cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brand Building on the Doorstep: The Importance of the First (Physical) Impression

Abstract Many brands spend considerable resources to optimize the consumer’s online path to purchase only to have their products arrive unceremoniously on the consumer’s doorstep a few days later in a battered cardboard box. In this article, I argue that many firms are foregoing an opportunity to both strengthen their brand and decrease return rates when they ignore the potential of a product’s delivery package to create a brand-building experience. Why are investments in doorstep branding effective and which firms stand to benefit the most from them? The goal of this article is to raise these questions, offer a framework to address them, and provide preliminary evidence in a proof-of-concept study demonstrating that branding experiences can travel directly to the consumer’s front door.
Adhesion of freshwater columnar ice to material surfaces by crystallization from the melt

Abstract A new crystallization tower, based on the vertical draw, crystallization-from-the-melt technique of Czochralski, was designed, constructed, and validated for the growth of columnar ice on a range of material surfaces. In its current configuration, the crystallization tower can be used to grow crystalline laminates up to 75 mm thick on rectangular substrates that are up to 90 mm in diameter. Key to the success of this apparatus is the ability to independently control the temperature gradient between the substrate and liquid water reservoir as well as the speed of the linear stage used to regulate vertical motion. By imposing a slow draw rate with a small amount of undercooling, the ice laminates formed on the various surfaces showed close correspondence to the underlying rectangular shape of the substrates. With pre-seeding of the substrates, well-ordered polycrystalline ice with columnar microstructures was grown on aluminum and glass surfaces. Due to the rough, hydrophobic nature of Teflon, the microstructures were less ordered but still columnar. As a result of the low thermal conductivity of glass, larger undercooling was required to achieve growth on these surfaces as compared to aluminum. The crystallization tower can be used to grow ice directly on a variety of surfaces in a highly robust and automated fashion, which is of great utility to ice adhesion studies and investigations into the fundamental properties of ice.
The effects of skipping a meal on daily energy intake and diet quality.

Objective To examine whether skipping breakfast or lunch increased the next meal's energy content and changed total daily energy content and the quality of food intake measured by the 2010 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010). Design Means were compared across intake days and meal patterns. Multivariate individual fixed-effects model was used to account for individual food intake and diet quality preferences. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016. Participants Adults aged 18 years or older who reported 2 d (24-h periods) of dietary intake and were not pregnant or lactating (n 23 488). Results Adults consumed 193 more kJ at lunch after skipping breakfast and 783 more kJ at dinner after skipping breakfast and lunch. Skipping at least one meal reduced total daily intake between 1053 (breakfast) and 1464 (dinner) kJ and reduced the daily HEI score. Skipping breakfast or skipping lunch reduced the HEI component scores for fruit, whole grains, dairy and empty energy; skipping lunch reduced the component scores for fruit, vegetables, whole grain, dairy, seafood and plant protein, and empty energy. Skipping dinner reduced component scores for vegetables, greens and beans, dairy, protein food, seafood and plant proteins, and empty energy. Skipping one or more meals increased component scores for total vegetables (breakfast), whole grains (dinner), Na (lunch or dinner) and refined grains (breakfast, lunch or dinner). Conclusions Skipping meals (particularly dinner) reduces daily energy intake, but the reduction in daily diet quality (particularly when skipping breakfast) may impact health negatively over time.
Locomotor activities of individuals with lower-limb amputation.

Background Ambulatory individuals with lower-limb amputation perform a variety of locomotor activities, but the step count distribution of these activities is unknown. Objective To describe a novel method for activity monitoring and to use it to count steps taken while walking straight ahead on level ground, turning right and left, up and down stairs, and up and down ramps. Study design This is an observational study. Methods A portable instrument to record leg motion was placed on or inside the prosthetic pylon of 10 individuals with unilateral transtibial amputations. Participants first walked a defined course in a hospital environment to train and validate a machine learning algorithm for classifying locomotor activity. Participants were then free to pursue their usual activities while data were continuously collected over 1-2 d. Results Overall classification accuracy was 97.5% ± 1.5%. When participants were free to walk about their home, work, and community environments, 82.8% of all steps were in a straight line, 9.0% were turning steps, 4.8% were steps on stairs, and 3.6% were steps on ramps. Conclusion A novel activity monitoring method accurately classified the locomotion activities of individuals with lower-limb amputation. Nearly 1 in 5 of all steps taken involved turning or walking on stairs and ramps.
Abstract LB243: Implantable and insertable miniature dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscope to detect epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the breast cancer microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) can be defined as non-transformed stromal elements within the tumor, effecting their growth, invasion, and metastatic ability. Cancer cells leave the primary tumor during metastasis, then spread and colonize in distant organs. In breast cancer, metastasis mechanisms are not yet fully understood within the TME. However, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a known essential step in metastasis, in which patterned epithelial cells transform into migratory cells with mesenchymal phenotypes. Developing state-of-the-art multiparametric in vivo imaging devices increases the opportunities to observe dynamic cellular properties and their interactions with the surrounding stroma and TME during the critical steps of invasion and metastasis. Currently available commercial imaging technologies only enable in vivo imaging under anesthesia in a fixed posture. In contrast, real-time confocal imaging of the EMT and TME is not possible in animals. We have adapted our miniature dual-axis confocal (DAC) fluorescent microscope to track breast cancer cells having fluorescent reporters indicating key molecular splicing events during EMT to overcome these limitations. This project aims to study EMT more thoroughly using rat breast cancer MTLn3 cell lines by mimicking in vivo scenarios through 3D in vitro mono/co-culture spheroids, 3D multi-spheroid matrix overlay models, and 3D sandwich. We have engineered MTLn3 cells with fluorescent reporters correlating with different EMT stages, depending on their invasiveness levels. The ultra-low attachment method is used to engineer 3D MTLn3 spheroids, embed within TME matrices, and monitor advanced in vitro live-cell imaging techniques for up to 10 days. Another goal is to use miniature DAC microscopes, implanted in animal models, to study the fundamental changes occurring during carcinoma progression. This transdisciplinary project9s final goal is to optimize the DAC microscope as an implantable and insertable device to investigate EMT-associated splicing events in the TME of orthotopic rat breast carcinoma models. This will be achieved by growing engineered MTLn3 cells and spheroids in their mammary fat pads and following microscopic changes for a certain period. This work will contribute to further developing the miniature implantable DAC microscopes for 3D high resolution, multiparametric imaging to reveal dynamic changes within the TME during carcinoma progression. Citation Format: Ehsanul Hoque Apu, Seock-Jin Chung, Michael J. Mandella, Frank Schonig, Frank B. Gertler, Zhen Qiu, Christopher H. Contag. Implantable and insertable miniature dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscope to detect epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the breast cancer microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB243.
Adhesion between nanoscale rough surfaces. I. Role of asperity geometry

Nanoscale surface roughness strongly affects the adhesion force between surfaces. In this investigation, a model that more accurately describes the size of an asperity based on the measurable parameters of root-mean-square (rms) roughness and the distance between the asperities is derived. The radius of the asperity from the proposed model is much larger than the radius used in previous approaches, considering the same surface with nanoscale roughness. Using the proposed geometry and previously suggested models, this paper elucidates the contributions from contact and noncontact interactions of a particle adhered to a surface with nanoscale roughness (approximately less than 20 nm rms). For most surfaces considered, the contact interaction of the asperity and the adhering particle are found to dominate the interaction. In the second paper of this series, the proposed model is compared to the experimentally determined force of adhesion in systems with nanoscale roughness.
The Politics of the Health Care Reform Debate: Public Support of Including Undocumented Immigrants and Their Children in Reform Efforts in the U.S.

Although U.S. immigration and health care policies appear to be highly correlated, scholarship has yet to gauge the public’s views toward providing undocumented immigrants with health coverage at the state level. We analyze support for including undocumented immigrants in health care reform in New Mexico. Utilizing an original public opinion survey of New Mexico adults, we find that individuals are more supportive of the state providing health care to the children of undocumented immigrant than to their parents. Multivariate logistic regression analyses suggest that factors such as liberal ideology and perceptions of commonalities with Latinos increase support levels. Despite a lack of support among a majority of respondents, the influence of perceived commonalities with immigrants suggests that reform advocates and political elites who mobilize along ethnic or human solidarity may be successful in creating conditions for the inclusion of undocumented immigrants in the public provision of health care at the state level.
Probing violation of CP & T invariance in the transitions of {\tau} leptons

The SM predicts zero value for {\bf CP} \& {\bf T} violation in the decays of $\tau$ leptons except $\tau^- \to \nu K_S [\pi^-/\pi^-\pi^0 ...]$. Our community could establish impact of New Dynamics (ND) in a {\bf CP} asymmetry in a semi-hadronic $\tau$ transition and later in a second one. To be somewhat practical, I suggest to our experimental colleagues to probe $\tau^- \to \nu \bar K^0 [\pi^-/\pi^-\pi^0/\pi^-\eta]$\& $\tau^- \to \nu K^-[\pi^0/\pi^+\pi^-/\eta]$. While I had mostly given comments about {\bf CP} violation in $\tau$ transitions, some theorists have shown how ND models could produce {\bf CP} asymmetries; I will discuss these ones, although sometimes I am not a true theorist, but as a phenomenalist here. I can hardly `dream' that {\bf CP} asymmetry in $\tau$ decays could connected with our huge asymmetry in `our' matter vs. anti-matter.
Decreasing Unethical Decisions: The Role of Morality-Based Individual Differences

Given the potential dangers of unethical decisions in the workplace, it has become increasingly important for managers to hire, and promote into leadership positions, those who are morally inclined. Behavioral ethics research has contributed to this effort by examining an array of individual difference variables (e.g., locus of control) that play a role in morality. However, past research has focused mostly on direct causal effects and not so much on the processes (including mediation) through which different factors, especially those that are morality based, decrease unethical choices. The purpose of the current research is to examine the process, which includes both subconscious and conscious decision pathways, through which moral attentiveness curbs unethical decision making at the individual level. The findings of a study employing about 200 participants and a cheating task reveal that both accurate ethical prototypes and moral awareness of the situation decreased unethical decisions, and moral attentiveness was found to be positively related to both of these constructs. In addition, having accurate ethical prototypes was found to be a partial mediator between perceptual moral attentiveness and less cheating, while moral awareness was found to be a partial mediator between reflective moral attentiveness and less cheating. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Actinide Complexation Kinetics: Rate and Mechanism of Dioxoneptunium(V) Reaction with Chlorophosphonazo III

Rates of complex formation and dissociation in NpO{sub 2}{sup +}- Chlorophosphonazo III (2,7-bis(4-chloro-2-phosphonobenzeneazo)-1,8- dihydroxynapthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid)(CLIII) were investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Also, limited studies were made of the rates of reaction of La{sup 3+}, Eu{sup 3+}, Dy{sup 3+}, and Fe{sup 3+} with CLIII. Rate determining step in each system is an intramolecular process, the NpO{sub 2}{sup +}-CLIII reaction proceeding by a first order approach to equilibrium in the acid range from 0.1 to 1.0 M. Complex formation occurs independent of acidity, while both acid dependent and independent dissociation pathways are observed. Activation parameters for the complex formation reaction are {Delta}H=46.2{+-}0.3 kJ/m and {Delta}S=7{+-} J/mK (I=1.0 M); these for the acid dependent and independent dissociation pathways are {Delta}H=38.8{+-}0.6 kJ/m, {Delta}S=-96{+-}18 J/mK, {Delta}H=70.0{+-} kJ/m, and {Delta}S=17{+-}1 J/mK, respectively. An isokinetic relationship is observed between the activation parameters for CLIII complex formation with NpO{sub 2}{sup +}, UO{sub 2}{sup 2+}, Th{sup 4+}, and Zr{sup 4+}. Rates of CLIII complex formation reactions for Fe{sup 3+}, Zr{sup 4+}, NpO{sub 2}{sup +}, UO{sub 2}{sup 2+}, Th{sup 4+}, La{sup 3+}, Eu{sup 3+}, and Dy{sup 3+} correlate with cation radius rather than charge/radius ratio.
Cell-to-Cell Communication

In formulating Cell Theory, Schleiden(1) wrote in 1838: “Every higher organism is an aggregate of fully circumscribed and self-contained unit beings, the cells.” This basic tenet has been extraordinarily fruitful and influential in biology and medicine, and in many aspects its usefulness continues unabated. However, since the mid-1960s it has become clear that cellular circumscription is generally not complete; a wide variety of cells turned out to be interconnected by membrane channels at their junction.(2,3) Small molecules pass freely from one cell interior to another through these junctional channels so that the connected cell ensemble, rather than the single cell, is the unit in many cellular functions; there is cell autonomy only in respect to the larger molecules that do not permeate the junctional channels.
A mensuração da satisfação dos clientes do setor público

Este estudo demonstra que, quando os usuarios tem influencia dentro de uma agencia publica, seu nivel de satisfacao e mais alto. No entanto, quando os usuarios tem pouca ou nenhuma influencia, o desempenho das agencias governamentais recebe classificacao mais baixa. O estudo pretende identificar as caracteristicas distintas dos usuarios das agencias governamentais e avaliar sua satisfacao com os servicos prestados.
De novo acute myeloid leukemia with 20-29% blasts is less aggressive than acute myeloid leukemia with ≥30% blasts in older adults: a Bone Marrow Pathology Group study

It is controversial whether acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with 20–29% bone marrow (BM) blasts, formerly referred to as refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEBT), should be considered AML or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) for the purposes of treatment and prognostication. We retrospectively studied 571 de novo AML in patients aged >50 years, including 142 RAEBT and 429 with ≥30% blasts (AML30), as well as 151 patients with 10–19% BM blasts (RAEB2). RAEBT patients were older and had lower white blood count, but higher hemoglobin, platelet count, and karyotype risk scores compared to AML30, while these features were similar to RAEB2. FLT3 and NPM1 mutations and monocytic morphology occurred more commonly in AML30 than in RAEBT. RAEBT patients were treated less often with induction therapy than AML30, whereas allogeneic stem cell transplant frequency was similar. The median and 4-year OS of RAEBT patients were longer than those of AML30 patients (20.5 vs 12.0 months and 28.6% vs 20.4%, respectively, P = 0.003); this difference in OS was manifested in patients in the intermediate UKMRC karyotype risk group, whereas OS of RAEBT patients and AML30 patients in the adverse karyotype risk group were not significantly different. Multivariable analysis showed that RAEBT (P < 0.0001), hemoglobin (P = 0.005), UKMRC karyotype risk group (P = 0.002), normal BM karyotype (P = 0.004), treatment with induction therapy (P < 0.0001), and stem cell transplant (P < 0.0001) were associated with longer OS. Our findings favor considering de novo RAEBT as a favorable prognostic subgroup of AML. Am. J. Hematol. 89:E193–E199, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE RUSSELL SAGE SOCIAL RELATIONS TEST: A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN*

OVER THE past decade the development of new techniques of measurement in the general area of group dynamics has lagged behind the ever increasing emphasis on research in this field. Al though a f e w investigators have devised special methods for m e a s u r i ng some of the important elements of group interaction (1, 5), most re searchers have, like Lippett and Wnite, invented their own unique "test situations'' and then em ployed the more familiar method of verbatim re cording followed by detailed analysis.(4). This paper describes an attempt which has been made to devise a "standard situation" in which defined elements of group interaction can be systemati cally observed, recorded, and scored. The test is an outgrowth of the work done by the Mid-Century Committee on Outcomes in Ele mentary Education (2), and as such is geared to the measurement of social relations skills among elementary school children. It is believed, how ever, that the technique possesses wide applica bility in areas other than the one for which it was originally devis ed, since it has been used suc cessfully with teen-age as well as with adult groups in a variety of special fields. But, as de scribed in the following pages, the test is pre sented as a possible research tool which might provide data to answer, at least in part, many of the important methodological questions which present-day educational techniques and practices raise.
Computationally-Enriched 'Piles' for Managing Digital Photo Collections

We explore and extend the metaphor of "piles" to include computationally-enriched piles, portable regions of automation in Dynapad, a multiscale workspace. We describe these collection-management tools and how their design was informed by observing people organizing collections of personal digital photographs
On original generation of structure in legal documents

This position paper advocates a vision in the development of automated legal reasoning and presents evidence supporting the plausibility of that vision. The paper observes that original creation of documents of legal import in either fully formal or semistructured form offers the prospect of greatly reducing the cost and expanding the scope of knowledge engineering for legal reasoning. This, it is claimed, is most likely to be achieved via formalization of various sublanguages of legal discourse. SeaSpeak is an example of such a sublanguage and it appears to be amenable to full formalization. Short of that, much can be done with partial formalization and semistructured documents. The paper presents a tabular format for message expression, motivated by a formal agent communication language.
Protein-Protein Interactions in the Bacteriophage T4 Replisome THE LEADING STRAND HOLOENZYME IS PHYSICALLY LINKED TO THE LAGGING STRAND HOLOENZYME AND THE PRIMOSOME

The bacteriophage T4 replication complex is composed of eight proteins that function together to replicate DNA. This replisome can be broken down into four basic units: a primosome composed of gp41, gp61, and gp59; a leading strand holoenzyme composed of gp43, gp44/62, and gp45; a lagging strand holoenzyme; and a single strand binding protein polymer. These units interact further to form the complete replisome. The leading and lagging strand polymerases are physically linked in the presence of DNA or an active replisome. The region of interaction was mapped to an extension of the finger domain, such that Cys-507 of one subunit is in close proximity to Cys-507 of a second subunit. The leading strand polymerase and the primosome also associate, such that gp59 mediates the contact between the two complexes. Binding of gp43 to the primosome complex causes displacement of gp32 from the gp59.gp61.gp41 primosome complex. The resultant species is a complex of proteins that may allow coordinated leading and lagging strand synthesis, helicase DNA unwinding activity, and polymerase nucleotide incorporation.
Cancer prevention and control among Asian and Pacific Islander Americans : Findings and recommendations

Cancer has become the leading cause of death for female Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. Although they have constituted the nation's fastest growing racial/ethnic population for the past two decades and will do so for the foreseeable future, cancer prevention for Asian and Pacific Islanders has been overlooked. The purpose of this review paper is to present a public health context with regard to cancer prevention and control for Asian and Pacific Islander Americans and to recommend action steps. The author employed Milne and Chambers' criteria for assessing the scientific quality of review articles and retrieved articles from systematic searches of four literature databases and other publications to write this review paper. Asian and Pacific Islanders are principally first-generation immigrants, and they are considerably heterogenous in terms of languages used and socioeconomic indicators. Aggregated data paint the appearance of a healthier profile than when data are disaggregated by ethnic group, gender, or immigration history. Inadequacies of data have been documented. Native Hawaiians already experience the highest cancer mortality rates for six sites. Chinese Americans lead with respect to liver cancer deaths. Mortality due to lung cancer will increase even more, because adult male smoking prevalence rates are much higher than those of the mainstream populations. The higher prevalence of hepatitis B among Asian and Pacific Islander Americans point toward even higher rates of liver cancer. Data on Asian and Pacific Islander American health must be collected deliberately and systematically. Ethnically specific data that are categorized further by gender would be most helpful. Effective cancer prevention and control initiatives must incorporate scientific validity, linguistic appropriateness, and cultural competence. Cancer 1998;83:1856-1864. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Horizontal and vertical pursuit eye movements, the oculocephalic reflex, and the functional psychoses

Sixteen schizophrenic patients, 16 manic-depressive patients, and 14 nonpatient control subjects were tested for horizontal and vertical smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) and the oculocephalic reflex. All patients with impaired horizontal pursuit also displayed disrupted vertical pursuit, suggesting that a common mechanism underlies these abnormalities. The oculocephalic reflex was intact in 96% of the subjects whether or not pursuit was disrupted, suggesting that the locus of the eye movement disorder in psychosis may be cortical. For horizontal pursuit, there were significant differences between schizophrenics and nonpatient controls, and between manic depressives and nonpatient controls, but not between schizophrenics and manic depressives, suggesting that the SPEM disruption occurs with significant prevalence in major functional psychoses and not only in schizophrenia.
Durability of aluminium bonded joints in long-term tropical exposure

Abstract Aluminium bonded joints were exposed to the jungle weathering conditions near the equator in Suriname, South America, for 12 years. Distinct differences were found between different jungle locations, with open jungle exposures being more severe than more protected, secluded jungle sites. More durable bonds were made to a higher purity surface alloy, such as Alclad 2024-T3, than to a more highly alloyed surface adherend, such as 6061-T6 alloy. Deoxidizing the aluminium surfaces before bonding produced both higher initial strength and more durable joints than only vapour degreasing the aluminium. The highest strength retentions were obtained with a room temperature-curing epoxy as compared with a rubber modified heat-cured epoxy. A silicone sealant which had effectively protected similar joints from a seacoast exposure for eight years was relatively ineffectual in the jungle environment.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF OLIGODENDROGLIA AND MYELIN SHEATHS INDUCED BY ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

Intracisternal injection of ethidium bromide, an inhibitor of mitochondria associated RNA, DNA and protein synthesis, produced status spongiosus in the subpial surface of the CNS of rats. Ultrastructurally, numerous intra-myelinic vacuoles and prominent degenerative changes of oligodendroglia were observed. The vacuoles were formed between the myelin lamellae by splitting of the intraperiod lines, between the axolemma and the innermost myelin lamellae, and/or between the inner tongue of oligodendroglia and myelin lamellae. In the degenerating oligodendroglia, proliferation and alteration of the endoplasmic reticulum were prominent. In places, altered membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum formed concentrical scroll-like structures. These ultrastructural changes in ethidium bromide treated rats were compared with other similar previously described changes in animals treated with TET, cuprizone, hexachlorophene, hypocholesterolaemic drugs and actinomycin D.
Electrochemical and structural coupling of the naphthoquinone amino acid.

As a prelude to engineering artificial energy conversion proteins emulating biology, we examine the inclusion of a synthetic naphthoquinone amino acid in a characterized host–guest protein and determine the effects of its quinone and hydroquinone forms on the helix-coil distribution.
SITES OF FORMATION OF IMMUNE GLOBULINS AND OF A COMPONENT OF C'(3): I. A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF INDIVIDUAL SERUM PROTEINS BY TISSUES IN VITRO.

The development of a new method for the determination of the sites of serum protein formation has been described. The method involves the incorporation of C14-labeled amino acids by tissues cultured in vitro , and subsequent autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns prepared from a mixture of culture fluids and carrier serum with an antiserum against the carrier serum. This technique has been used to demonstrate formation of γ-globulin, of s2-macroglobulin, and of a component of C'3 by mouse spleen tissue, and of various other serum proteins by liver tissue. The specificity and sensitivity of this method have been discussed, and some of its advantages and pitfalls were mentioned. In addition, a rabbit antimouse serum was prepared, and the immunoelectrophoretic patterns obtained with mouse serum were compared with those described in the literature.
Moral Status As a Matter of Degree

Some people contend that fetuses have moral status but less than that of paradigm persons. Many people hold views implying that sentient animals have moral status but less than that of persons. These positions suggest that moral status admits of degrees. Does it? To address this question, we must first clarify what it means to speak of degrees of moral status. The paper begins by clarifying the more basic concept of moral status and presenting two models of degrees of moral status. It then sketches several significant considerations in favor of, and several against, the assertion of degrees of moral status. The paper concludes by drawing lessons from the discussion.
A role for human heavy chain binding protein in the developmental regulation of immunoglobin transport.

Abstract Human EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and lymphomas representing various stages of B cell development were examined for heavy chain binding protein (BiP) expression and its association with immunoglobin (Ig) heavy chains. Human BiP was shown to migrate with an apparent mol. wt of 79,000 and to have a pI of approximately 5.5 in all the human cell lines examined. Both the μm and the μs heavy chains synthesized in a pre-B cell line (μ+, LC−) remained associated with BiP and were all found to be endo H sensitive, suggesting that this association occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Surface Ig+ B cell lines produce membrane type heavy chains which are expressed on the cell surface and secretory type heavy chains which remain intracellular. The membrane type μ heavy chains produced by a surface Ig+ B cell line were not associated with BiP after assembling with light chains and processing in the Golgi. However, the secretory type μ heavy chains synthesized by these same cells did not combine efficiently with LC and a significant quantity remained associated with BiP and were not secreted suggesting that BiP is involved in the divergent transport of membrane and secretory μ heavy chains in surface Ig+ B cell lines. In Ig secreting plasmacytoid lines the heavy chains were only associated with BiP prior to assembling with LC. When LC assembly was inhibited, the association of heavy chains with BiP was prolonged and Ig secretion was blocked. Therefore, BiP was found to participate in the post- translational processing of μ heavy chains synthesized by human lymphoid cell lines representing all stages of B cell development. Further, heavy chains that remained associated with BiP were not transported to the cell surface or secreted while heavy chains that were only transiently associated with BiP chains were expressed on the cell surface or secreted.
Performance and Energy-per-Bit Modeling of Multilayer Graphene Nanoribbon Conductors

In this paper, physical models are derived for the effective resistance of multilayer graphene nanoribbon (m-GNR) interconnects. The impact of finite resistive coupling between the layers for top contacted m-GNR interconnects is considered. It is found that the addition of more parallel layers does not necessarily translate into a decrease in the overall resistance of m-GNR interconnects. Rather, the improvement in the effective resistance saturates with an increase in the number of layers. The optimal number of layers to minimize the delay and the energy-delay product of m-GNR interconnects is also evaluated. It is found that the optimal number of layers is a function of the interconnect length, interlayer resistance, and the kind of contact that is used. It is demonstrated that, for short interconnect lengths, m-GNR interconnects with smooth edges perform better compared to copper wires.
Sequential expression of germ-layer specific molecules in the sea urchin embryo

Abstract Described are two germ-layer specific molecules that appear coincident with the formation of two germ layer cell lineages in the sea urchin embryo. Meso1 is a molecule of 380 kDa that is first detected at the time of primary mesenchyme cell delamination from the wall of the blastula. Endo1 is a molecule of 320 kDa that appears on endoderm cells at the time of archenteron formation a few hours after Meso1 appears. Both antigens are identified by monoclonal antibodies. The appearance of these antigens is described by immunofluorescence microscopy, and quantitative data on their localization has been obtained by ultrastructural immunoelectron microscopy. The synthesis of the molecules has been followed by pulse-chase immunoprecipitation. Meso1 is first expressed in trans Golgi-like saccules, is concentrated in peripheral low electron-dense vesicles, and is found throughout the plasma membrane of the mesenchymal cells and their filopodial extensions. Newly translated Meso1 can first be immunoprecipitated upon differentiation of the mesoderm cell lineage, and pulse-chase studies suggest that the determinant is the result of a post-translational modification. [ 35 S]Methionine pulses early in development followed by a chase to the mesenchyme blastula or prism stage show that at least a portion of the molecule is translated well in advance of the mesenchyme blastula stage. Endo1, in contrast, does not appear to be translated until the onset of gastrulation, just preceeding the post-translational expression of the Endo1 determinant. Endo1 is localized to the apical and basolateral cell surfaces of the midgut and hindgut. No label is detected in foregut cells, demonstrating a heterogeneity of cell populations within the endoderm cell lineage corresponding to a difference in morphology. In addition, Endo1 is shown to be the result of new transcription by the embryonic genome. Even though the function of neither molecule is known, together they show the spatial and temporal precision of differentiation that accompanies the formation of germ layers.
Net Neutrality... Seriously this Time

The net neutrality debate began a few years ago, prematurely, with overheated rhetoric about potential disasters for the Internet but little in the way of real threats requiring immediate government action. Beginning around May 2007, one of the largest ISPs in the US, Comcast, began a program of discriminatory blocking of certain Internet communications protocols. The blocking has focused on BitTorrent and Gnutella peer-to-peer protocols but also included, for a time, Lotus Notes enterprise collaboration software traffic. Comcast hasn't disputed the blocking, and a variety of independent, although perhaps not entirely unbiased, investigations have verified it. So, for the first time in the Internet's modern history, we have selective discrimination against a particular type of traffic that's widely used and presumptively legal.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in inflationary cosmology: On the fate of Goldstone bosons

We argue that in an inflationary cosmology a consequence of the lack of time translational invariance is that spontaneous breaking of a continuous symmetry and Goldstone's theorem do not imply the existence of massless Goldstone modes. We study spontaneous symmetry breaking in an $O(2)$ model, and implications for $O(N)$ in de Sitter space-time. The Goldstone mode acquires a radiatively generated mass as a consequence of infrared divergences, and the continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken for any finite $N$; however there is a first order phase transition as a function of the Hawking temperature ${T}_{H}=H/2\ensuremath{\pi}$. For $O(2)$ the symmetry is spontaneously broken for ${T}_{H}l{T}_{c}={\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{1/4}v/2.419$ where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the quartic coupling and $v$ is the tree-level vacuum expectation value and the Goldstone mode acquires a radiatively generated mass ${\mathcal{M}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{1/4}H$. The first order nature of the transition is a consequence of the strong infrared behavior of minimally coupled scalar fields in de Sitter space-time; the jump in the order parameter at ${T}_{H}={T}_{c}$ is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0c}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.61H/{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{1/4}$. In the strict $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ the symmetry cannot be spontaneously broken. Furthermore, the lack of kinematic thresholds imply that the Goldstone modes decay into Goldstone and Higgs modes by emission and absorption of superhorizon quanta.
Synthesis of trifluoromethanesulfonate esters by reaction of alkyl chlorides with chlorine (I) and bromine (II) trifluoromethanesulfonate

Abstract The synthesis of the first trifluoromethanesulfonate esters of the type CF 3 SO 3 (CH 2 ) n O 3 SCF 3 (n=1,2,3) are reported. The new compounds are prepared from Cl(CH 2 ) n Cl by substitutive electrophilic dehalogenation reactions with CF 3 SO 2 OX (x=Cl,Br). The extension of this reaction to HCCl 3 results in HC(O 3 SCF 3 ) 3 but the compound is unstable at 22°.
Minority student involvement in computational science research at Texas Southern University

There is an extreme shortage of minority students entering STEM fields in general, and computational science in particular. Therefore, a large segment of the national population has potential for contributions to science and research, but this potential is not being fully realized. Several faculty at Texas Southern University have recruited a number of Afro-American and Hispanic students in computational science related research and activities. We describe current computational science projects that involve these students, and our experiences in the process. We make observations on things that were helpful in recruiting and retaining the students in research. Our recommendations are broadly applicable to under-privileged students or to students in educational institutions that have very limited resources and support for computational science.
Dense nuclear matter: Supernovae and heavy ions

Supernova 1987 A (Shelton) had a large explosion energy. Such a large energy not only favors the prompt explosion mechanism, but also an equation of state at supra nuclear densities which is substantially softer than obtained in conventional calculations. Inclusion of medium corrections, which are consistent with the implications of chiral symmetry restoration at higher densities, softens the high density equation of state, consistent with the supernova explosion requirements.
The response of the failing heart to chronic mechanical unloading.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The authors present a comprehensive analysis of the evidence in support of improvements at the cellular, structural, and hemodynamic levels after left ventricular assist device support. RECENT FINDINGS The use of left ventricular assist devices as a strategy to bridge patients to cardiac transplantation and, more recently, as a form of destination therapy has provided a great opportunity to study failing myocardium at various time points. Specifically, myocardial samples can be obtained from patients at the time of left ventricular assist device implantation and again at explant, thereby allowing comparisons between paired samples of failing myocardium obtained before and after mechanical unloading. SUMMARY A body of knowledge has been generated that illustrates the ability of the myocardium to "heal." This information may give us better insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of heart failure and potential new therapies for patients with end-stage heart failure.
Macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) deficiency mitigates retinal inflammation and pathological angiogenesis in ischemic retinopathy.

Pathological angiogenesis is a major cause of vision loss in ischemic and inflammatory retinal diseases. Recent evidence implicates macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12), a macrophage-derived elastinolytic protease in inflammation, tissue remodeling and angiogenesis. However, little is known about the role of MMP-12 in retinal pathophysiology. The present study aims to explore the enzyme’s contributions to retinal angiogenesis in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) using MMP-12 knockout (KO) mice. We find that MMP-12 expression was upregulated in OIR, accompanied by elevated macrophage infiltration and increased inflammatory markers. Compared to wildtype mice, MMP-12 KO mice had decreased levels of adhesion molecule and inflammatory cytokines and reduced vascular leakage in OIR. Concomitantly, these mice had markedly reduced macrophage content in the retina with impaired macrophage migratory capacity. Significantly, loss of MMP-12 attenuated retinal capillary dropout in early OIR and mitigated pathological retinal neovascularization (NV). Similar results were observed in the study using MMP408, a pharmacological inhibitor of MMP-12. Intriguingly, in contrast to reducing pathological angiogenesis, lack of MMP-12 accelerated revascularization of avascular retina in OIR. Taken together, we conclude that MMP-12 is a key regulator of macrophage infiltration and inflammation, contributing to retinal vascular dysfunction and pathological angiogenesis.
“The Stereoscopic View of Truth”: The Feminist Theological Rhetoric of Frances Willard's Woman in the Pulpit

Scholarship across the fields of rhetoric, history, and religion credits Frances Willard for her activist work, most notably her contribution to the nineteenth-century temperance movement. Although this scholarship references Willard's religious motivations, it is silent about one of the causes that Willard was committed to, women's preaching, and rarely cites her book, Woman in the Pulpit. By offering a close reading of the rhetorical and theological features of Woman in the Pulpit, this essay (1) suggests that Willard introduces a feminist theological resolution to the separate spheres ideological debate of the nineteenth century—the prevailing discourse that men should lead in political/public space, and women should occupy domestic/private space; and (2) recasts Woman in the Pulpit as a central text in Willard's repertoire—a magnum opus of sorts that represents her feminist brand of Christian Socialist thought.
Propyl hydroxylase production can be uncoupled from the regulation of procollagen synthesis

Abstract Primary avian tendon (PAT) cells increase the production of procollagen from 10–12% to 40–50% of total protein synthesis in response to the addition of ascorbate and an increasing cell density. We now show that prolyl hydroxylase (PH) also increases its activity by greater than five-fold in response to increasing cell density; but unlike procollagen production, this is independent of the presence of ascorbate. The increased activity is a result of greater enzyme production and not a shift in the ratio of inactive to active forms which remains constant at about 10% of the total enzyme proteins. We present the possibility that at low cell density the levels of PH activity could limit production of collagen.
Medium energy (p, n) reactions on light “closed shell” nuclei☆

Abstract Differential cross section and polarization predictions are presented for medium energy (E p ≧ 100 MeV ) (p, n) reactions on light closed shell nuclei. The influence on the predicted cross section of various spin or momentum dependent effective interactions is studied. We stress the advantage of comparing the (p, n) experimental results with recent or anticipated (e, e′) experiments leading to the excitation of T = 1, high spin, non-normal parity “particle-hole” states. It is argued that by doing (p, p′) and (p, n) at medium energies with machines possessing high beam current, variable energy and good resolution, one should be able to make significant progress in understanding both the reaction mechanism and the relevant nuclear structure. Specific examples of exotic states that are predicted to be observable at large momentum transfer are a 6 − , T = 1 (1 f 7 2 ) (1 d 5 2 ) − state in 28 Si(p, n) 28 P ∗ and a 4 − , T = 1 (1 d 5 2 ) (1 p 3 2 ) − state in 16 O(p, n) 16 F ∗ . Form factor minima associated with wave function radial nodes may also be observable.
Southern Oscillation extremes reconstructed from tree rings of the Sierra Madre Occidental and southern Great Plains

Abstract The El Ninio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is correlated with climate and tree growth over northern Mexico and the southern Great Plains of the USA. Warm events favor moist-cool conditions from October through March (event years 0 and +1), and subsequent tree growth (year +1) in the region tends to be above average. The opposite climate and tree growth conditions prevail with less consistency during cold events. ENSO-sensitive tree-ring chronologies from this region were selected to develop two reconstructions of the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) back to 1699. For the first reconstruction, a multiple regression-based calibration equation between prewhitened and regionally averaged tree-ring data from Mexico and Oklahoma and a prewhitened winter (DJF) SO index during the period 1900–71 were used to estimate the winter SOI for each year from 1699 to 1971. The tree-ring predictors account for 41% of the winter SOI variance from 1900 to 1971, and the reconstructed SO indices are significantly correl...
Transmission of Alfvén waves through the Earth's bow shock: Theory and observation

From both theoretical and experimental bases, the transmission of Alfven waves through the bow shock is investigated. The theory of Alfven wave transmission through fast MHD shocks is extended to all cases of incident wave vectors. Particular consideration is given to Alfven waves propagating parallel to the ambient magnetic field with field perturbations polarized in the plane formed by the ambient magnetic field and the shock normal. An analysis is also made of magnetic field and plasma data from Explorer-35 in the vicinity of the bow shock. It is suggested that hydromagnetic waves are present in all of the 14 shock crossings studied, and that in upstream regions of at least 6 crossings, predominantly Alfvenic fluctuations exist. Average amplitudes of these fluctuations are measured on either side of the shock and the enhancement is measured by comparing their levels. Theoretical and experimental findings are compared and the apparent discrepancy in amplification factors may be explained by the strong damping of any transmitted magnetoacoustic modes downstream with relatively little damping of any transmitted Alfven waves.
THE DISPARATE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CARBON NANOTUBES AND DIAMOND NANOWIRES STUDIED BY ATOMISTIC SIMULATION

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to calculate the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes and diamond nanowires with atomic interactions modeled by the Brenner potential. The dependence of thermal conductivity on length, temperature, and temperature “boundary” condition was investigated. Lengths from 50 nm to 1 μm were simulated at a temperature of 290 K, and additional simulations were performed at 100 K and 400 K, for the 100 nm length. Thermal conductivity was found to be significantly suppressed for the shorter lengths. Two different artificial thermostats were used to impose the temperature difference: one rescaled velocities (the Berendsen thermostat), the other assigned velocities sampled from the appropriate Boltzmann distribution to randomly selected atoms for each numerical time step (the Andersen thermostat). Thus, the Berendsen thermostat amplifies existing atomic motions, while the Andersen thermostat, in a sense, disrupts the atomic motions. Nevertheless, results were very similar. ...