cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SELECTIVE SUPRAMOLECULAR PORPHYRIN/FULLERENE INTERACTIONS

Naturally assembling cocrystallates of C60 and C70 fullerenes with tetraphenylporphyrins (H2TPP·C60·3 toluene, 1; H2T3,5-dibutylPP·C60, 2; H2T3,5-dimethylPP·1.5C60·2 toluene, 3; H2TpivPP·C60, 4; H2T3,5-dimethylPP·C70·4 toluene, 5; ZnTPP·C70, 6; NiT4-methylPP·2C70·2 toluene, 7) show unusually short porphyrin/fullerene contacts (2.7−3.0 A) compared with typical π−π interactions (3.0−3.5 A). In the C60 structures, an electron-rich, 6:6 ring juncture, C−C bond lies over the center of the porphyrin ring. In the C70 structures, the ellipsoidal fullerene makes porphyrin contact at its equator rather than its poles; a carbon atom from three fused six-membered rings lies closest to the center of the porphyrin. These structures provide an explanation for the manner in which tetraphenylporphyrin-appended silica stationary phases effect the chromatographic separation of fullerenes. The interaction of the curved π surface of a fullerene with the planar π surface of a porphyrin, without the need for matching convex wit...
Coupling protein stability and protein function in Escherichia coli CspA

Background : CspA is a small protein that binds single-stranded RNA and DNA. The binding site of CspA consists of a cluster of aromatic amino acids, which form an unusually large nonpolar patch on the surface of the protein. Because nonpolar residues are generally found in the interiors of proteins, this cluster may have evolved to bind nucleic acids at the expense of protein stability. Results : Three neighboring phenylalanines have been mutated singly and in combination to leucine and to serine. All mutations adversely affect DNA binding. Surprisingly, all mutations, and especially those to serine, are destabilizing. Conclusions : The aromatic cluster in CspA is required not only for protein function but also for protein stability. This result is pertinent to the design of β -sheet proteins and single-stranded nucleic acid binding proteins, whose binding mode is proposed to be of aromatic–aromatic intercalation.
Exact-to-precision generalized perturbation theory for source-driven systems

Abstract Presented in this manuscript are new developments to perturbation theory which are intended to extend its applicability to estimate, with quantifiable accuracy, the exact variations in all responses calculated by the model with respect to all possible perturbations in the model's input parameters. The new developments place high premium on reducing the associated computational overhead in order to enable the use of perturbation theory in routine reactor design calculations. By way of examples, these developments could be employed in core simulation to accurately estimate the few-group cross-sections variations resulting from perturbations in neutronics and thermal-hydraulics core conditions. These variations are currently being described using a look-up table approach, where thousands of assembly calculations are performed to capture few-group cross-sections variations for the downstream core calculations. Other applications include the efficient evaluation of surrogates for applications that require repeated model runs such as design optimization, inverse studies, uncertainty quantification, and online core monitoring. The theoretical background of these developments applied to source-driven systems and supporting numerical experiments are presented in this manuscript. Extension to eigenvalue problems will be presented in a future article.
Is Kir6.1 a subunit of mitoKATP

The subunit composition of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K{sup +}-channel (mitoK{sub ATP}) is unknown, though some suspect a role for the inward rectifier, Kir6.1, based largely on antibody studies of heart mitochondria. To ascertain the molecular identity of mitoK{sub ATP} we therefore sought to purify this putative mitochondrial Kir6.1, and conclusively identify the subunits by mass spectrometry. Immunoblots, conducted with two commercially available antibodies, revealed two distinct signals in isolated heart mitochondria, of 51 and 48 kDa, respectively. Localization was confirmed by either immuno-gold electron microscopy or by immunofluorescence. Each putative Kir6.1 species was extracted, purified, and identified by LC-MS/MS. The 51 kDa band was identified as NADH-dehydrogenase flavoprotein 1, while the preponderant protein in the 48-kDa band was mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP form). 1D-, 2D-, and native gel analyses were consistent with these assignments. The data suggest it is premature to assign Kir6.1 a role in mitoK{sub ATP} on the basis of immunoreactivity alone.
Unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured ataxia telangiectasia fibroblast-like cells.

Abstract The capacity of cultured fibroblast-like cells from 5 ataxia telangiectasia (AT) patients to repair γ-ray-induced damage formed in DNA under aerobic conditions was measured by unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). The AT cultures exhibited generally reduced UDS compared to the normal cultures for γ-ray doses of 4–12 kR. Reduced UDS in the AT cultures was observed for repair-incubation periods at which UDS was not saturated (0.5 and 1 h), and for periods characterized by maximal amounts of UDS in both the normal and AT cultures (2 and 4 h). The results suggest a class of lesions repairable in the normal cells by UDS within 1 h many persist in the AT cells for 4 h or longer.
Utilization of the Invasive Alga Gracilaria Vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss by the Native Mud Snail Ilyanassa Obsoleta (Say)

Abstract The recent invasions of the red alga, Gracilaria vermiculophylla , to the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans have the potential to significantly alter intertidal and subtidal soft sediment communities. In particular, G. vermiculophylla increases habitat complexity and provides a novel hard substrate in an otherwise two dimensional habitat. Following our observations that the native omnivorous mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta utilizes G. vermiculophylla for egg capsule deposition, our field surveys demonstrated that the in situ abundance of egg capsules on G. vermiculophylla matched abundances on a native alga Ceramium virgatum and were at least 11–50 times greater than on all other co-occurring macrophytes. Additionally, through mesocosm experiments, we showed that I. obsoleta preferentially deposits eggs on the invasive G. vermiculophylla over native substrates. However, despite the thick layer of egg capsules found on G. vermiculophylla , no detrimental effects were seen on thalli growth. In contrast, growth of the native red alga Ceramium virgatum was significantly reduced when egg capsules were present, suggesting G. vermiculophylla can out-compete native macrophytes in areas of I. obsoleta abundance, while facilitating reproduction of the native mud snail. This novel interaction has the potential to significantly alter biological interactions in soft sediment communities through a variety of different mechanisms, including the alteration of trophic cascades via the increase in mud snail abundance. Furthermore, facilitation of the reproductive success of I. obsoleta may lead to increases in the occurrence of cercarial dermatitis, as I. obsoleta is a known intermediate host organism.
Self-control of smoking--I. Effects of experience with imposed, increasing, decreasing and random delays.

Abstract A test of a passive self-control training procedure suggested by Skinner was performed. After smoker's tolerance for delay of smoking was assessed, they were exposed to either an increasing, decreasing or random sequence of imposed delay of smoking and were then tested for tolerance to delay. Increasing delay significantly improved subjects' smoking inhibition while decreasing and random sequences had no significant effect. The results are attributed to either frustration extinction or rehearsal of coping responses to the aversiveness of delay.
Fault tree technique and failure analysis

Abstract Electron fractography when coupled with fault tree techniques provides a practical, general methodology for failure analysis. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated by an analysis of failure of a component in an engineering structure and by analysis of a fracture process.
The Lives of Sesame Street: The Impact of Foreclosures on Young Children and Families:

While significant attention has been paid to Wall Street investors and families impacted by the current subprime mortgage crisis in the USA, the lives of Sesame Street are minimally discussed. Children and their families are enduring a variety of consequences of foreclosures. The consequences can be hugely disruptive to the approximately 2 million voiceless victims. For the youngest citizens of the USA - its children - the subprime mortgage crisis, particularly home foreclosures, is impacting school attendance, academic performance and achievement, social development and emotional well- being. The authors argue that media and political attention should also include the unintended and often unnoticed repercussions of foreclosures on young children and their education. It is also argued that educators and policy makers should create policies and develop concerted efforts to alleviate the negative impacts on young children.
Adsorption of water on sulfur dioxide pre-exposed Zircaloy-4 surfaces

We investigate the interaction of water (H2O) with sulfur dioxide (SO2) pre-exposed Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) surfaces. Adsorption of SO2 shifts the Zr(MNN) Auger electron feature by 3.0 eV, whereas subsequent water adsorption attenuates the sulfur Auger signal and results in the development of a zirconium oxide, Zr(MNV)o, feature. No further shift in the Zr(MNN) transition is observed with increasing H2O exposures. Following higher H2O exposures on SO2-saturated Zry-4 surfaces, linear heating results in water desorption near 500 K. This temperature is more than 200 K lower than the desorption temperature of water from clean Zry-4 surfaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the feasibility of an AOSD approach to Linux kernel extensions

In previous work, we presented a domain-specific version of C, called C4, which was used for capturing extensions to the Linux 2.6 kernel using AOSD techniques as an alternative to the conventional patching approach [10, 19]. The focus of that work was on introducing new extensions represented as aspects in system software such as the Linux kernel with a focus on readablility, compatibility, performance, and the preservation of existing development workflows. However, other AOSD researchers (e.g. Lohmann et al. [8]) state that "... Linux, as a monolithic system, provides a low number of join-points for aspects and that those available were semantically ambiguous." This worrisome statement motivated us to study the feasibility of applying AOSD techniques to refactor existing Linux kernel extensions. To gain insight we analyzed the AOSD-ness of a large number of configurable options available in the Linux kernel and evaluated whether they could be converted into aspects---and for the AOSD fan the preliminary results are promising.
936 GUT INDUCED ANAPHYLAXIS AND UPTAKE OF A BYSTANDER PROTEIN: AN AMPLIFICATION OF ANAPHYLACTIC SENSITIVITY

This study sought to test the effect of intestinal anaphylaxis on uptake of an unrelated antigen. Adult rats were immunized with 100 ug egg albumin (EA) and alum. Fourteen days later, intestinal anaphylaxis was induced by intraduodenal or intragastric challenge with EA. To test for the changes in vascular and mucosal permeability with anaphylaxis, rats were given 125I-RSA intravenously on challenge and the radioactivity retained in the wall of the gut segments and the trichloracetic acid (TCA)-precipitable radioactivity present in secretions from these segments was determined. Enhanced retention of 125I-RSA was found in the wall of the gut segments and increased amounts of TCA-precipitable radioactivity was found in secretions from antigen-challenge compared to control rats. In other EA immunized rats, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was administered by gavage one hour before challenge with EA. Increased amounts of immunoreactive BSA was detected by radioimmunoassay in serum of rats subjected to local intestinal anaphylaxis. Among the consequences of enhanced systemic uptake of protein present during intestinal anaphylaxis is the induction of an IgE antibody response to this protein. Preliminary experiments suggest that an IgE antibody response can be induced by this mechanism. These findings suggest the broadening of anaphylactic sensitivity of animals to new antigens and may explain multiple sensitivities to food antigens in humans.
Private Interests, Public Necessity: Responding to Sexism in Christian Schools

This synthetic review aims to unite a seemingly disjoint collection of studies over the past 3 decades around their shared examination of sexism in an often overlooked U.S. population, namely girls attending private Christian schools. This undertaking reveals substantial harms that I categorize as those of immediacy and potentiality, which are occurring behind the protective wall separating church and state. Contra the majority of philosophers of education and researchers in this area, these studies lead me to argue that the state has the obligation and legal ability to intervene in this private domain. Notably, this study begins to flesh out a notion of educational harm that may be robust enough for state policy making and legal action in private schools. Based on a legalized understanding of sexist harm, I conclude with a detailed analysis of Constitutional provisions and court decisions relative to state intervention and freedom of religious practice.
Kruppel-Like Factor 2 Inhibits Protease Activated Receptor-1 Expression and Thrombin-Mediated Endothelial Activation

Objective— The serine protease thrombin can dramatically alter endothelial gene expression in a manner that confers a proinflammatory phenotype. Recent studies have identified the Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) as a critical regulator of endothelial gene expression. Herein, we provide evidence that KLF2 inhibits thrombin-mediated endothelial activation via alterations in expression of its principal receptor protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Methods and Results— Forced expression of KLF2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells potently inhibited the ability of thrombin to induce multiple prothrombotic factors (tissue factor, CD40L, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), cytokines/chemokines (eg, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-8), and matrix degrading enzymes (eg, matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 9). Mechanistically, KLF2 inhibits PAR-1 expression and, as a consequence, thrombin-mediated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) nuclear accumulation and DNA binding. Conversely, small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of KLF2 increases PAR-1 expression and thrombin-mediated induction of NF-κB activation. Conclusion— These studies identify KLF2 as a novel regulator of PAR-1 expression and thrombin action in endothelial cells.
On the road toward FACTS

Abstract During the late 1960s, stimulated by the Northwest blackout, intensive activity started on two parallel paths. Analytic work was begun to formulate and solve new more effective approaches for operating and controlling the increasingly complex interconnected power systems. In a parallel effort an increasingly more sophisticated technology was developing, mostly in thyristor devices, for moving and steering power through the networks for more flexible operations both in slow-varying normal conditions and in fast-moving disturbances. In recent years these evolved into a growing FACTS effort. In the 1970s imaginative analytical approaches were sometimes frustrated by the lack of equipment technology. Yet now within the FACTS movement they are found to offer real opportunities on the systems. So in that sense they were on the road to FACTS. The tracking of an observation decoupled target state to stabilize a fast-changing power system during a stability crisis where there is not enough time to compute the equilibrium (basically a load flow computed needed on a 1 ms basis) is found currently to be a superior method to circumvent the lack of knowledge of the equilibrium in a large scale industrial study. The story of this development is offered here as a characteristic example of these times.
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase

Relatively little is known about how 15-PGDH activity is regulated. Changes in 15-PGDH activity have been reported in response to physiological changes brought about by aging, pregnancy, hormonal changes, hypertension and smoking. In addition a large number of drugs have been shown to affect 15-PGDH activity both in vivo and in vitro. The availability of the 15-PGDH cDNA will be a valuable tool for studying how this enzyme is regulated. Isolation of the genomic DNA with its promoter regions has not yet been reported.
Performance of a New Capacitance Soil Moisture Probe in a Sandy Soil

Rapid population growth and increasing urban demand reduce the availability of water for agriculture in Florida. The water-holding capacity of sandy soils in the Central Florida Ridge area is very poor (<0.10 m 3 m ―3 ). Improved soil water monitoring probes can help growers manage irrigation more efficiently and conserve water. This study evaluated a new soil water probe (ECH 2 O EC-5 sensor, Decagon Devices, Pullman, WA) in terms of probe-to-probe signal variability, response to fertilizer-induced salinity, and changes in soil temperature, soil volume sampled, sensitivity to pockets of air or dry soil, and performance in the field. Results were compared with an earlier version of a Decagon probe, the EC-20. Results indicated that the new probe has several advantages. The EC-5 was not sensitive to salinity or temperature fluctuations. Probe output change was almost zero when the salinity of the soil was increased by adding fertilizer to a soluble solids concentration of 14 g kg ― 1 . When temperature was changed gradually from 3 to ∼38°C, probe output increased by only about 1%. Soil volume sampled by the probe was about 15 cm 3 . The change in probe response was negligible when soil cores up to 0.95 cm in diameter near the probe surface were removed. Probes responded well to changes in soil water content in the field. The EC-5 probe output increased noticeably when bulk density was increased from 1.1 to 1.6 Mg m ―3 . Probe-to-probe output signal and response to bulk density variations can affect the estimation of field water content unless necessary correction factors are utilized. These probes can be useful for monitoring soil water movement, estimating soil water content, and scheduling irrigation.
Loreclezole Enhances Apparent Desensitization of Recombinant GABAA Receptor Currents

Abstract Loreclezole is a newly developed antiepileptic drug which has been shown to act at a specific site on β2 or β3 GABAA receptor subtypes to enhance the peak whole-cell response to submaximal concentrations of GABA. Potentiation by loreclezole occurred with high affinity only at GABAA receptors containing a β2 or β3 subtype, not a β1 subtype. We have studied the effect of loreclezole on whole-cell currents from recombinant GABAA receptors transiently expressed in L929 fibroblasts and on currents from cultured mouse cortical neurons and have found a second, inhibitory action of loreclezole that was independent of the β-subunit subtype composition of the receptor. Loreclezole, at concentrations above 6 μM, enhanced the degree and rate of apparent desensitization of the whole-cell current in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was voltage-independent, non-competitive and increased with increasing GABA concentration. The increase in desensitization was not blocked by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil and did not require the presence of a γ subunit. Loreclezole acted at a novel inhibitory allosteric site to increase the apparent desensitization of the GABAA receptor, regardless of its subunit composition. This activity of loreclezole may have implications for its experimental or clinical use as an antiepileptic drug. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000succinate therapy for vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis: Neurologic outcome

Treatment of the vitamin E deficiency neurologic syndrome in children with chronic cholestasis is hampered by the very poor intestinal absorption of available forms of vitamin E, thus requiring prolonged treatment with intramuscular injections of vitamin E in many patients. D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) is a water-soluble investigational form of vitamin E that is well absorbed during cholestasis. We studied the effect of TPGS therapy on the neurologic function in 12 children with vitamin E deficiency (aged 9 months to 6 years) with prolonged forms of neonatal cholestasis. Each child had failed to respond to up to 100 to 200 IU/kg/d of standard oral preparations of vitamin E. Treatment with 15 to 25 IU/kg/d TPGS for a mean of 19.3 months normalized the biochemical indices of vitamin E status and was well tolerated by all patients. Neurologic function, assessed by serial neurologic examinations, remained normal during therapy in the two children with no neurologic symptoms younger than age 3 years at onset of therapy. Neurologic function, which had deteriorated before this study, improved in six of seven patients with symptoms who were younger than 3 years and in all three with symptoms older than 3 years. TPGS appears to be a safe and effective form of orally administered vitamin E for use in children with chronic cholestasis who are unresponsive to available oral preparations of vitamin E.
Protein Structure in Amorphous Solid Phase

Protein-based medicines often require freezing or stabilization in carbohydrate glasses for storage prior to use. The structural stability of these proteins is of the great importance in the conditions required for pharmaceutical purposes. Problems involving aggregation and stability of the protein in freeze-dried formulations are of the challenges for the pharmaceutical industry.Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is uniquely qualified to study the structure of proteins in the liquid and solid phases that are biotechnologically relevant for proteins. The structural and conformational changes of a model protein, lysozyme, during the destabilizations in water- ice and carbohydrates systems were studied using SANS and MD simulations. X-ray diffraction measurements were performed to verify existence of cubic and hexagonal ice structures in protein-ice system. Measurements and modelling efforts to understand protein structural changes will be discussed and the interaction distances measured by SANS and proposed model protein structures in different carbohydrate glasses will be compared.
Fluorescence photobleaching recovery measurement of protein absolute diffusion constants.

Abstract The technique of fluorescence photobleaching recovery [Axelrod et al., Biophys. J. 16 (1976) 1055] has been applied to the measurement of absolute diffusion constants of a number of fluoiescein isothiocyanate-labeled proteins. Measured diffusion constants agree to within ± 7% of published values for the underivatized proteins. The method has sufficient sensitivity to reveal the concentration dependence at neutral pH of the diffusion constant of α-chymotrypsin. The rapidity with which the labelling and measurements can be performed and the small amount of material required suggest the technique may be useful in rapid characterization of small protein samples. Some developments in optical and electronic systems and in data processing for this technique are discussed.
Singular stress fields in interfacial notches of hybrid metal matrix composites

Abstract This paper presents results from a study on the singular stress fields in metal matrix composites in which dual matrices exist. The adjoining metallic matrices flanking the interface can deform plastically with powerlaw strain hardening. These matrices may have both different hardening exponents and different yield strengths. An asymptotic analysis coupled with numerical eigen-analysis solved the spatial structure of the singular stress field at radial- and angular-dependent parts: σ ij ∼r λ σ ij (θ) . The dependence of the strength of the singular stresses on the matrix properties is discussed. The effects of local geometry on the nature of singular stresses are addressed. Highlights for interfacial notches are reported here. The drivers for this study are interfacial notches and free-edges in hybrid metal matrix composites ( Fig. 1 Download : Download high-res image (110KB) Download : Download full-size image Fig. 1 . Schematic of a hybrid metal matrix composite ). However, the results can also be applied to other advanced structures which are composed of two or more distinct components or phases such as bone-implant interfaces and surface mounts in electronic packages [1] .
Firm Structure, Search and Environmental Complexity

This paper investigates the relationship between environmental complexity and firm organization. We ask: given the complexity of the environment, which organizational structure and level of decision making authority optimizes performance of a firm? We assume the information processing organization is arranged hierarchically, but that decisions can be made at different levels, and thus centralization directly relates to the quantity of information used in making a decision. We model the external environment as a modified NK landscape. Via simulations, we explore which type of organizational structure and level of decision making maximizes firm profits, given the complexity of the environment.
Increased sensitivity to seizures in repeated exposures to hyperbaric oxygen: role of NOS activation.

Abstract Nitric oxide is involved in the mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) brain toxicity as nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors delay latent time before the onset of seizures. The purpose of this study was to investigate if seizures affect sensitivity to convulsions during subsequent exposure to HBO2 and to determine if NOS activity and expression is changed after HBO2 seizures. Rats were exposed to 5 atm (gauge pressure) 100% O2 until seizures recorded by electroencephalograph (EEG) and reexposed 1, 2, or 6 days later. Latency to seizures was significantly shorter (P
The Romantic Circumstance: Novalis between Kittler and Luhmann

The Romantic Circumstance Romanticism was a philosophical movement concerned with the question of orders—orders of things, of persons, of being. Friedrich von Hardenberg, the Early German Romantic who called himself Novalis, writes that “only [the infinite stone] is firm (in itself) // it is the dos moi, pu sto [give me a place to stand] of Archimedes” (Hardenberg III 91). It is strange to find, among the foundational texts of Early German Romanticism, anything having to do with foundations. The movement has often been characterized as “anti-foundational” (Frank, Philosophical Foundations; Frank “Ordo inversus”) and even occasionalist (Schmitt). And yet statements revealing a fascination with figures of intervention, revolution, and altering are hardly rare in Novalis’s works. Novalis often speaks of a basis for such intervention, for complex attempts to intervene in the unstable natural and political orders already in transformation around him. Those orders set the rules for communication and action—they mediated philosophy, art, and politics. For Novalis, the very fabric of thought—and any possible Archimedean efficacy—would have to engage at the level of that mediation. Can there be a tool that crosses orders, that mediates or alters the rules for mediation? The answer, as I will suggest below, lies in the notion of mediation, and the possibility of altering the rules for media themselves. These concerns would coalesce in Novalis’s writings around the term “organ.” There is in Novalis’s thought a media-theoretical core that surpasses even the important and neglected readings of his work by Friedrich Kittler and Niklas Luhmann. A historiographical point—namely, that Romanticism has plenty to do with the “new” problematics emerging from the New German Media Theory conjuncture—will be complemented here by a philosophical point: that, at least in the case of Novalis, Romantic thought offers something media theory has not (and perhaps did not intend to). Novalis engages media down to the very fabric of his writings, a point on which both Kittler and Luhmann agree; he also, I claim, offers a written fabric meant to observe and effect medial change, and to move between emergent orders of media.1
Germination and mitochondrial damage in spores of Dictyostelium discoideum following supraoptimal heating.

Spores of Dictyostelium discoideum may be quantitatively activated with a heat treatment of 45°C for 30 min. Heat activation at either higher temperatures or for longer duration at 45° C resulted in damaged spores. The spores showed an increased postactivation lag time at 23°C and an increased inability to respond to deactivation with 0.2 M sucrose. As the severity of supraoptimal heating increased, a greater percentage of the spores appeared to contain phase dark lesions and to lose viability. Oxygen uptake began to decrease during and after the appearance of the lesions. Using electron microscopy, the phase dark lesions were found to be mitochondria with disrupted cristae.
Benthic nutrient remineralization and oxygen consumption in the coastal area of Hiroshima Bay

In situ and laboratory measurements of nutrient fluxes across benthic sediments and the sediment oxygen demand (SOD) rates were made and compared in a shallow, eutrophic coastal area of Hiroshima Bay. The difference in the SOD rates was sarcely noticed between the two methods, but the nutrient fluxes from in situ sediments were about 2 times higher than laboratory measurements. The SOD rates in the coastal area of Hiroshima Bay were in the range of 0.20–0.61 g/m2/day. On the other hand, the in situ values of the benthic fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus across the surface sediments were in the ranges of 3.7–53.7 g N/m2/day and −0.9 to 17.2 g P/m2/day, respectively, and showed higher value, 10 times greater in summer than in winter or spring. It became clear from comparing the sedimentation rates of particulate matter suspended in the water with the benthic fluxes that 60–70% of the particulate nitrogen and phosphorus which settled on the sediments might return again to the water column.
Differential scanning calorimetric studies of photosystem II: Evidence for a structural role for cytochrome b559 in the oxygen-evolving complex

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to investigate the macroscopic structure of photosystem II (PS II). Five endothermic transitions, A1, A2, B, C, and D, are observed in the 30-70 degrees C temperature range and are partially assigned on the basis of heat inactivation experiments, relative peak areas, and the effect of MgCl2 on the DSC trace. We suggest that peaks C and D correspond to the denaturation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b proteins and peak B to the denaturation of components critical to the electron-transport chain. In a DSC study of thylakoid membranes [Cramer, W. A., Whitmarsh, J., & Low, P. S. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 157-162], the lowest temperature shoulder was assigned to the denaturation of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). By correlating the temperature of heat inactivation with the temperatures of the DSC peaks of PS II in a range of detergent concentrations (causing shifts in the peak positions), we assign peak A2 to the functional denaturation of the OEC. We have used peak A2 as a new probe of the OEC and have found this peak to be sensitive to the oxidation state of cytochrome b559. Oxidation of cytochrome b559 with 1 mM ferricyanide, which has no effect on oxygen evolution activity, causes peak A2 to disappear, probably by making it too broad to observe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recent studies in the restoration and eighteenth century

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
The place of researchers in social security policy making

Abstract Social Security policymakers are frequently characterized as “insiders” and “outsiders, “ depending on their proximity to Capitol Hill and Social Security Administration headquarters. Social Security researchers, in turn, are here described as “scholars” if they are primarily interested in investigating the system as a case study of some broader intellectual or disciplinary concern and as “technicians” if they concentrate on nuts-and-bolts issues that affect the system's operations, administration, and image. Only occasionally have social science scholars and technicians effectively collaborated in setting a policy relevant research agenda for Social Security. The author makes suggestions for fruitful avenues of future work
Frequency selective surface applications in millimeter wave imaging diagnostics for fusion plasmas

Both capacitive and inductive frequency selective surface (FSS) filters have been applied in millimeter wave imaging plasma diagnostic systems to protect the imaging arrays from stray ECRH power as well as ensure working bandwidth control. Several FSS filters with improved performance have been designed and tested.
On the Vassiliev knot invariants

The theory of knot invariants of finite type (Vassiliev invariants) is described. These invariants turn out to be at least as powerful as the Jones polynomial and its numerous generalizations coming from various quantum groups, and it is conjectured that these invariants are precisely as powerful as those polynomials. As invariants of finite type are much easier to define and manipulate than the quantum group invariants, it is likely that in attempting to classify knots, invariants of finite type will play a more fundamental role than the various knot polynomials.
Commentary on selected aspects of cardioprotection.

Three aspects of cardioprotection are discussed in this article. The first is myocyte death as a function of the duration and severity of ischemia in experimental acute myocardial infarction in the dog heart. The short period of time during which reperfusion with arterial blood will salvage myocytes is demonstrated along with data showing that this period diminishes significantly if collateral flow is very low or absent. The second topic is a discussion of potential mechanisms underlying postconditioning. It begins with a review of the changes that lead to irreversible injury during acute ischemia in the dog heart along with a discussion of the genesis of contraction band necrosis and no reflow when myocardium is salvaged by unrestricted reperfusion with arterial blood in order to provide a basis to discuss the potential mechanisms underlying postconditioning, a situation in which reflow is intermittent and restricted. Postconditioning is reported to achieve greater myocyte salvage than unrestricted reflo...
An RF-DNA verification process for ZigBee networks

Impersonation of authorized network devices is a serious concern in applications involving monitoring and control of battlefield operations and military installation infrastructure-ZigBee is among the ad hoc network alternatives used for such purposes. There are considerable security concerns given the availability of ZigBee “hacking” tools that have evolved from methods used for IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi and IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth attacks. To mitigate the effectiveness of these bit-level attacks, RF waveform features within the lowest OSI physical (PHY) layer are used to augment bit-level security mechanisms within higher OSI layers. The evolution of RF ‘Distinct Native Attribute’ (RF-DNA) fingerprinting continues here with a goal toward improving defensive RF Intelligence (RFINT) measures and enhancing rogue device detection. Demonstrations here involve ZigBee burst collection and RF-DNA fingerprint generation using experimentally collected emissions from like-model CC2420 ZigBee devices operating at 2.4 GHz. RF-DNA fingerprints from 7 authorized devices are used for Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) training and authorized device classification performance assessed, i.e. answering: “Is the device 1 of M authorized devices?” Additional devices are introduced as impersonating rogue devices attempting to gain unauthorized network access by presenting false bit-level credentials for one of the M authorized devices. Granting or rejecting rogue network access is addressed using a claimed identity verification process, i.e, answering: “Does the device's current RF-DNA match its claimed bit-level identity?” For authorized devices, arbitrary classification and verification benchmarks of %C> 90% and %V > 90% are achieved at SNR«10.0 dB using a test statistic based on assumed Multivariate Gaussian (MVG) likelihood values. Overall, rogue device rejection capability is promising using the same verification test statistic, with %V < 10% (90% or better rejection) achieved for 11 of 14 rogue trials. One case yielded near 85% rogue verification (unauthorized access) and security cannot be a matter of chance-work continues to find a more robust test statistic and improve the proposed process.
Polysilicon TFT circuits on flexible stainless steel foils

Abstract This paper presents a study on several polysilicon TFT circuits that may be used for highly integrated electronic systems on flexible metal foils. The circuit performance presented here validates the polysilicon TFT metal foil technology as a suitable platform for the incorporation of control, processing and communication circuits onto a flexible system. This research addresses digital, analog and mixed signal polysilicon thin film transistor (TFT) circuits exploiting metal foil device assets, while complying with design and fabrication parameters of flexible substrates. This paper reports some of the highest electron mobilities recorded to date on TFTs fabricated on metal foils (over 300 cm2/V s) and presents data on high performance circuits including: shift registers running at speeds over 10 MHz, ring oscillators with stage frequency response over 1 GHz and mixed signal circuits for row and column display driving. This is one of the most comprehensive reports to date on general purpose circuits on stainless steel foils.
Reproducibility of programmed electrical stimulation responses in patients with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation associated with coronary artery disease.

Invasive electrophysiologic studies were performed in 102 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) using an aggressive programmed electrical stimulation (PES) protocol. The study was repeated after 2.0 ± 2.9 days in all patients with no intercurrent changes in antiarrhythmic therapy. Patients with coronary artery disease (n = 72) were identified and PES results of these patients were analyzed and compared with results of patients without coronary artery disease. Multiple clinical and electrophysiologic factors were analyzed to determine any association with concordance of PES responses. No significant difference in concordance of PES responses was found in the 2 groups of patients. PES responses were grouped into 3 categories: (1) noninducible, (2) nonsustained VT, and (3) sustained VT. Kappa values of PES responses of noninducible and sustained VT in both groups were higher and therefore the PES responses were more reproducible than nonsustained VT. The induction of sustained monomorphic VT was more reproducible than a PES response of nonsustained or sustained polymorphic VT. Inducible sustained VT with a rate of ≥250 beats/min was less reproducible than induction of sustained VT with a rate <250 beats/min. Induction of VT by 3 extrastimuli was less reproducible than with any other mode. This short-term variability may account for false negatives associated with PES-directed antiarrhythmic therapy. Because of these findings, it is recommended that nonsustained VT and sustained polymorphic or rapid polymorphic VT should not be used as PES end points to guide antiarrhythmic therapy.
Salvation without belief

In the Christian tradition, it is rather natural to assume that a person can receive salvation only if she believes that certain crucial and relevant propositions are true. Louis Pojman has, however, attacked this assumption. He has formulated what I call the ' 'ethics' argument against the claim that belief is necessary for salvation. After explicating this argument, I complain that it is based on an unnecessarily contioversial premise and that it proves too little. I then construct a parallel argument to the same conclusion that avoids the concerns I raise against Pojman. This new argument depends principally on two intuitive ideas: that 'ought' implies 'can' and that belief is not subject to direct voluntary control.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, initially called nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, has been strongly linked to exposure to gadolinium-based contrast media used in magnetic resonance imaging in patients with renal insufficiency. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical approach to patients with chronic kidney disease who require diagnostic imaging with gadolinium-based contrast media.
IGF-1 induces rat glomerular mesangial cells to accumulate triglyceride

Rat glomerular mesangial cells (MC) become lipid-laden foam cells when they are exposed to IGF-1. IGF-1 increased accumulation of triglyceride (TG) 2.5-fold in MC after 7 days. TG accumulation resulted from enhanced macropinocytosis and decreased efflux secondary to a 40-50% reduction in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-delta (PPARdelta). There was no evidence of primary or secondary changes in cholesterol or TG synthesis, increased uptake by LDL or scavenger receptors, or reduced efflux via ATP-binding cassette A-1. Although the lipid moiety taken up can be influenced by the concentration of cholesterol or TG in the medium, in standard medium MC preferentially accumulate TG. TG-rich MC foam cells fail to contract in response to angiotensin II (Berfield AK, Andress DL, and Abrass CK. Kidney Int 62: 1229-1237, 2002); however, their migratory response to IGF binding protein-5 is unaffected. This differs from cholesterol loading, which impairs both phagocytosis and migration. These findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms that contribute to lipid accumulation in MC and the functional consequences of different forms of foam cells. These observations are relevant to understanding vascular disease and progressive renal diseases that are accelerated by abnormalities in lipid metabolism.
Effect of doping and pressure on magnetism and lattice structure of iron-based superconductors

Using first-principles calculations, we analyze structural and magnetic trends as a function of charge doping and pressure in ${\text{BaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$, and compare to experimentally established facts. We find that density-functional theory, while accurately reproducing the structural and magnetic ordering at ambient pressure, fails to reproduce some structural trends as pressure is increased. Most notably, the Fe-As bond length which is a gauge of the magnitude of the magnetic moment, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, is rigid in experiment but soft in calculation, indicating residual local Coulomb interactions. By calculating the magnitude of the magnetic ordering energy, we show that the disruption of magnetic order as a function of pressure or doping can be qualitatively reproduced but that in calculation, it is achieved through diminishment of $|\ensuremath{\mu}|$, and therefore likely does not reflect the same physics as detected in experiment. We also find that the strength of the stripe order as a function of doping is strongly site dependent: magnetism decreases monotonically with the number of electrons doped at the Fe site but increases monotonically with the number of electrons doped at the Ba site. Intraplanar magnetic ordering energy (the difference between checkerboard and stripe orderings) and interplanar coupling both follow a similar trend.
Obesity and perioperative acute kidney injury: a focused review.

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the developed world today. Obesity is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. There has been renewed interest in the role of perioperative renal dysfunction with the establishment of new diagnostic criteria for kidney dysfunction such as the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria and the Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss End-stage kidney disease criteria. There is increasing evidence pointing to the role of visceral adipose tissue and adipokines in the pathophysiology of obesity. Furthermore, the traditional methods of quantifying obesity such as body mass index are increasing being questioned because they may not accurately reflect true visceral obesity and may skew epidemiologic classification of metabolically healthy patients. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest the existence of an obesity paradox wherein obese patients seem to have superior perioperative outcomes compared with patients with normal and low body mass index. We seek to review the epidemiologic and pathophysiologic aspects of obesity, especially with respect to structural and functional changes in kidney function and their impact on perioperative outcomes.
Convective stability of a variable-viscosity fluid in a vertical slot

Stability of convective motion generated by a lateral temperature difference in a variable-viscosity fluid contained in a vertical slot was studied experimentally. The experiments were carried out in a narrow tank 30 cm high × 11.5 cm deep × 2 cm wide with glycerin–water solutions of 70, 80 and 90% glycerine. The onset of instabilities was detected by means of shadowgraphs. As the critical temperature difference was exceeded, a regular array of convection cells appeared. The critical Rayleigh number showed a slight decreasing trend as the Prandtl number of the fluid was increased, with a concomitant increase in the viscosity variation. The critical wavenumber remained practically constant for the three solutions used. At large Rayleigh numbers, approximately seven times the critical value, boundary layers along the walls became unstable and the cellular convection pattern became disrupted.
In-line defect reduction from a historical perspective and its implications for future integrated circuit manufacturing

The enormous progress in integrated circuit manufacturing over the last 30 years would have been impossible without the science of yield enhancement and defect reduction. This paper traces the evolution of this science, reviewing the history of defect inspection tooling, the practices developed for finding root causes of defects, yield modeling techniques, and important defectivity issues for current generation copper and low-K dielectric metallization. Based on the historical perspective and current status of yield enhancement technology, the paper anticipates future developments required to extend yield learning to sub-0.1-/spl mu/m technology generations.
Functional canonical analysis for square integrable stochastic processes

We study the extension of canonical correlation from pairs of random vectors to the case where a data sample consists of pairs of square integrable stochastic processes. Basic questions concerning the definition and existence of functional canonical correlation are addressed and sufficient criteria for the existence of functional canonical correlation are presented. Various properties of functional canonical analysis are discussed. We consider a canonical decomposition, in which the original processes are approximated by means of their canonical components.