors, termed Fragility/Exposed and Empty/Lonely. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Theoretical transition energies, lifetimes and fluorescence yields of multiply ionized silicon

Theoretical X-ray transition energies, lifetimes and partial multiplet fluorescence yields are presented for all spectroscopic terms of electron configurations with a single K-shell vacancy and varying number of electrons in the L-shell and M1-subshell for multiply-ionized silicon.
How Elephants are Opening Doors: Developmental Neuroethology, Attachment and Social Context

Ethology’s renewed interest in developmental context coincides with recent insights from neurobiology and psychology on early attachment. Attachment and social learning are understood as fundamental mechanisms in development that shape core processes responsible for informing behaviour throughout a lifetime. Each field uniquely contributes to the creation of an integrated model and encourages dialogue between Tinbergen’s four analytical levels: ethology in its underscoring of social systems of behaviour and context, psychology in its emphasis on socioaffective attachment transactions, and neuroscience in its explication of the coupled development of brain and behaviour. We review the relationship between developmental context and behaviour outcome as a topic shared by the three disciplines, with a specific focus on underlying neuroethological mechanisms. This interdisciplinary convergence is illustrated through the example of abnormal behaviour in wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana) that has been systematically observed in human-caused altered social contexts. Such disruptions impair normative socially mediated neuroendocrinological development leading to psychobiological dysregulation that expresses as non-normative behaviour. Aberrant behaviour in wild elephants provides a critical field example of what has been established in ex situ and clinical studies but has been largely absent in wild populations: a concrete link between effects of human disturbance on social context, and short- and longterm neuroethology. By so doing, it brings attention to the significant change in theories of behaviour that has been occurring across disciplines – namely, the merging of psychobiological and ethological perspectives into common, cross-species, human inclusive models.
Silicone breast implants and antipolymer antibodies

SIR—After reading Scott Tenenbaum and co-workers’ reply (April 19, p 1170) to your correspondence comments about their report, I requested the data filed in the MDL National Document Depository. I was surprised that positive controls for their antipolymer antibody assay were different in their Lancet article from those in the MDL data files. Of importance, the multiple strong bands in The Lancet report were similar to the positive control on page PPA-54 (where four bands are present). However, these bands were not reproducible in their own MDL data, in which only one band was noted with a positive control. How can they draw any conclusion about a disease state?
Does internet media traffic really follow Zipf-like distribution?

It is commonly agreed that Web traffic follows the Zipf-like distribution, which is an analytical foundation for improving Web access performance by client-server based proxy caching systems on the Internet. However, some recent studies have observed non-Zipf-like distributions of Internet media traffic in different content delivery systems. Due to the variety of media delivery systems and the diversity of media content, existing studies on media traffic are largely workload specific, and the observed access patterns are often different from or even conflict with each other. For Web media systems, study [3] reports that the access pattern of streaming media is Zipf-like in a university campus network, while study [2] finds that it is not Zipf-like in an enterprise media server. For VoD media systems, study [1] finds that it is not Zipf-like in a multicast-based Media-on-Demand server of a campus network, while study [9] reports it is Zipf-like in a large VoD streaming system of an ISP. For P2P media systems, study [4] reports that the access pattern of media workload in KaZaa system collected in a campus network is not Zipf-like, while study [5] reports that it is Zipf-like in another campus network. For live streaming media systems, study [8] reports it is Zipf-like while study [6] reports it is not Zipf-like. A number of models have been proposed to explain the observed media access patterns, such as the generalized Zipf-like model [7], “fetch-at-most-once” model [4], and two-mode Zipf model [6]. However, each of these models can only explain a very limited scope of measurement results. A general model of Internet media access patterns is highly desirable for traffic engineering on the Internet and is critical to design, benchmark, and evaluate Internet media delivery systems. In this study, we have analyzed a wide variety of media workloads on the Internet. The workloads were collected from both the client side and the server side in Web, VoD, P2P, and live streaming environments between 1998 and 2006, where the media content is delivered via Web/P2P downloading or unicast/multicast streaming. The duration of these workloads ranges from a few days to more than two years and the user population ranges from several thousands to more than one hundred thousand. The number of client requests
5-GHz-Band Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels: Models for Multiple Values of Channel Bandwidth

In Sen and Matolak's earlier paper, 5-GHz-band vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) channel models were presented for channel bandwidths of 5 and 10 MHz. In this paper, we provide additional tapped delay line models for bandwidths of 1, 20, 33.33, and 50 MHz based upon the data used in Sen and Matolak's paper. We provide tables of channel parameters for five types of V2V channel classes and also include example tap correlation coefficients. Root-mean-square delay spread values are summarized, as are values of bandwidth for which the channel frequency correlation takes values of 0.7 and 0.5. As with the results from Sen and Matolak's paper, these models should be useful for designers in future V2V communication systems.
Functional and radiographic outcomes of nonoperative treatment of displaced adolescent clavicle fractures.

Background: Studies of adult patients suggest that nonoperative treatment of clavicle fractures may result in functional disability, but this has not been demonstrated in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional outcomes after nonoperative treatment of displaced, shortened, midshaft clavicle fractures in adolescents. Methods: Adolescents ten to eighteen years of age with an isolated, completely displaced, shortened, midshaft clavicle fracture sustained between 2009 and 2011 were recruited for this study. Injury and final radiographs were assessed for displacement, shortening, and clavicle length. Maximal and endurance strength testing was performed with the Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment (BTE) machine, with use of the uninjured shoulder as an internal control. Shoulder range of motion and clavicle length were assessed clinically, and patient-oriented outcomes were obtained. Results: Sixteen patients (four of whom were female) with an average age (and standard deviation) of 14.2 ± 2 years and a mean duration of follow-up of 2 ± 1 years were included in the study. Fifteen patients were right-hand dominant and one was ambidextrous, and thirteen of the fractures occurred in the nondominant limb. Compared with the uninjured limb, no differences were noted in range of motion or strength except for an 8% decrease in maximal shoulder external rotation strength (p = 0.04) and a 11% loss of shoulder abduction endurance strength (p = 0.04). Radiographs demonstrated a 100% union rate but significant shortening compared with the uninjured clavicle (p ≤ 0.001). SANE (Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation), Quick DASH (shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire), and Constant scores were similar between sides. Fifteen of the sixteen patients were satisfied with the appearance of the clavicle, and all returned to full activity, including the preinjury (or a higher) level of sports participation. Conclusions: Regardless of patient age, sports participation, and final clavicle shortening, no differences in pain, strength, shoulder range of motion, or subjective outcome scores were found between the injured and uninjured limbs of adolescents treated nonoperatively for a displaced, shortened, midshaft clavicle fracture. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Young African American mothers' changing perceptions of their infants during the transition to parenthood.

Although theory and empirical research with middle-class, mostly White women have suggested that motherhood is an important developmental transition for women, rarely have investigations of adolescent motherhood systematically examined developmental change. This study examines one aspect of change during the transition to parenthood: the mother's emerging perception of her infant. During pregnancy and at 4 months' postpartum, 220 urban African American mothers between the ages of 13 and 21 years were asked to describe their infants. Content analysis of their responses and ratings of the affective tone of the responses suggest that there are changes from pregnancy to 4 months after the birth that parallel shifts noted in literature on women going through the transition to motherhood as adults. Between pregnancy and 4 months, there was a decreasing focus on infant health and physical appearance and an increasing focus on infant behavioral achievements and personality characteristics. Of particular importance to mothers was that their infants be “good” babies who were easy to care for and were easily accepted by the family. Mothers imagined physical similarities with their infants during pregnancy and describe aspects of their interaction and emotional bond with their infants at 4 months. Overall, mothers' descriptions of their babies were quite positive, increasingly positive over time, and offered little evidence that for these young African American women the transition to parenthood was problematic.
Assessing clinical discharge data preferences among practicing surgeons.

Abstract Background It is believed that many postoperative patient readmissions can be curbed via optimization of a patient's discharge from hospital, but little is known about how surgeons make the decision to discharge a patient. This study explored the criteria that surgeons preferentially value in their discharge decision-making process. Materials and methods All surgical faculty and residents at a U.S. academic medical center were surveyed about the relative importance of specific criteria regularly used to make a discharge decision. Demographic and professional information was collected about each surgeon as well. A Kruskal–Wallis and Fisher's exact test were used to describe one-way analysis of variance between groupings of surgeons. Ordered logit regressions were used to analyze variations across multiple subgroups. Factor analysis was used to further characterize statistically relevant groupings of criteria. Results In total, 88 (49%) of the invited surgeons responded to the survey. Respondents reported statistically less reliance on common Laboratory tests and Patient demographics when making discharge decisions preferring Vital signs, Perioperative factors, and Functional criteria. Surgeon-specific factors that influenced discharge criteria preferences included years of clinical education and gender. Factor analysis further identified subtle variations in preferences for specific criteria groupings based on clinical education, gender, and race. Conclusions Surgeons use a wide range of clinical data when making discharge decisions. Typical measures of patient condition also appear to be used heterogeneously with a preference for binary rather than continuous measures. Further understanding the nature of these preferences may suggest novel ways of presenting discharge-relevant information to clinical decision makers to optimize discharge outcomes.
A preliminary longitudinal aircraft control design by applying the multivariable frequency matching technique

In this paper, a preliminary longitudinal control system for the YF-16 CCV aircraft is designed to satisfy its flying qualities. This objective is achieved by applying the multivariable frequency matching technique of control systems designed and developed by the authors. This technique is in the spirit of 'model following' strategy carried out in the frequency domain. >
Direction-finding with sensor gain, phase and location uncertainty

The estimation of the directions-of-arrival (DOAs) of multiple narrowband sources impinging upon an arbitrary array of sensors is discussed. Emphasis is directed to applications in which the sensor locations are only nominally known and the sensor gains and phases may be in error. The signal subspace method combined with a QR-based Gauss-Newton algorithm is used to estimate the DOAs, as well as the sensor gain, phase, and location of each sensor simultaneously. This approach is shown to outperform conventional high-resolution DOA algorithms. In addition, two Cramer-Rao bounds are derived which treat the cases where the sensor gains and phases are considered as random parameters with known density distributions, and the sensor locations are considered as unknown parameters. >
The Future of Negligence in Accident Law

UTSIDE the field of work injuries, negligence is certainly the dominant concept in accident law today, but the future of its dominance is by no means as clear as it must have seemed at the turn of the century.1 The sources of doubt are several. For one thing, social insurance legislation may engulf the whole, or a large part, of the field of accidental bodily injury law. If it does, the legislation might take the form of comprehensive social insurance for disability from any source, as part of the attack on the general problem of poverty.2 Or, it might take some form of enterprise liability, as workmen's compensation did, such as that proposed for motor vehicle accidents by Keeton and O'Connell.3 There is also the possibility that strict liability may further supplant liability based on fault through the common-law process by judicial decision, as it has already done to some extent in the fields of extrahazardous activities and products liability.4 The first question I shall explore is the effect each of these possible developments would be likely to have on the concept of negligence. Then I shall try to assess briefly the likelihood that such a development will take place. Before we examine what each of these developments might do to negligence, it would be just as well to take a look at what negligence is. For present purposes it has two aspects: (1) it is one kind of legal or moral fault which suffices as a basis for tort liability under a system which by and large insists that liability be based on fault; (2) negli-
DISAMIBIGUATING AND INTERPRETING VERB DEFINITIONS

To achieve our goal of building a comprehensive lexical database out of various on-line resources, it is necessary to interpret and disambiguate the information found in these resources. In this paper we describe a Disambiguation Module which analyzes the content of dictionary definitions, in particular, definitions of the form "to VERB with NP". We discuss the semantic relations holding between the head and the prepositional phrase in such structures, as well as our heuristics for identifying these relations and for disambiguating the senses of the words involved. We present some results obtained by the Disambiguation Module and evaluate its rate of success as compared with results obtained from human judgments.
Liquid-Impregnated Clay Solid Sorbents for CO2 Removal from Postcombustion Gas Streams

A novel liquid-impregnated clay sorbent [R. V. Siriwardane, U.S. Patent No. 6,908,497 B1 (2003)] was developed for carbon dioxide (C O2 ) removal in the temperature range of ambient to 60°C for both fixed-bed and fluidized-bed reactor applications. The sorbent is regenerable at 80–100°C . A 20-cycle test conducted in an atmospheric reactor with simulated flue gas with moisture demonstrated that the sorbent retains its C O2 sorption capacity with C O2 removal efficiency of about 99% during the cyclic tests. The sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed reactor operations showed required delta C O2 capacity requirements for sorption of C O2 at 40°C and regeneration at 100°C . The parameters such as rate of sorption, heat of sorption, minimum fluidization velocities, and attrition resistance data that are necessary for the design of a reactor suitable for capture and regeneration were also determined for the sorbent. A 20-cycle test conducted in the presence of flue-gas pollutant sulfur dioxide— S O2 (20 parts per...
Width Dependence of Electromigration Life in Al-Cu Al-Cu-Si, and Ag Conductors

The electromigration lifetimes of thin-film Al-Cu, Al-Cu-Si, and Ag conductors were measured as a function of stripe width. Both the median lifetime and the standard deviation of the lognormal failure distribution were observed to depend strongly on the stripe width; this finding indicates that a narrower stripe is less reliable. This width dependence is interpreted in terms of the microstructural characteristics of the films.
Dora's Hysteria and the Maturation of Sigmund Freud's Transference Theory: a New Historical Interpretation

The emergence of Freud's 1905 revision and elaboration of transference theory is situated within the context of his emerging understanding of neurosogenesis. Immediately after the seduction theory lost its credibility in the fall of 1897, Freud maintained a traumatic model for hysteria and increasingly hypothesized that repressed childhood masturbation was fundamental to the creation of hysteria. Following this interest in masturbation, Freud--influenced in part by Havelock Ellis's concept of autoerotism--put forth his first post-seduction theory model of neurosogenesis in December 1899. In this model two different developmental stages of psychosexual object relatedness-the "autoerotic" and the "alloerotic"--determined and differentiated later psychoneurotic symptomatology. This etiological schema organized the next psychopathological writing Freud did, his "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria," in which Ida Bauer's hysteria was seen as due to oral zone autoerotic overstimulation and, later, to her object-directed genital masturbation. Freud in a postscript reasoned that in the analytic situation the production of neurotic symptoms ceases and is replaced by the creation of transferences. Hence it is argued that Freud, following his new two-tiered understanding of neurosis, expanded his formal description of transference by creating two analogous forms of transference, the "reprint" and the "revised edition."
A neural network approach for reconstructing surface shape from shading

A framework for the reconstruction of smooth surface shapes from shading images is presented. The method is based on using a backpropagation based neural network for learning brightness patterns and associating them with range data. The network is designed to reconstruct surface range from localized intensity patches of 7/spl times/7 pixels. Two methods for training the network are investigated, one based on a novel weight diffusion process which enforces a local smoothness constraint and the other using the eigen coefficients of the input and output patterns which make the training computationally efficient. An elegant and simple method for integrating reconstructed surface patches by minimizing the sum squared error in overlapped areas is derived. Results are shown for reconstruction of simple shapes like cylinders, hyperboloids and paraboloids as well as complex shapes like facial structure from intensity images.
Writing Entrepreneurs: A Survey of Attitudes, Habits, Skills, and Genres

This article presents data from an electronic survey asking 101 entrepreneurs in Wisconsin and North Alabama about the documents they write before opening and while operating their businesses, the ...
Cardiovascular system in Marfan's syndrome and in idiopathic dilatation of the ascending aorta☆

Abstract The gross and histopathological findings in the cardiovascular system in four cases of Marfan's syndrome were compared with those in four cases of idiopathic dilatation of the aorta, and they were found to be virtually identical. No changes were observed that could be considered to be characteristic of one condition that did not occur in the other. The lesions in the arterial system, although most pronounced in the ascending aorta, were present also in other elastic arteries, including the pulmonary artery and its elastic intrapulmonary branches. The principal features of these lesions were interruption, fragmentation, and rarefaction of elastic fibers of the media with mucoid degeneration.
Human osteoclast formation and activity in vitro : Effects of alendronate

Recent advances in technique have made it possible to study human osteoclast (OC) formation and activity in vitro. The object of the present study was to determine the effects of alendronate (ALN) on human OCs generated from precursors obtained from standard peripheral blood samples. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 14 postmenopausal women were cocultured with ST2 stromal cells on bone slices in the presence of 10(-7) M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 10(-8) M dexamethasone, and 25 ng/ml human macrophage colony-stimulating factor. After 21 days, the cultures contained numerous OCs, which were characterized by multinuclearity, the presence of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, calcitonin and vitronectin receptors, and the ability to resorb substantial amounts of bone, which was inhibited by calcitonin. The percentage area of bone resorbed per slice was highly correlated (r = 0.89, p < 0.001) with the concentration of Type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptides (CTx) released into the culture medium. When added to the medium, ALN inhibited bone resorption at concentrations < or =10(-7) M. At 10(-7) M, inhibition was achieved primarily by a reduction in OC activity without a marked effect on OC number. At the highest concentration studied (10(-5) M), both OC number and resorption were profoundly decreased. Overnight preincubation of bone slices in ALN, without further exposure to ALN, resulted in an inhibition of resorption that was similar to that seen when ALN was present in the medium throughout the entire culture period. We conclude that, except at very high concentrations, the predominant mechanism of action of ALN is to inhibit the activity of differentiated human OCs with little or no effect on recruitment. Interaction between the OC and ALN on the bone surface is an important component of the inhibitory mechanism. Measurement of CTx in tissue culture medium is a convenient method for assessment of bone resorption in human OC cultures and offers a number of advantages over morphometric analysis of the bone slice.
Spherically symmetric monopoles in non-abelian gauge theories

Abstract In this paper we develop a method for constructing point-singular spherically symmetric monopoles in theories with an arbitrary compact simple gauge group.
Human Herpesvirus 8 LANA Interacts with Proteins of the mSin3 Corepressor Complex and Negatively Regulates Epstein-Barr Virus Gene Expression in Dually Infected PEL Cells

The human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is expressed in all latently HHV-8 infected cells and in HHV-8-associated tumors, including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). To better understand the contribution of LANA to tumorigenesis and to the PEL phenotype, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen which identified the corepressor protein SAP30 as a LANA binding protein. SAP30 is a constituent of a large multicomponent complex that brings histone deacetylases to the promoter. Glutathione S-transferase affinity assays confirmed interaction between LANA and SAP30 and also demonstrated interactions between LANA and two other members of the corepressor complex, mSin3A and CIR. The corepressors bound to the amino-terminal 340-amino-acid domain of LANA. In transient expression assays, this same domain of LANA mediated repression when targeted to a 5xGal4tk-CAT reporter as a GAL4-LANA fusion. PEL cells have the unusual feature that they are frequently dually infected with both HHV-8 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We found that EBV EBNA-1 expression is downregulated in PEL cells at both the RNA and protein levels. In transient expression assays, LANA repressed activated expression from the EBV Qp and Cp latency promoters. Reduction of endogenous Qp activity could also be demonstrated in EBV-infected Rael cells transfected with a LANA expression plasmid. In contrast to the effect of LANA on EBV latency promoters, LANA activated expression from its own promoter. The data indicate that LANA can mediate transcriptional repression through recruitment of an mSin3 corepressor complex and further that LANA-mediated repression is likely to contribute to the low level of EBV latency gene expression seen in dually infected PEL cells.
Circadian rhythms of biliary protein and lipid excretion in rats

To gain insight into the mechanisms by which hepatocytes release lipids and proteins into bile, we studied extended, steady-state secretion of bile, lipids, and lysosomal and canalicular membrane proteins in freely moving, unanesthetized rats with chronic bile fistulas. We found circadian rhythms of biliary secretion for all measured constituents. In the basal state (nocturnal feeding), two distinct secretory patterns emerged: type 1, characterized by a peak at midnight and a nadir at noon; and type 2, characterized by a peak at 8 A.M. and a nadir at 8 P.M. We observed parallel, type 1 circadian rhythms of excretion for bile, biliary lipids (bile acid, cholesterol, phospholipid), and a canalicular membrane enzyme (alkaline phosphodiesterase I). In contrast, a type 2 circadian rhythm was observed for the outputs of two lysosomal enzymes. Hepatic lysosomal enzyme concentrations and the number of pericanalicular lysosomes decreased (P less than 0.05) by 15 and 35%, respectively, at the nadir of their biliary output relative to the time of their peak outputs. In response to daytime feeding, major shifts in the circadian rhythms of excretion of biliary constituents occurred such that secretion of bile, lipids, and the canalicular membrane protein adopted a type 2-like rhythm, whereas the biliary secretion of the lysosomal proteins exhibited a type 1-like pattern. These results indicate that bile flow and biliary excretion of individual lipids and proteins exhibit distinct circadian rhythms that are altered by feeding. Secretory events at the canaliculus that depend on the transmembrane flux of bile acids, such as water and lipid movement or the solubilization of membrane proteins, display a common rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Open-loop planning in large-scale stochastic domains

We focus on effective sample-based planning in the face of underactuation, high-dimensionality, drift, discrete system changes, and stochasticity. These are hallmark challenges for important problems, such as humanoid locomotion. In order to ensure broad applicability, we assume domain expertise is minimal and limited to a generative model. In order to make the method responsive, computational costs that scale linearly with the amount of samples taken from the generative model are required. We bring to bear a concrete method that satisfies all these requirements; it is a receding-horizon open-loop planner that employs cross-entropy optimization for policy construction. In simulation, we empirically demonstrate near-optimal decisions in a small domain and effective locomotion in several challenging humanoid control tasks.
Multiple Methods for Platelet Enumeration: Observation of a Newly Introduced Bias

After the introduction of Coulter S-Cal™, a bias became apparent between platelet counts obtained from instruments calibrated with this material and those obtained from a Clay Adams Ultra-Flo®. Statistical methods were used to compare platelet counts obtained from the Coulter S-Plus IV®, Ortho ELT-800®, Clay Adams Ultra-Flo 100®, and phase microscopy. At a P value of 0.01, paired t analysis revealed statistically significant biases between the Ultra-Flo and each of the other methods. Significant biases were also found between phase microscopy and each of the other methods, although these were of a smaller magnitude. The results indicate the necessity for users of multiple platelet counting methods to conduct comprehensive interinstrument evaluations, particularly when altering methods of calibration.
Development analysis of infrared imaging seekers of kinetic kill vehicles in America

The core requirements for America's Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) and the importance of infrared guided kinetic kill vehicles(KKV) for BMDS were summarized.The fight missions, intercepting targets, task's characteristics, programme characteristics and current status of several infrared seekers employed by America's endo-atmospheric and exo-atmospheric KKV,which were being deployed, tested or developed currently, were introduced. The weaknesses of America's KKV dealing with threat of ballistic missile ineffectively were analyzed. The current status of the infrared imaging seekers for Multiple Kill Vehicle (MKV),which could counter complex ballistic missile threats ,were introduced. Moreover,new concept infrared imaging seekers aiming at improving the abilities of resolving multiple closely spaced objects (CSOs) and discrimination of ballistic missile warhead (including multi-bands infrared imaging seeker and dual-mode active/passive infrared imaging seekers) were introduced.
Functionally Graded Metallic Structure for Bone Replacement

Processes for the creation and characterization of functionally graded metallic structures for use as artificial bone tissue were investigated. The metallic structure consists of a solid surface layer, a graded porosity layer and a homogeneous porous core. Porous compacts with varied densities were created using traditional powder metallurgy techniques. The surfaces of the compacts were subjected to a densification process with the use of a specially designed indentation tool. Investigations on the effect of the initial density of the compact and the depth of indentation during the deification process on the densified layer and graded porosity region were studied. Compacts with an initial density of 86 % of the true density were indented to depths of approximately 1.8, 1.25, 1, and 0.65 mm. Compacts with initial densities of 67, 70, and 73% were indented to a depth of 1 mm. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were implemented to characterize the morphology of the porous structure. Results show that deeper indentation during the densification process yielded a larger densified layer. The variation of Young’s modulus along the porosity gradation is investigated using micro-indentation. The graded structures are also investigated for fracture parameters and crack growth behavior using digital image correlation techniques.
Andrea Villarreal González: Forming Rebels/Rebel Forming

Labor activist and Mexican Revolution journalist Andrea Villarreal Gonzalez is the most openly feminist of the women whose works are examined here. The Mexican Joan of Arc, as she was known, spent her days speaking in public plazas with the most political of all mothers: Mary Harris, or Mother Jones. Villarreal Gonzalez is also, at times, the most traditional. She advocates for women’s rights and founds a newspaper for the same purpose, but clearly from the extoled site of motherhood. A woman’s job, she proclaims, is “hacer rebeldes.” In this chapter, I examine how, claiming “rebel formation,” she forms herself as a rebel political voice. In doing so, she sheds the madwoman and whore labels and (re) configures motherhood as a site for political expression.
Crystal structures of the dihydrate and hexahydrate of hexamethylcystine

Hexamethylcystine forms a monoclinic dihydrate crystal in space group P21 with a = 8.2340(11) A, b = 9.7061(14) A, c = 11.4348(13) A, β = 101.762(9)°, V = 894.7(3) A3, and Z = 2. The hexahydrate crystal is. tetragonal, space group P41212, with a = 8.7810(3) A, c = 28.270(3) A, V = 2179.8(3) A3, and Z = 4. The dihydrate structure refined to an R(F) of0.036 using 199 parameters and 1556 reflections with I > 3σ(I). Corresponding values for the hexahydrate are 0.045, 118, and 838. The hexamethylcystine is located on a twofold rotation axis of the lattice in the hexahydrate crystal. In the dihydrate the C-S-S-C torsion angle is -108.4(4)° and the carbon-sulfur chain is tightly coiled; in the hexahydrate the C-S-S-C torsion angle is 90.5(4)° and the backbone is a relatively open helix.
Molecular mechanisms of decreased interleukin-2 production after thermal injury.

Background. Among the fundamental immunologic abnormalities induced by serious traumatic or thermal injury are alterations in T cell activation, reduced lymphocyte interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, and associated depression of T lymphocyte proliferation. This study attempts to localize the cellular mechanisms underlying abnormal IL-2 production in thermal in jury. Methods. Following National Institutes of Health guidelines, 150 A/J mice were anesthetized, subjected to a 20% full-thickness scald burn in jury or sham burn, and killed at intervals from 4 to 21 days later; splenocytes were harvested for in vitro studies
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY- VERSUS LATE-ACCELERATED GROWTH PATTERNS IN PATIENTS WITH ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM

Background: Whether genetic factors influence growth patterns of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is unknown. Methods: We studied 486 patients, who had ≥ 3 pre-operative measures for AAA size and available high-density genotyping information in the Mayo clinic Vascular Disease Biorepository. We
Children’s quantification with every over time

This article looks closely at two types of errors children have been shown to make with universal quantification—Exhaustive Pairing (EP) errors and Underexhaustive errors—and asks whether they reflect the same underlying phenomenon. In a large-scale, longitudinal study, 140 children were tested 4 times from ages 4 to 7 on sentences involving the universal quantifier every . We find an interesting inverse relationship between EP errors and Underexhaustive errors over development: the point at which children stop making Underexhaustive errors is also when they begin making EP errors. Underexhaustive errors, common at early stages in our study, may be indicative of a non-adult, non-exhaustive semantics for every . EP errors, which emerge later, and remain frequent even at age 7, are progressive in nature and were also found with adults in a control study. Following recent developmental work (Drozd and van Loosbroek 2006; Smits 2010), we suggest that these errors do not signal lack of knowledge, but may stem from independent difficulties appropriately restricting the quantifier domain in the presence of a salient, but irrelevant, extra object. This article is part of the special collection: Acquisition of Quantification
Social and Emotional Learning in Australia and the Asia-Pacific: Perspectives, Programs, and Approaches Edited by Erica Frydenberg , Andrew J. Martin , and Rebecca J. Collie Springer Press, 2017, 471 pp., $382.15, ISBN: 9811033935

The goal of formal schooling has broadened in recent decades to include not only academic development, but also the development of socially competent and well-adjusted individuals. Educators have f...
Updates in Infant Nutrition.

1. Dina M. DiMaggio, MD*,† 2. Amanda Cox, MD‡ 3. Anthony F. Porto, MD, MPH§ 1. *Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 2. †Pediatric Associates of NYC, New York, NY 3. ‡Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 4. §Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT * Abbreviations: AAP: : American Academy of Pediatrics ARA: : arachidonic acid CDC: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DHA: : docosahexaenoic acid FDA: : Food and Drug Administration FPIES: : food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome GER: : gastroesophageal reflux GERD: : GER disease IgE: : immunoglobulin E MCT: : medium-chain triglyceride WHO: : World Health Organization Guidelines for introduction of complementary foods in infants have evolved. New data have led to the development of updated guidelines on the introduction of high-allergy foods, especially with the introduction of peanuts. Pediatricians need to keep up to date with these changes to educate parents on current guidelines. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Educate parents on the introduction of complementary foods, specifically with regard to iron- and zinc-fortified first foods and highly allergenic foods, including peanuts, on the basis of current guidelines. 2. Use the World Health Organization and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts correctly. 3. Recognize and treat common medical conditions related to infant nutrition. 4. Describe the differences between common infant formulas. Infancy is a period of rapid growth and development. Parents are often confused about optimal infant nutrition practices. In addition, as new research has emerged, pediatricians have needed to modify the education provided to parents. This article covers common topics about infant nutrition, including normal infant growth, use of breast milk, discussion of formula options, and introduction of complementary foods. Our recommendations are based on current guidelines and research. During infancy, children are expected to double their birth weight by 5 to 6 months of age. Children gain weight more rapidly during the first 3 months after birth, and this rate decreases over the first year (Table 1). Height will also increase by 10 inches (25.4 cm), and head circumference will increase by 5 inches (12.7 cm) in the first year. View this table: Table 1. Normal Infant Weight Gain A good resource for identifying patterns of excessive weight loss in the first few days …
The First Era of Cocaine Abuse and Control, 1884–1930

The first global encounter with cocaine began with its rapid emergence as a medical wonder drug in the mid-1880s. Despite being widely promoted for its therapeutic potential in legitimate medical practice, it is important to understand that cocaine always existed within a regulatory environment, albeit one that was initially quite open to sale and use. This chapter tracks the evolution of cocaine regulation over the next five decades, from pharmacy laws and subnational regulation to the origins of national-level controls and finally the creation of an international control system. This chapter also attempts to reconstruct patterns of cocaine use over those early decades and concludes with a consideration of the consequences of control.