cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical conversion of sugarcane bagasse into bioproducts

Abstract The ground sugarcane bagasse conversions were examined through chemical treatment methods employing soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA), and ethyl-hydro-oxides (EHOs). To characterize a chemical treatment method, both generated solvent based extract and pulp were examined. The generated pulps were evaluated through chemical composition and enzymatic saccharification. The enzyme mixtures were investigated including Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 originated cellulase, T. reesei Rut C-30 originated cellulase with external added β-glucosidase, Accellerase® 1500, and Cellic® CTec2. The physiochemical effects of chemical treatments on the structural-chemical properties of treated-bagasse were also analyzed at high substrate enzymatic saccharification. The substrate loadings (using both SAA-treated and EHOs-treated bagasse) of 125, 150, 175, 200, and 225 g L−1 were examined during enzymatic saccharification process. The generated phenolic compounds were characterized based on density, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity. All findings are discussed in relation to developing a self-sustainable integrated biorefinery.
Explaining technology integration in K-12 classrooms: a multilevel path analysis model

The purpose of this research was to design and test a model of classroom technology integration in the context of K-12 schools. The proposed multilevel path analysis model includes teacher, contextual, and school related variables on a teacher’s use of technology and confidence and comfort using technology as mediators of classroom technology integration. Data were collected from 1235 K-12 teachers, who were located in 336 schools in 41 districts across the state of Florida. The results suggest that a teacher’s experience with technology significantly influenced his or her classroom technology integration. Access to technology in classrooms and the availability of quality technology support were related to classroom technology integration. In addition, how frequently a teacher uses technology and his or her confidence and comfort using technology were mediators for classroom technology integration. These results provide preliminary evidence that the proposed model is both useful and relevant in explaining classroom technology integration in K-12 schools.
Structural and spectroscopic characterization of five coordinate iron and cobalt bis(dithiolene)-trimethylphosphine complexes

Abstract Heteroleptic bis(dithiolene)-phosphine iron and cobalt complexes [Fe(adt)2(PMe3)] (1) and [Co(adt)2(PMe3)] (2) (adt = para-anisyldithiolene) have been synthesized from corresponding bis(dithiolene) dimers [M2(adt)4]2 (M = Fe, Co) by reacting with excess PMe3 in dichloromethane. Solid-state structures of 1 and 2 have been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography, and the dithiolene ligands C S (≈1.72 A) and C C (≈1.37 A) bond distances reveal the coordination of π-radical monoanionic dithiolene (adt•1−) ligands to metal centers. Intense low energy ligand-to-ligand-charge transfer (LLCT) absorption band (743 nm for 1; 905 nm for 2) in UV–vis spectra and characteristic ν(C S•) (1168 cm−1 for 1; 1170 cm−1 for 2) in IR spectra affirms coordination of π-radical monoanionic dithiolenes to divalent metal ions. The cyclic voltammogram of 1 and 2 shows reversible oxidation and reduction waves attributed to MII → MIII + e− (+0.52 V for 1; +0.29 V for 2) and adt•1− + e− → adt2− (−0.63 V for 1; −0.46 V for 2) redox process respectively. Comprehensive structural and spectroscopic investigations conclude, [M2III(adt2−)2(adt•1-)2] → 2 [MII(adt•1-)2(PMe3)] intramolecular redox interplay during phosphine coordination induced cleavage of homoleptic bis(dithiolene) dimers to produce square pyramidal complexes.
Complete Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain ATCC 53544.

ABSTRACT Here we present the complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 53544. The assembly contains 1,991,906 bp and is 99.7% similar to L. acidophilus NCFM. This strain was isolated from a rectal swab specimen of an infant and has previously been used as a feed supplement for animals.
Nucleation in Homogeneous Vapors

This is essentially a review of a longer, more rigorous paper by J. Feder, K.C. Russell, J. Lothe, and G.M. Pound [6]; those desiring a more complete discussion of the topics in this paper are referred to this work of Feder et al.
Majority of Chinese Medicine Herb Category "Qing Re Yao" Have Multiple Mechanisms of Anti-inflammatory Activity.

Herbs categorized as “Qing Re Yao” are translated into “medicine that removes heat” where heat symptoms strongly resemble inflammation. 226 herbs, among those 54 herbs are classified as “Qing Re Yao”, were studied on six key mechanisms of inflammation: COX2, iNOS activity, and the pathways of IL-6, IFNγ, TNF-α and glucocorticoid in order to assess if the majority of this family of herbs have anti-inflammatory activity. 96% demonstrated at least one anti-inflammatory process or innate immunity modular activity, and 72% could affect one anti-inflammatory process. Of the, 54 “Qing Re Yao” 68% affect at least 2 mechanism compared to only 4% (47 herbs) in the “Bu Yi Yao” category that are used to “tonify body energy” and prevent diseases. Moreover 43% of “Qing Re Yao” herbs affect 3 or more mechanisms while none of the “Bu Yi Yao” have this poly-mechanism quality. Additionally “Qing Re Yao” herbs exhibiting activity against STAT3 or GAS could have downstream effects on these target genes and their pathways. Our study addresses the key action on why “Qing Re Yao” work on inflammation. This study also demonstrates the utility in isolating anti-inflammatory substances to be used as a lead for drug discovery and development.
Mechanisms of induction of specific chromosomal alterations.

There has been a great deal of discussion in the past few years on the mechanism of induction of chromosome aberrations by radiations and chemical agents, and also how similar alterations might arise “spontaneously.” This is an important issue, and yet it is perhaps of greater significance to determine how specific aberrations might be induced, i.e., are they formed by the same mechanism as aberrations in general or are they produced by a different process. Another way of stating this is, are specific aberrations, such as those observed in individuals with birth defects or those present in many tumors, a subset of total aberrations that are observed because of a particular phenotype that they, in part, elicit. This paper will address these various possibilities in the form of the development of a hypothesis, rather than by a review of the published literature.
The Biomechanics of Aging and Diabetic Plantar Soft Tissue

The plantar soft tissue is a layer of adipose tissue beneath the foot. Together with the plantar skin , it interfaces with the ground and serves to distribute the forces borne by the foot at each step. In this chapter, the changes in the plantar soft tissue that are caused by aging will be reviewed. Given that diabetes also alters tissue properties in a similar fashion, those changes will be reviewed as well. As such, the anatomy and mechanical properties of normal, aged, and diabetic soft tissue will be compared and contrasted.
Tolerance induction post in utero stem cell transplantation.

Allogeneic bone marrow (BM) stem cell transplantation in childhood is used to cure a variety of inherited diseases including severe immunodeficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and some storage diseases (O’Reilly et al. 1984; Cowan 1991). For all of these disorders, except most types of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), immunosuppressive chemotherapy is required to prevent graft rejection. Also, in order to obtain sufficient erythroid and/or myeloid engraftment, marrow ablative chemotherapy is necessary to “make space” for the donor hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). This conditioning is associated with significant morbidity and a mortality of 10–15%. Finally, for some diseases (e. g., Hurler’s mucopolysaccharidosis), significant organ damage has already occurred by the time the diagnosis is made postnatally (Hobbs 1988). The need for immunosuppression can be eliminated if the transplant is done sufficiently early in utero when the fetus is unable to reject allogeneic donor HSC.
Design and operation of membrane distillation with feed recirculation for high recovery brine concentration

Abstract Thermal-energy-driven desalination processes such as membrane distillation (MD), humidification dehumidification (HDH), and multi-stage flash (MSF) can be used to concentrate water up to saturation, but are restricted to low per-pass recovery values. High recovery can be achieved in MD through feed recirculation. In this study, several recirculation strategies, namely batch, semibatch, continuous, and multistage, are compared and ranked based on flux and energy efficiency, which together influence overall cost. Batch has higher energy efficiency at a given flux than semibatch and continuous recirculation because it spends more operating time treating lower salinity water for the same value of overall recovery ratio. Multi-stage recirculation is a steady-state process that can approach batch-like performance, but only with a large number of stages. Feed salinity rises during the batch operating cycle, and as a result feed velocity may have to be increased to avoid operating above the critical specific area wherein both GOR and flux are low due to significant heat conduction loss through the membrane. Finally, the choice of optimal membrane thickness for batch operation is compared to that of continuous recirculation MD.
Inorganic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications: State of the Art Review and Main Future Perspectives

Over the last decade many research efforts have been devoted to the development of combined diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) nanosystems for targeted diagnoses and self-tailored treatments of various diseases, especially in the oncologic field. These nanoplatforms are expected to offer great opportunities in personalized medicine, which represents the next future of patient care. The most promising candidates as targeted theranostic agents are based on specific inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) such as superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs, quantum dots, silica nanospheres, gold nanorods and halloysite nanotubes. The present paper provides an overview of the current state of the art in the development of inorganic NPs that can simultaneously act as both contrast agents for non-ionizing cellular imaging techniques and as therapeutic agents, highlighting their potential strengths and critical aspects in view of an actual clinical translation. The most realistic perspectives of personalized medicine based on nanosized theranostic agents are also outlined, taking into account both the associated challenges and the corresponding opportunities.
Impact of Multiple Highway Funding Categories and Project Eligibility Restrictions on Pavement Performance

AbstractIn maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) programming, most budget allocation models in literature often assume one principal budget that can be used for funding all the different projects un...
Recognition and protection of glycosphingolipids by synthetic nanoparticle receptors.

Nanoparticle receptors were synthesized through micellar imprinting to bind glycosphingolipids with 20–140 μM binding affinities, meanwhile distinguishing glycan composition, the number of acyl chains, and hydroxylation of acyl chains in the lipids. The strong binding enabled the receptors to protect their target glycolipids dispersed in lipid membranes from enzymatic degradation.
Bio-orthogonal chemistry-based method for fluorescent labelling of ribosomal RNA in live mammalian cells.

A bio-orthogonal chemistry-based approach for fluorescent labelling of ribosomal RNA is described. It involves an adenosine analogue modified with trans-cyclooctene and masked 5′-phosphate group using aryl phosphoramidate. The incorporation into rRNA has been confirmed using agarose gel electrophoresis, as well as a highly sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method. Fluorescent labelling of rRNA has been achieved in live HeLa cells via an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction with a tetrazine conjugated to an Oregon Green fluorophore. This communication describes the stepwise approach that led to the development and characterization of the probe. The results demonstrate a new strategy towards development of future fluorescent probes to investigate the biochemistry of nucleic acids.
Who justifies attacks on civilians? Analysis of attitudes toward terrorism based on value surveys

What are the common characteristics among individuals who justify attacks on civilians? Using nationally representative Gallup World Poll surveys of 30,787 individuals from 27 developing countries in different parts of the world, this paper identifies the partial correlates of extremism. The results suggest that the typical extremist who supports attacks on civilians is more likely to be young, unemployed, and struggling to make ends meet, relatively uneducated, and not as religious as others, but more willing to sacrifice own life for his or her beliefs. Gender and marital status are not found to explain the individual‐level variation in attitudes toward extremism. These results are robust to various sensitivity analyses, although some of them vary in magnitude and significance across countries and geographic regions.
Five Years of the Right to be Forgotten

The "Right to be Forgotten" is a privacy ruling that enables Europeans to delist certain URLs appearing in search results related to their name. In order to illuminate the effect this ruling has on information access, we conducted a retrospective measurement study of 3.2 million URLs that were requested for delisting from Google Search over five years. Our analysis reveals the countries and anonymized parties generating the largest volume of requests (just 1,000 requesters generated 16% of requests); the news, government, social media, and directory sites most frequently targeted for delisting (17% of removals relate to a requester's legal history including crimes and wrongdoing); and the prevalence of extraterritorial requests. Our results dramatically increase transparency around the Right to be Forgotten and reveal the complexity of weighing personal privacy against public interest when resolving multi-party privacy conflicts that occur across the Internet. The results of our investigation have since been added to Google's transparency report.
Pan-Africanism : beyond survival to renaissance : Africa

This is the author's address to the African Union 50th Anniversary Heads of States Summit, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on 25 May 2013. It was published online at www.opendemocracy.net/print/73618.
A Novel Approach for a Novel Pathogen: using a home assessment team to evaluate patients for 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

Thousands of people in the United States have required testing for SARS-CoV-2. Evaluation for a special pathogen is resource intensive. We report an innovative approach to home assessment that, in collaboration with public health, enables safe evaluation and specimen collection outside the healthcare setting, avoiding unnecessary exposures and resource utilization.
A critical review of the passivation and semiconductor mechanisms of chalcopyrite leaching

Abstract The idea that there is a consensus in the field of hydrometallurgy that chalcopyrite leaching is hindered by a passivation layer is challenged in this review. Not all studies of chalcopyrite leaching propose that surface layers are passivating. Some claim that there are passivating and non-passivating surface species, but with directly opposing opinions as to which plays the passivating role. The more common passivation proposals are variants of a metal-deficient sulfide or a metal-deficient polysulfide. Sometimes it is claimed these are distinctly different species with different passivating capabilities, at other times they are simply different names for the same thing. These are not well defined and are usually given a general name such as Cu1–xFe1−yS2 or CuFe1-xS2, which is often inferred from electrochemistry and dissolution stoichiometry. In contrast to leaching in acidic solutions, it has been shown that in alkaline solutions with a complexing agent there is no passivating effect. This is despite the same supposedly passivating species being present on the surface as is found in acid solutions. An alternative explanation to the various passivation proposals is that the electronic structure of chalcopyrite dictates the effects observed in electrochemistry and leaching. Natural chalcopyrite has the electronic structure of an n-type semiconductor. As such it is not expected to conduct significant current at modest anodic potentials until a ‘breakdown’ potential is reached. This semiconducting property is often observed in electrochemistry where very low currents are observed under an applied potential up to about 1.0 V (vs SHE), where a rapid increase in current is observed. Other observations such as photocurrents, trends in capacitance and limiting currents have also been attributed to the semiconducting nature of chalcopyrite. This approach has however attracted extremely strong criticism. These critics instead propose that chalcopyrite should be regarded as “pseudo-metallic” rather than semiconducting due to expected metal impurities in a natural sample. Any semiconducting effects observed are said to be due to improper operation of laboratory equipment or are experimental artefacts. However, a careful analysis of the claims of these critics shows that they are mostly speculative – indeed, several are based on incomplete data and misinterpretations of other published work. More objective experimental studies are needed both to verify these criticisms and to prove that surface layers are indeed passivating.
Regression of Barrett's esophagus after magnetic sphincter augmentation: intermediate-term results.

Untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can lead to Barrett’s esophagus and an increased risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of GERD. Preliminary research on short-term outcomes after MSA demonstrated significant regression of Barrett’s. Further investigation is required to evaluate the long-term effect of this treatment. A retrospective review of patients was conducted with biopsy-proven Barrett’s esophagus who underwent MSA between 2007 and 2019. As a part of their preoperative evaluation, patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsies of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction including any abnormal-appearing segments, pH testing, and a videoesophagram. Patients were categorized according to the length of Barrett’s identified (ultrashort 3 cm). Improvement was defined as a decrease in length (e.g. long to short). There were 87 patients identified for study inclusion. 55 patients were male. The median body mass index was 26.95. The median age was 61.81 (49.79–68.29). Mean follow-up time was 2.35 ± (1.57) years. 7 (8.0%) of these patients began with long segment Barrett’s, 58 (66.7%) began with short segment disease, and 22 (25.3%) began with an ultrashort segment. Within this cohort, 74 (85.06%) had undergone postoperative biopsy. 7 out of 74 patients (9.46%) showed improvement in their intestinal metaplasia and 45/74 (60.81%) showed complete regression. Fisher’s exact test showed a significant decrease in Barrett’s length following MSA (p = 0.002). No patients progressed to dysplasia or neoplasia. There was a statistically significant decrease in the median Demeester score from 34.00 to 13.70 after surgery (p < .001). MSA reduces esophageal acid exposure and can lead to reduction or resolution of Barrett’s esophagus. MSA is also effective at preventing progression of metaplasia to dysplasia or neoplasia. This effect remains consistent even after 2 years of follow-up.
Limited mantle hydration by bending faults at the Middle America Trench

US Ocean Bottom Seismograph Instrument Pool facilities at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California System
Epidemiology of Antiobiotic Use in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective:To determine the incidence and pattern of antibiotic use in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Design:Prospective study of a one-month NICU cohort. Investigators visited each subject, checking nursing notes, antibiotic flow sheets, and laboratory data at each daily visit.Setting:The NICU at Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut; a regional care, level 3 unit in a tertiary care medical center.Patients:All infants admitted to the NICU for one month (n = 63) who resided in the unit for ≥ 24 hours.Results:75% of the infants had antibiotic treatment begun in the first 48 hours of life. The highest rate of antibiotic treatment starts was in premature infants with birthweight less than 1,500 g, 92% of whom received antibiotics in the first 48 hours. In the subsequent days of life the incidence of starting antibiotic treatment was low and sporadic and the prevalence of antibiotic treatment by day of life showed a sharp decline between the third and fourth days of life. Five cross-sectional studies in the nursery showed point-prevalence rates of antibiotic use to be 27% to 43% of the whole NICU population, highest in the intensive care sector of the unit and in those <72 hours of age.Conclusions:The high incidence of antibiotic starts in this NICU was largely the result of universal treatment of premature infants beginning on the first day of life. The risk of infection in these infants is quite low; more information is needed concerning how to distinguish infants who do not require treatment. This study provides comparison data for NICUs compiling data on incidence and prevalence of antibiotic use and developing programs to limit antibiotic use.
On the Robustness and Generalization of Deep Learning Driven Full Waveform Inversion

The data-driven approach has been demonstrated as a promising technique to solve complicated scientific problems. Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is commonly epitomized as an image-to-image translation task, which motivates the use of deep neural networks as an end-to-end solution. Despite being trained with synthetic data, the deep learning-driven FWI is expected to perform well when evaluated with sufficient real-world data. In this paper, we study such properties by asking: how robust are these deep neural networks and how do they generalize? For robustness, we prove the upper bounds of the deviation between the predictions from clean and noisy data. Moreover, we demonstrate an interplay between the noise level and the additional gain of loss. For generalization, we prove a norm-based generalization error upper bound via a stability-generalization framework. Experimental results on seismic FWI datasets corroborate with the theoretical results, shedding light on a better understanding of utilizing Deep Learning for complicated scientific applications.
The intracellular hemoglobins of a polychaete. Some properties of the hemoglobins of Glycera dibranchiata.

Abstract The erythrocytes of the polychaete annelid Glycera dibranchiata contain two hemoglobins that are separable by gel filtration or electrophoresis. Gel filtration and ultracentrifugation studies of the smaller of the two hemoglobins show that it possesses a molecular weight of 17,000 to 18,000 at neutral pH; its iron content is 0.318 ± 0.015 weight per cent. The other hemoglobin has a molecular weight of about 39,000 at pH 7.4 to 8.5, and an iron content of 0.293 ± 0.010 weight per cent. Disc electrophoresis of the two hemoglobins at pH = 7.4 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate produces a single band corresponding to a molecular weight of 17,000 + 1,000. The amino acid compositions of the two hemoglobins are found to be different. In the presence of urea concentrations greater than 4 m, i.e. under conditions where the s20,w values for both hemoglobins are equal, disc electrophoresis at pH 8.25 reveals that both are polymorphic.
Living Aloft : Human Requirements for Extended Spaceflight

Human psychological and social adjustment to space is investigated. Studies and experiences bearing on human performance capability, psychological well being, and social organization, as they relate to space, were identified and assessed, and suggestions offered as to where further research could ease the Earth/space transition. Special emphasis was given to the variables of crew size, crew diversity, and mission duration, all of which can be expected to increase in future spaceflight. By providing a conceptual framework in which issues and related information can be integrated, the hope is to aid in discovering those conditions under which future space travelers can flourish.
Vortex generation and evolution in water waves propagating over a submerged rectangular obstacle: Part II: Cnoidal waves

Vortex generation and evolution due to flow separation around a submerged rectangular obstacle under incoming cnoidal waves is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique is used in the measurement. Based on the PIV data, a characteristic velocity, phrased in terms of incoming wave height, phase speed, dimension of the obstacle, and a local Reynolds number are proposed to describe the intensity of vortex. The numerical model, which solves the two dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations, is used to further study the effects of wave period on the vortex intensity. Measurements for the mean and turbulent velocity fields further indicate that the time history of the intensity of fluid turbulence is closely related to that of the vortex intensity.
An Empirical Study on Telecommunication Product Adoption in Latin America and the Caribbean

This study discusses some empirical findings on telephone and cell phone adoptions in Latin American and Caribbean nations. Exhaustive fixed-effect pooled regressions are undertaken for this set of nations, using data from the World Bank for the period 1989-1999. The results show that telephone and cell phone adoption processes are different in nature. Moreover, diffusion is established to be a major factor in both telephone and cell phone adoptions in the region. Economic conditions as well as privatization also positively impact the adoptions.
Magnetic levitation of single cells

Several cellular events cause permanent or transient changes in inherent magnetic and density properties of cells. Characterizing these changes in cell populations is crucial to understand cellular heterogeneity in cancer, immune response, infectious diseases, drug resistance, and evolution. Although magnetic levitation has previously been used for macroscale objects, its use in life sciences has been hindered by the inability to levitate microscale objects and by the toxicity of metal salts previously applied for levitation. Here, we use magnetic levitation principles for biological characterization and monitoring of cells and cellular events. We demonstrate that each cell type (i.e., cancer, blood, bacteria, and yeast) has a characteristic levitation profile, which we distinguish at an unprecedented resolution of 1 × 10−4 g⋅mL−1. We have identified unique differences in levitation and density blueprints between breast, esophageal, colorectal, and nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines, as well as heterogeneity within these seemingly homogenous cell populations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that changes in cellular density and levitation profiles can be monitored in real time at single-cell resolution, allowing quantification of heterogeneous temporal responses of each cell to environmental stressors. These data establish density as a powerful biomarker for investigating living systems and their responses. Thereby, our method enables rapid, density-based imaging and profiling of single cells with intriguing applications, such as label-free identification and monitoring of heterogeneous biological changes under various physiological conditions, including antibiotic or cancer treatment in personalized medicine.
Tag Writing, Search Engines, and Cultural Scripts

In this article, I explore the social, political, and ethical implications of search engine use and tag writing. Unlike scholars in economics, law, information science, and media studies who have weighed on these issues for more than a decade now, I argue that scholarship in rhetoric and composition has taken a narrow approach by connecting search engines and tag writing primarily with the teaching of research skills. Relying on a folksonomic approach, I conduct a case study of a Romanian online campaign that aimed to work with and against Google in order to change Romanians’ online identity. Based on this example, I show how search engines can be used, on the one hand, to write new identity scripts and to change cultural patterns, and, on the other hand, to reinscribe power relations and limited identity politics. I also argue that the campaign is an example of public rhetorical education that calls on us, teachers and scholars of composition, to rethink our pedagogies and to expand our teaching tools. Ultimately, integrating search engines and tag writing into the classroom can teach students to use technologies more responsibly and to reflect critically on their everyday writing practices, which, in their simplest manifestations, are powerful forms of culture-writing.
TSH Stimulation of 14C-Amino Acid Incorporation Into Protein by Isolated Bovine Thyroid Cells

The stimulatory action of TSH on 14C-leucine and 14C-tyrosine incorporation into protein by isolated bovine thyroid cells was investigated. When the cells were preincubated with actinomycin D so that RNA synthesis was severely inhibited, the TSH stimulation of protein synthesis was not greatly impaired. Hence, this action of TSH is not dependent on increased template RNA synthesis. Basal and TSH-stimulated levels of 14C-leucine incorporation could be depressed by omission of exogenous glucose. Furthermore, basal 14C-leucine incorporation was severely depressed and TSH stimulation was abolished when endogenous glucose metabolism was inhibited with 2-deoxyglucose. Therefore, it is concluded that the TSH effect on protein synthesis could be secondary to its stimulation of glucose metabolism. (Endocrinology 80: 1101, 1967)
The scotopic Stiles-Crawford effect

Abstract Careful psychophysical determinations of the presence of scotopic directional sensitivity (Stiles-Crawford effect) have been made on three observers. Symmetric scotopic directional sensitivity functions within the pupillary bound were shown to be present at all wavelengths tested. The measured scotopic functions had a common center of symmetry with the photopic Stiles-Crawford function determined at the same retinal locus. The magnitude of the scotopic Stiles-Crawford effect was apparently greater in the green portion of the spectrum and was less evident in the blue-violet and red. This point requires further evaluation.
Ongoing evolution of the potato on the altiplano of western Bolivia

This investigation of the biological and cultural factors determining evolution of the potato in the Andes focused on a hybrid swarm comprising weeds and cultivated forms of Solanum x ajanhuiri. Three species of bee visitors were likely pollinators of potato flowers in altiplano fields. Mapping and statistical analyses of the juxtaposition of weed and cultivated diploid potatoes indicated situations where insectmediated hybridization between cultivated and noncultivated taxa was likely. Folk belief that a valley in the Department of La Paz, Bolivia, was the source of the important cultivar, ajawiri, is supported by the variety of weeds of S x ajanhuiri from this site that show cultivated characteristics. Farming practices of Aymara subsistence cultivators should facilitate the introduction of genetic recombinants into cultivated gene pools. Although evidence is presented that humans have directed potato evolution on a small scale, it is most likely that the domestication process has always been passive in its essential aspects. Human intervention may be more deliberate during times of crop failure.
Defiance of the Law: School Discrimination before and after Desegregation

A statistical examination of the persistence of racial bias and its correlates. The limits, until now, in enforcement.
Noradrenergic actions in the basolateral complex of the amygdala modulate Arc expression in hippocampal synapses and consolidation of aversive and non-aversive memory.

The basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) plays a role in the modulation of emotional memory consolidation through its interactions with other brain regions. In rats, memory enhancing infusions of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol into the BLA immediately after training enhances expression of the protein product of the immediate early gene Arc in the dorsal hippocampus and memory-impairing intra-BLA treatments reduce hippocampal Arc expression. We have proposed that the BLA may modulate memory consolidation through an influence on the local translation of synaptic plasticity proteins, like Arc, in recently active synapses in efferent brain regions. To date, all work related to this hypothesis is based on aversive memory tasks such as inhibitory avoidance (IA). To determine whether BLA modulation of hippocampal Arc protein expression is specific to plasticity associated with inhibitory avoidance memory, or a common mechanism for multiple types of memory, we tested the effect of intra-BLA infusions of clenbuterol on memory and hippocampal synaptic Arc expression following IA or object recognition training. Results indicate that intra-BLA infusions of clenbuterol enhance memory for both tasks; however, Arc expression in hippocampal synaptoneurosomes was significantly elevated only in rats trained on the aversive IA task. These findings suggest that regulation of Arc expression in hippocampal synapses may depend on co-activation of arousal systems. To test this hypothesis, a “high arousal” version of the OR task was used where rats were not habituated to the testing conditions. Posttraining intra-BLA infusions of clenbuterol enhanced consolidation of the high-arousing version of the task and significantly increased Arc protein levels in dorsal hippocampus synaptic fractions. These findings suggest that the BLA modulates multiple forms of memory and affects the synaptic plasticity-associated protein Arc in synapses of the dorsal hippocampus when emotional arousal is elevated.
Synthesis of high specific activity (3,4‐[3H]cyclohexyl)‐N‐[1 (2‐benzo[b]thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine {[3H]BTCP}: A selective probe for the dopamine‐reuptake complex

High specific activity [3H]BTCP, a radioligand for the dopaminereuptake complex was synthesized in 7-steps starting with the readily available starting materials, cyclohexane-1,4-dione monoethylene ketal and benzo[b]thiophene; the tritium label was introduced in the final step on the 3- and 4- positions of the cyclohexyl ring by catalytic tritiation of N-[4-(2-benzo[b]thienyl)cyclohexenyl]piperidine to give [3H]BTCP in 7.3% yield with a specific activity of 29.8 Ci/mmol (51.4% isotopic incorporation).
Autologous bone marrow transplantation after histologic transformation of indolent B cell malignancies.

Abstract The role of high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) after transformation is controversial. We have retrospectively analyzed patients with chemosensitive disease and a history of follicular lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma who underwent high-dose chemoradiotherapy and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with anti-B cell monoclonal antibody-purged autologous marrow for DLBCL. Between December 1982 and August 1997, 27 patients underwent autologous BMT using a uniform ablative regimen with cyclophosphamide, total-body irradiation, and bone marrow purging. All patients received multiple chemotherapy regimens before autologous BMT. At bone marrow (BM) harvest, only 44% of patients were in complete remission, and overt BM infiltration was present in 37%. After cyclophosphamide and total-body irradiation, no treatment-related deaths were seen. Eleven of the 27 patients relapsed, and four patients developed myelodysplasia/acute myelogenous leukemia. In seven patients in whom pathologic studies were available after relapse, the histology remained DLBCL. Twelve patients remained alive and in complete remission with a median follow-up of 36 months (range 10-132). The disease-free survival and overall survival are estimated to be 46% (90% confidence interval 28-64) and 58% (40-76) at 5 years, respectively. Patients whose disease underwent histologic transformation within 18 months of their initial diagnosis of indolent lymphoma had significantly better overall survival. Selected patients with histologic transformation, particularly those whose transformation occurs early in the course of their disease and who remain chemosensitive, may experience prolonged survival after autoBMT. (Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999;5(4):262-8.) Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999;5(4):262-8.
Occasion setting of fluid ingestion by contextual cues

Abstract Pairing a familiar palatable fluid and a novel context with lithium chloride (LiCl) and presenting the fluid on non-LiCl-paired trials in the home cage resulted in contextual control of fluid consumption: consumption of the LiCl-paired fluid was reduced in the LiCl-paired context but not in the home cage. A nonpaired fluid was consumed normally in the paired context. These results are interpreted as evidence of occasion setting, i.e., the novel context signals a contingency between the fluid and toxicosis but is not itself associated with toxicosis. Pairing the novel context with LiCl prior to fluid-context-LiCl pairings enhanced the development of contextual control of consumption of the fluid. This enhancement is interpreted as summation of excitatory conditioning of the context with its occasion-setting function.
Mechanism of cooperative behaviour in systems of slow and fast molecular motors

Two recent theoretical advances have described cargo transport by multiple identical motors and by multiple oppositely directed, but otherwise identical motors [M. J. Muller, S. Klumpp and R. Lipowsky, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2008, 105(12), 4609–4614; S. Klumpp and R. Lipowsky, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2005, 102(48), 17284–17289]. Here, we combine a similar theoretical approach with a simple experiment to describe the behaviour of a system comprised of slow and fast molecular motors having the same directionality. We observed the movement of microtubules by mixtures of slow and fast kinesin motors attached to a glass coverslip in a classic sliding filament assay. The motors are identical, except that the slow ones contain five point mutations that collectively reduce their velocity ∼15-fold without compromising maximal ATPase activity. Our results indicate that a small fraction of fast motors are able to accelerate the dissociation of slow motors from microtubules. Because of this, a sharp, highly cooperative transition occurs from slow to fast microtubule movement as the relative number of fast motors in the assay is increased. Microtubules move at half-maximal velocity when only 15% of the motors in the assay are fast. Our model indicates that this behaviour depends primarily on the relative motor velocities and the asymmetry between their forward and backward dissociation forces. It weakly depends on the number of motors and their processivity. We predict that movement of cargoes bound to two types of motors having very different velocities will be dominated by one or the other motor. Therefore, cargoes can potentially undergo abrupt changes in movement in response to regulatory mechanisms acting on only a small fraction of motors.
Meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Report of 8 cases with review of the literature

This paper reviews 8 personally examined cases of primary meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and 4 similar cases previously reported by others. The clinicopathologic features of these extraosseous intracranial and intraspinal examples are similar to those of other extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcomas. The tumor occurred most often in the second and third decades, showed a moderate tendency to local recurrence (5 of 12 cases) and occasionally metastasized to the lungs (1 case). Both intracranial and intraspinal tumors occurred with equal frequency, but the former, probably due to the later onset of symptoms, had the worse prognosis. Microscopically, they are composed of primitive undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and frequently well-defined islands of hyaline cartilage. There is an apparent correlation between the frequency of mitotic figures and the likelihood of recurrence and metastasis. Electron microscopic study of one example revealed morphologic features similar to those previously described by others and supports the conclusion that the neoplastic cells represent primitive precartilaginous mesenchyme displaying focal cartilaginous differentiation.
Zur Kenntnis der Falicaine. IV. Über 4-Alkoxyphenylvinylketone

Die Pyrolyse der 4-Alkoxy-β-piperidinopropiophenone (Falicaine) fuhrt zu paraalkoxylierten Phenylvinylketonen. Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Aktivitatsenergie fur den thermischen Zerfall des 4-Propoxy-β-piperidinopropiophenon-hydrochlorids werden mitgeteilt. Die auf diese Weise erhaltenen Vinylverbindungen sind willkommene Ausgangstoffe fur die verschiedensten Anlagerungsreaktionen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schlagt einen anderen, experimentell bequemeren Weg ein, um zu ihnen zu gelangen: Abspaltung von Chlorwasserstoff aus 4-Alkoxy-β-chlorpropiophenonen, die sich ausgehend von Acrylnitril und Phenol einfach synthetisieren lassen. Hydroxylamin und Phenylhydrazin reagieren mit den Vinylketonen unter Bildung von substituierten Isoxazolinen bzw. Δ2-Pyrazolinen; letztere besitzen deutliche fluoreszierende Eigenschaften. Bei der Addition von Stickstoffverbindungen an die α, β-ungesattigten Ketone nehmen sekundare aliphatische Amine eine bevorzugte Stellung ein; sie fuhren zu anasthetisch hochaktiven β-Ketobasen, die bisher nur auf andere Weise erhalten worden sind. Zur Klarung des Zusammenhanges zwischen Konstitution und Wirksamkeit werden mehrere Varianten und Abwandlungsprodukte dargestellt und untersucht. – Addukte mit Alkoholen, Merkaptanen, Karbonsauren und Verbindungen mit reaktionsfahigem Wasserstoff am Kohlenstoff lassen sich glatt, bisweilen am einfachsten durch direkte Umsetzung der veratherten 4-Oxy-β-chlorpropiophenone, gewinnen. Die Anlagerungen erfolgen, zumindest im Endeffekt, an die C C-Bindung, und zwar in β-Stellung.
Death of alloreactive T cells sets the stage for immunoregulation to act.

WHILE MANY tolerizing treatment protocols use broadly reactive lymphocyte-depleting antibodies or achieve clone-specific depletion via the clonal depletive effect of the mixed chimeric state, nondepleting agents such as nondepleting anti-CD4 or anti-CD3mAb, costimulation blockade, rapamycin, or combined costimulation blockade plus rapamycin therapy can also induce tolerance. We have determined that induction of allograft tolerance achieved through use of nondepleting lymphocyte agents requires activation-induced cell death (AICD) and passive cell death (PCD) of alloreactive T-cell clones. If AICD, a process that is IL-2-dependent, is blocked by the potent immunosuppressive combination of calcineurin inhibitors plus costimulation blockade, a combination that blocks both signal 1 and 2 of T-cell activation, peripheral tolerance is not achieved. IL-2 KO mice that accumulate activated T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues as a result of a failure to mount IL-2-dependent AICD are refractory to tolerance induction by rapamycin or by agents that block costimulation. If PCD is blocked via overexpression of antiapoptotic genes in T-cells, peripheral tolerance is not achieved. Thus, at least some nondepleting treatments require T-cell depletion via AICD and PCD for tolerance induction. A minimal requirement for tolerance is the depletion of alloaggressive T-cell (trim the pool size) clones. Regulatory T cells can readily be detected in many tolerized allograft recipients. In essence, we believe that the outcome of the allograft response, be it rejection or tolerance, depends upon the speed with which the pool of donor-specific alloaggressive or counteracting pool of T-reg cells expand posttransplantation. In the absence of effective treatment, the pool of alloaggressive clones expands more rapidly than the pool of T-reg cells; rejection is the result.
Optimal link removal for epidemic mitigation: A two-way partitioning approach

Abstract The structure of the contact network through which a disease spreads may influence the optimal use of resources for epidemic control. In this work, we explore how to minimize the spread of infection via quarantining with limited resources. In particular, we examine which links should be removed from the contact network, given a constraint on the number of removable links, such that the number of nodes which are no longer at risk for infection is maximized. We show how this problem can be posed as a non-convex quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP), and we use this formulation to derive a link removal algorithm. The performance of our QCQP-based algorithm is validated on small Erdős–Renyi and small-world random graphs, and then tested on larger, more realistic networks, including a real-world network of injection drug use. We show that our approach achieves near optimal performance and out-performs other intuitive link removal algorithms, such as removing links in order of edge centrality.
The catecholamine release inhibitory peptide catestatin (chromogranin A[CHGA]352–372): A naturally occurring amino acid variant (GLY364SER) causes profound alterations in human autonomic activity

Background Chromogranin A (CHGA), a protein co-stored and co-released with catecholamines by exocytosis, is cleaved to a catecholamine release-inhibitory fragment “catestatin” that acts as a nicotinic cholinergic antagonist. During systematic variant discovery, we identified a natural variant in catestatin: Gly364Ser. Methods N=17 Gly364Ser heterozygotes and controls were subjected to autonomic phenotyping, including measurements of catecholamines, the CHGA precursor, and catestatin. Results Catestatin Gly364Ser displayed ~4.5-fold diminished inhibitory activity towards catecholamine secretion. In autonomic monitoring, Gly/Ser heterozygotes displayed increased baroreceptor slope, increased cardiac parasympathetic index (by ~2.4-fold, p=0.032), and decreased cardiac sympathetic index (by ~26%, p=0.044). In the sympathetic system, renal norepinephrine excretion was diminished. Gly364Ser was in linkage disequilibrium with one major CHGA promoter haplotype, although a SNP used to “tag” the promoter haplotypes did not predict the autonomic phenotypes. The 364Ser variant did not occur in n=68 subjects with hypertension (χ2=5.45, p=0.0195). Conclusions The catestatin Gly364Ser functional variant causes profound changes in human autonomic nervous system activity, both parasympathetic and sympathetic. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P6–P6; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.026