cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism I

A statistical description of Earth's broad scale, core-source magnetic field has been developed and tested. The description features an expected, or mean, spatial magnetic power spectrum that is neither "flat" nor "while" at any depth, but is akin to spectra advanced by Stevenson and McLeod. This multipole spectrum describes the magnetic energy range; it is not steep enough for Gubbins' magnetic dissipation range. Natural variations of core multipole powers about their mean values are to be expected over geologic time and are described via trial probability distribution functions that neither require nor prohibit magnetic isotropy. The description is thus applicable to core-source dipole and low degree non-dipole fields despite axial dipole anisotropy. The description is combined with main field models of modem satellite and surface geomagnetic measurements to make testable predictions of: (1) the radius of Earth's core, (2) mean paleomagnetic field intensity, and (3) the mean rates and durations of both dipole power excursions and durable axial dipole reversals. The predicted core radius is 0.7% above the 3480 km seismologic value. The predicted root mean square paleointensity (35.6 mu T) and mean Virtual Axial Dipole Moment (about 6.2 lx 1022 Am(exp 2)) are within the range of various mean paleointensity estimates. The predicted mean rate of dipole power excursions, as defined by an absolute dipole moment <20% of the 1980 value, is 9.04/Myr and 14% less than obtained by analysis of a 4 Myr paleointensity record. The predicted mean rate of durable axial dipole reversals (2.26/Myr) is 2.3% more than established by the polarity time-scale for the past 84 Myr. The predicted mean duration of axial dipole reversals (5533 yr) is indistinguishable from an observational value. The accuracy of these predictions demonstrates the power and utility of the description, which is thought to merit further development and testing. It is suggested that strong stable stratification of Earth's uppermost outer core leads to a geologically long interval of no dipole reversals and a very nearly axisymmetric field outside the core. Statistical descriptions of other planetary magnetic fields are outlined.
Changes in forced expiratory flow due to air pollution from fireworks. Preliminary report.

Abstract Spirometry in humans and air sampling have been performed during a brief but intense bout of air pollution due to exploding fireworks on New Year's Eve in Honolulu, Hawaii. An integrating nephelometer recorded a peak concentration of respirable particles in excess of 3.8 mg/m 3 . X-ray dispersive analysis, combined with scanning electron microscopy of particles collected with an Anderson cascade impactor, indicated that most of the small particles were probably crystals of KCl. Conditions were ideal for a possible SO 2 KCl aerosol synergism which may have led to the measured changes in maximal midexpiratory flow (FEV 25–75% ). Two male subjects with a history of chronic respiratory disease experienced an average decrease of 26% in FEV 25–75% when compared to that measured the previous night. Three normal males experienced a 4.7% decrease approaching statistical significance (0.1 > P > 0.05), but the overall difference in FEV 25–75% in healthy male and female subjects combined was not statistically significant. Thus, while susceptible people may be measurably affected, the general population of Honolulu probably experienced little, if any, change in FEV 25–75% with the air pollution levels reported here.
The vibrational spectra and normal coordinate analysis of 6Li- and 7Li-substituted lithium disilicate phases

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra were measured for crystalline 6Li- and 7Li-substituted lithium disilicate. The spectra were analysed by normal coordinate analysis (NCA) using a modified valence force field. The resulting force constants were consistent with those calculated for related SiO2-containing phases. The Raman spectral results for related glasses were interpreted with respect to the spectral data for the crystalline phase.
Spanking and the Making of a Violent Society

Most of the world9s societies are violent in the sense that they have high rates of physical assault, homicide, and war. The United States (US) is the most violent of the advanced industrial societies. The current US homicide rate of 8.5 per 100 000 is three times the Canadian rate of 2.3 per 100 000, and about eight times the rate of Western European countries. Nevertheless, many societies are even more violent. The Mexican homicide rate of 19.4 is more than double that of the US, and the rate for the cities of Columbia (110.4 per 100 000) is more than ten times higher. Most of the world9s societies also bring up children violently through the use of corporal punishment. Perhaps the correspondence between the preponderance of violence and that of corporal punishment is just a coincidence. Obviously, corporal punishment and assaults and murders differ in severity, and also in the cultural definition that makes one legitimate and the other criminal. However, there is also a correspondence between the behavior involved in corporal punishment and the behavior involved in criminal assaults and homicides that is seldom perceived. Everyone understands that corporal punishment is carried out to correct or control misbehavior. What is not understood is that almost all assaults by adults and about two thirds of homicides are also carried out to correct what the offender perceives as misbehavior. Typical examples include a confrontation between two men over a loan of $50 that is to be paid back in 1 week.
Orthodontic wire: a continuing evolution

Wires have substantial structural presence in active and retentive orthodontic therapy. Wires, and auxiliaries fabricated from wire, may deliver force to produce dental displacements, they may attempt to prevent unwanted displacements, or they may simply carry force from one location to another within the dentofacial complex. Wires may have relatively simple or rather convoluted geometries. The most prominent wire in clinical orthodontic treatment is the "arch wire." Marketed in just two, symmetrical, cross-sectional shapes, its sizes are numerous, and arch wires are manufactured of a variety of metallic alloys and compositions. The primary objective of this article is to trace the history of arch wires over the past century, considering the evolution from the stiff arch bow to the wire exhibiting Hookean material behavior, from the precious metal to the stainless steel to the titanium alloys, and into the era of the "superelastic" wire and a thermomechanical behavior decidedly more complex than its predecessors. Timely, relevant questions that are addressed herein pertain to the current "state-of-the-art" of orthodontic wires, the extent to which the mechanics of the "old" and new wires are understood, and the anticipated arch wire advancements in the near future as a new millennium approaches.
Determination of Fe Content of Some Food Items by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS): A Guided-Inquiry Learning Experience in Instrumental Analysis Laboratory

This article presents a guided-inquiry (GI) hands-on determination of Fe in food samples including plantains, spinach, lima beans, oatmeal, Frosted Flakes cereal (generic), tilapia fish, and chicken using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The utility of the GI experiment, which is part of an instrumental analysis laboratory course, considerably motivates underrepresented minority students, enhances student learning, and improves student critical-thinking and problem-solving ability. In addition, hands-on experience using atomic absorption spectrometry for food analysis allows students to better understand the principles and practical operation of FAAS, which they have previously learned in the instrumental analysis lecture course. The students particularly liked working as teams on their food analysis project. Furthermore, the GI food analysis experiment strategy significantly improves the overall student success rate in and enthusiasm for the instrumental analysis laboratory course, facilitati...
Prediction of plugging effect of biopolymers using their glass transition temperatures

Abstract In this paper, it was demonstrated that the two main transition temperatures, i.e., the glass-rubber transition temperature ( T g ) and the crystalline melting temperature ( T m ) of biopolymers, can be correlated with their chemical structure by means of the van Krevelen's method based on additive group-contributions. Five different biopolymers, namely polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), chitosan, polyglutamic acid (PGA), guar gum and xanthan, were studied. The transition temperatures of these five biopolymers were predicted using the above method. In this paper, the ratio, T g / T m , was calculated to be 0.62, which is close to the value first reported to be 0.66. The data calculated were in agreement with the experimental data of other laboratories. It was shown that PHB had the lowest T g and T m , and xanthan had the highest T g and T m . Also, from a previous study, PHB had the highest permeability reduction factor (i.e., best plugging effect), and xanthan had the lowest permeability reduction factor (i.e., worst plugging effect). This means that at low T g and T m the biopolymer has a glassy behavior, which makes it a good plugging agent (in this case PHB).
Food Items in Reimbursable Lunches vs. Lunches Brought From Home in Southeastern Michigan Elementary Schools

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare total number of food items and specific food items in reimbursable school lunches (RSL) vs. lunches brought from home (LBH) in elementary schools in two school districts in Southeastern Michigan. Trained observers recorded contents of 570 lunches of 2nd, 3rd and 4th grade children. There were 300 boys and 270 girls, who were either Caucasian or African American. When total number of food items in lunches were compared, the means ± S.D. were 3.7 ± 1.1 for RSL (n = 281) and 3.4 ± 1.0 for LBH (n = 289); this was statistically significant at p=0.003. Multivanate analysis of variance revealed statistically significant (p Nine percent of the LBH included a purchased prepackaged lunch containing cheese, crackers, and meat; nachos; tacos; or mini-pizzas. Eighty-seven percent of RSL included milk; only 7% of LBH included milk. Thirty-three percent of LBH contained a drink or juice with vitamin C; only 1% of RSL contained juice with vitamin C. Nutrient analyses confirmed the results obtained from this food item analysis. It was concluded that reimbursable school lunches provided more food variety than lunches from home. This study confirmed the important role of reimbursable school lunches to children's health from the standpoint of nutritional quality.
Apoptotic activity and sub-cellular localization of a T4SS-associated CagE-homologue in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Abstract A potent virulence factor, cagE homologue of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , was identified via an expression cloning strategy and periodontitis-associated CD4 + T-cells of a humanized mouse model. Through the immuno-gold labeling with transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescent staining, in vitro co-cultures and Western blot studies, the resulting data clearly demonstrate that: (i) in CagE-homologue treated human epithelia in vitro, there are ultra-structural features of plasma membrane blebbing, sub-cellular disorganization with condensed and marginalized chromatins along the nuclear membrane, consistent with the pro-apoptotic characteristics, (ii) the disturbed membrane integrity detected above is associated with localization of the CagE proteins on target cell surface, and (iii) CagE-homologue is located in the cytoplasm of A. actinomycetemcomitans and associated with a bacterial type-IV secretion system (T4SS), suggesting that its translocation is required for secretion. Thus, CagE-homologue may be critically involved in A. actinomycetemcomitans -induced tissue destruction, inflammation and subsequent adverse immunity in periodontal pathogenesis.
Computer implementation of analysis and optimization procedures for control-structure interaction problems

Implementation aspects of control-structure interaction analysis and optimization by the staggered use of single-discipline analysis modules are discussed. The single-discipline modules include structural analysis, controller synthesis and optimization. The software modularity is maintained by employing a partitioned control-structure interaction analysis procedure, thus avoiding the need for embedding the single-discipline modules into a monolithic program. A software testbed has been constructed as a stand-alone analysis and optimization program and tested for its versatility and software modularity by applying it to the dynamic analysis and preliminary design of a prototype Earth Pointing Satellite. Experience with the in-core testbed program so far demonstrates that the testbed is efficient, preserves software modularity, and enables the analyst to choose a different set of algorithms, control strategies and design parameters via user software interfaces. Thus, the present software architecture is recommended for adoption by control-structure interaction analysts as a preliminary analysis and design tool.
Network load-aware content distribution in overlay networks

Massive content distribution on overlay networks stresses both the server and the network resources because of the large volumes of data, relatively high bandwidth requirement, and many concurrent clients. While the server limitation can be circumvented by replicating the data at more nodes, the network limitation is far less easy to cope with, due to the difficulty in determining the cause and location of congestion and in provisioning extra resources. In this paper, we present novel schemes for massive content distribution, that assign the clients to appropriate servers, so that the network load is reduced and also well balanced, and the network resource consumption is low. Our schemes allow scaling to very large system because the algorithms are very efficient and do not require network measurement, or topology or routing information. The core problems are formulated as partitioning the clients into disjoint subsets according to the degree of interference criterion, which reflects network resource usage and the interference among the concurrent connections. We prove that these problems are NP-complete, and present heuristic algorithms for them. Through simulation, we show that the algorithms are simple yet effective in achieving the design goals.
Hostile Behaviors Predict Cardiovascular Mortality Among Men Enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial

Background— Hostility is associated with incident coronary disease in most large population-based studies, but little is known about its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in high-risk individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the association of hostility with CVD mortality in the subsequent 16 years in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) participants and to explore the influence of hostility in the subset that had a nonfatal CVD event during the trial. Methods and Results— We coded the Structured Interview responses of 259 men who died of CVD during the 16 years of follow-up and 259 matching living control subjects. Signs of hostility were assessed by use of the Interpersonal Hostility Assessment Technique. Matching was based on center, intervention group, age, race, and interviewer; covariates included study entry diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking status, and nonfatal CVD event during the trial. High-hostile men were more likely to die of CVD than...
Compounds in the pyrrolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine series. derivatives with 6‐aryl substituents

Methods are described for the synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines having an aryl substituent in the 6-position. 4-Hydroxy-, 4-amino, 2-amino-4-hydroxy and 2,4-diamino derivatives were obtained. The synthetic route involved the preparation of 1-aryl-4-cyano- or 4-carboalkoxy-3-pyrrolidinones and 1-aryl-4-cyano- or 4-carboalkoxy-3-amino-3-pyrrolines as key intermediates.
Land use and groundwater quality in the Trinity Group outcrop of north-central Texas, USA

Concentrations of nitrate, chloride, and bromide in groundwater were obtained for 57 wells in a rural, three-county area of north-central Texas. The counties straddle the outcrop of the Trinity Group, an important source of groundwater in the region. Predominant land uses in the area are cropland/pasture and rangeland. The highest nitrate concentrations were associated with cropland/pasture. In general, nitrate concentrations increased as well depth decreased. However, well depth did not influence chloride or bromide concentrations. Outliers were as high as 1.3 g/L for chloride and 8.40 mg/L for bromide. There are numerous oil and gas wells in the study area, which may account for elevated chloride and bromide concentrations. Neither chloride nor bromide was correlated with nitrate, but they were strongly correlated with each other. Dry farming and scant precipitation recharge may account for an absence of nitrate levels above the drinking water standard (45 mg/L). Collectively, the results suggest that agricultural fertilizer and oil field brine are likely sources of groundwater contamination in the study area.
ALTERNATE ROUTES FOR DRUG DELIVERY TO THE CELL INTERIOR: PATHWAYS TO THE GOLGI APPARATUS AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

The targeted delivery of drugs to the cell interior can be accomplished by taking advantage of the various receptor-mediated endocytic pathways operating in a particular cell. Among these pathways, the retrograde trafficking pathway from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum is of special importance since it provides a route to deliver drugs bypassing the acid pH, hydrolytic environment of the lysosome. The existence of pathways for drug or antigen delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus has been to a large extent an outcome of research on the trafficking of A/B type-bacterial or plant toxins such as Shiga toxin within the cell. The targeting properties of these toxins reside in their B subunit. In this article we present an overview of the multiplicity of pathways to deliver drugs intracellularly. We highlight the retrograde trafficking pathway illustrated by Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin, and the potential role of the B subunit of these toxins as carriers of drugs, antigens and imaging agents.
Serine 123 phosphorylation modulates p21 protein stability and activity by suppressing ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation.

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 is a major regulator of the cell cycle and plays an important role in many cellular processes, including differentiation, stress response, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. We previously cloned the gene encoding dog p21 and found that unlike its human ortholog, dog p21 is expressed as two isoforms, one high molecular mass band of 23 kDa and one low molecular mass band of 19 kDa. In the current study, we found that the high molecular mass band is phosphorylated, whereas the low molecular mass band is hypophosphorylated. Moreover, by generating multiple mutants of dog p21, we found that serine 123 and proline 124, which form a consensus site for proline-directed phosphorylation, are required for expression of the high molecular mass p21 isoform through phosphorylation at serine 123. Most importantly, we showed that serine 123 phosphorylation inhibits ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of p21 protein and subsequently, prolongs p21 protein half-life and enhances the ability of p21 to suppress cell proliferation. Taken together, these data reveal that serine 123 phosphorylation modulates p21 protein stability and activity by suppressing ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation.
Modulation of catalase peroxidatic and catalatic activity by nitric oxide.

Abstract Previously, we found that catalase enhanced the protection afforded by superoxide dismutase to Escherichia coli against the simultaneous generation of superoxide and nitric oxide (Brunelli et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 316:327–334, 1995). Hydrogen peroxide itself was not toxic in this system in the presence or absence of superoxide dismutase. We therefore investigated whether catalase might consume nitric oxide in addition to hydrogen peroxide. Catalase rapidly formed a reversible complex stoichiometrically with nitric oxide with the Soret band shifting from 406 to 426 nm and two new peaks appeared at 540 and at 575 nm, consistent with the formation of a ferrous-nitrosyl complex. Catalase consumed more nitric oxide upon the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Conversely, micromolar concentrations of nitric oxide slowed the catalase-mediated decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Catalase pretreated with nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide regained full activity after dialysis. Our results suggest that catalase can slowly consume nitric oxide while nitric oxide modestly inhibits catalase-dependent scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. The protective effects of catalase in combination with superoxide dismutase may result from two actions; reducing peroxynitrite formation by scavenging nitric oxide and by scavenging hydrogen peroxide before it reacts with superoxide dismutase to form additional superoxide.
TOXICITY OF SUBTROPICAL MARINE ALGAE USING FISH MORTALITY AND RED BLOOD CELL HEMOLYSIS FOR BIOASSAYS1

Two bioassays (fish mortality and fish erythrocyte hemolysis) were used to survey for the presence of toxic principles in aqueous extracts of 19 species of marine macro-algae found in south Florida coastal waters. Extracts from six species (Chlorophyta—Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Ag., Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) Lamour., Penicillus capitatus Lamarck: Rhodophyta—Centroceras clavulatum (C. Ag.) Montague, Laurencia papillosa (Forsskal) Grev., L. poitel (Lamour.) Howe) showed lethal toxicity to the spotfin mojarra, Euconistomus argenteus Baird & Girard. Extracts from three species (Chlorophyta—A. stellata: Phaeophyta—Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamour.: Rhodophyta—Wrangelia penicillata C. Ag.) lysed erythrocytes of sea bream, Archosargus rhomboidalis (L.).
Rainfall Thresholds for the Initiation of Debris Flows at La Honda, California

In order to study the relation between heavy rainfall, shallow pore pressures, and slope stability in hillslopes susceptible to debris flows, we have been observing debris flows and measuring rainfall and hillslope pore pressures in a 10-km 2 study area in the central Santa Cruz Mountains near La Honda, California. A simple numerical model, based on the physical analogy of a leaky barrel, can simulate significant features of the interaction between rainfall and shallow-hillslope pore pressures. In the model, the barrel is filled at a rate equal to the rainfall intensity and drained at a rate equal to the product of the water level retained in the barrel, Z, times the drainage coefficient, k d . If the retained rainfall exceeds a critical water level, Z c , the slope becomes unstable. Thus, the threshold for the intensity and duration of storm rainfall required to initiate debris flows is determined by the k d and Z c values of the most susceptible slopes in the study area. Although comparisons of leaky-barrel-model simulations with piezometer measurements indicate reasonable agreement, the k d values of individual piezometers in the study area vary widely because of spatial variations in soil properties and slope geometry. The spatial distribution of rainfall, in contrast, is fairly uniform over a scale of a few square kilometers. Thus, rather than attempt to model an actual slope in any detail, the leaky-barrel model may be used to compare the relative hydrologic effects of storms by plotting the maximum response level, Z max , against the drainage coefficient, k d . Values of Z max versus k d can then be compared for storms that triggered debris flows versus storms that failed to trigger debris flows. Using this technique, we can backcalculate k d and Z c values for the most susceptible slopes in the study area. These threshold values are k d = 0.85/hr and Z c = 8.5 mm. This leaky-barrel-model threshold is consistent with, but slightly higher than, an earlier, purely empirical, threshold. We can also relate the number of debris flows triggered by a storm to the time and amount by which the leaky-barrel-model response exceeded the threshold during the storm.
Back to the Future: Finding Internationalism, Cross-Ethnic Solidarity and Race-Class Analysis in Ethnic Movements of the Sixties/Seventies

That mythical era called the sixties, a richly complicated "decade" that lasted roughly 20 years (1955-1975), remains a major touch stone of political and cultural debate in the U.S. Despite constant attempts to trivialize and contain the era, the power of the phrase "the sixties" to evoke imagery and provoke controversy is little diminished. Trivialization, accomplished primarily by mainstream me dia, most often takes the form of cliches like "sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll" (for the cultural side) and "adolescent rebellion" (for the po litical side). From the point of view of social movement studies, perhaps the most telling and devastating version of containment is the phrase "sixties-style demonstration," as if ac tivism is just a lifestyle choice comparable to a brand of jeans, or as though social move ments are forever hermetically sealed in one era of U.S. history. If this kind of reductive reading of the six ties is largely the product of conservatism and mainstream media tropes, the two books under review suggest that the left too has contributed significantly to reducing the power and complexity of the politico-cultur al history of the sixties. George [Jorge] Mariscal and Laura Pulido, in quite different but largely complementary ways, argue that the subsequent era of "identity politics" has distorted the degree to which social move ments of the sixties and early seventies (in the case of these books) frequently sought and sometimes achieved international, cross racial, and cross-identity alliances. Both au thors engage in historical revisionism regard ing the era misnamed "the sixties," while keeping a clear eye on implications of that time for social movement work in the present era. Mariscal (Professor of Literature and Di rector of the Chicano/a-Latino/a Arts and Hu manities program at the University of Califor nia, San Diego) has written previously on the topic of Chicano/as and the Viet Nam War. His experiences talking to Chicano/a veter Brown-Eyed Children of the Sun: Lessons from the Chicano Movement, 1965-1975, by George Mariscal. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2005. 348 pp. $24.95 paper. ISBN: 0826338054.
Paediatric thoracic tumours presenting as empyema.

Ultrasonography (US) is considered to be adequate for the preoperative evaluation of childhood empyema. This study was aimed to improve awareness that paediatric intra-thoracic tumours can mimic childhood post-pneumonic empyema and highlights the value of computed tomogram (CT) scan with intravenous (IV) contrast in preoperative evaluation of childhood empyema. The data were analysed on eight children (four boys and four girls) presented at the median age of 6.2 years (1.8–15 years) for the management of empyema and later confirmed to have intra-thoracic tumours. Intra-thoracic tumours in 8 (5.3%) children out of 150 cases of post-pneumonic empyema were managed during the study period. All eight had clinical features, increased white cell count, raised inflammatory markers and biochemical parameters suggestive of childhood empyema. Chest X-ray showed localised opacity in 3/8 while in other five suggested significant pleural collection with mediastinal shift. Additional investigations in referring hospital were suggestive of empyema in four children; US in three, CT scan without IV contrast in one. Referring hospital carried out non-diagnostic thoracocentesis in four children with blood stained pleural tap in two. In four children corroborative evidence suggestive of infection within pleural cavity and acute respiratory distress led to an emergency mini-thoracotomy resulting in significant intra-operative bleeding in two children. Histology on biopsy of the infected material showed primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) in one, pleuropulmonary blastoma in one, metastatic malignant melanoma in one and cytology of pleural fluid diagnosed lymphoma in one. Pre-operative CT scan with IV contrast in four children correctly identified underlying intra-thoracic tumour (two benign teratoma, two PNET). In two cases CT with IV contrast was performed because chest X-ray suggested mediastinal loculated empyema while in other two high clinical index of suspicion prompted preoperative evaluation with CT scan with IV contrast. We advocate caution and increased awareness before considering therapeutic options in childhood empyema and recommend preoperative CT scan with IV contrast in some selected and unusual cases.
Ammonia transport by the urinary bladder of Bufo marinus

All experiments were performed in vitro on toad bladders. Bladder sacs from acidotic toads produced a concentration gradient across the bladder with both [NH3] and [NH4] higher in the mucosal media. By varying the pH of the serosal media, paired sacs from normal toads were incubated with similar [NH3] in the serosal media but a 75 fold difference in [NH4] of the serosal media of the pairs. The hemibladders with the higher [NH4] had a 2.4 fold greater excretory flux than the paired sac. Both serosal to mucosal and mucosal to serosal fluxes were determined in normal bladders between chambers at various ammonium concentration gradients. The plot of mucosal to serosal flux against concentration produced a curve compatible with both carrier mediated and diffusion transport; the plot of serosal to mucosal flux produced a straight line with flux increasing when the ammonium concentration was increased. The serosal to mucosal transepithelial flux was augmented by making the serosal side of the bladder 50 mV positive. Although NH3 diffusion may occur, it cannot be the primary method of ammonia transport in the toad bladder.
Analysis of forty-six cases of actinomycosis with special reference to its etiology☆

Abstract The theory that actinomycosis is contracted by chewing straws, grasses, etc., is at variance with the present day biological and bacterological concept of the mode of infection of this disease. An attempt has been made to correlate clinical findings with the facts now well established by the laboratory. It is now a definitely established and accepted fact that the true causal organism of actinomycosis is an anaerobe, never found growing in the outside world. Furthermore, it has been cultured from the mouths of normal individuals with the subsequent production of typical actinomycotic infection in the tissues of laboratory animals. For these reasons the biologist believes the organism of actinomycosis to be a natural inhabitant of the digestive tract, especially the mouth, and believes that the infection is introduced into the body from outside sources. There is no biological evidence to support the hypothesis that actinomycosis is introduced into the body by vegetable matter. Findings in our own cases and in that of collected material would tend to show that the habit of eating grass, the proximity to infected animals, and special types of occupation, things which we have heretofore associated with the mode of infection of actinomycosis, are probably present considerably less than 50 per cent of the time. Although sufficient material has not been presented upon which to make any definite conclusions, clinical findings have been given which would at least question whether there is need for a revision of our ideas of the mode of infection of actinomycosis. Actinomycosis is still a relatively rare infection, there being only forty-six cases seen in a period of ten years, or less than five cases per year, and this in a portion of the country in which actinomycosis is purported to be relatively prevalent. The fairly even distribution of actinomycosis between the rural and urban population is noted for the first time. A relatively good prognosis is indicated in the cervicofacial cases as evidenced from the results obtained in treatment of such cases whereas the outlook in thoracic and abdominal cases is extremely grave.
Lifetime mating opportunities and male mating behaviour in sexually cannibalistic praying mantids

I examined the number of lifetime mating opportunities and mating behaviour of males in two sexually cannibalistic species, the Mediterranean, Iris oratoria, and bordered, Stagmomantis limbata, praying mantids (Mantodea: Mantidae). Two approaches estimated the number of lifetime mating opportunities: direct observations of intersexual encounters in the field, and an encounter model. I collected behavioural observations, together with ecological data for use in the model, over three field seasons. The ecological data included an assessment of the feeding condition of S. limbata females in nature; the females fed at a level comparable to females maintained on an abundant diet in the laboratory. As for the number of mating opportunities, individual males of both species encountered two or more females, as predicted by the model. I observed no male, however, in more than one copulation. This result could reflect individual variation in the times and places of sexual activity or an actual low number of mating opportunities in the field. Furthermore, a higher percentage of I. oratoria males encountered two or more females than S. limbata males, as the model indicates. Fewer mating opportunities could lead to greater selection upon S. limbata males to ensure paternity at each mating, which can explain the longer copulation times observed for S. limbata males. I considered two hypotheses about male behaviour in light of the number of lifetime encounters with females: male suicide and male reduction of the risk of cannibalism. Behavioural observations do not strongly support male suicide in either species. Certain male behaviours, such as the nature of copulatory position and, in captivity, mounting females from the rear, are consistent with the idea that males behave so as to reduce the probability that they are cannibalized during intersexual encounters. Moreover, male I. oratoria preferentially mount well-fed, fecund females in captivity. Taken together, these results suggest that the prospect of multiple mating opportunities has influenced male mating behaviour over evolutionary time. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Who Determines Children's Best Interests?

Danaya Wright's analysis of English child custody law is thoughtful and thought provoking. Through an excursion deep into English legal history, she not only contextualizes the De Manneville case but also convincingly demonstrates that child custody has long been contested and that those contests have always contained an incendiary mix of policies and practices. Wright's article documents that the key elements of custody conflicts—property, children's needs, and paternal and maternal rights and claims—have distinct and collective histories and that both defy easy analysis. In doing so, her essay makes it clear that these cases have always been difficult because they involve changing and clashing interests and because common law tribunals are the setting for their definition and application. Consequently, her essay is a compelling example of the benefits of locating a case in its particular place and time.
Socioeconomic status as a predictor of adherence to treatment guidelines for early-stage ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective Investigate the impact of socioeconomic status and other demographic variables on adherence to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ovarian cancer treatment guidelines among patients with stage I/II disease. Methods Patients diagnosed with stage I/II epithelial ovarian cancer between 1/1/96–12/31/06 were identified from the California Cancer Registry. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate differences in surgical procedures, chemotherapy regimens, and overall adherence to the NCCN guidelines according to increasing SES quintiles (SES-1 to SES-5). Results A total of 5445 stage I and II patients were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 54.0years (range=18–99years); 72.5% of patients had stage I disease, while 27.5% had stage II disease. With a median follow-up time of 5years, the 5-year ovarian cancer-specific survival for all patients was 82.7% (SE=0.6%). Overall, 23.7% of patients received care that was adherent to the NCCN guidelines. Compared to patients in the highest SES quintile (SES-5), patients in the lowest SES quintile (SES-1) were significantly less likely to receive proper surgery (27.3% vs 47.9%, p Conclusions For patients with early-stage ovarian cancer, low SES is a significant and independent predictor of deviation from the NCCN guidelines for surgery, chemotherapy, and overall treatment.
Prenatal Substance Exposure: Neurobiologic Organization at 1 Month

Objective To examine the autonomic nervous system and neurobehavioral response to a sustained visual attention challenge in 1-month-old infants with prenatal substance exposure. Study design We measured heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and neurobehavior during sustained visual orientation tasks included in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale in 1129 1-month-old infants with prenatal substance exposure. Four groups were compared: infants with prenatal cocaine and opiate exposure, infants with cocaine exposure, infants with opiate exposure, and infants with exposure to other substances (ie, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco). Results The infants with prenatal exposure to both cocaine and opiates had the highest heart rates and lowest levels of respiratory sinus arrhythmia during a sustained visual attention challenge compared with the other 3 groups. Infants with prenatal cocaine and opiate exposure had poorer quality of movement and more hypertonicity during the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale examination. They also had more nonoptimal reflexes and stress/abstinence signs compared with infants with prenatal exposure to cocaine only and those with prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Conclusion Problems with arousal regulation were identified in infants with prenatal substance exposure. Autonomic dysregulation has been implicated as a mechanism by which these difficulties occur. Our results suggest that infants with prenatal exposure to both cocaine and opiates have the greatest autonomic response to the challenge of a sustained visual attention task, possibly putting these infants at risk for problems associated with physiologic and behavioral regulation, a necessary prerequisite for early learning.
Characterization of mitogenic activities extracted from bovine bone matrix

Abstract The mitogenic activity in the unfractionated mixture of proteins released from adult bovine bone matrix during demineralization with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) has been examined. Bovine bone extract (BBE) from 1 to 25 μg protein per ml stimulated proliferation of chick embryo calvaria bone cells, newborn mouse bone cells, and osteoblastlike cell lines MMB-1 and ROS 17/2.8. BBE also stimulated DNA synthesis in cells from chick embryo cartilage, skin and skeletal muscle tissues and fibroblastlike BALB/c 3T3 and NRK cells. BBE contained β transforming growth factor (TGF) activity (NRK cell colony formation in soft agar in the presence of epidermal growth factor EGF). The cell specificity results suggest that (1) BBE contains more than one growth factor, including a βTGF and a factor that is not specific for bone cells, and (2) all of the bone derived growth factor activities that have been described previously, including SGF, are apparently present in BBE. Maximal stimulation of chick embryo calvarial cell DNA synthesis by BBE was equal to or exceeded maximal stimulation by nonosseous growth factors that have been reported to stimulate DNA synthesis in bone organ cultures (EGF, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, insulinlike growth factor I, and multiplication stimulating activity). Combinations of BBE with maximally stimulatory concentrations of each growth factor stimulated DNA synthesis to a greater magnitude than did each growth factor alone. These results suggest that combinations of bone derived and systemic factors can coordinately stimulate bone cell proliferation.
Inapplicability of the Anderson theorem to elastic scattering in superconducting proximity effect sandwiches

Abstract It is shown that the Anderson theorem does not apply to elastic s-wave scattering in the N metal layer of a proximity effect NS sandwich. For a thin N metal, a consequence of this fact is that the pair potential in the N-metal obeys an equation which is mathematically identical to the equation it satisfies in the phenomenological McMillan tunneling model of the proximity effect. The tunneling density of states for our model differs significantly from the McMillan model predictions, however.
Energetics of intrinsic point defects in uranium dioxide from electronic-structure calculations

Abstract The stability range of intrinsic point defects in uranium dioxide is determined as a function of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and non-stoichiometry. The computational approach integrates high accuracy ab initio electronic-structure calculations and thermodynamic analysis supported by experimental data. In particular, the density functional theory calculations are performed at the level of the spin polarized, generalized gradient approximation and includes the Hubbard U term; as a result they predict the correct anti-ferromagnetic insulating ground state of uranium oxide. The thermodynamic calculations enable the effects of system temperature and partial pressure of oxygen on defect formation energy to be determined. The predicted equilibrium properties and defect formation energies for neutral defect complexes match trends in the experimental literature quite well. In contrast, the predicted values for charged complexes are lower than the measured values. The calculations predict that the formation of oxygen interstitials becomes increasingly difficult as higher temperatures and reducing conditions are approached.
92K-GL (MMP-9) and 72K-GL (MMP-2) are Produced in vivo by Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas and can Enhance FIB-CL (MMP-1) Activity in vitro

Previous studies have shown a correlation between the production of certain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially the gelatinases, by malignant tumors and the progression of these cancers as they invade and metastasize through the extracellular matrix and basement membranes. However, very few of these studies examined this relationship in human oral cancer in vivo, and none addressed the issue of how combinations of the MMPs may further enhance tumor progression. To determine which MMPs are produced in vivo by human oral cancers, we used specific anti-human-MMP antibodies and immunocytochemistry (ICC) methods to examine oral cancer tissue specimens from 20 surgery patients. The ICC data indicated that 72-kDa (72K-GL) and 92-kDa gelatinases (92K-GL) were produced in vivo by discreet clusters of tumor cells and by stromal fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells (72K-GL), and PMNs (92K-GL). Some stromal fibroblasts near the tumors also appeared to produce fibroblast-type collagenase (FIB-CL), a findin...
Ischemic preconditioning attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced activation of caspases and subsequent cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in rat hearts in vivo

Recently, we have demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning (IP) both limits infarct size and decreases internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in rat hearts in vivo, and that there was a direct correlation between myocardial infarct size and DNA fragmentation even after IP. In this study, we examined the ability of IP to attenuate processing and activation of caspase-1 and caspase-3, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), after prolonged ischemia and reperfusion using the same in vivo animal model. Rats that underwent IP and controls (Ctrl) were subjected to 30 min of left coronary artery occlusion followed by 180 min of reperfusion. IP was accomplished by five 5-min cycles of ischemia, each followed by 5 min of reperfusion. The amount of soluble nucleosomes was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cleavage of caspases-1 and -3, and of one of their substrates PARP, was analyzed by Western blotting. Nucleosomal DNA fragmentation was significantly reduced in ischemic left ventricular (LV) tissue obtained from IP compared with Ctrl animals. The proforms of caspases-1 and -3, and the active form of PARP were not cleaved in the nonischemic LV region of both IP and Ctrl hearts. In contrast, the proform of caspase-3 and the active form of PARP were cleaved in the ischemic LV region of Ctrl hearts, while processing of caspase-1 was increased. Cleavages of caspases-1 and -3, and inactivation of PARP were prevented by IP. The results of this study indicate that IP attenuates both internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and caspases processing, and suggest that the prevention of caspases activation by IP may be important steps in protecting the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo.
Indexing Instruction: The Social Construction of the Participation Framework in Kindergarten Journal-Writing Activity

The purpose of this article is to discuss the ways in which the participation framework of writing activity is socially constructed over the course of interaction. Using data from an ethnographic study of kindergarten journal-writing activity, the author demonstrates how, over time, both the teacher and the students in this classroom community socialize each other to discrete roles within the instructional participation framework, thus creating a normative structure for participation in classroom literacy activity. The article focuses specifically on the ways in which the teacher indirectly indexes her instructional goal of independent writing. In this classroom, then, the participation framework constitutes and is constituted by, the linguistic context within which learning to write is socially mediated.
Adverse reactions to injected emulsified pollen extract in allergic patients on the west coast: Relationship to the total dosage of antigen

Abstract A group of 850 patients suffering from allergy to one or more of the three major classes of pollens (namely, grasses, trees, or weeds), house dust, or mold spores were treated by means of injections three or four times a year of emulsified extract of the specific antigens to which they showed sensitivity. Grass-sensitive patients received their repository injections from November to September; patients sensitive to tree pollen from January to April; sufferers from allergy to weed pollen from April to August. Individuals allergic to Chinese elm, which pollinates in August and September, were given emulsified elm pollen extract in July and August. Manually prepared emulsions, used in the beginning, produced over-dose reactions in 20 per cent of patients receiving 5,000 or more protein nitrogen units of pollen extract; in 10 per cent of those given 2,500 to 5,000 PNU; and in 6 per cent of those given 1,250 PNU; injections of 1,000 PNU or less caused no reactions. Out of a total of 1,279 repository treatments given from November, 1959, to January, 1961, there has been an over-all adverse reaction rate of 4.69 per cent. After the administration of 435 repository treatments of mechanically prepared emulsions given since Oct. 1, 1960, however, the incidence of adverse reaction has been only 2.3 per cent. Those patients with the most markedly positive skin tests, especially to scratch, showed the more serious types of adverse reactions. Also, individuals suffering from concomitant disease should be treated cautiously. The effectiveness of repository injections in the treatment of multi-allergic patients must await further study before it can be properly assessed.