cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery High School Attendance Effects on Student Delinquency and Substance Use: the Moderating Role of Social Problem Solving Styles.

Recovery high schools (RHSs) provide educational programming and therapeutic support services for young people in recovery from substance use disorders (SUDs). The objectives of this study were to examine whether students with SUDs who attended RHSs report less delinquency and substance use than students with SUDs who attended non-RHSs, and how students’ social problem solving styles might moderate those associations. Participants were students from a longitudinal quasi-experimental study of adolescents who enrolled in high schools after receiving treatment for SUDs. The propensity-score balanced sample included 260 adolescents (143 in RHSs, 117 in non-RHSs) enrolled in schools in Minnesota, Wisconsin, or Texas (M age = 16; 83% White; 44% female). Negative binomial regression models were used to compare delinquency and substance use outcomes for RHS and non-RHS students at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups. The results indicated that students attending RHSs after discharge from SUD treatment reported less frequent delinquent behavior while intoxicated, and fewer days of substance use relative to students attending non-RHSs. Negative problem solving styles moderated the effect of RHS attendance on substance use outcomes, with RHSs providing minimal beneficial effects for those students endorsing maladaptive problem solving styles. We conclude that RHSs offer a promising continuing care approach for adolescents in recovery from SUD problems, but may vary in their effectiveness for students with impulsive, careless, or avoidant problem solving styles.
A preliminary exploration of acute intracranial pressure-cerebrospinal fluid production relationships in experimental hydrocephalus.

CONTEXT: By occluding the fourth ventricle simultaneously obtaining telemetric data on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, the authors of this study investigate a variety of physiologic parameters in cases of experimental hydrocephalus. AIMS: The aim of this study is to provide a new context on the disrupted homeostasis in hydrocephalus and guide toward improved treatment based on multiple physiological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hydrocephalus was induced in ten 21-day-old Sprague–Dawley rats by blocking the flow of CSF to the fourth ventricle with kaolin. Ten days post induction, when physical signs of ventriculomegaly reached Evan's ratio (ER) of ≥0.46, CSF flow and ICP were measured while manipulating body position (0°, 45°, 90°) and heart rate. RESULTS: In hydrocephalic animals (ER ≥0.46), we found a near-steady average acute ICP (13.638 ± 2.331) compared to age-matched controls (ER CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest that our standard assumptions of posture-dependent changes in ICP created using data from physiologic data may be inaccurate in the hydrocephalic patient, and thus describe a need to further explore these relationships.
The effect of web add-on correction and narrative correction on belief in misinformation depending on motivations for using social media

How to combat the spread of misinformation on social media is a long-standing issue in the academic and practical fields, but creating effective correction strategies remains a challenge. Moreover,...
Algorithms for ridge estimation with convergence guarantees.

The extraction of filamentary structure from a point cloud is discussed. The filaments are modeled as ridge lines or higher dimensional ridges of an underlying density. We propose two novel algorithms, and provide theoretical guarantees for their convergences. We consider the new algorithms as alternatives to the Subspace Constraint Mean Shift (SCMS) algorithm that do not suffer from a shortcoming of the SCMS that is also revealed in this paper.
piRNAs coordinate poly(UG) tailing to prevent aberrant and perpetual gene silencing.

Summary Noncoding RNAs have emerged as mediators of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI) in a number of organisms. A robust example of such RNA-directed TEI is the inheritance of gene-silencing states following RNA interference (RNAi) in the metazoan C. elegans. During RNAi inheritance, gene silencing is transmitted by a self-perpetuating cascade of siRNA-directed poly(UG) tailing of mRNA fragments (pUGylation), followed by siRNA synthesis from poly(UG)-tailed mRNA templates (termed pUG RNA/siRNA cycling). Despite the self-perpetuating nature of pUG RNA/siRNA cycling, RNAi inheritance is finite, suggesting that systems likely exist to prevent indefinite RNAi-triggered gene silencing. Here we show that, in the absence of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), an animal-specific class of small noncoding RNA, RNAi-based gene silencing can become essentially permanent, lasting at near 100% penetrance for more than 5 years and hundreds of generations. This perpetual gene silencing is mediated by continuous pUG RNA/siRNA cycling. Further, we find that piRNAs coordinate endogenous RNAi pathways to prevent germline-expressed genes, which are not normally subjected to TEI, from entering a state of continual and irreversible epigenetic silencing also mediated by continuous maintenance of pUG RNA/siRNA cycling. Together, our results show that one function of C. elegans piRNAs is to insulate germline-expressed genes from aberrant and runaway inactivation by the pUG RNA/siRNA epigenetic inheritance system.
Context and Chemistry in Primary Olfactory Processing

We show that olfactory bulb (OB) physiology is modulated by behavioral context, but in special circumstances the system may act as a feed-forward sensory throughway, with behavior predicted almost entirely by chemical structure. OB mitral cells receive direct sensory input and are modulated by behavior and expectation. Odor selectivity of these cells is also changed by stimulus meaning. A probable source of meaning-based modulation to the OB is the entorhinal cortex, which we show modulates OB activity during odor expectation. We also show that in some circumstances the chemical identity of an odor mixture can precisely predict behavior.
Foreword - In Memory of Robert J. Lipkin

This is a foreword to a compendium of writings by our lost friend and colleague, Bobby Lipkin, collected within a special issue of the Widener Law Review.Bobby’s constitutionalism beholds and celebrates that "no constitutional truths emanate from either politically unaccountable" courts or from paradigmatically imperfect constitutional legal theories. Rather, Bobby’s constitutionalism was participatory and justificatory: it derives from the Constitution’s republican democracy. The Constitution means what We the People allow it to mean at constitutional inflection points in our nation’s history.We miss Bobby dearly.
Photochemistry in the stratosphere

The current understanding of stratospheric photochemistry and dynamics is based partly on direct observations and partly on model calculations. At present it is desirable to increase the ratio of observations to calculations in this subject, although some components of the problem are now well established.
Metal activation and regulation of E. coli RNase H

Publisher Summary The ribonuclease H (RNase H) family of enzymes catalyzes the hydrolysis of RNA in RNA/DNA hybrids. An understanding of the RNase H mechanism is important for a number of reasons. First, the RNase H activity is essential to the lifecycle of HIV. Mutations that merely reduce the reverse transcriptase RNase H activity are sufficient to completely inhibit virulence in the mutant in vivo . Its absolute requirement makes the RNase H activity a logical drug target for anti-HIV therapies. Development of knowledge-based inhibitors requires an understanding of the activity's mechanism. Second, a number of proteins with structures homologous to RNase H have been solved in recent times, all of which are metal-requiring nucleic acid manipulating proteins. This superfamily of proteins, currently termed “polynucleotide transferases,” includes RNase H, resolvase, integrase, and Mu transposase. It is assumed that the enzymes share a common mechanism, hence an understanding of RNase H mechanism will assist in clarifying the mechanism of other members of this superfamily. Clearly, a determination of the number and role(s) of metal in the E.coli RNase H active site will help establish the enzyme's mechanism. In this chapter, the metal dependence (Mn 2+ and Mg 2+ ) of E.coli RNase H activity have been examined. Mn 2+ -dependent activity requires lesser metal for activation than Mg 2+ -activity and is inhibited upon the further addition of Mn 2+ . The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), have been used to measure two distinct Mn 2+ binding constants, consistent with the concentration requirements for activation and inhibition in vitro . Data obtained are most consistent with a single-divalent metal catalyzed reaction that can be attenuated (inhibited) upon binding a second metal. The chapter discusses a possible mechanism for metal activation and inhibition of RNase H in light of previous mutagenesis and structural studies.
Strategies for Securing the Cyber Safety Net for Terrorists: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach (Chapter 16)

Cyberspace provides a potent safety net for terrorists as its under-regulated spaces allow for a variety of illegal acts in support of terrorist activities. As traditional sources for terrorist funding have come under increased scrutiny and control, terrorists and other paramilitary organizations have increasingly turned to other illegal avenues for their fund raising activities. While high level crimes, such as drug running and human trafficking, have received increased attention, the threat to global security of such “low level” crimes as digital piracy, phishing and identify theft remain largely ignored. This article explores the growing evidence that “personal” crimes such as digital piracy, counterfeiting, phishing and digital fraud are being used to fund terrorists’ activities. It examines the digital safety net in which these crimes exist, created by a mix of cultural and economic factors that have undervalued the global security threat of these crimes. After comparing current international enforcement efforts, in the United States, the European Union and India, with a focus on cyberfraud and digital piracy laws, this article suggests a multidisciplinary, transborder approach for reducing this safety net and enhancing global security within the context of broader counter-terrorist efforts. Such approach, however, must be a nuanced one to avoid having prosecution of so-called “victimless” or “personal” crimes become new methods for locking up information or violating hard fought individual rights.
Studies in the Growth and Nutrition of Dairy Calves: V. Milk as the Sole Ration for Calves

Summary From the evidence obtained in this work the following factors may be looked on as possible causes of milk being unable to supply all the nutritional wants of calves after they are a few weeks old. 1.The lack of bulk may arrest the development of the alimentary tract and prevent the proper digestion of the nutrients supplied by the milk. 2.Excessive consumption of salt, due to depraved appetite, or to an attempt on the part of the calves to correct nutritive disturbances, may have led to some of the disturbances noted. 3.The vitamines, water-soluble B and water-soluble C, may have been present in insufficient amounts and this may have induced the death of the calves.
Water Injection into a Low-Permeability Rock - 1: Hydrofracture Growth

In this paper, we model water injection through a growing vertical hydrofracture penetrating a low-permeability reservoir. The results are useful in oilfield waterflood applications and in liquid waste disposal through reinjection. Using Duhamel's principle, we extend the Gordeyev and Entov (1997) self-similar 2D solution of pressure diffusion from a growing fracture to the case of variable injection pressure. The flow of water injected into a low-permeability rock is almost perpendicular to the fracture for a time sufficiently long to be of practical interest. We revisit Carter's model of 1D fluid injection (Howard and Fast, 1957) and extend it to the case of variable injection pressure. We express the cumulative injection through the injection pressure and effective fracture area. Maintaining fluid injection above a reasonable minimal value leads inevitably to fracture growth regardless of the injector design and the injection policy. The average rate of fracture growth can be predicted from early injection. A smart injection controller that can prevent rapid fracture growth is needed.
The Afghan Experiment: The Afghan Support Group, Principled Common Programming and the Strategic Framework

From 1997 to 2001, the international community put in place unique mechanisms to address the challenges to providing humanitarian assistance in Taliban-run Afghanistan. The Afghan Support Group (ASG), Principled Common Programming (PCP) and the Strategic Framework (SF) constituted a precedent-setting experiment that consumed thousands of hours in implementation in donor capitals and in the field. This article, written from the perspective of the leading donor of humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan, assesses the extent to which this Afghan experiment succeeded in increasing coherence on assistance policy issues, improving efficiency in assistance programmes and added synergy between assistance and peace efforts; identifies factors that limited further achievements; suggests how the mechanisms could have been improved; and analyses whether the overall effort politicised humanitarian assistance. The article concludes that the record of achievement was sufficiently promising that the ASG/PCP/SF experiment should be considered for application in other complex humanitarian emergencies.
Laboratory Measurements of the Relative Intensity of the 3s → 2p and 3d → 2p Transitions in Fe XVII

The intensity ratios of the 3s → 2p and 3d → 2p lines in Fe XVII were measured on the Livermore electron beam ion trap employing a complementary set of spectrometers, including a high-resolution crystal spectrometer and the Goddard 32 pixel calorimeter. The resulting laboratory data are in agreement with satellite measurements of the Sun and astrophysical sources in collisional equilibrium such as Capella, Procyon, and NGC 4636. The results disagree with earlier laboratory measurements and assertions that processes not accounted for in laboratory measurements must play a role in the formation of the Fe XVII spectra in solar and astrophysical plasmas.
Impact of electric-field dependent dielectric constants on two-dimensional electron gases in complex oxides

High-density two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) can be formed at complex oxide interfaces such as SrTiO3/GdTiO3 and SrTiO3/LaAlO3. The electric field in the vicinity of the interface depends on the dielectric properties of the material as well as on the electron distribution. However, it is known that electric fields can strongly modify the dielectric constant of SrTiO3 as well as other complex oxides. Solving the electrostatic problem thus requires a self-consistent approach in which the dielectric constant varies according to the local magnitude of the field. We have implemented the field dependence of the dielectric constant in a Schrodinger-Poisson solver in order to study its effect on the electron distribution in a 2DEG. Using the SrTiO3/GdTiO3 interface as an example, we demonstrate that including the field dependence results in the 2DEG being confined closer to the interface compared to assuming a single field-independent value for the dielectric constant. Our conclusions also apply to SrTiO3/LaAlO3 as well as other similar interfaces.
Climate as Comedy The Effects of Satirical Television News on Climate Change Perceptions

Two satirical television news programs, The Daily Show and The Colbert Report, cover climate change in ways that affirm the existence of global warming. This study uses data from an experiment (N =...
Wavefront conjugation using electron-gun-controlled piezoelectric materials

Current adaptive optics designs often rely upon multiple actuators to mechanically deform mirrored surfaces. The spatial resolution of control is dependent upon the physical size of these actuators and the number of actuators present. Piezoelectric materials may be used for actuation however the classical control methods of these materials also rely on discrete areas of actuation and require lead wiring for each electrode, patch, or stack utilized. Electron gun control of piezoelectric materials eliminates the need for discrete, segmented electrodes and their associated lead wiring. This method also holds the potential for much finer control resolution since the restraining parameter is beam size. Lightweight piezoelectric ceramics may possibly be used as wavefront conjugating mirrors. Piezo-ceramic plates can be actuated with an electron gun and a single distributed electrode of optical quality. The electron gun functions as a pointing device while varying the potential, referred to as backpressure, of the single electrode controls the magnitude of actuation. By using this method, future corrective optics may significantly surpass current design performance without significantly increasing system complexity.
The content of juvenile hormone and lipid in Lepidoptera: sexual differences and developmental changes.

Juvenile hormone, lipid and water content were measured in H. cecropia at representative stages during its life cycle. Alterations in juvenile hormone titer were consistent with our present understanding of the endocrine control of insect metamorphosis. It is present in the larval stages but absent prior to the molt from pupa to adult. The finding of hormone in the egg and embryo can be explained in part by the concentration of juvenile hormone in the adult female but a measurable amount is produced during embryonic development. The adult moths have the highest hormone concentration and the male adult usually has a greater quantity of hormone than the female. The sexual dimorphism in hormone content is due to greater secretion by the large male corpora allata and could not be equalized by the surgical techniques conducted. Of the many species assayed, the male Cecropia moth yielded the most hormone. The studies on total lipid changes revealed that the male Cecropia utilizes little if any net lipid during the pupal-adult transformation, but uses lipid rapidly as a flight fuel during adult life. During adult life the total lipid of both males and females is rapidly depleted and may be one renson that these moths die in about 10 days.
Human Aortic Endothelial Cell Migration onto Stent Surfaces under Static and Flow Conditions

Purpose The objective of the present study is to establish an in vitro model designed to quantitatively define human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) migration onto stainless steel stent material under both static and flow conditions of high and low wall shear stress. Materials and Methods To simulate implantation of a stent onto the intact arterial wall, HAECs were seeded and grown to confluence on thick, firm collagen gels. Flat 1 × 1-cm square, stainless steel pieces were implanted on this endothelialized surface and migration of HAECs onto the steel surface was monitored, measured, and compared under static and high (15 dynes/cm 2 ) and low (2 dynes/cm 2 ) wall shear stress flow conditions designed to model wall shear stress levels encountered at different sites within the human arterial system. Results Under no flow, endothelial cell migration occurred uniformly from the periphery, attaining complete confluence over the square surface within 14 days. The initial migratory rate was approximately 10 (μm/h ± 0.5 on days 1–3 and increased to a rate near 15 μm/h ± 0.5 between days 10 and 14. High shear stress significantly ( P Conclusions These results indicate the rate and extent of endothelial migration onto a prosthetic material surface are influenced by the level and direction of flow-related wall shear stress. Furthermore, these results demonstrate an in vitro model that provides a method to quantitatively evaluate and possibly predict the relative ability of different prosthetic materials to endothelialize under variable in vivo flow conditions.
Characteristics of computer usage and determinants of microcomputer success by agribusinesses.

The characteristics of microcomputer usage and the determinants of successful computerization in agribusinesses were assessed. The results indicate that the agribusiness manager can influence the success of the system by becoming personally involved in its development. Organizational and managerial characteristics, such as firm size and the level of education of the manager, did not influence the success of the computer system, although they were related to the agribusiness' decision to adopt microcomputers.
Challenges in Graduate Education in Integrated Water Resources Management

In a recent editorial, Stakhiv ~2003! called for the implementation of integrated water resources management ~IWRM! in the United States. Others have identified this need both globally and locally because global problems centering on water resources are pervasive. They affect political relations, public health, agriculture, development, and the environment. Particularly important examples summarized by Colwell ~2002! include transboundary rivers (;260 rivers cross national lines, resulting in potential conflict and water wars!; overuse ~the Yellow River in China and the Colorado River in the United States are so overused, they are dry at their mouths!; lack of access to safe water for 1.1 billion people and adequate sanitation facilities for 2.4 billion people; and increasing water needs in settings of inadequate water supply. The United Nations ~UN 1997; UNESCO 2003! reports that half of the developing world’s population suffers from waterand foodrelated diseases, with 5 million people dying yearly from diseases caused by unsafe drinking water or a lack of water for sanitation. They also report that women and children in the developing world spend ;10 million person-years of effort each year to bring household water from distant sources, time better spent on education and other activities. Long-term climate change and population growth will further stress water resources in many regions, and acceptable adaptation will only be achieved through integrated water resources management ~IPCC 2001!. Colwell ~2002, p. 4! concluded, ‘‘...in the 21st Century we have to develop an integrated approach across the disciplines to understand the complexity of water issues worldwide,’’ and further described how complex global water issues require an approach that combines engineering with the natural, physical, and social sciences. The United States is not immune to these global problems. Over 50% of its watersheds have either moderate or serious water quality problems ~US EPA 1996a!. Nearly 950 towns combine municipal wastewater and storm-water in their sewer systems, a practice which pollutes receiving waters; 44% of estuaries are unfit for fishing or swimming ~Ocean Conservancy 2002!; and nonpoint source pollution from diffuse land and underground
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling during Gastrulation Negatively Modulates the Abundance of MicroRNAs That Regulate Proteins Required for Cell Migration and Embryo Patterning

FGF signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating cell movements and lineage induction during gastrulation. Here we identify 44 microRNAs that are expressed in the primitive streak region of gastrula stage chicken embryos. We show that the primary effect of FGF signaling on microRNA abundance is to negatively regulate the levels of miR-let-7b, -9, -19b, -107, -130b, and -218. LIN28B inhibits microRNA processing and is positively regulated by FGF signaling. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments show that LIN28B negatively regulates the expression of miR-19b, -130b, and let-7b, whereas negative modulation of miR-9, -107, and -218 appears to be independent of LIN28B function. Predicted mRNA targets of the FGF-regulated microRNAs are over-represented in serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase receptors, including ACVR1, ACVR2B, PDGFRA, TGFBR1, and TGFBR3. Luciferase assays show that these and other candidates are targeted by FGF-regulated microRNAs. PDGFRA, a receptor whose activity is required for cell migration through the primitive streak, is a target of miR-130b and -218 in vivo. These results identify a novel mechanism by which FGF signaling regulates gene expression by negatively modulating microRNA abundance through both LIN28B-dependent and LIN28B-independent pathways.
Personality correlates of the degree of functional incapacity of patients with physical disease.

Abstract The paper reports an attempt to discover relationships between personality variables and the degree of functional incapacity shown by patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Two groups of patients were selected from a larger sample of female patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In the first group the stage of progression of the illness was less than the class of functional incapacity manifested by the patient; whereas, in the second group the stage of progression was either greater than or equal to the class of functional incapacity. A Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to each patient, and a total of 88 personality scales derived from the items on this test were scored. An attempt was also made to estimate empirically what percentage of the MMPI scales would have shown significant differences between the groups by chance alone. The results indicated that the empirically derived average percentage of scales significantly differentiating two randomly selected groups was remarkably close to what would actually be expected on a priori grounds according to probability theory, and was much less than the actual percentage of scales which significantly differentiated the two groups actually utilized in the study. The patients with greater functional incapacity scored significantly higher on scales reflecting (1) physical symptoms; (2) depression, apathy and lack of motivation; (3) general ‘neurotic’ symptoms such as lack of ego strength, alienation and isolation from self and others, anxiety and hostility; (4) general ‘psychotic’ symptoms; (5) problems around control of impulses; and (6) particular personality traits, i.e. prejudice, ethnocentrism and dependency. The results were discussed with particular reference to previous work relating personality factors to the course of illness in multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis and cancer.
Liquid chromatography electrospray-mass spectrometry of urinary aflatoxin biomarkers: characterization and application to dosimetry and chemoprevention in rats.

A liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the measurement of aflatoxin biomarkers in urine has been developed and validated. The two major aflatoxin-DN...
Lethal germination of spores ofBacillus megaterium 9885

Washed spore suspensions germinated promptly without prior heat shock in a basal germination solution containingl-leucine. Germination was inhibited by dipicolinic acid. The inhibition was reversed by eitherl-leucine or phosphate. Phosphate accelerated the rate and increased the extent of germination, which was accompanied by an uncommonly large fall in the optical density of the suspension, but phosphate also caused a massive lysis after germination. This was accompanied by a sudden shedding of the spore coats. The suspensions consisted of shrivelled, cellular walls and membranes attached to the empty spore coats. Lysis of the germinated cells was prevented by fairly high concentrations of Ca or Mg. During germination, exogenous Ca we used Ca45 was absorbed by the cells. Both cells and sonically disrupted cellular particles firmly retained the calcium, and evidence suggested that much of the Ca was bound in the cytoplasmic membranes. The cations contained in plain agar enabled spores which germinated on tryptone soya agar plates to develop into colonies; in the corresponding broth medium these spores lysed upon germination. Hypertonic sucrose delayed but did not prevent lysis.
Predator diet and prey behaviour: freshwater snails discriminate among closely related prey in a predator's diet

Chemical cues are commonly used by prey to assess predation risk. Prey typically respond to predator cues by altering behaviour, but their response may depend on predator diet. There are few data on how predators feeding on prey types spanning a continuous gradient of relatedness affect prey behaviour. Here I present the results of a study evaluating the relationship between predator diet and prey behaviour. We presented two species of freshwater gastropods with caged crayfish fed one of five diets and compared them with a no-predator control. Diets included conspecific prey, congeners, prey in the same order, and two prey taxa in different phyla. We monitored behaviour and growth over 3 weeks. Predators feeding on conspecifics induced a large increase in the refuge use of both prey species. Refuge use was highly contingent on predator diet, as one snail species responded only to predators feeding on conspecifics and the other species responded only to predators feeding on conspecifics and congeners. Neither snail species responded to predators feeding on prey taxa in a different genus. Snail behaviour did not depend on the degree of ecological overlap with diet items, but behaviour was related to the degree of phylogenetic similarity. There was no evidence that diets of an intermediate relatedness induced an intermediate response. Instead, prey responded to the diet gradient in a threshold manner. Growth responses were generally concordant with behavioural responses. The overall effect of predators on prey in nature depends on how variation in predator diet translates into altered prey phenotypes.
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Case Report at One-Year Follow-up

ABSTRACT Surgery is the only treatment for morbid obesity that has been proven to achieve a significant long-term weight loss. The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure has been performed for the trea...
The diversity and distribution of Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) in Brazil

A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the Zingiberales is presented and the distribution patterns and diversity of Heliconia are discussed. Sixty-five species names have been applied to the heliconias that occur in Brazil. Of these 65 names, 28 are generally recognized synonyms. Of the remaining 37 species of Brazilian Heliconia, some controversy exists over the taxonomic status of at least eight. Two primary areas of distribution of species of Heliconia exist in Brazil: the Amazon basin (21 species) and the Atlantic coastal forest (20 species).
Mechanical stress is a pro-inflammatory stimulus in the gut: in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo evidence.

Aims Inflammatory infiltrates and pro-inflammatory mediators are found increased in obstructive and functional bowel disorders, in which lumen distention is present. However, what caused the low level inflammation is not well known. We tested the hypothesis that lumen distention- associated mechanical stress may induce expression of specific inflammatory mediators in gut smooth muscle. Methods Static mechanical stretch (18% elongation) was applied in vitro in primary culture of rat colonic circular smooth muscle cells (RCCSMCs) with a Flexercell FX-4000 Tension Plus System. Mechanical distention in vivo was induced in rats with an obstruction band placed in the distal colon. Results In the primary culture of RCCSMCs, we found that static stretch significantly induced mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-6, and MCP-1 in 3 hours by 6.0(±1.4), 2.5(±0.5), and 2.2(±0.5) fold (n = 6∼8, p<0.05), respectively. However, gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 was not significantly affected by mechanical stretch. In the in vivo model of colon obstruction, we found that gene expression of iNOS, IL-6, and MCP-1 is also significantly increased in a time-dependent manner in the mechanically distended proximal segment, but not in the sham controls or distal segments. The conditioned medium from the muscle strips of the stretched proximal segment, but not the distal segment or control, significantly induced translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. This treatment further increased mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators in the naive cells. However, treatment of the conditioned medium from the proximal segment with neutralizing antibody against rat IL-6 significantly attenuated the activation of NF-κB and gene expression of inflammatory mediators. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that mechanical stress induces gene expression of inflammatory mediators i.e. iNOS, IL-6, and MCP-1 in colonic SMC. Further ex vivo study showed that mechanical stress functions as a pro-inflammatory stimulus in the gut.
Liquid scintillators X. Some aryl substituted phenanthrenes and dihydrophenanthrenes, and related p -terphenyls and p -quaterphenyls determination of Kallmann parameters

A number of new 2- and 2,7-aryl substituted phenanthrenes, 3,4-dihydrophenanthrenes, and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes, as well as some relatedp-quaterphenyls andp-terphenyls, were tested as liquid scintillation solutes. Also determined were the compounds' ultraviolet absorption spectra, ultraviolet-induced fluorescence spectra, and Kallmann parameters. On the basis of these measurements, it was possible to correlate to some degree structure and scintillation ability. Some interesting results regarding conjugation and co-planarity in the linear polyphenyls were also obtained.
THE COMBINATION OF SALTS AND PROTEINS. I.

1. It has been found that the ratios of the total concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Zn, inside and outside of gelatin particles do not agree with the ratios calculated according to Donnan's theory from the hydrogen ion activity ratios. 2. E.M.F. measurements of Zn and Cl electrode potentials in such a system show, however, that the ion activity ratios are correct, so that the discrepancy must be due to a decrease in the ion concentration by the formation of complex ions with the protein. 3. This has been confirmed in the case of Zn by Zn potential measurements in ZnCl(2) solutions containing gelatin. It has been found that in 10 per cent gelatin containing 0.01 M ZnCl(2) about 60 per cent of the Zn(++) is combined with the gelatin. 4. If the activity ratios are correctly expressed by Donnan's equation, then the amount of any ion combined with a protein can be determined without E.M.F. measurements by determining its distribution in a proper system. If the activity ratio of the hydrogen ion and the activity of the other ion in the aqueous solution are known, then the activity and hence the concentration of the ion in the protein solution can be calculated. The difference between this and the total molar concentration of the ion in the protein represents the amount combined with the protein. 5. It has been shown that in the case of Zn the values obtained in this way agree quite closely with those determined by direct E.M.F. measurements. 6. The combination with Zn is rapidly and completely reversible and hence is probably not a surface effect. 7. Since the protein combines more with Zn than with Cl, the addition of ZnCl(2) to isoelectric gelatin should give rise to an unequal ion distribution and hence to an increase in swelling, osmotic pressure, and viscosity. This has been found to be the case.
Localization of Cys133 of rabbit skeletal troponin-I with respect to troponin-C by resonance energy transfer.

Abstract We have used the technique of resonance energy transfer in conjunction with distance geometry analysis to localize Cys 133 of troponin-I (TnI) with respect to troponin-C (TnC) in the ternary troponin complex and the binary TnC·TnI complex in the presence and absence of Ca 2+ . Cys 133 of TnI was chosen because our previous work has shown that the region of TnI containing this residue undergoes Ca 2+ -dependent movements between actin and TnC, and may play an important role in the regulatory function of troponin. For this purpose, a TnI mutant with a single Cys at position 133, and TnC mutants, each with a single Cys at positions 5, 12, 21, 41, 49, 89, 98, 133, and 158, were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The distances between TnI Cys 133 and each of the nine residues in TnC were then measured. Using a least-squares minimization procedure, we determined the position of TnI Cys 133 in the coordinate system of the crystal structure of TnC. Our results show that in the presence of Ca 2+ , TnI Cys 133 is located near residue 12 beneath the N-terminal lobe of TnC, and moves away by 12.6A upon the removal of Ca 2+ . TnI Cys 133 and the region of TnC that undergoes major change in conformation in response to Ca 2+ are located roughly on opposite sides of TnC's central helix. This suggests that the region in TnI that undergoes Ca 2+ -dependent interaction with TnC is distinct from that interacting with actin.
Women and Social Work Activism in the 1980s

Social work is concerned that professionalization is eroding its commitment to social reform. However, it has ignored the possibility that gender may have an impact on social activism. This article reports on the relationship between gender and activism that was found in a national survey of the social-action attitudes and behavior of 682 professional social workers. Although gender generally did not make a difference in the degree of social activism in which the respondents engaged, the men were more likely to be involved in licensing and the women, in citizen action groups. Implications of the findings for the profession and suggestions for the future directions of research are presented.
Stability of a magnetic bilayer in the presence of spin transfer torque

Magnetoelectronic devices usually incorporate at least two magnetic layers, a "fixed" reference layer and a "free" active layer. We analyze the stabile configurations of such a bilayer in the presence of spin transfer torque acting on both layers. In the approximation of uniaxial anisotropy, we derive analytical stability conditions dependent on the parameters of the bilayer as well as the applied field and current. We illustrate our results with stability diagrams for several simple cases. We also determine the conditions for stable dynamical current-induced states. Our analysis provides criteria for the design of magnetic nanodevices with optimized response to electric current.
Angels with wet wings won't fly: Maternal sentiment in Brazil and the image of neglect

Current theories of fatalism and neglect and current descriptions of childhood illness in impoverished Northeastern Brazil are evaluated. Findings of an ongoing multidisciplinary project indicate that neglect and fatalism theories are incomplete as applied to the Brazilian Northeast. Intensive interviews and observations with bereaved mothers and traditional healers show that mothers' failure to obtain medical care for severely ill children is due more to real-life bureaucratic and geographic barriers to access than to fatalistic or neglectful attitudes on the part of the poor, that mothers' flat affect in response to infant deaths is due more to folk Catholic beliefs than to lack of emotional attachment to infants, that fatalistic statements are often post hoc and do not indicate fatalistic behavior, and that decisions about whether to treat severely ill infants are made by mothers and families in consultation with traditional healers in accord with a folk system of classification of high risk infants. What have been described as “death accepting,” “pathogenic,” and “ethnoeugenic” attitudes are part of a folk ethical system developed to guide reactions to terminal childhood illness. We argue that human behavior, especially in the realm of health, cannot be understood without reference to both biomedical and psychosocial realities.
Lack of Medication Dose Uniformity in Commonly Split Tablets

Objective To divide 11 commonly split tablets and evaluate the resulting half-tablets for content uniformity. Design Pre-post comparison. Setting Laboratory. Interventions: A trained individual split tablets of 11 products using a single-edged razor blade and 3 products by hand alone. Main Outcome Measures The Uniformity of Dosage Units test published in the United States Pharmacopeia 24 (USP), which applies to whole tablets, was adapted liberally to assess the dose uniformity of the resulting split tablets. Results Of the 11 razor-split products, 8 failed the liberal adaptation of the USP uniformity test. No visible tablet features (e.g., scoring) predisposed a product's split tablets to pass or fail the uniformity test. All three hand-split tablets failed the uniformity test and yielded worse results than did razor-split tablets. Conclusion The majority of the 11 drug products we tested, when assessed for their ability to be split into half-tablets of equal dose, failed a liberally interpreted USP uniformity test. The practice of dividing tablets to save costs or to improve a dosage regimen may not cause problems for patients using drugs with low toxicity and relatively flat dose-response relationships, but it is not recommended for patients using drugs with more substantial toxicity and steep dose-response efficacy curves.
Solid-phase synthesis and utilization of side-chain reactive unnatural amino acids

Abstract Alkylation of the benzophenone imine of glycine Wang resin with α,ω-dihaloalkanes yielded valuable reactive intermediates. These racemic ω-chloro or ω-bromo intermediates were converted to α-amino acids containing diverse side-chain functionalities (e.g. ω-chlorides, nitriles, and thioethers), proline and its ring homologs, and 1-aminocycloalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives.
Geophysical recognition and structure of carbonate platforms and platform edges on passive continental margins

Abstract Recent multichannel seismic reflection profiles reveal the presence of possible carbonate platform edges of Early Cretaceous-Jurassic age now buried beneath the continental slope off the eastern United States. Seismic reflection characteristics include high-amplitude hyperbolic reflections above a reflectorless mass. Seismic refraction studies measured relatively high velocities, for the depth of burial, below the high-amplitude reflectors. Back-platform stratified deposits form high-amplitude continuous, reverberatory reflectors which terminate seaward into the reflectorless mass of the platform edge. Landward dips of the back-platform deposits occur by differential subsidence and back tilting of the more positively supported platform edge structure. Draping offbank deposits form onlapping reflectors inclined away from the platform edge to the adjacent basin. Such platform edge structures form buried escarpments of several kilometers relief as underpinnings of the younger continental slope. These escarpments apparently exert control on the position of the subsequent shelf edge. In some cases the carbonate platform edge has prograded well seaward of the deeper transition from continent to oceanic crust, so the present shelf edge is above oceanic crust as off New Jersey-Delaware. Dredging and Deep Sea Drilling Project studies have sampled the carbonate platform edge in a few places off the United States, and these calibrated seismic characteristics are projected to interpret the as yet unsampled buried structures for thousands of km along strike.
A mathematical model of symbolic interaction between police and suspects

This article deals with information transmissions between police and suspects in channel and net subsystems which convey symbolic information among persons in a community, a system at the level of the organization. Social psychologists have assumed that the sequence of symbolic acts between persons is a process, i.e., a sequence in which some stable contingency describes the relation between one act and the next. Yet there is virtually no research on interaction in natural settings in which (1) it is shown that the sequence of symbolic acts is a process, or (2) what kind of process it is. Field data gathered during interaction between police and suspects are examined to determine whether interaction is a process and, if so, what kind of process. This paper also describes the implications of these findings for both scholars of police and of interaction. Symbolic interaction is found to fit a special model of a second-order Markov process, with distinctive roles evident for police and suspects. Implications of behaving in different ways for each role are discussed, and it is suggested that development of this area of study as a new topic in social psychology may be useful for the understanding of cognitive as well as interactional phenomena.
Determination of transmembrane water movement in crustacean axons by interference microscopy.

Abstract Crustacean axons swell when subjected to K + -rich solutions. Interference microscopy was employed to quantitate volume and refractive index changes of axoplasm induced by K + -rich solutions. Above a critical value of 3–5 × (40–65 m M /L) normal K + the diameter of the axon was directly related to the external K + concentration. The relationship was approximately linear. The refractive index change was inversely related to external K + concentration, also in linear fashion. K + -induced swelling occurred in a matter of seconds, while recovery after removal of K + took several minutes. In high K + , 100 m M /m or above, recovery was not always complete. Axons pretreated with 10 × normal calcium (230 m M /L) or procaine (1 per cent) showed delayed onset of K + -induced volume increase by several minutes and the rate of swelling was slowed. Ouabain enhanced the swelling rate. Veratrine (1 pp. 1000) alone caused a slow swelling of the axons. Ferrocyanide, Cl-substituted, solution caused remarkably quick and conspicuous swelling and fringe reversal. Comparison of the swelling data to already existing electrophysiological data on crustacean axons suggests a correlation between water movement and membrane bioelectric activity.
DNA-MAN: Dynamic Natural Attributes for Synthetic Military Forces

Higher-fidelity human behavioral models promise to enhance a wide range of simulations where high-risk and high-threat environments make human performance assessment difficult. This paper explores a methodology for implementing high fidelity human behaviors in simulation. In addition to combat models, first-responder simulations for police, fire, and rescue may benefit. Homeland security simulations ranging from border patrol to civil defense and the global war on terrorism are also prime candidates for these techniques.