cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical fastening of FGRP composites

1988, Vol. 67, Laser Inst. of America, Toledo, OH, pp. 95-101. Hopkins, E. J., and Keener, E. R., "Study of Surface Pilots for Measuring Turbulent Skin Friction at Supersonic Mach NumbersAdiabatic Wall," NASA TN D-3478, July 1966. Allen, J. M., "Critical Preston-Tube Sizes," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 7, No. 3, May-June 1970, pp. 285-287. Settles, G. S., and Dolling, D. S., "Swept Shock Wave/BoundaryLayer Interactions," in AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics: Tactical Missile Aerodynamics, edited by M. Hemsch and J. Nielsen, Vol. 104, AIAA, New York, 1986, pp. 297-379. !Hsu, J. C., and Settles, G. S., "Holographic Interferometry of Swept Shock/Boundary Layer Interactions," AIAA Paper 89-1849, June 1989. Fernando, E. M., Donovan, J. F., Smith, D. R., and Smits, A. J., "Conventional Skin Friction Measurement Techniques for Strongly Perturbed Supersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers," AIAA Paper 89-1861, June 1989.
Medical image perception: evaluating the role of experience

The goal of this research was to understand the influence of experience on how radiologists search medical images for lesions and how search is affected by providing computer-aided detection prompts. Two studies will be discussed. The first study recorded the eye-position of 6 radiologists with different amounts of experience as they searched 20 mammography cases for lesions. Detection performance was measured using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and visual search patterns were characterized. The second study recorded eye-position as radiologists with different degrees of experience searched mammograms with and without lesion prompts. Radiologists with more experience tend to find lesions faster and have more efficient search patterns than those with less experience. Positive decisions for all observers have longer dwells than negative decisions. Missed lesions receive longer dwells than lesion free areas. Experienced radiologists perform more complete searches prior to prompt availability and access prompts later in search than those with less experience. Visual search is influenced significantly by amount of training and experience reading specific types of images. This skill may or may not be easily transferable from/to different types of images. This is especially important when computer aids are used to help the radiologist detect lesions by providing prompts on the image.
Some Properties of Hare Voting with Strategic Voters

From the perspective of some common criteria for evaluating voting procedures, the results we offer in this essay will almost certainly be interpreted as inditments of STV. Even if we restrict preferences with conditions R1 and R2, STV is not necessarily incentive compatible. Moreover, strategic voting does not ensure the selection of Condorcet winning candidates or of Condorcet outcomes. This fact, moreover is not dependent on the existence of “bogus” equilibria — outcomes that exclude Condorcet candidates cannot be avoided under all circumstances even if we limit our analysis to strong or to individually stable equilibria. It is not the case, though, that the Condorcet criterion is the unique or even the most important criterion with which to evaluate election procedures. For example, we have not examined the extent to which STV ensures proportionality and we have not compared STV to other procedures. Despite the apparent deficiencies described in this essay, STV may yet prove to be a viable alternative to systems that seek to ensure proportionality by other means.
Study of 3-flavor QCD finite temperature phase transition with staggered fermions☆

We have studied the 3-flavor, finite temperature, QCD phase transition with staggred fermions on an Nt = 4 lattice. By studying a variety of quark masses we have located the critical point, mc, where the first order 3-flavor transition ends as lying in the region 0.32 ≤ mc ≤ 0.35 in lattice units.
Multiresolution feature extraction for pairwise classification of hyperspectral data

Prediction of landcover type from airborne/spaceborne sensors is an important classification problem in remote sensing. Due to advances in sensor technology, it is now possible to acquire hyperspectral data simultaneously in more than 100 bands, each of which measures the integrated response of a target over a narrow window of the electromagnetic spectrum. The bands are ordered by their wavelengths and spectrally adjacent bands are generally statistically correlated. Using such high dimensional data for classification of landcover potentially provides greatly improved results. However, it is necessary to select bands that provide the best possible discrimination among the classes of interest. In this paper, we propose an efficient top-down multiresolution class-dependent feature extraction algorithm for hyperspectral data to be used with a pairwise classification scheme. First, the C class problem is divided into ( C 2 ) two class problems. Features for each pair of classes are extracted independently. The algorithm decomposes the bands recursively into groups of adjacent bands (subspaces) in a top-down fashion. The features extracted are specific to the pair of classes that are being distinguished and exploit the ordering information in the hyperspectral data. Experiments on a 183 band AVIRIS data set for a 12 class problem show significant improvements in both classification accuracies and the number of features required for all 66 pairs of classes.
High-redshift gamma-ray bursts from population III progenitors

Detection of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from redshifts z k7 would open a new window into the earliest epoch of cosmicstarformation.Weconstructseparatestarformationhistoriesathighredshiftsfornormal(PopulationIandII) stars and for predominantly massive (Population III) stars. Based on these separate histories, we predict the GRB redshift distribution to be observed by the Swift mission. Regardless of whether Population III progenitors are able to trigger GRBs, we find that a fraction, � 10%, of all bursts detected by Swift will originate at z k 5. This baseline contribution is due to Population I/II star formation, which must have extended out to high redshifts in rare massive galaxies that were enriched by heavy elements earlier than the typical galaxies. In addition, we consider the possible contribution of Population III progenitors to the observable GRB rate. Population III stars are viable progenitors for long-duration GRBs that are triggered by the collapsar mechanism, as long as they can lose their outer envelope through mass transfer to a companion star in a close binary. We find that the likelihood of Population III binaries to satisfy the conditions required by the collapsar mechanism could be enhanced significantly relative to Population I/II binaries. If PopulationIII binariesare common,Swiftwillbethefirst observatory to probe Population III starformation at redshifts z k 7. Subject headings: binaries: general — cosmology: theory — gamma rays: bursts — stars: formation
Inheritance of heat resistance in rice

A study of 25 Russian rice cultivars has shown that temperature increase (to 35°C) results in an increase in the average number of sterile spikelets (by 35.8%) in most samples. This percentage reached 80% for single samples. The spikelet sterility is accompanied by a decrease in the 1000-grain weight, which averaged 20.6% and varied depending on cultivar from 2 to 48%. The average grain weight in the main panicle in all cultivars decreased compared with the control by 62.1% and varied from 16 to 98% depending on cultivar. Some cultivars were heat-resistant with regard to all traits under study, whereas only a few traits were heat-insensitive. The effect of cytoplasmic DNA on the inheritance of “heat tolerance” has been studied.
A geometric view of Hamiltonian perturbation theory

Abstract The variational formulation for Lie-transform Hamiltonian perturbation theory is presented in terms of an action functional defined on a two-dimensional parameter space. A fundamental equation in Hamiltonian perturbation theory is shown to result from the freedom of choice of the integration path for the action functional.
On the mechanics of progress in primary education

As countries grow rich, education improves in many ways. The sector enjoys more resources for education per primary school-aged child, not because of bigger budget allocations, nor an easing of the demographic burden on the system, but because the cost of inputs, especially teacher salaries, decline substantially relative to the per capita GNP. The extra resources enable countries to expand coverage and reduce the pupil–teacher ratio, with the latter receiving increasing emphasis during the past 20 years. The implicit trade-off against coverage raises questions about the efficiency and equity of education policies in developing countries, particularly in settings where significant shares of the primary school-age children remain out of school.
Finite length discrete matched filters

Abstract The matched filter (MF) is well known to be the linear detector that has the maximum output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The problem of finding the minimum filter length in discrete time to achieve a certain level of performance is considered when there is some freedom in choosing a signal shape. Upper and lower bounds on the SNR are given in terms of the eigenvalues of the noise covariance matrix. Since these bounds are rather difficult to compute, looser, but easier to compute, bounds are given. Several examples are presented which illustrate the exact and approximate bounds.
Partially Overlapping Time Series: A New Model for Volatility Dynamics in Commodity Futures

In commodity futures markets, contracts with various delivery dates trade simultaneously. Applied researchers typically discard the majority of the data and form a single time series by choosing only one price observation per day. This strategy precludes a full understanding of these markets and can induce complicated nonlinear dynamics in the data. In this paper, I introduce the partially overlapping time series (POTS) model to model jointly all traded contracts. The POTS model incorporates time-to-delivery, storability, seasonality and GARCH effects. I apply the POTS model to corn futures at the Chicago Board of Trade and the results uncover substantial inefficiency associated with delivery on corn futures. The results also support two theories of commodity pricing: the theory of storage and the Samuelson effect. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topology and Sobolev Spaces

Abstract Consider the Sobolev class W 1, p ( M , N ) where M and N are compact manifolds. We present some sufficient conditions which guarantee that W 1, p ( M , N ) is path-connected. We also discuss cases where W 1, p ( M , N ) admits more than one component. There are still a number of open problems, especially concerning the values of p where a change in homotopy classes occurs.
An online spacecraft environment interactions information system

This paper reviews the role that EnviroNET assumes as a contemporary system that scientists and engineers can use to share information on networks that are connected globally. Advantage is being taken to use this powerful communication tool for the space community to articulate the various anomalies that our space systems are experiencing. EnviroNET is being considered as a test bed for developing an expert system for diagnosing environmentally induced anomalies for spacecraft. The various offline activities in progress toward this objective are described.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ROADWAY ASPHALT

ABSTRACT The condition of ten roadways constructed between February 1983 and Hay 1984 has been evaluated with respect to distortion, cracking, raveling, rutting, and overall condition. These observations have been correlated with laboratory measurements of rheological and chemical properties of the refinery liquid from which the roadway was made. Rheologic parameters include penetration, ductility, and viscosity. Chemical measurements include elemental analyses, fractionation into asphaltenes, oils, and resins, infrared and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, molecular size of asphalt components by high performance liquid chromatography, and solvent solubility
Consensus formation in multi-state majority and plurality models

We study consensus formation in interacting systems that evolve by multi-state majority rule and by plurality rule. In an update event, a group of G agents (with G odd), each endowed with an s-state spin variable, is specified. For majority rule, all group members adopt the local majority state; for plurality rule the group adopts the local plurality state. This update is repeated until a final consensus state is generally reached. In the mean field limit, the consensus time for an N-spin system increases as ln N for both majority and plurality rules, with an amplitude that depends on s and G. For finite spatial dimensions, domains undergo diffusive coarsening in majority rule when s or G is small. For larger s and G, opinions spread ballistically from the few groups with an initial local majority. For plurality rule, there is always diffusive domain coarsening towards consensus.
Vibronic relaxation dynamics of CN in Ar matrices and clusters

Abstract The relaxation dynamics of CN in Ar matrices and clusters (CN-Ar n , n ≈ 100) have been examined using time- and wavelength-resolved fluorescence techniques. Transfer between levels of the A 2 Π and X 2 Σ + states was characterized for matrix-isolated CN. The transfer rate constants were consistent with a mechanism controlled by both the energy spacings between the levels, and the Franck-Condon overlaps. CN-Ar n clusters exhibited B 2 Σ + → A 2 Π transfer, but evidence for subsequent A ↔ X transfer was not found. Comparisons with the matrix relaxation behavior suggest that each cluster consists of a CN radical bound to the surface of an Ar n unit. B → A transfer predissociated the clusters, yielding CN in the ν A = 9 and 8 vibrational levels. This occurrence permitted a provisional new determination of the radiative lifetime for these excited vibrational levels.
Carbohydrates to Carbocycles via Radical Aldehyde Cyclizations

Abstract Previous work in this laboratory has shown that radical aldehyde cyclizations provide efficient routes for the preparation of cycloalkanols. This process seems well suited to carbohydrate substrates and could conceivably be developed for novel routes from carbohydrates to carbocycles. Several aldehydic substrates have been prepared with a variety of different radical progenitors. The preliminary conclusions seem to be that α-oxygenated aldehydes are poor substrates, a probable reason being that the intermediate alkoxy radicals are prone to decomposition by β-scission. The formation of the radical intermediates has been demonstrated by trapping experiments with acrylonitrile.
The 2-Channel Kondo Model: I. Review of Experimental Evidence for Its Realization in Metal Nanoconstrictions

Abstract Certain zero-bias anomalies (ZBAs) in the voltage, temperature and magnetic field dependence of the conductance G ( V , T , H ) of quenched Cu point contacts have previously been interpreted to be due to non-magnetic 2-channel Kondo (2CK) scattering from near-degenerate atomic two-level tunneling systems (Ralph and Buhrman, 1992; Ralph et al. , 1994) and hence to represent an experimental realization of the non-Fermi-liquid physics of the T =0 fixed point of the 2-channel Kondo model. In this, the first in a series of three papers (I, II, III) devoted to 2-channel Kondo physics, we present a comprehensive review of the quenched Cu ZBA experiments and their 2CK interpretation, including new results on ZBAs in constrictions made from Ti or from metallic glasses. We first review the evidence that the ZBAs are due to electron scattering from stuctural defects that are not static, but possess internal dynamics. In order to distinguish between several mechanisms proposed to explain the experiments, we then analyze the scaling properties of the conductance at low temperature and voltage and extract from the data a universal scaling function Γ ( v ). The theoretical calculation of the corresponding scaling function within the 2CK model is the subject of papers II and III. The main conclusion of our work is that the properties of the ZBAs, and most notably their scaling behavior, are in good agreement with the 2CK model and clearly different from several other proposed mechanisms.
Synthesis of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor DMP 266

Abstract Abstract: DMP 266, a potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor was prepared in six steps starting from commercially available 4-chlorophenyl isocyanate. The racemic compound was formed very efficiently from N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-chloroaniline and resolution was accomplished via the (-)-camphanates. Present address: B. I. Chemical, Inc., P.O. BOX 1658, Petersburg, VA 23805, U.S.A.)
The Generation of Magnetic Fields through Driven Turbulence

We have tested the ability of driven turbulence to generate magnetic field structure from a weak uniform field using three-dimensional numerical simulations of incompressible turbulence. We used a pseudospectral code with a numerical resolution of up to 1443 collocation points. We find that the magnetic fields are amplified through field line stretching at a rate proportional to the difference between the velocity and the magnetic field strength times a constant. Equipartition between the kinetic and magnetic energy densities occurs at a scale somewhat smaller than the kinetic energy peak. Above the equipartition scale the velocity structure is, as expected, nearly isotropic. The magnetic field structure at these scales is uncertain, but the field correlation function is very weak. At the equipartition scale the magnetic fields show only a moderate degree of anisotropy, so the typical radius of curvature of field lines is comparable to the typical perpendicular scale for field reversal. In other words, there are few field reversals within eddies at the equipartition scale and no fine-grained series of reversals at smaller scales. At scales below the equipartition scale, both velocity and magnetic structures are anisotropic; the eddies are stretched along the local magnetic field lines, and the magnetic energy dominates the kinetic energy on the same scale by a factor that increases at higher wavenumbers. We do not show a scale-free inertial range, but the power spectra are a function of resolution and/or the imposed viscosity and resistivity. Our results are consistent with the emergence of a scale-free inertial range at higher Reynolds numbers.
A Survey of Non-Exchangeable Priors for Bayesian Nonparametric Models

Dependent nonparametric processes extend distributions over measures, such as the Dirichlet process and the beta process, to give distributions over collections of measures, typically indexed by values in some covariate space. Such models are appropriate priors when exchangeability assumptions do not hold, and instead we want our model to vary fluidly with some set of covariates. Since the concept of dependent nonparametric processes was formalized by MacEachern, there have been a number of models proposed and used in the statistics and machine learning literatures. Many of these models exhibit underlying similarities, an understanding of which, we hope, will help in selecting an appropriate prior, developing new models, and leveraging inference techniques.
Nudge, embarrassment, and restriction-replies to Voigt, Tieffenbach, and Saghai.

It is a privilege that some of the most promising contributors to public health ethics took the time to think and comment on my op-ed. Kristin Voigt’s (1), Emma Tieffenbach’s (2), and Yashar Saghai’s (3) ingenious comments have taught me a lot about nudging, embarrassment, and restriction. Let me address their main points one by one.
Ir/Au Ohmic Contacts on Bulk, Single-Crystal n-Type ZnO

Purpose: Need for reliable, thermally stable Ohmic metallizations for ZnO. Because of difficulties with current common contact metals, there exists a heavy desire for metals with high melting temperatures and low reactivities.
A thermodynamic study of the effect of small-scale electrolytes on equilibrium redox potentials

Abstract Expressions are derived to calculate the equilibrium oxidation–reduction potentials for the Al+3/Al, Cu+2/Cu, and Zn+2/Zn systems in small-scale electrolytes. The geometrical system consists of a droplet of electrolyte resting on a flat metal plate, and the metal is considered to be immersed in a solution of its own ions. When the radius of the drop is allowed to vary, both the size of the electrolyte and the size of the active metal beneath the droplet change simultaneously. The total free energy change for the system consists of both electrochemical and surface chemical contributions. The interfacial free energy for the solid/liquid interface has been estimated from the Girifalco–Good expression or from spreading pressure considerations. When the droplet becomes sufficiently small in radius, the surface chemical contributions become significant, and the calculated redox potential changes from its normal value to more negative values as the size of the system decreases. The magnitude of this effect depends on the particular system. For 2 M Cu+2, the calculated redox potential for a 0.8 nm radius droplet is 0.259 V more negative than for the bulk electrolyte. The effect is much smaller for aluminum and zinc. In all three systems, calculated redox potentials approach values for the bulk solution for droplet radii of about 10 nm.
Genetic determinants of drug response in heart failure.

Heart failure management is complex and costly. Genetic variations that alter drug absorption, metabolism, and receptor-ligand interactions have the potential to modify drug response and safety. Evidence shows that genetic factors interact with numerous heart failure medications, including vasodilators, β blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Technologic advances will soon allow population-based genome-wide genetic testing at a reasonable cost. Understanding the genetic factors that influence drug response in heart failure will allow physicians to personalize therapies and optimize response while minimizing serious adverse events.
Classification of hepatic lesions using the matching metric

In this paper we present a methodology of classifying hepatic (liver) lesions using multidimensional persistent homology, the matching metric (also called the bottleneck distance), and a support vector machine. We present our classification results on a dataset of 132 lesions that have been outlined and annotated by radiologists. We find that topological features are useful in the classification of hepatic lesions. We also find that two-dimensional persistent homology outperforms one-dimensional persistent homology in this application.
Ultrasonography in Stress Urinary Incontinence

Evaluation of the urethrovesical junction in stress urinary incontinence is essential. For this reason the Q-tip test, a clinical test with debatable specificity; lateral cystourethrography, a conventional method; and videourethrocystography, a sophisticated method, have been in use. Because ultrasonography is inexpensive, reliable, easy to apply and free of any contrast material and X-ray exposure, it has practically replaced all the former methods in the evaluation of the urethrovesical junction in stress urinary incontinence patients within the last decade.
Bayesian Metric Multidimensional Scaling

In this article, we show how to apply Bayesian methods to noisy ratio scale distances for both the classical similarities problem as well as the unfolding problem. Bayesian methods produce essentially the same point estimates as the classical methods, but are superior in that they provide more accurate measures of uncertainty in the data. Identification is nontrivial for this class of problems because a configuration of points that reproduces the distances is identified only up to a choice of origin, angles of rotation, and sign flips on the dimensions. We prove that fixing the origin and rotation is sufficient to identify a configuration in the sense that the corresponding maxima/minima are inflection points with full-rank Hessians. However, an unavoidable result is multiple posterior distributions that are mirror images of one another. This poses a problem for Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The approach we take is to find the optimal solution using standard optimizers. The configuration of points from the optimizers is then used to isolate a single Bayesian posterior that can then be easily analyzed with standard MCMC methods.
Benzotriazole-assisted synthesis of enamines

Abstract A new, facile preparation of enamines was achieved via a two-step sequence: (i) the ready formation of an N-(α-aminoalkyl)benzotriazole derivative from equimolar amounts of benzotriazole, an aldehyde, and a secondary amine, (ii) the elimination of benzotriazole from the derivative by sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The method provides enamines in good overall yields based on the quantity of amine used.
An efficient and scalable Ritter reaction for the synthesis of tert-butyl amides.

A scalable procedure for the conversion of nitriles to N-tert-butyl amides via the Ritter reaction was optimized employing tert-butyl acetate and acetic acid. The reaction has a broad scope for aromatic, alkyl, and α,β-unsaturated nitriles.
An analysis of the marginal value of cropland and nitrogen fertilizer use under alternative farm programs

Abstract The analysis in this paper is directed at estimating the impact on the marginal value of a crop base acre and on nitrogen fertilizer use of alternative farm programs designed to encourage planting flexibility in response to changing relative agricultural commodity prices. Four policy alternatives are considered: the current farm program, the Normal Crop Acreage option, the triple-base option, and the Lugar-Leahy (USDA) option. Encouraging planting flexibility via the Lugar-Leahy (USDA) option can be an affective way to reduce the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer. Additionally, an effective farm policy designed to encourage growing crops beside those used to calculate the base acreage should detach any program deficiency payments from the number of program base acres. For example, the triple-base option would lower the marginal value of a base acre and therefore would increase the likelihood of a farmer adopting some sort of crop rotation scheme (as opposed to continuously planting the same program crop). The accompanying reduction in the excessive nitrogen fertilizer application rate, however, might not be substanial because the triple-base option links deficiency payments to the number of base acres. The Lugar-Leahy (USDA) option, on the other hand, is an effective way to reduce the excessive nitrogen fertilizer application rate while at the same time inducing farmers to consider the production of alternative crops.
Closing the window on the axigluon mass using top quark production data

The contribution of axigluons (the massive color-octet gauge bosons in all chiral color models) to top quark pair production in hadronic collisions is considered. The agreement between the experimental values of the tt production cross-section at the TEVATRON and recent QCD predictions is used to discuss limits on the axigluon mass. Specifically, intermediate mass axigluons, those in the mass range 50GeV < MA < 120GeV which has not already been excluded, would increase the tree-level qq → tt cross-section by a factor of ≥ 2, thereby ! ! "
Analysis of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator With Vienna Rectifier for Wind Energy Conversion System

This paper analyzes a topology consisting of a permanent-magnet synchronous generator and a Vienna rectifier for a wind energy conversion system. A control strategy leading to maximum efficiency is proposed. Simulation results reveal that this configuration is advantageous with respect to energy efficiency compared to a traditional six-switch two-level converter. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system.
Links of Prime Ideals and Their Rees Algebras

Abstract In a previous paper we exhibited the somewhat surprising property that most direct links of prime ideals in Gorenstein rings are equimultiple ideals with reduction number 1. This led to the construction of large families of Cohen-Macaulay Rees algebras. The first goal of this paper is to extend this result to arbitrary Cohen-Macaulay rings. The means of the proof are changed since one cannot depend so heavily on linkage theory. We then study the structure of the Rees algebra of these links; more specifically, we describe their canonical module in sufficient detail to be able to characterize self-linked prime ideals. In the last section multiplicity estimates for classes of such ideals are established.
New Directions for Low-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials**

Many of the recent advances in enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit are linked to nanoscale phenomena found both in bulk samples containing nanoscale constituents and in nanoscale samples themselves. Prior theoretical and experimental proof-of-principle studies on quantum-well superlattice and quantum-wire samples have now evolved into studies on bulk samples containing nanostructured constituents prepared by chemical or physical approaches. In this Review, nanostructural composites are shown to exhibit nanostructures and properties that show promise for thermoelectric applications, thus bringing together low-dimensional and bulk materials for thermoelectric applications. Particular emphasis is given in this Review to the ability to achieve 1) a simultaneous increase in the power factor and a decrease in the thermal conductivity in the same nanocomposite sample and for transport in the same direction and 2) lower values of the thermal conductivity in these nanocomposites as compared to alloy samples of the same chemical composition. The outlook for future research directions for nanocomposite thermoelectric materials is also discussed.
Direct catalytic asymmetric synthesis of anti-1,2-amino alcohols and syn-1,2-diols through organocatalytic anti-Mannich and syn-aldol reactions.

Chiral 1,2-amino alcohols and 1,2-diols are common structural motifs found in a vast array of natural and biologically active molecules. Efficient enantioselective syntheses of ketones containing syn- or anti-1,2-amino alcohols and 1,2-diols have been reported using metal-based strategies. To date, however, approaches involving organocatalysis have been limited to the syntheses of the syn-1,2-amino alcohols and anti-1,2-diols. Herein we disclose simple and efficient routes to highly enantiomerically enriched anti-1,2-amino alcohols and syn-1,2-diols through direct asymmetric Mannich, Mannich-type, and aldol reactions involving unmodified α-hydroxyketones in reactions catalyzed by primary amine-containing amino acids. These reactions exploit (Z)-enamines of α-hydroxyketones in their bond-forming transition states. This study compliments and extends our bioorganic approach to asymmetric synthesis in these two versatile synthon classes. Significantly, these reactions are practical, tolerate wet solvent, and ...
Non‐local and semi‐local optimal weighting functions for symmetric problems involving a small parameter

The method of optimal weighting functions for symmetric problems is described in a general form. It is based on a Petrov-Galerkin formulation in which the best approximation property and other mathematical features are achieved for a chosen norm, different from the original ‘energy norm’ of the problem. The nonlocality of the weighting functions is shown to have only a minor effect on the efficiency of the method, although a localization scheme is also suggested. The method is applied to a one- and two-dimensional singular perturbation problems, as well as to a cylindrical shell problem.
Meaningful and meaningless solutions for cooperative n-person games

Abstract Game values often represent data that can be measured in more than one acceptable way (e.g., monetary amounts). We point out that in such a case a statement about cooperative n-person game models might be “meaningless” in the sense that its truth or falsity depends on the choice of an acceptable way to measure game values. In particular, we analyze statements about solution concepts such as the core, stable sets, the nucleolus, the Shapley value (and some of its generalizations).
Metabolism, penetration, and partitioning of [14C]aldrin in aldrin-resistant and susceptible corn rootworms

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for 300-fold higher levels of aldrin resistance in western corn rootworms relative to the closely related and sympatric northern corn rootworm were investigated. In vivo metabolism of [14C]aldrin by the resistant and susceptible rootworms proceeds similarly with a rapid conversion to its epoxide, dieldrin, which accounted for approximately 60% of the recovered dose in both species. Western corn rootworms exhibited 40% slower penetration and 40% greater excretion than aldrin-susceptible northern corn rootworms, but such differences alone are unlikely to account for overall susceptibility differences. Both species showed similar in vitro rates of aldrin metabolism within nervous tissue; however, western corn rootworm formed more aldrin trans-diol relative to dieldrin than northern corn rootworm. Aldrin trans-diol formation from aldrin in the central nervous system was much higher than its rate of production in the whole rootworm body. Western corn rootworms displayed low levels of cross-resistance to picrotoxinin, a compound thought to share a similar target site with cyclodiene insecticides, but such results are insufficient to ascribe resistance differences solely to target site insensitivity. It is proposed that the joint action of decreased penetration, increased excretion, increased detoxification at the nerve site, and mild nerve insensitivity are responsible for aldrin resistance in western corn rootworm. The possible influence of reduced alternative host plant feeding of the western compared to northern species on resistance mechanisms, particularly nerve site factors, are discussed.
Telephony choices and the evolution of cell phones

Since cell phones were introduced commercially in 1983, virtually all consumers have adopted cell phones. In this paper, we examine the effect of this new product on telephony demand and its evolution in the market using the Consumer Expenditure Survey from 1994 to 2012. This represents a period much longer than previous studies and over which most cell phone adoptions took place. We develop and estimate a model of household choice of telephony options using a mixed logit as a function of consumer characteristics, unobserved alternative-specific attributes, and prices over time. Unlike previous research, our focus is on the evolution of demand and choices made by households. To illustrate the evolution, we construct market segments and track adoptions over time by market segment, allowing for an assessment of whether cell phones are substitutes or complements for landlines. The evidence suggests that the move to cellular telephone services is driven by young households and by households with larger families. We then develop and apply a decomposition of substitutability and find significant evidence that substitutability differs through time and by market segment.
Rendezvous Maneuvers of Multiple Spacecraft Using Differential Drag Under J2 Perturbation

This research was partially supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. This research was performed while R. Bevilacqua was holding a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the Spacecraft Robotics Laboratory of the Naval Postgraduate School.
Canine or chameleon (revisited): a never-ending challenge in a perpetually changing world.

As I expect it is with all who have held this position, the days leading up to this moment have been rife with tension. Life becomes all about this thing we call the Presidential Address. Over the course of my career I’ve given hundreds of “talks,” but the focus there was always to be informative or educational. Somehow, today I’m supposed to be more than just that; today I’m supposed to be meaningful. I’m supposed to say something or do something that confirms that I was a good choice for this role or, better yet, that makes it worth your while to have come to hear me today. And to be truly meaningful, I’m supposed to impart some knowledge or initiate some change that has an effect on your lives. While you may or may not expect this of me, I expect it of myself, and have searched for ways to make a meaningful contribution to this esteemed organization you have entrusted me to lead for the past year and shape in the years to come. I have decided to focus my thoughts today on what I consider to be 1 of the 3 cornerstones of success of any organization. The way I see it, there are 3 principal conditions that must be met for an organization to thrive and remain vital. First and foremost, the organization and the people who make it up must have a unique identity, a common focus or cause, a reason to come together for camaraderie and betterment of the group. The root of these “connections” we have to each other were well described in Dr Webster’s Presidential Address to this organization in 2001. He expounded on the uniqueness of our specialty, the natural divergent evolution of general surgery and vascular surgery from their common parent of the past, and the virtues of pursuing an independent American Board for Vascular Surgery (ABVS). You would be wise to reread his address, as I have in preparation for my own, because it is as
A latent structure factor analytic approach for customer satisfaction measurement

The linkage of customer satisfaction, customer retention, and firm prof- itability has been well established in the marketing literature, and provides ample justification as to why customer satisfaction measurement (CSM) has been a focal point in marketing decision making. Although aggregate market level research on un- derstanding the determinants of customer satisfaction is abundant, CSM decisions at segment level are possible only if the individual or market segment differences in the formation of overall satisfaction judgments and subsequent heterogeneity in the role these various determinants play are understood. Based on expectancy-disconfirmation theory in customer satisfaction, we propose a maximum likelihood based latent struc- ture factor analytic methodology which visually depicts customer heterogeneity re- garding the various major determinants of customer satisfaction judgments involving multiple attributes, and provides directions for segment-specific CSM decisions. We first describe the proposed model framework including the technical aspects of the model structure and subsequent maximum likelihood estimation. In an application to
SYNTHESIS AND CATALYTIC REACTIVITY OF STERICALLY AND ELECTRONICALLY MODIFIED D4-SYMMETRIC METALLOTETRAARYLPORPHYRINS

Abstract Two new sterically-modified and two electronically-modified D4-symmetrical tetraarylporphyrin ligands have been prepared and the catalytic activity of their manganese complexes in epoxidations of aryl-substituted alkenes studied. Moderate reactivity changes were observed in catalytic epoxdiations with these electronically varied tetraaarylporphyrin complexes, the methoxy derivative giving slightly improved selectivity (83% e.e. with cis-β-methylstyrene).
The fréchet distance revisited and extended

Given two simplicial complexes in Rd and start and end vertices in each complex, we show how to compute curves (in each complex) between these vertices, such that the weak Frechet distance between these curves is minimized. As a polygonal curve is a complex, this generalizes the regular notion of weak Frechet distance between curves. We also generalize the algorithm to handle an input of k simplicial complexes.Using this new algorithm, we can solve a slew of new problems, from computing a mean curve for a given collection of curves to various motion planning problems. Additionally, we show that for the mean curve problem, when the k input curves are c-packed, one can (1pe-approximate the mean curve in near-linear time, for fixed k and e.Additionally, we present an algorithm for computing the strong Frechet distance between two curves, which is simpler than previous algorithms and avoids using parametric search.
Neutrino Event Rates from Gamma-Ray Bursts

We recalculate the diffuse flux of high-energy neutrinos produced by gamma-ray bursts in the relativistic fireball model. Although we confirm that the average single burst produces only approximately 10-2 high-energy neutrino events in a detector with a 1 km2 effective area, i.e., about 10 events yr-1, we show that the observed rate is dominated by burst-to-burst fluctuations that are very large. We find event rates that are expected to be larger by 1 order of magnitude, likely more, which are dominated by a few very bright bursts. This greatly simplifies their detection.
Urinary Incontinence in Patients Who Have a TURP/TUIP Following Prostate Brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose: To determine urinary morbidity in patients who have transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) after 125 I brachytherapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 109 patients with Stage T1–T2 prostatic carcinoma were treated with 125 I implantation from 1991 through 1995. Ten patients underwent TURP/transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) after brachytherapy to relieve urinary obstruction refractory to nonsurgical management. Results: Patients who developed refractory urinary retention had a slightly larger preimplant prostate volume than those who did not (62 vs. 54 ml; p = 0.16). Seven of the 10 patients developed some degree of permanent urinary incontinence following TURP/TUIP. Urinary incontinence was mild in three patients [Late Effects Normal Tissue Radiation Oncology Group (LENT) score = 1] and severe in four additional patients (LENT score = 3). There was no obvious relationship between the degree of incontinence and use of TURP vs. TUIP, amount of tissue resected, or time between brachytherapy and TURP/TUIP. In five patients for whom detailed urethral radiation dose information was available, the doses were higher than generally recommended. Conclusion: Permanent urinary incontinence is common in patients who require a TURP or TUIP after prostate brachytherapy. Its cause is apparently multifactorial and may include the degree of physical damage to the urinary sphincters and the radiation dose to the urethral region.
Modeling dynamic CO oxidation over Pt/Al2O3: Effects of intrapellet diffusion and site heterogeneity

Abstract In this paper we have simulated both steady-state and time-resolved dynamic reaction measurements and directly compared them to experimental results. Effects such as internal diffusion resistance and site heterogeneity, which are commonly observed in supported metal catalysts, are included in the simulations presented here. Single-site Langmuir-Hinshelwood models fail to predict the rates of reaction measured during steady-state and dynamic operation. Both steady-state and time-resolved dynamic reaction measurements for two types of Pt/Al2O3 catalysts can be predicted by an elementary step model with a bimodal distribution of active sites. Diffusion resistance produced significant gas and surface concentration gradients inside the porous catalyst and suppressed the rate of CO2 production during the initial period of CO-on half-cycles. To our knowledge, this is the first work comparing steady-state and time-resolved dynamic CO oxidation measurements to an elementary step model incorporating internal diffusion resistance.
Sequential delivery of dexamethasone and VEGF to control local tissue response for carbon nanotube fluorescence based micro-capillary implantable sensors

Abstract In this study, we examined the in vivo pharmacological effects of the sequential delivery of dexamethasone (DX) followed by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the immune response and localized vascular network formation around a hydrogel-coated, micro-capillary implant for single-walled carbon nanotube based fluorescence sensors. We demonstrate, for the first time, imaging of an SWNT fluorescence device implanted subcutaneously in a rat. For tissue response studies, the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was used as a tissue-model for an 8-day implantation period. The average vascular density of the tissue surrounding a hydrogel-coated microdialysis capillary sensor with simultaneous, sequential, or no delivery of DX and VEGF was 1.24 ± 0.35 × 10 −3 vessels/μm 2 , 1.15 ± 0.30 × 10 −3 vessels/μm 2 and 0.71 ± 0.20 × 10 −3 vessels/μm 2 , respectively. Calculation of the therapeutic index (vasculature/inflammation ratio), which reflects promotion of angiogenesis versus the host immune response, demonstrates that sequential DX/VEGF delivery was 60.3% and 139.3% higher than that of VEGF and DX release alone, respectively, and was also 32.1% higher when compared to simultaneous administration, proving to be a more effective strategy in utilizing the pharmacological impact of DX and VEGF around the biosensor-model implant.
REITs, Decimalization, and Ex-dividend Stock Prices

The ex-dividend pricing of real estate investment trust (REIT) stocks under fractional and decimal pricing regimes is investigated. For REITs, with the move from discrete to decimal pricing, the price drop on the ex-dividend day approaches the dividend amount, the ex-date abnormal return decreases, the spread-to-dividend ratio declines, abnormal trading volume increases, and the potential erroneous appearance of a tax-clientele effect is diminished. Discreteness and other transaction costs are reduced with decimalization implying that part of the persistence in the appearance of the tax-clientele effect when modeling ex-dividend stock pricing might be generated by the interaction between transaction costs, dividend amount, and yield.
Proximity Always Matters: Local Bias When the Set of Local Companies Changes

I analyze the portfolios of individual investors who have changed their place of residence. As distance from a company they invest in changes, investors adjust their portfolio composition. The farther investors move away from the closest establishment of a company in their portfolio, the more of its shares they sell compared to investors who do not move. Among the companies that investors held before the move, after moving, investors abnormally increase their ownership in companies closer to their new location; these companies provide them with higher risk-adjusted returns than companies in which they kept holdings unchanged or abnormally reduced holdings. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
A new approach to the synthesis of β-fluoropyrrole derivatives

Abstract β-Fluoropyrrole derivatives are synthesized in high yields by the reaction of α,α-difluoro-γ-iodo-γ-(electron-withdrawing-group)-substituted ketones and ammonium hydroxide at room temperature; providing a new, simple, and efficient method for the synthesis of β-fluorinated pyrrole rings. A possible mechanism is proposed.