cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of superstar and non-superstar software on hardware sales: the moderating role of hardware lifecycle

In the context of two-sided markets, we propose hardware lifecycle as a key moderator of the impact of superstar and non-superstar software on hardware adoption. A hardware’s earlier adopters are less price sensitive and have a higher preference for exciting and challenging software. In contrast, later adopters are more price sensitive and prefer simplicity in software. Superstar software tend to be more expensive and more complex compared to non-superstars. Therefore, earlier (later) adopters prefer superstars (non-superstars), which leads to higher impact of superstars (non-superstars) on hardware adoption in the early (later) stages of the hardware lifecycle. Using monthly data over a 12-year timeframe (1995–2007) from the home video game industry, we find that both superstar and non-superstar software impact hardware demand, but they matter at different points in the hardware lifecycle. Superstars are most influential when hardware is new, and this influence declines as hardware ages. In contrast, non-superstar software has a positive impact on hardware demand later in the hardware lifecycle, and this impact increases with hardware age. Findings reveal that eventually the amount of available non-superstar software impacts hardware adoption more than the amount of available superstar software. We provide several managerial implications based on these findings.
Two more takes on the critical: Intersectional and interdisciplinary scholarship grounded in family histories and the Asia-Pacific

This article engages various works of Allan Luke that innovatively use his personal and family narratives within his intersectional, interdisciplinary, and transnational engagements of education an...
A New Paradigm for Fault-Tolerant Computing with Interconnect Crosstalks

The CMOS integrated chips at advanced technology nodes are becoming more vulnerable to various sources of faults like manufacturing imprecisions, variations, aging, etc. Additionally, the intentional fault attacks (e.g., high power microwave, cybersecurity threats, etc.) and environmental effects (i.e., radiation) also pose reliability threats to integrated circuits. Though the traditional hardware redundancy-based techniques like Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR), Quadded Logic (QL) etc. mitigate the risk to some extent, they add huge hardware overhead and are not very effective. Truly polymorphic circuits that are inherently capable of achieving multiple functionalities in a limited footprint could enhance the fault-resilience/recovery of the circuits with limited overhead. We demonstrate a novel crosstalk logic based polymorphic circuit approach to achieve compact and efficient fault resilient circuits. We show a range of polymorphic primitive gates and their usage in an example functional unit. The functional unit is a single arithmetic circuit that is capable of delivering Multiplication/Sorting/Addition output depending on the control inputs. Using such polymorphic computing units in an ALU would imply that a correct path for functional output is possible even when 2/3rd of the ALU is damaged. Moreover, our benchmarking results show that the crosstalk polymorphic logic style achieves 28% and 62% reduction in transistor count compared to existing polymorphic techniques and CMOS based implementation, respectively. In conjunction with fault detection algorithms, the proposed polymorphic circuit concept can be transformative for fault tolerant circuit design directions with minimum overhead.
Identification of Elder Abuse

Abstract Elder abuse is a global public health problem, not limited to one single population or community. The ability of both professionals and the public to identify risk and vulnerability can increase safety of older persons. Although aging itself may increase vulnerability, not all elders are able to recognize what characteristics or circumstances may put them in jeopardy of abuse. Mistreatment can occur in the elder's home, or in an institution such as a board and care, or a skilled nursing facility. Being able to identify accidental injury from abuse or neglect can assist medical professionals and law enforcement if an investigation should take place. Proper documentation can assist in investigation, and cultural competency with diverse populations helps to insure that documentation is accurate. Being aware of sources of assistance at multiple levels, from local to federal, can assist in timely intervention of abuse.
A Volume Expansion Protocol: Using Incentive Spirometry as an Inspiratory Capacity Screening Tool Only

Background: Intermountain Medical Center is a 504-bed hospital and one of 23 acute care hospitals of the Intermountain Healthcare Corporation. Over the last few years, we have created and implemented an adult RT Evaluate and Treat (RET) program that includes over 20 evidence-based protocols. Physicians order RET, and RTs perform comprehensive and focused evaluations and begin the interventions for which the patient meets specifically defined criteria. A Lung Volume Expansion (LVE) Protocol is included. The LVE protocol utilizes an incentive spirometer (IS) as an inspiratory capacity (IC) screening tool. If a patient achieves less than one-third of their predicted IC, then other LVE strategies using positive airway pressure devices/maneuvers are employed (ie, EzPAP). The patient9s ability and key goals of therapy are considered. Methods: During 2016 and 2017, 56,645 patients were evaluated for the LVE Protocol. Results: Outcomes of the evaluations are reported in Table One. It should be noted the small number that truly met the criteria for continued volume expansion maneuvers. In the past, almost all patients received an IS with an ordered frequency. Under the protocol, they are put to self-use and RTs are only called if the IC falls below one-third of predicted. Conclusions: With the accumulating evidence, initiatives to decrease wasteful spending of healthcare funds while assuring Respiratory Care (RC) resources are placed where most needed, our corporation sought to create protocolized care with the main goal of providing medically necessary interventions. Surgeons were our most resistant group to influence; however, reporting a review of the literature1, the reported outcomes and providing timely feedback regarding patient responses to interventions has improved 9buy in9 from this subset of physicians. It is our conclusion that RC is in a unique position to provide high quality patient evaluations and apply evidence-based, medically necessary interventions to do the right thing in the right place at the right time. It is our impression that quality of patient care and our profession will be elevated. 1. Eltorai A, Szabo AL, Antoci V, Ventetuolo CE, Elias JA, Daniels AH, Hess DR. Clinical effectiveness of incentive spirometry for the prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications. Respir Care 2017;60(5):1-6.
Protozoa and Virus Disinfection by Silver- and Copper-Embedded Ceramic Tablets for Water Purification

AbstractPoint-of-use water treatment (PoUWT) technologies have been shown to reduce incidences of waterborne diseases. However, their effectiveness is limited against the most harmful pathogens, su...
Burden of Pancreatic Cancer-From Epidemiology to Practice.

Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with 432,242 related deaths in 2018. Unlike other cancers, the incidence of pancreatic cancer continues to increase, with little improvement in survival rates. We review the epidemiologic features of pancreatic cancer, covering surveillance and early detection in high-risk persons. We summarize data on worldwide incidence and mortality and analyze the 1975-2016 data from 9 registries of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results study, on the overall burden of pancreatic cancer as well as age-, sex-, and race-specific incidence, survival rates and trends. It is important to increase our knowledge of the worldwide and regional epidemiologic features of and risk factors for pancreatic cancer, to identify new approaches for prevention, surveillance, and treatment.
Gentrification, Machizukuri, and Ontological Insecurity: Bottom-Up Redevelopment and the Cries of Residents in Kamagasaki, Osaka

Redevelopment plans and neighborhood change unfolding in Kamagasaki, Osaka’s declining day labor ghetto, present stark examples of gentrification in contemporary urban Japan. Mayor Tōru Hashimoto (2011–2015) initiated the Nishinari Special Ward Initiative in order to transform Japan’s largest concentration of poverty, homelessness, and welfare recipients, into a destination for families and tourism. Specific decisions about how the neighborhood would change were to be made by the local community through a transparent and inclusive process of community building (machizukuri). A critical juncture in this process involved a series of open meetings with 35 community leaders representing diverse and, in some cases, opposing views, who debated redevelopment decisions. Despite these efforts to be inclusive, the meetings were dominated by representatives of neighborhood associations, nonprofit organizations, labor unions, governmental bodies, and research experts. Ethnographic research in Kamagasaki shows that distancing from this process does not mean residents were indifferent toward changes, but held complex views that varied according to housing stability.
Analysis of genome-wide methylation using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) technology

Abstract Genome-wide investigation of DNA methylation is of great interest to fields of biological sciences and medicine. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) is a bisulfite-based method that combines a restriction enzyme (e.g. MspI) cut to enrich for CG-dense regions in the genome followed by next-generation sequencing for profiling global DNA methylation at single-base resolution. Compared to whole genome bisulfite sequencing, RRBS reduces more than 95% of sequencing requirement for capturing CpGs of ~ 80% CpG islands, more than 50% promoters, as well as relative smaller percentage of other genomic regulatory regions, such as enhancers, in human genome. It has been extensively applied to researches in mammalian development/differentiation, aging, environmental biology, and human disease, such as cancer. RRBS, among a variety of global DNA methylation mapping approaches, represents a sensitive, cost-effective, high throughput method suitable for the assessment of genome-wide methylation profiles of a large sample size, including clinical samples.
The Case for Non-Binary, Contingent, Shareholder Action

Shareholder action is exercised mainly through a binary system: for example, the shareholders vote either to approve a proposal or to reject it. They either follow the recommendation of management and vote with management or vote against it. In case of contention between incumbents and insurgents, shareholders need to determine whom to trust. Disclosures and proxy advisory firms’ recommendations add to the information the shareholders might consider before casting their binary vote. However, retail investors as well as small investors are generally underequipped and restricted economically from reaching an informed and educated shareholder decision, and thus vote infrequently. Abuse of insider information further disadvantages retail investors. Yet, corporate decisions are based on the choice of the majority of the shareholder vote and retail investors are assumed to rely on disclosed information when making investment decisions. The new generation of Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs), currently representing about half of the U.S. going-public transactions, is one example that illustrates the weakness of the binary system and the consequent vulnerability of small and unsophisticated shareholders. Remarkably, investors in SPACs can vote yes on management proposed acquisition transactions and, nonetheless, simultaneously choose to redeem their shares. Unsophisticated retail investors may not realize that they, as well, will be better off if they redeem their shares even though the transaction received the approval of the majority of the shareholder vote. This Article puts forward a proposal to amend the law and allow shareholders to act in a way that is contingent upon a simultaneous non-contingent action by other shareholders. For example, a shareholder of a SPAC should be able to choose to redeem her shares iff at least a specified percentage of redemption rights are exercised unconditionally. Similarly, a shareholder who has preemptive rights should have the right to exercise her rights with a limit that caps her participation and maintains her percentage holdings in the company. Generally, shareholders should have the option to act contingently when they are exercising a shareholder right, such as preemptive rights, appraisal rights, and when they are given a choice to participate in transactions such as tender offers and stock-buybacks. Unlike mandatory disclosure rules imposed on insiders, the proposed non-binary, contingent, shareholder action treats all shareholders equally and increases the power of the shareholder's action without incurring high costs of collaboration and communication among the shareholders..
Training Neural Network for Machine Intelligence in Automatic Test Pattern Generator

Recent research shows that an artificial neural network (ANN) can combine multiple heuristics to guide an automatic test pattern generator (ATPG) with fewer backtracks than required by guidance from any single heuristic. Thus motivated, we develop a new training method to include multiple heuristics. Our ANN has a single output neuron and a single layer of hidden neurons, which is sufficient to accommodate the training data volume. Conventional PODEM ATPG applied to hard-to-detect and easily detectable faults in selected benchmark circuits provide training data for nodes marked as “success” if the backtrace leads to a test or “failure” if it results in backtrack. ATPG data of a fault is used for training only if backtracks in the ANN -guided ATPG decrease. Circuit parameters added to training include input-output distances and testability values from COP (controllability and observability program) for signal nodes. Compared to the ANN guidance in previous studies, the proposed training method is found to require fewer total backtracks for all faults in any circuit from ISCAS'85 and ITC'99 benchmarks.
Symmetry Parameters of Various Hypercube Families.

In this paper we study the symmetry parameters determining number, distinguishing number, and cost of 2-distinguishing, for some variations on hypercubes, namely Hamming graphs, powers of hypercubes, folded hypercubes, enhanced hypercubes, augmented hypercubes and locally twisted hypercubes.
Radiationless Processes in Semiconductors

Radiationless processes in semiconductors are considered in a theoretical framework, with some attention to experimental aspects. The processes generally divide between Auger transitions followed by radiationless relaxation among continuum states and either sequential or simultaneous multiphonon transitions. Radiationless processes which are particularly important for semiconductors include: Auger transitions involving three quasielectronic particles as occur in electron-hole recombination, transitions involving effective mass states of point charge and associated defects, hot carrier generation and thermalization, decay of electron-hole droplets, and radiationless recombination via interface states. The roles of radiationless processes in semiconductor devices are discussed, including: light emitting diodes, thin film electroluminescent cells, solar energy photo-voltaic converters, and semiconducting electrodes in photoelectrolytic cells.
A23187: a divalent cation ionophore.

A23187 is a carboxylic acid antibiotic which simultaneously uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and inhibits ATPase of rat liver mitochondria incubated in a magnesium-free medium. The antibiotic acts as a freely mobile carrier to transport calcium and magnesium, but not potassium, from an aqueous medium buffered at pH 7.4 into a bulk organic phase. A23187 causes a progressive release of endogenous magnesium and inorganic phosphate from mitochondria incubated with substrate, but little change in calcium or potassium content. If EDTA is added, A23187 severely depletes intramitochondrial calcium and magnesium in Release of State 4 succinate oxidation by A23187 is inhibited by lanthanum chloride, ruthenium red, ((ethylene bis)oxyethylene nitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EGTA), EDTA, MgCl2, and ATP. Inhibition by EGTA (or EDTA) of A23187′s uncoupling is reversed readily by calcium but not magnesium. In the presence of A23187 plus EGTA, mitochondria retain only 2 to 3 nmoles of Mg2+ per mg of protein but remain coupled and phosphorylate ADP at 80 to 85% of control rates with β-hydroxybutyrate or succinate as substrate. Under these conditions, coupled phosphorylation supported by glutamate, and ATP hydrolysis are severely depressed, but increasing concentrations of magnesium in the incubating medium prevent these inhibitions. It is proposed that a cyclic, energy-dissipating flux of mitochondrial calcium accounts for uncoupling by A23187, whereas inhibition of ATPase and glutamate oxidation and increased potassium permeability of mitochondria result from antibiotic-mediated magnesium efflux.
The economic consequences of SFAS No. 158

This study examines the economic consequences of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158, Employers' Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans. SFAS No. 158 requires the funded status of postretirement benefit plans be reported on the face of the balance sheet. The study adds to the debate regarding the equivalence of recognition versus disclosure and to the ongoing discussion of postretirement benefit reporting. The study finds that managers responded to the requirement to recognize previously disclosed net pension and postretirement benefit obligations by first lobbying against the standard’s implementation and then by attempting to mitigate its negative impact by increasing the discount rate in subsequent periods. Firms with larger SFAS No. 158 balance sheet adjustments and more volatile pension assets and obligations were more likely to lobby and increase discount rates. The study further documents a negative stock price reaction around the release of the SFAS No. 158 exposure draft. The study finds that the market reaction is positively related to the SFAS No. 158 adjustment and it is driven by the OPEB adjustment rather than the pension adjustment. The findings presented in the study have important implications for the recognition versus disclosure debate, because they document a significant market reaction to the relocation of already disclosed information from the financial statements footnotes to the balance sheet.
Carotid intima-media thickness measurement promises to improve cardiovascular risk evaluation in head and neck cancer patients.

Background Radiation-treated head and neck cancer (HNC) patients are at high risk for developing radiation vasculopathy, as evidenced by an increased stroke risk. The benefits of screening and assessing the cardiovascular (CV) risk of HNC patients using carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) ultrasound are not known. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of high CV risk in patients without known CV diseases who received radiation for HNC, determine the percentage of screened patients who had a change in clinical management as a result of an increased CIMT, and to compare this risk-assessment tool to patients' risk classification using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Pooled Cohort Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Risk Equation (recommended by American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk). Hypothesis Risk calculators may not accurately predict risk in this population with a unique risk factor. Carotid IMT may be used to detect radiation vasculopathy in HNC patients. Methods Retrospective medical chart review was conducted on 134 radiation-treated HNC patients. The main outcome measures were CV risk (as determined by CIMT) and clinical management. Also, the FRS and the Pooled Cohort ASCVD Risk Equation were used to compare classification with CIMT. Results Approximately 74% of the cases were at high CV risk using CIMT technique. Approximately half of the HNC patients screened had a change in clinical management characterized by recorded initiation of aspirin and recorded initiation or increase of statin therapies. The FRS and the Pooled Cohort ASCVD Risk Equation failed to detect 40% to 50% of cases found to be at high risk using the CIMT technique. Conclusions Carotid IMT identified a much greater percentage of radiation-treated HNC patients at high CV risk compared with standard CV-risk calculators. By more accurately identifying the patients at high risk, this may lead to more effective prevention, and therefore a reduction in CV events.
Eventualities And Narrative Progression

Davidson pense que l'utilisation du verbe n'est pas la representation d'un evenement particulier mais que le verbe enleve un type d'evenement que la forme logique presente. L'A. veut etendre cette conception de la forme logique en lui ajoutant la notion de temps. Il decrit les elements d'une phrase qui revelent les indicateurs de temps et donne la base d'un algorithme pour attribuer une forme logique a des phrases simples avec cet outil temporel. L'A. s'interesse ensuite aux phrases narratives et a la progression narrative, pour montrer comment les formes logiques les constituent.
Tax Planning Opportunities for Individual Net Operating Losses

The add-backs, adjustments, and other computations involved for individuals who incur a NOL, as well as the factors to consider in deciding if the carryback should be waived, can appear daunting.NOLs relate only to business income and deduction items, so an individual taxpayer must separate out the nonbusiness items on the Form 1040 in computing the NOL. The modifications that apply in this process can be complex to derive and apply, even for the experienced tax professional. This article has provided explanations of the rules and illustrations of how they work, including a thorough case study to demonstrate the use of an NOL.
Adenylate kinase from Thiobacillus Neapolitanus: Unique properties, possibly designed to serve a unique metabolic function

Abstract Adenylate kinase (ATP:AMP phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.3) from Thiobacillus neapolitanus was purified to near homogeneity as evidenced by the observance of only 2 protein bands in the final preparation after disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3. This purified preparation was investigated to determine if the enzyme's unique role in this organism might be reflected in unusual properties or sensitivities. Mol. wt 23 500; pI, pH 4.2; Km(ADP), 5.5 · 10−4M; Km(ATP), 1.1 · 10−4 M; Km(AMP), 1.3 · 10−4 M; optimal pH (forward), pH 10.0; optimal pH (reverse), pH 8.0; optimal Mg2+] (forward) = 1 2 [ADP], and reverse = 1 2 [ATP]; were determined. When compared with the properties of highly purified enzymes from other sources the forward optimal pH, optimal Mg2+:ATP ratio and a protective association of the enzyme with endogenous cythochrome c were found to be unusual. The highly alkaline pH optimum for the conversion of ADP → ATP parallels that of 9.5 for cytochrome c-compled APS reductase, another key enzume of the sulfur oxidation pathway. It is suggested that the inhibition of the reverse reaction by a high Mg2+; ATP ratio may insure the continued operation of the forward reaction and the sulfur oxidation pathway when the free ATP concentration is low and the Mg2+ concentration high. The enzyme appears to respond sharply to changes in pH, Mg2+ concentration and the presence of endogenous cytochrome c. Futute investigation of other adenylate kinases which operate far from equilibrium may reveal comparable sensitivities.
Engineering herbicide-resistant maize using chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides

Maize plants resistant to imidazolinone herbicides were engineered through targeted modification of endogenous genes using chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides. A precise single-point mutation was introduced into genes encoding acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), at a position known to confer imidazolinone resistance. Phenotypically normal plants from the converted events (C0) were regenerated from resistant calli and grown to maturity. Herbicide leaf painting confirmed the resistance phenotype in C0 plants and demonstrated the anticipated segregation pattern in C1 progeny. DNA cloning and sequencing of the targeted region in resistant calli and derived C0 and C1 plants confirmed the expected mutation. These results demonstrate that oligonucleotide-mediated gene manipulation can be applied to crop improvement. This approach does not involve genomic integration of transgenes. Since the new trait is obtained through modifying a gene within its normal chromosomal context, position effects, transgene silencing, or other concerns that arise as part of developing transgenic events are avoided.
Combining Description Logics with Stratified Logic Programs in Knowledge Representation

Hybrid knowledge representations that combine description logics with logic programs are considered. Previous works combine description logics with Horn logic programs. In this paper, the expressive power of such hybrid systems is extended by allowing the combination of function-free, non-recursive stratified logic programs with description logics. Tw o model-theoretic definitions for the semantics of the hybrid knowledge representation are presented. It is shown that the inference problem based on the second semantics is decidable. When the logic program is Horn, the two semantics defined in this paper coincide with the semantics in [4] with regard to the inference problem.
Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of enoximone and dobutamine infusions in patients with moderate to severe chronic heart failure.

Few data exist on the safety of transferring patients to standard oral therapy for chronic heart failure (CHF) after acute management with inotropic agents. This study compares hemodynamic responses and cardiac dysrhythmic effects of continuous infusion of enoximone, dobutamine, or placebo in patients with moderate to severe CHF. The authors enrolled 136 patients who were randomly assigned to either open-label dobutamine or double-blind enoximone vs placebo. After 24 hours of treatment, the study was unblinded. Patients receiving placebo completed the study. Patients receiving enoximone or dobutamine received the infusion for an additional 24 hours and were then switched to standard oral therapy for 72 hours. Compared with placebo, both enoximone and dobutamine increased cardiac index and decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). Compared with dobutamine, enoximone significantly increased cardiac index after the first 24 hours of infusion and significantly decreased PCWP throughout the infusion period. There was no difference in the incidence of arrhythmias between enoximone and dobutamine. More patients (65%) tolerated the switch to oral therapy in the enoximone group compared with dobutamine (49%; P =.12). Enoximone is effective in improving the hemodynamics in patients with moderate to severe CHF and is tolerated at least as well as dobutamine. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:265–270. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981-2010.

Background The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of hearing loss for noise-exposed U.S. workers by industry sector and 5-year time period, covering 30 years.
Determining Organ Doses from CT with Direct Measurements in Postmortem Subjects: Part 1--Methodology and Validation.

This study developed a methodology that resulted in the ability to directly measure organ doses from clinical CT examinations.
Estimating plastic zone sizes

Dans la mesure ou le modele de Dugdale est un modele approximatif pour l'analyse pseudo elastoplastique, l'auteur propose une methode simple pour estimer les dimensions de la zone plastique se trouvant en avant de l'extremite d'une fissure. Da das Dugdale Modell ein annaherndes Modell for pseudo elastisch plastische Analyse ist, kann man das folgende Verfahren zur Bewertung der Abmessungen der plastischen Zonen an der Spitze eines Risses ziemlich rechtfertigen.
Gender, managerial level, transformational leadership and work satisfaction

This paper explores how gender and organizational level interact to influence ratings of leadership and work satisfaction, and argues that transformational leadership permits women to simultaneously carry out leadership and gender roles. Findings of a study of the management team of a large US social services agency confirmed predicted similarities in male and female managers’ transformational leadership and work satisfaction. Top managers of both sexes saw themselves as more transformational leaders, while their raters perceived them as less transformational than average for the sample. Those who were younger and at lower managerial levels were more likely to underrate themselves as leaders, while their raters viewed them as higher than average in transformational leadership. The results are discussed in terms of how organizational status, experiences and feedback processes influence individuals’ leadership perceptions and the potential obstacles to women’s accurate assessment of their leadership abilities.
CO2 fixation studies with the culture form of Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract 1. 1. Succinate production of the culture form of Trypanosoma cruzi is completely dependent on CO2 under anaerobic conditions; under aerobic conditions CO2 greatly enhances succinate production. 2. 2. Anaerobically, variously labeled species of glucose-C14 are metabolized in a way consistent with the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic scheme followed by CO2 fixation on pyruvate, resulting in the formation of succinic acid. 3. 3. Aerobically, succinate is formed by two pathways. First, experiments with variously labeled species of glucose-C14 indicate that a large part of the glucose is metabolized according to the Embden-Meyerhof scheme followed by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Second, succinate is also formed by CO2 fixation. 4. 4. Succinate formed either by tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions or by CO2 fixation is partly excreted into the medium. Part of the succinate formed, as well as the precursor dicarboxylic acids of the second pathway mentioned above, appear to be further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle, since malonate increases the yield of succinate while causing no significant change in CO2 production. It is therefore considered that the intermediates of both pathways are mixed in the cell.
Regulation of MHC class II expression in the central nervous system.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules play a critical role in induction of immune responses through presentation of processed antigens to CD4 + helper T cells. Although their expression is normally restricted to professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as B cells, dendritic cells, thymic epithelium, and macrophages, expression can be induced in cells of the central nervous system (CNS) such as microglia and astrocytes. This ectopic expression results in inappropriate APC function for these cells and subsequent T-cell activation. In this review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms for regulation of MHC class II expression in microglia and astrocytes, and how this expression relates to autoimmune responses in the CNS.
Human rights and money laundering: The prospect of international seizure of defense attorney fees

At bottom, the power of the state to intervene and effectively control the relationship of a private attorney with that lawyer's client before trial and conviction is simply too onerous to be justified on the basis of crime control alone. The most persuasive arguments inMonsanto andCaplin & Drysdale are those of the dissent, which relied on the centrality to the sixth amendment of the relationship of trust that is fostered in the private attorney-client relationship. The failure to honor the right to counsel of choice results, as the dissent noted, in the possibility of the socialization of criminal defense services and diminution of counsel's independence.
Goblet cells deliver luminal antigen to CD103+ dendritic cells in the small intestine

The intestinal immune system is exposed to a mixture of foreign antigens from diet, commensal flora and potential pathogens. Understanding how pathogen-specific immunity is elicited while avoiding inappropriate responses to the background of innocuous antigens is essential for understanding and treating intestinal infections and inflammatory diseases. The ingestion of protein antigen can induce oral tolerance, which is mediated in part by a subset of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) that promote the development of regulatory T cells. The lamina propria (LP) underlies the expansive single-cell absorptive villous epithelium and contains a large population of DCs (CD11c(+) CD11b(+) MHCII(+) cells) comprised of two predominant subsets: CD103(+) CX(3)CR1(-) DCs, which promote IgA production, imprint gut homing on lymphocytes and induce the development of regulatory T cells, and CD103(-) CX(3)CR1(+) DCs (with features of macrophages), which promote tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production, colitis, and the development of T(H)17 T cells. However, the mechanisms by which different intestinal LP-DC subsets capture luminal antigens in vivo remains largely unexplored. Using a minimally disruptive in vivo imaging approach we show that in the steady state, small intestine goblet cells (GCs) function as passages delivering low molecular weight soluble antigens from the intestinal lumen to underlying CD103(+) LP-DCs. The preferential delivery of antigens to DCs with tolerogenic properties implies a key role for this GC function in intestinal immune homeostasis.
The Term “Favorable Balance of Trade”

I. Use of the term by American economists, 621.— II. Origin of "favorable" and "unfavorable" as applied to "balance of trade," 622. — III. Meaning of "balance of trade" in Mercantilist writings, 624. — IV. New terminology of Harris and Steuart, 626.— V. The views of Adam Smith, 628.— VI. The Bullion Controversy, 630.— VII. English usage since the Bullion Controversy, 635.— VIII. Use of the term in America to 1870, 639.— IX. Changes in American usage since 1870; Conclusions, 641.
Stability of multilayer extrusion of viscoelastic liquids

A linear stability analysis of multilayer plane Poiseuille flow of Oldroyd-B liquids with shear rate dependent viscosities is performed for an arbitrary number of layers. Asymptotic solutions at long wavelengths and numerical solutions at wavelengths of O(1) are obtained for two-dimensional infinitesimal disturbances. The asymptotic solutions are identical for viscoelastic and Newtonian liquids in two- and threelayer flows, except for nearly geometrically symmetric configurations in three-layer flows. Multilayer flows of viscoelastic liquids can be stable at all wavelengths; thus, operating diagrams of stable flows can be constructed. Symmetric and nearly symmetric configurations in threelayer flows are unstable when the core layer is more viscous than the outer layers. For highly elastic liquids, stability is not influenced by elasticity, whereas shear thinning always destabilizes the flow. The analysis provides guidelines to avoid interfacial instabilities, which originate inside dies of multilayer extrusion.
FAMILY ENVIRONMENT OF ADOLESCENTS AND COPING IN THE HOSPITAL

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between social environment and the activity of the HPA axis in adolescents. Ten elective admissions to Children's Hospital at Stanford were assessed by standard psychiatric interview. Five fulfilled criteria for a DSM-III diagnosis, five others did not. The groups were comparable in age, height, weight, SES, and number of previous hospitalizations. All subjects and their families completed the Family Environment Scale. All subjects had plasma cortisol concentrations determined on days 1, 3, and 5 of hospitalization and at the time of discharge. Samples were drawn under standardized conditions, after a brief interview during which potentially stressful events of the day were discussed. Results revealed that the five individuals with poor coping skills, as defined by the presence of a DSM-III diagnosis, had significantly higher peak concentrations of plasma cortisol, than the five psychiatrically normal subjects. Peak cortisol elevations occurred upon discharge from the hospital. Family environment in the two groups differed significantly on the dimensions of cohesion, conflict, control, and incongruence of perception of the environment among family members themselves. The findings support the hypothesis that social environmental characteristics are associated with psychiatric and physiological measures of coping.
Dysuria at onset of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in women.

Abstract Objectives In an ongoing national study of women to identify risk factors for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS), dysuria was identified at the onset of IC/PBS in a small majority and the evidence for urinary tract infection was evaluated. Methods In women with IC/PBS of 12 months' duration or less, symptoms and pertinent laboratory tests at onset were assessed by telephone interview and medical record review. Results Of 138 women, 75 (54%) reported that they had started to experience burning or pain on urination at the onset of IC/PBS. Of those with urine cultures, 12 (34%) of 35 women with dysuria versus 1 (5%) of 21 without dysuria yielded a uropathogen ( P = 0.01). Similarly, the microscopic white blood cell count and dipstick nitrites and leukocyte esterase were each significantly more common in the urine samples of those with dysuria than in those without. Additionally, 7 of 75 of those with dysuria versus 1 of 62 without dysuria reported chills or fever at the onset of IC/PBS. Using various definitions, the prevalence of urinary tract infection at the onset of IC/PBS, at a minimum, was 16% to 33% of those with dysuria versus less than 2% of those without dysuria ( P ≤0.003). Conclusions A slight majority of women with IC/PBS reported dysuria at onset of their IC/PBS symptoms. The available laboratory data have suggested that dysuria may be a sensitive indicator of urinary tract infection at the onset of IC/PBS; however, its specificity is as yet undetermined.
Partial Replacement of CO2 in Strain L and HeLa Cultures.

SummaryDeficiency of CO2 stopped the growth of strain L mouse fibroblasts in monolayer cultures. Cells in such cultures would recover after lengthy deficiencies upon replacement of CO2. Ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, or extracts of normal cells would substitute partially for CO2. A comparable level of substitution would occur with a purine and pyrimidine combination as simple as hypoxanthine and orotic acid. Combining other compounds involved in CO2 metabolism with the ribosides did not result in more complete substitution.
Online Simultaneous State Estimation and Parameter Adaptation for Building Predictive Control

Model-based control of building energy offers an attractive way to minimize energy consumption in buildings. Model-based controllers require mathematical models that can accurately predict the behavior of the system. For buildings, specifically, these models are difficult to obtain due to highly time varying, and nonlinear nature of building dynamics. Also, model-based controllers often need information of all states, while not all the states of a building model are measurable. In addition, it is challenging to accurately estimate building model parameters (e.g. convective heat transfer coefficient of varying outside air). In this paper, we propose a modeling framework for “on-line estimation ” of states and unknown parameters of buildings, leading to the Parameter-Adaptive Building (PAB) model. Extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) techniques are used to design the PAB model which simultaneously tunes the parameters of the model and provides an estimate for all states of the model. The proposed PAB model is tested against experimental data collected from Lakeshore Center building at Michigan Tech University. Our results indicate that the new framework can accurately predict states and parameters of the building thermal model.
CR singularities of real threefolds in ℂ4

CR singularities of real threefolds in C4 are classified by using holomorphic coordinate changes to transform the quadratic part of the real defining equations into one of a list of normal forms. In the non-degenerate case, it is shown that a real analytic manifold near a CR singular point is formally equivalent to a real algebraic model. Some degenerate cases also have this property.
Prolegomena to the Comparative History of Revolution in Early Modern Europe

There are at least two reasons which might be cited for undertaking the historical and comparative investigation of revolution. The first is the desire to make a revolution, the second is the desire to prevent it. Perhaps nearly everybody is susceptible to the one reason or the other, but there is yet a third reason that gives the study of revolution an outstanding interest and significance, even though its appeal is doubtless much more limited than the first two. This is that the understanding of revolution is an indispensable condition for the fuller knowledge and understanding of society. Depending on how we define it, revolution may be common or uncommon, frequent or rare. But in the case of societies, nations, and communities that have experienced revolution, we cannot claim to understand them adequately without understanding their revolutions. In a deep and therefore a non-tautological sense, it is true that every people gets the revolution it deserves and equally true that it gets only the revolutions of which it is capable.
Interaction between GABAergic neurotransmission and rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion in vitro

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been considered a major coordinator of the overall physical and behavioral response to stress. Moreover, prolonged hypersecretion of CRH has been implicated in the pathogenesis of disorders characterized by anxiety and/or depression. Drugs acting through the gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine (GABA/BZD) receptor system have anxiolytic and/or antidepressant properties whereas benzodiazepine inverse agonists cause anxiety and stimulate the pituitary-adrenal axis in vivo. To examine the involvement of the GABA/BZD system in the regulation of hypothalamic CRH secretion, we studied the effects of various agonists and antagonists of GABAA and GABAB receptors using a sensitive rat hypothalamic organ culture with radioimmunoassayable CRH (IR-rCRH) as endpoint. The GABAA and GABAB receptor agonist GABA inhibited serotonin (5-HT)-induced IR-rCRH secretion from 10(-9) to 10(-6) M, but failed to do so at 10(-5) M. The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol was a weak inhibitor of 5-HT-induced IR-rCRH secretion, being effective only at the concentration of 10(-6) M. In contrast, the specific GABAB receptor agonist baclofen was able to inhibit 5-HT-induced IR-rCRH secretion from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M. The rank of potency was thus, GABA much greater than baclofen greater than muscimol. Bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, partially reversed the inhibitory effects of GABA. Diazepam, a classic benzodiazepine which interacts with the benzodiazepine-site of the GABAA receptor complex, inhibited 5-HT-induced IR-rCRH secretion from 3.3 X 10(-9) to 10(-5) M, an effect that could be reversed by the BZD inactive ligand Ro15-1788.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inactivation of prolactin by human blood serum and plasmin (fibrinolysin).

SummaryOvine prolactin (7.5 I.U.) was incubated for 2 hours at 37†C with human blood serum and human fibrinolysin. Moderate decreases of prolactin activity occurred after incubation in 10% serum, and somewhat greater losses occurred when incubated in 45% serum. Fibrinolysin caused almost complete inactivation of prolactin. The relationship of the serum inactivator system to the fibrinolysin system remains to be established.
Dispersion of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility χ ( 3 ) in n -InSb in a Magnetic Field

A simple semiclassical model for the nonparabolic conduction band of InSb is used to calculate the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}(\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{3}, {\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}, {\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}, \ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2})$ in the presence of a dc magnetic field. In particular, we find resonant contributions when the difference frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$ is near the cyclotron frequency or twice the cyclotron frequency. The results of this model are compared to earlier experimental results.
The critical elements of the patch management process

Introduction"After the flames from the slammer's attack were doused and the technology industry caught up on its lost sleep, we started asking questions. Why did this happen? Could we have prevented it? What can we do to keep such a thing from happening again?"These are some of the questions that the security industry asks after every major security incident. Today most security incidents are caused by flaws in software, called vulnerabilities. It is estimated that there are as many as 20 flaws per thousand lines of software code. Computer Emergency Response Team/Coordination Center (CERT/CC) statistics reveal that the number of vulnerabilities reported has increased dramatically over the years, from only 171 in 1995 to 8064 in 2006. Along with vulnerabilities, the sophistication of attack tools has also advanced over time. Using the interconnected nature of the Internet and automated attack tools, attackers exploit software vulnerabilities at an alarming rate to cause serious damage to organizations.Although the ultimate solution to fix software vulnerabilities is application of patches, until a few years ago the term "patch management" was not in the general vocabulary of even the most advanced information technology staff. Today, "patch management" is not only in the common vernacular of most IT staff, but it is also one of the most essential responsibilities of IT departments. Security threats stemming from the exploitation of vulnerabilities pose serious risks to corporations, including unauthorized access to systems, corruption or modification of data, and unavailability of system resources to authorized users. Systematically applying patches to vulnerable systems through effective patch management can effectively reduce the number of security lapses. It is estimated that 95% of security breaches could be prevented by keeping systems up-to-date with necessary patches. Though recognized as important for security, many organizations do not have a clear understanding of the elements of patch management and how these elements impact the success of the patch management process.