cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separate and overlapping relationships of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

There is debate regarding the dimensional versus categorical nature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study utilized confirmatory factor analysis to examine this issue. ADHD symptoms rated on interviews and rating scales from a large sample of individuals (ages 3–17, 74 % male, 75 % Caucasian) with ADHD were examined (n = 242). Four potential factor structures were tested to replicate prior findings in a sample with a wide age range and included only participants who met DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Correlations with executive function measures were performed to further assess the separability and validity of the derived factors. The data support a bifactor model with a general ADHD factor and two specific factors, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Importantly, the individual factors were also differentially correlated with executive functioning measures. This study adds to a growing literature suggesting both a general component to ADHD, as well as dimensional traits of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, associated with distinct executive functioning profiles. The presence of a general underlying factor contraindicates separating the inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD into distinct disorders.
Healing relationships with nature

Our health is intimately connected to the health of our environment. The contemporary world view which sees a radical distinction between humans as subjects and world as object can obscure our recognition of how much we rely on nature for health and survival. Indigenous traditions and contemporary scholars remind us that we live in a universe in which all things are connected, and in which nature continues to offer its gifts in co-creative partnership for the health and wellbeing of all. Living in awareness of our relationship with nature enables us to open more to the experience of nature's nurturing. Many complementary therapies derive from ancient practices that involve nature in healing partnership. As nurses and midwives we must learn to expand our boundaries to encompass the many ways that nature partners with us for healing.
Effects of Operating Conditions on Thin Film Deposition Performance in Air Atomizing Spray Pyrolysis

Thin films have been finding more and more applications in electronics, optical devices, and energy conversion and storage devices, to name a few. As one of the most promising thin film deposition techniques, air atomizing spray pyrolysis, which uses compressed air to disrupt the liquid stream into droplets, has been favored in scientific and engineering communities. However, the effects of operating conditions such as liquid flow rate, atomizing air pressure, fan air pressure, and air gap on the geometric properties of deposited thin film are still not systematically studied. The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the effects of air spraying operating conditions on the surface roughness and thickness of deposited zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film. It is found 1) The surface roughness increases with the liquid flow rate, but decreases with the atomizing air pressure, fan air pressure, and air gap; 2) The surface roughness decreases along both the X and Y directions under any given operating condition; 3) The thickness increases with the liquid flow rate and the atomizing air pressure, but decreases with the fan air pressure and the air gap; and 4) The thickness generally changes differently along the X and Y directions. Along the X direction, it decreases monotonically; however, along the Y direction, it increases first then decreases as in a saddle shape. While ZnO film deposition is studied, it is expected that the above conclusions may be applicable in air spraying other materials.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Teacher certification: a computer science necessity

The need for computer education for secondary school teachers has become quite apparent over the past few years. Such education has been accomplished, for the most part, by in-service training, summer institutes or graduate programs.This paper recommends undergraduate teacher certification in computer science and gives the steps necessary for approval of a certification program for the state of Texas. In addition, coursework for a certification program is discussed.
Phase relationships in the system KAlSiO 4 -Mg 2 SiO 4 -SiO 2 -H 2 O as a model for hybridization between hydrous siliceous melts and peridotite

The system KAlSiO4-Mg2SiO4-SiO2-H2O includes model representatives of (1) hydrous siliceous magma from subducted oceanic crust — the eutectic liquid in KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O, and (2) the overlying mantle peridotite — the assemblage forsterite+enstatite (Fo+En). In a series of partly schematic isobaric isothermal sections, the products of hybridization between the model materials at pressures between 20 and 30 kbar have been determined. The liquid dissolves peridotite components with little change in composition. Hybridization is not a simple mixing process, because of the incongruent melting of peridotitic assemblages with phlogopite (Ph). Hybridization causes solidification of the liquid, with products a sequence of three mineral assemblages: Ph, Ph+quartz (Qz), and Ph+En. The products represent an absolute geochemical separation and local concentration of all potassium from the liquid. Hybridization is accompanied by H2O-saturation of melts, and evolution of aqueous fluid. Although there are significant differences between the melt composition and that of the magma rising from subducted oceanic slab, and between Fo+En and the mantle rock, extrapolation of the results suggests that the conclusions can probably be extended to mantle conditions with sodium in the melt, and jadeitic clinopyroxene included in the hybrid products.
Screening for vigabatrin (Sabril®) retinal toxicity in children

Vigabatrin (Sabril®) is used as a drug of last resort in the treatment of refractory seizures. It is associated with a high risk of visual field defects due to retinal toxicity, which in some cases are irreversible. In the USA, regular ophthalmic assessment of patients on vigabatrin treatment is mandatory. While visual field testing is the preferred monitoring modality in older children and adults, it is not practical for infants and small children. In many cases, vigabatrin treatment may be continued even after the detection of retinal toxicity to maintain adequate seizure control. We present a case where visual field and ERG recovered over several months after drug cessation.
An in vivo model to study migration of cells and orientation of connective tissue fibers in simulated periodontal spaces.

An in vivo model is described to study the migration of cells into experimental “periodontal” spaces and the influence of the geometry of substrata on cell and fiber orientation. Roots of molars and cylinders of bone (from femur and tibia) were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. All attached soft tissues were removed from the bone cylinders (BC) and roots by planing with curettes followed by collagenase treatment. The roots and BC were divided into experimental (roots in bone cylinders to simulate tooth-socket relationship) and control groups. Following citric acid treatment for 3 min, pairs of experimental and control specimens were implanted subcutaneously in 20 Sprague-Dawley rats. Histologic examination was done 3 and 6 weeks after implantation. Connective tissue cells had migrated into the experimental spaces of both experimental and control specimens at 3 and 6 weeks. The cell and fiber orientation varied between the groups, and a tendency towards functional orientation of fibers was seen in some experimental and control specimens. The orientation of connective tissue fibers appeared to be influenced also by the spatial relationship of substrata to which they attach.
An alternative interpretation of the chemical shift of the water proton in aqueous tetraalkylammonium halide solutions at various temperatures

An alternative explanation of the behavior of proton magnetic resonance chemical shifts of the water proton in aqueous tetraalkylammonium salt solutions is presented. It involves independent ion-solvent interactions and rapid exchange on the NMR time scale with the bulk water. Our explanation fits the known data and clearly shows why the observed chemical shift is linear with molality at low concentrations.
Evaluation of analytical results obtained for a class of self-oscillating Dc - to - Dc converters

Three modes of operations are identified for a class of self-oscillating Dc-to-Dc converters. Results for the maximum feedback gain of the converter are presented and compared for the three operating modes. Conclusions are drawn as to the possible application of these results to converter design. The large signal stability of the converter is discussed and possible ways of insuring its absolute stability are suggested.
Mouse Rankl Expression Is Regulated in T Cells by c-Fos through a Cluster of Distal Regulatory Enhancers Designated the T Cell Control Region

Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (Rankl) is a TNF-like factor that induces the formation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption. Although T cell activation up-regulates this gene, the molecular mechanism of its transcriptional control remains unknown. We used ChIP-chip analysis in mouse primary T cells and a T cell hybridoma to define the regulatory enhancers responsible for this up-regulation and to characterize their properties. Elevated H3/H4 acetylation and increased RNA polymerase II density were evident at mRL-D5, a known enhancer located 76 kb upstream of the TSS, as well as at a cluster of regulatory sites located even further upstream between −123 to −156 kb, termed the T cell control region (TCCR). Based upon the ability of calcium signaling and MAPK inhibitors to block Rankl expression, we conducted further ChIP-chip analysis of the transcriptional mediators c-Fos, NF-κB, and Nfat. T cell activation induced c-Fos binding at the mRL-D5 enhancer and within the TCCR. The interaction of NF-κB was observed at the transcriptional start site and at mRL-D5. Both mRL-D5 and segments of the TCCR exhibited robust transcriptional activity in reporter assays, and site-specific mutagenesis of c-Fos and Nfat elements abrogated reporter activity, suggesting a role for both factors in the control of enhancer-mediated Rankl transcription. Finally, chromosome conformation capture analysis confirmed that mRL-D5 and segments of the TCCR were located in proximity to the Rankl gene promoter and thus potentially able to influence directly Rankl gene promoter activity. We conclude that both mRL-D5 and the TCCR represent control segments that play an integral role in Rankl expression in T cells.
A simple specimen holder for EBIC imaging on the Hitachi S800.

Electron beam induced current (EBIC) technique has become widely used in the characterization of semiconductor materials and microelectronic devices. EBIC signals are measured in the form of a short circuit current, and this requires that both the front and the back surfaces of the specimen be electrically connected. The authors have developed a simple specimen holder to implement EBIC experiments on SEMs such as the Hitachi S800 which does not possess isolated electrical lead-outs. In this note the design of the specimen holder and illustrate the results by EBIC observations of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is discussed.
Kinematic hardening rules in uncoupled modeling for multiaxial ratcheting simulation

Abstract An earlier paper by the authors evaluated the performance of several coupled models in simulating a series of uniaxial and biaxial ratcheting responses. This paper evaluates the performance of various kinematic hardening rules in an uncoupled model for the same set of ratcheting responses. A modified version of the Dafalias–Popov uncoupled model has been demonstrated to perform well for uniaxial ratcheting simulation. However, its performance in multiaxial ratcheting simulation is significantly influenced by the kinematic hardening rules employed in the model. Performances of eight different kinematic hardening rules, when engaged with the modified Dafalias–Popov model, are evaluated against a series of rate-independent multiaxial ratcheting responses of cyclically stabilized carbon steels. The kinematic hardening rules proposed by Armstrong–Frederick, Voyiadjis–Sivakumar, Phillips, Tseng–Lee, Kaneko, Xia–Ellyin, Chaboche and Ohno–Wang are examined. The Armstrong–Frederick rule performs reasonably for one type of the biaxial ratcheting response, but fails in others. The Voyiadjis–Sivakumar rule and its constituents, the Phillips and the Tseng–Lee rules, can not simulate the biaxial ratcheting responses. The Kaneko rule, composed of the Ziegler and the prestress directions, and the Xia–Ellyin rule, composed of the Ziegler and Mroz directions, also fail to simulate the biaxial ratcheting responses. The Chaboche rule, with three decomposed Armstrong–Frederick rules, performs the best for the whole set of ratcheting responses. The Ohno–Wang rule performs well for the data set, except for one biaxial response where it predicts shakedown with subsequent reversal of ratcheting.
Novel rare variants in congenital cardiac arrhythmia genes are frequent in drug-induced torsades de pointes

Novel rare variants in congenital cardiac arrhythmia genes are frequent in drug-induced torsades de pointes
Single-institutional experience with the surgical infection prevention project in intra-abdominal surgery.

Background: The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) is becoming a key component of standard measures of quality of performance. We hypothesized that institutional implementation of a protocol targeting known risk factors would reduce the incidence of SSI associated with intra-abdominal surgery. Methods: Beginning in June 2004, a quality control initiative was implemented to prevent SSI in patients undergoing intra-abdominal surgical procedures at an academic medical center. This protocol included administration of the proper prophylactic antibiotic 0–60 minutes before incision, continued antibiotic administration for ≤24 hours, and maintenance of intraoperative normothermia (≥36°C), along with good glycemic control (goal<200 mg/dL 48 h postoperatively) in diabetic patients. Baseline data collected during the initial four months of protocol development (379 patients) were compared with data collected during the last four months of the 11-month study period (390 patients). Results: Compliance with an...
Developmental plasticity and reduced susceptibility to natural enemies following host plant defoliation in a specialized herbivore.

Host-specific phytophagous insects that are short lived and reliant on ephemeral plant tissues provide an excellent system in which to investigate the consequences of disruption in the timing of resource availability on consumer populations and their subsequent interactions with higher tropic levels. The specialist herbivore, Belonocnema treatae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) induces galls on only newly flushed leaves of live oak, Quercus fusiformis. In central Texas (USA) episodic defoliation of the host creates variation in the timing of resource availability and results in heterogeneous populations of B. treatae that initiate development at different times. We manipulated the timing of leaf flush in live oak via artificial defoliation to test the hypothesis that a 6- to 8-week delay in the availability of resources alters the timing of this gall former’s life cycle events, performance and survivorship on its host, and susceptibility to natural enemies. B. treatae exhibits plasticity in development time, as the interval from egg to emergence was significantly reduced when gallers oviposited into the delayed leaf flush. As a consequence, the phenologies of gall maturation and adult emergence remain synchronized in spite of variation in the timing of resource availability. Per capita gall production and gall-former performance are not significantly affected by the timing of resource availability. The timing of resource availability and natural enemies interact, however, to produce strong effects on survivorship: when exposed to natural enemies, B. treatae developing in galls initiated by delayed oviposition exhibited an order-of-magnitude increase in survivorship. Developmental plasticity allows this gall former to circumvent disruptions in resource availability, maintain synchrony of life cycle events, and results in reduced vulnerability to natural enemies following defoliation of the host plant.
Development of quantum dots for use in surgical navigation

ABSTRACT Quantum dots (QDs) are optical semiconductor nanocrystals that exhibit stable, bright fluorescence over narrow, size tunable emission bands. The size tunable optical properties of QDs allow multiplexing with multiple emission wavelengths from a single excitation source. QDs may be linked to antibodies, peptides, and nucleic acids for use as fluorescence probes in vitro and in vivo . The electron dense construction of QDs makes it possible to detect QDs with radiographic techniques such as computed tomography. The intravenous injection of QDs may be exploited to optically label brain tumors, potentially leading to improved techniques for surgical biopsy and resection. Macrophage-mediated delivery of QDs to areas of neoplasm and inflammation may represent a novel technique that might be exploited in a variety of surgical situations in which optical feedback control could be useful in aiding the completeness of resection of a lesion or in the accurate localization of pathology for biopsy.
On the mechanism of crystal growth orientation of ion beam assisted deposited thin films

Abstract The high number of degrees of freedom of the process parameters of ion beam assisted thin film deposition allows the formation of thin films with special features. Among these process parameters are ion energy, ion irradiation intensity, atom condensation rate and ion impact angle. By contrast to plasma deposition methods, these parameters are independent of each other and can be selected over a wide range. By carefully selecting the ratio I A of condensing atoms to impacting ions, the ion energy and the angle of ion incidence, films with a high degree of crystallographic orientation can be formed. To-date several mechanisms for the development of texture are discussed. Among them is the sputter theory which explains the growth of particular planes by sputtering and channeling. In a comparative study, this theory is applied to transition metal nitrides of group 4, 5 and 6 of the periodic system of elements. Based on results of structural measurements, the mechanisms which are involved in texture formation are discussed as a function of the process parameters arrival ratio I A , ion energy and ionic species. It turns out that it is not the ion energy deposited per atom but the momentum transfer per unit volume which correlates with the observed changes in preferred crystal orientation.
Infrasound from the El Paso superbolide of October 9, 1997

During the noon hour on October 9, 1997 an extremely bright fireball (approximately -21.5 in stellar magnitude putting it into the class of a super-bolide) was observed over western Texas with visual sightings from as far away as Arizona to northern Mexico and even in northern New Mexico over 300 miles away. This event produced tremendously loud sonic boom reports in the El Paso area. It was also detected locally by 4 seismometers which are part of a network of 5 seismic stations operated by the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). Subsequent investigations of the data from the six infrasound arrays used by LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) and operated for the DOE (Department of Energy) as a part of the CTB (Comprehensive Test Ban) Research and Development program for the IMS (International Monitoring System) showed the presence of an infrasonic signal from the proper direction at the correct time for this super-bolide from two of our six arrays. Both the seismic and infrasound recordings indicated that an explosion occurred in the atmosphere at source heights from 28 - 30 km, having its epicenter slightly to the northeast of Horizon City, Texas. The signal characteristics, analyzed from approximately 0.1 to 5.0 Hz, include a total duration of approximately 4 min (at Los Alamos, LA) to greater than approximately 5 min at Lajitas, Texas, TXAR, another CTB IMS array operated by E. Herrin at Southern Methodist University (SMU) for a source directed from LA toward approximately 171 - 180 deg and from TXAR of approximately 321 - 4 deg respectively from true north. The observed signal trace velocities (for the part of the recording with the highest cross-correlation) at LA ranged from 300 - 360 m/sec with a signal velocity of 0.30 plus or minus 0.03 km/sec, implying a Stratospheric (S Type) ducted path. The dominant signal frequency at LA was from 0.20 to 0.80 Hz, with a peak near 0.3 Hz. These highly correlated signals at LA had a very large, peak to peak, maximum amplitude of 21.0 microbars (2.1 Pa). Our analysis, using several methods that incorporate various observed signal characteristics, total distance traveled, etc., indicates that the super-bolide probably had a source energy in the range between 10 - 100 tons (TNT equivlaent). This is somewhat smaller than the source energy estimate made using U.S. DoD satellite data (USAF news release, June 8, 1998).© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On The Metaphysical Significance Of Ti (Body–Embodiment) In Chinese Philosophy: Benti (Origin–Substance) And Ti–Yong (Substance And Function)

Etude de la signification metaphysique et epistemologique du terme ti dans la philosophie chinoise, designant la realite cheangeante qui s'incarne a la fois dans la personne humaine et dans l'univers. Tandis que la notion de benti designe le processus de creation et de transformation du monde et du vivant, a travers l'unite de l'esprit et du corps, l'A. montre que la notion de ti-yong designe le libre choix de la personne pour l'action ou l'inaction, manifestant l'unite entre theorie et pratique, ainsi que l'unite entre l'homme et le ciel.
Nasal provocation testing: a review

Objective This review focuses on the uses of nasal provocation testing (NPT) for scientific investigations of the mechanisms of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. It also describes the use of NPT as a diagnostic tool in clinical practice. The indications, contraindications, advantages, and limitations of different techniques for evaluation of nasal responses are reviewed. The paper familiarizes investigators with particulars of different nasal delivery systems, provocation agents, nasal patency measurements, secretion collection, and nasal lavage techniques. Data Sources Relevant publications obtained from a literature review. Study Selection Relevant publications on the topics of NPT, allergic, and nonallergic rhinitis were critically evaluated. Results and Conclusions To date, NPT has been used primarily as a research tool for the investigation of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis with a wide variety of techniques depending on the specific scientific purposes. NPT will continue to provide useful information about the pathogenesis of airway diseases. Standardized nasal provocation testing has the potential to become a more frequently used clinical test in the diagnosis of allergic and occupational rhinitis and for determination of the appropriate and focused therapy.
Nondestructive sensing of bulk density and moisture content in shelled peanuts from microwave permittivity measurements

Abstract Dielectric-based methods were used to determine nondestructively and simultaneously bulk density and moisture content in shelled peanuts from measurement of their relative complex permittivity at microwave frequencies (7–12 GHz) and 24 °C. The first method is based on direct relationships between the two components of the relative complex permittivity (dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor) and the bulk density and moisture content. The second method allows bulk density determination without knowledge of moisture content and temperature of shelled peanut samples from a complex-plane representation of the relative complex permittivity. Finally, moisture content in shelled peanuts is determined independent of bulk density changes with the use of density-independent permittivity functions. Statistical analysis provided bulk density and moisture content calibration equations at several microwave frequencies along with corresponding standard errors of calibration over wide ranges of bulk density and moisture content.
LACK OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN NEWBORN INFANTS TREATED WITH PHOTOTHERAPY

Recent investigations in animals and in low birthweight infants showed that conventional phototherapy increases the rate of platelet turnover. A prospective study was designed to investigate the time relationship between clinical signs of neonatal sepsis, detection of thrombocytopenia and positive blood culture. As part of the same study we investigated the effect of conventional phototherapy on platelet counts. Sixty newborn infants who had septic work-up but without positive blood culture and without a clinical condition known to cause thrombocytopenia were included in this study. Platelet counts by phase microscopy were done at the time of septic work-up and repeated at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Twenty-four infants received phototherapy during the study period (mean 48 ± 25 S.D. hours) and 36 served as controls. None of the infants of phototherapy or control group developed thrombocytopenia (platelets <100,000/mm3)neither statistical comparisons between the two groups, at the above time intervals, showed any significant differences. Contrary to previous reports this study does not show any thrombocytopenia associated with conventional phototherapy although the platelet turnover may be increased. In the presence of thrombocytopenia, etiology other than phototherapy should be considered.
Torelli theorems for singularities

In this paper we study how μ=const deformations of an isolated hypersurface singularity affect the mixed Hodge structure (MHS) on the cohomology of the Milnor fiber. Using Scherk and Steenbrink'sD description of this MHS and the related approach of Varchenko, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the infinitesimal Torelli theorem to hold and identify the μ=const stratum in the discriminant of the miniversal deformation. After examining the geometric reasons causing Torelli to fail for certain deformations, we define a local moduli space and prove a local Torelli theorem for singularities. In the process we complete the work of M. Saito and Malgrange on K. Saito's conjecture about primitive forms.
Electrolytic Lesions of the Dorsal Rostral Pons Prevent Adrenocorticotropin Increases after Hemorrhage

To determine if a discrete area of the dorsal rostral pons in the region of the locus coeruleus (LC) is essential for the reflex response of ACTH to hemorrhage, chloralose-anesthetized cats with bilateral electrolytic (11 cats) or sham (3 cats) lesions were challenged with a 15 ml/kg X 3 min hemorrhage. Sequential arterial blood samples taken at -6, -3, 3, 6, 9, 15, and 21 min from hemorrhage were analyzed for ACTH content. Cats were grouped according to whether plasma ACTH increased in response to hemorrhage. Bilateral lesions in 7 cats with an area in common, which lay within the LC complex, blocked the reflex increase in plasma ACTH in response to hemorrhage which was seen in 3 sham-lesioned cats, in 3 cats with lesions that did not infringe in this region bilaterally, and in 1 cat with lesions that infringed only on the medial-ventral aspect of the LC-subcoeruleus. These findings suggest that hemodynamic information responsible for the reflex response of ACTH to hemorrhage of this magnitude passes through a discrete region of the dorsal rostral pons.
DECODE: a cooperative environment for reverse-engineering legacy software

While automated program understanders have had some success in partially extracting design information from source code, they are unlikely to be able to completely understand existing real-world legacy systems. To address this problem, we have been developing DECODE, an environment in which programmer and system cooperate to extract object-oriented designs from legacy systems. DECODE consists of three components: an automated program understander that extracts some initial stereotypical object-oriented design elements; a structured notebook that provides the user with a graphical view of the system's understanding and the ability to extend this understanding by linking source code fragments to object-oriented design elements; and a query processor that uses this design information to support conceptual queries about the program's code and design. This paper describes DECODE and our initial successes and failures with using it to reverse engineer several non-trivial COBOL programs.
The Altered Gravitropic Response of the lazy-2 Mutant of Tomato Is Phytochrome Regulated

Shoots of the lazy-2 (lz-2) gravitropic mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) have a normal gravitropic response when grown in the dark, but grow downward in response to gravity when grown in the light. Experiments were undertaken to investigate the nature of the light induction of the downward growth of lz-2 shoots. Red light was effective at causing downward growth of hypocotyls of lz-2 seedlings, whereas treatment with blue light did not alter the dark-grown (wild-type) gravity response. Downward growth of lz-2 seedlings is greatest 16 h after a 1-h red light irradiation, after which the seedlings begin to revert to the dark-grown phenotype. lz-2 seedlings irradiated with a far-red light pulse immediately after a red light pulse exhibited no downward growth. However, continuous red or far-red light both resulted in downward growth of lz-2 seedlings. Thus, the light induction of downward growth of lz-2 appears to involve the photoreceptor phytochrome. Fluence-response experiments indicate that the induction of downward growth of lz-2 by red light is a low-fluence phytochrome response, with a possible high-irradiance response component.
Evolution of natural history information in the 21st century - developing an integrated framework for biological and geographical data

Threats to marine and estuarine species operate over many spatial scales, from nutrient enrichment at the watershed/estuarine scale to invasive species and climate change at regional and global scales. To help address research questions across these scales, we provide here a standardized framework for a biogeographical information system containing queriable biological data that allows extraction of information on multiple species, across a variety of spatial scales based on species distributions, natural history attributes and habitat requirements. As scientists shift from research on localized impacts on individual species to regional and global scale threats, macroecological approaches of studying multiple species over broad geographical areas are becoming increasingly important. The standardized framework described here for capturing and integrating biological and geographical data is a critical first step towards addressing these macroecological questions and we urge organizations capturing biogeoinformatics data to consider adopting this framework.
Interconnection testing of distributed resources

With the publication of IEEE 1547-2003 standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric power systems, the electric power industry has a need to develop tests and procedures for verifying that interconnection equipment meets the technical requirements. A new standard IEEE P1547.1 is being written that will give detailed tests and procedures for confirming that equipment meets the interconnection requirements. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has been validating new test procedures that are being developed as part of IEEE P1547.1. As work progresses on the validation of the procedures, information and test reports are passed on to the working group of IEEE P1547.1 for changes to future revisions
Beyond the Whiteness of Whiteness: Memoir of a White Mother of Black Sons

Beyond the Whiteness of Whiteness: Memoir of. White Mother of Black Sons. Jane Lazarre. Durham, NC and London, UK: Duke University Press, 1996. xxi. 140 pp. (Cloth US$39.95; Paper US$12.95)
Bubble rise in a packed bed saturated with liquids

Experimental data were determined for drag coefficients on fluid bubbles rising in a saturated packed bed and in clear liquids. Air and benzene were used to form bubbles in glycerine solution, water, and normal heptane. One-inch diameter glass spheres in hexagonal, random, and cubic packings constituted the bed. The range in Reynolds number was from 0.1 to 1,000. It was found that the drag coefficients in the hexagonal and random arrays were from two to three times those in clear liquids, while the drag on bubbles rising in cubic packings was the same as that for clear liquids. The method of correlation involved the use of the minor diameter in the drag coefficient and the major diameter in the Reynolds number. This innovation improved the correlation for bubble rise in clear liquids.
Silicide resistors for integrated circuits

Thin-film resistors are useful in monolithic integrated circuits whenever high sheet resistance (ρ s > 1 kΩ/sq) or radiation hardness are required. Silicide resistive films (MoSi 2 , CrSi 2 , and Si-Cr) deposited by dc sputtering have been shown to be compatible with monolithic circuit production end require no protective overlayer. Si-Cr films 200-300 A thick have ρ s , and temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR) ranging from about 1 kΩ/sq and +150 ppm/°C (CrSi 2 ) to 20 kΩ/sq and -1400 ppm/°C (17 at % Cr). MoSi 2 is best suited for resistor applications requiring 100-200Ω/sq. MoSi 2 films are about 700 A thick at 200 Ω/sq, compared to < 100 A for 200-Ω/sq Ni-Cr, and their TCR is -125 ppm/°C. Typical stability for unprotected silicide resistors in TO-5 packages at 200°C, no load, is < ±3 percent during the first 200 h and < ± 0.5 percent during the next 2000 h. The films are stable during short term exposure to high temperatures as encountered during monolithic or hybrid circuit ceramic package sealing.
Mechanisms for biopolymer accumulation in immobilized Acinetobacter calcoaceticus system

The gram-positive bacteria, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, is capable of accumulating biopolymer in the carrier matrix of an immobilized cell system. Several possible mechanisms for the biopolymer accumulation are evaluated. It appears that direct solid surface polymer adsorption and polymer diffusion limitation within the pore space are minor factors in biopolymer accumulation. Calculations demonstrate that the cell bound polymer to dry cell weight ratio is much higher for immobilized cells than for free cells. The higher cell-bound polymer to dry-cell-weight ratio for immobilized cells as well as the accumulation of the immobilized cells in the Celite matrix are believed to be the main factors for biopolymer accumulation in the Carrier matrix. Further studies reveal that the cell-bound polymer to dry-cell-weight ratio is strongly affected by shear forces. At zero shear stress, such as would be present in the carrier matrix, cell bound polymer to dry cell weight ratio can be as high as 1.6. As the shear stress increases, this ratio decreases. When shear stress increases above 5 dyn/cm2, a level equivalent to the shear experienced by free cells in a stirred tank fermentation, cell-bound polymer decreases to less than 20% of dry cell weight. A macroscopic model is developed to describe the effect of shear stress on the cell-bound polymer to dry-cell-weight ratio.
Early Motor Neuron Pool Identity and Muscle Nerve Trajectory Defined by Postmitotic Restrictions in Nkx6.1 Activity

The fidelity with which spinal motor neurons innervate their limb target muscles helps to coordinate motor behavior, but the mechanisms that determine precise patterns of nerve-muscle connectivity remain obscure. We show that Nkx6 proteins, a set of Hox-regulated homeodomain transcription factors, are expressed by motor pools soon after motor neurons leave the cell cycle, before the formation of muscle nerve side branches in the limb. Using mouse genetics, we show that the status of Nkx6.1 expression in certain motor neuron pools regulates muscle nerve formation, and the pattern of innervation of individual muscles. Our findings provide genetic evidence that neurons within motor pools possess an early transcriptional identity that controls target muscle specificity.
Bone‐particle‐impregnated bone cement: An in vitro study

Bone-particle-impregnated bone cement specimens (up to 30% by weight) were characterized by various test methods. The experimental bone cement showed decreased crack propagation rates and increased Young's modulus, while the ultimate tensile strength and impact strength were decreased. The viscosity could be adjusted by adding initiators lost when substituting the PMMA powder with bone particles. The present study warranted further in vivo experiments on the possibility of tissue ingrowth for which the new bone cement was developed.
Regime change in Third World extractive industries: a critique

The dominant scholarly approach to the analysis of nationalization of foreign extractive industries in Third World countries employs game theory or bargaining models. A commonly used framework in bargaining theory is the so-called “bilateral monopoly model,” which posits the existence of two “non-colluding” parties—that is, the foreign investor and a government—each of whom has singular, noncontradictory objectives. The relationship is described in terms of a “balance of power” between the host country and the foreign investor based on the problem of joint-maximization. Each party has what the other needs to maximize their mutual benefits. The foreign investor has capital, organizational resources, expertise, international access to export markets, and marketing ability while the host government has control of natural resources such as ore and crude oil as well as the labor force, and control over taxation, the trade and foreign exchange regime, and other law and regulation.
NEW ADVANCES IN MID-IR PULSE SHAPING AND ITS APPLICATION TO 2D IR SPECTROSCOPY AND GROUND-STATE COHERENT CONTROL

Science often advances only as quickly as technology allows. This trend is especially evident in the field of molecular spectroscopy, where the science of studying molecular structures, dynamics, and chemical reactions has progressed in step with the technology of manipulating electromagnetic fields. For example, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which is now used to determine the structures of proteins, was made possible by radio-frequency technology developed in the 1950s. Likewise, laser-guided control of excited-state chemistry became possible in the 1990s with technology for temporally shaping visible and
Auditory Learning Using a Portable Real-Time Vocoder: Preliminary Findings

Purpose Although traditional study of auditory training has been in controlled laboratory settings, interest has been increasing in more interactive options. The authors examine whether such intera...
Neuromodulation of the Lumbar Spinal Locomotor Circuit

The lumbar spinal cord contains the necessary circuitry to independently drive locomotor behaviors. This function is retained following spinal cord injury (SCI) and is amenable to rehabilitation. Although the effectiveness of task-specific training and pharmacologic modulation has been repeatedly demonstrated in animal studies, results from human studies are less striking. Recently, lumbar epidural stimulation (EDS) along with locomotor training was shown to restore weight-bearing function and lower-extremity voluntary control in a chronic, motor-complete human SCI subject. Related animal studies incorporating EDS as part of the therapeutic regiment are also encouraging. EDS is emerging as a promising neuromodulatory tool for SCI.
Heterotopic ossification of percutaneous nephrostomy tract.

Abstract Heterotopic ossification is a rare, abnormal formation of true bone within extraskeletal soft tissues and is a common complication after musculoskeletal trauma or orthopedic procedures. We report a case of heterotopic ossification of a percutaneous nephrostomy tract causing flank pain and masquerading as a retained nephrostomy catheter in a young steroid-dependent man with sarcoidosis 2 years after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The patient’s underlying sarcoidosis combined with local tissue ischemia likely contributed to this rare complication.
High field linear magnetoresistance in fully spin-polarized high-temperature organic-based ferrimagnetic semiconductor V(TCNE)x films, x ∼ 2

Positive magnetoresistance (MR) has been observed to increase linearly up to 32 T in the magnetically ordered state of organic-based ferrimagnetic semiconductor V(TCNE)x films (x ∼2; TCNE = tetracyanoethylene) with Tc above room temperature (> 350 K). In this material conductivity takes place via electrons activated from 3d level of V 2+ to upper � * subband of [TCNE] • − . We show an unusual MR behavior without any sign of saturation up to a magnetic field of 32 T. For temperatures less than Tc MR exhibits a linear behavior in the entire field range and above Tc it has a quadratic dependence at low fields. Temperature and field dependent behaviors of MR in this material are explained on the basis of spin polarizations in V 2+ 3d level and the upper � * subband of [TCNE] • − formed by Coulomb
Solubility in binary solvent systems. V. Monomer and dimer models for the solubility of p-tolylacetic acid in systems of non-specific interactions

Solubilities are reported for p-tolylacetic acid in binary mixtures of cyclohexane with n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane and isooctane at 25 °C. The results are compared to the predictions of equations developed previously for solubility in systems of purely non-specific interactions, with the carboxylic acid considered as either monomeric or dimeric molecules in solution. The dimer model provided the more accurate predictions, with a maximum deviation of 5.6% between observed and predicted solubility in all systems studied.
Moral Reasoning, Moral Motivation and Informed Social Reflection

If the development of moral motivation requires active engagement and inquiry, schools have been failing for decades to prepare young people to become moral citizens.
Revisiting Hamdan v. Rumsfeld's Analysis of the Laws of Armed Conflict

In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court carried forward the international legal debate over the nature and regulation of armed conflicts between state and non-state actors that go beyond the territory of the state. According to the prevailing interpretation of the Hamdan decision held by both scholars and the current Administration, the Court identified such conflicts as armed conflicts not of an international character, which are governed by Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. One of the implications of this interpretation is that al Qaeda detainees are entitled only to the minimal protections enshrined in Common Article 3. This Article challenges this interpretation by arguing that the Court deliberately avoided determining both the nature of the conflict in which the petitioner was captured and the nature of the applicable legal regime. While the Court indeed applied Common Article 3 to this conflict, it regarded Common Article 3 as a minimum rather than necessarily as an exhaustive legal regime. The boundaries that the Court marked for future debate are therefore much wider than understood by many thus far. The Article ends with a call to the Administration to revisit its interpretation of the decision and consider whether al Qaeda detainees are legally entitled to further protections beyond those afforded in Common Article 3.
The Power to Do the Impossible

Several recent arguments purport to show that omnipotence is incompatible with the possession of various necessary properties. These arguments appeal to one of two plausible but false principles about the nature of power: (1) that if it is metaphysically impossible for a being to actualize a state of affairs, then that being does not have the power to actualize that state of affairs, or (2) that if it is impossible given some contingent facts about the world that a being actualize a state of affairs, then that being does not have the power to actualize that state of affairs. I pose several problems for both principles, thereby undermining the plausibility of these arguments. I then consider the implications of rejecting these principles for related principles in the free will debate. These implications suggest important differences between having the power to bring about a state of affairs, having a choice about whether it obtains, and being able to bring it about.
Software Receiver Design: Bits to Symbols to Signals

Any message, whether analog or digital, can be translated into a string of binary digits. In order to transmit or store these digits, they are often clustered or encoded into a more convenient representation whose elements are the symbols of an alphabet . In order to utilize bandwidth efficiently, these symbols are then translated (again!) into short analog waveforms called pulse shapes that are combined to form the actual transmitted signal. The receiver must undo each of these translations. First, it examines the received analog waveform and decodes the symbols. Then it translates the symbols back into binary digits, from which the original message can, with luck, be reconstructed. This chapter briefly examines each of these translations, and the tools needed to make the receiver work. One of the key ideas is correlation , which can be used as a kind of pattern-matching tool for discovering key locations within the signal stream. Section 8.3 shows how correlation can be viewed as a kind of linear filter, and hence its properties can be readily understood both in the time and in the frequency domain. Bits to Symbols The information that is to be transmitted by a communication system comes in many forms: a pressure wave in the air, a flow of electrons in a wire, a digitized image or sound file, the text in a book. If the information is in analog form, then it can be sampled (as in Chapter 6).
Advanced composites for aerospace applications: A review of current status and future prospects

Abstract In less than 20 years advanced composites have become established as highly efficient, high performance structural materials and their use is increasing rapidly. This paper presents a brief review of the current status of composite materials technology, in terms of materials available and properties, and an outline of some of the trends, obvious and speculative, with particular emphasis on aerospace applications.
Paradoxes of Putinism

Vladimir Putin's trademark since taking charge of Russia's government almost two decades ago has been stability. He has achieved much in terms of this master goal, including economic and demographic recovery. But development on the part of Russian society has been juxtaposed with growing rigidity and control-mindedness on the part of the state. The accumulation of economic, social, and foreign-policy problems in recent years naturally raises questions about the sustainability of the current regime. Paradoxically, Putin's personal popularity has not always been matched by confidence in his policies, although the 2014 annexation of Crimea from Ukraine gave that confidence a boost. Another paradox is that Russia bucks the global trend that seemingly links social and economic modernization to political democratization. The essays in this issue that follow will probe dimensions of this knot of puzzles.