cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The in vitro induction and release of a cell toxin by immune C57B1-6 mouse peritoneal macrophages.

Abstract Peritoneal macrophages from Sarcoma 1 (SAl)-sensitized CS7B1/6 mice release a toxic factor (s), termed macrophage toxic factor (MTF), into the medium when exposed to allogeneic target L cells in vitro . Medium containing MTF is cytotoxic to cultures of allogeneic L cells, syngeneic C57B1/6 fetal fibroblasts and xenogenic HeLa cells. The cell toxin (s) is insensitive to the effects of nuclease, neuraminidase and trypsin, but is partially abrogated by treatment with pronase. Two fractions of toxic activity are eluted from Sephadex G-100, one associated with a 150,000 mol wt marker (IgG), and the other associated with a 47,000 mol wt marker (ovalbumin). Goat antiserum prepared against PHA-induced mouse lymphotoxin (MLT) is capable of neutralizing the toxicity of both MTF and MLT, indicating that the factors may be similar.
Social capital: reconceptualizing the bottom line

Examines social capital as a theoretic construct with the potential to enhance our understanding of public relations contribution to the organizational bottom line. There are three classes of outcomes: increased and/or more complex forms of social capital, reduced transaction costs, and organizational advantage. Like economic capital, social capital is not always used wisely and can produce negative consequences for actors.
Parametric Study of Flame Radiation Characteristics of a Tubular-Can Combustor

A series of combustor tests were conducted with a tubular-can combustor to study flame radiation characteristics and effects with parametric variations in combustor operating conditions. Two alternate combustor assemblies using a different fuel nozzle were compared. Spectral and total radiation detectors were positioned at three stations along the length of the combustor can. Data were obtained for a range of pressures from 0.34 to 2.07 MPa (50 to 300 psia), inlet temperatures from 533 to 700K (500 to 800 F), for Jet A (13.9 deg hydrogen) and ERBS (12.9% hydrogen) fuels, and with fuel-air ratios nominally from 0.008 to 0.021. Spectral radiation data, total radiant heat flux data, and liner temperature data are presented to illustrate the flame radiation characteristics and effects in the primary, secondary, and tertiary combustion zones.
Femtosecond laser ablation of neurons in C. elegans for behavioral studies

Femtosecond laser ablation selectively dissects subcellular components of the C. elegans neuronal circuit with submicrometer precision for studying the neuronal origins of behavior. We describe the theoretical basis for the high precision of femtosecond laser ablation in the target bulk. Next, we present the experimental setup and a worm rotation technique to facilitate imaging and surgery. We describe the damage caused by different pulse energies on cell bodies and neuronal fibers. Finally, we discuss the regrowth of neuronal fibers after surgery and its impact on behavioral study.
Importance of the projection from the sensory to the motor cortex for recovery of motor function following partial thalamic lesion in the monkey.

Abstract Motor deficits produced by thalamic lesions were studied using adult cynomolgus monkeys. Lesioned areas included n. ventralis anterior (VA), ventralis lateralis (VL), n. ventralis posterolateralis pars oralis (VPLo), pars caudalis (VPLc) n. subthalamus (STN) and n. centrum medianum (CM). When the lesion included VA, VL, and VPLo, there was a cerebellar syndrome, i.e., ataxia and dysmetria. When the lesion included VPLo and VPLc, the animal was paralyzed. When the lesion included VPLo and rostral part of VPLc, there was loss of orientation in hand movement and clumsiness of finger manipulation. These motor deficits gradually disappeared within 1–2 weeks and the function recovered near to normal except for when VPLo and VPLc were totally destroyed. After recovery of motor function, the somatic sensory cortex (areas 1, 2, 3b) ipsilateral to the thalamic lesion was removed. Removal of the sensory cortex resulted in abolition of the recovered function, but when the border area between VPLo and VPLc was intact, the function recovered again. On the other hand, when the thalamic lesion included this border area, succeeding cortical lesion permanently abolished the recovered function or the reappeared function was substantially worse than that before the cortical lesion. Neuronal mechanisms subserving these differences are discussed and it is concluded that when direct sensory input to the motor cortex was interrupted by lesion of the border area between VPLo and VPLc, the lost function was compensated by reorganization of the projection from the sensory cortex to the motor cortex.
Storage server requirements for delivery of hypermedia documents

Current approaches for continuous media (CM) file systems focus on scheduling requirements for sessions consisting of single video or audio streams. This paper examines the multimedia delivery problem from the perspective of hypermedia document servers. Such hypermedia documents can be characterized as a web of nodes, each node containing a set of time-dependent CM and discrete media objects. We first look at a hypothetical user's view of a hypermedia session. We then present two service models, the CM service model and the hypermedia service model, and compare them. We propose a new view of session, a hypermedia session, suitable for scheduling the delivery of hypermedia documents, and present sample scheduling algorithms. This notion of hypermedia session is examined from the standpoint of resource management at the orchestration layer of distributed MM system.
Cognition, Representations and Embodied Emotions: Investigating Cognitive Theory

Cognitive theory (CT) is currently the most widely acknowledged framework used to describe the psychological processes in affective disorders like depression. The purpose of this paper is to assess the philosophical assumptions upon which CT rests. It is argued that CT must be revised due to significant flaws in many of these philosophical assumptions. The paper contains suggestions as to how these problems could be overcome in a manner that would secure philosophical accuracy, while also providing an account that is better suited to explaining some of the cognitive, emotional, and bodily manifestations of affective disorders.
Recent Sediment Stratigraphy and Geotechnical Characteristics of Foreset and Bottomset Beds of the Niagara Bar

Abstract Forest beds of the Niagara Bar are composed of fine sands and sandy silts. Their thickness is uncertain, but probably 6 to 8 m have accumulated on the upper slope since the last low water stage in Lake Ontario. The maximum thickness of these beds occurs near the foot of the outer slope (water depths 80 to 90 m) where accumulation exceed 20 m north of the present river mouth, and 10 to 12 m to the northwest. The bottomset beds of fine silt and silty clay thin rapidly offshore and decrease to as little as 0.5 m, at about 5 km northwest of the Outer Bar. There is a fining upward lithology in many cores, and this is consistent with continuing deposition under rising water levels. Geotechnical measurements indicate that bottomset and lower foreset beds have low undrained shear strengths (typically less than 4 kPa) and high water contents. Upper foreset beds, of coarser composition, have somewhat higher, undrained shear strengths (20 to 90 kPa, and greater) and much lower water contents. The steepest parts of the Outer Bar lie between 20 and 60 m water depth, where slope angles vary between 2 and 10°; maximum local values reach 14 to 15°. Despite the presence of gas in sediments of the lower foreset beds the slope shows no evidence of slumping.
DIVERGENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE OF CLEVELAND'S NEIGHBORHOODS: ECONOMIC, PLANNING, AND SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGE

: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the degree to which three ecological models can predict the direction of neighborhood change. Three models —the life cycle, arbitrage, and composition—are commonly found in the literature on neighborhood change, but each focuses on a different aspect of this process. To date, researchers have evaluated these models individually, but few have compared their predictive ability. Using census tract data from Cleveland, Ohio, this study conducts a regression analysis to evaluate the efficiency of each model. The lifecycle model had the greatest predictive value, but none of the models performed well. The state of Cleveland's industrial-based economy combined with the diminished federal role in urban development were identified as contributing factors to a declining inner-city environment. The condition of Cleveland's housing market was reflected in the models.
BI-RADS 3 for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) 3, or probably benign, assessment is given in approximately 7% to 12% of breast magnetic resonance (MR) images. However, the imaging features of probably benign lesions on MR imaging have not been well defined. As with mammography and ultrasonography, a BI-RADS 3 assessment should be used only when there is a less than 2% likelihood of malignancy. The use of BI-RADS 3 for classically benign findings should be avoided. Certain masses, foci, and areas of nonmass enhancement may be categorized as probably benign on baseline MR imaging.
Multidimensional Travelling Wave Solutions to Reaction-Diffusion Equations

The existence of nonplanar travelling wave solutions to a reaction-diffusion equation in an infinite channel is studied numerically. A boundary-value problem is derived via the introduction of a moving coordinate system. It is approximated on a finite domain through the introduction of artificial boundaries and the imposition of asymptotic boundary conditions. Stability results for the waves are obtained by using maximum principles
A 28-GHz class-J Power Amplifier with 18-dBm output power and 35% peak PAE in 120-nm SiGe BiCMOS

A 28-GHz Power Amplifier (PA) designed in 120-nm SiGe BiCMOS for potential use in mobile millimeter-wave phased arrays is presented in this paper. The core of the PA is a cascode amplifier operated in class-J mode. A multi-harmonic load-pull analysis was used to determine the optimum harmonic output impedances (up to third harmonic) resulting in improved efficiency. The PA has a measured 15.3-dB small signal gain, 18.6-dBm saturated output power and 35.3% peak power added efficiency (PAE) at 28GHz. At 1-dB compression the PA has a 15.5-dBm output power and 31.5% PAE.
Predicting movable bed roughness in coastal waters

Accurately predicting movable bed roughness is essential to the analyses of transport processes, but when the bottom is rippled, as it commonly is in the coastal environment, characterizing the roughness is less straightforward than when the bottom is flat. The common method of predicting roughness, while effective, unnecessarily predicts ripple geometry and requires a model-dependent factor, which varies widely, relating ripple geometry and bottom roughness. We have therefore developed an alternative, more direct method of predicting bed roughness in the ripple regime: the wave energy dissipation factor is predicted from flow and sediment information and then any desired theoretical friction factor model is used to back-calculate the roughness. This paper describes the common and proposed methods of predicting roughness and presents results of preliminary testing of the methods with field data. Both methods adequately predict current velocities in wave-current field flows, with the proposed method yielding the smaller RMS-error of 3.1 cm/s. Remaining questions concerning the appropriate near-bottom orbital velocity required to describe field conditions must be resolved when additional field data becomes available.
Loosening lignin's grip on biofuel production

Reducing lignin content in alfalfa can increase ethanol yields and decrease processing inputs.
R- and CT-banding of human chromosomes with basic fuchsin

A method is described for the staining of distinct R- and CT-banding patterns in human chromosomes with the aid of the triphenylmethane dye basic fuchsin. The results obtained illustrate the applicability of this dye in diagnostic as well as in more fundamental cytogenetic studies.
Irreversible activation of adenylate cyclase of toad erythrocyte plasma membrane by 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate

The irreversible activation of adenylate cyclase by 5′ guanylylimidodiphosphate, a phosphoramidate analog of 5′GTP, has been examined in toad (Bufus marinus) plasma membranes using the technique of preincubating the membranes with the nucleotide under various controlled conditions followed by washing and subsequent assay of enzyme activity. Activation of adenylate cyclase by Gpp(NH)p, but not GTP, is essentially permanent and persists following extensive washing, prolonged incubation at 30°C in the absence of the nucleotide, and after dissolution of the membranes with Lubrol PX. (−)-Isoproterenol increases the activation observed with maximal concentrations of Gpp(NH)p from eight- to 10-fold (in the absence of hormone) to 50- to 100-fold; final activities as high as 10–15 nmoles of cyclic AMP per min per mg protein are achieved. The activated state obtained with isoproterenol and Gpp(NH)p is also permanent and is not inhibited by propranolol. The synergism between Gpp(NH)p and hormone requires the simultaneous presence of these compounds, and the time-dependent enhancement of activation with (−)-isoproterenol may be interrupted by addition of propranolol.
Positron lifetimes in lanthanum sesquisulfides

Abstract The lifetime of positrons trapped in cation monovacancies in high vacancy concentration lanthanum sesquisulfide samples has been measured to be 326±6 ps. More than 98% of all positrons in these samples are trapped.
Shortcut method for reliability comparisons in RAID

Abstract Given that the reliability of each disk in a disk array during its useful lifetime is given as r = 1 − ϵ with ϵ ≪ 1, we show that the reliability of a RAID disk array tolerating all possible n − 1 disk failures can be specified as R ≈ 1 − a n ϵ n , where a n is the smallest nonzero coefficient in the corresponding asymptotic expansion, e.g., for n -way replication R = 1 − ϵ n . We compare the reliability of several mirrored disk organizations, which provide tradeoffs between reliability and load balancedness (after disk failure) by comparing their a 2 values, which can be obtained via a partial reliability analysis taking into account a few disk failures. We next use asymptotic expansions to compare the reliability of hierarchical RAID disk arrays, which combine replication and rotated parity disk arrays (RAID5 and RAID6). Finally, we argue that the mean time to data loss in systems with repair is related to the reliability without repair. As part of this discussion we show how to estimate the mean time to data loss in RAID5 and RAID6 disk arrays without resorting to transient analysis.
Adolescent attachment representations and development in a risk sample.

Longitudinal research in a risk sample reaffirms the importance of the construct of adolescent attachment and provides important clues to sources of variation during development.
Mixed chimerism achieved by a nonlethal conditioning regimen induces donor-specific tolerance to lung allografts.

Background Graft rejection and toxicity associated with chronic immunosuppressive therapy remain a major problem in lung transplantation (Tx). Mixed hematopoietic chimerism has been shown to produce long-lasting donor-specific transplant tolerance without immunosuppressive drugs in animal models; however, most conditioning regimens required to achieve mixed chimerism are too toxic for clinical use. The aim of this study was to develop a nonlethal conditioning regimen to induce tolerance to lung allografts. Methods Four to 6-wk old ACI (RT1.Aa) and Wistar Furth (RT1.Au) rats were used as organ donors and recipients, respectively. The recipient conditioning regimen included: 10 mg/animal antilymphocyte globulin (on day-5), 1 mg/kg/d tacrolimus (days 1 to 10), total body irradiation (500 cGy; day 0), and donor bone marrow (DBM) Tx (100 × 106 T-cell depleted cells on day 0 following irradiation). Six weeks after DBM Tx, chimeric animals received orthotopic left lung Tx. Graft survival was monitored by chest X-ray and histology. Results Long-term DBM engraftment was observed: hematopoietic chimerism in the peripheral blood was 12.4 ± 3.4%, 36.7 ± 14.1%, and 31.9 ± 14.1% at 30 d, 6 mo, and 16 mo following DBM Tx, respectively. There was no graft versus host disease. Chimeric recipients (RT1.Au) permanently accepted (>400 d) donor-specific lungs (RT1.Aa; n = 8), yet rapidly rejected ( 150 d) chimeric recipients accepted secondary donor-specific heart grafts (>150 d; n = 4) but rejected third party heart grafts ( Conclusion Mixed chimerism achieved by a nonlethal conditioning regimen induced long-term donor-specific tolerance to lung allografts.
Laparoscopic-assisted pancreatic necrosectomy: A new surgical option for treatment of severe necrotizing pancreatitis.

Hypothesis Open surgery for pancreatic debridement is often associated with major morbidity such as wound complications, fascial dehiscence, and intestinal fistulae. Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is useful for complex abdominal procedures since the benefits of traditional laparoscopic surgery are retained. Published experience with HALS for pancreatic debridement is limited to anecdotal case reports. Setting University-affiliated private and public hospitals. Patients Twenty-three patients with necrotizing pancreatitis were evaluated and 19 patients underwent pancreatic debridement from 2001 to 2006. A GelPort (Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, Calif) was used to provide laparoscopic hand access. In the majority of the patients, an infracolic approach was used to access the pancreatic necrosis. Results Nineteen patients underwent laparoscopic evacuation of pancreatic necrosis, and in 18 patients, the procedure was completed. The mean age was 54 years; the mean ± SEM body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, was 32.0 ± 2.6; the mean American Society of Anesthesiologists score was 3.4; and 7 of 19 patients had past history organ failure. The mean ± SEM operating time was 153 ± 10 minutes and mean ± SEM blood loss was 352.6 ± 103 mL. Four patients required reoperations, 2 using HALS and 2 open. There were no postoperative complications related to the HAL procedure itself, such as major wound infections, intestinal fistulae, or postoperative hemorrhage. Postoperative computed tomographic scans confirmed adequacy of debridement. The mean ± SEM length of hospital stay after surgery was 16.3 ± 3.8 days. Conclusions This is the largest reported study of laparoscopic debridement for pancreatic necrosis. The procedure is feasible and associated with a low morbidity and mortality. Pancreatic debridement with HALS may provide a new option for the surgical treatment of selected patients with severe necrotizing pancreatitis.
A hypothetical four-body problem and its applications

Abstract A hypothetical system has been constructed by assuming that the center of mass of two finite bodies which are revolving around each other in circular orbit is itself circling with a third finite body at a large distance around the center of mass of the entire system. This somewhat artificial arrangement is an idealization of the Earth-Moon-Sun system. Thus, any satellite that moves in the latter system may be treated, as an approximation, as an infinitesimal fourth body in the hypothetical system, thereby constituting a hypothetical four-body problem. An investigation of the energy integral of the hypothetical four-body problem confirms that the motion of an artificial satellite in the Earth-Moon-Sun system may be treated in a first approximation as two three-body problems in a specified time interval. With this result space may conveniently be divided into a few regions in which the dominant influence of the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun on any satellite can be isolated. An application of the four-body problem is illustrated in the general behavior of the synchronous orbit in the presence of the Moon as well as the Sun. It appears that the presence of both destroys the perfect synchronization of the axial rotation of the Earth and the revolution of the synchronous satellite around it. However, the deviation from the perfect synchronization is exceedingly small as would be expected and has no practical significance. Finally the stability of atmospheres of two component stars in a close binary is briefly discussed in the light of the four-body problem when the close binary is accompanied by a third component.
Self-Assembly of Chemically Engineered Hydrophilic Dextran into Microscopic Tubules

Although macromolecular self-assemblies are mostly fabricated from amphiphilic copolymers, here we report a tubular structure self-assembled solely from hydrophilic dextran-derived homopolymers via electrostatic interaction. To obtain tubular structures, we prepared two oppositely charged dextran derivatives by incorporating 2-bromoethylamine (Dex-BH) and chloroacetic acid (Dex-CA) into dextran, and their structures were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The two oppositely charged dextran derivatives self-assembled into microsize tubules when mixed in a pH 4.0 buffer solution. The tubular self-assemblies were sensitive to both pH and salt concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy confirmed that the tubules have hollow structures up to 100 μm long with a diameter between 600 nm and 2 μm. The X-ray study did not reveal any ordered molecular organization. This paper explores the mechanism of the tubule self-assembly and suggests a model.
Metformin restores responses to insulin but not to growth hormone in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Administration of growth hormone (GH) increases muscle mass in F344 x BN rats, but not in Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. S-D rats are insulin-resistant and insulin responsiveness is required for the anabolic actions of GH. We hypothesized that correction of insulin resistance with metformin might also restore anabolic effects of GH. Treatment with GH (0.25 or 1.0 mg/kg twice daily for 9 days) had limited anabolic effects, reducing weight gain by 14%, increasing muscle glycogen content by 40% and increasing exercise capacity by 24%, but failing to increase muscle mass or to reduce fat mass. GH also impaired insulin responsiveness and increased visceral fat TNF content of visceral fat by 77%. Metformin enhanced insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle, but failed to enhance anabolic effects of GH. Rats aged 14 weeks were treated for 21 days with metformin (320 mg/kg/day) and for the last 9 days, with GH (0.25 mg/kg, twice daily). Metformin caused a 2.3-fold increase in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose transport and a 20% reduction in muscle fatty acid oxidation, indicating increased glucose utilization. However, metformin did not augment GH-induced weight reduction. Metformin decreased visceral fat by 22% and subcutaneous fat by 20%, but no decreases were observed in the GH/metformin group. GH increased muscle glycogen by 40%, but the effect was reversed by metformin. VO(2max) was increased 24% by GH and 17% by metformin, but was not elevated in the GH/metformin group. GH increased TNF in visceral fat and the effect was augmented by metformin (144% increase). We conclude that metformin enhances some aspects of insulin responsiveness, but does not enhance anabolic responses to GH. The latter may, in part, be explained by the failure of metformin to prevent GH-induced elevation of TNF in visceral fat.
Bacteria and cadmium interactions in natural and laboratory model aquatic systems

Cadmium-resistant bacterial populations were examined in sediments of the Ottawa River, near Lima, Ohio, at a site that had elevated levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Fe. The percentage of the bacterial population that was resistant to cadmium was higher at the metal-contaminated site than at a less contaminated site downstream.Bacillus was the most abundant genus of the total river sediment population recovered andPseudomonas was the most abundant Cd-resistant genus recovered. Types and distribution of bacterial populations in 40 liter laboratory model aquatic systems were examined over a ten-week period during the continuous addition of 10 mg Cd+2 per day. The Cd level in the water column rose rapidly through the first two weeks and reached a maximum of 3 μg Cd/ ml. Sediment Cd levels rose most rapidly after 5 weeks and reached a concentration of 270 μg Cd/g after 10 weeks. The bacteria in the water column responded to the Cd treatment with increased Cd resistance more quickly and to a greater degree than the bacteria in the sediment. The types of Cd-resistant bacteria isolated in the model systems were similar to Cd-resistant bacteria isolated from sediments of the Ottawa River.
Proactive coping, gratitude, and posttraumatic stress disorder in college women

This study investigated relationships among proactive coping, positive emotions, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity for 182 undergraduate women with trauma histories. Participants were administered the Life Events Checklist (LEC), PTSD Checklist, Proactive Coping Inventory, Proactive Attitude Scale, General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, and measures of posttrauma gratitude and emotional growth. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with proactive coping, proactive attitude, and self-efficacy items indicated a one-factor solution. The proactive coping style factor and posttrauma gratitude were independently negatively associated with current PTSD symptom level, above and beyond the effects of trauma severity, trauma history, and time elapsed since the trauma. The implications of these results for future research and understanding of the development of PTSD and its treatment are discussed.
Kin recognition and virgin queen acceptance by worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Abstract Virgin honey bee queens provide genetic cues that can be used by workers to assess genetic relationships. We found that groups of caged workers, taken directly from colonies containing a functional queen and two patrilineal subfamilies, could distinguish among queens of different degrees of kinship. The first virgin queen that an individual worker encountered was assessed by that worker on the basis of her kinship similarity to the individual interacting worker or her similarity to the caged group. When a second virgin queen was introduced, she was assessed by workers based on her similarity to the first virgin queen. The outcome of the ensuing fight to the death among the two introduced queens was dependent upon their relationship to each other. The resident queen had a strong advantage when the virgin queens were from different subfamilies but the outcome was nearly even when they were patrilineal sisters.
Quantifying Interactions of β-Synuclein and γ-Synuclein with Model Membranes

The synucleins are a family of proteins involved in numerous neurodegenerative pathologies [α-synuclein and β-synuclein (βS)], as well as in various types of cancers [γ-synuclein (γS)]. While the connection between α-synuclein and Parkinson's disease is well established, recent evidence links point mutants of βS to dementia with Lewy bodies. Overexpression of γS has been associated with enhanced metastasis and cancer drug resistance. Despite their prevalence in such a variety of diseases, the native functions of the synucleins remain unclear. They have a lipid-binding motif in their N-terminal region, which suggests interactions with biological membranes in vivo. In this study, we used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to monitor the binding properties of βS and γS to model membranes and to determine the free energy of the interactions. Our results show that the interactions are most strongly affected by the presence of both anionic lipids and bilayer curvature, while membrane fluidity plays a very minor role. Quantifying the lipid-binding properties of βS and γS provides additional insights into the underlying factors governing the protein–membrane interactions. Such insights not only are relevant to the native functions of these proteins but also highlight their contributions to pathological conditions that are either mediated or characterized by perturbations of these interactions.
Brucite and carbonate assemblages from altered olivine-rich materials on Ceres

The mineralogy of the dwarf planet Ceres has long remained uncertain. The infrared spectral features of this planetary body are indicative of minerals derived from the aqueous alteration of olivine-rich materials, suggesting that Ceres is not represented by any known meteorite. The dwarf planet Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt, and is generally thought to be a differentiated body composed primarily of silicate materials and water ice1,2. Some remotely observed features, however, indicate that Ceres may instead have a composition more similar to that of the most common types of carbonaceous meteorite3,4,5,6,7. In particular, Ceres has been shown to have a distinct infrared absorption feature centred at a wavelength of ∼3.06 μm that is superimposed on a broader absorption from ∼2.8 to 3.7 μm (refs 5, 8), which suggests the presence of OH- or H2O-bearing phases. The specific mineral composition of Ceres and its relationship to known meteorite mineral assemblages, however, remains uncertain. Here we show that the spectral features of Ceres can be attributed to the presence of the hydroxide brucite, magnesium carbonates and serpentines, a mineralogy consistent with the aqueous alteration of olivine-rich materials. We therefore suggest that the thermal and aqueous alteration history of Ceres is different from that recorded by carbonaceous meteorites, and that samples from Ceres are not represented in existing meteorite collections.
Methyl radical adsorption on Cu(111): Bonding, reactivity, and the effect of coadsorbed iodine

Abstract Methyl groups have been generated on a Cu(111) surface by thermal dissociation of CH 3 I and by adsorption of methyl radicals produced by pyrolyzing azomethane (CH 3 N 2 CH 3 ). High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) have been used to study the bonding and chemistry of adsorbed CH 3 . Both in the presence and absence of coadsorbed iodine, methyl groups decompose by rate-determining CH bond scission above 400 K to produce methane and ethylene; ethane is also formed by rate-determining methyl coupling at high coverage. The product evolution temperatures are ∼ 15 K higher when iodine is coadsorbed on the surface. In addition, the maximum methyl coverage attained with CH 3 I is a factor of 3 to 4 less than that achieved by adsorbing methyl radicals. Surface vibrational spectra with and without coadsorbed iodine are quite similar. These results suggest that the predominate effect of iodine is to block surface sites.
Polymerization of and in mesophases

The use of surfactant mesophases such as vesicular and lyotropic mesophases as templates for the preparation of nanostructured polymers by polymerization is reviewed. Recent developments using polymerizable and polymeric surfactants in mesophase formation and polymerization are also represented with examples. The formations of various novel materials including nanocapsules, vesicle-polymer architecture, mesoporous polymers and functional nano-composites which would be unobtainable through conventional techniques are highlighted. The effects of reaction thermodynamics and kinetics on templated polymerizations are also discussed.
Left-right assignment in drift chambers and MWPC's using induced signals

Abstract The left-right ambiguity in multiwire drift chambers can be solved using the difference of induced signals on potential wires on either side of the anode. Extrapolations of the measurements show that the left-right separation for minimum ionizing particles as close as 50 μm to the anode could be possible. A detailed treatment resulting in new insights in the induction of charges on electrodes in proportional chambers is presented.
Fish as forbidden food: The case of India

This paper is concerned with the avoidance of fish as human food in the Indian subcontinent and nearby areas, from a cultural and historical point of view. Three factors are identified that now influence, or may have once influenced people to avoid fish. First there is the view that fish are dirty creatures and that fishing and fish‐eating are low‐class activities; this is especially common in areas of nomadic tradition. Second there is belief in sacred water and sacred fish, in connection with the worship of particular deities such as Vishnu. There is also a commitment to ahlmsa and vegetarianism, concepts prominent in Jainism and other religions of Indian origin, and observed according to a person's role, class, and sectarian affiliation. The manifestation of attitudes against fishing and fish‐eating are considered, and the conclusion is reached that the above and other historical, sociocultural, and ecological factors must be weighed in order to gain a balanced view of fish use and use of other potenti...
Specialized Domestic Violence Courts

Abstract The multimethod study assesses the perceptions of specialized domestic violence courts' processes with victims' experiences as the central focus. Perceptions of the traditional courts and specialized domestic violence courts are compared among victims, courtroom police, attorneys, judges and victim advocates. Domestic violence education among attorneys, judges, and victim advocates is also compared. Despite the intended improvements with the specialized court model, victims report similar problems in both court models. Safety and victims support among respondents is mixed. Professionals from the specialized court receive no more domestic violence education than those from the general court. Victims' and courtroom police recommendations are presented.
The Effects of Average Fundamental Frequency and Variance of Fundamental Frequency on Male Vocal Attractiveness to Women

This paper employs a cue synthesis experimental method to examine the effects of pitch and intonation on male vocal attractiveness to women. Voices were acoustically manipulated to yield nine combinations of three levels of average fundamental frequency and three levels of variance of fundamental frequency. Strong main effects were obtained for the average fundamental frequency manipulation, with high voices rated as significantly less attractive to women than either medium or low voices, which do not differ in attractiveness. The main effects of manipulations of variance of fundamental frequency on vocal attractiveness and benevolence did not reach significance, but there was a significant interaction on the benevolence factor, with high or low average fundamental frequency manipulations being rated particularly low for voices with low variance of fundamental frequency.
Technique for the removal of the brain in bats.

IN public health investigations it is essential that animal hosts and reservoirs be correctly identified. Specialists, particularly mammalogists, are usually willing to identify specimens collected in return for retaining all or a portion of the mammals submitted, especially if the specimens, such as bats, come from a zoologically interesting area, are rare in collections, or might present some challenging taxonomic problem. Since there is an increasing interest in the public health importance of bats (such as their involvement with rabies), countries which have not yet made surveys of their bat populations for the incidence of rabies are being encouraged to do so (Expert Committee on Rabies—Fourth Report, W.H.O. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 201, 1960). For the purposes of accurate identification, the head is the most important part of the body to the mammalogist, while its contents are of paramount importance to the epidemiologist. The conventional laboratory techniques used for brain tissue removal in rabies diagnosis (W.H.O. Monogr. Ser. No. 23, 1954, and U.S. Public Health Service Pub. No. 568, 1957) frequently mutilate the skin and skull and not only make identification difficult but ruin the specimen for museum purposes.
Preliminary Assessment of NDE Methods on Inspection of HDPE Butt Fusion Piping Joints for Lack of Fusion With Validation From Mechanical Testing

Studies at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington, are being conducted to evaluate nondestructive examinations (NDE) coupled with mechanical testing of butt fusion joints in high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe for assessing lack of fusion. The work provides information to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) on the effectiveness of volumetric inspection techniques of HDPE butt fusion joints in Section III, Division 1, Class 3, buried piping systems in nuclear power plants. This paper describes results from preliminary assessments using ultrasonic and microwave nondestructive techniques and mechanical testing with the high speed tensile impact test and the bend test for determining joint integrity. A series of butt joints were fabricated in 3408, 12 inch (30.5 cm) IPS DR-11 HDPE material by varying the fusion parameters to create good joints and joints containing a range of lack of fusion conditions. Six of these butt joints were volumetrically examined with time of flight diffraction (TOFD), phased array (PA) ultrasound, and the Evisive microwave system. The outer diameter (OD) weld beads were removed for microwave evaluation and the pipes ultrasonically re-evaluated. In two of the six pipes both the outer and inner diameter (ID) weld beads were removed and the pipe joints re-evaluated. Several of the pipes were sectioned and the joints destructively evaluated with the following techniques: high speed tensile test, bend test, and focused immersion ultrasound on a joint section removed from the pipe coupled with slicing through the joint and examining the revealed surfaces. The fusion parameters, nondestructive, and destructive evaluation results will be correlated to validate the effectiveness of what each NDE technology detects and what each does not detect. This is an initial limited study which will aid in identifying key future work.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin after pediatric heart transplantation

Abstract Background Lipid abnormalities are prevalent after pediatric and adult heart transplantation. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors are efficacious and safe and can lower the incidence of graft coronary artery disease after heart transplantation in adults. Given the high prevalence of lipid abnormalities and the increased recognition of graft coronary disease in children, we retrospectively investigated the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin among pediatric heart transplant recipients. Methods Thirty-eight patients were started on atorvastatin 48.2 ± 54.4 months after transplantation. Atorvastatin dosage was 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/kg per day. No patient had changes in drug dose unless there was evidence for rhabdomyolysis, myositis or an asymptomatic rise in creatine kinase above normal. Laboratory studies included total cholesterol, triglycerides; high, low and very low-density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL and VLDL, respectively); creatine kinase; creatine; and serum alanine transaminase. Results Significant declines in total cholesterol (20%), triglyceride (18%) and LDL (26%) were observed after starting atorvastatin therapy. There were no significant changes in HDL or VLDL compared with baseline. There were also no differences in alanine transaminase pre- vs post-atorvastatin therapy. Complications included muscle pain ( n = 2) and asymptomatic elevations in creatine kinase ( n = 2). Two of these 4 patients developed rhabdomyolysis. Excluding these 4 patients, creatine kinase did not rise compared with baseline. No patient developed alterations in renal function. Conclusions Use of atorvastatin in pediatric heart transplant recipients is effective in lowering total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL without altering HDL levels. Complications included rhabdomyolysis, seen in 5%. Baseline and routine screening of creatine kinase should be employed in all pediatric patients undergoing HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy.
TESTS OF SYNERGISM BETWEEN NICOTINE AND THE PYRETHRINS

Synergism between nicotine and pyrethrum applied by injection to adult Oncopeltus fasciatus Dal. has been reported by Turner (1951). When these insecticides were applied alone and as a mixture to adult Tribolium castaneum Hbst., using a dipping technique, the data indicated that independent joint action occurred. Similar action could be eliminated because the two insecticides had varying relative potency. Since the effect of the pyrethrins has been short-lived in some insects, it was postulated that the absence of synergism might be caused by failure of the nicotine to reach a site of action while the pyrethrins were still acting. Application of nicotine, followed later by treatment with pyrethrins, gave evidence of synergism. A test in which the interval between treatments was varied from ¾ to 6 hr. showed that toxicity was greatest with the shortest interval between applications, and evidence of synergism had practically disappeared after 6 hr. The maximum amount of synergism observed was about twofold.
PRINTED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS USED IN TWO‐YEAR COLLEGES

The data for this report came from nationwide surveys sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation. The questionnaires dealt with the instructional materials used by full‐ and part‐time instructors on the two‐year college level. First, cross‐tabulations of highest degree of full‐ and part‐time instructors and their amount of participation in the selection of textbooks revealed five correlations. In all three categories of humanities instructors, more full‐ than part‐time faculty selected texts, p < .05. In the category of science instructors holding a master's degree or a doctorate, the same correlation occurred. Second, humanities teachers with either a bachelor's degree or a doctorate assigned significantly more reading,p < .05, than did their part‐time counterparts in three different types of instructional materials. Science teachers with doctorates were also found to assign a greater number of pages of reading than did their part‐time counterparts but in t...
Preservation of residual acoustic hearing in cochlear implantation

Abstract Recent results supporting the advantages of preserving residual acoustic hearing in cochlear implantation are reviewed. In addition to improving speech recognition ability beyond what a patient can obtain from amplification, the Acoustic+Electric approach offers advantages over traditional cochlear implants in terms of speech recognition in background noises as well as improved sound quality.
God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris and Hitchens

John F. Haught, God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris and Hitchens Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2008. xvi + 116 pp. ISBN 13: 978-0-664-23304-4 I once heard a story a...
Determinants of GFR depression in early membranous nephropathy.

We evaluated the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 34 subjects with membranous nephropathy (MN) of new onset. We used physiological techniques to measure GFR, renal plasma flow, and oncotic press...
Interviews in Qualitative Research by KING, NIGEL, & CHRISTINE HORROCKS

The article reviews the book "Interviews in Qualitative Research," by Nigel King and Christine Horrocks.
Survival modeling through recursive stratification

This paper presents a strategy for checking the goodness-of-fit of a regression model for survival data, based on analysis of residuals. In the event that a lack of fit is found, a method of stratification of the data is proposed that permits separate regression models to be fitted to each stratum. Recursive stratification yields a tree structure that provides information about the predictive power of the covariates as well as any interactions among them.
Variability in the distribution of lipid biomarkers and their molecular isotopic composition in Altamaha estuarine sediments: implications for the relative contribution of organic matter from various sources

The estuarine mixing zone is an effective trap for particulate and dissolved organic matter from many sources, and thus greatly affects transport and deposition of organic matter between the land and ocean. This study examined sedimentary distributions of various fatty acids and their stable isotope compositions at three sites which represent different levels of mixing in the Altamaha River estuary, Georgia, USA. Distributions of other neutral lipids (phytol, C14–C32 fatty alcohols, and two sterols) were also determined as supplementary biomarkers from various sources. Results suggest that POM from terrestrial plant material was dominant at an initial, upper estuary mixing zone (salinity in the water column is near zero but porewater in the sediment is saline) while POM from marine sources was mainly deposited at a more intensive mixing zone (wherein salinity in surface and bottom waters was identical) in the Altamaha. Much less particulate lipid was deposited in Altamaha River mouth sediments even during the high discharge season, suggesting that terrestrial plant-derived POM may not be significantly transported across the mixing zone. Analyses of fatty acid isotopic composition further verify the differential deposition pattern of POM from different sources.
Thymoma and immunodeficiency (Good syndrome): a report of 2 unusual cases and review of the literature.

Background Good syndrome is a rare cause of combined B- and T-cell immunodeficiency that occurs in association with a thymoma. Patients affected with Good syndrome have increased susceptibility to bacterial, fungal, viral, and opportunistic infections. Objective To describe 2 unusual cases of infections in patients with Good syndrome and review the literature. Methods Case 1 describes a 51-year-old woman with Good syndrome who presented with a 10-day history of diarrhea, nausea, and fevers. During her hospitalization she became pancytopenic and underwent a bone marrow biopsy and evaluation of her peripheral blood smear. Case 2 describes an 89-year-old man with Good syndrome who presented with a nonhealing leg ulcer, which underwent biopsy. A literature search through MEDLINE was performed. Keywords included Good syndrome, thymoma, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency, and infection. Results The peripheral blood smear in patient 1 showed ring-formed parasites in red blood cells suggestive of babesiosis. She began treatment with azithromycin, atovaquone, and doxycycline and recovered completely. Patient 2 underwent a biopsy of the foot. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for human herpesvirus 8 consistent with Kaposi sarcoma. Conclusions The concomitant occurrence of immunodeficiency and thymoma is known as Good syndrome. In contrast to other humoral immune defects, patients with this syndrome can develop opportunistic infections, and the prognosis appears less favorable compared with X-linked agammaglobulinemia or common variable immunodeficiency. Immunological investigations, including T-cell subsets, B cells, and quantitative immunoglobulins, should be considered part of the routine diagnostic evaluation in patients with a thymoma and recurrent infections.