cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QTL mapping reveals the genetic architecture of loci affecting pre- and post-zygotic isolating barriers in Louisiana Iris

Background: Hybridization among Louisiana Irises has been well established and the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation is known to affect the potential for and the directionality of introgression between taxa. Here we use co-dominant markers to identify regions where QTL are located both within and between backcross maps to compare the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation and fitness traits across treatments and years. Results: QTL mapping was used to elucidate the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation between Iris fulva and Iris brevicaulis. Homologous co-dominant EST-SSR markers scored in two backcross populations between I. fulva and I. brevicaulis were used to generate genetic linkage maps. These were used as the framework for mapping QTL associated with variation in 11 phenotypic traits likely responsible for reproductive isolation and fitness. QTL were dispersed throughout the genome, with the exception of one region of a single linkage group (LG) where QTL for flowering time, sterility, and fruit production clustered. In most cases, homologous QTL were not identified in both backcross populations, however, homologous QTL for flowering time, number of growth points per rhizome, number of nodes per inflorescence, and number of flowers per node were identified on several linkage groups. Conclusions: Two different traits affecting reproductive isolation, flowering time and sterility, exhibit different genetic architectures, with numerous QTL across the Iris genome controlling flowering time and fewer, less distributed QTL affecting sterility. QTL for traits affecting fitness are largely distributed across the genome with occasional overlap, especially on LG 4, where several QTL increasing fitness and decreasing sterility cluster. Given the distribution and effect direction of QTL affecting reproductive isolation and fitness, we have predicted genomic regions where introgression may be more likely to occur (those regions associated with an increase in fitness and unlinked to loci controlling reproductive isolation) and those that are less likely to exhibit introgression (those regions linked to traits decreasing fitness and reproductive isolation).
The dynamics of riot growth: An epidemiological approach

A new approach to the study of large‐scale urban riots has resulted in the discovery of remarkably coherent patterns in the distribution of riot events over time. Patterns within three major riots suggest that the dynamics of the spread of riot behavior during a riot can be fruitfully compared to those operative in classical epidemics. We therefore conceptualize riots as behavioral epidemics, and apply the mathematical theory of epidemics to data from the Los Angeles (1965), Detroit (1967), and Washington, D.C., (1968) riots.
Visuospatial attention in line bisection: stimulus modulation of pseudoneglect.

Neglect and pseudoneglect are asymmetries of spatial attention which are often assumed to possess a fundamental theoretical and neurological relationship to each other, although this assumption has never been directly tested and there is as yet no unifying quantitative theory. A total of 217 subjects participated in five experiments demonstrating that both the magnitude and direction of bisection errors in normal subjects (pseudoneglect) are modulated by stimulus factors that similarly influence the magnitude and direction of neglect. Stimulus positional uncertainty did not abolish pseudoneglect, indicating that bisection judgements are made within an object-centered frame of reference. Backward masking line stimuli had no influence on the magnitude of pseudoneglect, signifying that pseudoneglect is not a byproduct of covert directional scanning of the line stimulus in iconic or short-term visual memory. Finally, bisection errors are influenced by the direction of contrast gradients imposed on line stimuli, such that perceived line midpoint is drawn toward the lower-contrast line end. The magnitude and direction of pseudoneglect are modulated by stimulus factors that also influence the magnitude and direction of neglect. Both phenomena are succinctly described as biases in attention (i.e., neglect is a right-bias, whereas pseudoneglect is a left-bias). The two phenomena are modulated by stimulus factors as follows. Line length: there is an increased bias with increasing line length for both phenomena, and a cross-over to an reversed bias for short lines. Azimuthal line position: an increasing bias accompanies increasing leftward placement for both phenomena. Line aspect ratio: there is a decreasing bias with increasing line height for both phenomena. Line elevation: there is a decreasing bias with increasing elevation for neglect, and an increasing bias with increasing elevation for pseudoneglect. The only case in which a factor's influence on the two phenomena is discrepant is for elevation, and this difference is explicable. Taken together these congruencies strongly support the notion that neglect and pseudoneglect are phenomena that are twin manifestations of parameter changes in a unitary set of underlying hemispheric attentional asymmetries.
Studies on delayed ettringite formation in early-age, heat-cured mortars: I. Expansion measurements, changes in dynamic modulus of elasticity, and weight gains

Abstract Mortars were prepared from laboratory cements blended from a set of six representative ground clinkers and Terra Alba gypsum. The addition of gypsum was such that cements containing 1% SO3 less than the optimum SO3 content, the optimum SO3 content, and 1% greater than the optimum SO3 content were produced. Mortar bars and mortar cubes containing each of these cements were exposed to continuous room temperature (23 °C) curing, or to early-age curing cycles involving maximum temperatures of 55 and 85 °C, followed by long-term exposure at 100% RH over water, but not immersed in water. Measurements of expansion, dynamic elastic modulus, and weight gain were recorded at intervals of up to 900 days. Severe cracking and prominent delayed ettringite formation (DEF)-induced expansions were observed in 85 °C cured mortar bars derived from four of the six “oversulfated” cements. Much smaller expansions were observed in mortar bars from two cements with optimum SO3 content cements also cured at 85 °C. No expansion or other visible indication of distress was observed for any of the 55 °C or continuously room-temperature-cured mortars. The dynamic elastic modulus increased progressively on prolonged exposure for the unaffected mortar bars, but it decreased precipitously after the onset of expansion in affected mortar bars. Significant weight increases also accompanied the processes of expansion. Mortars that showed severe cracking and deterioration when exposed as mortar bars suffered almost no visible damage when exposed as cubes.
Elevated factor VIII enhances thrombin generation in the presence of factor VIII-deficiency, factor XI-deficiency or fondaparinux.

Abstract Background Increased levels of factor VIII occur as a response to vascular injury and/or inflammation, and may increase thrombotic risks. In contrast, factor VIII deficiency poses a major hemostatic challenge. The role of factor VIII in modulating hemostasis/thrombosis was investigated in plasma models of hypocoagulable and hypercoagulable state using thrombin generation (TG) assay. Methods TG was performed in undiluted/diluted control, FVIII-deficient, FVIII-deficient with low antithrombin (AT activity, ~ 59%), and factor XI-deficient plasma samples using relipidated tissue factor (TF, 2 pM) or dilute Actin as activators. The impact of elevated FVIII on TG was simulated by adding Humate-P (0 to 3 U/ml) to the above plasma samples. In fondaparinux (1 μg/ml) treated plasma with normal or lower AT activity effects of Humate-P vs. 60 nM of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) were also evaluated. Results Humate-P increased TG concentration dependently in undiluted and diluted control plasma with TF activation. With Actin activation, only the concentration dependent shortening of lag time, but no change in peak thrombin was observed. In FVIII-deficient, FVIII-deficient with low AT, and FXI-deficient samples, 3 U/ml of Humate-P increased TG, and decreased its onset with either activator. The reduced peak thrombin due to fondaparinux was reversed with Humate-P (3 U/ml) more than with rFVIIa. Elevated FVIII levels seem to favor intrinsic tenase formation and antagonize fondaparinux because anti-FIXa aptamer added to fondaparinux effectively attenuated TG. Conclusion Elevated FVIII supports the propagation of TG via intrinsic tenase formation under low TF condition, factor XI deficiency or in the presence of fondaparinux.
RELIGIOUS FAITH AND RATIONAL JUSTIFICATION

"Faith versus reason" labels a virtual snarl of antagonisms, a tangle of various kinds and depths of conflict. One important conflict is between religious faith and rational justification. It has seemed to many people that a religious belief may be a matter of faith or it may be rationally justified, but it cannot be both. My aim here is to blunt this bifurcation so as to reduce hostility arising from misunderstanding. Religious faith may well be incompatible with one kind of rational justification, but not (necessarily) with another kind indeed, this latter kind may even be required by faith. To support these conclusions, 1 first delineate how religious faith and rational justification do and do not conflict; the essential enmity is between faith and evidence (Section 1). Next 1 elaborate a distinction between two kinds of rational justification (Section il). I then show how this distinction may resolve, or at least reduce, the conflict initially described (Section lII), and 1 close by suggesting some possible consequences for traditional natural theology (Section IV)]
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL‐FLAMING ON MEAT CUTTING KNIVES

Alcohol-flaming to sterilize meat cutting knives is a common practice when microbiologically sampling meat surfaces. Often knives will be wiped with paper towels and repeatedly dipped for a short period in alcohol followed immediately by flaming. This investigation addressed the effectiveness of alcohol and alcohol-flaming for sterilization of cutting knives. Additionally, the effect of high levels of residual meat particles in alcohol used for repeated dipping on sterilization was determined. Stainless steel knives were used to slice ground beef, wiped with a towel, submerged in alcohol for 2 s to 1 h, and flamed (wiping only and alcohol dipping only serving as control samples). Knives were microbiologically evaluated by placing into tubes of standard plate count (SPC) agar or Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. Slight microbial growth was observed for agar and broth tubes from knives dipped into alcohol for 2 s receiving no flaming. Agar tubes from knives dipped for 2 s to 1 h receiving flaming indicated no growth. The more sensitive broth assay indicated microbial growth in virtually all tubes, however, viable cell counts from these tubes demonstrated very low levels of contamination (1–4 CFU/cm2). Thus, the use of alcohol dipping with or without flaming provided effective microbial destruction on the knives. Knives repeatedly dipped into alcohol containing high levels of residual meat particles and flamed indicated that the alcohol remains an effective means of decontaminating knife surfaces even during prolonged usage.
Principal component analysis of potential energy surfaces of large clusters: allowing the practical calculation of the master equation.

The number of variables in many-particle systems is typically unmanageably large; some way to reduce that number and still retain access to the important information about the system of interest is one of the great challenges in the broad topic of complexity. Principal components and principal coordinates provide a powerful means to extract—from unwieldy, large data sets—a reduced collection of variables that provide the information one needs, in a relatively efficient way and useful form. We investigate the application of principal components to the analysis of kinetics of the atomic motions in atomic clusters, particularly of clusters that are large enough so that a full description in terms of the entire high-dimensional potential surface is entirely impractical. A specific application is the use of principal components linking minima with their adjacent saddles, permitting the evaluation of rate coefficients (in the context of transition state theory) as ratios of partition functions of only one or two key variables.
Sentential access control

We propose a novel access control approach for pervasive computing environments. Sentential Access Control uses a constructed language similar to rudimentary English as the basis for intuitive context-aware security policy specification. The elements of sentences in this language map directly to fundamental security abstractions that allow us to apply our approach to many different access control implementations while still being sufficiently expressive and understandable for the user. We describe our model both informally and formally, and show a prototype application for smartphones that uses our approach to implement reactive access control.
Literature Review: Occurrence, Degradation and Fate of Pesticides During Composting: Part II: Occurrence and Fate of Pesticides in Compost and Composting Systems

This paper reviews the findings of research reported in the currently available literature regarding the occurrence and transformations of pesticides through the composting process and the use of compost. Part I summarizes the composting process, pesticides and mechanisms of pesticide degradation. Part II reviews research studies concerning the occurrence and fate of pesticides during composting. Investigations of pesticide residues in composting feedstocks and finished compost detected few of the target pesticides. The compounds that were found occurred at low concentrations. The majority of the compounds detected were insecticides in the organochlorine category, including chemicals that have been banned from use in the U.S. for many years. Generally, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides and most herbicides were rarely detected. Comparisons of pesticide concentrations before and after composting also showed organochlorine compounds to be most resistant to biodegradation during composting. With some...
On the connections between Brueckner–coupled‐cluster, density‐dependent Hartree–Fock, and density functional theory

The existence of an effective one-particle Hamiltonian in the Brueckner coupled cluster model naturally leads to the definition of an effective interaction G, which is a function of the T2 amplitudes. Two types of approximations to G are proposed: One is purely phenomenological, while the other is based on approximations to the Brueckner T2 equation. In both cases, the resulting effective interaction may be viewed as electron-density-dependent. Generalizing Hartree–Fock theory to accommodate density-dependent interactions (DDHF), a method is obtained that is capable of accounting for correlation effects in an independent particle framework. The heuristic Skyrme force, successfully used in nuclear physics to model nucleon–nucleon interactions, is presented here as an example of an effective electron–electron correlation interaction. Due to the δ-function character of the Skyrme force, it is possible to express the energy in this model by an integral over an energy density, thus formally providing a connection between DDHF and density functional theory for this particular case. An approximation to the Brueckner T2 equation is also proposed in the coordinate representation. In this model, the density-matrix dependence of T2 is reduced to a nonlocal electron density dependence by means of an expansion which introduces terms that depend on the gradient of the density. The first term in this expansion amounts to a “local density approximation” to Brueckner coupled cluster theory. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ignition of solid propellants by forced convection

Experimental data are reported for the ignition of single grains of solid propellant in a stream of gas at high temperature. The investigation encompassed gas temperatures from 578° to 1,070°K., gas velocities corresponding to free-stream Reynolds numbers from 156 to 624, a complete range of oxygen-nitrogen mixtures, and a few oxygen-carbon dioxide mixtures. Pyrocellulose and double-base propellants were tested. The grains were approximately 1/8 in. in diameter and extended through the gas stream, so that ignition was forced to take place on the cylindrical surface rather than on the end of the grain. The exposure before ignition was measured for a large number of grains. The data can be represented by an equation that is consistent with the known effect of flow rate on convective heat transfer and the known effect of temperature on chemical reaction rates, an indication that both processes are important in ignition.
INTERNAL SURFACE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESISTIVE CRITICAL FIELD AND BULK UPPER CRITICAL FIELD

Abstract The importance of internal surface superconductivity with respect to resistive measurements is pointed out. Critical current density versus transverse magnetic field data for a well-annealed 75Nb-25Zr alloy, are presented and discussed.
Masas, pueblo y democracia: Un balance crítico de los debates sobre el nuevo populismo

Durante las ultimas decadas se ha dado un verdadero renacer de los estudios sobre el populismo. Los trabajos recientes se diferencian de los analisis del llamado populismo clasico porque en lugar de estudiarse al populismo como un regimen ligado a un tipo particular de politicas macroeconomicas, se lo analiza como un estilo o estrategia politica (Conniff 1999; Knight 1998; Weyland 1996, 2001; Roberts 1995). El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir una serie de problemas no resueltos en los debates sobre el populismo clasico que han reaparecido en los trabajos sobre el neopopulismo. Estos problemas son: 1) la relacion entre el lider y sus seguidores, en especial la vision de estos como masas desorganizadas; 2) los diferentes usos de la categoria “el pueblo”; y 3) las relaciones entre el populismo y la democracia liberal.
In vitro demonstration of an endothelial proliferative factor produced by neural cell lines

Cultured endothelial cells exhibit a six- to tenfold increase in thymidine labeling index in response to a soluble factor elaborated by clonal cell lines of neural origin. This factor, endothelial proliferation factor, appears to be a unique property of tumor cells and may mediate the vascularization of these neoplasms.
Inherited Neurodegenerative Disease: The Evolution of Our Thinking

The past 3 decades have witnessed impressive progress in our understanding of inherited neurometabolic diseases, promoted by the rapid development and application of molecular genetic strategies. Such progress has required the juxtaposition of clinical evaluations and basic science techniques. The central role of careful and complete assessment of affected children cannot be overemphasized and in no way has been diminished by technologic advances. Indeed, enhanced clinical and laboratory evaluations have led to important conceptual advances. Molecular genetics has elucidated those disorders with known metabolic defects through functional cloning and explained the variability of disease expression based on specific mutational events. Alternatively, positional cloning has identified molecular defects for those disorders with clear phenotypic patterns, but lacking a defined metabolic abnormality. Regarding heterogeneous expression, disorders with clearly different phenotypes can arise from different mutation...
Microscopic plasma Hamiltonian

A Hamiltonian for the microscopic plasma model is derived from the Low Lagrangian after the dual roles of the generalized variables are taken into account. The resulting Hamilton equations are shown to agree with the Euler‐Lagrange equations of the Low Lagrangian.
Magnetic ordering in splat-quenched spinel ferrite-silica compositions

Abstract The compositions (in mol%) 40 MnFe 2 O 4 , 60 SiO 2 (MFS-A); 67 MnFe 2 O 4 , 33 SiO 2 (MFS-B); and 43 CoFe 2 O 4 , 57 SiO 2 (CFS) have been melted, splat quenched and analyzed by Mossbauer spectroscopy between 295 and 4.2 K. MFS-A is glassy and magnetically orders below 25 K. MFS-B and CFS contain glass, olivine and spinel ferrite.
The role of calcium in the induction of refractoriness to cyclic AMP stimulation by TSH.

Abstract An initial exposure of beef thyroid slices to 25 mU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) for two hours induces a diminished stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) production upon subsequent readdition of TSH but does not modify the effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1. Incubation of thyroid slices in calcium-free buffer with or without 2 mmol/L ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)—N,N′ = tetracetic acid (EGTA) prevented desensitization induced by TSH and PGE1, to the subsequent stimulation by TSH and PGE1, respectively, despite the presence of calcium in subsequent incubations. TSH-induced desensitization was not modified by increasing the calcium concentration up to 50 mmol/L in the initial incubation. However, the stimulatory effect of TSH upon cyclic AMP levels was decreased as the calcium concentration in the first incubation was increased. In the presence of at least 1 mmol/L calcium, an initial incubation of thyroid slices with 20 μmol/L ionophore A-23187 decreased the stimulation of cyclic AMP by 25 mU/mL TSH added to the slices for the first time during a subsequent incubation. Under these conditions, A-23187 had no effect on PGE1 stimulation of cyclic AMP. These results indicate that calcium may play a role in the TSH-induced, but not PGE1, desensitization of cyclic AMP formation.
Cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities in astrocytic gliomas (Review)

In recent years, there have been great advances in our understanding of the genetic events and the molecular biology of human brain gliomas. Cytogenetic information has suggested that a pattern of non-random abnormalities involving numerical deviations such as the gain, partial deletion, or total loss of chromosomes as well as translocations and structural rearrangements of certain chromosome lesions are characteristic features for some tumors. In addition, the somatic activation of cellular oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes represent important genetic alterations leading to progressive disorder of normal cellular growth control mechanisms. This review describes the abnormal chromosomal and molecular abnormalities that occur during formation of brain tumors of astrocytic origin, particularly fibrillary astrocytic neoplasms. The most frequent genetic alterations include inactivation of the p53, p16, Rb and PTEN genes, and overexpression of the CDK4, EGFR and VEGF genes. Other less well defined abnormalities include aberrations in chromosomes 1, 9, 10, 11, 19 and 22.
Residual stress effects on plastic deformation and interfacial fracture in thin-film structures

Abstract Residual stress in ductile thin films is shown to significantly affect the extent of film plasticity and interfacial fracture energy during debonding in thin-film structures. Specifically, the interfacial fracture resistance of a TaN/SiO2 interface in a thin-film structure containing an adjacent ductile Cu film with varying residual stress is compared to predictions from computational models. The fracture energy of the TaN/SiO2 interface increased by 50% for structures containing a Cu film in compression compared to similar structures with the film in tension. The effect of residual stress on interfacial adhesion is rationalized in terms of the onset of yielding within the Cu film, which affects the contribution from plastic energy dissipation to the total interface fracture energy.
Comparison of alternative farming systems. II. Earthworm population density and species diversity

Effects of soil fauna on soil quality are largely unknown. Our objective was to learn whether long-term soil management has significantly affected earthworm species and populations at two Iowa locations. Soil cores were collected in fall 1989, spring 1990, and fall 1990 from a long-term tillage study in Polk County, Iowa, involving monoculture of corn (Zea mays L.) with either no-tillage, fall disking, fall chisel plowing, or fall moldboard plowing. Species found were Lumbricus terrestris (L), Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny), Aporrectodea trapezoides (Duges), A. turgida (Eisen), and A. tuberculata (Eisen), with O. tyrtaeum dominant across all treatments. As the amount of tillage increased, the number of earthworms generally decreased. InBoone County, Iowa, we compared the populations of mature and immature earthworms and cocoons on two adjacent fields, one managed conventionally, the other managed with an alternative farming system for more than 20 years. The predominant species was A. tuberculata. Regardless of management practice, the most worms were found in Canisteo soil on the toeslope landscape position.
More notes toward an assessment of advanced ability to communicate

The present essay and its companion piece (which will appear in the May, 1995, issue of Assessing Writing) elaborate on explorations and arguments prompted by the effort undertaken by the Department of Education through the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) to begin developing the National Assessment of College Student Learning (NACSL), which focuses on, among other things, “advanced ability to.. .communicate
Preliminary performance of optical PET (OPET) detectors for the detection of visible light photons

Abstract The Optical Positron Emission Tomography (OPET) system will provide the capabilities of bioluminescence and PET modalities in one combined imaging system. Bioluminescence light emitted in vivo has a spectrum ranging from 550–700 nm. The optical photon signals detected are approximately two orders lower in amplitude and one order shorter in duration compared to scintillation light pulses from a 511 keV γ-event. In this study the performance characteristics of the OPET detectors for bioluminescence imaging were evaluated. The detection uniformity was measured for wavelengths between 400–700 nm and normalization maps were used to correct the acquired images. The spatial resolution along the transaxial and axial directions was 2.30 and 2.38 mm FWHM, respectively. The average dark counts for the detector was 76±30 cps at an ambient temperature of 20°.
Spatial interrelationship of pHa PACO2 and respiratory VT in chemodenervated decerebrate cats.

Abstract Observations on PACO2, pHa, and VT are made in decerebrate cats in which HCl (0.5N) or NaHCO3 (1.0N) is infused intravenously to shift pHa over the range of 6.95 to 7.64 while PACO2 is controlled over the range of 18 to 54 Torr. Analysis of the data is computerized to determine the equation of a plane that defines the separate influences of log PACO2 and pHa upon the resultant VT level from three noncolinear steady-state data points. Additionally, the computer is programmed to graph the plane in three dimensions. Linearity of the ΔpHa-ΔVT response is demonstrated by superposition of planes following stepwise shifts in pHa. The average fractional contributions of CO2 and hydrogen ion to VT with the vagus and carotid sinus nerves intact are 73 and 27%, respectively. No significant change in response fractions occurs after carotid chemodenervation and/or vagotomy despite significant changes in response gains. It is concluded that CO2 and hydrogen ion in the arterial blood act centrally as independent and additive feedback signals to the VT controller over the entire physiological range of chemorespiratory regulation.
Comparison of Cotton Genotypes Varying in Canopy Characteristics in 76-cm vs. 102-cm Rows

Our previous findings with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) indicated that a leaf shape variant with reduced leaf area (okra-leaf) yielded more in 51-cm rows than in 102-cm rows. Yield of a normal-leaf type was unaffected. The objectives of this study were to determine whether this same response would occur with genotypes varying in canopy characteristics when grown in rows spaced 76 and 102 cm. From 1991 to 1993, seven to 14 genotypes (including two okra-leaf and one ultra-short season type) were grown in the field in 76- and 102-cm row spacings. The 1991 part of the study encompassed four soil types and the 1992 and 1993 study was grown on a Bosket fine sandy loam. Irrigation was provided when necessary to minimize water stress. The percentage of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) intercepted and yield were determined. The 76-cm row spacing intercepted significantly more PPFD than 102-cm rows up until 80 d after planting. Row spacing did not affect yield in either an excellent environment (1991, 1475 kg ha -1 ) or in a stressed environment (1993, 905 kg ha -1 ). However, 76-cm rows outyielded 102-cm rows by 15% in 1992 (1280 vs. 1100 kg ha -1 ). For each year, the genotype x row-spacing interaction was not significant. However, the combined analysis (1992, 1993) indicated that the P > F for the genotype x row-spacing interaction was 0.12. This was due to a trend for the cultivars to respond to 76-cm rows (9% increase) whereas the okra-leaf types did not respond to 76-cm rows. Despite genetic differences in morphology and canopy architecture, genotype x row-spacing interactions may not be important when comparing 76- and 102-cm rows in some U.S. Mid-South environments.
Intraoperative bronchoscopy for bronchial carcinoid parenchymal-sparing resection: a pediatric case report

Bronchial carcinoid tumors are the most common primary pulmonary neoplasm in the pediatric population. The widely accepted treatment for carcinoid tumors is surgical, specifically aiming at being as much as conservative on lung parenchyma, while the entire tumor is resected. A brief case is described, highlighting the importance and advantages of a surgical and endoscopic combined approach.
Diary of a trainer: learning to create online learning experiences

During Spring 2010, I converted an instructor-led workshop to a self-paced online version within our course management system, Blackboard Vista. My previous attempt at offering asynchronous training in Blackboard Vista had not been successful. I hoped to improve my results by allocating more time to planning, learning new skills, and material development and planned to communicate frequently with participants during the online workshop.This conversion process from instructor-led to online training was a learning journey for me which I documented in an informal tracking tool. I captured both my actions and my reflections on my learning and workshop creation process. Based on my journal, my paper summarizes what learning resources were useful to me, what I learned from personal experience and colleagues, how I incorporated (and compromised on) contradictory advice, how I decided which workshops to offer in an online environment, and the results to date of my efforts.
The Action of Potassium and other Ions on the Injury Potential and Action Current in Maia Nerve

The electric currents in living tissues have interested physiologists ever since their existence was proved by Du Bois Reymond, but little was done towards explaining their origin and magnitude on a quantitative physico-chemical basis befor the pioneer researches og J. S. Macdonald. Work previous to Macdonald's has discussed fully by that anuthor (1902), hence it will not be mentioned here. macdonald found that the injury potential of medullated nerve, either frog's or mammal's (1900, a, b ; 1902), could be given a value greater or smaller than the normal by simply altering the concentration of the solution in contact with the external surfaces of the fibres. He showed that solutions of NaOH, HCl, NaCl, or KCl affected the potential according to their concentrations and that the relationship between the two variables was a logarithmic one, which fact was in agreement with the then new theory of concentration cells developed by Nernst. Macdonald went on to point out (1902) that the effects of potassium chloride solutions were particularly interesting, and to suggest that the difference between the concentration of potassium in the axis cylinder of the nerve and in the surrounding blood or salt solution was wholly responsible for the observed injury potential. Over a wide range of concentration, 1/8 to 1 molar, he demonstrated that there was nearly a linear relation between the injury potential and the logarithm of the potassium ion concentration. However, since he simply varied the concentrations of his electrolyte solutions, and made no effort to maintain them isotonic with blood by the addition of a non-electrolyte, exception might be taken to some of his results on the ground that the effects were due in part to the passage of water into or out of the nerve with a consequent dilution or concentration of the plasma.
Evolution from analog to digital integration in aircraft avionics - a time of transition

In the late 1960 and early 1970s the U.S. Air Force was undergoing major growing pains as airborne digital computers became available, but the sensors were still all analog. The introduction of digital computers and software as a central avionics integration tool forced the need of complex high-speed analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. These A/D converters were a major contributor to reliability problems and were a bottleneck for future upgrades and modifications. The future of digital integration was in jeopardy if a viable solution could not be found. The introduction of the digital multiplexed data bus provided both the needed flexibility and modularity that allowed digital integration to move forward. The digital time-division multiplex data bus is a tool to aid in system integration. Originally introduced to save avionic hardware interconnect wiring weight and ease computer interface requirements, it was considered the cornerstone of digital avionics. Through the use of the multiplexing technique many other benefits can be reaped. The resultant standard electronic interface permitted a building block approach to systems architecting and integration. Retrofits became easier, standard interchangeable sensors became a reality, and maintenance was greatly improved. Flexibility was probably the data bus' greatest attribute; reliability, built-in-test, redundancy and graceful degradation were added benefits
Wild being, the prepredicative and expression: How Merleau-Ponty uses phenomenology to develop an ontology

Sur les relations entre l'experience predicative, l'etre sauvage et la parole non litterale, telle que la metaphore chez Marleau-Ponty
Using nitrogen stable isotopes to detect long-distance movement in a threatened cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii utah)

Interior cutthroat trout occupy small fractions of their historic ranges and existing populations often are rele- gated to headwater habitats. Conservation requires balancing protection for isolated genetically pure populations with re- storation of migratory life histories by reconnecting corridors between headwater and mainstem habitats. Identification of alternative life history strategies within a population is critical to these efforts. We tested the application of nitrogen stable isotopes to discern fluvial from resident Bonneville cutthroat trout (BCT; Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) in a headwater stream. Fluvial BCT migrate from headwater streams with good water quality to mainstem habitats with impaired water quality. Resident BCT remain in headwater streams. We tested two predictions: (i) fluvial BCT have a higher d 15 N than residents, and (ii) fluvial BCT d 15 N reflects diet and d 15 N enrichment characteristics of mainstem habitats. We found that fluvial d 15 N was greater than resident d 15 N and that d 15 N was a better predictor of life history than fish size. Our data also showed that fluvial and resident BCT had high diet overlap in headwater sites and that d 15 N of lower trophic levels was greater in mainstem sites than in headwater sites. We conclude that the high d 15 N values of fluvial BCT were acquired in
On the use of ROC analysis for the optimization of abstaining classifiers

Classifiers that refrain from classification in certain cases can significantly reduce the misclassification cost. However, the parameters for such abstaining classifiers are often set in a rather ad-hoc manner. We propose a method to optimally build a specific type of abstaining binary classifiers using ROC analysis. These classifiers are built based on optimization criteria in the following three models: cost-based, bounded-abstention and bounded-improvement. We show that selecting the optimal classifier in the first model is similar to known iso-performance lines and uses only the slopes of ROC curves, whereas selecting the optimal classifier in the remaining two models is not straightforward. We investigate the properties of the convex-down ROCCH (ROC Convex Hull) and present a simple and efficient algorithm for finding the optimal classifier in these models, namely, the bounded-abstention and bounded-improvement models. We demonstrate the application of these models to effectively reduce misclassification cost in real-life classification systems. The method has been validated with an ROC building algorithm and cross-validation on 15 UCI KDD datasets.
Photochemical preparation and rearrangement of some symmetrical methoxypyridyl phenyl glycols (pinacols)

Solutions of 6-methoxy-3-pyridyl phenyl ketone and 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-methoxy-2-pyridyl phenyl ketones in isopropyl alcohol were subjected to ultraviolet radiation. All the ketones except 3-methoxy-2-pyridyl phenyl ketone were observed to undergo bimolecular reduction to give the corresponding pinacols in 30-100 percent yields. In cold concentrated sulfuric acid the pinacols were found to rearrange with the exclusive migration of the phenyl group. The pinacols hearing the 3-pyridyl groups rearranged at a much faster rate than the 2-pyridyl isomers.
THE CHALLENGE OF CHANGE: CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMS AND EVIDENCE‐BASED PRACTICES

Over the past ten years or so, much of my effort has been devoted to working with correctional agencies around the country. During this time, I have conducted hundreds of workshops and training sessions on evidence-based practices and programs for offenders. My current and former doctoral students and I have assessed over 360 correctional programs of all shapes and sizes, including those serving adults as well as juveniles, those in prisons, and those conducted in the community. During this time, I have seen some of the worst that corrections has to offer, as well as some of the best. I have seen programs that I would not refer anyone to, and programs that have had a demonstrated effect on offender behavior and recidivism. I have also had the opportunity to work with many dedicated and committed people, and I am indebted to those who have not given up the quest for new knowledge and advancement in correctional research. Among those whom I have had the pleasure to work with and learn from include some of the giants of correctional rehabilitation: Paul Gendreau, Don Andrews, and Frank Cullen. There are many others, but space does not permit me to thank them all individually. I am forever in their debt. This brief prelude brings me to the purpose of this essay: to discuss the challenge of change in corrections.
Complications with Complexity in Requirements

Requirements engineering must recognize the difference between complicated and complex problems. The former can lead to successful solutions. The latter should be avoided because they often lead to failure. As a starting point for distinguishing between complicated and complex, this article offers six characteristics of complex problems, with examples from economics, logistics, forecasting, among others. These characteristics make it easier and more systematic to recognize complexity during requirements elicitation and formulation.
Liquid Crystalline and Monotropic Phase Behaviors of 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexa(4‘-octyloxybenzoyloxy)triphenylene Discotic Molecules

Multiple phase transitions and monotropic phase behavior are observed in a discotic liquid crystal, 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexa(4‘-octyloxybenzoyloxy)triphenylene (HOBT-C8). Detailed phase structural analyses using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction show that, in addition to a discotic nematic (ND) phase at high temperatures, a rectangular columnar (ΦR) phase and an orthorhombic crystalline (KI) phase developing sequentially upon cooling can be identified. A crystalline (KII) phase with a higher melting temperature than that of the KI phase forms during heating. Therefore, the KI phase represents a metastable phase with respect to the KII phase, and the more stable KII phase can be bypassed during cooling at relatively fast cooling rates. The KI phase is thus monotropic with respect to the KII phase at relatively slow heating rates. The optical texture of each phase can be distinguished from polarized light microscopy. A relationship between Gibbs free energy and temperature for different phases...
Paved area reduction factors under temporally varied rainfall and infiltration.

Best management practices (BMPs) for storm water drainage systems are used to increase storm water quality and reduce the amount of storm water runoff that is generated from a developed watershed. Paved area reduction factors, referred to as PARFs, are developed in this study to determine the reduction of storm water runoff when storm water BMPs are incorporated into storm water designs. PARFs determine the amount of runoff reduction by evaluating the effective impervious values of a watershed compared to the impervious value that is commonly determined by weighting the impervious and pervious areas. This study shows that there is a difference between the effective imperviousness and area-weighted imperviousness of a watershed. It also investigates PARFs that are developed under temporally varied rainfall and infiltration parameters and presents how they can vary from PARFs that are derived using constant rainfall and infiltration rates. This study creates an effective line to relate site-effective imperviousness with the infiltration to rainfall index that was developed in previous studies. The effective line provides an easy application to determine site-effective imperviousness from area-weighted impervious values. This study also quantifies the incentives of storm water BMPs by defining the net present value when imperviousness is a basis for storm water fees. It is found that a cost savings in storm water fees can be used to encourage storm water BMPs, and that applying temporally varied rainfall and infiltration for computing PARFs can show an increase in cost savings over previous methods.
Defibrillation causes immediate cardiac dilation in humans.

Introduction: Prior studies in isolated heart tissue have shown both excitation and deexcitation to be the primary mechanism of defibrillation. This article presents the first evidence in man of deexcitation immediately following defibrillation by tracking the heart's mechanical response. Methods and Results: The geometric changes of the ventricular chambers were measured before and after defibrillation in seven human subjects receiving an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The ICD was used to produce approximately three episodes of ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation in each subject. Twenty-two two-dimensional echocardiographic images of the right ventricle (RV) and 11 images of the left ventricle (LV) were recorded and analyzed at 30 frames per second. Just over 2 seconds of each episode were digitized, beginning half a second before the defibrillation shock. Individual frames were analyzed to yield cross-sectional, ventricular chamber area as a function of time. Immediately following defibrillation, ventricular chambers dilated with significant fractional area increase (RV: 1.58 ± 0.25, LV: 1.10 ± 0.06), with peak dilation at 194 ± 114 msec. Conclusion: Defibrillation causes a rapid increase in ventricular chamber area due to relaxation of the myocardium, suggesting that defibrillation synchronizes the cardiac cells to the deexcited state in man. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 832-836, August 2003)
Swallow management in patients on an acute stroke pathway: Quality is cost effective

Abstract Objective: To assess the effects of swallowing management in patients with acute nonhemorrhagic stroke placed on a clinical pathway, and to evaluate whether swallow function on admission can be used as a predictor of length of stay (LOS) and outcome disposition. Design: Intervention study to reduce complications of dysphagia in patients with acute stroke. Setting: Urban community hospital. Patients: Data were collected on 124 patients with acute nonhemorrhagic stroke admitted from January to December 1993. Interventions: A swallow screen was completed within one day of admission and before any oral intake. Main Outcome Measures: Dysphagia and functional independence measure (FIM) scores on admission, occurrence of aspiration pneumonia, LOS, outcome disposition and cost effectiveness analysis. Results: Thirty-nine percent of all patients ( p p p Conclusions: This study demonstrates that early swallow screening and dysphagia management in patients with acute stroke reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia, is cost effective, and assures quality care with optimal outcome.
Removing Barriers To Care Among Persons With Psychiatric Symptoms

Many persons with serious psychiatric conditions who could benefit from available treatments do not receive care, and the barriers are generally understood to be limited knowledge, inadequacies in insurance coverage, and stigma. Sophisticated approaches are needed to realistically eliminate these and other barriers. Public policy should focus on criteria for need for care and encourage interventions that facilitate treatment when it can be helpful. Appropriate insurance coverage is indispensable, and achieving mental health parity will require careful management of care. Policymakers must help to create a trustworthy management structure that is inclusive, that develops and disseminates models of best practice, that encourages evidence-based decision processes, and that ensures continuing dialogue and procedural fairness in managed care decision making.
Securing resource-constrained wireless ad hoc networks

Huge interest and demand on information superhighway have pressed various telecommunications research fronts and lead to a new form of future Internet consisting of wired and wireless segments where resource-constrained devices such as palm pilots and sensors may become integral parts of the Internet rather than access-only platforms. One of the key design problems is the security in such heterogeneous networks, particularly over wireless networks with resource-constrained segments. In this paper, we present a novel approach to addressing security issues and demonstrate why and how the ID-based cryptography can be effectively applied to the resource-constrained wireless networks for various network security problems.
Electrolytic Growth of Silver Dendrites

The growth rates of silver dendrites formed in narrow capillaries by electrodeposition under various physical conditions have been determined. Dissolution of such dendrites as well as their growth can be reliably controlled. This principle may be used in the design of components for adaptive electronic systems.
Further remarks on the implications of steady-state stress-assisted diffusion on environmental cracking

Addresses the possibility of developing phenomenological models for environmental cracking which may not be sensitive to the details of individual mechanisms. Assumes that cracking is controlled by the level of concentration of corrosive species at a critical distance ahead of the model in terms of a selective set of experimental data. Points out that the data corresponds to different environments and materials including both metals and ceramics.