cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Goal Orientation of Adult Probation Professionals: A Study of Probation Systems

Studies of probation officers over the last twenty years have emphasized the dual goal structure of the probation system. Various researchers have advocated enforcement and surveillance as the prim...
Biophysical considerations for optimizing energy delivery during Erbium: YAG laser vitreoretinal surgery

Er:YAG laser-mediated tissue disruption and removal results from both direct ablation and the acousto-mechanical sequelae of explosive vaporization of the tissue water. We investigated the scaling laws for photoablative and photodisruptive interactions, and interpret these results towards optimizing energy delivery for vitreoretinal surgical maneuvers. Experimental studies were performed with a free-running Er:YAG laser (100 - 300 microseconds FWHM, 0.5 - 20 mJ, 1 - 30 Hz). Energy was delivered by fiberoptic to a custom-made handpiece with a 75 - 600 micrometer quartz tip, and applied to excised, en bloc samples of bovine vitreous or model systems of saline solution. Sample temperature was measured with 33 gauge copper- constantan thermocouples. Expansion and collapse of the bubble following explosive vaporization of tissue water was optically detected. The bubble size was calculated from the period of the bubble oscillation and known material properties. A model for bubble expansion is presented based on energy principles and adiabatic gas expansion. Pressure transients associated with bubble dynamics are estimated following available experimental and analytical data. The temperature rise in vitreous and model systems depends on the pulse energy and repetition rate, but is independent of the probe-tip diameter at constant laser power; at moderate repetition rates, the temperature rise depends only on the total energy (mJ) delivered. The maximum bubble diameter increases as the cube root of the pulse energy with a reverberation period of 110 microseconds and a maximum bubble diameter of 1.2 mm following one mJ delivery to saline through a 100 micrometer tip. Our modeling studies generate predictions similar to experimental data and predicts that the maximum bubble diameter increases as the cube root of the pulse energy. We demonstrate that tissue ablation depends on radiant exposure (J/cm2), while temperature rise, bubble size, and pressure depends on total pulse energy. Further, we show that mechanical injury should be minimized by delivering low pulse energy, through small diameter probe tips, at high repetition rates. These results allow for optimization strategies relevant to achieving vitreoretinal surgical goals while minimizing the potential for unintentional injury.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An institutional review of the value of computed tomographic angiography in the diagnosis of congenital cardiac malformations

The ultra-fast, thin-cut computerised tomographic angiogram is an efficient method to diagnose extracardiac lesions associated with congenital cardiac disease. For the purposes of this review, we evaluated various facets of the technique as used in 30 patients who were referred for diagnosis of congenital cardiac disease. The technique had high diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 93 percent in 15 of these patients referred for either interventional catheterisation or surgery. There were no immediate side-effects associated with the scanning procedure. The scan was also found to be more cost-effective as compared to an alternative noninvasive modality for imaging modality, namely magnetic resonance imaging. The angiographic technique, however, does expose the child to between 2 and 2.5 rems of radiation, despite the short period of scanning, of 10 plus or minus 2 seconds.
Psychogenic pseudosyncope: an underestimated and provable diagnosis.

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to estimate the frequency of psychogenic pseudosyncope in patients with “syncope of unknown origin.” Twenty to thirty percent of patients referred to epilepsy centers for refractory seizures have psychogenic seizures. With syncope, about 20–30% of the cases remain unexplained after a complete evaluation, but, unlike in seizures, a psychogenic etiology is not usually investigated. Methods We prospectively evaluated patients referred to our epilepsy center for evaluation of recurrent syncope-like episodes, that is, limp, motionless fainting. All patients had a negative syncope workup. We performed EEG-video monitoring with activation by suggestion (“induction”), similar to what is used for diagnosis of psychogenic seizures. Activation was performed with patients standing or sitting up. The diagnosis of psychogenic pseudosyncope required: (1) an activation procedure that triggered the habitual event; (2) a clinical event of loss of postural tone and limp, motionless unresponsiveness with eyes closed; (3) normal EEG before, during, and after the clinical event, that is, no epileptiform abnormalities, a normal α rhythm during unresponsiveness, and no suppression of background or slowing as is typically seen in syncope. Results Ten patients were recruited over an 18-month period. Habitual syncope-like episodes were triggered in 9 of 10 (90%) patients, and all 9 were shown to have psychogenic pseudosyncope (eyes closed, motionless, unresponsive with normal EEG including normal α rhythm). In one patient, no episode was triggered, so a diagnosis could not be made. Among the 9 patients for whom episodes were recorded, age ranged from 21 to 60 (mean = 36). Five were women. Duration of symptoms ranged from 6 months to 15 years (mean = 4.2 years). Event frequency ranged from four per day to two per month. Prior evaluations for syncope included ECG in all patients, two-dimensional echocardiogram in three, Holter monitoring in two, and tilt-table test in five. Four patients had undergone cardiac catheterization, and one had received a pacemaker. Neurologic tests included CT of the head in seven and MRI of the brain in eight. Conclusion Many patients with “syncope of unknown origin” may have psychogenic pseudosyncope, but most such patients do not undergo EEG-video monitoring, which is the only way to demonstrate a psychogenic etiology. Psychogenic pseudosyncope is not simply a diagnosis of exclusion, and can be firmly diagnosed. As is usually recommended for seizure-like events, patients with syncope-like events and a negative evaluation should undergo EEG-video monitoring with induction, specifically looking for a possible psychogenic etiology.
Chemoattractant‐induced lamellipod extension

The mammary adenocarcinoma cell line MTLn3 is chemotactic towards epidermal growth factor (EGF), and this induced motility is thought to promote breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Stimulation of MTLn3 cells with EGF results in the extension of a flat, thin structure filled with filamentous actin and termed a lamellipod. Lamellipod extension is dependent on actin polymerization and is localized to the border of adherent cells. The structure of EGF-stimulated lamellipods in MTLn3 cells is well suited to analysis of chemoattractant-stimulated protrusion. Actin polymerization occurs within 200 nm of the extending edge of the lamellipod. Although extension of the lamellipod is not dependent upon interaction with the substratum, stabilization of the extended lamellipod is dependent on an adhesive substratum. Dorsal ruffling is suppressed during lamellipod extension. Tyrosine phosphorylation is reduced in preexisting focal contacts compared to new contacts induced by EGF stimulation. The coordination of turnover of focal contacts with lamellipod extension is proposed to result in polarized cell motility in response to gradients of chemoattractants. Microsc. Res. Tech. 43:433–443, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Appeal of Love Themes in Popular Music

The relationship between romantic satisfaction versus discontent and a preference for music celebrating versus lamenting love is explored. The satisfaction/discontent was ascertained in 60 college undergraduate women and men who later freely listened to music from a sampling of selections. The duration of their self-determined exposure to love-celebrating versus love-lamenting music was unobtrusively recorded by computer software. Romantically satisfied women and men showed a preference for love-celebrating music, whereas discontented women and men preferred love-lamenting music. Romantically discontent women and men preferred love-lamenting music presented by performers of their own sex. The findings indicate young adults' inclination to match emotions expressed in music about love with the emotions experienced in their own romantic situation.
Neogenin regulates Sonic Hedgehog pathway activity during digit patterning.

Background: Digit patterning integrates signaling by the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways. GLI3, a component of the SHH pathway, is a major regulator of digit number and identity. Neogenin (encoded by Neo1) is a cell surface protein that serves to transduce signals from several ligands, including BMPs, in various developmental contexts. Although neogenin is implicated in BMP signaling, it has not been linked to SHH signaling and its role in digit patterning is unknown. Results: We report that Neo1 mutant mice have preaxial polydactyly with low penetrance. Expression of SHH target genes, but not BMP target genes, is altered in Neo1 mutant limb buds. Analysis of mice carrying mutations in both Neo1 and Gli3 reveals that, although neogenin plays a role in constraint of digit numbers, suppressing polydactyly, it is also required for the severe polydactyly caused by loss of GLI3. Furthermore, embryo fibroblasts from Neo1 mutant mice are sensitized to SHH pathway activation in vitro. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that neogenin regulates SHH signaling in the limb bud to achieve proper digit patterning. Developmental Dynamics 241:627–637, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Register assignment using code placement techniques

Abstract Research in register assignment has focussed mainly on the selection of data items to be assigned to registers. Comparatively little work has been done on techniques for the placement of Load/Store instructions for variables assigned to registers. This paper presents an algorithm using code placement techniques that (i) achieves highly profitable placement of Load/Store instructions, and (ii) developes information for many-few register assignment. The algorithm is proved to possess the properties of profitability, minimality of Load/Store instructions and minimal register occupancy by variables assigned to registers. In these respects it is found to be superior to Load/Store placement algorithms in current use.
Proposed automatic calculating machine

Here presented is the memorandum that 20 years ago initiated a series of events whose revolutionary implications are only beginning to manifest themselves — a description of the first large-scale general-purpose automatic digital computer Twenty years ago, on August 7, 1944, Mark I, the first large-scale general-purpose automatic digital computer ever to be put in operation was dedicated at Harvard University by James B. Conant, then president of Harvard, and the late Thomas J. Watson, founder of IBM.
In situ use of groundwater by alfalfa

Disposal of saline drainage water is a significant problem for irrigated agriculture. One proposal is to recycle drainage water to irrigate salt tolerant crops until the volume has been reduced sufficiently to enable final disposal by evaporation. Part of this concept requires in situ crop water reuse from shallow groundwater; and data is needed to quantify the potential use of groundwater by alternative crops. A column lysimeter study was initiated to determine the potential crop water use from shallow groundwater by alfalfa as a function of groundwater quality and depth to groundwater. The results demonstrated that up to 50% of the crop water use could be met from shallow groundwater ( 4 dS/m) in the shallow groundwater experienced increased salinity in the soil profile with time, which resulted in reduced crop water use from shallow groundwater. Yields decreased with time as the groundwater salinity increased and periodic leaching will be required for in situ use to be a sustainable practice. Statistical analysis of crop yield demonstrated that there was significant use of groundwater with an EC of 6 dS/m for a few years.
Selective Postemergence Herbicides for Grass Control in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Selective postemergence herbicides to control grass weeds in broadleaf crops have become available in recent years. However, the efficacy of these new herbicides in controlling grasses in sunflower has not been extensively evaluated. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate five selective herbicides for their efficacy on crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beav.) control in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in 1983 and 1984. Commercial sunflower varieties, Interstate 7775 and Stauffer 3101 were planted on Calloway silt loam and Portland clay in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Herbicides were applied when sunflower was 10 cm tall, at 4- to 5-leaf stage, and target grass weeds at the 3- to 4-leaf stage. All herbicides, sethoxydim, xylofop-ethyl, haloxyfop, fluazifop butyl, and CGA 82725, gave good to excellent control of the target weeds. Herbicide injury to sunflower ranged from very minor to none. None of the herbicides greatly affected yield, test weight, seed weight, head diameter or plant height of sunflower. Difference in soil types tended to influence the effectiveness of herbicides.
The concept and the practices of discipline in contemporary organizational life

In this paper we articulate how Michel Foucault's perspective on “discipline” applies to the modern organization. Primarily, we explicate Foucault's view of discipline and demonstrate its usefulness for organizational analysis, particularly as it serves to extend Weber's thesis on the increasing rationalization of advanced industrial society. From this discussion we develop a communication‐based perspective on how discipline operates in contemporary organizations, offering a brief case study of the corporate specification of an employee value system that draws upon observations, interviews, and the analysis of company policy statements. Using this case as an illustration, we articulate four aspects of discipline in contemporary organizational life. Finally, we discuss the importance of discipline for organizational analysis, particularly in terms of how team‐oriented, “concertive” relationships can function to increase control for individuals but especially for the system as a whole
A common variant on chromosome 4q25 is associated with prolonged PR interval in subjects with and without atrial fibrillation.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at chromosome 4q25 (near PITX2 ) are strongly associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). We assessed whether a 4q25-tagging SNP (rs2200733) is associated with PR interval duration in patients with lone and typical AF and controls. Patients with lone (n = 169) and typical (n = 269) AF enrolled in the Vanderbilt AF registry and controls (n = 1,403) derived from the Vanderbilt DNA Biobank were studied. Carriage of the rs2200733T allele (CT or TT genotype) was more common in patients with lone (39%) than typical (25%) AF or controls (21%, p PITX2 deficiency, provides further knowledge about the pathophysiological link of 4q25 variants with AF.
Aberrant promoter methylation of p16 and MGMT genes in lung tumors from smoking and never-smoking lung cancer patients.

Abstract Aberrant methylation in gene promoter regions leads to transcriptional inactivation of cancer-related genes and plays an integral role in tumorigenesis. This alteration has been investigated in lung tumors primarily from smokers, whereas only a few studies involved never-smokers. Here, we applied methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction to compare the frequencies of the methylated promoter of p16 and O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase ( MGMT ) genes in lung tumors from 122 patients with non-small cell lung cancer, including 81 smokers and 41 never-smokers. Overall, promoter methylation was detected in 52.5% (64 of 122) and 30.3°/a (37 of 122) of the p16 and MGMT genes, respectively. Furthermore, the frequency of promoter methylation was significantly higher among smokers, compared with never-smokers, for both the p16 [odds ratio (OR) = 3.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28-8.39; P = .013] and MGMT (OR = 3.93; 95% CI=1.27-12.21; P = .018) genes. The trend for a higher promoter methylation frequency of these genes was also observed among female smokers compared with female never-smokers. Our results suggest an association between tobacco smoking and an increased incidence of aberrant promoter methylation of the p16 and MGMT genes in non-small cell lung cancer.
MO-F-108-06: A Novel Analytic Approach to Assessing Rotation-Induced Dosimetric Errors of Stereotactic Radiosurgery Cases

Purpose: To assess 3D rotational setup error effect on dose distribution, we derive a new set of beams such that the beams‐eye‐views of this new set of beams with respect to the planning CT are the same as those of the original plan for the patient, but with setup rotation errors incorporated. Methods: To assess the rotation effects on the dose distribution of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) cases, a methodology was developed and two sets of table, gantry, and collimator angles were obtained in analytical forms. Those new angles emulate the rotation effects of setup errors. Eight SRS cases were computed with a series of different combinations of patient rotation errors, ranging from (−5°, −5°, −5°) to (5°, 5°, 5°) (roll, pitch and yaw) with an increment of 1°. For each set of rotational errors, its corresponding equivalent beams were computed using our analytical solution and used for dose calculation. Results: The above new beams were implemented in a treatment planning system (TPS). Based on all the plans that accounted for different rotations, we have found that rotations have an insignificant effect on the minimum, maximum, mean doses, and V80% of the planning target volume when the rotations were relatively small. This was particularly true for the small and near‐spherical targets. They, however, did change V95% significantly when the rotations approached 5°. Our theory has been validated with SRS cases and proven to be practical and viable. Conclusions: We have derived analytical solutions to a new set of table, gantry and collimator angles for a given beam configuration as a function of patient rotation errors. Compared to the traditional method of rotational effect assessment by importing rotated CT images into TPS, our equivalent beam approach is simple and accurate. It is a promising technique for real time adaptive treatment planning.
Type B Core Binding Factor β/Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain Fusion Transcript in Myeloid Blast Phase of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Correlation with Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Localization of the Fusion Protein

Abstract Background Inv(16)(p13q22) or the rare t(16;16)(p13;q22) is characteristic of the M4Eo type of acute myeloid leukemia and results in the fusion of the core binding factor β gene (CBFB) at 16q22 with the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene (MYH11) at 16p13. The fusion transcript CBFB/MYH11 plays an important role in leukemogenesis. Many variations of this fusion transcript have been reported, with type A being most common and occurring in > 85% of cases. Patients and Methods We studied the fusion transcripts in 4 cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia in myeloid blast phase with inv(16)(p13q22). Results Sequencing analysis revealed type B fusion transcript in 3 of the 4 cases. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for the fusion protein. Conclusion Although the biologic significance of this finding is unknown, the high frequency of an unusual type of fusion transcript in the chronic myelogenous leukemia cases in blast phase in which inv(16)(p13q22) first occurred at the time of blast transformation suggests that the type B transcript might play a role in disease progression. The effect of the additional smooth muscle myosin heavy chain sequences in the type B fusion on subcellular localization of the protein product is also suggested.
One loop partition functions in a compactified open bosonic string theory

We calculate the one loop partition functions of a toroidally compactified open bosonic string (fromD=26 toD=10) in the path integral formalism. By a certain combination of the compactified sectors it is shown that the partition functions of a compactified open bosonic string vanish in both annulus and Mobius strip topologies as in the open superstring case. We also discuss the consistency requirement for the equivalence between the compactified open bosonic string and the open superstring with the gauge groups (SO(8192) andSO(32), respectively.
Scale Localization of Cloud Particle Clustering Statistics

AbstractRecent work has examined the spatial distribution of droplets within a cloud. Experimentally, most studies analyze interevent times from static probes flown linearly through a cloud, allowing the spatial information to be conveyed through a time series of particle detections. Analysis of these data has shown unequivocally that most clouds have nontrivial spatial structure. There is still debate as to which of many different possible statistical descriptions is most appropriate for characterizing this spatial structure and for identifying spatiotemporal scales of physical significance from the data record. This paper seeks to clarify some pervasive misunderstandings and to outline more carefully the range of validity for several of these statistical tools. Simulations are used to explore the relative scale-localizing capabilities of various commonly used statistical tools.
Sequent Peak Procedure: Minimum Reservoir Capacity Subject to Constraint on Final Storage

ABSTRACT: When the sequent peak procedure is used to size a reservoir, two cycles of inflows and drafts are analyzed. The use of two cycles results in the identification of the minimum reservoir capacity which, when simulated with the design inflows and drafts, will not only meet demands, but will also result in a final storage which equals or exceeds the initial storage. Demonstration of optimality follows from consideration of a method which is equivalent to the sequent peak procedure.
A microwave emission study of acoustic frequencies in acoustoelectric domains in n-GaAs

Abstract Frequency spectrum of microwave emission due to acoustoelectric domains is measured in the range from 0.2 to 4.5 GHz with 0.005 GHz resolution. Results show evidence of parametric generation of subharmonics and up-conversions.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON RECENT MONETARY TURMOIL IN EASTERN EUROPE

This article makes the case for the use of “currency boards” in dealing with the monetary problems of Russia and other developing economies. The concept of the currency board was developed originally by the British in the 19th century to allow their colonies to maintain their local currencies without having an autonomous money supply or central bank. Currency boards hold out the promise of price stability because the local government gives up all discretionary powers over the money supply and the exchange rate. As the author puts it, “The country's monetary affairs, internal and external, will be running on automatic pilot, not on manual control. For the Russian people, the great advantage of this automatic arrangement, of course, is that the Russian government can no longer finance itself by inflation—that is, by printing money.” A currency board, to be sure, is not a panacea. It cannot substitute for the massive restructuring of Russian financial and governmental institutions that is so clearly needed. But, as happened in Argentina, a currency board can make that task easier by restoring stability and confidence. The promise of exchange rate stability that a currency board offers is also a major inducement to the foreign capital that is critical to the growth of the Russian as well as most developing economies.
Calcium metabolism in birds.

Calcium is one of the most important plasma constituents in mammals and birds. It provides structural strength and support (bones and eggshell) and plays vital roles in many of the biochemical reactions in the body. The control of calcium metabolism in birds is highly efficient and closely regulated in a number of tissues, primarily parathyroid gland, intestine, kidney, and bone. The hormones with the greatest involvement in calcium regulation in birds are parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), and estrogen, with calcitonin playing a minor and uncertain role. The special characteristics of calcium metabolism in birds, mainly associated with egg production, are discussed, along with common clinical disorders secondary to derangements in calcium homeostasis.
Predictive Modeling by the Cerebellum Improves Proprioception

Because sensation is delayed, real-time movement control requires not just sensing, but also predicting limb position, a function hypothesized for the cerebellum. Such cerebellar predictions could contribute to perception of limb position (i.e., proprioception), particularly when a person actively moves the limb. Here we show that human cerebellar patients have proprioceptive deficits compared with controls during active movement, but not when the arm is moved passively. Furthermore, when healthy subjects move in a force field with unpredictable dynamics, they have active proprioceptive deficits similar to cerebellar patients. Therefore, muscle activity alone is likely insufficient to enhance proprioception and predictability (i.e., an internal model of the body and environment) is important for active movement to benefit proprioception. We conclude that cerebellar patients have an active proprioceptive deficit consistent with disrupted movement prediction rather than an inability to generally enhance peripheral proprioceptive signals during action and suggest that active proprioceptive deficits should be considered a fundamental cerebellar impairment of clinical importance.
Proxyphylline and theophylline pharmacokinetics when administered concomitantly in rabbits

Abstract Etophylline and theophylline (aminophylline) were administered intravenously alone and concomitantly to rabbits. Both model-dependent and model-independent approaches were used for pharmacokinetic analysis of the data. Analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that differences among pharmacokinetic parameters in different treatments were not statistically significant at α = 0.05 for etophylline or theophylline. No apparent toxicities were observed for concomitant plasma concentrations of 50–100 μg/ml theophylline plus 100–300 μg/ml etophylline even when maintained for up to 2 h by zero-order infusion.
TRI (2-PYRIDYL) PHOSPHINE, TRI(2-PYRIDYL) PHOSPHINE OXIDE, AND TRI (2-PYRIDYL) ARSINE METAL (II) PERCHLORATE COMPLEXES

Abstract Metal(II) perchlorate complexes with the ligands tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine, tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide, and tri(2-pyridyl)arsine have the composition [M(TPX)2] (ClO4)2. Coordination occurs only through the nitrogens of the pyridines. In the case of Cu(II) and tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide, two isomers were obtained. One isomer contains symmetrical tridentate tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide ligands while the second isomer contains an unsymmetrical ligand. The unsymmetrical tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide may be a bidentate ligand or a bridging tridentate. Weak axial interaction between a pyridyl group and a second Cu(II) ion is postulated in solution and may be present in the solid state.
CommonSense: a preprocessing system to identify errors in large transcribed corpora

A system was designed to locate and correct errors in large transcribed corpora. The program, called CommonSense, relies on a set of rules that identify mistakes related to homonyms, words with distinct definitions but identical pronunciations. The system was run on the 1996 and 1997 Broadcast News Speech Corpora, and correctly identified more than 400 errors in these data. Future work may extend CommonSense to automatically correct errors in hypothesis files created as the output of speech recognition systems.
Studies on potato proteins

Protein patterns of four potato tuber varieties grown in the Northeastern United States were compared by electrophoresis and electrofocusing and found to be distinctly different. Molecular sizes of protein subunits of all four varieties were found to be uniform when charge differences between proteins were masked and disulfide bonds ruptured. Preliminary fractionation of Katahdin variety tuber proteins by dialysis against water yielded 25% globulin and 75% albumin. Further fractionation of the acidic proteins of the globulin fraction by density gradient isoelectric focusing at pH 4–6 separated three fractions isoelectric at pH 4.2, 4.4, and 5.3. Amino acid compositions of the three fractions were similar.
Energy and Climate

If the world depends on fossil fuels for its energy needs over the next two centuries, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council report Energy and Climate foresees the possibility of a peak atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide of between 4 and 8 times the preindustrial level as occurring in A.D. 2150 to 2200. Climatic models of the general circulation of the atmosphere predict a 2–3°C rise in average temperature of the atmosphere for each doubling of the carbon dioxide content. Thus, a mean value of about 6°C increase in average atmospheric temperature would be anticipated if the models prove to be accurate and if the growth scenario used in the report were to be realized.
Post-diagnosis physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: the Long Island Breast Cancer Study

Physical activity (PA) is associated with physiological responses thought to beneficially affect survival after breast cancer diagnosis, yet few studies have considered the entire survivorship experience. Effects of post-diagnosis activity on survival were examined in a cohort of 1,423 women diagnosed with in situ or invasive breast cancer in 1996-1997. Subjects were interviewed soon after diagnosis and again after approximately 5 years to assess breast cancer-related factors, including recreational PA before and after diagnosis. Date and cause of death through 2009 were determined from the National Death Index. Adjusted estimates were obtained using proportional hazards regression and a selection model to account for missing data. Survival was improved among women who were highly active after diagnosis (>9.0 MET h/week) compared to inactive women (0 MET h/week) for all-cause [hazard ratio (HR) (95 % credible interval): 0.33 (0.22, 0.48)] and breast cancer-specific mortality [HR: 0.27 (0.15, 0.46)]. The association of PA with overall mortality appeared stronger in the first 2 years after diagnosis [HR: 0.14 (0.03, 0.44)] compared to 2+ years since diagnosis [HR: 0.37 (0.25, 0.55)]. These findings show that post-diagnosis PA is associated with improved survival among women with breast cancer.
FeTe 0.55 Se 0.45 : A multiband superconductor in the clean and dirty limit

The detailed optical properties of the multiband iron-chalcogenide superconductor ${\mathrm{FeTe}}_{0.55}{\mathrm{Se}}_{0.45}$ have been reexamined for a large number of temperatures above and below the critical temperature ${T}_{c}=14\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for light polarized in the $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}b$ planes. Instead of the simple Drude model that assumes a single band, above ${T}_{c}$ the normal-state optical properties are best described by the two-Drude model that considers two separate electronic subsystems; we observe a weak response $({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p,D;1}\ensuremath{\simeq}3000\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ where the scattering rate has a strong temperature dependence ($1/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D,1}\ensuremath{\simeq}32\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{T}_{c}$), and a strong response $({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p,D;2}\ensuremath{\simeq}14\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}500\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ with a large scattering rate $(1/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D,2}\ensuremath{\simeq}1720\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ that is essentially temperature independent. The multiband nature of this material precludes the use of the popular generalized-Drude approach commonly applied to single-band materials, implying that any structure observed in the frequency-dependent scattering rate $1/\ensuremath{\tau}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ is spurious and it cannot be used as the foundation for optical inversion techniques to determine an electron-boson spectral function ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}F(\ensuremath{\omega})$. Below ${T}_{c}$ the optical conductivity is best described using two superconducting optical gaps of $2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}\ensuremath{\simeq}45$ and $2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}90\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ applied to the strong and weak responses, respectively. The scattering rates for these two bands are vastly different at low temperature, placing this material simultaneously in both clean and dirty limit. Interestingly, this material falls on the universal scaling line initially observed for the cuprate superconductors.
Chromosome breakage by ethylenimines and related compounds.

Primary roots ofPisum sativum andVicia faba were treated for 1/2 hour with several ethylenimines and related compounds. Root samples were removed periodically for several mitotic cycles, and squash preparations were made and scored for anaphase damage as indicated by bridges and fragments. It was observed that maximum damage did not appear until after a delay which varied from 2 to 3 mitotic cycles after treatment, then dropped off in some cases, and persisted in others. The mitotic delay was estimated to be about 3 hours inPisum, and 6–7 hours inVicia. This delay is attributed to one or more of the following: (1) the number of strands in a chromosome, (2) the unit of breakage, and (3) the type of assortment of the chromatids, whether random or not. Some chemicals were mutagenic, although they did not induce any detectable chromosome damage. Experiments in which 5-amino-uracil was used did not indicate that any particular stage of the mitotic cycle was especially susceptible to damage. Preliminary experiments with DNP show that ATP is required either for uptake or site binding of the chemicals before actual breakage.
Reactive transport simulations to study groundwater quality changes in response to CO2 leakage from deep geological storage

As an effort to evaluate risks associated with geologic sequestration of CO2, this work assesses the potential effects of CO2 leakage on groundwater quality. Reactive transport simulations are performed to study the chemical evolution of aqueous Pb and As after the intrusion of CO2 from a storage reservoir into a shallow confined groundwater resource. The simulations use mineralogies representative of shallow potable aquifers in the USA; both 2D (depth-averaged) and 3D simulations are conducted. Sensitivity studies are also conducted for variation in hydrological and geochemical conditions, as well as several other critical parameters. Model results suggest that a significant increase of aqueous lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) may occur in response to CO2 intrusion, but in most sensitivity cases their concentrations remain below the EPA specified maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). Adsorption/desorption from mineral surfaces significantly impacts the mobilization of Pb and As. Results from the 3D model agree fairly well with the 2D model in cases where the rate of CO2 intrusion is relatively small (so that the majority of CO2 readily dissolves in the groundwater), whereas discrepancies between 2D and 3D models are observed when the CO2 intrusion rate is comparably large. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
326 TRANSPLACENTALLY ACQUIRED XANTHINES IN APNEA OF PREMATURITY

Theophylline (T) and Caffeine (C) cross the placenta easily. Because of the ubiquity of xanthines in the maternal diet, we have examined the role of transplacentally acquired xanthines in apnea of prematurity. We studied 27 infants, 25-35 weeks gestation, without RDS, hyperbilirubinemia or sepsis. Group 1 consisted of 9 who developed apnea within one week of life. Group 2, 18 non-apneic infants, served as controls. Serum T and C concentrations were measured by HPLC at birth and daily for 7 days or until the onset of apnea. Group differences in birth weight and gestational age were eliminated by analysis of covariance. There was no difference (p>0.3) between groups in birth levels of T, C, or T+C (the sum of T and C). In addition there was no difference (p>0.3) for T, C, and T+C between Group 1 at the onset of apnea and trough values from Group 2. These data suggest that transplacentally acquired xanthines play no role in apnea of prematurity.
B16 melanoma in c57bl/6j mice, kinetics and effects of heterologous serum.

B16 melanoma was studied in syngeneic C57BL/6J mice as a therapeutic model of melanoma. The irregular behavior of tumor after trochar passage was eliminated by serial intraperitoneal passage, but abundant melanin production was maintained. Mean viability of dispersed suspensions was 56%. Median survival time after injection of 107 cells intraperitoneally was 11-16 days (average 13.20). In vivo doubling time was estimated at 3.24 days. Tenfold increase time was approximately 10.75 days. Preliminary studies with rabbit antiserum demonstrated possible enhancement after incubation with tumor in vitro, and a possible therapeutic effect after administration in vivo.
Conspicuously past: Distressed discourse and diagrammatic embedding in a Tibetan represented speech style

Abstract Using as a point of departure Volosinov’s discussion of a dialectic between reported speech styles and large-scale cultural-ideological formations, this article examines how a represented speech construction can diagram and be reciprocally ‘embedded’ by its sociohistorical context of occurrence. I focus on a form of represented speech in diasporic performances of Tibetan Buddhist debate, in which monks tropically subsume the voice of the animator into the voice of tradition. In making tradition manifest, monks ‘distress’ or ‘antique’ debate discourse, rendering it conspicuously past under conditions in which its authenticity seems suspect. The significance of this style is shown to rest on its social embedding, illustrating one way in which represented speech can reflect and refract the experience of certain categories of Tibetan diasporic subjects.
The political economy of the European customs classification

Customs classification is an important element in a country's trade policy. How a good is classified can affect the rate of duty that applies, the coverage of non-tariff barriers, and the formulation and application of rules of origin. Reclassifications can occur because of the introduction of a new product, but also because of protectionist motives. This paper is the first attempt at explaining these reclassifications. Focusing on the European Union, I examine whether the number of tariff lines in an industry result from the introduction of new products or from protectionist lobbying. The analysis focuses on 90 manufacturing industries over 12 years. Results suggest that protectionist lobbying does play a role in explaining changes in the EU's customs classification.
Relation between Childhood Obesity and Adult Cardiovascular Risk

The incidence of overweight and obesity is rising at an alarming pace in the pediatric population, just as in the adult population. The adult comorbidities associated with this risk factor are well-recognized and are being further elucidated continually. Additionally, we are gradually developing a better understanding of the risks of overweight and obesity among children while they are still young. However, there is now a growing body of evidence showing that childhood obesity not only leads all too frequently to adult obesity, but is in itself a risk factor for cardiometabolic syndrome and resultant cardiovascular risk in adulthood. If current trends continue, the problem of pediatric overweight and obesity will become of unmanageable proportions once these individuals reach adulthood. Future research efforts toward understanding this complex problem will need to focus on those overweight and obese children who later went on to change their metabolic course and become normal-weight adults.
Elevated membrane IgA+ and CD4+ (T helper) populations in murine Peyer's patch and splenic lymphocytes during dietary administration of the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol).

Abstract Recent investigations indicate that dietary exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin increases total and antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and glomerular IgA accumulation in mice. In this study, the effects of 25 ppm dietary vomitoxin on the histological and lymphocytic profile of component immune organs in the mucosal lymphocyte migratory pathway were evaluated in the B6C3F 1 mouse. Vomitoxin administration resulted in marked stimulation of the size and frequency of germinal centres in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen. A slight increase in the percentage of B cells in the Peyer's patch was observed, although vomitoxin treatment had no effect on the percentage of B cells in the spleen. The percentage of IgA + cells in Peyer's patches and spleen were approximately twice that of controls at 4, 8 and 12 wk of vomitoxin exposure whereas the percentage of IgG + cells decreased in these two organs. Exposure to vomitoxin increased the percentage of T cells in Peyer's patches and the spleen. The percentage of CD4 + cells (T helper subset) increased slightly in Peyer's patches and more markedly (30–50%) in the spleen following vomitoxin treatment. Contrastingly, there was only a slight increase in the percentage of CD8 + cells (T cytotoxic/suppressor subset) in the spleens of vomitoxin-treated mice in comparison with controls, and no effect in Peyer's patches. The relative effects of vomitoxin on these two T cell populations was also reflected in increased CD4 + :CD8 + ratios in Peyer's patches and spleen. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dietary vomitoxin modulates normal regulation of the IgA response at the Peyer's patch level and that this is manifested in an altered lymphocyte distribution pattern in both the mucosal and systemic compartment. Notably increased levels of IgA + and CD4 + cells are indicative of IgA-producing progenitors and T helper subsets, respectively, that in tandem could favour IgA hyperproduction and elevated IgA in serum.
Ensembles of Fuzzy Classifiers

The use of bagging is explored to create an ensemble of fuzzy classifiers. The learning algorithm used was ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems). We compare results from bagging to those of a single classifier using both crisp and fuzzy classifier combination methods. Results on 20 data sets show that bagging results in a significantly more accurate classifier.
Personal journal bloggers: Profiles of disclosiveness

Personal journal blogs, which are primarily about bloggers' selves and inner states, are often characterized by high amounts of self-disclosure. This study employed the uses and gratifications perspective to reveal the characteristics of disclosive personal journal bloggers. Path analyses of data from an online survey revealed that the most disclosive bloggers were women who were generally disclosive in their offline lives as well. Disclosive bloggers were typically motivated to blog to archive and organize their thoughts, much as one would expect for an online diary. Target audience was a stronger predictor of disclosiveness than the potential audience. The theoretical and practical implications of study results are discussed, along with potential directions for future research.
Estrogen in the adult male reproductive tract: A review

Testosterone and estrogen are no longer considered male only and female only hormones. Both hormones are important in both sexes. It was known as early as the 1930's that developmental exposure to a high dose of estrogen causes malformation of the male reproductive tract, but the early formative years of reproductive biology as a discipline did not recognize the importance of estrogen in regulating the normal function of the adult male reproductive tract. In the adult testis, estrogen is synthesized by Leydig cells and the germ cells, producing a relatively high concentration in rete testis fluid. Estrogen receptors are present in the testis, efferent ductules and epididymis of most species. However, estrogen receptor-α is reported absent in the testis of a few species, including man. Estrogen receptors are abundant in the efferent ductule epithelium, where their primary function is to regulate the expression of proteins involved in fluid reabsorption. Disruption of the α-receptor, either in the knockout (αERKO) or by treatment with a pure antiestrogen, results in dilution of cauda epididymal sperm, disruption of sperm morphology, inhibition of sodium transport and subsequent water reabsorption, increased secretion of Cl-, and eventual decreased fertility. In addition to this primary regulation of luminal fluid and ion transport, estrogen is also responsible for maintaining a differentiated epithelial morphology. Thus, we conclude that estrogen or its α-receptor is an absolute necessity for fertility in the male.
TRPV1 induction in airway vagal low-threshold mechanosensory neurons by allergen challenge and neurotrophic factors

We addressed the hypothesis that allergic inflammation in guinea pig airways leads to a phenotypic switch in vagal tracheal cough-causing, low-threshold mechanosensitive Aδ neurons, such that they begin expressing functional transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1) channels. Guinea pigs were actively sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and beginning 21 days later exposed via aerosol to OVA daily for 3 days. Tracheal-specific neurons were identified in the nodose ganglion using retrograde tracing techniques. Tracheal specific neurons were isolated, and mRNA expression was evaluated at the single-neuron level using RT-PCR analysis. Electrophysiological studies have revealed that the vast majority of vagal nodose afferent nerves innervating the trachea are capsaicin-insensitive Aδ-fibers. Consistent with this, we found <20% of these neurons express TRPV1 mRNA or respond to capsaicin in a calcium assay. Allergen exposure induced de novo TRPV1 mRNA in a majority of the tracheal-specific nodose neurons (P < 0.05). The allergen-induced TRPV1 induction was mimicked by applying either brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to the tracheal lumen. The BDNF-induced phenotypic change observed at the level of mRNA expression was mimicked using a calcium assay to assess functional TRPV1 ion channels. Finally, OVA exposure induced BDNF and GDNF production in the tracheal epithelium, the immediate vicinity of the nodose Aδ -fibers terminations. The induction of TRPV1 in nodose tracheal Aδ -fibers would substantively expand the nature of stimuli capable of activating these cough-causing nerves.