cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing leakage in a high-performance deep-submicron instruction cache

Deep-submicron CMOS designs maintain high transistor switching speeds by scaling down the supply voltage and proportionately reducing the transistor threshold voltage. Lowering the threshold voltage increases leakage energy dissipation due to subthreshold leakage current even when the transistor is not switching. Estimates suggest a five-fold increase in leakage energy in every future generation. In modern microarchitectures, much of the leakage energy is dissipated in large on-chip cache memory structures with high transistor densities. While cache utilization varies both within and across applications, modern cache designs are fixed in size resulting in transistor leakage inefficiencies. This paper explores an integrated architectural and circuit-level approach to reducing leakage energy in instruction caches (i-caches). At the architecture level, we propose the Dynamically ResIzable i-cache (DRI i cache), a novel i-cache design that dynamically resizes and adapts to an application's required size. At the circuit-level, we use gated-V/sub dd/, a novel mechanism that effectively turns off the supply voltage to, and eliminates leakage in, the SRAM cells in a DRI i-cache's unused sections. Architectural and circuit-level simulation results indicate that a DRI i-cache successfully and robustly exploits the cache size variability both within and across applications. Compared to a conventional i-cache using an aggressively-scaled threshold voltage a 64 K DRI i-cache reduces on average both the leakage energy-delay product and cache size by 62%, with less than 4% impact on execution time. Our results also indicate that a wide NMOS dual-V/sub t/ gated-V/sub dd/ transistor with a charge pump offers the best gating implementation and virtually eliminates leakage energy with minimal increase in an SRAM cell read time area as compared to an i-cache with an aggressively-scaled threshold voltage.
Neospora caninum Recruits Host Cell Structures to Its Parasitophorous Vacuole and Salvages Lipids from Organelles

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, which cause the diseases toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, respectively, are two closely related apicomplexan parasites. They have similar heteroxenous life cycles and conserved genomes and share many metabolic features. Despite these similarities, T. gondii and N. caninum differ in their transmission strategies and zoonotic potential. Comparative analyses of the two parasites are important to identify the unique biological features that underlie the basis of host preference and pathogenicity. T. gondii and N. caninum are obligate intravacuolar parasites; in contrast to T. gondii, events that occur during N. caninum infection remain largely uncharacterized. We examined the capability of N. caninum (Liverpool isolate) to interact with host organelles and scavenge nutrients in comparison to that of T. gondii (RH strain). N. caninum reorganizes the host microtubular cytoskeleton and attracts endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, and Golgi vesicles to its vacuole though with some notable differences from T. gondii. For example, the host ER gathers around the N. caninum parasitophorous vacuole (PV) but does not physically associate with the vacuolar membrane; the host Golgi apparatus surrounds the N. caninum PV but does not fragment into ministacks. N. caninum relies on plasma lipoproteins and scavenges cholesterol from NPC1-containing endocytic organelles. This parasite salvages sphingolipids from host Golgi Rab14 vesicles that it sequesters into its vacuole. Our data highlight a remarkable degree of conservation in the intracellular infection program of N. caninum and T. gondii. The minor differences between the two parasites related to the recruitment and rearrangement of host organelles around their vacuoles likely reflect divergent evolutionary paths.
Syringe disposal practices and gender differences.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe syringe disposal practices of individuals with diabetes who take insulin and to investigate the attitude toward and effect of previous information on proper syringe disposal. METHODS Adult men and women who injected insulin were recruited from an endocrinology practice and given 2 questionnaires concerning syringe disposal practices and attitude toward proper syringe disposal. Completed questionnaires were returned by mail to the investigator. Non parametric statistical procedures were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Men with higher income tended to use the trash for syringe disposal more often than lower income men, and older women exhibited a higher positive attitude score than younger women. A positive attitude significantly correlated with the likelihood of proper syringe disposal, and those who had received previous information were more likely to dispose of syringes properly. Healthcare providers were identified as the main source of information. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes educators can improve the syringe disposal practices of their patients through education at each office visit. Knowing more about the environmental and social problems that may ensue from improper syringe disposal may influence patients to practice better disposal methods.
Supplier-supplier relationships and their implications for buyer-supplier relationships

Many researchers have investigated the dynamics of buyer-supplier relationships and have, in general, posited the importance of long-term, cooperative relationships. However, the relationship between suppliers (i.e., supplier-supplier relationship) and its potential impact on the buyer-supplier relationship have not yet been considered. This research addresses a void in the literature, especially given that many buyers now work with a smaller supplier base and deliberately try to foster certain types of supplier-supplier relationships. Building on the existing buyer-supplier and strategic alliance literature, we propose three archetypes of supplier-supplier relationships. This research further illustrates the strategic role of the buying firm in structuring these relationships and explores the managerial implications of different types of supplier-supplier relationships from the perspectives of both the buying firm and its suppliers.
Redox control of host–guest recognition: a case of host selection determined by the oxidation state of the guest

In the presence of β-CD, reduction of the strong complex between two cobaltocenium guests and the octaanionic form of calix[6]arene hexasulfonate leads to the formation of 1:1 complexes between cobaltocene and β-CD.
Divide and conquer: high resolution structural information on TRP channel fragments.

Understanding how proteins facilitate signaling and substrate transport across biological membranes is an important frontier of structural biology. Membrane proteins are the doors and windows of cells: many membrane proteins are gates of entry into or exit from cells or cellular compartments, and
Gilles de la Tourette's (the movement disorder). The association with a case of anorexia nervosa in a boy

A boy with anorexia nervosa developed Tourette's syndrome after successful restoration of weight and change of attitude about weight. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A High-Emissivity Blackbody with Large Aperture for Radiometric Calibration at Low-Temperature

A newly designed high-emissivity cylindrical blackbody source with a large diameter aperture (54 mm), an internal triangular-grooved surface, and concentric grooves on the bottom surface was immersed in a temperature-controlled, stirred-liquid bath. The stirred-liquid bath can be stabilized to better than 0.05°C at temperatures between 30 °C and 70 °C, with traceability to the ITS-90 through a platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) calibrated at the fixed points of indium, gallium, and the water triple point. The temperature uniformity of the blackbody from the bottom to the front of the cavity is better than 0.05 % of the operating temperature (in °C). The heat loss of the cavity is less than 0.03 % of the operating temperature as determined with a radiation thermometer by removing an insulating lid without the gas purge operating. Optical ray tracing with a Monte Carlo method (STEEP 3) indicated that the effective emissivity of this blackbody cavity is very close to unity. The size-of-source effect (SSE) of the radiation thermometer and the effective emissivity of the blackbody were considered in evaluating the uncertainty of the blackbody. The blackbody uncertainty budget and performance are described in this paper.
Value elicitation in retail and laboratory environments

Abstract An increasing number of studies have begun conducting economic experiments in field, rather than laboratory settings. We directly compare results from laboratory and field valuation experiments. After controlling for unengaged bidders, results indicate field valuations were greater than laboratory valuations. Results are discussed in the context of recent literature on commitment costs.
Cavernous carotid artery calcification and white matter ischemia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The relevance of cavernous carotid artery calcification on unenhanced CT scans of the brain has recently been investigated against the backdrop of the widespread implementation of coronary artery calcification scoring. We sought to determine whether the degree of cavernous carotid artery calcification correlated with scores of white matter hyperintensity seen on MR images. In so doing, we sought to establish a relative risk for future stroke on the grade of carotid calcification. METHODS: Neuroradiologic findings in 187 patients who underwent CT and MR imaging examinations within 1 month of each other were retrospectively reviewed. The degree of circumferential calcification and thickness of calcification were graded for the cavernous carotid arteries on the basis of CT findings. Using the scale developed by the Cardiovascular Health Study, the white matter was graded for degree of disease on the basis of MR findings. Correlation tests and regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of age, race, and sex on results. RESULTS: Although the cavernous carotid calcification scores and the MR imaging white matter scores showed good correlation ( P CONCLUSION: After adjusting for age, cavernous carotid calcification grades and MR imaging white matter scores do not show a significant correlation. The relative risk for future stroke cannot be predicted from cavernous carotid calcifications.
Permutation of Two-Term Local Quadrat Variance Analysis: General concepts for interpretation of peaks

Many ecological studies use Two-Term Local Quadrat Variance Analysis (TTLQV) and its derivatives for spatial pattern analysis. Currently, rules for determining vari- ance peak significance are arbitrary. Variance peaks found at block size 1 and at > 50 % of the transect length are the only peaks whose use is explicitly prohibited. Although the use of variance peaks found at block sizes > 10 % of the transect length have also been warned against, many researchers inter- pret them regardless. We show in this paper that variance peaks derived from TTLQV are subject to additional 'rules of thumb'. Through the use of randomization and permutation analyses on real and simulated data of species abundance in contiguous plots along a single transect, we show that variance peaks found at block sizes 1, 2 and 3 occur frequently by chance and thus likely do not indicate biologically meaningful patterns. The use of multiple replicate transects decreases the probability of Type II error.
Judgment notwithstanding the verdict: the anesthesiologist's duty to monitor head position in the perioperative period

In early 2000, Dr F, a neurosurgeon, was treating patient SB, an obese woman, for pain from cervical disc protrusions. Dr F suggested that a cervical hemilaminotomy and foraminotomy at C3-4 and C4-5 would be an effective strategy to address SB's pain. SB agreed to the surgery, and SB was admitted to Hospital at 8 am. The surgery began at 10:15 am, with Dr L as the anesthesiologist and nurse anesthetist JS assisting. Dr L, with the assistance of JS, attached several monitors. After these monitors were attached, JS placed an oxygen mask on SB's face and began administering oxygen. General anesthesia was induced and an endotracheal tube was inserted and fixed into place. After Dr L and JS completed this initial work, Dr F and his surgical nurse placed SB on the operating room (OR) table in a seated position, with SB's head flexed toward her chest. They then taped her head to a horseshoe-shaped headrest to prevent movement during surgery. After positioning SB and taping her head in place, Dr F left the OR to prepare for surgery. During Dr F's absence, the anesthesia team padded various pressure points to prevent
Parental Broader Autism Subphenotypes in ASD Affected Families: Relationship to Gender, Child's Symptoms, SSRI Treatment, and Platelet Serotonin

Relationships between parental broader autism phenotype (BAP) scores, gender, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment, serotonin (5HT) levels, and the child's symptoms were investigated in a family study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Broader Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) was used to measure the BAP of 275 parents. Fathers not taking SSRIs (F-SSRI; n = 115) scored significantly higher on BAP Total and Aloof subscales compared to mothers not receiving treatment (M-SSRI; n = 136.) However, mothers taking SSRIs (M + SSRI; n = 19) scored higher than those not taking medication on BAP Total and Rigid subscales, and they were more likely to be BAPQ Total, Aloof, and Rigid positive. Significant correlations were noted between proband autism symptoms and parental BAPQ scores such that Total, Aloof, and Rigid subscale scores of F-SSRI correlated with proband restricted repetitive behavior (RRB) measures on the ADOS, CRI, and RBS-R. However, only the Aloof subscale score of M + SSRI correlated with proband RRB on the ADOS. The correlation between the BAPQ scores of mothers taking SSRIs and child scores, as well as the increase in BAPQ scores of this group of mothers, requires careful interpretation and further study because correlations would not withstand multiple corrections. As expected by previous research, significant parent-child correlations were observed for 5HT levels. However, 5HT levels were not correlated with behavioral measures. Study results suggest that the expression of the BAP varies not only across parental gender, but also across individuals using psychotropic medication and those who do not.
A Novel Method for Decomposition of Multicomponent Nonstationary Signals

A method for decomposition of a multicomponent nonstationary signal is presented. In this method a nonlinear adaptive structure, which was first introduced as a sinusoidal tracking algorithm, is used. This structure provides excellent (instantaneous) frequency-adaptivity and (instantaneous) amplitude-adaptivity features; These features make it an ideal IF-IA estimator for a monocomponent nonstationary signal. We show that a parallel-scheme of this structure decomposes a multicomponent nonstationary signal into its composite monocomponent nonstationary signals and, moreover, estimates IF and IA of each component accurately. Unlike most other approaches in the literature, which use the complex representation for the given signal, this method employs a real representation for it. High resolution in time-frequency plane, cross terms free, simple structure, and the capability of real-time implementation are among significant features of this method. Results on both simulated and real data, i.e. a bat echolocation signal, are given to confirm the above-mentioned performances.
English Translation of Selection from Ojos Negros ('Black Eyes') by Eduardo Sguiglia

This is an English translation of a pivotal segment of Eduardo Sguiglia's novel, Ojos negros ('Black Eyes').
Creative Expertise as Superior Reproducible Performance: Innovative and Flexible Aspects of Expert Performance

In his interesting and provocative target article Simonton (this issue) argues that a remarkably broad range of creative human achievements can be accounted for by a very general process of blind variation and selective retention, which he traces back to Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. According to Simonton, genuine creativity involves blind variation, which is antithetical to the control exhibited in expert performance and thus raises issues regarding the nature of creative expertise and the possibility of intentional creative achievements. In this commentary I take issue with Simonton’s argument that it is impossible to produce creative achievements with some reasonable degree of consistency and, in addition, that creative expertise differs fundamentally from other types of expert performance in domains, such as chess, music, sports, and medicine. In some recent articles (Ericsson, 1996, 1998; Ericsson & Charness, 1994; Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993; Ericsson & Lehmann, 1996), my colleagues and I have proposed how the expert-performance framework can offer a promising account of the necessary conditions for creative achievements and their rare occurrence in domains of expertise. These proposals also identify acquired mechanisms that can explain the “huge … individual differences in creative behavior”—an unresolved paradox within Simonton’s proposal for creativity as blind variations.
Consensus on Graduate Medical Education Financing: An Analysis of Stakeholder Responses to the House Energy and Commerce Committee's Open Letter

ABSTRACT Background In December 2014, the Energy and Commerce Committee of the US House of Representatives sent an open letter requesting interested parties to respond to 7 questions on graduate medical education (GME). More than 100 organizations and individuals responded. Methods An online search for responses yielded 27 organizations that had published their responses to the committee's open letter. Responses included answers to the 7 questions and additional recommendations. The 27 respondents proposed a total of 80 unique interventions. Each intervention was screened for concordance with those from other organizations, and then categorized as supportive, in opposition, or making no mention. Data were entered into a spreadsheet and rank ordered on the frequency of support. Results At the top of the rankings were several interventions with significant support from many respondents. Conclusions Given the broader GME constituency represented by the 27 stakeholders in this analysis, the 80 proposed in...
The messy process of guiding proteins into membranes.

A new simulation protocol has revealed unexpected complexity in the folding of membrane proteins.
Genome Sequence of Pantoea ananatis Strain CFH 7-1, Which Is Associated with a Vector-Borne Cotton Fruit Disease

ABSTRACT Pantoea ananatis is a bacterium with versatile niches that vary from pathogenic to beneficial. We present the genome of strain CFH 7-1, which was recovered from a diseased greenhouse cotton boll previously caged with a field-collected cotton fleahopper (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus). These data will assist in deciphering the infection process.
Modular, Scalable, and Personalized: Priorities for Behavioral Interventions for Adolescent Depression

This commentary examines the broader context of efficacy for the use of Behavioral Activation (BA) among adolescents with depression and highlights important directions for future research. Specifically, it is argued that BA may be a particularly promising candidate intervention to explore in the context of prioritizing modular and scalable interventions for adolescent depression. It also is argued that continued treatment development and refinement of interventions for adolescent depression is necessary given response and relapse rates; attention to measurement of key constructs and basic psychopathology research will be critical to advancing the field.
Economic Prosperity Is in High Demand

Baccaro and Pontusson persuasively argue that nations may choose among models of growth strategies, and that each is associated with a distinctive composition of aggregate demand, producer coalitio...
Ambient infrared laser ablation mass spectrometry (AIRLAB-MS) of live plant tissue with plume capture by continuous flow solvent probe.

A new experimental setup for spatially resolved ambient infrared laser ablation-mass spectrometry (AIRLAB-MS) that uses an infrared microscope with an infinity-corrected reflective objective and a continuous flow solvent probe coupled to a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer is described. The efficiency of material transfer from the sample to the electrospray ionization emitter was determined using glycerol/methanol droplets containing 1 mM nicotine and is ∼50%. This transfer efficiency is significantly higher than values reported for similar techniques. Laser desorption does not induce fragmentation of biomolecules in droplets containing bradykinin, leucine enkephalin and myoglobin, but loss of the heme group from myoglobin occurs as a result of the denaturing solution used. An application of AIRLAB-MS to biological materials is demonstrated for tobacco leaves. Chemical components are identified from the spatially resolved mass spectra of the ablated plant material, including nico...
Abstract 4331: Analysis of stem cell-like compartments in Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma modulated by Sonic Hedgehog signaling

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of impaired skeletal muscle differentiation and represents the majority of the soft tissue cancers in the pediatric age group. Current treatment regimens offer some clinical respite but at a significant risk of averse side effects and secondary tumors later in life. Identifying and targeting sub-populations with higher tumorigenic potential and self renewal capacity not only decreases tumor burden but also lowers the probability of relapse. Using the sphere formation assay we could select for self-renewing cells from the heterogeneous monolayer cultures of embryonal RMS cell lines, RD and Rh36, which had multipotent differentiation ability in vitro and greater tumorigenic potential in vivo. Preliminary results suggest that the self renewing ability of RMS cells could be modulated by Hedgehog signaling, a developmental pathway important in RMS biology. Microarray analysis of the sphere cultures revealed Prominin 1 (CD133) as one of the surface markers with significantly higher expression. The CD133-positive cellular sub-population was more resistant to DNA damaging agents and had a greater capacity for tumor formation in an orthotopic xenotransplantation model. Embryonal RMS patients with higher expression of CD133 had a significantly lower overall survival. Ongoing work seeks to validate the importance of Hedgehog signaling in the embryonal RMS stem cell-like compartment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4331. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4331
Two Variants of Sindbis Virus Which Differ in Interferon Induction and Serum Clearance. I. The Phenomenon

It is a fairly common experience in laboratories using the standard AR-339 strain of Sindbis virus to observe variations in the plaque size of this virus [1-4]. The sizes range from large to small, and include in some cases intermediate plaque variants [3] and an "unusually" large plaque (U) obtained after cloning of a parent small plaque variant at 40 C [4]. We have used Sindbis virus extensively as an interferon inducer in cell cultures [5-7] and in "systemic induction" [8]; that is, in the production of serum interferon shortly after a large dose of virus is inoculated intravenously in rabbits and before the virus replicates to any significant extent [9-11]. In the course of using Sindbis virus, we have noted occasional large plaques (^5 mm) among the usual smaller plaques (^2 mm) in chick embryo cell cultures under Bacto agar (Difco). Recently, to study how variants of 1 virus may differ in the systemic induction of interferon [12], we decided to study the systemic interferon-inducing capacity of small plaque (SP) and large plaque (LP) variants of Sindbis virus. Preliminary results revealed not only that the LP variant induced more serum interferon in animals, but also that it was cleared from the blood stream
Introduction: Making It New with the Beatles

By the time the Beatles made their legendary appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on February 9, 1964, their new sound and novel images had already cast a spell over British audiences, a mesmerizing effect that the rest of the world would soon experience. And after 50 years, this enchantment has hardly begun to wane. Television specials commemorating the anniversary of the Fab Four’s invasion of the USA are only one recent sign of their unrelenting popularity. Since word of their breakup spread across the globe in April 1970, the Beatles have re-issued and re-packaged their albums and films, but the past two years alone have seen the reissues of boxed sets such as Live at the BBC, The U.S. Albums, and The Beatles in Mono Vinyl, suggesting a never-ending stream of “new” Beatles products (See Marco della Cava’s “The Beatles: Will We Still Need Them in 2064?” In his research, Cava interviewed Rolling Stone stalwart Mikal Gilmore, who astutely noted that “by keeping the name and the product out there, [the Beatles’] energy peaks again every few years. They’ve been a sizable commercial force through the decades, and I don’t think they’d endure quite as easily without smart (catalog) stewardship.”). Indeed, the Beatles have remained ever new, a theme reinforced by Paul McCartney’s recent album of the same name.
Evaluating performance and energy in file system server workloads

Recently, power has emerged as a critical factor in designing components of storage systems, especially for power-hungry data centers. While there is some research into power-aware storage stack components, there are no systematic studies evaluating each component's impact separately. This paper evaluates the file system's impact on energy consumption and performance. We studied several popular Linux file systems, with various mount and format options, using the FileBench workload generator to emulate four server workloads: Web, database, mail, and file server. In case of a server node consisting of a single disk, CPU power generally exceeds disk-power consumption. However, file system design, implementation, and available features have a significant effect on CPU/disk utilization, and hence on performance and power. We discovered that default file system options are often suboptimal, and even poor. We show that a carefulmatching of expectedworkloads to file system types and options can improve power-performance efficiency by a factor ranging from 1.05 to 9.4 times.
When the Field was Young

The 1970s were a time of great expansion and great disruption in the world of computing-both of which can be seen in the early pages of Computer.
A bout analysis of operant response disruption.

Abstract Operant behavior appears to be organized in bouts of responses, whose parameters are differentially sensitive to various manipulations. This study investigated potential differential effects of three forms of operant response disruption—extinction (EXT), non-contingent reinforcement (NCR), and prefeeding (PRE)—on response bouts. In Experiment 1, Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were trained on a tandem variable-time (VT) 120 s fixed-ratio (FR) 5 schedule of reinforcement; after stability was established, their responding was disrupted for three sessions with one of the three disrupters (EXT, NCR, or PRE). In Experiment 2, Long Evans (LE) rats were trained on a tandem VT 240 s FR 5 to stability, and their responding disrupted with EXT or NCR. In EXT and NCR, response rates declined significantly and progressively over the course of the session, primarily due to a declining bout-initiation rate in EXT, and to fewer responses per bout in NCR. In contrast, a session-wide drop in response rate was observed in PRE, primarily due to a reduction in bout-initiation rate at the start of the session. These findings suggest that each form of disruption differentially impacts dissociable aspects of behavior. Theories of behavioral persistence should account for these functional relations, which appear to be obscured in response rate measures.
British History is Their History: Britain and the British Empire in the History Curriculum of Ontario, Canada and Victoria, Australia 1930-1975

This article investigates the evolving conceptions of national identity in Canada and Australia through an analysis of officially sanctioned history textbooks in Ontario, Canada and Victoria, Australia. From the 1930s until the 1950s, Britain and the British Empire served a pivotal role in history textbooks and curricula in both territories. Textbooks generally held that British and imperial history were crucial to the Canadian and Australian national identity. Following the Second World War, textbooks in both Ontario and Victoria began to recognize Britain’s loss of power, and how this changed Australian and Canadian participation in the British Empire/Commonwealth. But rather than advocate for a complete withdrawal from engagement with Britain, authors emphasized the continuing importance of the example of the British Empire and Commonwealth to world affairs. In fact, participation in the Commonwealth was often described as of even more importance as the Dominions could take a more prominent place in imperial affairs. By the 1960s, however, textbook authors in Ontario and Victoria began to change their narratives, de-emphasizing the importance of the British Empire to the Canadian and Australian identity. Crucially, by the late 1960s the new narratives Ontarians and Victorians constructed claimed that the British Empire and national identity were no longer significantly linked. An investigation into these narratives of history will provide a unique window into officially acceptable views on imperialism before and during the era of decolonization.
Sustainability-inspired composting latrine design

In support of the Millennium Development Goals to provide improved sanitation to the world, a sustainability-inspired composting latrine design based on work in rural Panama, but also applicable to similar situations, is offered here. The design is based on the three aspects of sustainability namely economic, social, and technical. The new design will allow for improved health for current and future generations. The design is less costly (economic), is based on concepts to improve the likelihood of use based on interviews with potential users (social), and provides better quality compost through ammonia-based treatment (technical). The design consists of two ferrocement compost vaults to save money over conventional vaults, urine storage tanks to improve ammonia conditions in the compost, urine control valves for urine control, a water-washing bidet for personal washing (as preferred by the users), and a handwashing station within the latrine superstructure for convenience.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHROMOSOMAL REPLICATION IN A dnaA MUTANT

It has been well documented that chromosomal replication is tightly coupled to cell division (Maaloe and Kjeldgaard, 1966; Helmstetter et al., 1968; Yoshikawa and Haas, 1968; Donachie, 1968; Bleecken, 1969; Pritchard et al., 1969; Pritchard, 1974; Somapayrac and Maaloe, 1974) in the bacterium Escherichia coli and plays an important role in the cell cycle of this organism. Unfortunately the means by which the cell regulates this important process has remained obscure.
Mitigating Illusory Results through Preregistration in Education.

ABSTRACTLike performance-enhancing drugs inflating apparent athletic achievements, several common social science practices contribute to the production of illusory results. In this article, we examine the processes that lead to illusory findings and describe their consequences. We borrow from an approach used increasingly by other disciplines—the norm of preregistering studies. Specifically, we examine how this practice of publicly posting documentation of one's prespecified hypotheses and other key decisions of a study prior to study implementation or data analysis could improve scientific integrity within education. In an attempt to develop initial guidelines to facilitate preregistrations in education, we discuss the types of studies that ought to be preregistered and the logistics of how educational researchers might execute preregistrations. We conclude with ideas for how researchers, reviewers, and the field of education more broadly might speed the adoption of this new norm.
Divorce Decision-Making and the Divine

Research on the role that religion and spirituality play in divorce is fairly limited and what has been published deals mostly with postdivorce adjustment. Very little research examines the role re...
The stanford EEG corpus: A large open dataset of electroencephalograms from children and adults to support machine learning technology

Introduction: The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a tool for diagnosing seizures and assessing brain electrical activity in physiological and pathological states. It forms the basis for brain-computer interfaces and studies of the basic science of brain function. Clinically, the current gold standard for analyzing EEG is visual inspection. Unfortunately, trained EEG readers are a limited resource and the process of reading EEGs is labor-intensive. This limits access to proper seizure monitoring and prevents advances in treatment.
Ruthenium carbonyl containing 4-pyrones as potent anticancer agents

Abstract Four new triruthenium carbonyl containing 4-pyrones: Ru 3 (CO) 8 (2 L-2H) 1 (L = ethylmaltol), Ru 3 (CO) 7 (PTA) (2 L-2H) 2 (L = ethylmaltol, PTA = 1,3,5 triaza-7-phosphaadamantane), Ru 3 (CO) 8 (2 L-2H) 3 (L = allomaltol), Ru 3 (CO) 7 (PTA) (2 L-2H) 4 (L = allomaltol, PTA = 1,3,5 triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) have been synthesized and characterized. Anticancer activity of compounds 1–4 has been evaluated in vitro against five types of human cancer cell lines and compared with clinically used drug cisplatin. Anticancer activity of compound 1 is an order of magnitude more potent than cisplatin against five types of human cancer cell lines. Compounds 1 and 2 with ethyl group at 2-position is more active than the compounds 3 and 4 with methyl group at 6-position. Substitution of a CO ligand with PTA decreases the activity following the order 1 > 2 and 3 4 . The single crystal X-ray structure of compound 1 shows two Ru-CH 2 -H 2 C-H---O-Ru interactions: ethyl group C (217)-C (218) of first ethylmaltolato ligand bonded to Ru (2) folded towards ruthenium Ru (3) to form Ru (2)-CH 2 -H 2 C-H--O-Ru (3) interaction and the second ethylmaltolato ligand C (317)-C (318) bonded to Ru (3) folded towards Ru (2) to form Ru (3)-CH 2 -H 2 C-H---O-Ru (2). Proton NMR shows a well-resolved multiplet instead of a simple quartet for methylene protons indicating asymmetric environment.
The regional effects of international migration on internal migration decisions of tertiary‐educated workers

This study is a departure from the classic analysis of the effect of international migration on human capital. Using original data from a nationally representative survey in Moldova, we employ discrete choice and count‐data models to evaluate the effect of international migration on the likelihood that “left‐behind” household members with tertiary education migrate domestically. Thus, we propose an original framework of identifying a causal relationship between international and internal migration. The main findings support the hypothesis that international migration leads to an increase in the preference for urban jobs of tertiary‐educated left‐behind household members with peripheral rural origins. Este estudio se aparta del analisis clasico del efecto de la migracion internacional sobre el capital humano. Mediante el uso de datos originales de una encuesta representativa a nivel nacional en Moldavia, se emplean modelos de eleccion discreta y de datos de recuento para evaluar el efecto de la migracion internacional sobre la probabilidad de que los miembros de hogares “rezagados” con educacion terciaria emigren a nivel nacional. Por lo tanto, se propone un marco original para identificar una relacion causal entre la migracion internacional y la migracion interna. Las principales conclusiones apoyan la hipotesis de que la migracion internacional conduce a un aumento de la preferencia por los empleos urbanos de los miembros con educacion terciaria de hogares rezagados que poseen origenes rurales perifericos. 本研究では、国際的な移動の人的資本に対する影響を、典型から離れた新しい方法で分析を行う。モルドバ共和国で行われた代表的標本を対象とした全国的調査の独自のデータを用いて、離散選択モデルとカウントデータモデルにより第3次教育の学歴のある“left‐behind (取り残された)”世帯員が国内移動する可能性に対する国際的な移動の影響を評価する。本稿ではこのような、国際的移動と国内移動の因果関係を識別する独自のフレームワークを提案する。主な知見は、国際的な移動が、地方の農村地域出身で第3次教育の学歴のある、取り残された世帯員が都市部での就職を選好する傾向の増加をもたらすという仮説を支持するものである。
Costimulatory Molecules in T CeII Activation and Transplantation

In 1970, Bretscher and Cohn hypothesized that costimulatory signals were important in lymphocyte activation as a means for the immune system to discriminate self from nonselfl. They proposed that lymphocyte activation required two distinct signals, signal 1 delivered through the antigen receptor, and the costimulatory signal (signal 2) delivered independent of the antigen receptor. In their original discussion of B cells, this factor could be membrane-bound or soluble, but was antigen-specific and recognized a distinct epitope from that seen by the antigen receptor. If the cell encountered antigen but did not receive the second signal it would be paralyzed, whereas engagement of the antigen receptor concordant with the second signal allowed the cell to differentiate into a state in which an immune response was mounted. Lafferty and Cunningham subsequently expanded the 2-signal model to include T cells in an analysis of allogeneic interactions2. Since that time, the burgeoning field of costimulation has led to some of the most exciting discoveries in immunology with far reaching implications for clinical medicine as a whole, and transplantation in particular.
Ontogeny of Aquatic Ecosystems

Lake ontogeny refers to the developmental history of lake ecosystems. Two important processes associated with lake ontogeny include (1) infill of shallow water bodies with sediment and their transformation into bogs or terrestrial ecosystems, and (2) temporal changes in the trophic status (productivity) of lakes and associated shifts in the community (biological succession). Lake ontogeny is studied by comparison of contemporary environmental variables in lakes of different ages, or by paleolimnological (sediment history) techniques that permit reconstruction of past lacustrine conditions. A long-standing paradigm in the study of lake ontogeny is that lake ecosystems evolve from an early primitive state of oligotrophy to a later advanced state of eutrophy. This proposed progression has been attributed to the long-term accumulation of sediment, which ultimately reduces the hypolimnetic volume, thus promoting deep-water anoxia and enhanced internal nutrient cycling. Changes in the supply of nutrients from the watershed and accumulation of nutrients in the lake have also been implicated in altering trophic status. Evidence now shows, however, that lakes do not always follow a consistent path from oligotrophy to eutrophy. Rather, trophic state and associated environmental variables fluctuate through time in response to changes of numerous and sometimes interacting external variables such as climate, geology, soils, vegetation, and lake morphometry.
Clinical outcomes following advanced respiratory motion management (respiratory gating or dynamic tumor tracking) with stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose To report the outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to respiratory motion management method. Methods Patients with stage I NSCLC who received SBRT from 2007 to 2015 were reviewed. Computed tomography (CT) simulation with four-dimensional CT was performed for respiratory motion assessment. Tumor motion >1 cm in the craniocaudal direction was selectively treated with advanced respiratory management: either respiratory gating to a pre-specified portion of the respiratory cycle or dynamic tracking of an implanted fiducial marker. Comparisons were made with internal target volume approach, which treated all phases of respiratory motion. Results Of 297 patients treated with SBRT at our institution, 51 underwent advanced respiratory management (48 with respiratory gating and three with tumor tracking) and 246 underwent all-phase treatment. Groups were similarly balanced with regard to mean age (P=0.242), tumor size (P=0.315), and histology (P=0.715). Tumor location in the lower lung lobes, as compared to middle or upper lobes, was more common in those treated with advanced respiratory management (78.4%) compared to all-phase treatment (25.6%, P<.0001). There were 17 local recurrences in the treated lesions. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that there were no differences with regard to mean time to local failure (91.5 vs 98.8 months, P=0.56), mean time to any failure (73.2 vs 78.7 months, P=0.73), or median overall survival (43.3 vs 45.5 months, P=0.56) between patients who underwent advanced respiratory motion management and all-phase treatment. Conclusion SBRT with advanced respiratory management (the majority with respiratory gating) showed similar efficacy to all-phase treatment approach for stage I NSCLC.
Phase 1 study of sorafenib and irinotecan in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors.

10052 Background: Sorafenib, an orally bioavailable, multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, have demonstrated single agent activity in various malignan...
Retailing in the Digital Age: Surviving Mobile App Failure: An Abstract

Mobile shopping apps are becoming a major, if not dominant, marketing tool in twenty-first-century shopping experiences. This technology is used, not just to finalize purchases but to access the information needed to compare prices, assess product and service quality, and determine product availability. Apps are driving the strategy of Amazon, as well as retail giants such as COSCO, Home Depot, Lowe’s, Sam’s Club, Sears, Target, Walgreens, and Walmart, as they replace in-store employees and offer at-home delivery or convenient store pickups (Nassauer and Safdar 2016).
Personnel Preparation for Training Professionals to Work with Individuals with CVI at Florida State University

The knowledge and skills that are necessary for working with children and adults with visual impairments are continuously evolving. Although many philosophies and instructional techniques stay the same, the heterogeneous and changing population demands updated skills of service providers. Thus, future professionals, whether teachers of students with visual impairments, orientation and mobility (OM these statistics cannot be ignored. Thanks to increased awareness of and publications on the topic, university faculty and staff are now better able to incorporate content into course work and to allow for the application of knowledge and skills in practicum settings. Through the work of the American Printing House for the Blind CVI Advisory Group (Roman et al. …
High Tolerance of Metamaterial Waveguides to Fabrication Variations

We demonstrate that silicon metamaterial waveguides have a high tolerance to large fabrication variations. We measured only a 5% drop in the Quality factor of a resonator with a metamaterial segment compared to a 40% drop for a wire waveguide segment, with a 50 nm discontinuity.
How RNA structure dictates the usage of a critical exon of spinal muscular atrophy gene

Role of RNA structure in pre-mRNA splicing has been implicated for several critical exons associated with genetic disorders. However, much of the structural studies linked to pre-mRNA splicing regulation are limited to terminal stem-loop structures (hairpins) sequestering splice sites. In few instances, role of long-distance interactions is implicated as the major determinant of splicing regulation. With the recent surge of reports of circular RNA (circRNAs) generated by backsplicing, role of Alu-associated RNA structures formed by long-range interactions are taking central stage. Humans contain two nearly identical copies of Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) genes, SMN1 and SMN2. Deletion or mutation of SMN1 coupled with the inability of SMN2 to compensate for the loss of SMN1 due to exon 7 skipping causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), one of the leading genetic diseases of children. In this review, we describe how structural elements formed by both local and long-distance interactions are being exploited to modulate SMN2 exon 7 splicing as a potential therapy for SMA. We also discuss how Alu-associated secondary structure modulates generation of a vast repertoire of SMN circRNAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA structure and splicing regulation edited by Francisco Baralle, Ravindra Singh and Stefan Stamm.
Biophysical differentiation of susceptibility and chemical differences in Staphylococcus aureus

Differentiating bacteria strains using biophysical forces has been the focus of recent studies using dielectrophoresis (DEP). The refinement of these studies has created high-resolution separations such that very subtle properties of the cells are enough to induce significant differences in measurable biophysical properties. These high-resolution capabilities build upon the advantages of DEP which include small sample sizes and fast analysis times. Studies focusing on differentiating antimicrobial resistant and susceptible bacteria potentially have significant impact on human health and medical care. A prime example is Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly colonizes adults without ill effects. However, the pathogen is an important cause of infections, including surgical site infections. Treatment of S. aureus infections is generally possible with antimicrobials, but antimicrobial resistance has emerged. Of special importance is resistance to methicillin, an antimicrobial created in response to resistance to penicillin. Here, dielectrophoresis is used to study methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and -susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains, both with and without the addition of a fluorescent label. The capture onset potential of fluorescently-labeled MRSA (865 ± 71 V) and thus the ratio of electrokinetic to dielectrophoretic mobility, was found to be higher than that of fluorescently-labeled MSSA (685 ± 61 V). This may be attributable to the PBP2a enzyme present in the MRSA strain and not in the MSSA bacteria. Further, unlabeled MRSA was found to have a capture onset potential of 732 ± 44 V, while unlabeled MSSA was found to have a capture onset potential of 562 ± 59 V. This shows that the fluorescently-labeled bacteria require a higher applied potential, and thus ratio of mobilities, to capture than the unlabeled bacteria.