cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domain Engineered Relaxor Ferroelectric Single Crystals

Single crystal relaxor ferroelectric materials exhibit extraordinary electromechanical properties. They are being applied in high performance sensors, actuators, and transducers. Field induced polarization switching and phase transitions of these crystals lead to complex nonlinear behavior. In recent years experimental investigations have been conducted to characterize the polarization switching and phase transition behavior as a function of crystallographic orientation, temperature, electric field, and stress. The results give insight into the mechanism underlying the observed large field hysteretic behavior. This review article describes the observed behavior and presents results of multiscale modeling that predicts the macroscopic behavior from the single domain single crystal behavior and evolution of crystal variants at the microscale.
The nurse as a sex object in motion pictures, 1930 to 1980

, .. freqvency and intensity of stereotypes of nurses 0$ sex oblects rose significantly during the 196Qs ond 19705 (o<.OCKll). Exploitation of the nur se 0$ a sex oblect was more common in the larger nu rse roles. However, in films w ith a strong emphasis on professional nursing in either the story or in characler development, sexual stereotyping of nurses was uncommon. It was concluded that the image of the nurse os a professional core giver was incompatible with thot of the nurse as sex obiect, and that the motion picture industry has opted primarily to present the latter Image. The extremely negative sexual stereotype of nursing promulgated dUring the past 20 years is couse for concern. Actions thot the nursing profession con employ to counter The un favorable portrayal of nurses in 1980s motion pictures ore suggested. American motion pic tures have contributed a po lent public message system about nu rses and nu rs in g since the early years of th i~ ce ntu ry. Because of th is po wer of the feature fil m as a soci al and cullU ral for ce in Amcri ca n soc iety the investigators have ex amined the induslry's depi c· tion of nurses duri ng the sound era of fil m since 1930. No form of mass communi cat ion so expli citly offers sex uality to its audiences as does the motion piel urc. Whe n that sex uality is in· te rt wined with the depic ti on of the nurse . exam i­
Effect of Body Mass Index on Robotic-Assisted Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Abstract Study Objective To estimate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the surgical outcomes of patients undergoing robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Henry Ford Health System academic medical center (Henry Ford and Henry Ford West Bloomfield Hospitals) Patients A total of 135 patients who underwent scheduled robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications, without concomitant urogynecologic procedures between January 2008 and June 2010. Interventions Patients underwent robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy as the intention to treat. Two cases were converted to laparotomy. Measurements & Main Results Electronic medical records of all patients that underwent robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy at Henry Ford Health System were reviewed. Data on demographics, BMI (kg/m 2 ), estimated blood loss, perioperative hemoglobin change, procedure duration, hospital length of stay, specimen weight, pathology, and postoperative complications were obtained. The women’s median age was 45 years (range 30–68), 61.5% were black, and BMI ranged from 14.8-56.2 kg/m2; 23.4% of women were normal weight or less (BMI 30, n = 70) and 36 of these patients (27.1%) were morbidly obese (BMI ≥35). BMI did not correlate with procedure duration (Spearman r = .12, p = .16), length of stay (Spearman r = .10, p = .24), or estimated blood loss (Spearman r = .12, p =.18). Our analysis did not identify any meaningful associations between BMI and absolute change in hemoglobin. In addition BMI was not associated with an increase in major or minor complications. Conclusion BMI is not associated with blood loss, duration of surgery, length of stay, or complication rates in patients undergoing robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Robotic assistance may help surgeons overcome adverse outcomes sometimes found in obese patients.
Clinical Perspective on the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Updated 2014 Guidelines for CYP2D6 and Codeine

As pharmacogenomics makes further advances into clinical practice, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines provide considerable assistance in clinical decision making. The new 2014 CPIC guidelines on CYP2D6 and codeine (1) have an update on considerations for clinicians and healthcare providers. The previous CPIC guidelines provided recommendations primarily on codeine and tramadol. The new guidelines maintain the dosing recommendations for codeine—specifically, to avoid codeine in both CYP2D6 poor and ultrarapid metabolizers; however, the guidelines take another step forward by noting that, not only may tramadol be problematic, but hydrocodone and oxycodone are also not considered good analgesic alternatives when metabolic concerns exist with CYP2D6. Additionally, this update recommends alternatives with the following statement: “To avoid treatment complications, opioids that are not metabolized by CYP2D6, including morphine, oxymorphone, buprenorphine, fentanyl, methadone, and hydromorphone, along with nonopioid analgesics, may be considered as alternatives for use in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers and in ultrarapid metabolizers….” Although appropriate from a CYP2D6 metabolic standpoint, these recommendations may present some challenges to healthcare providers when applied to some clinical settings. Pain is one of the leading reasons a patient presents to healthcare providers, which includes physicians, dentists, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners in both inpatient hospital and outpatient clinic community settings. Many healthcare providers follow a WHO ladder “type” approach for the treatment of pain (2). In this paradigm, depending on the severity of the pain, a nonopioid drug is considered as a first step in pain management (e.g., acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). The second step employs an opioid commonly used for moderate pain (e.g., tramadol, codeine, hydrocodone, and possibly oxycodone), often in combination with acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The third step includes the use of an opioid usually reserved for severe pain presentation (e.g., morphine, oxymorphone, fentanyl, methadone, and hydromorphone). Of concern, the new …
PEER: a progressive energy efficient routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

Many minimum energy (energy efficient) routing protocols have been proposed so far. However, a few effort has been spent on the routing overhead, route setup time, and route maintenance issues associated with such protocols. This paper first shows that the minimum energy routing schemes in the literature could fail without considering the routing overhead involved and the node mobility. It then proposes a more accurate analytical model to track the energy consumption and the impact of packets errors, and a simple energy-efficient routing scheme to improve the performance in mobility scenarios. The simulation results indicate that the PEER-based energy efficient routing has significantly higher performance than that of a normal energy-based routing scheme.
Subsystem codes over nice nearrings

Subsystem codes are quantum error correcting schemes unifying stabilizer codes, decoherence free subspaces and noiseless subsystems. Subsystem codes were most commonly based on the generalized Pauli basis with dimensions of a power of prime. Recently, a class of nice error bases indexed by a nearring were introduced by the second author. We give a construction of subsystem codes over nice nearrings. Furthermore, we show that free subsystem codes over a finite chain ring cannot perform better than those over a finite field.
Early estimation of defect density using an in-process Haskell metrics model

Early estimation of defect density of a product is an important step towards the remediation of the problem associated with affordably guiding corrective actions in the software development process. This paper presents a suite of in-process metrics that leverages the software testing effort to create a defect density prediction model for use throughout the software development process. A case study conducted with Galois Connections, Inc. in a Haskell programming environment indicates that the resulting defect density prediction is indicative of the actual system defect density.
Vicugna vicugna (Vicuna)

One animal of each sex (Catskill Game Farm, Catskill, New York, USA) was studied by the lymphocyte technique. Many elements are difficult to classify (subtelocentrics or acrocentrics); however, the karyotypes are similar to other camelidae published in that seven pairs of small metacentric chromosomes can readily be distinguished.
The Animal-Assisted Therapy Program at Phoenix Children’s Hospital: A Journey Towards Evidence

ABSTRACTAnimals have positive effects on humans. The effect of human-animal interaction has been rigorously researched, showing a wide variety of benefits. The animal-assisted therapy (AAT) program at Phoenix Children’s Hospital has recorded over 55,000 therapy dog visits as of 2014. Until recently, most AAT research has been qualitative. The AAT Program Coordinator desired to measure the effects of the program quantitatively. Literature searches probed for validated studies to replicate, and a viable clinical question was identified with librarian assistance. This institutional review board–approved protocol measures and studies physiological variables and stress biomarkers in children before and after an AAT visit.
Inquiry of the word Ge-stell of Martin Heidegger

According to relevant documents Martin Heidegger first to use Ge-stell the concrete time manage,Ge-stell the source of its analysis,the role,and generalization to the question itself Ge-stell some of the new views and conclusions.
Epidemiological characteristics and trend of scarlet fever among children in Baoji City

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trend of scarlet fever among children in Baoji city and to provide evidence for prevention and management strategy.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was mainly conducted on the incidence data of scarlet fever among children from 2004 to 2012.Incidence data of scarlet fever from 1951 to 2012was used to predict the incidence trend by autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) model.Results A total of 1 056scarlet fever cases were reported during 2004-2012,with the average annual incidence of 3.50 /100 000 and distinct seasonal distribution.About 62 percentages of cases occur in children 3 to 8 years old.Nearly half of cases were students,and male to female was 1.8∶ 1.Trend analysis showed a 7-to 8-year cycle of increases and decreases in incidence during 1951 to 1984.This periodicity disappeared after 1985 and showed a rising trend during 2011-2012.Conclusion Another cycle of scarlet fever might be ready to begin during the next two years in Baoji city,suggesting that more prevention and control strategies should be developed.
Food Handling Behaviors Observed in Consumers When Cooking Poultry and Eggs

ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that many consumers do not follow recommended food safety practices for cooking poultry and eggs, which can lead to exposure to Salmonella and Campylobacter. Past research has been done primarily through surveys and interviews, rather than observations. The objective of this project was to determine through observations whether consumers follow food safety guidelines. Consumers (n =101) divided among three locations (Manhattan, KS; Kansas City, MO area; and Nashville, TN) were observed as they prepared a baked whole chicken breast, a pan-fried ground turkey patty, a fried egg, and scrambled eggs. The end point temperature for the cooked products was taken (outside the view of consumers) within 30 s after the consumers indicated they were finished cooking. Thermometer use while cooking was low, although marginally higher than that of some previous studies: only 37% of consumers used a thermometer for chicken breasts and only 22% for turkey patties. No one used a thermom...
Defining the needs for adjuvant therapy of rectal and colonic cancer.

Current trials of adjuvant therapy for large bowel cancer suggest for the first time that improvements in survival through the use of adjuvant therapy may be possible for patients with rectal cancer. Similar results of well-designed studies are not evident for colonic cancer.
Novel Aggregate Deletion/Substitution/Addition Learning Algorithms for Recursive Partitioning

Many complex diseases are caused by a variety of both genetic and environmental factors acting in conjunction. To help understand these relationships, nonparametric methods that use aggregate learn...
Subtle and Severe: Microaggressions Among Racially Diverse Sexual Minorities.

ABSTRACTIn recent years, understanding prejudice and discrimination toward minorities has developed to include the investigation of microaggressions. Microaggressions are brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities. They are intentional or unintentional and communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative slights toward racial and sexual minorities. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to chronicle the prevalence and type of microaggressions experienced among a sample of 18 highly educated and racially diverse sexual minorities, 24–65 years of age. The impact of microaggressions on physical and psychological health is central to our investigation. Thematic data analysis was used to analyze 14 interviews and one focus group, which resulted in the following themes of microaggressions: (a) discomfort/disapproval with LGBT experience, (b) assumption of universal experience, (c) traditional gender role stereotyping, (d) denial of personal privacy, (e) exoticization, (f) ascripti...
John Rawls: Reticent Socialist

This book is the first detailed reconstruction of the late work of John Rawls, who was perhaps the most influential philosopher of the twentieth century. Rawls's 1971 treatise, A Theory of Justice, stimulated an outpouring of commentary on 'justice-as-fairness,' his conception of justice for an ideal, self-contained, modern political society. Most of that commentary took Rawls to be defending welfare-state capitalism as found in Western Europe and the United States. Far less attention has been given to Rawls's 2001 book, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. In the Restatement, Rawls not only substantially reformulates the 'original position' argument for the two principles of justice-as-fairness but also repudiates capitalist regimes as possible embodiments. Edmundson further develops Rawls's non-ideal theory, which guides us when we find ourselves in a society that falls well short of justice.
FUNDAMENTALS OF DENDRITIC SOLIDIFICATION—I. STEADY-STATE TIP GROWTH

Abstract Systematic measurements of dendrite tip radius and growth velocity in succinonitrile reveal that consideration of dendrite tip stability should be incorporated into the heat transfer theory to determine the steady-state dendritic growth condition. The dendritic stability criterion measured is 2xd0 VR2 = 0.0195, where V is the dendritic growth velocity. R is the dendritic up radius, x is the liquid thermal diffusivity, and d0 is a capillary length defined in the text. Several dendritic stability models are reviewed and discussed in comparison to the present experimental results. Resume Les mesures systematiques des rayons de courbure au sommet des dendrites et de leur vitesse de croissance dans le cas du succinonitrile revellent que la stabilite du sommet des dendrites doit etre prise en compte dan les mecanismes de transfert de chaleur pour determiner la condition de croissance dendritique suivant un regime stable. Le critere de stabilite des dendrites a ete mesure egal a 2x d0 VR2 = 0.0195. ou V est la vitesse de croissance dendritique. R le rayon de courbure au sommet des dendrites. x la conductivite thermique dans le liquide, et d0 un distance, caracteristique de l'energie de surface, definie dans le texte. Plusieurs modeles de stabilite des dendrites sont repris et confrontes aux resultats experimentaux presentes. Zusammenfassung Systematische Messungen des Radius einer Dendritenspitze und seiner Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit im System Succinonitril deuten darauf hin, dass man die Stabilitat der Dendritenspitze in der Theorie des Warmeaustausches einfuhren soll, um die Bedingung festzustellen, wobei eine Dendrite im stationaren Zustand wachsen kann. Die gemessene Stahilitatsbedingung lautet 2x d0 VR2 = 0.0195. wobei V die Dendriten Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit ist. R das Radius der Dendritenspitze. x die thermische Leitfahigkeit der Flussigkeit, und d0 die im folgenden Artikel definierte Kapillarlange. Einige Modelle der Dendritenstabilitat werden analysiert und im Vergleich mit den vorliegenden versuchs ergebnissen besprochen.
Colloidal crystal templated molecular imprinted polymer for the detection of 2-butoxyethanol in water contaminated by hydraulic fracturing

The authors describe a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) that enables detection of 2-butoxyethanol (2BE), a pollutant associated with hydraulic fracturing contamination. Detection is based on a combination of a colloidal crystal templating and a molecular imprinting. The MIPs are shown to display higher binding capacity for 2BE compared to non-imprinted films (NIPs), with imprinting efficiencies of ∼ 2. The tests rely on the optical effects that are displayed by the uniformly ordered porous structure of the material. The reflectance spectra of the polymer films have characteristic Bragg peaks whose location varies with the concentration of 2BE. Peaks undergo longwave red shifts up to 50 nm on exposure of the MIP to 2BE in concentrations in the range from 1 ppb to 100 ppm. This allows for quantitative estimates of the 2BE concentrations present in aqueous solutions. The material is intended for use in the early detection of contamination at hydraulic fracturing sites. Graphical abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) sensor with the sensing ability on reflectance spectra responding to the presence of 2-butoxyethanol (2BE) for early detection of hydraulic fracking contamination.
Multiflora rose invasion amplifies prevalence of Lyme disease pathogen, but not necessarily Lyme disease risk

Forests in urban landscapes differ from their rural counterparts in ways that may alter vector-borne disease dynamics. In urban forest fragments, tick-borne pathogen prevalence is not well characterized; mitigating disease risk in densely-populated urban landscapes requires understanding ecological factors that affect pathogen prevalence. We trapped blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) nymphs in urban forest fragments on the East Coast of the United States and used multiplex real-time PCR assays to quantify the prevalence of four zoonotic, tick-borne pathogens. We used Bayesian logistic regression and WAIC model selection to understand how vegetation, habitat, and landscape features of urban forests relate to the prevalence of B. burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) among blacklegged ticks. In the 258 nymphs tested, we detected Borrelia burgdorferi (11.2% of ticks), Borrelia miyamotoi (0.8%) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.9%), but we did not find Babesia microti (0%). Ticks collected from forests invaded by non-native multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) had greater B. burgdorferi infection rates (mean = 15.9%) than ticks collected from uninvaded forests (mean = 7.9%). Overall, B. burgdorferi prevalence among ticks was positively related to habitat features (e.g. coarse woody debris and total understory cover) favorable for competent reservoir host species. Understory structure provided by non-native, invasive shrubs appears to aggregate ticks and reservoir hosts, increasing opportunities for pathogen transmission. However, when we consider pathogen prevalence among nymphs in context with relative abundance of questing nymphs, invasive plants do not necessarily increase disease risk. Although pathogen prevalence is greater among ticks in invaded forests, the probability of encountering an infected tick remains greater in uninvaded forests characterized by thick litter layers, sparse understories, and relatively greater questing tick abundance in urban landscapes.
Ecological Studies of Stress and Coping

In the chapters on stress and coping, we emphasized the importance of the context and the difficulties in generalizing from laboratory research or from one field study to another in which a different stressor was encountered. First, we already have noted some of the inherent methodological problems in field studies of stress and aging. We usually do not have data on the individual prior to the experience of the stressor. Second, for many life events, it is not possible to compare young and old persons, either because a stressful life event commonly occurs only during a certain stage of life (e.g., unemployment in the young and retirement in the old) or the event has a different meaning or consequence for persons of different ages, as do divorce or death of a spouse. Third, older people are more likely to experience chronic stressors that may by exacerbated by other, more recent acute stressors. For example, in addition to her own chronic health condition, a wife may be burdened by a newer need to be a caregiver to her husband. Elder, George, and Shanahan (1996) allude to the paucity of data on the impact of chronic stressors on more recent burdens. While there have been studies in which the effects of a life event for a young and old person were compared, invariably, conclusions were drawn from separate studies in which young individuals were observed in a different context from that applied to older persons.
TiMBA: tangible user interface for model building and analysis

Designers in architectural studios, both in education and practice, have worked to integrate digital and physical media ever since they began to utilize digital tools in the design process [1]. Throughout the design process there are significant benefits of working in the digital domain as well as benefits of working physically; confronting architects with a difficult choice. We believe emerging strategies for human-computer interaction such as tangible user interfaces and computer vision techniques present new possibilities for manipulating architectural designs. These technologies can help bridge between the digital and physical worlds. In this paper, we discuss some of these technologies, analyzes several current design challenges and present a prototype that illustrates ways in which a broader approach to human-computer interaction might resolve the problem. The ultimate goal of breaking down the boundary between the digital and physical design platforms is to create a unified domain of "continuous thought" for all design activities.
Evolution of Agricultural and Food Markets

The marketing of agricultural and food products takes place within the framework of a set of federal policies and programs which influence the production and terms of trade throughout the marketing system. This chapter traces the history of agricultural markets and policies affecting food and agricultural marketing. It then builds on previous studies, recognizing that the changing forces of globalization, multinational firm structures, consumerism, and societal values are creating challenges to the existing policies and programs. It subsequently introduces the need for dynamic adjustment of policies and programs to accommodate, facilitate, and regulate market changes in spite of limited public resources and the need for the private sector to pay a larger share of program costs. It concludes with identification of the criteria used to evaluate the consequences of current policies/programs and options for change.
Mitofusin 2 Regulates Axonal Transport of Calpastatin to Prevent Neuromuscular Synaptic Elimination in Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles undergo atrophy in response to diseases and aging. Here we report that mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) acts as a dominant suppressor of neuromuscular synaptic loss to preserve skeletal muscles. Mfn2 is reduced in spinal cords of transgenic SOD1G93A and aged mice. Through preserving neuromuscular synapses, increasing neuronal Mfn2 prevents skeletal muscle wasting in both SOD1G93A and aged mice, whereas deletion of neuronal Mfn2 produces neuromuscular synaptic dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy. Neuromuscular synaptic loss after sciatic nerve transection can also be alleviated by Mfn2. Mfn2 coexists with calpastatin largely in mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) to regulate its axonal transport. Genetic inactivation of calpastatin abolishes Mfn2-mediated protection of neuromuscular synapses. Our results suggest that, as a potential key component of a novel and heretofore unrecognized mechanism of cytoplasmic protein transport, Mfn2 may play a general role in preserving neuromuscular synapses and serve as a common therapeutic target for skeletal muscle atrophy.
Handwriting at Different Paces and Sizes With Visual Cues in Persons With Parkinson’s Disease

Background: Persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD) typically have small handwriting, especially when writing faster and/or larger. However, visual cues can help persons with PD increase their handwriting size. This study tested if lined paper would improve handwriting in persons with PD, even when writing faster and/or larger. Secondarily, we wanted determine if persons with PD perceived handwriting as stressful, and if perceived stress was associated with writing performance. Methods: The study included 22 subjects with Parkinson’s disease and 11 age-gender-matched controls. Participants completed eight trials (2 × 2 × 2) of printing a “P” and “d”, at a comfortable speed and also as fast as possible in two different sizes (1, 2 cm). The participants wrote with a ballpoint pen on lined paper. Bipolar electromyography (EMG) sensors recorded muscle activity from the index finger extensor (extensor digitorum communis (EDC)) and flexor (first dorsal interosseous (FDI)). Participants completed all of the trials for a particular pace (conditions were randomized) before completing all the trials of the other pace (order was counterbalanced). Results: Handwriting height was smaller for persons with PD when required to write fast. There was also a trend for patients with PD to write slower and have smaller peak pen accelerations, but these were not statistically significant. Persons with PD found handwriting to be more stressful than healthy older adults did; and perceived stress negatively correlated with letter height and EMG activity. Conclusions: Our study found that visual cues did not normalize handwriting height in persons with PD when writing large and/or fast. Persons with PD find handwriting to be stressful, and stress may negatively influence their handwriting. J Neurol Res. 2018;8(3):26-33 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jnr493w
Food Insecurity is Associated with Maladaptive Eating Behaviors and Objectively Measured Overeating.

OBJECTIVE The association between food insecurity and obesity may be partially explained by overeating in response to unpredictable food availability cycles. The aim of this study was to measure objective food intake in food-insecure individuals. METHODS Eighty-two volunteers (53 m; BMI 29 ± 7; 38 ± 12 years) were admitted to our inpatient Clinical Research Unit and completed the Food Security Short Form, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, Gormally Binge Eating Scale, and body composition assessment (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). After 5 days of a weight-maintaining diet, participants self-selected food from an ad libitum vending machine paradigm for 3 days. Mean daily intake (kilocalories), macronutrient intake, and percentage of weight-maintaining energy needs (%WMEN) were calculated. RESULTS Based on Food Security Short Form cutoffs, food-insecure participants (n = 46; 56%) had higher body weight (P = 0.04), fat-free mass (P = 0.05), disinhibition (P = 0.008), hunger (P = 0.02), and binge-eating scores (P = 0.02) but not cognitive restraint (P = 0.37) compared with food-secure individuals. They overate more kilocalories (P = 0.001), %WMEN (P = 0.003), fat (P = 0.003), and carbohydrates (P = 0.004) during the vending machine paradigm, continued to increase their hourly rate of kilocalories (group × time; β = 37.7 cumulative kcal/h; P < 0.0001), and ate more total kilocalories across the 72 hours (β = 47.09 kcal/h; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity may amplify susceptibility to weight gain via overeating during times of unlimited food access.
Modeling User Context from Smartphone Data for Recognition of Health Status

Recent advances in sensing technology have made it possible to monitor how behavioral systems unfold in people's natural settings by leveraging sensors embedded in personal smartphones and other smart devices. This paper provides a framework for how smartphone sensor data can be collected, cleaned, and modeled to predict relevant disease contexts such as location. These variables can then be used in context-sensitive models to understand how a user's behavior and contexts might differ from typical patterns when impacted by illness. To develop rich contextual models, we first conducted a 2-week smartphone monitoring study where sensor data and corresponding location contexts were tagged for 7 users. Next, we demonstrated how multimodal sensor data can be used to predict location context by modeling the tagged dataset and analyzing differences in sensors to find indicators for each location. The results of this effort include 1) identification of ground truth data for contexts of interest to be used in future modeling, 2) establishment of a process to collect, clean, and visualize smartphone data generated by both iOS and Android systems, and 3) creation of models to predict a participant's location and context using raw smartphone data. This context identification process could be used in future research to perform analyses that leverage past patterns of user behavior to recognize disease indicators.
Saturday Morning Conquered: How It Occurred

O’Melia provides a much necessary background of the evolution of Saturday Morning and the changes that occurred with American children’s media from 1986 until Saturday Morning’s conclusion in 2014. She does this by first detailing the slow emergence of Japanese content on Saturday Morning from almost none in the late 1980s until the debut of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in 1993. From this point on, the story of Saturday Morning is dominated by a rivalry between the FOX and WB networks and O’Melia uses this thread to explore how both networks used Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Pokemon, Yu-Gi-Oh!, and programs similar to these phenomenal successes, to try to win over their young audience, gradually integrating and mainstreaming Japanese media in the process. The reactions of the other networks to this rivalry—ABC, CBS, and NBC—and how they created a polarized environment for children’s broadcasting are also explored and analyzed to create a complete picture of this transformation of Saturday Morning.
A Reconfigurable UWB MIMO Antenna for Indoor and Outdoor Communication Applications

This paper presents implementation and analysis of reconfigurable ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system in indoor and outdoor communication scenarios. The proposed compact and reconfigurable UWB antenna system has operating frequency range from 440 MHz – 5 GHz. In indoor communication, based on the TGn-B propagation model, the MIMO system can achieve a maximum channel capacity of 26.97 bps/Hz. In outdoor communication, based on the Spatial Channel Model (SCM) - Suburban - Macro non-line of sight (NLOS), the MIMO system achieves a maximum channel capacity of 6.25 bps/Hz. It is demonstrated that orthogonal orientation of the reconfigurable UWB antenna in MIMO exhibits improved polarization diversity.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Depression and Protein-Energy Wasting in Kidney Disease.

ABSTRACT Introduction Depression comorbid with chronic disease may be mediated by inflammation. We sought to characterize relationships between inflammatory biomarkers and depressive symptoms in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Methods A systematic literature search was conducted by 2 authors through March 19, 2019 for studies of patients with CKD or ESKD evaluating circulating inflammatory biomarkers associated with depression of chronic disease: albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 (IL-1). Standardized mean differences (SMD) in biomarkers between individuals with and without depression were computed and analyzed using mixed-effects models. Correlations between biomarkers and depression severity were computed. Results Thirty-four studies (5,652 participants) compared biomarkers between depressed and non-depressed individuals. Individuals with depression had lower albumin, SMD (95% CI)=-0.37 (-0.61, -0.13), and higher CRP, SMD=0.76 (0.16, 1.37), and IL-6, SMD=0.42 (0.21, 0.63). Studies were heterogeneous for albumin, CRP, hsCRP, and TNF-α. Twenty-three studies (3,047 participants) investigated correlations between biomarkers and depressive symptoms. Depression severity correlated with albumin, -Z (95% CI)=-0.25 (-0.36, -0.14), hsCRP, Z=0.28 (0.13, 0.43), and IL-6, Z=0.34 (0.18, 0.49). There was heterogeneity across studies of IL-6. Only 6 studies (321 participants) investigated the effect of antidepressant treatment on inflammatory biomarkers, which was insufficient to combine in meta-analysis. Conclusion Lower albumin and higher IL-6 were associated with both depression presence and severity, CRP with depression presence, and hsCRP with depression severity. The effect of interventions to lower inflammation in patients with kidney disease and depression deserves investigation.
13 – Motor Program

It is intuitively obvious that when we learn a novel movement (e.g., riding a bicycle), at first we approximate the desired motor action with suboptimal means, leading frequently to failure. With practice, we develop a way to perform the movement successfully, but the success requires constant attention and correction of the ongoing movement if it deviates from the desired pattern. When we become proficient, however, we acquire an ability to perform the movement automatically—an intuitive but imprecise term. This means that we do not have to monitor the movement, that is, mentally concentrate on the movement execution, anymore, and can perform other tasks while performing the learned movement with minimal or no negative interference. This qualitative step in learning has been addressed by some researchers as developing a motor program for the movement (other researchers prefer to describe it as developing a neural representation of the learned motion). We have to admit right away that contemporary scientists, including the authors of this book, do not know what exactly is stored in the brain when a performer learns a certain movement and what processes are involved in creating such representations. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the notion of motor program, decide whether it is useful for scientific research, and, if so, offer an answer to arguably the central question: What do motor programs program?
Trump v. Biden: An Opinion for a Hypothetical Case

In RNC v. DNC, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an important, but sharply divided, 5-4 ruling concerning the power of courts to remedy potentially outcome-determinative disenfranchisement in a major statewide election. The particular case involved Wisconsin's April 2020 election for a seat on the state's supreme court (as well as the presidential primary), but the same type of issue easily could arise in the context of the November 2020 general election. This essay imagines a hypothetical case closely related to the actual RNC v. DNC facts, but significantly different in key respects. First, the hypothetical remedy does not contain the specific flaw that caused the Court's majority to modify the actual remedy in RNC v. DNC (namely, permitting voters to cast ballots for extra days after Election Day). Second, the hypothetical remedy is issued by a state supreme court, rather than a lower federal court. To consider whether these differences would be enough to avoid a similar 5-4 split, and instead might produce greater consensus within the Court, the essay offers a hypothetical opinion to reason through the legal analysis involving the hypothetical facts. Readers are invited to consider whether the reasoning of this hypothetical opinion is sound, or whether it too is vulnerable to the kind of jurisprudential disagreement that produced the sharp divide in RNC v. DNC.
Bonding, bridging, and linking social capital and social media use: How hyperlocal social media platforms serve as a conduit to access and activate bridging and linking ties in a time of crisis

Social media is changing the narrative during crisis events. It has facilitated citizen-led emergency dispatch and rescue, information sharing and communication between loved ones in the moments before, during and after a disaster. Researchers of social capital have found that bonding, bridging, and linking social capital can lead to resilient outcomes. With increased use of social media on a day-to-day basis and during a crisis, we still know little about the association between social capital and online social media use. Controlling for demographic characteristics and earthquake intensity, I investigate the association bonding, bridging and linking social capital and hyperlocal social media use following the earthquake and its aftershocks. Using a quantitative cross-sectional longitudinal study across 121 Nextdoor online neighborhoods in California’s Napa Valley region across 42 days in August and September of 2014 (N = 3570), I find that bridging and linking social capital led to more online communication via Nextdoor. This finding comes with an important implication, namely, that social media can serve as a primary source of recourse for individuals and communities following a disaster. Social media platforms provide a conduit for accessing and activating bridging and linking ties that can expedite collective action in a time of need. Communities should consider policies that increase levels of social capital, well as social media platforms that can activate social ties when they are needed most.
Association of Patient Race With Type of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery Performed and Adverse Events.

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine if there are differences in (1) surgical procedures performed for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and (2) rates of adverse events between racial groups. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women 18 years and older who underwent POP surgery using the 2005-2015 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Race was categorized as Black, White, Hispanic, and other minority. Pelvic organ prolapse procedures were organized into 4 groups: (1) hysterectomy without concurrent POP procedures, (2) vaginal wall repair(s) only without apical suspension, (3) apical suspension with or without vaginal wall repair(s), and (4) obliterative procedures. Patient characteristics and rates of adverse events were noted. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the association between patient race and surgical procedures performed for POP. RESULTS We identified 48,005 women who met the inclusion criteria. Most women who underwent POP surgery were White (79.6% [n = 38,191]). Although only contributing to 4.7% (2,299) of the cohort, Black women experienced higher complication rates compared with White women (10.7% [246] for Black vs 8.9% [3,417] for White women, P < 0.01). Hispanic and other minority women were less likely to undergo an apical suspension than White women (adjusted odds ratios [aORs], 0.79 [0.75-0.84] for Hispanic women and 0.78 [0.71-0.86] for other minority women; P < 0.001 for both). Obliterative procedures were more likely to be performed in Black, in Hispanic, and especially in other minority women (aORs, 1.53 [1.20-1.92] for Black, 1.33 [1.12-1.58] for Hispanic, and 3.67 [3.04-4.42] for other minority women; P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS Racial differences exist among women who undergo POP surgery.
Identifying social courage antecedents and mediating effects: Applying the HEXACO and approach/avoidance frameworks

Abstract Social courage behaviors are risky actions performed primarily for the benefit of others, and they relate to many beneficial personal (e.g., well-being) and organizational (e.g., performance) outcomes. Much is unknown about social courage antecedents, however, and only initial studies have assessed the ability of relevant theory to explain the dynamics of social courage. We address these concerns in two manners. We study the HEXACO dimensions as antecedents to social courage behaviors, and we apply the approach/avoidance framework to test whether approach and avoidance motivations are mediators of these relationships. Our results demonstrate that five of the six HEXACO dimensions had either direct or indirect effects on social courage, but honesty-humility surprisingly did not demonstrate significant direct or indirect effects. Approach but not avoidance motivations served as a mediator in four of these five significant relationships, in which two were full mediating effects. These results identify novel antecedents of social courage and support that the approach/avoidance framework is useful in identifying mediating effects. At the same time, this framework did not fully explain all observed effects, and we provide many recommendations for future research on social courage and the integration of relevant theory – both involving the applied frameworks and beyond.
Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Multi-Subject Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data

Abstract Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most popular neuroimaging technologies used in human brain studies. However, fMRI data analysis faces several challenges, including intensive computation due to the massive data size and large estimation errors due to a low signal-to-noise ratio of the data. A new statistical model and a computational algorithm are proposed to address these challenges. Specifically, a new multi-subject general linear model is built for stimulus-evoked fMRI data. The new model assumes that brain responses to stimuli at different brain regions of various subjects fall into a low-rank structure and can be represented by a few principal functions. Therefore, the new model enables combining data information across subjects and regions to evaluate subject-specific and region-specific brain activity. Two optimization functions and a new fast-to-compute algorithm are developed to analyze multi-subject stimulus-evoked fMRI data and address two research questions of a broad interest in psychology: evaluating every subject’s brain responses to different stimuli and identifying brain regions responsive to the stimuli. Both simulation and real data analysis are conducted to show that the new method can outperform existing methods by providing more efficient estimates of brain activity.
Endoscopic pituitary surgery.

Endoscopy has been adopted for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. A rigid rod-lens endoscope, 4-mm in diameter and 17-cm in length, is used in replacement of the operating microscope. This endoscopic technique utilizes the patient's natural nasal air passage as a surgical corridor without a sublabial or nasal mucosal incision. The use of a transsphenoidal retractor is not necessary. Postoperative nasal packing is not required. The average length of a patient's hospital stay is overnight. Postoperative discomfort is minimal. An angled lens endoscope enables the surgeon to operate on tumors located in the suprasellar region under direct visualization. When the adoption of endoscopy in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery had demonstrated obvious advantages over conventional microscopic surgery, the use of this endoscopic endonasal technique has been expanded to include other skull base lesions at the anterior fossa skull base, cavernous sinus, clivus and clival posterior fossa. In this chapter, the author describes the evolution of this endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, the pertinent sinonasal anatomy related to transsphenoidal endoscopy, the details of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, surgical approaches to the other skull base lesions, surgical results, and potential complications and their avoidance.
Exploring Different Equatorial Donors in a Series of Five-Coordinate Cu(II) Complexes Supported by Rigid Tetradentate Ligands

Abstract A series of tetradentate mixed-donor ligands has been synthesized containing an amine, thioether, or phosphine donor at the 8-position of a 2-(1,1-di(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)quinoline backbone. Upon metalation with CuCl2, the preorganized N4, N3P, and N3S donor ligands enforce distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination environments around the copper metal center, in which a chlorido donor occupies the remaining axial coordination site. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The non-pyridyl equatorial donor was the sole difference from among the tetradentate ligands, and is responsible for the structural and electronic variations across the series. Indeed, more intermediate geometries between the ideal trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal extremes are observed with the larger phosphorus and sulfur donors. Relative to the N4 derivative, the N3P and N3S systems have greater chemical stability upon redox cycling as observed in spectroelectrochemical experiments and lower inner-sphere reorganization energies for the CuII/I redox couples based on density functional theory calculations.
New coumarin-based dual chromogenic probe: Naked eye detection of copper and silver ions

Abstract A new coumarin-based probe 1 was prepared for the detection of Cu 2+ and Ag + in aqueous solutions. Probe 1 shows highly selective and sensitive chromogenic recognition toward Cu 2+ and Ag + , before and after exposure to natural sunlight, respectively. The selectivity toward Cu 2+ or Ag + was not interfered with by other metal ions. The detection limits for Cu 2+ and Ag + ion were determined as (7.99 ± 0.04) × 10 −6 M and (8.60 ± 0.04) × 10 −10 M, respectively. Thus, the probe 1 can be used as a practical, highly sensitive chromogenic probe for the determination of Cu 2+ and Ag + in aqueous medium.
Constructivism, Policy, and Arts Education

Constructivism is both a philosophical perspective and a theory of learning, and though it is not a policy, constructivist understandings and beliefs can underlie both formal policy and the work of...