cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Method for Prolonging Therapeutic Insulin Coma.

In the treatment of psychoses, insulin coma1 (or the period of unconsciousness) is generally not allowed to persist beyond an hour or an hour and a half. In cases inadvertently allowed to linger in coma beyond that period, an irreversible insulin coma2 frequently follows that can no longer be relieved by intravenous glucose. This dangerous and sometimes fatal complication has, however, directed the attention of several investigators to the important fact that patients who survive several hours or days of this relatively irreversible coma often show dramatic psychiatric improvement on awakening. Kraulis3 attempted to utilize this phenomenon for therapeutic ends by prolonging insulin coma with periodic small glucose feedings sufficient to sustain the patient but not sufficient to rouse him. The difficulties in the clinical management of these sporadic feedings, however, and the frequent presence of gastric retention2 (which Kraulis did not suspect) made this mode of treatment too dangerous for clinical appl...
Operations Automation: A Concept and Design Methodology for Human-Centered Automation

Operations automation is a concept and design methodology for human-centered automation. Operations automation is automation that carries out, in whole or part, activities currently performed by operations personnel. Humans, however, remain essential components of the system, but perform a significantly different role. When autonomous systems reach their inevitable limits, operations personnel troubleshoot, diagnose, and repair the automation.This paper describes research exploring requirements for effective operations automation. First, it describes two field studies of conventional automation. Second, it proposes operations automation as an extension of the operator function model (OFM) and its computational implementation, OFMspert. The OFM is a normative behavioral model; OFMspert predicts and interprets operation actions. As such, the OFM and OFMspert offer potential computational architectures with which to implement operations automation. Finally, the paper describes an empirical study comparing co...
The Progress on the Effect of Soil Water on Growth and Development and Physiological Metabolism of Tobacco

Soil water is an important ecological factor for the growth and development,as well as physiological metabolism of tobacco plants.Also,it plays key role in the establishment of output and quality of tobacco leaves.To produce tobacco leaves with good quality,it is essential to supply adequate water for tobacco plants during the whole growth stage.In this paper,the progress related to the effects of soil water on growth and development,output and quality formation,water and mineral metabolism,photosynthesis and respiration,cell membranes and protection enzymes of membranes lipid peroxidation,as well as the change of endogenic hormones in tobacco were reviewed.Furthermore,some new techniques to improve the drought resistance and water-saving capability of tobacco production,and advance in transgenic engineering aiming to enhancing tobacco drought tolerance were summarized herein.
Masks for prevention of respiratory viruses on the BMT unit: results of a quality initiative.

Respiratory viral infections (RVI) cause significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized oncology patients. These viruses are easily spread from asymptomatic and/or symptomatic healthcare workers and visitors to immunocompromised patients, and literature review of facemasks for prevention of infection revealed mixed results. The Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Quality Assurance (QA) Committee at Mount Sinai began a surgical mask initiative on the BMT unit. The purpose of our initiative was to assess the impact of surgical mask implementation for healthcare workers and visitors on nosocomial RVI in all patients hospitalized on the BMT unit. We hypothesized that implementing surgical masks would reduce the number of hospital-acquired RVI. We performed a retrospective study involving all patients with malignancy hospitalized on the BMT unit for 4 years. During the latter 2 years, all healthcare workers and visitors were required to wear a surgical mask in every patient room on the BMT unit. Primary endpoint was incidence of RVI after implementation of surgical masks. The 2-year incidence of RVI in the pre-mask period was 14 out of a total of 15 001 patient days on the unit vs 2 out of 15 608 patient days after mask implementation. The difference in incidence of RVI within the two time intervals was noted to be statistically significant (P<.05, 2-proportion z-test). Our quality initiative demonstrated that surgical masks are an infection control modality that may provide benefit to oncology/BMT units by decreasing the risk for hospital-acquired RVI.
Macrosegregation modeling during direct-chill casting of aluminum alloy 7050

ABSTRACTA fully transient model of the direct-chill casting process is used to predict the macrosegregation development of aluminum alloy 7050. The ingot diameter, casting speed, superheat, secondary cooling, and thickness of pure Al at startup are varied. Predicted radial composition distributions are fit to Weibull probability density functions at each axial location, and the normalized standard deviation describes the macrosegregation level and the time when the process reaches steady state. The sump depth, steady-state height, and macrosegregation level were most affected by changes in casting speed and ingot diameter. The pure Al dilutes the alloy and delays compositional steady state.
An integrated flow microcalorimetry, infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory approach to the study of chromate complexation on hematite and ferrihdyrite

Abstract An approach to constructing comprehensive predictive models for contaminant interactions with mineral surfaces is to obtain multiples lines of evidence for surface properties and the types of complexes formed under different geochemical conditions. In this study, we used flow adsorption microcalorimetry (FAMC), attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study chromate complexation on ferrihydrite (FH) and hematite (HT). Under the experimental conditions used, chromate binds via an exothermic inner-sphere complexation on both surfaces, with similar enthalpy values that do not reveal dramatic differences in the sorption mechanism. Due to their underlying surface structure, FH favors more monodentate and HT more bidentate complexation. Chromate complexes were found by ATR and FAMC to be completely reversible, with substantially slower desorption compared to sorption. Both the FAMC and DFT indicated the presence of surface sites with different energetics, whereby lower surface coverages corresponded to higher enthalpies on both FH and HT. Both flow-based ATR and FAMC yielded different surface coverages than batch isotherms under the same conditions, highlighting the need to assess contaminant sorption under realistic conditions. Overall, this integrated approach proved to be an improved paradigm to study ion sorption on mineral surfaces.
Distributed Lamé mode resonators for temperature-stable high frequency mems oscillators

This paper presents a high frequency silicon resonator design possessing a quadratic temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) profile with high-temperature turnover point. The design takes the advantages of a square Lame mode and extends it to a distributed arrangement, to allow efficient transduction while scaling up the frequency. A Distributed Lame mode resonator (DLR) with frequency exceeding 160MHz and Q of 77k is measured with a motional impedance of 3.5kΩ, showing one of the highest f-Qs for silicon resonators. A high-temperature turnover point above 100°C is achieved for DLR fabricated on a commercially available highly doped substrate, which will allow ovenized high frequency silicon oscillators that cannot be realized efficiently using a simple square shape Lame mode resonator due to dimensional constraints. Using this method, it is possible to achieve temperature-stable silicon oscillators at high frequencies comparable to quartz oscillators, which are suitable for very high frequency (VHF) military (navigation, radar, GPS) and consumer applications (mobile phones).
George Catlin: Explorer and Painter of the Mandan

In a time when the majority of the United States' citizens viewed the Native American tribes as savages and a nuisance, George Catlin managed to capture a realistic view of these peoples. Catlin's art is probably the most receptive of the early Native American painters. His paintings demonstrated an understanding and even an appreciation of the native people. In 1837, few people in or outside of the United States had a clear picture of what the tribes of the Plains and the Rocky Mountains looked like. The copious amount of paintings, sketches and materials that Catlin brought back with him give some of the best, and in many cases, the only information about the tribes before the serious interference of Euro-American settlers and the government. For the majority of his adult life, Catlin traveled in the Louisiana Purchase Territory documenting the people through his paintings and his writing. Still, there is no doubt that Catlin believed that the Native Americans were doomed. One of the main motives behind Catlin's work was to document these people before they disappeared or the United Stated government changed their way of life forever. In many ways, Catlin was the first ethnographer of the native peoples and one of the most successful in capturing the tribes before outside interference.1 He was willing to paint and describe the Indians accurately. He did not give in to the stereotype of portraying the tribes as bloodthirsty savages. Through his art he attempted to show the American people the reality of the tribes, both good and bad, and doing this became his life's work.
Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and Cell Adhesion Molecules Following Exercise Training.

Elevated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and cell adhesion molecules are associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis. The role of exercise in circulating ox-LDL, enzyme mediators, and cell adhesion molecules are not clearly understood in obesity. As a randomized controlled design, 27 obese (BMI>30 kg/m2) sedentary men (N=13) and women (N=14) were randomly assigned to either an exercise (N=15) or a control (N=12) group. The exercise group performed a 60-min supervised treadmill exercise at moderate intensity (70% of HRmax) for 3 days per week for 4 weeks, while the control group did not exercise. Overnight fasting blood samples were collected before and after the study period to analyze serum lipids, lipoprotein-cholesterol, ox-LDL, 12- and 15-lipoxygenases, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Moderate-intensity exercise training lowered both ox-LDL (from 44.76±1.99 to 38.51±1.99 U/L, p=0.032) and MPO (from 31.48±2.20 to 23.09±2.20 ng/mL, p=0.010), without significantly altering body weight, other parameters of serum lipids and lipoproteins, or soluble cell adhesion molecules. Moderate intensity exercise training reduced the levels of ox-LDL and MPO, indicating a reduced risk for developing CVD and additional protection to the possible metabolic complications associated with obesity.
Modeling biomembranes and red blood cells by coarse-grained particle methods

In this work, the previously developed coarse-grained (CG) particle models for biomembranes and red blood cells (RBCs) are reviewed, and the advantages of the CG particle methods over the continuum and atomistic simulations for modeling biological phenomena are discussed. CG particle models can largely increase the length scale and time scale of atomistic simulations by eliminating the fast degrees of freedom while preserving the mesoscopic structures and properties of the simulated system. Moreover, CG particle models can be used to capture the microstructural alternations in diseased RBCs and simulate the topological changes of biomembranes and RBCs, which are the major challenges to the typical continuum representations of membranes and RBCs. The power and versatility of CG particle methods are demonstrated through simulating the dynamical processes involving significant topological changes, e.g., lipid self-assembly vesicle fusion and membrane budding.
Shrinkage Clustering: a fast and size-constrained clustering algorithm for biomedical applications

Many common clustering algorithms require a two-step process that limits their efficiency. The algorithms need to be performed repetitively and need to be implemented together with a model selection criterion. These two steps are needed in order to determine both the number of clusters present in the data and the corresponding cluster memberships. As biomedical datasets increase in size and prevalence, there is a growing need for new methods that are more convenient to implement and are more computationally efficient. In addition, it is often essential to obtain clusters of sufficient sample size to make the clustering result meaningful and interpretable for subsequent analysis. We introduce Shrinkage Clustering, a novel clustering algorithm based on matrix factorization that simultaneously finds the optimal number of clusters while partitioning the data. We report its performances across multiple simulated and actual datasets, and demonstrate its strength in accuracy and speed applied to subtyping cancer and brain tissues. In addition, the algorithm offers a straightforward solution to clustering with cluster size constraints. Given its ease of implementation, computing efficiency and extensible structure, Shrinkage Clustering can be applied broadly to solve biomedical clustering tasks especially when dealing with large datasets.
Weight management counselling among community pharmacists: a scoping review

OBJECTIVES To complete a scoping review of studies of community pharmacy-delivered weight and obesity management services from January 2010 to March 2017. METHODS A scoping review was conducted to obtain an overview of research related to the study objective. The PubMed, EBSCO and CINAHL databases were searched from January 2010 to March 2017 for articles examining obesity/weight management in community pharmacies. Included studies had to contain an obesity/weight management programme delivered primarily by community pharmacies. All non-interventional studies were excluded. KEY FINDINGS Nine articles were eligible for data extraction. Across the nine included studies, 2141 patients were enrolled. The overwhelming majority of patients enrolled in the studies were female, approximately 50 years of age, had a mean weight of 92.8 kg and mean BMI of 33.8 kg/m2 at baseline. Patients in these various programmes lost a mean of 3.8 kg, however, two studies demonstrated that long-term (>6 months) weight loss maintenance was not achieved. The average dropout rate for each study ranged from 8.3% to 79%. CONCLUSIONS Obesity has a significant impact on the health and wellness of adults globally. Recent research has shown that community pharmacies have the potential to positively impact patient weight loss. However, additional research is needed into the specific interventions that bring the most value to patients and can be sustained and spread across community pharmacy practice.
Instrumental Divergence and Goal-Directed Choice

Abstract Theories of instrumental behavior distinguish between goal-directed decisions, motivated by a deliberate consideration of the probability and current utility of their consequences, and habits, which are rigidly and automatically elicited by the stimulus environment based on reinforcement history. In spite of the far-reaching implications of this distinction, ranging from the structuring of economic policies to the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral pathology, much is still unknown about what factors shape goal-directed decisions and what conditions prompt a transition from goal-directed to habitual action selection. Generally, while computationally expensive, the flexible instrumental control afforded by goal-directed decisions offers adaptive advantage over less resource-intensive habits. A critical aspect of flexible choice, however, is that alternative actions yield distinct consequences: Only then does discrimination and selection between actions allow an agent to flexibly obtain the currently most desired outcome, warranting the processing cost of goal-directed computations. One possibility, therefore, is that a goal-directed decision strategy dominates when action–outcome contingencies yield high levels of flexible instrumental control. Moreover, since subjective outcome utilities often change from one moment to the next, flexible instrumental control is essential for reward maximization and, as such, may have intrinsic value, serving to reinforce and motivate decisions that guide the organism toward high-agency environments. This chapter discusses the use of instrumental divergence—the difference between outcome probability distributions associated with alternative actions—as a formal index of flexible instrumental control and highlights research assessing the influence of this novel decision variable on goal-directed choice preferences, and on the transition from goal-directed to habitual action selection, at behavioral and neural levels.
Delayed Feedback Frequency Adjustment for Deep Brain Stimulation of Subthalamic Nucleus Oscillations

Neural oscillations within the Basal Ganglia (BG) circuitry are associated with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and are observable through the Local Field Potential (LFP) of the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) or Globus Pallidus externa (GPe) neurons. LFP amplitude modulation in a delayed feedback protocol for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is shown to destabilize the complex intermittent synchronous states. However, traditional High Frequency Stimulations (HFS) often intensify the synchronization of highly fluctuating neurons, are less efficient in activating all neurons in large scale networks and consume more battery of the DBS device. Here, we investigate the partially synchronous dynamics of a STN-GPe coupling network to examine the effect of frequency adjustment in the stimulation signal. The frequency of the stimulation signal is adjusted according to the nonlinear delayed feedback LFP of the STN population. Frequency adjustment protocol with a fixed stimulation amplitude is shown to increase the desynchronization efficiency and neuronal activation by 25% and 16.2%, respectively, while reducing the energy consumption by 31.5% compared to amplitude modulation methods for stimulation of large networks (1000 neurons).
Acoustic Neuromas: General Considerations

VS account for approximately 6–8% of intracranial tumors in adults and are the most common tumor in the CPA ranging between 80% and 95%. Vestibular schwannomas constitute 6% of all intracranial neoplasms and are the most common benign lesions of the IAC and CPA cistern constituting between 60% and 90% of the entire lesions seen in this area. Growth rates in tumors that exhibit enlargement have been reported to be about 1–2 mm per year in linear growth in at least one dimension. While no formal consensus exists, most authors define normal growth rates as being between 1 and 2 mm per year and fast growth rates as 4 mm or greater per year. When considering common presenting manifestations, a helpful framework is to consider manifestations based on the size of the tumor, and its location; intracanalicular, cisternal, brainstem compressive, or hydrocephalic sizes. While any configuration is possible, hearing loss associated with vestibular schwannomas of this size is typically unilateral, progressive, and commonly affects high-frequency thresholds and speech perception. An occipital headache attributable to the tumor is a late finding with 20% of patients with tumors between 1 and 3 cm, with 40% of patients with tumors larger than 3 cm verifying this symptom. Gross total resection is the goal of surgery while maintaining good facial function, in all sizes of tumors, and hearing preservation, in small to moderate size tumors in patients with serviceable preoperative hearing status.
Detection and tracking of pedestrians and vehicles using roadside LiDAR sensors

Abstract Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing technology widely used in many areas ranging from making precise medical equipment to creating accurate elevation maps of farmlands. In transportation, although it has been used to assist some design and planning works, the application has been predominantly focused on autonomous vehicles, regardless of its great potential in precise detection and tracking of all road users if implemented in the field. This paper explores fundamental concepts, solution algorithms, and application guidance associated with using infrastructure-based LiDAR sensors to accurately detect and track pedestrians and vehicles at intersections. Based on LiDAR data collected in the field, investigations were conducted in the order of background filtering, object clustering, pedestrian and vehicle classification, and tracking. The results of the analysis include accurate and real-time information of the presence, position, velocity, and direction of pedestrians and vehicles. By studying the data from infrastructure-mounted LiDAR sensors at intersections, this paper offers insights into some critical techniques that are valuable to both researchers and practitioners toward field implementation of LiDAR sensors.
International coordination of research: EPRI International Dose Effect Alliance

Purpose: The key to increasing our understanding of low dose effects of ionizing radiation is cooperation and communication between research organizations around the world. The purpose of this article is to describe the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) program for such cooperation. Materials and methods: EPRI is an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to research support for the generation, transmission, and utilization of electricity. As part of its robust program, EPRI has sought to support research into low dose ionizing radiation health effects. Starting in 2016, one piece of the radiation safety program has been the International Dose Effect Alliance (IDEA), the mission of which is to organize collaborative meetings to bring together researchers from around the world to discuss research agendas, programs, and priorities. Results: IDEA workshops were held in the fall of 2016 and 2017, and were successful in starting the dialogue toward increased collaboration within the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. EPRI supports global collaboration and cooperation as a key opportunity to build upon the work being undertaken throughout the world to create a unified effort to answer the questions of low dose and dose rate ionizing radiation health effects. The International Workshop on the Biological Effects of Radiation, which was held in Osaka, Japan in March 2018, provided a further opportunity to expand upon the initiative for global collaboration. Conclusions: Significant advances are being achieved through the IDEA program, and the Osaka workshop held in Japan in March 2018 has further contributed to the initiative.
Implications of commodity programs and crop insurance policies for wheat producers.

We analyze the effects of Price Loss Coverage (PLC), Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC), individual revenue protection insurance (RP), and Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) on the RP coverage level, certainty equivalent, and program payments. The model is calibrated to a representative wheat farm in Mitchell County in Kansas to analyze the effects of various policies. The result highlights that when insurance is framed as an investment, cumulative prospect theory predicts farmers’ coverage decisions accurately at 70%. ARC or PLC program increases the RP coverage level to 75%, but PLC and SCO jointly decrease the RP coverage level to 70%.
Transposable elements drive widespread expression of oncogenes in human cancers

Transposable elements (TEs) are an abundant and rich genetic resource of regulatory sequences1-3. Cryptic regulatory elements within TEs can be epigenetically reactivated in cancer to influence oncogenesis in a process termed onco-exaptation4. However, the prevalence and impact of TE onco-exaptation events across cancer types are poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed 7,769 tumors and 625 normal datasets from 15 cancer types, identifying 129 TE cryptic promoter-activation events involving 106 oncogenes across 3,864 tumors. Furthermore, we interrogated the AluJb-LIN28B candidate: the genetic deletion of the TE eliminated oncogene expression, while dynamic DNA methylation modulated promoter activity, illustrating the necessity and sufficiency of a TE for oncogene activation. Collectively, our results characterize the global profile of TE onco-exaptation and highlight this prevalent phenomenon as an important mechanism for promiscuous oncogene activation and ultimately tumorigenesis.
Transverse beam dynamics in a plasma density ramp

An electron beam experiences chromatic emittance growth in a plasma-based accelerator if it is not matched to the focusing force in the plasma wake. A ramped plasma density profile at the entrance and exit of the plasma source can control the focusing of the beam into and out of the plasma accelerator, limiting emittance growth. Here, we present a comprehensive, analytic theory to describe the transverse beam dynamics and emittance growth in a nearly arbitrary plasma ramp profile. For a given incoming beam, this theory can be used to determine the length of the ramp required to correctly focus the electron beam, the optimal location of the beam's vacuum focus, and the chromatic emittance growth in the ramp. In addition, the theory can be used to determine the effect that errors in the beam focusing and plasma profile have on the emittance of the beam. We illustrate two example ramps to demonstrate the theory: one that provides very fast focusing for beam matching, and one that is robust to errors in the plasma density profile.
Vibration Characteristics of Three Representative Hydrofoil Configurations

Abstract : Comparisons are made between theoretical and measured resonant frequencies for three representative hydrofoil configurations (Inverted Pi, Vee and Inverted Tee), with variable end conditions and depth of submergence in water. Theoretical calculations were based on influence coefficients, accounting for the 'apparent mass' effect of the water. Agreement on frequencies through the first six to eight modes of vibration for all configurations is generally excellent, being well within 10% in most instances and in no case greater than 18. 1%. Agreement on mode shapes is also generally good. (Author)
Risk Assessments and Fairness Under Missingness and Confounding

Fairness in machine learning has become a significant area of research as risk assessments and other algorithmic decision-making systems are increasingly used in high-stakes applications such as criminal justice, consumer lending, and child welfare screening decisions. Two significant challenges to achieving fair decision-making systems are 1) access to the protected attribute may be limited and 2) the outcome may be confounded or selectively observed depending on the historical data generating process. To address the former challenge, we propose two methods for overcoming limited access to the protected attribute and empirically evaluate their success on three datasets. To address the later challenge, we develop counterfactual risk assessments that account for the effect of historical interventions on the outcome. We analyze the performance of our counterfactual risk assessments in criminal sentencing decisions in Pennsylvania. We compare our model against observational risk assessments.
Stopping the Process from Beginning: Avoid Becoming a Target

It is difficult to stop someone who is committed to and has attained the means and access to commit the crime. It is easier to stop them before they get to that point. Those individuals that take steps to be unnoticed, unwanted, and unreachable by criminals may not be deemed worthy targets. Those who avoid dangerous situations and contributing to the criminal victimization process may cause aggressors to focus their attention elsewhere. Individuals can make themselves undesirable targets by limiting their vulnerabilities, accessibility, high-risk activities, and rewards. In addition, they can increase the perceived risks of an attack by developing strategies to protect themselves and detect a criminal advance.
Queers, Bis, and Straight Lies: An Intersectional Examination of LGBTQ Stigma

Though there have been great advances for LGBTQ people in recent years, stigma, intolerance, and prejudice remain. Queers, Bis, and Straight Lies: An Intersectional Examination of LGBTQ Stigma offers an in-depth exploration of LGBTQ negativity through its ground-breaking use of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory (NCST), the first ever theory about stigma that is both testable and well-positioned in existing stigma scholarship. Based on research with more than 3,000 respondents, hetero-cis-normativity and intersectionality are highlighted as fundamental in understanding separate but interconnected discussions about LGBTQ individuals’ experiences with discrimination, harassment, and violence. With chapters dedicated to lesbian women, gay men, bisexual women, bisexual men, trans women, trans men, non-binary/genderqueer people, queer women, and queer men, Queers, Bis, and Straight Lies brings together empirically-driven findings that work toward dismantling "straight lies" in an innovative and impactful manner. Through its novel and critical approach, Queers, Bis, and Straight Lies is the ideal resource for those who want to learn about LGBTQ stigma more broadly and for those who seek a nuanced, theory-driven, and intersectional examination of how LGBTQ prejudices and prejudicial experiences differ by gender identity, sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and class.
Wind-powered afterglows of gamma-ray bursts: flares, plateaus and steep decays

Afterglows of gamma-ray bursts often show flares, plateaus, and sudden intensity drops: these temporal features are difficult to explain as coming from the forward shock. We calculate radiative properties of early GRB afterglows with the dominant contribution from the reverse shock (RS) propagating in an ultra-relativistic (pulsar-like) wind produced by the long-lasting central engine. RS emission occurs in the fast cooling regime - this ensures high radiative efficiency and allows fast intensity variations. We demonstrate that: (i) mild wind power, of the order of $\sim 10^{46}$ erg s$^{-1}$, can reproduce the afterglows' plateau phase; (ii) termination of the wind can produce sudden steep decays; (iii) mild variations in the wind luminosity can produce short-duration afterglow flares.
The antiimmigrant sentiment and its impact on immigrant families

Abstract The global and local contexts in which the individuals acculturate are important factors to consider because families’ acculturation experiences unfold within the local community of resettlement. Immigration can be a stressful transition for families as they negotiate multiple social and cultural forces between their home and host cultures. This chapter focused on the immigrants and acculturation within the United States and Europe to better portray their specific experiences. Further, we unpack specific layers of the integrative risk and resilience model as they relate to raising children in the current antiimmigrant sentiment in each of the developmental contexts. We draw from research conducted in the United States and Europe to highlight the unique contexts in which immigrants’ lives are embedded in, challenges and stressors they encounter, and the social support that may buffer their experiences. Recommendations for policy makers, practitioners, and researchers are discussed.
CancerSiamese: one-shot learning for primary and metastatic tumor classification

Abstract We consider cancer classification based on one single gene expression profile. We proposed CancerSiamese, a new one-shot learning model, to predict the cancer type of a query primary or metastatic tumor sample based on a support set that contains only one known sample for each cancer type. CancerSiamese receives pairs of gene expression profiles and learns a representation of similar or dissimilar cancer types through two parallel Convolutional Neural Networks joined by a similarity function. We trained CancerSiamese for both primary and metastatic cancer type predictions using samples from TCGA and MET500. Test results for different N-way predictions yielded an average accuracy improvement of 8% and 4% over the benchmark 1-Nearest Neighbor (1-NN) classifier for primary and metastatic tumors, respectively. Moreover, we applied the guided gradient saliency map and feature selection to CancerSiamese to identify and analyze the marker-gene candidates for primary and metastatic cancers. Our work demonstrated, for the first time, the feasibility of applying one-shot learning for expression-based cancer type prediction when gene expression data of cancer types are limited and could inspire new and ingenious applications of one-shot and few-shot learning solutions for improving cancer diagnosis, treatment planning, and our understanding of cancer.
Noncutaneous Melanoma [Internet]

Noncutaneous melanoma, integrates the expertise of a multidisciplinary group of clinicians and investigators to help shed light on recent advances in the understanding of noncutaneous melanomas. The authors skillfully present a comprehensive review of uveal melanoma, the most common type of ocular melanoma, as well as nasopharyngeal, genitourinary, and anorectal melanoma, and finally melanoma of unknown primary. This book will be highly valuable to clinicians caring for patients with noncutaneous melanoma who desire a review of the current literature regarding these entities. As the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these patients are continually evolving, it is imperative for clinicians to stay well versed on new advances gleaned from the primary literature. This book addresses each topic in sophisticated detail, and it will be a valuable resource for clinicians and investigators to assist in patient care and guide further research.
Reorganization energy in electron transport through semiconductor quantum dots

The concept of reorganization energy is well established for molecular systems where the electron transfer from a donor to an acceptor is accompanied by the reorganization of environment. It is not the case for bulk semiconductors with translational symmetry. However, in the presence of additional confinement, like in the quantum dots, the electron–phonon interaction is modified. We show that when the dots are not identical, the phonon reorganization energy can be determined. We calculate it for a realistic case of GaAs quantum dots.
Changes in Clinical Care of the Newborn during COVID 19 Pandemic: From the Womb to First Newborn Visit

COVID-19 has afflicted the health of children and women across all age groups. Since the outbreak of the pandemic in December 2019, various epidemiologic, immunologic, clinical, and pharmaceutical studies have been conducted to understand its infectious characteristics, pathogenesis, and clinical profile. COVID-19 affects pregnant women more seriously than nonpregnant women, endangering the health of the newborn. Changes have been implemented to guidelines for antenatal care of pregnant women, delivery, and newborn care. We highlight the current trends of clinical care in pregnant women and newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mothers on Mute: A Silent Pandemic

Summary My experience of the COVID‐19 pandemic, and trying to write through it, has been profoundly shaped by my identity as a mother. Like me, many women—mothers in particular—have had their voices muted by the demands of domestic labor. Trying to find a way to continue telling the stories that matter to me during these times has made me see how important it is for mothers to unmute and claim a space for our voices, even if our voices must change in order to be heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Anthropology & Humanism is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
SMART Binary: Sample Size Calculation for Comparing Adaptive Interventions in SMART studies with Longitudinal Binary Outcomes

Sequential Multiple-Assignment Randomized Trials (SMARTs) play an increasingly important role in psychological and behavioral health research. This experimental approach enables researchers to answer scientific questions about how best to sequence and match interventions to the unique and changing needs of individuals. A variety of sample size calculations have been developed in recent years, enabling researchers to plan SMARTs for addressing different types of scientific questions. However, relatively limited attention has been given to planning SMARTs with binary (dichotomous) outcomes, which often require higher sample sizes relative to continuous outcomes. Existing resources for estimating sample size requirements for SMARTs with binary outcomes do not consider the potential ability to improve power by including a baseline measurement and/or multiple longitudinal measurements. The current paper addresses this issue by providing sample size formulas for longitudinal binary outcomes and exploring their performance via simulations.
FEATURE LEARNING IN DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS: MODELING THE ACOUSTIC STRUCTURE OF MUSICAL EMOTION

While emotion-based music organization is a natural process for humans, quantifying it empirically proves to be a very difficult task, and as such no dominant feature representation for music emotion recognition has yet emerged. Much of the difficulty in developing emotion-based features is the ambiguity of the ground-truth. Even using the smallest time window, opinions about emotion are bound to vary and reflect some disagreement between listeners. In previous work, we have modeled human response labels to music in the arousal-valence (A-V) emotion space with time-varying stochastic distributions. Current methods for automatic detection of emotion in music seek performance increases by combining several feature domains (e.g. loudness, timbre, harmony, rhythm). Such work has focused largely in dimensionality reduction for minor classification performance gains, but has provided little insight into the relationship between audio and emotional associations. In this work, we seek to employ regression-based deep belief networks to learn features directly from magnitude spectra. Taking into account the dynamic nature of music, we investigate combining multiple timescales of aggregated magnitude spectra as a basis for feature learning.
Kit de robótica educacional baseado em hardware livre

Este artigo apresenta um kit robotico de arquitetura aberta e de baixo custo, construido a partir da plataforma Arduino e servomotores. Tambem apresenta um ambiente computacional baseado em softwares livres que permite que os aprendizes programem tarefas simples no robo, estimulando o processo ensino-aprendizagem. Os resultados demonstraram que a plataforma robotica proposta e viavel e pode ser utilizada no desenvolvimento de novos algoritmos, ate mesmo mais complexos do que os desenvolvidos neste trabalho.
The Effect of Dietary Cysteine Level on Cysteine Metabolism in Rats

Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed L-amino acid diets that contained 0.4% L methionine and either 0, 0.2% (control), or 2.6% L-cysteine (free base) for 5 or 20 days. Hepatic cysteine dioxygenase activity in rats fed 2.6% cysteine was 5 and 3-times as great as in pair-fed control rats at 5 and 20 days, respectively. Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase activity in liver of rats fed 2.6% cysteine for 20 days was about 40% of the pair-fed control level. The activity of cysteine sulfinate aminotransferase and the rate of cysteine desulfhydration were not influenced by dietary cysteine content. Rats that had been fed these diets for 5 days were intubated with 5 g of diet that contained either 0.2% or 2.6% L-[35S] cysteine. The 24-hour urinary excretion of total 35S, 35SO4, and [35S] taurine by rats that had been fed 2.6% cysteine for 5 days and intubated with 0.2% L[35S] cysteine was 1.4-, 1.8-, and 2.4-fold, respectively, that of pair-fed control rats. About 2.1, 1.8, and 9.1 times as much 35S, 35SO4, and [35S] taurine, respectively, were excreted by rats fed 2.6% cysteine for 5 days and intubated with 2.6% L-[35S] cysteine as was excreted by pair-fed control rats. Urinary excretion of these metabolites was not different between rats fed 0 and 0.2% cysteine. These results indicate that the cysteine sulfinate pathway plays a major regulatory role in the metabolism of excess cysteine.
Brain activity and emotional processing in smokers treated with varenicline

Prior evidence suggests that varenicline, an effective smoking cessation treatment, may relieve negative affective signs of nicotine withdrawal. We examined varenicline effects on emotional processing in 25 abstinent smokers after 13 days of varenicline and placebo using a within-subject cross-over design. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired while subjects completed a face emotion identification task. Results showed a significant drug effect, characterized by decreased BOLD signal in dorsal anterior cingulate/medial frontal cortex, occipital cortex and thalamus. Increased BOLD signal was observed in the middle temporal gyrus. Varenicline improved correct response time; however, neither BOLD signal nor performance effects were moderated by emotion type. An exploratory region of interest analysis suggests that varenicline reduced amygdala activity independent of emotional valence. Taken together, these results suggest that observed drug effects on brain activity do not reflect affective changes but rather enhanced early processing of perceptual features of facial stimuli.
Active Vibration Suppression by Moving Force Actuators

The use of fixed force actuators in the active control of vibration of distributed parameter systems gives acceptable performance only if the modal content of the unwanted motion to be suppressed aligns well with the modes retained for the controller synthesis [4]. In this paper we present a novel concept for the active control of distributed parameter systems. It is based on the idea of dynamically varying the location of actuators. For illustrating the main features of this concept, we consider a simply supported, thin, long, flexible beam controlled by a single moving actuator as the focus of the study. The strategy of dynamically varying the actuator location is used primarily, to shift the relative dominance of the contributions of each mode to the total energy content of the unwanted motion. The idea is to localize the vibration modes and confine it to a region close to the actuator. This phenomenon is referred to as normal mode localization and was first predicted by Anderson [1] in the field of solid state physics. Our preliminary results indicate that all odd numbered modes or even numbered modes can be totally eliminated by moving the actuator at a constant velocity along the span of the beam. We are currently working on a strategy for total elimination of vibration. An experimental set up for demonstrating the feasibility of the above concept is currently being built and we expect to have experimental data by the end of the year.
The rise, the fall, and ... : the emerging recovery of project finance transport

Many transport projects undertaken during the boom period of the 1990s came to a crashing halt in 1997, and conditions in emerging markets worsened in 1998 and 1999. Many projects failed, victim of everything from overoptimistic forecasts to excessive debt to an inability to refinance bridge loans. As available financing dried up, many projects went bankrupt, had to be renegotiated, or were taken over by the government. What have we learned from all this? Recent developments in emerging financial markets have dramatically changed the appetite for (and terms of) transport infrastructure projects. As a result of defaults in Asia and Russia and devaluations in Asia, Brazil, and Russia, political and currency and exchange risk premia have increased dramatically. Given large needs for sovereign debt financing, infrastructure project finance will be seeking guarantees at the same time as governments are issuing primary securities. Large portfolio outflows in emerging market funds mean that the sources of both equity and debt capital that became available in the mid-1990s are drying up for all but the most creditworthy projects. Moreover, real economic effects from financial events have consequences in the transport sector, since transport is a derived demand. Any decline in real economic activity is felt quickly in traffic levels and revenues. Currency devaluations that help spur exports may generate higher volumes for seaports and air cargo activity. These effects vary by sector, especially over the medium to longer term. Declines in real economic activity make matters especially difficult for toll roads, as drivers shift to free alternatives and reduce the number of trips taken. What does all this mean for project finance in transport? Risks have increased. Debt finance costs more. The available tenor of debt instruments has shortened and more equity is required for projects. The sources and availability of equity finance have changed. Project finance efforts have shifted from new projects to the privatization, rehabilitation, and expansion of existing facilities. And a "superclass" of sponsors, bankers, and investors has emerged. Failures and mistakes in project finance deals in the 1990s were sharp and persistent. But much has been learned about sound project economics, conservative financial structures, comprehensive sensitivity analysis, the effects of macroeconomic factors, and the need for proper incentives and sound institutional and regulatory arrangements. This paper-a product of Governance, Regulation, and Finance, World Bank Institute-is part of a larger effort in the institute to increase understanding of infrastructure regulation.