cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the Best Idea Better: The Role of Idea Pool Structure

In any pool of ideas that is developed in a multistage process, it is often the case that only a small fraction of top ideas are exceptional. This study formulates a model of multistage development of idea pools, and examines the impact of the “structure” of idea pools and of learning across stages on the extent to which the top ideas in the pool are exceptional. Our key descriptive results demonstrate that the dispersion of ideas in the pool (defined in terms of the dis-similarity between ideas) has a positive impact on the value derived from the top ideas, especially so when learning across stages is limited. Subsequently, the study examines the normative question of optimal design of idea pools, and managerial rules-of-thumb are derived for the optimal choice of the number and dispersion of ideas within the pool. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Maximizing the Spread of Influence from Training Data

We consider the canonical problem of influence maximization in social networks. Since the seminal work of Kempte, Kleinberg, and Tardos there have been two, largely disjoint efforts on this problem. The first studies the problem associated with learning the generative model that produces cascades, and the second focuses on the algorithmic challenge of identifying a set of influencers, assuming the generative model is known. Recent results on learning and optimization imply that in general, if the generative model is not known but rather learned from training data, no algorithm for influence maximization can yield a constant factor approximation guarantee using polynomially-many samples, drawn from any distribution. In this paper we describe a simple algorithm for maximizing influence from training data. The main idea behind the algorithm is to leverage the strong community structure of social networks and identify a set of individuals who are influentials but whose communities have little overlap. Although in general, the approximation guarantee of such an algorithm is unbounded, we show that this algorithm performs well experimentally. To analyze its performance, we prove this algorithm obtains a constant factor approximation guarantee on graphs generated through the stochastic block model, traditionally used to model networks with community structure.
A Computer Vision Based Approach for Understanding Emotional Involvements in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

It has been proved that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are associated with amplified emotional responses and poor emotional control. Underlying mechanisms and characteristics of these difficulties in using, sharing and responding to emotions are still not understood. This is because advanced computational approaches for studying details of facial expressions have been based on the use of invasive instruments (such markers for motion capture or Electromyographs) that can affect the behaviors and, above all, restrict the possibility to implement diagnostic and evaluation tools. Recent non-invasive technological frameworks based on computer vision can be applied to overcome this knowledge gap and this paper is right aimed at demonstrating how facial measurements from images can be exploited to compare how ASD children react to external stimuli with respect a control set of children. This paper has a double layer of contribution: on the one hand it aims at proposing the use of a single-camera system for facial expression analysis and, on the other hand, it presents a study on how extracted facial data could be used to analyze how the overall and local facial dynamics of children with ASD differ from their typically developing peers. In other words, this study explores the feasibility of the introduction of numerical approaches for the diagnosis and evaluation of autistic spectrum disorders in preschool children.
Family Legacy or Family Pioneer? Social Class Differences in the Way Adolescents Construct College-Going:

In an era of heightened educational expectations, it can be difficult to discern why would-be first-generation college-going adolescents are less likely to enroll in college than non-first generati...
The Human Cost of Failure

(2016). The Human Cost of Failure. Structural Engineering International: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 197-197.
Future surgeons: critical care

“Future surgeons: critical care” is a new course run by the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. It is an intensive one day course led by consultant general surgeons and consultant anaesthetists and is designed to develop skills in recognising and managing the critically ill surgical patient. The course is targeted at foundation doctors who have an interest in pursuing a career in surgery. It would also be appropriate for those wishing to pursue a career in anaesthetics and intensive care medicine. The course is held at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. It costs £125 (£105 for affiliates) and includes lunch. The course will be held each year in January. …
Methods for improving ductility of tungsten - A review

Abstract Pure tungsten and tungsten alloys with minor alloying additions are known to be brittle at room temperature and have high ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures (DBTT). Improving the ductility of tungsten can have significant impact on both the manufacturing of and the range of applications of tungsten. Although there has been a significant volume of reported research on improving the ductility of tungsten over the span of several decades, it remains a difficult challenge. This is at least partially attributable to the fact that the understanding on the mechanical properties of tungsten and their dependence on microstructure has been insufficient. This article attempts to offer a critical review of the methods that have been reported in the literature for improving the ductility of tungsten in order to understand the critical factors that control the ductility (or lack thereof) in tungsten. It is clear from the literature that all tungsten materials that have been reported to be ductile at room temperature, or to have drastically reduced DBTT, are the result of thermomechanically processed (TMP) material with deformed and textured microstructures. Alloying tungsten with rhenium is essentially the only known method to improve the ductility of tungsten by alloying (excluding the class of alloys known as heavy alloys which are composites of tungsten with nickel and iron). Although there have been a large number of research reports in recent years on the effect of additives, including oxides, carbides, and others, the results are inconclusive to date or insignificant with respect to the effects of those additives on the ductility of tungsten independent of the effects of thermomechanical working. Using ultrafine-grained or nanocrystalline microstructure to improve the ductility of tungsten is another approach that has appeared promising. However, the results to date have not shown that the ductility of tungsten can be improved by reducing the grain size alone, without the benefits of thermomechanical processed or deformed microstructures. Another objective of this review is to examine the correlation between the ductility of tungsten and different microstructures resulting from different processing methods and compositions.
Erratum to: Tower lemmas

In this chapter we establish the following simple and useful sufficient conditions on a tower of fibrations {Ys}, in order that it can be used to obtain the homotopy type of the R-completion of a given space X: (i) If f: X → {Ys is a map which induces, for every R-module M, an isomorphism $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_ \to H*\left( {{Y_S};M} \right) \approx H*\left( {X;M} \right)$$ then f induces a homotopy equivalence \({R_\infty }X \simeq \mathop {\lim }\limits_ \to {R_\infty }{Y_S}\). (ii) If, in addition, each Ys is R-complete (Ch.I, 5.1) , then the space \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_ \to {Y_S}\) already has the same homotopy type as R∞X. (iii) If, in addition, each Ys satisfies the even stronger condition of being R-nilpotent (4.2), then, in a certain precise sense, the tower {Ys} has the same homotopy type as the tower {Rs}
Immigrant Identities in Transnational Contexts

[English Literacy and Civics Education] is a program that should promote the Americanization of immigrants…in becoming American citizens, immigrants pledge, ‘true faith and allegiance’ to American liberal democracy. This requires some knowledge of our history and values. If the money expended annually on ELCivics assisted our future fellow citizens in understanding America’s heritage and civic values, the money would be well spent.
Arthroscopic failures: complications and prevention. Second time arthroscopic evaluation: A retrospective study

A retrospective study was performed on 589 consecutive arthroscopic procedures performed by one surgeon. This encompassed an 18-month period from January 1977 up to and including June 1978. Seventy-four of these patients had a second arthroscopic procedure performed - 12.5% of the total number.
Semantic Memory Deficits Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease

The characterization and analysis of the neuropsychological processes underlying the cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementing disorders is one of the many major contributions Nelson Butters has made to the study of brain-behavior relationships. Over the past 15 years, his research in this area has helped to define the relationship between specific neuropsychological deficits and regional neuropathological changes (e.g., synapse loss, neuritic plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation) in Alzheimer’s disease, demonstrated dissociations between various forms of procedural learning (e.g., priming and skill learning) in dementing disorders with different sites of neuropathology, delineated the neuropsychological features that differentiate the dementia syndromes associated with primarily cortical (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) and primarily subcortical (e.g., Huntington’s disease) brain damage, and identified the neuropsychological characteristics that most effectively distinguish early Alzheimer’s disease from the benign cognitive changes of normal aging.
Sparse Manifold Subspace Learning

In this chapter, we introduce a new subspace learning framework called “Sparse Manifold Subspace Learning (SMSL)”. Compared with the conventional methods considering global data structure e.g., PCA, LDA, SMSL aims at preserving the local neighborhood structure on the data manifold and provides a more accurate data representation via locality sparse coding. In addition, it removes the common concerns of many local structure based subspace learning methods e.g., Local Linear Embedding (LLE), Neighborhood Preserving Embedding (NPE), that how to choose appropriate neighbors. SMSL adaptively selects neighbors based on their distances and importance, which is less sensitive to noise than NPE. Moreover, the dual-sparse processes, i.e., the locality sparse coding, and sparse eigen-decomposition in graph embedding yield a noise-tolerant framework. Finally, SMSL is learned in an inductive fashion, and therefore easily extended to different tests. We exhibit experimental results on several databases and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Social Media Marketing on Twitter: An Investigation of the Involvement-Messaging-Engagement Link

With the rise of social media marketing as an important domain of practice and research, a growing number of scholarly and practitioner articles have emerged highlighting best practices in social media marketing. Despite this proliferation of articles exploring the topic of social media marketing, no comprehensive frameworks exist that offer insight into the underlying components of effective social media marketing messages and the relations between them. Amalgamating constructs from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds—including marketing, advertising, communication, and information systems—this paper offers a theoretical framework and empirical investigation of the relations between four message components, namely purchase involvement, messaging strategy, message content, and media types. Using longitudinal data from ten Fortune 500 companies, we validate our comprehensive framework and find support for all hypotheses, thereby validating the importance of using an integrated approach to social media message design. Implications for research and practice are outlined.
High Precision Test of QED and Determination of α

Based on the QED outlined by this author in III, I shall discuss in this section the present status of comparison of QED predictions and experiments.
Methodologic approach to sampling and field-based data collection for a large-scale in-depth interview study: The Social Position and Family Formation (SPAFF) project.

Over the past several decades there have been dramatic shifts in demographic patterns pertaining to family formation, with declining and delayed marriage and childbearing, and increased cohabitation in the United States and other Western industrialized nations. These trends in family demography have been predominantly studied using large-scale datasets, which have identified total population and subgroup trends over time, including differences by age, gender, racial/ethnic, economic, educational, religious, and other characteristics. However, there is limited knowledge and understanding of how individuals across different levels of social position, as well as other important characteristics, make decisions around forming families. This lack of qualitative data on contemporary attitudes regarding family formation has hampered our ability to more completely understand the factors driving behaviors pertaining to the large-scale (ie, international) shifts in demographic trends. The Social Position and Family Formation (SPAFF) project is an in-depth interview study that used quantitative data to guide recruitment of a large sample for qualitative interview data collection on factors influencing different aspects of family formation among heterosexual females and males (18–35 years) in the context of individuals’ social position. This methodological paper describes the use of a ‘quantitatively-informed’ purposive sampling approach in a large metropolitan area to collect qualitative data (through in-depth interviews) from a large sample (n = 200), utilizing web-based tools for successful community-based recruitment and project management.
Factors Correlating to the Development of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Drug Users—Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hepatitis C remains a significant public health threat. However, the main routes of transmission have changed since the early 1990s. Currently, drug use is the main source of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and some measures have been successively implemented and additional studies have been published. However, the factors correlating with HCV infection failed to clearly define. Our study pooled the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and analyzed sensitivity by searching data in the PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and EBSCO databases. Publication bias was determined by Egger’s test. In our meta-analysis, HCV-infected and non-HCV-infected patients from 49 studies were analyzed. The pooled ORs with 95% CIs for study factors were as follows: Injecting drug use 10.11 (8.54, 11.97); sharing needles and syringes 2.24 (1.78, 2.83); duration of drug use >5 years 2.39 (1.54, 3.71); unemployment 1.50 (1.22, 1.85); commercial sexual behavior 1.00 (0.73, 1.38); married or cohabiting with a regular partner 0.88 (0.79, 0.98), and sexual behavior without a condom 1.72 (1.07, 2.78). This study found that drug users with histories of injecting drug use, sharing needles and syringes, drug use duration of >5 years, and unemployment, were at increased risk of HCV infection. Our findings indicate that sterile needles and syringes should be made available to ensure safe injection. In view of that, methadone maintenance treatment can reduce or put an end to risky drug-use behaviors, and should be scaled up further, thereby reducing HCV infection.
∊-MSR Codes: Contacting Fewer Code Blocks for Exact Repair

$\epsilon$ -Minimum Storage Regenerating ( $\epsilon$ -MSR) codes form a special class of Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) codes, providing mechanisms for exact regeneration of a single code block in their codewords by downloading slightly suboptimal amount of information from the remaining code blocks. The key advantage of these codes is a significantly lower sub-packetization that grows only logarithmically with the length of the code, while providing optimality in storage and error-correcting capacity. However, from an implementation point of view, these codes require each remaining code block to be available for the repair of any single code block. In this paper, we address this issue by constructing $\epsilon$ -MSR codes that can repair a failed code block by contacting a fewer number of available code blocks. When a code block fails, our repair procedure needs to contact a few compulsory code blocks and is free to choose any subset of a fixed size for the remaining choices (from the available code blocks). Further, our construction requires a field size linear in code length and ensures load balancing among the contacted code blocks in terms of information downloaded from them.
Artificial intelligence in news photographs: a cross-cultural visual content analysis

Given that little research has focused on how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is visually constructed in mass media, this article employs visual content analysis to examine the construction of human-AI relations in news media photographs in the U.S. and China. The findings suggest that a human-centered approach should be adopted in the visual communication design of AI. Journalists and professional communicators should make effort to highlight the necessary role of humans and avoid the exclusive focus on AI.
Prevalence of five unhealthy lifestyle behaviors among adults with and without stroke, behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2015

Date Presented 04/05/19 Data from the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Prevalence Surveillance System were analyzed to investigate the prevalence of five unhealthy behaviors among US adults with and without stroke. Prevalence of low fruit and vegetable consumption, low physical activity, and smoking were higher in adults with stroke; heavy alcohol consumption was lower; and there was no difference for excess weight. Occupation-based lifestyle interventions are needed to modify these unhealthy behaviors in adults with stroke. Primary Author and Speaker: Ryan Bailey Contributing Authors: Allison Phad
Amazing Grace: The Bible and the Gift of Leadership

What else can one say about leadership? There are countless books, journals, and articles devoted to defining, defending, and even re-imagining leadership. However, not enough literature exists on the blessing of leadership from a biblical perspective. Leadership functions are directly mentioned in all of the spiritual gifts’ lists found in the New Testament. Rather than unpacking the various definitions of leadership, this chapter drills down into the concept of leadership as being a gift from God and how the theological underpinnings of leadership foster resilience.
Centripetal Force and Resulting Trajectories

Chapter 4 applies polar calculus within a comprehensive, self-contained treatment of Newton’s theory of gravitation. Newton’s treatise Principia Mathematica had been a miracle. It provided a synthesizing and penetrating solution to a question that had occupied many of humanity’s best minds for about 3000 years: how do the heavens work? Kepler had discovered the three laws of planetary motion with painstaking observations, but Newton came to recognize the deeper reality. All three of Kepler’s laws rest on a combination of mathematical methods, basic laws of motion, and the inverse square law of universal gravitation. The chapter includes a complete analysis of the connection between the magnitude of a centripetal force and the geometry of the trajectory of a point-mass—or a sphere that has its mass radially distributed—on which the force acts.
Verification of the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Paediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) reference values in Croatian children and adolescents.

Introduction The aim of this study was to examine whether the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Paediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) could be applied to Croatian children and adolescents. Materials and methods A total of 295 outpatient healthy children and adolescents of age 1 to 18 were selected using the direct a posteriori sampling method. According to current guidelines, 20 samples were tested for each of a total of 51 reference intervals for ferritin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, follicle stimulating hormone, lutein stimulating hormone, prolactin, progesterone, sex hormone binding globulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, total testosterone, total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine. Serum samples were analysed on the Beckman Coulter DxI600 immunoassay analyser by chemiluminescence immunoassay method. A reference interval was adopted if < 10% of the results fall outside CALIPER reference interval range. For analytes in which this criterion is not met in the first set of samples, a new set of 20 samples were collected. Results After the first set of measurements, 96% of all tested reference intervals were adopted for use. The additional sets of 20 reference subjects were tested for only two reference intervals; follicle stimulating hormone for female aged 1 to 9 years, and irrespective of the gender, sex hormone binding globulin for children aged 8 to 11 years. All results of additional samples were within the specified interval limits. Conclusions CALIPER reference intervals for ferritin and 11 hormones defined for Beckman Coulter DxI600 immunoassay analyser can be implemented into the Croatian laboratories and clinical practice.
Reconceptualizing Research on Workplace mathematics: Negotiations Grounded in Personal Practical Experiences

In this paper, we view and describe our transitions through three phases of a reflective cycle as a journey from the past to the future. In the descriptive phase, we delve into our past research experiences and address questions such as: What is the role of mathematics at work? What counts as mathematics in the workplace? Whose perceptions matter - the insiders' (workers') or the outsiders' (researchers')? In doing so, we uncovered additional venues for exploration that called for a new mode of analysis. We transition into a theory-building phase where we share our learning experiences that occurred in-the-moment. We then shift to an action oriented (reflexive) phase during which we construe personal practical theories that enable us to negotiate broader understandings of the role of mathematics at work and identify areas for future inquiry. We document our lived experiences as informed and inspired by our work with two groups of workers - bus conductors and street vendors.
Cholesterol and COVID19 lethality in elderly

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) is a respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originating in Wuhan China in 2019. The disease in notably severe in elderly and those with underlying chronic conditions. The molecular mechanism as to why the elderly are vulnerable and why children are resistant is largely unknown. Understanding these differences is critical for safeguarding the vulnerable and guiding effective policy and treatments. Here we show loading cells with cholesterol from blood serum using the cholesterol transport protein apolipoprotein E (apoE) enhances the endocytic entry of pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2. Super resolution imaging of the SARS-CoV-2 entry point with high cholesterol showed markedly increased apparent diameter (~10% to 100 nm) and almost twice the total number of viral entry points. The cholesterol concomitantly traffics angiotensinogen converting enzyme (ACE2) to the viral entry site where SARS-CoV-2 docks to properly exploit entry into the cell. Furthermore, we show cholesterol enhances binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the cell surface which increases association with the endocytic pathway. Decreasing cellular cholesterol has the opposite effect. Based on these findings and known loading of cholesterol into peripheral tissue cholesterol during aging and inflammation, we build a cholesterol dependent model for COVID19 lethality in elderly and the chronically ill. As cholesterol increases with age and inflammation (e.g. smoking and diabetes), the cell surface is coated with viral entry points and optimally assembled viral entry proteins. Importantly our model suggests high levels of cholesterol is most alarming in the tissue, not the blood. In fact, rapidly dropping cholesterol in the blood may indicate severe loading of cholesterol in peripheral tissue and a dangerous situation for escalated SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) oppose the effects of cholesterol and provide a molecular basis for eating healthy diets to avoid severe cases of COVID19.
Copolymer Informatics with Multitask Deep Neural Networks

Polymer informatics tools have been recently gaining ground to efficiently and effectively develop, design, and discover new polymers that meet specific application needs. So far, however, these data-driven efforts have largely focused on homopolymers. Here, we address the property prediction challenge for copolymers, extending the polymer informatics framework beyond homopolymers. Advanced polymer fingerprinting and deep-learning schemes that incorporate multi-task learning and meta-learning are proposed. A large data set containing over 18,000 data points of glass transition, melting, and degradation temperature of homopolymers and copolymers of up to two monomers is used to demonstrate the copolymer prediction efficacy. The developed models are accurate, fast, flexible, and scalable to more copolymer properties when suitable data become available.
Electricity within: Islam, pre-Islamic traditions and secular forms of belief in contemporary Kyrgyz cinema

Although post-Soviet Central Asian societies self-identify as Muslim, spiritual identity is a highly contested subject in the region and one influenced by Russian imperialism and Soviet atheist ide...
Post-pandemic education: an analysis based on educational inequality

Este artigo, escrito em forma de ensaio, tem por objetivo analisar os possiveis reflexos da pandemia de Covid-19 sobre a educacao brasileira. Partindo da historia da educacao moderna, surgida no seculo XVII, o artigo mostra que assim como naquele periodo, que era um momento de crise, ocorreu uma revolucao na educacao, este momento e propicio para mudancas. Partindo da pergunta de Dubet (2004) sobre o que e uma escola justa, o artigo defende a ideia de que antes de qualquer mudanca na estrutura da escola brasileira, a pandemia de Covid-19 deve levar a uma reflexao sobre qual a justica educacional no Brasil. Conclui que simples mudancas na estrutura da escola visando a sua modernizacao podem ser mais excludentes do que inclusivas.
Long-term adverse effects following developmental exposure to daidzein

9 Exposure to naturally occurring and synthetic estrogenic compounds results in permanent alterations in the developing organism especially if exposure occurs during the critical stages of differentiation. Our laboratory has shown that perinatal exposure of mice to diethylstilbestrol (DES) results in impaired fertility, structural malformations, and lesions of the reproductive tract. Long-term consequences of DES exposure (1 mg/kg/day) on neonatal days 1-5 include a high incidence (> 90%) of uterine carcinoma in aged mice. Further, when equal estrogenic doses of DES (0.001 mg/kg/day) or genistein (50 mg/kg/day), a phytoestrogen found in soy products, were compared for long-term effects, the incidence of uterine adenocarcinoma was 31% and 35% respectively. Thus, the developing reproductive tract appears to be exquisitely sensitive to perturbation by chemicals with estrogenic activity. Because the nutritional and pharmaceutical use of phytoestrogens is increasing due to their proposed beneficial effects, we investigated the potential risks posed by daidzein, another soy phytoestrogen. Since genistein has been shown to be genotoxic in in vitro models while daidzein is nongenotoxic, it was possible to study the contribution of genotoxicity in the induction of uterine tumors. Outbred CD-1 mice were treated with daidzein (250 mg/kg/day) by subcutaneous injection on days 1-5 of neonatal life. This dose of daidzein is equal in estrogenicity to that of DES at 0.001 mg/kg/day and genistein at 50 mg/kg/day. Mice were sacrificed on day 5 following the last injection or at 18 months. At 5 days, uterine wet weight was increased over controls similar to DES or genistein at equal estrogenic doses. The estrogen responsive protein, lactoferrin (LF) was also increased in response to daidzein. Uteri from mice at 18 months of age were examined to evaluate a potential increased risk for histological abnormalities including uterine tumors later in life. Many of the long-term effects observed after DES and genistein treatment, including uterine adenocarcinoma, were observed after developmental exposure of daidzein. In fact, the incidence of uterine adenocarcinoma was 30% (6/20 mice) compared to 31% for DES and 35% for genistein. Similarities between the effects of DES, genistein and daidzein point to the need for further mechanistic studies in phytoestrogens and their role in long-term effects that follow developmental exposure.
Racial microaffirmations as a response to racial microaggressions: Exploring risk and protective factors

Abstract The urgency of the Black Lives Matter movement, and societal inequities emerging amid the COVID-19 pandemic call researchers to better understand the implications of racism in the lives of People of Color. In this paper, we utilize Critical Race Theory (CRT) to extend theorizing on the concept of racial microaffirmations as a response to everyday systemic racism—racial microaggressions. We reframe the psychological concept of risk and protective factors to illustrate the relationship between racial microaggressions and microaffirmations. Our findings identify types of racial microaffirmations experienced by Students of Color at a public four-year institution in California. We explore how these microaffirmations are experienced and the effects they have on the students well-being.
Towards a Real-Time Wireless Powered Communication Network: Design, Implementation and Evaluation

Applying emerging wireless powered communication (WPC) technologies in wireless networks has the potential to significantly reduce the maintenance cost of battery replacement and facilitate device deployment in extreme environments. This paper presents the design, implementation and performance evaluation of a real-time wireless powered communication network (RT-WPCN). We present the overall system architecture of RTWPCN and discuss the design challenges of its key hardware and software components, including the wireless powered user device, the beamforming-based hybrid access point (HAP), and the timedivision multiple access (TDMA) based data link layer protocol. We present our solutions to address each of the challenges and describe their implementation details on real hardware. Based on the developed RT-WPCN system, the minimal user throughput maximization problem is formulated and an effective algorithm is proposed to solve it. Extensive expenments are conducted to validate the design principles of RT-WPCN, and thoroughly evaluate its performance at both the component and system levels.
Destructive Arthropathy of the Femoral Head.

Objectives Destructive arthropathy of the hip refers to noninfectious arthropathy causing extensive femoral head bone destruction. It has been described in the surgical literature using a variety of diagnostic criteria, but it remains a poorly defined entity. Methods Cases of destructive arthropathy diagnosed at our institution between July 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, were identified by a free text search of the radiology database. The medical record of each case was reviewed for possible causes of femoral head destruction, clinical presentation, laboratory values, imaging studies, and pathologic diagnoses. Imaging studies and pathology specimens were retrospectively reviewed. Results Twenty femoral heads were identified in which there was 25% or greater destruction of the femoral head in the absence of infections, congenital disease, or inflammatory arthritis. Destructive arthropathy was characterized pathologically by fibromyxoid change of the marrow, aggregates of necrotic bone fragments, increased numbers of osteoclasts, increased trabecular destruction, and granuloma-like aggregates. Conclusions The histologic findings were distinctive. We postulate that a variety of preexisting conditions set in motion a cascade of tissue factors that led to bone destruction.
Stochastic Models of Neuron Activity

Several mathematically oriented modelers have tried to use simple stochastic models to represent spontaneous firing in neurons. These modelers have typically tried to predict the relative occurrence of time intervals of various durations between the adjacent spikes in an output spike train which is produced by applying the threshold rule to some assumed random distribution of input events. This problem has been found to be virtually unsolvable mathematically, despite its apparent physical simplicity and its extremely modest goal.
Mindfulness Meditation for the Treatment of Functional Respiratory Disorders

Mindfulness meditation is a powerful and simple tool for helping patients understand and treat their own psychosomatic symptoms. There is initial evidence that mindfulness meditation may be beneficial for patients with some types of functional respiratory disorders. Mindfulness meditation is a skill that can be easily taught to a patient by an experienced clinician and should be practiced over a period of time for maximal benefit. Keys to success in mindfulness meditation are a basic understanding of what it is and how it works, patience, and determination, as well as continual, regular practice over time. Clinicians who have gone through mindfulness meditation training are better able to guide patients through the successful relief of their symptoms using this technique. Neuroscientific evidence for the mechanisms of mindfulness meditation is discussed in this chapter, practical considerations of using mindfulness meditation in the primary care setting are discussed, a sample text of basic instructions on how to teach three techniques of mindfulness meditation is provided, and case studies are presented with accompanying quiz questions and explanatory material regarding patients with chest pain, dyspnea, vocal cord dysfunction, and insomnia.
Engulfment during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis is governed by a multi‐protein complex containing tandemly acting autolysins

Summary The conversion of a growing cell into an endospore in Bacillus subtilis involves a phagocytic-like process in which the developing spore (the forespore) is wholly engulfed by the adjacent mother cell. A prerequisite for engulfment is the removal of peptidoglycan from the septum that separates the forespore from the mother cell, a process that depends on the autolysin SpoIID and two proteins of unknown function, SpoIIM and SpoIIP. Here we present evidence that SpoIIP is also an autolysin, that it acts in tandem with SpoIID, and that all three proteins are in a complex with each other. We further show that the members of the complex exhibit a hierarchical relationship in which SpoIIM is responsible for localization to the septal membrane, SpoIIP localizes to the septal membrane by interacting with SpoIIM, and SpoIID, in turn, localizes by interacting with SpoIIP. Finally, we show that localization of SpoIIM depends on a fourth protein SpoIIB, raising the possibility that the complex contains an additional component and creating an overall hierarchy of the form: SpoIIBSpoIIMSpoIIPSpoIID.
How We Lost Our Moral Rights and the Door Closed on Non-Economic Values in Copyright

When Congress passed the Visual Artists Rights Act ("VARA") in 1990, it introduced into our federal law concepts that had been shut out of Anglo-American intellectual property law for over 200 years. VARA gives visual artists the right of attribution, i.e., the right to have their work properly attributed to them, and the right of integrity, i.e., the right to not have their work altered or destroyed without their permission. While others have studied the history of Anglo-American copyright from the advent of the printing press, they make few references to the type of rights granted by VARA. To fill that gap, this article retraces the history of Anglo-American intellectual property law, analyzing how VARA rights fit into it. In particular, while analyzing the key Eighteenth Century English statutes and cases, this article pinpoints the moment in the evolution of Anglo-American law when the English judges effectively lopped off the branch of intellectual property law that soon after bloomed in France into the droit moral or "moral rights." The timing of this legal development (and concurrent political developments) ensured that the intellectual property laws of the new United States would contain the English emphasis on economic protection and ignore the protection for the creative process that developed soon after in France. Understanding the twists and turns of this history may help us be more vigilant to protect moral rights development as our intellectual property law evolves to once again accommodate new technologies.
Virtual World Affordances: Enhancing Brand Value

Virtual worlds are three-dimensional, computer-generated worlds that are a natural extension of the existing Internet. Although many businesses are jumping on the bandwagon to maintain a presence in virtual worlds, there is no well-established knowledge or theory to guide businesses in their involvement in these environments. In this paper, we identify affordances in the virtual worlds that can be used to increase the state of flow experienced in a business virtual site, which in turn may enhance brand equity, or the perceived added value of a brand to customers. We present a conceptual model that can be used to guide future research and industry practice on business implications of the virtual worlds.
Embryogenesis of peripheral nerve pathways in grasshopper legs: II. The major nerve routes

In the preceding paper (H. Keshishian and D. Bentley, 1983a, Dev. Biol. 96, 89–102) the events leading to the morphogenesis of nerve 5B1 in the grasshopper embryonic metathoracic leg were presented. Here the role of later differentiating peripheral neurons in establishing the other major nerves of the leg is examined. In addition to the (tibial 1) (Ti1) pioneer neuron cell pairs that establish nerve 5B1 in the tibia, femur, and coxa-trochanter, six later differentiating cells and/or cell pairs were identified and examined with respect to their role in peripheral nerve ontogeny. Nerve path pioneering was observed in two cell pairs of the distal tarsus (Ta1 and Ta2), by neurons of the posterior proximal tibia (Ti2), the posterior midfemur (neurons F3 and F4), and by an additional cell pair in the anterior coxal-trochanteral region of the limb bud (cell pair, CT2). In addition, efferent projections onto limb bud epithelia played an important role in establishing nerve branches. In two nerves the axonal trajectory from the periphery to the CNS is established by afferent and efferent pathfinding axons meeting halfway and overgrowing each other's established projections. For each nerve branch examined it was found that axons projected initially to the cell bodies of previously arising neurons along the trajectory. The location along the limb bud ectoderm where neurons arise, and hence their ultimate cell body positions, played an important role in organizing the fasciculation of follower axons and establishing branch points.
Mitral stenosis associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (with intact atrial septum). An unsolved question.

Abstract In a patient with severe mitral stenosis, intact atrial septum and venous drainage of the left lung into the left innominate vein, increased values for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and flow in the abnormally draining left lung equaled those found in the normally draining right lung. The possible mechanisms for this discrepancy are discussed. Total surgical correction of these lesions was successful.
Directions from the GET-GO: On the syntax of manner-of-motion verbs in directional constructions

Els resultatives direccionals mostren restriccions sintactiques sorprenents. En llengues romaniques, a grans trets, no apareixen mai amb verbs de manera de moviment. En holandes, els resultatius direccionals amb verbs de manera de moviment normalment requereixen l’ordre posposicional en el SP direccional — pero l’ordre preposicional es gramatical sota circumstancies que fins ara han desafiat qualsevol explicacio unificada i aprofundida. Centrant-nos basicament en l’holandes, en aquest article presentem una analisi de les construccions direccionals resultatives i la representacio sintactica de la manera of moviment que se centra en els postulats principals seguents: ( a ) les construccions direccionals resultatives amb verbs de manera de moviment es poden construir, en principi, amb dues estructures, una amb el verb lleuger GO i l’altra amb el verb lleuger GET; ( b ) mentre que tots dos verbs lleugers prenen un complement d’oracio reduida, GET tambe pot prendre un complement encapcalat per una particula; ( c ) la particula de les construccions amb GET pot legitimar una P direccional nul·la quan tenim una estructura de SPs direccionals construits amb una adposicio no inherentment direccional, cosa que dona ordre preposicional; ( d ) l’absencia d’una particula en les construccions amb GO forca que o be la P direccional nul·la dels SPs direccional construits amb aposicions no inherentment direccionals s’incorpori a GO o be la P locativa del seu complement s’elevi a la preposicio nul·la; ( e ) els verbs de manera de moviment tenen un component MANERA adjuntat a GO/GET; ( f ) la incorporacio de P a GO/GET modificat amb MANERA es inadmissible (a causa d’una prohibicio d’adjuncio multiple a un mateix nucli; ( g ) aixi, doncs, en les estructures GO+MANERA, la P direccional nul·la es pot legitimar nomes si s’hi eleva la P locativa; ( h ) quan la P locativa s’eleva a la P direccional tenim l’ordre de mots posposicional en holandes, mentre que si no s’hi eleva tenim l’ordre preposicional.
Detection of Explosives Using Amplified Fluorescent Polymers

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the use of amplified fluorescent polymers in the detection of explosives. Chemical sensing using fluorescent quenching (FQ) of amplified fluorescent conjugated polymers is a powerful technique that can achieve high sensitivity for vapor-phase analytes. Electron-transfer-induced FQ is the most practical and efficient mechanism of signal transduction for the detection of explosives, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), as they are often highly electron-deficient molecules that readily accept electrons from excited fluorophores. Explosive devices that contain TNT also usually contain a synthetic by-product called 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), which is also highly electron deficient. Several different types of operable devices have been successfully fabricated by ICx Technologies under the name Fido, which allows the use of a small amount of associated optics and electronics. As a result, complete, portable hand-held devices weighing less than 2 lb have been developed and successfully tested for personnel, vehicle, and container screening. The ability of this technology to support small, lightweight, and portable devices has in part led it to be especially successful in the detection of land mines, where the principal explosive component is TNT. These sensor devices respond only to nitroaromatics and similarly small, electron-deficient analytes, which are found typically only in or close to explosives and explosive devices. As a result, this technology has been successfully field tested in many different scenarios, from the screening of vehicles to the detection of land mines and even underwater explosive detection. The effectiveness and applicability of these materials and devices are constantly being improved by research in both industry and academia.
Influence of L1 Orthography on Spelling English Words by Bilingual Children: A Natural Experiment Comparing Syllabic, Phonological, and Morphosyllabic First Languages

This study examined the influence of first language (L1) orthography on bilingual children's spelling performance in their second language (L2), English. The subtests of spelling and letter-word id...
Spatial competition and contestability based on choice histories of consumers

The paper proposes an empirical framework for measuring competitive interactions between pairs of firms in a certain industry characterized by spatially differentiated firms and heterogeneity in consumer tastes. Recognizing that the degree of competition between firms depends on the extent to which a representative consumer switches among firms, the framework is built on the Latent Class Logit model and on consumer choice histories. It emphasizes the spatial dimension of competition, provides a disaggregated measure of demand contestability, and proposes a network-based model of supplier competition using a new Global Pairwise Competition Index.
The Teaching of Anthropology: Problems, Issues, and Decisions

The Teaching of Anthropology: Problems, Issues, and Decisions. Conrad Phillip Kottak, Jane J. White, Richard H. Furlow, and Patricia C. Rice. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing, 1997. 381 pp.
Optical waveguides using PDMS-metal oxide hybrid nanocomposites

Development of passive and active polymer based optical materials for high data rate waveguide routing and interconnects has gained increased attention because of their excellent properties such as low absorption, cost savings, and ease in fabrication. However, optical polymers are typically limited in the range of their refraction indices. Combining polymeric and inorganic optical materials provides advantages for as development of nano-composites with higher refractive indices with the possibility of being used as an active optical component. In this paper a new composite material is proposed based on polymer-metal oxide nano-composites for use as optical wave guiding structures and components. PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) is utilized for the polymer portion while the inorganic material is titanium dioxide. Refraction indices as high as 1.74 have been reported using these composites. For PDMS-TiO2 hybrids, the higher the ratio of titanium dioxide to PDMS, the higher the resulting refractive index. The index of refraction as a function of the PDMS:TiO2 ratio is reported with an emphasis on use as optical waveguide devices. Absorption spectrum of the nano-composites is measured showing low absorption at 850 nm and high absorption in the UV regime for direct UV laser/light curing. Prototype multimode waveguides are fabricated using soft imprint embossing that is compatible with the low viscosity nano-composite material. Cross dimensional shape and profile show the potential for full scale development utilizing the material set.
Photochemistry of benzyl β-naphthyl sulfoxide and characterization of the β-naphthylsulfinyl radical☆

Abstract Photolysis of benzyl β-naphthyl sulfoxide results mainly in α-cleavage. The isomeric sulfenic ester is the major product. Because the triplet energies of both the sulfoxide and sulfenic ester are below that of acetone, in contrast to the previously studied phenyl and tolyl cases, interpretation of sensitization experiments is straightforward. The sulfinyl radical is characterized by transient absorption and a model is proposed to account for its reactivity with nitroxide radicals.