cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Evolution of Consumer Sovereignty Under Deregulatory Policies: How the U.S. Is Lagging International Developments

Antitrust and consumer protection laws share a common purpose to facilitate the exercise of effective consumer choice. This article uses this concept of consumer sovereignty to frame analysis of the shifting boundaries between the industry-specific and general business legal regimes for telecommunications and broadband access services. A critical distinction in the temporal sequencing of the evolution of the original industry-specific and general business regimes in the U.S. relative to other nations appears to confer institutional differences for developing and implementing deregulatory policies. In the U.S., issues of consumer sovereignty are being addressed through an uncoordinated stream of piecemeal litigation primarily through interpretation of numerous savings clauses. By contrast, other nations are demonstrating a greater ability or willingness to conduct a holistic review and coordination of consumer protection remedies.
Osteochondrosis Dissecans Occurring in the Knee and Ankle of the Same Patient

Osteochondrosis dissecans is a disease that is known to present in multiple joints. A literature search revealed no reports of this lesion appearing in the knee and ankle of the same patient. Such a clinical presentation is the basis for this report, which is intended to alert clinicians to include osteochondrosis dissecans in their differential diagnosis of knee and ankle pain. A short review of the literature and treatment alternatives is included.
Worshiping the Absurd: The Negation of Social Causality among the Followers of Guru Maharaj Ji

This paper is the result of a two-and-a-half year participant-observation study in which the authors analyze the basis of Guru Maharaj Ji's appeal to ex-movement participants in the early 1970s. The youth movement of the 1960s had generated a reinterpretation of reality that called into question conventional reality. When the movement declined, the movement reinterpretation had no possibility for implementation. Left between a reality they rejected and one that could not be implemented, ex-movement participants experienced life as arbitrary and senseless. Guru Maharaj Ji was deified as the mirror of an incomprehensible, meaningless universe. The Divine Light Mission stripped its followers of all notions of causality while simultaneously subsuming and repudiating both conventional and movement interpretations of reality.
Further Evidence of the Relationship of Job Satisfaction to Age: Response to Mastekaasa

We are pleased to respond to Mr. Mastekaasa's well-intentioned, but misplaced criticisms regarding our article on the age-job satisfaction relationship. We believe they are misplaced for two reasons; the first is philosophical, the second relies on the empirical test suggested by our Norwegian colleague. First, a number of significant theoretical issues remain unexplored in the job satisfaction literature. Testament to this exists in a recent series of publications on age differences in job satisfaction (Glenn et al.; Janson and Martin; Wright and Hamilton), as well as in the growing literature on the general problem of the overeducation of recent cohorts of American workers (Burris; Freeman; Gordon and Arvey; Hamilton and Wright; Quinn and Mandilovitch). In view of what is clearly an issue of growing concern, we find it surprising that Mastekaasa failed to note any substantive issues raised in the paper. Instead his criticisms are solely of a technical nature. Coser described this general trend in American Sociology as "the methodological tail wagging the substantive dog" (692). We believe that Mastekaasa's comment (and by necessity, this reply) falls in this domain. Second, the thrust of Mastekaasa's criticism rests on a supposed, serious misspecification of the equations predicting job satisfaction. Since the relevant equations are accurately reproduced in his comment, we forego repeating them here. Instead we would like to object that nowhere in the literature is there any reason to expect further interactions of the sort proposed by him. While one could develop a theoretical reason that justifies hunting for significant interaction effects between intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics, on the one hand, and schooling or occupational status on the other, no one has done so. Mr. Mastekaasa's suggestion
Dengue Preventive Strategies: Third World (My World) Entrepreneurs Wake Up and Please Stand Up

It has taken me almost 19 years and observing/enduring/ignoring 20 seasons of dengue fever in our country’s capital, Delhi to finally say “Enough is enough”. How many more precious lives dengue will consume before infrastructure resolves to fight back and eradicate dengue. Why the development of vaccine has been difficult for this mosquito borne disease. The good news is that the WHO has promising data accumulation in favor of live attenuated recombinant tetravalent dengue vaccine titled CYD-TDV that has taken up the arduous challenge to counter all four serotypes of dengue virus. Hopefully, by April 2016, the WHO may have their recommendations (if any) about how and when to use CYD-TDV. Subsequently, the ball will be in the court of dengue-endemic nations’ regulatory authorities to take on the implementations of the WHO recommendations. Herein will lay the prerogative of dengue-endemic nations’ physician-entrepreneurs/pharmaceutical-entrepreneurs in the Third World (my world) to take it upon them to ensure that although they have been slow to catch up (already 20 seasons have flown past), they should not miss the train now once the WHO publishes its recommendations in near future so that hopefully, the next season sees the dawn of hope and shifting of gears from economy-draining sluggish anti-dengue campaign to economy-driving future eradicate-dengue campaign initiating from the dengue-endemic nations across the world, including India.
An Embedded Control System for Mobile Robot

The control system and the navigation positioning system based on ARM processor and MEMS devices were designed for welding mobile robot.The peripheral circuit of the gyroscopes and accelerometers and the corresponding AD sampling module were specifically described.The solving method of position and pose in a strap-on inertial navigation system was also described.The simulation results show that this navigation positioning system can accurately give the position and pose of welding mobile robot.
Owen Wister and the West . Oklahoma Western Biographies Series. By Gary Scharnhorst.

Owen Wister and the West . Oklahoma Western Biographies Series. By Gary Scharnhorst. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. xxxi + 244 pp. Illustrations, tables, bibliographical essay, index. $24.95.) Owen Wister’s 1902 novel, The Virginian, carved an immense swath through American popular culture. His portrait of the strong but gentle cowboy (known only as “the Virginian”) served as a prototype for western heroes that dominated film, novels, stories, and radio and television series for more than a half-century. Wister (1860–1938) was an effete easterner, a Harvard graduate whose disappointments in a budding musical career and early literary efforts led to a nervous breakdown. Dr. Weir Mitchell, the famous specialist in such disorders, prescribed … dpayne{at}mail.smu.edu
State Public Health Informatics: Perspective from a Low Population State

This chapter provides an overview of issues affecting the practice of public health informatics and the support of public health information systems (IS) in the rural environment. Issues important to public health IS management are presented in the context of the “five-component framework of information systems.” The five-component framework is a widely-used model designed to aid in the identification and understanding of issues that might affect an IS. Issues that complicate the management of public health IS projects at the state and local levels in a rural environment are also discussed, and opportunities for success through collaboration are described. Solutions to challenges that may be implementable by local public health officials are introduced. Other solutions to more systemic challenges are also examined, but these would require federal leadership and concerted action at virtually all levels of the public health system; federal, state, and local. The process being used to manage and promote the meaningful use of Health IT at the federal level is discussed as a model for public health IS planning.
Excess crude protein for nongravid gilts.

Twenty-five nongravid crossbred gilts (avg initial wt, 126 kg) were placed on either a high (38%) or a low (13%) crude protein (CP) diet and fed either at the rate of 1.82 kg/d or had ad libitum access to feed. In addition, a fifth group was pair-fed the 13% CP diet to the average intake of the gilts fed high CP ad libitum. The experimental period lasted 30 d. Corn-soybean meal diets were used and CP levels were varied by altering the corn:soybean meal ratio. Gain and gain/feed were reduced (P less than .01) in gilts fed 1.82 kg/d compared with the gilts fed ad libitum or pair-fed gilts. Gain (P less than .03) and feed intake (P less than .01) of gilts with ad libitum access to the 13% CP diet were higher than those of gilts with ad libitum access to the 38% CP diet. Gain/feed was not different (P greater than .10) between the two groups, however. Rate of gain and feed efficiency of gilts pair-fed the 13% CP diet were similar (P greater than .10) to those of gilts with ad libitum access to the 38% CP diet. Plasma total free amino acids, NH3 and total protein were not (P greater than .10) affected by treatment. Plasma urea-N and urinary total N, urea-N and orotic acid were increased (P less than .01) in gilts fed the high CP diet regardless of feed intake level. However, urinary NH3 was higher (P less than .01) in gilts fed the low-protein diet. These results indicate that excess dietary CP for nongravid gilts decreases gain and feed intake and has no effect on efficiency of feed utilization, but it increases plasma urea-N and urinary total N, urea-N and orotic acid.
Escher: A CNN Accelerator with Flexible Buffering to Minimize Off-Chip Transfer

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are used to solve many challenging machine learning problems. Interest in CNNs has led to the design of CNN accelerators to improve CNN evaluation throughput and efficiency. Importantly, the bandwidth demand from weight data transfer for modern large CNNs causes CNN accelerators to be severely bandwidth bottlenecked, prompting the need for processing images in batches to increase weight reuse. However, existing CNN accelerator designs limit the choice of batch sizes and lack support for batch processing of convolutional layers. We observe that, for a given storage budget, choosing the best batch size requires balancing the input and weight transfer. We propose Escher, a CNN accelerator with a flexible data buffering scheme that ensures a balance between the input and weight transfer bandwidth, significantly reducing overall bandwidth requirements. For example, compared to the state-of-the-art CNN accelerator designs targeting a Virtex-7 690T FPGA, Escher reduces the accelerator peak bandwidth requirements by 2.4x across both fully-connected and convolutional layers on fixed-point AlexNet, and reduces convolutional layer bandwidth by up to 10.5x on fixed-point GoogleNet.
Wind data collection techniques on a multi-rotor platform

Meteorologists require reliable methods of obtaining high-quality atmospheric data, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind velocity, to better understand and predict weather phenomena. Tethered weather balloons and ground towers are the current standards for research-grade atmospheric profiling. However, weather balloons and ground towers suffer from several disadvantages including high cost, low mobility, and labor intensive setups. Due to their dynamic nature, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) do not suffer from those disadvantages.
Trade-offs between measurement residual and reconstruction error in inverse problems with prior information

In many inverse problems with prior information, the measurement residual and the reconstruction error are two natural metrics for reconstruction quality, where the measurement residual is defined as the weighted sum of the squared differences between the data actually measured and the data predicted by the reconstructed model, and the reconstruction error is defined as the sum of the squared differences between the reconstruction and the truth, averaged over some a priori probability space of possible solutions. A reconstruction method that minimizes only one of these cost functions may produce unacceptable results on the other. This paper develops reconstruction methods that control both residual and error, achieving the minimum residual for any fixed error or vice versa. These jointly optimal estimators can be obtained by minimizing a weighted sum of the residual and the error; the weights are determined by the slope of the tradeoff curve at the desired point and may be determined iteratively. These results generalize to other cost functions, provided that the cost functions are quadratic and have unique minimizers; some results are obtained under the weaker assumption that the cost functions are convex.
Elementary Particle Dynamics

Here, we cover the basics on kinematics and kinetics of particles and discuss three ubiquitous examples. We conclude with a discussion of Euler’s first law (Newton’s second law, or the balance of linear momentum). Much of the material in this chapter will subsequently be repeated.
Subspecialty Training Among Graduates of Pediatric Orthopaedic Fellowships: An 11-Year Analysis of the Database of American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery.

Background The field of pediatric orthopaedic surgery is evolving with a reported increase in the number of pediatric orthopaedic fellows being trained as well as an increase in the number of fellows completing additional fellowship training in another subspecialty. The purpose of this study was to examine the historic trends of trainees seeking multiple fellowships within pediatric orthopaedics over an 11-year period using the database of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS). Methods We queried the ABOS database for fellowship choice of applicants for the ABOS part II oral examination with the self-declared subspecialty of pediatric orthopaedics during the years of 2005 to 2015. Descriptive analysis was performed to determine the percentage of applicants who completed >1 fellowship, and the type of subspecialty fellowship completed. χ analysis was used to compare the proportion of multiple fellowship trainees between years. Results From 2005 to 2015, 310 applicants for ABOS part II pediatric subspecialty examination had completed a fellowship in pediatric orthopaedic surgery, with that number increasing from 14 to 43/y over that span. Forty-five trainees (15%) completed 48 additional fellowships over that decade, with 2 recent trainees completing multiple additional fellowships. The most common additional fellowships were sports (n=22, 46%), hand (n=8, 17%), and spine (n=7, 15%). The rate of additional fellowship training increased over 5-fold from 5% in the first 3 years of the study to 28% in the last 2 years of the study (P=0.001). Conclusions The proportion of trainees completing additional subspecialty fellowships in addition to pediatric orthopaedics has risen over the past decade. The precise cause and effect of such change is uncertain and likely multifactorial. Reexamination of our classic training paradigms may be warranted in light of these trends. Level of evidence Level III.
Does the Military Make the (Wo)man? An Examination of Gender Differences Among Incarcerated Veterans:

Drawing upon prior research that has examined participation in the military and criminal justice outcomes, the current study investigates whether service history elements are associated with arrest frequencies, types of criminal behavior, and if certain service components influenced these outcomes in a similar or different manner for male and female veteran inmates. Using data from a nationally representative sample of inmates incarcerated in state prisons, results indicated that various attributes of military service and veteran gender were directly related to lifetime arrests and offense types. Gender disparities also emerged across military experiences depending on the type of behavior examined. The findings lend support for a multifaceted approach to understand and implement gender-specific programming in meeting the needs of justice-involved veterans.
The Process of Making National Forest Management Decisions

The controversy surrounding timber harvesting and oil and gas exploration and development on public lands is partly a function of the physical process by which they occur and partly a function of the administrative process by which decisions are made in managing the national forests. As this Chapter describes, the Forest Service decision-making process is highly systematic, rational, and scientific. In fact, in some respects it provides a model that many agencies might do well to emulate. In order to understand why Forest Service decisions generate so much and so persistent a conflict, it is critical to understand not only what is at stake in these decisions, but also to understand the dynamics of the administrative decision-making process itself: who is involved and when, how problems are defined, how alternatives are developed and evaluated, and how final decisions are reached. The objective of this chapter is to probe these questions by sketching the decision-making process followed in managing timber and fuels resources, and in comprehensive forest planning. This Chapter presents the decision-making process in theory; the following Chapters illustrate it in practice, with an eye towards where and why the two differ and how reform might be achieved.
Interleukin-11: review of molecular, cell biology, and clinical use.

FIRST ISOLATED IN 1990, interleukin-11 (IL-11) has proven to be a fascinating cytokine with pleiotropic effects on multiple tissues. Initially characterized as a hematopoietic cytokine with thrombopoietic activity, IL-11 has now been shown to be expressed and have activity in multiple other tissues
PAK1 Regulates Eotaxin-Mediated Murine Eosinophil Migration in Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract Abstract 18 Eosinophils are increasingly recognized as important myeloid effector cells in the inflammatory environment of many human diseases. Although eosinophils critically contribute to chronic asthmatic inflammation, few therapies directly target these cells. Eosinophils rapidly migrate to eotaxin elicited by allergic sensitization and challenge, a chemokine that ligates the CCR3 receptor. Eotaxin:CCR3 signaling critically regulates allergen-induced eosinophil infiltration in murine models by activating the Rho-family proteins. In several cell systems, the Rho proteins Rac and CDC42 activate p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), which we have previously shown to regulate F-actin dynamics and histamine release in the degranulating mast cell. In these studies, we examined eotaxin-induced eosinophil migration using genetic and hematopoietic ablation of Pak1 (Pak1−/−) in a murine asthma model. Using an in vitro transwell migration assay system, we evaluated the migration of bone marrow derived eosinophils of both genotypes to eotaxin (N=10). Pak1−/− eosinophils exhibited profoundly diminished eotaxin-induced chemotaxis in vitro relative to wild-type (Pak1+/+) eosinophils (p Our data suggest that genetic PAK1 disruption hinders the in vitro and in vivo eotaxin-mediated migration of eosinophils by altering polymerization of F-actin. In an OVA murine model of asthma, we show that the genetic ablation of PAK1 attenuates the eosinophilic inflammation without affecting T-cell function. We similarly demonstrate that hematopoietic expression of PAK1 is critical to the development of eosinophil inflammation in two complementary transplant murine models. Pharmacologically targeting PAK1 may thus provide a specific way to impede eosinophil tissue infiltration, alleviate chronic eosinophil inflammation, and hamper long-term tissue remodeling in diseases like asthma. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The effect of electrochemical reactions on the surface film composition and corrosion resistance of aluminum in acid solutions

15 INTRODUCTION 16 EXPERIMENTAL 18 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 CONCLUSIONS 55 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 56 REFERENCES 57 PAPER n. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF CATHODICALLY PRODUCED SURFACE FILMS ON ALUMINUM 60 ABSTRACT 62 INTRODUCTION 63 EXPERIMENTAL 65 RESULTS 68 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 83 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 85 REFERENCES 86
Variations in Prevalence and Number of Older Adults With Self-reported Hearing Trouble by Audiometric Hearing Loss and Sociodemographic Characteristics.

This cross-sectional study evaluates 2613 participants 60 years or older in the NHANES study (2001-2012) for variations in self-reported hearing trouble by audiometric hearing loss and sociodemographic characteristics.
Divorce, Children and the Courts:Evaluating the Use of the Parent Alienation Syndromein Custody Disputes

Parent alienation is often a central issue incontested child custody cases and has become thesubject of significant debate. The debate centerspartly around the extent to which there is anidentifiable syndrome related to parent alienationsuch as the Parent Alienation Syndrome (PAS) proposedby Gardner (1998). According to the PAS, custodialparents will often act to denigrate their ex-spouse infront of their child to promote a dislike of the otherparent. These parental acts create an atmosphere ofalienation between the child and the non-custodialparent, and it is argued that this alienation willmanifest itself through the child's behavior. Thispaper argues that although parents often act in waysthat serve to alienate the child from the other parentin custody cases, there is very little empiricalevidence of a specific syndrome that accounts for thediverse behaviors that fall under the rubric of parentalienation. Specifically, current descriptions ofparent alienation as a syndrome do not meet acceptablescientific criteria levels related to reliability andvalidity and should be carefully scrutinized by thecourts. Future areas for empirical examination of PAS,as it relates to custody cases, are discussed.
“This is America”: Examining Artifactual Literacies as Austere Love Across Contexts of Schools and Everyday Use

In this paper, we consider how teachers and teacher educators may foreground relationships, experiences, pasts, and possibilities to more fully recognize and extend already-present literacy practices of youth of color as strengths from which more equitable curriculum and teaching opportunities may be designed and enacted. We assert theoretical perspectives of artifactual literacies within and across a contextual rendering of the popularized narrative of Donald Glover’s “This is America,” and conceptual meanings as expressions of poet Robert Hayden’s austere love, put, in unanticipated ways, to everyday use. We wrote analytic narrative vignettes and used analytic memoing to examine the interplay of three artifacts—these shawls, these curriculum binders, and this keychain—through the theoretical lensing of artifactual literacies. Recommendations for teachers, teacher educators, and educational researchers are discussed.
Exclusive vital labeling of myonuclei for studying myonuclear arrangement in mouse skeletal muscle tissue.

The arrangement of myonuclei in skeletal muscle tissue has long been used as a biomarker for muscle health, but there is a dearth of in vivo exploration of potential effects of myonuclear organization on the function and regeneration of skeletal muscle because traditional nuclear stains are performed on postmortem tissue. Therefore, we sought a transgenic method to produce a selective and persistent myonuclear label in whole muscles of living mice. We bred together a mouse line with skeletal muscle fiber-selective expression of Cre recombinase and a second mouse line with a Cre-inducible fluorescently tagged histone protein to generate a mouse line that produces a myonuclear label suitable for vital imaging and histology of fixed tissue. We tested the effectiveness of this vital label in three conditions known to generate abnormal myonuclear positioning. First, we injured myofibers of young mice with cardiotoxin. Second, this nuclear label was bred into a murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Finally, we examined old mice from this line that have undergone the natural aging process. Welch’s t test was used to compare wild type and transgenic mice. The resulting mouse line transgenically produces a vital red fluorescent label of myonuclei, which facilitates their in vivo imaging in skeletal muscle tissue. Transgenic fluorescent labeling of myonuclei has no significant effect on skeletal muscle function, as determined by twitch and tetanic force recordings. In each muscle examined, including those under damaged, dystrophic, and aged conditions, the labeled myonuclei exhibit morphology consistent with established literature, and reveal a specialized arrangement of subsynaptic myonuclei at the neuromuscular junction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that this mouse line provides a versatile tool to selectively visualize myonuclei within both living and fixed preparations of healthy, injured, diseased, and aged muscles.
Survival of recombinant monoclonal and naturally-occurring human milk immunoglobulins A and G specific to respiratory syncytial virus F protein across simulated human infant gastrointestinal digestion

To help rationally design an antibody for oral administration, we examined how different isotypes (IgG, IgA and sIgA) with the same variable sequence affect antibody stability across digestion. We compared the degradation of recombinant palivizumab (IgG1), and recombinant IgA and sIgA versions of palivizumab spiked in human milk to the degradation of naturally-occurring anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) sIgA/IgA and IgG in human milk from four donors across gastric and intestinal phases of an in vitro model of infant digestion via a validated RSV F protein ELISA. Palivizumab IgG and IgA formats were less stable than the sIgA version after complete simulated gastrointestinal digestion: palivizumab IgG, IgA and sIgA decreased across complete simulated gastrointestinal digestion by 55%, 48% and 28%, respectively. Naturally-occurring RSV F protein-specific IgG was stable across digestion, whereas naturally-occurring sIgA/IgA was stable in the gastric phase but decreased 33% in the intestinal phase of simulated digestion.
41502 Does dietary fat composition predict short-term elevations in lipid levels in adults on a modified Atkins diet?

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Our work provides guidance on whether dietary fat intake influences serum cholesterol levels in response to ketogenic diet therapy in adults with epilepsy. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The modified Atkins diet (MAD) is used in the management of drug-resistant epilepsy in adults. Some patients on MAD show an increase in serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We explored whether dietary fat composition predicts short-term elevations in serum lipid levels in diet-naive adults who begin MAD. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants self-reported their diet intake with 3-day food records at baseline, 1 month and 2 months. Food records were analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research software. Fasting serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were also collected and LDL level calculated at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 38 patients submitted complete food records at each study visit (baseline, 1 month, and 2 month). Compared to baseline diet intake, there was a significant reduction in daily carbohydrate intake at 1 and 2 months (p<0.001) and a significant increase in daily fat intake at 1 and 2 months (p<0.001). There was also a significant increase in daily saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake at 1 and 2 months (p<0.001), daily mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake at 1 and 2 months (p<0.001), and daily cholesterol intake at 1 month (p<0.05) and 2 months (p<0.001), but no change in daily poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake over time. Compared to baseline, there was a significant increase in serum LDL at 1 month (p<0.001) and 2 months (p<0.01) and an increase in serum TC at 1 month (p<0.01) but not 2 months. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Despite a significant increase in total fat, saturated fat and mono-unsaturated fat intake as well as an increase in total cholesterol and LDL levels following MAD initiation, dietary fat composition appears to minimally predict serum lipid values in the short term.
Drawing the Borders of Olfactory Space

In studies of vision and audition, stimuli can be chosen to span the visible or audible spectrum; in olfaction, the axes and boundaries defining the analogous odorous space are unknown. As a result, the population of olfactory space is likewise unknown, and anecdotal estimates of 10,000 odorants have endured. The journey a molecule must take to reach olfactory receptors (OR) and produce an odor percept suggests some chemical criteria for odorants: a molecule must be 1) volatile enough to enter the air phase, 2) non-volatile and hydrophilic enough to sorb into the mucous layer coating the olfactory epithelium, 3) hydrophobic enough to enter an OR binding pocket, and 4) activate at least one OR. Here, we developed a simple and interpretable quantitative model that reliably predicts if a molecule is odorous or odorless based solely on the first three criteria. Applying our model to a database of all possible small organic molecules, we estimate that over 30 billion possible compounds are odorous, 6 orders of magnitude larger than current estimates of 10,000. With this model in hand, we can define the boundaries of olfactory space in terms of molecular volatility and hydrophobicity, enabling representative sampling of olfactory stimulus space.
FDA Responds to Institute of Medicine Drug Safety Recommendations -- in Part

In 2007, the authors of this article were members of a National Academies' Institute of Medicine committee that made recommendations for substantial changes in the post-market surveillance and management of approved drugs, some of which implicated the pre-approval process as well. The FDA responded to some but not all of these recommendations, and this article evaluates the FDA response.
Validity of a Sham Dry Needling Technique on a Healthy Population

# Background Various methods of sham procedures have been used in controlled trials evaluating dry needling efficacy although few have performed validation studies of the sham procedure. # Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a sham dry needling technique on healthy, active subjects. # Study Design Validation study # Methods Runners capable of completing a half-marathon or marathon race and were randomized to receive true (using an introducer and needle) or sham (using an introducer and fixed, blunted needle) dry needling. Blinded subjects were asked to identify if they received sham or true dry needling following the procedure. Proportions of those who correctly identified their needling were also examined on the basis of past experience of receiving dry needling. # Results Fifty-three participants were included in this study, with 25 receiving the true dry needling procedure and 28 receiving the sham. Of those who had received dry needling in the past (n = 16), 11 (68.8%) correctly identified their respective groups. For those who had not previously received dry needling (n = 37), 13 (35.1%) accurately identified their group. Most importantly, 94.1% of dry needling-naive participants were unable to identify they received the sham procedure (p < 0.001). # Conclusions This study shows that a fixed needle in an introducer tube is a simple, inexpensive, effective sham procedure in patients who have never received dry needling before. This technique may be useful for randomized controlled trials in the future. # Levels of Evidence 2
Remote Imaging Opportunities, Innovations, and Considerations for Teleophthalmology

Imaging has emerged as a key tool for ophthalmologists to quickly and accurately diagnose and help manage ophthalmic conditions. The importance of useful teleimaging technology will increase as remote appointments and surveillance becomes more widely utilized in ophthalmology. This review article describes the current state of remote imaging including the results of many “store and forward” studies. It also summarizes potential emerging teleimaging modalities such as home optical coherence tomography, remote slit lamps, and smartphone imaging. While published studies highlight many possible utilities for teleimaging, further clinical validation and technology improvement need to occur before teleimaging can become more ubiquitous.
Hormonal Regulation of Transfer Ribonucleic Acid and Transfer Ribonucleic Acid-methylating Enzymes during Development of the Mouse Mammary Gland

Abstract Changes in transfer RNA and in specific enzymes for transfer RNA methylation were measured during development of the mouse mammary gland. The cell differentiation which occurs in mammary gland during pregnancy is characterized by a disproportionate increase in transfer RNA in relation to total RNA. This disproportionate increase in transfer RNA also occurs during mammary epithelial cell differentiation in vitro, and depends upon the addition of insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin to the synthetic medium. Enzymes which methylate specific bases in exogenous transfer RNA are induced in mammary epithelial cells by insulin and by prolactin. Synchronous increases in transfer RNA and transfer RNA-methylating enzymes were observed throughout development of the mammary gland. Increased transfer RNA-methylating enzyme activity in response to hormones in vitro, or during development in vivo, generally appears to reflect an increased rate of transfer RNA assembly
Mephentermine: an effective pressor amine; clinical and laboratory observations.

Abstract 1. 1. Mephentermine (Wyamine) a new pressor substance with theoretical norepinephrine-like activity has been shown to produce a rapid predictable pressor response in volunteer human beings (controls) and dogs. 2. 2. With the doses employed, there was little or no direct action upon the heart as measured by changes in rate, rhythm, and irritability. 3. 3. Side reactions such as cerebral stimulation, pupillary changes, blood sugar changes, respiratory stimulation, and metabolic rate increase were absent or insignificant. 4. 4. The cardiac output was relatively unaltered and heart work was increased in normal and hypotensive patients. Coronary flow in dogs was increased even under constant coronary perfusion pressure. 5. 5. Mephentermine appears to be a suitable drug for use in treating acute hypotensive states, especially shock following myocardial infarction. It has proved effective in sustaining blood pressure in cardiovascular operations without producing arrhythmias.
Management of sleep apnea in the cleft population

Purpose of review Obstructive sleep apnea is prevalent in children with facial clefts. As there are increasing concerns that sleep disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea may lead to cognitive difficulties, it is imperative that the otolaryngologist and cleft surgeon be aware of the concerns for sleep disorders and implement appropriate interventions for the management. Recent findings Micrognathia associated with Robin Sequence has long been understood to have significant potential for sleep apnea. Positioning, nasopharyngeal airway, tongue-lip adhesion and mandibular distraction have been used to improve the breathing in this set of children. Screened by symptoms, a large proportion of children with clefts will have a positive sleep study. Syndromic children seem to be more prone to this, even though nonsyndromic children are also at risk. Children who have had secondary management of velopharyngeal insufficiency with pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty seem to be at greater risk of sleep disorder. Specific directed therapies should provide the optimum results for the correction including tonsillectomy with partial adenoidectomy, revision pharyngoplasty, maxillary advancement and continuous positive airway pressure for sleep. Summary Awareness of the risk of sleep disorders and the possible treatments in children with cleft deformities is very important for the otolaryngologist.
Massive star formation around IRAS 05345+3157 – I. The dense gas

We present observations of the intermediate to massive star-forming region I05345+3157 using the molecular line tracer CS(2–1) with the Combined Array for Research in Millimetrewave Astronomy to reveal the properties of the dense gas cores. Seven gas cores are identified in the integrated intensity map of CS(2–1). Among these, cores 1 and 3 have counterparts in the λ = 2.7 mm continuum data. We suggest that cores 1 and 3 are star-forming cores that may already or will very soon harbour young massive protostars. The total masses of core 1 estimated from the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) method and dust emission by assuming a gas-to-dust ratio are 5 ± 1 and 18 ± 6M � , and that of core 3 are 15 ± 7 and 11 ± 3M � , respectively. The spectrum of core 3 shows blue-skewed self-absorption, which suggests gas infall – a collapsing core. The observed broad linewidths of the seven gas cores indicate non-thermal motions. These non-thermal motions can be interactions with nearby outflows or due to the initial turbulence; the former is observed, while the role of the initial turbulence is less certain. Finally, the virial masses of the gas cores are larger than the LTE masses, which, for a bound core, implies a requirement on the external pressure of ∼10 8 Kc m −3 .
Passing Out—On Purpose

To the Editor.— I recently saw a teenager in Mobile, AL, perform a remarkable act. She bent over and forcefully inhaled and exhaled to the count of 20. This was followed by a rapid change to the erect position while placing both hands over her carotids. The combination of a respiratory alkalosis, orthostatic hypotension, and carotid sinus massage induces a state of altered consciousness.
Ultrafilters on Ω

We study the I -ultrafilters on ω , where I is a a collection of subsets of a set X , usually ℝ or ω 1 . The I -ultrafilters usually contain the P -points, often as a small proper subset. We study relations between I -ultrafilters for various I , and closure of I -ultrafilters under ultrafilter sums. We consider, but do not settle, the question whether I -ultrafilters always exist.
Application of Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy to the Study of Solid Propellant: II. Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

Abstract The infrared spectra of the surfaces of ammonium perchlorate crystals while being heated up to 250°C have been obtained using Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy. The crystal transformation, from rhombic to cubic, is apparently observed.
Updating emotional content in recovered depressed individuals: Evaluating deficits in emotion processing following a depressive episode

Abstract Background and objectives Previous research has demonstrated that depressed individuals have difficulty both disengaging from negative information and maintaining positive information in working memory (WM). The present study was conducted to examine whether the tendency for depressed individuals to maintain negative content in WM and to experience difficulties maintaining positive content in WM is due to negative mood (in)congruency effects during a depressive episode, or whether these tendencies are evident outside of a depressive episode. Methods Individuals who had recovered from a depressive episode and never disordered controls performed emotion 0-back and 2-back tasks designed to assess biases in updating emotional content in working memory. Results Similar to currently depressed individuals in previous studies, recovered depressed participants disengaged from happy stimuli more quickly and from sad stimuli more slowly than did their never-depressed counterparts. Limitations Despite the extension of a depression-specific finding to recovered depressed individuals, the present study does not test whether the identified emotion updating biases predict long-term relapse or recovery. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that a decreased ability to disengage from negative content and to maintain positive content in WM represents a trait-like cognitive style that impairs adaptive emotion regulation and may contribute to the recurrent nature of depression.
Adultery, drugs, and sex: an experimental investigation of individual reactions to unethical behavior by public officials

Abstract In the article, we utilize an experimental design to examine individual responses to a series of hypothetical, political scandals involving public officials; including adultery and drug use. We find that while public responses to political scandal are, in part, conditioned by the officeholder’s sex, they are also contingent on the nature of the scandal, and individual acceptance (or rejection) of gender stereotypes.
Communications: The Vikings are coming: NASA's first Viking lander will touch down in just a few weeks, initiating a carefully planned search for Martian life

Describes the project of the unmanned spacecraft, Viking 1 and 2, initiating a carefully planned search for Martian life.
Investment Strategies of Constructing FTSE 100 IndexFunds with Exchange-Traded Derivative Instruments

The author designed and analyzed investment strategies of constructing the FTSE-100 index funds with derivative instruments (futures and options respectively) as the return enhancement techniques. The portfolios of stock index derivatives combined with Treasury bills holdings, amounting to the respective derivative contracts’ underlying value, showed remarkable ability to limit the market downside risk. Excess returns, which could be achieved by derivative funds above the stock index performance, were found. The author distinguished factors contributing to the observed outperformance. The results of the research are very encouraging and strongly advocate for the use of futures and options as investment vehicles instead of constructing index tracking portfolios with stocks.
Types and Dimensions of Fiber Scales from the Wool Types of Domestic Sheep and Wild Life

Scale structure and dimensions and fiber thickness were measured on a number of fibers repre senting the different fiber types from fleeces of several wild life species, including the Big Horn sheep, and of fibers from the various wool types of domestic and primitive sheep, including the fine-wool, medium-wool, long-wool, and mixed-wool types. The scale index, or relation of scale height to fiber thickness, was studied as a means of identification of fiber types and as a breed characteristic. The relationship between scale structure and dimensions in the various animal textile fibers and the identification of the animals from which the fibers came were studied.
Pseudogaps in the van Hove Jahn-Teller scenario

Abstract The van Hove scenario can provide a unified framework for understanding many of the anomalous superconducting and normal-state properties of the high- T c cuprates. The present paper will review evidence for a novel form of electron-phonon coupling associated with splitting the degeneracy of two van Hove singularities (vHs): a van Hove Jahn-Teller (JT) effect. The JT distortions can give rise to dynamical local tilting and breathing modes, and the onset of the instability will appear as a pseudogap phase. The local breathing mode excitations give rise to large polaronic effects. In particular, there can be large polaronic band renormalizations, but only in the vicinity of a vHs —even when the vHs is away from the Fermi level. This can provide an explanation for the “extended vHs” observed in the cuprates.
Prevalence and Predictors of Distress in Young Women with Newly Diagnosed Early Stage Breast Cancer.

Background: Previous research suggests that young women are at high risk for psychological distress after a breast cancer diagnosis. We sought to identify factors associated with overall distress, anxiety, and depression in this vulnerable population.Materials and Methods: We have surveyed women age ≤40 with recently diagnosed stage I-III breast cancer in an ongoing prospective multi-center cohort study started in late 2006. The baseline survey includes the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as well as sociodemographic and medical history items. Medical record and central pathology review were also performed. Women with HADS scores >14 were considered distressed, and those with scores >10 on the anxiety or depression subscales were considered anxious or depressed, respectively. We conducted multivariate logistic regression modeling to determine predictors of anxiety, depression, and overall distress.Results: The first 258 eligible women who completed the baseline survey are included in this analysis. Median age at diagnosis was 37 years. Seventy-six percent were married, 90% white, 83% college educated, 66% had children, 99% were medically insured, and 60% were employed full time prior to diagnosis. Fifty-two percent of women reported their finances as comfortable. Forty-eight percent reported a household income over $100,000 per year, and only 15% reported an income less than $50,000. Comfortable finances and higher reported income were strongly correlated (Spearman9s correlation coefficient = 0.51, p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1067.
Consistent gauge-invariant chiral theories in two dimensions☆

Abstract We employ a gauge-invariant point-splitting procedure to solve chiral gauge theories in two dimensions. We present an explicit solution of the chiral Schwinger model. The resulting theory is gauge-invariant and unitary containing a massless physical state. The method is generalizable to higher dimensions.
Field manipulations of tidal flushing, light exposure and natant macrofauna in a Louisiana salt marsh: Effects on the meiofauna

Abstract Field manipulative experiments were used to investigate some of the potential regulating factors of the meiofauna of a Louisiana salt marsh. Effects of various combinations of marsh grass clipping, exclusion of natant macrofauna, and tidal flushing on nematode, polychaete, and copepod density, as well as copepod species composition, were determined. Edaphic chlorophyll a was measured simultaneously. Grass clipping consistently affected the meiobenthic copepod assemblage; diversity and evenness dropped by Day 29 when Nitocra lacustris (Schmankevitsch) became dominant. Nematode density relative to controls was lower by Day 29 in clipped plots. N . lacustris abundance increased relative to controls in clipped plots enclosed by a solid Plexiglas box. Nematode density was negatively correlated with chlorophyll a content. No simple explanation of these patterns is possible; concomitant changes in microflora coupled with associated changes in the physical/biological environment of meiofauna must be responsible. Exclusion of only natant macrofauna (fish, shrimp, crabs) had no influence on meiofauna contrary to findings in other marshes. Dense grass cover and short, irregular tidal inundation may normally restrict intertidal grazing in Louisiana marshes.