cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Tumor Differentiation Factor (TDF)-induced Cell Differentiation using Mass Spectrometry

Tumor differentiation factor is a protein, produced by the pituitary gland and is secreted into the bloodstream. TDF is known to induce differentiation in human breast and prostate cancer cells and...
Fundamental Mechanisms in Machine Learning and Inductive Inference: Part 2

This paper gives a classification system for the kinds of learning machines based on several dimensions, whether learning is parametric or structural, the kinds of training information utilized, and so forth. Various machines have been categorized using this system and are discussed in Part I of this paper, here, or in other surveys.
Multimodal Neurons in the Lamb Solitary Nucleus

The receptor areas of the soft palate, caudal tongue, and epiglottis are important for the elicitation and control of ingestive behavior and upper airway reflexes. The afferent fibers that innervate these structures terminate primarily in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) or the spinal trigeminal nucleus.' To better understand the role of the NST in the integration of information from these separate receptor populations, we have recorded neural responses to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimulation.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE DOHA AGENDA FOR DEVELOPMENT *

This article revisits the core concept of sustainable development in a historical context, focusing on the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro (Rio Summit),1 the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Summit),2 and subsequent developments. It will also provide a review of various highlights of the World Trade Organization’s Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, especially the Doha Development Agenda, the Monterrey Consensus, and recent developments.3
Conformational properties of poly[d(G-T)].poly[d(C-A)] and poly[d(A-T)] in low- and high-salt solutions: NMR and laser Raman analysis.

31P- and 1H-nmr and laser Raman spectra have been obtained for poly[d(G-T)]·[d(C-A)] and poly[d(A-T)] as a function of both temperature and salt. The 31P spectrum of poly[d(G-T)]·[d(C-A)] appears as a quadruplet whose resonances undergo separation upon addition of CsCl to 5.5M. 1H-nmr measurements are assigned and reported as a function of temperature and CsCl concentration. One dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) difference spectra are also reported for poly[d(G-T)]·[d(C-A)] at low salt. NOE enhancements between the H8 protons of the purines and the C5 protons of the pyrimidines, (H and CH3) and between the base and H-2′,2″ protons indicate a right-handed B-DNA conformation for this polymer. The NOE patterns for the TH3 and GH1 protons in H2O indicate a Watson–Crick hydrogen-bonding scheme. At high CsCl concentrations there are upfield shifts for selected sugar protons and the AH2 proton. In addition, laser Raman spectra for poly[d(A-T)] and poly[d(G-T)]·[d(C-A)] indicate B-type conformations in low and high CsCl, with predominantly C2′-endo sugar conformations for both polymers. Also, changes in base-ring vibrations indicate that Cs+ binds to O2 of thymine and possibly N3 of adenine in poly[d(G-T)]·[d(C-A)] but not in poly[d(A-T)]. Further, 1H measurements are reported for poly[d(A-T)] as a function of temperature in high CsCl concentrations. On going to high CsCl there are selective upfield shifts, with the most dramatic being observed for TH1′. At high temperature some of the protons undergo severe changes in linewidths. Those protons that undergo the largest upfield shifts also undergo the most dramatic changes in linewidths. In particular TH1′, TCH3, AH1′, AH2, and TH6 all undergo large changes in linewidths, whereas AH8 and all the H-2′,2″ protons remain essentially constant. The maximum linewidth occurs at the same temperature for all protons (65°C). This transition does not occur for d(G-T)·d(C-A) at 65°C or at any other temperature studied. These changes are cooperative in nature and can be rationalized as a temperature-induced equilibrium between bound and unbound Cs+, with duplex and single-stranded DNA. NOE measurements for poly[d(A-T)] indicate that at high Cs+ the polymer is in a right-handed B-conformation. Assignments and NOE effects for the low-salt 1H spectra of poly[d(A-T)] agree with those of Assa-Munt and Kearns [(1984) Biochemistry23, 791–796] and provide a basis for analysis of the high Cs+ spectra. These results indicate that both polymers adopt a B-type conformation in both low and high salt. However, a significant variation is the ability of the phosphate backbone to adopt a repeat dependent upon the base sequence. This feature is common to poly[d(G-T)]·[d(C-A)], poly[d(A-T)], and some other pyr–pur polymers [J. S. Cohen, J. B. Wouten & C. L Chatterjee (1981) Biochemistry 20, 3049–3055] but not poly[d(G-C)].
Patagonia Icefield melting observed by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)

[1] Using recently released reprocessed gravity solutions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), we estimate the ice loss rate for the Patagonia Icefield (PIF) of South America, for the period April 2002 through December 2006. After postglacial rebound and hydrological effects are corrected, the estimated rate is - 27.9 ± 11 km 3 /year, equivalent to an average loss of ∼-1.6 m/year ice thickness change if evenly distributed over the entire PIF area. The estimated contribution to global sea level rise is 0.078 ± 0.031 mm/year. This is an independent confirmation of relatively large melting rate estimates from earlier studies employing topographic and cartographic data.
Trying Out Acceleration for Mathematically Talented Fifth Graders

Parents and schools often notice the need for addressing advanced mathematical performance in elementary students. Many gifted programs do not offer differentiated or accelerated mathematics as par...
Social Empathy as a Framework for Adolescent Empowerment

ABSTRACT Adolescent empowerment has been used to develop programs addressing a variety of issues that put young people at risk. Empowerment has been associated with positive outcomes in youth, including increases in resilience, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and civic engagement. This article reviews a selection of applications of empowerment with adolescents to identify how the concept is defined, applied, and measured. Key challenges to implementing adolescent empowerment programs are identified. Based on the review, social empathy is proposed as a framework for adolescent empowerment program developers. Using social empathy as a framework allows for consistency in definition and flexibility in application to apply to diverse groups of youth in various settings. A social empathy framework also establishes key outcomes that can be measured to ensure program effectiveness. By employing social empathy as a framework, service providers can draw on the value that empowerment, both as a process and an outcome, b...
A Five-Year Follow Up Study of Domestic Violence Programming for Older Battered Women

ABSTRACT This article describes a five-year follow up survey of Florida's domestic violence shelters that examined special programming for older battered women. Whereas only two or 8% of the shelters had such programming in 1990, five (22%) had specific resources for older women in 1995. The percentage of older staff members, volunteers, and board members of domestic violence shelters also increased over this period. The authors conclude with a discussion of these trends and make suggestions for future programming.
Chemical shielding anisotropy of 13C and 15N in acetonitrile

Abstract High resolution 13 C and 15 N NMR spectra have been obtained for powdered CH 3 CN. The presence of resolved dipolar structure in the 13 C spectra permits the conclusion that the symmetry axis of the 13 C shielding tensor lies along the CN bond direction.
Semimembranosus tendinitis: an overlooked cause of medial knee pain.

A significant number of patients presenting with nontraumatic chronic medial knee pain have been found, after careful examination, to have chronic semimembranosus tendinitis. Of 115 patients diagnosed and treated for semimembranosus tendinitis over a 5 year period, 10 patients were refractory to conservative treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the symptomatology and diagnosis of semi-membranous tendinitis, and to relate the treatment that these 10 patients underwent, i.e., surgical exploration, drilling of the insertion site, and semitendinosus tendon transfer. Most cases of semitendinosus tendinitis respond to conservative therapy; however, if surgical treatment is considered, arthroscopy should probably be performed at the time of surgery. In this way, it is possible to determine the presence of significant intraarticular abnormalities that may have a causal relationship with the onset of semimembranosus tendinitis.
Characterization of 79 microsatellite DNA markers in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.

We characterized 79 microsatellite DNA markers, which were obtained from genomic libraries enriched for CA, GA, ATG and TAGA motif repeats, in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. For eight F1 grandparents or great-grandparents of mapping families, the average heterozygosity, 0.705, and average number of alleles per locus, 5.7, did not vary among motif-repeat or motif-complexity categories. Non-amplifying polymerase chain reaction null alleles, which were confirmed by segregation in the mapping families, were detected at 41 (51.9%) of the 79 loci. Cross-species amplifications from C. angulata, C. sikamea, C. ariakensis and C. virginica showed a precipitous decline with distance from the focal species C. gigas.
Response of previously irradiated skin to combinations of x radiation, hyperthermia, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum

Mouse legs were irradiated to a dose of 30 Gy. After 50 days, when the acute reaction had regressed to a steady state, they were retreated with either various doses of x rays (15 to 30 Gy), hyperthermia, 45 min at 42.7 degrees C, cis-DDP, or a combination of these agents. The maximum skin reactions and the skin reactions integrated over 50 days were determined. Statistical analysis of these data indicated the thermal enhancement ratio for the previously irradiated skin was approximately 1.20. The combination of x irradiation, hyperthermia, and cis-DDP treatments to the previously irradiated skin did not enhance the radiation damage beyond that produced by x irradiation and hyperthermia.
An Isomorphism Theorem for Linear Evolution Problems on the Line

We prove an isomorphism theorem for the operator $$\frac{d}{{dt}} - A$$ in the setting of X-valued Sobolev spaces on the line, where X is a Banach space and A a closed linear operator on X. The result is derived from a recent multiplier theorem of Weis and depends upon both the geometry of X and the behavior of the resolvent of A. Applications are discussed, with an emphasis on PDE Hamiltonian systems.
A Not Quite Bountiful Thanksgiving at BizE

BizE (disguised) offers online content and services to small businesses. In summer 2000, BizE launched a private-label business that brought in only three large clients as of fall 2000. Expected revenues from advertisements, fee-based services, and transaction commissions were not sufficient to cover costs after the April 2000 dotcom implosion. Now in late fall 2000, the chief technology officer requests $5 million to upgrade the company’s systems for future growth. The twenty-something founder and chairman expresses regret that BizE did not accept an offer of $10 million from a venture capitalist the previous spring, and he wonders whether funding could be obtained under the current circumstances. The CEO considers several courses of action: Charge a membership fee for the public small business portal (i.e., convert free customers to paying customers), lay off some employees, and/or abandon the new private-label strategy. A glossary at the end of the case defines various business and technical terms.
Allograft rejection in a holostean fish, Lepisosteus platyrhincus.

Abstract Primary allograft rejection by Lepisosteus platyrhincus , a holostean fish, occurs in an acute manner, less than 14 days. Mononuclear leukocytes comprise the majority of the inflammatory infiltrate. In vitro alloantigen recognition was tested using fish that had rejected secondary allografts. Direct inhibition of macrophage migration but not mixed lymphocyte culture, was able to detect non-self recognition.
An investigation of bioactive glass powders by sol‐gel processing

Bioactive glass powders, with a composition of SiO2-CaO-P2O5,have been successfully synthesized via a sol-gel process at considerably loer temperatures than required for conventional melting method. Bioactive glass powders made via conventional methods form an interfacial bond wih none when they are implanted. Bonding is correlated with the formation of a surface hydroxyapatite layer. This study examinded the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer in Tris-buffered solution as a function of SiO2 content of sol-gel derived powders. A FT-IRRS technique was used to monitor the formation of the hydroxyapatite on the surface of the powders. X-ray diffraction analysis and BET were also used to characterize the chemical and physical properties of the sol-gel derived bioactive powders. It was discovered that: (a) the rate of hydroxyapatite formation decreased wih increasing SiO2 content for powders whose SiO2 content was less than 90 mol%; (b) a hydroxyapatite film does not form for the powders whose SiO2 content is more than 90 mol%; (c) the SiO2 limit, beyond which the powders lost their bioactivity, was much higher for bioactive glass powders mad through sol-gel process (90%) than those made by conventional melting methods (60%). These results indicate that it is possible to significantly expand the bioactive composition range through microstructural control made possible by sol-gel processing techniques.
Beyond Primary Care: Ensuring Access to Subspecialists, Special Services, and Health Care Systems for Medically Underserved Children*

Access to medical care for children remains one of the more intractable challenges facing pediatric providers and policymakers. Numerous barriers, in spite ofMedicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), contribute to the absence of comprehensive medical insurance coverage for 8.5 million children. In addition to financial and insurance barriers, there are a host of other factors that limit access, irrespective of a family’s insurance status. At least 3 million children have reduced access to needed
Practice Evaluation in the Context of Managed Care: Case-Recording Methods for Quality Assurance Reviews

This article discusses the practice evaluation model in the context of quality assurance reviews in managed care. Managed care demands the three essential elements of practice evaluation; namely, specified client problems and treatment goals, suitable measurements, and analysis of change. The article delineates and demonstrates two case-recording procedures that facilitate quality assurance reviews of clinical social work practice.
The Ideal, Real and Surreal in School-University Partnerships: Reflections of a Boundary Spanner.

Abstract Few would argue with the concept that a school–university partnership has the potential of creating positive outcomes for both universities and schools. The practice, however, is far harder to achieve, and explaining the processes as well as the outcomes is often hardest of all. The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of the “boundary spanner” who facilitates the development of school–university partnerships. As a university-based boundary spanner, the author finds it useful to liken the processes and outcomes of partnering to the surreal art of Rene Magritte. First the author describes the ideal school-university partnership, then offers some examples of the real issues that emerge while building partnerships, and finally, analyzes the surreal aspects of boundary spanning. In the conclusion, the author offers specific suggestions for developing school–university partnerships as one accepts the necessarily surreal quality of the work.
Automated detection of analyzable metaphase chromosome cells depicted on scanned digital microscopic images

Visually searching for analyzable metaphase chromosome cells under microscopes is quite time-consuming and difficult. To improve detection efficiency, consistency, and diagnostic accuracy, an automated microscopic image scanning system was developed and tested to directly acquire digital images with sufficient spatial resolution for clinical diagnosis. A computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme was also developed and integrated into the image scanning system to search for and detect the regions of interest (ROI) that contain analyzable metaphase chromosome cells in the large volume of scanned images acquired from one specimen. Thus, the cytogeneticists only need to observe and interpret the limited number of ROIs. In this study, the high-resolution microscopic image scanning and CAD performance was investigated and evaluated using nine sets of images scanned from either bone marrow (three) or blood (six) specimens for diagnosis of leukemia. The automated CAD-selection results were compared with the visual selection. In the experiment, the cytogeneticists first visually searched for the analyzable metaphase chromosome cells from specimens under microscopes. The specimens were also automated scanned and followed by applying the CAD scheme to detect and save ROIs containing analyzable cells while deleting the others. The automated selected ROIs were then examined by a panel of three cytogeneticists. From the scanned images, CAD selected more analyzable cells than initially visual examinations of the cytogeneticists in both blood and bone marrow specimens. In general, CAD had higher performance in analyzing blood specimens. Even in three bone marrow specimens, CAD selected 50, 22, 9 ROIs, respectively. Except matching with the initially visual selection of 9, 7, and 5 analyzable cells in these three specimens, the cytogeneticists also selected 41, 15 and 4 new analyzable cells, which were missed in initially visual searching. This experiment showed the feasibility of applying this CAD-guided high-resolution microscopic image scanning system to prescreen and select ROIs that may contain analyzable metaphase chromosome cells. The success and the further improvement of this automated scanning system may have great impact on the future clinical practice in genetic laboratories to detect and diagnose diseases.
Interactional Psychology: Some Implications for Psychological Anthropology

Recent developments in psychology are bringing about a rapprochement between behaviorists, trait psychologists, and psychodynamically oriented theorists. The incipient perspective, which has been labeled "interactional psychology, "focuses on persons-insituations and raises some penetrating questions for psychological anthropology. Attempts by interactionists to reconcile traditional concepts of "personality" with evidence demonstrating the power of situations to pattern behavior are discussed. It is proposed that the interactionist framework fits well with recent trends in anthropology that emphasize the contextualization of behavior and an interest in intracultural diversity. [psychological anthropology, personality, situation, ecology of behavior] IN THIS PAPER I EXAMINE some recent developments in psychology that have involved discussions between behaviorists, trait psychologists, and psychodynamically oriented theorists. The thrust seems to be toward a rapprochement of previously opposing viewpoints,and the incipient perspective has been labeled "interactional" psychology. Before
On the interpretation of Cicero, De Republica

Apropos congregatio Zetzel remarks ‘the metaphor is qualified by quasi …, as it more properly refers to animals rather than men’. It seems doubtful, however, that in general the - grego compounds were at this date felt as vividly metaphorical: segrego is used of human beings as early as Plautus and Terence ( Mil. 1232; Heau . 386; other occurrences at OLD s.v., 1; Forcellini s.v., II); aggrego is commonly so used by Cicero (Zimmermann, TLL s.v., I). Moreover, our passage is the first attestation of congregatio . Cicero uses the word three times in De Finibus (2.109, 3.65, and 4.4), of which the latter two passages also refer to human beings but are without quasi . Hence the use of quasi in our passage is likely to be related above all to the newness of the term, albeit the etymology may be more strongly felt in a new coinage. Cf. TLL 4, 288.26ff.
Partial credibility and policy announcements: The problem of time inconsistency in macroeconomics revisited

This paper studies the credibility of policy announcements in macroeconomics. This issue is exemplified by the problem of monetary policy design in light of an expectations-augmented Phillips curve. In contrast to reputational models of the repeated games literature, the credibility problem between the central bank and the private sector, which results from the policymaker's temptation to create surprise inflation to raise employment, cannot be eliminated. The paper shows that credibility in any sequential equilibrium is generally only partial, in that market participants do not fully believe policy announcements of low inflation rates, even if forthright policies have been implemented in all periods. Indicating reputation-building, credibility improves over time. The example is then used to show the policy implications of partial credibility.
TRACIR: A radar technique for observing the exchange of air between clouds and their environment

Abstract Dual-polarization radar measurements can be used to track parcels of air filled with aluminized chaff as they move into and through clouds, as well as in clear air. The circular depolarization ratio (CDR) signal of backscatter from chaff fibers is much stronger than that of most hydrometeors. The difference can be used to detect the location of chaff within clouds when conventional single-polarization radar methods fail. The new technique is called TRACIR (TRacking Air with Circular-polarization Radar). Field tests and analytic studies indicate the technique can be useful in studying how effectively clouds entrain dry air and vent pollutants out of the planetary boundary layer.
Stability of two-dimensional Fermi liquids against pair fluctuations with large total momentum

Independent pair fluctuations with large total momentum do not cause an instability in a degenerate two-dimensional Fermi liquid with a weak attractive interaction.
Simulation/evaluation environment for a VLIW processor architecture

We describe the environment used for the simulation and evaluation of a processor architecture based on very long instruction word (VLIW) principles. In this architecture, a program consists of a set of tree instructions, each one containing multiple branches and operations which can be performed simultaneously. The simulation/evaluation environment comprises • An optimizing compiler, which generates tree instructions in a VLIW assembly language. • A translator from VLIW assembly code into PowerPC® assembly code which emulates the functionality of the VLIW processor for the specific VLIW program. The emulating code also includes instrumentation for collecting execution counts of VLIWs, profiling information, and generation of predecoded execution traces. • A cycle timer, invoked by the emulating code on a VLIW-by-VLIW basis, which processes VLIW execution traces as they are generated. The environment supports the evaluation of alternatives and trade-offs among the VLIW architecture, its compiler, and processor implementations. Emphasis has been placed on providing fast turnaround time for the development of compilation algorithms and an efficient compilation-to-simulation cycle which allows analysis of architecture/compiler trade-offs over complete execution runs of realistic workloads.
Remeasurement of a Silicon lattice period

Opitcal interferometry of an Silicon lattice period is an important link between macroscopic and microscopic lengths as well as between low-energy and high-energy spectroscopies. An evident discrepancy between two pre-1982 measurements has limited the effective application of these results. Very recent results, reported here in a preliminary way, appear to further understanding and removing this discrepancy.
The behaviour of pollen starch in a Geranium and its bud sport

The pollen of the Pelargonium, Salmon Fringed, and its Zonal bud sport can be classified into starch-filled, partly starchy, and starch-free. In both cases the percentage of starch-filled reaches a maximum of about 93 per cent. in buds of 8 to 12 mm. length, then drops rapidly to about 15 per cent. in buds 15 mm. long. From this point on to anthesis the change is slower, reaching an equilibrium at about 20 mm. The pollen of open flowers of Salmon Fringed has almost exactly twice (6.4-6.6 per cent.) the percentage of starch-filled pollen shown by its bud sport (3.3-3.8 per cent.). This is an expression of a difference in rate of starch digestion. Temperatures of 25 and 30° C. hasten starch digestion, while 15° retards it. Behaviour at both extremes is erratic. Analysis of pollen carbohydrate conditions for genetical purposes can perhaps be facilitated by the foregoing physiological considerations.
Paula Rabinowitz, Labor and Desire: Women’s Revolutionary Fiction in Depression America. University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 222 pp. Cloth, $29.95. Paper, $12.95.

(1993). Paula Rabinowitz, Labor and Desire: Women’s Revolutionary Fiction in Depression America. University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 222 pp. Cloth, $29.95. Paper, $12.95. American Journalism: Vol. 10, No. 3-4, pp. 133-133.
Reasons and Decisions

The central notion of Gibbard's splendid book, Thinking How to Live, is the idea of something's being “the thing to do.” In ordinary English, the phrase, “X is the thing to do” can express either a judgment:
Radiation activates HIF-1 to regulate vascular radiosensitivity in tumors: role of reoxygenation, free radicals, and stress granules

Through a poorly understood mechanism, tumors respond to radiation by secreting cytokines capable of inhibiting apoptosis in endothelial cells, thereby diminishing treatment response by minimizing vascular damage. We reveal here that this pathway is governed by a major angiogenesis regulator, HIF-1. Following radiotherapy, tumor reoxygenation leads to: (1) nuclear accumulation of HIF-1 in response to reactive oxygen, and (2) enhanced translation of HIF-1-regulated transcripts secondary to stress granule depolymerization. The resulting increase in HIF-1-regulated cytokines enhances endothelial cell radioresistance. Inhibiting postradiation HIF-1 activation significantly increases tumor radiosensitivity as a result of enhanced vascular destruction. These data describe novel pathways contributing significantly to our understanding of HIF-1 regulation which may be major determinants of tumor radiosensitivity, potentially having high clinical relevance.
PET Measurement of rCBF in the presence of a neurochemical tracer.

Abstract Functional neurochemical imaging can indicate neurotransmitter release by detecting changes in receptor occupancy. A dual tracer positron emission tomography (PET) technique is presented here to extend such studies by simultaneously measuring changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). This would permit correlations of task or drug induced changes in rCBF and neurochemical function. In this proposed method, the rapidly varying signal from a blood flow tracer is distinguished from the slowly changing signal due to a long-lived neurochemical tracer. As a proof of principle, baseline studies were carried out in rhesus monkeys. Two monkeys were anesthetized with isoflurane, and [ 18 F ]fallypride (t1/2=110 min), a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, was injected. Starting 99–137 min after injection, PET images were acquired every 10 s while the blood flow tracer [ 17 F ]fluoromethane (t1/2=65 s) was administered by inhalation in a repeating pattern of 45 s on/45 s off. The observed time–activity curves for 2 ml brain regions were fit with a three compartment lung–body–brain model of fluoromethane kinetics with whole brain perfusion fixed. Comparing consecutive 6 min scans, reproducibility of relative rCBF and striatal [ 18 F ]fallypride concentration were 9 and 8%, respectively.
Alterations in the Food Intake of Chickens as a Result of Hypothalamic Lesions

Abstract APHAGIA in the chicken has been reported as a result of selective damage in the posterior lateral hypothalamus (Feldman et al., 1957). Published data also indicates that electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus results in a feeding response in the pigeon (Akerman et al., 1960). Recently, the production of obesity by hypothalamic lesions has been reported in the chicken (Lepkovsky and Yasuda, 1966) and in the White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis (Kuenzel and Helms, 1967). The latter investigators report their lesion placement as being in the anterior hypothalamus, centered at the midline, superior to the supraoptic decussation in the plane of the anterior commissure. Analysis of the papers by Feldman et al. (1957), and Akerman et al. (1960), led this investigator to hypothesize the presence of an “aphagic” center in the anterior hypothalamus of birds. The following experiment was designed to test this hypothesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mature S.C. White Leghorn…
Fine-mapping natural alleles: quantitative complementation to the rescue

Mapping the genes responsible for natural variation and divergence is a challenging task. Many studies have mapped genes to genomic regions, or generated lists of candidates, but few studies have implicated specific genes with a high standard of evidence. I propose that combining recent advances in genomic engineering with a modified version of the quantitative complementation test will help turn candidate genes into causal genes. By creating loss-of-function mutations in natural strains, and using these mutations to quantitatively fail-to-complement natural alleles, fine mapping should be greatly facilitated. As an example, I propose that the CRISPR/Cas9 system could be combined with the FLP/FRT system to fine-map genes in the numerous systems where inversions have frustrated these efforts.
Oxygen production by endosymbiotic algae controls superoxide dismutase activity in their animal host

Aerobic and aerotolerant organisms have evolved defenses against the toxic effects of molecular oxygen1. One protective mechanism involves the breakdown of the harmful superoxide radical by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, levels of oxygen elevated only slightly above normal atmospheric (P O2 of 159 mm Hg) may overpower a cell's defense systems2–4. Although most animals do not naturally encounter oxygen pressures above 1 atm, hyperbaric oxygen levels normally occur in the tissues of marine animals that harbour intracellular algal symbionts, which in light generate more oxygen than is consumed by the combined host and symbionts5–10. We have now found that sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt) containing zooxanthellae (the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum) in their gastrodermal tissues have SOD activities nearly two orders of magnitude greater than individuals totally lacking zooxanthellae.
Chaotic deposition by a giant wave, Molokai, Hawaii

A coral-basalt breccia-conglomerate is exposed >60 m above present sea level and nearly 2 km inland from the present shoreline on the southwest side of East Molokai Volcano, Molokai. The conglomerate is preserved mantling interfluves between gullies and forms a blanket- like deposit 0.5 to 3 m thick. No evidence of a wavecut terrace either within the blanket or at its upper or lower limits of exposure can be found. No coral was found in growth position. Unsorted basalt clasts as large as boulder size are subrounded to angular, randomly oriented, and vary from 2-3 to >50 volume% of the deposit. The size of the largest basalt and coral fragments shows almost no systematic variation with elevation, distance inland, or lateral position parallel to the shore. Two indistinct rock units are present in a few places, a lower carbonate-rich unit that we interpret as an "onwash facies" and an upper basalt-rich unit, an "offwash facies.". The carbonate-rich onwash facies is dominated by biogenic debris, especially fragments of coral and beach rock and gastropod and bivalve shells. The offwash facies contains 40% to >90% basalt cobbles and boulders in a matrix of finely broken biogenic fragments. Where the distinct facies are lacking, the proportion of basalt clasts increases crudely from the lower to the upper part of the conglomerate at a single place and from lower to higher elevation out-crops. Where the deposit overlies a cinder cone, several carbonate-bearing elastic dikes extend from the conglomerate as much as 10 m down into the basalt cinders. This deposit was apparently laid down by a giant wave that broke over an outer reef, similar to the present fringing reef, and advanced as a turbulent bore over the back-reef flat, picking up a slurry of carbonate-rich debris and depositing it on the slopes inland as the wave advanced. The offwash picked up loose basalt debris on its return flow. U-series dating of coral fragments indicates that the age of this deposit is 240-200 ka, indicating the wave is distinct from that which produced a similar deposit on Lanai about 100 ka. This giant wave was most likely caused by one of the many large submarine landslides that have been identified on the lower slopes of the major Hawaiian Islands.
Microsatellite instability and hMLH1/hMSH2 expression in Barrett esophagus‐associated adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been documented in malignancies associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma and in sporadic malignancies of the colon, stomach, and endometrium. In these malignancies, MSI is associated with defects in the DNA mismatch repair enzymes hMSH2 and hMLH1. Defects in these enzymes result in a phenotype characterized by instability of multiple microsatellite repeat sequences throughout the genome. This study sought to determine the prevalence of MSI in 80 primary Barrett esophagus-associated adenocarcinomas (BEAd) and to examine the relation of MSI with the clinical and pathologic features of the tumors. METHODS Eighty BEAd were evaluated for the presence of MSI by using the microsatellite markers BAT25, BAT26, D10S219, D10S541, and D10S551. These tumors also were evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1. RESULTS High levels of MSI were not found in any of the tumors examined. Furthermore, immunohistochemical expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 was retained in all cases evaluated. Evidence of low level MSI was found in 16% of tumors. In none of these tumors, however, was MSI present in more than two of five loci. The presence of MSI did not correlate with patient age, tumor stage, degree of differentiation, or with patient survival. CONCLUSIONS High level MSI and loss of hMLH1/hMSH2 expression is uncommon in BEAd. A subset of BEAd demonstrate low level MSI. The presence of low level MSI was not associated with the clinicopathologic features of the tumors examined. Cancer 2001;91:1451–7. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Relativistic Configuration-Interaction Calculations of the n=3-3 Transition Energies in Highly-Charged Tungsten Ions

A large-scale relativistic configuration-interaction calculation of the $n=3$-3 transition energies for Ne- to Ar-like tungsten is carried out. The calculation is based on the relativistic no-pair Hamiltonian and uses finite $B$-spline orbitals in a cavity as basis functions. Quantum electrodynamic and mass polarization corrections are also included. Results are compared with other theories and with experiment, and are generally found to be more reliable than previous theoretical predictions.
Del1 promotes survival of chondrocytes and osteoblasts in vivo

METHODS: 6 week old male Del1 null mutants underwent open tibial fracture and were evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks post fracture with plain X-ray, CT scan, and by histology. Osteoblasts and chondrocytes were seeded in triplicate on 24 well plates coated with either 50nM of Del1 or 50nM of BSA as control and cultured in standard growth medium. After 1, 4, 7, and 10 days, the cells were assayed for growth and viability using trypan blue exclusion.
OFFSETTING BEHAVIOR AND THE BENEFITS OF SAFETY REGULATIONS

The net effect of policies to reduce harm to potential victims is sometimes much smaller than the predicted effect because of failure to account for victim offsetting behavior (OB). A simple expected accident loss model is developed where one parameter, the coefficient of diminishing returns, measures quantitatively the marginal offset to the direct policy. The model should be useful in empirical efforts to estimate the OB effect. The article also obtains precise conditions under which OB more than offsets the direct policy effect, shows that stronger risk aversion increases the relative size of OB, and discusses welfare implications of OB. (JEL D18, D61, J28, K32, L51)
Profile and expectations of students entering gener practice residency programs

Although various studies have attempted to evaluate the success of general practice residency (GPR) programs in providing postdoctoral training, little work has investigated the motivation for senior dental students opting for such training compared with entering directly into private practice. Questionnaires were administered to 58 seniors at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine 1 month before graduation to determine possible differences between those entering GPR programs and those planning to enter private practice. The survey also examined the goals of dentists about to enter GPR programs and compared them with the training goals determined by the Commission on Dental Accreditation. Although 75% of those entering GPR programs cited additional clinical experience as the reason for choosing this step in their careers, the most frequent response from those entering directly into private practice concerned the financial benefits. Also, of the respondents about to enter GPR programs, only one student indicated a desire for training in hospital dentistry. Although this survey was relatively limited in size, it appears that advanced instruction in the management of patients with complex health care problems is not one of the primary motivating factors for students considering residencies. This may indicate a need at the pre doctoral level for greater instruction in changing health care demographics and in the training goals of general practice residencies, to continue to attract qualified dental graduates with goals compatible with those of GPR programs.
Analysis of functioning ribosome content in Escherichia coli at different growth rates

The amount of functioning ribosome in E. coli was measured using gel filtration chromatography. Cells were grown in a continuous fermentor to provide the same growth conditions at different growth rates. The functioning ribosome content and the fraction of functioning ribosome in the cell increased with growth rates. However, the nonfunctioning ribosome content was almost constant, regardless of the growth rate.
Phosphorylation and Cu+Coordination-dependent DNA Binding of the Transcription Factor Mac1p in the Regulation of Copper Transport

Copper ions are essential at a proper level yet toxic when present in excess. To maintain a proper intracellular level, cells must be able to sense the changes in copper ion concentrations. The yeast transcription factor Mac1p plays a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of CTR1 and CTR3, both encoding high affinity copper ion transporters. Here we report that the Mac1p binding of the copper ion-responsive elements (CuREs) in the promoters of CTR1 and CTR3 is affected by copper ions. On one hand, the Mac1p DNA binding is Cu+coordination-dependent, and on the other hand, exogenous Cu+ and isoelectronic Ag+ ions disrupt the DNA binding of Mac1p. These results suggest that the Mac1p is able to sense two different levels of copper ions. These two levels are probably the physiological and toxic copper levels in yeast cells. Furthermore, we found that Mac1p undergoes posttranslational phosphorylation modification in yeast and that the phosphorylation is required for the Mac1p to become DNA-binding active. Nonphosphorylated Mac1p is unable to bind the CTR1 promoter DNA. The data support the model of intradomain interactions and indicate further that the phosphorylation probably prevents the inhibition of DNA-binding domain activity by the activation domain of Mac1p. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Mac1p functions critically in maintaining a proper intracellular concentration of copper ions.
Effects of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) administration to pregnant squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)

Poor reproductive performance of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) in captivity and a relative progesterone (P) deficiency in pregnancy have been reported. Since premature births may contribute to pregnancy wastage, we attempted to measure the effectiveness of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) treatment of pregnant squirrel monkeys to prevent early deliveries. Based on clearance studies of nonpregnant animals, 25 mg of 17-OHPC was administered at 6-day intervals to a test group of 31 pregnant monkeys while the control group of 29 received saline. Venous blood was obtained at 6- to 12-day intervals for measurement of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), P, 17-B estradiol (E), and androstenedione (A), and dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels by radioimmunoassays. The treated group had a significant increase in serum 17-OHP (P < 0.001), P (P < 0.01), and DHEA (P < 0.05) levels compared to controls. The numbers of live births, stillbirths, or neonatal deaths did not differ significantly between groups. Although 17-OHPC administration appeared to increase P and 17-OHP levels, this did not alter the duration of pregnancy nor delay the onset of labor. A significant fall in 17-OHP, P, and E levels was observed 6-12 days before delivery.
Mapping the transition state of the WW domain beta-sheet.

The folding kinetics of a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet (WW domain) have been measured by temperature jump relaxation. Folding and activation free energies were determined as a function of temperature for both the wild-type and the mutant domain, W39F, which modifies the beta(2)-beta(3) hydrophobic interface. The folding rate decreases at higher temperatures as a result of the increase in the activation free energy for folding. Phi-Values were obtained for thermal perturbations allowing the primary features of the folding free energy surface to be determined. The results of this analysis indicate a significant shift from an "early" (Phi(T)=0. 4) to a "late" (Phi(T)=0.8) transition state with increasing temperature. The temperature-dependent Phi-value analysis of the wild-type WW domain and of its more stable W39F hydrophobic cluster mutant reveals little participation of residue 39 in the transition state at lower temperature. As the temperature is raised, hydrophobic interactions at the beta(2)-beta(3) interface gain importance in the transition state and the barrier height of the wild-type, which contains the larger tryptophan residue, increases more slowly than the barrier height of the mutant.
Landscape planning: functionalism as a motivating concept from landscape ecology and human ecology

Abstract In this paper, the concept of functionalism from both landscape ecology and human ecology is examined. The conceptual merger of these sciences and their application in landscape planning is explored as a basis for an ‘ecological approach’. Functionalism is used as a motivating idea, supported by holism and structure as related concepts from ecology. The case is made that alternative ways of thinking about functional relationships have critical relevance to landscape planning, particularly regarding issues of scale and context. Landscape planning for sustainable agricultural landscapes is used to demonstrate how landscape ecology and human ecology might be merged and applied, and to illustrate how functionalism can be redefined in planning and design.
The New, Modern Practice of Adult Education Online Instruction in a Continuing Professional Education Setting

Within the field of adult education a paradigm shift, or at least a paradigm creep, is taking place as a result of advances in technology. This comprehensive, quasiexperimental study examining the efficacy of online education (OE) for professional development, conducted among American police officers, compares OE to traditional delivery methods, using quantitative methods and open ended questioning to determine whether the potential performance of adult learners in OE is related to various demographic factors, and evaluates the adult learners' perceptions of OE. Data analyses indicate no significant difference between the effectiveness of the delivery methods but they do reveal a statistically significant relationship between potential online learning success and a formal educational level. Although most participants in the study say they prefer traditional instruction, the majority feel that OE is an appropriate delivery method for professional development and that the use of OE for delivery of professio...
Do Behavioral Disturbances in Persons with Alzheimer's Disease Predict Caregiver Depression over Time?

Random effects models were used to examine the association between behavioral disturbances in persons with Alzheimer's disease (N = 90) and caregiver depressive symptoms at 2-month intervals over an 18-month period. There was substantial variability in trajectories of change in caregiver depressive symptoms over time but no systematic increase in distress despite increased severity of dementia symptoms. Total behavioral disturbances were associated with higher levels of caregiver depressive symptoms: this effect was primarily attributable to aggressive behaviors. No consistent departure from linearity was evident in the relationship between behavior and depression over time.
Can problem-based learning address content and process?*

Problem-based learning was used to address the learning process and traditional content in a one semester nonmajors biochemistry course. Three different pedagogical strategies were evaluated in three versions of the course. The first version exclusively utilized literature-based learning (analysis of primary literature articles in small groups) with almost no lectures from the instructor. Classroom assessment addressed the research process, not content. In the second version, literature-based learning was supplemented with a 75-min lecture by the instructor before each article was analyzed as well as additional lectures as deemed necessary. Classroom assessment addressed process (70%) over content (30%). The third version was lecture-based, with the emphasis on traditional content; lectures were supplemented with literature analysis. Classroom assessment emphasized content, but about 10% of each exam focused on the research process. Student evaluations of the three versions of the course showed no significant difference in opinions about the format of the course. Postcourse interviews with students 1) confirmed previous studies that showed that the literature-based format greatly increased the involvement of students in their own learning, 2) showed that literature-based learning is compatible with an equal focus on content and process, and 3) showed that supplementing lecture-based teaching with literature-based learning does not empower students to manage their own learning, although student response to this instructional method was positive.