cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox superconductors via direct oxidation of metallic precursors

Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox(Bi2212)/Ag multifilamentary wires are manufactured via the powder-in-tube process using oxide powders. After deformation, the wires undergo a partial-melt process, resulting in a complex, heterogeneous microstructure containing multiple secondary phases and porosity, limiting the wires? electrical and mechanical performance. Here, an alternative approach using the direct conversion of metallic precursors (MPs) to Bi2212 is studied. The formation of metallic precursor powders via a mechanical alloy is discussed. The MP powder is then converted to superconducting Bi2212 through a simple two-step heat treatment. By introducing oxygen at a temperature at which Bi2212 is in a stable phase, and holding at an elevated temperature for a sufficient time, the metallic precursors are oxidized and transformed into Bi2212. Several factors that impact the formation and growth of Bi2212 grains are discussed. Peak temperature, holding time and heating rate are shown to affect the MP ?Bi2212 conversion, the Bi2201 content and the Bi2212 morphology and density. It is found that Bi2Sr2CuOy (Bi2201) can be the only phase impurity after heat treatment, which is quite different from what is observed in partial-melt processed wires derived from oxide precursors. Lastly, the microstructure at the sample/silver interface suggests larger size and preferred orientation of Bi2212 grains with the aid of a silver surface. Implications for MP Bi2212 wires are discussed.
THEORETICAL SURVEY OF ELECTRON-POSITRON PHYSICS*

The success as well as the incompleteness of the standard model is recalled. We survey some of what has been checked and review the status of some of the parameters which are undetermined within the standard model. Possible areas where there may be problems are indicated and searches for phenomena which come from beyond the standard model are emphasized.
Eosinophilic Cystitis Presenting As A Recurrent Symptomatic Bladder Mass Following Intravesical Mitomycin C Therapy

A 55-year-old man with a history of recurrent grade 1 stage Ta transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder presented with gross hematuria 2 months following transurethral resection of a noninvasive bladder tumor. At the time of the resection the patient received a single instillation of 40 mg. mitomycin C immediately following the procedure. While he recovered uneventfully initially, lower urinary tract symptoms significantly worsened during the ensuing weeks despite administration of analgesics and -blockers. Urinalysis showed no infection at presentation. Medical history was remarkable only for peptic ulcer disease and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. At the time of presentation the patient was receiving no new medications and had no known drug allergies. Due to the severe hematuria and symptomatology, outpatient cystoscopy was performed, which revealed multiple large coalescing masses that were suspicious for recurrent tumor. Computerized tomography demonstrated marked bladder wall thickening and irregularity (fig. 1). Several days later transurethral resection of representative areas of the lesion was performed. Superficial and deep sections of tissue from the mass were submitted for pathological analysis, but the entire lesion was not resected. Histological examination showed chronic cystitis with abundant eosinophilic infiltrate consistent with eosinophilic cystitis (fig. 2). There was no evidence of cancer. DISCUSSION
Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from a Cord Blood Transplant Recipient

We report a linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis infection in a cord blood stem cell transplant recipient previously treated with linezolid for bloodstream infections by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Sequencing showed a G2576U mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. Because of the important niche of linezolid in cancer treatment, linezolid-resistant E. faecalis is noteworthy.
Understanding the impact of family caregiver cancer literacy on patient health outcomes.

Abstract Objective Family caregivers play a significant role in the diagnosis, treatment, and recovery of individuals with cancer. This position paper reviews and links the research on family caregiving and health information with the importance of cancer literacy. Method Review of literature obtained through searching in Academic Search Premier, EBSCO, Communication and Mass Media Complete, PsychArticles, PsycInfo, and Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition library databases. Results Family members are important sources of health information, informal caregivers who learn and enact medical procedures, and influential aspects of patients’ healthcare and treatment decision-making, but are not seriously considered by healthcare practitioners or researchers in terms of assessing and improving health literacy. Further, very few studies have directly examined or acknowledged the potential importance of family caregiver health literacy. Conclusion The extent to which family caregivers can comprehend the health information they receive along with the patient is crucial for the patient to achieve the most successful health outcome. Practice implications To acknowledge the impact that family caregiver health literacy could have on patient health outcomes, targeted practical recommendations for understanding family caregiver health literacy in the cancer context are proposed: (1) family member health literacy should be assessed; (2) close relational partners should be trained as peer health educators; (3) written cancer information should be provided directly to family caregivers; (4) health interactions between family caregivers and patients should be improved; (5) theoretical perspectives into the understanding of family caregiver health literacy should be integrated into practice; and (6) patient and family caregiver health literacy should be improved.
REGULATION OF ROOT DEVELOPMENT

NEW APPROACHES FOR STUDYING ROOT DEVELOPMENT 224 Effects of Mechanical Impedance/Physical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Effects of Anaerobic Environments . . ..... .... 228 Effects of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Roles for the Root Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Service oriented technology in healthcare services: A research framework for studying the computerized physician order entry system

Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) is a technology that has been praised for its ability to reduce medical errors and medical costs. Recent studies suggest that healthcare providers believe that this praise is justified and that CPOE actually does help to increase patient safety. However, the penetration of CPOE within the healthcare industry remains low. This study offers insight into the diffusion of information technology in healthcare by investigating specific factors influencing healthcare providers' decisions on whether or not to adopt CPOE. A research framework is constructed with the perception of benefits, organizational readiness, and normative beliefs regarding CPOE in addition to incorporating two factors, liability and consumer surplus, that have not been investigated in prior organizational adoption models.
A Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime in African American Adolescents.

Considerable empirical support exists for The General Theory of Crime. However, little work has been completed on members of minority populations in the United States. The current investigation examined whether low self-control predicted deviance in a sample of African American adolescents (n = 661; 55.1 percent female; mean age = 15.7 years). Confirmatory Factor Analyses provided evidence that the low self-control measure was a valid and reliable multidimensional scale in this sample, for both males and females. In addition, low self-control explained between 8.4 percent and 13.0 percent of the variance in male deviance measures and between 4.0 percent and 8.4 percent in female deviance. Follow-up z-tests by sex indicated fewdifferences in the relationships between low self-control and deviance. In addition, comparative analyses by race between African American and Caucasian adolescent males provided evidence of similarity in the importance of self-control. Findings support the cross-cultural validity of...
Optimal rate allocation in Peer-to-Peer streaming overwireless networks

Integrating Peer-to-Peer streaming with wireless networks is a promising technique which promotes ubiquitous multimedia services. Rate allocation within this context is essential to the overall performance of a streaming system due to the limitation of wireless network resource. Optimizing rate allocation in wireless P2P streaming poses us the twofold challenge: the data flow rates are not only constrained by P2P overlay uplink capacity, but subject to the resource sharing mechanism of wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a utility-based rate allocation framework to optimize the flow rates in wireless P2P streaming systems. Our optimization framework involves both P2P overlay constraint and wireless channel sharing constraint. We propose a channel-aware approach to address the modeling of wireless channel sharing patterns. We then proceed to design a distributed double pricing algorithm to solve the optimization problem. Experimental results validate that our algorithm can achieve convergence of data flow rate allocation and optimality of network throughput.
Genetic variation in tolerance of competition and neighbour suppression in Arabidopsis thaliana

Intraspecific competitive interactions can profoundly influence phenotypic evolution. However, prior studies have rarely evaluated the evolutionary potential of the two components of competitive ability, tolerance of competition and suppression of neighbours. Here, we grow a set of 20 Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant inbred lines in three competitive treatments (noncompetitive, intra-genotypic competition and inter-genotypic competition) to examine if there is genetic variation for the components of competitive ability and whether neighbour relatedness has an effect on fitness. We find evidence for genetic variation in tolerance of competition and neighbour suppression and that these two competitive strategies are correlated, such that genotypes that tolerate competition will also strongly suppress neighbours. We further observe that the effect of neighbour relatedness on fitness of target individuals depends on neighbour identity, i.e. whether target individuals perform better when competing against self vs. nonself individuals depends on the genotypic identity of the nonself neighbour. The results are particularly relevant to evolutionary responses under multi-level selection.
Bellefonte primary containment structure

Construction of the reactor building primary containment structure at the Bellefonte Nuclear Plant involved several specialized construction techniques. This two unit plant is one of the nine nuclear units at six different sites now under construction by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The post-Tensioned, cast-in-place interior steel lined containment structure is unique within TVA. Problems during construction were identified at weekly planning meetings, and options were discussed. Close coordination between craft supervisors and on-site engineering personnel drew together “hands-on” experience and technical background. Details of the construction techniques, problems, and solutions are presented.
Neurobiological Correlates of the Psychotherapy Relationship and E.M.P.A.T.H.Y.: The Role of Biomarkers in Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is associated with measurable changes in central and peripheral neurobiology and is a standard treatment that is as strongly rooted in brain plasticity as are psychopharmacological interventions [1]. Physiological and neurobiological underpinnings of the psychotherapy relationship have been measured by a number of biomarkers, including autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal manifested by heart rate, respiration rate, muscle tension, the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), electroencephalography (EEG), and neuroimaging studies of empathy. A key component of empathy in the patient–therapist dyad lies in attunement of the therapist to physiological displays of emotion as well as to patient-reported somatic cues that indicate emotional states with neurobiological correlates. Increased awareness of physiological manifestations and somatic sensations of emotion may assist in deepening the process of psychotherapy.
Pharaohs, Feasts, and Foreigners

Previous investigations of Egyptian imperialism have focused principally on the policies of pharaoh and his close advisors to the exclusion of other data. But archaeological evidence indicates that Egyptian frontier communities did more than simply implement central policy. In this paper, I present an analysis of cooking and serving assemblages from the Nubian fortress of Askut that illustrates the role of individual agency in the day to day cross-border interactions that characterized frontier life. The study demonstrates that Egyptians and Nubians collaborated and may have intermarried in spite of a politically charged ideology of separate identities and otherness.
Conclusion: Final Proposal

The aim of this final proposal is to present a general conclusion after the collection of all the data and information from the semistructured interviews with civil protection experts, the online questionnaire completed by civil protection volunteers, and the life stories of the earthquake victims. The final results can be understood within the theoretical framework of sociological theories and the previous definition of disaster resilience from a sociological perspective.
Multiplexing Overlays on Bluetooth

-This work aims at providing a proof of concept for multiplexing in Bluetooth by using traditional Time Division and Frequency Division multiplexing overlays upon frequency hopping spread spectrum (Bluetooth Modulation) by means of a functional simulation. This overlaid multiplexing technique can simplify the point to multi-point connections, especially when there are multiple Bluetooth devices in the vicinity and using the limited ISM spectrum. The available narrow bandwidth can be better utilized in point to multipoint connections using the proposed method.
Race/ethnicity and self-reported diabetes among adults in the National Health Interview Survey: 2000-2003.

Objective.We investigated the effect of race among Hispanic and non-Hispanic people on self-reported diabetes after adjusting for selected individual characteristics and known risk factors.Methods....
Emission characteristics of a polyethylene pheromone dispenser for mating disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

Evaporative release characteristics of a polyethylene dispenser containing a mixture of (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-l-ol (E8, E10-12:OH), dodecan-l-ol (12:OH), and tetradecan- l-ol for disruption of mating of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were evaluated. The factors examined for each pheromone component were temperature, dispenser age, and exposure to sunlight. Increases in temperature caused an exponential increase in the release rate of each component. Evaporation rates declined over time for each component and were expressed as a function of accumulated degree-hours (DH). The combined effect of accumulated DH and instantaneous temperature ( T ) on release rates of dispensers placed in the orchard canopy was described by the equation In(release rate) = a + b(l/T ) + c(DH), where a, b, and c are regression coefficients specific for each component, T is temperature (OK), and DH is degree-hours accumulated above OOK in the orchard. Differences in evaporation rates for each component changed both the ratio of the pheromone blend inside the dispenser and that released from dispensers over time. The model did not predict evaporation rates as well for dispensers placed in full sun or total shade. In full sun, evaporation rates of E8, E10-12:0H declined significantly faster than from dispensers placed in partial sun. No significant differences were found for the evaporation rate of 12:0H or 14:0H among full or partial sun or complete shade over time. A tacky film formed on the exterior surface of dispensers exposed to sunlight. A portion of this film consisted of pheromone components in a ratio different from that found within the dispenser. Removal of this surface film from the dispenser significantly increased rates of evaporation of 12:0H and E8, E10-12:0H.
Data requirements from falling weight deflectometer tests for accurate backcalculation of dynamic modulus master curve of asphalt pavements

Dynamic modulus (|E*|) master curve is a fundamental material property for an asphalt pavement. It is also a key input to DARWin-METM, a pavement design and analysis software that can predict progression of distresses. Backcalculation of |E*| master curve of an in-service pavement using Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data can lead to more accurate estimation of its remaining service life (with the aid of DARWin-METM). However, backcalculation of the entire |E*| master curve, including the time-temperature superposition shift factor coefficients, requires more data than the surface deflection time-histories of a single FWD drop. This paper presents a novel |E*| backcalculation algorithm that is based on a genetic optimization methodology and a layered viscoelastic forward solution. The main objective of this work was to estimate a set of temperatures where FWD tests should be conducted, in order to maximize the portion of the |E*| master curve that can be accurately backcalculated. The results indicate that there exists a range of temperatures (of FWD testing) at which the FWD response leads to better inverse solutions. CE Database subject headings: Asphalt Pavements, Dynamic Modulus, Relaxation Modulus, Backcalculation, Viscoelasticity, Falling Weight Deflectometer, Nondestructive tests, Temperature effects, Optimization.
Postsynthetic Rearrangement/Metalation as a Route to Bimetallic Uranyl Coordination Polymers: Syntheses, Structures, and Luminescence

Postsynthetic metalation of a uranyl isonicotinate starting material (UICP) with Ag(I) and Cu(II) under hydrothermal conditions has yielded two new coordination polymers: (UO2)(OH)(C6H4NO2)2Ag (1) and (UO2)2(O)(OH)(C6H4NO2)2Cu(OH2)Cl (2). The Ag(I) in 1 directly replaces a proton in UICP and thus generates a similar topology. Compound 2, however, is formed by a topological rearrangement of the starting material upon metalation. Comparison of postsynthetic metalation and direct assembly reveals that compound 1 may be synthesized via both methods, whereas 2 was only be prepared by the former. Attempts to prepare 2 via direct assembly yielded (UO2)(OH2)2(C6H4NO2)2Cu2(C6H4NO2)4(OH2)2 (3). Use of postsynthetic metalation has proven to be a route to bimetallic uranyl-bearing coordination polymers and may yield materials otherwise inaccessible via direct assembly.
Henry IV of England: An Example of Royal Control of the Church in the Fifteenth Century

It has been said that one of the reasons why the Protestant Reformation failed to duplicate in France and Spain its success in Germany was the extensive control over the church exercised by the monarchs of those two countries. England's Henry VIII, it is also said, easily made himself head of the Church of England because he, in fact, already was the head of the Church. Yet these sixteenth century rulers did not revolutionize the relations between church and state. Rather they completed the process by which many late medieval rulers had been exercising increasingly broad jurisdiction over the affairs of the church, or they asserted in a dramatic way the already completed royal domination of the church. Henry IV of England (1399-1413) is an example of a late medieval ruler who was already exercising effective control of the church in his country. He demonstrated this dominance in his handling of the question of papal provisions, in his appointments to bishoprics and archbishoprics, in his management of England's position in the Great Western Schism, and in his execution of Archbishop Richard le Scrope of York. In some unusual cases, as in the case of Innocent III and John, the English medieval sovereign might receive a strongly negative response from the pope as a result of royal actions affecting the interests of the Roman Catholic Church. More often the ruler
Dissociation of Some Substituted Phenols in 50-Percent Aqueous Methanol as Solvent.

The dissociation constants of the following substituted phenols in 50 wt percent methanol have been measured at 25 °C: o-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenol, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol. The respective values found, expressed as pK values, are 7.917, 7.692, 8.284, 7.680, and 5.278. The dissociation constants of 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol and pentachlorophenol, again expressed as pK values, have been measured in water as solvent at 25 °C and found to be 7.597 and 4.820, respectively.
Effective Medium Modeling of Fluid-filled Fractured-porous Medium

The objective of this study is to account for squirt flow in the computation of effective elastic parameters of a rock containing multiple minerals, pores, cracks and fractures. A number of rock physics models exist that consider fluid interaction during wave propagation, but they have certain limitations. In this work, we have introduced a new model based on the Eshelby’s inclusion model and the differential effective medium (DEM) theory. Our effort is to make the new model more general than the existing models. The effectiveness of this work is established through numerical examples and application to modeling of effective elastic parameters of CO2-squestered carbonate rocks that vary in textures and are prone to chemical reactions with the saturating fluid.
Do Personality Traits Predict Functional Impairment and Quality of Life in Adult ADHD? A Controlled Study

Objective: To examine the association of personality traits and characteristics on quality of life and functioning in adults with ADHD. Method: Participants were adults with (n = 206) and without A...
Radiation therapy for skin tumors.

Ionizing radiation is an effective treatment for benign and malignant sldn tumors. Anyone treating skin tumors should be familiar with the methods and results of all treatment modalities. This article provides an overview of the treatment of various skin tumors with radiation therapy and expected results. As an introduction to this topic, principles of radiation biology and physics are reviewed.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ELASTIN TURNOVER BY THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF URINARY DESMOSINE EXCRETION: MESURE DU TAUX DE RENOUVELLEMENT DE L'ÉLASTINE PAR DOSAGE RADIO-IMMUNOLOGIQUE DE L'EXCRÉTION URINAIRE DE LA DESMOSINE

Desmosine and isodesmosine are crosslinking amino acids which are found only in elastin. Since desmosines are not absorbed from the diet and are not reutilized, urinary excretion of desmosine provides direct quantitation of elastin catabolism. The development of a radioimmunoassay for desmosine has permitted the measurement of urinary desmosine excretion with 200 times greater sensitivity than was previously possible. This technique should prove useful both in investigating the pathogenesis of emphysema and in evaluating therapeutic interventions.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment improves intestinal permeability and modulates inflammatory response and homeostasis of spleen and colon in experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia

Summary Background & aims Recent clinical trials and in vivo models demonstrate probiotic administration can reduce occurrence and improve outcome of pneumonia and sepsis, both major clinical challenges worldwide. Potential probiotic benefits include maintenance of gut epithelial barrier homeostasis and prevention of downstream organ dysfunction due to systemic inflammation. However, mechanism(s) of probiotic-mediated protection against pneumonia remain poorly understood. This study evaluated potential mechanistic targets in the maintenance of gut barrier homeostasis following Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) treatment in a mouse model of pneumonia. Methods Studies were performed in 6–8 week old FVB/N mice treated (o.g.) with or without LGG (10 9 CFU/ml) and intratracheally injected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or saline. At 4, 12, and 24 h post-bacterial treatment spleen and colonic tissue were collected for analysis. Results Pneumonia significantly increased intestinal permeability and gut claudin-2. LGG significantly attenuated increased gut permeability and claudin-2 following pneumonia back to sham control levels. As mucin expression is key to gut barrier homeostasis we demonstrate that LGG can enhance goblet cell expression and mucin barrier formation versus control pneumonia animals. Further as Muc2 is a key gut mucin, we show LGG corrected deficient Muc2 expression post-pneumonia. Apoptosis increased in both colon and spleen post-pneumonia, and this increase was significantly attenuated by LGG. Concomitantly, LGG corrected pneumonia-mediated loss of cell proliferation in colon and significantly enhanced cell proliferation in spleen. Finally, LGG significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in colon and spleen post-pneumonia. Conclusions These data demonstrate LGG can maintain intestinal barrier homeostasis by enhancing gut mucin expression/barrier formation, reducing apoptosis, and improving cell proliferation. This was accompanied by reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the gut and in a downstream organ (spleen). These may serve as potential mechanistic targets to explain LGG's protection against pneumonia in the clinical and in vivo setting.
The Evolving Role of the Program Coordinator: Five Essential Skills for the Coordinator Toolbox

As ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education) requirements have expanded and become increasingly more complex, so has the role of the program coordinator. Over the last decade, the knowledge and skills required to capably administer residency and fellowship training programs have increased in both volume and complexity. Today's coordinators are responsible for more than clerical tasks. They also function as managers and have greater roles in the development and implementation of program initiatives, policies, and outcomes. As a result, coordinators' roles and responsibilities have evolved to include management skills. To keep pace with the rapid and continuing change, it is imperative that coordinators continue to develop these skill sets to add value to their programs, institutions, and careers.
14.7 A 288µW programmable deep-learning processor with 270KB on-chip weight storage using non-uniform memory hierarchy for mobile intelligence

Deep learning has proven to be a powerful tool for a wide range of applications, such as speech recognition and object detection, among others. Recently there has been increased interest in deep learning for mobile IoT [1] to enable intelligence at the edge and shield the cloud from a deluge of data by only forwarding meaningful events. This hierarchical intelligence thereby enhances radio bandwidth and power efficiency by trading-off computation and communication at edge devices. Since many mobile applications are “always-on” (e.g., voice commands), low power is a critical design constraint. However, prior works have focused on high performance reconfigurable processors [2–3] optimized for large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs) that consume >50mW. Off-chip weight storage in DRAM is also common in the prior works [2–3], which implies significant additional power consumption due to intensive off-chip data movement.
α-Synuclein Enhances Cadmium Uptake and Neurotoxicity via Oxidative Stress and Caspase Activated Cell Death Mechanisms in a Dopaminergic Cell Model of Parkinson’s Disease

This study examined the role of alpha-synuclein in regulating cadmium (Cd)-induced neurotoxicity using the N27 dopaminergic neuronal model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that stably expresses wild-type human α-synuclein (α-Syn) or empty vector (Vec) control. We report that α-Syn significantly increased Cd-induced cytotoxicity as compared to Vec control cells upon 24 h exposure. To explore the cellular mechanisms, we examined oxidative stress, caspase activation, and Cd uptake and intracellular accumulation. Expression of α-Syn coupled with Cd-induced cytotoxicity increased oxidative stress. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed an increase in Cd uptake and intracellular accumulation in α-Syn-expressing cells upon Cd exposure. Analysis of the mitochondrial mediated apoptotic pathway showed greater activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in α-Syn cells. To functionally evaluate the role of metal transporters in the altered Cd phenotype, we examined Cd toxicity in the presence of nontoxic levels of divalent manganese Mn(II) and iron Fe(II). Co-treatment with Fe(II) or Mn(II) did not significantly attenuate Cd-induced cytotoxicity. We report that Cd exposure decreased the divalent metal transporter 1 and Akt protein levels in the α-Syn-expressing cells without altering native PKCδ protein levels in both Vec control and α-Syn lines. In addition, we show decreased basal metallothionein-3 protein expression in α-Syn-expressing cells. Co-treatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine was sufficient to attenuate and abolish the α-Syn × Cd-induced cytotoxicity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that α-Syn exhibits neurotoxic properties upon acute Cd exposure to cause cell death by causing oxidative stress, increasing Cd uptake, altering caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, and diminishing the neuroprotective effect of Akt in a dopaminergic neuronal model of PD.
The command economy as an adaptive structure

We open with a discussion of the Parsonian solution to the ‘problem of order’ in human societies, emphasising the functional significance of ‘adaptive structures’ in that solution. Adaptive structu...
Inversion of the propeller harmonics from a light aircraft for the geoacoustic properties of marine sediments

In a recent series of experiments, the sound from a light aircraft flying over a shallow ocean channel was detected on acoustic sensors in the atmosphere, throughout the water column and buried in the sediment. The predominant feature of the sound signature is a series of propeller harmonics extending over the frequency range from about 100 to 800 Hz. As the aircraft flies over the sensor station, a significant Doppler-downshift in the frequency of a given harmonic occurs. The difference in the Doppler-shifted frequency on approach and departure provides the basis of a technique for estimating the speed of sound in the sea bed. Once the sound speed is known, the remaining geoacoustic parameters of the sediment may be determined from the correlations that are known to exist between them.
Symbiotic learning partnerships in youth action sports: Vibing, rhythm, and analytic cycles

Reporting on an ethnographic study of youth media production at an action sports camp, this article describes the symbiotic learning partnerships formed between teen skateboarders and teen videogra...
Directed hydroxyl radical probing reveals Upf1 binding to the 80S ribosomal E site rRNA at the L1 stalk

Upf1 is an SF1-family RNA helicase that is essential for the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) process in eukaryotes. While Upf1 has been shown to interact with 80S ribosomes, the molecular details of this interaction were unknown. Using purified recombinant proteins and high-throughput sequencing combined with Fe-BABE directed hydroxyl radical probing (HTS-BABE) we have characterized the interaction between Upf1 and the yeast 80S ribosome. We identify the 1C domain of Upf1, an alpha-helical insertion in the RecA helicase core, to be essential for ribosome binding, and determine that the L1 stalk of 25S rRNA is the binding site for Upf1 on the ribosome. Using the cleavage sites identified by hydroxyl radical probing and high-resolution structures of both yeast Upf1 and the human 80S ribosome, we provide a model of a Upf1:80S structure. Our model requires that the L1 stalk adopt an open configuration as adopted by an un-rotated, or classical-state, ribosome. Our results shed light on the interaction between Upf1 and the ribosome, and suggest that Upf1 may specifically engage a classical-state ribosome during translation.
Prevention research in rural communities: overview and concluding comments.

This paper provides an overview of the challenges that confront researchers in rural settings, synthesizing the manuscripts in this special issue of The American Journal of Community Psychology. Researchers typically focus on issues of research design, measurement, and data analyses. However, when applied research is conducted in rural settings, greater time and attention are required to identify how the research can be conducted successfully. In this overview of the challenges that confront researchers in rural contexts, qualitative differences between rural and urban environments are described with particular attention to their implications for the conduct of rural research. Finally, theoretical and research topics that can better inform future rural research efforts are disucssed.
Analysis of Reactions Catalyzed by Polysaccharide-Enzyme Derivatives in Packed Beds

The reaction catalyzed by an insoluble enzyme derivative in a packed reactor bed is typically analyzed by the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation (1,2,3,4). The value of KM is found to vary with the flow rate of the substrate solution through the bed. Lilly, Hornby and Crook (1) suggest that this phenomenon is due to the effect of diffusion limitations on the rate of reaction in the case of ficin insolublized to CM-cellulose.
Induction and Intuition: Comments on Ackermann’s ‘Problems’

While most inductive logicians accord the calculus of probability a good deal of importance in inductive logic, a great many would find it impossible to go all the way with Professor Ackermann in claiming that the probability calculus constitutes the entire formal apparatus of inductive logic. This is a central thesis of Ackermann’s paper, and I shall devote my discussion to it.
Metal Reagents for Activation and Functionalization of Carbon-Fluorine Bonds

The distinctive physical properties of fluorocarbons derived from the great strength of the C-F bond often result in chemical compounds with unique properties and technologically useful applications. However, this same factor conspires to make fluorocarbons unreactive under most conditions. In the past decade it has become clear that metal reagents provide a unique tool for activation and functionalization of the C-F bond under mild conditions. Fundamental approaches toward the activation of C-F bonds are discussed with an emphasis on transition metal reagents. Intramolecular systems provided the intellectual foundation for the development of intermolecular C-F bond activation chemistry. Mechanistic studies of model systems give an indication of the scope of this process. Exciting recent advances in the catalytic chemistry of the C-F bond in fluorinated aromatic and aliphatic systems will be described. Selective C-F bond activation is a key requirement for the application of these reagents in organic synthesis. Theoretical and gas phase studies which provide insight into the mechanisms of these reactions will be discussed.
Intrapartum amniotic fluid index. A poor diagnostic test for adverse perinatal outcome.

OBJECTIVE : To determine if an intrapartum amniotic fluid index (IAFI) ≤ 5.0 cm, or any other level, is associated with abdominal delivery for fetal intolerance to labor or Apgar scores 26 weeks. Receiver operating characteristic curves were utilized to determine if any IAFI could be utilized to predict adverse outcome among (1) the entire population, (2) complicated pregnancies, (3) uncomplicated pregnancies, (4) term, or (5) preterm gestation. RESULTS : The frequencies of abdominal delivery for suspected fetal intolerance and low Apgar scores were similar among patients with IAFI ≤5.0 cm (n = 288) versus those with IAFI > 5.0 cm. All five receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that IAFI is a poor predictor of adverse outcomes. At all the discriminatory IAFIs (0-20 cm), the false positive rate was virtually identical to the true positive rate. CONCLUSION : IAFI appears to be a poor screening test for identifying those at risk for abdominal delivery for presumed fetal distress or for birth of an infant with low Apgar scores.
Osteochondral Differentiation of Fluorescent Multireporter Cells on Zonally-Organized Biomaterials.

The regeneration of functional osteochondral tissue is mired by the difficulty of recapitulating the zone-dependent differences in tissue composition and constituent cell phenotype. The objective o...
The Black Arts Movement and the Black Panther Party in American Visual Culture

This book examines a range of visual expressions of Black Power across American art and popular culture from 1965 through 1972. It begins with case studies of artist groups, including Spiral, OBAC and AfriCOBRA, who began questioning Western aesthetic traditions and created work that honored leaders, affirmed African American culture, and embraced an African lineage. Also showcased is an Oakland Museum exhibition of 1968 called "New Perspectives in Black Art," as a way to consider if Black Panther Party activities in the neighborhood might have impacted local artists’ work. The concluding chapters concentrate on the relationship between selected Black Panther Party members and visual culture, focusing on how they were covered by the mainstream press, and how they self-represented to promote Party doctrine and agendas.
A discrete crack informed 3D continuum damage model and its application for delamination migration in composite laminates

Abstract An accurate characterization of intra- and inter-laminar damage is essential for the prediction of the damage onset and evolution in composite laminates. This paper presents a discrete crack-informed 3D continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model and its application for the simulation of delamination migration in tape laminates. The proposed approach aims at capturing the initiation and propagation of discrete matrix cracks and their interactions with interface delaminations without introducing a physical crack along with its explicit front tracking. The 3D Hashin failure criteria are employed first to predict the damage initiation of composite materials under an arbitrary stress state. A crack orientation-dependent damage evolution model is developed to dictate the composite stiffness degradation associated with a matrix crack plane. The matrix crack plane is parallel to the fiber direction and its orientation is determined by the maximum principal stress in the transverse plane. The corresponding matrix crack-informed stiffness is degraded based on the orientation of the crack plane. To alleviate mesh dependency within a continuum damage modeling framework, an energy-driven failure mechanism is adopted for characterizing damage evolution of matrix cracking and fiber breakage. By coupling the discrete crack informed model for intra-laminar damage prediction and the cohesive model for interface delamination within the same CDM framework, their synergistic interaction can be captured during the progressive failure analysis of composite laminates. The predictive capability of the enhanced modeling strategy is examined through its application of a delamination migration problem with the presence of the delamination initiation and migration via matrix cracking. The matrix cracks and delamination growths are captured for different loading positions without a pre-assumption on the failure mode. Good agreement is achieved by comparing the predictions with the experimental data from a published NASA report.
Intracranial subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses in children

OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of children with intracranial subdural empyemas (SEs) and epidural abscesses (EAs) to highlight the important clinical difference between these two entities. They describe the delays and pitfalls in achieving accurate diagnoses and make treatment recommendations based on clinical and imaging findings. METHODS They reviewed their experience with children who had presented with intracranial SE and/or EA in the period from January 2013 to May 2018. They recorded presenting complaint, date of presentation, age, neurological examination findings, time from presentation to diagnosis, any errors in initial image interpretation, timing from diagnosis to surgical intervention, type of surgical intervention, neurological outcome, and microbiology data. They aimed to assess possible causes of any delay in diagnosis or surgical intervention. RESULTS Sixteen children with SE and/or EA had undergone evaluation by the authors’ neurosurgical service since 2013. Children with SE (n = 14) presented with unmistakable evidence of CNS involvement with only one exception. Children with EA alone (n = 2) had no evidence of CNS dysfunction. All children older than 1 year of age had sinusitis. The time from initial presentation to a physician to diagnosis ranged from 0 to 21 days with a mean and median of 4.5 and 6 days, respectively. The time from diagnosis to neurosurgical intervention ranged from 0 to 14 days with a mean and median of 3 and 1 day, respectively. Delay in treatment was due to misinterpretation of images, a failure to perform timely imaging, progression on imaging as an indication for surgical intervention, or the managing clinician’s preference. Among the 14 cases with SE, initial imaging studies in 6 were not interpreted as showing SE. Four SE collections were dictated as epidural even on MRI. The only fatality was associated with no surgical intervention. Endoscopic sinus surgery was not associated with reducing the need for repeat craniotomy. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the initial imaging interpretation, any child presenting with focal neurological deficit or seizures and sinusitis should be assumed to have an SE or meningitis, and a careful review of high-resolution imaging, ideally MRI with contrast, should be performed. If an extraaxial collection is identified, surgical drainage should be performed expeditiously. Neurosurgical involvement and evaluation are imperative to achieve timely diagnoses and to guide management in these critically ill children. ABBREVIATIONS EA = epidural abscess; SE = subdural empyema.
A review of the nature and origin of limestone microporosity

Abstract Limestone microporosity is ubiquitous and extensively developed in most Phanerozoic limestones. From an economic perspective, microporosity is important because it contributes substantially to the carbonate pore system, which can host significant volumes of water and hydrocarbons. Therefore, determining the presence and distribution of limestone micropores is necessary for accurate hydrocarbon estimations, reservoir characterization, and fluid flow simulations. From an academic standpoint, microporosity is important because its genesis is intimately linked with the mineralogical stabilization of metastable sediments, a fundamental process in carbonate diagenesis. Many types of micropores contribute to what has been referred to as microporosity, but the vast majority is hosted among low-magnesium calcite (LMC) microcrystals that are present in limestone matrix and allochems. Geochemical, textural, and mineralogical data from natural settings and laboratory experiments indicate that LMC microcrystals are diagenetic in origin. More specifically, these data support a diagenetic model of mineralogical stabilization that involves dissolution of precursor sediments dominated by aragonite and high-magnesium calcite (HMC) minerals, and precipitation of LMC microcrystal cements. The stabilization process is inferred to take place in the meteoric, marine, and burial diagenetic realms. Although it has not been directly observed, carbon and oxygen isotopes, as well as trace element data suggest that LMC microcrystals form during burial diagenesis in marine-like fluids. Evidence suggests that porosity is not generated during this dissolution-precipitation process, but rather inherited from the precursor sediments. The final arrangement of the micropores in a limestone, however, depends on the precise diagenetic pathway. LMC microcrystals exhibit a range of microcrystalline textures that are classified on the basis of crystal morphology and size. The three main textural classes - granular (framework), fitted (mosaic), and clustered - have been recognized across a wide range of ages, depositional settings, burial depths, and precursor types, and are characterized by distinct petrophysical properties, such as porosity, permeability, and pore-throat size. Observations from modern sediments also support the hypothesis that LMC microcrystals develop from aragonite and HMC dominated lime mud. The origin of lime mud has been extensively studied but still highly debated. Of particular interest to the discussion of microporosity are proposed secular variations in the dominant mineralogy of carbonate sediments through the Phanerozoic. Microporous limestones comprised of LMC microcrystals are equally abundant during times of aragonite seas and calcite seas, which suggests that no special mineral precursor is required. Microporous textures are also observed in deep marine chalks where micropores are hosted between chalk constituents. Unlike shallow marine limestones, deep marine sediments start out as mostly LMC therefore mineralogical stabilization is not a significant process in chalk diagenesis.
Characterization of the Superhyperfine Interaction in 171 Yb:YVO 4

We computationally characterize the superhyperfine energy structure of 171Yb:YVO 4 and compare predicted holeburning spectra and coherence times with experimental data. Our simulation can help optimize coherence times for ensemble-based quantum memories and single-ion qubits. © 2019 The Author(s)
Western Boundary Current Variability Derived from SEASAT Altimetry Data

The utilization of satellite-borne altimeters for measuring oceanographic processes has been discussed for more than a decade. However, useful oceanographic results have not been produced until recently (Huang et al, 1978; Mather et al, 1979; Douglas & Gaborski, 1979), using data from the GEOS-3 altimetric satellite. The noise figure of the GEOS-3 altimeter coupled with orbital tracking errors have prevented the direct use of altimetry data in making detailed studies of steady or quasi-steady phenomena, such as measurements of the surface velocity of the Gulf Stream. Instrument noise has been greatly decreased in the third-generation satellite altimeter aboard SEASAT, which was launched in June 1978. Tapley et al (1979) found ‘noise’ figures less than 10 cm rms for this instrument.