cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the Lives of Individuals in Financial Distress Using a Randomized Control Trial: A Research and Clinical Approach

This article describes a proposed randomized control trial (RCT) involving individuals in financial distress, specifically, individuals sued on a credit card debt collection case by a debt buyer or creditor. The aim of the RCT is to evaluate the effectiveness of two interventions often proposed to help individuals in financial distress improve their financial health. We intend to test, inter alia, whether (1) an offer of legal representation in the debt collection case, (2) an incentive to undergo the same financial counseling required in bankruptcy, or (3) a combination of both treatments have an effect on the financial health of financially distressed consumers. Our primary outcome measure will be credit scores and reports, although we also aim to survey study participants about other outcomes such as changes in health, assets, and general well-being.We describe in detail not just the methodology of the study, but also the mechanics of how we have gone about executing this complex field experiment so far. The objective in doing so is to demystify the process for scholars, legal aid lawyers, and clinical professors who have not had direct experience with empirical methods, and to encourage them to think about conducting RCT evaluations of their own programs. The article also describes three other goals we seek to advance through the project. The first is a deeper understanding of debt collection in the courts. Allegations of abuse abound about the industry generally and legal collections specifically, but to date, the evidence is largely anecdotal. We will be uniquely positioned to learn about whether the allegations are more than anecdotes. The second is increasing access to justice for unrepresented defendants in collection cases. Along with a team of dedicated law students, the study team is developing an attorney litigation manual and pro se materials, including court forms and scripts, for debt collection litigation. Before making the pro se materials available, they will be field tested with individuals in similar situations to those facing study participants. The third goal is developing an innovative pedagogical approach to legal instruction that combines doctrine and practice. A majority of the law students participating in the project are doing so in the context of a seminar which incorporates both doctrinal instruction about the consumer credit system and clinical experience.We hope that this article provides our readers both with ideas for future research projects and with ideas about how to incorporate diverse goals in a single study design.
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: current clinical perspectives

Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which comprises ∼1%-9% of all HCCs. Although FLC is a variant of HCC, it is distinct from HCC in that it most often affects younger patients (10-35 years of age) with no underlying liver disease. FLC often presents with vague abdominal pain, nausea, abdominal fullness, malaise, and weight loss. Surgery is the current mainstay of treatment for FLC and remains the only potentially curative option. While FLCs are considered less responsive to chemotherapy than their classic HCC counterparts, there have been suggestions that multimodality treatments may be effective, especially in advanced cases. Further research is necessary to determine effective systemic therapies as an adjunct to surgery for FLC.
A Different View of Anger: The Cognitive-Neoassociation Conception of the Relation of Anger to Aggression

The common, everyday understanding of anger is problematic in a number of respects-in its inattention to the prototypic nature of this emotional state; in its failure to recognize the important role often played by the critical event's aversiveness; and in its neglect of the frequently close connection between anger arousal and aggression-related motor impulses. This article discusses all of these matters from the point of view of my cognitive-neoassociation perspective [Berkowitz, 1990, 1993, 2010; Berkowitz and Harmon-Jones, 2004]. The role of automatic, nonconscious reactions is considered, and it is also emphasized that angry feelings are linked to approach motivation-movement toward the perceived source of the anger. The article also briefly summarizes relevant research dealing with the self-regulation of anger reactions. This broad review hopefully will prompt further inquiries into the arousal, nature, and operation of anger.
Effects of Aging on the Regularity of Physiological Tremor

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of healthy aging on the regularity of physiological tremor under rest and postural conditions. Additionally, we examined the contribut...
Constant-time algorithm for computing the Euclidean distance maps of binary images on 2D meshes with reconfigurable buses

Abstract The computation of Euclidean distance maps (EDM), also called Euclidean distance transform, is a basic operation in computer vision, pattern recognition, and robotics. Fast computation of the EDM is needed since most of the applications using the EDM require real-time computation. It is shown in L. Chen and H.Y.H. Chuang [Information Processing Letters, 51, pp. 25–29 (1994)] that a lower bound Ω(n 2 ) is required for any sequential EDM algorithm due to the fact that in any EDM algorithm each of the n 2 pixels has to be scanned at least once. Recently, many parallel EDM algorithms have been proposed to speedup its computation. Chen and Chuang proposed an algorithm for computing the EDM on an n×n mesh in O (n) time [L. Chen and H.Y.H. Chuang Parallel Computing, 21, pp. 841–852 (1995)]. Clearly, the VLSI complexities of both the sequential and the mesh algorithm described in L. Chen and H.Y.H. Chuang [Parallel Computing, 21, pp. 841–852 (1995)] are AT 2 = O (n 4 ) , where A is the VLSI layout area of the design and T is the computation time using area A when implemented in VLSI. In this paper, we propose a new and faster parallel algorithm for computing the EDM problem on the reconfigurable VLSI mesh model. For the same problem, our algorithm runs in O (1) time on a two-dimensional n 2 ×n 2 reconfigurable mesh. We show that the VLSI complexity of our algorithm is the same as those of the above sequential algorithm and the mesh algorithm, while it uses much less time. To our best knowledge, this is the first constant-time EDM algorithm on any parallel computational model.
Creating Expectational Assets in the Laboratory: Coordination in 'Weakest- Link' Games

We study coordination games with multiple equilibria, in which players are penalized for picking numbers higher than the minimum anybody picks, and everyone prefers a larger minimum. 'Weakest-link' games like this model organizational situations in which the worst component of a product or process determines its overall quality. In experimental groups, the best equilibrium was reached infrequently. Aggregating two groups into a larger one always hurt. We argue that players' beliefs about what the minimum will be are an 'expectational asset' (or liability) which is socially complex, linking organization-level behavior and the resource-based view of the firm.
The vertical structure of OH‐HO2‐RO2 chemistry in the nocturnal boundary layer: A one‐dimensional model study

[1] Elevated OH and peroxy radical levels have recently been observed in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL). Despite the possible importance of OH for the gas phase and particulate composition, the source of these ROx radicals at night is currently unclear. To investigate the influence of vertical mixing on nocturnal ROx chemistry, calculations with a one-dimensional chemical transport model were performed. The model predicts distinct vertical profiles for all ROx radical species during the night, with a pronounced RO2 maximum aloft and maxima of HO2 and OH closer to the ground. We conceptualize our results by distinguishing three chemical regimes in the NBL: (1) In the unreactive ground layer, which only forms at high NO emissions and strong vertical stabilities, OH chemistry is suppressed by high NO levels. (2) The upper layer, located in the upper NBL, is decoupled from the NO emissions at the ground. Ozonolysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) leads to the formation of ∼105 molecules cm−3 of OH. The RO2 maximum develops in the lower part of the upper layer by the elevated O3/NO3 + VOC reaction rates. (3) In the reactive mixing layer, in the height interval between the upper layer and the ground layer, RO2 and HNO4 (as HO2 reservoir) from the upper layer are mixed with NO from the ground layer. The active radical propagation chain leads to distinctive maxima of HO2 and OH (up to several 106 molecules cm−3) in this layer. The OH radicals in the reactive mixing layer can contribute up to 43% to the nocturnal VOC oxidation, illustrating that OH chemistry can be important even at night. Our model simulations show that vertical transport can redistribute ROx radicals in the NBL, acting as an important radical source in the lowest few meters of the atmosphere.
Computational characterization of zeolite porous networks: an automated approach

An automated method has been developed to fully characterize the three-dimensional structure of zeolite porous networks. The proposed optimization-based approach starts with the crystallographic coordinates of a structure and identifies all portals, channels, and cages in a unit cell, as well as their connectivity. We apply our algorithms to known zeolites, hypothetical zeolites, and zeolite-like structures and use the characterizations to calculate important quantities such as pore size distribution, accessible volume, surface area, and largest cavity and pore limiting diameters. We aggregate this data over many framework types to gain insights about zeolite selectivity. Finally, we develop a continuous-time Markov chain model to estimate the probability of occupancy of adsorption sites throughout the porous network. ZEOMICS, an online database of structure characterizations and web tool for the automated approach is freely available to the scientific community (http://helios.princeton.edu/zeomics/).
An aza-cyclophane stacked in racemic columnar assemblies: whole-molecule disorder in a two-dimensional solid solution.

The oxime derivative of [1.1.1]cyclophane cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) was ring expanded utilizing a Beckmann rearrangement to provide a ten-membered N-acetyl macrocyclic amide that crystallizes as a chloroform monosolvate in columnar assemblies manifesting an unusual disorder within the crystal. Columns made up of this structure consist of infinite columnar assemblies of alternating d and l enantiomers and therefore necessarily are made up of a racemate, yet the chiralities of individual molecules in adjacent columns are independent of one another, leading to the overall formation of a two-dimensional solid solution. The random arrangement of the columns within the structure leads to the emergence of a crystallographic mirror plane not reflected by the molecular symmetry, to a change of symmetry from Pna21 to Pnma and to whole-molecule disorder of the bowl-shaped molecules within the columns.
Isozymatic variation in Guatemalan races of maize.

Isozymatic data taken from 67 Guatemalan collections of maize were subjected to numerical taxonomic analyses to elucidate systematic relationships among the 19 maize races and subraces described for Guatemala by Wellhausen et al. As with Bolivian and Mexican races, isozymatic variation in Guatemalan maize was strongly associated with altitude. Guatemalan lowland races were in general isozymatically distinct from races of higher elevations. Two middle elevation Guatemalan races proved difficult to place taxonomically. As a group, Guatemalan highland races were isozymatically more diverse than races from lower elevations, and were rather weakly differentiated from Mexican highland races. Notably, variational patterns evident from phenetic analyses of isozyme data were generally congruent with those apparent in phylogenetic analyses. The data reported here, and in earlier studies, suggested that divergent combinations of isozymatic, karyotypic, and morphological features have evolved in local maize races from Mexico, Guatemala, and Bolivia, perhaps as the result of the different selective regimens indigenous cultivators have imposed on different regional phylogenetic lineages.
Odor-cued taste avoidance: a simple and robust test of mouse olfaction.

In odor-cued taste avoidance (OCTA), thirsty mice, offered either an odorized nonaversive fluid (S+) or an odorized aversive fluid (S−), quickly learn to use odor to avoid drinking the S−. Acquisition of both odor detection and odor discrimination tasks is very rapid with learning evidenced in most cases by either long response times or total avoidance on the second presentation of the S− stimulus. OCTA is perhaps one of the simplest conditioning procedures for assessing olfaction in mice; it requires only a test box, drinkometer circuit, and thirsty mice accustomed to drinking in the apparatus. Its advantages over the most commonly used alternatives, habituation–dishabituation, and the mouse dig test, are discussed.
Industrial application integration using the unification approach to agent-enabled semantic SOA

Within the enterprise, information infrastructure as the mean to bring together different software applications is the key component to enable cooperation and information and knowledge exchange in an open-distributed environment. The paper addresses the issues of industrial application integration in business processes using agent-enabled service-oriented architectures (SOA). In this paper, we show that agent-enabled SOA can play an important role for service integration. Our framework combines Web services (WS) and intelligent agent technologies orchestrated by a business process management system. This framework looks for unification of agent and WS service models, is grounded in a semantic SOA of an agent platform and is supported by the Component Agent Platform Over .NET Framework agent platform tools. We describe the architecture and illustrate the approach by an industrial application scenario from petroleum wells' drilling.
Adipokinetic Activity of Synthetic Peptides Related to Corticotropin

SYNTHETIC peptides prepared by Hofmann and associates1 containing 8, 10 or 13 amino-acids identical in sequence with the N-terminal portion of corticotropin were tested for adipokinetic activity because corticotropin was known to have this activity2–4. The tridecapeptides caused the release of free fatty acids by adipose tissue; the decapeptides were also active but less potent, but the octapeptide had no effect in the amounts tested.
Tibial fractures after tibial tubercle osteotomies for patellar instability: a comparison of three osteotomy configurations

Purpose Tibial tubercle osteotomies (TTOs) are a seemingly straightforward technique; however problems with bony union, implant failure, wound infections, and fractures have been reported in the literature.
Adrenomedullin, amylin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and their fragments are potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion in rats.

Abstract Adrenomedullin, amylin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) share close sequence homology and have overlapping spectra of biological activities, particularly with respect to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal functions. Comparisons of the effects of these three peptides on gastric acid release have been made by i.v. infusions in conscious rats equipped with gastric fistulae. All peptides were extremely potent inhibitors of basal, pentagastrin- and 2-deoxy- d -glucose-stimulated gastric acid secretion with IC 50 values in the subnanomolar to nanomolar range. These effects were not inhibited by C-terminal extra-cyclic fragments of the peptides which often act as competitive receptor antagonists in other biological systems. At high concentrations C-terminal fragments of human adrenomedullin and rat α -calcitonin gene-related peptide displayed some receptor agonist activity. Furthermore, the N-terminally situated disulfide-bridged ring fragments, human adrenomedullin-(15–22), rat amylin-(1–8) and rat α -calcitonin gene-related peptide-(1–8), retained significant gastric acid inhibitory potencies thus suggesting involvement of receptor(s) with significantly differing ligand binding profiles than those characterized previously.
OVERVIEW No. 131“Regular” deformation bands (DBs) and the LEDS hypothesis

Abstract “Regular” deformation banding is distinguished from several other types of bands caused by plastic deformation. It is observed mainly in homogeneous f.c.c. and b.c.c. metals. It is common in wavy glide materials up to about T M /2 deformation temperature, but is much less prevalent in planar glide. It consists of volume elements, typically in slab-like parallel sequences with alternating average lattice orientation, which are caused by the local simultaneous operation of fewer slip systems (most often one or two) than would be required for homologous deformation. A quantitative relationship between average band width, band length and flow stress at the time of band formation is derived This derivation is based on the LEDS hypothesis which follows from the second law of thermodynamics, i.e. “Among all microstructures that are in equilibrium with the applied stresses and are in principle accessible to the dislocations, those are formed which minimize the energy of the system composed of the deforming material and the applied tractions”. In applying the LEDS hypothesis to DBs, the critical energy contributions controlling the size and morphology of the bands are (i) the elastic energy reduction due to flow stress decrease on account of spatially separating the operation of equally stressed slip systems, balanced against the stored energy increase through (ii) the deformation band boundaries, and (iii) the stress concentrations at the ends of the bands and/or where the band boundaries are not straight. The result is shown to be in accord with all pertinent observations that were located in the literature. It is further shown that the relative free energy reduction between a structure with and without regular deformation banding is typically quite small, namely ranging about 0.01°C and on occasion less than 10 −3 °C temperature difference, thus providing very strong support for the LEDS hypothesis. Some qualitative considerations are presented which explain the general features including the temperature dependence of the banding.
REDUCING LITTER SIZE BY ABLATION ENHANCES GROWTH AND INSULIN SECRETION IN THE FETAL RAT

Fetal growth is inversely related to litter size. Little is known about the mechanisms responsible for this or its potential consequences in the newborn. To address this, we developed a fetal ablation model in the rat. After anesthetizing the mother on day 15 (term 21.5 days), we ligated selected arteries in the secondary cascade of uterine vessels. This ablates individual fetuses, Ablation (A) reduced fetal number compared to controls (C) (5±2 v 8±3) and accelerated fetal growth (Birthweight 5.34±.05 v 5.01±.09 g, p<.01). A pups had increased liver mass .289±.005 v .254±.005 g, p<.001) but similar liver/body ratios compared to C suggesting symmetrical growth enhancement. To some extent accelerated growth was mediated by insulin, a critical growth stimulating hormone, since plasma insulin conc were significantly elevated in A v C newborns (112.2± 14.2 v 67.0±10.1 uU/ml, p<.001). A pups developed hypoglycemia at 0 and 20 minutes of life (20 min 78.2±2.6 v 91.0±4.8 mg/dl, p<.01). This resulted from a carryover of fetal hyperinsulinism (20 min 211.2±16.0 v 52.5±19.0 uU/ml, p<.01) since plasma glucagon conc did not differ (20 min 736.7±80.0 v 655.0±99.0 pg/ml) and hepatic glycogen cone remained elevated in A pups (20 min 71.4±3.2 v 52.08±6.4 mg/g liver, p<.01). Restricting litter size may enhance blood flow to the remaining fetuses thereby enhancing metabolic fuel supply, fetal growth, and hepatic glycogen deposition. Increased insulin availability may mediate these changes and also cause neonatal hypoglycemia.
Review of Russia’s Economic Legislation in November 2013

In November, the following amendments were introduced into the legislation: the federal law determining the legal status, authorities and functions of the Russian Research Fund was signed; the procedure for licensing of educational activities in the Russian Federation was updated.
The average expectable environment is not good enough: A response to Scarr.

I take the position, contrary to Scarr's, that the details of socialization patterns are crucial to an understanding of normal and deviant development. Considerable evidence has accrued to justify the claim that what normal parents do or fail to do crucially affects their children's development. Research is cited to support the argument that better than "good enough" parenting optimizes the development of both normal and vulnerable children, and that parents' belief in their own effectiveness further enhances their caregiving, whereas causal attributions that assign responsibility for child outcomes to genetic factors that parents cannot change undermine parents' belief in their own effectiveness. The strong conclusions Scarr draws from heritability analyses to support her thesis that genotypes drive experiences overlook their inherent limitations.
Two-dimensional metamaterials for epitaxial heterostructures

Abstract We review the use of two-dimensional psuedomorphic materials to accommodate an extraordinary range of misfit and allow novel new phases to be grown epitaxially. These materials assume the structure of the substrate and can thus be regarded as metamaterials. We illustrate these principles through a number of systems, including a detailed structural and spectroscopic study of epitaxial VO 2 /NiO heterostructures. In this case the metamaterial is VO 1+ x which is structurally and electronically distinct from the bulk of the VO 2 film. In the transition region the crystal structure adopts that of the NiO layer, while the oxidation state of vanadium increases from ∼3+ to ∼4+ with thickness, accompanied by increasing lattice disorder. The formation and evolution of this interfacial phase, VO 1+ x , accommodates the change in crystal symmetry across the interface from the rock-salt structure of NiO to the rutile structure of VO 2 . The use of two-dimensional metamaterials opens a wealth of new opportunities for the growth of new materials with novel properties.
Poor insight in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder: Developmental considerations, treatment implications, and potential strategies for improving insight

Abstract Insight in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) entails recognizing obsessive thoughts as unrealistic and false. OCD is characterized by varying degrees of insight and children often demonstrate poorer insight, which has been associated with greater symptoms severity, greater functional impairment and poorer treatment response. This clinical discussion raises the following question with regard to pediatric OCD and poor insight: What is the developmental context of insight in pediatric OCD? What are the treatment implications of poor insight for conducting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with this population? What are the potential benefits and pitfalls of clinical strategies for improving children's insight regarding their OCD symptoms? The need for empirical research in each of these domains is discussed.
Degradation mechanism for silicon p+-n junctions under forward bias

Abstract Leakage current degradation has been observed during forward bias stressing of silicon integrated p+-n junctions. Detailed characterization results of the anomalous leakage behavior are discussed in this paper. From these results an electric field-enhanced impurity diffusion mechanism has been proposed to explain both the strong temperature and forward bias dependencies on leakage current time-to-saturation. An activation energy has been determined for this mechanism (0.48±0.04 eV) and is in good agreement with that previously determined for diffusion of interstitial copper in p-type silicon. Subsequent Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer elemental analysis has confirmed the presence of copper near the surface of the epitaxial layer containing the p+-n device.
Production, Morphology, and Cytogenetic Analysis of Elymus Caninus (Agropyron Caninum) X Triticum Aestivum F1 Hybrids and backcross-1 Derivatives

Intergeneric hybrids were produced between common wheat, Triticum aestivum (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and wheatgrass, Etymus caninus (Agropyron caninum) (2n=4x=28, SSHH) — the first successful report of this cross. Reciprocal crosses and genotypes differed for percent seed set, seed development and F1 hybrid plant production. With E. caninus as the pollen parent, there was no hybrid seed set. In the reciprocal cross, seed set was 23.1–25.4% depending upon wheat genotype used. Hybrid plants were produced only by rescuing embryos 12–13 days post pollination with cv ‘Chinese Spring’ as the wheat parent. Kinetin in the medium facilitated embryo germination but inhibited root development and seedling growth. The hybrids were vigorous, self sterile, and intermediate between parents. These had expected chromosome number (2n=5x=35, ABDSH), very little chromosome pairing (0.51 II, 0.04 III) and some secondary associations. The hybrids were successfully backcrossed with wheat. Chromosome number in the BC1 derivatives varied 54–58 with 56 as the modal class. The BC1 derivatives showed unusually high number of rod bivalents or reduced pairing of wheat homologues. These were sterile and BC2 seed was produced using wheat pollen.
Evidence from fluorine and proton NMR spectra for restricted rotation about the PO bond in some steroidal phosphorofluoridates

The salient features of the 19F and 1H NMR spectra of seven steroidal phosphorofluoridates are presented and evidence for restricted rotation, obtained from high temperature studies and deuteration experiments, is discussed.
Vaccine site-associated sarcoma and malignant lymphoma in cats: A report of six cases (1997-2002)

Six cats developed malignant lymphoma 3 to 45 months after treatment for vaccine site-associated sarcoma. During the same time period, 184 cats were evaluated in the teaching hospital for vaccine site-associated sarcomas. Feline vaccine site-associated sarcoma is not believed to be associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection. Five of six cats were negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for FeLV antigens at the times of diagnosis of both sarcoma and lymphoma, and no cats were infected with feline immunodeficiency virus.
Resonance broadening and shifting of spectral lines in xenon and krypton.

Three-photon excitation and multiphoton ionization techniques have been used to measure self-broadening for several resonance lines in xenon and krypton. Tabulations of widths and shifts of the xenon lines at 146.9, 129.6, 119.2, and 117.0 nm were made for pressures between 50 and 900 Torr. Similar measurements were made for the krypton resonance line at 116.5 nm. For pressures less than 500 Torr the widths were found to be in reasonable agreement with theoretical results, which were extrapolated into regions of concentration where the criteria for their validity are at best questionable. We have also found the lines to be shifted to the high-energy side of the unperturbed line. For four of the five lines studied, the blue shifts increased nearly linearly with increasing pressure. In the four cases where the shift could be measured the ratio of shift to width was close to (1/2. Our experimental technique is very simple, but it has yielded what we believe to be the first resonance broadening data based on absorption under conditions where there is strong trapping of the resonance radiation.
Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory

Working memory involves the short-term maintenance of an active representation of information so that it is available for further processing. Visual working memory tasks, in which subjects retain the memory of a stimulus over brief delays, require both the perceptual encoding of the stimulus and the subsequent maintenance of its representation after the stimulus is removed from view. Such tasks activate multiple areas in visual and prefrontal cortices. To delineate the roles these areas play in perception and working memory maintenance, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain dynamic measures of neural activity related to different components of a face working memory task-non-selective transient responses to visual stimuli, selective transient responses to faces, and sustained responses over memory delays. Three occipitotemporal areas in the ventral object vision pathway had mostly transient responses to stimuli, indicating their predominant role in perceptual processing, whereas three prefrontal areas demonstrated sustained activity over memory delays, indicating their predominant role in working memory. This distinction, however, was not absolute. Additionally, the visual areas demonstrated different degrees of selectivity, and the prefrontal areas demonstrated different strengths of sustained activity, revealing a continuum of functional specialization, from occipital through multiple prefrontal areas, regarding each area's relative contribution to perceptual and mnemonic processing.
Therapy with Gentamicin for Bacteremic Infections: Results with 53 Patients

Fifty-three patients with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli were treated with gentamicin alone (31 patients), or with gentamicin combined with another antibiotic (22 patients). Gentamicin was administered parenterally in total daily doses of 3-6 mg/kg of body weight. Dosage was adjusted after the first full day for 14 patients with impaired renal function caused by preexisting renal disease. Treatment was successful in 36 patients. Adverse reactions (transient azotemia) occurred in four patients. Therapeutic failure could be attributed to one or more of these conditions: fatal underlying noninfectious disease, overwhelming shock, profound granulocytopenia, septic intravascular lesions, intravenous or intracardiac foreign body, hepatobiliary infection, undrained abscess, gentamicin-resistant pathogens, and superinfection. Gentamicin appears to be effective for treating gram-negative bacteremia when organisms are susceptible, a large dosage is employed, sources of infection are accessible to the drug and lesions are amenable to therapy, and when there is no underlying lethal disease. Gentamicin appears to be useful for treating certain localized infections caused by organisms belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonadaceae [1-4], but published experience with this antibiotic for treatment of gramnegative bacteremia is limited [5, 6]. Our study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of gentamicin when administered in relatively large doses (3-6 mg/kg of body weight per day), either alone or in combination with another antibiotic, for treatment of patients with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli.
Advanced CCD imaging spectrometer (ACIS) instrument on the Chandra X-ray Observatory

The ACIS instrument has been operating for three years in orbit, producing high quality scientific data on a wide variety of X-ray emitting astronomical objects. Except for a brief period at the very beginning of the mission when the CCDs were exposed to the radiation environment of the Outer van Allen Belts which resulted in substantial radiation damage to the front illuminated CCDs, the instrument has operated nearly flawlessly. The following report presents a description of the instrument, the current status of the instrument calibration and a few highlights of the scientific results obtained from the Guaranteed Observer Time.
Electrochemical fluorination of aliphatic secondary amines

Abstract Electrochemical fluorination (ECF) has been examined for six aliphatic secondary amines: N , N -di-ethylamine, N -ethyl, N - n -propylamine, N , N -di- n -propylamine, N -ethyl, N - iso -propylamine, N , N -di- iso -propylamine, and N -methyl, N - n -butylamine. It was found from these amines that not only the corresponding F -( N -fluoro- N , N -dialkylamines) but also F -imines having the same number of the carbon atoms were formed in low yields. The suppression of the C–N bond cleavage (blocking effect) which is expected to occur during fluorination due to the presence of bulky N -alkyl group was not observed as a result of the ECF of these aliphatic secondary amines. It was also found that the change of the initial solute concentration of N , N -di- n -propylamine did not affect on the product yields, which is usually observed for cyclic secondary amines. Several F -( N -fluoro- N , N -dialkylamines) were treated with triphenylphosphine for conversion into the corresponding F -imines. An imine bond was generated during this defluorination exclusively at the site of the alkyl group with a longer chain length when there were two different alkyl groups present in F -( N -fluoro-dialkylamines).
Time of arrival of wheat germ agglutinin-HRP conjugates in superior colliculus after intraocular injections in the rat

Abstract Rats received intravitreal injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGHRP) or labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (WGFITC). SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of WGHRP demonstrated that little or no native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was present in the injected conjugate. Under the conditions employed in these experiments, evidence for the orthograde transport of WGHRP but not of WGFITC was observed. In a separate experiment carried out under similar circumstances, WGFITC was retrogradely transported. Thus WGFITC does not appear to be a sensitive probe for studies of efferent projections. The earliest time of arrival of WGHRP in the contralateral superior colliculus (SC) was determined in order to establish the most rapid rate of anterograde transport of WGHRP. Retinal ganglion cell axon terminals in SC were first labeled 4 h after an intraocular injection of WGHRP which is equivalent to a transport rate of about 108 mm/day. This rate of transport is approximately half that reported for native HRP. It is concluded that the superior sensitivity of WGHRP over native HRP as an anterogradely transported marker cannot be ascribed to a more rapid rate of orthograde transport of WGHRP.
Nicotinic α4β2 receptor imaging agents: Part II. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-[18F]fluoro-3-[2-((S)-3-pyrrolinyl)methoxy]pyridine (18F-nifene) in rodents and imaging by PET in nonhuman primate

Abstract The α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Optimal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents are therefore highly desired for this receptor. We report here the development and initial evaluation of 2-fluoro-3-[2-(( S )-3-pyrrolinyl)methoxy]pyridine (nifene). In vitro binding affinity of nifene in rat brain homogenate using 3 H-cytisine exhibited a K i =0.50 nM for the α4β2 sites. The radiosynthesis of 2- 18 F-fluoro-3-[2-(( S )-3-pyrrolinyl)methoxy]pyridine ( 18 F-nifene) was accomplished in 2.5 h with an overall radiochemical yield of 40–50%, decay corrected. The specific activity was estimated to be approx. 37–185 GBq/μmol. In vitro autoradiography in rat brain slices indicated selective binding of 18 F-nifene to anteroventral thalamic (AVT) nucleus, thalamus, subiculum, striata, cortex and other regions consistent with α4β2 receptor distribution. Rat cerebellum showed some binding, whereas regions in the hippocampus had the lowest binding. The highest ratio of >13 between AVT and cerebellum was measured for 18 F-nifene in rat brain slices. The specific binding was reduced (>95%) by 300 μM nicotine in these brain regions. Positron emission tomography imaging study of 18 F-nifene (130 MBq) in anesthetized rhesus monkey was carried out using an ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner. PET study showed selective maximal uptake in the regions of the anterior medial thalamus, ventro-lateral thalamus, lateral geniculate, cingulate gyrus, temporal cortex including the subiculum. The cerebellum in the monkeys showed lower binding than the other regions. Thalamus-to-cerebellum ratio peaked at 30–35 min postinjection to a value of 2.2 and subsequently reduced. The faster binding profile of 18 F-nifene indicates promise as a PET imaging agent and thus needs further evaluation.
Detailed Electrochemistry and Gas Transport in a SOFC Anode Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

A coupled electrochemical reaction and diffusion model has been developed and verified for investigation of mass transport processes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) anode triple-phase boundary (TPB) regions. The coupled model utilizes a two-dimensional (2D), multi-species Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) to model the diffusion process. The electrochemical model is coupled through localized flux boundary conditions and is a function of applied activation overpotential and the localized hydrogen and water mole fractions. This model is designed so that the effects of the anode microstructure within TPB regions can be examined in detail. Results are provided for the independent validation of the electrochemical and diffusion sub-models, as well as for the coupled model. An analysis on a single closed pore is completed and validated with a Fick's law solution. A competition between the electrochemical reaction rate and the rate of mass transfer is observed to be dependent on inlet hydrogen mole fraction. The developed model is presented such that future studies on SOFC anode microstructures can be completed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Robust control of hypersonic vehicles considering propulsive and aeroelastic effects

The influence of propulsion system variations and elastic fuselage behavior on the flight control system of an airbreathing hypersonic vehicle is investigated. Thrust vector magnitude and direction changes due to angle of attack variations affect the pitching moment. Low structural vibration frequencies may occur close to the rigid body modes influencing the angle of attack and lead to possible cross coupling. These effects are modeled as uncertainties in the context of a robust control study of a hypersonic vehicle model accelerating through Mach 8 using H-infinity and mu synthesis techniques. Various levels of uncertainty are introduced into the system. Both individual and simultaneous appearance of uncertainty are considered. The results indicate that the chosen design technique is suitable for this kind of problem provided that a fairly good knowledge of the effects mentioned above is available. The order of the designed controller is reduced but robust performance is lost which shows the need for fixed order design techniques.
Objective Evaluation of Wind Chill Index by Records of Frostbite in the Antarctica

Investigations in the Antarctic show that the onset of freezing of exposed skin under natural field conditions is closely correlated to a wind chill index of 1,400, calculated according to the Siple-Passel formula,and provide evidence of the validity of the wind chill formula in this range. Experimental frostbites of isolated fingers exposed to antarctic climatic conditions, however, demonstrate a closer correlation with atmospheric cooling calculated by a different formula. This may be accounted for by differences in cooling rate in relation to body diameter.
The Evolution of Massive Stars to Explosion

We review the possible evolutionary paths from massive stars to explosive endpoints as various types of supernovae associated with Population I and hence with massive stars: Type II-P, Type II-L, Type Ib, Type Ic, and the hybrid events SN 1987K and SN 1993J. We identify SN 1954A as another hybrid event from the evidence for both H and He in its spectrum with velocities nearly the same as SN 1983J. Evidence for ejected 56Ni mass of ∼ 0.07 M⊙ suggests that SN II-P underwent standard iron core collapse, not collapse of an O-Ne-Mg core nor thermonuclear explosion of a C-O core. Most SN II-P presumably arise in single stars or wide binaries of ∼ 10 - 20 M⊙. There may be indirect evidence for duplicity in some cases in the form of strong Ba II lines, such as characterized SN 1987A. SN II-L are recognizably distinct from typical SN II-P and must undergo a significantly different evolution. Despite indications that SN II-L have small envelopes that may be helium enriched, they are also distinct from events like SN 1993J that must have yet again a different evolution. The SN II-L that share a common luminosity seem to have ejected a small nickel mass and hence may come from stars with O-Ne-Mg cores. The amount of nickel ejected by the exceptionally bright events, SN 1980K and SN 1979C, remains controversial. SN Ib require the complete loss of the H envelope, either to a binary companion or to a wind. The few identified have relatively large ejecta masses. It is not clear what evolutionary processes distinguish SN Ib’s evolving in binary systems from hybrid events that retain some H in the envelope. SN Ic events are both H and He deficient. Binary models.that can account for transfer of an extended helium envelope from low mass helium cores, ∼ 2 to 4 M⊙, imply C-O core masses that are roughly consistent with that deduced from the ejecta mass plus a neutron star, ∼ 2 to 3 M⊙. It is possible that the hybrid events are the result of Roche lobe overflow and that the “pure” events, SN Ib or SN Ic, result from common envelope evolution.
Inequities in Long-Term Housing Recovery After Disasters

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Disaster impacts result from interactions between hazard exposure, physical vulnerability, and social vulnerability. We report empirical work from 1992′s H...
Report on the Hearing Screening of 17.000 Neonates

(1969). Report on the Hearing Screening of 17.000 Neonates. International Audiology: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 72-76.
Linearisation of MOS resistors using capacitive gate voltage averaging

A compact implementation of a scheme to improve linearity of MOS resistors is introduced. It is based on capacitive gate voltage averaging in conjunction with large resistive biasing elements implemented using MOS transistors operating in subthreshold. Experimental results from a test chip in 0.5 µm CMOS technology are shown that verify the proposed technique.
Generation of ferric Lixiviant by bio‐oxidation of pyrite for in‐situ leaching

Abstract Acidic ferric ion, an effective and important oxidizing agent for mineral leaching, is usually produced by direct dissolution of the corresponding salts into the solution or can be prepared in‐situ or in separate aerated batch reactors by chemical oxidation of iron sulfide through a number of different processes. The purpose of this paper is to present the idea and the results of generating the useful ferric leaching medium by bacterial oxidation of pyrite under the commercial leaching conditions in an underground copper mine. The information presented deals mainly with factors promoting the continuous oxidation of pyrite by iron‐oxidizing bacteria and the related factors influencing the extraction of copper from the enargite. This is the first attempt to produce a ferric leaching medium in an underground mine by a microbiological process. The generation technology and engineering layout are also discussed.
The idea of industrial democracy in America 1898–1915∗

(1966). The idea of industrial democracy in America 1898–1915. Labor History: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 259-286.
Genotyping for polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes from paraffin-embedded and immunohistochemically stained tumor samples.

ObjectivesParaffin-embedded tumor samples are valuable in the study of cancer for routine staging, tumor marker analysis, and in retrospective studies to test new prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Their utility in retrospective pharmacogenetic analysis of clinical trials has yet to be evaluated.
Animals, Archetypes, and Popular Culture: Tales from the Tabloid Press

AbstractThis paper characterizes the portrayal of animals and human-animal relations in one genre of American popular culture—the “supermarket” tabloid press. A total of 789 animal-related stories and photographs in 82 issues of four tabloid magazines were analyzed according to theme. The items fell into nine categories in which animals were portrayed as objects of affection, saviors, threats, victims, things to be used, sex objects, imaginary and mythological beings, surrogate humans, and objects of wonder. It is argued that these themes represent archetypes reflecting the roles that animals have had in human cultural and psychological life since the historical origins of our species.
Cartilage of the baboon contains estrogen receptors

Castrated-adrenalectomized aged female baboons were injected with 3H-estradiol-17 B (E2) and killed one hour later. Specimens from all regions of the larynx and oral cavity were taken and processed for autoradiography. A consistent and heavy uptake of 3H-E2 by the perichondrium and cartilage was found in all laryngeal sections with cartilage present and in the articular cartilage of the condyle of the mandible. These data provide evidence that cartilage contains receptors for estrogen. These data along with data already present in the literature suggest that circulating estrogen may act directly on cartilage to modulate collagen synthesis and further that the loss in circulating estrogen associated with menopause might in part explain the large sexual dimorphism associated with the incidence of osteoarthritis.
Protein fractionation using electrostatic interactions in membranel filtration

One of the critical factors limiting the development of membrane systems for protein fractionation has been the poor selectivity that has generally been obtained with these membrane devices. We have demonstrated that it is possible to dramatically improve the selectivity of available membrane systems by exploiting the different electrostatic interactions between the two proteins and the membrane. The separation factor for the albumin-hemoglobin system could be increased to more than 70 simply by reducing the salt concentration and adjusting the pH to around 7 (near the isoelectric point of hemoglobin). This very high selectivity was a direct result of the strong electrostatic exclusion of the charged albumin from the membrane pores under these conditions. This high selectivity makes it possible to very effectively separate these albumin-hemoglobin mixtures using membrane filtration, and this was demonstrated experimentally using both a simple batch filtration process and a continuous diafiltration system. The hemoglobin recovery in the diafiltration experiment was greater than 70% after a 3-diavolume filtration, with the Hb purification factor being around 100 under these conditions. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of membrane systems for the fractionation of proteins even with very similar molecular weights.
Numerical analysis of binary solid-liquid phase change using a continuum model

A widely accepted numerical finite-difference scheme for the solution of coupled elliptic partial differential equations has been extended to accommodate binary solid-liquid phase change. Through the adoption of a recently developed continuum model, the solution of the multiconstituent, multiphase problem has been reduced to a level of computational requirements generally associated with strongly coupled single-phase problems. Example calculations have been performed to illustrate use of the model for static phase change systems, as well as to illustrate the significance of bulk and mushy region fluid motion for macroscopic phase change behavior.