cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution and nesting biology of colonies of the African honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Botswana, Africa.

The spatial distribution and nesting biology were examined for naturally occurring colonies of the African honey bee race Apis mellifera scutellata (Lepeletier) in the Okavango River Delta, Botswana. Colonies had a density of 4.2/km 2 but exhibited considerable spatial clumping. Nest aggregations did not appear to result from short swarm dispersal distances, clumped resources or benefits derived from increased nest defense. Nests occurred predominantly in wooden cavities, particularly in abandoned woodpecker nests in dead palm trees. Nest cavities had a volume of =33 liters and south-facing, top-located entrances. Colonies constructed =6,000 cm 2 of comb, devoted the majority of comb area to worker brood production, stored relatively little food, and allocated =8% of comb area to drone rearing. A comparison of the A. m. scutellata colonies in the Okavango with neotropical African colonies throughout Central and South America revealed that the neotropical colonies were more likely to construct exposed comb nests and less likely to occupy wooden cavities. However, no differences were found between the Okavango and neotropical colonies in nest density, cavity volume, total comb area, or the proportions of comb devoted to worker brood production, food storage or drone rearing. Thus, the aspects of nesting biology examined appear to have remained largely unchanged from the ancestral African condition during the colonization of Central and South America.
Underwater inspection program of navy's waterfront structures

In 1979 the Navy established the Underwater Inspection Program (UWIP) to address the problem of an increasing backlog of maintenance and repairs (MR 260 wharfs providing 33 miles of berthing; and 308 bulkheads and quaywalls of 141 miles length. The UWIP is establishing uniform standards for the Navy on underwater inspection performance, equipment use, data recording, structural evaluation, and reporting. To date, several timely M&R recommendations have resulted in averting facilities failures.
Truss layout optimization within a continuum

The present work extends truss layout optimization by considering the case when it is embedded in a continuum. Structural models often combine discrete and continuum members and current requirements for efficiency and extreme structures push research in the field of optimization. Examples of varied complexity and dimensional space are analyzed and compared, highlighting the advantages of the proposed method. The goal of this work is to provide a simple formulation for the discrete component of the structure, more specifically the truss, to be optimized in presence of a continuum.
Social Environments of University Student Living Groups Architectural and Organizational Correlates

The relationships among architectural characteristics (e.g., proportion of single rooms, presence of snack bar or vending machine), organizational structure and functioning (e.g., student activities and student decision-making power), and the social environments of 87 university student living groups were investigated. The social environment may be an important mediator of the effects of architectural and organizational characteristics of student living groups. For example, living groups with a greater proportion of single rooms had more emphasis on academic achievement, and less emphasis on social interactions and a feeling of friendship, on concern for others in the house, on open and honest communication, on spontaneity, and on the number and variety of new activities. Architectural, organizational, and social environmental measures must be used together if one wishes to construct accurate and complete descriptions of the overall environments of university student living groups.
Learning in context: Extensively computerized work groups as communities-of-practice

Abstract As computing becomes increasingly integral to organizational life, how work groups learn to successfully use computing becomes a critical issue. The current focus in the management information systems literature is on individual training and teaching methods. The context in which people and groups learn is overlooked in these studies. But work groups provide different types of learning environments, some which encourage learning while others discourage it. Three characteristics of work group environments help explain why learning varies: differential valuation of work roles in organizations (clerical vs professional work groups); differential participation in legitimate peripheral learning (through the presence of local expertise and time to interact and learn); and differential levels of participation in noncanonical communities-of-practice (especially through grass roots computing implementations). Two contrasting case studies illustrate how these concepts result in different learning environments. Professional work groups are more highly valued in organizations and members are given more autonomy to participate in legitimate peripheral learning and emerging communities-of-practice, while clerical groups are less valued, isolated from other practitioners and more rigorously held to canonical work practices. Participation in computing implementations also provides opportunities for learning that are missing in groups that have computing forced on them by management.
Cost-effectiveness of Medical Nutrition Therapy in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) identified diet therapy as the first line of treatment for hypercholesterolemia. NCEP guidelines suggest that a physician (MD) and other health professionals implement the Step 1 diet and that a registered dietitian (RD) implement Step 2 diet therapy. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this approach, we randomly assigned 90 patients (60 males, 30 females) aged 21-65 with chol > 200mg/dl and not on hypolipidemic drugs to receive either medical nutrition therapy (MNT) from RDs or usual care (UC) from MDs. MNT included a NCEP based cholesterol lowering protocol which required 2-6 visits over 6 months, depending on lipid results. During the 6 month intervention period, MDs and patients agreed not to use lipid lowering drugs. Results at 3 and 6 months were compared between treatment groups using analysis of covariance controlling for baseline and gender.Baseline3month6monthCholMNT238(28)222(27)+222(23)*(mg/dL)UC237(29)238(27)232(25)LDLMNT165(23)154(24)*153(21)(mg/dL)UC163(26)162(26)159(23)Mean(SD)*P
The first record of a Cretaceous dinosaur from southwestern Alaska

Abstract Cretaceous dinosaurs are recorded for the first time from southwestern Alaska by a series of three tracks found in Aniakchak National Monument. This trackway is in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) Chignik Formation, a cyclic sequence of marine to non-marine clastic sedimentary rocks. The nearest coeval locality is approximately 1500 km northeast of this site, along the Colville River in northern Alaska, which contains abundant dinosaurs. This distance helps to document the occurrence of a widespread Cretaceous Arctic terrestrial ecosystem that supported significant numbers of large-bodied herbivores.
Glioneurocytoma: Tumor With Glial and Neuronal Differentiation

We report two cases of low-grade glioma in which multiple cellular components, including cells with dense-core granules consistent with "neurocytes," were identified on electron microscopic studies. The first patient was an apparently normal boy until the onset of seizures at age 10 months. Initially, the seizures improved with phenobarbital treatment, but good seizure control was never achieved. Computed tomographic scan at age 23 months showed a calcified, nonenhancing left parietal mass. This tumor was composed of sheets of cells with clear cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei. Mucinous intercellular material stained positively with periodic acid-Schiff, mucicarmine, and alcian blue stains. Foci of calcification were evident. The second patient was a 13-year-old boy with a left parasagittal parieto-occipital mass who presented with a 4-month history of seizures and declining school performance. The tumor was composed of sheets of astrocytes with dark, hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei in a fibrillary an...
Characterization of a Continuous, Very Narrowband Seismic Signal near 2.08 Hz

We have detected a continuous seismic signal near 2.08 Hz using data from a portable seismic array, 1280 km long, deployed in Siberia and Mongolia. The signal can be observed on almost all the stations along the profile. The amplitude and the frequency of the signal show a clear daily cycle, and their temporal variations are similar at different stations, suggesting that the signals observed at different stations have a common source. We performed a nonlinear inversion of the amplitude of the signal and found that the geometrical-spreading factor is about 0.6, implying that the signal is most likely to be a form of surface waves. The source location found by the inversion is in the vicinity of the city of Irkutsk, which is about 50 km north of Lake Baikal.
The Role of Environmental Shear and Thermodynamic Conditions in Determining the Structure and Evolution of Mesoscale Convective Systems during TOGA COARE

Abstract A collection of case studies is used to elucidate the influence of environmental soundings on the structure and evolution of the convection in the mesoscale convective systems sampled by the turboprop aircraft in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). The soundings were constructed primarily from aircraft data below 5–6 km and primarily from radiosonde data at higher altitudes. The well-documented role of the vertical shear of the horizontal wind in determining the mesoscale structure of tropical convection is confirmed and extended. As noted by earlier investigators, nearly all convective bands occurring in environments with appreciable shear below a low-level wind maximum are oriented nearly normal to the shear beneath the wind maximum and propagate in the direction of the low-level shear at a speed close to the wind maximum; when there is appreciable shear at middle levels (800–400 mb), convective bands form parallel to the shear. With...
Optical gain-bandwidth product of vertical cavity laser amplifiers

Trade-off between amplifier gain and optical bandwidth is investigated in the case of novel long-wavelength vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers. In agreement with measurements, simple formulas for the gain-bandwidth product are presented. Mirror optimisation promises gain-bandwidth products in the THz range.
THE MOVEMENT OF OIL SPILLS

ABSTRACT The effects of winds, waves, and currents, and the physical properties of oil and water on the drift rates of oil spills were studied in tests carried out in a combined water basin wind tunnel On calm water, oil drifted at a fairly constant percentage of the wind speed regardless of the nature and spreading tendencies of the oil, the spill size, and water temperature, depth, and salinity. Percent drift varied with wind tunnel height. Extrapolation to infinite height indicated that on calm open water wind drift should be 3.7%. Shallow water waves, which produced no significant drift themselves, reduced wind drift. Analysis indicated that deep water waves produced by the wind should produce significant drift, complicating wind drift prediction, but the magnitude of the wind wave interaction effects is not yet known. Test wind drifts and current drifts were found not to be directly additive.
H/D exchange reactions between C6D6 and C5Me5Co(CH2=CHR)2 (R = H, SiMe3): Evidence for oxidative addition of Csp2−H bonds to the [C5Me5(L)Co] moiety

Abstract Heating C 5 Me 5 Co(CH 2 = CHR) 2 (R = H, 60°C; R = SiMe 3 , 20°C) in C 6 D 6 leads to deuterium incorporation in the vinylic sites of the olefin ligands. This observation is interpreted in terms of reversible oxidative addition of C 6 D 6 to the 16-electron species [C 5 Me 5 Co(CH 2 =CHR)].
Antiemetic Use for Acute Gastroenteritis in Children

Objectives To describe patterns of and factors associated with antiemetic use among a population-based sample of children with acute gastroenteritis; to determine if filling a prescription for an antiemetic is associated with a significant risk of adverse events; and to determine if filling a prescription for an antiemetic is associated with an increased risk of subsequent health care use. Method and Design Retrospective cohort study of 20 222 children aged 1 month to 18 years, receiving Medicaid, who had a first diagnosis of gastroenteritis, diarrhea, or vomiting between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 1998. Main Outcome Measures Presence of a claim for an antiemetic in the 3 days after the initial diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis, subsequent health care usage, and an adverse event within 14 days of the initial diagnosis. Results Parents of 1802 children (8.9%) with acute gastroenteritis had a prescription for an antiemetic filled within 3 days of the index visit. Factors associated with antiemetic prescription filling for children include older age, provider type (emergency physician, family physician, or general practitioner vs pediatrician), Spanish as the primary language, and rural residency. There was no difference in adverse events between children for whom an antiemetic prescription was filled and for those who did not have an antiemetic prescription filled (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-1.46). No difference in risk of subsequent health care use was seen in children who had an antiemetic prescription filled and those who did not (incidence rate ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.16). Conclusion Antiemetic use among children with acute gastroenteritis is common and adverse effects seem to be rare.
Daily Newspaper Reporters' and Editors' Preferences Toward Reporter Decision-Making and Existing Practices

This study attempted to assess the attitudes of American city and county daily newspaper reporters and editors toward reporter decision-making, and to determine existing decision-making practices. A national sample demonstrated that reporters want, in general, to be consulted by management before management makes decisions. On several work-related decisions, however, reporters want to control the decision-making process; on other issues, they have relatively little participation interest. Editors want less reporter participation than reporters, and the difference is substantial on many work-related issues. Female editors would allow slightly more reporter decision-making than male editors. These reporters also want more participation than exists. Smaller newspaper organizations allow more reporter decision-making than larger news organizations.
Rifaximin Alters Intestinal Bacteria and Prevents Stress-Induced Gut Inflammation and Visceral Hyperalgesia in Rats

Background & Aims Rifaximin is used to treat patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, but little is known about its therapeutic mechanism. We propose that rifaximin modulates the ileal bacterial community, reduces subclinical inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, and improves gut barrier function to reduce visceral hypersensitivity. Methods We induced visceral hyperalgesia in rats, via chronic water avoidance or repeat restraint stressors, and investigated whether rifaximin altered the gut microbiota, prevented intestinal inflammation, and improved gut barrier function. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 454 pyrosequencing were used to analyze bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA in ileal contents from the rats. Reverse transcription, immunoblot, and histologic analyses were used to evaluate levels of cytokines, the tight junction protein occludin, and mucosal inflammation, respectively. Intestinal permeability and rectal sensitivity were measured. Results Water avoidance and repeat restraint stress each led to visceral hyperalgesia, accompanied by mucosal inflammation and impaired mucosal barrier function. Oral rifaximin altered the composition of bacterial communities in the ileum ( Lactobacillus species became the most abundant) and prevented mucosal inflammation, impairment to intestinal barrier function, and visceral hyperalgesia in response to chronic stress. Neomycin also changed the composition of the ileal bacterial community ( Proteobacteria became the most abundant species). Neomycin did not prevent intestinal inflammation or induction of visceral hyperalgesia induced by water avoidance stress. Conclusions Rifaximin alters the bacterial population in the ileum of rats, leading to a relative abundance of Lactobacillus . These changes prevent intestinal abnormalities and visceral hyperalgesia in response to chronic psychological stress.
A new numerical method for large-scale complex media: the PSTD algorithm

Conventional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods are very inefficient for simulations of electromagnetic wave propagation in large-scale complex media. This is mainly because of the low-accuracy associated with the spatial discretization in the FDTD methods. As a result, even for a moderate size problem, a large number of cells (typically 10-20 cells per wavelength) are required to obtain reasonably accurate results. This requirement becomes much more stringent for large-scale problems since the dispersion error grows rapidly with the propagation distance. The authors recently developed a pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method which requires only two cells per wavelength regardless of the problem size. In terms of the spatial discretization, this method is an optimal time-domain solution since it has an infinite order of accuracy in the spatial representation. For a problem of size 32 to 512 wavelengths in each dimension, the PSTD method is at least 4/sup D/-32/sup D/ times more efficient than the FDTD method (where D is the dimensionality of the problem). For larger problems, the advantage of the PSTD method becomes even more profound. Therefore, the PSTD method is ideal for simulations of electromagnetic wave propagation in large-scale complex media.
The evolution of halophytes, glycophytes and crops, and its implications for food security under saline conditions

The effective development of salt tolerant crops requires an understanding that the evolution of halophytes, glycophytes and our major grain crops has involved significantly different processes. Halophytes (and other edaphic endemics) generally arose through colonization of habitats in severe disequilibrium by pre-adapted individuals, rather than by gradual adaptation from populations of 'glycophytes'. Glycophytes, by contrast, occur in low sodium ecosystems, where sodium was and is the major limiting nutrient in herbivore diets, suggesting that their evolution reflects the fact that low sodium individuals experienced lower herbivory and had higher fitness. For domestication/evolution of crop plants, the selective pressure was human imposed and involved humans co-opting functions of defense and reproductive security. Unintended consequences of this included loss of tolerance to various stresses and loss of the genetic variability needed to correct that. Understanding, combining and manipulating all three modes of evolution are now critical to the development of salt tolerant crops, particularly those that will offer food security in countries with few economic resources and limited infrastructure. Such efforts will require exploiting the genetic structures of recently evolved halophytes, the genetic variability of model plants, and endemic halophytes and 'minor' crops that already exist.
Shaping behavior through malleable self-perceptions: A test of the forced-agreement scale effect (FASE)

Three experiments examined the effectiveness of the forced-agreement scale effect (FASE) manipulation at influencing self-perceptions of traits and consistent behaviors. The FASE manipulation forces respondents to agree (at least somewhat) with behavioral statements from previously validated questionnaires. Experiment 1A required participants to agree with items from a measure of need for cognition and to complete word jumbles. Experiment 1B employed a sensation seeking version of the FASE manipulation and examined its effect on a risky gambling task. Experiment 2 verified that the manipulation influences thought-responses, which mediate the relationship between the magnitude of the effect and a relevant consequence. All three experiments provided support for the FASE manipulation’s validity. Distinct advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.
Solid Solution Additives and the Sintering of Ceramics

The use of solid solution additives has been shown to be very effective for the formation, by conventional sintering, of ceramic materials with high density and with controlled grain size. However, the number of systems for which such additives have been successfully found remains quite small, and the role of the additives is fairly well understood in only two or three of these. This paper describes the initial part of a systematic study into the effects of solid solution additives on the sintering of ceramics. Cerium oxide was chosen as a model host powder for this work because it has appreciable solubility for many additives. A combination of kinetic data and microstructural observations indicate that the sintering and grain growth are influenced significantly by the additive size but less significantly by the additive charge. The density versus grain size relationship is almost independent of the additive below relative densities of = 0.90 but depends strongly on the additive above this density. The data are interpreted in terms of the effect of the additives on the densification to coarsening ratio.
The Founding of the American Political Science Association: Discipline, Profession, Political Theory, and Politics

In the evolution of the social sciences, disciplines (forms of research, training, and instruction) preceded professions (distinct occupational identities). Although professionalism has often been viewed as a conservative force, what was arguably the most prominent transformation in the history of political science was the result of a professional challenge to the discipline. The founding of the American Political Science Association represented not only an ideological break with some of the principal voices in the discipline but a reformulation of the reigning vision of the relationship between political science and politics. Despite the markedly different circumstances, the dissenting claims emanating from the subfield of political theory during the behavioral era reflected, in many respects, a similar form of confrontation.
Floorplanning with performance-based clustering

There are many different reasons why it is desirable to keep a set of modules (called a cluster) together during floorplanning. A cluster might be strongly connected, or functionality and testability of a design could be improved. We address the problem of performance constraints in a non-slicing floorplan represented by a sequence pair, and we use an evolutionary algorithm to generate a hard module placement preserving cluster constraints. The main contribution is to define cluster constraints as sequence pair constraints, and therefore reduce significantly the feasible solution search space. We use Lagrangian Relaxation formulation to generate an optimal soft module floorplan. Experimental results on modified MCNC benchmarks show the efficiency of our approach.
General static spherically symmetric solutions in Horava gravity

We derive the equations describing a general static spherically symmetric configuration for the softly broken Ho\ifmmode \check{r}\else \v{r}\fi{}ava gravity introduced by A. Kehagias and K. Sfetsos with nonzero shift field and no-projectability condition. These represent ``hedgehog'' versions of black holes with radial ``hair'' arising from the shift field. For the case of the standard de Witt kinetic term ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=1$) there is an infinity of solutions that exhibit a deformed version of reparametrization invariance away from the general relativistic limit. Special solutions also arise in the anisotropic conformal point $\ensuremath{\lambda}=\frac{1}{3}$. Moreover we obtain an implicit general expression for the solutions with ${N}_{r}=0$ and generic $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. In this context we study the presence of horizons for standard matter and the related Hawking temperature, generalizing the corresponding relations in the usual static spherically symmetric case.
Teaching Concepts of Clinical Measurement Variation to Medical Students

An exercise in clinical epidemiology was developed for medical students to demonstrate the process and limitations of scientific measurement using models that simulate common clinical experiences. All scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal and interval) were used to illustrate concepts of intra- and interobserver variation, systematic error, recording error, and procedural error. In a laboratory, students a) determined blood pressures on six videotaped subjects, b) graded sugar content of unknown solutions from 0 to 4+ using Clinitest tablets, c) measured papules that simulated PPD reactions, d) measured heart and kidney size on X-rays and, e) described a model skin lesion (melanoma). Traditionally, measurement variation is taught in biostatistics or epidemiology courses using previously collected data. Use of these models enables students to produce their own data using measurements commonly employed by the clinician. The exercise provided material for a meaningful discussion of the implications of measurement error in clinical decision-making.
A question of assignments in the 13C NMR of estrone and related structures

The initial assignments for C-6 and C-8 in the carbon spectrum of estrone [3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one] were reversed by a subsequent group of investigators. Recent respected reference publications have reproduced these conflicting sets of data, reflecting an uncertainty regarding the correct assignments. The implied question has been answered with the aid of APT, 2D COSY and HETCOR experiments.
Who’s listening?

I just read an interesting short piece in the Harvard Business Review Blog Network about listening. The article, Three Ways Leaders Can Listen with More Empathy, (http://blogs.hbr. org/2014/01/three-ways-leaders-can-listen-with-more-empathy/), was penned by Christine Riordan, Provost and Professor of Management at the University of Kentucky and former professor at the University of Georgia in the Terry College of Business. The article captured my attention because of the title and its reference to the almost forgotten and nearly quaint skill of listening. While listening was once considered an important competence and was emphasized in general education along with written and verbal communication skills, the art and skill of listening have declined in practice and seemingly in importance in recent years. The ascendance of “active” learning, texting, tweeting, and asynchronous online education, along with a host of other social media and educational practices, has rendered listening as a lower-order skill. Self-expression and rapid communication tend to crowd out the careful listener. The Millennial Generation (sometimes called the “me generation”) and Generation Z increasingly rely on asynchronous communication and visual representation of ideas and emotions. Communication is dominated by platforms that elevate the visual over the auditory (well, maybe not for music) and encourage abbreviated written communication. U know? Lest I sound like a curmudgeon, however, you should know that I, too, am an occasional user of social media platforms and can see value in those forms of expressions. Over the past two to three decades, lectures have been the focus of many reform efforts within the academy. It was not necessarily that lectures were bad, but listening is so difficult and learning passively was challenging. However, as I was reminded by Riordan’s blog, listening should be active. Whether we believe classroom lectures can or should be continued, higher education institutions have clearly come down on the side of the lecture for important occasions, as we continue to invite distinguished scholars to give lectures to honor important constituents and to share cutting edge research. While the “one minute lecture” has claimed quite a few adherents, we would not ask an important lecturer to give a 15-minute speech, just so we could keep the audience interested. Maybe those who attend lecturers are active listeners; and, importantly, they may have a disciplinary context for listening. Generally, however, the inability to listen is demonstrated in small and large meetings across our campuses and in our classrooms. Also, on a daily basis, television and radio talk show hosts and participants, ranging from the politically oriented to entertainment-focused, Innov High Educ (2014) 39:1–2 DOI 10.1007/s10755-014-9283-6
Lasers and Lights for Adipose Tissue and Cellulite

The use of lasers and light devices for the removal of adipose tissue and cellulite represents a new and exciting frontier in the laser field. To date, there are few non-invasive devices in the laser field all of which can only claim limited efficacy. This chapter will review the laser, light sources, as well as devices with radiofrequency and ultrasound devices that currently purport to treat cellulite or adipose tissue.
Exploring effects of background context familiarity and signaling on comprehension, recall, and cognitive load

This study was designed to explore the effects of different geographical background contexts and signalling for information about global warming on comprehension, recall and cognitive load. Two different geographical contexts, US and Korean, were employed to frame explanations of global warming phenomena to US students. Two signalling conditions were also adopted in which passages about global warming were either signalled or nonsignalled. Comparisons within the experimental framework of the study showed that context familiarity had positive effects on students’ deep comprehension (knowledge application), self-reported levels of motivation and perceived levels of difficulty, and that signalling had a negative effect on deep comprehension. An expertise reversal effect was also noted. The findings of the current study imply that to-be-learned information framed within an unfamiliar context can create disadvantages for students’ motivation, perceived difficulty and deep comprehension.
Inhibitors of Calcium‐Activated Anion Channels Modulate Hypnotic Ethanol Responses in Adult Sprague Dawley Rats

Background Ethanol is widely known for its depressant effects; however, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are not clear. Calcium-activated anion channels (CAACs) contribute to extracellular chloride levels and thus may be involved in regulating inhibitory mechanisms within the central nervous system. Therefore, we hypothesized that CAACs influence ethanol behavioral sensitivity by altering CAAC expression. Methods We assessed the role of CAACs in ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) and locomotor activity using intracerebroventricular infusions of several nonselective CAAC blockers. CAAC expression was determined after ethanol exposure. Results Ethanol-induced LORR (4.0 g/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was significantly attenuated by all 4 CAAC blockers. Blocking CAACs did not impact ethanol's low-dose (1.5 g/kg, i.p.) locomotor-impairing effects. Biochemical analysis of CAAC protein expression revealed that cortical Bestrophin1 (Best1) and Tweety1 levels were reduced as early as 30 minutes following a single ethanol injection (3.5 g/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) and remained decreased 24 hours later in P2 fractions. Cortical Best1 levels were also reduced following 1.5 g/kg. However, CAAC expression was unaltered in the striatum following a single ethanol exposure. Ethanol did not affect Tweety2 levels in either brain region. Conclusions These results suggest that CAACs are a major target of ethanol in vivo, and the regulation of these channels contributes to select behavioral actions of ethanol.
Auditor Pricing of Excess Cash Holdings

We examine auditor business risk by analyzing the relation between excess cash holdings and auditor pricing behavior. Prior research links excess cash holdings to risks associated with manager oppo...
Keeping Low Sanctions Low

In response to Irina D. Manta, The High Costs of Low Sanctions, 66 Florida Law Review 157 (2014).In her article, Professor Manta provides a useful analysis of the (often) unanticipated negative effects of low legal sanctions. She suggests that low sanctions can be particularly problematic because they may make it easier to pass faulty laws, which are then difficult to eliminate and are often enforced as de fact high sanctions. She points to examples from copyright and technology law enforcement in support of these insights.In my brief response, I highlight two areas worthy of further investigation in light of Professor Manta's analysis. First, whether low sanctions have the purported negative effects may often depend on whether the low sanctions are a result of a hard-fought legislative compromise or an initial strategy of the bill supporters. Those that result from the former may be less susceptible to the effects that worry Professor Manta, while those that result from the latter may be more susceptible to them. Second, the purported negative effects of low sanctions may also become less worrisome as private ordering solutions to copyright and technology law problems mature. But the opposite could also be true. Hence, each of these questions merit further inquiry in light of Professor Manta's insights.
The Social Structure in Relation to the Person

thing, then wait to see who hollers, and then relieve the hollering as best you can to see who else hollers. When the volume of hollering manifests no discernible difference, because good and bad alike become bad through faulty administration, the guidance of political conduct by consequences is inhibited. The legislator must do the best he can pending the success of the present efforts to cure this serious but curable fault. But in the meantime he may assure himself with all the smiles of heaven to emphasize the truth of it, that to be driven from his moorings by the tempests of contemporary dictatorships is to go morally mad. The poorest compromise is better than the best dictation. It is better not only because it leaves a larger area of freedom to both sides, but because of what it does to the spirit of man to engage in honest political accommodation. Such modest political action removes the stupidity of trusting immediate feeling or thought for what they advertise themselves to be; it removes the chance of cupidity to exploit symbols of authority for the sake of subordinating others; it removes the fanaticism of a moral impetuosity which holds duty exhausted in doing what conscience commands before conscience has made certain that it is not the voice of an ass; it removes the illusion of certainty from simple action, and substitutes therefor a strategy of estimating what will follow what and of shrewd guessing what future events will feel like when they become present events. The legislator who can compromise an issue without compromising himself and who in a pinch can give an issue away without giving himself away is public prototype to a nation of private citizens who will tolerate all save extreme intolerance and who in doing so develop souls that transcend conduct but that can nevertheless accommodate themr-selves to action when action is needed. To klnow how to command spirit for action without losing spirit in action-this is the final knowledge which constitutes political virtue.
The new state mental hospitals in the community.

Objective The study examined a 95-bed locked community facility (an institute for mental disease), one of 40 such facilities in California to which patients with increasingly difficult problems in management have been referred over the past few years as an alternative to more highly structured state hospitals. The purpose was to determine the characteristics of patients admitted to such facilities and assess whether the facilities are adequate for treating them. Methods A hundred and one randomly selected patients in one institute for mental disease were studied by record review and by discussion of each case with staff. Results The patients were characterized by psychotic diagnoses; the presence of psychotic symptoms even though they took antipsychotic medications in the facility; and histories of previous hospitalizations, serious violence against persons, poor medication compliance, and substance abuse. Ninety-nine percent had been admitted under psychiatric conservatorship. Forty-four percent had been violent toward persons during the current admission, and the level of bizarre, socially inappropriate behavior in the facility was high. Conclusions Despite a high-quality rehabilitation program, treating and rehabilitating difficult-to-manage patients normally treated in state hospitals in a facility that had a considerably lower degree of structure had become increasingly difficult and dangerous. The use of community alternatives to state hospitalization, which is often driven by lower costs and an ideology that highly structured care is seldom needed, is not suitable for all patients.
The history of feed analysis, as chronicled in the development of AOAC official methods, 1884-1984.

Etude d'apres la bibliographie publiee depuis 100 ans, de l'evolution des techniques analytiques
Problems and Results on Intersective Sets

By intersective set we mean a set H ⊂ Z having the property that it intersects the difference set A − A of any dense subset A of the integers. By analogy between the integers and the ring of polynomials over a finite field, the notion of intersective sets also makes sense in the latter setting. We give a survey of methods used to study intersective sets, known results and open problems in both settings.
Unmanned aircraft systems in wildlife research: current and future applications of a transformative technology

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) – also called unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones – are an emerging tool that may provide a safer, more cost-effective, and quieter alternative to traditional research methods. We review examples where UAS have been used to document wildlife abundance, behavior, and habitat, and illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of this technology with two case studies. We summarize research on behavioral responses of wildlife to UAS, and discuss the need to understand how recreational and commercial applications of this technology could disturb certain species. Currently, the widespread implementation of UAS by scientists is limited by flight range, regulatory frameworks, and a lack of validation. UAS are most effective when used to examine smaller areas close to their launch sites, whereas manned aircraft are recommended for surveying greater distances. The growing demand for UAS in research and industry is driving rapid regulatory and technological progress, which in turn will make them more accessible and effective as analytical tools.
Treatment of Hemophilia A Using B Cell-Directed Protein Delivery

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or functional defect in coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). There is currently no cure for hemophilia A and the mainstay of treatment is FVIII replacement therapy by infusion of plasma-derived or recombinant FVIII at the time of bleeding. Although we and others have demonstrated successful correction of hemophilia A in a mouse model by hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy, it remains to be determined whether the potential risks and toxicities associated with the approach will allow its translation into the clinic. Facing this obstacle, and in light of our recent data demonstrating the ability of B-lymphoid progeny of transduced HSCs to induce tolerance and direct sustained therapeutic levels of FVIII in hemophilia A mice, we have shifted our focus to mature antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs) as an alternative target cell population for gene therapy of hemophilia A. MBCs are long-lived, resting cells that differentiate into long-lived, nondividing plasma cells while maintaining a reservoir of MBCs. Thus, these oligopotent progenitors share with HSCs the important property of self maintenance. We have devised a novel therapeutic approach that uses gene-modified MBCs that differentiate into FVIII-secreting plasma cells in vivo. This strategy uses antigenic immunization to generate antigen-specific MBCs which in principle could be isolated from the peripheral blood of patients, transduced with a FVIII-expressing lentiviral vector, and intravenously infused back into the recipient where they would recirculate through peripheral blood to places of antigen drainage (e.g., spleen), some of which would develop into long-lived FVIII-expressing plasma cells residing in the bone marrow. Periodic upregulation of circulating FVIII levels could be achieved if necessary using booster vaccinations (e.g., to tetanus toxin) to stimulate FVIII expression from long-lived antigen-specific MBCs and terminally-differentiated plasma cells.
Adult Attachment and Heterosexual College Women’s Hookup Behaviors: Mediating Effects of Sexual Motives

We investigated sexual motives as mediators of the relationships between adult attachment orientations and women’s casual sexual behavior. Female heterosexual undergraduates (N = 221) provided self-report data on multiple attachment orientations underlying attachment styles, sexual motives, and hookup behavior. Proximity-seeking (i.e., turning toward others to share experiences and in times of need) and self-reliance (i.e., preferring not to ask for help or to depend on others) were both associated with number of hookup partners. Sexual motives mediated some of these relationships. Intimacy motives explained how proximity-seeking positively related to hookup behavior, whereas enhancement motives explained how self-reliance negatively related to hookup behavior. These results suggest that attachment orientations associated with both secure and insecure attachment styles predict women’s casual sexual behavior through different sexual motives. These results also suggest that women’s casual sexual encounters do not necessarily reflect insecurity, dysfunction, psychopathology, or maladaptation. To promote healthy hookup behaviors among women, both emotional as well as sexual needs associated with different attachment orientations should be considered.
Bioelectrochemical anaerobic sewage treatment technology for Arctic communities.

This study describes a novel wastewater treatment technology suitable for small remote northern communities. The technology is based on an enhanced biodegradation of organic carbon through a combination of anaerobic methanogenic and microbial electrochemical (bioelectrochemical) degradation processes leading to biomethane production. The microbial electrochemical degradation is achieved in a membraneless flow-through bioanode–biocathode setup operating at an applied voltage below the water electrolysis threshold. Laboratory wastewater treatment tests conducted through a broad range of mesophilic and psychrophilic temperatures (5–23 °C) using synthetic wastewater showed a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) removal efficiency of 90–97% and an effluent BOD5 concentration as low as 7 mg L−1. An electricity consumption of 0.6 kWh kg−1 of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed was observed. Low energy consumption coupled with enhanced methane production led to a net positive energy balance in the bioelectrochemical treatment system.
Permission form synopses to improve parents' understanding of research: a randomized trial.

Author(s): D'Angio, CT; Wang, H; Hunn, JE; Pryhuber, GS; Chess, PR; Lakshminrusimha, S | Abstract: ObjectiveWe hypothesized that, among parents of potential neonatal research subjects, an accompanying cover sheet added to the permission form (intervention) would increase understanding of the research, when compared to a standard form (control).Study designThis pilot study enrolled parents approached for one of two index studies: one randomized trial and one observational study. A one-page cover sheet described critical study information. Families were randomized 1:1 to receive the cover sheet or not. Objective and subjective understanding and satisfaction were measured.ResultsThirty-two parents completed all measures (17 control, 15 intervention). There were no differences in comprehension score (16.8±5.7 vs 16.3±3.5), subjective understanding (median 6 vs 6.5), or overall satisfaction with consent (median 7 vs 6.5) between control and intervention groups (all Pg0.50).ConclusionA simplified permission form cover sheet had no effect on parents' understanding of studies for which their newborns were being recruited.
Food and Dairy Products, Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy

The use of atomic spectrometry and spectroscopy for foodstuff analysis is described. Sampling, sample preparation and selection/application of elemental analysis techniques are discussed. The availability and use of standards and validation methods are extensively presented.
Numerical investigation of kinetic turbulence in relativistic pair plasmas - I. Turbulence statistics

We describe results from particle-in-cell simulations of driven turbulence in collisionless, magnetized, relativistic pair plasma. This physical regime provides a simple setting for investigating the basic properties of kinetic turbulence and is relevant for high-energy astrophysical systems such as pulsar wind nebulae and astrophysical jets. In this paper, we investigate the statistics of turbulent fluctuations in simulations on lattices of up to $1024^3$ cells and containing up to $2 \times 10^{11}$ particles. Due to the absence of a cooling mechanism in our simulations, turbulent energy dissipation reduces the magnetization parameter to order unity within a few dynamical times, causing turbulent motions to become sub-relativistic. In the developed stage, our results agree with predictions from magnetohydrodynamic turbulence phenomenology at inertial-range scales, including a power-law magnetic energy spectrum with index near $-5/3$, scale-dependent anisotropy of fluctuations described by critical balance, log-normal distributions for particle density and internal energy density (related by a $4/3$ adiabatic index, as predicted for an ultra-relativistic ideal gas), and the presence of intermittency. We also present possible signatures of a kinetic cascade by measuring power-law spectra for the magnetic, electric, and density fluctuations at sub-Larmor scales.
VScope — Data Acquisition and Analysis for Voltage-sensitive Dye Imaging Using Multiple Cameras and Electrophysiology

VScope is a software package for the acquisition and analysis of data from multiple cameras as well as electrophysiology. Its main intended purpose is to record fluorescent traces from neurons loaded with voltage-sensitive dyes along with associated electrophysiology. VScope can record simultaneously from any number of cameras and frame rates can be set independently for each camera. VScope can also record synchronized electrophysiology traces and digital channels. VScope is mainly intended to acquire fixed-duration trials, but it can also acquire electrophysiology continuously. A variety of electrical stimulation protocols can be created through an easy-to-use GUI. Funding statement: VScope was developed in conjunction with research funded by the Broad Foundations (Broad Fellowship program at Caltech); the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Career Award at the Scientific Interface #1007977) and the National Institutes of Health (R01-NS-094403).