cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Ice-Sheet Flow

The great Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are the “wild cards” in projections of sea-level change ( 1 ). Early models of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system treated the ice sheets as static white mountains. Observations since then have shown that ice sheets can change quickly ( 2 ): In some places, the tides strongly modulate coastal ice flow; in others, warming-induced ice-shelf loss has caused the flow speed of the subsequently unbuttressed inland ice to increase almost 10-fold within a few weeks ( 3 , 4 ). A new generation of full-stress ice-sheet models incorporates the physics needed to reproduce such processes (see the figure) ( 5 – 7 ). Including full stresses does improve ice-flow simulations ( 8 ). Well-validated, robust projections of ice-sheet behavior under climate change nevertheless remain a challenge, as they will require an ensemble of model ice sheets coupled to the rest of the climate system.
How do cells move along surfaces

The movement of cells along surfaces is a complex phenomenon that consists of several interrelated processes, including cell-substratum adhesion, and extension and retraction of the cell edge, in which the actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role. The past decade has seen increasingly detailed molecular-based investigations into cell motility, but it is still not known how molecular events are integrated to give cell movement. Molecular studies are now beginning to be linked to a more global concept of how whole cells move, and this combined approach promises to yield new insights into cell locomotion.
Near-IR single fluorophore quenching system based on phthalocyanine (Pc) aggregation and its application for monitoring inhibitor/activator action on a therapeutic target: L1-EN

Controlled H-aggregation of single Pc-labeled oligonucleotides is utilized as a fluorescence quenching system to discern changes in enzyme activity for the discovery of inhibitors for Long Interspersed Element 1 endonuclease (L1-EN), which is involved in genome instability and implicated in many different diseases.
"That Reason Wonder May Diminish": As You Like It , Androgyny, and the Theater Wars

An oblique line in the anonymous play The Return from Parnassus, Part II, produced early in 1602 at St. John's College, Cambridge, implicates Shakespeare in the "War of the Poets" that had recently enlivened the London stage. This famous quarrel raged most explicitly between Ben Jonson, John Marston, and Thomas Dekker, who-reviving a tradition as old as Aristophanes' The Frogs-satirically attacked one another in successive London stage productions between 1599 and 1601. But in a now famous passage from Parnassus II, an actor impersonating Will Kempe of the Lord Chamberlain's Men awards Shakespeare laurels in the dubious dramatic contest. "Kempe" begins, "Few of the university [men] pen
P-glycoprotein expression and schedule dependence of adriamycin cytotoxicity in human colon carcinoma cell lines

Four human colon cancer cell lines (SW620, LS 180, DLD-I, and HCT-15) and Adriamycin-resistant sub-lines with varying degrees of P-glycoprotein expression were studied to evaluate the reversibility of Adriamycin resistance in human colon cancer. Two groups of cell lines were studied. In the first, including a series of Adriamycin-resistant SW620 and DLD-I sub-lines, and in parental HCT-15 cells, P-glycoprotein has a major role in Adriamycin resistance, as evidenced by a correlation between Adriamycin resistance, expression of the multidrug-resistance gene mdr-I and its product, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), decreased drug accumulation and reversibility by verapamil. In these cell lines, increasing doses of verapamil are required to fully reverse increasing levels of resistance. In the second group, including parental SW620, DLD-I and LS 180 cells and Adriamycin-selected LS 180 sub-lines, P-glycoprotein does not have a major role in Adriamycin resistance. There was correlation between the schedule dependence of Adriamycin cytotoxicity and the role of P-glycoprotein in modulating resistance. In the cell lines in which P-glycoprotein was a major determinant of Adriamycin resistance, the drug exposure (defined as the product of the concentration and the time of treatment) needed to achieve a given percent cell kill was reduced as much as 9-fold when cells were treated for 7 days as compared with 3 hr. By comparison, in cell lines in which P-glycoprotein played a lesser role, the drug exposure necessary to achieve a given percent kill increased under conditions of continuous treatment. In some human colon carcinoma cell lines Pgp appears to play a significant role in resistance to Adriamycin, and this can be overcome by the use of competitive inhibitors of Pgp. The increased sensitivity with continuous treatment observed in cell lines with P-glycoprotein-mediated resistance suggests that administration of drugs by continuous infusion may be valuable in reversing clinical drug resistance mediated predominantly by P-glycoprotein.
Amino acid control of muscle protein turnover in renal disease

This review discusses the concept that skeletal muscle intracellular amino acids (ICAAs), in particular the essential amino acids, are regulated throughout a wide range of physiologic circumstances. Whether in critical illness, severe injury, or healthy states, ICAAs are closely regulated by a coordinated response in 1 or more of the processes of synthesis, breakdown, and tissue transport. For a given metabolic signal (hormonal, change in plasma amino acid concentrations), the regulation of ICAAs entails appropriate and corresponding changes in amino acid kinetics. These changes vary according to the strength of the metabolic signal and the existing requirement to maintain the ICAA pool. For the patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), frequent dialysis induces an abrupt removal of half of the circulating amino acids, which in turn results in a substantial efflux of amino acids from skeletal muscle. ICAAs are maintained through the increase in protein breakdown, and similar to other stress states, there is a concomitant increase in protein synthesis. Thus, the regulation of ICAAs often pushes subsequent adaptations in amino acid kinetics to maintain the existing homeostasis. This regulatory mechanism is evident in circumstances ranging from increased amino acid availability in healthy volunteers to a change in anabolic signal in severe injury. Despite the substantial evidence of ICAA regulation, its physiologic significance is not evident. However, the regulation of ICAAs represents a method by which skeletal muscle ensures its capacity for anabolism.
Avascular necrosis of bone following combination chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Avascular necrosis of bone (AVNB) is a known complication of systemic adrenocorti-costeroid therapy, and one which is thought to be dose-related. However, despite the large amounts of prednisone which have been used in the standard treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), AVNB rarely has been reported in children with that disease. We described our experience with one adolescent with ALL who developed multifocal AVNB presenting as bone pain after aggressive chemotherapy that included a high cumulative dose of corticosteroids as well as other antitumor agents, some of which also have been associated with AVNB. Four similar cases from the literature are reviewed. Because the bone pain of AVNB can mimic that of leukemic relapse, this is an important entity to be aware of, and one which may become more common with increasingly aggressive combination chemotherapy.
QUANTITATIVE IN VITRO RESPONSE OF THYROID TISSUE TO THYROTROPIC HORMONE

In vitro uptake of iodine by beef thyroid minces was measured and found to be proportional to thyrotropic hormone content of the incubation medium. Such a response to TSH was not elicited from thyroid tissue in the form of homogcnates. After two hours incubation in 4.0 ml. of Krebs-Ringer-phosphate buffer containing 10 to 20 fxc. Nal131, 800 mg. of minced beef thyroid displayed a mean iodine uptake of 22.6% (12.0 to 35.9) in the absence of added thyrotropic hormone. In medium containing 10 m.u./ml. of tlryrotropin, mean uptake was 40.2% (22.0 to 69.3). When thyrotropic hormone concentration expressed in logarithms was plotted against % uptake there was a rectilinear response between 1 and approximately 10 m.u./ml. of TSH. The regression coefficient, determined by the responsiveness of the gland, was different for each mince. Analysis of variance of the regression lines indicated a very significant relation between dose and response. In this incubation medium iodine uptake was depressed by 6×10−4 M KI. Thy...
Where to Start when Previous Facilities Data are Questionable.

This chapter discusses the techniques that three institutions used to determine what facilities data were accurate and then the processes that gathered new data on facilities and corrected data that were inaccurate or out of date.
Interactions between colloidal particles in amphiphilic mixtures: A density functional theory study

We present a density functional theory study of interactions between spherical colloidal particles in amphiphile solutions. Theory is found to be in good agreement with previously published molecular dynamics simulations. It is used to analyze the effect of the amphiphile solution bulk density, the chain length, and the solvent mole fraction on the potential of mean force between the particles. The general features of the potential of mean force are rationalized in terms of formation of layers and bilayers of amphiphilic molecules in the intercolloidal gap. Theory yields the same general trends as observed in simulations and in experiments. In particular, the computed mean force changes its character from repulsive to attractive and back to repulsive as the solvent mole fraction is gradually increased.
Intentions for postshelter living in battered women

This research note reports on a study designed to predict a woman's intentions for postshelter living on leaving a shelter for victims of domestic violence. A series of discriminate analyses revealed that women who planned to move to independent living had ban married longer than the other women, had been involved with an unemployed batterer, and had stayed longer at the shelter. In addition, if the woman had no health problems and had left home in the past, she tended to move to independent living rather than to live with friends or relatives. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
Spikes on the postoperative EEG are related to preoperative spike frequency and postoperative seizures

Abstract Purpose : To investigate the factors which influence the persistence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) after epilepsy surgery. Methods : In this retrospective study we included patients with intractable medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) who underwent presurgical evaluation including high-resolution MRI and video-EEG monitoring with seizure registration prior to an anterior temporal lobe resection. The postsurgical outcome was assessed by our team 6 months and 2 years after the surgery. Results : One hundred and forty-seven patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients was 31.8 (range 16–59 years). In 22 patients (15%) interictal epileptiform discharges were present on the postoperative routine EEG. We found that both the preoperative spike frequency ( P P =0.04) were independently associated with the presence of IED on the postoperative routine EEG. The preoperative spike frequency was not associated with the postoperative outcome. The extent of resection showed no influence on the presence of postoperative IED. Conclusion : We hypothesize that two factors independently influence the presence of postoperative spikes: chronic interictal disturbance (represented as preoperative spike frequency) and the acute (postoperative) seizures. Our study confirmed that persistent postoperative IED had a prognostic value regarding the outcome of the epilepsy surgery.
DCT-8 pumped limiter design considerations

Abstract Disruption erosion drives the life of the DCT-8 pumped limiter. This result came from an evaluation of beryllium (Be), beryllium oxide (BeO), and silicon carbide (SiC) as candidate surface tile materials. Beryllium oxide was selected as the reference tile material because it has the longest life: 13 full power hours (2300 burns @ 20 s/burn) or 2.3 years of DCT-8 operation. The fabricability of any of the candidate materials and the ability to survive thermal shock conditions and electromagnetic loads imposed by disruptions are serious concerns. The most desirable materials from an engineering standpoint (graphite and high- Z , e.g., tantalum) were eliminated due to physics considerations.
On the directional dependence of turbulence properties in anisotropic turbulent flows

An examination is made of the consequences of a zero correlation between fluctuations in velocity level and flow direction in a stationary anisotropic turbulent flow. This zero correlation results from the fact that in a stationary turbulent flow fluctuations in both velocity level and flow direction are entirely random processes. In this paper this is considered to be an inherent property of stationary flow and utilised to simplify both the computation and the measurement of anisotropic turbulence. This new method shows several advantages compared to earlier methods. First, the spatial distribution of the flow turbulence has been shown to be a trigonometric function of the spatial parameter. Second, the relationship between Reynolds normal and shear stresses has been established. Third, when a two-dimensional flow field is concerned, two measurements using a one-component LDA system are sufficient to identify the turbulence. Until now it has been considered that three such measurements were necessary. The feasibility of the method, known as zero correlation method, has been analysed and demonstrated by experiment.
Medivance Arctic sun temperature management system.

The Medivance Arctic Sun Temperature Management System is an effective method to lower temperature (fever control and induction of therapeutic hypothermia) and appears to achieve its target temperature faster than conventional cooling blankets. With the expanding knowledge of hypothermia and its therapeutic applications, the cooling technologies with clinical efficiency and effectiveness in improving outcome, rapidity and stability of cooling, easy and rapid deployability, user-friendly bedside interface, cost-effectiveness, and least adverse effects will become the preferred instruments. Presently, the choice of cooling techniques appears to be divided between internal and external cooling. Without comparison studies between these forms of cooling, surface cooling or external techniques have the shared advantage from the two successful trials in cardiac arrest. Ongoing, randomized, controlled studies comparing the Medivance Arctic Sun Temperature Management System with conventional cooling will provide more useful information to help determine the safest and most effective method to implement this form of therapy in our critically ill neurological and neurosurgical patients.
Morphometric analysis of phosphate and chromium interactions in Cyclotella meneghiniana

Quantitative electron microscopy was used to evaluate interactive effects of chromium additions and phosphate nutrient status on the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana. Cells of differing phosphate status were exposed to hexavalent chromium for 7 days and morphological changes in both phosphate alone and phosphate and chromium treatments were observed. Changes in chloroplast relative volume and number/ volume were observed in all treatments. Changes in mitochondrial and vacuolar volume and an increase in presumed autophagic activity were apparent in all chromium treatments. An increase in polyphosphate was also found in most chromium treated cells. These morphological modifications are discussed in relation to changes observed with exposure to other heavy metals.
A polynomial solution for the potato-peeling problem

The potato-peeling problem asks for the largest convex polygon contained inside a given simple polygon. We give anO(n7) time algorithm to this problem, answering a question of Goodman. We also give anO(n6) time algorithm if the desired polygon is maximized with respect to perimeter.
Genetic and immunologic considerations in autism.

According to recent epidemiological surveys, autistic spectrum disorders have become recognized as common childhood psychopathologies. These life-lasting conditions demonstrate a strong genetic determinant consistent with a polygenic mode of inheritance for which several autism susceptibility regions have been identified. Parallel evidence of immune abnormalities in autistic patients argues for an implication of the immune system in pathogenesis. This review summarizes advances in the molecular genetics of autism, as well as recently emerging concerns addressing the disease incidence and triggering factors. The neurochemical and immunologic findings are analyzed in the context of a neuroimmune hypothesis for autism. Studies of disorders with established neuroimmune nature indicate multiple pathways of the pathogenesis; herein, we discuss evidence of similar phenomena in autism.
Indium antimonide doped with manganese grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Indium antimonide is of interest for infrared detecting and emitting devices and for magnetic field sensors. In this study, indium antimonide doped with manganese and grown by molecular beam epitaxy was investigated. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to show that the incorporation of managenese is near unity over a wide range of manganese concentrations. Manganese is observed to be an acceptor with a dopant efficiency which follows a power law in which the hole density is proportional to the manganese concentration raised to the power α. The power α depends on the growth temperature; at 300°C, α = 0.86 and at 360°C, α = 0.78. Lightly manganese doped samples have transport dominated by electrons at low temperatures due to hole freeze out, followed by holes at intermediate temperatures and finally by intrinsic electrons at high temperatures. Additional SIMS studies showed that manganese diffuses relatively slowly in indium antimonide.
Heart transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus in the current era

Abstract Background: In this study, we used a single-institution database to examine the risks of heart transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Recipients 18 years and older who underwent cardiac transplantation from July 1994 to December 2000 were reviewed; 101 consecutive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were compared with 244 patients who did not have DM and who received standard donor hearts. Survival, renal function (serum creatinine concentration), development of transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD), severe rejection, and infection (requiring hospitalization) were analyzed. Results: Patients with DM were older (mean age, 57.1 years vs 51.4 years), had greater body mass index (mean, 26.7 vs 24.1 kg/m 2 , p p = 0.02). We found a trend toward decreased survival for those with DM at 1 year (85.1% vs 90.9%; p = 0.12). Five-year survival was 81.6% for both groups. Mean follow-up time was 4.1 years. Infection rate within 3 months was greater among those with DM (14% vs 3%, odds ration=5.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.59–16.23). Freedom from infection at 4 years was 71.0% for patients with DM and 85.0% for those without DM ( p = 0.02). Freedom from rejection at 4 years was similar (70.6% vs 73.6%, p = 0.69). At 4 years, transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD)–free survival was 69.5% for those with DM and 81.6% for those without ( p = 0.23). Mean serum creatinine concentration at 4 years after transplant was 1.5 mg/dl in patients with DM (vs 1.4, p = 0.28). Multivariate analysis showed increased baseline creatinine level as a significant risk factor for survival and showed pre-transplant ischemic cardiomyopathy as a risk factor for TCAD in both groups. Body mass index >30 was a significant risk factor for survival among patients with DM. Conclusion: We found an increased risk of serious infections in patients with DM, particularly in the early post-operative period. Careful consideration of obesity and renal function during evaluation of candidacy is indicated.
Popliteal entrapment in runners.

Popliteal entrapment syndrome, a term originally coined by Love and Whelan in 1965, is a rare form of overuse injury clinically manifest by a complex of neuromusular or ischemia symptoms in the lower extremity resulting from pathologic impingeent behind the knee. In 1879, Stuart documented an apparent relationship between opliteal artery occlusion, ischemic gangrene, and an abnormal passage of the opliteal artery medially around the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Since hen, numerous congenital variations in the development and insertion of the astrocnemius and popliteus muscles have been documented as a cause for athologic impingement behind the knee. Vascular anomalies, such as aberrant geniculate branches, have also been described as unusual sources for impingement. These abnormalities, although quite rare, are associated with an increased risk of threatening lower extremity ischemia, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Focal impingement results in repetitive microtrauma to the popliteal vessels, causing chronic inflammation and subsequent occlusive or aneurysmal change. These vascular anomalies are responsible for embolic and thrombotic events that result in claudication or limb-threatening ischemia. Popliteal entrapment syndrome associated with aberrant musculotendinous impingement requires surgical intervention. Saphenous vein bypass is the most commonly performed procedure when arterial stenosis, occlusion, or aneurysm is present. If there is no significant intrinsic vascular disease associated with impingement, the retrogeniculate approach is appropriate, with resection of the offending muscle band or ligation and transection of the aberrant geniculate vessels causing impingement. The anatomic form of popliteal entrapment should always be suspected when isolated lower extremity ischemia (claudication, embolism) occurs in young adults with no evidence of cardiac or diffuse peripheral vascular disease. In 1985, a French surgeon named Rignault described an atypical form of claudication in military recruits. He documented lateral arterial impingement with stress positional
Winter Distribution Dynamics and Implications to a Reintroduced Population of Migratory Whooping Cranes

Abstract From 2001 to 2012, the Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership released 196 costume-reared juvenile whooping cranes Grus americana in the eastern United States in an effort to reintroduce a migratory population of this endangered species. Techniques included leading juveniles from Wisconsin to wintering areas by ultralight aircraft or direct release of juveniles in Wisconsin prior to their first autumn migration. With few exceptions, ultralight-led cranes released on the Florida Gulf Coast wintered in inland freshwater habitats in subsequent winters. Wintering of the population occurred in four general regions: Florida–southern Georgia, coastal Carolina, the Mid-South (primarily Tennessee and northern Alabama), and the North (Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky). Releases of ultralight-led juveniles resulted in the majority of the population returning to winter in Florida during the early years of the reintroduction. Later direct autumn releases and shortstopping by ultralight-led birds increased numbers ...
Evolution of a Middle Jurassic back-arc basin, Cedros Island, Baja California: Evidence from a marine volcaniclastic apron

A rifted arc-ophiolite assemblage and over-lying volcaniclastic rocks, all of late Middle Jurassic age, represent a fragment of the frontal-arc margin of a back-arc basin, now exposed on Cedros Island in Baja California (Mexico). Ophiolite generation was immediately followed by progradation of a deep- marine volcaniclastic apron (Gran Cannon Formation) contemporaneous with the growth of island-arc volcanoes. This back-arc apron shows relatively simple, uniform sedimentation patterns that may be recognizable in other back-arc basins isolated from terrigenous sediment influx. The progradational back-arc apron sequence includes, from base to top, (1) the tuff lithofacies—thin-bedded, well-sorted, laterally continuous tuffs that thicken into basement paleo-lows. These were deposited from dilute sediment gravity flows generated by eruptions from a deeply submerged, nascent arc. (2) the lapilli tuff-tuff breccia lithofacies—medium- to very thick-bedded lapilli tuffs and tuff breccias. These were deposited from debris flows on proximal parts of the apron, and high-density turbidites were deposited on more distal parts. This lithofacies records increasing generation and resedimentation of scoriaceous and hyaloclastic debris as the summits of the arc volcanoes grew nearer to sea level. (3) the primary volcanic lithofacies—monolithologic dacite pyroclastic flows were produced during the eruption of differentiated magmas, which climaxed the growth of the island arc. Basalt lava flows were fed from fissures that extended down the apron within the back-arc basin. Pyroclastic rocks of the back-arc apron were blanketed with silty basinal turbidites (epiclastic facies) that record abrupt cessation of volcanism and erosion of the arc within about 10 m.y. of ophiolite generation, reflecting the temporal episodicity of back-arc basins. It is predicted from this study that the frontal-arc side of back-arc spreading centers is preferentially preserved in the geologic record relative to the center of the basin. It is suggested that the "hot" frontal-arc side of the basin is prone to intra-plate volcanism but is unaffected by faulting subsequent to basin initiation. Several factors lead to slumps occurring more frequently on the arc flank of back-arc basins than in any other tectonic setting, except perhaps intra-arc marine basins.
An Unsettled Matter of Life and Death: A Public Policy and Marketing Commentary on Life Insurance Settlement

Abstract Life insurance settlement (LIS) is a US$15 billion global industry and is expected to grow tenfold or more by 2040. It involves the controversial practice of investors acquiring the life insurance policies of living people and then receiving the proceeds of the policy after the death of the insured. This article examines LIS exchange and consumption from a consumer-focused public policy and marketing perspective. The authors find that the vast potential of LIS to meaningfully expand consumer choice has yet to be fully realized as a result of (1) LIS consumers often being inherently at a high risk of experiencing vulnerability, (2) inconsistent and inadequate industry regulation, and (3) ethically or legally questionable industry marketing practices. Public policy recommendations are formulated with a view toward facilitating regulatory reform that benefits both LIS consumers and ethical LIS marketers.
Residual setup errors and dose variations with less-than-daily image guided patient setup in external beam radiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Abstract Background and purpose To evaluate residual patient setup errors and daily dose variations of different less-than-daily image guidance (IG) strategies in the delivery of external beam radiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Material and methods Daily image-guided setup data for 25 consecutive esophageal cancer patients treated with helical tomotherapy were evaluated. Seven less-than-daily IG strategies with different imaging frequencies were simulated. For each IG strategy, the daily residual setup errors were calculated. Using TomoTherapy Planned Adaptive software, daily dose variations to the clinical target volume, heart, and lungs were evaluated in five representative patients. Results With 0% (60%) IG frequency, the margins required for adequate coverage of the clinical target volume were 13 mm (10 mm), 14 mm (11 mm), and 5 mm (5 mm) in the left–right, superior–inferior, and anterior–posterior directions, respectively. Even with 60% IG frequency, 10% of the fractions had more than 10% decrease in the dose level covering 95% of the target, and 14% and 13% of the fractions had more than 10% increase in total lung volume receiving at least 0.8 Gy per fraction, and heart volume receiving at least 1.2 Gy per fraction, respectively. Conclusion Substantial residual setup errors would occur for treatment fractions without IG even if the most frequent less-than-daily IG strategy was to be used, which could lead to significant daily dose variations for the target volume and adjacent normal tissues. Daily image guidance is recommended throughout the course of treatment in conformal radiotherapy for esophageal cancer.
Prostanoid receptor EP1 expression in breast cancer

Cyclooxygenase enzymes play an important role in carcinogenesis, and increased expression of cyclooxygenase enzymes has been reported in cancers arising at a number of different sites. Most, if not all of these actions are thought to be mediated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The actions of PGE2 are mediated via four main prostanoid receptors, designated EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4, based on their different pharmacological properties and secondary messenger pathways. Recently, expression of EP1 has been reported in rat mammary gland and the inhibition of this receptor has been documented to have chemopreventive effect in this animal model. EP1 has also been shown to decrease the incidence of colon cancer in mouse models. In this study, we analysed the expression of EP1 in normal and malignant breast tissues. Expression of EP1 was analysed in breast (benign and cancer) cell lines by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and by western blot analyses. Expression was also analysed by immunohistochemistry in normal breast tissues and in 89 cases of breast cancer. Semiquantitative analysis of the staining was performed. The data were compared with and correlated with other prognostic factors like tumour size, tumour grade, lymph node status, oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor (PR), HER2/neu and cyclooxygenase-2. EP1 expression was demonstrated in human breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. Expression of EP1 was seen both in the cytoplasm and/or in the nuclear membrane in majority of cases. Nuclear EP1 expression correlated with PR (P=0.032) and inversely with node positivity (P=0.025). However, EP1 expression did not correlate with expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (P=0.059). Expression of EP1 is frequently seen in human breast cancers. Nuclear expression of EP1 correlates with good prognosis markers like node negative status and PR expression.
Dynamics of laser-induced transients produced by nanosecond-duration pulses

ABSTRACT We have implemented an interferometric method to probe the dynamics oftransients induced in absorbing water solutionswith nanosecond laser pulses delivered through an optical fiber. We examined two cases corresponding to strong absorption(deposition within 30 pm ofthe fiber tip) and moderate absorption (deposition within 500 im ofthe fiber tip). With strongabsorption the deposited energy leads to a strong stress transient followed by development of a thermally-generated vaporbubble. Moderate absorption leads to a moderate stress transient and formation ofa cavitation bubble cloud arising fromtensile stresses that are produced in the absorbing fluid.Keywords: stress waves, cavitation, interferometry, vapor bubbles 2. INTRODUCTION In the context of stroke treatment the use of fiber-delivered laser-based methods to promote dissolution or break-up ofthrombus is an active area ofstudy. A number ofworkers have examined the application ofmicrosecond duration irradiationwith fiber-delivered JR laser light to ablate tissue. In a wet field this irradiation produces a number ofthermally driven effectssuch as heating, vapor bubbles as well as tissue ablation.4 Generation ofthermally-formed vapor bubbles within thethrombus is one possible mode of clot lysis being investigated. Typical laser parameters of such research concentrates onstrongly absorbing wavelengths and pulse durations in the microsecond regime. In order to generate the vapor bubblesufficient energy must be supplied to heat the absorbing liquid above the boiling point.Nanosecond duration pulses may also be used to generate thermal vapor bubbles. In addition, nanosecond pulses areshort enough to produce a stress confmed response in the material that results in large initial stress transients and can lead tomechanically-generated cavitation.5'6 The ablation thresholds for photomechanical cavitation are generally much lower thanfor thermal ablation because the heated material need not be raised above the boiling temperature.In this work we provide a briefsurvey of two ofthe main dynamical regimes that can be produced with ns-durationlaser pulses delivered at the end of a fiber in a liquid environment. Prior studies have elucidated the main mechanismsresponsible for generating photomechanical cavitation as a consequences of localized deposition of the laser energy either at afree surface5'6 or in the vicinity ofan immersed fiber tip.7 In this study we have developed and implemented aninterferometric method which will be useful for quantifying precisely the pressure field generated in the liquid as a function oftime and space throughout the duration ofthe process.
EFFICACY OF DESMOPRESSIN COMBINED WITH ALARM THERAPY FOR MONOSYMPTOMATIC NOCTURNAL ENURESIS

Purpose: We evaluated the combination of alarm and desmopressin versus alarm monotherapy for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis.Materials and Methods: A double-blind, placebo controlled study of alarm therapy combined with desmopressin for children with nocturnal enuresis is described. Of 93 patients 47 were randomized to receive alarm therapy and 40 μg. intranasal desmopressin for 3 weeks followed by 20 μg. desmopressin for 3 weeks (group 1) and 46 received alarm therapy and placebo (group 2). After 6 weeks on alarm therapy and medication or placebo, both groups received an additional 3 weeks of alarm monotherapy. A specialized nurse practitioner advised patients and families of the treatment to be given at home and in the outpatient department. Bed-wetting frequency was evaluated before during and 2 weeks and 6 months after treatment.Results: A significantly greater reduction in the number of wet nights was observed after the first 3 weeks of treatment in group 1. However, after long-term followup no s...
Acute dichloroacetate administration increases skeletal muscle free glutamine concentrations after burn injury

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hypothesis that the stimulation of pyruvate oxidation by dichloroacetate (DCA) administration would increase the level of intramuscular glutamine in severely burned patients. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The level of intramuscular glutamine decreases in response to severe injury, and the rate of intramuscular glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation is elevated. Intramuscular glutamine concentrations have been correlated to muscle protein synthesis. METHODS: Six studies were conducted on five patients with burns >40% total body surface area. Patients were studied in the fed state during an 8-hour stable isotope infusion. After 5 hours, DCA (30 mg/kg) was administered for 30 minutes. RESULTS: Analysis of muscle biopsy samples taken at 5 and 8 hours of the study revealed a 32% increase in intracellular glutamine levels after DCA administration. Increased intracellular glutamine concentrations did not affect skeletal muscle protein synthesis as determined by a three-pool arteriovenous model or by the direct incorporation of isotope into skeletal muscle protein. DCA administration resulted in a decrease in plasma lactate but no change in alanine de novo synthesis or intracellular concentration. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that acute DCA administration can increase intramuscular glutamine concentration, but that this acute elevation does not affect muscle protein metabolism.
From classroom to courtroom: Can academics be effective expert witnesses?

In addition to fundamental research, materials science is also big business, with new innovations constantly entering the marketplace. And where there are new innovations, there are also patents and frequently, disputes. When the law intervenes, academic experts are required. Dr. Glenn Prestwich, Professor at the University of Utah and an experienced expert witness, looks at what is expected of academics in the courtroom, and what they can expect in return.
WINTER PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS UNDER ICE ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED OXYGEN LEVELS1

Many shallow lakes in north temperate zones experience reduced dissolved oxygen concentration under ice. However, some shallow lakes display supersaturated dissolved oxygen concentrations (>20 mg.L - 1 ) in late winter under conditions of maximum ice thickness. During the winters of 1996, 1997, and 1999, we collected phytoplankton samples from Arrowwood Lake near Pingree, North Dakota to determine whether a specific alga was involved in dissolved oxygen supersaturation in this lake. Although dissolved oxygen supersaturation was not observed during this period, we did observe an increase in dissolved oxygen concentration that was associated with a phytoplankton bloom during late February and early March in both 1996 and 1997. In 1996, the bloom was composed of the dinoflagellate, Peridinium aciculiferum (Lemm.) Lemm. and several species of cryptomonads. A similar bloom of P. aciculiferum was followed by a bloom of several species of euglenoids in 1997. In contrast, P. aciculiferum was only a minor component of the winter phytoplankton, dissolved oxygen concentrations remained low, and no bloom event was observed in 1999. Statistical analyses indicated a significant relationship (r s = 0.57, P = 0.019) between dissolved oxygen levels and the density of the dinoflagellate, P. aciculiferum, but no significant relationship between dissolved oxygen levels and densities of other phytoplankton. These results suggest that the elevated levels of dissolved oxygen are associated with the dinoflagellate, P. aciculiferum. This bloom was most likely the result of an excystment event rather than a general growth response.
The Attachment Network in Family Law Matters: A Developmental-Contextual Approach

A developmental-contextual framework recognizes that children continue to develop and change across the life span and are influenced by previous experiences and by their current environment, including the events and people around them.. This model is especially well suited for use in child custody evaluations. In this article, we review developmental considerations relevant to custodial decisions and consider the defining elements of an attachment bond and the organization of children's attachment networks. Recommendations for research follow. We then provide a detailed example illustrating how the model may be used and conclude with practice implications an recommendations.
Surface energy induced patterning of organic and inorganic materials on heterogeneous Si surfaces

A surface energy induced patterning (SEIP) method is developed to transfer resist patterns defined by lithography into various functional materials. A Si template is first chemically patterned using conventional lithography and selective attachment of trichlorosilane to achieve spatially different surface energies. Organic materials as well as inorganic films are deposited onto the chemically patterned template, followed by a thermal annealing process. The heterogeneous surface energies on the template induce material microfluidic reflow from the less to the more thermodynamically favorable areas. Using this method, patterned microstructures were achieved with SU-8, diblock copolymer, and aluminum film. In addition, the SEIP template was successfully used for atomic layer chemical vapor deposition to selectively pattern 200nm–2μm wide HfO2 structures.
Segment pre-selection in decision-tree based speech synthesis systems

Corpus based approaches to unit selection for concatenative speech synthesis have become popular in recent years due to their improved sensitivity to unit context over their more simple predecessors. These systems usually make use of large speech databases and employ sophisticated search algorithms to determine the optimal unit sequence to use to synthesise each sentence. For many applications it is not possible to have the entire database, which may be as large as several hundred megabytes, available to the synthesiser at runtime. What is required is some form of off-line pre-selection algorithm to determine which subset of the database enables the highest quality speech synthesis to be performed for a given runtime system size. This paper describes a pre-selection algorithm developed at IBM for use with decision-tree-based concatenative speech synthesisers.
The L-band PBMR measurements of surface soil moisture in FIFE

The NASA Langley Research Center's L-band pushbroom microwave radiometer (PBMR) aboard the NASA C-130 aircraft was used to map surface soil moisture at and around the Konza Prairie Natural Research Area in Kansas during the four intensive field campaigns of FIFE in May-October 1987. A total of 11 measurements were made when soils were known to be saturated. This measurement was used for the calibration of the vegetation effect on the microwave absorption. Based on this calibration, the data from other measurements on other days were inverted to generate soil moisture maps. Good agreement was found when the estimated soil moisture values were compared with those independently measured on the ground at a number of widely separated locations. There was a slight bias between the estimated and measured values, the estimated soil moisture on the average being lower by about 1.8%. >
Near-infrared pulse-front matched non-collinear optical parametric amplification in bulk KTP

We apply pulse-front matching to a near-IR non-collinear optical parametric amplifier based on a bulk KTiOPO 4 crystal. Pulses as broad as ∼32 THz at ∼1200 nm with almost no angular dispersion could be produced.
Hormonal regulation of nitric oxide synthases and their cell-specific expression during follicular development in the rat ovary.

Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a novel regulator of several ovarian events, such as ovulation, steroidogenesis, and apoptotic cell death. The NO synthases (NOS) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of l-arginine to NO and l-citrulline. The purpose of the present study was to localize NOS isoforms in the rat ovary and to examine their hormonal regulation. We conducted immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis using isoform-specific antibodies against brain NOS, endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Immature rats were superovulated by injecting PMSG (10 IU sc) followed by an injection of human CG (hCG; 10 IU sc) 48 h later. Ovaries were obtained from control rats (no PMSG), 24 h and 48 h after PMSG treatment and 2 h, 8 h, 12 h, 20 h or 6 days and 10 days after hCG injection (n = 3–5 rats/group). Rat ovaries were clearly devoid of brain NOS staining at any of the time points studied. In control ovaries, eNOS was detected in the theca cell layer, ovarian stroma, and on the su...
Applying the dual-isotope conceptual model to interpret physiological trends under uncontrolled conditions

The inter-relationships among δ 13 C and δ 18 O in tree ring cellulose and ring width have the potential to illuminate long-term physiological and environmental information in forest stands that have not been monitored. We examine how within-stand competition and environmental gradients affect ring widths and the stable isotopes of cellulose. We utilize a natural climate gradient across a catchment dominated by Douglas-fir and temporal changes in climate over an 8-year period. We apply a dual-isotope approach to infer physiological response of trees in differing crown dominance classes to temporal and spatial changes in environmental conditions using a qualitative conceptual model of the 13 C– 18 O relationship and by normalizing the data to minimize other variance. The δ 13 C and δ 18 O of cellulose were correlated with year-to-year variation in relative humidity and consistent with current isotope theory. Using a qualitative conceptual model of the 13 C– 18 O relationship and physiological knowledge about the species, we interpreted these changes as stomatal conductance responses to evaporative demand. Spatial variance between plots was not strong and seemed related to leaf nitrogen rather than any other environmental variable. Dominant trees responded to environmental gradients more consistently with current isotope theory as compared with other classes within the same stand. We found a correlation of stable isotopes with environmental variables is useful for assessing the impacts of environmental change over short time series and where growth varies only minimally with climate.
Keynote 2. A Transformative Internet

In public discourse, big data is often discussed in terms of "meta data." In Internet of Things (IoT), there is a similar concept: meta-ilities, and in particular, (1) Scalability, and (2) Heterogeneity. These 2 meta-ilities are unique due to complexity and diversity, and exemplify why IoT is different than past efforts with distributed systems, communication networks, and systems-of-systems. This is ultimately a sensors and algorithms problem with abundant wireless security concerns. Note that all of the classical "ilities" still apply (i.e., reliability, performance, fault tolerance), but they are sub-ilities to the meta-ilities. The tenets of IoT are: (1) Things communicate, (2) Things may sense, (3) Things should be physical, (4) Communications are mostly wireless due to scale and limitations on wired infrastructure, (5) On board algorithms and software implementations own and control sensor I/O, (6) Things are likely heterogeneous. So this begs questions such as: (1) Are you a thing or human? (2) Who are you if you are human? (3) Where is where (geo-location)? (4) When is when (time is tamperable)? These all play into the final IoT trust story. The key points dissolve down to the fact that truth is not malleable, trust is, and in IoT, that malleability is concerning. It also begs the question as to whether we need an IoT separated from an Internet of Humans (IoH). Based on the above, we believe: (1) Trust in IoT is minimally a function of: wireless, security, privacy, sensors, algorithms, interfaces, and interoperability, (2) Scalability makes this a highly complex issue with even few nodes/hops/branches, (3) Heterogeneity exacerbates the interoperability problem, and (4) Privacy falls victim to sensors and wireless communications. If time remains, I'll discuss the supposed relationship between IoT and neuromorphic computing.
On human analyst performance in assisted requirements tracing: Statistical analysis

Assisted requirements tracing is a process in which a human analyst validates candidate traces produced by an automated requirements tracing method or tool. The assisted requirements tracing process splits the difference between the commonly applied time-consuming, tedious, and error-prone manual tracing and the automated requirements tracing procedures that are a focal point of academic studies. In fact, in software assurance scenarios, assisted requirements tracing is the only way in which tracing can be at least partially automated. In this paper, we present the results of an extensive 12 month study of assisted tracing, conducted using three different tracing processes at two different sites. We describe the information collected about each study participant and their work on the tracing task, and apply statistical analysis to study which factors have the largest effect on the quality of the final trace.