cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A single molecule immunoassay by localized surface plasmon resonance

Noble metal nanoparticles exhibit sharp spectral extinction peaks at visible and near-infrared frequencies due to the resonant excitation of their free electrons, termed localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Since the resonant frequency is dependent on the refractive index of the nanoparticle surroundings, LSPR can be the basis for sensing molecular interactions near the nanoparticle surface. However, previous studies have not yet determined whether the LSPR mechanism can reach the ultimate sensing limit: the detection of individual molecules. Here we demonstrate single molecule LSPR detection by monitoring antibody-antigen unbinding events through the scattering spectra of individual gold bipyramids. Both experiments and finite element simulations indicate that the unbinding of single antigen molecules results in small, discrete < 0.5 nm blue-shifts of the plasmon resonance. The unbinding rate is consistent with antibody-antigen binding kinetics determined from previous ensemble experiments. According to these results, the effective refractive index of a single protein is approximately 1.54. LSPR sensing could therefore be a powerful addition to the current toolbox of single molecule detection methods since it probes interactions on long timescales and under relatively natural conditions.
Informational liposomes: Complexes derived from cholesteryl-conjugated oligonucleotides and liposomes

Abstract Oligonucleotides with cholesteryl groups tethered near one or both termini bind efficiently to liposomes. Liposomes tagged with such oligonucleotides are recognized by complementary oligonucleotides free in solution or bound to a membrane, as shown by experiments in which the liposomes are precipitated or are immobilized on a membrane as a consequence of hybridization.
An X-ray study of residual stresses and bending stresses in free-standing Nb/Nb5Si3 microlaminates

Abstract Asymmetric X-ray diffraction was used to quantify residual stresses in Nb/Nb5Si3 microlaminates that were sputter deposited and then annealed at 1200°C for 3 h. The residual stresses are attributed to a mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients for the Nb and Nb5Si3 phases, and can rise as high as 300 MPa on cooling from 1200°C. Sizable ( >500 MPa ) bending stresses were also detected in microlaminates that were curved after annealing and then were flattened for X-ray analysis. The residual stresses in the Nb laminates were quantified using an improved anisotropic elastic analysis that accounts for the strong 〈110〉 texture in these layers. The stresses in the Nb5Si3 laminates were quantified using an isotropic elastic analysis that accounts for both residual stresses and bending stresses.
Streaking artifacts reduction in four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using an “on-board” x-ray imaging device integrated into a radiation therapy system has recently been made available for patient positioning, target localization, and adaptive treatment planning. One of the challenges for gantry mounted image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) systems is the slow acquisition of projections for cone-beam CT (CBCT), which makes them sensitive to any patient motion during the scans. Aiming at motion artifact reduction, four-dimensional CBCT (4D CBCT) techniques have been introduced, where a surrogate for the target’s motion profile is utilized to sort the cone-beam data by respiratory phase. However, due to the limited gantry rotation speed and limited readout speed of the on-board imager, fewer than 100 projections are available for the image reconstruction at each respiratory phase. Thus, severe undersampling streaking artifacts plague 4D CBCT images. In this paper, the authors propose a simple scheme to significantly reduce the streaking artifacts. In this method, a prior image is first reconstructed using all available projections without gating, in which static structures are well reconstructed while moving objects are blurred. The undersampling streaking artifacts from static structures are estimated from this prior image volume and then can be removed from the phase images using gated reconstruction. The proposed method was validated using numerical simulations, experimental phantom data, and patient data. The fidelity of stationary and moving objects is maintained, while large gains in streak artifact reduction are observed. Using this technique one can reconstruct 4D CBCT datasets using no more projections than are acquired in a 60 s scan. At the same time, a temporal gating window as narrow as 100 ms was utilized. Compared to the conventional 4D CBCT reconstruction, streaking artifacts were reduced by 60% to 70%.
Enlargement and the international role of the euro1

ABSTRACT How will enlargement of the European Union (EU) affect prospects for the euro as an international currency? Previously, I have argued that Europe's joint currency is fated to remain a distant second to America's greenback long into the foreseeable future because of three structural factors – relatively high transactions costs, due to inefficiencies in Europe's financial markets; a serious anti-growth bias built into the institutions of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); and, most importantly, ambiguities at the heart of the monetary union's governance structure. In this essay I extend my earlier analysis, focusing in particular on the impact of enlargement on the governance structure of EMU. From the start, internationalization of the euro has been retarded by a lack of clarity about the delegation of monetary authority among governments and EU institutions. The addition of a diverse collection of new members, with significantly different interests and priorities, can only make the challenge of g...
Post-ICU mechanical ventilation: treatment of 1,123 patients at a regional weaning center

Study objectives To update our database, reporting changes in the results of weaning attempts and profile of patients transferred to us after prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) in the ICU. Design Retrospective record review, with prospective recording of physiologic measurements on admission from mid-1994. Setting Regional weaning center (RWC). Patients We studied 1,123 consecutive ventilator-dependent patients transferred for attempted weaning over an 8-year period. Measurements and results Median (range) time of mechanical ventilation prior to transfer to the RWC declined from 37 (1 to 249) days in 1988 to 29 (1 to 120) days in 1996 (p Conclusions Patients are being transferred from the ICU to our RWC for attempted weaning sooner in their course of PMV. Although more severely ill on arrival than in past years, mortality is unchanged, more than half of the patients continue to be successfully weaned, and survival after RWC discharge is improved.
Effect of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Amount and Concentration of Trypticase Soy Broth on Regurgitation by Female Face Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

The effects of temperature, relative humidity, and concentration and amount of trypticase soy broth (TSB) on regurgitation by Musca autumnalis DeGeer were determined. The highest amounts and concentrations of TSB resulted in the most frequent regurgitation. Regurgitation occurred most often at the lowest relative humidities (RH) examined, and regurgitation was most pronounced at 29°C. Significant interactions between RH and concentration of TSB, RH and amount of TSB, concentration and amount of TSB, temperature and concentration of TSB, and temperature and amount of TSB were found.
Tickets to ride: selecting cargo for clathrin-regulated internalization

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis oversees the constitutive packaging of selected membrane cargoes into transport vesicles that fuse with early endosomes. The process is responsive to activation of signalling receptors and ion channels, promptly clearing post-translationally tagged forms of cargo off the plasma membrane. To accommodate the diverse array of transmembrane proteins that are variably gathered into forming vesicles, a dedicated sorting machinery cooperates to ensure that non-competitive uptake from the cell surface occurs within minutes. Recent structural and functional data reveal remarkable plasticity in how disparate sorting signals are recognized by cargo-selective clathrin adaptors, such as AP-2. Cargo loading also seems to govern whether coats ultimately bud or dismantle abortively at the cell surface.
Flexible Scanning MicroEndoscope for Two-photon Fluorescence and SHG Imaging

We report an all-fiber-optic approach for beam delivery, collection, scanning and dispersion management in a microendoscope for nonlinear optical imaging. Preliminary result of ex vivo rat tail tendon imaging is presented.
Alexander and the Cultural Refounding of American Sociology

This paper considers and evaluates Jeffrey Alexander’s strong program in cultural sociology, which represents an exercise in paradigm formation and an ambitious attempt to refound American sociology along interpretive lines. Cultural sociology is assessed according to four axes, namely its social constructivist epistemology, culturalizing methodology, analytical realism, and internal and external positioning. In addition to discussing the accomplishments and limitations of cultural sociology in all these areas, the paper indicates ways to strengthen it by setting it in conversation with other and more explicitly critical currents of thought.
Asbestos exposure indices

The ability of inhaled asbestos to produce asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma in both humans and animals is well established, and asbestos exposures in the occupational and general community environment are recognized as significant hazards. However, it has not been possible to establish realistic and credible dose-response relationships, primarily because of our inability to define which constituents of the aerosols produce or initiate the pathological responses. It is generally acknowledged that the responses are associated with the fibers rather than the nonfibrous silicate mineral of the same chemical composition. Available data from experimental studies in animals exposed by injection and inhalation to fibers of defined size distributions are reviewed, alone with data from studies of fiber distributions in lungs of exposed humans in relation to the effects associated with the retained fibers. It is concluded that asbestosis is most closely related to the surface area of retained fibers, that mesothelioma is most closely associated with numbers of fibers longer than approximately 5 microns and thinner than approximately 0.1 micron, and that lung cancer is most closely associated with fibers longer than approximately 10 microns and thicker than approximately 0.15 micron. The implications of these conclusions on methods for fiber sampling and analyses are discussed.
Intermediate enzymatic factors in the coupling of phosphorylation to electron transport

Abstract The so-called “partial” reactions of oxidative phosphorylation offer an approach to the general nature and sequence of the intermediate steps in energy coupling in the respiratory chain. These reactions include the ATP-ase, ATP- 32 P i exchange, the H 2 18 OP i exchange, the ATP-ADP exchange and the arsenolysis reaction. The enzyme catalyzing the ATP-ADP exchange reaction has been obtained in soluble purified form. It can be recombined with digitonin membrane fragments to reconstruct the dinitrophenol sensitivity which is characteristic of the ATP-ADP exchange in intact mitochondria. Another soluble protein, M-factor, has been obtained which can increase DNP-sensitivity of this exchange. M-factor also increase ATP-ase and ATP- 32 P i eechange activity. Under appropriate test conditions both the ATP-ADP exchange enzyme and M-factor preparations can increase the P:O ratio of pretreated digitonin fragments. Mitochondrial swelling and contraction are dependent on the respiratory chain and its coupling mechanisms. A soluble mitochondrial protein, called C-factor, is necessary to effect contraction of glutathione-swollen mitochondria. This factor has been purified 100-fold. It also exhibits M-factor activity and this finding provides an enzymatic link between the chemical aspects of respiratory chain energy-coupling and the mechanochemical changes involved in mitochondrial contraction. The possible role of the three enzymes in energy coupling is outlined.
A Perfectly Matched Layer absorbing boundary condition for linearized Euler equations with a non-uniform mean flow

A Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) for linearized Euler equations with a parallel non-uniform mean flow is presented. The PML is formulated by utilizing a proper space-time transformation in its derivation so that in the transformed coordinates all dispersive waves supported by the non-uniform flow have consistent phase and group velocities. The space-time transformation is determined through a study of dispersion relations of all the linear waves. The proposed PML equations are applicable to both bounded and unbounded flows and given in unsplit physical variables. Furthermore, the stability of the PML is also considered. It is shown that the proposed PML is stable for a finite range of the absorption coefficient. Numerical examples that demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of PML as an absorbing boundary condition are presented.
Effects of glycemic control and aldose reductase inhibition on nerve conduction velocity.

Abstract In two studies of patients with diabetes who did not have neurologic symptoms, nerve conduction velocity was increased either by an improvement in glucose control or by the administration of the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil. In a 1981 study by Graf et al, glycemic control and motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were evaluated in 18 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes before and after one, three, six, and 12 months of antihyperglycemic therapy. There was an improvement in motor nerve conduction velocity (median motor, p
Effects of geometrical imperfection at the onset of convection in a shallow two-dimensional cavity

Abstract A theoretical study is made of the effect of geometrical imperfections on the formation of weakly nonlinear convection in a shallow two-dimensional cavity uniformly heated from below. If the sidewalls of the cavity are not quite vertical then convective rolls first appear near these walls and subsequently spread inwards to the centre of the cavity as the Rayleigh number is increased. If the horizontal surfaces are not quite parallel then the major effect is a lateral modulation of the rolls due to a combination of the misalignment of the horizontal surfaces and the presence of the sidewalls. As an interesting special case, the solution for a cavity of uniformly sloping base is presented and asymptotic methods are found to provide a remarkably accurate prediction for the critical Rayleigh number as a function of angle of inclination.
HEL /high-energy laser/ silicon component technology

Single crystal silicon exhibits thermal, mechanical, optical, and fabrication properties appropriate for the requirements of HEL (High-Energy Laser), component technology. As a material, single crystal silicon offers low thermal expansion, low density, high thermal conductivity and high heat capacity which yield a thermal/mechanical high power deformation response that is superior to Mo, Be, WC and other mirror candidate materials. In addition, silicon's crystal structure can be used to produce periodic, sharply defined geometrical shapes in certain crystallographic planes through Preferential Chemical Etching (PCE). By properly combining this action with specific photoresist exposure and development techniques, coolant channels and other critical structures related to HEL component fabrication may be produced accurately. Silicon also can be polished to a low microroughness, yielding surfaces with low scatter and high damage resistance. These advantages apply to both CW and pulsed modes of operation, providing the potential for high quality operation at short as well as long wavelengths.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Costs of swine diseases to producers in Ohio.

Abstract Thirteen Ohio swine operations were surveyed monthly for economic and epidemiologic information during a 12-month period as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System. The total reported costs of specific diseases averaged $18.98 per pig-year, with pneumonia accounting for 28%, followed by stillbirths 11%, overlaying 8%, scours 8%, starvation 6%, death 3%, cold exposure 3%, and mastitis 2%. Of the total reported costs, $13.32 per pig-year were costs associated with disease occurrence: deaths, culling, and stillbirths (78%), body weight loss (13%), drugs, biologicals, and veterinary services (5%), and producer labor and carcass disposal (4%). Of the $5.66 per pig-year spent on disease prevention, 90% was for drugs and biologicals, followed by producer labor (9.5%) and veterinary services (
Case studies for prognostics-enhanced Automated Contingency Management for aircraft systems

This paper presents several case studies for using prognostic information in the design of fault tolerant control solutions for flight critical aircraft systems. A hierarchical Automated Contingency Management (ACM) architecture that allows fault accommodation and mitigation at various levels in the system ranging from component level control reconfiguration, system level control reconfiguration, to high level mission re-planning is introduced and illustrated with three case studies, one for each level. Incorporating prognostics in ACM system allows not only fault accommodation, but also failure mitigation via proper control actions based on short term prognosis, and moreover, the establishment of a long term operational plan that optimizes the utility of the entire system based on long term prognostics. The proactive ACM concept and architecture presented in this paper are applicable to many advanced autonomous systems such as deep space probes, unmanned autonomous vehicles, satellites, military and commercial aircrafts.1 2
Relationships between grain boundary structure and energy

Abstract The Read-Shockley equation describing the dependence of the grain boundary energy on misorientation of the grains, has been reformulated using the recently developed structural unit model of the atomic structure of grain boundaries, so that it is applicable to general high angle boundaries. The boundary energy then consists of the energy of a reference structure, and of the core and elastic energies of the corresponding DSC dislocations. While the latter part of the boundary energy is determined using the elastic theory of dislocations the former two parts are determined on the basis of atomistics of grain boundaries employing the structural unit model. In the framework of this analysis the minimum number of reference structures in a given misorientation range as well as the extent of misorientations related to a given reference structure are determined unambiguously. Hence, the positions of cusps in the energy vs misorientation dependence and their relative depths and extents are also determined uniquely. The validity of this model is demonstrated for the [001] and [111] symmetrical tilt boundaries which have been studied by atomistic computer simulations.
Learning from Diverse Scholarship

The editorial board of Innovative Higher Education shows an interest in and willingness to publish articles across a wide range of important topics and research issues in higher education, as evidenced by volume 31, 4. In this issue, the authors report on a course and instructional method for building student inquiry skills, institutional change and online program development, assessment techniques to improve student learning, and a research methodology useful for administrative planning; in each article, I found something useful for my research and teaching, and I hope you will do the same. Justice and colleagues focused on student learning at the course level, and they describe in detail an inquiry based course which they have refined over 5 years. The purpose of the article is to share the process and components of an inquiry based course, and I did gather some ideas for my courses. However, what caught my eye was the statement that the course led to “...statistically positive differences in students earning passing grades, achieving Honors staying on the Dean’s Honors List, and remaining in the University.” With student college retention on the national agenda, we must be deliberate in determining what makes a difference in student engagement and persistence. As educators, we look for those interventions that can make a difference, that are backed with evidence, that are thoroughly described for replication. I think this article provides enough detail to allow for replication in first year seminars or graduate education. Considering that failure to complete the doctoral dissertation is quite high in some areas, perhaps a graduate level, inquiry based course would be useful for students who are struggling in developing research questions, understanding alternative explanations, or explicating a theoretical framework. I think that sometimes we err in assuming that graduate students have developed all of the “fundamental” skills. Lake and Puschak describe one university’s effort to reallocate resources to create online courses and to increase enrollments in graduate programs. The reallocation was touted as beneficial to the institution and a service to non-traditional students in rural areas. They recount the changing student demographics nationally and the local and state context that led to the reallocations. I kept thinking about how this was done, and that change is never Innov High Educ (2007) 31: 199–200 DOI 10.1007/s10755-006-9026-4
Child abuse by mothers' boyfriends: Why the overrepresentation?

This study showed that although mothers' boyfriends perform relatively little child care, they are responsible for substantially more child abuse than other nonparental caregivers. Using data drawn from interviews with single mothers and records of child abuse substantiated through child protection investigation, mothers' boyfriends' overrepresentation in child abuse was traced to five conditions: (a) the location of their child care in single parent families; (b) their gender; (c) the absence of genetic relationship between mothers' boyfriends and their partner's children; (d) mothers' boyfriends' perceived illegitimacy as caregivers and family members; and (e) mothers' boyfriends' rivalry with their partner's children. The limitations of these findings and implications for future research are discussed.
A new model incorporating ion dissociation for sodium chloride solutions near the critical point of water

A new model is reported that combines a Helmholtz energy expression developed by Anderko and Pitzer and is valid in the critical region of water with a mathematical equation developed by Wood and co-workers describing the dissociation of aqueous sodium chloride. The new model takes into account the effects of ionic dissociation, hard-sphere interactions, and dipole−dipole interactions. The new model and the Anderko-Pitzer model were tested by comparing measured heats of dilution of NaCl in the near-critical and supercritical regions of water with those calculated using these models. The heats of dilution of aqueous NaCl solutions calculated using the Anderko−Pitzer model were in poor agreement in the dilute concentration region with those reported by Busey et al. and Chen et al. and with new results reported here. The agreement between experimental heats of dilution and those calculated using the Anderko−Pitzer model depended on the variables solute concentration, temperature, and pressure. This agreement...
K4Nb6O17-derived photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from water: Nanoscrolls versus nanosheets

The layered hexaniobate K{sub 4}Nb{sub 6}O{sub 17} is known as a photocatalyst for methanol dehydrogenation and hydrogen evolution from water under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we show that the activity is retained in propylammonium- (PA) or tetrabutylammonium- (TBA) stabilized H{sub 2}K{sub 2}Nb{sub 6}O{sub 17} nanosheets and TBA-stabilized H{sub 4}Nb{sub 6}O{sub 17} nanoscrolls that can be obtained by exfoliation of K{sub 4}Nb{sub 6}O{sub 17} followed by cation exchange. The catalytic activity of the exfoliated systems is comparable to K{sub 4}Nb{sub 6}O{sub 17}, with scrolls being most active in water, and PA sheets giving enhanced H{sub 2} rates due to sacrificial electron donor action of PA. Femtosecond absorption spectra for TBA scrolls and PA sheets exhibit broad features between 450 and 700 nm due to trapped holes and electrons. Electron-hole recombination follows approximately second-order kinetics, with rates of decay similar for sheets and scrolls. In addition, catalysts were characterized with UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. - Graphical abstract: Nanosheets and nanoscrolls composed of individual niobate layers from K{sub 4}Nb{sub 6}O{sub 17} are active for hydrogen generation from water and aqueous methanol under UV irradiation.
A Streamer Ejection with Reconnection Close to the Sun

We previously described coronal events that expand gradually outward over an interval of 1-2 days and then suddenly tear apart in the coronagraph's 2-6 R☉ field of view to form an outgoing flux rope and an inward system of collapsing loops. Now, we combine LASCO white-light images of the outer corona with spectrally resolved EIT images of the inner corona to describe a similar event for which the separation occurs closer to the Sun. The evolution of this 2006 July 1-2 event had four phases: (1) an expansion phase in which magnetic loops rise slowly upward and increase the amount of open flux in the adjacent polar coronal hole and in the low-latitude hole of opposite polarity; (2) a stretching phase in which the legs of the rising loops pinch together to form a current sheet; (3) a transition phase in which field line reconnection produces an outgoing flux rope and a hot cusp of new loops; and (4) an end phase in which the reconnected loops become visible at lower temperatures, and the outgoing flux rope plows through the slow material ahead of it to form a traveling bow wave. During this time, the photospheric field was relatively weak and unchanging, as if the eruption had a nonmagnetic origin. We suppose that coronal heating gradually overpowers magnetic tension and causes the streamer to separate into a system of collapsing loops and a flux rope that is carried outward in the solar wind.
Too little, too late : Socioeconomic disparities in the experience of women living with diabetes

The purpose of this article is to examine whether or not subjective social status (SSS) contributes to diabetes diagnosis and disease discovery experiences. Eighteen diabetic women participated in semi-structured interviews. Interview transcripts were reviewed and coded using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Several general themes emerged from the data analysis: SSS shaped different experiences through (a) situations of diabetes discovery (including the circumstances and stage of diabetes at the time of diagnosis), (b) the degree to which participants considered diabetes to be manageable, (c) the extent of diabetes-related knowledge and experience before diagnosis, and (d) opportunities to gain knowledge shortly thereafter. Due to these constraints, lower SSS individuals had particularly adverse disease discovery experiences. The findings are consistent with the theory of constrained choices. Implications for practitioners and for future research are discussed.
Antimalarial Agents from Plants II. Decursivine, A New Antimalarial Indole Alkaloid from Rhaphidophora decursiva

Antimalarial bioassay-directed fractionation led to the isolation of a new active indole alkaloid, decursivine (1), from the leaves and stems of Rhaphidophora decursiva Schott (Araceae). In addition, a leaf sample yielded the structurally-related compound serotobenine (2), previously reported from a taxonomically unrelated family, which was not active against Plasmodium falciparum. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic means, and its antimalarial activity was observed with IC 50 values of 3.93 and 4.41µg/ml against the D6 and W2 clones of Plasmodium falciparum, respectively.
Packing 1×2×4 bricks in a cubical box

Given a cubical box C"2"n"+"1 of side 2n+1 and a supply of 1x2x4 bricks, it is proved that if n>=2, then (A1)one can pack n^3+3n^2+12 bricks for n odd, and n^3+3n^22 bricks for n even, (A2)the capacity of C"2"n"+"1 is @?12n(n+1)(2n+1), and if n=1 or 2 (mod4), this upper bound for the capacity can be reduced by 1.
Unified hands technique for mandibular dislocation.

Background: The conventional approach to mandibular dislocation involves intraoral bilateral inferior-posterior downward force on the patient's molar occlusal surfaces. Discussion/Technique: The unified hands technique is a new method for reducing a mandibular dislocation. The technique involves intraoral unilateral application of both hands on the side of the dislocated mandible. This maneuver was successful in reducing a mandibular dislocation refractory to the traditional method of intraoral bilateral inferior-posterior downward force on the patient's molar occlusal surface. Conclusion: The technique described may be useful for the emergent reduction of mandibular dislocations when traditional methods fail.
Treatment of tobacco use in lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

Background Continued tobacco use in the setting of lung cancer management is frequently confounding and always of critical importance. We summarized the published literature concerning the management of tobacco dependence in patients with lung cancer and offer recommendations for integrating dependence treatment into ongoing oncologic care. Methodology MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Collaborative databases were searched for English language randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, secular trend analyses, and case series relevant to the a priori identified clinical questions. Evidence grading, integration, and genesis of recommendations followed the methods described in "Methodology for Development of Guidelines for Lung Cancer" in the American College of Chest Physicians Lung Cancer Guidelines, 3rd ed. Results We describe the approach to tobacco dependence in patients with lung cancer at various phases in the evolution of cancer care. For example, among patients undergoing lung cancer screening procedures, we recommend against relying on the screening itself, including procedures accompanied solely by self-help materials, as an effective strategy for achieving abstinence. Among patients with lung cancer undergoing surgery, intensive perioperative cessation pharmacotherapy is recommended as a method for improving abstinence rates. Cessation pharmacotherapy is also recommended for patients undergoing chemotherapy, with specific recommendations to use bupropion when treating patients with lung cancer with depressive symptoms, as a means of improving abstinence rates, depressive symptoms, and quality of life. Conclusions Optimal treatment of lung cancer includes attention to continued tobacco use, with abstinence contributing to improved patient-related outcomes at various phases of lung cancer management. Effective therapeutic interventions are available and are feasibly integrated into oncologic care. A number of important clinical questions remain poorly addressed by the existing evidence. CHEST 2013; 143(5)(Suppl):e61S–e77S
Design protocol data and novel design decisions

Abstract This work is a part of The Delft Protocols Workshop which is an international gathering of experts on design research. The objective is to study the behaviours of designers using techniques of cognitive psychology in general and protocol analysis in particular. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between visual-graphic data processing and novel design ideas. Several analyses dealing with verbal-conceptual and visual-graphic data have been conducted, and the relationships between design activities and design decisions have been explored. The findings indicate that phases of the design process and the activities correlate with key design decisions.
Reduced density of intramembrane particles in erythrocytes of dystrophic chickens

The intramembrane particles in erythrocytes of chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy and normal controls were compared by the freeze-fracture technique. Reduction of particles in both fracture faces and greater clustering of them was found in dystrophic samples. The concept of a generalized membrane abnormality in dystrophic chickens is supported.
Echocardiographic predictors of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after repair of interrupted aortic arch.

Abstract Objectives. This study was designed to identify preoperative echocardiographic predictors of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after repair of interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect closure. Background. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction becomes apparent in nearly 50% of patients after repair of interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect closure but is seldom recognized preoperatively. Methods. We analyzed the preoperative echocardiograms of all patients with interrupted aortic arch who had postoperative echocardiographic or catheterization data available. Thirty-seven infants (aged 1 day to 10 months, median 5 days) were included. Off-line measurements were performed on hard copies of selected images. The cross-sectional area (indexed to body surface area) and diameters (indexed to the square root of body surface area) of the left ventricular outflow tract; ascending and descending aorta; ventricular septal defect; and mitral, aortic and pulmonary valves were compared with outcome by using analysis of variance. Outcome was classified according to development of postoperative left ventricular outflow tract Doppler gradient (Group 1 ≤ 20 mm Hg, Group 2 > 20 mm Hg). Results. The cross-sectional area of the left ventricular outflow tract was significantly smaller in patients who did than in those who did not develop subaortic obstruction ([mean ± SD] 0.64 ±0.25 vs. 1.7 ± 1.01 cm2/m2, p Conclusions. The preoperatively measured cross-sectional area of the left ventricular outflow tract is significantly smaller in patients with interrupted aortic arch who develop subaortic obstruction postoperatively, with a left ventricular outflow tract area ≤ 0.7 cm2/m2being a sensitive predictor. Aortic arch anatomy (i.e., type of interrupted aortic arch and presence of aberrant right subclavian artery) is also predictive of postoperative left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, possibly by influencing the volume of blood flow across the left ventricular outflow tract. These data should enable preoperative identification of infants who may require surgical relief of subaortic stenosis.
Hemodynamic effects of multiple arteriovenous fistulae in the canine hindlimb.

Abstract The effects of multiple arteriovenous fistulae upon regional and central hemodynamic events were studied in anesthetized dogs. Fistulae between a femoral artery and vein were constructed from autogenous carotid artery in a manner which permitted placement of flowmeter transducers on the fistulae. A single fistula increased proximal femoral arterial flow from a mean control of 91 ± 16 (SE) to 357 ± 53 ml min −1 ( P P −1 . Flow through the femoral artery distal to the fistulae was 65 ± 10 ml min −1 with both fistulae closed. Opening one fistula reduced this value to 38 ± 7 ml min −1 ; opening both fistulae further reduced flow to 21 ± 3 ml min −1 . Both these reductions, were significantly below control ( P P P
Determination of dispersion and nonlinear coefficients of photonic crystal fibers by degenerated FWM method

By using degenerated four wave mixing (FWM) method and counting the efficiency of the newly created frequency, we easily obtained dispersion, dispersion slope and nonlinear coefficients by fitting the experimental data with several well-known functions.
The Featuring of Will in History: A Rhetorical Exploration of Richard Nixon's Post-Presidential Writings.

The post‐presidential writings of Richard Nixon are a symptom of the ailing health of public morality in liberal society. Using the venue of foreign policy commentary, Nixon constructed a series of histories featuring an overarching concern for the “will. “ The emphasis on “will” permitted Nixon to work out the tension between the theoretical man and the man of action, transforming the standards of higher moral principle into the politics of expediency.
Discrete dental trait asymmetry in Mexican and Belizean groups

Discrete dental trait asymmetry was scored on four Mexican Indian and two Afro-Belizean groups. The Mexican populations show significantly higher mean asymmetry than the two populations from Belize even though the Belizean groups have larger teeth. Point biserial coefficients of correlation between asymmetry of discrete traits and tooth size is low and in most cases not significant. This study indicates that populational and ethnic differences exist in the asymmetry of discrete traits, suggesting that these traits may be used to investigate the etiology of dental asymmetry, and the relative roles of genetics and environment.
Estimation of the common mean of a bivariate normal distribution

The problem of unbiased estimation of the common mean in sampling from a bivariate normal distribution is considered. Performance of several estimators is compared.
Long-term follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of postoperative aortic recoarctation

Immediate- and short-term follow-up results of balloon dilatation of aortic recoarctation following surgery have been well documented, but there is sparse data on long-term follow-up. During a 10-year period ending in August 1995, 33 children, aged 2 months to 14 years old, underwent balloon angioplasty of aortic recoarctation. Prior surgery included resection and end-to-end anastomosis (n = 9), subclavian flap (n = 16) or prosthetic (Dacron or Gore-Tex) patch (n = 5) angioplasty, and repair of an interrupted aortic arch (n = 3). Recoarctation developed 1 month to 14 years (mean ± SD 29 ± 44 months) after surgery. The indications for angioplasty were peak-to-peak systolic gradients >20 mm Hg and systemic hypertension and/or congestive heart failure. After balloon angioplasty, the peak-to-peak systolic pressure gradient across the coarctation decreased from 48 ± 22 to 13 ± 15 mm Hg (p <0.01), and the size of the coarcted segment increased from 3.3 ± 1.4 to 6.5 ± 2.3 mm (p <0.01). Follow-up angiography and/or magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 20 children 17 ± 12 months after angioplasty. No aneurysms were observed and improvement in the diameter of the coarcted aortic segment (9 ± 3 mm) persisted. One- to 10-year (median 5) clinical follow-up was available in 32 children. During follow-up, 2 children required surgery to repair a long tubular isthmic narrowing. The residual gradients, determined by arm-leg systolic blood pressure difference, were 5 ± 8 mm Hg. No patient was symptomatic and only 1 patient (3%) was hypertensive, controlled with antihypertensive medications. We conclude that balloon angioplasty of aortic recoarctation following all types of surgical repair is feasible, safe, and effective with good long-term results. We recommend balloon angioplasty as the procedure of choice in the management of postsurgical recoarctation with hypertension and/or congestive heart failure.
A pseudospectral method for time-domain computation of electromagnetic scattering by bodies of revolution

We present a multidomain pseudospectral method for the accurate and efficient time-domain computation of scattering by body-of-revolution (BOR) perfectly electrically conducting objects. In the BOR formulation of the Maxwell equations, the azimuthal dependence of the fields is accounted for analytically through a Fourier series. The numerical scheme in the (r,z) plane is developed in general curvilinear coordinates and the method of characteristics is applied for patching field values in the individual subdomains to obtain the global solution. A modified matched-layer method is used for terminating the computational domain and special attention is given to proper treatment of the coordinate singularity in the scattered field formulation and correct time-domain boundary conditions along edges. Numerical results for monochromatic plane wave scattering by smooth and nonsmooth axis-symmetric objects, including spheres, cone-spheres, and finite cylinders, is compared with results from the literature, illustrating the accuracy and computational efficiency associated with the use of properly constructed spectral methods. To emphasize the versatility of the presented framework, we compute plane wave scattering by a missile and find satisfactory agreement with method-of-moment (MoM) computations.
First report of Sclerotium rolfsii on common chickweed in North Carolina

Common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo) is a common weed species found in agricultural fields of northeastern North Carolina. Symptomatic plants of common chickweed were observed during a March 2001 survey of winter annual weed species in Perquimans County, NC. The plants were growing in a harvested peanut field with a known history of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Water-soaked, bleached stems and chlorotic leaves were collected from plants and brought to the laboratory for isolation. Small portions (1 to 2 cm) of symptomatic stems and entire leaves were rinsed with tap water and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Developing colonies were transferred to obtain pure cultures. The rapidly growing cultures had coarse, white mycelium typical of S. rolfsii and produced abundant, small, round, brown sclerotia approximately 2.0 mm in diameter on the surface of the culture. Clamp connections were observed with microscopic examination of mycelia. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by placing 4-mm-diameter agar plugs of 2-day-old fungal mycelium on stems of three mature, nonsymptomatic chickweed plants. Agar plugs without fungal mycelium were used for the control treatment. Plugs were held in place with self-sticking bandage gauze. Plants were misted with water, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated on a laboratory counter top at ambient temperature (24°C). Abundant mycelia developed, and water-soaked lesions and necrotic stems were observed. Noninoculated plants remained healthy and free of signs and symptoms during the incubation period. The fungus was reisolated on PDA, and pure cultures of S. rolfsii were obtained. Koch's postulates confirmed common chickweed was a host of S. rolfsii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of common chickweed as a host of S. rolfsii. Crop species commonly used in peanut rotations (corn, small grains, sorghum, and cotton) do not support populations of S. rolfsii. Many dicotyledonous weed species have been reported as hosts of S. rolfsii, but our observation of active disease on a winter weed species was unexpected. Colonization of winter weed, if prevalent, may enhance survival of S. rolfsii between crops of susceptible hosts such as peanut.
Regulation of intestinal microbiota by the NLR protein family

Upon encounter with antigen, CD4 1 T cells differentiate into effector Th subsets with distinctive functions that are related to their unique cytokine profiles and anatomical locations. One of the most important Th functions is to provide signals to developing B cells that induce specific and appropriate antibody responses. The major CD4 1 T cell subset that helps B cells is the T follicular helper (TFH) cell, whose expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5 [chemokine (C–X–C motif) receptor 5] serves to localize this cell to developing germinal centers (GCs) where it provides instructive signals leading to Ig class switching and somatic mutation. TFH cells produce high levels of IL-21, a cytokine that is critical for GC formation and also for the generation of TFH cells. Although TFH cells have been found to produce cytokines characteristic of other Th subsets, they represent a distinct lineage whose development is driven by the transcription factor B-cell CLL lymphoma-6 (BCL6). Consistent with their critical role in the generation of antibody responses, dysregulated TFH function has been associated with the development of systemic autoimmunity. Here, we review the role of IL-21 in the regulation of normal TFH development and function as well as in progression of autoimmune responses.
Don’t Look at My Answer: Subjective Uncertainty Underlies Preschoolers’ Exclusion of Their Least Accurate Memories

Preschoolers’ ability to introspect and make decisions on the basis of these introspections has traditionally been questioned. The present research introduces a novel paradigm to examine the development of the connection between subjective uncertainty about memory and decision making in preschoolers. Three-, 4-, and 5-year-olds (N = 81) encoded items presented once or twice. They then completed a forced-choice test, provided confidence judgments for each response, and decided whether to select or exclude answers to be evaluated for the possibility of reward. Four- and 5-year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, reported lower certainty for incorrect and weaker memories than for correct and stronger memories, and they judiciously excluded their least confident memories, which resulted in accuracy gains for selected memories; these findings highlight age-related improvements in introspection on memory accuracy. Among accurate responses only, even 3-year-olds excluded their least confident answers, which suggests that...
Higher Education-Community Partnerships: Assessing Progress in the Field

Urban universities and colleges have increasingly been investing in partnerships with their local communities. As this burgeoning movement emerges from its infancy stages, numerous questions about assessing and funding these efforts arise. The author relies on his experiences as a participant observer, evaluator, and researcher to address the following questions: What are effective measurements of progress in higher educationcommunity partnerships? What is the significance of this movement’s stage in development regarding the availability of resources and the appropriateness of assessment? The author also relies on his observations of the field of corporate social responsibility to see if it sheds any light on how one should think about resources and assessment of higher education-community partnerships. Although measurable outcomes of these efforts are essential, process is a major factor, given the significance of relationships to success. For example, if trust and communication do not exist between partners, effective outcomes will remain elusive.
Sample-efficiency-optimized auxiliary particle filter

In this paper, we present a sample-efficiency-optimized auxiliary particle filter. We show that by computing the weights of the auxiliary variable through a simple optimization procedure, the variance of the resulting importance weights can be considerably reduced, in fact, minimized. In turn, the effective sample size and therefore the efficiency of the overall sampling both increase. Experiments have been extensively conducted using the bearings-only model. The experimental results fully support the theoretical conclusions that the proposed sample-efficiency-optimized auxiliary particle filter outperforms the nonoptimized auxiliary particle filtering, producing smaller tracking errors and larger effective sample sizes