cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An asymptotic closure theory for irradiance in the sea and its inversion to obtain the inherent optical properties

An expression is derived for the rate at which the diffuse attenuation coefficient for vector irradiance approaches its asymptotic value in a homogeneous medium. The asymptotic approach rate is shown to be a function of boundary conditions at the surface and the asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient which is an inherent optical property. The asymptotic approach rate is then used to derive the vertical structure of the vector and scalar irradiances, the vector and scalar diffuse attenuation coefficients, the average cosine of the light field, and the remotely sensed reflectance at the surface, based only on the surface values of the vector and scalar irradiances and the vector and scalar diffuse attenuation coefficients. This theory is inverted and combined with previously derived radiative transfer relations to show that in principle the vertical structure of the absorption, scattering, attenuation, and backscattering coefficients can be derived from the vertical structure of the scalar and vector irradiances and the nadir radiance. An example for the western North Atlantic Ocean is provided. The vertical structure of the light in the sea is important to many disciplines. Sunlight is the energy source for the biological food chain, and the amount and spectrum of solar energy available at a given depth must be known if accurate productivity calculations are to be made. The oceanic biota in return are a major factor in determining the distribution of light through their absorption and scattering characteristics. Solar energy that is absorbed by the ocean plays a role in physical oceanography, in particular in the structure of the mixed layer. Optical remote sensing allows us to study the large-scale structure of biological and optical parameters by measuring radiance emanating from the ocean. Remote sensing is essential in investigating the global effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. The behavior of the light field in the sea is described by the equation of radiative
An African Success Story: Ghana's Cocoa Marketing System

Summary Ghana's cocoa marketing system has performed impressively over the past decade. Cocoa production has reached record high levels. Farmers receive a relatively large share of export earnings. Product quality is world renowned, and it regularly exceeds the most stringent international standards. Exports are handled professionally and efficiently. International loans are repaid reliably. Internal marketing is relatively uncorrupt and effective. This is a home-grown success story, under the stewardship of a state-run marketing board – the Cocobod – which manages almost all aspects of the internal cocoa marketing process and maintains a monopoly on cocoa exports. Given the dismal history of African commodity marketing boards in general, and of Ghana's cocoa marketing board in particular, this success demands explanation. It was not the result of radical transformation but of relatively subtle changes in the system that maintained the undoubted benefits of a centralised monopoly while minimising its damaging consequences. Success resulted from (1) building on the underlying strength of certain elements in the system, notably quality control and export management, (2) an episode of well-directed reform, and (3) effective policies and organisational structures that protected the farmers' share of the cocoa revenues over time and inhibited the Cocobod returned to the politicisation it suffered in the past. The case accords with the much-touted but oft-neglected lesson that both context and institutions matter for organisational performance. In particular, complementary contexts and institutions can produce valuable synergies. More substantively, it suggests that poorly performing organisations in Africa may be turned around without radical measures.
Induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in human vaginal epithelial cells in response to TLR ligands and TNF-α.

Problem Mucosal inflammation caused by infections of the female lower genital tract is considered to be an important cofactor for HIV transmission. We hypothesize that COX-2, a key inflammation-related enzyme, is involved in these responses and is upregulated by microbial ligands and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Method of study Human vaginal epithelial cells (VK-2/E6E7) and ectocervical biopsy tissues were stimulated with TLR ligands and the cytokine TNF-α, used as surrogates of vaginal infections, and assessed for COX-2 expression and activity by microarray, real-time RT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Results TLR agonists and TNF-α induce transcriptional and translational expression of COX-2 in vaginal cells. TLR ligands, MALP2, Pam3CSK4, LTA, and imiquimod induced high epithelial COX-2 expression, while zymosan and poly dI:dC induced very low enzyme expression. Induced mRNA and protein expression correlated with increased COX-2 activity, which led to increased levels of PGE2 in the cell culture supernatant. These cell-based findings were confirmed in primary cervicovaginal tissue explants. Conclusion Induction of COX-2 expression and activity and the consequent increased levels of prostaglandins are common inflammatory pathways in human cervicovaginal epithelial cells and tissues in response to diverse TLR ligands and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings are relevant to the understanding of genital mucosal inflammation, its potential treatment, and its possible relationship with increased tissue susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.
Optimal consumption and portfolio control for jump-diffusion stock process with log-normal jumps

A computational solution is found for a optimal consumption and portfolio policy problem in which the underlying stock satisfies a geometric jump-diffusion in which both the diffusion and jump amplitude are log-normally distributed. The optimal objective is to maximize the expected, discounted utility of terminal wealth and the cumulative discounted utility of instantaneous consumption. The jump-diffusion allows for a more realistic distribution, skewed toward negative jumps and having leptokurtic behavior in which the tails are thicker so that the distribution is more slender around the peak than normal. Computational issues pertinent to jump-diffusion calculations are discussed.
Prospects for a second neutral vector boson at low mass in SO(10)

Symmetries SU(3)/sub c/ x SU(2)/sub L/ x U(1) x U(1) arising from a specific class of model involving the spontaneous breakdown of SO(10) are considered. In these, two neutral vector bosons Zand Z/sub 2/ arise. The Z/sub 1/ is expected to be very similar to the Z/sub 0/ of the standard SU(2)/sub L/ x U(1) model. The most restrictive constraints, arising from the Novosibirsk experiment on parity violation in atomic bismuth, imply 0.98< or =M(Z/sub 1/)/M(Z/sub 0/)< or =1. The Z/sub 2/ can be as light as (2.5--3)M(Z/sub 0/). Its effects in neutral-current interactions, couplings, and production mechanisms are examined.
Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming

[1] A consistent weakening and poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation is diagnosed in the climate change simulations of the IPCC AR4 project. Associated with this widening is a poleward expansion of the subtropical dry zone. Simple scaling analysis supports the notion that the poleward extent of the Hadley cell is set by the location where the thermally driven jet first becomes baroclinically unstable. The expansion of the Hadley cell is caused by an increase in the subtropical static stability, which pushes poleward the baroclinic instability zone and hence the outer boundary of the Hadley cell.
ACTIONS WITH BOREL ORBIT EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS

If G is a Polish group and (X, α) a Borel G-space, then the associated equivalence relation E_α is analytic but in general not Borel, even when X is a Polish G-space (see 3.2). We study in this section various questions concerning the Borelness of such E_α.
The joy of sharing knowledge: But what if there is no knowledge to share? A critical reflection on human capacity building in Africa

This article focuses on the current trends and initiatives in human capacity building in Africa. It takes as it starting point that human capacity development is essential for Africa to become an information and knowledge society and therefore an equal partner in the global sharing of knowledge. Four knowledge areas are identified and discussed. These are education, research and development, brain drain and information and documentation drain. The paper concludes that there is a clear understanding in Africa that its future lies with education and that most African leaders have a strong political will to invest in human capacity building on the continent. It is also clear that much has been done, particularly primary education. Africa will most definitely benefit from this in the long run. Problem areas remain however. These are in the needed growth of research and development and how to address the brain and information drain phenomena.
Gender and Recall of Child Sexual Abuse

One critical question at the heart of the debate on recovered memory is “how common is it to have no memory of sexual abuse that occurred in one’s childhood?” An increasingly large number of studies have documented that traumatic events from childhood may be forgotten (see Williams & Banyard, in press). Much of this research has specifically focused on adults’ experiences with forgetting child sexual abuse and is based on naturalistic studies of clinical samples of men and women in treatment for the consequences of sexual abuse. This research reveals that many adults who now recall sexual abuse that occurred during childhood report that there were prior periods when they did not remember the abuse. For example, Herman and Schatzow (1987) found that over half of the women participating in an outpatient group for incest survivors reported some degree of prior forgetting of the sexual abuse they had experienced and that 28% of the women reported prior severe memory deficits. Prior studies have not focused on memories of sexual abuse among males or on possible differences in memory status for men and women who have experienced sexual abuse in childhood.
High glucose increases diacylglycerol mass and activates protein kinase C in mesangial cell cultures.

We showed previously that glomerular mesangial cells displayed increased fibronectin, laminin, and type IV collagen synthesis and mRNA levels when grown in medium containing 30 mM glucose compared with those cells grown in 10 mM glucose [S. H. Ayo, R. A. Radnik, W. F. Glass II, J. A. Garoni, E. R. Rampt, D. R. Appling, and J. I. Kreisberg. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 29): F185-F191, 1990]. However, total protein synthesis and actin mRNA were unchanged. In this report, we show that an increase in medium glucose concentration resulted in an increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) mass and transiently increased protein kinase C (PKC) activity as assessed by the translocation of PKC from the soluble to the particulate fraction. Effects of increased glucose on DAG were evident at 30 min and were maintained through 1 wk of growth in medium containing 30 mM glucose. Although total PKC activity (i.e., soluble plus particulate fractions) did not change with high-glucose treatment, the percent activity associated with the particulate fraction (i.e., activated PKC) increased significantly after 60 min in RPMI 1640 medium with 30 mM glucose. The distribution of PKC returned to control values by 24 h. High glucose did not stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis, as evidenced by the absence of an increase in the water-soluble inositol phosphates, indicating that DAG was not generated through the action of a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Cells treated with the cell-permeable DAG analogue 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl glycerol to activate PKC displayed approximately two-fold increases of fibronectin, laminin, and type IV collagen mRNA levels after normalization against actin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Boundary-layer transition detection and structure identification through surface shear-stress measurements

Several surface shear-stress measurements are made using hot-film sheet anemometry technology in a three-dimensional, swept-wing boundary layer. Various measurements in the crossflow and streamwise directions are made in regions on the wing surface upstream, through, and downstream of the transition region from laminar to turbulent flow. Advanced analysis techniques including proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), spectra, and spatial correlations are used to identify the presence of flow structure and spatial evolutions within the measured surface shear-stress fields. The resulting spatial eigenmodes from the POD solution across the transition front presents a completely objective method for identifying the start and finish of the transition process in the swept-wing boundary layer. The crossflow POD solutions reveal certain transitional processes and spatial relationships important in understanding flow transition and in developing future flow control algorithms.
Allopurinol and the risk of atrial fibrillation in the elderly: a study using Medicare data

Objective To assess the effect of allopurinol use on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in the elderly. Methods We used the 5% random Medicare Claims data from 2006 to 2012 to examine the association of allopurinol use and incident AF in a cohort of patients with an absence of AF at baseline (at least 365 days). Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses compared allopurinol exposed and non-exposed periods for the risk of AF, controlling for age, sex, race, Charlson–Romano comorbidity index and use of statins, diuretics, ACE inhibitors and β-blockers. HR with 95% CIs was calculated. Sensitivity analyses considered a longer baseline period (365 days vs 183 days) and individual comorbidities. Results There were 9244 episodes of incident allopurinol use in 8569 beneficiaries, of which 1366 episodes (14.8%) had incident AF. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, allopurinol use was associated with an HR of 0.83 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.93) for incident AF. In a separate multivariable-adjusted model, compared with no allopurinol use, longer allopurinol use durations were associated with a lower HR of AF: 180 days–2 years, 0.85 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.99) and >2 years, 0.65 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.82). Other factors significantly associated with a higher hazard of AF were: age 75– Conclusions Allopurinol use was associated with a reduced risk of incident AF in the elderly, especially its use for >6 months duration. Future studies should assess the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect of allopurinol.
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis-like Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Abstract Purpose Describe the presentation and management of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)-like inflammation and secondary limbal stem cell dysfunction in the setting of ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Methods Retrospective observational case series in a multicenter clinical practice. Participants were 13 patients (26 eyes) with ocular cGVHD and SLK-like inflammation presenting to the University of Illinois at Chicago and BostonSight® between January 1, 2009 and July 1, 2013. Main outcome measures 1) Reversal or worsening of SLK, and 2) development of limbal stem cell dysfunction. Results All eyes showed evidence of SLK-like inflammation and superior limbal stem cell dysfunction manifested by conjunctival injection and superior conjunctival and corneal staining. In addition to aggressive lubrication, management strategies for SLK included topical steroids (20/26), punctal occlusion (18/26), topical cyclosporine (24/26), autologous serum tears (12/26), therapeutic soft contact lens (13/26 eyes) and scleral lenses (4/26 eyes). SLK and limbal stem cell dysfunction were reversed in 23/26 eyes. Three eyes of two patients with long-standing disease demonstrated frank limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and corneal pannus, with one patient requiring multiple reconstructive surgical procedures. Conclusions SLK-like inflammation is an under-recognized condition in patients with severe dry eyes secondary to ocular cGVHD. Untreated SLK can potentially lead to permanent LSCD over time. Early recognition and management of SLK in ocular cGVHD can improve vision, reverse signs, and may prevent these long-term consequences.
Comparative Genomics of the Dictyostelids

The complete genomes of Dictyostelium discoideum, Dictyostelium purpureum, Polysphondylium pallidum and Dictyostelium fasciculatum have been sequenced. The proteins predicted to be encoded by the genes in each species have been compared to each other as well as to the complete compilation of nonredundant proteins from bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals. Likely functions have been assigned to about half of the proteins on the basis of sequence similarity to proteins with experimentally defined functions or properties. Even when the sequence similarity is not sufficiently high to have much confidence in the predicted function of the dictyostelid proteins, the shared ancestry of the proteins can often be clearly recognized. The degree of divergence within such clusters of orthologous proteins can then be used to establish the evolutionary pathways leading to each species and estimate the approximate time of divergence. This approach has established that the dictyostelids are a monophyletic group with four major groups that diverged from the line leading to animals shortly before the fungi. D. fasciculatum and P. pallidum are representatives of group 1 and group 2 dictyostelids, respectively. Their common ancestor diverged about 600-800 million years ago from the line leading to D. discoideum and D. purpureum which are group 4 dictyostelids. Each of these species encodes about 11,000-12,000 proteins which is almost twice that in the yeasts. Most of the genes known to be involved in specific signal transduction pathways that mediate intercellular communication are present in each of the sequenced species but both P. pallidum and D. fasciculatum appear to be missing the gene responsible for synthesis of GABA, gadA, suggesting that release of the SDF-2 precursor AcbA is not regulated by GABA in these species as it is in D. discoideum. Likewise, the gene responsible for making cytokinins, iptA, appears to have entered by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria into the genome of the common ancestor of group 4 dictyostelids after they diverged from the group 1 and 2 species. Therefore, it is unlikely that P. pallidum or D. fasciculatum has the ability to make or respond to the cytokinin discadenine which induces rapid encapsulation of spores and maintains their dormancy in D. discoideum. Other predictions from comparative genomics among the dictyostelids are reviewed and evaluated.
Who Counts as Human? Antecedents to Androcentric Behavior

People view men as typically human, although some conditions may make this more or less likely. Language has been implicated as one factor, with masculine generic language (e.g., he used neutrally) leading to more androcentrism relative to its alternatives. However, the influence of two types of alternatives (e.g., they vs. he or she) remains unclear. The present study asked 297 male and female online participants from the United States to select typical representations of humanity from a set of White and Black male and female faces. The wording for the concept humanity was manipulated to be either a typical member of mankind, a typical human, or a typical man or woman (or woman or man). Overall, participants selected more White targets. Participants also selected more male targets, but the degree to which that was the case was affected by wording and participant’s gender. Participants, particularly male participants, in the mankind and human wording conditions were more likely to select a male target as representative, whereas in the man or woman condition, participants’ choices did not differ from chance. Thus, androcentric thinking may be more mutable than previously surmised, varying by participants’ gender and by context.
A community-based, interdisciplinary rehabilitation engineering course

A novel, community-based course was created through collaboration between the School of Engineering and the Physical Therapy program at the University of North Florida. This course offers a hands-on, interdisciplinary training experience for undergraduate engineering students through team-based design projects where engineering students are partnered with physical therapy students. Students learn the process of design, fabrication and testing of low-tech and high-tech rehabilitation technology for children with disabilities, and are exposed to a clinical experience under the guidance of licensed therapists. This course was taught in two consecutive years and pre-test/post-test data evaluating the impact of this interprofessional education experience on the students is presented using the Public Service Motivation Scale, Civic Actions Scale, Civic Attitudes Scale, and the Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale.
Early detection, prevention, and mitigation of critical illness outside intensive care settings

Patients who deteriorate outside the intensive care unit (ICU) are known to have elevated mortality and morbidity. Rapid response teams (RRTs) were developed to address such deterioration. It has not been possible to establish that RRTs employing manual detection methods have definitively improved hospital outcomes. Because of this, automated early detection systems based on data from modern electronic medical records have been developed. This article attempts to establish a conceptual framework for early detection, prevention, and mitigation of critical illness in hospitalized patients outside the ICU. Taking a step back from the now voluminous clinical and statistical literature on early warning systems, this article focuses on definitional issues (What is early detection? What does it aim to detect, and how?). Particular attention is given to how early detection systems interface with patients who are near the end of life. Also addressed are problems of how one quantifies benefit, which includes consideration of downsides such as potential harms of early detection. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:S5-S10. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Evidence of dual mechanisms for transport of carbohydrate in cells of Crithidia sp. from Arilus cristatus.

Abstract There are two types of entrance of carbohydrates in the cells of C . sp. from Arilus cristatus , as evidence by the differences in kinetics of penetration, in specificity, and in effects of metabolic inhibitions at low and high external concentrations of carbohydrate. These are: (a) an active transport mechanism, active at low external concentration and dependent upon a supplyof metabolic energy; (b) facilitated diffusion, of importance only at high external concentrations.
Prise en charge des douleurs osseuses métastatiques

Resume La survenue de metastases osseuses (MO), meme uniques, conduit encore aujourd’hui au diagnostic de cancer incurable. D’importants allongements de survie sont observes depuis environ 20 ans pour les tumeurs mammaires par exemple, mais depuis peu, pour certaines tumeurs reputees tres chimio-resistantes (melanome, adenocarcinomes bronchiques…), des remissions prolongees impressionnent avec des traitements locaux et/ou des traitements medicaux « innovants » (therapies ciblees, immunotherapies). Les metastases osseuses surviennent chez 20 a 95 % des cancers et varient selon le type histologique. La conjonction des traitements pluridisciplinaires specifiques et des traitements de support permet d’allonger la survie, et en quantite et en qualite pendant des annees pour les tumeurs d’evolution lente ou sensibles aux traitements specifiques. Le controle de la douleur et la preservation de la fonction locomotrice sont les elements essentiels de la qualite de cette survie. Les caracteristiques de cette douleur sont mecaniques et inflammatoires et sont de mieux en mieux connues ce qui permet de comprendre pourquoi toutes les MO ne sont pas sensibles aux memes traitements. La strategie antalgique fait toujours appel aux memes ressources : chirurgicales, radiologiques interventionnelles, oncologiques, radiotherapiques, et parallelement a toutes les methodes algologiques. Cette strategie est encore inegalement appliquee dans le pays et fonction de la disponibilite des ressources locales, l’existence de reunions de concertation pluridisciplinaire (RCP) (parfois de « RCP Meta Os ») reunissant les competences appropriees et de procedures d’urgence inscrites dans des referentiels implementes par l’ensemble des acteurs appeles a collaborer. L’organisation des soins doit permettre a terme de limiter voire supprimer cette inegalite d’acces aux meilleurs soins. L’approche antalgique a proprement parle fait appel a l’application « basique » d’une medecine obeissant aux regles de l’art : traitements adaptes selon les recommandations etayees sur les donnees de la science et concertation pluridisciplinaire. L’utilisation de traitements specifiques du cancer ne dispense en rien de l’application precoce et parallele de traitements antalgiques adaptes.
ICVision real-time autostereoscopic stereogram display

This paper describes in detail the historical development of the ICVision system which is based on the partial pixel architecture. The partial pixel architecture allows the realization of three-dimensional (3-D) displays that are functionally equivalent to real-time holographic stereograms. As such, this architecture permits the simultaneous presentation of multiple stereoscopic images so that motion parallax is discernible in the resultant 3-D scene. The key innovation of the architecture is that each pixel is subdivided into partial pixels, which in turn can be implemented as individual diffraction gratings. In addition to describing the partial pixel architecture, this paper presents the details of several demonstration devices including a static device developed for image evaluation, and two dynamic systems based on liquid crystal devices.
Supply Chain and Supply Chain Cases

This chapter introduces the concepts of Supply Chain and Supply Chain Management (SCM) to academic and research library professionals. It starts with definitions and essential characteristics, explained in the context of library mission, organization, processes, and core products and services. It then summarizes a brief history on how supply chain and its management have grown into a broadly recognized discipline and how it became a strategy for creating value for end users. Finally, this chapter provides two brainstorming use cases related to products that are similar to core library services. The goal of this chapter is to establish the argument that libraries need to adopt the Supply Chain idea as a discipline, a standard practice, and a foremost priority.
Comparative Outcomes of All-Inside Versus Inside-Out Repair of Bucket-Handle Meniscal Tears: A Propensity-Matched Analysis:

Background:There are limited data comparing the outcomes of all-inside versus inside-out meniscal repair techniques.Purpose:To assess failure rates and clinical outcomes after the surgical repair o...
Automatic Histogram and Variogram Reproduction in Simulated Annealing Simulation

Simulated annealing simulation (SAS) is a flexible tool for generating stochastic simulations conditioned to data at various scales and precision. However, a number of important drawbacks exists: (1) SAS requires considerable CPU time, (2) it requires experience in setting the so-called cooling schedule to obtain convergence, and (3) its space of uncertainty is not well understood. In this paper, I propose a new simulated annealing method that guarantees histogram and variogram reproduction through the implementation of a novel perturbation mechanism. The novel perturbation method is based on the Metropolis–Hastings sampler for a Markov-type random field. This new annealing method allows removal of the histogram and variogram from the objective function in the simulated annealing procedure. Furthermore, for the proposed method one finds that (1) the uncertainty space can be quantified, (2) the convergence properties can be linked to convergence of stationary Markov chains, and (3) the convergence speed is improved over traditional simulated annealing.
Effective area method for calculating global properties of cellular materials

Abstract Currently, in the literature there does not appear to be any universally adopted cross sectional area calculation used for determining the global mechanical properties of cellular and truss materials. Reported properties of different cellular materials cannot be directly compared when calculated via different areas. Additionally, most area methods do not normalize the cellular material by the volume of material comprising it, which does not allow for accurate direct strength comparisons between dimensional and geometric differences. An effective area is proposed here that normalizes the cellular material by the amount of material present, allowing for direct and accurate comparisons between solid materials and cellular materials of different unit cell geometries, dimensions and materials. The deformation behavior of honeycomb and brick celled materials was examined with the new area calculation method and local strain fields obtained with DIC.
Emerging Roles in the Biogenesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase for Members of the Mitochondrial Carrier Family

The mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) is a group of transport proteins that are mostly localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane where they facilitate the movement of various solutes across the membrane. Although these carriers represent potential targets for therapeutic application and are repeatedly associated with human disease, research on the MCF has not progressed commensurate to their physiologic and pathophysiologic importance. Many of the 53 MCF members in humans are orphans and lack known transport substrates. Even for the relatively well-studied members of this family, such as the ADP/ATP carrier and the uncoupling protein, there exist fundamental gaps in our understanding of their biological roles including a clear rationale for the existence of multiple isoforms. Here, we briefly review this important family of mitochondrial carriers, provide a few salient examples of their diverse metabolic roles and disease associations, and then focus on an emerging link between several distinct MCF members, including the ADP/ATP carrier, and cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis. As the ADP/ATP carrier is regarded as the paradigm of the entire MCF, its newly established role in regulating translation of the mitochondrial genome highlights that we still have a lot to learn about these metabolite transporters.
Changes in Self-Rated Physical Health After Moving Into Permanent Supportive Housing.

Purpose:Homelessness is associated with poor health outcomes and heightened risk of premature mortality. Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is a key solution for ending homelessness, but there is i...
Diverging Trends in the Relationship Between Binge Drinking and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents in the U.S. From 1991 Through 2018.

Abstract Purpose From 1991 to 2018, binge drinking among U.S. adolescents has precipitously declined; since 2012, depressive symptoms among U.S. adolescents have sharply increased. Binge drinking and depressive symptoms have historically been correlated, thus understanding whether there are dynamic changes in their association informs prevention and intervention. Methods Data were drawn from the U.S. nationally representative cross-sectional Monitoring the Future surveys (1991–2018) among school-attending 12th-grade adolescents (N = 58,444). Binge drinking was measured as any occasion of more than five drinks/past 2 weeks; depressive symptoms were measured with four items (e.g., belief that life is meaningless or hopeless), dichotomized at 75th percentile. Time-varying effect modeling was conducted by sex, race/ethnicity, and parental education. Results In 1991, adolescents with high depressive symptoms had 1.74 times the odds of binge drinking (95% confidence interval 1.54–1.97); by 2018, the strength of association between depressive symptoms and binge drinking among 12th-grade adolescents declined 24% among girls and 25% among boys. There has been no significant relation between depressive symptoms and binge drinking among boys since 2009; among girls, the relationship has been positive throughout most of the study period, with no significant relationship from 2016 to 2017. Conclusions Diverging trends between depressive symptoms and alcohol use among youth are coupled with declines in the strength of their comorbidity. This suggests that underlying drivers of recent diverging population trends are likely distinct and indicates that the nature of comorbidity between substance use and mental health may need to be reconceptualized for recent and future cohorts.
Thyroid Hormone Action in the Developing Testis: Intergenerational Epigenetics

Male fertility involves the successful transmission of the genetic code to the next generation. It requires appropriately timed cellular processes during testis development, adequate support of spermatogenesis by hormonal cues from the reproductive axis and cellular cross-talk between germ and somatic cells. In addition to being the vessel of the father’s genome, increasing evidence shows that the mature sperm carries valuable epigenetic information – the epigenome – that, after fecundation, influences the development of the next generation, affecting biological traits and disease susceptibility. The epigenome of the germ line is susceptible to environmental factors, including exogenous chemicals and diet, but it is also affected by endogenous molecules and pathophysiological conditions. Factors affecting testis development and the epigenetic information of the germ line are critical for fertility and of relevance to the non-genetic but heritable component in the etiology of complex conditions. Thyroid hormones are one of those factors and their action, when untimely, produces profound effects on the developing testis, affecting spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, testis size, reproductive hormones and fertility. Altered thyroid hormone states can also change the epigenetic information of the male germ line, with phenotypic consequences for future generations. In the context of past literature concerning the consequences of altered thyroid hormone action for testis development, here we review recent findings about the pathophysiological roles of the principal determinants of testicular thyroid hormone action. We also discuss limited work on the effects of thyroid hormone on the male germ line epigenome and the implications for the intergenerational transmission of phenotypes via epigenetic mechanisms.
On reconstruction of graphs from the multiset of subgraphs obtained by deleting $\ell$ vertices

The Reconstruction Conjecture of Ulam asserts that, for $n\geq 3$, every $n$-vertex graph is determined by the multiset of its induced subgraphs with $n-1$ vertices. The conjecture is known to hold for various special classes of graphs but remains wide open. We survey results on the more general conjecture by Kelly from 1957 that for every positive integer $\ell$ there exists $M_\ell$ (with $M_1=3$) such that when $n\geq M_\ell$ every $n$-vertex graph is determined by the multiset of its induced subgraphs with $n-\ell$ vertices.
Metabolic Alkalosis: Biochemical Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Treatment

Metabolic alkalosis is a primary pathophysiologic event characterized by the gain of bicarbonate or the loss of nonvolatile acid from extracellular fluid such that arterial pH increases (normal pH = 7.40). More simply put, it is a primary increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration (normal plasma HCO3 = 24mEq/L). Like all acid-base disturbances, metabolic alkalosis commonly complicates the course of patients with preexisting disorders. An understanding of its pathophysiology makes the diagnosis and management of metabolic alkalosis a relatively simple process. Several series (1,2) have reported that metabolic alkalosis is the second most common acid-base disorder in hospitalized adults (Table 1). Most of these are patients with other underlying diseases predisposing them to one of the many complex acid-base disorders.
Enhancing product selectivity in biomass and bioalcohol reactions over Cu-doped porous metal oxides

Abstract The ever-increasing global fuel demand and environmental consequences of anthropogenic carbon emissions have motivated interest in catalytic disassembly of biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. Over 1 billion tons of combined residual biomass (i.e., agricultural, forestry, and food waste) are available annually (Langholtz et al., 2016).1 Humankind is dependent on fossil carbon for much of the energy we consume, the medicine we take, and the clothes we wear. Our society will likely remain dependent on fossil carbon so long as they are the primary chemical feedstock for our medicines, polymers, and fuels. The selective upgrading of biomass and biomass derived alcohols may potentially provide “green” alternatives to commonly used fossil carbon derived fuels, solvents, plasticizers, and a multitude of synthetic precursor chemicals. Cu-doped porous metal oxides were identified as highly active catalysts due to their ability to generate hydrogen from alcohols and subsequently catalyze hydrogenolysis of various carbon-oxygen bonds, a crucial component of biomass macromolecules and derivatives. This chapter outlines recent efforts within and without our laboratories for addressing a vital challenge in catalytic biomass disassembly using Cu-doped porous metal oxides (CuPMO) selectivity. Herein we described the innovative strategies used in the context of selective conversion of organosolv poplar lignin, condensation of ethanol, and reaction environment (i.e., temperature, solvent, and substrate) effects on CuPMO structure.
Letting it sink in: The longer-term impact of a social work short-term study abroad course

Short-term study abroad courses are increasingly common in higher education, but while brief, can deeply impact students’ cultural appreciation and competence. This qualitative study explored 17 fo...
Spin triplet superconductors

Cooper pairs in the superconductors are usually formed with pairs of electrons with opposite spins (spin singlet pair). Under certain circumstances, superconductors could have Cooper pairs formed with spin triplet pairs, which are called spin triplet superconductors. Spin triplet pairing is a very rare quantum phenomenon. Within the thousands of superconductors discovered so far, only a few are considered as the candidates for spin triplet pairing. In the recent years, driven by the interest in the topological phases of matter, spin triplet superconductors have attracted more attention from the research community, as they can potentially be the topological superconductors. In this article, we review the physical properties of the a few possible systems for spin triplet pairing.
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis as a Cause of Sudden-Onset Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Case Report and Recommendations for Initial Assessment

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a severe systemic vasculitis that commonly affects the paranasal sinuses, upper and lower respiratory tracts, and kidneys. GPA has also been associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), through inflammation of the cochlear apparatus. Early recognition, diagnostic laboratory evaluation, and appropriate treatment are essential to improve outcomes and achieve remission for patients with GPA. Here, we present a case of bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and distal symmetric polyneuropathy as the first presenting signs of GPA. A specific diagnostic work-up to rule out autoimmune inner-ear disease in patients with bilateral SSNHL is not clearly stated in the clinical practice guidelines from the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. The aim of this paper is to delineate an appropriate diagnostic work-up for patients with bilateral SSNHL when there is concern for autoimmune disease.
Writing instruction improves students’ writing skills differentially depending on focal instruction and children: A meta-analysis for primary grade students

Abstract We investigated the effect of writing interventions on written composition for students in primary grades (K-G3) with a focus on whether effects vary as a function of different dimensions of composition outcomes (i.e., quality, productivity, fluency, and other), instructional focus (e.g., transcription, self-regulation strategies such as Self-Regulated Strategy Development [SRSD]), and student characteristics (i.e., initially weak writing skills). A total of 24 studies (number of effect sizes, k = 166; N = 5589 participants) met inclusion criteria. The overall mean effect size was moderate and positive (ES = 0.31) with some variation across the dimensions of composition: 0.32 in writing quality, 0.31 in writing productivity, 0.15 in writing fluency, and 0.34 in writing: other. SRSD had large and consistent effect sizes across the outcomes (0.59–1.04) whereas transcription instruction did not yield statistically significant effects on any dimensions of composition due to large variation of effects across studies. Variation in instructional dosage (total length of instruction) did not explain variation in the effect sizes. Lastly, the average effect on writing quality was larger for writers with weaker writing skills compared to those with typical skills.
GAQ-EBkSP: A DRL-based Urban Traffic Dynamic Rerouting Framework using Fog-Cloud Architecture

Dynamic rerouting framework can improve urban traffic management by mitigating urban traffic congestion. Emerging technologies such as fog-computing offers low-latency capabilities and facilitates the information exchange between the vehicles and infrastructure systems, and this fosters dynamic rerouting efficiency. In this study, a 2 stage-method combining GAQ (Graph Attention Network- Deep Q Learning) and EBkSP (Entropy Based $k$ Shortest Path) is proposed using a fog-cloud architecture to reroute the vehicles in a dynamic urban environment to achieve improved travel efficiency. First, GAQ analyzes the traffic conditions on each road and for each fog area and assigns a road index based on the information attention from both local and neighboring areas. Second, the route for each vehicle is assigned using EBkSP based on the vehicle priority and route popularity. The results demonstrate attainment of higher speed and lower total travel time for each vehicle in the network, thereby indicating the efficacy of the proposed framework in dynamic rerouting.
Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibody and Antibody Fragments in the Mouse Eye Following Systemic Administration.

The ocular pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibody-based therapies are infrequently studied in mice due to the technical difficulties in working with the small murine eye. This study is the first of its kind to quantitatively measure the PK of variously sized proteins in the plasma, cornea/ICB, vitreous humor, retina, and posterior cup (including choroid) of the mouse and to evaluate the relationship between molecular weight (MW) and antibody biodistribution coefficient (BC) to the eye. Proteins analyzed include trastuzumab (150 kDa), trastuzumab-vc-MMAE (T-vc-MMAE, 155 kDa), F(ab)2 (100 kDa), Fab (50 kDa), and scFv (27 kDa). As expected, ocular PK mirrored the systemic PK as plasma was the driving force for ocular exposure. For trastuzumab, T-vc-MMAE, F(ab)2, Fab, and scFv, respectively, the BCs in the cornea/ICB were 0.610%, 0.475%, 1.74%, 3.39%, and 13.7%; the BCs in the vitreous humor were 0.0198%, 0.0427%, 0.0934%, 0.234%, and 5.56%; the BCs for the retina were 0.539%, 0.230%, 0.704%, 2.44%, and 20.4%; the BCs for the posterior cup were 0.557%, 0.650%, 1.47%, 4.06%, and 13.9%. The relationship between BC and MW was best characterized by a log-log regression in which BC decreased as MW increased, with every doubling in MW leading to a decrease in BC by a factor of 3.44 × , 6.76 × , 4.74 × , and 3.43 × in cornea/ICB, vitreous humor, retina, and posterior cup, respectively. In analyzing the disposition of protein therapeutics to the eye, these findings enhance our understanding of the potential for ocular toxicity of systemically administered protein therapeutics and may aid in the discovery of systemically administered protein therapeutics for ocular disorders.
18 Systemic immune profiling of advanced biliary tract cancer patients defines altered cytokines and immune cell populations

Background Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are aggressive malignancies often refractory to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. There is urgent need to identify novel, data-driven therapeutic targets to change the course of disease. It is also challenging to procure substantial quantities of tissue for research from patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Thus, we posit that peripheral blood holds particular value for exploring immune landscapes in patients with advanced BTC. We hypothesized actionable immunotherapy targets can be identified from blood that are suited to improve outcomes for BTC patients. Methods We examined a comprehensive panel of immune biomarkers in pre-treatment blood from 79 patients with advanced BTC on a national, randomized Phase II clinical trial of atezolizumab ± cobimetinib in advanced metastatic BTC (NCI10139). A cohort of 12 healthy donors was obtained as a comparator. Blood was processed via ficoll and density gradient centrifugation. PBMCs and plasma were cryopreserved prior to analysis by bioplex assay and multiparameter flow cytometry (n=23 colors). Analysis of 45 peripheral soluble factors was performed on a Luminex 100. Flow cytometric analysis was conducted on a Cytek Aurora and analyzed using FlowJo software. Comparisons of normal versus BTC patient samples were conducted via unpaired two-tailed t tests. Results Bioplex analysis of 45 peripheral soluble factors revealed significant elevations in BTC plasma compared to normal donors for several factors including IL-6, IL-18, eotaxin/CCL11, IP-10/CXCL10, MIP-1s/CCL9, IFN-?, PDGF-BB, PIGF-1, and SCF (p’s Conclusions To our knowledge, this work represents the most comprehensive analysis of peripheral immune biomarkers in BTC patients to date. These data suggest that cytokine mediators and/or distinct immune checkpoints deserve further investigation as actionable targets in patients with BTC. Ethics Approval Patient samples were collected as part of a study approved by the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP), as well as central and local institutional review boards (IRBs). All patients and healthy donors gave informed consent before participation in these studies.