cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conjugated polymers with regularly spaced m‐phenylene units and post‐polymerization modification to yield stimuli‐responsive materials

Two π-conjugated polymers featuring main-chain m-phenylene linkers as well as iodo substituents were initially prepared. The presence of the iodo functionality allowed for the preparation of six additional polymers from the initial two iodo-substituted polymers via facile post-polymerization modification using Sonogashira-type coupling chemistry. The post-polymerization modification led to crosslinking, to the incorporation of a pyridyl-bearing functionality for potential use as a ligand for transition metals or to the introduction of a ferrocenyl substituent as a possible redox-active unit. The m-phenylene units were incorporated into the polymer main-chain structure in order to periodically disrupt conjugation, thereby allowing for more uniformity in the effective conjugation length and thus in absorption and emission profiles. The thermal stability and photophysical properties of all eight polymers, as well as the stimuli-responsiveness of relevant materials to nitroaromatics and metal ions, are reported. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of bursty channels using Markov models

The modeling of error burst characteristics of communication channels is considered. Two techniques, hidden Markov modeling (HMM) and Fritchman characterization, are discussed. While the Fritchman method yields a model faster, it is assumed that the error burst (and error free run) lengths are statistically independent. The HMM algorithm is computationally intensive. A modified HMM algorithm is presented. It is computationally very efficient and better suited for channel models requiring more than one bad state. >
A multicenter study of the influence of fat and lean mass on bone mineral content: evidence for differences in their relative influence at major fracture sites. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort (EPIC) Study Group.

We examined the relative influence of fat and lean mass on bone mineral content (BMC) among 1600 early postmenopausal women aged 45-59 y from four geographical locations (Nottingham, United Kingdom; Portland, OR; Honolulu; and Copenhagen). Bone sites investigated included the major fracture sites: hip, spine, and radius. Body weight had strong associations at all skeletal sites examined (BMC differences of 4-6% per interquartile range (IQR) of weight). Associations with the fat and lean components of weight were more variable. The BMC differences per IQR of lean mass were 5-7% at the hip sites, 3% at the spine, and 2% at the radial sites. The greater differences for lean mass at the hip may reflect the high physical mobility and muscular activity of this site. The BMC differences per IQR of fat mass were 4-6% at the hip sites, 4% at the spine, and 5% at the ultradistal radius. These results suggest that low fat mass or low lean mass, particularly at the extremes, may adversely affect the major fracture sites. The bone sites with the greatest differences for fat mass were the most highly trabecular sites. With only a few exceptions, the associations of BMC with fat mass and lean mass were similar in direction and comparable in magnitude across the four geographic locations. We conclude that both fat and lean mass have independent influences on bone mass, but that their relative influence may vary by bone site depending on the trabecular content, physical mobility, and muscularity of the site. Am J
Decision-making abilities of mothers with mental retardation.

Abstract The decision-making abilities of mothers with mental retardation and contrast mothers were examined. Both groups received two high- and two low-risk vignettes in full and partial formats. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups on the appropriateness of their decisions, as expected, the mothers with mental retardation scored lower both on the recall and elicited measures. Both groups scored lower on the partial formats than on the full formats, and on the high-risk vignettes than on the low-risk ones.These results suggest that familiarity with the parenting situation as well as the degree of risk inherent in that situation is of importance when one is examining decision making for either group. The results also suggest that although mothers with mental retardation can make in vitro decisions that are similar to those of nonhandicapped mothers of the same socioeconomic background, additional research must examine in vivo decision making for both groups.
Highly Luminescent NIR-to-Visible Upconversion Thin Films and Monoliths Requiring No High-Temperature Treatment

A method is described for producing highly luminescent composite NIR-to-visible upconversion thin films, made from β-NaYF4:3%Er,17%Yb nanocrystals in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix, which require no postdeposition heat treatment. Nanocrystals are synthesized via a single-phase, high-boiling-point solvent method, which requires neither metal-trifluoroacetate precursors nor the use of autoclaves. Highly luminescent films are produced that can be varied in thickness down to dimensions approaching those of the nanocrystals themselves. The physical properties of the films are characterized by AFM and TEM, whereas the spectroscopic properties are characterized by NIR-to-visible confocal microscopy and by the time-dependence of upconversion luminescence following pulsed NIR excitation. It is shown that dispersal of β-NaYF4:3%Er,17%Yb nanocrystals in PMMA has no adverse effect on the intrinsic quantum efficiency of upconversion. By focusing the NIR pump beam (980 nm, cw) in the film, linear intensity res...
Asymmetry, connectivity, and segmentation of the arcuate fascicle in the human brain

The structure and function of the arcuate fascicle is still controversial. The goal of this study was to investigate the asymmetry, connectivity, and segmentation patterns of the arcuate fascicle. We employed diffusion spectrum imaging reconstructed by generalized q-sampling and we applied both a subject-specific approach (10 subjects) and a template approach (q-space diffeomorphic reconstruction of 30 subjects). We complemented our imaging investigation with fiber microdissection of five post-mortem human brains. Our results confirmed the highly leftward asymmetry of the arcuate fascicle. In the template, the left arcuate had a volume twice as large as the right one, and the left superior temporal gyrus provided five times more volume of fibers than its counterpart. We identified four cortical frontal areas of termination: pars opercularis, pars triangularis, ventral precentral gyrus, and caudal middle frontal gyrus. We found clear asymmetry of the frontal terminations at pars opercularis and ventral precentral gyrus. The analysis of patterns of connectivity revealed the existence of a strong structural segmentation in the left arcuate, but not in the right one. The left arcuate fascicle is formed by an inner or ventral pathway, which interconnects pars opercularis with superior and rostral middle temporal gyri; and an outer or dorsal pathway, which interconnects ventral precentral and caudal middle frontal gyri with caudal middle and inferior temporal gyri. The fiber microdissection results provided further support to our tractography studies. We propose the existence of primary and supplementary language pathways within the dominant arcuate fascicle with potentially distinct functional and lesional features.
Explicit conditions for the oscillation of difference equations

Abstract We obtain sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of the difference equation A n+1 −A n + ∑ i=1 m p i A n−k i =0, n=0, 1, 2, … , where the pi's are real numbers and the ki's are integers. The conditions are given explicitly in terms of the pi's and the ki's.
Role of liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS) in clinical toxicology.

Background. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) are widely used to confirm drug screening results and for urine screening in presumed intoxicated patients. These techniques are better suited to targeted analysis than to general unknown screening and, due to the complexity of testing, results are seldom available rapidly enough to contribute to the immediate care of the patient. High resolution (HR)/MS with time-of-flight (TOF) or orbitrap instruments offer potential advantages in clinical toxicology. Comparison of GC-MS, LC-MS/MS and LC-HR/MS. For unknown analyses, GC-MS and LC-MS/MS require comparison of full-scan spectra against preestablished libraries. Operation in full-scan mode greatly reduces sensitivity and some drugs present in low but significant concentrations may be missed. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) in GC/MS and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in LC-MS/MS, where only targeted ions are monitored, increase sensitivity but require prio...
Evaluation of patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum by double catheter technique

Abstract Accurate definition of the site and length of the atretic segment in the patient with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum is of prognostic and surgical significance. A double catheter technique was developed to allow precise localization of the site of atresia, whether valvular, infundibular, or both. Simultaneous opacification of the pulmonary artery by way of the ductus arteriosus or systemic to pulmonary arterial anastomosis by one catheter and the right ventricle by the second catheter was accomplished in five patients with pulmonary atresia, severe hypoplasia of the right ventricle and intact ventricular septum. The patients were 2 days to 17 months of age and weighed 3,200 to 9,200 g at the time the technique was applied. In these patients, the site of atresia proved to be valvular in one, and both valvular and infundibular in four. The double catheter technique is also applicable to patients with ventricular septal defect and acquired or congenital pulmonary atresia who have had palliative shunts, and to patients with complex transpositions and pulmonary atresia.
Circles outside the circle: Expanding the group frame through dance/movement therapy and art therapy

Abstract Much has been written about basic concepts of group theory as applied to group psychotherapy. Though there are many theories, there is agreement about several basic concepts that can be found in groups regardless of the theoretical perspective. Much has also been written regarding how basic concepts of group theory can be found and applied to all kinds of groups, not just psychotherapy groups. This paper focuses on the possibilities of a group theory class in a graduate creative arts therapy program as an optimal setting in which to convey not only understanding of group theory as therapy, but also as an avenue for awareness of social justice, relating to society as a large group. The paper demonstrates the use of movement and art-making as the vehicles to understanding of group theory as it relates to therapy, social, and environmental issues, and will focus on the use of dance/movement therapy and art therapy as vehicles for increasing awareness and effecting change.
Taurine and central nervous system disorders

In the present era, investigators seek to find therapeutic interventions that are multifaceted in their mode of action. Such targets provide the most advantageous routes for addressing the multiplicity of pathophysiological avenues that lead to neuronal dysfunction and death observed in neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Taurine, an endogenous amino acid, exhibits a plethora of physiological functions in the central nervous system. In this review, we describe the mode of action of taurine and its clinical application in the neurological diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
Viable prosthetic interface.

The ability to produce a viable bond at the interface of living tissue and inert polymeric materials has been tested in three different contaminated environments. The prosthetic implants, consisting of nylon 66 velour and polyurethane, were tested in the intestinal wall of rabbits, the urinary bladder of dogs, and the skin of rats. The small (1.5 × 2.0 cm) velour implants had a tendency to slough in the intestinal wall while a tubular prosthesis (6 × 3 cm) and a large patch (4.5 × 3.0 cm) were of varying success. Utilization of the prosthesis to replace 25% of the urinary bladder wall was successful for as long as 7 months, at which time postmortem examination of the animals revealed no anastomotic leaks or calculi formation. Replacement of 20 or 40% of the rats burned and infected skin resulted in less than a 10% mortality. Furthermore, histologic studies of all successful prostheses revealed a prompt enmeshing of the velour filaments with fibrin followed at 3-4 days with an ingrowth of fibroblasts, capillaries, and a few foreign body giant cells. Maturation of the wound resulted in a dense, mature collagen matrix. Removal of the prosthesis at this time occurred only by the disruption of the sub-prosthetic tissue.
Structure of solid di-9-pentacyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,8.05,7]nonyl ether (“Coates' ether”). Bond shortening in an eclipsed bicyclopropyl

Abstract The X-ray diffraction pattern of the title compound shows the length of the bicyclopropyl bond to be 1.488 ± 0.005 A, comparable to the C2C3 bond length of 1,3-butadiene.
Reducing the Delay in Thrombolysis: Is It Necessary to Await the Results of Renal Function Tests before Computed Tomography Perfusion and Angiography in Patients with Code Stroke?

Objective We sought to determine the percentage of patients presenting with code stroke who would be excluded from computed tomography angiography, computed tomography perfusion, or both based on their emergency department laboratory results (creatinine and glomerular filtration rate) and the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with code stroke who receive contrast. Design We conducted a retrospective analysis of our prospective code stroke database. Setting The study took place in an emergency department at a university medical center. Results A total of 131 consecutive patients with code stroke were identified. Of these, 11 (8.4%) would not have received contrast based on a creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dL on initial evaluation. However, 10 of these 11 patients (91%) had a history of renal disease. A total of 3% of patients who received contrast developed contrast-induced nephropathy. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the use of contrast agents in patients with code stroke before availability of renal function tests appears safe in patients who do not have a known history of renal disease.
Axial focusing of energy from a hypervelocity impact on earth

We have performed computational simulations to determine how energy from a large hypervelocity impact on the Earth's surface would couple to its interior. Because of the first-order axial symmetry of both the impact energy source and the stress-wave velocity structure of the Earth, a disproportionate amount of energy is dissipated along the axis defined by the impact point and its antipode (point opposite the impact). For a symmetric and homogeneous Earth model, all the impact energy that is radiated as seismic waves into the Earth at a given takeoff angle (ray parameter), independent of azimuthal direction, is refocused (minus attenuation) on the axis of symmetry, regardless of the number of reflections and refractions it has experienced. Material on or near the axis of symmetry experiences more strain cycles with much greater amplitude than elsewhere, and therefore experiences more irreversible heating. The focusing is most intense in the upper mantle, within the asthenosphere, where seismic energy is most effectively converted to heat. For a sufficiently energetic impact, this mechanism might generate enough local heating to create an isostatic instability leading to uplift, possibly resulting in rifting, volcanism, or other rearrangement of the interior dynamics of the planet. These simulations demonstrate how hypervelocity impact energy can be transported to the Earth's interior, supporting the possibility of a causal link between large impacts on Earth and major internally-driven geophysical processes.
Bridging Psychoanalysis and Constructivism

Stolorow and Atwood's Structures of Subjectivity: Explorations in Psychoanalytic Phenomenology and Contextualism was first published in 1984 and proposes a radical, relational shift from the object...
Oscillator strengths of some lanthanide nitrates in tributylphosphate

Abstract Oscillator strengths for some lanthanide nitrates in tributylphosphate (TBP) are reported and interpreted by means of the Judd-Ofelt theory. The Tλ parameters of the Judd-Ofelt theory are also reported. A comparison of relative intensity changes for the TBP systems compared to the aquo ions shows that some “non-hypersensitive” transitions may exhibit intensity changes as large as the changes shown by so-called “hypersensitive” transitions. This result is interpreted in terms of the relative effects of symmetry and covalency on the Tλ parameters of the Judd-Ofelt theory.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Electrolyte Solutions in Ambient and Supercritical Water. 2. Relative Acidity of HCl

Molecular dynamics−free energy perturbation simulations are used to study the acidity of HCl relative to water at conditions ranging from ambient density and temperature to several supercritical water states. An increase in temperature from 25 °C to the critical temperature Tc (374 °C) along the coexistence curve reduces the difference between the pKa of HCl and pKw by a factor of 2. However, the corresponding difference in free energies of dissociation remains constant, even in supercritical water, along isochoric and isothermal (between 0.29 and 0.087 g/cm3) paths. This new observation is explained in terms of the effect of temperature on the thermodynamic properties of solvation of the various reacting species and is used to gain further insight into the behavior of previous experimental data.
On a conservative concept for output static stabilizability:analysis, consequences, and related problems

This communication is concerned with the problem of stabilization, via output static feedback, of linear time-invariant finite-dimensional systems. A new output static stabilization concept is introduced: output static stabilization in the relaxed sense. This conservative stabilization concept is the result of imposing an additional condition to a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for output static stabilization. This paper is devoted to exhaustively study the introduced new stabilization concept: (I) It is shown that for a particular class of plants, the stabilization problem in the above sense can be cast as a convex programming problem. (II) A full characterization of the class of plants that are stabilizable in the above new sense is presented. Some of the important consequences of that study are as follows: (1) The identification of a class of plants stabilizable, via output static feedback, for which stabilizing feedback matrices can be (almost) expressed in analytic closed form. (2) It is ...
Human saphenous vein grafts explanted from the arterial circulation demonstrate altered smooth-muscle and endothelial responses

Abstract Purpose: Animal models have been used to assess the function of vascular smooth muscle and endothelium of veins grafted into arterial circulation. The primary model consists of grafting the external jugular vein into the carotid artery of the rabbit. These studies suggest a selective increase in the responsiveness of the grafted veins to serotonin. However, in both human cardiac and peripheral vascular operations, the saphenous, not the jugular, is the vein most frequently used. Thus the propriety of the rabbit model is unknown. Methods: Human saphenous veins and vein grafts were obtained from patients undergoing leg vein bypass graft revisions ( n = 8). The reversed vein grafts were placed into arterial circulation for periods ranging from 4 to 26 months before removal (mean 16 months). All vessels were immediately cut into rings and suspended in organ chambers for recording isometric contractions to norepinephrine and serotonin. Results: The maximal contractions elicited by both norepinephrine and serotonin were reduced in human vein grafts in comparison to the results in human saphenous vein (maximal response to norepinephrine 1.42 ± 0.34 gm [vein graft] vs 4.59 ± 1.13 gm [saphenous vein], p = 0.031; maximal response to serotonin 2.68 ± 0.58 gm [vein graft] vs 4.72 ± 1.11 gm [saphenous vein], p = 0.042). Human vein grafts were less responsive to norepinephrine than was saphenous vein (negative log of concentration that caused 50% of the maximal response −5.91 ± 0.10 and −6.84 ± 0.22, respectively; p p = 0.001). Conclusions: Human saphenous veins grafted into arterial circulation exhibit loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and diminished contractions to agonists (norepinephrine and serotonin). In contrast to rabbit data, serotonin elicits dose-dependent contractions in both human saphenous vein and human vein grafts. Since the vascular wall contractility varies widely across species, the relevance of rabbit vein graft data to human bypass grafts is uncertain. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:61-9.)
Motor and sensory fusion in monkeys: Psychophysical measurements

Motor and sensory fusion, the basic processes of binocularity, must be present for bifoveal fixation with true fusion and stereopsis during ordinary viewing. The characteristics of motor and sensory fusion have been established for patients with normal and subnormal binocular vision; the present report describes our psychophysical studies of these processes in the macaque monkey. Three recent investigations of motor and sensory fusion in monkeys are described. The studies involved: (1) the comparability of motor and sensory fusion in monkeys and humans with normal binocular vision, (2) the effects of an early period of abnormal binocular vision on motor and sensory fusion in monkeys, and (3) the contrast sensitivity for binocular disparity in monkeys with stereo-deficiencies. The results of these studies demonstrated an excellent homology between the normal binocular vision of monkeys and humans. We also found that a period of esotropia during infancy caused deficiencies in sensory fusion, but not motor fusion. In some monkeys, the sensory deficiency persisted over the entire range of binocular disparities that were compatible with stereopsis, while other subjects demonstrated normal stereo-sensitivity for the largest fusible binocular disparities. The stereo-deficiencies of these monkeys, along with other visual attributes, suggest that their binocular vision is a viable model for the binocularity of patients with subnormal binocular vision or the monofixation syndrome.
A preliminary empirical test of Silverthorn and Frick's delayed‐onset pathway in girls using an urban, African‐American, US‐based sample

Background Silverthorn and Frick argued that there is no pathway to criminal activity among girls that is analogous to the early-onset/life-course-persistent-type one among boys. Instead, they argued for a female-specific theory in which even girls with the same high-risk backgrounds and criminal outcomes as early-onset/life-course-persistent boys show delayed-onset offending. Aims To test the Silverthorn–Frick model of gender-specific pathways to offending in an independent cohort. Methods A cohort of 987 urban, African-American males and females participated in the Philadelphia portion of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project which collected biological, psychological and sociological variables. By age 18, 220 of these individuals had incurred a least one police contact, of which 64 did so under the age of 13. A criminal history follow-up was conducted in 1998 when cohort members had all reached their mid-thirties. Results Females and males were equally likely to experience early-onset offending (police contact by age 13), but female late-onset offenders resembled male early-onset offenders on nine of 10 risk factors. Male early-onset offenders had worse criminal outcomes compared with female and male late-onset offenders, but did not differ from female early-onset offenders. Female late-onset offenders showed many similarities on key risk factors to male late-onset offenders. Conclusions Silverthorn and Frick may have over-estimated the outcome similarity of late-onset offending females to early-onset males and under-estimated occurrence of early-onset-life-course persistent offending in females. In so far as cohort studies such as these inform social policy, it is likely to be important that they are interpreted with sensitivity to minority needs. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of cyclopropene fatty acids

A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative estimation of cyclopropene fatty acids as their methyl mercaptan derivatives. This method estimates individual cyclopropene acids as well as normal and cyclopropane acids. Nine seed oils were analyzed for their cyclopropene fatty acid content.
Memory for Logical Structure and Verbal Units in Prose Material at Increased Rates of Presentation

Summary.-Prose material was presented at rates which were faster than normal reading rates by 0, 50, 100, and 200 words per minute. Two forms of memory for the matcrizl arere examined: (a) memory for logical relationships between groups in the passages and (b) memory for the words in the material. As the rate of presentation increased, memory for logical structure decreased while memory for speci!ic words did not. A comparison of relative changes in the two forms of memory showed that logical structure decreased more than specific words. This result demonstrates that, when information-processing capacity is limited by speeded presentation, more highly coded information such as logical relations is less adequately retained than less highly coded information such as specific words. The relation between memory for prose material and rate of presentation may be described in terms of an upper limit on man's information processing capacity (Fitts g: Posner, ,967; Moray, 1967). Within a limited system, output will increase as input increases until the capacity of the system is reached, then the output will level off and may decline if overloading impedes the system. In the context of human functioning, an increase in rate of prose material (input) may be reflected in memory for the material (output), thus defining the extent of the system's capacity. Poulton (1958) has presented information related to man's information processing capacity. He has studied the effect of speeded presentation on the retention of discrete statements and found that scores, in terms of (a) recall of the meaning of key words and (b) recognition memory for the statements, declined when rate increased from 146 wpm to 293 wpm. Such a finding appears contrary to the idea that increased input is paralleled by increased output, unless his findings are restricted to the decline portion of the output curve. However, his data has serious limitations. A comparison of the 4 rates of presentacion (37, 73, 146, and 243 wpm) is difficult because the faster Ss were allowed to begin re-reading the statements from the beginning while the slower Ss did not have time to begin over. Poulton suggests that if two levels of condensation of written material are measured, the more condensed or abstract measure will deteriorate more rapidly with increasing rate than the less condensed level of input. While Poulton's
Chemical ordering and texture in Ni–25 at% Al thin films

Abstract This paper describes a novel study of the microstructural development in sputter-deposited thin films from a target of the intermetallic compound Ni3Al. Films were deposited on oxidized Si substrates at different temperatures, namely 45°C, 200°C, and 400°C. These films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. In contrast to the behavior of sputter-deposited elemental metals and disordered alloys, the films deposited at the two higher temperatures consisted of refined microstructures and exhibited a low degree of texturing. This anomalous behavior has been explained by the role of exothermic heating accompanying chemical ordering.
The formation and reactions of (η5-carboxycyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylcobalt

Abstract A reaction between sodium cyclopentadienide and dimethyl carbonate in THF solution produces sodium carbomethoxycyclopentadienide in high yield. The analogous carbethoxy derivative can also be readily prepared starting with diethyl carbonate. Carbomethoxycyclopentadienylthallium has been prepared by cracking carbomethoxycyclopentadiene dimer and passing the unstable monomer into an aqueous mixture of thallium(I) chloride and potassium hydroxide. Reactions of these reagents with mixtures of dicobalt octacarbonyl and iodine in THF solution afford moderate yields of the respective products (η5-carbomethoxycyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylcobalt and (η5-carbethoxycyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylcobalt. (η5-Carboxycyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylcobalt is obtained in 67–74% yield by treatment of either ester with potassium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol followed by acidification. A reaction between this acid and oxalyl chloride in benzene solution produces (η5-chloroformylcyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylcobalt in 67% yield, and the latter reacts readily with ammonia and with aniline to form the respective amide and anilide derivatives. The acid chloride also reacts with ferrocene and aluminum chloride under Friedel-Crafts conditions to afford the bimetallic product (η5-ferrocenoylcyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylcobalt. The IR and 1H NMR spectra of these new functionally-substituted derivatives of (η5-cyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylcobalt are discussed.
Planar junctions in silicon on oxide grown using lateral epitaxy by seeded solidification

Current-voltage characteristics of large planar junctions fabricated in silicon on oxide have been studied. These junctions have slightly higher reverse leakage currents and slightly lower breakdown voltages than similar junctions fabricated in bulk silicon. The electrical properties of the junctions are dependent on the regrowth parameters of the silicon films. Fairly uniform junction properties are obtained over the entire sample.
Periodic depuration of anthracene metabolites by rainbow trout

Abstract Rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, statically exposed to 36 μg/liter anthracene (including 9-14C-anthracene), bioconcentrated the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon 200 times the exposure concentration over 18 hours. Then, during a 96-hour clearance period, mass-balance analysis of fish and water samples indicated that anthracene was rapidly converted to polar metabolite(s), then eliminated periodically. Maximum depuration occurred during the dark phase of a 16-hour-light:8-hour-dark photocycle. Of the 2–3% contribution of 14C metabolite(s) to the total 14C residue, nearly half came from the bile. This periodic depuration may be circadian, although this requires confirmation by further work; to the extent it affects metabolic fate of bioconcentrated organics, periodic depuration undoubtedly contributes to differences between predicted and observed bioconcentration factors.
Miscellaneous neutron techniques

Attention is brought to the less often uses of neutrons in the areas of neutron radiography, well logging, and neutron gaging. Emphasis on neutron radiography points toward the isotopic sensitivity of the method versus the classical bulk applications. Also recognized is the ability of neutron radiography to produce image changes that correspond to thickness and density changes obtained in photon radiography. Similarly, neutron gaging applications center on the measurement of radiography. Similarly, neutron gaging applications center on the measurement of water, oil, or plastics in industrial samples. Well logging extends the neutron gaging to encompass many neutron properties and reactions besides thermalization and capture. Neutron gaging also gives information on organic structure and concentrations of a variety of elements or specific compounds in selected matrices.
Transition State Structure of Salmonella typhimurium Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase

Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRTase) catalyzes the magnesium-dependent conversion of α-d-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) and orotate to orotidine 5‘-monophosphate (OMP) and pyrophosphate. We have determined kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of OMP with pyrophosphate and with the pyrophosphate analog phosphonoacetic acid. In the latter case, full expression of the kinetic isotope effects allowed us to calculate the structure of the transition state for the pyrophosphorylytic reaction. The transition state resembles a classical oxocarbonium ion. Using the recently reported three-dimensional structures of the OPRTase−OMP (Scapin et al., 1994) and the OPRTase−PRPP complexes (Scapin et al., 1995a), we have modeled the calculated transition state structure into the active site of OPRTase. We propose a detailed chemical mechanism which is consistent with these results.
Rsk Tolls the bell for endocytosis in DCs.

The mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk and p38 transduce Toll-like receptor signals that lead to antigen capture by dendritic cells. New work identifies 'downstream' effector kinases essential for these responses and traces a pathway of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling apparently unique to dendritic cells.
Memory Impairment in Elderly Individuals With a Mildly Elevated Serum TSH: The Role of Processing Resources, Depression and Cerebrovascular Disease

This study examined whether a mild elevation in serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in normal older individuals was associated with a cognitive impairment. Participants consisted of 15 individu...
Stochastic pump effects in lasers

We examine from first principles the effects of a stochastic pump on the output fluctuations of a laser. The Hamiltonian for a four-level molecule interacting with a stochastic semiclassical pump field and quantized laser field is used to obtain density-matrix equations of motion. Noise from the pump field and from spontaneous emission is introduced systematically, as opposed to the ad hoc inclusion of random forces in the semiclassical equations. The relationship of this theory with previous quantum and semiclassical equations is described. New equations are derived on which computer simulations are performed to compare our theoretical results to experimental data for a single-mode dye laser.
OH-radical induced oxidation of phenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Primary radical steps and products

The reactions of •OH radicals with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), k = (6.6 ± 0.5) × 109 M-1 s-1, phenoxyacetic acid (PAA), k = (10 ± 1) × 109 M-1 s-1, and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), k =...
Alternative labour protection movements in the United States: Reshaping industrial relations?

The United States is one of the developed countries that have experienced the steepest declines of unionization and collective bargaining in recent decades. Its traditional industrial relations institutions, premised on the prevalence of “standard” employment relationships, have long been eroded by restrictive legislation and employer opposition. Meanwhile, precarious employment, sub-standard conditions and marginalization have become widespread features of the labour market, leading to the spontaneous emergence of alternative, often community-based initiatives to protect vulnerable workers using highly innovative strategies. “Worker centres”, in particular, have been very active to that end, often teaming up with formal trade unions to pursue their objectives.
Analysis and quantification of a solid-state laser Doppler anemometer

A single component, visible wavelength, heterodyne laser Doppler anemometer was constructed based on solid-state laser diode technology for use in fluid dynamic research. With the recent advancements in solid-state laser diodes and solid-state avalanche photodiodes, it is possible to construct miniature laser Doppler anemometer systems solely employing solid-state technology. Such systems have the advantages of small size, light weight, low-power consumption, low cost, and ruggedness. The subject of the current research was to quantitatively evaluate a miniaturized laser Doppler anemometer system constructed with visible laser diodes and an avalanche photodiode detector. Evaluation measurements in a turbulent, stagnating jet are presented and compared to both hot-wire and five-hole probe data. The miniature solid-state laser Doppler anemometer system was found to agree within 2% for mean velocities and agree within 5-20% for root mean square turbulent velocities.
Continuous-wave measurement of the hydrogen 1S-2S transition frequency

We have measured the 1S-2S transition frequency in atomic hydrogen with a precision of 7 parts in 10/sup 10/ by continuous-wave Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy. We employ cavity-enhanced multimilliwatt radiation near 243 nm produced by sum-frequency generation, and we observe the 1S-2S transition in a low-pressure hydrogen-helium cell with a resolution of 3 parts in 10/sup 9/. For a frequency comparison we detect an optical heterodyne signal at the difference frequency between the 243-nm light used to excite the 1S-2S transition and the second harmonic of a reference laser locked to an interferometrically calibrated /sup 130/Te/sub 2/ absorption line near 486 nm. After determining systematic corrections due to the pressure shift of the F = 1 hyperfine component in a 0.7 vol. % hydrogen--99.3 vol. % helium gaseous mixture, we obtain the energy-level separation f(1S-2S) = 2 466 061 413.2(18) MHz. Choosing a value of the Rydberg constant measured independently by high-resolution spectroscopy of the hydrogen Balmer-..beta.. transition, we find the hydrogen ground-state Lamb shift to be f/sub LS/(1S) = 8173.9(19) MHz, in good agreement with the theoretical value of 8172.89(9) MHz.
New demonstrations of the medium-size ring effect.

Die katalytische Oxydation homologer trizyklischer Indol-Derivate fuhrt uber die Zwischenstufe von Peroxyden zu Umlagerungs- und Kondensationsprodukten, deren Konstitution von der Grose des isozyklischen Ringes abhangt. Bemerkenswerte Unterschiede treten in der Nahe der kritischen Ringgrose (n=8–10) auf.
The Feed Materials Program of the Manhattan Project: A Foundational Component of the Nuclear Weapons Complex

The feed materials program of the Manhattan Project was responsible for procuring uranium-bearing ores and materials and processing them into forms suitable for use as source materials for the Project’s uranium-enrichment factories and plutonium-producing reactors. This aspect of the Manhattan Project has tended to be overlooked in comparison with the Project’s more dramatic accomplishments, but was absolutely vital to the success of those endeavors: without appropriate raw materials and the means to process them, nuclear weapons and much of the subsequent cold war would never have come to pass. Drawing from information available in Manhattan Engineer District Documents, this paper examines the sources and processing of uranium-bearing materials used in making the first nuclear weapons and how the feed materials program became a central foundational component of the postwar nuclear weapons complex.
Propagation in a randomly perturbed multimode matched waveguide

Abstract A stochastic two-point boundary value problem, modeling propagation in a randomly perturbed two-mode waveguide, is studied in the diffusion limit. A lowpass spectral approximation is introduced, from which the forward scattering approximation (e.g. coupled power equations) emerges as the leading order description. First order corrections are explicitly computed. The results are compared with two-mode radiative transfer theory and computer simulations.
Plasma levels of thiopental necessary for anesthesia.

This study determined the plasma levels of thiopental necessary for anesthesia in human patients. In Group I, corneal reflex (CR) and trapezius muscle response (TMR) showed highly significant correlations (P For CR loss, thiopental requirements were 39.4 ± 2.5 μg/ml (mean ± SE) for total plasma thiopental and 5.9 ± 0.4 μg/ml for free plasma thiopental. For TMR loss, thiopental requirements were 42.4 ± 2.8 μg/ml for total plasma thiopental and 6.3 ± 0.6 μg/ml for free plasma thiopental. Nitrous oxide, 67 per cent, decreased these requirements 67–71 per cent. Age, sex, and weight of the patient and serum albumin level had little effect on thiopental requirements. Mean percentage of free thiopental was 14.4 ± 0.3 per cent of total. It is concluded that: 1) losses of corneal reflex, trapezius muscle response, and response to surgical stimulation all define essentially the same depth of thiopental anesthesia; 2) total plasma thiopental levels of 39–42 μg/ml and free plasma thiopental levels of 5.9–6.3 μg/ml produce surgical anesthesia in human subjects.
Surface sulphydryl groups and phagocytosis-associated oxidative metabolic changes in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

Summary. The role of surface sulphydryl (-SH) groups of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes on phagocytosis and. phagocytosis-associated oxidative metabolic changes was studied. p-Chloromercurybenzene sulphonic acid, a surface -SH group inhibitor, had no effect on phagocytosis, superoxide production during phagocytosis, or killing of S. aureus by the leucocytes, while it inhibited phagocytosis-associated stimulation of hexose monophosphate pathway activity and H2O2 production. In contrast, N-ethylmaleimide, which inhibits both intracellular and surface -SH groups, inhibited phagocytosis and phagocytosis-associated oxidative metabolic changes. p-Chloromercurybenzene sulphonic acid also inhibited the stimulation of hexose monophosphate path-way activity by exogenous H2O2, suggesting a regulatory role of plasma membrane on the pathway's activity in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The results also suggest that: (1) superoxide production is the primary event of oxidative metabolic changes during phagocytosis, (2) superoxide plays an important role in the killing of S. aureus, and (3) the hexose monophosphate pathway plays a primary role in producing NADPH for H2O2 production from superoxide.
High-efficiency Cr-MIS solar cells on single and polycrystalline silicon

Cr‐MIS solar cells having a 2‐cm2 area have been fabricated to produce 12.2% efficiency on single crystal and 8.8% efficiency on polycrystalline Si. Surface‐state data were used to predict open‐circuit voltages of 0.60 and 0.50 V, respectively, for the single‐crystal and polycrystalline Si. Spectral response measurements and Cr metal thickness confirm the differences in short‐circuit current density using these two types of Si.
Studies on Histomonas meleagridis. I. Use of antibiotics to facilitate in vitro isolation

Abstract The incorporation of penicillin and streptomycin (100 or 500 units/ml), either singly or conjointly, in Laidlaw's medium facilitated the initial isolation of Histomonas meleagridis from the host and also prolonged its survival time, in vitro. Such cultures were not sterilized, but there was evidence of bacterial inhibition. Attempts to free stock cultures of Histomonas of their entire bacterial flora were unsuccessful; when the bacterial flora disappeared death of the flagellate followed shortly thereafter. Tyzzer's findings, relevant to the deleterious effect of Blastocystis on Histomonas, were confirmed.
Technology diffusion and energy intensity in US commercial buildings

Abstract This paper analyzes the 1992 and 2003 US Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey microdata files to show the extent to which certain heating, cooling, lighting, and window technologies are entering use, and the resulting impacts on the intensity of energy use. Excepting the case of fluorescent lights, no technology dominates the entire market but instead each conquers a specific niche. Most of the buildings in which these technologies are installed do not have lower-than-average energy intensity, measured as annual energy use per square meter of floor space. The exceptional technology that does measurably correlate with reduced energy intensity is daylighting. These results suggest that technologies are adopted to serve comfort or quality objectives rather than to save energy, or that buildings’ users confound the designers’ intentions. Decision makers thus should improve operating and maintenance practices, invest in building commissioning, and rely more heavily on passive design features to save energy.
Prenatal counseling for cloaca and cloacal exstrophy—challenges faced by pediatric surgeons

Introduction With the advance of prenatal imaging, more often pediatric surgeons are called for prenatal counseling in suspected cases of cloaca or cloacal exstrophy. This presents new challenges for pediatric surgeons since no specific guidelines have been established so far. The purpose of this review is to analyze our experience in prenatally diagnosed cloaca or cloacal exstrophy and to provide some guidelines for prenatal counseling of these complex congenital anomalies.
A comparison of health assessment approaches for evaluating the effects of contaminant-related stress on fish populations

Various methods are available for investigating the effects of environmental conditions or stress on fish ranging from assessments at the individual level to the population and community level. Each method, however, has limitations and advantages, and the type of method used influences the interpretation of stressor effects on fish health. We compared and evaluated three methods for investigating the effects of contaminants on fish health for populations in a stream receiving a variety of industrial effluents including PCBs, heavy metals (primarily mercury), and chlorine. These methods are: (1) individual bioindicator variables including measurements of biochemical, physiological, histopathological, and organismal-level responses, (2) statistically based integrative indices based on multivariate responses, and (3) integrative ecologically relevant measurements such as population and community-level responses. Many of the individual-level measurements reflect biochemical and physiological conditions and are therefore short-term response indicators of stress. Use of several individual variables in multivariate discriminant analysis allows a more integrative approach for evaluating response of fish to stressors. Community- and population-level measurements integrate the responses to a variety of environmental conditions and therefore may be less reflective of contaminant-induced stress. The three methods used together provide the best strategy for evaluating fish health in order that environmentally sound decisions can be made regarding the implications of contaminant-related stress on aquatic ecosystems.
Three pioneers of comparative psychology in America, 1843-1890: Lewis H. Morgan, John Bascom, and Joseph LeConte.

Scientific comparative psychology in America dates from the mid-1890s, but there is a body of earlier literature on the topic, written during a period of theistic debates over Darwinian evolution. The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan rejected instinct as an explanation of animal behavior in 1843 and defended the mental similarities between animals and humans, although he was not an evolutionist. John Bascom's s textbook Comparative Psychology (1878) is the earliest American work to use that title, and its theistic approach anticipates some arguments found in much later evolutionary works. Beginning in 1860, the geologist Joseph LeConte, who is well known for defending the compatibility of evolution and religion, wrote several articles in which he outlined a comparative evolutionary approach to psychological problems. However, these writers did not establish a coherent research tradition and were ignored by the New Psychologists of the 1880s.