cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phospholipid Monolayers Supported on Spun Cast Polystyrene Films

We investigated the use of spun cast polystyrene (PS) films as a hydrophobic solid support for phospholipid monolayers. Fluorescent microscopy indicated that a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) monolayer containing fluorescent lipid formed on ∼80 nm thick films of 2450 Mr PS exposed to phospholipid vesicle solutions. Qualitative fluorescence photobleaching experiments suggested that the phospholipid layer was continuous and the lipid diffusion rate was similar to those observed in glass-supported POPC bilayers. Examination of lipid diffusion by real-time, single-molecule fluorescence detection and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) indicated that the lipid diffusion contained multiple components. We interpreted this as being caused by the presence of surface heterogeneities that confine lipid diffusion. In situ atomic force microscopy revealed the presence of 5−20 nm outgrowths on the PS film resulting from surface rearrangement upon exposure of the film to aqueous condition...
Annexin A2 promotes phagophore assembly by enhancing Atg16L+ vesicle biogenesis and homotypic fusion

Plasma membrane budding of Atg-16L-positive vesicles represents a very early event in the generation of the phagophore and in the process of macroautophagy. Here we show that the membrane curvature-inducing protein annexin A2 contributes to the formation of these vesicles and their fusion to form phagophores. Ultrastructural, proteomic and FACS analyses of Atg16L-positive vesicles reveal that 30% of Atg16L-positive vesicles are also annexin A2-positive. Lipidomic analysis of annexin A2-deficient mouse cells indicates that this protein plays a role in recruiting phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositides to Atg16L-positive vesicles. Absence of annexin A2 reduces both vesicle formation and homotypic Atg16L vesicle fusion. Ultimately, a reduction in LC3 flux and dampening of macroautophagy are observed in dendritic cells from Anxa2(-/-) mice. Together, our analyses highlight the importance of annexin A2 in vesiculation of a population of Atg16L-positive structures from the plasma membrane, and in their homotypic fusion to form phagophore structures.
Characterizing groundwater-lake interactions and its impact on lake water quality

Summary Geochemical tracers were used to investigate groundwater–lake interactions and to map nutrient concentrations within Georgetown Lake, a 1219 ha lake situated at 1960 m above sea level between two mountain ranges in western Montana. Radon-222 was used to identify locations and relative amounts of groundwater inflow to the lake, and nutrients were sampled to investigate the role of groundwater on nutrient dynamics occurring within the lake. Sampling primarily took place during late winter and early spring when the lake was frozen, stratified and relatively anoxic, and all lake samples were collected near the bottom of the lake. Radon concentrations in the lake varied spatially from less than 3.5–194.0 pCi/L. Radon results show that groundwater enters the lake through fractured Paleozoic karst limestone situated near a major thrust fault. No groundwater flows were noted on the western side of the lake, which is underlain by west-dipping Precambrian metasedimentary rocks. The western two-thirds of the lake is anoxic near the bottom of the water column with H2S and NH 4 + concentrations as high as 1.99 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L respectively. Along the eastern side of the lake, H2S was absent and NH 4 + was generally low, suggesting that groundwater inflows improve water quality. Pore water diffusion samplers show that there is an internal source of NH 4 + , H2S, and PO 4 3 - to the lake originating from decay of organic carbon in the lake sediments.
An Energy-dependent Maturation Step Is Required for Release of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator from Early Endoplasmic Reticulum Biosynthetic Machinery

Polytopic proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by ribosomes docked at the Sec61 translocation channel. It is generally assumed that, upon termination of translation, polypeptides are spontaneously released into the ER membrane where final stages of folding and assembly are completed. Here we investigate early interactions between the ribosome-translocon complex and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a multidomain ABC transporter, and demonstrate that this is not always the case. Using in vitro and Xenopus oocyte expression systems we show that, during and immediately following synthesis, nascent CFTR polypeptides associate with large, heterogeneous, and dynamic protein complexes. Partial-length precursors were quantitatively isolated in a non-covalent, puromycin-sensitive complex (>3,500 kDa) that contained the Sec61 ER translocation machinery and the cytosolic chaperone Hsc70. Following the completion of synthesis, CFTR was gradually released into a smaller (600-800 kDa) ATP-sensitive complex. Surprisingly, release of full-length CFTR from the ribosome and translocon was significantly delayed after translation was completed. Moreover, this step required both nucleotide triphosphates and cytosol. Release of control proteins varied depending on their size and domain complexity. These studies thus identify a novel energy-dependent step early in the CFTR maturation pathway that is required to disengage nascent CFTR from ER biosynthetic machinery. We propose that, contrary to current models, the final stage of membrane integration is a regulated process that can be influenced by the state of nascent chain folding, and we speculate that this step is influenced by the complex multidomain structure of CFTR.
Lower nodal counts in axillary dissection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy: are there implications?

Traditionally, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been used for staging purposes for locally advanced breast cancer. ALND generally involves taking the level I and II axillary nodes to achieve an adequate dissection. Historically, a minimum of 8 to 10 axillary nodes was required for accurate staging [1–3]. Neuman et al [4] examined the yield of axillary nodes obtained during ALND after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The authors present a single institutional experience comparing the total lymph node count from ALND performed with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In patients undergoing a level I or II ALND after neoadjuvant therapy, the percentage of individuals with fewer than 10 lymph nodes was higher than ALND alone without neoadjuvant therapy (13% vs. 4%, respectively) [4]. However, there was no difference in median lymph node counts. In addition, no local axillary recurrences were reported over a median follow-up period of 64 months for the 19 patients in the neoadjuvant group with fewer than 10 nodes recovered
Metal carbonyl bond strengths: Applications of photoacoustic calorimetry

Photoacoustic calorimetry has been used to determine the bond dissociation energy of a single carbonyl from the group VI hexacarbonyls in ethanol and cyclohexane. The determined reaction enthalpies are for the photodissociation of a single CO from Cr(CO)6, MO(CO)6, and W(CO)6 in ethanol and cyclohexane are found to be 37, 34, and 38 kcal/mole, respectively.
Hole percolation and proton conduction in monazite solid solutions: La0.98−xCexSr0.02PO4−δ

Abstract This study examines the conductivity of the rare earth orthophosphate ceramic series La 0.98− x Ce x Sr 0.02 PO 4− δ in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. The full rare earth orthophosphate series is synthesized and characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM-EDX, and HRTEM to detect the presence of second phases and potential compositional heterogeneities that may affect conductivity. AC impedance measurements under reducing conditions showed that the protonic conductivity is nearly independent of the cerium content. Under oxidizing conditions the conductivity shows percolation-type dependence with increasing Ce content; this is attributed to the appearance of electron-holes, localized on Ce, as the dominant charge carrier. The fit of the experimentally measured conductivity with composition to a percolation model implies a low percolation threshold, which may result from Ce clustering or higher nearest neighbor hopping of the electron holes. The strong Ce concentration dependence of the conductivity suggests an increasing hole concentration with increasing cerium content, which in turn would imply a relatively high stability of the pyrophosphate defects.
Interpretation of Experiments on the Beta Decay of Eu 152

The 1483-kev beta decay of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{152}$ has previously been interpreted in terms of the "modified ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$" approximation. This decay has been reconsidered using more complete theoretical expressions and including the recent determination of the beta-circularly polarized gamma correlation along with the beta-gamma directional correlation and the beta spectral shape. The data indicate that the nuclear matrix element parameter ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{1}$ lies between 0.5 and 1. For some suitable sets of matrix element parameters the quantities $u$ and $x$ are small in qualitative agreement with the "modified ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$" approximation. However, other suitable sets of matrix element parameters may be found which are in disagreement with the approximation. The method of analysis described here is generally applicable to first forbidden beta decays with spin change 1 and the results from various types of experiments may be incorporated.
Identification of Viral Pathogen Diversity in Sewage Sludge by Metagenome Analysis

The large diversity of viruses that exist in human populations are potentially excreted into sewage collection systems and concentrated in sewage sludge. In the U.S., the primary fate of processed sewage sludge (class B biosolids) is application to agricultural land as a soil amendment. To characterize and understand infectious risks associated with land application, and to describe the diversity of viruses in human populations, shotgun viral metagenomics was applied to 10 sewage sludge samples from 5 wastewater treatment plants throughout the continental U.S, each serving between 100 000 and 1 000 000 people. Nearly 330 million DNA sequences were produced and assembled, and annotation resulted in identifying 43 (26 DNA, 17 RNA) different types of human viruses in sewage sludge. Novel insights include the high abundance of newly emerging viruses (e.g., Coronavirus HKU1, Klassevirus, and Cosavirus) the strong representation of respiratory viruses, and the relatively minor abundance and occurrence of Entero...
Experiments and modeling of variably permeable carbonate reservoir samples in contact with CO2-acidified brines

Abstract Reactive experiments were performed to expose sample cores from the Arbuckle carbonate reservoir to CO 2 -acidified brine under reservoir temperature and pressure conditions. The samples consisted of dolomite with varying quantities of calcite and silica/chert. The timescales of monitored pressure decline across each sample (and concurrent increases in permeability) in response to CO 2 exposure, as well as the amount of and nature of dissolution features, varied widely among these three experiments. For all samples cores, the experimentally measured initial permeability was at least one order of magnitude or more lower than the values estimated from downhole methods. Nondestructive X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) imaging revealed dissolution features including “wormholes,” removal of fracture-filling crystals, and widening of pre-existing pore spaces. In the injection zone sample, multiple fractures may have contributed to the high initial permeability of this core and restricted the distribution of CO 2 -induced mineral dissolution. In contrast, the pre-existing porosity of the baffle zone sample was much lower and less connected, leading to a lower initial permeability and contributing to the development of a single dissolution channel. While calcite may make up only a small percentage of the overall sample composition, its location and the effects of its dissolution have an outsized effect on permeability responses to CO 2 exposure. The XRCT data presented here are informative for building the model domain for numerical simulations of these experiments but require calibration by higher resolution means to confidently evaluate different porosity-permeability relationships.
Primacy or Recency of Communications as a Function of Forcefulness of Presentation

In the present study of order of communications, 292 introductory psychology students listened to a tape containing contradictory descriptions of 8 hypothetical persons and then indicated their impressions. The materials used came from 3 earlier studies all of which had reported strong primacy effects. The present study showed 4 primacy effects, 2 significant, and 4 recency effects, 2 significant. Primacy versus recency effects proved to be highly predictable from ratings of loudness, forcefulness, and clarity, even though such differences were not large. The study illustrates the vulnerability of order effects to minor variables.
Calorimetric study of phase transitions in the liquid crystal butyloxybenzylidene octylaniline (4O.8)

The heat capacity of butyloxybenzylidene octylaniline has been measured from 0° to 95 °C. Significant pretransitional effects are observed near both the first-order transition from the normal rigid crystal to the B phase plastic crystal and the first-order melting transition from the B phase to the smectic-A liquid crystal phase. Data near the second-order smectic-A to nematic transition require a critical exponent α considerably greater than zero, in agreement with recent results on other materials.
Tractable model development and system identification for longitudinal vehicle dynamics

AbstractLongitudinal vehicle models that include engine and powertrain dynamics tend to be either very detailed or empirical. Detailed cycle-by-cycle engine models, for instance, are of high order and require knowledge of a large number of parameters. Empirical models, on the other hand, are tractable but have to be obtained by extensive dynamometer testing. In this paper a spark ignition engine model is presented that does not require extensive dynamometer testing and at the same time is tractable enough to be useful for adaptive cruise control, speed control, diagnostics and other longitudinal control applications. The model is obtained by modifying existing dynamic models from the literature through a set of reasonable approximations so as to obtain a model that is amenable to parameter identification. The parameter identification is based on a least-squares error algorithm and utilizes sensor measurements obtained directly from on-the-vehicle road tests. The model and the parameter identification tech...
Coupled boundary element and finite element model for fluid-filled membrane in gravity waves

This paper describes a three-dimensional, coupled boundary element and finite element model for dynamic analysis of a fluid-filled membrane in gravity waves. The model consists of three components, describing respectively, the membrane deflection and the motions of fluids inside and outside the membrane. Small amplitude assumptions of the surface waves and membrane deflection lead to linearization of the mathematical problem and an efficient solution in the frequency domain. A finite element model, based on the membrane theory of shells, relates the membrane deflection to the internal and external fluid pressure. Two boundary element models, which describe the potential flows inside and outside the membrane, are coupled to the finite element model through the kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions on the membrane. As a demonstration, the resulting model is applied to evaluate the dynamic response of a bottom-mounted fluid-filled membrane in a wave flume. Previous two-dimensional numerical model results and three-dimensional laboratory data verify and validate the present three-dimensional model. Analysis of the computed membrane response and surface wave pattern reveals intricate resonance characteristics that explain the discrepancies between the numerical model results and the laboratory data.
The Concept of Synthetic Lethality in the Context of Anticancer Therapy

Two genes are synthetic lethal if mutation of either alone is compatible with viability but mutation of both leads to death. So, targeting a gene that is synthetic lethal to a cancer-relevant mutation should kill only cancer cells and spare normal cells. Synthetic lethality therefore provides a conceptual framework for the development of cancer-specific cytotoxic agents. This paradigm has not been exploited in the past because there were no robust methods for systematically identifying synthetic lethal genes. This is changing as a result of the increased availability of chemical and genetic tools for perturbing gene function in somatic cells.
Public-private wage differentials in Haiti Do public servants earn a rent?

Abstract This study uses a newly collected data set on Haiti (where data are very limited) to assess how individuals are selected into the public vs. private sectors and to estimate public-private sector wage differentials. The central question is whether or not public servants are earning a rent. The estimation procedure is an extension of Heckman's (1979) sample selection technique to the case where two selection rules generate the sample. The procedure first estimates, by bivariate probit analysis, the probability of employment in the public or private sector and then for those in the public sector, the probability of employment in the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) vs. public administration. Wage functions are then estimated for all three sectors, using the inverse Mills' ratios from reduced form probits. Selectivity bias is found to exist in one sector — SOEs. Correction for this bias in the wage equations lowers the wage differentials between the SOE and the private sector and the SOE and public administration, as is clearly demonstrated by the Oaxaca decomposition of these estimated mean differentials. Nevertheless, the corrected findings still indicate that the public sector (especially the SOEs) earn a sizable rent.
IBM Enterprise System/900 Type 9121 system controller and memory subsystem design

A system controller supporting two processors, two independent memory banks, and a channel subsystem has been implemented within a single air-cooled thermal conduction module for the IBM Enterprise System/9000™ Type 9121 processors. Improvements in technology densities, usage of CMOS and emitter-coupled logic on the same substrate, and innovations in the system controller design were required to achieve the one-module objective. In addition, system reliability is improved with a storage key error-correction code, and storage allocation options are increased with a combined main/expanded store design. In conjunction with the system controller development, a new memory subsystem has been designed for the 9121 system. Innovative large-system memory packaging techniques and functional changes in the data accessing methods have culminated in a memory board which supports up to one-gigabyte system storage.
An examination of Euro-American and African-American differences in social physique anxiety among college women.

Many studies have examined sex differences in social physique anxiety; however, few researchers have examined possible perceptual differences in such anxiety based on ethnicity. The present purpose was to examine social physique anxiety among college-age women of Euro-American and African-American descent. Participants (N = 91) from physical activity classes at a university located in the southeastern United States completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. The participants were 67 Euro-Americans and 24 African Americans. An independent t test yielded a significant difference (p = .01) between groups on Eklund's scale, which supports the hypothesis.
Preparation of Metallic Calcium by Electrolysis of Calcium Oxide Dissolved in Molten Calcium Chloride

Metallic calcium was prepared by electrolysis of calcium oxide dissolved in molten calcium chloride in a modified moving cathode‐type cell. For comparison, control electrolyses of the chloride were made. Average cell voltage with the oxide‐bearing electrolyte ranged up to 23% less than that with the chloride alone. The oxide content of the electrolyte decreased due to electrolysis, and tests showed that chlorine was not released at the anode. This appears to be the first demonstration that calcium oxide can be fed to a chloride electrolyte for calcium production.
Primary Study of Woody Biomass and Coal for Energy Production Investigated by TGA-FTIR Analysis

The purpose of this study was to determine the pyrolysis characteristics and gas properties of woody biomass and coal. The main gases from the pyrolysis of biomass, coal, and mixtures of different ratios of the two were identified using TGA-FTIR. The evolution of gases and their characteristics were investigated in real time. Thermal analysis demonstrated that the biomass sources decomposed easily and that most of their weight was lost under lower temperatures than those of coal. TGA-FTIR analysis indicated that H2, CO2, CH4, and CO were the dominant gases released during the pyrolysis of biomass and mixtures. The results indicated that woody biomass could enhance coal pyrolysis or gasification and different types of biomass could have different influences on the thermal behavior of coal.
Protein affinity chromatography reveals cell cycle dependent association of cellular factors with human DNA polymerase α

DNA polymerase α/primase (Polα) is the key replication enzyme in eukaryotic cells. This enzyme synthesizes and elongates short RNA primers at an unwound origin of replication. Polα was used as an affinity ligand to identify cellular replication factors interacting with it. Protein complexes between Polα and cellular factors were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitations with monoclonal antibodies directed against Polα and by protein affinity chromatography of cell extracts derived from pure G1-and S-phase cell populations on Polα affinity columns. Co-immunoprecipitations resulted in the identification of a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 46 kDa. For Polα affinity chromatography, the ligand was purified from insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus encoding the catalytic subunit (p180) of Polα (Copeland and Wang, 1991). With 5×108 infected Sf9 cells, a rapid one step purification protocol was used which yielded in five hours 0.6 mg pure enzyme with a specific activity of 140,000 units/mg. The G1-and S-phase cell populations were generated by block, release and counterflow centrifugal elutriation of exponentially growing human MANCA cells. Starting with 2×109 non synchronous cells, 5×108 G1-phase cells were isolated. Chromatography of cell extracts derived from G1-or S-phase cells on Polα affinity columns resulted in identifying several polypeptides in the range of 40–70 kDa. Some of these polypeptides are more abundant in eluates derived from S-phase extracts than from G1-phase extracts.
Improving the driving practices of pizza deliverers: Response generalization and moderating effects of driving history.

A practical intervention program, targeting the safety belt use of pizza deliverers at two stores, increased significantly the use of both safety belts (143% above baseline) and turn signals (25% above baseline). Control subjects (i.e., pizza deliverers at a third no-intervention store and patrons driving to the pizza stores) showed no changes in belt or turn signal use over the course of 7-month study. The intervention program was staggered across two pizza stores and consisted of a group meeting wherein employees discussed the value of safety belts, received feedback regarding their low safety belt use, offered suggestions for increasing their belt use, and made a personal commitment to buckle up by signing buckle-up promise cards. Subsequently, employee-designed buckle-up reminder signs were placed in the pizza stores. By linking license plate numbers to individual driving records, we examined certain aspects of driving history as moderators of pre- and postintervention belt use. Although baseline belt use was significantly lower for drivers with one or more driving demerits or accidents in the previous 5 years, after the intervention these risk groups increased their belt use significantly and at the same rate as drivers with no demerits or accidents. Whereas baseline belt use was similar for younger (under 25) and older (25 or older) drivers, younger drivers were markedly more influenced by the intervention than were older drivers. Individual variation in belt use during baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases indicated that some drivers require more effective and costly intervention programs to motivate their safe driving practices.
Service-Learning for Remedial Reading and Writing Students

In 2008, Queensborough Community College incorporated service learning into 15 remedial reading and writing courses. To determine its impact, statistical analyses were performed, and they demonstrated significantly (a) higher GPAs, (b) improved rates of retention, and (c) the completion of more college credits among service learning participants. In addition, an ANOVA revealed insights into the individual service-learning projects. It was determined that the most effective programs (a) directly connected the service-learning activity to the course curriculum, (b) provided multiple experiences performing tasks, and (c) placed students in community-based organizations appropriate for their level of literacy.
Non-operative management of abdominal gunshot wounds

Over the history of surgery, the management of abdominal gunshot wounds in the stable evaluable patient without peritonitis has evolved. While non-operative management has been widely accepted and employed for the management of abdominal stab wounds, recently it has been deemed a safe option for abdominal gunshot wounds as well. Selective non-operative management of penetrating abdominal trauma in the appropriate setting has been shown to decrease the rate of nontherapeutic laparotomy as well as the cost and total length of hospital stay, and potentially decrease short- and long-term morbidity. This review examines the background support for non-operative management of abdominal gunshot wounds while discussing patient evaluation, selection, and clinical management.
Real-time monitoring of heteroepitaxial growth processes on the silicon(001) surface by p-polarized reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract In this paper we describe the real-time monitoring by p-polarized reflectance spectroscopy (PRS) using pulsed chemical beam epitaxy (PCBE) of Ga x In 1− x P on Si(001) as an example. For constant source vapor pulse height, width and repetition rate, the formation of the heteroepitaxial film on the Si(001) surface proceeds via a three-dimensional nucleation and overgrowth mechanism. Provision of a high initial supersaturation of the surface drives the nucleation kinetics toward a two-dimensional mechanism. Provision of a high initial supersaturation of the surface drives the nucleation kinetics toward a two-dimensional mechanism. The analysis of the fine structure in the PRS intensity reveals that under the conditions of quasi-steady state growth the surface chemistry cycles between enhanced and diminished P-activity and diminished and enhanced Ga-activity, with the dealkylation of the group III alkyl source molecules constituting a rate limiting step in the growth kinetics. Since the deposition rate per precursor pulse cycle can be determined experimentally, molecular layer epitaxy conditions can be imposed and verified in real-time without reliance on a self-limiting growth mechanism.
Reorganization in massive multiagent systems

We have explored principled mechanisms for converting a hierarchical organization to an edge type organization. Other than structural differences, organizations differ in information flow network and information sharing strategies. Beyond current effort, many other types of organizational adaptation are possible and require much further research that we anticipate to remain for future work. This article lays the foundation for automatic organizational adaptation.
Associations Between Past Bullying Experiences and Psychosocial and Academic Functioning Among College Students

Abstract. Objectives: This study examined whether childhood bullying victimization was associated with psychosocial and academic functioning at college. Participants: The sample consisted of 413 first-year students from a large northeastern university. Methods: Students completed an online survey in February 2012 that included items assessing past bullying involvement, current psychosocial and academic functioning, and victimization experiences since arriving at college. Results: Regression analyses indicated that reports of past bullying and other peer victimization were associated with lower mental health functioning and perceptions of physical and mental health, but were not associated with perceptions of social life at college, overall college experience, or academic performance. Conclusions: Childhood bullying victimization is associated with poorer mental and physical health among first-year college students. Colleges should consider assessing histories of bullying victimization, along with other pa...
Transformation potential predictions for the stress-induced austenite to martensite transformation in steel

The stress-induced transformation behavior of retained austenite is considered in this work. With the development of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels this deformation mode is of growing importance. Twinned martensite structures were calculated using the crystallographic theory of martensite. An available work criterion was used to predict the transformation potentials for 16 different in-plane stress states for sheet sample geometry. By rotating the twinned martensite structures over all crystallographic orientations using Euler angles, the magnitude of the transformation potential was plotted as an orientation distribution plot for comparison with typical texture components. From these data, the Brass and Copper orientation components that are typical in retained austenite such as in TRIP steels were found to have low transformation potential values. Grains aligned with these orientations would require higher stresses to transform than other orientations, and may therefore never transform. This correlates to experimental observations that heavily deformed TRIP steel contains residual retained austenite.
Characteristics of the {111} Surfaces of the III–V Intermetallic Compounds

Surface characteristics of the {111} crystallographic planes of the III–V intermetallic compounds (zinc‐blende structure), and in particular those of , are discussed. The polarity of these compounds along the 〈111〉 directions leads to pronounced physical chemical differences between the {111} surfaces terminating with group III atoms and those terminating with group V atoms. Differences in etching, dislocation etch pit formation, and electrode potential are presented. Dislocation etch pits form on the group III surfaces and not on the group V surfaces of the six compounds investigated (, , , , , and ). A proposed interpretation is based on the relative reactivity of the group III and group V atoms as affected by their bond configuration and the polarity of the zinc‐blende structure.
Racial disparities in access to transplantation: a tough nut to crack

Racial disparities in access to kidney transplantation continue to exist despite determined efforts to improve minority access. Subtle barriers to transplant access will be difficult to overcome. However, the gap between the number of persons needing transplant and the available organs is the greatest impediment to transplantation equality.
Coulumb correlations in hopping through a thin layer.

A detailed microscopic investigation of the effect of Coulomb correlations on the inelastic contribution to tunneling via localized states through thin amorphous barriers is presented. The theoretical calculation together with experimental results show that Coulomb correlations play an important role and also imply that localized states whose single-particle energies lie well below the Fermi level participate in transport due to the Coulomb correlations.
Mucin Secretion Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle (NP) exposure has been closely associated with the exacerbation and pathophysiology of many respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma. Mucus hypersecretion and accumulation in the airway are major clinical manifestations commonly found in these diseases. Among a broad spectrum of NPs, titanium dioxide (TiO2), one of the PM10 components, is widely utilized in the nanoindustry for manufacturing and processing of various commercial products. Although TiO2 NPs have been shown to induce cellular nanotoxicity and emphysema-like symptoms, whether TiO2 NPs can directly induce mucus secretion from airway cells is currently unknown. Herein, we showed that TiO2 NPs (<75 nm) can directly stimulate mucin secretion from human bronchial ChaGo-K1 epithelial cells via a Ca2+ signaling mediated pathway. The amount of mucin secreted was quantified with enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). The corresponding changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration were monitored with Rhod-2, a fluorescent Ca2+ dye. We found that TiO2 NP-evoked mucin secretion was a function of increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration resulting from an extracellular Ca2+ influx via membrane Ca2+ channels and cytosolic ER Ca2+ release. The calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) mechanism played a major role in further amplifying the intracellular Ca2+ signal and in sustaining a cytosolic Ca2+ increase. This study provides a potential mechanistic link between airborne NPs and the pathoetiology of pulmonary diseases involving mucus hypersecretion.
The relative abilities of TCDD and its congeners to induce oxidative stress in the hepatic and brain tissues of rats after subchronic exposure.

Abstract The abilities of single doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) to induce oxidative stress in hepatic and some extra-hepatic tissues of animals, are well documented. In this study we have investigated the induction of oxidative stress in hepatic and brain tissues of rats after subchronic (13 weeks) exposure to TCDD and two of its congeners, namely 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126). TCDD, PeCDF and PCB126 were administered daily to groups of rats at various doses, for 13 weeks, and biomarkers of oxidative stress, including the production of superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation and DNA-single strand breaks (SSBs), were determined in the hepatic and brain tissues at the end of the exposure period. The three congeners caused dose-dependent increases in the production of superoxide anion, lipid proxidation and DNA-SSBs, with maximal effects achieved at doses ranging between 10–100, 20–92, and 300–550 ng/kg per day for TCDD, PeCDF and PCB126, respectively. The doses that produce 50% of maximal responses by each of the xenobiotics in the hepatic and brain tissues were found to be within the ranges of 7–34, 13–32, and 137–400 ng/kg per day for TCDD, PeCDF and PCB126, respectively. The results of the study suggest that subchronic exposures to TCDD, PeCDF and PCB126 induce significant oxidative damage in the hepatic and brain tissues of rats, with more damage observed in the brain as compared to the hepatic tissues. Also, as inducers of oxidative stress in the hepatic and brain tissues, TCDD is the most potent among the three congeners and PCB126 being the least potent.
Measurement of growing dynamical length scales and prediction of the jamming transition in a granular material

Measurement of growing dynamical length scales and prediction of the jamming transition in a granular material
Climate change. The hole record

Study of past climates can provide indicators of how climate might change in the future. A new temperature record has now been gleaned from 616 boreholes around the world. It confirms that the twentieth century was the warmest of the past 500 years, and also shows more natural climatic variability on the decade-century timescale than was to be expected from earlier work.
A test of the utility of social indicators for behavioral health service planning

Given current imperatives for more effective, responsive, and economical government, policy planners and administrators are seeking increasing assistance from social scientists. Here the usefulness of social indicators to the processes of policy planning and implementation in the delivery of mental health, alcohol and drug abuse services is investigated to determine whether social indicator data can contribute to more effective policy planning. In a two part study, the relationship between social indicators and Specific sources of these data were: population total, subdivided by geographic area and race (Caucasian, Black, and Other, which in Arizona is virtually all Native Americans) from the 1975 special census; population by age and ratio of dissolutions to marriages from the for 1977; crime rates from the Arizona State Justice Planning Agency for 1975; and cause of death rates from the Bureau of Vital Statistics, Arizona Department of Health Services for 1975. Subjective measures of psychological well-being were not available for the internal validational component of the study. state wide service utilization rates and The measures the individual's level of anxiety, worry, loneliness, and sadness, and is associated with other measures that have been used in epidemiological studies to identify persons with psychological difficulties. The assesses an individual's level of psychiatric impairment as evidenced by the frequency with which he or she reports having experienced each of the 22 psychological and psychosomatic symptoms on the scale. It has also been used in numerous epidemiological studies to investigated levels of impairment among various populations. The reflects the degree to which the person is involved with, interested in, and experiences control over his or her physical and social environment. Active involvement with the world and frequent social participation are considered to be conducive to the experience of positive affect. The measures the degree to which the persons is satisfied with the quality of his or her life. The score on this scale is a composite of the respondent's level of satisfaction in different areas of life such as standard of living, health, personal functioning, and family life. The greater the satisfaction in these separate areas, the higher will be the individual's overall evaluation of the quality of his or her life. psychological well-being in the community is examined. Both objective and subjective social indicators were studied. Both types of indicators were found to be useful and complementary in identifying service needs and states of well-being in the community.
Esophageal Eosinophilia with Dysphagia A Distinct Clinicopathologic Syndrome

Small numbers of intraepithelial esophageal eosinophils (IEE) may be seen in 50% of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and occasionally in normal volunteers. High concentrations of IEE are rarely seen in either setting. During a two-year period we idetified 12 adult patients with very dense eosinophil infiltrates in esophageal biopsies (defined as >20 IEE/high-power field). Dysphagia was the presenting complaint in each, but no evidence of anatomical obstruction could be found. Endoscopic esophagitis was absent, but biopsy showed marked squamous hyperplasia and many IEE. Eleven patients had normal esophageal acid exposure on 24-hr pH monitoring. Esophageal manometry showed a nonspecific motility disturbance in 10 patients. For comparison, 90 patients with excess esophageal acid exposure on 24-hr pH monitoring were studied. Thirteen (14%) had motility disturbance, and 21 (23%) had dysphagia. Esophageal biopsies were devoid of IEE in 47 patients; none of the 43 with IEE had infiltrates as dense as those seen in the 12 study patients. The presence of high concentrations of IEE in esophageal biopsies from patients with dysphagia, normal endoscopy, and normal 24-hr esophageal pH monitoring represents a distinctive clinicopathologic syndrome not previously described.
Perceived Fear of Being Attacked as a Function of Level of Conceptual System Development

A person's level of conceptual system functioning (Harvey, Hunt, & Schroder, 1961) has been shown to mediate a wide range of behavioral and attitudinal variables, but little research has yet been devoted to the study of system-related emotional variables. A recent study by the author (Greaves, 1971) suggests that System 1 persons may sensitize to threat, while System 3 persons may repress it, but the study fails to stipulate the range of situations which may be perceived as threatening. To investigate this matter, three judges sorted 30 statements into three categories: (1) statements concerning fear of being attacked (e.g., "I am afraid of being murdered"), (2) statements concerning fear of interpersonal relations (e.g., "I am afraid of being misunderstood by others"), and (3) statements concerning fear of oneself (e.g., "I am afraid of not being able to trust myself"). Twenty-four statements received perfect concordance and were retained for the study.a Twenty-four college sophomores, previously identified as to level of conceptual system functioning, were divided as follows: 6 System-1 males and 6 females, 3 System 1-3 males and 3 females, and 3 System-3 males and 3 female^.^ Ss were instructed m rate the 24 statements as to their degree of agreement or disagreement on an 11-point scale (11 = strongly agree, I am deathly afraid of this; 1 = strongly disagree, I am not afraid of this in the least). The mean level of rated fear for System 1 Ss is as follows: (1) "attack," 6.4; "interpersonal relations," 5.1; "self," 4.9. For the System 3/1-3 Ss the respective mean ratings were 4.5, 5.0, and 4.6. While the differences for fear of "interpersonal relations" and "self" are insignificant, System 1 Ss rated themselves significantly higher on fear of attack (t = 2.74, p < .01, two-tailed test). These results are consistent with the earlier findings (Greaves, 1971) and suggest that a possible differentiating locus of fear between these two groups is that of being attacked.
The Effects of Growth Factors Associated with Osteoblasts on Prostate Carcinoma Proliferation and Chemotaxis: Implications for the Development of Metastatic Disease

The extensive mortality and morbidity associated with prostate cancer is caused by the high prevalence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. The area most frequently involved in metastatic prostate cancer is the skeleton. Unlike other cancers, which metastasize to bone and destroy the bone matrix, prostate cancer is unique in that it is osteogenic, resulting in the formation of dense, sclerotic bone with high levels of osteoblastic activity. We proposed that factors produced by bone cells may be responsible for the development of prostate carcinoma metastasis. We studied the effects of these growth factors on prostate cell proliferation by [3H]thymidine incorporation and chemotaxis by the double-filter chamber method. Three prostate carcinoma cell lines were studied, LNCaP (androgen responsive) and PC-3 and DU-145 (androgen unresponsive). The bone-associated growth factors tested were: insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I, IGF-II), transforming growth factor beta, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IGF-I and IGF-II significantly increased proliferation in all three cell lines, whereas IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta significantly decreased proliferation. Transforming growth factor beta induced a biphasic response in proliferation in DU-145 and PC-3 cells and produced no response on LNCaP cells. Increased cell chemotaxis occurred in the presence of IGF-I and IGF-II, and decreased cell chemotaxis occurred with the addition of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. These data indicate that growth factors produced by bone cells alter prostate carcinoma cell proliferation and chemotaxis and suggest that modulations of the production of these factors may be a potential therapeutic intervention in deterring the metastasis of prostate carcinoma to bone.
Msx homeobox genes critically regulate embryo implantation by controlling paracrine signaling between uterine stroma and epithelium.

The mammalian Msx homeobox genes, Msx1 and Msx2, encode transcription factors that control organogenesis and tissue interactions during embryonic development. We observed overlapping expression of these factors in uterine epithelial and stromal compartments of pregnant mice prior to embryo implantation. Conditional ablation of both Msx1 and Msx2 in the uterus resulted in female infertility due to a failure in implantation. In these mutant mice (Msx1/2d/d), the uterine epithelium exhibited persistent proliferative activity and failed to attach to the embryos. Gene expression profiling of uterine epithelium and stroma of Msx1/2d/d mice revealed an elevated expression of several members of the Wnt gene family in the preimplantation uterus. Increased canonical Wnt signaling in the stromal cells activated β-catenin, stimulating the production of a subset of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in these cells. The secreted FGFs acted in a paracrine manner via the FGF receptors in the epithelium to promote epithelial proliferation, thereby preventing differentiation of this tissue and creating a non-receptive uterus refractory to implantation. Collectively, these findings delineate a unique signaling network, involving Msx1/2, Wnts, and FGFs, which operate in the uterus at the time of implantation to control the mesenchymal-epithelial dialogue critical for successful establishment of pregnancy.
Farnesol modification of Kirsten-ras exon 4B protein is essential for transformation

Oncogenic forms of ras proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and must become membrane associated to cause malignant transformation. Palmitic acid and an isoprenoid (farnesol) intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis are attached to separate cysteine residues near the C termini of H-ras, N-ras, and Kirsten-ras (K-ras) exon 4A-encoded proteins. These lipid modifications have been suggested to promote or stabilize the association of ras proteins with membranes. Because preventing isoprenylation also prevents palmitoylation, examining the importance of isoprenylation alone has not been possible. However, the oncogenic human [Val12]K-ras 4B protein is not palmitoylated but is isoprenylated, membrane associated, and fully transforming. We therefore constructed mutant [Val12]K-ras 4B proteins that were not isoprenylated to examine the effects of isoprenylation in the absence of palmitoylation. The nonisoprenylated mutant proteins both failed to associate with membranes and did not transform NIH 3T3 cells. In addition, inhibition of isoprenoid and cholesterol synthesis with the drug compactin also decreased [Val12]K-ras 4B protein isoprenylation and membrane association. These results unequivocally demonstrate that isoprenylation, rather than palmitoylation, is essential for ras membrane binding and ras transforming activity. These findings clearly indicate the biological significance of ras protein modification by farnesol and suggest that this modification may be important for facilitating the processing, trafficking, and biological activity of other isoprenylated proteins. Because K-ras is the most frequently activated oncogene in a wide spectrum of human malignancies, study of this pathway could lead to important therapeutic treatments.