cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beta-Blocker Use and Outcomes in Nursing Home Residents with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Abstract Background: Beta-blockers improve clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Less is known about their role in older nursing home residents with HFrEF. Methods: From the combined OPTIMIZE-HF and Alabama Heart Failure Project datasets, we assembled a propensity score-matched balanced cohort of 6494 hospitalized patients ≥65 years with HFrEF (ejection fraction ≤40%). In our primary approach, hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes associated with discharge prescriptions for beta-blockers were estimated, examining for heterogeneity by admission from nursing homes. In our sensitivity approach, we examined these associations in a separately assembled propensity score-matched cohort of 122 patients admitted from nursing homes. Results: In the matched primary cohort of 6494 patients, HRs (95% CIs) for 12-month all-cause mortality and heart failure readmission were 0.80 (0.74–0.87) and 0.94 (0.86–1.02), respectively. Respective HRs (95% CIs) in the nursing home and non-nursing home subgroups were 0.77 (0.51–1.16) and 0.81 (0.74–0.87) for all-cause mortality (interaction p, 0.653) and 1.06 (0.53–2.12) and 0.89 (0.82–0.96) for heart failure readmission (interaction p, 0.753). In the matched sensitivity cohort of 122 patients admitted from nursing homes, HRs (95% CIs) for 12-month all-cause mortality and heart failure readmission were 0.86 (0.55–1.35) and 1.07 (0.52–2.22), respectively. Similar associations were observed for 30-day outcomes. Conclusions: Beta-blocker use was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality but not of heart failure readmission in older patients with HFrEF, which were similar for patients admitted and not admitted from nursing homes.
Mechanics of scourge: Shock wave generation. An application to macroeconomics

The herder’s scourge/whip motion dynamics is modeled and analyzed. Using generalized functions the potential and energy of the shock wave packet produced by the scourge motion are determined in terms of parameters of scourge and its initial velocity. The scourge is shown to be similar to a specific variable-mass rocket. This model is suggested as well for thundercracks. The reverse motion of scourge is applied to macroeconomics for modeling the growth of wealth characterized by the market index variation in time including bull, bear, and bull-bear markets.
The Auto-inhibitory Function of Importin α Is Essentialin Vivo

Proteins that contain a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) are recognized in the cytoplasm by a heterodimeric import receptor composed of importin/karyopherin α and β. The importin α subunit recognizes classical NLS sequences, and the importin β subunit directs the complex to the nuclear pore. Recent work shows that the N-terminal importin β binding (IBB) domain of importin α regulates NLS-cargo binding in the absence of importin β in vitro. To analyze the in vivo functions of the IBB domain, we created a series of mutants in theSaccharomyces cerevisiae importin α protein. These mutants dissect the two functions of the N-terminal IBB domain, importin β binding and auto-inhibition. One of these importin α mutations, A3, decreases auto-inhibitory function without impacting binding to importin β or the importin α export receptor, Cse1p. We used this mutant to show that the auto-inhibitory function is essentialin vivo and to provide evidence that this auto-inhibitory-defective importin α remains bound to NLS-cargo within the nucleus. We propose a model where the auto-inhibitory activity of importin α is required for NLS-cargo release and the subsequent Cse1p-dependent recycling of importin α to the cytoplasm.
Watch for the little red light: Delivery of bibliographic instruction by unconventional means

Summary Higher education has started using broadcast and video conferencing technology as well as Web-based software specifically designed for teaching classes online. Librarians can participate in classes and deliver “bibliographic instruction” presentations as part of the class. But how similar the presentation may be to the traditional in-person class varies depending on the technology employed. This paper describes the principle differences between bibliographic instruction in a closed circuit broadcast, ISDN videoconference, Web-based class and traditional in-person class visits.
Reflections on giving bad news.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:356–358 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Death in the emergency department (ED) is fairly common. Giving bad news can be difficult, but it is a skill that is vitally important for the emergency physician. In the past it may have been difficult to find good resources on the subject, but now there are many reviews and guidelines; the SPIKES and GRIEV_ING protocols are two such guidelines. Furthermore, giving bad news is now taught in medical school and residency. This reflection is about giving the news of the death of a family member over the telephone. Little literature addresses giving bad news over the telephone.
Trends in health inequalities in developing countries

This is a review of current professional thinking about health inequalities in developing countries and how to reduce them. It is in four parts. The first provides a brief history of recent trends in concern about health inequalities and related issues. The second is a discussion of the concept of health inequalities, and of the similarities and differences between other distributional measures in current use. The third summarizes what is known about the dimensions and magnitude of health inequalities. The fourth presents a comparable summary of current thought about how best to reduce inequalities. The review closes with a brief conclusion.
Hypothesis on human eye perceiving optical spectrum rather than an image

ABSTRACT It is a common knowledge that we see th e world because our eyes can perceive an optical image. A digital camera seems a good example of simulating the eye imaging system. However, the signal sensing and imaging on human retina is very complicated. There are at least five layers (of neurons) along the signal pathway: photoreceptors (cones and rods), bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. To sense an optical image, it seems that photoreceptors (as sensors) plus ganglion cells (converting to electrical signals for transmission) are good enough. Image sensing does not require ununiformed distribution of photoreceptors like fovea. There are some challenging questions, for example, why dont we feel the blind spots (never fibers exiting the eyes)? Similar situation happens to glaucoma patients who do not feel their vision loss until 50% or more nerves died. Now our hypothesis is that human retina initially senses optical (i.e., Fourier) spectrum rather than optical im age. Due to the symmetric property of Fourier spectrum the signal loss from a blind spot or the dead nerves (for glaucoma patients) can be recovered. Eye logarithmic response to input light intensity much likes displaying Fourier magnitude. The optics and structures of human eyes satisfy the needs of optical Fourier spectrum sampling. It is unsure that where and how inverse Fourier transform is performed in human vision system to obtain an optical image. Phase retrieval technique in compressive sensing domain enables image reconstruction even without phase inputs. The spectrum-based imaging system can potentially tolerate up to 50% of bad sensors (pixels), adapt to large dynamic range (with logarithmic response), etc. Keywords : Human vision, retinal imaging, retinal spectrum sensing, Fourier transform, image reconstruction.
Chapter 7 Methods with Tetrahymena

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods with tetrahymena. Tetrahymena pyriformis (T.pyriforrnis) has been widely used in diverse studies at the cellular level. This chapter presents a number of methods of current interest to the cell biologist. Only T.pyriforrnis is considered in the chapter because the bulk of the literature is written on this species. For this reason the organism will often be referred to by its generic name only. Tetrahymena is a ubiquitous, free living freshwater ciliate. The morphology and biology of this organism have been discussed. In nature Tetrahymena feed on bacteria, and they can be grown in this manner in the laboratory in a monoxenic culture. Tetrahymena can be grown in an axenic culture on a variety of nutrient media and also in completely defined synthetic medium.
Aminophylline-induced suppression of pulmonary antibacterial defenses

Respiratory infections are frequently observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, indicating that host defenses are compromised. Antibacterial defenses of the lung against such...
Development of a spatially universal framework for classifying stream assemblages with application to conservation planning for Great Lakes lotic fish communities

Classifications are typically specific to particular issues or areas, leading to patchworks of subjectively defined spatial units. Stream conservation is hindered by the lack of a universal habitat classification system and would benefit from an independent hydrology-guided spatial framework of units encompassing all aquatic habitats at multiple spatial scales within large regions. We present a system that explicitly separates the spatial framework from any particular classification developed from the framework. The framework was constructed from landscape variables that are hydrologically and biologically relevant, covered all space within the study area, and was nested hierarchically and spatially related at scales ranging from the stream reach to the entire region; classifications may be developed from any subset of the 9 basins, 107 watersheds, 459 subwatersheds, or 10,000s of valley segments or stream reaches. To illustrate the advantages of this approach, we developed a fish-guided classification generated from a framework for the Great Lakes region that produced a mosaic of habitat units which, when aggregated, formed larger patches of more general conditions at progressively broader spatial scales. We identified greater than 1,200 distinct fish habitat types at the valley segment scale, most of which were rare. Comparisons of biodiversity and species assemblages are easily examined at any scale. This system can identify and quantify habitat types, evaluate habitat quality for conservation and/or restoration, and assist managers and policymakers with prioritization of protection and restoration efforts. Similar spatial frameworks and habitat classifications can be developed for any organism in any riverine ecosystem.
Recent advances in wireless networking

Wireless technology is growing at a breath taking pace and is influencing the way people live and interact. A wireless system enables users to go anywhere, still be connected to both voice and data communications and have access to systems with different levels of complexity ranging from voice communications to database retrieval. The satellite based global positioning capability has added another dimension to the usefulness of the system. Handling of voice information has achieved some degree of maturity while data communication is just picking up the steam. In this presentation, we describe state-of-the-art of the wireless and mobile networking area and illustrate their applications in diverse areas like travel, education, stock trading, military, package delivery, disaster recovery and medical emergency care. Most of the data applications can be categorized as wireless/mobile access to internet, wireless/mobile access to intranet and wireless LAN/ad-hoc access between mobile systems. The persuasiveness of mobile computing is being felt not only by business, but also by households and Bluetooth Technology is allowing different devices like laptops, mobile phones, pagers, and other household devices to communicate with each other without the use of cables. The future of mobile computing seems to be very promising and anywhere, anytime any device access to information is expected to be a reality. We also look at the challenges faced by the wireless technology.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Low Back Pain in Active Duty Infantry

Although much research has been performed on occupational risk factors for low back pain, little has been published on low back pain among infantrymen. This purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence of acute low back pain amongst active duty infantrymen as compared to a matched control population. The Defense Medical Epidemiology Database was searched and incidence rates were calculated and compared between infantry and noninfantry soldiers. Data was stratified and controlled for age, race, marital status, rank, and branch of service using the Poisson multivariate regression analysis. Significantly lower rates of acute low back pain were discovered in active duty infantrymen when compared to matched controls (32.9 versus 49.5 cases per 1,000 person-years). Additionally, significantly lower rates were identified in the Marines versus the Army, and among junior enlisted compared to senior enlisted service members.
Mobilization of selenium from the Mancos Shale and associated soils in the lower Uncompahgre River Basin, Colorado

Abstract This study investigates processes controlling mobilization of selenium in the lower part of the Uncompahgre River Basin in western Colorado. Selenium occurs naturally in the underlying Mancos Shale and is leached to groundwater and surface water by limited natural runoff, agricultural and domestic irrigation, and leakage from irrigation canals. Soil and sediment samples from the study area were tested using sequential extractions to identify the forms of selenium present in solid phases. Selenium speciation was characterized for nonirrigated and irrigated soils from an agricultural site and sediments from a wetland formed by a leaking canal. In nonirrigated areas, selenium was present in highly soluble sodium salts and gypsum. In irrigated soils, soluble forms of selenium were depleted and most selenium was associated with organic matter that was stable under near-surface weathering conditions. Laboratory leaching experiments and geochemical modeling confirm that selenium primarily is released to groundwater and surface water by dissolution of highly soluble selenium-bearing salts and gypsum present in soils and bedrock. Rates of selenium dissolution determined from column leachate experiments indicate that selenium is released most rapidly when water is applied to previously nonirrigated soils and sediment. High concentrations of extractable nitrate also were found in nonirrigated soils and bedrock that appear to be partially derived from weathered organic matter from the shale rather than from agricultural sources. Once selenium is mobilized, dissolved nitrate derived from natural sources appears to inhibit the reduction of dissolved selenium leading to elevated concentrations of selenium in groundwater. A conceptual model of selenium weathering is presented and used to explain seasonal variations in the surface-water chemistry of Loutzenhizer Arroyo, a major tributary contributor of selenium to the lower Uncompahgre River.
Optimization of multilayer surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immuno-nanosensors via self-assembled monolayer spacers

Dynamic intracellular analysis has important applications in areas like biomedical research, defense and security and many others. Although, there are several methods for intracellular analysis, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is becoming a preferred transduction method for such applications, due to its narrow spectral bandwidth, large SERS enhancement factors and high sensitivity. In our laboratory, SERS-based immuno-nanosensors are being developed and optimized for real-time, dynamic, and multiplexed analysis of molecular interaction within individual living cells. These nanosensors are fabricated by drop coating silica nanospheres onto a microscope slide. A film of SERS active metal is deposited on the nanospheres to form metal film over nanospheres (MFON), which are then removed from the slide by mechanical processes. The MFONs are functionalized with antibodies that target specific proteins under investigation. Radiation induced cell perturbation is minimized by the use of a HeNe laser for excitation at 632.8 nm. To improve SERS enhancement, different types of metal deposited substrates have been studied with multilayer- MFON (MULTI-FON) substrates demonstrating ideal enhancement. This paper evaluates the SERS enhancement of MULTI-FONs with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) spacers sandwiched between layers of the metal film. Monolayers with carboxylic acid tail groups and different chain lengths are used as spacers in order to evaluate the effect of spacer length and chain functionalities on the SERS enhancement. The paper also discusses the effect of solvent used for the monolayer formation on the sensitivity of the SAM MULTI-FON SERS substrates.
The emerging role of phosphate in vascular calcification

Vascular calcification is recognized as a major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Susceptibility to vascular calcification is genetically determined and actively regulated by diverse inducers and inhibitors. One of these inducers, hyperphosphatemia, promotes vascular calcification and is a nontraditional risk factor for CVD mortality in ESRD patients. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) respond to elevated phosphate levels by undergoing an osteochondrogenic phenotype change and mineralizing their extracellular matrix through a mechanism requiring sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters. Disease states and cytokines can increase expression of sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters in SMCs, thereby increasing susceptibility to calcification even at phosphate concentrations that are in the normal range.
High CD34+ cell dose promotes faster platelet recovery after autologous stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia

Abstract We studied platelet engraftment in 58 patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first remission treated with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) to determine whether CD34+ cell doses >10 × 106/kg were associated with faster platelet engraftment. We compared engraftment rates in patients receiving CD34+ doses between 5 and 10 × 106/kg (standard-dose ASCT) with those receiving doses ≥10 × 106/kg (high-dose [HD] ASCT). We also studied neutrophil engraftment rates and platelet and red blood cell transfusion requirements. In multivariate adjusted models, the rate of platelet recovery to ≥20,000/μL was 4-fold greater among subjects who received HD-ASCT (hazard ratio [HR], 4.1; confidence interval [CI], 1.8–9.2; P = .001), with median recovery times of 14 versus 28 days. The rate of platelet recovery to ≥50,000/μL was 2-fold greater (HR, 2.1; CI, 1.3–5.9; P = .01), with median recovery times of 19 versus 46 days. Faster platelet recovery resulted in the need for fewer platelet transfusions among the subjects who received HD-ASCT (mean transfusions, 3.7 versus 9.8; P = .005). Although not statistically significant, neutrophil recovery data in the adjusted model suggested a similar effect in the HD-ASCT group, with faster engraftment times at absolute neutrophil counts >500/μL (median, 9.2 versus 12 days; HR, 1.6; CI, 0.69–3.5; P = .29) and absolute neutrophil counts >1000/μL (median, 9.5 versus 12 days; HR, 1.3; CI, 0.56–2.8; P = .58). Subjects who received HD-ASCT required fewer red blood cell transfusions (4.0 versus 9.8 units; P = .01). Our findings suggest that CD34+ cell doses >10 × 106/kg CD34+ result in faster engraftment and fewer red blood cell and platelet transfusions.
Bioremoval of hexavalent chromium from water by a salt tolerant bacterium, Exiguobacterium sp. GS1

Pollution of terrestrial surfaces and aquatic systems by hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is a worldwide public health problem. A chromium resistant bacterial isolate identified as Exiguobacterium sp. GS1 by 16S rRNA gene sequencing displayed high rate of removal of Cr(VI) from water. Exiguobacterium sp. GS1 is 99% identical to Exiguobacterium acetylicum. The isolate significantly removed Cr(VI) at both high and low concentrations (1–200 μg mL−1) within 12 h. The Michaelis–Menten Km and Vmax for Cr(VI) bioremoval were calculated to be 141.92 μg mL−1 and 13.22 μg mL−1 h−1, respectively. Growth of Exiguobacterium sp. GS1 was indifferent at 1–75 μg mL−1 Cr(VI) in 12 h. At initial concentration of 8,000 μg L−1, Exiguobacterium sp. GS1 displayed rapid bioremoval of Cr(VI) with over 50% bioremoval in 3 h and 91% bioremoval in 8 h. Kinetic analysis of Cr(VI) bioremoval rate revealed zero-order in 8 h. Exiguobacterium sp. GS1 grew and significantly reduced Cr(VI) in cultures containing 1–9% salt indicating high salt tolerance. Similarly the isolate substantially reduced Cr(VI) over a wide range of temperature (18–45 °C) and initial pH (6.0–9.0). The Topt and initial pHopt were 35–40 °C and 7–8, respectively. Exiguobacterium sp. GS1 displayed a great potential for bioremediation of Cr(VI) in diverse complex environments.
Response context affects judgments of flavor components in foods and beverages

Panelists in sensory evaluation studies often make judgments about specific components of flavor (for example, sweetness) that are embedded in the complex, multi-dimensional sensory experience elicited by a food or beverage. Studies with multi-modal mixtures provide evidence that the variations in instructions and the response context have a significant impact on the way panelists make these judgments. Response alternatives set a context that influences an observer's approach to an evaluation task prior to the presentation of the stimuli. Observers develop a strategy for dealing with the task, and the number and type of response alternatives represent constraints that the experimenter imposes on the observer. Studies of odor-induced enhancement of taste ratings and taste mixtures provide support for this view. A model for the judgment of flavor components is described which attempts to account for the influence of both perceptual and conceptual factors on ratings of multidimensional stimuli such as foods and beverages.
Global atmospheric changes

Increasing concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can be directly related to global warming. In terms of human health, because a major cause of increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 is the increased combustion of fossil fuels, global warming also may result in increases in air pollutants, acid deposition, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. To understand better the impacts of global warming phenomena on human health, this review emphasizes the processes that are responsible for the greenhouse effect, air pollution, acid deposition, and increased exposure to UV radiation.
Pyrazine in supercritical xenon: local number density defined by experiment and calculation.

Toward our goal of using supercritical fluids to study solvent effects in physical and chemical phenomena, we develop a method to spatially define the solvent local number density at the solute in ...
Oscillatory magnetostriction and the de Haas-van Alphen effect in white tin

Abstract Using oscillatory magnetostriction and the de Haas-van Alphen effect we have measured the stress derivatives of Fermi surface cross-sections lying normal to the [101] direction in tin.
Electro-osmosis in Frozen Soil

WATER can be transported in unfrozen soil under an electrical gradient. This process, which is called electro-osmosis, is due to an excess of positive ions over negative ions in the water near a solid surface. The amount of water which can be transported by electro-osmosis is such that in some instances it has been used to stabilize soft clay embankments. The purpose of our experiment was to measure the extent to which water can be moved through the films of unfrozen water in a frozen soil.
Dewatering of geotextile fabric containers upon impact with the sea floor : Environmental monitoring implications

Abstract A permeable geotextile fabric container (GFC), used for containing dredge spoils or sewage sludge, may expel contaminated water after its release due to impact with the sea floor. By extrapolating from reported permeabilities and flow rates for GFC fabrics to expected impact conditions, we demonstrate that water-filled GFCs may lose 10–30% of their content. Sediment filled GFCs, however, will experience water loss on the order of 0.0024% of total GFC volume as a result of immediate clogging of fabric pores during GFC impact. Thus, any significant release of contaminated water from GFCs will be caused by initial rupture or long-term failure. Monitoring scenarios should focus mainly on these issues.
Correlation of Tetrahymena and Pimephales toxicity: evaluation of 100 additional compounds.

In the summary/recommendations for the Ecotoxicology Session of Test Smart—A Humane and Efficient Approach to Screening Information Data Sets (SIDS) Data Workshop, it was recommended that more population growth impairment data using Tetrahymena be generated and compared with available lethality data for the fathead minnow. To comply with this recommendation, 100 additional chemicals were tested in the ciliate assay. Toxicity values for the 96-h Pimephales promelas mortality assay (log[LC50−1]) and the 2-d Tetrahymena pyriformis growth assay (log[IGC50−1]) were compared. Each chemical was a priori assigned a mode of action. The majority of compounds were classified as either narcotics (n = 46) or direct-acting electro(nucleo)philes (n= 43), while 11 chemicals were listed as carboxylic acids, diesters, proelectrophiles, or weak acid respiratory uncouplers. Toxicities for narcotics showed an excellent relationship between endpoints with the coefficient of determination (r2) being 0.93. A weaker relationship, r2 = 0.78, was observed for the electro(nucleo)philes. The poorer fit for the covalent-reacting electro(nucleo)philes is attributed to differences in protocol, in particular, to test-medium composition and exposure scheme. Those chemicals whose potency is mediated by metabolism in fish (diesters and proelectrophiles) as well as the acids exhibited poor correlation between endpoints, with toxicity in the fish assay being greater than that predicted from the ciliate data. The regression analysis between endpoints, regardless of mode or mechanism of toxic action, yielded the model log(LC50−1) = 1.12(log[IGC50−1]) + 0.46, with n= 92, r2 = 0.82, s (root of the mean square error) = 0.87, F = 399, and p > F = 0.0001. A result for the present investigation supports earlier findings that, with noted exceptions, there is a strong relationship between toxicity potency as quantified by P. promelas mortality and T. pyriformis growth impairment.
Recovered errors and normal diagnostics in regression

Diagnostics for normal errors in regression typically utilize ordinary residuals, despite the failure of assumptions to validate their use. Case studies here show that such misuse may be critical. A remedy invokes recovered errors having the required properties, taking into account that such errors are closer to normality than are disturbances in the observations themselves. Simulation studies show consistent improvement over the usual methods in small samples. In addition, effects on normal diagnostics due to various model violations are examined.
(+)-Zwittermicin A. Rapid assembly of C9-C15 and a formal total synthesis.

A short, enantioselective synthesis of the C9−C15 portion of (+)-zwittermicin A is reported that exploits directional functionalization of the known hepta-2,5-diyne-1,7-diol by partial reduction of the two triple bonds followed by Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and boron-directed double ring-opening with sodium azide under Miyashita conditions. Subsequent desymmetrization of the C2-symmetric diazidotetraol product converges upon (−)-3—the enantiomer of the key intermediate of our earlier structural proof and synthesis of (−)-zwittermicin A—and constitutes a formal synthesis of (+)-zwitttermicin A.
ANOMALY-FREE VARIATIONAL METHOD FOR INELASTIC SCATTERING.

Analysis, given in an earlier paper, of standard variational methods for elastic scattering is extended to the case of several open channels. As in the case of elastic scattering, and contrary to widespread expectation, the spurious singularities inherent in the Kohn formalism are shown, for the general multichannel case, not to arise from the singularities of the linear inhomogeneous system of equations common to standard variational methods. The Kohn formula for elements of the $R$ or $K$ matrix, and its analog for the ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ matrix, are shown to vary smoothly, without poles, as the energy parameter goes through eigenvalues of this system of equations. The spurious singularities arise from isolated zeroes of determinants that occur in the denominator of the Kohn formula and of its analog (the inverse Kohn formula) for ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The singularities in these formulas do not in general coincide, and a criterion is proposed for alternative use of these formulas, resulting in a procedure free of spurious singularities. This analysis is illustrated by calculations on a soluble two-channel-model problem. An incidental result of the present formalism is a proof that the approximate $R$ matrix given by the Kohn formula is symmetric and real if the basis functions used are real.
Acoustic neuromas in the elderly.

Objective To determine if an "observation" protocol with serial scanning is a safe and effective management paradigm for acoustic neuromas in the elderly. Study design A retrospective case review was performed. Setting This study was performed in an academic, tertiary care center. Patients Forty-one patients over the age of 65 years were identified with the primary diagnosis of unilateral acoustic neuroma, without prior treatment or observation. Intervention The patients were followed with serial, gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed at 6 months and then yearly, if no significant growth occurred. Main outcome measures The patients were monitored for tumor growth, cranial nerve deficits, and hydrocephalus. Results The patients were followed for an average of 3.5 years (range, 6 months to 9 years). The average tumor size at presentation was 1.14 cm, with a range of growth rates from 0 to 1.2 cm per year. Twenty-one patients demonstrated tumor growth at an average rate of 0.322 cm per year. Only five patients (12%) required further intervention. Three patients underwent translabyrinthine excision, and two patients were treated with radiation. No patients developed significant complications during the observation period. Conclusions Acoustic neuromas in the older population can be managed safely using serial MRI scanning. No correlation could be made between initial tumor size and subsequent growth rate.
Solar absorption microwave measurement of upper atmospheric water vapor

Ground-based microwave measurements of upper atmospheric water vapor were made during late 1981 at Penn State University using the spectral line decomposition of solar microwave (22.235 GHz) radiation transmitted through the atmosphere. One measurement per day was accomplished by integrating the signal over the daylight hours from sunrise to sunset while accurately tracking the sun with a 2.4 m cassegrain parabola antenna. Preliminary retrievals for the period 13-21 December 1983 are presented, which show reasonable agreement with recent emission microwave measurements.
The Export Debenture Plan for Aid to Agriculture

Nature of the plan, 250. — I. The original Ketcham bill, 252. — The revised bill, 255. — II. An export bounty, little disguised, 255; but not a formal subsidy, 256. — III. Hamilton's proposals fundamentally different, 258; tho similar in some superficial respects, 261. — IV. Comparison with the German system, 263. — Some unexpected results of the changes made in 1906, 267. — German experience affords no support for the debenture plan, 268. — V. Not analogous to drawbacks, 269; or to protective tariffs, 271. — Hamilton's view, 273. — "Equality for agriculture," 275. — VI. Conclusion: supporters of the debenture plan have relied on superficial analogies, 277.
A Biophysical Model of Corn Yield: Integrating Climatic and Social Determinants

We estimate a model that accounts for both climatic and social determinants of corn yield in the United States. Climate variables are specified for periods that correspond to phenological stages of development. Social determinants include market conditions, technical factors, scale of production, and the policy environment. The model accounts for the historical and cross-sectional variation in yield, and the interpretation of coefficients is consistent with independent analyses of the climatic and social determinants. The hybrid model provides a framework for assessing the effect of, and adaptation to, climate change.
Molecular cloning of transmembrane and soluble forms of a novel rat natural killer cell receptor related to 2B4

Natural killer (NK)-cell recognition of target cells and cytolytic function are controlled by multiple receptor-ligand interactions. These receptors can transmit either positive or negative signals and belong to the lectin superfamily or immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). One member of the IgSF, 2B4, is expressed on the surface of all mouse and human NK cells and the subset of T cells that mediate NK-like killing. In both mouse and human, 2B4 is a transmembrane protein and is the counter-receptor for CD48. Northern blot analysis had indicated the existence of 2B4-related genes. Here we report the cloning of novel cDNAs (r2B4R) closely related to the rat 2B4. Unlike 2B4, rat NK cells express mRNA corresponding to both transmembrane (r2B4R-tm) and soluble (r2B4R-se) forms of r2B4R. r2B4R-tm contains an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 311 amino acid residues. The encoded protein has characteristics of type I transmembrane proteins with a 20-amino acid leader sequence, a 203-amino acid extracellular domain, a 23-amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 65-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. r2B4R-se encodes a protein of 205 amino acid residues without a putative transmembrane domain. Northern blot analysis and reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed that both transmembrane and soluble forms of r2B4R are expressed in interleukin-2-activated NK cells.
DART Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for analysis of complex organic mixtures

Abstract We report the first combination of a commercial direct analysis in real time (DART) source with FT-ICR MS and its application to analysis of complex organic mixtures. DART enables ionization of compounds with little or no sample preparation, and FT-ICR provides ultrahigh mass resolution and mass accuracy. The combination provides a rapid, robust, and reliable method for analysis of components spanning a wide range of chemical functionality. DART 9.4 T FT-ICR MS generates abundant molecular or quasimolecular ions from C 60 , heavy petroleum, naphthenate deposits, and biotar, without fragmentation. Moreover, we demonstrate desorption/ionization of compounds with boiling points significantly higher than the DART source temperature. DART FT-ICR MS thus offers a new and useful atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry technique for analysis of complex organic mixtures.
Electron ionization rate coefficient for highly ionized iron and scandium

Abstract Cross section and rate coefficients for the electron ionization of Fe(IX)-(XV) and Sc(IV)-(X) have been computed in a distorted wave Born exchange approximation. The scaled cross section for ejection of a 3p electron was found to be roughly linear in the number of 3p electrons in the ion. Analytic fits to the distorted wave cross sections and rate coefficients are included.
Importance of β2Adrenergic Receptor Genotype, Gender and Race on Albuterol-evoked Bronchodilation in Asthmatics

To determine whether race and gender affect beta(2)receptor-stimulated bronchodilation, we quantified FEV(1)and plasma concentrations of albuterol at various times following the oral administration of a single 8-mg dose of albuterol in 15 black and 15 white male and female asthmatics. No important racial or gender differences in albuterol-evoked FEV(1)or percent-predicted FEV(1)were evident, although females tended to be more sensitive compared to males. Pharmacodynamic (PD) models were fitted to data in 19 patients (63%); FEV(1)was too erratic to fit in three, and a clockwise hysteresis in the FEV(1)vs. albuterol concentration relationship was observed in eight asthmatics. Mean +/- SD baseline (E(0)), maximal FEV(1)(E(max)) and C(50)were: 3.18 + 1.03 l, 4.00 +/- 1.12 l, 7.84 +/- 10.2 microg/l, respectively. beta(2)receptor genotype was determined in 16 patients. All Arg 16 homozygotes exhibited proportional FEV(1)response vs. plasma albuterol concentration relationships, and thus were fitted by PD models. All those having a poor FEV(1)vs. albuterol concentration relationship carried the Gly 16 allele. We conclude that receptor genotype, but not race or gender, is an important determinant of albuterol pharmacodynamics.
Accuracy of free-hand placement of thoracic pedicle screws in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: how much of a difference does surgeon experience make?

The use of thoracic pedicle screws for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has gained widespread popularity. However, the placement of pedicle screws in the deformed spine poses unique challenges, and surgeons experience a learning curve. The in vivo accuracy as determined by computed tomography (CT) of placement of thoracic pedicle screws in the deformed spine as a function of surgeon experience is unknown. We undertook a retrospective review to determine the effect of surgeon experience on the accuracy of thoracic pedicle screw placement in AIS. In 2005, we started to obtain routine postoperative CT scans on patients undergoing a spinal fusion. From a database of these patients, we selected AIS patients, who underwent a posterior spinal fusion. Fifteen consecutive patients for each of the following three groups stratified by attending surgeon experience were selected (N = 45): A) less than 20 cases of all pedicle screw constructs for AIS (surgeons 2-mm breach, either medial or lateral. Of the 856 screws, 104 demonstrated a >2-mm breach, for an overall rate of 12.1% (medial = 55, lateral = 49, P = 0.67). When the breach rates were stratified by surgeon experience, there was a trend toward decreased rate of breach for the most experienced surgeons, although this did not attain statistical significance (Group A: 12.7%, Group B: 12.9%, Group C: 10.8%, P = 0.58). However, the most experienced group (C) had a markedly decreased rate of medial breaches (3.5 vs. 7.4% and 8.4% for groups A and B, respectively, P < 0.01). The breach rate for the concave periapical screws was not statistically different from the overall breach rate (13.0% vs. 12.1%, P = 0.93). In conclusion, the overall accuracy of placement of pedicle screws in the deformed spine was 87.9%, with no neurologic, vascular, or visceral complications. Meticulous technique allows spine surgeons with a range of surgical experience to accurately and safely place thoracic pedicle screws in the deformed spine. The most experienced surgeons demonstrated the lowest rate of medial breaches.
A Possible Mechanism for the Action of Adrenomedullin in Brain to Stimulate Stress Hormone Secretion

Adrenomedullin (AM) has been reported to have actions at each level of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, suggesting that the peptide plays a role in the organization of the neuroendocrine responses to stress. We examined the mechanism by which AM regulates the central nervous system branch of the HPA axis as well as the possible role of AM in the modulation of the releases of two other hormones, prolactin and GH, whose secretions also are altered by stress. Intracerebroventricular administration of AM led to elevated plasma corticosterone levels in unrestrained, conscious male rats. This effect was abrogated by pretreatment with a CRH antagonist, suggesting that AM activates the HPA axis by causing the release of CRH into hypophyseal portal vessels. In addition, AM given intracerebroventricularly stimulated the release of prolactin but did not alter the secretion of GH. We propose that AM produced in the brain may be an important neuromodulator of the hormonal stress response.
The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaglis

In a lucidly argued revisionist study of Ottoman Egypt, first published in 1996, Jane Hathaway challenges the traditional view that Egypt's military elite constituted a revival of the institutions of the Mamluk sultanate. The author contends that the framework within which this elite operated was the household, a conglomerate of patron-client ties that took various forms. In this respect, she argues, Egypt's elite represented a provincial variation on an empire-wide, household-based political culture. The study focuses on the Qazdagli household. Originally, a largely Anatolian contingent within Egypt's Janissary regiment, the Qazdaglis dominated Egypt by the late eighteenth century. Using Turkish and Arabic archival sources, Jane Hathaway sheds light on the manner in which the Qazdaglis exploited the Janissary rank hierarchy, while forming strategic alliances through marriage, commercial partnerships and the patronage of palace eunuchs.
Compatibility of Chemical Disease and Insect Management Practices Used in New York Vineyards with Biological Control by Anagrus spp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), Parasitoids of Erythroneura Leafhoppers

Toxicity to Anagrus spp. of fungicides and insecticides used in grape production was assessed with laboratory and field bioassays. Field-equivalent rates of fungicides were relatively nontoxic to Anagrus spp. adults in laboratory bioassays. In bioassays with field-weathered residues, sulfur (9600 ppm) caused elevated mortality of adults for 14 to 21 days posttreatment. Residues of microencapsulated methyl parathion (600 and 1200 ppm) increased mortality relative to the control up to 43 days posttreatment. Duration of elevated mortality of adults exposed to carbaryl was dose dependent and ranged from 14 (at 1200 ppm) to >43 days (at 4800 ppm). Residues of carbaryl and methyl parathion applied over parasitized eggs had little effect on emergence, but may have delayed development. In a field trial, adults trapped in carbaryl-treated plots were significantly reduced starting 3 weeks after treatment. Subsequent lower trap catches may have been related to effects of residues on Anagrus spp. adults or to lower leafhopper egg densities in treated plots.
High-dose continuous intravenous infusion of interleukin-2 therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the University of Chicago experience.

Abstract Objectives Treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) administered as continuous intravenous (CIV infusion or as bolus injection results in response rates of 15% to 30%; however, toxicities with these regimens have been severe. A trial in which CIV IL-2 was administered at high doses during days 1 to 5 and at reduced doses during days 10 to 20 reported less toxicity without a decrease in response rates. We treated a series of patients with this regimen and our experience is presented. Methods Seventeen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with IL-2 by CIV at a dose of 18 × 10 6 IU/m 2 /day for 5 days followed by 4 to 6 days of rest followed by 10 days of CIV IL-2 at a dose of 6 × 10 6 IU/m 2 /day. Five patients also received CT-1501R, a pentoxyfylline derivative. Results There was 1 partial responder (PR) and there were no complete responses. The patient with the PR had a 14 × 9 cm 2 renal tumor with metastases to lung, pancreas, and liver. A surgical resection induced a CR, but he relapsed 9 months later. Severe toxicities included hyponatremia (serum sodium of less than 123 mmol/L) (n = 3), biopsy-proven cardiomyopathy (n = 1), creatinine more than 4.5 mg/dL (n = 7), and sudden death (n = 1). Conclusions We conclude that high-dose CIV IL-2 therapy of renal cell carcinoma results in severe toxicity and cannot be recommended for general use. Alternatives need to be developed.
Biosystematic studies on Agromyzidae from India

Pure systematics of Agromyzids attracted the attention of many entomologists quite early in the century, but investigations on their biosystematics is still to gain the necessary attention and recognition from entomologists. Their life history and feeding habits being so closely interelated with the chemical nature of their host plant, investigations into their capability to select the right host plant become all the more important. It has become very essential to critically reassess their systematic position and the characters governing this sensitive interspecific relationship. Factors which require special attention in this regard are: (i) the organs and devices responsible for host recognition and host selection, (ii) correlation between the structure of these organs and the behaviour of these flies, (iii) recognition of special features in their biology and (iv) the study on the interrelationship between ecological factors and the special features in their biology.
Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Three adults with osteogenesis imperfecta and associated cardiovascular lesions are reported. Two presented with aortic insufficiency due to dilatation of the aortic root for which none of the usual causes is apparent. The third patient was found to have lesions involving pulmonary, aortic, and mitral valves in addition to microscopic changes in the pulmonary artery and aorta. It is suggested that in osteogenesis imperfecta, as in other heritable disorders of connective tissue, cardiovascular defects may become apparent after the passage of time and play a dominant role in the natural history of the disease process.
Genetic Characterization of a Multicomponent Signal Transduction System Controlling the Expression of Cable Pili in Burkholderia cenocepacia

Cable pili are peritrichous organelles expressed by certain strains of Burkholderia cenocepacia, believed to facilitate colonization of the lower respiratory tract in cystic fibrosis patients. The B. cenocepacia cblBACDS operon encodes the structural and accessory proteins required for the assembly of cable pili, as well as a gene designated cblS, predicted to encode a hybrid sensor kinase protein of bacterial two-component signal transduction systems. In this study we report the identification of two additional genes, designated cblT and cblR, predicted to encode a second hybrid sensor kinase and a response regulator, respectively. Analyses of the deduced amino acid sequences of the cblS and cblT gene products revealed that both putative sensor kinases have transmitter and receiver domains and that the cblT gene product has an additional C-terminal HPt domain. Mutagenesis of the cblS, cblT, or cblR gene led to a block in expression of CblA, the major pilin subunit, and a severe decrease in cblA transcript abundance. Using transcriptional fusion analyses, the decrease in the abundance of the cblA transcript in the cblS, cblT, and cblR mutants was shown to be due to a block in transcription from the cblB-proximal promoter, located upstream of the cblBACDS operon. Furthermore, ectopic expression of either cblS or cblR in wild-type B. cenocepacia strain BC7 led to a significant increase, while ectopic expression of cblT resulted in a dramatic decrease, in abundance of the CblA major pilin and the cblA transcript. Our results demonstrate that the B. cenocepacia cblS, cblT, and cblR genes are essential for cable pilus expression and that their effect is exerted at the level of transcription of the cblBACDS operon. These findings are consistent with the proposed function of the cblSTR gene products as a multicomponent signal transduction pathway controlling the expression of cable pilus biosynthetic genes in B. cenocepacia.