cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure, Metamorphism, and Plutonism in the South-Central Klamath Mountains, California

In the south-central Klamath Mountains 50 miles of the the north-trending central metamorphic belt and adjacent parts of the eastern Paleozoic and western Paleozoic and Triassic belts have been mapped and studied in detail. Within the central metamorphic belt a sequence of three lithologically distinctive metamorphic units has been recognized (from bottom to top): (1) siliceous metasedimentary rocks and greenstones of the Stuart Fork Formation; (2) the Salmon Hornblende Schist; and (3) siliceous, calcareous, and amphibolitic rocks, predominantly metasedimentary, of the Grouse Ridge Formation. The age of these metamorphic rocks is uncertain; they are known only to predate intrusion of Late Jurassic (Nevadan) granitic rocks. Ultramafic rocks, mainly alpine-type peridotites, were emplaced before the granitic rocks and occur primarily in a single large sheetlike body which separates the central metamorphic belt from the eastern Paleozoic belt. Granitic plutons, including quartz diorites, trondhjemites, granodiorites, diorites, and gabbros, in decreasing order of abundance, range in size from less than 1 to about 80 square miles in area. Two orogenic phases in the central metamorphic belt have been distinguished by structural and textural features. A late deformation uniformly affected the metamorphic terrane and the ultramafic rocks but predated granitic rocks. It was accompanied by some metamorphism in the lower to middle greenchist facies and produced upright folds that trend south and plunge gently. An earlier phase affected the various rock units differentially; it produced widespread recumbent folding and upper greenschist- to amphibolite-facies metamorphism in Salmon and Grouse Ridge rocks, but involved the underlying Stuart Fork Formation less severely, producing at least local recumbent folding and lower greenschist-facies metamorphism. The preferred interpretation of this upward increase in structural complexity and metamorphic grade is that the Salmon-Grouse Ridge sequence is a thrust sheet which overrode the Stuart Fork rocks concurrently with emplacement of the ultramafic rocks during the culmination of early recumbent folding and metamorphism. Thrusting was then followed by upright folding during the waning stages of regional metamorphism. The first deformational phase, and possibly the second, occurred during late Paleozoic time as indicated by recent isotopic ages of Salmon Hornblende Schist.
ULTRASOUND OF BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA

Trauma is the leading cause of death in the United States in persons under 45 years of age, with 10% of these fatalities attributable to abdominal injury. 3,15 Disproportionately striking the young, trauma is responsible for more years of productive life lost than cancer and cardiovascular disease combined. 31 In his analysis of 121 patients with blunt abdominal trauma, Feltis 8 demonstrated an increase in mortality rate secondary to delays in diagnosis and treatment. In an effort to reduce preventable deaths, swift recognition with prompt and appropriate laparotomy has become the goal of trauma care. Evaluation of the patient with potential intra-abdominal injury continues to challenge trauma and emergency physicians. Physical examination is notoriously inaccurate in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal injury. Patients frequently present with altered mental status due to alcohol or drug intoxication, cerebral trauma, or hemodynamic instability, rendering clinical evaluation unreliable. Similarly, in the multitrauma patient, pain from associated injuries interferes with an accurate abdominal examination. The low sensitivity of physical examination has encouraged clinicians to rely on objective diagnostic modalities for the detection of occult intra-abdominal injury. Traditionally, diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) and CT have been the modalities most frequently used for evaluating the trauma patient, yet each has its drawbacks. Since Root et al 28 first described it in 1965, DPL has provided the surgeon the means to determine rapidly and reliably the presence of hemoperitoneum in the critically injured patient. 7,9,27,28 DPL, however, is an invasive procedure associated with major complications including bowel, bladder, and vascular injuries reported in up to 2% of patients undergoing peritoneal lavage. 9,13,30 It has also been faulted for its lack of specificity resulting in nontherapeutic laparotomies in as many as 39% of patients. 5 As a diagnostic adjunct to clinical decision making, Druy and Ruben 6 first described the use of CT for evaluating abdominal trauma in 1979. With its ability to demonstrate hemoperitoneum and the extent of organ injury, CT steadily gained popularity. Although CT is highly sensitive for the evaluation of the injured patient, it is contraindicated in the unstable patient, requiring transport of the patient from the trauma area. The optimal screening test for blunt abdominal trauma should be rapid, portable, easy to perform, and accurate. Many feel sonography meets these requirements. Sonography has been used to evaluate abdominal trauma in Europe and Japan for over 20 years. Their vast experience demonstrates that emergent sonography can be as sensitive as DPL and CT for the detection of intra-abdominal injury. 1,11,14,17,19 This article reviews the literature on the use of sonography in the initial assessment of blunt abdominal trauma. It presents the targeted technique required along with case examples depicting hemoperitoneum and parenchymal injury. The limitations and potential pitfalls of sonography are also reviewed.
From simple associations to the building blocks of language: Modeling meaning in memory with the HAL model

This paper presents a theoretical approach of how simple, episodic associations are transduced into semantic and grammatical categorical knowledge. The approach is implemented in the hyperspace analogue to language (HAL) model of memory, which uses a simple global co-occurrence learning algorithm to encode the context in which words occur. This encoding is the basis for the formation of meaning representations in a high-dimensional context space. Results are presented, and the argument is made that this simple process can ultimately provide the language-comprehension system with semantic and grammatical information required in the comprehension process.
Natural abundance-level measurement of the nitrogen isotopic composition of oceanic nitrate: an adaptation of the ammonia diffusion method

Abstract We have adapted the “ammonia diffusion” method of nitrate extraction for natural-abundance level nitrogen isotopic measurement of oceanic nitrate. The method involves: (1) sample concentration (by boiling or evaporation); (2) conversion of nitrate to ammonia using Devarda's alloy; and (3) the gas-phase diffusion of ammonia onto an acidified glass fiber disk which is sandwiched between two porous Teflon membranes. We have investigated the conditions necessary to effect complete ammonia recovery from natural seawater samples and the use of Devarda's alloy under these conditions. In addition, we have characterized the blanks in this method and designed a protocol to minimize them. Here, we report our protocol for nitrate extraction from seawater and provide an explanation of the protocol based on our method development work. To demonstrate the performance of the method, we present nitrate nitrogen isotopic data from nitrate standard additions to Sargasso Sea surface water and from several Southern Ocean depth profiles. The nitrate extraction method gives highly reproducible, complete recovery of nitrate and a standard deviation for isotopic analysis of The blanks inherent in the extraction procedure are from Devarda's alloy and seawater dissolved organic nitrogen (“DON”). The N blank of the Devarda's alloy reagent depends on brand and lot number. The Devarda's alloy which we are currently using results in a blank of ~ 0.4 nmol N per 100 ml of seawater (effectively 0.4 μM). An isotopic correction is made for this blank. For standard incubation conditions, stored Woods Hole seawater (with ~ 10 μM DON) gives a ~ 0.6 μM DON blank, while stored Sargasso Sea (with ~ 6 μm DON) surface water gives a DON blank of 0.3–0.5 μM. The DON blank appears to cause the ≤ 0.3%. difference between the measured and actual isotopic composition of nitrate added to Sargasso Sea surface water at the 5 μM nitrate level. We discuss several ways to lower the DON blank for samples in which the DON concentration is high relative to the nitrate concentration. The nitrogen isotopic data from several Southern Ocean profiles, in conjunction with the other results presented in this paper, demonstrate the consistency of the data produced by the ammonia diffusion method. The ammonia diffusion-based protocol is more reliable and allows for better precision than the nitrate reduction/ammonia distillation method ( Cline and Kaplan, 1975 ) in our hands. While the samples have an incubation time of 4 days or longer, we find that the diffusion method allows for higher throughput than the distillation method because samples can be run conveniently in large batches.
The concept of a supercompiler

A supercompiler is a program transformer of a certain type. It traces the possible generalized histories of computation by the original program, and compiles an equivalent program, reducing in the process the redundancy that could be present in the original program. The nature of the redundancy that can be eliminated by supercompilation may be various, e.g., some variables might have predefined values (as in partial evaluation), or the structure of control transfer could be made more efficient (as in lazy evaluation), or it could simply be the fact that the same variable is used more than once. The general principles of supercompilation are described and compared with the usual approach to program transformation as a stepwise application of a number of equivalence rules. It is argued that the language Refal serves the needs of supercompilation best. Refal is formally defined and compared with Prolog and other languages. Examples are given of the operation of a Refal supercompiler implemented at CCNY on an IBM/370.
BEDT-TTF salts with fluorinated sulfonate anions

Abstract A number of layered conducting BEDT-TTF, bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene, salts with heavily fluorinated organosulfonate anions have been prepared and characterized. Of particular interest are the salts containing SF 5 R SO 3 − anions, where R is a partially fluorinated aliphatic backbone. While structurally similar —the β″ packing type predominates—the ground state of these salts varies from superconducting in the case of β″-(BEDT-TTF) 2 SF 5 CH 2 CF 2 SO 3 [1] to insulating. Many of the salts with insulating ground states are metallic at room temperature, but charge localization and disproportionation over crystallographically non-equivalent sites occurs at low temperature. The organosulfonate group exhibits a propensity to bind to lithium ions, thus ternary salts incorporating Li + into the complex anion layer are often found. The fluorophilic effect in organofluorine compounds may be exploited to form salts where the conducting BEDT-TTF layers are separated by extremely bulky anion bilayers. The crystal structure of one such system, (BEDT-TTF) 3 [(CF 3 ) 2 CFC 2 H 4 SO 3 ] 4 (H 5 O 2 ) 2 , is described here.
Features and beliefs in the mental representation of categories

Abstract Simple concepts such as chair and bird are central to human cognition, but the nature of these mental representations is unclear. Accounts based on probabilistically associated features fail to account for certain observations about category membership judgments. On the other hand, the possibility that concepts consist of or even include defining features has received little empirical support. The work reported here argues that certain phenomena may not reflect the actual presence of defining features, but rather only the presence of a belief in such features. Further, concepts will not be uniform with respect to this belief: Some concepts will include a belief in defining features, but others will not. Five experiments explore these possibilities through two different experimental tasks based on judgments of sentence acceptability. Results support the idea that concepts include beliefs about the nature of the categories they represent, and that certain concepts (notably, many natural kind concepts) differ from others (notably, many common artifact concepts) in the nature of the beliefs held, even though defining features may not be explicitly represented in either.
Androgen receptors in two androgen-mediated, sexually dimorphic characters of frogs.

The presence/absence of androgen receptors is examined in two sexually dimorphic features of frogs: the nuptial pad and the external oblique muscle. Immunohistochemistry reveals that both males and females possess androgen receptors in these tissues. Males have a higher density of immunopositive nuclei in the oblique muscle than do females. The presence of androgen receptors in both male and female tissues is consistent with results from hormone experiments in which androgen supplements induce the expression of a nuptial pad and enlarge the external oblique muscles in castrated males and ovariectomized females.
A case for FAME: FPGA architecture model execution

Given the multicore microprocessor revolution, we argue that the architecture research community needs a dramatic increase in simulation capacity. We believe FPGA Architecture Model Execution (FAME) simulators can increase the number of useful architecture research experiments per day by two orders of magnitude over Software Architecture Model Execution (SAME) simulators. To clear up misconceptions about FPGA-based simulation methodologies, we propose a FAME taxonomy to distinguish the costperformance of variations on these ideas. We demonstrate our simulation speedup claim with a case study wherein we employ a prototype FAME simulator, RAMP Gold, to research the interaction between hardware partitioning mechanisms and operating system scheduling policy. The study demonstrates FAME's capabilities: we run a modern parallel benchmark suite on a research operating system, simulate 64-core target architectures with multi-level memory hierarchy timing models, and add experimental hardware mechanisms to the target machine. The simulation speedup achieved by our adoption of FAME-250×-enables experiments with more realistic time scales and data set sizes thanare possible with SAME.
Observations of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Planktivory in a Floodplain Lake of the Lower Mississippi River Basin

ABSTRACT The invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) has become pervasive in much of the Mississippi River, its tributaries, and in connected lakes and wetlands. As an increasingly abundant planktivore, it competes directly for food with native fishes. Its greatest impact may be in connected backwater lakes and wetlands, which due to their high primary production serve as critical sites for feeding and growth of many fishes. To assess the impact that silver carp may have on one such system, we examined the composition of plankton samples and of alimentary tract (gut) contents of collected from an oxbow lake in Mississippi, Forest Home Chute. Through an occasional connection to the Mississippi River, Forest Home Chute was invaded by silver in winter 2005, after which the river and lake became disconnected for about two years. In the water-column, the most common types of phytoplankton were euglenoid algae, cyanobacteria, and diatoms. The vast majority of zooplankton was rotifers with densities s...
Electron-hole droplet condensation in semiconductors: Phase diagrams

Abstract The shape of the phase diagrams for electron-hole droplet condensation in semiconductors is discussed using a non-interacting droplet fluctuation model. From measurements of the shape of such phase diagrams in the region T ≳ 1 2 T c estimates of the droplet surface tension can be obtained, and from microscopic calculations of the surface tension theoretical phase diagrams can be constructed. The model provides a simple method to characterize quantitatively the shape of the diagram. An approximate “scaling rule” involving the ratio of the droplet ground state energy ϵg and the critical temperature Tc is suggested. It is suggested that the shape of the phase diagram is expected to depend somewhat on details of the droplet energetics in particular semiconductor systems.
AN ACCELERATED FATIGUE TESTER FOR FLEXIBLE HEART VALVE PROSTHESES.

SUMMARY An accelerated fatigue pump for testing flexible prosthetic valves utilizing air as the activating medium for the valve has been developed and seems to fulfill the criteria for satisfactory testing of flex life in prosthetic valves. The design of the machine is described. It has been used satisfactorily in over six months of nearly continuous operation.
Restricted domains, arrow-social welfare functions and noncorruptible and non-manipulable social choice correspondences: The case of private alternatives

Abstract An n -person social choice problem is considered in which the alternatives are n dimensional vectors, with the i th component of such a vector being the part of the alternatives affecting individual i alone. Assuming that individuals are selfish (individual i must be indifferent between any two alternatives with the same components), that they may be indifferent among alternatives and that each individual may choose his preferences out of a different set of permissible preferences, we prove that any set of restricted domains of preferences admits an n person non-dictatorial Arrow-type social welfare function if and only if it admits a two-person Arrow-type social welfare function: we characterize all the sets of restricted domains of preferences which admit two-person Arrow-type social welfare functions (and therefore also admit n -person Arrow-type social welfare functions) and then we prove that we also characterized all the sets of restricted domains of preferences which admit nondictatorial, nonmanipulable, noncorruptible and rational social choice correspondences.
Protein kinase C regulates macrophage tumor necrosis factor secretion: direct protein kinase C activation restores tumor necrosis factor production in endotoxin tolerance.

Abstract Background . Macrophages pretreated in vitro with endotoxin (LPS p ) secrete less tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in response to a second LPS activating (LPS a ) stimulus. Protein kinase C (PKC) is required for TNF secretion in a macrophage stimulated with LPS a . In these experiments we examined the role of PKC in TNF signal transduction in naive and tolerant macrophages. Methods . Murine macrophages were cultured ± LPS p for 24 hours. Cultures were washed and treated for 1 hour with PKC inhibitors or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a direct PKC activator. Cells were then stimulated with a range of LPS a for 6 hours, and TNF was determined by bioassay. Results . LPS a -stimulated TNF secretion by nontolerant macrophages was inhibited by LPS p in the absence of PMA. PKC inhibitors decreased TNF by naive macrophages and exaggerated inhibition in tolerant cells. Depletion of PKC by 24 hours of PMA decreased TNF production by both naive and tolerant macrophages. PKC activation with PMA 1 hour before LPS a augmented TNF secretion in naive cells and reversed TNF inhibition of tolerant cells. Conclusions . Direct PKC activation with PMA restored TNF secretion in LPS-tolerant macrophages. Endotoxin tolerance may alter the LPS a signal transduction pathway between the LPS receptor and PKC activation.
An EPR study of the lineshape of copper in cytochrome c oxidase.

Abstract The EPR spectrum of copper in cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) has been studied between 5 and 220°K, and the spectral parameters have been determined for both forms of EPR-detectable copper by computer simulation methods. Numerical methods have been developed to separate the spectra of intrinsic copper and inactive copper. Evidence is presented to show that inactive copper is probably formed by denaturation. The EPR parameters for intrinsic copper were determined as g x - 1.99, g y = 2.03, g z = 2.185, ∥ A x (Cu) ∥ = 0.0020cm −1 , ∥ A y (Cu) ∥ = 0.0025cm −1 , ∥ A z (Cu) ∥ = 0.0030cm −1 . The principal values of the g tensor and the small value of ∥ A z (Cu) ∥ are interpreted in terms of mixing of 3d, 4s, and 4p metal orbitals. A flattened-tetrahedral stereochemistry about Cu 2+ with an additional rhombic distortion is in best agreement with all of the data. The peak-to-peak linewidth is found to be orientation dependent, and is described by a tensor with principal values ΔH x = 45G, ΔH y = 65G, ΔH z = 85G. A weak dipolar interaction with a low-spin ferric species about 7 A distant is proposed to account for this anisotropy. The proposed site and stereochemistry for the copper ion is consistent with the electron transport function of the enzyme. Broad EPR signals with a very short spin-lattice relaxation time have been observed near g = 14and g = 3 at 5°K in oxidized cytochrome oxidase but not in the reduced or denatured enzyme. The possibility that these are due to the “EPR-undetectable” iron and copper is raised.
An ecological examination of an urban sixth grade physical education class

Background: There are several factors that influence teaching urban physical education. Violence, poverty and irrelevant curricula influence the teaching-learning environment in urban physical education. One approach to urban physical education is to look carefully at the ecology that exists within an urban physical education class. This ecology is created through the interaction of three task systems: the managerial task system, the instructional task system, and the student social system. Although urban physical education has been explored to some degree, to this point, an ecological perspective has not been investigated. Purpose of study: The purpose of the study was to examine the ecology of an urban elementary physical education class. Participants: Participants were an intact class of 15 sixth-grade students and their teacher. Data collection and analysis: Data were collected in four ways: (1) videotaped record of lessons, (2) field notes, (3) formal interviews using a semi-structured interview guid...
Tectonic controls on initial continental rifting and the evolution of young ocean basins—a planetary perspective

Abstract A review and comparison of planetary tectonic literature and terrestrial interpretations of both oceanic and continental tectonics suggests that the Earth, in common with other terrestrial planets, may have developed a global tectonic grid very early in its history. This grid, still preserved in ancient continental crustal fragments, is maintained by both vertical and lateral fracture propagation. It influences both the direction of initial continental rifting and the location and orientation of sea-floor fracture zones in a developing young ocean basin. Sea-floor spreading directions must continue to be controlled by the direction of easiest slip along major intercontinental wrench faults; the Atlantic Ocean appears to be still in this stage. Development of subduction zones around the margin of an ocean basin permits greater freedom in spreading direction. At this stage, as represented by the Pacific Ocean, ridge jumps and changes in spreading direction may occur as the spreading geometry readjusts to more closely reflect stresses associated with underlying convection cells. At subduction zones, rejuvenation tectonics still operate; thick, cold oceanic crust may impose its tectonic grain on the relatively thin, over-riding edge of the continental plate; but young, thin, and hot oceanic crust is forced to conform to the tectonic grain of thick, cold continental crust. Examples of both effects can be seen along the eastern margin of the Pacific. It is concluded that the structure and evolution of young ocean basins is strongly influenced by ancient fracture patterns in the adjacent continental blocks. Although greater freedom for readjustment develops as an ocean basin matures, the continued need to move, or interact with, major blocks of continental lithosphere continues to impose severe limitations on directions and rates of spreading until subduction zones decouple oceanic and continental lithosphere. Both oceanic and continental tectonics can best be understood in terms of mutual interactions between plate tectonics, rejuvenation tectonics, and continental remnants of an original ancient global-scale tectonic grid.
GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS USING POSETS AND DIGRAPHS

In this paper the resources of the theory of partially ordered sets (posets) and the theory of digraphs are used to aid the task of global analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems. The basic idea underpinning this approach is the primitive notion that a dynamical systems is simply an ordering machine which assigns fore-and-after relations for pairs of states. In order to make the linkage between the theory of posets and digraphs and dynamical systems, cell mapping is used to put dynamical systems in their discretized form and an essential concept of self-cycling sets is used. After a discussion of the basic notion of ordering, appropriate results from the theory of posets and digraphs are adapted for the purpose of determining the global evolution properties of dynamical systems. In terms of posets, evolution processes and strange attractors can be studied in a new light. It is believed that this approach offers us a new way to examine the multifaceted complex behavior of nonlinear systems. Computation algorithms are also discussed and an example of application is included.
Critical Questions for the Transition to Defined Contribution Pension Systems in the Public Sector

Unfunded liabilities of pension plans sponsored by state and local governments have drastically increased in the past few years. This article examines the potential challenges faced by states and municipalities in meeting their pension obligations and explores the cost and benefits of a switch from traditional defined benefit (DB) plans to defined contribution (DC) plans. The authors draw on the experience of the private sector to depict the potential cost savings for governments and the likely impacts on employees. The authors also identify several issues that are unique to governments if a shift in pension coverage plans is to occur. One of the attractions of public sector employment has been the generous benefits offered; the authors examine whether it will be harder to recruit people in the public sector if the government does not offer DB pensions. The authors explore equity issues and the effects of eroding political support for public sector DB systems in light of their demise in the private sector...
The influence of the host cell, ionic strength and chymotrypsin on foot-and-mouth disease virus electrophoretic mobility.

Cellulose acetate zone electrophoretic analyses of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), type A, strain 119, with different passage histories revealed differences in homogeneity and response to chymotrypsin induced mobility changes. Foot-and-mouth disease virus with a high passage history in calf kidney cells migrated as a single electrophoretic component at the pH and ionic strengths examined. This virus, purified after a single additional passage in baby hamster kidney cells, clone 13, also gave a single zone. In contrast, virus purified after a single passage in uncloned baby hamster kidney cells revealed two electrophoretic zones, 1 and 2, as determined by staining and infectivity. Zone 1 migrated the same distance as the single virus zone prepared from the high passage calf kidney cells. All FMDV with low passage histories had only a single electrophoretic zone.
Schrödinger's Cat and the Ethnography of Law

Drawing on research regarding undocumented immigration and transnational adoption, this essay argues that legal and ethnographic accounts retroactively instantiate potential realities that were there all along but are only made visible by official recognition. In this sense, the “field” that is at the center of ethnographic inquiry is brought into being by the activities of the ethnographer, just as the field of (un)documented bodies is brought into being by a judicial decree. At the same time, such authorizations of the real are haunted by the noise that is left behind. This noise makes itself known by its pull on official representations, pointing to the instability of our objects of study, the multidimensionality of everyday life, and the gaps and disjunctions that compel us to return to what was overlooked in order to make our ethnographies real.
Modeling the Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity and Volume for Hydraulic Fluids

Viscosity and compressibility have a major impact upon the efficiency and dynamic response of fluid power systems. The viscosity and compressibility of five hydraulic fluids have been measured for temperatures to 150 C and pressures to 350 MPa. A new correlation of viscosity with temperature and pressure based on the thermodynamic scaling rule of Roland et al is offered. This correlation provides a means to extend the accuracy of fluid power system models to higher pressures.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Identification of a 7B2-derived tridecapeptide from bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin vesicles

1. A novel tridecapeptide was isolated from extracts of bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin vesicles and the primary structure determined to be SVPHFSDEDKDPE. 2. This peptide is identical to the C termini of human and porcine 7B2 and is highly homologous to the same region of the mouse andXenopus lavis protein. 3. In all these species the homologous peptide is preceded by a pair of lysine residues, a potential proteolytic processing site. 4. Ser6 is part of a well-conserved casein kinase II consensus phosphorylation sequence. Evidence for phosphorylation of this residue was obtained during Edman sequencing. 5. Thus, this novel adrenal medullary probably arises from the posttranslational processing of the bovine 7B2 protein.
Abiotic Degradation of Pentachloronitrobenzene by Fe(II): Reactions on Goethite and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Pentachloronitrobenzene is a fungicide that is degraded in anoxic soils and sediments through unknown processes that are often thought to be biologically mediated. The present research describes the kinetics for the abiotic reduction of this compound in aqueous Fe(II)/goethite systems at near-neutral pH values. The results provide evidence for a rate-affecting surface-association process rather than a direct (i.e., kinetically second-order) reaction with an adsorbed Fe(II) species. It is therefore likely that the iron oxide surface participates directly in the reaction. Furthermore, reduction is observed in the apparent presence of trace amounts of suspended iron oxide nanoparticles, formed in situ by the oxidation of Fe(II). Given that Fe(III) colloids and other nanoscale phases may occur in natural sediments, such abiotic reactions could significantly influence the environmental fate of nitroaromatic compounds.
1,4-Bis(phosphine)-2,5-difluoro-3,6-dihydroxybenzenes and their P-oxides: Syntheses, structures, ligating and electronic properties

Abstract Reactions of 1,4-difluoro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene with LDA (1:2) at low temperatures generated organodilithio intermediates; quenching the reaction mixtures with chlorophosphines ClPR2 produced 1,4-bis(phosphino)-2,5-difluoro-3,6-dimethoxybenzenes 1a (R = Ph) and 1b (R = iPr). Demethylation of 1a–b was accomplished by BBr3, yielding bis(phosphino)hydroquinones 2a–b. Treating 2a–b with excess hydrogen peroxide produced bis(phosphinyl)hydroquinones 3a–b. The binucleating properties of 2a were established by the formation of a bimetallic nickel complex upon reaction with Ph2Ni(PMe3)2. Electrochemical activity of hydroquinones 2a–b and 3a–b was examined by cyclic voltammetry. In addition, compounds 2a, 3a and 3b were obtained in crystalline form and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The influence of the fluorine substituents on the composition of the frontier orbitals of 2a and 3a was examined by computational methods.
Duality and the θ parameter in Abelian lattice models

Abstract The phase diagrams of abelian lattice gauge theories in four dimensions, and spin models in two dimensions, in the presence of a θ-parameter, are constructed using duality arguments. A rich structure involving an infinite number of phases emerges, together with a mechanism for spontaneous CP violation at θ = π .
State-based discovery: a multidimensional screen for small-molecule modulators of EGF signaling

As an alternative to conventional, target-oriented drug discovery, we report a strategy that identifies compounds on the basis of the state that they induce in a signaling network. Immortalized human cells are grown in microtiter plates and treated with compounds from a small-molecule library. The target network is then activated and lysates derived from each sample are arrayed onto glass-supported nitrocellulose pads. By probing these microarrays with antibodies that report on the abundance or phosphorylation state of selected proteins, a global picture of the target network is obtained. As proof of concept, we screened 84 kinase and phosphatase inhibitors for their ability to induce different states in the ErbB signaling network. We observed functional connections between proteins that match our understanding of ErbB signaling, indicating that state-based screens can be used to define the topology of signaling networks. Additionally, compounds sort according to the multidimensional phenotypes they induce, suggesting that state-based screens may inform efforts to identify the targets of biologically active small molecules.
SU-GG-T-227: A Systematic Analysis of the External Beam Radiotherapy Process for Patient Safety

Purpose: We have applied failure mode and event analysis (FMEA) to review our external beam radiation therapy(EBRT) process with the intent of identifying possible failure modes and increasing the overall safety of the EBRT process. Method and Materials: Our review was initiated in December 2006 and included 12 members of the staff assisted by experts from Center for Innovation in Quality Patient Care (CIQPC) at our institution. Meeting weekly, the task group developed a visual map of the EBRT process, completed March, 2007. The group then performed a FMEA to identify those nodes or steps in the process that were most likely to exhibit a failure mode that would potentially harm a patient. Each failure mode was given a rank priority number (RPN) based upon tabulated survey scores for the severity, frequency, and detectibility of that failure. Results: We considered the top 15 failure modes with RPN scores between 75 and 160. The group then brainstormed solutions for the failure modes using accepted mistake‐proofing methods. Each solution was then scored for effectiveness (1 to 10) and feasibility (1 to 10). Solutions with both effectiveness and feasibility greater than 5 (27 total solutions) were considered for implementation into the clinic. We continue to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of these process modifications. Conclusion: FMEA is a widely‐used tool for improving safety and reliability and can be easily adapted for use in radiation oncology.
Selective Modification of Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase Activity by Changes in Ionic Strength

MITOCHONDRIAL malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozymes are strongly inhibited by 10−3 molar oxalo-acetate, while under comparable conditions the cytoplasmic MDH shows no substrate inhibition1–5. This catalytic test readily distinguishes the two types of MDH isozymes2. Further refinement of catalytic discrimination between MDH isozymes was recently achieved by the determination of velocity ratios in presence of oxalo-acetate and its fluoro analogues4. The present communication describes the observation that catalytic activity of mitochondrial MDH is highly susceptible to relatively small changes in ionic strength (μ) as well as to the qualitative composition of ionic environment. On the other hand, the cytoplasmic isozyme is completely insensitive to these influences.
Double-vowel perception in listeners with cochlear hearing loss: differences in fundamental frequency, ear of presentation, and relative amplitude.

This study presents 2 experiments investigating whether listeners with cochlear hearing loss (hearing impaired; HI) and listeners with normal hearing (NH) show differential susceptibility to maskin...
Conduction of impulses by axons regenerated in a Schwann cell graft in the transected adult rat thoracic spinal cord.

Central nervous system axons regenerate into a Schwann cell implant placed in the transected thoracic spinal cord of an adult rat. The present study was designed to test whether these regenerated axons are capable of conducting action potentials. Following the transection and removal of a 4- to 5-mm segment of the thoracic spinal cord (T8–T9), a polymer guidance channel filled with a mixture of adult rat Schwann cells and Matrigel was grafted into a 4- to 5-mm-long gap in the transected thoracic spinal cord. The two cut ends of the spinal cord were eased into the guidance channel openings. Transected control animals received a channel containing Matrigel only. Three months after implantation, electrophysiological studies were performed. Tungsten microelectrodes were used for monopolar stimulation of regenerated axons within the Schwann cell graft. Glass microelectrodes were used to record responses in the spinal cord rostral to the stimulation site. Evoked responses to electrical stimulation of the axon cable were found in two out of nine Schwann cell-grafted animals. These responses had approximate latencies in the range of those of myelinated axons. No responses were seen in any of the Matrigel-grafted animals. Histological analysis revealed that the two cases that showed evoked potentials had the largest number of myelinated axons present in the cable. This study demonstrates that axons regenerating through Schwann cell grafts in the complete transected spinal cord can produce measurable evoked responses following electrical stimulation. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:533–541, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relative inhibitory potencies of flavonoids on 12‐lipoxygenase of fish gill

The relative efficacy of 10 flavonoid compounds and some common antioxidants in inhibiting 12-lipoxygenase of fish gill was determined. Lipoxygenase activity was measured by oxygen consumption with polarography and formation of hydroxy fatty acid using thin layer chromatography with autoradiography. Generally, the inhibition of 12-lipoxygenase by flavonoids was noncompetitive. The lipoxygenase product pattern did not change in the presence of flavonoids. Fisetin (3,3′,4′,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) and quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) were the most potent inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase, with IC50's of 0.25 and 0.4 μM respectively. These were compared with IC50's values of 5, 1000 μM for BHA (t-butylhydroxyanisole) and BHT (t-butylhydroxytoluene) respectively. Possible inhibitory mechanisms and relationships between flavonoid structure and inhibitory potencies are discussed.
Classification and counter-classification of language on Saint Barthélemy

This article analyzes the use of metapragmatic description in the ethnoclassification of language by native speakers on the Franco-Antillean island of Saint Barthelemy. A prevalent technique for metapragmatic description is facilitated by the differential formation of honorific registers in the island's indigenous languages, so that speakers essentialize honorific pronouns as tropes of whole languages and classify the languages in such terms. This process reflects the varied geolinguistic and generational attributes of these speakers, whose register or social-dialectal calculations are all based ultimately on folk ideologies of honorification. (Classification, language ideology, French Creole, metapragmatics, Caribbean sociolinguistics)
Bathymetric and geologic studies of the Guadeloupe region, Lesser Antilles Island Arc☆

Abstract An integrated field and marine study of the Guadeloupe region of the Lesser Antilles Island Arc concentrated on that area where the island arc ridge abruptly becomes a double row of islands in contrast to a single row to the south. The results indicate a major revision of the interpretation of the geology of this region. Previous workers concluded that the Lesser Antilles Island Arc had an Early Tertiary to Recent history of volcanic activity which contrasts with the Late Mesozoic-Early Tertiary ages of both the Greater Antilles Arc, to the north, and the Aruba-Orchila Ridge to the south. The pre-Miocene basement of La Desirade consists of spilitic pillow lavas with interbedded cherts associated with quartz keratophyres and a Late Jurassic intrusive trondhjemite unit. The combination of the Late Jurassic age and the similar appearance, mineralogy, and chemical composition of the spilite-keratophyre series to the basal units of the Greater Antilles suggest that the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles were a continuous feature during Late Mesozoic-Early Tertiary time. The bathymetric data indicate the double arc consists of one broad asymmetric ridge associated with the older volcanic centers and the younger aligned volcanic centers which are perched on the western flank of the main ridge. A major transverse fault, just north of Dominica, is proposed to account for the offset of the axis of older zone of volcanism which produced the abrupt widening of the arc ridge at that point. The geologic history and tectonic development of the Lesser Antilles Island Arc can be explained by a combination of descending Atlantic sea floor crust, cyclical volcanic activity, and possible crustal extension in the interarc basin.
Na+-Ca2+ Exchange: Three New Tools

The contraction of cardiac muscle is initiated by the influx of Ca2+ through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Some of the Ca2+ entering the cell binds to Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and triggers a release of Ca2+ from the SR. After the subsequent contraction, Ca2+ must be removed from the myoplasm to facilitate relaxation. Most Ca2+ is pumped back into the SR, but a significant fraction is extruded from the cell by the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. In the steady state, the amount of Ca2+ leaving the cell via the exchanger equals the amount of Ca2+ that enters through Ca2+ channels.1,2⇓ This simple framework explains general aspects of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling but, of course, there are complications and controversy. Some of the controversy revolves around the exact role of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger in this scenario. The exchanger can transport Ca2+ in either direction across the cell membrane and possibly sometimes mediates Ca2+ influx. The direction of net Ca2+ transport is determined by three factors: the Na+ gradient, the Ca2+ gradient, and the membrane potential. During the early phases of the action potential, for example, depolarization favors reversal of the exchanger into the Ca2+ influx mode. On the other hand, Ca2+ will be rising rapidly at this time as a result of channel openings and SR Ca2+ release. An increased intracellular Ca2+ level will push the exchanger back into the Ca2+ efflux mode. So, does the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger contribute significantly to Ca2+ influx? Attempts to address this question are not straightforward. The primary problem is that experiments to address the issue typically use pharmacological or ionic interventions …
Control of the Normal and Pathological Development of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by the PC3/Tis21/Btg2 and Btg1 Genes.

The PC3/Tis21/Btg2 and Btg1 genes are transcriptional cofactors belonging to the Btg/Tob family, which regulate the development of several cell types, including neural precursors. We summarize here the actions of these genes on neural precursors in the adult neurogenic niches and the cognitive defects associated when their expression is altered. We consider also recent findings implicating them in neural and non-neural tumors, since common developmental mechanisms are involved. PC3/Tis21 is required for the regulation of the maturation of stem and progenitor cells in the adult dentate gyrus and subventricular zone (SVZ), by controlling both their exit from the cell cycle and the ensuing terminal differentiation. Such actions are effected by regulating the expression of several genes, including cyclin D1, BMP4, Id3. In cerebellar precursors, however, PC3/Tis21 regulates chiefly their migration rather than proliferation or differentiation, with important implications for the onset of medulloblastoma, the cerebellar tumor. In fact PC3/Tis21 is a medulloblastoma-suppressor, as its overexpression in cerebellar precursors inhibits this tumor; PC3/Tis21 shows anti-tumor activity also in non-neural tumors. Btg1 presents a different functional profile, as it controls proliferation in adult stem/progenitor cells of dentate gyrus and SVZ, where is required to maintain their self-renewal and quiescence, but is apparently devoid of a direct control of their terminal differentiation or migration. Notably, physical exercise in Btg1-null mice rescues the loss of proliferative capability occurring in older stem cells. Both genes could be further investigated as therapeutical targets, namely, Btg1 in the process of aging and PC3/Tis21 as a tumor-suppressor. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 2881–2890, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Healthy Late-preterm infants born 33–36 + 6 weeks gestational age have higher risk for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization for children Objective To assess whether late preterm (LPT) birth is an independent risk factor for RSV hospitalization and more severe RSV disease in children less than 24 months old. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children enrolled in the military health system. LPT birth was defined as 33 + 0 through 36 + 6 weeks gestation. Patients who received palivizumab or had known risk factors for RSV were excluded. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for LPT birth were calculated using a Cox proportional hazard model, while controlling for sex and RSV season. Severity of illness was assessed by comparing the need for respiratory support, length of stay, and age at RSV hospitalization between LPT and term children. Results A total of 599,535 children for 1,216,382 person-years were studied, of which 7597 children were admitted for RSV infection. LPT infants accounted for 643 (8.5%) of these RSV hospitalizations. The incidence density for RSV hospitalization of LPT infants was higher than term children (12.1 vs 7.8 per 1000 person-years). LPT infants had an increased adjusted risk for RSV hospitalization; specifically, those born 33 + 0 through 34 + 6 weeks (HR 2.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.96–3.07), and 35 + 0 through 36 + 6 weeks (HR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.66–2.22). LPT infants had longer hospital stays and required more respiratory support than term children. Conclusions LPT birth is an independent risk factor for severe RSV disease and need for hospitalization.
Power characteristics of AIN/GaN MISFETs on sapphire substrate

AlN/GaN metal insulator semiconductor field effect transistors (MISFETs) on a sapphire substrate with 5 nm AlN barrier layer were fabricated using a simple wet-etching technique. Fabricated AlN/GaN MISFETs with 1 µm gate length and 200 µm gate width showed a maximum drain current density of 380 mA/mm and a peak extrinsic transconductance of 85 mS/mm. Power characteristics were measured at 2 GHz and showed an output power density of 850 mW/mm with 23.8% PAE and 13.1 dB linear gain at a drain bias of 15 V.