cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HTLV-I Tax-dependent and -independent events associated with immortalization of human primary T lymphocytes

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)–associated malignancies are seen in a small percentage of infected persons. Although in vitro immortalization by HTLV-I virus is very efficient, we report that Tax has poor oncogenic activity in human primary T cells and that immortalization by Tax is rare. Sustained telomerase activity represents one of the oncogenic steps required for Tax-mediated immortalization. Tax expression was required for the growth of primary T cells, but was not sufficient to propel T cells into cell cycle in the absence of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2). Tax was sufficient to activate the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway as shown by down regulation of Src homology phosphatase-1 and increased phosphorylation of Akt. We also found disruption of putative tumor suppressors IL-16 and translocated promoter region (TPR) in Tax-immortalized and HTLV-I–transformed cell lines. Our results confirmed previous observations that Tax activates the anaphase-promoting complex. However, Tax did not affect the mitotic spindle checkpoint, which was also functional in HTLV-I–transformed cells. These data provide a better understanding of Tax functions in human T cells, and highlight the limitations of Tax, suggesting that other viral proteins are key to T-cell transformation and development of adult T-cell leukemia.
Results and long term follow-up for 1581 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma treated with standard dose doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy: a reference.

BACKGROUND The authors report results and long term follow-up for 1581 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma treated with doxorubicin-containing combination chemotherapy at a single institution; this report is meant to serve as a reliable reference for single-arm studies of newer therapies in this patient population. METHODS Prospectively collected data from 18 successive doxorubicin-containing protocols for the treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma were evaluated. RESULTS The response rate was 65.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 62.5–67.3%), complete response (CR) rate was 16.6% (95% CI: 14.8–18.6%), and partial response (PR) rate was 48.5% (95% CI: 46.0–50.9%). Median progression free survival (PFS) was 11.5 months (95% CI: 10.9–12.3 months) and median overall survival (OS) was 21.3 months (95% CI: 20.3–22.7 months). Survival correlated with response to therapy; median PFS and OS were 22.4 and 41.8 months, respectively, for the patients who achieved CR (n = 263) and 14 and 24.6 months, respectively, for PR patients (n = 766). The median OS of patients who had progressive disease during chemotherapy was 3.8 months. The response rate, PFS and OS correlated with number of organs involved and especially with tumor burden. Patients with hormone receptor-positive tumors had a similar response rate to that of patients with hormone receptor negative tumors but had significantly longer PFS (medians of 14.3 and 8.7 months, respectively) and OS (medians of 28.6 and 18.1 months, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy had a response rate of 65% and a CR rate of 16.6%. PFS and OS were 11.5 months and 21.3 months, respectively, for all responders and 22.4 months and 41.8 months, respectively, for those who had CR. Cancer 1999;85:104–11. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
The effect of spin-orbit coupling on the band structure of 5d metals

We present a study of the effect of the spin-orbit interaction on the equilibrium volume, band structure, and density of states in the 5d series of the transition metals. We performed this work by creating an extension to the NRL TB method that introduces a doubling of the non-relativistic 9 × 9 spd matrix and an additional parameter originating from the atom. Our results show negligible differences in the values of the equilibrium lattice parameters, more significant changes in the states away from the Fermi level but negligible effects on the density of states at E f.
Plasmon excitations in scanning tunneling microscopy: Simultaneous imaging of modes with different localizations coupled at the tip

The authors investigate the localization of photons emitted at the tip during scanning tunneling microscopy measurements on atomically flat gold substrates. Emission patterns of the plasmon-mediated luminescence exhibit distinct features that are assigned to the localized modes of the surface plasmon (LSP) confined to the tunneling gap and propagating modes (PSP) coupled to the LSP by the optical cavity beneath the tip. Tunneling luminescence spectroscopy reveals that the plasmon localization at the tip increases when modes of higher energy are excited. Acquisition of local emission patterns allows us for the simultaneous imaging of LSP and PSP modes.
Commentary on “Building Local Capacity for Training and Coaching Data-Based Problem Solving With Positive Behavior Intervention and Support Teams”

This invited commentary includes observations about the article “Building Local Capacity for Training and Coaching Data-Based Problem Solving with Positive Behavior Interventions and Support Teams,” published in the July 2011 issue of the Journal of Applied School Psychology. In this article Newton and colleagues present an interesting field based case study of the Team-Initiated Problem Solving (TIPS) model in relation to training school based teams to increase problem solving practices. In this invited commentary our goal is to consider the usefulness of the TIPS model for educational professionals. To accomplish this goal our thoughts are organized in a series of application questions.
Usefulness of bone marrow imaging in childhood malignancies

Two hundred six technetium-99m sulfur colloid bone marrow scans in 110 pediatric patients were reviewed. The normal distribution of sulfur colloid in the lower extremities in various age groups was established. There was progressive loss of uptake with increasing age from less than two years to greater than ten years. Tumor replacement was seen as regions of decreased radioactivity, and the extent of the scan defect paralleled the response of the disease to therapy. Both chemotherapy and irradiation resulted in an extension of the Tc-99m SC to peripheral marrow sites. In irradiated areas, marrow scan defects were demonstrated and generally recovered normal activity by six months after the completion of therapy. Marrow scan abnormalities caused by tumor replacement were present in four patients despite normal bone scans and radiographs. Ultimate confirmation of tumor involvement was by needle aspiration or biopsy. Persistent marrow defects were seen in two patients with neuroblastoma who had remission of their disease; biopsy revealed myelofibrosis. Technetium-99m sulfur colloid bone marrow scanning is a sensitive monitor of altered marrow activity associated with pediatric hematologic or oncologic diseases.
The effect of neonatal section of the corpus callosum on the development of depth perception in young cats.

Abstract A modified visual cliff (Walk and Gibson, Psychol. Monogr. 75 , 1–44, 1961) was used to study the development of depth perception in cats that received a surgical section of the posterior portion of the corpus callosum at 15–29 days old. Experimental and normal control cats were tested daily from 20 through 40 days old. The two groups differed significantly in the onset of choice behavior and in the ability to discriminate clearly between the two choices. The data indicate that the corpus callosum plays a significant role in determining the pattern of the development of depth perception.
Real-Time Walsh-Hadamard Transformation

A technique for obtaining the digital Walsh-Hadamard transform of two-dimensional discrete pictures in real time is presented. A considerable reduction in total time for the transformation of a picture results since the process of scanning and digitizing one picture line overlaps with computations on the previous line. This is accomplished by operating on each picture line as it is generated from the scanner, instead of starting the transformation operation after the entire picture has been scanned. Two theorems are presented which decompose a picture by row or by column to facilitate real-time transformation. Based on these theorems, a hardware machine for real-time parallel Walsh-Hadamard transformation is introduced.
A Method for Designing a Fire Weather Network

Abstract Fire weather stations used to be located only where observers were available. Now, remote automatic weather stations can sample weather without manual assistance, virtually anywhere, Locating them, however, remains a problem. An objective method was developed for designing a fire weather network. The design process begins with the identification of the area to be sampled, the relevant meteorological variables, target meteorological fields, and interpolation (or other analysis) method to be used. Using a least-squares criterion, optimum networks for a varying number of stations are computed with a constrained optimization algorithm. The optimum error sum of squares, thus obtained by interpolation, is used to help choose an optimum network. Simulated fire rate-of-spread fields were analyzed with optimum networks varying in an from one to seven stations. Preliminary results were obtained for the design of a fire weather network for southern California.
Characterization and potential utilization of Whiterocks (Utah) tar sand bitumen II. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses

ABSTRACT The proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance characteristics of the native Whiterocks bitumen were determined by comparing the spectra of the samples to literature assignments. The tentative structural assignments of pyrolysis products were also obtained from the spectra of Curie-point low voltage mass spectrometric analysis. The results obtained from proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and pyrolysis-mass spectrometry analysis suggested that the native bitumen consists mostly of short- and long-chain (i.e., normal and isoprenoid chains) alkylsubstituents attached to polycyclic naphthenic, naphtheno-aromatic and/or aromatic moieties.
Evaluation of [18F]Mefway biodistribution and dosimetry based on whole-body PET imaging of mice.

Purpose [18F]Mefway is a novel radiotracer specific to the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor class. In preparation for using this tracer in humans, we have performed whole-body PET studies in mice to evaluate the biodistribution and dosimetry of [18F]Mefway.
Signal-detection tradeoff-analysis of optical vs digital Fourier transform computers

Signal detection theory is used to develop analytic models which yield comparisons between optical and digital Fourier transform computers in terms of their ability to detect transformed signals within small spectral regions of their Fourier domains. Stochastic noise models are first given describing the quantization noise introduced by the finite register length involved in a digital transformation. The signal detection models are then developed which describe the detectability of a transformed signal among this kind of noise, with models given for fixed-point and floating-point machines and for the signal-known-exactly and the signalunknown detection cases. These models provide the optimum detection statistic to be used in each case, a means for choosing the cutoff points used in the detection process, the over-all performance curve of the detector, and detection indices which summarize this performance. The optical and digital computers are compared by equating their detectabilities as obtained from these models, thus allowing a digital processor with given specifications to be paired with an optical processor with a specific SNR in its output plane. Analytical results are presented demonstrating these comparisons in which computer number-representation, register length, transform-array size, detection-array size, and type of detection are the independent variables under consideration.
Higher education scholars' participation and practices on Twitter

Scholars participate in online social networks for professional purposes. In such networks, learning takes the form of participation and identity formation through engagement in and contribution to networked practices. While current literature describes the possible benefits of online participation, empirical research on scholars' use of online social networks in the educational technology literature is negligible. The purpose of this paper is to understand scholars' naturalistic practices in social networks in general, and on Twitter in particular. Tweets from 45 scholars were analysed qualitatively to arrive at dominant themes describing online social network practice. Findings indicate that scholars participating on Twitter (1) shared information, resources, and media relating to their professional practice; (2) shared information about their classroom and their students; (3) requested assistance from and offered suggestions to others; (4) engaged in social commentary; (5) engaged in digital identity and impression management; (6) sought to network and make connections with others; and (7) highlighted their participation in online networks other than Twitter. These findings assist the field in understanding the emerging practice of scholarly participation in online networks. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regioselective Addition of N-(4-Thiocyanatophenyl)pyrrolidine Addends to Fullerenes

The regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between N-(4-thiocyanatophenyl)glycine and tetrakis[bis(ethoxycarbonyl)methylene]-C60 (7) was studied. The mono-addition resulted in two penta-adduct isomers (8 and 9) in a 1:1 ratio. A second addition to each compound led to, in the case of 8, two hexa-adduct isomer products (10 and 11), whereas addition to 9 led to 11 and 12. Finally, reaction of 11 and the glycine afforded a third addition, giving rise to hepta-adduct isomers 13 and 14. Preparative TLC and column chromatography were used to separate and purify these compounds. The structures were assigned based on their molecular symmetries as analyzed by 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR spectra and MALDI-TOF MS.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Mitochondrial Genetics and Human Systemic Hypertension

See related article, pages 862–870 Evolution of biological processes is fascinating and more so the evolutionary reduction of mitochondrial genome. A proteobacterium that invaded the nucleus-containing host cell ≈1.5 billion years ago, as would the endosymbiotic model surmises,1 ended up enslaved and yet became the essence of life of the invaded cell. And, if so, the invader could not have had a genome that was comprised of only 16 569 base pairs (bp), coding for only 13 proteins, 22 transfer (t)RNAs, and 2 ribosomal (r)RNAs (NC_012920).2,3 Such a small size would seem to be incompatible with survival of a free-living organism as the smallest known bacterial genome is that of Carsonella Ruddi, which is 159 662 bp, ie, ≈10 times the size of mitochondrial genome, and codes for 182 proteins. Yet, C Ruddi is not a free-living organism but rather an endosymbiont.4 On the contrary, obligate intracellular lifestyle can exist with as little as 5386 bp, as for ϕX174, which is smallest known genome.5 If indeed this organelle, ie, the mitochondrion, was one time a free-living organism with a much larger genome, then, how did it shrink its genome size to the current size and manage to survive? The generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, one of the several mitochondrial functions, alone involves 89 genes and requires a much larger genome to sustain that the mitochondrial (mt)DNA affords.6 Apparently, the invader could not escape from the evolutionary pressure imposed by the host environment and a symbiotic life. Consequently, mitochondria gradually streamlined its genome by relaxed selection of the genes that were superfluous to its survival. Through yet-to-be defined mechanisms the invader seems to have transferred thousands of its genes, particularly those that mutated during mtDNA replication, to nuclear (n)DNA wherein they reside …
Systolic blood pressure and mortality

Summary Background The current systolic blood-pressure threshold for hypertension treatment is 140 mm Hg for all adults. WHO and the International Society of Hypertension have proposed that normal pressure be lower than 130 mm Hg, with an optimum pressure of less than 120 mm Hg. These recommendations are based largely on the assumption that cardiovascular and overall mortality depend in a strictly increasing manner on systolic blood pressure. The Framingham study was instrumental in establishing this viewpoint. We reassessed data from that study to find out whether the relation is strictly increasing or whether there is a threshold in this relation. Methods We used logistic splines to model the relation of risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death with systolic blood pressure, using age-specific and sex-specific rates. We tested for the independence of the slope parameters from age and sex, and the reduced model with common slopes was used to produce a model different from the conventional linear logistic model. Findings Against the predictions of the linear logistic model, neither all-cause nor cardiovascular deaths depended on systolic blood pressure in a strictly increasing manner. The linear logistic model was rejected by the Framingham data. Instead, risk was independent of systolic blood pressure for all pressures lower than a threshold at the 70th percentile for a person of a given age and sex. Risk sharply increased with pressure higher than the 80th percentile. Since systolic blood pressure steadily increases with age, the threshold increases with age, but more rapidly in women than in men. Interpretation The Framingham data contradict the concept that lower pressures imply lower risk and the idea that 140 mm Hg is a useful cut-off value for hypertension for all adults. There is an age-dependent and sex-dependent threshold for hypertension. A substantial proportion of the population who would currently be thought to be at increased risk are, therefore, at no increased risk.
Combinatorial diversity of fission yeast SCF ubiquitin ligases by homo- and heterooligomeric assemblies of the F-box proteins Pop1p and Pop2p

Background SCF ubiquitin ligases share the core subunits cullin 1, SKP1, and HRT1/RBX1/ROC1, which associate with different F-box proteins. F-box proteins bind substrates following their phosphorylation upon stimulation of various signaling pathways. Ubiquitin-mediated destruction of the fission yeast cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Rum1p depends on two heterooligomerizing F-box proteins, Pop1p and Pop2p. Both proteins interact with the cullin Pcu1p when overexpressed, but it is unknown whether this reflects their co-assembly into bona fide SCF complexes.
Integrating Geriatrics into Medical School: Student Journaling as an Innovative Strategy for Evaluating Curriculum

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The Alpert Medical School of Brown University began to integrate geriatrics content into all preclerkship courses and key clerkship cases as part of a major medical school curriculum redesign in 2006. This study evaluates students' responses to geriatrics integration within the curriculum using journals kept by volunteer preclerkship and clerkship students between 2007 and 2010. The journals were used to assess the quality of curricular integration of geriatrics didactic and clinical content, to gather information for shaping the evolving curriculum, and to elicit students' responses about their professional development and caring for older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS Student "journalers" wrote narrative reactions to and evaluations of aging-related content and exposure to older patients in response to written semistructured questions. An interdisciplinary team (including a health services researcher, gerontologist, medical anthropologist, and 2 geriatricians) used qualitative analysis to code the 405 journal entries. RESULTS The team identified 10 themes within the following domains: (a) evaluation of efforts to integrate geriatrics within the medical school curriculum, (b) recognition and application of geriatrics principles, (c) student attitudes and cultural experiences regarding aging and the care of older patients, and (d) personal and professional development over time. Themes emerging within these domains reflect the effectiveness of geriatrics integration within the new curriculum as well as students' professional development. IMPLICATIONS Journaling provides a novel and effective method for capturing medical students' responses to curricular content in real time, allowing for midcourse corrections and identifying key components of their professional development.
Impaired renal calcium absorption in mice lacking calcium channel β3 subunits

Transgenic mice lacking calcium channel beta3 subunits (CaVbeta3) were used to determine the involvement of a multimeric calcium channel in mediating stimulated renal calcium absorption. We measured the ability of calcium channel beta3 subunit-null (CaVbeta3-/-) and wild-type (CaVbeta3+/+) mice to increase renal calcium absorption in response to the calcium-sparing diuretic chlorothiazide (CTZ). Control rates of fractional sodium excretion were comparable in CaVbeta3-/- and CaVbeta3+/+ mice and CTZ increased sodium excretion similarly in both groups. CTZ enhanced calcium absorption only in wild-type CaVbeta3+/+ mice. This effect was specific for diuretics acting on distal tubules because both CaVbeta3-/- and CaVbeta3+/+ mice responded comparably to furosemide. The absence of beta3 subunits resulted in compensatory increases of TrpV5 calcium channels, the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase, NCX1 Na/Ca exchanger protein, and calbindin-D9k but not calbindin-D28k. We conclude that TrpV5 mediates basal renal calcium absorption and that a multimeric calcium channel that includes CaVbeta3 mediates stimulated calcium transport.
Hand hygiene: “Simple, inexpensive and an effective tool”:

Hospital acquired infection severely affects patients, prolongs hospital stays and presents a major challenge for quality of patients' care (Emmerson et al, 1996; Hand washing Liaison Group, 1999)....
School Resegregation: A Synthesis of the Evidence

Abstract This article examines the evidence that supports and rebuts the claims of school resegregation. By examining both types of evidence and considering them complementary (James 1986; Kelly and Miller 1989), the author gives the reader a deeper understanding of the current trends in school segregation. First, the literature on the topic of school segregation is discussed. Then follows a discussion of the methods used in the study and the findings. The conclusion includes implications of the findings.
Podocyte specific knock out of selenoproteins does not enhance nephropathy in streptozotocin diabetic C57BL/6 mice

Background Selenoproteins contain selenocysteine (Sec), commonly considered the 21st genetically encoded amino acid. Many selenoproteins, such as the glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases, protect cells against oxidative stress by functioning as antioxidants and/or through their roles in the maintenance of intracellular redox balance. Since oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, we hypothesized that selenoproteins protect against this complication of diabetes.
Computationally efficient cardiac bioelectricity models toward whole-heart simulation

This work studies the characteristics of excitable cell mathematical models, with the goal of developing new insights and techniques in simulating the electrical behavior of the human heart. While very simple models of such behavior can be simulated at real-time or better speeds on powerful computing equipment, the use of realistic cell models or organ-magnitude cell networks make the simulations computationally infeasible. We present an examination of the FitzHugh-Nagumo model and its response to stimulus and, in order to move toward the goal of a full cardiac simulation, we present a method of optimizing single-cell calculations through local interpolation techniques. Additionally, we introduce a separate method of optimizing multicell simulations by tracking cellular activations.
Meteorological applications of remote sensing from satellites

Satellites provide meteorologists with a data source unmatched at comparable spatial and temporal coverage by any existing or practical alternate source. There are limitations, however, both instrumental and fundamental, imposed on the achievable resolution and accuracy. Current and promising future contributions to meteorology from satellite-borne sensors are discussed, with emphasis on performance and the limitations thereto. The discussion covers 1) synoptic meteorology where satellite observations of clouds provide measures of winds, cyclogenesis, and rainfall estimation; 2) atmospheric profiling wherein vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, and certain gaseous constituents are provided; 3) radiation budget or the energy exchange between the earth and the space-sun environment; and 4) surface features of importance to meteorology-temperature, soil moisture, and sea ice coverage. Satellites will be extensively used as data collectors and relays from in situ instruments on buoys, balloons, and fixed earth sites. The accuracy and coverage of such observations, however, will be determined by the in situ sensors and not by the satellite. They are therefore not discussed here.
Impact of unilateral interposition sural nerve grafting on recovery of urinary function after radical prostatectomy.

Objectives To test the hypothesis that unilateral sural nerve graft (SNG) interposition may improve the rate of urinary function (UF) recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) in patients undergoing unilateral nerve resection (UNR). Methods We studied 111 consecutive patients who underwent RRP with purposeful UNR performed by a single surgeon. Of the 111 patients, 53 underwent unilateral SNG interposition. All patients were invited to complete a questionnaire that included the validated University of California, Los Angeles, Prostate Cancer Index. The time to UF recovery above the median value of the group and urinary control status were evaluated. Results The median follow-up was 26 and 12 months for the UNR and UNR+SNG patients, respectively. At 12 months after RRP, 94.7% of patients with UNR+SNG reported having complete urinary control or leakage of only a few drops of urine compared with 58.3% of patients with UNR alone (P = 0.012). In multivariate Cox regression models, UNR+SNG was associated with a 9.95 times greater rate of reaching a UF score above the median versus UNR alone (P <0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, SNG status increased the odds of having complete urinary control or leakage of only a few drops of urine by 14.99 and 29.19 at 6 and 12 months after RRP, respectively (both P <0.05). Conclusions In patients undergoing UNR surgery, SNG interposition is associated with a greater rate of UF recovery and a higher likelihood of urinary control after RRP. These findings need to be validated in larger, multicenter, prospective, randomized studies.
Pain in primary Sjögren's syndrome: the role of catastrophizing and negative illness perceptions

Objectives: Pain is a major factor in health quality in Sjogren’s syndrome (SS), but little is known about the factors that contribute to pain severity. Because pain perception has been linked to catastrophizing in other diseases, we assessed subjects with primary SS (pSS) to explore a possible link between pain, illness appraisal, and catastrophizing.Method: A total of 92 subjects who met American–European consensus criteria for the diagnosis of pSS completed a questionnaire that included health history, medication use, illness perceptions, pain severity, mood, fatigue, pain anxiety, and pain catastrophizing. Linear regression was used to test the effect of each variable on pain severity. Multivariate models were constructed using backwards elimination to assess the significant predictors of pain severity.Results: From linear regression analysis, catastrophizing was more strongly predictive of pain severity than age, fatigue, depression, or anxiety in both seropositive and seronegative pSS patients. In t...
Multivalent Drug Design and Inhibition of Cholera Toxin by Specific and Transient Protein–Ligand Interactions

Multivalent inhibitors of the cholera toxin B pentamer are potential therapeutic drugs for treating cholera and serve as models for demonstrating multivalent ligand effects through a structure-based approach. A crucial yet often overlooked aspect of multivalent drug design is the length, rigidity and chemical composition of the linker used to connect multiple binding moieties. To specifically study the role of chemical linkers in multivalent ligand design, we have synthesized a series of compounds with one and two binding motifs connected by several different linkers. These compounds have affinity for and potency against the cholera toxin B pentamer despite the fact that none can simultaneously bind two toxin receptor sites. Results from saturation transfer difference NMR reveal transient, non-specific interactions between the cholera toxin and linker groups contribute significantly to overall binding affinity of monovalent compounds. However, the same random protein–ligand interactions do not appear to affect binding of bivalent molecules. Moreover, the binding affinities and potencies of these ‘non-spanning’ bivalent ligands appear to be wholly independent of linker length. Our detailed analysis identifies multiple effects that account for the improved inhibitory potencies of bivalent ligands and suggest approaches to further improve the activity of this class of compounds.
Beyond import substitution and export promotion: A new typology of trade strategies

There is considerable confusion in the literature as to what exactly is meant by ‘export promotion’, or ‘outward‐orientation’. This article identifies five mutually‐exclusive trade strategies, and defines the underlying sectoral and market orientations of each. It then measures empirically the strategies of six developing countries. The empirical findings indicate that some of the successful East Asian countries actually pursued an infant industry‐based, exporter‐oriented, ‘protected export promotion’ strategy, not the commonly perceived, static comparative advantage‐based ‘export promotion’ strategy; their protectionist policies are not mere exceptions, but integral elements of their export‐oriented strategy.
THE DYNAMICS OF REGIONAL POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT GROWTH

The authors investigate what Muth labels as the “chicken and egg” or what others label it as “jobs follow people” versus “people follow jobs” debate by studying the dynamic relationships of changes in population and employment in the snowbelt, the sunbelt, and the nine census regions of the United States. The vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling method is used for the annual time series data (1955–1988) on population and employment. The Granger causality tests show that, in the snowbelt region, population tends to precede employment, while in the sunbelt region, the opposite is true. The impulse response functions generated for the forecasting decade suggest that “jobs follow people” in the snowbelt and “people follow jobs” in the sunbelt. Similar findings in general hold for the census regions belonging to the snowbelt and sunbelt. These findings raise doubts about the proposition of others that the growth process is either demand or supply-driven in all phases of regional growth.
On the dynamic origins of allosteric activation.

The report by Volkman et al . ([1][1]) on the relationship between structural dynamics and allosteric behavior is likely to generate significant interest. These authors suggest a mechanism by which the phosphorylation of the signaling protein NtrC might shift a preexisting structural equilibrium
Processor-in-the-loop simulation, real-time hardware-in-the-loop testing, and hardware validation of a digitally-controlled, fuel-cell powered battery-charging station

The fuel-cell powered battery-charging station provides an appealing solution to charging many batteries in remote missions. Final construction of such a complex system may be costly while traditional simulation is often insufficient to exactly capture the control dynamics. One way to bridge the gap between simulation and final system construction are processor-in-the-loop (PIL) and real-time hardware-in-the-loop (RT-HIL) simulations. This solution increases the realism of the simulation and provides access to hardware features that are currently not available in the software-only simulation. This work presents approaches and results of PIL and realtime HIL simulations as well as hardware validation of embedded control implementation of the fuel-cell powered battery-charging station. The control algorithm is described and the embedded control implementation is proposed. The control algorithm implemented on a dedicated microcontroller is first tested together with the plant model built in the VTB environment through PIL simulation, then tested using the same plant model on an RT-HIL simulation (RTVTB), and finally validated on the actual hardware. Results of PIL, RT-HIL, and hardware validation are given.
An Unsupervised Approach to Biography Production Using Wikipedia

We describe an unsupervised approach to multi-document sentence-extraction based summarization for the task of producing biographies. We utilize Wikipedia to automatically construct a corpus of biographical sentences and TDT4 to construct a corpus of non-biographical sentences. We build a biographical-sentence classifier from these corpora and an SVM regression model for sentence ordering from the Wikipedia corpus. We evaluate our work on the DUC2004 evaluation data and with human judges. Overall, our system significantly outperforms all systems that participated in DUC2004, according to the ROUGE-L metric, and is preferred by human subjects.
Effects of age on development of digestive organs and performance of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal versus a crystalline amino acid diet

Changes in growth performance and physical and morphological development of the digestive organs were examined in chicks fed a crystalline amino acid (AA) diet compared to chicks fed a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet. Six pens of eight New Hampshire x Columbian male chicks were assigned to one of three dietary regimens: (1) corn-SBM diet from 0 to 21 d of age; (2) cornstarch-crystalline AA diet from 0 to 21 d of age; and (3) corn-SBM diet from 0 to 7 d of age followed by the crystalline AA diet from 8 to 21 d of age. Weight gain was significantly reduced by feeding a crystalline AA diet from 0 to 21 or 8 to 21 d of age. Feeding a crystalline AA diet for the first 7 d of age depressed absolute weight of the small intestine, pancreas, liver, gizzard, and proven-triculus, and continual feeding through 21 d of age further depressed growth of these organs compared with birds fed a corn-SBM diet for 21 d. When expressing organ weight on a relative basis (g/100 g of BW), reductions were observed at 7 d of age due to feeding a crystalline AA diet but not at 21 d of age. Feeding a crystalline AA diet for the first 7 or 21 d of age depressed intestinal villi height and crypt depth. However, chicks fed the crystalline AA diet only from 8 to 21 d of age had further depressed villi height and crypt depth but greater villi width compared with chicks fed the crystalline AA or corn-SBM diet continually from 0 to 21 d of age. These results indicate that the reduced growth of chicks fed a crystalline AA diet is due in part to slower growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract.
Nanoscale observation of photoinduced domain pinning and investigation of imprint behavior in ferroelectric thin films

Piezoresponse force microscopy has been used to investigate the nanoscale mechanism of imprint behavior of ferroelectric PbTiO3 thin films by studying the photoinduced changes in the hysteresis loops of individual grains. Illumination of the film with UV light resulted in a voltage shift opposite to that observed in ferroelectric thin film capacitors. This effect is attributed to the generation of an electric field within the surface dielectric layer as a result of the interaction between photoinduced charges and polarization charges. Application of a small nonswitching bias to the film with simultaneous UV illumination resulted in domain pinning in the grains where the polarization direction coincided with the direction of the applied field, in agreement with the proposed model. Domain pinning was also observed in grains with polydomain structure suggesting that charge entrapment at the existing domain boundaries in the bulk of the film contributes to the suppression of switchable polarization. However, a symmetric character of hysteresis loops observed in such grains implies that charge entrapment in the bulk of the film does not cause the voltage shift. It has been suggested that a thin high-dielectric interfacial layer can improve the imprint behavior of ferroelectric capacitors. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1497698#
The Social Construction of Meaning: An Alternative Perspective on Information Sharing

Research on information sharing has viewed this activity as essential for informing groups on content relevant to a decision. We propose and examine an alternate function of information sharing, i.e., the social construction of meaning. To accomplish this goal, we turn to social construction, social presence, and task closure theories. Drawing from these theories, we hypothesize relationships among the meeting environment, breadth and depth of information shared during a meeting, and decision quality. We explore these relationships in terms of the effects of both the media environment in which the group is situated and the medium that group memberschoose to utilize for their communication.Our study of 32, 5- and 6-person groups supports our belief that interpretation underlies information sharing and is necessary for favorable decision outcomes. It also supports the proposed negative effect of low social presence media on interpretation in terms of depth of information sharing; a low social presence medium, however, promotes information sharing breadth. Finally, the findings indicate that when in multimedia environments and faced with a relatively complex task,choosing to utilize an electronic medium facilitates closure and, therefore, favorable outcomes.
Holothuroidea from Chile report no. 46 of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948–1949

Abstract A total of 509 specimens, representing 11 genera and 12 species, were collected by the Lund University Chile Expedition 1958 – 59, and are described here. There are no new taxa or new records but the collection affords valuable new data on the distribution of several species, their bathymetric range and habitat preference. A key to the Chilean holothurians is given, together with a checklist of the 27 species now known from the area. A second small collection of 13 specimens from another source includes two specimens of Ypsilothuria bitentaculata (Ludwig), a new record for the Chilean region. The holothurian fauna of Chile is notable in that it appears to include no members of the Order Aspidochirotida in shallow water, although one species is common at Juan Fernandez. Less than 15 per cent of the species are endemic, about 50 per cent are shared with Argentina, and about 33 per cent are more or less widely distributed in the subantarctic islands. It is likely that a significant part of the fauna...
Simple and inexpensive delivery of halogenated inhalation anesthetics to rodents

Halogenated inhalation anesthetics offer several advantages over injectable anesthetics for small-animal surgery. Benefits include rapid induction, easy adjustment of anesthetic depth, and a short period of recovery. Although the cost of most inhalation anesthetics is low, present delivery systems are often prohibitively expensive for rodent uses. This report describes a low-cost, portable system that can be used with halothane or isoflurane for general surgery or stereotaxic applications with or without intubation. Also included is a description of rodent nose cones for both general surgery and stereotaxic surgery that allow for simple evacuation of waste gases.
The Federal Computer Commission

It is an article of faith that the computer industry thrives in the absence of government regulation. This conventional wisdom is wrong. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules touch every personal computer ever made. Over the last quarter-century, the FCC has steadily increased its influence over personal computing devices and applications. And the Internet's arrival only accelerated this trend. Perhaps surprisingly, though, the Federal Computer Commission has largely been a positive force in the technology sector. The FCC is now poised to take several actions that could shape the future of the Internet and the computer industry. Willful blindness about the FCC's role will only foster confusion and poor decision-making. Exposing the Federal Computer Commission provides a foundation for more reasoned policy approaches. The fate of a dynamic and important set of industries should not be decided under the influence of a myth.
Antigenicity of licensed whole virion and subvirion influenza vaccines in "high risk" persons.

SummaryThe frequency and magnitude of serum antibody response to type A and B influenza viruses induced by whole virion and subvirion vaccines were essentially comparable . Immunization was followed in vaccinated individuals by an antihemagglutinin antibody response to the common antigenic determinant shared by the type A H3N2 viruses. Relatively few individuals developed antibody to the type-specific determinant.
The descriptive epidemiology of brain tumors

Brain tumors have been the subject of controversy both with respect to patterns of occurrence and to potential causes. This article provides a description of current data resources on brain tumors and outlines issues affecting the interpretation of population-based data. A template for estimating regional expected values for brain tumors is provided, and current patterns of incidence, survival, and conditional survival are described. The occurrence of second primary tumors and quality of life studies are also reviewed.
Sexual Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Long-Term Rectal Cancer Survivors

Abstract Introduction Sexual dysfunction is a treatment sequela in survivors of rectal cancer (RC). Differences in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) can occur based on ostomy status (permanent ostomy vs anastomosis). Aim To describe alterations in sexual function and HRQOL based on ostomy status in long-term (≥5 years) survivors of RC. Methods Survivors of RC with an ostomy (n = 181) or anastomosis (n = 394) were surveyed using validated HRQOL and functional status tools. We compared sexuality outcomes between the ostomy and anastomosis groups and reported differences adjusted for clinical and demographic characteristics. Qualitative data from one open-ended question on survivors' greatest challenges since their surgery were analyzed to explore sexuality, symptoms, and relationships. Main Outcome Measures Whether sexually active, satisfaction with sexual activity, and select sexual dysfunction items from the Modified City of Hope Quality of Life-Colorectal. Results Survivors with a permanent ostomy were more likely to have been sexually inactive after surgery if it occurred before 2000 and experience dissatisfaction with appearance, interference with personal relationships and intimacy, and lower overall HRQOL. Female survivors of RC with an ostomy were more likely to have problems with vaginal strictures and vaginal pain after surgery that persisted at the time of the survey (≥5 years later). Radiation treatment, tumor stage, soilage of garments in bed, and higher Charlson-Deyo comorbidity scores were negatively associated with outcomes. Six qualitative themes emerged: loss of and decreased sexual activity, psychological issues with sexual activity, physical issues with sexual activity, partner rejection, ostomy interference with sexual activity, and positive experiences with sexuality. Conclusion Sexual dysfunction is a common long-term sequela of RC treatment, with more problems observed in survivors with a permanent ostomy. This warrants widespread implementation of targeted interventions to manage sexual dysfunction and improve HRQOL for these survivors.
Review: Using Jail for Child Support Enforcement

A few years after a divorce, most fathers1 are not paying child support. Although their legal obligation to pay usually is clear-a court in a divorce proceeding typically orders the father to pay a specific amount-many do not pay. Because most states provide no effective mechanism for enforcing child support obligations, nonpaying fathers usually get away with it. This state of affairs has been known for some time. In the mid-1960s, for example, Kenneth Eckhardt followed child support payments of 163 divorced men in Dane County, Wisconsin over the ten-year period following their divorces. He discovered that by the seventh year after divorce, 71% of the fathers made no payments and only 17% made full payments.2 Reliable national data are scarce, but one study based on a 1975 sample found that over 60% of absent fathers paid nothing toward support of their children.3 Overall, divorced fathers as a group probably pay only about a third of what courts have ordered them to pay.4 Because the proportion of children who now spend some part of their youth with a single parent has increased rapidly during the past two decades,3 these facts suggest a policy problem of considerable dimension. The failure of many absent fathers to pay support has important consequences for children, custodial parents, and society at
Darter Festival and BioBlitz Raise Public Awareness of Three Endangered Fish Species in Alabama

April 15–17, 2016, was a good weekend for Alabama native species. On Friday and Saturday, the annual BioBlitz was held at the Turkey Creek Nature Preserve in Pinson, Alabama, followed by the 5th an...
Ternary PtRuPd/C Catalyst for High‐Performance, Low‐Temperature Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cells

Here, dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising alternative fuel option for direct-feed low-temperature fuel cells. Until recently, DME had not received the same attention as alcohol fuels, such as methanol or ethanol, despite its notable advantages. These advantages include a high theoretical open-cell voltage (1.18 V at 25 °C) that is similar to that of methanol (1.21 V), much lower toxicity than methanol, and no need for the carbon–carbon bond scission that is needed in ethanol oxidation. DME is biodegradable, has a higher energy content than methanol (8.2 vs. 6.1 kWh kg–1), and, like methanol, can be synthesized from recycled carbon dioxide. Although the performance of direct DME fuel cells (DDMEFCs) has progressed over the past few years, DDMEFCs have not been viewed as fully viable. In this work, we report much improved performance from the ternary Pt55Ru35Pd10/C anode catalyst, allowing DDMEFCs to compete directly with direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). We also report results involving binary Pt alloys as reference catalysts and an in situ infrared electrochemical study to better understand the mechanism of DME electro-oxidation on ternary PtRuPd/C catalysts.