cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treating bruxism with the habit-reversal technique

Abstract The habit-reversal technique developed by Azrin and Nunn (1973, 1977) was used in treating four clients with bruxism. Following a single treatment session, marked reductions in the frequencies of this behavior were obtained in each case. Subsequently, relaxation and stress management techniques were conducted with two of these clients who had facial pain. These procedures were associated with decreased pain ratings and medications for one client and a further decrease in bruxism and cessation of pain for the second. These results remained consistent over 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Each of the components of habit-reversal appeared to be related to its effectiveness, and methods for performing component analyses of this technique are described.
Structured matrix representations of two-parameter Hankel transforms in adaptive optics

Abstract We derive efficient approaches for two-parameter Hankel transforms. Such transforms arise, for example, in covariance matrix computations for performance modeling and evaluation of adaptive optics (AO) systems. Fast transforms are highly desirable since the parameter space for performance evaluation and optimization is large. They may be also applicable in real-time control algorithms for future AO systems. Both approaches exploit the analytical properties of the Hankel transform and result in structured matrix representations of approximate transforms. The approximations can be made to satisfy any pre-specified accuracy requirement. The matrix structures can then be exploited in subsequent computations to significantly reduce computation cost.
Optoelectronic image processor for Gabor filter-based machine vision applications

ABSTRACT We describe an optoelectronic image processor that records in parallel multiresolution Gabor filter components of an image using incoherent light. The bandpass component of the output images is tern- porally modulated by modifications in the pupil plane. It is separated from spatial lowpass structureswith the help of a modified image plane detector. OTF is invariant to shift in the pupil function; thisproperty is used to implement parallel multichannel operation. A VLSI-based detector array is pro- posed to perform an extremum (Max-Mm) detection on each image pixel, thereby providing a low-passrepresentation of the bandpass image energy. Different Gabor-based ftlter characteristics and arbitrary resolution scale factors (other than 2) can be easily obtained by modifying a binary pupil plane mask. Preliminary experimental results for parallel optical implementation are presented. keywords: OTF synthesis, multiresolution ifitering, Gabor filters, binary masks, Max-Mm detection,smart pixel arrays, spatial vision•
Analysis of bidirectional reflectance effects on 20 years AVHRR NDVI data for agricultural regions in Ukraine and Russia

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), provide synoptic information on environmental conditions in agricultural regions such as in Ukraine and Russia. However, past studies have raised questions whether the Maximum Value Compositing (MVC) method, used to produce time-series of NDVI, is affected by Bidirectional Reflectance Distributions (BRD), as a result of view geometry, possibly leading to erroneous NDVI values. This study uses Angular Dependence Models (ADM), derived the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) data set, to correct PAL Channels 1 & 2 reflectance for BR. MVC is used to produce ten day NDVI composites, from both the pre-BRD correct channels and the BRD corrected channels. Comparisons of the two NDVI time-series show a slight increase in NDVI for the
"On the suggestion of Dr. Alzheimer I examined the following four cases." Dedicated to Gaetano Perusini.

Gaetano Perusini merits a great deal more credit for his work on the elaboration of the concepts regarding what is now called Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Perusini’s work in Alzheimer’s laboratory and his subsequent studies have been, if not neglected, largely unmentioned. This article is an attempt to report a fascinating piece of medical history in order to redress the balance. Surely, Perusini’s work deserves to be reexamined. The same applies to Fischer’s investigation. Some of the puzzles discussed by Perusini are still unresolved. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 5: 135- 139, 1993)
Design of optical structures for maximum fundamental frequency

A procedure to maximize the fundamental frequency of optical structures is presented. The optimization method uses the finite element stresses due to the mechanical loading and the free-vibration mode shapes to determine design coefficients for the elements. Design coefficients are used to modify an initial design following an iterative procedure. This method of optimal structural design, referred to here as the Maximum Stiffness Design (MSD), is demonstrated by increasing the fundamental frequency of a support structure for a beam collapser and a telescope. Furthermore, the optimization technique is used to develop optimum contour shapes for single arch and double arch mirrors. A sixteen inch diameter solid mirror blank with a four inch diameter central hole and a 48 inch optical surface radius of curvature is optimized for maximum fundamental frequency, minimum weight, and minimum rms surface error for both single arch and double arch configurations.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Investigating the behaviour of Mg isotopes during the formation of clay minerals

Abstract We present elemental and isotopic data detailing how the Mg isotope system behaves in natural and experimentally synthesized clay minerals. We show that the bulk Mg isotopic composition (δ 26 Mg) of a set of natural illite, montmorillonite and kaolinite spans a 2‰ range, and that their isotopic composition depends strongly on a balance between the relative proportions of structural and exchangeable Mg. After acid leaching, these natural clays become relatively enriched in isotopically heavy Mg by between 0.2‰ and 1.6‰. Results of exchange experiments indicate that the Mg that has adsorbed to interlayer spaces and surface charged sites is relatively enriched in isotopically light Mg compared to the residual clay. The isotopic composition of this exchangeable Mg (−1.49‰ to −2.03‰) is characteristic of the isotopic composition of Mg found in many natural waters. Further experiments with an isotopically characterized MgCl 2 solution shows that the clay minerals adsorb this exchangeable Mg with little or no isotopic fractionation, although we cannot discount the possibility that the uptake of exchangeable Mg does so with a slight preference for 24 Mg. To characterize the behaviour of Mg isotopes during clay mineral formation we synthesized brucite (Mg(OH) 2 ), which we consider to be a good analogue for the incorporation of Mg into the octahedral sheet of Mg-rich clay minerals or into the brucitic layer of clays such as chlorite. In our experiment the brucite mineral becomes enriched in the heavy isotopes of Mg while the corresponding solution is always relatively enriched in isotopically light Mg. The system reaches a steady state after 10 days with a final fractionation factor (α solid-solution ) of 1.0005 at near-neutral pH. This result is consistent with the general consensus that secondary clay minerals preferentially take up isotopically heavy Mg during their formation. However our results also show that exchangeable Mg is an important component within bulk clay minerals and can have an important influence over the bulk clay δ 26 Mg value. Modeling shows that in certain soils or sediments where the percentage of exchangeable Mg is >30% and the isotopic composition of the exchangeable Mg is around −2‰, the generation of bulk δ 26 Mg values of 26 Mg values that are closer in composition to the UCC. Despite this, results of modeling, together with experimental observation suggests that the uptake of exchangeable Mg into these clay rich sediments could cause a decrease in the bulk δ 26 Mg value by up to ∼0.3–0.4‰. This should be accounted for when assessing the δ 26 Mg value of sediments on a crustal scale.
Optical Absorption by the Alkali Halides

The relations are investigated between three types of theory for explaining absorption of light by ionic crystals: absorption by independent atoms or ions, absorption according to Frenkel's excitation waves, and absorption according to energy bands and lattice functions, as used in the theory of metals. It is shown that each method leads to a set of unperturbed wave functions, which are related to each other by linear combinations, and that no one set is correct at the actual distance of separation in the crystal. Instead, combinations must be used, leading both to continuous absorption as in the energy bands, and to one or two discrete lines in connection with each continuum, as in absorption by independent atoms or in excitation waves. These conclusions are compared with experiment, explaining in a general way the sharp structure observed both in the near and far ultraviolet absorption spectra of these crystals. The discussion deals throughout with the undistorted crystal, leaving out of account the new absorption bands which are known to appear in these crystals after considerable illumination, resulting from the deposition of free alkali in the crystal.
Moral Value, Response-Dependence, and Rigid Designation

It is part of our notion of moral properties (certain forms of relativism to the contrary) that they are in some sense independent of our moral beliefs. A murderer cannot make his action moral simply by believing that it is so. Slavery was immoral even if a large number of people once believed that it was permissible, and it would remain so in the future even if every person came to believe that it was morally acceptable. But views that take moral properties to be objective and thoroughly mind-independent constituents of reality face familiar metaphysical and epistemological obstacles.
Negotiating the waters: canoe and steamship mobility in the Pacific Northwest

The transition from canoe to steamship on the remote Skagit and Nooksack Rivers in Washington Territory occurred in a brief period of settlement in the nineteenth century. Diaries and historical accounts from the Pacific Northwest describe settlers' perceptions of mobility derived from communities they had left in their journey west. As they confronted an indigenous mode of travel rooted in place, they adapted and then usurped the canoe, bringing steamships to the Skagit and then Nooksack River. Steamship travel required a complex infrastructure of cleared rivers, supply chains, mechanical knowledge and observational navigation, linking travelers with a larger, regional network. The advent of steamships triggered significant environmental changes to the riverine landscape and the broader region. Language: en
Two-Stage Nested Partitions Method for Stochastic Optimization

We address the problem of optimizing over a large but finite set when the objective function does not have an analytical expression and is evaluated using noisy estimation. Building on the recently proposed nested partitions method for stochastic optimization, we develop a new approach that combines this random search method and statistical selection for guiding the search. We prove asymptotic convergence and analyze the finite time behavior of the new approach. We also report extensive numerical results to illustrate the benefits of the new approach.
Morphine-induced regional and dose-response differences in multiple-unit activity in rabbits.

Abstract In each of 14 rabbits, EEG and multiple-unit activity were recorded from 14 brain areas which had been suggested in the literature as primary target sites of opiate action. Each rabbit received intraperitoneal injections of 5, 15, 0 (saline) and 25 mg/kg of morphine sulphate, in that order, with at least one week between injections. This sequence was repeated in a cross-over design to permit testing for tolerance. Experiments were performed with rabbits induced into the Immobility Reflex to produce a relatively stable artifact-free electrographic activity with minimal influence from behavioral feedback and other variables. EEG recordings disclosed a dose-related decrease in the incidence of theta rhythm; no evidence for tolerance development was evident. Subjective evaluation of tracings from all areas did not disclose any drug-related regional differences. Quantitative analysis of multiple unit activity revealed only a mild positive correlation between percent time theta and change in multiple unit activity (only for a few brain areas and usually at the highest dose). An unexpected, comparatively mild change in multiple unit activity in the caudate nucleus and the periaqueductal grey may have resulted from the special features of this experimental design: the focus on the immediate post-injection period and on spontaneous, rather than evoked, electrographic activity. Results in certain other areas supported the hypothesis of differential responsiveness to morphine, both in terms of brain areas affected and response latency. Those brain areas where multiple unit activity responses best fit our operational definition of target sites were the cingulate cortex and hippocampus, and perhaps to a lesser extent, the anterior and medial thalamic nuclei, brain stem reticular formation, cerebral cortex, fimbria/fornix, septum, and substantia nigra. We conclude that multiple unit activity is a sensitive index of opiate effect and that this approach is an appropriate in vivo method to identify and characterize primary sites of opiate action.
Ergodic Theorems Arising in Correlation Dimension Estimation

The Grassberger-Procaccia (GP) empirical spatial correlation integral, which plays an important role in dimension estimation, is the proportion of pairs of points in a segment of an orbit of lengthn, of a dynamical system defined on a metric space, which are no more than a distancer apart. It is used as an estimator of the GP spatial correlation integral, which is the probability that two points sampled independently from an invariant measure of the system are no more than a distancer apart. It has recently been proven, for the case of an ergodic dynamical system defined on a separable metric spaceythat the GP empirical correlation integral converges a.s. to the GP correlation integral at continuity points of the latter asn→∞. It is shown here that for ergodic systems defined on ℜd with the “max” metric the convergence is uniform inr. Further, a simplified proof based on weak convergence arguments of the result in separable spaces is given. Finally, the Glivenko-Cantelli theorem is used to obtain ergodic theorems for both the moment estimators and least square estimators of correlation dimension.
Testing multivariate means when the covariance matrix has intraclass correlation structure

Fisher's method of combining independent tests is used to construct tests of means of multivariate normal populations when the covariance matrix has intraclass correlation structure. Monte Carlo studies are reported which show that the tests are more powerful than Hotelling's T 2-test in both one and two sample situations.
Reactive Ketenes through a Carbonate/Amine Shuttle Deprotonation Strategy: Catalytic, Enantioselective α-Bromination of Acid Chlorides

We have developed an efficient methodology for the generation of ketenes by employing a catalytic shuttle base and potassium carbonate as a stoichiometric base. We have applied this technology to the catalytic, asymmetric α-bromination of acid chlorides.
Interframe Coding of Global Image Signatures for Mobile Augmented Reality

For mobile augmented reality, an image captured by a mobile device's camera is often compared against a database hosted on a remote server to recognize objects in the image. It is critically important that the amount of data transmitted over the network is as small as possible to reduce the system latency. A low bitrate global signature for still images has been previously shown to achieve high-accuracy image retrieval. In this paper, we develop new methods for interframe coding of a continuous stream of global signatures that can reduce the bitrate by nearly two orders of magnitude compared to independent coding of these global signatures, while achieving the same or better image retrieval accuracy. The global signatures are constructed in an embedded data structure that offers rate scalability. The usage of these new coding methods and the embedded data structure allows the streaming of high-quality global signatures at a bitrate that is less than 2 kbps. Furthermore, a statistical analysis of the retrieval and coding performance is performed to understand the trade off between bitrate and image retrieval accuracy and explain why interframe coding of global signatures substantially outperforms independent coding.
Nuisance Parameters and the Use of Exploratory Graphical Methods in a Bayesian Analysis

Abstract Consider the problem of inference about a parameter θ in the presence of a nuisance parameter v. In a Bayesian framework, a number of posterior distributions may be of interest, including the joint posterior of (θ, ν), the marginal posterior of θ, and the posterior of θ conditional on different values of ν. The interpretation of these various posteriors is greatly simplified if a transformation (θ, h(θ, ν)) can be found so that θ and h(θ, v) are approximately independent. In this article, we consider a graphical method for finding this independence transformation, motivated by techniques from exploratory data analysis. Some simple examples of the use of this method are given and some of the implications of this approximate independence in a Bayesian analysis are discussed.
Thermoreflectance of NiO

Abstract We report the first thermoreflectance spectrum of NiO in its fundamental absorption region (3–7eV). The only sharp resonance-like structure observed is a strong dip at 6.17 eV which shifts to 6.25 eV at 80°K and corresponds to structure which we previously observed in electroreflectance. This observation is consistent with our assignment of the onset of the 2p to 4s band transition at 6.2 eV.
Closed-Form Takeoff Weight Estimation Model for Air Transportation Simulation

Takeoff weight is an important parameter for computing accurate aircraft trajectories. Most systems used for simulating air traffic and for providing air traffic management decision support use takeoff weights that depend only on the aircraft type. This paper proposes a closed-form algorithm for estimating takeoff weights based on flight plan and aircraft performance data. The algorithm is derived by combining the constantaltitude-cruise range equation with the weight estimation procedure commonly used in aircraft design. The model first determines whether the payload is limited by payload capacity, maximum takeoff weight, or fuel tank capacity, and then calculates the takeoff weight accordingly. The model is verified against manufacturer provided payload range diagrams for a jet and a turboprop aircraft. Accurate and fast takeoff weight estimation with negligible computational overhead will enhance large scale air traffic simulations by improving the accuracy of trajectories and fuel burn estimates. Improvement in trajectory and fuel burn estimates will benefit the assessment of noise and emissions as well as improve the accuracy of automated conflict detection and resolution algorithms.
α-Tubulin II is a male-specific protein in Plasmodium falciparum

The tubulin gene family in Plasmodium falciparum consists of one beta-tubulin and two alpha-tubulin genes (alpha-tubulin I and II). We present here data indicating that alpha-tubulin II is expressed only in male sexual stage parasites. An IgM mAb, 5E7, specifically reacted with stage III (day 4-5) through mature (day 10-11) male gametocytes and with emerging, exflagellating, or freely moving male gametes. No reactivity was detected in female gametocytes, female gametes, sporozoites, or asexual parasites. mAb 5E7 also specifically recognized male gametes of the avian parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum, and immunoblotted a 50 kDa protein in extracts of male gametes from both species. This 50 kDa antigen was localized by immunoelectron microscopy to axonemes of male gametes in a pattern similar to that obtained with anti-alpha- and anti-beta-tubulin antibodies. Furthermore, mAb 5E7 specifically reacted with recombinant alpha-tubulin II protein obtained using the PCR-amplified alpha-tubulin II gene from a gametocyte-specific cDNA library. The sex-specific expression of alpha-tubulin II and its localization to axoneme of the male parasite suggest a role for this molecule in the morphologic changes that occur during exflagellation and in the motility of the parasite. alpha-Tubulin II and mAb 5E7 may prove useful tools in studies of the biology of sexual stage differentiation and development in P. falciparum in addition to the general understanding of post-translational modifications of tubulin isoforms.
Role of HDL in Those with Diabetes

Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in prospective population studies and clinical trials of high-risk patients treated with a low to moderate intensity statin. As a result, therapeutic targets were developed to increase concentrations of HDL-C. Subsequently, clinical trials of high-intensity statins have not supported this previously well-established association. In trials of high-intensity statin therapy, low HDL particle concentration (HDL-P) has been associated with an increased risk of future cardiovascular events. Therefore, strategies that increase HDL-C without expanding the pool of HDL-P with its rich proteome/lipidome do not seem to be an effective strategy. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms of action for the anti-atherogenic effect of HDL and the impact of current and emerging therapies on the functional capacity of HDL-P. Finally, we discuss emerging therapies that increase the concentration and functional properties of HDL.
Right hemisphere involvement in depression: toward a neuropsychological theory of negative affective experiences.

Several lines of inquiry provide converging evidence for a critical role for the right cerebral hemisphere in negative affective experiences. This research includes the assessment of affective consequences of both focal cerebral lesions and pharmacological inactivation of one or the other hemisphere, as well as experimental and physiological techniques assessing differential hemispheric activation. The specific nature of right hemispheric involvement is conceptualized as a tendency to become activated by aversive experiences, and once activated, to process stimuli in a manner consistent with the right hemisphere's more negative affective tone. A theory of right hemisphere involvement in depressive affect is presented in detail and its relevance to clinical phenomena, e.g., the co-occurrence of depression and pain, and sex differences in depression, is examined, as is congruence with cognitive theories of depression.
Integrated Photodetectors in Metal Slot Plasmonic Waveguides

We developed a characteristic impedance model to investigate the transmission properties of plasmonic metal slot waveguides. We used this model to design photodetectors integrated in metal slot plasmonic waveguides.
The efficacy of five forms of 2,4-D in controlling preharvest fruit drop in citrus

Over a period of three seasons, five forms of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were evaluated for efficacy in preharvest fruit drop control in California (CA) citrus at three navel orange and three grapefruit sites. The forms of 2,4-D evaluated were: isopropyl ester, isooctyl ester, butoxyethyl ester, dimethylamine salt and acid. In 17 of the 18 trials, fruit drop was reduced by a statistically significant level for the season by an application of 2,4-D regardless of form. Seven out of these 17 trials showed no statistically significant difference in efficacy among the forms used. Of the 10 sites that showed statistically significant form effects, no one form was consistently superior and differences between the forms were minor. All forms of 2,4-D evaluated in these trials provided excellent control of preharvest fruit drop. The practical value of the fruit holding ability among the forms is probably slight. On an acid equivalent basis, it appears that the form of 2,4-D applied to citrus trees has little influence on preharvest fruit drop control.
Analgesic and local anesthetic activity of dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract To provide data with which to settle some of the current controversy over the clinical claims for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) specific pharmacologic tests were performed. DMSO is "relatively nontoxic" to rodents but appears to be more toxic as the phylogenetic order is ascended. Considerable irritation results from the introduction of DMSO into the conjunctival sac of the rabbit. No topical or nerve block anesthetic activity was demonstrated. Infiltration anesthetic potency of DMSO was so low as to be of no therapeutic importance. No analgesia, free of sedation, was found. Topical application of trypan blue with DMSO produced considerable dermal staining but no distribution of the dye as contrasted with the rapid systemic absorption and distribution of the dye when given subcutaneously with DMSO. No evidence was obtained in these experiments which could support clinical claims made to date.
Prevention of amygdala kindling with an inhibitor of γ-aminobutyric acid uptake

Abstract A novel, specific inhibitor of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake, SKF 89976-A (N-[4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl]-nipecotic acid), was administered daily (15 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to amygdala stimulation in adult female rats. Whereas control rats developed full kindled seizures after 9.4 ± 1.2 amygdala stimulations, SKF 89976-A-treated rats had not progressed beyond an early stage of kindled seizures by the termination of drug treatment after 22 episodes of daily amygdala stimulation. Following cessation of SKF 89976-A treatment, full kindled seizures developed after 4.1 ± 0.9 additional amygdala stimuli. The data suggest that SKF 89976-A can inhibit generalization of amygdala-kindled seizures, possibly by enhancement of central GABAergic activity.
Probing the Universe on gigaparsec scales with remote cosmic microwave background quadrupole measurements

Scattering of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation in galaxy clusters induces a polarization signal proportional to the CMB quadrupole anisotropy at the cluster's location and lookback time. A survey of such remote quadrupole measurements provides information about large-scale cosmological perturbations. This paper presents a formalism for calculating the correlation function of remote quadrupole measurements in spherical harmonic space. The number of independent modes probed by both single-redshift and volume-limited surveys is presented, along with the length scales probed by these modes. In a remote quadrupole survey sparsely covering a large area of sky, the largest-scale modes probe the same-length scales as the quadrupole but with much narrower Fourier-space window functions. The largest-scale modes are significantly correlated with the local CMB, but even when this correlation is projected out the largest remaining modes probe gigaparsec scales (comparable to the CMB at $l=2\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}10$) with narrow window functions. These modes may provide insight into the possible anomalies in the large-scale CMB anisotropy. At fixed redshift, the data from such a survey form an $E$-type spin-2 field on the sphere to a good approximation; the near absence of $B$ modes will provide a valuable check on systematic errors. A survey of only a few low-redshift clusters allows an independent reconstruction of the five coefficients of the local CMB quadrupole, providing a test for contamination in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe quadrupole. The formalism presented here is also useful for analyzing smaller-scale surveys to probe the late integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect and hence the properties of dark energy.
Essential fatty acid consideration at birth in the premature neonate and the specific requirement for preformed prostaglandin precursors in the infant.

Abstract The essentiality of certain PUFA is probably related to their capability to be incorporated into lipids and to act as precursor in the formation of ecosanoids. Esterified to phospholipids, the EFA influence the physico-chemical characteristics of biomembranes. Normal growth of infants is dependent upon an adequate supply to EFA. The human fetus, like the adult, is unable to synthesize the EFA, which must therefore be derived from the maternal circulation and pass through the placenta. Increased concentration of the polyenoic fatty acids with advanced gestational age may result from increased synthetic activity of these fatty acids by the fetus or the placenta or by preferential transfer of these fatty acids across the placenta. Several clinical manifestations have been ascribed in the human infact to prolonged EFA deficiency; however, none of these findings were noted in a group of sick newborn infants with very rapid onset of deficiency. Platelet dysfunction, decreased prostaglandin biosynthesis and turnover and altered pulmonary surfactant are among the effects of EFA deficiency on infatcs. Supplementations of the diet with EFA, parenterally or by the inunction of oil rich in linoleic acid, were reported to alleviate the symptoms of EPA deficiency.
3.2.3 Divergence: The Impact of Lifecycle Changes on Commonality

Sharing common parts, processes, interfaces and infrastructure offers the potential to increase the overall efficiency and effectiveness of an enterprise through reductions in costs, lead times and risks associated with the development of product/system families. While the benefits of commonality have attracted much interest across industry, the government and academia, the current practice and research fail to account for a significant challenge associated with commonality: the natural reduction of commonality over time, a phenomenon termed “divergence.” Divergence occurs due to requirements changes; learning in development and operations; the availability of new technologies; obsolescence; program timing; and for reasons associated with corporate culture. The impact of divergence is an overestimation of the benefits of commonality: planned benefits aren't realized through the course of development while the penalties of pursuing commonality (cost, time, risk, performance) are incurred. The TFX (F-111) fighter aircraft program of the 1960's is provided as a historical example of divergence and its impacts. Accounting for divergence will improve multi-system program planning and execution.
Authorizing Family Science: An Analysis of the Objectifying Practices of Family Science Discourse

Contemporary objectifying practices in family science discourse, grounded in an objectivist epistemological framework, often deauthorize the scientific text and fail to frame the constructs in an explicit argumentative and theoretical context. Such practices contribute to the marginalization of theory and the acceptance of insufficiently analyzed empirical claims about families. Adopting an alternative set of objectifying practices, grounded in a constructionist epistemological framework that aims to fully authorize and advance its knowledge claims in an open, self-reflexive, argumentative process will invigorate the importance of theory in the field and promote the production of more empirically justifiable and scientific knowledge claims about families.
Neuronal localization of the cyclophilin A protein in the adult rat brain

Cyclophilin A is a small, soluble protein which binds the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A. Cyclophilin A is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase and is widely expressed in a multitude of tissues, but is present in highest concentration in the brain. A role for this protein in the maturation and folding of neuron-specific membrane proteins has been hypothesized. Immunohistochemical staining for cyclophilin A was used to determine whether cyclophilin A is present in neurons, and whether there is variation in the level of expression with respect to brain regions and cell types. The specificity of the antibody used was demonstrated by Western blot analysis and cyclosporin affinity purification. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of adult rat brain showed labelled neurons throughout the neuraxis. The intensity of the immunostaining observed was roughly equivalent to neuronal cell density and was restricted to gray matter. On a cellular level, staining was present in cytosol and nuclei and extended into neuronal processes. Fluorescent double-labelling experiments on hippocampal cell cultures revealed that all cells labelled with the cyclophilin A antibody also showed staining for the neuron-specific marker for microtubule-associated protein (MAP)2, and could, therefore, be identified as neurons. Immunoreactivity in these neurons is present in punctate, spinelike structures along dendrites. Cyclophilin A immunoreactivity was undetectable in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells. The pattern of cyclophilin A expression is consistent with a role of cyclophilin A in neuronal protein maturation and folding in vivo. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Feeding behaviour of Angoumois grain moth larvae

Abstract Feeding behaviour of newly hatched larvae of the Angoumois grain moth was investigated. A bioassay was developed based on larval response to various test materials which were added to corn starch and glycerol pellets placed in a circular arena. The distribution of larvae between two test and two control pellets in each arena was usually determined after 4 hr incubation to determine what factors influenced the initial phase of the insect's feeding behaviour. When components of a refined diet (casein, yeast, wheat germ, bran, and cholesterol) were assayed for their effect on feeding behaviour only wheat germ was found to evoke a strongly positive response. Further study revealed that the lipid portion of wheat germ contained potent arrestants and probably also contained biting incitants and feeding stimulants. An investigation into the nature of some of the active components in this lipid fraction revealed that triglycerides and, to a lesser extent, fatty acids served as arrestants. The classification of the measured behavioural response is discussed.
The effect of limited water availability on schedule-induced polydipsia.

Abstract Rats bar-pressing on a 1-min fixed-interval schedule for 100, 45-mg food pellets per session became polydipsic when water was always concurrently available on a fixed-ratio 1 basis via a second response lever. When 15-sec periods of water unavailability were successively inserted in the first, second, third, and fourth quarters of the 1-min fixed-interval food schedule, all rats remained polydipsic although water intakes were slightly lower than those in the control conditions of continuous water availability.
An effective method for video segmentation and sub-shot characterization

It is important to detect shot and sub-shot changes, which are the fundamental units of video sequences, in video indexing techniques. In this paper, a unified method for detecting shot and sub-shot changes is proposed using a background image. There are two steps used to detect shot changes. In the first step, pixel-wise differences using a new criterion are used to screen out less likely scene changes. The second step is based on the percentage of pixels having motion vectors different from the background image, and is applied to the candidate frames from the first step. To detect sub-shot changes, camera motion parameters are estimated from the background images. The experimental results show that the proposed method is robust and accurate in detecting shot and sub-shot changes.
Modelbase Partitioning Using Property Matrix Spectra

In this paper, we present aneigenvalueorspectral-basedrepresentation for CAD models to be used in conjunction with the more traditional attributed graph based representation of these models. The eigenvalues provide a gross description of the structure of the objects and help to divide a large modelbase into structurally homogeneous partitions. Models in each partition are next hierarchically organized according to the algorithm we presented in a previous paper IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell.17, 1995, 321--332]. In recognition, gross features computed from an object in a range image are used to prune the modelbase by selecting a few “favorable” partitions in which the correct object model is likely to lie. We also model the perturbations in the eigenvalues computed from objects in real scenes and show how this perturbation model can be used effectively during recognition. The partitioning experiments presented here are for real range images using a modelbase of 125 CAD objects with planar, cylindrical, and spherical surfaces. From our recognition results, we observe that for a reasonable degree of error in the low-level processes (surface segmentation and grouping), the correct partition is always included. Experimental results also point to a significant increase in recognition speed, even on modelbases much smaller than the ones we consider here.
p-Anisaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone in treatment of experimental murine tuberculosis.

Summary1. One mg% of p-anisalde-hyde-thiosemicarbazone inhibits the growth of the H37RV and B1 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Dubos' medium.2. Mice infected with the H37RV strain and fed 1% p-anisaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone in their diet had no gross tuberculosis when sacrificed at the end of 30 days, when all controls were dead of the disease. Infected mice, sacrificed after 75 days of treatment with p-anisaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone, showed only one plus gross pulmonary tuberculosis.3. It may be concluded that p-anisalde-hyde-thiosemicarbazone is an effective anti-mycobacterial agent in the mouse as well as in vitro.We extend our appreciation to the Nepera Chemical Co., Inc., for supplying the drug, and to Dr. Charles J. Duca for conducting the in vitro work.
A STATISTICAL ANALYZER FOR OPTIC NERVE MESSAGES

A statistical mathematical model of the discharge in a single optic nerve fiber is proposed, based on a discharge with intervals between impulses distributed independently according to a gamma distribution ("gamma discharge"). A light stimulus distorts the time axis of this discharge according to a "frequency function" which is characteristic of the stimulus. A linear filter is described which calculates the likelihood of a certain stimulus when the nerve fiber message is fed into it. This filter forms the basis of theoretical nerve message analyzers for three visual experiments: (a) The detection of the occurrence of a flash of light of known intensity and time of occurrence, (b) the detection of the time of occurrence of a flash of known intensity, and (c) The estimation of the intensity of a flash occurring at a known time. Possible neural mechanisms in the brain for analyzing optic nerve messages, based on the above mathematical models, are suggested. Changes of excitability or discharge frequency correspond to the output of the likelihood filter. Any such mechanism must be sufficiently plastic to have a response matched to each expected stimuus for most efficient vision near threshold.
Tracking deformable 2D objects in wireless sensor networks

Geosensor networks are deployed to detect, monitor and track continuous environmental phenomena such as toxic clouds or dense areas of air pollution in an urban environment. In this paper, we abstract such continuous phenomena as 2D objects and only consider their boundary using wireless sensor networks to monitor them over time. In order to maximize energy-efficient monitoring of the phenomena, we present an in-network algorithm based on the concept of deformable curves to incrementally track spatiotemporal changes of the object. We show that the in-network incremental boundary tracking approach based on deformable curves collects sufficient information efficiently to track the overall spatiotemporal properties about a 2D object. By simulations, we demonstrate the energy-efficiency of our approach.
Set-Shifting Ability and Schizophrenia : A Marker of Clinical Illness or an Intermediate Phenotype?

Results: Nearly all control subjects (87%) finished the task successfully, as did 80% of siblings. In contrast only 54% of patients with schizophrenia were able to complete the task. Despite the apparent similarity of performance across the sibling and healthy comparison group, the two groups differed significantly in terms of the number of stages until failure. This difference, however, was not present at any particular stage or any other measure of performance. Conclusions: Patients demonstrated robust ID/ED deficits. However, their siblings were minimally impaired, and this impairment did not seemtoruninfamilies.TheseresultssuggestthatimpairmentsonattentionalsetshiftingassessedbyID/EDtaskarestronglyassociatedwith clinical illness, but these impairments are not a promising intermediate phenotype.
A Modulated Sample-Introduction System for ICP-Atomic Emission Spectrometry

A modulated sample-introduction device for use in inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry has been constructed and evaluated. With this device, the flow of aerosol to the excitation source is modulated by applying at a specific frequency a pressure pulse to the nebulizer chamber; the use of frequency-selective detection then permits efficient signal recovery. Unfortunately, background emission from the ICP was also found to be modulated at the sample-introduction frequency; the magnitude of background modulation depends on the depth of sample modulation and the types of spectral features present at the analytical line of interest. The sample-modulation device discriminated best between analyte emission and continuum background radiation, but performed most poorly when OH band emission was the dominant background interference. The construction and operation of the device are described and its performance for several elements is evaluated in terms of detection limits, S/B enhancement, and working-curve linearity.
The Employment Environment: Employer Perspectives, Policies, and Practices Regarding the Employment of Persons With Disabilities

Employers’ characteristics and their policies and practices are workplace environmental factors with important implications for the hiring and retention of employees with disabilities. To explore these factors, a survey was conducted by Cornell University in 2011 focusing on employer policies and practices related to the employment of people with disabilities. The private employer membership of the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) was randomly sampled across small, medium, and large employers. In all, 675 SHRM members completed the survey and provided information regarding organizational characteristics; disability-related practices and policies regarding recruitment and hiring, training, accessibility and accommodation, retention and advancement; collection of metrics; and their perception of barriers to the employment and advancement of people with disabilities. Ratings of effectiveness of these practices/policies are examined, as well as the number of policies and practices implemented by or...
Drug Repositioning Approaches for the Discovery of New Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and represents one of the highest unmet needs in medicine today. Drug development efforts for AD have been encumbered by largely unsuccessful clinical trials in the last decade. Drug repositioning, a process of discovering a new therapeutic use for existing drugs or drug candidates, is an attractive and timely drug development strategy especially for AD. Compared with traditional de novo drug development, time and cost are reduced as the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of most repositioning candidates have already been determined. A majority of drug repositioning efforts for AD have been based on positive clinical or epidemiological observations or in vivo efficacy found in mouse models of AD. More systematic, multidisciplinary approaches will further facilitate drug repositioning for AD. Some experimental approaches include unbiased phenotypic screening using the library of available drug collections in physiologically relevant model systems (e.g. stem cell-derived neurons or glial cells), computational prediction and selection approaches that leverage the accumulating data resulting from RNA expression profiles, and genome-wide association studies. This review will summarize several notable strategies and representative examples of drug repositioning for AD.
Regulation of Argonaute slicer activity by guide RNA 3' end interactions with the N-terminal lobe.

Structural studies indicate that binding of both the guide RNA (siRNA and miRNA) and the target mRNA trigger substantial conformational changes in the Argonaute proteins. Here we explore the role of the N-terminal lobe (and its PAZ domain) in these conformational changes using biochemical and cell culture-based approaches. In vitro, whereas deletion (or mutation) of the N-terminal lobe of DmAgo1 and DmAgo2 had no effect on binding affinity to guide RNAs, we observed a loss of protection of the 3′ end of the guide RNA and decreased target RNA binding; consistent with this, in cells, loss of function DmAgo1 PAZ variant proteins (PAZ6 and ΔN-PAZ) still bind RNA, although the RNAs are shorter than normal. We also find that deletion of the N-terminal lobe results in constitutive activation of endogenous PIWI domain-based cleavage activity in vitro, providing insights into how cleavage activity may be regulated in vivo in response to different types of pairing interactions with the target mRNAs.
Infants Understand How Testimony Works

Children learn about the world from the testimony of other people, often coming to accept what they are told about a variety of unobservable and indeed counter-intuitive phenomena. However, research on children’s learning from testimony has paid limited attention to the foundations of that capacity. We ask whether those foundations can be observed in infancy. We review evidence from two areas of research: infants’ sensitivity to the emotional expressions of other people; and their capacity to understand the exchange of information through non-verbal gestures and vocalization. We conclude that a grasp of the bi-directional exchange of information is present early in the second year. We discuss the implications for future research, especially across different cultural settings.
Introduction: Infectious diseases

In any discussion of the great challenges facing humanity in addressing global environmental problems, a small number of topics automatically rise to the top: climate change, the loss of biodiversity, and the sustainability of the services ecosystems provide us. But no threats to human welfare are more urgent than those posed by infectious diseases; we suffer already the devastating consequences of the emergence of new diseases such as HIV, the reemergence of old ones such as tuberculosis, and simply the increasing toll of endemic diseases such as malaria. Non-human animals play fundamental roles in the spread of many of these diseases – as reservoirs, as vectors, and as cauldrons for the creation of new types. Land-use practices and environmental management both affect the persistence and spread of endemic diseases, such as malaria. Furthermore, as animal populations increase their ranges, due to climate change and human-facilitated alien introductions, the potential for disease spread also increases. These factors, together with the increasing mobility of the human population, conspire to make these environmental problems of great and immediate concern.