cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of nanoparticles for controlled release of biocides in solid wood

The fungicides tebuconazole and chlorothalonil were successfully incorporated into polymeric nanoparticles with median particle diameters of 100–250 nm. Polyvinylpyridine (PVPy) and polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene (10% styrene and 30% styrene) were employed as the polymer matrix. The size of the nanoparticle increased with increased styrene content. The biocide also affected particle size, with chlorothalonil consistently yielding larger nanoparticles than tebuconazole. The release of the biocides from the polymeric nanoparticles was studied by suspending them in water. The release rate of both tebuconazole and chlorothalonil decreased with increased styrene content in the matrix, and chlorothalonil consistently released more slowly from the polymeric nanoparticles than did tebuconazole. It was found that biocides were successfully introduced into solid wood by incorporating them within polymeric nanoparticles, suspending the nanoparticles in water, and using the suspension to treat the wood with conventional pressure treatments. Once in the wood, the polymer matrix serves as a reservoir for the biocide and controls its release rate into the wood. Southern pine sapwood samples were treated with biocide-containing nanoparticles suspended in water, then exposed to the wood decay fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum using a simple wafer test. Samples exhibited fungal resistance at appropriate levels of biocide incorporation. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 458–465, 2001
Tennent's Lager, National Identity and Football in Scotland, 1960s–90s

Consumption of Tennent's lager, brewed in Glasgow, served as an important means of expressing Scottish national identity from the 1960s. The role it came to play in the Scottish psyche ensured that this was no ordinary alcoholic beverage. It soon commanded more than half the lager market in Scotland, a dominance unrivalled among English breweries of lager south of the border. Given this ascendancy in Scotland, Tennent's, consumed in pubs with males as patrons, became linked closely with masculinity. Cans of Tennent's lager began featuring Scottish women in provocative poses from the late 1960s, much to the delight of male drinkers. In the marketing of this beverage, the brewery broadened the basis of Scottish national identity, which now became intertwined with Tennent's lager, masculinity and, soon, football. Sponsorship of Scotland's World Cup Football teams in the 1970s and later the Scottish Cup placed the brewer of Tennent's lager in the forefront of how Scotsmen saw themselves and defined their Scot...
A mathematical model of an over-running sprag clutch

Abstract This paper gives a complete mathematical model for an over-running sprag clutch. It considers the inertias of the sprags and the output race, the Hertzian contact forces between the sprags and the races, as well as a non-linear energy dissipation approach, previously developed by the authors. Comparison with experiment showed that the normally assumed line contact between the races and the sprags is not valid and that a two-point contact assumption gives a better description of the existing Hertzian forces. In order to express these forces in terms of the windup angle, the work of Stoelzle and Hart [3] is adapted. It assumes that the motion of all clutch components can be expressed by way of an epicyclic train model in which an imaginary arm rolls the planet wheel (sprag) between a sun wheel (inner race) and a ring wheel (outer race), as the local deformations between sprags and races provide the needed “clearance” for motion. The resulting differential equations allow the determination of the clutch output rotation and of the windup angle histories for a given input motion and a known external load.
In situ preparation of thin sodium films as an expendable filter in the vacuum ultraviolet

The use of a sodium film as a filter for wavelengths between 40 and 80 nm is discussed, and a technique to prepare these films is described. Sodium films of 230 nm thickness were demonstrated to have a transmission of 55% at 100° K at a wavelength 41 nm. The transmission decreased to 40% after 18 h in a vacuum of 5×10−8 Torr. Films of this thickness were shown to attenuate 20.5‐nm radiation appearing in second order at 41 nm by at least a factor of 50.
Reactivation Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Presenting as Empyema Necessitans 55 Years Following Thoracoplasty

We describe the case of a 79-year-old man who presented with an enlarging mass on his chest wall. He had a history of thoracoplasty performed 55 years ago for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The mass was subsequently proven to be the result of empyema neccesitans caused by reactivation tuberculosis. Empyema neccesitans is a well described entity in which an empyema spontaneously decompresses by dissecting into the chest wall and extrathoracic soft tissues. This can occur following necrotizing pneumonia, including pyogenic or tuberculus, or pulmonary abscess. Complications from collapse therapy for tuberculosis can be encountered decades following the surgery, however, empyema necessitans due to reactivation tuberculosis is rare. This case affords the opportunity to review the goals, techniques, and radiologic appearance of thoracoplasty.
Haloperidol and clozapine increase intraneuronal dopamine metabolism, but not γ-butyrolactone-resistant dopamine release

Abstract In a previous study, two coexisting mechanisms of dopamine release were identified in dopamine neuron terminals. One can be blocked with γ-butyrolactone, suggesting it is impulse flow-dependent, while the other one cannot and is apparently impulse flow-independent. The goal of this study was to further characterize the γ-butyrolactone-resistant mechanism and its relation to dopamine metabolism. Following acute and chronic haloperidol or clozapine treatment, γ-butyrolactone-resistant mechanism and its relation to dopamine neuronal impulse flow. In all groups, 3-methoxytyramine levels after monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline (an index of dopamine release) were measured in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum. Regional steady-state levels of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were also measured in the rats treated acutely with neuroleptics. In all three regions, γ-butyrolactone reduced the 3-methoxytyramine levels by over 50% after chronic neuroleptic treatment. This indicates that dopamine release from the terminals is primarily impulse flow-dependent during chronic neuroleptic treatment, both in the dopamine neurons which do undergo depolarization block, and in those that do not. No neuroleptic effect on the γ-butyrolactone-resistant dopamine release was observed, while DOPAC and HVA were markedly elevated by the acute treatment, suggesting a predominant production of these metabolites from unreleased dopamine.
A mechanistic description of the formation and evolution of vegetation patterns

Abstract. Vegetation patterns are a common and well-defined characteristic of many landscapes. In this paper we explore some of the physical mechanisms responsible for the establishment of self-organized, non-random vegetation patterns that arise at the hillslope scale in many areas of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In doing so, we provide a fundamental mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of vegetation pattern formation and development. Reciprocal effects of vegetation on the hillslope thermodynamics, runoff production and run-on infiltration, root density, surface albedo and soil moisture content are analyzed. In particular, we: (1) present a physically based mechanistic description of processes leading to vegetation pattern formation; (2) quantify the relative impact of each process on pattern formation; and (3) describe the relationships between vegetation patterns and the climatic, hydraulic and topographic characteristics of the system. We validate the model by comparing simulations with observed natural patterns in the areas of Niger near Niamey and Somalia near Garoowe. Our analyses suggest that the phenomenon of pattern formation is primarily driven by run-on infiltration and mechanisms of facilitation/inhibition among adjacent vegetation groups, mediated by vegetation effects on soil properties and controls on soil moisture and albedo. Nonetheless, even in presence of those mechanisms, patterns arise only when the climatic conditions, particularly annual precipitation and net radiation, are favorable.
Cholesterol-related counseling by registered dietitians in northern California.

Abstract Background. An estimated 40 million Americans have serum cholesterol levels that warrant medically supervised dietary intervention. Although registered dietitians are expected to play an important role in treating these patients, current treatment practices in the community are largely unknown. Methods. A questionnaire concerning treatment practices was mailed to all 377 registered dietitians listed in the directories of the American Dietetic Association for two large California districts. Number of patients seen and length and content of dietary counseling were ascertained for three types of patients: (a) hypercholesterolemic outpatients without heart disease, (b) hypercholesterolemic outpatients who have heart disease, and (c) inpatients with myocardial infarction. Results. A return rate of 59% (n = 252) was obtained for the questionnaire. A total of 44% of the registered dietitians counseled hypercholesterolemic patients in any of the categories surveyed. About 30% of the respondents counseled hypercholesterolemic outpatients without heart disease. They saw an average of 4.9 such patients a week, spent an average of 53 min in an initial session, and usually did not see the patient again in follow-up. Fewer than 10% of patients had as many as four sessions. About 27% of the respondents saw hypercholesterolemic outpatients with heart disease, averaging 3.5 such contacts per week. The reported practices were similar to those provided to noncardiac outpatients. About 22% of registered dietitians worked with hospitalized myocardial infarction patients. They spent an average of a total of 41 min over 2.5 visits with each patient. Conclusion. Currently, outpatient registered dietitian counseling for hypercholesterolemia appears to be limited in both the number of patients reached and the duration of the counseling. Further research into the impact of, barriers to, and efficacy of alternative delivery methods of dietary counseling is needed.
Formation of melanoidins in the presence of H2S

Abstract The formation of melanoidins from d -lysine in the presence of H 2 S and N 2 was examined to clarify the effect of H 2 S on the condensation of sugars and amino acids. Significant amounts of dark brown-colored precipitates formed in a mixture of glucose and lysine heated at 80°C for 20 days under N 2 . However, the same solution heated at 80°C for 30 days under H 2 S showed no major change apart from a slight change in color to light brown. This observation indicates that the condensation of glucose and lysine proceeds very slowly in the presence of H 2 S compared to their condensation in the presence of N 2 . Instead, significant amounts of organosulphur compounds formed from the glucose-lysine solution and H 2 S as confirmed by py-GC (pyrolysis gas chromatography) using both FID (flame ionization detector) and FPD (flame photometric detector). The rapid reaction of H 2 S with reactive carbonyl groups of reducing sugars is proposed to hinder the progess of the condensation between reducing sugars and amino acids. The incorporation of sulphur from H 2 S into sedimentary organic matter in the very early stage of diagenesis could be one of important controlling factors governing the formation of melanoidin-like geopolymers in Recent sediments. The organic geochemical characteristics of kerogens in carbonate rocks (relatively low abundance and high organic sulphur contents) could be interpreted by the rapid reaction between H 2 S and reducing sugars in the very early stage of diagenesis.
Missing data in substance abuse research? Researchers' reporting practices of sexual orientation and gender identity.

Background Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals are at higher risk for substance use and substance use disorders than heterosexual individuals and are more likely to seek substance use treatment, yet sexual orientation and gender identity are frequently not reported in the research literature. The purpose of this study was to identify if sexual orientation and gender identity are being reported in the recent substance use literature, and if this has changed over time.
PET/CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of abdominal masses: initial experience.

Abstract Purpose To develop a technique for guiding percutaneous biopsies of abdominal masses in a positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scanner, and test its feasibility and safety in patients. Materials and Methods The authors conducted a prospective study in 12 patients who were in need of both a diagnostic 18 F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) PET/CT scan and a percutaneous biopsy of an abdominal mass, located in the liver ( n = 7), presacral soft tissue ( n = 2), lymph node ( n = 2), and kidney ( n = 1). After completion of the PET/CT scan, with the patient remaining on the table, a one-table-position PET/CT scan was obtained with a radiopaque grid in place, and the biopsy procedure was planned. Then, a biopsy needle was placed into the mass using one-table-position CT scan registered to the planning PET scan. Masses were sampled after confirming accurate positioning of the needle tips with a final one-table-position PET/CT scan. Negative results were confirmed independently with follow-up imaging. Results All biopsy procedures yielded diagnostic results; nine were positive for malignancy, and three were negative (fibrosis, steatosis, and Escherichia coli infection). One non–FDG-avid mass biopsy yielded a malignant result. Seven masses were either invisible or poorly depicted with unenhanced CT scan, and two masses contained FDG avidity in only a portion of the mass. There were no complications. Conclusions Although our data are preliminary, this initial experience suggests that abdominal masses can undergo successful biopsy in a PET/CT scanner. PET/CT guidance may be helpful when performing biopsy on FDG-avid masses that are either not visible with unenhanced CT or are FDG avid in only a portion.
Testing the prognostic model of Marin et al in an independent chronic myelogenous leukemia study group

Testing the prognostic model of Marin et al in an independent chronic myelogenous leukemia study group
Meat consumption and climate change: the role of non-governmental organizations

The contribution of livestock production to climate change is now widely acknowledged. Despite this, efforts to reduce meat consumption in light of climate change have been relatively limited. One potential avenue for encouraging consumption changes is via non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This study used a qualitative approach to understand how and to what extent environmental, food-focused, and animal protection NGOs in the U.S., Canada, and Sweden have worked to reduce or alter domestic meat consumption in light of climate change. While almost all of the NGOs examined had mentioned the issue on their websites, few had established formal campaigns to reduce meat consumption. Active public outreach was dominated by animal protection and food-focused groups, particularly in the U.S. and Canada. Animal protection organizations advocated for larger reductions in meat consumption than environmental groups. Few NGOs sought to promote national-level polices to reduce meat consumption. There is a continued need for public education campaigns with clear messages, particularly by environmental NGOs, as well as efforts to build support for policy measures that seek to reduce meat consumption.
Extensile Cracking in Porous Rock Under Differential Compressive Stress

Under differential compressive stress rocks exhibit nonlinear deformation that includes initial compaction, near-linear elastic behavior, and strain-hardening followed by strain-softening and dilation (or compaction in clastic rocks) and localization. This behavior derives largely from changes in the microstructure of the rocks. Much of it has been attributed to the growth of extensile microcracks. The stress-induced microstructural changes brought about by successively more complicated states of stress produced by uniaxial and triaxial compression of circular cylinders, axisymmetric stresses in hollow cylinders, and indentation by hemispheres in Indiana limestone and Berea sandstone have been preserved using Wood`s metal porosimetry. In this technique molten Wood`s metal at about 100{degrees}C is used as a pore fluid at a pressure of about 10 MPa, and the experiments are conducted using the concepts of effective stress. At the deformation state of interest, the temperature is lowered to solidify the metal, thereby preserving the microstructure as it exists under load and facilitating subsequent preparation of the specimen for microscopic study. Mode I microcrack growth is observed to occur by a variety of mechanisms such as bending, point loading and sliding cracks. The effects of this are analyzed using an elastic continuum within which Mode II displacement acrossmore » microcracks and Mode I microcrack growth results from heterogeneous stress concentrations that produce local tensile stresses. While the continuum model replicates many of the observations, it fails to account for localization by en echelon arrays of extensile microcracks that precede macroscopic shear faulting. Using a {open_quotes}zero order{close_quotes} continuum approximation, the spatially stochastic distribution of grains in clastic rocks is shown to be important in the formation of the en echelon arrays of microcracks that form shear bands. 63 refs., 26 figs., 1 tab.« less
On synchronous variable length coding for discrete noiseless chrannels

A method is presented for finding the shortest variable length codes with a given bit per symbol ratio for discrete noiseless channels. The central feature of the procedure is a dynamic programming algorithm for determining the optimal code paths. Bounds are found for the channel capacity.
A nonradioactive method for measuring DNA damage and its repair in nonproliferating tissues.

Abstract The fluorometric assay of Kissane and Robins has been modified to monitor DNA in alkaline sucrose gradient fractions. Using this procedure the sedimentation analysis of DNA not only of liver, but also of brain, thymus, lung, pancreas, kidney, and skin was carried out. Like liver DNA, DNA released by the alkaline lysis of the above organs sedimented as heavy DNA (> 1 × 10 9 daltons). A good correspondence was obtained for the sedimentation profiles of liver DNA whether DNA in the gradient fractions was determined by the fluorometric method or by measuring radioactivity. Using the fluorometric assay, the strand breaks not only of liver DNA but also of brain and kidney DNA have been demonstrated following the intravenous administration of N -methylnitrosourea. Carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair (as measured by sedimentation of DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients) in any organ including human biopsy specimens are potentially measurable by this procedure.
Specific frequencies of spontaneous Ca2+ transients upregulate GAD 67 transcripts in embryonic spinal neurons.

Abstract Spontaneous Ca 2+ transients expressed prior to synaptogenesis regulate the developmental appearance of GABA in cultured Xenopus spinal neurons. We find that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity is also Ca 2+ -dependent and parallels the appearance of GABA. We show that xGAD 67 transcripts first appear in the embryonic spinal cord during the period in which these Ca 2+ spikes are generated, in a pattern that is temporally and spatially appropriate to account for differentiation of GABAergic interneurons. RNase protection and competitive quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that transcript levels are approximately threefold greater when neurons are cultured in the presence of extracellular Ca 2+ that permits generation of transients than when cultured in its absence. The frequency of spontaneous Ca 2+ spikes plays a crucial role in the regulation of transcripts, since reimposition of Ca 2+ transients at the frequency generated in cultured neurons rescues normal expression. We conclude that naturally occurring low frequencies of these Ca 2+ transients regulate levels of xGAD 67 mRNA in differentiating neurons.
The Relationship between Parent-Child Conflict and Adolescent Antisocial Behavior: Confirming Shared Environmental Mediation

Prior studies have indicated that the relationship between parent-child conflict and adolescent antisocial behavior is at least partially shared environmental in origin. However, all available research on this topic (to our knowledge) relies exclusively on parent and/or adolescent informant-reports, both of which are subject to various forms of rater bias. As the presence of significant shared environmental effects has often been attributed to rater bias in the past (Baker et al. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 16:219–235, 2007; Bartels et al. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42:1351–1359, 2003, Twin Research 7:162–175, 2004; Hewitt et al. Behavior Genetics 22:293–317, 1992), it would be important to confirm that findings of shared environmental mediation persist when even examining (presumably more objective) observer-ratings of these constructs. The current study thus examined the origins of the relationship between parent-child conflict and adolescent acting-out behavior, as measured using both observer-ratings and various informant-reports. Participants included 1,199 adopted and non-adopted adolescents in 610 families from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS). Results indicated that parent-child conflict consistently predicts acting-out behavior in adopted adolescents, and moreover, that this association is equivalent to that in biologically-related adolescents. Most importantly, these findings did not vary across parent- and adolescent-reported or observer-ratings of parent-child conflict and acting-out behavior. Such findings argue strongly against rater bias as a primary explanation of shared environmental mediation of the association between parent-child conflict and adolescent antisocial behavior.
Design of a VLSI 32-bit microprocessor to be used on the CPU (IDP) of the Honeywell DPS4 follow-on computer

Abstract This is a design overview of a VLSI 32-bit microprocessor, based on RISC architecture, which has been developed by Honeywell-ISI laboratories of Pregnana Milanese - Italy.
Epitope Identification from Fixed-complexity Random-sequence Peptide Microarrays

Antibodies play an important role in modern science and medicine. They are essential in many biological assays and have emerged as an important class of therapeutics. Unfortunately, current methods for mapping antibody epitopes require costly synthesis or enrichment steps, and no low-cost universal platform exists. In order to address this, we tested a random-sequence peptide microarray consisting of over 330,000 unique peptide sequences sampling 83% of all possible tetramers and 27% of pentamers. It is a single, unbiased platform that can be used in many different types of tests, it does not rely on informatic selection of peptides for a particular proteome, and it does not require iterative rounds of selection. In order to optimize the platform, we developed an algorithm that considers the significance of k-length peptide subsequences (k-mers) within selected peptides that come from the microarray. We tested eight monoclonal antibodies and seven infectious disease cohorts. The method correctly identified five of the eight monoclonal epitopes and identified both reported and unreported epitope candidates in the infectious disease cohorts. This algorithm could greatly enhance the utility of random-sequence peptide microarrays by enabling rapid epitope mapping and antigen identification.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE RESPIRATORY ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MARINE PLANKTON1

The activity of the respiratory electron transport system in plankton is measured by tctrazolium reduction and used to estimate oxygen utilization rates in the waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Vertical profiles of the electron transport system from the ocean surface to 5,000 m suggest a rapid decrease in the oxygen utilization rate from 300 ,ul O2 liter-’ yr-l (0.8 ,ul O2 liter-l day-l) in the euphotic zone to 3 ~1 02 liter-l yr-’ at 500 m and a more gradual dccrcasc to 0.5 ~1 02 liter-l yr-l at 5,000 m.
The Korean War, the Cold War, and the American novel

From a Cold War literary and cultural studies perspective, the Korean War (1950–1953) is a distinctive moment in US cultural history. This essay proposes that there are two broad phases of Korean War literature: the first phase is work written in the 1950s and early 1960s generally by white, male Americans who fought in the war, reported on the war, or had some other ties to the US military. Work of this phase renders the Korean War in terms of the bipolar global imaginary dictated by the Cold War: even as this imaginary is ultimately unsuitable for capturing the complexities of the war, writers of the first phase understand Korea’s meaning only in terms of US political imperatives. The second phase, marked by Richard E. Kim’s The Martyred (1964) but not gaining traction until the 1980s and 1990s, is work generally written by first- or second-generation Korean Americans who either experienced the war directly or explored the cultural memory of a war that, some scholars have argued, is a precondition of the very idea of Korean Americanness. Work of this phase begins with the premise that the US framing of the Korean War is damaging, and as such is marked by meta-engagements with the Cold War rhetorical frame that shift the meaning of the war away from US claims about it. The category of “Korean War literature” changes how we understand “Cold War literature” and therefore post-1945 American literature and culture.
Activation of Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer

Receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (TKs) have emerged as clinically useful drug target molecules for treating certain types of cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-TK is a transmembrane receptor TK that is overexpressed or aberrantly activated in the most common solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer and cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon. Activation of the EGFR-TK enzyme results in autophosphorylation, which drives signal transduction pathways leading to tumor growth and malignant progression. Randomized clinical trials of the EGFR-TK inhibitor gefitinib have demonstrated clinical benefits in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer whose disease had previously progressed on platinum- and docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimens. Bcr-Abl is a constitutively activated nonreceptor TK enzyme found in the cytoplasm of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia cells. STI571 (imatinib mesylate) inhibits the Bcr-Abl TK, blocks the growth of these leukemia cells, and induces apoptosis. STI571 also inhibits other TKs, including the receptor TK c-kit, which is expressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. As TK inhibitors become available for clinical use, new challenges include predicting which patients are most likely to respond to these targeted TK inhibitors. Additional clinical trials are needed to develop the full potential of receptor and nonreceptor TK inhibitors for cancer treatment.
The local orbital energy and density functional theory

From the viewpoint of density functional theory, an expression is derived which improves the average energy of a trial density. Applications to atoms and molecules are made using wave function methods and are based on properties of the variance, which is defined as (e 2 −(e) 2 ) 1/2 , where e is the local orbital energy. Calculated results for both Hartree-Fock and correlated wave functions are quite encouraging
Neuronal Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II: The Role of Structure and Autoregulation in Cellular Function

▪ Abstract Highly enriched in brain tissue and present throughout the body, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is central to the coordination and execution of Ca2+ signal transduction. The substrates phosphorylated by CaMKII are implicated in homeostatic regulation of the cell, as well as in activity-dependent changes in neuronal function that appear to underlie complex cognitive and behavioral responses, including learning and memory. The architecture of CaMKII holoenzymes is unique in nature. The kinase functional domains (12 per holoenzyme) are attached by stalklike appendages to a gear-shaped core, grouped into two clusters of six. Each subunit contains a catalytic, an autoregulatory, and an association domain. Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) binding disinhibits the autoregulatory domain, allowing autophosphorylation and complex changes in the enzyme’s sensitivity to Ca2+/CaM, including the generation of Ca2+/CaM-independent activity, CaM trapping, and CaM capping. These processes confer a typ...
Gender and the boundaries of dress in contemporary Peru

Set in Arequipa during Peru's recent years of crisis, this ethnography reveals how dress creates gendered bodies. It explores why people wear clothes, why people make art, and why those things matter in a war-torn land. Blenda Femenias argues that women's clothes are key symbols of gender identity and resistance to racism. Moving between metropolitan Arequipa and rural Caylloma Province, the central characters are the Quechua and Spanish-speaking maize farmers and alpaca herders of the Colca Valley. Their identification as Indians, whites, and mestizos emerges through locally produced garments called bordados. Because the artists who create these beautiful objects are also producers who carve an economic foothold, family workshops are vital in a nation where jobs are as scarce as peace. But ambiguity permeates all practices shaping bordados' significance. Femenias traces contemporary political and ritual applications, not only Caylloma's long-standing and violent ethnic conflicts, to the historical importance of cloth since Inca times. This is the only book about expressive culture in an Andean nation that centers on gender. In this feminist contribution to ethnography, based on twenty years' experience with Peru, including two years of intensive fieldwork, Femenias reflects on the ways gender shapes relationships among subjects, research, and representation.
Snaring the Function of α-Synuclein

It is well established that the abundant neuronal protein α-synuclein has a causal role in Parkinson's disease, yet the normal functions of this protein remain unclear. In this issue of Cell, Chandra et al. (2005) reveal that α-synuclein acts as a molecular chaperone, assisting in the folding and refolding of synaptic proteins called SNAREs. These proteins are crucial for release of neurotransmitters at the neuronal synapse, vesicle recycling, and synaptic integrity.
Bacterial Cell Division

The process of cell division is necessary for the growth of all cells. The mechanism by which eubacteria divide has so far shown little homology to the mechanisms employed by eukaryotic cells. Although this lack of similarity may be a result of our lack of knowledge about these processes it may also be that different mechanisms are involved. If so, it would make cell division a selective target for antimicrobial agents.
A Survey Of New Product Development: Can Decentralization Alone Deliver?

Geographic decentralization of the new product development (NPD) process is seen by many as a necessary means to increase innovation and its cost-effectiveness. Decentralization promotes innovation in many ways, especially by allowing better access to local knowledge pools. This study's results, based on a survey of top executives in large manufacturing firms around the globe, give only mixed support to this view. Decentralization is associated with increases in revenues from new product but the performance of firms with geographically decentralized NPD is inferior otherwise. The key culprits seem to be the decrease in involvement of NPD stakeholders in firms with geographically decentralized NPD and the inability of firms with geographically decentralized NPD to generate a greater level of radical innovations. The study results are broadly consistent with academic research in this area.
The Dunbar Gneiss-granitoid dome: Implications for early Proterozoic tectonic evolution of northern Wisconsin

The Dunbar dome in northeastern Wisconsin is a critical structural feature in the early Proterozoic Penokean orogen. It provides exposures of gneisses (Dunbar Gneiss) that structurally underlie the voluminous metavolcanic rocks of northeastern Wisconsin, and exposures of abundant granitoid rocks ranging from tonalite to granite. The granitoid rocks cut both the gneisses in the core and the supracrustal (cover) metavolcanic rocks and were emplaced essentially along the core-cover boundary. The Dunbar Gneiss is calc-alkaline and was derived from volcanic and intrusive rocks of intermediate composition. The various intrusive rocks have calcic, calc-alkaline, and alkali to alkali-calcic compositions, and they progress with time to more SiO 2 and K 2 -rich compositions. U-Pb zircon ages indicate that accumulation of the layered rocks in the core and cover, deformation and metamorphism, and intrusion of the granitoid rocks spanned a relatively short time, ∼1865–1835 Ma. We interpret the dome as being a large-scale, fold-interference structure resulting from polydeformation modified by diapirism. Northeast-oriented folds (F 3 ) and a related mylonitic foliation (S 3 ), nearly confined to the dome, are superposed on northwest-oriented folds (F 2 ) that developed during regional deformation. In the core-cover boundary, these structures are obliterated by a zone of intense deformation—a mylonitic foliation and a steeply plunging stretching lineation—as much as 500 m wide, which we interpret as resulting from diapirism. Metamorphic zoning is concentric: amphibolite facies in inner parts of the mantle and greenschist facies in the outer part of the mantle. The Wisconsin magmatic terrane, as represented by the rocks in the Dunbar dome, differs from the epicratonic, early Proterozoic sedimentary-volcanic sequence (Marquette Range Supergroup) in Michigan, to the north, in stratigraphy, structure, and volume and composition of igneous rocks. Whereas the basalts in northern Michigan are compositionally similar to continental rift basalts, the volcanic rocks in the Dunbar dome have over-all island-arc compositional affinities. The over-all calc-alkaline compositions of the intrusive rocks are similar to those in magmatic arcs formed at convergent plate-margin settings. Accordingly, we interpret the Wisconsin magmatic terrane as an oceanic-arc complex that was sutured to the North American continent during development of the Penokean orogen. Similar interpretations based on broad regional observations have been proposed previously.
The Effect of Package Coupons on Brand Choice

We propose a stochastic choice model, and supporting empirical analyses, to understand the effect of package coupons on brand choice. Package coupons can be broadly classified into three types: peel off coupons, on-pack coupons, and in-pack coupons. Our model helps understand the relative impact of these three types of coupons on market share. We find that on-pack coupons may lead to a higher market share than peel-off coupons. What makes this result potentially interesting is that while the benefit of a peel-off coupon is realized immediately, the consumer has to wait until the next purchase occasion to cash in the benefit of an on-pack coupon. Though we primarily examine situations where package coupons are dropped frequently, a scenario that is quite representative of today's marketplace, we show that our results are also applicable when a manager is evaluating a particular coupon campaign. We compare the key predictions of our model with data collected from a series of in-store quasi-experiments. The data are consistent with the model's predictions.
The SSX Family of Cancer-Testis Antigens as Target Proteins for Tumor Therapy

Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) represent an expanding class of tumor-associated proteins defined on the basis of their tissue-restricted expression to testis or ovary germline cells and frequent ectopic expression in tumor tissue. The expression of CTA in MHC class I-deficient germline cells makes these proteins particularly attractive as immunotherapeutic targets because they serve as essentially tumor-specific antigens for MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells. Moreover, because CTAs are expressed in many types of cancer, any therapeutic developed to target these antigens might have efficacy for multiple cancer types. Of particular interest among CTAs is the synovial sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint (SSX) family of proteins, which includes ten highly homologous family members. Expression of SSX proteins in tumor tissues has been associated with advanced stages of disease and worse patient prognosis. Additionally, both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to SSX proteins have been demonstrated in patients with tumors of varying histological origin, which indicates that natural immune responses can be spontaneously generated to these antigens in cancer patients. The current review will describe the history and identification of this family of proteins, as well as what is known of their function, expression in normal and malignant tissues, and immunogenicity.
Discretionary Searches, the Impact of Passengers, and the Implications for Police–Minority Encounters:

Purpose:The current study examines whether a police officer’s decision to initiate a discretionary search is impacted by the presence of passengers. It also explores whether groups of minority citi...
Residential Environments and Cardiovascular Risk

The article begins with a discussion of the rationale for studying the relationship between residential environments and cardiovascular health. Existing empirical research relating residential environments to cardiovascular outcomes and risk factors is summarized. The research areas discussed include neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and cardiovascular disease, the effects of residential environments on physical activity, and the effects of residential environments on diet. Other mechanisms through which residential environments may affect cardiovascular health are also briefly noted. Key challenges in investigating the relationship between residential environments and health are discussed. These challenges include characterizing environments (including definition and geographic scale as well as conceptualization and measurement of relavant features), the limitations of observational studies, and the need to evaluate the health impact of interventions or “naturally” occurring changes in local environments. The need for interdisciplinary work is emphasized.
An advanced pharmacy practice experience in sports pharmacy.

Objective. To establish and evaluate an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in sports pharmacy. Design. Students actively participated in a variety of activities for this new 6-week electi...
Patterns of alcohol use 1 year after traumatic brain injury: a population-based, epidemiological study.

This study delineated patterns of alcohol use 1 year after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a large, population-based, epidemiological, nonclinical sample, and identified predictors of heavy alcohol use in these individuals. Participants were 1,606 adults identified by review of a South Carolina statewide hospital discharge data set, on the basis of satisfying the Centers for Disease Control case definition of TBI, and were interviewed by telephone 1 year after TBI-related discharge. Alcohol use in the month prior to interview was classified according to categories from the Quantity–Frequency–Variability Index; heavy drinking was defined as nearly daily use with ≥ 5 drinks at least occasionally, or at least three occasions with ≥ 5 drinks. A polychotomous logistic regression with 3 response levels (heavy, moderate, and abstinent/infrequent/light drinking) was used to identify predictors of heavy drinking. Heavy drinking in the month prior to interview was reported by 15.4% of participants, while 14.3% reported moderate drinking and 70.3% reported abstinence or light/infrequent drinking. Risk factors for heavy drinking included male gender, younger age, history of substance abuse prior to TBI, diagnosis of depression since TBI, fair/moderate mental health, and better physical functioning. There was no association between drinking patterns and TBI severity. (JINS, 2005, 11, 322–330.)
Protein Folding with the Adaptive Tempering Monte Carlo Method

Characterization of the folding transition in a model protein was achieved with the recent multicanonical tempering method implemented with Monte Carlo the adaptive tempering Monte Carlo (ATMC) (X. Dong and E. Blaisten-Barojas. Adaptive tempering Monte Carlo method. J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci., 3, p. 118 2006). The folding transition temperature was successfully determined and a spread of states was observed around the interface between native and folded regions. Energy states collected from all tempering events in a series of parallel runs were used in the calculation of the free energy, internal energy, order parameter and radius of gyration as a function of temperature through the weighted histogram method. Not only the calculated thermodynamic properties are in good agreement with results from Langevin dynamics simulations (D. K. Klimov and D. Thirumalai. Native topology determines forced-induced pathways in global proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97, p. 7254 2000), but also this multicanonical ap...
An ethnomycological approach to land use values in Chukotka

Once avoided on both sides of the Bering Strait, wild mushrooms are now considered to be delicious edibles in Chukotka. An important food source, mushroom-gathering is also a recreational activity that cultivates particular relationships between people and the land. In the past, prior to the influences of the mushroom-loving Russian cuisine, the Yupiget of Chukotka regarded mushrooms as “devil ears,” while the Chukchi people largely viewed them as reindeer food, unfit for human consumption. This article examines the transformation in Yupik and Chukchi ideas about mushrooms in the context of a broader ethnohistorical overview. Using the narratives shared by Yupik, Chukchi, and non-indigenous residents of Chukotka, it highlights the role of cultural identity in shaping landscape perceptions, demonstrating how during and after the Soviet period members of each group were finding their own distinct ways of relating to the ecological universe, transformed by new political processes and vast social changes.
Neuromuscular transmission failure in myasthenia gravis: decrement of safety factor and susceptibility of extraocular muscles.

An appropriate density of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and Na(+) channels (NaChs) in the normal neuromuscular junction (NMJ) determines the magnitude of safety factor (SF) that guarantees fidelity of neuromuscular transmission. In myasthenia gravis (MG), an overall simplification of the postsynaptic folding secondary to NMJ destruction results in AChRs and NaChs depletion. Loss of AChRs and NaChs accounts, respectively, for 59% and 40% reduction of the SF at the endplate, which manifests as neuromuscular transmission failure. The extraocular muscles (EOM) have physiologically less developed postsynaptic folding, hence a lower baseline SF, which predisposes them to dysfunction in MG and development of fatigue during "high performance" eye movements, such as saccades. However, saccades in MG show stereotyped, conjugate initial components, similar to normal, which might reflect preserved neuromuscular transmission fidelity at the NMJ of the fast, pale global fibers, which have better developed postsynaptic folding than other extraocular fibers.
Abstract A202: RNAi as a tool to identify novel molecular vulnerabilities in myeloid leukemias

Therapies and outcomes of patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) remain very poor and AML is one of the deadliest cancers in relation to incidence. Mostly, because critical targets regulating myeloid cell viability have not been identified. Genomic profiling approaches, including gene expression or sequencing may identify genes and proteins involved in leukemogenesis. However candidates identified with these more “traditional” methods may not necessarily be good drug targets or represent molecular vulnerabilities that can be targeted. Therefore, we pursued a functional genomcis approach using RNAi to identify novel targets that can be exploited for drug development and discovery in order to improve treatment strategies in AML and MDS. First, we established a platform for High‐Throughput RNAi (siRNA) gene silencing in typical difficult to transfect suspension cells. Using reverse lipid based transfection conditions we were able to establish conditions that achieve up to 80–90% transfection as measured by a universal silencing control. After successful establishment of our siRNA platform in 3 cell lines, we performed several siRNA screens of the human kinome and other cancer associated genes (i.e. apoptotic and cell cycle genes) with siRNA9s alone or in combination with 5‐Azacytidine or Cytarabine. In this abstract we will present our experience with siRNA screens in myeloid cells as well as data to support the tremendous opportunity the RNAi approach holds in identifying direct druggable targets in acute leukemias. Our ultimate goal is to develop a “Functional Genomics Pathway Vulnerability Profiling” in AML. Functional genomics using RNAi provide a fast and attractive approach to identify molecular targets in AML/MDS and this approach holds particular promise to develop and design rational (combination) therapies that can be rapidly translated into the clinic. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A202.
Demographic disaggregation in the construction of regional econometric models: a statistical evaluation.

A cohort-component method is used to construct historical annual age/sex disaggregations of total population. In econometric models of six substate areas, regressions are estimated with and without the disaggregated data for five model variables expected to be dependent on the size of particular population subgroups. Statistical tests are performed to determine significant differences in residual variance of estimation with and without the disaggregated data. Although age/sex population projections may be a desired model output per se, the results indicate that the population subgroup data generally do not improve estimation of other model variables.
Elastic Waves in Thick-Walled Cylinders

A long, thick-walled cylinder is subjected to a circumferentially uniform, internal, step-pressure pulse. An approximate formula in terms of elementary functions is developed for the circumferential stress at the inner surface of the cylinder. Results from the approximate formulation are compared with a numerical solution, and the two agree to within a few percent.