cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoexpression of SALL4 in Wilms Tumors and Developing Kidney

SALL4 is a zinc finger transcription factor that plays a role in the maintainance and pluripotency of embryonic stem cell and is important in renal development where SALL4 mutations give rise to renal malformations. Because Wilms tumor recapitulates renal embryogenesis, we hypothesized that Wilms tumor cells may also express SALL4. We performed immunohistochemistry for SALL4 on tissue microarray sections of Wilms tumors, nephrogenic rests, and fetal renal cortices. Half (26 out of 52) of the Wilms tumors showed SALL4 immunoreactivity, ranging from strong and diffuse to focal and weak. Blastemal, epithelial, and combined blastemal and epithelial patterns of immunoreactivity were identified. No cases showed stromal staining. In the fetal kidney, SALL4 expression was restricted to the blastema and primitive epithelium at 15 weeks' gestation. SALL4 staining was not seen at later gestational ages, in non-neoplastic postnatal kidneys, or in nephrogenic rests. Our study is the first to demonstrate SALL4 immunoreactivity in Wilms tumors and in developing fetal kidney. The absence of SALL4 staining in nephrogenic rests, the presumed precursors of Wilms tumors, is intriguing and suggests that Wilms tumors have a pluripotency quality that may be lacking in nephrogenic rests.
Is it time for bioethics to go empirical

Observers who note the increasing popularity of bioethics discussions often complain that the social sciences are poorly represented in discussions about things like abortion and stem-cell research. Critics say that bioethicists should be incorporating the methods and findings of social scientists, and should move towards making the discipline more empirically oriented. This way, critics argue, bioethics will remain relevant, and truly reflect the needs of actual people. Such recommendations ignore the diversity of viewpoints in bioethics, however. Bioethics can gain much from the methods and findings from ethnographies and similar research. But it is misleading to suggest that bioethicists are unaware of this potential benefit. Not only that, bioethicists are justified in having doubts about the utility of the social science approach in some cases. This is not because there is some inherent superiority in non-empirical approaches to moral argument. Rather, the doubts concern the nature of the facts that the sciences would provide. Perhaps the larger point is that disagreements about the relationship between facts and normative arguments should be seen as part of the normal inquiry in bioethics, not evidence that reform is needed.
A Conceptual Understanding of Requirements for Theory-Building Research: Guidelines for Scientific Theory Building

Business academics have focused their attention on empirical investigation of programs' effect on organizational competitive performance. These studies primarily emphasize theory building. With the many definitions of theory, academics are not certain whether their research papers meet the specific requirements for theory development required by the academic field of the philosophy of science. Certainly, supply chain academics generally believe that their academic articles fulfill the requirements of theory building. Although many of these articles do have elements of theory, more focus is needed on the specific requirements of theory to assure that academic research is “good” theory building. The primary purpose of this research paper is to logically develop a set of guidelines to assist empirical researchers to assure that their studies fulfill the requirements of good theory based upon traditional scientific theory building. By fulfilling the requirements of good theory, researchers will develop studies that will have a lasting impact on their academic field. To achieve a lasting impact on an academic field, it is necessary to follow a logical plan. This article provides a plan for logical guidelines for developing an understanding of how and why “good” theory building is achieved. This article logically develops a formal conceptual definition of theory along with its related properties to understand these guidelines. Next, it analyzes the requirements of theory, “good” theory, and their properties. These guidelines are included in the existing philosophy of science publications. However, this article consolidates these sources and logically explains why these guidelines are needed. In the conclusion, the guidelines are summarized to serve as a summary checklist for supply chain researchers to use for ensuring their articles will be recognized as a contribution to the academic field. So in that sense, this article does not develop a revolutionary new insight into theory-building empirical articles, but rather integrates diverse traditional philosophy of science requirements into a much simpler set of guidelines. Through logical development of these guidelines, researchers will understand the structure of theory and how to ensure their studies can be modified to have a lasting impact on the field of supply chain management.
Preliminary study of the influence of thyroxine, temperature, and sex on oxygen uptake by tissues from the spadefoot toad Scaphiopus bombifrons

Abstract Forty-eight spadefoot toads (24 of each sex) were acclimated at 15°C or 25°C for 5 days. During the period of acclimation, half of the animals at each temperature received daily injections of Na-l-thyroxine (0.2 μg/2 grams body weight); and the remainder of the toads received injections of the vehicle. At the end of the fifth day, oxygen consumption of liver tissue and of skeletal muscle was determined at the acclimation temperature by differential respirometry. Acclimation-test temperature had a pronounced effect on oxygen consumption of both liver tissue and skeletal muscle. Sex of the tissue donor had no influence on metabolic response of either liver or muscle. Whereas thyroxine injections elicited no calorigenic response from skeletal muscle, the hormone treatment caused a depression of metabolism of liver at 15°C and stimulated metabolism at 25°C. Thus, these findings provide additional support, albeit conditional, for the concept that the thyroid glands of adult Anura exercise some control of oxidative metabolism.
Are ‘deliberate’ metaphors really deliberate?: A question of human consciousness and action

Some metaphor scholars have proposed that certain notable metaphorical expressions in speech and writing may have been deliberately composed, and quite consciously employed for their special rhetorical purposes. Deliberate metaphors are different from conventional ones, which are typically produced automatically and thoughtlessly, something that speakers and listeners, authors and readers, tacitly recognize when they engage in metaphoric discourse. This article explores some of these common assumptions about deliberate metaphor in light of contemporary research in cognitive science on meaning, consciousness and human action. My claim is that deliberate metaphors, contrary to the popular view, may not be as ‘deliberate’ in their creation and use as is traditionally believed, and therefore are not essentially different from other forms of metaphoric language. Moreover, engaging in deliberative thought processes is often exactly the wrong way to create novel, apt verbal metaphors.
Morphine responses in humans: a retrospective analysis of sex differences.

There is increasing evidence that sex modulates the effects of opioid analgesics in nonhumans, but few studies have examined this issue in humans. Over the past seven years we have conducted several studies in which the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of intravenous morphine were examined in healthy volunteers. In a retrospective analysis encompassing six studies, we re-examined the effects of 10 mg/70 kg (iv) morphine in 57 males and 27 females. There were some differences in morphine's subjective effects as a function of sex. Females reported higher ratings of 'coasting (spaced out),' 'heavy or sluggish feeling' and 'dry mouth.' No differences in degree of psychomotor impairment or physiological effects (miosis and respiration rate) of morphine emerged between males and females. Future studies should focus on other doses of morphine and other opioid drugs, assess multiple behavioral and physiological endpoints, and look at different subsamples of humans (e.g. opioid abusers).
Membrane domains in guinea pig sperm and their role in the membrane fusion events of the acrosome reaction

In this study, we have examined the structure of domains of the periacrosomal plasma membrane (PM) and outer acrosomal membrane (OAM) of guinea pig sperm and defined their fate during the membrane fusion events of the acrosome reaction. Cauda epididymal sperm were arranged in rouleaux, joined by periacrosomal PM "junctional" zones; in these zones, the PMs were linked by cross bridges formed from a paracrystalline glycocalyx. Bridging elements linked the PM to the OAM on the ventral (concave) but not dorsal (convex) aspect of the apical segment. Parallel filaments were associated with the luminal face of the OAM overlying the dorsal surface of the apical segment. Sperm were induced to undergo a "synchronous" acrosome reaction after preincubation in Ca2+-free medium containing lysolecithin, by the addition of Ca2+. Fusion between the OAM and PM occurred at the boundaries but not within the PM "junctional" zones over the apical segment. In nonjunctional regions on the dorsal surface of the apical segment, sheets of unfenestrated hybrid membranes and parallel arrays of hybrid membrane tubules formed, while branching arrays of hybrid membrane tubules and vesicles were observed on the ventral surface. In the principal segment, networks of branching hybrid membrane tubules initially formed but later transformed into vesicles. Hence, the lysolecithin-mediated guinea pig sperm acrosome reaction involves a complex sequence of membrane fusions, which differs in domains of the periacrosomal PM and OAM. Stable nonfusigenic domains are present in both the PM and OAM of the apical segment; membrane-associated assemblies may maintain these domains and may also provide direction to some of the membrane fusion events of the acrosome reaction.
An improved SPICE heart model that obeys Starling's law.

Abstract This paper details a versatile and easy to use electrical network model of the heart in which the user can control the heart rate, blood pressure, end-diastolic left ventricular pressure, and proportion of time spent in systole. Several dysrhythmias and cardiac diseases can be stimulated, including asystole, second and third degree heart blocks, brady- and tachycardias, premature ventricular contractions, premature atrial contractions, sinus dysrhythmias, hypo- and hypertension, pericardial tamponade and combinations of these. The model's output simulates empiric data with a 99% correlation, and the heart obeys Starling's law and can simulate congestive heart failure. This model is substantially more flexible than our previous version (Goldstein, et al., Comput. Methods Progr. Biomed. 33 (1990) 27–34) making it a more powerful adjunct for studying cardiac neurohormonal feedback theories and for exploring general systemic cardiovascular hemodynamics.
Structural and compliant anatomy of the patent foramen ovale in patients undergoing transcatheter closure

Abstract Background Most current intracardiac closure devices target the atrial septal defect. However, defects such as the patent foramen ovale (PFO) have unique structural features that may influence rational device design. With mounting interest in transcatheter techniques for closure of PFO in patients with cryptogenic stroke, a clearer understanding of these features is warranted. Methods Retrospectively, we reviewed angiograms obtained at the time of transcatheter closure of PFOs with a non-self-centering device in a group of 21 patients with a history of stroke. Results The PFO appeared as a tunnel of varying length (2.4 to 19.5 mm, mean 9.1 ± 4.7 mm) bounded by septum secundum and septum primum. The potential area of the defect was as small as 12.2 mm 2 and as large as 121.1 mm 2 . With device placement, the tunnel length shortened or disappeared (0.5 ± 1.6 mm) by inferior displacement of the more compliant septum primum. Conclusions In patients with PFO referred for transcatheter closure, the defect most commonly appeared as a tunnel-like defect between a thicker, less compliant septum secundum and a thinner, more compliant septum primum. Although the length of the undisturbed tunnel varied widely, the tunnel was shortened or eliminated by placement of a non-self-centering device. The observation that PFO anatomy can be predictably altered by some devices may have an impact on device design or implantation technique. (Am Heart J 2000;140:303-7.)
Experimental investigation of the dynamics of spontaneous pattern formation during dendritic ice crystal growth

Abstract The dynamics of spontaneous pattern formation are studied experimentally by observing and recording the evolution of ice crystal patterns which grow freely in a supercooled melt. The sequence of evolution to dendrites is recorded in real time using cine-micrography. In the range of subcoolings from 0.06 to 0.29°C, all the patterns evolved as follows: Smooth disk → Perturbed disk → Disk dendrite → Partially developed dendrite → Fully developed dendrite. The initial smooth disk, the main branch and the side branches all developed perturbations beyond a critical size which depends on the subcooling. The combined effect of the destabilizing thermal gradients ahead of the growing crystal and the stabilizing Gibbs-Thompson capillarity effect dictates the critical size of the unstable structures in terms of the mean curvature of the interface. Detailed analysis of the evolving patterns was done using digital image analysis on the PRIME computer to determine both the manner in which the dendritic growth process replicates itself and the role which the shape and the movement of the interface play in the pattern formation process. Total arc length ST, total area A and the complexity ratio ξ = ST⧸√A of evolving patterns were computed as a function of time and undercooling for each crystal image. These results permitted us to make some comparisons with theoretical models on pattern evolution. Three distinct phases of evolution were identified: the initial phase when the crystal structure is smooth and free of any perturbations and the complexity ratio is almost a constant, an intermediate phase when the crystal structure develops perturbations which grow quickly in number and in size and the complexity ratio increases rapidly and a final phase when the pattern approaches that of a fully developed dendrite which, on a global scale grows in a shape-perserving manner and has a slowly increasing complexity ratio which seems to approach an asymptote. Two factors were found to be responsible for the symmetric dendritic patterns. These are: first, hexagonal symmetry due to the hexagonal closed packed structure, leads to strong anisotropy in molecular attachment kinetics and in surface free energy; second, the competition among side branches causes smaller side branches to melt when they are trapped between larger ones which generate latent heat and prevent the small branches from gaining access to the fresh cold fluid ahead of them. These two factors lead to a channelling effect which prevents the growth of perturbations from occurring randomly and thus directs the evolving crystal structure into patterns which are regular and reproducible. Theoretical models which are local in nature fail to take into account side branch competition, and this is one of their major weaknesses.
Teacher ratings of attention problems in children experimentally classified as exhibiting attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity.

From a total of 625 children, 30 children in grades 2–5 were experimentally classified as having Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADD/H: N = 10) or Attention Deficit without Hyperactivity (ADD/WO: N = 20) using teacher ratings of behavior on the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist (RBPC). These groups were compared to normal control children ( N = 20) on each of the items that comprise the Attention Problem-Immaturity (API) factor of the RBPC. Both ADD groups were rated by teachers as exhibiting significantly greater attention problems than controls on 12 of the 16 items on the factor. However, the ADD/H children were rated as more irresponsible, sloppy, distractible, impulsive, less sluggish, more likely to answer without thinking, and faster in finishing assignments than the ADD/WO children. In addition, only the ADD/H group differed significantly from controls on ratings of impulsivity and anwering without thinking, and only the ADD/WO group differed from controls on ratings of sluggishness and drowsiness. A stepwise discriminant analysis showed that the two ADD groups could be accurately discriminated (average canonical r 2 = 0.83) by a combination of ratings of impulsivity, sluggishness, immaturity, sloppiness, slowness, and need for supervision. These results suggest that ADD/H and ADD/WO may exhibit dissimilar types of attention deficits. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 24, 5:613–616, 1985.
Supervised Learning by Training on Aggregate Outputs

Supervised learning is a classic data mining problem where one wishes to be be able to predict an output value associated with a particular input vector. We present a new twist on this classic problem where, instead of having the training set contain an individual output value for each input vector, the output values in the training set are only given in aggregate over a number of input vectors. This new problem arose from a particular need in learning on mass spectrometry data, but could easily apply to situations when data has been aggregated in order to maintain privacy. We provide a formal description of this new problem for both classification and regression. We then examine how k-nearest neighbor, neural networks, and support vector machines can be adapted for this problem.
A 3-Year Prospective Study of Parent–Child Communication in Early Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: Relationship to Adherence and Glycemic Control

Objective To examine changes in parent–child communication patterns and their relation to glycemic control and treatment adherence using observational data in a 3-year prospective multisite study of youth with type 1 diabetes aged 9–11 years at baseline and their families (n ¼217). Methods Adolescents and caregivers participated in a diabetes problem-solving discussion. Families were rated on negative and positive communication and interactions using the Interaction Behavior Code. Results Maternal and paternal negative communication decreased over time, whereas adolescent and maternal positive communication and positive reciprocity increased. Baseline preadolescent youth and maternal positive communication predicted adherence 3 years later. Changes in family communication did not predict changes in glycemic control or adherence. Conclusions During the transition to adolescence, family communication changed in unexpected and positive ways. Additionally, the relationship of baseline family communication to subsequent adherence suggests the need to assess family communication concerning diabetes-related management during preadolescence.
Zinc Iontophoresis to Treat Ischemic Skin Ulcers

The use of iontophoresis for the treatment of physical and medical conditions has been recognized as early as the 1800s.1 Recently, however, the clinical use of iontophoresis has been infrequent.1 The technique of ionic transfer for the treatment of patients with ischemic skin ulcers has been reported by Kahn,1 Shriber,2 Harris,3 and Kovacs.4 I was unable to find any reports of clinical studies that documented the effectiveness of this treatment technique. This case report describes the use of zinc iontophoresis in the treatment of two ischemic skin ulcers. PATIENT DATA The patient was a 71-year-old man with bilateral below-knee amputations secondary to diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease. At the physical examination (eight months after the amputations), ulcerations were present over both tibial crests, measuring 7.3 by 1.9 cm (2.9 × 0.7 in) on the left leg and 3.6 by 1.8 cm (1.4 × 0.7 in) on the right leg.…
A content-aware image prior

In image restoration tasks, a heavy-tailed gradient distribution of natural images has been extensively exploited as an image prior. Most image restoration algorithms impose a sparse gradient prior on the whole image, reconstructing an image with piecewise smooth characteristics. While the sparse gradient prior removes ringing and noise artifacts, it also tends to remove mid-frequency textures, degrading the visual quality. We can attribute such degradations to imposing an incorrect image prior. The gradient profile in fractal-like textures, such as trees, is close to a Gaussian distribution, and small gradients from such regions are severely penalized by the sparse gradient prior. To address this issue, we introduce an image restoration algorithm that adapts the image prior to the underlying texture. We adapt the prior to both low-level local structures as well as mid-level textural characteristics. Improvements in visual quality is demonstrated on deconvolution and denoising tasks.
Evaluating Large-Eddy Simulations Using Volume Imaging Lidar Data

The authors apply data analysis techniques that demonstrate the power of using volume imaging lidar observations to evaluate several aspects of large-eddy simulations (LESs). They present observations and simulations of an intense and spatially evolving convective boundary layer on 13 January 1998 during the LakeInduced Convection Experiment (Lake-ICE). To enable comparison of observed and simulated eddy structure, aerosol scattering was estimated from LES output of relative humidity, a passive tracer, and liquid water. Spatial and temporal correlation functions of aerosol structure from horizontal planes reveal the mean and turbulent convective structure. The correlation functions of the observed and simulated aerosol backscatter are presented as a function of altitude and offshore distance. Best-fit ellipses to the closed contours encircling the origin of the correlation functions are used to obtain the mean ellipticity and orientation of the structures. The authors demonstrate that these two parameters are not sensitive to minor changes in the functional relationship between humidity and optical scattering. The lidar-derived mean wind field is used as a reference for evaluating the LES mean flow. The ellipses from lidar data indicate that structures near the surface tend to be aligned with the mean wind direction, while in the entrainment zone they are aligned perpendicular to the mean wind direction. In the middle of the mixed layer, convective plumes tended to be circular and, therefore, had no preferred orientation at small lags. At longer lags, however, the correlation functions from the middle of the mixed layer show that the observed convective plumes were organized into linear bands oriented perpendicular to the mean wind direction. The perpendicular bands suggest the important role of gravity waves in organizing convective structures. The study shows that the model generates reasonable coherent structures (open cells) where the LES technique is expected to perform poorly (near the surface) and fails to capture the wind-perpendicular organization of closed cells in the middle of the mixed layer where the LES technique is expected to be robust. The authors attribute this failure to the boundary conditions that limited the growth of waves above the mixed layer.
MPZ stability under time-dependent, spatially varying heat loads

Although the on-board superconducting magnets (SCMs) are a relatively small fraction of the cost and weight of magnetic levitation systems their performance is critical to the success of the entire system. The velocity of the MLU 002 vehicle in Japan had been limited by quenching of the SCMs due to track induced vibrations at high speed. Superconductor stability is discussed assuming time-dependent spatially varying heat loads. The one-dimensional minimum-propagating zone (MPZ) model has been extended to include time-dependent disturbances. The MPZ has been determined as a function of the disturbance frequency, amplitude, and length. The spatial variation of the initial disturbance is modeled as a sinusoidal function. Results for the MLU 002 and cable-in-conduit conductors are compared. >
Knowledge Management in IT Organizations from Employee&#146;s Perspective

Research has shown that the current knowledge management (KM) approaches do not emphasize enough on knowledge sharing from non-executive employees perspective. However, it is important for organizations to understand from employees perspective the factors that motivate them to share knowledge before implementing any KM program. In this exploratory study, we consider employees willingness to knowledge share as the dependent variable. Our survey-based research of two large IT service and consulting organizations was aimed at examining cultural, technological, motivational, and organizational factors, which influence knowledge sharing within an organization from a non-executive employees perspective. Study results showed that issues relating to the availability and usability of technology, leadership support and motivating structures were shown to have influences on knowledge sharing. The study also revealed that employees willingness to share knowledge was not reduced by their concerns about the loss of power or job insecurity. We recommend that this research can be expanded to different types of organizations to understand influencing factors of knowledge sharing from an employee perspective with independent variables such as discipline, geographical location, organization size, and type.
Behind the mask: the influence of mask-type on amygdala response to fearful faces

In this study, we compared the effects of using neutral face masks vs non-face pattern masks on amygdala activity to masked fearful faces. Twenty-seven subjects viewed 18 s blocks of either fearful or happy faces masked with either neutral faces or patterns, while their brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results replicated increased amygdala activation to face-masked fearful vs happy faces. In the pattern mask condition, the amygdala discriminated between masked fearful and happy faces, but this effect manifested as a decrease in activation to fearful faces compared to happy faces. This interactive effect between facial expression and mask stimulus shows that amygdala responses to masked fearful faces are influenced by the fearful stimuli per se as well as their interaction with the mask stimulus.
INHERITED AND ACQUIRED FACTORS IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION I. DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE LINES OF MICE THROUGH SELECTIVE BREEDING

1. A colony of inbred mice has been established free from inter-current infections and from the influence of extraneous variables detrimental to a study of their resistance to natural infection. A technique of measuring the resistance of mice to natural B. enteritidis mouse typhoid infection has been developed. 2. The Rockefeller Institute albino strain showed an average 37.4 per cent mortality to B. enteritidis mouse typhoid infection. 3. By breeding from progeny of mice dying early after exposure, lines approximately 85 per cent susceptible were obtained; by breeding from unexposed progeny of mice surviving infection, lines 15 per cent susceptible were obtained. Further selection within the most susceptible and most resistant lines did not alter their reaction; selection within the less susceptible and less resistant lines increased the sought factor. These rates remained approximately the same when the susceptibles received 1/100th and the resistants ten times the standard dose. The selected mice reacted consistently when exposed to spontaneous herd infection. 4. Several strains of mice, brother to sister inbred for special factors, did not differ materially in susceptibility. White-face and selected black-and-tan strains, however, proved 89.0 and 97 per cent susceptible. 5. White-face susceptibles mated with resistant Rockefeller Institute mice gave F(1) progeny, 17.7 per cent susceptible. F(1) mice back-crossed to susceptibles gave progeny 61.2 per cent susceptible and back-crossed with resistants gave progeny 26.3 per cent susceptible. F(2) mice mated inter se gave progeny 34.2 per cent susceptible. The results indicate that resistance factors are dominant and not sex-linked.
Dynamic resistance exercise and resting blood pressure in adults: a meta-analysis

George, Kelley. Dynamic resistance exercise and resting blood pressure in adults: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(5): 1559–1565, 1997.—With the use of the meta-analytic approach, the purpose ...
Detection of buried dielectric cavities using the finite-difference time-domain method in conjunction with signal processing techniques

We address the problem of detecting low-dielectric contrast cavities buried deep in a lossy ground by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in conjunction with signal processing techniques for extrapolation and object identification. It is well known that very low frequency probing is needed for deep penetration into the lossy ground, owing to a rapid decay of electromagnetic (EM) waves at higher frequencies. It is also recognized that numerical modeling using the FDTD method becomes very difficult, if not impossible, when the operating frequency becomes as low as 1 Hz. To circumvent this difficulty, we propose a hybrid approach in this paper that combines the FDTD method with signal processing techniques, e.g., rational function approximation and neural networks (NNs). Apart from the forward problem of modeling buried cavities, we also study the inverse scattering problem-that of estimating the depth of a buried object from the measured field values at the surface of the Earth or above. Numerical results for a buried prism are given to illustrate the application of the proposed technique.
A Method for the Direct Measurement of Crossover Model Parameters

A parameter tracking system that directly measures the gain and time-delay parameters of the crossover model of a compensatory control system is discussed. The parameters of the crossover model, as determined by the tracking system, are shown to vary between subjects, with input bandwidth, and with subject practice. The accuracy of-the parameter tracking system is substantiated by cross checking experimental data by spectral analysis.
Superconducting Films for Absorber-Coupled MKID Detectors for Sub-Millimeter and Far-Infrared Astronomy

We describe measurements of the properties, at dc, gigahertz, and terahertz frequencies, of thin (10 nm) aluminum films with 10 Omega/square normal state sheet resistance. Such films can be applied to construct microwave kinetic inductance detector arrays for submillimeter and far-infrared astronomical applications in which incident power excites quasiparticles directly in a superconducting resonator that is configured to present a matched-impedance to the high frequency radiation being detected. For films 10 nm thick, we report normal state sheet resistance, resistance-temperature curves for the superconducting transition, quality factor and kinetic inductance fraction for microwave resonators made from patterned films, and terahertz measurements of sheet impedance measured with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. We compare properties with similar resonators made from niobium 600 nm thick.
An Exploration of the Relationship Between Loss of Legitimacy and the Sudden Death of Organizations

Organizational death is probably the least studied of any growth or decline process within organizations. Of the limited research that exists, little attention has focused on the impact that loss of legitimacy has as an antecedent to organizational death, particularly when an organization’s death is unanticipated and sudden, resulting from a major shift in previous organizational trends. Using an illustrative case study approach, this article develops propositions used to analyze the relationship between loss of legitimacy and the sudden death of three American organizations. Implications of this research for theory and practice, including relationships with the emerging field of organizational wisdom, limitations of the study, and directions for future research are also presented.
Comparisons of Error Control Techniques

The performance capabilities of several retransmission systems are compared with each other and with conventional errorcorrecting codes in hypothetical channels exhibiting independent or dependent errors. These evaluations are based on the analysis in the companion paper which admits errors in the feedback channel and undetectable errors in either channel. The basic problem of deciding whether to use retransmission or forward error-correction for a particular application is investigated. The areas of relative superiority based on throughput rate R and uncorrected error rate ρ for each type of error control are determined for a wide range of codes and channels. It is shown that in almost all burst error cases and in independent error channels with low error probabilities, retransmission sytsems are superior to forward error-correcting systems in both throughput rate R and undetected error rate ρ. In independent error channels with high error rates forward error correction shows substantial improvement over retransmission provided that extremely high reliability is not required. It is shown that in designing a retransmission logic, the decision to interpret garbled messages bearing service information as retransmission requests lowers the throughput rate slightly but improves the reliability considerably. The problem of selecting one of the basic retransmission logics for a particular application is also considered. The systems characteristics of the logics were seen to be the prime consideration in many cases since the differences in R and ρ are generally not substantial.
Preliminary experience with selective laser sintering models of the human temporal bone.

PURPOSE To assess the accuracy of three-dimensional models of the human temporal bone generated from CT data. METHODS Thin-section CT of a left human cadaveric temporal bone was performed using multiple-scan planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) at 1.5-mm section thickness and 0.25-mm pixel size with an edge-enhancement two-dimensional algorithm. CT data were converted to toggle point format based upon a threshold value of 200 (approximately -830 HU) obtained from prior experimentation with a CT phantom. Selective laser sintering of polycarbonate powder was performed at a beam diameter of 0.060 inches (1.5 mm), 100 scan lines per inch, layer thickness of 0.010 inches (0.25 mm), and layer repeat factor of 4. The polycarbonate models were then scanned in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes and compared with the original CT data. Anatomic dissection of the models was performed for further verification of the imaging findings. RESULTS Models of high anatomic accuracy were generated. Shortening by a factor of 0.67 along the Z axis secondary to the layer repeat factor of 4 resulted in distortion of the models. Distortion in the XY plane ranged from 0% to 20%. Differences in model accuracy based on the initial CT scan plane were observed. A significant amount of nonsintered or partially sintered polycarbonate resulted in intermediate density on the CT images. CONCLUSIONS Selective laser sintering can result in accurate modeling of detailed anatomic structures in the human temporal bone. Further investigation of materials and factors contributing to the accuracy of selective laser sintering in the manufacturing of high-resolution anatomic models is warranted.
Self-Consistent Simulations of Plasma Waves and Their Effects on Energetic Particles

Understanding wave-particle interactions and their effects on energetic particle dynamics in near-Earth space is needed to develop models with predictive space weather capabilities. The local acceleration and/or loss of relativistic electrons are associated with two dominant magnetospheric plasma waves, whistler mode chorus emissions and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. The generation and propagation characteristics of EMIC waves depend strongly on the presence of both cold and energetic heavy ions (mainly He+ and O+) in the plasmas, which varies significantly with geomagnetic and solar activity. We present self-consistent studies of the excitation of these waves during geomagnetic storms after the fresh injection of plasma sheet particles into the inner magnetosphere. We use our four-dimensional (4D) kinetic ring current-atmosphere interactions model (RAM), which includes time-dependent convective transport and radial diffusion, all major loss processes, and is coupled with a dynamic (2D) plasmasphere model. The boundary conditions are specified by a plasma sheet source population at geosynchronous orbit that varies both in space and time. We calculate the pitch angle anisotropy of ring current ions and electrons and identify equatorial regions for potential growth of EMIC waves and whistler mode chorus, respectively. We show that He+ band EMIC wave excitation may be significantly reduced by ring current O+ ions during storm peak conditions when O+ contribution increases. We find that the linear growth rate of chorus waves maximizes at large L shells in the midnight-to-dawn local time sector, while EMIC waves are most intense in the afternoon sector in agreement with previous satellite observations.
Diagnostic curettage: A 13 year study of 585 patients

Abstract The sharp increase in diagnostic curettages is justified by the 2.2 per cent incidence of malignancy, the 40.9 per cent incidence of polyps, and the 27.3 per cent incidence of hyperplasias. Of 78 women with fibroids, only 28 came to hysterectomy during the period of the study. The incidence of malignancy in the postmenopausal patients was 9.0 per cent. Repeat curettages in 19 patients showed no malignancies, and only one had a subsequent hysterectomy. Two uteri were perforated. One was subjected to hysterectomy. Both had uneventful recoveries. A long period of follow-up is valuable and instructive. The use of the endometrial biopsy is a worthwhile aid in the follow-up of those who have recurrent bleeding. The asymptomatic polyp is probably better treated in the hospital rather than in the office. In this series there was no mortality and practically no morbidity.
Information in the Term Structure for the Conditional Volatility of One Year Bond Returns

The term structure of interest rates captures a significant amount of the time variation in the conditional volatility of 1-year excess returns of bonds of 2- to 5-year maturity. A single linear combination of the forward rates captures most of the variation in the conditional volatilities across maturities. The term structure drivers of the expected excess returns and the conditional volatilities are distinct. The overall level of interest rates captures a significant amount of the variation in the conditional volatility of excess returns. The 4-5 year yield spread, which is an important positive predictor of expected excess returns, has an opposing effect on the conditional volatility. Thus, the tent-shaped linear combination of forward rates driving the expected excess returns captures either the market price of risk, or the correlation with the market, but not the conditional volatility.
Determination of quaternary ammonium compounds including acetylcholine, tetraethylammonium, and hexamethonium.

SummaryA general method is presented for the determination in buffer solutions, nerve homogenates, dilute serum, plasma, and urine of quaternary ammonium compounds in which at least one chain is 4 carbons or longer or C6H5CH2—, or modifications thereof. The lower limit of sensitivity, using this procedure, is about 2-3 μg per sample. Adaptations of this method allow for the estimation of these compounds in undiluted serum or plasma. Acetylcholine, hexamethonium, tetraethylam-monium, neostigmine and d-tubocurarine can be determined in certain media, in concentrations as low as 1-2.5 μg per sample, by means of modifications of the general procedure.
ASSESSMENT OF BALLOON-EXPANDABLE TRANSCATHETER HEART VALVE OVERSIZING USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY SEMI-AUTOMATION VERSUS. DIRECT PLANIMETRY: ALL METHODS ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL

3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE) measurement of the aortic annulus is an alternative to computed tomography angiography (CTA) for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), particularly in patients with impaired renal function. The goal of this study was to compare semi-
Chlamydia infections in children and adolescents.

1. Lorena M. Siqueira, MD, MSPH* 1. *Division of Adolescent Medicine, Miami Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL. * Abbreviations: CDC: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention FDA: : Food and Drug Administration HIV: : human immunodeficiency virus LGV: : lymphogranuloma venereum MIF: : microimmunofluorescent MSM: : men who have sex with men NAAT: : nucleic acid amplification tests PID: : pelvic inflammatory disease STI: : sexually transmitted infection 1. The need for annual screening for chlamydia in sexually active adolescents and young adults is underrecognized because this infection is asymptomatic in most females (75%) and males (50%). 2. Difficulty in diagnosis arises from the range of possible symptoms at presentation of symptomatic infections and the type of testing that can be used in each situation. After completing this article the reader should be able to: 1. Recognize the spectrum of clinical manifestations of chlamydia infection in neonates, children, and adolescents. 2. Discuss the appropriate use of culture and nonculture diagnostic tests for chlamydia infections in various age groups. 3. List the current recommendations for screening and treatment of chlamydia infections. A 17-year-old girl presents with prolonged menstrual bleeding associated with severe menstrual cramping pain. Her menarche was at age 13 years. Subsequent menstrual cycles were monthly, lasting 5 days, with average flow associated with mild to moderate pain relieved by over-the-counter pain medications. The current cycle began a month ago and is associated with severe lower abdominal pain. She admits to sexual activity with one partner and uses condoms intermittently. On examination she is afebrile and in discomfort, with a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. She does not appear anemic and has good capillary refill. She has diffuse abdominal pain with significant tenderness in both the right lower and upper quadrants. Chlamydiae are small obligate, gram-negative, intracellular bacteria that contain both DNA and RNA and were formerly considered to be viruses. There are 3 species that are pathogenic to humans: Chlamydia trachomatis , Chlamydophilia pneumoniae, and Chlamydophilia psittaci . They fall within 2 genera in the family Chlamydiaceae . C trachomatis is in …
Sampling Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) immatures on rice fields treated with combinations of mosquitofish and Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 toxin.

Data from field collections of third- and fourth-stage larvae of Culex tarsalis Coquillett and pupae were used to calculate expected frequencies based on the negative binomial distribution. The data fit the negative binomial with a dispersion constant (kc) of 0.0525. The decision limits for a sequential sampling plan were then calculated. Aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner serotype H-14 toxin controlled C. tarsalis larvae without producing any detrimental effects to predators. The best control was obtained on a field treated with B. thuringiensis H-14 toxin and stocked with mosquito fish.
A Market Model for Evaluating Technologies That Impact Critical‐Material Intensity

A recent Critical Materials Strategy report highlighted the supply chain risk associated with neodymium and dysprosium, which are used in the manufacturing of neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets (PM). In response, the Critical Materials Institute is developing innovative strategies to increase and diversify primary production, develop substitutes, reduce material intensity and recycle critical materials. Our goal in this paper is to propose an economic model to quantify the impact of one of these strategies, material intensity reduction. Technologies that reduce material intensity impact the economics of magnet manufacturing in multiple ways because of: (1) the lower quantity of critical material required per unit PM, (2) more efficient use of limited supply, and (3) the potential impact on manufacturing cost. However, the net benefit of these technologies to a magnet manufacturer is an outcome of an internal production decision subject to market demand characteristics, availability and resource constraints. Our contribution in this paper shows how a manufacturer’s production economics moves from a region of being supply-constrained, to a region enabling the market optimal production quantity, to a region being constrained by resources other than critical materials, as the critical material intensity changes. Key insights for engineers and material scientists are: (1) material intensity reduction can have a significant market impact, (2) benefits to manufacturers are non-linear in the material intensity reduction, (3) there exists a threshold value for material intensity reduction that can be calculated for any target PM application, and (4) there is value for new intellectual property (IP) when existing manufacturing technology is IP-protected.
The role of copy and paste function in orthopedic trauma progress notes.

Abstract Introduction The electronic medical record (EMR) is standard in institutions. While there is not concern for legibility of notes and access to charts, there is an ease of copy and paste for daily notes. This may not lead to accurate portrayal of patient's status. Our purpose was to evaluate the use of copy and paste functions in daily notes of patients with injuries at high risk for complications. Methods IRB approval was obtained for a retrospective review. Inclusion criteria included patients aged 18 and older treated at our Level 1 Trauma Center after implementation of Epic Systems Corporation, Verona, WI, USA. Those who were surgically treated for bicondylar tibial plateau fracture, or open tibial shaft fracture type I or II were included. Manual comparison of daily progress to the previous day's note was carried out. Comparisons were made by evaluating the subjective, objective, and plan portions of the notes, coded nominally using 1 for a change 0 for remaining the same. Results 38 patients’ charts were reviewed during a 10-month (July 2012–April 2013) period, and the average length of stay was 12 days (range: 2–35). A total of 418 notes were compared. The overall average of copied data was 85% daily. In the subjective portion, 85–97% of the data was copied on a daily basis and 71–92% of the data was copied within the objective portion of the notes. There were 15 medical complications necessitating intervention. Of these medical complications, the note the day after the complication reflected the event in 10 out of 15, or 70%, of the complications. Thus 5, or 30%, of the patients did not have notes reflecting the complication (p Discussion/conclusion Our results demonstrated widespread use of copy and paste function. We encourage evaluation of the charts by comparing notes to check and a plan to minimize this practice. There needs to be consistent note writing guidelines and appropriate templates used. This will decrease the inaccuracies in the chart and provide a clear picture of the patient, their injuries, and current status.