cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification of human plasma alpha 2 macroglobulin and alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor using zinc chelate chromatography.

A method utilizing metal chelate chromatography has been developed for the large-scale purification of two major plasma proteinase inhibitors under nondenaturing conditions. α 2 macroglobulin ( α 2 M) and α 1 proteinase inhibitor ( α 1 PI) are both isolated from the same batch of pooled human plasma by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation and chromatography on zinc chelate columns. These two steps of the procedure result in the purification of α 2 macroglobulin that is homogeneous as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. The α 1 proteinase inhibitor requires two additional steps: chromatography on DE-52 cellulose at pH 6.5 and 7.5 to achieve homogeneity. Specific activities of the inhibitors are comparable to the highest previously reported.
Mechanically Separated Spleen: Its Composition and Protein Efficiency Ratio

Beef spleens were freed of undesirable capsular and internal connective tissue by passage through a Beehive Model AU 4171 deboner fitted with a desinewing head. The resulting product (called mechanically separated spleen or MSS) was recovered at a 79% yield and contained 17.0% protein, 2.9% fat and 762 ppm iron. The effect of mechanical separation on protein quality was determined by protein efficiency ratio (PER). Rats fed MSS and whole spleen diets exhibited significantly greater weight gains than those fed casein. PER values for whole spleen (2.4) and MSS (2.3) were not significantly different. The PER value for casein (2.5) was significantly higher than that of MSS but not whole spleen.
Randomness and perceived-randomness in evolutionary biology

In recent years we have seen a growth of interest in the concept of randomness among philosophers and mathematicians. Particularly interesting has been the development of new connections between the concept of computational complexity and the idea of the degree of randomness of a sequence as connected with the complexity of the simplest program capable of generating that sequence (Chaitan, 1975).
Localized heating of electrons in ionization zones: Going beyond the Penning-Thornton paradigm in magnetron sputtering

The fundamental question of how energy is supplied to a magnetron discharge is commonly answered by the Penning-Thornton paradigm invoking secondary electrons. Recently, Huo and coworkers (Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 22, 045005 (2013)) used a global discharge model to show that electron heating in the electric field of the magnetic presheath is dominant over heating by secondary electrons. In this contribution, this concept is applied locally taking into account the electric potential structure of ionization zones. Images of ionization zones can and should be interpreted as diagrams of the localization of high electric potential and related electron energy.
HIV-Associated Anorectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum: An Emerging Epidemic

Summary Anorectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum (AR-LGV) has recently been recognized as an emerging problem among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). AR-LGV may resemble other conditions such as Crohn's disease, resulting in misdiagnosis and the potential for the development of disabling and irreversible long-term complications. Prompt, appropriate antibiotic therapy is essential. We review the epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and public health concerns of AR-LGV.
The effects of reversing distending pressure sequences in the neonatal piglet.

We studied different sequences of lung inflation in ventilated newborn piglets with normal lungs in order to determine the effects of sequence, magnitude and duration of distending pressure on pulmonary function, and/or hemodynamics. End-expiratory pressure was varied using a continuous negative extrathoracic pressure (CNEP) device. Three groups of ventilated piglets with normal lungs were exposed to 2 cmH2O increments of CNEP from −2 to −12 cmH2O and to decrements from −12 to −2 cmH2O or to only -6 cmH2O. Lung inflation sequence, magnitude of inflation pressure, and duration of inflation had significant effects on end-expiratory lung volume and lung compliance at numerically equivalent pressure levels. End-expiratory lung volume and lung compliance varied (at four and five of six inflation pressures studied) by as much as 68% and 104%, respectively. Hemodynamic effects of the lung inflation sequence were more variable; those found to be different at numerically equivalent pressure levels were associated with changes in lung compliance and ventilation. Differences in pulmonary mechanics can best be explained by the effects of lung inflation on alveolar recruitment versus overinflation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:97–105. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
If at first you don’t succeed: Review procedures for revised and resubmitted manuscripts

Scholarly manuscripts typically are revised many times prior to publication. Revision has become such an expected part of the manuscript review process that different review procedures have been implemented to deal with the revised manuscript. This article compares analyses of the peer review and editorial decision-making process for first-submission manuscripts and for revised and resubmitted manuscripts to the American Sociological Review (ASR) between 1977 and 1981. For each group of manuscripts we estimate a two-stage path model. These models predict 54 percent of the variance for first submission manuscripts and 80 percent for resubmitted manuscripts. Because the review processes for “R & R” manuscripts are different, we propose three publication strategies for authors considering resubmission.
Using aggregation to optimize long-term production planning at an underground mine

Motivated by an underground mining operation at Kiruna, Sweden, we formulate a mixed integer program to schedule iron ore production over multiple time periods. Our optimization model determines an operationally feasible ore extraction sequence that minimizes deviations from planned production quantities. The number of binary decision variables in our model is large enough that directly solving the full, detailed problem for a three year time horizon requires hours, or even days. We therefore design a heuristic based on solving a smaller, more tractable, model in which we aggregate time periods, and then solving the original model using information gained from the aggregated model. We compute a bound on the worst case performance of this heuristic and demonstrate empirically that this procedure produces good quality solutions while substantially reducing computation time for problem instances from the Kiruna mine.
The profile of a separating droplet

Abstract Thc capillary equations, as treated by Bashforth and Adams, were used as a basis to describe the profile of a separating droplet whose volume exceeded the critical value by a small amount. The basic assumption in this development was that the separation process resulted from a pressure difference across the interface of the droplet. This pressure drop was assumed to be a linear function of height. The agreement between the experimental and computed profiles was good until the droplet developed a minimum in the profile.
Chemotaxis of nurse shark leukocytes

Studies were conducted to determine the ability of leukocytes from the nurse shark to migrate in an in vitro micropore filter chemotaxis assay and to determine optimal assay conditions and suitable attractants for such an assay. A migratory response was seen with several attractants: activated rat serum, activated shark plasma, and a pool of shark complement components. Only the response to activated rat serum was chemotactic, as determined by the checkerboard assay.
Identification of novel subtype selective RAR agonists.

Drugs targeting retinoid receptors have been developed to treat a variety of therapeutic indications, but their success has been limited in part due to lack of selectivity. A novel functional cell-based assay R-SAT™ was employed to screen a small molecule chemical library and identify a variety of novel RAR agonists with various subtype selectivities, including RARβ/γ and RARγ selective agonists. A novel class of synthetic compounds that distinguishes between the different RARβ isoforms is described. This pharmacophore displays anti-proliferative activity and induces differentiation in a neuronal cell line, consistent with a classical retinoid mechanism of action while providing unique subtype selectivity. These novel subtype selective RAR agonists could serve as powerful tools to probe into subtype and isoform-specific retinoid function.
The structure and synthesis of alliodorin

Abstract A new phenolic terpene aldehyde, alliodorin (1a), has been isolated from Cordia alliodora and shown to be a derivative of geranylhydroquinone. Alliodorin diacetate was synthesized by geranylation of hydroquinone followed by acetylation and finally by oxidation with selenium dioxide, thus confirming the assigned structure. Several other compounds from the oxidation reaction were isolated and characterized.
Rationales for conjugal sex in RaABaD'sBa'alei ha-nefesh

(A)(1) Now we must know and understand what is the appropriate intention in that [i.e., sexual] deed, and what is the intention that corrupts it and abrogates its reward and renders it evil instead of good. (2) I therefore searched and studied to the best of my ability (lit., with my meager intelligence) and discovered the essence of this deed in four and only four motivations (kavvanot). (3) Of these four motivations I distinguished three that constitute the rationale for being rewarded; for the reward of the fourth is less than that of the three....
Distant metastases in epidermoid cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

The pattern of metastases in patients who died of epidermoid cancer of the head and neck area, between 1954 and 1967, at the Veterans Administration Research Hospital, Chicago, was studied. One hundred fifty-three patients died of epidermoid cancer of the head and neck; metastases below the clavicles were found in 46.7% of the patients. Fourteen patients, 9.1%, died of a second primary cancer; the lung and esophagus were the most common sites. Patients with distant metastases lived, on the average, 3 months longer from time of diagnosis to death than the patients without distal metastases.
Alternating multihead finite automata

Abstract We define alternating multihead finite automata, a generalization of nondeterministic multihead finite automata based on the alternating Turing machine model introduced by Chandra, Kozen, and Stockmeyer (1981). We study the relationships between the classes of languages accepted by alternating multihead finite automata and the classes accepted by deterministic and nondeterministic multihead finite automata and pushdown automata. We also examine basic questions about alternating multihead finite automata (for example, are k + 1 heads better than k ?). We conclude by placing upper bounds on the deterministic time and space complexity of the classes of languages accepted by alternating multihead finite automata. As corollaries to our results about alternating multihead finite automata, we obtain several facts about multihead pushdown automata, indicating that the study of alternating multihead finite automata may lead to useful results about nonalternating automata.
Analysis of RING finger genes required for embryogenesis in C. elegans

The RING finger motif exists in E3 ligases of the ubiquitination pathway. These ubiquitin ligases bind to target proteins, leading to their modification by covalent addition of ubiquitin peptides. Current databases contain hundreds of proteins with RING finger motifs. This study investigates the role of RING finger genes in embryogenesis of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. We expand the previous list of RING finger-containing genes and show that there are 103 RING finger-containing genes in the C. elegans genome. DNA microarrays of these 103 genes were probed with various RNA samples to identify 16 RING finger genes whose expression is enriched in the germline. RNA interference (RNAi) analysis was then used to determine the developmental role of these genes. One RING finger gene, C32D5.10, showed a dramatic larval arrest upon RNAi. Three RING finger genes exhibited embryonic lethality after RNAi. These three genes include par-2, and two small RING finger proteins: F35G12.9 (an ortholog of APC11) and ZK287.5 (an ortholog of rbx1). Embryos from RNAi of the APC11 and rbx1 orthologs were arrested in the cell cycle, confirming the role of these particular RING finger proteins in regulation of the cell cycle. genesis 38:1–12, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genomics-based food-borne pathogen testing and diagnostics: possibilities for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service.

The use of genomic technologies at the U.S. Department of Agriculture could enhance inspection, monitoring, and risk assessment capabilities within its Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Molecular assays capable of detecting hundreds of microbial DNA sequences within a single food sample that identify food-borne pathogens of concern and characterize their traits most relevant to human health risk are of great interest for FSIS. For example, a high-density assay, or combination of assays, could screen FSIS inspected food for pathogens relevant to public health (e.g., Salmonella, Listeria, and toxic E. coli) as well as their associated virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. Because most genotype assays can be completed in one working day with a minimum of reagents, use of such assays could potentially save FSIS a significant amount of cost/time for analyses. Further, a genotype assay can detect specific microbial traits relevant to human health risk based on the DNA sequence of toxin producing genes, antibiotic resistance alleles, and more. By combining rapid analysis with specific data on human health risks, information from such high-density genotype assays could provide expanded support for test and hold situations, recalls, outbreak management, and microbial risk assessments (e.g., provide data needed for food-borne illness source attribution).
Another Day at the Beach: Combing Sensor Data with Human Perception and Intuition for the Monitoring and Care of Public Recreational Water Resources

We present a new approach to monitoring public recreational beach waters and describe a prototype system that collects data from sensors and from people and combines those to create a novel metric of water resource quality and appreciation. We present an evaluation of the system and consider some consequences for IT-enabled smart environments that monitor shared resources in general.
Plant and infaunal communities associated with a created marsh

Destruction of tidal wetlands has led to a growing interest in the restoration and creation of new wetland habitat. However, while natural stands of vegetation have been successfully duplicated, less is understood about the establishment of faunal communities in created or restored tidal marshes. Infauna, which may form an important link between detrital production and commercially important finfish and decapods, have received limited attention in vegetated marsh habitats. We examined the infauna, changes in vegetation composition, and selected physical parameters in created marshes of different ages. Infauna were sampled using standard core sampling techniques. Vegetation composition and changes in relative abundance were observed using plot-point techniques. Vegetation plots indicated ongoing replacement ofSpartina alterniflora bySchoenoplectus robustus, a pattern supported by comparisons of vegetation at one of the sites to that reported in a previous study. Infauna exhibited significant differences between sites of different ages, with the intermediate-age site having intermediate densities for several taxa. These results suggest that both infauna and vegetation in created marshes undergo long-term change (ongoing after 10–20 yr), with both the plant and infaunal communities having qualitatively similar overall species composition to natural marsh areas.
Power, leadership, and participatory management

(1981). Power, leadership, and participatory management. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 20, Leadership for the Twenty-first Century, pp. 219-224.
Long-Term Small Molecule and Protein Elution from TiO2 Nanotubes

In this study, TiO(2) nanotubes of various dimensions were used to elute albumin, a large protein molecule, as well as sirolimus and paclitaxel, common small molecule drugs. The nanotubes controlled small molecule diffusion for weeks and large molecule diffusion for a month. Drug eluted from the nanotubes was bioactive and decreased cell proliferation in vitro. Elution kinetics was most profoundly affected by tube height. This study demonstrates that TiO(2) nanotubes may be a promising candidate for a drug-eluting implant coating.
Microcrack induced toughening—an interaction model

Abstract Microcracks are viewed as a mechanism causing variation in strengths of Brittle Materials. A macrocrack-microcrack interaction model is presented to explain the effects of microcrack induced toughening. The model is based on the technique of double layer potentials, within the plane problem of elasticity. Effects on the Effective Stress Intensity Factor at the macrocrack tip due to such interactions are determined.
Efficacy of the Modifying Phonation Intervals (MPI) Stuttering Treatment Program With Adults Who Stutter

Purpose This study compared a new adult stuttering treatment program (Modifying Phonation Intervals, or MPI) with the standard of care for reducing stuttered speech in adults (prolonged speech). Method Twenty-seven adults who stutter were assigned to either MPI or prolonged speech treatment, both of which used similar infrastructures. Speech and related variables were assessed in 3 within-clinic and 3 beyond-clinic speaking situations for participants who successfully completed all treatment phases. Results At transfer, maintenance, and follow-up, the speech of 14 participants who successfully completed treatment was similar to that of normally fluent adults. Successful participants also showed increased self-identification as a “normal speaker,” decreased self-identification as a “stutterer,” reduced short intervals of phonation, and some increased use of longer duration phonation intervals. Eleven successful participants received the MPI treatment, and 3 received the prolonged speech treatment. Conclusi...
Army relevant Biological Hazards Detection with Commercial SERS substrates

There is an increasing need and challenge for early rapid and accurate detection, identification, and quantification of chemical, biological, and energetic hazards in many fields of interest (e.g., medical, environmental, industrial, and defense applications). Increasingly to meet these challenges, researchers are turning to interdisciplinary approaches combining spectroscopy with nanoscale platforms to create technologies that offer viable and novel solutions for today’s sensing needs. One technology that has gained increasing popularity to meet these needs is surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). SERS is particularly advantageous as it does not suffer from interferences from water, requires little to no sample preparation, is robust and can be used in numerous environments, is relatively insensitive to the wavelength of excitation employed and produces a narrow-band spectral signature unique to the molecular vibrations of the analyte. SERS enhancements (chemical and electromagnetic) are typically observed on metalized nanoscale roughened surfaces. For ideal SERS sensing, a commercially available uniform and reproducible nanoscale surface demonstrating high sensitivity are desirable. Additionally, if these surfaces can be modified for the selective sensing of hazard materials, an ideal sensor platform for dynamic in field measurements can be imagined. In this proceedings paper, preliminary efforts towards the characterization and application of commercially available next generation Klarite substrates will be demonstrated. Additionally, efforts toward chemical modification of these substrates, through peptide recognition elements, can be used for the targeted sensing of hazardous materials.
Poor Responders in RTI

States and districts have been encouraged to consider responsiveness to scientifically based instruction and intervention (RTI) as one of many markers of eligibility for special education under the category of learning disabilities. In this article, the authors describe variations in determining responsiveness, and cultural and linguistic characteristics of poor responders. They argue that even though early intervention helps many students to improve their academic skills and behavior, we know little about whether RTI reduces the incidence or severity of LD or whether it identifies students with LD more reliably than earlier practices.
Exact Solution for a Closed Chain of Classical Spins with Arbitrary, Isotropic Nearest-Neighbor Exchange

The problem of a system of classical spins of arbitrary dimensionality interacting through an arbitrary, isotropic nearest-neighbor-exchange Hamiltonian is solved exactly for the closed linear chain. The $2m$-uple spin-correlation function for spins a distance $k$ apart is shown to be the $k\mathrm{th}$ power of the ratio of the $m\mathrm{th}$ eigenvalue to the largest one. It is proposed that experimental data be used to find the general functional form of the exchange interaction.
Smith-Purcell radiation from small gratings

A series of metallic gratings, having grating spacing of 2180 \AA{} and known numbers of grooves ranging from 1000 to 4, were seen to produce Smith-Purcell radiation when exposed to a 50-keV electron beam. Bandwidths for the radiation from these gratings were measured and found to be dependent upon the number of grating grooves as well as the beam angle of incidence. This is interpreted as indicating a one-to-one correspondence between grooves in the grating and undulations in the radiated wave train produced by a single passing electron. With this assumption, a height for the zone of effective interaction for the electron is calculated to be \ensuremath{\sim}1500 \AA{} from the grating surface.
Hearing loss, palatal function, and other factors in post-laryngectomy rehabilitation

Abstract Cine-radiographic studies show that good speaking laryngectomees do not ‘swallow air and burp it up.’ They inflate the esophagus, with motions quite different from swallowing dynamics, and gradually release air past a sphincter usually located at C5 or between C5 and C6. The good speakers can usually sustain phonation of a vowel (as an exercise) for periods of 1.3–5.5 seconds and sometimes higher. Poor speakers may be likely to have hearing losses and palatal pareses. They are also likely to be older at the time of surgery, although this cannot be completely confirmed. Limited education does not seem to impede learning of esophageal speech of the patients studied, and little data are available regarding intelligence as a factor in the learning of esophageal speech. It was noted that rehabilitation of the laryngectomee is not simply a matter of sending him for ‘esophageal speech lessons.’ Coordinated professional guidance from medical specialists, audiologists and speech pathologists, social workers, and psychologists can be of service to many patients. Working with local lost chord clubs has been reported beneficial for certain other patients. Certainly these two approaches, the professional approach versus the lay treatment approach, need not be mutually exclusive. A special plea is made for less prejudice against the artificial larynx, and toward the reliance on any procedure which will facilitate the patient's early and complete communication. In general, cooperation is called for between physicians and non-medical specialists in the research and clinical aspects of work with the laryngectomee. Attention is called to a listing of certified speech and hearing specialists available for work with laryngectomees. This list can be obtained from the American Cancer Society, as detailed in the footnote on page 683.
The rotational advancement of medial plantar flap for coverage of foot defect: a case report.

This case describes the use of the medial plantar artery flap used to cover a lateral foot wound in a 19-year-old male with a history of spina bifida. The original operative plan was for coverage with a medial plantar flap based distally on retrograde flow through the lateral plantar artery; however, this had to be revised intraoperatively as his vascular anatomy was not adequate to support a flap of this type. Thus, advancement with rotation modification of the conventional medial plantar flap was performed with good results. At 2-month follow-up, the patient's flap had fully healed, he returned to full weight-bearing status, and he had gross sensation in the sole of his foot. This case illustrates the use of the well-described medial plantar flap by rotating and advancing the flap for reconstruction of defects of the foot. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Instrumentation III: What makes a good interface?: Flexibility, reasonable cost, and compatibility are musts when interconnecting independently manufactured devices into a workable system

Points out that flexibility, reasonable cost, and compatibility are musts when interconnecting independently manufactured devices into a workable system.
Simultaneous Determination of Neutral Sugars and Uronic Acids in Hydrocolloids

An improved gas-chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of neutral sugars and uronic acids in hydrocolloids or industrial gums was developed. The procedure involved methanolysis with 0.5M methanolic HCl followed by trimethylsilylation. This method was simplified over other derivatization methods to make it suitable for the routine analysis of hydrocolloids or other polysaccharides which contain uronic acids. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by analysis of commercially available hydrocolloids. The described method was sensitive enough to identify some of the minor sugar components which were not easily identified by other derivatization methods.
Evaluating Loss to Follow-up in Newborn Hearing Screening in Massachusetts

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to examine loss to follow-up on the use of diagnostic or intervention services for Massachusetts infants and children screened or diagnosed with hearing loss and risk factors for becoming lost to follow-up. METHODS. We used data from the Massachusetts Childhood Hearing Data System and Early Intervention Information System. We calculated the percent use of audiologic evaluation for Massachusetts infants born in 2002–2003 who did not pass hearing screening and Early Intervention services for those with hearing loss. We generated crude and adjusted relative risks, as well as confidence intervals, to estimate associations of maternal and infant factors with the use of audiologic evaluation and early intervention services. Factors evaluated included child9s birth weight and hearing screening or diagnostic results and maternal age, race or ethnicity, marital status, smoking status during pregnancy, educational attainment, health insurance, and residence region. RESULTS. In 2002–2003, 11% of Massachusetts children who did not pass hearing screening became lost to follow-up on the audiologic evaluation, and 25% of those with hearing loss did not receive early intervention services. Children were at higher risk of becoming lost to follow-up on audiologic evaluation if their mothers were nonwhite, covered by public insurance, smokers during pregnancy, or residing in western, northeastern, or southeastern Massachusetts compared with those in the Boston region. Of children with hearing loss, those with a unilateral or mild or moderate degree of hearing loss, normal birth weight, or living in the southeastern or Boston region were more likely to go without early intervention services. CONCLUSIONS. Massachusetts has excellent follow-up rates overall. Our analyses allow the program to prioritize limited resources to subgroups of infants who are at high risk of becoming lost to follow-up.
In situ measurements of the radiation stability of amino acids at 15–140 K

We present new kinetics data on the radiolytic destruction of amino acids measured in situ with infrared spectroscopy. Samples were irradiated at 15, 100, and 140 K with D.8-MeV protons, and amino-acid decay was followed at each temperature with and without H2O present. Observed radiation products included CO2 and amines, consistent with amino-acid decarboxylation. The half-lives of glycine, alanine, and phenylalanine were estimated for various extraterrestrial environments. Infrared spectral changes demonstrated the conversion from the non-zwitterion structure NH2-CH2(R)-COOH at 15 K to the zwitterion structure +NH3-CH2(R)-COO- at 140 K for each amino acid studied.
The Attrition of Young Physician-Scientists: Problems and Potential Solutions

Physician-scientists have played a prominent role as thought leaders in American medicine over the past century. This group has produced many basic scientific advances and pioneered the translation of these advances into clinical practice. Now that we are in the postgenomic era, there is a greater need than ever for the continued participation of this group because of their unique ability to bridge the "bench to bedside." However, the number of physicians pursuing this career is static and their average age is rising. Recent data indicate that the many benefits of this career path are seen as being outweighed by so many negative factors, as to prompt the question, "Is this a career that a reasonable person should undertake in 2007 and beyond?" The following analysis suggests that the current answer is "no." We have identified the lack of professional security as a major factor that prompts young physicians to abandon the physician-scientist track. Because this problem has not been sufficiently emphasized, we believe current efforts are unlikely to reverse this disturbing trend. We propose strategies that seek to address this problem and help sustain young physician-scientists at career transition points at which they are most vulnerable to give up.
The On-Line Study of Sentence Comprehension: An Examination of Dual Task Paradigms.

This paper presents three studies which examine the susceptibility of sentence comprehension to intrusion by extra-sentential probe words in two on-line dual-task techniques commonly used to study sentence processing: the cross-modal lexical priming paradigm and the unimodal all-visual lexical priming paradigm. It provides both a general review and a direct empirical examination of the effects of task-demand in the on-line study of sentence comprehension. In all three studies, sentential materials were presented to participants together with a target probe word which constituted either a better or a worse continuation of the sentence at a point at which it was presented. Materials were identical for all three studies. The manner of presentation of the sentence materials was, however, manipulated; presentation was either visual, auditory (normal rate) or auditory (slow rate). The results demonstrate that a technique in which a visual target probe interrupts ongoing sentence processing (such as occurs in unimodal visual presentation and in very slow auditory sentence presentation) encourages the integration of the probe word into the on-going sentence. Thus, when using such 'sentence interrupting' techniques, additional care to equate probes is necessary. Importantly, however, the results provide strong evidence that the standard use of fluent cross-modality sentence investigation methods are immune from such external probe word intrusions into ongoing sentence processing and are thus accurately reflect underlying comprehension processes.
Performance characteristics of the verbal QuickDASH.

Purpose To quantify the performance of the verbally administered Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire by assessing its replication of self-administered scores, its test-retest reliability, and its rate of scorable completion compared with its self-administered, written administration. Methods Fifty patients presenting for initial visits to a hand clinic were enrolled regardless of diagnosis. All patients completed a written and a verbal QuickDASH 1 day apart (25 patients written first; 25 patients verbal first). Intraclass correlation coefficients quantified the verbal questionnaire's ability to reproduce written scores. Participants verbally completed the questionnaire a final time, 5 months later, to assess test-retest reliability. To quantify the usability of survey data, we compared percentages of scorable surveys between written and verbally administered QuickDASH questionnaires in this study and in prior studies within our division. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient between the 2 QuickDASH administration types for the entire sample was 0.91. Across all participants, there was a minimal change in mean score from a patient's written QuickDASH to that patient's first verbal QuickDASH score. Scoring consistency between QuickDASH administrations was similar for each administration sequence (phone followed by written vs. written followed by phone) and by diagnosis. Test-retest reliability between the 2 verbal administrations demonstrated good reliability and a minimal difference between scores. In this study, no written or verbal surveys were incomplete. Reviewing our practice, 17% of 258 written questionnaires produced unscorable data compared with 0% of 239 verbally administered surveys. Conclusions Our results indicate that verbal administration of the QuickDASH replicates clinically relevant scores of the written QuickDASH, has good test-retest performance, and may minimize unusable data. These data allow researchers greater flexibility in gathering patient outcome data in both retrospective and prospective studies. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic II.
Appraisal of cognition in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: a conceptual review

SUMMARY Biomarker evidence and clinical observations support the hypothesis that there is a diagnosable condition termed preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recently, a workgroup convened under the auspices of the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association proposed a framework for defining preclinical AD. The definition was based on the presence of biomarkers that are indicative of the AD pathophysiological process. In the context of abnormal AD biomarkers, the workgroup postulated that ‘subtle cognitive changes’ occurred as well. Based on studies of genetically at-risk individuals and those destined to become demented, who were observed while still cognitively normal, low performance on learning and memory functions may be the earliest cognitive manifestations of preclinical AD, at the group level at least. It is not clear whether subtle cognitive decline can be detected reliably on an individual basis. Preclinical AD cognitive changes could be diagnosed by traditional neuropsychologic...
Visual scan adaptation during repeated visual search.

Abstract : There is no consensus as to how to characterize eye fixations during visual search. On the one hand, J. M. Wolfe, G. A. Alvarez, and T. S. Horowitz (2000) have described them as a haphazard sequence of fixations. On the other hand is research that shows systematic repetition of visual patterns when freely viewing a scene (T. Foulsham & G. Underwood, 2008; D. Noton & L. W. Stark, 1971a). Two experiments are reported that demonstrate the repetition and adaptation of visual scans during visual search, supporting an adaptive scanning hypothesis. When trials were repeated in a simple search task, visual scan similarity and search efficiency increased. These increments in similarity and efficiency demonstrate the systematic and adaptive nature of visual scans to the characteristics of the visual environment during search.
The Moral Justification of Benefit/Cost Analysis

Benefit/cost analysis is a technique for evaluating programs, procedures, and actions; it is not a moral theory. There is significant controversy over the moral justification of benefit/cost analysis. When a procedure for evaluating social policy is challenged on moral grounds, defenders frequently seek a justification by construing the procedure as the practical embodiment of a correct moral theory. This has the apparent advantage of avoiding difficult empirical questions concerning such matters as the consequences of using the procedure. So, for example, defenders of benefit/cost analysis (BCA) are frequently tempted to argue that this procedure just is the calculation of moral Tightness – perhaps that what it means for an action to be morally right is just for it to have the best benefit-to-cost ratio given the accounts of “benefit” and “cost” that BCA employs. They suggest, in defense of BCA, that they have found the moral calculus – Bentham's “unabashed arithmetic of morals.” To defend BCA in this manner is to commit oneself to one member of a family of moral theories (let us call them benefit/cost moral theories or B/C moral theories) and, also, to the view that if a procedure is (so to speak) the direct implementation of a correct moral theory, then it is a justified procedure. Neither of these commitments is desirable, and so the temptation to justify BCA by direct appeal to a B/C moral theory should be resisted; it constitutes an unwarranted short cut to moral foundations – in this case, an unsound foundation. Critics of BCA are quick to point out the flaws of B/C moral theories, and to conclude that these undermine the justification of BCA. But the failure to justify BCA by a direct appeal to B/C moral theory does not show that the technique is unjustified. There is hope for BCA, even if it does not lie with B/C moral theory.
Second-Line Therapy for Advanced NSCLC

Most patients with lung cancer have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtype and have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Improvements in both first-line and subsequent therapies are allowing longer survival and enhanced quality of life for these patients. The median overall survival observed in many second-line trials is approximately 9 months, and many patients receive further therapy after second-line therapy. The cytotoxic agents pemetrexed and docetaxel and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) erlotinib and gefitinib are standard second-line therapies. For patients with EGFR mutation, a TKI is the favored second-line therapy if not already used in first-line therapy. For patients without the EGFR mutation, TKIs are an option, but many oncologists favor cytotoxic therapy. The inhibitor of the EML4/ALK fusion protein, crizotinib, has recently become a standard second-line treatment for patients with the gene rearrangement and has promise for patients with the ROS1 rearrangement.
Antibiotic-Associated Eosinophilic and Occlusive Arteritis in Calves Complicating Preclinical Studies of Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Repeated bolus intravenous (IV) administration of large doses of beta-lactams and aminoglycosides has previously been associated with the development of eosinophilic and occlusive arterial lesions limited to the lungs in calves. Reviewing 13 years worth of records from left ventricular assist device implantation studies, morphologically identical segmental arterial lesions were present in 32 of the 56 calves receiving IV antibiotics, affecting lungs (6/50), kidneys (12/56), or lungs and kidneys (14/50). In 16 of these calves, renal arterial lesions spatially colocalized with renal cortical infarctions. Lesions were noted in additional abdominal organs in 4 of the 50 calves and were exclusively present in the liver in a single calf. Similar arterial lesions were also noted in the lungs (3/4), kidneys (1/4), liver (1/4), and spleen (1/4) of unimplanted calves receiving similar IV antibiotic regimens for bacterial infections. Lesions were observed with therapeutic IV doses of cephalosporins with or without aminoglycosides over shorter intervals than previously implicated. Lesions were significantly associated with increased peripheral eosinophil counts and mildly elevated, not reduced, arterial pulse pressures. This report documents the features of an idiosyncratic drug reaction with features strongly suggestive of an acute type-I hypersensitivity in this species.
Treatment of Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures in Children

Both bone forearm fractures are common orthopedic injuries. Optimal treatment is dictated not only by fracture characteristics but also patient age. In the pediatric population, acceptable alignment can tolerate greater fracture displacement due to the bone’s ability to remodel with remaining growth. Generally, these fractures can be successfully managed with closed reduction and casting, however operative fixation may also be required. The optimal method of fixation has not been clearly established. Currently, the most common operative interventions are open reduction with plate fixation versus closed or open reduction with intramedullary fixation. Plating has advantages of being more familiar to many surgeons, being theoretically superior in the ability to restore radial bow, and providing the possibility of hardware retention. Recently, intramedullary nailing has been gaining popularity due to decreased soft tissue dissection; however, a second operation is needed for hardware removal generally 6 months after the index procedure. Current literature has not established the superiority of one surgical method over the other. The goal of this manuscript is to review the current literature on the treatment of pediatric forearm fractures and provide clinical recommendations for optimal treatment, focusing specifically on children ages 3-10 years old.
Correction of skew-quadrupole errors in RHIC

The correction scheme for skew-quadrupole (a/sub 1/) errors in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is presented. The a/sub 1/ errors result from fabrication and from installation errors. At the selected betatron tune of nu /sub x/=28.826 and nu /sub y/-28.820, the principal resonances driven by a/sub 1/ errors are nu /sub x/- nu /sub y/=0, the sum resonances near nu /sub x/+ nu /sub y/ which cause residual tune splitting and distortion of beta function, and nu /sub y/=28 and 29 which cause vertical dispersion. Skew quadrupole correctors located in the insertions and arcs will be used to correct the coupling and sum resonances and, if required, separate correctors in the arcs could be used for vertical dispersion correction. >
Angles and Distances: Children's and Adults' Reconstruction and Scaling of Spatial Configurations

Young children have performed poorly in spatial tasks that require the scaling and reconstruction of a configuration. The present research investigated whether or not children's reconstructions nevertheless preserved the relative positions of objects within the configuration. In Experiment 1, preschoolers (ages 4 and 5), young elementary school children (ages 6 and 7), and adults were asked to reconstruct symmetric configurations of six objects that were depicted on simple maps of an empty room. Most subjects preserved the overall configuration of objects, but preschoolers placed the objects far from the correct locations. Many of the preschoolers' reconstructions contained systematic transformations; many reconstructions were off-center and too small or too large. In Experiment 2, the configurations were asymmetric, and preschoolers performed substantially worse than in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 demonstrated that preschoolers could reconstruct the asymmetric configurations when scaling was not required. Taken together, the results reveal that even young children can represent and transform an entire configuration of objects. At the same time, the results reveal important developmental differences.
Correction: Hyperprolactinemia with antipsychotic drugs in children and adolescents.

Three errors have been noted by the author in an article published in this journal in 2010 [1], all three in paragraphs three and four under the heading:"4. Effects of psychotropic drugs on prolactin secretion":
Influence of Mating Disruptants on the Mating Success of Two Strains of Cabbage Loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Selection imposed by mating disruption could lead to changes in the pest insect’s chemical communication system if there is genetically based variation in signal and/or response characteristics. Ultimately, this evolution, in the absence of courteracting selection, could lead to resistance to this control tactic. For this reason, the effects of mating disruption on the reproductive success of two pheromone strains of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), were examined in field-cage experiments in which we could monitor mating success. The first experiment evaluated mating disruption using the major component of the cabbage looper pheromone [(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate: Z7–12:Ac], and the complete pheromone blend emitted by females. The second experiment focused on disruption with the compound that is often most abundant in the pheromone blend of mutant females [(Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate: Z9-14:Ac], and the complete pheromone blend emitted by mutant females. In the first experiment, mutant ma...
Developing terrorism coverage: variances in news framing of the January 2015 attacks in Paris and Borno

Written news coverage of an event influences public perception and understanding of that event. Through agenda setting and news framing, journalists control the importance and substance of readers’ beliefs about the event. While existing research has been conducted on the relationship between media coverage and the geographic location of the country an event took place in, there is limited understanding of this relationship in terms of terrorist events. Utilising an agenda-setting theory and news framing theory lens to compare news coverage of the January 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, France, and Borno, Nigeria revealed significant variances in the overall coverage, headline style and discourse usage based on the event. In particular, the American news coverage positively framed France through detailed, sympathetic coverage and negatively framed Nigeria by overgeneralising and placing blame. Determining the origin and impacts of these variances is integral to forming a more comprehensive understanding ...
N-(3-Bromo-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydro-2-naphth-yl)-2-chloro-N-(2-chloro-benzoyl)benzamide.

The title compound, C24H12BrCl2NO4, was synthesized from 2-amino-3-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-chloro­benzoyl chloride. The crystal structure shows that each of the chloro­phenyl rings is inclined at about 60° to the naphthoquinone ring system. The two chloro­phenyl rings adopt a conformation that ensures that chlorine substituents are anti so as to reduce electronic repulsion. An examination of the packing shows close O⋯Br and Cl⋯Cl contacts of 2.947 (2) and 3.346 (1) A, respectively. In addition, the molecules are linked by weak intermolecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl interactions.
Gated Streets and House Prices

We empirically examine the effect of neighborhood controls, including homeowner associations and private/limited access streets, on house prices using data from St. Louis, one of the first urban ar...