cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High performance organic electro-optic materials enabling efficient optical modulation for advanced photonic devices

Recent research progress of organic electro-optic (OEO) materials with record-high Pockels coefficients, processing reliability and operational stability will be presented. These accomplishments are achieved through rational molecular design, concise synthesis, innovative poling and in-device processing of OEO materials. The attractive features of these high performance OEO materials and their hybrid photonic systems are extremely important to meet energy reduction and bandwidth enhancement challenges in exponentially growing data transfer of modern societies, and can revolutionize photonic technologies with large-scale integration for ultrafast information processing and electromagnetic wave sensing.
Abstract 490: Constrictor Mechanism of the Afferent Arteriole Initiated by Na/H Exchanger in the Nephron

The afferent arteriole (Af-Art) accounts for most of renal vasculature resistance, thus controlling glomerular filtration rate and renal function. Two mechanisms have been described in which the nephron helps control Af-Art resistance, namely tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), and connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF). TGF is a constrictor mechanism initiated at the macula densa by the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), while CTGF is a dilator mechanism initiated at the connecting tubule by the epithelial Na channel (ENaC). However, when NKCC2 is blocked by furosemide, CTGF-induced Af-Art dilation is not evident, thus we hypothesize that there is a constrictor mechanism that is furosemide-insensitive and counters CTGF. To test this, we used in vivo micropuncture of single nephrons. Stop-flow pressure (P SF ) was measured as an index of glomerular capillary pressure (which decreases when the Af-Art constricts). Two consecutive P SF curves were generated by raising nephron perfusion from 0 to 40 nL/min while adding drugs to the tubular perfusate. The decrease in P SF induced by increasing nephron perfusion was blocked by furosemide 10 -4 M (control: 7.9±0.2 mmHg, furosemide: 0.4±0.2 mmHg, P -6 M (furosemide: 0.2±0.1 mmHg, furosemide+benzamil: 4.3±0.3 mmHg, P -4 M) in the presence of furosemide and benzamil, the decrease in PSF was significantly prevented (furosemide+benzamil: 4.6±0.3 mmHg, furosemide+benzamil+DMA: 1.1±0.2 mmHg, P
Anomalous bias temperature instability on accumulation-mode Ge and III-V MOSFETs

In this work, we report the observation of anomalous bias temperature instability (ABTI) phenomenon on InGaAs accumulation-mode nMOSFET with Al 2 O 3 as dielectric and Ge accumulation-mode pMOSFET with Al 2 O 3 /GeO 2 gate stack. During NBTI measurement on Ge accumulation-mode pMOSFETs and PBTI measurement on InGaAs accumulation-mode nMOSFETs, threshold voltage shifts to the opposite direction comparing with classic NBTI and PBTI phenomenon. A simple model is proposed to explain the experimental observation. It is understood that trap neutral level alignment and donor-like and acceptor-like traps generation and recovery are the origins of the ABTI behavior.
Abstract #390: BNIP1 regulates autophagy through its interactinon with Bif-1

With 1,437,180 new cancer cases and 565,650 deaths from cancers projected in the USA this year it is evident that cancer is a health crisis that desperately requires our focus if we hope to manage the disease. Cancers such as Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), which has a five year survival rate of less than 5% with current therapies are resistant to most apoptosis therapeutics, but may be more susceptible to autophagy stimulants such as temozolamide. Thus, gaining insight into the autophagic pathway may provide promising therapeutics to treat GBM. BNIP1, a Bcl-2 family protein, has previously been shown to play an integral role in ER network integrity. We found that BNIP1 also regulates autophagy. Overexpression of BNIP1 delays autophagy as demonstrated by altered processing of and recruitment to autophagosomes the key autophagic marker LC3II. Furthermore, depleting BNIP1 levels with shRNA decreases autophagosomal formation and prevents LC3 II processing. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that BNIP1 can interact directly with Bif-1, which regulates the autophagosome nucleation complex. Since BNIP1 plays a role in ER network integrity its interaction with Bif-1 may be important for the delivery of isolation membranes necessary for phagophore formation. Thus, we conclude that BNIP1 plays a critical role in autophagosomal formation through direct interaction with proteins involved in the nucleation complex. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 390.
MEASURING DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS WITH 8-ITEM AND 9-ITEM CES-D: DOES RACE/ETHNICITY MATTER?

Several shortened versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) have been developed to screen depressive symptoms. Studies relating to the different versions of CESD measures usually focus on the reliability of the overall scale without considering possible racial differences in these versions. This study examines the psychometric qualities of 8-item CESD (CESD-8) and 9-item CESD (CESD-9), and explores possible racial/ethnic differences in overall depressive symptoms. Using data from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study, 19,592 community-dwelling adults (40+) who self-identify as White, African-American, and Hispanic are included. Confirmative Factor Analysis results indicated 3 expected factors (subscales) in both CESD-8 and CESD-9 versions: depressed mood (depressed, lonely, sad), lack of well-being (reverse-coded happy, enjoyed life), and psychomotor retardation (everything an effort, restless sleep, couldn’t get going, and the 9th item, reverse-coded full of energy). ANOVA results demonstrated that both versions differed among racial/ethnic groups: the average scores of CESD-8 and CESD-9 were lowest among Whites and highest among Hispanics. Two Ordinary Least Squares regression models were used to explore whether racial differences existed in both CESD-8 and CESD-9. When socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education and self-related health) were controlled, African-Americans and Hispanics had higher CESD-8 scores than their White counterparts; however, racial difference disappeared when the CESD-9 version was used. Findings suggest that different versions of the CESD may better capture depressive symptoms among different racial/ethnic groups, and further exploration of the psychometric properties within racial and ethnic groups is encouraged.
Pharmacokinetics of extended-release dipyridamole following administration through a gastrostomy tube: an open-label, case-control, two-centre study.

Background: Many stroke survivors have severe dysphagia and are unable to take antithrombotic medications orally. Objective: To evaluate whether dipyridamole concentrations achieved in the plasma of patients taking an extended-release formulation of the medication through a gastrostomy tube (G-tube) are therapeutic and similar to those achieved in the plasma of patients who receive the drug orally. Methods: This was an open-label, case-control, two-centre study conducted in two academic centres in a metropolitan area. Patients included were those admitted following an acute cerebral infarction, with an indication for anti-platelet therapy for secondary prevention. Twelve patients with severe dysphagia requiring G-tube placement were cases, and 12 patients who were able to swallow safely served as controls. The components of Aggrenox® (extended-release dipyridamole/aspirin [acetylsalicylic acid]), suspended in water, were administered twice daily for 5 days through the G-tube. The 12 control patients without dysphagia took the medication orally. Dipyridamole plasma concentrations were compared between the groups at three different timepoints on the fifth day: 2, 6 and 12 hours after administration. The main outcome measure was dipyridamole plasma concentrations on day 5 at all three timepoints. Results: No significant difference in dipyridamole plasma concentrations between the groups was found at 2 hours (p = 0.18), 6 hours (p = 0.92) or 12 hours (p = 0.69). Conclusion: Dipyridamole plasma concentrations obtained following administration of extended-release dipyridamole through a G-tube in dysphagic patients achieved similar therapeutic levels to those obtained in patients taking the medication orally.
Non-Nietzschean Decision Making

Two ways have been suggested to protect evidential decision theory1 from the kinds of counterexamples which have given rise to causal decision theories.2 One, which I shall call the ‘Cartesian defence’, relies on using the agent’s privileged access to his own reasons for acting in order to render the counterexamples innocuous, and has been presented in a number of papers by Ellery Eells.3 The other, known as the ‘ratifiability defence’, has been described by Richard Jeffrey,4 and consists in ratifying that a preferred act will be preferred even when that act is actually chosen — i.e. having decided that an act is optimal, there is no other act which would then be preferred, conditional on that decision having been made. Both of these defences require that restrictions be placed on the set of situations within which it is appropriate to use decision theory. Ingenious and inventive as these defences are, the required restrictions are, I believe, unjustifiable as normative criteria for rationality. Furthermore, if implemented, they would so restrict the application of decision theory that its interest as a guide to life would be almost completely erased.
Effect of veno-venous ultrafiltration on myocardial performance immediately after cardiac surgery in children: A prospective randomized study

Objectives. This study sought to evaluate the effects of veno-venous ultrafiltration on myocardial contractility in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for repair of congenital heart defects. Background. Ultrafiltration (UF) is currently used to diminish postoperative fluid accumulation following CPB in children. Previous reports indicate improvement in hemodynamics immediately after UF, but the mechanism of its action is unknown. Methods. Twenty-three patients (ages 2 months to 9.1 years; 13 males, 10 females) underwent UF for 10 min after CPB. Twelve patients underwent UF immediately after CPB (Group A). They were studied: (1) before and (2) after CPB, (3) after UF, and (4) 10 min after UF. Eleven patients underwent UF 10 min after CPB (Group B). They were studied: (1) before and (2) after CPB, (3) after a 10-min delay before UF, and (4) after UF. Contractility was determined by the difference in the observed and predicted velocity of circumferential fiber shortening for the measured wall stress, using transesophageal echocardiography. Left ventricular wall thickness was also measured. Results. There was significant improvement in contractility after UF in both groups (mean ± SD, Group A: −0.28 ± 0.13 to −0.01 ± 0.21 circ/s, p < 0.05; Group B: −0.26 ± 0.16 to −0.11 ± 0.17 circ/s, p < 0.05). Myocardial thickness to cavity dimension decreased in both groups following UF (Group A: 0.19 ± 0.04 to 0.14 ± 0.03, p < 0.05; Group B: 0.18 ± 0.04 to 0.14 ± 0.03, p < 0.05). Conclusions. UF improves hemodynamics by improving contractility and possibly by reducing myocardial edema in children following cardiac surgery. Enhanced patient outcome after ultrafiltration may in part be due to these changes.
Student-Generated Digital Tutorials in an Introductory Organic Chemistry Course

As a means to encourage engagement in a large introductory organic chemistry class, students were tasked with the creation of digital tutorials for specific problems sourced from the assigned class textbook. Students had the freedom to choose how to produce their tutorials as long as the final product was a digital object suitable for sharing with other class members. Analysis of the project outcomes showed that most students successfully produced a tutorial meeting the required criteria and engaged in self-regulated learning by improving their tutorials as a result of instructor feedback and peer review. Tutorial media varied depending on the students’ preferences, but video content was the most common medium chosen by students, followed by slide shows and infographics. Completed tutorials were made available to other students in the course and also to the general public in an online open-access repository. As a result of their development of these reusable assignments, students reported positive outcomes in their self-reflection forms, including new or improved organic chemistry content learning as well as the acquisition of new technical skills and an appreciation of the peer review process. This report details the design and outcomes of the project with an emphasis on student perceptions of the completed works.
Comparison of a Dental Operating Microscope and High-resolution Videoscope for Endodontic Procedures.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare a dental operating microscope (DOM) with a high-resolution videoscope (VS) in terms of depth of field (DOF), resolution, and effect on fine motor skills. Methods Two observers used test targets to measure the resolution and DOF of the DOM and the VS. In addition, 18 participants (12 dental students and 6 endodontic residents) performed an accuracy test on a manikin head using DOM, VS, or loupes. Each participant completed a posttest survey. Results The 3 magnifications of the DOM had higher resolutions and DOF (resolution: 32, 40.3, and 50.8 line pairs/mm; DOF: 15, 10, and 6 mm) than the VS (resolution: 20.1 line pairs/mm; DOF: 5 mm). Accuracy testing showed the DOM produced better results than the VS for both resident and student groups (P Conclusions Considering the findings from this study, the DOM stands out as the leading magnification tool in endodontics. However, the VS has potential in endodontic procedures and might be used as an adjunct to other visualization aids.
Impact of Bias on School Admissions and Targeted Interventions.

Evaluation criteria for school admissions do not account for the impact of implicit bias on applications, due to e.g., socioeconomic status of students or training resources available to them. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first mathematical analysis of the impact of biased evaluations of students on school admissions. In our model, students have a unanimous ranking of schools, schools observe "biased" potentials for a group of students and true potentials for others, and then accept the best students from those available to them. Our framework for evaluating the effects of bias and of targeted intervention can incorporate any distribution of students' potentials and deals with the following questions: how much are students and schools affected by such bias; do schools have an incentive to interview students; how should limited resources be allocated to minimize the "impact" of bias on students. When students' potentials are Pareto distributed, we find that schools have little incentive to change their evaluation mechanisms. Moreover, additional resources are best targeted at average students, as opposed to top students, thus questioning existing scholarship mechanisms. This optimal target range shifts towards top students, when students' potentials are Gaussian distributed. We validate these findings using SAT scores data from New York City high schools. Our conclusions are robust, as qualitative takeaways from our analysis remain the same even when some of our modeling assumptions are relaxed.
Object lessons, old and new: experimental media archaeology in the classroom

Newer, more glamorous technologies still glimmer with mysterious and sensual ancestors. – Barbara Stafford, ‘Revealing Technologies/Magical Domains.’ (2001), 1In 2014, Andreas Fickers and Annie van...
Malpractice and Risk Management

Malpractice is a subset of personal injury (tort) law. As in any personal injury case, damages may be compensatory (a compensation for some loss) and punitive (an attempt to punish the defendant or make an example of them). The concept of malpractice usually involves negligence which means that the defendant deviated from an accepted standard and as a result, the plaintiff was harmed or injured. It usually does not reflect the other two kinds of torts, namely reckless (the conscious disregard of a known risk) and intentional (know or should have known that what they are doing can cause harm but doing it anyway). Malpractice has five components: 1. A professional relationship. 2. A standard of care that derives from that professional relationship. 3. A deviation from the standard of care. 4. Harm or injury. 5. A proximate cause relationship (but for) between the deviation from the standard of care and the harm or injury. There are many areas in which mental health professionals may be sued, including sexual misconduct, injury due to a non-traditional ‘hands on’ kind of treatment, negligent diagnosis, wrongful involuntary commitment, premature release, failure to take reasonable steps to prevent suicide, failure to obtain informed consent, breach of confidentiality, defamation of character, failure to protect third parties when a patient threatens violence, and abandonment. Practitioners may protect themselves by understanding the concepts of contributory and comparative negligence, if the injury or harm can in part be due to the patient’s lack of compliance with treatment. We discuss risk management techniques that can be taken to lower the risk that a malpractice complaint will be warranted. One of the most important is to keep good written records.
Variational Quantum Eigensolvers for Sparse Hamiltonians.

Hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithms such as the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) and the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) are promising applications for noisy, intermediate-scale quantum computers. Both VQE and QAOA variationally extremize the expectation value of a Hamiltonian. All work to date on VQE and QAOA has been limited to Pauli representations of Hamiltonians. However, many cases exist in which a sparse representation of the Hamiltonian is known but there is no efficient Pauli representation. We extend VQE to general sparse Hamiltonians. We provide a decomposition of a fermionic second-quantized Hamiltonian into a number of one-sparse, self-inverse, Hermitian terms linear in the number of ladder operator monomials in the second-quantized representation. We provide a decomposition of a general $d$-sparse Hamiltonian into $O({d}^{2})$ such terms. In both cases, a single sample of any term can be obtained using two ansatz state preparations and at most six oracle queries. The number of samples required to estimate the expectation value to precision $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ scales as ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ as for Pauli-based VQE. This widens the domain of applicability of VQE to systems whose Hamiltonian and other observables are most efficiently described in terms of sparse matrices.
Do Brief Alcohol Interventions Reduce Driving After Drinking Among College Students? A Two-step Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data.

Aims College students who drink are at an increased risk of driving after drinking and alcohol-involved traffic accidents and deaths. Furthermore, the persistence of driving after drinking over time underscores a need for effective interventions to prevent future drunk driving in adulthood. The present study examined whether brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) for college students reduce driving after drinking. Methods A two-step meta-analysis of individual participant data (IPD) was conducted using a combined sample of 6801 college students from 15 randomized controlled trials (38% male, 72% White and 58% first-year students). BAIs included individually delivered Motivational Interviewing with Personalized Feedback (MI + PF), Group Motivational Interviewing (GMI), and stand-alone Personalized Feedback (PF) interventions. Two outcome variables, driving after two+/three+ drinks and driving after four+/five+ drinks, were checked, harmonized and analyzed separately for each study and then combined for meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Results BAIs lowered the risk of driving after four+/five+ drinks (19% difference in the odds of driving after drinking favoring BAIs vs. control), but not the risk of driving after two+/three+ drinks (9% difference). Subsequent subgroup analysis indicated that the MI + PF intervention was comparatively better than PF or GMI. Conclusions BAIs provide a harm reduction approach to college drinking. Hence, it is encouraging that BAIs reduce the risk of driving after heavy drinking among college students. However, there may be opportunities to enhance the intervention content and timing to be more relevant for driving after drinking and improve the outcome assessment and reporting to demonstrate its effect.
Measuring psychosocial stress during pregnancy: a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis across race/ethnicity among Medicaid-covered pregnant women in the United States.

Differential experiences of psychosocial stress during pregnancy may contribute to racial inequities in adverse pregnancy outcomes in the US. Valid and unbiased measurement scales are needed to ass...
Bias-corrected Estimation of the Density of a Conditional Expectation in Nested Simulation Problems

Many two-level nested simulation applications involve the conditional expectation of some response variable, where the expected response is the quantity of interest, and the expectation is with respect to the inner-level random variables, conditioned on the outer-level random variables. The latter typically represent random risk factors, and risk can be quantified by estimating the probability density function (pdf) or cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the conditional expectation. Much prior work has considered a naive estimator that uses the empirical distribution of the sample averages across the inner-level replicates. This results in a biased estimator, because the distribution of the sample averages is over-dispersed relative to the distribution of the conditional expectation when the number of inner-level replicates is finite. Whereas most prior work has focused on allocating the numbers of outer- and inner-level replicates to balance the bias/variance tradeoff, we develop a bias-corrected pdf estimator. Our approach is based on the concept of density deconvolution, which is widely used to estimate densities with noisy observations but has not previously been considered for nested simulation problems. For a fixed computational budget, the bias-corrected deconvolution estimator allows more outer-level and fewer inner-level replicates to be used, which substantially improves the efficiency of the nested simulation.
Comprehensive strategy for pesticide residue analysis in cocoa beans through qualitative and quantitative approach.

Abstract Multiresidue quantitative and qualitative screening method for the analysis of pesticide residues in dried cocoa beans was validated and applied to imported and domestic cocoa beans samples. The quantitative method comprises of 15 pesticides while the screening method covers 110 pesticides of different chemical classes. The method was based on modified QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Efficient Rugged Safe) extraction and detection using triple quadrupole (QQQ-MS) and ion mobility quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (IMS-QTOF). The method was quantitatively validated in terms of linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision. On the other hand, screening detection limits were established for 110 pesticides. Finally, the optimized strategy was successfully applied for the routine analysis of pesticide residues in 137 cocoa bean samples and 32% of the total samples were found positive for ametryn, chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, and metalaxyl.
With Alcohol as the Fuel, COVID Is the Match: Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Is Increasing in the United States.

In this issue, Cholankeril et al demonstrate a clear and convincing increase in listing and transplantation for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) in the United States that coincides with the onset of the COVID pandemic. Even before the pandemic, the global burden of ALD was heavy and increasing. In the US, the 12-month prevalence of alcohol use disorder prior to COVID was at least 13.9% and most commonly observed in young, male patients but with rising rates in women as well.
The Yellow Demon of Fever: Fighting Disease in the Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Slave Trade: by Manuel Barcia, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2020, 296 pp., $65 (hardcover), ISBN 9780300215854

In 1845, the Felicidade, a slave-trading vessel, was captured by the British Royal Navy’s HMS Wasp off the African coast. Not long afterward, the Felicidade was involved in taking another slaving s...
Low Birth Weight, Vital Records, and Infant Mortality

About one tenth of all infant deaths occur in babies weighing less than 500 g at birth, almost all of whom die very shortly thereafter. In 1983, when the United States reported 3,638,933 live births, 4,368 of them were less than 500 g; that year there were 26,507 neonatal deaths. This means that slightly more than 0.1% of all live births contributed to 17% of neonatal mortality. Given this order of magnitude, any change in the numbers relating to these tiny babies can have a disproportionate influence on reported infant mortality and on interstate comparisons. Two questions promptly arise. How accurate and meaningful are the data regarding babies born weighing less than 500 g? What can be done to decrease the deaths in this category? Wilson et al1 call attention to how the number of very low birth weight infants reported by a state may be affected by the state9s definition of a live birth.
Factors associated with maternal influenza immunization decision-making. Evidence of immunization history and message framing effects.

Objective: We examined pregnant women's intention to obtain the seasonal influenza vaccine via a randomized controlled study examining the effects of immunization history, message exposure, and sociodemographic correlates.Methods: Pregnant women ages 18–50 participated in a randomized message framing study from September 2011 through May 2012. Venue-based sampling was used to recruit racial and ethnic minority women throughout Atlanta, Georgia. Key outcomes were evaluated using bivariate and multivariate analyses.Results: History of influenza immunization was positively associated with intent to immunize during pregnancy [OR = 2.31, 90%CI: (1.06, 5.00)]. Significant correlates of intention to immunize included perceived susceptibility to influenza during pregnancy [OR = 3.8, 90% CI: (1.75, 8.36)] and vaccine efficacy [OR = 10.53, 90% CI: (4.34, 25.50)]. Single message exposure did not influence a woman's intent to vaccinate.Conclusions: Prior immunization, perceived flu susceptibility and perceived vaccin...
Dimension and Algorithms

Dimension is one of the most heavily studied parameters of partial orders, and many beautiful results have been obtained. However, our knowledge of algorithms for problems on dimension is in a surprisingly primitive state. In this paper, we point to natural problems on dimension which have not been studied, and survey known results in the area.
Causal classical dynamics for charged particles

A new general classical motion equation for particles which interact only electromagnetically is shown to lead to nonrelativistic motion equations of differential-difference type, which have only causal, nonrunaway solutions, for several charge distributions.
Tunable dark modes in one-dimensional "diatomic" dielectric gratings.

Recently researchers have demonstrated ultra high quality factor (Q) resonances in one-dimensional (1D) dielectric gratings. Here we theoretically investigate a new class of subwavelength 1D gratings, namely “diatomic” gratings with two nonequivalent subcells in one period, and utilize their intrinsic dark modes to achieve robust ultra high Q resonances. Such “diatomic” gratings provide extra design flexibility, and enable high Q resonators using thinner geometry with smaller filling factors compared to conventional designs like the high contrast gratings (HCGs). More importantly, we show that these high Q resonances can be efficiently tuned in situ, making the design appealing in various applications including optical sensing, filtering and displays.
Reply from Authors re: Ronald C. Chen. Making Individualized Decisions in the Midst of Uncertainties: The Case of Prostate Cancer and Biochemical Recurrence. Eur Urol 2013;64:916–8: Optimal Timing for Postoperative Radiation: Still an Unanswered Question

[2] Trock BJ, Han M, Freedland SJ, et al. Prostate cancer-specific survival following salvage radiotherapy vs observation in men with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA2008;299: 2760–9. [3] Stephenson AJ, Shariat SF, Zelefsky MJ, et al. Salvage radiotherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. JAMA 2004; 291:1325–32. [4] Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol 2009;181:956–62. [5] Bolla M, van Poppel H, Tombal B, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet 2012;380:2018–27. [6] Wiegel T, Bottke D, Steiner U, et al. Phase III postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy compared with radical prostatectomy alone in pT3 prostate cancer with postoperative
Synthesis and electrochemical reactivity of molybdenum dicarbonyl supported by a redox-active α-diimine ligand.

Low-valent molybdenum dicarbonyl complexes with a diazabutadiene [mesDABR; [ArN═C(R)C(R)═NAr]; Ar = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl (mes), R = H or CH3] ligand have been synthesized and fully characterized. The title complexes exhibit elongated DAB C–N and shortened C–C bond lengths over the free ligand and other zerovalent molybdenum complexes of DAB. Compared to known examples theoretically described as iminato π-radicals (L•–), the oxidation state assignment fits a molybdenum(II) description. However, Mo K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates that the complexes are best described as molybdenum(0). This example demonstrates that caution should be exercised in assigning the oxidation state based on structural parameters alone. Cyclic voltammetry studies reveal an electrochemical–chemical process that has been identified by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroelectrochemistry as cis-to-trans isomerization.
THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, AND DISADVANTAGED ENVIRONMENT IN PREDICTING EARLY ONSET OF OFFENDING: A TEST OF MOFFITT'S INTERACTIONAL HYPOTHESIS

Little is known about the causes of an early onset of offending. In an attempt to shed light on this issue, some theoretical models have been advanced purporting to explain the reasons for an individual's early initiation into offending. In one of these models, Moffitt (1993) predicts that early onset of offending is caused by an interaction between (1) increased risk for neuropsychological disorders and (2) disadvantaged childhood environments. This study tests Moffitt's hypothesis concerning the development of early offending. In the present analysis, low birth weight was used as a proxy for increased likelihood of neuropsychological deficits, and socioeconomic status and family structure served as indicators for disadvantaged environment. Using the Philadelphia portion of the Collaborative Perinatal Project, we find support for Moffitt's hypothesis that neuropsychological risk and disadvantaged environment interact to produce an early, but not late, onset of offending. In subsequent analysis, the interaction was observed for males but not females. The latter result, however, may be a function of the small number of cases in the female sample. Finally, we address the theoretical and policy implications arising from our analyses and provide some suggestions for future research.
The Statistical Nature of Fatigue Crack Propagation

Abstract : A statistical investigation of the fatigue crack propagation process was conducted. Sixty-eight replicate constant amplitude crack propagation tests were conducted on 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. The following distributions were considered: two-parameter normal distribution, three-parameter log-normal distribution, three-parameter Weibull distribution, two-parameter gamma distribution, three-parameter gamma distribution, the generalized three- parameter gamma distribution, and the generalized four-parameter gamma distribution. From the experimental data, the distribution of N as a function of crack length was best represented by the three-parameter log-normal distribution. Six growth rate calculation methods were investigated and the method which introduced the least amount of error into the growth rate data was found to be a modified secant method. Based on the distribution of da/dN, which varied moderately as a function of crack length, replicate a vs. N data were predicted. This predicted data reproduced the mean behavior but not the variant behavior of the actual a vs. N data.
The effect of small leaks, grain bulk, and the patching of leaks on the performance of hermetic storage

Hermetic storage containers are often used by farmers to protect their harvested grain from insect damage and ultimately stop insect population development. Sometimes holes in a storage container are created by insects or by accident; such holes may reduce the effectiveness of the hermetic storage unit. Using cowpea grain and the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F), we investigated the degree to which holes in a hermetic storage container wall affect the level of grain damage. When there were low numbers of holes, seed damage increased markedly with each additional hole. The grain itself contributed a barrier to oxygen diffusion through the grain mass. If holes in the container wall were patched with a single layer of HDPE film, grain damage was indistinguishable from that seen under full hermetic conditions. We provide evidence that a single layer of woven polypropylene contributes a small but measurable barrier to oxygen penetration into the container.
Preparation of esters containing an β-CF3 group

Abstract Malonates may be converted to esters containing an δ-CF3 group in a two-step process involving bromodifluoromethylation of the malonates followed by decarboxyalkylation-fluorination with fluoride ion in DMSO.
Dry deposition and foliar leaching of mercury and selected trace elements in deciduous forest throughfall

Abstract The estimated annual throughfall deposition flux of Hg in a northern mixed-hardwood forest in the Lake Huron Watershed was 10.5±1.0 μg m−2 compared to an annual precipitation Hg flux of 8.7±0.5 μg m−2 (June 1996–June 1997). The source of this additional Hg in throughfall is often attributed to wash-off of dry deposition, but foliar leaching of Hg may also be important. To determine the influence of both dry deposition and foliar leaching of Hg and other elements in throughfall, we measured a suite of trace elements (Hg, Al, Mg, V, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Cd, Ba, La, Ce, and Pb) in throughfall, precipitation, and ambient air samples from a northern mixed-hardwood forest. Based on a multiple linear regression model, dry deposition had the most important influence on Hg, Al, La, Ce, V, As, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb fluxes while foliar leaching strongly influenced Mg, Mn, Rb, Sr, and Ba fluxes in net throughfall. The Hg dry deposition flux was estimated using gaseous and aerosol Hg measurements and modeled deposition velocities. The calculated dry deposition flux (∼12–14 μg m−2) of Hg to the canopy indicated that atmospheric deposition of Hg could easily account for all of the Hg deposited in net throughfall (1.9±0.1 μg m−2). Although there is a large uncertainty associated with these techniques, the modeling estimates indicate that atmospheric Hg may account for all of the Hg deposited in litterfall (11.4±2.8 μg m−2).
The JCVI standard operating procedure for annotating prokaryotic metagenomic shotgun sequencing data

The JCVI metagenomics analysis pipeline provides for the efficient and consistent annotation of shotgun metagenomics sequencing data for sampling communities of prokaryotic organisms. The process can be equally applied to individual sequence reads from traditional Sanger capillary electrophoresis sequences, newer technologies such as 454 pyrosequencing, or sequence assemblies derived from one or more of these data types. It includes the analysis of both coding and non-coding genes, whether full-length or, as is often the case for shotgun metagenomics, fragmentary. The system is designed to provide the best-supported conservative functional annotation based on a combination of trusted homology-based scientific evidence and computational assertions and an annotation value hierarchy established through extensive manual curation. The functional annotation attributes assigned by this system include gene name, gene symbol, GO terms [1], EC numbers [2], and JCVI functional role categories [3].
Risperidone treatment of three seriously medically ill children with secondary mood disorders.

Received June 9, 2004; revision received Oct. 16, 2004; accepted Nov. 15, 2004. From the Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Meighen, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, 702 Barnhill Dr., Rm. 4300, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5200; kmeighen@iupui.edu (e-mail). Copyright 2005 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Atypical antipsychotics are increasingly used in child and adolescent populations for a variety of psychiatric disorders. Compared to conventional antipsychotics, their appeal is at least twofold: tolerability and unique neurotransmitter receptor affinities that translate into applicability beyond schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. We present three cases from a child and adolescent consultation-liaison psychiatry service where risperidone was used to treat significant mood disorders secondary to serious medical conditions. These cases represent novel uses of risperidone because of the very young ages of the children and the diagnoses being treated.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mo(Ta)/MoSix Microlaminates

Vapor phase synthesis approaches were employed to produce laminated microstructures with high temperature phases alternated with ductile phase layers for toughness enhancement. Microlaminates of alternating layers of Mo and cosputtered Mo-Si were deposited on a Si substrate using direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique. Microstructural evolution and phase formation after diffusion annealing (900°C, 2 hr) was evaluated using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Heat treating the microlaminates resulted in the growth of a Mo3Si interface phase between Mo and cosputtered layer and conversion of the amorphous cosputtered layer into crystalline Mo5Si3. A higher Si/Mo ratio in the cosputtered layer caused the formation of dispersed Mo5Si3 grains in Mo layer. The residual stress state was measured by monitoring the curvature change of the microlaminates using a laser beam. By decreasing the bilayer thickness to 1/3, the residual stress is reduced by ~50%.
Optimal multiscale Kalman filter for assimilation of near-surface soil moisture into land surface models

[1] We undertake an alternative and novel approach to assimilation of near-surface soil moisture into land surface models by means of an extension of multiscale Kalman filtering (MKF). While most data assimilation studies rely on the assumption of spatially independent near-surface soil moisture observations to attain computational tractability in large-scale problems, MKF allows us to explicitly and very efficiently model the spatial dependence and scaling properties of near-surface soil moisture fields. Furthermore, MKF has the appealing ability to cope with model predictions and observations made at different spatial scales. Yet another essential feature of our approach is that we resort to the use of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm in conjunction with MKF so that the statistical parameters inherent to MKF may be optimally determined directly from the data at hand and allowed to vary over time. This constitutes a significant advantage since these parameters (e.g., observation and model error noise variances) essentially determine the performance of the assimilation approach and have so far been most commonly prescribed heuristically and not allowed to evolve in time. We test our approach by assimilating the near-surface soil moisture fields derived from electronically scanned thinned array radiometer (ESTAR) during the Southern Great Plains Hydrology experiment of 1997 (SGP97) into the three-layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC-3L) land surface model. The results show that assimilation significantly improves the short-term predictions of soil moisture and energy fluxes from VIC-3L, especially with regard to capturing the spatial structure of these state variables. Additionally, we find that allowing the statistical parameters of the assimilation algorithm to evolve in time allows for an adequate representation of the time-varying uncertainties in land surface model predictions.
Understanding Corporate Entrepreneurship Theory: A Literature Review for Culinary/Food Service Academic Practitioners

ABSTRACT The practice involving research of corporate entrepreneurship is still within its infancy. Academic practitioners are beginning to find the common linkages between the traits that make up entrepreneurship and their connection to managing organizations within the hospitality and tourism industries. The purpose of this article is to provide an extensive review of literature (from 1934–2003) involving research related to corporate entrepreneurship and organizational entrepreneurial-related activities in order to develop future research related to entrepreneurship in relation to culinary and food service organizational behavior.
Direct fetal injections of diethylstilbestrol and 17β‐estradiol: A method for investigating their teratogenicity

The synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), causes urogenital malformations in humans, primates, and rodents. This study was designed to determine whether these effects of DES are related to its estrogenicity. Therefore, DES (0.1, 1, and 10 micrograms) or the natural estrogen, estradiol (E2) (10 and 100 micrograms) was injected directly into day 19 rat fetuses. In the 6- to 7-week-old female offspring exposed to DES, a dose-related incidence of cleft phallus, hypospadias, and incomplete coiling of oviducts was observed. The single fetal injection of E2 elicited similar urogenital malformations, but was approximately 100-fold less potent than DES. A single subcutaneous dose of either DES (0.025, 0.25, or 2.5 mg/kg) or E2 (2.5 or 25 mg/kg) to dams on day 19 of pregnancy induced a spectrum of malformations similar to that following fetal injection. The offspring of treated dams, but not those injected directly as fetuses, had nonfunctioning ovaries (no corpora lutea) yet vaginal signs of estrous were present. It is concluded that DES can act directly in the fetus and its teratogenicity does not require maternal mediation. Since a high dose of E2 produced similar malformations when given to fetuses, it appears that excess estrogen during prenatal life is teratogenic. Thus, at least those endpoints of the teratogenicity of DES that were measured are accounted for by its estrogenic activity.
Differences between weekend and weekday ozone levels over rural and urban sites in Southern Italy

Air quality data from a network of 11 monitoring stations in the Apulia region of southern Italy during the summer of 2005 reveal a high frequency of ozone law limit violations. Since ozone is a secondary pollutant, air quality control strategies aimed at reducing ozone concentration are not immediate. Herein, we analyse weekly changes in concentration levels of ozone (O(3)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and evaluate how the differences in primary emissions cause changes in the production of ozone. The comparison between weekend and weekday levels of O(3) and its precursors are direct evidence for the existence of the "ozone weekend effect." This effect was observed at all stations with a considerable variation in the overall ozone magnitude, including both traffic stations and non-traffic stations. Data from VOC measurements at traffic stations primarily indicated elevated levels of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX); all of these substances showed an overall decrease over the weekend. A single station indicated levels of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and PM10, both of which did not demonstrate any weekly cycle. Analysis of weekly and diurnal cycles of O(3), NO(x), CO, NMHC, and PM10 indicates that higher weekend ozone levels result from a reduction in the emission of nitrogen oxides on weekends in VOC-sensitive regimes. This indicates that a reduction in VOC and NO(x) levels would be more effective than NO(x) reduction alone. Our results underscore the need for improved and more efficient VOC measurements.
Determination of micro-pH in solid drug delivery systems.

Pharmaceutical formulators have used the term micro-pH for many years to define the environment present within a solid drug delivery system at loci close to drug particles. There is, of course, som...
Cell cycle dependent regulation of the origin recognition complex.

The eukaryotic origin recognition complex (ORC) not only selects the sites wherepre-replication complexes are assembled and DNA replication begins, it is the first in aseries of multiple coherent pathways that determines when pre-replication complexesare assembled. Data from yeast, frogs, flies and mammals present a compelling casethat one or more of the six ORC subunits undergoes cell cycle dependent modificationsinvolving phosphorylation and ubiquitination that repress ORC activity during S, G2and M-phases. ORC activity is not restored until mitosis is complete and a nuclearmembrane is present. In yeast, frogs and mammals, the same cyclin-dependent proteinkinase [Cdk1(Cdc2)] that initiates mitosis also inhibits assembly of functionalORC/chromatin sites. In yeast, ORC remains bound to chromatin throughout celldivision, but in the metazoa either ORC or the Orc1 subunit appears to cycle on and offthe chromatin. Thus, this “ORC cycle” is the premier step in preventing re-replicationof DNA during a single ce...
The Magnetic Field of the Earth's Lithosphere: The Satellite Perspective

During the planning stages of the World Magnetic Survey in the early 1960s, geologists and geophysicists had no inkling that crustal magnetic anomalies might one day be observed from space. The appearance of The Magnetic Field of the Earth's Lithosphere: The Satellite Perspective is a welcome testimony to how far that science has advanced. However, although much progress has been made in understanding features discovered by the several spacecraft that have measured geomagnetic fields in low-Earth orbit, the contents of this book make it clear that many mysteries are yet to be solved.