cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NUCLEOLAR ACTIVITY OF LAGGING CHROMOSOMES IN WHEAT

ONE THEORY OF the development of the nucleolus holds that it arises directly from the matrices of all the chromosomes (see reviews by Gates, 1942, and Vincent, 1955). There appears to be evidence for the matrix theory from a number of unrelated plant species, among them Zea mays (McClintock, 1934), Narcissus ( Sikka, 1940), and Luzula campestris (Brown, 1954). In other organisms, however, following the same or similar fixation and staining techniques, no scattered nucleolar-like material is noted about the telophase chromosomes, and instead the nucleolus appears to grow at specific points in the telophase nuclei, as in Pisum (Hakansson and Levan, 1942), and amphibian ovarian eggs (Duryee, 1947). In recent years the existence of a matrix as an accessory component of the chromonemata has been questioned by some workers, among them Ris /1947). On the other hand, Serra (1947) and Kaufmann et al. (1948) uphold the existence of the matrix. On the basis of their ribonucleic acid studies utilizing enzymatic degradation of plant and animal chromosomes, Kaufmann et al. (1948) suggest that the nucleolus may serve as a reservoir of ribonucleic acid, which is gradually transferred to the chromosomes during the prophase, providing a temporary state of heterochromatinization. Caspersson and Schultz (1940) are of the opinion that the heterochromatic regions of the chromosomes are responsible for synthesizing the nucleolar material. Rattenbury and Serra (1952) maintain that it is formed from an interaction between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. With few exceptions, such as in certain egg cells, the nucleoli are held at specific sites on specific chromosomes. These chromosomes are called the nucleolar chromosomes, and the region of attachment of the nucleolus, the nucleolus-organizer. In most species the nucleolus-organizer is characterized by heterochromatin (see reviev by Gates, 1942). Whether this region merely serves to collect the dispersed or scattered nucleolar material produced elsewhere in the nucleus, or whether the nucleolus-
Redox-Catalyzed Binding of Dinitrogen by Molybdenum N-tert-Hydrocarbylanilide Complexes: Implications for Dinitrogen Functionalization and Reductive Cleavage

The splitting of dinitrogen (1 atm, THF, 25 °C) by Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 (R = C(CD_3)_2CH_3, Ar = 3,5-C_6H_3Me_2) giving 2 equiv of nitride N⋮Mo(N[R]Ar)3 is found to be accelerated in the presence of sodium amalgam. Careful control of the Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 concentration led to the isolation and characterization of the anionic dinitrogen complex, [(THF)xNa][(N_2)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3], where x is from 0 to 3. Via electrochemical experiments and synthetic studies, [(THF)xNa][(N2)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3] is found to be a key intermediate in the acceleration of N_2 splitting by Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 in the presence of sodium amalgam. Accordingly, in the presence of an electron acceptor, [(THF)xNa][(N_2)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3] reacts with Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 to give the neutral N2-bridged complex (μ-N_2){Mo(N[R]Ar)_3}_2, which in turn splits to 2 equiv of nitride N⋮Mo(N[R]Ar)3. It is seen that the function of sodium amalgam in this system is as a redox catalyst, accelerating the conversion of Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 to (μ-N2){Mo(N[R]Ar)3}2, a dinuclear dinitrogen complex that does not lose N_2 readily. Electrochemical or chemical outer-sphere oxidation of [(THF)xNa][(N2)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3] leads to rapid N_2 evolution with regeneration of Mo(N[R]Ar)_3, presumably via the neutral mononuclear dinitrogen complex (N2)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3. In situ generated [(THF)xNa][(N_2)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3] was efficiently trapped by ClSiMe3 to give (Me3SiNN)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3. This complex underwent reaction with methyl triflate to give the dimethyl hydrazido cationic species, [(Me_2NN)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3][OTf]. The synthesis of the monomethyl complex (MeNN)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 also was achieved. Experiments designed to trap the neutral mononuclear dinitrogen complex (N_2)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 gave rise to efficient syntheses of heterodinuclear dinitrogen complexes including (Ph[tBu]N)3Ti(μ-N_2)Mo(N[R]Ar)_3, which also was synthesized in its ^(15)N_2-labeled form. Synthesis and characterization data for the new N-adamantyl-substituted three-coordinate molybdenum(III) complex Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3 (Ad = 1-adamantyl, Ar = 3,5-C_6H_3Me_2) are presented. The complex is found to react with dinitrogen (1 atm, THF, 25 °C) in the presence of sodium amalgam to give the dinitrogen anion complex [(THF)xNa][(N_2)Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3]; the synthesis does not require careful regulation of the Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3 concentration. Indeed, under no conditions has Mo(N[Ad]Ar)_3 been observed to split dinitrogen or to give rise to a dinuclear μ-N_2 complex; this striking contrast with the reactivity of Mo(N[R]Ar)_3 (R = C(CD_3)_2CH_3) is attributed to the enhanced steric protection at Mo afforded by the 1-adamantyl substituents.
Perceptual Estimates of Motor Skill Proficiency Are Constrained by the Stability of Coordination Patterns

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrated that motor skill proficiency ratings are constrained by the same order parameter dynamics that constrain action production and action perception processes. Participants produced rhythmic actions simulated by an animated stick figure of the human arm. The primary finding was that participants’ proficiency ratings covaried most with relative phase (φ) variability compared to mean relative phase. In-phase (φ = 0°) was produced with the least variability and received the highest proficiency rating, whereas the patterns φ = ±150° were attempted with the most variability and received the lowest proficiency ratings. A temporal delay in attempting to produce the animated pattern had a large impact on produced relative phase, yet had little impact on the proficiency ratings. Proprioceptive processes provide individuals information on motor skill proficiency. The lead or lag motion of the hand to forearm segment of the animated arm was identified consistently through visual processes...
Rapid water permeability changes in eyestalkless euryhaline crabs and in isolated, perfused gills

Abstract 1. 1. The rate at which tritiated water moves from the medium into the hemolymph of the euryhaline crab Carcinus maenas decreases after the crab is transferred to dilute medium; this adaptive decrease in water permeability occurs also in crabs from which the eyestalks have been ablated. The results show that the rapid change in permeability is not based directly or indirectly on the secretion of a hormonal factor from the neuroendocrine complex of the eyestalk. 2. 2. Extracts of thoracic ganglion of Carcinus, perfused internally through isolated gills, decrease the influx of tritiated water across the lamellae. 3. 3. Extracts of neurohemal tissues of the sinus gland and pericardial organs have no effect on the water permeability of isolated gills, nor has an active factor been demonstrated in the hemolymph of crabs exposed to dilute medium.
Electronic transport properties of the semimetallic heavy fermion YbBiPt

The electronic transport properties of YbBiPt are examined in the temperature range 4{endash}325 K to gain insight into the electronic structure of this compound. The magnitude of the strongly magnetic-field-dependent Hall effect is consistent with a semimetallic electronic structure. The data place an upper limit on the carrier concentration of 6{times}10{sup 20}thinspholes/cm{sup 3}. The thermoelectric power (TEP) is dominated by a large phonon-drag peak below 100 K, while above 200 K the TEP is dominated by a large linear-in-temperature contribution. The temperature-dependent resistivity manifests very little indication of a magnetic scattering contribution. These characteristics indicate the YbBiPt is a low-carrier concentration semimetal. It appears that this low-carrier conducting state is closely tied to the massively renormalized electronic state evident in this compound below 1 K. thinsp {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Predator-induced morphological defences as by-products of prey behaviour: a review and prospectus

Predator-induced morphological defences (PIMDs) are ubiquitous. Many PIMDs may be mediated by prey behaviour rather than directly cued by predators. A survey of 92 studies indicated 40 that quantified prey behaviour, all of which document positive associations between defence production and activity reduction. Thus, PIMDs are associated with changes in prey activity, which could have caused the morphological change. We propose two possible mechanisms: 1) decreased activity reduces feeding rate, resulting in lower growth and morphological change; and 2) activity reduction conserves energy, which is reallocated for growth, subsequently changing morphology. Resource availability also causes similar morphological change to predator presence, suggesting confounding effects of resources and predators with current methodology. Future studies should estimate food ingestion, assimilation efficiency, and growth rate in the presence and absence of predators, crossing predator presence with resource levels. Not all PIMDs will be behaviourally-mediated, but consideration of causal linkages between prey behaviour and PIMDs is warranted.
The Spatial Production of Learning Opportunities in Skateboard Parks

Drawing on an ethnographic study of skateboarders, we examine how learning occurs in two city skateparks. We consider the dialectical relationship between participants’ activity and setting, or individually experienced spaces of the skateparks. Individuals edit these settings in activity, even as activity generates setting, and space is socially produced in the collective editing and activity of participants. Learning opportunities, or access to participation in the communities of practice of the parks, emerge from this spatial production. In the two skateparks these learning opportunities were inseparable from other skateboarding activity; spaces of teaching, learning, and skating overlapped and mutually elaborated each other.
Realismo y constructivismo en la teoría moral kantiana: el ejemplo de la ética del discurso

In this paper I argue against the metaethical view of moral Kantianism as a form of constructivism or antirealism. Given that Kantians do not share the expressivism characteristic of standard moral antirealism, Kantian constructivism seems to be an inherently unstable position, which can only be fully developed into either a consistently antirealist or a consistently realist approach. Taking Habermas’ discourse ethics as an example, I contrast a realist with an antirealist interpretation of the principle of universalization, and try to show that only the former is compatible with the moral cognitivism characteristic of Kantian moral theory, whereas the latter unavoidably leads to a decisionist (i.e., relativist) approach.
A cultural theory of budgeting

My aim is to bring together various strands of thought about the relationship between cultures and budgets into a single essay. Cultural theory is a way to bring what different people want and why they want it into budgeting. If cultures are conqruent with budgetary processes, this symmetry should show up in the standard topics of the subject. Thus I shall deal with the form of budgeting, auditing, budgetary balance, and deficits. I shall also examine the place of the budgetary base—agreed understandings on totals and items—among the political cultures. Finally, I shall provide a cultural explanation for the growth of government.
The ultrastructure of developing wings in the giant silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia. I. Generalized epidermal cells.

The ultrastructure of wing epidermis of the giant silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia, was studied during pupal diapause and the first half of development to the adult. In diapause, the generalized epidermal cells are characterized by many free ribosomes, some vesicles and small lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, some scattered short mitochondria and a few small Golgi complexes. During the early states of post-diapause development, before and after the time of apolysis (separation of the epidermis from the overlying cuticle), there is a marked increase in structures often associated with synthetic functions, such as polyribosomes, lamellate rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. On day five of post-apolysis development, just after the appearance of scale-forming and socket-forming cells, the generalized epidermal cells lay down the cuticulin layer of the adult cuticle. At this stage and later, the polyribosomes and lamellate rough endoplasmic reticulum decrease in abundance. Cell nuclei show three phases of temporary transition from predominantly lobed to predominantly round profile, which correspond to periods of reported DNA synthesis. Throughout this developmental process, therefore, there is good correlation of fine structure with changes in macromolecular synthesis recorded elsewhere.
Computer adoption and returns in transition

Across nine transition economies, it is the young, educated, English-speaking workers with the best access to local telecommunications infrastructures who work with computers. These workers earn about 25 percent more than do workers of comparable observable skills who do not use computers. Controlling for likely simultaneity between computer use at work and labour market earnings makes the apparent returns to computer use disappear. These results are corroborated using Russian longitudinal data on earnings and computer use on the job. High costs of computer use in transition economies suppress wages that firms can pay to their workers who use computers.
Genetic variants in eleven telomere-associated genes and the risk of incident cardio/cerebrovascular disease: The Women's Genome Health Study

Abstract Background Candidate genes associated with telomere length maintenance, an important molecular marker for biological aging, represent potential risk predictors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). To date, no prospective data are available. Methods The associations between 154 tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) of 11 telomere-associated candidate genes (TERT, POT1, TNKS, TERF1, TNKS2, UCP2, TEP1, ACD, TERF2, TERF2IP, and TERC) were investigated in 23,294 Caucasian participants of the Women's Genome Health Study. All were free of known CVD and cancer at baseline. The primary outcome measure was a composite CVD end point (incident ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), or death due to ischemic CVD); other measures were incident MI and ischemic stroke. During follow-up, 1178 total incident CVD, 315 incident MI cases, and 323 incident ischemic stroke events were identified. Multivariable Cox regression analysis and a haplotype-based approach were performed to investigate the relationship between genotypes/haplotypes and CVD risk, assuming an additive model. Results In a marker-by-marker analysis, 7 (TEP1, TNKS, and ACD), 11 (TEP1, ACD, and TERT), and 24 (TEP1, TNKS, TERT, TERF2IP, TNKS2, and UCP2) SNPs were associated—at the level of p Conclusions The present large prospective study encourages further investigation of the biological role of telomere-associated pathway genes in the pathogenesis and early assessment of vascular events.
Ontogeny of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in juvenile Aplysia californica: Implications for the development of learning

Serotonin has been implicated in both nonassociative learning (sensitization and dishabituation) as well as associative learning (classical conditioning) in Aplysia californica. Dishabituation and sensitization, and their underlying physiological analogs, emerge according to different developmental timetables—sensitization develops 4 to 6 weeks after dishabituation ( Rankin & Carew, 1988 ; Nolen & Carew, 1988 ; Wright, McCance, Lu, & Carew, 1991 ). Since the late emergence of sensitization could result from the delayed expression of facilitatory neurotransmitters, we have examined the ontogeny of serotonin immunoreactivity in juvenile A. californica by means of indirect immunohistofluorescence. The purpose of these experiments was to describe the developmental timetable for the expression of serotonin immunoreactivity and to correlate the emergence of immunoreactive neurons with the ontogenetic expression of different forms of learning. While the addition of serotonin-immunoreactive cells tracked the growth of the central nervous system, juveniles contained a relatively higher proportion of immunoreactive cells than adults. Immunoreactive cell bodies were present in the abdominal, cerebral, and pedal ganglia as early as juvenile Stage 9, prior to the emergence of dishabituation in Stage 10. The posterior cerebral cluster (PCC) contained four pairs of immunoreactive cells by Stage 9, including the facilitator CB1, which, as shown in adults, heterosynaptically facilitates siphon sensory neurons. The PCC reached the adult complement of five pairs of cells, by Stage 10, long before the development of sensitization, but at the time corresponding to the emergence of dishabituation. These results suggest that the late emergence of sensitization is not simply a consequence of the late expression of serotonergic facilitatory interneurons.
The pretectal complex of the cat: cells of origin of projections to the pulvinar nucleus.

Abstract The pretectal projection to the pulvinar nucleus in the cat was examined ussing the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin—horseradish peroxidase. These data show that both visual and non-visual areas of the pretectal complex contribute to the projection. Specifically, large numbers of labeled neurons are located within the pretectal olivary nucleus with a substantial number of labeled neurons observed within the nucleus of the optic tract. Labeled neurons are also located within the medial, anterior and posterior nuclei, but not to the degree observed in the other pretectal nuclei. Morphometric analysis of labeled and Nissl-stained neurons indicate that the pretectopulvinar pathway is not correlated to any single cell size.
Developing High-Throughput Fluorescence-Based Assays for Measuring Kinase Inhibitor Free Energies of Binding

Understanding the specificity of kinase inhibitors has tremendous therapeutic significance. To predict inhibitor selectivity computationally, an iterative approach incorporating experimental measurements is ideal. This work describes the development of a high-throughput label-free fluorescent ligand-binding assay to measure inhibitor affinities. Taking advantage of the intrinsic fluorescence increase of a group of FDA-approved kinase inhibitors upon binding kinases, we are able to measure inhibitor binding affinity with small amounts of protein and without any fluorescent labels. This facilitates rapid characterization of a wide range of kinase inhibitors and kinase resistance mutants, within a system that can be reproduced identically in molecular dynamics simulations.
Scattering from a cylindrical resistive sheet using a modified physical optics current

Applicability of a modified resistive physical optics (PO) current expression to electrically large cylindrical structures is validated by analytical and numerical computations and measurement. It is shown that the radar cross-section (RCS) computed using an exact series representation and the modified PO current approximation matches well in the backscatter direction, and the forward scatter RCSs differ in magnitude by a couple of decibels for a closed resistive sheet. The PO current is compared with the series solution to explain the discrepancy of the forward scatter RCS. It is also shown that an open resistive sheet segment shows excellent agreement with the PO result in both the forward and backscatter directions. Lastly, a simple modified PO shadow-zone current is given for penetrable cylindrical sheets.
The Six Essential Components of Sustainable Socialism: From Building the Productive Forces to Combating Bourgeois Liberalization

A sustainable socialist society has six essential components: (1) an economic system that builds the productive forces and promotes common prosperity in a steady, sustainable manner; (2) a politica...
The gravity gradiometer: basic concepts and tradeoffs

Hansen’s paper reviews the roots of this technology and also touches on some interpretation techniques used, several decades ago and with great success, to find oil and gas.
Estrogen Receptor β Isoforms Exhibit Differences in Ligand-Activated Transcriptional Activity in an Estrogen Response Element Sequence-Dependent Manner

Estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) has been reported to have lower estradiol (E2)-induced transcriptional activity than human (h)ERalpha from estrogen response element (ERE)-driven reporters in transiently transfected cells. Conflicting data for activities of full-length and short hERbeta [hERbeta1, 530 amino acids (aa); and hERbeta1s, 477aa] have been reported. To test the hypothesis that hERbeta1 has higher transcriptional activity than hERbeta1s, we compared E2, 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile (a selective ERbeta agonist), and resveratrol-induced transcription by hERbeta1, hERbeta1s, and rat (r) ERbeta with hERalpha on different EREs in transiently transfected CHO-K1 and HEC-1A cells. Our results demonstrate for the first time that hERbeta1 has similar E2-induced activity to hERalpha and greater activity than rERbeta or hERbeta1s on a consensus palindromic ERE, either as a single or double copy; a minimal ERE; and the nonpalindromic pS2 ERE. 2,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile showed greater efficacy with hERbeta1 and hERbeta1s than for rERbeta or hERalpha. We found that transcriptional differences between the ERbeta isoforms and ERalpha depend on the ERE sequence, confirming that the DNA sequence bound by ER is an allosteric effector of ER action. For the minimal 13-bp ERE and the pS2 ERE, the increase in transcriptional activity with hERbeta1 correlated with increased binding affinity. Coactivators steroid receptor coactivator-1 and cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein synergistically activated hERalpha and ERbeta transcription and showed reduced efficacy with rERbeta and hERbeta1s, suggesting a role for the N terminus of ERbeta1 in coactivator interaction. Collectively, these data indicate that the cellular expression of ERbeta isoforms may differentially impact ERE-regulated target gene expression in a ligand-dependent manner.
Vehicle–soil interaction: Testing, modeling, calibration and validation

Abstract Although many studies have been conducted on different aspects of tire–soil interaction, little work has been done focusing on the uncertainties involved such as those of the mechanical properties of soil and the interfacial properties between the tire and soil. Even less, if any, work has been done on the validation of stochastic tire–soil interaction models using rigorous statistical methods. In this paper, a statistical framework, along with new vehicle–soil interaction test data, is used to build a stochastic metamodel from a simple physically-based tire–soil interaction model, to calibrate model parameters with uncertainties, to predict model responses with uncertainties, and to validate the models using four validation metrics: one local metric that measures the differences between test and model at each instant of time, and three global metrics that measure these differences but over the entire time period of vehicle motion. Results in using the metrics indicate that the models performed well.
Absorption and Intestinal Metabolism of Purine Dideoxynucleosides and an Adenosine Deaminase-Activated Prodrug of 2′,3′-Dideoxyinosine in the Mesenteric Vein Cannulated Rat Ileum

This study investigates the mechanisms of absorption and the role of intestinally localized purine salvage pathway enzymes on the ileal availabilities of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), a substrate for purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP); 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine (F-ddI), a non-PNP substrate; and 6-chloro-2',3'-dideoxypurine (6-Cl-ddP), an adenosine deaminase (ADA) activated prodrug of ddI. The potential for increasing the intestinal availability of 6-Cl-ddP through the use of ADA inhibitors, namely, 2'-deoxycoformycin (DCF) and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA), is also explored. Drug permeability coefficients across the intestinal epithelium were determined in in situ perfusions in the mesenteric vein cannulated rat ileum based on both drug appearance in blood (Pblood) and disappearance from the lumen (Plumen) and their paracellular and transcellular components were estimated by comparison to the permeabilities of two paracellular markers, mannitol and urea. Values of Pblood for ddI were determined to be (1.1 +/- 0.3) x 10(-6) cm/s, in close agreement with the value of (1.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(-6) cm/s obtained for F-ddI, a PNP resistant analogue of ddI having virtually the same molecular size and lipophilicity as ddI. This indicates that PNP may not play an important role in the low intestinal absorption of ddI. The Pblood for 6-Cl-ddP, (19 +/- 2) x 10(-6) cm/s, was 4.5-fold lower than Plumen, (84 +/- 12) x 10(-6) cm/s, which means that 77 +/- 6% of 6-Cl-ddP was metabolized during its intestinal transport, thus qualitatively accounting for the low oral bioavailability (7%) of 6-Cl-ddP observed in vivo in rats. Extensive intracellular metabolism of 6-Cl-ddP by ADA was confirmed by the high concentrations of ddI found both in the intestinal lumen and blood during 6-Cl-ddP perfusions and by a rate of ddI appearance in blood which was approximately 10-fold higher than ddI controls. Co-perfusion of the potent, hydrophilic ADA inhibitor DCF (Ki = 0. 001-0.05 nM) with 6-Cl-ddP led to only partial inhibition of intestinal ADA, while complete inhibition was obtained using the less potent but more lipophilic inhibitor EHNA (Ki = 1-20 nM). Hence, EHNA may be used to improve intestinal absorption of 6-Cl-ddP in vivo.
Equity with growth in Taiwan: How ‘special’ is the ‘special case’?

This paper is intended to review some of the principal findings of recently completed research on income distribution in Taiwan,1 to present some of the policy conclusions which seem to emerge from that analysis, and to comment on the applicability or non-applicability of the lessons of that particular case to other presumably ‘less special’ developing economy situations.
Product gender perceptions and antecedents of product gender congruence

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to replicate and extend earlier work on product gender perceptions.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology tested six hypotheses, using nearly 500 respondents. The hypotheses were investigated using a survey approach with validated scales. Likert‐type data were analyzed using appropriate statistical measures.Findings – Analysis of the data demonstrated that product gendering is still prevalent. In addition, males were more likely than females to purchase gender‐congruent products; that individuals with a greater desire for product‐self‐congruence used products as a form of self‐concept; that individuals reared in non‐traditional households were less focused on gender congruence; that less traditional individuals were less focused on gender congruence; and that those who sought gender congruence were more likely to seek gender cues in the marketing mix.Research limitations/implications – The product selection was based on a previous study and the sample was non‐...
Developing training programs for sexuality and disability: A personal perspective

This article is a historical, first person account of how training programs in sexuality and disability were originally developed in the Boston area. The article describes an integration of medical and independent living professionals and consumers who had a single goal of providing training and services to people with disabilities. The grassroot efforts of this group ultimately resulted in a successful training center that has now been in existence for over 15 years and can serve as a model for other people committed to this field.
AUV Operations at MBARI

MBARI's Division of Marine Operations regularly runs two Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: the Mapping AUV and the CTD AUV. Both are Dorado Class, 54 cm (21 inch) diameter. Lengths vary from about 3 m (10 feet) to 5.18 m (17 feet); air weights from about 476 kg (1050 pounds) to 635 kg (1400 pounds). The interiors of the AUVs flood when in the water; electronics are contained in either one-atmosphere hermetic housings or in pressure-compensated enclosures. Both AUVs are equipped with self-contained navigation equipment, as well as an Iridium Satellite Short Burst Data (SBD) modem. The Mapping AUV performs routine operations to 1500 meters depth; all the components are rated to 6000 meters. The Mapper has three Sonar systems onboard: a multibeam echosounder, a sub-bottom profiler, and side- scan sonar. The CTD AUV runs unattended overnight operations several times a month inside and in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, performing a time-series of measurements. It has also done a survey of the Davidson Seamount.
A Gibbs phenomenon for spline functions

Abstract An analogue of the Gibbs phenomenon is shown to hold for approximation by periodic spline functions on uniform subdivisions.
Leaders' narrative sensemaking during LMX role negotiations: Explaining how leaders make sense of who to trust and when

This investigation supplements Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) theory by explaining how leaders make sense of whether and when to trust members throughout role negotiations. This conceptualization of leaders' trust of members describes how leaders emplot members in storylines characterized as predictably good, unpredictable, or predictably bad, and catalogs the formal communication practices indicative of those predictions. Forty working adults, who have reputations for being effective leaders, were interviewed. Constant comparative analysis revealed leaders attempted to produce stories with characterological coherence about members' character development throughout role negotiations. The Leader-to-Member Narrative Sensemaking of Trust (LMNST) concept describes how participants reported trusting and doubting (often simultaneously) their members by evoking combinations of seven narrative elements (i.e., selection, probation, escalation, confederation, jeopardy, redemption, and termination). The LMNST contributes to the leadership communication literature a way of viewing leaders' discourse about members through the lens of narrative logics.
Isolation and some structure analyses of a copolymeric chondroitin sulfate—dermatan sulfate proteoglycan from post-burn, human hypertrophic scar☆

Abstract A d -glucuronic acid rich, copolymeric chondroitin sulfate (CS)—dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycan (PG) from post-burn hypertrophic scar tissue (HSc) was obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and differential ethanol fractionation, and further purified on a Sepharose CL-6B column. CS—DS-PG protein content was 14% (w/w). The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the first ten residues was as follows: NH 2 -Asp-Glu-Ala-B-Gly-Ile-Gly-Pro-Glu-Val. This sequence is identical to that of human embryonic fibroblast cell (IMR-90) CS—DS-PG, as well as to human HSc—DS-PG. After chondroitinase ABC treatment, two peptides ( M r 22 000 and 16 000 daltons) were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate(polyacryl)amide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). ELISA analysis using rabbit antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide that contained 15 amino acids in the same sequence as the amino terminus of human fetal membrane PG showed significant reactivity with HSc CS—DS-PG. HSc CS-DS-PG had an apparent M r of ∼78 000 daltons, as determined by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography and SDS-PAGE. Alkaline borohydride treatment of CS—DS-PG liberated CS—DS glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains having an M r of 29 000 daltons. The conversion of xylose to xylitol indicated that the GAG chains are attached to the PG protein core at O-3 through a xylosyl—seryl linkage. CS—DS-PG also contained both N and O -linked oligosaccharides and did not aggregate with hyaluronic acid. These results, together with those reported previously, showed that HSc CS—DS-PG and DS-PG have the same A 1 –A 15 amino acid sequence at the amino terminus but different protein cores. HSc CS—DS-PG was completely digested with chondroitinase AC and is, therefore, distinctly different from HSc DS-PG.
Next-generation surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for hazard detection

Sensitive, accurate and reliable methods are needed for the detection and identification of hazardous materials (chemical, biological, and energetic) in the field. Utilizing such a sensing capability incorporated into a portable detection system would have wide spread beneficial impact to the U.S. military and first responder communities. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is increasingly becoming a reputable technique for the real-time, dynamic detection and identification of hazard materials. SERS is particularly advantageous as it does not suffer from interferences from water, requires little to no sample preparation, is robust and can be used in numerous environments, is relatively insensitive to the wavelength of excitation employed, and produces a narrow-band spectral signature unique to the molecular vibrations of the analyte. We will report on the characterization and sensing capabilities of these next generation SERS substrates for the detection of energetic materials (ammonium nitrate, TNT, PETN, and RDX). Additionally, new efforts producing highly uniform samples, with known concentrations of energetic materials inkjet printed onto the SERS sensing surface using a precisely calibrated MicroJet system will be shown.
(Re)Storying Obama: An Examination of Recently Published Informational Texts

American publishers have published numerous children’s books about Barack Obama over the past several years; most take the form of informational biographies. This article reports on a research project aimed at how these books incorporate sociohistorical narratives, particularly those related to the civil rights movement. Though the features of the books might cause the reader to presume political neutrality, the books link readers to distinct Discourses (Gee, 1996), suggesting particular ideologies. In this article, we identified the following differences: (1) specific happenings from Obama’s life were included in some texts while omitted in others; (2) when the events were included, how they were framed differed; and (3) the narrative constructions of the events varied. We use the differences amongst these texts to argue for the importance of critical literacy in elementary classrooms.
The Reproducibility of Computerized Boundary Analysis for Measuring Optic Disc Pallor in the Normal Optic Disc

The optic discs of eight normal subjects were photographed on three separate visits under widely varying conditions. Each photograph was scanned by a television camera, converted to digital form, and then analyzed using computer image analysis techniques. The computer was programmed to delineate the boundary around the optic disc and the area of pallor. The percentage of disc pallor was then computed across the entire disc and for each disc quadrant. The reproducibility of the procedure was determined by evaluating several photographic parameters: camera flash intensity, film type, magnification, and centering of the disc in the photograph. The focus adjustment on the television scanner was also varied. Under carefully controlled conditions, results showed that the reproducibility of measuring the total percent of disc pallor was 2%. Results for reproducibility are also given for less than optimal conditions and for manual planimetry on the same set of photographs.
Trapping induced nonlinear behavior of backward stimulated Raman scattering in multi-speckled laser beamsa)

In inertial confinement fusion experiments, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) occurs when electron density fluctuations are amplified resonantly by the incident laser beams and scattered light. These beams comprise several thousands of individual laser speckles. We have found in single-speckle studies that electron trapping lowers the threshold intensity for SRS onset to a value below that from linear theory and enhances scattering. The trapping-induced plasma-wave frequency shift leads to wave-front bowing and filamentation processes that saturate SRS and limit scattering within a speckle. With large-scale simulations, we have now examined how laser speckles interact with one another through three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of two interacting speckles and 2D PIC simulations of ensembles of laser speckles (hundreds of speckles). Our work shows that kinetic trapping physics also governs the onset and saturation of SRS in ensembles of speckles. Speckles interact in a manner that is ...
Systematics of the K X-Ray Multiplicity for Transitional Nuclei with A = 200

Measurements of the multiplicity of $K$ x rays accompanying (Li,$\mathrm{xn}$) reactions to residual nuclei with $Z\ensuremath{\sim}80$ exhibit plateaus of high and constant multiplicity for neutron numbers between 110 and 120, with rapid falloff for both smaller and larger $N$. A proposed explanation for this systematic behavior assumes that strongly coupled, high-$K$ rotational bands are a much more general feature of this transitional mass region than existing data indicate.
Clathrates of Group 14 with Alkali Metals: An Exploration

Abstract The quantitative synthesis of four silicon and germanium compounds with the clathrate-II structure, Cs8Na16Si136 (1), Cs8Na16Ge136 (2), Rb8Na16Si136 (3), and Rb8Na16Ge36 (4), and their characterizations are reported. The corresponding Si–Si and Ge–Ge distances are determined with high accuracy from extensive single-crystal X-ray diffraction work. The compounds (cubic, space group Fd 3 m, a=14.7560(4), 15.4805(6), 14.7400(4), and 15.4858(6) A for 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively) are stoichiometric, metallic, and remarkably stable. No evidence was found for vacancies in the silicon and germanium networks or partial occupancies of the alkali metal sites. The stoichiometry of these completely filled clathrates is consistent with the measured temperature-independent Pauli paramagnetism (χ=7.2×10−4, 6.5×10−4, 6.9×10−5, and 1.4×10−4 emu/mol for 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively) and metallic resistivity (ρ293≈10−5 Ω-cm).
Thermal protection for a self-sensing piezoelectric control system

Piezoelectric materials exhibit high electromechanical coupling that allows them to both generate an electrical signal when strained and, conversely, to produce a strain under an applied electric field. This coupling has led to the use of these materials for a variety of sensing and actuation purposes. One unique application of these materials is their use as self-sensing actuators where both the sensing and actuation functions are performed by a single patch of material. Since the actuation and sensing voltages both exist simultaneously in the piezoelectric material, a specially designed electric circuit, referred to as a bridge circuit, is required to realize the concept. Configuration of the material in this manner is advantageous for control systems due to the enhanced stability associated when collocated control is applied. While certain advantages result from this type of system, precise equilibrium of the bridge circuit is required to achieve stability. This equilibrium is easy to achieve in theory, but difficult in practice due to the thermal dependence of the piezoelectric material's dielectric constant. This study will investigate a novel method of accounting for these changes through the use of thermal switches to passively adjust the bridge circuit and maintain a balanced state. The proposed concept will be theoretically modeled and simulated in a vibration control application to identify the thermal range for stability with and without the array of switches. It will be shown that, through the use of nine thermal switches, the stable operating range can be increased by 95 °C while maintaining vibration control performance.
New approaches to pollution prevention in the healthcare industry

Abstract Since the 2000 inception of “Hospitals for a Healthy Environment” (H2E)—a US Environmental Protection Agency and American Hospital Association pollution prevention partnership—the healthcare industry has made a concerted effort to eliminate mercury and reduce other toxics. The Minnesota Technical Assistance Program (MnTAP), at the University of Minnesota, used H2E tools over the course of two years (2001–2003) to demonstrate the effectiveness of pollution prevention at healthcare facilities. As a result at least 22% of Minnesota hospitals are engaged in documented pollution prevention efforts. Twenty-nine facilities have eliminated 75% of their mercury or are working towards that goal. MnTAP was able to document healthcare facilities that have eliminated 394 lb of mercury, 751 gal of hazardous chemicals and 250,000 lb of solid waste, saving $152,600. MnTAP continues to provide pollution prevention assistance to the healthcare sector.
All the lead in China.

Lead contamination in China has been extensively documented by scientists in China and elsewhere over the past two decades, as summarized in this review of articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Sources of that contamination include (a) deposits from previous emissions of leaded gasoline, which was finally eliminated in the past decade; (b) previous and continuing emissions from fossil fuel combustion, which are increasing markedly with the rapid industrialization of China; (c) previous and continuing emissions from other industrial activities, including mining, smelting and municipal waste incineration; and (d) previous and continuing additions of contaminated fertilizers, sewage, and untreated wastewater to agricultural fields. Lead concentrations of some Chinese agricultural produce are also elevated by acid rain and acidic fertilizers, which increase the solubility and bioavailability of both natural and contaminant lead in soil. In addition, some Chinese products are contaminated wi...
An intense large-volume uniform source of bremsstrahlung for pulsed gamma ray simulation

The intense radiation fields generated with useful uniformity over large volumes using the novel compound-lens diode on Hermes III are characterized. The measurements show that, by changing the diode parameters, the peak dose, useful area, and useful volume of irradiation can be varied from approximately 100 krad(Si), approximately 600 cm/sup 2/, and approximately 20*10/sup 3/ cm/sup 3/ to 20 krad(Si), approximately 3400 cm/sup 2/, and approximately 200*10/sup 3/ cm/sup 3/ in a 19+or-2-ns radiation pulse. This versatility enables radiation fields to be tailored to a specified exposure requirement, significantly enhancing the capability of Hermes III to test radiation effects in systems. >
EFFECT OF TRACE MINERAL PROTEINATES ON GROWTH AND SKELETAL AND HOOF DEVELOPMENT IN YEARLING HORSES

Abstract Fifteen yearlings, nine Thoroughbreds and six Quarter Horses, were used in a feeding trial to determine whether proteinated trace minerals were utilized advantageously over inorganic trace minerals for growth and development when included in the diet at normal supplementation levels. The animals were assigned randomly within breed and gender subgroups to one of two treatments. Group A received a 12% protein (as fed) concentrate containing a trace mineral premix providing inorganic trace minerals at concentrations appropriate to supplement Coastal Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) hay and provide NRC1 or higher trace mineral intakes. Group B was provided the same concentrations of trace minerals but the Cu, Mn, and Zn were provided via a commercial proteinate. The concentrates were fed to appetite individually, twice daily during a 1.5-hour feeding period. The hay was group-fed in drylot paddocks at 1.0 kg/100 kg BW daily. The animals were housed three or four animals per paddock. Weight and body and hoof growth measurements were taken at the start of the experiment and at 28-day intervals for 112 days. Radiographs of the third metacarpal were made for estimating bone mineral and hoof samples were collected at the start and completion of the experiment. The yearlings gained 0.77±0.03 and 0.79±0.03 kg/d for the inorganic and proteinate groups, respectively. None of the body measurements were affected by diet (P > 0.10) except hip height gain which was higher for the animals receiving the proteinated minerals (7.0 vs 4.7 cm, P = 0.023). Hoof growth was greater for yearlings fed the mineral proteinate than for those fed the inorganic minerals (4.98 vs 4.78 cm, P = 0.016), and colts had greater hoof growth than did fillies (5.00 vs 4.72 cm, P = 0.003). Diet and gender did not affect hoof strength (P > 0.10), but Quarter Horses had greater hoof strength than Thoroughbreds (98.2 vs 88.8 kg, P = 0.046). No differences in bone mineral content or bone mineral deposition were detected (P > 0.10).
lumi: a pipeline for processing Illumina microarray

Summary: Illumina microarray is becoming a popular microarray platform. The BeadArray technology from Illumina makes its preprocessing and quality control different from other microarray technologies. Unfortunately, most other analyses have not taken advantage of the unique properties of the BeadArray system, and have just incorporated preprocessing methods originally designed for Affymetrix microarrays. lumi is a Bioconductor package especially designed to process the Illumina microarray data. It includes data input, quality control, variance stabilization, normalization and gene annotation portions. In specific, the lumi package includes a variance-stabilizing transformation (VST) algorithm that takes advantage of the technical replicates available on every Illumina microarray. Different normalization method options and multiple quality control plots are provided in the package. To better annotate the Illumina data, a vendor independent nucleotide universal identifier (nuID) was devised to identify the probes of Illumina microarray. The nuID annotation packages and output of lumi processed results can be easily integrated with other Bioconductor packages to construct a statistical data analysis pipeline for Illumina data. Availability: The lumi Bioconductor package, www.bioconductor.org
Individual exercise sessions alter circulating hormones and cytokines in HIV-infected men

Exercise has the potential to impact disease by altering circulating anabolic and catabolic factors. It was the goal of this study to determine how different regimens of low-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise affected circulating levels of these anabolic and catabolic factors in HIV-infected men. Exercise-naive, HIV-infected men, medically cleared for study participation, were randomized into one of the following groups: a moderate-intensity group (MOD, who completed 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic training followed by 30 min of moderate-intensity resistance training; a low-intensity group (LOW), who completed 60 min of treadmill walking; or a control group (CON), who attended the clinic but participated in no activity. Blood and saliva samples were collected at selected time points before, during, and after each of the 3 required sessions. Compared with baseline, the MOD group (n=14) had a 135% increase in growth hormone (GH) (p<0.05) and a 34% decrease in cortisol (CORT) (p<0.05) at the post time point, a 31% increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p<0.05) at 30-min post exercise, and a 23% increase in IL-6 (p<0.05) and a 13% decrease in soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFrII) (p<0.05) at 60-min post exercise. The LOW (n=11) group had a 3.5% decrease in sTNFrII (<0.05) at 30-min post exercise compared with baseline and a 49% decrease (p<0.05) in GH at 60-min post exercise. The CON group (n=13) had a decrease in GH at 30-min (62%, p<0.05) and 60-min (61%, p<0.05) post exercise compared with baseline. The increase in GH from baseline to post was greater in the MOD group (p<0.05) and the decrease in CORT from pre to post was greater in the MOD group (p<0.05) than in the other groups. These data suggest that individual sessions of both low-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise can alter circulating anabolic and catabolic factors in HIV-infected men. The changes in the MOD group present potential mechanisms for the increases in lean tissue mass seen with resistance exercise training.