cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of selection operator on NSGA-III in single, multi, and many-objective optimization

Decomposition-based elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-III) is a recently proposed many-objective optimization algorithm that uses multiple pre-defined yet adaptable reference directions to maintain diversity among its solutions. Designing to solve specifically many-objective problems having four or more objectives, the authors of NSGA-III restricted the population size to be equal to the number of chosen reference directions. This restriction hinders the usage of NSGA-III to single-objective optimization problems, where, by definition, there is only one reference direction. For this reason, a unified algorithm - U-NSGA-III - has been recently proposed to handle this issue. U-NSGA-III is capable of adapting automatically to the dimensionality of the problem in hand through its niching based selection operator. However, the authors of U-NSGA-III abided by this single-fold restriction in all NSGA-III simulations of their study. In this paper we test the possibility of ignoring this restriction of NSGA-III and use multiple population folds to solve single, multi and many-objective problems. Simulations are performed on a variety of constrained and unconstrained single, multi and many-objective problems for this purpose. The strengths and weaknesses of multi-fold NSGA-III compared to those of U-NSGA-III are thoroughly investigated here. The robustness of NSGA-III in each type of problems is also discussed. This study provides a more comprehensive evaluation of the original NSGA-III procedure, which seems to have a wider scope than the original study had foreseen.
Kerr-Cell Time-Resolved Spectra of an Exploding Wire

During the first five μsec after the restrike in a “pause”-type explosion of a copper wire, the spectrum is an intense continuum pierced by many absorption lines attributable to transitions of the copper atom. A very few emission lines of the Cu+ ion also appear. The absorption lines are unshifted and fairly symmetrical. Fifteen μsec later the ion lines have disappeared, the continuum intensity is markedly diminshed, and the atom lines now appear as unsymmetrically broadened, shifted emissions, some of which retain an absorption “notch” at the location of the unperturbed line. By assuming the pure absorption spectrum originates from a source which is a locally thermally equilibrated line-absorbing layer overlying a continuum emitter (the Schuster—Schwarzchild approximation), we have used the equivalent widths of absorption lines originating from different atomic states to estimate a skin temperature of 1 eV. If it is assumed that the absorption lines are broadened by a resonance collisional mechanism, the density of the skin may be estimated. We find a density which is too large by comparison with photographs of the wire at the time of restrike and, hence, we conclude, as have others on different evidence, that at this stage the exploding wire is “hollow.”
Energy model based macrocell placement for wirelength minimization

We propose a new iterative approach that models the wirelength minimization problem as a minimum (potential) energy problem. The cell energy is the sum of the net energy (analogous to the spring elastic energy) and the overlap potential energy (analogous to the gravitational potential energy). Energy-based model is shown to be superior to the force-directed model.
Factors Affecting Dry Film Photoresist Adhesion on Electroless Copper Surfaces

Printed wiring manufacturers frequently use dry film photoresist to image plated circuit patterns on electroless-plated copper-clad laminate. In this process, resist must adhere to electroless copper during electroplating. This paper reviews factors affecting resist adhesion to electroless copper, including resist type, post-electroless cleaning, resist exposure, electroless copper thickness, deburring, electroplating bath type, and electroless line maintenance and type. The paper also recommends conditions which should allow excellent resist adhesion to electroless during electroplating.
General Dirichlet series and Bohr’s equivalence theorem

This chapter treats a class of series, called general Dirichlet series, which includes both power series and ordinary Dirichlet series as special cases. Most of the chapter is devoted to a method developed by Harald Bohr [6] in 1919 for studying the set of values taken by Dirichlet series in a half-plane. Bohr introduced an equivalence relation among Dirichlet series and showed that equivalent Dirichlet series take the same set of values in certain half-planes. The theory uses Kronecker’s approximation theorem discussed in the previous chapter. At the end of the chapter applications are given to the Riemann zeta function and to Dirichlet L-functions.
A familial visceral myopathy with dilatation of the entire gastrointestinal tract

We are reporting a new kindred in which familial visceral myopathy was identified in four siblings. There was no other symptomatic case identified in this 75-member, four-generation family, suggesting an autosomal recessive inheritance. All patients had recurrent symptoms of intestinal obstruction, and 3 died from malnutrition. Gastrointestinal lesions showed marked dilatation of the entire digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum, which is different from other types of familial visceral myopathies. Microscopic examination of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle showed degeneration and increased fibrosis indistinguishable from other types of familial visceral myopathy.
A Recurrent Network Mechanism of Time Integration in Perceptual Decisions

Recent physiological studies using behaving monkeys revealed that, in a two-alternative forced-choice visual motion discrimination task, reaction time was correlated with ramping of spike activity of lateral intraparietal cortical neurons. The ramping activity appears to reflect temporal accumulation, on a timescale of hundreds of milliseconds, of sensory evidence before a decision is reached. To elucidate the cellular and circuit basis of such integration times, we developed and investigated a simplified two-variable version of a biophysically realistic cortical network model of decision making. In this model, slow time integration can be achieved robustly if excitatory reverberation is primarily mediated by NMDA receptors; our model with only fast AMPA receptors at recurrent synapses produces decision times that are not comparable with experimental observations. Moreover, we found two distinct modes of network behavior, in which decision computation by winner-take-all competition is instantiated with or without attractor states for working memory. Decision process is closely linked to the local dynamics, in the "decision space" of the system, in the vicinity of an unstable saddle steady state that separates the basins of attraction for the two alternative choices. This picture provides a rigorous and quantitative explanation for the dependence of performance and response time on the degree of task difficulty, and the reason for which reaction times are longer in error trials than in correct trials as observed in the monkey experiment. Our reduced two-variable neural model offers a simple yet biophysically plausible framework for studying perceptual decision making in general.
Computer Algorithm for the Recursive Method of Calculating Large Numerator Relationship Matrices

Abstract A method of storing and retrieving nonzero elements of a large, sparse symmetric matrix using only internal computer storage is presented. An algorithm for applying the recursive or tabular method of calculating the numerator relationship matrix of a large group of animals is given. The algorithm is applicable to inbred and noninbred populations and can be used on sire/dam or sire/maternal grandsire pedigrees.
Coagulation of particles in Saturn's rings: Measurements of the cohesive force of water frost

Experimental data are presented on the sticking force of water ice particles which are indicative of the role that the cohesive properties of such particles could play in the dynamics of Saturn ring particles. Sticking forces are dependent on particle impact velocities; a 'Velcro' model is devised to describe the surface structure involved in sticking. The data indicate that below the critical impact velocity of about 0.03 cm/sec, particle cohesion always occurs. Due to the optical depth of micron-sized grains in the Saturn rings, particles are hypothesized to be coated with a layer of frost which will render cohesion an important ring-dynamics process.
Simultaneous correction of aortic coarctation and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return.

Abstract A 23-year-old asymptomatic woman with aortic coarctation and anomalous drainage of the right inferior and left pulmonary veins underwent correction. Coarctation repair was followed by anastomosis of the anomalous vertical vein to the left atrium under femoral-femoral bypass. A left thoracotomy offered excellent exposure for simultaneous repair of this unusual combination of vascular anomalies.
Role of Renal Nerves in Mediating the Blunted Natriuretic Response to Acute Saline Load in Obese Dogs

We previously reported that the natriuretic response to an acute sodium load is markedly attenuated in obese dogs. Since obesity is associated with enhanced sympathetic nervous activity, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that obese animals have a reduced ability to excrete a sodium load as a result of abnormal renal nerve function. To test this hypothesis, we determined the effects of an acute sodium load (100 mEq NaCl given as isotonic saline over 60 min) in lean (19.8 +/- 1.0 kg) and obese (25.8 +/- 1.1 kg) dogs. Two surgically designed hemibladders with indwelling catheters were used to collect urine from innervated (INN) and denervated (DNX) kidneys of the same dog. Arterial pressure averaged 99 +/- 3 mm Hg in the obese dogs and 90 +/- 3 mm Hg in the lean dogs. In response to the saline loading in lean dogs, sodium excretion (U(Na)V) increased from 31.0 +/- 7.8 to 145.6 +/- 25.9 microEq/min in the INN kidneys and from 43.1 +/- 10.6 to 151.1 +/- 28.4 microEq/min in the DNX kidneys. In contrast, U(Na)V in obese dogs increased from 10.3 +/- 3.0 to 110.1 +/- 25.5 microEq/min in the INN kidneys and from 24.4 +/- 2.7 to 106.1 +/- 20.6 microEq/min in the DNX kidneys. Cumulative sodium excretory response to sodium loading was significantly lower in the obese dogs. In addition, there was no difference in the cumulative U(Na)V response between the INN (8.4 +/- 2.2 mEq) and DNX kidneys (9.1 +/- 2.3 mEq) of obese dogs. These data indicate that the natriuretic response to an acute saline loading is markedly attenuated in obese dogs. Furthermore, factors other than renal nerves play a role in this abnormal response.
Collision cross sections of small water clusters

The effective integral collision cross section of small water cluster molecules, $[{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{]}_{N},$ with N from 4 to 8, has been measured. A controlled mixture of water vapor and argon, expanding into vacuum, produces neutral water clusters in a supersonic molecular beam. The clusters undergo collisions in a scattering cell with target gases Ar, He, or ${\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ and are detected by a quadrupole mass spectrometer after electron-impact ionization. The detected cluster ions are in the form of proton hydrates ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}[{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{]}_{K}.$ The apparent cross sections determined from attenuation measurements are approximately of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ for Ar and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ target gases, and ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ for He. Additional data, with a beam having a smaller proportion of heavy clusters gives the same cross section for attenuation of the $K=3$ cluster, which suggests that there one dominant channel for the generation of ions from clusters.
Population Balance Model for Batch Gravity Separation of Crude Oil and Water Emulsions. Part I: Model Formulation

A population balance model for the separation of emulsions in a batch gravity settler is presented. Within the context of the model development, possible methodologies were elucidated for incorporating a) the physical properties of the bulk liquids, b) the physical properties of the phase interface, and c) the presence and functioning of interfacially active compounds. The model presented explicitly accounts for interfacial coalescence and the deformation of the emulsion zone due to the dynamic growth of the resolved dispersed phase; interfacial coalescence is modeled in terms of physically meaningful film drainage models and an approach for incorporating the accumulated buoyancy force in the dense packed layer is also discussed. Hydrodynamically hindered sedimentation is also considered in the model. The model is well suited to predict experimental batch settling data, especially data obtained from low-frequency NMR measurements of emulsion destabilization. The model predicts the evolution of the volume ...
Representative democracy and policy-making in the administrative state: is agency policy-making necessarily better?

This study focuses on how voters and politicians rationally select a preferred policy-making venue (Politician or Agency), and its implications for the principal-agent relationship between voters and politicians in a representative democracy. This study allows for incomplete information, as well as solving for the comparative static conditions pertaining to the extent that a politician's policy-making venue choices mirror those preferred by a representative voter. The comparative static results highlight when a politician (1) chooses the representative voter's preferred policy-making venue (Active or Passive Political Responsiveness); (2) is able to choose freely either policy-making venue without committing agency loss (Political Discretion); and (3) willing to deviate from the representative voter's preferred policy-making venue (Political Shirking). In contrast to the study by Spence, this study analytically demonstrates that one cannot infer that the benefits accrued from agency policy-making will necessarily exceed those from electoral institutions.
Effects of high‐intensity focused ultrasound on nerve conduction

The effects of various exposures (intensity, duration) of high- intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) on sciatic nerve conduction were inves- tigated in vivo in rats. The objective was to identify HIFU exposures that produce biological effects ranging from partial to complete conduction block, indicating potential use of HIFU as an alternative to current clinical methods of inducing nerve conduction block. In the study, 26 nerves were exposed and treated with 5-s applications of 5.7-MHZ HIFU with acoustic intensities of 390, 2,255, 3,310, and 7,890 W/cm 2 (spatial peak, temporal peak). Com- pound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), in response to electrical stimula- tion of the nerve proximal to the HIFU site, were recorded from the plantar foot muscles immediately before and after HIFU treatment and 2 and 4 h after treatment. Furthermore, a preliminary long-term investigation was per- formed on 27 nerves with the same four sets of HIFU parameters. CMAPs were measured at the survival endpoint for each animal (7 or 28 days after treatment). For nerves treated with the three lower exposures, CMAPs decreased initially withi n4ho r 7days after HIFU treatment and then recovered to their baseline level at 28 days after treatment. For the highest exposure, however, CMAPs remained absent even 28 days after treatment. These exposure-dependent effects of HIFU on nerve function suggest its future potential as a novel treatment for severe spasticity and pain.
Melanocytic nevi with features of Spitz nevi and Clark's/dysplastic nevi ("Spark's" nevi).

Background: Nevi with cytologic characteristics of Spitz nevus and architectural features of Clark’s/dysplastic nevus are not well recognized in the literature. Methods: Twenty-seven nevi with characteristics of Spitz nevus and Clark’s/dysplastic nevus are reviewed. Results: The patients’ mean age was 33 years, and 17/27(63%) patients were female. Lesions were most frequent on the trunk and lower extremities. Histopathologically, these nevi were composed of large, monomorphous spindled and/or epithelioid melanocytes. Spindle cells were often oriented parallel to the epidermis, with fused rete and lamellar fibroplasias. Lateral extension of the junctional component was a feature of compound lesions. An average of 10 years of clinical follow up in 12 patients revealed no recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions: Recognition of this type of nevus is important to avoid confusion with malignant melanoma.
Space-time chaos in spatially continuous systems

Abstract We give the natural definition of space-time chaos for extended dynamical systems which are continuous in a (physical) space. Moreover, we show that such a type of dynamics exists in nonlinear wave equations with some broad classes of potentials. This type of space-time chaos is different from the space-time mixing which has been extensively studied for discrete in space extended systems (lattice dynamical systems). It rather describes a chaotic change in time of spatial patterns and corresponds to a topological mixing in a functional space.
Can the giant snake predict palaeoclimate

Arising from: J. J. Head et al. , 715–717 (2009)10.1038/nature07671 ; Head et al. reply In their report on Titanoboa cerrejonensis, Head et al.1 propose that the great size of this 58 to 60 million-year-old snake (estimated length = 13 m, mass = 1,135 kg) indicates a mean annual neotropical temperature (MAT) of 30–34 °C, substantially higher than previous estimates for that period. They argue that the high MAT was necessary to compensate for the decreased mass-specific metabolic rate intrinsic to a snake of this size. However, the relationship on which Head et al.1 base their conclusion does not account for the scope of behavioural control over body temperature available to Titanoboa due to its huge mass. Our calculations suggest that because of its ability to behaviourally control its body temperature, Titanoboa cannot serve as an accurate palaeothermometer.
INTERESTS AND STRATEGIES OF YOUNG AND OLD READERS DIFFERENTIALLY INTERACT WITH CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXTS

Interest may be a particularly valuable motivational resource for older adults in a time of life when a number of cognitive resources show decline. Perplexing findings from Study 1 concerning the differential gain from reading strategy instruction by young and old adults prompted us to consider the possible influence of noncognitive factors. In a follow‐up to Study 1, older adults were more dependent on signals in text in order to effectively use the strategy they had learned. In Study 2 we found that signaling had its largest effect on older readers who had low interest in the topic. These data reveal that a strictly cognitive approach to text learning is not sufficient to understand the complexity of prose learning in older adults. Rather, we must consider cognitive factors in conjunction with non‐cognitive factors including both text‐based variables (e.g., signaling) and affective/ motivational variables (e.g., interest). This research was supported by Grant R01 AG09957 from the National Institute of A...
Infrared transmissive, hollow plastic waveguides with inner Ag–AgI coatings

Hollow polycarbonate waveguides with thin-film coatings of Ag-AgI were fabricated by liquid-phase chemistry methods. These hollow waveguides, which have bore sizes ranging from 500 to 2000 microm and lengths as long as 2 m, are transmissive from 2 to more than 20 microm. The lowest loss of 0.02 dB/m was obtained for a straight 2000 microm bore guide at 10.6 microm. This is to our knowledge the lowest loss measured for any IR fiber at CO2 laser wavelengths. The bending losses were found to increase as 1/R, where R is the radius of the bend. These waveguides were able to withstand 18 W of CO2 laser input power for bore sizes greater than 1000 microm.
Molecular excited states versus collective electronic oscillations: Optical absorption proves of Na4 and Na8

Abstract Photodepletion spectra were obtained for Na 4 and Na 8 over the wavelength range from 435 to 825 nm. For Na 4 , six band systems were found with cross sections from 0.25 to 3.39 A 2 . They are assigned to various electronic transitions from rhombic ground state Na 4 predicted in ab initio large-scale configuration interaction calculations. For Na 8 , we confirm the observation of a strong transition centered at 490 nm which has been interpreted in terms of a classical surface-plasma oscillation. The enhanced signal-to-noise available to us allows the first resolution of fine structure incompatible with this classical picture.
Method for removing surface porosity on glassy carbon tiles

Abstract Pyrolysis of an epoxy adhesive used to bond a vitreous carbon tile to a glass substrate eliminated most surface voids and reduced the size of those remaining to submicron dimensions. This treatment was performed on mirror-finish surfaces and resulted in no degradation. The treatment was performed on mirror-finish surfaces and resulted in no degradation. The treated surfaces showed no deterioration after extended vacuum heat treatment at 1800°C.
Teaching the compilers course

I have always enjoyed teaching the compilers course. Compiler design is a beautiful marriage of theory and practice -it is one of the first major areas of systems programming for which a strong theoretical foundation has developed that is now routinely used in practice. I am a strong believer in Donald Knuth’s credo: “Theory and practice are not mutually exclusive; they are intimately connected. They live together and support each other.” [5]
Loss of Ron receptor signaling leads to reduced obesity, diabetic phenotypes and hepatic steatosis in response to high-fat diet in mice.

The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase is a heterodimeric, membrane-spanning glycoprotein that participates in divergent processes, including proliferation, motility, and modulation of inflammatory respo...
Functional and structural organization of the forelimb representation in cuneate nucleus in rat.

Abstract We examined the physiological representation of the forelimb in the cuneate nucleus (CN) of forelimb-intact young adult rats (n = 38) as the first part in a series of studies aimed at understanding the possible role that CN plays in delayed cortical reorganization that follows forelimb amputation. Metabolic labeling with cytochrome oxidase (CO) and electrophysiological mapping were used to examine the relationship between the structural and functional organization of CN. CN is a cylinder-shaped structure that lies bilaterally in the brainstem and extends nearly 4 mm in the rostrocaudal direction. The forelimb is represented along the rostrocaudal extent. CN contains three zones; the rostral and caudal zones receive input largely from deep muscle and joint receptors and a middle zone, in the vicinity of the obex, receives input primarily from cutaneous receptors in the skin. The middle zone is somatotopically organized with the glabrous digits represented centrally, bordered on the medial side by ulnar wrist, ulnar forearm, and posterior upper arm representations; on the lateral side by radial wrist, radial forearm, and anterior upper arm representations; and on dorsal side by the dorsal digits and dorsal hand. The middle zone also contains well-defined CO-filled glomerular structures, called barrelettes, which are located within a homogenously stained field. The barrelettes are associated with the representation of the glabrous digits, with D5 represented most dorsal followed sequentially in a ventral-to-lateral direction by the representation of D4, D3, D2, and D1. The digit representations are topographically organized with the distal digit surface represented laterally with respect to the more medially lying proximal digit surface. The digit and palmar pads are also represented by barrelettes located on the medial side of CN. In contrast, the dorsal digit surfaces are represented dorsally and the dorsal hand is represented directly beneath the cuneate fasciculus, in a region devoid of barrelettes. The representations of the ulnar and radial wrist, forearm, and upper arm also lie within the homogeneously stained field in CN. The forelimb representation is bordered on the medial side by representation of trunk and hindlimb, and on the lateral side by representation of shoulder, ear, and head. While the present findings support and extend previous electrophysiological and anatomical studies of CN in the rat, they also provide a detailed physiological description of the functional organization of CN that is necessary for subsequent understanding of the functional reorganization of CN that may result following forelimb amputation.
Pure rotational excitation in CO+-Ar interactions by ion beam collision spectroscopy

Molecular rotational excitation during CO ion-Ar interactions by ion beam collision spectroscopy, observing energy loss spectra
Identification of two Krüppel-related zinc finger genes (ZNF200 and ZNF210) from human chromosome 16p13.3.

During the course of cloning the gene for familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), we identified a number of transcripts from a 275-kb genomic region on 16p13.3. Two of the transcripts were found to contain multiple C2H2-type zinc finger motifs in tandem arrays, indicating that they are members of the Kruppel-type family. One transcript was found to be an alternatively spliced form of a previously reported zinc finger gene, ZNF200. The other transcript, ZNF210, is 2017 bp and encodes an open reading frame of 504 aa. Northern blot analysis indicates that ZNF210 is expressed in all the tissues tested with the highest expression in heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, prostate, ovary, and colon. On the other hand, the strongest expression of ZNF200 is in testis, with very low levels in all the other tissues tested. Sequence analysis reveals eight C2H2 zinc finger motifs at the C-terminus of ZNF210 and five in ZNF200. In addition, ZNF210 also possesses a Kruppel-associated box at its N-terminus, indicating that it might function as a transcription repressor. The intron-exon structures of both genes were determined and showed that ZNF210 has seven exons while the coding part of ZNF200 is distributed in four exons. The locations of ZNF200 and ZNF210 are 10 and 120 kb telomeric to the FMF gene, respectively.
Parental voices in the sea of neonatal ethical dilemmas.

Ethical debate in neonatal intensive care centers around the lower limits of viability, the use of multiple invasive procedures, and the role of paternalism. The parents' perspective has been addressed infrequently. This report will focus on the parents' statements as obtained through predischarge in-depth interviews with 32 families, each with a high-risk infant(s). Discussion will include a summary of the range of parental perceptions during two major periods of time: preadmission to the NICU and the NICU experience itself. Some possible nursing implications will be drawn that reflect a sensitive response to these parental perceptions.A review of parental perceptions from conception to the high-risk nursery experience shows a variety of responses in relation to the potential ethical problems. This discussion indicates that the process can be a highly stressful, strongly emotional series of events for these parents. The parental focus appears to be targeted on the pregnancy and birth experiences, prior t...
A safe vertex

The VERTEX message passing system provided with NCUBE hypercubes is unsafe. The system can fail under high message loads. We have implemented a message passing system with the same “look and feel” as VERTEX but which is instead based upon the crystal_router running at clock interrupt time. The system is written mostly in C with a few bits of assembly code to run the DMA devices. This implies that safety checks (are the buffers full?) and complex error handling mechanisms can be easily implemented at the C level. A first version works, is safe, and is faster than VERTEX in the high volume limit, slower in the low volume case. At the very least, this system will be interesting for high message traffic applications, such as disk backup.
Escape of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) eggs from parasitism by Anaphes iole (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in strawberries: plant structure effects.

Abstract Herbivorous insects in natural and agricultural systems experience variation in parasitoid attack on different plant species due to direct and indirect plant influences on parasitoids. Lygus hesperus is a native polyphagous mirid that suffers up to 100% parasitism by the native egg parasitoid Anaphes iole in certain weed hosts, but with inundative releases in commercial strawberries, we achieve L. hesperus suppression. We examined L. hesperus egg distribution in individual strawberry plants and parasitism by A. iole of eggs in different strawberry plant structures to determine whether plant-related factors affected parasitoid performance in strawberries. L. hesperus laid more eggs (46.5% of all eggs laid) in the fruit (between the achenes [seeds] in the fleshy receptacle) than in the petiole (23.3%), leaflet (20.3%), peduncle (6.2%), or calyx (3.7%). In a no-choice test, parasitism by A. iole was higher in the petiole (96.7%), calyx (91.9%), and leaflet (85.2%) than in the fruit (51.8%), in which the achenes appeared to hinder parasitoid access to host eggs. In addition, in young fruits in which the interachene distance was minimum, parasitism was considerably lower (25.4%) than in fruits in which receptacle swelling had resulted in interachene distances that were medium (65.7% parasitism) or large (77.1% parasitism). Our results suggest that strawberry fruits can provide refugia from parasitism by A. iole and that maximum protection occurs when the achenes are contiguous. The presence of refugia in strawberries limits the impact of augmentative biological control with A. iole, highlighting the need for its integration with other strategies to effectively suppress L. hesperus in strawberries.
Recent advances in the treatment of otitis media

SUMMARY Otitis media (OM) continues to be a major cause of morbidity in infants and children. Antibiotics are presently the mainstay of treatment. A variety of agents including vaccinations against the most common causative organisms, prednisone, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, intravenous immune globulin, antihistamines, decongestants, and topical antibiotics have been investigated- This review will address the recent developments in the treatment and prevention of OM.
Identification of shared transcriptional targets for the proneural bHLH factors Xath5 and XNeuroD.

Abstract Proneural basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors are critical positive regulators of neuronal differentiation in a variety of species and are required for proper differentiation of various subtypes of neurons. Although bHLH factors demonstrate some unique functions during neural development, they share the ability to regulate neuronal differentiation, potentially by targeting overlapping sets of genes. To assess this, we performed a screen in ectoderm animal cap tissue to identify direct transcriptional targets shared by two Xenopus ato-related bHLH factors, Xath5 and XNeuroD. Candidate target genes identified in this screen include several transcriptional regulators (Xebf2, Xebf3, XETOR and NKL), an RNA binding protein (elrC), a cell cycle component (Xgadd45γ) and several novel genes. Overexpression of either Xath5 or XNeuroD induced ectopic in vivo expression of these candidate target genes. Conversely, blocking ato-related bHLH activity prevented endogenous nervous system expression of these genes. Therefore, we have identified a set of genes that can be regulated by multiple ato-related bHLH factors and may function as critical effectors of proneural bHLH-mediated differentiation.
Alternate Fuels Capability of Gas Turbines in the Process Industry

As we move into the latter 1970’s and early 1980’s, we can anticipate a period of continuing uncertainty in availability of fuel supplies for the process industry. Even though the overall picture is unclear, there are some aspects of the total problem that are predictable, with a reasonable degree of confidence. One of the developments that can be predicted on the domestic scene is the unavailability of natural gas as an industrial fuel. Short supplies of this resource have significantly limited the installation of new facilities utilizing natural gas as a fuel supply, as well as creating a need to convert existing equipment to use alternate supplies of fuel where uninterruptable sources of natural gas are no longer available. This paper discusses the fuel flexibility of heavy-duty gas turbines and is a status report on the capability of today’s equipment. In addition, techniques for evaluating alternate gas turbine fuels including requirements for cleanliness, combustion properties, physical properties, composition, performance and emissions characteristics, etc., are discussed. Fuels which are covered include: Gasification Process Derived Fuels, By-Product Gases, Distillate Oil, Crude Oil, Residual Oil, Vaporized Liquid Fuels, and Liquefied Coal Products.Copyright © 1976 by ASME
The maturation of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus and its release from chick embryo cells in suspension.

Experiments are presented in which the plaque assay technique was used to study the intracellular appearance and release of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus in suspensions of infected chick embryo fibroblasts. No intracellular virus could be found during the 1st hour after adsorption in spite of the fact that more than 1014 cells per ml. proved to be infected. This is taken to indicate that the infecting particle loses its infectivity upon entering a susceptible cell. The first progeny virus was detectable in the cells between 1 and 2 hours after infection, and it increased in amount exponentially during the following 3 hours. The released virus as measured in the supernatant fluid increased at the same rate as the intracellular virus but exceeded it in amount by a factor of about twenty at all times during the period of exponential increase. More than 100 particles were spontaneously released from each cell, by the end of the period of exponential increase, yet the maximum number of intracellular infective particles at any instant during this period was never more than an average of from 4 to 10 per cell. Calculations based on these findings indicate that, on the average, a virus particle is released from the cell within 1 minute after it gains the property of infectiousness.
Immunology of Pediatric Heart Transplantation: A Clinical Update

In the last decade, tremendous advances in our understanding of immune responses to solid organ allografts have been realized. These advances are now resulting in improved management of patients. It is hoped that these advances may soon lead to successful tolerance induction, relieving the patient of the lifetime burden of immunosuppressive therapy. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in acute and chronic allograft rejection are reviewed in detail elsewhere in this annual. This review will focus on the immunologic aspects of clinical heart transplantation, with emphasis on recent advances in knowledge in the pediatric population. Risk factors for detection, prevention, and treatment of acute and chronic rejection are discussed. The immunologic burden of nonspecific immunosuppression (infection, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and malignancy) is reviewed. The prospects for achievement of donor-specific tolerance in the clinic are discussed.
A New Type of Learning Experience in Nomadic Inquiry: Use of Zydeco in the Science Center

Zydeco is a mobile and web based system that allows students to collect and annotate multi-modal data. With the support of Zydeco, students are expected to connect their learning experiences across different learning settings. In this case study, we shadowed four 7th grade students with different achievement levels from a science class and observed how they utilized Zydeco in a science center. We analyzed their data collected with Zydeco and their final project posters to explain how students connect learning experiences in nomadic inquiry.
Estimating seminal vesicle (SV) and prostate (PR) gland concentrations of drugs using linear regression of gland‐specific biochemical markers in split ejaculate fractions

Background The male genital tract (MGT) has been implicated as a pharmacologic sanctuary for HIV due to the potential for differential penetration of antiretroviral drugs into the varied environments in each MGT gland. Fructose and prostate specific antigen (PSA) are unique to the SV and PR, respectively, the two largest MGT glands. Using the heterogeneity of these markers in incompletely mixed fractions of the ejaculate, we propose to estimate the SV and PR concentrations of fructose and PSA. This will enable drug measurement in the SV and PR based on drug concentrations in each fraction of a single ejaculate. Methods 12 healthy volunteers submitted a single ejaculate collected in 3 to 5 fractions in a multi-chamber tray. Each fraction was assayed for PSA and fructose. We calculated fructose and PSA concentrations in the SV and PR using linear regression of fructose on PSA where the axis intercepts estimate concentrations of fructose in the SV and PSA in the PR. Results All subjects provided 3 to 5 fractions of ejaculate. We observed a linear relationship (R2 >0.7) between PSA and fructose in 10 of 12 subjects. In these, the median fructose concentration in the SV was 16 mM (IQR 14 - 22) and median PSA concentration in the PR was 95× 105 ng/mL (IQR 48 - 125). The 2 non-linear subjects had the lowest fructose fraction heterogeneity. Conclusions We estimated the level of PSA and fructose in the SV and PR using a split ejaculate-linear regression method, thus enabling non-invasive measurement of drug levels in these glands. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P20–P20; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.078
Electrophysiologic and Antiarrhythmic Actions of Sulphinpyrazone and Its Sulfide Metabolite G25671

In anesthetized dogs, the cumulative intravenous administration of 1.0–40.0 mg/kg sulphinpyrazone failed to alter the ventricular excitation threshold, ventricular refractory period and ventricular fi
The effect of grain breakage on fecundity, development, survival, and population increase in maize of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract The intrinsic rate of increase in a field population of Tribolium castaneum on undamaged grain, commercial grain, cracked grain and maize flour was estimated at 30°C, 75% r.h. Egg production of T. castaneum on the above media was significantly different and the ranking can be expressed as flour > cracked maize > commercial maize > undamaged maize. Developmental rates and survival rates were significantly higher on flour and cracked maize than on commercial grain and undamaged grain. On commercial grain, populations could increase twenty times per generation. Although damage to grain is not absolutely necessary for young larvae to survive and for females to lay eggs, fecundity was reduced to a minimum, survival was very low, and development was delayed on undamaged grain. Population increase would thus be so reduced that populations may decline to extinction. Previous infestation by other species may help initial infestation of whole kernels by T. castaneum, although the results of this study showed that T. castaneum can develop on whole maize kernels alone under optimal conditions.
Tuning of gravity-dependent and gravity-independent vertical angular VOR gain changes by frequency of adaptation

The gain of the vertical angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) was adaptively increased and decreased in a side-down head orientation for 4 h in two cynomolgus monkeys. Adaptation was performed at 0.25, 1, 2, or 4 Hz. The gravity-dependent and -independent gain changes were determined over a range of head orientations from left-side-down to right-side-down at frequencies from 0.25 to 10 Hz, before and after adaptation. Gain changes vs. frequency data were fit with a Gaussian to determine the frequency at which the peak gain change occurred, as well as the tuning width. The frequency at which the peak gravity-dependent gain change occurred was approximately equal to the frequency of adaptation, and the width increased monotonically with increases in the frequency of adaptation. The gravity-independent component was tuned to the adaptive frequency of 0.25 Hz but was uniformly distributed over all frequencies when the adaptation frequency was 1–4 Hz. The amplitude of the gravity-independent gain changes was larger after the aVOR gain decrease than after the gain increase across all tested frequencies. For the aVOR gain decrease, the phase lagged about 4° for frequencies below the adaptation frequency and led for frequencies above the adaptation frequency. For gain increases, the phase relationship as a function of frequency was inverted. This study demonstrates that the previously described dependence of aVOR gain adaptation on frequency is a property of the gravity-dependent component of the aVOR only. The gravity-independent component of the aVOR had a substantial tuning curve only at an adaptation frequency of 0.25 Hz.
Sources of Assistance in an Urban Ethnic Community

The question of what sources of aid and assistance were relied upon in hypothetical crisis situations was examined in a representative sample of Jews in a middle-sized American city. Restriction of the source of assistance to the nuclear family was the primary strategy reported, followed by consultation with professionals. Kin and friends were seen as about of equal importance with very little utilization of general purpose counseling agencies reported. It is suggested that the interaction of class and ethnicity may account for these patterns.
Structure of the human smoothened receptor bound to an antitumour agent

The smoothened (SMO) receptor, a key signal transducer in the hedgehog signalling pathway, is responsible for the maintenance of normal embryonic development and is implicated in carcinogenesis. It is classified as a class frizzled (class F) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), although the canonical hedgehog signalling pathway involves the GLI transcription factors and the sequence similarity with class A GPCRs is less than 10%. Here we report the crystal structure of the transmembrane domain of the human SMO receptor bound to the small-molecule antagonist LY2940680 at 2.5 A resolution. Although the SMO receptor shares the seven-transmembrane helical fold, most of the conserved motifs for class A GPCRs are absent, and the structure reveals an unusually complex arrangement of long extracellular loops stabilized by four disulphide bonds. The ligand binds at the extracellular end of the seven-transmembrane-helix bundle and forms extensive contacts with the loops. The crystal structure of the human smoothened (SMO) receptor is presented in complex with a small-molecule antitumour agent; this represents the first example of a non-class-A, 7-transmembrane (7TM) receptor structure, revealing different conserved motifs common within class frizzled 7TM receptors and an unusually complex arrangement of long extracellular loops stabilized by disulphide bonds. The smoothened (SMO) receptor is a key signal transducer in the hedgehog signalling pathway that is responsible for the maintenance of normal embryonic development and is also implicated in carcinogenesis. The SMO receptor was classified as a class frizzled (class F) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). In this paper the authors report the X-ray crystal structure of the human SMO receptor bound to the small-molecule antagonist LY2940680, an orally active anticancer compound that is in clinical trials. This is the first published structure of a non-class-A GPCR; most conserved motifs for class A GPCRs are absent, and the structure reveals an unusually complex arrangement of long extracellular loops stabilized by four disulphide bonds.
Pharmacokinetics of insulin following intravenous and subcutaneous administration in canines

Studies were conducted to examine the absorption and disposition kinetics of insulin in dogs following intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration of commercial preparations. After IV and SC dosing, the plasma levels were described by models which considered basal insulin level contributions. Intersubject variation in the disposition kinetics was small with half-lives of 0.52 +/- 0.05 h and total body clearances of 16.21 +/- 2.08 ml min-1 kg-1. Calculated insulin plasma secretion rates in the canines were 14.4 +/- 3.3 mUh-1 kg-1. Following SC injection of regular insulin, the rate and extent of absorption were noted to be quite variable. The absorption process appeared first-order with half-life values of 2.3 +/- 1.3 h and extents of absorption of 78 +/- 15 per cent with a range of 55-101 per cent. Insulin absorption from SC NPH preparations was evaluated as being composed of two zero-order release phases, a rapid and a slow release phase. With a dose of 1.65 U kg-1, the rapid release phase had an average duration of 1.5 h and a rate of 580 +/- 269 mUh-1 (4.2 per cent of dose) while the slow phase had a zero-order rate of 237 +/- 92 mU h-1 which continued beyond 12 h. The extent of absorption from the NPH preparation was 23.6 +/- 5.1 per cent and was significantly lower than that for the regular injection.
The Effects of the Supreme Court's Desegregation Decision on the Group Cohesion of New York City's Negroes

(1962). The Effects of the Supreme Court's Desegregation Decision on the Group Cohesion of New York City's Negroes. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 295-303.
Role of minor alloying additions in formation of bulk metallic glasses: A Review

Minor alloying addition or microalloying technology has already shown dramatic effects on glass formation and thermal stability of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). This paper intends to provide a comprehensive review of recent developments of this technology in the field of BMGs. The beneficial effects of minor alloying additions on the glass formation and the thermal stability of BMGs will be summarized and analyzed. In addition, principles and guidelines for future application of this technology will also be proposed.
Kovács, Mária M.2012: "Törvénytől sújtva – a numerus clausus Magyarországon, 1920-1945" (Down by the Law - the Numerus Clausus in Hungary, 1920-1945)

Kovacs, Maria M. 2012 : Torvenytől sujtva – a numerus clausus Magyarorszagon, 1920-1945 (Down by the Law - the Numerus Clausus in Hungary, 1920-1945). Budapest, Napvilag Kiado, 2012. 267 pp. Reviewed by Tamas Kovacs, Magyar Orszagos Leveltar (Hungarian National Archives), Budapest
ESR of protonated “emeraldine”: Insulator to metal transition

Abstract The temperature dependence of the X-band electron spin resonance for the emeraldine oxidation state of polyaniline is investigated under different protonation levels ranging from the unprotonated insulating emeraldine base to the metallic emeraldine hydrochloride. For all the samples studied, the signal is composed of two lines, one Lorentzian and the other Gaussian and broader. The different temperature dependences of the intensity of the Lorentzian and Gaussian signals for each sample allows one to distinguish between localized and mobile spins. Moreover the study of the linewidth of the Lorentzian signal as a function of the temperature and of the protonation level leads to a discussion on the nature of the conduction mechanism in polyaniline.