cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simple inheritance of partial resistance to leaf rust in two wheat cultivars

50131, USA The wheat cultivars Westphal 12A and BH1146 were characterized in previous studies as having partial resistance to the leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina. In the present study, genetic analysis showed that Westphal 12A has three genes that condition resistance in seedling plants, and the gene Lr34, which is optimally expressed in adult plants. The three seedling resistance genes in Westphal 12A may be new leaf-rust resistance genes. BH1146 was shown to have the adult plant resistance genes Lr13 and Lr34. Many wheat cultivars with partial resistance to leaf rust may have Lr13 and/or Lr34, or other previously described Lr genes.
A CAUSAL MODEL OF MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE: THE ROLE OF SEX

Summary.-Using path analysis, the present investigation was done to clarify possible causal linkages among general scholastic aptitude, academic achievement in mathematics, self-concept of abhty, and performance on a mathematics examination. Subjects were 122 eighth-grade students who completed a mathematics examination as well as a measure of self-concept of ability. Aptitude and achievement measures were obtained from school records. Analysis showed sex differences in prediction of performance on the mathematics examination. For boys, this could be predicted fmm scholastic aptitude and previous achievement in mathematics. For girls, performance only could be predicted fmm previous achievement in mathematics. These results indicate that the direction, strength, and magnitude of relations among these variables differed for boys and girls, while mean levels of performance did not. Researchers interested in mathematical ability and achievement have frequently shown that boys begin excelling in mathematics during junior high school (Droege, 1967; Fennema, 1973; Hilton & Berglund, 1974; Maccoby, 1966). However, recent studies have shown no superiority in mean mathematics performance for males (Fennema, 1982). Furthermore, Hyde (1981) estimated that sex differences account for only about 1% of the variation in mathematics ability and performance. We undertook the present investigation to clarify the nature of sex differences in mathematics performance. Children's academic achievements have been associated with scholastic aptitude, previous achievement and self-concept (Brookover, Thomas, & Paterson, 1964; Harter, 1983a; McCall, 1977; Midkiff, Burke, Hunt, & Ellison, 1986; Parkerson, Lomax, Schdler, & Walberg, 1984; Shavelson & Bolus, 1982). Consequently, we sought to determine the interrelationships among scholastic aptitude, academic achievement in mathematics, selfconcept of ability, and performance on a mathematics examination, as well as possible sex differences in the performance levels and relations for these variables.
The glutamate carboxypeptidase gene II (C>T) polymorphism does not affect folate status in the Framingham Offspring cohort.

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) hydrolyzes polyglutamyl folates before their absorption. Recently, a 1561 C>T polymorphism in the GCPII gene was reported to be associated with lower folate and higher homocysteine plasma concentrations in a small (n = 75) selected elderly population. In this study, we examined the effect of this polymorphism in 680 men and 644 women attending the fifth examination of the Framingham Offspring Study. At the time of sample collection, subjects were not taking any supplements and were not exposed to food folate fortification. GCPII genotypes were determined by allelic discrimination using Taqman® probes. In the population as a whole, this mutation was not associated with lower plasma folate level or with elevated plasma homocysteine. In men, plasma folate concentrations were higher in carriers of the T allele compared with those homozygotes of the wild-type allele (P < 0.05), whereas in women folate concentrations did not differ between genotypes (P = 0.8). In its relationship to plasma folate, this mutation exhibited a weak interaction with age and gender only in older women (P = 0.05). Overall, our data show that the GCPII C1561T polymorphism is not a determinant of plasma folate or total homocysteine concentrations in this large cohort of participants from the Framingham Offspring Study.
Radiographic Correction of Stage III Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction With a Modified Triple Arthrodesis

Background:The literature supports fusion as the surgical treatment of choice for stage III posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). The present study reports the radiographic correction followi...
Autonomous Soaring; Flight Test Results of a Thermal Centering Controller

In this paper the stability and effectiveness of a thermal centering controller for autonomous soaring applications was investigated. The controller was evaluated in flight trials to verify theoretical stability properties obtained in earlier work by the author. The outcome of the trials confirmed stability of the controller under a variety of conditions encountered from November 2009 to May 2010. In addition to the evaluation of the centering controller, the outcome of the flight tests indicated that the concept of autonomous thermal soaring is a viable option for significantly extending endurance of small unmanned aerial vehicles, UAVs.
An Elastase Inhibitor from Isolated Bovine Pulmonary Macrophages

AbstractThe interactions of a partially purified elastase inhibitor from bovine pulmonary macrophages were investigated using pancreatic elastase. The inhibitor was prepared from lysed pulmonary macrophages obtained by lavage of excised bovine lung lobes. In the presence of pancreatic elastase, the inhibitor formed a stable complex. Complex formation did not occur, however, if the elastase was first inactivated by pretreatment with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Fractions containing inhibitory activity were recovered from calibrated columns of Sephadex G-100 or G-150 in the molecular weight range of 40,000–50,000. Following incubation of the inhibitor with elastase, the inhibitor-elastase complex eluted in the molecular weight range of 65,000–75,000, suggesting a 1:1 molar ratio of inhibitor to elastase. The partially purified inhibitor did not inhibit trypsin, indicating that the bovine macrophage inhibitor did not arise from endocytosis of α-1-protease inhibitor.
A Stochastic Modeling and Analysis Approach to Strategic Traffic Flow Management under Weather Uncertainty

In this article, we introduce a promising framework for representing an air traffic flow (stream) and flow-management action operating under weather uncertainty. We propose to use a meshed queuing and Markov-chain model—specifically, a queuing model whose service-rates are modulated by an underlying Markov chain describing weather-impact evolution—to capture traffic management in an uncertain environment. Two techniques for characterizing flow-management performance using the model are developed, namely 1) a master-Markov-chain representation technique that yields accurate results but at relatively high computational cost, and 2) a jump-linear system-based approximation that has promising scalability. The model formulation and two analysis techniques are illustrated with numerous examples. Based on this initial study, we believe that the interfaced weather-impact and traffic-flow model analyzed here holds promise to inform strategic flow contingency management in NextGen.
The Pine Engraver, Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

The pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), is widely distributed over most of the United States and Canada. It is normally a secondary insect which infests dead or dying material, and only under exceptional circumstances will it attack and kill healthy trees. Published distribution records for this insect in the Southeastern United States are sparse. Chamberlin (1939) indicates that I. pini is distributed widely in the Eastern United States. Beal and Massey (1945) in their review of the Scolytoidea of North Carolina do not report the occurrence of I. pini. Hopping (1964) reports a collection from Johnson County in northeastern Tennessee. This is the southeasternmost collection record published in the literature.
Clustering and magnetic anisotropy of Fe adatoms on graphene

Single Fe adatoms and clusters of Fe adatoms on graphene are studied through first-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT) and spin density functional theory (sDFT). First, we consider computational cells containing various numbers of C atoms and one Fe adatom. We calculate the binding energy, adatom height, and magnetic moment of the adatom above a few high-symmetry positions in the cell. In all cases, the binding energy increases with decreasing cell size, suggesting that clustering of the Fe adatoms is energetically favored. We also calculate the energy of various clusters of two to four Fe atoms on graphene in computational cells of various sizes, using both DFT and sDFT. These calculations again show that, both in DFT and sDFT, the Fe adatoms strongly prefer to form clusters. The energy barrier for an isolated Fe adatom to diffuse from the center of one graphene hexagon is calculated to be 0.49 eV. This barrier is reduced for an Fe atom which is one of a pair of neighboring adatoms. Finally, by including spin-orbit interactions within sDFT, we calculate the magnetic anisotropy energy of a single Fe adatom on graphene. We find that the in-plane anisotropy energy is close to zero, while the out-of-plane anisotropy energy is $\ensuremath{\sim}$$D{S}^{2}{\mathrm{cos}}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ where $S\ensuremath{\sim}2.0$, $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between the magnetic moment and the perpendicular to the graphene plane, and $D\ensuremath{\sim}0.25$ meV.
Round Structures, Household Identity, and Public Performance in Preclassic Maya Society

James Aimers and colleagues consider the social meaning and function of round structures, a poorly understood but significant architectural feature of many Preclassic Maya sites. Based on my own work on the connection between such structures and the development of social stratification and changes in the relations between households and the state, I offer additional examples of the location and role of these structures in order to expand on the insights offered by Aimers et al.
Real-time distribution grid state estimation with limited sensors and load forecasting

High penetration levels of distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicles (EVs) diversify power flow and bring uncertainty to distribution networks, making planning and control more involved for distribution system operators (DSOs). The increased risk of constraint violation triggers the need to augment forecasts with real- time state estimation. This is economically and technically challenging since it requires investing in a large number of sensors and these have to communicate with often older and slower supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. We address distribution grid state estimation via combining only a limited set of sensors with load forecast information. It revisits open problems in a recent paper that proposes a Bayesian estimation scheme. We derive the estimator for balanced power networks via rigorous modeling. An off-line analysis of load aggregation, forecast accuracy and number of sensors provides concrete engineering trade-offs to determine the optimal number of sensors for a desired accuracy. This estimation procedure can be used in real time as an observer for control problems or off-line for planning purposes to asses the effect of DG or EVs on specific network components.
The unrecognized neuropathic bladder of infancy.

AbstractFour infants presented with hydroureteronephrosis and incomplete emptying of the bladder secondary to detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. None of the patients had other signs suggestive of neurological dysfunction. It is presumed but not proved that these infants manifested a urodynamic reaction in response to a perinatal insult involving the brainstem area. Long-term followup has demonstrated a persistent but nonprogressive neurourological disturbance.
Correlation between Small-Strain Shear Modulus and Suction Stress in Capillary Regime under Zero Total Stress Conditions

AbstractThe small-strain shear modulus G0 is a fundamental property governing shear wave propagation in soil. It depends on fabric of soil particles, soil water content, and stress state. The dependency of G0 on stress and water content was assessed by using the suction stress-based effective stress principle. Here the variation of G0 with water content was compared with soil-water retention (SWR) behavior and suction stress behavior for 12 soils under zero total stress conditions. A recently established SWR model enables the distinction of capillary and adsorption regimes for better interpretation of the correlation between G0 and suction stress. It is demonstrated experimentally that the variations of both G0 and suction stress follow the same pattern but differ by a dimensionless scalar. Further correlation of the scalar with SWR provides good predictions of suction stress for different soils in the capillary regime. The established correlations among SWR, suction stress, and G0 further confirm the val...
Use of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Pediatric MS

Pediatric multiple sclerosis (PedMS) is a rare disease with a more severe prognosis compared to adult-onset MS. It remains a challenging condition to treat because of the highly inflammatory nature of the disease, the prominent cognitive issues, and the limited knowledge about the efficacy and safety of current available disease-modifying therapies. Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of drugs licensed for adult-onset MS and several of them, although not tested in PedMS, are currently being used off-label in this population. To date, interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate are the most commonly used first-line treatments in children, although the efficacy and safety of these drugs have only been studied in observational cohorts and in unblinded randomized controlled trials. For children with breakthrough disease, escalation to higher efficacious second-line therapies, such as natalizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, and daclizumab may be considered. Large observational studies showed natalizumab is an effective treatment with safety and efficacy comparable to those in adult populations. The safety, efficacy, and tolerability of the other second-line treatments in PedMS have been reported only in small size retrospective case series. Large phase III studies are underway which will provide important information regarding the efficacy and safety of fingolimod, teriflunomide, and dimethyl fumarate in PedMS. Symptomatic treatments for fatigue, spasticity, depression, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and neuropathic pain should be considered in PedMS, especially when these symptoms impact the quality of life. Further work is needed to ensure that new trials best address treatment outcomes tailored to PedMS.
Contextualizing Disparities: The Case for Comparative Research on Social Inequalities in Health

Abstract Purpose Research on health care disparities is making important descriptive and analytical strides, and the issue of disparities has gained the attention of policymakers in the United States, other nation-states, and international organizations. Still, disparities research scholarship remains US-centric and too rarely takes a cross-national comparative approach to answering its questions. The US-centricity of disparities research has fostered a fixation on race and ethnicity that, although essential to understanding health disparities in the United States, has truncated the range of questions that researchers investigate. In this chapter, we make a case for comparative research that highlights its ability to identify the institutional factors that may affect disparities. Methodology/approach We discuss the central methodological challenges to comparative research. After describing current solutions to such problems, we use data from the World Values Survey to show the impact of key social fault lines on self-assessed health in Europe and the United States. Findings The negative impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on health is more generalizable across context, than the impact of race/ethnicity or gender. Research limitations/implications Our analysis includes a limited number of countries and relies on one measure of health. Originality/value of chapter The chapter represents a first step in a research agenda to understand health inequalities within and across societies.
1 Thessalonians 2:13–16: A Deutero-Pauline Interpolation

In any discussion of the origins of Christian ”anti-Semitism,” among a number of New Testament passages that can be adduced, i Thessalonians 2:14-16 will inevitably be brought to the fore. The purpose of this article is not per se to contribute to the current Jewish-Christian ”dialog,” but to discuss historically and exegetically this important passage in Thessalonians. (Such a study, of course, will not be completely irrelevant to the contemporary theological scene.)
Delineation of the mechanisms of tendon gliding resistance within the carpal tunnel

Abstract Background Forceful, high-velocity, and repetitive manual hand tasks contribute to the onset of carpal tunnel syndrome. This study aimed to isolate and identify mechanisms that contribute to tendon gliding resistance in the carpal tunnel. Methods Eight human cadaver hands (four pairs) were used. Tendon gliding resistance (force, energy, and stiffness) was measured under different conditions: with intact and with divided subsynovial connective tissue, at 2 mm/s and 60 mm/s tendon excursion velocity, and with and without relaxation time before tendon excursion. Results Subsynovial connective tissue stretching substantially contributed to increased gliding resistance force and energy during higher tendon excursion velocities, and subsynovial connective tissue stiffening was observed. Poroelastic properties of the tendon (and possibly the subsynovial connective tissue) also appear to be involved because relaxation time significantly increased gliding resistance force and energy (P Interpretation These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanics of tendon motion within the carpal tunnel are affected by the integrity of the subsynovial connective tissue. While not tested here, in carpal tunnel syndrome this tissue is known to be the fibrotic, thickened, and less-fluid-permeable. An extrapolation of our findings suggests that these changes in the subsynovial connective tissue of carpal tunnel syndrome patients could increase contact friction and carpal tunnel pressure.
Building a Scalable Native XML Database Engine on Infrastructure for a Relational Database

We describe the architecture and some aspects of System R/X, a native XML database engine that is built on the same mature infrastructure for a relational database and integrated with the relational engine. We describe what parts of the infrastructure can be reused, what need to be extended, and what are totally new to the XML database and their techniques. Our overall strategy is to base XML storage and search on the scalable relational technology with substantial extensions. Many techniques are novel to our knowledge. We also provide perspectives along the discussion and point out some open research issues.
Fast Binary Counters Based on Symmetric Stacking

In this brief, a new binary counter design is proposed. It uses 3-bit stacking circuits, which group all of the “1” bits together, followed by a novel symmetric method to combine pairs of 3-bit stacks into 6-bit stacks. The bit stacks are then converted to binary counts, producing 6:3 counter circuits with no xor gates on the critical path. This avoidance of xor gates results in faster designs with efficient power and area utilization. In VLSI simulations, the proposed counters are 30% faster than existing parallel counters and also consume less power than other higher order counters. Additionally, using the proposed counters in existing counter-based Wallace tree multiplier architectures reduces latency and power consumption for 64 and 128-bit multipliers.
Using a quality improvement approach to improve maternal and neonatal care in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Providing quality health care services in humanitarian settings is challenging due to population displacement, lack of qualified staff and supervisory oversight, and disruption of supply chains. Th...
Small Footprint Air-gap Multi Fiber Connector with Low Loss and Low Mating Force

Multi-fiber connector with low mating force (3N) has been developed by applying gap between fibers. The proposed multi-mode/single-mode connector has achieved an average loss of 0.49dB/0.67dB and more than 38dB/60dB return loss without anti-reflection coating.
Blockchain for Business: Next-Generation Enterprise Artificial Intelligence Systems

Abstract This chapter discusses Blockchain distributed ledgers in the context of public and private Blockchains, enterprise Blockchain deployments, and the role of Blockchains in next-generation artificial intelligence systems, notably deep learning Blockchains. Blockchain technology is a software protocol for the secure transfer of unique instances of value (e.g., money, property, contracts, and identity credentials) via the Internet without requiring a third-party intermediary such as a bank or government. Public Blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are trustless (human counterparties and intermediaries do not need to be trusted, just the software) and permissionless (open use), whereas private Blockchains are trusted and permissioned. Enterprise Blockchains are private (trusted, not trustless) immutable decentralized ledgers, with varying methods of reaching consensus (validating and recording transactions). Four enterprise systems are examined: R3’s Corda, Ethereum Quorum, Hyperledger Fabric, and Ripple. New business analytics and data science methods are needed such as next-generation artificial intelligence solutions in the form of deep learning algorithms together with Blockchains. The hidden benefit of Blockchain for data analytics is its role in creating “clean data”: validated, trustable, interoperable, and standardized data. Business Blockchains may develop across industry supply chains with shared business logic and processes, and shared financial ledgers. Payment channels and smart contract asset pledging may allow net settlement across supply chains and reduce debt and working capital obligations. Specific use cases are considered in global automotive supply chains, healthcare, digital identity credentialing, higher education, digital collectibles (CryptoKitties), and asset tokens (Primalbase).
Evolution Education and the Rise of the Creationist Movement in Brazil

In this chapter, we analyze current educational policies such as the National Curriculum Parameters for Secondary Science Education, commonly used curricula (high school biology textbooks), and publicly available resources (media reports, organizational websites, previous studies, etc.) to ascertain the characterization of evolution education and the rise of the creationist movement in Brazil. Additionally, we provide a historical account of how larger societal forces such as religion and politics have shaped the Brazilian educational landscape over time. Our ultimate goal is to better understand not only what evolution education in Brazil is like but also how it came to be (i.e., the dynamic sociological processes behind its current state). Findings indicate that a lack of understanding about evolution as a unifying theory coupled with vague messages present in curricula and from the Ministry of Education about defining parameters regarding what should be taught in a science classroom can lead to teachers getting caught in the crosshairs of public pressure and creationist propaganda.
Some Different Philosophies of Constructive Mathematics

It is possible to distinguish at least five different philosophies of constructive mathematics, plus at least one “semi-constructive” philosophy. By a philosophy of constructive mathematics, we mean a philosophy that subscribes to the two fundamental principles: (i) “there exists an x” means we can find x explicitly (ii) “truth” has no a priori meaning; a proposition is true just in case we can find a proof of it. On the basis of these two principles alone, a considerable amount of agreement concerning mathematical practice can be reached. That is to say, any constructive mathematician can read Bishop or Bridges and find the proofs correct. That is not say that every constructive mathematician would agree with Bishop on all philosophical points! In fact, there are some significant differences between the various schools. In this chapter, we shall examine these different views in detail.
High level FPGA modeling of an JPEG encoder

A high-level Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) prototype for a JPEG image encoder has been developed by the Structures, Pointing, and Control Engineering (SPACE) University Research Center (URC). The FPGA prototype uses MathWorks Simulink and Xilinx System Generator for deployment on its Virtex-5 FPGA board. The FPGA module serves as a co-processor of a real-time Ubiquitous Video Conferencing (UVC) software package. The project objective is to: 1) study the high-level synthesis method for FPGA design, and 2) provide the digital signal processing necessary to offload computationally-intensive video processing data from a host computer running the UVC application [1]. The project uses a Xilinx XUPV5-LV110T FPGA Development System. The image compression utilizes the JPEG standard. Each module for the JPEG encoder is designed in Simulink. To reduce computation time on the FPGA due to floating-point Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) calculations, a table containing DCT cosine product values was computed in Excel, accurate to two decimal digits. These values are shifted 6 bits to the left to maintain accuracy and loaded onto the FPGA. The product of 8-bit YCbCr channel data and tabulated values is accumulated into a register, then scaled and shifted 6 bits to the right to complete the DCT.
The BLM's Proposed New Grazing Regulations: Serving the Most Special Interest

On December 8, 2003, the Department of the Interior issued proposed amendments to the regulations that govern livestock grazing on over 160 million acres of Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands. Although purporting to further relationships between the BLM and ranchers using BLM lands, careful examination reveals that the proposed amendments are a virtual wish list for ranchers, relaxing environmental restraints and restoring ranchers to dominance on western public lands. The amendments would dilute environmental standards, implementation, enforcement, and would eliminate non-rancher public land users’ input into management decisions. Generally, the proposed amendments favor ranchers over environmentalists, even making it easier for ranchers convicted of environmental crimes to obtain grazing permits. This promotion of the interests of a group ideologically aligned with the Bush administration reveals the proposed amendments’ cynicism and venality. By specifically reversing former regulations and making others ineffective, the proposed regulations would undo much of what was done by Rangeland Reform. In effect, the proposed amendments will return ranchers to the exclusive role in critical public lands decisions that they enjoyed before the advent of modern legislation such as the National Environmental Policy Act and the Federal Land Policy and Management Act. This article provides some information about public lands livestock grazing, and identifies the exclusion of the non-ranching public from the key public rangeland decisions and the manipulation of data requirements resulting in a de facto suspension of environmental standards as the proposed amendments’ most offensive features. It also exposes the administration's suppression of the BLM’s analysis of the negative environmental impacts of the proposed regulations.
Mineral Flux and Biogeochemical Cycles of Marine Planktonic Protozoa — Session Summary

Since the first NATO-ASI Workshop on the Ecology of Marine Planktonic Protozoa was held in Villefranch-sur-mer in 1981, a marked advance has been made in the study of shell-bearing marine planktonic protozoa. In particular, vertical flux measurements using sediment traps (e.g. Deuser et al. 1981, Takahashi and Honjo 1981, Reid 1982) have contributed to the understanding of marine ecosystems, and the material balance, and seasonal, interannual, and spatial distribution of plankton (e.g. Thunell et al. 1983, Be et al. 1985, Smetacek 1985, Pisias et al. 1986, Takahashi 1986, 1987a b c, Thunell and Honjo 1987, Leventer and Dunbar 1987, Gersonde and Wefer 1987, Sancetta and Calver 1988.
Public Pedagogy for Racial Justice Teaching: Supporting the Racial Literacy Development of Teachers of Color

Rita Kohli, Arturo Nevarez, and Nallely Arteaga present an example of how a teacher professional development institute provides a space for teachers of color to name racism, confront it, and transform their schools. They show how this space of learning is different from traditional teacher training. Rita Kohli, Arturo Nevarez, y Nallely Arteaga presentan un ejemplo de como un instituto de desarrollo profesional provee un espacio para maestros/as de color para que den nombre al racismo, lo confronten, y lo transformen en sus escuelas. Muestran como este espacio de aprendizaje es diferente a los programas de desarrollo profesional tradicionales.
Electronic Structure of Liquid Methanol and Ethanol from Polarization-Dependent Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy.

Two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra of liquid methanol and ethanol are reported for the energy range 7-10 eV from the first electronic excitation to close to the liquid-phase ionization potential. The spectra give detailed information on the electronic structures of these alcohols in the bulk liquid. The focus of this Article is to examine the electronic structure change compared with water on substitution of a hydrogen by an alkyl group. Continuous 2PA spectra are recorded in the broadband pump-probe fashion, with a fixed pump pulse in the UV region and a white-light continuum as a probe. Pump pulses of two different energies, 4.6 and 6.2 eV, are used to cover the spectral range up to 10 eV. In addition, theoretical 2PA cross sections for both molecules isolated in the gas phase are computed by the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method with single and double substitutions (EOM-CCSD). These computational results are used to assign both the experimental 2PA and literature one-photon linear absorption spectra. The most intense spectral features are due to transitions to the Rydberg states, and the 2PA spectra are dominated by the totally symmetric 3pz ← 2pz transition in both alcohols. The experimental 2PA spectra are compared with the simulated 2PA spectra based on ab initio calculations that reveal a general blue shift of the excited transitions upon solvation. The effective 2PA thresholds in methanol and ethanol decrease to 6.9 eV compared with 7.8 eV for water. The analysis of the 2PA polarization ratio leads us to conclude that the excited states of ethanol deviate more markedly from water in the lower energy region compared with methanol. The polarization dependence of the 2PA spectra reveal the symmetries of the excited states within the measured energy range. Natural transition orbital calculations are performed to visualize the nature of the transitions and the orbitals participating during electronic excitation.
How and why the brain evolves time

Abstract The present work evaluates the proposition that the dimension of time is iatrogenically created. That is, time is a property that necessarily emerges alongside the genesis of living systems. Humans, as the most complex known expression of such living creatures, exhibit the most intricate and sophisticated incarnation of this fabricated temporality. Evidence is considered to support this contention; most pointedly, the problem concerning the vacuity of a temporal foundation in the brain. I argue that one can ‘force’ processes, that are intrinsic to brain operations, to demonstrate such a temporal base; and even necessarily confirm this synchrony. However, this insistence is a categorical error. It conflates processes in time, with time itself. I also consider the observation of the psychophysical exponent at unity represents one that indicates support for the proposition I advance. I anticipate that the fundamental proposition of temporal iatrogenesis, that founds the present work, will be rejected ‘out-of-hand.’ Such vehement visceral rejections, alongside an even instinctive revulsion to the fracture of the idea known as the ‘phenomenological constraint,’ can also be taken as one essential form of validation for this observed delusion of time.
Classic brown recluse spider bite

A 58-year-old female presented with leg paresthesia and rash. On presentation, the rash was most consistent with cellulitis and cephalexin was started. The next day vesicles appeared which were presumed to be shingles and acyclovir was started. They evolved into a fully necrotic lesion on day 4 and had the classic presentation of a brown recluse spider bite. Bite marks were missed at presentation. Brown recluse spider bites are commonly misdiagnosed 80% of the time. Brown recluse venom contains a variety of toxins which can lead to skin necrosis (37% of patients) that occurs via an unknown mechanism dependent on host neutrophils. Skin changes progress over 12–36 h and necrosis develops within several days. Treatment recommendations call for exclusion of other diagnoses and conservative management with local wound care, tetanus prophylaxis, and debridement. Other forms of treatment should be avoided. Our patient was treated with a skin graft with good results. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care and medical knowledge.
Kinematics: A Clean Diagnostic for Separating Supernova Remnants from HII Regions in Nearby Galaxies

Many more supernova remnants (SNRs) are now known in external galaxies than in the Milky Way. Most of these SNRs have been identified using narrow-band imaging, separating SNRs from HII regions on the basis of [SII]:H-alpha ratios that are elevated compared to HII regions. However, the boundary between SNRs and HII regions is not always distinct, especially at low surface brightness. Here we explore velocity structure as a possible criterion for separating SNRs from HII regions, using a sample of well-studied SNRs in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) as well as a small number of SNRs in the galaxy M83. We find, perhaps not surprisingly, that even at large diameters, SNRs exhibit velocity broadening sufficient to readily distinguish them from HII regions. We thus suggest that the purity of most extragalactic samples would be greatly improved through spectroscopic observations with a velocity resolution of order 50~km/s$.
Prospective Evaluation of 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT in Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer in an Academic Center: A Focus on Disease Localization and Changes in Management.

18F-DCFPyL (2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-18F-fluoropyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid) is a promising PET radiopharmaceutical targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). We present our experience with this single-academic-center prospective study evaluating the positivity rate of 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT in patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PC). Methods: We prospectively enrolled 72 men (52–91 y old; mean ± SD, 71.5 ± 7.2) with BCR after primary definitive treatment with prostatectomy (n = 42) or radiotherapy (n = 30). The presence of lesions compatible with PC was evaluated by 2 independent readers. Fifty-nine patients had scans concurrent with at least one other conventional scan: bone scanning (24), CT (21), MR (20), 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT (18), or 18F-NaF PET (14). Findings from 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT were compared with those from other modalities. Impact on patient management based on 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT was recorded from clinical chart review. Results:18F-DCFPyL PET/CT had an overall positivity rate of 85%, which increased with higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (ng/mL): 50% (PSA
Neural Network Predictive Controller for Grid-Connected Virtual Synchronous Generator

In this paper, a neural network predictive controller is proposed to regulate the active and the reactive power delivered to the grid generated by a three-phase virtual inertia-based inverter. The concept of the conventional virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is discussed, and it is shown that when the inverter is connected to non-inductive grids, the conventional PI-based VSGs are unable to perform acceptable tracking. The concept of the neural network predictive controller is also discussed to replace the traditional VSGs. This replacement enables inverters to perform in both inductive and non-inductive grids. The simulation results confirm that a well-trained neural network predictive controller illustrates can adapt to any grid impedance angle, compared to the traditional PI-based virtual inertia controllers.
Habermasian utopia or Sunstein's echo chamber? The ‘dark side’ of hashtag hijacking and feminist activism

Society thinks, talks, and communicates in ways which are inherently different now from the pre-Internet era. Hashtags in particular have transformed community formation around a particular topic, issue, or goal. A new and relatively under-studied phenomenon is that of ‘hashtag hijacking’, where individuals or groups use a particular hashtag to draw attention to arguments and narratives which undermine or oppose the hashtag's objective. Most of the current literature looks at hashtag hijacking as a positive outlet for counter-discourse/counter-narratives to challenge dominant groups. This study, however, looks at the ‘dark side’ of hashtag hijacking, where groups use trolling tactics similar to the Alt_Right to reinforce misogynistic views. The hijacking of three hashtags is explored in this study: #notacriminal, #women2drive, and #mydressmychoice, to explore feminist theories on the role of social media in a ‘public space’. Does Twitter function as one common public sphere where inequalities are so deeply embedded that minority voices have no hope of being heard? Or does Twitter function as a meeting place for multiple competing public spheres, thus allowing minority – and in this case feminist – voices to be heard?
Pretending Positive, Pushing False: Comparing Captain Marvel Misinformation Campaigns

It has become apparent that high-profile Twitter conversations are polluted by individuals and organizations spreading misinformation on the social media site. In less directly political or emergency-related conversations there remain questions about how organized misinformation campaigns occur and are responded to. To inform work in this area, we present a case study that compares how different versions of a misinformation campaign originated and spread its message related to the Marvel Studios’ movie Captain Marvel. We found that the misinformation campaign that more indirectly promoted its thesis by obscuring it in a positive campaign, #AlitaChallenge, was more widely shared and more widely responded to. Through the use of both Twitter topic group analysis and Twitter-Youtube networks, we also show that all of the campaigns originated in similar communities. This informs future work focused on the cross-platform and cross-network nature of these conversations with an eye toward how that may improve our ability to classify the intent and effect of various campaigns.
How to Build a Supercomputer: U.S. Research Infrastructure and the Documents That Mitigate the Uncertainties of Big Science

In this article, I argue that technical reporting and documentation processes function to mitigate uncertainty and enable complex systems in the endeavor of big science. The argument draws on two y...
Characterization of cachexia in the human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 mouse tumour model

Background Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic disease with unmet medical need. Although many rodent models are available, none are identical to the human disease. Therefore, the development of new preclinical models that simulate some of the physiological, biochemical, and clinical characteristics of the human disease is valuable. The HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma tumour cell line was reported to induce cachexia in mice. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine how well the HT-1080 tumour model could recapitulate human cachexia and to examine its technical performance. Furthermore, the efficacy of ghrelin receptor activation via anamorelin treatment was evaluated, because it is one of few clinically validated mechanisms. Methods Female severe combined immunodeficient mice were implanted subcutaneously or heterotopically (renal capsule) with HT-1080 tumour cells. The cachectic phenotype was evaluated during tumour development, including body weight, body composition, food intake, muscle function (force and fatigue), grip strength, and physical activity measurements. Heterotopic and subcutaneous tumour histology was also compared. Energy balance was evaluated at standard and thermoneutral housing temperatures in the subcutaneous model. The effect of anamorelin (ghrelin analogue) treatment was also examined. Results The HT-1080 tumour model had excellent technical performance and was reproducible across multiple experimental conditions. Heterotopic and subcutaneous tumour cell implantation resulted in similar cachexia phenotypes independent of housing temperature. Tumour weight and histology was comparable between both routes of administration with minimal inflammation. Subcutaneous HT-1080 tumour-bearing mice presented with weight loss (decreased fat mass and skeletal muscle mass/fibre cross-sectional area), reduced food intake, impaired muscle function (reduced force and grip strength), and decreased spontaneous activity and voluntary wheel running. Key circulating inflammatory biomarkers were produced by the tumour, including growth differentiation factor 15, Activin A, interleukin 6, and TNF alpha. Anamorelin prevented but did not reverse anorexia and weight loss in the subcutaneous model. Conclusions The subcutaneous HT-1080 tumour model displays many of the perturbations of energy balance and physical performance described in human cachexia, consistent with the production of key inflammatory factors. Anamorelin was most effective when administered early in disease progression. The HT-1080 tumour model is valuable for studying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cachexia.
Cognitive, affective, and global attitude toward physical activity with different intensities

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the differences of college students' attitudes toward physical activity (PA) with different intensities and the contributions of students' c...
Traumatic Obturator Internus and Quadratus Femoris Injury in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report:

We present the case of a 11-year-old White female patient with a traumatic quadratus femoris and obturator internus tear after a sprint while at school. She felt immediate pain, swelling, and point tenderness in her posterosuperior thigh with a severely antalgic gait. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a quadratus femoris tear, obturator internus tear, and ischial spine avulsion fracture. Although a less common etiology for acute hip pain in the pediatric population, traumatic injury to the short external rotators should not be excluded. The prognosis is favorable with a full return to previous activities expected using an appropriate rehabilitation program.
Litigating Climate Change in Ireland

Ireland generates the third-highest level of per capita emissions of greenhouse gases in the European Union and its government has consistently recognized the need for urgent action and acknowledged any delay therein ‘will only create more consequences for society and ultimately cost us more to make the transition’. But its 2017 National Mitigation Plan, which it was required to adopt under the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act (2015), was generally agreed to reflect policies that would not enable Ireland to meet its targets in 2020 or beyond. A legal challenge to the Plan brought by Friends of the Irish Environment led the High Court to acknowledge in 2019 that the group had standing to challenge the Plan and to accept, for the purposes of the case, that the Irish Constitution includes an ‘unenumerated’, or derived, right to a healthy environment. But the High Court rejected the challenge for several reasons and concluded that the government enjoyed considerable discretion in how to respond to global warming and how to satisfy the strictures of the Act. This article examines the principal issues that the Irish Supreme Court will have to consider when it hears the appeal by the FIE in June 2020. It addresses the questions of standing, justiciability, the applicable standard of review, the right to a healthy environment under Irish law, and the interpretive role of the constitutional Directive Principles of Social Policy.
CMS-BN: A cognitive modeling and simulation environment for human performance assessment, part 1 — methodology

Abstract Cognitive modeling and simulation studies how a human dynamically interacts with the external world. Human performance assessment based on this concept has long been researched in both cognitive sciences and engineering disciplines. However, existing methods have difficulties in describing the uncertain relationships in a human’s knowledge and in considering the uncertainties in the cognitive process. To tackle these issues, we propose a novel cognitive modeling and simulation environment (CMS-BN) by introducing Bayesian networks to represent a human’s knowledge and Monte Carlo simulation to account for the uncertainties in the cognitive process. The proposed environment explicitly models information perception, reasoning and response in a human’s cognitive process. Information perception works as a filtering mechanism to downselect signals from the external world. Reasoning and response are modeled as traversing the human knowledge base represented as a Bayesian network to retrieve knowledge and updating human belief and attention distribution accordingly. Uncertainties in the cognitive process are characterized through Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed environment also models the interplay between the cognitive process and two performance shaping factors, stress and fatigue, though additional factors can be further considered. We expect the proposed environment to be useful in human reliability analysis and human performance improvement.
Should We Treat Data as Labor? Moving beyond "Free"

Abstract In the digital economy, user data is typically treated as capital created by corporations observing willing individuals. This neglects users' roles in creating data, reducing incentives fo...