cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Longgang District of Shenzhen City from 2005-2011

[Objective]To understand the incidence rate and epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Longgang District of Shenzhen City from 2005-2011,provide the scientific basis for making prevention and control strategy.[Methods]A descriptive epidemiological method was adopted to analyzed the data of mumps from 2005-2011.[Results]A total of 8 043 mumps cases were reported in Longgang District of Shenzhen City from 2005-2011,the average annual incidence was 37.84/lakh,and there was no death case.The first peak occurred April to August,accounting for 67.20% of the total cases of whole year,and the second peak occurred December to next January,accounting for 11.96%.72.72% of patients were children aged 4-14 years old.Most of cases were students,kindergarten children and scattered children,which accounted for 48.38%,19.07% and 16.24% respectively.The male-to-female ration was 1.85∶ 1.[Conclusion]It is necessary to strengthen the mumps monitoring and management of infection source in schools and kindergartens,and enhance the mumps vaccination,to protect children and teenagers.
Clinical Scenario: Initial CIS

Management of patients with intermediate- to high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (large, multiple tumors, presence of carcinoma in situ, and high-grade disease) is centered on optimal intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. Improvements in technology, such as photodynamic diagnosis combined with traditional techniques of complete resection and thorough staging can improve outcomes. Timely surveillance with cystoscopy is necessary, and urinary markers such as fluorescence in situ hybridization can further help risk-stratify those most likely to fail treatment.
Annihilation Attacks for Multilinear Maps: Cryptanalysis of Indistinguishability Obfuscation over GGH13

In this work, we present a new class of polynomial-time attacks on the original multilinear maps of Garg, Gentry, and Halevi 2013. Previous polynomial-time attacks on GGH13 were "zeroizing" attacks that generally required the availability of low-level encodings of zero. Most significantly, such zeroizing attacks were not applicable to candidate indistinguishability obfuscation iO schemes. iO has been the subject of intense study. To address this gap, we introduce annihilation attacks, which attack multilinear maps using non-linear polynomials. Annihilation attacks can work in situations where there are no low-level encodings of zero. Using annihilation attacks, we give the first polynomial-time cryptanalysis of candidate iO schemes over GGH13. More specifically, we exhibit two simple programs that are functionally equivalent, and show how to efficiently distinguish between the obfuscations of these two programs. Given the enormous applicability of iO, it is important to devise iO schemes that can avoid attack. We discuss some initial directions for safeguarding against annihilating attacks.
Bioreactor Design Operation

For a well-mixed reactor, there are three common operational modes: batch, steady CSTR, and fed-batch. Batch operation has the best flexibility, while CSTR has the highest productivity. There are three basic reactor types for aerobic cultivation of suspended cells: internal mixing; bubble columns; and loop reactors, each with different properties. Scale-up is difficult because conditions in a large vessel are more heterogeneous than in a small vessel; scale-up problems are all related to transport processes. Scale-down techniques are useful in identifying the controlling regime at the smaller scale, where many parameters can be tested more quickly and less expensively than at the production scale. Bioreactor instrumentation and control are important for bioreactor operations. Improvements in sensor technology and the dynamical models of bioreactors are critical to improvements in control technology. Sterilization is the removal of biocontaminants or foreign organisms for a fermentation system and the surrounding equipment. Industrial fermenters and associated pipings are designed for in situ steam sterilization under pressure, or steam in place. The use of saturated steam is common and advantageous over other hot fluids. Stringent requirement leads to longer reduced sterilization time, t S . Bacterial spores are known to be more thermal resistant than vegetative forms of yeast, bacteria, and bacterophages. One particularly resistant undesired biocontaminant is the prion, or an infectious protein. Sterilizing prions requires special attention. To maintain aceptic operations, special considerations are needed for sealing the opening where the stirrer shaft enters the vessel, control valves and sampling ports. Microbes, especially shear-sensitive bacteria and mammalian cells, tend to attach to surfaces. Surface adhesion delays washout in a chemostat. The washout is more gradual if cells adhere to the vessel surfaces, and a long tail could exist if the adhesion is strong.
Appearance of Beef, Pork and Lamb Stored in Vacuum or Modified Gas Atmospheres.

Beef, pork and lamb loins were vacuum-packaged as subprimal cuts, vacuum-packaged as reformed subprimal cuts, vacuum-packaged as retail cuts or packaged in modified gas atmospheres as retail cuts. Cuts were stored and evaluated, after 0, 7, 14 or 21 days of storage, for surface discoloration and overall appearance. Gas analysis of the heads pace of packages was also obtained. In all vacuum packaging treatments, the percentage of CO2, increased and the percentage of O2, decreased with increased storage. The gas composition in modified gas atmosphere packages changed little during the 21-day study. Using systems and gas combinations involved in the present study, retail cuts of beef, pork and lamb could not be successfully precut, retail-packaged and stored for 7 to 21 days in vacuum or modified gas atmospheres. Vacuum-packaged retail cuts and retail cuts stored in modified gas atmospheres sustained extensive surface discoloration and were of unsatisfactory appearance, even after only 7 days of storage and 1 day of retail display. Conversely, storage of retail cuts as vacuum-packaged reformed subprimal cuts for 7 to 21 days decreased (P < .05) surface discoloration and improved (P < .05) overall appearance in comparison to retail cuts from loins stored as subprimals for comparable times in vacuum packages.
Interoperability Between Software and Hardware

While WIPP has been designed for big image data experiments, its execution speed depends on the underlying hardware, which can vary with each deployment. Readers may be interested in optimizing WIPP for their hardware or in rewriting existing algorithms to better utilize available RAM, CPU, and bandwidth. In this chapter, our goal is to assist the reader in: Choosing hardware for WIPP deployment Characterizing image data to estimate storage and processing requirements Measuring execution time Leveraging several known models for parallel execution of image processing algorithms
Fisher-pharyngeal-cervical-brachial overlap syndrome with novel ganglioside antibodies

Several variants of Guillain-Barre syndrome have been described. The Fisher syndrome (FS) presents with ataxia, areflexia, and ophthalmoparesis. The pharyngeal-cervical-brachial (PCB) variant presents with bulbar weakness, along with arm and neck weakness. The 2 variant syndromes can overlap. Both the isolated and overlap syndromes respond to immunomodulatory treatment, thus are important to recognize clinically. Ganglioside antibodies are detectable in the variant syndromes and may aid in their diagnosis. The FS typically is associated with anti-GQ1b antibodies, and PCB is typically associated with anti-GT1a antibodies, whereas the overlap syndrome may have both ganglioside antibody subtypes. We present a case of overlap FS-PCB syndrome with a novel ganglioside antibody profile of GM1 and GD1b antibodies, which typically are associated with other variant syndromes. This case suggests the need for all ganglioside antibodies to be tested in suspected variant Guillain-Barre syndromes. The antibodies may prove especially useful in cases in which the clinical diagnosis is ambiguous.
Soil Salination Indicators

Soil salinity is one of the important soil properties that significantly affect agricultural production and environmental quality. A salinity indicator is a sign or symptom that suggests the soil is experiencing the impacts of salinity. Conventional chemical indicators of soil salinity include electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), while salt crystals and stains in surface soils are physical evidence of soil salinity. Indicator plant species have been commonly used in combination with physical and chemical indicators to determine soil salinity. The variation of environmental conditions may influence the behaviors of bioindicators. Therefore, it is important to determine the plant salt tolerance under similar environmental conditions when the tolerance range of plant species is used as an indication of soil salinity. This chapter discusses measurements of soil salinity, potential impacts of soil salinity on plant growth, and available soil salinity indicators, along with agricultural salinity management.
Automatic thesaurus discovery via selective natural language processing: a corpus based approach

The principal problem with information management today is organizing the ever-widening body of electronically available text. Manual techniques for filtering and structuring such information are useful for sifting through a collection of texts, but manual approaches cannot keep pace with the quantity and variety of text generated. Outside of well-funded fields such as law and medicine, there is little availability of any techniques other than simple word and stem matching for wading through this information. Such string matching techniques are thwarted, however, by the language variability problem, in which a similar idea is expressed by a variety of different words. We defend the thesis that selective Natural Language Processing, applying subsets of known language processing techniques, over a collection of texts provides enough information to create equivalence classes between different terms, thus easing the problem of language variability. We present a method using partial syntactic analysis that allows creation of equivalence classes over any body of text and we show that the classes created by this method are more like manually-created classes than those created by document co-occurrence, sentence co-occurrence and window-based equivalence class creation techniques. Results of applying this method to information retrieval, thesaurus enrichment, and creation of automatic thesauri are also presented. The main contributions of this thesis are the following. We describe a robust domain-independent partial parser for English which yields local syntactic contexts of words. We produce a method for using this context to create corpus-dependent similarity lists. We demonstrate that the similarities extracted by this method correspond to human similarity judgments by comparison with psychological data and by showing the overlap with manually created thesauri. We demonstrate that the overlap with manual thesauri using this syntactic context is greater than that obtained by traditional textual windowing techniques. We develop evaluation methods applicable to any corpus-based meaning extraction techniques: artificial synonyms, and gold standards measurements. We show applications of our similarity discovery techniques to information retrieval, thesaurus enrichment, and automatic thesaurus construction.
2 – Control in Physiology and Medicine

Classic modelling and control techniques used in biomedicine and physiology, and specific control applications are reviewed. Continuous-time models in the original nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) form are first presented, followed by linearization into state space form. The Laplace transform is used to create transfer function models. An overview of continuous-time PID control is then discussed. Discrete-time models are presented, and the discrete-time forms of PID controllers are discussed. Model predictive control is developed, and a summary of fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks based methods is provided. Finally, a number of biomedical control applications are reviewed, including the closed-loop artificial pancreas, intensive care unit blood glucose control, and drug infusion in anesthesiology and clinical pharmacology.
Creating the unreal: speculative visions for future living structures

Science fiction films such as Blade Runner have taken us to worlds where we can experience and share future visions of cities, structures, and life styles conceived by prominent creators. Not only for experts in leading production studios, it is an exciting moment for many digital designers as new game engine technologies allow us to create and walk through imaginary virtual environments almost on the fly. However, how much those spectacular visions are really feasible and credible---based on speculative yet thoroughly rigorous (not sci-fi) scientific studies---is a good question.
Ranolazine in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic angina: A cost-effectiveness analysis and assessment of health-related quality-of-life.

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with a high burden of angina. Ranolazine has been shown to reduce angina frequency versus placebo in patients with T2D and stable angina. We sought to estimate the cost-effectiveness of ranolazine when added to standard-of-care (SoC) versus SoC alone in patients with T2D and stable, but symptomatic coronary disease despite treatment with 1–2 antianginals. Methods A Markov model was developed and evaluated using cohort simulation. The model utilized a US societal perspective, 1-month cycle length and 1-year time horizon and was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of ranolazine versus SoC. Patients entered the model in 1 of 4 angina frequency health states based on baseline Seattle Angina Questionnaire Angina Frequency scores (100 = no; 61–99 = monthly; 31–60 = weekly; 0–30 = daily) and could transition between health states (first cycle only) or to death (any cycle) based on probabilities derived from the Type 2 Diabetes Evaluation of Ranolazine in Subjects with Chronic Stable Angina trial. Results Our model estimated patients treated with ranolazine lived a mean of 0.728 quality adjusted life years (QALYs) at a cost of $16,654. Those not receiving ranolazine lived a mean of 0.702 QALYs and incurred costs of $15,476. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the addition of ranolazine to SoC was $45,308/QALY. Short Form-36 data suggest improvements in patients' bodily pain drove the gain in QALYs associated with ranolazine (2.73 versus 3.96, p = 0.01). Conclusion Our model suggests the addition of ranolazine to SoC is likely cost–effective from a US societal perspective for the treatment of patients with T2D and stable, symptomatic coronary disease despite treatment with 1–2 antianginals.
Hand-in-hand with the survey: surveying and the accumulation of knowledge capital at India House during the Napoleonic Wars

In the early nineteenth century, the material culture of British science was being transformed by an increasingly centralized colonial information order. Surveys conducted during and immediately af...
Gut and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors in Pregnancy and Lactation

Abstract While gut and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) before or during pregnancy are rare, they present unique challenges to patients and the treatment team. In the absence of objective evidence from systematic studies, we provide our opinions on the management of these tumors during pregnancy and in prepregnancy planning in patients with known tumors. We draw heavily on clinical experience with other more common cancers or tumors during pregnancy and lactation, as well as case reports and our clinical experience. Our main opinions are that (1) women with a history of appendiceal carcinoids with benign features, or benign insulinomas, are assumed to have unchanged baseline fertility after surgical removal of the tumors; (2) most women with active gut or pancreatic NETs are advised against pregnancy, but there are some exceptions; (3) management of NETs during pregnancy should be multidisciplinary; and (4) medical therapy with somatostatin analog is the mainstay of treatment.
Single-shot femtosecond laser-induced damage and ablation of HfO2/SiO2- based optical thin films: a comparison between few-cycle pulses and 110 fs pulses

The pulse duration dependence of single-shot laser-induced damage and ablation of HfO2/SiO2-based double- and quadlayer thin films is studied using time-resolved surface microscopy (TRSM) and ex situ imaging down to the few-cycle pulse (FCP) regime. Both samples exhibit a raised, "blister" morphology for a range of fluences between the damage and ablation thresholds. The fluence range associated with blister formation is much larger for FCPs than for 110 fs pulses, and TRSM images at early time-delays show that the density of the laser-generated plasma is much higher for 110 fs pulses for a lower fluence relative to the damage threshold. Also, for high enough fluences the excited electron density exhibits a fast decay down to a significantly high value, which remains even after the onset of mechanical damage of the layers. The pulse duration dependence suggests that as fluence is increased, the increase in absorbed energy is more gradual for FCPs, which points towards inherent differences in the way high intensity FCPs are absorbed in dielectrics relative to longer femtosecond laser pulses.
Notes on 1964 Daniel Norris Bryophyte Collections from the Dominican Republic

Examination of over 150 Norris 1964 collections from the Dominican Republic includes one moss, Solmsiella biseriatum (Aust.) Steere and many hepatics of which Lejeuneaceae are listed. A new Antillean record first determined as Diplasiolejeunea involuta Winkler of Central America is now reduced to synonymy under the South American Diplasiolejeunea pauckertii (Nees) Steph.
Black carbon-enhanced transformation of dichloroacetamide safeners: Role of reduced sulfur species.

Abstract Dichloroacetamide safeners are commonly included in herbicide formulations to protect crops from unintended herbicide toxicity, but knowledge of their environmental fate is scarce. Hydrogen sulfide, a naturally-occurring nucleophile and reductant, often coexists with black carbon (e.g., biochar, soot) in subsurface environments and could influence the fate of these safeners. In this study, we demonstrated that graphite powder, a model black carbon, significantly accelerated the transformation of three dichloroacetamide safeners (AD-67, benoxacor, and dichlormid) and two chloroacetamide herbicides (metolachlor and acetochlor) by hydrogen sulfide. Chloride was formed together with an array of sulfur-substituted products, suggesting a nucleophilic substitution pathway. Our results suggest that the electron-accepting capacity of black carbon can oxidize hydrogen sulfide species to elemental sulfur, which can further react with bisulfide to form polysulfide, likely accounting for the observed accelerated transformation of (di)chloroacetamides in systems containing black carbon and hydrogen sulfide. Moreover, our product analyses indicate that dimerization and/or trimerization of (di)chloroacetamides is possible in the presence of hydrogen sulfide and graphite, which is anticipated to decrease the mobility of these products in aquatic environments relative to the parent compounds. Herein, we also discuss how the structure and concentration of (di)chloroacetamides can influence their reactivity in the presence of black carbon and reduced sulfur species.
Soil microbial and nutrient responses over seven years of organic apple orchard maturation

Seven years of twelve treatment combinations of annual compost, wood chips, shredded paper mulch, or mow-and-blow ground cover and poultry litter, organic commercial, or no fertilizer control surface applications on soil decomposition and microbial activity were evaluated in an organic apple orchard. Because soil amendments were surface applied, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, organic matter, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved total nitrogen (N), ammonium-N, and nitrate-N concentrations were measured in March from 2007 to 2013 at 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.3 m soil depths where biochemical activity and nutrient availability were expected to be greatest and where tree roots were expected to be located. Ground covers were applied by volume based on horticulture management and these applications rather than fertilizers were stronger drivers of soil nutrient and microbial property responses. Dehydrogenase and β-glucosaminidase activities were 1.5 times greater in 2008 and 2009, respectively, under mow-and-blow as compared to other ground covers. Enzymes may be sensitive indicators separating living and non-living mulch effects on soil during establishment of fruit tree orchards in the southeastern U.S. Organic matter (OM) and soil water content increased in all ground covers during the study. At greatest differences, soil OM and DOC were more than twice and dissolved total N and nitrate-N were more than three and five times greater in compost than other ground cover treatments. Relative differences between compost and other ground covers did not persist to the same extent during the seven years. Orchard floor management may need different strategies during different stages of orchard development.
A Colossal Hoax: The Giant from Cardiff that Fooled America

Review of: "A Colossal Hoax: The Giant From Cardiff That Fooled America," by Scott Tribble.
The Devil in the Details.

McCarthy et al. (2020) argue that secular bioethics should engage with Christian theology. Superficially, their proposal is promising. But problems lie beneath the surface. First, Christian concept...
A Genome-Phenome Association study in native microbiomes identifies a mechanism for cytosine modification in DNA and RNA

Abstract Shotgun metagenomic sequencing is a powerful approach to study microbiomes in an unbiased manner and of increasing relevance for identifying novel enzymatic functions. However, the potential of metagenomics to relate from microbiome composition to function has thus far been underutilized. Here, we introduce the Metagenomics Genome-Phenome Association (MetaGPA) study framework, which allows to link genetic information in metagenomes with a dedicated functional phenotype. We applied MetaGPA to identify enzymes associated with cytosine modifications in environmental samples. From the 2365 genes that met our significance criteria, we confirm known pathways for cytosine modifications and proposed novel cytosine-modifying mechanisms. Specifically, we characterized and identified a novel nucleic acid modifying enzyme, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine carbamoyltransferase, that catalyzes the formation of a previously unknown cytosine modification, 5-carbamoyloxymethylcytosine, in DNA and RNA. Our work introduces MetaGPA as a novel and versatile tool for advancing functional metagenomics.
A Study on UAV Operating System Security and Future Research Challenges

The popularity of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) or more commonly known as Drones is increasing recently. UAVs have tremendous potential in various industries, e.g., military, agriculture, transportation, movie, supply chain, and surveillance. UAVs are also popular among hobbyists for photography, racing, etc. Despite the possibilities, many UAV related security incidents are reported nowadays. UAVs can be targeted by malicious parties and if compromised, life-threatening activities can be performed using them. As a result, governments around the world have started to regulate the use of UAVs. We believe that UAVs need an intelligent and automated defense mechanism to ensure the safety of humans, properties, and the UAVs themselves. A major component where we can incorporate the defense mechanism is the operating system. In this paper, we investigate the security of existing operating systems used in consumer and commercial UAVs. We then survey various security issues of UAV operating systems and possible solutions. Finally, we discuss several research challenges for developing a secure operating system for UAVs.
Brand Style DNA in Consumer Products: Decoding Strategies from a Design Perspective

Brands use style DNA strategies to differentiate from competition and enhance brand perception. It is, therefore, critical for design professionals to have a clear understanding of these strategies, so as to be able to deliver the benefits successfully. However, literature available on the subject is found to be varying in terminology and largely limited to certain product categories and iconic brands. Brand style DNA concerns the complete portfolio of a brand, but very few researchers have gone to the extent of analyzing a brand’s product range and comparing it with that of competitors. Moreover, a bias toward the marketing and psychological perspectives necessitates research focused on the design perspective. This paper consolidates available knowledge into an integrated structure, something that does not exist at present. It comprises of four facets—parameters of brand style DNA strategies, factors to be considered, evolution over time, and deconstruction techniques. Further, this study deep-dives into one of the most prominent areas of decoding brand style DNA strategies—the analysis of explicit design cues. Two existing techniques, namely Design Format Analysis and 4DD Analysis, are critically examined. A systematic and definitive conceptual framework is proposed that addresses the weaknesses of existing techniques and makes significant improvements through introduction of image boards with multiple views, standardized design cues, and category-level analysis.
Adjoint Approach to Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Beam Wave Interaction in Vacuum Electronic Devices

We demonstrate a new approach to optimization and sensitivity analysis of beam-wave interaction in any vacuum electronic device (VED) that consists of a circuit interacting with a linear beam through a series of gaps. The basis of the method is a consequence of the Hamiltonian form of the equations that govern the beam-wave interaction, which implies the conservation of symplectic area for two perturbed solutions. Using this property of the system we have derived a relationship between the perturbed solution and an adjoint solution to the linearized equations. We show that proper selection of the adjoint solution allows obtaining compact symplectic equations. Consequently when the adjoint solution is obtained using a simulation code, it may be used to evaluate the multi-dimensional derivatives needed for efficient optimization and for sensitivity analysis. For sensitivity analysis the single adjoint solution allows to construct a sensitivity function what acts like a type of Green’s function for many variable parameters of the system. The approach applies to small or large signal operation of standing and traveling wave devices using either single or multiple round beams.
Interracial Team Teaching in Social Work Education: A Pedagogical Approach to Dismantling White Supremacy

This article aims to explore anti-racist social work education through interracial team teaching, where one instructor is White, and the other is Black, Indigenous, or a Person of Color (BIPOC). This pedagogical approach is presented as an emerging conceptual model to consider in anti-racist social work education. As an anti-racist approach to teaching, this model aims to engage students and faculty in a more active and accountable role in dismantling systemic racism and White supremacy through social work education. A close examination of published articles on interracial team teaching revealed an absence of theoretical frameworks to guide this teaching method. Critical Race Theory (CRT) emerged as a compatible theoretical framework for teaching anti-racism within an interracial team-taught model. Five CRT tenets from Solorzano et al. (2005) align with previous studies to support this emerging pedagogical approach as a viable option. Findings suggest that anti-racist education requires explicitly naming terms like White supremacy, racism, and colonization within the social work curriculum. Interracial team teaching necessitates shared power and authority between instructors and calls for White educators to examine their White identity and resist performing allyship. Academic institution hiring practices need a greater representation of BIPOC faculty to reduce overburdening faculty of color.
Optimal Decisions and Management Models

Decisions characterized as optimal are relative to the model specified and utilized. But models are merely theoretical constructs, which at best are approximations of the real world. Even as approximation, models need updating with increasing information and even revision, if the underlying environment has changed. In a dynamic environment when information becomes available only sequentially, risk plays a more active role and hence the need for characterizing optimal decisions becomes all the more important.
A Review of The Cashless Society: EFTS at the Crossroads

A society without paper money? Push a button and have funds transferred electronically to pay the rent, the telephone bill, and your babysitter? Steal millions electronically? Destroy a corporate competitor at the push of a button? Traditional felons becoming obsolete? It is closer than you think, the author tells us in his fourth and, perhaps, best book.
Target Populations, Recruitment, Retention, and Optimal Testing Methods: Methodological Issues for Studies in the Epidemiology of Aging

Epidemiologic studies in older populations are important for defining the breadth of health conditions in older adults, but there are key barriers that such studies must overcome. Older adults who participate in and remain in epidemiologic studies are likely healthier and less disabled than are their peers who do not respond to recruitment efforts, participate in studies or return for ongoing participation in longitudinal studies. Unbiased target populations, sampling, recruitment and retention are critical for a well-designed epidemiologic study of older adults. Given the range of cognitive and physical function in older adult populations, study instruments and methods must address feasibility as well as reliability and reproducibility for the specific population of interest.
Modeling and simulation of FM detection by zero-crossing in the presence of noise and DS interference

A signal model for a direct sequence (DS) system and an FM system is presented, then FM signal demodulation in the presence of interfering DS and noise is simulated. The FM receiver used utilizes a zero-crossing (ZX) scheme for demodulation. To demonstrate the ZX detection of an FM signal, two algorithms are developed and simulated. The results show that for the cases considered, the FM systems could reasonably coexist with the DS spread spectrum systems. Furthermore, ZX demodulation schemes are shown to be useful with microprocessor based detection systems.
Carcinoma of the Lung

During the past 50 years, the USA and other industrialized nations have witnessed a remarkable increase in mortality from carcinoma of the lung. Today, this disease is the number one cause of cancer mortality in the USA, accounting for more than 180,000 deaths annually [1]. Unraveling the various causes of this increased risk has required painstaking epidemiologic studies, but it has become apparent that cigarette smoking is the single largest preventable cause of lung cancer in the world today [2]. It has been estimated that between 85 and 95 % of deaths from lung cancer are directly attributable to smoking [1, 2]. Cigarettes are the leading offenders, but pipe and cigar smokers are also at risk, though only if they inhale the smoke [1–3]. Asbestos workers are also at increased risk for lung cancer, particularly those who smoke tobacco products [4, 5]. It is the purpose of this chapter to review the characteristics of asbestos-associated lung cancers and to discuss the role of the pathologist in recognizing asbestos as a causative factor. The historical context in which asbestos was recognized to be a carcinogen for the lower respiratory tract will first be reviewed, followed by a discussion of the epidemiologic features of asbestos-related lung cancer, including the role of asbestosis, synergism with cigarette smoking, and asbestos fiber type. The role of cytopathology in the diagnosis of lung cancer in asbestos workers is discussed in Chap. 9, experimental models of pulmonary carcinogenesis in Chap. 10, and lung fiber burdens in asbestos workers with lung cancer in Chap. 11.
Catalytic conversion of glycerol to value-added chemicals in alcohol

Abstract With the aim to directly use the mixture of glycerol and methanol from the biodiesel production for value-added chemical production, catalytic conversion of refined glycerol to lactic acid (LA) and propylene glycol (PG) using mixed solid catalysts of CaO and CuO in methanol medium was first investigated. At the optimum condition, the yields of LA and PG achieved were 46 mol% and 35 mol%, respectively. For recycling the catalysts, a combined process of glycerol conversion to alkyl lactate was further investigated. Using this integrated process, 45 mol% methyl lactate yield and 28 mol% PG yield were achieved in methanol medium, and 45 mol% ethyl lactate and 18 mol% PG yield were achieved in ethanol medium. The test for crude glycerol conversion showed that the impurities had slightly negative effects on glycerol conversion and product yield in methanol medium but no obvious effect in ethanol medium. Similar glycerol conversion and product yield were obtained when the mixture of glycerol, methanol, and CaO from biodiesel production were directly used as starting material. This result suggests that the mixture from biodiesel production can be directly used to produce valued-added chemicals such as methyl lactate and PG.
An improved model for the nonlinear velocity power spectrum

The velocity divergence power spectrum is a key ingredient in modelling redshift space distortion effects on quasi-linear and nonlinear scales. We present an improved model for the z=0 velocity divergence auto and cross power spectrum which was originally suggested by Jennings et al. 2011. Using numerical simulations we measure the velocity fields using a Delaunay tesselation and obtain an accurate prediction of the velocity divergence power spectrum on scales k 0 P(k) to markedly greater accuracy with the new model. The nonlinear P_{\theta \theta} and P_{\theta \delta} at z =1 are recovered accurately to better than 2% on scales k<0.2 hMpc^{-1}. Recently it was shown that the velocity field shows larger differences between modified gravity cosmologies and \Lambda CDM compared to the matter field. An accurate model for the velocity divergence power spectrum, such as the one presented here, is a valuable tool for analysing redshift space distortion effects in future galaxy surveys and for constraining deviations from general relativity.
An Ordered Turán Problem for Bipartite Graphs

Let $F$ be a graph. A graph $G$ is $F$-free if it does not contain $F$ as a subgraph. The Turan number of $F$ , written $\textrm{ex}(n,F)$, is the maximum number of edges in an $F$-free graph with $n$ vertices. The determination of Turan numbers of bipartite graphs is a challenging and widely investigated problem. In this paper we introduce an ordered version of the Turan problem for bipartite graphs. Let $G$ be a graph with $V(G) = \{1, 2, \dots , n \}$ and view the vertices of $G$ as being ordered in the natural way. A zig-zag $K_{s,t}$ , denoted $Z_{s,t}$, is a complete bipartite graph $K_{s,t}$ whose parts $A = \{n_1 < n_2 < \dots < n_s \}$ and $B = \{m_1 < m_2 < \dots < m_t \}$ satisfy the condition $n_s < m_1$. A zig-zag $C_{2k}$ is an even cycle $C_{2k}$ whose vertices in one part precede all of those in the other part. Write $\mathcal{Z}_{2k}$ for the family of zig-zag $2k$-cycles. We investigate the Turan numbers $\textrm{ex}(n,Z_{s,t})$ and $\textrm{ex}(n,\mathcal{Z}_{2k})$. In particular we show $\textrm{ex}(n, Z_{2,2}) \leq \frac{2}{3}n^{3/2} + O(n^{5/4})$. For infinitely many $n$ we construct a $Z_{2,2}$-free $n$-vertex graph with more than $(n - \sqrt{n} - 1) + \textrm{ex} (n,K_{2,2})$ edges.
An Overlapping Case of Lupus Nephritis and IgG4-Related Kidney Disease.

We report a case of a 71-year-old Filipino female who was admitted to the hospital for abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea of 8 days duration. The patient was found to have marked acute kidney injury (AKI), which required hemodialysis in the next 3 days. Extensive workup revealed hematuria, subnephrotic range proteinuria, elevated anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and elevated total immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, with normal IgG4 and anti-dsDNA levels. On kidney biopsy, mild membranous glomerulonephritis was found, along with autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) with a “full-house” pattern of immune deposits. These findings were suggestive of lupus interstitial nephritis. However, IgG4+ plasma cells were detected in the interstitium by immunostaining, favoring a diagnosis of IgG4-related kidney disease (IgG4-RKD). Our case highlights the difficulty in differentiating lupus nephritis (LN) from IgG4-RKD in some patients, raising the suspicion that these two entities can co-exist.
High throughput optical algorithms for the FFT and sorting via data packing

This paper demonstrates that the potential for very high speed computation provided by optical technology can be achieved for important computational problems including the fast Fourier transform and sorting. First a programming model that captures the 'time-of-flight' characteristics of optical fibers and switching elements is presented. Then it is shown that the FFT and the radix sort algorithms can both be reduced to the computational kernel of 'packing' intermediate data results that are continuously moving through an optical fiber. New algorithms are developed for the general packing problem, and the details of how to implement them in optics are presented. The resulting systems have the potential for operating at clock rates that are two or more orders of magnitude higher than conventional computers.
Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting: An Outcome Analysis:

ObjectiveTo review the outcome of secondary alveolar bone grafting in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate.DesignA surgeon's experience, by retrospective chart review, of 70 consecutive pa...
Open Abdominal Drainage in the Treatment of Generalized Peritonitis in 25 Dogs and Cats

The case records of 20 dogs and 5 cats that were managed by open peritoneal drainage for generalized peritonitis were reviewed. Although the underlying causes varied, diffuse septic peritonitis was present in all animals. The abdominal incision was closed loosely at the time of the first surgical procedure, and a sterile abdominal wrap was maintained throughout the postoperative period. The abdomen was closed completely in a second surgical procedure performed 2 to 9 days later. The overall mortality rate was 48%. Most deaths occurred before secondary closure of the abdomen was performed. Complications of open peritoneal drainage were hypopro-teinemia and nosocomial contamination.
Time-delay interferometric ranging for space-borne gravitational-wave detectors

Space-borne interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, sensitive in the low-frequency (mHz) band, will fly in the next decade. In these detectors, the spacecraft-to-spacecraft light-travel times will necessarily be unequal and time varying, and (because of aberration) will have different values on up- and down-links. In such unequal-armlength interferometers, laser-phase noise will be canceled by taking linear combinations of the laser-phase observables measured between pairs of spacecraft, appropriately time shifted by the light propagation times along the corresponding arms. This procedure, known as time-delay interferometry (TDI), requires an accurate knowledge of the light-time delays as functions of time. Here we propose a high-accuracy technique to estimate these time delays, and we study its use in the context of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission. We refer to this ranging technique, which relies on the TDI combinations themselves, as time-delay interferometric ranging (TDIR). For every TDI combination, we show that, by minimizing the rms power in that combination (averaged over integration times $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{4}\text{ }\mathrm{s}$) with respect to the time-delay parameters, we obtain estimates of the time delays accurate enough to cancel laser noise to a level well below the secondary noises. Thus TDIR allows the implementation of TDI without the use of dedicated interspacecraft ranging systems, with a potential simplification of the LISA design. In this paper we define the TDIR procedure formally, and we characterize its expected performance via simulations with the Synthetic LISA software package.
The Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission radar: A novel conically scanning SAR

The Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission is a NASA mission identified by the NRC “decadal survey” to measure both soil moisture and freeze/thaw state from space. The mission will use both active radar and passive radiometer instruments at L-Band. In order to achieve a wide swath at sufficiently high resolution for both active and passive channels, an instrument architecture that uses a large rotating reflector is employed. The active radar will further utilize SAR processing in order to obtain the sub-footprint resolution necessary for the geophysical retrievals. The SMAP radar has a unique geometry where the antenna footprint is continuously rotated about nadir in a conical fashion, as opposed to the more common side-looking SAR design. In additional to the unconventional scan geometry, the SMAP radar must address the effects of Faraday rotation and radio-frequency interference (RFI), both consequences of the L-Band frequency of operation.
Free-Pool Amino Acids in Biomphalaria glabrata Infected with Echinostoma caproni as Determined by Thin-Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography was used to analyze the free-pool amino acids of the digestive gland–gonad complex (DGG) of Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Echinostoma caproni and uninfected (control) snails. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of histidine, lysine, serine, alanine, valine, and isoleucine or leucine in all samples. Quantitative analysis of lysine and valine gave mean weight percentages of 0.00699 ± 0.0022 and 0.00174 ± 0.00056, respectively, in the DGG of uninfected snails, and 0.00504 ± 0.0014 and 0.00254 ± 0.00033, respectively, in the DGG of infected snails. The differences in values between infected and uninfected snails were not statistically significant (Student's t-test, P > 0.05).
Correlating The CT Numbers Of Body Constituents With Their Mass Densities And Calcium Concentrations

The two experiments described, one in vivo and the other in vitro, correlate CT (Computerized Tomograph-ic) numbers with mass densities in a cross-sectional scan and CT numbers with the calcium concentration in bones. The in vivo experiment is based on patient scan results and theories used in computerized tomography, specifically the concept of average effective energy (AEE) and the convolution Method in picture reconstruction. The in vitro experiment is based on scans of fresh excised lumbar vertebrae and on the physical analysis (by conventional methods) of the cancellous bone from the vertebrae.
Image acquisition in laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery rely uniquely on high quality display of acquired images, but a multitude of problems plague the researcher who attempts to reproduce such images for educational purposes. Some of these are intrinsic limitations of current laparoscopic/endoscopic visualization systems, while others are artifacts solely of the process used to acquire and reproduce such images. Whatever the genesis of these problems, a glance at current literature will reveal the extent to which endoscopy suffers from an inability to reproduce what the surgeon sees during a procedure. The major intrinsic limitation to the acquisition of high-quality still images from laparoscopic procedures lies in the inability to couple directly a camera to the laparoscope. While many systems have this capability, this is useful mostly for otolaryngologists, who do not maintain a sterile field around their scopes. For procedures in which a sterile field must be maintained, one trial method has been to use a beam splitter to send light both to the still camera and the digital video camera. This is no solution, however, since this results in low quality still images as well as a degradation of the image that the surgeon must use to operate, something no surgeon tolerates lightly. Researchers thus must currently rely on other methods for producing images from a laparoscopic procedure. Most manufacturers provide an optional slide or print maker that provides a hardcopy output from the processed composite video signal. The results achieved from such devices are marginal, to say the least. This leaves only one avenue for possible image production, the videotape record of an endoscopic or laparoscopic operation. Video frame grabbing is at least a problem to which industry has applied considerable time and effort to solving. Our own experience with computerized enhancement of videotape frames has been very promising. Computer enhancement allows the researcher to correct several of the shortcomings of both laparoscopic video systems and videotapes, namely color imperfections, scanline problems, and lack of image resolution for later display. We present a history of laparoscopic imaging, the current state of the art, and future prospects for high-resolution images from laparoscopic and endoscopic systems.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A location theory for rural settlement

ABSTRACT A theory of rural settlement location is proposed which will explain changes in settlement distribution over time. A series of spatial processes similar to those found in plant ecology studies are postulated for rural settlement. There are three phases: Colonization, by which the occupied territory of a population expands; spread, through which settlement density increases with a tendency to short distance dispersal; and competition, the process which produces a regularity in settlement pattern when rural dwellers are found in sufficient numbers to compete for space. Empirical investigations over a ninety-year period (1870–1960) in six Iowa counties reveals that the expected increase in regularity does occur. These effects are measured by fitting the Poisson, negative binomial, and regular Poisson distributions to quadrat censuses of the settlement maps. Variance-mean ratios declined over time with changes in the farm economy, requiring fewer, but larger farms. The negative binomial fit the early...
Perceptual asymmetry in consensus estimates of majority and minority members

Three experiments revealed a consistent pattern of consensus estimates. Numerical status and group growth or decline were manipulated between subjects. Growth was manipulated orthogonally to a 3rd variable: focus. Focus was manipulated by describing growth information with respect either to the in-group or the out-group (e.g., in-group growth and out-group decline). A Numerical Status X Focus interaction emerged in Study 1. Numerical minority members' consensus estimates for an opinion issue increased when growth information was out-group focused, whereas majority members' estimates did not differ as a function of the focus variable. Study 2 replicated these effects across other opinion dimensions. Study 3 confirmed the importance of the growth and focus variables in the absence of numerical status manipulations.