cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ estimates of iron-oxidation and accretion rates for iron-oxidizing bacterial mats at Lō’ihi Seamount

Abstract It is increasingly recognized that diffuse, hydrothermal venting is an important source of iron to the deep-sea that can influence oceanic iron dynamics and abundance. Lithotrophic Fe-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) are dominant at diffuse hydrothermal vent sites, producing microbial iron mats that are often centimeters or more thick. At present, little is known about in situ growth rates of FeOB, specific Fe-oxidation rates, or accretion rates for iron mats. An in situ productivity chamber was developed that took advantage of the unique mineral morphotypes produced by FeOB to estimate rates of Fe-oxidation and accretion. Chambers were placed at two diffuse vents (1179 and 1300 mbsl) at Lō’ihi Seamount where they were colonized by FeOB for different amounts of time. From this analysis, it was estimated that Fe-oxidation rates could range from 8.2 to 51.9 × 10 −6 mol h −1 , and that iron mats could accrete at around 2.2 cm. yr −1 . Molecular analysis indicated that the relative abundance of Zetaproteobacteria, a group of known FeOB, accounted for 80–90% of the bacteria colonizing the chambers. There was a distinct difference between populations at the 1179 m site (Pohaku), and the 1300 m site (North Hiolo Ridge). Microscope slides placed within the productivity chambers were colonized by different morphotypes of FeOB. The cells responsible for one common morphotype that produces a Y-shaped filament were identified as Zetaproteobacteria by use of a small subunit rRNA probe. This work confirms the importance of FeOB in the formation of chemosynthetic iron mats, and provides the first estimates for in situ Fe-oxidation rates and mat accretion rates.
Evolution of B2 and laves phases in a ferritic steel under Fe2+ ion irradiation at 475 °C

Abstract Microstructural evolution in a novel ferritic steel (Fe–12Cr–3W–3Ni–3Al–1Nb, in wt.%) computationally designed to contain B2 and Laves phases after 4 MeV Fe2+ ion irradiation up to 220 dpa at 475 °C was characterized using transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The ferritic matrix phase exhibited dislocation loops and tangled dislocations, but our focus was on stability of two types of intermetallic precipitates. The B2–NiAl precipitates ∼13 nm in size remained crystalline and appeared to have slightly lower Al concentration after irradiation. The Laves phase, (Fe,Cr)2(Nb,W), were present in two size ranges: coarse micron-scale precipitates which were amorphized with a slight composition change at irradiation doses above ∼ 30 dpa, while the finer precipitate particles ∼ 100 nm in size were partially disintegrated with a noticeable composition change at doses above ∼ 70 dpa. Meanwhile, many Nb/Cr-enriched particles ∼8 nm in size formed within a few hundreds of nanometers from the disintegrated particles. The understanding of the phase stability would help design advanced steels and engineer microstructures that are stable against high irradiation doses, while retaining good high temperature strength.
Disconnected Young Adults: Increasing Engagement and Opportunity

Even in a strong job market with low overall unemployment, a substantial number of youth are disconnected from work and schooling. Being disconnected during early ages (between sixteen and twenty-four) can have negative impacts on future labor-market success and other outcomes. This article presents data and summarizes the literature on the causes and consequences of youth disconnection. It discusses evidenced-based policies and programs that show promise for engaging or reengaging young people and meeting the needs of particular groups of disconnected youth, including effective education and training programs (both in secondary and postsecondary contexts), targeted reforms to community college systems, strategies for addressing barriers to work and school including provision of comprehensive services, and demand-oriented solutions that improve job opportunities for youth.
Smooth Switching LPV Dynamic Output-feedback Control

In this paper, we present an innovative design of smooth-switching LPV (Linear Parameter-Varying) dynamic output-feedback (DOF) controllers. For a given partition of scheduling parameter region, a family of LPV controllers are designed simultaneously with guaranteed system performance on each subregion and switching smoothness between adjacent subregions. The proposed control design, called smooth-switching mixed Input Covariance Constraint (ICC) and $${{\cal H}_\infty}$$ LPV control design, minimizes a combined cost of system output $${{\cal H}_2}$$ performance and smooth-switching index subject to $${{\cal H}_2}$$ constraints on control inputs and $${{\cal H}_\infty}$$ performance constraint. These stability and performance criteria are then formulated into a set of Parametric Linear Matrix Inequalities (PLMIs). In addition, a tunable coefficient is introduced in cost function to provide an optimal trade-off between system $${{\cal H}_2}$$ performance and switching smoothness, and therefore, the corresponding optimal LPV controllers can be derived iteratively by convex optimization. For illustration, an active magnetic bearing (AMB) example is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed simultaneous design approach by demonstrating significantly improved switching smoothness and an optimal trade-off between achievable output performance and switching smoothness.
The Role of Private Religious Practices, Spiritual Mindfulness, and Years Since Loss on Perceived Growth in Widowed Adults.

Private religiosity can lead to perceived growth after bereavement, but little is known about the role of mindfulness and the time since loss in widowed adults. Using data from the second panel of the Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS), this study examined adults (n = 250) who were married one time and became widowed. Results showed that spiritual mindfulness moderated the effect of private religious practices on personal growth, and that the association between spiritual mindfulness and positive reinterpretation was moderated by time since loss. A high level of spiritual mindfulness seems to benefit widowed adults’ personal growth and positive reinterpretation. Additionally, the greater time since loss the more positive is the association between mindfulness and positive reinterpretation. No difference was found in means between widowed adults and a matched control group of non-widowed adults (n = 250) on personal growth and positive reinterpretation.
Power System NERC Reliability Compliance Study and Violation Mitigation

Power system contingency analysis plays a pivotal role in identifying potential weak spots and ensuring reliable operation of power systems. Voltage stability is a critical aspect of performance evaluation of power system reliability. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation demands utilities to perform compliance studies to make sure that their systems meet the requirements of adequacy and security aspects of reliability. This paper presents contingency studies performed for a real utility system. The voltage stability criteria are defined, and a general software package is used to perform analysis including regular ACCC analysis, PV analysis, QV analysis, voltage sensitivity analysis, and dynamic studies. The analysis can be carried out manually. In order to facilitate analysis and to avoid tedious steps of running the simulation, recording results, and processing and reporting results, software tools are developed to automate all sorts of tasks and steps based on Python language. The studies have demonstrated that the software tools are efficient for carrying out contingency studies. Example results are reported in the paper in order to illustrate typical study results for a real power utility system.
CREATING IMMERSIVE AND INTERACTIVE SURVEYING LABORATORIES IN VIRTUAL REALITY: A DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING EXAMPLE

Abstract. Surveying engineering education includes several outdoor laboratories that complement and enhance theoretical concepts taught in class. In addition, outdoor laboratories develop student skills with instruments and surveying techniques. These laboratories are often affected by weather, leading to cancelled laboratories, which reduce the time students spend with instruments and disrupt/delay the academic plan. Furthermore, terrain characteristics are important in surveying, as each terrain and project introduce unique surveying challenges. However, training often takes places in one location, thus, limiting student comprehension and experience on how to use the same instrument and techniques in different terrain conditions. Virtual reality constantly gains ground in education, as it overcomes restrictions of physical laboratories and enhances student learning. This study discusses the development of a leveling laboratory in immersive and interactive virtual reality, as well as the challenges encountered. We have replicated a part of the Penn State Wilkes-Barre campus, where students conduct many of their physical laboratories, in virtual reality with geometric and photorealistic fidelity using remote sensing and photogrammetric methods. Dense point clouds derived from terrestrial laser scanning and small unmanned aerial surveys are used for terrain and man-made object modeling. In addition, we have developed software that simulates surveying instruments, their properties, and user/student interaction with the instrument (e.g., moving the tripod, leveling the level instrument and leveling rod, etc.). This paper demonstrates that by utilizing cutting-edge remote sensing and virtual reality technologies, we can create realistic laboratories that can supplement physical outdoor laboratories and improve/enhance undergraduate instruction of surveying students.
Effectiveness of Modalities to Teach Evidence Based Medicine to Pediatric Clerkship Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a traditional didactic session (TDS) as compared to a self-paced, interactive, multimedia module (SPM) on the application of evidence-based medicine (EBM) skills among medical students during their inpatient pediatric rotation. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial from June, 2017 to June, 2018 at a quaternary care children's hospital. Students were randomized to TDS or SPM during each 2-week block. All students completed a critical appraisal tool (CAT) of evidence related to a clinical question in a standardized appraisal form and self-reflected about the EBM process. The primary outcome was the numeric score of the CAT derived by using the validated Fresno tool. Secondary outcomes of knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and self-reported behaviors related to EBM were measured using validated surveys. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test for CAT scores and mixed-model procedure (PROC MIXED), with subject as random effect and time as repeated measure for the secondary outcomes. Results One hundred twenty-seven clerkship students were included. Overall, there was no significant difference in mean CAT scores for TDS (n = 59) versus SPM (n = 66) groups (90.3 vs 92.0, P = .65). There were no significant differences between SPM and TDS groups for knowledge (P = .66), attitudes (P = .97), confidence (P = .55), and accessing evidence (P = .27). Both groups showed significant gains in knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and accessing evidence from baseline to postcourse. Improvements in knowledge and confidence were sustained at 3-months. Conclusion A SPM learning module is as effective as a TDS module for application of EBM concepts and knowledge to patient care.
Time-dependent H2 formation and protonation in diffuse clouds

Aims. To demonstrate the time-approach to equilibrium of H 2 -formation and protonation in models of diffuse or H I interstellar gas clouds previously published by the author. Methods. The microscopic equations of H 2 -formation and protonation are integrated numerically over time in such a manner that the overall structures evolve self-consistently under benign conditions. Results. The equilibrium H 2 formation timescale in an H I cloud with N (H) $\approx 4\times10^{20}~{{\rm cm}^{-2}}$ is $1{-}3\times10^7$ yr, nearly independent of the assumed density or H 2 formation rate on grains, etc. Attempts to speed up the evolution of the H 2 -fraction would require densities well beyond the range usually considered typical of diffuse gas. The calculations suggest that, under benign, quiescent conditions, H 2 in the diffuse ISM formation of H 2 is favored in larger regions having moderate density, consistent with the rather high mean kinetic temperatures measured in H 2 , 70-80 K. Formation of H$_{3}^+$ is essentially complete when H 2 -formation equilibrates but the final abundance of H$_{3}^+$ appears more nearly at the very last instant. Chemistry in a weakly-molecular gas has particular properties so that the abundance patterns change appreciably as gas becomes more fully molecular, either in model sequences or with time in a single model. One manifestation of this is that the predicted abundance of H$_{3}^+$ is much more weakly dependent on the cosmic-ray ionization rate when n (H 2 )/ n (H$) \la 0.05$. In general, high abundances of H$_{3}^+$ do not enhance the abundances of other species (e.g. HCO + ) but late-time OH formation proceeds most vigourously in more diffuse regions having modest density, extinction and H 2 fraction and somewhat higher fractional ionization, suggesting that atypically high OH/H 2 abundance ratios might be found optically in diffuse clouds having modest extinction.
Potential functional variants in AHR signaling pathways are associated with age at puberty in swine

Puberty in female pigs is defined as age at first estrus and gilts that have an earlier age at puberty are more likely to have greater lifetime productivity. Because age at puberty is predictive for sow longevity and lifetime productivity, but not routinely measured in commercial herds, it would be beneficial to use genomic or marker-assisted selection to improve these traits. A GWAS at the US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) identified several loci associated with age at puberty in pigs. Candidate genes in these regions were scanned for potential functional variants using sequence information from the USMARC swine population founder animals and public databases. In total, 135 variants (SNP and insertion/deletions) in 39 genes were genotyped in 1284 phenotyped animals from a validation population sired by Landrace and Yorkshire industry semen using the Agena MassArray system. Twelve variants in eight genes were associated with age at puberty (P < 0.005) with estimated additive SNP effects ranging from 1.6 to 5.3 days. Nine of these variants were non-synonymous coding changes in AHR, CYP1A2, OR2M4, SDCCAG8, TBC1D1 and ZNF608, two variants were deletions of one and four codons in aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AHR, and the most significant SNP was near an acceptor splice site in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, ACACA. Several of the loci identified have a physiological and a genetic role in sexual maturation in humans and other animals and are involved in AHR-mediated pathways. Further functional validation of these variants could identify causative mutations that influence age at puberty in gilts and possibly sow lifetime productivity.
Comparison between safety methods control barrier function vs. reachability analysis.

This report aims to compare two safety methods: control barrier function and Hamilton-Jacobi reachability analysis. We will consider the difference with a focus on the following aspects: generality of system dynamics, difficulty of construction and computation cost. A standard Dubins car model will be evaluated numerically to make the comparison more concrete.
Identifying potential wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) locations for black bear (Ursus americanus) in Florida under different environmental and human population factors

Road networks can lead to serious negative impacts on wildlife populations. In particular, wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) caused by traffic is the best-known and visible effect of roads on wildl...
Equilibrium and Welfare Implications of Store Brands in Vertical Markets

Retailers act as intermediaries between manufacturers and consumers. When retailers sell their own products alongside those of manufacturers, what is the effect on competition? Further, how does this effect hinge on market power? In this paper, I theoretically and empirically study the effect of store brands on equilibrium outcomes and welfare. I demonstrate the ambiguous theoretical predictions of how store brands can impact equilibrium outcomes using a simplified model, motivating two related empirical exercises that assess the implications of store brands in the U.S. yogurt market. First, I use an event study framework to show that after a store brand introduction, both the number and prices of retailer national brand products increase. Second, I develop a structural model of upstream vertical interaction between manufacturers and retailers, incorporating the strategic use of store brands and downstream consumer demand for differentiated products. I fit the model to observed pricing and quantity data to recover underlying consumer preference parameters and marginal costs. I then conduct counterfactual simulations that remove retailer store brands to show that the benefit of store brands to retailers and consumers, and the harm to manufacturers, is magnified under increased upstream market concentration.
Endocrine Surgery Patients' and Providers' Perceptions of Telemedicine in the COVID Era.

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine has become a key modality for health care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic, including for endocrine surgery. Little data exists on patients' and referring endocrinologists' perspectives of its use. The study aimed to assess and compare endocrine surgery patients' attitudes about telemedicine to that of referring endocrinologists. METHOD: Patients from a regional endocrine surgery practice and referring endocrinologists were sent surveys about their perspectives on telemedicine use. RESULTS: Fifty two patients responded: average age was 58.3 years; 78% were female; 33% were Black. Sixteen referring endocrinologists responded: average age was 52.4 years; 62.5% were female. Nearly all patients (92%) and providers (100%) would try telemedicine or use it again. Providers were more likely than patients to use telemedicine because of COVID-19 (100% versus 70.6%, P = 0.03). Patients were more concerned about the lack of personal connection with telemedicine than providers (60.8% versus 25.0%, P = 0.02). Endocrinologists were more interested in using telemedicine to review abnormal results (81.3% versus 35.3%, P <0.01), and more patients were specifically disinterested in reviewing abnormal results via telemedicine (54.9% versus 6.3%, P = 0.04). Patients were more interested in its use for postoperative visits (47.1% versus 0%, P <0.01). More endocrinologists were specifically disinclined to conduct new consultations with telemedicine (87.5% versus 58.8%, P <0.01). CONCLUSION: Telemedicine is a mutually acceptable method for patients and their referring providers for endocrine surgery delivery, although in-person visits continue to have their place. Telemedicine use may continue to expand after the pandemic as an important point of access for endocrine surgery.
New Shapes For Catalysis and Molecular Recognition

Any discussion of molecular recognition should begin by acknowledging the debt that it owes to macrocyclic chemistry. These molecules have been the workhorses of bioorganic chemistry and have influenced literally and figuratively the shape of things in molecular recognition. Cyclodextrins, for example, have been useful for showing how small molecules can imitate the essential steps of enzyme catalyzed reactions using acyl transfers as a probe [1]. Crown ethers have been successful at revealing aspects of binding and transport of metal ions; at the molecular level, complexation of ammonium species has been used as a vehicle for several bioorganic processes [2]. Allosteric effects, especially that of cooperativity were first demonstrated with crown ether derivatives [3]. More recently, interest in cyclophane derivatives has grown. Their ease of synthesis and their ability to complex aromatic molecules in aqueous media can be used to sort out the intrinsics of hydrophobic and aromatic stacking interactions. Some of the rules for predicting complexation especially those involving optimal rigidity and collapsibility have emerged from examination of cyclophane-derived systems.
Endangered Species Conservation: What Should We Expect of Federal Agencies?

Twenty years after the landmark 1973 endangered species legislation,nthe public still does not have a clear sense of what it can expect from federalnagencies. To be sure, certain duties are clearly prescribed. The citizen suit provision of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) has helped establish somenminimum standards, especially for section 7 interagency consultation andnfor section 9 takings prohibition. Nonetheless, the affirmative duty tonconserve species and the...
Evolutionary Chemistry: Getting There from Here

Gerald F. Joyce What takes place when the antibodies in the immune system evolve to become highly specific for certain antigens? In this issue, Wedemayer et al. have captured the x-ray crystallographic images of antibody molecules before and after they evolve into high-affinity binders for their ligand. In his Perspective, Joyce explains the apparent Lamarckian nature of this process, in which the shape of the mature binding site resembles the one induced in the original germ line antibody by the ligand.
An Empirical Study of the Implementation in the United States of the Model Law on Cross Border Insolvency

International insolvency proceedings uniquely require coordination among a number of national courts to preserve the value of multinational corporations that have become financially distressed. The Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency provides a structure for recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings and the granting of needed relief in aid of foreign courts. This article reports data from an empirical study all of the cases filed in the United States under the Model Law. Among other things, the data refute the notion that the United States is not welcoming to foreign petitioners; on the contrary, the overwhelming majority of petitions have led to relief for the foreign petitioners, although the reception of petitions from ― letter box jurisdictions has been less friendly. The article also provides an analytical review of American case law relating to important aspects of the Model Law.
TOWARDS MORE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COCOA TRADE

Cocoa is a classic Third World cash crop. It is produced mostly by small, poor farmers in Africa, while its products - chocolate and sun tan oil - are consumed by rich consumers in North America and Europe. A few West African economies are highly dependent on foreign exchange earned from cocoa sales. It has therefore been targeted by Oxfam's Fair Trade initiative, and IITA's Sustainable Tree Crops Program (STCP) is launching an effort of become more aligned with consumer's social preferences. The most obvious dimension to addressing consumer demand for cocoa products is to insure provision of high quality products, which has become problematic since structural adjustment programs have dismantled the African parastatals governing cocoa production and exports. Cocoa production would also likely meet requirements for organic certification in many instances, but legitimately obtaining that certification would be costly. Cocoa also offers several dimensions through which consumers might, by their market choices, insure more socially responsible outcomes. Both the STCP and Fair Trade initiatives focus on the potential for poverty alleviation and on achieving sustainable development for poor African farmers. Those farmers are stewards of the rain forest, and their production decisions can determine whether cocoa remains a rain forest friendly crop, so global environmental impacts can also be influenced by cocoa markets. The most recent, most widely publicized, and most intractable issue to hit the cocoa market is the allegation that child labor may be used on those poor African cocoa farms. The first objective of this paper will be to describe this situation, and the problems of cocoa markets, focusing on what has been happening in Africa. Particular attention will be paid to the problems of implementing structural adjustment reforms, and the increasing role played by multi-national processors as they backward integrate into the African marketing systems. Then the Fair Trade and STCP initiatives will be described. Finally, a conceptual examination of marketing systems between the African cocoa farm and the chocolate manufacturer, emphasizing institutional arrangements, is used to assess the likely success of these initiatives in achieving their social goals.
Escherichia coli as an Experimental Organism

Escherichia coli, a gram-negative gamma proteobacterium, is presently the best-understood organism. It is a paradigm organism in bacterial physiology and genetics as well as a key tool in molecular genetics in that many genetic manipulations throughout biology involve E. coli. Molecular cloning into one of many E. coli vector plasmids is a standard procedure in most molecular biology and biotechnology laboratories. E. coli is also the workhorse of recombinant protein production since conditions have been found that allow proteins from across biology to be efficiently expressed in and purified from E. coli. Indeed, the bulk of x-ray crystal structures are performed on proteins that were produced in this bacterium. Finally, a collection of mutant E. coli strains each deleted for a gene nonessential for growth in a rich medium provides a resource to test the functions of genes from other organisms by assaying their ability to replace the function of an E. coli gene. Key Concepts: E. coli is a preferred host for gene cloning due to the high efficiency of introduction of DNA molecules into cells. E. coli is a preferred host for protein production due to its rapid growth and the ability to express proteins at very high levels. Bacterial conjugation can be used to transfer large DNA fragments from one bacterium to another. E. coli is a preferred host for the study of phage biology due to the detailed knowledge of its nucleic acid and protein biosynthetic pathways. The ability of E. coli to grow on chemically defined media coupled with its extensive genetic toolbox make it a key system in study of bacterial metabolic pathways. Keywords: conjugation; growth curve; envelope structure; transduction; plasmids; phage; genetics
Initial development of a treatment adherence measure for cognitive–behavioral therapy for child anxiety.

The measurement of treatment adherence (a component of treatment integrity defined as the extent to which a treatment is delivered as intended) is a critical element in treatment evaluation research. This article presents initial psychometric data for scores on the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Adherence Scale for Youth Anxiety (CBAY-A), an observational measure designed to be sensitive to common practice elements found in individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (ICBT) for youth anxiety. Therapy sessions (N = 954) from 1 efficacy and 1 effectiveness study of ICBT for youth anxiety were independently rated by 2 coders. Interrater reliability (as gauged by intraclass correlation coefficients) for the item scores averaged 0.77 (SD = 0.15; range .48 to .80). The CBAY-A item and scale (skills, model, total) scores demonstrated evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with an observational measure of therapeutic interventions and an observational measure of the alliance. The CBAY-A item and scale scores also discriminated between therapists delivering ICBT in research and practice settings and therapists delivering nonmanualized usual clinical care. We discuss the importance of replicating these psychometric findings in different samples and highlight possible application of an adherence measure in testing integrity-outcome relations.
English: Hope in elderly adults with chronic heart failure. Español: La esperanza en adultos mayores con insuficiencia cardíaca crónica. Português: A esperança em adultos maiores com insuficiência cardíaca crônica

This topic review employed Walker and Avant’s method of concept analysis to explore the construct of hope in elderly adults with chronic heart failure. The articles analyzed revealed that hope, as the belief of the occurrence of a positive result without any guarantee that it will be produced, is necessary for the survival and wellbeing of the elderly adults enduring this disease. Key words: aged; heart failure.
Ving: Bootstrapping the Desktop Area Network with a Vibratory Ping

The emergence of the Internet of Things will cause the density of wirelessly networked devices to increase significantly. As the industry and density continue to grow, enabling and managing networks of these devices in a scalable manner without constant user interaction becomes essential. Noting that information about physical context can guide interactions between devices, we introduce the desktop area network and Ving, a vibratory ping architecture that enables it. Ving is based on the wireless vibratory communications channel between a vibratory motor on one device and an accelerometer on another. Because vibratory communications is a physically-coupled, surface-constrained communications domain, Ving allows devices to bootstrap networks within their physical context, creating a literal desktop area network. Such context establishment and network creation enables a new class of applications for smartphones and embedded devices. We present several of these applications, discuss our preliminary implementation of Ving, compare Ving to alternate methods of context establishment, and suggest potential research challenges stemming from the widespread use of Ving.
Healthy Food at Work? An Examination of a Proposed Catering Service Concept

The U. S. catering industry has experienced tremendous growth in recent years. A major trend in the overall foodservices industry involves the healthy eating movement among consumers. Along with restaurants and foodservice contractors, caterers are responding to growing consumer demand for healthier fare. While caterers serve various target markets (e.g., event organizers, charities, civic groups, individuals), there is a need to research the viability of providing healthy food to the business market. A service concept test among decision makers at 36 companies is used here to provide an evaluation of a proposed catering service specializing in healthy food that would serve local businesses. The findings indicate that the healthy eating movement does extend to today's workplace. Overall, respondents are favorably disposed to the proposed service. Indeed, businesses appear to be a promising target market for caterers offering healthy food.
Developments in infants' search for invisibly displaced objects

Abstract A study of 16- and 24-month-old infants' performance on an invisible displacements task examined age differences in infants' search patterns in relation to developing comprehensive search skills. The study focused on problems that involved displacements among three locations within either a three- or a five-location space. Three major classes of comprehensive search skills were found at both ages: (1) persistence—continuing to search until the object is found; (2) nonredundancy—not searching a location more than once; and (3) systematic ordering—utilizing either the spatial arrangement of the locations or their temporal ordering in the displacement sequence to order successive searches among them. The principal developmental change was in the ordering of infants' searches, which corresponded increasingly to the temporal ordering of locations in the displacement sequence.
Understanding inner ear development with gene expression profiling.

Understanding the development of the inner ear requires knowing the spatial and temporal pattern of gene expression, and the functions of those gene products. In the last decade, hearing research has benefited tremendously from the progress of the human and mouse genome projects, as amply illustrated by the identification of many deafness genes in both human and mouse. However, the sheer amount of information generated from the genome project has far outpaced the rate at which it is utilized. Microarray technology offers a means to quantify the expression level of transcripts at a whole-genome scale. Cross-tissue comparisons will identify genes unique to the inner ear, which will expedite the identification of new deafness genes. Microdissection and subtraction after ablation of cell types can reveal genes expressed in certain cells, such as hair cells. Expression profiling of both inner ear and other tissues, under a variety of conditions (such as during development, with drug treatment or in knock-out animals), can be used for cluster analysis to group genes of similar expression. Coexpression can suggest functional pathways and interactions between known genes, and can identify new genes in a structure or pathway. In this review we give examples for both transcription factors and cochlear structures.
Accelerated prototyping of electric machine laminates using high throughput profile milling

This work presents high throughput profile milling (HTPM) as a novel processing technique for prototyping stator and rotor laminates for electric machines. Current processing techniques use the flexible processes of laser cutting and abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining to produce these prototypes. AWJ machining introduces less thermomechanical damage to the material than conventional laser cutting and therefore was selected as the benchmark process for this study. This paper presents an initial empirical comparison between AWJ machining and the novel HTPM process. The comparison metrics incorporate the post-processed magnetic properties, specifically, permeability and specific core loss, and manufacturing concerns, particularly production rate and burr formation. A measureable difference between the specific core loss and permeability was recorded within this sample set (AWJ at 3.08W/kg and HTPM at 3.12W/kg; AWJ 1350H/m and HTPM at 1335H/m respectively); however, further statistical analysis was inconclusive as the generality of these results. Nevertheless, HTPM exhibited notable reduction in burr formation (AWJ at 198um and HTPM at 8um) and an almost 6.7x increase in average production rate (AWJ at 10.1mm/sec and HTPM at 68.4mm/sec). Consequently, HTPM exhibits significant advantages as a prototyping process for electric machine laminates.
Retardation effect in finite nuclei in relativistic mean field theory.

In the relativistic quantum mean field theory retardation effects are investigated for spherical nuclei throughout the Periodic Table. In a Hartree-Fock calculation retardation affects only the exchange terms; the exchange of {sigma}, {omega}, {rho}, and {pi} mesons and photons are included. We find the retardation is important only for the pion; for the other heavier mesons its contribution is negligibly small. The total binding energy of a nucleus can be changed by about 5% when retardation is included. For the electric charge density appreciable difference is observed only for {sup 208}Pb.
The Exploding Galaxy M82: Evidence for the Existence of a Large-Scale Magnetic Field.

Photographs of galaxy M82 obtained in blue light show the existence of a previously unknown system of large-scale filaments extending 4000 parsec (1.2 X 10^(22) cm) above and below the fundamental plane of the galaxy along the minor axis. These filaments emit continuous radiation that is highly polarized, with the electric vector predominately perpendicular to the filamentary structure. A plausible interpretation is that the radiation is optical synchrotron emission caused by relativistic electrons spiraling in a large-scale magnetic field. To produce radiation in visual wavelengths, the electron energies must be in the range 10^3 to 10^4 Bev if the magnetic field is between 10^(-5) and 10^(-6) gauss.
Solidification of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy and Bi2Sr1.75Ca0.25CuOy

The solidification processes for the compositions Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (2212) and Bi2Sr1.75Ca0.25CuOy (2201) were determined as a function of oxygen partial pressure. During solidification in argon, the superconducting phases were generally not observed to form for either composition. In both cases, the solidus is lowered to approximately 750 °C. Solidification of Bi2Sr1.75Ca0.25CuOy in Ar resulted in a divorced eutectic structure of Bi2Sr2−xCaxOy (22x) and Cu2O while solidification of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy in Ar resulted in a divorced eutectic structure of Bi2Sr3−xCaxOy (23x) and Cu2O. Solidification of Bi2Sr1.75Ca0.25CuOy in O2 resulted in large grains of 2201 interspersed with small regions containing the eutectic structure of 22x and CuO/Cu2O. Solidification of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy in partial pressures of 1%, 20%, and 100% oxygen resulted in multiphase samples consisting of 2212, 2201, some alkaline-earth cuprates, and both divorced eutectic structures found during solidification in Ar. For both compositions, these latter structures can be attributed to oxygen deficiencies present in the melt regardless of the overpressure of oxygen. These eutectic structures are unstable and convert into the superconducting phases during subsequent anneals in oxygen. The formation process of the 2212 phase during solidification from the melt was determined to proceed through an intermediate state involving the 2201 phase.
Differential regulation of calmodulin content and calmodulin messenger RNA levels by acute and repeated, intermittent amphetamine in dopaminergic terminal and midbrain areas.

Abstract Repeated doses of psychoactive drugs often produce adaptive responses that differ from the initial drug application and additional adaptive processes occur following cessation of the drug. The relationship between alterations in calmodulin protein and messenger RNA produced by an initial versus a repeated dose of amphetamine was examined, as well as changes following drug cessation. Calmodulin protein and messenger RNA of the three individual calmodulin genes were measured in rat dopaminergic cell body and terminal areas following acute or repeated amphetamine. Rats were either injected once with 2.5 mg/kg amphetamine or saline and decapitated after 3 h, or given 10 injections of amphetamine three to four days apart and decapitated 3 h after the final injection. Calmodulin messenger RNA and protein were also measured three and seven days after ceasing drug treatment. Acute amphetamine increased calmodulin 1.7-fold in the striatum and threefold in the ventral mesencephalon, with corresponding elevations in calmodulin messenger RNAs. In response to the 10th dose of amphetamine, however, the degree of increase in calmodulin was diminished in the striatum and ablated in the ventral mesencephalon. Correspondingly, select species of calmodulin messenger RNA were decreased from control levels. In the frontal cortex or nucleus accumbens, calmodulin levels were basically unaltered by the first or 10th doses of amphetamine, but both calmodulin and its messenger RNA were altered with time upon cessation of the drug. Three days later, both calmodulin protein and messenger RNA were decreased in select brain areas. By seven days after the 10th injection, calmodulin content was altered compared to saline controls in all areas, but the change in messenger RNA no longer paralleled the change in protein. Our findings demonstrate that both calmodulin protein and select species of calmodulin messenger RNA are altered by acute amphetamine, but this effect is attenuated after repeated, intermittent amphetamine. There are further time-dependent changes after cessation of repeated amphetamine, which may reflect compensatory neuronal responses. The alterations in calmodulin content and synthesis could contribute to changes in patterns or duration of behaviors that occur upon cessation of repeated amphetamine.
Teaching Multiple Perspectives on Environmental Issues in Elementary Classrooms: A Story of Teacher Inquiry

This article describes a yearlong, qualitative study that involved an action—inquiry group of 5 elementary school teachers who collaborated on the incorporation of a multiple perspectives approach to environmental issues into their teaching. The teachers used children's literature to discuss different perspectives on diverse viewpoints on environmental issues. The benefits to young students included increased and more accurate use of environmental vocabulary and greater opportunities for using critical thinking skills. The project also demonstrated a professional development process that could influence teacher attitudes and practice in important ways.
Origin and development of the Star Mountain rhyolite

The Star Mountain rhyolite covers 500 square miles in the Davis Mountains, 100 miles east of El Paso, Texas. It appears to be the largest known rhyolitic mass to have been emplaced as a liquid flow rather than as a « froth flow » or nuee ardente. That it was emplaced as a liquid is shown by the lineation of phenocrysts, the vesicular and autobrecciated zones, baking of underlying tuffs, and by the complete absence of shard structures and evidence for welding. Three flow units with an aggregate thickness of 800 feet can be distinguished on the basis of field, chemical, and petrographic criteria. With the exception of some vesicular zones the rock is either finely crystalline and massive, or glassy and brecciated. Minor structures indicate that the flow of each unit was highly irregular.
JOSHUA: Symmetric Active/Active Replication for Highly Available HPC Job and Resource Management

Most of today's HPC systems employ a single head node for control, which represents a single point of failure as it interrupts an entire HPC system upon failure. Furthermore, it is also a single point of control as it disables an entire HPC system until repair. One of the most important HPC system service running on the head node is the job and resource management. If it goes down, all currently running jobs loose the service they report back to. They have to be restarted once the head node is up and running again. With this paper, we present a generic approach for providing symmetric active/active replication for highly available HPC job and resource management. The JOSHUA solution provides a virtually synchronous environment for continuous availability without any interruption of service and without any loss of state. Replication is performed externally via the PBS service interface without the need to modify any service code. Test results as well as availability analysis of our proof-of-concept prototype implementation show that continuous availability can be provided by JOSHUA with an acceptable performance trade-off.
A critical question for HIV vaccine development: which antibodies to induce?

A vaccine against HIV-1 must prevent infection against genetically diverse virus strains. Two approaches are currently being pursued to elicit antibody-mediated protection: vaccines that induce potent and broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) or vaccines that induce “conventional antibodies,” which are less potent and broadly neutralizing in comparison. Although bnAbs may provide the greatest level of protection, their structural and genetic characteristics make their elicitation through vaccination a major challenge. In contrast, conventional HIV-1 antibodies have been induced by vaccination and correlated with reduced HIV-1 infection in a phase III vaccine trial. Here, I present evidence that both approaches should be pursued with equal vigor.
Soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in Nepal long-term soil fertility experiments

Abstract Loss of organic C from tilled agricultural soils has generated interest in C-sequestration in soils. The effects of nutrient and organic inputs on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks were studied in three 23–25-year-old long-term conventional tillage fertility experiments (LTFEs) in the Nepal terai. The sites differed in soil texture and were cropped annually to rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Treatments were control (unfertilized), recommended NPK, and farmyard manure (FYM; 4 Mg dry wt./crop) at all sites, plus FYM (4 Mg ha −1 year −1 ) or chopped wheat straw (8 Mg dry wt. ha −1 year −1 ) plus N to rice and NPK to wheat at Parwanipur. Small areas of unfertilized grassland created at the same time as the LTFEs were sampled to provide a no-tillage comparison. Soil samples were collected at 15 cm intervals to a depth of 60 cm. In general, SOC and TN stocks were highest in the FYM treatment and the grassland, intermediate in treatments with residue return or reduced FYM inputs and lowest in the control and NPK treatments. Differences in SOC and TN stocks were found in the top 30 cm of soil at Bhairahawa but only in the top 15 cm at the other two sites. Application of inorganic nutrients increased SOC and TN only at Bhairahawa, which had the highest silt + clay content and where severe P deficiency was observed without fertilization. SOC stocks to 60 cm at Bhairahawa were 33.5, 36.8 and 53.1 Mg C ha −1 for the control, NPK, and FYM treatments, respectively, on an equal soil mass basis. The SOC stock in the NT-grassland was 51.8 Mg ha −1 , similar to that in the FYM treatment. Stocks of SOC and TN were anomalously high at Tarahara but differences between treatments were similar to those at Parwanipur, which had a similar soil texture. Retention of added carbon over the duration of the experiment was about 10% for FYM and 4.5% for wheat straw. It was estimated that 47% of the original soil C under native forest had been lost from the NPK treatments at Bhairahwa and Parwanipur and that recovery was to 71–76% of the forest value with addition of FYM. However, the rates of FYM used would not be achievable at a landscape scale. Given these results, shifting to no-tillage agriculture is probably the most practical option for increasing SOC and TN stocks.
The Conflict Between Consumption and Pollution

Our society is concerned about controlling pollution without excessive depression of consumption. In this correspondence a which, in conjunction with a utility function, determines the manner in which consumption should vary with time so as to maximize utility. It is assumed that a specified pollution level is to be achieved at the termination of a given planning period, and the problem is to obtain the optimum path to this objective. As a special case, a steady-state solution is obtained, which specifies the most desirable constant levels of consumption and pollution. Critical parameters that enter into this solution are the discount (or appreciation) rate for the future, the decay lifetime for the pollutant, and the rate of change of pollution generation with respect to consumption. In addition, a closed-form solution is obtained for the low-pollution case. which indicates that the optimum consumption function decreases with increasing time, Computer solutions are given for the general case with several different values of critical parameters.