cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are proton pump inhibitors over‐prescribed in infants?

Background The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for the off-label treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux and ‘colic’ in infants has become of increasing interest in the medical community and mass media. Concerns are now being raised about whether PPI are overused in infants as the evidence for efficacy is lacking and there are concerns about long-term adverse effects. Aim To assess the extent and indications for prescribing of PPIs in infants, in a tertiary paediatric hospital. Method Two audits were undertaken (1) a retrospective audit of dispensing data for PPIs over 10 years from 2002 to 2011 to assess prescribing patterns in infants, and (2) a prospective audit investigating the use of orally administered PPI and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in admitted infants. Results Dispensing data showed an increase in prescribing of omeprazole to infants from 2002 to 2009, with a subsequent decrease. The prospective audit included 21 patients with 16 interviews being performed. Of the 21 patients, 12 were treated for an indication relating to reflux and general irritability such as back arching, crying or being unsettled. Conclusion The prospective results indicate that PPIs are generally being used appropriately in patients with oesophagitis, receiving treatment with steroids, and haematemesis. However, PPIs were also being prescribed as a last resort to treat ‘normal’ infant behaviour such as crying, back arching and spilling. This use should be discouraged. The retrospective audit shows that prescribing PPIs for infants had decreased over the last 24 months.
Monetary Regimes and Core Inflation

This paper examines the interaction of core inflation and monetary policy. Interest in core has grown because of inflation targeting. Core inflation is defined in numerous ways giving rise to many potential measures; I define core inflation as the best forecaster of inflation. A cross-country study finds that core inflation differs across monetary regimes. A theoretical model shows that in an accommodative regime lagged inflation is core inflation and in a non-accommodative regime, such as strict inflation targeting, the trimmed mean is core. Using unconditional regressions I find that the theoretical model holds empirically. Through conditional regressions, inflation expectations are found to be consistent with the accommodativeness of the central bank.
Combustion kinetics of swine manure and algal solids

In this study, combustion kinetics of swine manure as well as algae grown using swine manure wastewater were investigated. Four heating rates (1, 5, 10, and 20 K min−1) were used to determine combustion kinetics using thermogravimetry. Swine manure solids showed higher carbon concentration (10.6 %) and hydrogen concentration (18.8 %) as well as energy content (14.2 %) than algal biomass solids. Each feedstock showed a distinct decomposition profile that increasingly shifted with increasing the heating rate. The combustion kinetics parameters were determined using Kissinger, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods. Differences in activation energy values between FWO and KAS were below 2 % throughout the entire conversion. Average activation energy for swine manure and algae, using FWO, was 172.6 and 165.1 kJ mol−1, respectively. Combustion of three blends of algae–swine manure solids was studied at 10 K min−1 with no synergistic effects observed.
SPUDNUT: A transport code for neutral atoms in plasmas

Abstract The problem of neutral atom transport in plasmas is formulated in terms of an integral equation for the charge exchange collision density. This formulation is used as the basis or a numerical code, SPUDNUT, which is exceptionally fast and compact. Comparative calculations with other neutral particle transport codes are presented.
A key role for CC chemokine receptor 1 in T-cell-mediated respiratory inflammation.

CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is found on a variety of cells in the immune system and has been shown to play an important role in the host response to pathogens. These studies used a murine model of virus-induced exacerbation of allergic airway disease to examine the role of CCR1 on T cells associated with immune responses taking place in the lung. Lungs of virally exacerbated allergic animals contained elevated levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-13 and increased levels of CCR1 ligands CCL3 and CCL5. CCR1 expression on T cells was increased in virally exacerbated allergic animals over the level observed in mice sensitized to allergen or exposed to viral infection alone. Using mice deficient for CCR1, we observed decreased airway hyperreactivity and Th2 cytokine production from CD4+ T cells when this receptor was absent. Transfer studies demonstrated that neither CD4+ nor CD8+ T cells from CCR1−/− mice migrated to the lymph node as efficiently as wild-type T cells. Intracellular cytokine staining in wild-type mice revealed that CCR1+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are associated with interleukin-13 production. Thus, these studies identify CCR1 as a potential target for alleviating T-cell accumulation during exacerbation of asthmatic disease.
Allometric morphogenesis of complex systems: Derivation of the basic equations from first principles.

Abstract Allometric morphogenesis is the generation of form or pattern as a result of differential growth according to power-law relationships among the elements of a complex system. This phenomenon has been noted in a variety of fields for many years, in some cases for centuries, and yet it has never been related to the underlying determinants of the systems. By starting with fundamental properties of the component mechanisms in such systems, one can derive a basic growth equation from which the well-known law of allometric morphogenesis follows naturally.
The development of beliefs about spelling and their relationship to spelling performance

This study examined relations among spelling performance and students' beliefs about spelling, including self-efficacy for spelling ability, outcome expectancy for spelling, and attributions for good spelling across grades 4, 7, and 10. Spelling self-efficacy remained relatively constant across grades. Spelling outcome expectancies for adult life and school declined across grades, as did effort and ability attributions for spelling success, with a disproportional decrease in ability attributions between grades 4 and 7. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of spelling performance at all grade levels; attribution for ability entered into the regression for grade 4 students, while outcome expectancies for school and writing were more important in grades 7 and 10. Cluster analyses on the grade 10 sample showed that students with high efficacy as spellers and high outcome expectancy of spelling for writing were the best spellers, with the highest performance reserved for those who attributed good spelling more to effort than ability. The impact of spelling instruction on developing beliefs is discussed.
Variation of Atmospheric Absorption

I SHOULD be pleased to know how far some observations on the change in the average absorption of the terrestrial atmosphere in this country during the last two years have been confirmed by observations elsewhere. The following table gives the mean of the best of these, made at Washington in the autumn of 1901, the spring and autumn of 1902, and in the winter, spring, and summer of 1903.
Harmonic Vibration Control Synchronization Simulation for Double Exciting Motors of Single-Mass Nonlinear System

For nonlinear harmonic vibration synchronization vibration machine have been widely used in metallurgy, mining, agriculture and other fields, but the harmonic vibration synchronization mechanism for the multi-excitation sources which used to driven the nonlinear vibration machine to realize the harmonic vibration synchronization movement is not clear. In order to study the problem, the nonlinear electromechanical coupling dynamic model has been established for the single-mass harmonic vibration synchronization nonlinear machine in the paper, and by analyzing the coupling dynamic characteristics of the double exciting motors, the harmonic vibration control synchronous simulation model and corresponding harmonic vibration control synchronization strategy have been established. Under the different initial conditions and different Working conditions, the harmonic vibration control synchronization process for the double exciting motors have been simulated. Based on the simulation results, the harmonic vibration control synchronization mechanism for the double exciting motors which used to drive the nonlinear vibration machine have been analyzed and discussed, and the validity of the harmonic vibration control synchronization strategy for the double exciting motors to realize the harmonic vibration synchronization movement has been verified. All these can provide the reference basis for the subsequent nonlinear vibration machine to carry out the harmonic vibration synchronization status application.Introduction
RESPONSE TO CORTICOSTEFOID THERAPY IN IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA

57 of 105 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were seen during the first two weeks of illness and evaluated for response to therapy and early indicators of chronicity. The high incidence of chronicitv among children over ten years of ape (67%) was sipnificantly different (p less than .01) from the corresponding incidence for children ten years of age and younger (4%). This difference was unrelated to sex, initial platelet count, precipitating factor or therapy. Among the 48 patients ten years of age or younger, early corticosteroid therapy, for considerations believed to represent increased risk, resulted in a significantly greater portion of the treated group (33%) achieving remission before two weeks from, onset than of the untreated groun (5%), (p less than .05). The difference was apparent when time to remission was calculated from the historical onset of symptomatolopy rather than from time of presentation. Incidence of chronicity was not significantly different (p greater than 0.5) between these proups. Of 7 chronic patients who responded to steroids initially and then relapsed, all had some response to a subsequent course. No chronic patient treated with corticosteroids alone had a sustained remission. 8 of 11 (73%) chronic patients had a sustained remission after splenectory.
Tire slip-angle force measurements on winter surfaces

Abstract Tire lateral force data on winter surfaces cannot be obtained with the traditional laboratory test technique of an instrumented tire on a moving belt surface. Furthermore, changing snow and ice conditions can drastically change the tire/surface interaction. In this study the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory’s (CRREL’s) Instrumented Vehicle (CIV) was used in a unique configuration to measure tire lateral force versus slip-angle data on ice and snow at various temperatures, moisture contents, depths, and densities. The vehicle is instrumented to record longitudinal, lateral, and vertical force at the tire contact patch of each wheel as well as vehicle speed, tire speed, and front tire slip angle. The tests were conducted at the Keweenaw Research Center (KRC) in northern Michigan in February 2005 and March 2006. Tests were conducted on ice, packed snow from 0.50 to 0.58 g/cc, remixed snow depths of 2.5–20.3 cm at 0.43 to 0.48 g/cc and freshly fallen snow with depths of 0.5–17 cm at 0.07 to 0.23 g/cc. Surface air temperatures during testing ranged from −14 to 1.6 °C. The data collected show that peak lateral force and the shape of the lateral force versus slip-angle curve are related to snow properties and depths.
Publication of Research in Sex Roles on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Issues

In 2009, Michael Parent, one of the co-editors of this special issue, organized a symposium at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association on Publishing LGBT Research. We presented data at that session about how Sex Roles had treated this general issue from our initial publication in 1975 through 2008. We present some of this information here, and have expanded our analysis to include publications in 2009 through 2012. As our mission statement now reads:
Complete cDNA sequence of bovine α1-antitrypsin☆

A cDNA clone coding for the entire bovine alpha 1-antitrypsin molecule has been isolated from a lambda gt11 bovine liver cDNA library using a human alpha 1-antitrypsin cDNA as a probe. The bovine cDNA was sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. Comparison of the translated amino acid sequence of the bovine alpha 1-antitrypsin with those of the human, baboon, sheep, rat and mouse demonstrates the preservation of most of the critical structural determinants. The bovine and the sheep molecules have a sequence homology of 94% and both the molecules contain four cysteine residues; there is only one cysteine in the others.
Application of ferrofluids as an acoustic transducer material

Application of ferrofluids to electroacoustic transduction is discussed. A design of a piston-type transducer is described, and power transfer calculations are given, showing that useful levels of acoustic power emission can be obtained at intermediate frequencies (100 to 3000 Hz). A toroidal configuration is proposed as an alternative that essentially utilizes the fluid properties of the material and that, in principle, can be employed in large dimensions for very low frequencies.
Internal medicine training in the inpatient setting. A review of published educational interventions.

PURPOSE: Although the inpatient setting has served as the predominant educational site of internal medicine training programs, many changes and factors are currently affecting education in this setting. As a result, many educational organizations are calling for reforms in inpatient training. This report reviews the available literature on specific internal medicine inpatient educational interventions and proposes recommendations for improving internal medicine training in this setting. METHOD: We searched Medline for articles published between 1966 and August 2004 which focused on internal medicine training interventions in the inpatient setting; bibliographies of Medline-identified articles, as well as articles suggested by experts in the field provided additional citations. We then reviewed, classified, and abstracted only articles where an assessment of learner outcomes was included. RESULTS: Thirteen studies of inpatient internal medicine educational interventions were found that included an outcome assessment. All were single institution studies. The majority of these studies was of poor methodological quality and focused on specific content areas of internal medicine. None assessed the effectiveness or impact of internal medicine core inpatient experiences or curriculum. CONCLUSION: This review identifies significant gaps in our understanding of what constitutes effective inpatient education. The paucity of high quality research in the internal medicine inpatient setting highlights the urgent need to formally define and study what constitutes an effective “core” inpatient curriculum.
Effects of ultra-violet alone and simulated solar ultra-violet radiation on the leaves of higher plants.

Higher-plant leaves survival under UV along and under simulated solar UV radiation corresponding to radiation incident on Mars, Earth and Venus
Dbf4 regulates the Cdc5 Polo-like kinase through a distinct non-canonical binding interaction.

Cdc7-Dbf4 is a conserved, two-subunit kinase required for initiating eukaryotic DNA replication. Recent studies have shown that Cdc7-Dbf4 also regulates the mitotic exit network (MEN) and monopolar homolog orientation in meiosis I (Matos, J., Lipp, J. J., Bogdanova, A., Guillot, S., Okaz, E., Junqueira, M., Shevchenko, A., and Zachariae, W. (2008) Cell 135, 662–678 and Miller, C. T., Gabrielse, C., Chen, Y. C., and Weinreich, M. (2009) PLoS Genet. 5, e1000498). Both activities likely involve a Cdc7-Dbf4 interaction with Cdc5, the single Polo-like kinase in budding yeast. We previously showed that Dbf4 binds the Cdc5 polo-box domain (PBD) via an ∼40-residue N-terminal sequence, which lacks a PBD consensus binding site (S(pS/pT)(P/X)), and that Dbf4 inhibits Cdc5 function during mitosis. Here we identify a non-consensus PBD binding site within Dbf4 and demonstrate that the PBD-Dbf4 interaction occurs via a distinct PBD surface from that used to bind phosphoproteins. Genetic and biochemical analysis of multiple dbf4 mutants indicate that Dbf4 inhibits Cdc5 function through direct binding. Surprisingly, mutation of invariant Cdc5 residues required for binding phosphorylated substrates has little effect on yeast viability or growth rate. Instead, cdc5 mutants defective for binding phosphoproteins exhibit enhanced resistance to microtubule disruption and an increased rate of spindle elongation. This study, therefore, details the molecular nature of a new type of PBD binding and reveals that Cdc5 targeting to phosphorylated substrates likely regulates spindle dynamics.
Interactions between hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers. Effect of salt and the chemical potential of water on adhesion

The focus of this paper was to obtain an understanding of the forces acting between hydrophobic surfaces submerged in aqueous solutions. An atomic force microscope was used to measure hydrophobic forces between self-assembled monolayers of hexadecanethiol. Electrolytes do not alter the solvent/surface interactions as indicated by the lack of electrostatic repulsive forces at any concentration and the insensitivity of contact angles to salt type or concentration. The jump in distances were systematically larger than can be predicted for gold/gold and hexadecane/hexadecane surfaces interacting across water. Adhesive forces increase with electrolyte concentration and are sensitive to electrolyte type at a given concentration. However, the adhesive forces fall onto a master curve when plotted as a function of the water chemical potential. Our studies suggest that lowering the solvent chemical potential produces an increase in the pull-off force.
Hybrid sunflower pollination by a manageable composite specialist: The sunflower leafcutter bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

A small population of the sunflower leafcutting bee, Eumegachile (Sayapis) pugnata (Say), was managed to determine its efficacy as a sunflower pollinator and to evaluate its potential as a “domesticated” pollinator. Artificial wooden nesting sites were made available for the population obtained from adjacent forest and range lands the previous year. After release, both females and males visited and effectively pollinated most hybrid cultivars tested. Characteristics that were found favorable to its management were: bees would nest gregariously; overwintering populations could be stored, incubated, and released in synchrony with sunflower bloom; bees could be obtained by trapping wild populations; and populations could be transported from field to field during the nest provisioning stage. Immature mortality factors were analyzed, and potential predators, parasites, and diseases were identified.
CHROMIUM(VI) NITRIDO COMPLEXES : REACTIONS WITH BRONSTED ACIDS AND SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOMETALLIC DERIVATIVES

Abstract The chromium(VI) nitrido complex NCr(N- i -Pr 2 ) 3 was prepared in 67% yield by vanadium(III)-mediated deoxygenation of coordinated nitric oxide. The iodide complex NCr(I)(N- i -Pr 2 ) 2 . prepared by treatment of NCr(N- i -Pr 2 ) 3 with lutidinium iodide, was coverted to NCr(CH 2 SiPhMe 2 )(N- i -Pr 2 ) 2 upon treatment with Mg(CH 2 SiPhMe 2 ) 2 . NCr(N- i -Pr 2 ) 3 reacts with 1 equiv. of phenol or HOC(CF 3 ) 2 Me to produce the mono-alkoxide complexes NCr(OPh)(N- i -Pr 2 ) 2 ) 2 or NCr(OC(CF 3 ) 2 Me)(N- i -Pr 2 ) 2 in respective yields of 89 and 77%. Spin saturation transfer measurements performed on NCr(OC(CF 3 ) 2 Me)(N- i -Pr 2 ) 2 are indicative of CrN amido bond rotation with a first-order rate constant of ca 13 s −1 . Addition of an excess of HOC(CF 3 ) 2 Me to NCr(N- i -Pr 2 ) 3 produced the mono-amido complex NCr(OC(CF 3 ) 2 Me) 2 (N- i -Pr 2 ) in 86% yield. Subjecting NCr(N- i -Pr 2 ) 3 to refluxing +HS- t -Bu provided NCr(S- t -Bu) 2 (N- i -Pr 2 ) in 73% yield. Black NCr(S- t -Bu) 2 (N- i -Pr 2 ) evinces a monomeric structure in the solid state, according to single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, with a CrN nitrido distance of 1.543(6) A. Bis-thiolate NCr(S- t -Bu) 2 (N- i -Pr 2 ) forms an adduct with Cu(Et 2 dtc), NCr(N- i -Pr 2 [( μ -S- t -Bu) 2 Cu(Et 2 dtc)], which was also characterized by X-ray diffraction. Reaction of NCr(N- i -Pr 2 ) 3 with two equiv. of phenoll gave NCr(OPh) 2 (N- i -Pr 2 ) in 81% yield. Dialkyl NCr(CH 2 SiMe 3 ) 2 (N- i -Pr 2 ) was obtained from NCr(OPh) 2 (N- i -Pr 2 ) upon treatment with LiCH 2 SiMe 3 in 57% yield. Insertion of tert -butylisonitrile was observed upon treatment of NCr(CH 2 SiMe 3 ) 2 (N- i -Pr 2 ) with excess t -BuNC to give NCr(C(N- t -Bu)CH 2 SiMe 3 (CH 2 SiMe 3 )N- i -Pr 2 ), which was isolated in 70% yield. The latter η 2 -iminoacyl compound was characterized by X-ray diffraction, revealing a pseudo-square pyramidal ligand arrangement.
A conceptual model for agent-based simulation of physical security systems

Modeling and simulation of physical security systems involves designing and analyzing security systems, protocols, and policies that aim to protect fixed-site facilities against intrusions by external threats, as well as unauthorized acts by insiders. Realistic and credible simulations of such systems require incorporation of human behavior models along with cooperative engagement policies such as team formation, allocation of roles, team reorganization, and distributed decision making. In this paper, we discuss agent-based conceptual design of a physical systems security simulation within the context of a shoplifting study. The primary contributions include (1) the use of a conceptual facility configuration meta-model that is used for flexible instantiation of environmental settings in which agents (i.e., customers, including shoplifters, workers, and security personnel) are situated, (2) a novel line-of-sight mechanism for realizing the visual perception subsystem of agents, and (3) the simulation of reactive as well as deliberate decision making processes of agents.
Regulation of C. elegans presynaptic differentiation and neurite branching via a novel signaling pathway initiated by SAM-10

Little is known about transcriptional control of neurite branching or presynaptic differentiation, events that occur relatively late in neuronal development. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans mechanosensory circuit as an in vivo model, we show that SAM-10, an ortholog of mammalian single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSDP), functions cell-autonomously in the nucleus to regulate synaptic differentiation, as well as positioning of, a single neurite branch. PLM mechanosensory neurons in sam-10 mutants exhibit abnormal placement of the neurite branch point, and defective synaptogenesis, characterized by an overextended synaptic varicosity, underdeveloped synaptic morphology and disrupted colocalization of active zone and synaptic vesicles. SAM-10 functions coordinately with Lim domain-binding protein 1 (LDB-1), demonstrated by our observations that: (1) mutations in either gene show similar defects in PLM neurons; and (2) LDB-1 is required for SAM-10 nuclear localization. SAM-10 regulates PLM synaptic differentiation by suppressing transcription of prk-2, which encodes an ortholog of the mammalian Pim kinase family. PRK-2-mediated activities of SAM-10 are specifically involved in PLM synaptic differentiation, but not other sam-10 phenotypes such as neurite branching. Thus, these data reveal a novel transcriptional signaling pathway that regulates neuronal specification of neurite branching and presynaptic differentiation.
Enabling multimodal communications for enhancing the ability of learning for the visually impaired

Students who are blind are typically one to three years behind their seeing counterparts in mathematics and science. We posit that a key reason for this resides in the inability of such students to access multimodal embodied communicative behavior of mathematics instructors. This impedes the ability of blind students and their teachers to maintain situated communication. In this paper, we set forth the relevant phenomenological analyses to support this claim. We show that mathematical communication and instruction are inherent embodied; that the blind are able to conceptualize visuo-spatial information; and argue that uptake of embodied behavior is critical to receiving relevant mathematical information. Based on this analysis, we advance an approach to provide students who are blind with awareness of their teachers' deictic gestural activity via a set of haptic output devices. We lay forth a set of open research question that researcher in multimodal interfaces may address.
Defective neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with Down syndrome.

one year of age unless required by epidemic conditions. Infants thus vaccinated should be revaccinated after they have attained one year of age unless an antibody response to the earlier vaccination can be documented. A trivalent measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, M-M-R, has been available for more than two years. The trivalent vaccine we evaluated has been recently licensed and provides physicians with a choice of product. The two vaccines differ in the strains of measles and rubella, but utilize similar dosage of all three components. The trivalent vaccines have resulted in adequate antibody response; little reactivity, and indications for persistence of antibody similar to the monovalent vaccines?
Is Anybody Still a Realist

Realism, the oldest and most prominent theoretical paradigm in international relations, is in trouble. The problem is not lack of interest. Realism remains the primary or alternative theory in virtually every major book and article addressing general theories of world politics, particularly in security affairs. Controversies between neorealism and its critics continue to dominate international relations theory debates. Nor is the problem realism’s purported inability to make point predictions. Many speciac realist theories are testable, and there remains much global conoict about which realism offers powerful insights. Nor is the problem the lack of empirical support for simple realist predictions, such as recurrent balancing; or the absence of plausible realist explanations of certain salient phenomena, such as the Cold War, the “end of history,”1or systemic change in general. Research programs advance, after all, by the reanement and improvement of previous theories to account for anomalies. There can be little doubt that realist theories rightfully retain a salient position in international relations theory.
Grooming in the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis)

Brown tree snakes, Boiga irregularis, exhibited an elevated frequency of jaw rubbing when a small quantity of petroleum jelly was placed on their lips. Jaw rubbing has the effect of removing foreign material from the lips, and it represents a behavior that cleans and maintains a particular part of the body surface. Although few such behaviors have been reported in reptiles, we suspect that many exist and simply have gone unnoticed because herpetologists have attached no theoretical significance to them.
Phorbol esters stimulate the phosphorylation of c-Jun but not v-Jun: regulation by the N-terminal delta domain.

Abstract c-Jun and its oncogenic counterpart v-Jun are completely conserved within the region from Ser-63 to Ser-73; these serines are sites for phorbol ester-inducible c-Jun phosphorylation. Using a U937 human leukemic cell line stably expressing v-Jun, we have demonstrated that phorbol esters stimulate the in vivo phosphorylation of c-Jun but not v-Jun. We developed an in vitro protein kinase assay to characterize the c-Jun protein kinase and to examine the determinants underlying this differential phosphorylation. Fusion proteins between glutathione S-transferase and the N terminus of c-Jun, v-Jun, or several c-Jun mutants were used as substrates. A c-Jun kinase activity was affinity-purified 5000-fold by using glutathione S-transferase-c-Jun-glutathione-Sepharose beads and was found to phosphorylate the N terminus of c-Jun but not v-Jun or c-Jun containing a 27-amino acid N-terminal deletion found in v-Jun. These effects were also observed in vivo as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate did not induce the phosphorylation of v-Jun or the c-Jun deletion mutant in U937 cell lines stably expressing these proteins. These findings indicate that the delta domain of c-Jun (amino acids 34-60), which is deleted in v-Jun, plays a critical role in regulating N-terminal c-Jun phosphorylation.
Some implications of colloid stability theory for protein crystallization

Colloid stability theory has been applied to protein crystallization and predicts a narrow range of conditions under which crystals can be grown without the agglomeration of protein molecules (colloids) in the bulk solution. It also predicts a critical electrolyte concentration above which agglomeration will always occur. Using this theory, the rapid protein agglomeration occurring during Schlieren experiments as well as a terminal crystal size effect in a fixed container were explained. Following this concept, the supposed 'terminal' crystal size has been at least doubled.
The Integration of Technology into Sex Therapy

The purpose of this article is to integrate the use of technology positively within the Intersystems approach for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. First is a presentation of the problems facilitated by technology in couple relationships, particularly related to sex and sexual dysfunction and technology's role in contributing to problems within each level of the intersystems approach. Second, the pros of using technology in couple relationships are presented. Finally, treatment strategies are outlined incorporating technology consistent with the intersystems approach.
Tool design for prevention of hand and wrist injuries

Incorrect hand tool designs can cause a variety of cumulative trauma disorders. Design elements of size, shape, texture, purpose, ease of operation, shock absorption, and weight must be properly applied in the design process to fulfill the physical safety needs of consumers and working people and to prevent the appearance of pathologic changes in the tissues of the hand and wrist.
Toward the Twenty-First Century: U.S. Agriculture in an Unstable World Economy: Discussion

The Sanderson and Clark-Harrington papers follow in the tradition of T. W. Schultz's book Agriculture in an Unstable Economy which, in turn, updated book 4 of Mill's Principles of Political Economy by analyzing current trends in population numbers, incomes, international trade, resource availability, technological change, and related variables. These two papers produced no real surprises. Batie, however, raised concerns about resource availability, resources and environmental degradation, and undesirable developments in the structure of U.S. agriculture which I do not fully share. In agreement with Clark and Harrington, the USDA projections and those Sylvan Wittwer and I recently made indicate that we will have adequate resources and technological advances to meet both
Fluoromonomers and other compounds from fluoroolefins

Abstract Three basic fluoroolefins, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropene and octafluoroisobutene are available from difluorocarbene (pyrolysis of chlorodifluoromethane). They have been used to prepare a wide variety of materials with unusual properties and chemistry. These include polymerizable monomers and other compounds containing various functional groups. Discussion will include the chemistry of some epoxides, perfluoro-2-methylene-4-methyl-l,3-dioxolane, perfluoroacrylonitrile, 2,3,3-trifluorocyclobutene-l-carbonitrile, perfluoroallyl fluorosulfate, fluorosultones and fluorosulfides.
Optimization of image stacking as applied to x-ray angiographic sequences

frames but may carefully examine only 1 or 2 frames. Obviously, this "wastes" x-ray dose. It is well knownthat contrast agent poses significant acute and chronic risk to patients. These adverse reactions range fromdiscomfort, nausea, and hives to renal toxicity and even death. Considering economics, contrast agent costsabout $250 per patient study. In addition, the cost of treatment in response to adverse contrast agent reactioncan be quite significant. Thus, it is desirable to minimize x-ray dose and contrast agent volume.In this paper, we use a mathematical model of flowing contrast agent in blood and couple this with aninjector, x-ray system, and image processor to create a final output image. With this specification, we canexamine the extent to which contrast agent can be efficiently used. We examine the tradeoffs between contrastagent volume, x-ray dose, frame rate, and other clinical variables in this preliminary study.Our measure of image quality is the contrast to noise ratio (CNR). Previous studies reported improvementsin CNR at a given artery location,1 however, they cannot be directly translated into contrast agent savings.We can better assess the relationships with a mathematical model of the system. With such a model, we can
Aging of polypropylene using high oxygen pressure: Influence of sample thickness and stabilization

Thin films (0.05–0.08 mm thick) of stabilized and unstabilized polypropylene were aged under 4.24 MPa (614 psi) of oxygen at 90°C. The oxidation of these films was monitored using transmission infrared spectroscopy. Previously it was shown that embrittlement for the thin unstabilized polypropylene films occurred 3.6 times faster in 4.24 MPa of oxygen than in air at atmospheric pressure. For thick stabilized polypropylene (3.18 mm thick), the oxidative induction time at 120°C and 4.24 MPa of oxygen was drastically reduced compared with conventional air aging at this temperature. Specifically, sample embrittlement occured in 1 week during the high oxygen pressure aging in stark contrast to 70 weeks for conventional air aging. Consequently, due to the shortening of time to age samples at high oxygen pressures, aging can be conducted at this lower temperature (nearer the service temperature) rather than at this commonly used aging temperature of 150°C.
Host physiology as related to nodulation of soybean by rhizobia

Abstract Host physiological factors possibly related to nodulation of legumes by rhizobia were investigated. Comparison of biochemical patterns in inoculated and uninoculated root material from a normal, nodulating (NN) soybean, and a mutant, non-nodulating (nn) soybean revealed some distinct differences. During the days preceding visible nodulation, roots of uninoculated NN plants contained larger amounts of protein and reducing sugars and smaller amounts of free amino acids than did uninoculated nn roots. Amounts of protein, free amino acids and reducing sugars decreased more rapidly in inoculated NN and nn plants than in the corresponding uninoculated plants. In the case of free amino acids and reducing sugars this decrease occurred much earlier in inoculated nn plants. High carbohydrate/nitrogen ratios were found in plants which were susceptible to nodulation; low carbohydrate/nitrogen ratios were found in nodulation-resistant plants.
The judged seriousness of an environmental loss is a matter of what caused it

Environmental losses, each described along with its cause, were judged for seriousness. Four types of cause were studied: illegal behavior, carelessness, economic and population growth, and natural events. Identical environmental losses (e.g., of a herd of elk or a large stand of trees) were considered most serious when caused by illegal behavior or carelessness, and only slightly less serious when caused by growth. Losses due to these three types of human causes were considered much more serious than when the same losses were caused by natural events. Naturally caused environmental losses were probably considered least serious because they do not provoke the sense of violation or responsibility commonly associated with human-caused losses, and because naturally caused losses are often considered unavoidable and in the natural scheme of things.
Identification of carbonaceous deposits formed on H-mordenite during alkane isomerization

Abstract To identify hydrocarbon surface species accumulating during alkane isomerization, a strategy involving in situ UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopies, reaction of formed species with various bases, adsorption of reference compounds, and extraction of spent catalysts was applied. During conversion of n-butane or n-pentane on H-mordenite at reaction temperatures below ≈550 K, species characterized by an intense absorption band at a wavelength of 292–296 nm were observed by in situ diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy. Species with a comparable electronic signature formed after adsorption of 1-butene, 1-pentene, or 1-hexene, indicating that olefins are intermediates in the formation of carbonaceous deposits from alkanes. The chromophore was largely invariant to the carbon chain length and the species were identified as alkyl-substituted cyclopentenyl cations. Carbonaceous deposits formed at temperatures higher than ≈550 K consisted of methyl-substituted naphthalenes, anthracenes, and tetracenes; these species also existed as stable cations on the zeolite during catalysis, producing a broad absorption at 350–500 nm. The polycyclic aromatic species were neutralized by water vapor, whereas the alkyl-substituted cyclopentenyl cations required a stronger base, such as ammonia.
The boundary-residual method for three-dimensional homogeneous field problems with boundaries of arbitrary geometry

Boundary-residual methods are extended to include three-dimensional homogeneous field problems applicable to millimeter-wave problems. Their connection to pointmatching methods is shown, and the reason why pointmatching fails and boundary residual methods do not is explained. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the validity of these methods. A discussion of the limitations of these methods is also included.
Introduction to this special section Near-surface geophysics

Near-surface geophysics has throughout its history enjoyed success at both ends of the exploration geophysics evolutionary chart as a benefactor and contributor. Almost all near-surface methods are traceable to or from petroleum exploration. Noteworthy examples are captured in works by such pioneers as Howell, Kean, and Thompson, who in 1940 were the first to experiment with seismic energy above 2 kHz using a loud speaker; or Evison's 1952 paper where he describes the inadequacies of conventional seismic for imaging shallow targets; or Jakosky, who in his 1938 paper went the other direction, extending the principally shallow groundwater and mining-based exploration capabilities of electrical methods to petroleum targets.
Trial of labor following cesarean delivery.

Objective: To examine several variables that may affect the success rate for a trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery, as well as those affecting the rate of uterine rupture. Methods: Between June 1, 1990 and December 31, 1991, we performed a consecutive, prospective study of 593 pregnant women who had had at least one abdominal delivery in the past, and attempted a trial of labor in each. Particular attention was given to the success rate of vaginal delivery, the type of previous uterine incision, use of oxytocin, estimated maternal blood loss, 5-minute Apgar scores, and reason for the previous cesarean operation. Results: Four hundred seventy-eight patients (81%) had a successful vaginal delivery. Oxytocin induction or augmentation was successful in 46 of 67 (69%) and 117 of 167 cases (70%), respectively. Estimated maternal blood loss was less than 500 mL in 453 cases (95%). Five patients (0.8%) experienced true uterine rupture, resulting in severe neurologic sequelae in one infant. The only consistent indication of uterine rupture was an abrupt and prolonged fetal bradycardia. The majority (463; 97%) of infants who were delivered vaginally had 5-minute Apgar scores of 8 or greater. Conclusion: Our success rate of 81% suggests that a trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery is a safe and desirable option, but only after thorough patient counseling. An abrupt and persistent fetal bradycardia may be the only indication that uterine rupture has occurred.(Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:933-6)
Identification of hrpL up-regulated genes of Dickeya dadantii.

Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi) is a Gram-negative plant pathogen that invades a wide range of plant species to cause diseases. Hypersensitive response and pathogenicity genes (hrp) are important virulence factors in D. dadantii. However, few hrpL up-regulated genes of D. dadantii have been reported. In this study, a green fluorescence protein (GFP)-based Escherichia coli promoter-probe system was used to identify hrpL up-regulated genes in D. dadantii 3937. From approximate 20,000 library clones screened, hrpA, hrpK, dspE, yijC (a DNA-binding transcriptional regulatory protein) and yecF (unknown function) were identified to be up-regulated by hrpL in D. dadantii 3937. Expression pattern fluorescence of five genes was observed in the wild-type strain and a hrpL deletion mutant strain of D. dadantii 3937 in hrp-inducing minimal medium. Mutants with hrpA, hrpK, dspE, yijC, and yecF genes mutated, respectively, were confirmed, and most of the mutants showed virulence reduction when infecting the plant host African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha).
The first order finite temperature chiral transition in SU(2) gauge theory with four flavors

Abstract The hadronic matter/quark-gluon plasma transition is studied in SU(2) lattice gauge theory with four almost massless flavors of fermions. Equilibrium measurements indicate that the transition is first order at a quark mass of m = 0.0125 (lattice units). Signs of metastability are also found. At m = 0.0250 the transition is replaced by a crossover phenomenon. These results support the idea that the character of the chiral transition depends on the theory's flavor symmetries and not on its gauge group although the lattice studied, 4 × 83, is too small to make quantitative contact with the theory's continuum limit.
Crowdsourcing for information retrieval: introduction to the special issue

This introduction to the special issue summarizes and contextualizes six novel research contributions at the intersection of information retrieval (IR) and crowdsourcing (also overlapping crowdsourcing's closely-related sibling, human computation). Several of the papers included in this special issue represent deeper investigations into research topics for which earlier stages of the authors' research were disseminated at crowdsourcing workshops at SIGIR and WSDM conferences, as well as at the NIST TREC conference. Since the first proposed use of crowdsourcing for IR in 2008, interest in this area has quickly accelerated and led to three workshops, an ongoing NIST TREC track, and a great variety of published papers, talks, and tutorials. We briefly summarize the area in order to help situate the contributions appearing in this special issue. We also discuss some broader current trends and issues in crowdsourcing which bear upon its use in IR and other fields.
MUTUAL DIFFUSION IN THE MISCIBLE POLYMER BLEND: POLYSTYRENE:POLY (XYLENYL ETHER)

We have used forward recoil spectrometry to measure the mutual diffusion and tracer diffusion coefficients, D and D*, in the miscible polymer blend of deuterated polystyrene (d-PS):poly(xylenyl ether) (PXE). Using the “fast theory” of mutual diffusion, D is related to the D*, degree of polymerization N, and volume fraction φ of the individual blend components by, D = 2 φ (1-φ) [D* PS N PS + φD* PXE N PXE ](χ S -χ), where χ and χs are tne Flory interaction parameter of the blend and its value at the spinodal. From the measured values of the D*’s and D at a volume fraction φ=0.55 of d-PS, the interaction parameter χ=0.112-62/T was estimated as a function of temperature T(K). At low T, D was much larger than D*’s due to the large negative value of χ whereas at high T, D becomes less than the D*’s as χ becomes positive (thermodynamic slowing down). Similar measurements show that χ is not markedly composition-dependent in the d-PS:PXE blends.
Psychiatric syndromes in children and their relation to family background

Computer clustering of 500 child guidance clinic cases on behavioral symptoms reveals five symptomatic groups, shy-seclusive children, over-anxious-neurotic children, hyperactive children, undomesticated children and socialized delinquents. Each symptomatic group is significantly related to a different and characteristic family background, which makes the particular behavioral reaction more understandable.
High depressive symptomatology among older community-dwelling Mexican Americans: the impact of immigration.

Objectives: This analysis explores nativity differences in depressive symptoms among very old (75+) community-dwelling Mexican Americans. Design: Cross-sectional analysis using the fifth wave (2004–2005) of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (Hispanic EPESE). Participants: The sample consisted of 1699 non-institutionalized Mexican American men and women aged 75 years and above. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Logistic regression was used to predict high depressive symptoms (CES-D score 16 or higher) and multinomial logistic regression was used to predict sub-threshold, moderate, and high depressive symptoms. Results: Results showed that elders born in Mexico had higher odds of more depressive symptoms compared to otherwise similar Mexican Americans born in the US. Age of arrival, gender, and other covariates did not modify that risk. Conclusion: The findings suggest that older Mexican Americ...
Two equations of state assembled for basic analysis of multiphase CO2 flow and in deep sedimentary basin conditions

The purpose of the study presented in this manuscript is to describe and make available two equation-of-state (EOS) algorithms assembled for multiphase flow and transport of carbon dioxide (CO2). The algorithms presented here calculate solubility, compressibility factor, density, viscosity, fugacity, and enthalpy of CO2 in gaseous and supercritical phases, and mixtures or solutions of CO2 in water, as functions of pressure and temperature. Several features distinguish the two algorithms, but the primary distinction concerns treatment of supercritical/gas-phase CO2: one EOS we assembled is based on Redlich and Kwong's original algorithm developed in 1949, and the other is based on an algorithm developed by Span and Wagner in 1996. Both were modified for application to sedimentary basin studies of multiphase CO2 flow processes, including carbon sequestration applications. We present a brief comparison of these two EOS algorithms. Source codes for both algorithms are provided, including "stand-alone" Matlab ? scripts for the interactive calculation of fluid properties at specified P-T conditions and FORTRAN subroutines for inclusion in existing FORTRAN multiphase fluid simulation packages. These routines are intended for fundamental analyses of CO2 sequestration and the like; more advanced studies, such as brine processes and reactive transport, require more advanced EOS algorithms.
The Small Group: A Bridge between Sociology and Social Psychology

Most experimental social psychologists have attempted to reduce the properties of small groups to the characteristics of individuals comprising those small groups. But social psychology was developed, in part, to bridge the gap between psychological and sociological levels of analysis. We contend that the small group can serve as an experimental unit in experiments that model and manipulate group processes. The small group is an important topic for study and could provide a valuable bridge between psychology and sociology, fulfilling one of the original purposes of the field.