cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental changes in guard cell wall structure and pectin composition in the moss Funaria: implications for function and evolution of stomata.

†BackgroundandAims In seed plants, the ability of guard cell walls to move is imparted by pectins. Arabinan rhamnogalacturonan I (RG1) pectins confer flexibility while unesterified homogalacturonan (HG) pectins impart rigidity. Recognized as the first extant plants with stomata, mosses are key to understanding guard cell function and evolution. Moss stomata open and close for only a short period during capsule expansion. This study examines the ultrastructure and pectin composition of guard cell walls during development inFunariahygrometrica and relates these features to the limited movement of stomata. †Methods Developing stomata were examined and immunogold-labelled in transmission electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies to five pectin epitopes: LM19 (unesterified HG), LM20 (esterified HG), LM5 (galactan RG1), LM6 (arabinan RG1) and LM13 (linear arabinan RG1). Labels for pectin type were quantitated and compared across walls and stages on replicated, independent samples. †KeyResults Walls were four times thinner before pore formation than in mature stomata. When stomata opened and closed, guard cell walls were thin and pectinaceous before the striated internal and thickest layer was deposited. Unesterified HG localized strongly in early layers but weakly in the thick internal layer. Labelling was weak for esterified HG, absent for galactan RG1 and strong for arabinan RG1. Linear arabinan RG1 is the only pectin that exclusively labelled guard cell walls. Pectin content decreased but the proportion of HG to arabinans changed only slightly. †Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate changes in pectin composition during stomatal development in any plant. Movement ofFunaria stomata coincides with capsule expansion before layering of guard cell walls is complete. Changes in wall architecture coupled with a decrease in total pectin may be responsible for the inability of mature stomata to move. Specialization of guard cells in mosses involves the addition of linear arabinans.
The Emergence And Prevalence Of Employee Management Rhetorics: The Effects Of Long Waves, Labor Unions, And Turnover, 1875 To 1992

Five employee management rhetorics have swept U.S. managerial discourse over the last century: welfare work, scientific management, human relations and personnel management, systems rationalism, an...
Probabilistic risk analysis for a high-level radioactive waste repository.

A probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) for a high-level radioactive waste repository is very important since it gives an estimate of its health impacts, allowing comparisons to be made with the health impacts of competing technologies. However, it is extremely difficult to develop a credible PRA for a specific repository site because of large uncertainties in future climate, hydrology, geological processes, etc. At best, such a PRA would not be understandable to the public. An alternative proposed here is to develop a PRA for an average U.S. site, taking all properties of the site to be the U.S. average. The results are equivalent to the average results for numerous randomly selected sites. Such a PRA is presented here; it is easy to understand, and it is not susceptible to substantial uncertainty. Applying the results to a specific repository site then requires only a simple, intuitively acceptable "leap of faith" in assuming that with large expenditures of effort and money, experts can select a site that would be at least as secure as a randomly selected site.
A market for secrets

We propose an electronic market system for private data that guarantees levels of privacy, anonymity and control to individuals while maintaining the ability of other entities to mine their information and automatically pay individuals for their data. We also describe a novel procedure that allows data miners to anonymously contact the creators of the information in case their profiles are needed for future research.
Race-Neutral Versus Race-Conscious Workforce Policy To Improve Access To Care

Access to care for racial and ethnic minority groups, low-income populations, and the un- and underinsured has been problematic despite expansion in the health workforce. Workforce policies that improve access to care are needed, as is funding to support them. Reviewing evidence related to providers’ patterns of service to the underserved, this paper concludes that underrepresented minority health professionals have consistently been more likely than those from low socioeconomic backgrounds or the National Health Service Corps to deliver health care to the underserved. These findings have implications for policies and programs that might leverage the workforce to better meet the needs of disadvantaged patients.
Non-Hodgkin Malignant Lymphoma With Tissue Neutrophilia

Abstract Context.—Neutrophils, in the absence of necrosis, are uncommon in non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma. Recently, a neutrophil-rich type of Ki-1 (CD30)-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma was described. Objectives.—We report 3 cases of nonanaplastic large cell lymphoma with an abundance of tissue neutrophils; 2 cases were associated with breast carcinoma and possible infection. Results.—Peripheral blood neutrophilia was noted in only 1 of these 3 patients. Neutrophilia in the lymph nodes occurred in either a sinusoidal or interstitial pattern. Multiple biopsies were available for review in 2 patients; however, tissue neutrophilia was present in only 1 biopsy each. Conclusion.—These findings suggest that nonanaplastic large cell lymphoma–related tissue neutrophilia is a transient phenomenon.
Class struggle and economic fluctuations: VAR analysis of the post-war US economy

Building on Marx’s insights in Chapter 25, Volume I of Capital, an augmented version of the cyclical profit squeeze (CPS) theory offers a plausible explanation of macroeconomic fluctuations under capitalism. The pattern of dynamic interactions that emerges from a 3-variable (profit share, unemployment rate and nonresidential fixed investment) vector autoregression estimated with quarterly data for the postwar U.S. economy is consistent with the CPS theory for the regulated (1949Q4--1975Q1) as well as for the neoliberal periods (starting in 1980 or in 1985). Hence, the CPS mechanism seems to be in operation even under neoliberalism.
Mechanism of Inhibition of RNA Tumor Virus Reverse Transcriptase by Rifamycin SV Derivatives

The rifamycin SV derivatives AF/ABDMP (2,5-dimethyl-4N-benzyl demethyl rifampicin), AF/013 (O-n-octyloxime of 3-formyl rifamycin SV) and C-27 [3-(dicyclohexyl-alkyl piperidyl)-rifamycin SV] have been tested against a variety of purified enzymes, including the a and as forms of the reverse transcriptase purified from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). These derivatives appear to be specific for nucleic acid polymerizing enzymes; they were found inactive when tested against non-polymerizing enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, glutamateoxaloacetate transaminase, RNase A, DNase I, even at very high ratios of drug to enzyme molecule. The derivatives were very active against the DNA polymerase and RNase H activities of AMV. The mechanism by which the derivative AF/ABDMP inhibits the reverse transcriptase activities of AMV and murine leukemia-sarcoma virus, Moloney strain [MSV-MLV(M)] has been studied. The drug interacts with the enzyme, not with templates, and the inhibition is completely reversible. Lineweaver-Burke analysis demonstrated that the inhibition is of the non-competitive type with regard to the binding of templates and triphosphates. Inhibition occurs at an early step(s) of transcription and is the result of the cooperative binding of drug molecules to a region distinct from the active site. The kinetic data of polymerization obtained with the two different forms of the AMV enzyme, a and as were analyzed according to Hill in order to calculate the number of drug molecules that bind and inhibit the viral enzyme» A straight line with a slope of 6.5 was obtained with the a enzyme, which has one subunit. A biphasic plot was obtained with the as enzyme which has two subunits; the values obtained for the two slopes were 3 and 7, with the change in slope occurring at a drug concentration that gives approximately 65% inhibition. A slope of 1 was obtained when the inhibition of E. coli RNA polymerase by AF/ABDMP was studied in an analogous way. The evidence discussed in this paper suggests that the drug binds to a hydrophobic site on the enzyme which exerts a regulatory function on the initiation of DNA synthesis
Critical Multimodal Literacy: How Nigerian Female Students Critique Texts and Reconstruct Unequal Social Structures.

This research investigates how three female Nigerian high school students were taught to deploy critical multimodal literacy to interrogate texts and reconstruct unequal social structures. A class ...
Iterating Random Maps and Applications

A discrete-time Markov process on a locally compact metric space obtained by randomly iterating a finite number of Lipschitz maps is considered. The probability of choosing a particular map at each step is allowed to depend on the current position. Conditions are given that guarantee a unique invariant, attractive measure for the process. An application to real Julia sets associated with polynomials is presented.
Living Lists: How the Indigenous Canela Come to Know Plants Through Ethnobotanical Classification

Abstract This paper explores how members of the indigenous Canela community of northeast Brazil value and make meaningful their engagements with cultivated plants in their local Cerrado (“savannah”) environment through the recent creation of written ethnobotanical lists and through more traditional multi-sensory, embodied approaches. It compares the traditional approach of Canela gardeners coming to know and “becoming with” growing plants through caring, affectionate activities such as garden visits, ritual singing, food sharing, and shamanic communication, with that of the recent written documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge that is associated with people and things coming from a world “outside” the community. Through the creation of fluid and dynamic living lists, Canela gardener parents are seeking new and innovative ways to engage with and know the plant children growing in their gardens. Both the traditional and newer approaches to plant knowledge can and do co-exist in the community. Moreover, C...
Respiratory catabolism in man of the degradative intermediates of L-ascorbic-1-C-14 acid.

Summary1. Chromatographic and radio-autographic evidence is presented showing that progressive degradative changes occur in L-ascorbic acid dissolved in water and kept at 25°C for a 72-hour period. 2. When a human subject received 20 μc of freshly dissolved L-ascorbic-1-C14 acid solution, little or no C14 appears in his respiratory CO2. 3. Men who were given similar samples of L-ascorbic-1-C14 acid aged for 36 and 72 hours, respectively, excreted 30.6% of the ingested C14 as respiratory CO2.
Three Dimensional Compressible Multi-Material Flows

Shock Waves and Detonation waves have been topic of cutting edge research for decades. The interaction of these waves with multi materials can result in complex wave structures in two and three dimensions. Large-scale computations are required to simulate physical phenomena involving detonation and shock waves like supernova formation, explosions and hypervelocity impact and penetration. In this paper we describe the parallel implementation of fixed Cartesian grid flow solver with moving boundaries. A higher order conservation scheme such as ENO is used for calculating the numerical fluxes and level sets are used to define the objects immersed in flow field. A Riemann solver based Ghost fluid method is used for interface treatment of embedded objects. This paper describes the methodology for parallelization with emphasis on efficient storage and retrieval of data, handling moving boundaries in multi-processor environment and definition and treatment of ghost layer in three dimensions. All the features, which have been observed in serial computation, are reproduced with capturing of additional finer structures.
Open Architecture Design of Cloud Computing

As the basis of IT infrastructure, cloud computing has to provide open interface for widespread use otherwise it is just a dedicated system. This paper discusses the implementation of open service from all levels of cloud computing including Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Solutions are proposed for security and upgrading in an open service environment. In conclusion it is proposed that open cloud computing can bring about many development opportunities for traditional telecom services.
Comprehensive review on cardio-oncology: Role of multimodality imaging

Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the two leading causes of mortality worldwide. Evolving oncologic therapy, including the use of newer targeted agents, has led to an improvement in survival from childhood- and adult-onset cancers. Consequently, there has been a growing realization of cardiotoxic complications related to cancer therapy, with some complications manifesting over months to decades after completion of cancer treatment. This paper reviews cancer therapeutics-related cardiovascular toxicity and its manifestations, multimodality imaging techniques for surveillance and detection of this complication, and the current state of knowledge in this emerging field.
Abstract 3677: Loss of IRF5 induces spontaneous murine mammary tumorigenesis

Despite significant research efforts, breast cancer is still the most common malignancy in women and the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. A major challenge in breast cancer treatment is disease heterogeneity that is contributed by many factors including intrinsic cell factors, microenvironment, angiogenesis and tumor-specific immune responses. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor that controls inflammatory and immune responses. Analysis of over 3,000 human breast cancer tissues revealed that high expression of IRF5 correlates with increased survival and lower incidence of metastasis, whereas the lower quartile of IRF5 expression is a significant marker of poor prognosis for recurrence-free survival. These data support a tumor suppressor role for IRF5. To examine how loss of IRF5 expression may play a role in spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis, we generated Irf5 knockout (ko) mice in a BALB/C background. In mammary glands harvested from one-year-old female virgin ko mice (n = 15), we found an increased incidence (16%) of mammary carcinoma in situ as compared to their wild-type littermates (4%; n = 18). Of interest, the number of tumor bearing mice was significantly higher (38%) in retired ko female breeders (n = 8); however, there were no abnormalities detected in one-year-old male ko virgins or breeders (n = 6). Cellular and molecular analysis of female ko and wild-type littermates revealed that Irf5 deficiency enhanced mammary epithelial cell proliferation as indicated by an increased number of Ki67 expressing cells, and resulted in abnormal hyperbranching, which may contribute to mammary tumorigenesis. Irf5 ko breeders also showed impaired mammary gland involution after weaning, which has been shown to facilitate mammary tumor formation in humans. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that IRF5 is a gender-specific tumor suppressor in breast cancer. In this ongoing study, we are further investigating the intrinsic and extrinsic (microenvironment) role of IRF5 in mammary tumor initiation and progression. Citation Format: Dan Li, Xiaohui Bi, Corey Goyeneche, Amy Pitler, Betsy Barnes. Loss of IRF5 induces spontaneous murine mammary tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3677.
Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP)

Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) refers to a form of associative synaptic plasticity in which the temporal order of the presynaptic and postsynaptic action potentials determines the direction of plasticity, that is, whether synaptic depression or potentiation is induced. In the most common form of STDP, long-term potentiation is induced if the presynaptic spike precedes the postsynaptic spike (pre→post), whereas long-term depression is induced if the postsynaptic spike precedes the presynaptic spike (post→pre). In addition to the order of the pre- and postsynaptic spike, STDP is sensitive to the interspike interval, the time elapsed between the two spikes. In general, short intervals produce maximal plasticity, while longer intervals produce little or no change in synaptic strength.
Pointless Spaces and Quantum Gravity

We sketch first a survey of some papers on the themes in the title (with embellishments and connections). Thus in Section 2 we consider ideas from [81, 283, 418, 486, 558, 577, 578, 579, 580, 621, 679, 680, 681, 682]. There are connections here to quantum mechanics (QM) on a discrete background as in [38, 39, 40, 70, 109, 221, 429, 430, 669, 670], to differential calculi on finite sets as in [29, 84, 109, 191, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204], fuzzy physics (cf. [429, 447] and references there), and to noncommutative geometry (NCG) (cf. [109, 155, 156, 280, 429, 447]). Some of the latter material will also be sketched. A basic driving impulse in all this is to understand QM and provide a properly (discrete) geometrical setting for QM, relativity, and classical mechanics (CM). In this direction there are many approaches to relating QM and CM behavior (see e.g. [109] and references there for a survey of some of this). To amplify this a little we will sketch some papers and results which are either more recent or have recently come to our attention; for example we cite [575, 390, 391, 392].
Image Processing Unit for General-Purpose Representation and Association System for Recognizing Low-Resolution Digits With Visual Information Variability

In this paper, a simple image processing unit (IPU) structure for a general-purpose representation and association machine system is proposed. We immediately apply our IPU to a digit recognition and hyper-acuity test. The quality of the digit images has been severely degraded to mimic visual information variability experienced in human visual systems. The degraded images are then fed to the IPU, which consists of a randomly constructed low-density parity check (LDPC) code, an iterative decoder, a switch, and scaling, and decision devices. The results show that: 1) our IPU can reliably recognize digits despite the image quality being poor; 2) our IPU provides a hyper-acuity capability comparable to human visual systems; and 3) our IPU with the randomly constructed LDPC code can provide significantly improved recognition capability compared with the IPU without coding, even though the code is not optimized for our tasks.
Bloch oscillation and unidirectional translation of frequency in a dynamically modulated ring resonator

The ability to control the spectrum of light is of fundamental significance in many applications of light. We consider a dynamically modulated ring resonator that supports a set of resonant modes equally spaced in their resonant frequencies, and is modulated at a frequency that is slightly detuned from the modal frequency spacing. We find that such a system can be mapped into a tight-binding model of photons under a constant effective force, and, as a result, the system exhibits Bloch oscillation along the frequency axis. The sign of the detuning is mapped to the sign of the effective force and hence controls the direction of the Bloch oscillation. We also show that a periodic switching of the detuning can lead to unidirectional transport of light along the frequency axis. Our work points to a new capability for manipulating the frequencies of light using dynamic microcavity structures.
A Developmental, Evolutionary Perspective on Gifts and Talents:

Acknowledging that the terms gifts and talents are at the center of the field's efforts to serve able children, an alternative to Professor Francoys Gagne's psychometric, quantitative perspective is offered that sees gifts as broad, general analytic capabilities, and talents as specific, content-bound capabilities. This alternative perspective is evolutionary, developmental, and historical; and it assumes that both gifts and talents are natural, interact with each other over the life course, and represent two ways for human beings to survive and perhaps fulfill their potential.
"To Have Your Experience Denied . . . it Hurts": Barack Obama, James Baldwin, and the Politics of Black Anger

ABSTRACTThis article argues that Barack Obama's rhetorical example—captured in 4 addresses in response to acts of violence—suggests habits of mind to help us begin to navigate perhaps the most vexing democratic conundrum of our age: Can we find words to realize reconciliation and trust across lines of racial difference, given the violence that infects our efforts to talk to each other? The tensions occasioned by the intersection of race and violence comprised the defining conditions of Obama's presidency. The underpinnings of those conditions and the ways Obama rhetorically worked within them invite us to profoundly rethink how we might articulate a nuanced civic honesty, an honesty inflected by the rhetorical-politics of Black anger modeled by James Baldwin. Together, this honesty, that anger, illuminate understandings of the ways Obama marshaled rhetorical resources to combat the political lynchings ravaging our contemporary civic polity.
Potential Public Health Significance of Non- Escherichia coli Coliforms in Food

Several coliform species other than Escherichia coli are often associated with and possibly responsible for acute and chronic diarrheal disease. Recent evidence suggests that non- Escherichia coli coliforms may be capable of colonizing the human intestine and producing enterotoxin(s) in high-yield. Whether these organisms are newly capable of causing disease because of infestation with extrachromosomal factors mediating pathogenicity or simply because of inherent pathogenic capabilities that have gone unrecognized, they pose a potential health hazard. Food, medical, and public health microbiologists should be aware that the non- E. coli coliforms contaminating foods may be potential enteropathogens. This possibility may make determination of their pathogenic capabilities even more important than identification of their taxonomic characteristics.
Osteoporosis in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathies

Peripheral neuropathy affects three types of nerves: sensory (impulses moving from the muscles to the spinal cord and the brain), motor (impulses moving from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body), and autonomic (nerves that control involuntary or semi-voluntary function such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion). Acquired, as opposed to hereditary neuropathy, has a number of causal factors including systemic diseases, medications and toxins, trauma, infections, autoimmune disorders, and vitamin imbalances. Its symptoms include numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, severe pain or the inability to feel pain at all, loss of coordination and reflexes, and muscle weakness. Functional challenges along with sensory and motor deficits contribute to falls in patients with a variety of peripheral neuropathies.
Does Kenya’s Youth Enterprise Development Fund Serve Young People?

This article analyses issues surrounding a state-supported self‑employment and entrepreneurship programme in Kenya, the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF). Analysis of secondary data in addition to youth interviews suggest that although the YEDF generated employment and income for some young people, the frameworks are narrow and lack supportive implementation structures. In particular, YEDF projects are marred by mismanagement of funds, corruption, and ambiguous eligibility criteria. Moreover, young people lack social networks, entrepreneurial skills and mentorship that would allow them to effectively participate in the YEDF. Inadequate support structures exclude young people from the YEDF. Future policies and programmes must consider flexible and transparent eligibility criteria, stringent accountability mechanisms to curb corruption, and development of business skills and mentorship.
JTE-852, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks immunoglobulin G-mediated cellular responses and autoimmune reactions in vivo

Abstract Aims Immune and inflammatory responses mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig) G are largely responsible for the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) plays a pivotal role in the IgG-mediated responses; therefore, Syk has emerged as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory actions of JTE-852, a novel Syk inhibitor, on IgG-mediated cellular responses and autoimmune reactions in vivo. Main methods We examined mediator secretion from human monocytes. We also conducted rat models of reversed cutaneous anaphylaxis (RCA) and reversed passive Arthus (RPA), which are classified as type II and type III hypersensitivities, respectively. In a rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, JTE-852 or methotrexate was administered preventively (before the onset of arthritis) or therapeutically (after the onset of arthritis). Key findings JTE-852 blocked secretion of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-α from monocytes stimulated by IgG crosslinking. In the RCA and RPA models, JTE-852 also suppressed edema and dye leakage, respectively. In the CIA model, JTE-852 showed both preventive and therapeutic effects against joint swelling and bone erosion; on the other hand, methotrexate did not show the therapeutic effect. Significance JTE-852 attenuates IgG-mediated responses and signs in animal model of autoimmune diseases. JTE-852 is thus a promising candidate for a novel, orally available drug for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Unilateral changes in walking surface compliance evoke dorsiflexion in paretic leg of impaired walkers

IntroductionGait impairments due to stroke impact millions of individuals throughout the world. Despite the growing interest in automating gait therapy with robotic devices, there is no clear evide...
Exploring Instructional Support Design in an Educational Game for K-12 Computing Education

Instructional supports (Supports) help students learn more effectively in intelligent tutoring systems and gamified educational environments. However, the implementation and success of Supports vary by environment. We explored Support design in an educational programming game, BOTS, implementing three different strategies: instructional text (Text), worked examples (Examples) and buggy code (Bugs). These strategies are adapted from promising Supports in other domains and motivated by established educational theory. We evaluated our Supports through a pilot study with middle school students. Our results suggest Bugs may be a promising strategy, as demonstrated by the lower completion time and solution code length in assessment puzzles. We end reflecting on our design decisions providing recommendations for future iterations. Our motivations, design process, and study's results provide insight into the design of Supports for programming games.
Religious Liberty in the Thirteenth Colony: Church-State Relations in Colonial and Early National Georgia

At the time of America's constitutional origins, there was not a singular understanding of the proper relationship between the government and religion, but rather multiple understandings. Those multiple understandings are best understood through a close investigation of the experiences in each of the original states. This Article seeks to add the experience in Georgia - the thirteenth colony - to the larger discussion regarding the status of religious liberty in the various colonies and states in the eighteenth century. From its founding in 1732 throughout the eighteenth century, Georgia was a place of both religious tolerance and religious pluralism. Georgia's Royal Charter provided for liberty of conscience for all, and for the free exercise of religion by all except Roman Catholics. The Charter did not establish the Church of England or any other church. (Although the Church of England would later be established by law in 1758, it was, in practice, a weak establishment with little real ecclesiastical presence.) Between the Revolution and 1800, the new State of Georgia had three constitutions (1777, 1789, and 1798), each of which explicitly addressed religion and provided for varying levels of free exercise (including liberty of conscience) and disestablishment. These principles of religious liberty that were reified and realized in the governing documents stemmed from the necessity of recognizing a variety of religious beliefs, for from early times the colony contained adherents of a number of religious faiths. These included Jews, Anglicans, Lutherans, Presbyterians, and others - who formed, according to one author, "a rich generation of religious ferment in the colony." This admixture of religious adherents was welcomed - indeed, invited - to the new territory. And the various worshipers were not asked to conform to, nor required to support, the Church of England, but instead received governmental funding and support for their own endeavors (including land grants, salaries for ministers, and some control over church and civil governance). By analyzing Georgia's law and experience, this Article seeks to unearth and illuminate those principles of religious liberty valued in early Georgia. This Article reveals that early Georgians cherished liberty of conscience, free exercise, direct (but non-preferential) governmental support for religion, respect for religious pluralism, and non-discrimination on the basis of religion. Further, while Georgians gradually moved toward recognizing the value of disestablishment, there was never an intellectual adherence to a strict Jeffersonian ideal of "separation of church and state." By adding Georgia's experience in church-state relations to the larger conversation about religious liberty in the early Republic, this Article opens the conversation to a fuller discussion of the multiple understandings of religious liberty present from the beginning.
Claiming the State: Active Citizenship and Social Welfare in Rural India

Citizens around the world look to the state for social welfare provision, but often struggle to access essential services in health, education, and social security. This book investigates the everyday practices through which citizens of the world's largest democracy make claims on the state, asking whether, how, and why they engage public officials in the pursuit of social welfare. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in rural India, Kruks-Wisner demonstrates that claim-making is possible in settings (poor and remote) and among people (the lower classes and castes) where much democratic theory would be unlikely to predict it. Examining the conditions that foster and inhibit citizen action, she finds that greater social and spatial exposure - made possible when individuals traverse boundaries of caste, neighborhood, or village - builds citizens' political knowledge, expectations, and linkages to the state, and is associated with higher levels and broader repertoires of claim-making.
Landscape and population genetics reveal long distance sharp-tailed grouse ( Tympanuchus phasianellus ) movements and a recent bottleneck in Minnesota

Sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) are an area-sensitive species that relies on open landscapes of grass and brush. These areas have become highly fragmented in the Great Lakes Region by succession to forest, agriculture, and other human land uses. We used microsatellites in a landscape-genetic approach to identify landscape features that influence movement and connectivity for sharp-tailed grouse in Minnesota, where they have a regional stronghold. Feathers from leks and hunter wing submissions resulted in 367 individuals from the northwest (NW) and 84 from the east-central (EC) management regions. Both the NW and EC regions were genetically diverse and distinct, with high connectivity between them, although it is unclear whether this connection is contemporary or historical. Our analysis indicated that sharp-tailed grouse were structured across regions by land cover or by the amount of agriculture, grasslands, shrublands, and wet meadows on the larger landscape. Numerous long distance dispersal events were detected. Population clustering analysis indicated greatest support for two genetic clusters in the NW and three clusters in the EC region; however, mapping sample locations of individuals by assigned cluster revealed panmixia of clusters in the EC region. High genetic diversity, a low inbreeding coefficient, and significant excess in heterozygosity are consistent with a recent demographic compression or bottleneck in the EC region, and also consistent with surveys indicating a recent decline there. Sustained low population size or further declines would be expected to reduce genetic diversity. We recommend increasing grassland and shrubland quantity and quality to increase population size in the EC region soon.
Addressing the Continuing Conundrum of Research and Practice

This is the introduction to a special issue focusing directly on the underlying principles that guide the editorial focus of Intervention in School and Clinic (ISC), that of the relationship betwee...
Vector Acoustic Analysis of Time-Separated Modal Arrivals From Explosive Sound Sources During the 2017 Seabed Characterization Experiment

The Intensity Vector Autonomous Recorder (IVAR) is a system that records four coherent channels of acoustic data continuously: one channel for acoustic pressure and three channels associated with a triaxial accelerometer from which acoustic particle velocity is obtained. IVAR recorded the vector acoustic field in broadband signals originating from Signal, Underwater Sound (SUS) (Mk-64) charges deployed at 5–13-km range from the fixed IVAR site (mean depth 74.4 m) as part of the 2017 Seabed Characterization Experiment (SBCEX) designed to study the acoustics of fine-grained muddy sediments. Sufficient geometric dispersion at these ranges permitted unambiguous identification of up to four modes as a function of frequency for frequencies less than 80 Hz. From time–frequency analysis of the dispersed arrivals, a single mode ( $n$ ) and single-frequency ( $f_{i})$ properties are identified at peaks in the narrowband scalar field, with time dependence corresponding to mode group speed. At these time–frequency addresses, four quantities derived from the vector acoustic measurements are formed by coherent combination of pressure and velocity channels: first, modal phase speed; second, circularity, a measure of the normalized curl of active intensity; third, depth-dependent mode speed of energy; and fourth, vertical component of reactive intensity normalized by scalar intensity. A means to compute these quantities theoretically is provided, and a comparison of model results based on a notional geoacoustic representation for the SBCEX experimental area consisting of a single low-speed mud layer over a half-space area versus a Pekeris representation based on the same half-space shows a striking difference, with the field observations also clearly at variance with the Pekeris representation. A fundamental property of mode 2, observed at the IVAR location, is a change in sign for circularity and vertical reactive intensity near 37 Hz that is posited as a constraint observation for mode 2 that must be exhibited by any geoacoustic model that includes a low-speed mudlike layer applied to this location.
Geolocation in the Browser

Geolocation is arguably one of the most powerful capabilities of smartphones and a lot of attention has been paid to native applications that make use of it. The discontinued Google Gears plugin was one of the first approaches to access exact location data on the Web as well, apart from server-side coarse location lookups based on Internet Protocol (ip) addresses; and the plugin led directly to the now widely implemented Geolocation api. The World Wide Web Consortium (w3c) Geolocation api specification defines a standard for accessing location services in the browser via JavaScript. For a long time, developers have also demanded more advanced features like background geolocation tracking and geofencing. The w3c Geolocation and the Devices and Sensors Working Groups, as well as the Web Incubator Community Group (wicg), have addressed these demands with the no longer maintained Geofencing api specification for the former, and—with now (early 2019) resumed efforts—the in-flight Geolocation Sensors specification for the latter two groups. This paper first provides an in-depth overview of the historical development of geolocation in the browser and motivates privacy decisions that were made at the time, and then gives an outlook on current and future efforts, challenges, and use cases from both a technology as well as from a privacy angle.
Self-Authorship Theory: Using Challenge and Support to Inform One’s Advising Practice

Challenge and support: though a popular expression in the field of student affairs and especially in the functional area of academic advising, without a formal tie to student development theories these three words lack the substance to truly transform one’s academic advising practice. Therefore, this article serves as a reflective piece outlining how challenge and support can play a meaningful role in informal and formal advising settings. I explore the benefit of using self-authorship theory as a foundation for applying challenge and support to one’s practice, the value of the Learning Partnerships Model for both students and practitioners, and provide an example from my experience that demonstrates how personal narrative might inspire intrapersonal reflection on this topic.
26th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education, July 18-23, 2020, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

The 26th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education (BCCE) will be held July 18–23, 2020, hosted by Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. BCCE provides opportunities for interacting with chemistry instructors of all levels in formal and informal settings. Join colleagues for professional growth and social networking and discover how Chemistry Is Paramount.
Loan Spreads and Credit Cycles: The Role of Lenders' Personal Economic Experiences

Do changes in lender optimism lead to excessive fluctuations in credit spreads across the credit cycle? Using data on the real estate properties of loan officers originating large corporate loans, we analyze the role of lenders’ personal economic experiences as a mechanism driving such fluctuations. We provide evidence that lenders overweight their recent locally experienced economic conditions, captured by local housing growth, and this systematically shapes credit spreads for borrowers that own real estate assets and riskier loans. Our analysis suggests that these effects are driven by lenders’ beliefs about real estate values and can have important aggregate implications.
Photoacoustic image reconstruction in an attenuating medium using singular value decomposition

Attenuation effects can be significant in photoacoustic tomography (PAT) since the measured pressure signals are broadband and ignoring them may lead to image artifacts and blurring. Previous work by our group had derived a method for modeling the attenuation effect and correcting for it in the image reconstruction. This was done by relating the ideal, unattenuated pressure signals to the attenuated pressure signals via an integral operator. In this work, we explore singularvalue decomposition (SVD) of a previously derived 3D integral equation that relates the Fourier transform of the measured pressure with respect to time and two spatial components to the 2D spatial Fourier transform of the optical absorption function. We find that the smallest singular values correspond to wavelet-like eigenvectors in which most of the energy is concentrated at times corresponding to greater depths in tissue. This allows us characterize the ill posedness of recovering absorption information from depth in an attenuating medium. This integral equation can be inverted using standard SVD methods and the optical absorption function can be recovered. We will conduct simulations and derive algorithm for image reconstruction using SVD of this integral operator.
Understanding predictors of change in a day treatment setting for non-suicidal self-injury.

Objectives To examine change in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) frequency, quality of life, and functional impairment from admission to discharge in patients enrolled in partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient programmes (PHP/IOP) designed to treat NSSI. Demographic, clinical, and treatment-related predictors of changes were also examined. Design Data were collected as part of routine clinical assessment procedures at admission and discharge from patients enrolled in a PHP/IOP programme designed to treat NSSI. The clinical assessment included measures examining quality of life, functional impairment, and NSSI behaviour. Methods Paired t-tests were used to examine change in NSSI frequency, quality of life, and functional impairment. Reliable clinical change analyses were used to identify clinically significant change in quality of life and functional impairment. Multilevel mixed-effects regression was used to examine predictors of change for quality of life and functional impairment. Negative binomial regression was used to examine predictors of change for NSSI frequency. Results From admission to discharge, NSSI frequency significantly decreased and quality of life and functional impairment evidenced clinically significant change. Age, race/ethnicity, and insurance type predicted change in functional impairment, while gender predicted change in quality of life. Urge to self-injure predicted change in NSSI frequency. Borderline symptoms predicted change across all outcome variables. Conclusions Patients who completed a day treatment programme for NSSI evidenced significant change in NSSI frequency, functional impairment, and quality of life at discharge; however, several demographic and clinical variables were associated with change. Practitioner points Patients who engage in NSSI show significant change from admission to discharge in a day treatment programme dedicated to the treatment of NSSI. Quality of life and functional impairment are important outcome variables to consider and evaluate in higher levels of care. It is important to consider demographic and clinical variables when creating a treatment plan for NSSI. Although BPD symptoms may be important to consider in day treatment for NSSI, interpersonal dysfunction, depressive symptoms, and mood lability may also affect change in symptoms.
Political economy of the global food and agriculture system

Abstract This chapter addresses the world historical conditions underlying the present crisis of the global agrifood system and its contributions to the combined climate and biodiversity emergency. It is framed through the lens of a succession of international food regimes, from the mid-19th century to the present day, focusing on key food complexes such as wheat, animal protein, and processed foods. It traces how these have evolved through three distinctive world food orders, as industrial agriculture has strengthened its grip on diets, species, and planetary health, intensifying processes of enclosure, human displacement, and corporate monopolization via financialization and digitalization. The remainder of the chapter looks at the 2007–08 world “food crisis” in a long-standing global agrarian crisis (of public support and cheap food dumping in Southern markets), conversion of food crops to fuel crops, and rising land acquisitions for speculation and/or profit as a context for ongoing recognition and development of highly plausible alternatives.
Amino Acids Promote Mitochondrial-Derived Compartment Formation in Mammalian Cells

We recently identified a new cellular structure in yeast, called the Mitochondrial-Derived Compartment (MDC), that forms on mitochondria in response to amino acid excess. While emerging evidence supports an important function for MDCs in protecting cells from metabolic stress, whether this system exists beyond yeast remains unclear. Here, we show that MDCs are conserved in mammals, and like their yeast counterparts, are responsive to the intracellular amino acid content. Specifically, we find that inhibition of protein translation stimulates formation of dynamic, micron-sized compartments that associate with the mitochondrial network. These compartments are enriched for the carrier receptor Tomm70A and other select mitochondrial outer and inner membrane cargo, associate with the ER membrane, and require the conserved GTPase Miro1 for formation. Mammalian MDCs are responsive to changes in amino acid levels during translation inhibition, and are not activated by other common cellular stressors. Thus, MDCs represent an evolutionarily conserved nutrient-responsive mitochondrial remodeling system.
“Blockchain-Based Identity: The Advantages and Disadvantages”

Digital identity is now required for virtually all transactions and is fundamental to individual standing for most activities. The authenticity and accuracy of identity is import to governments, businesses, and individuals. Because of the increased economic and legal significance of digital identity there is interest by governments around the world in using blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies to replace paper-based identity records for identity authentication and verification. A number of governments are considering moving to a blockchain-based system, while others have already moved to this new technology. There are advantages in doing so, but there are implications that have not been adequately analyzed. This chapter examines the advantages and challenges presented by blockchain identity systems and the implications, particularly for governments and individuals relying on blockchain-based identity. The chapter concludes with a framework for new approach to support use of blockchain for identity authentication.
Market Power, Rents, and Deadweight Welfare Loss in Collegiate Swimming

As with all collegiate sports in the United States, athletes do not earn income from their labor efforts. This is due, primarily, to the structure of the NCAA as an incidental cartel. This cartel market power translates to price ceilings on wages and quotas on the number of athletes employed. On average, most college swimmers are generating at least the value of their athletic scholarship. However, some generate far more. This lays the groundwork for future work on exploitation of student-athletes and estimation of the deadweight welfare loss in aquatic sport.
Head-to-head comparison of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and mpMRI in the detection, intra-prostatic localization, and local extension of primary prostate cancer: A single-center imaging study with histopathology gold-standard.

193Background: The local staging of prostate cancer relies on systematic or targeted biopsies and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). The role of prostate-specific membrane antigen ...