cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the effects of pasture type and stocking rate on the hydrology of the Southern Great Plains

Abstract Grassland is one of the major biomes in the United States (US) and the world. In the US, the majority of grasslands are concentrated in the Great Plains and has undergone through significant interventions or management changes over the last few decades. A key economy-driven intervention in the Southern Great Plains (SGP) include the introduction of new forage species and conversion of native grassland to introduced pasture to increase productivity and its nutritive value for improved cattle production. Since water is one of the fundamental resources needed to sustain grassland productivity, it is important to understand how such pasture conversion and prevailing cattle grazing practices affect water balance and biomass production in a given pasture system. In this study, the Nutrient Tracking Tool (NTT) with its core APEX (Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender) model was used to assess the hydrological impacts of the pasture introduction, i.e., native pasture (little bluestem, Schizachyrium halapense) vs. introduced pasture (old world bluestem, Bothriochloa caucasica), and the stocking rate in the SGP. Monthly evapotranspiration (ET) and biomass estimates from NTT compared well with observed data at two USDA-ARS experimental pastures (native and introduced) near El Reno, Oklahoma, for the years 2015 and 2016. Simulated long-term average annual hydrologic fluxes (i.e., ET, runoff, and groundwater recharge) from the introduced pasture were slightly lower than the observed data but not significantly different than those from the native pasture under the current management conditions. NTT predicted higher water yield (runoff and recharge) and significantly lower ET for the introduced pasture than the native pasture. Results suggest that grazing has the potential to alter the hydrological balance in the SGP. For example, the increase in stocking rate within the carrying capacity of the farm decreases ET and increases runoff and groundwater recharge for both pastures. Comparison of estimated biomass production between native and introduced pastures indicated that introduced pastures are more efficient in using the available water and thus produce a higher forage biomass per unit of water in the SGP. This study highlighted the potential significance of considering hydrological and other biophysical impacts of new forage introduction and stocking rate changes for the sustainable management of grazing and pasture systems in the SGP.
Acoustic manipulation of large solid objects for medical applications

Most progress in acoustic manipulation through radiation forces has been achieved in the trapping and levitation of small and low-density objects. We are developing traps to manipulate large dense objects. Such technology could be used to noninvasively steer a kidney stone along a complex path in the kidney fluid space to pass a small stone before it is symptomatic. In this work various acoustic beams were generated with a focused, 1.5-MHz, 256-element array and used to trap, levitate, and manipulate in three-dimensions (3-D) 3-5 mm glass spheres. The radiation forces from these beams were simulated and measured for different target and trap sizes. Good agreement between calculations and measurements of the forces was found, with an average discrepancy of 12 %. At 10-W acoustic power, the lateral trapping forces were 0.5–3 times the gravitational forces in water. 3-D stability and off-axis steering were achievable only when the ratio of beam diameter to the target diameter was ≳1. Glass spheres placed in the focus of the array were manipulated over a preprogrammed 3-D path at pressure and intensity levels safe for clinical exposure. [Work supported by NIH P01-DK043881, K01-DK104854, R01-EB007643, and RBBR 17-02-00261.]
Incidental urothelial rest within the vermiform appendix of a paediatric male patient: an extremely rare entity.

A paediatric male patient presented with signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis and was treated with laparoscopic appendectomy. Histopathology confirmed acute appendicitis with transmural inflammation and serositis. Additionally, histopathological examination revealed an incidental, well-
A Switch in Time: The Academic Effects of Shifting Math Remediation from College to High School

One explanation for negative or null findings in prior research on postsecondary remediation is that college may be too late to address issues of academic under-preparedness. This study evaluates t...
The antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in neonatal sepsis

Objective To study the drug resistance of neonatal sepsis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and provide evidence for drug treatment. Method Retrospectively analysis was conducted on the clinical data and antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in 50 neonates with sepsis. Results The majority of the 50 cases were infected in hospital. There were 13 ESBLs strains in 50 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (26%), and the others were negative ESBLs starins (74%). All the strains were multidrug-resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics and only sensitive to few antibiotics such as Imipenem and Amikacin. The sensitive rate was 100%. Conclusions The first selected antibiotic for the treatment of neonatal sepsis caused by Klebsiella pnemoniae was Imipenem or Amikacin. Key words: Klebsiella pneumoniae/DE; Sepsis/MI; Drug resistance,bacterial
Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Anatomy

Although prominent, the zygomatic bone is relatively tough and made of thick compact bone, therefore, most of the fractures involve the bone which it articulates with.
Cranial Surgical Site Infection Interventions and Prevention Bundles: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background Cranial surgical site infections (cSSIs) are associated with significant morbidity. Measures to reduce cSSI are necessary to reduce patient morbidity as well as hospital costs and resource utilization. Objective To identify and characterize interventions or bundled interventions aimed at reduction of the incidence of cranial surgical site infections. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy included randomized trials, quasi-experimental studies, cohort studies, and case series published between 2000 and 2020 that evaluated interventions implemented to reduce cSSI. Bias assessments and data extraction were performed on included studies. Results The initial search generated 1249 studies. Application of inclusion and exclusion criteria and review of references yielded 15 single-intervention and 6 bundled-intervention studies. The single interventions included handwashing protocols, use of vancomycin powder, hair washing and clipping practices, and incision closure techniques. Bundled interventions addressed a variety of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative changes. Despite a lack of strong evidence to support the adoption of statistically significant interventions, the use of vancomycin powder may be effective in reducing cSSI. In addition, bundled interventions that involved cultural changes, such as increased teaching/education, personal accountability, direct observation, and feedback, showed some success in decreasing SSI rates. Conclusions The strength of the conclusions is limited by small sample sizes, study heterogeneity, relatively low cSSI incidence, and high case variability. Some evidence supports the use of intraoperative vancomycin powder in adult noncranioplasty cases and the application of accountability, teaching, and surveillance of faculty, particularly those early in training.
Characterization of full-length LINE-1 insertions in 154 genomes.

Abstract Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are retrotransposons that contribute to genetic variation in the human genome. LINE-1 elements in larger-scale studies are challenging to identify using sequencing technologies due to cost and scalability. We developed an approach using optical mapping for detection of full-length LINE-1 insertions and 10× sequencing for confirmation. We found 51 true positive full-length LINE-1 insertions, of which 4 are novel insertions, in NA12878. Repeating our analysis on a larger sample set representing 26 populations, we identified 329 full-length LINE-1 elements, of which 123 are novel. 24.8% of these 329 LINE-1 insertions were shared amongst all 5 superpopulations (AFR, AMR, EUR, EAS, SAS). The African superpopulation has a higher percentage of population-specific LINE-1 insertions than any other superpopulation. These data indicate that our approach can provide high-speed, cost-effective, and increased accuracy for LINE-1 detection. These data also provide an insight into variations of LINE-1 elements between different populations.
Radiolytic Destruction of Uracil in Interstellar and Solar System Ices.

Uracil is one of the four RNA nucleobases and a component of meteoritic organics. If delivered to the early Earth, uracil could have been involved in the origins of the first RNA-based life, and so...
Reevaluation of programmed I/O with write-combining buffers to improve I/O performance on cluster systems

Performance improvement of computer system I/O has been slower than CPU and memory technologies in terms of latency, bandwidth, and other factors. Based on this observation, how I/O is performed needs to be re-examined and explored for optimizations. To optimize the performance of computer system having multiple CPU cores and integrated memory controllers, we re-visits a CPU oriented I/O method where data movement is controlled directly by the CPU cores, instead of being indirectly handled by DMA engines using descriptors. This is achieved by leveraging the write-combining memory type and implementing the I/O interface as simple FIFOs. Our implementation and evaluation of the proposed method show that transmit latency and throughput significantly better for small and medium sized messages, and throughput for large messages is comparable to descriptor-based DMA approach.
International Law and Rehnquist-Era Reversals

In the last years of Chief Justice Rehnquist's tenure, the Supreme Court held that due process bars criminal prosecution of same-sex intimacy and that it is cruel and unusual to execute mentally retarded persons or juveniles. Each of the later decisions not only overruled precedents set earlier in Rehnquist's tenure, but also consulted international law as an aid to construing the U.S. Constitution. Analyzing that phenomenon, the article first discusses the underlying cases, then traces the role that international law played in Atkins, Lawrence, and Simmons. It next examines backlash to consultation, and demonstrates that critics tended to overlook the Court's longstanding tradition of consulting external norms. The article gives the interpretive practice qualified approval. Thus it calls upon Justices both to articulate when it is appropriate to look to external sources and to set forth a framework for consultation. At a minimum, foreign jurisprudence ought to shed the light of experience on issues like those in the case before the Court; it must arise out of a legal culture that shares with the United States a commitment to fundamental rights; and the way in which the jurisprudence influenced the Court must be set forth in a reasoned explanation. Whether the Court would pursue such a path remained uncertain, however, as the era of the new Chief Justice began.
The Relationship of Cancer Mortality to Life Span and Food Supply Rate

Survival curves for men and women dying from cardiovascular disease and similar curves for those dying from cancer in 47 countries were compared with the 1970-1974 per capita incomes of the inhabitants. The data were taken chiefly from 1964 life tables. The steepest survival curves were found in countries with the highest incomes. Comparison of the survival curves in different countries and comparison of cardiovascular survival with cancer survival curves indicate that both groups of diseases are probably diseases of senescence. The differences in survival slopes are interpreted as homeostatic responses in the population to rate of food intake. The response protects the population against long-term effects of changes in food supply by promoting differential reproduction of offspring best suited to the food supply rate fro the environment. The response to food supply rate complicates calculation of the effects of protracted exposure to low-level ionizing radiation because the radiation exposure appears to mimic the effec of extra food.
The Physical and Social Environment of Sleep in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Postpartum Women

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the physical and social environment of sleep self‐management in postpartum socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Design Descriptive, exploratory design. Setting Participants were recruited in the hospital after giving birth. Data were collected in participant homes after discharge. Participants Postpartum women on Medicaid with normal healthy infants. Methods Participants completed a survey about features within their physical and social sleep environment at 2 weeks postpartum. Participants then completed 3 days and nights of sleep diaries at 4 and 8 weeks postpartum to document perceived awakenings, select sleep hygiene practices, bed sharing, and reasons for sleep disruption. Results The sleep environments of participants were dynamic from night to night. Bed sharing was common with nearly one half of participants sharing with a partner, approximately 25% with the infant, and 20% with older children. Fifty‐two percent of participants slept with the television on part (31%) or all (69%) of the night. Eighty‐five percent of participants drank caffeine and 24% smoked. Conclusions These results inform theory‐driven postpartum sleep interventions. Modifications to the physical and social sleep environment that attend specifically to how sleep hygiene and environmental factors are manifested in the postpartum period have the potential to improve sleep for socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Future research is needed to articulate which changes can be effectively self‐managed by mothers through nursing interventions.
Hungry for Hope: On the Cultural and Communicative Dimensions of Development in Highland Ecuador

Hungry for Hope: On the Cultural and Communicative Dimensions of Development in Highland Ecuador. Carmen G. Hess. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd.
Modelling the Stochastic Nature of Trunk Muscle Forces

In an effort to understand the mechanism of low back disorders, researchers have developed EMG driven biomechanical models which estimate the magnitude of the internal reaction forces of the spine (compression and shear), by using information about the activity of the muscles of the trunk. But, because the trunk ls multi-dimensional in nature, there is variability in the relative contribution of the various muscles, which implies variability in the reaction forces of the spine. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to discuss the range of spine reaction forces during a lift as opposed to the mean spine reaction force. The present research was an attempt to model the muscle forces stochastically and to develop a simulation model which predicts trunk muscle EMG that could occur during a lift. The simulated EMGs which resulted were then input into an EMG driven biomechanical model so the variability in spine reaction forces could be quantified. Under simple sagittally symmetric isometric conditions, compress...
Authoring authorware: a practical guide

Introduction: Getting Started. 1. Authorware Fundamentals. 2. Managing Text and Graphics. 3. Movement. 4. An Introduction to Interactions. 5. Mouse Driven Interactions. 6. Keyboard & System Interactions. 7. Calculating and Branching. 8. Using Framework and Navigate Icons. 9. Advanced Navigation. 10. Multimedia. 11. Managing the Complex Title. 12. Authoring for the Web. Appendix A: System Variables. Appendix B: System Functions. Index.
Issues in conducting marketing strategy research

Marketing, as an academic discipline, is becoming more and more concerned with strategic issues. Indeed, numerous theoretical articles concerning marketing strategy issues have won awards in the Journal of Marketing in recent years. However, empirical testing of these theories has been less frequent. Difficulties in designing effective research to address marketing strategy issues may be a significant reason for this situation. This paper reviews some key considerations in conducting marketing strategy research and offers recommendations for how they may be resolved.
Selectivity coefficients of class-selective enzyme electrodes

Abstract The selectivity coefficient ( k ij ) strategy is employed for quantitative assessment of the selectivity of amperometric biosensors based on ‘class’-selective enzymes. The k ij values for such devices reflect the preference of the sensor for the primary substrate ( i ) relative to secondary ones ( j ), and is related to the kinetic parameters of these species in accordance to: k ij = i max, j K m, i / i max, i K m, j . Various experimental procedures are used to estimate the k ij values in connection with the response of tyrosinase and peroxidase electrodes towards various phenolic and peroxide substrate, respectively. Theoretical and practical considerations are discussed along with future prospects and scope.
Nuclear-electronic orbital nonorthogonal configuration interaction approach

The nuclear-electronic orbital nonorthogonal configuration interaction (NEO-NOCI) approach is presented. In this framework, the hydrogen nuclei are treated quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons, and a mixed nuclear-electronic time-independent Schrodinger equation is solved with molecular orbital techniques. For hydrogen transfer systems, the transferring hydrogen is represented by two basis function centers to allow delocalization of the nuclear wave function. In the two-state NEO-NOCI approach, the ground and excited state delocalized nuclear-electronic wave functions are expressed as linear combinations of two nonorthogonal localized nuclear-electronic wave functions obtained at the NEO-Hartree-Fock level. The advantages of the NEO-NOCI approach are the removal of the adiabatic separation between the electrons and the quantum nuclei, the computational efficiency, the potential for systematic improvement by enhancing the basis sets and number of configurations, and the applicability to ...
Heat-transfer relations of avian nestlings

Abstract 1. 1.|To determine the thermoregulatory prowess of altricial nestlings, we conducted both equilibrium and transient analyses of white-crowned sparrow nestings, a representative fringillid. 2. 2.|For an individual nestling at thermal equilibrium, feather development is the major factor reducing heat loss after 2 days of age; tissue- and boundary-layer resistances are of minor importance. 3. 3.|The nest substantially reduces wind speeds near the nestlings. Heat transfer through the nest material is of only moderate importance. Evaporation also appears to be a small proportion of total heat loss during hypothermia in natural environments. 4. 4.|Net long-wave radiant exchange is also minor, but short-wave radiation is potentially a major component of the nestling's energy budget, approaching the magnitude of maximal metabolic heat production. 5. 5.|When nestlings cool, their body mass and metabolic rate are also major importance in determining the rate of cooling, and (for metabolism) the equilibrium temperature as well. 6. 6.|The huddling together of nestlings is perhaps the single most important factor affecting heat transfer. 7. 7.|An older brood actually has more insulation than does an adult in the same microclimate.
Gas-Phase Metallation Reactions of Porphyrins with Metal Monocations

The gas-phase reactions of octaethylporphyrin (H2P, III) with 12 metal monocations, which were produced by laser ablation of Al, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Nb, Mo, Hf, W, Re, Pt, and Au targets in an ICR−FTMS instrument, revealed three possible reaction pathways: (i) charge transfer; (ii) metal incorporation (ligation) with loss of H2; and (iii) “dimerization” of the ligation product from pathway ii by addition of another porphyrin without further loss of H2. The differences in metal behavior are discussed. The reaction of a mixture of hexaethyldimethylporphyrin (H2P, I) and pentaethyltrimethylporphyrin (H2P, II) with neat Fe+ was also investigated; it was found that more than half of the Fe+ reacts by charge exchange and that the lower-alkylated porphyrin (I), which has the higher ionization energy (IE), reacts more slowly in charge exchange but with the same rate in the both ligation and “dimerization” reactions as the higher alkylated porphyrin (H2P, II).
Osteogenic differentiation of purified, culture‐expanded human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

Human bone marrow contains a population of cells capable of differentiating along multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Recently, techniques for the purification and culture-expansion of these human marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been developed. The goals of the current study were to establish a reproducible system for the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs, and to characterize the effect of changes in the microenvironment upon the process. MSCs derived from 2nd or 3rd passage were cultured for 16 days in various base media containing 1 to 1000 nM dexamethasone (Dex), 0.01 to 4 mM L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AsAP) or 0.25 mM ascorbic acid, and 1 to 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate (beta GP). Optimal osteogenic differentiation, as determined by osteoblastic morphology, expression of alkaline phosphatase (APase), reactivity with anti-osteogenic cell surface monoclonal antibodies, modulation of osteocalcin mRNA production, and the formation of a mineralized extracellular matrix containing hydroxyapatite was achieved with DMEM base medium plus 100 nM Dex, 0.05 mM AsAP, and 10 mM beta GP. The formation of a continuously interconnected network of APase-positive cells and mineralized matrix supports the characterization of this progenitor population as homogeneous. While higher initial seeding densities did not affect cell number of APase activity, significantly more mineral was deposited in these cultures, suggesting that events which occur early in the differentiation process are linked to end-stage phenotypic expression. Furthermore, cultures allowed to concentrate their soluble products in the media produced more mineralized matrix, thereby implying a role for autocrine or paracrine factors synthesized by human MSCs undergoing osteoblastic lineage progression. This culture system is responsive to subtle manipulations including the basal nutrient medium, dose of physiologic supplements, cell seeding density, and volume of tissue culture medium. Cultured human MSCs provide a useful model for evaluating the multiple factors responsible for the step-wise progression of cells from undifferentiated precursors to secretory osteoblasts, and eventually terminally differentiated osteocytes.
TU‐C‐220‐06: Photoacoustic Imaging of Deep Targets in the Breast Using a Multi‐Channel 2D Array Transducer

Purpose: To pave the road toward successful application of photoacoustic imaging(PAI) to breast cancer, an initial evaluation of a home fabricated PAIsystem designed deliberately to achieve high sensitivity for the detection and characterization of vascular anomalies in the breast in the mammographic geometry was completed. Method and Materials: Signal detection from deep breast was achieved by a broadband 2D PVDF planar array that has a round shape with one side trimmed straight to improve fit near the chest wall. This array has 572 active elements and a −6dB bandwidth of 0.6–1.7 MHz. The low frequency of the array enhances imaging depth and increases the size of vascular collections displayed without edge enhancement. The photoacoustic signals from all the elements go through low noise preamplifiers in the probe that are very close to the array elements for optimized noise control. Driven by 20 independent on‐probe signal processing channels, imaging with both high sensitivity and good speed was achieved. Results: According to our measurements, the end of cable sensitivity was 2.5mV/Pa. Without averaging, the minimum detectable pressure was 80 Pa. Based on the measurements of a point object at different distances from the surface of the array, the lateral resolution of the system ranges from 2.9 mm to 4.2mm and axial resolution ranges from 1.9 mm to 3.7 mm within the distance of 60 mm. To evaluate the imaging depth of this system, artificial vessels embedded deeply in ex vivo breasts harvested from fresh cadavers were imaged. Using near‐infrared laser light with incident energy density within the ANSI safety limit, imaging depth of up to 49 mm in human breasts was achieved. To validate the multi‐modality imaging possibility, PAIimages of a compressed breast containing a catheter balloon filled with blood was coregistered with ultrasoundimages acquired from the same specimen. PAI, based on the intrinsic tissue optical contrast, successfully presented some breast tissue features, including the interfaces on both sides of the skin, the connective tissue sheet in subcutaneous fat, and the lobar capsule. Conclusions: The current imaging speed of this system is adequate for laboratory research and in vivo human studies with small numbers of cooperative volunteers. With a high power tunable laser working on multiple wavelengths, this system might contribute to 3D noninvasive imaging of morphological and physiological tissue features throughout the breast.
Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Virus-induced Asthma Exacerbations

The major asthma morbidity, mortality, and health care costs are a result of acute exacerbations. However, exacerbations are only partially responsive to current therapies and new approaches to treatment are needed. The great majority of acute asthma exacerbations are associated with respiratory viral infections and, of viruses implicated, approximately 60% are human rhinoviruses (RVs). The mechanisms of RV-induced asthma exacerbations are poorly understood. We have previously shown that adults with asthma have increased susceptibility to naturally occurring RV infections. Our recent studies have investigated mechanisms of innate host defense against RV infection. First, primary bronchial epithelial cells from subjects with asthma were shown to replicate RV in vitro to several logs, whereas those of normal control subjects were resistant to infection. This resistance was a result of rapid induction of apoptosis and of interferon (IFN)-β in the normal cells, whereas these responses were deficient in asthma...
Influence of particle size on the phase behavior associated with the thermal spin transition of the Prussian blue analogue K0.4Co1.3[Fe(CN)6]·4.4 H2O

Abstract The Prussian blue analogue K 0.4 Co 1.3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]· n H 2 O has previously been shown to exhibit three distinct phases at low temperature. In addition to the well-studied high-temperature ‘high spin’ and low-temperature ‘low spin’ phases, with unit cells of ∼10.3 and ∼9.95 A, respectively, an intermediate phase with unit cell a = 10.09 A was recently reported, although it existed as a minority constituent in a mixed-phase material. Herein we report the synthesis of 130 nm K 0.4 Co 1.3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]· 4.4 H 2 O particles that form solely the intermediate phase at temperatures below the normal charge transfer induced spin transition. Compared with those formed from a bulk synthesis, the nanosized particles are shown to have the same chemical composition at high temperature, but they undergo different structural transitions with thermal cycling.
EFFECTS OF PHASE SEPARATION ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE/POLY(VINYL METHYL ETHER) BLENDS

The effects of phase separation temperature and time on the tensile, dynamic mechanical, and tear properties of blends of polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) were investigated after phase separation above their respective cloud points with specified temperature-annealing time protocols. The results are analyzed in terms of the phase connectivity, interfacial adhesion, and changes in the glass transition temperature.
Viscous Sintering of Spherical Particles via Finite Element Analysis

A robust finite element model is employed to study the viscous sintering of three-dimensional, axisymmetric particles from several initial configurations. Particle shape evolution and flow fields are presented which yield new insight into the behavior of these systems. The effects of the initial particle size distribution and configuration are considered. Model predictions are validated by direct comparisons with experimental measurements
Resurrecting Graduate Conversation through an Online Learning Community

This article reports on action research that implements online learning community (OLC) software to foster conversation at a specific graduate school. The design of the research is informed by theories of conversation, online learning, and social networking, as well as by popular Web 2.0 technologies. A distinguishing feature of this application is that it is oriented toward and controlled by individuals rather than being centered on courses. Results indicate that stakeholdersâ€”graduate students and facultyâ€”appreciate and find value in the OLC we implemented.
A contribution to the decision making in environmental design

This descriptive paper explains what is included in the general subject of environmental design. Emphasis is on the structure of environmental design problems and the role of systems specialists in their resolution. A method for solving the "site selection" class of problems is presented and a case history using this method is given.
Emulsan quantitation by Nile red quenching fluorescence assay

A Nile red fluorescent technique to quantify 20-200 microg ml(-1) of emulsan was developed. Nile red dissolved in DMSO showed an adsorption peak at 552 nm, and emission peak at 636 nm, with molar extinction coefficient of 19,600 cm(-1) M(-1). Nile red fluorescence in DMSO was proportionally quenched by emulsan and the quenching was time-dependent. The assay was used to follow the production of emulsan by cultures of Acinetobacter venetianus RAG-1.
Historical development of the foundations of mathematics: Course description

The value of studying the history of mathematics is often not realized by students in a traditional course in the history of mathematics who are overwhelmed by an apparently unrelated mass of names, dates, and facts. An alternate approach is to focus on the development of foundational issues in mathematics during the nineteenth century. This paper describes the outline of such a course, including suggestions for student research projects.
New Methodologies for Studying the Relationsbip of Bilingualism and Cognitive Fexibility

U The turn of the century saw the introduction of psychometric tests of intelligence to the United States, mostly due to the efforts of H. Goddard and L. Terman. Both of these psychologists were hereditarians, who believed that the genetic composition of individuals was the primary determinant of performance on these tests. A major thrust of work in those dark days was directed toward showing that individuals from certain racial groups (primarily Southern and Eastern Europeans) were of inferior intelligence; together with the assumption that this was due to their genes, certain social policies such as the restriction of immigration were effected (see Gould 1981). There was, however, a major stumbling block in reaching these conclusions from the data that existed (mostly results of massive IQ testing of World War I recruits): many of the testees were not native speakers of English, yet they were tested in English. Thus, whether these individuals were suffering from a "language handicap" in testing became a major issue. Hereditarians, such as Terman's student Kimball Young, argued that there was no language handicap. Those in favor of environmental determinants of IQ stressed the language handicap. The social context in which this early research on bilingualism and intelligence was conducted is radically different from the context of the more recent studies of the matter, basically modeled after Peal and Lambert's (1962) well-known study. These different contexts are primarily responsible for the differences in the focus of the research and the methodologies adopted. From our current perspective, the methodology of the earlier research was wildly deficient, failing to control for a variety of obvious variables such as socio-economic status (SES). But the earlier researchers assumed that low SES was the result, not the cause, of inferior performance on IQ tests, so this questionable methodology passed the inspection lines of science (a review of this history will appear in Hakuta, forthcoming). We contemporary researchers are not, however, so objective either. I think
Abstract 1433: Omental derived adipose stromal cells regulate nitric oxide homeostasis to maintain tumorigenicity in ovarian cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The rate of obesity is increasing dramatically in the United States, resulting in a rising incidence of obesity associated diseases including colorectal, gallbladder, esophageal, renal, breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer. The location of excess adipose tissue is reportedly an important factor which influences the effect of obesity on cancer incidence. The tumor promoting effects of regional adipose may be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) population in adipose tissue. Adipose derived stromal cells (ASCs) are a multi-potent population of MSCs, which support cancer progression in many models. These cells are uniquely tumor tropic, migrating into tumor stroma from regional sources where they support formation of tumor stroma elements and promote tumor progression. Thus, we hypothesize that the omentum provides a particularly hospitable microenvironment for OVCA metastasis due to the presence of omental ASCs (O-ASCs). One critically important, yet often overlooked contributor to ovarian tumor growth, progression and metastasis in obese individuals is nitric oxide (NO). Cancer cells' high affinity for NO and NO's characteristic high solubility in lipids could explain the proximity of many carcinomas to fatty tissue, and thus the high positive correlation between obesity and cancer. Here we report a novel NO mediated reciprocal coupling between O-ASCs and ovarian cancer which promotes cancer cell growth and energy metabolism. Our results show that O-ASCs supports viability of cancer cells by secreting arginine and cancer cells in turn induce adipogenesis in O-ASCs by secreting citrulline. We found that OASCs promote tumor growth and increase resistance to chemotherapy by modulating NO homeostasis. The inhibition of NO synthesis or scavenging of NO enhanced chemo-sensitivity. Using metabolic profiling we found that OASCs rewire metabolic pathways related to nitrogenous amino acids and reprogram energy metabolism. In summary, our data indicate that modulation of intrinsic NO substantially affects tumor growth and drug toxicity in ovarian cancer cells. Our study will lead to significant advances in the understanding of the omentum in altering cancer metabolism and lead to novel therapeutics. Citation Format: Bahar Salimian Rizi, Ann H. Klopp, Deepak Nagrath. Omental derived adipose stromal cells regulate nitric oxide homeostasis to maintain tumorigenicity in ovarian cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1433. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1433
Analysis of longitudinal data in an Alzheimer's disease clinical trial.

Evidence of delayed progression is the primary mechanism for demonstrating therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease. In the major trials of therapeutic treatment of AD, to date, measures based on clinical judgement and cognitive performance, instead of mortality, have been used as the primary response measures. There is good reason for this since the course of the disease is quite long, and AD trials designed around mortality would require either very large sample sizes or very long follow-up in order to have adequate power. However, the evaluation of progression in AD using clinical markers is subject to a number of challenges often found in longitudinal databases, for example, missing data, floor and ceiling effects and non-linearity. Unfortunately, few of these issues are being addressed in the typical analysis of progression data. This paper explores these analytic issues in the context of the recently completed Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study trial of vitamin E and Selegeline in moderate AD patients.
Cation-ether complexes in the gas phase: Bond dissociation energies and equilibrium structures of Li+(1,2-dimethoxyethane)x, x = 1 and 2, and Li+(12-crown-4)

Bond dissociation energies, equilibrium structures, and harmonic vibrational frequencies are reported for Li+(DXE), where DXE = CH3O(CH2)2OCH3, Li+(DXE)2, and Li+(12-crown-4). The bond dissociation energies are determined experimentally by analysis of the thresholds for collision-induced dissociation of the cation−ether complexes by xenon (measured using guided ion beam mass spectrometry) and computationally by ab initio electronic structure calculations. For Li+(DXE)x, x = 1 and 2, the primary and lowest energy dissociation channel observed experimentally is endothermic loss of one dimethoxyethane molecule. For Li+(12-crown-4), the primary dissociation channel is endothermic loss of the intact crown ether, although ligand fragmentation is also observed. The cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond energies after accounting for the effects of multiple ion−molecule collisions, internal energy of the complexes, and unimolecular decay rates. The calculated and experimentally-derived...
Sex differences in jealousy over Facebook activity

Forty heterosexual undergraduate students (24 females, 16 males) who were currently in a romantic relationship filled out a modified version of The Facebook Jealousy questionnaire (Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009). The questionnaire was filled out twice, once with the participant's own personal responses, and a second time with what each participant imagined that his/her romantic partner's responses would be like. The data indicated that females were more prone to Facebook-evoked feelings of jealousy and to jealousy-motivated behavior than males. Males accurately predicted these sex differences in response to the jealousy scale, but females seemed unaware that their male partners would be less jealous than themselves.
CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy.

CT-guided biopsy of pulmonary and mediastinal lesions is safe and effective. It is most valuable in those cases in which fluoroscopic guidance is not possible due to resolution or anatomic consideration. CT guidance permits puncture of lesions as small as 0.5 cm, typically not seen fluoroscopically. Sensitivity of biopsy in malignant lung lesions in our series of 83 cases was 92%. Pneumothorax is the most frequent complication (10–60%) and requires chest tube insertion in 5–15% of patients.
Clinical correlates of parenting stress in children with Tourette syndrome and in typically developing children.

Objective To determine the impact of tic severity in children with Tourette syndrome on parenting stress and the impact of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology on parenting stress in both children with Tourette syndrome and typically developing children. Study design Children with diagnosed Tourette syndrome (n = 74) and tic-free typically developing control subjects (n = 48) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Results Parenting stress was greater in the group with Tourette syndrome than the typically developing group. Increased levels of parenting stress were related to increased ADHD symptomatology in both children with Tourette syndrome and typically developing children. Symptomatology of OCD was correlated with parenting stress in Tourette syndrome. Parenting stress was independent of tic severity in patients with Tourette syndrome. Conclusions For parents of children with Tourette syndrome, parenting stress appears to be related to the child's ADHD and OCD comorbidity and not to the severity of the child's tic. Subthreshold ADHD symptomatology also appears to be related to parenting stress in parents of typically developing children. These findings demonstrate that ADHD symptomatology impacts parental stress both in children with and without a chronic tic disorder.
Nucleoside transport in cultured mammalian cells. Multiple forms with different sensitivity to inhibition by nitrobenzylthioinosine or hypoxanthine.

Abstract The zero-trans influx of 500 μM uridine by CHO, P388, L1210 and L929 cells was inhibited by nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI) in a biphasic manner; 60–70% of total uridine influx by CHO cells and about 90% of that in P388, L1210 and L929 cells was inhibited by nmolar concentrations of NBTI (ID50 = 3−10 nM) and is designated NBTI-sensitive transport. The residual transport activity, designated NBTI-resistant transport, was inhibited by NBTI only at concentrations above 1 μM (ID50 = 10−50 μM). S49 cells exhibited only NBTI-sensitive uridine transport, whereas Novikoff cells exhibited only NBTI-resistant uridine transport. In all instances NBTI-sensitive transport correlated with the presence of between 7·104 and 7·105 high-affinity NBTI binding sites/cell (Kd = 0.3−1 nM). Novikoff cells lacked such sites. The two types of nucleoside transport, NBTI-resistant and NBTI-sensitive, were indistinguishable in substrate affinity, temperature dependence, substrate specificity, inhibition by structurally unrelated substances, such as dipyridamole or papaverine, and inhibition by sulfhydryl reagents or hypoxanthine. We suggest, therefore, that a single nucleoside transporter can exist in an NBTI-sensitive and an NBTI-resistant form depending on its disposition in the plasma membrane. The sensitive form expresses a high-affinity NBTI binding site(s) which is probably made up of the substrate binding site plus a hydrophobic region which interacts with the lipophilic nitrobenzyl group of NBTI. The latter site seems to be unavailable in NBTI-resistant transporters. The proportion of NBTI-resistant and sensitive uridine transport was constant during proportion of NBTI-resistant and sensitive uridine transport was constant during progression of P388 cells through the cell cycle and independent of the growth stage of the cells in culture. There were additional differences in uridine transport between cell lines which, however, did not correlate with NBTI sensitivity and might be related to the species origin of the cells. Uridine transport in Novikoff cells was more sensitive to inhibition by dipyridamole and papaverine than that in all other cell lines tested, whereas uridine transport in CHO cells was the most sensitive to inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents.
Influence of dl-phenylpropanolamine on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the adult rat

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) produces weight loss that may result, in part, from an excitatory action of PPA on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Adult male and female rats were anesthetized with 1.2 g/kg urethane and treated (ip) with either 0.9% saline or 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg dl-PPA. Interscapular BAT (IBAT) and rectal temperatures were recorded every minute for 10 min prior to and 60 min following drug injection. Control rats exhibited stable IBAT and rectal temperatures prior to and after saline injection, whereas PPA-treated rats exhibited in-creases in IBAT temperature and, after a 10-15-min lag, in rectal temperature. There were no differences between male and female rats with regard to the effect of PPA on IBAT and rectal temperature. The implications of these data for an explanation of the weight-reducing effect of PPA are discussed.
Recombinant thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies can be used for epitopic "fingerprinting" of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in the sera of individual patients.

Four human monoclonal antibodies (SP1.4, WR1.7, TR1.8, and TR1.9) map the immunodominant region on thyroid peroxidase (TPO) recognized by autoantibodies in patients' sera. We used a pool of these monoclonal antibodies, expressed in bacteria as antigen-binding fragments [F(ab)], to compete for TPO autoantibody binding to radiolabeled TPO. The F(ab) inhibited TPO binding by 32 patients' sera by 82 +/- 14% (mean +/- SD), with a range from 51-100%. When each F(ab) was tested individually for its ability to compete for autoantibody binding to TPO, F(ab) TR1.8 was the most potent among the 32 sera. However, there was a wide spectrum of TPO binding inhibition when each serum was considered individually, thereby allowing an epitopic "fingerprint" to be drawn for the TPO autoantibodies in a patient's serum. There was a close association between the proportions of TPO autoantibodies to the TR1.8 and TR1.9 epitopes as well as between those to the SP1.4 and WR1.7 epitopes. These associations correspond to the previou...
Maternal serum α-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin levels in women with human immunodeficiency virus ☆

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish whether there is a correlation between maternal serum genetic screen analyte results in pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus and corresponding human immunodeficiency virus index values. Study Design: Medical records of all pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus who were delivered at Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center from January 2000 through December 2001 were reviewed for maternal serum screen results, viral load, CD4 counts and percent, antiretroviral therapy, opportunistic infections, substance abuse, and other demographic data. Statistical analysis was accomplished with the χ 2 test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman rank correlation test, with a probability value of Results: Of the 98 women with human immunodeficiency virus who were delivered, 49 women (50%) had a maternal serum genetic screen available. Screened and unscreened women had similar severity of human immunodeficiency virus disease, CD4 count and percentage, and viral loads. Serum screen results showed elevations in maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (1.43 ± 1.04 multiples of the median [MoM]; range, 0.2-5.2 MoM) and maternal serum α-fetoprotein (1.29 ± 0.9 MoM; range, 0.5-3.3 MoM) compared with expected values in the general obstetric population. Maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin was correlated inversely with CD4 count ( P =.002) and CD4 percent ( P P Conclusion: Increasing maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin and maternal serum α-fetoprotein levels in patients with human immunodeficiency virus are correlated with increasing viral load and decreasing CD4 counts. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1052-6.)
Biosynthesis: not just passing through.

Identifying the genes responsible for each step of a natural product biosynthesis has allowed the synthesis to be 'hijacked' to make bioactive compounds, and reveals that some suspected transporter enzymes could have other important roles in fungal defence systems.
Secondary mathematics teachers’ knowledge of slope

This study, conducted in the United States, investigated secondary mathematics teachers’ concept definitions, mathematical understanding, and pedagogical content knowledge of slope. Surveys were collected from 18 preservice and 21 inservice teachers; 8 teachers from each group were also interviewed. Geometric ratios dominated teachers’ concept definitions of slope. Problems involving the recognition of parameters, the interpretation of graphs, and rate of change challenged teachers’ thinking. Teachers’ descriptions of classroom instruction included physical situations more often than functional situations. Results suggest that mathematics teacher education programs need to specifically address slope as a fundamental concept, emphasising its connection to the concept of function.